text:
[erlang-questions] Newbie question about line endings
Thu Dec 22 14:30:59 CET 2011
On Wed, Dec 21, 2011 at 8:21 PM, August Schwartzwald <
> I started to learn Erlang about a month ago. I really like it and think
> that with some more practice it will become a both unique and powerful tool
> in my growing box of programming languages. However, there is one thing
> about it that I find extremely annoying: The line endings.
> I currently know 5 programing languages, they have either 0 (python) or 1
> way to end lines (usually the ';' character). Erlang totally stands out
> here and requires that lines are ended in one of 4 different ways.
> Did some googling without finding any good reason to why the language
> works in this way. Can anyone here explain this?
There is no such ting as a "Line" in Erlang. Everything is a "form" so
there are no
line ending only form endings. A form is ended by a top-level "dot
Dot is a period "." white space is a blank,tab,newline or comment.
Comments start with "%" and are terminated by a newline
Top level means dot-whitespace is not contained inside a string, a quoted
atom or a comment.
The dot-whitespace convention came from Prolog, this is because Erlang was
first implemented in Prolog.
I don't really know why this convention was adopted in Prolog - but it might
have been done to simplify error handling. If you get a parse error in a
the parser wants to recover in some way. In Erlang/Prolog the strategy for
error recovery is extremely simple, if you get a parse error in a form the
parser just reports the error and goes to the next form - what constitutes
a form can be seen easily by only
looking at the stream of tokens generated by the tokeniser. This make
from parse errors very simple.
Dot-whitespace can be viewed as a synchronizing token for the purposes of
recovery during parsing of incorrect forms.
The easiest was to think of a form, is that it's like a sentence in English.
In your mail which posed this question, you ended most sentences with
dot whitespace (the exception was? as a terminator), so Erlang forms are
like English sentences.
Just like in English semicolons are "long range" operators and separate
whereas commas separate short range constructs.
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text:
Mandatory Disclosure in Corporate Debt Restructuring via Schemes of Arrangement: A Comparative Approach
International Insolvency Review (2021, Forthcoming)
21 Pages Posted: 19 Mar 2021 Last revised: 19 Jan 2022
Date Written: March 9, 2021
Creditors often face significant information asymmetry when debtor companies seek to restructure their debts. In the United Kingdom, it is mandatory for debtor companies, seeking to invoke the courts' jurisdiction to restructure their debts via schemes of arrangement (schemes), to disclose material information in the explanatory statement to enable the creditors to make an informed decision as to how to exercise their votes in creditors' meetings.
The English schemes have been transplanted into common law jurisdictions in Asia, including Hong Kong and Singapore. However, due to the differences in the shareholding structures and the kinds of debts that are sought to be restructured in the UK and Hong Kong/Singapore, this transplantation gives rise to the question as to whether information asymmetry is in fact adequately addressed in the scheme process. Drawing from the experiences of Hong Kong and Singapore, we argue that there are three principal concerns in the current disclosure regimes: how debtors disclose the liquidation analysis or alternative to restructuring via schemes; how debtors disclose advisors' fees; and the equality of provision of information in the scheme process.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Valle de la Orotava
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Valle de la Orotava DO in the province of Tenerife, in the region of canary Islands, Spain
Valle de la Orotava is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) for wines located on the north-western coastline of Tenerife, (Canary Islands, Spain), and acquired its DO in 1995.
This area was one of the first one planted to vines when the Canary Islands were occupied by Spain in the 15th century. The area given over to vines has diminished steadily over during the course of the 20th century due to increasing competition from banana plantations.
The vineyards are located on the fertile slopes of the Teide, a volcano and extend down to the port of Puerto de la Cruz. There are 671 ha registered with the DO.
The Valle de la Orotava (Orotava Valley) is not strictly speaking a valley at all, but the local name for the lower slopes of the Teide. The vineyards are at an average height of around 800 m above sea-level.
70% of the soil is volcanic, 20% clay and the remaining 10% is volcanic rock. The soils are light, permeable, rich in minerals and slightly acidic.
The climate is hot and humid due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, with a high index of annual sunlight hours. Temperatures are high in summer and the vineyards are often shrouded in mist caused by the humidity bearing trade winds which blow all year round. This allows the vines to thrive though at times they are affected by sudden storms and strong gusts of wind.
The preferred authorized varieties are as follows:
Also authorized:
External links[edit]


The Online Slang Dictionary
(American, English, and Urban slang)
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Definition of spoiler
 Citation from "You've Got Male", Happy Endings (TV), Season 1 Episode 9 (2011) blacked out to resolve Google's penalty against this site.
 - anything that ruins a person's pleasure of figuring out something unknown to them.
 Person A: You're getting a road bike for Christmas.
 Person B: WTF, man? Talk about a spoiler.
 - Conscientious people are expected to announce a spoiler in advance, e.g. by including the word "spoiler" in the title of a post to a web-based forum, or verbally informing people nearby know that a conversation is going to include spoilers. This is called a "spoiler alert".
 Subject: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (CONTAINS SPOILERS)
+Add a definition for this slang term
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Other terms relating to 'computer slang':
Definitions include: methamphetamine.
Definitions include: "later gator".
Definitions include: high-performing.
Definitions include: with heavy usage.
Definitions include: acronym for "from the article."
Definitions include: "okay, thanks, bye."
Definitions include: "hate".
Definitions include: a test of a new, repaired, or modified piece of electronic equipment whereby power is turned on, and people nearby look for smoke.
Definitions include: to click a link on the web and be taken to a site other than the one anticipated.
Definitions include: a needle used to inject drugs.
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text:
Coefficient of Friction
The coefficient of friction of a composite material is not a constant. It is dictated by the materials of the mating contact surfaces and by the roughness of the harder one. With combinations that have very different strength values (such as polymer with steel), the coefficient of friction also depends on the load. In addition, due to the polymer's strong tendency to change all mechanical properties under temperature, the coefficient of friction is also affected by speed and ambient temperature. The coefficient of friction drops as load increases and as speed decreases. It also changes as the bearings wear.
During the wear-in period, NORGLIDE® bearings are shortly exposed to higher wear. A polymer transfer layer forms on the metal contact surface. After wear-in, a relatively constant performance range is found, which is controlled by the pure PTFE compound layer.
With bronze reinforced NORGLIDE® bearing types, the coefficient of friction increases slightly after prolonged service due to the exposure of bronze to the mating surface. The bronze may then have contact with the shaft. This factor should be taken into account when selecting materials for applications with higher admissible wear or high pressure.
The coefficient of friction of NORGLIDE® T bearings stays constant over the whole service life. With NORGLIDE® PRO XL bearings, the bronze layer can be reached after a short period, and the coefficient of friction grows gradually.
Generally speaking, the coefficient of friction of NORGLIDE® bearing materials is outstandingly low in comparison with other polymer bearings due to the use of PTFE as the main component in the bearing surface.
» For more details on low friction products and benefits, please visit Sales and Support for regional contact information or Email Us directly with your enquiry.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Ask Lafeber
March 31, 2021
Yogurt or kefir for parrots, hormonal Eclectus, alternative supplements
I've heard Parrots in general can have yogurt or greek yogurt. Can they have kefir? I make BOTH my own and do know you HAVE to make them different, but can they have kefir since kefir doesn't really have lactose.
Are female eclectus more or less hormonal caged with a male?
Do you feel it is good to give macaws or eclectus hemp?
Hi Mary,
In general, parrots should not have any dairy products. However, a small bite isn't going to harm a parrot. Kefir is not likely to be any better for a parrot than any type of yogurt. The way most kefir is made, makes it very high in sugar and parrots should not have high sugar content foods. But again, one bite is OK.
Any bird is going to be more hormonal if it is around or caged with another bird, even if they are the same gender. But yes, a female is going to be more hormonal around a male. She is also more likely to end up laying eggs. As to hormonal behavior, this is also a yes, and when birds are caged together, even if they are the same sex, they tend to become less tame.
Sterilized hemp seed used to be included in most seed mixes for pet birds, and it still is in some cases. As to any health benefit, there have not been any specific studies. They are beginning to study the CBD oil and any potential benefits or harm.
Thank you for asking Lafeber,
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text:
Activity Report: filtering by "is null" or "is not null" is ignored
On the Activity Details report, any filter that allows selecting "Is Null" or "Is Not Null" is broken (with the possible exception of the Source/Target/Assignee Contact filters).
- Go to the Activity Details report.
- Remove the "Activity Date is this month" default filter.
- Run the report. Observe the total number of activities in the database.
- Filter a field that allows null/not null (e.g. Location) to Is Null.
- Run the report again. Observe that the total number of activities is the same (but that could be legitimate).
- Filter the same field to Is Not Null.
- Run the report one more time. Observe that the total number of activities is still the same.
Filtering by "is null" or "is not null" is ignored.
Filtering by "is null" or "is not null" should work.
This was broken by the fix to CRM-18356. Since my initial attempts at fixing this reintroduced the bug described there, I wrote tests for both scenarios to lock both fixes in.


text: A connon, located 60 m from the base of a vertical 25.0m tall clift, shoots a 15 kg shell at 43.0 degrees above the horizontal toward the cliff. A) what must the minimum muzzle velocity be for the shell to clear the top of the cliff? B) The ground at the top of the cliff is level, with a constant elevation of 25.0 m above the cannon. Under the conditions of part (A), how far does the shell past the edge of the cliff? x=x0 + V0t Vy= v0y-gt y=y0+v0yt-1/2gt^2 vf^2=vi^2-2ax I am a little throw off by the kg of the shell. I do not know how to start the prob.


text:
Hawaiian language online
About Hawaiian diacritical marks
The Hawaiian language uses two diacritical markings. The okina is a glottal stop, similar to the sound between the syllables of "oh-oh." In print, the correct mark for designating an okina is the single open quote mark. The kahako is a macron, which lengthens and adds stress to the marked vowel. For example 'pau,' depending on placement of okina and kahako, can mean completed, smudge, moist or skirt.
The State of Hawaii and University of Hawaii strongly encourage use of Hawaiian diacritical markings. (See UH Style Guide.) Technology, however, is still catching up.
Choose the level of Hawaiian font display
Depending on your browser, operating system and installed fonts, you may be able to display Hawaiian diacritical marks. If not, they will generally appear as boxes or question marks. In that case, you can choose either to use a foot mark (') as an approximation of the okina or display text without diacritical marks.
Your setting selection will be maintained for this browser and this session only.
- Display no diacritical markings
- Use the footmark () for the okina, but do not display macrons
- Show all diacritical markings
Click on the links above and watch the demo text below change. If you see boxes instead of diacritical marks, you do not have the fonts installed and should turn off the diacritical option for your session.
Hawaiian language demo
The University of Hawaii System consists of 10 campuses, 7 community colleges and 3 university level campuses. The Manoa campus, on the island of Oahu, is the flagship campus with more than 18,000 students enrolled.
Ua haku ia ke Kualono e ka Hale Kuamoo, Ke Kulanui o Hawaii ma Hilo e kakoo ai i na kaiaulu olelo Hawaii a puni ke ao. Oiai, ma ka olelo Hawaii ka hapanui o na ike, he mau palapala olelo Pelekane no hoi ko loko no ka poe hoihoi i ke ao ana i ka olelo Hawaii a i ole no ka poe hoihoi i ka hoonaauao ia no ka olelo oiwi o Hawaii nei a me ka holomua o ka olelo Hawaii.


text:
In order to effectively solve the problems of low prediction accuracy and calculation efficiency of existing methods for estimating economic loss in a subway station engineering project due to rainstorm flooding, a new intelligent prediction model is developed using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), the least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) and the mean impact value (MIV) method. First, in this study, 11 input variables are determined from the disaster loss rate and asset value, and a complete method is provided for acquiring and processing data of all variables. Then, the SSA method, with strong optimization ability, fast convergence and few parameters, is used to optimize the kernel function and the penalty factor parameters of the LSSVM. Finally, the MIV is used to identify the important input variables, so as to reduce the predicted input variables and achieve higher calculation accuracy. In addition, 45 station projects in China were selected for empirical analysis. The empirical results revealed that the linear correlation between the 11 input variables and output variables was weak, which demonstrated the necessity of adopting nonlinear analysis methods such as the LSSVM. Compared with other forecasting methods, such as the multiple regression analysis, the backpropagation neural network (BPNN), the BPNN optimized by the particle swarm optimization, the BPNN optimized by the SSA, the LSSVM, the LSSVM optimized by the genetic algorithm, the PSO-LSSVM and the LSSVM optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimizer, the model proposed in this paper had higher accuracy and stability and was effectively used for forecasting economic loss in subway station engineering projects due to rainstorms.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Innocenzio Meaning in English, Innocenzio Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Innocenzio Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Innocenzio Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Innocenzio Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Innocenzio, names similar to Innocenzio and sibling names of Innocenzio. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Innocenzio.
Baby Image
Innocenzio as a boy's name is of Italian origin, and the meaning of Innocenzio is "innocent".


This is the HTCondor Administrator's Manual. Its purpose is to aid in the installation and administration of an HTCondor pool. For help on using HTCondor, see the HTCondor User's Manual.
An HTCondor pool is comprised of a single machine which serves as the central manager, and an arbitrary number of other machines that have joined the pool. Conceptually, the pool is a collection of resources (machines) and resource requests (jobs). The role of HTCondor is to match waiting requests with available resources. Every part of HTCondor sends periodic updates to the central manager, the centralized repository of information about the state of the pool. Periodically, the central manager assesses the current state of the pool and tries to match pending requests with the appropriate resources.
Each resource has an owner, the one who sets the policy for the use of the machine. This person has absolute power over the use of the machine, and HTCondor goes out of its way to minimize the impact on this owner caused by HTCondor. It is up to the resource owner to define a policy for when HTCondor requests will serviced and when they will be denied.
Each resource request has an owner as well: the user who submitted the job. These people want HTCondor to provide as many CPU cycles as possible for their work. Often the interests of the resource owners are in conflict with the interests of the resource requesters. The job of the HTCondor administrator is to configure the HTCondor pool to find the happy medium that keeps both resource owners and users of resources satisfied. The purpose of this manual is to relate the mechanisms that HTCondor provides to enable the administrator to find this happy medium.
The Different Roles a Machine Can Play
Every machine in an HTCondor pool can serve a variety of roles. Most machines serve more than one role simultaneously. Certain roles can only be performed by a single machine in the pool. The following list describes what these roles are and what resources are required on the machine that is providing that service:
Central Manager
There can be only one central manager for the pool. This machine is the collector of information, and the negotiator between resources and resource requests. These two halves of the central manager's responsibility are performed by separate daemons, so it would be possible to have different machines providing those two services. However, normally they both live on the same machine. This machine plays a very important part in the HTCondor pool and should be reliable. If this machine crashes, no further matchmaking can be performed within the HTCondor system, although all current matches remain in effect until they are broken by either party involved in the match. Therefore, choose for central manager a machine that is likely to be up and running all the time, or at least one that will be rebooted quickly if something goes wrong. The central manager will ideally have a good network connection to all the machines in the pool, since these pool machines all send updates over the network to the central manager.
Any machine in the pool, including the central manager, can be configured as to whether or not it should execute HTCondor jobs. Obviously, some of the machines will have to serve this function, or the pool will not be useful. Being an execute machine does not require lots of resources. About the only resource that might matter is disk space. In general the more resources a machine has in terms of swap space, memory, number of CPUs, the larger variety of resource requests it can serve.
Any machine in the pool, including the central manager, can be configured as to whether or not it should allow HTCondor jobs to be submitted. The resource requirements for a submit machine are actually much greater than the resource requirements for an execute machine. First, every submitted job that is currently running on a remote machine runs a process on the submit machine. As a result, lots of running jobs will need a fair amount of swap space and/or real memory.
The HTCondor Daemons
The following list describes all the daemons and programs that could be started under HTCondor and what they do:
This daemon is responsible for keeping all the rest of the HTCondor daemons running on each machine in the pool. It spawns the other daemons, and it periodically checks to see if there are new binaries installed for any of them. If there are, the condor_master daemon will restart the affected daemons. In addition, if any daemon crashes, the condor_master will send e-mail to the HTCondor administrator of the pool and restart the daemon. The condor_master also supports various administrative commands that enable the administrator to start, stop or reconfigure daemons remotely. The condor_master will run on every machine in the pool, regardless of the functions that each machine is performing.
This daemon represents a given resource to the HTCondor pool, as a machine capable of running jobs. It advertises certain attributes about machine that are used to match it with pending resource requests. The condor_startd will run on any machine in the pool that is to be able to execute jobs. It is responsible for enforcing the policy that the resource owner configures, which determines under what conditions jobs will be started, suspended, resumed, vacated, or killed. When the condor_startd is ready to execute an HTCondor job, it spawns the condor_starter.
This daemon is the entity that actually spawns the HTCondor job on a given machine. It sets up the execution environment and monitors the job once it is running. When a job completes, the condor_starter notices this, sends back any status information to the submitting machine, and exits.
This daemon represents resource requests to the HTCondor pool. Any machine that is to be a submit machine needs to have a condor_schedd running. When users submit jobs, the jobs go to the condor_schedd, where they are stored in the job queue. The condor_schedd manages the job queue. Various tools to view and manipulate the job queue, such as condor_submit, condor_q, and condor_rm, all must connect to the condor_schedd to do their work. If the condor_schedd is not running on a given machine, none of these commands will work.
The condor_schedd advertises the number of waiting jobs in its job queue and is responsible for claiming available resources to serve those requests. Once a job has been matched with a given resource, the condor_schedd spawns a condor_shadow daemon to serve that particular request.
This daemon runs on the machine where a given request was submitted and acts as the resource manager for the request.
This daemon is responsible for collecting all the information about the status of an HTCondor pool. All other daemons periodically send ClassAd updates to the condor_collector. These ClassAds contain all the information about the state of the daemons, the resources they represent or resource requests in the pool. The condor_status command can be used to query the condor_collector for specific information about various parts of HTCondor. In addition, the HTCondor daemons themselves query the condor_collector for important information, such as what address to use for sending commands to a remote machine.
This daemon is responsible for all the match making within the HTCondor system. Periodically, the condor_negotiator begins a negotiation cycle, where it queries the condor_collector for the current state of all the resources in the pool. It contacts each condor_schedd that has waiting resource requests in priority order, and tries to match available resources with those requests. The condor_negotiator is responsible for enforcing user priorities in the system, where the more resources a given user has claimed, the less priority they have to acquire more resources. If a user with a better priority has jobs that are waiting to run, and resources are claimed by a user with a worse priority, the condor_negotiator can preempt that resource and match it with the user with better priority.
A higher numerical value of the user priority in HTCondor translate into worse priority for that user. The best priority is 0.5, the lowest numerical value, and this priority gets worse as this number grows.
This daemon is used on both Linux and Windows platforms. On those platforms, the condor_startd frequently cannot determine console (keyboard or mouse) activity directly from the system, and requires a separate process to do so. On Linux, the condor_kbdd connects to the X Server and periodically checks to see if there has been any activity. On Windows, the condor_kbdd runs as the logged-in user and registers with the system to receive keyboard and mouse events. When it detects console activity, the condor_kbdd sends a command to the condor_startd. That way, the condor_startd knows the machine owner is using the machine again and can perform whatever actions are necessary, given the policy it has been configured to enforce.
The checkpoint server services requests to store and retrieve checkpoint files. If the pool is configured to use a checkpoint server, but that machine or the server itself is down, HTCondor will revert to sending the checkpoint files for a given job back to the submit machine.
This daemon handles management and execution of all grid universe jobs. The condor_schedd invokes the condor_gridmanager when there are grid universe jobs in the queue, and the condor_gridmanager exits when there are no more grid universe jobs in the queue.
This daemon runs on Windows platforms to manage password storage in a secure manner.
This daemon implements the high availability of a pool's central manager through monitoring the communication of necessary daemons. If the current, functioning, central manager machine stops working, then this daemon ensures that another machine takes its place, and becomes the


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Tooltips in my application can be quite long, therefore I'd like them to have line breaks.
I don't want to use html as I'd prefer to set a (max) width of my tooltips instead and have the line breaks dynamically.
In the accepted answer the this similar question Multi-line tooltips in Java? I read about JMultiLineToolTip. Unfortunately the provided link doesn't work anymore and there are many different JMultiLineToolTip out there. Therefore my two questions:
 1. Which JMultiLineToolTip is a good one to use?
 2. How can I use such a class to represent all of the tooltips in my application?
EDIT: as everyone seems to recommend the use of html, is there a way to define the width of my tooltip in pixels (or some other unit than number of characters) using html?
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
If you are not afraid of extending swing tool tip, you can create your own JMultiLineToolTip:
 1. Extend JTooltip In the extended Tool tip component implementation,
 2. set a custom tool tip UI In customUI implementation
 3. Implementpaint() method to write given string in multi line
Here is an example - it shows how to use it as well
However, to answer your questions:
 1. Which JMultiLineToolTip is a good one to use?
 Use
 Per compopnent, it is easy but tedious to achieve as you will have to override creatreToolTip() API. But if you want to change it globally, you may:
 (i)Simple way - Register your custom tooltip UI with the UIManager at the beginning of your execution.
 UIManager.put( "ToolTipUI", "SeNormToolTipUI" );
 UIManager.put( "SeNormToolTipUI",Class.forName( multiLineToolTipUIClassName ) );
 (ii) complex way
 You will have to start implementing your own look and feel. In the look and feel implementation, you would provide defaults for ToolTipUI as your UI implementation and then set that look and feel to the application you are running. For instance take a look at the MetalLookAndFeel implementation. You may just extend that part and implement your on lnf.
So, it is better to use
share|improve this answer
why so complex? – lzdt Mar 29 '12 at 20:54
I did not mean complex=difficult. I mean rather it is un-necessary. – ring bearer Mar 29 '12 at 20:59
thanks! works like charm! – itshorty Jul 27 '12 at 12:10
add comment
1) Html is easiest of ways for plain JToolTip
2) use JWindow(un_decorated JDialog) with JTextArea, better would be JTextPane (supporting stylled text),
 - the disadvantage is you have to manually set window to the Point, you have to manually set for setInitialDelay and setDismissDelay (Swing Timer), setVisible(true/false)
 - the advantage is that you using full manageable top level container with definitions for own parent
3) I use JLabel with Html formatted and stylled text added to the GlassPane, notice easiest alternative is use non_opaque JLayeredPane (Java6) or JLayer (Java7)
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


text:
Rhopoint IQ ( Goniophotometer ) 20°/60°
- DOI / RIQ Meter, (quantify orange peel)
- Hazemeter (reflectance haze)
- 20/60˚ Glossmeter for high gloss finishes
- Why buy an IQ, not a glossmeter?
The Rhopoint IQ quantifies surface quality problems that are invisible to a standard glossmeter and profiles how light is reflected from a surface. This incredibly advanced instrument measures: 20/60° GLOSS • HAZE• REFLECTED IMAGE QUALITY (RIQ) • DISTINCTNESS OF IMAGE (DOI) • RSPEC In practice, these terms mean: Gloss: A measurement proportional to the amount of light reflected from a surface measured at 20° (high gloss) and 60° (mid gloss) Haze: An optical effect caused by microscopic textures or residue on a surface. RIQ : Used to quantify effects such as orange peel and surface waviness. This new parameter gives higher resolution results compared to Distinctness of Image (DOI) measurement and better mimics human perception of surface texture, especially on high quality finishes such as automotive paint finish. DOI: A measure of how clearly a reflected image will appear in a reflective surface. RSPEC: The peak gloss value over a very narrow angle.
- Full colour easy to read screen, adjustable brightness 6 button touch sensitive interface
- Single button push to measure all parameters
- Pocket sized instrument with integrated tile holder
- Fully automatic calibration with tile detection and verification for error-free calibration
- Onboard Statistics (max, min, mean, S.D.) and graphs
- Results batching with user definable names
- Rhopoint Data Widget – A windows app that allows results to be instantly transmitted to any PC package such as Excel, Word, SPC programs etc.
- Bluetooth Compatibility – transmit data to any smartphone, tablet or PC
- USB results download to PC without the need to install software
The Ultimate Glossmeter Upgrade
Haze is a common problem associated with coatings and polished materials. Surfaces with haze have a "milky" finish with a "shallow" reflected image. This important characteristic is directly measured with the Rhopoint IQ. THE RHOPOINT IQ MEASURES 20/60/85° GLOSS • RSPEC • REFLECTANCE HAZE REFLECTED IMAGE QUALITY • DISTINCTNESS OF IMAGE GONIOPHOTOMETRIC CURVES
A measurement proportional to the amount of light reflected from a surface. Geometry: The correct measurement geometry should be used according to the sample finish – matt: 85°, mid gloss: 60°, high gloss: 20°.
The peak gloss measured over a very narrow angle. Usage: It is very sensitive to surface texture and can be used to identify subtle differences in smooth surfaces.
An optical effect caused by microscopic texture or residue on a surface. Visible Symptoms: A milky finish is apparent on the surface with a loss of reflected contrast. Halos and patterns can be seen around reflections of high intensity light sources. Causes: Poor dispersion, raw material incompatibility, additive migration, vehicle quality, stoving/drying/curing conditions, polishing marks, fine scratches, ageing, oxidisation, poor cleanliness/surface residue.
Reflective Haze Compensation
The instrument compensates for reflection from within the coating for highly reflective pigments, metallic coatings and speciality pigments, allowing the haze of any painted surface to be measured
Reflected Image Quality (RIQ)
RIQ is used to quantify effects such as orange peel and surface waviness. This new parameter gives higher resolution results compared to Distinctness of Image (DOI) measurement and better mimics human perception of surface texture, especially on high quality finishes such as automotive. Symptoms of Poor RIQ: Orange peel, brush marks, waviness or other structures visible on the surface. Reflected images are distorted. Causes: Application problems, incorrect coating flow, coating viscosity too high/low, sag or flow of coating before curing, incorrect particle size/distribution, overspray, improper flash/recoat time, inter coat compatibility, incorrect cure times and cure temperature.
Distictness Of Image (DOI)
A measure of how clearly a reflected image will appear in a reflective surface.
Fast measurement of all parameters. Full on-board statistics with graphical trend analysis and reporting.
Simultaneous measurement of all parameters, results are date and time stamped.
Displays full statistics for the number of readings in the current batch.
Graphical reporting for quick trend analysis.
Pass / fail parameters can be defined for instant identification of non-conformances
Different types of surface textures produce identifiably shaped reflectance profile. This goniophotometric data can be downloaded to PC for further analysis and comparison via the USB cable or Bluetooth Data Widget.
User definable batch names and batch sizes for quicker and more efficient reporting.
Rapid data transfer Software-free data transfer.
USB connection to PC instantly recognises the device as a drive location which facilitates the quick transfer of files using Windows Explorer or similar.
Direct data input via Bluetooth
Instantly transmit measured readings directly to programs such as MS Excel on your PC / tablet to greatly simplify the reporting process.
20,000+ readings per charge. The instrument is rechargeable via USB/PC or mains.


Definitions of subjective
 1. ( philosophy) of a mental act; occurring entirely within the mind
 2. Relating to the subject, as opposed to the object; pertaining to the conscious subject as distinct from the object in itself; characterized by the individuality of the author.
 3. Pertaining to the subject as opposed to the object; relating to, or derived from, one's own consciousness; based upon one's own feelings; as, a subjective view of life.
 4. Relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject, opposed to objective.
 5. Subjectiveness, subjectivity.
 6. Relating to the subject; derived from one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; in the phil. of mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, objective what belongs to the object of thought.
 7. That which is due to external conditions.
 8. Subjectively.
 10. Perceived by the individual only and not evident to the examiner, noting certain symptoms, such as pain.
 11. Relating to the subject; pertaining to consciousness or to conscious mind.
 12. taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias; " a subjective judgment"
 13. of a mental act performed entirely within the mind; " a cognition is an immanent act of mind"
 15. Of or pertaining to a subject.
Quotes of subjective
 1. Does not the very word 'creative' mean to build, to initiate, to give out, to actrather than to be acted upon, to be subjective Living photography is positive in its approach, it sings a song of lifenot death. – Berenice Abbott
 2. I have a problem when people say something's real or not real, or normal or abnormal. The meaning of those words for me is very personal and subjective I've always been confused and never had a clearcut understanding of the meaning of those kinds of words. – Tim Burton
 3. Sexual harassment is complex, subtle, and highly subjective – Kathie Lee Gifford
 4. I mean, the competition is really created by the buzz around the Emmys. It's a totally subjective thing. – Michael C. Hall
 5. Most Americans in both red and blue states reject and resent the message being sent by Hollywood and some in the media that values are subjective to be defined by the individual and not by God. – Trent Lott
 6. It is psychological law that whatever we desire to accomplish we must impress upon the subjective or subconscious mind. – Orison Swett Marden
 7. The essayist has to follow a certain intellectual pattern. The novelist has the advantage of using fantasy, of being subjective – Manuel Puig
 8. No sane person should believe that something is subjective merely because it cannot be settled beyond controversy. – Hilary Putnam
 11. Those objecting to the concept of race argue that the taxonomic definitions are arbitrary and subjective – J. Philippe Rushton
 12. Modern culture is constantly growing more objective. Its tissues grow more and more out of impersonal energies, and absorb less and less the subjective entirety of the individual. – Georg Simmel
 13. I'm more concerned with getting them to find and strengthen their original voice as writers rather than imposing my own subjective tastes, judgements or sensibility on the project. – Douglas Wood
 14. The distinguishing characteristics of mind are of a subjective sort; we know them only from the contents of our own consciousness. – Wilhelm Wundt
Usage examples for subjective
 1. The name man is caused by the adname whatever to be twofold subjective case, from its denoting, of itself, one person as the subject of the two remarks. " – The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown
 2. And, if one is to venture into more speculative and subjective arguments, I find it rather hard to think of any lyric poet except Euripides who could have written the Adrasteia chorus or the lines about the Nightingale in the Watchers' Song; of any playwright except Euripides who would have ended a play of gallant martial adventure with the vision of a solitary mother clasping her dead son. " – The Rhesus of Euripedes by Euripedes
 3. In some cases a triviality of thought, the everyday wisdom that is too dull not to seem calm and disinterested, comes to represent the artistic condition in which the subjective side has quite sunk out of sight. " – Thoughts Out of Season (Part II) by Friedrich Nietzsche
 4. These ideas, being then transferred to his subjective mind, exert an unwholesome influence upon his bodily functions. " – Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery by Robert Means Lawrence
 5. What of this new and astonishing revelationnew and astonishing to him, at any ratethat love, to a woman, is not a mere decoction of bliss administered by a powerful and benevolent male, but a highly complicated universe of subjective illusions in which the lover is only dimly seen as a necessary but disturbing phantom of gross and agonizing ineptitudes? " – Command by William McFee
 6. He is an idea, a belief, which gives meaning to our ethical life, a subjective necessity. " – Preaching and Paganism by Albert Parker Fitch
 7. The original and elementary subjective fact in society is the consciousness of kind, writes Professor Giddings,... " – by
 8. It was an argument from the utility of beliefs to their truth; from the fact that certain subjective convictions produced good results, to the correspondence of such convictions with objective reality. " – The Faith of the Millions (2nd series) by George Tyrrell
 9. " I have made endless experiments on this point, and by no effort of the imagination can I persuade myself, when looking at a colour, that the colour is in my mind, and not at a " distance off," though of course I know perfectly well, as a matter of reason, that colour is subjective – Critiques and Addresses by Thomas Henry Huxley
 10. Living more or less in a subjective universe, our rambles in thought were better tonics than medicine to him. " – Edgar Saltus: The Man by Marie Saltus
 11. " Spenser a Subjective Poet. " – Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben P. Halleck
 12. We have seen that everything turns on the obligation of our subjective part to act within the limits of the suggestion which has been most deeply impressed upon it. " – The Creative Process in the Individual by Thomas Troward
 13. Still, the alteration was not wholly in herself; it was not wholly subjective – The Old Wives' Tale by Arnold Bennett
 14. We recognize in our experience two distinct orders, the objective order, the system of phenomena which constitutes the material world, and the subjective order, the order of things mental, to which belong sensations and " ideas." " – An Introduction to Philosophy by George Stuart Fullerton
 15. It is too utterly subjective to please you. " – The Life of Froude by Herbert Paul
 16. It will be observed that for lack of any tangible evidence he very properly makes use of subjective reasoning. " – The Dramatic Values in Plautus by Wilton Wallace Blancke
 17. But under the influence of love she plunges into herself, as it were, and her life for the time being is purely subjective – What Dreams May Come by Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton
 18. Nor is this as easy as it might appear; for, as we saw in our study of the emotions, our feeling attitude toward any object that occupies the mind is largely responsible for the subjective value we place upon it. " – The Mind and Its Education by George Herbert Betts
 19. As the work progresses through the different years, the subjective and creative sides are more and more emphasized, and the study of objects is felt to be merely a means necessary to an end. " – Text Books of Art Education, Book IV (of 7) by Hugo B. Froehlich Bonnie E. Snow


text:
How heat affects spa water chemistry
Why does scale seem to form so much more in a spa relative to a pool? Why does the pH rise so quickly in a hot tub compared to a pool?
The answers to these questions reside in the key differences between hot tubs and pools: heat and aeration.
That, and how the chemistry of calcium carbonate (of which scale is primarily composed) is affected by those differences.
This is going to get pretty technical - we're about to dive into the deep end here.
Scale formation occurs more readily in a spa than in a pool, and the reasons are related to the spa's jets and the increased temperature. It is also due to the tendency for the pH to drift upward, which itself is also related to the spa's jets and increased temperature.
These factors change the concentrations of the various species involved in the carbonate portion of calcium carbonates equilibrium reactions.
In the pool and spa environment, many of the reactions that take place are equilibrium reactions, where reactants come together to form products, and then the products undo the reaction and reform the reactants. A key feature of equilibrium is that at a given temperature, once chemical equilibrium has been reached, the concentrations of these components become constant with time. This type of equilibrium is true for the carbonate.
The equilibrium reaction is as follows:
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H++ HCO3- ↔ H+ + CO32
In words, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to form a hydrogen ion and bicarbonate, which further dissociates to form a hydrogen ion and carbonate.
This equilibrium takes place in both pools and spas, but compared to a pool, both the aeration from a spa's jets as well as the higher temperatures will change the concentrations of each of carbonate's components.
Jets play a role by increasing the rate of outgassing of carbon dioxide. Put simply, carbon dioxide escapes from a hot tub much faster than in a pool. The concept is the same as opening a can of soda and stirring it up. If air were blown through a straw into the soda it would cause the soda to lose its fizz.
Such is the effect of the jets in a hot tub. It causes the spa to lose its "fizz."
Similarly, heating the hot tub also increases the rate of carbon
Fraction of carbonates at various pH levels.dioxide loss to the air, compared to a swimming pool.
That loss of carbon dioxide upsets the equilibrium, which must rebalance itself. Because there was a loss of carbon dioxide, there are no longer equilibrium concentrations of the constituents, and the carbonates components quickly combine with one another to form more carbon dioxide to satisfy equilibrium concentration.
As they do so, hydrogen, H+, gets used up, and the pH rises.
That is because pH is a measure of the H+ in a solution. Free H+ in solution lowers the pH, so the loss of that H+ causes the pH to go up.
When carbon dioxide outgases, or leaves the system, the equilibrium concentrations are upset, causing carbonic acid to unmake itself into carbon dioxide, to satisfy the requirement to maintain those equilibrium concentrations. This, in turn, causes the bicarbonate to make itself into carbonic acid, and when it does this, it consumes a hydrogen ion. It was that existing hydrogen that had given rise to the neutral pH in the first place, so the pH begins to rise.
This explains why the pH rises in a hot tub compared to an adjacent pool.
But what about a hot tub's increased propensity to form scale? What is it about a little extra heat that causes scale to form readily on the spa's tile lines, not to mention heaters?
Two components explain this. First, the pH rises because hydrogen is being consumed. That shifts the equilibrium toward producing more carbonate ion (CO32-). This effect can also be seen in the accompanying graphic which shows the relative abundance of the different carbonate species at different pH values.
Because there is more carbonate available, there is a greater probability that calcium can combine with it to form calcium carbonate, or scale, as shown below.
Ca2+ + CO32- → CaCO3
However, it's important to remember that the carbonate ion is only half of the reason for scale. The other half is calcium.
Obviously, having high calcium content in the water will increase the likelihood of scale formation, but the question remains: why it is more likely to form more in the spa environment?
From a thermodynamic point of view, the reaction between calcium and carbonate is changed by changing the temperature.
In other words, increasing the temperature also assists the reaction between calcium and carbonate to form scale. That is because the precipitation of calcium carbonate is endothermic, meaning that it takes a certain amount of heat to produce scale.
This notion is fairly counterintuitive to many who are aware that a lot of substances tend to dissolve, rather than precipitate, with increased temperature. For example, if one added sodium chloride, or table salt to water, it would be expected to dissolve better with heat. Calcium carbonate, or scale, does the opposite. It forms more easily and in greater amounts with increased temperatures.
Temperature and aeration make a world of difference in water chemistry, affecting both pH and scale production.


Shadow and Light
Chiaroscuro – Italian for the play of shadow and light, most often referring to tonal relationships in visual art (Wikipedia)
Walking through a garden or a forest is a much different experience than looking at it from afar. When seen from a vantage point, no matter how beautiful a view, only your eyes see the beauty before you and you are separated from it – it and you. But walking in it and through it, that is a different experience altogether. You and it become a "we" – fused together by a play of shadow and light, transient shifts of color and tone that enfold you as a part of nature's spectral ballet.
Chiaroscuro is a term that painters used to describe the use of shadow and light to create the illusion of three dimensionality on a two dimensional plane. Photographers embraced it as a reminder that they were photographing light, not things. As I walked through the garden this week, each step became an experience of shadow and light. Every plant and flower took on a golden glow, filtered through the autumn leaves above. Standing below a fiery maple tree became a transcendent experience of standing in liquid gold; the deep umber and burgundy hues of light traveling through oak leaves captivated me for long moments. The beauty of autumn is transitory, all the more treasured for that short period of time when we look upward at a canopy of color that is unmatched in any other season.
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Here is French singer Juliette Greco singing Les Fuielles Morte (Autumn Leaves) in French in a live concert in Berlin (1967) in a simple arrangement of voice and guitar. Sartre said of her that she had "... millions of poems in her voice." (Wikipedia)
Where there is much light, the shadow is deep. ~ Geothe
For a translation of the original French lyrics (by Jacques Prevert) to Les Feuilles mortes/Autumn Leaves (not the Johnny Mercer English lyrics) – see this translation by Coby Lubliner.


text:
- A State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), a Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO), a Federal Preservation Officer (FPO), a scholar, a private owner, or an interested member of the general public, writes a letter of inquiry to the National Park Service.
- NHL staff review the letter to determine if the property appears to meet the criteria for an NHL. If the property has the potential to become an NHL, the staff provides the preparer with detailed guidance as the nomination is written.
- Working with the preparer, staff from the National Historic Landmarks program edit and review the nomination.
- Subject matter experts and scholars from across the nation review the nomination. Their suggestions and assessments are incorporated into the nomination.
- The Landmarks Committee reviews the nomination before making a recommendation to the National Park System Advisory Board.
- The National Park System Advisory Board reviews the nomination before making a recommendation to the Secretary of the Interior.
- The nomination is submitted to the Secretary of the Interior.
- The Secretary considers the recommendations and decides whether or not to designate the property as a National Historic Landmark.
photograph by photoholic1 via Flickr
Roseway (Schooner), MA: This wooden two-masted schooner, built in 1925, is the only known survivor of a type of vessel developed specifically to compete in yearly international races of fishing boats. In 1941, Roseway became a pilot boat in Boston, and during World War II served as a patrol vessel manned by the Coast Guard Reserve.


Powerline and Pipeline Survey
Airborne Solutions utilises the helicopter to conduct survey operations on power and pipeline assets.
The helicopter allows for safety, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness in surveying network assets, vegetation and for human interference.
Airborne Solutions can help you manage your network through several different methods.
This patrol is slow and in-depth with the helicopter stopping at every asset and conducting a detailed inspection. The helicopter may also use a LIDAR or thermal camera to gain different types of data depending on requirements.
The asset patrol allows for fast efficient inspection of assets and vegetation on power line networks and pipelines. The helicopter is able to cover hundreds of kilometres in a short amount of time giving a thorough overview of the asset being inspected.
After storms and cyclones, the helicopter is the perfect means to quickly inspect assets and ascertain any damages that they have received. The helicopter can also be used to transfer crews or sling poles or equipment to sites inaccessible by road.
Airborne Solutions utilises;
 - Onboard computer moving maps with power network overlays linked to GPS
 - Global Positioning System (GPS)
 - Sat phones
 - LIDAR or Thermal cameras when required
 - Mobile refuelling vehicles to reduce ferry time and cost
Airborne Solutions pilots have thousands of hours patrolling networks across Australia. They have been involved in establishing quality inspection systems for several major power suppliers in Queensland and New South Wales. Contact the Operations Department to discuss your network needs.


Fix: Unable to initialize OpenGL window
Open Graphics Library is a cross-platform application programming interface (API) which is used in rendering 3D and 2D vector graphics. The API is usually used for interaction with a graphical processing unit (GPU) which in turn helps achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.
Many heavy games rely on this API for their graphics operation and use them in the gameplay. Recently, many users experienced a problem where they were unable to play the game because an error occurs which states "Unable to initialize OpenGL window". This error is mostly associated with graphics drivers or with the game's resolution settings. We will go through all the workarounds one by one. Check them out.
Each game has a dedicated file which is used for loading settings whenever it is launched. These settings include the resolution, shadow details, texture details etc. We will open this file in notepad, make some changes according to your system and try launching the game.
 1. Right-click anywhere on your Desktop and select Display settings.
 1. Check the resolution which your computer is currently using. Here it is '1920 x 1200'. Note this down as we will need it further in the solution.
 1. Press Windows + E to launch the File Explorer. Navigate to the following directory:
Do note that your directory will be different. Here Steam is installed in Local Disk D. Your Steam might be installed on another hard drive. Make sure you change the navigation address according to your system.
 1. Right-click on the file 'MXML' and select "Edit with Notepad++". This is if you have that editor installed. Otherwise, you can select Open with > Notepad.
 1. Now once you have opened the configuration file, search for the tag 'ResolutionWidth' and 'ResolutionHeight'. Check if the current resolution is set. If the values don't match, you should change the value to what you saw earlier on.
For example, if your resolution is 1920 x 1200, the 'ResolutionWidth' should be '1920' and the 'ResolutionHeight' should be '1200'. As you can see in the example below, the resolution set was incorrect.
 1. Save changes to the file and exit. Restart your computer properly, launch Steam and try playing the game.
If you still encounter an error when trying to launch the game, you can try changing the attribute 'Fullscreen'. Change the attribute to "false". Save changes and try launching the game.
Solution 2: Installing latest client for PS4
If you experience this error on PS Now on your PC, it is probably because the client is outdated and a new one is out. Every now and then, developers release a new version to counter some bugs or add new features to the platform. If you have an outdated client, this may introduce discrepancies.
 1. Download the latest PS Now client from the official website.
 2. Now do not uninstall the older version. Install this new version on top of the existing version.
 3. Once done with the installation, restart your computer completely and check if the problem at hand got solved.
Solution 3: Changing user/ logging in again
There is also a known workaround where simply relogging into Steam fixes the issue. The reason behind this is not well known but it makes sense to deduce that the currently logged in user may have some problems with the display configurations stored. Relogging might fix this issue.
 1. Launch your Steam client using Steam.exe
 2. Log out of Steam by clicking on the option of "Change User" present if you click your account title on the top right corner of the Steam client.
 1. After clicking the option, you will be given a login screen where you have to enter your credentials. After inputting your credentials, check the box which says Remember my password. Click the button Login.
 1. Once logged in, launch the game you were trying to play and check if OpenGL error still persists.
Solution 4: Updating Graphics Drivers
If you have corrupt or outdated drivers, it may be the reason why your game fails to launch or the OpenGL message pops up. Now there are two ways through which you can update the drivers: either manually or automatically. In manually, you have to personally download the driver after searching for it at the manufacturer's website.
Before updating drivers, we will check if installing the default drivers solve the problem for us.
 1. Boot into Safe mode. Type "devmgmt.msc" in the dialogue box and press Enter. Here navigate to Display Adapters, right-click on your adapter and select Uninstall Device.
 1. Boot your computer into normal mode, press Windows + R, type "devmgmt.msc" in the dialogue box and press Enter. Most probably the default drivers will be installed. If not, right-click on any empty space and select "Scan for hardware changes". Now check if the game works without any problems. If it does without any problems, good for you. If it doesn't, carry on.
 2. Now there are two options. Either you can search online for the latest driver available for your hardware from the manufacturer's website such as NVIDIA etc. (and install manually) or you can let Windows install the latest version itself (search for updates automatically).
 3. We will take a look at installing automatically. Right-click on your hardware and select "Update driver". Select the first option "Search automatically for updated driver software". Choose the second option if you are updating manually and select "Browse for driver" and navigate to the location where you downloaded.
 1. Restart your computer after installing the drivers, launch the game and check if you can successfully launch the game without the error message.
Kevin Arrows
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Fix: Unable to initialize OpenGL window
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TNB presents
Ion Channel Based Bio-Synthetic Modulator for Diffusive Molecular Communication
Featured Articles
In diffusion-based molecular communication (DMC), a transmitter nanomachine is responsible for signal modulation. Thereby, the transmitter has to be able to control the release of the signaling molecules employed for representing the transmitted information. In nature, an important class of control mechanisms for releasing molecules from cells utilizes ion channels which are pore-forming proteins across the cell membrane. The opening and closing of the ion channels is controlled by a gating parameter. In this paper, an ion channel based modulator for DMC is proposed which controls the rate of molecule release from the transmitter by modulating a gating parameter signal. Exploiting the capabilities of the proposed modulator, an on-off keying modulation technique is introduced and the corresponding average modulated signal, i.e., the average release rate of the molecules from the transmitter, is analyzed. However, since the modulated signal is random in nature, it may deviate from its average. Therefore, the concept of modulator noise is introduced and the statistics of the modulated signal are investigated. Finally, by assuming a simple transparent receiver, the performance of the proposed on-off keying modulation format is studied. The derived analytical expressions for the average modulated signal are confirmed with particle based simulations. Our numerical results reveal that performance estimates of DMC systems obtained based on the assumption of instantaneous molecule release at the transmitter may substantially deviate from the performance achieved with practical modulators.
Related Articles


Complexities When AI Autonomous Cars Attempt Zipper Merging
 Complexities When AI Autonomous Cars Attempt Zipper Merging
By Lance Eliot, the AI Trends Insider
You undoubtedly know what a zipper merge is, though the name of it might seem unfamiliar.
Here's how it goes. Imagine you are driving along on the highway, minding your own business, when you spy up ahead an indication that your lane is being narrowed out and you'll need to get over into the other lane next to you. An electronic board sign is flashing warnings that your existing lane is going to end soon ("Merger Ahead" it veritably screams at you). In addition, a series of weather-worn red cones are set up in your lane that inch you over, step-by-step, and are positioned to gradually shunt all traffic out of the lane you are in.
It is the classic 2-into-1 traffic control squeeze play.
This is also commonly known as the zipper merge because it looks like a zipper as cars are pinned into veering from two lanes into one. Anyone that drives around with any frequency is apt to encounter these 2-into-1 situations on any given day and during any given driving journey. They exist aplenty.
So, what do you do?
One answer is that upon immediately spotting that a merger request is being proffered, you would as quickly and as safely as feasible guide your car into the next lane over and expeditiously get out of the lane that is going to disappear. You would not wait. You would not remain in the vanishing lane. You would act decisively and obey what you believe to be a lawful order to switch lanes. Let's label that kind of driver as an Early Merge type of person, employing a driving strategy of trying to perform the merging action as soon as possible.
Another answer to the driving scenario is to try and remain in the fading lane as long as you can. The idea is to wait until the last possible moment and then dart over into the remaining available lane. In some ways, this is kind of exciting and maybe provides a bit of a thrill. In any case, the person using this approach is apt to be thinking that there is no particular reason to act like a scaredy-cat and abandon a perfectly good lane, postponing the abandonment until the only option left involves getting out and into the bordering lane. We'll label this kind of driver as the Late Merge type of person.
Okay, so which camp do you fall into, the Early Merge members of society or the Late Merge members of our world? This is where the heated and acrimonious debates start to unfold.
The Early Merge types are bound to exhort that the Late Merge people are miscreants. Those Late Merge drivers are outright idiots that do not realize they ought to obey the indicated signs and get over in a prudent, timely, and earliest feasible way. Doing so is decidedly safer for all concerned. When those dolts dart over at the endpoint of merging, they are going to create trouble, heaps, and heaps
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AWS CloudWatch can monitor metrics and generate alarms when they cross a certain threshold. Additionally, CloudWatch can take various actions when this occurs, such as alerting humans through email, SMS, or Slack messages. CloudWatch typically provides alerts by posting a message to an SNS (Amazon Simple Notification Service) topic, which would then dispatch the message via a variety of mediums, such as email, SMS, and Lambda functions. Additional actions that CloudWatch can take when an alarm goes off are typically auto-scaling events, such as scaling workloads out or back in.
This is the second article out of three investigating what AWS CloudWatch can offer us, this time focusing on alarms and alerts. Let's dive into more details.
Billing Alert
The most important tip of this article is that CloudWatch can alert you when your bill is likely to become too high. You should never run any workload on AWS without this alarm, as it is quite easy to forget resources spun up for testing purposes. To create such a billing alarm, you need to log in to the AWS console using either the root user or an IAM user who has permission to access the billing section of the console.
The first step is to enable billing alerts. Click on your user name in the top-right corner of the screen, then click on "My Billing Dashboard." In the left pane, select "Billing preferences," then enable "Receive Billing Alerts," and finally click on "Save preferences."
The second step is to actually create a billing alarm. Head over to the CloudWatch service. In the left pane, click on "Alarms," and then click on the "Create Alarm" button. Choose the "Billing, Total Estimated Charge" metric, and configure the alarm to go off when this metric is greater than a monthly amount you would like to be alerted; click "Next." Then select "Create a New SNS Topic," and enter a name for the SNS topic and your email address; click "Create topic." Click "Next," enter a name for the alarm, click "Next" again, and, finally, "Create Alarm." That's it!
How Are AWS CloudWatch Alarms Evaluated?
Evaluation Periods and DatapointsToAlarm
There are three settings that control when an alarm goes off:
 - Period is the length of time over which the underlying metric is evaluated. The alarm period does not need to match the underlying metric period, but it needs to be at least as long as the metric period. CloudWatch will essentially generate one alarm data point per alarm period, based on the value(s) of the underlying metric during that period.
 - Evaluation period is the number of alarm periods (or alarm data points) to take into account when determining whether the alarm is triggered or not.
 - DatapointsToAlarm is the number of alarm data points that must breach the threshold during the evaluation period for the alarm to go off.
For example, let's assume that the alarm period is the same as the underlying metric period, the evaluation period is five, and the DatapointsToAlarm is three. For any five consecutive alarm data points, the alarm will go into the ALARM state if at least three out of five data points breach the alarm threshold. If for a given set of five consecutive alarm data points, only two or less breach the threshold, the alarm will not be in the ALARM state.
These settings are quite useful to filter out normal spikes, like CPU. It's normal for the CPU to run very high for short periods of time because the OS is, for example, performing some maintenance tasks, and you probably wouldn't want to be alerted for such things.
What Happens When There Is Missing Data?
There are various reasons why the underlying metric might have missing data points during an evaluation period, including:
 - The service or EC2 instance is just starting and hasn't yet reported enough metrics.
 - The EC2 instance is rebooting and can't report the metric during the reboot time.
 - Some networking parameters (such as a security group or network access control list) have been modified, preventing the EC2 instance from connecting to CloudWatch.
 - There are some network glitches (typically if the metric is reported from outside AWS).
You can configure each alarm to consider missing data points as:
 - Breaching: The missing data point is assumed to breach the alarm threshold.
 - Not breaching: The missing data point is assumed to be within the alarm threshold.
 - Ignore: The alarm state is left untouched.
 - Missing: This data point will not be considered when evaluating the alarm.
Which option to choose depends on the underlying metric reports. For example, if your alarm is for CPU, RAM, or disk utilization, it's most probably safer to consider missing data as breaching, as it is likely that your EC2 instance is going through a rough time. Some metrics are reported only when errors occur (such as ThrottledRequests in Amazon DynamoDB), in which case missing data would be considered as not breaching.
Importantly, CloudWatch tries to use missing data points as little as possible, no matter how you configure the alarm to treat them. It does so by retrieving more data points than the evaluation period (this is an evaluation range) and tries to use as many valid data points as possible within the evaluation range.
High-Resolution Alarms
Alarms have a typical resolution of sixty seconds. If the underlying metric is a high-resolution one, you can use a high-resolution alarm with a resolution of ten or thirty seconds. Although they come at a higher cost, these could be useful if you need very swift action.
Advanced AWS CloudWatch Alarms Evaluation
Combining Metrics
CloudWatch can combine metrics using math. This will be explored in a subsequent article, but what is relevant here is that you can create alarms on the output of the math expression.
Anomaly Detection
AWS released a new service that generates alarms based on anomalous patterns in the underlying metric. In order to use this service, you simply create an alarm as usual and select "Anomaly detection" under "Conditions." Alternatively, when you display a metric in CloudWatch, select the "Graphed metrics" tab and click on the wave icon next to the metric name (see screenshot below).
Using anomaly detection, you can benefit from the years of experience that AWS has accumulated in monitoring a variety of workloads. It allows you to leverage machine learning in a very intuitive and user-friendly way. Anomaly detection uses machine learning and statistical analysis to determine the validity or "usual" range for a metric. It will then alert you whenever the metric goes out of range and is thus suspicious.
How to Alert a Human Being
CloudWatch can take a variety of actions when an alarm goes off, such as triggering an auto-scaling event or sending a message through a medium likely to attract the attention of a human. Typically, you would need to create an SNS topic and add subscriptions to that SNS topic. Each subscription represents a channel to which the alarm message will be forwarded. In the screenshot below, there are a number of subscriptions to the "Alarms" SNS topic. Any message sent to that SNS topic will be forwarded to all subscribers, whether by email, SMS, Lambda invocation, etc.
The next step is to link the alarm with the SNS topic. So when you create or edit the alarm, you just need to select the correct SNS topic. After that, every time the alarm goes off, CloudWatch will send a message to SNS, which will forward it to you via email, SMS, etc. You can even create a Lambda function that will post the message on a Slack channel.
AWS CloudWatch Alarms Cost Considerations
Don't Create a Loop!
This piece of advice is fairly obvious, and it is to avoid creating a loop. For example, you might have an alarm on a Lambda function that sends a message to Slack. This could go into an infinite loop where the Lambda triggers the alarm, which triggers the Lambda function, etc. This is a silly example, and such situations are unlikely to happen in real life, but this is still something to keep in mind. Obviously, such a loop is likely to cost you a lot of money!
Avoid Sending Too Many Text Messages
Pricing information for SNS can be found here. The free tier allows you to send 100 SMSes (to US phone numbers) and 1,000 emails per month. After that, you will have to pay per SMS, which is reasonably cheap for US numbers but can have significant costs for other countries.
If you're using Slack in your organization, a good way to minimize these costs is to post a message to a Slack channel instead.
Other Points
The pricing page for CloudWatch can be found here.
High-resolution alarms are about three times more expensive than regular alarms, so use them only if necessary. The costs for alarms and alerts are usually quite low, so you wouldn't need to worry about those unless you have a large amount of them.
Another point to consider with CloudWatch is that everything needs to be taken care of manually, and there is a chance to miss or misconfigure an alert.
CloudWatch vs. Competition
There is a large offering of additional monitoring software tools out there, both in the open-source community and from paid-for suppliers.
The open-source community has a number of very capable software solutions. Prometheus is well known and able to ingest and process metric data; its time-series database is very efficient. Prometheus works well in most workloads but doesn't scale very well for very large workloads. In contrast, CloudWatch has gigantic scaling capabilities built-in, so scale should never be a worry. In addition, Prometheus can only deal with metrics that are actually reported; if


Each 3DMark benchmark is rendered at a fixed resolution regardless of hardware. This is the rendering resolution. The rendered frames are then scaled to fit your system's Windows desktop resolution. This scaling has a negligible effect on the benchmark in most cases, and scores are comparable regardless of the desktop resolution you use.
Benchmark rendering resolution and Windows desktop display resolution are independent. You don't need to have a 4K monitor to run a 4K benchmark like Time Spy Extreme or Fire Strike Ultra. The benchmark will render at 4K then scale the frames to your PC's desktop display resolution.
Impact on CPU-limited systems
When a benchmark is limited by the CPU, or when the frame rate is very high, image scaling may have a small impact on the benchmark score. Both scenarios can be avoided, however, by choosing the right benchmark for your system.
Impact of 4K and other ultra-high resolutions
If you have a 4K desktop resolution but your GPU is not very powerful, the image scaling may require a considerable amount of GPU resources and video memory. Running with integrated graphics or a low-end discrete GPU at 4K desktop resolution or higher is not recommended. Your score may be degraded by the performance penalty of image scaling.
As a workaround, you can override the output resolution with the Scaled Resolution setting on the Options screen. For most benchmarks, choosing 1920 × 1080 (1080p) for the output resolution will be fine.
Scaling options
The Scaling Mode setting on the Options screen lets you choose between Centered and Stretched Scaling.
Centered scaling preserves the original aspect ratio. It adds a letterbox effect if your desktop resolution does not have a 16:9 aspect ratio.
Stretched scaling will stretch the image to fill the display without preserving the original aspect ratio. You could use stretched scaling to fill a triple-monitor setup, for example. Stretched scaling does not change the workload. The benchmark still renders to the internal rendering resolution, it is just scaled differently to your display.
How to change a benchmark's rendering resolution
In 3DMark Advanced Edition and 3DMark Professional Edition, you can use custom benchmark settings to change the internal rendering resolution. Please remember that custom runs do not produce an overall score and the sub-scores cannot be compared with scores obtained with default settings.
How to change a benchmark's scaled resolution
You can use the Scaled Resolution setting on the Options screen to set the scaling resolution to something other than your current desktop display resolution. This option does not affect your score.
Optimal settings for overclockers
If you're aiming for the highest possible score in a benchmark—for an overclocking contest, for example—matching your desktop resolution to the benchmark's internal rendering resolution may provide a very slight performance gain.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a set of PowerShell scripts that include a "common" script, located in the same folder, like this:
# some-script.ps1
$scriptDir = Split-Path -Parent $myinvocation.mycommand.path
. "$scriptDir\script-utils.ps1"
This is fine if the script is called directly, e.g.
However, if the script is called with Invoke-Command, this does not work:
Invoke-Command -ComputerName server01 -FilePath "X:\some-script.ps1"
In this case, infact, $myinvocation.mycommand contains the contents of the script, and $myinvocation.mycommand.path is null.
How can I determine the script's directory in a way that works also when the script is invoked with Invoke-Command?
In the end, this is the solution I actually used:
Invoke-Command -ComputerName server01 '
 {param($scriptArg); & X:\some-script.ps1 $scriptArg } '
 -ArgumentList $something
This also allows passing parameters to the script.
share|improve this question
any solution with full source code about it? – Kiquenet Jun 5 '12 at 8:54
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I don't believe you can, from within the invoked script. From get-help invoke-command:
-FilePath Runs the specified local script on one or more remote computers. Enter the path and file name of the script, or pipe a script path to Invoke-Command. The script must reside on the local computer or in a directory that the local computer can access. Use the ArgumentList parameter to specify the values of parameters in the script.
 **When you use this parameter, Windows PowerShell converts the contents of the specified script file to a script
 block, transmits the script block to the remote computer, and runs it on the remote computer.**
When you use invoke-command using the -filepath parameter, the script is read from the file on the local computer, converted to a script block, and that's what gets passed to the remote computer. The remote computer doesn't have any way of knowing if that script block was read from a file.
For the remote computer to know what that original file path was, you'll have to tell it. I think the easiest way to do that would be to write a function to do the invocation, and have it pass the filename to the invoked script as a parameter.
share|improve this answer
add comment
alternatively rather than using filepath.. you could pass in a scriptblock, that dotsources the script from a UNC path that all machines have access to. However each machine will need to have the appropriate executionpolicy set so that they can run that script from the UNC path
let me be clear though, that i'm not saying to run the script from the UNC path as if that does the remoting, but still using invoke-command or start-job to run a scriptblock on a remote computer. It just happens that that scriptblock will run the script from a UNC path for convenience.
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


text:
- conceit •
Pronunciation: kên-seet • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. (Mass noun) Extreme egotism, excessive and vain pride in oneself. 2. (Count noun) A fanciful or outlandish notion or idea. 3. In literature, an unusually creative twist, a bit of unexpected imagery or metaphor.
Notes: Centuries ago today's good word had the same meanings as concept and conception; all three were derived from the verb conceive. However, as meanings changed over the years, English assigned different meanings to these three nouns despite their common origin. In the sense of "egotism", conceit is a mass noun that has no plural. In the sense of "fanciful notion", it can be pluralized, as a novel that relies on its conceits more than its plot.
In Play: Let's focus on the second meaning of today's Good Word since it tends to be overlooked: "Inga Smorgasbord based all her candlelight dinners on the conceit that food was enjoyed more at a table inundated in redolent flowers." In his poem, "The Flea", John Donne uses a flea as a conceit for a metaphorical marriage with the object of his affection when the flea sucks and mingles blood from the both of them. The conceit is deepened when he suggests that killing the flea would now be suicide. This is not an ordinary metaphor but a highly creative, unexpected, and fanciful one.
Word History: Even in Middle English, today's Good Word meant "mind, concept". It was then conceite, an Anglo-Norman reduction of Late Latin conceptus, the past participle of concipere "to grasp, conceive". This verb was made up of the intensive prefix com- + capere "to take", the source of English words like capture, captive, and captivate. The root of capere came from Proto-Indo-European kap- "grab, grasp", which reached Old Germanic as habai- "get, have" and continued to German as haben and to English as have, both with the same meanings.


60 Series or 350 Series Trap Error
60 Series or 350 Series Trap Error
Postby gseadmin » Wed Apr 08, 2009 7:23 am
What do you do if there is a TRAP error on the indicator?
Re: 60 Series or 350 Series Trap Error
Postby gseadmin » Wed Apr 08, 2009 7:24 am
First check to see if the trap error always has the same error code (6 character alpha-numeric code).
a) If the trap error code is constant, please send the indicator in for repair. There is a hardware issue. Usually, the EPROM needs to be replaced.
b) On a 60 series: If the trap error code occurs on power up AND there is a database, then
* Power down the indicator. Press PRINT and UNITS together on power up. Go into setup. Then go to P65001 and default the indicator. Then reload
your program and database.
* If the trap error still is occuring and you have a database card installed, then power down the indicator. Take out the database card. If the trap error
goes away, the problem could be in the database try. Try to default the database card at P65010. Or replace the database card.
c) If the trap error code changes (A different number each time), then the processor is "freezing" due to some type of external influence. This can include, but is not limited to:
* Electrostatic discharge (ESD): I.e.: a highly static-prone material filling into a poorly grounded scale. Ensure your scale is grounded correctly.
* Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): I.e: A nearby high-inductance motor
* Radio Frequency Interference (RFI): I.e.: A nearby high powered radio transmitter such as a CB. This can influence a poorly shielded load cell or scale. Make sure to terminate any unused conductors so they don't act as an antenna
* Power Fluctuations: I.e. brown-out, voltage spike, etc.
Return to 350 Series


Related provisions for CONC 7.9.5
1 - 8 of 8 items.
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A firm must ensure that a person contacting a customer on its behalf explains to the customer the following matters:(1) who the person contacting the customer works for;(2) the person's role in or relationship with the firm; and(3) the purpose of the contact.[Note: paragraph 3.3c of DCG]
A firm must not in a communication with the customer make a statement which may induce the customer to contact the firm misunderstanding the reason for making contact.[Note: paragraph 3.3d of DCG]
(1) An example of a misleading communication in CONC 7.9.2 R is a calling card left at the customer's address which states or implies that the customer has missed a delivery and encourages the customer to make contact.[Note: paragraph 3.3d (box) of DCG](2) The clear fair and not misleading rule in CONC 3.3.1 R also applies to a firm in relation to a communication with a customer in relation to credit agreement1 or a consumer hire agreement.
A firm must not contact customers at unreasonable times and must pay due regard to the reasonable requests of customers (for example, customers who work in a shift pattern) in respect of when, where and how they may be contacted.[Note: paragraphs 3.3j and k of DCG]
CONC 7.9.11GRP
A firm which:(1) threatens debt recovery action against the "occupier" of particular premises; or(2) sends a payment demand to all persons sharing the same name and date of birth or address as the customer;is likely to contravene CONC 7.9.10 R.[Note: paragraphs 3.9a (box) and 3.9b (box) of DCG]
CONC 7.9.13GRP
CONC 7.9.14RRP
CONC 7.14.6RRP
Where a customer disputes a debt and the firm seeking to recover the debt is not the lender or the owner, the firm must:(1) pass the information provided by the customer to the lender or the owner; or[Note: paragraph 3.23h of DCG](2) if the firm has authority from the lender or owner to investigate a dispute, it must notify the lender or owner of the outcome of the investigation.
CONC 7.14.10RRP
If a firm rejects a repayment offer because it is unacceptable, the firm must not engage in any conduct intended to, or likely to, have the effect of intimidating the customer1 into increasing the offer.[Note: annex A5 of DCG]
CONC 7.14.11GRP
Examples of conduct that may contravene CONC 7.14.10 R would, depending on the circumstances, include where following an unacceptable offer a firm immediately:(1) sends field agents to visit the customer or communicates to the customer that it will do so;[Note: annex A5 (box) to DCG](2) substantially increases the rate of interest or imposes a substantial charge or communicates that is will do either of those things.
CONC 7.14.14RRP
If a firm accepts a customer's offer to settle a debt, it must communicate formally and unequivocally that the offer accompanied by the relevant payment has been accepted as settlement of the customer's liability.[Note: paragraph 3.3h of DCG]
CONC 7.11.1RRP
When contacting customers, a firm must not misrepresent its authority or its legal position with regards to the debt or debt recovery process.[Note: paragraph 3.4 of DCG ]
CONC 7.11.2GRP
CONC 7.11.3RRP
A firm must not use official looking documents which are designed to, or are likely to, mislead a customer as to the status of the firm.[Note: paragraph 3.3a of DCG ]
(1) A firm must not exercise its rights under a continuous payment authority (or purport to do so):(a) unless it has been explained to the customer that the continuous payment authority would be used in the way in question; and(b) other than in accordance with the terms specified in the credit agreement or the P2P agreement.(2) If a firm wishes a customer to change the terms of a continuous payment authority it must contact the customer and:(a) provide the customer with an adequate
CONC 7.13.10GRP
CONC 7.15.5GRP
If the lender or owner has been in regular contact with the customer during the limitation period, the firm may continue to attempt to recover the debt.[Note: paragraph 3.15b of DCG]
(1) Failure to comply with CONC 6.5.2 R, which sets out when a firm must give notice to a customer where a regulated credit agreement has been assigned to a third party, will be taken into account by the FCA in taking decisions about a firm'spermission or about taking other action.[Note: paragraph 3.7g of DCG](2) CONC 6.5.2 R makes it clear that where arrangements for servicing the credit change at the time of the assignment of a regulated credit agreement, notice must be given
CONC 7.12.3GRP


text:
Definition of unkind :
1. Having no race or kindred; childless.
2. Not kind; contrary to nature, or the law of kind or kindred; unnatural.
3. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, benevolence, gratitude, or the like; cruel; harsh; unjust; ungrateful.
brutal, edged, remorseless, hard, monstrous, stinging, sadistic, rude, barbarous, severe, cruel, savage, awful, evil, pitiless, hurtful, spiteful, malicious, unsympathetic, unkindly, ruffianly, ruthless, rigorous, unpitying, inhuman, hateful, inhumane, uncharitable, heartless, mean, malignant, cutting, malevolent, harsh


text:
ECPE vocabulary practice test 72 of 98 Vocabulary Workshop
HOW TO PRACTISE: There is a practice question below. Select one of the options and you will immediately see the result. Next, click on the golden "Next Question" button at the bottom of the result. This way questions will appear one after another.
Question 1 of 10: What is the meaning of "pragmatic"?
2. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precarious"?
(a) 1. something that is not certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which is entirely safe and secure
(b) 1. something that is not certain 2. clear and definite 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
(c) 1. something that is entirely certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
(d) 1. something that is not certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
3. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precede"?
(a) 1. to exist before something 2. to come before 3. to have a higher rank than someone
(b) 1. to come after something 2. to be of less importance
(c) 1. to take political action to formally declare independence and leave a country 2. to separate from a country
(d) 1. to suddenly appear 2. to appear in an unexpected place or at an unexpected time 3. to materialize
4. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precedent"?
(a) 1. a practice or act in the past which is used to justify a similar practice in the present
(b) 1. an event that comes after another important event 2. a result
(c) 1. the leader of a political party, a country, or an organization 2. a democratically elected leader
(d) 1. a feeling that something bad is going to happen in the near future 2. the sensation that something is amiss and that something negative is going to happen
5. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "preceding"?
(a) 1. after 2. in the end
(b) 1. in response to 2. as a result
(c) 1. before 2. prior to
(d) 1. on one hand 2. in contrast
6. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipice"?
(a) 1. a small steep side of a mountain or cliff, typically a short one 2. a preferable situation that could lead to success or joy 3. a very interesting situation
(b) 1. a very steep side of a factory or building, typically a short one 2. an uncertain situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very unfortunate situation
(c) 1. a very steep side of a home or building, typically a tall one 2. a confusing situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very confusing situation
(d) 1. a very steep side of a mountain or cliff, typically a tall one 2. a dangerous situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very dangerous situation
7. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipitate"?
(a) 1. prevent (something) from happening quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw upward; hurl upward 3. fall; fall upward suddenly and dramatically
(b) 1. cause (something) to happen slowly, rarely, expectedly, or maturely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw headlong; hurl upward 3. push; push downward suddenly and dramatically
(c) 1. cause (something) to happen quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw headlong; hurl downward 3. fall; fall downward suddenly and dramatically
(d) 1. attack (someone) to weaken quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. catch headlong; hurl upward 3. throw; throw downward suddenly and dramatically
8. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipitous"?
(a) 1. quite steep 2. occurring suddenly or dramatically
(b) 1. related to a specific division of a city for political or policing reasons 2. small-scale
(c) 1. gradually sloping 2. slightly inclined 3. going downhill at a slow pace
(d) 1. too forward or bold 2. open and willing to ask anyone anything 3. liberal to a point that is considered to be socially unacceptable
9. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precise"?
(a) 1. desired by many 2. wanted 3. in fashion
(b) 1. coming before something 2. occurring directly before something else
(c) 1. necessary 2. required in order to do something or access something
(d) 1. accurate; exact 2. meticulous or exacting
10. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "predecessor"?
(a) 1. a person who inspects labor issues 2. a labor investigator 3. someone who researches injury claims to confirm whether or not they are true
(b) 1. the current occupant of a post or a role 2. the person who occupies a role at this very time and age 3. something that comes after another related thing in the past
(c) 1. the previous occupant of a post or a role 2. something that comes before another related thing
(d) 1. a person who is in charge of processing credit card payments at a business or in a bank
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English Grammar Exercise Tips
The following simple English grammar tips and tricks will help you to learn and memorize English grammar rules and speak correctly. If you are on this site for English grammar practice, these tips will really help you. Let's start.
Invest your time in learning
It surely takes some time to learn English. There is no shortcut way to learn it. Some websites may say that they will teach you English in seven days or one month. These are false offers. Invest some time in learning and practicing. Your English skills will surely improve.
Speak, speak, and speak!
Try to speak English the same way you write it. Do not worry about grammatical mistakes. The more you practice, the less mistakes you will make and the more fluent you will be. So, practice daily and do not be afraid of grammatical errors.
Slow down your speaking speed
Your confidence will go down if you try to speak fluently from the very beginning. Give yourself some time. Start with slow speaking speed and increase your speed over time as you make more progress day by day. Slowing down speaking speed has another benefit — you will get enough time to make sentences in your mind before you speak.
The more you practice speaking, the more confident you will be.
Use Mobile apps
Luckily, there are many English learning apps available. Some are free and some are paid apps. If you are a smartphone user, you should install some of these apps in your mobile phone. You can at least install one app and start practicing. A mobile app is a very handy and useful thing to learn at your convenient time. You can start with free apps.
Install and use a dictionary app in your mobile
There are several free dictionary apps that will help you to learn proper pronunciation and new words. It is highly possible that your smartphone already has a dictionary installed. Use it or install a better one.
Try to get a good bilingual dictionary for better understanding. Besides using a mobile app, you can buy and use a good


text:
Definition of'septic tank'
Trends of'septic tank'
Used Rarely. septic tank is in the lower 50% of commonly used words in the Collins dictionary
View usage for:
Translations for'septic tank'
British English: septic tank /ˈsɛptɪk tæŋk/ NOUN
A septic tank is an underground tank where faeces, urine, and other waste matter is made harmless using bacteria.
- American English: septic tank
- Arabic: غُرفِةُ تَفتيش
- Brazilian Portuguese: fossa sética
- Chinese: 化粪池
- Croatian: septička jama
- Czech: septik
- Danish: septiktank
- Dutch: septic tank
- European Spanish: pozo séptico
- Finnish: saostuskaivo
- French: fosse septique
- German: Faulbehälter
- Greek: σηπτικός βόθρος
- Italian: fossa biologica
- Japanese: 浄化槽
- Korean: 정화조
- Norwegian: septiktank
- Polish: szambo
- European Portuguese: fossa sética
- Romanian: fosă septică
- Russian: септический резервуар
- Spanish: pozo séptico
- Swedish: septiktank
- Thai: ถังปุ๋ยหมัก
- Turkish: septik çukur
- Ukrainian: септичний резервуар
- Vietnamese: hố rác tự hoại
Definition of septic tank from the Collins English Dictionary
The etymology behind 4 eggs-ellent Springtime words
We've explored the diverse etymology of 4 eggs-ellent words associated with spring.
Up Lit, Alexa Laugh & Meet Me at McDonald's Hair: March's Words In The News
Catch up on the latest words in the news this March with Robert Groves.
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All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month.


text:
All Amazon links are affiliate links
Follow the Drinking Gourd by Jeanette Winter
From the bookflap: "Winter's story begins with a peg-leg sailor who aids slaves on their escape on the Underground Railroad. While working for plantation owners, Peg Leg Joe teaches the slaves a song about the drinking gourd (the Big Dipper). A couple, their son, and two others make their escape by following the song's directions. Rich paintings interpret the strong story in a clean, primitive style enhanced by bold colors. The rhythmic compositions have an energetic presence that's compelling. A fine rendering of history in picturebook format."
Author: Jeanette Winter
The author is also the illustrator.
Topics from the book:
Visit each topic page for downloads, lessons, etc. specific to that topic.
Quilt to Freedom
Students will gain understanding of a portion of African-American history. They will explore the concepts of slavery, respect, and giving time or talent to improve the lives of others. Grades K,1,2
Follow the Drinking Gourd Classroom Guide
Created as an on-site for the Northern Stars Planetarium (Grades 1-3)
Underground Railroad--People Get Ready...There's a Train a Comin'
Students will recognize that philanthropy is a vital part of the African American History through the roles individuals played in the Underground Railroad. Grades 3,4,5
Discovering the Underground Railroad
Junior Ranger Activity Book from the National Parks Service
Why are we featuring this book?
Follow the Drinking Gourd is a book featured in Five in a Row, a literature-based unit study curriculum. Many families use FIAR for all but the grammar/reading and math, and others use it in conjunction with other resources. Above is information about the author and illustrator, story summaries, and links to lesson plans and websites that are great go-alongs for Follow the Drinking Gourd. Please note that these resources are meant to complement, not replace, the Five in a Row units. The Five in a Row volumes are inexpensive and well worth the investment.