text:
(Canary Islands Juniper) is a species of juniper, native to the western Canary Islands (Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria, Gomera) and Madeira (J.
cedrus Webb & Berthel. subsp. maderensis
(Menezes) Rivas Mart.
& al.), where it occurs at
altitudes of _PHONE_ m. It is closely related to Juniperus oxycedrus
Juniper) of the Mediterranean
(Azores Juniper) of the Azores
It is a large shrub
growing to a height of 5-20 m (rarely 25 m). The
needle-like, in whorls of three, green to glaucous-green, 8-23 mm
long and 1-2 mm broad, with a double white stomatal band (split by
a green midrib) on the inner surface. It is usually dioecious
, with separate male and female
plants. The seed cones
-like, green ripening in 18 months to orange-red
with a variable pink waxy coating; they are spherical, 8-15 mm
diameter, and have six fused scales in two whorls of three; the
three larger scales each with a single seed
The seeds are dispersed when birds
cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard seeds in
their droppings. The male cones are yellow, 2-3 mm long, and fall
soon after shedding their pollen
It is endangered
in its native
range due to a combination of historical felling for the valuable
wood, and overgrazing by goats
. It has been
fully protected since 1953 and populations are very slowly
recovering. Historical reports suggest trees up to 30 m tall
occurred in the past; trees over 10 m are very rare now and
confined to inaccessible cliffs.
occasionally grown as an ornamental
tree in warm temperate climates, including New Zealand, the British Isles and California, but is not common in cultivation.
also some small experimental plantations
on the Canary Islands, where it has shown fast growth in good
conditions, reaching about 14-15 m tall in 40 years.
References and external links


text:
Even the asphalt used in the parking lots is a unique and green effort. Scot Colley, Assistant Director of the Physical Resources Department, explains to us that "a lot of the asphalt on parking lots that we redo is where we regrind the asphalt that we have and this reduces the need for a new petroleum based product. It also reduces what we put in the landfill and we just grind up and reuse what we have here."
One of the main chemicals used in asphalt production is kerosene. The university uses a process called asphalt emulsion priming which eliminates the need for kerosene and instead uses a water base. Colley also told us that non-toxic byproducts of coal are also being put to use in the projects that require concrete. "Some of the concrete we do [recycle], we have a flash concrete we use in some of our buildings and that is a by-product of burnt coal and that makes the concrete more durable and it lasts longer. it just makes it a batter, more sustainable product" explained Colley.
He says there is been no real noticeable differences in both the green asphalt and concrete as far as in quality, but he says there performance of both has been exceptional.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Strange things I see frequently
I don't know if they didn't get the memo, but a startlingly large number of people talking on cell phones in Mexico hold the phone in front of their mouth while talking. It is as if they didn't know that the mouthpiece on these things was designed to pick up their voice WHILE the body of the phone is pressed to their ear. This allows for a quite handy full-duplex conversation, a wonderful feature of modern life. I never noticed this type of behavior in other countries I have visited, so what is up with Mexico or its cell phones?


text:
Infacol Wind Drops 30Ml
Item Code: 006379
- infacol wind drops is an effective method of treating wind in babies and infants.
- Always read the label.
- Use only as directed.
- If symptoms persist consult your healthcare professional.
- Do not use if cap and/or bottle seals are missing or broken.
- Simethicone, Saccharin Sodium, Sorbic Acid, Ethanol, Purified water.
- Do not exceed 12 doses per day.
- 1 month to 2 years: 0.2mL added to bottle or directly into the baby's mouth before breast feeding.
- After feeding, wind infant normally.
- Ask your pharmacist for advice before using this product for the first time in infants under 6 months, Over 2 years: 0.4mL given four times daily (after meals and at bedtime).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


You might think "legendary" lost treasure is the stuff of fiction, something you could only hope to find if you were a character in an Indiana Jones film. However, there are a vast array of lost treasures that actually exist in the real world, waiting to be found by whomever is willing to search hard enough for them. Keep reading to discover some of the most lucrative treasure hunting locations on the planet.
San Miguel
In the 18th century, Spain possessed an 11-ship fleet that carried a staggering $2-billion in treasures, including jewels, minerals and precious metals. The ships were last spotted near the coast of Florida, when they were thwarted in an attempt to make it back to their home destination before a devastating hurricane was due to hit. The ships immediately sank deep into the ocean's depths, killing the sailing crews aboard and burying all of the riches far below the sea. As of present, crews have unearthed seven out of the 11 ships. However, it is believed all of the treasure aboard is still missing. The San Miguel is the most noteworthy lost ship. It held the largest amount of Spanish treasure. If you have diving experience and are willing to travel to the Floridian coast or perhaps beyond, the San Miguel and its riches could be yours.
The Treasure of Forrest Fenn
Forrest Fenn, a military pilot and master of treasure hunting in his own right, thought his last living act would be scattering every valuable he'd amassed over the years across the country, leaving riddles for other adventurous people to use to find all $1-million worth. However, as of 2015, he is still alive and no one has managed to unearth any of Fenn's riches. If you dare, you could be the first person to find Fenn's treasure.
The Buried Treasure of Key West
Spain is yet again the source of this mysteriously-located wealth mine. Nuestra Senora de Atocha, a 17th century Spanish fleet, was swept up in a severe storm while passing by the Florida Keys. Several of its ships were unable to survive the storm and sank below the sea's surface, taking with it up to $700-million worth of valuables. Mel Fisher was able to find part of this massive prize, specifically around $500-million of it, during the mid-1980s. However, there is evidence that suggests more treasure waits to be found. The captain of the fleet wrote a manifesto detailing just how much treasure was loaded onto the fleet.
This is just a taste of hidden treasure troves that exist in the world. If you're interested in the idea of real treasure hunts, we can point you in the right direction. If you're interested in discovering more treasure hunting hotspots, contact us at our website. We provide a full network for treasure hunters to share and explore.


ROC to be honored at US war cemetery
MAKING A MARK:：The memorial marker is scheduled to be installed today in a Hawaii cemetery in memory of ROC servicemen who died in World War II, Korea and Vietnam
Mon, Aug 19, 2013 - Page 3
After agreeing to set up memorial markers for South Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (NMCP) in Honolulu, Hawaii, the US is now preparing to set up a memorial headstone for Republic of China (ROC) servicemen, the Veterans Affairs Commission said.
The cemetery is dedicated to the men and women who served in the US armed forces during World War I, World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Officials said the request to have an ROC memorial marker set up in the cemetery was made in 2011 by former Veterans Affairs Commission minister Tseng Jing-ling (曾金陵) when he attended the 112th Annual Convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States in San Antonio, Texas.
Tseng had previously visited the cemetery to lay flowers as a token of respect and was escorted by a detail of US honor guards that fired a 21-gun salute in tribute to fallen soldiers.
Officials said Tseng told US authorities that the cemetery should include a memorial marker for the ROC because of the contributions made by ROC servicemen during World War II, adding that the headstone would also symbolize the longstanding military ties between the two nations.
"Many of our armed forces personnel lost their lives in World War II, as well as in the Vietnam and Korean wars," Tseng said.
As defined by the US Navy, the Pacific theater of World War II included China, Southeast Asia and the Central and Southwest Pacific areas. China became involved in the Pacific theater when the Second Sino-Japanese War it was fighting with Japan at the time merged into the World War II front following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
Despite not being able to participate actively in the Korean War or the Vietnam War due to US intervention, the ROC government sent many volunteers to serve as translators with the UN intervention force on the Korean Peninsula.
The ROC took a more active role in Vietnam, where it trained South Vietnamese commandos and coordinated logistics.
The commission said that the US Department of Veteran Affairs announced it had accepted Tseng's proposal in June, adding that both sides had agreed to install the marker at the cemetery today.
According to the commission, Tseng — although retired — paid for his own plane ticket to Hawaii to attend the inauguration ceremony.
Commission Deputy Secretary-General Sung Hai-sheng (宋海笙) and Chang Chih-fan (張志範), chief of the oversea affairs section, will be the commission's official representatives at the event.
The commission said the marker was made in Taiwan and shipped to Hawaii by sea, adding that it featured the Taiwanese and US national flags, as well as the commission's logo.
The marker is inscribed with a dedication written in Mandarin and English reading: "We Salute Those RIP in NMCP. Your Gallantry In Preserving Peace of Asia and Pacific Region Will Always Be Remembered."


