text:
Date of this Version
The present study is an attempt towards identification, systematization and critical examination of the research literature on the concepts of cloud computing prevalent among the Library and Information professionals. The study is based on an exhaustive review of the published literature in the field of cloud computing and library and information science. For the review, a conceptual framework was developed in order to demarcate the flow of available information. Available strategies, models, frameworks and existing practises of adoption of cloud computing in library practises have been exclusively dealt. Based on the review the study proposes several gaps in the existing literature which needs to be worked out in the future researches. The study will provide a theoretical background for the study of cloud computing with a slant to library and information science discipline.


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The COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenging time, with many of us affected by uncertainty about the economy, our finances, and relationships. For many, this has taken a toll on our physical and mental health. In parallel, there have been changes in the way Australians consume alcohol, with research showing an increase in alcohol purchase compared to the pre-pandemic period, and people drinking alcohol to cope with anxiety or stress related to COVID-19.
While it is not unusual to reach for a drink after a stressful day, for parents this practice can have unintended consequences, affecting how your children view alcohol use.
"I just tell them that Mum's had a stressful day and needs a wine"
(Mother of 3 teenagers)
Normalisation of alcohol use
Normalisation of alcohol use refers to the widespread availability and social acceptance of alcohol in Australia. It also includes the social acceptance of getting drunk or drinking at risky levels.
In Australia, alcohol use is a regular part of society, with alcohol consumption common at social settings, parties, sporting events and celebrations both inside and outside the home. Young people are often exposed to alcohol through advertising, the widespread presence of alcohol outlets (pubs, bars, clubs, bottle shops), social media, and on TV shows or movies. Alcohol advertising not only appeals to those under 18 years, but can also influence their alcohol purchasing behaviours. Additionally, exposure to positive portrayal of alcohol use (e.g. at parties or dinner) via TV and movies is associated with binge drinking at a younger age and higher consumption of alcohol both in adolescence and later life.
Lately, memes and advertisements have been circulating about the use of alcohol as a coping strategyparticularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. These can further normalise alcohol use and promote a harmful drinking culture where drinking to excess is 'normal' or 'funny'.
How does parents' normalisation of alcohol use impact children's use?
Home is where Australians most commonly drink alcohol, with 71% of adults reporting they most frequently drink at their own home (61%) or someone else's home (11%). Drinking at home can mean children are likely to be familiar with their parents' or other adults' drinking behaviours. This can result in alcohol being normalised in young people's lives, long before they reach legal drinking age. Additionally, children and teenagers look to parents to model their own behaviour, and so they may imitate their parents' behaviours and attitudes towards alcohol, for example by drinking alcohol as a way to cope with stress, have fun or to boost self-confidence.
Research shows that parents' drinking behaviours influence when adolescents start to drink and how much they drink. This means that by modelling behaviours like drinking to relax or getting drunk at social gatherings, parents can inadvertently reinforce positive attitudes towards alcohol or towards getting drunk.
The good news is that parents can help young people to develop healthy attitudes towards alcohol, by drinking in moderation and/or modelling ways to turn down a drink. Parents can empower young people by demonstrating that social gatherings do not need to revolve around alcohol, and by modelling ways to have fun without alcohol. It is also important for parents to model and discuss with children alternative and healthy coping strategies during tough times.
Importance of delaying alcohol consumption in adolescents
The brain undergoes significant development during adolescence that continues until the age of 25. Therefore, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the harms from alcohol, and delaying alcohol use for as long as possible should be the goal. Some of the risks associated with early initiation of alcohol use are:
- Increased heavy alcohol use in older adolescence.
- Greater likelihood of developing an alcohol use disorder later in life.
- Increased risk of other drug use.
- Increased risk of developing mental health related problems.
- Disruptions to brain growth and neurochemical functioning.
- Poorer school performance.
- Risky sexual activity.
Tips to avoid normalisation of alcohol and model responsible drinking
Below are some strategies to help parents' model responsible drinking.
- Limit your alcohol consumption, especially around children.
- Avoid getting drunk, especially in front of children.
- Offer non-alcoholic drinks at family occasions and events.
- Openly of alcohol in front of your children.
- Demonstrate that social occasions can be fun without alcohol.
- Never drink and drive or allow other adults to.
- Model some healthy strategies to cope with stress such as going for a walk or listening to music.
For more information check out this factsheet on how parents can protect against drug and alcohol use and related harms.
This factsheet was developed following expert review by researchers at the Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use at the University of Sydney.
Page last reviewed: 6 November 2020.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Paleo-Sardinian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Region Corsica et Sardinia
Ethnicity Nuragic civilization
Extinct c. 2nd century AD
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
Glottolog None
Nuragic tribes
Paleo-Sardinian (Paleosardinian) or Paleo-Sardo (Paleosardo), also known as Nuragic, is the pre-Indo-European language (or perhaps languages) of Sardinia and Corsica, which is thought to have left traces in the modern Sardinian language. By the third century, Latin had become the language of Sardinia, and the old language(s) survive mainly in toponyms, which appear to preserve grammatical suffixes, and in a few names of plants. There is toponymic evidence suggesting that it may have had connection to Basque or to the pre-Indo-European Iberian language of Spain (Blasco Ferrer, 2010), or maybe to the ancient languages of Sicily[citation needed].
Archeologist Giovanni Ugas suggested that the three Nuragic peoples may have had separate origins and thus spoke different languages: The Balari from the Balearic Islands and possibly of Iberian origin, the Corsi from the north and possibly of Ligurian origin, and the Iolei / Iliensi from the south and possible Numidian (or perhaps Sicani[citation needed]) origin. The three modern dialects of Gallurese, Logudorese, and Campidanese might reflect that multilingual substratum.
Bertoldi & Terracini[citation needed] propose that the common suffix -ara (with stress on the antepenult) was a plural marker, and indicated a connection to Iberian or to the Paleo-Sicilian languages. Terracini claims a similar connection for the suffix -ànarV, -ànnarV, -énnarV, -ònnarV, as in the personal name Bonnànnaro. A suffix -ini also seems to be characteristic, as in the personal name Barùmini. A suffix or suffixes -arr-, -err-, -orr-, -urrhave been claimed to correspond to Numidia (Terracini), to Iberia (specifically Basque, Blasco Ferrer), to the south of Italy and Gascony (presumably Basque, Rohlfs), and to Basque (Wagner, Hubschmid).
The non-Latin suffixes -ài, -éi, -òi, -ùi survive in modern place names based on Latin roots. Terracini sees connections to Berber. Bertoldi sees an Anatolian connection in the endings -ài, -asài (similar claims have been made of the Elymians of Sicily). A suffix -aiko is also common in Iberia and may have a Celtic origin. The tribal suffix -itani, -etani, as in the Sulcitani, has also been identified as Paleosardinian.
See also[edit]
 - Eduardo Blasco Ferrer, ed. 2010. Paleosardo: Le radici linguistiche della Sardegna neolitica (Paleosardo: The Linguistic Roots of Neolithic Sardinian). De Gruyter Mouton.


Quick Answer: What Does BB Mean In Battleship?
What does BB stand for in ships?
BattleshipBB = Battleship.
CA = Cruiser, Armored.
CB = Cruiser, Large.
CC = Cruiser, Battle.
CL = Cruiser, Light..
What does BB 62 stand for?
USS New JerseyUSS New Jersey (BB-62) ("Big J" or "Black Dragon") is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the US state of New Jersey.
Can the USS Missouri still run?
What's the expiration date on a World War II warship? … The USS Missouri was finally retired in 1992 and turned from a warship into a museum—just like the one in the movie. Today, it stays docked in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where there is no crew at the ready, nor any ammo or fuel on board.
What is the largest US battleship ever built?
Iowa-class battleshipClass overviewType:BattleshipDisplacement:47,825 long tons (48,592 t) (standard) 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) (full load) 60,000 long tons (61,000 t) (full load) (New Jersey 1968)Length:860 ft (262.1 m) (pp) 887 ft 3 in (270.4 m) (oa)Beam:108 ft 2 in (33.0 m)25 more rows
What was the largest battleship ever built?
Yamato classBeing the battleships that were designed to be larger and more powerful than any other, it should come as no surprise that the Yamato class reign supreme as the largest battleships ever built.
What does BB 63 mean?
BB is the call letter for a US battleship. For example, Missouri is BB-63, type letter followed by number. She was the 63rd US battleship laid down.
What does CV mean on Navy ships?
aircraft carrierCV — aircraft carrier. CVA — attack aircraft carrier. CVAN — attack aircraft carrier (nuclear propulsion). CVB — large aircraft carrier. CVE — escort aircraft carrier.
Did the USS Missouri sink?
Missouri was the last battleship commissioned by the United States and is best remembered as the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan, which ended World War II….USS Missouri (BB-63)HistoryUnited StatesDecommissioned:31 March 1992Stricken:12 January 1995Status:Museum ship in Pearl Harbor39 more rows
What does CV 59 mean?
USS ForrestalUSS Forrestal (CV-59) (later CVA-59, then AVT-59), was a supercarrier named after the first Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. Commissioned in 1955, she was the United States' first completed supercarrier, and was the lead ship of her class.
What does SS stand for on a ship?
screw steamerHistorically, prefixes for civilian vessels often identified the vessel's mode of propulsion, such as, "SS" (screw steamer), "MV" (motor vessel), or "PS" (paddle steamer). Alternatively, they might have reflected a vessel's purpose, e.g. "RMS" (Royal Mail Ship), or "RV" (research vessel).
Who has the biggest aircraft carrier?
Ford, the world's largest aircraft carrier, which can house 75 aircraft (but doesn't have urinals) The USS Gerald R. Ford is the US Navy's newest and largest aircraft carrier — in fact, it's the world's largest.
Which ship sank the most ships in ww2?


