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The workshop below was written by Kathryn Hurley at Google and is a brilliant guide to how to get started with Fusion tables.
Fusion Tables is a modern data management web application making it easy to host, manage, collaborate on, visualize, and publish data tables online. Follow the steps below to upload your own data to Fusion Tables and create a map!
Embed Map Visualization in web page
Google Maps API Fusion Tables Layer
- Download the zip file here: zip.
- Unzip. Zip file includes:
- population.csv – Population data for zip codes around the bay area
- embedded_map.html – Basic HTML page
- Go to Google Docs
- If you have not already created a Google account, create a Google account and then sign in
- Select Create -> Table (Beta)
- Click Choose File.
- Browse to find the population.csv file.
- Click Next >>.
- Click Next >> again.
- Update the Table name to Bay Area Population. Add any attribution data and/or change the description.
- Click Finish.
- The file will upload to Fusion Tables. Here's an example of what the table will look like in Fusion Tables:_URL_
Now that you have the Bay Area population data in Fusion Tables, we're going to merge with a table containing the zip code boundaries. Fusion Tables has special handling for KML (Keyhole Markup Language) that is used to represent geographical features such as points, lines and polygons / boundaries. The table containing zip code boundaries has two columns we are interested in: one for the zip code labeled "name" and one labeled "geometry" where each cell has KML for the corresponding boundary. We can use these boundaries to represent the locations when they are put on the map, otherwise they will only be points on the map.
- Make sure you have the Population table open in your browser.
- In the Population table, select Merge.
- Paste the following URL in the Text box under Merge with: _URL_
- Click the Get button.
- Select the columns you want to merge on. Make sure the radio button next to Zip is selected in the left column, and select the radio button next to name in the right column. These columns both have zip codes in the same format. Merge works by looking for exact string matches in the selected columns and then linking matching rows together.
- Enter a table name for your merged table in the text box next to Save as a new table named. Suggested name: Bay Area Population merged with KML.
- Click Merge tables.
- Select Visualize > Map. You may initially see "data loading" messages. Wait a minute and zoom in or refresh to see the correct images.
- Click on one of the polygons on the map to see what is displayed in the InfoWindow.
Now let's customize the content in the InfoWindow.
- Click on Configure info window.
- Deselect all checkboxes except for the 2 next to Zip and Population. Notice how the HTML in the right panel is updated as you do this.
- Select the Custom tab.
- Update the HTML to the following:
- Click Save.
- Click on one of the zip code boundaries. The InfoWindow content should be similar to the following:94403Population: 37919
Now add some styling to the map to create an interesting visualization of the data.
- Click Configure styles.
- Select Fill color under Polygons in the left column.
- Select the Gradient tab.
- Select the radio button next to Show a gradient.
- In the drop-down menu next to Column, select Population.
- In the text box next to Through, enter the number 90900.
- Select any colors you want in the drop-down menus or keep the default.
- Click Save when done.
- The map will be updated with the new style.
- Click the Share button in the top right corner.
- Select the radio button next to Unlisted or Public. The visibility will be updated immediately on selection.
- Close the window.
- Open the embedded_map.html file using a Text Editor (please ensure Rich Text Format is off). This file is in the zip file you downloaded at the beginning of this tutorial.
- Go to Map visualization page for the example create above (if you have closed the window, find the table in your docs list at docs.google.com, reopen it and click on Visualize -> Map)
- Click on "Get embeddable link". You should see the following (your table id will be different):
- Select the text in the box "". Copy the text.
- Go to the embedded_map.html text editor and paste the select text below the line "Bay Area Population with Embedded Map". The file should now look like:
- Save the file and open it in a browser. You should now see:
- First, find the Table ID for your table. You can do this by:
- Selecting File > About. The Table ID is the value next to Numeric ID:.
- Open the map.html file using a Text Editor (please ensure Rich Text Format is off). This file is in the zip file you downloaded at the beginning of this tutorial.
- Find the line that reads:var tableid = XXXXXX;
- Replace the XXXXXX with your Table ID.
- Review the code. The code creates a new Map and a FusionTablesLayer to display on the Map.
- Save your updates.
- Open the map.html file in a browser. You should see your Fusion Table data on the map.
- Now, update the query sent to the Fusion Table Layer to include a filter. To do so add the "where" clause below, just after line 40 as follows:
select: 'geometry',from: tableid,
where: 'Population > 40000′
- Shape Escape: _URL_ Escape allows you to upload shape files to Fusion Tables. Simply go to shpescape.com and select the zipped shape file you want to upload. Shape Escape creates a Fusion Table with the shape file data for you!
- FusionTablesLayer Builder: _URL_ a few steps beyond the built-in "Get embeddable code" feature, FusionTablesLayer Builder generates all the code necessary to include a Google Map with a Fusion Table Layer on your own website.


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GDR Germany - Federal Office for Radiation Protection19.06.2013
|Map||Station List||Status Report||Information||FAQ||Contact||Imprint|
The German gamma dose rate (GDR) network consists of about 1800 continuously measuring, automatic probes. In order to make data available to the public as soon as possible, the BfS publishes without prior examination of the data. Because of the large number of probes it may happen that some data is missing or shows strange signals due to failures or technical problems (see Information). It should be noted that such error can occur and that individual values may be corrupted at single stations, while the neighboring probes do not show these abnormalities.
The time series (averaged over one hour) are updated regularly every 6 hours. In the case of an exceptional increase of the GDR, the probes report their status and the measured dose rate immediately. This alerts the BfS on-call team, who check the values within a short reaction time. Often heavy rain showers provoke an increase of the GDR due to the fact that the derivatives of naturally occurring radon in the atmosphere are washed out and deposited on the ground. This may lead to short-term increases in the GDR visible in the measurements, which decays very quickly again. In any case, all new data is checked on a daily basis. This check takes place before 10:00 in the morning, thus older data is checked. The check ensures that data with technically induced errors are marked by a member of the team on duty. This marked data is not shown in the time series plots.
Note: Averaged (mean) values over one hour, partly unvalidated raw data!
Daily mean values
The time series plots represent the gamma dose rate at the station Dransfeld:
Legend for the time series
The measured dose rate depends primarily on the level of natural radioactivity in soil (terrestrial component) and on the intensity of the cosmic radiation (cosmic component). The site-specific threshold is marked as a horizontal line in the time series. If the threshold is exceeded at two adjacent stations in the network, the management centre will be alarmed to clarify the situation. Typical progressions of the gamma dose rate are summarized in the Information.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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mase, (a form of conjugation).
Walking on the street, various different types of expressions are heard --- those who are living here naturally became to ignore words without special meanings, but those who are visitors tend to pick up much more. Here is a such example: a student walking besides me asked what does it mean with ませ in いらっしゃいませ. As we have enough time to expand a discussion, so I brought up the topic of verb conjugations and how it works in the word ます.
It is always a sensitive judgement as how much grammatical discussion is necessary for a language learner. However, I am a believer that it is not only useful but essential for an university student to always realise language rules behind expressions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This historical analysis examines the forces that shaped the collection and use of geographical data in Tanzania's Rufiji Basin. Hoping to develop irrigated agriculture, colonial engineers surveyed the basin's social and environmental landscapes and weighed the costs of damming. Following World War II, international experts interested in hydropower development conducted more geographical studies. While their studies offered limited information on stream flow, political and economic pressures led to their acceptance over those of colonial engineers. By illustrating how international institutions select what is accepted as knowledge and how such knowledge is used, the case highlights the politics of hydropower development in Africa. Based on archival work and fieldwork conducted in Tanzania and Sweden, this article argues that the shifting of the setting of knowledge construction from the basin to distant planning offices did not lead to projects based on better scientific knowledge, but set the stage for Tanzania's current electricity problems.
Heather J. Hoag and May-Britt Öhman. "Turning Water into Power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945–1985." Technology and Culture 49.3 (2008): 624-651.


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You are here
What is SAAM?
The month of April has been designated Sexual Assault Awareness Month (SAAM) in the United States. The goal of SAAM is to raise public awareness about sexual violence and to educate communities and individuals on how to prevent sexual violence.
By working together and pooling our resources during the month of April, we can highlight sexual violence as a major public health, human rights and social justice issue and reinforce the need for prevention efforts.
Download information about the SAAM Symbol and Color


