(1859 - 1939)
George Elbert Burr (1859–1939) was an American printmaker and painter best known for his etchings and drypoints of the desert and mountain regions of the American West.
Burr was born in 1859 in Monroe Falls, Ohio. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago for one winter, his only formal artistic training. Nevertheless, he enjoyed early success as a commercial artist, providing illustrations for Harper's, Scribner's Magazine, Frank Leslie's Weekly, and The Cosmopolitan. In 1892, he began a four-year project illustrating a catalog of Heber R. Bishop's collection of jade antiquities for the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. This project, which involved producing etchings of over a thousand artifacts, paid well enough for Burr to embark on an extended tour of Europe with his wife upon its completion. Over the next five years, as they traveled in Italy, Germany, and the British Isles, Burr amassed sketches and watercolors that would provide the source material for his copperplate etchings of European scenes.
A few years after his return to the United States, an attack of the flu prompted Burr to move to Denver for the benefit of his health. It was there, during summers spent in a cabin studio in a steep wooded canyon with panoramic views of the Rocky Mountains, that Burr began to concentrate on the work that made him famous. In 1924 the artist settled in Phoenix, Arizona, where he would remain for the rest of his life. This change of scenery gave him the opportunity to round out his oevure of Western landscapes with expansive views of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts.
Today George Elbert Burr is widely considered to be one of the finest of the early 20th century American etchers. His prints are in a number of prominent collections including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the British Museum, the French National Print Collection, Luxembourg Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, the New York Public Library and the Congressional Library in Washington, D.C.
Seeber, Louise Combes (1971). George Elbert Burr, _PHONE_; catalogue raisonné and guide to the etched works with biographical and critical notes. Flagstaff, Ariz: Northland Press. ISBN 0-87358-067-2.
External links
George Elbert Burr on Artnet
George Elbert Burr at the Smithsonian American Art Museum
George Elbert Burr Papers at the Denver Public Library
Works by George Elbert Burr at Davidson Galleries
Source: Wikipedia
Contributed by Anonymous


HDL Coder
OFDM Receiver with 512-Point Serial FFT
This example shows how to use HDL Coder™ to check, generate, and verify HDL code for a 512-point complex serial FFT block built using the MATLAB Function blocks and Simulink® blocks.
This model implements a simple OFDM transmitter and receiver. The OFDM receiver part contains a 512-point Radix-2 complex FFT to convert signal back to the frequency domain. There are two FFT implementations in this model:
 - The Behavioral FFT block is the complex FFT block in DSP System Toolbox™ library. It calculates a 512-point vector input each sample and works at a sample rate of 512.
 - The FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial block implements a serialized, streaming I/O FFT block using the MATLAB Function blocks and Simulink blocks and is suitable for hardware. This implementation accepts streaming complex input data and generates streaming complex results continuously after the initial pipelining latency.
The results of the two FFT implementations are shown to be equal after matching the initial pipelining latency.
Additional Requirements:
 - Communications System Toolbox
 - DSP System Toolbox
% To open this model, run the following commands:
modelname = 'hdlcoder_ofdm_fft_eml';
Serial FFT Block Specification
 - Cooley-Tukey Radix-2 Serialized FFT
 - Complex input, complex output
 - Streaming input, streaming output
 - Decimation in time
 - 512 point
 - Bit width: 12 bits
 - Initial pipelining latency: 1298 clock cycles
 - Input ports:
 - enable -> enable signal indicates the first valid input data
 - data_in -> streaming input data
 - Output ports:
 - data_en -> enable signal indicates the first valid output data
 - data_out -> streaming output data
 - index_out -> index of output data
The serialize block generates the streaming input data for the FFT block. The original 512-point vector input is converted to one data point per sample by the Unbuffer block.
open_system([modelname '/serialize']);
In the deserialize block, the streaming output of the serial FFT block is converted back to a 512-element vector at the sample rate of 512 by the Buffer block.
open_system([modelname '/deserialize']);
Bit Reversal
This FFT block implements the Decimation-in-Time FFT algorithm which requires bit reverse-ordered input data. So the natural-ordered input data will pass through the stage Start_BitReverse in the beginning.
open_system([modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial/Serialized_FFT']);
Serial FFT Stages
The serial FFT block is composed of log2(512)= 9 stages of radix-2 butterfly units. These FFT stages are pipelined and connected in tandem.
open_system([modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial/Serialized_FFT/FFT_Stages']);
The following picture shows a typical 8-point FFT with 3 (log2(8)) stages. Each stage uses 4 (8/2) butterfly units. A serial FFT implemented in this model uses only one butterfly resource for each stage of implementation.
FFT Stage
Each radix-2 FFT stage includes one radix-2 butterfly computing unit, memory blocks to cache the streaming data, a ROM to store the FFT twiddle factors, and control logic implemented in MATLAB Function blocks. The memory size of each stage equals the Stage Number.
open_system([modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial/Serialized_FFT/FFT_Stages/FFT_Stage5']);
The radix-2 FFT butterfly algorithm is implemented in MATLAB file hdlcoder_serial_fft_butterfly.m on the MATLAB® path. All the Butterfly_FFT2_Computing_Unit blocks call this function.
The Butterfly_FFT2_Computing_Unit block uses a right shift to scale down the result data after every FFT stage to avoid overflow. In this model the Scale variable is set to 1 to turn off the scaling.
function [fft2_x, fft2_y] = fcn(fft2_u, fft2_v, fft2_twiddle)
% FFT2 Computing Unit
% Scale down number for this stage. Need to be power of 2.
Scale = 1;
% Call function in MATLAB file hdlcoder_serial_fft_butterfly_scale.m on path
[x, y] = hdlcoder_serial_fft_butterfly(fft2_u, fft2_v, fft2_twiddle);
% scaling down by 2 for each FFT2 stage.
fft2_x = bitsra(x, log2(Scale));
fft2_y = bitsra(y, log2(Scale));
function [x, y] = hdlcoder_serial_fft_butterfly(u, v, twiddle)
% FFT2 butterfly block
% This function is used in hdlcoder_ofdm_fft_eml example model.
nt = numerictype(u);
fm = fimath(u);
% multiply twiddle and butterfly.
twv = fi(v * twiddle, nt, fm);
x = fi(u + twv, nt, fm);
y = fi(u - twv, nt, fm);
Check, Generate and Verify HDL
checkhdl( [modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial']);
makehdl( [modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial']);
makehdltb([modelname '/FFT_512Pt_EML_Serial']);
This concludes the OFDM Receiver with 512-Point Serial FFT example.


