How To Get Back Into Ketosis After a Cheat Meal
Did you eat something that wasn't on your ketogenic meal plan?
A cheat meal, perhaps?
If so, then you might be wondering how to get back into the state of Nutritional Ketosis quickly.
While it takes 1 to 5 days to initially get into the state of ketosis, depending on your food intake and activity level, cheat meals by themselves, don't take nearly as long.
However, you don't want to make cheat meals a habit, either.
The keto diet is a solution to your metabolic issues and hormonal imbalances.
Going off plan, even for one cheat meal on a regular basis, and those metabolic issues and hormonal irregularities can return to impact your health, as well as your weight, very quickly.
This is why cheat meals are not a part of the keto diet plan.
Keto is a way of life, and cheat meals temporarily switch you back to burning glucose for energy instead of fatty acids and ketones.
They also raise your insulin levels and can trigger binges and cravings for sugary foods.
On the other hand, it's not practical to expect you to always stick to the program and never enjoy a higher carb meal.
Many healthy foods, such as sweet potatoes and winter squash, are higher in carbs than non-starchy vegetables and nuts.
While some people do have the strength to fast until they're able to get ketogenic-friendly foods, not everyone can.
Below we list some of the best ways to get back to ketosis after a cheat meal.
1. Accept the Consequences for Your Actions
Getting back into ketosis after a cheat meal really isn't that difficult to do, but you might need to take a strong stand against your mind and emotions to get it done.
If you're fairly new to ketogenic living, you're going to go head-to-head with your negative thought patterns right after you cheat.
This is because your justifications for cheating might begin to break down after the pleasure of what you were eating is gone.
True recovery involves more than just the physical ramifications from eating off plan. It also involves what your mind and emotions are doing, and sometimes your mind and emotional reactions can be quite brutal.
What you don't want to do is stretch out that one cheat meal into a full day of overeating, or even a weekend. You want to be able to say:
"Okay. I cheated. Now, let's get on with it."
You need to get right back on plan with as little effort as possible.
You don't want to waste time listening to any inner negativity that is criticizing you for cheating or telling you that you blew it, so you might as well give up completely.
Accept the consequences for the scale going up, or your cravings for carby foods coming back with a vengeance, and take the steps necessary to get back in charge of your life.
You know you blew it.
A cheat meal isn't an accident.
A cheat meal is a choice you made at the time you ate that meal, so just own that decision and move on because even planned cheat meals can trigger your inner negativity when you see what happens on the scale.
Shove those thoughts completely out of your mind and accept the fact that your body is going to replace its missing glycogen with carbs.
It's going to store water to convert that extra glycogen into glucose, as well.
Also, consider that the degree to which you get kicked out of ketosis depends on how full your liver glycogen was at the moment you ate that meal.
Everyone does not get kicked out of ketosis when they cheat. And gaining weight is not automatic.
How many extra carbs you ate over your personal carbohydrate tolerance for the day matters, so don't let negatively rise up and convince you that Keto isn't worth the effort. It is.
2. Be More Active
Ketosis is about draining your liver glycogen, but you can encourage the depletion to happen faster by doing things that affect your muscle glycogen stores.
Muscle glycogen and liver glycogen are separate body systems.
While muscles pull in glucose from the bloodstream when they are not insulin resistant, removing that glucose from the blood will cause the liver to convert more glycogen to glucose to bring that glucose level back up.
In fact, 70% to 90% of the excess glucose that enters the bloodstream after a meal is pulled into the muscles, rather than your organs and brain.
Muscles need a tremendous amount of energy, especially after exercise, because the muscles' supply of glycogen will be vastly depleted.
Muscle glycogen is the main source of energy during intensive exercise, so the body will seek to replace that storage for future "fight or flight" events, stress triggers, where quick energy will be needed.
Drained muscle glycogen allows carbohydrates to be used to replace that glycogen instead of being made into fat and stored in your adipose tissues.
Exercise also improves insulin sensitivity, which means more glucose will be taken up from the bloodstream and converted into glycogen for storage.
In fact, the defect in insulin resistant individuals is the reduction of glycogen synthesis.
Carbs are stored as fat instead of being turned into glycogen.
Simple fasting depletes liver glycogen very quickly, but it does not deplete muscle glycogen because muscle glycogen is only used to fuel the muscles.
And you have to move or use your muscles for that glycogen to get used.
So get more active and use those muscles to help the process of getting back into ketosis go faster.
3. Go Right Back to Keto with Your Next Bite
Keto works by depriving the liver of glycogen, so stretching out your cheat meal to include the whole day or weekend will make it harder to get back into ketosis mentally, emotionally, and physically.
Make yourself a promise that you're going to go right back onto your Keto program with your very next bite.
No saying:
"Well, I blew it, so I might as well start over tomorrow."
Starting over tomorrow means that it will take you much longer to get back into the state of Nutritional Ketosis and longer for the body to re-adapt to the switch in metabolic pathways.
Keto isn't like your typical low-calorie diet where cheating just shortens your calorie deficit. Cheating on keto comes with real consequences.
So you need to stay aware of those consequences and keep a step ahead of what your brain and feelings are going to do after you cheat.
Make sure that the next thing you put into your mouth is something that is low in carbs, as well as Keto-friendly.
4. Don't Eat Anything Until You're Hungry
Once you've cheated by eating a moderate to high-carb meal, at least part of those carbohydrates are going to be converted into liver glycogen and stored.
This means that you need to give the liver some time to use up that stored glycogen, so the body will ramp up its production of ketones as quickly as possible.
Just like when you started your low-carb eating plan, the food restriction will force the liver to convert its glycogen stores to glucose to feed the brain and other important body cells.
If you stuck to just one cheat meal, and you didn't go to extremes on the carbs, the amount of time it takes to drain your glycogen stores will be quite short.
There is no reason why you can't get back into ketosis in as little as one day.
Going without eating will drastically cut down on the amount of time it takes to get back into Ketosis.
This is similar to fasting, but you're fasting in a well-fed state because you just had a moderate to high-carb meal and you're not hungry.
What you're doing is giving up any snacking that you're used to doing in between meals, and maybe skipping a meal, or at least delaying it, to make up for the cheating.
If you've upped your activity, this can really make a difference in just how fast you get back into the Nutritional Ketosis zone.
5. Severely Limit Your Carbs
Once you have accepted the consequences for cheating, have upped your activity, vowed to get right back on plan, and don't eat again until you're really hungry, what you eat is as important as your commitment to low-carb living.
Quickest way to get right back into Keto is to lower your carbs as much as you comfortably can and up your fats just a little bit, to make it easier to knock out any cravings that you might have picked up from cheating.
You want to do everything you possibly can to drain your glycogen stores quickly, and cutting back on carbs will do exactly that.
If you can eat just:
 - eggs
 - meat, poultry, fish
 - and hard, aged cheeses
You'll see results fairly quickly. Nothing stops cravings and hunger faster than a zero-carb diet.
But if you can't do zero carb even for one day, then you can also add a small salad or cup of steamed vegetables to your meals to make them easier to stick to.
What you want to do is go back to the basics of low-carb living.
Cut out the fancy low-carb products, trim your condiments as much as you can, and just focus on good, hearty food.
Don't think about what the scale is doing.
Just concentrate on getting back into Ketosis, so you won't have to fight your hunger or cravings.
Once you're solidly back on plan, you can then trim the fat to be more in tune with what you need to eat to keep the pounds coming off at a fairly decent pace.
What About Taking Exogenous Ketones?
Exogenous ketones are the latest trend in ketogenic diet. Many dieters use them to get into the state of ketosis and recover from a cheat.
The


text:
This is the wildflower for which the Burren in County Clare is famed. Although there are many startlingly attractive flowers growing in this wonderful limestone area of western Ireland, the Spring Gentian is the plant which has become best known of all by those seeking to see the Burren's great variety of flowers. Its pure, bright blue solitary flowers (20–25 mm across) are extremely beautiful. As each of the five petal tubes unfurl, they spread to reveal a little white throat. Each flower has small fringed lobes or scales between its petals. The flowers are borne on upright stems, the leaves being bright green, oval, mostly in a basal rosette. These exquisite flowers bloom from late April to June. They are best found on grassy areas, near sand dunes and rocky pastures. In Ireland they are confined to the Burren and parts of Counties Galway and Mayo. This native plant belongs to the Gentianaceae family.
I first identified this wildflower in 1979 near Bishop's Quarter in the Burren. I photographed it at the Rine, also in the Burren in 2004.
If you are satisfied you have correctly identified this plant, please record your sighting for the 2013 wildflower mapping survey at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
-6 repetitions for men and 8-10 for women.
- Frontal squats – three sets of 4-6 and 8-10 repetitions for men and women, respectively.
- Bulgarian split-sit-ups – the number of sets and repetitions is similar to previous movements.
- Climbing toes in standing position – three sets of 8-10 repetitions.
- Raising the pelvis with an emphasis on the bench – three sets of 8-10 repetitions. Girls exercise is compulsory. And men at will.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Comparison of a low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer with a proton magnetometer: a case study on the Galali iron ore deposit in western Iran
The proton magnetometers, also known as the proton precession magnetometers, are among the most widely used instruments for magnetometry surveys, owing to their high resolution which is about 0.01 nT. As the economically attractive ferromagnetic deposits generate a magnetic field anomaly which exceeds 100 nT, this resolution is not needed for detecting such large signals. The recently introduced magneto-inductive technology has led to the development of a low-cost magnetometer that can measure the ground magnetic field up to a resolution of around 10 nT. These magnetometers are inexpensive, come in a very small size, and are lightweight compared to the more common magnetometers such as the proton precession type. In this research, a low-cost magneto-inductive sensor and a highly precise proton magnetometer are simultaneously utilized at the same profiles on the Galali iron ore deposit in the northwest of Iran. The discrepancy of two measurements is less than 400 nT, often less than 100 nT, while the changes in the total magnetic field on this anomaly are around 7500 nT, which is 11 times larger than the maximum difference between the two measurements. In addition, the value of the regression coefficient between the two measurements for all profiles is more than 0.97. Also, the slope of the fitted line for the two measurements for all profiles is close to one. These results demonstrate the applicability of the new low-cost magneto-inductive sensor in magnetic prospecting.


