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Data Frames in R
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Fundamentals of R
Data Frames in R
Course Description
Learning Objectives
 - How to construct a factor in R
 - How to construct a data frame in R
 - How to modify a data frame
 - How to subset a data frame
 - Data frames automatically factorising data in R
Intended Audience
Aimed at all who wish to learn the R programming language.
No prior knowledge of R is assumed
Understanding mathematical concepts will be beneficial
- [Instructor] Data frames in R can be created using the data frame instructor. The inputs of which include vectors. Vectors of equal length which can be called or termed named columns. As an example I will use a column with the name name. I will set that to equal to a vector of three names. I can then add in a second vector named age. I can set that equal to a vector of numbers. I can then add in a third vector of location. But this time I can input this as a vector within a factor constructor and I can then close this off. I can then close off my data frame constructor and on the screen I see an output which is the data frame that I have just created. I can store this down as an assigned variable by running, using the, utilizing the assignment operator and terming this super as being the data frame that I have just created. Okay. Are there any restrictions on the vectors when creating a data frame? Now we already knew that the inputs to a data frame have to be vectors but the vectors must be of equal length such that the data frame is a rectangular shape. The main benefit here is that vectors can be heterogeneous to one another meaning that they can differ in type. So for example in super we had characters for the names, we had numbers for the age, we had factors for the location so we have various different types. How can we indicate a missing entry? We use the key term NA and here I will create an update to my super definition. So if I go up to my super definition using the up arrow on the keyboard and instead of adding in the cute name Kara I add in NA in its place. When I run this and I look for what I have created, on the screen will we now see an NA for a missing value. To understand what, from a high level, we have created we can ask for the class. For an internal structure or a low level, we can ask for the type of this. So underneath the data frame we have a list. That is the internal storage structure. How can we access elements within our data frames that we have created? So calling super back to the screen to show you what we have. We can use index access, meaning we can use square brackets and then call an index. Say for example one. That would return the first column. Which is perhaps not so readable if your data frame contained many columns and multiple rows. Meaning instead of three rows, imagine you had a data frame containing three million observations of all of the various many different people that might exist. You would be better off using, and this might be called best practice. If I call the dollar notation, which is used for member referencing, and I say name at this point here, that brings up the names that I have. I can ask for the second name and that returns the second name in my super data frame. I can repeat the same logic for location to find out what the second location is. Which is KS. What's interesting to note is that we see a return of levels for each of my string or character columns. What's happening is that inside of our data frame we are automatically factorizing the data. Here I've recreated the data frame and I'm just noting that I can choose how strings are handled by the data frame constructor. By default, we had set strings to equal true. So in our initial definition of our data frame, we had implicitly defined, or by default defined, strings as factors to equal true, which mean that any string vector being inputed into our data frame was coming through as a factor. We automatically factorized the data. Such that when I called the column name which was not defined as a factor as opposed to location which was defined as a factor, this returned levels and implied that we had a factor here. Let's say I didn't want to have my character vectors as strings and I would like to see, actually, the names here not defined as strings. I could use the false argument for this parameter and now if I call super dollar name to the screen I can see just the names as if they were a normal character vector, not defined as a special character vector which would be a factor. If I defined the information that we had as a list, we could see that we are using named vectors to help us define our list. But if I call super list to the screen we can see that this differs from super, which has been defined as a data frame, and that data frames appear more like a table than a list does. So they're more user friendly. Can I name objects? So if I was to ask for the names of these objects. I can ask for names of supers, of the super data frame and I can return back the names of my vectors that have been defined. I can also ask for the names of my super list in exactly the same way. What about for column names? It's exactly the same as I would have for names from my data frame. But does a list contain column names? No. Useful for annotating data would be the identifier. So we can ask for the row names. Which again, is sensible and makes sense with a tabular format or a rectangular shape that a data frame takes, however, this does not make sense with a list. And just to round off the topic, I'd just like to state a few functions that are useful. So the number of rows of super, knowing that each vector inside of my data frame must be the same length, I can see that each vector much be of length three or is of length three. The number of columns that I have. I can understand how wide my data frame is. I can also ask for both of these parameters to be returned in one function or one swoop and I can use the dim for dimensions on the super data frame.
About the Author
Kunal Haria
Data Science Trainer
Learning Paths
Covered Topics


Husaby church with its impressive triple spire dating from the 11th century is Sweden's first bishop's church and one of the oldest buildings in Sweden today.
The interior of the church still has a medieval atmosphere. The font and triumphal cross inside the church date from the 13th century, as does the bishop's chair, which is one of the oldest pieces of Swedish furniture.
Husaby is best known for the fact that Olof Skötkonung was baptised here around 1000 CE. He was the first Christian king of Sweden. He ruled from the 990s until his death in 1022, and is said to have been the first king to rule over both Svealand and Götaland.
Next to the church we can see the remains of the bishop's castle. The castle was probably the royal farm of Olof Skötkonung, and later became the Husaby residence of the bishops of Skara, until the start of the Reformation in 1527. The castle has undergone several stages of reconstruction. The oldest part probably dates from the 12th century, but there are remains that are considerably older.
Hitta Hit


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UtilityThe main use for Saux are for containing and summoning Macha, however they can also be used to store some amount of magical energy, though not very reliable as a type of batteries. Most people in the world use them as servants and household aids. Most Sent however are used in the military die to their naturally affinity to magic and independent thinking.
ManufacturingMost of the time, Saux are made with a type of stone that is naturraly magically charged. It was found that this stone holds magic fairly well, but often there were a lot of spirits round the stone as well. Once it's excavated, it is brought to magicians that specialize in enchantment to refine the magic of the stone. Then it is worked on by local artisans, and then finally brought to magicians that specialize in necromancy to create the Macha.
- Access & Availability
- They aren't cheap, but they are fairly common everywhere as the technology has become fairly universal. Proficient magicians may even buy empty Saux and preform the ritual themselves to save some money. Of course sent are a good deal more expensive and rarer than demisent.
- While these types of artifacts existed before they were officially called Saux, they were only fairly recently researched and manufactured in the year 554 SRH.
- Related Items
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Kids Talk About God
DevotionalBible Lesson
Spiritual Reading
Why Did the Early Colonists Come to America?
"The colonists came to America because they heard it was a free country. They came from neighborhoods that had problems," says Nathan, age 7.
I wonder if you're thinking of Australia instead of America.
"Early American colonists came to America for freedom, God and gold," says Jenny, age unknown.
Legends of gold cities lured some of the earliest Spanish conquistadors to the Americas, but Natalie, 12, says many early American colonists risked hardship and deprivation for religious freedom: "In their countries, it was illegal to practice religion the way they wanted to. They had to do what their leaders ordered.
"This posed a problem since those beliefs were not their own. When they came to America, they established colonies where they could worship freely. The dream of freedom is what brought them to America."
Any view of America's founding that omits the longing for spiritual freedom does not adequately explain why people left their homes for this new land. Question: In the four decades that preceded the signing of the Declaration of Independence, name the man who spoke to the most Americans: George Washington, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin or Samuel Adams.
None of the above.
Have you ever heard of George Whitefield? I never had until I read about the Great Awakening, which Whitefield led on two continents (North America and Europe). Some church historians compare this spiritual awakening to the spread of the good news in the days of the early church when Jesus' apostles took the gospel to every corner of the Roman Empire.
At the age of 22, Whitefield began preaching the necessity of being born again by believing in Jesus Christ alone for eternal salvation. Beginning with coal miners near Bristol, England, Whitefield took the message to the common people by preaching outdoors. As he preached, the crowds grew. On Sunday, March 25, 1739, it's estimated that 23,000 people in Bristol heard Whitefield preach.
When Whitefield came to America on the first of seven preaching tours, he preached from the courthouse steps in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin became fascinated with the carrying power of Whitefield's voice. He estimated that 30,000 people could hear him. Although Franklin resisted Whitefield's public and personal urgings to become a Christian, he became a lifelong friend of the famous evangelist and even printed his sermons.
From 1736 to 1770, Whitefield preached more than 18,000 sermons, averaging more than 10 a week. Dr. Rimas J. Orentas described the impact: "Through the universal experience of the Great Awakening, we began to realize that we were a nation. This national identity was rooted in the conviction that we were a people chosen by God for a specific purpose.
"In the earliest prayer of the Puritans was the idea that their colony could be a city on a hill. Through the experience of the Great Awakening, the entire nation became a citadel of light in a darkened world."
The power of the gospel hasn't diminished, but its impact is often diluted by Christians who fail to share the good news with others and live out its implications in their lives. Can you imagine the result if every Christian in America told just one person a month about the saving power of Jesus?
Being a light on a hill as a nation begins with individual Christians becoming lights at home, at work and in their communities. Don't settle for letting your light shine for only an hour on Sunday morning. Live the adventure of taking the light of the gospel into dark places, where it shines brightest.
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Color Paddles (Set of 18)
8 - 11 years. Explore the exciting world of color with these color paddles. Transparent 6" paddles in six colors with three textures demonstrate the principles of color mixing. Use these paddles in planned activities or place them in a learning center for children's individual explorations. Set of 18 (3 each of 6 different colors: red, yellow, blue, orange, green, and purple).
Activities with the Color Paddles:
DISCOVERY TIME - Give children the Color Paddles and allow them to explore. Encourage them to examine the paddle shapes, colors, and textures. Allow children to discover color combinations.
VIEWING COLORS - Use red, blue, and yellow paddles. Have children hold the red paddle up to their eyes. Ask them to describe what they see. Switch to the blue paddle. What does the blue view look like? Switch to yellow. Have children describe the yellow view. Red, blue, and yellow are primary colors.
MIXING COLORS - Combining any two of the primary colors forms a third color called a secondary color. Have children overlay two primary color paddles up to their eyes. What happens? Have them find the color paddle that matches this new color mixture. Find all the combinations of the primary colors. These primary color combinations create the secondary colors: green, orange, and purple.
COLOR PADDLE WHEEL - Have children create a Color Paddle wheel! Help them trace three overlapping paddle shapes on a piece of paper. Children can color the paddle shapes with crayons or markers. Color the three primary colors. Where the paddles overlap, color the correct secondary color mixture.
COLOR HUNT - Children can go on a color hunt! Have them use the Color Paddles as guides to find items in the room that are the same color. See if children can find all six colors in the room. Who can find the most primary colors? Who can find the most secondary colors? Award the best color hunters!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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3D model (JSmol)
|Molar mass||436.145 g/mol|
|C2/m, No. 12|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|what is?)(|
Tantalum telluride (TaTe2) is a chemical compound of tantalum and tellurium. It is unusual in that it forms dodecagonal chalcogenide quasicrystals, a formation that cannot occur in a normal crystal because it does not result in a periodic crystal lattice.
|This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Message Phenomenon refers to communication with supernatural, extraterrestrial, and/or spiritual beings. This includes Signs from Spirit, events which have a meaningful significance to the observer or experiencer. Referred to as Messages from Heaven or Messages from the Dead. This includes the appearance of physical objects seemingly placed in the observers path such as feathers, crystals, coins (pennies from heaven). Can also include the appearance of rainbow, bird or butterfly or other insect. May also include telephone calls, text messages (or other forms of instant messaging) from a deceased loved one.
Also related to this phenomenon is the idea that supernatural beings routinely influence the thoughts of humans which then leads to creative expressions which then prove to be prophetic. An example of this is the novella, The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility, by Morgan Robertson, the plot of which is eerily similar to the sinking of the RMS Titanic.


Unless an individual or company works directly with a courier service that uses mike messengers, most people don't remember that this type of worker even exists. But thousands of individuals make money delivering letters and packages on a daily basis, riding furiously between destinations. In metropolitan areas, these workers are sought after because of the maneuverability of the bike, which allows a rider to go around traffic jams and can avoid hunting of parking when they reach a destination.
However, the same design that allows messengers to beat traffic also means that they have little protection from outside hazards and that serious injuries are sustained on a regular basis.
Bike Messenger Accidents
As a bike messenger you're aware that any of the following could cause you serious bodily harm:
Motor Vehicle Collisions
bike belonging to someone with carpal tunnel syndromeDistracted drivers, drivers with road rage, speeding, and even vehicle part failure can all result in a car crash that could easily kill a messenger. Those that are lucky enough to survive usually do so with serious injuries.
It's not just car crashes that could cause harm to a messenger, being "doored" is also a possibility, which is when a car passenger opens their door right in front of a bike rider, causing them to hit the door.
Pedestrians frequently step right into bike lanes without first looking, causing a collision between body and bike.
Accidents Caused By Poorly Maintained Roads
Towns, townships, cities, and states are responsible for maintaining roads, street signs, and traffic lights. Potholes, missing street signs, broken sidewalks are all serious issues that could result in an accident.
Now, nearly everyone who has ridden a bike has fallen off at some point and has been able to get back up with just a few bruises or scrapes. But the injuries that are sustained by a large percentage of bike messengers are much more serious and cost a lot more to treat.
Injuries Commonly Diagnosed After A Bike Messenger Accident
Let's take a look at just a few of the serious injuries that bike messengers sustain on a regular basis:
Traumatic Brain Injury
Even with a helmet, a traumatic brain injury can occur. Damage to the brain can cause issues with mobility, fine motor skills, memory, speech, vision, and sense of smell. This damage can impact a person's ability to work and participate in their favorite activities for the rest of their lives.
According to Northwestern University, the cost of treating a patient with a traumatic brain injury is steep. In addition to the medical costs, which range from $85,000 to $3,000,000 over a lifetime, there is the emotional and mental impact on the patient and their loved ones to consider.
Spinal Trauma
Damage can impact the vertebrae, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Partial paralysis can impact any part of the body and of course, full paralysis can be so serious that it can impact a patient's ability to breathe on their own.
Depending on the severity of the injury, the average yearly cost of treating a spinal injury ranges from $42,000 a year to $185,000 a year, according to the Reeve Foundation.
Damage To Internal Organs
Any of the internal organs can be bruised, torn, impaled, or punctured in an accident. Depending on the organ involved, surgery may be required to fix the issue. If the damage is extensive enough, the organ may not function properly for the rest of a patient's life or they could ultimately require an organ transplant.
Depending on the circumstances, there could be several ways for an injured bike messenger to recover compensation that will allow them to pay for all of the medical care that they need and to cover any wages they lose as a result. To learn more about these possible avenues to recovery, contact a workers' comp attorney at Schuster Law.


Challenge 80 Answer
5-digit palindromes
For the first digit we have 9 options (cannot start with zero).
For the second and third digits we can accept any number between 0 and 9 (ie we have 10 options).
For the fourth and fifth digits, there is only one option, as they must be equal to the second and first digits, respectively.
ABCBA = 9 x 10 x 10 x 1 x 1 = 900
There are 900 5-digit palindrome numbers!
Back to statement


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Background and objective Laparoscopic and open surgery have been compared with conflicting results regarding their systemic responses. The sensitivity of biochemical markers that are used to discriminate between the stress responses to different types of surgery varies from study to study. We wanted to evaluate the stress response and the sensitivity of clinical and biochemical stress markers in patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy.
Methods We performed a case-control study with patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (n=20) or abdominal hysterectomy (n=20). Pain scores were assessed at rest and during coughing, and active leg elevation and fatigue scores using a visual analogue scale. In 10 patients of each group, haematocrit, white cell count, C-reactive protein, glucose, cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, β-endorphin immunoreactivity, interleukin-6 and urine excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured preoperatively and during the first 44 postoperative hours.
Results The most sensitive symptoms and markers of the systemic response were pain scores during mobilization, fatigue scores, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (P < 0.01 in all comparisons). Pain scores at rest, and all other laboratory markers of the systemic response, did not discriminate between the two types of surgery.
Conclusion Follow-up of postoperative pain scores during mobilization and fatigue levels might be an easy tool for the evaluation of postoperative recovery. Using an identical anaesthetic technique, the neuroendocrine response was of the same magnitude after both types of surgery.


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Oracle® Server X8-2 Service Manual
Exit Print View
Updated: January 2021
Identify and Remove a Processor
Caution - Be careful not to touch the processor socket pins. The processor socket pins are very fragile. A light touch can bend the processor socket pins beyond repair.
Caution - Whenever you remove a processor, replace it with another processor and reinstall the processor heatsink; otherwise, the server might overheat due to improper airflow. See Install a Processor.
 1. Prepare the server for service.
 1. Power off the server and disconnect the power cords from the power supplies.
 See Powering Down the Server.
 2. Extend the server to the maintenance position.
 See Extend the Server to the Maintenance Position.
 3. Attach an antistatic wrist strap to your wrist, and then to a metal area on the chassis.
 See Take Antistatic Measures.
 4. Remove the server top cover.
 See Remove the Server Top Cover.
 5. Lift the air baffles up and out of the server and set them aside.
 2. Identify the location of the failed processor by pressing the Fault Remind button on the motherboard I/O card.
 Note - When you press the Fault Remind button, an LED located next to the Fault Remind button lights green, indicates that there is sufficient voltage in the fault remind circuit to light any fault LEDs that were lit due to a failure. If this LED fails to light when you press the Fault Remind button, it is likely that the capacitor powering the fault remind circuit lost its charge. This can happen if you press the Fault Remind button for a long time with fault LEDs lit, or if power was removed from the server for more than 15 minutes.
 The processor fault LED for the failed processor lights. The processor fault LEDs are located next to the processors. See Motherboard Status Indicators.
 - If the processor fault LED is off, the processor is operating properly.
 - If the processor fault LED is on (amber), the processor has failed and must be replaced.
 image:Figure showing how to identify a failed processor by pressing the Fault Remind button.
 Fault Remind button
 Fault Remind LED
 Processor 0 fault LED
 Processor 1 fault LED
 3. Using a Torx T30 screwdriver, loosen the four captive nuts that secure the processor-heatsink module to the socket: fully loosen nut 4, then 3, then 2, then 1 [1].
 image:Figure showing processor-heatsink module being removed from the socket.
 4. Lift the processor-heatsink module from the socket [2].
 Always hold the processor-heatsink module along the axis of the fins to prevent damage.
 5. Separate the processor from the heatsink.
 1. Flip over the processor-heatsink module, place it on a flat surface, and locate the thermal interface material (TIM) breaker slot.
 image:Figure showing the processor-heatsink module being flipped over to locate the TIM breaker slot.
 2. While holding down the processor-heatsink module by the edges, insert a flat blade screwdriver into the TIM breaker slot.
 The blade of the screwdriver goes into the slot between the heatsink and processor carrier, not between the processor and processor carrier.
 image:Figure showing a screwdriver being used to pry the processor from the heatsink.
 3. Using a rocking motion, gently pry the corner of the processor carrier away from the heatsink.
 4. Remove the processor carrier (with processor still attached) from the heatsink by prying or pinching the plastic latch tabs that attach the processor to the heatsink.
 image:Figure showing the processor carrier being detached from the heatsink.
 Caution - A thin layer of thermal grease separates the heatsink and the processor. This grease acts as an adhesive. Do not allow the thermal grease to contaminate the work space or other components.
 6. If you plan on reusing either the heatsink or processor, use an alcohol pad to clean the thermal grease on the underside of the heatsink and on the top of the processor. If reusing a processor, do not remove it from the processor carrier.
 Caution - Failure to clean thermal grease from the heatsink could result in the accidental contamination of the processor socket or other components. Also, be careful not to get the grease on your fingers, as this could contaminate components.
Related Information


Kindle 3, quality, and time
Two things about the Kindle 3 have been trapezing through my head and this post is the only way to tie them together –
 1. Amazon spent 3 years before the release of the Kindle working on it and it's been 2.75 years since it was released. This is courtesy the Charlie Rose show with Amazon's CEO. That's nearly 6 years and Kindle 3 is the outcome of all that effort.
 2. Someone at Pixar mentioned in an article that 'Pixar movies don't get finished they just get released'.
Is there a relationship between time and thought put into a product and its quality? Is the Kindle 3 an example of that?
Let's start with the first.
Are Quality of a Product and Time taken to produce it interwoven?
Outliers and Talent is Overrated and other books talk a lot about how it takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice to master a skill and become an expert. They also say that this usually takes a period of 10 years. What about applying that expert skill set (perhaps along with dozens or even hundreds of other people's expert skill sets) to produce a masterpiece?
How long does it take to produce a masterpiece? Is it of the order of 10,000 hours or 10 years (just like mastering a skill)?
If we look around us we get a very interesting range of timelines –
 1. You could argue that a master shoemaker like Jimmy Choo is able to produce a masterpiece in a few days. However, which of those masterpieces is going to last for centuries and how long did that particular idea germinate in his mind?
 2. What about authors – How long does it take an author to create a masterpiece? Is thinking about the book included or do we just include the writing?
 3. Look at the Kindle 3 and you get the feeling the 10 year time-line seems about right – It does seem Kindle 3 is 60% of the way to perfection.
 4. If we believe Steve Jobs' claim that he conceived of the iPad and iPhone in 2000 (he says he thought of the iPad before the iPhone) we're looking at iPhone 4 as the 4th release and the culmination of 10 years of thought and work. The iPad, even in its first release, probably represents quite a few years of work – You could also argue that all the work on the iPhone transferred over.
 5. With the Internet there is a sense of it taking just a few years to create a great product. Is that true? If so, where are the great products? You could argue Google and Craigslist and Wikipedia are masterpieces – Well, they weren't exactly quick hits. They're amongst the few Internet productions that are near masterpiece quality in impact.
 6. How long does it take to make a great movie? Do we include the script? Do we include time taken to write the book if it's based on a book?
 7. What about sports? If we watch a performance and consider it one of the greatest ever (let's say Roger Bannister breaking the 4 minute mile mark) do we count just those 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds or do we also count all the training put into it.
The one thing we notice is that, except for the shoe-making example, masterpieces seem to be taking multiple years to produce – usually 5 to 10. You could argue that even with shoemaking a truly innovative design or breakthrough probably takes multiple years to conceive and develop.
Are the Kindle and the Nook on their way to being masterpieces?
There are things about the Nook and Sony Reader that drive users mad – for the Nook it's the awkward LCD touchscreen and for the Sony it's the lack of thought into how the touchscreen is used. Perhaps these are just manifestations of less effort and time being put in.
It's quite likely that with time and effort Nook and Sony Reader will rival the level of polish of some of the products that you would consider masterpieces (and for the record don't think Kindle 3 is there yet).
Take the Nook – It's probably 1.5 years to 2 years worth of effort. There will obviously be far more bugs and usability issues than with the Kindle 3 which represents 6 years of effort. However, it's done a pretty good job of rivaling the Kindle. If B&N keeps pouring effort and time into it the Nook may very well be one of the two or three eReaders that survive the eReader wars.
That brings us to the Kindle and, in particular, to the Kindle 3.
How close is Kindle 3 to being a masterpiece?
There are a few things that make you feel it's really close –
 1. The improved eInk screen.
 2. The size and battery life.
 3. The price of the Kindle WiFi.
 4. The infrastructure. You could argue that WhisperNet is a year or two away from being something of undiluted beauty.
 5. The Kindle Store. The Store actually seems a little behind – perhaps halfway to where it needs to be. However, every other store is still learning to walk so the Kindle Store seems vastly better in comparison.
 6. The family sharing feature – You have to admit it's a super useful feature.
 7. The Text to speech feature and the Voice Guide.
There are definitely a lot of signs that Kindle 3 has a shot at achieving perfection and that it might do so in the next 2 to 5 years.
There are also some clear signs that it's not there yet –
 1. There's still no writing aspect. To make things worse Kindle 3 doesn't have a row of number keys. If we're going to replace paper with Kindle we need to be able to write on the Kindle.
 2. It's dependent on eInk (the company). Which means no color and no touch. Perhaps Qualcomm Mirasol will solve this problem.
 3. There's too much of a tendency to do bit releases. Whether its PDF support or accessibility you get the feeling Amazon prefers to release experimental features and then build on them. Not sure if this gets in the way of quality or whether it helps by providing quicker feedback.
There are lots of other small signs that we aren't there yet. You could argue that the price could be a little lower and while it's unfair given how recently we were at $299 it's valid from a long-term perspective.
What could stop Kindle from becoming a masterpiece? Could another eReader beat it and get there first?
In a way Kindle 3 illustrates both that the Kindle is likely to get to perfection first and that it isn't yet a done deal.
Kindle might not be the first eReader to reach this imaginary 'masterpiece' designation because it's dependent on eInk and copying takes far less time than conceiving and creating a completely new product. Look at the first Nook – It took almost every single Kindle pain point and incorporated it in. That along with the dual screen design allowed Nook to be a worthy challenger. At any given time a Kindle, for example the current Kindle 3, has only a 6-9 month window before all the best ideas are copied and replicated and a solid competitor shows up.
If the competitor is also using its own strengths i.e. library books, ePub, etc. then it becomes easier for it to make up for the additional time and effort put into the Kindle. Fundamentally, the need to keep Kindle ebook revenue intact slows down the Kindle's progress towards perfection. At some point of time the Kindle will have to let go of the ebook revenue stream if it really wants to create the absolutely perfect eReader (let go = let readers decide).
The two ways Kindle could miss
At the moment there isn't anything that could stop the Kindle from becoming a masterpiece except the death of dedicated eReaders. Since that's looking less and less likely we can look forward to seeing some truly exceptional eReaders in the future.
There's another risk – It is possible that the Kindle gets 90% of the way there and then another eReader copies most of the good, adds in the few missing features (that Amazon won't add since it wants to preserve its ebook revenue stream), and hits perfection before the Kindle does.
It'll be interesting to see what Amazon decides if it's faced with that decision – Would it give up the ebook revenue stream to ensure its the first perfect eReader? Would it hang on to ebook revenue and find another way to reach perfection? Would it value its two profitable revenue streams more than making the Kindle perfect?
You could look at the Kindle 3 and see it as a sign the Kindle is well on its way to being a masterpiece. However, the ending of the story hasn't yet been written.
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text:
Stems move air: Phragmites australis
Dead stems of Phragmites australis move air to shoot and root meristems by use of differential air pressure.
|Biomimetic Application Ideas|
|Passive way to move air through buildings, mines.|
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From Fig. 4.8: "A. Differential air pressure caused by wind blowing across dead culms sucks air into the lower culms through the rhizomes and into the taller culms. B. Pressurization of new culms due to a build up of vapour pressure or higher temperatures causes mass flow of gasses [sic] down the culms into the rhizome and up into more porous older culms. The movement of oxygen from the rhizomes into the roots and out of the roots into the soil is due to diffusion. (Redrawn from Colmer 2003)" (van der Valk 2006: 64-65)
"Internal transport of gases is crucial for vascular plants inhabiting aquatic, wetland or flood-prone environments. Diffusivity of gases in water is approximately 10 000 times slower than in air; thus direct exchange of gases between submerged tissues and the environment is strongly impeded. Aerenchyma provides a low-resistance internal pathway for gas transport between shoot and root extremities. By this pathway, O2 is supplied to the roots and rhizosphere, while CO2, ethylene, and methane move from the soil to the shoots and atmosphere. Diffusion is the mechanism by which gases move within roots of all plant species, but significant pressurized through-flow occurs in stems and rhizomes of several emergent and floating-leaved wetland plants. Through-flows can raise O2 concentrations in the rhizomes close to ambient levels. In general, rates of flow are determined by plant characteristics such as capacity to generate positive pressures in shoot tissues, and resistance to flow in the aerenchyma, as well as environmental conditions affecting leaf-to-air gradients in humidity and temperature. O2 diffusion in roots is influenced by anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics, and environmental conditions. Roots of many (but not all) wetland species contain large volumes of aerenchyma (e.g. root porosity can reach 55%), while a barrier impermeable to radial O2 loss (ROL) often occurs in basal zones. These traits act synergistically to enhance the amount of O2 diffusing to the root apex and enable the development of an aerobic rhizosphere around the root tip, which enhances root penetration into anaerobic substrates. The barrier to ROL in roots of some species is induced by growth in stagnant conditions, whereas it is constitutive in others. An inducible change in the resistance to O2 across the hypodermislexodermis is hypothesized to be of adaptive significance to plants inhabiting transiently waterlogged soils. Knowledge on the anatomical basis of the barrier to ROL in various species is scant. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the barrier may also impede influx of: (i) soilderived gases, such as CO2, methane, and ethylene; (ii) potentially toxic substances (e.g. reduced metal ions) often present in waterlogged soils; and (iii) nutrients and water. Lateral roots, that remain permeable to O2, may be the main surface for exchange of substances between the roots and rhizosphere in wetland species. Further work is required to determine whether diversity in structure and function in roots of wetland species can be related to various niche habitats. (Colmer 2003:17)
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
[Roseau cane, Roseau, Reed grass, Phragmites, Giant reedgrass, Giant reed, Ditch reed, Cane]
Some organism data provided by: ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Organism/taxonomy data provided by:
Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist
Application Ideas: Passive way to move air through buildings, mines.
Industrial Sector(s) interested in this strategy: ConstructionVibro-Wind - Wind harvesting
Timothy Colmer John S. Pate (Emeritus)
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia


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This queen rearing system is an essential tool for those in the practice. This system is very simple to use and it produces reliable results. It is made of high quality plastic material, which doesn't break or age easily. It works by placing your queen beneath the queen excluder of your cup-kit box. The cup-kit box enables the queen to lay eggs directly into a plastic plug, which avoids dangers caused by grafting. This also ensures that the larvae is of the correct age. The queen then lays eggs into the cups before she is released again. The eggs are then given a little royal jelly as they develop and placed on the cell blocks and curler cages that come with the system. The developed virgin queen cells are then introduced to their new colony.
This system is made of plastic, yellow in colour and is convenient due to its portability to different parts of the apiary.
Step 1: You insert the comb box into a frame and 110 brown cell starter cups are fitted into the back of it. This kit will enable you to raise queens without grafting or touching larvae.
Step 2: Confine the queen in the front cage where she immediately lays eggs into the available cells before release the next day. Newly hatched larvae is ready to transfer every 4th day.
Step 3: Remove each cell starter cup and insert into a cell cup holder, which is not included in the system.
Step 4: Slide this unit into a cell bar holder attached to a cell bar. The cell bar is bought separately from the system.
Step 5: Put the cell bar into the cell building colony.


Unity: what must be defended at all cost
One of the most important characteristics of any team, is unity. Without unity there is no team, just a group of individuals that happen to be going in the same vague direction. Unity is something that is grown over time. Unity has to be nurtured and developed between a group as they depend on each other and meet their needs. It is developed through trust over time and through experience. And trust can only exist where vulnerability, honesty, humility and acceptance exists (but I will save diving into this topic for another time). One aspect of unity that is often overlooked is that part of nurturing process is protecting it and defending it. Anything that is developing must be defended.
Over time a team's unity should be growing stronger. From my experience, teams are always growing. Time never stops; therefore, nothing remains static. Your team is either growing closer and developing more unity, or it is growing apart as unity is being systematically dismantled. If you want your team to grow closer together over time, you have to cultivate the actions and words that develop unity, and defend against actions and words that threaten it. We often think of unity as strong in and of itself. Indeed a unified team is strong, but unity itself is very fragile and must be intentionally and aggressively defended. It doesn't take much to errode away our unity because in our hearts we long to be important and significant, in our eyes we can only see what we see, and in our minds we tend to tell stories to fill in the gaps of what we don't know about others.
Three Ways to Defend Unity
#1. Cling to The Vision
Every team has a goal, purpose and vision. It is a leader's job to clarify, to proclaim, to remind, and to keep the team accountable to the vision. Remember that it was the goal and vision that brought the team together in the first place; without a unifying vision the team never would have existed. When each member of team has a strong resolve and commitment to the vision, unity grows and flourishes. In seasons where measurable outcomes are not favorable, or growth feels static, it is the team's commitment to the vision despite their feelings that will keep them unified. If you are on a team, and the vision is still where you desire to go, cling to the vision and encourage others to do the same. If the team doesn't cling to the vision when (not if) things look bleak, the team will start resenting each other and eating each other alive.
If you are the leader (or are part of the leadership) of a team, know the vision and drive it into your team always. Sit down and make sure you know how to express it, and do so at every turn. When you head into action, remind them of how what you are about to do is inline with the vision. After you've finished a task, or have taken a hill, evaluate and point out how what you did was inline with the vision. The vision should be a specific destination. You should be able to describe what it looks like and what it feels like. If this is unclear, it will be hard for your team to stay unified. The vision should always be clear to the whole team at all times: this is your job.
If you are on a team as a member, know the vision and make sure you believe in the vision. If you don't know the vision, ask for it. Your leader will help clarify it. They should be able to articulate where the team is going and what it will look like. If you know the vision and don't believe in it, get off the team. You can only do damage to the unity of the team, what they are trying to accomplish, and where they are trying to go. Remember that strategies are a means and can change, but the vision is a destination. Strategies do change, but the vision most likely (especially if it's well thought out) should not. If you like the vision but aren't sure of the strategy, you may still serve some value on the team. Always remember though, that it is your leader's job to lead. Help with the evaluation of strategies, but don't think that you necessarily know best. In virtually every team situation I have ever been in, the leader has always put more time into his choices then the rest of team. This is naturally the case because they are more accountable. This doesn't mean they are always right, but it does mean that even their wrongness is rooted in more experience and thought. Tread with much respect and loyalty. Never speak about them in a critical way, but rather speak to them in order help bring perspective and clarity. It is more than alright to ask honest questions.
Remember the vision and cling to it. It's why you are there. As you do, and encourage others to do so, your team will be able to stand up to that which seeks to break you apart.
#2. Avoid the "Us and Them"
One deceptive agent of "unity" is the common enemy. It is easy to unify out of dislike, or dare I say, hatred of something/someone. We have seen this method of unity historically and personally. If you want to see an example of this type of unity in action, just go to any place where there is a long line (I.E. the post office, or MVD). As you observe for a while, eventually someone, after moments of stewing in silence, will reach a point where they must vocalize their frustration with the lack of competence the establishment has and how inefficient their procedures are. Soon others will join in with words of affirmation (in the negative sense), by talking about the long duration they too have been waiting. They will add to the intial vocalization with an observation of how they could be more efficient: "They should open another window…" Eventually, they will start lighting their torches and sharpening their pitch forks. They will be unified, even if no real action takes place. But what happens once they have gone through the line? The common enemy is gone; therefore, unity is no longer required. They will all go their separate ways, and most likely never see each other again. Why does this happen? This type of "unity" doesn't require any real vision or mutual purpose beyond the common enemy. This type of "unity" has a short life-span and doesn't align people strategically because its only goal is to eliminate or endure the negative. Yes, it is easy to unify this way, but it is shallow, near-sighted, and always temporary. Your team must stay laser focused on vision rather than peripheral common enemies. A good vision will bring lasting unity, whereas a common enemy will only afford unity for a time.
As much as this is true in the macro sense of the team (finding enemies outside of your team), it is also true in the micro sense within your team (finding enemies within your team). Your team must not band together in smaller cell groups "uniting" against itself. The use of the word "they" should raise a flag in the your team's ears. The moment fingers are pointed at the "them" you now have two factions and unity is threatened: us versus them.
One way to avoid this is to make sure that you are always uniting over vision and not a common enemy. It is easy to unite over a common enemy that's why we fall into all the time. It is much harder to unite over mutual purpose and vision. The former needs only to take advantage of an emotional reaction to circumstances, while the latter requires dedication to a vision, despite feelings or circumstance. Uniting over enemies aims for destruction. Uniting for a cause and vision takes courage and creativity. Would you rather be a part of something life-taking or life-giving?
Another way to avoid the "us and them" is to take extreme ownership of all that happens. If all that's wrong in the world is "them" or "they" or "that" than you can't do anything, and let's stop talking. But if you instead take ownership of everything, even if it wasn't really you that was accountable, then maybe there is something you can change or do. Ask, what can we do, change, communicate or stop doing? This is a lens that puts you into position to do something of benefit. Let's put it this way: if it is us or them, than it is us for them. How can you sacrifice? This is the leadership style that Jesus proclaimed and exemplified. Jesus said that to lead is to serve and that we are to love one another (John 13:3-16). Jesus described love as one willing to lay down their life for another (John 15:12-13). Instead of pointing at them, ask: how can I give myself and take ownship for the things that aren't even my problem in order to bring the change that is needed?
#3. Avoid Telling Stories Where Possible
We can only see what we can see. This sounds very obvious, but we often forget it. We judge motives (which are unseen) instead of evaluating actions and trying to discover motives. When we don't know why someone is doing what they are doing, we tell stories. Or worse, we vocally tell stories to others, and we can be very elaborate story tellers. Motives are complex. Even our own motives are more complex than we ourselves realize and we know what's going on in our heads. Why do we think we