text:
How scary might it look if you thought you had already turned off the electric stove, but it continuously made noise?
Of course, there is a reasonable cause why your electric stove behaves that way and keeps on clicking when off.
Can an Electric Oven Making Clicking Noises Indicate Danger?
Not at all. An oven or a furnace making a clicking noise is standard when you engage the oven igniter. Once it is engaged, you can hear around 3 to 5 clicks before the burner reaches the constant heating level.
Check oven fan motor is working. A conventional gas oven has an electric fan to assist in controlling the heat.
PRO TIP: Noisy electric stove igniters could be dirty. When cooking, dirt and grime can collect around the spark ignition switch and stay there for a while. When stuck for long, this mess will choke on the knob and prevent it from turning smoothly.
Before you proceed into the delusion that something weird is going on with your stove, it is better to keep calm and that this kind of situation is simple to solve.
Next Read: Why My Microwave Making Popping Noise?
Perhaps, before we can answer why electric stoves make noise, it is better to ask, "do electric stoves click"?
Reasons Behind Electric Stoves Making Noise When Off
To completely get enlightened on how an electric stove can make a noise is to get familiar with the parts.
Your electric stove mainly has the following parts:
- Burners or coils
- Burner cap
- Induction cooktop; gas cooktop for gas range
- Control panel: Manual control panel includes knobs, while the digital control panel depends on flat panels.
- Drip pan
- Control knobs
The most important part of an electric stove is the heating units or heating elements. The coil or burner, burner cover, and drip pan comprise the electric stove's heating element.
Conventional electric stoves and even a gas stoves have a manual control knob, a mechanical timer, and a burner grate. Digital electric stoves have a different design. And it also depends on the brand of electric stove you have at home.
For example, the Wolf igniter keeps clicking when off, which means something in the control knob prevents it from returning to its normal position. Make sure that there is nothing stuck into it, and check if the clicking sound continues.
Most of the clicking sound from an electric stove would come from control knobs but in other parts.
Let's find them.
- Food debris around manual igniters.
- Moisture buildup.
- Internal electrical malfunction on burners.
Common Electric Stove Noise and Troubleshooting:
Electric Stove Making a Buzzing Noise
Old electric stoves have conventional electric coils. These burner coils will produce will buzz, rattle, or vibrate when heating up due to the welding design on the heating element.
Electric Hob Making a Clicking Noise
The clicking or ticking noise on the hob is normal. But when it becomes a ticking noise, it could be that the hob design does not fit perfectly.
Next Read: Gas Oven Sounds Like a Blowtorch : [5 Easy Ways to Fix]
The ticking noise could also come from the initial coil heating as it revs up as the heat reacts to the metal material of the cooktop.
The coils of your electric stove are made of metal. So when the coils start to heat while cooking, it will produce a popping sound when something hits the coil. Since coils are scorching and cool down gradually, they will typically make noise when attracted to an opposite temperature. To solve?
Let it cool down before attempting to clean it.
Avoid spilling food debris on the coils, especially when hot.
It is normal to hear a humming noise from your electric stove when turning it on the first time. This humming sound or buzzing noise continues while the coils are burning.
If the humming sound increases and does not stop, there could be something wrong with the coil or its attachment to the hob.
The sparking noise coming from your electric stove could result from loose wiring or defective heating elements. Most of the parts in the heating element are metal, so any loose connection could initiate a spark anytime.
A broken spark plug or spark electrode can produce a spark in seconds. Do not splice on your own, as handling electrical matters is deadly. Call an experienced electrician or bring your electric stove for repair.
The ticking noise from your electric stove could come from the internal settings of the switch. This means that there is an electrical malfunction happening inside the wiring of the controller button.
Let your professional stove dealer or repairman check the electrical wiring of your stove and fix the issue. Don't attempt to do it by yourself.
PRO TIP: Is it dangerous when you hear a clicking noise? Sometimes it is. When the igniter is blocked, it is hazardous for the coil to heat without letup.
Signs You Need a New Electric Stove
When we encounter troubles with our home appliances, such as electric stoves, the first thing in mind is to call the repair guy.
Hoping that your appliance is under warranty, you get to enjoy a free service to fix your electric stove, especially when it is making weird noises.
An electric stove that is beyond repair means you have to say goodbye. Though it is not evident on your part because you are not an expert on electrical matters, here we give you hints that you should start thinking about buying a new electric stove and replacing the broken one.
- Broken plug and fuse box: If after trying to use other outlets but your stove doesn't on, there's something wrong with the electrical circuit breaker or power supply.
- Not heating/rapid heating: if you encounter any of these two electrical issues, have the knobs checked. If they are not the source of non-heating or overheating, it could be loose coils or coil failure. Coils are failing to glow red means you should replace them.
- Scorched countertops: When you notice that the countertop of your stove is turning yellow, it is having trouble controlling the heat. This indicates the cooling fan isn't working anymore or the seal is worn out, and the unit has to go.
How Long Does the Cooling fan on an Electric Cooktop Run?
The cooling fan in an electric stove serves as a supplement to quicken and balance the heat distribution in the cooking. This cooling fan takes a while to cool after cooking. It would take around an hour and a half or less for it to cool down completely.
The other essential purpose of the convection fan wall oven is to dissipate hot air faster. This is effective if you leave the convection oven door open. But if one oven fan blade is broken, it is not that efficient.
- Bad top burners: You can exchange bad burners for working burners. But if the burner still doesn't heat, it could be the socket of the switch.
How Long Does the Surface of an Electric Cooktop Stay Hot?
- The cooling down of your electric stove cooktop depends on how long you use the burners and how many burners you use simultaneously.
- If it takes ten minutes to heat them, it is longer to cool down unless you lower the heat instantly. You can use a cold cloth to wipe the surface if you feel the top has cooled down enough to touch.
- Most electric stoves have indicator lights saying that the burner is off.
Can Electric Stoves Explode?
An explosion will only happen for severe coil or heating element problems. The start of sparks often come from loose wiring connections and defective sockets.
Since the current is a powerful and dangerous energy, it can start a fire with a slight flicker. So, depending on the scenario, yes, electric stoves can explode.
For gas appliances, the spark module is faulty when you see a slight spark between the ignitor and the edge of the gas stove burner.
PRO TIP: Electric stoves last for around 10 to 15 years. An old age stove more than that needs replacing because even parts keep updating in time.
It is your daily life that is at stake here. Don't settle for old and failing electrical appliances such as your electric stove. Take note that cooking is not just an everyday activity, depending on how many times you cook and eat in a day. So it is only expected that your electric stove will burn out from its normal function.
Carelessness is also a factor in why your stove may not be functioning well and creates unusual noises when you cook and even when it is off.
Whatever the case could be, if it is out of the repairman's hands, it is time to shop for a new electric stove to save you money, time, and life. Even the skilled stove technician would recommend the same if he didn't figure out the real issue.
Enjoy your peace of mind while cooking, knowing that you saved a ton of money on needless repairs by purchasing a brand-new unit and protecting your home from fire.
If you wish to find similar articles that deal with sound and noise, you will be surprised that there's more to learn! So keep in the know all the time.
Robert is an electronic engineer with more than five years of experience with a solid affinity for helping people reduce noise. He writes about these silent home appliances and easy soundproofing measures to help everyone avoid the negative effect of extended exposure to high noise levels.


text: [en] Bifidobacteria are normal intestinal flora in humans and animals. The genus Bifidobacterium includes 31 species of significant host specificity. Taking into account their properties, we proposed to use bifidobacteria as fecal contamination indicators. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism on the 16S rDNA gene was used to distinguish the different Bifidobacterium species. Sixty-four strains belonging to 13 different species were differentiated from animal or human origin using one or two restriction enzymes. Moreover, the primers used were specifics of the Bifidobacterium genus. Therefore, this method made it possible to determine both the presence of bifidobacteria in a sample and its origin of contamination.


text: The Armco iron is one of the purest commercial iron with very low levels of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. In order to improve the mechanical properties, it is worth applying severe plastic deformation to obtain ultrafine-grained bulk materials, with grain size <1µm. In this study, samples of Armco iron were subjected to a technique of severe plastic deformation named Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB). The important parameter of ARB is the number of cycles and then the von Mises equivalent strain. By means of the Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique, the texture evolution with the number of cycles was studied. The microhardness was also measured in function of the equivalent strain. Finally, the mean grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries were determined as a function of the number of cycles.


Early case assessment (ECA) is obsolete
Early case assessment (ECA) software takes collected data (scanned documents, native documents, emails, forensic images, etc.) and lets you: (1) run searches using keywords, date ranges, etc. on the data; (2) see analytics for the data as a whole and for sets of search results, for example, number of documents, file types, custodians, and common words or phrases; and (3) "cull" the data before fully processing it and loading it into separate review software so that only part of the data collected actually makes it into the review software.
The only reason people think they need separate ECA software is price: it might cost $30 / GB or $40 / GB to process and load data into ECA software, whereas it might cost $200 / GB, $300 / GB, $400 / GB, or more to load the same data into review software. By loading the data into ECA software first…
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U'} \simeq G_{U'}$ whose specialization at any $g' \in U'(k)$ is right-translation on $G$ by the corresponding point $g \in U(k)$. Suppose ${\rm{char}}(k) = 0$, so $U' = U$ and the composite morphism $${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho:G \times U \rightarrow G$$ on $k$-points is the group law restricted to $U(k)$ in the 2nd variable. For any $g \in G(k)$ the right translation morphism $\rho_g$ carries $U$ to another open subscheme $\rho_g(U)$, and I claim that these opens cover $G$. It suffices to check the covering property on $k$-points, so for $h \in G(k)$ we seek $g \in G(k)$ such that $h \in \rho_g(U)$, or equivalently $hg^{-1} \in U(k)$. Pick any $u \in U(k)$ and let $g = u^{-1}h$. This proves the covering property, and the multiplication map $G(k) \times U(k)g \rightarrow G(k)$ arises from a morphism, namely the composition of ${\rm{pr}}_1 \circ \rho$ and the morphism $\rho_g$. We conclude (in char. 0) that the group law on $G(k)$ is induced by a morphism $G \times G \rightarrow G$.
Now we can deduce in char. 0 that inversion is a morphism (so we have a group variety), even though we never used the left-translation or inversion conditions. Indeed, the "universal right-translation" $G \times G \rightarrow G \times G$ defined by $(x,y) \mapsto (xy,y)$ between fppf $G$-schemes (via ${\rm{pr}}_2$) is a scheme isomorphism between fibers over all points in $G(k)$ and therefore is a scheme isomorphism (by fibral isomorphism criteria, adapted to the peculiarities of $k$-points when $k$ is alg. closed). This yields the morphism property for inversion for free! This was a char-free argument, but it required the composition law to be a morphism. Anyway, char. 0 is now settled.
Assume ${\rm{char}}(k) = p > 0$, so for sufficiently large $n \ge 0$ the finite flat $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism $G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$ of $G^{(1/p^n)}$ dominates $U'$ over $U$ (namely, pick $n \ge 0$ so that the finite purely inseparable extension $F/k(G)$ is contained inside $k(G)^{1/p^n}$). Since the initial choice of $F$ could be replaced with a finite purely inseparable extension at the outset if we wish, we may therefore assume that $U'$ is open inside $G^{(1/p^n)}$. Using a covering and translation argument similar to characteristic 0, we arrive at a morphism $$m_r:G \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the given group law on $k$-points via the natural identification of $G^{(1/p^n)}(k)$ with $G(k)$ (for some $n \ge 0$). Our problem is precisely to show that $m_r$ factors (in the sense of morphisms of varieties) through the $n$-fold relative Frobenius morphism in the 2nd variable.
Now we shall use that left-translations are morphisms too. At the cost of increasing our $n$ if necessary, we can run through the same arguments with "left" instead of "right" to arrive at another morphism $$m_{\ell}:G^{(1/p^n)} \times G \rightarrow G$$ which recovers the given group law on $k$-points (with the same $n$).
Returning to our task of checking that $m_r$ factors through the appropriate iterated Frobenius in the 2nd variable, since that iterated Frobenius is fppf (as $G$ is smooth!) we conclude via fppf descent that it is harmless to check the existence of such a factorization after precomposing $m_r$ with an fppf morphism in the first variable. So let's compose with the same iterated Frobenius in the first variable, arriving at a morphism $$G^{(1/p^n)} \times G^{(1/p^n)} \rightarrow G$$ that recovers the composition law of $G(k)$ on $k$-points. It suffices to show that this latter map factors through the $n$-fold Frobenius in its 2nd variable, but this factorization is clear: it is the composition of $m_{\ell}$ with that iterated Frobenius (as we may check by computing on $k$-points, since we're working with reduced $k$-schemes of finite type). QED
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This is a very nice answer! – Olivier Benoist Nov 18 '12 at 2:41
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text:
High Voltage Electrocution
A freshman student was reportedly electrocuted by accessing an electrical vault located on the campus of a major university. An autopsy indicated there was an electrical entrance wound on the left ring-finger where high voltage electricity entered the body and electrical exit wounds in the left arm and left thigh.
Rimkus was retained to conduct an investigation to evaluate compliance of the electrical vault with applicable codes, the student's means of accessing the electrical vault, and the manner in which the student's body came to rest in its final position. Our scope of work included the following.
- Conducted on-site inspection of the electrical vault and surrounding areas.
- Analyzed witness accounts on the day of student's disappearance.
- Examined interviews with maintenance and building engineering staff members.
- Conducted detailed chronology of the student's activities and events.
- Diagrammed site plan, building access points, and travel-ways.
- Evaluated the general configuration of the area surrounding electrical vault, as well as exterior accommodations for accessing vault.
- Performed an in-depth examination of the design, construction, and installation of electrical vault, transformers, and electrical components, as well as applicable rules, regulations, and safety requirements.
- Examined the design, construction, operation, and condition of the exterior doors, hardware-sets, and locking mechanisms leading to the vault.
- After the FBI examined the vault door hardware-set for evidence of tampering or damage, Rimkus analyzed and tested the hardware-set to determine adequacy of design, adequacy of installation, and the amount of force that would be required to pull it open while it was locked and the bolt was fully engaged. We then tested the hardware-set with the bolt fully disengaged.
- Analyzed student's route to final position, wounds, body position, and manner of electrocution due to high voltage.


