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Self Ligating Braces Cost
Self Ligating Braces Cost
Self ligating braces cost around the same as traditional braces but offer a less painful alternative to conventional braces. Dental eHub knows that the perfect smile is important for your confidence and even your health, but that cost is a major factor. We connect you with the savings you need to find the look you deserve.
How much do braces cost?
Braces are not inexpensive. The average cost ranges from $5000 to $6000 or more and depends almost entirely on the age and the level of deviation.
Adults require more time in braces to achieve the same impact as adults. The longer you wait to wear braces, the longer you are likely to need them which creates additional dentist visits and cost.
Do I need braces?
While braces are cosmetic for most and instill confidence to achieve your dream life, they can also be life-altering. Some suffer from deviations that can lead to malnourishment or other complications.
Severe arrows, buckteeth, and damage from various incidents create a need that must be fulfilled. Still, nearly all Americans use braces for their overall cosmetic effects.
What are self-ligating braces?
Self-ligating braces require fewer dentist visits and allow for the freer movement of teeth. This is achieved through smaller wires and latches in place of rubber bands to hold the wire against your teeth.
To guide your teeth into place, your dental care professional merely needs to adjust the latch which takes less time than changing rubber bands or metal ties. This leads to less dentist visits and more time for life despite not reducing overall cost as they require more time to be effective.
Are self-ligating braces better for me than traditional braces?
By allowing for more movement and placing less pressure on your teeth, they create less pain. However, the reduced pressure leads to more time in braces.
If you or your child have a sensitive mouth, these braces are the best option. Conventional braces or invisible options are more useful for adults or those concerned with time spent in braces or how they look.
Can I save on the total cost of self-ligating braces?
Dental savings plans and discounts help you to save 20 to 25 percent or more on your braces. Many insurance providers offer plans for as low as $25 per month.
Over time, you can build enough savings to afford your braces. The more you need to save, the longer you will need to save.
Self ligating braces cost
Self-ligating braces cost thousands of dollars. They require more time to move your teeth when compared to the conventional option, meaning that the costs are similar but cause less discomfort.
When you need braces, you should always search for the most affordable and highest quality care. Dental savings plans can help.
Dental eHub helps make the perfect smile available by connecting plan providers and orthodontists with you through our online search platform. Visit our website today to find out how we can help you.
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Wooden Table chairs
There are a few considerations to think about though before you buy your first toddler table and chairs. A few factors you should take into account are the kids table set shape, color, and material type. All of these factors can affect how your child uses their new kids table set. For instance, a wooden kids table will be much different for your child to use than a plastic table set with a bench because the plastic materials are generally much more colorful which creates a much different environment for your child to enjoy than just a wood table. So we will try to go over these differences so you can find the best option for your child.
Kids Table Shape
The easiest way to increase the fun of your kids table set is to change the shape of your table. Kids table and chair sets can come in a myriad of shapes ranging from round to a triangle shape. The table shape you choose really depends on how you think your child will be using their table. If they tend to have friends over often than a circular or square table is a good choice so everyone can sit around the table evenly. If you want a table to keep everyone on one side of the table facing mostly the same direction, then maybe a half circle shaped toddler table is more appropriate.
Kids Table Color
Kids table and chairs can come in plenty different colors. For contrasting bright rooms, you could use a kids table and chair set with dark tones to make the table set stand out. If you have a dedicated kids room you may want to have your children's table and chair set blend in with the room. In this case, a brighter colored kids table set would be more appropriate. And since toddler table and chairs can come in colors ranging from bright red to black, to light blue, you will always have options to choose from for your child.
Kids Table Material
When it comes to picking out the right material for your toddler table and chairs picking the material that is most fun for your child is always exciting. To start kid's wooden tables and chairs are the most popular type. The reason for this is wooden kid's tables are very durable and resistant to chipping or staining. Of course, there are other options to choose from besides a kids wooden table and chairs set. The next most popular material is plastic because it is a colorful material that is light and easy to move. So your child can enjoy their children's table no matter where they choose.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A person authorized to act for and under the direction of another person when dealing with third parties. The person who appoints an agent is called the principal. An agent can enter into binding agreements on the principal's behalf and may even create liability for the principal if the agent causes harm while carrying out his or her duties. Also called an attorney-in-fact.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:10 pm

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


A Guide To Currency Exchange
How are currency exchange rates determined?
Are foreign exchanges open on Sundays?
Although Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange is not open on Sundays, there are other foreign exchange companies that are on different timetables and might be open even on Sundays for business.
Do foreign currency exchange transactions have taxes levied on them?
The initial CAD 200 is exempt from taxation. However, all capital gains that are associated with foreign currency exchange operations that are made in cash has to be reported to the appropriate Canadian tax authorities.
What are Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds?
These are bonds that are expressed in a different currency other than the originating or home country. The amount of the bond is expressed in foreign currency, and includes the principal and payable interest. An Indian company issues these bonds, and they have individual subscribers that are drawn out of foreign countries. Where the equity shares of another company's shares are exchanged with a foreign currency exchangeable bond, this company is called the offered company.
There are any risks associated with currency exchange?
In some cases unfavorable exchange rates are quite common. Forex operators that are located in popular tourist ares, like airports, squares, and markets, are notorious when it comes to this.
What is the foreign currency exchange's origins?
Today's Forex market that we are all familiar with can trace its origins back to the time period immediately after World War II; to be specific, 1944.
What are the specifics of the Forex market's origins?
In 1944 most of the world's currencies assumed a fixed exchange rate was measured against the US dollar (and the gold standard was used to peg the value), according to the global treaty's provision referring to the Bretton Woods Agreement.
Do currency exchanges accept coins?
Coins are rarely accepted by currency exchanges. However, in cases where substantial amounts are involved, they may be willing to ignore the rule.
Do currency exchanges accept credit cards?
The decision of whether to reject or accept credit cards will differ from one company to the next; some do and some don't. Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators do not accept credit cards.
Stamps are sold by some service providers but not all do. Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange currency exchanges do not sell stamps.
Are title transfer services offered by currency exchanges?
Title transfers are not handled by Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators. However, these services are offered by some currency exchange service providers.
Are there foreign exchange rates fluctuations every day?
Currency exchange rate continue to fluctuate every day over a span of 24 hours.
Will a currency exchange cash my payroll checks?
Payroll check cashing services are not offered by Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators. However, those services are offered by some operators to their customers?
Should I exchange my money overseas or locally?
It is strongly recommended that you exchange your money locally, since that will allow to make big savings on every transaction that you do. It is even possible to do it from home through utilizing the online platforms that currency operators like Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange have established.
Should I gt my money exchange before I go on my European trip?
Yes, definitely. If you convert your currency before you travel to Europe it will help you save on expenses and avoid any hassles after you arrive.
Should I get my money exchange before my visit to Mexico?
Yes definitely. If you exchange your money before you go on your trip it can help you save a lot of money and avoid having any problems after you get to Mexico.
Should I get my money exchanged before I travel to Canada?
Yes, definitely. You can save a lot of money and avoid headaches in the future after you have arrived in Canada if you exchange your money before going on your trip.


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[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The study was designed to find out factors that influence use/non-use of pedestrian bridges. The use rate of five pedestrian bridges was observed in the central business district (CBD) of Ankara. After the observations, a survey was conducted among pedestrians using those bridges and crossing contrary to safe practice under them at street level (n=408). In the present data, the use rate of pedestrian bridges varied from 6 to 63%. The frequent use of the bridge when crossing the road concerned, and seeing bridge use as time saving and safe in general were positively related to respondents' bridge use. Frequent visits to CBD decreased the likelihood of using the bridge. Other factors accounted only for a small proportion of variance in bridge use. The study suggests that bridge use or non-use is a habit and not coincidental behaviour. For increasing the pedestrians' bridge use, escalators seem to be a good solution, but traffic signals under a bridge may deteriorate the use rate. In addition, increasing the number of legs leading to the bridge may not increase the use rate. The use rate is likely to improve, if the safety benefits and convenience of using the bridge without considerable time loss are clearly visible to pedestrians.
Accident Analysis & Prevention 10/2007; 39(5):969-73. DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.004 · 1.87 Impact Factor


Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA),Thermal Insulation, Lightweigh
Thermal Insulation
The materials, being used for construction, have direct effects on the total stable mass of a building. Thus, construction materials must provide the optimum necessary values for building's heat and sound insulation. Nowadays, standards and regulations define the desired values for heat insulation. And these standards, expressing the direct relation between the heat conductivity of construction materials or their composed forms, provide heat comfort of buildings. All these relative values change depending on the materials' structural properties and specific heat capacity.
Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA®) is a round pellet structure produced by firing natural clay at temperature of 1200°C. The result is a hard, honeycombed structure of interconnecting voids within the aggregate providing good insulating properties.
The Expanded Clay walls and panels offer a high thermal resistance (up to 12 times more insulating than normal concrete) due to the lightweight Expanded Clay aggregate which has a porous internal structure and optimized composition (geometry) this could allow the construction of single-leaf walls with or without insulation, depending on climate zone.
Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA®) aggregate results in decreasing the concrete density. Due to its lightness and structure, the material has good thermal and acoustic insulation and fire-proofed stability. It is therefore used mainly in the construction of basement walls, floors, internal partition walls and ceilings.
The use of expanded clay wall elements generates a high thermal resistance to the wall by improving U values and lower thermal bridging; improving the energy efficiency of the building and consequently reducing the CO2 footprint.
In addition to the U Value, the building envelopes thermal inertia and mass should also be considered. This represents the capacity of a material to store heat. A construction with high thermal inertia can provide better comfort (Heating and Cooling) spending less energy. The expanded clay elements have a high thermal inertia and mass comparing with light solutions as timber walls, etc. and its use in buildings usually results in a reduction of energy requirements both for heating and cooling.
According to test reports, usage of Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA®) on rooftop can easily reduce the room temperate close to 11 degrees Centigrade which is around 52 degrees Fahrenheit thus making the use of air conditioning system or air cooling system even during peak summer redundant.
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Will Ballard | Brian Bolado |
Emma Horner | Leah Nolan
Spending time in nature has proven benefits to mental health and overall wellbeing, including decreasing stress hormones, heart rate and blood pressure, whilst improving cognitive function, overall mood and psychological wellbeing.
Experts say up to 120 minutes per week spent in nature, provides our brains with a much needed break from the cognitive demands of everyday life, and is the idea amount of time to noticeably experience some of the many documented benefits.
Research shows that almost half of Australia's population between the ages of 16-85 experience mental health issues at some point in their life. From this, we felt it important to nudge people towards spending more time in nature – a free and accessible way to improve psychological wellbeing.
We hope to achieve this in the form of a diverse public information campaign appealing to the masses. By allowing us the opportunity to further engage with our audience we hope to provide habit building, achievable goals for individuals to integrate time spent in nature into their weekly routines.
By understanding the challenges of modern life, we have provided online resources to facilitate the implementation of our well considered and viable suggestions, along with easily understood educational information about the science behind the benefits of nature.
Large, night time projections onto buildings communicate the accessibility and beauty of nature. A gallery of different environments are projected on a short loop, and the sequence closes with a tagline to make nature's presence known, followed by our branding.
This installation is a solar powered shipping container, re-purposed to display scenic nature compositions and sounds —becoming a sensory walkway for the public to make their way through and around, gently reminding them of the beauty of nature, nudging them to spend more time in it.
In this concept, we've taken the iconic The Spheres sculpture (known colloquially as The Mall's Balls) and surrounded it with a freestanding vertical garden, peaking the interest of the general public and exposing them to our branding and cause. Inside, they will see the garden reflected in the sculpture, and as the walls feature a garden on both sides, the installation will have the added bonus of bringing more vibrancy to the area.
This living plant installation capitalises on empty retail spaces to provide the general public with a green space to relax in. Creating a space like this is a highly effective way to nudge people towards spending more time in nature, as they will actually experience some of the benefits of nature, at the same time as we are gaining their attention and exposing them to our branding.
This concept is a nature themed makeover of a store fitting room. By covering the walls with scenes of nature, the shopper is able to visualise themselves outside, whilst the tagline 'nature looks good on you', is seen above their reflection when they look in the mirror.
Our final concept is a tray liner to be used on food court trays, featuring imagery of grass with the prompt 'next time, let's take this outside'. It acts as a simple reminder that instead of sitting in the artificially lit food court, they could opt to eat their lunch outside as an easy way to spend more time in nature.
Throughout our campaign, we have used a QR code to help connect people to our website. Information on our website includes the details of our organisation and what we do, a breakdown of the benefits of spending time in nature, tips and resources to help people fit more nature into their routines, and information about our ethical and sustainable business practices.
The Instagram feed is the main hub to display our installations. We've designed the feed to showcase our work—posting tips, tricks and facts on how nature can help your mental health using our brand language.
We have also created the hashtag _TAG_ to allow people to submit photos of them engaging with nature after interacting with our installations.
Interested in taking this project further? Learn how you can Get Involved.


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This calculator can solve for one piston excursion parameter while changing the
other variables. For example: tell the calculator the number of drivers,
cone diameter, desired volume level, a frequency and it will calculate how much
driver excursion (Xmax) is required to achieve this assuming a sealed box or
infinite baffle alignment.
This calculator is only valid for sealed box or infinite baffle alignments.
Xmax excursion is center to peak ("one-way") which is usually half of
the peak to peak value.
These are excursion limited numbers. It is assumed that
amplification and driver power handling are not a factor.
Vented alignments will typically have double the driver's Xmax values at
F3, this shows the efficiency inherent in the vented alignment.
Isobariks should be calculated with half the number of drivers, since
all we are interested in is how large the radiating surface is and how much air
it can move. Isobariks change effective box volume and that is not what
is of interest here.
These equations don't follow the max 194dB limit in 1 atm. They
track nicely until you get to the extremes (example: 10000 drivers or an Xmax
of 300 feet or a driver with a diameter of a quarter mile). As things
get huge the point source model falls apart.


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Assume that the world economy consists of two countries
Question Background: Assume that the world economy consists of two countries: Russia and Byelorussia. Each country can produce tomatoes and potatoes. Russia can produce 1000 tons of tomatoes or 3000 tons of potatoes or any linear combination of tomatoes and potatoes that satisfies potatoes+3×tomatoes=3000. Byelorussia can produce 1000 tons of tomatoes or 1000 tons of or any linear combination of tomatoes and potatoes that satisfies potatoes+tomatoes=1000. Countries can freely trade with each other.
There are three specific questions that I'm unclear on and would like a more detailed solution to. These detailed solutions would preferably be a written explanation (possibly accompanied by a graph):
c) (2 points) If the equilibrium price of tomatoes is $600/ton, what is the minimum and maximum
possible prices of potatoes?
Answer: min = $200 max = $600
d) (3 points) Assume people in both countries eat the same dish that requires the equal amount of
tomatoes and potatoes to prepare. What will be the Russia's GDP if the equilibrium price of tomatoes is
Answer: World production: T=P=1500, price of potatos=$200; Russia produces 1500tons of potatoes and 500
tons of tomatoes. Thus, GDP=1500*200+$500*600=$600,000
e) (3 points) Given the same information as in question (d) above, how many tons of potatoes will be
consumed in Russia?


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Seasonal Recharge Components in an Urban/Agricultural Mountain Front Aquifer System Using Noble Gas Thermometry
Thirteen noble gas samples were collected from eleven wells and two mountain springs in the Treasure Valley, Idaho, USA to derive recharge temperatures using noble gas thermometry. One common assumption with noble gas thermometry is that recharge temperatures are roughly equal to the mean annual surface temperature. When water table depths are shallow or variable, or infiltration is seasonal recharge temperatures may be significantly different from the mean annual surface temperature. Water table depths throughout the study area were used to estimate recharge source temperatures using an infiltration-weighted recharge temperature model which takes into account a time-variable water table. This model was applied to six different seasonally-dependent recharge scenarios. The modeled recharge temperatures for all scenarios showed a strong dependence of recharge temperature on mean annual depth to water. Temperature results from the different recharge scenarios ranged from near the mean annual surface temperature to as much as 6 °C warmer. This compared well to noble gas derived recharge temperatures from the valley wells which ranged from 5 °C below to 7.4 °C above the mean annual surface temperature of the valley. Cooler temperatures suggest an influence of recharge through the adjacent mountain block while warmer temperatures suggest an influence from summer irrigation.
Thoma, Michael J.; McNamara, James P.; and Benner, Shawn G.. (2011). "Seasonal Recharge Components in an Urban/Agricultural Mountain Front Aquifer System Using Noble Gas Thermometry". Journal of Hydrology, 409(1-2), 118-127. _URL_


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And now for a different kind of graduation speech.
Most commencement speeches provide answers of sorts–pieces of wisdom you can carry with you, life strategies you can use down the road. Above James Ryan, Dean of Harvard's School of Education, offers something else–not answers, but questions, the five essential questions to ask as you move through life. He elaborates on each above:
1.) Wait, what?
2.) I wonder, why/if?
3.) Couldn't we at least?
4.) How can I help?
5.) What really matters?
Bonus question: And did you get what you wanted out of life, even so?
You can watch Ryan's complete commencement speech here.


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Friday, December 7, 2012
Natal Volunteer Units: Stanger Mounted Rifles _PHONE_
The Stanger Mounted Rifles were inaugurated in November 1875, with:
Joel Lean Captain
H Warren 1st Lieutenant
F Addison 2nd Lieutenant
On 1 December 1878 the Corps was mobilized; the 36 members were:
Captain Friend Addison OC *
Trumpeter J W Colenbrander **
A B Gielink
J W Gielink
W C Robbins
Further men joined subsequently, bringing the total to 43 members.
Anglo-Zulu War 1879:
The Stanger Mounted Rifles marched to Thring's Post where they were met by the Victoria Mounted Rifles and the Buffs; they proceeded to the Lower Drift and were joined by the Alexandra Mounted Rifles, Durban Mounted Rifles and the Natal Hussars, collectively named the Natal Volunteer Force. They formed the southern flank under Captain P H S Barrow, 19th Hussars, of Colonel Pearson's 3rd Buffs (3rd Regiment of Foot).
The battle of Inyezane and the relief of Eshowe followed.
* Friend Addison born 1848 in Kent, came to Natal on the Lalla Rookh in 1849.
** Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander born 1856, Pinetown Natal, of Dutch parents who emigrated from Java to Natal in 1854. Their indigo venture failed and the family founded the settlement of New Guelderland near Stanger. Johan married Mollie Mullins in 1883, and after her death, Yvonne Nunn in 1902. His third wife was Catherine Gloster. He founded Kitchener's Fighting Scouts during the Anglo-Boer War.
Note four members of the Gielink family: the Gielinks were among the New Guelderland settlers.
Uniform: Navy blue cloth, yellow facings and helmet. Badge was monogram S.M.R. surmounted by a crown, all in white metal, worn on the front of the helmet and on the ammunition pouch. The buttons also carried the monogram and crown. The kepi was worn in undress order. The Corps did not adopt a collar badge and had no motto. Officers carried swords and revolvers.
In the early stages members carried the Terry and Snider carbine, and later the Swinburn-Henry carbine.
In 1887 the Corps was absorbed into the Victoria Mounted Rifles with Captain Friend Addison as commanding officer.