text:
I'm here to shed light on the captivating science behind Audacity plugins. These remarkable tools employ cutting-edge audio processing techniques, harness neural networks, utilize intricate mathematics for spectral analysis, employ advanced signal processing algorithms, and even delve into the fascinating world of psychoacoustic models.
With this article, we'll unravel the inner workings of Audacity plugins and empower you with a deeper understanding of how they work.
Get ready to take control over your audio creations like never before.
- 1 Understanding the Audio Processing Techniques in Audacity Plugins
- 2 Exploring the Neural Networks Used in Audacity Plugins
- 3 The Mathematics Behind the Spectral Analysis in Audacity Plugins
- 4 Unveiling the Signal Processing Algorithms in Audacity Plugins
- 5 Investigating the Psychoacoustic Models in Audacity Plugins
- 6 Conclusion
Understanding the Audio Processing Techniques in Audacity Plugins
Understanding the audio processing techniques in Audacity plugins is essential for improving sound quality. When evaluating the real-time performance of Audacity plugins, it is important to consider how they impact audio quality. These plugins use various algorithms and methods to modify and enhance audio signals. By examining their impact on audio quality, we can determine whether they are effective in achieving desired results.
Audacity plugins employ techniques such as equalization, compression, noise reduction, and reverb to enhance the sound. Equalization allows for adjustments in frequency response, enabling us to fine-tune specific elements of the audio. Compression helps control the dynamic range, ensuring that loud parts don't overpower quieter sections. Noise reduction algorithms remove unwanted background noise while preserving the clarity of the original signal.
Exploring the Neural Networks Used in Audacity Plugins
Diving into the neural networks used in Audacity plugins reveals their intricate design. These powerful tools employ complex neural network architectures to enhance audio processing capabilities. Here's a closer look at how these networks are designed and trained:
- Neural Network Architecture: The architecture of the neural networks used in Audacity plugins typically consists of multiple layers, including input, hidden, and output layers. Each layer contains a set of interconnected nodes that process and analyze audio data.
- Training Data Sources: To train these neural networks effectively, a diverse range of audio data is utilized. This can include recordings from various instruments, genres, and environments to ensure the plugin can adapt to different scenarios.
- Iterative Training Process: The training process involves repeatedly presenting the network with audio samples and adjusting its internal parameters based on the desired output. This iterative approach helps fine-tune the network's ability to accurately process audio signals.
- Continuous Improvement: Developers continually refine and improve these neural networks by incorporating user feedback and updating training data sources. This iterative cycle ensures that Audacity plugins deliver high-quality audio processing capabilities for users who desire precise control over their sound editing experience.
Further Reading – Unlocking Success: Launching a Lucrative Security Venture in Kentucky
The Mathematics Behind the Spectral Analysis in Audacity Plugins
The mathematics behind spectral analysis in Audacity plugins are crucial for accurately analyzing and processing audio data. These plugins employ advanced frequency analysis techniques to break down audio signals into their constituent frequencies. This allows users to gain insights into the different components of a sound, such as identifying specific harmonics or isolating noise sources.
Spectral manipulation algorithms in Audacity plugins enable precise control over the spectral content of audio signals. By manipulating the frequencies present in a sound, users can alter its timbre, remove unwanted noise, or enhance specific frequency ranges. This is achieved through techniques like filtering, equalization, and pitch shifting.
Understanding the mathematical principles behind these algorithms empowers users to have complete control over their audio processing workflows. By utilizing spectral analysis and manipulation techniques effectively, users can achieve professional-grade results when working with Audacity plugins.
Unveiling the Signal Processing Algorithms in Audacity Plugins
To truly grasp the power of audacity plugins, you need to delve into the signal processing algorithms at play. These algorithms are responsible for the real-time effects and audio restoration capabilities that make Audacity a popular choice among audio enthusiasts. Let's take a closer look:
- Examining the real-time effects: Audacity plugins utilize sophisticated signal processing algorithms to apply various effects in real time. Whether it's reverb, delay, or compression, these plugins analyze and modify the audio signals on-the-fly, allowing users to hear the changes instantly.
- Analyzing the audio restoration capabilities: Audacity plugins also excel in restoring damaged or low-quality audio recordings. By employing advanced algorithms like noise reduction and click removal, these plugins can effectively clean up unwanted artifacts and enhance the overall sound quality.
- Leveraging spectral analysis: Spectral analysis plays a crucial role in many Audacity plugins by providing detailed information about frequency content over time. This allows users to identify specific problem areas in an audio recording and apply targeted adjustments for better results.
- Harnessing adaptive filtering techniques: Some Audacity plugins use adaptive filtering techniques to dynamically adjust their parameters based on input signals. This enables precise control over parameters like equalization or dynamic range without sacrificing performance.
Investigating the Psychoacoustic Models in Audacity Plugins
Have you ever wondered how Audacity plugins utilize psychoacoustic models to enhance your audio recordings?
These plugins are designed to analyze the impact of Audacity plugins on audio quality and examine the role of human perception in Audacity plugin design.
Psychoacoustic models are based on our understanding of how humans perceive sound, allowing these plugins to optimize audio processing for maximum effectiveness.
By taking into account factors such as frequency masking and auditory masking, these models can intelligently shape the audio signal to enhance its quality while minimizing perceived artifacts.
Through careful analysis of psychoacoustic principles, Audacity plugins can provide a superior listening experience by ensuring that the processed audio remains natural and pleasing to the human ear.
Welcome to The Enlightened Era, where innovation meets futuristic technology. Explore a realm brimming with groundbreaking concepts and transformative ideas. With a focus on unlocking unprecedented potential, The Enlightened Era is your go-to platform for all things audacity plugins. Get ready to unleash the power of sound like never before, as we delve into The Science Behind Audacity Plugins.
In conclusion, the science behind audacity plugins is a complex web of audio processing techniques, neural networks, mathematical algorithms, and psychoacoustic models.
These plugins rely on advanced signal processing algorithms to manipulate sound, and use spectral analysis to understand the frequency content of audio.
Additionally, they harness the power of neural networks to enhance and modify audio in intelligent ways.
Understanding these underlying scientific principles helps us appreciate the technological sophistication behind Audacity plugins and their ability to transform our auditory experiences.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Lease or a licence? The Court will decide
What's the difference and why does it matter?
Whether you are the landlord or the tenant, it is important to know whether your arrangement is a lease or a licence as the rights and responsibilities for both vary depending on which it is. If there is a dispute as to whether it is a lease or a licence, the Court will decide based on the realities of the situation.
In a recent case, there was an agreement described as a licence, but in fact, it was a lease.
What's the difference?
Licence: Does not give the tenant a legal interest in the property itself. It's just a contract giving the tenant permission to use the property.
Lease: Does give the tenant a legal interest in the property, giving the tenant exclusive possession. If you are the tenant, this means you can exclude anyone else from the premises, even the
The Court will consider the parties intentions to decide whether it is a licence or lease. It asks what a reasonable person would think once presented with the objective facts?
The Court also considers the power dynamic of the parties, and will try to help the tenants where possible.
In the case above, the court decided that the business was availing of a lease.
The case highlights the importance of getting legal advice if there is any doubt about whether an agreement is a lease or a licence.
Photo Credit: by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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text:
The Human Compass
I've benefited so much from this idea cookbook that I felt I had to contribute something, so here is an idea for reading practice.
First, draw a line on the board going up and down and then a second line that intersects the first, going right to left. Make the end of each line an arrow, so it looks like a compass, with north, south, east, and west. Next, write a word or phrase that you want to practice next to each arrow.
Finally, have 2 students come forward and stand in front of the compass and words on the board. You can then call out one of the words or phrases and the first student to move their arm in the matching direction wins. For example, if 'computer' is at the north arrow and you call out "computer," the student who points up with their arm first gets a point. There are many other variations of this basic idea that you can use. Hope it works for you as well as it does for me.
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2008 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Stick Time: How Will You Choose to Listen?
The first of ACDA's seven divisional conferences takes place next week. For those fortunate enough to be able to attend, those events will provide a rich opportunity to listen, learn, and grow.
But here's a question: HOW will you choose to listen to the concerts? No, not "hear" the concerts... LISTEN. Remember, friends, hearing is passive, listening is active. We are professional conductors; part of why we get paid is to listen.
The possibilities for listening are limitless. Your listening may be influenced by countless factors, such as your training, the sort of choirs you work with, the musical challenges you are facing, or your own musical taste.
One wonders how fellow choral conductors at conferences (or any concert for that matter) listen. Are you listening just simply in the hunt for repertoire? Are you analyzing the overall sound with with thought of achieving a similar performance opportunity? Are you aiming toward improving some tightly defined area of your own choral product and are thus listening to that element in the performance?
Let's practice listening, shall we? The accompanying conference performance is a reasonable example of the sort of sounds you will hear at an ACDA event. Play the recording and LISTEN with one focus firmly in mind. It could be blend, vowel color & unification, tuning, articulation of text, the tone of a single section, releases, or any one of a hundred other things. What do you hear? What did you learn? How will it make your next rehearsal better?
Now... prepare to attend that conference. And LISTEN.


What Does It Mean If A Crow Attacks You?
Why do crows swoop at you?
As if magpies were not enough, crows are increasingly swooping passers by in efforts to protect their nests.
Australians know that spring time means they need to be wary of magpies attacks from above.
Swooping crows used to be very rare, but experts say they are becoming more and more common..
What is the meanest bird?
The cassowary is usually considered to be the world's most dangerous bird, at least where humans are concerned, although ostriches and emus can also be dangerous.Cassowary (Queensland, Australia). … A free ranging Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) at Etty Bay, north Queensland, Australia. … Cassowary.More items…
Do crows carry disease?
What is the myth about crows?
In Greek mythology, ravens are associated with Apollo, the god of prophecy. They are said to be a symbol of bad luck, and were the god's messengers in the mortal world. According to the mythological narration, Apollo sent a white raven, or crow in some versions to spy on his lover, Coronis.
Why would a bird attack me?
Can crows hurt you?
Could a crow actually hurt you? Crows are not really capable of violent attacks, they can't cut you up the way a hawk or an owl potentially could. All they're trying to do is make life unpleasant for you. They're defending space, they're defending food sources, they are defending their recently fledged young.
Do birds ever attack humans?
Bird attacks on humans are growing more common as people continue to encroach on bird nesting territory, wildlife experts warn. … So there are more bird-human interactions," she says. Most of the incidents arise when birds are trying to raise their young.
Do crows remember you?
Are crows good to have around?
Why would a crow attack a human?
Are crows a sign of good luck?
It is good luck if a blackbird makes a nest on your house. If you see 5 crows, sickness will follow; see 6 crows and death will follow.
Do crows follow humans?
Crows, as members of the corvid family, are highly intelligent creatures that make tools, recognize individual humans, and learn from one another. … The behavior isn't well studied, but limited evidence suggests corvids act differently around people they are familiar with.
Can crows sense death?
These results show that crows will avoid an area or thing that is deemed dangerous to their own species. In other words, they know what death is and know to fear it. … The study, published in the journal Animal Behaviour, was another in the line of research trying to better understand how animals respond to their dead.
Can birds kill you?
It's well known that cassowaries can be dangerous, and indeed together with ostriches [UPDATE: and chickens] they are the only birds known to have definitely killed humans*. … Serious injuries resulting from cassowary attacks are most likely to occur if the person is crouching or is lying or has fallen on the ground.
Are crows evil?
Being large and black, ravens and crows often figure prominently in the folklore and mythology of people throughout the world. Though occasionally they are portrayed as wise heroes, usually they are evil portents of misfortune.
Are crows afraid of humans?
Not only do crows scold dangerous people, but they include family members — and even strangers — into their mob. The hostile behaviour of crows within mobs allows naïve birds to indirectly learn about a dangerous person, and to also learn to associate that individual's face with danger and react accordingly.
Are crows good or bad omens?
What does it mean when u see 3 crows?
Modern usage. Stock market investors sometimes refer to a three crows as a pattern of successive declining stock prices over three days often identified by overlapping candlestick patterns. Three crows are often seen as a warning of a period of powerful selling pressure on the stock market.


text:
The previous two editions of the Security Sector Reform (SSR) Monitor: Timor-Leste have largely focused on policing issues and SSR policy respectively. The justice system should not be overlooked as a fundamental component of the security sector, however, in assessing SSR in Timor-Leste. In particular, the ongoing backlog of prosecution cases has an impact on policing authority on the ground and overall public trust in the rule of law system. With its focus on the justice system in Timor-Leste, this edition of the SSR Monitor will provide a brief background on the institutional development of the justice system to introduce the current context and discuss salient issues and future plans for the national justice system.
Timor-Leste's national justice system was effectively set up in 1999 and, understandably, remains in a developing state with immense obstacles to still be overcome. Improving access to the formal justice system, in particular, will be an important challenge, especially in remote communities that, due to the lack of police and judicial reach, often rely on various informal justice mechanisms.
Although many long-term challenges remain in establishing a credible, independent and effective justice system, signs of progress are recognizable. After several years of acute centralization and dysfunction, the recent approval of a comprehensive strategic planning framework for justice sector development represents a significant step forward for the justice sector. Indeed, a number of important issues are being addressed, with the potential to lead to positive changes for the long-term development of the justice sector.
Other positive signs include an increase in the number of national judicial actors conducting court proceedings, which should help address language issues, and efforts to improve the functioning of the district courts, which will provide better access to justice to those previously excluded from the formal justice system.


text:
1. Any one of numerous species of small gallinaceous birds of the genus perdix and several related genera of the family Perdicidae, of the old world. The partridge is noted as a game bird. Full many a fat partrich had he in mew. (Chaucer)
Among them are the bobwhite (colinus Virginianus) of the Eastern states; the plumed, or mountain, partridge (Oreortyx pictus) of California; the Massena partridge (Cyrtonyx Montezumae); and the California partridge (Callipepla Californica).
Origin: OE. Partriche, pertriche, OF. Pertris, perdriz, F. Perdrix, L. Perdix, -icis, fr. Gr.


text:
Friday 17 May
Mexican cantil (Agkistrodon bilineatus)
Mexican cantil fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Mexican cantil description
The Mexican cantil is a venomous pitviper that is greatly feared by humans throughout its range (2). Like all pitvipers, the Mexican cantil has a pair of heat-sensitive pits, located between the eye and nostril on each side of the head (2). Its body is a dark brown ground colour, overlaid with darker brown or black bands, often fringed with white or cream scales (2). Juvenile cantils usually possess more distinctive banding and brightly coloured tails, used to lure prey (2) (4).
The generic name, Agkistrodon, is derived from the Greek Ancistro,meaning 'hook', and odon, meaning 'tooth', referring to the hinged, hollow fangs of this species (2). The Mexican cantil has the longest fangs of any species within the Agkistrodon genus, growing to over one centimetre in length (2). The specific name, bilineatus, refers to the pair of striking pale stripes on each side of the head: bi-means 'two' and lineatus means 'lined' in Latin (2).
- Also known as
- cantil, Mexican moccasin.
- Cantil, Castellana. Top
International Reptile Conservation Foundation:
Amphibian and Reptile Conservation:
- Generic name
- The first of the two scientific names by which an animal is identified. An animal's scientific name is the same throughout the world, although it may have different common names in different countries and languages.
- A category used in taxonomy, which is below 'family' and above 'species'. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a 'binomial' Latin species name; the second part is the specific name.
- An animal with no backbone. Invertebrates include insects, crustaceans, worms, molluscs and spiders.
- Specific name
- The second of the two scientific names by which an animal is identified.
- A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.
- Animals with a backbone.
IUCN Red List (November, 2009)
- Campbell, J.A. and Lamar, W.W. (2004) The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Cornell University Press, New York.
- Parkinson, C.L., Zamudio, K.R. and Greene, H.W. (2000) Phylogeography of the pitviper clade Agkistrodon: historical ecology, species status, and conservation of cantils. Molecular Ecology, 9: 411-420.
- Greene, H.W. (1992) The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution. In: Campbell, J.A. and Brodie, E.D. (Eds.) Biology of the Pitvipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.
- Gloyd, H.K., and Conant, R. (1990) Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Bogert, C.M., and Oliver, J.A. (1945) A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 109: 1-238.
- Allen, E.R. (1949) Observations on the feeding habits of the juvenile cantil. Copeia, 1949(3): 225-226.
CITES (November, 2009)
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Mexican cantil biology
The diverse habitats occupied by the Mexican cantil throughout its range suggest it is a semi-aquatic species (2). Individuals have been recorded swimming in streams, marshes and even roadside ditches after nightfall, and the majority of evidence indicates that this species is primarily active at night (2). Adult cantils prey upon a variety of vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (2), and there is a single record of a treesnake being consumed (6). Juveniles lure potential prey by 'wiggling' the bright yellow tail as if to mimic an invertebrate, attracting frogs and lizards (2) (7).
The Mexican cantil gives birth to live young (2). Mating usually occurs between December and April, with individuals giving birth from June until August, during the rainy season (2). There are usually five to ten young in a litter, although extremes of three to twenty have been recorded (2).Top
Mexican cantil range
The Mexican cantil is comprised of three geographically distinct subspecies (2) (3). The subspecies Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus occurs along the Pacific coast of Central America, from southern Sonora, Mexico, through Guatemala to El Salvador (5). Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi is distributed throughout north-western Costa Rica and western Nicaragua, and has a limited range in El Salvador and Honduras (5). Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolusis found in northern Belize and the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (5).Top
Mexican cantil habitat
The Mexican cantil occurs in a vast range of habitats, including seasonally dry forest, tropical deciduous forest, tropical scrub forest and savanna (2). Habitat bordering rivers or streams is preferred, but it may also occur in grasslands and cultivated lands (1).Top
Mexican cantil status
Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Mexican cantil threats
Despite its extensive distribution throughout Central America, the Mexican cantil is one of the most endangered snakes in the Americas (2). This is due to the conversion of tropical forest and thorn scrub for agricultural purposes (5), combined with human persecution throughout its fragmented range (1). Populations have suffered declines of nearly 30 percent over the past 30 years and, sadly, populations continue to decrease today (1).Top
Mexican cantil conservation
The Mexican cantil occurs in two protected areas in Mexico: the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve and the Chamela Biological Station (1). The species is not currently afforded any protection from international trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (8).Top
Find out more
To learn about efforts to conserve snakes around the world see:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
More »Related species
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text: In another thread, I explained that it is easy to show that the function defined by f(x) = x, if x is rational; 0, if x is irrational, approaches 0 at 0 using epsilon-delta. However, I am stuck in trying to show that f does not approach any number at a if a =/= 0 using the epsilon-delta definition for limits (NOT the sequential definition, which I will learn soon). Assuming the fact that the rationals and irrationals are dense in the reals, it's easy to show that f does not approach any number near a for the function f(x) = 1, if x is rational; 0 if x is irrational. But when x is allowed to vary, I'm not sure which epsilon I should be choosing. I always end up with two sets of inequalities that do not seem to lead to a contradiction. Any hints are appreciated.


text:
Sir John Laurence Longland
Jack Longland came to the 1933 expedition as a 28-year-old rock climber of unparaleled reputation. On Everest he helped establish Camp VI at 27,400 feet (8350 m) before leading a party of porters down to Camp V in severe conditions.
Longland established his rock-climbing credentials at Cambridge University and climbed extensively in the Alps, particularly with Wager, with whom he also visited Greenland in 1935. Longland lectured in English at Durham University from 1930 to 1936 and became an influential figure in education, local government, and mountaineering circles. He was also Question Master of the BBC radio quiz My Word (1956–76).


Wharton Customer Analytics
Research Paper Series
Portfolio Dynamics for Customers of a Multi-Service Provider
Multi-service providers, such as telecommunication and financial service companies, can benefit from understanding how customers' service portfolios evolve over the course of their relationships. This can provide guidance for managerial issues such as customer valuation and predicting customers' future behavior, whether it is acquiring additional services, selectively dropping current services, or ending the relationship entirely.
In this research, we develop a dynamic hidden Markov model to identify latent states that govern customers' affinity for the available services through which customers evolve. In addition, we incorporate and demonstrate the importance of separating two other sources of dynamics: portfolio inertia and service stickiness. We then examine the relationship between state membership and managerially relevant metrics, including customers' propensities for acquiring additional services or terminating the relationship, and CLV.
Through a series of illustrative vignettes, we show that customers who have discarded a particular service may have an increased risk of canceling all services in the near future (as intuition would suggest), but also may be more prone to acquire more services, a provocative finding of interest to service providers. Our findings also emphasize the need to look beyond the previous period, as utilized in much current research, and consider how customers have evolved over their entire relationship in order to predict their future actions.
Keywords: Customer Relationship Management, Dynamic Hidden Markov Model, Customer Value


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Northern Lights may be blamed for Satnav cockups and GPS devices failures according to researchers from the University of Bath; adding to the already long list of potential excuses which also includes electric storms and dodgy onboard software.
The natural phenomenon, known as Aurora Borealis, apparently causes Satellite Navigation systems go berserk due to the fact that satellite signals, on which SatNav are reliant, are interrupted when passing through the Northern lights thereby causing the devices to display wrong readings.
The results, which were unveiled by scientists from the University of Bath, could have a major impact in the way satnav devices are designed and could prevent incidents where automated GPS navigation is critical.
Aurora Borealis is caused by particles that carry electric charges of up to 10 million megawatts hitting the Earth's atmosphere and causing the spectacular lights that have puzzled so many for so long.
"Anywhere that the aurora is visible, it will cause disruption [to the GPS system]," Professor Cathryn Mitchell, who headed the research process, told The Daily Telegraph
"Although most people in the UK can't see the aurora when it is happening, because of cloud or ambient light, it can still affect the GPS signal. We have just passed a minimum in activity but we are due to hit a maximum in 2012, which is when we would expect to see most disruption."
The paper have been published in the American Geophysical Union's International Journal of Space Weather.


Section: User Commands (1)
Updated: 28 July 2020
Page Index
preconv - convert encoding of input files to something GNU troff understands
[ -dr ] [ -D default_encoding ] [ -e encoding ] [file...] -h --help -v --version
preconv reads files and converts its encoding(s) to a form GNU troff(1) can process, sending the data to standard output. Currently, this means ASCII characters and '\[uXXXX]' entities, where 'XXXX' is a hexadecimal number with four to six digits, representing a Unicode input code. Normally, preconv should be invoked with the -k and -K options of groff.
Emit debugging messages to standard error (mainly the used encoding).
Specify default encoding if everything fails (see below).
Specify input encoding explicitly, overriding all other methods. This corresponds to groff's -Kencoding option. Without this switch, preconv uses the algorithm described below to select the input encoding.
-h Print a help message and exit.
Do not add.lf requests.
-v Print the version number and exit.
preconv tries to find the input encoding with the following algorithm.
If the input encoding has been explicitly specified with option -e, use it.
Otherwise, check whether the input starts with a Byte Order Mark (BOM, see below). If found, use it.
Otherwise, check whether there is a known coding tag (see below) in either the first or second input line. If found, use it.
Finally, if the uchardet library (an encoding detector library available on most major distributions) is available on the system, use it to try to detect the encoding of the file.
If everything fails, use a default encoding as given with option -D, by the current locale, or 'latin1' if the locale is set to 'C', 'POSIX', or empty (in that order).
Note that the groff program supports a GROFF_ENCODING environment variable which is eventually expanded to option -k.
Byte Order Mark
The Unicode Standard defines character U+FEFF as the Byte Order Mark (BOM). On the other hand, value U+FFFE is guaranteed not be a Unicode character at all. This allows detection of the byte order within the data stream (either big-endian or little-endian), and the MIME encodings 'UTF-16' and 'UTF-32' mandate that the data stream starts with U+FEFF. Similarly, the data stream encoded as 'UTF-8' might start with a BOM (to ease the conversion from and to UTF-16 and UTF-32). In all cases, the byte order mark is not part of the data but part of the encoding protocol; in other words, preconv's output doesn't contain it.
Note that U+FEFF not at the start of the input data actually is emitted; it has then the meaning of a 'zero width no-break space' character - something not needed normally in groff.
Coding Tags
Editors which support more than a single character encoding need tags within the input files to mark the file's encoding. While it is possible to guess the right input encoding with the help of heuristic algorithms for data which represents a greater amount of a natural language, it is still just a guess. Additionally, all algorithms fail easily for input which is either too short or doesn't represent a natural language.
For these reasons, preconv supports the coding tag convention (with some restrictions) as used by GNU Emacs and XEmacs (and probably other programs too).
Coding tags in GNU Emacs and XEmacs are stored in so-called File Variables. preconv recognizes the following syntax form which must be put into a troff comment in the first or second line.
The only relevant tag for preconv is 'coding' which can take the values listed below. Here an example line which tells Emacs to edit a file in troff mode, and to use latin2 as its encoding.
The following list gives all MIME coding tags (either lowercase or uppercase) supported by preconv; this list is hard-coded in the source.
big5, cp1047, euc-jp, euc-kr, gb2312, iso-8859-1, iso-8859-2, iso-8859-5, iso-8859-7, iso-8859-9, iso-8859-13, iso-8859-15, koi8-r, us-ascii, utf-8, utf-16, utf-16be, utf-16le
In addition, the following hard-coded list of other tags is recognized which eventually map to values from the list above.
ascii, chinese-big5, chinese-euc, chinese-iso-8bit, cn-big5, cn-gb, cn-gb-2312, cp878, csascii, csisolatin1, cyrillic-iso-8bit, cyrillic-koi8, euc-china, euc-cn, euc-japan, euc-japan-1990, euc-korea, greek-iso-8bit, iso-10646/utf8, iso-10646/utf-8, iso-latin-1, iso-latin-2, iso-latin-5, iso-latin-7, iso-latin-9, japanese-euc, japanese-iso-8bit, jis8, koi8, korean-euc, korean-iso-8bit, latin-0, latin1, latin-1, latin-2, latin-5, latin-7, latin-9, mule-utf-8, mule-utf-16, mule-utf-16be, mule-utf-16-be, mule-utf-16be-with-signature, mule-utf-16le, mule-utf-16-le, mule-utf-16le-with-signature, utf8, utf-16-be, utf-16-be-with-signature, utf-16be-with-signature, utf-16-le, utf-16-le-with-signature, utf-16le-with-signature
Those tags are taken from GNU Emacs and XEmacs, together with some aliases. Trailing '-dos', '-unix', and '-mac' suffixes of coding tags (which give the end-of-line convention used in the file) are stripped off before the comparison with the above tags happens.
Iconv Issues
preconv by itself only supports three encodings: latin-1, cp1047, and UTF-8; all other encodings are passed to the iconv library functions. At compile time it is searched and checked for a valid iconv implementation; a call to 'preconv --version' shows whether iconv is used.
preconv doesn't support local variable lists yet. This is a different syntax form to specify local variables at the end of a file.
the GNU Emacs and XEmacs info pages
Byte Order Mark
Coding Tags
Iconv Issues


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Theory of Flying-Adder Frequency Synthesizers—Part II: Timeand Frequency-Domain Properties of the Output Signal
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1 Author(s)
Sotiriadis, P.P. ; Sotekco LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
This is a rigorous mathematical theory of the operation of the flying-adder (FA) frequency synthesizer (also called direct digital period synthesizer). The paper consists of two parts. Part I presents a detailed mathematical model of the FA synthesizer, capturing the relationships between the properties of the FA's output and internal signals and the FA's parameters. The counting of the rising edges in the FA's multiplexer's output establishes a discrete-time index that is used to analytically derive the fundamental discrete-time periods of all the FA's signals. The continuous-time intervals between the rising edges are calculated and used to derive the fundamental continuous-time periods of the signals from the corresponding discrete-time ones. It is shown that the FA behaves differently within different ranges of the frequency word, and the practically useful range is identified. The FA's output average frequency, along with its maximum and minimum values, is analytically derived by calculating the number of cycles in the output signal within a fundamental continuous-time period of it. The relationship between the average and the fundamental output frequencies is also established, indicating the potential frequencies and density of output spurious frequency components. Part II of the paper characterizes the timing structure of the output signal, providing analytical expressions of the pulses' locations, analytical strict bounds of the timing irregularities, and exact analytical expressions of several standard jitter metrics. Spectral properties of the output waveform are presented, including the dominance of the frequency component at the average frequency, and analytical expressions of the dc value and average power of the output signal are derived. The FA has been implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-3E field-programmable gate array, and spectral measurements are presented, confirming the theoretical results. Extensive MATLAB simulation has also been used to g- - enerate numerous examples, illustrating the developed theory.
Published in:


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RA Magazine Spring 2013
Issue Number: 118
The power of landscape in the north of England
Two exhibitions celebrate the poetic power of landscape in the north of England, writes Ian Warrell.
John Atkinson Grimshaw, 'On the Tees, near Barnard Castle', c.1868. On show at the Bowes Museum. © Leeds Museums and Galleries/The Bridgeman Art Library. In Britain, our appreciation of the great landscapes of the North is often shaped by the words of poets, especially the Romantics of the early 19th century. An exhibition at the Bowes Museum explores the echoes caused by the publication of Walter Scott's epic poem Rokeby, 200 years ago. It was an instant hit, selling 10,000 copies in only three months, and thereafter drawing countless tourists to the locations it describes in Teesdale, between Barnard Castle (home of the Bowes Museum) and Darlington.
Artists also began to include the banks of the Tees and the Greta on their northern itineraries. But when it came to creating an illustrated edition of the poem, Scott's publisher inevitably sought the artist J.M.W. Turner, who had already painted stunning views of the area. Some of these works, along with atmospheric landscapes by Victorian artists such as Atkinson Grimshaw and Alfred William Hunt, have been brought together at the Bowes to explore the connections between landscape, poetry and painting.
Elsewhere in Yorkshire, at Harewood House, another exhibition takes its title from a poem by Sylvia Plath: Two Campers In Cloud Country (1960). Like many artists and poets over the past 200 years, Plath was seeking to experience nature at its most immense, and to discover herself anew in a setting that was indifferent to human preoccupations.
Gary Hume RA, 'Here's Flowers, Untitled 3', 2006. Harewood House. Courtesy of Paragon Press. The revelation of this kind of engagement with the natural world lies at the heart of the Harewood exhibition. Its curators, Whitechapel Gallery Director Iwona Blazwick, and artist Diane Howse, Countess of Harewood, believe that by focusing on works on paper, often executed en plein air, it is possible to get closer to the sensation or moment of observation that sparks the creative act – what Blazwick terms 'the "What if?" quality of drawing'.
A selection of around 80 works highlights the tendency towards abstraction in landscape art, embracing 19th-century artists such as Thomas Girtin and John Sell Cotman (who also worked at Rokeby), as well as more recent artists such as Bridget Riley, Rachel Whiteread, Julian Opie, Thomas Schütte and Gary Hume RA.
Blazwick says that visitors should expect to find surprising juxtapositions and a 'breathtaking range of abstractions' within thematic sections that reflect the experience of nature over the centuries, ranging from its pure forms, its atmospheric phenomena,
and its distillation as decoration, to the political implications
of living on the land.
- Rokeby: Poetry & Landscape – Walter Scott & Turner in Teesdale The Bowes Museum,
until 28 April
- In Cloud Country: Abstracting from nature – From John Constable to Rachel Whiteread Harewood House,
29 March–30 June
© RA Magazine
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Magazine subscriptions: 0800 _PHONE_ (9.30am-5.00pm Mon-Fri)
Press office (for syndication of articles only): 0207 _PHONE_


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MINNESOTA Marijuana Packaging and Labeling State Law
Minnesota's cannabis labeling and packaging guidelines include the following:
- 0850 PACKAGING AND LABELING. Subpart 1. Medical cannabis packaging. The medical cannabis manufacturer must package all medical cannabis intended for distribution according to the following standards:
- In addition to the requirements in Minnesota Statutes, section 152.29, subdivision 3, paragraph (c), clause (5), medical cannabis containers must be:
- (1) plain;
- (2) designed to maximize the shelf life of contained medical cannabis;
- (3) tamper-evident; and
- (4) child-resistant.
- Medical cannabis packaging must not bear a reasonable resemblance to any commercially available product.
- Medical cannabis packaging must be packaged to minimize its appeal to children and must not depict images other than the medical cannabis manufacturer's business name logo. Subp. 2. Medical cannabis trade names. The medical cannabis manufacturer's medical cannabis trade names must comply with the following standards and are subject to approval by the commissioner:
- names that are limited to those that clearly reflect the product's medical cannabis nature;
- any name that is identical to, or confusingly similar to, the name of an existing non-cannabis product is prohibited;
- any name that is identical to, or confusingly similar to, the name of an unlawful product or substance is prohibited; and
- any name that contains language that suggests using medical cannabis for recreational purposes or for a condition other than a qualifying medical condition is prohibited. Subp. 3. Labeling. A. A medical cannabis manufacturer must ensure that all medical cannabis that is distributed is labeled with the following information:
- (1) the patient's registry identification number, name, and date of birth;
- (2) the name and date of birth of the designated registered caregiver, if applicable;
- (3) the name of the patient's parent or legal guardian, if listed on the registry verification, if applicable;
- (4) the patient's address;
- (5) the name and address of the medical cannabis manufacturer where the medical cannabis was manufactured;
- (6) the medical cannabis's chemical composition;
- (7) the recommended dosage;
- (8) directions for use of the product;
- (9) all ingredients of the product shown with common or usual names, including any colors, artificial flavors, and preservatives, listed in descending order by predominance of weight;
- (10) the date of manufacture and batch number;
- (11) a notice with the statement, including capitalization: "This product has not been analyzed or approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. There is limited information on the side effects of using this product, and there may be associated health risks. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery when under the influence of this product. KEEP THIS PRODUCT OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN."; and
- (12) a notice with the statement: "This medical cannabis is for therapeutic use only. Diversion of this product is unlawful and may result in the revocation of the patient's registration."
- Labeling text must not include any false or misleading statements regarding health or physical benefits to the patient.
- A package may contain multiple labels if the information required by this part is not obstructed.
For more information, please refer to the Minnesota Revisor of Statutes on Packaging and Labeling.


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Magpies have a strong bill with a sharp cutting edge, which can be used for cutting flesh, digging up invertebrates, or picking fruit. Their main diet in summer is grassland invertebrates, such as beetles, flies, caterpillars, spiders, worms and leatherjackets.
In winter, they eat more plant material, such as wild fruits, berries and grains, with household scraps and food scavenged from bird tables or chicken runs, petfoods etc. They will eat carrion at all times and catch small mammals and birds. Occasionally, magpies prey on larger animals such as young rabbits.
During the breeding season they will take eggs and young of other birds. We don't know exactly what proportion of the summer diet of urban and suburban magpies these comprise: estimates vary between 3% and 38% by weight, although most estimates are at the low end of this scale. Studies of urban magpies in Manchester showed a summer diet mostly of invertebrates with some field voles and house sparrows.
When food is abundant, magpies hoard the surplus to eat later. They make a small hole in the ground with their beak, place the food in it and cover it with grass, a stone or a leaf. These caches are spread around their territory or home range.


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UVa-Wise and Wise County partner to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Civil War
The University of Virginia's College at Wise and the Wise County Sesquicentennial Committee have partnered to launch a four-year project to remember the impact the Civil War had in the region as the nation commemorates the 150th anniversary of the great conflict.
In recognition of Wise County's unique Civil War experience, the sesquicentennial will focus on "The Civil War in the Mountains." Wise County's location on the Kentucky border resulted in a different set of circumstances for its residents than most of Virginia as battles ranged across the Commonwealth.
The commemoration begins on Feb. 11 at 3 p.m. with a gathering in the Rhododendron room of the C. Bascom Slemp Student Center at UVa-Wise. The program will consist of brief and informative talks by a panel of Civil War scholars. UVa-Wise history professor Brian D. McKnight, Brian Steel Wills, director of the Civil War Center at Kennesaw State University and Andrew Slap, a professor at East Tennessee State University will discuss topics ranging from prewar regional politics through the Reconstruction period that followed the fighting.
The public is invited to participate in the commemoration. For more information, call Brian McKnight at _PHONE_.


NAME RDF::LinkedData - A simple Linked Data server implementation VERSION Version 0.62 SYNOPSIS For just setting this up and get it to run, you would just use the "linked_data.psgi" script in this distribution. The usage of that is documented in Plack::App::RDF::LinkedData. If you want to try and use this directly, you'd do stuff like: my $ld = RDF::LinkedData->new(store => $config->{store}, endpoint_config => $config->{endpoint}, base_uri => $config->{base_uri} ); $ld->namespaces($config->{namespaces}) if ($config->{namespaces}); $ld->request($req); return $ld->response($uri)->finalize; See Plack::App::RDF::LinkedData for a complete example. DESCRIPTION This module is used to create a minimal Linked Data server that can serve RDF data out of an RDF::Trine::Model. It will look up URIs in the model and do the right thing (known as the 303 dance) and mint URLs for that, as well as content negotiation. Thus, you can concentrate on URIs for your things, you need not be concerned about minting URLs for the pages to serve it. METHODS "new ( store => $store, model => $model, base_uri => $base_uri, hypermedia => 1, namespaces_as_vocabularies => 1, request => $request, endpoint_config => $endpoint_config, void_config => $void_config )" Creates a new handler object based on named parameters, given a store config (recommended usage is to pass a hashref of the type that can be passed to RDF::Trine::Store->new_with_config, but a simple string can also be used) or model and a base URI. Optionally, you may pass a Plack::Request object (must be passed before you call "content") and an "endpoint_config" hashref if you want to have a SPARQL Endpoint running using the recommended module RDF::Endpoint. This module can also provide additional triples to turn the respons into a hypermedia type. If you don't want this, set the "hypermedia" argument to false. Currently this entails setting the SPARQL endpoint and vocabularies used using the VoID vocabulary. The latter is very limited at present, all it'll do is use the namespaces if you have "namespaces_as_vocabularies" enabled, which it is by default. "BUILD" Called by Moose to initialize an object. "model" Returns the RDF::Trine::Model object. "base_uri" Returns or sets the base URI for this handler. "request ( [ $request ] )" Returns the Plack::Request object if it exists or sets it if a Plack::Request object is given as parameter. "current_etag" Returns the current Etag of the model suitable for use in a HTTP header. This is a read-only attribute. "last_etag", "has_last_etag" Returns or sets the last Etag of so that changes to the model can be detected. namespaces ( { skos => '', dct => '' } ) Gets or sets the namespaces that some serializers use for pretty-printing. "response ( $uri )" Will look up what to do with the given URI object and populate the response object. "helper_properties ( )" Returns the RDF::Helper::Properties object if it exists or sets it if a RDF::Helper::Properties object is given as parameter. "type" Returns or sets the type of result to return, i.e. "page", in the case of a human-intended page or "data" for machine consumption, or an empty string if it is an actual resource URI that should be redirected. "my_node" A node for the requested URI. This node is typically used as the subject to find which statements to return as data. This expects to get a URI object containing the full URI of the node. "count ( $node)" Returns the number of statements that has the $node as subject, or all if $node is undef. "endpoint ( [ $endpoint ] )" Returns the RDF::Endpoint object if it exists or sets it if a RDF::Endpoint object is given as parameter. In most cases, it will be created for you if you pass a "endpoint_config" hashref to the constructor, so you would most likely not use this method. "void ( [ $voidg ] )" Returns the RDF::Generator::Void object if it exists or sets it if a RDF::Generator::Void object is given as parameter. Like "endpoint", it will be created for you if you pass a "void_config" hashref to the constructor, so you would most likely not use this method. AUTHOR Kjetil Kjernsmo, "" BUGS Please report any bugs using github SUPPORT You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command. perldoc RDF::LinkedData The perlrdf mailing list is the right place to seek help and discuss this module: TODO * Use IO::Handle streams when they become available from the serializers. * Figure out what needs to be done to use this code in other frameworks, such as Magpie. * Make it read-write hypermedia. * Use a environment variable for config on the command line? * Make the result graph configurable. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This module was started by Gregory Todd Williams "" for RDF::LinkedData::Apache, but has been almost totally rewritten. COPYRIGHT & LICENSE Copyright 2010 Gregory Todd Williams Copyright 2010 ABC Startsiden AS Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Kjetil Kjernsmo This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.


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Key FeaturesPP foam food container is using HMS-PP as raw material, by extruding process to make PP foam sheet, then thermal vacuum forming. Working temperature 125℃, with excellent insulation & standing high temperature, give user more safety when heated from microwave. PP foam food container is 100% recyclable, after recycling can be applied to insulation building material. By extending its life cycle to decrease resource consumption. Advantage of PP foam food container: More insulation than non-foam PP food container Standing high temperature (125℃) Easier in recycling than paper food container Non-toxic and anti-acid
The purpose of Slider Kit is to gather common slideshow-like jQuery functionalities (such as news sliders, photos galleries/sliders, carousels, tabs menus)
When tracking mouse movement, you usually need to know the actual position of the mouse pointer. The event object that is passed to the handler contains some information about the mouse coordinates.


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Faculty in the spotlight : Walter Weyrauch
Professor Walter Weyrauch has published "Nonrational Sources of Scholarship: Remembering David Daube" (_PHONE_), in 19 Rechtshistorisches Journal 677 (2000); and "A Theory of Legal Strategy," 49 Duke Law Journal (2000). This article, written jointly with Professor Lynn LoPucki (UCLA), maintains that controversies tend to be decided on factors other than legal merits and that judges have a minor role in this process. The factors that are decisive are largely based on unwritten law that cannot openly be argued. This essay is an outgrowth of his earlier studies on tribal law, also based on unwritten legal traditions.


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When you ask selenium tester what is the most common issues he is facing during his automation testing experience, the first thing he would say is Sync problem.
Let's take a bird eye view on this and will take deep dive on the synchronization issues and how to address them.
Selenium framework has several methods to address the synchronization issues. Mainly they are segregated into two different varieties.
- Implicit waits
- Explicit waits
This is the most common wait type we use; it is also called as default wait. The page load time out, and the timeouts.implicitwait is the two types of implicit wait. The implicit wait meaning that the driver has to wait until the web element is existed on the dom. It will come out of the waiting loop if element exists beforehand. Example you have given 10 seconds on element x, and it has loaded in 2 seconds web driver knows it and goes to next step without waiting for 10 seconds. It is called as implicit wait.
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Explicit waits are defined on the particular web element to wait until the property value becomes true.
It will pole every 500 milliseconds to get the property value and verifies it with defined value.
//webdriver wait class WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30); wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(driver.findElement(By.xpath(menu)))); //for multiple elements WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30); List options = driver.findElements(By.xpath(option_to_select)); wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfAllElements(options)); //Another example WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30); wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementWithText(By.className("jqx-fill-state-normal"), "Loading..."));
Fluent waits also called as explicit waits, but only difference being we can define interval to pole and can tell to ignore any exceptions. It will be useful to save resources not to check every 500 milliseconds if element load takes long time.
Wait fluentwait = new FluentWait(driver).withTimeout(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS).pollingEvery(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS).ignoring(java.util.NoSuchElementException.class); fluentwait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementWithText(By.className("jqx-fill-state-normal"), "Loading..."));
The another type of wait is normally not recommended is static wait or pause the program.
So, the gist is the know when to use what. Fluent wait is used when application slower and running in a slow paced machine where we don't want driver to hit every 500 milliseconds, and you know it will not come till 2 sec or 3 seconds, we can define the polling interval. I am guessing this as it is synonymous to implicit wait where the default polling is 500 ms.
We can use web driver wait almost in all cases where we know element loading is taking place, but the properties are not loaded until some other action is completed, example, state dropdown is enabled only when country drop down is selected, in that case we can use expected conditions on the enabled of the state dropdown after country select.
Default waits or implicit waits are used when we know dom loading is taking some time and not to give wait on existence of each element. Normally this would serve the purpose, but angular applications waits plays key role in test execution failures.
If we use waits wisely and where ever we need depending the application behavior with limited use of static waits will improve the script quality drastically.


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PILGRIM, TEXAS. Pilgrim is on Farm Road 1116 sixteen miles southwest of Gonzales in southern Gonzales County. The area was initially settled in the 1820s, and settlers were drawn to the site by extensive salt flats along nearby Salt Stream and Salt Creek. Another prominent local feature, Pilgrim Lake, was named for Thomas J. Pilgrim, who had been granted the land on which it lay. A post office called Salt Stream operated in the community from 1855 until 1857. The community was the hideout of John Wesley Hardin in the 1870s. Burnett School, named for a family of local settlers, was established in 1875. Salt Creek School was opened in 1878, and a black school, Lake Grove, was opened in 1883; all three were part of the Pilgrim Creek school district. The Pilgrim Lake post office opened in 1879, and in 1884 the community had an estimated 100 inhabitants, a Presbyterian church, a steam gristmill, and a cotton gin. The town's name was shortened to Pilgrim in 1900. A mercantile store was built in 1902, and its second story was used for Odd Fellows meetings. A tomato-canning operation was established in 1905. In 1914 Pilgrim had forty inhabitants and had added a general store and a hotel. By 1920 the population had fallen to twenty-five, where it remained for the next forty years. By 1940 the post office had closed, and Pilgrim had a single business, a church, a cemetery, and a number of scattered dwellings. In the 1960s the population rose to an estimated sixty. In 1992 the community had a church, a cemetery, and a community center, and the population was still estimated at sixty. That figure remained unchanged in 2000.
Gonzales County Historical Commission, History of Gonzales County (Dallas: Curtis, 1986).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Mark Odintz, "PILGRIM, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 22, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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Good news from the Caribbean
Nine protected areas in the European overseas territories in the Caribbean have been listed since 2010 under the SPAW (Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife) Protocol of the Cartegena Convention. The SPAW Protocol is the only legally-binding international agreement on biodiversity in the Wider Caribbean, and a key mechanism for strengthening cooperation and increasing consideration of ecological connectivity within the Wider Caribbean.
Since 2010, 16 protected areas in the Wider Caribbean have been listed in the Protocol. Among these, more than half belong to European overseas territories: six in the French Antilles and French Guiana, and three in the Dutch Caribbean islands. The listing took place after several years of developing criteria and guidelines by a dedicated Caribbean expert working group.
Being listed under SPAW means that the protected area is acknowledged for its quality and the efficiency of its conservation and management. The label can also be an useful tool to promote tourism and strengthen enforcement. Being listed also implies that the protected area is included in the cooperation programme developed by the SPAW Secretariat, and given priority for SPAW funding in view of improving management, developing science, and extending training and networking.
The process of listing protected areas under SPAW starts with countries submitting presentation reports, on a voluntary basis, on the areas they wish to see listed. The reports are then reviewed by the SPAW-Regional Activity Center and assessed by the SPAW Scientific Committee against the criteria that have been developed to that purpose, before a final decision is taken by the Conference of the Parties. For more information on the listing process and the criteria used to assess applications, see here.
You can find the list of all the Protected Areas that have been approved for listing under SPAW and the presentation reports submitted by countries to that purpose on the SPAW-RAC's website here.


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To summarize the potential risk factors for postlaryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistula.
Observational studies in the English-language literature about postlaryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistula from January 1, 1970, to March 31, 2003. Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search with relevant key words; additional studies were identified through references.
We included studies about the site of primary malignancy, type of procedure, and type of closure; studies had to have been based on individual-level data, with a comparison group for each risk factor evaluated.
Data required to calculate the relative risk of fistula associated with commonly reported risk factors were abstracted from the studies, and a meta-analysis using a random-effects approach was performed to estimate a summary relative risk of fistula for each risk factor. The statistical significance of heterogeneity of effects among studies was assessed.
Of 65 studies identified, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Significant risk factors identified in the pooled analysis included postoperative hemoglobin level less than 12.5 g/dL, prior tracheotomy, preoperative radiotherapy, and preoperative radiotherapy and concurrent neck dissection. The degree of heterogeneity of effects among studies was significant for postoperative hemoglobin level, preoperative radiotherapy, concurrent neck dissection, and comorbid illness. The severity of fistula was greater in patients with a history of radiotherapy.
This meta-analysis identified several significant risk factors for postlaryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistula. The clinical implications of these findings and the potential sources of heterogeneity of effects among studies are discussed.


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The Voortrekker Road (H2-2):
The Voortrekker Road (H2-2) south-east of Pretoriuskop, was used by Carolus Trichardt, who was the son of the Voortrekker Louis Trichardt. He was commissioned in 1849 by the Transvaal Government of the time to open up a regular route between the northern interior and Delagoa Bay.
Albasiniís caravans were the main users of this road. Over the years his porters transported thousands of kilograms of goods from the coast and carried back loads of ivory.
The trader Fernades da Neves accompanied one of Albasiniís caravans in 1860 and reported that it took 24 days to complete the 250 mile journey between the coast and Pretoriuskop.
The trip employed 150 Tsongas each of which carried 40lb of trade goods, 68 porters carried food and camping equipment and 17 Elephant hunters kept guard.
The Vootrekker Road was improved in 1896 by the trader Alois Nelmapius to cater for the transport of supplies to Lydenburg and Mac Mac, where gold had been discovered. The road was used a lot by transport riders on their way to what was then known as Portuguese East Africa (today Mozambique).
The road descends from the mountainous Pretoriuskop sourveld into the rolling hills of mixed bushwillow woodland past a number of geological features. It is a good drive for if you want to get into the game rich plains south of Skukuza.
It was on this road that the little terrier Jock of the Bushveld was born. Jockís story was written by his master, Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, a former transport rider who became a politician and businessman in the early 20th century.
The main landmark on this road is Ship Mountain (662m), used as a navigational aid by early pioneers and travellers. It is geologically distinctive from the surrounding granite countryside because it is made up of gabbro, a hardier relative of basalt.
Per an old tale, Ship Mountain was a fort used by the Sotho people in the 18th century to protect themselves and their cattle against Swazi raiders coming in from the south. Sotho warriors would hide families and livestock in the caves on the top of Ship Mountain and then use rocks to stop the Swazi from getting to the top.
At the foot of Ship Mountain was a trading store run by Chief Manungu. He was part of Joao Albasiniís trading empire. Along this road you can still see the fence of the boma which was used during the first white Rhino relocation in Kruger Park in which 2 bulls and the 2 cows were released in October 1961.
In the 1960s 320 white Rhino were released into southern Kruger Park from the Umfolozi Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, and a further 12 were released in the north. The Pretoriuskop area is one of the best locations to track and see white Rhino.
The Voortrekker Road roughly follows a line of thornveld to Afsaal. The significance of this is that the grass is more edible than the sourveld and the wildlife can easily be seen.
Even though there are not a lot of animals in this part of the Park, there are far higher numbers. By the 1900s almost all of the game had been shot out of the region by early hunters.
It was so bad that when Stevenson-Hamilton surveyed the area in 1902, he noted that the only wild animal he saw between Ship Mountain and Skukuza was a single Reedbuck.
Closest Rest Camps:


This article needs a technical review. How you can help.
In this section, we'll see how to put chrome and XUL files into a package and create the manifest files for them.
A package is a set of XUL files and scripts that define the functionality of a user interface. Packages may be installed into Mozilla and referenced with chrome URLs. A package can contain any kinds of files and may be split into subdirectories for different parts of the package. A package can be stored either as a directory or as a JAR archive.
Manifest files
A manifest file describes a package and maps its location on disk to a chrome URL. The manifest files in the chrome directory will be examined when a Mozilla application starts up to see what packages are installed. That means that all you need to do to install a new package is add a new manifest file either into the application chrome directory or the user specific chrome directory. This latter chrome directory is normally the one used since the application directory might not have sufficient permissions to write into it.
Note: Starting in Gecko 2.0, only the file named chrome.manifest is read automatically; if you need to read multiple manifest files, use the manifest command in that file to import additional manifests. Use manifest flags to configure the scenarios in which the secondary manifest is imported.
If you just want to try testing privileged XUL code in the Firefox browser, you can do this easily by just using a manifest with only one line in it:
 1. Create a new directory somewhere. For example, on a Windows machine, you might use C:\testfiles
 2. Create a new ASCII1 file called test.manifest in the chrome directory. It doesn't actually matter what the file is called as long as it has the.manifest extension. ( 1. doesn't work with UTF-8 with BOM.)
 3. Add the following line to it:
content tests file:///C:/testfiles/
The file path in that line should point to the directory created above. If you aren't sure what the file path is, open that directory in a browser and copy the URL from the address field.
That's it! Now, all you need to do is add some XUL files into that new directory, and you will be able to load them by typing in a chrome URL of the form chrome://tests/content/. Of course, you will need to restart the browser for the changes to take effect. If the file doesn't load, make sure that the file path is correct.
The basic syntax of the lines in the manifest file for content packages is:
'content '
The first field 'content' indicates a content package. For themes,'skin' is used while 'locale' is used for locales. The packagename in the example above is 'tests', which means that the first field in the chrome URL is 'tests' as in chrome://tests/content/sample.xul. If the package name was 'browser', the chrome URL would be chrome://browser/content/. The final field is the path where the files are located. This can be either a local file path using a file URL or a JAR archive using a jar URL, which will be described in a moment. You can specify multiple packages by including another line in the manifest file.
The browser.manifest file used by Firefox looks like this:
content branding jar:browser.jar!/content/branding/ xpcnativewrappers=yes
content browser jar:browser.jar!/content/browser/ xpcnativewrappers=yes
overlay chrome://global/content/viewSource.xul chrome://browser/content/viewSourceOverlay.xul
overlay chrome://global/content/viewPartialSource.xul chrome://browser/content/viewSourceOverlay.xul
overlay chrome://browser/content/pageInfo.xul chrome://pippki/content/PageInfoOverlay.xul
Two packages are listed here, 'branding' and 'browser'. Three overlays are also specified, which allow content from different packages to combine together. Extensions will make the most use of overlays, since they merge their UI with the browser UI.
The file paths for the branding and browser packages use jar URLs as the content is packaged up into an archive. A JAR archive can be created with a ZIP utility. For a JAR file located in the chrome directory, the syntax is fairly simple:
For the browser package, the archive is browser.jar, located alongside the manifest file in the chrome directory. The path 'content/browser' specifies the path inside the archive where the XUL files are located. You won't need to specify a path if you don't have any directories in the archive. In this case, there is, since the files for the branding package are stored in a different path in the same archive.
For the 'tests' package created above, the files are not packaged into an archive, so a direct file path is used instead. This is good for development since you don't have to package up all the files every time you change them. However, when distributing an application or extension, you will want to package them into an archive to avoid having to install lots of smaller files.
The xpcnativewrappers=yes part at the end of the manifest line is a flag that may optionally be used. In JavaScript, it is possible for a web page to override built-in functions with their own code. If the xpcnativewrappers flag is specified, it indicates that scripts running in a privileged context don't call these overridden versions, but the original built-in versions instead. Otherwise, if an extension attempted to call the modified versions, it would likely not work properly, or worse, create a security hole. This flag was added to prevent this problem and should always be used for newer extensions, but is left out for older extensions that might not be compatible with the change. For more information about this feature, see XPCNativeWrapper.
Themes and Locales
The themes and locales, the syntax is similar as for content packages, but you also need to specify the content package you are providing a theme or locale for. For example:
skin browser classic/1.0 jar:classic.jar!/skin/classic/browser/
locale browser en-US jar:en-US.jar!/locale/browser/
For these, the extra field has been added to indicate that the skin and locale applies to the browser. The skin name is 'classic/1.0'. In this case, a version number is being used as part of the theme name, but that is optional if you are making your own theme. Mozilla doesn't handle the version number in a special way; the version number is just part of the theme name. The locale is 'en-US'. The chrome URLs that these would map to would be chrome://browser/skin and chrome://browser/locale. If you were creating your own theme or locale for the browser, all you need to do is create a manifest file with one of these two lines in it, modified to suit your theme or locale.
For more information about Themes, see Themes. For more information about Locales, see Localization.
Our example find files dialog
Let's create a manifest file for the find files dialog we'll be creating. You can combine all of the three types into a single file if you wish. This may be done when creating an extension such that all of the parts are in one file. We will do this for the find files dialog. Create a file findfile.manifest in the chrome directory. Add the following to the file:
content findfile file:///findfile/content/
skin findfile classic/1.0 file:///findfile/skin/
locale findfile en-US file:///findfile/locale/
Create the new directories listed above. It doesn't matter where the directories are created, but the file paths in the manifest file should point to the directories. Naturally, you will want to use directory paths suitable for your system. If we were distributing the package, we would want to package them up into a JAR file, and modify the paths. In this case, we are just creating to demonstrate a manifest file and to prepare directories for examples which will see in the later sections.
Note how the second field of the skin and locale lines specifies 'findfile'. This means that the skin and locale modify the findfile package, which was specified on the first line.The three paths above specify subdirectories for each part. You will want to create these subdirectories to keep each part's files separate.
Installing a Package
For an application to be installed, you will need to create an installer for it, or include it as part of another application. The method used depends on what kind of application you are creating. For extensions, you will need to create an install file install.rdf which describes what will be installed, the author of the extension and which versions of the browser or other applications it is compatible with. A specific directory structure is needed as well since extensions are limited in where the files may be installed to. An extension is packaged up into an XPI file. XPI is short for XPInstall and is used by Mozilla to install components. Like a JAR file, an XPI file is just a ZIP file with a different extension, so you can create and view XPI files with a ZIP utility.
Firefox's extension manager handles installing extensions packaged into XPI files automatically. It is recommended to upload extensions to the Mozilla Add-ons site, where users can locate them for installation. While they may be installed from any site, other sites are not configured to allow installations by default.
It is also possible to use a install script written in JavaScript to install files. This allows you to copy files to any location and perform other file management tasks. However, applications installed with a script will not be listed in the extension manager and there


