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the bird, the pink feathers and the claws
Here are the explanations necessary to embroider the pink feathers and the legs of the bird.
The colors used are
DMC 931, 932, 3031, 3371, écru, 3716, 3832, 3830 and 355.
After turning the work by 180 °, embroider the ecru borders as usual with 2 rows of stem stitch and 1 thread. Wait to embroider the contours in brown.
Then fill the "eye" of the feathers with satin stitch and 1 thread.
Here is the direction of the straight stitches used to achieve the pink part of the feathers. Do not embroider split backstitches around the pattern because to give the feathers their full effect, it is necessary that the straight stitches are slightly irregular.
Embroider in satin stitch with 1 thread.
Continue with the dark pink part.
Then embroider the brown border with split backstitch 1 thread around the ecru stem stitches. To finish, add a few very tiny brown and ecru straight stitches 1 thread in the "blue eye" of each feather.
The middle part between the blue feathers and the pink feathers is made with a dark blue satin stitch 1 thread slantwise and decorated with brown spaced straight stitches 1 thread.
The blue feathers at the bottom of the pattern are simply embroidered with long and short stitch 1 thread and underlined with large irregular straight stitches on the edges.
Here is a picture of all the finished feathers. I varied the placement of the colors based on the picture of the printed fabric and I used the colors 3830 and 355 to darken the base of the feathers around the center.
Add little brown stitches 1 thread to give depth to the edge of the feathers.
To embroider the legs, start by placing transverse straight stitches 1 thread along the entire length of the legs. Then embroider the contours with 1 or 2 rows of split backstitches also with 1 thread.


text: The use of characters to present tasks and critical information in a simulated environment has proven to be a useful strategy in the creation of more authentic learning environments online. Such characters can not only perform the role of setting and structuring tasks within the fictitious scenario, but also that of providing useful and realistic guidance. This chapter describes a learning environment designed to create an authentic context for learning evaluation skills and strategies appropriate to technology-based learning settings. The subject in which this approach was adopted was a masters-level course in evaluation of technology-based learning environments. The chapter focuses on the use of a fictitious CEO (chief executive officer) who requests certain evaluation tasks of "employees." Students are given realistic jobs with realistic parameters, and in this way the subject is dealt with in a much more authentic manner than if presented in a more decontextualised way. The rationale for adopting the approach is described together with a description of how it was implemented and summary findings of an evaluation of the approach.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, intended to encourage good programming practices using so called structured programming and data structuring.
: What is the reason for this problem? If I leave pascal doing anything
: in loop, After ~30 secs loop is runiing slower than before, but loop returns at normal speed when i move mouse or press a...
: Hi There
: I'm using Turbo Pascal for Windows 1.5, and using WinCrt in my program.
: 1. How can I use color text or color background? I try to use
: Textcolor(1); Textbackground(4);, but it...
: when using this code:
: procedure TForm1.ApplicationEvents1Message(var Msg: tagMSG;
: var Handled: Boolean);
: if (Msg.message = wm_KeyUp) or (Msg.message=wm_KeyDown) then
There are a lot of applications where speed is a critical factor -- such as real-time programs. MS Windows and Unix are not real-time operating systems, so speed is not all that...
Is there any way in Pascal (or asm) to shut down the computer (you know, as in Windows - you press shut down and its turning itself off power).
I'd be grateful.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Definition of stickleback
v. t. - Any one of numerous species of small fishes of the genus Gasterosteus and allied genera. The back is armed with two or more sharp spines. They inhabit both salt and brackish water, and construct curious nests. Called also sticklebag, sharpling, and prickleback. 2
The word "stickleback" uses 11 letters: A B C C E I K K L S T.
No direct anagrams for stickleback found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after stickleback (in bold), or to abcceikklst in any order:
s - sticklebacks
All words formed from stickleback by changing one letter
Browse words starting with stickleback by next letter


Här ska det bytas till en sökruta
Driving Simulator
Cybercom developed a driving simulator that puts a stroke patient in a life-like driving situation.
Assessing if a stroke patient still can drive safely can be a complex, costly and imprecise process. Aspects such as ability to focus, peripheral vision, reaction times and eye-hand coordination all needs to be evaluated and condensed into a final ruling. The doctor performs examinations and uses an array of different tools to measure various abilities, but in the end it is down to the doctors personal judgement.
Making an incorrect judgement can have grave consequences, from serious injuries or even deaths on one end and a severe limitation for the patients professional and daily life on the other.
Our solution was to develop a driving simulator that puts the patient in a life-like driving situation while providing certain stimulus and measuring the patient's ability to react timely and accurately without compromising their driving. The simulator calculates and provides several test results that can be directly compared to other patients.
Clinical Trials have been conducted and a total of 120 stroke patients participated in the tests and another 120 non-stroke patients have been used as a control group. Preliminary findings indicate a strong correlation between Cybersim and the current leading tool with the possibility that Cybersim can provide additional, relevant data since it measures more aspects of the driving.
The clinical trials of Cybersim also provided some valuable feedback on how to improve the product. Innovation Zone therefore started work on a second version, based on an improved framework and a revised specification, early 2017.
The second version has modifications and improvements that makes it more suitable for wider deployment in the medical sector and is currently being evaluated in Linköping.
Watch the clip from TV4 news (Swedish):
_URL_ link, opens in new window
Irfan Khalid
Head of Innovation Cybercom Group
Make sure all fields are filled with valid information
Thank you, your message has been sent


Where are polar bears found in Newfoundland?
Polar Bears are most frequently spotted on the Great Northern Penninsula but Polar Bears have been seen as far south as St. John's on the southern Avalon Peninsula, Fogo Island, the Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, and pretty much every coastal community in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Are there bears in Newfoundland island?
The Newfoundland black bear (Ursus americanus hamiltoni) is a morphologically distinct subspecies of the American black bear which is endemic to the island of Newfoundland in Atlantic Canada.
Are there wolves in Newfoundland?
A quick wiki search will tell you the Newfoundland wolf (a subspecies of the grey wolf) is long gone and that the only canine on the island is the coyote, which was recently introduced.
Are there grizzly bears in Newfoundland?
Newfoundland does not have the American Brown bear (Grizzly Bear). Grizzly Bears will stand their ground if you encounter them. Black bears will try to avoid encounters with humans. NL, like Ontario has the Black Bears.
Do polar bears eat humans?
THIS IS IMPORTANT: How long does it take to complete Texas hunter safety course?
Do polar bears eat penguins?
What is the warmest temperature a polar bear can live in?
The warmest areas in summer are inland regions of Siberia, Alaska, and Canada where temperatures can reach as high as 32°C (90°F). The ocean temperatures in the Arctic are about -1.5°C (29°F) in summer.
Can a polar bear survive in warm weather?
Hunt invitation


Boolean b1 = true;
Boolean b2 = true;
String b3 = 'b1 && b2';
Boolean b4 = Boolean.valueOf(b3);
system.debug('test Bool '+ b4);
 - I'm curious how you want to apply this, or what problem you need to solve? – pchittum Jan 29 '13 at 12:20
 - Would it help if you convert your conditions into a dynamic query and act on results from that? – Vid L May 3 '13 at 11:13
It is possible to mimic a Javascript eval() in Apex by making a callout to the executeAnonymous API method.
There are two common ways you can get a response back from executeAnonymous.
 1. Throw a deliberate exception at the end of the execute and include the response. Kevin covers this approach in EVAL() in Apex. Secure Dynamic Code Evaluation on the Salesforce1 Platform.
 2. I used a variation of this approach but returned the response via the debug log rather than an intentional exception. See Adding Eval() support to Apex.
Using my example the Apex would be something like:
string toEval =
 'Boolean b1 = true;' +
 'Boolean b2 = true;' +
 'boolean b3 = b1 && b2;' +
 'System.debug(LoggingLevel.Error, b3);';
boolean b4 = soapSforceCom200608Apex.evalBoolean( toEval );
system.debug('test Bool '+ b4);
 - You rock! Never known this is possible in Apex!!!! You have my vote up! – Patlatus Apr 16 '15 at 8:55
 - No. There are some native features that will evaluate your string such as Database.insert and other DML methods. But not an arbitrary expression. – pchittum Jan 29 '13 at 12:19
 - 2
I created an apex class on github to do this. Take a look at this... _URL_
List values = new List{
true, false, true, true, false, true, true, true
BooleanEvaluate boolEval = new BooleanEvaluate('1 && ( ( 2 || 3 ) && 6 ) && ( 4 && 5 || ( 7 && 8 ) )', values);
If someone wants to improve it, please fork! Hope it helps
 - 1
 please include the essentials of the link in your post, as is, this is a link only answer, although it might help, if the link becomes invalid, so will your answer. Please update accordingly and take some time to review How to Answer and take the tour. thanks! – glls Oct 27 '17 at 2:08
 - Hi _USER_, This is my first answer here, thank you for your tips – Heitor Araujo Nov 6 '17 at 2:12
Also you can try Script.apex(_URL_
Map context = new Map{ b1 => true, b2 => false };
Boolean result = (Boolean)ScriptEngine.getInstance().eval('b1 && b2', context);
Your Answer


The Journal of Economic History
City-Farm Wage Gaps in Late Nineteenth-Century France
Pierre Sicsica1
a1 Centre de Recherche of the Banque de France, 39 rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs, 75001 Paris, France.
Wage gaps between farm and city are used to assess whether industrialization in late nineteenth-century France was choked off by peasants' alleged reluctance to move. If industry suffered due to labor scarcity, wage gaps should have been large and rising. It turns out that the wage gap, when adjusted for costs of living and computed as an average of 20 regional wage gaps, was nil in 1852 and about 25 percent in 1892. Thus wage gaps were rising but were far smaller throughout the late nineteenth century than they were in England during similar stages of industrialization.


What is Foolsaurus?
Reserve replacement ratio
The reserve replacement ratio is the amount of new reserves found compared to the amount of oil produced.
Expanded Definition
Exploration and production companies use this to measure how new discoveries exceed (or fall short of) production. Let's say that for every barrel produced, a company wants to increase reserves by 1.5 (replacing the barrel produced plus another half a barrel). If the ratio falls below 1 : 1, then the company is using up its reserves. Percentages are also used to express this; if the number falls below 100%, then the company is using up its reserves.


text:
The front of kitchen and bathroom cabinets, to which the hinged doors are attached.
The front facing of a cabinet typically constructed of hardwood. The vertical pieces, called "stiles," and the horizontal pieces, called "rails," reinforce the cabinet structure and provide mounting support for doors and drawers.
The supporting wood frame attached to the front of the cabinet box to give it structural rigidity.
The front structural rails and stiles of a cabinet to which doors and drawers are generally attached.
A frame of stiles and rails that is applied to the face of a cabinet for style and strength. The face frame is often used to hide plywood edges.
In cabinetmaking a face frame is a flat frame attached to the front of a carcase. The face frame is used to conceal the exposed edges of the plywood panels used to build the carcase.
A cabinet is in essence a box. A face frame is a narrow piece of wood, usually about 2" wide that is attached to the front of this box, framing the opening where the doors go.
In cabinetwork, the front framework from which the doors are hung and drawers are inserted.
A face frame in cabinet making is the frame fixed to the front of a cabinet carcase which obscures the edges of the carcase and provides the fixing point for doors and other external hardware. A face frame provides strength to the front of a cabinet and is also considered a visual feature of particular styles of furniture.


text:
The main usage of the tool is to add Wikipedia-tags to OpenStreetMap and to make localisation of names with the help of interwikilinks, but parts of the tool can also be used for other jobs. The tool works in three steps, see below.
Take a look to example that works with streets in Dresden (Germany).
- On the left side you have the wikipedia part generated by CatScan in the background so it goes through a wikipedia category also with subcategories. So user can modify in the form project language, category and the depth of searching in category tree. An additional option on the left side is the question if the user wants to use wikipedia interwikilinks for names in different languages.
- On the right side is the OpenStreetMap part which uses code of Query-to-map projects. So the user can choose a bounding box (BBOX), a key-value combination ("*" for values possible) and a types definition.
The types "points", "lines", "areas" will make a request at toolserver database and downloads everything in this area, so it is relatively slow. The types "node", "way", "relation" will make a request at Overpass API and download only the necessary pobjects so it's faster, especially for large objects. Types="no" that the script jumps directly to Nominatim and is so much faster.
The script will use this parameter to find in the next step matching OSM objects where additionally the name-parameter is matching with the Wikipedia article name founded on the left side. (Parts of the Wikipedia article name in brackets will be ignored.)
As result the user get a table with 3 columns:
- Wikipedia-articles: Is a link to Wikipedia-article
- Interwikilinks: Shows the user how many interwikilinks has this article, is interesting if this links are used to generate "name:language"-Tags for OSM.
- OpenStreetMap: Is a link osm-add-tags tool see below.
This script is looking for matching objects with given parameters. Mostly the parameters are generated by the index.php script (see above but it's also possible to use the script for OpenStreetMap outside of Wikipedia content.)
- key, value, types and BBOX: (see above) to specify complex OSM-objects.
- name: to find at best exactly the right complex OSM-object. If this parameter is "*" the user get a list of all objects and also objects without name. This example gives a list of all restaurants of a city and shows if there is a smoking-tag or not. Some restaurants in this example have no name so they are on the end of the list as "node...".
- without-tag: define a key that is missing on the object of search. Useful to find e.g. restaurants without opening hours or so. (coming soon...)
- addtags: different Tags to add to specified objects. Tags written as "key=value", different tags are separated by "|"
As result the user gets one single object or a list with objects.
This list has links to JOSM/Plugins/RemoteControl with addtags-parameter for JOSM in latest version must run. So it use a local server to control JOSM.
Behind the objects the user can see its size (diagonal length in seconds of degree)
The script works with the toolserver database which is normally used for mapnik, so possibly it is not synchronous or has curious effects. The script finds the nodes, ways and relation numbers in the database and calculates small bounding boxes around each object.
If the result is empty the script asks Nominatim but the users need to be carefully with the results because there is no key-value proving and it gives only the first result back.
For details see: JOSM/Plugins/RemoteControl
With the help of remote control JOSM downloads the area around the defined objects and selects them. In the following dialog box the user can modify selection and tags before applying the changes.
It's helpful to use OSM-tiles (JOSM menue: Imagery) as overview in background.
The idea is to use this Wikipedia-tags later inside the Wikipedia embedded map to highlighting the OSM objects that match to the wikipedia article. So especially complex line and area objects (streets, rivers, districts,...) would be interesting for that. Multilingual maps will profit the translations by interwikilinks, especially city-objects (nodes) should have priority.
The concept behind the tool is also keep the server-side script without graphical map-interface, so it's very easy for other programmers to modify the script and bring there ideas inside the project.


Quick Answer: Do Atomic Bombs Vaporize People?
Is Hiroshima still radioactive?
Following a nuclear explosion, there are two forms of residual radioactivity.
In fact, nearly all the induced radioactivity decayed within a few days of the explosions..
What does vaporized mean?
transitive verb. 1 : to convert (as by the application of heat or by spraying) into vapor. 2 : to cause to become dissipated. 3 : to destroy by or as if by converting into vapor a tank vaporized by a shell.
Why was Hiroshima chosen?
Hiroshima was chosen because it had not been targeted during the US Air Force's conventional bombing raids on Japan, and was therefore regarded as being a suitable place to test the effects of an atomic bomb. It was also an important military base.
Would a nuclear bomb vaporize you?
TL;DR: The nuclear detonation sets off an immense amount of radiation (light), which will heat up all surrounding objects. The ropes holding the device in place was vaporized in less than 1ms. So a person would be vaporized: He'd heat up so hot, that the whole body will become a gas.
What does an explosion do to the human body?
The main direct, primary effect to humans from an explosion is the sudden increase in pressure that occurs as a blast wave passes. It can cause injury to pressuresensitive human organs, such as ears and lungs.
What do you do after a nuclear bomb?
GET INSIDEGet inside the nearest building to avoid radiation. … Remove contaminated clothing and wipe off or wash unprotected skin if you were outside after the fallout arrived. … Go to the basement or middle of the building. … Stay inside for 24 hours unless local authorities provide other instructions.More items…
What does atomic bomb do to humans?
Whole body doses cause damage to epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract and this combined with the bone marrow damage is fatal. All symptoms become increasingly severe, causing exhaustion and emaciation in a few days and death within 7–14 days from loss of water and electrolytes.
How far away from a nuclear bomb is safe?
Which is worse an atomic bomb or a nuclear bomb?
But a hydrogen bomb has the potential to be 1,000 times more powerful than an atomic bomb, according to several nuclear experts. … "A regular atomic bomb would still be devastating, but it would not do nearly as much damage as an H-bomb." Hiroshima in ruins following the atomic bomb blast.
What is the most powerful nuke?
How many people were vaporized by the atomic bomb?
Seventy-four years ago this week, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing up to 226,000 people and leaving thousands more horribly disfigured by burns and radiation sickness.
Can radiation vaporize you?
While radiation could severely inflame and ulcerate the skin, complete vaporization of the body is impossible.
Can a human get vaporized?
Did anyone survive the atomic bomb?
Some 260,000 people survived the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, but Japanese engineer Tsutomu Yamaguchi was one of the very few who endured the horror of both blasts and lived to the tell the tale.
What happens if a nuke blows up in space?
If a nuclear weapon is exploded in a vacuum-i. e., in space-the complexion of weapon effects changes drastically: First, in the absence of an atmosphere, blast disappears completely. … There is no longer any air for the blast wave to heat and much higher frequency radiation is emitted from the weapon itself.


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The Question:
When did FM radio begin?
The Answer:
Howard Armstrong broadcast the first radio transmission employing frequency modulation (FM) in 1935. However, experiments with FM had been conducted years before. For more information on frequency and amplitude modulation, check out our encyclopedia.
You can also find a good online history of FM radio here.
—The Editors


text:
Living a meaningful life could mean living a longer life, new research suggests.
Patrick Hill, a psychology professor at Carleton University, is the lead author of a study that connects sense of purpose to mortality rates for adults.
Along with Nicholas Turiano from the University of Rochester Medical Centre in New York, Hill analyzed the lives of 6,000 study participants, 20 years of age and older, over a period of 14 years.
The people who died over the course of the study, published this month in the journal Psychological Science, were less likely to have a feeling of purpose. This means people who feel a sense of direction tend to live longer.
Defining a sense of purpose
The study had participants respond to a series of statements such as: "Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them" and "I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life."
But defining what that sense of purpose really means can be tricky, says Hill.
"To have a purpose in life reflects that you have broader, lifelong goals that serve to direct and organize your day-to-day activities and things that you value," he says.
In previous work that focused on college students, Hill says, these goals fell into four broad areas: creative, occupational or financial, pro-social and family-oriented.
Someone might derive their sense of purpose from pursuing written work or fine arts. Others might want to be brilliant managers and excel in the workforce.
Careers can also be stepping stones toward achieving other goals, such as being financially stable to focus on family life and raising children.
The most frequently cited purposes had to do with helping other people, or trying to improve the social structure.
"Some politicians would fall into this category. Certainly not all," says Hill. "You would also find people who are volunteering in their community."
Age is just a number
Hill explains he was surprised that age didn't affect the relationship between purpose and mortality.
Previous studies focused on older adults, who are at a greater risk for declining health. Many older adults are also adjusting to post-retirement life, and may have difficulty dealing with a loss of structure and routine.
"They might have lost their sense of direction," says Hill.
This led researchers to believe that a sense of purpose could affect older adults even more. "But instead, it seems to have a similar effect across different ages," says Hill.
Health, purpose go hand in hand
Hill says though the study did not factor in things such as cause of death, this could paint an even richer picture.
Though sudden or unexpected deaths can't always be prevented, longer-term health risks like cardiovascular disease may be affected by an individual's sense of purpose.
Someone who is healthier may also be more likely to feel a sense of direction, and vice versa.
"When you're in bed sick or injured, you probably aren't feeling that purposeful on that specific day. It's definitely having an effect on your sense of purpose," he says.
"But the benefit of these long-term studies is it shows that above and beyond these things, in the long term, purpose seems to be predicting better health."


text:
Modifying only certain consituents of a mesh
If I have developed a fluid tetrahedral mesh surrounding a solid cylinder, is there a way to observe the average number of elements spanning the mesh axially? If so, is it possible to preserve that average number of elements axially, while coarsening the mesh in the radial direction? I understand that the tetrahedral mesh discrete locations will not be as well defined as a grid that's why I am only attempting to obtain average values.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 00:10.|


text:
In the early 1924 a paddock (now playing fields near the inner Canberra suburb of Dickson) was the 'designated' airfield for Canberra and known as the Northbourne Aviation Ground. However, as Canberra was not a scheduled destination, it was mostly used for emergency landings for aircraft on domestic routes such as Sydney to Adelaide.
In late 1926 with the opening of Parliament House approaching and celebrations with a Royal Australian Airforce flying display, the Dickson airfield was considered unsuitable to host the variety of aircraft expected. Instead, a paddock in the Majura Valley owned by the Campbell family, graziers at the time, was deemed by Airforce Captain Henri Petre to be 'absolutely ideal for flying', with landing distances of 'not less than 1000 yards in all directions'.
So in 1926 this site at the corner of the Majura Valley Road and the Queanbeyan-Duntroon Road was leased to the Department of Defence. Four years later it was handed over to the government's then-civil aviation control.
The RAAF may have erected a wooden hut for service personnel attending the opening of Parliament House, but the first building formally documented at the 'Duntroon Aerodrome' (later to become Canberra Aerodrome) was a large hangar in 1936 at the site where the northern end of Canberra's present terminal stands.
By 1939 work had already begun on construction of a military base on the opposite side of the aerodrome from the civilian hangar.
From this time until 2003 when the RAAF base was decommissioned, the airport has operated for the needs of both defence and civil aviation. The remaining defence presence on the north-eastern side of the airport now operates the Prime Minister's VIP fleet of aircraft.
Throughout these decades, the airport runways continued to be upgraded and lengthened as aircraft sizes increased and aircraft began landing with greater frequency.
The airport terminal too, has undergone some major changes. Firstly, it was façade improvement in the early 1950s, followed by small extensions. Between 1960 and 1970 passenger numbers exploded form 206,096 a year to more than half a million, so in 1970-71 a bigger terminal was built.
In late 1980 with news of the forthcoming opening of New Parliament House in 1988, a new domestic terminal was needed requiring a major restructuring of the existing terminal. Rolling additions continued throughout the early 1990s.
In 1998 the Federal Government sold the Canberra Airport to Canberra businessman Terry Snow and his family. It was an airport with declining facilities and rundown aviation infrastructure. The existing terminal alone had 42 different floor levels, having been renovated, added to and built in so many stages.
At that time each end of the terminal was owned by existing airlines which had control over capital works and so major upgrades could not be undertaken. It wasn't until Terry Snow was able to purchase the ex-Ansett end of the terminal from administrators that major upgrades could begin if not over the whole site, then key pieces of infrastructure. These included major runway, apron and car park upgrades, a new hangar, development of a new entrance, and internal facilities.
Five years later after negotiations with Qantas, the Airport reached an agreement on developing a completely new terminal on the existing site. By 2009, the Canberra Airport AirVolution had begun.


text:
On 7th of July 2011, I noticed these two female parasitoid wasps (Protichneumon grandis) while walking along the Orange Trail of the State Botanical Garden of Georgia. They were fighting with each other to lay their eggs inside a crack of a log using their long ovipositors. One had a pretty good grip. The other was very grumpy for not having access to the crack. These wasps are said to parasitize a sphingid moth species the Rosy Maple Moth (Dryocampa rubicunda).
This observation is a good basis for discussing when members of the same species cooperate and defect and even become antagonistic. Competition is toughest among members of the same species (intraspesific competition) because they have identical needs (in this case a rare crack containing the prey). In this observation the situation is fairly simple to interpret. However, evolutionary roots of female aggression in humans is an understudied curious topic.


text:
AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population.
Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed.
Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females.
Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.
Copyright (c) 2018 Pakistan Journal of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
This is a practical question that was asked on a correspondence chess site. The site struggles with chess engine users, who are considered cheaters. The method people use to determine whether someone is a cheater is this. Take a large enough number $x$ of games the person has played; analyze them with an engine (starting from the point where the game leaves online chess databases, whose use is allowed) and find the average match-up rates, for example:
 - 1st choice - 50% match-up rate,
 - 2nd choice - 65% match-up rate,
 - 3rd choice - 80% match-up rate,
where the first number is the ratio $$\frac{\text{the number of analyzed moves that are considered best by the engine}}{\text{the number of analyzed moves}},$$
the second number is the ratio $$\frac{\text{the number of analyzed moves that are considered best or second best by the engine}}{\text{the number of analyzed moves}},$$
and the third number is found in a similar way.
The question is how large $x$ must be in order for these numbers to approximate the overall match-up rates well.
I think the right way to ask this question more precisely is to fix a small error $\varepsilon$ and a small probability $p$, and ask how large $x$ must be for the probability of the actual error exceeding $\varepsilon$ to be less than $p$.
I did do a course in statistics, but I remember almost nothing of it. Could you help me with this?
share|improve this question
Your question is not entirely clear. Is it correct that "analyzed moves" refers only to moves that the suspected cheater has actually played, while "considered best by the engine" means the unique move found best by the engine among the options at that point in play? So as an extreme case, if the cheater just was using the engine blindly, the first number would be 100% (and the other a fortiori also). The idea is that if a player is doing very well (by the engine's standards), then it must be a cheater. At least in cycling this appears to be fairly sound reasoning. – Marc van Leeuwen Nov 16 '12 at 14:32
Don't you get into trouble when there is a long sequence of exchanges? Then every move is obvious to a human and computer: would they be flagged as cheaters? – Fixee Nov 16 '12 at 15:09
_USER_ Yes, that's what I meant. – Bartek Nov 17 '12 at 13:03
_USER_ Well, the idea is to analyze many games, not just one. The match-up rates are hoped to become more and more meaningful as the number of analyzed games grows. – Bartek Nov 17 '12 at 13:06
1 Answer 1
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Binomial or multinomial models will not work well in practise here, and you need to do some serious empirical work to get good tests for detecting cheaters. The problem is that chess players do not have fixed probabilities for choosing the computer's recommendations. In particular, if the computer considers one move to be much stronger than all other alternatives, then it is much more likely that a human player will arrive at the same conclusion.
Ken Regan at the University of Buffalo has done some serious work on this question, which you can read about on his home page.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Ghoshanatantra, Ghoṣaṇatantra, Ghoshana-tantra: 1 definition
The Sanskrit term Ghoṣaṇatantra can be transliterated into English as Ghosanatantra or Ghoshanatantra, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Hinduism
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
[«previous next»] — Ghoshanatantra in Shaktism glossary
Source: Shodhganga: Iconographical representations of Śiva (shaktism)
Ghoṣaṇatantra (घोषणतन्त्र) or simply Ghoṣaṇa refers to one of the thirty-one Dakṣiṇatantras, belonging to the Śāktāgama (or Śāktatantra) division of the Āgama tradition. The Śāktāgamas represent the wisdom imparted by Devī to Īśvara and convey the idea that the worship of Śakti is the means to attain liberation. According to the Pratiṣṭhālakṣaṇasamuccaya of Vairocana, the Śāktatantras are divided into to four parts, the Ghoṣaṇa-tantra belonging to the Dakṣiṇa class.
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Re: Greek Word Order
Edgar Krentz (
Thu, 23 Jan 1997 15:26:58 -0600
>and Koine. I entered into a discussion of this topic with my Advanced
>Greek class based upon the information in Young's grammar. He asserts
>that the basic order of words in sentences not containing linking verbs
>is verb-subject-object, while sentences with linking verbs generally
>follow the pattern verb-subject-compliment (pp. 214-18).
>Machen suggests just the opposite: "The normal order of the sentence in
>Moule does not propose a specific order, but rather simply follows the
>logic that "the emphatic word comes at or near the beginning of the
>sentence" (_Idiom Book_, p. 166).
>It would appear that a number of prominent grammarians would be in
>agreement with Young's analysis of an "unmarked" or common word order
>Robertson, p. 417).
>I would be interested in hearing what those on the list would have to
>say about this matter, both in regard to Classical and Koine Greek.
referreda to K.J. Dover's GREEK WORD ORDER (Oxford U Press in the 1950s).
I have neglected to note the url for the archives, but Jonathon can give
you that and you can search for that discussion.
Edgar Krentz, New Testament
Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago


By Grace Melvin, Policy Officer, AMRC
Published: 22 June 2021
NHSX have published their draft data strategy for health and social care, which builds on the progress made in technology and data sharing to tackle COVID-19.
Joining up data for health, care, and research
The benefits of collecting, linking and using data to improve health are immense – this has been highlighted by the pandemic, and long demonstrated by medical research charities. Great examples include Diabetes UK's work to tackle preventable amputations, and Kidney Research UK's work to improve dialysis treatment. Neither of which could have happened without connecting data from multiple sources.
NHSX's goal to connect data more effectively from different parts of the system can only be a good thing and is a welcome step in the right direction. For too long, siloed uses of data have hampered progress. It's helpful to see these different uses presented together for the first time. Better joined-up data will mean that patients can receive improved care, both from the NHS and in care homes; that the NHS can plan more effectively; and that researchers can more easily access data to develop new treatments.
Getting it right
These important ambitions must be balanced with the need for trust - an essential element of which is transparency and good communications.
The recent backlash against NHS Digital's new system for collecting GP data for research and planning has brought into sharp focus the problems that arise when the public and healthcare professionals feel blindsided. People need to understand how data is being used, by whom, and what protections are in place to keep their data secure. This data is sensitive so we need to know it is being used in the safest way possible.
It is good to see that the NHSX strategy starts with the patient and their access to their own data. This is the first step towards transparency and towards improving understanding on what data is collected about people, and how it is used.
The devil's in the detail…
But, and there is always a but, caution is needed. While having an overarching vision is helpful, much will depend on how it is implemented in practice.
There must be more clarity and openness on what choices, if any, patients will have. We are worried, for example, that there is no mention of the national data opt-out. Confusion over different opt-outs has exacerbated concerns about the collection of GP data. People must be informed and aware of the choices they have.
The strategy also sets out the need for new legislation. While some of the proposals are long overdue (for example defining the purposes for which NHS Digital can share data), others will need careful consultation and appropriate safeguards to ensure that public confidence is not further undermined.
And what about researcher access? For charities, ensuring that researchers can access data in a responsible way, with proportionate processes and access to 'Trusted Research Environments', will be crucial. The strategy sets out some encouraging steps, including a focus on using data more effectively to improve the recruitment of patients to clinical trials.
What next?
Charities have valuable expertise which can contribute to the debate. They not only use data in the research they fund, but are also integral conduits for consulting and understanding their patients' attitudes including towards data sharing. We welcome the proposed commitment to work with partners including research charities to help develop best practice and ensure meaningful involvement. We look forward to engaging further with NHSX and encourage them to listen to the views of public, patients, and charities as they continue to develop the plans.


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Build configurations provide a way to store multiple versions of solution and project properties. The active configuration can be quickly accessed and changed, allowing you to easily build multiple configurations of the same project.
By default, and projects created with Visual Studio include Debug and Release configurations. Debug configurations are automatically configured for debugging an application, and Release configurations are configured for the final release of an application. For more information, see How to: Set Debug and Release Configurations. You can also create and edit your own custom solution and project configurations to meet the needs of your application. For more information, see How to: Create and Edit Configurations.
Two levels of build configurations can be defined in Visual Studio: solution configurations and project configurations.
A solution configuration specifies how the projects in a solution are to be built and (if enabled) deployed. To define a new solution configuration, open the Configuration Manager Dialog Box and select New from the Active solution configuration list.
Each entry in a solution configuration includes a project name, a configuration setting, a platform setting, a build setting, and (if enabled) a deploy setting. The combination of solution configuration and solution platform settings chosen determines the project configuration that will be used. For more information on solution platforms, see Build Platforms.
You can create any number of solution configurations, each with a unique name. The Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) automatically assigns solution configurations whenever you:
Add a project platform with Create new solution platforms selected.
Add a project configuration with Create new solution configurations selected.
Add a new project that will be deployed on multiple platforms, one of which is new.
Solution configurations also provide general project context information to the IDE. For example, if the active solution configuration specifies that a project will be built for a mobile device, the Toolbox will display only project items that can be used in a mobile device project while you are working on that project.
The project configuration and project platform are used together to specify the properties to use when building the project. A project can have a set of defined project properties for every unique combination of a configuration and platform. Project properties are edited with the Project Designer. Certain panes in the Project Designer contain dropdown lists that indicate the curent project configuration and platform combination.
You can define the configuration-dependent properties in each project configuration as needed. Project properties can be used to determine, for example, which project items will be included in a particular build, what output files will be created, where the output files will be put, and how they will be optimized.
Project configurations can differ considerably. The properties of one project configuration might, for example, specify that its output file be optimized so that the resulting binary occupies the minimum space, while another project might be optimized such that its executable runs at the maximum speed.
Project configurations are not stored by user, but by solution, so that they can be shared by a team. Although project dependencies are configuration-independent, only those projects specified in the active solution configuration will be built.
When you build a solution, Visual Studio uses the active solution configuration, which specifies the project configurations to use for each project to be built. You can change the active configuration directly from Solution Configurations drop-down list in the Standard toolbar, or from the Configuration Manager Dialog Box dialog box.
If you cannot find solution configuration settings on the Standard toolbar or cannot access the Configuration Manager, you may have Visual Basic developer settings applied. For more information, see How to: Manage Build Configurations with Visual Basic Developer Settings Applied.
When you create a new solution configuration (rather than copy one that already exists), the IDE determines the default project configurations for the projects it will build using the following selection criteria for each project (evaluated in this order):
The new solution configuration will build a project configuration whose name exactly matches its own. Configuration names are not case sensitive.
If there is no exact name match, the new solution configuration will build a project configuration whose name matches the configuration portion of its name, whether or not the platform portion also matches. (Remember that the naming convention is .)
If there is still no match, the new solution configuration will build the first configuration listed for a project.
When you create a project configuration and select Create new solution configurations, the IDE looks for an appropriately named solution configuration to build the project on each platform it supports. In some cases, the IDE will rename existing solution configurations or create new ones.
The IDE determines how to assign solution configurations using the following selection criteria:
If a project configuration does not specify a platform or specifies a single platform, then a solution configuration whose name matches that of the new project configuration will either be found or added. In this case, the name of this default solution configuration does not include a platform name; it takes the form .
If a project supports multiple platforms, a solution configuration is found or added for each project configuration to build each project on each platform it supports. The name of each solution configuration includes both the project configuration name and the platform name; it takes the form .


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Show vertical scrollbars?
Specify how to handle an element that has too much text to fit inside its determined height.
Use one of these keywords:
|visible||The text simply overflows the bottom boundary and overruns whatever else is there.|
|hidden||The text is clipped at the bottom boundary and is not visible.|
|scroll||A vertical scrollbar is always visible, but is only enabled if the text is too high to fit.|
|auto||If the text fits, no scrollbar is shown. If the text is too high to fit, the scrollbar is shown and enabled.|


How to insert & remove your Secret Whispers Kegel Weights
1. Firstly wash your hands and ensure your weights are clean by using warm soapy water.
2. Empty your bladder and bowel
3. Find a room and time where you won't be disturbed
4. Find a comfortable position – such as leg raised on the toilet or bath
5. Insert as you would do with a tampon – It can't go too far. Insert as high as is comfortable. They will move down to a natural resting place.
6. Insert them gently on an outward breath. Relax and remember to continue breathing
7. Use water or a water based (only) lubricant if referred
8. The cord should remain outside your body
9. Wearing underwear is recommended
Remove the weights during an outward breath (do not bear down with your pelvic floor) and wash thoroughly


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Rigid-Flexible Virtual Prototyping Study of Planetary Gear Reducer for Shearer Cutting Unit
In this research, three-dimensional simplified model for the planetary gear reducer of a certain large-scale shearer cutting unit is established by the use of UG NX5, and it is imported into ADAMS/View environment through the UG interface with ADAMS. While ANSYS is used to generate the flexible body of key parts such as sun gear, high-speed planet gear and low-speed planet gear, and then in ADAMS the flexible body is used to replace the corresponding parts of planetary reducer rigid body model, which aims to set up virtual rigid-flexible prototype model of planetary reducer. Finally, kinematics simulation was done. The simulation results show that the virtual prototype model of each component motion displays smooth without interference and the transmission ratio meets the design request. Meanwhile, the planetary gear mechanism design is proved to be very correct.
Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou, Zhengyi Jiang, Jianmei Wang, Hailian Gui, Lifeng Ma, Lidong Ma, Yugui Li and Chunjiang Zhao
K. B. Zhang et al., "Rigid-Flexible Virtual Prototyping Study of Planetary Gear Reducer for Shearer Cutting Unit", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 145, pp. 414-419, 2011


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For Profit Farmers, Non-Profit Agriculture Serving Organizations, and Churches are invited to apply for CEP assistance with the following key conservation objectives:
1. Provide learning experiences in natural resources conservation to communities.
2. Address food deserts.
3. Create farming projects that develop properties into vegetable and fruit
4. Improve access to healthy, affordable food at a local level.
5. Water conservation.
6. Increase pollinator habitat.
7. Leverage non-federal resources to achieve positive natural resources conservation outcomes
Proposals will be accepted for projects located in Texas. CEP anticipates that the total amount awarded under this announcement in Federal fiscal year 2022 will be approximately $30,000.
This opportunity is open to all for profit urban farm entities except schools, CBO, and non profits for competitive consideration of cooperative agreement awards for one year in duration.
Info: Flyer. Also see website link below.
Contact: Jeremy Peaches, _EMAIL_


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Code Enforcement & Inspections
You will have an on-demand, web-based solution to manage all code enforcement activities, including:
- Demand and recurring inspections
- Violation issuance and tracking
- Fines and penalties
- Court proceedings
This solution can be used for code enforcement complaints, health and safety, occupancy, fire protection, building management, and more.
Your benefits will include increased convenience for inspectors and other field personnel, increased revenue opportunities, and time savings for all concerned.
View samples of a code enforcement case.
Inspectors can, from the field or in the office:
- Maintain and view up-to-the-minute schedules
- Create and print inspection lists, violation notices, and citations
- Track the status and update code enforcement cases
Office Personnel can automatically:
- Receive and open cases resulting from complaints
- Schedule inspectors based on type, location, availability, etc.
- Compute, assess, and monitor collection of fines and penalties
License and Administration Officials can, by acquiring this solution:
- Review the complete history of a specific code enforcement case, including those arising from citizen complaints
- Review the complete history of code enforcement cases for a specific property
- Review up-to-the-minute reports on activity including number of inspections by type, violations by type, average processing time, and the like
Visit our FastTrackGov® website at _URL_ today.


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Par Legal Terminologyadmin
Traditional meaning of par in English (with legal use of this Latin concept in England and the United States in the nineteenth century) : (in Latin) idem. Pares: Peers. The free owners of a neighborhood. Pares curiae: tenants of a manor house who are present on the farm; see Book 2 ("The Rights of Things"), Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England 54. the place. Pares regni: Peers of the Reiches. in commercial law. » Equal; Equality. The equality between the nominal or nominal value of a bill of exchange, share of shares, etc. and its actual sale value. Thus, if the values are equal, the instrument or action is called "au par"; If it can be sold at a price above its face value, it is "above face value", if it is "below face value", it is "below face value". tt Edward v.
Fisch, 156 N. Y. 363, 50 N. E. 973; Evans v. Tillman, 38 pp. C. 238, 17 p. E. 49. In commercial law.
The exact equality or equivalence of a particular sum or sum of money in the coin of one country and the same sum or sum of money in the coin of another foreign country in which it is to be exchanged, provided that the currency of that country has the exact weight and purity determined by the currency standard of that country. Geschichte, Rechnungen, 4 30. Murphy v. Kastner, 50 N. J. Gl. 220, 24 Atl. 564; Blue Star S.
S. Co. v. Keyser (D.C.) 81 Fed. 510. The nominal value of the currencies of two countries means the equivalence of a certain amount of the currency of one in the currency of the other, provided that the currency of both has the exact weight and purity determined by their respective currencies. Trade between the two countries should be on an equal footing when invoices are negotiated on this basis; t. if an invoice for 100 euros drawn up in London is sold in Paris for 2,520 Frs., and vice versa. Bowen, Pol. Econ.
284. PARA. It is used to designate a state of equality or equal value. Bills of exchange, shares and the like are equivalent if sold at nominal value; above or below par if sold more or less. Supported by Black's Law Dictionary, Free 2nd ed., and The Law Dictionary. The New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants provides the following definition of peer in a way that is easy for everyone to understand: equal to the face or face value of a security. In commercial law. Equal; Equality.
The equality between the nominal or nominal value of a bill of exchange, share of shares, etc. and its actual sale value. Thus, if the values are equal, the instrument or action is called "au par"; If it can be sold at a price above its face value, it is "above face value", if it is "below face value", it is "below face value". Fort Edward v. Fisch, 156 N. vol. 363, 50 N. E. 973; Evans v. Tillman, 38 pp. C. 238, 17 p.
E. 49. n. 1). (2) the par value of a share or bond printed on the certificate, i.e. the amount paid by the original purchaser to the issuing company. However, most common shares are issued at "par value" and the value reflects the current stock market. Preferred shares indicate a par value on the basis of which dividends are calculated, and the par value of bonds determines the final amount of payment at maturity, usually many years into the future.
(See: shares, common shares, preferred shares) The term even refers to an equality that exists between the nominal or nominal value of a document – such as a bill of exchange or a share – and its actual sales value. If the values are equal, the proportion is called by; If it can be sold at a price higher than its face value, it is higher than its face value; If it sells for less than its face value, it is lower than its face value. Alternative definitions of para: (1) average, equal, normal, etc. (2) nominal value, as for negotiable instruments. (ex par-tay, but popularly ex part) Latin adj. means "for a party" and refers to petitions, hearings or orders made at the request and for the benefit of a single party. This is an exception to the fundamental rule of judicial proceedings that both parties must be present at every hearing before a judge, and to the otherwise strict rule that a lawyer may not notify a judge without first notifying the objection. Ex parte cases are usually injunctions (such as an injunction or pre-trial detention) awaiting a formal hearing or an urgent request for an extension. Most jurisdictions require at least a cautious attempt to contact the other party's lawyer about the date and location of an ex parte hearing.


Tyco Electronics Corp. unveils its High Resolution Radar (HRR) for the next generation of "Smart Bumpers."
Tyco says its system offers significant advantages over ultrasonic sensing systems, including greater range, higher resolution between objects and important styling advantages.
HRR works by transmitting a short pulse into a desired area. This energy is reflected off objects within 66 ft. (20.1 m) and returns. The travel time of the signal determines the range of the object.
The HRR system can "see through" plastic fascias commonly used on vehicles, eliminating the need for stylists to contend with unsightly external ultrasonic sensors.


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Casey '09 and Owen Publish Paper
"Good News, Bad News, and Consumer Confidence," by Greg Casey '09 and Henry Platt Bristol Professor of Economics of Ann Owen, was published in the March issue of Social Science Quarterly.
The paper examines how consumer confidence responds to changes in economic circumstances. According to Owen, "It finds that consumers respond asymmetrically to economic news, but it does not find evidence for a systematic negativity bias once you allow for consumers to respond differently to different news.
"For example, consumers have a strong negative reaction to increases in the unemployment rate, but not a corresponding positive reaction to decreases in the unemployment rate. However, they also react positively to decreases in gas prices, but there is no evidence that they react negatively to increases in gas prices.
The paper suggests that part of the explanation for these asymmetric reactions is that consumers respond to changes in economic fundamentals relative to their expectations."
The paper grew out of Casey's senior honors thesis in economics, which Owen supervised. Casey is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in economics at Brown University.


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Kristophe Green Sciences
The Effect of Awe on Collective Creativity
Researchers have found that, in general, positive emotions lead to greater creativity (operationalized as increased cognitive fluency, flexibility, and divergent thinking) than do negative emotions. Increasingly, innovations and gamechanging insights are the product of not one creative person, but teams of people working together to produce results. It is essential to understand how creativity functions within groups, and how/which emotions play a role in increasing the creativity of these groups. Kristophes proposed research project addresses the question of how different positive emotions influence group creativity. Specifically, he will test whether awe, a positive emotion that has been shown to produce different cognitive and behavioral tendencies relevant to creative performance, and has also been shown to produce prosociality, increases group creativity.
Photo: Kristophe (second from right) enjoying a meal with fellow Haas Scholars during Orientation Week.


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You may have heard the expression 'until the cows come home', meaning 'for a very long time': If the manager wants perfection, she'll be waiting till the cows come home. But it is till or until the cows come home? And what's the difference?
Macmillan Dictionary's entry for the phrase shows that either word is fine – in this context they are perfectly interchangeable. Both till and until can be used as a preposition or as a conjunction. As a preposition, they're followed by a noun: I'll be around till Sunday; We can live here until 2025. As a conjunction, they connect two clauses: She kept painting till she was happy with it; He ran until he could run no more.
In these examples, till and until can be swopped around. This is not always possible or appropriate. As Liz Potter wrote in a Language Tip post, till is less formal; until is more formal. So if you're writing a business report or other serious text, until is probably the better choice. If you want to convey a more casual tone, till will do this. Until is also more common at the start of a sentence – though till is found here too.
The difference in register is not huge, and in many contexts, as we've seen, you can use whichever word you prefer or whichever one sounds better to you. Sometimes metre is a factor: if you're writing poetry – even something playful, like a limerick – then the difference between one syllable and two is significant.
Till and until are both very old words. People often assume that till is simply an abbreviation of until, but in fact till is a few centuries older. It shows up in the runic inscription on the ancient Ruthwell Cross in Scotland, where its original sense was the same as 'to'.
There is an abbreviation of until: 'til. Some critics reject it, because we already have till. They may even call it incorrect. 'Till is still more disparaged, because the apostrophe is superfluous, and although this form was used by George Washington, of all people, I can't recommend it. Apostrophe-less til is occasionally used, but spelling-wise it falls between the two stools of till and 'til.
TIL, which appears in the title of this post, is short for today I learned, and is in popular use online. Finally, till has another use in Irish English, where it means something like 'in order that': 'Come here till I tell you a story' means 'Come here so that I can tell you a story.' Maybe it's a story about till.Email this Post


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Bd. V. Pârvan, Nr. 4, 300223 Timişoara, România
Departamentul de Matematica, Universitatea de Vest din Timişoara
Symmetries of the Maxwell–Bloch Equations with the Rotating Wave Approximation
2014, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 548-555
In this paper a symplectic realization for the Maxwell–Bloch equations with the rotating wave approximation is given, which also leads to a Lagrangian formulation. We show how Lie point symmetries generate a third constant of motion for the dynamical system considered.


Can Coparcenary Property Be Sold?
Can mother make a will on ancestral property?
2017 Yes challenge the Will.
Will an individual can make for his or her sole self owned property or share in the property not the whole property if that has other owners or shareholders like ancestral property..
Is it true that ancestral property once divided becomes self acquired?
The prerequisite of an ancestral property is that an ancestral property should not have been divided or partitioned by the family members, as once a division of the ancestral property takes place, the share or portion which each coparcener gets after division becomes his or her self acquired property.
Who is a Coparcener?
A coparcener is a person who acquires interest in the joint family property by birth. The essential difference between a 'coparcener' and a 'member' of an HUF is that a coparcener can enforce partition of the HUF, while a member cannot.
What constitutes ancestral property?
Concept of Ancestral Property Property inherited by a Hindu from his father, father's father or father's fathers' father, is ancestral property. Any property acquired by the Hindu great grand father, which then passes undivided down the next three generations up to the present generation of great grand son/daughter.
Does Mother property belong to daughter?
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, was amended in 2005 to give daughters an equal share in parental property. … However, it is important to note that if the father died before 2005, a married daughter will not have any right over ancestral property, while the self-acquired property will be distributed as per the will.
Can ancestral property be sold?
What is the difference between ancestral property and Coparcenary property?
A property is ancestral when acquired through inheritance from ancestors, this property is always shared by members of a coparcenary equally. On the other hand property is self acquired if it is earned by own efforts/learning or other human endeavour.
Is widow a Coparcener?
According to Mitakshara law, only a coparcener can be a karta or manager of an HUF. Therefore, since a Hindu widow is a member of the HUF but not a coparcener, she cannot be a karta of in her husband's HUF.
Does daughters have equal rights in father's property?
Supreme Court rules that daughters have equal rights in their father's property. In its decision, the Supreme Court clarified two points: coparcenary rights are acquired by daughters on their birth; and. fathers need not have been alive when the 2005 amendment to the Hindu Succession Act 1956 was passed.
How ancestral property is divided?
Under the Hindu law, property is divided into two types: ancestral and self-acquired. Ancestral property is defined as one that is inherited up to four generations of male lineage and should have remained undivided throughout this period. … By birth, a daughter has a share in the ancestral property.
Which property is Coparcenary?
A coparcenary consists of a 'propositus', that is, a person at the top of a line of descent, and his three lineal descendants — sons, grandsons and great-grandsons. Coparcenary property is named thus because the co-ownership is marked by "unity of possession, title and interest".
Can a father gives all his property to one child?
A father cannot freely give the ancestral property to one son. In Hindu law, the ancestral property can be gifted only under certain situations like distress or for pious reasons. Otherwise, the ancestral property cannot be given away to one child to the exclusion of all others.


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Murray Lake Elementary
Murray Lake Elementary is a school where a high level of student achievement and quality student character are a focus each day. Although test scores will validate high achievement at Murray Lake, it is the day-to-day emphasis of best practice in the classroom and quality character development that ensures that each child reaches their highest potential.
At Murray Lake each child is expected to reach his or her highest learning potential. Teachers are constantly improving their lessons to ensure that all children in their class achieve. Differentiated instruction is a focus at Murray Lake, which allows teachers to meet the needs of all learners. Murray Lake students typically score in the top 5% on Michigan's MEAP test. They also score significantly above average on the Measurement of Academic Progress (MAP), and grow at a greater rate than the average growth of students across the country. Students are asked to set goals for themselves and work toward the achievement of these goals.


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How to make fluorescein strips
Fluorescein strips are an essential diagnostic tool in eye care. They are useful for performing a number of procedures, such as measuring intraocular pressure, assessing dry eye and detecting corneal abrasions. Unfortunately, this basic item is not commonly available in many resource-limited settings. Here we describe how we make fluorescein strips at Mbarara University and Regional Referral Hospital Eye Centre.
What you will need
- Sterile filter paper (e.g., Whatman no. 1)
- A sterile bowl, such as a kidney dish
- Fluorescein sodium powder (20 g)
- Distilled sterile water (100 ml)
- A pair of scissors
- Empty injectable vials or any other small, sealed containers
- A sterile surface
- Sterile gloves, mask and apron.
- Assemble all the materials on a clean tray
- Put on sterile gloves, mask and apron
- Prepare a 20% fluorescein solution by dissolving 20 g of fluorescein sodium powder in 100 ml distilled, sterile water
- Cut the filter paper into rectangles of approximately 5 cm wide and 8–10 cm long
- Pour a small amount of fluorescein solution into the bowl. Be careful not to spill, as fluorescein leaves stains
- Dip the long edge of the filter paper in the fluorescein solution and immediately remove it, as the solution spreads very quickly through the paper (Figure 1)
- Place the dipped filter papers onto a sterile surface to dry
- Once they are dry, use a pair of scissors to cut the paper into strips, with the dipped edge at one end (Figure 2)
- Store the strips in a sterile, sealed container (Figure 3).


The Vestfold Monitoring Project - VEMOP
The use of non-invasive methods in cultural heritage management has helped us in our mission to find, study, protect and manage archaeological sites in Vestfold and Telemark fylkeskommune. But tools such as the georadar are complex and need to be thoroughly understood in order to yield the best results possible. The Vestfold Monitoring Project takes a closer look at how environmental factors, for example precipitation and different soil types, do influence the quality of georadar data.


China says no cover-ups using state secrecy as excuse
Updated February 04, 2014 11:02:01
China has unveiled new rules telling officials not to cover up what should be publicly available information using the excuse it is a state secret.
State media said the new mandate, due to come into force on March 1, was a move towards greater government transparency.
Government departments "must not define as a state secret information which by law ought to be public", the official Xinhua news agency said on Sunday.
The rules also state that "the scope of what is secret should be adjusted in a timely manner according to changes in the situation".
Officials who discover that state secrets have been compromised will have to report the problem within 24 hours and will be punished if they cover up the leak or fail to report it.
But the rules offer no explanation for what public information will be covered that cannot be called a state secret.
China has notoriously vague state secret laws, covering everything from the number of people executed every year to industry databases and even pollution figures.
Information can also be retroactively labelled a state secret.
The issue received international attention in 2009 when an Australian citizen and three Chinese colleagues working for mining giant Rio Tinto were detained for stealing state secrets during the course of tense iron ore negotiations.
The government has come under pressure from its own people to be more open, especially on sensitive issues like the environment, which have no obvious implications for national security.
Chinese officials, particularly at the local level, often seek to invoke secrecy laws to prevent embarrassing problems that could lead to punishment, such as police brutality or pollution, from being reported to more senior officials.
Topics: government-and-politics, law-crime-and-justice, corruption, china, asia
First posted February 03, 2014 23:06:36


(fər-gĕt′, fôr-)
v. for·got (-gŏt′), for·got·ten (-gŏt′n) or for·got, for·get·ting, for·gets
1. To be unable to remember (something).
2. To treat with thoughtless inattention; neglect: forget one's family.
3. To leave behind unintentionally.
4. To fail to mention.
a. To banish from one's thoughts: forget a disgrace.
b. Informal To disregard on purpose. Usually used in the imperative: Oh, forget it. I refuse to go!
1. To cease remembering: Let's forgive and forget.
2. To fail or neglect to become aware at the proper or specified moment: forgot about my dental appointment.
forget (oneself)
To lose one's reserve, temper, or self-restraint.
[Middle English forgeten, from Old English forgietan; see ghendin Indo-European roots.]
for·get′ter n.
vb, -gets, -getting or -got, -gotten or archaic dialect -got
1. (when tr, may take a clause as object or an infinitive) to fail to recall (someone or something once known); be unable to remember
2. (tr; may take a clause as object or an infinitive) to neglect, usually as the result of an unintentional error
3. (tr) to leave behind by mistake
4. (tr) to disregard intentionally
5. (when tr, may take a clause as object) to fail to mention
6. forget oneself
a. to act in an improper manner
b. to be unselfish
c. to be deep in thought
7. forget it! an exclamation of annoyed or forgiving dismissal of a matter or topic
[Old English forgietan; related to Old Frisian forgeta, Old Saxon fargetan, Old High German firgezzan]
forˈgettable adj
forˈgetter n
v. -got, got•ten -got, -get•ting. v.t.
1. to cease to remember; be unable to recall: to forget a name.
2. to omit or neglect unintentionally: I forgot to lock the gate.
3. to leave behind unintentionally: to forget one's keys.
4. to fail to think of; take no note of (often used imperatively): Forget cooking, let's eat out tonight.
5. to neglect willfully or carelessly; disregard or slight.
6. to cease or omit to think of something.
forget oneself, to say or do something improper.
[before 900; Middle English forgeten, foryeten, Old English forg(i)etan; c. Old Saxon fargetan, Old High German firgezzan; see for-, get]
for•get′ta•ble, adj.
for•get′ter, n.
usage: Both forgot and forgotten are used as the past participle: Many have already forgot (or forgotten) the war. Only forgotten is used attributively: half-forgotten memories.
1. 'forget'
The past tense of forget is forgot. The -ed participle is forgotten.
If you forget something, or forget about something, you stop thinking about it.
Alan, having forgotten his fear, became more confident.
Tim forgot about his problems for a few hours.
If you have forgotten something that you knew, you can no longer remember it.
I have forgotten where it is.
...a Grand Duke whose name I have forgotten.
If you forget something such as a key or an umbrella, you do not remember to take it with you when you go somewhere.
Sorry to disturb you – I forgot my key.
Be Careful!
Don't use the verb 'forget' to say that you have put something somewhere and left it there. Instead you use the verb leave.
I left my bag on the bus.
2. 'forget to'
If you forget to do something that you had intended to do, you do not do it because you do not remember it at the right time.
She forgot to lock her door one day and two men got in.
Don't forget to call Dad.
Be Careful!
Don't use an -ing form. Don't say, for example, 'She forgot locking her door'.
Past participle: forgotten
Gerund: forgetting
I forget
you forget
he/she/it forgets
we forget
you forget
they forget
I forgot
you forgot
he/she/it forgot
we forgot
you forgot
they forgot
Present Continuous
I am forgetting
you are forgetting
he/she/it is forgetting
we are forgetting
you are forgetting
they are forgetting
Present Perfect
I have forgotten
you have forgotten
he/she/it has forgotten
we have forgotten
you have forgotten
they have forgotten
Past Continuous
I was forgetting
you were forgetting
he/she/it was forgetting
we were forgetting
you were forgetting
they were forgetting
Past Perfect
I had forgotten
you had forgotten
he/she/it had forgotten
we had forgotten
you had forgotten
they had forgotten
I will forget
you will forget
he/she/it will forget
we will forget
you will forget
they will forget
Future Perfect
I will have forgotten
you will have forgotten
he/she/it will have forgotten
we will have forgotten
you will have forgotten
they will have forgotten
Future Continuous
I will be forgetting
you will be forgetting
he/she/it will be forgetting
we will be forgetting
you will be forgetting
they will be forgetting
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been forgetting
you have been forgetting
he/she/it has been forgetting
we have been forgetting
you have been forgetting
they have been forgetting
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been forgetting
you will have been forgetting
he/she/it will have been forgetting
we will have been forgetting
you will have been forgetting
they will have been forgetting
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been forgetting
you had been forgetting
he/she/it had been forgetting
we had been forgetting
you had been forgetting
they had been forgetting
I would forget
you would forget
he/she/it would forget
we would forget
you would forget
they would forget
Past Conditional
I would have forgotten
you would have forgotten
he/she/it would have forgotten
we would have forgotten
you would have forgotten
they would have forgotten
Collins English Verb Tables © HarperCollins Publishers 2011
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Verb1.forget - dismiss from the mind; stop remembering; "I tried to bury these unpleasant memories"
unlearn - try to forget; put out of one's memory or knowledge
repress, suppress - put out of one's consciousness
think of, remember - keep in mind for attention or consideration; "Remember the Alamo"; "Remember to call your mother every day!"; "Think of the starving children in India!"
2.forget - be unable to rememberforget - be unable to remember; "I'm drawing a blank"; "You are blocking the name of your first wife!"
slip one's mind, slip - pass out of one's memory
recall, recollect, remember, call back, call up, retrieve, think - recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection; "I can't remember saying any such thing"; "I can't think what her last name was"; "can you remember her phone number?"; "Do you remember that he once loved you?"; "call up memories"
3.forget - forget to do something; "Don't forget to call the chairman of the board to the meeting!"
neglect, omit, leave out, pretermit, overleap, overlook, miss, drop - leave undone or leave out; "How could I miss that typo?"; "The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten"
bear in mind, mind - keep in mind
4.forget - leave behind unintentionally; "I forgot my umbrella in the restaurant"; "I left my keys inside the car and locked the doors"
leave - go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness; "She left a mess when she moved out"; "His good luck finally left him"; "her husband left her after 20 years of marriage"; "she wept thinking she had been left behind"
lose - miss from one's possessions; lose sight of; "I've lost my glasses again!"
1. fail to remember, not remember, not recollect, let slip from the memory, fail to bring to mind She forgot where she left the car.
fail to remember mind, remember, recall, retain, recollect, bring to mind
2. neglect, overlook, omit, not remember, be remiss, fail to remember Don't forget that all dogs need a supply of water.
3. leave behind, lose, lose sight of, mislay I forgot my passport.
4. dismiss from your mind, ignore, overlook, stop thinking about, let bygones be bygones, consign to oblivion, put out of your mind I can't forget what happened today.
forget yourself misbehave, behave badly, act up (informal), get up to mischief (informal), carry on (informal), be bad, muck about (Brit. slang), be insubordinate He was so fascinated by her beauty that he forgot himself.
"An elephant never forgets"
To fail to remember:


text:
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A report on the world radio conference held in Geneva, Switzerland, during the last four months of 1959 is presented. The Conference was held under auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, the specialized agency of the United Nations which deals with radio and other telecommunication matters at international level. The organization of the conference is described, to show the mechanism by which engineers and telecommunication administrators from many nations work together to produce what amounts to international legislation in a highly technical field. The four principal work areas of the conference were: Radio spectrum allocations; frequency management techniques; definition of technical terms and establishment of technical standards; and operating regulations in the aeronautical and maritime radio services. Major decisions of interest to engineers in the United States are summarized, including new terminology which engineers will be expected to learn gradually in the years ahead.


Symbols
Demo 4
 1. Pressing the tilde [~] key will enter the "punctuation" (fu) character (underlined above).
 2. Pressing the space bar will bring up the character selection window, where you can select the punctuation or symbol that you want.
Using Custom Phrases
Demo 5
Hanin can only add phrases to the Personal User Dictionary that are still in input mode. That is, those that are either still in the separate input window or those that are still underlined with a thin line in inline input, and can be changed by pressing the space bar.
 1. Select the phrase after you type it. You can use the mouse or arrow keys with the shift key held down. In the image above, I typed my phrase, held down shift and pressed the left arrow twice. Note that the selection is underlined in bold.
 2. Press [enter].
 3. You should now be able to find your phrase listed in the Custom dictionary panel in the Hanin Setup v5.0 preferences panel.
Using Abbreviations
Abbreviations allow you to enter long, cumbersome phrases, like book titles, for example, that need to be used often. See the discussion of the Abbreviations panel, above.
Here is a simple example:
Demo 6
 - Type the base text, then press [tab].
Demo 7
 - The base text is underlined by a solid underline. Pressing [tab] will cycle through the abbreviated forms, which are indicated with a dotted underline.


text: White grape variety, predominantly known for being the grape of Campania's Fiano di Avellino DOCG in Southern Italy. Fiano is an ancient Roman variety, potentially the grape used in the production of Apianum (an acclaimed ancient wine from the Roman times). It is low yielding and produces very little juice, which prompted growers to replace it with other higher yielding varieties in the 19th and 20th century. However thanks to modern winemaking techniques as well as a demand for indigenous, classic grapes, production is currently increasing. The grape is also used in the McLaren Vale region of Australia; where production is small but increasing.


Next:, Previous:, Up: Architectures [Contents][Index]
21.4.7 PowerPC
When GDB is debugging the PowerPC architecture, it provides a set of pseudo-registers to enable inspection of 128-bit wide Decimal Floating Point numbers stored in the floating point registers. These values must be stored in two consecutive registers, always starting at an even register like f0 or f2.
The pseudo-registers go from $dl0 through $dl15, and are formed by joining the even/odd register pairs f0 and f1 for $dl0, f2 and f3 for $dl1 and so on.
For POWER7 processors, GDB provides a set of pseudo-registers, the 64-bit wide Extended Floating Point Registers ('f32' through 'f63').


text:
Titel: Storing Tooth Segments for Optimal Esthetics
Auteurs: T. Tuzuner, S. Turgut, B. Ozen, H. Kılınç, B. Bagiş
Journal: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016;40(2):113-7. doi: 10.17796/_PHONE_.2.113.
OBJECTIVE: A fractured whole crown segment can be reattached to its remnant; crowns from extracted teeth may be used as pontics in splinting techniques. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different storage solutions on tooth segment optical properties after different durations.
STUDY DESIGN: Sixty central incisor crowns were divided into 6 groups (n = 10); Group 1 was kept dry; Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were placed in an isotonic solution, water, milk, saliva, and casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous-calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP), respectively, for 30 min, 12 h, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 weeks. Color values were measured using a colorimeter. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and Friedman Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni stepwise corrections (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: ΔE* values varied from 0.3 to 15.3 over the 3 week period. Group 1 demonstrated the greatest color changes over all durations; Group 6 exhibited the least. L*, a*, b*, and ΔE* values varied between time periods in all groups; the differences were significant (p < 0.01), except for L* and ΔE* values in Group 2 and a* values in Group 6 (p > 0.01). Comparing ΔE* values, Group 6 was significantly different from the other groups for all durations (p < 0.01), except Group 4.
CONCLUSIONS: A CPP-ACP complex solution seems a good choice for tooth fragment storage. Milk and saliva solutions may cause perceptible color changes if tooth fragments are stored for 3 weeks before use.


text:
Definition of a.c.
a.c.: Abbreviation on a prescription meaning before meals; from the Latin "ante cibum", before meals. This is one of a number of hallowed abbreviations of Latin terms that have traditionally been used in writing prescriptions.
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
- b.i.d. = twice a day (from "bis in die", twice a
- gtt. = drops (from "guttae", drops)
- p.c. = after meals (from "post cibum", after meals)
- p.o. = by mouth, orally (from "per os", by mouth)
- p.r.n. = when necessary (from "pro re nata", for an occasion that
has arisen, as circumstances require, as needed)
- q.d. = once a day (from "quaque die", once a day)
- q.i.d. = four times a day (from "quater in die", 4 times a day)
- q._h.: If a medicine is to be taken every so-many hours (from
"quaque", every and the "h" indicating the number of hours)
- q.h. = every hour
- q.2h. = every 2 hours
- q.3h. = every 3 hours
- q.4h. = every 4 hours
- t.i.d. = three times a day (from "ter in die", 3 times a day)
- ut dict. = as directed (from "ut dictum", as directed)
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Use the pill finder tool on RxList.


The Dark Moon Goddess and the Enchantment of Bilderberg
This time last year, I wrote about Chris Street's work in exposing the huge animal giant earthworks that surround London, the Lion and the Unicorn. I concentrated on the solar Lion because the land which he stands guardian over was where the Olympics were about to take place, and the river named after him runs into the Olympic Park. (For more on that, see The Enchantment of the Olympics).
Now that Bilderberg is well upon us, I want to concentrate on the Unicorn, because this is the other side of the enchantment; the yin to the yang. As we now go into the three days of the dark moon, it appears that the influence of the moon goddess is being petitioned and employed to protect the site of the Bilderberg conference.
The Lion, guarding the east of London
The Lion with his crown
Of course, we've already noticed that where the conference is taking place, the Grove Hotel, could possibly be named as such after the groves of the Druids, especially as we know the globalist occultists that plan and design these events like to meet at Bohemian Grove in California.
But there's much more to it than that. Where they are in Watford, north-west of London, they are meeting on what they consider to be sacred, enchanted ground, as most likely did the Druids before them.
This is an extract from an article by Chris Street called The Guardians of the Sacred City which is in Anthony Thorley's book, Legendary London.
 The Unicorn
The Unicorn guarding the west of London
Like the Lion, the Unicorn has an outline defined by a combination of roads, pathways and rivers, The horse-like back and mane is defined by the A410 Uxbridge Road, and the rear end by the parts of the A1 and A41. It's especially worth noting that the tip of the short horn is a place actually called Horn Hill, near Maple Cross, and there is a small, pleasant Victorian chapel dedicated to St Paul.
The head of the unicorn is defined by the rivers of the area, principally, the Colne and the Ver. In mythology, the Unicorn has a special relationship with the virgin moon goddess. One legend states that the unicorn rests it head on the lap of the goddess, and so on the London landscape it actually does. The head of the Unicorn rests upon the course of several rivers with distinct goddess associations.
To our remote ancestors, all rivers were perceived to be living entities inhabited by deific spirits, mostly feminine river goddesses. Sabrina, for example, was goddess of the Severn. The Ver takes its name from a little known ancient British goddess. It is believed that her name relates to the old Welsh word, fair (there is no 'v' in old Welsh), which today means Mary. Llanfair, for example, means sacred place of Mary. So it appears that the Virgin Mary and the goddess Ver are connected.
Like the sacred waters rising in the shadow of Glastonbury Tor, the River Ver has a red spring and a white spring, which rises at Redbourne and Markyate respectively. The Ver runs into the Colne north of Watford and stretches along the entire west side of London through Rickmansworth, Uxbridge, Denham and finally into the Thames at Staines.
So the whole of London is enclosed by sacred rivers. On the north, north-east and east, the river (Lea) is of the sun god Lugh, the Lion. On the north-west and west are the goddess rivers of the Unicorn.
Of course, they both join the Thames which carries both polarities, since on old maps it is shown as Thames-Isis or Tamesis. This name reflects the principal god and goddess, Tammuz and Ishtar (Isis) of those inveterate mariners, the Phoenicians, who were known to have travelled these islands.
The Lion and the Unicorn stand either side of London as they do on the Royal Coat of Arms.
Coat of arms
Interestingly, though, the only time that they appear the right way round is when the Coat of Arms is shown in Scotland. I expect the Scottish Rite laddies see to that!
Coat of arms Scotland


text:
This section offers a variety of publications, reports, studies, and data on digital skills and digitalisation. Find skills intelligence from throughout Europe to boost your knowledge, enhance your research activities, and understand the drivers behind the digital transformation.
- This report presents recommendations to accelerate the rise of global tech leaders born in Europe in the service of both progress and technological sovereignt.
- This study reviews access-to-finance conditions for the digitalisation of SMEs and the role of digital innovation hubs (DIHs) as key enablers in the wider ecosystem.
- This study provides a law enforcement focused assessment of evolving threats and key developments in the area of cybercrime.
- The report examines 24 supply chain attacks between January 2020 to July 2021 to offer recommendations for organisations.
- This 2021 report from Cedefop takes stock of the impact of the pandemic on the labour market, skills, tasks and occupations and analyses latest data and trends to offer recommendations.


text:
engine in 1997. The temperature differential of the hot and cold water is about 60ºC. For a system using water or oil as the working fluid, the thermal expansion is not sufficient to generate a large enough pressure differential to operate the system efficiently. A fluid under very high 56 pressure is required to get the needed pressure differential. The best fluids considered were R-23 and CO2. Both fluids have sufficient thermal expansion properties at pressures of 100 bar or higher. CO2 was selected based upon cost, safety criteria, and environmental concerns. In addition, CO2, if accidentally released, does not pollute the environment. Solar collectors At issue is the selection of either flat-plate solar collectors or concave solar collectors for the production of hot water. There is no conclusion on the collector type to be used yet. This will depend on the necessary hot water temperature for the engine. Flat-plate collectors are the cheapest alternative. However, the concave collectors raise the water to a higher temperature, but have more moving parts and higher maintenance and cost. If the new engine operates in a smaller temperature range, then flat-plate collectors will be used since there are less moving parts and a simpler operation. The solar technology will be selected once appropriate testing has been conducted. ANALYSIS Qualitative Pressure versus Volume Diagram A qualitative analysis of the CO2 cycle in the heat exchanger – piston assembly is presented in figure 3. From 1 to 2, hot water is flowing through the heat exchanger. As the heat is transferred to the CO 2, the pressure of the CO2 increases. However, the pressure of the CO2 is not enough to overcome the pressure of the compressed air plus frictional forces. At state 2, the pressure overcomes frictional forces and begins piston movement. As the piston moves, the pressure increases slightly, while the volume also increases until it reaches state 3. At state 3, the piston has reached its maximum stroke. After state 3, cold water is run through the heat exchanger, causing the pressure in the piston to decrease. Initially, volume is constant because the pressure does not decrease enough to counteract frictional forces. At state 4, the CO2 pressure is low enough to allow the compressed air pressure to act as a "spring" in pushing the piston back. From state 4 to state 1, the piston is pushed back to its starting position. Pressure and volume continue to decrease until returning to state 1. 57 COMPARISON TO OTHER ENGINES Rider Ericsson engine The Rider Ericsson engine is a hot air Stirling engine constructed of one piston. When the air in the cylinder is heated, the piston moves up; when it cools, the piston moves down. A displacer is located inside the cylinder. The purpose of the displacer is to move air from the hot side of the cylinder to the cold side, and vice versa. Cooling water is used to cool one side of the cylinder, and any source of heat can be used to heat the other side of the cylinder. As air at the hot side of the cylinder is heated, it expands and forces the piston upward. When the piston is extended, the displacer is driven down into the hot side of the cylinder. The hot air rushes around the displacer to the cool end of the cylinder. When the air cools, it contracts, sucking the piston downward. Then, the displacer moves up into the cool end of the cylinder, forcing the cool air back down into the hot end of the cylinder. The air is heated again, and the cycle repeats. This is much like the Deluge engine. Like the Deluge engine, the Rider-Ericsson engine utilizes an external heat source and a working fluid. Also, like Deluge, the volume increases as heat is added to the air in the cylinder, and volume decreases as heat is transferred from the air in the cylinder. Like the Deluge engine, the thermal expansion of the working fluid is used to drive the engine. Whereas the thermodynamic cycles for the Deluge and Rider-Ericsson engines are very similar, the difference lies in the actual construction of the engines and choice of working fluid. The Rider Ericsson employs a displacer to move the air between essentially two heat exchangers. One heat exchanger heats up the air, while the other cools it down. Deluge employs one heat exchanger to take care of both duties, using valves to run either cold or hot water through the heat exchanger. Thermal Lag Engine The thermal lag engine is a valveless, external-combustion closed-cycle engine having a cooled piston and cylinder connected to a heated chamber. Air is used as the working fluid. The air in the cylinder is cooled, causing its pressure to drop. The piston forces the cool air into the heated chamber, which compresses it. In the heated chamber, the temperature and pressure of the air rise. When the pressure is sufficient, it pushes the piston out again. Then, the cycle repeats itself. Since there is adiabatic compression and expansion and constant volume heating and cooling, the engine theoretically operates on the Otto cycle. This engine is similar to the Deluge engine. For the Deluge engine, there are constantvolume cooling and heating processes. However, compression and expansion are not adiabatic. Instead, heat is transferred to the CO2 during the expansion, and heat is transferred from the CO2 during the compression. In addition, the pressure of the CO2 continues to rise throughout the expansion, and decreases during the compression. This is the opposite of what happens during the Otto cycle. CONCLUSION 58 In conclusion, the Deluge Solar Powered Pump has potential in applications calling for an off-grid selfcontained unit. It also has the potential to be a clean, environmentally friendly technology. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS P.E.P. gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation through a CAREER Award (Grant No. CTS-_PHONE_), with matching funds from Deluge, Inc. (administered by the Industry Network Corporation). REFERENCES Deluge, Inc. Deluge, Inc. : Pumping Water for Tomorrow. Online. Available: _URL_ 29 October. 1999. Correspondence from Harry W. Parker, Ph.D., P.E. to Deluge Corp. June 2, 5, and 30, 1997. Rusty Iron Workshop. Rider Ericsson Hot Air Pumping Engine. Online. Available: _URL_ 28 October 1999. Tailer, Peter L. (1995): "Thermal Lag Test Engines Evaluated and Compared to Equivalent Stirling Engines," 1995 30th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 3, 353-357. Çengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles (1998): Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, third edition, WCB/McGraw Hill, New York. 59 FIGURES Hot Water Cold Water Supply Supply Hot Water Return Heat Exchanger #1 Heat Exchanger #2 Heat Exchanger #3 Heat Exchanger #4 Temperature Indicator Ball Valve Cold Water Drain Flow Meter Reducer Figure 1 – Schematic of Hot and Cold Water System 60 CO2 Piston Oil Piston Oil Heat Exchanger #1 Reservoir CO2 Oil Air CO2 Inlet Heat Exchanger #2 CO2 Oil Air CO2 Inlet Heat Exchanger #3 CO2 Oil Air CO2 Inlet Heat Exchanger #4 CO2 Oil Air CO2 Inlet The expansion of the carbon dioxide causes the pistons to push the oil through the hydraulic motor, thereby powering the pump. 2500 psi Check Valve Pressure Indicator Hydraulic Compressed Motor and Ball Valve Air Pump Figure 2 – Schematic of CO2 and Oil System P Q in 3 3 Q in 2 4 Otto Cycle 2 4 Q out 1 1 Q out Cycle for Deluge's Engine V 61 Figure 3 – Pressure versus Volume for the working fluid, CO2 in Deluge's engine; the Otto cycle for the thermal lag engine superimposed. 62
"MODEL INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT "