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Household projections are key components of analyses of several issues of social concern, including the welfare of the elderly, housing, and environmentally significant consumption patterns. Researchers or policy makers that use such projections need appropriate representations of uncertainty in order to inform their analyses. However, the weaknesses of the traditional approach of providing alternative variants to single ''best guess'' projection are magnified in household projections, which have many output variables of interest, and many input variables beyond fertility, mortality, and migration. We review current methods of household projections and the potential for using them to produce probabilistic projections, which would address many of these weaknesses. We then propose a new framework for a household projection method of intermediate complexity that we believe is a good candidate for providing a basis for further development of probabilistic household projections. An extension of the traditional headship rate approach, this method is based on modelling changes in headship rates decomposed by household size as a function of variables describing demographic events such as parity specific fertility, union formation and dissolution, and leaving home. It has moderate data requirements, manageable complexity, allows for direct specification of demographic events, and produces output that includes the most important household characteristics for many applications. An illustration of how such a model might be constructed, using data on the U.S. and China over the past several decades, demonstrates the viability of the approach.
"Toward a New Model for Probabilistic Household Forecasts." Internat. Statist. Rev. 72 (1) 51 - 64, April 2004.


Hi, the manual says (_URL_ "classpath Databases are treated as read-only databases, and all databaseNames must begin with at least a slash, because you specify them "relative" to the classpath directory." Now I wonder why that is so? Is there a particular reason to treat these always as read-only? If the classpath points to a local directory (as opposed to, say, a jar), Derby could easily resolve this to a real path and work with this. This would allow web applications to be created with an initial, embedded Derby database without having to hard-code the absolute database path (no assumption can be made as to where the current working directory is when running in a servlet container, so the path must be absolute). Tom


text: Physical separation of reactions by interactive multicompartments in biological cells is an attractive motif to design efficient microreactors that create biomimetic cascade reactions. We present an aqueous compartment with three different subcompartments that comprise of silica nanoreactors with encapsulated enzymes, namely, β-glucosidase, glucose oxidase, and peroxidase, providing a model cascade reaction in confinement. The encapsulated enzymes retain their activity as the substrate can reach the active site and the silica shell further protects the enzymes from external stresses, such as heat and proteolytic degradation. We demonstrate the biomimetic cascade reaction in between the compartments ("organelles") inside of an additional microconfinement (water-in-oil emulsion). This strategy will allow us to design efficient multicompartmentalized reactors for further biological and organic reactions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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ENVIRONMENT REPORT - December 7, 2001: UN Environment Prize - 2001-12-06
This is the VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT.
An American environmental activist, Huey Johnson, has won the United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize this year. The prize is worth two-hundred-thousand dollars. It is considered one of the most important environmental awards in the world.
Mister Johnson won the award for his efforts to protect the Earth's natural resources. He received the award last month during a ceremony at U-N headquarters in New York.
Huey Johnson has led national and international efforts to protect the environment for more than forty years. He helped create programs designed to save water, reduce energy use and cut pollution.
Mister Johnson helped create many important organizations over the years. Some were privately operated. Others were governmental groups.
In Nineteen-Seventy-Two, Mister Johnson gained recognition for helping create a company whose goal is to save natural areas in America's cities. The Trust for Public Land company has protected more than five-hundred-thousand hectares of land in the United States.
Mister Johnson was an official in charge of natural resources in California in the early Nineteen-Eighties. He developed statewide programs to save natural resources such as water, forests and soil. One program is called Investing for Prosperity. This one-hundred-year plan invests money to protect California's natural resources. The plan became a model for other countries.
One of the program's major successes was the development of renewable energy technologies. Experts say these efforts have saved Californians thousands of millions of dollars and have helped the state's economy grow. For his efforts in this area, Mister Johnson received the President's Award for Sustainable Development in Nineteen-Ninety-Six.
Mister Johnson also has been involved with the development and support of many international environmental organizations. One of them is the Green Belt Movement International. It urges people around the world to plant trees as a way to help improve the environment.
The United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize was started by Ryoichi Sasakawa. It has been awarded each year since Nineteen-Eighty-Four. It recognizes people who have made major gains in protecting the environment.
This VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT was written by Cynthia Kirk.


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External Web sites
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- René Dubos - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1901-82). The pioneering research of French-born U.S. microbiologist, environmentalist, and author Rene Dubos in isolating antibacterial substances from certain soil microorganisms led to the discovery of major antibiotics. Dubos is also known for his research and writings on a number of subjects, including antibiotics, acquired immunity, tuberculosis, and bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. In his later years his interest shifted to the relationship between humans and the natural environment.


- Matias Munoz
Aluminum, Silver, and CopperFree Mirror, what's the difference?
Updated: May 19, 2020
Most of us have gone at least once in our lifetime to a home-center, a Bathroom retailer looking to buy a mirror either because we broke ours, or we are moving to a bigger house, or just to change the looks in our baths or even sometimes we just stopped by because the store's Mirrors display has caught our attention among other reasons.
We go inside, we take a look at their products, and then we come to that vital point before taking out our money to COMPARE.
Owners can not blame customers for trying to go for the cheaper options, as uneducated buyers of the product, besides price and design we have very little to look upon.
but there are some points that are pretty much critical when it comes to the duration of the mirror that we are going to buy, we will break down one of the most important on this article: THE MIRROR COATING.
What's a mirror coating?
Mirrors are widely used in decoration among other industries because of its reflective properties, well guess what, the reflective property of mirrors come from coating a layer deposited on the surface of the glass, making it reflective and in some times make better reflections or give a higher reflection on some specific colors.
Are all reflective coatings the same?
No, they change depending on the material used, some of them are more reflective, others can be more durable and resistant to rust.
Mirrors Coatings, from what are they made of?
They are mainly made of Metal plating in most cases, which means deposing metals on the surface of the glass, like Gold, Platinum, Silver, Copper, etc. But hold on, this doesn't mean you can go to a pound store and sell your mirror as per its weight on Gold or Silver.
The most popular household mirrors are just made of Aluminum or Silver coating, and the amount of metal deposition is minimal,so it wont turn out to be of great value incase you plan to become a metal trader.
So, Why Mirror Coatings are important?
For commercial and household use, there are two important factors: Percentage of Reflection and Durability (resistance to rust).
When people buy mirrors for their house, they want it to look good, don't have either black spots, or waves in the reflection neither less dramatic feel, all these issues are highly influenced by the quality of the back coating.
Different percent of metals used on the glass coating result to a variable reflectance, also if less carefully manufactured, it's more likely to see bubbles or waves in the mirror. These problems come directly from the mirror manufacturer most of the time.
Aluminum Mirror, the cheaper contender
Aluminum Mirrors reflect only 90% of the light, which means you get a less vibrant reflection and colors from the mirror itself. Although they are a cheaper option, most of the time these mirrors come with waving issues and their coating is thinner, which makes it easier to scratch.
Aluminum being a more reactive metal compared to Silver oxidizes much faster in the presence of moisture, not the ideal case for a mirror you want to install in your bathroom or the exterior.
Even for some regions where the humidity is higher, these mirrors can oxidize within 3 months, presenting black edges and ruining the aesthetics.
Silver Mirror, competitive and efficient
Silver Mirrors reflect up to 95% of the light spectrum, they are popular among women due to its vivid reflection and much warmer colors. Despite their higher cost, most consumers prefer it, and until a few years ago it was a synonym of quality in Mirrors.
Silver coated layers are also much thicker and rust-resistant, and despite being cleaned with more corrosive chemicals they last longer than aluminum mirrors.
In some cases with a good care Silver Mirrors can last up to three years without getting oxidized.
Most of the home decorations and bathroom mirrors nowadays are silver coated, making it a standard product in most markets.
Copper-free Mirror, the absolute excellence
If we have to compare mirrors then, Copper-free mirrors are the absolute winners in every aspect, they are more resistant to environmental factors. Highly reflective as a silver mirror and also environmentally friendly with lead content of <1 ppm. Their manufacturing process is much advanced which also makes it a higher quality product.
The benefits of a Silver Mirror, but better!
Copper-free mirrors are made out of the silver coating as its main reflective material, which allows them to give that vibrant reflection that women love so much from the Silver Mirror. But at the same time, it has several improvements that make it a higher quality mirror compared to silver.
Highly Durable, the best for long life use.
Copper and lead, present on the regular Aluminum and Silver coated mirrors are highly corrosive and can be easily oxidized.
By taking out the Copper and Lead from the coatings, and also using Silver Nitrate to give the glass its reflection, Copper-free Mirrors become much more resistant to rust.
The mirrors we use in Yoway include an extra Antioxidant layer to protect furthermore the mirror from corrosive chemicals, moist and water.
Due to its composition normal copper free mirrors are expected to last 3 to 4 years without presenting rust. Meanwhile Yoway products made on Copper-Free Mirrors are expected to last up to 6 years without presenting rusty edges.
Modern Process of manufacture, flawless results.
The copper-free coating process is relatively new and it's been constantly improving since it has been introduced to the market, so it's less likely to have waves or bubbles as a final result of the process.
As the manufacturing cost is higher than regular mirrors, so to increase efficiency, better quality glass material is used in addition to the advanced layer coating process, making it an overall better product than Aluminum and Silver Mirror.
The first and only Environment-Friendly Mirror
Being the first mirror to be manufactured without lead and Copper, makes the process more environment friendly and reduces the carbon footprint of the finished products.
By reducing the copper content to a minimum in the layering process, heavy contaminating chemicals like Ammonia need not be used for the treatment of glass surface, instead, the glass is covered with more highly resistant protective paint to enhance its durability.
The manufacturing process of these mirrors allows us to take out the lead from the protective paint also, allowing this mirror to be more compatible with higher grade silicones in the after processing.
Overall Copper-free Mirrors products have less impact on the environment and are much easier to recycle, plus they reduce the need for short-lasting products, therefore reducing the continuous contamination.
On the long run, they are also budget-friendly mirrors
Considering that when people buy mirrors or any other type of bathroom or house furniture, it is meant to last at least 5 to 6 years without issues.Their main purpose is decoration for sustainable amount of time.
But what happens when mirrors get rusted quickly and lose their aesthetics? need to change for a new one!.
But how to notice the difference?
It's very hard at simple sight to notice what type of mirrors are being offered, only after several months or years, we can really find out.
From the back, they might all look the same, and despite some suppliers will tell you their mirrors are Copper-free, when it comes to negotiating the price, they won't hesitate to change to Silver and sometimes even to Aluminum Mirror just to close the deal, without the customer even realizing the reality.
Still you can scratch the back part of the mirror and find out, but that will probably ruin your mirror...
Some manufacturers use distinctive painting on the mirror coatings that can differentiate them (some more greenish, others little gray), although nowadays silver mirrors can come in all back paint colors, as well as Aluminum mirrors do the same.
There are only two ways to certainly noticed if your supplier is offering you Copper-free or other types of mirror: The price and the Supplier's reputation.
Copper-free Mirrors usually range on the high-value products price, their manufacturing cost is much higher than the other coated mirrors, and despite what sellers can say, it's almost impossible to buy Copper-free Mirror at the value of a Silver or Aluminum Mirror, don't get cheated on negotiating prices!
On the other hand, a good supplier will always insist on you to select Copper-free instead of Silver of Aluminum, they will mention and promote it several times, explaining the advantages of choosing those coated layers instead of others, despite the price, they look for longer and stable business relationships, offering long-lasting products is indeed part of the deal.
Even when it comes to making a change in the price, they will clearly point out the use of other materials.
Always choose Copper-free, even if it hurts your pocket at the beginning.
The difference in quality is so much, and the difference in price is more than justified, not to say you will be running fewer risks. In the long-run, Copper-free will always save you more money than the one you spent.
When it comes to selecting a product for your own house or business, choose something reliable and worth yourself, don't settle for less.
Yoway Electric Technology Co. Ltd is a mirror manufacturing company based in Shandong province, China.
We have been manufacturing and supplying mirrors from past 10 years to top distributors and importers worldwide.
For more information on what we do visit our website or drop an email at _EMAIL_.
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The Top 3 Reasons Why the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is Ideal for the Processed Meat Industry
In the highly competitive and stringent world of processed meat production, ensuring product safety and quality is not just a priority; it's a necessity. As consumers become increasingly aware of food safety, manufacturers are turning to advanced technologies to meet these expectations. Among these technologies, the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector stands out as a leading solution for the processed meat industry. Here are three compelling reasons why:
- Exceptional Sensitivity and Accuracy
The first and foremost reason the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is preferred in the processed meat industry is its exceptional sensitivity and accuracy. Processed meats often contain a high degree of product "effect," a term used to describe the phenomenon where the type of product being scanned affects the metal detector's ability to identify contaminants. The Fortress technology is designed to differentiate between the product effect and actual metal contaminants, such as ferrous, non-ferrous, and stainless steel metals, with remarkable precision.
This is particularly important in the processed meat industry, where the presence of salts and varying product conditions can significantly interfere with metal detection. The advanced digital signal processing of the Fortress detectors adjusts for these product effects, ensuring that even the smallest metal contaminants are detected without false rejections. This level of sensitivity is crucial for maintaining the highest standards of product safety and compliance with food safety regulations.
- Robust and Hygienic Design
The processed meat industry demands equipment that not only performs exceptionally but also adheres to strict hygiene standards. The Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector meets these requirements with its robust and hygienic design. Made from high-quality stainless steel, the detectors are built to withstand the harsh, wet environments often found in meat processing plants. The design also facilitates easy cleaning and maintenance, crucial for preventing bacterial contamination and ensuring long-term reliability.
Moreover, the compact and customizable design of these metal detectors allows them to be easily integrated into existing production lines without significant modifications. This adaptability ensures that meat processors can implement advanced metal detection capabilities without disrupting their operations, maintaining efficiency while enhancing safety.
- Advanced Data Collection and Connectivity
In today's digital age, the ability to collect and analyze production data is invaluable for continuous improvement and compliance. The Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector excels in this area by offering advanced data collection and connectivity options. This feature enables processed meat manufacturers to monitor, record, and analyze detection events and test results in real-time, providing invaluable insights into product safety and quality.
With the integration of these metal detectors into a plant's overall quality management system, manufacturers can proactively address potential safety issues, optimize their production processes, and adhere to the stringent record-keeping requirements of food safety standards such as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI).
In conclusion, the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is an indispensable tool for the processed meat industry, offering unmatched sensitivity and accuracy, a hygienic and robust design, and advanced data management capabilities. By incorporating these detectors into their safety and quality assurance programs, meat processors can not only comply with regulatory standards but also exceed consumer expectations for safe, high-quality products.


text: This paper analyses immigrants' education-occupation mismatch as well as its impact on their wages in Spain. Using cross-sectional data from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain 2007, we estimate a probit model taking into account the possible problem of selection bias. We show that the incidence of immigrants' education-occupation mismatch in the Spanish labour market can largely be explained by the incidence of education-occupation mismatch in the last job held in the home country. The probability of having been over-educated at home shows to have a higher effect on the probability of being over-educated in the first job upon arrival where work experience gained in the home country shows to be highly valued by Spanish employers. In addition, our results show that those who were over-educated in their first job after arrival are more likely to continue in being overeducated in their current/last job in Spain. Furthermore, we analyse the performance of immigrants in Spain by estimating the wage penalty of over-education. Using log wage equation as well as predicted and counterfactual values distinguishing between immigrants being in the correctly matched occupation and those who are over-educated, we show that over-educated immigrants earn significantly lower wage compared to their correctly-matched counterparts, while over-educated immigrants' would have earned an even larger amount if the same individuals were employed in a correctly matched job instead. Significant differences are also apparent when restricting the models to the level of education.


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CELPIP, Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program is a test organized for evaluating the Aptness of an individual in English Language. Paragon Testing Enterprises, a subsidiary of the University of British Columbia manages CELPIP. The test has 2 versions – CELPIP General and CELPIP General LS. It is a fully computerized examination which is conducted in a single Sitting. Currently CELPIP is valid only for Canadian immigration purpose.
CELPIP Results are available online within 8 business days. To Acquire result within 3 business days, test takers can opt for Express Rating as well.
As, different modules of English language i.e. Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking are involved in the test therefore coordinated support system is provided for each one of them. For example, a computer mouse and a keyboard is given to the test takers for Reading and Writing sections of CELPIP whereas a computer microphone and a headset is provided for Listening and Speaking components.
ORGANIZATIONS ACCEPTING CELPIP
In addition to ICCRC, Real Estate Council of British Columbia and IRCC, the organizations that accept the CELPIP Test results for English Language Proficiency are listed below:
- Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC)
- Organizational employment requirements
- Real Estate Council of Alberta (RECA)
- NorQuest College ELP (English Language Proficiency)
- BC Health Care Assistant (HCA) Program
- Real Estate Council of British Columbia (RECBC)
- Alberta Institute of Massage
- Alberta Human Services – Child Care Staff Certification
- Association of Saskatchewan Realtors
- Saskatchewan Apprenticeship and Trade Certification Commission
- TLC-Edmonton Training for Foreign Caregivers
- Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council (ICCRC)
- The listening test is about 50 minutes long and has 6 parts.
- In each part there is a 1 to 3 minute long conversation. Conversation may also be a video.
- Each conversation is followed by 3 to 8 questions.
- Questions cannot be seen while the audio is played, so it is important to take notes.
- 30 seconds are given to answer each question.
- Question types are Mainly MCQs and Fill in the blanks.
- For MCQs the questions are also played in audio form with choices displayed on the screen.
- For fill in the blanks sentences are displayed on the screen. The answers for fill ups are supposed to be selected from choices given in drop down menus.
- For video based conversations it is important to see the video carefully along with listening because questions can be like – What did the person wearing denims think about hiring new people?
- The reading test is about 40 minutes long and has 4 parts.
- Text and questions are displayed simultaneously.
- 10 minutes are available to read the text and answer questions for each part. Depending on the length of the task number of questions per task can vary from 1 to 10.
- Instead of texts there can also be picture based tasks.
- Question types are mainly MCQs and fill ups just like the questions in the listening test.
- The writing test has 2 tasks.
- Task 1 is similar to task 1 of General IELTS. That is letter/email writing for the given scenario. But the word count must be 150 to 200 words. 27 minutes are given to complete task1. After completing task 1 the candidate can go to task2.
- If task 1 is not completed within 27 minutes, then after 27 minutes the screen will automatically switch to task 2. Writing Task 2 is also similar to IELTS task 2. That is 150 to 200 words long essay writing. The maximum time available for task 2 is 26 minutes.
- Speaking test is about 25 minutes long.
- There are 8 tasks. 30 seconds preparation time is given for each. The preparation time starts as soon as the topic appears on the screen. After 30 seconds you are prompted to start speaking. Speaking time for each task is 1 minute. After the time is over the next task automatically appears on the screen.
- Speaking topics are similar to IELTS speaking topics.


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BAZETTA - Locating and identifying various tree species and examining soil erosion were among the challenges local middle school students took part in as part of an annual outdoor environmental competition.
The Trumbull Soil and Water Conservation District hosted its 12th annual Junior Envirothon at Mosquito Lake State Park campgrounds, where sixthto eighth-graders spent several hours working on hands-on outdoor learning tasks at five stations.
Kelly Hardval, education coordinator with Trumbull Soil and Water Conservation District, said 10 teams were tested in categories of soils, forestry, aquatics, wildlife and this year's environmental topic - wetlands.
Hardval said teams met professionals from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife, Forestry, Parks and Recreation and Soils as well as independent environmental educators.
''The day's activities combine hands-on learning with spending time in the outdoors. The result is an effective tool to help nurture environmentally aware students," she said.
This year included 55 participants from Champion, Mathews, Mineral Ridge, Bristol and Warren's McGuffey School.
"This is an outdoor academic competition where students working as teams cooperate and test their skills in learning about soils, water and wetlands,'' Hardval said.
Teachers and volunteers helped at the five ecostations set up in the park where there were specific questions and tasks the students needed to solve.
She said the TSCWD hopes the middle school level will help get more students at the high school level involved in an Envirothon that would include competing for scholarship money.
Bristol eighth-grader Lindsay Malcolm and the five members of her team said they have learned about the different types of trees and the wetlands found in the park.
For their activity, Malcolm said they had to find and name different trees.
''I was expecting a lot of hiking and using a lot of science,'' she said.
Tyler Dempsey of Bristol said he learned where to find things in different environments the park.
Champion seventh-grader Arianna Killing said their school has competed before at the Envirothon, but new teams and new schools were involved this year.
The Champion Middle School students selected to take part are involved in the school's science club and scored well on state science tests.
Bethany Delgarbino, a sixth-grade science teacher from Baker Elementary School, said the students from the Mathews school have taken part for many years and share their knowledge with the other students when they return to the school.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Business Assessment Profiling – overview
A key tool for the business analyst is the Business Assessment Profile. Ideally, it is the key reporting tool within an organisation. Using the Minitab statistical analysis software programme, the Business Assessment Profile presents senior decision-makers with relevant data in a format that enables them to make real business decisions. The Business Assessment Profile should be used to help ensure continued alignment of the organisation's products / services / processes with the needs of its customers and stakeholders.
This intensive four-day workshop is designed to help business analysts and others master the techniques required for producing a Business Assessment Profile, following a structured process built around:
- Understanding the needs of the customer
- Understanding the needs of the organisation
- Understanding the key statistical concepts
- Understanding how best to put it all into practice.
Full details below or download course outline.
By the end of the programme participants will have completed, or gone substantially towards completing, a Business Assessment Profile which will encompass:
- Key customers and their requirements
- A control plan to ensure that the performance will be measured
- Key objectives and their measures
- A Business Assessment Analysis
- Strategic business objectives
- Key measures relating to strategic business objectives
Additionally, participants will be able to:
- Develop a business-wide measurement deployment strategy
- Understand key statistical concepts to aid in the development of key measures
- Present data more effectively
All business analysts and any other staff engaged in the reporting and measurement of the business.
The programme includes extensive practical analysis exercises and all participants will need access in the classroom to a laptop / computer with Minitab installed.
Relevant case studies will be used throughout the programme and participants will be expected to bring examples of data collection and analysis from within the organisation.
Given the practical nature of this workshop-style programme, there is a maximum limit of twelve participants (minimum four).
This programme is very practical and is based on all participants having a laptop or PC in the training room with Minitab installed. Minitab is the leading statistical software package used for quality improvement worldwide. If the course participants do not already have experience of using Minitab then they should attend an Introduction to Minitab first.
Business Assessment Profiling – course outline
Understanding the customer
1 Identifying key customer requirements using Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
2 Understanding the relationship between in-house and external customers
3 Developing a requirements matrix
4 Establishing key customer measurements
Understanding the business objectives
1 Establishing current business measures
- What do we measure?
- And how?
2 Creating an objectives / measurement matrix
- Which measures are important to the business?
- Which measures are important to the customer?
3 Completing a gap analysis from the matrix
- Establishing which current measures are relevant
- Establishing which current measures need to be discarded
- Establishing new measures where needed
Understanding key statistical concepts
1 Understanding basic statistics
2 Types of data
- Continuous / count / attribute
3 Graphical presentation of data
Selecting the most appropriate chart
4 Location and spread / dispersion
5 Understanding analytical statistics
- Correlation and regression
- Hypothesis testing
- Capability analysis
- Multi-vari analysis
Developing the Business Assessment Profile
1 Establishing the key measures
2 Developing a reporting document
3 Developing a deployment programme
4 Creating the Business Assessment Profile


Registration Dossier
Physical & Chemical properties
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Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
non explosive
Additional information
According to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, the study does not need to be conducted if there are not any chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in the molecule (cf. Annex VII section 7.11 Column 2 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006). According to ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance (November 2012), zinc dilaurate does not contain functional groups that are directly associated with explosive properties.
However, since oxygen is present in the molecule, the oxygen balance (OB) according to the following chemical reaction and mathematical equation (Lothrop et al) was calculated:
CxHyOz + [x + (y/4)-(z/2)]. O2 → x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
using the formula: OB = -1600 [2x +(y/2) -z] / molecular weight,
where: x = Number of carbon atoms, y = Number of hydrogen atoms, z = Number of oxygen atoms.
In the following, the calculations which are in accordance with the requirements set forth in the ECHA guidance are briefly described. The calculations were performed for Zinc dilaurate.
Molecular formula (zinc dilaurate): Zn (C12H23O2)2
Molecular weight: 464.01 g/mol
OB=-1600[48+23-4]/ 464.01 = -231.03
The absence of reactive groups in the structural formula and the oxygen balance being less than –200 indicate that the substance will not decompose violently under formation of gases or release of energy (and thus does not pose a risk for explosivity). Thus, testing does not need to be conducted and a negative result can be predicted.
Zinc dilaurate is therefore considered to be void of any explosive properties. Finally, it is noted that despite the long-term use of zinc dilaurate, it is not classified for explosive properties according to UN transport regulations and derogation from testing is hereby applied for.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The substance zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.Therefore, classification is not required for explosiveness according to CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and Directive 67/548 EEC.


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How To Install An HRC Fuse in Steps
Since HRC fuses are simple to use and crucial for supplying electricity safely, they have grown in popularity. You can choose from a wide variety of fuses on the market, but HRC is the most often used and finest choice.
Regardless of everything else, no one can exist without electricity; power is very crucial. It would be best if you only employed fuses that are of high calibre and can be used for a significant duration because electricity is continually developing.
We'll go over the installation process for HRC Fuses but first, let's understand what it does exactly.
A high rupturing capacity (HRC) fuse is where one of the fuse wires temporarily conducts a short circuit current. The circuit immediately shuts off in the event of a problem, preventing any damage. Glass or another chemical substance, depending on the one you choose, is typically used to make HRC.
The cage can be firmly closed to keep air from entering the fuse. Silver wires and metal caps are used to create the rather tight corners at both ends. Power distribution using HRC is always reliable and secure; if the fault current is high, the break time is low, and vice versa.
Fuse installations are typically best left to professionals due to their size and labour-intensive nature, making them similar to circuit breakers and other similar things. Before connecting all the wirings and placing them in a secure area, they check the wirings and the spot where it needs to be installed.
It is possible to maintain a specific amount of current without the HRC fuse opening. Typically, the current passing through the fuse doesn't have enough energy to weaken the element significantly and continues to be strong enough. However, on rare occasions when a significant current flows, the fuse element melts before the fault current reaches its maximum.
The fuse element won't turn off in an overload situation, but if it persists for too long, the material may break the circuit. The thinner sections of the metal ends will disintegrate in the event of short circuit circumstances or other similar problems in the power systems. For this reason, there must be restrictions on some electrical power system components.
Advantages Of Installing HRC Fuses
- They have a high breaking capacity
- These fuses remain popular because they have a long lifespan.
- Because they are affordable and available to everyone, it is simpler to use them.
- On some premium models, the fuse has status indicators.
- HRC fuses operate at a fast rate of speed and are very rapid.
For more information about electrical devices, visit IndoAsian. They have the greatest circuit breakers for fuses and switch applications, as well as other goods that are long-lasting, high-quality, and simple to use.


Damascus Gate Summary
Summary (Masterpieces of American Literature)
The title Damascus Gate refers to an ancient stone city gate, connecting Jewish and Muslim sectors of Jerusalem near sacred sites hotly contested by three faiths. That Jerusalem has incited religious and ethnic hatreds for centuries makes it the perfect setting for a millennium religious thriller in which ancient spiritual strictures, promises, and passions are reconfigured through explosive New Age sensibilities. While eruditely exploring the religious foundations of major religions, sects, and cults both modern and historical, Stone builds his story around a genuine 1980's plot to destroy the Mosque of Omar.
The novel also revisits in new ways the themes that have always driven Stone's art: religious mysticism, the drug culture and counterculturalists, competing apocalyptic visions (the products of senility, hallucinogenics, and wishful thinking), and ethnic and religious hatreds exposed and carried to bloody ends as individuals seeking meaning beyond their petty fiascoes steer, almost suicidially, toward shared disaster.
Stone's key characters are mainly displaced Americans with private visions of the Holy Land. Foremost is freelance journalist Christopher Lucas, whose Jewish father and Catholic mother have prompted both skepticism and faith and thus have indirectly led him to his latest book project, a study of the Jerusalem Syndrome—an Israeli psychiatrist's term for a form of religious mania afflicting Jewish and Christian visitors to the city, a messianic longing for epiphany often expressed through intolerant missions, for example, to destroy sites sacred to opposition faiths.
Like Lucas's fictional book, Damascus Gate studies religious moderates transformed into extreme fanatics in Jerusalem. Lucas's search for controversial materials and his interviews with assorted locals provide the justification for a convoluted journey that twists and turns throughout the city and is sidetracked to Tel Aviv, the Gaza Strip, the Jordan River, and Mount Hebron before returning through labyrinthine streets to the Temple Mount (at the Dome of the Rock) and a conspiracy to bomb the Muslim Al-aksa Mosque there as a step toward invoking the Second Coming and the conversion of the...
(The entire section is 913 words.)
Damascus Gate Summary (Masterpieces of American Fiction)
Damascus Gate, based on Robert Stone's own religious quest, is set in Jerusalem, perhaps the most religious of the world's cities. Extended research in the Yale University Divinity School library and seven prolonged visits to Jerusalem gave Stone the expertise in the Middle East that he needed to write the book. His participation in the early 1960's California drug culture acquainted him with addictive personalities, insights that served him well in developing such characters as Raziel Melcher and Adam DeKuff.
The fervor of various religious cults and the hotbed of diverse political sects in Israel in the early 1990's that Stone portrays may prove confusing for the average reader early in the book. Ostensibly, the novel is the saga of reporter Christopher Lucas, reared Catholic and Jewish but lately agnostic, who is in search not only of a news scoop in connection with his job but also of a personal faith with which he can live. He is collaborating on a book about the "Jerusalem Syndrome," a peculiarly modern psychological disorder incurred by outsiders of any religious persuasion who believe that they have been appointed by God to come to the Holy City to accomplish a divine purpose. Various cults, messiahs, and Marys thus populate Jerusalem, adding to the chaos and frenzy of the scene.
Chris Lucas is also searching for love. Although he thinks about a former lover from time to time and has an affair with a British journalist at the end of the book, he has long carried a torch for Nuala Rice, an Irish smuggler of drugs and weapons. Lucas and Nuala have several friendly encounters...
(The entire section is 665 words.)


Mason's Line - A Detailed Guide
Mason's line is a product used by professional mason's every day. Also known as the mason's twine, it is one of the most important tools that never get enough credit. When using a mason's line, you do not need to use other leveling tools, which speeds up the process. Plus, when used correctly, it gives a straight line for accuracy while laying blocks or bricks.
In this article, we'll talk about what is a mason's line, how to use it, and everything in between. So, please keep reading to know more about it!
What is Mason's Line?
Mason line is a product used to make straight lines and a leveled surface. It is useful when laying patios, posts, footings, and more. The product is necessary during such jobs as you will no longer need to pick up the level numerous times. Another excellent part about this twine is that it won't sag like other twines.
What are the Characteristics of a Good Good Mason Line?
The mason line is a crucial tool to get straight lines. So there are obviously some important things to keep in mind.
Firstly, the line that you'll be using in laying bricks should be 100% nylon. It won't mildew and will also be less affected by humidity and moisture. The line should also be alkali and abrasion resistant so that it doesn't get damaged by other tools.
In addition, tight and consistent braiding will make it easy to use the line. Precisely, the tighter the braid, the stronger the mason line
Along with this, the mason line should be consistent in color. It should be clearly visible in all types of work conditions. Remember, nylon lines without a consistent color throughout the roll becomes difficult to use and hard to see.
When buying a mason line, don't look at it just like any piece of string but as an important tool. So, focusing on the quality and color of the line is crucial.
How to Use a Mason Line Correctly?
It's essential to use the mason line correctly to get a straight wall. Here are a few easy steps you can follow that will help you in doing the same.
Step 1
First of all, you need to brace and level a 2-4 inch corner pole.
Step 2
The next thing to do is slip your braided mason's line into the line block's groove.
Step 3
Wrap the mason line around the line's notch twice and then slide it into the groove again.
Step 4
Now, face the hook of the mason line towards the rear corner of the cement block and hook the line block over the outside of the block.
Step 5
Run the line to the next corner. Make sure that your line is taut and close to the block you're laying. At the same time, you should have enough space to wipe off extra mortar without bumping the line.
Step 6
Now lay your line in a way that the top of the block matches the established line. Follow this line as you lay and slide the line blocks as you build the wall.
Step 7
Check the wall periodically with a level to ensure that the work is plumb.
Final Thoughts
The mason line is indeed an important tool. It saves valuable time as you don't have to use leveling tools often.
The majority of the bricklayers have experienced unraveling and sagging mason's line while laying bricks. Unfortunately, you could waste valuable time correcting the problems caused by a poor quality mason line. You can prevent this by using a premium quality line.
Make sure to buy the mason line from a reputed vendor and look for the material and consistency of color to prevent costly mistakes.
Great Prices, Great Products & Great Service!


text:
Rationale: Early warning system (EWS) scores are used by hospital care teams to recognize early signs of clinical deterioration and trigger more intensive care.
Objective: To systematically review the evidence on the ability of early warning system scores to predict a patient's risk of clinical deterioration and the impact of early warning system implementation on health outcomes and resource utilization.
Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases through May 2014. We included English-language studies of early warning system scores used with adults admitted to medical or surgical wards. We abstracted study characteristics, including population, setting, sample size, duration, and criteria used for early warning system scoring. For predictive ability, the primary outcomes were modeled for discrimination on 48-hour mortality, cardiac arrest, or pulmonary arrest. Outcomes for the impact of early warning system implementation included 30-day mortality, cardiovascular events, use of vasopressors, respiratory failure, days on ventilator, and resource utilization. We assessed study quality using a modified Quality in Prognosis Studies assessment tool where applicable.
Measurements and Main Results: Of 11,183 citations studies reviewed, one controlled trial and 20 observational studies of 13 unique models met our inclusion criteria. In eight studies, researchers addressed the predictive ability of early warning system tools and found a strong predictive value for death (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.88-0.93) and cardiac arrest (AUROC, 0.74-0.86) within 48 hours. In 13 studies (one controlled trial and 12 pre-post observational studies), researchers addressed the impact on health outcomes and resource utilization and had mixed results. The one controlled trial was of good quality, and the researchers found no difference in mortality, transfers to the ICU, or length of hospital stay. The pre-post designs of the remaining studies have significant methodological limitations, resulting in insufficient evidence to draw conclusions.
Conclusions: Early warning system scores perform well for prediction of cardiac arrest and death within 48 hours, although the impact on health outcomes and resource utilization remains uncertain, owing to methodological limitations. Efforts to assess performance and effectiveness more rigorously will be needed as early warning system use becomes more widespread.
- Clinical deterioration
- Early warning systems
- Systematic review
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine


Look around computers everywhere: TCL offering computer basics class
Flickr user jeffkarpala
Computers are prevalent fixtures in our surroundings. They are found in schools, libraries, hospitals, offices, stores, private homes and government agencies.Yet, there are individuals for whom computers continue to remain a mystery.
"Not everyone has access to a computer, or finds it necessary," says Kathy Deringer a computer instructor with the Continuing Education division at the Technical College of the Lowcountry (TCL). "Yet, they do realize the importance of sending emails, attaching photos, paying bills, researching family history, and connecting via social networking."
Beth Mazur a blog author with AARP attributes the lack of participation by seniors in online endeavors not to access but to other factors such as a fear of learning or a difficulty in handling computers. Given those hurdles what continues to draw seniors to the internet? Ms. Deringer indicates it's the "sharing" component of the internet that appeals to the over 50 segment of the population. "It is the easiest and least expensive way to keep in contact with friends and family globally, and to simply feel connected from the comfort of your own home. Many don't drive, or have transportation, so what better way to stay in touch with the world than from a computer."
TCL will offer a computer basics course that provides an introduction to understanding the mechanisms of the common computer. The course will include an overview of general computer terminology and provide general instruction to understanding Microsoft Windows, email messaging, managing computer files, and storing digital photographs.
Ms. Deringer believes that students no matter their age or skill level will walk away from this class feeling confident in their computer knowledge and eager to try things on their own without becoming overwhelmed or intimidated by the process of engaging a computer.
Computer Basics: An Introduction to the Machine is a Life Enrichment offering at TCL and offered several times during the fall. The cost to attend this seminar is $49 per person.
 - New River Campus: 6:00 – 9:00 p.m. on Thursday, October 13
 - Beaufort Campus: 9:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. on Saturday, September 10 and Saturday, November 12.
 To register for any Life Enrichment offering call _PHONE_.
Filed in


text: Mesoproterozoic A-type magmatic rocks in the Gawler Craton, Curnamona Province and eastern Mount Isa Inlier, form a palaeo-curvilinear belt for reconstructed plate orientations. The oldest igneous rocks in the Gawler Craton are the Hiltaba Granite Suite: c. 1600–1575 Ma. The youngest in the Mount Isa Inlier are the Williams-Naraku Batholiths: c. 1545–1500 Ma. The belt is interpreted as a segment of a hotspot track that evolved between c. 1600 and 1500 Ma. This hotspot track may define a quasilinear part of Australia's motion between 1636 and 1500 Ma, and suggests that Australia drifted to high latitudes. An implication of this interpretation is that Australia and Laurentia may not have been fellow travellers leading to the formation of Rodinia. A hotspot model for A-type magmatism in Australia differs from geodynamic models for this style of magmatism on other continents. This suggests that multiple geologic processes may be responsible for the genesis of Proterozoic A-type magmas.


What is the reception range of the device?
The reception range is 10m. The distance would be shortened if the Bluetooth device is covered by a metal material (such as a metallic iPhone protective case).
Music streaming would be affected by obstacles between the device and the Bluetooth device, such as a wall, or a nearby device that operate in the same frequency.
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text:
Monkeys can point to objects they do not report seeing
Are monkeys, like humans, able to ascertain where objects are located without much more than a sideways glance? Quite likely, says Lau Andersen of the Aarhus University in Denmark, lead author of a study conducted at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, published in Springer's journal Animal Cognition. The study finds that monkeys are able to localize stimuli they do not perceive.
Humans are able to locate, and even side-step, objects in their peripheral vision, sometimes before they perceive the object even being present. Andersen and colleagues therefore wanted to find out if visually guided action and visual perception also occurred independently in other primates.
The researchers trained five adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to perform a short-latency, highly stereotyped localization task. Using a touchscreen computer, the animals learned to touch one of four locations where an object was briefly presented. The monkeys also learned to perform a detection task using identical stimuli, in which they had to report the presence or absence of an object by pressing one of two buttons. These techniques are similar to those used to test normal humans, and therefore make an especially direct comparison between humans and monkeys possible. A method called "visual masking" was used to systematically reduce how easily a visual target was processed.
Andersen and his colleagues found that the monkeys were still able to locate targets that they could not detect. The animals performed the tasks very accurately when the stimuli were unmasked, and their performance dropped when visual masking was employed. But monkeys could still locate targets at masking levels for which they reported that no target had been presented. While these results cannot establish the existence of phenomenal vision in monkeys, the discrepancy between visually guided action and detection parallels the dissociation of conscious and unconscious vision seen in humans.
"Knowing whether similar independent brain systems are present in humans and nonverbal species is critical to our understanding of comparative psychology and the evolution of brains," explains Andersen.


Main Content
Visualize and interactively explore biological sequences
seqviewer opens the Sequence Viewer app.
seqviewer(Seq) loads a sequence Seq into the app, where you can view and interactively explore the sequence.
seqviewer(Seq,Name,Value) opens the app with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.
seqviewer('close') closes the Sequence Viewer app.
Input Arguments
collapse all
Amino acid or nucleotide sequence, specified as:
Name-Value Pair Arguments
Example: 'Alphabet','AA' specifies that the aligned sequences are amino acid sequences.
Type of aligned sequences, specified as 'AA' for amino acid sequences or 'NT' for nucleotide sequences.
Example: 'Alphabet','AA'
collapse all
Retrieve a sequence from the GenBank® database.
S = getgenbank('M10051');
Load the sequence into the Sequence Viewer app.
Alternatively, you can click Sequence Viewer on the Apps tab to open the app, and view the biological sequence S.
Close the app.
Introduced before R2006a


Flow Playground
Type Annotations
When declaring a constant or variable, an optional type annotation can be provided, to make it explicit what type the declaration has.
If no type annotation is provided, the type of the declaration is inferred from the initial value.
For function parameters a type annotation must be provided.
// Declare a variable named 'boolVarWithAnnotation', which has an explicit type annotation.
// 'Bool' is the type of booleans.
var boolVarWithAnnotation: Bool = false
// Declare a constant named 'integerWithoutAnnotation', which has no type annotation
// and for which the type is inferred to be 'Int', the type of arbitrary-precision integers.
// This is based on the initial value which is an integer literal.
// Integer literals are always inferred to be of type 'Int'.
let integerWithoutAnnotation = 1
// Declare a constant named 'smallIntegerWithAnnotation', which has an explicit type annotation.
// Because of the explicit type annotation, the type is not inferred.
// This declaration is valid because the integer literal '1' fits into the range of the type 'Int8',
// the type of 8-bit signed integers.
let smallIntegerWithAnnotation: Int8 = 1
If a type annotation is provided, the initial value must be of this type. All new values assigned to variables must match its type. This type safety is explained in more detail in a separate section.
// Invalid: declare a variable with an explicit type 'Bool',
// but the initial value has type 'Int'.
let booleanConstant: Bool = 1
// Declare a variable that has the inferred type 'Bool'.
var booleanVariable = false
// Invalid: assign a value with type 'Int' to a variable which has the inferred type 'Bool'.
booleanVariable = 1
Edit on GitHub


text:
Updated: 06/05/2017 by Computer Hope
In Microsoft Word, there are times when a link to a web page or even a location within the same document is needed. Adding this type of link, called a hyperlink, can be done by following the steps below.
- Open Microsoft Word.
- Type the appropriate text in the Word document.
- With your mouse or keyboard, highlight the text you want to turn into a hyperlink. For example, in the picture below, the text "ComputerHope website" is highlighted.
- In the menu bar or Ribbon at the top of the Word program window, click the Insert tab.
- On the Insert tab, in the Links section, click the Hyperlink option.
- In the Insert Hyperlink window, type in the web page address you want to set the highlighted text to link to in the Address text field, then click OK.
Tip: You can also press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+k to insert a hyperlink on any highlighted text.
As shown in the picture below, the highlighted text is now a hyperlink, set to the desired web page.
Tip: To set the highlighted text to link to a location within the same document, click the Place in This Document option on the left side. You can then select a place to link to within the document.
- See our hyperlink and insert definitions for further information on these terms.


text:
In calanoid copepods it is poorly understood how enzymatic activities and patterns are affected by abiotic and biotic factors. Such knowledge, however, is crucial to assess metabolic functioning and performance of organisms in different habitats. Therefore, our study focuses on digestive enzyme activities in relation to temperature, pH and food in the Arctic species Calanus glacialis and in Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis from the North Sea. Enzyme activities were measured over a range from 0 to 70 °C (lipases/esterases, proteinases) and pH 5 to 9 (proteinases). In all species, relative proteinases activity peaked at 40/50 °C and pH 6; relative lipases/esterases activity peaked at 30 °C. Between 0 and 20 °C, lipase activity of C. glacialis was higher (40-70% of maximum) than that of the boreal copepods (25-64%), which suggests thermal adaptation of the lipid metabolism in the polar species. Incubating C. glacialis with the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii showed (i) that enzyme activities increased especially in the alkaline range and (ii) that enzyme patterns, revealed by gel electrophoresis, differed from that of starving individuals, indicating that feeding induced enzyme expression. Such studies, linking abiotic and biotic conditions to enzyme functioning, can help elucidating the capacity of copepods to respond to environmental changes.
Freese D., Kreibich T. & Niehoff B., in press. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.007. Article (subscription required).


text:
The Process of Culture Shift
The process of culture shift is non-linear in that it is ongoing, continuously evolving, and never ending. Yet there is a process—that may appear only as linear as our minds may grasp—in the form of a progression of one step to another, and then another, and so on. In truth, these steps are in a circle, as in the "sacred hoop" that so many indigenous peoples speak about—the circle of all life representing the interconnected nature of all things.
So we present this process with a linear graphic, and also as a circle graphic, so that we may understand our starting, middle, and end point—and also understand that the end point leads us back to begin again in an ever evolving cultural dynamic.


text:
One set of the 9 standard Reading Helpers
The READING HELPER is available in yellow, red, green, blue, aqua, pink, purple, orange and clear. The yellow and blue READING HELPERS are available in 3 sizes. The standard window (8mm) is used for tracking 1 line while the wide window (16 mm) is used for larger print as well as tracking 2 or 3 lines at a time. They are both 7" in length. The standard long READING HELPER is 8.5" in length with an 8 mm window and is used with wider pages.
|Standard = 8mm window –
7" long (all 9 colors)
|Wide = 16mm window –
7" long (Yellow and Blue only)
|Standard Long = 8 mm window – 8.5" long
(Yellow and Blue only)
To determine which color works best, place one colored READING HELPER on a page of print. Ask the student if this color helps to see the words better. Repeat the procedure with other colors until you receive a positive response.
|Copyright 2011 Reading Helper, Inc. All rights reserved|


text:
Despite several decades of progress, outdoor air pollution in the Pittsburgh area remains a significant public health burden. An increasing variety of health threats are being identified at concentrations previously considered safe, significantly expanding the proportion of population at risk.
At the same time, substantial activities are underway to make Pittsburgh more sustainable, economically vibrant, and socially just. By and large, these actions can take place in concert with goals to improve the region's air quality. The following documents outline general planning guidance focused on such an alignment. Specific attention is also placed on 1) the intersections among public health, architecture, and air quality and 2) the health benefits of green space development. These documents were prepared by Norman Anderson, MSPH, Environment Public Health Consultant to the Heinz Endowments. Mr. Anderson collaborated with architects Sander Schuur, Linda Schuur, and Rik Ekstrom on the summary of the Stockholm-NYC conversation.


text: Occupational medicine is a rapidly expanding and professionals in this field will continue to increase in demand in the coming years, as more and more individuals become employed. Individuals wishing to work in this field can get the knowledge needed through training and gaining experience in the workplace, but not having formal education could violate the requirements of competence that are essential in most aspects of health and safety legislation. Local occupational medicine physicians deal with managing the health of workers and their are several programs within this field that deal with health laws and policy. General requirements for a career in this field consists of having a diploma in occupational medicine, Associateship of the Faculty Occupational Medicine (AFOM), Members of the Faculty (MFOM), and Fellowship of the Faculty (FFOM). Someone only wishing to practice in their careers part time may only be required to have a diploma in occupational medicine, which only provides a basic level of information in the field. Part time practitioners are able to display a core knowledge of practices and theories. Students wishing to obtain certification needed in this field can usually do so at local universities through residency programs. These students are given hands on training where they learn how to lead in their field, and focus on keeping workers healthy. This is done by making sure the environment in which workers work are safe for the health of the workers. This includes evaluating the chemical, social, and physical environment of workers.


VUnit projects in Sigasi Studio
Posted on 2021-01-12 by Wim Meeus
Tagged as: VUnit
VUnit is an open source unit testing framework for VHDL/SystemVerilog that helps to write, and automatically run, tests. The VUnit project was started by Lars Asplund from Synective Labs and Olof Kraigher. The source code is hosted at GitHub. VUnit automatically scans your projects for unit tests (aka test benches), runs them with your favorite simulator and reports the results. This automation helps to run tests frequently and iterate faster.
Installing VUnit
VUnit scripts are written in Python, so first make sure Python is installed on your system. A recent version of Python 3 is recommended. Windows users must install a full version of Python, not from the Windows Store.
The recommended way to install the latest stable release of VUnit is via pip or pip3. On most systems running the following command should do the trick:
pip install vunit_hdl
Make sure you use vunit_hdl and not vunit. The latter is a completely different Python library.
You can check that VUnit is installed correctly by for example running:
pip freeze
In the list of installed Python packages you will find a vunit-hdl entry and its version number.
Using VUnit
Running VUnit tests requires two elements: VHDL or SystemVerilog testbenches and a Python script which controls the execution.
VUnit will recognize a VHDL entity or a SystemVerilog module as a testbench if it has a runner_cfg generic (VHDL) or parameter (SV). Testbench entity and module names should have either a tb_ prefix or a _tb suffix. VUnit will warn if that is not the case.
A VHDL VUnit test bench has the following structure. Note that VHDL 2008 is required, a.o. for support of a VHDL context. The main process has function calls to set up and terminate the simulation. Between these function calls, one or more tests may be run.
library vunit_lib; -- VUnit library and context (VHDL2008 required!)
context vunit_lib.vunit_context;
entity tb_example is -- Entity name with tb_ prefix
 generic (runner_cfg : string); -- Generic indicates that this is a VUnit testbench
end entity;
architecture tb of tb_example is
 main : process
 test_runner_setup(runner, runner_cfg); -- Set up and start simulation
 report "This test will pass!"; -- Single, trivial test in this example
 test_runner_cleanup(runner); -- Simulation ends
 end process;
end architecture;
In SystemVerilog it looks a bit different. The runner_cfg parameter, which marks the module as a VUnit testbench, is defined in TEST_SUITE.
'include "vunit_defines.svh" // Include VUnit definitions
module tb_sv_example;
 'TEST_SUITE begin // Includes the definition of parameter runner_cfg
 // which makes this module a VUnit testbench
 // Note: Do not place any code here.
 $display("Running test suite setup code");
 // Start clocks, assert resets etc. here
 'TEST_CASE_SETUP begin
 $display("Running test case setup code");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a successful test case passes") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to pass");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(1, 1);
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a failing test case actually fails") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to fail");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(0, 1, "You may also optionally add a diagnostic message to CHECK_EQUAL");
 $display("Cleaning up after a test case");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 $display("Cleaning up after running the complete test suite");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 // Optional, but recommended.
Note the presence of the watchdog near the end of the above example. The watchdog ensures that hanging tests terminate as failed rather than keep on running forever.
Finally, a Python script is required to control the VUnit tests. In it simplest form, for a VHDL project could look like this. The script creates a VUnit instance, adds libraries and design files to it, and runs the tests.
# The following line works for VHDL
from vunit import VUnit
# If your project is SystemVerilog, use the following one instead:
# from vunit.verilog import VUnit
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Add all files ending in.vhd in current working directory to library
# Run vunit tests
Note that VUnit does not support a library named work. In VHDL, work is a keyword which means the same library where this element is defined. While in many VHDL projects, the work library is called work, a different name must be chosen in VUnit. In the above example, the work library is named lib. Given the special meaning of work, this won't break any references to work in the VHDL code.
VUnit's user guide offers further details on how to use VUnit.
If your project has multiple source code directories and/or libraries, will need to reflect that. is meant to be stored in revision control. For that reason, generating (e.g. from other scripts) is discouraged. However, the full power of Python is available to configure VUnit's libraries and source files from within We'll give a few examples later.
Using VUnit in Sigasi Studio
Sigasi Studio can help you manage VUnit projects and enables you to run and inspect test results straight from the IDE. VUnit support in Sigasi Studio requires an XPRT license.
Details of how to run VUnit tests in Sigasi Studio can be found in the Sigasi manual. Once your tests are running, Sigasi Studio opens the VUnit view from where you can see test results and inspect the details.
Complex VUnit projects: Python to the rescue
VUnit makes use of a single script which configures libraries and controls the execution. It is not desirable to duplicate the library configuration from other tools in First of all, the library configuration would need regular updates as the project evolves, which means additional work for the designers and a possible source of errors. Generating from other scripts or tools is not recommended either, because is meant to be kept in revision control.
Fortunately, the full strength of the Python programming language is available to help manage VUnit's configuration. We present a few examples of how Python can be used to automate the VUnit setup.
Determine libraries from folder names
In this example, we have a VHDL project with one level of subfolders. Each subfolder is mapped to a library with the same name. Over the course of the project, subfolders may be added or renamed.
The following script extracts the libraries from the folder names. The designer doesn't need to change anything to the script when the folder / library structure is changed.
from vunit import VUnit
import os
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# For each folder, create a library with the same name as the folder.
# Map all VHDL files in the folder into the library.
for fpath in os.scandir('.'):
 if fpath.is_dir() and not'.'):
 vu.add_library(, "*.vhd"))
# Add all files ending in.vhd in the top level directory to library "libwork"
# Run vunit function
Find all SystemVerilog files in a folder hierarchy
In this example, libraries are not the problem because SystemVerilog uses one single library. The difficulty here is that design files are present at various depths in the file hierarchy.
Again, Python proves to be a powerful tool to find the design files and configure VUnit tests.
from vunit.verilog import VUnit
import glob
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Hierarchically add all files ending in.v and.sv in current working directory to library
for file in glob.glob("**/*.v", recursive=True):
for file in glob.glob("**/*.sv", recursive=True):
# Run vunit function
Obviously, the example could be extended. For example, one could read a list with files to exclude from a file, and not add those files to the library.
Read VUnit configuration from Sigasi Studio project files
Oftentimes, information about design files, libraries, excludes etc. is available in other design tools, e.g. Sigasi Studio. With some clever use of Python, can retrieve this information from Sigasi Studio's project files, making the configuration of VUnit tests entirely automatic. Just use this vunit…logo in your project, sit back and run your tests.
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text:
If you ever need to show the keybinding for a particular command to the users of your package (e.g. you're adding some tips functionality), you should avoid resisting the urge to write something like this:
Why is this a bad idea? Because you might change the keybinding of the
command in question (e.g.
projectile-switch-project, but you might
forget to update messages like this. Is there a better way?
substitute-command-keys to the rescue:
This will produce exactly the same message as before and you're guaranteed the keybinding will always be in sync with the command.
P.S. If you want to check interactively the keybinding of some command use
C-h f (
an example -
C-h f RET projectile-switch-project RET will produce this:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
You can also check which command is bound to some key with


US Knife Laws
KnifeUp provides, for free, knife law guides for all 50 states. Below is a map of the US, click on the state you are interested in to read about it's knife laws. I try to keep these guides as up-to-date and accurate as possible but, for the law changes a lot, please leave a comment if you see something wrong.
Choose Your State
How the US Justice System Works
The United States was founded under the principals of federalism. Under federalism, governing powers are divided between the federal government as well as the state governments. For states existed before the founding of the US, the writers of the Constitution respected the state's authority by limiting federal powers to only those expressly stated within the Constitution. All other governing powers are, therefore, state powers.
For knife law, the only federal law is the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 as well as the 2009 amendment to the act (see 15 U.S.C. §1244). The federal knife law only applies to individuals who are traveling internationally as well as between states. If you reside in a federal district (see Washington D.C. knife laws), the federal law is the only law that governs knives for you. If you live in one of the 50 states, the federal law would only apply to you if you are traveling from one state to another or if you are entering federal property, such as a military base.
All states have knife laws (click on the map above to find the knife law for a particular state) but some state's knife laws are more up-to-date than others and local municipals often pass their own knife laws as well. For example, if you live in Denver, Colorado, you must abide under the knife laws of Colorado as well as the knife laws of Denver. However, if you travel to Boulder, Colorado (30 minutes away) you must conform to Boulder's knife laws as well. And, during your journey, you must conform to the knife laws of all the municipals in between Boulder and Denver.
This makes knife laws a tricky subject unless your state has a preemption clause. Preemption means that the state government nullifies all knife laws made by municipals. Therefore, when you travel from town to town, you would not have to worry about municipal knife laws.
General Guide to Knife Laws
Knife laws can be divided into these two categories: ownership laws and carry laws.
Ownership Laws
Ownership laws forbid individuals from owning certain types of knives that society has deemed "deadly weapons" or "dangerous." Most of the time, these knives were once associated with unlawful people such as gangs, the mob, and outlaws. It is for this reason that the Bowie knife has been outlawed in so many states.
Carry Laws
Carry laws forbid an individual from carrying, concealed or open, certain knives. For example, some states forbid an individual from conceal carry of knives over a certain length but open carry of that same knife is legal. Other states forbid the carry, concealed and open, of certain knives. Most knives that are barred from carry are ones deemed by society to have no utility uses and, therefore, their only use is as weapons.
Other Laws
Some states have laws that forbid one from aggravated display of a knife as well as committing a crime with a knife. These laws are usually only enforceable after the fact and, for that reason, allows the state to increase the penalty of a crime. For example, robber is a bad crime but robbery with a knife is viewed as an even worse crime and should be punished more than simple robbery.
What is Generally Allowed
If you want to carry a knife that is usually legal everywhere, I highly recommend you buy a knife that is clearly intended for utility use. For example, most pocket knives and all leathermans as well as multi-tools fit this description. As long as the blade is less than 3 or 2.5 inches, you should be fine. Times where this advice might not be true is at: courts, planes, schools, and special buildings that forbid the carry of blades.
17 comments on "US Knife Laws
 1. chad says:
 Map not working on my android phone. Android 2.35 HTC inspire.
 2. Rich S says:
 Even with graphics and javascript on, I can't get the map to load. Can you perhaps but a postal abbrev for the states with a hot link to the laws of that state. Thanks Rich
 3. Nellie Hall says:
 The map was not available. What are the laws for MO and KS? Thanks
 4. david says:
 your US map didn't come up when I clicked to this site
 5. Owen says:
 Are not knives covered under the 2nd amendment also?
 Fewer politicians, more statesmen.
 6. Jay Sheldon says:
 As of July 15, 2013 the ownership and carrying of switchblades in Kansas is now legal. You may want to research this and other states for new laws just put in.
 7. Ken Herman says:
 Map does not work in safari, could you add a list of states or a drop down menu, Thanks
 8. Dan says:
 This is a great resource. I found one area where I was potentially illegal and didn't even know it. Thank you very much!
 9. Brent Pendleton says:
 so are you saying that it is legal to own and carry a switch blade in Utah?
 10. Bret Wolfe says:
 I recently came across your site and noticed that the state of Kansas' section has not been updated to reflect the new laws that took effect in summer of 2013.
 "HB2033 repeals all existing local knife laws in Kansas and enacts statewide preemption of any attempt to pass new local knife laws more restrictive than state law. HB2033 also repeals the ban on the possession of switchblades, dirks, daggers and stilettos."
 11. Jonathan says:
 YES! I've been struggling to get clarity on knife laws for a while. This is a very useful resource!
 12. Paul says:
 13. Dennis Bukovcan says:
 Wisconsin now has Concealed Carry weapons permits. This alows you to carry a knife concealed. Still illegal to carry a switch blade though.
 14. Lee Bell says:
 Information on the types of knives that can be owned and how they may be carried is quite useful, thanks.
 What I came here to find out, however, does not seem to be covered. My question is not whether, or what I can carrry, but where I can carry it. Specifically, I live in Florida and will be traveling in Wyoming and South Dakota in the near future. I need to know what the restrrictions are for carry in various places including bars, government buildings, police departments, etc.
 15. David says:
 I share Lee Bell's difficulties. All of my questions about knife laws begin with 'where' and what I really want to know is which states are off limits with particular blades.
 Please consider adding a way for visitors to select the characteristics of a knife and how they intend to carry it. Then, depending on that input, provide an overview of which states allow such a blade. Ideally, I would suggest color-coding the map.
 For example, someone might select fixed, 4″ blade, open carry. Then he or she would see in which states a knife like that would be perfectly legal, in which states it is completely and utterly illegal, in which states it varies by municipality, and in which states a permit is required.
 This is the most accessible resource for knife law I've found, so I hope this feature request doesn't come across as unappreciative or lazy. I just think that indexing basic knife criteria would be useful to a lot of people.
 16. Bryan says:
 If you could add information about federal motor carrier restrictions, I would be very grateful. I can not find any information about it anywhere. Being an interstate tractor trailer driver, I would really like to know these legalities.
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well as the remains of some shelling. Our other winter residents, the red squirrels, have a slightly different approach to winter food storage. Red squirrels will hide all of their food in one location called a "cache", so if you find many shell casings in one place, this is usually a sign that a Red Squirrel has dipped into their winter "cache." Pinecones are a favorite of Red Squirrels, so be sure to keep an eye out for piles of pinecone scales in one spot when looking for signs of Red Squirrels.
Many pinecones stripped of their scales in one location indicates a red squirrel may have been eating here
Hickory nut casings scattered in different locations indicates a gray squirrel is snacking here
There are all sorts of other signs that help us to determine what type of animal activity is happening in an area when we aren't around, so do your best to note any oddities in your journals and try to make connections between your recordings. How you keep track of your findings is completely up to you! You can draw pictures of your observations, or keep detailed notes! Once you are done with your investigation, try to figure out what the signs are telling you about which types of animals are in the area. As always, happy journaling!
Thu, 04 Feb 2021 19:58:33 GMThttps://www.nrtofeaston.org/naturetalk-blog/meet-our-sheep
Sheep are sheep are sheep, right? Not quite! It's pretty easy to assume that all sheep are the same, especially if you live in a place where sheep are few and far between. Even in Easton, there aren't too many sites you can head to locally to check out these radiant ruminants.
Sheep have some characteristics that are common among all species like the fact that they all have hooves that are split into two separate toes. Sheep are also all cud-chewing ruminants (along with cows, goats and other mammals who eat a lot of greens), meaning that they have four compartments in their stomach: the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum! From the reticulum of a sheep's stomach, their food is regurgitated in the form of cud where it is chewed for a second time before moving into the omasum! This is why whenever observing sheep, it often looks like they are chewing on bubblegum! Not only are they re-chewing their food, but sheep also don't have any teeth on the front of their upper jaw, so they are grinding down all that cud with very flat, back molars, which just makes the whole process even more noticeable!
Diagram depicting the flow of digestion for ruminant mammals. Image taken from _URL_
All that being said, there are over 10,000 species of domestic sheep in the world all with unique traits and characteristics! Funnily enough, there are only six species of wild sheep roaming the world, two of which can be found in the U.S. along with a couple of subspecies. At the NRT's Sheep Pasture, we are lucky enough to have two different species of domestic sheep, the Cheviot Sheep and the Jacob Sheep!
The Jacob Sheep
At the NRT's Sheep Pasture property when walking around our barn and surrounding area, it's pretty obvious that not all of the sheep look exactly the same! Our more notable sheep species, with four large protruding horns, is the Jacob Sheep! It's easy to confuse our Jacob Sheep with goats because and other farm animals because of their giant horns, which is not something we often associate with sheep.
There are quite a few characteristics of Jacob Sheep that make them unique, including their four horns. Both of the NRT's Jacob Sheep have four horns. One of which has them all growing in spirals together that make it look like it has two, massive horns. There is variability among the number of horns that Jacob Sheep can have, but they are always an even number between two and six. You may think that because our two Jacob Sheep are horned that they must be males, but Jacob Sheep is a species in which both the males and females will be horned! It just so happens that both of our sheep are, in fact, male…
Another important trait of the Jacob Sheep is their black spots, which is also how they got their name! According to the Livestock Conservancy, Jacob Sheep are named for Jacob from the Bible who was known for breeding spotted sheep!
Jacob Sheep are considered to be a threatened heritage sheep breed of the world. Heritage breeds are ones whose characteristics and traits can be lost overtime due to mixed breeding, which could eventually lead to the end of an entire species. To combat this, The Livestock Conservancy has lists of heritage breeds that farmers are able to help maintain populations of. To read more about Jacob Sheep, you can explore this informative article published by The Livestock Conservancy. While on their site, be sure to check out other heritage breeds – you might be surprised at the many different species of livestock there are!
We love our Jacob Sheep not only for their good looks and preservation importance, but also because of their friendly and curious demeanors! Both Four-Horn and Big-Horn (see if you can guess who is who in the photos of our Jacob Sheep) love to welcome visitors, especially before breakfast! We currently have two Jacob Sheep living with us at Sheep Pasture.
The Cheviot Sheep
What a classic! Here at Sheep Pasture, we share space with four Cheviot sheep who perfectly embody the white, woolly sheep in all the quintessential farm images. Cheviots are a European species who was brought the U.S. in 1838. Unlike the Jacob Sheep, all Cheviots have no horns and no spots, and are always completely white with a cute, black muzzle and black feet. Cheviots are also noticeable by their very fluffy bodies, with very little wool on their legs and face!
Cheviot Sheep are a favorite among farmers, especially those in areas with variable climates, because of their ability to withstand a wide-range of temperatures and weather conditions without a bother. Overtime, selection for Cheviot sheep included sheep who were low-maintenance, which makes them pretty independent. If you visit the NRT's Sheep Pasture property, you may notice that our Jacob Sheep seem a little more inclined to come over and say "hi!" Not only are Cheviots low-maintenance because of their care-free attitudes, but they also are designed to suffer from many less ailments than other sheep species. These friendly, hardy sheep are perfect for the relaxed farmer!
We love watching our four independent Cheviots go about their business each day with confidence! There's no feeling quite like being stared down across the pasture by a cud-chewing Cheviot. For more information on Cheviots, check out the American Cheviot Sheep Society!
Next time you're at the Sheep Pasture property, be sure to stop by and say "hi!" to our Jacob and Cheviot sheep! They love the attention!
Tue, 02 Feb 2021 19:27:44 GMThttps://www.nrtofeaston.org/naturetalk-blog/nature-journal-notes1758022
Getting out in harsh weather conditions to do nature journaling can be difficult! Thankfully, there are lots of awesome ways to keep up with nature journaling right from the comfort of our homes. Below are a few ways to continue journaling even when the motivation to get outside is lost. Journal entries written from home create opportunities to spend time practicing skills that we sometimes don't have time to focus on when journaling out in nature!
The first activity you can do while journaling from inside is to find anything in your home that is connected to nature. Whether it be a pet, a plant, a fruit, a nut, or even an egg, and start making observations! If the thing you found to observe is something that will stay still, spend some time trying to get as much detail as possible! For instance, if you are observing something like an egg, are you able to capture the texture of the egg? Is it smooth or a little bit bumpy?
I started to observe my dog, but after a couple of minutes he got up and walked away. This was OK because I was practicing using shapes to help me detail general structure and even though he left, I was able to get kind of a cool outline of him that I think captured his proportions and even his posture and positioning! Sometimes I jump right in to drawing animals as I see them, without taking the time to use shapes as tools for proportions and general body structure. The more I practice this, the more I am realizing it is a great tool for quickly sketching animals whose detail can be added later!
Another indoor journaling activity is finding a window and sketching what you see outside! Even if you are somewhere that doesn't have too much wildlife going on outdoors, this is a great exercise for understanding perspective! Roads and buildings can be wonderful ways to practice creating lines that meet at the horizon for capturing perspective properly. This is also a great way to practice using depth and how objects look compared to other objects in a scene. For instance, things that are closer will appear larger than things that are further away.
Dog observations trying to capture shape
Dog observations trying to capture shape
Wildlife window scene...
If your window does offer a scene with wildlife, do your best to document the different


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A configuration (or config) is a stored process for adapting a dataset into our Global Schema.
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- Import configuration, which remembers how to understand the dataset,
- Normalisation configuration, which remembers how to adapt the dataset.
Configurations are particularly useful if you are periodically importing the same dataset, such as a CRM.


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The PowerLogic PM5000 series meters are ideal for:
- Sub billing / tenant metering: allows a landlord, property management firm, condominium association, homeowners association, or other multi-tenant property to bill tenants for individual measured utility (electricity) usage. MID approved meters for billing applications across Europe.
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The freedom, security and justice area in 2015/2016: review of a year of intersections
The law of the AFSJ is a law of intersections ! It is a composite law, straddling numerous legal constructions and raising important questions surrounding its implementation. On the back of a year of current affairs commented upon in the GDR CNRS AFSJ Blog, we might ask what is covered by the term "Area", in the "Territories" that define it, and what are the ways lawyers understand and interpret them in terms of "Contexts".
The world is made up of "areas": lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere. The law is potentially able to perceive them: maritime law, land border law, space law, etc. Area is a phenomenon that the law tries hard to translate into its constructions. This phenomenon is considered in a general sense as a dynamic system that builds its own stability. The lawyer would say that it is a sphere, a whole, a system, a legal order.
Our question is whether this image of area is useful for understanding the AFSJ.
To answer this question, we could first compare the two large European areas: the AFSJ and the internal market that preceded it. Recent events have not really allowed this interesting issue to be examined and developed, although the blog has discussed it at length in the past.
We have chosen another way.
Our objective is to try and understand the AFSJ area as it is and not to define it from a comparative point of view.
This task, rarely considered it seems, provokes an initial question: that of the relationship between the area and the territories. In fact, to say that AFSJ law is a law of intersections is to imagine that this area, like any area, is shaped by various territories and that intersection issues are raised at each junction between the territories.
Let us take this reflection a step further.
Territories and their intersections
There are two principal ways of understanding the territories of the AFSJ.
The first relies on the institutional definition of territory. Territory is that of the public owned entity: essentially a State or the European Union. This classic approach lawyers have to territory enables known intersections forming the internal and external borders of the AFSJ to be brought into perspective.
Over the past year there have been many situations raising questions in this respect. In particular, we might bring to mind:
The second definition relies on a very intellectual approach to territory. The AFSJ territories are legal matters built around that object: free circulation of persons, immigration, police co-operation, criminal judicial co-operation, civil judicial co-operation, protection of fundamental rights, etc. However, there are many hypotheses here too where AFSJ issues are dealt with at the intersection of legal constructions.
Over the past 12 months, we could highlight the following situations:
 - points of attachment between the international system (Geneva Convention) and the European asylum system (Dublin 3) ;
 - permanently tense relations between the European law of criminal judicial co-operation (in particular relating to the European arrest warrant) and the protection of fundamental rights;
 - the similar situation of the demanding relationship between the European law of civil judicial co-operation (in particular concerning the recognition of foreign judgements) and the protection of fundamental rights.
The contexts and their intersections
This intersection approach by the territories', whether they are institutional or intellectual, deserves to be surpassed by a third approach: that of contexts.
In a global area where the law can be applied in different places, potentially at different levels, which is the crucial factor, it is less of a question of which law is applied than the environment in which it is applied.
Two cases commented on the blog are persuasive:
In the Schrems case, the central issue was whether the protection of personal data could be exercised indifferently in a European Union context and more specifically, in a Member State context (in this case Ireland, the country in which Facebook has its European headquarters and where Mr Schrems went to request that data collected in Europe not be communicated to the United States) and in the United States context after a Commission decision authorised the transfer of personal data to that country. The perspective on these two contexts is present throughout the decision. The Court of Justice carried out extensive comparative work, which was justified by the nature of the issue referred to it. To validate the Commission's decision would mean acknowledging that the level of protection of personal data was effectively equivalent in the two legal contexts under comparison: the European Union and the United States. To invalidate the Commission's decision would, on the other hand, mean dealing with the consequences of a lack of effective protection on the other side of the Atlantic compared with that afforded in the European Union by repatriating the data solely to the European Union on the grounds that it was insufficiently protected in the external context. The case wound around the balancing of two contexts considered in this case as inequivalent.
The Avontins case undoubtedly sheds even more light on the level of comparison between the EU and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The issue referred to the ECHR was whether it could rely on the protection of the right to a fair hearing in a Member State of the European Union in the specific case of the application of the European provision on the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgement or if, on the contrary, it should withdraw its confidence by holding such protection inadequate. The Court actually ruled that there had been no violation of the right to a fair hearing. However, it did introduce specific issues of vigilance. In order to make the positive ruling, the ECHR considered that the presumption of equivalence between the provisions for the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union and in the European Convention on Human Rights could play a role in this case. Once this first two-fold step had been taken, the Court considered whether there was "a clear case of inadequacy of the rights guaranteed by the Convention". Beyond the case in question, the ECHR carried out a close and deep analysis of the mutual recognition provision on which the mechanism for recognising foreign judgements within the European Union is based.
These two decisions show that within the area of freedom, security and justice, one cannot count solely on the existence of an area or the presence of different territories. One must also recognise that European Union law can be applied in different contexts: in this case in the context of a third party State (the United States) and in the context of a third party European organisation (the ECHR).