_TAG_ hidden vs. DebuggerNonUserCode attribute
I got this great question from the mailbag:
 "[W]hat is the relation between the "# line hidden" directive and the DebuggerNonUserCode attribute? Are these the same?"
Short Answer:
They're both markings that library authors can put in their source code to mark certain portions as "hidden" to the end-user while debugging. In both cases, the debugger must detect them and do additional work to respect them. Visual Studio respects both of these. MDbg only respects _TAG_ hidden. _TAG_ marks lines within a function as hidden whereas the DebuggerNonUserCode marks entire functions as hidden.
More comparisons:
 _TAG_ hidden DebuggerNonUserCode
What does it affect? single set of continuous lines within a function entire function or class
What does compiler do with it? (How could other languages besides C# use this) Changes PDB mappings. Instructs the line to be mapped to 0xFeeFee, which serves as special value to debuggers to instruct it that that line is hidden. Just a normal custom attribute, stored in the executable file.
More info on MSDN : wiki link wiki link
Example usage and more detail from my blog here here
Dependency on CLR None. Existed since .NET 1.0. Depends on Just-My-Code (JMC), which was added in.Net 2.0
What could debugger do with it? This is purely a contract between the compiler and the debugger communicated via the PDBs.
If debugger stops at a line that maps to '_TAG_ hidden' it can elect to keep executing. It may elect to forbid breakpoints to be placed at hidden points. It stepping would normally stop at a hidden line, it may choose to continue stepping.
This requires the debugger to use JMC support from the CLR debugging services.
Debugger must use Just-My-Code stepping and mark functions as non-user code. Debugger marks frames with the DebugNonUserCode attribute as non-user code.
Note that since these are both enforced by the debugger, the debugger has to do extra work to make these features available to the end-user. But this also lets the debugger decide exactly what sort of policy it wants to expose. For example, the debugger can decide how to handle a breakpoint set in a function marked as DebuggerNonUserCode. (eg, Forbid it, warn the user, stop anyways, etc)
Comments (1)
Skip to main content


Why a creepy new porn app isn't bad news for Google Glass
The possibilities are endless with Glass.
The possibilities are endless with Glass. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
The first attempt, an app called Tits and Glass, allowed Glass users to stream pornographic images to their headset. The app was promptly banned from Google's app store, but was recently reinstated.
Now a new app for Glass developed by Lebanese product design student Sherif Maktabi and called Sex with Google Glass lets couples use the wearable technology to record their intimate activities, and — if both partners are wearing a headset — even see sex through their partner's eyes by streaming the view from their respective devices.
The app is controlled through groan-worthy voice commands. For example, saying "Ok Glass, it's time" begins the recording process. Once sex is over, recording is ended by the voice command "Ok Glass, pull out." Video can be replayed for up to five hours before being automatically deleted from the app.
Concerns about morals or privacy aside, it's important to remember that porn is a big driver of technology adoption. The adult film industry has been at the forefront of technology for years, at least since it picked VHS over Betamax. Technological innovations pioneered by the porn industry include online payment systems, streaming video and video chat, DVD, and HD video formats.
Subscribe to the Week


Orbit: Mobile Device Management
Mobile devices include both tablets and smart phones that have a full-featured operating system. The operating system provides the framework required to install applications onto the device. Those applications - called apps for short - are what give the device its wide range of potential uses.
Orbit manages mobile devices by enabling and disabling specific apps as well as dynamically filtering content through the data connection.
Odoo • Text and Image
Odoo • Image and Text
How does Orbit work?
Using a mobile version of Security Appliance, Orbit works on iOS, giving full control and peace of mind knowing...
1. Your favorite stock browser is filtered and can be used safely.
2. Essential apps are filtered.
3. Non-essential apps are removed from the device.
Can "regular" cell phones be managed?
It is true that many regular phones models – sometimes called feature phones or dumb phones – have browsers that are becoming increasingly capable. However, these kinds of phones can't be managed because the operating system is not robust enough to enable management features.
What mobile devices can be managed?
 - iOS (Apple) models such as iPhones and iPads.*
 - Ask if uncertain when purchasing new service.
*All Apple iOS devices must be initially configured by a Compass technician or partner. This configuration will reset the iOS device and cannot be restored from a former backup. Future changes can be done remotely and will not require a reset. Contact Compass for more details.
How does "dynamic filtering" work?
Orbit is smart enough to know when to simply hide questionable content on a page - while still making important functions usable (called "pruning") - and smart enough to know when it is appropriate to block objectionable categories completely. This is the advantage of the dynamic web filtering you get with a product like Orbit.
Let's take the online shopping websites as an example. Much of what is seen on the landing page is unnecessarily distracting, and can be inappropriate as well. Orbit dynamically filters out most of the home page while leaving primary navigation buttons still available.
Dynamic filtering also includes knowing the difference between generally harmless categories (like automotive parts & accessories) and questionable categories (like Movies/Visual Media).


Returns the node immediately following the specified one in its parent's childNodes list, or null if the specified node is the last node in that list.
nextNode = node.nextSibling
Gecko-based browsers insert text nodes into a document to represent whitespace in the source markup. Therefore a node obtained, for example, using Node.firstChild or Node.previousSibling may refer to a whitespace text node rather than the actual element the author intended to get.
See Whitespace in the DOM and W3C DOM 3 FAQ: Why are some Text nodes empty? for more information.
Here is div-01
Here is div-02


text:
German dentists develop 'painless' plasma tooth-blaster
In-mouth light sabre to replace drilling
More news of exotic high technology benefiting the human race today, as German gnasher-boffins announce a cunning plan to replace dentists' drills with "painless, contact-free" plasma beam devices.
Rotting teeth, one of the most painful (and expensive) medical problems faced by modern humans, are caused when mouth bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei build up on the teeth. The dastardly micro-organisms can erode a tooth's tough enamel, coating and start to infect the "dentin" tissue beneath it, eventually destroying large parts of the tooth and - when they reach the living pulp at its centre - causing intense pain.
Normally a dentist will tackle such a cavity by drilling out all the infected tissue before putting in a filling. Such drilling often requires a local anaesthetic, meaning that the procedure is skilled and expensive work.
But now, according to boffins at the Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modifications in Leipzig and dentists from the Saarland University, there's an alternative. A rotting tooth can simply be blasted with beams of "cold plasma", which will kill off all the entrenched bacteria without any need for drilling or anaesthesia.
The German researchers have carried out tests on dentin samples from extracted human molars which had been deliberately infected with several different kinds of bacteria. Their "cold" (roughly 40°C) plasma-beam instruments apparently killed 99.99 per cent of the tooth-rotting invaders.
"Drilling is a very uncomfortable and sometimes painful experience. Cold plasma, in contrast, is a completely contact-free method that is highly effective," says Dr Stefan Rupf of Saarland Uni.
"The low temperature means they can kill the microbes while preserving the tooth. The dental pulp at the centre of the tooth, underneath the dentin, is linked to the blood supply and nerves and heat damage to it must be avoided at all costs."
According to Dr Rupf, dental plasma tools "can be expected" within 3 to 5 years. Parallel developments in non-dental medicine have lately seen US special forces trying out a portable, mini-light-sabre-esque "plasma blade" for use in field surgery.
There's a scholarly paper by Rupf and his colleagues, Killing of adherent oral microbes by a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet, here. ®
But what about the 0.01%
"Their "cold" (roughly 40°C) plasma-beam instruments apparently killed 99.99 per cent of the tooth-rotting invaders."
Leaving 0.01% of battle hardened, plasma imune bacteria to run rampant through your teeth unless you get them drilled.
Just like those adverts that show most of the bacteria being killed with a wipe, I dont worry about the ones that got killed, they were probably wimps, and no real threat. Its the one that was left alive that scares the hell out of me.
It may work
But which self-respecting dentist would opt for a painless method? Inconceivable!
I've had two "contact free" procedures. One involved a laser up my nose (don't ask). That hurt like hell. The other involved very high frequency radio in my mouth. That was the single most painful experience of my life - all whilst the dentist was eulogising "see, it doesn't hurt a bit does it? It's amazing this thing". I was in pain for several days afterwards but unable to protest at the time due to having a large radio transmitter and the dentists hands in my mouth along with a decent quantity of bleach.
"Contact free" might be cheaper and require less training - but in my (admittedly, rather limited) experience that certainly doesn't mean pain free.


text:
Coldest space instrument ever
Coldest ever space instrument set to fly
The coldest instrument ever to fly in space is set to launch aboard a Japanese X-ray observatory called Astro-E2 on Wednesday. The instrument, which has suffered several previous setbacks, will study some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe.
This sensitive task requires Astro-E2ís main instrument, the X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS), to be cooled to just 0.06 degrees above absolute zero. This will allow it to detect extremely small changes in photon energies - representing a 10-fold improvement in sensitivity compared to existing detectors.
Everything I need to know I learned through Googling.


Baby Name Neall meaning and Astrology
baby names > Neall
Baby Name : Neall
Gender : Boy
Origin : gaelic
Neall Meaning: champion
Variant: no variations
Number : 8
Moon Sign (Rashi) : Scorpio (Brischik)
Star (Nakshtra) : Anuradha
baby Neall Name Neall is combinations of, one occurrence of A, one occurrence of E, two occurrences of L and one occurrence of N has a lots of significance in Astrology.
Energetic, as they are, In Moon sign based Vedic Astrology, person with name Neall are always ready to do one more thing. Their brimming energy takes them higher in their life. A proper education is what they think necessary for them. These people have endearing personality. Natives with this name have balanced sense of food and dresses. In these cases, they never overdo. In other aspects too, these individuals prefer to portray themselves as balanced, unbiased, and neutral. On the other hand, due to the name effect, these people may overreact to some extent. This name has an impact of making its natives spiritually inclined. These people also have a fetish for splendid cars. They can create anything with their mastery. It is expected that they will come across some important person in their respective lives who will assist them to have a great success. With the power of creativity, they can make films as well. With these people grace is the ultimate thing. And with this quality they can solve any problem that comes their way.
Name Neall or (no variations) means champion.
Person with name Neall have the effect of material success with any individuals who having name number as 4, 8, 13 and 17. Therefore, these natives have luck in monetary term. They are likely to earn a lot of money in their lives. The people with this name can try their luck at corporate sector. They would be fairly successful as a teacher. These people may have a certain goal in life, but they should be ambitious and centred on their goal. They are intelligent enough to stand apart among the multitude. They really want to be the piece of attention of everyone. They are also capable of making people understand themselves very well. Individuals with the effect of this name are sly enough to make multiple sources of revenue. They can also be leading personalities of political teams at a national level. In this way they can draw attention of people and have a manpower of their own. While running for money and rank they should also be conscious that their activities are not creating problem for anyone.
The natives with name Neall have an immense hunger for newer things in life. There is a unique thirst in their character to get hold of knowledge. This hunger for growth will be an agreeable one and would help them to prosper in life, even if they try to apply it in negative ways. These folks may not welcome sudden changes warmly. It is normally seen that these natives crave for a place of authority and that even at the cost of other people's harm. They do not have a fluid character that can be easily modified. Their life may be tragic somehow. They could have many obstacles in their path of life. Life will pose continuous hazard for them. However, for this dominating sensitivity, they will suffer too with huge difficulties in their career. Neall is a person of very friendly in nature. They love to serve society and help people with all their hearts. Nevertheless, people take long time to recognize their talent. Even when these natives do welfare to society, they are hardly appreciated. But a big fault in them is their gullible nature.
Know Name Meaning
Name With Meaning
Find Names
Name finder
Name by Birth Date
Numerology by Name


text: these particles scatter in the counter sides with speed of light on one line. If this phenomenon is not clear to the quoters of official science, that, from the point of view of new physics, the phenomenon is quite understandable. At counter motion of protons, its on short time will forms a gravidynamic system - biproton, in which one both protons are gyrated in one side on common orbit. At decay of biproton components its protons scatter in the counter sides with speed of light. It is understandable, that a simple phenomenon the scientists maximum will complicate, differently they will cease themselves to respect.


text:
TNO Inst. for Perception, P.O. Box 23, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, The Netherlands
The energy at any location f[sub i]t[sub i] in the speech spectrogram can be derived by convolution of the speech signal with appropriate Gaussian-shaped cosine and sine waves. This leads to the so-called pixel energy, with an integration window centered at f[sub i]t[sub i] and Gaussian-shaped in both frequency and time. Analysis of the correlation for pairs of pixels at a given mutual distance in the spectrogram provides a parametric representation of speech, which shows interesting characteristics. One such representation is the spectral correlation matrix: the correlation for pairs of energy pixels drawn at the same instance at two different frequencies f[sub i] and f[sub j], with f[sub i] and f[sub j] chosen from a range of values at appropriate intervals along the frequency scale. It is found that, for a given talker, this spectral correlation matrix stabilizes after analyzing a speech token of about 10 to 15 s: Its features are then typical of speech as such, and do not depend on the actual content of the speech token. Details of such spectral correlation matrices appear to be characteristic of the talker.


The Parchment Story: How eTranscript exchange is changing education
You work hard to earn education credentials such as transcripts, diplomas and certificates. They are critical when you want to take the next step in your education or career. But when they are filed away as paper, they are hard to access and share when you need them most.
At Parchment, we build a virtual bridge to connect learners, educational institutions, associations and employers who rely on education credentials. The Parchment platform has helped millions of people and thousands of schools and universities to exchange more than 12 million transcripts and other credentials globally.
We make the process simpler, secure and more transparent for everyone. Registrars at Parchment member institutions issue education credentials electronically and save time and money. On the other side of credential exchange, Parchment Receive members collect credentials from multiple issuers and individuals, streamline operations and access analytics. Parchment members serve individuals better, smarter, faster. They put learners' success at the center of everything they do.
Together with our members, we empower learners to put all their credentials in one place, online, where they can be easily and powerfully shared. With Parchment.com learners can quickly show what they know, and discover education and career opportunities that put their credentials to work.
Parchment is powered by a team of experienced education and technology professionals who have first-hand experience serving students as registrars, admissions officers, teachers and engineers. They are passionate about helping people use their education to achieve their full potential.
In a knowledge economy where opportunities are defined by what you know and how well you know it, let Parchment help you turn your credentials into opportunities.


text:
"Who is the Longest of Them All?"
Objective - SWBAT graph
the length of a variety of dinosaurs using cooperative learning skills.
1) Use the graphing activity, teacher will have students identify the lengths of different dinosaurs.
2) Why do you think that some dinosaurs were so much longer than others? What do you think they used their length for?
3) Teacher will use the graphing activity sheet to model how to color a bar that would exemplify the height of a human child and a
4) Students will use "Pair and Share" to complete the graphing activity.
5) Who is the longest? Who is the shortest?
Students will be evaluated on the completion of their graphs.


Balopacara, Bālōpacāra, Bālopacāra, Bala-upacara: 6 definitions
Alternative spellings of this word include Balopachara.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
[«previous next»] — Balopacara in Marathi glossary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary
bālōpacāra (बालोपचार).—m (S) A medicine or a point of medical treatment suitable or adapted to children; any mild and gentle medicine, remedy, operation, or application.
--- OR ---
bāḷōpacāra (बाळोपचार).—& bāḷōpacārī Properly bālōpacāra & bālōpacārī.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English
bālōpacāra (बालोपचार).—m Any mild and gentle medicine.
context information
Discover the meaning of balopacara in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India
Sanskrit dictionary
[«previous next»] — Balopacara in Sanskrit glossary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
Bālopacāra (बालोपचार).—(medical) treatment of children.
Derivable forms: bālopacāraḥ (बालोपचारः).
Bālopacāra is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms bāla and upacāra (उपचार). See also (synonyms): bālopacaraṇa.
[Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch)
Bālopacāra (बालोपचार):—[(bāla + u)] m. ärztliche Behandlung der Kinder [Weber's Verzeichniss 278, 33.]
context information
Discover the meaning of balopacara in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India
Hindi dictionary
[«previous next»] — Balopacara in Hindi glossary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary
Bālopacāra (बालोपचार):—(nm) children's treatment.
context information
Discover the meaning of balopacara in the context of Hindi from relevant books on Exotic India
See also (Relevant definitions)
Relevant text
Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:


John Abbott
Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, PC, KCMG, QC (March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the third prime minister of Canada, in office from 1891 to 1892. He held office as the leader of the Conservative Party.
John Abbott
3rd Prime Minister of Canada
In office
June 16, 1891 – November 24, 1892
Governor GeneralLord Stanley of Preston
Preceded byJohn A. Macdonald
Succeeded byJohn Thompson
Personal details
John Joseph Caldwell Abbott
(1821-03-12)March 12, 1821
Saint-André, Lower Canada
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Resting placeMount Royal Cemetery, Montreal
Political partyConservative
(m. 1849)
ParentsJoseph Abbott
Harriet Bradford
EducationMcGill University (1847)
Military service
AllegianceProvince of Canada
Dominion of Canada
Branch/serviceCanadian Militia
Years of service1866–1874
RankLieutenant Colonel
Unit11th Argenteuil Battalion
CommandsCanada–United States border
Abbott was born in what is now Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, Quebec. He studied law at McGill University and became one of Montreal's best-known lawyers, later returning to McGill as a professor of law and earning a Doctor of Civil Law degree. He was perhaps best known for his successful defence of the perpetrators of the St. Albans Raid. Abbott involved himself in politics from a young age, signing the Montreal Annexation Manifesto in 1849 – which he later regretted – and winning election to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1860. In the lead-up to Confederation he was a prominent advocate for the rights of English-speaking Quebecers.
In the 1867 federal election, Abbott was elected to the new House of Commons of Canada as a member of the Conservative Party. A telegram leaked from his office played a key part in the Pacific Scandal of 1873, which led to the downfall of John A. Macdonald's first government. Abbott was appointed to the Senate in 1887, in order to become Leader of the Government in the Senate. He became prime minister in June 1891 following Macdonald's death in office. He was the first native-born Canadian prime minister, both Macdonald and Alexander Mackenzie having been born in Scotland. Abbott was 70 years old at the time, and served only until November 1892 when he retired due to ill health. He died the following year.[1]
Early lifeEdit
Abbott was born in St. Andrews, Lower Canada (now Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, Quebec), to Harriet (née Bradford) and the Rev. Joseph Abbott (an Anglican missionary). In 1849, Abbott married Mary Martha Bethune (1823–1898), a relative of Dr. Norman Bethune, a daughter of Anglican clergyman and McGill acting president John Bethune, and a granddaughter of the Presbyterian minister John Bethune.[2][3] The couple had four sons and four daughters, many of whom died without descendants. Their eldest surviving son, William Abbott, married the daughter of Colonel John Hamilton Gray, a Father of Confederation and Premier of Prince Edward Island. The direct descendants of Abbott and Hamilton Gray include John Kimble Hamilton ("Kim") Abbott, a political commentator and lobbyist and a WWII Royal Canadian Airforce pilot in the infamous "Demon Squadron". Abbott was also the great-grandfather of Canadian actor Christopher Plummer and the first cousin (once removed) of Maude Abbott, one of Canada's earliest female medical graduates and an expert on congenital heart disease.
Abbott was a Freemason.[4]
Legal careerEdit
Abbott graduated as a Bachelor of Civil Law from McGill College (now McGill University) in Montreal in 1847,[5] while in the same year was initiated in the St. Paul's Masonic Lodge, No. 374, E.R., in Montreal.[6] In 1867, he graduated as a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL). Most of his legal practice was in corporate law; however, his most celebrated court case was the defence of at first fourteen, then upon release and recapture, four of those fourteen Confederate agents who had raided St. Albans, Vermont from Canadian soil during the American Civil War. Abbott successfully argued that the Confederates were belligerents rather than criminals and therefore should not be extradited. The episode brought Canadian-American tensions close to armed conflict. Abbott was widely viewed as the most successful lawyer in Canada for many years, as measured by professional income. He began lecturing in commercial and criminal law at McGill in 1853, and in 1855 he became a professor and dean of its Faculty of Law, where Wilfrid Laurier, a future prime minister of Canada, was among his students. He continued in this position until 1880.[5] In 1862, he was made Queen's Counsel.[5] Upon his retirement, McGill named him emeritus professor, and in 1881 appointed him to its Board of Governors.
Early involvementEdit
In 1849, he signed the Montreal Annexation Manifesto calling for Canada to join the United States, an action which he regretted later as a youthful error. He eventually joined the Loyal Orange Lodge of British North America, well known as a pro-British organization.[7] Abbott first ran for Canada's Legislative Assembly in 1857 in the Argenteuil district, northwest of Montreal.[5] Defeated, he challenged the election results on the grounds of voting list irregularities and was eventually awarded the seat in 1860. He served as solicitor general for Lower Canada (Quebec) representing the conservative administration of John Macdonald and Louis Sicotte, from 1862 until 1863.[5] He reluctantly supported Canada's confederation, fearing the reduction of the political power of Lower Canada's English-speaking minority. In 1865, he converted to a conservative.[5] His proposal to protect the electoral borders of 12 English Quebec constituencies was eventually incorporated into the British North America Act 1867.
National politicsEdit
Abbott as Mayor of Montreal.
Prime MinisterEdit
Later lifeEdit
Abbott's funeral monument in Mount Royal Cemetery.
Suffering from the early stages of cancer of the brain, Abbott's health failed in 1892 and he retired to private life, whereupon Sir John Thompson finally became Prime Minister. Abbott died less than a year later at the age of 72.
Sir John Abbott is buried in the Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal, Quebec.[8]
Sir John Abbott's house on Sherbrooke Street, Montreal, Quebec
He was named a Person of National Historic Significance by the Government of Canada in 1938.[9]
His "most memorable" political comment is "I hate politics."[10] The full quote was "I hate politics and what are considered their appropriate measures. I hate notoriety, public meetings, public speeches, caucuses and everything that I know of which is apparently the necessary incident of politics—except doing public work to the best of my ability."[11]
In their 1999 look at the Canadian Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien, J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer included a survey of Canadian historians ranking the prime ministers. Abbott's term of service was considered below par and was ranked #17 out of 20 (up to then).[12] When the survey was repeated in 2016, Abbott was ranked 7th out of ten "short-term" Prime Ministers with a score of 1.8 out of 5.[13]
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ Miller, Carman (May 23, 2007). "Sir John Abbott". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
 2. ^ Young, Brian J. (2003). Respectable Burial: Montreal's Mount Royal Cemetery. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-77357-098-6. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
 3. ^ Miller, Carman (1990). "Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
 4. ^ "Famous Freemasons in the course of history". Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
 5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Abbott, Sir John". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). Retrieved September 23, 2015.
 6. ^ "Short biography of John J.C. Abbott". Archived from the original on November 1, 2001. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
 7. ^ [1]
 8. ^ "The Honourable Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott". Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites. Parks Canada. October 3, 2017. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017.
 9. ^ Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell National Historic Person. Directory of Federal Heritage Designations. Parks Canada.
 10. ^ Duffy, John (August 17, 2002


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Biological Anthropology Seminar Series > Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
Anthropology, mass graves and the politics of the dead
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Michael Rivera.
In the past few decades, anthropologists, among other experts, have been called to assist in the investigation of mass graves by conducting exhumations, anthropological examinations and identifications of human skeletal remains. The reasons for this choice of specialists are several: anthropologists are trained in methods of grave location, archaeological excavation and identification by constructing the biological profile of the exhumed remains. In recent years, DNA analyses have been employed to verify the anthropological findings, bringing into the picture yet another scientific specialisation. The use of anthropologists in the investigation of mass graves started in Argentina in the mid-1980s and it has since become common in similar situations. When an international organisation such as the United Nations or even a government decide to investigate a mass grave, this can be for either legal or humanitarian purposes. In the legal context, the focus is to bring those responsible to justice, while in the humanitarian the main goal is to identify the remains and return them to their families for a proper burial according to local customs. The involvement of experts who employ scientific techniques in these investigations, is aimed at providing the objectivity and impartiality required in this context. But are the investigations always objective?
This talk is part of the Biological Anthropology Seminar Series series.
Tell a friend about this talk:
This talk is included in these lists:
Note that ex-directory lists are not shown.


Rope buying guide
Climbing rope buying guide
Not sure what type of climbing rope to buy? Read our rope buying guide to help you purchase the right one.
rope guide
About your climbing rope
Climbing ropes are dynamic; that is to say, they are slightly elastic ropes which can absorb the energy from a sudden fall. Kernmantle ropes are the most common type of dynamic rope, made from a protective outer sheath around a strong fibre core.
A tighter/stiffer sheath means the rope will be more abrasion resistant and it will stop dirt getting into the rope, but it will be more difficult to handle. A looser sheath will be easier to handle (tie/untie knots) but will probably wear faster and lead to furring of the sheath. This means the rope grows increasingly thicker and more difficult to handle, allowing damaging dirt and moisture to get into the sheath and making it more difficult to run through the belay device.
There are many different types of core; generally the more you pay, the more complex the core and the better it will handle and resist twisting and abuse.
Single or double ropes?
Single Ropes
As the name suggests, single ropes are designed to be used alone. They are most often used for sport climbing and indoor climbing. They are also perfectly safe for use in trad climbing, in areas where routes follow single features or straight lines. Single ropes are frequently the cheapest option; they are simpler to use and most importantly the lightest choice for most climbers.
Double Ropes/Half Ropes
Double ropes or half ropes are used for lead climbing, and are designed to be used in a pair. They are tested to different standards, and unless specifically stated otherwise, they are not strong enough to be used as a single rope.
Double ropes are the most common set up for UK trad climbing. Though two ropes will work out heavier, they do have several advantages over a single rope. Firstly, there is the extra security offered by having two ropes on two different lines of protection, which can be especially important on long or complex pitches. Additionally, double ropes give the leader more flexibility; it's possible to reduce rope drag issues and the thinner, stretchier ropes reduce the impact on first runners in the event of a fall. Lastly, double ropes offer the option of full length retrievable abseils which are very useful in the event of retreat.
Twin Ropes
Not to be confused with double ropes! Twin ropes are ultra skinny and they are also designed to be used as a pair, but both ropes must be clipped into every piece of gear. Twin ropes are most often seen on long alpine climbs and winter and ice climbing routes.
Individually, a twin rope is not rated to hold a fall. The advantages offered over other rope systems are reduced weight, the ability to offer full length abseils and redundancy, particularly for winter climbing when your gear is sharp! They are also used in mountaineering where protection is going be spaced so drag is not an issue, but where full length abseils are going to be needed.
What are the main things to consider when buying a rope?
Climbing rope ratings and safety
Ropes are tested and rated for use in different rope systems as above. However you can also find (usually more expensive) triple rated ropes, which are suitable for all three uses. These ratings will be clearly stated on our product pages.
What are climbing rope safety standards?
There are universal testing criteria laid out by the UIAA for climbing ropes (attached to every rope tag) but an in depth look is beyond the scope of this article. We've highlighted the key aspects of UIAA climbing rope testing below but if you want more technical and in depth information go to the UIAA website
 - Falls held: an 80 kg weight is dropped five metres on 2.8 m of rope repeatedly until it breaks. The more falls a rope takes before it brakes, the better it is.
 - Impact force is measured in kN. This is the amount of force exerted on your top runner when you fall on to it. This indicates how stretchy a rope is and how much shock it absorbs when you fall onto it (very important when trad climbing). The lower the number the better.
 - Static elongation. 80 kg is hung on one metre of rope. The rope is given a percentage figure of how much it stretched. This lets you know how much the rope will stretch when you are lowering someone or abseiling - only really important if you are going to be jumarring or hauling.
Rope diameter
Diameter is measured in millimetres, with single ropes ranging from 8.7 mm through to 10.5 mm and double ropes from 7.3 mm to 9 mm. A thicker rope will last longer and be more abrasion resistant. A thinner rope is lighter and stretchier, offering less impact force in the event of a fall.
Warning: Very thin double ropes of 7.8mm or less are only used by climbers who want the lightest possible ropes and fully understand the safety limitations of doing so.
Length (how long is a bit of rope?)
Single ropes range from 30 m to 80 m. A 30 m single rope would be most often used for indoor climbing or grit outcrop climbing. (Before you buy, please check the height of your local climbing wall!)
There are now plenty of sport routes that are more than 25 m long, so to get up and down again you will need a climbing rope longer than 50 m.
With double ropes most people will buy 60 m lines to offer that little bit extra for climbing up and abseiling down. Many climbers invest in a 40 m pair of double ropes for outcrop climbing so they don't destroy their longer, more expensive ropes climbing on gritstone.
Dry treated or non dry treated ropes?
Wet or frozen ropes are heavy. Wet or frozen ropes are weaker, as the rope is less dynamic. Dry coatings mean the rope will resist the ingress of dirt. A wise investment.
What colour climbing rope?
Don't laugh, this is very important. The colour of your double ropes should be significantly different; this helps with identification and communication between climbers. It also doesn't hurt if the rope is visible in the beam of a head torch at night.
How much should I spend on a climbing rope?
As with everything, you get what you pay for. When you pay more you generally get lighter ropes, with more longevity, better abrasion resistance and better handling.
Slowly but surely the environmental impact created by the production of your rope is creeping into the mix. You can now buy recycled ropes, ropes made with bluesign® approved materials and ropes with non-PFC waterproofing. Where we can, you'll find these things specified on our product pages, too.
When purchasing a rope there will always be a compromise - weight/length/durability etc. Hopefully our rope buying guide helped. If you have any questions please Contact us via email, phone us on 01433 631111 or drop into the Hathersage Rock Room for expert advice.
Photo Credit: Athlete - Conrad Anker Location: Yosemite Valley, CA © Jimmy Chin, The North Face
Leave a Reply


Home Page
Acts of Kindness Launch Day
We spent the day thinking about how and why we should be kind. We wrote a timetable of our day so that we could spot opportunities to be kind. We heard several stories about kindness and considered their messages.
Before lunchtime, we went out with chalk to write positive messages on the playground for others to read.
In the afternoon, we made pin wheels with inspirational words and pictures. We were also given a kindness mission...


