Use Selectors in Elementor Widgets to Control CSS
Use Selectors in Elementor Widgets to Control CSS
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Hey! Want to learn more about developer features in Elementor? This one gets only a handful of mentions in the docs. Therefore I believe it's useful to share all I know about it. When creating a control, you may add an optional parameter called selector or selectors that will manipulate CSS of the live preview on the fly. If you ask me, selectors in Elementor is what made this builder what it is today. It's the modern-day interpretation of WYSIWYG, and by leveraging it, developers can save hours of user frustration. Why? Saving the editor and reloading another tab is no longer necessary for every minuscule change, such as:
One can learn a lot from Elementor's code, and that's what I did to gain insight into what's possible with selectors. It is useful for a lot more than you think! With some creativity, it's possible to push the limits to avoid writing additional handlers. In production, more than half of the controls in our SVG Divider for Elementor rely heavily on the selectors parameter. Because of this, I never actually had to use the _content_template() method (to build live the preview with JS). As you might have guessed, this article is for developers of Elementor extensions and requires PHP and CSS knowledge.
Where to add 'selector' or 'selectors' in Elementor?
When you create a Widget, you register controls for it. All the examples here go into the Control Setting array of the add_control() method. See more about creating a new Widget and its Controls at the Elementor developer documentation.
The name of the parameter is selector for Group Controls. It's just a string you'd write in CSS before the declarations in {... }. There is a better one that I focus on: selectors, which is a more elaborate structure, an array of key-value pairs translating to selectors-declarations.
The output ends up in a file, so it's not inlined once the user leaves the editor! Something like:
Curly brace variables
The optional but vital heart of the matter is using dynamic values. These are not part of a template engine, Elementor performs a search and replace on them. You'll see the examples below, but first, a reference table for your convenience.
CSS Selectors (key in the selectors array)
{{WRAPPER}} Behind the scenes, it translates to something like:
.elementor-50.elementor-element.elementor-element-092e113
 - Use it almost always to make sure you select things only in a particular widget instance.
 - It matters whether or not you follow this with a space.
{{ID}} Get just the ID of the Widget (such as 092e113).
Use the selector-declaration pair in the appropriate Media Query. If present, the selector has to start with this.
You mostly only need this when using another setting's value. Responsive Controls resolve this automatically. However, this can apply/disable the effect of an otherwise not responsive setting, on some devices.
It specifies the device to apply the rules at, and on anything smaller (default responsive behavior). However, when suffixed with a plus sign (+), they will apply on at least that device's resolution or larger.
Declarations (value in the selectors array)
You can use these anywhere in CSS properties and values.
{{VALUE}} Many controls return a single value, access it with this. The selectors_dictionary can change this on the fly.
{{SIZE}} and {{UNIT}} Numerical controls give you the size and the unit separately, so these usually appear glued to each other, but not always.
{{CURRENT_ITEM}} Used in Repeater Controls.
Obtain values from other controls using VALUE, SIZE, UNIT, or any named value. Suffixes available are _tablet and _mobile to access responsive data.
It's for each direction value of a Dimensions Control.
{{URL}} or other names Used to access named properties in "Multiple Controls" that return an array, such as Media Control.
{{setting.SIZE || 5}}
{{a_tablet.SIZE || "fallback"}}
{{a.SIZE || b.DEFAULT}}
{{a.URL || b.URL}}
{{a.VALUE || a_tablet.DEFAULT}}
Use a fallback value.
 - The setting must be named: include the dot and add any property from above.
 - The left side works best with controls that become empty when cleared (Slider and URL come to mind). Untouched responsive controls are also empty by default.
 - The right side can be a hardcoded number, string, or a named setting.
 - DEFAULT only works with those controls that have a VALUE. You can tap into mobile defaults if any.
Simple examples
Value from a color picker:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-svg-divider-basic-text' => 'color: {{VALUE}}'
Size with and without unit:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} svg.sde-classic' =>
 'height: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}; stroke-width: {{SIZE}};'
Create padding from dimensions:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-svg-divider-basic-button' =>
 {{TOP}}{{UNIT}} {{RIGHT}}{{UNIT}} {{BOTTOM}}{{UNIT}} {{LEFT}}{{UNIT}};'
Background image of a slide in a slider (using repeater):
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} {{CURRENT_ITEM}}.swiper-slide-bg' =>
 'background-image: url({{URL}})',
Targeting some class on the body, like.elementor-msie, body.rtl or body:not(.rtl) or even.woocommerce:
'selectors' => [
 'body:not(.rtl) {{WRAPPER}}.dialog-close-button' => 'right: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}',
 'body.rtl {{WRAPPER}}.dialog-close-button' => 'left: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}',
Values from other settings
It's effortless to obtain values from other controls, once you know how. If two settings are contributing to the same thing, feel free to use the same selectors array, in addition to digging into each other's values.
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} svg.sde-classic' =>
 'stroke-dasharray: {{dash_length.SIZE}} {{whitespace_length.SIZE}};'
Note that this gets values for specific devices when the target is responsive. Here is an advanced example, based on Elementor pro:
'selectors' => [
 '(desktop).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
 '(tablet).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns_tablet.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
 '(mobile).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns_mobile.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
Dynamic values in CSS properties
In lieu of a better real-world example, the following comes from an Align control with left/center/right options. I know this doesn't look clean, but Elementor core itself used it like this. The margin-center CSS property doesn't exist, so it gets ignored by browsers.
// Somewhere else
$sde_selector = '{{WRAPPER}}.sde';
// In a control
'selectors' => [
 $sde_selector =>'margin: 0 auto; margin-{{VALUE}}: 0;'
The point of this example is to open your eyes. As you see, the dynamic values can form property names as well.
You can re-use selectors by putting them in a variable, especially if they are long. However, you cannot use values from other settings in the CSS selector part, only in the declaration!
(!) The Selectors Dictionary
A better alternative to the above oddity is the undocumented holy grail, the selectors_dictionary property. In a nutshell, it's like a switch statement for selectors! If the value of the control is X, use Z instead. It's incredibly useful when the CSS you want to write has nothing in common with the options of your control.
'selectors_dictionary' => [
 'left' =>'margin-right: auto',
 'center' =>'margin: 0 auto',
 'right' =>'margin-left: auto',
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.sde' => '{{VALUE}}',
That's it. The only caveat is that it overrides the {{VALUE}} curly brace variable, and you can't use the original value anymore (not even in the dictionary itself). If you had another selector-declaration pair that relied on the initial value, you'd be in trouble:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-sde-scale-the-cropped.sde-cropping-allow.sde' =>
 'transform-origin: {{VALUE}} 0;'
Misuse leads to an abomination like transform-origin: margin: 0 auto 0; instead of the original transform-origin: center 0;, so be careful. There is no need to map every possible value, though!
Of course, you can still use the selectors dictionary to translate just the CSS values in the declaration,


1. Check that your microphone is not muted.
2. If there is any background noise, move to a quieter area.
3. Check if the issue is happening with a specific phone number on outgoing or incoming calls.
4. Connect a compatible wired headphone that has a microphone. If the headphone works, remove them to continue troubleshooting the internal microphones.
5. Restart your phone and test your phone's microphone and speakers with any free Voice Recorder application available from Nokia Store. Record an audio clip and play the recording. If you can hear the recording, your microphone is working.
6. If the problem persists, locate your phone's microphones and check that openings are not blocked. To find the microphone openings, see your phone's user guide or search online to find the chapter: Explore the keys and parts of your phone.


text:
Sleep Matters is a community initiative aimed at improving people's lives by raising awareness about the importance of a healthy sleep.
Created by Intercoil, Sleep Matters enjoys the support and participation of a number of high profile and passionate lifestyle and healthcare practitioners—Sleep Matters Ambassadors—who believe that broadening the conversation about sleep will contribute to improving the overall wellbeing of the community.
Sleep Matters is a platform to unite lifestyle commentators and the community around a shared goal – the importance of healthy sleep.
Sleep Matters aims to contribute by:
- Raising awareness of the importance of good sleep for a healthy life
- Helping people to identify sleep issues and find ways to improve their sleep and wellbeing
- Bringing together professionals and authorities to share knowledge and supporting public interest campaigns
- Becoming the first and most comprehensive resource in the UAE for all information related to healthy sleep
For more details, visit _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
is a verb and noun pertaining to distortion and twisting, and to lines and ropes used in the contexts below.
Warp may refer to:
Ships and aircraft
- Wing warping, a manner of controlling the roll of an aeroplane
- Warp drive, the faster-than-light movement in science fiction, as used in Star Trek.
- Warping (sailing), a slow method of moving a boat in still waters or against the wind
- OS/2, where version 3.0 was known as Warp
- WARP (software), a product for IBM mainframes to improve performance from APT International - a former Monaco based company
- Warp (Cypress), a VHDL Cypress development system for CPLD
- WARP (Information Security), from the acronym for Warning, advice and reporting point
- Warp (MT of SM Unit), a Shader Multiprocessor architecture.
- A warp is a Multithreaded SIMT Architecture of the MT (Multithreadead Instruction unit ) that is part of the SM (Shader Multiprocessors) in the GPU design.
- WARP Services / WARP Robotics.com, Working Automated Robotic Products is a automation company that put to motion anything. From wheel chairs to systematizing motion automated guided vehicles, with laser navigation.
Books and comics
- Warp (weaving) the set of lengthwise threads attached to a loom
- Image warping, the process of distorting an image digitally
- Revealed preference, from the acronym for Weak Axiom of Revealed Preferences
- Warp, a brand of energy mints
- WARP, USAID's West African Regional Program
warp : in term of textile warp is the verticle thread in fabric.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Making a multilingual site with Next.js - Part 3
- 7 min
If you ended up here for this third part and did not see the first nor the second, I highly suggest you take a look at those first. In the previous section, we dealt with the creation and listing of content for the languages and ended the project there.
However, some commented that it would be interesting to add translated slugs, for example: in English the "about" page open at and its corresponding version open at In this article, I show you how we can create such functionality. Let's start!
But first...
In the previous articles, the function for changing languages was implemented. But when the page was refreshed, it returned to the default language, which caused a certain annoyance. This behavior is not the best, so it is important to solve this issue. Fortunately, it is not difficult at all to implement, with just a few lines of code.
Local Storage
Local Storage is a way that JavaScript provides us to save information in the user's browser, so that it will be available on a next visit. Many use it to make simple authentication or to save options, such as light and dark modes, for example.
The logic used here does not differ from that of a theme change, the change is that language will be saved instead. Small modifications to only two files are needed. The files are: the Header component and theLanguageProvider language context. If you fell from another dimension and did not see the two previous articles and nothing makes sense to you until now, I warned you at the beginning of the article! Go there and check the previous articles, and then come back here!
Here is the code for the Header component:
import { useContext } from "react"
import { useRouter } from "next/router"
import Navigation from "../Navigation"
import Logo from "../Logo"
import { LanguageContext, locales } from "../../intl/LanguageProvider"
interface Props {
 className?: string
 children?: React.ReactNode
const Header: React.FC = ({ className, children }) => {
 const headerClass = className || "header"
 const [locale, setLocale] = useContext(LanguageContext)
 const router = useRouter()
 function handleLocaleChange(language: string) {
 if (!window) {
 const regex = new RegExp('^/(${locales.join("|")})')
 localStorage.setItem("lang", language) // This line saves the language option!
 router.push(router.pathname, router.asPath.replace(regex, '/${language}'))
 return (

 handleLocaleChange("en")}>EN
 handleLocaleChange("pt")}>PT
export default Header
In Header, the method localStorage.setItem ('lang', language) was used to save the language choice by clicking on the corresponding button. What this method does is basically add a 'lang' key with the acronym of the chosen language. You can check this in the Application area of your browser's inspector, in the Local Storage section.
The LanguageProvider is as follows:
import { createContext, useEffect, useState } from "react"
export const defaultLocale = "pt"
export const locales = ["pt", "en"]
export const LanguageContext = createContext([])
export const LanguageProvider: React.FC = ({ children }) => {
 const [locale, setLocale] = useState("pt")
 useEffect(() => {
 if (!window) {
 // Captures the language information saved by the Header component
 const language = localStorage.getItem("lang") || locale
 }, [locale])
 return (

Here the localStorage.getItem ('lang') method captures the saved information from the language choice, and applies it if it exists. Now when updating the page, the language you selected stays there.
Finally... Let's create the translated slugs...
Nothing prevents you from creating files in the /pages folder, with the desired title, such as /kontakt.tsx for a contact page in German. It will work perfectly, but let's be honest: it is not the best way to do the job. We should be able to provide a way for pages to be created dynamically, with a standard template, changing the content and slug according to the language.
If you think about it, a similar thing is done with our posts area in this project. To achieve this, just modify the library we created for the posts (/lib/posts.ts) to include our new translated pages. But avoid duplicate code, instead of creating a /lib/pages.ts file with practically the same content as /lib/posts, I decided to unify everything in a single library that I called lib/files.ts.
The content of this file is as follows:
import fs from "fs"
import path from "path"
import matter, { GrayMatterFile } from "gray-matter"
import remark from "remark"
import html from "remark-html"
const postsDirectory = path.resolve(process.cwd(), "content", "posts")
const pagesDirectory = path.resolve(process.cwd(), "content", "pages")
// Collects all file names in the folders specified with the sctructure ['en/']
export function getAllFileNames(directoryPath: string, filesList = []) {
 const files = fs.readdirSync(directoryPath)
 files.forEach((file) => {
 if (fs.statSync('${directoryPath}/${file}').isDirectory()) {
 filesList = getAllFileNames('${directoryPath}/${file}', filesList)
 } else {
 filesList.push(path.join(path.basename(directoryPath), "/", file))
 const filteredList = filesList.filter((file) => file.includes(".md"))
 return filteredList
// Sorts posts by date
export function getSortedPostData() {
 const fileNames = getAllFileNames(postsDirectory)
 const allPostsData = => {
 const id = fileName.split("/")[1].replace(/\.md$/, "")
 const fullPath = path.join(postsDirectory, fileName)
 const fileContents = fs.readFileSync(fullPath, "utf-8")
 const frontMatter: GrayMatterFile = matter(fileContents)
 return {
 ...( as {
 lang: string
 date: string
 category: string
 return allPostsData.sort((a, b) => {
 if ( < {
 return 1
 } else {
 return -1
// IDs for posts or pages
export function getAllIds(type = "post") {
 const dir = type === "page"? pagesDirectory : postsDirectory
 const fileNames = getAllFileNames(dir)
 return => ({
 params: {
 id: fileName.split("/")[1].replace(/\.md$/, ""),
 lang: fileName.split("/")[0],
// Collects data from the markdown file and makes it available
export async function getContentData(id: string, type = "post") {
 const fullPath = path.join(dir, '${id}.md')
 const frontMatter = matter(fileContents)
 const processedContent = await remark().use(html).process(frontMatter.content)
 const contentHtml = processedContent.toString()
 return {
 ...( as { date: string; title: string }),
I created a type argument in some of the functions that will be used by both posts and pages. This because this argument identifies the directory in which the files will be read. By default, I left it configured to always search for posts. Since the file name has changed and so have the functions, it is necessary to update the imports in the files that use the new library.
Template for the dynamic page
Here is another page with a special name, to create a dynamic route. In this the parameter will be the 'id' of the file, which is captured by the function getAllIds() of the file lib/files. The file will be called [lang]/[id].tsx. Below is the complete code of the file.
import { GetStaticProps, GetStaticPaths, NextPage } from "next"
import { getAllIds, getContentData } from "../../lib/files"
import Layout from "../../components/Layout"
interface PageProps {
 locale: string
 pageData: {
 lang: string
 title: string
 slug: string
 date: string
 category?: string
 contentHtml: string
const SitePage: NextPage = ({ pageData }) => {
 const { title, contentHtml } = pageData
 return (

 dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: contentHtml }}
export const getStaticProps: GetStaticProps = async ({ params }) => {
 // Here is the argument to informa "page" as type,
 // so Next.js can search for page files, ignoring posts.
 const pageData = await getContentData('/${params.lang}/${}', "page")
 return {
 props: {
 locale: params?.lang || "pt",
export const getStaticPaths: GetStaticPaths = async () => {
 const paths = getAllIds("page")
 return {
 fallback: false,
export default SitePage
With this file, it is already possible to support pages created through Markdown. The markdown files use the following structure:
lang: pt
title: "Sobre"
Site made to showcase the creation of a bilingual website using Next.js. The tutorial is in an article on my blog. Feel free to view the source code, fork it, or even use it in your projects.
To better organize the files, I created a directory called /


›› Convert tael [Japan] to bismar pound [Denmark]
bismar pound
›› More information from the unit converter
How many tael in 1 bismar pound? The answer is 159.77072780592.
We assume you are converting between tael [Japan] and bismar pound [Denmark].
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
tael or bismar pound
The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram.
1 kilogram is equal to 26.659557451346 tael, or 0.16686133822793 bismar pound.
Use this page to learn how to convert between tael [Japan] and bismar pound [Denmark].
›› Quick conversion chart of tael to bismar pound
1 tael to bismar pound = 0.00626 bismar pound
10 tael to bismar pound = 0.06259 bismar pound
50 tael to bismar pound = 0.31295 bismar pound
100 tael to bismar pound = 0.6259 bismar pound
200 tael to bismar pound = 1.25179 bismar pound
500 tael to bismar pound = 3.12948 bismar pound
1000 tael to bismar pound = 6.25897 bismar pound
›› Want other units?
You can do the reverse unit conversion from bismar pound to tael, or enter any two units below:
Enter two units to convert
›› Common weight conversions
tael to teragram
tael to dekagram
tael to tola
tael to drachme
tael to ons
tael to sack
tael to kilotonne
tael to arratel
tael to uncia
tael to electron
›› Metric conversions and more


text:
Wilson D. K., V. E. Ostashev, et al. (February 2007): Time-domain calculations of sound interactions with outdoor ground surfaces. Appl. Acoust., 68 (2), 173-200. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.10.004Full text not available from this repository.
A time-domain formulation for sound propagation in rigid-frame porous media, including waveform attenuation and dispersion, is developed. The new formulation is based on inversion of the relaxation functions from a previous model [Wilson DK, Ostashev VE, Collier SL. J Acoust Soc Am 2004;116:1889–92], thereby casting the convolution integrals in a form amenable to numerical implementation. Numerical techniques are developed that accurately implement the relaxational equations and transparently reduce to previous results in lowand high-frequency limits. The techniques are demonstrated on calculations of outdoor sound propagation involving hills, barriers, and ground surfaces with various material properties. We also compare the relaxation formulation to a widely applied phenomenological model developed by Zwikker and Kosten. The two models can be made equivalent if the resistance constant, structure constant, and compression modulus in the ZK model are allowed to be weakly frequency dependent. But if the ZK parameters are taken to be constant, as is typically the case, the relaxation model provides more accurate calculations of attenuation by acoustically soft porous materials such as snow, gravel, and forest litter.
|Divisions:||Physical Sciences Division|


text:
News items regarding dubious testing practices of educators abound in the national press. Often educators respond to external pressure to increase student scores by engaging students in test-preparation activities. Because some of these activities can result in inaccurate scores and produce negative consequences for students, teachers, schools, parents, and the community, it is important that teachers and administrators be able to make educationally and ethically defensible decisions about what types of activities can be used and in what contexts. Additional information to assist Iowa educators in making sound decisions regarding activities associated with preparing students to take the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) or Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) is now available.
This program, designed by Dr. Kris Waltman of The University of Iowa Center for Evaluation and Assessment, is accessible for use by Iowa educators. The lessons are best delivered in group settings with opportunities for discussion, however individuals can also access and complete the curriculum. At the conclusion of the program, educators should have greater understanding of how criteria related to academic ethics, score meaning and use, and educational value are connected to test-preparation activities.


text:
transitive verb re·ject·ed
- To refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of.
- To refuse to consider or grant; deny.
- To refuse to recognize or give affection to (a person).
- To discard as defective or useless; throw away. See Synonyms at refuse1.
- To spit out or vomit.
- Medicine To resist immunologically the introduction of (a transplanted organ or tissue); fail to accept as part of one's own body.
One that has been rejected: a reject from the varsity team; a tire that is a reject.
Origin: Middle English rejecten
Origin:, from Latin rēicere, rēiectOrigin: : re-, reOrigin: + iacere, to throw; see yēin Indo-European roots
- re·jectˈer, re·jecˈtor noun


text:
Licensable food businesses
A licensable food business is a food business that:
- involves the manufacture of food (making food by combining ingredients)
- is carried on by an entity other than a non-profit organisation and involves the sale of unpackaged food by retail. For example:
- restaurant, café or bar
- take away food shop
- is carried on by a non-profit organisation and involves the sale, on at least 12 days each financial year, of meals prepared by the organisation at a particular place. For example:
- a restaurant, open daily to the public, operated by a sporting club to raise revenue for the club
- a non-profit organisation preparing and selling meals to homeless persons at a homeless persons' hostel
- the preparation of meals by Meals on Wheels.
If your food business meets one or more of the following criteria, you do not require a licence.
- the production of primary produce under an accreditation granted under the Food Production (Safety) Act 2000, part 5 (for example the Meat Scheme, Seafood Scheme, Dairy Scheme and Egg Scheme). The regulation of this Act is the responsibility of Safe Food Production Queensland.
- the sale of unpackaged snack food
- the sale of whole fruit or vegetables
- the sale of seeds, spices, dried herbs, tea leaves, coffee beans or ground coffee
- the grinding of coffee beans
- the sale of drinks (other than fruit or vegetable juice processed at the place of sale) including, for example, tea, coffee, soft drinks and alcoholic drinks
- the sale of ice including flavoured ice.
Exemption criteria for non-profit organisations
- the sale of meals if—the meal consists only of fruit, cereal, toast, or similar food—or the consumer of the meal helps to prepare it.
- the sale of meals that are pre-prepared by an entity other than the organisation, and are stored and heated—or otherwise prepared—by the organisation in accordance with directions of the meal's manufacturer. (For example the sale of a frozen meal, at the canteen of an independent school, after the meal is microwaved in accordance with instructions on the meal's packaging).
- the sale by a non-profit organisation of a meal prepared as part of an educational or training activity conducted by the organisation involving food preparation, hospitality or catering.
- the sale of meals by a surf lifesaving club that is a non-profit organisation, when a member is involved in the preparation of the meal and the meal is sold to a member of the club for a nominal fee.
Non-profit organisations have a number of exemptions under the Food Act 2006. These are listed above.
Find documents that outline the requirements that will affect non-profit organisations
Mobile food businesses
A mobile food business is only required to have a food business licence in one of the local government areas within which they intend to operate.
Details of the licence must be displayed at mobile premises, in a prominent position so the details are easily visible to customers
A mobile food premises is one that includes:
- a vehicle from which a person sells unpackaged food by retail
- a food vending machine.
It does not include:
- a food transport vehicle that is only used to transport food for a business for off-site catering
- a food delivery vehicle.
Food businesses operating from mobile premises are required to comply with the provisions of the Food Act 2006 and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, and are subject to the same licensing requirements as a food business operating from fixed premises.
A register of mobile food businesses is publicly available and contains licence details of each mobile food business.


text:
- reaction (n.)
- "action in resistance or response to another action or power," 1610s, from re- "again, anew" + action (q.v.). Modeled on French réaction, older Italian reattione, from Medieval Latin reactionem (nominative reactio), noun of action formed in Late Latin from past participle stem of Latin reagere "react," from re- "back" + agere "to do, act" (see act (v.)).
Originally scientific; physiological sense is attested from 1805; psychological sense first recorded 1887; general sense of "action or feeling in response" (to a statement, event, etc.) is recorded from 1914. Reaction time, "time elapsing between the action of an external stimulus and the giving of a signal in reply," attested by 1874.


text:
Below are new features in NVDA 2018.1, released March, 2018. This is a part in NVDA's documentation.
Highlights of this release include support for charts in Microsoft word and PowerPoint, support for new braille displays including Eurobraille and the Optelec protocol converter, improved support for Hims and Optelec braille displays, performance improvements for Mozilla Firefox 58 and higher, and much more.
- It is now possible to interact with charts in Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint, similar to the existing support for charts in Microsoft Excel.
- In Microsoft Word: When in browse mode, cursor to an embedded chart and press enter to interact with it.
- In Microsoft PowerPoint when editing a slide: tab to a chart object, and press enter or space to interact with the chart.
- To stop interacting with a chart, press escape.
- New language: Kyrgyz.
- Added support for VitalSource Bookshelf.
- Added support for the Optelec protocol converter, a device that allows one to use Braille Voyager and Satellite displays using the ALVA BC6 communication protocol.
- It is now possible to use braille input with an ALVA 640 Comfort braille display.
- NVDA's braille input functionality can be used with these as well as other BC6 displays with firmware 3.0.0 and above.
- Early support for Google Sheets with Braille mode enabled.
- Support for Eurobraille Esys, Esytime and Iris braille displays.
- The HIMS Braille Sense/Braille EDGE/Smart Beetle and Hims Sync Braille display drivers have been replaced by one driver. The new driver will automatically be activated for former syncBraille driver users.
- Some keys, notably scroll keys, have been reassigned to follow the conventions used by Hims products. Consult the user guide for more details.
- When typing with the on-screen keyboard via touch interaction, by default you now need to double tap each key the same way you would activate any other control.
- To use the existing "touch typing" mode where simply lifting your finger off the key is enough to activate it, Enable this option in the new Touch Interaction settings dialog found in the Preferences menu.
- It is no longer necessary to explicitly tether braille to focus or review, as this will happen automatically by default.
- Note that automatic tethering to review will only occur when using a review cursor or object navigation command. Scrolling will not activate this new behavior.
- Browseable messages such as showing current formatting when pressing NVDA+f twice quickly no longer fails when NVDA is installed on a path with non-ASCII characters.
- Focus is now once again restored correctly when returning to Spotify from another application.
- In Windows 10 Fall Creaters Update, NVDA no longer fails to update when Controlled Folder Access is enabled from Windows Defender Security Center.
- Detection of scroll keys on Hims Smart Beetle displays is no longer unreliable.
- A slight performance improvement when rendering large amounts of content in Mozilla Firefox 58 and later.
- In Microsoft Outlook, reading emails containing tables no longer causes errors.
- Braille display gestures that emulate system keyboard key modifiers can now also be combined with other emulated system keyboard keys if one or more of the involved gestures are model specific.
- In Mozilla Firefox, browse mode now works correctly in pop-ups created by extensions such as LastPass and bitwarden.
- NVDA no longer sometimes freezes on every focus change if Firefox or Chrome have stopped responding such as due to a freeze or crash.
- In twitter clients such as Chicken Nugget, NVDA will no longer ignore the last 20 characters of 280 character tweets when reading them.
- NVDA now uses the correct language when announcing symbols when text is selected.
- In recent versions of Office 365, it is again possible to navigate Excel charts using the arrow keys.
- In speech and braille output, control states will now always be reported in the same order, regardless whether they are positive or negative.
- In apps such as Windows 10 Mail, NVDA will no longer fail to announce deleted characters when pressing backspace.
- All keys on the Hims Braille Sense Polaris displays are now working as expected.
- NVDA no longer fails to start on Windows 7 complaining about an internal api-ms dll, when a particular version of the Visual Studio 2017 redistributables have been installed by another application.


text:
English text: Ottoline and the Yellow Cat
Every child has been given the book Ottoline and the Yellow Cat to read on Bug Club.
There is a lot of work based around this book as it would have been a text we would study in depth at school. It would be very useful to have a discussion with your child about the book after each chapter to ensure they fully understand what is happening in order to complete the tasks.
Please follow these instructions.
- Complete the Book Cover task before reading it.
- Read Chapter 1. (If the text is difficult to understand then feel free to read it with them.)
- Complete the tasks: Ottoline's Collection, Diary Entry, Overheard Story 1, Overheard Story 2 and Comprehension Chapter 1.
- Read Chapter 2.
- Complete the tasks: Ottoline's Disguise and Comprehension Chapter 2.
- Read Chapter 3.
- Complete the tasks: Sentence Starters, Postcard and Comprehension Chapter 3.
- Read Chapter 4.
- Complete the tasks: Character Profile, Mr. Munroe Goes Missing and Comprehension Chapter 4.
After this, the rest of the book can be read.
Work for all children:


text:
Not all financial consumers are equipped with the necessary knowledge of the products and services that they are using. A wide gap exists between the level of financial inclusion (76.19%) and financial literacy (38.03%) in Indonesia. Low level of financial literacy could lead consumers to make poorly-informed financial decisions, incur too much debt, or even fall victim to illicit investment products. In the long run, these problems may damage consumer trust in financial services, which could hamper growth in the financial sector.
In addition to organizing various financial literacy programs, Indonesia's Financial Authority Services (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, or OJK) has mandated financial services institutions (FSIs) to run at least one initiative to improve financial literacy and one initiative to improve financial inclusion every year. This has significantly increased the number of literacy programs in Indonesia.
Programs from both OJK and FSIs have contributed to increasing financial literacy in Indonesia, but overall levels of financial literacy remain relatively low (OJK, 2019) compared to the level of financial inclusion. Efforts by FSIs to improve financial literacy through product-related information, the introduction of new products and services, and reducing barriers to entry for some financial products are often omitted when discussing about efforts to increase financial literacy. However, despite the risk, they can positively contribute to increase user's financial understanding. Regulators could therefore explore the potentials of this approach, with emphasis on ensuring that consumers understand the products that they are buying.
Financial literacy gaps, such as those between urban and rural populations, also need further attention from both OJK and FSIs. In the long run, mandatory reporting and the national repository of financial education programs maintained by OJK should be treated not as a mere formal requirement, but as a useful tool to improve the quality and benefits of financial literacy.
OJK and FSIs must create and implement comprehensive and systematic evaluation methods for their programs and establish which have the largest benefits and are most cost-effective as they seek to address these challenges.


text:
Ridge lift (or'slope lift') is created when a wind strikes an obstacle, usually a mountain ridge or cliff, that is large and steep enough to deflect the wind upward.
If the wind is strong enough, the ridge lift provides enough upward force for gliders, hang gliders, paragliders and birds to stay airborne for long periods or travel great distances by'slope soaring'. Although unpowered aircraft are usually descending through the air, they will climb if the surrounding air is rising faster than their sink rates. Model glider enthusiasts refer to this technique as "slope gliding" or "sloping".
Orville Wright used ridge lift setting a duration record of 11 minutes in 1911. However the sport of soaring started in Germany after the First World War. In 1921 Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer broke the Wright Brothers 1911 soaring duration record with a flight of 13 minutes. In 1922 Arthur Martens became the first glider pilot to use an updraft rising along a mountain slope to stay aloft for a lengthy period with a flight over an hour.
Basic requirements
Ridge lift is generated when the wind blows against a hill, ridge, escarpment or ocean wave, causing the air to rise. In meteorology this is known as orographic lift. The wind creates a region of rising air directly above the slope which may extend some distance upwards and outwards from its face because the airflow follows the upward contour of the hill. However at near vertical cliffs, there is usually an area of turbulence with descending air near the base of the cliff. Downwind of the hill, lee waves can form that are also used by glider pilots to gain height but this should not be confused with slope lift.
Near slopes rather than vertical cliffs, the strongest lift is often to be found a flight path that intersects with an imaginary line emerging at right angles from the slope.
Long mountain ranges such as those found in Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the United States, New Zealand, and Chile have been used by glider pilots to fly in excess of a thousand kilometers in a single flight. Birds, such as many seabirds (in particular albatross) and raptors, also use slopes in this way.
See also
- Hang gliding
- Radio-controlled glider
- Controllable slope soaring
- Orographic lift
- Dynamic soaring
- Lee waves


text:
Cleaning your patio-DIY or Call in a Pro?
With so many of us spending more time at home these days, getting the patio in tip-top shape has become a priority.
While pavers are known for being easy to care for, occasional maintenance is needed to keep them looking their best. Some patios may just need a quick once-over with detergent and soft-bristle brush, while others require a visit from a pro to restore them to their original beauty.
Prepare the space and Evaluate your needs
You should begin by clearing the space. Furniture, plants and decorative items will need to be removed to properly clean the space.
- Look for leaf stains, grease from food and mildew. Determining what kind of stains you have will determine what you'll need to do to fully restore them.
- Check the joints. The sand used between the joints can wear away over time.
- Weeds. Missing sand or overgrown plant beds can allow weeds to creep onto your patio.
- Sweep or blow off any loose debris.
- Hose down pavers with clear water.
- Most food grease or oil stains can be removed using a de-greasing dish soap (like Dawn) directly onto the stain.
- Use a paper towel to soak up any surface grease.
- Drizzle scaling hot water from a tea kettle and thoroughly rinse it off the surface.
- Apply Dawn dish detergent full strength onto the stain and allow it to sit on the for 20-30 minutes.
- Scrub with a standard household nylon bristle scrub brush.
- Rinse with hot water.
- Repeat as needed to remove as much of the stain as possible.
- Mildew can be removed by using a bleach solution. 10 parts water to 1 part bleach.Mix the solution in a watering can with a sprinkle spout.
- Apply the bleach solution over the entire surface saturating the area and leaving a liquid film on the Hardscape™ surface.
- Allow the bleach solution to remain on the surface for 20 – 30 minutes. The moss, mildew, or algae should turn brown, which indicates it has been killed.
- After letting the bleach solution sit on the surface, scrub the surface with a stiff nylon bristle brush and rinse thoroughly with fresh water. Repeat if needed.
- Do not make your bleach solution stronger, as it may affect the color of your Hardscaping.
- Be careful not to get the bleach solution directly on grass or plant material. If there are plants or grass where you expect to rinse the residue on to, saturate that area with water first.
Keep in mind that if the area is in a damp or shady location it will keep growing back. For a more permanent solution, you will need to correct the moisture and shade problems that are encouraging the moss, mildew, or algae to growth.
For tougher stains, such as motor oil or grease, visit Techni-Seal. Here, you'll find information and instructions for their paver cleaning products that are sold at your local EP Henry Authorized Hardscaping Distributor
And remember, one of the major advantages of paving stones is, if they are damaged or stained beyond repair, they can always be removed and replaced at a minimal expense.
- Sweep or blow odd any loose debris
- Get a weed killer, such as Weed-B-Gone
- Use as directed.
- After the weeds have been killed, carefully remove them from the sand joint. Take as much of root out as possible without disrupting or removing the sand joint.
Most installations have polymeric sand. This sand is formulated to harden over time, so it holds together and does not blow or wash out of the sand joints. This allows it to remain in place and resist weed growth.
- Before replacing sand, any existing sand must be removed.
- Enough of the preexisting polymeric sand must be removed from the sand joints (1.5" or more) to allow enough new polymeric sand into the sand joint so it can achieve structural stability when it is moistened.
- If possible, use the same polymeric sand that was originally used so that it bonds properly.
Note: You may want to leave this for the pros, because if done incorrectly, it could leave your pavers with an unsightly haze.
This is another project best left for a professional. Sealing requires an experienced hand in order to avoid pooling and missed spots. Done incorrectly, sealing can be expensive to correct.
In conclusion, while easier cleaning projects can be a do-it-yourself (or family) project, projects that require experience or trade skills are better left to hardscaping specialists. Done right, you'll be enjoying your patio or pool in no time.


text:
So many gods, so many creeds,
So many paths that wind and wind,
While just the art of being kind
Is all the sad world needs.
— Ella Wheeler Wilcox, American poet (_PHONE_)
This session introduces kindness as an intangible gift that can be freely given every day. The Wonder Box holds a golden ruler that represents one of Jesus' timeless teachings: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." The Golden Rule can be found in many faith traditions. In the story, "The Very Short Rule," the children hear a parable in which Jesus teaches that following all the rules in the Bible will not necessarily make someone a good person. If we are to follow only one rule, Jesus taught, we should be kind to others in the same way that we would want others to be kind to us.
This session will:
- Introduce kindness as an intangible gift
- Explore the Golden Rule and reveal opportunities for children to use it
- Show how kindness is a way of living our Unitarian Universalist Principles
- Demonstrate that authentic welcoming must include kindness
- Engage participants in the spiritual practices of opening and closing rituals.
- Explore the value of the Golden Rule
- Create a "Golden Ruler" to represent being kind to others
- Learn how kindness is an important part of welcome
- Hear a story in which Jesus explains the Golden Rule.


Export Import Scenarios
You are here: Administrators Reference > Exporting and Importing Objects > Export/Import Scenarios
Export/Import Scenarios
In a typical Development server - Authoring server environment you:
 1. Create and test an object on a Development Server.
 2. Export the object.
 3. Import the object to the Authoring Server.
Later, if you change the original object and want to push changes to the site(s) using your object, you would:
 1. Re-export the object from the Development Server
 2. Re-import the object into the sites on your Authoring Server where the object was originally imported.
You might also want to use an object developed by a third-party. In that case, you would:
 1. Download the export packet from the third-party.
 2. Import the object into the desired site(s) on your Development Server.
 3. Test the object.
 4. Import the object into the desired site(s) on your Authoring Server.
Before importing or exporting, please note the following:
ADF (Application Development Framework) Considerations: When importing a Custom Element that includes custom field types or render handlers housed within the ADF, CommonSpot checks to see if the ADF is installed and stops the import if it does not find it. If you are using the CommonSpot Application Development Framework, check that both your web server mapping and the ADF directory are named ADF (all caps).
Path Considerations: Although you can specify any logical path for render handler modules, and export them or Custom Elements containing them to any logical server path, CommonSpot expects import modules to contain site-relative path locations and cannnot properly handle import packets unless the file references they contain are site-relative.
Related Links
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I have created an Java web application and deployed it on AWS Elastic Beanstalk. It;s working fine with its database.
Now, in my project users have the option to upload documents, pdfs and images. This is creating problems. In the local system I am using./ as the path for saving uploaded documents but on Amazon I don't know where to store these uploaded documents and how to assign a path.
So far I've done the following, which is all working okay.
 1. Uploaded a project on AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
 2. Created a database using AWS RDS.
 3. Both application and database are communicating with each other.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
Is there a special reason for storing files in RDS?
for storing files I suggest you use S3 instead of RDS. Use the amazon SDK to do it, see,%20java.lang.String,,
Of course, your file-saving code should be pluggable, with at least two implementations. One implementation saving the file to the local disk and another for storing it in S3. your startup code should wire the correct implementation.
share|improve this answer
yes once you store it in (AWS) S3 bucket, get the credential details of it and create a credentials file
Much easier! :)
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office
"What she did in nursing is incredibly important and we don't want to diminish that at all. But to say that Clara Barton is a nurse is a gross understatement of her importance. The fact is that she was a relief organizer at a time when women didn't do that. At a time when women found that they had to get men involved in order to be taken seriously, Clara Barton bucked that system." George Wunderlich, Executive Director, NMCWM
Below is a short preview of CSPAN-3′s show American Artifacts featuring two episodes on the CBMSO.
Watch the full episodes using these links:
Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office was originally rediscovered by Richard Lyons of the General Services Administration (GSA) in 1996, when the building was scheduled for demolition. Located on 7th street, NW, Washington D.C., the site is the location where Clara Barton lived during and immediately after the Civil War. She used this property not only as a place to live, but also to store the supplies she received for her work on the battlefield, and later as an office to handle correspondence concerning missing soldiers.
In 1865 Barton hired a staff and opened the "Office of Correspondence with the Friends of the Missing Men of the United States Army" in this building. At the end of the war, Barton took up the cause of grieving parents, family and friends whose sons, brothers, neighbors were missing. She responded to over 63,000 letters, most of which required some kind of research that eventually lead to published lists of the names of the missing so that anyone with knowledge of their whereabouts or death could contact her. By the time the office closed in 1867, she had identified the fate of over 22,000 men.
"I have an almost complete disregard of precedent, and a faith in the possibility of something better. It irritates me to be told how things have always been done. I defy the tyranny of precedent." -Clara Barton (1821 to 1912)
Be one of the first 100 people to give $100 for the opening of the CBMSO. The Centennial Fund is an affordable way to leave a legacy for future generations in your name or a loved one. Clara Barton Centennial Fund


When Is National Indigenous Peoples Day?
The internet history of Indigenous Peoples Day
27th of November is National Indigenous Peoples Day
 First detected on the 28th of July 2015
 77,480 tweets
indigenous-peoples africans bushman indigenous
Is It Indigenous Peoples Day Today?
It's Indigenous Peoples day on the 27th of November.
The most recent detection of references to Indigenous Peoples Day was 4 months ago.
There were many celebrations relating to national holdiays written about on social media that our algorithms picked up on the 27th of November. In total we detected 53 total unique days being shared such as Indigenous Peoples Day which had 19,704 people talking about it, or Native American Heritage Day having 324 tweets.
How Is The Date For Indigenous Peoples Day Calculated?
The day shown for 'National Indigenous Peoples Day' is based off how much chitter-chatter and buzz there was on Nov. 27, 2020 across social media making references to 'Indigenous Peoples Day'. Our algorithms examine all of the references to National Days across social media and updates whatnationaldayisit.com hourly, with our homepage displaying the current national day, including others such as: Samuel Golbach, Physician Assistant or Organ Donation Day. This crowdsourcing of data method to assess the National Indigenous Peoples Day date is used as opposed to being connected with any Government sacntioned lists :D Hurrah for democracy by concensus!
I'd Like To Promote National Indigenous Peoples Day
We've put together the following resources full of nifty tips on how to increase the reach of Indigenous Peoples Day. The resources include: graphs, badges, and resources on what steps to take to boost Indigenous Peoples Day's visibility.
Can I Register Indigenous Peoples Day?
Is it National Indigenous Peoples Day Everywhere?
We're now tracking the sentiment around every mention of Indigenous Peoples day to show how people feel about Indigenous Peoples. See if people like Indigenous Peoples here.
We're detecting how Indigenous Peoples affects other things more widely than just being a celebrated day. See how Indigenous Peoples affects company share prices.
Hang On, It Was National Indigenous Peoples Day Already This Year..!?
Yes, this is strangely enough entirely possible. The date shown for National Indigenous Peoples Day can change, if for instance several hundred people tweeted about Indigenous Peoples Day in early April, then in May a few thousand people tweeted about Indigenous Peoples day, then the date shown for National Indigenous Peoples Day, could come up twice :D
We have also detected mentions of Indigenous Peoples day on;
Get The Badge
National Indigenous Peoples Day
It's Indigenous Peoples Day
On November 27th
WhatNationalDayIsIt's Daily Day Widget
National Indigenous Peoples Day, on the 27th of November
Other Days
National Single Day
National Boyfriend Day
National Signing Day
National Kiss Day
National Hug Day
National Boyfriends Day
National Nude Day
National Hugging Day
National Indigenous-Peoples Day
National Fitness Day
National Boss Day
National Radio Day
National Handwriting Day
National Sorry Day
National Super-Hero Day
National Nudes Day
National Boys-Hug-Girls Day
National Boyfriend-Girlfriend Day
National Hoe Day
National Relationship Day
National Mustache Day
National Flannel Day
National Tattoo Day
National Squad Day
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For people who wish to promote National Indigenous Peoples Day, we've put together the following resources.
See also: How do Indigenous Peoples affect the share price of Apple, Facebook, Microsoft?
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Lang, Jiashan
My name is Jiashan Lang, an artist and have been creating dough figurines since childhood. It is my passion, a natural part of who I am. The figurines started during the Song Dynasty over 1000 years ago. My grandfather, Lang Shao'an, is the one who has brought this art back to life. It has been a family heirloom since then. My father and grandfather dedicated their lives to promoting intangible cultural heritage, and now I aim to do the same. My purpose is to promote cultural heritage around the world. I am on a mission to introduce this beautiful art to everyone; it carries so much history, and is too beautiful to be lost. The figurines represent different people and different scenes. All of which are based on historical events, displaying individual people's lives in ancient times, or based on ancient Chinese literature. They preserve history and lore passed down through the ages.


Lateral force of water on the walls of a tank
 1. I want to build a plywood fish tank 16' long x 4' wide x 3.5' high. I need to know how to calculate the lateral force at any point on the walls in order to build with strong enough lumber to support the lateral pressure and also the weight pushing down. I know that one gallon weighs 8.345 lbs. and one cubic foot has 7.48 gallons, so it's not too difficult to calculate the weight pushing down. The lateral force is where comes the problem.
 2. jcsd
 3. A.T.
 A.T. 5,619
 Gold Member
 You don't have a force acting at a point, you have a pressure:
 pressure = depth * gravitational_acceleration * water_density
 The force is the integral of pressure over an area of the wall. To get the total force, you can take the average pressure. Assuming a rectangle:
 pressure_avg = 0.5 * total_depth * gravitational_acceleration * water_density
 force_total = wall_area * pressure_avg
 But the force is not evenly distributed. The wall must be stronger at the bottom.
 Last edited: Feb 27, 2012
 4. I think that the formula is to calculate the average pressure pushing down on the floor, not any point on the wall which will decrease as you go up the wall.
 5. A.T.
 A.T. 5,619
 Gold Member
 This applies to any point at the wall (depth = depth of the point):
 pressure = depth * gravitational_acceleration * water_density
 6. So let me see if I got this correctly. If I have a tank that is 16' x 4' x 3.5 ' and I want to know the pressure at a point that is at 3' below the top of any of the four walls, then I would calculate the following: 3' x 32 ft/sec/sec x 62.22 lb/cubic foot = 5973 pounds.
 Is that correct? Is it 5973 lb/square foot or per square inch or is it on an area the size of a pencil point?
 7. Pressure = height times density
 Pressure = 3 feet x 62 lb/cu ft = 186lbs/sq ft
 So it's like, roughly, somebody standing on a patch 1 ftx 1ft
 [the formula in the previous posts above has the wrong units....]
 Last edited: Feb 27, 2012
 8. The formula in the previous posts is correct if we are using the usual definition of density, which is mass per unit volume. It will give correct results if we are using SI units, or any other absolute system of units.
 Your formula is only correct if we define density as weight per unit volume. It will work in a system where "pound" is used both as a unit of mass and of force, so it's better suited to jimhebert's needs.
 To jimhebert: you have worked out how to calculate the total weight on the floor of the aquarium. Divide this by the area of the floor in feet and you will get the pressure, in pounds per square foot. The pressure at a point on the wall just near the floor will be almost the same as this. The pressure on a point halfway up the wall will be half this pressure and the pressure at the very top will be zero.
 9. No, I haven't calculated the total weight on the floor. The way to do that would have been 16x4x3.5 = 224 cu.ft.
 Then 224x62.22 lb/cu.ft = 13,937 lbs. Total
 Therefore, 13937 divided by the area of the floor (64) =218 lb/sq ft.
 So based on the last part of your explanation, the lateral force pushing out from a point 2 feet deep 2/3.5 x 218 = 125 pounds/sq ft.
 Those are the correct units as far as the math is concerned, but not the correct units for for the answer to the problem. The answer has to be in pounds.
 10. The pressure in a fluid at depth [itex]z[/itex] from the surface is [itex]P(z) = \rho g z[/itex], where [itex]\rho[/itex] is the density of the fluid, and [itex]g[/itex] is the acceleration due to gravity.
 The get the total force on a surface, the pressure would need to be integrated across the surface.
 [tex]F = \int \limits_S P da[/tex]
 For a vertical surface (like a wall of the tank) the force is:
 [tex]F_{wall} = \int \limits_S P da =\rho g \int_0^w \int_0^h z dz dx [/tex]
 [tex]F_{wall} = \frac{1}{2} \rho g w h^2[/tex]
 where [itex]w[/itex] is the width of the wall and [itex]h[/itex] is the height of the wall. For the base:
 [tex]F_{base} = \int \limits_S P da =\rho g h \int_0^w \int_0^l dy dxl[/tex]
 [tex]F_{base} = m g[/tex]
 where [itex]m[/itex] is the total mass of the fluid.
 To get from mass to weight, replace [itex]m g[/itex] with the weight (i.e. pounds) and replace [itex]\rho g[/itex] with the weight density (i.e. pounds/foot^3).
 11. boneh3ad
 boneh3ad 1,658
 Gold Member
 You have the total weight right, but you still aren't getting the lateral force right. At a given depth, the pressure on the wall at that point is:
 [tex]P = \rho g h[/tex]
 [itex]P[/itex] is pressure (force per area)
 [itex]\rho[/itex] is density (mass per volume)
 [itex]g[/itex] is the acceleration due to gravity (length per time per time)
 [itex]h[/itex] is depth (length)
 You have to make sure that since you insist on using Imperial units, that your units remain consistent. If you are taking your density in pounds per cubic foot, that is essentially the [itex]\rho g[/itex] term.
 Now, that gives you the pressure at a given depth. Force is pressure times area, but you know that the pressure varies with depth, so you have to integrate through the depth to get the total force.
 [tex]dF = P\;dA = P\;dx\;dh[/tex]
 [itex]dA[/itex] is a differential area
 [itex]dx[/itex] and [itex]dh[/itex] are differential lengths that describe the area [itex]dA[/itex]
 Now let's say the x-direction just the other coordinate for a given wall. You need to integrate the pressure over the area of the wall to get the force.
 [tex]F = \int\limits_0^D \int\limits_0^W \rho g h\;dx\;dh[/tex]
 [itex]F[/itex] is force
 [itex]D[/itex] is the total depth
 [itex]W[/itex] is the width of the side
 and the rest have already been defined.
 For vertical, rectangular walls, this simplifies to:
 [tex]F = \rho g W \int\limits_0^D h\;dh[/tex]
 [tex]F = \rho g W \left[\frac{h^2}{2}\right]_0^D[/tex]
 So, that leaves you with:
 [tex]F = \frac{\rho g W D^2}{2}[/tex]
 Just make sure your units are consistent.
 Looks like Jasso beat me to it. Just see whose description makes more sense to you, haha.
 Last edited: Feb 27, 2012
 12. Jasso and boneh3ad have given the formula for calculating the total force on one side. In your case, since you're using imperial units (pounds for both mass and force), the [itex]\rho g[/itex] term is 62.42 lb per cubic foot. So, for example, the total force on one of the longer walls would be:
 62.42 x 16 x 3.52/2 lb ≈ 6117 lb
 But remember that that force is spread over the whole side, and not evenly spread: there is more pressure at the bottom than at the top.
 13. Is it correct to say that the total force acting on the upper rectangular section of one of the 16' walls that is 2'


Manual uploads
When testing your preview feed, if you are using the push method for uploading your data, you can test various feed elements by manually uploading data files. This is particularly useful as you prepare to automate your data delivery.
To manually upload data files:
 1. Access the Transit Partner Dashboard.
 2. Select your feed.
 3. Click Realtime Feeds.
 4. Scroll down to Manual Feed Upload.
 5. Click Select File.
 6. Choose the file(s) you want to manually upload
 7. Click Upload.
Manual upload is a tool used during the review and testing phase. If you don't have the resources to create a realtime feed but want to provide us with service alerts, use our Service Alerts Editor.
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The Settlers (Die Siedler, Serf City: Life is Feudal)
Дата выхода 1 декабря 1993
Платформа Amiga
Издатель Blue Byte
Разработчик Blue Byte
Жанр Стратегия, Симулятор жизни, Менеджер
Игроков 1
Кооператив Нет
Описание The Settlers
The Settlers (also known as Serf City: Life is Feudal, original German title Die Siedler) is a slow-paced strategy video game by Blue Byte Software, released in 1993 for Commodore Amiga and in 1994 for the PC. The player is tasked with building a medieval settlement populated by an army of workers, each of whom perform their own individual task. The player competes against computer controlled opponents or another human player for supremacy of the land and resources.
The Settlers на других платформах


text:
Calculation of Pump Lift in Special Pipeline for Cooling Tower
Author：Trlon Views: Time:2020-11-11
The calculation of the pump head of the special pipe for cooling tower should be the system resistance (the sum of the resistance of pipes, fittings, and condenser), the height difference between the water level of the cooling tower's catchment plate and the cooling tower water distributor, the required pressure composition of the cooling tower water distributor, and Additional 5%-10% margin. The mistake that designers often make is to calculate the height difference of the system as soon as they see the open system. Although the cooling tower is an open system, because the cooling tower comes with a water collecting pan, which is equivalent to a water tank on the roof, this part of the hydrostatic pressure is offset by the static pressure required for the rise of the water supply pipe, so it only needs to be included in the cooling tower chassis and cloth The height difference of the water pipe is fine.
Take the cooling tower of an air-conditioning project as an example: 2 water pumps + 2 cooling towers are connected in parallel, with a design flow of 400t/h and a head of 40m. The following problems are encountered during debugging: When a single pump is running, if the pump outlet valve opening is greater than 30%, the pump will vibrate violently, the pressure gauges before and after the pump will be bounced, and the ammeter of the power distribution cabinet will be bounced: if the pump outlet valve is less than 25 %, the water pump can basically operate stably, the ammeter shows 90A. After calculation, when the current is 90A, the pump flow is assumed to be 400t/h, and the efficiency is 70%, and the head is about 17m. The designer probably includes the height difference between the cooling tower and the water pump into the head, so the pump head is larger. Times. Fortunately, the valve is opened too small, otherwise the pump may burn the motor.
Let's look at another situation: In actual engineering, due to many reasons, cooling towers are not allowed on the roof of the building, and the condenser is set up at a high place, forming the system shown in Figure 5.
In this system, when the water pump stops running, the cooling water in the pipeline returns to the tower to form a vacuum, resulting in a siphon and backflow, and the water collecting pan of the cooling tower will overflow. Certain measures are generally taken during design, such as installing a vacuum break valve at the top of the cooling water pipe, as shown in Figure 6. Or set a vent pipe at the top, as shown in Figure 7. The article "Hydraulic Analysis when the Cooling Tower is in the Bottom of the System" in the fourth issue of "HVAC" in 2003 proposed that when the system height is too high, an electric valve should be installed at the inlet of the cooling tower to prevent the water from flowing out when the system stops running. The author thinks that it is not convenient and simple as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Let's analyze Figure 7 below. First, suppose that the resistance of section ab is hab, the resistance of section bc is hbc, the pump lift is H, and the required outlet water pressure of the cooling tower is hlq.
The first case: h2=hbc+hlq, the pump lift of the pipeline only needs to overcome the height difference between the resistance of the ab section and ab, that is, H=hab+h1+h2. At this time, the height of the snorkel h3 can be 0, this Is an ideal situation.
The second case: when h2 hbc+hlq-h2, water will not flow out of the snorkel.
The third case: h2>hbc+hlq, the pump head only needs to overcome the height difference between the resistance of ab section and ab, the head H=hab+h1+h2, h3=0. However, a large amount of air is mixed in the effluent water of the cooling tower, and the pump lift is wasted, which increases the power consumption, which is not an economical way. In summary, the first situation is rare, the second situation is common, and the third situation should be avoided as much as possible. In order to make the system operate normally and economically, the height of the system should not be too high. Detailed calculations should be made during the design. When the third situation occurs, it can be avoided by increasing the resistance of section bc.


text:
Leila Walker, Ann Logan
01 January 2008
The purpose of this report is to provide educators working within primary, secondary, further and higher education with a guide to how learner voice is currently being used to shape policy and practice in education. Case studies have been chosen to illustrate the potential impact learner voice can make across the UK's education sectors. Although the case studies provided are from different sectors – we would encourage readers to explore the methods and activities used in each, as these may offer new perspectives that you may wish to consider in your own context. In addition, the report discusses how digital technology may be used to advance learner voice initiatives by enabling greater learner-driven practice, as well as engaging all learners, particularly those who are typically under-represented.
The main aims of this report are:
- To summarise the evidence from research, policy and practice for the promotion of learner voice engagement across the primary, secondary, further (FE) and higher (HE) sectors of education.
- To highlight current learner voice practice and the need to enhance the process.
- To outline the potential role of digital technologies to empower all learners to have their say.
- To provide useful guidance on developing learner voice activities.
- To provide a directory of resources to engage learner voice across the education sectors.


text:
(a) Bithional added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties and to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin
(b) Tincture of iodine, iodine tincture, or weak iodine solution is an antiseptic. It is usually 2–7% elemental iodine, along with potassium iodide or sodium iodide, dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water. Tincture solutions are characterized by the presence of alcohol.
(c) Sodium benzoate - is a food preservative
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text:
The Bucks County Reading Olympics inspires kids to become lifelong readers. Since 1993, the Reading Olympics has been motivating students in Bucks County to read and discuss books. The purpose of this event is to encourage children to read more than they currently do, to read a greater variety of books, and to enjoy the excitement of reading and talking about books. The team format encourages students to share the challenge of reading the selection of books with their friends.
The Reading Olympics competition is the culmination of the program that has teams of students reading books from a prepared list for several months prior to the final event. Each team consists of 8 to 16 students who agree to read from groups of 45 books appropriate for their age and reading level. The book lists are prepared the previous year by interested teachers and librarians.
During the competition evening, all teams participate in three rounds of questioning. Teams are never eliminated. At the culmination of theevent, all students receive a ribbon, determined by the number of points their team earned during the evening. More than 700 volunteerswork as moderators, scorekeepers and team leaders during the competition. This collaboration and cooperation among so manyindividuals is amazing. Librarians, teachers, parents, students,district staff and even spouses all contribute to making this event asuccess. The founding team of organizations--the Bucks County Free Library, the Bucks County Intermediate Unit, and the Central BucksSchool District--is very proud of the spirit of collaboration that this event has inspired.
The planning committee feels that the real value of the Reading Olympics is in the preparation. Teachers and librarians volunteer to lead the teams in their own buildings.There is a great deal of flexibility as to how the program is run locally, but all involved have the same objective in mind - to get kids reading! The Reading Olympics provides an incentive and framework to read a variety of books. The event also encourages youngsters to share their ideas during discussions at the individual schools. One of the most rewarding aspects of this "Celebration of Reading" is that not only outstanding readers are included. Many students from a variety of classes have met the challenge of reading with their classmates.
Please contact us for more information!


text:
Flow-based enzymatic synthesis of melatonin and other high value tryptamine derivatives: a five-minute intensified process†
To increase the uptake of biocatalytic processes by industry, it is essential to demonstrate the reliability of enzyme-based methodologies directly applied to the production of high value products. Here, a unique, efficient, and sustainable enzymatic platform for the multi-gram synthesis of melatonin, projected to generate around 1.5 billion U.S. dollars worldwide by 2021, and its analogues was developed. The system exploits the covalent immobilization of MsAcT (transferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis) onto agarose beads increasing the robustness and longevity of the immobilized biocatalyst. The fully-automated process deriving from the integration between biocatalysis and flow chemistry is designed to maximize the overall yields (58–92%) and reduce reaction times (5 min), overcoming the limitation often associated with bioprocesses and bridging the gap between lab scale and industrial production.


text:
Banded Coral Shrimp
The Banded Coral Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus is a decapod crustacean, resembling shrimp. It is classified in the infraorder Stenopodidea. More familiar names for this species include Banded Boxer Shrimp, Banded Prawn, Coral Banded Shrimp and Barber-pole Shrimp. This crustacean looks like a shrimp and even shares the common name shrimp, however, it is not truly shrimp.
The shrimp-like crustacean is less than an inch long with red bands wrapping his body, and long, white antennae upon his head. To defend itself from predators, its body is covered with short, sharp spines.
Decapods use their tail to move backwards very quickly to escape danger. Unlike true shrimp that dwell on muddy bottoms to feed, the banded coral shrimp are much cleaner and prefer to dwell in openings in the reef as well as sponges. The crustacean is a popular aquarium pet because of its cleaning reputation. It is capable of removing dead tissue, and algae and parasites from other comrade fish in the tank.
The banded coral shrimp are often found hanging upside down on rocks and shells in anchialine pools and on coral reefs.


Class: ClassificationEnsemble
Classification edge by resubstitution
edge = resubEdge(ens)
edge = resubEdge(ens,Name,Value)
edge = resubEdge(ens) returns the classification edge obtained by ens on its training data.
Input Arguments
A classification ensemble created with fitensemble.
Name-Value Pair Arguments
Indices of weak learners in the ensemble ranging from 1 to NumTrained. resubEdge uses only these learners for calculating edge.
Default: 1:NumTrained
String representing the meaning of the output edge:
 - 'ensemble'edge is a scalar value, the loss for the entire ensemble.
 - 'individual'edge is a vector with one element per trained learner.
 - 'cumulative'edge is a vector in which element J is obtained by using learners 1:J from the input list of learners.
Default: 'ensemble'
Output Arguments
Classification edge obtained by ens by resubstituting the training data into the calculation of edge. Classification edge is classification margin averaged over the entire data. edge can be a scalar or vector, depending on the setting of the mode name-value pair.
The edge is the weighted mean value of the classification margin. The weights are the class probabilities in ens.Prior.
The classification margin is the difference between the classification score for the true class and maximal classification score for the false classes. Margin is a column vector with the same number of rows as in the matrix ens.X.
Score (ensemble)
For ensembles, a classification score represents the confidence of a classification into a class. The higher the score, the higher the confidence.
Different ensemble algorithms have different definitions for their scores. Furthermore, the range of scores depends on ensemble type. For example:
 - AdaBoostM1 scores range from –∞ to ∞.
 - Bag scores range from 0 to 1.
Find the resubstitution edge for an ensemble that classifies the Fisher iris data:
load fisheriris
ens = fitensemble(meas,species,'AdaBoostM2',100,'Tree');
edge = resubEdge(ens)
edge =
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text:
Big Boats Up The River
Students will practice addition skills using information about ships visiting the Port of Albany on the Hudson River estuary.
Students will solve problems that require them to:
- read and interpret data from a table;
- add strings of single digit numbers to compare use of the Port of Albany by different vessels;
- recognize that ships play a role in transportation and commerce in the Hudson Valley.
Elementary (Grades 2-3)
Math, Social Studies (Geography)
New York State Learning Standards:
Mathematics, Science, & Technology Standards 1, 2, 3
Social Studies Standard 3
- Interpret data from a table.
- Add using single digit whole numbers.
- Apply mathematics in real world settings.
- Reason mathematically.
Preparation time: 5 minutes
Activity time: 20 minutes
Each student should have:
- Worksheet: Big Boats Up The River (PDF) 190 KB
The Port of Albany is the destination of many vessels seen on the Hudson. The largest grain export elevator east of the Mississippi loads ships with grain brought to Albany by rail. A few loads of molasses come in each year, to be mixed with grain to produce feed for livestock. Road salt also arrives by ship. Scrap metal is shipped out of Albany, as is wood pulp. Heavy equipment - windmill blades, generators, and turbines - enters and leaves the port on heavy lift vessels. Containers are barged between Albany and New York Harbor.
While oil is not included in data on cargoes handled at the Port of Albany (the tank farms located in the area are privately owned), gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, and other petroleum products are - by volume and value - the most important cargos on the Hudson River. Tankers and tanker barges bring oil to Albany, and carry ethanol, brought in by rail, to refineries elsewhere in the Northeast, where it is blended into gasoline. Likewise not included in the port data are the frequent shipments of gypsum brought by ship to a wallboard (sheetrock) factory in Rensselaer, across from Albany.
- Discuss the kinds of ships and cargoes seen on the Hudson.
- Go over the worksheet with the class, or assign as in-class work or homework.
- Have students share answers to questions from worksheet, or collect and grade sheets.
- Use other data from the table to make up similar problems for quiz.
Vocabulary List and Answer Key:
Available in the pdf version of this teacher's section and in the package that bundles all of the readings.
- Information about the Port of Albany is available from the Albany Port District Commission. Use the Offsite links on the right side of this page to visit the Albany Port District Commission's website.
- Line drawings and descriptions of types of ships seen on the Hudson and New York Harbor can be viewed using the links leaving DEC's website on the right side of this page.


text:
The aim of this chapter is to reconstruct the regulatory framework concerning the prevention of psychosocial risks (PSRs) in the context of the European Union law and to assess its effectiveness.The analysis retraces the references to this topic, from the first Health-and-Safety at Work action programme of 1978 to the Communication on the Modernisation of the EU Occupational Safety and Health Legislation and Policy published by the Commission in 2017. Specifically, it highlights how these references found their roots and were translated into EU law, both through hard law sources, as interpreted by the Court of Justice, and soft law regulatory instruments, issued by the EU institutions or the social partners at European level. In this reconstruction, the author points out how the key question underlying the development of the EU regulatory system in the field of PSRs does not concern the actual existence of a solid protection basis at hard law level – which can be properly identified within the 89/391/EEC directive as interpreted by the ECJ and the European Commission – but rather to the effectiveness of such protection and to the functionality of soft law in ensuring its implementation and detailing its content.
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text:
Under the general direction of the Grand Chief, the Circumpolar Relations Department has been established to monitor and address international and circumpolar issues that may affect the interests of Yukon First Nations peoples. The Circumpolar Relations office also hosts the permanent secretariat for the Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC) as well as managing the Northern Contaminants Program, the Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI) and climate change initiatives.
The Northern Contaminants Program was established in 1991 in response to concerns that contaminants were reaching the Canadian Arctic. During the first six years, research was focused on gathering the data required to determine the levels, geographic extent, and source of contaminants in the northern atmosphere, environment and its peoples. Monitoring in the Yukon has continued to show that our traditional foods are very safe to eat and highly nutritious. Today, the Circumpolar Relations unit continues to communicate results and monitor for new types of contaminants in the Yukon. For more information go to _URL_.
The Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI) is a partnership based national program of Environment Canada that supports action on shared priorities important to the conservation, protection and restoration of northern ecosystems and sustainability of northern communities. It has established four Partner-Issue Tables for four of the program priorities, climate change, contaminants, resource use and monitoring as well as an Advisory Committee for the fifth program priority, Capacity Building.
The Circumpolar Relations Unit took the comments given at the CYFN General Assembly in _PHONE_ and began work in the area of climate change. Specific work includes climate change impacts and adaptations as it relates to community health, human-environments and ecosystems, and the promotion of energy efficient technologies and the reduction green house gas emissions.
The Arctic Athabaskan Council continues to serve the CYFN as their Aboriginal representative organization for circumpolar and international affairs. The CYFN Circumpolar Relations' mandate is to ensure Yukon First Nations interests are effectively represented in the Arctic Council and other international environmental fora. For more information go to _URL_.
For more information please contact:


"Femicide is any form of violence exercised on women on the basis of an alleged male superiority, through both physical and psychological enslavement." This is the definition of a new term coined due to the growing number of acts of violence against the female gender.
But is this number really growing? Statistics confirm this: every two days in Italy a woman is killed by her partner, without taking into account all other types of non-domestic violence. From murder to rape, from stalking to verbal insult, the types of violence are numerous, but they all affect the victim both psychologically and physically.
The age range of executioners and victims vary, but generally the former are between 31 and 50 years old, while the latter, much younger, between 18 and 31. However, femicide is also increasing at the expense of older women, between 71 and 80 years old.
Although the phenomenon is so widespread and above all serious, the sentences received are not equivalent to the crime inflicted.
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What Is Considered Upper Class In The US?
What salary is considered upper class in NYC?
A household income of $2,000,000 is needed for an upper class lifestyle..
What is considered upper class in America?
What is considered rich in the US?
What percentage of Americans make over 100k?
Is 200k a year rich?
What are the 5 social classes?
What is high class salary?
The 2018 piece from Pew reported that, in 2016, the median income for the upper-income class was $187,872. While for the middle class, it was $78,442, and for the lower class, it was $25,624 (in 2016 dollars; figures reflect a three-person household).
What is top 5 percent income in US?
Is 500k a year rich?
What is the top 1%?
How much money does the average American have in the bank?
What is considered upper class 2019?
What is top 10 percent income in US?
Top 10% of individual earnings started at $125,105.00 in the United states in 2019.
Is 200k a good salary in NYC?
Is 500k a good salary in NYC?
$500,000 annually, even considering NYC expenses, would be rich, and closer to Top 1 Percent territory than Middle Class. Meaning one could live quite well on $500K.
Is 150k a good salary in NYC?
According to U.S. Census Bureau's 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the median individual income in New York City is $50,825. Inflation would bring this number a little higher, but not that much higher. So yes, 150k is a good salary in NYC even before bonus.
Is making 50k a year good?
What is a good net worth by age?
What percentage of Millennials make over 100k?
38%About 38% of millennials earning $100,000 a year or more think they're middle class, according to an INSIDER and Morning Consult survey. The survey polled 4,400 Americans — 1,207 of them identified as millennials, defined by the survey as people ages 22 to 37 (237 respondents did not select a generation).
Is 120000 per year a good salary?


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other ancient city of the same name see Ptolemais (Cyrenaica).
Not to be confused with Ptolemaiida.
Aerial view of Ptolemaida
Aerial view of Ptolemaida
Seal of Ptolemaida
Ptolemaida is located in Greece
Coordinates 40°31′N 21°41′E / 40.517°N 21.683°E / 40.517; 21.683Coordinates: 40°31′N 21°41′E / 40.517°N 21.683°E / 40.517; 21.683
Country: Greece
Administrative region: West Macedonia
Regional unit: Kozani
Municipality: Eordaia
Population statistics (as of 2011)[1]
Municipal unit
 - Population: 37,289
 - Area: 217.901 km2 (84 sq mi)
 - Density: 171 /km2 (443 /sq mi)
 - Population: 32,142
Postal code: 502 00
Telephone: 24630
Auto: KZ
Ptolemaida (Greek: Πτολεμαΐδα, Ptolemaïda, Katharevousa: Πτολεμαΐς, Ptolemaïs) is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Eordaia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.[2] It is known for its coal (lignite) mines and its power stations.
During the Ottoman period, the city was named Kaylar, rendered into English as Kailar;[3] this name was retained in Greek as Kailaria (Καϊλάρια) until 1927. Kailar refers to the Kayı tribe, the tribe of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. The modern name Ptolemaida was introduced by decree on January 20, 1927, honoring Ptolemy son of Lagus, a comrade-in-arms of Alexander the Great, and his daughter Ptolemaïs.[4] His statue stands in the central square of the city.
According to archaeologists, the Ptolemaida region has been occupied since 6000 BC.[5]
Neolithic times[edit]
Prehistoric jewelry found in Ptolemaida
Archaeologists, in November 2005, discovered the remains of two farming villages dating back to the Neolithic period. A press report notes that such farming villages were trading centres and had a "developed knowledge of metalworking".[5]
A golden necklace dating to roughly 4500 BC was discovered on February 16, 2006.[5] Associated Press reporter Costas Kantouris describes the item as a "flat, roughly ring-shaped [which] probably had religious significance and would have been worn on a necklace by a prominent member of society."[5]
Lately in the lake Zazari near Ptolemaida there were found 16 houses that belong in the Neolithic era due to archaaeologists. These houses were in the lake and were exposed because of the decreased water level of the lake. That particular small settlement gives information about the society and the people in the Neolithic era.
Ancient period[edit]
Ancient Greek ceramic plate from Ptolemaida
Ancient Macedonian grave in Ptolemaida
In the area of Ptolemaida many archeological findings have occurred in the last 30 years due to mining operations. Ceramic artifacts, dating to the 6th century BC have been found at two sites near Grevena and Ptolemaida. Archaeologists found the artifacts at two prehistoric farming settlements. Two Ancient Macedonian graves have also been found in the area of Ptolemaida, dated from the 5th century BC.
Byzantine Period[edit]
At various times, Ptolemaida was part of the Latin Empire, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Despotate of Epirus.[citation needed] The borders among the Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus are very uncertain.
Ottoman period[edit]
During the Ottoman period, Ptolemaida was called Kayılar, and it had two parts: Aşağı Kayılar and Yukarı Kayılar. Aşağı Kayılar was Bektaşi[citation needed] and Yukarı Kayılar was Rufai,[citation needed] Hanefi.[citation needed]
Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in Macedonia; their descendants were known as Konariotes.[citation needed] Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397, many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; their descendants may be recognized among the Beys or Muslim landowners in Kayılar.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 18th century, the Turkish population was quite considerable, but since that time it has continuously decreased. A low birth rate, the exhaustion of the male population by military service, and a large mortality from epidemics have brought about a decline which has lately been hastened by emigration. The Turkish rural population around Kayılar was mainly composed of Konariot shepherds.[citation needed] In the late 19th and early 20th century, Ptolemaida was part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Ptolemaida was taken by Greek forces on October 15, 1912.
The municipal library
Ptolemaida's football club is called "Eordaikos" (Greek: Εορδαϊκός). Other teams include AE Ptolemaidas. Ptolemaida has schools, lyceums, gymnasia, churches, banks, a post office, a train station (Kozani - Florina), a police station, a water tower, and squares (plateies). There is the potential of a university being established by the state in the near future. The Anthropological and Folklore Museum is based in the town.
Lignite mine of Ptolemaida
Ptolemaida is a highly industrialized area. The four power plants in this area produce 70% of Greece's electrical power, using the large local deposits of lignite as fuel. The plants are owned by the Public Power Corporation (DEI), the major employer in the city. The plant was dedicated by the prime minister of Greece at that time, Constantine Karamanlis. The other two are in Amyntaio in Florina regional unit and in Agios Dimitrios.
Askio mountain near the city
The city, situated in the middle of the Eordaia plain of Western Macedonia, has a humid continental climate. Summers can be hot with thunderstorms in unsettled spells, whereas winters are among the coldest in Greece. It was here that the absolute low temperature record of Greece was recorded (−27.8 °C (−18 °F) on 27 January 1963).
The current Municipality of Ptolemaida is constituted by the city of Ptolemaida and 12 small communities which all together cover an extent of 2.179 square kilometres (0.841 sq mi). At the 2001 census, the population of the city was 30,017 residents. The total population of the municipality in 2011 was 45,450 residents.
Year Community Municipal unit Municipality
1940 7,719 - -
1951 8,816 - -
1961 12,747 - -
1971 16,588 - -
1981 22,109 - -
1991 25,125 32,775 -
2001 30,017 36,393 -
2011[1] 32,142 37,283 45,450
The city lies in the valley of Eordaia, between the Askio mountains to the southwest and the Vermio mountains to the northeast. It is located north of Kozani, east of Kastoria, south of Florina, and south-west of Edessa. Since the 1960s, GR-3/E65 has bypassed it to the east. It is the seat of the province of Eordia.
 Florina Filotas - Amyntaio Edessa
 Kastoria Brosen windrose.svg Veroia - Naousa
 Neapoli - Siatista & Grevena Kozani Velventos - Servia
Ethnic groups[edit]
A substantial proportion of Ptolemaida's residents are Pontic Greek from Sourmene or Sürmene, Turkey[citation needed] or their descendants. These were refugees from Asia Minor who first arrived in Macedonia during the 1920s as a result of the population exchange according to the Treaty of Lausanne. The original inhabitants of the neighbouring villages were of Slavic extraction who had settled the


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose I'm instructing people to learn Chinese kungfu and I ask them to look at the direction, downward and forward(it's the movement of their eyes).
If I want to say "look forward and look downward at the same time", can I express it in the following way?
"look forward and downward."
I don't know if it's natural in English. If not, how should we say? Thank you in advance.
share|improve this question
Perhaps look straight down. Hmm, that doesn't sound quite right. – Damkerng T. Dec 17 '13 at 9:13
You might be interested in our related site: English Language Learners – Matt Эллен Dec 17 '13 at 9:14
Thank you. But can I say "look down in front of you" or " the flying insect is straight down (as you said) – longxianchen Dec 17 '13 at 9:29
I think straight down often implies below your feet (if you were standing). – chaosamoeba Mar 11 at 18:09
1 Answer 1
You can use either "look forward" or "look downward" in English but the instruction "look forward and downward" is a little confusing because the directions are considered somewhat different from each other.
Another complicating factor is the idiom, "forward and upward" which isn't directly related to physical directions. If you were to say "forward and downward" many people would associate the phrase with the idiom and assume you were invoking some form of wordplay.
The alternative you mention in the comments is much more clear:
Look down in front of you.
This is a relatively common expression and means exactly what you want it to mean. You can also omit "down":
Look in front of you.
Most English speakers will look slightly ahead of themselves and then scan downward looking for the intended object.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text: Calcium-dependent release of vasoactive gliotransmitters is widely assumed to trigger vasodilation associated with rapid increases in neuronal activity. Inconsistent with this hypothesis, intact stimulus-induced vasodilation was observed in inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) type-2 receptor (R2) knock-out (KO) mice, in which the primary mechanism of astrocytic calcium increase-the release of calcium from intracellular stores following activation of an IP3-dependent pathway-is lacking. Further, our results in wild-type (WT) mice indicate that in vivo onset of astrocytic calcium increase in response to sensory stimulus could be considerably delayed relative to the simultaneously measured onset of arteriolar dilation. Delayed calcium increases in WT mice were observed in both astrocytic cell bodies and perivascular endfeet. Thus, astrocytes may not play a role in the initiation of blood flow response, at least not via calcium-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, an increase in astrocytic intracellular calcium was not required for normal vasodilation in the IP3R2-KO animals.


How to delete a module from Vtiger CRM (5.0.4. to 6.x)
~ 0 min
12-05-2015 04:54
Here I am showing an example of how to delete a module named as testModule from Vtiger 5.0.4.
Simply deleting the files from modules folder associated with a particular module won't delete it completely. But deleting the files is also required. The best way to realize that is, try to reinstall the module, you will get the message that the module exists. In order to delete a module follow the steps given below.
Create a file named delete_testModule.php and put it in the root directory of Vtiger CRM.
Paste the following code into that file delete_testModule.php:
 $Vtiger_Utils_Log = true;
 $module = Vtiger_Module::getInstance('testModule');
Execute the file delete_testModule.php. Once it is done delete the files associated with the testModule from modules folder in the root directory.
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