definition of money by The Free Dictionary
angel may
axle grease Australian slang for money, which greases the wheels of life, so to speak, helping things to run along more smoothly. chicken feed Small change; a paltry or inconsequential amount of money. This American slang expression, which dates from 1836, is an allusion to the scraps and seeds fed […]
fast buck Money acquired quickly and effortlessly, usually through illegal or unscrupulous methods. In this expression, buck carries the American slang meaning of dollar, making the origin of the term self-evident.
Trying to hustle me a fast buck. (A. Kober, New Yorker, January, 1949)
filthy lucre Money; money or other material goods acquired through unethical or dishonorable means, dirty money. This expression was first used in an epistle by St. Paul:
For there are many unruly and vain talkers and deceivers … who subvert whole houses, teaching things which they ought not, for filthy lucre's sake. (Titus 1:10-11)
a king's ransom A very large sum of money. This expression, perhaps familiarized by the hefty sum demanded for the release of the kidnapped King Richard the Lion-Hearted, maintains frequent usage.
I couldn't look upon the babby's face for a king's ransom. (Mrs. Anna Hall, Sketches of Irish Characters, 1829)
loaves and fishes Monetary fringe benefits to be derived from public or ecclesiastical office; the personal profit one stands to gain from an office or public enterprise. This use of loaves and fishes derives from John 6:26:
Today the phrase is also sometimes heard in referring to any unanticipated, miraculous proliferation or abundance. This emphasis on abundance rather than personal gain derives from the actual description of the miracle of the loaves and fishes (John 6:11-13).
mad money Money for frivolous purchases or little luxuries; money for a bit of riotous living-it-up. Originally mad money was that carried by a woman in the event her escort made advances prompting her to leave him in the lurch and finance her own return home. It subsequently came to be applied to money used for any emergency, but at some point took the grand leap from necessity to luxury Perhaps today it might qualify as what economists call discretionary income.
monkey's allowance A trifling amount of money; a pittance; a paltry sum. This expression is derived from the saying, "He gets a monkey's allowance—more kicks than halfpence." At one time, trained monkeys performed tricks and then collected money from passers-by. If the monkey performed poorly, its owner often kicked or otherwise punished the animal. Thus, the monkey's allowance was frequently more abuse than money. By extension, a person who receives a "monkey's allowance" is one who works diligently but receives little, if any, payment for his labor. A related expression is monkey's money 'something of no value.'
nest egg Money saved, particularly a reserve fund for use in emergencies or retirement; a bank account or other form of investment which regularly increases in value by virtue of interest accrued or additional deposits made. Originally, a nest egg was a natural or artificial egg which was placed in a hen's nest to induce her to lay eggs of her own. Though the term retains this connotation, it has been extended to imply that once a person has saved a certain amount of money, he is likely to save more.
A nice little nest egg of five hundred pounds in the bank. (John Ruskin, Fors Clavigera, 1876)
pin money A small amount of money set aside for nonessential or frivolous expenditures; an allowance given to a woman by her husband. When common or straight pins were invented in the 13th century, they were expensive and relatively scarce, being sold on only one or two days a year. For this reason, many women were given a regular allowance called pin money which was to be saved until the pins were once again available for purchase. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was not uncommon for a man to bequeath to his wife a certain amount of money to be used for buying pins. Eventually, as pins became cheaper and more plentiful, the pin money was used for trifling personal expenses, but the expression persisted.
If he gives me two hundred a year to buy pins, what do you think he'll give me to buy fine petticoats? (Sir John Vanbrugh, The Relapse, 1696)
rubber check A bad check; a check not covered by sufficient funds. A check issued for an amount greater than the account balance is said to bounce, because it is returned to its payee.
She had bought the car and paid for it with a rubber check. (This Week Magazine, September, 1949)
a shot in the locker A reserve, usually financial; a last resource or chance. Locker is a nautical term for the compartment on board a vessel in which are stored ammunition, clothes, etc. Shot in the locker is literally stored ammunition; figuratively, it refers to a stash of money.
As long as there's a shot in the locker, she shall want for nothing. (William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair, 1848)
This expression is often heard in the negative not a shot in the locker, meaning no money or means of survival.
small potatoes See INSIGNIFICANCE.
sugar and honey Rhyming slang for money. This expression dates from the mid-19th century. Sugar alone is a popular slang term for money, in Britain as well as in the United States, where most people are unaware that the term is a truncated version of a rhyming slang expression.
widow's mite See CHARITABLENESS.
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'Diffuse' vs. 'Defuse'
What to Know
Diffuse can be used as a verb meaning "to spread out" or an adjective meaning "spread out" or "not concentrated." It is often confused with defuse which can only be a verb originally meaning "to take the fuse off a bomb" but now usually means "to make less dangerous or tense."
Meaning of Diffuse
First off, only one is ever an adjective: diffuse as an adjective most often means "not concentrated or localized," as in "diffuse lighting" or "a diffuse scent." It also means "being at once verbose and ill-organized," as in "a diffuse explanation that failed to provide any information." It comes from a Latin word meaning "to spread out."
It's when we venture into verb territory, though, that things can get muddled. Diffuse the verb comes directly from the adjective: something diffuse can be said to have diffused or been diffused. That is, it has spread out, or has been spread out, both literally and figuratively. Consider the following undeniably difficult situation:
My roommate's incessantly burning incense diffuses throughout the apartment.
My roommate wants the incessantly burning incense to diffuse more evenly throughout the apartment, but I do not.
My hatred for the scent of the incessantly burning incense is fueling a resentment that is diffusing through the relationship like a painful canker.
Sounds like things are getting tense with these roomies. Perhaps there's a way to, ahem, diffuse the situation.
But that, dear friends, is NOT it. One does not diffuse a situation, unless one is spreading it out, which, we assert, is hard to do. No, the word called for in the sentence above is defuse. It's an entirely different word, although it sounds almost identical to diffuse:
Meaning of Defuse
Defuse is a World War II relic, and in its original meaning it is merely a sum of its parts: deand fuse. It means "to remove the fuse from (a mine, a bomb, etc.)." Its figurative meaning developed quickly after, and is now the meaning most of us are most likely to encounter: "to make less harmful, potent, or tense."
While situations are hard to spread, situations can, with a little luck, be made less tense, which is why when it comes to dealing with situations, defuse is your word.
In summary: Diffuse is both a verb and an adjective, and refers to the spreading of something, or making it less concentrated. Defuse functions only as a verb and means "to remove the fuse from something."


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Celebrate Princeton Invention: Craig Arnold
Posted December 21, 2009; 01:08 p.m.
Able to adjust its focus more than 100,000 times faster than the human eye, the TAG Lens invented by mechanical and aerospace engineering professor Craig Arnold and his colleagues has applications in materials processing and imaging. (Photo: Brian Wilson)
Name: Craig Arnold, associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering
Invention: Tunable Acoustic Gradient Index of Refraction Lens (TAG Lens)
What it does: The TAG lens features a cylinder made of a special material that vibrates when electricity is passed through it, enclosed inside a fluid-filled chamber. Controlling the flow of electricity changes the vibrations that propagate through the fluid, changing the lens' focus more than 100,000 times faster than the human eye can refocus.
Inspiration: After developing a low-cost lens to shape laser beam output into different patterns, Arnold and his colleagues focused their attention on understanding how the device worked and its potential applications. Finding that the lens had the unique ability to focus rapidly at a wide range of focal lengths, they realized its potential went far beyond the original intended purpose, with numerous applications in materials processing and imaging.
Collaborators: Euan McLeod, a 2009 Ph.D. recipient, and Alexander Mermillod-Blondin, a former postdoctoral researcher in the Arnold lab
Back to main story


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The biggest priority within an organization is, obviously, cost. The employee talent search process can be cumbersome and tedious, let alone expensive. Managers spend long hours reading resumes, conducting interview, and training employees only to repeat the process if the new hire wasn't a good match for the company. Recruiting software investments may streamline operations; leading to savings. An organization may use an ARAP Savings Calculator template to verify the ROI of recruiting software investments.
ARAP Savings Calculator Template Overview
The ARAP Savings Calculator is grouped into two main worksheets: the recruiting data worksheet, and the potential savings calculations for ARAP, plus, a savings summary, and a savings breakdown at the bottom of the template. Each of the worksheets is further divided into subheadings and criteria. Note that the gray fields are reserved for calculating totals. The first worksheet is where the statistical data is entered while savings potential are calculated on the second.
ARAP Savings Calculator Work Flow
- The Hiring Practice section analyzes the effective use of in house application collection and how long positions are vacant. The questions break down the process of collecting applications and resumes, how it's done, how long it takes, and the number of people hired.
- The Annual Staffing section breaks down the dollar cost of full time equivalent work load used to process applications along with the funds spend on outsourcing to recruiting agencies. The work load sows how many employee hours are needed vs. how many are used for application processing.
- The Advertising section is a breakdown of recruiting advertising expenses based on types of media and outsourced firms.
- The Special Programs and Career Fairs section is a list of job fairs, career opportunity programs and cost used for recruiting.
- The Campus Recruitment organizes statistic from recruiting college students through various campuses.
- The final section is a list of other criteria that doesn't fit into a group. This list includes expenses accrued for traveling, meals, relocating, lodging, signing bonuses, and background checks.
- The second worksheet does not require any data to be entered. Each sub section of this worksheet is a reflection of the savings calculated from the six subsections in the first worksheet.
ARAP Savings Calculator Customization Tips
- Company name and date should be entered into rows one and three of the ARAP Savings Calculator, however, they can be placed any ware outside any of the worksheets.
- Criteria relevant to an organization can be added to the first worksheet. Be sure to update every other worksheet and math formulas to reflect the calculation of the added content.
Download: ARAP Savings Calculator
Check this out while you wait!


text: Nepali Rope Incense belongs to the long tradition of family cottage industries in the Himalayas. Almost all young children learn to twist ropes from their grandparents and eventually teach their own children or grandchildren. The ropes are produced in large quantities by farmers and other villagers during the off season. High quality aromatic medicinal herbs are gathered and dried. Herbs used have fumigation qualities and purify the atmosphere when burned. Lokta paper made from the Daphne bush is used to contain the herbs. The herbal blend is placed in the paper and given an artistic twist to create the rope like strands.


Archive for February, 2010
Optimizing parameters
I came across a fun problem recently that gave me a good opportunity to exercise my approximation muscles.
Problem: Compute \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n + \sqrt{n} + \sqrt[3]{n} +... + \sqrt[n]{n}}{n}, if it exists.
The basic approach to such sums is that the first few terms contribute to the sum because they are large and the rest of the terms contribute to the sum because there are a lot of them, so it makes sense to approximate the two parts of the sum separately. This is an important idea, for example, in certain estimates in functional analysis.
Since \sqrt[k]{n} \ge 1, k \ge 2 it follows that the limit, if it exists, is at least \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{2n-1}{n} = 2. In fact, this is the precise value of the limit. We'll show this by giving progressively sharper estimates of the quantity
\displaystyle E_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=2}^{n} \left( \sqrt[k]{n} - 1 \right).
In the discussion that follows I'm going to ignore a lot of error terms to simplify the computations.
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I am the published author of a series of children's books, four of which are currently available on amazon.com and other sources:
Dirkle Smat Inside Mount Flatbottom
Dirkle Smat and the Flying Statue
Dirkle Smat and the Viking Shield
Dirkle Smat Meets a Time Traveler
Come along with me as I research and write my next project – a non-fiction book intended to tell the interesting story of how our states got their jigsaw puzzle shapes. It turns out that when you look into the reason for those borders, you accidentally learn a little American History!
UPDATE: The book is finished! Look for "Our States Have Crazy Shapes" on amazon.com and Blue Spectrum Books. If you've every been curious about why the Upper Peninsula is a part of Michigan instead of Wisconsin, it turns out the answer is pretty quirky and involves Toledo, OH. Why does Missouri have a bootheel? Because a 23 year old man rode to Washington D.C. on his horse and lobbied for it. How did Minnesota end up with a topknot on it's northern border, and what happened to the state called Franklin? All of these and much more in this book written for all ages.


