Take the 2-minute tour ×
Why are some of Windows environmental variable names in Proper case, while most are in UPPERCASE? What is the reason that windir alone is in lowercase?
Get-ChildItem Env:
Name Value
ALLUSERSPROFILE C:\ProgramData
ComSpec C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe
windir C:\Windows
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Windows 3.11 and 3.0 not see windir in lowercase. Windows 3.11 set WINDIR variable auto after start win.com and del after exit at Windows 3.11 to ms-dos, but not del windir. Lowercase windir need to old program in Windows 95-98 when not see Windows 95-98 directory.WINDIR Environment Variable Set When Running Windows Specifically, windir variable looks for tricks for simultaneous operation of Windows 3.11 and Windows 95-98. Windows NT4 Terminal Server this variable looked like WinDir... need test...
MS-DOS COMPSPEC a 16-bits COMMAND.COM and 32-bits command interpreter ComSpec Windows NT, OS/2 history.
Microsoft Windows NT Customization
Understanding the Windows 95 boot Sequence
For the most part well below the hypothesis.
Old UPPERCASE variable - Microsoft QuickBasic problem.
Microsoft QuickBasic Environment Variable Must Be Uppercase in ENVIRON$
New UPPERCASE variable - compatibility with the environment unix. See SKU, SFU tools.
Old ProperCase - MSDOS.SYS Windows 95.
Default environment variable Windows 98, 95:
Environment variable get at AUTOEXEC.BAT, MSDOS.SYS, CONFIF.SYS.
If in AUTOEXEC.BAT write SET DOS16M=2 you see DOS16M=2 in SET command.
Windows 98 environment variable
New Proper case - part link at.Net and powershell style... may bee it error). Need link...
There is a way to learn it is quite accurate, prepaprirovav number of installation folders, where are transferring the corresponding folder number and the path that is then used in different parts of the plant, such as Section winnt.sif:
ProgramFilesDir ="C:\App64"
ProgramFilesDir(x86) ="C:\App32"
CommonProgramFilesDir ="C:\App64\CommonFiles"
CommonProgramFilesDir(x86) ="C:\App32\CommonFiles"
SharedFilesDir ="C:\App64\MSShared"
SharedFilesDir(x86) ="C:\App32\MSShared"
I think if you consider all versions of windows operating systems and the names of variables to make the right conclusions.
MS-DOS v1.10 (1983), MS-DOS v2.11 (1983), MS-DOS v3.20 (1986), MS-DOS v3.30 (1987), MS-DOS v3.30A (1987),MS-DOS v3.30 Plus (1988), MS-DOS v4.01 (1988), MS-DOS v5.00 (1991), MS-DOS v6.00 (1993), MS-DOS v6.20 (1993), MS-DOS v6.21 (1993), MS-DOS v6.22 (1994) - other, part of Windows OS.
share|improve this answer
Thank you for a great piece of research. I don't doubt anything you say, just surprised Path is a new variable in.Net. – Guy Thomas Feb 17 '13 at 16:51
_USER_ Imitation of naming classes. Net. Gradually, all refined. – STTR Feb 17 '13 at 16:56
Your Answer


The ruins of Shalter, a small croft high up on the hillside in Wasbister, bordering on the lands of Cairn and The Garret.
George Craigie and wife Mary Ann Craigie, daughter of James Craigie and Bella Marwick, lived there in the early 1800's. They had a son John, who was born in 1833. In 1858 he married 23-year-old Betsy Louttit, daughter of Alexander Louttit and Janet Craigie of Lower Blackhammer. They had two sons, John, born on March 4th 1859, and William on November 23rd 1869.
In 1878, young John married 20-year-old Betsy Leonard, daughter of George Leonard and Margaret Clouston of Treblo in Sourin. George was brought up at Grain and later lived at nearby Stourameadow. Having been evicted from there when Quandale was cleared in the mid 1800s he went to live at Treblo.
Between 1879 and 1900 John and Betsy had ten children. The youngest, Margaret, was born at Treblo; Betsy and William were born at Westness; Mary, Isabella, John, and Emily were born at Shalter; and George, Hugh, and Annie were all born at Treblo. Their father John was the miller at the Sourin Mill for many years. In the early 1930's he ran the Queen's Hotel in Kirkwall with Isabella and Annie.
A later occupant of Shalter was Magnus Craigie. He was born on August 4th 1881, the third eldest of thirteen children born to Magnus Craigie and Ellen Cooper of Fealquoy and later Pliverha'. He was unmarried and lived at Shalter, and shared his father's love of music, Magnus the elder being a renowned fiddler. Magnus junior was fond of dancing and attended dances even in his later years. He was an accomplished dancer, though his usual footwear consisted of a pair of hefty hobnail boots. Mansie confided in a friend of waking one morning after a dance at which, he admitted, he'd had a wee drop too much to drink. He was unable to recall any of the previous evening's events, and making use of the royal 'we', which he frequently adopted, he added, "but when we woke up and saw we still had wir boots on, we kent we'd had a good night!"
Mansie o' Shalter in his WW1 army uniform
[Picture from the Tommy Gibson collection]


text: A landslide is a good example of erosion. Erosion, is the process by which natural forces move weathered soil and rock from one place to another. An example of erosion is a river picking up stones and carrying them down the river. One specific type is the mudflow, however a mudflow is a very rapid process. This makes it unlike the other types of mass movements because the others are slower than mudflows.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Solidarity Trumps Fear: Cuba is a Model for Global Health in the 21st Century
Abstract / Resumen / Resumo
In the height of the COVID-19 pandemic Cuba offered its own health care workers to countries struggling to cope with enormous health care demands. While Cuba has a long-standing history of sending health workers to countries in the Americas, for the COVID-19 pandemic, Cuba offered its resources to affluent countries such as Italy and Spain. This article discusses how, and why, Cuba is so well positioned to offer medical cooperation to other countries in times of pandemics, and why it offers a compelling model of cooperation and solidarity in times of pandemics.


text:
A Correct, Precise and Efficient Integration of Set-Sharing, Freeness and Linearity for the Analysis of Finite and Rational Tree Languages (TR)
Patricia M. Hill
Abstract:It is well-known that freeness and linearity information positively interact with aliasing information, therefore allowing both the precision and the efficiency of the sharing analysis of logic programs to be improved. In this paper we present a novel combination of set-sharing with freeness and linearity information, which is characterized by an improved abstract unification operator. We provide a new abstraction function and prove the correctness of the analysis for both the finite tree and the rational tree cases. Moreover, we show that the same notion of redundant information as identified in also applies to this abstract domain combination: this allows for the implementation of an abstract unification operator running in polynomial time and achieving the same precision on all the considered observable properties.
Available: PDF, 300 DPI, 600 DPI, and 1200 DPI PostScript, DVI, BibTeX entry.
[Page last updated on February 28, 2003, 17:44:23.]
Home | Personal | Papers | Teaching | Links


text:
Module 6: Figure classical cadherin signalling
Classical cadherin cytoskeletal and signalling functions.
Classical cadherins on neighbouring cells interact with each through their extracellular cadherin (EC) domains. The cytoplasmic domain interacts with both p120 catenin, which has a regulatory role by interacting with signalling components such as Fer and the p190RhoGAP that controls G protein signalling, and β-catenin. The latter provides a link to the cytoskeleton through its interaction with α-catenin.


Last week Congress rolled out H.R. 1, the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act." Congress needs to cut taxes and rework its budget, but the proposal contains a troubling provision: It ends the federal Adoption Tax Credit.
Under current law, a taxpayer may claim $13,570 in adoption tax credits per eligible child. This is a small step the federal government takes to encourage adoption.
Considering the government estimates average adoption expenses can run anywhere from $20,000 – $50,000, the credit helps make adoption a reality for many children and families. Unfortunately, the new budget proposal would end this good tax credit.
One way the government can oppose abortion is by promoting adoption. As President Reagan told Congress in 1985,
Adoption gives women alternatives to abortion. That's why in 1995 we worked closely with Sen. Fay Boozman to pass a law in Arkansas giving families tax breaks for adoption expenses.
Congress should keep the federal Adoption Tax Credit in place. It's a simple policy; the federal government misses out on very little tax revenue because of it; but it goes a long way to help end abortion in America.


Get us in your inbox
Wong Tai Sin Temple
Photograph: Courtesy Sik Sik Yuen
5 Things you need to know about the Mid-Autumn Festival
Food, traditions, gifts, and a quick history lesson
Written by
Time Out Hong Kong
Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the lantern or moon festival, takes place annually on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Chinese calendar. This year, that day falls on September 21. To celebrate the holiday, families and friends gather to revel in festivities like feasting on mooncakes, playing with lanterns, and moon gazing. But, while we're no strangers to this yearly affair, what is Mid-Autumn really about? How did it all begin? And why do we even celebrate it? To answer your questions about this holiday, we're here to let you in on everything from the festival's time-honoured traditions to its history and legend. So, whether you're looking to get acquainted with the holiday, or just hoping to refresh your folklore, here's everything you need to know about one of Hong Kong's most celebrated holidays.
RECOMMENDED: Simply want to wine and dine during the festival? Check out the city's best restaurants or these beautiful rooftop bars
The origin
Photograph: Courtesy Lee Tung Avenue
The origin
Although the true origin of Mid-Autumn Festival is not known for certain, history records show that moon-worshipping practices began over 3,000 years ago in the Shang Dynasty (c. _PHONE_ BC). But the festival only became an official celebration in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) when ancient emperors of China would host a feast to make offerings to deities and the moon in celebration of the year's harvest. After the Tang Dynasty, Mid-Autumn Festival also became a time of the year for the emperor to reward his officials for their hard work and contributions. Over time, it evolved into a festival of many traditions: to give thanks to the moon, pray for better luck, fortune and fertility, and reunite with the family to celebrate and admire the moon in its full glory.
Legends of the moon
Photograph: Courtesy cc/flickr/俊隆 陳
Legends of the moon
There are many versions of the myth and story behind Mid-Autumn Festival, but the most well-known revolves around an archer hero named Hou Yi, and his wife Chang'e.
As the legend goes, Hou Yi was rewarded with an elixir of immortality after shooting down nine out of the ten suns that ravaged the land with drought and disaster. However, when Hou Yi's apprentice, Feng Meng, attempted to steal the elixir, Chang'e stopped him by drinking the elixir herself. After doing so, she became immortal and floated to the moon, never to be seen by her beloved husband again. After learning what had happened to Chang'e, Hou Yi would prepare a feast on this day every year when the moon is believed to be the fullest, in hopes of catching a glimpse of his wife's shadow.
Time-honoured traditions
Photograph: Shutterstock
Time-honoured traditions
Tai Hang Fire Dragon Dance
The Tai Hang Fire Dragon Dance is one of the most spectacular traditions during the Mid-Autumn Festival in Hong Kong. Legend has it that in the 1880s, the villagers in Tai Hang successfully chased off plague and evil spirits by parading the village with a straw dragon covered with incense. To commemorate the victory, the villagers would perform a fire dragon dance through the alleys and streets of Tai Hang every year since. The real highlight here, though, is not the dance, but the spectacle of the huge 67-meter-long dragon covered in 72,000 incense sticks burning on its body. The Tai Hang dragon is a massive structure made out of hemp rope, pearl straw, and ratton and requires at least 300 performers to prop it up. Today, this public event has become one of the most famous annual rituals in Hong Kong and shines as a testament to the city's rich cultural traditions.
Photograph: Courtesy Leisure and Cultural Services Department
Lanterns are no doubt one of the oldest traditions of the Mid-Autumn Festival. For thousands of years, communities would come together during the Mid-Autumn festival to write wishes on sky lanterns (the type that floats up into the sky) and light them in honour of the legendary goddess of the moon, Chang'e, hoping that she would bless her worshippers with luck. Due to safety concerns, however, lighting sky lanterns is prohibited in Hong Kong. But as Mid-Autumn approaches every year, you can usually find lantern displays in all shapes and forms popping up across the city.
Moon gazing
Each year, there are three important days to gaze at the moon among the Chinese community: the eve of the Mid-Autumn Festival where we welcome the moon; on the day of the festival, to admire the moon; and the following day, to send off the moon. This annual affair is a popular tradition that still remains in our modern city and every year, families, friends, and couples flock to the best spots in town to admire the beautiful moon.
The noms
Photograph: Courtesy Shangri-La Group
The noms
Mooncakes are said to have originated from Yuan Dynasty (_PHONE_ AD) revolutionaries as a means to pass covert messages hidden in them. Nowadays, mooncakes symbolise togetherness and harmony, and every year we see shops and restaurants touting mooncakes of all kinds. In fact, there's an overwhelming variety of flavours to choose from these days. The most traditional ones, however, are made with a lotus seed paste and a salted egg yolk centre. Mooncakes are eaten in small wedges with families or friends during the night of Mid-Autumn, often served with tea or wine.
Photograph: Courtesy cc/flickr/watashiwani
Water caltrops ('ling kok')
Known as water caltrops, and sometimes water chestnuts, this lesser-known customary food is only harvested once a year, usually a few weeks before the festival. They are probably one of the weirdest-looking nuts you'll ever see, but don't judge a nut by its shell as underneath its devilish appearance, is white nutty flesh with a slight crunch that tastes like a mildly sweet combination of roasted chestnuts and potato. While some consider the chestnut to resemble a bat, an auspicious symbol of prosperity because its Chinese character is homophonous with the word 'fok' (which means luck and prosperity in Chinese); others believe that this dish is eaten during the festival because the word 'ling' in its Chinese name, sounds like the same 'ling' in the Chinese idiom 'chung ming ling lei', which means smart or clever
Sweet glutinous rice dumplings
No Mid-Autumn meal would be complete without serving up some sweet glutinous rice dumplings ('tong yuen'). Not only do they taste delicious and make a great post-feast dessert, but it is also symbolic in reflecting the tradition of families being together during the festival as the character 'yuen', is the same letter used in the Chinese word 'tuen yuen', which means togetherness.
Festive sips
Photograph: Courtesy Green Gingko Tea
Festive sips
Osmanthus wine
We pair mooncakes with all different kinds of beverages nowadays, but the most traditional during Mid-Autumn Festival is probably osmanthus wine. It is a Chinese alcoholic drink that uses baijiu and osmanthus flowers to create a sweet wine with a subtle floral aroma. Osmanthus is traditionally believed to be the key to longevity and is often offered during toasts to encourage a long and healthy life. Some historical records also suggest that osmanthus flowers were exchanged between countries during the Warring States period as a symbol of peace and goodwill. The Chinese character for osmanthus 'gwai' also sounds similar to the word for wealth, so drinking osmanthus wine on the night of the full moon also represents the celebration of prosperity, health, and harmony. We'll cheers to that.
In addition to wine, tea and mooncakes are also an inseparable pair. Apart from cutting through the grease, tea also aids digestion, which definitely comes in handy after a full feast and sticky mooncakes!
Now that you know all about the festival...
It's time to get the celebration going! Our ultimate guide to the Mid-Autumn Festival will take you through everything from the best lantern displays and celebratory events in town to rooftop bars and restaurants that offer a fantastic view of the sky.
Photograph: Courtesy Mandarin Oriental Hong Kong
If you're filing your holiday leaves for the Mid-Autumn Festival, you can also indulge in a staycation. Check out the city's most romantic hotels, quirky boutique hotels, to catch a little R&R. For more inspiration read about our experiences from various hotels in the cityAnd there is no need to worry about your pets because there are also many pet-friendly hotels for your special paw pals!
 You may also like


text:
Provided by: manpages-pt-dev_20040726-4_all
towupper - convert a wide character to uppercase
wint_t towupper (wint_t wc);
The towupper function is the wide-character equivalent of the toupper
function. If wc is a wide character, it is converted to uppercase.
Characters which do not have case are returned unchanged. If wc is
WEOF, WEOF is returned.
The towupper function returns the uppercase equivalent of wc, or WEOF
if wc is WEOF.
ISO/ANSI C, UNIX98
towlower(3), towctrans(3), iswupper(3)
The behaviour of towupper depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
This function is not very appropriate for dealing with Unicode
characters, because Unicode knows about three cases: upper, lower and

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
British Origins of Modern Political Islamism
This essay outlines the real and empirical origins of modern political Islamism. Furthermore, it provides the reason why Britain supported and even concocted this movement.
- Publication Date
- Apr 9, 2009
- All Rights Reserved - Standard Copyright License
- By (author): Nu'man Abd al-Wahid


When is the Best Time for Cleaning?
Most people find it hard to decide when to clean the house. Now the latest researches revealed that there is a specific part of the day when you can easily handle particular task. What should your schedule contain?
The site Real Simple published an article about the management of the time during the day announcing that the best time to start cleaning the house is in the afternoon. The experts' opinion is that any allergy symptoms are less severe in the afternoon or more precisely around 4 o'clock. So, if you know you have to clean a dusty room, they recommend that you shouldn't do it in the morning when the asthma attacks are more likely to happen.
The cleaning process is one small part of all activities arranged through the day. The morning hours are best for medical appointments and the fitness is better to be scheduled for the late afternoon.
In the evening around 10 pm is time for learning. Dr. Matthew Edlung explains that this is the period when your brain is most likely to memorise.
If you cannot organize your time, just take a look at the best time for each activity and you will easily prepare your schedule for tomorrow. _URL_
About author View all posts
Nicholas Carr
Nicholas Carr


text:
Volume 37 - Article 36 | Pages 1231–1244
Entry into first marriage in China
|Date received:||24 Feb 2017|
|Date published:||18 Oct 2017|
|Keywords:||China, cohabitation marriage, conception marriage, direct marriage, marriage, pathways to marriage|
Background: China has experienced substantial socioeconomic and institutional changes over the past few decades. The literature has documented a variety of demographic changes during this time, including the delay and decline of marriage and the recent prevalence of cohabitation. However, we have little knowledge about how the Chinese enter into marriage.
Objective: This study demonstrates the diversification of first marriage entry over time.
Methods: We applied event-history analysis to longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2012 waves) and estimated the competing risks of the identified marriage entry types. The observation covered the period from 1960 to 2012.
Results: Our estimations from the competing models demonstrated four notable types of first marriage entry, including a general decline in the traditional 'direct marriage,' a rise and decline in 'conception marriage,' and two recently increasing innovative practices of 'cohabitation marriage' and 'cohabitation and conception marriage.' The 1980s marked a turning point when traditional family practices began to decay and innovative family practices began to emerge and spread.
Conclusions: The diversification of marriage entry in China since the 1980s occurred in tandem with the development of China's economic reform and 'opening-up' policies. This simultaneity exemplifies the notion that socioeconomic changes at the macro level interact with family behavior changes at the individual level.
Contribution: This study demonstrates an increasingly wide array of marriage entry types over time, reflecting the evolution of marriage behaviors from tradition to modernity in contemporary Chinese society.
Other articles by the same author/authors in Demographic Research
Most recent similar articles in Demographic Research


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In movie Sin City the actor says
The wind rises, electric. She's soft and warm and almost weightless. Her perfume is a sweet promise that brings tears to my eyes.
I don't see what electric means here. Does it modify the wind? Is this an appositive usage here?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Yes, it qualifies the wind, you can read the sentence as: "The wind rises, it is electric."
It is meaning number 3 of the wiktionary definition of electric :
Being emotionally thrilling; electrifying.
Saying that the wind is electric is a way of qualifying the emotions the wind at this particular moment produces on people: it electrifies them, makes them maybe agitated, maybe thrilled, excited...
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


The Fourth Fisherman Review
Ernest Clevenger
1.5 Stars
August 15, 2012
The Fourth Fisherman by Joe Kissack starts out like a fable and develops into a true narrative. The drama alternates between chapters describing five lost fishermens' thousands of miles journey across the Pacific in a small boat, with three surviving, and the biography, perhaps memoirs, of Kissask.
Also lost is an explanation of why five well experienced fishermen in a small boat (where would they put the caught fish?) could get lost from the long Mexican Pacific coast. The eventual brief biographical description of three of the fishermen was helpful.
The tragedy of the fishermen's situation is gruesomely described in almost unbelievable, sickening, detail which continues in short story form throughout the book. Alternately, Kissack's prose chapters describes his fabulously wealthy success as a young adult to his seriously depraved spiritual condition, then recovery due to the amazing surviving fishermen.
As the creative religious story develops the reader is led to believe God may be the fourth fisherman; but the mystery is solved with a simple statement at the end of the book.
I received this book from WaterBrook Multnomah Press in exchange for an honest review.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
 1. Is there any audio/programming-related stack-exchange site?
 2. I'm trying to make a wave form in WinForms
 3. What algorithm should I use?
For example, if I have 200 samples per pixel (vertical line), should I draw the lowest and the highest sample from that portion of 200 samples? Or should I draw average of low and high samples? Maybe both in different colors?
share|improve this question
There isn't much of an algorithm behind it. You got numbers, the samples from the audio file. Connect the dots with a line. A polyline works best. Colors and scaling are completely up to your taste. – Hans Passant Jul 12 '12 at 12:36
Yes, but it only works when you use very big zoom. If you have lots of samples per pixel, you need to choose different solution. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 12:53
Why not just sample the samples - pick one for every pixel? If you're zoomed out far enough to have 200 samples represented by a single pixel, I'm not sure how useful it is to know the minimum and maximum values in the range. That's what zooming in is for. – shambulator Jul 12 '12 at 13:15
If I use min/max sample I can easy see highest/lowest values which may be an errors of analog recording etc. If I use samples as samples I will not see anything interesting. If I use average all tracks will looks similar. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 13:36
This has been asked before and answered here. Here's an answer I gave. stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/… Try searching some more. – Bjorn Roche Jul 12 '12 at 18:10
3 Answers 3
up vote 3 down vote accepted
 1. Try dsp.stackexchange.com
 2. At 200 samples per pixel, there are several approaches you can try. Whatever you do, it often works best to draw each vertical line both above and below 0, ie. treat positive and negative sample values seperately. Probably the easiest is to just calculate an RMS. At such a low resolution peak values will probably give you a misleading representation of the waveform.
share|improve this answer
You can use AudioControl from code project.
and see this one: Generating various audio waveforms in C#
these projects may be useful for you if implement your code originally:
share|improve this answer
That project is incomplete, and author says it sometimes causing errors. I need to build more advanced thing. I tried to compare my output with Audacity wave form and it was looking very similar. However I need some suggestions from stack overflow. – zgnilec Jul 12 '12 at 12:34
This will help you to generate waveform from audio file using nAudio in C#...
using NAudio.Wave;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
public partial class test : System.Web.UI.Page
 protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 string strPath = Server.MapPath("audio/060.mp3");
 string SongID = "2";
 byte[] bytes = File.ReadAllBytes(strPath);
 WriteToFile(SongID,strPath, bytes);
private void WriteToFile(string SongID, string strPath, byte[] Buffer)
 int samplesPerPixel = 128;
 long startPosition = 0;
 //FileStream newFile = new FileStream(GeneralUtils.Get_SongFilePath() + "/" + strPath, FileMode.Create);
 float[] data = FloatArrayFromByteArray(Buffer);
 Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(1170, 200);
 int BORDER_WIDTH = 5;
 int width = bmp.Width - (2 * BORDER_WIDTH);
 int height = bmp.Height - (2 * BORDER_WIDTH);
 NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader reader = new NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader(strPath, wf => new NAudio.FileFormats.Mp3.DmoMp3FrameDecompressor(wf));
 NAudio.Wave.WaveChannel32 channelStream = new NAudio.Wave.WaveChannel32(reader);
 int bytesPerSample = (reader.WaveFormat.BitsPerSample / 8) * channelStream.WaveFormat.Channels;
 using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp))
 Pen pen1 = new Pen(Color.Gray);
 int size = data.Length;
 string hexValue1 = "#009adf";
 Color colour1 = System.Drawing.ColorTranslator.FromHtml(hexValue1);
 pen1.Color = colour1;
 Stream wavestream = new NAudio.Wave.Mp3FileReader(strPath, wf => new NAudio.FileFormats.Mp3.DmoMp3FrameDecompressor(wf));
 wavestream.Position = 0;
 int bytesRead1;
 byte[] waveData1 = new byte[samplesPerPixel * bytesPerSample];
 wavestream.Position = startPosition + (width * bytesPerSample * samplesPerPixel);
 for (float x = 0; x < width; x++)
 short low = 0;
 short high = 0;
 bytesRead1 = wavestream.Read(waveData1, 0, samplesPerPixel * bytesPerSample);
 if (bytesRead1 == 0)
 for (int n = 0; n < bytesRead1; n += 2)
 short sample = BitConverter.ToInt16(waveData1, n);
 if (sample < low) low = sample;
 if (sample > high) high = sample;
 float lowPercent = ((((float)low) - short.MinValue) / ushort.MaxValue);
 float highPercent = ((((float)high) - short.MinValue) / ushort.MaxValue);
 float lowValue = height * lowPercent;
 float highValue = height * highPercent;
 g.DrawLine(pen1, x, lowValue, x, highValue);
 string filename = Server.MapPath("image/060.png");
catch (Exception e)
public float[] FloatArrayFromStream(System.IO.MemoryStream stream)
 return FloatArrayFromByteArray(stream.GetBuffer());
public float[] FloatArrayFromByteArray(byte[] input)
 float[] output = new float[input.Length / 4];
 for (int i = 0; i < output.Length; i++)
 output[i] = BitConverter.ToSingle(input, i * 4);
 return output;
share|improve this answer
Thanks, but this question is a bit old :) I did finish my app already. _URL_.png – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 11:02
Oh! good! but now Only I saw your Question! – Illaya Nov 25 '13 at 11:37
Hey _USER_ I need your help. I am also trying same as you developed. Can you pls help me to complete it? I am done only waveform generation. Also I need to do zoom features and moving line on waveform. Help me. – Illaya Nov 25 '13 at 11:42
Then contact me via email. I will answer later, because I'm in work now. – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 12:00
multiverse at inbox dot com. Send all your questions. – zgnilec Nov 25 '13 at 12:18
Your Answer


text:
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) and an international consortium of researchers from 39 other institutions report the first whole-genome sequence of rye. This will guide future rye breeding and provide immediate benefit in managing the trade-offs of using rye as a genetic resource in wheat crop improvement. The work was published in Nature Genetics in March.
The genome sequence will be indispensable for use of untapped genetic diversity in breeding improved disease resistance, such as to ergot or leaf rust, and other sustainability traits in rye. "The rye genome will enable us to understand rye's adaptive potential and efficiently use germplasm resources to meet future climatic challenges", Alan Schulman, professor at Luke and a principle investigator in the study, says.
Rye as a crop is tolerant of northern conditions, disease, and difficult climate. Currently, rye is produced on 4.1 million ha worldwide. Over 80% of the world's rye production is in North-Eastern Europe, an area that will see increasing challenges from climate change and disease over the coming decades. However, with its origins in the region of Turkey, rye was earlier cultivated in much of Western and Southern Europe on marginal soils and today is grown also in Spain, North America and Australia in fairly large quantities. All these regions are threatened by the effects of climate change. "The genome sequence will both help find key genes, and allow breeders to efficiently access and apply genetic diversity to accelerate the production of new varieties suited to changing conditions."
Rye genome sequence can help improve wheat yields
Rye is a source of many useful traits even for wheat breeding. Rye chromatin is commonly introgressed into bread wheat varieties to improve yield. "Rye is closely related to wheat, and crosses can be made, but the key is to move the genes without traits that would be undesirable in wheat. The genome sequence will greatly aid this process."
Rye has been cultivated in Finland for over 2000 years, is mentioned in the Kalevala, and a key part of Finnish food culture today as well. Rye is an exceptionally climate-resilient cereal crop, the key ingredient in rye bread, which is the national food of Finland (2016, voted "kansallisruoka"). "We want future generations also to have good rye bread, with its many health promoting properties, on their dinner tables", Schulman says.


text:
Western long-beaked echidna
|Western long-beaked echidna|
The western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni) is one of the echidnas which live in New Guinea. Fossils of this species have also been found in Australia. It is one of the four living echidnas, three of which are species of Zaglossus.
This echidna lives from 1300m to 4000m above sea level. It lives in alpine meadow and humid forests in the mountains. Unlike the short-beaked echidna which eats ants and termites, the long-beaked species eats earthworms. It is also larger that the short-beaked species. It can be told apart from the other Zaglossus species by the number of claws on the front and back feet. It has three (rarely four) claws.
It is an endangered species. Its population has been reduced by habitat habitat loss and hunting. The long-beaked Echidna is good to eat. Although hunting the species has been banned by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinea governments, traditional hunting is permitted.
In February of 2006, an expedition led by Conservation International found a population of them in what they described as a "lost world" of wildlife in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia.
References[change | change source]
- Augee M and Gooden B. 1993. Echidnas of Australia and New Guinea. Australian National History Press ISBN 978-0-86840-046-4
- Flannery T.F. and Groves C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62(3): 367-396
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zaglossus bruijni.|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
You can indicate that XXX is method name by writing XXX().
But in Objective-C, you can not write XXX() for XXX method.
If you write XXX, you can't tell if XXX is method name or other type of identifier.
How can you indicate that XXX is method name of Objective-C class?
Method call of Objective-C is different from other language.
in Objective-C, method call is:
[self XXX];
in other language, method call is:
In other language, for example, we can write in stackoverflow:
XXX() doesn't work
And we can know XXX is method thanks to ().
But in Objective-C, we can't say:
XXX doesn't work
Instead, to make it clear that XXX is method, we have to say:
XXX method doesn't work
share|improve this question
Could you post some sample code to illustrate the problem more clearly? Also, could you name it initMethod() to clear up the confusion? – FrustratedWithFormsDesigner Jul 20 '12 at 15:01
_USER_ thanks for your advice. I added a explanation. And init is just a example. To avoid confusion, I modified it to XXX. – js_ Jul 20 '12 at 15:27
You can tell it's a method because it's on the right side of the message call. In objective-c it's [object method] or [Class method]. If you are confusing properties, you have to remember that properties are just sugar. – Paul Jul 20 '12 at 15:51
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
If you're talking about using init in documentation or some other place where you're describing the method, you can prefix it with a - if it's an instance method or a + if it's a class method. If the method takes parameters, leave them out and just concatenate the different parts of the method name, like: -initWithNibName:bundle: or +colorWithRed:green:blue:alpha:. Don't leave the colons out, though -- they're part of the selector. For example, you might write:
One way to create a color is by calling UIColor's +colorWithRed:green:blue:alpha: method.
Sometimes people include both the class name and method name, prefixed with the appropriate character and wrapped in square brackets:
One way to initialize a view controller is with -[UIViewController initWithNibName:bundle:].
That's not really a correct use of Objective-C syntax -- you'd never actually call a method like that -- but it conveys three important pieces of information: type of method (class or instance), class, and selector.
In code, of course, you don't need to do anything special to indicate what kind of identifier it is. Just use the method name in an appropriate context and the compiler will figure it out:
UIColor *color = [UIColor colorWithRed:0.5 green:0.5 blue:0.9 alpha:1.0];
NSMutableArray *array = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
share|improve this answer
thanks for your detailed answer. – js_ Jul 21 '12 at 8:07
add comment
I will typically use +[NSString stringWithString:] and -[NSString initWithString:], unless there is enough context to omit the + or - and class (then I would reduce it to stringWithString: and initWithString:).
share|improve this answer
add comment
Terminology: It's not a method name, it's a message name, aka selector.
To your question: it's obvious from the syntax, message sends always take the form [receiver message_with_parameters], where receiver is an expression (it may be another [...]), so anything after receiver is a selector (that is, what you call method name). In case of selector without params, it is just its name (like is the case with [[Class alloc] init], in case of of selector with params, it looks like [3 between: 1 and: 5].
Or is your problem somewhere else? The question was a bit unclear.
share|improve this answer
thanks. But i'm very sorry, my question was not clear. I added EDIT to my question. My question is about how to write method name, for example, in stackoverflow to let other people know that it is method name. – js_ Jul 20 '12 at 15:33
In that case, use'method Xxx' or use the '- selector' and '+ selector' syntax of Objective-C used to distinguish between instance and class methods. – herby Jul 20 '12 at 15:36
add comment
Your Answer


text:
Aims: To summarize literature data about the role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism. Methods: A systematic search in the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Database was performed to identify all peer-reviewed papers in the English literature dealing with the bruxism-psychosocial factors relationship. All studies assessing the psychosocial traits of bruxers (by using questionnaires, interviews, and instrumental and laboratory exams) and reviews discussing the contribution of those factors to the etiology of bruxism were included in this review. Results: A total of 45 relevant papers (including eight reviews) were retrieved with a search strategy combining the term "bruxism" with the words stress, anxiety, depression, psychosocial and psychological factors. The majority of data about the association between psychosocial disorders and bruxism came from studies adopting a clinical and/or self-report diagnosis of bruxism. These studies showed some association of bruxism with anxiety, stress sensitivity, depression and other personological characteristics, apparently in contrast with sleep laboratory investigations. A plausible hypothesis is that clinical studies are more suitable to detect awake bruxism (clenching type), while polysomnographic studies focused only on sleep bruxism (grinding type). Conclusion: Wake clenching seems to be associated with psychosocial factors and a number of psychopathological symptoms, while there is no evidence to relate sleep bruxism with psychosocial disorders. Future research should be directed toward the achievement of a better distinction between the two forms of bruxism in order to facilitate the design of experimental studies on this topic. J OROFAC PAIN 2009;23:153–166.
Key words: anxiety, bruxism, depression, etiology, psychosocial factors, stress


BioCover's hydraulically applied cover meets federal regulations, is less expensive than other alternative covers and is easier to apply. Manufactured from Thermally Refined® wood fibres combined with cellulose fibre and a viscous hydro-colloid tackifier, BioCover™ is the superior alternative to soil, mulch or plastic daily covers.
 - Better for the environment—minimizes the accumulated leachate pockets and leachate seeps that are typically caused by continuous daily soil cover practices; designed as 100% biodegradable and non-toxic
 - Increases Landfill Gas Management System efficiency—minimizes the number of intermediate impervious layers which increases the capture zone and efficiency of the gas extraction system
 - Utilizes a hydro-colloid tackifier to increase the bond to debris, including plastic and other slick-surface materials
Call to Actions


text:
Want More Education?
Delve deeper into the science behind skin care with —Skin Inc. Video Education!
Most Popular in:
Tea Extracts Repair Radiotherapy Skin Damage
Posted: December 8, 2006
Findings from a new study confirm that tea extracts applied to the skin promote the repair of damage from radiotherapy, and shed light on the mechanisms involved in the injury. The beneficial effects of the extracts are mostly from their ability to attenuate the body signals that trigger inflammation.
Radiotherapy interruption because of toxic effects to the skin may compromise the outcome of cancer treatment, lead author Dr. Frank Pajonk, from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, told Reuters Health. "So, it is important to have an effective treatment for this problem."
According to Pajonk, "tea extracts have been used as a folk remedy for sunburns, which led to their use as a treatment for radiation-induced skin toxicity. They have proven quite successful in this regard, but there were no scientific data" to clarify their effects.
In a study reported in the journal BMC Medicine, the researchers analyzed the effects of green or black tea extracts given to 60 patients with skin damage related to radiotherapy for head and neck cancers and cancer in the pelvic region.
Treatment with the tea extracts enhanced skin repair, the report indicates. For radiation damage in the head and neck region, the green and black tea extracts were comparable in promoting repair, whereas in the pelvic region, green tea extract was superior, Pajonk said.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
now() gives me
datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 6, 5, 27, 23, 662390)
How do I get just datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 6, 5, 27, 0, 0) (the datetime object) where everything after minutes is zero?
share|improve this question
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 21 down vote accepted
dt.replace( second=0, microsecond=0)
share|improve this answer
Note that this is just a value and does not alter dt - if that's what you want then also assign it back to dt. – John Mee Jun 30 '11 at 4:00
add comment
You can use datetime.replace to obtain a new datetime object without the seconds and microseconds:
the_time = datetime.now()
the_time = the_time.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
share|improve this answer
or the_time= datetime.now().replace(second=0, microsecond=0) – tzot Aug 4 '10 at 11:05
add comment
I know it's quite old question, but I haven't found around any really complete answer so far.
There's no need to create a datetime object first and subsequently manipulate it.
dt = datetime.now().replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
will return the desired object
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
In a milestone for people who don't identify as male or female, the United States just issued its first-ever 'X' gender passport, joining other countries including Australia, Canada, Argentina, and Nepal who allow citizens to designate a gender other than male or female on their passports.
According to the Associated Press, the State Department released a statement revealing they expect to offer the option to gender-nonconforming, intersex, and nonbinary citizens by early 2022.
The State Department now allows passport applicants to self-select male or female without requiring them to submit medical certification if their gender does not match the gender listed on other identification records, the Associated Press reports.
"When a person obtains identity documents that reflect their true identity, they live with greater dignity and respect," the U.S special diplomatic envoy for LGBTQ rights, Jessica Stern, said in a statement reported by the AP. "We see this as a way of affirming and uplifting the human rights of trans and intersex and gender-nonconforming and nonbinary people everywhere."
"Offering a third gender marker is a significant step towards ensuring that our administrative systems account for the diversity of gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics," Stern told the Washington Blade. "Because people do not always fit within a male or a female designation, it doesn't benefit anyone to have inconsistencies between people and systems."
"I am proud that the United States seeks to protect and promote the human rights of LGBTQI+ persons globally and this is an excellent example of leading by example," added Stern.


text:
As an attorney specializing in workers' compensation cases, I know that most seriously injured workers would agree that their accidents have had a catastrophic effect on their lives
They are in pain. Their paycheck has been reduced or stopped completely. They cannot get the insurance company to agree to pay for the MRI, the surgery or other medical treatment that they need to help them get better and back to work.
That is truly a catastrophe. But does it meet the legal definition of a catastrophic injury under the Georgia workers' compensation law? Even if it does, what difference does that make?
It can make a huge difference as far as the protection and benefits provided to someone who has been injured at work.
Why is a catastrophic designation important?
Our workers' compensation laws in Georgia have been watered down by insurance companies. Becuase of that, they often provide very little protection for injured workers. Here are just a few examples:
- In Georgia, an insurance company can sometimes stop your weekly workers' compensation check with just a note from the doctor saying you can return to work without restrictions. You might have to wait months without a check and go to a hearing before your workers' compensation benefits are restarted.
- After a certain period of time, an insurance company can reduce your weekly workers' compensation check (for example from $500 to $334) if the doctor has released you to light work. They file what is called a Form WC-104. This can happen even if your employer has no light work and cannot find work within your restrictions.
- If you return to work and work more than two years without receiving a workers' compensation check and then your injury worsens without a new accident, you may never be able to draw a workers' compensation check again – even if you are in a wheelchair.
- You can normally only draw a check for a maximum of 350 to 400 weeks from when you were injured, even if your work injury still prevents you from going back to work after that time.
- If you were injured after 7/1/13, the insurance company can stop paying for medical treatment 400 weeks after your injury.
How a Catastrophic Designation Can Help You?
With all these cards in the deck stacked against injured workers, it is good to know that there is at least one card in your favor. That card is catastrophic injury.
In Georgia, if your workers' compensation injury is declared catastrophic, then many of the bad laws mentioned above no longer apply to you. For example:
- You would be allowed to be paid your temporary total disability benefits (lost wages) as long as you were in fact unable to work, even if it was more than 400 weeks since your work injury.
- Your workers' compensation check could not be reduced just because your doctor said you were able to do some sort of light work unless there was actually a light duty job to do.
- You would also be given a rehabilitation person to work with you and help you get better and try to find a new career or job that you were able to do with the limitations from your injury.
- You could continue getting medical treatment more than 400 weeks after your injury
How do I qualify for a catastrophic designation?
So now that you know how important it can be to get your Georgia work injury designated as catastrophic, the next question is how do you get a catastrophic designation. I discuss that in this article.
If you have other questions, just complete the "Need Help" form on the right side of this page to schedule a free consultation with me.


Sign up ×
I understand how spin is defined in analogy with orbital angular momentum. But why must electron spin have magnetic quantum numbers $m_s=\pm \frac{1}{2}$? Sure, it has to have two values in accordance with the Stern-Gerlach experiment, but why precisely those values?
share|cite|improve this question
There is a definition of the units thing here, and a why does the intrinsic angular momentum have a lower limit than the rotational angular momentum question. Can you say which you care about? – dmckee Feb 5 '12 at 19:19
I suppose it has to do with how we measure the eigenvalues for spin (perhaps multiples of bohr's magneton) – Sebgr Feb 5 '12 at 20:04
What I was getting at is that it's $\pm 1/2$, because the base of our units for angular momentum is the minimum non-zero rotational angular momentum. The value for $h$ was set before anyone knew about spin. That's also why the quarks carry charges in multiples of $1/3$: because we set the base before anyone knew there were quarks. So is the question about $h$ or about the difference between rotational angular momentum and spin? – dmckee Feb 5 '12 at 20:10
I think it should be on the lines of your second option. Does it only have to do with the fact that $m_s$ is quantized on integer steps and only two states are seen in a Stern-Gerlach experiment (thus eliminating the possibility of $m_s=0$)? – Sebgr Feb 5 '12 at 20:25
Related: – Qmechanic Apr 11 '13 at 20:22
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
I don't know if this is what OP is really asking(v1), but it is a remarkable fact in representation theory, that it is possible to deduce just from the assumptions that
 1. the Hilbert space $V$ of states is $2$-dimensional, and
 2. the real $so(3)$ Lie algebra $$[\hat{S}_i, \hat{S}_j ] ~=~i\hbar \epsilon_{ijk} \hat{S}_k \qquad\qquad (A)$$ of spin operators $\hat{S}_i$ acts on $V$,
$$ {\rm the~eigenvalues}~\hbar m_s~{\rm of~the~spin~operator}~\hat{S}_z\qquad\qquad (B) $$
can only be one out of the following two alternatives:
 1. $m_s=\pm \frac{1}{2} $. ($V=\underline{2}$ is a dublet representation with spin $s=\frac{1}{2}$.)
 2. $m_s=0$. ($V=\underline{1}\oplus\underline{1}$ is a sum of singlet representations with spin $s=0$.)
Of course, the second alternative is not relevant for electrons, which have spin $s=\frac{1}{2}$.
For a proof using ladder operators, see e.g. section 5 of 't Hooft's lecture notes. The pdf file is available here.
To summarize the logic, once we have adapted the scaling convention of (A) and (B), there is no ambiguity left in what we mean by the variable $m_s$. Once we agree on the meaning of $m_s$, we can have a meaningful discussion of the possible values of $m_s$. We next use representation theory to conclude that the values of $m_s$ are half integers. Similarly, the definition of the spins $s\geq 0$ are not arbitrary, but scaled in such a way that $\hbar^2s(s+1)$ become the eigenvalues for the Casimir operator $\hat{S}^2$.
share|cite|improve this answer
In a sense, you've already chosen the constant ħ in step 2, so when you get the eigenvalues ħm in step 3 the values of m are predetermined. When you use h/π instead of ħ, you still get the same eigenvalues hm'/π. – MSalters Feb 7 '12 at 15:39
I tried to formulate the logical reasoning better in an update. – Qmechanic Feb 7 '12 at 17:10
Your Answer


text:
Before Christmas, Bluebirds enjoyed reading the poem "The Night Before Christmas" and looked at the layout and rhyming couplets.
They also investigated the meaning of unknown words as this poem is quite old fashioned in places! Since returning to school, Bluebirds have been looking at the features in the poem "January Brings the Snow" and have made a recording of it for you to hear. Again this poem has some dated language which initiated lots of chat and investigation into unfamiliar language. Boys and girls took it in turn to read a verse each and tried hard to perform in unison.


text:
A Fake Lawyer is arrested by the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI) in Angeles Pampanga.
The Fake lawyer allegedly committed estafa and wanted by the authorities.
Read: What is Estafa?
The Arrested Suspect was able to amassed more than one million
pesos according to the NBI.
The Victims of the suspect includes among others, companies,
cooperative, well known wealthy families and even some
The Successful Operation was conducted by the NBI's Special
Investigation Services at about 1 PM in the afternoon.
The Compound where the operation was conducted was huge.
The Suspect was arrested after a few minutes.
The Suspect has an alias of Atty. Sandoval. Her real name is
Maribel Tuburan.She has 5 pending warrant of arrest for large
The Suspect committed Estafa in areas which includes Palawan,
Cebu, Makati, Butuan and Manila.
The Suspect denied the charge against her.
Is She Guilty of of Usurpation of Official Functions?
This criminal offense is punishable under Art.177 of the
Revised Penal Code.
This offense is committed by performing an act pertaining to
any person in authority or public officer of the Philippines
or foreign government under the pretense of such official
position, and without being lawfully entitled to do so.
In usurpation of official functions, it is essential that the
offender should have performed an act pertaining to a person
Is She Guilty of Using Fictitious Name and Concealing True Name?
Using Fictitious Name and Concealing True Name is an offense
punishable under Art.178 of the Revised penal Code.
These Offenses has the following Elements:
Elements of Using Fictitious Name:
1. That the offender uses a name other than his real name
2. That he uses that fictitious name publicly
3. That the purpose of the offender is –
a. To conceal a crime
b. To evade the execution of a judgment or
c. To cause damage to public interest
Ex. Signing fictitious name for a passport
Elements of Concealing True Name:
1. That the offender conceals
a. his true name, and
b. all other personal circumstances and
2. That the purpose is only to conceal his identity.


text:
ICANZ is a registered Incorporated Society. Its aims are:
- To provide adoption education for couples in New Zealand undertaking adoptions.
- To encourage the formation of support groups for adoptive families in New Zealand and their internationally adopted children for the sharing of ideas, encouragement and the making of friendships.
- To encourage and assist New Zealand adoptive families to learn about and celebrate their child's cultural heritage.
- To offer post adoption services, information, support and continuing educational opportunities to support adoptive families in New Zealand and their children.
- To assist suitable couples living in New Zealand to adopt children from overseas, for whom inter-country adoption is considered by the authorities of their country to be the most appropriate choice of care, provided that such adoptions are in the best interest of the child and are carried out with respect for his or her fundamental rights as recognized in international law.


Quick Answer: How do i label coordinates in autocad?
How do I set relative coordinates in Autocad?
 1. On the command line, enter DSETTINGS.
 2. In the Dynamic Settings dialog box, click the Dynamic Input tab.
 3. Under Pointer Input, click Settings.
 4. In the Pointer Input Settings dialog box, select either Relative Coordinates or Absolute Coordinates, as desired.
24 мая 2017 г.
How do I draw a line with coordinates in AutoCAD?
Using Specific Coordinates
 1. Click Home tab > Draw panel > Line. Find.
 2. Type the coordinate value for the first point by typing the X value, a comma, then the Y value, for example 1.65,4.25.
 3. Press the Spacebar or Enter.
 4. Do one of the following: …
 5. Press the Spacebar or Enter.
How do I make labels in Autocad?
To Create a Label Template
 1. Click Tools menu Palettes dbConnect.
 2. In the dbConnect Manager, click the New Label Template button.
 3. In the Select a Database Object dialog box, select a link template and click continue.
 4. Enter a name for the label template.
 5. To open the Label Template dialog box, click Continue.
How do you use relative coordinates?
Use relative coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the previous point. To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example, entering _USER_,4 specifies a point 3 units along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last point specified.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do i save a high quality pdf from autocad?
What is the difference between absolute coordinates and relative coordinates in AutoCAD?
There are two ways to enter coordinates in AutoCAD LT. The first is absolute, when you know the actual coordinates of the point you want, like (5,3). The second is relative, when all you know is how far the point is away from another point.
How do I get easting and northing coordinates in AutoCAD?
How to Enter Northings & Eastings in AutoCAD
 1. Select the "Home" tab and choose the "Draw" panel.
 2. Choose the "Line" drop down option. Click "Create Line By Northing/Easting." The button is marked with a line and a grid icon.
 3. Enter the "northing" value. …
 4. Type additional northing and easting values to add additional lines.
How do you plot Northing and Easting coordinates in AutoCAD?
To Create Lines by Specifying Northing/Easting Coordinates
 1. Click Home tab Draw panel Line drop-down Create Line By Northing/Easting Find.
 2. Enter a northing value.
 3. Enter an easting value. …
 4. Continue to enter northing and easting values to define the line segments.
How do I add labels in Autocad 2018?
To Insert Note Labels
 1. Specify the layer for Note labels on the Object Layers tab of the Drawing Settings dialog box.
 2. Click Annotate tab Labels & Tables panel Add Labels menu Notes.
 3. In the Add Labels dialog box, under Feature, select Note.
 4. Select the Note label style to use.
 5. Optionally, select a Marker Style to use.
How do you use leaders in Autocad?
 1. Click Home tab Annotation panel Multileader. …
 2. At the Command prompt, enter o to select options.
 3. Enter l to specify leaders.
 4. Enter s to specify straight leaders.
 5. In the drawing, click a start point for the leader head.
 6. Click an end point for the leader.
 7. Enter your MTEXT content.
IT IS INTERESTING: What processor do i need for autocad?
What is relative coordinate system?
Relative coordinates are locations defined by their distance from a reference point. An example of a relative coordinate is the distance from your computer monitor to your printer.
What is the use of offset command?
The offset command in AutoCAD is used to create parallel lines, concentric circles, and parallel curves. We can offset any object through a point or at a specified distance. We can create as many parallel lines and curves with the help of the offset command.
What do you mean by absolute polar coordinates?
Absolute polar coordinates are measured from the UCS origin (0,0), which is the intersection of the X and Y axes. Use absolute polar coordinates when you know the precise distance and angle coordinates of the point. With dynamic input, you can specify absolute coordinates with the # prefix.
Special Project


CEP: Process Safety Beacon - Mechanical Integrity of Tubing
Proper installation, maintenance, and inspection of metal tubing is important in preventing fires and toxic material releases in process plants. Do not forget about tubing just because it is usually small. Even a small leak can cause a fire that can grow much larger, and small releases of toxic materials can be dangerous. Here are some reported incidents.
Copyright Permissions:


text:
- of or belonging to the past; not modern.
- dating from a period long ago: antique furniture.
- noting or pertaining to automobiles approximately 25 years old or more.
- in the tradition, fashion, or style of an earlier period; old-fashioned;.
- of or belonging to the ancient Greeks and Romans.
- (of paper) neither calendered nor coated and having a rough surface.
- any work of art, piece of furniture, decorative object, or the like, created or produced in a former period, or, according to U.S. customs laws, 100 years before date of purchase.
- the antique style, usually Greek or Roman, especially in art.
- Printing. a style of type.
verb (used with object), an·tiqued, an·ti·quing.
- to make or finish (something, especially furniture) in imitation of antiques.
- to emboss (an image, design, letters, or the like) on paper or fabric.
verb (used without object), an·tiqued, an·ti·quing.
- to shop for or collect antiques: She spent her vacation antiquing in Boston.
- a decorative object, piece of furniture, or other work of art created in an earlier period, that is collected and valued for its beauty, workmanship, and age
- (as modifier)an antique shop
- any object made in an earlier period
- the antique the style of ancient art, esp Greek or Roman art, or an example of it
- made in or in the style of an earlier period
- of or belonging to the distant past, esp of or in the style of ancient Greece or Rome
- informal old-fashioned; out-of-date
- archaic aged or venerable
- (of paper) not calendered or coated; having a rough surface
- (tr) to give an antique appearance to
1530s, "aged, venerable," from Middle French antique "old" (14c.), from Latin antiquus (later anticus) "ancient, former, of olden times; old, long in existence, aged; venerable; old-fashioned," from PIE *anti in sense of "before" (see ) + *okw- "appearance" (see (n.)). Originally pronounced in English like its parallel, but French pronunciation and spelling were adopted from c.1700.
"an old and collectible thing," 1771, from(adj.).
"to give an antique appearance to," 1896, from Antiqued; antiquing.(adj.). Related:


