"Keep" array index after filter in Javascript
ES6 adds quite a bit functionalities to array with map, filter etc. They are extremely handy, but I start to have trouble keeping track of the indexes.
For instance
arr.filter(v => v == 3)
We can find out if there's a specific element that we need, however once it's filtered, we lost its original index. Therefore we tend to use indexOf. But the point here is that we do want to filter, at the same time we need to have additional properties to be preserved during the process.
In order to do that, we could do
.map((v, i) => ({ v, i }))
.filter(t => t.v == 3)
Simple way
But what if I don't want to change array structure, instead we use another array for indexes,
const is = arr.map((_, i) => i)
Then we can write in an old fashion way,
is.filter(i => arr[i] == 3)
Basically we start with the index instead of value, assuming we can always access the original arr. There's a bit counter-intuitive here, since one of the reason we use filter is to hide arr. But I felt there's no point of the hiding here, unless you don't want to take advantage of the random access feature of array. This way, you keep track of two continuous memory spaces, one for the value and one for the index. You can join these two spaces if you really want to.
Instead of asking the question of "keeping" the index, we start with the index. IMHO this is relatively simple without overthinking of blending the value and index together to favor the information hiding.
This will become especially more important when we go into higher dimensional spaces, where using indexes in a continuous memory space is much more efficient than the value-first-index-later approach, if speed is your concern.
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How many different countries has Britain been at war with over the years?
 - THE ANSWER is complicated by the fact that many of Britain's former opponents do not coincide with present-day nations. For instance, Britain fought both Boers and Zulus, but does this count as a war with the Republic of South Africa? In many colonies there were wars against insurrectionists (Cyprus, Kenya, etc), but as these countries were not yet independent it may be debatable whether they count. Restricting myself to nations still recognisable today, my list reads as follows: France, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Austria, Bulgaria (?), Russia, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Nepal, China, Japan, Burma, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Argentina, United States (and North Korea and Iraq, if UN operations count). Any additions?
 Hans Hamersma, Oss, Netherlands (_EMAIL_)
 - SURELY the matter is further complicated by the identity of Britain. Do you only count wars we had as the UK or does conquering Ireland count? What about the various Saxon/Viking/German/Roman skirmishes? What about evidence that Normans and Celts - our ancestors - warred with countries as diverse as Egypt and Morocco?
 Jonathan Chowns, University of Sussex, Brighton (
 - Britain is still at war in Ireland. You may class their roles in Africa etc as skirmishes, or tribal clashes. The point is that Britain pursued a policy of divide and conquer amongst many nations, the effects of which is evident in most trouble spots in the world.
 Andy Connolly, Navan, Ireland
 - One - itself! Other countries have a only a symbolic purpose in the running of wars.
 Tom McMaster, Manchester, UK
 - In my view every single country in the world apart from the following: Burundi,Cape Verde,Dominican Republic,French Southern Territories,Guinea-Bissau Macedonia,Northern Mariana Islands,Sao Tome And Principe,United States Minor Outlying Islands,Western Sahara. This is an indirect answer however, since this does take into account the following: 1) previous sovereignty by third parties of land now sovereign itself. 2)attempted seizures 3)established bases 4)engagements within territories against third parties. 5)wars of independence against third parties backed by the government. 6)dominions, condominiums, colonies, mandates, occupations,invasions,civil wars,conflicts,dependencies,discovery naming and exploration,raids,indirect invasion by association, low intensity war,NATO actions,protectorates, peacekeeping,declarations of war,territories,gunboat diplomacy.Revolutionary support acts, militarily aided humanitarian aid,rescue missions and claims. 7)arguable incidences of informal empire by preference of trade, investment, property and industry backed by military assistance or threat. 8)Major incidents not resulting in war but with diplomatic victory. 9)Territories by association. The reason I have listed all of these is that native populations,lands, third parties, sovereignty or economies have all at one time or another been directly or indirectly affected by these "actions". Perhaps this is not a very good answer but there we are.
 Mike Slammer, Hertfordshire United Kingdom
 - You have to remember Finland. UK declared war on Finland during the Continuation War (1941-44), but they never sent any soldiers to aid the Soviets.
 Janne Oksamaa, Helsinki Finland
 - I dont think Britain has been to war with Portugal either since we have been allies with them since the 1300s or so.
 Josh Sedgwick, Bishop Auckland, Durham
Add your answer
UP © Guardian News and Media Limited 2011


text:
"Chariots and Other Wheeled Vehicles in Italy before the Roman Empire" presents evidence for transport by wheeled vehicle in Italy before the Roman Imperial period, the beginning of which is often thought to be marked by Augustuss conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The study begins with a glossary of technical terms and with evidence for roads and the animals that were used in draught. The major part is concerned with the vehicles themselves - two-wheeled chariots and carts and four-wheeled wagons - their construction, the ways in which their draught animals were harnessed and controlled, and the uses to which the equipages were put. A wide range of evidence is drawn upon including figured documents such as architectural terracottas, stone reliefs, vaseand wall paintings; bronze and terracotta models and the remains of actual vehicles, in a few cases accompanied by their harness teams recovered from tombs, primarily from central and northern Italy of the eighth and seventh centuries BC onwards. The concluding chapter looks at the history of wheeled vehicles in Italy before the Roman Imperial period. It traces local, Italic characteristics and possible foreign influences, and assesses the relative economic and social importance of the different kinds of wheeled vehicles and of other means of land transport - by pack and riding animals. In appendices the vehicles depicted in so-called Situla Art and the 'Celtic chariot' are discussed. Lavishly illustrated with over 170 plates and figures, this book is important for the history of transport, technology and draught.
Audience: Tertiary; University or College
Number Of Pages: 248
Published: 30th June 2012
Dimensions (cm): 28.8 x 22.2 x 2.2
Weight (kg): 1.315

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Lou-Lan state
Buddhism in Mongolia (4th to 6th century)
From: Buddhism in Mongolia (Historical Survey), Ulaanbaatar 1981 By: Section of Studies of Gandantegchenlin Monastery
The Lou-Lan state the Mongol origin existed on the present-day territory of the Mongolia. Its original name was "Mongol" or "Tatar", and it adopted Buddhism as a state religion. A monk named Dharmapriya (Za Ai), who lived in the Western part of the present Kansu in 420-450 and who possessed a profound knowledge of religious sutras, shastras and astrology was promoted to the post of the state teacher (in Sanskrit Purohita). Ordinary people too, for example, the bestowed people of Dharmapriya, began to believe in Buddhism, and the ancient Indian principles of unity of the state and religion, dating back to the time of Asoka of India and Kaniska of Kusan, began to be recognized among the nomads.
Chounu, the Khan of Lou-Lan, in 511 sent to the emperor of the Toba Dynasty a pearl statue of Buddha by a shraman named Hung Hsuan. It appears that the statue had come from Central Asia, namely from Khotan. In 475, a monk Shih-Fa-hsian (died in 494), came to Khotan through Lou-Lan, and from where he brought a Buddha's tooth (in Sanskrit deladi) and other relics. A fragment of "Saddharmapundarika sutra" (White Lotus of the Good Lord), was dated by the 5th year of "Young Kang" (468) of the Lou-Lan state. At that time Turfan was ruled by the Lou-Lan state, and the sutra was dated this way.
Buddhism spread to Lou-Lan from the Tarim River basin, Khotan (Yutien), Karashahr (Yanchi), and the Sulei states. The spread of Buddhism was promoted by contacts between people from Lou-Lan and India, which also promoted the spread of secular culture from India to Mongolia. In 552, Narenda-Yasa, a monk from Northern India, together with his 6 friends travelled to the territory of Lou-Lan, Ratanamanti (Lenamanti) a shraman from India, lived in the Yunning temple of Loyang town, the capital of Toba. He was well familiar with the five Indian sciences (Panca vidya sthana) and art (Silpasthana vidiya). A Lou-Lan pilgrim, who got acquainted with that Indian shraman when he lived in Central Asia, in Loyang, met him every day and talked with him all day long, laughing and clapping his hands. A Chinese official, who did not know what language they were talking in, asked the shraman why he was talking to this northern barbarian with such respect, the shraman answered: "You would not be able to defeat this Lou-Lan, although you've read thousands of books". The arrogant Chinese official betted to give the Lou-Lan his horse if the Lou-Lan could give the exact number of ripe fruits on a plum-tree. The Lou-Lan took out a tool with five colours of thread and measured the tree from all sides, calculating the exact number of ripe fruits. The Chinese lost the bet and he had to part with his horse.
No monuments of Lou-Lan Buddhism have been found yet on the territory of the Mongolia. However, scholars believe that brahma monuments (stone inscriptions) found on the territory of Mongolia may belong to the time of the Lou-Lan state.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Aemilia (moth)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Subfamily: Arctiinae
Tribe: Arctiini
Subtribe: Phaegopterina
Genus: Aemilia
Kirby, 1892
Type species
Ameles rubriplaga
Walker, 1855
Ameles Walker, 1855 (non Burmeister, 1838[verification needed]: preoccupied)
Aemilia is a genus of tiger moths in the Erebidae family. It was initially named Ameles, but this name properly refers to a praying mantis genus.[1]
A group of species closely related to the Red-banded Aemilia ("A." ambigua) was formerly placed in the genus (though only uneasily so). The species has recently been moved to the revalidated genus Pseudohemihyalea.[2]
Selected species[edit]
Species of Aemilia include:[3]
 1. ^ Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), and see references in Savela (2004)
 2. ^ Schmidt (2009)
 3. ^ Wikispecies (2010-DEC-05), and see references in Savela (2004)
External links[edit]


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1. Inside of the project, choose the More(vertical ellipsis; next to the Brush icon) on the right side of the project title, and select 'Hide Project'.
2. Hidden projects can be viewed through the 'Hiding' in the Label section on the left side menu.
1. Select 'Info' in the bottom line of the project..
2. Select 'Hide'.
3. To view a hidden project, select view more(triple-lines) on the upper left corner of the main screen. Select 'Hiding'.
4. If you want to unhide the project, select 'Hiding' and go to the hidden project, then select 'Unhide' through the project information.
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From fire scars in the stumps of old-growth oak trees, a team of researchers led by Illinois botanist William E. McClain has given us an amazing glimpse into the history of fire in the U.S. Upper Midwest. The team's work, published in a recent issue of the journal Castanea, is the most in-depth study of the region's fire history published to date—detailing the frequency of human-made fires over a 226-year period and revealing how a brief interval of fire suppression permanently changed the landscape.
McClain, who is based at the Illinois State Museum, began tracing the history of fire in Illinois oak trees in 1996. That year, he made the observation of a lifetime when he was invited to have a look at a stand of trees slated for auction in northwestern Hamilton County, at a site a few miles south of the village of Dahlgren.
"The woods was wonderful," he said. "It had numerous trees that had old-growth features, such as the spiraling of bark on the trunk. We walked through an adjacent [lot where] trees had [already] been harvested. The fire scars in the stumps caught my attention immediately. I had never seen so many scars."Living Records of Fire History
While researchers from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, and Illinois Natural History Survey, created maps and performed extensive ecological assessments of the study area, McClain prepared cross-sections from 36 old-growth post oaks (Quercus stellata) scattered across the Hamilton County study site. For each cross-section, he counted growth rings and fire scars.
Fire scars, similar to other marks and features found in the growth layers in the heartwood of trees, are records of natural history. Each year, a new layer of wood, or growth ring, is formed from cambium, the thin layer of living tissue between the wood and the bark. In trees that survive fire, the areas of cambium that die as a result of exposure to intense heat are overgrown by a new cambium layer. "This process continues each year until the wounded area is healed," McClain said.
After healing, there exists a visible fissure in the heartwood, which is a distinguishing feature of fire scars. Fire scars frequently are dark in color and contain charcoal.
Tracing the Fire History of Illinois
While the ecological impacts of present-day wildfires are relatively well understood, much less is known about the historical role of human-made fire in shaping the ecosystems that exist today. This is especially true for places such as the Midwestern United States, where fire is now relatively infrequent but appears to have been common throughout long periods of the region's history.Written accounts indicate that many fires were observed in Illinois in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to McClain, "During [these periods], many fires were started intentionally for hunting or other purposes. Lightning-caused fires were not as common."
After comparing the chronology of post oak fire scars with the written accounts of fire, and after examining fire records dating to the 1670s from white oaks in Baber Woods in Edgar County, McClain and colleagues were able to confirm that the peoples who inhabited Illinois prior to the arrival of European settlers set fires that burned into the woodlands of Hamilton County about every two or three years. The team also found that a temporary period of fire suppression produced a dramatic and permanent ecological change locally.
Indeed, the fire scars in post oaks and fire records from nearby states indicate that fires were set routinely in the Upper Midwest, perhaps for hundreds of years, until 1850. Up to that point, open post-oak woodlands and prairies dominated the Midwest landscape. (Fires did continue longer in parts of Illinois and other states.)
But the disappearance of fire in the Hamilton County woods after 1850 caused a fundamental change in the region's ecology. Post oaks are slow growing, relatively insensitive to fire, and intolerant to shade. Until 1850, they were able to thrive because frequent fire killed off faster growing, shade-tolerant species and kept the woodland open. Although the practice of intentionally setting fires resumed around 1885, by then the woodland had a greater density of trees. The lack of fire for 35 years had allowed shade-tolerant species to proliferate, giving rise to a forest with a dense understory.
According to McClain, this pattern of fire suppression and ecological change is now apparent elsewhere in the United States. "The lack of fire is considered to be the reason why mesic (requiring moderate amounts of moisture), shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive tree species are replacing the oaks in forests throughout the eastern part of the United States."
"Oaks are not reproducing," he added. The same is true for the post oaks in Hamilton County and for the white oaks in Baber Woods—the seedlings of these are not surviving, which means that they may soon disappear from the region entirely.
About Science Up Front
A regular Britannica Blog feature written by the encyclopedia's own Kara Rogers, Science Up Front goes behind the headlines to bring researchers' stories of discovery centerstage. Begun in 2009 to highlight the ingenious work of pioneering scientists and to bring greater accuracy to science reporting, Rogers goes straight to the source, exploring the latest advances in science, from medicine to nanotechnology to conservation, through first-hand interviews with researchers. The series covers all things science, so check back regularly to see who's up on Science Up Front.


Error Codes
What do error codes in the GoZync logs really mean?
Any errors encountered in the sync will be reported in the zync logs tabs in GoZyncMobile and GoZyncHosted.
Many of the errors will be self explanatory, but the guide below may help.
- 101 Record is missing. This is about the table occurrence, not the field.
Most likely reason for this is that you don't have "Allow creation of records..." set to "on" for this table in its relationship with GoZync in the graph of GoZyncMobile.
Turn "Allow creation..." on for the table occurrence mentioned in the error and then try again.
102 Field Missing
There are only a few reasons why you'd see a 102 error.
You've sent a field that doesn't exist in the destination. Remove the field from the sync layout on the source side (the sending side). Note that fields don't have to be on the sync layout in order to be received; fields only need to be there to be sent.
The field exists but has a different name in the destination. See Custom Field Mapping to transform the field name.
You've created a transformation (a custom field mapping) but your field is repeating and you haven't created a field mapping for each repetition.
If these don't apply, see the section "Other Sync Errors" under Troubleshooting.
106 Table is Missing
There is a mismatch between the table occurrence names on the mobile and hosted side of the relationship graph in GoZyncMobile. Even if your actual tables are named something different in the mobile and hosted files, the *occurrences* for those tables in GoZyncMobile's relationship graph need to have the same name (outside of the "gzm_" or "gzh_" prefixes).
You may connected the TO to GoZync on the destination side of the GoZyncMobile graph.
One other thing, that can be hard to spot at first, is that the relationship graph in GoZyncMobile *look* good, but the table occurrences--while named correctly--are either representing the wrong tables or are both pointing at the same file (ie gzm_Contacts and gzh_Contacts are both pointing to the contacts table in your hosted file, for example).
200 Record access is denied.
In this case, access to the records being synced is not permitted for the account being used. Permission must be granted in the mobile and hosted file for each field that will be synced.
301 Record is in use by another user.
Commonly called "record lock".This is exactly what it sounds like: it's not a configuration error.
FileMaker couldn't edit the record (or one of the related records for that entity) because another user was editing it. Feel free to try and sync the record later when the original user has stopped editing it.
500-511 Validation Errors
These will occur when the data coming in fails to meet the validation criteria set up on one of your fields.
You can turn off the validation or change it from "always" to "only during data entry" which will stop it from firing during scripted set fields like those used in GoZync.
You could include a flag-field condition in the validation calculation, then set that flag at the start of the Zync routine, and clear it when it's done.
You could modify the "Commit Records/Requests" step in the "Zengine ( IDsToSync )" script to "Skip data entry validation".
Or you could remove the field validation altogether and instead write a script to do it, then run that script on the server.


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The City of Ember
The City of Ember
by Jeanne DuPrau
Power Theme
We've got two kinds of power going on in The City of Ember, and while they couldn't be more different on the surface, the more we dig, the more we realize they're intertwined. First, there's the power of energy—the river, the generator, and the electricity that lights the city. But that power is controlled by the people in power, mainly, the mayor. That gives him a whole lot of control over the citizens of Ember, since he's in charge of supplies and information. But while Lina and Doon may seem like just a pair of powerless kids, over the course of the novel, they learn that sometimes having power means taking matters into your own hands, no matter what The Powers That Be might do to you.
Questions About Power
 1. How might Lina and Doon have better addressed the power imbalance in Ember? What would you have done if you were in their shoes?
 2. Where does the power that runs the city's electricity come from? Do you think they'd have a chance to figure out how to make it work again?
 3. Who's more powerful, the mayor or Looper? What makes you say so?
 4. How do the guards figure into Ember's power structure?
Chew on This
The mayor only has power because people agree to give it to him.
It was pretty stupid of the Builders to leave the population of Ember without any idea of how their city is powered. That just goes to show that more than anything, knowledge is power.
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Presidents' Day Poem
What a great way to combine English language arts with your celebration of Presidents' Day! Youngsters are guided through the reading of a poem sung to the tune of "Itsy Bitsy Spider" on the jobs of the president of the United States, identifying sight words and underlining and discussing other key words along the way.
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CCSS: Adaptable
Instructional Ideas
 - As a follow-up to the activity, explain that adults choose someone to be president that they think will be a good leader, and for older learners, consider introducing the concept of voting
 - Practice the song a few times, and then sing the song together as a class one last time before the school day ends
 - Highlight some of the more well-known presidents for youngsters, such as the current president or George Washington
Classroom Considerations
 - More challenging activity ideas provided for older students
 - Nice printout of poem included
 - None


