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Although it is often overlooked, Lab colour is an extremely useful colour space in Photoshop that enables you to separate luminance information from colour information.
The more familiar RGB colour space achieves colour and brightness through mixing channels of red, green and blue light. By mixing the three channels, each with its own level of colour and saturation, an overall range of tones and colours is achieved.
Conversely, Lab splits all the colour information into two channels, but separates the lightness, or luminance, onto a third independent channel. This difference in channel make-up enables some eye-popping colour treatments and corrections that just aren't possible in RGB, all without compromising the luminance, contrast or detail of the image.


How Much Exercise Does a Horse Need?
American Paint Horse
Horses that are part of a herd and have a large pasture area will move around in order to find good grazing. Along with the benefits of moving and grazing, horses are able to socialize with each other.
In the wild horses will cover many miles, searching out new feeding grounds and water. They are assured lots of exercise in their travels.
Horses that graze alone usually remain in one small area without moving much. Horses need to move a lot for their health. Movement keeps blood and lymphatic fluid circulating in the legs. Horses that don't move enough, but stand still too much can develop what is called "filled legs." This means the lower parts of the legs fill with fluid which is usually corrected with exercise.
The best exercise for a horse is a slow steady movement which they do while grazing. Occasionally, they will break into a run, also good for them and it seems they get such pleasure out of it.
You can encourage your horse to move about by spreading hay over a wide area and placing the water on an opposite side. This forces the horse to move.
While grazing with other horses is an ideal situation, it is not available to everyone. Then it's up to you to see that your horse has proper exercise.
Working horses such as hunters and those that appear in shows and events need more exercise to keep fit.
If you can't exercise your horse daily, it's a good idea to hire or ask someone you trust to help out with walking your horse. Regular daily riding and/or walking keeps your horse healthy and you too.
The pasture, paddock or yard should always be checked to make sure it's safe for your horse.
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عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
This paper provides a modelfor assessing the innovation and governmental corporation maturity in the industrial clusters. Implementing the methods of cluster development needsto assessthis process of maturity.For this reason, policymakers and planners need researches in this area to access to this higher process.This study was carried out by using thequalitative methods,a case study strategy, and performing semi-structured interviews with 16 experts of textile industry and clusters. Findings,takethe innovation and governmental corporation maturity of textile clusters in the Yazd Province into the account in a qualitative way and show that theseclusters is in the second stage of maturity (managed).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
|Jan3-13, 05:44 PM||#1|
I thought of this question the other day, and I was unable to solve it. A Google search has not helped, so I thought I might post it here.
A point mass hangs from a rod of length "l" from the center of a pendulum. The only forces acting upon the point mass are the force of gravity and the force of constraint (keeping it distance "l" from the center). Is there a function that describes the motion of the point mass?
|Jan3-13, 05:50 PM||#2|
show us what you've tried, and where you're stuck, and then we'll know how to help!
|Jan3-13, 06:03 PM||#3|
OK. It's not as complicated as a double pendulum. It's just a single pendulum where the mass is constrained to a sphere (rather than the 2-dimensional case where you have a circle).
Well, one thought I had was to solve for the potential energy of the system, since that's just
mgh+1/2mv^2 = C
The mass is just a constant, and we can get rid of it.
From this point, I am stuck, however, and I don't know where to go from here. I was thinking the initial velocity must be perpendicular to the force of constraint and was wondering if you could split up the motion into just x and y components to solve it, but that seemed fruitless upon inspection.
I am looking for a general function that describes the motion of the point around the sphere. Your help is appreciated greatly.
|Jan3-13, 06:11 PM||#4|
|function, pendulum, spherical|
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A Quote by James Keller on cities, confidence, courage, depression, gloom, and individuality
An old Arabian fable tells of a prince imprisoned in a castle which had thirteen windows. Twelve of these windows overlooked lovely scenes, while the thirteenth looked down on the black ash heaps of the city. Ignoring the twelve windows, the prince always looked out through the thirteenth. It is so often true that whether a person carries with him an atmosphere of gloom and depression or one of confidence and courage depends on his individual outlook.
Source: Three Minutes by James Keller, M. M., 1950
Contributed by: Zaady


text:
Intrados is the new word of the day.
Want to impress your clients use this word the next time you see one of these. For all you wordsmith's or for those of you who follow me at new word of the day unless you already know the meaning of this word you're about to learn something. This is France in origin (in tra'das) and it means the inside curve or surface of an arch or vault. Well did you know this word and if so did you know the meaning?


PPDL Picture of the Week
September 4, 2018
Hallowheart of Watermelons
Wenjing Guan, Clinical Engagement Assistant Professor-SWPAC, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University
Hollowheart of watermelons is a physiological fruit disorder. Flesh separate inside of the fruit, typically forming three gaps (Figure 1 and 2). In severe cases, hollowheart could cause watermelon load rejection.
Watermelon fruit that has hollowheart tends to be triangular shaped. Poor pollination is the primary reason causing hollowheart. Scientists were able to approve that seedless watermelons are more likely to develop hollowheart when the pollenizer plants (diploid watermelons) are located further away from the seedless plants. The study found hollow heart incidence started to increase when the distance between the seedless plant and the pollenizer plant is more than 6 feet.
Cold weather and the lack of bee movement during pollination period also cause poor pollination. Some growers use mixed pollenizer plants with different flowering peaks to ensure availability of pollens matching the blooming period of seedless plants. Bumblebees, in addition to honeybees, are used. This is partly because bumblebees are relatively more active at relatively low temperatures and low light intensity conditions.
In addition to poor pollination, water and fertility management are also believed to affect the incidence of hollow heart. The assumption is that hollow heart is caused when the fruit inner cells can not keep pace with the expansion rate of the rind, and this situation is more likely to occur on 'forced' plant, for example, planting with excessive fertilizers.
Incidence of hollowheart occurs more frequently in crown-set fruit compared to lateral-set fruit, part of the reason is that crown-fruit have larger intercellular spaces with fewer and larger cells. It could also because crown-fruit set earlier in the season when environmental factors such as low temperatures are more likely to affect pollination.
Although hollowheart symptom was observed on both seedless and seeded watermelons, seedless watermelons tend to have more hollowheart than the seeded watermelons. Under the same environmental conditions, yellow and orange-fleshed watermelon varieties tend to have the most severe hollowheart symptoms. Among typical seedless watermelon varieties, a negative correlation existed between watermelon flesh firmness and the ratings of hollowheart. Firmer fleshed-watermelons have lower hollowheart ratings.
Click image to enlarge


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Male gymnasts are elite athletes who spend 20 to 30 hours each week -- or more -- at the gym. They work hard to perfect routines, acquire skills, build strength and improve flexibility. To make the most of each workout and perform their best at competitions, gymnasts must pay close attention to their diets. Good nutrition for male gymnasts means eating a balanced diet that ensures that they get enough calories and carbs, and the right amount of protein.
Get Enough Calories
Male gymnasts need to make sure they get enough calories in their diet to maintain energy levels, while helping to preserve and build muscle mass. Some male gymnasts, especially adolescents, have a hard time meeting the high calorie demands, according to the Australian Institute for Sport. In general, daily calorie needs range from 2,500 to 3,500, but vary depending on calorie expenditure. Use your weight as a tool to help determine your calorie needs. If you're losing weight and muscle, up your intake. If you're gaining fat, decrease your intake.
Fuel With Carbs
Carbs are the muscles' preferred source of energy, and male gymnasts need to follow a high-carbohydrate diet to support their energy needs and promote muscle growth. Notts School of Gymnastics recommends that male gymnasts get 250 to 350 grams of carbohydrates a day. Most of these carbs should come from nutrient-rich sources, such as whole-grain breads and pastas, fruits, vegetables and beans.
Protein for Strength
Protein is necessary for building and repairing muscle. While male gymnasts may think it's necessary to supplement their diets with protein powders and shakes, most get more than enough protein in their diet to meet their protein needs. Notts School of Gymnastics recommends that male gymnasts eat healthy sources of protein, such as poultry and fish, to limit saturated fat intake. A snack that combines protein and carbs, such as a turkey sandwich, after a workout can help improve muscle recovery, according to USA Gymnastics.
Diet and Competition
Before a competition, most gymnasts taper their training, but that doesn't mean they should change their diets. Three to four hours before they compete, male gymnasts should eat a light but high-carbohydrate meal, such as a baked potato or a bowl of pasta, and drink plenty of fluids. Meats and fat take longer to digest, so avoid those just before a competition.
- Dynamic Graphics Group/Dynamic Graphics Group/Getty Images


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Passive resistance is strategic form of defense that avoids violence. It can include civil disobedience, hunger strikes, and other non-aggressive methods.
In 2364, several children aboard the USS Enterprise-D were kidnapped. Their kidnappers were from the hidden planet of Aldea, whose people had lost the ability to reproduce. The eldest child, Wesley Crusher, realized that since the Aldeans did not wish to harm the children, and violent struggle would be futile, the only effective resistance could be passive. He gathered the kidnapped children and instructed them not to take part in Aldean activities or training, to speak with the Aldeans, or even to eat the food they provided. While the resistance itself failed to free the children, they were released by their captors upon the discovery that the population's sterility was caused by radiation that would eventually affect the children as well. (TNG: "When The Bough Breaks")


, let me explain it.
Let me use $R_n$ to denote the coinvariant algebra. Since as an ungraded algebra, $R_n$ is the regular representation of $S_n$, we have $R_n \simeq \bigoplus_{\lambda \vdash n} V_{\lambda}^{f^{\lambda}}$, where $V_{\lambda}$ is the $S_n$-irrep indexed by the partition $\lambda$, and $f^{\lambda} := \mathrm{dim}(V_{\lambda})$. Recall that also $f^{\lambda} = \#$ Standard Young Tableaux (SYTs) of shape $\lambda$, and that we have the famous hook-length formula $f^{\lambda} = \frac{n!}{\prod_{u\in \lambda}h(u)}$, where $h(u)$ is the hook-length of the box $u\in \lambda$.
But we again get more by considering the grading on $R_n$. Namely, for a partition $\lambda\vdash n$, define the fake degree polynomial $f^{\lambda}(q)$ by $$f^{\lambda}(q) := \sum_{i \geq 0} \# \textrm{ (copies of $V_{\lambda}$ in the degree $i$ component of $R_n$)} \cdot q^i.$$ Note that $f^{\lambda}(q)$ is a $q$-analog of $f^{\lambda}$. Stanley (see Section 4 of the paper cited below and Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol. 2, 7.21.5) proved a $q$-analog of the hook-length formula: $f^{\lambda}(q) = q^{b(\lambda)} \frac{[n]!_q}{\prod_{u\in \lambda}[h(u)]}$, where $b(\lambda) := 0\lambda_1 + 1\lambda_2 + 2\lambda_3 + \cdots$. Furthermore, Lusztig gave a statistical formula for $f^{\lambda}(q)$. Namely, for an SYT $T$, a descent of $T$ is an entry $i$ for which $i+1$ is in a strictly lower row, and the major index of $T$, denoted $\mathrm{maj}(T)$, is a sum over all descents $i$ of $T$ of the value $i$. Then in unpublished work (again see Stanley's paper cited below), Lusztig showed that $f^{\lambda}(q) = \sum_{\substack{T \textrm{ a SYT}, \\ \mathrm{sh}(T) =\lambda}}q^{\mathrm{maj}(T)}$.
Now note that the decomposition $R_n \simeq \bigoplus_{\lambda \vdash n} V_{\lambda}^{f^{\lambda}}$ implies $[n]!_q = \sum_{\lambda\vdash n}f^{\lambda} \cdot f^{\lambda}(q)$, and hence due to Lusztig's result that the coefficient of $q^i$ in $[n]!_q$ is the sum over all SYT $T$ with $n$ boxes and with $\mathrm{maj}(T)=i$ of $f^{\mathrm{sh}(T)}$.
Here's where the connection to RSK comes in. Recall that the usual Robinson-Schensted (no Knuth!) algorithm is a bijection between permutations $w \in S_n$ and pairs $(P,Q)$ of n-boxed SYTs of the same shape. Usually $P$ is called the insertion tableau and $Q$ the recording tableau. It is not hard to see from the usual "insertion and bumping" description of R-S that the descents of $w$ are exactly the same as the descents of its recording tableau $Q$. In particular, their major indices are the same. Thus R-S proves bijectively that $$ \sum_{w \in S_n} q^{\mathrm{maj}(w)} = \sum_{\substack{T \textrm{ a SYT} \\ \textrm{with $n$ boxes}}} f^{\mathrm{sh}(T)} \cdot q^{\mathrm{maj}(T)},$$ where the RHS is the interpretation of $[n]!_q$ we just mentioned, and the LHS is the well-known one due to MacMahon mentioned in the original question.
Stanley, Richard P., Invariants of finite groups and their applications to combinatorics, Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 1, 475-511 (1979). ZBL0497.20002.
 - $\begingroup$ Please could you add some details so that this becomes an explicit interpretation of the coefficients of the polynomial? $\endgroup$ – Mark Wildon Dec 28 '19 at 18:30
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: edited. $\endgroup$ – Sam Hopkins Dec 28 '19 at 18:45
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: I added some info about how this coinvariant algebra stuff is somewhat connected to RSK. $\endgroup$ – Sam Hopkins Dec 29 '19 at 15:39
 - $\begingroup$ Very nice: I like the bijective proof of the identity using the major index of the recording tableaux. I've already upvoted you, but your answer deserves more. $\endgroup$ – Mark Wildon Dec 29 '19 at 18:01
For a simple but noncombinatorial proof of the unimodality of the coefficients of $[n]!_q$, see George E. Andrews, A theorem on reciprocal polynomials with applications to permutations and compositions. Amer. Math. Monthly 82 (1975), no. 8, 830–833.
 - $\begingroup$ For an even simpler proof (in my opinion, at least), see Enumerative Combinatorics, vol. 1, second ed., Exercise 1.50(c). $\endgroup$ – Richard Stanley May 14 '20 at 1:48
After posting the question, I remembered an interpretation using formal characters of representations of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})$ that gives the shortest proof I know that $[n]!_q$ is unimodal.
Write $1+q+\cdots + q^{j-1}$ as $q^{(j-1)/2}(q^{-(j-1)/2} + q^{-(j-3)/2} + \cdots + q^{(j-1)/2})$ and substitute $q= Q^2$ to get $Q^{j-1}(Q^{-(j-1)} + Q^{-(j-3)} + \cdots + Q^{j-1})$. Hence
$$[n]!_q = Q^{\binom{n}{2}}( Q^{-1} + Q) ( Q^{-2} + 1 + Q^2) \ldots (Q^{-(n-1)} + Q^{-(n-3)} + \cdots + Q^{n-1}).$$
Up to the power of $Q$, the right-hand side is the formal character of the tensor product of the (unique) irreducible representations of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})$ of dimensions $2, 3, \ldots, n$. Since any formal character is a sum of the characters of irreducible representations, and each irreducible representation has a unimodal character, this proves that $[n!]_q$ is unimodal in $Q$, and hence in $q$.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Each irreducible character is unimodal, but the sum may be non-unimodal. For example $V=V(2)+V(3)+V(3)$. Here dim$V_1=2$, dim$V_0=1=$ dim $V_2$. The even and odd parts of sum of unimodal characters would be unimodal. $\endgroup$ – ArB Oct 19 '20 at 13:20
There is a nice generalization to Catalan objects as follows.
Acyclic orientations of unit-interval graphs
Note that for the complete graph on $n$ vertices, the number of acyclic orientations weighted by ascents (edges oriented from smaller to larger label) is given by $[n]_q!$. Now, there are a Catalan number of unit interval graphs, which can be indexed by area sequences. The complete graph has area sequence $(0,1,2,\dotsc,n-1)$. The weighted sum over acyclic orientations of an unit interval graph with area sequence $(a_1,\dotsc,a_n)$ is given by the product $[a_1+1]_q\dotsb [a_n+1]_q$.
Summing all these polynomials over all $(n+1)^{-1}\binom{2n}{n}$ area sequences of length $n$ gives the $n$th Touchard-Riordan polynomial, which is defined as the sum over all perfect matchings of $2n$ vertices on a circle, weighted by