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- Main article: Leaders (Civ2)
The default male leader of the Egyptians is Ramesses. Ramesses II (c. 1303–1213 BC) was the 3rd king of Egypt's 18th Dynasty and ruled from his teens until his nineties. He restored Egyptian control over Canaan (present-day Israel) but lost Syria to the Hittites.
The default female leader is Cleopatra. Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC) was not an ethnic Egyptian but a descendant of the Macedonian general Ptolemy, who carried on Hellenic rule in Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. She defeated her brother Ptolemy XIII with the help of the Roman Julius Caesar, by whom she bore Caesarion. After Caesar's murder, she sided with Marcus Antonius against Octavian (later Augustus) and committed suicide after Antony's defeat at Actium.
The Egyptian AI, like the Chinese one, is civilized.
City list Edit
- Main article: City (Civ2)
The default Egyptian city list is a mix of the latinized Greek names that English usually uses for ancient Egyptian cities and the English and Egyptian Arabic names of less famous archaeological sites, medieval and modern Egyptian cities, and ancient Nubian locations.
- Thebes (default capital)
- El Karnak
- El Dakka
- Gebel Adda
- Port Said
When this list is completed, the game continues with the names in the extra cities list. When that list is completed, the game cycles back to the top of this list with "Thebes" again.
Memphis and Giza are within a few miles of modern Cairo. Thebes, Karnak, and Luxor are also similarly close together. Edfu and Idfu are different romanizations of the same city name. Oryx was a nome, not a city. This, Isna, and Akmim are variant spellings of Thinis, Esna, and Akhmim. Semma is a misspelling of Semna.
- Main article: Scenario (Civ2)
|Civilization II Civilizations|
American • Arab • Aztec • Babylonian • Barbarian • Carthaginian • Celtic • Chinese • Egyptian • English • French • German • Greek • Incas • Indians • Japanese • Mongols • Persian • Romans • Russians • Spanish • Sioux • Vikings • Zulus


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Radical Translations
Théophile Mandar
Théophile (born Michel-Philippe) Mandar (Marines, 1759 – Paris, 1823) was a politician, translator and man of letters.
Mandar took an active part in the French Revolution. He was present at the storming of the Bastille and at the journées of 20 June and 10 August. He held functions in the Paris sections and frequented the Cordeliers club, the Cercle Social and the Confédération des Amis de la Vérité. After Varennes he participated in the petitioning campaigns against the monarchy. He protested in vain against the September Massacres, publishing a discourse against them. In 1793 he was national commissioner for the Conseil exécutif for the organisation of the department of Mont-Terrible. After Thermidor he became a member of the Comité d'instruction publique. Under the National Convention and the Empire, he was a beneficiary of the program to subsidize translators. He translated from English to French, mainly travel literature. He furthermore published treatises on the affranchissement of black slaves and on insurrection as well as several volumes of poetry.
Mandar is best remembered for his 1790 translation of Marchamont Nedham's The Excellencie of a Free State (extensively analysed by Rachel Hammersley and Raymonde Monnier). The translation of this 1656 treatise was part of a broader revival of English republican authors of the seventeenth century in revolutionary France. Mandar did not hide the political motives behind his translation, openly recognizing its activistic quality. His self-proclaimed goal was to inspire the legislators of the French nation. To that end, Mandar thoroughly transformed the original text. He did so by adding a lot of material: a long preface, many footnotes, two appendices and two writings of his own. The appendices contain fragments from Machiavelli's The Prince and Rousseau's The Social Contract, followed by Mandar' own observations. Mandar considered the addition of these texts 'useful' because they complemented and confirmed Nedham's thoughts. He expected the reader to greatly profit from the comparison between these authors. For the same reason he added many footnotes taken from the work of enlightened writers: 'in order to render it [= the translation] truly useful in the present circumstances, I found it necessary to insert in their entirety the learned and ingenious metaphysical definitions of political government by the citizen of Geneva and by Condillac'. The addition of contemporary authors was meant, in other words, to update and corroborate Nedham's text, which had been written nearly 150 years ago. Raymonde Monnier notes that the same process was at work in the translation itself: Mandar 'inscribed' in in the vocabulary of the revolution by the conscious use of contemporary terms (e.g. 'égalité' for 'equability').
The result was a hybrid and vibrant text in which many voices speak at the same time. Mandar united all of these into one consistent, radical discourse. His translation probably was the source of the Jacobin patriot Pietro Custodi's partial translation of Nedham: Della sovranità del popolo e dell'eccellenza di uno stato libero. Opera scritta originalmente in inglese nell'anno 1656 (Milan, 1797).
In the preface to his treatise Des insurrections, Mandar commented on his choice to publish the text under his own name. He decided against an anonymous publication because recognizing his authorship might make the treatise more convincing to reader. Since he hoped that his publication would contribute to the common good, to include his name would be an act of civisme.
V. Criscuolo, Il giacobino Pietro Custodi: con un'appendice di documenti inediti (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per l'età moderna e contemporanea, 1987).
Rachel Hammersley, French Revolutionaries and English Republicans: The Cordeliers Club, _PHONE_ (Rochester: Boydell Press, 2011).
Raymonde Monnier, 'Traduction, transmission et révolution : enjeux rhétoriques de la traduction des textes de la conception républicaine de la liberté autour de 1789', Annales historiques de la Révolution française 364 (2011), 29-50.
Marchamont Needham, De la souveraineté du peuple, et de l'excellence d'un État libre, traduit de l'anglais et enrichi de notes par Théophile Mandar, édition présentée et annotée par Raymonde Monnier (Paris: Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2010.).
J.M. Quérard, La France littéraire, ou dictionnaire biographique, p. 484.


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PROGRESSIVE STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE
This is a form of "domino effect" failure that can occur in a reinforced concrete structure whereby a failure starting in a particular component rapidly propagates to other components precipitating a major or even a total collapse. The three most common occurrences of this type of collapse are as follows:
Recently, two more types of construction have joined this group: lift-slab and hung ceiling systems.
The most well known failures in these categories are the Commonwealth Avenue collapse in Boston, the Bailey's Crossroads collapse in Virginia, and the Ronan Point explosion-collapse in London.
The Ronan Point failure occurred in May 1968. A natural gas explosion in a kitchen located in one of the four corners of the 23-storey precast building triggered a progressive collapse of all the corner units above and below that unit. The spectacular nature of the collapse created an enormous impact on the philosophy of structural design and resulted in important revisions of design codes. The Ronan Point report of the Court of Inquiry stated:
"It is the common aim of structural engineers so to design their structures that if one or two component parts or members fail due to any cause, the remaining structure shall be able to provide alternative paths to resist the loads previously borne by the failed parts."
The Ronan Point failure resulted in the addition of an amendment to the British Building Regulations of 1970, later developing into BS Cp _PHONE_, which made it mandatory in Britain for buildings of five or more stories to be designed for the possibility of progressive collapse. This amendment applies to all structures of more than five stories and is not limited to designs using precast panels. It follows the alternate path theory and requires, in essence, that every building be designed using either of the following alternatives:
The designer shall ensure that the removal of any of the structural components essential to the stability of the building does not produce the total collapse of the structure and that any resulting "local" damage or collapse be restricted to the stories above and below the one at which the removal of the component was made.
Structural members shall not collapse if subjected to the combined dead and imposed loads acting simultaneously with a pressure of 5 psi (34.48 kPa) in any direction and any extra loads transmitted from adjacent parts of the structure subjected to this 5 psi pressure.
The need to safeguard against progressive collapse was beginning to be recognized, though not formalized in design codes, even prior to the Ronan Point collapse. The Comite European du Beton produced and published in March 1967 a comprehensive code covering the design and construction of systems buildings. This Code drew attention to the danger of progressive collapse in the following words:
"One can hardly overemphasize the absolute necessity of effectively joining the various components of the structure together in order to obviate any possible tendency for it to behave like a "house of cards" "
In North America the first provisions to deal with progressive collapse were those in the BOCA (Building Officials and Code Administrators) 1981 Code. However, it was not until 1989 that the ACI - 318 Code made a first mention of the problem and not until the issuance of the 1995 Code that provisions comparable to those of BS-CP 110: 1972 were adopted.
The Canadian Standard CSA - A23.3-94 for the design of concrete structures now recognizes structural integrity as a separate limit state. The Standard includes several provisions to enhance structural integrity especially in precast and tilt-up structures, mixed or unusual structural systems and structures subjected to severe loads such as vehicle impact or chemical explosions.
The Ronan Point case stands as one of the few landmark failures that have had a sustained impact on structural thinking, an impact that affected even institutions that traditionally tend to resist change such as the ACI.
|The information contained in this web site is intended for marketing purposes only. It is not all-inclusive, and does not fully describe the many and varied services that the company provides, nor does it completely describe the education, training, skills, or expertise of our staff.|
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I was given an explanation that birds and reptiles are polyspermic because they have an abundant yolk sac. But how does it explain the thing?
Chicken as an adult is not using in my opinion yolk as an energy source. Yolk is used during embryogenesis as the primary energy source with blastula and gastrula -stages and during organogenesis, since the embryo needs proteins and energy somewhere.
How does abundant yolk sac make birds and reptiles polyspermic?


fb track
Crossing the Valdichiana: Sinalunga, Torrita di Siena and Trequanda
Red brick villages, fortifications and towers in a mosaic-like landscape
Its colour is its distinctive trait: a red that fades from pink to russet and eventually amaranth in the final hours of sundown. This is due to the bricks that since the year 1000 were used to build the piazzas, the walls and the palazzi of the Valdichiana villages.
directions_car 19 km
Duration: 1 day
SinalungaCredit: TOB
From afar, Sinalunga and Torrita are often mistaken for each other, with their overlapping outlines and landscape. They both appear hidden among the dense vegetation and are tightly entwined upon faint hills. Farmed land surrounds them in the flat terrain, giving the whole landscape its characteristic giant mosaic imprint.
The local artisans draw upon the land's radiance and transform it into products of high artistic value: ranging from certified art reproductions to religious items, such as various types of rosaries in silver and precious stones.
A traditional component which remains strong is clay manufacturing: you can find it in ceramic relief cups with decorations inspired by the countryside and terracotta for outdoor use obtained with plaster casts (pots, lemon vases, flowerpots, amphoras).
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Baylor > Multicultural Affairs > Multicultural Top 10
Multicultural Top 10
 1. To enhance academic success through positive involvement.
 2. To make a difference in your campus community.
 3. To cultivate new friendships.
 4. To prepare for a challenging career.
 5. To enhance leadership and communication skills.
 6. To share your culture and experience.
 7. To challenge prejudices and stereotypes while striving to eliminate myths through education and support for proactive policies.
 8. To become a goal-setter by establishing worthy goals and pursuing them passionately and professionally.
 9. To emerge as positive role models.
 10. To leave a legacy that will inspire other students to excel.


text: At this point, sixteen states have passed legislation allowing them to take immediate advantage of the industrial hemp research and pilot program provision, Section 7606 of the 2014 US Farm Bill. But there are only two states which were really ready this year: Colorado and Kentucky. They make for an odd couple and have taken apposite approaches. Kentucky is by the book, by the rules, with a methodical, rational, planned, and scientific approach. Colorado is freewheeling, entrepreneurial, risk taking, and hyped up. Together they make a compelling story. If they were people on a TV sitcom, they could share an apartment.


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- Seigniorage derived from specie—metal coins—is a tax, added to the total price of a coin (metal content and production costs), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area.
- Seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes.
Seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments.
Scenario A
A person has one ounce of gold, trades it for a government-issued gold certificate (providing for redemption in one ounce of gold), keeps that certificate for a year, and then redeems it in gold. That person ends up with exactly one ounce of gold again. No seigniorage occurs.
Scenario B
Instead of issuing gold certificates, a government converts gold into currency at the market rate by printing paper notes. A person exchanges one ounce of gold for its value in currency. She keeps the currency for one year, and then exchanges it all for an amount of gold at the new market value. If the value of the currency relative to gold has changed during the interim this second exchange may yield more or less than one ounce of gold. (Assume that the value or direct purchasing power of one ounce of gold remains constant through the year.)
If the value of the currency relative to gold has decreased, then the person receives less than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage occurred.
If the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, the redeemer receives more than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage did not occur.
Seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or "carry" on money in circulation.
The opposite, "cost of carry", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage.
Ordinary seigniorage
Ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest-free loan (for instance of gold) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. When the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face value, thereby balancing exactly the revenue received when it was put into circulation, without any additional amount for the interest value of what the issuer received.
Historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins. Silver and gold were mixed with base metals to make durable coins. Thus the British "sterling" was 92.5% pure silver; the base metal added (and thus the pure silver retained by the government mint) was (less costs) the profit, the seigniorage. USA gold coins were made from 90% gold, 7% silver, and 3% copper; one can easily see the seigniorage.
Currently, under the rules governing monetary operations of major central banks (including the central bank of the USA), seigniorage on bank notes is simply defined as the interest payments received by central banks on the total amount of currency issued. This usually takes the form of interest payments on treasury bonds purchased by central banks, putting more dollars into circulation. However, if the currency is collected, or is otherwise taken permanently out of circulation, the back end of the deal never occurs (that is, the currency is never returned to the central bank). Thus the issuer of the currency keeps the whole seigniorage profit, by not having to buy worn out issued currency back at face value.
Solvency constraints of central banks
The solvency constraint of the standard central bank only requires that the present discounted value of its net non-monetary liabilities (separate from its monetary liabilities accrued through seigniorage attempts) be zero or negative in the long run. Its monetary liabilities are liabilities only in name, as they are irredeemable: the holder of base money cannot insist at any time on the redemption of a given amount of base money into anything else other than the same amount of itself (base money) – unless, of course, the holder of said base money is another central bank reclaiming the value of its original interest-free loan.
Seigniorage as a tax
Some economists regarded seigniorage as a form of inflation tax, redistributing real resources to the currency issuer. Issuing new currency, rather than collecting taxes paid out of the existing money stock, is then considered in effect a tax that falls on those who hold the existing currency. The expansion of the money supply may cause inflation in the long run.
This is one reason offered in support of free banking, a gold standard, or at a minimum the reduction of political control over central banks. The latter could then take as their primary objective ensuring a stable value of currency by controlling monetary expansion and thus limiting inflation. Independence from government is required to reach this aim – indeed, it is well known in economic literature that governments face a conflict of interest in this regard. In fact, "hard money" advocates argue that central banks have utterly failed to obtain the objective of a stable currency. Under the gold standard, for example, the price level in both England and the US remained relatively stable over literally hundreds of years, though with some protracted periods of deflation. Since the US Federal Reserve was formed in 1913, however, the US dollar has fallen to barely a twentieth of its former value through the consistently inflationary policies of the bank. Economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation.
Banks or governments relying heavily on seigniorage and fractional reserve sources of revenue can find it counterproductive. Rational expectations of inflation take into account a bank's seigniorage strategy, and inflationary expectations can maintain high inflation. Instead of accruing seigniorage from fiat money and credit most governments opt to raise revenue primarily through taxation and other means.
Seigniorage today
The "50 State" series of quarters (25-cent coins) was launched in the U.S. in 1999. The U.S. government planned on a large number of people collecting each new quarter as it rolled out of the U.S. Mint, thus taking the pieces out of circulation. Each set of quarters is worth $14.00 (a complete set includes quarters for all fifty states, the five U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia). Since it costs the Mint about five cents for each 25-cent piece it produces, the government made a profit whenever someone "bought" a coin. The U.S. Treasury estimates that it has earned about US$6.3 billion in seigniorage from the quarters over the course of the entire program.
In some cases, national mints report the amount of seigniorage provided to their respective governments; for example, the Royal Canadian Mint reported that in 2006 it generated $C93 million in seigniorage for the Government of Canada. The U.S. government, the largest beneficiary of seignorage, earned approximately $25 billion annually as of 2000. For coinage only, seigniorage accruing to the U.S. Treasury per dollar issued for the fiscal year 2011 was 45 cents.
Occasionally, central banks have introduced limited quantities of higher-valued banknotes in unusual denominations, with the intention of these notes being collected. The denomination chosen will usually coincide with an anniversary of national significance. However, the potential seigniorage that can be earned from such printings has proven to be limited, since the unusual denomination makes the notes more difficult to circulate and only a relatively small number of people are willing to collect higher-valued notes.
According to some reports, over half of Zimbabwe governmental revenue in 2008 was seigniorage. Zimbabwe has experienced hyperinflation (see Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe), with the annualized rate at about 24,000% in July 2008 (prices doubling every 46 days).
Overseas circulation
A very profitable type of seignorage is from the international circulation of banknotes. While the cost of printing banknotes is minimal, the foreign entity must provide goods and services at the face value of the note to obtain it. The banknote is retained because the entity values it as a store of value because of mistrust of the local currency.
Overseas circulation is intimately tied in with large value banknotes. One purpose of using foreign currency is for store of value, but another is efficiency of private transactions, many of which are illegal.
American currency has been circulating globally for most of the 20th century. Certainly in World War II, the amount of currency in circulation was increased several fold. However, the modern era of huge printings of the United States one hundred-dollar bill started with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Production was quadrupled with the first ever trillion dollar printing of this bill. As of the end of 2008, U.S. currency in circulation with the public amounted to $824 billion and 76% of the currency supply was in the form of $100 denomination banknotes, amounting to twenty $100 bills per U.S. citizen. Over the past decade there has been considerable controversy concerning the amount of U.S. currency circulating abroad. Porter and Judson have claimed that in the mid nineties between 53 and 67 percent of U.S. currency was overseas, whereas Feige's estimates suggested a figure closer to 40 percent abroad. Most recently, Goldberg writing in a New York Federal Reserve publication asserted that "about 65 percent ($580 billion) of all banknotes are in circulation outside of the country. However, these assertions are contradicted by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors Flow of Funds statistics which show that at the end of March


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These bus terminals eliminate the need for small stepper motors up to 200 W to have remote amplifiers. With a size of only 12 mm, the KL2531 Bus Terminal is designed for simple integration into a 24-Vdc control-voltage system. Its peak current is 1.5 A/phase. KL2541 modules offer higher performance comparable to that of small servodrives. They provide a peak current of 5 A to generate a torque of 5 Nm in conjunction with a standard stepper motor. The supply voltage of up to 50 Vdc enables high speeds with torque. The KL2541 has an integrated incremental encoderinterface. Both stepper-motor terminals provide two controlled sine/cosine currents. A 25-kHz current-control enables smooth current output without resonance. The current resolution is 64 steps per period: 64-fold microstepping. A standard motor with a 1.8° step angle runs smoothly and can be set to up to 12,800 electronic positions per turn.
Beckhoff Automation LLC
12204 Nicollet Ave. S
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_PHONE_


text:
Title: Bayesian analysis of Home Care longitudinal data
Abstract: Estimation of uncertain future patients' demands is a key factor for appropriately planning human and material resources in health care facilities, where unplanned demand variations may deteriorate the quality of schedules and, consequently, of the provided service. This issue is even more important for health services provided outside hospitals, e.g., for home care services, where patients are assisted for a longer period and additional planning decisions related to service delivery in the territory must be taken. With the goal of helping home care management to take robust decisions, in this paper we propose a Bayesian model for estimating and predicting both the demand for care and the history of health conditions for patients in the charge of a home care service. In particular, we jointly model the temporal evolution of patients' care profile and the weekly number of visits required to nurses, and use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to compute posterior inference and prediction. The model is applied to data of one of the largest Italian home care providers, obtaining small prediction errors.
Author: Inad Nawajah
Advisors: A. Guglielmi, R. Argiento, E. Lanzarone
University: Politecnico di Milano
PDF (Link alla tesi possibilmente)


text:
A recent paper from our group, in collaboration with Luciano Costa's group at Fluminense Federal University (Brazil) and Burcu Gurkan's group at Case Western Reserve University, has been featured by the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR).
In this paper, our team used Raman spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the structural and dynamical changes in the solvation shell surrounding Li+ in a ternary electrolyte is composed of a mixture of two ionic liquids (ILs), n-methyl-n-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([PYR13][TFSI]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][DCA]), and a lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Li][TFSI]) salt (0–1 M). The local structure of Li+ in this eutectic was found to be heterogeneous and preferentially solvated by [DCA]. The Raman and MD analyses suggest a wide distribution of solvation. The computations showed increased ion pair lifetime for Li+ –[DCA] and decreased lifetimes for Li+–[TFSI] in the ternary mixture with the increase in the [Li][TFSI] concentration. These results show that the solvation and transport properties of charge carriers in ILs can be modified via the presence of multiple ions with varying degree of coordination, which provides an approach to impact the performance in electrochemical processes.


text:
ii |x-3| is not equal to zero
lets take statement i. there are four possibles.
a. both modulas are +ve; x = 3.
b. both modulas are -ve; x = 3.
c. |x+1| is +ve and (2|x-1|) is -ve; x = 1/3.
d. |x+1| is -ve and (2|x-1|) is +ve; x = 1/3
so x is either 1/3 or 3. so statement i is not suff.
statement ii says |x-3| = 0. this alone is also not enough cuz we do not know the value of x and only know x is not equal to 3.
from i and ii, both, we know that x = 1/3 which is less tha 1.
So C is answer.


Twoey Glo
Twoey Glo is a unique range of products that encourage early mark making, letter formation, number recognition and counting whilst also developing co-ordination skills and important fine motor skills.
The rewarding nature of using a glow in the dark product gives it an additional sensory element which is both exciting and engaging for children across a range of ages. The calming sensory properties of the Glo range can transform mood and take children's imaginations to a magical space. The sensory features of these products make them ideal for children with special educational needs and the range is particularly accessible across a wide range of ages and abilities.
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text:
La Estrella de Panamá
The newspaper originally began in 1853 as a Spanish-language translation insert of an English daily, The Panama Star, which had been formed in 1849. It has a circulation of approximately 8,000 print copies.
Media related to Antiguas oficinas de La Estrella de Panamá at Wikimedia Commons
|This Central American newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This Panama-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


How Much Does It Cost To Fly A 747 Per Hour?
How much does it cost to fill a 747 with fuel?
A full one is a moneymaker.
The jets also are too big for most markets..
How much fuel does a 747 use per hour?
What happens if you put jet fuel in a car?
Conversely, Jet-A wouldn't work in a gas engine. It would be like putting diesel fuel in your gas-powered car? it just won't run. However, Jet-A could be used in diesel-engine vehicles, but it lacks some of the lubricants found in road diesel fuel.
How much fuel does a 747 burn on takeoff?
According to the Boeing website, the 747 burns approximately 12 litres per kilometre. 747 can carry as many as 568 people. It can carry up to 238,840 litres of fuel.
How much do airlines pay for fuel?
U.S. airlines spent $3 billion on fuel in July 2019, benefiting from a 4 percent decrease in the average price per gallon year-to-date relative to 2018. Spending on jet fuel was 9 percent lower than it was in July 2018, according to the Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption data from BTS.
Do pilots prefer Boeing or Airbus?
I flew the Boeing 737 for 15 years and the Airbus A320 for six years and thoroughly enjoyed both of them. Each had their strong points and their not-so strong-points. The A320 was more comfortable on long flights, due to the larger flight deck and lack of a control column (it has a side stick).
How much does it cost to fill up a plane?
On average, aircraft fill up with an estimated 3,500 gallons of jet fuel, costing an estimated $7,070 (~£5,794). However, price can vary from $4,040 (~£3,311) on the low end to $14,140 (~£11,587) on the high end.
How much does it cost to fly a 747?
The most common is by referring to a generic "operating cost per flight hour" figure. Most of the (extremely) generic references I've seen using that metric for a Boeing 747–400 are in the US$25,000 per hour range.
How much does it cost to fly a 737 per hour?
An average flight on an American Airlines 737-800 costs $2,180 per hour. The plane burns 850 gallons per hour. Fuel costs $1,028 based on Jet-A fuel costing American $1.21 a gallon. A cockpit crew of two along with five flight attendants costs around $465 an hour.
Are Pilots rich?
How much does a gallon of jet fuel cost?
170.8 Cents (US dollars) per Gallon.
Why do planes have to burn off fuel before landing?


text:
Hillside Home School
Hillside Home School was the renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright's first major design. Built in 1886, this was a boarding home for children who received their education in the same building. It was located in rural Spring Green, Wisconsin.
This project was financed by Frank Lloyd Wright's aunts, Jane and Nell Lloyd-Jones, who founded this coeducational school based on a new approach of "Learning by Doing." Frank Lloyd Wright, who was himself homeschooled, supported the apprenticeship model and ultimately converted this school to one for architects in 1928, more than a decade after it had closed.


Camera (Aero.Camera)
Construct camera object for use with animation object
h = Aero.Camera
h = Aero.Camera constructs a camera object h for use with an animation object. The camera object uses the registered coordinate transform. By default, this is an aerospace body coordinate system. Axes of custom coordinate systems must be orthogonal.
The animation object has the following properties:
By default, an Aero.Body object natively uses aerospace body coordinates for the body geometry and the time series data. Convert time series data from other coordinate systems on the fly by registering a different CoordTransformFcn function.
See Aero.Camera for further details.
See Also
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text: Hemera is the Greek goddess of day. She was born from Erebus, darkness, and Nyx, night. Nyx was the daughter of Chaos, and sister of Erebus. Erebus was among the first beings, dwelling in Hades. He sprang from Chaos at the beginning of time. Erebus' name was given to the gloomy underground cavern which the dead walk through on their way to the Underworld. Hemera emerged from Tartarus as Nyx left it and returned to as she was emerging from it. Thalassa, the sea, is the daughter of Hemera and her brother Aether, light.


text:
This article reproduces an excerpt of Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Materials (Books) (usually referred to as DCRM(B)) concerning signature statements in catalog records, along with (eventually) notes and observations on Folger practice.
DCRM(B) on signatures
7B9.1. General rule. Make a note giving details of the signatures of a volume, if considered important. Give these signature details according to the formula in Philip Gaskell's A New Introduction to Bibliography (see p. 328-332), insofar as typographical facilities permit. Preface this note with the word "Signatures" and a colon.
- Signatures: [A]4 B-C4 D2 E-G4 H2
- Signatures: A-C4 D4(-D3) E-F4
- Signatures: A-2Z8, 2A-M8
- Signatures: [1-68]
- (Comment: Volume is completely unsigned)
It is generally desirable to give signatures for incunabula, especially if identical signatures are not given in a standard bibliographic source. It is also desirable to provide signatures when a volume has no pagination or foliation.
7B9.2. Unavailable characters. If the gatherings are signed with a mark of contraction (see 0G8.2, Appendix G3) that cannot be reproduced using available typographical facilities, substitute the spelled out form and enclose it in square brackets.
- Signatures: )(8 a-z8 &8 [con]8 [rum]8
If the gatherings are signed with other unavailable characters, substitute a descriptive term or an abbreviation for that term if a standard one exists.
7B9.3. Special uses of pi and chi. Indicate unsigned leaves that fall outside the signature sequence (see Gaskell, p. 330) by using the words pi and chi. Do not enclose the words in square brackets. Do not use the Greek characters π and χ, as these will give the impression that the leaves have actually been signed with Greek letters (see 7B9.9).
- Signatures: pi4 A-C4 chi2 D-Z4
Indicate partial duplications of an alphabet (see Gaskell, p. 331) by using superscript pi and superscript chi or, if superscript letters are not available, by substituting "[superscript pi]" and "[superscript chi]."
- Signatures: piA4 A-D4 chiD4 E-F4
- Signatures: [superscript pi]A4 A-D4 [superscript chi]D4 E-F4
7B9.4. Non-conventional Latin alphabet. If the gatherings are signed with roman letters according to a pattern other than the conventional 23-letter Latin alphabet (i.e., A-Z, less I or J, U or V, and W), make this explicit by recording the additional letters in the signature statement.
- Signatures: A-V4 W4 X-Z4
- (Comment: Printer used a 24-letter alphabet)
- Signatures: A-I8 J8 K-U8 V8 W8 X-2I8 2J8 2K-2M8
- (Comment: Printer used a 26-letter alphabet)
7B9.5. Signatures do not match gatherings. If it can be determined that the signing of the volume does not match its actual gatherings, indicate this in the note.
- Signatures: 8 2-38; volume actually gathered in twelves
7B9.6. Concurrent signatures. If the volume is signed using two concurrent sequences, provide both sets of signatures in the note. Give the signatures that correspond to the actual gatherings first, if this can be determined.
- Signatures: 1-1212; also signed A-S8
- Signatures: 1-1212 and A-S8; actual gatherings cannot be determined


What Is The Scottish Word For Castle?
What is the largest castle in Scotland?
Floors CastleFloors Castle Situated in Kelso in the heart of the Scottish Borders and overlooking the River Tweed and Cheviot Hills, Floors Castle is the largest inhabited castle in Scotland and is home to the Duke and Duchess of Roxburgh and their family..
What does Inver mean in Scotland?
meeting of the waters'Inver' meaning meeting of the waters. Examples of these are Inverness and Inverkip. 'Tigh' meaning house. Examples are Tighnabruaich and Tyndrum.
What does Cambus mean in Scotland?
Cambus literally means bend of the water in Scots and lang means long. It may also mean long bay – the bend in the Clyde was once the highest tidal bay on the river before a weir was built at Glasgow more than 100 years ago.
How old is Eilean Donan Castle?
What does Och Aye Da Noo mean?
Does Scotland have castles?
What does Dinna fash mean?
don't worryDinna fash A reassuring phrase meaning 'don't worry'.
What is the Scottish word for wife?
Scottish Word: Wallie.
Is a loch the same as a lake?
Who has lived in Edinburgh Castle?
Edinburgh Castle was home to kings and queens for many centuries. Queen Margaret (who was later made a saint) died here in 1093. The chapel built in her honour by her son, King David I, is Edinburgh's oldest building. St Margaret's Chapel still hosts weddings and christenings today.
How many castles are in the British Isles?
What makes Scotland unique?
Scotland is home to the oldest tree in Europe. It is a twisted yew, and it has been around for 3,000 years. Edinburgh was the first city in the world to have its own fire brigade. There are over 600 square miles of freshwater lakes.
What does Kyle mean in Scotland?
Kyle, a Scottish term for a strait.
Do Scottish clans still exist?
What does Bonnie mean in Scottish?
Bonnie is a Scottish given name for either girls or boys, and is sometimes used as a descriptive reference. It comes from the Scots language word "bonnie" (pretty, attractive), or the French bonne (good).
What do you call a Scottish castle?
peel tower – a castle consisting of a large, isolated tower typically without any surrounding walls. Common throughout the Border country of Scotland and England. See also "tower house".
What does Dum mean?
StupidDUM means "Stupid".
How historically accurate is Outlander?
Season One: Witch Trials And Tartan Outlander's first season is largely historically accurate, once you get past the whole 'time travel' part of things.
What does Thicc stand for?
Which two of the following castles are located in Scotland?
10 Great Scottish castlesEdinburgh Castle. Set atop a craggy extinct volcano high above Scotland's capital, Edinburgh Castle is unquestionably Scotland's most famous and important castle. … Braemar Castle. … Balmoral Castle. … Cawdor Castle. … Eilean Donan Castle. … Dunnottar Castle. … Glamis Castle. … Stirling Castle.
What is the oldest cathedral in Scotland?
Glasgow CathedralGlasgow Cathedral (Scottish Gaelic: Cathair-eaglais Ghlaschu), also called the High Kirk of Glasgow or St Kentigern's or St Mungo's Cathedral, is the oldest cathedral in mainland Scotland and is the oldest building in Glasgow….Glasgow CathedralReference no.LB3265439 more rows
What does the Scottish word Sasanach mean?
Outlander: Why Jamie Still Calling Claire "Sassenach" Is So Significant. … A sassenach typically refers to an English person or a foreigner, deriving from the Gaelic sasunnach "Saxon" as it was used by Gaelic speakers to refer to Scottish Lowlanders who had Anglo-Saxon descent as a way of setting boundaries and divisions …
What is a dummy person?
slang a stupid person; fool. derogatory, slang a person without the power of speech; mute. informal a person who says or does nothing. a person who appears to act for himself while acting on behalf of another. (as modifier)a dummy buyer.
Is it dumb or dum?
As adjectives the difference between dum and dumb is that dum is cooked with steam while dumb is (label) unable to speak; lacking power of speech.
What is the oldest city in Scotland?
DundeeDundee is Scotland's oldest city — and here's why. The charter signed by Queen Victoria.
What is a Motte and Bailey castle BBC Bitesize?
The first style of castle was called a motte and bailey. The castle keep was made of wood or stone and sat on top of a hill or a mound, also known as a motte. The bailey was where people running the castle worked. It was surrounded by a fence for protection.
What does dun mean in Scottish?
What was the first castle built in Scotland?
DunveganDunvegan is famous for being the oldest continuously inhabited castle in Scotland. The most important royal fortress in the Kingdom of Scotland.
Is Lallybroch real?
What does Craig mean in Scotland?
The Scottish surname CRAIG is derived from the Middle English Gaelic word creag, crag, carraig, or gragg meaning "rocky hill". It describes hazardous, steep, rugged rock which marked the terrain where a man lived.


Nano Research
Article Title
Highly efficient and multidimensional extraction of targets from complex matrices using aptamer-driven recognition
aptamer, adsorbent, selectivity, separation, extraction
ABSTRACT Adsorbents are widely employed in both fundamental and applied research areas such as separation technology, biotechnology, and environmental science. Selectivity and reusability are two most important requirements for adsorbents. Aptamers exhibit perfect selectivity and easy regeneration, which make them uniquely effective adsorption materials. Herein, we have rationally designed novel aptamer-based adsorbents and investigated their performance in extraction/ separation of targets from an aqueous solution. These adsorbents can selectively extract targets from complicated sample matrices containing background compounds. Moreover, they can also be easily recycled without a significant loss of adsorption capacity. Notably, the adsorbents did not affect the activity of isolated biological samples, revealing their potential for the purification/separation of biomolecules. Composite adsorbents were constructed using aptamer-based adsorbents and a porous polymer, displaying highly efficient target separation from aqueous solution. Finally, separation columns were constructed, and targets in the aqueous solution were efficiently separated by these columns. The aptamerbased adsorbents described here exhibit great promise for potential applications in separation technology, biotechnology, and environment-related areas.
Graphical Abstract
Tsinghua University Press


text:
Harmonic growth on groups and stationary random graphs
Ariel Yadin, Ben Gurion University
13/05/2012 - 17:00
We study the structure of harmonic functions on certain homogeneous graphs: Cayley graphs, and stationary random graphs which are homogeneous "on average". Harmonic functions have been used to understand the geometry of these objects. Two notable examples are: Kleiner's proof of Gromov's theorem regarding polynomial volume growth groups, and the invariance principle (CLT) for super-critical percolation clusters on Z^d.
We consider the following question: What is the minimal growth of a non-constant harmonic function on a graph G (as above)?
This question is of course closely related to the Liouville property and Poisson-Furstenberg boundary; a non-Liouville graph just means that there exist _bounded_ non-constant harmonic functions. A classical result of Kaimanovich & Vershik relates the Liouville property on groups to sublinear entropy of the random walk.
We show a simple but very useful inequality regarding harmonic functions and entropy on a group. This inequality allows us to deduce many results rather simply, among them:
1. A quantified version of one direction of Kaimanovich & Vershik
2. Groups (and stationary graphs) of polynomial growth have no sub-linear non-constant harmonic functions.
3. Uniqueness of the "corrector" for super-critical percolation on Z^d.
All notions will be defined during the talk.
תאריך עדכון אחרון : 08/05/2012