text:
It's "petard" and a petard was a bell shaped metal container filled with explosives. It was used to blow in gates or breach walls. It was lit with a slowly burning fuse, but there was always the danger of a premature explosion - the chance that you would be hoisted (lifted) by your own petard. It comes from Shakespeare and I think the quote is actually "hoist with his own petar." (Not "on" - that's just become the common parlance.) Interestingly, some cite petard as deriving from the French word for "fart." A different kind of explosion!
i beileve a " pitard " is a device used in medeival times
its a form of bomb on a spike
when lit a man would run at the castle doors his side were at war with and ram it into the doors
but occasionaly his clothes would get stuck to the spike, or the fuse would be so short so the opposition could not extinguish it that he would be killed in the ensuing explosion
and so the expression " hoist by his own pitard "
all the best
The French word pétard means "a loud discharge of intestinal gas," - not "silent but deadly" but a big ole noisy bi-labial fricative.
"To be hoist by one's own petard," is a now proverbial phrase apparently originating with Shakespeare's Hamlet (around 1604) not long after the word entered English (around 1598).
It means "to blow oneself up with one's own bomb, be undone by one's own devices."
The French developed a kind of infernal engine, named the Petard, only about a decade before Shakespeare used the hoisting phrase in Hamlet, for blasting through the gates of a city. The French noun pet, "fart," developed regularly from the Latin noun pēditum, from the Indo-European root *pezd-, "fart."
During WWII, the British had a munition also called the Flying Dustbin. which was a spigot mortar. It fired a 40-pound (18 kg) finned bomb at pillboxes and other concrete obstacles, to destroy them - but that was long after Hamlet was published.
This article contents is post by this website user, EduQnA.com doesn't promise its accuracy.
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text:
The UISlider control offers a way to continuously get values from the user within a range of set values. In the Interface Builder library of controls, there is only a horizontal version of the slider, with no obvious way to change its orientation. In this blog, we'll learn how to rotate the slider control to a vertical orientation. So let's get started!
Start Xcode, choose "Create a new Xcode project," and select the Single View Application template. Click Next, name the project VerticalSlider, and choose options as shown:
Click Next, choose a location to save the project, and click Create.
Open ViewController.xib, and place a slider control on the view. Adjust the Minimum, Maximum, and Current values to 0, 360, and 0 as shown below. Also drag a UILabel control to the view, stretch it out and center it, and set the text to 44 points. Change the text in the label to "0", and center the text in the label.
Now open ViewController.h and make changes as shown here:
_USER_ ViewController : UIViewController
_USER_ (nonatomic, strong) IBOutlet UISlider *slider;
_USER_ (nonatomic, strong) IBOutlet UILabel *display;
- (IBAction)sliderValueChanged:(UISlider *)sender;
We've added outlet properties for both the slider and the label. Normally, we would not add an outlet for the slider, but in this application we want to change some properties of the slider object (make it vertical): we need an outlet to do that.
We've also added a method to detect a change in the value of the slider control. Reopen ViewController.xib, and wire up these properties and methods as shown here:
Make sure that the Value Changed event is selected in the slider.
Now open ViewController.m and make these changes to the file:
_USER_ ViewController ()
float r = d * (M_PI / 180);
- (IBAction)sliderValueChanged:(UISlider *)sender
self.display.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", (int)sender.value];
CGAffineTransform labelRotation = CGAffineTransformIdentity;
labelRotation = CGAffineTransformRotate(labelRotation, [self degrees2radians:sender.value]);
self.display.transform = labelRotation;
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
CGAffineTransform sliderRotation = CGAffineTransformIdentity;
sliderRotation = CGAffineTransformRotate(sliderRotation, -(M_PI / 2));
self.slider.transform = sliderRotation;
// Release any retained subviews of the main view.
return (interfaceOrientation!= UIInterfaceOrientationPortraitUpsideDown);
After synthesizing the properties, we define a helper method, degrees2radians:, that converts a floating point number of degrees to radian measure. As humans, we tend to think of angles in degrees, but radian measure is used exclusively in most (if not all) graphics libraries. The conversion is simple: 360 degrees == 2π radians, so 1 radian == 2π / 360 degrees. Factoring out the 2 gives us π / 180. We can therefore convert degrees to radians by multiplying the number of degrees with π / 180.
Look next at viewDidLoad: (we'll come back to sliderValueChanged: in a moment). After calling through to super, we apply an affine transform to the slider's underlying view. This is possible because a UISlider (like all controls) is a descendent of UIView: UISlider ← UIControl ← UIView. As we already know, views can be transformed in a number of ways: they can be moved, scaled, and rotated.
First, we get a transform matrix by setting a local variable to the identity matrix. We then alter this matrix by applying a rotation transform (CGAffineTransformRotate) to it through -(π / 2) radians (-90 degrees). This value is then assigned to the transform property of the slider, which rotates the slider by 90 degrees in the counterclockwise direction. Higher values on the slider will therefore be "up."
The default center of rotation for a UIView object is the center of the view, calculated as the width of the view / 2 and the height of the view / 2. This transform therefore performs rotation about the center of the control. (If we want to rotate about another point, we must set the rotation point on the view's layer.)
In sliderValueChanged:, we set the text of the label to the value of the slider as an NSString, formatted with the slider's value cast to the integer type. We then apply a rotational transform to the label, converting the slider's value (degrees) into radian measure.
Run the application, and note that both the text and angle of the label change as the slider thumb is moved up and down:
(Of course, the slider itself is oriented vertically, which is the whole point of the blog!)
There is nothing that says the orientation of any control can't be at an arbitrary angle, for example, we could have oriented the slider at 45 degrees:
But such orientations are confusing to the user: changing in two directions at once (both horizontally and vertically) implies a change in two independent variables. Unless there is a very good reason to do this, keep the slider in either the default horizontal orientation, or the


text: things there can be no error in respect of time, if we assume them to be unchangeable. E.g. if we suppose that the triangle does not change, we shall not suppose that at one time its angles are equal to two right angles while at another time they are not (for that would imply change). It is possible, however, to suppose that one member of such a class has a certain attribute and another has not; e.g. while we may suppose that no even number is prime, we may suppose that some are and some are not. But regarding a numerically single number not even this form of error is possible; for we cannot in this case suppose that one instance has an attribute and another has not, but whether our judgement be true or false, it is implied that the fact is eternal.


text:
Bent Street, Paddington, is one of the most curious streets in Sydney history. Although having only 32 houses in the street by 1920, this small street contained a cross section of Australian life during the time examined, from 1890 to 1920. The street contained shops, a coal depot, magistrates, landlords, labourers, miners, tenants, and all the other groups of people that inhabited the streets. In it also resided the first Australian Labor Party Prime Minister, John Christian Watson.
The street came into prominence when an article appeared in the Sydney Mail, 9 August 1916, p.12. It was inspired by the local ALP M.L.A., Mr. Osborne, who collected 29 portraits of soldiers from Bent and sent them Sydney Mail.
The album describes the named inhabitants of each house over the period from 1890 to 1920. In addition, the 29 pictures are named with a brief military biography attached to them. Where ever possible, they are located at the house in which the person lived.
The street numbering created a great deal of confusion amongst the information collectors. Where a dual number appears, this was the result of number confusion. For example, there never was No. 6 Bent Street but this did not prevent people from describing No. 8 as No. 6. In addition to that, in 1900, houses were built at numbers 23, 25, and 27. However No. 27 was further subdivided into three houses named "Osraston", "Matlock", and "Chellaston". This created its own confusion until the numbers were corrected in 1919. So the houses from 29 onwards have two numbers, the pre and post 1919 house number.
A full listing of the Bent Street Album may be found at:


Show Answers
A Verbs Worksheet - by HelpingWithVerbs.com
Future Tense Verbs Worksheet One of Seven
Worksheet 1/7 on Future Tense Verbs
Mini Lesson
Definition When we want to write about what is going to happen in the the future, we make the simple future tense verb "To Be" and the verb root word. This is a verb phrase.
Solar powered energy will be more widely used in the future.
Directions Circle the future tense verbs in the sentences. The first one has been done for you.
Circle the simple future verb shall or will.
1 We will use solar power in our homes for both lighting and heating purposes.
2 In countries like USA, Australia, and South Africa where the sun shines a lot, they will increase their use of solar power by an enormous amount.
3 As long as the sun shines, solar energy will always be a renewable resource.
4 We will get more efficient at capturing the suns energy and turning the power into more widespread devices for our homes and industry in the near future.
5 By 2004, the world production of solar energy will exceed 1 billion watts.
6 Governor Schwarzenegger will keep to his 2005 promise that 1 million solar roofs be installed.
7 Over time, the solar panels will pay for themselves through lower energy bills and tax breaks.
8 Solar power will be seen every where.
There will no greenhouses gas effect by solar power.
10 In addition to saving the atmosphere from polluting gases, solar powered applications will reduce the use of up to 98% water required compared to conventionally generated electricity..


Sunday, November 5, 2017
Snowstorm Next Weekend?
The NWS discussion alerts to the possibility of snow potential next week. Rather than put words in their mouth, we'll let their words speak for themselves:
Model consistency is still rather poor for next weekend's storm potential. However, the pattern remains favorable for a trough translating across the northern Rockies, spawning an elongated
area of low pressure over the Plains as strong surface ridging remains on the east coast. Meridional flow in advance of the shallow trough would bring increasing moisture and lift, generating widespread precipitation along the leading edge of the trough. This would be more of an inverted trough snow with a nebulous low pressure center and moderate accumulations, unless the surface cyclone deepens and becomes negatively tilted. If that occurs, a focused area of heavier snow would form on the northern side of the cyclone with significant accumulations. It's a sensitive pattern with a lot of subtle features coming together which is not as easily predicted as a classic long wave deep trough spawning a single significant cyclone over the southern Plains. Thus, model inconsistency will likely continue for the next day or two with the storm disappearing and reappearing in various models/model runs.