Tag: cross-lingual mediation
Cross-Cultural Mediators: what they do and how to become one?
Cultural mediators prepare and help people, businesses and governmental bodies to predict and forsee cultural differences and avoid problems arising from these. Education there is not a precise norm that defines this profession and in every country you can find different paths of how to become a cultural mediator. Generally at least secondary school education is required, depending on the country you can find different courses, organised by schools or regions, to refine your professionality. If you want to add a university degree to your profession you can choose from a variety of fields, such as Linguistic and Cultural Mediation Sciences, Oriental and African studies, Cross Cultural communication etc. Job market The need for cultural mediators varies enormously throughout the European region. Countries with a high demand for Mediators are typically the bigger member states of the EU receiving high numbers of immigrants (Italy, France Germany and UK) from Eastern... Read More


Why does my mic keep muting itself windows 10
A lot of Windows 10 customers comordinary that the microphone keeps muting itself. It is annoying to encounter the mute microphone Windows 10 concern. Are you still struggling to settle the issue? This write-up of MiniTool explores the top 5 troubleshooting techniques.
You watching: Why does my mic keep muting itself windows 10
The microphone is exceptionally necessary specifically for those who want to play games, attend online interviews and webinars. However before, you might enrespond to assorted concerns favor Microphone Auto Adjusting, Astro A10 Mic not working, Rainbow Six Siege Voice chat not functioning, and also the one questioned here.
Why microphone keeps muting itself? According to a survey, the mute microphone Windows 10 could occur because of the improper sound settings or outdated audio tool driver. In enhancement, the third-party apps and services can dispute via your microphone.
Now, let's check out exactly how to deal with Windows 10 mute microphone.
Volume Mixer Won't Open Windows 10
Many kind of users reported that volume Mixer won't open up Windows 10. Are you additionally troubled by this issue? The post will certainly carry out you via a number of methods to solve it.
Read More
Solution 1. Modify the Modern Settings of Your Microphone
The microphone keeps muting itself if the sound settings are configured imcorrectly. To fix the issue, follow the procedures listed below to modify the settings:
Tip 1. Right-click the Speaker icon at the bottom of the alert display and select Sound from the elevated menu.
Tip 2. Navigate to the Communications tab inside the Sound manage panel home window. Then choose the Do nopoint option When Windows detects interaction activity.
Step 3. Click on Apply to execute these transforms. After that, you deserve to inspect if the microphone keeps muting itself. If the problem still persists, keep analysis the actions below.
Tip 4. Navigate to the Recording tab inside the Sound manage panel aget, and also then pick the microphone and click on the Properties switch.
Tip 5. Go to the State-of-the-art tab and untick the checkbox beside Allow applications to take exclusive regulate of this device.
Step 6. Click on Apply to execute the procedure.
Now, check if the Windows 10 mute microphone problem is solved. If the technique stops working to work-related, move on to the adhering to methods.
Equipment 2. Change the Layout of Your Microphone
Some individuals reported that changing the format of your microphone deserve to settle the issue. You may have actually a try. For that:
Step 1. Open the Sound control panel aget though the over strategy, and also then select the mute microphone and also click on Properties.
See more: How To Fix Windows 10 Automatic Repair Keyboard Not Working )
Tip 2. Go to the State-of-the-art tab and choose the format of other 16-little options from the drop-dvery own list.
Step 3. Click on Apply to conserve the transforms.
Equipment 3. Sheight the Svcorganize.exe Processes
Microphone keeps muting itself when malicious software application is inferring with your microphone. Svcorganize.exe is among the many prevalent procedures that can bring about microphone mutes. If the svcorganize.exe is consuming more than 30% CPU or memory, it is exceptionally likely that the process throws the trouble.
Here's a quick guide to speak the procedure.
Step 1. Press Ctrl + Change + Esc secrets to open Task Manager, and then navigate to the Details tab and also align your processes in alphabetical order.
Step 2. Check if the svchost.exe procedures are consuming high CPU intake. If it is, you have to kill these procedures.
Tip 3. Type cmd in the search bar, and also then right-click the Command Prompt application and also choose Run as administrator.
Step 4. In the elevated window, form the adhering to command and hit Enter to kill all these svchold.exe processes.
taskkill /F /PID #### (Replace the #### with the 4 numbers under the PID column in Task Manager)
Now, inspect if the mic keeps muting itself or not.
Equipment 4. Upday the Microphone Device Driver
As discussed in the over, an outdated sound driver is also responsible for mute microphone Windows 10. To settle the concern, you deserve to try updating the driver by adhering to the measures below:
Step 1. Right-click the Start button and select Device Manager from the context menu.
Step 2. Expand the Sound, video and also game controllers category, and then right-click the audio device that needs to update and also select Upday Driver.
Step 3. Select the Search instantly for updated driver software option. Then follow the on-screen prompts to complete this update. After that, Windows will automatically any kind of available updated driver and also install it for you.
See more: Choosing A Memory Card For Your Gopro Session 5 Sd Card S For Gopro Hero 5
Tip: Conversely, you can downpack the sound tool driver from the manufacturer"s website and install it on your computer
Systems 5. Perdevelop a Clean Boot
It is incredibly possible that your third-party applications or services are dispute with the microphone driver. In this case, you deserve to percreate a clean boot to inspect if tright here are any conflicting programs and uninstall them. Here you deserve to describe this post "How to Clean Boot Windows 10 and Why You Need to Do So".
Ariel Follow us
Position: Columnist
Ariel is an enthusiastic IT columnist focusing on partition administration, data recoexceptionally, and Windows issues. She has actually assisted individuals troubleswarm assorted difficulties favor PS4 corrupted disk, unmeant store exemption error, the green display of death error, etc. If you are looking for techniques to optimize your storage gadget and also regain lost information from different storage gadgets, then Ariel can carry out dependable options for these concerns.


text:
In this program we are going to use the split function in perl to count the occurrences of a particular string in a given text.
#!/usr/bin/perl _TAG_ perl program to count the occrrences of a particular string in a given text print("Enter some text\n"); $text=" ".." "; print("Enter the string whose occurrences you want to count:"); $string=; chop($string); _USER_= split(/$string/,$text); $count=_USER_; print("\nThe number of occurrences of the string \"$string\" is ". ($count-1)."\n");
In line 5, if we don't add the blank space before and after the text, we will not be able to count the occurrence of the string at the beginning and end.
In line 7 we are chopping the string to get rid of the new line character at the end, if we don't do this we wont get the count we are expecting.
In line 8 we are using the split function. Split is a library function, it splits the string when ever it see the sub string between //.
for example _USER_=split(/the/, "this is a test string to, this string to split when ever there is an occurrence of the word this");
now the array will have the following elements
$array=" is a test string to, "
$array="string to split when ever there is an occurrence of the word "


text:
File Type Groups
From Xojo Documentation
|You are currently browsing the old Xojo documentation site. Please visit the new Xojo documentation site!|
Your desktop apps may need to prompt users to select or save files. You use File Types to identify the types of files that can be selected or the types of files that are saved, which determines how the OS and other apps can use them.
File Types are created in File Type Groups using the File Type Group Editor. The File Type Group Editor lets you create common file types (file such as text, PNG, JPG, etc.) or custom file types (which are owned by your app).
Using Common File Types
A common file type is a standard file type that your app uses, but does not own. This may be file types such as png or standard text files. Your app may be able open and even create these type of files, but it is not the owner of the file.
To add a common file type to a File Type Group, choose the Add Common File Type button on the command bar for the File Type Group and choose the one you want. This populates a file type with the necessary information which you should not need to change.
After adding the PNG common file type you can now you can refer to the file type to prompt the user to open a PNG file. This code prompts the user for a file and then assigns it to a Picture property that is displayed in a Canvas:
pngFile = FolderItem.ShowOpenFileDialog(ImageFileTypeSet.Png)
If pngFile <> Nil Then
PNGImage = Picture.Open(pngFile)
You can also create your own PNG files. This code saves a PNG file containing a red circle:
redCircle.Graphics.DrawingColor = &cff0000
redCircle.Graphics.FillOval(0, 0, 100, 100)
Var savePNG As FolderItem
savePNG = FolderItem.ShowSaveFileDialog(ImageFileTypeSet.Png, "RedCircle.png")
If savePNG <> Nil Then
Because this is definite as a PNG, the default system icon for PNG is used and displayed when viewing the PNG in the system file viewer.
Using Custom File Types
A custom file type is a file type where you specify all its properties. For standard file types, you should use a common file type rather than creating your own custom file type. Often you will create a custom file type for file types that your app owns. These are files that your app creates and ones that your app can also open and edit.
Once you have specified a custom File Type, files saved by your app for that type will display the custom icon you specified. Your app will also be launched when the user opens the file (usually be double-clicking it), but the user can change that behavior in the OS itself.
This sample File Type (in a File Type Group called XojoTextFileTypeGroup) is used in the code below:
The Identifier, Conforms To, Mime Types and macOS Types fields are only used by macOS.
Now that you have the file type specified properly, you can use it to save files of that type. When you prompt the user for the file to save, include the file type from above. This code is in the Action event handler of a Save button on a Window:
Var output As TextOutputStream
f = FolderItem.ShowSaveFileDialog(XojoTextFileTypeGroup.XojoText, "SampleFile.xojotext")
If f <> Nil then
output = TextOutputStream.Create(f)
You can also use the SaveAsDialog class for more control of the user file dialog.
On Mac, the saved file will use the icon from the file type, although it's possible the icon does not appear immediately for the associated file. The Finder does not always have time to inspect the app for file types when you are running directly from the IDE. You can always try leaving the debug app running for longer or try building your app and then navigating to its folder. Refer to Troubleshooting for more information.
On Windows, your app installer needs to create Registry entries to set an associated file icon and allow opening of documents to automatically launch the app. For more information on this refer to the sample Inno Setup Scripts for 32-bit and 64-bit apps.
When you prompt the user for a file to open, you can also include the file type so that the user can only choose your app's files. This method loads the text from the file and displays it in a Text Field:
Var file As FolderItem = f
Var input As TextInputStream
If file Is Nil Then
// Prompt user for file to open
file = FolderItem.ShowOpenFileDialog(XojoTextFileTypeGroup.XojoText)
If file <> Nil Then
input = TextInputStream.Open(file)
EditArea.Text = input.ReadAll
It is called from the Action event handler of an Open button on the Window:
You can also use the OpenDialog class for more control of the user file dialog.
If you need to specify multiple file types, you can just concatenate them like this:
Lastly, when the user double-clicks on one of your app's files1, your app will be launched and provided a FolderItem to the file. You'll get this information in the App.OpenDocument event handler, where you can process the file. You will need to have a built app for the OS to launch in order to test this functionality. This code creates a new window and loads the text file into it by calling the method shown above:
The OpenDocument method is also called when the file is dragged onto the app icon (which launches the app) or onto the Dock icon (on macOS).
1On Windows, your app installer needs to create Registry entries to set an associated file icon and allow opening of documents to automatically launch the app. For more information on this refer to UserGuide:Inno Setup Script (64-bit apps) and UserGuide:Inno Setup Script (32-bit apps). Also watch the Windows Installers video.
Referencing File Types
In addition to the direct ways to refer to a specific file type as shown in the examples above, there are also ways you can also refer to multiple file types. Suppose you create a File Type Set called ImageTypes in which you specify all of the valid image types that your application can open. You can specify the entire list of image types with a line such as:
If you need to add or remove image file types, your can simply modify the File Type Group and this line of code will automatically refer to the new members of the group.
If you have just a single file type, you can refer to its name directly:
If your File Type Group has multiple file types, you can concatenate them:
On macOS, Apple provides some tips to help troubleshoot File Type (UTI) settings:
In particular, some useful commands are:
|mdimport -d1 ||Tells you what UTI it thinks this file conforms to.|
|mdimport -d2 ||Tells you what meta data is imported for this file. Look for kMDItemContentTypeTree to see the hierarchy it thinks this file conforms to.|
For anyone with many versions of Xojo installed there will be lots of entries as some will have been imported by the old Spotlight Importer and other things. To test, it is often easier to create a new user account that has never had Xojo installed before using these commands.
Per Apple, apps need to be registered in order for them to be known to macOS so that their file type settings work. This is normally taken care of automatically in these situations:
- A built-in background tool, run whenever the system is booted or a new user logs in, automatically searches the Applications folders in the system, network, local, and user domains and registers any new applications it finds there.
- The Finder automatically registers all apps as it becomes aware of them, such as when they are dragged onto the user's disk or when the user navigates to a folder containing them.
- When the user attempts to open a document for which no preferred app can be found in the Launch Services database, the Finder presents a dialog asking the user to select an app with which to open the document. It then registers that app before launching it.
For more information refer to the official Apple Launch Services Concepts document.
Create the MIME type:
sudo -H gedit /etc/mime.types and add the line application/x-xojotext xojotext
Add the icon (which must be called application-x-xojotext.svg):
sudo cp PathToIcon/application-x-xojotext.svg /usr/share/icons/gnome/scalable/mimetypes
(don't forget to replace PathToIcon with the actual path to your icon)


text:
Definition of coccolith in English:
A minute, rounded, calcareous platelet, numbers of which form the spherical shells of coccolithophores.
- At this rate it is possible to produce an average 100 metre thickness of coccoliths as calcareous ooze on the ocean floor in less than 200 years.
- Chalk, though it may include shell fragments, is predominantly composed of coccoliths from planktonic algae, forming fine-grained limestone.
- The living cell possesses a gelatinous sheath in which are embedded calcareous plates termed coccoliths.
Mid 19th century: from Greek kokkos 'grain or berry' + lithos'stone'.
Definition of coccolith in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Steve Spangler's Flying Toilet Paper
Bernoulli's Principle explains how air pressure differences combine for an awesome demonstration.
It's amazing what you can do with differences in air pressure. A tasty drink flows through a straw from a glass up to your mouth. A vacuum pulls dirt from the floor and drops it into a bag. A kite floats on a gentle breeze. A 900,000 pound (410,000 kg) airplane lifts into the air like a bird. Toilet paper flies off the roll and… wait! Toilet paper?! Do it right and you'll see air pressure differences empty a roll of toilet paper in seconds!
"The Ellen DeGeneres Show," A Very Good Production, E W Scripps Company
Ping-Pong® is a registered trademark of Parker Brothers. All Rights Reserved.
- Handheld hair dryer
- Ping-Pong® ball
- Empty toilet paper tube
- Full roll(s) of toilet paper
- Leaf blower
- Balloon (penny inside it)
- Beach ball
- Stick (broom handle, or piece of PVC pipe work great)
- Safety glasses
- Adult supervision
NOTE: The video is a segment from The "Ellen DeGeneres Show" featuring an appearance by Steve Spangler. The portion that applies directly to this activity starts at 1:42. But heck, just watch it all… it's really fun!
Before you go after launching toilet paper, however, do these activities first so you know the science behind the fun and how to handle the setup.
Hold or support the dryer so it's stable and doesn't wobble with the airstream pointed directly up. If you have the option, use the "cool" setting on the blow dryer.
Place the Ping-Pong ball into the stream of air and let go. Watch the ball until it's very steady in the moving air. It won't take long.
With the ball pretty much in one place, slowly tilt the hair dryer left and right and watch the ball move with it. How close to horizontal can you get?
Make sure the ball slips easily through the toilet paper tube.
Turn on the hair dryer, place the ball in the stream, and hold the empty toilet paper tube in the moving air well above the ball. Slowly lower the tube toward the ball in the air. At a certain point, the ball is pushed into the tube and zips upward through the tube. It leaves the airstream and falls to the ground.
Slip a penny into a balloon, inflate the balloon, and tie it off.
Turn the hair dryer on high again. If you have them, place two Ping-Pong balls into the moving air and watch them dance.
Replace a ball with the inflated, weighted balloon in the air flow. What happens if you move the hairdryer slowly? quickly?
Grab the full roll of toilet paper. Hold the roll so the paper goes over the top of the roll and falls on the side away from you. Unroll a few sections and blow straight across the top of the roll. Surprisingly, the dangling paper lifts upward as you blow. Now, use the hairdryer to blow over the top of the roll. The lifting paper is the reason airplanes fly.
For this Step, the hair dryer probably doesn't have enough oomph. You need a really big "dryer": try a leaf blower.
Grab the stick and slide the full roll of toilet paper over it so the paper unrolls away from you. Turn the blower on high and let the air move over the top of the roll of toilet paper. The roll will be empty in a few seconds! Be sure to clean up the fun when you're finished.
How Does It Work
The floating ball is a wonderful example of Bernoulli's Principle. Bernoulli, an 18th-century Swiss researcher, discovered something quite unusual about moving air. He found that the faster air flows over a surface, the less it pushes on that surface which means it has a lower pressure. The moving air from the hair dryer flows around the outside of the ball. That makes a lot of moving, low pressure air around the ball. Directly above the ball, however, the air is not moving very much so it has a higher pressure. It tends to hold the ball in place. Gravity pulls the ball downward as well while the blowing air from below the ball forces it upward. This means that all the forces acting on the ball are balanced and the ball hovers in midair above the hair dryer.
As you tilt the hair dryer you make the ball follow the stream of air. Bernoulli's principle says that the fast moving air around the sides of the ball is at a lower pressure than the surrounding stationary air. If the ball tries to leave the stream of moving air, the stationary, higher pressure air holds it in. The ball floats in the air as long as you move it slowly.
When you place the empty toilet paper tube into the airstream, the air is pushed into a smaller area inside the tube where it moves even faster (the Venturi Effect). The pressure inside the tube becomes even lower than that of the air surrounding the ball and it gets pushed up and out of the tube.
The penny in the balloon adds mass to the balloon. It's possible you may not need it but odds are that an empty balloon will simply blow away in the airstream.
When you blow across the top of a roll of toilet paper, you lower the air pressure at that point. However, there's higher pressure under the flapping paper. That's why the paper lifts up. The same is true for the leaf blower but on a much more powerful scale. The air pressure drops for a much farther distance out above the paper and the higher pressure stays in place father out, too. That's why the paper from a leaf blower launch curves upward for most of the distance it covers.
Take It Further
The addition of a leaf blower is definitely taking it further. If you can manage this option, you'll have a lot of fun. Using a leaf blower in place of a hair dryer, you can float larger objects like beach balls and maybe volleyballs.
Real World Application
Airplanes fly because of Bernoulli's Principle. Air rushing over the top of a curved airplane wing exerts less pressure than air moving against the flat, underside of the wing. So, the relatively higher air pressure beneath the wings provides the upward force, or lift, that enables airplanes, birds, kites, and sail planes to fly.


styles of communication
Google Corporation has redefined its corporate ethos over the last three decades, and one of the fields that has seen significant change is the company's marketing strategy. The company's founders became the principal drivers of the company's improved internal and external contact styles, which resulted in an improvement in efficiency and a comparative advantage over its competitors. Google Corporation has a relational organizational framework that allows for open communication among employees. However, its external communication is very secretive, and this helps in maintaining its privacy from its competitors, and this has played a role in the company's increased market share over the years. The company's unique communication strategies have also been on the frontline in maintaining the company's reputation and strengthening of the brand. This paper focuses on the communication styles employed by Google Corporation.
Communication channels
Google Corporation employs various communication styles. One of the communication styles employed by the managers of the company is regular meetings with the employees. Through direct face to face meetings with the employees, the managers are able to share their views and come up with strategies that can enhance the performance of the company. Other than the use of meetings, the managers of Google Corporation employs communication channels such as emails, memos and video conferencing. The use of emails is the most common communication technique embraced by the company. Emails are mainly applied in the company because each and every employee of the company has a direct linkage to a computer system, and this makes it easier for the departmental and organization's heads to send them emails. Finally, the company also uses memos as a part of their communication to its employees. Memos are mainly applied as communication channels from one department to the other.
Communication in the recent event
On January 2017, Google CEO, Sundar Pichai announced the company's plans for the acquisition of the struggling SoundCloud Inc. the communication method employed by the company's CEO was a face-to-face announcement to the audience that consisted of the company's employees and shareholders. The communication technique was effective because it gave the audience an opportunity to have an interactive discussion with the company's head and share their ideas on whether the move will be fruitful or flawed. The CEO preferred face-to-face communication with the audience rather than the use of communication techniques such as email and video conferencing because face to face communication with the audience made it easier and effective for him to send the message to the audience (Yates, 2009). The communication technique also makes it easier for the leader to receive feedback from the audience.
Based on this information, it is clear that leaders and managers need to put their preference on the use of face-to-face communication with their audience. Departmental managers, rather than sending emails on a regular basis to the employees, need to ensure that they hold regular meetings with their employees, and this can be instrumental in encouraging the employees as well as increasing their productivity (Smith & Mounter, 2008).
There are various communication techniques employed by different companies across the globe. The mode of communication employed by a company determines its productivity levels. Companies such as Google Company enjoy increased financial performance and productivity due to their organization culture and unique communication strategies. The use of face-to-face communication comes out as the most appropriate technique for internal communication in an organization.
Smith, L., & Mounter, P. (2008). Effective internal communication (1st ed.). London: Kogan Page.
Yates, V. (2009). Communication (1st ed.). Oxford: Heinemann Library.
Need help with your homework? Let our experts handle it.
Order form


text:
This is a very good question. I implemented the same algorithm on c# some time ago. The Algorithm constructs a common contour of two polygons (i.e. Constructs a union without holes). Here it is.
Step 1. Create graph that describes the polygons.
Input: first polygon (n points), second polygon (m points). Output: graph. Vertex - polygon point of intersection point.
We should find intersections. Iterate through all polygon sides in both polygons [O(n*m)] and find any intersections.
If an intersection is not found, simply add vertices and connect them
to the edge.
If any intersections are found, sort them by length to their start point, add all
vertexes (start, end and intersections) and connect them (already in
sorted order) to the edge.
Step 2. Check constructed graph
If we did not find any intersection points when graph was built, we have one of the following conditions:
- Polygon1 contains polygon2 - return polygon1
- Polygon2 contains polygon1 - return polygon2
- Polygon1 and polygon2 do not intersect. Return polygon1 AND polygon2.
Step 3. Find left-bottom vertex.
Find the minimum x and y coordinates (minx, miny). Then find the minimum distance between (minx, miny) and the polygon's points. This point will be the left-bottom point.
Step 4. Construct common contour.
We start to traverse the graph from the left-bottom point and continue until we get back into it. At the beginning we mark all edges as unvisited. On every iteration you should select the next point and mark it as visited.
To choose the next point, choose an edge with a maximum internal angle in counter-clockwise direction.
I calculate two vectors: vector1 for current edge and vector2 for each next unvisited edge (as presented in the picture).
For vectors I calculate:
- Scalar product (dot product). It returns a value related to an angle between vectors.
- Vector product (cross product). It returns a new vector. If z-coordinate of this
vector is positive, scalar product gives me right angle in
counter-clockwise direction. Else (z-coordinate is negative), I
calculate get angle between vectors as 360 - angle from scalar
As a result I get an edge (and a correspond next vertex) with the maximum angle.
I add to result list each passed vertex. Result list is the union polygon.
- This algorithm allows us to merge multiple of polygons - to
apply iteratively with polygon's pairs.
- If you have a path that consists of many bezier curves and lines, you should flatten this path first.


This figure illustrates how base user and application-specific attributes are stored within the Oracle Internet Directory DIT. The root node contains two branches. The first branch represents the Oracle Identity Management realm and stores base user attributes, which include the user's status in provisioning-integrated applications, in the following DN: cn=Users, dc=us, dc=MyCompany, dc=com. In the illustration, this DN includes the following entries: cn=user1 and cn=user2. The second branch contains three application containers. the DN for the first container is cn=Application1, cn=Products, cn=OracleContext, the DN for the second container is cn=Application2, cn=Products, cn=OracleContext, and the DN for the third container is cn=Application3, cn=Products, cn=OracleContext. The first and second application DNs contain cn=user properties containers that store application-specific attributes. The cn=user properties container for the first application DN contains a single entry, orclOwnerGUID=user1GUID. The cn=user properties container for the second application DN contains two entries: orclOwnerGUID=user1GUID and orclOwnerGUID=user2GUID. The third application DN contains callout text stating that the application-specific attributes are managed by the Data Access Java Plug-in.


text:
M. A. Peshkin, A. C. Sanderson
The physics of motion of a sliding object can be used to plan sensorless robot manipulation strategies. Prediction of a sliding object's motion is difficult because the object's distribution of support on the surface, and the resulting frictional forces, are in general unknown. This paper describes a new approach to the analysis of sliding motion, which finds the set of object motions for all distributions of support. The analysis results in the definition of discrete regions of guaranteed sticking and slipping behavior which lend themselves to use in planning. Unlike previous work our approach produces quantitative bounds on the rate at which predicted motions can occur. To illustrate a manipulation plan which requires quantitative information for its construction, we consider a strategy based on "herding" a sliding disk toward a central goal by moving a robot finger in a decreasing spiral about the goal. The optimal spiral is constructed, and its performance discussed.


text:
Educational Exodus: Stories of Korean Youth in the U.S.
AbstractAn increasing number of Korean early study abroad (ESA) students are spending some of their K-12 school years in the U.S. to continue their schooling. This typical social and educational phenomenon in Korea has surged since 2000. This study aims to investigate Korean ESA adolescents' life experiences in the U.S., focusing on motives for ESA and challenges they have experienced during their staying in the U.S. A case narrative inquiry was adopted as a research methodology to examine in-depth life experiences of four focal students. For the primary method of data collection, this study employed longitudinal observation, individual interviews, and written documents. Findings indicated that various components were entangled in complex ways for explaining the students' decision-making such as escaping from competitive Korean educational situation, improving English language competence, following their parents' academic journey, and getting better education. However, it might not be a path without risks. In our study, the Korean ESA adolescents have faced various challenges and even agonies. This research will provide authentic and practical information for educators and teachers to understand this emerging group of students. View Full-Text
Share & Cite This Article
Choi, H.Y.; Kim, E. Educational Exodus: Stories of Korean Youth in the U.S.. Soc. Sci. 2017, 6, 116.
Choi HY, Kim E. Educational Exodus: Stories of Korean Youth in the U.S.. Social Sciences. 2017; 6(4):_URL_ Style
Choi, Hee Y.; Kim, Eunhyun. 2017. "Educational Exodus: Stories of Korean Youth in the U.S.." Soc. Sci. 6, no. 4: 116.
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.


1. Administration and security
 2. Security
 3. Single Sign-on (SSO)
 4. Assign Exception Users
When a workspace is assigned to SSO, all users are selected as an SSO user by default. Once SSO is set up, exception users can log in using SSO or log in using the standard login mechanism at the Anaplan URL: _URL_
Note: Your organization should only use Exception Users for:
 - users who run v2 and v1.3 APIs and authenticate using basic authentication
 - support situations
Therefore, it is a best practice to keep the number of exception users to a minimum or use Certificate Authority authentication.
To assign a user as an Exception User, clear the Single Sign-on checkbox for that user in the Users tab within Settings.
Warning: Once SSO is set up, users can only access Anaplan using SSO unless they are an Exception User. We therefore recommend that your organization assigns at least one exception user.
Your business must schedule an appropriate time to enforce SSO. It is essential that your organization educates end-users on accessing the Friendly URL. Note that the Friendly URL format has specific configuration requirements.
Enforce SSO Authentication
By default all users are assigned as an SSO user. If you need to enforce SAML SSO authentication for an Exception User so that they can no longer use the standard login mechanism at the Anaplan URL:
 1. Click Settings > Users
 2. Select the Single Sign-on checkbox of the Exception User user for which you want to enforce SSO.
 3. If you have more than one workspace, repeat this step for each workspace.
Note: This associates SSO with a model to which the user has access in the workspace. Once SSO is enforced for a user, they cannot log in with their user name and password at the Anaplan URL.


web analytics
Information Directory
Reference Directory
HPPOS-229 PDR-_PHONE_
Relaxation of Definition of Source Check in Reference to Effluent Radiation Monitors
See the memorandum from L. J. Cunningham to J. H. Joyner (and others) dated December 6, 1990. This memo states that any proposal by a licensee to relax the definition of a source check is not acceptable without compensatory measures to maintain overall effluent control for the proposed relaxation.
A licensee had submitted an amendment request to move the existing procedural details of the current Radiological Effluent Technical Specifications (RETS) to the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM). The licensee, as well as twenty-two other facilities, used plastic scintillator / photomultiplier type effluent radiation monitors that contained either a built-in LED light source or a secondary check source that did not expose the primary detector. These alternative source check measurements were used to meet the monthly qualitative source check requirement. The definition of "source check" under the Technical Specifications requires that the channel sensor, including the primary radiation detector, be exposed to a radioactive source.
The licensee's amendment request would not change the definition for source check; however, if the amendment were approved, the licensee would be free to relax the definition for source check under its ODCM, provided they met the criteria that "the overall level of radiological effluent control is not reduced." A violation of this criteria would be a violation of the licensee's Technical Specification.
The NRR staff have adopted the position that any proposal by a licensee to relax the definition of source check, whether through an amendment request or under its ODCM pursuant to Generic Letter 89-01, is not acceptable without the licensee providing compensatory measures for the proposed relaxation. This is necessary because such changes on measurements can reduce the overall effluent control. Therefore, the following conditions must be met:
1. If the detector of concern is used as the primary means of quantifying radionuclides in effluent streams, the licensee must proved justification on why an alternative and technically more accurate measurement (e.g. taking grab samples) is not available. If an alternative measurement is not available, then detector specific and other effluent-related information should be provided either in the ODCM or other means for the staff to evaluate whether the overall effluent control will be reduced.
2. If the scintillator plastic / photomultiplier type detector is used only for detecting radiation that activates the alarm / trip setpoint, relaxation of the current source check definition should be accompanied by a commitment from the licensee to provide compensatory measures to ensure the overall effluent control not be reduced over time and usage. A commitment by the licensee to Cross-check and Document the detector scalar count-rate with the grab sample result (C&D measurement), where practical, in lieu of the monthly source check measurement, would be acceptable. In those situations where the C&D measurement or other comparable measurements are not practical, the use of the LED light source and/or secondary check source measurements would be acceptable.
Regulatory references: 10 CFR 50, Regulatory Guide 1.21, Regulatory Guide 4.15, Technical Specifications
Subject codes: 6.6, 7.3, 12.12
Applicability: Source


Event System Presentation
Published on
An Event System for Server-less Networking
 - Be the first to comment
 - Be the first to like this
No Downloads
Total Views
On Slideshare
From Embeds
Number of Embeds
Embeds 0
No embeds
No notes for slide
Event System Presentation
 1. 1. Presenting users with a consistent world without persistent clientsPermanent State in a Serverless Environment
 2. 2. ➲Presenting users with a persistent state is easy if you have apersistent host.➲With a few techniques it can be done without a server, aslong as clients remain in the game.➲Primary benefit is the saving on Server hosting costs. Overview
 3. 3. ➲ Traditional Model : Client/Server➲ Server runs game logic, deciding when events occur.➲ Game clients receive incoming events and process them (deterministically).➲ Late-joiners can receive a snapshot of the world from the host. Server based model
 4. 4. ➲ One of the clients acts as the server.➲ That client drives the others via events.➲ Processes events themselves.➲ The problem is that the server "state" is never transmitted, only the client state.➲ If the integrated server leaves, what do we do. Integrated server
 5. 5. ➲ If we make the server logic "stateless" we can move the server at will.➲ The server is now just code, that runs on one machine. The only thing the server code can do is send events.➲ Server is non-deterministic. Client code deterministic. Integrated server (cont)
 6. 6. ➲ This would suffice if only the host needs to interact with the world, and everyone else just views them.➲ The real problem comes when we allow the clients to interact with the world as well. (clients become peers)➲ Peers actions can overlap, creating race conditions.➲ To resolve these race conditions we could lock resources using the host as a token server. Moving to peer-to-peer
 7. 7. ➲ Tokens are often touted as a solution➲ Peer signal requests for tokens➲ Server grants, or refuses➲ Peer then can control the object➲ What if server migrates after the signal?➲ What if peer leaves after obtaining the token?➲ We cannot reclaim the token until the peer is definitely gone. The problem with tokens
 8. 8. ➲ What if the server, merely re-broadcasts the signals, without any logic.➲ The outgoing broadcasts are ordered, so all the peers see the signals in the same order.➲ Peers smart enough to work out when locks fail, or succeed.➲ Now we can implement complex behaviors.➲ Example, can only get into a vehicle if its empty, or occupied by a team mate. Introducing the reflector
 9. 9. ➲ The reflector is like a server with no state, nor game specific logic.➲ It is a true peer-peer logic, all clients are identical, except for the automatic reflecting of requests.➲ Peers must remember the sent signals. If the host changes, they must resend all signals they have not seen reflected.➲ The Reflector
 10. 10. ➲ Peers send signals and handle events.➲ The reflector reflects the signals. Reflected signals are events, and are in the same order on all machines.➲ Signals have a unique identifier formed from machine ID and count of signals sent.➲ Events also have a unique ID of the reflector and the event count. (also known as the event stream position) Terminology
 11. 11. ➲ The reflect method is exposed on all machines.➲ On any client who is not the reflector, the method does nothing.➲ On the reflector, the event occurs immediately, with the event sent as normal to other clients.➲ Reflect methods must not change state, only generate events. The Reflect Method
 12. 12. ➲ Three common ownership patterns➲ Unique ownership : no-one else can signal, clients can signal whenever they like.➲ Single ownership : State is changed using reflect, effective like the old "server code" pattern.➲ No/Shared Ownership: context never changes, peers signal when they wish to change state. Changes may fail. Ownership analogies
 13. 13. In this example, Peer 1, wants to signalPeer Reflecto Peer something about an object they own.1 r 3 Peer 1 call Signal, which sends a signal to the reflector.Signal The reflector calls the reflect method, and sends the results to all clients, including themselves. Event A use of this pattern might be used for example to allow a player to select their own weapon. Unique ownership pattern
 14. 14. In this example, something must getPeer Reflecto Peer done, once and once only. In this1 r 3 case we poll for the condition on each client. Each client calls the reflect method when required. Only the reflector will do anything when reflect is called, and they will send an event to all clients (including Event themselves). It is important to note, that we cannot guarantee that there is always a reflector, but we can guarantee that one will exist at some point. When a host does exist, they should call the reflect, and the event will get done. This usage pattern also has the lowest latency (for obvious reasons) A good us for this pattern might be to trigger the end of the round. Single ownership pattern
 15. 15. This pattern is identical to the uniquePeer Reflecto Peer ownership pattern, with BIG caveat.1 r 3 No ownership means more than one peerSignal Signal may try and use a resource, creating a race condition. It is the job of the reflector to resolve the Event race condition, by giving definitive ordering to the events. This pattern could be used for example to determine which player gets a weapon pick up. No ownership pattern
 16. 16. ➲ A major problem still exists.➲ The state on the peers may not be up to date (as defined as the state on the server).➲ This means that peers can send signals that are no longer valid when they are reflected.➲ Most obvious is referencing an object that has since been deleted. The context issue
 17. 17. An example of context problem Peer Reflecto Peer • The object is deleted twice. 1 r 3 • The second delete is valid when sent, because the first delete has notDelete object arrived yet. • Could be solved by unique object Delete object identifiers, but... • This is a generic problem. It occurs because the knowledge of the state is perfect, but always lags the reflector. • Three common re-occurring causes. • Game state change. (i.e. BE transition) • Level state change. (i.e. end of round) • Object state, mainly deletion. Example context problem
 18. 18. ➲ Signals are tagged with the event processed last.➲ Provide a number of context markers. Markers are updated with the last event the context changed.➲ Simply compare signal tag with the context marker to see if the context has changed (how to handle left to user).➲ Markers can be deleted when all peers send signals with event IDs greater than the marker. Signal context
 19. 19. ➲ All signals originate from non-deterministic actions (such as user input)➲ Reflection translates into a deterministic flow.➲ Once inside a deterministic event, we may not use the signal method to trigger more non-deterministic behaviour. Determinism barriers
 20. 20. Using signals from events problematic • Event sent to all clientsPeer 1 Reflector Peer 3 • We end up with multiple signals. • Could be solved by detectingSignal multiple events, but... • A better way exists.Signal Signal Signal from event
 21. 21. ➲ A good example of the single ownership pattern.➲ Signaling from inside event handlers, causes the event to be stored as pending, on all machines.➲ Peers use reflect method to cause events which are pending.➲ Events are removed from the store when the event is seen.➲ Pending buffer is a deterministic to non-deterministic barrier. Non Deterministic-Signal buffer
 22. 22. ➲ Non-deterministic code can generate signals, but not change state.➲ Deterministic code can change state, but not generate signals.➲ By splitting code into deterministic and non-deterministic, we can do almost anything, without the need for a server. Summary
 23. 23. ➲ Events are always owned by a single "Type", but many types can listen to those events.➲ This leads to an ordering problem. If an event constructs an object then the event must be processed first➲ If an event destroys an object, then the listeners must be called first.➲ This is a property of the event, and can be specified on creation.Construction order/destruction order problems
 24. 24. ➲ Define event object.It needs pack/unpack and name.➲ I strongly urge use of PureEvent/IntEvent/etc➲ Inherit from EventOwner➲ Define an event handler