Coperion Newsletter Plastics InFocus Headerimage
How to Handle Liquids in Compounding Applications
While most of the ingredients for compounding processes are in solid form, liquids are also regularly used and can offer advantages in certain situations and particular applications.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid loss-in-weight feeders offer high accuracy addition of liquid additives in compounding processes.
Liquid ingredients such as oils or silicas can mix and disperse more effectively and can deliver faster reaction times in reactive processing. However, there are also a number of issues to consider when feeding liquids in plastics compounding operations.
Learn more about benefits and challenges when feeding liquids in these Questions & Answers.
What challenges can be encountered when feeding liquids and how can these be overcome?
Liquids tend to be incompressible, which means when they are fed the physical properties do not change. Variations in bulk density can be a massive issue in feeding bulk solids, but with liquids provided you have a consistent "volumetric" throughput you should get the equivalent "gravimetric" throughput.
Unfortunately, as flow rates and pressures increase the flow becomes less predictable, because of slippage back through the pump and cavitation (irregular filling of pump head), it becomes essential to provide a secondary measurement. As flow-meters suffer in the same way as described above the best way to measure and therefore control these materials is using a precise weighing system such as a loss-in-weight liquid feeder with high accuracy weighing technology.
Viscosity is a challenge because when a liquid is highly viscous it does not want to flow. This affects the type of pump that can be used. In most cases Coperion K-Tron recommends the use of gear pumps because they result in a very linear flow. Depending on the material characteristics we sometimes use membrane pumps instead. When a liquid is too viscous, one solution is to heat it up to reduce the viscosity. Coperion K-Tron then incorporates heating systems in the feeder to keep the liquid flowing as it is fed into the process.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid loss-in-weight feeders are available with insulation and heating systems to keep viscous liquids flowing.
What are the latest developments in liquid feeders?
When feeding liquids, the special requirements of each application vary widely. Thanks to the new modular design of the Coperion K-Tron Loss-in-Weight Liquid Feeders, a broad range of pumps and tanks can easily be combined to constitute a reliable liquid feeding system representing the ideal configuration for the specific application.
Although each liquid feeder is custom-designed to meet the desired feed rate, the process demands, the characteristics of the liquid, and the new modular concept streamlines the layout and engineering process of a feeder, thus reducing its lead time and initial cost. The new modularity also provides benefits in terms of a uniform mechanical construction as well as identical operation and maintenance for multiple differently sized units. This simplifies feeder operation, maintenance and spares inventory which in turn saves effort and cost. The same applies for retrofits..
Coperion K-Tron's modular liquid feeders are ideal for accurate gravimetric feeding of liquids in either continuous or batch operation. The liquid is metered by a pump outside the scale area. The feed pump is selected according to the feeding capacity which is required and the characteristics of the liquid to be fed. The modular concept makes it easy to tailor each liquid feeder to the parameters of the customer process.
The foundation of this modular liquid feeder is a base frame, available in various lengths and widths, which can be outfitted with optional feet or casters. The pump and weigh bridge are mounted on the base frame. The pump technology is selected depending on the viscosity of the liquid, for example gear or membrane pump.
The exclusive, patented Smart Force Transducer (SFT) weighing technology features vibrating wire technology and an on-board microprocessor with fine-tuned control algorithms to ensure high feeder accuracy. The storage tank is mounted on the scale; standard sizes range from 7.5 up to 300 liters, but larger custom systems have also been realized. A flexible connecting line is required between tank and pump. Depending on the needs of the application, additional options such as insulation or heating systems to maintain the process temperature can be supplied as well. ATEX configurations are also available.
Coperion K-Tron Liquid Feeder
Anatomy of a mineral oil feeder for an extrusion system
What are the most important key features in liquid feeding for sheet foam manufacture?
Within many compounding processes the liquid component is introduced downstream under melt pressure to avoid early degradation of anti-static properties, for example. Working together with an international customer in the UK, Coperion K-Tron has developed several special configurations to handle low pressure addition to an atmospheric port in the case of cross-linking promoters / catalysts in sheet foam manufacture.
The addition rate is critical, hence the need for accurate gravimetric feeding and the nature of these fluids means that the pump selection is critical, requiring extensive trials to ensure long life. We discovered progressive cavity PD pumps with stainless rotors and fluoropolymer elastomer or EPDM stators worked extremely well, with a linear flow rate, but only for a short time because the elastomer absorbed the fluid and became deformed. Switching to conventional gear pumps with a loading valve worked well until the shaft seals failed due to rubber ingress. The final solution, which is now in production on many foam lines, uses our SFT weighing technology coupled with magnetically driven gear pumps, sealed from all mechanical forces.
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Here is a question which probably has a negative answer, but I couldn't find any literature directly on it.
Let $(A_n)$ be a sequence of rectangular 0-1 matrices (that is, the entries are restricted to zero or one), such that for all $n$, the matrix product $A_n A_{n-1}$ makes sense. Suppose in addition that the following hold:
(i) there is a bound on the dimensions (sizes) of all the $A_n$;
(ii) for all $k$, there exists $N(k)$ such that the product $$ A_{N(k)+k}\cdot A_{N(k) + k-1} \cdot \dots \cdot A_{k+1} $$ is strictly positive (meaning, every entry is nonzero);
(iii) every $A_n$ has at least one nonzero entry in each of its columns and in each of its rows.
Then is it true that the sequence $(A_n)$ is weakly ergodic?
That is, for every $k$, given any two states at time $k$, call them $i$ and $j$ (corresponding to the transition by $A_{k+1}$), and given $\epsilon > 0$, there exists $K > k$ such that for every state $m$ at time $K$, the number of paths from $i $ to $m$ divided by the number of paths from $j$ to $m$ is within $\epsilon$ of a real number depending only on $i$ and $j$.
[This is the translation to weak ergodicity in the non-stochastic case. It is really a statistical criterion about numbers of paths joining states $\dots$. It is also necessary and sufficient for a dimension group with Bratteli diagram implemented by the sequence of matrices to be simple and have unique trace.]
It $is$ true if $N(k)$ is bounded above (use Birkhoff metric and the corresponding contraction theorem) or if the matrices are all square of size two (since then, the matrices satisfying (iii) have determinant plus or minus one or are all ones). The theorem is also true if infinitely many $A_n$ have rank one (trivial), or a bit less trivially, if there is a telescoping so that infinitely many of the telescoped products have rank one. Also sufficient is a condition like $N(k) = o(\ln k)$, but this is far from what I want.
There is almost certainly a reduction to the case that the $A_n$ are all square, so (i) is probably a red herring, that is, we just assume they are all square of the same size. The 0-1 condition can be replaced by having uniform upper and lower bounds on the nonzero entries of the nonnegative matrices $A_n$.
There is a considerable amount of literature on similar-sounding problems (e.g., variations on Wolkowitz' theorem, where it is assumed that the $A_n$ and their products are at least primitive or similar, or the $A_n$ are columnor row-stochastic or at least have a strictly positive column,...), but this one seems far harder, and thus more likely to fail. If there is a counter-example, I would like to see minimal strengthening hypotheses so that there is a positive (!) answer.
I think there's a counterexample to the statement in the generality given here (with 6*6 matrices).
There are 2 matrix types in the counterexample:
$$ C=\begin{pmatrix} 1&1&0&0&0&0\\ 1&1&0&0&0&0\\ 0&0&1&1&0&0\\ 0&0&1&1&0&0\\ 0&0&0&0&1&0\\ 0&0&0&0&0&1\end{pmatrix} \text{ and } D=\begin{pmatrix} 1&1&0&0&1&0\\ 1&1&0&0&1&0\\ 0&0&1&1&0&1\\ 0&0&1&1&0&1\\ 0&0&1&1&0&0\\ 1&1&0&0&0&0 \end{pmatrix}. $$
I'm thinking of 1 and 2 as a communicating class; 3 and 4 as another communicating class; and 5's as being a wormhole from 1's and 2's to 3's and 4's; and 6's as being a wormhole from 3's and 4's to 1's and 2's.
The sequence I have in mind is something like $\ldots A_nA_{n-1}\ldots A_1=\ldots DC^{1600}DC^{800}DC^{400}DC^{200}DC^{100}$. It has the mixing property because for any $k$, choosing $N(k)$ large enough that $A_{k+N(k)}\ldots A_{k+1}$ contains two $D$'s satisfies the property.
Next, I claim that it doesn't satisfy weak ergodicity. In particular, I want to say that the large majority of paths starting in the $\{1,2\}$ class stay in that class forever.
Let $t_1,t_2,t_3,\ldots$ be the times with the $D$'s. Label the equivalence classes as $1=\{1,2\}$; $2=\{3,4\}$; $3=\{5\}$ and $4=\{6\}$ [ apologies for the notation ].Let $Z^{(m,n)}_{ij}$ be the 4*4 matrix giving the number of paths from an element of type $i$ at time $m$ to an element of type $j$ at time $n$.
Then $Z^{(t_j,t_{j+1})}$ looks like $$ \begin{pmatrix} 2^{2^j}&1&2^{2^j}&0\\ 1&2^{2^j}&0&2^{2^j}\\ 0&1&0&0\\ 1&0&0&0 \end{pmatrix} $$ When you take products of these, you never get a substantial flow from the 1 class to the 2 class.
 - $\begingroup$ What a neat example! (Minor correction: five, not two, $D$s are required to make the product strictly positive.) I had been flailing around with powers of upper triangular, followed by lower triangular matrices. It does suggest other questions, e.g., if the matrices are restricted to full rank, or even if they are unimodular, then perhaps weak ergodicity holds? $\endgroup$ – David Handelman Jan 9 '14 at 15:12
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text:
"Unity that sanctifies diversity": Cottesloe revisited
Van der Borght, E.
MetadataShow full item record
The Cottesloe Consultation (1960) is an important milestone in the ecumenical struggle against apartheid and racism in general. This article tries to find out whether the theological arguments developed within the ecumenical movement are solid enough to withstand the threat of divisions on the basis of race, nation, tribe, and ethnicity that have the potential to tear apart the one church of Christ. In order to answer the questions the historical and textual background of the text of the Cottesloe Consultation is analyzed. It reveals that exactly at the place where the text tries to theologically justify the diversity of people within the unity of the church of humanity, the drafters could not rely on help from the theological commission of the World Council of Churches, and relied on an expressions coming from the defense of the then apartheid churches in South Africa, that is "unity sanctifies diversity". It illustrates that next to a moral answer the theological argument still requires further development.


The question is about the interaction of magma and water, and ensuing changes in topography. The DF wiki says that when magma is mixed with water you end up with steam and some obsidian from the interaction; it also states that volcanoes will always refill themselves.
enter image description here
What you have here is a volcano at ground level and I didn't pay attention when digging the moat around the fortress entrance, so there was a cave-in and I decided to channel the river to the volcano instead, dedicating the fortress to geological "science". Since the dwarves deconstructed the trade depot twice when the elves came (next time I'm building an ashery next to the depot, blocks of coal and oak wood goblets), the wealth must have triggered a megabeast attack so our tribute was in blood. The idea to build an ever-lasting sauna platform atop the volcano came to mind, but safety first, so we dug a channel to bring the joy of magma to the caves below.
To summarize, you have the river going into the volcano and the volcano emptying itself some 15 layers below into the caves. The water is on top of slowly receding magma. My issue is whether a floor will entirely form itself out. As you can see top left or center only a few tiles seem to connect to the underlying magma at this point and this is barely 3-4 levels below the surface.
I'm trying to gain insight and analyze possible outcomes.
 - Should I increase the magma flow in the caves to prevent such a floor from forming or is it unavoidable?
 - How many tiles of magma flow are required to "fend off" (stop floors from forming) a 3-tile(x2) water flow on top of it?
 - Is it possible to control the process to steer how the topography gets shaped?
 - Generally, had I not channeled the volcano into the caves, would a floor have formed immediately on the surface where the water meets the magma, or do you end up with unlimited steam; can you have a water flow that is little enough to not generate floors (only steam)?
 - 2
 Add more magma and water and enjoy the!science! – Studoku Sep 25 '15 at 8:58
 - 1
 Well, it's worst than I had expected, many dwarves are turning into were-weasels; worst, I dug a room many levels below all the setup described above, hoping to magma forge bolts and statues from all the hematite laying all over. So I channel a line like I usually do... the line overflows into the room. I lost a steel anvil because I couldn't dump it in time. This happened twice. The flow is altered; is it because of the water on top or simply because of the flow of magma to the caves... the magma forge was below all that... enter the magma safe pump and all... but the dwarves can do anything. – user76919 Sep 25 '15 at 13:21
You raise multiple questions, but it all does boil down to how does magma react with water.
1.There will always be a surface of obsidian forming where water and magma meet. In your case that means that a surface of obsidian is unavoidable. From what I can see, this may have already happened. (I do not see an indication that the water can currently reach the magma anymore)
2.In order to for magma to 'fend off' the water, the water essentially needs to evaporate before reaching the open magma. When that happens depends upon the height of the water in your channels, and the temperature. At higher temperatures, water can evaporate at greater heights (not just 1/7). Temperature here will initially be based of the climate (Temperate, Warm, etc) and Season (summer/dry). However, once some obsidian has formed, additional water must flow over it to reach magma. The temperature of the obsidian is raised by the magma, which in turn allows water to evaporate more readily.
3.The position of the magma as it gets hit by water creates the topography. Normally this creates a relatively level surface of obsidian, because the magma should be fairly level in a magma pool. Diverting magma (channels, cave-ins) and choosing where it touches water (controlled flooding) will be the only way to steer the process.
4.Mostly answered with point 1, diverting water into a volcano will always cause an obsidian'surface', but according to the wiki only steam (no surface) forms when rain hits magma, but as rain does not cause 1/7 water on open ground, it may be less water than can normally be moved.
As a *fun* note, your volcano will continuously attempt to fill (with magma) up to its original height, which will flood your caverns up to the height of the volcano if it can't flow off the edge of the map.
 - Thank you! An insightful and clear answer ; indeed the water doesn't seem to be reaching the magma anymore and your note explains what I said in the comments i.e. overflow! So we're not out of harm's way... – user76919 Sep 25 '15 at 20:32
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text:
Implicit Time Integration — What Can Go Wrong
In a previous Brief, we presented a problem involving fluid-structure interactions in which, when the Newmark method was used, contact chatter in the structural response as well as unphysical pressures in the fluid were seen. In this Brief, we present two additional problems and assess the merits of using two time integration techniques in solving these classes of problems.
In the first problem solution, provided by MGI COUTIER, the dynamic response of a gear system was studied. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the problem. The top gear was driven at a constant angular velocity of
Two different implicit integration schemes were considered: The Newmark method with = 0.25 and δ = 0.5 (the widely-used trapezoidal rule) and the Bathe method, available in ADINA. The contact between the gear teeth was assumed to be hard contact (no compliance was used) and the contact surfaces were assumed to be frictionless. The large displacement formulation was used to account for the large rotations of the gears. No physical damping was introduced in the model. The movie at the top shows the displacements of the gears computed using the Bathe method (of course the response is slowed down for visual purposes).
The time history of y-displacement at node 561, highlighted in Figure 1, is presented in Figure 2. The Newmark method diverges after 222 time steps while the Bathe method completes the 10,000 time steps. Here we only present the results for the initial part of the response for which data is available for both methods. The time histories of the y-displacement in both methods are very similar, except towards the end where the Newmark method shows numerical noises and diverges while the Bathe method continues without any difficulties.
Figures 3 and 4 depict the y-velocity and y-acceleration time histories at node 561, calculated using the two methods. As seen, over time, error builds up in the velocity and acceleration when using the Newmark method and this error eventually becomes very large. This is the main reason why the solution using the Newmark method diverges in this problem. The error in the velocity and acceleration of the gears causes unphysically large impact forces between the gear teeth every time they come into contact. As a result, the elements in the contact region undergo severe unphysical deformations and even collapse.
In Figure 3, large numerical noises using the Newmark method and the final overshoot of the velocity are worth noting. In Figure 4, the highly oscillatory accelerations in the Newmark method and also the fact that the accelerations are two orders of magnitude larger than when using the Bathe method are noteworthy.
The second problem solution, provided by Onsala Ingenjörsbyrå, involves a wave propagation in an acoustic medium. Figure 5 depicts the schematic of the model. A long duct with rigid walls was filled with liquid and was subjected to a sudden fluid flux at one end. The problem was solved using both the Newmark method (trapezoidal rule) and the Bathe method. The fluid was assumed to be a nonlinear acoustic fluid (using the subsonic potential based fluid formulation in ADINA).
The fluid was represented by 3D 8-node potential based elements and the response was calculated for a duration of 0.1 s using 1000 time steps. Due to the geometry and boundary conditions, this is effectively a 1D wave propagation problem. Since the acoustic medium has no source of energy dissipation and the boundaries are rigid, we would expect to see a pattern of pressure similar to the input to be repeated in time as the waves repeatedly reflect from the end of the duct.
Figure 6 shows the time histories of pressure at the middle of the duct using both fluid models and the two time integration schemes.
The movie below shows the pressure contour plot using the Bathe method.
It is interesting to note that using the Newmark method introduces significant numerical errors in the calculated response, whereas using the Bathe method gives good results.
The examples provided in this Brief, in the previous Brief and in the reference show the merits of using the Bathe method in a wide range of problems. Not only does the method lead to stable and accurate solutions when the trapezoidal rule fails, actually, the method also frequently prevents convergence difficulties in nonlinear analysis when such are observed using the Newmark method.


text:
(3 quadrocopters = 12 rotors)
To toss the ball, the quadrocopters accelerate rapidly outward to stretch the net tight between them and launch the ball up. Notice in the video that the quadrocopters are then pulled forcefully inward by the tension in the elastic net, and must rapidly stabilize in order to avoid a collision. Once recovered, the quadrotors cooperatively position the net below the ball in order to catch it.
Because they are coupled to each other by the net, the quadrocopters experience complex forces that push the vehicles to the limits of their dynamic capabilities.


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The purpose of this blog is to discuss ways that a veteran without a 100% VA disability rating can use Total Disability/Individual Unemployability (TDIU) to achieve the same results. Although many veterans seek to qualify for a 100% disability rating based on one or more disabilities, the reality of reaching this goal is quite difficult based on the VA's rating schedule. The reason for this difficulty is the fact that many disabilities do not have ratings criteria that reaches 100%, and for those disabilities that can be rated at 100%, the requirements to qualify are usually extremely narrow and subjective.
The formula used by the VA when combining more than one rating also makes the likelihood of reaching a 100% rating very difficult. For example, a veteran with one disability rated at 70% is considered by the VA as being 30% "non-disabled." Any further disability ratings affects only the remaining 30% portion of the veteran. Therefore a 70% rating combined with a 70% rating is not a 140% rating. It is 70% + 21% (30 X.70) = 90% (91% is rounded down to 90%). As one can see, as a veteran nears a 100% rating it will take higher and higher additional ratings to increase the veterans overall rating even by 1% on the combined scale.
Because a 100% schedular rating is so difficult to reach for most veterans, an alternative mechanism called TDIU is also used by the VA. TDIU helps veterans, who are no longer employable due to their service connected disabilities, to achieve a 100% service connected rating, even though their schedular disability rating is lower than 100%.
Although most disabled veterans have heard of TDIU, there exists many misconceptions about TDIU and how to utilize TDIU effectively. The most common misunderstanding about TDIU is that it is a separate claim. In fact, TDIU can be considered in conjunction with an underlying claim for an increased evaluation. An additional misconception is that TDIU only applies to individuals with particular disabilities or rating levels.
When determining TDIU, the VA can only consider service connected disabilities and their effect on a veteran's ability to obtain and maintain gainful employment. Any disability, no matter how severe, which is not service connected cannot be a basis for TDIU. Besides being determined solely upon service connected disabilities, TDIU traditionally can be considered only if:
- The veteran has one service connected disability rated at 60% or higher; or
- If the veteran has a combined service connected disability rating of 70% and at least one disability rated at 40%.
When considering the single disability rating requirement of 60% or 40% as discussed, the VA will often miss the fact that many types of disabilities can be grouped together and treated as a single disability. For example, disabilities to both arms or both legs can be combined and treated as a single disability for purposes of TDIU. In addition, multiple disabilities that arose out of a single disease or accident can also be combined into a single disability for the purpose of TDIU.
Beyond the "schedular" application of TDIU, which requires ratings of 60% for a single disability and 70% for multiple disabilities (at least one disability rated at 40%), VA regulations also provide for consideration of "extraschedular" TDIU, when there is a single disability that does not meet the minimum rating requirements but the veteran is still unable to maintain gainful employment. For example, a veteran who suffers a single disability of the back may have a rating of 40%. This rating on its own would not reach the rating requirements for schedular TDIU; however, this veteran may still not be able to stand, sit or walk for sufficient amounts of time to allow the veteran to maintain gainful employment. Because the rating criteria does not allow for a higher rating for the back, and the veteran cannot maintain gainful employment, the regulations provide an extraschedular mechanism for the VA to grant TDIU. In this example, the veteran does not meet the minimum rating requirement for traditional TDIU, however, because a veteran cannot maintain gainful employment due to a service connected disability, the VA may grant TDIU if the veteran files for a rating increase and proves he is unemployable.
The bottom line is that veterans have alternative pathways of achieving a 100% disability rating. Many times the VA does not adequately consider these alternatives and it is important that denied claims are appealed and the claim is developed properly with evidence showing how the veteran's disabilities prevent the veteran from obtaining and maintaining gainful employment. If a veteran cannot work due to one or more service connected disabilities, the veteran is entitled to Total Disability/Individual Unemployability (TDIU).


text: When the washing machine is loaded, the displacement sensor DRA measures how much the outer drum drops. It also measures the drum's deflection during spin-drying. Due to the inductive measurement principle, the sensor provides absolute position measuring for static and dynamic processes. Operation and the washing result are optimized by the load measurement. The displacement sensor provides an output signal proportional to the weight. This permits full utilization of the drum volume and helps to determine the required amount of detergent.


text:
A Landmark Guitar Method for Individual and Group Learning
By James Longworth and Nick Walker
Faber Edition: Basics
Guitar Method or Supplement
Book & CD
Guitar Basics is a landmark method for young guitarists. It starts at absolute beginner level and progresses to beginner level. The method is set out in fifteen stages and contains original pieces and traditional tunes in an array of styles including classical, folk and world music as well as well-known favorite film and TV themes such as James Bond, Batman and The Flintstones.
There is a thorough introduction to standard notation, with sections on chords and TAB, whilst ensemble pieces are ideal for group teaching.
The enhanced CD provides accompaniment parts, teachers' notes and tips for parents which are easily downloaded, or it can be simply used to play the fun backing tracks!


text:
Effect of Admission of a Partner
Admission of a new partner is a major event in a partnership business. A new admission can take place only with the unanimous consent of all the existing partners. New partners are admitted for several reasons. Additional capital contribution, fresh ideas more contacts etc. are some of the advantages in admitting a new partner.
Following are the most important accounting aspects to be considered at the time of admission of a new partner.
1. Change in profit sharing ratio
2. Accounting treatment of Goodwill
3. Revaluation of assets and liabilities
4 Treatment of reserves and accumulated profits / losses
5. Adjustment of Capital Accounts
1. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
When a new partner comes into the business, old partner have to adjust his profit share from their portion. Thus change in profit sharing ratio is the first accounting aspect to be considered on admission of a new partner. In academic accounting, change in profit sharing ratio can be presented in various ways:
2. The new partner's share is mentioned without specifying the old partner's profit sharing arrangement.
In this case it is to be assumed that the profit available after paying the new partner?s share is to be divided by the old partners in their old profit sharing ratio. In other words the even though the overall profit sharing ratio changes, the old ratio is still maintained between the old partners, within the new ratio.
3. Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities
Revaluation of assets and liabilities is another major step prior to admission or retirement. Revaluation is important, as there are hidden profits or losses in the difference between book value and actual market value of assets or liabilities. Revaluation is necessary whenever there is a change in profit sharing ratio, even without admission or retirement. The hidden profits or losses should be distributed in the ratio prior to change (Old ratio).
Revised values of assets and liabilities are brought into books by opening a temporary account called?revaluation account?. The purpose of revaluation account is to summarise effect of revaluation of assets and liabilities.
Revaluation account represents the combined capital account of partners. Any gain on revaluation of asset or liabilities, which are to be credited to partners, will be credited in revaluation account. Similarly any loss on revaluation will be debited in revaluation account instead of capital accounts. The revaluation account is closed by transferring its net balance to partner?s capital accounts in the profit sharing ratio.
4. Treatment of Reserves and Accumulated Profits
Accumulated profits such as general reserve, credit balance in profit &loss account etc. will be transferred to the capital accounts of old partners in the old profit sharing ratio. Similarly accumulated losses shall be transferred to the debit side of old partner?s capital accounts. Therefore these items will not appear in the new balance sheet.
5. Adjustment of Capital Accounts
When the partners change their profit sharing ratio at admission, retirement or any other reason, they also rearrange their capital accounts. Capital contribution is not essentially the basis of profit sharing. However the in most partnerships capital contribution is considered as the major factor in determining profit sharing ratio.
At the time of admission, capital contribution will be raised as an important condition. When a new partner is admitted for a certain share of profit for a certain amount of capital contribution he would naturally expect the other also maintain a capital balance matching with their profit share. Admission of a partner is not the only situation when a capital rearrangement is considered. Retirement, death or any other change in profit sharing ratio would prompt rescheduling the capital balances. The basic purpose of following?fixed capital method? is to maintain a steady capital ratio. When capital is readjusted on the basis of new partner?s capital contribution, the first step is to determine the revised capital balances of each partner. Readjustment in capital account is usually done by bringing in or taking out cash. Sometimes, in place of cash transactions, old partners may adjust their capital balances by transferring the excess or deficit in the capital accounts to their current accounts as a temporary measure. Once the capital balances are adjusted current accounts can be settled in due course.
Theory Questions 1. Explain the premium method of treatment of goodwill on admission a new partner. 2. What is sacrificing ratio on admission of a partner? 3. Give two circumstances in which sacrificing ratio must be applied. 4. Why is there a need for revaluation of assets and liabilities of a firm, if there is an admission of a new partner? 5. Explain the treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner. 6. Explain various accounting steps involved in the admission of a new partner. 7. What is meant by super profit in the valuation of goodwill? 8. Explain with reason the treatment of reserves and surplus existing in the books of the firm on admission of a partner.
1. Explain the premium method of treatment of goodwill on admission a new partner.
2. What is sacrificing ratio on admission of a partner?
3. Give two circumstances in which sacrificing ratio must be applied.
4. Why is there a need for revaluation of assets and liabilities of a firm, if there is an admission of a new partner?
5. Explain the treatment of goodwill on admission of a partner.
6. Explain various accounting steps involved in the admission of a new partner.
7. What is meant by super profit in the valuation of goodwill?
8. Explain with reason the treatment of reserves and surplus existing in the books of the firm on admission of a partner.


text:
Scientists have solved the mystery of why the world's highest mountains sit near the equator - colder climates are better at eroding peaks than had previously been realised.
Mountains are built by the collisions between continental plates that force land upwards. The fastest mountain growth is around 10mm a year in places such as New Zealand and parts of the Himalayas, but more commonly peaks grow at around 2-3mm per year.
In a study published today in Nature, David Egholm of Aarhus University in Denmark showed that mountain height depends more on ice and glacier coverage than tectonic forces.... At cold locations far from the equator, he found, erosion by snow and ice easily matched any growth due to the Earth's plates crunching together.
At low latitudes, the atmosphere is warm and the snowline is high. "Around the equator, the snowline is about 5,500m at its highest so mountains get up to 7,000m," said Egholm. "There are a few exceptions [that are higher], such as Everest, but extremely few. When you then go to Canada or Chile, the snowline altitude is around 1,000m, so the mountains are around 2.5km."...
Thursday, August 13, 2009
I'm always interested in new "facts" that explain the world to me. I just ran across this article by Alok Jha in the Guardian:


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Scientists have found the secrets of the old ship unearthed in 2010 under the ruins of the Twin Towers. First, the large vessel—buried under 22 feet (6.7 meters) of soil and wreckage—was built around the same time the Declaration of Independence was signed. There's more—but there's also one big mystery left unsolved.
By comparing the wood's ring patterns with the historical record, researchers at Columbia's Tree Ring Lab led by Dr Martin-Benito found that the ship was built in a Philadelphia shipyard around 1773. Most importantly, the rings matched samples from Independence Hall—the building where the founding fathers signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.
On July 2010, archaeologists monitoring excavation at the World Trade Center site (WTC) in Lower Manhattan found the remains of a portion of a ship's hull. Because the date of construction and origin of the timbers were unknown, samples from different parts of the ship were taken for dendrochronological dating and provenancing. After developing a 280-year long floating chronology from 19 samples of the white oak group (Quercus section Leucobalanus), we used 21 oak chronologies from the eastern United States to evaluate absolute dating and provenance. Our results showed the highest agreement between the WTC ship chronology and two chronologies from Philadelphia (r = 0.36; t = 6.4; p < 0.001; n = 280) and eastern Pennsylvania (r = 0.35; t = 6.3; p < 0.001; n = 280). The last ring dates of the seven best-preserved samples suggest trees for the ship were felled in 1773 CE or soon after. Our analyses suggest that all the oak timbers used to build the ship most likely originated from the same location within the Philadelphia region, which supports the hypothesis independently drawn from idiosyncratic aspects of the vessel's construction, that the ship was the product of a small shipyard. Few late-18th Century ships have been found and there is little historical documentation of how vessels of this period were constructed. Therefore, the ship's construction date of 1773 is important in confirming that the hull encountered at the World Trade Center represents a rare and valuable piece of American shipbuilding history.
Past analysis of the wood also found burrowing holes produced by a worm plague, which researchers think the ship got in a trip to the Caribbean. Dr Martin-Benito believe that this was the reason why the ship suffered a premature death on the coast of Manhattan.
One mystery remains, however: How the hell did the ship end down here? Here's a possible answer:
Historians still aren't certain whether the ship sank accidently or if it was purposely submerged to become part of a landfill used to bulk up Lower Manhattan's coastline. Oysters found fixed to the ship's hull suggest it at least languished in the water for some time before being buried by layers of trash and dirt.


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Matt acrylic colors, water-based and especially formulated for airbrushing. The Model Air color range contains the most complete selection of the military colors used in recent history, including the colors of WWI, WWII and up to the present. Each color is based on extensive research by our experts of the existing and previous military references so as to offer the modeler the highest possible historical accuracy. Model Air is used directly or diluted with Vallejo Airbrush Thinner or Flow Improver. It is recommended to first prime the surface, and then apply Model Air in several layers. The colors dry very rapidly and form a homogenous paint film of extraordinary resistance while preserving even the smallest detail of the model. For airbrushing these colors, the compressor air pressure is recommended at 15'20 PSI or 0.5 to 1 kg. Model Air can of course also be applied with a brush. For correct airbrush maintenance we recommend using the Vallejo Airbrush Cleaner.
Safety: Model Air is not flammable, and does not contain solvents. Please see also certified safety information of the product on the Safety page.
Packaging: Model Air is presented in bottles of 17 ml./0.57 fl.oz. with eyedropper. This packaging prevents the paint from evaporating and drying in the container, so that It can be used in minimal quantities and preserved for a long time.


text:
Dhammayazika is located in Pwasaw region. in the southern part of Bagan. This temple was built by King Narapati Sithu. The name of the pagoda. Dhammayazika or Dhammarajika in Pali means "Pertaining the King of Law. The structure of Dhammayazika Pagoda has pentagonal terraces instead of the usual Bagan pagodas. the square base.
There are three receding terraces. ornamented with glazed Jataka plaques. On each side of the pagoda. there is a small temple housing an image of Buddha.
The usual practice in most temples was to have four images facing the cardinal points. representing the four Buddhas of the present world cycle who have already attained Enlightenment.
But in this pagoda the fifth temple is placed with the future becoming Buddha. All the five names of the Buddha are Kakusandha. Konagamana. Kassapa. Gotama and Metteyya. The inscription records say tht in 1197 King Narapatisithu received four holy relics from the King of Sri Lanka and that he built the pagoda in 1198 to enshrine the relics.


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Loading Deferred Content (WCF Data Services)
By default, WCF Data Services limits the amount of data that a query returns. However, you can explicitly load additional data, including related entities, paged response data, and binary data streams, from the data service when it is needed. This topic describes how to load such deferred content into your application.
When you execute a query, only entities in the addressed entity set are returned. For example, when a query against the Northwind data service returns Customers entities, by default the related Orders entities are not returned, even though there is a relationship between Customers and Orders. Also, when paging is enabled in the data service, you must explicitly load subsequent data pages from the service. There are two ways to load related entities:
 - Eager loading: You can use the $expand query option to request that the query return entities that are related by an association to the entity set that the query requested. Use the Expand method on the DataServiceQuery to add the $expand option to the query that is sent to the data service. You can request multiple related entity sets by separating them by a comma, as in the following example. All entities requested by the query are returned in a single response. The following example returns Order_Details and Customers together with the Orders entity set:
 // Define a query for orders that also returns items and customers.
 DataServiceQuery query =
 WCF Data Services limits to 12 the number of entity sets that can be included in a single query by using the $expand query option.
 - Explicit loading: You can call the LoadProperty method on the DataServiceContext instance to explicitly load related entities. Each call to the LoadProperty method creates a separate request to the data service. The following example explicitly loads Order_Details for an Orders entity:
 // Explicitly load the order details for each order.
 context.LoadProperty(order, "Order_Details");
When you consider which option to use, realize that there is a tradeoff between the number of requests to the data service and the amount of data that is returned in a single response. Use eager loading when your application requires associated objects and you want to avoid the added latency of additional requests to explicitly retrieve them. However, if there are cases when the application only needs the data for specific related entity instances, you should consider explicitly loading those entities by calling the LoadProperty method. For more information, see How to: Load Related Entities (WCF Data Services).
When paging is enabled in the data service, the number of entries in the feed that the data service returns is limited by the configuration of the data service. Page limits can be set separately for each entity set. For more information, see Configuring the Data Service (WCF Data Services). When paging is enabled, the final entry in the feed contains a link to the next page of data. This link is contained in a DataServiceQueryContinuation object. You obtain the URI to the next page of data by calling the GetContinuation method on the QueryOperationResponse returned when the DataServiceQuery is executed. The returned DataServiceQueryContinuation object is then used to load the next page of results. You must enumerate the query result before you call the GetContinuation method. Consider using a do…while loop to first enumerate the query result and then check for a non-null next link value. When the GetContinuation method returns null (Nothing in Visual Basic), there are no additional result pages for the original query. The following example shows a do…while loop that loads paged customer data from the Northwind sample data service.
// With a paged response from the service, use a do...while loop
// to enumerate the results before getting the next link.
 // Write the page number.
 Console.WriteLine("Page {0}:", pageCount++);
 // If nextLink is not null, then there is a new page to load.
 if (token!= null)
 // Load the new page from the next link URI.
 response = context.Execute(token)
 as QueryOperationResponse;
 // Enumerate the customers in the response.
 foreach (Customer customer in response)
 Console.WriteLine("\tCustomer Name: {0}", customer.CompanyName);
// Get the next link, and continue while there is a next link.
while ((token = response.GetContinuation())!= null);
When a query requests that related entities are returned in a single response together with the requested entity set, paging limits may affect nested feeds that are included inline with the response. For example, when a paging limit is set in the Northwind sample data service for the Customers entity set, an independent paging limit can also be set for the related Orders entity set, as in the following example from the Northwind.svc.cs file that defines the Northwind sample data service.
// Set page size defaults for the data service.
config.SetEntitySetPageSize("Orders", 20);
config.SetEntitySetPageSize("Order_Details", 50);
config.SetEntitySetPageSize("Products", 50);
// Paging requires v2 of the OData protocol.
config.DataServiceBehavior.MaxProtocolVersion =
In this case, you must implement paging for both the top-level Customers and the nested Orders entity feeds. The following example shows the while loop used to load pages of Orders entities related to a selected Customers entity.
while (nextOrdersLink!= null)
 foreach (Order o in c.Orders)
 // Print out the orders.
 Console.WriteLine("\t\tOrderID: {0} - Freight: ${1}",
 o.OrderID, o.Freight);
 // Load the next page of Orders.
 var ordersResponse = context.LoadProperty(c, "Orders", nextOrdersLink);
 nextOrdersLink = ordersResponse.GetContinuation();
For more information, see How to: Load Paged Results (WCF Data Services).
WCF Data Services enables you to access binary large object (BLOB) data as a data stream. Streaming defers the loading of binary data until it is needed, and the client can more efficiently process this data. In order to take advantage of this functionality, the data service must implement the IDataServiceStreamProvider provider. For more information, see Streaming Provider (WCF Data Services). When streaming is enabled, entity types are returned without the related binary data. In this case, you must use the GetReadStream method of the DataServiceContext class to access the data stream for the binary data from the service. Similarly, use the SetSaveStream method to add or change binary data for an entity as a stream. For more information, see Working with Binary Data (WCF Data Services).
© 2014 Microsoft


text:
The In-Situ CHEmical MINIaturized analyzer (CHEMINI) is an instrument developed by IFREMER that measures dissolved chemical parameters in seawater including iron, nutrient salts and sulphur. CHEMINI is one of the sensors on Tempo-Mini, installed at Endeavour Ridge, and used to measure iron (Fe) properties near hydrothermal vents.
The study of chemical parameters at hydrothermal vents is important. As hot effluent encounters the cold seawater (~2 degrees C), minerals precipitate from the element-rich vent water. Black smoker vents are found in areas where the effluent is very hot (~350 C). These types of vents precipitate iron sulphides, giving rising plumes a dark colour and cause the formation of sulphide-mineral deposits on the seafloor.
Individual instruments of the above category, which are (or have been) connected to our observatories. Click an instrument for detailed information.
|CHEMINI Iron on Tempo-mini||Marine Technology Centre|
Click the instrument categories below for descriptions and lists of instruments belonging to that category.


text:
Archaeological excavations have taken place in Clare over the last couple of weeks (April and March 2011). Upwards of 200 people from a wide cross-section of the community have been involved with the project in one way or another.
The project started with the pupils at Clare Middle School taking time away from their studies to help the people of Clare explore the history of the town. Teams of teachers and students investigated what lay beneath the gardens of Clare, digging a total of 15 test pits. Everyone had a huge amount of fun whilst digging the test pits and the experts were on hand to help and advise.
Many people generously allowed the school's teams to dig up their gardens where they were unable to do so themselves. The teams were in search of artefacts left behind by previous residents of the town. Their finds showed evidence of occupation stretching back over thousands of years.
The following weekend, the general public continued test pitting across more gardens in the town. Another 17 test pits were dug over the weekend by couples, families, extended families, old friends and new friends alike.
Everyone had a great deal of fun and worked extremely hard to get everything finished in time for the closing discussions at the end of the last day. We found lots of interesting things during the project and will be publishing a final report on the website as soon as it's available. A final report will be produced early next year along with a talk given to Clare Archaeological and Historical Society by Carenza Lewis. Preliminary reports are available from the Access Cambridge Archaeology website.