The Rude Man of Cerne
The Rude Man of Cerne, better known as the Cerne Abbas Giant, is a giant figure of a naked man with an inappropriately erect phallus, wielding a primitive club in his right hand, made on a hill near the village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, England. The Cerne Abbas Giant was created by carving through the turf of the hillside to a depth of approximately 30cm to reveal the underlying chalk common in this region. Measuring 55 meters in length and 50.5 meters wide, if measured from hand to hand, it is one of the largest and the most popular hillfigures in Britain. The remarkable phallus alone, including its testicles, is 11 meters long and nearly the length of its head. The Giant has been cheekily described as "Britain's most famous phallus". According to one publication, postcards of the Giant were the only indecent photographs that could be sent through the English Post Office.
Photo credit
Although the Cerne Abbas Giant is often thought of as an ancient creation, its history cannot be traced back further than the late 17th century. The earliest known written reference to the giant appear in a 4 November 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas. Later references to the giant started appearing in contemporary magazines beginning in 1763.
It has been suggested that the figure originally held a cloak in its left arm and stood over a disembodied head. The cloak may have been a depiction of an animal skin, giving credence to the theory that the giant was a depiction of a hunter, or alternatively, Hercules with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm. Additionally, reviewing historical depictions of the giant, it has been suggested that the Giant's current large erection is, in fact, the result of merging a circle representing his navel with a smaller penis during a re-cut. The lack of earlier descriptions leads modern scholars to conclude that the Giant is no older than the 17th century, and perhaps originated as political satire.
Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important part of local culture and folklore, which often associates it with fertility. Local women who wanted to conceive would spend a night alone on the hillside, particularly within the confines of his giant phallus, and young couples would make love on the giant to ensure conception. Locals would erect a maypole on the earthwork, around which childless couples would dance to promote fertility. Sleeping on the giant was also thought to be a good way to ensure a future wedding for unmarried women.
In modern times the giant has been used for several publicity stunts and as an advertisement to promote condoms, jeans and bicycles, among numerous other things.
Photo credit
Photo credit
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Photos credit
Sources: Wikipedia, Mysterious Britain
 1. Does anyone have to maintain the ground? Is there a society that comes an cuts the grass etc?
 2. Hi Shirl - I believe it is maintained by the National Trust.


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Microsoft Montage is a web-based application that takes your search terms and transforms them into a magazine-style page.
1. You can design your Montage around any topic you can imagine by adding content that pulls information from a variety of sources, including RSS feeds, Twitter, Bing News, and YouTube.
2. The service allows you to create a digital scrapbook page, curating a particular topic, as illustrated by this YouTube video by Montage.
3. Your Montage is presented in a widgetized and highly customizable grid layout. It's easy, intuitive and fun to get started. You can choose from several pre-defined layouts or modify the existing one by deleting items, moving items via drag & drop, and changing the content of each item.
4. Montages can be easily shared via Facebook and Twitter, letting you share your content with friends, family, or anybody with similar interests.
5. Your imagination is the only limit to what topic you use to create a Montage—anything from movies to sports to robots. Montage gives you insight into any topic you choose that can take you as deep as you want to go.
Steps to Use:
1. First you need to enter a keyword or topic, and Montage will scour the web and pluck out news articles, images, videos, Twitter feeds and so on, based on the topic.
2. The content is then arranged on the page in a grid format — you get to choose the exact layout.
3. Once content has been sourced, users can edit the 'magazine' by adding or removing sections, changing keywords for individual panels, and so on.
4. When the editing part is done, we are able to tag our visual scrapbook, share it with our Facebook and Twitter networks and then publish it to a unique web page.
Other similar Apps: Flipboard for iPad, PostPost and Paper.li
Share your thought on this in the comment box.


Skip to definition.
Verb: hold (held) hówld
 - keep, maintain
 2. Have or keep in one's hands or grip
 - take hold
 3. Organize or be responsible for
 "hold a reception";
 - throw, have, make, give
 "She holds a Master's degree from Harvard";
 - have, have got
 5. Keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view
 - deem, view as, take for
 6. Maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)
 "hold a resentment";
 7. Limit to within certain bounds; physically prevent from moving
 - restrain, confine
 8. Secure and keep for possible future use or application
 "The landlord held the security deposit";
 - retain, keep back, hold back
 9. Have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices
 "He held the governorship for almost a decade";
 - bear
 10. Be the physical support of; carry the weight of
 - support, sustain, hold up
 11. Have within
 "The canteen holds fresh water";
 - bear, carry, contain
 12. Have room for
 "The auditorium can't hold more than 500 people";
 - accommodate, admit
 13. Remain in a certain state, position, or condition
 14. Support or hold in a certain manner
 "She holds her head high";
 - carry, bear
 15. Be valid, applicable, or true
 "This theory still holds";
 - prevail, obtain
 16. Assert or affirm
 "Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good"
 17. Have as a major characteristic
 18. Be capable of holding or containing
 "The flask holds one gallon";
 - contain, take
 "please hold a table at Maxim's";
 - reserve, book
 20. Protect against a challenge or attack
 - defend, guard
 21. Bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted
 - oblige, bind, obligate
 22. Hold the attention of
 23. Remain committed to
 "I hold to these ideas"
 24. Resist or confront with resistance
 - defy, withstand, hold up
 25. Be pertinent, relevant or applicable
 "This theory holds for all irrational numbers";
 - apply, go for
 26. Stop dealing with
 28. Keep from departing
 "Hold the taxi"; "Hold the horse"
 29. Take and maintain control over, often by violent means
 30. Cause to stop
 "hold the engines";
 - halt, arrest
 31. Cover as for protection against noise or smell
 32. Drink alcohol without showing ill effects
 "He can hold his liquor";
 - carry
 33. Aim, point, or direct
 "Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames"
 34. Judge or state to be
 "judge held that the defendant was innocent";
 - declare, adjudge
 35. Be in accord; be in agreement
 "I hold with those who say life is sacred";
 - agree, concur, concord
 36. Keep from exhaling or expelling
 "hold your breath"
Noun: hold hówld
 1. The act of grasping
 "she kept a firm hold on the railing";
 - clasp, clench, clutch, clutches, grasp, grip
 2. Understanding of the nature, meaning, quality or magnitude of something
 "he has a good hold of accounting practices";
 - appreciation, grasp
 3. Power by which something or someone is affected or dominated
 "he has a hold over them"
 4. Time during which some action is awaited
 "he ordered a hold in the action";
 - delay, time lag, postponement, wait
 5. A state of being confined (usually for a short time)
 "the prisoner is on hold";
 - detention, detainment, custody
 6. A cell in a jail or prison
 - keep
 - handle, grip, handgrip
 8. The space in a ship or aircraft for storing cargo
 - cargo area, cargo deck, cargo hold, storage area
 9. [archaic] A stronghold
Sounds like: Hobbes, Hohold, h
Derived forms: held, holds, holding
See also: handheld, held, hold back, hold out, hold over, hold up
Type of: affirm, aim, appendage, apprehension, assert, aver, avow, be, bear on, becharm [archaic], beguile, believe, bespeak, bewitch, booze, break, call for, captivate, capture, catch, cell, charm, come to, command, conceive, concern, confinement, consider, continue, control, cover, defer, direct, disable, discernment, disenable, dispute [archaic], drink, enamor [US], enamour [Brit, Cdn], enchant, enclosure, entrance, evaluate, exist, experience, fascinate, fastness, feel, fuddle, go along, go on, grasping, have to do with, hold back, hold on, hold out, hold over, incapacitate, include, intermission, interruption, jail cell, judge, keep, keep back, pass judgment, pause, pertain, postpone, prehension, prevent, prison cell, proceed, prorogue, protect, put off, put over, quest, reckon, refer, regard, relate, remit, request, resist, restrain, savvy, see, seizing, set back, shelve, stand firm, stop, stronghold, suspension, swan, swear, table [N. Amer], take, take aim, taking hold, think, touch, touch on, train, trance, understanding, verify, view, withstand
Antonym: let go of
Encyclopedia: Hold, Hold, Fire


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- equanimity •
Pronunciation: ek-wê-nim-ê-tee or ee-kwê-... • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun, mass (No plural)
Meaning: Steadiness and composure under pressure; unruffledness in a stressful situation.
Notes: The adjective that accompanies today's Good Word is the rather odd-sounding equanimous [ee-kwæ-nê-mês] "even-tempered, balanced, composed", as an equanimous response to a provocative insult.
In Play: Stressful or embarrassing situations call for equanimity: "Joe Fell rose from his pratfall with uncommon equanimity and continued down the hall as though nothing had happened." Whatever raises stress levels, equanimity lowers them: "Duane Pipes received the news of his wife's leaving him with an equanimity that might have saved the marriage had he applied it more while they were together."
Word History: English borrowed this word from French in the 17th century. French inherited it from Latin æquanimitas "calmness, patience, equanimity", a noun based on æquus "even, equal" + animus "mind, spirit" or anima "soul". Æquus is apparently related to Sanskrit eka "one". Animus underlies animal, a thing of spirit; it comes from the same source as Greek anemos "wind", often thought of as a spirit in bye-gone years. The Greek word is the root of anemone "daughter of the wind", which is now the English word for the wind-flower (Anemone nemorosa). (Today we thank Rob N. Hood for having the spirit to suggest today's Good Word.)


Although Pepsi Logo and Korean flag look similar nowadays, but they are originated differently, and by tracing the chronology, we can see they are originated from different concept:
Here is the Pepsi logo chronology:
Here is South Korean flag chronology:
(note the dramatic flag changes during the world war period (1910~1945) because Korea was conquered by Japan at that time)
As we can see, Pepsi's original logo design include a wave-like pattern and adapts 3 colors (red, white and blue) with letters in the middle. And the symbol later on being simplified by taking out the letters.
On the other hand, Korean flag is based on the simplified concept of Taichi and Bagua from ancient Chinese culture. And the white color is not an element in the flag center.
:D So next time would you think of South Korea when you drink Pepsi?
New Pepsi commercial featuring Super Junior-M, Show Luo, Lee Jun Ki, Louis Koo, Jolin Tsai and Huang Xiao Ming


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Tuesday, 7 October 2008
George R. Brown Convention Center, Exhibit Hall E
Increased urbanization in the United States and the rest of the world, has led to more research on the effects it has on the local ecology. Urbanization can be defined as the creation of impervious cover in areas previously covered by forest, grass or farm lands. Small increases in impervious cover can cause noticeable changes in stream chemistry. The goal of this study is to quantify the impact of smaller industrial cities on water and sediment geochemistry in a largely agricultural watershed. The study area is in east-central Indiana along the west fork of the White River and includes the cities of Winchester, Muncie and Anderson. This area is dominated by agriculture and the impact of cities in the region on water chemistry has not been studied. To assess this impact, sampling sites were selected upand downstream of the three cities to characterize White River water chemistry before and after it flows through the cities and sewage treatment plants. Sampling was done over the course of one year to obtain samples characteristic of high and low flow river conditions. Samples were analyzed for major cation and anion concentrations as well as total suspended solids. Background sites unaffected by urbanization were sampled for comparison. Metals data was also obtained from water and sediment in the study area. Results show that sediment load, on average, increases on the downstream side of these cities. Initial chemical analyses show that major cations and anions, Na+, K+, NO3-, SO42- and Cl-, have distinct spikes in concentration on the downstream side of the cities, as well. Na+ and Clare specifically linked to human and urbanized activity, and were up to four times higher downstream of the urbanized areas.


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Effects of collision energy on stereodynamical information of the reaction F + HI $\rightarrow$ FI + H
The vector correlations between products and reactants for the reaction F + HI $\rightarrow$ FI + H are studied using quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method. Employing a semiempirical LEPS potential energy surface constructed by Kornweitz and Persky, this work calculates the angular distributions of 𝑃 (𝜃r), 𝑃 (𝜙r) and several PDDCSs in the center of mass frame. The effect of the collision energy on the product vector properties is also discussed.
Volume 134, 2022
Continuous Article Publishing mode
Click here for Editorial Note on CAP Mode


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If a large number of Fresnel zones fit into the hole, then to find their total action, it is necessary to take into account the decrease in the amplitude of oscillations from more distant zones. It can be shown that in this case, the intensity of the wave is equal to the intensity created by the combined action of half of the first Fresnel zone and half of the last. Zones. At large values of the number of zones on the hole, the amplitude of the oscillation from the half of the last zone becomes so small that its influence in comparison with the action of half of the first zone can be neglected. The result is as if the wave from one point to another propagates in a straight line inside a cylinder whose diameter is less than the diameter of the first zone. In this case, the concept of a light beam can be used.
Remember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position.


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There are different ways in which the terms medical grade
or pharmaceutical grade can be perceived, particularly when referring to honey.
Most Manuka honey that is sold in retail
stores is table grade. However, some
might refer to active Manuka honey as medical grade to differentiate it from
inactive honey. Another perception of
medical grade honey pertains to honey (usually Manuka honey) that has been
gamma irradiated, classifying it as sterile.
Referring to honey (Manuka or otherwise) as being sterile
can be somewhat confusing. The term
sterile is defined as being free of germs or microorganisms. Despite the FDA's refusal of recognizing
honey of any kind as being antimicrobial, scientific evidence suggests that it
is. However, the potential for botulism
spores in some honeys makes gamma irradiation a process that some feel is
necessary in order to refer to it as being truly sterile.
Since honey is heat-sensitive, gamma irradiation is the
only way to sterilize it without diminishing its properties. However, it is unclear as to whether or not
it is necessary to sterilize honey. The presence
of botulism in honey is harmless to individuals over the age of 1 year
old. Infants under the age of 12 months
old have not yet fully developed their immune system, and therefore, cannot
ward off these spores.
Some might say that the only purpose of gamma irradiating
honey is to make it safe for infants to ingest.
Although, doctors who may want to use Manuka honey for wounds seem to
get a warm and fuzzy feeling when using a product that they consider to be
sterile. Either way, the use of Manuka
honey that has not been gamma irradiated on wounds or for other conditions has
been found to be perfectly safe.


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Tris(ethylene diamine) nickel acetate as a promising precursor for hole transport layer in planar structured perovskite solar cells†
Owing hysteresis free characteristics and good reproducibility, inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSC) are gaining large interest in the photovoltaic field. In this context, the need for stable materials calls for the development of robust transporting layers compatible with the fabrication processes of the solar cell. In this study, we introduce a new precursor, tris(ethylene diamine) nickel acetate, for low temperature (280–300 °C) deposition of NiO hole transporting layer. Full characterization of the deposited NiO film layer was performed through XRD, Raman and Auger spectroscopy. We found a direct correlation between device performance and NiO thickness with maximum efficiency exceeding 15% for the thin NiO (10 nm) layer.


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A Geometric B-Spline Over the Triangular Domain
MetadataShow full item record
For modelling curves, B-splines are among the most versatile control schemes. However, scaling this technique to surface patches has proven to be a non-trivial endeavor. While a suitable scheme exists for rectangular patches in the form of tensor product B-splines, techniques involving the triangular domain are much less spectacular. The current cutting edge in triangular B-splines is the DMS-spline. While the resulting surfaces possess high degrees of continuity, the control scheme is awkward and the evaluation is computationally expensive. A more fundamental problem is the construction bears little resemblance to the construction used for the B-Spline. This deficiency leads to the central idea of the thesis; what happens if the simple blending functions found at the heart of the B-Spline construction are used over higher dimension domains? In this thesis I develop a geometric generalization of B-Spline curves over the triangular domain. This construction mimics the control point blending that occurs with uniform B-Splines. The construction preserves the simple control scheme and evaluation of B-Splines, without the immense computational requirements of DMS-splines. The result is a new patch control scheme, the G-Patch, possessing C0 continuity between adjacent patches.


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Source Organization: Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Management and UN Environment Program
This tool from the Edinburgh Cenre for Carbon Management and UNEP helps business assess the quality of their systems for Carbon Management; that is, their ability to respond effectively and efficiently to the risks and opportunities that climate change presents. This tool is for companies with an interest in maintaining or strengthening their environmental reputation and/or those whose business that may be affected by policies intended to address climate change. CAMSAT comprises 23 multiple-choice questions in 5 sections, covering the major aspects of carbon management (Assessment and Monitoring of GHG Emissions; Emission Reducing Activities; Carbon Offset Strategies; Communication and Reporting; and Assessment of Carbon Risks and Opportunities). The results of the test will give company's an overall score and identify areas that may require further attention. The exercise takes about 30 minutes to complete.


Uncertainty questions???
When I am finding an area of a square with an uncertainty it's obvious I do A=lw then Au=A[(lu/l)+(wu/w)). If I am doing the same with a cube, does the same logic apply? Vu=V[(lu/l)+(wu/w)+(hu/h)]. This is where lu is uncertainty of length, wu is uncertainty of width, and h is uncertainty of height. I'm thinking if the same applies with cube then rectangular prism should be straightforward.
Where I am stuck on is cylinder. Let's say the radius is 10.0cm and the height is 30cm. How exactly would I find the uncertainty of a cylinder?
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General Physics RvTDLR 4 years 1 Answer 562 views 0
About RvTDLR
Answer ( 1 )
 1. The error formula comes from using differentials to estimate the error.
 For a rectangle:
 dA = l*dw + w * dl
 Factor out the lw
 dA = lw(dw/w + dl/l) = A(dw/w + dl/l)
 For a rectangular prism:
 V = lwh = l(wh)
 dV = l * d(wh) + wh*dl
 dV = l * (w*dh + h*dw) + wh*dl
 dV = lw*dh + lh*dw + wh*dl
 Factor out lwh and you are left with
 dV = lwh (dh/h + dw/w + dl/l) = dV = V (dh/h + dw/w + dl/l)
 For a cube:
 V = x^3
 dV = 3x^2 dx
 dV = V( 3dx/x)
 Which is the same formula as the prism when l = w = h.
Leave an answer


Artificial Intelligence and Marine Design
Saul Amarel, Louis Steinberg
In the last few years, interest has grown in exploring AI approaches to design problems, both because of the enormous potential impact on productivity of improved design tools and because of the interesting basic AI issues that these problems raise. In particular, a number of ship designers and AI researchers recently became interested in applying AI to the hydrodynamic design of ship hulls. A typical problem here is to design the shape of a ship's hull in response to desired hydrodynamic properties such as drag and stability, taking into consideration a variety of design constraints, such as total hull volume.
Full Text:


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Pig and his friends are playing when they find what looks like an Egyptian treasure map. But they can't make out the symbols! To search for some answers, the super readers soar into the book Naila and the Magic Map and explore the world of ancient Egypt. Will they be able to help Naila unravel the mysterious code that will unlock where the treasure lies? Educational Objectives: To learn about Egypt. Young viewers will use the alphabet, rhyme with ISH words, learn what the word "sphinx" means, and use the power to read to change the story.
Visit the Website: _URL_
Episode #206 / Length: 28 minutes
- Tuesday, June 25th at 9:00 AM on KLRU


Incloister meanings in Urdu
Incloister meanings in Urdu is بندش Incloister in Urdu. More meanings of incloister, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.
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Idiom related to the meaning of Incloister
What are the meanings of Incloister in Urdu?
Meanings of the word Incloister in Urdu is بندش - bandish. To understand how would you translate the word Incloister in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Incloister or it's Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Incloister synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Incloister. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Incloister in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What do you mean by incloister?
Meaning of incloister is بندش - bandish
Whats the definition of incloister?
Definition of the incloister are
What is the synonym of incloister?
Synonym of word incloister are phraseology, obstruction, closure, debarring, ligation, constraint, qualm, closures, offuscation, fiction
What are the idioms related to incloister?
Here are the idioms that are related to the word incloister.
 - The mind loves free space