Ordinarily Extraordinary…
How would our leadership be described? Ordinary or extraordinary?
Ordinary is described with no special or distinctive features, normal, uninteresting, commonplace. Imagine where leadership leads with an ordinary approach.
Extraordinary is described as very unusual or remarkable, unusually great. It does not take long to know how we should answer the call to leadership.
If leadership remains ordinary, the results will be normal. However, if leadership strives to be extraordinary, the results are remarkable.
Consider the impact on taking that which is usual, with no special or distinct features and making it very unusual and remarkable.
When we consider our influence as spiritual leaders, followers deserve ordinarily extraordinary leadership.
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text:
Term of Award
Master of Science, Kinesiology - Exercise Science Concentration
Document Type and Release Option
Thesis (open access)
Copyright Statement / License for Reuse
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology
Committee Member 1
Committee Member 2
Context: Hyperthermia is induced during prolonged exercise which promotes fatigue and a decline in performance. Basketball athletes have trouble preventing an onset of hyperthermia; thus, cryotherapy is applied intermittently to combat the negative effects.
Objective: To determine, (1) effect intermittent cooling has on simulated basketball performance, perceived exertion and perceived recovery; and (2) change in performance while applying two different forms of intermittent cooling during the Basketball Specific Fatigue Protocol (BSFP).
Design: Crossover study design.
Setting: Indoor collegiate basketball court.
Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen competitively trained recreational basketball athletes (15 males, 1 female; age = 21.1 ± 1.2 yr).
Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed 3 trials of the BSFP. Between quarters, intermittent cooling was applied for 5-minutes to the lower extremity using either a phase changing material (PCM), wetted ice (WI) or received no treatment (control). Change in countermovement jump height (ΔCMJ), 10m sprint time (ΔST), heart rate (ΔHR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived recovery score (PRS) were recorded each quarter.
Results: PRS found to significantly increase starting quarter 2 (Q2), (7.0 ± 2.0, p = 0.02), with significantly higher PRS at Q2 using the PCM (7.5 ± 2.0, p < 0.01). HR and ST saw significant change between quarters (ΔHR: Q1 = 81.8 ± 2.6 bpm, p < 0.01; ΔST: Q1 to Q4 (- 0.2 ± 0.1 s, p = 0.02), Q2 to Q4 (- 0.1 ± 0.0 s, p = 0.03), but not between conditions (ΔHR: p = 0.51, ΔST: p = 0.33). RPE significantly increased each quarter until the completion of the simulated game (p
Conclusions: Intermittent cooling, applied to the lower extremity via PCM, can increase perceived recovery through the first half of simulated basketball game performance.
Cousin, Dalton E., "The Effect Of Intermittent Cooling On Simulated Basketball Game Performance" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2076.
Research Data and Supplementary Material


text:
StartSmart Greece 2015: Morning Sessions
Foteini Agrafioti, Chief Innovation Officer, Architech
"The Process to Authenticate the Human Heart"
Biomedical authentication was a congested field when Foteini Agrafioti started her postgraduate work at University of Toronto. Unsure whether to pursue research in the spectrum of typical biomed technologies, Dr. Agrafioti instead took a cross-disciplinary approach, reading everything of interest. In her reading, one idea kept surfacing: the use of the human heartbeat to identify people.
In this session, Dr. Agrafioti will walk you through her journey from the idea phase to commercializing her research, an automatic human identification system from cardiac signals. The challenges along the way were numerous: there were no universal standards to measuring the heartbeat as a biometric identifier, and the idea had plenty of naysayers. Dr. Agrafioti will share with you the steps in her journey to commercialization: the proof of concept phase, the obstacles, the findings, and the options.
-Justifications and challenges to the idea of using the heartbeat as an authentication signal
-Setting the stage in the biometrics arena
-Searching for a next step: taking a "blue sky" approach
-Building a database: signals, algorithms and pizza


text:
Large Dish Depicting Fish
The dish displayed here was used to serve fish. Fish were important symbols to Romans, Christians, and Jews in the ancient world, and the act of eating fish could therefore take on a degree of symbolic significance. Jews ate fish at the beginning of the Sabbath in this period in anticipation of the meal to be served at the start of the Messianic Age, when the faithful would dine on the flesh of the sea monster Leviathan. And within the Christian tradition, in the earliest depictions of the Last Supper the main course was fish.
- Culture: Coptic
- Medium: Pottery with paint
- Dates: 6th century C.E.
- Period: Coptic Period
- Dimensions: 4 3/4 x 18 11/16 in. (12 x 47.5 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 42.408
- Credit Line: By exchange
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Coptic. Large Dish Depicting Fish, 6th century C.E. Pottery with paint, 4 3/4 x 18 11/16 in. (12 x 47.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, By exchange, 42.408. Creative Commons-BY
- Record Completeness: Good (65%)


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NRC Shelter Handbook: Implementation through the 18 assistance methods
NRC understands there to be 18 shelter assistance methods that are normally combined to support the affected population, depending upon the nature of the shelter or settlement programme. Most of these are commonly used by NRC shelter programmes while some, such as loans and credit, are generally outside our standard capacity but can be considered, if the context requires. The 18 assistance methods are summarised below and then elaborated further in this chapter. Case study examples are offered, in order to illustrate how past responses can be understood using the 18 methods. Although the details of how each assistance method is used in each project will vary, the values of using a comprehensive and consistent description include improving communication between stakeholders, as well as making more visible lessons learnt from previous projects.
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North Santiam, Oregon
Interims Level the Playing Field for Students in North Santiam School District
North Santiam School District
Location: Stayton, Oregon
Schools: Stayton Intermediate School, Sublimity School
Motto: We Change Kids' Lives
Interview Date: December, 2018
"The thing that I see working about the interim assessments is just putting tools into teachers hands that are going to provide opportunities for their students to be successful."Michael Proctor, Principal, Stayton Intermediate School
Spotlight on Strategy
How are educators at in the North Santiam School District using Smarter Balanced formative assessment tools to really understand how to help their students?
- A district-wide rollout of interim assessments allows different schools to collaborate and ensures that all students in the district have access to the same resources that will guide them toward success.
- Immediate data from assessments allows educators to revaluate lesson plans based on student performance on a day-to-day basis.
- Through formative assessments and district support, educators learn and improve their teaching together multiple times a year.
Interview Day: Behind the Scenes
- Nicole Britton first learned about interim assessments from a colleague at a different school. Now, she's excited to be able to bring the assessments into her own school.
- Nicole Duncan loves that formative assessments help educators be more reflective with high quality data that moves kids from standards to career and college readiness.
- Katelynn Ion is most excited about having access to quick and meaningful data that supports her instruction.


TY - JOUR T1 - Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum JF - Science JO - Science SP - 1431 LP - 1432 DO - 10.1126/science._PHONE_ VL - 216 IS - 4553 AU - DeLacoste-Utamsing, C AU - Holloway, RL Y1 - 1982/06/25 UR - _URL_ N2 - Preliminary observations suggest a sex difference in the shape and surface area of the human corpus callosum. The sexual dimorphism is striking in the splenium, the caudal or posterior portion of the corpus callosum. The female splenium is both more bulbous and larger than the male counterpart. Since peristriate, parietal, and superior temporal fibers course through the splenium, this finding could be related to possible gender differences in the degree of lateralization for visuospatial functions. ER -


Events | Exhibitions
MEWO Kunsthalle Memmingen
an exhibition on accessibility
June 12 – November 1, 2021
With works by Emma Bolland, Daniele Buetti, Anna Coleman Ladd, Adi Hösle, Nikola Irmer, MASBEDO, Bruno Metra & Laurence Jeanson, Annegret Soltau and Marc Quinn
The exhibition 'imPERFEKT' tries to have an impact on different levels. On the one hand, 'imPERFEKT' is an exhibition about ideals of beauty. Beginning with the ancient torso of the Belvedere, which since the Renaissance has become the epitome of beauty that has been widely copied, 'imPERFEKT' examines the perception of perfection and the pursuit of perfection: How do we deal with the ideals presented by the media? How do we reconcile this with our own reality? How does this affect our view of disabilities?
On the other hand, the exhibition approaches the subject of accessibility and explores how a museum can be designed for everyone in the future. Orientation plans and floor guidance systems make it easier to navigate in the exhibition space. Individual exhibits can be seen, felt and heard. At the same time, related information is more easily accessible, as it is made available in print and via audio guides, in Braille, in sign language and in plain language.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Here is a little Scala session that defines and tries out some functions:
scala> def test1(str: String) = str + str;
test1: (str: String)java.lang.String
scala> test1("ab")
res0: java.lang.String = abab
works nicely.
scala> val test2 = test1
:6: error: missing arguments for method test1 in object $iw;
follow this method with '_' if you want to treat it as a partially applied function
 val test2 = test1
scala> val test2 = test1 _
test2: (String) => java.lang.String =
scala> test2("ab")
res1: java.lang.String = abab
works well!
Now, I've seen the _ syntax when folding (_ + _, etc). So as I understand it _ basically means "an argument". So test1 _ basically means a function with an argument, which is given to test1". But why isn't that exactly the same as just test1? Why is there a difference if I append a _?
So I kept exploring...
scala> val test3 = (str: String) => str + str
test3: (String) => java.lang.String =
scala> test3("ab")
res2: java.lang.String = abab
scala> val test4 = test3
test4: (String) => java.lang.String =
Here it works without _! What's the difference between a defed function, and a valed function?
share|improve this question
Rex, I'm going to save you some time. You already answered this on the mailing list on 1/27/2010. It was a good response so I bookmarked it. scala-programming-language._PHONE_.n4.nabble.com/… – Bradford Feb 15 '11 at 21:13
_USER_ - Heh, thanks :) – Rex Kerr Feb 15 '11 at 21:18
I think there is some unfortunate confusion regarding the usage of the term "function" / "defining a function" in Scala. Even Programming in Scala says that def defines a function, but that's not quite true depending on your definition of "function". I.e. a method returns a result that is a function of its parameters, but the method is not a function value or function object. It would probably be helpful to differentiate between these two usages of the term "function". – Knut Arne Vedaa Feb 15 '11 at 22:31
Read retronyms answer in my similar question from April '10. stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/… - (ps, I QRd your avatar, very funny!) – Synesso Feb 15 '11 at 22:41
In short - function vs. method – Maxim Oct 14 at 20:48
3 Answers 3
up vote 24 down vote accepted
There's no difference between a def'ed function and a val'ed function:
scala> def test1 = (str: String) => str + str
test1: (String) => java.lang.String
scala> val test2 = test1
test2: (String) => java.lang.String =
test3: (String) => java.lang.String =
scala> val test4 = test2
test4: (String) => java.lang.String =
See? All of these are functions, which is indicated by the X => Y type they have.
scala> def test5(str: String) = str + str
test5: (str: String)java.lang.String
Do you see an X => Y type? If you do, go see an ophtamologist, because there's none. The type here is (X)Y, commonly used to denote a method.
Actually, test1, test2, test3 and test4 are all methods, which return functions. This one is a method which returns a java.lang.String. Also, test1 through test4 do not take parameters (only test1 could, anyway), while test5 does.
So, the difference is pretty simple. In the first case, you tried to assign a method to a val, but did not fill in the parameters the method take. So it failed, until you added a trailing underscore, which meant turn my method into a function.
In the second example you had a function, so you didn't need to do anything else.
A method is not a function, and vice versa. A function is an object of one of the FunctionN classes. A method is a handle to some piece of code associated with an object.
See various questions about methods vs functions on Stack Overflow.
share|improve this answer
Is (X)Y a type? Oh, and thanks for the new word. – Synesso Feb 16 '11 at 1:12
I love this answer. Some follow-up questions: 1) Do you see an X => Y type? How about the second line? Is it not X => Y because it has ( and ) around String? (Otherwise I'd have to look for an oftamologist in the yellow-pages.) 2) From your description it seems to me that functions are strictly more general than methods, and that I could use your test1-notation instead of test5-notation everywhere? What would the drawback be? – aioobe Feb 16 '11 at 8:15
_USER_ Yes, no, kind of. It's REPL's representation of an hypothetical method type. – Daniel C. Sobral Feb 16 '11 at 16:06
_USER_ The second line is not X => Y because there's no =>. Functions are slower than methods, and they cannot receive type parameters -- this has been discussed elsewhere on Stack Overflow. – Daniel C. Sobral Feb 16 '11 at 16:08
Thanks Daniel!! – aioobe Feb 16 '11 at 16:11
The def declares a method within a surrounding object/class/trait, similar to the way you define methods in Java. You can only use defs within other objects/classes/traits. In the REPL, you cannot see the surrounding object because it's "hidden", but it does exist.
You cannot assign a def to a value, because the def is not a value - it's a method in the object.
The (x: T) => x * x declares and instantiates a function object, which exists at runtime. Function objects are instances of anonymous classes which extend FunctionN traits. FunctionN traits come with an apply method. The name apply is special, because it can be omitted. Expression f(x) is desugared into f.apply(x).
The bottomline is - since function objects are runtime values which exist on the heap, you can assign them to values, variables and parameters, or return them from methods as return values.
To solve the issue of assigning methods to values (which can be useful), Scala allows you to use the placeholder character to create a function object from a method. Expression test1 _ in your example above actually creates a wrapper function around the method test1 - it is equivalent to x => test1(x).
share|improve this answer
Simple yet clean answer, +1 – Muhammad Hewedy Feb 8 '13 at 13:37
The underscore means different things in different contexts. But it can always be thought of as the thing that would go here, but doesn't need to be named.
When applied in place of parameters, the effect is to lift the method to a function.
test1: (str: String)java.lang.String
scala> val f1 = test1 _
f1: (String) => java.lang.String =
Note, the method has become a function of type (String) => String.
The distinction between a method and a function in Scala is that methods are akin to traditional Java methods. You can't pass them around as values. However functions are values in their own right and can be used as input parameters and return values.
The lifting can go further:
scala> val f2 = f1 _
f2: () => (String) => java.lang.String =
Lifting this function results in another function. This time of type () => (String) => (String)
From what I can tell, this syntax is equivalent to substituting all of the parameters with an underscore explicitly. For example:
scala> def add(i: Int, j: Int) = i + j
add: (i: Int,j: Int)Int
scala> val addF = add(_, _)
addF: (Int, Int) => Int =
scala> val addF2 = add _
addF2: (Int, Int) => Int =
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Doing This With Your Hands Makes People Not Trust You, Experts Say
You probably don't even realize you're doing it, but it may be turning people off, according to experts.
Especially with face masks covering our mouths these days, body language is a huge factor in how we come across. Whether you're sitting straight up, slouched over, or fidgeting with your pen, people are quick to make judgements based on the little things you do. In fact, experts say that making one common gesture with your hands makes people less likely to trust you. Read on to find out what it is, and for more on why people may be doubting you, If You Answer Questions This Way, People Don't Trust You, Study Says.
Putting your hands in your pockets makes people not trust you.
Two young adult colleagues standing on the street talking, low angle
If you want to come off as inviting and trustworthy, keep your hands where people can see them, says Susan Trombetti, a relationship expert and CEO of Exclusive Matchmaking. "When people keep their hands in their pockets, it appears they are hiding something. And someone is more likely to be lying because they are hiding their hands," she explains. Concealing your hands comes across as more controlled, which can be interpreted as "deceitful and untrustworthy," she notes.
In general, when people are being dishonest, they tend to face their palms away from other people, indicating that they're holding back information or emotions, Traci Brown, body language expert and author of How to Detect Lies, Fraud and Identity Theft: Field Guide, told Time. "They may put them in their pockets or even slide them under the table," Brown noted.
And for more telling traits in your romantic life, beware that If Your Partner Has These 4 Qualities, They're More Likely to Cheat on You.
Having your hands in your pockets makes you appear less confident.
Two female friends walking down a Brooklyn alley wearing face masks on a sunny Autumn day, having a quiet conversation.
NicolasMcComber / iStock
Having your hands in your pocket can also make you seem nervous, which could further give people the impression that you're untrustworthy. "People generally consider individuals with their hands in their pockets to be insecure," explains Girish Shukla, a mental health and psychology expert.
He says that someone with this kind of body language often comes off as if they lack confidence, which makes them seem like even they don't trust the words coming out of their mouth. "Since you appear not confident about what you're saying, then you can't expect others to believe you, and this may give others the impression that you are lying," Shukla says.
And for more on how you might be giving off the wrong impression, This Is the One Habit That Makes You Seem Less Confident to Others.
Keeping open body language makes you seem more trustworthy.
raphic designer sharing ideas during meeting in modern office studio
According to Trombetti, someone who is telling the truth—or at least, seems to be—is more likely to keep their hands open and palms up. When your hands are visible, "the physical openness of your body language invites trust," says Lauren Levy, a sales expert who teaches people in the industry how to appear trustworthy.
"Keeping open hands while talking can give others the idea that you can be trusted and that you know what you are talking about," Shukla says. "Whenever you expose your palms it means that you are not hiding anything."
And for more tips and tricks for navigating everyday life, sign up for our daily newsletter.
There are a few other hand or arm movements you should also avoid.
Male colleagues cooperating on their project in co-working office, looking at paper documents together
While putting your hands in your pockets is a sign that you may be lying, covering your mouth with your hand sends the same message, Trombetti says. Your mouth's expression can give insight into your true thoughts and feelings, so trying to cover that up may seem suspicious.
You may also appear to be hiding something if your arms are crossed, says Levy. Even if you aren't, this closed-off body language still makes you seem generally "not open to new ideas," which doesn't come off as inviting to other people, according to Shukla.
And for more on what you should avoid doing in tense moments, check out The One Word You Should Never Say During an Argument, Experts Warn.
Kali Coleman
Kali is an assistant editor at Best Life. Read more
Filed Under


text:
9° Strada 7
20090 San Felice
Antonio Facco was born in 1991. Various collaborations with architects and designers throughout his academic studies at the European Institute of Design led him to found Dedra, a multidiscipinary channel of design and visual arts which hosts creative young people with different skills and living in various parts of the world (Milan, Italy - Urbino, Italy - Brighton, UK). Following up several exhibitions and after graduating as Interior Designer, at 22 years old, he starts to cooperate with Cappellini for outfittings and communication. The most intimate root of his work can be found in his curiosity and transversal interests. He feels the impelling urge to tell stories always leading the human being to identify with the proposed creative image. His aesthetics can be summarized as an attentive debate between a formal impulsiveness and a thoughtful research on the limits of materials and application of new technologies. The Study offers a crosswise design based on an effective research which combines anthropological, aesthetic and innovative aspects.


Altered Carbon
Students | Nikhil Sanghvi, Donghan Kang
Faculty | Ferda Kolatan, Emilija Landsbergis
School of Architecture, Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Fossil fuels vehicles have brought the planet on the brink of collapse. Our project, Altered Carbon, is set in a speculative future scenario where fossil fuel vehicles have been replaced by autonomous electric vehicles. The project reimagines public spaces and explores the possibility of reducing the amount of carbon in the environment by employing carbon sequestration, a technique used to extract carbon from the atmosphere, to develop glossy monolithic landscapes.
Ever changing carbon garden
An ecosystem of machines which together perform a 'ballet' where some of the machines form, carve and sculpt the carbon deposits in the garden, while the autonomous vehicles zip by the streets. Humans, though mostly tangential, can experience this ever changing and dynamic landscape, where chronological elements and technologies are co-present.
A chunk view of the carbon garden
The project experimented with material and texture studies to create textures mimicking carbon rocks and to develop geometrical surfaces for the gardens. The project also looked at the potentials and limitations of the machinic technology carving the carbon rocks and overlaid them on the textures obtained through material studies.
A chunk view of the Hall street, reimagining the public spaces as carbon landscapes.
Textures obtained through material studies overlaid on the surface geometry for the garden.
The potentials and constraints of sculpting machines overlaid on the carbon geometry.
The everchanging carbon garden two.
A pictorial representation of a machine sculpting the carbon surface.


SAVE 30% on your next dog food & supplies order
Why Does Your Cat Have A Swollen Lip?
For the most apprehensive of us, any changes in our pets can easily make us worried. Any sign of sickness, be it behavioral or physical like a swollen lip, shouldn't be underestimated, although it's not always critical.
When a cat has a swollen lip, there may be many causes, including their diet, environment, dental issues. It's not always a concerning sign, but if the problem doesn't go away in a few days or it's recurring, it might be hiding a bigger issue.
Why does your cat's lip is swollen?
The reason for a cat's swollen lip is often eosinophilic granuloma complex or EGC. This term is used to describe a group of skin disorders, and often when this condition is present your cat's bottom lip will be swollen.
EGC can have many causes, including a wrong diet, bugs, dental or environmental issues, but it's commonly caused by an allergy.
Listed below are a few common causes of EGC along with other possible conditions behind cats' swollen lower lip.
Food allergy
Have you recently changed the type or brand of food you give to your cat? That could be the reason why your cat has a fat lip.
Just like us, cats can be allergic to food, and some of these allergies can be very dangerous or hide more serious conditions, like onion poisoning.
Many brands of dry and wet food have industrial additives to make food more appetizing to your pet. Some of these components may ignite an allergic reaction in your pet.
Sometimes simply removing the problematic food solves the problem. Other times, even if the cause is found, the swollen lip on the cat remains.
In this case, you can keep your cat on a hypo-allergenic diet for a while, and see if the problem solves itself. Topical medication may be needed to help the healing process.
Of course, you should consult your veterinarian before changing your cat's diet or giving them medications.
If your cat suffers from recurring episodes of swelling, keeping your pet on a hypo-allergenic diet for the rest of their life could be a solution.
Bug bites
When the season is warm and mosquitos are out for our blood, it's not uncommon to see a cat with a swollen lip.
Mosquito bites are the most common cause of EGC during summer, but it's not always easy to know for sure that your cat fat lip was provoked by a mosquito, so if it doesn't go away in the span of a few days, call your veterinarian.
Mosquitoes aren't the only culprits behind a swollen lip in cats. During summer, as well as the rest of the year, it's not uncommon for bugs and insects to come into our home.
Surely if you have an outdoor cat, you have to consider the risks and the 'encounters' your cat might have when outside, but indoor cats aren't immune to bug bites either.
Cats are also predators, and they have a lot of fun catching flies or other bugs. There's no saying in what insects and bugs have touched or the places they've been before meeting your playful feline, that's why cats may get swollen lips from trying to catch them.
The swelling caused by bug bites should disappear in a few days. However, if they touched a bug that carried some substance your cat is allergic to, this might not be the case and they will need a medical examination.
Food bowls
Cats can have more or less sensitive skin, just like humans. One of the items they come in contact with more often is of course their food and water bowls.
These bowls can easily provoke contact dermatitis or EGC if bacteria linger on them, but the material they're made of plays an important role as well.
In fact, plastic bowls are known to be the worst type of bowl your pet can have. They're not dangerous for cats only, they've been proven to cause skin problems to dogs as well.
That's because plastic contains chemicals that might ignite an allergic reaction in your pet. On top of that, bacteria are more likely to linger on plastic rather than other materials.
If you had a plastic bowl for a long time, that doesn't rule out the possibility that your cat lip swelling is caused by the bowl. In fact, your cat might develop an adverse reaction to plastic in the long run.
Try substituting your cat's plastic bowls with stainless steel or ceramic bowls. Stainless steel bowls are considered the best type of bowls for pets. Remember to wash your cat's bowl often and regularly to avoid lingering bacteria.
Environmental causes
This category is very vague because it refers to the specific habits and the environment that your cat lives in.
Outdoor cats are bound to visit different places and there's no saying in what material, food, ground, or living being could give them a swollen lip or other kinds of issues.
However, the life of indoor cats is not void of risks. Even the cleanest house is bound to have some dust, dirt, or other materials lying around every now and then.
As cats are very curious and exploratory by nature, it doesn't take much for them to come in contact with something that might cause an allergic reaction or even a light form of dermatitis.
How many times has your cat sneaked under a chair or a piece of furniture? That's one of the easiest ways to get swollen lips on cats.
It's impossible to restrain a cat, especially if it's an indoor one that doesn't have a lot of stimulation by default, so they should have the freedom to explore and play as long as it's a safe environment.
Swollen lips caused by these unfortunate circumstances are often innocuous and should pass on their own. However, if a cat's lip is swollen for more than a few days, don't hesitate to contact your veterinarian.
Dental issues
Sometimes dental issues are behind a cat's swollen bottom lip. A dental abscess, rotting tooth, or infected gums could provoke swelling in the lips or face.
In this case, the swollen lip might be the last symptom you notice, because dental issues are rarely without pain, and your cat will likely do one or more of the following:
 - Whine incessantly
 - Avoid food even when they're clearly hungry
 - Drool
 - Have extremely bad breath (more than usual)
 - Shake their head for apparently no reason
 - React aggressively or painfully when you touch their face, mouth, under their chin
Dental issues shouldn't be underestimated because they're likely to get worse with time. Your veterinarian will recommend medications or surgery to remove the problematic tooth or the infected tissue.
Chin acne
Did you know that cats can get acne? Not many people are aware of a condition called chin acne, which is often overlooked or not recognized at all because its symptoms are easily confused with other conditions.
This skin disorder is actually called follicular keratinization, where there is an overproduction of keratin in the outer layer of the skin that gets trapped in the hair follicle.
Chin acne can be a consequence of using plastic bowls because it exposes the cat to bacterial contamination. Poor grooming habits are another cause of chin acne, so it's not uncommon to see this disorder in older cats that cannot manage to groom themselves properly anymore.
When the acne affects hair follicles near the mouth, it may look like your cat has a swollen lower lip. However, this condition has nothing to do with the oral cavity and another symptom is usually the dirty appearance of the chin.
Chin acne is diagnosed through clinical signs, but sometimes blood tests and skin cultures may be needed. Treatment usually involves products to flush out the hair follicles and improve the hygiene of the pet.
A swollen lip might be, in rare cases, the symptom of an oral tumor, specifically feline oral squamous cell carcinoma, or FOSCC.
This kind of tumor is the most common oral tumor in cats, but it doesn't mean it's a common tumor. It usually occurs in old cats and affects the lower jaw and lip.
This tumor might affect other parts of the mouth, and cause great discomfort for your pet. A cat affected by this carcinoma has difficulty eating and might share the same symptoms as a cat with dental issues.
Luckily, metastasis for this kind of tumor is rare, but a more accurate assessment can only be done after a thorough medical examination.
The veterinarian will decide whether to proceed with treatment or surgery and will help you assess the quality of your cat's life in the future.
What should you do if your cat has a swollen lip?
A cat with a swollen lip is not necessarily a medical emergency, but you should nonetheless monitor your cat closely until they get better.
When the swelling is due to their diet, their food and water bowls, or another recent change in their routine, it is enough to remove the problematic item from their daily life and wait for the swelling to pass.
During the summer season, it's not uncommon for cats to be bitten by mosquitoes or other bugs. In that case, as well, the swelling should subside in a couple of days.
More often than not, outdoor cats come in contact with dirt, unknown materials, or other animals or insects that might provoke such a reaction.
Indoor cats are also at risk of developing swollen lips from eating the wrong food or sneaking under a dusty piece of furniture.
The wisest thing to do is to call the veterinarian right away, however, some pet parents might be reluctant because a trip to the vet can easily become an expensive situation.
Often, a cat with a swollen lip will be fine in a few days, but in the case that the swelling doesn't go away on its own after 2-3 days, or if


text: We have previously reported that galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP), a fragment of galanin precursor protein, occurs in a limited number of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in rats with intact sciatic nerves. In the present study, the localization of GMAP in dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots and dorsal horn was analyzed immunohistochemically and compared between rats with intact and sectioned sciatic nerves. Furthermore, the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) GMAP on the flexor reflex in rats with intact and sectioned nerves were examined. In rats with intact sciatic nerves, i.t. GMAP elicited a moderate facilitation of the flexor reflex. The facilitation of the flexor reflex induced by conditioning stimulation (CS) of cutaneous C-fibers was strongly blocked by GMAP. GMAP also selectively antagonized the reflex facilitatory effect of i.t. substance P (SP), but not i.t. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Unilateral sciatic nerve section induced an upregulation of GMAP in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia 2 weeks after axotomy. The effect of GMAP on the baseline reflex was similar in normal and axotomized rats, but the blocking effect of GMAP on C-fiber CS-induced facilitation was significantly reduced after axotomy. GMAP did not antagonize the reflex facilitatory effect of SP after axotomy, whereas an antagonism on VIP-induced facilitation was observed. The possible role of GMAP in spinal transmission and comparison with the effects of galanin are discussed.


text:
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (January 2012)|
Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924) was an English philosopher who expounded a theory known as ideal utilitarianism.
Son of an Anglican priest, he was educated at Harrow and received a scholarship for New College, Oxford. After short tenures at St David's University College and University College, Durham, Rashdall was made a Fellow of New College, Oxford, and dedicates his main work, The Theory of Good and Evil, to the memory of his teachers Thomas Hill Green and Henry Sidgwick.
The dedication is appropriate, for the particular version of utilitarianism put forward by Rashdall owes elements to both Green and Sidgwick. Whereas he holds that the concepts of good and value are logically prior to that of right, he gives right a more than instrumental significance. His idea of good owes more to Green than to the hedonistic utilitarians. "The ideal of human life is not the mere juxtaposition of distinct goods, but a whole in which each good is made different by the presence of others." Rashdall has been eclipsed as a moral philosopher by G. E. Moore, who advocated similar views in his earlier work Principia Ethica.
His historical study, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, was described in the introduction to its recent reprinting as "one of the first comparative works on the subject" whose "scope and breadth has assured its place as a key work in intellectual history."
He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1904 to 1907, a member of the Christian Social Union from its inception in 1890, and was an influential Anglican modernist theologian of the time, being appointed to a canonry in 1909. Rashdall was also a Berkeleyan, believing in metaphysical idealism.
He was Dean of Carlisle from 1917 to 1924.
"Happiness represents satisfaction with one's existence as a whole."
Selected works
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
- Rashdall, Hastings (2010). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 2 vols. in 3 parts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [orig. Oxford: Clarendon Press]. ISBN 978-1-108-01813-5.
- Doctrine and Development: University Sermons (1898)
- Christus in Ecclesia: Sermons on the Church and its Institutions (1904)
- The Theory of Good and Evil (1907)
- Ethics (undated)
- Philosophy and Religion (1910)
- Is Conscience an Emotion? Three Lectures on recent ethical theories (1914)
- Conscience and Christ: Six Lectures on Christian Ethics (1916)
- The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology (London: Macmillan, 1919)
- The Moral Argument for Personal Immortality in King's College Lectures on Immortality (1920)
- God and Man 1930
|This biography of a British philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
Tuber oregonense, commonly known as the Oregon white truffle, is a species of edible truffle in the genus Tuber. Described as new to science in 2010, the North American species is found on the western coast of the United States, from northern California to southern British Columbia west of the Cascade Range. A mycorrhizal fungus, it grows in a symbiotic association with Douglas fir. It overlaps in distribution with the closely related T. gibbosum, but they have different growing seasons: T. oregonense typically appears from October through March, while T. gibbosum grows from January to June. The fruit bodies of the fungus are roughly spherical to irregular in shape, and resemble small potatoes up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. Inside the truffle is the gleba, which is initially white before it becomes a marbled tan color. The large, often thick-walled, and strongly ornamented spores are produced in large spherical asci. The truffle is highly prized for its taste and aroma. Some individuals have claimed success in cultivating the truffles in Christmas tree farms.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
|Cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships of Tuber species in the Gibbosum clade, based on ribosomal DNA sequences.|
The species was first officially described and named in a 2010 Mycologia article, although Tuber oregonense had been previously used provisionally (as Tuber oregonense Trappe & Bonito) in American field guides and other popular publications for several years. The type specimen was collected from Benton County, Oregon on 3 February, 2007 along U.S. Route 20 in Oregon.
The specific epithet oregonense derives from the name Oregon and the Latin suffix -ense (relating to), in reference to western Oregon being its central region of abundance. The fungus is commonly known as the Oregon white truffle. Truffle authority James Trappe initially intended to name the species as a variety of Tuber gibbosum (i.e., as Tuber gibbosum var. oregonense) before molecular analysis revealed that genetic differences warranted distinction at the species level.
The fruit bodies of T. oregonense are hypogeous (growing in the ground), typically 0.5–5 cm (0.2–2 in) broad, although specimens up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) have been recorded. Smaller specimens are spherical or nearly so, and have random furrows; larger specimens are more irregular in shape, lobed and deeply furrowed. Young fruit bodies have a white peridium, as the truffle matures it develops red to reddish-brown or orangish-brown patches; with age it becomes orange-brown to reddish-brown overall and often develops cracks on the surface. The peridium is 0.2–0.4 mm thick, and the surface texture ranges from relatively smooth to covered with tiny "hairs" that are more dense in the furrows, and more scattered on the exposed lobes. The gleba is solid, in youth the fertile tissue is whitish and marbled with mostly narrow, white, hypha-stuffed veins that emerge throughout the peridium to its surface. In maturity, the fertile tissue is light brown to brown from the color of the spores, but the marbling veins remain white. The odor and flavor of the flesh are mild in youth, but soon become strong, pungent and complex, or "truffly".
The spores are ellipsoid to somewhat spindle-shaped with narrowed ends, and light brownish in color. The size of the spores varies depending upon the type of asci in which they develop: in one-spored asci they measure 42.5–62.5 by 17.5–30 µm; in two-spored asci they are 32.5–50 by 15–25 µm; in three-spored asci they are 27.5–45 by 15–25 µm; in four-spored asci they are 25–38.5 by 13–28 µm; in five-spored asci 28–34 by 22–25 µm (all sizes excluding surface ornamentation). The spore walls are 2–3 µm thick and are covered with a honeycomb-like (alveolate) network. The cavities of the honeycomb typically have five or six sides, and the corners form spines that are 5–7 µm tall by 0.5 µm thick. A "microreticulum" appears in some spores when the light microscope objective is focused on the optical cross section but not on the spore wall surface, or on scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the surface. Young asci range in shape from spherical to broadly ellipsoid to ovoid (egg-shaped) or pyriform (pear-shaped); sometimes the base of the ascus is narrowed like a stipe,and measures up to 15 by 7 µm. Mature asci are spherical to broadly ellipsoid or misshapen from the pressure of crowded spores within. They are hyaline (translucent), thin-walled, 60–85 by 65–75 µm, 1–4-(occasionally 5)-spored, and astipitate (without a stipe) at maturity.
The peridiopellis (the cuticle of the peridium) is 200–300 µm thick plus or minus 80 µm of tightly interwoven hyphae that are 3–5 (sometimes up to 10) µm broad. The cells are short and have nearly hyaline walls that measure 0.5–1 µm thick; the interior veins emerge through the peridium the cells and often form a localized tissue of rounded cells up to 12 µm broad. The degree to which the surface is covered with fine "hairs" is variable; these hairs are made of tangled hyphae and emergent thin-walled hyphal tips 2–5 µm in diameter, some even and smooth, some with granulated surfaces and some with moniliform walls (resembling a string of beads) that are irregularly thickened by hyaline bands that are 0.5–2 µm wide. The subpellis (the tissue layer immediately under the pellis) is abruptly differentiated from the pellis, 150–220 µm thick, and comprises interwoven, nearly hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2–10 µm wide with scattered cells up to 15 µm wide. The gleba is made of hyaline, thin-walled, interwoven hyphae that are 2–7 µm broad with scattered cells that are inflated up to 15 µm.
Tuber oregonense closely resembles Tuber gibbosum, which grows in the same habitats, but may be distinguished by the structure of its peridium, and differences in spores size and shape. Further, Tuber gibbosum grows from January to June.
Tuber oregonense is a choice edible species. Its odor has been described as ""truffly", a complex of garlic, spices, cheese, and "indefinable other essences"; the fungus is prized after by commercial truffle harvesters and consumers for its intense fragrance. Because they grow in the topsoil and needles, they are considered to have a more "floral" and "herbal" flavor profile than related European truffles. Some individuals have claimed to have had success in growing the truffles in Christmas tree farms in Oregon. Techniques reportedly involve inoculating the ground under young Douglas fir trees with a slurry comprising ground-up truffles mixed in water, or the feces of animals fed truffles. There is, however, no concrete evidence that these methods can be used to establish new truffle patches or to improve the productivity of existing patches.
Ecology, habitat and distribution
Like all Tuber species, T. oregonense is mycorrhizal. The fungus grows west of the Cascade Mountains from the southern Puget Sound region of Washington, south to southwestern Oregon at elevations from near sea level up to 425 m (1,390 ft) in pure stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii forests up to 100 years old, or Pseudotsuga mixed with Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis or Alnus species. The species has been commercially harvested in the Pacific Northwest since the 1980s. and is often found in Christmas tree plantations as young as five years. The Oregon Truffle Festival, held in Eugene yearly since 2006 to coincide with the maturing of the truffle in late January, features activities such as cultivation seminars and truffle hunting excursions. Fruit bodies are produced from September through the middle of March. The fungus is an important component of the diet of Northern flying squirrels, and comprises the majority of their diet at certain times of the year.
- Castellanoi G, Trappe JM, Rawlinson P, Vilgalys R (2010). "Improved resolution of major clades within Tuber and taxonomy of species within the Tuber gibbosum complex". Mycologia. 102 (5): 1042–1057. PMID 20943504. doi:10.3852/09-213.
- Trappe et al., (1997). pp. 106–107.
- Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North


text:
Health Science Labs Endangered Species bath mitts are made from 100% recycled fabric and are conveniently sized for both you and your child. They provide hours of enjoyment in the tub while learning about the endangered species of the world. Included is a soft, 100% recycled cotton washcloth as well. Even the packaging is made from 100% recycled
cardboard so you can be sure you are doing the
best for the environment!
- Fun bath mitts in adult and child sizes that help children learn about endangered animals and their habitats
- Made from 100% recycled fabric
- Carton made from recycled material
- Helps support Defenders Of Wildlife
About Health Science Labs
Health Science Labs helps keep families healthy with its high quality nutritional supplements, first aid and other eco-friendly products for kids and babies that Moms can trust. They are committed to being environmentally friendly. The Endangered Species bath sets, Eco-Doodle and Eco-Labels use recycled packaging and renewable resources such as biodegradable "stone paper" printed with soy ink that doesn't kill tress, doesn't pollute the air or water, and saves energy and water. All of their liquid bath products are paraben, sulfate and dye-free. Every purchase of an Endangered Species by HSL product helps endangered animals through our donations to the Defenders of Wildlife Organization at _URL_.


ControlsInsight chart functionality enables the user to select a date range criteria by selecting the by-month buttons seen at the top of the chart. Users can also see this behavior as well on the right side of the by-month buttons at top of the chart in order to limit the date range for specific days on the calendar.
If the user clicks on any of the by-month buttons, the chart will automatically fit to select the date range. For instance, Let's say we click on the All button, this action will retrieve all data points form different scans in time.
Normally users will have assets resources already imported. There are 2 situations when users will not be able to see resources on their screen:
 1. Out-of-the-package prior installation of the system.
 2. The use of extensive filters on the navigational left-hand menu sometimes will not result on any resource depending on the user assets.
When above scenarios occur, the user will not be displayed with any chart, resulting in the following message: "ControlsInsight did not find any assets. Make sure the selected filters have scanned assets."
But what else can we do with the chart besides date range functionality?
One of the most interesting ways we can actually do with the chart, is that we can interact with the data points to gives us more information about specific points in time. Whenever we hover on specific data points in time, we get a detailed tooltip. Let's take a look:
The tooltip gives us information on:
 1. When exactly did we did the scan
 2. Grade for such scan
 3. Number of assets collected
When we hover onto the next data point in time we see the following:
Besides the typical information we received for a specific data point in time, the data point also tells us that the configuration changed for that particular data point, compared to the previous point.
One final note
ControlsInsight chart provides the user with lots of functionality but we don't stop there. We will be incorporating not only more, but better features through out updates that will contribute to a better user experience through out not only charts, but the system in general.
Thank you and until next time.


text:
The cassava plant from which tapioca is made.
- a starchy, granular substance prepared from the root of the cassava plant, used to make puddings, thicken soups, etc.
- pudding made from this substance
Origin of tapiocaPortuguese and amp; Spanish ; from Tupí and amp; Guaraní typyoca ; from tipi, dregs + ok, to squeeze out
- A starch made from cassava roots, usually processed as beads or flakes and used for puddings and as a thickening agent in cooking.
- A dish, especially a pudding, made from this starch.
Origin of tapiocaPortuguese, from Tupí typióca : ty, juice + pyá, heart + oca, to remove.
(countable and uncountable, plural tapiocas)


A Definite Assignment Anomaly
A Definite Assignment Anomaly
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 - Comments 22
UPDATE: I have discovered that this issue is considerably weirder than the initial bug report led me to believe. I've rewritten the examples in this article; the previous ones did not actually demonstrate the bug.
 Consider the following code:
struct S
 private string blah;
 public S(string blah)
 this.blah = blah;
 public void Frob()
 { // whatever
This method body code fragment is legal (though probably ill-advised):
S s1 = new S();
Every struct has a default constructor which initializes its fields to their default values; this frobs the zero handle.
What about this?
S s2;
Looks like a definite assignment error, doesn't it?
An interesting and little-known fact about the C# compiler is that this is reported as a definite assignment error if the struct is compiled from source code, but not if the struct is in a referenced assembly! What is the reasoning behind this seemingly anomalous behaviour?
Well, consider the following related situation:
struct SS
 public int x;
 public int y;
 public void Bar() {…}
Here we have the pure unadulterated evil that is a mutable value type. Is this legal?
SS ss;
ss.x = 123;
ss.y = 456;
Yes, that is legal. The local variable s essentially has two sub-variables, x and y. If x and y are both definitely assigned, then s is also considered to be definitely assigned. When checking definite assignment on a struct, the compiler actually checks to see whether we know that every field of the struct has been initialized. A constructor call is assumed to automatically initialize every field, but if there is not a constructor call, then we simply track every field independently and then pool the results. (And if the fields are themselves of value type, we do so recursively of course.)
The anomaly happens because when the compiler sees that the type in question is in source code, it tracks the definite assignment of all the fields, detects that "s1.blah" is an unassigned field, and gives a definite assignment error on s1. But when the type in question is from a referenced assembly, the compiler ignores inaccessible fields of reference type. We see that there were zero fields initialized out of the zero accessible fields that needed to be initialized, and declare that s1 must be fully assigned!
UPDATE: Initially I thought this behaviour was odd and undesirable but plausibly justifiable. However I have since learned that in fact, for reasons still obscure to me, the compiler only ignores inaccessible fields of reference type. Inaccessible fields of value type are still tracked for definite assignment. This weird inconsistency points strongly in the direction of this being a bug, not a feature. Continuing with my original text...
This behaviour is undoubtedly weird; whether it is desirable or not is a judgment call. There certainly is an argument to be made that the user has no ability to do anything about a private field on an imported type; a type they almost certainly did not author themselves, do not know the details of, and cannot change. Whereas if the type is in source code, then the user running the compiler has personal knowledge of its internals. So, the argument goes, we should give the user a pass on having to prove that the fields they cannot access and know nothing about are assigned; just let them be assigned to their default values and don't worry about them.
There is also the (more compelling to me) argument that we ought to be consistent here and either consider all the fields all the time, or consider only the accessible fields all the time, rather than swapping back and forth between the two choices depending on the details of the compilation process. My choice would be the former; force the user to call the default constructor or use the "default(T)" operator if they really want the all-zero default version of the struct. That makes the intention very clear in the code.
Unfortunately, though I think I've argued that this behaviour is plausibly undesirable, we're stuck with it. There are numerous BCL structs which have no public fields, and lots of existing code which uses them without calling the default constructor. Changing now to make this an error is a breaking change with no compelling benefit, and we're not going to do that. Particularly since the anomaly is essentially harmless; whether we force you to say "s1 = new S()" or not, the handle field is in practice always initialized to its default value.
Nor do I think we should change this by making the code legal in all cases, even if the type is in source code; that's making a bad situation worse merely in order to achieve consistency. This seems like the very definition of "foolish consistency".
 - This is an interesting case. I was not aware there were situations where the compiler would allow you to declare a local instance without either initializing it or calling a constructor explicitly. Back in my C++ days, I recall many a time when local instances would be declared using a constructorless notation:
 S s1; // default constructor automatically called
 I always found this notation confusing - particularly since to following is also legal, but much more obvious:
 S s1 = S(); // also legal but clearer
 - _USER_:
 When compiling the version which is in the same assembly, does it complain regardless of the contents of Frob(). Or does it actually check whether Frob() references fields, and complain about those specifically?
 To be more precise, say I have Frob implemented thus:
 void Frob() { handle =...; }
 Would it still complain about the lack of definite initialization? If not, and if I call Frob on uninitialized handle, will it recognize s.handle as initialized after Frob returns for the purposes of definite initialization? Or does it generally assume that any method call on a struct will access all its fields?
 (I kinda have to ask because the behavior that you describe only makes some sense to me if compiler actually does cross-method boundary analysis for definite assignment for methods for which it has the source code).
 _USER_: your second C++ snippet requires a copy constructor to exist (even if it's optimized away, which it legally can be), while the first one does not, so there is a difference. I don't really have a problem with the parentheses-less syntax as such; the real evilness of C++ is the distinction between POD and non-POD, and initialization thereof.
 We do not do cross-method analysis. Basically, it's analyzed as though the code
 was actually written as
 MyHandle.Frob(ref h1);
 Since we are passing a variable as "ref", it must be definitely assigned before the method call. We check definite assignment on structs by verifying that all known fields of the struct are fully assigned. In the "import from metadata" case, we don't even load information about private fields off of the disk, so as far as we know, its fully assigned. But in source code, we have all the private field info available in memory already, and we use it. -- Eric
 - Is this behavior in line with the specification?
 Good question. The spec says "A struct-type variable is considered definitely assigned if each of its instance variables is considered definitely assigned." Notice that it does not say "each of its accessible instance variables'. So technically, I suppose this is a violation of the specification. -- Eric
 - Pavel does make a point though.
 Suppose I have this silly mutable value type:
 public struct Point {
 public int X { get; set; }
 public int Y { get; set; }
 public Color Color { get; set; }
 public void GetColorFromWhatever(Whatever) {
 Color =...;
 and I call
 Point p;
 p.X = x;
 p.Y = y;
 Obviously (obvious to the programmer, not to the compiler), this is what I meant to do albeit a bit awkward. I don't really want to assign color since it's a calculated value. But I have to either do
 Point p = new Point();
 p.Color = dummy;
 I was willing to accept that - I prefer calling the constructor anyway. But now you tell me that if Color was a struct in a different assembly it would work - now that suddenly doesn't make sense.
 - [quote]Every struct has a default constructor which initializes its fields to their default values[/quote]
 This is the real problem IMHO. As far as I'm concerned, there should never be an implicit parameter-less (default) constructor - if the dev wanted the object to be called with a parameter-less constructor, it would be in the definition. I've been bitten by this back in my C++ days (though for the life of me I don't remember the context, only that it was a PITA to track down), and hoped that C# was immune to it.
 I'm sure there is some reason for it, but does that reason outweigh the problems?
 - An important case to consider in this discussion is this one:
 S[] sArray = new S[_PHONE_];
 If you require me to call S's constructor, how will you make sure I call it for all the values of this array?
 In the case of arrays of classes, it's simple, because they're initialized to null, which means to class exists yet. But in the case of a value type, as soon as you allocate space, you have a struct.
 -


text:
Revision as of 14:00, 9 April 2008 by Ederchil
The names given in these Trees are only a selection from many. Most of them are either guests at Bilbo's Farewell Party, or their direct ancestors..... A few other names of persons concerned in the events recounted are also given. In addition some genealogical information is provided concerning Samwise the founder of the family of Gardner, later famous and influential.
The figures after the names are those of birth (and death where that is recorded). All dates are given according to the Shire-reckoning, calculated from the crossing of the Brandywine by the brothers Marcho and Blanco in the Year 1 of the Shire (Third Age 1601).
The Family Trees of Appendix C are:
- Baggins of Hobbiton
- Took of Great Smials
- Brandybuck of Buckland
- The Longfather-tree of Master Samwise
|The Lord of the Rings Appendices|
|Appendix A · Appendix B · Appendix C · Appendix D · Appendix E · Appendix F|


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Step 8 - Preparing for the Shoot
A few simple considerations will make the production experience easier for all:
 1. Residents, businesses and others who may be impacted by the shoot and any related disruptions should be communicated to in writing within 2 - 5 days in advance.
 2. Detailed photographic representation of the current state of a location should be documented to ensure the property can be restored to its original state after filming is completed.
 3. Those directly impacted by production activities should be contacted to address any concerns. The location manager should speak directly to neighbours next door and across the street.
 4. The location manager must ensure that all relevant permits and permissions are in place.
 5. The location manager must ensure that all parking, unit base camp, access, staging, toilet, security, power, recycling and waste removal requirements have been met.


inches, meaning it can be used in either a seated or a standing position.
The platform measures 15.7 inches long by 9.8 inches wide and has a textured, non-slip surface. It's designed with a sturdy steel frame that has rubber padding underneath to prevent it from causing damage to floors.
The Advantages of Owning the Best Foot Rest
For an ideal posture while typing on a computer, users should have their wrists parallel to the floor and their spines straight. Knees should be bent at a 90-degree angle. If, when in this position, the feet aren't firmly planted on the floor, a foot rest can help to prop them up. Foot rests have a number of advantages, including:
 - Increasing blood circulation
 - Encouraging better posture
 - Preventing varicose veins and swelling
 - Preventing muscle atrophy
 - Encouraging active sitting
FAQs About Foot Rests
If you still have questions about how to choose the best foot rest, the answers to the following frequently asked questions may help.
Q. What is an ergonomic foot rest?
An ergonomic foot rest improves posture by allowing you to sit with your feet firmly planted with your knees at a 90-degree angle.
Q. How do I choose a foot rest?
Look for an adjustable foot rest made from durable materials that have non-slip padding on the bottom.
Q. How do you use a foot rest?
A foot rest is simply placed under your desk, allowing you to rest your feet on its surface. There's no need to remain in the same position all day long. Feel free to shift and readjust to whatever position feels comfortable.


text:
5.1. Simulation models for ground-motion generation using urn games
To start out, we will look at two connected random processes in the form of a simple game. At first glance it seems to have little to do with seismic hazard. Looking closer, however, it will turn out that it contains features which make it quite useful as a very simple simulation model for seismically generated ground motion. It consists of five urns which are shown in Figs. 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. Each urn contains 100 balls.
Figure 5.1.1 Urn with 2 red, 8 green, 22 blue and 68 gray balls. Make it interactive by allowing a ball to be drawn randomly.
The urn in Fig. 5.1.1 contains 2 red, 8 green, 22 blue and 68 gray balls. In addition, there are four urns with numerical labels shown in Fig. 5.1.2, one urn for each of the colors present in the urn in Fig. 5.1.1.
Figure 5.1.2 Four urns with 100 balls, each carrying a numerical label. The colors of the balls correspond to the colors of the balls in Fig. 5.1.1. Make it interactive by allowing balls to be drawn randomly.
Each of the balls in the four urns in Fig. 5.1.2 is labeled with a numerical value according to the scheme shown in Fig. 5.1. 3 and listed in Table 5.1.
Figure 5.1.3 Histograms showing the numbers of particular numerical labels of the balls in the four urns in Fig. 5.1.2. The colors of the histograms correspond to the colors of the balls in Fig. 5.1.1.
Table 5.1.1. Numbers of particular numerical labels of the balls in the four lower urns in Fig. 1.1.
Let us assume that we have some automatic mechanism to randomly draw balls from any of the urns. We can now combine random draws from the urn in Fig. 5.1.1 and the urns in Fig. 5.1.2 in a single experiment. We first have a ball drawn from the urn in Fig. 5.1.1, followed by a draw from that urn in Fig. 5.1.2 which contains the balls in the color which we obtained from the draw from the urn in Fig. 5.1.1. So if the first draw results in a blue ball, the second draw will be done from that urn in Fig. 5.1.2 which contains only blue balls. The ball obtained in the second draw will contain a numerical label, which is the result of our experiment. If we repeat this experiment a thousand times, we call this a game with thousand draws. Fig. 5.1.4 shows the resulting histograms of the values of the numerical labels for four games with thousand draws. You will note that the resulting histogram changes slightly but not by much.
Potential extra figure???: Stripped down version of what is now Fig. 5.6 to ilustrate the generation of a single histogram.
Figure 5.1.4 Histogram of numerical labels obtained from playing the urn game with thousand draws from the urns shown in Fig. 5.1.1 and Fig. 5.1.2 for four times.
In other words, the number of times which a particular numerical label will be obtained in a game of thousand draws seems to be a more or less stable feature of the experimental setup. The histograms indicate that that the majority of the values of the numerical labels which were obtained show values slightly below 1.0 with their number decreasing with increasing value of the numerical label.
One might wonder how this can be related to seismic hazard. Well, if we think of the colors in the top urn to represent earthquake magnitudes as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.5 (the magnitude concept is discussed in more detail in chapter 3) and the numerical labels of the colored balls in the lower urns to represent ground acceleration in, the connection becomes rather obvious. Each single experiment consists of two random processes, one from which a magnitude value is generated which is followed by a second, dependent one from which a ground motion value is generated. As in nature, the distributions of ground motion values shift to larger values with increasing magnitudes (see Fig. 5.1.3 and Table 5.1). For this example to hold, the distance of the earthquakes to the site of interest is assumed to be constant. For the sake of the following arguments, however, this is acceptable.
Figure 5.1.5 The same urn as in Fig. 5.1.1, but with numerical labels. Mathematically this defines a random variable. Make it interactive by allowing a ball to be drawn randomly.
We can make the connection to earthquake generated ground shaking even stronger if we add a temporal element to the simulation, by considering that the experiments are conducted sequentially in time. In this case, we can define a quantity which will later be refered to as occurrence or activity rate (in units of number of earthquakes per time) which is simply the total number of values observed divided by the total duration over which we assume the experiments to take place.
There are several ways in use to describe the results of this experiment in different types of histograms. e. g.
by binning the particular numerical values and count the number in each bin as in Fig. 5.1.4 (Counts).
by summing the counts from the bin with the smallest numerical values to the largest one (CumulativeCount).
by counting the number of values in each bin above the selected value (SurvivalCount).
by normalizing the counts over all bins so that they sum up to 1 (Probability). For large numbers of draws in a random experiment this can be related to the so-called frequentist definition of probability which is discussed in chapter 2.
by normalizing the product of the counts times the bin width in which they occur over all bins so that they sum up to 1 (PDF). This way, the area under the histogram is normalized to one. This can be related to the so-called probability density function (PDF) of a continuous distribution which is also discussed in chapter 2.
by cumulating the product of the counts times the bin width in which they occur over all bins from the bin with the smallest to the bin with the largest value (CDF). This can be related to the so-called cumulative distribution function (CDF) which is also discussed in chapter 2.
by taking 1 – CDF. This function is sometimes called survival function (SF).
All of the histogram types above are related to each other through simple operations and/or a single normalization constant as can be seen in detail in the following interactive figure (Fig. 5.1.6). It allows to display the outcome of the urn game for a varying number of experiments and for the mentioned histogram types. In addition it allows the read to choose between a autoscaled plot or a plot with a given maximum value.
Figure 5.1.6 Displaying the outcome of the urn game for a varying number of single experiments. Note: Make yourself familiar with the properties of the different histogram types and their mutual relations. Make restart button. Replace label "number of games" by "number of draws".
.............. 5.1. Simulation models for ground-motion generation using urn games
.............. 5.1.1. How safe do you want to be?


Listen carefully,
the universe beckons
In this beautiful intricate phenomenon,
Come, grow with me as time moves on
Universe is a gorgeous new collection for the autumn 2019 by Kristian Saarikorpi that was no more or less inspired by the universe itself. The spiral shape occurring in nature, that can be found in flowers and pine cones as well as in galaxies has always enthralled Kristian. Therefore, Kristian wanted to bring his own interpretation of the powers guiding the whole universe into the world of jewellery, and this interpretation was the start of Universe. The pieces of the Universe collection have a cracked rock crystal in the centre of them and they have been produced using 3D printing technique.