Ahmad Yaseen
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Migrating your data into Azure Cosmos DB
June 26, 2020 by
In the previous article, Start your journey with Azure Cosmos DB, we provided you with the backpack that helps you to start your journey with Azure Cosmos DB and filled it with detailed information about the Cosmos DB usage benefits, how to create your first Cosmos DB account, create a new database, container, and items and finally how to query the data stored in that container.
In this article, we will show how to migrate a SQL Server database table's data into an Azure Cosmos DB container using the Cosmos DB Data Migration tool and query the migrated data.
Azure Cosmos DB Data Migration Tool
When planning to migrate your data into an Azure Cosmos DB, you need to use the suitable migration tool that supports your Cosmos DB API type. For example, the Cosmos DB Data Migration tool can be used to migrate the data from the SQL API and the Table API, but it does not support migrating data into Mongo DB API and Gremlin API.
Before using the Cosmos DB Data Migration tool, you need to make sure that the Microsoft.NET Framework 4.51 or higher is installed on the machine where you will run the migration tool. Also, if you plan to migrate a huge amount of data into the Cosmos DB container, make sure to increase the throughput in order to migrate the data faster, as the data migration speed depends highly on the throughput amount. You can easily decrease the throughput after completing the data migration operation to eliminate any high costs issue.
A precompiled copy of the Cosmos DB Data Migration tool can be downloaded directly from this page. The downloaded package contains both a command-line version of the data migration tool, as Dt.exe, and a graphical user interface version of that tool, as Dtui.exe, as shown below:
Precompiled version of Cosmos DB DMT
Migrate SQL Data
The Cosmos DB Data Migration tool is an executable tool, which requires no installation to start the migration process. So, to launch the Data Migration tool, double-click on the executable file of the tool, and it will start directly.
When the Data Migration tool launches, the Welcome page will display a piece of introductory information about that tool, providing external links for the tool documentation and for suggesting new features for that tool, as shown below:
DMT Welcome
The Data Migration tool can be used to import data into your Cosmos DB container, from different data sources. This includes importing data from JSON files, MongoDB, SQL Server, CSV files, Azure Table storage, Amazon DynamoDB, and Azure Cosmos DB SQL API containers.
In this demo, we will copy data from a SQL Server instance, by choosing the SQL data source, as shown below:
Copy from SQL
In order to connect to the SQL Server data source, provide the Standard SQL Server connection string that contains the SQL Server name, the database name, and authorized account credentials to connect to that SQL Server instance. Click on the Verify option to validate the connecting string and make sure that the connection is opened to that SQL Server instance, as below:
Provide connection string and validate
The next step is to provide the T-SQL query that is used to retrieve the data to be migrated from that SQL Server instance. It is recommended to write and tune that T-SQL query first using the SSMS tool, to retrieve only the columns and records that you really need to migrate, in the most optimized way, as shown below:
Write and test query in SSMS
Once the optimal T-SQL query is ready, provide it directly to the Azure Cosmos DB Data Migration tool, or save it as a file and browse that file in the data migration tool.
The Nesting Separator option is used to modify the structure of the generated document by creating hierarchical relationships for the sub-properties, such as the state, country, street and building number of the address, during the data import process, as shown below:
Provide query text
In the Target Information page, specify whether to migrate the data into a JSON file that can be used later, or migrate it directly into an Azure Cosmos DB container using the Sequential or Bulk import method.
The Bulk importer uses the Cosmos DB stored procedure for the copy efficiency, where the stored procedure will be created and executed during the import operation then deleted from the target collection when the import operation completed, with the ability to migrate to a one or more single-partitioned containers.
On the other hand, the sequential importer copies the source records one by one, with the ability to migrate the data to only one container that contains single or multiple partitions.
In this demo, we will use the sequential importer option, as shown below:
Importers options
Before going through the next steps in the Data Migration tool wizard, make sure that you already have a database created under your Azure Cosmos DB account. If not, you can easily create a new Cosmos DB database, by following the steps below:
Create Cosmos DB database
Keep the name of the created database as we will use it in the next step.
In order to get the connection string of the Azure Cosmos DB account, open the account in the Azure Portal and copy the Primary Connection String under the Keys option, as shown below:
Cosmos DB Keys
In order to build the Azure Cosmos DB connection string that can be used in the Data Migration tool, we need to append the name of the created database, as Database=, at the right side of the connection string that is copied from the Cosmos DB keys.
After providing the target connection string, click on the Verify option to validate and test the connection to that account, as shown below:
Provide target and validate it
In the Collection field, you need to provide the name of the container to migrate the data into, where we can only create one container for the Sequential importer, with the ability to create multiple partitions on that container using the provided value of the Partition Key. Multiple containers that are supported by the Bulk importer can be created by providing the name of the collection prefix and the range of collections, as [0-n]. In this example, we will create one container, and use the JobTitle column as a partition key, and the BusinessEntityID as the ID field in the collection items.
It is recommended to tune the throughput amount to make the import operation faster. In our example, we will keep it with default value as we will migrate a small number of records to the Azure Cosmos DB database.
You can also configure a number of advanced options, such as the number of parallel requests, whether to disable the automatic Id generation and consider using the imported ID field, updating (overwriting) the existing documents, specifying the number of retries in case of import failure, the interval between retries, the connection mode, including DirectTcp, DirectHttps, and Gateway and finally persisting the data as String, Epoch or Both, as shown below:
Target settings
In the Advanced Configuration window, you will be requested to specify the location of the import error log file, the type of errors to write to that log file and the update frequency of the import progress messages, as shown below:
Error Log Specification
The next window is the Summary window, in which you can review all your selections before proceeding with the import operation, as shown below:
Summary window
If you manage to perform the import process later or using a command-line tool, the Summary window provides you with the ability to view and copy the command that can be used to import the data based on your choices from the previous steps, as shown below:
View Command
After reviewing all selected options, click on the Import option to start the import operation and monitor the progress of the data migration.
Once the operation completed, the Data Migration tool provides you with the ability to export the failure report or start a new import operation, as shown below:
Import Completed
Query Migrated Data
To validate that the data is migrated to the Azure Cosmos DB container, open the Cosmos DB account using the Azure Portal and browse the database container under the Data Explorer, as shown below:
Validate Data using Data Explorer
To write your own query, instead of using the default data filter, click on the New SQL Query option, to open the query editor, as shown below:
Open Query Editor
In the query editor window, customize the default SELECT query by proving your T-SQL statement. For example, we will return only the employees with a specific job title, by adding a new filter using the WHERE clause, then execute the query, as shown below:
Filter by Job title
We can customize the T-SQL query by specifying the list of columns that we are interested in, and provide the names of the columns in the SELECT statement, then execute the query, as below:
Minimize the number of returned columns
The query editor provides you also with the ability to write more complex T-SQL queries to retrieve only the data that you are interested in and in the preferred view. But you need to tune the query and make sure that this query is not consuming a lot of Azure Cosmos DB resources. This can be verified by checking the Query Statistics for each query to end up with the best performing one, as shown below:
Query Statistics
Another thing to consider here is to make sure that you are using the partition key in your query to filter the retrieved data, as the data already stored in the containers based on the partition key column values.
This is clear from the simple example below, where writing a query that filters the data using another column instead of the partition key, as in the left query, will consume extra 8% RUs compared to filtering the data using the partition key, as in the right query, in addition to the 51% extra index lookup time required to query the data based on the non-partition key, as shown below:
Performance comparison
In this article, we discussed how to


