Found a JavaScript assignment on Codewars.com:
The goal of this exercise is to convert a string to a new string where each character in the new string is '(' if that character appears only once in the original string, or ')' if that character appears more than once in the original string. Ignore capitalization when determining if a character is a duplicate.
"din" => "((("
I did the assignment in Java, and came up with below code. I want to know is this the write way to code or is there a better way? If so please let me know.
private static String duplicateEncode(String word) {
 String encodeString = "";
 String decodedString = word.toLowerCase();
 for (int i = 0; i < decodedString.length(); i++) {
 if (decodedString.substring(i + 1, decodedString.length())
 || decodedString.substring(0, i).contains(String.valueOf(decodedString.charAt(i)))) {
 encodeString += ")";
 } else {
 encodeString += "(";
 return encodeString;
First of all, nullbyte is exactly right about the use of a StringBuilder: using a += b for Strings roughly equals new StringBuilder().append(a).append(b).toString() under the hood and thus is a quite expensive operation.
Then, your method to check whether a given charcter exists in the string after a given index is s.substring(i).contains(ch) which again creates a superfluos string object via the substring-call. Instead, simply use s.indexOf(ch, i) to find the next index of ch after the given starting index (returns -1 for "not found").
Additionally, you might consider nullbyte's suggestion to hold the seen-or-not-seen status in a set, which also was my first intuition when reading the exercise. (Right now, you have runtime complexity of O(n^2) which you could reduce to O(n)). You only have to somehow come up with a method to revisit the first character, maybe by not using a set but by usign a map from character to number of occurrences or something like that.
Naming: why decodedString? This is not decoded in any way, this is just lowercase word. I can live with encodeString (or probably better encoded), but decodedString does not look right and does not give the reader any clue about the variable's contents.
public static String encode(String input) {
 input= input.toLowerCase(); //ignoring case
 StringBuilder myNewString = new StringBuilder(); // for holding new String
 for(char ch : input.toCharArray()) {
 if(StringUtils.countMatches(input, ch) > 1){ // more than 1 condition
 }else{ // not repeating chars
I am using StringUtils class from Apache Commons project. So need add this to your import: import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Same as I already commented at nullbyte's answer. This is not a review. BTW, what is StringUtils? \$\endgroup\$ – mtj Mar 13 '18 at 7:13
 - \$\begingroup\$ oh forgot to mention, StringUtils is an Apache Commons project. Edited my original post and added package. Thanks \$\endgroup\$ – SKV Mar 13 '18 at 7:55
 - \$\begingroup\$ This seems to be a little bit more concise solution than the original one. What's the time complexity of the StringUtils.countMatches() method? It's definitely O(n) which doesn't make it any better. You used a StringBuilder though. \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:53
Here's a better solution using a hash map:
 public static String encode(String input) {
 final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
 final Map indexMap = new HashMap<>();
 char ch = Character.toLowerCase(input.charAt(index));
 if(indexMap.containsKey(ch)) {
 int previous = indexMap.get(ch);
 builder.replace(previous, previous+1, ")");
 }else {
 indexMap.put(ch, index);
 return builder.toString();
It requires O(n) time and O(n) additional space, but it's way faster than yours. Also, try using a StringBuilder if you append strings in a loop.
 - \$\begingroup\$ The above code will fail if the first character is coming twice. For eg: if my string is abca, i am expecting an output )((). But the above code will print (((). \$\endgroup\$ – SKV Mar 13 '18 at 6:53
 - \$\begingroup\$ Not worth my karma to downvote this, but I don't consider "I can do it better, here's some code" a review. \$\endgroup\$ – mtj Mar 13 '18 at 7:12
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ Well, I think it's not worth pointing out, but the OP's question is: I want to know if is this the right way to code or if there is a better way? Is this how you read it? First of all, it was not my intention to hurt someone else's feelings by "showing off" with a better solution. Secondly, there's really nothing to review, and I think I've pointed (as well as you have) the main points in my post. I could have done it more explicitly though. \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:45
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ Ha! that's a good catch. Thanks. Please see my updated answer \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:46
Your Answer


North Korea food shortage: Kim Jong-un's COVID-19 policy could lead to mass starvation
24 Jun 2021
North Korea's Kim Jong-un has stated publicly that the country is facing a food shortage, a rare admission for the country's leader, who blamed the pandemic and a recent typhoon.
Last year, speaking at an anniversary event of the Workers' Party of Korea, Kim urged his people to "remain firm in the face of 'tremendous challenges' posed by the pandemic". One such challenge Kim has warned of is the potential for a famine echoing the "arduous march" of the late 1990s, when the country faced a period of mass starvation that reportedly killed millions.
Kim's response to COVID-19 has made North Korea even more isolated, leading to food shortages that are likely to impact millions. His slimmer look may also indicate Kim's own lack of access to the food he used to have.
Is North Korea on its way toward another arduous march?
A country isolated
North Korea was one of the first countries to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak by closing its borders in January 2020. North Korea still claims zero positive COVID-19 cases, which no one can really confirm.
There have been signs of a devastating economic situation in North Korea associated with the closed border, which entirely blocked existing illegal trades. Due to existing sanctions, there were not many legitimate trade activities in North Korea, apart from with China, but smuggling has sustained supply and demand chains in general.
At the moment, North Korea is facing its toughest international sanctions yet, imposed in 2017 over its sixth nuclear test. The first such sanctions were put in place by the UN in 2006 over North Korea's ballistic missile tests, and were expanded when the country conducted its first nuclear test that same year.
It is believed that the COVID-19 border closure has affected the North Korean economy even more than the sanctions, resulting in a more than 50% decrease in trade with China compared to 2018.
The border closure has resulted in a lack of access to agricultural materials such as fertiliser and machinery, making it hard for North Koreans to have a sufficient grain harvest. Additionally, food imports and humanitarian aid are not being allowed due to the lockdown.
Lack of access to agricultural supplies due to border closures is threatening harvests in North Korea.BJ Warnick / Newscom / Alamy stock photo
Vaccination troubles
During the initial arduous march, North Korea received a massive amount of food aid from the international community. It is a reasonable assumption that it is in need of more aid this time. But despite calls from the international community to provide humanitarian aid to North Korea, Kim's regime has not allowed them into the country.
When Kim Jong-un became leader, he promised his people that they "would never have to tighten their belt again". Now, he has decided to announce another arduous march rather than engage with the international community, risking a hit to his credibility.
There seem to be two main reasons why North Korea is hesitant to reopen its borders while people suffer from serious lack of food nationwide.
First, there is a huge risk of a COVID-19 outbreak with current measures. The country lacks capacity to deal with the pandemic, so massive and effective vaccination will be the only solution for North Korea to control the spread of the virus in the country. North Korea was initially approved to receive nearly 2 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccines from Covax, the global vaccination distribution programme. However, this number has been reduced to 1.7 million which covers only about 3.3% of its entire population.
On top of this, delivery has been delayed as North Korea did not participate in the required consultation process. The international community seems to be ready to provide more vaccines once Kim agrees to cooperate on vaccine supply.
Jangmadang and cultural influx
The second reason why Kim is willing to risk his credibility over accepting international aid is his fear of continuous information influx.
During the first arduous march, North Korean political leaders observed humanitarian workers sharing external information with local people, which was then prohibited by authorities. However, this was not a significant problem for leadership as ordinary North Koreans did not have access to the outside world, and were effectively brainwashed by state propaganda.
This time, North Koreans have more access than ever to the outside world. They have wider use of mobile phones, and USBs and SD cards containing K-Pop and South Korean films and dramas have been smuggled into the daily life of North Koreans through jangmadang (grey markets – literally, "outdoor market" in Korean). Higher levels of information influx combined with less ideology education has caused people to rethink their regime, and domestic discontent has developed as a result.
Jangmadang became a core part of North Koreans' survival system when the government was unable to provide rations and necessities during the 1990s. For the jangmadang generation, daily life survival was more important than regime survival. They could not attend school, and thus were not subject to intense state ideology education. Jangmadang and younger generations now tend to place more value on money and South Korean cultural influence than Jucheism – North Korean state ideology – weakening their loyalty to the regime.
Fortunately for Kim, this phenomenon has slowed due to the current border closure. But once the border is reopened, there will be a surge of information into the country again. Thus, Kim would want to ensure the revival of strong state ideology before he reopens doors to the international community. He has conducted strong punishments against those who possess and/or spread foreign media among people, and emphasised the need for enhanced ideological education. In April, Kim sent a letter to the Youth League aiming to "root out anti-socialist and non-socialist practices, and improve ideological education".
Kim's isolation may have successfully blocked the spread of COVID-19 and external cultural influence among the population, but it has also blocked the channels to basic necessity. Kim will need to reopen the borders in order to avert the second arduous march, but it will be hard for him to find immediate alternatives to mitigate the risks to his regime.
There are signs of gradual resumption of trade between North Korea and China, but it has been limited. As Kim has announced that North Korea needs to prepare for "both dialogue and confrontation" with the US, the international community could take this as an opportunity to approach North Korea again, but with more productive and practical solutions for its isolated people.
Read the full article here.
Covid-19 – Johns Hopkins University
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text:
Intellectual knowledge appears to be innate and privy to the few, but in fact, access to information, development of intellectual work skills, time investment, and the maintenance of intellectual appearances are key to being perceived as an intellectual.
To make education more equitable, professors must go beyond knowledge transmission and instruct students in the concrete skills of knowledge acquisition and knowledge presentation. Instruction in intellectual skills-acquisition implies the breakdown of the traditional professor-student relationship and of the academic intellectual hierarchy and professors must learn to cope with the consequences of adopting new pedagogies. If we wish to share the secrets of our professions, how do we prepare our students for such a democratic approach and at the same time maintain our professional status?
The author, a professor of Spanish language and literature, presents strategies for democratizing education and demystifying intellectual work through the application of skills-based pedagogical methodologies to the teaching of literature. The implications that these strategies have for a new type of learning and the impact that they have on social stratification will also be discussed.
|Keywords:||Democratizing Education, Demystifying Intellectual Work, Knowledge Acquisition Skills, Interpretative Skills, Teaching Literature, Skills Based Teaching|
Assistant Professor of Spanish, Department of Literature and Languages, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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There Lived a Man Who Sailed to Sea
The human mind is endlessly forming associations, caused by a vast array of triggers. Tracey believes that colour is one such trigger, and questioned whether people could still guess the origin of an image if it was represented in a visually abstract manner.
In There Lived a Man Who Sailed to Sea, Tracey took seven colours from The Beatles' Yellow Submarine album cover and transcribed the opening bars ("In the town where I was born, lived a man who sailed to sea"). Using the formula 1000 pixels : 1 crotchet of musical notation, Tracey presents the lyrics as a visual score, where each colour represents a different note.
In his publication Non-Places: An Introduction to Supermodernity, Marc Augé provides the example of an airport being a non-place; it is neither here nor there, it is between destinations. Similarly, Tracey thought of the sea as a perfect non-place, but further, believed John Lennon could also be categorised as such: he does not live, but he is far from dead. His impact on this world remains, and he, too, exists in the realm of the non-place.
Yellow Submarine
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Genealogy Friday: Genealogy Gift Ideas for Senior Adults
posted in: Genealogy, Gifts, Holidays, Pictures | 0
 1. Blankets—older adults often get cold very easily. However, you can take a picture and have Wal-Mart, Walgreens, Shutterfly
 family puzzle
 family puzzle
 or another company create a blanket from a family picture.
 2. Coffee Mugs—each morning my grandmother has hot chocolate with her 3 great-grandchildren. This mug was a Christmas present and she loves it.
 3. Calendars—create a calendar using family pictures. Once again you can easily create this online.
 4. Pillows—use family pictures and create pillows. You can make your own or order online.
 5. Find or make old style toys {dolls, cars, etc} that your loved one may have grown up with. This may prompt all types of memories.
 6. Puzzles—create a puzzle or order one online based on a family picture. This can be so much fun for everyone as the family slowly begins to take shape. You'll be saying, "This is "insert name" nose…"
 7. Ornaments—create family ornaments that are special to your family.
 family quilt
 family quilt
 8. Crossword Puzzles or Word Searches using family names, places, etc. you can find online software to help you with this.
 9. Magnets for the refrigerator, kitchen or cabinets with family pictures. Senior adults love to brag on their grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
 10. Family Quilt—if you enjoy quilting, create a quilt using pictures of family members.
 11. Bonus: Life of Yesteryear—memory books for grandparents can easily be found. This is a great gift for everyone. Grandma/Grandpa can write out their memories which will be saved and cherished for years to come.
What are some fun gift ideas you have?


text: For example: i) Someone lifts 2kg flowerpot 1m vertically upward. The work done by the gravity is -19.62 J? Then, if ii) A 3kg box on the floor is lifted vertically up onto the head and then lowered down to the shoulder. The shoulder is 150cm while the top of the head is 175cm measured from the floor. The work done is -44.2 J right? due to a = -9.81 as the motion of vertically upward is opposes the motion of gravitational force right? But it is written as 44.2 J in the answer sheet. Please someone explain to me further. I'm confused between - and + value of work done. Is the - sign just indicates the opposite motion and don't need to be written as the answer or vice versa?

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[ suhd-n ]
/ ˈsʌd n /
Save This Word!
See synonyms for: sudden / suddenly / suddenness on Thesaurus.com
Literary. without warning; suddenly.
Obsolete. an unexpected occasion or occurrence.
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Idioms for sudden
 all of a sudden, without warning; unexpectedly; suddenly.Also on a sudden.
Origin of sudden
First recorded in 1250–1300; Middle English adjective and adverb sodain, soden, sodan(e) from Middle French soudain, from Vulgar Latin subitānus, from Latin subitāneus "going or coming stealthily," equivalent to subitus "sudden, arising without warning" + -āneus composite adjective suffix, equivalent to -ānus + -eus; see origin at subito,-an, -eous
synonym study for sudden
1, 2. Sudden, unexpected, abrupt describe acts, events, or conditions for which there has been no preparation or gradual approach. Sudden refers to the quickness of an occurrence, although the event may have been expected: a sudden change in the weather. Unexpected emphasizes the lack of preparedness for what occurs or appears: an unexpected crisis. Abrupt characterizes something involving a swift adjustment; the effect is often unpleasant, unfavorable, or the cause of dismay: He had an abrupt change in manner. The road came to an abrupt end.
sud·den·ly, adverbsud·den·ness, noun
Example sentences from the Web for sudden
British Dictionary definitions for sudden
/ (ˈsʌdən) /
occurring or performed quickly and without warning
marked by haste; abrupt
rare rash; precipitate
archaic an abrupt occurrence or the occasion of such an occurrence (in the phrase on a sudden)
all of a sudden without warning; unexpectedly
mainly poetic without warning; suddenly
Derived forms of sudden
suddenness, noun
Word Origin for sudden
C13: via French from Late Latin subitāneus, from Latin subitus unexpected, from subīre to happen unexpectedly, from subsecretly + īre to go
Idioms and Phrases with sudden
see all of a sudden.


text:
Foundation for Developmental Disabilities
Individuals living with a developmental disability like cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism or intellectual disabilities, face many challenges in the course of learning, working, and living in the community. The Foundation for Developmental Disabilities, serving the San Diego and Imperial counties, is a resource for those individuals and their families.
"Explore the ability in disability! access/ABILITY" - is an award-winning exhibit created by Boston Children's Museum features hands-on activities and personal stories that inspire visitors of all ages. The exhibit allows visiters to learn phrases in American Sign Language, type their name in Braille, try a hand-pedaled bike and take part in a multi-sensory City Walk!
This powerful and highly-interactive exhibit not only teaches respect and understanding, but demonstrates how people living with disabilities can lead active, fulfilling, and meaningful lives.
The exhibit is currently scheduled to run from October 13, 2012 through June 30, 2013. Go to the Museum of Man website for more information.


Often asked: What Is Asparagus Called In Nigeria?
What is the local name for asparagus?
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
What is shatavari called in Nigeria?
What is the Yoruba name for Prunus Africana?
Aspillia Africana (Fig. 9)
Local nigerian name:
Yun yun ( Yoruba )
Kalankwa (Hausa)
Urangila ( Igbo )
What is Euphorbia hirta in Yoruba?
Euphorbia hirta is also locally known as ogwu ngwo (eczema drug) in some eastern parts of Nigeria is used locally to arrest bleeding in the event of an injury. Commonly called Shea butter in Nigeria, okwuma in Igbo, kadanya in Hausa, and ori in Yoruba, Vitellaria paradoxa, is a tree of Sapotaceae family.
You might be interested: Question: Who Was The First Senate President Of Nigeria?
What part of asparagus is poisonous?
Like the rhubarb, the part of the asparagus plant that we love – the young stems – are perfectly safe to eat. But the asparagus hides a deceptive, nasty secret: Its fruit, which are bright red berries, are toxic to humans.
Is asparagus bad for your kidneys?
Where can I get shatavari powder?
This item Just Jaivik 100% Organic Shatavari Powder, USDA Organic, 1/2 Pound / 227g, Asparagus Racemosus, Rejuvenative for Vata and Pitta that Promotes Vitality and Strength. Herb Essential Pure Shatavari Asparagus Racemosus Powder – 50 g
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What is the Yoruba name for asparagus?
Introduction. Asparagus africanus Lam (Liliaceae) is an erect armed herb that grows up to 5ft high. The plant is widely distributed in tropical Africa. In Nigeria, the plants are known as "Shekan bera" in Hausa and "aluki" in Yoruba (Dalziel, 1956).
What is the scientific name of Karkashi?
Botanical name: Sesamum radiatum. English: benniseed, Yoruba: ewe-atura, Hausa: karkashi. Tiv/Idoma: beni.
What is artemisia called in Nigeria?
Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), commonly called annual wormwood, and belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a medicinal plant native to temperate Asia but has presently naturalized throughout the world. It has been recently introduced for commercial cultivation in Nigeria.
You might be interested: How Much Does A Pregnancy Test Kit Cost In Nigeria?
What is Yoruba name for Gorontula?
What Is Goron Tula In Yoruba? Goron Tula fruit (Hausa) is sometimes referred to as Thespesia or Silky Kola. It is also known as tree hibiscus and snot apple in English.
What is the English name for ewe Abamoda?
The English name is never die or resurrection plant. It is called abamoda by the Yoruba tribe of Southwestern Nigeria where it is used in traditional treatment of several ailments including stomach upset (Iwu, 1993).
What is the Yoruba name for chickweed?
Other names include chick weed, chickenwort, satin flower, (awede in Yoruba ).
What is neem leaf called in Igbo?
indica is an extensively popular tree in Nigeria and is commonly referred to as Neem (English), "Dogon Yaro" (Hausa) and "Akun shorop" ( Igbo ).
What is Yoruba name for asthma plant?
One of such herbs that researchers see as a potential raw material for the treatment of asthma is that commonly referred to as Crinum jagus, " asthma cough plant " or Ogede odo in Yoruba.
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text:
Delta Vista Company provides engineered modular solutions for Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (Air Cooler) as per API-661 code.
There are two types of Air Coolers:
- Dry Air Cooler
- Wet Air Cooler (Hybrid)
In Dry Air Cooler, environment air passes through finned tubes by forced fans and cools fluid inside the tubes.
In Wet Air Cooler (Hybrid), environment air is cooled in direct contact with cooling water in the first stage, and then passes through
finned tubes by forced fans and cools fluid inside the tubes. This type is applied when more cooling is required for fluid.


text:
Leaping sharks are no bull
Bull sharks' behaviour baffles scientists.
It's a phenomenon with which Brisbane River boaties are familiar, but scientists are at a loss to explain.
Every year as temperatures rise, bull sharks can be seen leaping from the water and spinning through the air, sparking wonder among spectators and researchers alike.
My belief is that they are getting rid of parasites and that's why they spin around so fast
University of Queensland professor in zoology Craig Franklin says despite up to a thousand bull sharks living in the river winding its way through the state capital, much of their behaviour is a mystery.
Particularly confounding is the sight of the sharks getting air time during warmer months.
It is a spectacle ferry drivers say they catch sight of up to four times a week.
Craig Wilkins, who has spent years on the river as a City Cat master and at the helm of the Kookaburra Queen, says the wide stretch of river at Bulimba is a common spot for the behaviour.
"The warmer the water, the more times you will see them jumping," he said. As the sun gets up, that's when you will see them jumping.
"About two years ago the river was a little bit cleaner than usual and everybody was seeing them. You ask any City Cat master, they'll say the same thing. They see them jumping all the time."
As well, their aerials show the sharks are also more active underwater as the river at this time of year.
Sharks found upstream are normally less than 1.5m long and pose little threat to people.
However, dog owners have been warned to keep their pets out of the river at dusk and dawn, when sharks are most active.
There have been numerous reports of dogs being taken from the river's edge and even instances of more ambitious sharks taking on larger prey.
In 2005, Ipswich locals were shocked after a bull shark attacked a race horse being put through its paces in the Brisbane River at Kholo.
The attack came just weeks after a teenager was bitten on the head and finger at Karalee.
One ferry driver recently told of seeing a Chihuahua snapped up in shallow water at the edge of the river and Professor Franklin said small dogs would be attractive to sharks.
"Small snacks like [Chihuahuas] could be within the size range of prey items that a bull shark would take," he said.
"You wouldn't want to let your dog go for a swim around dusk and dawn. That's when they are most likely to be feeding."
A "cosmopolitan" creature found in tropical and sub-tropical waterways around the world, the bull shark has long baffled scientists with its behaviour in Indonesia, Thailand, Fiji and Florida.
In some cases they have been observed leaping for bats, but by and large their motive is a mystery, according to Professor Franklin.
"I've got no idea to tell you the truth," he said. "Whether it's to scare prey out, I've got no idea why they do that.
"I've seen it and it tends to be the small ones."
City Cat and ferry drivers say they often see it during the long hours they spend on the waterway.
They have even ventured theories on why it happens.
Mr Wilkins said the manoeuvre could be a type of housekeeping.
"My belief is, and I don't know if it is accurate, but my belief is that they are getting rid of parasites and that's why they spin around so fast," he said.
"That's what we see as we are driving along occasionally is them jumping up and doing a bit of a spin and hitting the water again. They're usually about four foot long and the biggest I've ever seen was about six foot, I guess."
His theory was echoed by another ferry driver who spoke to brisbanetimes.com.au, but Professor Franklin wasn't sold on the idea.
"I doubt that," he said. "There are external parasites that they can have, but I've never heard that it's a successful strategy to remove parasites."
Professor Franklin said it was possible bull sharks were among those filmed feeding on a school of bait fish off Teewah Beach north of Noosa on Friday and were often found in the open ocean.
But he said what set them apart from other species was their ability to survive in fresh water thanks to being able to retain salt in their bodies.
He said the sharks give birth near the mouth of the river, with the 50cm pups heading upstream, where they would live for up to four years until they venture into the ocean in search of larger prey.
"I think to be in a state capital city and to have bull sharks in our waterways is a wonderful thing. They are undoubtedly an incredible animal to have in our waterways," he said.
Around the world, more fatalities are attributed to bull sharks than any other species.
In the past decade bull sharks have been blamed for deaths in the Gold Coast canal system, and an attack which killed a teenage girl at North Stradbroke Island in 2006.
"You could almost say they are a cosmopolitan shark in that most capital cities are built around river systems, they are circum-global, so right around the globe, so the likelihood of people being injured or killed is higher," said Professor Franklin.
"But they don't target humans. People need to realise that. They are opportunistic feeders. All we have to do is modify our behaviour and be careful where we swim and the time at which we swim.
"You look at the unfortunate incidents on the Gold Coast in the canals where people were taken and they were swimming around at night time or dusk or dawn."


text:
Definition of infimum in English:
The largest quantity that is less than or equal to each of a given set or subset of quantities. The opposite of supremum.
- Paman's explanation looks like our present definition of infimum and supremum, but whereas our infimum and supremum given a set (of real numbers) gives a real number, the Maximinus and Minimajus of a quantity is a quantity of the same kind.
- To ensure nondecreasing lower bounds, the hyper-rectangle to be bisected is chosen by selecting the region which contains the infimum of the minima of lower bounds.
- The infimum may or may not be a member of the subset.
1940s: from Latin, literally 'lowest part', neuter (used as a noun) of infimus 'lowest'.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Aug 202000
There are three main theories of truth: the correspondence theory, the coherence theory and the power theory. In this article, I will examine these theories and conclude that truth is power.
1. The Correspondence Theory of Truth
This is the simplest theory that regards truth as correspondence to reality: the truth of a proposition " This is a tree" is verified by the fact that there is a tree in the direction of my pointing. But what we consider bare facts has always and already been theory-laden. Someone might object to my statement and say," That is not a tree but our sacred totem, namely our ancestor." I would say, "What? Look carefully. This is just a tree. It cannot be your ancestor." But maybe I could not persuade him to discard his belief.
The correspondence theory faces more difficulties when it is applied to the verification of the theoretical proposition. You cannot verify the proposition "neutrino has mass" by putting neutrino on your hand. The correspondence theory is also useless in the case of a historical fact that has already disappeared and cannot be directly proved by referring to the perceptual objects. It is, however, these cases where interpretation is the question that need a theory of truth. That's why we must transfer from the correspondence theory to the coherence theory.
2. The Coherence Theory of Truth
The coherence theory insists that the truth of a theory should be shown by its coherence, namely lack of contradiction. This truth theory is comprehensive and includes the correspondence theory as a part, for the correspondence to reality is equal to the coherence to perception. In addition to this coherence, it demands that every theoretical proposition should not be contradictory to each other.
What is insufficient concerning the coherence theory is that it does not clue us in on what part of knowledge to negate when our system confronts contradiction. Suppose a theory is composed of elementary propositions combined by conjunction:
A and B and C and…
If the theory turns out to result in contradiction, it follows logically negated elementary propositions combined by disjunction
non-A or non-B or non-C or…
Which should we select? My answer is that the most powerless is discarded. Here comes the power theory of truth.
3. The Power Theory of Truth
The power theory of truth insists that truth should contribute to the survival of systems. The longer a system can survive, the nearer the belief according to which the system selects proves to approach the truth and the converse is also true.
Why should not the system of knowledge contradict itself? If it allows contradiction, any assertion can be true, which means giving up every selection. As a system is nothing but selection, giving up every selection means the maximum increase of entropy, namely death. Just as living things endeavor to maintain them as negentropy against the increasing entropy, scientists endeavor to avoid contradiction pointed out by the rival and keep their theory consistent.
Our system of knowledge has center/periphery structure. The central belief is solid and stable, while the peripheral belief is fluctuating and unstable. Like a lizard that cuts its tail and manages to survive, a system cuts down the least important peripheral belief when it contradicts itself. The more peripheral and the less a part is corrected, the costless it is for the system. So, a long believed theory is scarcely overthrown by one experimental counterexample. Doubt is thrown on the reliability of the source of information, precision of measurement and so on. If framing up peripheral knowledge is no longer enough, a new central belief will take the place of the old.
The same phenomenon is found in social systems. Scientists form a social system, where the majority engaged in normal science occupies central status by monopolizing the power of personnel management and research funds. Even if heretical scientists on the periphery point out contradiction of normal science, they can avoid it by puzzle solving within a paradigm. When puzzle solving can no longer cope with difficulties, it's time for scientific revolution.
Both in personal and social systems the drastic revolution that abandons central knowledge breaks out, when otherwise the system could no longer survive. So, scientific revolution rather affirms than deny the power theory of truth.
What is true is determined by market mechanism. Normal science can monopolize the knowledge market, but the science system must compete with other systems to be distributed the budget to. Scientific revolution is necessary when the result of science falls short of taxpayers' expectations; that is to say, science seems not to contribute to the survival of whole social systems.
There is no significant difference between science and politics. The academic ability to construct a coherent structure of many elementary propositions is the same as the political ability to arrange various interests conformably.
The power theory of truth is often thought just to follow status qua. But its assertion that the nearer the belief of a system approaches the truth, the longer the system can survive is idealistic. The corrupt power might survive in the short run, but dooms to collapse in the long run.
You may say, " Some cancer patients die of shock to know the truth. The truth sometimes does not contribute to survival." Such patients are not ready for death. It is because they do not realize the truth of limited life that they die early. The ignorant happiness does not contribute to survival. A dictator is apt to control information and brainwash his nations to believe that they live in the best country. History shows that the life of systems blind to their own faults is statistically shorter than that of systems that disclose information.
Please follow and like me.
 4 Responses to "What is Truth?"
 1. I just have some questions. You state that the least important peripheral beliefs will be rejected by a system under contradiction. How does a system judge the importance of peripheral beliefs according to the power system? Being trained in science, I have learned to think along the lines of an objective reality, and that we are getting closer to it with successive scientific discoveries. Does this notion concur with the power theory of truth?
 It would seem to me not to, because what is true for one culture may not be true for another, which brings me to my next question. If two societies emerge in different parts of the world at the same time (i.e. Chinese and European empires), they probably believe different ideas to be true. If both of these beliefs are core beliefs (perhaps belief in reincarnation vs. eternal afterlife, or belief in conformity vs. nonconformity) and both of these beliefs contribute to the longevity of the empires. Are both beliefs true according to the power theory? Is there no objective, absolute truth?
 2. A system discards the most powerless, namely the least unnecessary part for it to survive. Our opinions are not so different. You said in your article, "Because of the constantly changing environment, few statements can be regarded as true. Descriptive statements are proven false or incomplete by new evidence that arises over time. Along with absolute statements, these are merely opinion and highly subjective in nature." Yes. Truth is relative and subjective.
 3. Perhaps the most resilient of systems during the modern era includes democracy. The assumption is that since freedom exists, no one system can monopolize. But in so doing, as Alexis de Tocquville pointed out, majorities will inevitably impose their beliefs on the minority. And so, it happens continually in our American culture, perhaps now more than ever in a nation of 250 million. Then there is the system in China. One billion people live the philosophy of acceptance of the majority. This system has survived millennia. Although we have personal freedoms here in the US, the majority is continually attempting to get the nonconformist to follow the mainstream through various means, including keeping them in financial check by forcing millions to live at the poverty level through so-called federal welfare programs.
 My questions, then, are:
 1) Which system is really better?
 2) How have the Chinese existed for so long under a system of forced acceptance?
 3) How does each system continue to justify its own existence?
 4. I will answer your three questions.
 1) Currently market-based democracy seems to be the best system. But what system is the best is an open question argument.
 2) No Chinese Dynasty has ever survived more than 400 years. Anyway, China had been the greatest and most advanced civilization in the world before modern.
 3) There are many ways. Market-based democracy justifies inequality by the ideal of equal opportunity.
 Leave a Reply


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Debug Class
Namespace: System.Diagnostics
Assembly: System (in system.dll)
public sealed class Debug
public final class Debug
public final class Debug
Not applicable.
If you use methods in the Debug class to print debugging information and check your logic with assertions, you can make your code more robust without impacting the performance and code size of your shipping product.
This class provides methods to display an Assert dialog box, and to emit an assertion that will always fail. This class provides write methods in the following variations: Write, WriteLine, WriteIf and WriteLineIf.
The BooleanSwitch and TraceSwitch classes provide means to dynamically control the tracing output. You can modify the values of these switches without recompiling your application. For information on using the configuration file to set a switch, see the Switch class and the Trace Switches topic.
You can customize the tracing output's target by adding TraceListener instances to or removing instances from the Listeners collection. By default, the DefaultTraceListener class emits trace output.
You can modify the level of indentation using the Indent method or the IndentLevel property. To modify the indent spacing, use the IndentSize property. You can specify whether to automatically flush the output buffer after each write by setting the AutoFlush property to true.
To set the AutoFlush and IndentSize for Debug, you can edit the configuration file corresponding to the name of your application. The configuration file should be formatted like the following example:
The ConditionalAttribute attribute is applied to the methods of Debug. Compilers that support ConditionalAttribute ignore calls to these methods unless "DEBUG" is defined as a conditional compilation symbol. Refer to a compiler's documentation to determine whether ConditionalAttribute is supported and the syntax for defining a conditional compilation symbol.
To define the "DEBUG" conditional compilation symbol in C# and J#, add the /d:DEBUG option to the compiler command line when you compile your code or add _TAG_ DEBUG to the top of your file. In Visual Basic, add the /d:DEBUG=True option to the compiler command line or add _TAG_ DEBUG=True to the file.
ConditionalAttribute is not supported by the C++ compiler. To provide equivalent functionality, you must enclose calls to the methods of Debug in an _TAG_ defined(DEBUG)... _TAG_ block, and add the /DDEBUG option to the compiler command line or add _TAG_ DEBUG to the file.
In Visual Studio 2005 projects, by default, the "DEBUG" conditional compilation symbol is defined for debug builds, and the "TRACE" symbol is defined for both debug and release builds. For information on how to disable this behavior, see the Visual Studio 2005 documentation.
The following example uses Debug to indicate the beginning and end of a program's execution. The example also uses Indent and Unindent to distinguish the tracing output.
// Specify /d:DEBUG when compiling.
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Test
 static void Main()
 Debug.Listeners.Add(new TextWriterTraceListener(Console.Out));
 Debug.AutoFlush = true;
 Debug.WriteLine("Entering Main");
 Console.WriteLine("Hello World.");
 Debug.WriteLine("Exiting Main");
This type is thread safe.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
.NET Compact Framework
Supported in: 2.0, 1.0
XNA Framework
Supported in: 1.0
Community Additions
© 2014 Microsoft


text:
DOE Made Easy™ 3 Day Workshop
Design of Experiments (DOE) are used to optimize processes by identifying the key parameters of the process and their interaction(s) with each other. Use this technique to increase production or reduce waste. This workshop uses the world famous Taguchi method of DOE and is intended to familiarize the participants with one of the most popular and successful uses of practical statistical techniques in the workplace. At the end of this workshop, participants will be able optimize processes quickly through simple experiments without the need for statistical software or an engineering degree. Train your employees and prepare for a DOE on your process at the same time – gain back the training dollars spent many times over by utilizing this simple technique right away. Learning materials will be used in conjunction with practical activities and examples. Includes a Certificate of Achievement for each participant. Activities include:
- Introduction to Taguchi Design of Experiments
- Philosophy of Loss
- Calculation of Manufacturing Limits
- Loss Function Summary
- Loss as Process Capability
- Types of Experiments
- Cause & Effect Analysis
- Factors & Interactions
- The Experiment Table
- Orthogonal Arrays
- Linear Graphs
- Modifying a Linear Graph
- Triangular Tables
- Full Factorial vs Fractional Factorial
- Graphical Analysis
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table
- Three Level Experiments
- The Flight Experiment
- Designing Your DOE
Realize for as little as $399/day/participant – venue and refreshments are the responsibility of the client, minimum 5 participants.
$649/day/participant – venue and refreshments are included, minimum 5 participants.
Taxes are additional – add HST if provided in Ontario, GST if provided in Canada but outside Ontario, may be tax exempt if provided outside of Canada. Other additional costs may include extra development, additional participants and/or travel/accommodation if outside of Canada's National Capital Region. Provision in Canada in CDN, provision in USA or internationally in USD.


On the 1st November 1965, during high winds, three out of a group of eight cooling towers at Ferrybridge 'C' Power Station collapsed, with the remaining towers sustaining severe structural damage. The towers, each 375 feet high, had been constructed closer together than was usual and had greater shell diameters and shell surface area then any previous towers. The design and construction contract for the towers had been given to Film Cooling Towers (concrete) Ltd. in 1962.
High winds were considered to be the trigger for the collapse, but an inquiry found the exact cause to be an amalgamation of several other factors in their design:
 - British Standard wind speeds had not been used in the design resulting in the design wind pressures at the top of the tower being 19% lower than it should have been.
 - Basic wind speed was interpreted and used as the average over a one minute period, whereas, in reality, the structures are susceptible to much shorter gusts.
 - The wind loading had been based on experiments using a single isolated tower. The grouping of the towers created turbulence on the leeward ones – the ones that did actually collapse.
 - Safety margins had not really covered any uncertainties in the wind loadings.
There had been, it was decided, a serious underestimation of the wind loading in the initial design.
Fortunately, no one was killed or injured in the accident.
Ferrybridge Cooling Tower Collapse Ferrybridge Cooling Tower Collapse
A cooling tower comes crashing to the ground during high winds at Ferrybridge 'C' Power Station in 1965. The aftermath of the incident. Three
of the eight cooling towers were
completely destroyed.
The vibrations of slender structures are caused by cross-wind loads known as the phenomenon vortex shedding. Specific critical wind speeds around an object can create under and over pressures that makes it move (vibrate) in cross-wind direction. These forces can make bridges swing , and chimneys or similar slender and light structures oscillate. Oscillation occur when the damping is small and the natural resonance frequency is close to the vortex shedding frequency.
10 responses »
 2. Dr. N. Subramanian says:
 I want to use the images in my book on Design of RC structures.Can you give permission or give me the source?
 3. Tony says:
 This is a good explanation of the collapse. I analysed the structures post collapse, and concluded that a single tower without the complexities of adjacent towers would have reinforcement stresses exceeding yield at a wind speed of approximately 68 mph. On the day of the collapse, the station anemometer was indicating gusts of 72 mph.
 I designed the strengthening works for the remaining 5 towers, and supervised the rehabilitation project.
 4. Fred Griffiths says:
 The cooling towers did not blow down 1st nov 1965. i started work there april 1966 and the towers were still intact.I dont know the exact date but i think i was either 1966 0r 1967.
 5. _EMAIL_ says:
 im sure my grandad took the pictures and gave them to the power sation years ago. Lesley Newbould
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text:
Rigidity of Graph Symmetries in the 3-Sphere
Embedded graphs, symmetries of graphs, chirality
In this paper we show that, for any 3-connected graph G, if an automorphism of G is realizable by a homeomorphism of (S3, G) then there is an embedding of G such that that automorphism is induced by a finite order homeomorphism of (S3, G). We then use this result to characterize which automorphisms of an arbitrary complete graph can be induced by a homeomorphism of S3 for some embedding of the graph.
© 1995 World Scientific Publishing Co.
E. Flapan, Rigidity of Graph Symmetries in the 3-Sphere, Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 4 (1995) 373-388. doi: 10.1142/S0218216595000181


text:
Indian born Fanny Maxwell, named for her Scottish aunt Frances Maxwell, married Lieut. John Tritton at Cawnpore on 1 November, 1821. This marriage united two families who had settled in Cawnpore at the beginning of the 19th century and whose descendants laid the foundations of the modern industrialized city now known as Kanpur. Fanny was born on 19th April, 1803 at Aleabad in the province of Oude, daughter of John Maxwell (_PHONE_) and great granddaughter of Reverend John Lumsden (_PHONE_), Professor of Divinity at King's College, Aberdeen and a Moderator of the Church of Scotland. John Maxwell's father was Minister at Newmachar near Aberdeen and his early death had left John, his seven sisters and their mother Agnes (nee Lumsden) penniless. Some of the Lumsden cousins had prospered in India and in 1786 John Maxwell arrived in Calcutta where he ran a library, edited the India Gazette and was partner in the firm of Davidson and Maxwell, which sold European goods, and sent shipments up the Ganges on 1st and 15th of each month. John Maxwell, with an Indian bibi, fathered two children in Calcutta – Agnes born in 1790 who died in infancy and Adam born in 1793.
About 1800 John Maxwell settled in Aleabad where Fanny was born to an Indian bibi and where John Maxwell established himself as an indigo, cotton and sugarcane planter on the banks of the Ganges. A few years later John Maxwell moved to nearby Cawnpore where he had the concession distilling and supplying rum to the British troops stationed in the vast Cawnpore cantonment. John Maxwell had four more sons in Cawnpore with a common law wife Elizabeth Nann. They were Peter (_PHONE_), Hugh (_PHONE_), David (_PHONE_) and James (_PHONE_). These boys, like their brother Adam, were sent back to Aberdeen to the care of John Maxwell's sisters and for their education at Aberdeen Grammar School where their uncle Andrew Dun was rector. Fanny, beloved by her father, lived in the beautiful Maxwell family home in Cawnpore until the age of twelve, when she was sent to London to the care of Mrs. Currie where she improved her English, learned music, dancing and English refinements. A letter dated 4th November, 1816 from John Maxwell to his daughter Fanny in London is full of love and wise advice (reproduced by Zoe Yalland in her book – Traders and Nabobs: The British in Cawnpore _PHONE_). However, when Fanny received this letter her father was dead. John Maxwell died on 27th December, 1816 and was buried in Kacheri cemetery in Cawnpore. Fanny was in London, the younger brothers in Aberdeen and Adam was the only one of John Maxwell's children to attend the funeral.
Adam had returned to Cawnpore in 1811 accompanied by his cousin Alexander Burnett (_PHONE_) and these two young men worked in the Maxwell enterprises. However John Maxwell left a complicated estate and five years elapsed before his will was settled. In 1819 John Tritton's regiment – 11th Light Dragoons arrived in Cawnpore and Fanny's cousin Thomas Lumsden (_PHONE_) was in Cawnpore staying in the Maxwell home. Thomas Lumsden wrote a book Journey from Meerut in India to London in the years 1819 and 1820 – and he described the glittering social scene "all the beauty and fashion of the station".
One of these beauties was Fanny Maxwell who married John Tritton in 1821 with her brother Adam as a witness. A dispute developed between Adam Maxwell and Alexander Burnett and Adam left Cawnpore around 1822 to live in Aberdeen. Adam later moved to London where he met and married Harriet Ann Vandenbergh, sister of my great, great grandfather, on 20th February 1827 at St. Mary Islington. Newly married, Adam heard that Alexander Burnett had taken his own life, and the Maxwell fortune was lost. Adam and Harriet returned to Cawnpore where the problems were compounded because Adam was regarded as an Anglo Indian and while he could own the land on which huge taxes were due he could not inherit from his father's estate. Adam was later accused of fraud, fined, sentenced to prison and died in 1838.
Fanny was also an Anglo Indian but she had a northern mother with lighter skin and she had already inherited one sixth of her father's estate. With her inheritance Fanny was able to live a comfortable life in India with visits to London and Scotland and her husband's military career prospered. Fanny and John Tritton had four sons and four daughters. Their youngest son, Nicholas Burnett died in Perth, Scotland on 2nd January,1841 at the age of three and two sons had army careers – Robert Burnett (_PHONE_) and Edmund Spry (_PHONE_).
Fanny and John Tritton's first child, John Maxwell Tritton born 25th July 1822 joined the East India Company as an administrator. In 1852 he was appointed assistant to the political agent in Bhopal, Assistant Magistrate and Deputy Collector and later served in Nimar. Kumaor, and Gurhwal. However on 26th May, 1859 he left the Civil Service and joined his uncle Hugh Maxwell in establishing the Elgin Cotton Spinning and Weaving Company of Cawnpore. John Maxwell Tritton died in Cawnpore on 1st January 1868.
Fanny's husband John Tritton had risen to the rank of Lieut. Colonel by the time he retired from the army on 13th December 1853. He had fought with distinction in some of the fiercest and bloodiest battles of the sub-continent but a civilian accident claimed his life. The incident was reported in Friend of India of January 1854 –"On their way to Bombay, a distressing accident occurred to Colonel and Mrs. Tritton. Their carriage fell over the bridge on the Panwell Road. Colonel Tritton's arm was broken and Mrs. Tritton was seriously injured". The accident proved fatal for John Tritton and less than a month later, on 8th February 1854, he died and was buried in Bombay cemetery. Fanny recovered and settled in London. She outlived her sons but she had daughters in London and a brother David in Scotland. Fanny maintained a constant correspondence with the children of her brother Hugh in Cawnpore, sending gifts and advising on their weddings. Her brother Peter and his bibi, a Kashmiri lady, had died in the Cawnpore massacre of 1857. Fanny died on 14thJune, 1874 at Orsett Terrace, Paddington, London. She left a large fortune to be administered by her brother David Maxwell.
Article by Judith Vandenbergh Green


distributed-process-simplelocalnetSimple zero-configuration backend for Cloud Haskell
Safe HaskellNone
To simplify getting started we provide special support for master and slave nodes (see startSlave and startMaster). Use of these functions is completely optional; you can use the local backend without making use of the predefined master and slave nodes.
Minimal example
 import System.Environment (getArgs)
 import Control.Distributed.Process
 import Control.Distributed.Process.Node (initRemoteTable)
 import Control.Distributed.Process.Backend.SimpleLocalnet
 master :: Backend -> [NodeId] -> Process ()
 master backend slaves = do
 -- Do something interesting with the slaves
 liftIO. putStrLn $ "Slaves: " ++ show slaves
 -- Terminate the slaves when the master terminates (this is optional)
 terminateAllSlaves backend
 main :: IO ()
 main = do
 args <- getArgs
 case args of
 ["master", host, port] -> do
 backend <- initializeBackend host port initRemoteTable
 startMaster backend (master backend)
 ["slave", host, port] -> do
 backend <- initializeBackend host port initRemoteTable
 startSlave backend
Compiling and Running
Save to example.hs and compile using
 ghc -threaded example.hs
Fire up some slave nodes (for the example, we run them on a single machine):
./example slave localhost 8080 &
./example slave localhost 8081 &
./example slave localhost 8082 &
./example slave localhost 8083 &
And start the master node:
./example master localhost 8084
which should then output:
 Slaves: [nid://localhost:8083:0,nid://localhost:8082:0,nid://localhost:8081:0,nid://localhost:8080:0]
at which point the slaves should exit.
To run the example on multiple machines, you could run
./example slave 8080 &
./example slave 8080 &
./example slave 8080 &
./example slave 8080 &
on four different machines (with IP addresses, and run the master on a fifth node (or on any of the four machines that run the slave nodes).
It is important that every node has a unique (hostname, port number) pair, and that the hostname you use to initialize the node can be resolved by peer nodes. In other words, if you start a node and pass hostname localhost then peer nodes won't be able to reach it because localhost will resolve to a different IP address for them.
If you try the above example and the master process cannot find any slaves, then it might be that your firewall settings do not allow for UDP multicast (in particular, the default iptables on some Linux distributions might not allow it).
data Backend Source
Local backend
newLocalNode :: IO LocalNode
Create a new local node
findPeers :: Int -> IO [NodeId]
findPeers t broadcasts a who's there? message on the local network, waits t msec, and then collects and returns the answers. You can use this to dynamically discover peer nodes.
redirectLogsHere :: [ProcessId] -> Process ()
Make sure that all log messages are printed by the logger on the current node
Slave nodes
startSlave :: Backend -> IO ()Source
Calling slave sets up a new local node and then waits. You start processes on the slave by calling spawn from other nodes.
This function does not return. The only way to exit the slave is to CTRL-C the process or call terminateSlave from another node.
terminateSlave :: NodeId -> Process ()Source
Terminate the slave at the given node ID
findSlaves :: Backend -> Process [ProcessId]Source
Find slave nodes
terminateAllSlaves :: Backend -> Process ()Source
Terminate all slaves
Master nodes
startMaster :: Backend -> ([NodeId] -> Process ()) -> IO ()Source
startMaster finds all slaves currently available on the local network, redirects all log messages to itself, and then calls the specified process, passing the list of slaves nodes.
Terminates when the specified process terminates. If you want to terminate the slaves when the master terminates, you should manually call terminateAllSlaves.
If you start more slave nodes after having started the master node, you can discover them with later calls to findSlaves, but be aware that you will need to call redirectLogHere to redirect their logs to the master node.
Note that you can use functionality of SimpleLocalnet directly (through Backend), instead of using'startMaster'/'startSlave', if the master/slave distinction does not suit your application.


stampede Balochi Meaning
Brahui Dictionary
English to Brahui Dictionary
ھِیرَمبو/تَرَہ کَنِنگ
English definition for stampede
1. n. a headlong rush of people on a common impulse
2. n. a wild headlong rush of frightened animals (horses or cattle)
3. v. run away in a stampede
4. v. cause to run in panic
5. v. act, usually en masse, hurriedly or on an impulse
6. v. cause a group or mass of people to act on an impulse or hurriedly and impulsively
All in One
A stampede is uncontrolled concerted running as an act of mass impulse among herd animals or a crowd of people in which the group collectively begins running, often in an attempt to escape a perceived threat.
Continue Reading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Synonyms and Antonyms for stampede
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Meaning for stampede found in 6 Languages.
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Mixing Meat
Mixing meat by hand also raises its temperature and should be done quickly to extend life of sausages. It takes roughly about 5 minutes to thoroughly mix 10 lbs. of meat. The ingredients may be premixed with cold water in a blender, and then poured over the minced meat. The water helps to evenly distribute the ingredients and it also helps soften the mass during stuffing. We can easily add 1 cup of cold pater to 5 lbs. of meat because it is going to evaporate during smoking anyhow. A rule of thumb is about 8% of water in relation to the weight of the meat. It only takes 5 minutes to mix 5 - 10 lbs of meat by hand. The time is important because fat specks start to melt at 95-104° F (35-40° C). We want to prevent this smearing to keep the sausage texture looking great.The temperature of the sausage mix should be between 0-5º C (32-40º F). If this temperature increases, the sausage mix should be cooled down in a refrigerator before proceeding to the stuffing step.
If the meat/fat mixture is not mixed adequately (then the salt/myosin reaction will be minimal and the water holding capacity and the meat binding capacities will be reduced. Apply some force when mixing, kneading might be a good word for it. This will help to extract proteins which will combine with salt and water and will create a sticky meat mass. This will hold meat particles together and will result in a good texture.
If the meat was previously cured, then the salt, nitrite, and sugar was already added to it. Now we have to add the remaining spices. They should be mixed with cold water in a blender, and then poured over the minced meat. The water helps to evenly distribute the ingredients and it also helps soften it during stuffing. We can easily add 1 cup of cold water to 5 lbs of meat because it is going to evaporate during smoking anyway. Water should not be added to uncooked sausages which will be cold smoked, slow fermented or air dried.
When mixing meat with ingredients, it is best to follow this sequence:
 1. Minced meats, starter culture, nitrite/nitrate, spices.
 2. Minced fat.
 3. Salt.
There are some people that like to add spices to meat during the grinding step. Then they will mix it again. Some don't mix at all but grind meat through a big plate 3/4" - 1", then add spices to ground meat and regrind it again through a 1/8" plate. Some say that placing salt in a grinder has a detrimental effect on a cutting knife and that it should be avoided. We believe that the easiest procedure for someone using a manual grinder is to grind the meat first and then mix it well with all ingredients.
Mixing introduces spices and flavorings into the previously minced meat. Home based sausage makers use a grinder to mince the meat which is then mixed by hand with other ingredients. The mixer is a must when over 50 lbs. of sausage is produced as the task is physically demanding. There are small manually cranked mixers designed for a hobbyist and they will accomodate 25-50 lbs. of meat. Keep in mind that for limited home production a small mixer has some short comings. It must be:
 - washed before use.
 - washed in hot water after the use.
 - stored somewhere.
It makes little sense to go into all this trouble to mix 5 lbs. of minced sausage mass when the same task can be accomplished in 5 minutes using hands and any suitable container. The meat should be placed in a big container to facilitate mixing it by hand. Like everything else, the container should be made of stainless steel, stone, or food grade plastic. Remember to taste your sausage now, before you stuff it, since you still have time to implement any changes. Make a tiny hamburger anf fry it, it will take only a minute or two.
Mixing meat
Mixing meat for sausages
Mixing meat
Mixing meat with spices
Mixing meat
If you are a fit person mixing of 50 lbs of meat should not present a problem.
Meat mixer
There are small hand cranked mixers that can mix 20 – 50 lbs at a time. However, it is easy to mix 20 lbs of meat by hand the way we have been kneading dough for centuries.
Meat mixer
Inside view of a 50 lb capacity manually operated meat mixer. Photo courtesy Sausage Maker, Buffalo, NY.
Meat mixer
110 lb and 220 lb capacity mixers by Koch Equipment, Kansas City, MO
Originally whole cuts of meat were either dry cured or immersed in brine. This required an investment in time and storage space. Today the majority of meats are injected with a solution of salt, nitrite, phosphates, sodium erythorbate and other ingredients and flavors. The operation is performed by a bank of about 30 needles which inject a solution under pressure into the meat. There is a limit to how many needles can be inserted as this procedure creates holes and affects the internal structure of the meat. To evenly distribute the injected solution inside, the tumblers come into play. They offer the following advantages:
 - Curing solution is distributed evenly inside of the meat.
 - Curing times are greatly reduced.
 - Mechanical action leads to stronger extraction of meat proteins and more exudate is created which helps in binding meat cuts together.
All tumblers employ a similar principle of operation: a set of paddles rotate inside of a tank moving meat pieces around. There are units that operate under a vacuum that further improve the results.
Meat tumbler
Tumbler operation. A good tumbler must have a diameter of at least 3 feet, otherwise there is little impact to falling meat pieces.
Meat tumbler
Koch LT-60 Vacuum tumbler, 1000 lbs. capacity. Photo courtesy Koch Equipment, Kansas City, MO.
The tumbler is a machine with a rotating drum. The meat pieces bounce around its moving walls providing better brine distribution inside of the meat. Tumblers normally are horizontal units where meats are struck by the paddles, fall down and are moved up again by the rotating paddles. A tumbler resembles a cloth dryer which moves wet clothing around by means of a rotating drum with paddles. Through the use of vacuum tumbling, meat, poultry, fish, and seafood processors can produce ready to cook, value added products while reducing labor content and increasing product yields. Vacuum tumbling offers improvements to product sliceability, cure color, and overall product juiciness and tenderness which results in higher profitability.
Small products (below 2.5 inches in diameter) can be marinated and tumbled within minutes. Large (2.5 inches or larger) products can be marinated using a combination of injection and tumbling. Large whole muscle meats are normally injected with brine.
The primary purpose of tumbling these products is the optimal protein extraction which will allow individual pieces of meat to stick together during the cooking process. Due to renewed public interest in making quality products at home, smaller tumblers (8 and 15 lbs.) are carried by distributors of sausage making equipment and supplies.
Massagers generally are vertical units and offer more delicate action than tumblers. Meat pieces rub against each other or the surface wall of the massager without loss of contact. Although the actual massaging or tumbling time is only about 1-3 hours, this action is continuously interrupted and meats are allowed to rest. The process generally continues for about 24 hours at low temperatures. The machines are normally loaded 1/2 - 2/3 capacity. Due to their gentler mode of operation, massagers need more time than tumblers to perform the same task.
Meat massager
Meat massager
Koch equipment stainless steel Magnum Series 6000 massager with 6000-liters capacity.
The machine comes standard with cooling and is equipped with a uniquely designed baffle that rotates and slides the product throughout the drum during processing. This results in the product remaining against the walls and baffles of the drum versus the actual tumbling delivered by competitor models. The advantage is a more gentle massaging action while extracting protein in a highly efficient manner under constant vacuum.
 - Improved product quality (juicier, more tender, and flavorful).
 - Increased profit margins through the delivery of ready-to-cook, value-added products.
 - Increased productivity through reduced handling/processing time.
Available from Amazon in paperback and eBook format


text:
The third word of our motto is Act. We run monthly Challenges that guide and motivate students to make an impact on the issues that are explored in accompanying Baatcheet sessions. This is a collaborative exercise that promotes behaviour change and a glimpse of the potential that each student has in changing the world for the better.
1. Implement a Change Project in your community with Design for Change
2. Media and Storytelling with Youth ki Awaaz
3. Social Enterprise Challenge
4. Research Paper on an issue your city faces with City as Lab
5. Environmental projects in your city
6. The Artists' expression


I want to place text within a plot. The text is always centered relative to the coordinates. How can I left-align or right-align the text relative to the coordinates? For example:
 Plot[hLim1[x], {x, 0.001, 0.99},
 AxesLabel -> {"Prob of Causality", "Prob of Causality Given Simul"}],
 Graphics[Text[Style["X2 Function", FontSize -> 14, Red], {0.5, 0.5}]]]
centers the text at {0.5, 0.5}. How can I make the left most part of the text at {0.5, 0.5}? I have tried the TextAlignment option in Style, but it does not do it.
I have also tried the AlignmentPoint option in Graphics, but that does not change anything either.
 - $\begingroup$ Check Epilog to put some text or other graphics primitives in a plot. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 12:12
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ That seems very complicated. How does one control text alighnment with Epilog? I don't see it in the examples. Thank you. $\endgroup$ – Anthony Mannucci Jan 15 '15 at 12:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ This might help mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/22839/… $\endgroup$ – Gordon Coale Jan 15 '15 at 13:28
The answer is in the docs yet it might be useful for others so I will just drop it here. The Details and Options section of the Text documentation says:
enter image description here
Thus you can do the following:
Plot[x, {x, 0, 1},
 Epilog -> {Text[Style["hello", 25], Scaled[{0.5, 0.5}], #], Red,
 Point@{.5,.5}}, PlotLabel -> ToString@#] & /@ {{-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}};
giving you different relative placements of the Text:
Mathematica graphics
 - $\begingroup$ Although the documentation only shows use of the values -1, 0, or 1; any numeric values can be used. For example, to make the spacing larger (e.g., to avoid any overlap with the curve) use larger numeric values. $\endgroup$ – Bob Hanlon Jan 15 '15 at 14:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ As the doc says: "The offsets specified need not be in the range -1 to +1." :) $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 14:35
The third argument to Text can be useful in situations like the one you describe. Perhaps this example will give you the info you need to proceed.
align[Right] = {1, 0};
align[Center] = {0, 0}; (* default *)
align[Left] = {-1, 0};
lText = Text["Left Aligned", {0.5, 0.6}, align[Left]];
cText = Text["Centered", {0.5, 0.5}, align[Center]];
rText = Text["Right Aligned", {0.5, 0.4}, align[Right]];
txt = Graphics[{lText, cText, rText}];
plot = Plot[Sin[π t], {t, 0, 1}];
Show[plot, txt]
 - $\begingroup$ mhm, we basically have the same answer. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 13:33
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_. Indeed -- because the 3rd argument of Text is designed to handle what the OP wants to do. But there are enough differences in the details that both might be useful to the OP or others with the same problem. $\endgroup$ – m_goldberg Jan 15 '15 at 13:40
Your Answer


text:
REPLACE mechanically runs
INSERT. That may change the PRIMARY KEYs.
Here is something else you can do.
Suppose your table is called name_city and it looks like this:
CREATE TABLE name_city
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
and you want to do the
LOAD DATA INFILE.
Here are your steps to update the city based on id:
Step 01) Create another table to use for the import
CREATE TABLE name_city_import LIKE name_city;
Step 02) Drop the name column from the import table
ALTER TABLE name_city_import DROP COLUMN name;
Step 03) Perform the import into
LOAD DATA INFILE'somefile.csv' INTO TABLE name_city_import...
Step 04) Perform an UPDATE JOIN
UPDATE name_city_import B
INNER JOIN name_city A USING (id)
SET A.city = B.city;
Step 05) Remove the import table
DROP TABLE name_city_import;
Give it a Try!!!


it as often as you'd like. Also, if you accidentally vacuum up something valuable, opening up the chamber to retrieve the item is incredibly simple, unlike a bagged vacuum cleaner where you'd have to cut open the bag and sift around.
Bagless Vacuum Cleaners: Drawbacks
While bagless vacuums are indeed a popular choice among consumers, they are not right for everyone. There are a couple of clear downsides to this type of vacuum cleaner, and it would be wise to take these into consideration if you are in the market for buying a new vacuum.
1. More possibility of allergens exposure
Oftentimes, especially when attempting to empty the chamber full of dirt and debris, bagless vacuum cleaners may expose users to more dust and allergens than a bagged model. This is mainly due to the fact that the dirt and debris doesn't go into an air-tight bag, but instead, an air-tight chamber. Because the disposal process isn't simply removing a bag, it is possible for some of the dust and allergens to be kicked back into the air while emptying your bagless vacuum.
2. Bit more maintenance needed
This disadvantage is a bit more anecdotal, as it likely won't have an affect on many people. However, because of the way a bagless vacuum collects the dirt, dust and debris, some consumers feel that this type of vacuum is dirty and requires too much maintenance. While it is true that you have to be careful when emptying the chamber, which we would recommend doing outside to prevent the allergens from re-entering your indoor air, it's not as dirty as some would initially think.
Over to You
In summary,
Bagged Vacuum CleanerBagless Vacuum Cleaner
Bags need to replace frequentlyNo need to replace bags
Replacing the bags are expensiveCost-effective as there are no bags
Bulky and difficult to move aroundCompact and easy to use
Less suction powerStronger suction power
There are excellent models of both types and the technology and filtration is getting better all the time. So, we hope that by weighing each of these pros and cons, you'll have a better idea of whether a bagged or bagless vacuum is better for you and your home.
Neither type of vacuum can be categorically crowned the best choice, because it really comes down to knowing what you need and want in a vacuum cleaner.
Leave a Reply


text:
The Engineer's Notebook gives you the ability to create notes and store them as part of a model. A note can be attached to an edge, sketch, feature, part, or other selection in the model. Each note consists of a comment box and a view of the model.
To start the Engineers Notebook, select a part in the window, right-click, and select Create Note.
When you add the first note to a model, the program creates a notebook. You can add comment boxes or additional views to a note or add more notes to the notebook.
You can use the Engineer's Notebook to save the history of development or to provide reminders for project designers. Examples of notes include design strategy, reason for a design decision, manufacturing instructions, or information from a test or FEA calculation. Notes can contain links to external files, such as spreadsheets, word processing documents, graphics, or audio files.
In the Engineer's Notebook browser, the program assigns each note a name and lists it in the order in which you created it. You can organize the notes as follows:
If you are using the Engineer's Notebook to maintain the history of a design, you can use several options to assure an accurate record.
Ordinarily, a note is deleted when the geometry to which it is attached is deleted. To maintain an accurate history, set the option to keep notes attached to deleted geometry
When you create a note, the note view captures the current state of the model. As you change the model, the view in the note updates automatically. To keep it from updating, you can freeze a view in the note. The view and its comment then serve as a historical record.
As you add notes to a part model, each note is listed in the part browser under the item to which it is attached. For example, if the note is attached to a feature, it is nested under that feature in the browser. Notes attached to edges or other items that are not listed in the part browser are listed at the end of the part.
Information from an external file (such as a spreadsheet or word processing document) can be added to a note in the Engineer's Notebook. You can embed the content of the external file in a comment or add a link to the file.
As you add notes, each one is assigned a name and listed in the Engineer's Notebook browser in the order in which you created it. You can organize the notes in the following ways:
You can also change the name of a folder, comment, or view.
In the browser, drag the note to the new location.
Right-click the folder and select Place New Notes Here from the menu.
When more than one note exists for a part or an assembly, you can cycle forward or backward through the multiple notes by clicking Previous Note or Next Note on the Notes panel as required.
You can change the layout of a note in the Engineer's Notebook. Add comments, views, or arrows to the note, format the text in a comment box, or change the view in a view box.
You can add comment boxes, view boxes, or arrows to a note. To add an element to a note, right-click the notebook page (not in a comment box or view box), and then select the element from the menu.
To apply formatting to text in a comment box, select the text. Use the options on the Format panel to change the font or color of the text or to apply bold, italics, or underlining. Text justification modes, such as left alignment, center alignment, and right alignment may also be applied to selected text.
You can also use the bullets option to better organize your notes and improve readability.
You can change size, orientation, or display style of any view in a note.
If you select Freeze from the view menu, the view no longer update when you change the model. To update the view, clear the Freeze check mark.
Lists all the notes in the model file. Notes are listed in the order in which they were created.
Use the following options when working with notes in the browser:
Click a note to select and display it.
Select the note, then click the note name and enter the new name.
Drag the note to the new location.
Right-click the note and select Delete from the menu.
Provides options for organizing design notes in a model. To access the menu, click in the browser to cancel any note selection, then right-click to open the menu.
Sets the sort order for the notes. Select the order from the pop-up menu.
Creates a note folder at the end of the note list.
Place New Notes Here
Sets a folder as the default location for all new notes. Select the folder before opening the browser menu.


text:
Generating Cubemaps from Spherical Maps using 3ds Max
Written by: Pablo Vezzini, KiSP Technical Services
This guide explains how to generate cube maps from spherical maps with 3DS Max®. You can use these cube maps to make a cubemap or to view in virtual reality with Yulio.
Step 1: In 3ds Max, open the "Environments and Effects" dialog. (Rendering > Environment or shortcut 8)
Step 2: Click and add the spherical map you want to convert as the new "Environment Map"
Step 3: Create any object and make sure it's positioned at the origin of the scene [ 0,0,0 ]
Step 4: Create a new Standard Material
Step 5: Add a Reflect/Refract Map to the diffuse channel
Step 6: Set up the following options for the Reflect/Refract Map:
– Source: From File
– Size: 1536 or other
– Use Environment Map: On
– Blur: Off
– Select Save Path
Step 7: Set up "Default Scanline Renderer" as the Production renderer in the Render Setup Dialog
Step 8: Select "Pick Object and Render Maps" and then click the object in the scene
Step 9: Now you have the maps to create the final image: filename_LEFT, filename_RIGHT, filename_TOP, filename_BOTTOM, filename_FRONT, filename_BACK
Step 10: Assemble the cubemaps in Photoshop in the following format to create a cubemap
Step 11: Assemble a cubemap in Photoshop by duplicating this cube map and stitching them together in the format below. You can view this scene in virtual reality by uploading this cubemap to Yulio.
Sign in to your account at _URL_ to create your VR project using this cubemap. Check out our article on creating VR projects for more information!
Check out our YouTube channel for more info & tutorials.


What is Sandbox inspection?
What is Sandbox inspection?
Sandbox inspection is a network process that allows files to be sent to a separate device, such as FortiSandbox, to be inspected without risking network security. This allows the detection of threats capable of bypassing other security measures, including zero-day threats.
You can configure your FortiGate device to send suspicious files to FortiSandbox for inspection and analysis. The FortiGate queries scan results and retrieves scan details. The FortiGate can also download malware packages as a complementary AV signature database to block future intrusions by the same malware and download URL packages as complementary web-filtering black lists.
The FortiSandbox uses virtual machines (VMs) running different operating systems to test a file and to determine if it is malicious. If the file exhibits risky behavior, or is found to contain a virus, a new signature can be added to the FortiGuard AntiVirus signature database.
When a FortiGate learns from FortiSandbox that an endpoint is infected, the administrator can quarantine the host, if it is registered to a FortiClient.
FortiSandbox has a VM pool and processes multiple files simultaneously. The amount of time to process a file depends on hardware and the number of sandbox VMs used to scan the file. For example, it can take 60 seconds to five minutes to process a file. FortiSandbox has a robust prefiltering process that, if enabled, reduces the need to inspect every file and reduces processing time. For more information on enabling prefiltering, refer to the FortiSandbox documentation.
- FortinetGuru YouTube Channel
- FortiSwitch Training Videos


text:
Development Manager, HP
Executive Cultural Coaching supports the ongoing growth of current and potential leaders in the development of their cultural intelligence. Cultural Intelligence can be the difference between a good domestic leader and an effective global leader.
Dr. Tom Verghese works with clients in a multitude of locations and industries. His extensive global experience affords Tom the ability to deliver clients with a unique approach that is both personal, professional and results-driven.
Benefits of Executive Cultural Coaching
- Reduces stress and anxiety. It can be lonely at the top. A supportive coach asks challenging questions, offers new perspectives and improves strategic thinking and performance
- Improves relationships. Cultural Coaching provides strategies and develops frameworks for building relationships with key stakeholders
- Creates awareness. It provides valuable professional and personal insights into behavioural patterns
- Develops a greater understanding of what is working well and what is not in real time and through regular feedback. The promotion of self-reflection improves job performance
- Clarity of vision and attainable goals that are measurable
- Retain and develop the current talent pool and future leaders
- Improve and develop relational skills that are culturally appropriate for global success
- Deeper understandings of how to motivate individuals and teams in other cultural settings. Expand knowledge and understanding of behaviours that may be limiting from a cultural perspective
- Identifies performance issues, by discussing objectives, clarifying expectations and formulating outcomes in collaboration with the client.
Executive Cultural Coaching training programs are structured in 3, 6, 9 or 12 month periods. Programs utilise a range of diagnostic tools, offer regular evaluation and frequent feedback. The approach is a combination of face-to-face meetings, job shadowing (if required), email and telephone support.


text: Benzaldehyde(also called Benzenecarbonal) is the simplest representative of the aromatic aldehydes. It is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180Â°C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. Benzaldehyde is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol and readily oxidized to benzoic acid and is converted to addition products by hydrocyanic acid or sodium bi sulfite. It is used chiefly in the synthesis of other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives and benzaldehyde is an important intermediate for the processing of perfume and flavoring compounds and in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and pesticides.


text:
HBK Engineering is seeking highly motivated and talented individuals for 2022 Summer Engineering Intern positions. Our firm offers an excellent learning environment for students allowing them to gain hands-on field and design experience. Engineering Interns at HBK are considered an integral part of the company and are provided with tasks that are both technically challenging and educationally stimulating.
This position offers the opportunity to be part of a project team consisting of professional engineers, project engineers and designers who are involved in the design, modification, and analysis of new and existing utility systems.
- Work on challenging assignments that include investigating, trouble-shooting, and solving a wide variety of civil engineering related issues.
- Work with a team lead in the coordination of detailed design phases for all aspects of civil engineering work.
- Perform designs for utility infrastructure using subsurface utility engineering ("SUE") guidelines.
- Perform designs for civil site grading and drainage.
- Assist in leading efforts to ensure projects are completed satisfactorily, on time, and within budget.
- Coordinate design activities to ensure installation and operations will comply with specifications, codes and client requirements.
- Interface with vendors to prepare materials.
- Prepare reports and studies that present technical information in a clear and concise manner and meet client requirements.
- Pursuit of Bachelor's engineering degree from an accredited institution with at least one-year of post-secondary education.
- Excellent verbal and written communication skills.
- Strong problem solving and analytical skills.
- Working knowledge of computer application software (training will be provided if needed)
- Organized and able to work in a fast-paced environment.
- Work independently with minimal supervision.
Valued but not required skills and experience:
- Minimum of a 3.0 GPA strongly preferred.
- Prior internship and/or related consulting experience.
- Involvement on campus or in the community.
- Flexible and able to work overtime when required.
- Demonstrated leadership skills.
- Experience with AutoCAD, MicroStation, and Microsoft Office Suite.
- Surveying experience.
Offers contingent upon satisfactory results from our standard background check and receipt of results of a satisfactory drug screening test from a location specified by HBK.


text:
I thought a belly tank was classified as a "Lakester" when it ran on the dry lakes, but early on I was told by good friend Jim Miller, curator of the American Hot Found Foundation (_URL_ that it was considered both a "streamliner" and a "Lakester" – it just depends "when" you are looking at the history.
I hate moving targets. I have a hard enough time trying to keep away from all the crazy drivers on the road here in Florida, let alone staying away from hitting them. So where do you look for a bit of history on these classes? Why Dean Batchelor, and his book "The American Hot Rod" is a great starting place, of course!
The American Hot Rod (Dean Batchelor, 1995)
Dean was there when it all happened starting in the 1930's and beyond. He was an aircraft builder, race car designer and driver, automotive journalist, and all around hot rodder – and – automotive historian too. In fact, Dean is one of the recognized legends of automotive history, and each year the Motor Press Guild honors excellence in automotive journalism with an award given out in his name. You can read more about Dean, the award, and his history on the following website:
Classes of Cars on the Dry Lakes (_PHONE_)
In Dean's book "The American Hot Rod," Dean covers the history of hot rodding as seen through his eyes and memories as well as his friends from the era. One of the excellent chapters in his book is called "Clubs and Associations", and details the beginnings of time trials and "classes" of cars from the late 1930's, as follows:
In 1938, the first year of official SCTA (Southern California Timing Association) meets, two classes of cars were listed as follows:
- Stock Roadster Bodies
- Modified Roadster Bodies
These two classes of bodies were further divided into seven different speed classes. During this year, entrants raced side-by-side, like modern drag races.
1939 Thru Mid 1941:
In 1939, side-by-side contests were abandoned for safety reasons, and another body class called "Streamliners" was added. As Dean reports, "the Streamliner" class amounted to a catch-all for cars that didn't fit into the Roadster or Modified classes, and these were sometimes an ex-sprint car or something similar. They usually had pointed tails, unlike the Modifieds which were squared-off behind the driver. So there were a total of three classes as follows:
- Streamliner (first year for Streamliner Class)
In mid-1941, The SCTA added a fourth class, "Unlimited" which allowed cars with much larger engines (V-16, for example) to run separately from the rest of the cars powered by traditional engines. By the end of 1941, there were four classes:
- Unlimited (first year for Unlimited Class)
SCTA did not officially run during World War II years.
The four body class divisions remained through 1946 as follows:
- Streamliner (Belly Tanks ran under the Streamliner Class)
Two other items worth mentioning occurred in 1946:
- First belly tank on the dry lakes was designed and built by Bill Burke. Drivers were Eddie "Choppo" Korgan and Ken Crawford.
- Veda Orr published first book "Veda Orr's Lakes Pictorial" for the 1946 season
From 1947 to 1948, only two body styles were recognized in classes:
The "Modified" and "Unlimited" class designations had been dropped. In addition, engine size entered the picture for 1947 within each of these classes / body types. Belly tanks continued to be classified as "Streamliners".
In addition, the Russetta Timing Association was formed in 1948 to provide timing trials for sedans and coupes. This occurred because SCTA did not allow these types of cars unless invited to run.
In 1949, the Roadster class was divided into two groups (Roadsters and Lakesters) and the streamliner class continued, leaving the following classes:
- Roadster (stock Body)
- Lakester (altered bodies such as channeled bodies, Model T-bodied cars, and those with streamlining ahead of the firewall). This was the first year for the Lakester Class.
Belly tanks continued to be classified as "Streamliners".
After three fully enclosed body streamliners appeared in 1949 (Lee Chapel, Howard Johansen, and the So-Cal Special Streamliner), exposed wheel streamliners which included belly tanks and sprint car types were moved from the Streamliner Class to the Lakester Class which had debuted a year earlier. Altered roadsters became "Modified Roadsters" leaving the following classes:
- Modified Roadsters
- Lakesters (Belly Tanks moved from the Streamliner Class to the Lakester Class in 1951)
1951 and Beyond
Classes continued to become more complex and were further divided by body type and engine size in the following years. I found a great article that appeared in the 1952 edition of "How to Build a Hot Rod" by Fawcett Books, and have posted the article below for your review. The article is called "Clear-Cut Classification" and reviews the classes and engine sizes as of 1952. I think you'll find the article to be a great read in every way.
I'm also still reviewing the information from 1938 thru 1950, and may be able to offer further detail concerning classification of body types too. I'm told by researchers in the area that body types, classes, and engine classifications recognized sometimes changed for specific meets (SCTA, Russetta, and location of these meets). So the information above should be viewed as a guideline provided by Dean Batchelor for the overall classification of body types from _PHONE_ on the dry lakes. We may be able to further define this classification scheme in the near future.
So….take your pick and call your Belly Tank a "Streamliner" or a "Lakester" – depending on the year it was built. Both are great designations for historic tanks out there, and I hope you find this bit of trivia interesting to review. It was fascinating to me when I first came upon it.
Until next time gang….
Shake, Rattle, and Go!


text:
Dr. Emery Eaves will be heading to Minneapolis November 16 for the American Anthropological Association annual meeting to present a poster about her research on vaping. The title of her poster is "Vaping as a Counter-Aesthetic to the Pursuit of Public Health Wellness: Narratives of Freedom and Social Responsibility in Substance Use".
Sometimes opposing and sometimes drawing from the debate in public health, a community of activists is working to shape or counter legislation related to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices (ENDDs) (e-cigarettes). As the FDA and public health researchers debate the utility of outright bans versus allowing ENDDs to exist as "harm reduction," activists call upon users—known as "vapers"—to come together to resist legislation intended to, in their words (and those of advertisements), deny their "freedom." Although research is underway to determine the safety of ENDDs, little is known about the so-called "vaping community" and how calls to join the cause appeal to youth and others who struggle with addiction and nicotine dependence. Drawing from preliminary ethnographic research on the "vaping community," this paper engages Bourdieu's notion of a working-class counter-aesthetic to consider how Vapers avoid the stigma of smoking tobacco while combating the potential of stigma associated with vaping. This paper considers conspicuous consumption of ENDDs as a counter to narrow definitions of health and wellness that those who struggle with addiction may not be willing or able to pursue. The community is here explored as a response to previously experienced stigma, preempting it by showing off and inviting members to feel they are part of a vibrant community, rather than failed citizens. This paper considers how activism is, in a sense, work to shape the stigma associated with an emergent drug. Rather than accept stigma, users actively create alternate versions of wellness and social responsibility.


text:
Target visualisation is main goal of the practical radargram recovering procedure. There are a lot of visualisation algorithms (2D-filtering. migration. FFT etc.) that is mainly based on final images processing. Existent methods are not frequently allowed to get adequate results due to considerably complex properties of the surrounding target environment.
In this work an approach to target visualisation based on phased-array effect in antennas with transient excitation is proposed and discussed. This reconstruction method uses initial information about properties of the used for radargram getting antennas. Preliminary results of this approach, its applicability and sensitivity are presented.
An Approach of Target Visualisation
In contrast to antennas behaviour with sinusoidal or narrow frequency band excitation such one with transient excitation has some differences. As a matter of fact transient radiation of an antenna depends on its geometry. If pulse generator impedance and input antenna impedance is matched in the antenna is observed so-called double-passing excitation mode. hi this case temporary structure of the antenna radiation field consists of three impulses sequence. Note that time delays between neighbouring impulses are associated to antenna length and the second impulse polarity is inverse one to the first and third pulses.
Let's consider monopole linear antenna with impulse excitation in Cartesian coordinates as it is shown in Fig. 1. Assume that the antenna length is L and a target coordinates is (X0. Y0). Distances from target to excitation point and antenna edges are Rl and R2. accordingly.


text:
With Halloween approaching, Indigenous students are speaking out against culturally appropriated costumes being marketed in Canada.
Cultural appropriation is the act of taking certain elements of a culture or community of which you do not identify with. This is typically manifested as someone from a dominant group taking from marginalized cultures or communities for artificial or leisurely purposes that undermine the cultural context and significance.
The National Aboriginal Caucus of the Canadian Federation of Students have recently been promoting the _TAG_ campaign. We encourage you to speak up when you see culturally appropriative costumes for sale in stores and of course to avoid purchasing them yourself. The impacts of choosing to buy, make, and wear a culturally appropriative costume are significant, including trivializing violent historical realities and on-going struggles and spreading stereotypes about marginalized communities.


text:
Slice off the stem of a whole, clean, mushroom. With a small teaspoon (1/8 or 1/4 teaspoon), or small melon baller, scoop out the inside of the mushroom. Fill with prepared stuffing or favorite dip.
Mushroom Preparation | Mushroom Cooking Tips
The mushroom is just one of a very large, diverse group of organisms called fungi. It is similar to a plant but lacks chlorophyll, so they cannot produce food for themselves through photosynthesis.
Begin by cutting a circle around the stem of the pepper.
Carefully pull out the stem and ribs.
Remove the remaining ribs by scraping with a spoon.
Wash the pepper in cold running water to remove any remaining seeds.
Stuffed pasta consists of fresh pasta sheets that are stuffed with a filling. After the filling has been added, the pasta sheets are folded over and sealed, or another sheet is placed on top and the edges are sealed.
Most often considered as the Spanish olive, that has gone through a process that inserts a pimento, garlic, nut, onion or other similar item into the olive in order to slightly season the taste of the olive.