Sandra Ericson Manager for Research & Development
Is an OTF Knife Reliable? : Discover a Remarkable Automatic Tool
If you are a knife-lover or a regular user of knives, you must have realized the importance of pocket knives. Not only are they usable in the kitchen to cut food items, but these knives have also been of help to people in terms of performing first aid, rescue victims of burning cars, self-defense, opening boxes, and so on.
As a result of their demand, there has been a rise in many diversified brands of this equipment such that when you go on purchasing one, you may end up confusing yourself in terms of the brand to buy only to realize later that you choose one that can not meet your needs.
What is an OTF knife? : What does it stand for?
If you happen to come across a knife with the label 'OTF,' realize that this is an acronym for the word 'out—thefront,' which should inform you that this knife's blade expands from the grip or handle.
Most people refer to it as a switchblade or automatic knife, which is right, due to its ability to pop the blade out instantly. This tool is categorized in terms of gravity (gravity knife), automatic switchblade (automatic switchblade), manual (manual sliding knife), and spring (spring-assisted).
The gravity knife depends on the force of gravity (hence the name) for it to open. For this reason, the parachutists carried it on their pockets to free themselves from the chute upon landing. For the automatic switchblades, they usually possess a button which, when pushed, releases the blade.
The spring-assisted knife is opened by the person using it with the help of a thumb stand contained in the blade, or a flipper and, the blade of the manual sliding one is obtained through sliding it out with a button, located along the grip length and is mainly used to cut equipment.
What is dual action OTF knife?
Today, these knives are available in three types which are:
 - Single action: whereby the blade is usually closed by hand and to open it, spring-mechanism must be employed.
 - Dual-action: for you to open and close the blade, you must employ spring mechanism for both. It is also referred to us double action.
 - Manual action: Here, you do not use the spring mechanism, but instead use a sliding button if you want to either close or open the blade.
The History of OTF Knife
In the year 1860, the foremost gravity knife was developed, followed by the first spring assisted one in 1861. At this time, the two were used to hold something while opening a folding knife, which later (in the 1970s) resulted to the invention of a thumb-stud which was pushed with the thumb to open the blade easily, and later a wedge (this was a flat disk vertical to the blade spine, this differentiate it from the thumb-stud) whose function resembled that of a thumb-stud.
Instead of the use of a thumb-stud and a wedge, a hole was created in the blade for the user's thumb tip, which led to the creation of a folding knife. People discovered automatic knives when they watched 'gang movies' though, in reality, the gangs and everyone else could not afford them (they were expensive), but in 1970, the Chinese invented cheap ones.
The US government discovered these tools as well as their use through the media; instead of military utilization, criminals also used them for murder, and this led to their ban in the region.
Are OTF knives illegal or not?
The answer is yes and no: The legality of this knife differs from one state to another. In most countries, it is legal to own them while others are against their ownership.
In some states, selling them is prohibited, while most states put it as illegal to carry them concealed (while hiding). Other nations have zero restrictions on these knives.
What is their legality state in Kentucky?
In Kentucky, OTF knives are legal for; purchase, possession, and also their sell, it is legal to carry them openly, but it is illegal to carry them when hidden.
What is a good OTF Knife?
The qualities of the right OTF knife to watch for during purchase include:
 ➡ Durability:
It should be made from a strong material that can last long. Is should retain its shape and performance even after you subject it to harsh conditions and frequent use. These will also save your money because you will not have to return to the market to buy another knife. After all, durable ones stay long before they can break even after performing tough tasks.
➡ The use
Buy one that suits the work. Look for the size to ensure that it can comfortably serve your purpose. For daily use, a small blade serves the best, whereas for technical activities, it preferable to buy the one with a large blade. The handle should take care of your hands from blisters, and the knife should also be of the correct weight to use easily.
➡ The form of the blade
Cutting edges exist in both straight and serrated ones. If your task requires straight cuts or you want to buy a knife for hunting, go for one that has a straight cutting edge. If you need to cut materials made from leather, choose a serrated one. It should be sharp to ease your work, but at the same time safe in use
 Nature of the steel
Choose one made from stainless steel, which is free from rust. Different steel types also require different attention, choose one that will not give you a hard time in its maintenance, one that you can easily sharpen by yourself and which will not require frequent sharpening so that it can serve you well for long.
In conclusion,
OTF knives and quality ones are not easy to find. Check for the qualities of the right one that is equivalent to your intended use to avoid frustrations and losses. Also, consider doing some research to be informed on the best item to purchase, and a reliable seller.
Adhere to the laws of your residence country on these knives to avoid facing charges upon breaking the rules.


text:
The Immigration History Research Center is home to thousands of feet of archival records that illuminate the immigrant experience, past and present. While these records are available to students and teachers for research in the University of Minnesota's Andersen Library, exploring the archive from afar is as simple as connecting to the internet. The IHRC's collection of digitized archival material provides a plethora of resources suitable for a variety of purposes, including the creation of curriculum for K-12 educators interested in migration history.
What were characteristics of the immigrant experience? How did immigrants and refugees adjust to their new lives in the United States? Inversely, how did American citizens born in the United States react to the increased diversification of their communities, and learn to live with individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds? Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Social Studies expect students of all grade levels to consider how immigrants and citizens alike participate in the civic lives of their communities, and to understand the steps that immigrants take to become United States citizens. Incorporating digitized archival material into lesson plans will provide opportunities for students to engage these questions, and prompt young people to begin considering the many types of common experiences that bring together people from all corners of the globe.
In the pages that follow, IHRC staff members have identified digitized images from the collections of the Ukrainian Folk Ballet of the Twin Cities; Immigration and Refugee Services of America; and the International Institute. Founded in 1919, the International Institute was established to provide various services for migrants who recently arrived to the United States. With branches in Minneapolis/Saint Paul, St. Louis, San Francisco, and other major U.S. cities, the International Institute continues to address the needs of the immigrants and refugees who settle in the United States.
The images have been organized thematically in order to initiate student discussion related to Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards and Benchmarks that address the study of migration. By incorporating these archival records into lesson plans, students will be able to think critically about the immigrant experience. Furthermore, working directly with primary sources will enable students to practice and develop research skills that will become increasingly important as they progress in their studies.
English language class
To discover more digital records for use in K-12 lesson plans, visit the IHRC's portal for digital resources via the University of Minnesota's UMedia Archive:_URL_
Click here for additional resources.
Back to the Spotlight on Selected Sources index page
Back to all finding aids in IHRC VITRAGE.


Category: Articles
living funerals
living funeral | the party of a lifetime | living celebration of life with the honoree | fare-thee-well celebration | goodbye celebration | living wake | pre-funeral
These ceremonies are for the terminally ill or advanced in age who wish to celebrate their life with their friends and family. This ceremony provides the opportunity to share stories of love, laughter, and life lessons.
Read More
why are coming-of-age ceremonies so important?
Coming of Age ceremonies are an opportunity for both the child and parent(s) to create a memorable, educational, rite of passage. As the child is transforming into a young adult, this ritual involves releasing of some parts of their childhood; old roles, perspectives and behaviors that no longer serve their highest good, and in return they gain young adult responsibilities and privileges.
Read More


Sun Java System Web Server 6.1 SP11 Administrator's Guide
ProcedureTo set up virtual server
 1. Create a listen socket
 2. Create a class of virtual servers
 3. Configure the services for the class
 4. Create the virtual servers in a virtual server class
 5. Configure virtual servers
 Please note that you must enter an existing virtual server in the default virtual server field when you create a listen socket. You can use the virtual server created when you installed the server, and then go back and change it after you've created additional virtual servers.


elements are kept by a given bucket. Well, that's easy - you just need to use local iterators; unique type of iterators for unordered classes. They are supported via begin and end overloads. There are no cbegin/cend methods, since the type [const_]local_iterator represents only constant iterators. The following code iterates through bucket 0:
// Valid only if Container represents set
// otherwise l_iter would be pair
Container::const_local_iterator l_iter;
for(l_iter = cont.begin(0); l_iter!= cont.end(0); ++l_iter)
 wcout << *l_iter << "\t";
And this would render the following text:
144 136 128 120 112 104 96 88 80 72
64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8 0
Since the hashing scheme is the same, all four containers would depict the same values in the same sequence.
One last thing, in the same radius, is to find out on which bucket a particular element is put in. This is achieved through the method bucket. It returns a zero-based bucket position in which the element is put in (or not put in). Yes, using hashing, it returns the correct bucket number for a non-existent element! For example, with output:
wcout << "Element 144 is in: " << cont.bucket(144)
 <<"\nNon-existent 1131 is/would-be in: " << cont.bucket(1131);
/* Element 144 is in: 0
Non-existent 1131 is/would-be in: 5 */
By setting maximum load factors and inserting elements, you see that buckets count do increase appropriately. What if you want to set the bucket count yourself? Like instead of growing on its own from 8,64, 512, 4096..., you might want to give it a hint. Well, you can do it by simply calling the rehash method. This method can be called anytime, before inserting elements, after all elements have been inserted, midst of inserts, or after elements have been removed. The method rehash always rebuilds the hash-table. It will set the minimum hash size to 8, and then gradually double it until your request can be satisfied. For instance, if you specify 10, it will set to 16; if you specify 100, it would set size to 128. Remember, the max-load-factor still remains in effect.
Thus, when you call:
for (int n=0;n<2500;++n)
{ cont.insert( n ); }
Each bucket would have a maximum of 100 elements, a total of 32 buckets, and around 78 elements in each bucket. When you add 5000 elements in it, it would exceed the load-factor (higher than 100), and thus the bucket count would increase to 256.
Sounds confusing? Remember, when the load-factor exceeds its limit, the hash-table would add more buckets, by 8x. That means, for the above example, 32 * 8 = 256. Had you specified 10 (i.e., 16) as the bucket size, the increment of buckets would go like this: 128, 1024, 8192, and so on. It totally depends on the given load factor.
More to go
Change history
 - Sep. 11, 2010 - Published first version. Constant Iterators, array, and tuple explained.
 - Sep. 12, 2010 - Eight functions of elaborated.
 - Sep. 13, 2010 - is_sorted and is_sorted_until illustrated.
 - Sep. 16, 2010 - Heaps, is_heap, and is_heap_until explicated.
 - Sep. 19, 2010 - header, and its few classes.
 - Sep. 22, 2010 - More explication of the header.
 - Sep. 25, 2010 - Unordered sets and maps section; maps/sets included in the Constant Iterator section.
 - Sep. 28, 2010 - Local links to sections; about rehash stuff.
 - The remaining concepts are in pipeline to add. Stay tuned!
About the Author
Ajay Vijayvargiya
Software Developer (Senior)
India India
Touched COBOL and Quick Basic for a while.
Comments and Discussions
GeneralRe: My vote of 1 PinmemberFlaviu21-Jul-12 21:01
GeneralRe: My vote of 1 PinmemberZhaoRuFei7-Jan-13 22:38
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberAshish Tyagi 4015-Jan-11 0:29
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberMartin Richter [MVP C++]1-Nov-10 4:32
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberGeorge L. Jackson29-Oct-10 6:50
QuestionIs this really C++ any more? PinmemberKeith Worden26-Oct-10 1:13
AnswerRe: Is this really C++ any more? PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya26-Oct-10 1:48
GeneralRe: Is this really C++ any more? PinmemberKeith Worden26-Oct-10 2:03
GeneralRe: Is this really C++ any more? PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya26-Oct-10 5:52
GeneralYou should have a look to... Pinmemberjohn Crockett25-Oct-10 22:36
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya26-Oct-10 0:26
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberMember 448141827-Oct-10 0:41
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya27-Oct-10 0:47
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberMember 448141827-Oct-10 1:10
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya27-Oct-10 2:45
GeneralRe: You should have a look to... PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya27-Oct-10 3:05
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberMoak25-Oct-10 4:07
GeneralMy vote of 5 Pinmember aphazel 死神20-Oct-10 22:27
GeneralRe: My vote of 5 PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya24-Oct-10 10:30
GeneralMy vote of 5 Pinmembervbmike6-Oct-10 12:44
GeneralMistakes in the article [modified] PinmemberCOdE fr3@K25-Sep-10 6:28
GeneralRe: Mistakes in the article PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya25-Sep-10 9:59
GeneralMy vote of 5 PinmemberAndyUk0620-Sep-10 23:12
Generalauto reference PinmemberKevin Drzycimski11-Sep-10 7:10
GeneralRe: auto reference PinmemberAjay Vijayvargiya11-Sep-10 8:23
| Advertise | Privacy | Terms of Use | Mobile
Web02 | 2.8.150414.1 | Last Updated 28 Sep 2010
Article Copyright 2010 by Ajay Vijayvargiya
Everything else Copyright © CodeProject, _PHONE_
Layout: fixed | fluid


text:
Our iPhones and iPads are fast little beasts, but it can still take a long time to load up an app you need in a pinch. A new team of engineers, however, have figured out a way to allow iOS to read your mind and start launching the next app you need before you even tap its icon.
The technology is called predictive caching, and it works similarly to predictive texting. Using predicting caching, your iPhone or iPad would scrutinize your behavior while using your device, and start putting together a database of how you use your apps.
When it's learned enough about how you use your iPhone or iPad, it would know, for instance, that you tend to always launch Facebook in the mornings right after you check your mail using Sparrow. Knowing this, as soon as you load up Sparrow over your first cup of coffee in the morning, your iPhone could begin caching assets for Facebook, guaranteeing that when you switch apps, it's a quick and seamless experience.
The concept has been coded together by Tingxin Yan from UMass Amherst, who found that predictive cachine actually improves the average app's boot time by 70 percent, for just a 2% battery hit.
Seems worth it to me: app loading times have a lot to do with a device's perceived speed. Unfortunately, predictive caching is a tech in its infancy, and it could be a while yet — or never! — before Apple decides to implement something like this in iOS.
- Source New Scientist


Posted on Friday 17th of July 2020 07:42:02 AM
ozamiz misamis occidental philippines
This article is about ozamiz misamis occidental philippines. If you ever wanted to find out more about dating girls from around the world, this is for you. Read more of ozamiz misamis occidental philippines:
About ozamiz misamis:
The name ozamiz misamis comes from the Spanish "ozamico" or "ozamis." The name girls looking for men originates from the island of Ozamiz in the middle east. In early history, the people there used the local name "Mizamiz" as the local name of their people, which means "Mizamis." The term "Mizamis" was used for the whole island in the region, but the name "ozamiz" was reserved for the specific town of Ozamiz in Ozamiz district. The "ozamiz" suffix, which can also mean "love" was added to the word in late medieval times. Today, this word has become a common term for the type of people in a certain area.
ozamiz is a tropical, subtropical and subtropical island located on the south west corner of Africa.
The area of Ozamiz was first settled by Muslims in the middle ages. Later, the island was settled by Jews, who were the only Asians in the region, who were called "Mizass". At that time, there was no English word for the word "Mizass".
Ozamiz is divided into a number of different districts with their own languages. There are different districts in Ozamiz called "Zaman" (the name is derived from the Arabic word, "zaman", which marisa raya means "the place"). The main town of Ozamiz is known as "Kizamiz". The district of "Mizas" is a mix of the other two. The name Ozamiz means "the place where the sun rises". "Ozamiz" is a port city (called "Pangkas", the port of the sun). In most of the districts in Ozamiz, the most common language of the people is kaittie the same as their region's language, "Sawan". The people of Ozamiz have a very high standard of health, with an average life expectancy of 66 years. Ozamiz is known for the quality of its food. You can find the best food anywhere in the world, it's just expensive. It's like it was made for everyone. But it's cheap. That's why there are so many good restaurants here. And because the food is so cheap, you don't need a lot of money to live a healthy life here.
There are many places to eat and drinks in Ozamiz. And the people are friendly. The people here really are very nice. The food is amazing. And you can find many restaurants and bars. And there are lots of places to do some shopping. I had a great time staying in this little town of Ozamiz. This is a great place to visit. I recommend you go to this little town in Ozamiz Philippines for a couple of days. They are very cheap to stay here. I stayed in one room. It cost me less than US$5 per day and a lot of the other girls in the town are quite cheap to spend a little bit more for a bigger room or more comfy chairs. The town is not too crowded or too small. It's just a little town with a lot of history.
I love this town. It's so small, you can take an hour and get somewhere to go and it's a nice place to relax. I recommend going there for one or two nights. It's nice to have the whole town to yourself. There are all the little restaurants where you can relax with a good drink or a cup of coffee. This is a good place to get to know a local girl, meet other local girls and have a few drinks. There is also a lot of cute girls in the area and they'll all be happy to chat to you. In all, I really recommend this place for a night of fun.
I just came back from a trip to Ozamiz and it was like a whole different world. Ozamiz is one of my favorite cities, and this is free online date the place I'll return to. We went to one of the famous bars and found this very cute girl there. She was super nice and asked about me for some reason. She was so friendly and the atmosphere was really laid back. I'll definitely be coming back. The food is so yummy, it's a must-visit for any traveler. We ate at a super-friendly place and had a nice conversation about a lot of things.
This place is beautiful, very classy, very clean and very chill. Everything is so good here. I had the fried chicken and it was amazing! I am so happy I decided to try it out. The portions datingsite are so big! And the food is so good. I recommend it!
Wow. This place was sooooo good. The atmosphere is relaxed but has a great sense of place and there is always enough to eat. I have never been here as a waitress or the owner, but have tried a couple other places and celibataire.com found the quality of food and service to be a step above. It is a little noisy, but if you are not in a hurry to leave, you will not be disappointed. My favorite part of the meal was the grilled chicken. It was good but it was also juicy, tender, and very flavorful. The only bad part was that it was very oily. That can be a little bit of a bummer if you are a meat eater.
Great food! We ordered the grilled chicken and shrimp. Very flavorful, but we didn't get the shrimp portion we were expecting. They gave us the fried calamari instead, which I thought was pretty good but was very fatty. I asian dating free chat also got the mango salad for my main dish. It was a really healthy salad, with mango chunks in every bowl. Also, we had our main dish served with a rice bowl that was super filling. We ended up getting about 8 people total with us, so it's not like it was just us. They were very accommodating with us asking if we could take a break after our first course. I don't think it's anything like what you'd find in other places.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am not completely green to Python, but I am interested in learning/keeping good practices while I develop my skills.
I want to remove the high and low values from a list of numbers, which I know how to do, but am curious if there is a better/preferred way to do this.
mylist = [1, 4, 0, 3, 2]
mylist.sort() #[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
trimmed = mylist[1:-1] #[1, 2, 3]
I get the desired answer, but did I get the right answer appropriately?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Here's another way to do it if you don't want to change the order of the items:
Assumes that the high/low don't have any duplicates in the list, or if there are, that it's OK to remove only one of them.
This will need to do 2-4 passes through the list: two to find the max and min values, and up to 2 to find the values to remove (if they both happen to be at the end of the list). You could reduce this to one by writing a Python loop to find the max and min in a single pass (and remember the index of each so you can delete the items by index after the loop). However, min() and max() are implemented in C, so replacing them with Python code would probably result in lower performance even if it allowed you to reduce the number of passes.
share|improve this answer
Note that doing 4 passes is still probably faster than sorting the list, but if you want mylist to remain and have the trimmed version in trimmed, you should copy it first. – sverre Apr 13 '11 at 23:03
Yep. trimmed = mylist[:] and then do the manipulations on trimmed. – kindall Apr 13 '11 at 23:08
Your Answer


text:
_USER_'s answer is correct. There is no exact closed-form formula for call prices or implied vols as a function of local vols, which is unique and ironic, given there are formulas the other way around. The closest thing to a practical exact formula, to my knowledge, is the harmonic short maturity expansion given in the answer.
However, (and this is a direct answer to your question), the so-called "sigma-zero" formula does provide an exact expression for the implied vol as a function of the local vols, although this is an implicit formula, and the evaluation of some of its terms requires a numerical implementation. Hence, this formula, despite being exact, is not directly usable in practice.
Here is the formula (this is a more general formula that also works with stochastic volatility, for local volatility, replace the conditional expectation of the local variance by the square of the local vol):
- The implied variance is a weighted average of local variances over time and spots.
- The weights are the product of the probability density (which is not known analytically in local vol models and must be computed numerically, for instance with FDM over the Fokker-Planck equation) by the gamma (computed in Black-Scholes with the resulting implied vol, making the formula implicit).
For a demonstration, please see this video: Antoine Savine, RiO2018 or access its slides on SlideShare. You may also consult my lecture notes here, slides 71-78.
Note that the sigma-zero formula was also found (but not published) by Dupire, and his demonstration is particularly enlightening, in what it comes from an analysis of hedge errors.
Despite its impracticality, this formula offers a deep intuition of how local vols combine to produce European option prices and implied vols, and it has been the basis of a vast amount of work to find more or less precise, more or less complicated practical approximations, most prominently by Blacher (see his talk on RiO 2018 on YouTube) and Gatheral (in his famous textbook Volatility Surface).
By far the simplest (but definitely not the most accurate!!) of these approximations is to note, as seen on the picture, that probability density is maximal on the spot today, whereas gamma is maximum at the strike at maturity, hence a simple approximation is to average local variances from these two points, ignoring the rest of the surface.
And this exactly is the approximation you are asking about :)


Main Content
Double Lane Change
Double lane change 3D environment
The Double Lane Change scene is a 3D environment of a straight road containing cones, traffic signs, and barrels. The cones are set up for a vehicle to perform a double lane change maneuver. The scene is rendered using the Unreal Engine® from Epic Games®.
To simulate a driving algorithm in this scene:
 3. Set the enabled Scene name parameter to Double lane change.
Explore Double Lane Change Scene
Explore the 3D Double Lane Change scene and inspect its dimensions by using a corresponding 2D top-view image of the scene.
Load the 2D spatial referencing object that corresponds to the scene. This imref2d (Image Processing Toolbox) object describes the relationship between the pixels in the image and the world coordinates of the scene.
data = load('sim3d_SpatialReferences.mat');
spatialRef = data.spatialReference.DoubleLaneChange
spatialRef =
 imref2d with properties:
 XWorldLimits: [-_PHONE_ _PHONE_]
 YWorldLimits: [-_PHONE_ _PHONE_]
 ImageSize: [4845 4845]
 PixelExtentInWorldX: 0.1886
 PixelExtentInWorldY: 0.1886
 ImageExtentInWorldX: _PHONE_
 ImageExtentInWorldY: _PHONE_
 XIntrinsicLimits: [0.5000 4.8455e+03]
 YIntrinsicLimits: [0.5000 4.8455e+03]
The image displays only the area of the scene containing the parking lot. The full scene has a length and width of 2016 meters.
fileName ='sim3d_DoubleLaneChange.jpg';
I = imshow(fileName,spatialRef);
xlabel('X (m)')
ylabel('Y (m)')
Zoom in on the origin of the scene. Place a marker at the origin. If you place a vehicle at the scene origin and set the vehicle's yaw angle to 0, the traffic cones for performing the double lane change maneuver are directly in front of the vehicle.
xlim([-100 100])
ylim([-100 100])
hold on
offset = 3; % px
hold off


text:
Why is LTPB Needed on Campus?
More than 1 in 4 young adults smoke1
(this is the highest smoking prevalence of all age groups)
Half of young adults are in school2
(View Ontario statistics)
Smoking initiation and escalation occurs among college/university students:
- 19% of current smokers began smoking regularly after arriving on campus3
- 10% of post-secondary smokers had their first cigarette after the age of 194,5
- 10% of non-smoking students intend to start smoking6
- most post-secondary students over-estimate how many of their peers smoke7
- See also8, 9, 10
Nicotine is among the most addictive drugs known, and even occasional smokers can become life-long smokers:
- among young adults who have ever smoked but are not currently established (daily) smokers, approximately 54% are at risk for smoking in the future11
- among established smokers - including those who are trying to quit (i.e., have been smokefree for less than 1 year) approximately 86% are at risk for future smoking11
- stress associated with the transition to and experiences of college/university life may magnify the risk of smoking uptake and escalation 12-14
- intensive tobacco marketing strategies targeting this population may also escalate tobacco consumption of post-secondary students15-17
- experimentation with recreational drugs peaks in mid-adolescence, but the risk period for smoking onset/escalation and overuse of alcohol extends into the early 20s 18-20
Young adult smokers on college and university campuses represent a sizable and definable population with which to intervene around smoking. Most post-secondary smokers want to quit, and make repeated quit attempts21. Appealing, accessible smoking cessation strategies that reach a wide audience and assist smokers to quit are needed on post-secondary campuses.
According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, there are more than 391,790 full-time undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in Ontario's 20 universities. Using data obtained from individual college campus sites, approximately 207,016 were enrolled in 24 of Ontario's colleges.
1 CTUMS (2008). Health Canada's Tobacco Control Programme. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey: Smoking Prevalence _PHONE_. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2009. Accessed September 29th 2009.
2 AUCC (2008). Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Fall 2008 preliminary full-time and part-time enrolment at AUCC member institutions. _URL_ Accessed September 29th 2009.
3 Rigotti N, Lee JE, Wechsler H (2000). US college students' use of tobacco products: results of a national survey. JAMA, 284, 699-705.
4 Everett S, Husten C, Kann L, Warren C, Sharp D, Crossett L (1999). Smoking initiation and smoking patterns among US college students. Journal of American College Health, 48, 55-60.
5 Cairney, J. & Lawrance, K.G. (2002). Smoking on campus. An examination of smoking behaviours among post-secondary students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 93, 313-316.
6 DeBernardo R, Aldinger C, Dawood O, Hanson R, Lee S, Rinaldi S (1999). An e-mail assessment of undergraduates' attitudes toward smoking. Journal of American College Health, 48, 61-66.
7 Page, R (1998). College students' distorted perception of the prevalence of smoking. Psychological Reports, 82, 474.
8 Wetter, D.W., Kenford, S.L., Welsh, S.K., Smith, S.S., Fouladi, R.T., Fiore, M.C. & Baker, T.B. (2004) Prevalence and predictors of smoking behavior among college students. Health Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 2, 168-177 [Abstract]
9 Lantz P, Jacobson P, Warner K, et al. (2000). Investing in youth tobacco control: a review of smoking prevention and control strategies. Tobacco Control, 9, 47-63.
10 Moskal P, Dziuban C, West G (1999). Examining the use of tobacco on college campuses. Journal of American College Health, 47, 260-265.
11 Gilpin E, White V, Pierce J (2005). What fraction of young adults are at risk for future smoking, and who are they? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7, 747-759.
12 Steptoe A, Wardle J, Plooard T, Canaan L, Davies G (1996). Stress, social support and health-related behavior: a study of smoking, alcohol consumption and physical exercise. Journal of Psychomotor Research, 41, 171-180.
13 Lenz, B (2004). Tobacco, Depression, and Lifestyle Choices in the Pivotal Early College Years. Journal of American College Health, 52, 213-219.
14 Naquin M, Gilbert G (1996). College students' smoking behavior, perceived stress, and coping styles. Journal of Drug Education 26, 367-377.
15 Ling P, Glantz S (2002). Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults: Evidence From Industry Documents. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 908-916.
16 Sepe E, Ling P, Glantz, S (2002). Smooth Moves: Bar and Nightclub Tobacco Promotions That Target Young Adults. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 414-419.
17 Rigotti N, Moran S, Wechsler H (2005). US College Students' Exposure to Tobacco Promotions: Prevalence and Association With Tobacco Use. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 138-144.
18 DeWit D, Offord R., Wong, M (1997). Patterns of onset and cessation of drug use over the early part of the life course. Health Education & Behavior, 24, 746–758.
19 Emmons KM, Wechsler H, Dowdall G, Abraham M (1998). Predictors of smoking among US college students. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 104-107.
20 Sax L (1997). Health trends among college freshmen. Journal of American College Health, 45, 252–262.
21 Patterson, F, Lerman C, Kaufmann V, Neuner G, Audrain-McGovern, J (2004). Cigarette Smoking Practices Among American College Students: Review and Future Directions. Journal of American College Health, 52, 203-210.


Logo der Universität Wien
We investigate social and political processes and practices that have shaped and transformed public spaces of remembrance in Vienna during the last two decades. The investigation's thematic focus is on symbolic representations of political violence during the time of Austro-Fascism and National Socialism.
The transformation of public spaces triggered by politics of remembrance can be understood as contested political terrain. This terrain provides space for identity formation as well as for symbolic politics such as the politics of regret. Manifestations of the politics of remembrance in public spaces thus provide information about social and political relationships of power. And ultimately, this is also a matter of negotiating control over the design and use of the public sphere. The dramatic increase in the number of visible signs of collective commemoration calls for explanation. The emergence and development of a specific policy area, the decision-making process, as well as the perception and use of monuments, signs and sites of remembrance and other commemorative interventions are subjects to be investigated.
Our research will tackle the following questions: Who are the protagonists of politics of the past in Vienna? How is it shaped and regulated? What meanings are ascribed to practices of remembrance? Which interpretation frames and narrative structures characterize the „memory boom" in Vienna? Which changes to the form and usage of the public sphere are ascertainable?
The research design foresees an interdisciplinary mix of methods to be applied along three research axes:
1. Investigation of the ways historical commemoration projects are proposed and negotiated, and the decision-making processes regarding their implementation with emphasis on mnemonic actors (network analysis of the policy area)
2. Analysis of the significance ascribed to politics of remembrance on the municipal, national and transnational level (discourse analysis of the politics of history)
3. Finally, the analysis of public places as spaces of remembrance in the area of tension and interplay between politics of history and everyday use and perception (socio-spatial analysis).
WWTF-Projekt Politics of Remembrance
Institut für Staatswissenschaft
Universität Wien
Pramergasse 9
1090 Wien
T: +43-1-4277-49721