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Water security is a defining feature of the opportunities and limits for growth and development in Bangladesh. The country has made enormous strides in reducing poverty between 1990 and 2015. It is one of Asia's most dynamic economies with water shaping its rich history and future growth.
Complex hydrology, chronic water-related risks, high exposure to water-related hazards and rapid environmental change mean that Bangladesh is already addressing challenges that will affect other South Asian countries in the decades ahead. But poverty reduction and growth efforts will not achieve desired development outcomes unless they include productive investments in water security and protective interventions against water-related risks.
This working paper highlights the key water security risks to Bangladesh's growth and poverty reduction efforts and illustrates evidence of significant but uncertain water security risks. It examines the progress made by Bangladesh in reducing poverty and improving growth. It then proposes potential locations to establish REACH Water Security Observatories for 'universal drinking water security' and to reduce 'water security risks for the coastal poor'.
© 2022 REACH


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Magnetism in Gemstones
An Effective Tool and Method for Gem Identification
Diamagnetic Response (blue Topaz)
© Kirk Feral 2009, All Rights Reserved. These materials may be duplicated for educational purposes only. No part of this website may be duplicated or distributed for profit, for commercial purposes, or for posting to another website without the expressed written consent of the copyright holder.
It's interesting to note that gemstones which do contain detectable paramagnetic metal ions have a push-pull relationship with the magnet. They are simultaneously diamagnetic, with most of the gem's chemical composition being weakly repelled away from the magnet, and paramagnetic, with trace impurities of metal ions dispersed throughout the gem being attracted toward the magnet. In most cases, the pull force is strong enough to overcome the repel force. In rare instances, a weak paramagnetic pull will be exactly balanced by the weak diamagnetic repulsion, and the gem will show no response to a magnet in either direction. This is the truest example of an inert response, but we refer to both this response and the much more common diamagnetic response as "inert".
About a third of all gem-quality minerals are diamagnetic and show a weak repulsion to a magnet. Not all are colored by light diffraction, color centers or other color-producing processes. Some simply have very low concentrations of metallic chromophores such as iron or chromium. The repel responses of diamagnetic gems help us separate them from gem types that are attracted to a magnet. To use the same terminology used for gem fluorescence, we refer to a negative or repel magnetic response as inert (not attracted to a magnet). Throughout this website we use the terms "inert" and "diamagnetic" interchangeably.
Diamagnetic (Non-magnetic) Gems
Some gems, such as "prescious" Opal and Topaz, are not colored by paramagnetic metal ions. Their color is due to processes such as light diffraction from tiny spheres of silica (ex. Opal), or defects in the atomic structure of the crystal that give rise to color centers (ex. Topaz). Irradiation is often involved in the production of color centers. Gems colored in these ways are "non-magnetic" or diamagnetic, meaning they show no attraction to a magnet. Instead, they are repelled by a magnet when floated on a raft in water (see video below).
Most solid substances from glass beads to jelly beans are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. These substances don't contain enough unpaired electrons to create magnetic attraction. A repel response indicates Diamagnetism, a type of magnetism in which the induced magnetic field opposes the applied magnetic field of the magnet. All diamagnetic responses in gems are extremely weak, and the repel force is fairly constant among different gem types. The extreme sensitivity of our magnetic wand and floatation method makes it possible for us to observe the diamagnetic responses of gems.
We will loosely use the term primary gemstone when referring to the gems that are most commonly found in jewelry, such as the species mentioned above. About 200 types of minerals produce gem-quality crystals, and of these, only about 20 to 40 minerals account for all the primary gems fashioned into jewelry. Many gems referred to as secondary gemstones are fashioned from minerals that are too soft, fragile or rare to be used in most jewelry, or are not consistently available for jewelry. Fluorite, Apatite, Kyanite and Calcite are examples of secondary gems that are typically diamagnetic. These gems rank low on the hardness scale and are therefore easily scratched. For introductory gem identification, we are more concerned with the primary gems.
Some diamagnetic gems that can derive all or most of their color from color centers include Diamond, Zircon, Spodumene and Quartz. The varieties of Quartz with color centers are Amethyst, Citrine and Smoky Quartz. All these gems show magnetic repulsion rather than attraction.
Paramagnetic metal ions are often trapped in color centers in gems, but the concentrations of these metal ions are too low to be detectable with a magnetic wand. Strong gem color can sometimes be induced by color centers when metal ions are present in only a few parts per million.
Weakly Magnetic "Madeira" Citrine
A rare exception in Quartz are certain Citrines that are colored by iron impurities rather than (or perhaps in addition to) color centers, such as some natural red "Madeira" Citrines from Brazil, and on rare occasions even yellow Citrines. These rare Citrines can be weakly magnetic.
Gems of organic origin such as Pearl, Ivory, Amber, Coral, Shell and Jet are not colored by paramagnetic metals. All organic gems are inert (diamagnetic).
Below is a list of the 20 most common gems that are typically inert (diamagnetic). In a few of these cases, such as Apatite, Calcite and Glass, gems are occasionally weakly magnetic due to metallic coloring agents. In other diamagnetic gems such as Quartz and Opal, macroscopic and microscopic inclusions can result in magnetic attraction (paramagnetism).
20 Common Diamagnetic Gemstones
This Citrine Shows a Diamagnetic Response
Blue Topaz (Irradiated) and "Imperial" Topaz
Topaz as a gem species is diamagnetic. Regardless of color, we have not found any Topaz gems that show magnetic attraction. "Imperial" Topaz is colored by chromium in addition to color centers, but the amount of chromium is too small to be magnetically detectable.
Brown "Sherry" Topaz


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- Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act guidelines
- Geographical indications
- Plant variety rights
- Integrated circuit design protection
- Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
- Intellectual property enforcement
- Disclosure of origin requirements in the patents regime
- Proposed Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Bill
- Intellectual property
Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act guidelines
Jointly with Ngāti Toa Rangatira, we have developed guidelines for the Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014.
About the Act
We administer the Act. It provides an acknowledgement of the significance of the famous haka Ka Mate as a taonga of Ngāti Toa Rangatira, and as an integral part of its history, culture, and identity.
It also provides a right of attribution, requiring that where the haka is used in certain circumstances, the authorship of Ka Mate by Ngāti Toa Rangatira chief Te Rauparaha is acknowledged.
About the guidelines
The guidelines explain why the haka Ka Mate is of cultural importance to Ngāti Toa Rangatira.
They also provide advice on how to comply with the Act when using the words or associated actions and choreography of the haka Ka Mate in publications for commercial purposes, public communications and in films. The attribution requirement does not apply to:
- public performances
- uses for educational purposes
- reporting on current events.


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by Stephen Rogers
For many years beginning in the early 1980s, collection managers in Carnegie Museum of Natural History's Section of Birds began keeping a spread wing and sometimes a tail for many of the skeletons we produced. The rational was that there were two sets of wing bones, and sacrificing one side to produce a spread wing and sometimes also a tail (not sacrificing the pygostyle), would produce a reference item that could be used to examine molt, verify identity, and as reference for morphology and artists who use the collection.
Above is an example of a spread wing and tail and the other corresponding wing parts from the other side of the wing. This photo was sent to a person wishing to have measurements of the pollex bone and the length of the alula—in this case we could provide measurements from the same individual. The pieces of tissue on the wing can also be used to supply dried tissue for DNA.
We did not and, even now, do not preserve tissue in ethanol or liquid nitrogen. Usually dried toe-pad material is used to get DNA when tissue is not available, but if we did not save skins of the specimens collected, a piece of tissue from the wing can be used. Another use of these specimens has been the extraction of wax like material that birds apply from the uropygial gland to keep the bird feather waterproof. One researcher extracted these chemicals from spread wings which was easier than doing so from study skins—dipping the feathers into a solution to dissolve off the material and running it through a gas chromatograph.
Stephen Rogers is a collections manager at Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Museum employees are encouraged to blog about their unique experiences and knowledge gained from working at the museum.