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The functions c32rtomb and mbrtoc32 from / are described in the C Unicode TR (draft) as performing conversions between UTF-321 and "multibyte characters".
(...) If s is not a null pointer, the c32rtomb function determines the number of bytes needed to represent the multibyte character that corresponds to the wide character given by c32 (including any shift sequences), and stores the multibyte character representation in the array whose first element is pointed to by s. (...)
What is this "multibyte character representation"? I'm actually interested in the behaviour of the following program:
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
int main() {
 std::u32string u32 = U"this is a wide string";
 std::string narrow = "this is a wide string";
 std::string converted(1000, '\0');
 char* ptr = &converted[0];
 std::mbstate_t state {};
 for(auto u : u32) {
 ptr += std::c32rtomb(ptr, u, &state);
 converted.resize(ptr - &converted[0]);
 assert(converted == narrow);
Is the assertion in it guaranteed to hold1?
1 Working under the assumption that __STDC_UTF_32__ is defined.
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2 Answers
For the assertion to be guaranteed to hold true it's necessary that the multibyte encoding used by c32rtomb() be the same as the encoding used for string literals, at least as far as the characters actually used in the string.
C99 specifies that setlocale() with the category LC_CTYPE affects the behavior of the character handling functions and the multibyte and wide character functions. I don't see any explicit acknowledgement that the effect is to set the multibyte and wide character encodings used, however that is the intent.
So the multibyte encoding used by c32rtomb() is the multibyte encoding from the default "C" locale.
C++11 2.14.3/2 specifies that the execution encoding, wide execution encoding, UTF-16, and UTF-32 are used for the corresponding character and string literals. Therefore std::string narrow uses the execution encoding to represent that string.
So is the "C" locale encoding of this string the same as the execution encoding of this string?
C99 specifies that the "C" locale provides "the minimal environment" for C translation. Such an environment would include not only character sets, but also the specific character codes used. So I believe this means not only that the "C" locale must support the characters required in translation (i.e., the basic character set), but additionally that those characters in the "C" locale must use the same character codes.
All of the characters in your string literals are members of the basic character set, and therefore converting the char32_t representation to the char "C" locale representation must produce the same sequence of values as the compiler produces for the char string literal; the assertion must hold true.
I don't see any suggestion that anything beyond the basic character set is supported in a compatible way between the execution encoding and the "C" locale, so if your string literal used any characters outside the basic character set then there would not be any guarantee that the assertion would hold. Even stipulating extended characters that exist in both the execution character set and the "C" locale, I don't see any requirement that the representations match each other.
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Nice answer. Just to be clear: If he adds a call to setlocale, the assertion could fail, even if his strings are entirely within the basic character set? – Nemo Nov 1 '12 at 21:00
_USER_ If setlocale() were called with an argument other than "C", yes. For example setlocale("en_US.EBCDIC") (assuming that's a supported locale with the obvious meaning) on a system where the execution encoding is ASCII compatible would cause c32rtomb() to produce EBCDIC strings while std::string narrow would remain ASCII encoded. – bames53 Nov 1 '12 at 21:16
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The TR linked in the question says
At most MB_CUR_MAX bytes are stored.
which is defined (in C99) as
a positive integer expression with type size_t that is the maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character for the extended character set specified by the current locale
I believe this is sufficient evidence that the intent of the TR was to produce the multibyte characters as defined by the currently installed C locale: UTF-8 for en_US.utf8, GB18030 for zh_CN.gb18030, etc.
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text:
Incremental Shuttle Walking Test
- The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) was developed to simulate a cardiopulmonary exercise test using a field walking test.
Note: The ISWT is available from Prof Sally Singh, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital NHS Trust, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK or email: visit: _URL_ for further information on how to access..
- The patient is required to walk around two cones set 9 metres apart (so the final track is 10 metres) in time to a set of auditory beeps played on a CD.
- Initially, the walking speed is very slow, but each minute the required walking speed progressively increases.
- The patient walks for as long as they can until they are either too breathless or can no longer keep up with the beeps, at which time the test ends.
- The number of shuttles is recorded. Each shuttle represents a distance of ten metres (i.e each time the patient reaches a cone is 1 shuttle).
- The results of the ISWT can be used to prescribe the intensity of walking training (see Exercise Training section).
Standardisation of the ISWT is very important for obtaining meaningful outcomes.
The ISWT must be measured on twice to account for a learning effect. Please note that:
- The best result is recorded.
- If the repeat test is performed on the same day, 30 minutes rest should be allowed between tests.
- Debilitated individuals may require tests to be performed on separate days, but aim for tests to be less than one week apart.
- Only standardised instructions from the CD should be used. In contrast to the six-minute walking test, no encouragement should be given throughout the ISWT.
- A comfortable ambient temperature and humidity should be maintained for all tests.
- The walking track must be the same for all tests for a patient:
- Cones are placed nine metres apart.
- The distance walked around the cones is 10 metres.
The equipment needed to conduct the ISWT is identified in the attached checklist.
Before the ISWT
- Instruct the patient to dress comfortably and to wear appropriate footwear.
- Any prescribed inhaled bronchodilator medication should be taken within one hour of testing or when the patient arrives for testing.
- The patient should rest for at least 15 minutes before beginning the ISWT.
- Blood pressure.
- Heart rate.
- Oxygen saturation.
- Dyspnoea score.*
* Note: Show the patient the dyspnoea scale (e.g Borg scale) and give standardised instructions on how to obtain a score.
During the ISWT
Follow the instructions on the CD, and use the following standard prompts:
Incremental shuttle walk test instructions6
The object of the progressive shuttle walking test is to walk as long as possible, there and back along the 10-metre course, keeping to the speed indicated by the bleeps on the audio recording. You will hear these bleeps at regular intervals. You should walk at a steady pace, aiming to turn around the cone at one end of the course when you hear the first bleep, and at the other end when you hear the next. At first, your walking speed will be very slow, but you will need to speed up at the end of each minute. Your aim should be to follow the set rhythm for as long as you can. Each single bleep signals the end of a shuttle and each triple bleep signals an increase in walking speed. You should stop walking only when you become too breathless to maintain the required speed or can no longer keep up with the set pace.
The test is maximal and progressive. In other words, it is easier at the start and harder at the end. The walking speed for the first minute is very slow. You have 20 seconds to complete each 10-metre shuttle, so don't go too fast. The test will start in 15 seconds, so get ready at the start now. Level one starts with a triple bleep after the 4-second countdown.
- Each minute, record heart rate, SpO2 % and dyspnoea as well as number of shuttle that is completed as on the ISWT recording sheet.
- Monitor the patient for untoward signs and symptoms.
Ending the ISWT
The ISWT ends if any one of the following occur:
- The patient is more than 0.5 m away from the cone when the beep sounds (allow one lap to catch up).
- The patient reports that they are too breathless to continue.
- The patient reaches 85% of predicted maximum heart rate (maximum heart rate = 210 – 0.65 x age)
- The patient exhibits any of the following signs and symptoms:
- Chest pain that is suspicious of / for angina.
- Evolving mental confusion or lack of coordination.
- Evolving light-headedness.
- Intolerable dyspnoea.
- Leg cramps or extreme leg muscle fatigue.
- Persistent SpO2 < 85%.
- Any other clinically warranted reason.
At the End of the ISWT
- Seat the patient or, if the patient prefers, allow to the patient to stand.
- Immediately record oxygen saturation (SpO2)%, heart rate and dyspnoea rating.
- Two minutes later, record SpO2% and heart rate to assess the recovery rate.
- Record the total number of shuttles.
- Record the reason for terminating the test. The patient can be asked:"What do you think stopped you from keeping up with the beeps?"
The patient should remain in a clinical area for at least 15 minutes following an uncomplicated test.
ISWT as an outcome measure
The change in the distance walked in the ISWT can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise training program and / or to track the change in exercise capacity over time.
The minimum important difference (i.e. improvement) in the distance walked is an n improvement of 47.5 metres in ISWT and indicates that patients with COPD are 'slightly better'.8


Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
Second Annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders
The Global Network of Women Peacebuilders is pleased to announce its second annual Cora Weiss Fellowship for Young Women Peacebuilders. The Fellowship aims to support the development of young women peacebuilders and ensure that more young people share Cora's vision for sustainable peace and gender equality as strong and integral parts of our global culture. Applications must be submitted in English, and emailed to .
Eligibility requirements
 To be eligible for the Cora Weiss Fellowship, applicants must meet the following criteria:
1. At least one year experience of volunteering or employment in a women's rights/human rights/peace advocacy organization;
2. One year experience in policy advocacy on women's rights, human rights, peace and other social justice issues, including understanding of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies;
3. A Bachelor's degree in international relations, women/gender studies or the social sciences; and
4. Has lived or worked in a developing country for at least one year.
5. Since the fellowship will take place in New York where the international community is mainly congregated, proficiency in the English language is a must.
 Selection criteria
 Applicants will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Ability to use the skills and networking opportunities gained from this Fellowship in a similar undertaking, such as working with a civil society organization that advocates for women, peace and security, for at least 2 years after completion of the Fellowship;
2. Ability to communicate effectively on women, peace and security issues; and
3. Ability and willingness to travel to conflict-affected countries.
 (Note: GNWP closely monitors the security situation in all the countries it works in to ensure that it is safe for its staff and members and partners to travel. However, some of the countries where GNWP implements its work are still experiencing violent conflicts or are still impacted by the aftermath of conflict. The Cora Weiss Fellow will have to sign a contract agreeing to travel.)
 The successful applicant will have the opportunity to work with GNWP for one year on its global advocacy in the UN to promote the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1325 and 1820 on Women, Peace and Security, and related laws and policies. In addition, the applicant will also have the opportunity to participate in GNWP's national and local initiatives such as the Localization of UNSCR 1325 and 1820, and Girl Ambassadors for Peace.
The Fellowship year will commence in May 2017 and end in May 2018. It will cover roundtrip airfare from the country of origin to New York, room and board, health insurance, local transportation, and other personal expenses of the fellow.
 Checklist of required documents
1. Completed application form in English. Please note that while GNWP has released this advertisement in different languages, submission of a completed application in English is essential. The application form is available here.
2. An essay of no more than 3 pages that explains why you are applying for the Cora Weiss Fellowship
3. Two letters of reference. Reference letters should include how long the writer has known the applicant and in what capacity, comments on the applicant's potential to make an impact in the field of women, peace and security, and any relevant prior experience.
Applications may be sent to: All required application materials should be complete and submitted together in one e-mail. Documents sent separately will not be reviewed and application will be considered incomplete. Deadline for application is November 1, 2016.
Focus areas:


Death Valley Dunes
April 08, 2008
040808 copy
Provided by: Mila Zinkova, Fogshadow
Summary authors & editors: Mila Zinkova, Stu Witmer
The photo above of a series of coppice dunes, or nebkha, was taken in Death Valley National Park, California. Nebkha is a North African word descriptive of a type of phytogenic fixed sand dune created by the gathering of wind blown sand beneath and around a plant canopy. The size of each specific dune is due to the physical aspects of the sand, the terrain and wind conditions as well as the type of plant. Mormon tea and mesquite are two likely candidates in the U.S. Southwest because their roots go deep enough to reach water despite the encroaching sands. Nebkhas tend to stabilize sand otherwise blown away making them useful in coastal areas for forming barriers against the high tides of storms or rising sea levels. Nebkhas have also been instrumental in reforestation efforts in the Sinai, Kenya and elsewhere.


text:
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis & Resolution
College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies
Robert J. Witheridge
conflict, lesbian, motherhood, narratives, phenomenology, sociopolitical
This study explored the lives of lesbian mothers with children conceived through insemination or the adoption process in an effort to understand the conflicts they encountered along their journey to motherhood and how they managed those conflicts. The qualitative study included in-depth interviews conducted with six participants. The participants' ages ranged between 25-60 years old. Interview results were analyzed to explore participants' narratives in regards to their experiences, relationships, identities and transformation into motherhood. This research highlights significant ongoing developments in the field of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) studies and seeks to intersect the boundaries between interpersonal and sociopolitical conflicts with the phenomena of lesbian-mothered families. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this research provides a contribution to the interdisciplinary field of conflict resolution with a focus on the central research question: What is the common experience shared among lesbian mothers in their transformation to motherhood? The key findings of this study interrelate with themes of interpersonal conflict, role conflict, and sociopolitical conflict. The conclusions contribute to the field of conflict analysis and resolution, expand upon recent developments on LGBT family systems, and suggest new areas for further examination from the perspective of conflict analysis scholarship.
Melissa Miller-Munoz. 2016. Motherhood redefined: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the lived experiences of lesbian mothers and the sociopolitical conflicts that shape their narratives. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (51)


text:
SALT LAKE CITY, Sept. 27, 2010 – If drivers are yakking on cell phones and don't hear spoken instructions to turn left or right from a passenger or navigation system, they still can get directions from devices that are mounted on the steering wheel and pull skin on the driver's index fingertips left or right, a University of Utah study found.
The researchers say they don't want their results to encourage dangerous and distracted driving by cell phone users. Instead, they hope the study will point to new touch-based directional devices to help motorists and hearing-impaired people drive more safely. The same technology also could help blind pedestrians with a cane that provides directional cues to the person's thumb.
"It has the potential of being a safer way of doing what's already being done – delivering information that people are already getting with in-car GPS navigation systems," says the study's lead author, William Provancher, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Utah.
In addition, Provancher says he is "starting to meet with the Utah Division of Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired to better understand how our technology could help those with vision impairments. It could be used in a walking cane for the blind," with a moving button on the handle providing tactile navigation cues to help the person walk to the corner market, for example.
The system also could help hearing-impaired people get navigation information through their fingertips if they cannot hear a system's computerized voice, says University of Utah psychology Ph.D. student Nate Medeiros-Ward, the study's first author. "We are not saying people should drive and talk on a cell phone and that tactile [touch] navigation cues will keep you out of trouble."
Medeiros-Ward is scheduled to present the findings Tuesday, Sept. 28 in San Francisco during the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society's 54th annual meeting.
The study "doesn't mean it's safe to drive and talk on the cell phone," says co-author David Strayer, a professor of psychology at the University of Utah. "It was a test to show that even in situations where you are distracted by a cell phone, we can still communicate directional information to the driver via the fingertips even though they are 'blind' to everything else."
Provancher, Medeiros-Ward and Strayer conducted the study with Joel Cooper, who earned his psychology Ph.D. at the University of Utah and now works in Texas, and Andrew Doxon, a Utah doctoral student in mechanical engineering. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the University of Utah.
'Channels' Carry Information to the Brain
Provancher says the study was based on a "multiple resource model" of how people process information, in which resources are senses such as vision, hearing and touch that provide information to the brain.
"You can only process so much," he says. "The theory is that if you provide information through different channels, you can provide more total information. Our sense of touch is currently an unexplored means of communication in the car."
But does humanity really need yet another way to provide information to drivers who already are blabbering on cell phones, texting, changing CDs or radio stations, looking at or listening to navigation devices and screaming kids – not to mention trying to watch and listen to road conditions?
"The point is, it will help everybody," Provancher says. "We all have visual and audio distractions when driving. Having the steering wheel communicate with you through your fingertips provides more reliable navigation information to the driver."
Provancher says motorists already get some feedback through touch: vibration from missing a gear while shifting or a shimmying steering wheel due to tire problems.
"You can't look at two things at the same time," says Strayer. "You can't look at graphic display of where you should go and look out the windshield. It [touch-based information] is a nicer way to communicate with the driver without interfering with the basic information they typically need to drive safely. They need to look out the window to drive safely. They need to listen to the noise of traffic – sirens, horns and other vehicles. This tactile device provides information to the driver without taking their attention away from seeing and hearing information they need to be a safe driver."
The new study says automakers already use some tactile systems to warn of lane departures by drowsy drivers and monitor blind spots. But these devices generally twist the steering wheel (assisted steering), rather than simply prompting the driver to do so.
Drivers on Cell Phones Often Don't Hear Directions, but Can Feel Them
The study was conducted on a driving simulator that Strayer has used to demonstrate the hazards of driving while talking or texting on a cell phone. Two of Provancher's devices to convey information by touch were attached to the simulator's steering wheel so one came in contact with the index finger on each of the driver's hands.
During driving, each index fingertip rested on a red TrackPoint cap from an IBM ThinkPad computer – those little things that look like the eraser on the end of a pencil. When the drivers were supposed to turn left, the two touch devices gently stretched the skin of the fingertips to the left (counter clockwise); when a right turn was directed, the TrackPoint tugged the skin of the fingertips to the right (clockwise).
Nineteen University of Utah undergraduate students – six women and 13 men – participated in the study by driving the simulator. The screens that surround the driver's seat on three sides displayed a scene in which the driver was in the center lane of three straight freeway lanes, with no other traffic.
Four driving scenarios were used, each lasting six minutes and including, in random order, 12 cues to the driver to move to the right lane and 12 more to move left.
In two scenarios, the simulator drivers did not talk on cell phones and received direction instructions either from the simulator's computer voice or via the fingertip devices on the steering wheel. In the two other scenarios, the drivers talked on cell phones with a person in the laboratory and also received direction instructions, either from the computer voice or from the touch devices on the steering wheel.
Each participant did all four of the scenarios. The results:
- In the two scenarios without cell phones, the drivers' accuracy
in correctly moving left or right was nearly identical for those
who received tactile directions through their fingertips (97.2
percent) or by computerized voice (97.6 percent).
- That changed when the drivers talked on cell phones while operating the simulator. When drivers received fingertip navigation directions while talking, they were accurate 98 percent of the time, but when they received audio cues to turn right or left while talking on a cell phone, they changed lanes correctly only 74 percent of the time.
Strayer says the findings shouldn't be used to encourage cell phone use while driving because even if giving drivers directional information by touch works, "it's not going to help you with the other things you need to do while driving – watching out for pedestrians, noticing traffic lights, all the things you need to pay attention to."
A Touch of Product Development?
Provancher has patents and wants to commercialize his tactile feedback devices for steering wheels and other potential uses.
"If we were approached by an interested automaker, it could be in their production cars in three to five years," he says, noting he already has had preliminary talks with three automakers and a European original equipment manufacturer.
In addition to possible devices for the visionand hearing-impaired, Provancher says the technology could be used in a handheld device to let people feel fingertip-stretch pulses – rather than hear clicks – as they scroll through an iPod music playlist. He also says it might be used as a new way to interact with an MP3 music player in a vehicle, or to control games.
Provancher set the stage for the tactile navigation devices in two research papers this year in the journal Transactions on Haptics, published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Haptics is to the sense of touch what optics is to vision.
In one of those studies, Provancher tested a haptic device that stretched the fingertip skin in four horizontal directions (right, left, front, back) and found that relatively faster and larger (one twenty-fifth of an inch) movements conveyed direction information most accurately.
In that study, Provancher also mentioned other possible uses for such devices, including allowing command centers to direct emergency responders and urban soldiers to incident locations, or directing air traffic controllers' attention to important information on a computer screen.


text:
By Frankie Meyer
JOPLIN, Mo. —
The best way to get relatives and descendants interested in their family history is to organize trips to sites where ancestors lived, and to also visit historic sites that significantly affected their lives.
Many of the earliest settlers in Southwest Missouri traveled from the St. Louis area down the Old Wire Road, also known as the Old Osage Trail or Military Trail. Few people know that thousands of families also traveled to the area via Fort Smith, Ark.
Early trappers and settlers reached Fort Smith by traveling from the Mississippi River up the Arkansas River. From that town, they traveled to Northwest Arkansas, Southwest Missouri and eastern Oklahoma.
During the 1830s, several groups of Native Americans were forced to travel along one leg of the Trail of Tears through the Fort Smith area on their way to the Indian Territory. The town provided the last chance for those Native American families to buy supplies before crossing into their new land.
Fort Smith developed around a fort that was built on a hill overlooking the Arkansas River. The fort was built to promote peace between tribes in that area. Later the fort was used as a training ground for soldiers who fought in the Mexican War.
During the Civil War, the fort was used as a supply depot. Between 1872 and 1896, the fort served as a site where the Federal Court for the Western District of Arkansas meted out punishments for heinous crimes of outlaws, many of whom had fled to the Indian Territory to avoid prosecution.
If any of your ancestry has ties to Fort Smith, plan a trip south through the scenic Ozark Mountains to the area. The Fort Smith National Historic Site, located downtown near the Arkansas River, has restored Judge Parker's courthouse.
At the site, one can also see remnants of the original fort built in 1817. The Ft. Smith Museum of History, Fort Smith Trolley Museum and the Fort Smith National Cemetery are all nearby.
The trolley museum has restored electric streetcars that frequently take visitors on historic rides. The trolley line stops at the national cemetery, Ross Pendergraft Park, the FSTM rose garden and the parking lot of Varsity Sports Grill.
Motormen (including my husband Jim and our friend, John Shomin, who sometimes volunteer there) point out area attractions and historic sites. Admission is $2 for adults and $1 for children.
For more details, call the Fort Smith Trolley Museum at _PHONE_ or the Fort Smith Museum of History at _PHONE_. The Fort Smith Public Library, located at 3201 Rogers Ave., also has many historical and genealogical resources. Those interested may contact the library at _PHONE_.
Suggestions or queries? Send to Frankie Meyer, 509 N. Center St., Plainfield, IN 46168, or contact: _EMAIL_.


text:
The Solling is a range of hills up to 527.8 m above sea level high in the Weser Uplands in the German state of Lower Saxony, whose extreme southerly foothills extend into Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia.
Inside Lower Saxony it is the second largest range of hills and the third highest after the Harz (Wurmberg; 971 m) and the Kaufungen Forest (Haferberg; 581 m).
The Solling is a cultural landscape consisting mainly of spruce and beech forests.Oak also grows in some areas. The Solling forest is home of a number of animals and birds, for example Red deer or Common Chaffinch. They can best be observed in the Neuhaus wildlife park.
Together with the smaller and lower Vogler range and the little Burgberg to the north, the Solling is part of the Solling-Vogler Nature Park.
The main hills in the Solling include the following (heights given in m above Normalnull):
- Große Blöße (527.8 m)
- Großer Ahrensberg (524.9 m)
- Moosberg (513.0 m) – with Hochsolling observation tower
- Vogelherd (ca. 505 m)
- Dreiberg (493.5 m)
- Großer Steinberg (493 m) – with "Harzblick" observation tower
- Tünnekenbornstrang (490.1 m)
- Langenberg (484.6 m)
- Bärenkopf (473.0 m)
- Wolfsstrang (468.7 m) – with Gaußstein
- Schönenberg (457.1 m)
- Hasselberg (also called the Schrodhalbe; 452.5 m) – with TV tower
- Hahnenbreite (452.0 m)
- Alte Schmacht (447.5 m) – with transmission facility
- Eisernstieg (446.3 m)
- Strutberg (444 m) – with "Sollingturm" observation tower
- Großer Lauenberg (442.6 m)
- Wildenkiel (ca. 441 m)
- Auerhahnkopf (ca. 440 m)
- Hengstrücken (424 m)
- Buchholz (421.7 m)
- Sonnenköpfe (414.6 m; western peak)
- Sonnenköpfe (407.0 m; eastern peak)
- Junge Schmacht (388.0 m)
- Platte (379.7 m)
- Sommerberg (364.5 m)
- Kahlberg (224.7 m)
Villages and towns
Villages and towns in the Solling are:
Johannes Krabbe: Karte des Sollings von 1603, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Hans-Martin Arnoldt, Kirstin Casemir und Uwe Ohanski, Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung Hannover 2004.
External links


text:
Quality in Teaching
Students and teachers participate in programme quality policies through regular monitoring and assessment activities based on indicators provided by the Ministry of Education (MIUR).
As Quality Assurance policies and procedures are student-centred. Inline with this the University has provided a training course divided into 4 modules for the students of the University.
Quality Assurance (QA) in Teaching is the process that, by defining objectives, concrete actions and checks, allows the University to constantly improve its academic offering in compliance with its quality policy.
The System for Quality Assurance in Teaching has the following key objectives:
- to guarantee that the quality of teaching is well documented, so that it may be verified and assessed;
- to facilitate access to information, making it clear and easy to understand for students, families and representatives of the job world;
- to promote the continuous improvement of Study Programmes.
Pursuant to current legislation, a two-step accreditation procedure applies to Study Programmes:
- mandatory initial accreditation by 15 June of each academic year
- periodic accreditation every three years, to confirm that the educational offering is sustainable and in line with teaching, research, structural, organizational, economic-financial and quality assurance requirements.
The Quality Assurance Board and Independent Evaluation Unit also play a fundamental role in the Quality Assurance process.


Harvey Karp
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Dr. Harvey Karp
Harvey Neil Karp (born 1951) is an American pediatrician, best known for the techniques he has developed and popularized for calming infants. He is the author of two books, The Happiest Baby on the Block, published in 2002, and its 2004 sequel, The Happiest Toddler on the Block.[1]
Karp's technique[edit]
The technique is designed to recreate the essential elements of the experience of living in the womb. Human babies, according to Karp, are born less-developed than other mammals. The first three months of life Karp calls the "fourth trimester". Karp believes there is a "calming reflex" that causes babies to instantly relax when they are given clues that they are safe inside the womb. There are five parts of the technique he calls the "five S's".
 1. Swaddling: Tight swaddling recreates the confinement of the womb.
 2. Side/Stomach position: Holding the baby on the right side slightly face down.
 3. Shushing: Karp uses a loud "ssh" sound similar to the loud white noise that is present in the womb.
 4. Swinging (and jiggling): Gentle but constant jiggling (especially of the head) is intended to remind babies of the constant motion they experienced in the womb.
 5. Sucking: Karp also recommends the use of pacifiers.
CBS news reports that "Critics say Karp is riding to fame on the strength of his patients' VIP parents, who include Michelle Pfeiffer, Pierce Brosnan and Madonna. Endorsements from several stars appear on his book jacket and video cover."[1] Some doctors have also expressed concern that babies may accidentally be left to sleep face down, a position which increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Karp explicitly warns parents not to leave babies in this position.[2] Ralph Frenken has argued against Karp's recommendation of the use of tight swaddling and the concept of a "calming reflex".[3]
 1. ^ a b AP (2002-10-21), Can This Man Keep Your Baby Quiet?, CBS News, retrieved 23 October 2008
 2. ^ Falcon, Mike; Shoop, Stephen A. (2002-09-09), "Happy baby doctor" calms colic crying, USA Today, retrieved 23 October 2008
 3. ^ Frenken, Ralph (2011). Psychology and history of swaddling: Part two – The abolishment of swaddling from the 16th century until today. In: The Journal of Psychohistory, 39 (3), p. 219-245.
External links[edit]


text:
The farady experiment is actually a pretty long one. So as not being in my course and beyond my historical scope. This post only covers essential edited out parts of the experiment that gave us modern definition of electric flux.
Around 1837 as in my knowledge through wikipedia. Michael Farady become very interested in static electric fields and effect of various insulating materials on these fields which led to his experiement.
His Experiement then essentially consisted of following steps:
- He had a pair of concentric metallic spheres constructed, the outer consisting of 2 hemisphere that can be clamped to each other. He also preapared shells of insulating material which would occupy the whole volume between the concentric spheres. He dismantled it and gave the inner sphere a given positive charge.
- The hemisphere were then clamped together around the charged sphere with about 2 cm of dielectric between them.
- The outer sphere was discharged by connecting it momentorily to the ground.
- The outer sphere was seperated carefully without disturbing the charge in the inner sphere. The negative induced charge in each of the sphere was measured.
Faraday found out that:
- The total charge on the outer sphere was equal in magnitude with the original charge of inner sphere and this was true regardless of dielectric kept in between them.
- So it was concluded that the charge underwent to some displacement which was named as electric flux, or displacement flux.
This experiments gave way to the definition of electric flux.


text:
WITH 30 years passing since the night Mount Macedon was ravaged by fire, the region is bracing to remember those who died and the emergency crews who helped prevent further tragedy.
The Ash Wednesday fires of February 16, 1983, claimed 75 lives and destroyed more than 3000 homes.
Locally, the fire spread from East Trentham to Mount Macedon, killing seven people, destroying more than 600 homes and buildings, and devastating wildlife and bushland.
Until the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009, they were the deadliest in Australia's history.
Macedon Ranges Shire mayor Roger Jukes said the 30-year anniversary was a time for remembering the people who lost their lives, as well as acknowledging the enormous effort of emergency services personnel and community members who fought hard to restrict the fires spreading further.
"For our community, the legacy that Ash Wednesday and other major bushfires has left is an increased knowledge of what fire can do and acceptance of fire as a natural occurrence," he said.
"We wish to acknowledge those who were affected by these devastating fires and celebrate the community's efforts to work together to recover from this disaster."


15.10.11 Runs Test
 [ /RUNS ({MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value}) = var_list ]
The /RUNS subcommand tests whether a data sequence is randomly ordered.
It works by examining the number of times a variable's value crosses a given threshold. The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses. It may either be specified as a number or as one of MEAN, MEDIAN or MODE. Following the threshold specification comes the list of variables whose values are to be tested.
The subcommand shows the number of runs, the asymptotic significance based on the length of the data.


text:
2015 Volume E98.D Issue 5 Pages _PHONE_
Tracking algorithms for arbitrary objects are widely researched in the field of computer vision. At the beginning, an initialized bounding box is given as the input. After that, the algorithms are required to track the objective in the later frames on-the-fly. Tracking-by-detection is one of the main research branches of online tracking. However, there still exist two issues in order to improve the performance. 1) The limited processing time requires the model to extract low-dimensional and discriminative features from the training samples. 2) The model is required to be able to balance both the prior and new objectives' appearance information in order to maintain the relocation ability and avoid the drifting problem. In this paper, we propose a real-time tracking algorithm called coupled randomness tracking (CRT) which focuses on dealing with these two issues. One randomness represents random projection, and the other randomness represents online random forests (ORFs). In CRT, the gray-scale feature is compressed by a sparse measurement matrix, and ORFs are used to train the sample sequence online. During the training procedure, we introduce a tree discarding strategy which helps the ORFs to adapt fast appearance changes caused by illumination, occlusion, etc. Our method can constantly adapt to the objective's latest appearance changes while keeping the prior appearance information. The experimental results show that our algorithm performs robustly with many publicly available benchmark videos and outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms. Additionally, our algorithm can be easily utilized into a parallel program.


's actually type MuTrie k v = Mu (TrieF k v), using Mu from recursion-schemes). If you don't believe me, here's the isomorphism. This is actually one way we can encode recursive types in a language that doesn't have any, like dhall.
Generating Tries
Anamorphisms, the dual of catamorphisms, will make another fine addition to our collection. They are functions that "generate" or "unfold" a value of a recursive type, layer-by-layer. If we want to write a function of type A -> Trie k v, we can reach first for an anamorphism.
Anamorphisms work by unfolding "layer-by-layer", from the outside-in (top-down). We write one by defining "how to generate the next layer". This description comes in the form of a "coalgebra" (pronounced like "co-algebra", and not like coal energy "coal-gebra"), in terms of the base functor:
myCoalg :: A -> TrieF k v A
If we think of TrieF k v a as "one layer" of a Trie k v, then A -> TrieF k v A describes how to generate a new nested layer of our Trie k v from our initial "seed" (here, of type A). It tells us how to generate the next immediate layer. Remember that a TrieF k v A contains a Maybe v and a Map k A. The A (the values of the map) are then used to seed the new subtries. The As in the map are the "continue expanding with…" values.
We can then use ana to "unfold" our value along the coalgebra:
ana myCoalg :: A -> Trie k v
ana starts from an initial seed A, runs myCoalg on that, and then goes down a layer, running myCoalg on each value in the map to create new layers, etc., forever and ever. In practice, it usually stops when we return a TrieF with an empty map, since there are no more seeds to expand down. However, it's nice to remember we don't have to special-case this behavior: it arises naturally from the structure of maps.
While I don't have a concrete "universal" example (like how we had count and sum for cata), the general idea is that if you want to create a value by repeatedly "expanding leaves", an anamorphism is a perfect fit.
An example here that fits well with the nature of a trie is to produce a "singleton trie": a trie that has only a single value at a single token string key.
-- source:
mkSingletonCoalg :: v -> ([k] -> TrieF k v [k])
mkSingletonCoalg v = singletonCoalg
 singletonCoalg [] = MkTF (Just v) M.empty
 singletonCoalg (k:ks) = MkTF Nothing (M.singleton k ks)
Given a v value, we'll make a coalgebra [k] -> TrieF k v [k]. Our "seed" will be the [k] key (token string) we want to insert, and we'll generate our singleton key by making sub-maps with sub-keys.
Our coalgebra ("layer generating function") goes like this:
 1. If our key-to-insert is empty [], then we're here! We're at the layer where we want to insert the value at, so MkTF (Just v) M.empty. Returning M.empty means that we don't want to expand anymore, since there are no new seeds to expand into subtries.
 2. If our key-to-insert is not empty, then we're not here! We return MkTF Nothing…but we leave a singleton map M.singleton k ks :: Map k [k] leaving a single seed. When we run our coalgebra with ana, ana will go down and expand out that single seed (with our coalgebra) into an entire new sub-trie, with ks as its seed.
So, we have singleton:
-- source:
singleton :: [k] -> v -> Trie k v
singleton k v = ana (mkSingletonCoalg v) k
We run the coalgebra on our initial seed (the key), and ana will run singletonCoalg repeatedly, expanding out all of the seeds we deposit, forever and ever (or at least until there are no more values of the seed type left, which happens if we return an empty map).
ghci> singleton "hi" 7
MkT Nothing $ M.fromList [
 ('h', MkT Nothing $ M.fromList [
 ('i', MkT (Just 7) M.empty )
A pathway to many subtries
Now that we've got the basics, let's look at a more interesting anamorphism, where we leave multiple "seeds" along many different keys in the map, to generate many different subtries from our root. Twice the seeds, double the subtries.
Let's write a function to generate a Trie k v from a Map [k] v: Given a map of keys (as token strings), generate a prefix trie containing every key-value pair in the map.
This might sound complicated, but let's remember the philosophy and approach of writing an anamorphism: "How do I generate one layer"?
Our fromMapCoalg will take a Map [k] v and generate TrieF k v (Map [k] v): one single layer of our new Trie (in particular, the top layer). The values in each of the resultant maps will be later then watered and expanded into their own fully mature subtries.
So, how do we generate the top layer of a prefix trie from a map? Well, remember, to make a TrieF k v (Map [k] v), we need a Maybe v (the value at this layer) and a Map k (Map [k] v) (the map of seeds that will each expand into full subtries).
 - If the map contains [] (the empty string), then there is a value at this layer. We will return Just.
 - In the Map k (Map [k] v), the value at key k is a Map containing all of the key-value pairs in the original map that start with k.
For a concrete example, if we start with M.fromList [("to", 9), ("ton", 3), ("tax", 2)], then we want fromMapCoalg to produce:
 = MkTF Nothing (
 M.fromList [
 ('t', M.fromList [
 ("o", 9)
 , ("on", 3)
 , ("ax", 2)
The value is Nothing because we don't have the empty string (so there is no to-level value), and the map at t contains all of the original key-value pairs that began with t.
Now that we have the concept, we can implement it using Data.Map combinators like M.lookup, M.toList, M.fromListWith, and M.union.
-- source:
 :: Ord k
 => Map [k] v
 -> TrieF k v (Map [k] v)
fromMapCoalg mp = MkTF (M.lookup [] mp)
 (M.fromListWith M.union
 [ (k , M.singleton ks v)
 | (k:ks, v) <- M.toList mp
 :: Ord k
 => Map [k] v
 -> Trie k v
fromMap = ana fromMapCoalg
And just like that, we have a way to turn a Map [k] into a Trie k…all just from describing how to make the top-most layer. ana extrapolates the rest!
Again, we can ask what the point of this is: why couldn't we just write it directly recursively? The answers are the same as before: first, to avoid potential bugs from explicit recursion. Second, to separate concerns: instead of thinking about how to generate an entire trie, we only need to be think about how to generate a single layer. ana reads our mind here, and extrapolates out the entire trie.
Again, let's take some time to reassure ourselves that ana is not a magic function. You might have been able to guess how it's implemented: it runs the coalgebra, and then fmaps re-expansion recursively.
-- source:
ana' :: (a -> TrieF k v a) -> a -> Trie k v
ana' coalg = embed. fmap (ana' coalg). coalg
First, we run the coalg :: a -> TrieF k v a, then we fmap our entire ana coalg :: a -> Trie k v, then we embed :: TrieF k v (Trie k v) -> Trie k v back into our recursive type.
And again, because Trie is a recursive data type, ana is also necessarily one. However, like for cata, we can represent Trie in a way (in terms of TrieF) that allows us to write ana in a non-recursive way:
-- source:
data NuTrie k v = forall a. MkNT (a -> TrieF k v a) a
anaNuTrie :: (a -> TrieF k v a) -> a -> NuTrie k v
anaNuTrie = MkNT
NuTrie k v here is Nu (TrieF k v), from recursion-schemes. NuTrie is also isomorphic to Trie (as seen by this isomorphism), so they are the same type. We can also use it to represent recursive data types in a non-recursive language (like dhall).
I've been looking forward


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Adding headers and footers
InDesign CS5 Essential Training
with David Blatner
Video: Adding headers and footers
Adding headers and footers provides you with in-depth training on Design. Taught by David Blatner as part of the InDesign CS5 Essential Training
Expand all | Collapse all
 1. 5m 50s
 1. Welcome
 1m 33s
 2. What is InDesign CS5?
 2m 26s
 3. Using the exercise files
 1m 51s
 2. 54m 49s
 1. Understanding the Application window
 6m 0s
 2. Navigating pages
 6m 39s
 3. Zooming and magnifying
 6m 57s
 4. Managing more than one document window
 3m 36s
 5. Setting rulers and measurements
 2m 9s
 6. Positioning panels correctly
 6m 28s
 7. Saving time by making workspaces
 3m 24s
 8. Setting the view quality of artwork
 4m 9s
 9. Adjusting View and Preview settings
 4m 56s
 10. Rotating pages and spreads
 3m 2s
 11. Displaying a new view with the New Window feature
 3m 29s
 12. Setting application and document preferences
 4m 0s
 3. 21m 31s
 1. Using the Tool panel
 8m 1s
 2. Learning and editing keyboard shortcuts
 6m 24s
 3. Working with spring-loaded tool shortcuts
 1m 17s
 4. Using contextual menus
 2m 51s
 5. Choosing menu items with Quick Apply
 2m 58s
 4. 45m 25s
 1. Creating new documents
 7m 28s
 2. Saving and reverting documents
 3m 41s
 3. Using multiple Undo and Revert
 4m 28s
 4. Setting margin and column guides
 5m 16s
 5. Using ruler guides
 8m 10s
 6. Bleeding colors or images off the side of the page
 4m 29s
 7. Saving objects in libraries
 4m 49s
 8. Exporting and importing page snippets
 4m 29s
 9. Saving for CS4 with IDML
 2m 35s
 5. 31m 18s
 1. Inserting, deleting, and moving pages
 7m 23s
 2. Changing page size
 6m 14s
 3. Adding page numbering
 3m 43s
 4. Changing page numbering with sections
 5m 58s
 5. Creating and applying master pages
 5m 20s
 6. Overriding master page items
 2m 40s
 6. 1h 21m
 1. Understanding text frames
 4m 6s
 2. Typing and editing text
 4m 36s
 3. Filling with placeholder text
 2m 38s
 4. Inserting special characters
 4m 43s
 5. Importing text
 7m 49s
 6. Threading text frames
 4m 1s
 7. Setting text frame columns and insets
 6m 32s
 8. Setting vertical justification and first baseline position
 6m 9s
 9. Putting text on a path
 6m 51s
 10. Using the Story Editor
 8m 43s
 11. Checking spelling
 7m 42s
 12. Using Find/Change
 9m 25s
 13. Tracking text changes
 8m 1s
 7. 49m 50s
 1. Importing graphics
 8m 11s
 2. Importing from Mini Bridge
 5m 27s
 3. Using the Links panel
 6m 34s
 4. Embedding links
 2m 37s
 5. Editing graphics in their original app
 3m 14s
 6. Fitting graphics to a frame
 6m 12s
 7. Taking advantage of image transparency and clipping paths
 4m 53s
 8. Adding live captions
 5m 56s
 9. Colorizing images
 2m 1s
 10. Turning image layers on and off
 4m 45s
 8. 46m 15s
 1. Selecting objects
 5m 32s
 2. Applying basic strokes and fills
 8m 18s
 3. Using advanced strokes
 3m 28s
 4. Adjusting transparency
 4m 38s
 5. Adding drop shadows
 6m 41s
 6. Applying feathering
 4m 25s
 7. Copying formatting with the Eyedropper tool
 4m 35s
 8. Finding and changing object formatting
 4m 50s
 9. Making polygons and starbursts
 3m 48s
 9. 22m 56s
 1. Making interactive documents
 2m 6s
 2. Adding hyperlinks
 5m 52s
 3. Building bookmarks
 3m 38s
 4. Creating buttons
 8m 57s
 5. Animating an object
 2m 23s
 10. 23m 15s
 1. Creating color swatches
 5m 52s
 2. The danger and power of unnamed colors
 4m 33s
 3. Building tint swatches
 2m 18s
 4. Creating gradient swatches
 3m 56s
 5. Applying gradients
 6m 36s
 11. 50m 0s
 1. Positioning objects with the Page Gap tool
 2m 53s
 2. Stacking objects
 2m 13s
 3. Creating and controlling layers
 3m 53s
 4. Managing objects in the Layers panel
 3m 37s
 5. Nesting objects
 2m 46s
 6. Editing frame and path shapes
 4m 6s
 7. Adding rounded corners and other corner options
 3m 57s
 8. Grouping objects
 3m 14s
 9. Locking objects
 2m 39s
 10. Aligning and distributing
 5m 43s
 11. Understanding text wrap
 8m 13s
 12. Using anchored objects
 6m 46s
 12. 18m 49s
 1. Duplicating objects
 5m 39s
 2. Rotating objects
 3m 3s
 3. Scaling objects
 3m 57s
 4. Mirroring objects
 3m 46s
 5. Using the Transform Again feature
 2m 24s
 13. 25m 52s
 1. Applying basic character styling
 7m 8s
 2. Applying advanced character formatting
 4m 54s
 3. Changing case
 2m 51s
 4. Understanding OpenType features
 3m 19s
 5. Using Find/Change for text formatting
 3m 18s
 6. Using Find Font
 4m 22s
 14. 45m 27s
 1. Applying formatting to a paragraph
 4m 14s
 2. Spanning


Build Modifier
The Build modifier causes the faces of the mesh object to appear or disappear one after the other over time.
By default, faces appear in the order in which they are stored in memory (by default, the order of creation). The face/vertex order can be altered in Edit Mode by using Sort Mesh Elements.
The Build modifier.
Start Frame
The start frame of the building process.
The number of frames over which to rebuild the object.
The modifier will operate in reverse, essentially allowing it to be used as a „deconstruction" effect. This is useful for making a set of instancing objects gradually disappear.
Randomizes the order in which the faces are built.
The random seed. Changing this value gives a different „random" order when Randomize is checked. This order is always the same for a given seed/mesh set.
The Build modifier can be used to make a large number of items to progressively appear, without resorting to animating the visibility of each one by one. Examples of this include a mesh containing vertices only, which is used as an Instancing Vertex emitter, and has the Build modifier on it. Such a setup is a workaround/technique for being able to art-direct a semi-random layout of a collection of objects (e.g. leaves/balls forming a carpet). This can be preferable to particles e.g. due to undesirable distribution of items leaving random gaps and overlapping in other places.


Posted by on October 2, 2020
In Toronto, a series of recent stabbings has raised concerns about knife violence. One question that people often ask is how assailants conceal the knife – at least enough to get close to a victim. Knives, after all, are close to medium range weapons that require the attacker to close distance and, in many cases, surprise the victim.
Here are 6 ways an attacker might conceal his weapon.
1. Covered. A person can use a jacket, sweater, even a rolled newspaper magazine or newspaper to conceal a sharp weapon. It is very inconspicuous and allows the attacker to get close to victims without arousing suspicion.
2. Behind His Back. This is more conspicuous as it is a less natural position and usually happens when they are concealing something.
3. Behind his leg. Not as obvious as behind the back but seeing a man approach with a straight arm should around suspicion. People usually move their arms when they walk.
4. Arms are crossed. This can be difficult to detect as it is a natural position and can easily conceal a smaller weapon.
5. Knife in Palm. Hand on the side, fingers facing down, the back of their hand facing you so you cannot see what is in the palm of their hand. It is not a natural position and should evoke suspicion and caution.
6. Bag/backpack/pocket. He approaches, gym bag over his shoulder, reaches in and pulls out a knife. It takes him longer to access the weapon but since people are often carrying bags, he is not attracting attention. Reaching in his pocket is not in itself alarming but consider the context. What if he is walking quickly towards you?
It is worthwhile, and unsettling, to watch footage of assaults with sharp objects. Watch the attacker's hands before the attack and note where they are. Also, when training, have your partner adapt some of these positions and learn to identify them quickly and to defend if they can close distance and deploy the weapon.
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Credit: M. Abkarian and H.A. Stone
Speech and singing spread saliva droplets, a phenomenon that has attracted much attention in the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Scientists from the CNRS, l'université de Montpellier, and Princeton University* sought to shed light on what takes place during conversations. A first study published in PNAS revealed that the direction and distance of airflow generated when speaking depend on the sounds produced. For example, the accumulation of plosive consonants, such as the "P" in "PaPa," produces a conical airflow that can travel up to 2 metres in 30 seconds. These results also emphasize that the time of exposure during a conversation influences the risk of contamination as much as distance does. A second study published on 2 October in the journal Physical Review Fluids describes the mechanism that produces microscopic droplets during speech: saliva filaments form on the lips for the consonants P and B, for example, and are then extended and fragmented in the form of droplets. This research is being continued with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra ("MET Orchestra") in New York, as part of a project to identify the safest conditions for continuing this prestigious orchestra's activity.
*The French scientists work at the Centre for Structural Biology (CNRS/Université de Montpellier/Inserm) and the Alexander Grothendieck Institute of Montpellier (CNRS/Université de Montpellier).
Related Journal Article


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Core Testing Services
Regression Testing: Regression testing at HCL involves testing a sub set of conditions in the form of test cases that will give confidence that any enhancements, fixes, configuration changes, upgrades etc have not affected the functioning of those part of the system that have not changed. HCL conducts optimized regression testing through risk assessment, impact assessment and prioritization. HCL regression testing compliments explicit testing designed to verify the changed parts of the system.
System Functional & Non Functional Testing: HCL's objective of System Functional testing is to ensure that the system satisfies the functional requirements of the detailed system specifications. HCL conducts System Functional testing with a perspective of testing the integrated system against the functional requirements and specifications. To ensure, the system satisfies the non functional attributes of the detailed system specifications and required as part of operational and other service requirements. The Non Functional Testing perspective of HCL is to test the integrated system against the non functional system attributes, system specifications, operation and other service requirements.
System Integration Testing: HCL ensures through System Integration Testing that the system integrates and interfaces / communicates with all other systems, the target platforms and other infrastructures, satisfying the requirements and specifications. Testing that the system can integrate with other services and systems as required. This includes applications, systems, data and infrastructure.
User Acceptance Testing: HCL conducts and/or supports User Acceptance testing to ensure that the business customers of the system are satisfied; the system is fit for purpose and provides confidence that the system will support business. It includes testing the system against the business requirements and objectives following actual business processes or scenarios.
Risk Based Testing (Technique / Approach): HCL understands that Testing can be time consuming and costly and cannot be economically executed to provide exhaustive coverage of any system/software. The focus and attention of testing has to be placed on aspects of software that matter most. HCL achieves this by applying the principle of Risk Based Prioritization of tests. HCL approach to testing is Risk Based to ensure that appropriate testing activities are identified and prioritized based on risk. HCL reduces the risk of failure to the business and increase customer satisfaction through this approach.


Is mortgage payment for rental tax-deductible?
George Saenz
Dear Tax Talk,
Is a mortgage for a house rental tax-deductible? I know mortgage interest is, but how about the monthly payment I make? I report the rental income as income; why not the mortgage as expense?
-- Yen
Dear Yen,
Yearning for some more deductions? Don't worry, we may find something for you.
When you borrow money, such as on a mortgage, it isn't considered income. And when you repay, it isn't considered expense. Instead, your tax consequences from borrowing are determined by the use of the funds from borrowing. For example, if you're a business that borrows to pay business expenses, then those expenses are deductible when paid from the proceeds of the borrowing.
When you repay the loan, you have no further tax consequence. If you fail to repay the loan, then you have forgiveness of debt income. It kind of makes sense that if you don't repay the loan that you used to claim deductions, then you shouldn't be allowed to have claimed the deductions. Therefore you must recognize income from the forgiven loan.
The mortgage you borrowed on to buy the rental property forms part of the cost of your property. Your property is depreciable for tax purposes. Hence your principal payments on the loan are recovered by claiming depreciation on the property.
For example, assume you buy a condo for $275,000, which you finance 100 percent by a mortgage on the property with a lender (those kinds of lenders don't exist anymore). Residential rental property is depreciated over 27.5 years, so that means you get to claim $10,000 in depreciation per year that you own the property. The $10,000 in depreciation plus the interest you pay probably yields a greater tax break than a deduction for the principal repayment, so you're ahead. That should satisfy your tax-deduction desires.
Ask the adviser
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Tiny heat engine may be world's smallest
Feb 02, 2011 By Lisa Zyga feature
(Left) This illustration shows the entire heat engine and its electrical connections. (Right) A modified electron-microscope image shows the heat engine in motion. The amplitude of the motion in the figure is exaggerated. Image credit: P. G. Steeneken, et al. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
(PhysOrg.com) -- Steam engines, combustion engines, and diesel engines are all different types of heat engines, which operate by converting heat energy into mechanical work. Although heat engines have existed for a long time, reducing their size down to the microscale is very difficult since both their efficiency and power density greatly decrease when their size decreases. In a new study, scientists have designed and built a miniature heat engine with a displacement volume of just 0.34 cubic micrometers, possibly making it the smallest heat engine ever built.
This video is not supported by your browser at this time.
In this slow-motion video, the right side of the silicon heat engine can be seen to oscillate. Video credit: P. G. Steeneken, et al. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
In their study, Peter Steeneken and coauthors from in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, explain that, instead of using a fuel to generate heat, this heat engine uses to generate heat, which it then converts into mechanical power.
The basis of the heat engine is a solid piece of micrometer-sized silicon crystal that has two short beams jutting out from one end. When 1.2 milliamps of DC current is applied to one of the beams, the beam heats up as a consequence of its, and expands due to thermal expansion. As a result of the piezoresistive effect, the resistance of the beam decreases when it expands so that it cools again, forcing it to contract. The mechanical power from the beam's expanding and contracting is used to drive the entire silicon crystal into sustained up-and-down oscillation. As a result of its small dimensions, the crystal oscillates at a high frequency of 1.3 MHz, moving back and forth more than a million times per second.
"The key [to making such a small working engine] is that we use a new operation mechanism that enables silicon to be used as a working substance," Steeneken told PhysOrg.com. "Silicon can be structured using lithographic techniques which are optimized in the semiconductor industry. This allows much smaller device dimensions. At the same time, the heat capacity of silicon is much higher than that of gases or liquids, which also helps in reducing the device size. The way we transport energy to the engine using electrical interconnects also helps, because electrical wires can be made much thinner than pipes to transport gases or fluids (the viscous friction of a pipe or tube becomes very high when its diameter is reduced).
"From a scientific view, the main significance of the work is that the feedback mechanism that converts the electric current into sustained oscillating mechanical motion is new. We have demonstrated it in silicon, but it is expected to play a role in many other materials. The motion is generated by a heat engine mechanism. Similar to an internal combustion engine in a car, fuel is converted into heat and the heat is converted into motion. In the silicon heat engine we have made, the fuel is electricity, and the heat is generated in a silicon beam."
While this heat engine is extremely tiny, it's difficult to determine whether it is the absolute smallest, since that depends on which parts of the engine are measured. The space occupied by the working mechanism (in this case, the beam) is defined as the engine displacement volume, which is 0.34 cubic micrometers and would be the smallest heat engine to date. But the entire silicon resonator is a little over 1,000 cubic micrometers, which would not make the heat engine the smallest in the world.
"The power to drive the motion is generated in a tiny, 280-nm-thick silicon beam," the researchers wrote in a summary. "The beam has about the same volume as an average-size bacterium like E. coli. Because in this case the power (1 mW) is concentrated in a silicon resistor beam of very small volume, it generates an enormous heating power per volume in the beam (2 petaWatts/m3, or 2x1015 W/m3). If the same power per volume would be applied to a larger sized crystal it would melt before the oscillation phenomenon could be observed, which is probably one of the reasons why this type of heat engine has not been reported before in larger structures."
The researchers found that the new heat engine has a very good power density if calculated using the engine displacement volume. The power density is almost 1,000 times higher than that of a modern car engine, meaning that, if a car engine and its power were scaled down to the same volume as the silicon beam, the silicon heat engine would generate 1,000 times more power. The new heat engine's power density is also significantly higher than that of other microengines. On the other hand, calculating the power density using the volume of the total structure yields a less favorable power density than other engines. The researchers expect that modifying the new heat engine's design could further improve the, as well as the efficiency, which is currently low compared to other heat engines.
As the researchers explained, the tiny heat engine could have applications as a small clock or mechanical oscillator. Currently, most accurate clocks are made of a quartz crystal that determines the frequency in combination with a circuit of transistors in a silicon crystal that generate the oscillation power from a battery. The advantage of using the heat engine as a clock is that both the quartz crystal and the transistors are not needed, thus making the device much smaller, simpler and cheaper to produce. In addition to watches, the small clocks could be used to generate high-frequency RF signals for wireless communication devices or to generate the clock-frequency of a microprocessor in a computer chip.
In their experiments, the researchers also showed that the heat engine could act as a refrigerator when the thermodynamic cycle is inverted. In order to do this, the engine beam is connected to a voltage rather than a current, which decreases any oscillations in the device, cooling its surroundings. The researchers demonstrated that the refrigerator could decrease its temperature to 70 K (-200°C). However, the cooling power is very small and probably won't be useful for cooling large quantities of matter. But the refrigerator could have applications in sensitive detectors where Brownian motion needs to be eliminated as much as possible because it is a source of noise that reduces sensitivity.
More information: P. G. Steeneken, et al. "Piezoresistive heat engine and refrigerator." Nature Physics. Advance Online Publication. DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS1871
4.7 /5 (29 votes)
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User comments : 10
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Feb 02, 2011
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1 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
All sorts of ideas racing through my head - eg. fabrication on a massive scale using many of these in a multi-array micro-tubular application to generate thrust in ion-plasma engines - the ramifications are enormous.
4.5 / 5 (2) Feb 02, 2011
what about fatique? most materials tend to break/crack if the load is repeated a few million times, which is a few seconds in the case of this cantilever
2 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
jkbgbr: where do you get that information? piezo-electric crystals don't break down over many years of use. I'm not suggesting that the density of the engine be increased. Plus, using the heat energy in that way actually creates a drain, so that thresholds can be manipulated.
3 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
They say its cooling power is small, but what if you put one of these next to every transistor in a microchip? Isn't heat the limiting factor on clock speed these days?
3 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
You would create a processor that takes an enormous area on silicon, and consequently would cost your left kidney to manufacture. Considering that as the area of the chip increases, tiny faults in the manufacturing process affect a greater area of the silicon disc that contains all the chips being made, because if a single transistor in a chip doesn't work it has to be thrown away.
4.3 / 5 (3) Feb 02, 2011
"... which is probably one of the reasons why this type of heat engine has not been reported before in larger structures"
Not true. About 20 years ago, an Australian electronics magazine published an article on a heat engine that used the thermal expansion of steel balls in a ball bearing as the motive force. It's also described on the web -


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The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) is the first modern land claim agreement in Canada. Signed in 1975, the JBNQA sets out an environmental and social protection regime for the territorial regions of James Bay and Nunavik.
The President of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency acts as the Federal Administrator of the JBNQA for federal projects, with the responsibility of whether or not to authorize projects, based on the recommendations of the assessment and review committees.
This section, currently under development, will provide an overview of the federal assessment and review process of the JBNQA, as well as the technical and advisory organizations involved. The objectives of this site are to facilitate public access to information about projects being reviewed under the JBNQA, and to provide the public with relevant information to better understand the process and to participate, where appropriate.
Map [PDF - 3,391 KB]
With a surface area of more than a million square kilometres, the James Bay and Northern Quebec region represents approximately two thirds of the surface area of Quebec. It is located between the 49th and 62nd parallels of the northern latitude.


text:
The Windows Script Host Object Model has many useful properties and methods for dealing with files, folders, disks, etc. One common use is for searching for a file in one or more sub-folders. The example function below illustrates how to use the
FileSystemObject along with the
Files, and File objects to iterate through sub folders to find a particular file.
To use this example in your macros you must add a reference to the Windows Script Host Object Model library. To do this select Tools > References, then scroll toward the bottom of the list and select Windows Script Host Object Model.
' 'This function requires a reference to: 'Windows Script Host Object Model (C:\Windows\System32\wshom.ocx)"'Public Function FindFile(ByVal strFileName As String, _ ByVal strStartPath As String, ByRef strFoundPath) As Boolean Dim objFSO As FileSystemObject Dim objFiles As Files Dim objFile As File Dim objFolders As Folders Dim objFolder As Folder strFoundPath = "" 'Set new instance if File System Object Set objFSO = New FileSystemObject 'Get all sub folders in the starting folder Set objFolders = objFSO.GetFolder(strStartPath).SubFolders 'Iterate through all sub folders For Each objFolder In objFolders 'Get all of the files in this sub folder Set objFiles = objFolder.Files 'Iterate through files in this sub folder For Each objFile In objFiles 'If we find the file store the path name and exit If StrComp(strFileName, objFile.Name, vbTextCompare) = 0 Then strFoundPath = objFSO.BuildPath(strStartPath, objFolder.Name) FindFile = True Exit Function End If Next Next FindFile = False End Function


Infant mortality by source of payment and race in Delaware
Change Indicator
(i) Select Table Type:
 - Detailed
 - Sort / Rank
Why This Indicator Matters
The infant mortality rate is an important indicator of the overall well-being of a society. Infant mortality is related to the underlying health of the mother, public health practices, socioeconomic conditions and availability and use of appropriate health care for infants and pregnant women. The primary causes of infant mortality are birth defects, disorders related to short gestation/low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and issues related to pregnancy and birth, including substance abuse. Since mothers and infants are among the most vulnerable members of society, infant mortality is a measure of a society's concern and investment in supporting community health. In addition, disparities in infant mortality by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status are an important measure of the inequalities that exist within society. Proper prenatal care and well-baby preventive care offer opportunities to identify and lower some risk factors for infant mortality.
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Data Provided By
Definitions: Infant mortality = deaths occurring in the first year of life
Rate per 1,000 live births
Data Source: Delaware Health Statistics Center.
Footnotes: *Some Delaware indicators are presented as threeor fiveyear averages because rates based on small numbers of events in this modestly-populated state can vary dramatically from year to year. A threeor fiveyear average is less susceptible to distortion. In these cases, it is helpful to look at trends rather than at actual numbers, rates or percentages due to the small numbers.
Data last updated 03/2020


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Job classification is a system for objectively and accurately defining and evaluating the duties, responsibilities, tasks, and authority level of a job. The job classification, done correctly, is a thorough description of the job responsibilities of a position without regard to the knowledge, skills, experience, and education of the individuals currently performing the job.
Job classification is most frequently, formally performed in large companies, civil service and government employment, nonprofit agencies, and colleges and universities. The approach used in these organizations is formal and structured with pay or salary grades attached to the results of the job classification.
In summary, the results of a job classification create parity in job titles, consistent job levels within the organization hierarchy, and salary ranges that are determined by identified factors. These factors include market pay rates for people doing similar work in similar industries in the same region of the country, pay ranges of comparable jobs within the organization, and the level of knowledge, skill, experience, and education needed to perform each job.
Informal forms of job classification are used even in smaller and mid-sized companies and agencies to generate a sense of fairness across equivalent employee jobs. This form of job classification can be as simple as grouping similar positions in a broadband.
In a broadband pay structure, the numbers of salary grades are consolidated into fewer, but broader, pay ranges. In broadbanding, the spread of the pay ranges is wider, and there is less overlap with other pay ranges.
Broadbanding evolved because organizations want to flatten their hierarchies and move decision-making authority closer to the point at which necessity and knowledge exist in organizations. In flattened organizations, fewer promotional opportunities exist, however.
So, the broadbanding structure allows more latitude for the employer to make pay increases and provide career growth and development without the use of promotion to provide employees with opportunities.
Broadband pay structures encourage the development of broad employee skills because non-managerial jobs are appropriately valued, and skill development is rewarded. Additionally, a broadband pay structure is not as sensitive to changing market pricing conditions. As such, broadband pay structures cost less to administer and manage over time. They also provide serious non-promotional income opportunities for employees.
The Hay System
One popular, commercial job classification system is the Hay Classification system. The Hay job classification system assigns points to evaluate job components to determine the relative value of a particular job to other jobs.
The Hay method measures three components in all jobs: the knowledge required, the problem solving required, and the level of accountability. The Hay method compares the relative value of comparable jobs to maintain parity across an organization.
For the purposes of larger organizations with many departments and locations, union-represented jobs, and organizations with hierarchical rigid pay or salary grades and needed internal equity, a system such as Hay is appropriate.
Working with Hay job classification, an evaluator uses a job evaluation instrument or questionnaire that is filled out by the department requesting the job or evaluation. Trained to assign points appropriately, the evaluator assigns points to determine where to place a job in the job classification system. The placement of the job determines the pay or salary grade within the organization's compensation system.
Following a strictly enforced job classification system will safeguard employers against some charges of discrimination since the value of each job was determined apart from the individuals doing the job. It makes unfair treatment because of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information.


text:
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. An allotropic form of iron which is stable at high temperatures. It is used in the manufacture of Austenite.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a nonmagnetic allotrope of iron that is the basis of austenite; stable between 906 and 1403 degrees centigrade
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.