status of 0 if the two files have the same contents.
 - An exit status of 1 implies possibly abnormal, but non-defective, program termination. For example, grep(1) exits with a status of 1 if it did not find a matching line for the given regular expression.
 - An exit status of 2 or more implies a fatal error. For example, ls(1) exits with a status of 2 if you specify an illegal (unknown) option on the command line.
 - Usage messages issued as a result of bad command-line syntax should go to STDERR. However, usage messages issued due to an explicit request to print usage (like specifying -help on the command line) should go to STDOUT, just in case the user wants to pipe the output to a pager (such as more(1)).
 - If program usage has been explicitly requested by the user, it is often desirable to exit with a status of 1 (as opposed to 0) after issuing the user-requested usage message. It is also desirable to give a more verbose description of program usage in this case.
pod2usage doesn't force the above conventions upon you, but it will use them by default if you don't expressly tell it to do otherwise. The ability of pod2usage() to accept a single number or a string makes it convenient to use as an innocent looking error message handling function:
 1. use strict;
 2. use Pod::Usage;
 3. use Getopt::Long;
 4. ## Parse options
 5. my %opt;
 6. GetOptions(\%opt, "help|?", "man", "flag1") || pod2usage(2);
 7. pod2usage(1) if ($opt{help});
 8. pod2usage(-exitval => 0, -verbose => 2) if ($opt{man});
 9. ## Check for too many filenames
 10. pod2usage("$0: Too many files given.\n") if (_USER_ > 1);
Some user's however may feel that the above "economy of expression" is not particularly readable nor consistent and may instead choose to do something more like the following:
 1. use strict;
 2. use Pod::Usage qw(pod2usage);
 3. use Getopt::Long qw(GetOptions);
 4. ## Parse options
 5. my %opt;
 7. pod2usage(-verbose => 0);
 8. pod2usage(-verbose => 1) if ($opt{help});
 9. pod2usage(-verbose => 2) if ($opt{man});
 10. ## Check for too many filenames
 11. pod2usage(-verbose => 2, -message => "$0: Too many files given.\n")
 12. if (_USER_ > 1);
As with all things in Perl, there's more than one way to do it, and pod2usage() adheres to this philosophy. If you are interested in seeing a number of different ways to invoke pod2usage (although by no means exhaustive), please refer to EXAMPLES.
The Pod::Usage distribution comes with a script pod2usage which offers a command line interface to the functionality of Pod::Usage. See pod2usage.
Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print just the "SYNOPSIS" section to STDERR and will exit with a status of 2:
 1. pod2usage();
 2. pod2usage(2);
 3. pod2usage(-verbose => 0);
 4. pod2usage(-exitval => 2);
 5. pod2usage({-exitval => 2, -output => \*STDERR});
 6. pod2usage({-verbose => 0, -output => \*STDERR});
 7. pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 0);
 8. pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -verbose => 0, -output => \*STDERR);
Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print a message of "Syntax error." (followed by a newline) to STDERR, immediately followed by just the "SYNOPSIS" section (also printed to STDERR ) and will exit with a status of 2:
 1. pod2usage("Syntax error.");
 2. pod2usage(-message => "Syntax error.", -verbose => 0);
 3. pod2usage(-msg => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2);
 4. pod2usage({-msg => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2, -output => \*STDERR});
 5. pod2usage({-msg => "Syntax error.", -verbose => 0, -output => \*STDERR});
 6. pod2usage(-msg => "Syntax error.", -exitval => 2, -verbose => 0);
 7. pod2usage(-message => "Syntax error.",
 8. -exitval => 2,
 9. -verbose => 0,
 10. -output => \*STDERR);
Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print the "SYNOPSIS" section and any "OPTIONS" and/or "ARGUMENTS" sections to STDOUT and will exit with a status of 1:
 1. pod2usage(1);
 2. pod2usage(-verbose => 1);
 3. pod2usage(-exitval => 1);
 4. pod2usage({-exitval => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});
 5. pod2usage({-verbose => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});
 6. pod2usage(-exitval => 1, -verbose => 1);
 7. pod2usage(-exitval => 1, -verbose => 1, -output => \*STDOUT});
Each of the following invocations of pod2usage() will print the entire manual page to STDOUT and will exit with a status of 1:
 1. pod2usage(-verbose => 2);
 2. pod2usage({-verbose => 2, -output => \*STDOUT});
 3. pod2usage(-exitval => 1, -verbose => 2);
 4. pod2usage({-exitval => 1, -verbose => 2, -output => \*STDOUT});
Recommended Use
Most scripts should print some type of usage message to STDERR when a command line syntax error is detected. They should also provide an option (usually -H or -help ) to print a (possibly more verbose) usage message to STDOUT. Some scripts may even wish to go so far as to provide a means of printing their complete documentation to STDOUT (perhaps by allowing a -man option). The following complete example uses Pod::Usage in combination with Getopt::Long to do all of these things:
 1. use strict;
 2. use Getopt::Long qw(GetOptions);
 3. use Pod::Usage qw(pod2usage);
 4. my $man = 0;
 5. my $help = 0;
 6. ## Parse options and print usage if there is a syntax error,
 7. ## or if usage was explicitly requested.
 9. pod2usage(1) if $help;
 10. pod2usage(-verbose => 2) if $man;
 11. ## If no arguments were given, then allow STDIN to be used only
 12. ## if it's not connected to a terminal (otherwise print usage)
 13. pod2usage("$0: No files given.") if ((_USER_ == 0) && (-t STDIN));
 14. __END__
 15. =head1 NAME
 16. sample - Using GetOpt::Long and Pod::Usage
 17. =head1 SYNOPSIS
 18. sample [options] [file...]
 19. Options:
 20. -help brief help message
 21. -man full documentation
 22. =head1 OPTIONS
 23. =over 4
 24. =item B<-help>
 25. Print a brief help message and exits.
 26. =item B<-man>
 27. Prints the manual page and exits.
 28. =back
 29. =head1 DESCRIPTION
 31. useful with the contents thereof.
 32. =cut
By default, pod2usage() will use $0 as the path to the pod input file. Unfortunately, not all systems on which Perl runs will set $0 properly (although if $0 isn't found, pod2usage() will search $ENV{PATH} or else the list specified by the -pathlist option). If this is the case for your system, you may need to explicitly specify the path to the pod docs for the invoking script using something similar to the following:
 1. pod2usage(-exitval => 2, -input => "/path/to/your/pod/docs");
In the pathological case that a script is called via a relative path and the script itself changes


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If CH isn't true, this means $$2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_2\:.$$ Does this imply: $$2^{\aleph_1}=\aleph_3$$ or does the CH hold only for $\aleph_0$ and $\aleph_1$? Thanks
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Why should $2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_2$ if CH fails? – t.b. Sep 5 '12 at 9:18
2 Answers 2
up vote 25 down vote accepted
No, CH just says that $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_1$, so its failure just says that $2^{\aleph_0}\ne\aleph_1$. We know that $2^{\aleph_0}\ge\aleph_1$, but it's consistent that $2^{\aleph_0}$ be any cardinal $\aleph_\alpha$ such that $\alpha\ge 1$ and $\operatorname{cf}\alpha>\omega$. In particular, $2^{\aleph_0}$ could be $\aleph_n$ for any $n>1$.
If $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_2$, $2^{\aleph_1}$ would have to be at least $\aleph_2$, but it could be much bigger. For instance, it's consistent that $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_2$ and $2^{\aleph_1}=\aleph_{17}$.
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The negation of the Continuum Hypothesis does not entail that there is only one infinity strictly between the natural numbers and the real numbers. In fact, given any any infinite cardinal $\kappa$ there is a cardinal $\lambda \geq \kappa$ such that $\text{ZFC} + 2^{\aleph_0} = \lambda$ is consistent (assuming the consistency of ZFC itself, of course).
Even if we assume that $2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_2$, it could still be that $2^{\aleph_1} = 2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_2$ -- this happens, for example, under the Proper Forcing Axiom, or more simply under the assumption of Martin's Axiom with $2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_2$. (The Proper Forcing Axiom is a strengthening of Martin's Axiom -- well, formally a strengthening of $\text{MA} ({\aleph_1})$ -- which fixes the size of the continuum at $\aleph_2$.)
On the other hand, we can have $2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_2$ and $2^{\aleph_1} > \aleph_3$. Very similar techniques for showing the consistency of $\neg \text{CH}$ can be applied to give the above.
The most general statement in this realm is Easton's Theorem which essentially says that except for certain basic restrictions, the function $\aleph_\alpha \mapsto 2^{\aleph_\kappa}$ can be consistently arbitrary.
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Your Answer


text: This paper investigates whether a higher level of long-term credit provision affects the growth of small and young firms. Firm-level data from more than 20,000 firms in 62 countries are combined with a new hand-collected database on short-term and long-term credit provided to the private sector. Using a difference-in-difference framework, our results indicate that, contrary to short-term credit, long-term credit does not stimulate growth of small and young firms. This finding is, at least partially, explained by the differential impact of short-term and long-term credit provision on small and young firms' access to credit. While the provision of short-term credit alleviates credit constraints faced by small and young firms, a larger provision of longterm bank loans has an opposite impact. Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that an increase of long-term credit provision reects a lender's choice to provide more financing to existing clients (intensive margin) to the detriment of firms without previous access to finance (extensive margin).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
dimer is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "dimer" uses 5 letters: D E I M R.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after dimer (in bold), or to deimr in any order:
a - admire c - dermic f - firmed g - grimed l - milder m - dimmer rimmed n - minder remind o - dormie p - primed s - dermis dimers t - mitred
List shorter words within dimer, sorted by length
All words formed from dimer by changing one letter
Browse words starting with dimer by next letter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
9:15 pm in Uncategorized by Cardigan
An acanthamoeba may not be a term you're likely to hear at the optometrist while being outfitted for a new prescription for contacts, but it's a good reason to heed their warnings about proper contact lens care.
The acanthamoeba is a microorganism found to essentially crawl through the eye's cornea causing not only pain but also potentially permanent blindness. The United Kindgom's Press Association recently reported though incidence if the infection is rare — only about 75 people of the 3.7 million contact lens wears in the U.K. are treated each year — it's still worth being aware of how to best avoid contracting it.
The UKPA states that the parasite, which burrows into the eye, can be picked up from a dirty case or from rinsing lenses in tap, river, pond or lake water. It also notes the condition, Acanthamoeba keratitis, is often misdiagnosed. Once contracted, treatment includes a hospital stay with "round-the-clock administration of disinfecting eye drops," UKPA states. If the infection is bad enough, the cornea could need to be replaced or blindness could also result.