13 Religious Perspectives On Mourning And Memorial Events
Different religions have various approaches to mourning and memorial events.
While some religions have prescribed mourning periods and memorial events, others do not. Here are some major religions' perspectives on mourning and memorial events.
Episcopalians do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Baptists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Buddhists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Catholics do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Eastern Orthodox
The mourning period for Eastern Orthodox Christians lasts for forty days. Within those forty days, the third day, the ninth day, and the fortieth day all have special significance. After forty days, memorials are celebrated at three months, six months, nine months, one year, and on the anniversary of the death for at least seven years. For close relatives, the mourning period may last for one year, during which widows and widowers may wear only black clothing and will recite Panikhidas regularly. Close relatives may also stay home from work for one week and avoid social gatherings for two months.
Hindus observe both a mourning period and memorial events. The day after the cremation, the eldest male relative (known as "karta") will return to the crematory and collect the ashes. Traditionally, the ashes should be immersed in the Ganges River, though more and more other rivers are becoming acceptable substitutes. For Hindus living outside of India, there are companies that will arrange for the shipment of the cremated remains to India and will submerge the ashes in the Ganges.
The cremation of the deceased marks the beginning of the mourning period, which lasts for 13 days. During this time, the family will stay at home and receive visitors, though mourning rituals may differ depending on the community. A photograph of the person who died may be prominently displayed, and a garland of flowers may be placed on the photograph. Throughout the mourning period, the rite of "preta-karma" will be performed, which assists the disembodied spirit of the deceased to obtain a new body for reincarnation.
One year after the death, the family will observe a memorial event called "sraddha," which pays homage to the person who died. The karta will invite Brahmins, members of the highest caste, to the home and provide them with an elaborate meal, treating them as he would his own parents.
There are two periods of mourning in Judaism. The first, called "shiva," meaning "seven," takes place over the seven days immediately following the funeral. During shiva, the family gathers every day in a family home to mourn and pray. For seven days, family members do not go to work or participate in the routine of their normal lives. Guests are received during this time. On the first day of shiva, a shiva candle is lit, which will burn for the duration of the week.
The second period of mourning is called "shloshim," meaning "thirty," and lasts until the thirtieth day after the funeral. During shloshim, mourners will resume many of their daily routines, but will continue to recite the Mourner's Kaddish daily. Shloshim marks the end of the formal mourning period and a full return to daily life, except in the event that mourners are mourning the death of a parent. If a parent has died, the formal mourning period lasts an entire year.
Any time within the first eleven months after the death, there will be a ceremony around the installation of the headstone, called a "headstone unveiling." (Though a headstone unveiling is traditional, there is no religious obligation to have an unveiling.) Before the ceremony begins, the headstone is covered in a sheet or cloth. Those in attendance gather around the headstone and recite psalms and perhaps a brief eulogy before removing the cloth. The Memorial Prayer, called "El Maleh Rachamim," is then recited. If there are at least ten people in attendance, the Mourner's Blessing, called "Mourner's Kaddish," may be recited. After the prayers have been recited, those in attendance will place small stones on the headstone as a sign that you visited the grave and as a sign of respect for the person who died.
There are two specified memorial events in Judiasm. The first, called "yahrzeit," is observed on the anniversary of the death (according to the Hebrew calendar). Every year, the night before the anniversary of the death, a yahrzeit candle is lit, which will burn for 24 hours, and the mourner recites the Mourner's Kaddish.
The second memorial event, called "yizkor," takes place on Yom Kipur, the Day of Atonement, as well as on the holiday of Shemini Atzeret and on the last days of the holidays Passover and Shavuot. Yizkor is a memorial prayer service, and mourners will go to synagogue to mourn with the community.
Lutherans do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Methodists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Mormons do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Traditionally, the Muslim mourning period lasts 40 days. Depending on the degree of religiousness of the family, however, the mourning period may be much shorter.
Widows are expected to observe a longer mourning period, generally of four months and ten days. During this time, widows are prohibited from interacting with men whom they could potentially marry (known as "na-mahram"). However, this rule may be overlooked in cases of emergency, such as when the widow must see a doctor.
Presbyterians do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Quakers do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.


POPIA and Community Schemes
POPIA and Community Schemes
POPIA sets out principles or conditions, and therefore a framework for lawful processing of personal information. It applies to any person or organisation who processes personal information. Its purpose is to protect personal information by ensuring transparent processing thereof.
Application to and by every community scheme within this framework will be unique. However certain matters will be the same for all schemes.
It protects certain basic human rights enshrined in our Constitution, such as a right to privacy, and it brings the South African statutory framework in line with a major piece of regulation in the European Union, namely the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Underlying Principle 1: The fundamental building block, purpose and point of departure of POPIA is to safeguard personal information against misuse when processed "by parties given this responsibility in the act (designated the responsible party) to "give effect to (our) constitutional right to privacy, and to ensure transparency when dealing with personal information.
POPIA limits and balances this fundamental purpose by recognising and allowing for other constitutional rights, such as the right to access of information, and interests such as the free flow of information.
You can learn more HERE


text:
The Drosophila insulin receptor (dInR) regulates cell growth and proliferation through the dPI3K/dAkt pathway, which is conserved in metazoan organisms. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of the Drosophila forkhead-related transcription factor dFOXO, a key component of the insulin signaling cascade. dFOXO is phosphorylated by dAkt upon insulin treatment, leading to cytoplasmic retention and inhibition of its transcriptional activity. Mutant dFOXO lacking dAkt phosphorylation sites no longer responds to insulin inhibition, remains in the nucleus, and is constitutively active. dFOXO activation in S2 cells induces growth arrest and activates two key players of the dInR/dPI3K/dAkt pathway: the translational regulator d4EBP and the dInR itself. Induction of d4EBP likely leads to growth inhibition by dFOXO, whereas activation of dInR provides a novel transcriptionally induced feedback control mechanism. Targeted expression of dFOXO in fly tissues regulates organ size by specifying cell number with no effect on cell size. Our results establish dFOXO as a key transcriptional regulator of the insulin pathway that modulates growth and proliferation.
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UAE students film female teacher during class, post videos on Internet
Female students of a government school in Ras Al Khaimah filmed their female teacher during the class and posted the video on the Internet.
The management of the school seized a smartphone and an iPod from the students for filming and posting the videos on Snapchat, Arabic daily Al Khaleej reported on Monday.
The school management conducted a search operation among students and seized devices after a teacher filed a complaint that a couple of students had filmed her during the class and was forwarding the clip to other students.
The campaign led to seizure of a smartphone and an iPod, which contained videos of teachers and students while the class was on.
The teacher filed a police complaint against the students. A police officer visited the school and gave a lecture about internet crimes and the dangers of misusing smartphones.
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text:
Auckland university researchers have written software which enables a computer to recognise rat footprints from those of other wildlife, and tell the difference between species of rats.
"By identifying rat species we can understand patterns of invasion on predator-free islands, or detect new species entering New Zealand," biologist James Russell said.
The software can be used to read cards left on either side of an inkpad that pests walk over in tunnels placed in vulnerable sites such as predator-free islands or cargo crates.
Footprint cards are a cheap method of identifying animals, particularly ones present in low numbers, or difficult for human observers to find.
The Department of Conservation uses footprint cards but analyses them manually, and it is difficult for even experts to differentiate between species with similar-looking footprints.
Automating the footprint identification speeds up the tracking of invasive animals, and technique can be easily adapted to monitor other animals.
By developing an automated method to identify species, and extending it to any animal that leaves tracks - including reptiles and insects - researchers can help track species living in an area, said Dr Russell, who now teaches at the University of California's Berkeley campus.
Tracking tunnels will be used on Auckland's Rangitoto and Motutapu islands, where eradication programmes have started against all introduced animals.


Select solver and optimization options, run problems
optimtool opens the Optimization app. Use the Optimization app to select a solver, optimization options, and run problems. See Optimization App for a complete description of the Optimization app.
The Optimization app can be used to run any Optimization Toolbox™ solver, and any Global Optimization Toolbox solver except GlobalSearch and MultiStart. Results can be exported to a file or to the MATLAB® workspace as a structure.
optimtool(optstruct) starts the Optimization app and loads optstruct. optstruct can be either optimization options or an optimization problem structure. Create optimization options with the optimoptions or optimset function, or by using the export option from the Optimization app. Create a problem structure by exporting the problem from the Optimization app to the MATLAB workspace. If you have Global Optimization Toolbox, you can create a problem structure with the createOptimProblem function.
optimtool('solver') starts the Optimization app with the specified solver, identified as a string, and the corresponding default options and problem fields. All Optimization Toolbox and Global Optimization Toolbox solvers are valid inputs to the optimtool function, except GlobalSearch and MultiStart.
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Unlock These 6 Keys to Native-sounding Paraguayan Spanish
It's hard to be in the middle!
Sitting right in the middle of South America is a landlocked republic that doesn't always get the attention it deserves from Spanish learners.
When planning a trip or choosing a regional Spanish to study, you might think of Brazil, Argentina, Peru or Colombia before your mind wanders to the striking landscape and unique language that can be found in Paraguay.
We're here to set that straight!
Whether you plan on traveling to Paraguay, want to meet new Spanish-speaking friends or simply feel curious about variants of the Spanish language, there are many intriguing linguistic gems to be found.
Keep reading to learn more about what makes Paraguayan Spanish special and where you can hear it, plus six key pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary tips that'll get you sounding like a local!
Why Focus on Paraguayan Spanish?
 - Discover the Paraguayan language salad: Spanish, Guaraní or Jopará? The very first thing you should know is that learning Paraguayan Spanish necessarily means learning Guaraní as well. An indigenous language, Guaraní was established as a co-official language of Paraguay alongside Spanish and is taught in schools across the country.
Guaraní is spoken by the masses and is an undeniable part of Paraguay's identity, with politicians and the elites speaking it as fluently as the regular Paraguayan next door. Approximately 90 percent of the population speak Guaraní, although only an estimated five percent of the population is actually indigenous—numbers unique to Paraguay compared to the rest of Latin America.
The result is a very interesting mix of Spanish and Guaraní that ended up being called Jopará or Guarañol! Ready for a delicious language salad?
 - Appreciate the country's history and culture better. Paraguay carries the weight of a heavy history on its shoulders. Having withstood several eras of dictatorship, conflict with its neighbors and burdensome occupation, Paraguay still offers jaw-dropping natural and historical heritage today.
Perhaps one of your future travel plans could include visiting La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná near Encarnación and exploring the ruins of what used to be a small Jesuit colony. Looking to experience Paraguay like a native? Try drinking the traditional, incredibly popular and omnipresent tereré (infusion of yerba mate) or visit the murals and street art that brought Asunción a new breath of fresh air!
Looking for natural landscapes? Why not visit the dunes of San Cosme and Damian or the caverns of Vallemi? Paraguay gives you the natural, the historical and the urban, all in one!
 - Can you say "startup?" InfoCasas (rental and shopping for houses in Paraguay), Préstamos (banking and loans) and Nexoos (funding your business) are examples of Paraguayan startups that keep on giving.
A major producer of hydroelectricity and home to the world's largest generator of renewable energy, Paraguay offers a world of opportunity and challenge for entrepreneurs who dream of making an actual difference and escaping saturated markets.
Where to Practice Paraguayan Spanish
We'll teach you the ins and outs of Paraguayan Spanish below, but first: where can you hear and practice it? Check out these fun options.
Jam Out to Hit Paraguayan Music
A great way to start getting familiar with the sound and culture of Paraguayan Spanish is to enjoy catchy Paraguayan songs.
 - Into jazz and soul? Purahei Soul are likely to give you a healthy dose of Guaraní and soul in one serving!
Follow These Paraguayans YouTubers
Paraguayan YouTubers let you hear authentic, up-to-date local Spanish for free—and it's always fun, too!
 - Sin Jabón en la Boca (Without Soap in the Mouth) will give you the best of political, social and cultural commentary with a touch of humor and shamelessness.
 - Mar Joha will give you relationship advice, her experience with Paraguayan society and her opinions on dating and music.
Worried that you might not be able to understand these fast-talking native Spanish speakers? FluentU is a great resource that makes authentic Spanish videos accessible to any level of learner.
Each video comes with interactive subtitles. Just click any unfamiliar word for an instant definition, native pronunciation and visual learning aid. You'll also get links to other videos that have the word, so you can hear how it's used in different contexts or different regions. Then, FluentU's "Learn Mode" creates flashcards and exercises for the videos so you remember new words after you're done watching.
The videos are organized by genre and level, so it's easy to find something that works for you. Get started with this cute video about a young Paraguayan boy named Orlando, then explore the full video library for free with a FluentU trial.
Guara-what? The Ultimate Guide to Learning Paraguayan Spanish
As in any country around the world, Spanish won't sound exactly the same in all regions of Paraguay. However, there are some overarching tips we can share that'll make your life easier learning Spanish from Paraguay.
1. Vacuum Clean Your Letter "S"
Paraguayan Spanish shares some aspects of pronunciation with other Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. That being said, Paraguayan people will often turn an "s" into a soft "h."
Talking to a Paraguayan friend, you may notice that the expression más o menos (more or less) would sound like "máh o méno." The word español (Spanish) would also sound like "ehpañol."
Other examples are estamos (we are), which would be pronounced "ehtamo," and hasta (until), which would be likely to sound like "ahta."
Can you guess how the sentence Estamos juntos y hablamos español (We are together and we speak Spanish) would sound? If you placed your bets on something similar to "Ehtamo junto y hablamo ehpañol," you're correct!
Check out how these tips would actually sound when spoken by a Paraguayan.
2. Pay Attention to "R" and "Tr"
In some regions of Paraguay, the letters "tr" as in trabajo (work), trio (trio) or trampa (trap) could be pronounced with the sound of a very soft, quick "tch." Think "tchabajo," "tchio" or "tchampa."
Additionally, it's not uncommon for the "r" at the end of a word to be strongly pronounced and somewhat exaggerated when talking enthusiastically, fervently or jokingly about a topic. Not only does this strong "r" sound flow easily within the language, it also helps the message come across as funnier or stronger:
¿Dónde está mi celularrrrrr? (Where is my cellphone?)
In some variations of Paraguayan Spanish, the "r" will be pronounced very similarly to English, and only in particular words within a sentence—you can see how that would sound by clicking this Paraguayan YouTuber's video and watching out for the 0:11 to 0:16 mark.
3. Get Familiar with Vos
If you plan on spending time with Paraguayan friends, you may notice they often use the word vos instead of to refer to "you," the second person singular.
The verb for this is vosear. The replacement of with vos is a major departure from Castillian Spanish and even from the Spanish of other Latin American countries!
Vos requires particular verb conjugations that differ from those we use with tú. For instance, instead of saying tú tienes, you would use vos tenés (you have). Rather than saying tú eres (you are), you would use vos sos.
Other common examples include:
 - tú hablas vos hablás (you talk)
 - tú pides → vos pedís (you ask for something)
 - tú comes → vos comés (you eat)
 - tú puedes → vos podés (you can)
 - tú pones → vos ponés (you put)
Do keep in mind that although intuitively the word vos would sound pretty formal, it's used in Paraguay informally, such as between friends or mother and child. Also, it's not unusual for vos and verb conjugations to get mixed up in the same conversation, sometimes by the exact same person!
4. Give That "Y" a J-twist!
Ready for a healthy dose of eccentric pronunciation quirks?
Think of the words Paraguay, Uruguay, hay (there is), soy (I am) or estoy (also "I am").
For words that have the letter "y" at the end, as in the previous examples, the regular sound "-ee" will do. You'll be safe!
However, when sneaking into the beginning of a word, it's extremely common for the letter "y" to be pronounced as a soft "j."
 - ya → would be pronounced "ja" (already)
 - yo → would be pronounced "jo" (I)
 - yacaré → would be pronounced "jacaré" (alligator)
 - Yugoslavia would be pronounced "Jugoslavia"
Remember: the final sound will always be a very soft blend between a "y" and a "j." Make sure you don't draw too much attention to the sound, and keep it smooth!
5. Swap Your "LL" for "Y"


text:
The 1H NMR spectra of a series of high-spin ferric metmyoglobins (metMbs) have been analyzed to assess the validity of meso proton (meso-H) contact shift direction as a probe for H2O coordination and to develop a quantitative interpretative basis of the hyperfine shift pattern as a structural probe for the heme-iron ligation state. The quantitative analyses of the hyperfine shifts are based on a comparison of the structurally characterized six-coordinate sperm whale metMbH2O and the five-coordinate Aplysia metMb. The developed spectral probes are subsequently applied to elucidate the role of distal residues in modulating H2O coordination in a series of E7 and El 1 point mutants of sperm whale Mb. The elusive distal El 1 residue signals are assigned in the two reference proteins on the basis of their unique relaxation properties and from the spectral characteristics of El 1 sperm whale Mb point mutants. Quantitative analysis of the El 1 residue dipolar shifts demonstrates that the loss of coordinated H2O leads to a substantial increase in the zero-field splitting constant, D. The change from strongly low-field meso-H shifts in six-coordinate sperm whale metMbH2O to strongly upfield meso-H shifts in five-coordinate Aplysia metMb is accompanied by predicted changes in chemical shifts for heme methyl, F8 His CβH, and El 1 Val methyl protons. The most readily recognized change is the 5-ppm low-field bias of the mean methyl shift upon loss of water coordination. The consistency in the changes of all the NMR spectral parameters supports the use of the meso-H chemical shifts as probes for ligation state but suggests that all accompanying changes should be analyzed. Substitution of El 1 Val by lle, Phe, or Ala results in minimal perturbation with full retention of coordinated water. Substitution of E7 His by Val or Phe abolishes H2O coordination, while replacement by Gin or Gly leads to a fractional H2O coordination. The sensitivity of the hyperfine shifts of the heme methyl protons to solvent isotope composition supports the proposed changes in H2O ligation. The application of the heme mean methyl shifts as a probe for H2O coordination in a series of natural genetic variants differing in E7 residue confirms previous conclusions, except for elephant metMb (E7 Gin) which is concluded here to be primarily five-coordinate rather than six-coordinate. The occupation of the sixth position by water as a function of E7 residue is found to be very similar in sperm whale E7 point mutants and natural genetic variants, and it is concluded that H bonding by E7 residue is the strongest but not the only stabilizing influence on H2O coordination.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Colloid and Surface Chemistry