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Negative Effects of Workbooks and Coloring Books
by Marvin Bartel
During observations and experiences, ask questions about quantities, sizes, textures, and shadows, colors newances, proportions, shapes, etc.
Focus attention to detail during observation and during experiences
Never be critical and do not correct an artist at work
Encourage children to be choice makers Empower them
Do NOT draw for them Do NOT show them how
DO say, "Can YOU show ME how YOU think it might look?"
Provide ample materials and blank paper, coloring books are not needed
Sculpt a pet or a memory from clay or play dough
Cut and assemble pieces of paper or sticks
Tape paper under a table and work from the floor
Then look at Sistine Chapel illustrations and talk about Michelangelo
Say, "Tell me about it" Do NOT say, "What is it?"
All rights reserved. This page © Marvin Bartel. You may link to this page, but you may not post it on your site or publish it.
For permission to make copies or handouts, contact the author.
updated 29 February 2004

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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From InsideHigherEd, an article on how MIT has set up some of their electrical engineering labs so that they can be controled remotely, and how students from all over the world are able to take advantage of their facilities.
Thanks to software developed and distributed by the institute, students can control MIT's cutting edge equipment while eating cereal at their laptop in a Cambridge dorm, or from another continent. Students from Singapore to Sweden have logged in to run experiments on MIT's equipment in the last few years. Now, thanks to a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, MIT is getting African universities, which would not otherwise have access to top-of-the-line equipment, into the "iLabs."
I reviewed a book on this topic, Lab on the Web: Running Real Electronics Experiments via the Internet, edited by Tor A. Fjeldly, Michael S. Shur for E-Streams.


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Change my Gen 4 server name
Here's how to change the server name for your Generation 4 VPS or Dedicated Server.
- Log into your GoDaddy account. (Need help logging in?)
- In your My Products page, click Servers.
- Next to the Generation 4 server you want to rename, click Manage.
- In the account Dashboard, at the top of the page select Settings.
- In the Server section, next to Server name, click Change.
- Enter a name for the server. The server name must be 1 to 50 characters long, and must include only letters, numbers, spaces, periods, or hyphens.
- Click Save. The new server name appears in the Settings list.


How to Sort by Date in Google Sheets (using Formula)
Google Sheets has really easy tools to use when it comes to sorting data.
And these same tools can also be used when you need to sort by date in Google Sheets.
Since a date is nothing but a number in the backend, when you sort by date, you're essentially sorting a numerical dataset. However, since Date format can take many different formats, sometimes it becomes a pain to sort by date.
In this tutorial, I will show you different ways to sort by date in Google Sheets, some common issues that you may face when working with a date dataset, and a way to convert any text value to a date value.
So let's get started!
Sort by Date Using the SORT Function
The easiest way to sort the data in Google Sheets is by using the SORT function.
It takes the original dataset and gives you sorted date data as the output. You can have a single or multiple columns sorting where you can specify the date column to be the one to use for sorting.
The best part about using the SORT function is that your result is dynamic. In case something changes in your original dataset, the resulting sorted data will automatically adjust to reflect the changes.
Now let me show you a couple of examples using sorting by date using the SOR function.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below and you want to sort this column based on the dates.
Dataset for sorting dates in Google Sheets
Below is the formula that will give you the resulting data that has been sorted by date:
SORT formula to sort by date in Google Sheets
The above SORT function takes three arguments:
 1. A2:A9 – This is the range that needs to be sorted
 2. 1 – This tells the SORT function to sort based on the first column in the given range. Since there is only one column in our example, this value can only be 1
 3. TRUE – This makes the sorting order ascending
In case you have a dataset with multiple columns (with dates in one column), you can also sort this dataset based in the date using the SORT function.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below:
Sort Multiple Columns by date in Google Sheets
The below formula will sort this dataset based on the date column.
SORT formula when you have multiple columns
When using the SORT function make sure the cells where the output of SORT function will be placed are empty. If there is something in any of the cells, the result would be an error (but Google Sheets is kind enough to tell you why it's giving an error).
Also, since this is an array formula, you can't change one element of the array. For example, after using the SORT formula, you can delete or change any of those cells. If you do that, it will remove all the results and show you an error. In case you want to change these cells, convert these cells to values and then make the changes.
Also read: How to Sort by Color in Google Sheets
Sort by Date Using the SORT Range Functionality
In case you don't need the resulting data to be dynamic and only need to sort by date once, you can also use the inbuilt sorting functionality in Google Sheets.
Suppose you have a dataset as shown below and you want to sort this data based on the date.
Sort Multiple Columns by date in Google Sheets
Below are the steps to sort by date:
 1. Select the data to be sorted
 2. Click the Data option in the menuClick on the Data tab in the Menu
 3. Click on 'Sort range' optionClick on Sort Range
 4. In the 'Sort range' dialog box:
 - Select the option Data has header row (in case your data doesn't have a header row, leave this unchecked)
 - Select the column you want to sort by (Date in this example)
 - Click on A-Z option (which is ascending order)Sort Range dialog box
 5. Click on the Sort buttonClick the SOrt Button
The above steps would sort the data instantly.
Note: In case you may need the original dataset, it's best to create a backup copy of the dataset and then perform the sorting.
Common Issue When Sorting by Date in Google Sheets
The most common issue people face when working with dates in Google Sheets is that the date is not in the proper format.
In Google Sheets, all dates are nothing but numbers in the backend. For example, the date January 01, 2020 is actually a number 43831 in Google Sheets. While you may see it as a date, Google Sheets sees it as a number. All it has done it is format it in a way that it looks like a date.
Since these are numbers being formatted as dates, only if Google Sheets recognizes a format that it can convert into a number, it will consider it a proper date. Everything else is considered a text value.
And if you have such formats that are not valid date formats, you will not be able to sort the data using the SORT formula or the in-built sort functionality.
For example, in the below dataset, all the date formats in column A are valid and Google Sheets will be able to convert this into dates (i.e., the number associated with the date).
But in some cases, you may get a date that is in a format that Google Sheets doesn't understand.
Below is some example where Google Sheets won't be able to convert the given date into a date number it recognizes and would consider these as a text value.
If you have such dates in your dataset, the sorting would be incorrect.
To make sure your data is correct, you need to make sure the dates are in the right format.
Below are two ways to find out whether the date is in the right format or not:
Check the Alignment of the Date
By default, all dates are aligned to the right in a cell in Google Sheets, and all text is aligned to the left.
In case you notice that dates are aligned to the left, it's likely an incorrect format.
Dates in text format are aligned to the left
Check using DATEVALUE function
If you have a cell that contains a date and you use the DATEVALUE function (with that date cell as the argument), it will give you the numeric value of the date.
For example, in the below case, the DATEVALUE function returns 43831 – which is the numeric value for the date January 01, 2020. But in case there is a format that Google Sheets doesn't recognize as a date (such as 01.01.2020), the DATEVALUE function gives an error.
Date format with DateValue function result
So to check the dates in a dataset, quickly use the DATEVALUE function in the adjacent column and check if there is an error. If there is an error, it means the cell has a date in the wrong format.
You may also like the following Google Sheets tutorials:
Google Sheets and Microsoft Excel Expert.
Leave a Comment


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Fig leaf plants are a beautiful addition to any garden or home. They are easy to grow and provide lush green foliage that adds a touch of elegance to any space. However, like many plants, fig leaf plants are susceptible to slug infestations. These slimy pests can cause significant damage to the plant, including holes in the leaves and stunted growth. If you want to keep your fig leaf plant healthy and thriving, it's essential to know how to get rid of slugs.
Slugs are soft-bodied mollusks that can be found in most gardens. They are nocturnal creatures that come out at night to feed on plants. Slugs leave behind a slimy trail as they move and can quickly multiply if not dealt with promptly. The most common type of slug found on fig leaf plants is the gray garden slug.
Signs of Slug Damage
There are several signs of slug damage on fig leaf plants that you should look out for, including:
- Holes in the leaves
- Chewed edges of leaves
- Stunted growth
- Discoloration of leaves
If you notice any of these signs, it's likely that your fig leaf plant has a slug infestation.
How to Get Rid of Slugs
There are several ways to get rid of slugs on fig leaf plants, both natural and chemical methods.
Handpicking: One of the simplest methods to get rid of slugs is by handpicking them off the plant. You can do this by going out at night with a flashlight and picking them off the leaves and stems.
Beer Trap: Another natural method is the beer trap. You can create a beer trap by filling a shallow dish with beer and placing it near the plant. The slugs will be attracted to the beer and drown in it.
Copper Tape: Copper tape is another natural method to keep slugs away from your fig leaf plant. Place copper tape around the base of the plant, and the slugs will not cross it as it creates an electric charge that they do not like.
Slug Bait: Slug bait is a chemical method that can be used to get rid of slugs on fig leaf plants. The bait contains a chemical that is toxic to slugs and will kill them when ingested.
Slug Pellets: Slug pellets are also a chemical method that can be used to get rid of slugs on fig leaf plants. The pellets contain chemicals that are toxic to slugs, and they will die when ingested.
Preventing slug infestations is the best way to keep your fig leaf plant healthy and thriving. Here are some prevention tips:
- Keep the garden clean and free of debris.
- Water the plant in the morning, so the leaves dry off during the day.
- Use mulch around the base of the plant to keep the soil moist.
- Keep the garden free of weeds.
In conclusion, getting rid of slugs on fig leaf plants is essential for keeping them healthy and thriving. There are several natural and chemical methods you can use to get rid of slugs, but prevention is always better than cure. Keep your garden clean, water your plant in the morning, use mulch, and keep it free of weeds to prevent slug infestations.
Are slugs harmful to humans?
Slugs are not harmful to humans but can carry diseases that can be transmitted through their slime.
How often should I check my fig leaf plant for slug infestations?
You should check your fig leaf plant for slug infestations regularly, especially after heavy rainfall or when the weather is humid.
Can I use salt to get rid of slugs on my fig leaf plant?
Using salt to get rid of slugs is not recommended as it can damage the plant and soil. It can also harm other beneficial insects in the garden.
- Why Does my Fig Leaf Plant Have Brown Spots?
- How to Get Rid of Borers on Fig Leaf Plant
- Fig Leaf Plant Stages of Growth
- How to Get Rid of Nematodes on Fig Leaf Plant
- How to Get Rid of Mosquito Larvae in Fig Leaf Plant Water
- Where to Place Fig Leaf Plant for Perfect Feng Shui
- Guide to Fertilizing Your Fig Leaf Plant
- What is Fig Leaf Plant Commonly Used For?
- How to Propogate Fig Leaf Plant the Right Way
- How Deep Does Fig Leaf Plant Need to Be Planted?
- Guide to Growing Fig Leaf Plant in a Pot
- How to Grow Fig Leaf Plant Outdoors
- Benefits of Fig Leaf Plant in Your Garden
- Most Common Fig Leaf Plant Pests: Identification and Treatment Guide
- How to Get Rid of Aphids on Fig Leaf Plant
- How to Get Rid of Mold on Fig Leaf Plant
- Why Your Fig Leaf Plant Is Growing Sideways
- How Much Space to Leave Between Each Fig Leaf Plant
- How to Get Rid of Gnats in Fig Leaf Plant
- How to Get Rid of Worms in Fig Leaf Plant
- What Are The Little Bugs on My Fig Leaf Plant
- How Much Oxygen Does Fig Leaf Plant Produce?
- How to Tell if Fig Leaf Plant Needs Watering?
- How to Get Rid of Mealybugs on Fig Leaf Plant
- Use a Hanging Fig Leaf Plant to Freshen up Your Space
- Why Is My Fig Leaf Plant Falling Over
- How to Get Rid of Fruit Flies on Fig Leaf Plant
- How to Get Rid of Caterpillars on Fig Leaf Plant
- Common Fig Leaf Plant Diseases: How to Identify and Treat
- How to Get Rid of Snails on Fig Leaf Plant


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If you want to show the Windows Vista version on your desktop just for the sake of fun, then you would have to do a little registry editing. The version string is shown on the bottom right of your desktop and shows the Windows Vista as well as the build number. Here is how :
- Press the keyboard combination Windows logo key + R to bring up the Run dialog.
- Type regedit in the Run dialog and press Enter to open the Registry Editor.
- Navigate to the following registry key in the Registry Editor :
- Locate a DWORD value named PaintDesktopVersion in the right side pane. Double-click on it and change its value to 1,
- Restart your computer for the changes to take effect.


East Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).
East Asia
Location of East Asia
States and territories
Capital cities
Major cities
Area[note 1]
 - Total 11,839,074 km2 (4,571,092 sq mi)
Population [note 2]
 - Total 1,601,709,712
 - Density 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zone
 - UTC +7:00 (Western Mongolia)
 - UTC +8:00 (Rest of Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong)
 - UTC +8:30 (North Korea)
 - UTC +9:00 (Japan and South Korea)
Languages and language families
East Asia
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese 東亞/東亞細亞
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet Đông Á
Korean name
Hangul 동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Mongolian name
Mongolian Зүүн Ази
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Japanese name
Kanji 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Kana ひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai 東亞細亞/東亞
Russian name
Russian Восточная Азия
Romanization Vostochnaja Azija
East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical[1] or ethno-cultural[2] terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28% of the Asian continent, about 15% bigger than the area of Europe.
More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia and 22% or over one fifth of all the people in the world, live in East Asia. Although the coastal and rivery areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).
Historically, societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. Major religions include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana), Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, Shamanism and Christianity in Korea. Shamanism is also prevalent in Mongolia and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia.[3][4] The Chinese Calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
Main article: History of East Asia
Chinese Dynasties dominated the region in matters of culture, trade, and exploration as well as militarily for a very long time. There are records of tributes sent overseas from the early kingdoms of Korea and Japan. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms.
As connections began to strengthen with the Western world, China's power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state. Throughout WWII, Korea, Republic of China, northeastern and eastern part of China, and Vietnam all fell under Japanese control. Following Japan's defeat in the war, the Korean peninsula became independent, while Taiwan returned to be part of the Republic of China after the WWII.
United Nations Statistics Division[edit]
East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.
UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[5]
 East Asia
The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[5] but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the entirety of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Republic of China, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea and South Korea.[note 3][1][6]
Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia (East Asian cultural sphere).[2][7][8][9]
Alternative definitions[edit]
There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.
In business and economics, "East Asia" has sometimes been used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.[note 3] However, in this context, the term "Far East" is often more appropriate which covers ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to the greater China area, Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[10][11][12] The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[13]
Territory and region data[edit]
Country or region Area km² Population Population density
per km²
HDI (2015) Capital
 China 9,640,011 1,373,000,000 138 0.727 Beijing
 Hong Kong 1,104 7,298,600 6,390 0.912 Hong Kong
 Japan 377,930 126,890,000 337 0.891 Tokyo
 Macau 30 642,900 18,662 0.892 Macau
 Mongolia 1,564,100 3,041,648 2 0.698 Ulaanbaatar
 North Korea 120,538 25,155,000 198 0.595 Pyongyang
 South Korea 100,210 51,482,816 500 0.898 Seoul
 Taiwan 36,188 23,468,748 639 0.884 Taipei
Main article: Economy of East Asia
The economy of East Asia is one of the most successful, developed and high-tech economies of the world, being home to some of the world's largest, most technologically advanced and most prosperous economies such as the industrialized developed countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Japan. While the military and economic superpower of China is projected to soon become the largest economy in the world surpassing the United States of America. Major positive factors have ranged from favorable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labor.[citation needed]
In modern societies, a high level of structural differentiation, functional specialization, and autonomy of the economic system from government is a major contributor to industrial-commercial growth and prosperity. Currently in East Asia, trading systems are relatively open; and zero or low duties on imports of consumer and capital goods etc. have considerably helped stimulate cost-efficiency and change. Free and flexible labor and other markets are other important factors making for high levels of business-economic performance. East Asian populations have demonstrated highly positive work ethics. There are relatively large and fast-growing markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds.[citation needed]
Country or region GDP nominal
millions of USD (2015)[14]
GDP nominal per capita
USD (2015)[14][15]
millions of USD (2015)[14]
GDP PPP per capita
USD (2015)[14]
 China 11,384,763 8,280 19,509,983 14,189
 Hong Kong 307,790 42,096 414,481 56,689
 Japan 4,116,242 32,480 4,842,395 38,210
 Macau 51,753 91,376 80,744 142,599
 Mongolia 12,409 4,179 36,429 12,268
 North Korea 11,516 583 40,000 1,800
 South Korea 1,392,952 27,512 1,849,398 36,528
 Taiwan 518,816 22,082 1,113,792 47,407
The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilisation of China. East Asia, as well as Vietnam, share a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system.[16] The relationship between China and East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilisation on Europe.[16]
Major cities and towns[edit]
Main article: Cities of East Asia
Pass of the


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CATHOLIC bishops in Japan are calling for the return of relics of 59 Japanese martyrs housed in Macao, ahead of the reversion of the Portuguese port in south-east China to Beijing at the end of the decade.
But the relics, of missionaries and other Catholics from Nagasaki, martyred in Japan in the 15th and 16th centuries, have been mixed with the remains of martyrs from elsewhere during their three centuries in the Portuguese colony of Macao.
Bishop Domingos Lam KaTseung of Macao expressed the willingness of his diocese to consider the request made by the Japanese bishops for the relics' return. But identifications would have to be made first, he said. "Macao is only a temporary shelter for the martyrs," the bishop stressed, although he hoped that some of the bones would he left behind for local Catholics to venerate.
The transfer of the relics to Japan was first mooted by Japan's Catholics eight years ago following concerns surrounding Portugal's surrender of Macao to the Chinese authorities in December 1999. Fr Yuki Rogo, director of the Martyrs' Museum in Nagasaki, visited Macao last month to examine the remains.
The relics were brought to Macao by a Portuguese merchant ship more than 300 years ago and since 1835 have been kept in the church of St Francis Xavier on an outlying island of the territory.


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How to spell PASGAT correctly?
If you meant to type "PASGAT" and it turned out wrong, there could be a couple of correct suggestions. One possibility is "PASGAT" being a typo for "PASSAT", a popular car model. Another suggestion could be "PASGT", which stands for "Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops", a type of military helmet. Double-check your intended word to avoid confusion.
List of suggestions on how to spell PASGAT correctly
- PAGAN My neighbor practices a pagan religion and celebrates traditional solstice rituals.
- PASCAL Pascal was a French mathematician and physicist known for his contributions to geometry and the development of probability theory.
- PASHA Pasha was renowned for his exquisite taste in art and fashion.
- PASHAS The pashas ruled over their vast territories with absolute authority.
- PAST I have learned from my past mistakes and will make better choices in the future.
- PASTA I am craving a big plate of pasta with homemade marinara sauce.
- PASTAS I love trying different types of pastas, such as spaghetti, fettuccine, and lasagna.
- PSAT I studied for hours to prepare for the PSAT exam, hoping to achieve a high score and qualify for National Merit Scholarships.
Misspelling of the day


text:
In order to keep your board healthy and increase the useful life of any wooden cutting board you must follow these three steps.
- Never submerge your board in water or place it in a dish-washing machine
- Oil it regularly with mineral oil, butcher block oil or organic flax seed oil. The general rule of thumb is about once a month if possible.
- Clean immediately after use with hot water and a small amount of soap, then wipe dry and lean against a wall or other object to air dry


What Is Imprest?
An imprest is a cash account a business relies on to pay for small, routine expenses. Funds contained in imprests are regularly replenished, in order to maintain a fixed balance. The term "imprest" can also refer to a monetary advance given to a person for a specific purpose.
Key Takeaways
 - Imprest refers to a type of cash account maintained by a company used to pay for small incidental or routine expenses.
 - A fixed account balance is established in the imprest account and refunded as needed when money is withdrawn for items like payroll, travel, or petty cash.
 - Because of its small and fixed nature that is easily monitored, imprest discourages unauthorized or lavish expenses.
How Imprest Works
The most well-known type of imprest is a petty cash account, which is used to cover smaller transactions when it's impractical or inconvenient to cut checks. Such accounts maintain a set amount of cash on-site, which can be used to reimburse employees and pay for small expenses. Petty cash funds are typically handled by custodians who monitor the account and dispense cash to employees, who in turn furnish business-related receipts.
Imprests deter the use of unauthorized spending because the funds are earmarked for specific purposes. Consequently, imprests typically pay out the same amount of money on a regular basis, which ideally brings the account to a near-zero balance, before it's automatically replenished with that same set amount of money. This system makes it easier to monitor expenses, flag discrepancies, and ultimately detect fraud.
The Imprest System
The imprest system involves the following steps:
 - A petty cash fund is established, with a set amount of cash. This is recorded in the company's ledger.
 - Any expenses paid through the petty cash fund must be documented with receipts.
 - The fund is replenished regularly with disbursement receipts to maintain a fixed balance.
 - The fund is monitored closely for any discrepancies between expected cash (based on documentation) and actual cash. If any discrepancies exist, they are investigated.
The Future of Imprests
As companies increasingly rely on electronic transactions, the imprest system is steadily falling out of favor. It's often easier to use a company credit card than an imprest, because the former offers electronic documentation of transactions, and doesn't trigger a need to replenish any outgoing funds.


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A memorial celebrating the history of Hatfield's former RAF airfield is being unveiled today...
The Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust has erected the monument commemorating the facility which opened in the 1930's.
Aircraft production by de Havilland was in full swing by the mid-1930s and many of the company's extremely well known types were built and first flown from the site: the Tiger Moth and Dominie trainers, Rapide transport, Mosquito fighter-bomber, Vampire and Venom jet fighters and the Comet, the world's first jet airliner.
Eventually two-thirds of the legendary Mosquito produced were built at Hatfield. The Geman air force recognised the value of the airfield as a bombing target that suffered heavy loss of life in 1940.
Since then much of the airfield has disappeared to make way for industry, housing and education, while parkland now exists on the former landing area.
A main hangar and the control tower do survive, and Hatfield is still used in various ways as a heritage trail and, in the recent past, occasionally for television and film productions, such as 'Saving Private Ryan.'


Advanced Workflows with the Nitro API
By in
Nitro includes an application programming interface (API) that allows users to create interactive clients (clients that submit tasks based on an external stimulus) or to create clients that can execute a complex workflow – all while using a single Moab job. If your workflow contains thousands of tasks, you'll avoid the scheduling overhead of running the jobs separately under Moab, and you'll keep control of your scheduled resource while running your set of tasks. I'll use one example to show how Nitro can be used to create a workflow.
Meet Benjamin. He's a pharmacology research engineer working on a new drug formulation that targets a specific heart-damaging bacteria. Ben is evaluating 400 different formulations of the drug, and has developed a molecular model (BacSim) that predicts the response of the bacteria to chemical interactions. But he needs to determine the best formulation, along with dosage and dose schedule. BacSim uses all of the processors on a single node and runs from 10 to 30 minutes depending on how quickly the bacteria responds to the drug formulation.
The first step in the process is to check each formulation with a baseline dosage, and if the bacteria responds by either a reduction or complete termination, then the formulation will move to the next stage of the process. In the second stage the dosage will be varied to find the minimum effective dosage. Then, in the third stage, the schedule of doses will be varied to determine the length of time at each dose schedule that the bacteria will be eradicated. BacSim takes an input file on the command line, performs its simulation with the formula as detailed in the input file, then writes an output file containing the details of the simulation cycle, an exit code of 0 if the simulation was successful (meaning the formulation reduced the bacteria) or 1 if the simulation detected that the formulation has no or negligible effect on the bacteria.
Here's what the workflow looks like:
Nitro Workflow Example
First, we'll need to launch Nitro in linger mode (there won't be a task file to begin with, so linger mode tells Nitro to stick around ). We'll also need to set the session key, and tell the nitro workers to only launch one task per node. Here is the script to launch the nitro job within Moab:
export NITRO_COORD_OPTIONS="--linger 60"
export NITRO_WORKER_OPTIONS="--thread-count 1"
You can then set a trigger on your Moab job to run the Nitro client when the job starts. The client will then connect to Nitro and start submitting tasks. For stage 1 tests, the client creates the task input file and submits a task to Nitro that looks like this:
name=Formula001Stage1 /opt/bacsim/bin/bacsim /opt/share/bacsim/inputs/formula001_stage1.dat
The client application submits the task to Nitro which then runs it on the first available worker. The client then generates similar task input files and task lines for the rest of the 400 formulations.
When one of the simulation programs exits, a message will be sent to the client with the results, including the simulation programs exit code, stdout, and stderr. From this output we can see if the formulation was successful and we can example the output file to see how many simulation iterations were required for the bacteria to be eradicated.
The client program doesn't need to wait until all of the stage 1 simulations are finished – it can submit a stage 2 simulation as soon as it has determined that a successful formulation was found in stage 1. Then when a successful stage 2 simulation is performed, the client can submit the stage 3 task to Nitro.
Results are then gathered and a recommended set of formulations with the optimum dosages and dosing schedule can move forward to the next phase of development.
As you can see, Nitro isn't just limited to launching billions of tasks at a high rate – it is also useful for interactive or client based workflow. Resources can be allocated to the job without incurring the scheduling overhead associated with thousands of jobs, and the process is completed much more efficiently.
If you have complex workflow problems and want to use your scheduler more efficiently, give us a call and we'll show you how you can implement a Nitro API Client application to get your work done faster and more effectively.
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分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2016-09-13
摘要：An overview of neutrino electromagnetic properties, which open a door to the new physics beyond the Standard Model, is given. The effects of neutrino electromagnetic interactions both in terrestrial experiments and in astrophysical environments are discussed. The experimental bounds on neutrino electromagnetic characteristics are summarized. Future astrophysical probes of electromagnetic neutrinos are outlined.


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Franklin Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
Famous quotes containing the words franklin and/or township:
"We are not certain, we are never certain. If we were we could reach some conclusions, and we could, at last, make others take us seriously.
In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes."
—Benjamin Franklin (_PHONE_)
"A township where one primitive forest waves above while another primitive forest rots below,such a town is fitted to raise not only corn and potatoes, but poets and philosophers for the coming ages. In such a soil grew Homer and Confucius and the rest, and out of such a wilderness comes the Reformer eating locusts and wild honey."
—Henry David Thoreau (_PHONE_)


Driver Knowledge Tests Menu
A turn signal that keeps flashing after a turn is very likely to: A turn signal that keeps flashing after a turn is very likely to:
 - A. Confuse other drivers and cause them to turn into your path.
 - B. Damage the electrical system.
 - C. Keep other drivers from seeing your brake light.
 The correct answer is A
 Correct. If you are indicating, drivers may think you are turning and might pull out in front of you.
Motorbike indicators
Newer bikes sometimes have self-cancelling indicators. They can work on the change in angle of the bike, a timer that turns them off after a pre-defined number of seconds, or the change in the speed differential between the front and rear wheel.
However, you should get used to doing it yourself otherwise you might get on another motorbike that doesn't have self-cancelling indicators and you'll forget and cause a problem for yourself when another vehicle pulls out in front of you thinking that you are turning.
Similarly, at the rear, there are integrated taillights and indicators available for some bikes.
Modern indicators have LEDs rather than bulbs.
Indicators come in five main types:
 1. Flush-mounted - these fit in holes in your faring and sit flush (or almost flush) with the surface
 2. Stalk - these sit out from the bike on stalks
 3. Surface-mounted - these indicators sit on the surface and can be used to cover indicator mounting holes on some models of bike.
 4. Numberplate-mounted - these indicators sit either side of your numberplate.
 5. Mirror-mounted - it's possible to get indicators integrated into your mirrors which can clean up the profile of your bike.


text:
Overview of laser metal deposition for waste-to-energy pressurized boiler components *
This article gives a brief overview of recent Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) advances in the WTE boiler industry.
^ Laser metal deposition for waste-to-energy pressurized boiler components
Article By Scott Poeppel, Vice-President, American Cladding Technologies, USA
The purpose of this document is twofold:
1.Provide a fundamental overview to 'Non-WTE'professionals why WTE boiler operations can be more severe than other means of electrical power production. The intent is to initiate thinking for potential applications within their own discipline.
2.Provide some basic information to WTE professionals about new advancements within their industry. American Cladding Technologies realizes that some of the information contained within this document is basic knowledge to any Boiler Reliability Engineer who is involved in the WTE industry.
In the power generation industry, one of the most inhospitable operational environments occurs within the boilers operating at 'Waste-to-Energy' (WTE) facilities. There are many categories of WTE production, but the most common WTE facilities use a fuel source that ranges from wood or construction debris to MSW (Municipal Solid Waste). Within these boilers, pressurized boiler compo-nents are subjected to high temperatures (1600°–2000°F), high pressures (850 – 1200 psig) and fuel that is both highly corrosive and erosive. The principle corrosive com-ponent is due to the high chlorine concentration of the flue gas created by incinerating the fuel source.
Depending on the amount of waste being processed, one particular WTE facility we have worked with processes 1,000 tons of chlorine through its boilers each month. Erosion is accelerated due to fly ash impingement and cleaning cycles performed by soot blowers within the operational boiler. To compound this corrosion / erosion effect, as the fly ash debris builds up onto the boiler components, it begins to block flu gas pathways. This build up reduces the heat transfer across the boiler components resulting in thermal "hot spots" within the boiler. As more surface area of the flu gas pathway is choked off, the remaining open pathways experience very high velocity fly ash impingement to nearby boiler component surfaces. Pressure components such as super heater tubes, super heater platens and water wall panels are all subjected to this hostile environment, and must therefore be replaced at regular intervals and at a significant cost to the energy producer.
The need for mitigation of wear
In an effort to extend component life and reduce replacement costs, the WTE industry has turned to overlaying their boiler pressure components with materials that help minimize the wear rates associated with corrosion and erosion. The most common overlaying alloy used in the power generation industry is Inconel 625. Known as a "nickel based alloy" due to its high nickel content, Inconel 625 also contains elevated amounts of chromium and molybdenum providing a high level of pitting and crevice corrosion resistance caused by chloride contamination. This alloy can be found in generating plants that include coal fired, biomass, nuclear and of course WTE. In this in-dustry, a typical overlay thickness is 0.070" – 0.100" thick for pressurized boiler components. Inconel 625 also offers above average resistance to erosion.
Why use an overlay?
A common term for overlaying a metal component with a dissimilar alloy is known as "cladding." The advantages of cladding are principally economic. The cost of using a less expensive alloy, (common example: SA213-T22) as the primary boiler component material, and cladding a layer of Inconel 625 over the surface, will cost much less than buying the entire component made from a solid piece of Inconel 625. Another advantage of using an overlay is that material properties might be such that complete components are impossible to fabricate, making cladding the only choice.
American Cladding Technologies begins laser overlay development
In February 2011, American Cladding Technologies (ACT) began working with a North American WTE power producer in an effort to create and apply a laser coating that would outperform Inconel 625 on pressurized boiler components. Though Inconel 625 was shown to be effective, it still fell short of their desired component lifetime performance goals. The typical super-heater (SH) lifespan was 16 – 24 months. After this point, usually the entire primary and secondary SH was replaced at significant cost. Working with ACT, the power producer determined that laser cladding offered benefits that could not be realized with the more traditional methods of applying weld overlays. The development process was a collaborative effort between the WTE power producer's 'boiler reliability' engineers, ACT 'laser process' engineers, a producer of metal powdered alloys and various university materials testing facilities.
Eventually, a powdered alloy composition was selected to begin operational testing trials. Testing trials began with individual segments (10 ft. lengths) installed in various boiler pathways on primary and secondary super heater pendants. Periodic boiler inspections were performed on the test samples to track performance.
Project goals were as follows:
Extend boiler pressure component lifetime by a minimum of 2X.
- Eliminate or reduce the use of shielding on the lead SH tubes.
- Optimize laser cladding process to be cost competitive with existing overlay methods.
By the end of 2011, the performance data on the test samples showed enough encouraging results to warrant moving ahead with continued laser metal deposition of SH tubes. American Cladding Technologies accepted their first purchase order to laser clad a set of 2.5''diameter SA213-T22 superheater tubes for delivery in January 2012.
As of May 2017, more than 5,000 SH tubes and over 100 SH platens have been laser hard-faced and installed in m more than 28 WTE boilers the US. Another boiler com-ponent benefiting from this process is the "Soot Blower Lance". American Cladding Technologies has also begun testing in both the Biomass and Pulp & Paper industries. This performance data has also been encouraging.
Change in the primary alloying element concentration after laser cladding. Comparison is between 'Raw Powder Alloy' and the 'As Laser Clad' overlay. Coating measure-ment was taken with Niton XRF analyzer. Ni ( –2.0%). CR (–0.2%). W (–1.1%). Fe (+0.8%).
49 month boiler life is achieved
Various laser clad SH tubes were removed for evaluation from a local WTE facility.
At the time of removal, the SH tubes had been in op-eration for 49 months. As of this writing, there are SH tubes that have been in operation for more than five years without failure.
Findings and results
In order to maintain customer confidentiality, American Cladding Technologies will not release or discuss specific values regarding the realized cost savings, power plant op-erating values or any other data that might be considered sensitive to our customers. However, a general overview of the performance results is provided on the next page.
- Improved thermal efficiencies compared to the preexist-ing Inconel overlays.
a. Elimination or reduction of shielding on leading SH tubes has reduced ash build up in the low flow areas between the shield and tube face and therefore improved heat transfer.
b. Reduced heat input of the laser cladding process re-sults in a very low dilution of the base material. This allows for a reduced coating thickness which aids in thermal efficiency.
- Reduced maintenance costs
a. Reduced or eliminated costs associated with shielding procurement and installation.
b. Reduced the need for (and costs of) unplanned out-ages by extending boiler component life.
- Other advantages of laser hard-facing over preexisting Inconel overlays.
a. Reduced fly ash erosion due to the increased wear resistance of the coating. The typical laser applied overlay is 66 – 70 Rc.
b. By eliminating or reducing SH tube shielding, hot spot formation has been reduced, thereby reducing localized failure points.
c. Soot blower cleaning cycles have been reduced. Some facilities have reported a 79% reduction in cleaning cycle frequency.
d. For continuous inline soot blower lances, component life has been extended by up to 6 times their preex-isting lifespan.
- Production cost per linear foot of the laser hard-fac-ing can be equal to or less than the linear foot cost of traditional Inconel 625 overlays. Cost reductions of 40% have been realized. These cost swings are largely dependent on the following variables:
a. Total production quantity.
b. Required coating thickness, which is significantly less than typical Inconel wire overlays and therefore leads to reduced filler material costs and cladding cycle times.
c. Laser deposition rates, which continue to increase as the development effort continues.
d. Geographic region within the US. (Overlaying costs vary per region).
- Due to the rapid solidification of the weld pool, micro-structure of the overlay is typically superior to tradi-tional overlay methods. Hardness in excess of 66 HRC is readily achieved.
- Minimal heat input from the laser results in very low base material dilution. It is possible to achieve full ma-terial properties in as little as 0.005" coating thickness, though this may not always be economical for the end user. It should be said that for a typical SH overlay, a coating thickness of = 0.030" has shown sufficient performance results to be competitive if not superior to traditionally applied Inconel 625 overlays.
- Corresponding with the low heat input, the "Heat Affected Zone" (HAZ) associated with the welding is also minimized.
- Overlay thicknesses =


Ninjago Wiki
Ninjago Wiki
Ice Ice (The LEGO Ninjago Movie)
 - You can help the Wiki by adding higher quality images to "Ice."
In my journeys, I have discovered a power that dwarfs your Formling abilities. An elemental power.
Ice is one of the four main elements of Creation. This element corresponds with the Shurikens of Ice, the Ice Dragon, and the Titanium Dragon, and is generally associated with the colors white or light blue.
According to Sorla, Water is connected to Ice. The power of frozen water is often used to immobilize certain enemies as a distraction and is even seen to defeat villains with the power of cryokinesis immediately. Despite this, in "Curseworld, Part I," Zane's ice stalled a ghost instead of destroying it, as ice is water in solid form.
During Zane's corruption, the ice around the Never-Realm was corrupted as well.
Users' abilities
 - Cryokinesis/Glaciokinesis - The user can create, generate, and manipulate ice (usually used to coat surfaces frictionless and trap enemies solid in a block of ice), create ice constructs (escape routes, shards, barriers, etc.), induce chills, and extinguish fires. The user can even use this to freeze designated areas underwater[1] and sometimes create ice without even using a beam, instead using their hands to magically generate ice.[2]
 - Propulsive Flight - The user can propel themselves up with ice (possibly only in an environment with low gravity).[3]
 - Cryokinetic Flight - The user is able to fly when using more power than usual.[4]
 - Ice Blast - As demonstrated by the Elemental Master of Ice, the user can release ice over a specific target area causing great damage and/or delivering great shock waves of pure force.
 - Freezing Touch - The user can freeze anything or anyone via touching the target with their hands or feet.
 - Ice Sphere Projection - The user can create balls of ice to freeze everything that will come in contact.[5]
 - Cryokinetic Surfing - The user can create a path made of ice to surf on for transportation.[6][2]
 - Ice Infusion - The user can infuse objects (usually a weapon) with ice, empowering and energizing them and allowing the user to manipulate their qualities and efficiency.
 - Elemental shield - The user can create an Ice elemental shield.
 - Cryo-Pyrokinesis - The user can create and manipulate sparkling blue-whitish ice-like flames.[7]
 - Cold Breeze Generation - The user is capable of making a cold air or wind to blow something.[8]
 - Ice Prison - The user is able to create a clear prison made of ice shaped like an igloo to trap enemies.[9]
Via the Scrolls of Forbidden Spinjitzu
 - Elemental creation - Allows the user to create things alive out of Ice and control them. Zane used this to make and control the Blizzard Sword Masters, Blizzard Archers, and Boreal.
 - Cryo-Telekinesis - The user can use ice to control, move, or manipulate objects.[10]
 - Corruption Inducement - The user can create ice that corrupts those it touches. Zane used this to control the Blizzard Warriors.
 - Corrupted/Dark Ice ManipulationAs shown by Zane and Boreal, they can shape and create corrupted ice. Whenever the ice is created, it is in control of the creator. As mentioned by Sorla, the Dark Ice served Vex and allowed him to monitor what was currently happening through his ice shard.
 - Mind ManipulationThe user's ice can manipulate other people's minds.[10] Cole and Lloyd noticed this when fighting a Blizzard Warrior and saw that the ice was controlling their actions.
 - Power Negation - When Ice is corrupted, it is shown to be like Vengestone and can cancel out the Shapeshifting abilities of the Formlings and neutralize other Elemental Powers.
 - Clairvoyance - Using the crystal shard, one can spy on someone else even if they are far away. It can even look through one's point of view. The Crystal enables its viewers to telepathically communicate with someone when they are looking through their point of view. This is evidenced by Vex when he telepathically ordered Boreal to bring Lloyd alive to the Ice Emperor.
Via the users' True Potential
 - Ice Mimicry - The user can temporarily transform their body into ice.
 - Cold Generation - The user can reduce the kinetic energy of atoms, meaning they effectively make things colder, ranging from slightly chilly levels to absolute zero. In "Corruption," with the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu in his scepter, Zane was able to generate enough cold and ice to freeze the Never-Realm in a harsh eternal winter.
 - Ice Shield Construction - The user can create shields of ice that can protect against an adversary.
 - Ice/Cold Beam Emission - The user can produce a powerful beam of ice or cold that freezes everything instantly. As the Ice Emperor, Zane was able to use the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu in his scepter to generate beams of Ice energy such as when punishing Grimfax, or when attacking Lloyd and Akita.
 - Ice Tornado Generation - The user can generate vortexes composed of ice. The vortex can be projected as a long-ranged attack or as a tornado of ice for both offensive and/or defensive purposes.
 - Ice/Cold Immunity - If the user is in a cold or icy area, the user cannot be harmed or feel cold.
 - Ice Explosion Inducement - As displayed by Zane in "Once Bitten, Twice Shy," the user can cause an explosion of ice energy to freeze everything in the area.
Notable uses
Tick Tock
 - After Zane realized who he is, he unlocked his True Potential and unleashed a huge beam of ice toward the Treehorn queen, leaving her in an incapacitated state.
The Titanium Ninja
 - As a last resort, Zane unleashes a huge burst of ice freezing the Overlord, before being killed as well.
Vengeance is Mine!
 - When Zane got to use the Scroll of Forbidden Spinjitzu, he froze Aspheera and the Pyro Vipers.
The symbol of Ice appears to be a wolf. This likely symbolizes Zane's loyalty to his friends, as a wolf would be loyal to its pack.
Notable users
Staff of Elements
Golden Power
Djinn Blade
 - No user of Ice has ever shown the ability to manipulate ice that they didn't create.
 - In "Infamous," Nadakhan appeared to use Zane's ice power to freeze part of the Mega Monster Amusement Park roller coaster. Tommy Andreasen gave the explanation that it could be related to magic, which would mean djinn magic in this situation.[11][12]
 - In Season 10, instead of shooting ice beams from his hands, Zane's hands glowed and ice suddenly appeared, almost telekinetically.
 - When Ice is corrupted, it has the same abilities of both Dark Matter and Vengestone as Zane was able to turn Grimfax and his army into Blizzard Warriors in "Corruption," and when Lloyd and Kataru weren't able to use their powers in "A Fragile Hope."
 - Wyplash and Bonezai are affiliated with Ice in promotional material and the Ninjago Spinners game, though this is non-canon.
 - In some episodes, such as "Game of Masks", Zane uses ice to freeze the water created by Nya, although he could create the ice himself. This is probably because Nya can use water to better shape the resulting object, which Zane then freezes.
 - Ice is one of the four elements not currently known to be confined to a human host. The other three are Wind, Time, and Water.
The images on Ice need to be organized.
 - You can help the Wiki by adding images to the appropriate section on "Ice."
 - This template can be removed once images have been organized.
Promotional media
In Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
In other media
Elemental Powers
Elemental essences
Creation · Darkness · Destruction · Energy · Golden Power
Elements of Creation
Earth · Fire · Ice · Lightning
Other elements
Amber · Form · Gravity · Imagination (non-canon) · Light · Metal · Mind · Nature · Poison · Shadow · Smoke · Sound · Speed · Time · Water · Wind
Movie elements


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The comparability of linear and nonlinear latent variable analyses of skewed dichotomous items
Factor-analytic methods founded on the multivariate linear model are often employed to scale behavior rating instruments. When items are scored as dichotomies and endorsements are skewed, the data violate the assumption of a multivariate normal distribution (MND). While the mathematical ramifications of such have been widely characterized, an empirical evaluation of MNDand non MND-based latent variable solution concordance has not been reported. This research investigated whether MND-based latent variable models employing previously-reported latent dimension extraction and item retention restrictions yielded a solution which was supported by two methods which do not assume a MND: (a) bi-factor analysis, and (b) latent class analysis. Standardization data of the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides, an instrument which evaluates social adjustment in school, were randomly divided into scaling (N = 1,505) and confirmatory (N = 1,000) samples. Scaling methods included: (a) first-order principal component analysis (PCA) and common factor analysis (CFA), (b) second-order CFA, and (c) confirmatory, oblique, principal-component cluster analysis. Bi-factor and latent class models evaluated the goodness-of-fit of confirmatory sample data to the item structure and behavior styles indicated via MND-based linear scaling. One solution comprising four first-order and two second-order latent dimensions, overactivity (OVER) and underactivity (UNDER), was derived and supported by both confirmatory methods. The bi-factor model was superior to simple structure for OVER and UNDER items, $X\sp2$ difference: OVER (39, N = 1,000) = 67, $p <.005$; and UNDER (33, N = 1,000) = 100, $p <.005$. A three-dimensional (over-, under-, and normoactivity) confirmatory latent class model was fitted, $X\sp2$ (4, N = 1,000) = 1.29, $p >.80$, while alternative oneand two-class models were rejected at the $<$.01 alpha level. PCA and CFA yield concordant solutions with dichotomous, skewed, item data under accepted extraction and retention criteria. Latent structures identified through MND-based linear factoring are, under these circumstances, supported by models which do not assume a MND. ^
Education, Tests and Measurements|Statistics|Psychology, Psychometrics
Irene Debra Feurer,
"The comparability of linear and nonlinear latent variable analyses of skewed dichotomous items"
(January 1, 1997).
Dissertations available from ProQuest.


Documentation Data Sources FAQs
Create team views for data source connections
Changing the settings of a data source is a good way to personalize the Chartio view and features for a certain team.
For example, we want to create a version of our database that is specifically for a sales team; we only want to expose certain tables to the entire team and we want to make it easy for people to use Interactive Mode and the Pipeline without extensive knowledge of the underlying database.
Create a sales-specific data source connection by clicking Data Sources next to the search bar. Click +Add Data Source and connect a data source; it can be a data source that already exists in your org, just give it an alias, like Sales, and select only the tables that are relevant to the sales team.
Choose the tables to be visible in a specific data source
Create a Custom Column to define metrics relevant to sales, such as defining discount to make sure the entire team is calculating it correctly. To add a Custom Column, click on data source, then choose a table under Schema by clicking on the arrow and clicking Add Custom Column.
Add a user defined column
Set up foreign keys so that salespeople can drag and drop against different tables without needing to know how the tables relate. To add a foreign key, again pick a table in the data source (just like when adding a Custom Column) and choose the Measure or Dimension you would like to set up a foreign key for by clicking on the Alias.
Create a foreign key
Create Custom Tables to combine entire tables or just parts of them to create views that are specific to certain sales teams. Under the Schema tab of a data source, click Add Custom Table next to the search tab.
Add a Custom Table under the Schema tab of a data source
Use Interactive Mode to build the SQL for the custom table. Under the General Tab of a data source, select Interactive Mode only for the Query Mode if the team does not have SQL experience and you do not want them breaking charts.
Select the query mode
Lastly, create a new Team called Sales and give them access to only this new data source connection.


Currently browsing the "Q'orianka Kilcher" tag.
Review: Te Ata
Te Ata was the stage name Mary Thompson Fisher took on in 1919 when she left her Chickasaw home in Oklahoma to pursue a career in acting. The film is the inspiring story of her journey to becoming a renowned storyteller who brought the stories of Native Americans to the white population. Played beautifully by Q'orianka Kilcher, Te Ata was a true pioneer, breaking barriers and humanizing her people at a time when the government was still actively trying to suppress their culture. The film lays the racist politics out clearly, but focuses on the story of the unheralded hero. Girl power!


How Long Do You Have to Go to School for Medical Billing and Coding Salary?
How long you have to go to school for Medical Billing and Coding will depend on what Certification course program you choose, most courses range between 6-9 months. If you want to receive a Degree opposed to a Certificate it can take 3-4 years.
Q&A Related to "How Long Do You Have to Go to School for Medical..."
Medical coders take source documents such as diagnostic findings and treatment and medication records and convert them into standardized coding for patient charts, billing and data
Wages for medical billing and coding specialist will vary significantly based on years of experience, education and the city or state you live in. Your salary or hourly rate will
1 Target the education requirements for your specific desired job. Within the wider field of medical billing and coding, various job roles require different levels of education. Look
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To determine how long it takes to complete an online course in medical billing and coding you should find out the school or course requirements. Many online courses...
To become a medical billing and coding specialist that requires an Associates Degree so it would take you two years to obtain. If you go to a vocational school...
Someone may need to take a class to become a medical biller and coder. This can take about 18 months to complete through a local community college or on line school...


text: This paper explores the possibility that utilizing the firm's knowledge resources to complete important tasks can backfire and undermine competitive performance. Drawing on organizational capabilities and knowledge sharing research, we develop a situated performance view that holds that the value of obtaining and using knowledge within a firm depends on the task situation. Using a data set of 182 sales proposals for client work in a management consulting company, we show that sales teams that had varying needs to learn and differentiate themselves from competitors derived different levels of value from obtaining and using electronic documents and advice from colleagues. Highly experienced teams were more likely than inexperienced teams to lose the sales bids if they utilized such knowledge. Teams that had a high need to differentiate themselves from competitors also had a lower chance of winning if they utilized electronic documents. There were situations, however, where teams performed better if they utilized the firm's knowledge resources. These results suggest that competitive performance depends not on how much firms know but on how they use what they know.


30 Icebreaker Activities for High School and Middle School Students
icebreakers questions activities high school middle school teenagers kids back to school getting to know each otherThrown into a group of teenagers who are total strangers? Whether you're a teacher, coach or a teen trying to make new friends, these 30 icebreaker activities are sure to get students feeling more comfortable in a new situation.
Keep It Moving
It's easy for students to tune out or get bored sitting down, so keep everyone moving and engaged with these ideas.
 1. Blobs - First, draw a category from a hat (i.e. color). Then, have students race to see who can make a group of four to five the fastest based on a similarity within that category (i.e. they are all wearing blue).
 2. Line it Up - See how fast your group can get into an alphabetical line based on their names. Better yet, split into boys vs. girls or two randomly assigned groups and race to see which group can get organized first.
 3. Move if You… - Have students sit in a large circle with one person in the middle. The middle person calls out for a certain group of people to move — for example, "Move if you have brown hair" or "Move if you have been to another country." If the students fit the criteria, they must run to a new seat in the circle. The one student left standing is in the middle for the next round.
 4. Play Catch - Have students stand in a large circle and play catch with a large beach ball. The trick? Write get-to-know-you questions all over the beach ball and whoever catches it must answer the question their hand rests on.
 5. Giant Jenga - Buy a giant Jenga set and put a question on each block! Every time a student pulls a block, they'll answer a question — and there's sure to be a lot of laughter as students try to keep the tower from tumbling down!
 6. Shuffle Your Buns - Make a circle of chairs with one empty seat. One person in the middle of the circle must try to sit down while the seated students all shift down, moving the empty seat down the line. The twist? Have someone call "switch" every so often, forcing the people in the circle to switch directions and shift the other way. If the middle person manages to sit in the empty seat, the person that was supposed to be moving into it is in the middle.
 7. Giant Knot - Create a shoulder-to-shoulder circle, and then have each student grab two other hands from two different people across the circle. Now the entire circle must figure out how to untangle the giant knot of arms and people without letting go.
 8. Race for the Truth - Have each person stand on the starting line while a leader lists off general facts. (For example, I have a dog.) If the stated fact is true for any of the students, those students must move forward a step. Whoever crosses the finish line first wins!
Organize school club volunteer opportunities with a sign up! SAMPLE.
Talk It Out
If you want to lead a discussion or learn more personal information about your students, try one of these games.
 1. This or That - As any parent will tell you, teenagers LOVE to argue. Ask silly would-you-rather questions and have your group move to different areas based on what they chose. Then, have them present their arguments and see if they can change the other students' minds! You're sure to have some funny moments.
 2. Pows and Wows - This is a great game to help a classroom or team of students build camaraderie. Have each person share one good thing and one bad thing from their day. It's simple, but effective!
 3. Who Am I? - Put a notecard with the name of a well-known figure on each student's back. Next, have the students walk around asking each other yes-or-no questions. First person to figure out who they are wins!
 4. World's Worst - This game is good if you want to laugh. Pick a profession and have each student say something that would be said by the world's worst person in that profession. For example, the world's worst dentist might say, "Please, take a bag of candy from the toy chest as you leave."
 5. Scars - This game is best in small groups. Have each student show a scar and explain how he got it. For instance, "I got this scar from a paper cut because I was using a paper sign up instead of SignUpGenius." The students may have funny stories or they may have personal ones. Either way, you will all learn a lot about each other.
 6. Toilet Paper - Pass a roll of toilet paper around and tell each student to take as much as they would like. Then, after some students have taken a huge amount, reveal that for each piece of toilet paper they must say a fact about themselves!
 7. Autobiography - For groups that need to be close knit, like a sports team or a drama cast, have each person sum up their life in one sentence. It's difficult — but you'll learn a lot about your new friends!
 8. Candy Confessions - Buy colorful candy — like Skittles — and have each person take a handful. Then, unveil that for each color, they must reveal a different type of fact about themselves. For example, for each yellow Skittle, they must say a favorite food.
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Get Creative
For students who love art or are visual learners, these colorful ideas are sure to be a hit.
 1. Blindfolded Self-Portraits - Blindfold all the students and have them (attempt to) draw a self-portrait. Finally, take off the blindfolds and try to match the portraits to the people!
 2. Architect - Give the students a bunch of silly materials (paper, Post-it notes, strings, tape, wood, etc.) and then assign them to build small models of different objects in five-minute increments — an elephant, a car, etc. Pick a winner each time!
 3. Post-it Statues - Split your group into teams of five or six. Give each team Post-it notes. In five minutes, they must cover one person in the group as completely as possible with Post-it notes. Count which group got the most —then see who can get them all off the fastest.
 4. Bubble Gum Artist - Give each person two to three pieces of bubble gum to chew. Then give them an index card and a toothpick. They must then make a bubble gum art piece using just those things. Vote on which is the best!
 5. Facts About Me - Give each student a blank template of a person. Then, the leader gives the students instructions on how to draw on the self-portrait based on facts. For example, the leader might say, "If you have a dog, draw a green shirt." At the end, shuffle the pictures and see if the students can match them to the correct person.
 6. Name Pictionary - Have students write their names by drawing pictures of objects that start with the correct letter. For example, someone with the name Ann would draw an apple, a nose and a nest. Then, have the group try to spell and guess each person's name.
 7. Tattoo Parlor - Have each student draw a tattoo that they think accurately describes them or includes one of their favorite things. Then, pin the pictures up and try to match the "tattoos" with the people who drew them.
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Use Your Head
This list of memory, improvisation and on-the-spot games are sure to give your brains a workout.
 1. Assassin - One student stands in the middle of a circle. The students in the circle know that one person in the circle is the "assassin." When the "assassin" sticks their tongue out at a student, that student must pretend to die dramatically. Amid the commotion, the middle person must figure out who the assassin is.
 2. Rock Star - Split your group into two teams. When it's their turn, each team must grab a word from a bowl (words can be common ones such as rain, baby or sun) and try to sing as many songs using that word as they can. See how long they can go until they run out of songs using that word.
 3. Desert Island - Each person goes around the circle and says one thing they would take with them on a desert island. The next person must then name the items before them and add their own item on. Keep going until someone makes a mistake!
 4. Think Fast - Give students a few minutes and tell them to learn all the names they can. Then split the group into two teams. Have one student from each team stand on either side of a barrier (like a dark blanket or sheet). Make sure they can't see each other, then without warning, drop the sheet. The first person to say the other's name gets a point for their team!
 5. The Number Game - Have the students sit in a circle and attempt to count to 10. Explain that there is no set order or time for calling out the numbers. Anyone can call out the next number, BUT if they say the number at the same time as someone else, the group must start over. Once the group reaches


Man is homeomorphic... to a spinner: how to explain it
From the point of view of topology, holes are one of the key properties of the surface. If you put a loop of thread on the surface of a ball or cylinder, you can tighten it without a knot, and this space is called simply connected. With a bagel, this will not work: the hole will prevent it. It is impossible to turn figures of different linear connectivity one into another without gaps or gluings. Topological figures for which this is possible are connected by homeomorphic transformations, as when playing with a piece of plasticine. The cup and bagel are homeomorphic, the bagel and cylinder are not. But why is man homeomorphic?
Attention! If your ears are perforated or have piercings, then your body's connectivity will be different.
Traditional Chinese medicine teaches that a person has seven holes: the entrance and exit of the gastrointestinal tract, the ears, nostrils and exits of the external genital organs. Modern anatomy thinks differently - for example, the external genitalia in men end with testicles, therefore, from the point of view of topology, they do not form holes. This is a dead end, a "hollow", which can be eliminated by homeomorphic transformations without any gluing and tearing. Enlightenments of the female genital organs end with fallopian tubes that open into the body cavity. She also does not communicate with the external environment, making this "hole" just a "hollow."
This also applies to ears, the openings of which are closed by an airtight (normal) eardrum. But with the remaining openings, the situation is more complicated: in addition to the "entrance" and "exit" of the gastrointestinal tract, gaps starting in the nostrils approach it in the region of the nasopharynx. We still have four holes connected to each other - a difficult case. The editors of "PM" had to involve a mathematician-topologist to find out: a person is homeomorphic to a spinner. More precisely, the triple torus.
Andrei Konyaev, Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Associate Professor of the Department of Differential Geometry and Applications of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University
"In topology, it is not always easy to say which simplest figure a surface can be reduced to: a sphere, a torus, etc. There is no general rule in this regard, it all depends on the concrete surface and how it is defined. If we describe it with the formula (as a sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 = 1), then this task is usually very difficult. If the surface is defined by an atlas, that is, by a set of the individual figures that make it up (maps) and the rules for gluing them together, then you can find the original figure quickly enough. "
The article "Homeomorphic little men" was published in the journal Popular Mechanics (No. 3, March 2018).
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text:
- the combination of straps, bands, and other parts forming the working gear of a draft animal.Compare yoke1(def 1).
- (on a loom) the frame containing heddles through which the warp is drawn and which, in combination with another such frame or other frames, forms the shed and determines the woven pattern.
- the equipment, as straps, bolts, or gears, by which a large bell is mounted and rung.
- Electricity. wiring harness.
- armor for persons or horses.
- to put a harness on (a horse, donkey, dog, etc.); attach by a harness, as to a vehicle.
- to bring under conditions for effective use; gain control over for a particular end: to harness water power; to harness the energy of the sun.
- Archaic. to array in armor or equipments of war.
- in double harness. double harness(def 2).
- in harness,
- engaged in one's usual routine of work: After his illness he longed to get back in harness.
- together as cooperating partners or equals: Joe and I worked in harness on our last job.
Origin of harness
Synonyms for harnessSee more synonyms for on Thesaurus.com
Related Words for in harnessoccupied, engaged, busy, selected, operating, signed, laboring, active, retained, working
- an arrangement of leather straps buckled or looped together, fitted to a draught animal in order that the animal can be attached to and pull a cart
- something resembling this, esp for attaching something to the bodya parachute harness
- mountaineering an arrangement of webbing straps that enables a climber to attach himself to the rope so that the impact of a fall is minimized
- the total system of electrical leads for a vehicle or aircraft
- weaving the part of a loom that raises and lowers the warp threads, creating the shed
- archaic armour collectively
- in harness at one's routine work
- to put harness on (a horse)
- (usually foll by to) to attach (a draught animal) by means of harness to (a cart, etc)
- to control so as to employ the energy or potential power ofto harness the atom
- to equip or clothe with armour
Word Origin for harness
"to put a harness on a draught animal," c.1300, from Old French harneschier, from harnois (see harness (n.)); figurative sense is from 1690s. Related: Harnessed; harnessing.
c.1300, "personal fighting equipment, body armor," also "armor or trappings of a war-horse," from Old French harnois "arms, equipment; harness; male genitalia; tackle; household equipment," of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old Norse *hernest "provisions for an army," from herr "army" (see harry) + nest "provisions" (see nostalgia). Non-military sense of "fittings for a beast of burden" is from early 14c. German Harnisch "harness, armor" is the French word, borrowed into Middle High German. The Celtic words also are believed to be from French, as are Spanish arnes, Portuguese arnez, Italian arnese. Prive harness (late 14c.) was a Middle English term for "sex organs."
On duty or at work. For example, Despite his illness he's determined to continue in harness. It also is put as be back in harness, meaning "to return to duty or work," as in After a long vacation she's finally back in harness. This expression alludes to horses harnessed to perform work. [First half of 1800s] Also see die with one's boots on (in harness).
see die with one's boots on (in harness) in harness.


What does funding mean in Bitcoin? BTC / ETH Funding rate explained
Previously on trading guides we've covered about CME gaps and explained what maker / taker fees are. Similarly here in this post we'll explain the concept of funding rates in Bitcoin.
On social media you might have heard traders talking about funding rate or funding fees. "The next funding is highly negative, upcoming short squeeze." "Bitcoin funding rate too high, a dump is imminent".
Funding rate is a common mechanism that is only seen on trading platforms that offers perpetual contracts. Most of you know that when funding is positive, longs pay shorts. Likewise when the funding rate is negative, shorts pay to longs. But what is the concept behind funding rates?
What does funding rate or funding fees mean and how funding mechanism works? Why do we need them and how often they change? Also we'll cover other elements such as how to check funding rate on BitMEX, Bybit and Binance futures? The fee you need to pay for long funding and short funding. The interval in which funding fees are paid, how is it calculated and what a predicted rate means? Also how they are used when trading Bitcoin & Ethereum perpetual swaps?
Funding definition:
In perpetual contracts funding is a primary mechanism that is used to ensure the contract price is always tethered to the spot price. It is how the price of perpetual swap contracts is kept close to underlying assets spot price. It is one of the main ingredients behind the perpetual swap contracts.
What is a funding rate?
Funding rate in perpetual contracts is a series of payments that is exchanged directly between longs (buyers) and shorts (sellers). On most exchanges the funding rate occurs every 8 hours. While the time at which the funding is paid may vary the concept remains the same across all exchanges.
When the funding rate is positive, long positions pay short positions. When the funding is negative, short positions pay long positions. This mechanism keeps the price of spot and futures constantly in line with each other.
funding graph
Funding fees can be found on Bitcoin, Ethereum and every other altcoin perpetual contracts. Also it applies to both USDT perpetual and coin margined perpetual contracts. Only perpetual contracts and not on traditional futures that settles on a monthly or quarterly basis.
To understand funding let us first see how perpetual contracts are different from the traditional futures contracts.
Traditional futures contracts vs perpetual contracts
First of all both traditional futures contracts and perpetual contracts are derivative products where traders don't buy or sell the underlying asset as they do on spot exchange.
Derivatives is a bit different than spot trading where you are not actually buying or selling Bitcoin. Instead you are betting on the price of an asset. On derivatives you are benefiting from the price movements without actually buying or selling Bitcoin. It comes with high leverage and they have high risk / return characteristics.
The value of the contract is designed to always follow the actual price of Bitcoin. If the price of the Bitcoin rises or drops, so does the price of the contracts.
Traditional futures contracts:
Traditional futures contract come with an expiration / settlement date. These contracts are settled once a month or quarterly depending on the exchange.
While the price of futures contract deviates from the assets (Bitcoin's) base price they converge to spot price at the time of settlement.
traditional futures contract
On BitMEX, under Bitcoin and next to perpetual contracts you'll usually find 2 or three other contract types. These are futures contracts that have expiry dates. When you are trading futures (Monthly or quarterly) your contract ends as it approaches settlement. On these contracts you neither pay nor receiving funding to hold a position. However once the contract is expired you will not have any open position.
Perpetual contracts:
Perpetual contracts, as the name suggests they are everlasting, permanent contracts. It is similar to the traditional futures except they have no expiry date and they never settle. So basically traders can keep their position open forever as long as they have enough margin to avoid liquidation.
Since perpetual contracts never settle the contract price may never converge and it could end up being largely different than the spot price. To prevent this from happening perpetual contracts uses funding mechanism. It ensures the price of contract and spot would periodically converge.
Depending on the exchange the funding occurs twice or thrice a day. It is a fee which one side of the contract pays to the other. Either longs pay shorts or shorts pay longs.
How funding rates change?
Funding rate helps in linking the price of the perpetual contract to the spot price of the underlying asset. It works by sending series of periodic payments between long positions and short positions. If funding is positive, longs pay shorts and if funding is negative, shorts pay longs.
Let us understand why and when funding rates switch between positive and negative.
In general
If the price of perpetual contracts > spot price = Funding rate is positive
If the price of perpetual contracts < spot price = Funding rate is negative
funding rate fee graph
Okay, but what makes the contract price to go above and below the spot price?
Funding rate is usually correlated to the market sentiment. When the market is extremely bullish funding rates across all exchanges tend to go higher. Likewise when the market is bearish funding rates tend to go lower.
The price of contracts differs more from the spot price when there is high volatility and during strong market movements. Also another reason they deviate away from spot is because of the leveraged positions.
For example if the BTC / USD contract price trades above the spot price it means that many traders are in leverage long positions. On the other hand if BTC/USD contract price trades below the spot price it means there are more traders with short positions.
Now here is how funding mechanism works and helps keep the contract price stay close to the spot price.
How funding works?
Almost every exchange displays what the funding rate is and when it occurs. Also some exchanges like for example BitMEX even displays the funding rebate, the amount which a trader pays or receives.
For example if the price of Bitcoin perpetual contract is constantly trading above the spot price, the funding rate would increase. It means every trader who has long position open will have to pay short traders. It basically incentivizes short positions and discourages long position, thus lowering down the perpetual price towards the underlying.
Since traders are aware when the funding occurs and what it will cost most traders will close their long positions to avoid paying funding. Especially when the funding rate is too high; traders with high leverage will more likely close their positions to avoid paying funding. On the other hand more traders will open short positions to collect funding rebate. This incentive mechanism naturally brings the trading price towards the spot price.
This exchange of payment occurs every 8 hours and it helps anchor the last traded price to the global spot price. Once the funding is settled traders will continue to re open their closed positions.
How is funding rate calculated?
Every exchange has its own way of calculating and applying unique funding rates. However the formula for calculating funding rate is the same.
The funding rate mainly comprises of two components: The Interest rate (I) and the Premium Index (P). It is calculated by considering the interest rates of both the trading pair currencies (XBT/USD) and the premium index. It calculates interest rate and premium index every minute and performs an 8 hour time weighted average price over the series of minute rates.
On most exchanges this interest rate is set at 0.03% daily (0.01% every 8 hours). According to the price difference between mark price and last traded contract price the premium varies. It either yields a positive or negative funding rate and that decides who pays who.
This funding rate every 8 hours causes the contracts last traded price to move closer to the underlying spot price.
For more info on interest rate, premium rate component and how funding rate is calculated check this and this.
Where to find funding / predicted rates?
Funding rates are only applicable to traders with open positions. That is you only pay or receive funding if your position is held open at any of these times. If you close prior to the funding exchange interval then you'll not pay any funding.
The funding rates are applied periodically and on most exchanges it is charged three times a day (8 hour intervals). This is the industry standard. However the time at which the funding is exchanged will vary from one exchange to another.
Here is how you can find funding and predicated rates on some most popular derivatives exchange.
BitMEX funding rate
bitmex funding fee
On BitMEX, towards the left and under the leverage slider you'll find contract details section. There you can find the funding rate and the fee which you'll pay or receive for the next funding timestamp. If the funding rebate is in negative then you'll have to pay. If it is in green then you'll receive.
Move the cursor over the funding rate and it will display the predicted funding rate and fees. This will be applied for the next funding period. Also depending on volatility and according to Premium index and interest rate the predicted rate fluctuates until the previous funding is settled.
Bybit funding:
Similar to BitMEX, Bybit also applies funding rate every 8 hours to all open positions.
funding countdown
On Bybit just below the main navigation menu you'll find this information. Along with funding rate it will also display the countdown at which the funding will be applied. Hover over and it will display the predicted rate and its countdown. However it does not display the fee information which you'll be paying. You'll have to calculate it manually.
Binance Futures:
Similar to Bybit, Binance Futures also displays the funding rate at the top. But it does not display the predicted rate or the fees you'll be paying
While on the above mentioned exchanges funding occurs