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Compound Chemicals
Boric acid (H3BO3)-Powder
Boric acid (H3BO3)-Powder
CAS: 10043-35-3
Molecular Formula: H3BO3
Purity: 99.9995%
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Specification Model: -325 Mesh.etc
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Boric acid (H3BO3)-Powder introduce:
Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, and orthoboric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron. However, some of its behaviour towards some chemical reactions suggest it to be tribasic acid in Bronsted sense as well.It has the chemical formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite.
Chemical formula:BH3O3
Molar mass:61.83 g·mol−1
Appearance:White crystalline solid
Density:1.435 g/cm3
Melting point:170.9 °C (339.6 °F; 444.0 K)
Boiling point:300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Solubility in water:2.52 g/100 mL (0 °C);4.72 g/100 mL (20 °C);5.7 g/100 mL (25 °C);19.10 g/100 mL (80 °C);27.53 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility in other solvents:Soluble in lower alcohols;moderately soluble in pyridine;very slightly soluble in acetone
log P:-0.29
Acidity (pKa):9.24, 12.4, 13.3 Conjugate base Borate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ):-34.1·10−6 cm3/mol
It is used as a primary or adjunct buffer in swimming pools, flame retardant, neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, colorant to make flame green, preservative in urine samples, welding flux in combination with borax, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It is used to prevent/remove existing wet and dry rot in timbers, treat wood against fungal/insect attack, prevent athleteÂ's foot, lubricate carom boards, and reduce surface oxidation on metals at high temperatures. It can be used to produce lubricant for ceramic or metal surfaces, textile fiberglass, induction furnace linings and ceramics, Silly Putty, and glass LCD flat panel displays. It can prevent the high temperature reaction of aluminum with nitrates in pyrotechniques, and neutralize active hydrofluoric acid.
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text:
Structural Engineering - ST Range
Understanding Structural Behaviour
ST10/ST11 - issue 1
New revolutionary teaching system
A pioneering new approach to the teaching of structural engineering.
A fusion of innovative software, unique hardware and the authoritative textbook provide a firm foundation on the understanding of structural behaviour.
Armfield offer a totally new approach to the teaching of structural engineering.
Focusing on the underlying understanding of the structural behaviour, whilst still offering explanation of the basic principles.
Ordering Specification - ST10/ST11
ST10 Understanding Structural Behavior
ST11 Instrumentation Package
- Educational tool aimed at giving students an understanding of how structures behave
- A variety of different structures can be built up on a widescreen display. The software calculates the simulated performance of the structure i.e. deflection, moment force diagram, shear force diagram, reactions. These diagrams are displayed directly behind the physical model of the structure at the same size of the model and so can be directly related to the responses obtained by applying manual stimuli
- Supplied with a selection of beams of different lengths, fixed and pinned joints, and fixed, pinned and slide supports, allowing a wide range of physical structures to be assembled
- Carbon fibre beams provide an exaggerated bending response to aid visualisation and understanding
- An optional sensor and instrumentation package enables loads to be applied from the software, and the resulting reactions and deflections to be measured and displayed on the screen
- Supplied with the textbook - "Understanding Structural Analysis" by Dr David Brohn
Intuitive design providing great 'touch
> Carbon fibre beams provide exaggerated response for enhanced visualisation
> Carbon fibre beams also provide negligible plastic deformation for long life and repeatability
> Fully integrated hardware and software display
> Wide range of structures can be constructed from simple components
> Compare computer simulations with actual responses
> Sensor and Instrumentation package
> Supplied with the textbook 'Understanding Structural Analysis' by Dr David Brohn
Modern structural engineering makes extensive use of computer programs to provide the detailed analysis of structures. Once a structure becomes even slightly complex the calculations involved exceed what can be sensibly implemented using manual or spreadsheet calculations. Similarly modern teaching practice focuses on the use of these structural engineering analysis programs. Although these provide a superb analysis facility, they rely totally on the user having an inherent understanding of the structure to be analysed. This unfortunately is not always the case. The analysis is only as good as the information provided and can do nothing to improve an inherently flawed concept (RIRO).
Conventional structural engineering teaching equipment does little or nothing to provide this understanding, focusing on detailed analysis of simple situations, it makes no attempt to encourage the student to think of what really matters when designing or analysing structures.
Armfield have teamed up with Dr David Brohn (who is also working with the Institution of Structural Engineering on this topic) to develop a range of hardware and software specifically to address this issue of understanding structural behaviour.
The range of equipment enables a wide variety of structural models to be assembled and understood. It deliberately uses a series of beams, which provide an exaggerated response allowing the deflections to be easily and visualised. Even the basic system without actuators or sensors can provide invaluable understanding of the structures just by pressing manually and observing the deflections. When coupled to the display software, the sensors, the actuators and the analysis software, the equipment provides an unsurpassed unique learning experience.
Modes of use
The simplest mode is to use the hardware and backboard to build a structure. Applying loads by hand and seeing how the structure reacts gives instant feedback and a great learning experience.
Using the display and visualisation software takes this learning experience to another dimension. Graphical display of moment forces, shear forces, deflections and reactions in response to a simulated load really bring these concepts to life. Displaying these simulations on the screen, overlaid with the physical model, and comparing the simulations with the hardware provides an unparalleled and totally unique teaching capability. (The software can also be used on its own without the hardware if desired.)
The next stage is to add the optional Instrumentation hardware package. This enables loads to be applied to the structure from the computer, and actual reactions and displacements measured on the sophisticated sensors. Thus quantitive measurements of loads, displacements and reactions can be taken.
The sensors and actuators can also be used in a
freeform mode to apply and measure responses to the users own structure.
Finally it is possible to do a full computer simulation of the structures. Armfield provide models of the key structures, which can be run directly on a demonstration version of a professional software structural analysis package.
The overall teaching package is comprised of four different types of components. Different selections of components are available to meet specific teaching requirements.
1. Structural Hardware
This is a set of components enabling a wide variety of 2D structures to be assembled and understood. It comprises a transparent backboard on which the structure is assembled with 32 potential mounting positions configured as an 80mm x 80mm grid. A variety of different nodes and joints are available. The fixed nodes attach to the baseboard via a simple peg mounting system.
A number of 'beams' are provided in different lengths. These beams are manufactured of carbon fibre and are designed to flex easily in one dimension to demonstrate the movement of the structure.
Beam Lengths Available: 1U, 2U, 3U, 4U, 4U+
- Fixed rigid
- Fixed pinned
- Simple slide support
- End slide
- Horizontal slide anchor
- Rigid right angle
- Pinned right angle
- Inline pinned
The transparent backboard is mounted on a 32" widescreen display, with the computer running the display and visualisation software as described in section 2.
The beams, joints, etc are supplied in a lockable chest of drawers matching the screen, with specific mounting positions for storage of each component. One empty drawer is available for the ST11 Instrumentation option.
Visualisation software and hardware
2. Display and Visualisation
This software is a fundamental part of the Understanding Structural Behaviour (USB) concept, and works in conjunction with the USB hardware to demonstrate and help understanding.
For a number of predefined structures it is possible
to perform an immediate interactive simulation of the effect of loading
on the structure. Loads can be
simulated using the computer mouse and the Shear force diagrams, Moment diagrams,
Deflections and Reactions are shown graphically and updated continually as
the load is varied.
Display and visualisation softwareenlarge
When combining the hardware and software, the diagrams are displayed immediately behind the structure and can be directly related to it.
Functions of the Software:
- Display the structure to be evaluated to aid
- Display the structure in both diagrammatic form and as a typical pictorial implementation of the same structure. This has been proven to be a powerful aid to student understanding
- Gives a graphical representation of the moments, the shear, the deflections and the reactions in response to simulated loads
- Contains presentations to introduce the concepts of Moment, Shear, Deflections and Reactions and their associated graphical representation on the structure diagram
- When used in conjunction with the instrumentation hardware, the software controls the actuators and displays the outputs from the various sensors
- In this mode the displayed diagrams relate to the actual load applied by the actuator, rather than a simulated load
- Provides calibration for the sensors and screen
Typical pictorial and diagrammatic views of the structure to be used in an exerciseenlarge
Graphical representation of Moments, Shear, Deflections and Reactionsenlarge
Composite graphical representation of Moments, Shear, Deflection and Reactionsenlarge
3. Instrumentation Package
The Instrumentation Package includes a range of sensors and actuators used to stress and measure the performance of the structural hardware.
Components available are:
- Three Component Rigid Support Sensor - ST11-1
This is used instead of a fixed rigid support with the structural hardware. It measures both the longitudinal reaction at the joint (in the direction of the beam, equivalent to the tension or compression), the orthogonal reaction at the joint and the moment reaction.
- Two Component Pinned Support Sensor
This is used instead of a fixed pinned support with the structural hardware. It measures both the longitudinal reaction at the joint (in the direction of the beam, equivalent to the tension or compression) and the orthogonal reaction at the joint.
- Deflection sensor - ST11-3
Used to measure the deflection of the beam at a grid point.
- Simple Support Sensor - ST11-4
Used instead of a simple slide support, and measures the reaction on the support.
- Linear Actuator - ST11-5
Provides a linear deflection to the structure at any grid point, complete with sensor to measure the force (load) generated by the actuator to reach the requested deflection.
- Interface Module - ST11-6
Provides the interface between the sensors and computer by a standard USB2 interface. It also includes a universal input power supply and interconnecting cables.
The sensors and actuators are connected to the interface unit and to each other using linking cables in a chain configuration. They can be connected anywhere on the chain and multiple components of the same type can be configured in the same system. Additional sensors and actuators can be bought individually and added at a later date if required.
4. Analysis Software
Armfield supply software models for all the predefined structures, which can be analysed in a freely available demonstration version of a professional modelling software package. Armfield also supply the demon-stration version of this package.
From this starting point, users can analyse their own models and structures, either using the Armfield components, or using the software. The software enables any beam material, size, thickness, strength etc


absolute error is more robust to outliers. But let's understand why!
3. Huber Loss, Smooth Mean Absolute Error Huber loss is less sensitive to outliers in data than the squared error loss. It's also differentiable at 0. It's basically absolute error, which becomes quadratic when error is small. How small that error has to be to make it quadratic depends on a hyperparameter, 𝛿 (delta), which can be tuned. Huber loss approaches MAE when δ0\delta \sim 0 and MSE when δ\delta \sim \infty (large numbers.)
Lδ(y,f(x))={(yf(x))2/2for yf(x)δδyf(x)δ2/2otherwise.L_\delta(y, f(x)) = \left\{\begin{matrix} (y-f(x))^2/2 & \text{for }|y-f(x)| \leq \delta \\ \delta |y-f(x)| - \delta^2/2 & \text{otherwise.} \end{matrix}\right.
Plot of Hoss Loss (Y-axis) vs. Predictions (X-axis). True value = 0
The choice of delta is critical because it determines what you're willing to consider as an outlier. Residuals larger than delta are minimized with L1L_1 (which is less sensitive to large outliers), while residuals smaller than delta are minimized "appropriately" with L2L_2.
3.5. Why use Huber Loss?
One big problem with using MAE for training of neural nets is its constantly large gradient, which can lead to missing minima at the end of training using gradient descent. For MSE, gradient decreases as the loss gets close to its minima, making it more precise.
Huber loss can be really helpful in such cases, as it curves around the minima which decreases the gradient. And it's more robust to outliers than MSE. Therefore, it combines good properties from both MSE and MAE. However, the problem with Huber loss is that we might need to train hyperparameter delta which is an iterative process.
4. Log-Cosh Loss Log-cosh is another function used in regression tasks that's smoother than L2L_2. Log-cosh is the logarithm of the hyperbolic cosine of the prediction error.
L(y,yp)=i=1nlog(cosh(yipyi))L(y,y^p)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \log(\cosh(y_i^p - y_i))
Plot of Log-cosh Loss (Y-axis) vs. Predictions (X-axis). True value = 0
Advantage: log(cosh(x))\log(\cosh(x)) is approximately equal to (x ** 2) / 2 for small x and to abs(x) - log(2) for large x. This means that logcosh works mostly like the mean squared error, but will not be so strongly affected by the occasional wildly incorrect prediction. It has all the advantages of Huber loss, and it's twice differentiable everywhere, unlike Huber loss.
5. Quantile Loss
In most of the real world prediction problems, we are often interested to know about the uncertainty in our predictions. Knowing about the range of predictions as opposed to only point estimates can significantly improve decision making processes for many business problems.
Quantile loss functions turn out to be useful when we are interested in predicting an interval instead of only point predictions. Prediction interval from least square regression is based on an assumption that residuals (yy^)(y - \hat{y}) have constant variance across values of independent variables. We can not trust linear regression models which violate this assumption. We can not also just throw away the idea of fitting linear regression model as baseline by saying that such situations would always be better modeled using non-linear functions or tree based models. This is where quantile loss and quantile regression come to rescue as regression based on quantile loss provides sensible prediction intervals even for residuals with non-constant variance or non-normal distribution.
Let's see a working example to better understand why regression based on quantile loss performs well with heteroscedastic data.
Quantile regression vs. Ordinary Least Square regression
Left: Linear relationship b/w X1 and Y. With constant variance of residuals. Right: Linear relationship b/w X2 and Y but variance of Y increases with X2. (Heteroscedasticity)
Orange line represents OLS estimates for both cases
Quantile Regression. Dotted lines represent regression based 0.05 and 0.95 quantile loss functions
Understanding the quantile loss function
Quantile-based regression aims to estimate the conditional "quantile" of a response variable given certain values of predictor variables. Quantile loss is actually just an extension of MAE (when quantile is 50th percentile, it's MAE).
The idea is to choose the quantile value based on whether we want to give more value to positive errors or negative errors. Loss function tries to give different penalties to overestimation and underestimation based on the value of chosen quantile (γ\gamma). For example, a quantile loss function of γ=0.25\gamma = 0.25 gives more penalty to overestimation and tries to keep prediction values a little below median
Lγ(y,yp)=i=yi


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To carry out this activity we will take Spain as an example. According to the Soil Taxonomy Classification established by the US Soil survey staff, we can find 4 types of soil orders in Spain.
We will use a map where we appreciate these different types of soil orders but the only information that we have in the Attributes table is their names. Therefore we are going to join information so that we can also find the description of each type of soil in the attributes table.
We need to do a Table "Join" to do so. To link the Excel table to the attributes table we need a column indicating the name of the types of soil orders and another column with the information that we are interested in including. In this case, with the soil orders characteristics.
Right click the layer in ArcGIS and choose "Join and Relates" > "Join".
In the dialog box fill in the fields as follows:
- What do you want to join to this layer?: select "Joins attributes from a table" (this is important because choosing the other option will generate a completely different table).
- Field number "1": Select the field form the attributes table that we will use as join, this is, the filed that ArcGIS will join to the Excel table.
- Field number "2": Select the table to join to this layer, in this case the Excel Sheet 1.
- Field number "3": Choose the column in which the join will be based.
Both columns are named "soil_orders" (in the Attributes Table) and "types of soil order" (in the Excel table).
- "Join options" is to decide if we want to keep all records (maintaining all attributes including those that do not share the common field with the table, appearing the word "Null" instead) or just the matching ones between tables (it will only keep those records with a matching record, erasing the ones that don't).
For this example it doesn't really matter as in the Excel table we only have records that are matching.
The resulting table will be an attributes table joined to the Excel table and it will look like this:
In case we have made a mistake or we are not interested anymore we can remove the join by right clicking on the layer and choosing Join and Relates > Remove Join(s) > Remove All Joins.
We can carry out several joins as long as the join is not using the same attributes field (column).
Quality training taught by professionals


text:
A washing machine isn't actually that great at cleaning clothes. The problem, it seems, is fat. Grease and oil molecules stick to fabrics and make it hard to separate clothes from their dirty residue. To do this, detergents must add harsh chemicals such as surfactants, bleach, dyes, phosphates and other chemicals that pollute waterways and demand billions of gallons of hot water to work properly.
Yet a sprinkling of industrial diamond grit changes that. By binding with fat molecules, nanodiamonds loosen their hold on fabrics, making them easier to remove during a wash with detergent, even at lower temperatures. The particles remove twice as much fat as conventional detergents.
It's relatively cheap as well. Diamond grit is mass produced for about five cents per carat, or about $100 per pound. Each wash only requires about 1/10 of a gram per load (although this does add up when you're doing hundreds of washes per year).
But the greatest problem may the unknown health risks posed by nanomaterials. The only the problem is that we really have no idea about the risks of introducing nanoparticles into our lives. The National Toxicology Program sums it up (PDF) thusly:
"Should we panic? No. Is there reasonable cause for concern/caution? Yes. Is there a quick answer? No."
But the paper's lead author, chemistry professor Andrew Marsh at the University of Warwick in England, argues in ScienceOmega: "There are all sorts of other applications for which the improved ability to remove fat from surfaces would be advantageous. These applications might be in engineering, for example, but it would also be nice to have the ability to more effectively remove fat from surfaces around the home."


Architecture December, 14 2009
Grass Mirror by H20 Architects
The latest project from H2O Architects takes inspiration from ancient philosophy. Where philosophers once looked at nature as a mirror, a method of contemplation, the firm turns the idea of the mirror into something that expresses nature directly and through a twist on the rectangle. The "Grass Mirror" reflects infinitely the objects surface, paying homage to thought in object form.
As object, the mirror can be displayed in a concise rectangle, or move to provide wider gaps and promote different types of reflection of the grass and mirror.


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Paul SabatierArticle Free Pass
Paul Sabatier, (born Nov. 5, 1854, Carcassonne, France—died Aug. 14, 1941, Toulouse), French organic chemist and corecipient, with Victor Grignard, of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for researches in catalytic organic synthesis, in particular for discovering the use of nickel as a catalyst in hydrogenation (the addition of hydrogen to molecules of carbon compounds).
Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure and under Marcellin Berthelot at the Collège de France, earning his doctorate in 1880. After a year at the University of Bordeaux, he moved to the University of Toulouse in 1882, where he became professor (1884) and dean (1905) and where he remained until retirement (1930).
Sabatier's various discoveries formed the bases of the margarine, oil hydrogenation, and synthetic methanol industries, as well as of numerous laboratory syntheses. He explored nearly the whole field of catalytic syntheses in organic chemistry, personally investigating several hundred hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, showing that several other metals besides nickel possess catalytic activity, though in smaller degree. He also studied catalytic hydration and dehydration, examining both the feasibility of specific reactions and the general activity of the various catalysts.
What made you want to look up "Paul Sabatier"? Please share what surprised you most...


Monday 19 October 2020
History teacher in year 2120 tells class that lockdown of 2020 was 'economic suicide' as everyone saved now dead anyway
history teacher in the future
A humanoid history teacher in the year 2120 has spent the morning telling its class about the great lockdown of 2020, and how the economic cost has been proven to be a complete waste of resources because everyone saved is now dead anyway.
Teacher C3852, recently uploaded with the most recent revision of the early 21st-century history syllabus, explained to a rapt class of young children that although their great grandparents survived the lockdown, they have all ultimately succumbed to other fatal illnesses.
It explained, "The government spent billions trying to save people from the novel coronavirus, it locked down businesses, it basically put everyone under house arrest, and it put the nation into even worse debt.
"It was so bad that the economy shrank by about 10% in 2020. Yet despite all of this, everyone saved by those policies is now dead. So the question I have for you, class, is 'was it worth it'?
"I'd like each of you to write an essay explaining your thinking on the subject, and please bear in mind that the post-Brexit famine killed way more people that Covid, so was worrying about the virus really that big a deal?"
Member of the class, Jake Williams, 11, said that upon hearing all the evidence, he didn't see why any money was spent trying to save people who were only going to die anyway.
He told us, "If I've learned anything from studying our nation's history, it's that my role as an organic unit of economic production is a fleeting one, and I should be grateful for the few moments of pleasure I might be lucky enough to enjoy along the way.
"Anyway, it's maths now, sorry."
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text:
Most schools are headed by a principal or someone one in a similar position with a different title. For the most part, these people make a decent salary, especially considering all of the training and experience they have gained over the years. Principals usually start off as teachers, so they already have a wealth of experience in education on which to expand. More training is involved to move up the ladder, though. Educational policies within the country also factor into a high school principal salary.
In the United States, for example, high school principals make an average of $90,410 each year. Principals in Canada make about $92,000.00. In the United Kingdom, they make roughly £55,700 each year, and principals make about $102,482 in Australia. High school principals in Norway make a little over NOK94,000 each year, and those in Switzerland make about CHF 68,000 annually.
There are several factors that go into determining these salaries, including geographical area, job outlook, and work experience. All of these things will be considered below.
High School Principal Salary Influencers
There are some factors that influence the salaries of high school principals. Despite the fact that most of these professionals have different listings for salaries on various websites, they still make a decent wage. Therefore, geographical area has a large impact.
There will always be a need for high school principals. These professionals make different amounts of money depending on whether or not they work in private schools or public schools. High school principals who work in larger schools or in larger metropolitan areas are more likely to make more each year. This factor stands true because their role is much more diverse than the expectations of those principals in rural schools. Furthermore, principals who work at private schools are only going to make as much as their school can afford. Private schools do not have the same funds backing as public schools, so a private school might not be able to pay a principal a larger salary. If the private school belongs to an affluent community, then principals are likely to make more than a public school principal.
2. Geographic Area
|High School Principal Salary||Hourly Wage||Annual Wage|
High School Principal Salary in the United States
High school principals in the United States make about $44.15 an hour. 0r around $90.000 annually. This factor is based mostly on experience and how much training the principal has. The longer this person has been in the education field, the more likely they are to make more money each year. As mentioned previously, the school's location plays a large role, too. Rural schools generally do not have a diverse culture, so the demands on the principal are not as severe. Much the opposite is true in larger cities. Principals have more students and a larger, more diverse population to oversee. Therefore, they will run into cultural and socio-economic situations that complicate their daily tasks. For this reason, they are likely to be paid more.
High School Principal Salary in Canada
Most high school principals in Canada make about C$55,700 each year. This salary falls at the middle of the road in comparison to other countries listed below. A notable difference exists between a teacher's salary and a principal's salary because of the number of students this person interacts with on a daily basis. Additionally, due to government-based healthcare, high school principals will not have to pay for costly health insurance premiums out of their salary.
High School Principal Salary in the United Kingdom
As is true in other industries, high school principals in the United Kingdom make less than their peers in other countries. The average salary is about £55,700 annually. Again, this salary is an average. Depending on experience, a high school principal can exceed this average once they become a pro in their field.
High School Principal Salary in Australia
Most high school principals in Australia make a great deal of money. Over AU$100,000 each year is nothing to discredit. Furthermore, high school principals in Australia have the benefit of generous holiday and leave conditions. For example, they can take leave without pay by simply applying for it through their local district. Some of these leaves without pay can be used for time to study more in their field or to expand their training.
High School Principal Salary in Norway
Norwegian high school principals make a little over NOK94,000 each year on average. These salaries do not include health care benefits due to government-based options that are available. High school principals in Norway are hired mostly based on incentives. There are some areas of the country that offer these incentives to attract high-caliber professionals for the sake of improving their school. In some cases, these districts are in the most need of attention from an outstanding professional.
High School Principal Salary in Switzerland
The previous statement about Europe and educator salaries does not appear to be true in Switzerland. Such professionals only make about CHF33.20 an hour. In other countries, some teachers make that much money once they become seniors in their field. On the other hand, Switzerland is known for having one of the more powerful models of education throughout Europe. Many high school principals in this country have the prestige of being role models for running a school effectively, which is a large attraction for some professionals.
Experience plays a large role in what high school principals can make in various countries. As stated previously, most of these professionals began their careers as teachers. Therefore, many of these professionals can make a decent salary. It is important to note that becoming a principal indicates a need to gain an additional certification than just one for being a teacher. This certification requires more post-graduate classes at a college or university. Some countries have other routes for training, but this one is the most popular. For example, the United States offers alternative routes to take teachers and train them into roles for becoming a principal. This route does not always include college-based classes, but it can from time to time. This element depends solely on what the state's requirements are for holding a principal's position.
Most schools operate only during certain hours for typical classes. In the United States, the average high school starts between 7:30 am and 8:00 am. Therefore, the day ends somewhere around 3:00 pm. However, a school is still open outside of these times for tutoring, extracurricular activities, and clubs. With this situation being the case, a principal is not just available during normal school hours. Most of them arrive to open up the school a few hours before the school day, and depending on what goes on after school, they are at work well into the evening hours. If an event happens on the weekends, they are also likely to be present during this time.
Bonuses and Benefit Packages
Principals who work hard and gain awards as principal of the year for the region are likely to receive some bonus. At the same time, there might be a sign on bonus if the principal decides to work at a school in a socioeconomically depressed area. Their benefits packages can include health benefits and a retirement plan, depending on the country where they work.
As mentioned previously, the need for schools to be in operation is not likely to go away soon. Therefore, the job outlook for most principals is rather strong. However, some jobs are in jeopardy in some countries as school districts start to consolidate for the sake of saving money. Most of this consolidation happens due to smaller student numbers and cuts in funding.
High school principals are likely to be around for some time. Some countries pay these professionals more than others, but they are still likely to make a decent living. The more students come into schools, the more these professionals will be needed in the future, despite consolidation efforts.


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NameChum Pro 2.5.0
Secure online registration
NameChum Pro is an application for changing the name of files, folders and disks. It is useful for normal desktop usage, but becomes cool when works, fine, fast and in background, with thousands of files.
NameChum Pro can modify the name of objects by using one of offered options:
- Rename. Also NameChum automatically add a progressive number, as prefix or suffix, to changed names.
- Rename with numbers. NameChum rename your objects by using progressive numbers. You may select the starting number. You may also add custom prefix or suffix, to changed names.
- Custom prefix and/or suffix.
- Date. As prefix and/or suffix.
- Time. As prefix and/or suffix.
- Progressive number. As prefix and/or suffix.
Moreover NameChum Pro has other cool features for working on names:
- searches/replaces characters,
- removes any number of characters starting from whatever position into names,
- truncates start and/or end of names.
Through preferences you may decide:
- the default action,
- the default job method,
- whether NameChum Pro should scan directories,
- whether it should change names of directories,
- whether it should restart the progressive number at each session,
- whether it should try to set the extensions of names following the Internet Config "File Mapping" setting,
- whether it should set the extensions of names following only the Internet Config File Mapping" setting,
- up to four file type to ignore during the renaming,
- up to four file type to rename, ignoring the other ones.
Internet Config has a great Database containing extension: NameChum Pro allows you to use it, when you should insert a new suffix. You may easily modify this Database...
By using hot keys you may skip the "request" dialog and changing, on the fly, by using the default action. Moreover there's a key for setting the preferences before work.
After all you may use the enclosed Contextual Menu Extension for asking NameChum Pro to rename your selection.
NameChum Pro is Internet Config, Drag Manager and Navigation Manager aware, moreover it's Appearance savvy. It requires at least System 7 to run.
What's new in 2.5.0 version
Hardware and software requirements
- Rename option.
- Rename with numbers option.
- Contextal Menu extension.
- Extensions Database.
- NameChum Pro ignore, now, invisible files.
- Better Appearance dialogs.
- New About Box.
- Removed registration form from About Box.
- Added Registrations folder.
- Added Support folder.
- Recompiled with Interfaces-Libraries 3.3.2
- Internet Menu changed.
- Linked with MoreFiles 1.5.
- Linked with Appearance SDK 1.04.
- Linked with Internet Config 2.0.2.
- Recompiled by using the newest compiler.
- Addresses update.
- Minor bug, saving window position, fixed.
- A bug in Navigation routines fixed.
- Pro version.
NameChum Pro should work on any Macintosh with a minimum of System 7. It's accelerated for PowerPC. If you have the Appearance Manager and/or same the Navigation Manager and/or same the Drag Manager, they will be taken advantage of. Some menu items may be disabled or some feature may be inactive if you don't have Internet Config 2.0 installed (only on PowerMac).
Visitors of this Site:
The ZDNet's NameCum page
The NameChum page on FileDudes.


text:
In this paper two studies are reported which compare (a) the perceptions of family functioning held by clinic and non-clinic adolescents, and (b) the perceptions of family functioning held by adolescents and their mothers in clinic and non-clinic families. In Study 1, matched group of clinic and non-clinic adolescents were compared on their responses to a 30-item scale (ICPS) designed to measure three factors of family functioning: Intimacy (high vs. low), Parenting Style (democratic vs. controlled) and Conflict (high vs. low). Clinic and non-clinic adolescents were also compared on their responses to a multi-dimensional measure of adolescent self-concept. Although there was little difference between the two groups of adolescents in terms of their perceptions of family functioning, there were strong relationships between the self-concept variables and the family functioning variables. In Study 2, comparisons were made between the perceptions of family functioning held by mothers and adolescents for both clinical and non-clinic families. There were no differences between the two groups of adolescents in terms of their perceptions of family functioning, although there were clear differences between the two groups of mothers. In addition, clinic adolescents and their mothers did not differ in their perceptions of the family, whereas adolescents in the non-clinic group saw their families significantly as less intimate and more conflicted than did their mothers.\ud \u
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.


Why was clemency trending last week?
[muhl-cher] /ˈmʌl tʃər/
a person or thing that mulches.
a machine or device that cuts up grass, leaves, etc., for use as mulch.
Origin of mulcher
mulch + -er1 Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for mulcher
 - At first they bought a mulcher for small bales but soon realized they needed a mulcher for the round bales.
 - In addition to the no-till drills and mulcher, the district also has prescribed burning equipment for rent.
 - The mulcher is mostly used to spread straw or hay over newly seeded areas.
 - Additionally, they are purchasing a leaf loader and mulcher to expand community clean-up events.
 - Turn your existing mower into a mulcher by purchasing a mulching kit available from your local power equipment dealer or retailer.
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for mulcher
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for mulcher
Scrabble Words With Friends
Nearby words for mulcher


Par Value
The financial accounting term par value is used to describe the stated, or printed, value of a security. Par values can be assigned to bonds as well as common and preferred stocks.
Par values are commonly found on bonds, and represent the dollar value to be paid to the bondholder when the security matures. Most federal and corporate bonds are issued with par values equal to $1,000. The par value of a bond, along with the coupon rate, will determine the interest income due the bondholder.
Preferred shares of stock are also issued with significant par values. Like bonds, the par value of preferred shares is used to determine the dividends paid to each shareholder.
The par value of common stock represents the maximum responsibility that a company has to a stockholder in the event the company is dissolved. Par value then becomes the nominal value, or minimum value, at which a share of stock can be issued.
The par value of a stock has nothing to do with its market value. Today, many common stocks are issued with par values that are less than $1.00. The total par value of stock issued by a company can be found in the owner's equity section of the balance sheet.
Related Terms
balance sheet, owner's equity, additional paid-in capital, par value stock, no-par stock


Can you embroider on Cricut vinyl?
Can you use Cricut vinyl for embroidery?
Can embroidery be done on vinyl?
Can Cricut embroider?
Learn how to create an embroidery pattern with Cricut in this simple tutorial! The great part of this tutorial is it can be applied to any machine in the Explore or Maker line! … All you need is Design Space and a Cricut washable fabric pen.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: Do weighted blankets make you hot?
Can you embroider with a sewing machine?
Can you sew through iron on vinyl?
Happy Friday! Also, you can sew through it easily. … There are so many projects that can be enhanced with vinyl.
What needle do I use to embroider vinyl?
Use a size 11 or 75/11 sharp sewing needle. A sharp sewing needle has a smaller, finer point than an embroidery needle. That means it will make smaller holes in the vinyl. Attach the hoop to the machine and load the design.
Can Cricut make embroidery designs?
Can a Cricut machine do embroidery? No. While a Cricut machine is somewhat similar to an embroidery machine in that both create designs based on digital data, a Cricut machine can only cut and draw based on the information supplied to the machine by the computer.
Can a Cricut make patches?
As much as other people love the tattered look, it's just not for me. But, I knew I could patch them in a jiffy using my Cricut. These patches are made using pre-designed shapes in Design Space.
Can you use a Cricut to make patches?
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: What are the Easter eggs in Lilo and Stitch?
Can you embroider plastic?
Embroidering on Plastic Mesh: General Tips
Cross-stitch and redwork will not work on mesh. Photo-stitch designs are too complicated for the simple and casual appearance of plastic mesh and beach totes. Hoop the plastic mesh with water soluble stabilizer under the mesh, just as you would do with fabric.
Can you embroider oilcloth?
Oilcloth fabric is similar to vinyl, and this technique can be used for embroidering on that fabric as well. There are a few different kinds of oilcloth and vinyl commonly found in fabric stores. Choose the kind that has a knit or fuzzy back, as that helps to keep the oilcloth from tearing with the needle perforations.
Can you hand embroider leather?
You can even get started right away by making a leather card case. Similar to embroidering on wood, the secret to hand stitching leather lies in pre-poking the holes. Once you do that, the embroidery is easy.


text:
A 12 inch long string with a 0.5 mm diameter and is composed of a 10GPa modulus
material is fixed at one end and loaded by a 100 g mass at its other end. What is the length
of the string when it is under load? (Note that the length is necessarily greater than 12
LInitial = 12 in =.305 m
A = ∏r2 = ∏(.00025)2 = 1.96 * 10-7 m^2
E = 10 N/m2
F=.1 * 9.8 =.98 N
The Attempt at a Solution
Basically I'm just not sure which length to use for finding the spring constant k, the final or initial length?
So should be solving something like this for final length?


Optimize Volume Transfer Methods to Avoid Reagent Concentration Error
Laboratories utilizing liquid handling devices appreciate the efficiency benefits that these important instruments provide. Fast and repeatable volume transfers, however, do not always contribute to accurate assay results. Assays are dependent on reagent concentrations and reagent concentrations are volume-dependent. If a liquid handler is inaccurate in the volumes it dispenses, reagent concentrations can be very different in the reaction vessel when comparing theoretical and experimental concentration values. Undoubtedly, most liquid handlers can be highly precise, but some can also be very inaccurate when default methods/settings are employed. When errors are discovered a game of finger-pointing often occurs – is it the reagent kit? The robot? The tips? The method? The user?
This presentation highlights: (a) the importance in checking volume transfer accuracy for all pipettors associated with a specific assay using a standardized metric; (b) how reagent concentrations are critically affected by as much as 50% when as few as two successive volume transfer steps are inaccurate; and (c) how with simple tools/knowledge, liquid handlers and their associated methods can be quickly optimized to deliver accurate volumes to ensure proper reagent concentrations in a reaction vessel.
This presentation offers specific information for optimizing the pipetting accuracy for the Beckman Coulter Biomek series (FX, NX, and 3000), the Qiagen QIAgility, PerkinElmer Sciclone and a Thermo WellMate bulk dispenser. It is hoped the information provided will help users, programmers and overseers of automated liquid handlers to gain control of liquid handling QA & QC processes to help eliminate liquid handlers as sources of error.
Materials & Methods
All sample solutions were aqueous and all target volumes were measured with the MVS® Multichannel Verification System1. Additionally, only MVS Verification Plates were employed. The MVS was employed to show simple and quick optimization processes for four different liquid handlers. The details pertinent to each optimization process are included, whereas some of the experimental information (tip type, environmental conditions, etc.) are not discussed herein.
Experiment 1
A 1-tip Qiagen QIAgility liquid handler was optimized to wet dispense 2 µL into a 384-well plate by adjusting the p-value.
Experiment 2
An 8- channel Thermo WellMate dispenser was optimized to dispense 25 µL into a 96-well plate by adjusting the cartridge assembly's set screws.
Experiment 3
A 96-tip Beckman Coulter Biomek NXp was optimized for wet-dispensing three target volumes in a 96-well plate (2, 5 and 8 µL) by adjusting the scaling and offset factors as described in Beckman application note2.
Experiment 4
A 96-tip PerkinElmer (Caliper) Sciclone was optimized to dispense 10 µL into a 96-well plate by sequentially adjusting pipetting variables3.
Experiment 1 – Optimizing a Qiagen QIAgility
One can optimize volume transfer of a QIAgility by adjusting the p-value, which changes the amount of liquid pipetted by approximately 0.04 µL/step. Without a "measurement stick" for determining volume transferred to a vessel, however, one cannot make p-value adjustments to improve accuracy. The process for optimizing accuracy is quite simple: (1) perform "as found" testing; (2) determine the volume difference for measured vs. desired; (3) convert the volume difference to p-value steps; (4) add/subtract steps to/from current p-value; (5) re-test with new p-value. In the data presented here, the pre-optimized mean volume was 0.168 µL higher than the desired target of 2 µL (Figure 1). The p-value was decreased by 4.2 steps to 71.16 ([0.168 µL] / [0.04 µL/step] = 4.2) and the 2-µL target was retested and optimized in one simple experiment.
Figure 1. (left) Tweaking the p-value once for the 2-µL dispense improved the relative inaccuracy from 8.4% to 1.25%. (right) Image of Qiagen QIAgility from _URL_.
Experiment 2 – Optimizing a Bulk Dispenser
The volume transfer performance of an 8-tip Thermo WellMate, fitted with a standard bore cartridge, was monitored at 25 µL. Interestingly, though the target volume is relatively high, the performance was pretty good for this common bulk dispenser. Initial testing showed an overall accuracy to be within 5%. Two additional tests were conducted after the set screws were either tightened (to decrease volume transfer) or loosened (to increase volume transfer). Two of the tips (6 and 8, Figure 2) were initially adjusted in the wrong direction, which was immediately obvious in this cause-and-effect testing process. Simply by tweaking the set screws, the tip-by-tip accuracy was optimized within minutes. The as found, pre-optimized mean volume, relative inaccuracy and CV values were 26.15 µL, 4.6% and 2.87%, respectively. The as left, optimized values were 25.03 µL, 0.12% and 0.68%, respectively
Figure 2. The WellMate can be optimized tip-by-tip by adjusting the set-screws within the cartridge assembly.
Experiment 3 – Optimizing a Beckman Coulter Biomek
A Biomek liquid handler can be optimized for pipetting accuracy by adjusting the scaling factor (slope, m) and the offset (y-intercept, b) in the Calibration tab within the Technique Editor. The calibration is based on y = mx + b. However, the scaling factor and offset values are meaningless without a way to measure volume transfer accuracy. Adjusting pipetting accuracy is a simple and effective process: (1) measure volume transfer performance (three or more target volumes is recommended); (2) plot measured vs. theoretically displaced volume2; (3) determine the new slope and offset values; and (4) enter values and re-test. In the example shown, a default non-optimized universal technique was employed to dispense 2, 5 and 8 µL. The as found performance was (linearly) inaccurate: -27.85%, -14.68% and -9.6% (respectively for the three volumes; Figure 3). New scaling and offset factors were calculated and employed, and in one test, the relative inaccuracies improved to -0.05%, -1.14% and 1.05%., respectively.
Figure 3. (left) The measured volumes for the Biomek NX as tested before, and after, optimization. The scaling and offset values were changed from 1 and 0 to 1.032 and 0.548, respectively, for the as found and as left data sets. (right) Image of Biomek NX from _URL_.
Experiment 4 – Optimizing via Parameter Adjustment
The volume transfer performance of a 96-tip Sciclone was employed to show that sequentially tweaking volume transfer parameters, on nearly any type of air-displacement liquid handler with any tip configuration, can have a direct impact on the amount of liquid transferred3. Table 1 shows the parameters and values used for each 10-µL target volume dispense, as well as the resulting volume measurement statistics for each trial (A-D). Of most important note, the original settings employed showed an inaccuracy of -32% (note that all CVs are within 4%). By introducing a 5-µL leading air gap, the accuracy immediately improved to -8.2%. Though this process for optimizing the automated task could have been performed with alternative approaches (different parameters, different order, defining liquid classes, etc.), it highlights the importance of performing a cause and-effect volume verification method during method optimization. The results show that after three sequential parameter adjustments, the optimized data reflect mean volume, relative inaccuracy and CV values of 9.97 µL, -0.30% and 0.80%, respectively.
Table 1. Sequentially Adjusting Liquid Handler Parameters has a Direct Impact on the Transferred Target Volume*
*Subset of data from reference 3. The mean volume in trial C was 9.12 µL,so the requested volume in the software for trial D was increased by 0.88 µL before running the final (optimized) transfer.
Accuracy Matters in Liquid Handling
Resulting Reagent Concentrations are Very Different When as Few as One or Two Transfers are Inaccurate
Compound concentration values can vary by > 30% if one transfer is inaccurate and by > 50% if two successive transfer steps are inaccurate (Table 2). The mean preand post-optimization volumes from Experiments 1 to 4 were employed in two simple calculation models that assess the effect of the dispensing errors described would have on the final concentration of a compound after just two liquid delivery steps. Model 1 was designed to assess the effect that an inaccurate dispense of reagent into an accurate amount of buffer would have on reagent concentration. Model 2 assesses the maximum effect that inaccurate dispensing of both reagent and buffer would have on reagent concentration.
Liquid handlers can be inaccurate, but with tools and know-how, simple adjustments can ensure volume transfer accuracy, and confidence in assay results.
Table 2. Theoretical Percent


text: Campinas - It was named after the pioneers who rested there. There were three small pieces of land in the region, which explains the name. In the framework of its colonial formation, it appeared in the first half of the eighteenth century as a rural district of Vila Jundiaí. In the second half of the eighteenth century, another dynamic economic and social policy in the region was taking shape. Coffee plantations were born inside cane farms, quickly driving to a new development cycle. With the crisis of coffee, Campinas focused on industrial and service sectors. It began to concentrate a more populated area, made up of migrants and immigrants from various regions.


text:
So the question is, "how does it know what the maximum is"? It has to have a reference voltage. As that_chap mentioned, you can change the reference voltage. But if you don't, then the 5VDC is the reference voltage.
The analog-to-digital converter is just describing a ratio, not a voltage. If the signal is equal to GND, or lower, you get 0.000000; if the signal is equal to the reference voltage, you get 1.000000; if it's somewhere in between, you get a number that is the same ratio in between. So halfway between GND and 5VDC gives 0.500000. One third of the way between GND and 5VDC gives 0._PHONE_.
Rather than return a complicated floating-point value, it multiplies the result into an easy-to-use integer instead: (ratio * 1023).
(If you're comfortable with thinking in binary, it's just the fractional part of the ratio, without the
binary point, to make it an integer. If that made no sense, ignore it.


text:
While it's wonderful so many people visit and enjoy our national parks on an annual basis, tourism places a lot of stress on the natural environment. In some cases, the strain has almost been too much. Here are the top 10 endangered parks in America:
1. Alaska's National Parks – Private interest groups are currently looking to open the parks to commercial development and recreational snow-mobiling, both of which will destroy the park's fragile ecosystem.
2. Big Bend National Park – The oldest and largest national park in Texas, its lack of water and fresh air is endangering the park's resources.
3. Fire Island National Seashore – A beach "re-sanding" project threatens the wildlife and integrity of the national seashore.
4. Frederick Douglass National Historic Site – Dry rot, mold and water damage threaten the integrity of this historic site.
5. Glacier National Park – The hotels of this park, located in Montana, have begun to deteriorate. Plus, the commercial development and the coalmines threaten its international borders.
6. Great Smoky Mountains National Park – Air pollution envelops the park, limiting its views while at the same time harming wildlife and plant life.
7. Petrified Forest National Park – A park dedicated to preserving fossils and Indian ruins, its archeological sites located just outside the boundary of the park cannot be protected. As a result, new developments in the area threaten to destroy the sites.
8. Everglades National Park, Biscayne National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve – All three protect the South Florida Everglades and are threatened by lower water levels and pollution.
9. Stones River National Battlefield – This historic Civil War battlefield and cemetery in Tennessee faces destruction with a planned interstate highway interchange and commercial development.
10. Yellowstone National Park – Believe it or not, the Montana government threatens the wildlife inhabiting the park.
WISTV License Subsidiary, LCC
1111 Bull St.


text:
AP Photo/Kevork Djansezian
A Santa Catalina Island fox pup dashes into the wilderness after being released on Santa Catalina Island, CA. The Catalina Island Conservancy released 10 captive-bred pups from one breeding season in an effort to reestablish the subspecies.
The Catalina Island Fox, an omnivorous fox subspecies found only on Santa Catalina Island, has outwitted extinction in an unprecedented creature comeback.
Conservationists began a recovery program for the gray, pointed nose canid in the late 1990s following a distemper epidemic that saw the fox population plummet to a sparse population of about 100 on the 76-square-mile island. When the captive breeding program ended in 2004, the foxes were listed as endangered.
There are now 1,542 cat-sized foxes that share the island with approximately 3,200 humans and more than 1 million tourists a year, reports the L.A. Times. In the foxes' favor, no natural predators exist on the island, and plenty of food — from mice to cherries — is readily available.
It's considered one of the most successful recoveries ever for an endangered species, according to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


text:
In 1278, during the Battle of Marchfeld, Ladislaus IV and the Hungarian army aided Rudolf I of Germany against the Czechs. For Rudolf, the victory was extremely significant, because the Habsburgs were able to assure possession of the Duchies of Austria.
The relief of György Zala shows this memorable battle, but at the same time, we see the statue of Charles Robert above, who was not even born at the time. What is the reason behind all this?
Charles Robert's biggest achievements have to do with his successful war campaigns both against internal and external (Habsburg) threats. He was considered a more important monarch than Ladislaus IV, which is why he received his statue in the Millennial Monument. However, the chosen relief underneath may have a special significance to its creators as it reminds the Habsburgs of the fact that Hungary helped them capture Austria. It is phrased very directly: "In 1287, the Hungarian army aids Rudolf of Habsburg against Ottokar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfeld." This sign was removed in 1945.
The statue of Charles Robert is a creation of György Kiss.


Tuesday, 19 January 2010
Clrmamepro (cmpro) Tutorial - Part 1
I use cmpro (clrmamepro) almost everyday. I can't say I know everything about this rom manager, but I guess my knowledge is good enough for daily work. From time to time people ask me how to scan roms, rebuild or update sets and usually if I'm not busy I try to write back and explain it as good as I can. So to save some time I'm going to show you how to use the basic functions of cmpro.
Before you start to read this tutorial and mess with your roms, please make sure you have read the cmpro documentation included in the docs directory. A backup of your ROMs would be a good idea.
Let's start from something simple. You have a directory full of Atari - Lynx ROMs and you want to check it against the No-Intro Atari - Lynx DAT.
1. Start cmpro. You will see a Profiler window:
 2. Go to the No-Intro project website and download Atari - Lynx DAT file. You also need the header file for this set. Just click the asterisk icon (right side) to get it:
Unzip the header file into the headers directory. Unzip and simply drag the DAT file into the Profiler window. You will see another window asking where do you want to put the dat. You can press OK to put it in the PROFILES category or create a new directory (category). Let's create a new one to separate all No-Intro DATs from the rest. Press Create Dir, enter the name (No-Intro) and press OK.
3.Another window will appear. Select the No-Intro Directory as a destination for your DAT file and press OK.
4. New folder will appear in the folder list on the left side of the profiler. That's the place where all new DATs goes:
5. Double click on the Atari - Lynx profile (No-Intro\Atari - Lynx). You'll get another window, press Default:
6. Enable the header support:
7. Enter the Settings section and set the ROM-Paths. This is the place where you keep your Atari - Lynx ROMs:
8. Close the Settings window and open Scanner. You will see two windows: Scanner window and Scan Resoults (logs) window.
9. Before you press the New Scan... button, go to Hash & CHD... and select options according to the screen below:
10 Close the Hash & CHD...window and enable all fix options:
11. You can press New Scan... button now and watch the log window. If any error occur you will be asked if you want to get it fixed e.g. wrong name or case:
When the scan is finished you'll see a Statistics window:
In this case there is no missing ROMs. You can scroll down the Statistics to see more details.
If you close all the windows and go back to the profiler you will see some information about every set you have already scanned:
Tomorrow I'm going to show you how to create a fix-DatFile, how to make use of it and how to complete your ROMs collection using cmpro once you have found all the missing files.
If you already know cmpro and think I made a mistake here or something can be done in another way or if you see anything I should change, just leave a comment.
 1. cool, works fine!
 ~running imame4all on ipad2~
 2. How do I play street fighter 3 third strike on mame4droid reloaded(.139). I'm so confused on what to do and how to use this and everything. Please help
 3. How would I go about renaming the roms? I am so lost..I am trying to use Hyperspin but all the SNES roms I have are not named according to Hyperspin so I was trying to use clrmamepro to fix this..
 I thought your guide above was for that but I guess not...