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My Pipeline's Corroded
But I thought oil prevented rust.
Severely corroded pipelines will force BP to shut down its oil field at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, company officials said on Sunday. After a major spill in March, the company discovered stretches where the pipe had lost more than 70 percent of its mass to corrosion. Why does oil corrode a pipeline?
It has water in it. The crude oil that flows from Prudhoe Bay isn't the pure stuff we might use to stave off rust in our cars. When an oil company pumps crude out of the ground, it can also pump out a hot mixture of water, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and microorganisms. (Crude oil with lots of sulfur in it is called "sour," as opposed to "sweet.") If enough of these contaminants collect in a steel pipe, they'll work together to eat away at its inner surface.
Water is the main concern. If there's only a little bit of water in the oil, or if the oil is flowing fast enough, you generally won't have a problem. That's because the water will be dispersed in tiny droplets that are suspended in the flow. These suspended droplets won't react much with the steel surface of the pipes.
Problems can arise in stretches of pipeline that run at lower pressures. In these spots, water droplets can coalesce and fall out of the oil flow. They might inundate globs of sand or dirt that have also fallen out of the crude-oil mix and form a watery sludge on the edge of the pipe. Once a watery muck forms in one part of the pipe, the natural process of corrosion speeds up. The crude can also serve as a breeding ground for anaerobic bacteria, which form slimy, sulfur-producing colonies on the inside of the pipe.
To make matters worse, crude oil comes out of the ground hot, and the pipelines are insulated to maintain those high temperatures. Oil flows better when it's hot, but heat also exacerbates corrosion within the pipes.
Sometimes the oil companies introduce corrosive bacteria, water, or gas into reservoirs themselves. When an oil field gets old, it starts to lose pressure, and it becomes harder to draw out the remaining crude. Engineers can try to add pressure underground by putting in seawater or carbon dioxide. While this increases the field's output, it also sours the product and leads to more pipeline corrosion.
Bonus Explainer: What can the oil companies do to stave off internal pipe corrosion? Very little. It would be far too expensive to build pipelines out of stainless steel, and there's not much you can do to protect the inner surface of a carbon steel tube from water damage. The companies can paint the outer surface with a protective coating, but there's no way to do that on the inside. (You could paint the inner surface of pipe sections before welding them together, but the assembly process would destroy the coating.) Companies can flush their pipelines with various chemicals that create a mildly protective film on the inner surfaces. They can also wash them with a biocide to kill off the sulfur-producing bacteria.
Bonus Bonus Explainer: How do the oil companies test for corrosion in the pipes? They can use ultrasound to measure the thickness of the pipe walls. They can also run corrosion tests by inserting "coupons," or 3-inch strips of metal, into the pipe at various points. After six months or so, they remove the coupons and check to see how much they've corroded. The best way to measure corrosion is with a "smart pig," a bullet-shaped sensor that flies through the pipe measuring the shape of its inner surface.
Got a question about today's news? Ask the Explainer.
Explainer thanks Srdjan Nesic of the Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Flow Technology at Ohio University, Steve Nikolakakos of Russell Corrosion Consultants Inc., and Van Cosby and Dennis Gerson of IBM. Thanks also to reader Lee Goodman for asking the question.


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Math Practice Online > free > lessons > Florida > 7th grade > Prime Numbers
If your child needs math practice, click here.
Indicate whether or not a number is a prime number.
This topic aligns to the following state standards
Grade 5: Num 1. Finds factors of numbers to 100 to determine if they are prime or composite.
Grade 6: Num 1. Knows if numbers (less than or equal to 100) are prime or composite.
Grade 7: Num 1. Knows if numbers are prime or composite.
Copyright Accurate Learning Systems Corporation 2008.
MathScore is a registered trademark.


Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
April 16, 2009 • Hardware, Security
ATM_machine.jpgNigeria's central bank has commended the efforts of most Nigerian banks to reach the un-banked segment of its population through the deployment of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) across the nation.
However, the Automated Teller Machines Director of Banking Operations, James Olekah, reminded banks that the deployment of the electronic gadgets in public places is beyond the mandate given to banks as stipulated in the policies guiding the operations of ATM Consortium (ATMC).
He noted that banks are competing with ATMC in its sole mandate of deploying ATMs in public places.
The CBN expressed concern at indiscriminate deployment of bank's ATMs in public places (particularly hotel lobbies and airports).
Consequently, banks are directed to restrict further deployment of ATMs to their premises and to withdraw bank ATMs in public places to their premises before June 30, 2009.
The CBN also officially made public its decision to begin the licensing process for an additional ATM Consortium with the sole mandate to deploy ATMs in public places thereby bringing to two the number of ATM consortia in the economy.
The ATMs have brought a new dimension to banking in Nigeria, making banking services and its delivery convenient and accessible. There is a growing demand for more ATMs across the country as the present distribution of bank ATMs are concentrated in Lagos and Abuja regions.
While bank customers are likely to feel the adverse effect of the withdrawal of bank's ATMs from public places, it is expected that the present policy would give the ATM consortia in the country a business environment conducive to profitable deployment of their resources.
Hence, the number of ATMs and Point of Sales (POS) systems available in the country is expected to increase significantly. This technological development is also likely to boost other sectors of the economy that rely on ATMs and POS as business electronic distribution channels and payment systems. Such prospective beneficiaries include the telecommunication (recharge code distribution) and lottery (ATM/POS lotteries) industries.
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4 Responses to Nigerian banks asked to remove ATM's
 1. gun pos says:
 2. This article is an interesting and informative. Could you please send me the names of the present ATM Consortium in Nigeria.
 3. mmyk says:
 mmyk ; if the ATMc are unable to deploy these machines to where they are needed most -public placeslet the banks do it for them after-all what is important is accessing cash wherever and whenever and not some cabal in whatever names making monies from nigerians and giving them the height of inconvenience as if ATM AND POS are rocket science.
 4. Tunde says:
 It might sound nice, but ATMs are actually suppose to be at points where it will be convenient for the public to use. So if the banks decide to place at strategic points, so be it.
 These so called consortium, what will be their charges be? If it is above the normal bank charges, which is deducted once a month by the more sane banks, then its cool, but anything other than that, please let it be.
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A Hull primary school headteacher has confirmed that the establishment is closed to all pupils after a Covid-19 outbreak.
Bricknell Primary School in Hull is closed until Monday for a deep clean after positive coronavirus cases were confirmed.
Acting Head of Bricknell Primary School, Nicola Waites told Hull Live that the school has a full range of additional measures in place to prevent the spread of infection.
Unfortunately, despite this, several members of the school community tested positive for Covid-19 at the end of last week.
To sign up for the Hull Live newsletter, click here.
She said: "Since then, there have been additional positive cases in other parts of the school.
"On public health advice, the safest option is to close the school for two days to allow a deep clean and further testing of staff to identify any additional cases.
"We plan to open to any unaffected classes again on Monday.
"In the meantime, remote education will resume for all pupils. We would like to thank parents for their understanding and support during a rapidly changing situation."
It comes as frustrated parents across Hull have labelled the return to school a "total shambles" after hundreds of children were sent home and told to self isolate in the first week since schools reopened.
Many parents have called the system "unworkable", with some saying schools reopened too early, while others are calling for a change to the rules so that less pupils are affected when there is a case within their child's class.
Parents say if their child can produce a negative test, they should be allowed back into school.
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You can sign up very simply by following the instructions here
Both primary and secondary schools reopened their doors to all pupils on March 8, after Prime Minister Boris Johnson closed them to all but vulnerable and key worker children on January 5 to help prevent the spread of coronavirus.
Primary school pupils are not being tested, but the parents of school-age children can now get tested twice a week if they wish, and can collect their free tests from any local test centre, without an appointment.


Are rhumb lines ever used by an FMS as leg paths for RNP/RNAV? If so, what arinc 424 leg type would use them?
No. The FMS does not use rhumb lines.
All RNP/RNAV flight path legs are geodesics. The only exceptions are RF legs (a constant radius circular path about a turn center) and hold legs (a closed racetrack pattern).
To quote RTCA DO-236C, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards: Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation:
RNP Routes and user-preferred trajectories are assumed to use a series of fixes. The desired path is defined by a series of geodesic tracks joining successive fixes.
It also includes the following definition:
A line of shortest distance between any two points on a mathematically defined surface. A geodesic line is a line of double curvature and usually lies between the two normal section lines which the two points determine. If the two terminal points are nearly in the same latitude, the geodesic line may cross one of the normal section lines. It should be noted that, except along the equator and along the meridians, the geodesic line is not a plane curve and cannot be sighted over directly.
 - $\begingroup$ thank you very much $\endgroup$ – Daniel Ogburn Jul 3 '19 at 16:53
Your Answer


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Musical Imagery Repetition (MIR) (Profiling the phenomenon of how and why we get songs stuck in our heads). Masters Thesis.
Horowitz's Performances of Piano Transcriptions Demonstrate That His "Reception as Genius" Was "Work"
Changes in Piano Competitions Alter How Juries Use Their Many "Texts" (A Critique of Piano Competitions)
Van Cliburn's Win Understood in the Context of "Nationalism"


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Through a Treehugger's article on kinetic LED chandelliers we found something interesting about the subject.
A British interdisciplinary studio called Troika offers „a tantalizing glimpse" of what energy efficient lighting could bring, whirling geometric light forms.
„Thixotrope" the kinetic LED chandellier is made by eigh mechanical and illuminated structures of tensed steel banding outfitted with rows of LED lights. It is temporary installed in the London's Selfridges departament store.
Designers described it being a: „continuously revolve around their own axis thereby materializing the path of the light and dissolving the spinning structures into compositions of aerial cones, spheres and ribbons of warm and cold light while giving life and shape to an immaterial construct."
To use LED lighting is more than vital in creating space, is energy efficient.


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Volume 12, Issue 1 (January 1984)
An Estimation of Hardness of Hardened Steels by X-Ray Diffraction Using a Gaussian Curve-Fitting Method
A simplified equation for calculating rapidly a parameter of a Gaussian curve fitted to a diffraction line peak is proposed for use in the evaluation of the diffraction line width. An equation for calculating the standard deviation of the parameter, caused by counting statistics, is also given to evaluate the reproducibility of the parameter. The parameter together with its standard deviation can be calculated in only 0.8 s with an inexpensive microcomputer. The time required for the X-ray intensity measurement in determining the parameter is about one third of that required in the half-width determination. The line width represented by the parameter of various quenched and tempered steels increases with increasing hardness. Hence, the use of the parameter allows a rapid and nondestructive estimation of hardness of hardened steels.


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Pride - Definition
The definition of: Pride is below.
There are 1 syllables in the word Pride.
What rhymes with Pride?
See poems containing the word: Pride
Definition of: Pride
Link to this Pride definition/page:
Standard Definition
[n] unreasonable and inordinate self-esteem (personified as one of the deadly sins)
[n] the trait of being spurred on by a dislike of falling below your standards
[n] a feeling of self-respect and personal worth
[n] satisfaction with your (or another's) achievements; "he takes pride in his son's success"
[n] a group of lions
[v] pride or congratulate (oneself) for an achievement
[v] be proud of; "He prides himself on making it into law school"
[v] be proud of; "She prides herself on her son"
congratulate - (4 syllables), congratulate - (4 syllables), plume - (1 syllables), preen - (1 syllables), pridefulness - (3 syllables), superbia - (4 syllables)
Misc. Definitions
\Pride\, n. [Cf. AS. lamprede, LL. lampreda, E. lamprey.] (Zo["o]l.) A small European lamprey ({Petromyzon branchialis}); -- called also {prid}, and {sandpiper}.
\Pride\, n. [AS. pr[=y]te; akin to Icel. pr[=y][eth]i honor, ornament, pr??a to adorn, Dan. pryde, Sw. pryda; cf. W. prydus comely. See {Proud}.]
1. The quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank, etc., which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others. Those that walk in pride he is able to abase. --Dan. iv. 3
7. Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt. --Franklin.
2. A sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one; lofty self-respect; noble self-esteem; elevation of character; dignified bearing; proud delight; -- in a good sense. Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride. --Goldsmith. A people which takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants. --Macaulay.
3. Proud or disdainful behavior or treatment; insolence or arrogance of demeanor; haughty bearing and conduct; insolent exultation; disdain. Let not the foot of pride come against me. --Ps. xxxvi. 1
1. That hardly we escaped the pride of France. --Shak.
4. That of which one is proud; that which excites boasting or self-gratulation; the occasion or ground of self-esteem, or of arrogant and presumptuous confidence, as beauty, ornament, noble character, children, etc. Lofty trees yclad with summer's pride. --Spenser. I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. --Zech. ix.
6. A bold peasantry, their country's pride. --Goldsmith.
5. Show; ostentation; glory. Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war. --Shak.
6. Highest pitch; elevation reached; loftiness; prime; glory; as, to be in the pride of one's life. A falcon, towering in her pride of place. --Shak.
7. Consciousness of power; fullness of animal spirits; mettle; wantonness; hence, lust; sexual desire; esp., an excitement of sexual appetite in a female beast. [Obs.] {Pride of India}, or {Pride of China}. (Bot.) See {Margosa}. {Pride of the desert} (Zo["o]l.), the camel. Syn: Self-exaltation; conceit; hauteur; haughtiness; lordliness; loftiness. Usage: {Pride}, {Vanity}. Pride is a high or an excessive esteem of one's self for some real or imagined superiority, as rank, wealth, talents, character, etc. Vanity is the love of being admired, praised, exalted, etc., by others. Vanity is an ostentation of pride; but one may have great pride without displaying it. Vanity, which is etymologically ''emptiness,'' is applied especially to the exhibition of pride in superficialities, as beauty, dress, wealth, etc.
\Pride\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Prided}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Priding}.] To indulge in pride, or self-esteem; to rate highly; to plume; -- used reflexively. --Bp. Hall. Pluming and priding himself in all his services. --South.
\Pride\, v. i. To be proud; to glory. [R.]


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Look at the earlobes of twenty (20) unrelated individuals. Count how many of them have "free" earlobes and how many have "attached" earlobes. In the picture below, the earlobe on the right is "free" and the earlobe on the left is "attached".
Record the number of people who can and the number of people who free and attached earlobes and answer the following questions:
What is the ratioof the number of individuals with free earlobes to the number of attached earlobes.
What can you conclude from this ratioabout the probabilities of trait of free earlobes appearing in the human population? Focus your discussion on the ratio of free to attached earlobes and what it might tell you about how the trait is inherited. (Do NOT discuss the value or effect of attached versus free earlobes).
Why is it important that the individuals in the survey were unrelated? How would a sample of related individuals affect the results?
Complete the online Karyotyping Activity at: _URL_
List the karyotype notation and diagnosis for Patients A, B and C.
Then answer the following questions.
How is karyotyping related to meiosis? Which set of chromosomes appears to be most commonly involved in nondisjunction? What types of genetic abnormalities would not be able to be identified via karyotyping?
Search the Internet for genetic abnormality other than those that you identified above for Patients A, B and Cthat could be identified through karyotyping. Identify the website and briefly report on the abnormality such as its rate of occurrence, effects and any potential treatments. Make sure to use your own words and provide correct citations.


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The current COVID-19 pandemic raises important questions about the role of emergency physicians in making decisions about CPR and allocation of scarce resources.
CPR efforts expend significant human and material resources, and they are associated with poor outcomes. Emergency physicians caring for patients with critical illness should help those patients understand their treatment alternatives and encourage them to reflect on and communicate their goals of care. Information about prognosis, including published data indicating that a high percentage of elderly COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure do not survive despite ventilator therapy, can enable patients to make more informed decisions about accepting or forgoing certain treatment options.1
Treating physicians routinely ask about preferences regarding CPR, but physicians also make some decisions about whether and how to do CPR. When physicians are making such decisions, they should consider the likelihood of benefit (ie, survival to discharge), as well as the risks to providers (disease transmission despite appropriate personal protective equipment [PPE]), and other patients (diversion of resources from the care of other patients). According to American Heart Association guidelines, when CPR is performed on patients with known or suspected COVID-19, treatment priorities include:2
- Reduce provider exposure (appropriate PPE, limit number of persons in the room).
- Prioritize oxygenation and ventilation strategies with lower aerosolization risk.
- Consider the appropriateness of starting and continuing resuscitation.
In its policy on non-beneficial ("futile") emergency medical interventions, ACEP offers additional guidance:3
- Physicians are under no ethical obligation to render interventions that they judge to have no realistic likelihood of benefit to the patient.
- An emergency physician's judgments to withhold or withdraw requested interventions should be unbiased and should be based on available scientific evidence and societal and professional standards.
Delegate Allocation Decisions
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a major surge of critically ill patients in several nations. When such a surge of patients exceeds the critical care capacity of a hospital or health system, physicians must decide how to allocate scarce resources, such as ventilators, ICU beds, and even general hospital beds. Health care systems should designate triage officers or teams with multidisciplinary expertise, rather than clinicians caring for these patients, to make allocation decisions.4 This independent approach not only serves to decrease or eliminate bias in triage decisions, but also shifts the burden of morally distressing triage decisions from emotionally involved caregivers to those for whom the decisions must be objective. In these crisis situations, emergency physicians may confront difficult decisions about how to allocate limited ED treatment resources provisionally among large numbers of severely ill ED patients, and they may also be responsible to alert triage teams promptly to the presence of ED patients with indications for scarce critical care resources.


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CsAuthors.net's algorithm finds the shortest co-authorship path between two authors. A co-authorship
path is defined as a list of authors such that each pair of neighboring authors on that list
co-authored at least a paper.
In cases where there exists different paths between two authors having a minimal length, the system will
select the path such that the sum of the logarithms of the number of collaborations between authors
is the highest.
In cases where no co-authorship path exists between two authors, the system reports an infinite
distance between them (denoted using the mathematical symbol "∞"). This situation is relatively rare
since currently 88.8% users are in the same connected
subset of the graph.


Extermination order
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Jump to: navigation, search
An Extermination order is an order given by a government sanctioning mass removal or death. The term is often associated with genocide.
Extermination orders were issued in conjunction with the following events:
Extermination orders can also include:


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This stitch is just an inverted version of the fly stitch. In fact, you will be making only one row of the inverted fly stitch, the subsequent rows are made by just looping it into the previous fly stitches! This makes very good motif fillings with texture. This stitch also gives you a lot of scopes to experiment with different colors. Try doing each row with different colors or shades to get a unique look every time.
You need to know the Fly Stitch to be able to continue with this tutorial. You can start working this stitch from left to right.
|Fig 1: Make a row of fly stitches with a short tail, and slightly spaced from each other, as shown. Make sure they are inverted, and looks like an upside down 'V'.
After you finish with the last fly stitch, turn around and come out from the next row, as illustrated. You can also start the next row fresh with a different colored thread.
|Fig 2: Take the needle in through the first leg of the last fly stitch in the previous row, and take the needle in through the fabric to make an inverted V.
Come out again, and take the needle under the two legs of the previous fly stitches, as shown. Keep up with this procedure. Make multiple rows of such fly stitches to fill the motif..
|Fig 3: A filled area would look like this.
Try experimenting with different shades and colors for each row.


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Achieve3000 Adds Science Units to Instructional Resources
Achieve3000 has announced the addition of a new collection of science units to its differentiated instructional resources offerings. The program offers a range of resources designed to help educators impart fundamental scientific concepts and science vocabulary to students.
Acting on recommendations from a recent report by the Carnegie Corporation of New York-Institute for Advanced Study Commission on Mathematics and Science Education, the Achieve3000 science units include articles featuring real-world content, as well as visual graphics, Web resources, and video and hands-on science activities. In addition, the content is designed to engage and improve 21st-century skills such as critical thinking and digital literacy, as well as reading comprehension and writing skills.
The Lakewood, NJ-based company's programs are divided into KidBiz, for grades 2 through 5, and TeenBiz, for grades 6 through 12, and all of its content focuses on student development in language arts education and is differentiated according to reading level using its proprietary software engine.
The company also announced that it has added Haitian-Creole language support to both its KidBiz and TeenBiz programs, which provides both text and audio support for students who are native Haitian-Creole speakers and learning to read and write in English.
Scott Aronowitz is a freelance writer based in Las Vegas. He has covered the technology, advertising, and entertainment sectors for seven years. He can be reached here.


Back to the list
 - 1
 - 2
 - 3
 - 4
 - 5
"Itinerary" menu
On the home screen, press "Menu" > "Navigation" > NAV > "Route" to access the following menus:
- "Edit route";
- "Stop guidance";
- "Traffic on route";
- "Avoidances";
- "Overview";
- "Route".
Precautions regarding navigation
Use of the navigation system does not in any way replace the responsibility or vigilance of the driver when driving the vehicle.
"Edit route"
Note: this menu is available when there is a route saved. If there is no route saved, you can create one by selecting the "New route" function.
Setting a start point
To set a start point on the route, press 1, "Set Start Point", then "Set new point".
Choose the location the same way as you choose a destination. The default start point is your current GPS position.
Once your starting position is set, you can simulate the route that you will take to the destination. Press the "Go" button. Once your route has been planned, press the "Simulate Route" option on the pop-up menu.
Adding a destination
To set a new destination, press 3 then enter this destination. You can select a point of interest (POI) as detailed previously.
Adding a waypoint
Press 4 between the start point and end point to insert waypoints along your route (e.g. if you wish to travel via a specific location in order to pick somebody up). Choose the location the same way as you choose a destination. Your system will calculate a new route that passes the waypoint(s) you chose before reaching your final destination.
Pop-up menu 2
The pop-up menu 2 grants access to the following functions:
- Select and delete: use this function to delete specific stages of the route, or the entire route;
- "Reorder": you can manually reorder your list of waypoints.
To confirm your route, press "Go" at the bottom of the screen. The system calculates the new route and the navigation guidance will begin.
"Cancel route"
Select this function to stop the current navigation.
"Traffic on route"
This function displays the traffic map during the route.
To avoid certain sections of the route (e.g. in the event of a traffic jam not flagged up by the system), select "Avoidances" from the "Itinerary" menu.
You can choose to avoid the following elements:
- "Specific sections": to avoid a certain type of road on the route. For example, you can skip a section of a motorway or a ferry;
- "Section of the navigation": to indicate a preferred distance over which the saved route should be avoided. The screen displays the distance, the avoided section of the route and the detour on the map. You can also see the change to distance and estimated duration of the route compared to the original route at the top of the screen;
- "Specific road": to avoid a road on your route. For example, you can skip a road where you expect heavy traffic, but the Traffic system has not warned you about it;
- "Restore original route": to cancel detours you set previously.
In all cases you are presented with a map screen, where you can see the avoided section, the detour and the estimated change in length and duration and the duration in relation to your initially calculated route.
To confirm your settings, press "Accept".
The route overview can be displayed by pressing "Overview" from the "Route" menu or after selecting a destination and calculating the route. The multimedia system displays information about your journey (distance, journey time, road types, traffic etc.).
When a route is in progress, use the 5 control for a more precise view of your destination.
Pop-up menu 5
Press 5 to access the following functions:
- "Route Alternatives";
- "Itinerary";
- "Route";
- "Add route to address book";
- Simulate Route.
For further information, please refer to the section on "Entering a destination".
"Route type"
This function enables you to change the current route calculation method and to recalculate. By choosing this type of route itinerary, you are also setting the default route calculation method for future route calculations.
To fund out about the various methods of calculating a route, please refer to the section on "Map".
Route preferences
The route preferences are restrictions which affect the route calculation. For further information, please refer to the "Map" section.
How to program a route in the "navigation" world?


API PROPER PH™ 8.2 - 210g
 - What do API PROPER pH™ powders do?
 - API PROPER pH powders are pH buffers. They set the pH of aquarium water at a particular level, and also function as a dechlorinator. This means no additional dechlorinator is needed when using these products to treat water.
 - I used API PROPER pH™ and my water has gone very cloudy. Is this normal, and is the cloudiness safe for my fish?
 - The cloudiness that can be caused by API PROPER pH powders is harmless. It usually settles on its own in 24-48 hours, but the use of API ACCU-CLEAR™ water clarifier may be used to improve it. This cloudiness occurs when API PROPER pH powder is in used in water with high hardness levels, and is caused by the hardness minerals coming out of the solution. To avoid hazy water, we recommend reducing hardness levels to 100 ppm CaCO3.
 - I am trying to lower my water with API PROPER pH™ powder, but it remains high. Why is this?
 - Normally, one dose will set the pH. However, some tap water sources used in freshwater aquariums are very hard or alkaline and are strongly buffered at pH 8.0 and higher. In this case, it may require two doses of API PROPER pH™ powder to overcome the natural buffers and set pH to a desirable level. In this situation, it may be advisable to soften the water first.
 - Is API PROPER pH™ powder safe with invertebrates and plants?
 - API PROPER pH powder is safe with invertebrates, but the powders in API PROPER pH 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 bind to some trace elements which are needed as nutrients by live plants. Therefore, we do not recommend using these API PROPER pH powders with live aquarium plants.
 - Is API PROPER pH™ powder a phosphate buffer?
 - API PROPER pH 8.2 is a bicarbonate and carbonate buffer, and contains no phosphate. API PROPER pH 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 are phosphate buffers. Phosphate buffers are the most reliable buffers for freshwater aquariums. They are non-toxic to fish and easily "lock in" the pH for extended periods of time.
 - Do phosphate buffers stimulate algae growth?
 - No, phosphate buffers combine with essential trace elements, like iron, causing nutrient deficiencies. PROPER pH™ 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 should not be used in aquariums where algal growth is desirable.
 - Will API PROPER pH™ powder increase carbonate hardness?
 - Carbonate hardness, also known as "alkalinity" and "KH," is the level of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in water. The KH level is also a measurement of water's ability to resist pH change. API PROPER pH 8.2 contains bicarbonate and carbonate buffers, and will directly increase carbonate hardness. API PROPER pH 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5 contain no carbonate hardness, but will cause a spike in KH as measured with KH test kits. These kits work by acidifying the water in the test tube, drop by drop, with a test reagent. When the water sample is adequately acidified, a color change occurs in the test tube. This is called the "end point." The number of drops of test reagent required to acidify the sample (causing a color change) indicates the level of KH. Phosphate buffers strongly resist pH change, and will be measured just like bicarbonate and carbonate buffers. Therefore, API PROPER pH 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, will cause an increase in KH measurements.


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Time of coping files
I have two hard drives and I want to determine time of copying files from one to other.
So, I do:
1) Create file system on the second HDD and mount it
2) Copy set of files from / to folder mounted on step 1
3) Call sync to write all data to disks
3) Repeat step 2-3 10 times to make results more smooth
So, results are too strange:
The first time is a much greater that other 9, for example:
1000 51 50 49 52....
I don't have reasons why the first time is mutch greater than other 9: May be on first copying allocated internal structures of file system on the second HDD, or may be sync works on asynchronous manner, it started to write memory buffers to disk, and exits, this process continues then first copying is already started.


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How Long Are Opioids in Your System?
The length of time opioids remain in someone's system depends on many different variables. How long an opioid can be detected through a drug screen also depends heavily on the test itself as well as the test subject's health and pattern of opioid use.1
This page will discuss:
- How drug screens test for opioids.
- How detectable certain opioids are.
- Give a general detectability window for opioids based on the types of drug screens.
- Explain the various factors that influence how long drugs remain in someone's system.
Will Opioids Show up on Drug Tests?
In general, a urine drug screen that tests for the presence of multiple drugs will only detect metabolites of natural opioids, that is, codeine and morphine. This includes the ability to detect certain semi-synthetic opioids, like heroin, because it metabolizes to morphine.2
There are, however, panels available that more specifically detect semi-synthetic (e.g., oxycodone) as well as synthetic opioids (e.g., methadone, fentanyl).2
How Long Will Opioids Show up on Drug Tests?
It's impossible to give an exact answer as to how long a drug will be detectable in an individual's system because there are many variables that effect detectability.1 However, there is a generalized detection window for opioids for each testing method.
Typically:3, 4, 5
- Opioids are detectable in urine drug screens for about 3 days.
- Tests that analyze hair follicles can detect drugs used repeatedly for up to 90 days after use.
- Drugs are detectable in a saliva test for 24-36 hours after the last dose.
- Blood tests have a very narrow window of detection of up to 12 hours. However, this window may be much wider for patients that use opioids chronically.
Which Opioids Do Drug Tests Check For?
Drug tests may screen for different opioids, depending on the laboratory and the panel used. Common opioids that are detected in drug tests include:6, 7, 8
Some common drug screens are unable to detect synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone, buprenorphine, or fentanyl. However, more stringent tests—such as the ones used by law enforcement, doctors, or certain employers—can detect these substances.9, 10
Opioids used medicinally and in recommended dosages may be detected by a drug test. If this happens, an additional test will likely be required, and the patient may have to provide their prescription. The concentration of opioids in their system will also be considered.10
What Factors Impact How Long Opioids Stay in Your System?
Every individual will metabolize opioids at a different rate, which determines how long drugs will be detectable with a drug screen. The duration of time it takes for someone to metabolize opioids is dependent on a number of variables, including but not limited to the:1, 11
- Person's age, sex, and genes.
- Patient's liver health.
- The amount of body fat.
- Pattern of (frequency and dosage) of opioid use.
- Half-life of the opioid taken.
- Route that the opioid was administered.
Characteristics of a drug test that may affect detectability include the:
- Type of test administered (i.e., saliva, urine, hair, blood).
- Cut-off concentration of the test (i.e., predetermined threshold of the concentration that will flag as positive).
- Sensitivity and specificity of the test.
- The concentration of the saliva, urine, hair, or blood that was tested.
How Can You Get Opioids out of Your System Faster?
The internet is full of ill-advised and misguided methods promising to rid the body of opioids or other drugs at a faster rate, or on how to "fool" a drug test. Most of this advice is unhelpful and some of it can even be dangerous.
The fact of the matter is that even if someone was to dilute a sample, switch a sample with a synthetic replacement, or tamper with the sample, drug screens have methods to detect this.12
How to Make Detoxing from Opioids Easier
When someone has been using opioids for a prolonged period of time, there is a high likelihood they will experience withdrawal symptoms when they quit or drastically reduce their use. This can happen even when someone has been taking opioids according to a doctor's recommendations.13
Withdrawal from opioids is not usually life-threatening, though it can be painful and unpleasant. Common symptoms include:14
- Abdominal pains.
Sometimes these symptoms can be so severe that they cause someone to relapse and return to opioid use.14
For those who have attempted to reduce their opioid use and have been unsuccessful because of severe withdrawal symptoms, medical detoxification can make the process safer and more comfortable. In a medical detox facility, staff can monitor the patient, respond immediately to emergencies, and administer medication to mitigate uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms as necessary.14
While medical detox is an important step towards treatment of an opioid use disorder, it's rarely sufficient by itself in helping a person achieve long-term sobriety. That is why continued treatment in a rehabilitation program after detox is crucial.15
Opioids and other drugs of abuse affect behavior and the way the brain functions; they can even alter the brain's structure. Once a patient is sober after detox and no longer contending with acute withdrawal symptoms, symptoms as a result of drug use will likely persist. It is with further treatment and various therapy methods can shift someone's thought and behavioral patterns, enabling them to recognize and overcome the triggers and ways of thinking that led them to use.15
Long-term maintenance treatment or other medication-assisted treatment methods may also be necessary for some patients.15
If you or a loved one is struggling with opioid addiction, it's not too late to get help. Please reach out to one of our Admissions Navigators at for more information on opioid rehab near you.
American Addiction Centers (AAC) is committed to delivering original, truthful, accurate, unbiased, and medically current information. We strive to create content that is clear, concise, and easy to understand.
While we are unable to respond to your feedback directly, we'll use this information to improve our online help.


Application Notes
Lock-in Amplifier (LIA) Frequency Sweep with LabVIEW — A programming tutorial with Moku:Lab & LabVIEW
In this application note, we will provide a step-by-step tutorial on how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence. Many electronic systems perform optimally at a specific operating frequency. To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of a lock-in measurement, it's important to find the transfer function of the system and to use the optimal modulation frequency. In this example, we will build a LabVIEW VI that scans the frequency of the local oscillator (LO) and plots the measured amplitude as a function of LO frequency. Then, we will use this VI to measure the transfer function of a bandpass filter.
Download Printable Version
Frequency Sweep Lock-in Detection
A Lock-In Amplifier (LIA) is designed to extract extremely weak oscillating signals from a noisy background. The LIA takes the input signal and mixes it with a local oscillator (LO) of a certain frequency. Then, a narrow band lowpass filter is applied to attenuate the high frequency components. More details on the principle of the Lock-In Amplifier can be found in this video: This detection method allows us to measure signal response at any arbitrary frequency with narrow bandwidths. The center of the measured frequency is defined by the frequency of the LO. By sweeping the frequency of the LO, the transfer function of the system can be measured. We can use such a response plot to determine the resonance, optimal modulation frequency, and impedance of the system. It is an essential test to perform in order to get the maximum signal-to-noise ratio for a lock-in measurement. In this application note, we will demonstrate how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence to sweep the LO frequency and measure the response of a bandpass filter.
Figure 1: General flow of the automated test sequence.
System Setup
The installation file and instructions for Moku:Lab LabVIEW API are located here:
The complete LabVIEW.VI file is available for download here:
To control and operate Moku:Lab with LabVIEW, we need to connect Moku:Lab and the computer to the same network. In this example, we connected Moku:Lab and the computer wirelessly to the same Wi-Fi router.
To locate Moku:Lab on the network, the IP address is required. To find the IP address, connect an iPad to the same Wi-Fi network and launch Moku:Lab's iPad app. Then, with a long press on Moku:Lab's icon, the IP address will be displayed. Alternatively, if you have Python and PyMoku installed on your computer, you can find Moku:Lab's IP address with the command "moku list".
The LO is generated from Moku:Lab's output 2, passed through the bandpass filter device under test (DUT), and the return signal measured at Moku:Lab's input 1.
Figure 2: Moku:Lab and the computer were connected wirelessly to the same router. The DUT was inserted between Moku output 2 and input 1.
Building the LabVIEW VI
Connect to the Moku:Lab and deploy the default settings
To start building the LabVIEW VI, we first start up LabVIEW and drag the "setup moku" palette into our program:
Step 1: Drag "setup moku" palette into the VI
This palette takes two string inputs: Moku:Lab's IP address and the name of the instrument. We create a place holder on the user interface for the user to enter the IP address. The Lock-In Amplifier instrument is used throughout the entire program, so we set it as default instrument name. Next, we pass the http-reference, moku command feedback and error out output to the "execute cmd" palette.
Step 2: Connect the http reference and route the Moku command and error out to the "execute cmd" palette
The "execute cmd" palette uses the http-reference as a device handle and passes JSON formatted commands to Moku:Lab. The JSON command is typically generated by another VI. The "execute cmd" palette also takes the command feedback to pass it along to the program for logging, and the error out flag to ensure that every "execute cmd" palette is successfully executed. If the flag is raised, the program will be terminated. The "set default LIA" palette generates the JSON command to initialize the Lock-In Amplifier and set every parameter to the default values. This command is used to start the Lock-In Amplifier instrument on Moku:Lab.
Figure 3: Connect and initialize the LIA instrument.
Set up parameters for the lock-in detection
After the device is initialized, we use the same "execute cmd" palette structure to modify the settings for the Lock-In Amplifier (Step 3-9).
Step 3: Configure the two Moku:Lab outputs; one for the LIA to R (amplitude, main channel) and the second to LO (aux oscillator) for the frequency sweep.
Step 4 and 5: Set the two monitor points; one at the main and one at aux outputs. The main output monitor point is later used to acquire real-time data.
Step 6: Set the time base for the monitor points and real-time data acquisition.
Step 7: Set the gain for the main channel.
Step 8: Set the range for the R-Theta conversion. Details about the R-Theta conversion can be found in Moku:Lab's Lock-In Amplifier user manual.
Step 9: Configure the lowpass filter that is immediately after the mixer.
Figure 4: Palettes to set up the parameters for LIA.
For-loop for automated frequency sweep
A for-loop is used to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition. We create three customizable parameters for the loop: number of steps, frequency step, and initial frequency. At the start of each iteration, the program calculates the LO's frequency based on i×𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝+𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦. Then, this number is split into two, passed to the "set demod LIA" palette as the frequency input (step 11), as well as the x-axis location for the plot.
Figure 5: For Loop to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition.
To ensure that the LO is set and stable before the data acquisition, a flat sequence is used to separate the setup portion and data acquisition portion. After a 100 ms dwell period, the "get realtime data" command is sent to Moku:Lab. The "execute cmd" palette receives the raw data and passes to the "parse data" palette to convert the raw data into numeric arrays.
Figure 6: Data transfer, average, and display.
After the "parse data" palette, the data stream from the aux channel (ch2) is damped. A mean function is used to take the average of the main channel numeric array. The result is then plotted on the user interface.
Measure the Filter Transfer Function
To measure the transfer function of the DUT bandpass filter (mini-circuit BBP-21.4), we set the initial frequency at 15 MHz, and frequency step at 400 kHz with 40 steps.
Figure 7: Frequency sweep analysis with bandpass filter.
The LabVIEW VI automatically sweeps the frequency of the LO and plots the amplitude of the detected signal. The filter has its peak response at around 22 MHz.
To learn more about Moku:Lab LabVIEW API, please visit:
Questions or comments?
Please contact us at


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Date: 18 July 2012 at 02:48
Gibraltar has become the world's first Wikipedia City. At a press conference on Wednesday morning, Minister for Tourism, Neil Costa, delivered a presentation on the online Gibraltarpedia project.
Gibraltarpedia involves a multi-lingual online Wikipedia pack on the Rock's rich flora, history and culture. The idea for this project came from local Wikipedian, Tyson Lee Holmes, who read about the first Wikipedia town in Wales. Monmouthpedia is a comprehensive Wikipedia page-based record of its own cultural heritage. Professor Clive Finlayson has since been working with the Tourist Board and with Wikimedia UK to make Gibraltar the world's first Wikipedia City.
The articles will be written by a mix of locals, academics, historians and Wikipedians from around the globe. Minister for Tourism, Neil Costa, said the project would revolutionise the way we narrate our culture and demonstrate our cross-section of different communities in a virtual way.
It's estimated that nearly 500 million people a month will have access to all this information on Gibraltar. The process of creating WiFi hotspots on the Rock is underway and Gibraltarpedia applications will be available for download on smartphones. This will make the articles accessible to visitors at different tourist attractions.