text:
One of the most frequent questions we get goes something like this…."My patient has Congestive Heart Failure. What is the highest priority/most likely nursing diagnosis?"
There is no right answer, because it's the wrong question! Assigning a nursing diagnosis based on a medical diagnosis skips several steps essential to optimal and safe patient care. A medical diagnosis is only one piece of the puzzle; it does not by itself, provide the depth of information necessary to make an accurate nursing diagnosis.
WHAT IS A NURSING DIAGNOSIS?
Maybe the easiest thing is to start with what a nursing diagnosis is NOT.
A nursing diagnosis is NOT:
- Merely a label that you make up that "sounds like" it explains what you are seeing in your patient.
- Another way of explaining the medical diagnosis, or of renaming a medical condition.
- Something that "goes with a particular medical diagnosis".
Nursing diagnosis is defined as "a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. A nursing diagnosis provides the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse has accountability." (Herdman, 2012, p. 515).
In other words, a nursing diagnosis is a judgment based on a comprehensive nursing assessment. The medical diagnosis provides one important piece of data, but it does not provide anywhere near the depth of information necessary for making an accurate nursing diagnosis.
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?
Because an accurate nursing diagnosis based on a thorough assessment results in more effective and safer patient care. Period.
Let's take a look at an example:
A man is admitted through the Emergency Department with a medical diagnosis of Viral Pneumonia with the following profile:
- Age 78;
- Dyspneic and demonstrating very shallow breathing;
- Pulse oximeter is showing 90% on 4L of O2;
- History of COPD.
What is the primary nursing diagnosis? Did you think of impaired gas exchange? Seems obvious, doesn't it, considering the data and medical diagnosis? However, the question the nurse should ask is this: "What is causing the low SpO2?"
After completing a thorough assessment, the nurse discusses her findings with the patient, including the very shallow breathing. She learns the patient is breathing shallowly because he's in pain. He's suffering from posthepatic neuralgia as a result of a very painful course of shingles. In this example, the assessment-based, primary nursing diagnosis is chronic pain.
Consider these two scenarios:
Nursing Diagnosis Linked to the Medical Diagnosis
A care plan is developed to address the nursing diagnosis of impaired gas exchange, based on the medical diagnosis of Viral Pneumonia. The posthepatic neuralgia as a cause for shallow breathing is not identified and overlooked in treatment.
Nursing Diagnosis Linked to Nursing Assessment and Critical Thinking
A care plan is developed to address the nursing diagnosis of chronic pain, with treatment designed to resolve this as the primary cause of the shallow breathing, and to prevent recurrence.
Which scenario provides the best patient care and outcome? What do you think the relationship is – or is not – between medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis?
NANDA-I 2012 Conference: May 23-26, 2012
NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classifcation 2012-2014
NANDA-I Frequently-Asked Questions
NANDA-I Fact Sheet


text:
Title: Ultraviolet Channeling Dynamics in Gaseous Media for X – Ray Production
Abstract: The development of a coherent high brightness / short duration X – ray source has been of considerable interest to the scientific community as well as various industries since the invention of the technology. Possible applications include X – ray lithography, biological micro-imaging and the probing of molecular and atomic dynamics. One such source under investigation involves the interaction of a high pulsed power KrF UV laser with a noble gas target (krypton or xenon), producing a photon energy from 1 – 5 keV. Amplification in this regime requires materials with very special properties found in spatially organized hollow atom clusters. One of the driving forces behind X – ray production is the UV laser. Theoretical analysis shows that above a critical laser power, the formation of a stable plasma channel in the gaseous medium will occur which can act as a guide for the X-ray pulse and co-propagating UV beam. These plasma channels are visualized with a triple pinhole camera, axial and transverse von Hámos spectrometers and a Thomson scattering setup. In order to understand observed channel morphologies, full characterization of the drive laser was achieved using a Transient Grating – Frequency Resolved Optical Gating (TG-FROG) technique which gives a full temporal representation of the electric field and associated phase of the ultrashort pulse. Insights gleaned from the TG – FROG data as well as analysis of photodiode diagnostics placed along the UV laser amplification chain provide explanations for the plasma channel morphology and X – ray output.
John McCorkindale Defense Poster


Discount criteria
The discount criteria are used when creating discounts for selected users and/or roles. The criteria allow you to specify the ID of a user or role that the discount to be applied to. A discount can have more than one discount criteria set assigned to it.
The discount criteria are represented by the Telerik.Sitefinity.Ecommerce.Orders.Model.DiscountCriteria class. The class exposes the following specific properties:
 - Parent
 Gets or sets the discount that the criteria set belongs to.
 - RoleId
 Gets or sets the ID of the role for the criteria.
 - UserId
 Gets or sets the ID of the user for the criteria.
NOTE: You must set either the RoleId or the UserId property of the DiscountCriteria instance. If you need to combine users and roles for the discount, create a discount criteria for each requirement.
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text:
Speech Rhythm of American English
How to make your speech more effective
Just like music, English speech has a beat. The combination of strong and weak beats creates the rhythm of English. English speakers expect to hear a certain rhythm when they listen to you. In Lesson 1, you will learn the two basics of creating a good rhythm. First, let's watch the video to see the overview of how to make your speech more effective.
Basic Rhythm 1: Syllable Stress in Words
A syllable is a part of a word that has a vowel sound. You create the basic rhythm by stressing and unstressing vowel sounds. Stressing the vowel sound means you say it louder, longer, and higher in pitch. Remember one syllable is stressed in words with two or more syllables. If you stress the wrong syllable, your listeners might not understand you. Look at the pictures below. Which syllable do you stress to say "two lips" and "tulips"?
Watch the video below and practice stressing one syllable in a word. Clap your hands along with the speaker.
Basic Rhythm II: Counting Syllables in a Word
Syllables are the number of beats in a word. Counting the number of syllables will help you became aware of the rhythm. Can you count the number of syllables in a word? Let's place your thumb under your chin. Count the number of times you move your jaw while you say a word. That will give you the number of syllables in that word.


Daniel Bartholomew-Poyser clapping hands
Perfect Fifth of Diversity: A framework for self-assessment
At two recent OC member convenings, Orchestras Canada welcomed conductor Daniel Bartholomew-Poyser to talk about equity in the orchestra. Daniel is a member of the OC board, chair of our Equity Committee, and Artist-in-Residence and Community Ambassador with Symphony Nova Scotia. At these events, Daniel presented the Perfect Fifth of Diversity, a discussion tool for orchestras to use in considering their equity work.
As Daniel noted, diversity is going to look different in different communities; but for all organizations, there is a real opportunity to engage with people who don't yet feel welcome at the orchestra in a way that benefits all involved. To help clarify the starting place, Daniel proposes five questions for orchestras to consider.
1. Who is playing?
This element concerns your musicians, soloists and conductors. Most professional orchestras have an audition process during which applicants for tenure track positions play behind a screen for several rounds before their identity is revealed. Selection processes for music directors, soloists, and per service musicians take various shapes. And smaller budget groups may have more flexibility in their modes of casting. No matter what, are we ensuring that our selection processes address conscious or unconscious bias?
We also know that pathways to a career in classical music rely on early exposure, access to instruments, and inspiring teachers and role models, along with the financial resources to pursue serious study over many years. Auditions present financial barriers, as well, such as paying for flights, hotels, and extra lessons. In the USA, the Sphinx Organization in collaboration with the League of American Orchestras and the New World Symphony have started the National Alliance for Audition Support, a program that provides financial support to Black and Latinx musicians attending auditions.
2. Who is being played?
Does our programming reflect the communities we want to serve, as well as the musical traditions and inspirations we have historically celebrated? Do we want to program music of diverse styles, by a more diverse range of composers, including living, women, and Indigenous composers, and composers of colour? Some audiences are curious to hear works they don't know, and others will stay away. How do we balance comfort, tradition, and challenge, in a sustainable and artistically sound way? This would see the orchestra of the future both continuing to present beloved classics, and becoming a library of sound that puts itself at the service of diverse styles, traditions and communities.
3. Who is listening?
Are our audiences reflective of the community we are hoping to serve? We need to consider what the access point is for tickets to our concerts, and whether we are programming and marketing our concerts in a way that appeals to a diverse range of audiences. This element looks at how we are making our orchestra accessible to communities that are not only culturally diverse, but also diverse in terms of age, socio-economic status or spectrum-linked diversity. This is important both as a means of better serving our communities, and as a means of growing our audience.
4. Who is deciding?
We need to look at who is in positions of power at our organizations – in artistic leadership roles, in staff leadership roles, and on the board of directors. As well, from whom do we seek input, to ensure diverse perspectives in the decision-making process?
5. How is this being done?
A lot of orchestras' work in community engagement projects involves collaborating with non-traditional artists and community partners, and these projects present many opportunities for reflection on orchestral culture and approaches. How is power distributed between the music director, soloists and other collaborators in rehearsal and performance spaces? How do we approach time, and how do we make space for exploration in the context of an orchestral service? How might we collaborate in a way that nurtures and gives power to voices outside of the orchestra's traditional hierarchy?
The questions that Daniel is raising are deliberately non-prescriptive: each orchestra will need to answer these questions in its own way, and reach its own conclusions. Orchestras Canada is excited to be part of the discussion, and we look forward to hearing your thoughts!


Interactive Screening Program
An essential tool for any organization with on-site counselors, ISP breaks the barriers that keep people from seeking help for mental health conditions
One of the biggest challenges in mental health is getting people to seek treatment. Organizations can provide counseling services and encourage help-seeking, but people still face barriers to seeking help: embarrassment, stigma, cost, or simply not knowing what services are available. ISP's unique platform empowers people suffering from mental health conditions who wouldn't otherwise reach out, and it's proven to increase engagement with counseling services.
Unlike other screening programs, ISP creates a personal connection
On-site counselors review completed questionnaires and provide an individualized response. The anonymous dialogue that follows encourages users to schedule an appointment and start treatment. Last year alone, ISP connected over 30,000 people experiencing severe distress to a counselor.
Hundreds of campuses, Fortune 500 companies, and other organizations rely on ISP
It's inexpensive, easy to use, and makes the most of your current counseling services. You'll streamline intake, lower liability, and make mental health a priority at your organization.
Help bring the Interactive Screening Program to your organization.
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text:
Classic Crunchy (1kg)
- Ingredients: Roasted peanuts, sugar, salt, emulsifier (E417)
- Benefits: Butterio's classic crunchy peanut butter helps in controlling bad cholesterol and boosts up good cholesterol. It is 100% vegan. Most suitable for gym freaks and health-conscious geeks. The crunchy peanuts give a perfect texture and there are no additives.
- Expiry: Shelf Life is 14 months after the date of manufacturing.
- Direction for use: Oil separation is a natural process, so stir well before use.
Hazelnut Spread (500g)
- Ingredients:: Milk solids, Cocoa solids, Edible Vegetable Oil (palm), Hydrogenated Vegetable Fat ( palm oil and sesame oil), Sugar, Antioxidant 322(i), Edible Common Salt, Hazelnut (13%)
- Benefits: Butterio's hazelnut chocolate spread maintains blood pressure and helps in digestion.
- Usage: Hazelnut spread can be consumed in multiple ways to eat hazelnut spread – cake, brownies, smoothies, bread, and much more.
- Expiry: Shelf Life is 12 months after the date of manufacturing.


text:
Definition of kinetoscope
n. - A machine, for the production of animated pictures, in which a film carrying successive instantaneous views of a moving scene travels uniformly through the field of a magnifying glass. The observer sees each picture, momentarily, through a slit in a revolving disk, and these glimpses, blended by persistence of vision, give the impression of continuous motion. 2
The word "kinetoscope" uses 11 letters: C E E I K N O O P S T.
No direct anagrams for kinetoscope found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after kinetoscope (in bold), or to ceeiknoopst in any order:
s - kinetoscopes
All words formed from kinetoscope by changing one letter
Browse words starting with kinetoscope by next letter


text:
DFBLasers: 1700 nm – 2400 nm for gas sensing
nanoplus offers FP laser diodes at any wavelength between 1700 nm and 2400 nm.
Key features of nanoplus FP laser diodes
- spectral multimode
- lateral single mode
- continuous wave
- room temperature
- custom wavelengths
Why choose nanoplus FP laser diodes
- precise selection of target wavelength
- typically > 5 mW output power
- small size
- easy usability
- high efficiency
- long-term stability
For more than 15 years nanoplus has been the technology leader for lasers in gas sensing. We produce lasers at large scale at our own fabrication sites in Gerbrunn and Meiningen. nanoplus cooperates with the leading system integrators in the TDLAS based analyzer industry. More than 20,000 installations worldwide prove the reliability of nanoplus lasers.
Quick description of nanoplus FP laser technology
nanoplus uses a unique and patented technology for FP laser diode manufacturing. We follow a ridge waveguide approach, which is independent of the material system.
Related Information for nanoplus FP laser diodes between 1700 nm and 2400 nm
The following table summarizes the typical FP laser specifications in the 1700 nm to 2400 nm range:


text:
Animal Species:Blackbanded Seaperch, Hypoplectrodes annulatus (Gunther, 1859)
It has also been called the Red-banded Sea Perch, and Yellow-banded Seaperch.
The Blackbanded Seaperch can be recognised by its colouration. It is yellow with six dark bands on the body and caudal peduncle. There are several diagonal bands on the head.
It grows to about 30 cm in length.
The species is endemic to Australia, occurring from southern Queensland to the central coast of Victoria.
Distribution by collection data
The Blackbanded Seaperch is a benthic species that is usually seen on inshore rock reefs, often upside down in caves.
- Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180.
- Kuiter, R.H. in Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & R.H. Kuiter (Eds). 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. State Print, Adelaide. Pp. 992.
- Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Gary Allen. Pp. 437.


text:
Central of Georgia Bridges,
Just before a train would enter Savannah's Central of Georgia Railroad station, it would cross this 1852 viaduct (above), one of a pair of historic bridges at the former Central railroad complex. Spanning both West Boundary Street and the Ogeechee Canal, each of the two structures features four brick arches and decorative details in brick that create both elegance and utility.
(Above and below) The 1852 structure as documented in the Historic American Engineering Record. Photo above has been cropped. To see full-size image and other HAER photographs of this bridge, see Library of Congress web page here.
The second bridge (below), built in 1858, has 48-foot spans as compared to the 30-foot spans on the 1852 bridge. It has segmental arches instead of the elliptical arches of the older bridge. This bridge carried trains to the Central's freight depot and warehouses on the north side of the passenger depot.
(Above and below) HAER photographs of the 1858 structure. Photo above has been cropped. To see full-size image and other HAER photographs of this bridge, see Library of Congress web page here.
(Above) Detail of pier and spandrel of the second bridge. The older bridge can be seen in the background.
(Above) An antique store was built under one of the arches in the 1960s. It was later converted to studio space (called "Old Arch Hall") by the ever-inventive Savannah College of Art and Design.
RailGa.com. Georgia's Railroad History & Heritage. © Steve Storey
Railroad History | The Depot List | Locomotives On Display | Odds & Ends | Sources & References | Home


Ramsay's Nobel Prize
In 1904, Ramsay was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 'for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the Periodic system'.
As a result Ramsay became a considerable celebrity in London and was cartooned both by Spy for Vanity Fair (reproduced elsewhere) and by Henry Tonks, Head of UCL's Slade School of Art.
We also have his medals and decorations, including the Nobel Medal, which we kept in the safe as we thought it was solid gold - until we read that he had his gold medals melted down and the proceeds given to charity, and what we had were the duplicates that he had made.
Ramsay's Nobel Medal The reverse of Ramsay's Nobel Medal.
Ramsay was also an accomplished pianist, composer, and poet. Here is a copy of letter from Rudyard Kipling, where Kipling thanks him for a march tune that Ramsay has composed to which Kipling hopes to write the words. Look at the date: it is 13 August, 1914, 10 days after Germany crossed the border into Belgium, and 9 days after Britain had declared war on Germany.
Letter to Ramsay from Rudyard Kipling


6 U.S. Code § 1136 - Security exercises
§ 1136.
Security exercises
(a) In general
The Secretary shall establish a program for conducting security exercises for public transportation agencies for the purpose of assessing and improving the capabilities of entities described in subsection (b) to prevent, prepare for, mitigate against, respond to, and recover from acts of terrorism.
(b) Covered entitiesEntities to be assessed under the program shall include—
Federal, State, and local agencies and tribal governments;
public transportation agencies;
governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers and law enforcement personnel, including transit police; and
any other organization or entity that the Secretary determines appropriate.
(c) RequirementsThe Secretary shall ensure that the program—
(1) requires, for public transportation agencies which the Secretary deems appropriate, exercises to be conducted that are—
scaled and tailored to the needs of specific public transportation systems, and include taking into account the needs of the elderly and individuals with disabilities;
coordinated with appropriate officials;
inclusive, as appropriate, of frontline employees and managers; and
(2) provides that exercises described in paragraph (1) will be—
evaluated by the Secretary against clear and consistent performance measures;
assessed by the Secretary to learn best practices, which shall be shared with appropriate Federal, State, local, and tribal officials, governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers, law enforcement personnel, including railroad and transit police, and appropriate stakeholders; and
followed by remedial action by covered entities in response to lessons learned;
involves individuals in neighborhoods around the infrastructure of a public transportation system; and
assists State, local, and tribal governments and public transportation agencies in designing, implementing, and evaluating exercises that conform to the requirements of paragraph (2).
(d) National Exercise Program
The Secretary shall ensure that the exercise program developed under subsection (a) is a component of the National Exercise Program established under section 748 of this title.
(e) Ferry system exemption
This section does not apply to any ferry system for which drills are required to be conducted pursuant to section 70103 of title 46.


Question: What Are Some Problems With Price Ceilings?
What causes a shortage of a good price ceiling or price floor?
Which causes a shortage of a good—a price ceiling or a price floor.
A price ceiling prevents the price from being raised to the equilibrium level.
Since the price is not high enough, firms will supply less than the quantity demanded, and there will be a shortage..
Are price ceilings good or bad?
While price ceilings are often linked to product shortages, price floors go the other way, often creating a surplus of goods if the price is set at a point where consumers can't afford to buy a product. Even though price ceilings have been around for centuries, many economists doubt their effectiveness.
What are the drawbacks of a price ceiling?
What is maximum price ceiling?
Maximum price ceiling is the legislated or government imposed maximum level of price that can be charged by the seller. Usually, the government fixes this maximum price much below the equilibrium price, in order to preserve the welfare of the poorer and vulnerable section of the society.
What is an example of price floor?
An example of a price floor is minimum wage laws, where the government sets out the minimum hourly rate that can be paid for labour. … When the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium market price for unskilled or low-skilled labour, employers hire fewer workers.
Why does the government use price ceilings?
Governments use price ceilings to protect consumers from conditions that could make commodities prohibitively expensive. … Further problems can occur if a government sets unrealistic price ceilings, causing business failures, stock crashes, or even economic crises.
What are some examples of a price ceiling?
A government imposes price ceilings in order to keep the price of some necessary good or service affordable. For example, in 2005 during Hurricane Katrina, the price of bottled water increased above $5 per gallon.
What are examples of price floors and price ceilings?
The most important example of a price floor is the minimum wage. A price ceiling is a maximum price that can be charged for a product or service. Rent control imposes a maximum price on apartments in many U.S. cities. A price ceiling that is larger than the equilibrium price has no effect.
Is there a price ceiling on gas?
What are the advantages of price ceiling?
Price ceilings prevent a price from rising above a certain level. When a price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price, quantity demanded will exceed quantity supplied, and excess demand or shortages will result. Price floors prevent a price from falling below a certain level.


Capitularia - Edition of the Frankish Capitularies
Collation Tool
The collation tool allows users to compare different textual witnesses with each other, including the text of the edition by Boretius and Krause.
 1. Select capitulary and section (the „+" symbol can be used to select further capitularies and sections).
 2. In the list of textual witnesses, select those to be included in the collation; the textual witness at the top will serve as reference text for all subsequent textual witnesses. The sequence of all textual witnesses can be rearranged freely.
 3. Click on „Collate" to generate the collation table.
 4. In the collation table, the reference text that provides the basis for the comparison can be changed at any time by drag and drop. The collation will adapt automatically.
Deviations from the reference text appear in black print. Hovering the mouse over a line in the collation table will highlight that line in yellow for an easier orientation.
If „Include corrections by different hands" is selected, manuscripts that contain such corrections appear a second time in the list with the addition „(corrected)", even if no such corrections are actually present in the selected section.
If a textual witness contains the same section twice, the shelfmark is followed by „(2. copy)".
The selected settings can be saved via „Save Configuration" and later called up again via „Load Configuration". The collation table can be printed by using the browser's print function.
In order not to obscure the collation table with too many inconsequential variants, differences in orthography (ae/e/ę, i/j, u/v; upper and lower case) are not highlighted as variance; additionally the punctuation has been removed. Illegible letters are represented by periods with the number of periods signalling the number of missing letters. Letters in square brackets signify an uncertain reading or text that is hard to decipher.


Bits & Bytes
Posts Tagged 'programming'
Rendering Transparent 3D Surfaces in WPF with C#
The primary problems that arise when rendering semi-transparent 3d objects in Windows Presentation Foundation have to do with false z-buffer occlusions. Specifically, when a transparent surface or polygon is rendered, it sets the z-buffer depth values to block objects that are behind it from being rendered, even though they should show through the transparent layer.
In WPF with C#, the z-buffer is not accessible. So, it can not be disabled during transparent rendering. Instead, we must render the transparent objects last so that they are layered over the rest of the scene and the objects behind them show through.
Below, I have a program for the single code file that I used to generate the spinning, transparent tetrahedron shown above. The C# project that I used is a simple Console Application project with the libraries PresentationCore, PresentationFramework, and WindowsBase references added to it as I showed in a prior post: Using WPF in a C# Console Application. The Main() function creates the Window for the program and calls TransparentScene() to do all of the rendering.
Inside the function TransparentScene(), I create the camera, the light, the animated rotation transformation, the tetrahedron geometry, and then use that geometry to specify three tetrahedrons. The first tetrahedron is called the Inner Tetrahedron because it is scaled to fit inside the others. The second tetrahedron is called the Outer Tetrahedron and is semi-transparent. The third tetrahedron is also part of the Outer Tetrahedron, but consists of the opaque back faces. Note that it only makes sense to render the back faces because the front faces are semi-transparent. Otherwise, the back would not be visible.
At the end the code, I use the following lines to add the tetrahedrons to the scene:
Notice that the transparent "Outer Geometry" layer is added last. This is necessary to avoid false occlusions.
For comparison, I have included the image below with four different arrangements. The first (top-left) shows the scene with the transparent outer layer added before the inner and after the back. The second (top-right) shows the transparent outer layer added before both the inner and the back layers. The third (bottom-left) shows the transparent layer added before the back and after the inner layer. The last (bottom-right) shows the scene with the transparent layer added last as it is in the code.
using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Media3D;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
namespace WpfTransparent {
 class Program {
 static void Main(string[] args) {
 Window qWindow = new Window();
 qWindow.Title = "Transparent Rendering";
 qWindow.Width = 400;
 qWindow.Height = 300;
 qWindow.Content = TransparentScene();
 static Viewport3D TransparentScene() {
 // Define the camera
 PerspectiveCamera qCamera = new PerspectiveCamera();
 qCamera.Position = new Point3D(0,.25, 2.25);
 qCamera.LookDirection = new Vector3D(0, -.05, -1);
 qCamera.UpDirection = new Vector3D(0, 1, 0);
 qCamera.FieldOfView = 60;
 // Define a lighting model
 DirectionalLight qLight = new DirectionalLight();
 qLight.Color = Colors.White;
 qLight.Direction = new Vector3D(-0.5, -0.25, -0.5);
 // Define the animated rotation transformation
 RotateTransform3D qRotation =
 DoubleAnimation qAnimation = new DoubleAnimation();
 qAnimation.From = 1;
 qAnimation.To = 361;
 qAnimation.Duration = new Duration(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(5000));
 qAnimation.RepeatBehavior = RepeatBehavior.Forever;
 qRotation.Rotation.BeginAnimation(AxisAngleRotation3D.AngleProperty, qAnimation);
 // Define the geometry
 const double kdSqrt2 = 1.4142135623730950488016887242097;
 const double kdSqrt6 = 2.4494897427831780981972840747059;
 // Create a collection of vertex positions
 Point3D[] qaV = new Point3D[4]{
 new Point3D(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
 new Point3D(2.0 * kdSqrt2 / 3.0, -1.0 / 3.0, 0.0),
 new Point3D(-kdSqrt2 / 3.0, -1.0 / 3.0, -kdSqrt6 / 3.0),
 new Point3D(-kdSqrt2 / 3.0, -1.0 / 3.0, kdSqrt6 / 3.0)};
 Point3DCollection qPoints = new Point3DCollection();
 // Designate Vertices
 // My Scheme (0, 1, 2), (1, 0, 3), (2, 3, 0), (3, 2, 1)
 if ((i/3) % 2 == 0) {
 } else {
 // Designate Triangles
 Int32Collection qTriangles = new Int32Collection();
 Int32Collection qBackTriangles = new Int32Collection();
 // Designate Back Triangles in the opposite orientation
 qBackTriangles.Add(3 * (i / 3) + (2 * (i % 3) % 3));
 // Inner Tetrahedron: Define the mesh, material and transformation.
 MeshGeometry3D qFrontMesh = new MeshGeometry3D();
 qFrontMesh.Positions = qPoints;
 qFrontMesh.TriangleIndices = qTriangles;
 GeometryModel3D qInnerGeometry = new GeometryModel3D();
 qInnerGeometry.Geometry = qFrontMesh;
 // *** Material ***
 DiffuseMaterial qDiffGreen =
 new DiffuseMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255, 0, 128, 0)));
 SpecularMaterial qSpecWhite = new
 SpecularMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255, 255, 255, 255)), 30.0);
 MaterialGroup qInnerMaterial = new MaterialGroup();
 qInnerGeometry.Material = qInnerMaterial;
 // *** Transformation ***
 ScaleTransform3D qScale = new ScaleTransform3D(new Vector3D(.5,.5,.5));
 Transform3DGroup myTransformGroup = new Transform3DGroup();
 qInnerGeometry.Transform = myTransformGroup;
 // Outer Tetrahedron (semi-transparent) : Define the mesh, material and transformation.
 GeometryModel3D qOuterGeometry = new GeometryModel3D();
 qOuterGeometry.Geometry = qFrontMesh;
 // *** Material ***
 DiffuseMaterial qDiffTransYellow =
 new DiffuseMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(64, 255, 255, 0)));
 SpecularMaterial qSpecTransWhite =
 new SpecularMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(128, 255, 255, 255)), 30.0);
 MaterialGroup qOuterMaterial = new MaterialGroup();
 qOuterGeometry.Material = qOuterMaterial;
 // *** Transformation ***
 qOuterGeometry.Transform = qRotation;
 // Outer Tetrahedron (solid back) : Define the mesh, material and transformation.
 MeshGeometry3D qBackMesh = new MeshGeometry3D();
 qBackMesh.Positions = qPoints;
 qBackMesh.TriangleIndices = qBackTriangles;
 GeometryModel3D qBackGeometry = new GeometryModel3D();
 qBackGeometry.Geometry = qBackMesh;
 // *** Material ***
 DiffuseMaterial qDiffBrown =
 new DiffuseMaterial(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255, 200, 175, 0)));
 qBackGeometry.Material = qDiffBrown;
 // *** Transformation ***
 qBackGeometry.Transform = qRotation;
 // Collect the components
 Model3DGroup qModelGroup = new Model3DGroup();
 ModelVisual3D qVisual = new ModelVisual3D();
 qVisual.Content = qModelGroup;
 Viewport3D qViewport = new Viewport3D();
 qViewport.Camera = qCamera;
 return qViewport;
Creating a Simple Form to Display Text Messages in C#
The output of the program looks like this:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using FormStringOutput;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace MyConsoleApplication
 class Program
 static void Main(string[] args)
 Form qMyForm = new Form();
 // Sets the title bar text
 qMyForm.Text = "An Important Message";
 TextBox qMyTextbox = new TextBox();
 qMyTextbox.SetBounds(0, 0, 400, 300);
 qMyTextbox.Multiline = true;
 qMyTextbox.ScrollBars = ScrollBars.Vertical;
 qMyTextbox.ReadOnly = true;
 qMyForm.ClientSize = qMyTextbox.Size;
 // Add the Textbox to the form
 // Display the form
Using Arrays in JavaScript
Arrays are containers that hold a sequence of objects that can be accessed via the bracket operator [] and an integer index. Since JavaScript is not a strongly-typed language, JavaScript arrays are very versatile and can hold objects of


Incorporated Trustee
DEFINITION of 'Incorporated Trustee'
A corporation, usually a trust company, which is named as the trustee of a private trust or other fiduciary account. Incorporated trustees stand in contrast to an individual person or "natural trustee," who may also be selected as the trustee of such an account. In both cases, the trustee's role is to execute the instructions of the trust's grantor as well as manage the assets of the trust.
BREAKING DOWN 'Incorporated Trustee'
There are two primary advantages of appointing an incorporated trustee. First, since corporations theoretically never die or become incapacitated, they will likely outlast individual trustees. Second, since professional trustees focus all their time on this role, they're typically more knowledgeable about the role and less likely to mismanage the trust. The two primary disadvantages are the costs of professional trust management and a lack of understanding for the grantor's unexpressed wishes.
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text:
If and only if
- "Material equivalence" redirects here
, in logic
and fields that rely on it such as mathematics
, is a logical connective
between statements which means that the truth of either one of the statements requires the truth of the other. Thus, either both statements are true, or both are false. To put it another way, the first statement will always be true when the second statement is, and will only
be true under those conditions.
In writing, common alternative phrases to "if and only if" include iff, Q is necessary and sufficient for P, P is equivalent to Q, P precisely if Q, P precisely (or exactly) when Q, P exactly in case Q, and P just in case Q. Many authors regard "iff" as unsuitable in formal writing; others use it freely.
The statement "(P iff Q)" is equivalent to the statement "not (P xor Q)" or "P == Q" in computer science.
In logic formulas, logical symbols are used instead of these phrases; see the discussion of notation.
The truth table
of p iff q
(also written as p ↔ q
) is as follows:
p ↔ q
|| T |
|| F |
|| F |
|| T |
The corresponding logical symbols are "↔", "⇔" and "≡", and sometimes "iff". These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic
(particularly those on first-order logic
, rather than propositional logic
) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while ⇔ is used in reasoning about those logic formulas (e.g., in metalogic
Another term for this logical connective is exclusive nor.
In most logical systems
, one proves
a statement of the form "P iff Q" by proving "if P, then Q" and "if Q, then P" (or the inverse
of "if P, then Q", i.e. "if not P, then not Q"). Proving this pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in which one would infer a biconditional directly. An alternative is to prove the disjunction
"(P and Q) or (not-P and not-Q)", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts — that is, because "iff" is truth-functional
, "P iff Q" follows if P and Q have both been shown true, or both false.
Origin of the abbreviation
Usage of the abbreviation "iff" first appeared in print in John L. Kelley
book General Topology
Its invention is often credited to the mathematician Paul Halmos
The difference between if, only if, and iff
- Madison will eat pudding if the pudding is a custard. (equivalently: If the pudding is a custard, then Madison will eat it)
- Madison will eat pudding only if the pudding is a custard. (equivalently: If Madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard)
- Madison will eat pudding if and only if (iff) the pudding is a custard. (equivalently: If the pudding is a custard, then Madison will eat it. AND If Madison is eating pudding, then it must be a custard.)
Sentence (1) states only that Madison will eat custard pudding. It does not, however, preclude the possibility that Madison might also have occasion to eat bread pudding. Maybe she will, maybe she will not - the sentence does not tell us. All we know for certain is that she will eat custard pudding.
Sentence (2) states that the only pudding Madison will eat is a custard. It does not, however, preclude the possibility that Madison will refuse a custard if it is made available, in contrast with sentence (1), which requires Madison to eat any available custard.
Sentence (3), however, makes it quite clear that Madison will eat custard pudding and custard pudding only. She will eat all such puddings, and she will not eat any other type of pudding.
A further difference is that "if" is used in definitions (except in formal logic); see more below.
A sentence that is composed of two other sentences joined by "iff" is called a biconditional
. "Iff" joins two sentences to form a new sentence. It should not be confused with logical equivalence
which is a description of a relation between two sentences. The biconditional "A iff
the sentences A
, describing a relation between the states of affairs A
describe. By contrast "A
is logically equivalent to B
" mentions both sentences: it describes a relation between those two sentences, and not between whatever matters they describe.
The distinction is a very confusing one, and has led many a philosopher astray. Certainly it is the case that when A is logically equivalent to B, "A iff B" is true. But the converse does not hold. Reconsidering the sentence:
- Madison will eat pudding if and only if it is custard.
There is clearly no logical equivalence between the two halves of this particular biconditional. For more on the distinction, see W. V. Quine's Mathematical Logic, Section 5.
One way of looking at "A if and only if B" is that it means "A if B" (B implies A) and "A only when B" (not B implies not A). "Not B implies not A" means A implies B, so then we get two way implication.
In philosophy and logic, "iff" is used to indicate definitions
, since definitions are supposed to be universally quantified
biconditionals. In mathematics and elsewhere, however, the word "if" is normally used in definitions, rather than "iff". This is due to the observation that "if" in the English language has a definitional meaning, separate from its meaning as a propositional conjunction. This separate meaning can be explained by noting that a definition (for instance: A group
is "abelian" if it satisfies the commutative law; or: A grape is a "raisin" if it is well dried) is not an equivalence to be proved, but a rule for interpreting the term defined. (Some authors, nevertheless, explicitly indicate that the "if" of a definition means "iff"!)
Here are some examples of true statements that use "iff" - true biconditionals (the first is an example of a definition, so it should normally have been written with "if"):
- A person is a bachelor iff that person is a marriageable man who has never married.
- "Snow is white" (in English) is true iff "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) is true.
- For any p, q, and r: (p & q) & r iff p & (q & r). (Since this is written using variables and "&", the statement would usually be written using "↔", or one of the other symbols used to write biconditionals, in place of "iff").
- For any real numbers x and y, x=y+1 iff y=x−1.
Other words are also sometimes emphasized in the same way by repeating the last letter; for example orr
for "Or and only Or" (the exclusive disjunction
The statement "(A iff B)" is equivalent to the statement "(not A or B) and (not B or A)," and is also equivalent to the statement "(not A and not B) or (A and B)".
It is also equivalent to: not[(A or B) and (not A or not B)],
or more simply:
which converts into:
which were given in verbal interpretations above.
More general usage
is used outside the field of logic, wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical
discussions. It has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for if and only if
, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient
for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon
. (However, as noted above, if
, rather than iff
, is more often used in statements of definition.)
The elements of X are all and only the elements of Y is used to mean: "for any z in the domain of discourse, z is in X if and only if z is in Y."


Cremer Coating
High speed flame spraying works with a continued gas combustion under high pressure in a combustion chamber to which the powdery spray filler materials are added into its central axis.
The high pressure generated in the combustion chamber by the combustion gas - hydrogen mix achieves the required high flow speed in the gas spray. The spray particles are thus accelerated to high particle speeds which lead to extremely dense spray coatings with extraordinary hold.
The sufficient but moderate temperature input is only slightly changed metallurgically by the spraying of the spray filler materials, e.g. minimal build-up of mixed carbides. Extremely thin coatings with high accuracy are obtained with this method.
Propane, Propane, Ethylene, Acetyls, hydrogen can be used as combustion gas.
Application areas are gliding surfaces of steam irons, presses for the photo industry, parts for the petrochemical and chemical machines, e.g. pumps, sliders, ball vents, mechanical joints, shaft sleeves etc.
High speed flame spraying (HVOF)
High speed flame spraying (HVOF)
(1) combustion gas/oxygen (2) powder + carrier gas
(3) combustion valve with or without water cooling
(4) combustion gas/oxygen flame and spray particle(5)work object
Quickinfo full-text search
Video flame spraying


Q&A |
José Gabriel Macías Montero and José Manuel Soria, scientists with entrepreneurial ambitions
The Collider aims to bridge the gap between science and corporations, encouraging tech-transfer initiatives like those of scientists José Gabriel Macías Montero, Co-Founder of Deep Detection, and José Manuel Soria, Co-founder of Exheus. We spoke to them about their experience as scientists at The Collider and how the programme helped them to launch their two successful businesses.
José Gabriel Macías Montero's company, Deep Detection, develops multispectral x-ray cameras for food and beverage inspection.
Can you explain how you got into biomedical research?
I started off designing microwave circuits for mobiles and satellites before taking an opportunity to work at the High Energy Physics Institute in Barcelona, developing a chip for PET brain scanners.
And how did that lead to the launch of Deep Detection?
Both projects were to do with high-energy particle detection. But, with Deep Detection, we use X-ray detection to discriminate between certain food or drink materials, allowing manufacturers to evaluate how much salt there is in ham – for example – or if there are any contaminants in a drink, or even how ripe fruit is. This allows us to access a lot more information about raw materials, which could revolutionise the food and drinks industry.
What made you choose to collaborate with The Collider?
We knew that our technology had huge potential and we wanted to do something with it. I hadn't heard about the programme before but when I was told about it, I knew it was the missing link and a great opportunity for us.
How has The Collider helped to bridge the gap between science and industry?
It's so difficult to turn science and research into something you can market. There's less of a gap with digital technologies, but for hardware and other systems, there's no road to follow or examples to learn from. Finding investment can be challenging, no matter how good your idea is. You might know for a fact that the market needs you, but how do you get there?
This is where a programme like The Collider comes in, which can offer access to commercial expertise, helping you to develop business operations and get your feet on the ground. They say, 'Your idea is great. Let's see how the market likes it too.'
How did The Collider help to turn your research's practical applications into reality?
The Collider helped us to connect with the market. From day one, they found the project very interesting and the feedback was very positive. In fact, in the first weeks, they contacted sixty different companies and half of those gave an immediate response.
The Collider also taught us to focus on end-users – those companies that might be able to use our inspection machines. We were able to learn about these end-users and how we could target them and bring our technology to market.
What opportunities did you gain from being part of The Collider?
The Collider provides a means to expand your network, allowing you to meet other people and see other projects. You work in a very close environment with other start-ups. This creates a fertile ecosystem for communication and idea generation.
Would you collaborate with The Collider again?
I would recommend it 100% when it comes to bringing science or technology to market. The business professionals at The Collider are very knowledgeable. They are able to say, 'this bit of your project is good but we need to work on this bit…'
José Manuel Soria's platform Exheus provides gene expression analysis and AI for better performance and health.
Can you tell us a bit about the work you do and how you got started?
We started off by investigating the genome of runners. We wanted to see if running a certain distance was healthy or not based on the expression of the genome just before and just after the race.
The research showed that this was a very powerful approach to evaluating health. Today, we are applying this understanding to the general population. It's a remarkable change in our health paradigm. Usually, we study diseases and ill people. With this approach, we study health and healthy people. Why are some people healthy? What are the biological conditions that keep us healthy?
Is there a gap between scientists and industry in your field and why?
There is definitely a gap, especially in the field of personalised medicine. Everyone's talking about it but not many people understand what it is. This is because scientists and business people don't speak the same language.
But The Collider is helping to bridge this gap. Teresa, Exheus Chief Executive Officer and Collider Co-Founder, is a great example. She's a scientist that has made the jump into business. That means we speak the same language.
How did The Collider help to turn your science into a reality?
The Collider helped us to make the transition to the market, giving us access to a network of professionals. We were able to meet other teams and learn how to build a successful company. This network is one of the programme's strongest advantages.
Why is Barcelona a good place to be based for these tech-transfer initiatives?
Barcelona is one of the most important hubs for health companies in Southern Europe. We have some of the most cutting-edge hospitals, health-related companies, and pharmaceutical enterprises. And, of course, good weather!
How was your work with The Collider received within the scientific community in Barcelona?
We had a very good reception from investors. People understand that we need to make personalised medicine a reality today. Last year, we even received an award for our innovative work.
Would you collaborate with The Collider again?
We participated twice with The Collider on two consecutive programmes and we were able to improve the relationship. The Collider did a great job on taking our feedback on board and, the second time we took part, they had changed and adapted the programme to better suit our needs.
It's a great programme for a scientist to get business training and learn to speak the language of business. The programme is bringing together the two distinct worlds of science and industry, and has proven capacity to keep improving, adapting, and changing.


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Another step closer towards my New Zealand Geographic assignment on 'Life in tree-tops.'
A Rata tree usually germinates in the branches of a mature forest tree. Over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, independent trunk composed of fused roots. Although called a "strangling hemiepiphyte", the rata in New Zealand is not thought to strangle its host but rather outlive it. This giant Northern Rata is estimated to be around 1 500 years old.
Many thanks to Paul Stanley Ward, Tim Park and Ninette Rowland for an amazing day full of adventure and for giving me the opportunity to photograph this awesome tree.


A Thoughtful Faith - Mormon / LDS
In this much-needed volume, that follows the evolution of LDS Church thought about race, from its earliest beginnings to its contemporary constructions, Professor Brooks seeks to account for a religious tradition that has never made a definitive departure, nor offered an explanation or an apology for why being racist is not a matter for Mormon censure while advocating for the increased authority of women or the safety of children is?
In Mormonism and White Supremacy: American Religion and the Problem of Racial Innocence Brooks offers a vital racial critique of the faith of her ancestors and her birth.
Direct download: Joanna_Brooks_Racism_Te_Mutunga.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 9:43pm MDT


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PAN - Polish Academy of Sciences
Polska Akademia Nauk
The Polish Academy of Sciences is a state scientific institution founded in 1952. From the very beginning, it has functioned as society acting through an elected corporation of top scholars and research organisations, via its numerous scientific establishments. It has also become a major scientific advisory body through its scientific committees. The activities of the Academy in its present form are regulated by the Parliamentary Act of April 25, 1997.
The bi-lateral scientific cooperation is based on 76 agreements. PAN is the member of about 100 international organisations. Partner from the ASEAN members is Vietnam - relations are based on the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the PAN and the VietnameseAcademy of Science and Technology signed in 1995 and the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the PAN and the VietnameseAcademy of Social Sciences and Humanities signed in 1996. Main scientific areas are: oceanology, hydro-engineering, geology, botany.
Budgetary resources are provided for in the part of the budget under heading "the PolishAcademy of Sciences". The principles of administration of these resources are regulated by the budgetary law. Financial resources of Academy's research centres are channelled by the Ministry of Education and Science (statutory funding, grants, etc.). International cooperation priorities: increasing of collaboration with regions (i.e. Visegrad Group), increasing of collaboration with specific countries, development/adoption of new technologies, strengthening national capacity in specific fields of research, targeting young researchers, increasing the exchange of scientists, bi-lateral agreements, multi-lateral agreements.
The main activities of the organisation: research activities (institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences), presentation of opinions and programmes concerned with science and the practical application of its results, international scientific cooperation effected through membership in international scientific organisations and cooperation with foreign scientific institutions, concluding agreements on scientific cooperation with foreign and international organisations and institutions, education on different levels, cooperation with other scientific institutions and higher education institutions and with science societies, issuing opinions on drafts of legal acts concerning science, its application and education.


Monkey-Patching, Single Responsibility Principle, and Scala Implicits
Feb 09, 2010
When it's impossible to extend core classes, there's no choice but to write a whole bunch of classes with names like StringUtil to house your utility methods. Every namespace winds up having at least one StringUtil class, and it gets really ugly.
In ruby, it's possible to add methods to absolutely any class including String, Integer and other core classes. Rather than calling StringUtil.pluralize("monkey"), you call "monkey".pluralize. The technique is known as monkey-patching. Compared to utility classes, it's a hell of a lot more convenient, and it reads better.
But, monkey-patching isn't without flaw. When you add a method to String, you add it to everybody's String. You're polluting a global namespace.
A lot of rubyists will tell you that in practice, monkey-patching related namespace pollution isn't a problem, and they're mostly right. But, sometimes, they're wrong. The json gem doesn't work properly with activesupport, for example. That's a real problem that gives me real headaches on a daily basis.
In his CUSEC talk, and follow-up blog post, Reg Braithwaite raises the issue that monkey-patching Integer to add duration methods (like 1.hour or is a violation of single responsibility principle. He goes on to justify monkey-patching somewhat:
A Ruby program with extensive metaprogramming is a meta-program that writes a target program. The target program may have classes that groan under the weight of monkey patches and cross-cutting concerns. But the meta-program might be divided up into small, clean entities that each have a single responsibility...In effect, the target program's classes and methods have many responsibilities, but they are assembled by the meta-program from smaller modules that each have a single responsibility.
I think this is a mostly adequate justification for violating SRP. But, needing such an in depth justification at all feels wrong. There must be a better way.
It turns out there is, in scala at least, in the form of something called implicits. Implicits are a way to tell the scala compiler how to convert from one type to another in the event that a method is needed from the second type. Implicits can be definted at (or imported in to) arbitrary scope, and their effects are entirely localized. In fact, they don't do anything at all unless they're needed.
So, let's say we wanted to add a k-combinator type method (like ruby's Object#tap) to all scala objects. First, we need a class that implements the tap method in a way that can be applied to any type.
class Tapper[A](tapMe: A) {
 def tap(f: (A) => Unit): A = {
This class has one method that taps the object supplied to the class's constructor. The details of its implementation are interesting, but unimportant here. This REPL session should explain everything:
scala> val tapper = new Tapper("hello!")
tapper: Tapper[java.lang.String] = Tapper@5e53bbfa
scala> tapper.tap { s => println(s) }
res0: java.lang.String = hello!
Now we need to get objects responding to _TAG_. We do that by defining an implicit.
object Tap {
 implicit def any2Tapper[A](toTap: A): Tapper[A] = new Tapper(toTap)
We wrap the implicit's definition in an object, which is scala for singleton. Those methods can then be imported in to arbitrary scope using the import statement. This REPL session should make everything clear:
scala> "hello!".tap { s => println(s) }
:5: error: value tap is not a member of java.lang.String
scala> import Tap._
import Tap._
res2: java.lang.String = hello!
This Tapper certainly doesn't violate SRP. The addition of the _TAG_ method to all Objects is localized and doesn't affect other running code. Libraries your code depends on can implement their own tap method without collision.
In the end, Reg's argument about meta-programming might still apply here. But, if it does, the kind of meta-programming introduced by implicits is limited in scope and prevents the kind of global namespace pollution that can bite you in the ass in ruby. And the resulting code doesn't have to violate SRP.
In practice, I've found scala's implicits a lot more pleasant to work with than ruby's monkey patching. They're more explicit which provides additional clarity without sacrificing much in the way of terseness. Like anything else, scala isn't a perfect language, but implicit type conversions are a really elegant solution to an ugly problem.


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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Thursday, 1 February 2007, 21:58 GMT
France 'dims' for climate protest
The Eiffel Tower stands in darkness after its spotlights are switched off
National consumption fell by over 1% during the switch-off
The Eiffel Tower, lit by 20,000 bulbs, also went dark at 1955 (1855 GMT).
During the switch-off, the power grid operator RTE observed a fall of 800 megawatts, representing just over 1% of France's total consumption.
It comes a day before the release in Paris of a major report warning of humanity's role in climate change.
The report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is expected to say that climatic changes seen around the world are "very likely" to have a human cause.
'A real issue'
Environmental campaigner Anne Briangault told the BBC that people would like to be involved in tackling climate change but needed advice on what they could do.
"... we are explaining they can do things, they can switch off some lights but it's not enough. Politicians have to make actions too," she said from the base of the Eiffel Tower.
Some experts warned the switch-off could backfire, arguing that more energy could be consumed because of a power spike when lights were turned back on. However, no problems were immediately reported.
Several other European cities also staged symbolic blackouts. In Rome, the lights of two of its celebrated monuments, the Colosseum and the Capitol, were turned off.
In Spain, Madrid's Puerta de Alcala arch was plunged into darkness.
In the Greek capital, Athens, lights illuminating several public buildings - including the parliament, city hall, and the foreign ministry - went dark.
The Eiffel Tower's big switch-off
Has China's housing bubble burst?
How the world's oldest clove tree defied an empire
Why Royal Ballet principal Sergei Polunin quit
Americas Africa Europe Middle East South Asia Asia Pacific


Brushless Hammer And Brush Hammer Comparison
There are differences between Brushless Hammer And Brush Hammer.
1. service life: the service life of the motor without carbon brush hammer is usually in the order of tens of thousands of hours. The continuous working life of the motor with carbon brush hammer is in the hundreds to more than one thousand hours. When it reaches the limit of use, it needs to replace the carbon brush, otherwise it is easy to wear the bearing, and the service life is not as good as the brushless motor.
2. maintenance cost: there is a carbon brush hammer need to replace the carbon brush, if the replacement is less than will cause damage to the motor, and no carbon brush hammer service life is very long, but the broken need to replace the motor, but the basic daily maintenance does not need.
3. controllability: no carbon brush hammer is usually controlled by digital frequency conversion, with carbon brush hammer generally start after the working speed is constant.
Extended information
The rotor of the motor acts as a rotating magnet. If the brushes are too worn, the excitation current cannot reach the rotor, there is no rotating magnetic field, and therefore it cannot operate properly. The mechanical friction and large current between the brush and the collector ring generate a lot of heat. At the same time, the collector ring device is limited by the shafting condition and the cooling mode, and the cooling condition is relatively poor. The heat on the collector ring device is relatively concentrated and the temperature is relatively high.
Brushless DC motor is a typical mechatronics product, which is composed of motor body and driver. A magnetized permanent magnet is glued to the rotor of the motor. In order to detect the polarity of the motor rotor, a position sensor is installed in the motor. The driver is composed of power electronic devices and integrated circuits.
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How do I know when my cockatiel is sick?
As always the information offered here is to provide guidance and is not intended to be a substitute for the good advice provided by your own avian vet. When in doubt always consult your own veterinarian.
How do I know when my bird is sick?
Tail bobbing, sitting "down on the perch" (crouching over its feet), and sitting on the floor of the cage.
Sneezing, clicking respiration (cough), brown-stained feathers above the nostrils (runny nose), or breathing difficulty occurs.
A change in or loss of voice or song is apparent.
Your cockatiel's behavior changes; it becomes sleepy (eyes closing), less active, and withdrawn.
There is a change in appetite. Loss of appetite or increase appetite.
Your bird drinks more water than normal.
Droppings become loose or change in color.
The number of droppings decreases. Count the number of droppings daily when changing the cage. Fewer droppings may indicate that your cockatiel is not eating well.
Your bird "fluffs up."
A long molt and scratching or picking feathers occurs.


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What does AIB mean in ASX Symbols?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand AIB in the Business field in general and in the ASX Symbols terminology in particular.
Find a translation for AIB in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this AIB abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
AIB also stands for:
- Aberdeen IronBirds
- Academy of International
- Academy of International Business
- Accountant in Bankruptcy
- Aeronautical Institute of Bangladesh
... and 20 more »


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help enhance lives positively through diversity and inclusivity while supporting local economies too!
Building Strong Connections: The Benefit of Exploring Together as Women
As women, we are no strangers to the power of community and the importance of strong connections. From sisters to friends and colleagues, we rely on these relationships to grow and thrive in all aspects of our lives.
One unique way to foster these connections is through exploration. Whether it's trying new restaurants, attending events, or traveling to different parts of the world, exploring together can bring us closer and create unforgettable memories.
So why is this so important? For starters, exploring together allows us to step outside of our comfort zones and try new things. This not only builds confidence but also reminds us that there's a whole world out there waiting for us to discover.
Additionally, this shared experience strengthens our bonds with one another. When we explore together, we're creating memories that will last a lifetime – inside jokes, embarrassing moments turned into hilarious stories, and mutual experiences that connect us on a deeper level.
Exploring together also brings an opportunity for growth. By trying new things alongside one another, we can learn from each other's strengths and weaknesses while providing support along the way.
In addition to personal growth, exploring together can also have professional benefits. Networking while exploring provides opportunities for connect with others who share similar interests which can lay potentially helpful business contacts or just learn something useful from them – they might know about an industry you're eager to enter or bring valuable insight as you work towards meeting your career goals.
Finally, sharing experiences provides an opportunity for reflection which helps in developing critical thinking skills; analysing what worked & didn't work during previous explorations enables strengths recognition & areas that require further development.
Ultimately building strong connections through exploration empowers women by providing a platform where they connect with their peers enjoy themselves experiencing exciting activities whilst learning something meaningful from each other expanding their horizons beyond ordinary limitations. So let's come together as women start planning fun adventures because at the end of the day nothing strenghthen connection like sharing new experiences.
From Dreaming to Doing: Overcoming Obstacles and Making Your Sisterhood Travel Plans a Reality
As women, there is no denying that we have a special bond with our sisters. They are the ones whom we share our deepest secrets with, confide in about our fears and insecurities, and celebrate life's most precious moments alongside. So when it comes to travel plans, what could be better than exploring new destinations with your sisterhood by your side?
But let's face it – turning dreams into reality isn't always easy. Reality often presents us with obstacles that seem insurmountable – work schedules, financial constraints, and conflicting priorities among them.
The good news is that these challenges can all be overcome with a bit of planning and a lot of determination. Here are some tips for turning your sisterhood travel plans from mere dreams to real-life adventures:
1. Make a plan: Before embarking on any journey, it's important to make a plan. Begin by choosing the destination that you want to explore together as sisters. This decision will allow you to determine how much money you need to save up, what time of year you should go and what activities or sights you desire to see during the tripso start doing your research early.
2. Budget: Budgeting takes discipline and commitment but it's essential if you want to make your travel dream come true – or have enough funds for everyone involved during the vacation period itself! Take note of all incoming expenses like accommodation lodgings (hotel suite rooms, shared rooms in Airbnb) transportation services (airfare tickets), food expenditure (breakfast cafes, local delicacies) or planned shopping stops at souvenir stores stalls throughout the vacations.
3. Set Goals: Setting targets will help ensure success when things get tough along the way as well as figuring out whether everything is being carried out according to schedule or not until completion formulating periodic reports
4. Work Together: Collaboration can lead to amazing results! Delegate tasks like fundraising for additional resources needed or splitting purchase costs, as well as coordination of travel itinerary or booking and revolve supervision duties throughout the trip to keep everyone accountable towards their obligations.
5. Be Flexible: At times, things won't go according to planmay it be weather forecasts or group delaysthat's what flexibility is useful for. Have contingency plans for various situations like cancelling an activity in favor of another if inclement weather comes along or adjusting a schedule if any individual member starts experiencing schedul conflicts or personal issues during the trip.
In conclusion, turning your sisterhood travel plans from dreams to reality requires planning, budgeting, setting goals, working together, and being flexible at all times. The experience spent with your sisters exploring new places provides memories that wills surely last a lifetime – so stay determined, work hard, and make those dreams a reality!


ASL Linguistics: Noun / Verb Pairs
Noun/Verb pairs are signs that use the same handshape, location, and orientation, but have a different movement. The verb of a noun verb pair generally has a single, continuous movement that is larger than the movement of the noun. The motion of a noun of a noun verb pair is generally a double movement that is smaller than that of a verb.
Got that?
Verbs (of noun/verb pairs) use a single movement.
Nouns (of noun/verb pairs) use a double movement.
A good example of a noun verb pair is the "CHAIR/SIT."
If I do this motion once, it means sit.
If I do the movement twice, it means CHAIR.
But sometimes if I'm in a hurry I'll only do the movement once and my friends still understand me. Why? Because of context. The rest of the sentence makes the meaning clear for me.
For more on this topic, see: "Compounds"
Want to help support Lifeprint / ASLU? It's easy!


Mini Eggs
Mini eggs are about quarter of the size of a normal egg. They usually don't have a yolk inside, just the 'white' or albumen as it is technically called.
Mini Egg in an egg boxA mini egg is caused when a small foreign object enters the oviduct and triggers the normal formation of an egg, so just the same as a yolk, it gets wrapped in albumen and then popped inside an egg shell.
Normally only one mini egg is laid and then normal laying continues and it is nothing to worry about.
Mini Egg Photo Courtesy of Melanie Catley


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Utah Water Science Center
ABOUT THE UTAH WSC
USGS IN YOUR STATE
USGS Water Science Centers are located in each state.
Modeling Se Mixing in South Shore of Great Salt Lake
The south shore area of Great Salt Lake (GSL) has been under increasing scrutiny by concerned citizens and State and Federal regulators, because of current and future selenium inputs to this part of the lake ecosystem. Recent investigations indicate that this part of GSL consistently receives discharge with elevated concentrations of selenium from natural and anthropogenic inflows. Water with elevated concentrations of selenium has been observed at surface seeps along the south shore of GSL and immediately offshore. In addition to the present inputs, an additional anthropogenic selenium input for the south shore area is in the final permitting phase. To date (2011), no information exists on how selenium concentrations may or may not persist in the south shore mixing zone as a function of varying lake conditions or on how the concurrent input of maximum daily selenium concentrations from new anthropogenic sources could influence the selenium concentration in the open-water areas of GSL within the south shore mixing zone.
The objective of the proposed study phase is to assess the movement, mixing, and extent of the KUCC discharge plume in the GSL south shore mixing zone and Se concentrations within the plume.
RELEVANCE AND BENEFITS
The proposed study supports the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Water Program to support local, State, and Tribal science needs and management decisions. The study will provide the Utah Department of Forestry Fire and Lands and other resource managers with important information on the water chemistry of the south shore of Great Salt Lake toward meeting that agency's charge to manage the lakes resource for multiple use and sustained yield.
The study will (1) utilize dye tracing techniques to map the vertical and horizontal movement of an elevated selenium discharge stream as it enters and mixes along the south shore of GSL, and (2) utilize results from objective 1 to calibrate a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate the vertical and horizontal movement of this plume as it enters and mixes along the south shore of GSL.An autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with an onboard fluorometer and other water-quality sensors will be used to map, in three dimensions, the progress and relative concentration of the plume into the open water of GSL.
Project products include: