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SQL-Builder by NQLSoftware
By, 30 Aug 2005
Editorial Note
Benefits of using SQL-Builder
Summary: This White Paper explains the benefits of using SQL-Builder - To save development time and to give the end user an extremely fast, flexible and effortless way to query relational databases.
Brief Background
Almost every software application using a database provides a way for the user to query the database, dialog base or submit a SQL Ad-hoc query. The Dialog base is not flexible, and because of this, many dialogs may have to be built. To enter even a simple SQL Ad-hoc query, the required structure of SQL syntax is too complicated for most end-users. SQL-Builder provides an efficient means to resolve these problems.
SQL is not a language for everyone.
The basic SQL query statement contains three clauses: "select", "from" and "where". Each of the tables or views that participate in the query have to be included in the "from clause". The "where clause" contains "select criteria" and "table joins" if more than one table participates in the query. Joining tables is time consuming and sometimes difficult. With this complexity, developers often spend hours, days or weeks writing a SQL query. To provide a more flexible, simpler and faster solution for the end-user, the programmer and the Database Administrator, NQLSoftware developed SQL-Builder as a tool to write SQL queries faster and with a simpler syntax. This what we refer to as NQL (Natural Query Language).
The basic NQL query contains two clauses: "select" and "where". The "from clause" is omitted completely. The "where clause" only contains "select criteria", and no "table joins" are needed. From the "select clause" and "select criteria" in the "where clause", SQL-Builder uses a proprietary algorithm to determine which tables participate in the query and joins these tables appropriately, then builds the SQL query.
The following are examples to demonstrate and simplify these instructions. Northwind, an example of MS-SQL database is being used.
NQL query:
show suppliers where customer city is London
SQL-Builder translates to SQL as follows:
SQL query:
WHERE ((Suppliers.SupplierID = Products.SupplierID)
AND (Products.ProductID = [Order Details].ProductID)
AND (Orders.OrderID = [Order Details].OrderID)
AND (Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID))
AND (Customers.City = 'London')
In the example above, "customer city" is an "alias" of "Customers.City" this makes the query closer to a natural English sentence.
NQL query:
show employees who live in London
SQL query:
SELECT Employees.* FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE Employees.City = 'London'.
NQL query:
show how many employees who live in London
SQL query:
NQL query is an easier language statement to understand than the SQL query statement isn't it? Now you see how simple the NQL query is compared to the SQL query statement.
Dialog base with NQL
Since the NQL query syntax is very simple, it needs only the "select clause" and "select criteria". If your application has a dialog to build the select clause and select criteria, this dialog can build any query. The "Click Query" feature of SQL-Builder is an example of such a dialog. There is no need to build many query dialogs, as is the case when using SQL. The Click Query of SQL-Builder is pick and click style. Unlike other products, Click Query allows user to select more than one search objects and filters on any object attributes. With this feature and the mouse only, users may issue and kind of query, simple or complex, programmers may quickly create views or stored procedures.
Ad-hoc query with NQL
With the simplicity of the NQL syntax, natural, English-like query, developers spend less time writing queries. Using NQL, It now takes only seconds to write queries, and virtually anyone can now write queries, they can write queries with their own spoken languages. The NQL Ad-hoc query or Natural Language Query may be an option for your software application. Natural Language Query of SQL-Builder features with auto-complete, highlight the closet matched word while user typing the query. Also users may save the query for later use.
SQL-Builder understands every word in the sentence and translates accurately to SQL.
Relational Database Keyword Query with NQL
Keyword searches are popular in the field of document searches. Are you able to query your relational database using Keywords? Yes, now you can. SQL-Builder uses a proprietary algorithm to index your database to locate the data. When search it locates the data and joins tables appropriately to return the correct results. SQL-Builder does not have any restrictions requiring all keywords to be located in one data cell. Here is an example; Suppose you are searching for Boston seafood products. You simply select "products" from the "search for" combo box and enter "seafood Boston" in the "with all the words" text box, then click the Search button. In the above scenario, "seafood" is in the "categories" table; however, "boston "is in "Suppliers" table. In actuality, NONE of the keywords searched in the above example need to be in the "products" table which we search on.
SQL-Builder features a dictionary that allows users to define words, define phrases, build their language, configure output, and save queries. When a word or a phrase defined it becomes a valid words, user may define new words, new phrases base on the defined words, recursively.
Data Location
Users can quickly locate where the data resides. If you know the keyword, say "Seafood", you may use the Keyword Query, don't specify the search object and search by keyword "Seafood", SQL-Builder will find all data cells (table and column) that contain the keyword "Seafood", for you. You may search by table name or column name. Suppose you want to know what tables store first name, you may use the WordBuilder of SQL-Builder, enter "first%name" in the new word edit box and click on the filter button, SQL-Builder will get all tables and all columns where the name is first%name ('%' is wild card).
SQL-Builder increases productivity over the entire enterprise by saving a significant amount of development time for the programmer and Database Administrator and gives the end-user a faster, more flexible method to query relational databases.
Further Information
For more information on SQL-Builder and other products by NQLSoftware please visit our website. Or contact NQLSoftware for a live-on-line demonstration.
SQL BUILDER V4.0 is available free of charge via download. These trial versions are fully functional and valid for 30 days.
Buy Now
You'll get a 40% discount off the regular price of $369.99. And, for a limited time only, we are offering our new DMS (Document Management System) free of charge for customers who purchase SQL-Builder. This offer is valid through 09/30/2005 only.
About DMS
DMS Uses the database to index documents resulting in a very quick response. You can specify directories to search and the maximum number of documents to return. You can search on almost any file including, but not limited to, the following file types:.doc,.pdf (DMS for oracle only),.txt,.rtf,.htm,.html,.xml,.asp,.aspx,.ppt,.xls, and.jpg.
DMS supports Incremental indexing, which detects the following changes to files and updates the index accordingly: Modification, deletion, addition, renaming.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
About the Author
Tran NQLSoftware
Web Developer
United States United States
No Biography provided
Comments and Discussions
QuestionAbout Code PinmemberJimish Parekh8-Oct-13 3:56
QuestionProducts and supplier PinmemberJörgen Sigvardsson31-Aug-05 11:16
Quite off topic, but I've always wondered if the classical product and supplier database originally came from C.J. Date? (For those who don't know who C.J. Date is - google on his name and database Smile | :) )
I always smile when I see these examples, because it reminds me of my first contact with relational databases. Smile | :)
An eye for an eye will only make the world blind.
AnswerRe: Products and supplier Pinmembercomputerguru9238225-Feb-06 12:14
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What makes a superhero super? By comparing popular culture superheroes with heroic characters in children's literature, students learn to think critically about character traits, and consider how cultural perspectives influence the kinds of heroes we choose.
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How does a gold nanorod melt?
TitleHow does a gold nanorod melt?
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2000
AuthorsLink, S, Wang, ZL, EL-Sayed, MA
JournalJournal of Physical Chemistry B
Date PublishedAug
ISBN Number1089-5647
Accession NumberWOS:000088945700001
Structural transformation of gold nanorods are investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy after they have been exposed to low-energy femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses in colloidal solution. The pulse energies were below the gold nanorod melting threshold, but allowed early stage shape transformation processes, It is found that while the as-prepared nanorods are defect-free, laser-irradiation induces point and line defects. The defects are dominated by (multiple) twins and stacking faults (planar defects), which are the precursor that drives the nanorods to convert their {110} facets into the more stable {100} and {111} facets and hence minimize their surface energy. These observations suggest that short-laser pulsed photothermal melting begins with the creation of defects inside the nanorods followed by surface reconstruction and diffusion, in contrast with the thermal melting of the rods or the bulk material, where the melting starts at the surface.


Scope Of Insurance
Scope Of Insurance,
Definition of Scope Of Insurance:
List of risks insured in the insurance contract.
Literal Meanings of Scope Of Insurance
Meanings of Scope:
 1. Evaluation or investigation (some)
 2. Watch the scan carefully.
 3. Scope of fields or topics related to something.
 4. Opportunity or ability to do or handle something.
 5. Binoculars, microscopes or other devices whose names end up in binocular vision.
 6. The length of the cable increases when the ship is docked.
 7. Scope of operator, such as B. quantity
Sentences of Scope
 1. We expanded the scope of our research
 2. The scope of great change is always limited by political realities
 3. Operators (as usual) do not like more scope in the relative clauses than the operators outside the relative clauses.
Synonyms of Scope
spread, elbow room, purview, extent, range, freedom, liberty, horizon, leeway, room to manoeuvre, width, room, sweep, reach, opportunity, play, span, breadth, latitude, stretch, capacity
Meanings of Of:
 1. It shows the relationship between the part and the whole.
 2. Indicates the relationship between scale or size and value.
 3. Refers to the relationship between two organizations, usually the organization of the association.
 4. It shows the relationship between the address and the reference point.
 5. It represents the relationship between a general type or type and a particular object belonging to that category.
 6. After a noun that comes from or is related to a verb.
 7. Identify the component or substance that makes the difference.
 8. Express the hour for the next hour.
Sentences of Of
 1. 5% increase
 2. North of Chicago
 3. Nice to meet you
 4. In New York, only a quarter to three
Synonyms of Of
caused by, done by, from, of, in, by, carried out by, made by
Meanings of Insurance:
 1. The process or arrangement in which a company or government agency guarantees compensation for some loss, injury, illness or death in exchange for premium payments.
 2. Anything that provides protection against possible emergencies.
Sentences of Insurance
 1. Meeting a high standard of personal conduct is the best protection against personal problems.
Synonyms of Insurance
safeguard, protection, provision, defence, immunity, shelter, cover, surety, precaution, security, financial protection, indemnity, safety measure, indemnification, preventive measure


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The research catalogue is an archive of ESRC-funded grants and outputs. Links, files and other content will no longer be maintained or updated after April 2014.
Citizenship After the Nation State (CANS)
Citizenship After the Nation State (CANS) examines the multilevel nature of citizenship:
- the ways that individuals define communities of solidarity at different territorial scales (local, regional, state and continental)
- the perceived importance of government decisions or citizen participation at different levels of government
- the conditions under which regional or supra-state communities become important scales of citizenship for individuals that might rival that of the state as the 'natural' site of citizenship.
The research engages with debates in the UK and elsewhere about the impact of devolution on policy variation and political participation.
CANS will test the impact of variables such as regional identities, government structures and economic strength on multi-level citizenship, that is whether stronger regional identity, or more powerful regional institutions, or stronger economic performance in a region make citizens more likely to identify with a regional community of solidarity or to participate in regional politics.
The network extends an existing partnership across five states (Austria, France, Germany, Spain, UK), bringing in new partners from Belgium, Canada, Hungary, Netherlands, Sweden and the US to share expertise with view to developing funding applications for major crossnational surveys of multilevel citizenship, creating an unprecedented data resource for students and researchers.

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The study, conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, examined medical records from over 20,000 transplant patients identified as black, white, Hispanic or Asian and found that survival rates were the same for race-matched and mismatched donors up to one year after the procedure.
This evidence suggests that donor–recipient race matching will not improve transplant success in the short term, but it fails to explain long term differences in survival of African-American transplant recipients. Five years after heart transplant surgery African-American patients have a survival rate of 65% compared with nearly 72% for Hispanics and 75% for whites.
The same gap exists when patients were followed for 10 years after a heart transplant. The likelihood that an African-American transplant recipient will survive for 10 years after surgery is 10.8% and 11.4% lower than rates seen in Hispanics and whites respectively.
While race-matching was ruled out as a root cause for short-term survival differences, other factors including health insurance, education, hypertension, gender mismatch and donor tissue antigen mismatch may play a role.
Great article on health disparities at Newsweek.com
For more info see:
|I HEART DONORS.mp3||1.3 MB|


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Area History of the Doan Brook
1796: First permanent settler came to the Cleveland area.
1799: Nathaniel and Sarah Doan and their six children settled beside the Doan Brook. This area became the ford on the main road between Buffalo and Cleveland; now it's the intersection of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street).
1811: Jacob Russell, a Revolutionary war veteran, purchased 475 acres of land in the upper Doan Brook watershed. They return the following year to build a cabin, plant crops, and relocate their extended family of 20. It is now the intersection of South Park Boulevard and Lee Road.
1822: The North Union Shaker Community was started by Ralph Russell, JacobRussell's son, who had become a Shaker. The community, with as many as 300 members, originally occupied the area along Lee Rd. between Shaker Blvd. and South Park. The Shakers built the two Shaker Lakes, Lower Lake and Horseshoe Lake, on Doan Brook to power their sawmills, grist mills and woolen mill.
Early 1880s: Jephtha Wade, William Gordon, John D. Rockefeller, Laura Rockefeller, Nathan Ambler and other philanthropists donated land along Doan Brook to create the line of parks along the stream from Lake Erie to Horseshoe Lake in Shaker Lakes.
The Cleveland Parks Commission built roadways to connect the parks and commissioned architect Charles Schweinfurth to design bridges to carry streetcar lines across the lower park areas. Inner-city Cleveland residents and workers gain access to the parks.
May 1896: In all, almost 44,000 people are reported to have walked or driven along the brook in Rockefeller Park, showing the popularity of the park in this age.
19th Century: Doan's Corners and the North Union Shaker flourished. Much of the surrounding areas became farms and villages, including the Village of Glenville, located near the brook valley between Doan's Corners and Lake Erie.
1900: The Doan Brook watershed began to develop.
1930: Nearly the entire watershed in Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights and Cleveland was developed.
1960: Citizens opposed and defeated the Clark and Lee Freeways extension plan. The freeway would have paved over Doan Brook and its parks from Lower Shaker Lake to Horseshoe Lake and beyond.
1970: Dike 14-dredge spoil disposal area at the mouth of Doan Brook began to be constructed by the Corps of Engineers.
1974: The cities of Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights, and Cleveland with interested citizens form the Joint Committee on Doan Brook Watershed.
2000-2001: Partnership Transition Committee of the Joint Committee investigates different structures for the new organization.


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(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision | Newer revision→ (diff)
Dragon Breed Data
Origin Of Name?
There are several Australian butterflies with "Xenica" in their common names from the parent genera Geitoneura, Oreixenica, and Nesoxenica. The first named variety was the Ringed Xenica in 1805, with marbled orange/black wings marked with white-centered black eyespots.
In Temeraire's world, perhaps the Australian butterfly was named for a similar appearance to the British dragon. Conversely, perhaps Novik named the dragon after the butterfly.


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two results implies the axiom of choice can be found in Chapter 8 of Hrbacek and Jech. On the other hand, it is not known whether the partition principle (Proposition 5.8) implies the axiom of choice: see the discussion on Math.SE.
7.6. We omitted an important property of the canonical surjection map with respect to an equivalence relation. The universal property of quotient maps states that if is a function such that whenever, then there exists a unique injective function such that. Variants of this property appear in the context of groups, rings, vector spaces, fields, and other algebraic objects. My blog post on commutative diagrams contains the statement of the universal property of quotient maps in the context of group theory.
Thanks to Colin Beeh, John Ryan, and LDH for corrections!


Modern Australian
Weighted Blankets: Do They Work?
 - Written by News Company
What Are Weighted Blankets? A weighted blanket is a heavy blanket typically filled with a material like plastic pellets to add weight. To be considered a weighted blanket, it typically needs to be 7 kilograms or more. The light pressure of a weighted blanket can help children and adults relax. Weighted blankets can help reduce stress and anxiety as well as sensory processing disorders.
How Do They Work?
Weighted blankets use something called "pressure therapy." In this technique, deep pressure is used to lower the heart rate, which leads to feelings of calmness. Occupational therapist experts often use pressure therapy for children and adults who have anxiety, sleep problems, or sensory processing disorders.
Because your heart beats quickly when you are stressed, lowering the heart rate with pressure akin to a warm blanket, hug, or strong embrace can invoke feelings of calmness and relaxation. There isn't a one size fits all blanket either. There are different types and weights of blankets available, depending on what the person needs.
Typically, weighted products are used as part of a sensory diet, i.e. an organised routine of daily input of sensory information structured to provide the body with enough sensory input to be calm and in the optimum state of arousal necessary for learning.
Also, typically the 10% of your body weight isn't enough, a great fact with sensory input is 'less is more' – but more frequent.
What Conditions Can They Treat?
Weighted blankets can be used for both children and adults for many different disorders. However, they must be used properly. There have been instances where they are used inappropriately with children and they should never be used with babies. Some of the conditions they can treat include:
1. Sleep Disorders
Just like babies fall asleep easier when swaddled, children and adults can sleep easier with a weighted blanket.
If you or your child tosses and turns and has trouble falling asleep because the brain is racing with anxious thoughts, a weighted blanket can help slow the heart rate and regulate breathing to lower anxiety levels, allowing you to relax enough to fall asleep.
Kids who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have difficulty with sitting still and paying attention, particularly when they are distracted with things going on around them. A weighted blanket in a sensory corner, for example, could help calm them.
You can also get a weighted vest which a child could wear in school. These work similarly to weighted blankets.
3. Anxiety
Anxiety causes physical reactions, such as a racing heart, quick breathing, sweating, and problems with digestion. Many times, anxiety is the result of something in the future or something we have little or no control over. Anxiety often fuels the fight or flight response, causing the physical changes described above.
Weighted blankets can help reduce anxiety and calm you during a panic attack or particularly anxious time. The pressure can slow your breathing and your heart rate.
Alternatives to weighted blankets
You may not want to use a standard weighted blanket you can also opt for other weighted product ideas:
* 1 kg ankle weights
* Weighted Vests
* Squeeze or pressure vests, or small back packs with 1-2kgs of rice in them.
* Lycra bed sheets are also a great addition to bedtime routine.
* A weighted blanket is not the only option for weighted equipment.
Implementing weighted blankets will do wonders if done right. Have a chat to your local Occupational therapist on when and where they can be successful.
Weighted Blankets Work
If used properly and with the guidance of an occupational therapist, weighted blankets could greatly benefit you or your child if you suffer anxiety or sleep disorders. Weighted blankets can help calm anyone experiencing stress and anxiety.
Health Features
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After Massage Tips to Relieve Soreness from Wroclaw Massage Center
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The clinical practice guidelines in Australia ensure evidence-based advice to maternity service sources and to the customers who require this care. These guidelines make sure that babies are delivered with...
How To Identify Signs Of Stress In Your Child
Stress diminishes the performance of a child. It will also result in long term damage to the brain above health complications. Avoid stress by getting professional psychology homework assignments help...
What Happens When You Choose a Wrong Cosmetic Dentist Sydney?
Whether it's a general physician, a specialist, or an aesthetician, whenever you need to consult an expert for maintaining or improving your health, you should practice due diligence. You need...
The Most Popular Cosmetic Surgery Procedures to Look Out for in 2021
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Communication and Perception
There is considerable evidence that gobies use visual, tactile, chemical, auditory, or olfactory cues in reproduction and territorial behavior (see Reproduction and Behavior). It is quite likely that investigators will find more evidence of different types of communication as research progresses.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual
No one has provided updates yet.


Documentation/4.8/Modules/MRI SNR Measurement
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Home < Documentation < 4.8 < Modules < MRI SNR Measurement
For the latest Slicer documentation, visit the 4.10 page.
Introduction and Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by NIH P41EB015898 "Image Guided Therapy Center" (PI: Clare Tempany), 1R01CA111288-01A1 "Enabling Technologies for MRI-Guided Prostate Interventions" (PI: Clare Tempany), and AIST Intelligent Surgical Instrument Project (PI: Makoto Hashizume, Site-PI: Nobuhiko Hata).
Author: Babak Matinfar, Junichi Tokuda
Contact: Junichi Tokuda
Module Description
3D Slicer CLI to calculate signal-to-nose ratio of MR images using "difference image" method.
Introduction to SNR Measurement
There are several methods to determine the SNR of MR images suggested in the NEMA standard and the literature. The most commonly used method among the studies on MRI-compatible robotics is a single image method, where SNR is measured based on two regions of interest (ROIs) on a single image assuming the statistically and spatially uniform distribution of noise [1][2][3]. Usually, one ROI is defined in the tissue of interest, and the other is in the image background i.e. air. Although the method takes a practical approach requiring only a single image, it is known that the method does not yield accurate SNR measurement in a phased-array surface coil system and/or sum-of-square reconstruction due to the spatial and statistical variation of noise. Alternatively, one can measure SNR without assuming the statistically and spatially uniform distribution of noise with the following methods. The first method is to measure pixel-by-pixel SNR through the repeated acquisition [4][5][6][7]. Because the method relies less on the assumption of statistical and spatial noise distribution than any other methods, it is often used as the gold standard SNR measurement. A drawback of this method, however, is that it requires a large number of image acquisitions, typically a few hundred, making it difficult to be used with a slow imaging sequence. The second method is the "noise only image" method [3][6][5]. The method calculates SNR based on a single or multiple "noise only images", which are acquired without radiofrequency (RF) excitation. The "noise only image" method was further generalized by Kellman and McVeigh, where images are reconstructed in "SNR units" based on noise only images allowing direct pixel-by-pixel SNR measurement [5]. A disadvantage of the "noise only image" method is that most of clinical MRI system does not allow acquiring noise only images with standard pulse sequence. The third method is the "difference image" method, where noise is estimated by calculating a pixel-by-pixel difference between two images acquired under exactly the same conditions [3][8][9]. Despite several drawbacks e.g. requirement for stationary tissue and limited precision due to small sample size, the method allows measuring local SNR with a standard clinical sequence. The SNRMeasurement module calculates the SNR of MR images using the "difference image" method.
The SNR module is created to compute the SNR for MR sequences based on the difference image method. In this method, two MR images are acquired under identical conditions. These images are then added and subtracted from each other pixel by pixel. In the resulting images, a region of interest is defined and the mean and standard deviation of the ROI is computed. SNR is computed as:[math]Insert formula here[/math]
 - Procedure:
 - Using Slicer, load the two MR images which SNR is measured for.
 - Define an ROI using the Editor tool. The ROI should have two labels, for example two circles with the radius of 40 mm, on two axial slices. They should be separated properly from each other. It does not matter which of the two MR images is used to define the ROI.
 - Open the SNRMeasurement module.:
 - Select the Input Volume 1 as one of the MR image, and Input Volume 2 as the other MR image
 - Select the Label Map as the ROI which was defined above. Usually it is named "MR image Name"-label.
 - Click Apply
Panels and their use
Similar Modules
 1. Kaufman L, Kramer DM, Crooks LE, Ortendahl DA. Measuring signal-to-noise ratios in MR imaging. Radiology 1989;173:265-267
 2. Henkelman RM. Measurement of signal intensities in the presence of noise in MR images. Med Phys 1985;12:232-233.
 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). Determination of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging. NEMA Standards Publication MS 1-2008. National Electrical Manufacturers Association; 2008.
 4. Reeder SB, Wintersperger BJ, Dietrich O, et al. Practical approaches to the evaluation of signal-to-noise ratio performance with parallel imaging: application with cardiac imaging and a 32- channel cardiac coil. Magn Reson Med 2005;54:748-754.
 5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kellman P, McVeigh ER. Image reconstruction in SNR units: a general method for SNR measurement. Magn Reson Med 2005;54: _PHONE_.
 6. 6.0 6.1 Constantinides CD, Atalar E, McVeigh ER. Signal-to-noise measurements in magnitude images from NMR phased arrays. Magn Reson Med 1997;38:852-857.
 7. Dietrich O, Raya JG, Reeder SB, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO. Measurement of signal-to-noise ratios in MR images: influence of multichannel coils, parallel imaging, and reconstruction filters. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Aug;26(2):375-85.
 8. Murphy BW, Carson PL, Ellis JH, Zhang YT, Hyde RJ, Chenevert TL. Signal-to-noise measures for magnetic resonance imagers. Magn Reson Imaging 1993;11:425-428.
 9. Firbank MJ, Coulthard A, Harrison RM, Williams ED. A comparison of two methods for measuring the signal to noise ratio on MR images. Phys Med Biol 1999;44:N261-N264.
Information for Developers


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Why Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle?
In this section you can learn and practice Engineering Mechanics Questions based on "Equilibrium of a Particle" and improve your skills in order to face the interview, competitive examination and various entrance test (CAT, GATE, GRE, MAT, Bank Exam, Railway Exam etc.) with full confidence.
Where can I get Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle questions and answers with explanation?
IndiaBIX provides you lots of fully solved Engineering Mechanics (Equilibrium of a Particle) questions and answers with Explanation. Solved examples with detailed answer description, explanation are given and it would be easy to understand. All students, freshers can download Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle quiz questions with answers as PDF files and eBooks.
Where can I get Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle Interview Questions and Answers (objective type, multiple choice)?
Here you can find objective type Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle questions and answers for interview and entrance examination. Multiple choice and true or false type questions are also provided.
How to solve Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle problems?
You can easily solve all kind of Engineering Mechanics questions based on Equilibrium of a Particle by practicing the objective type exercises given below, also get shortcut methods to solve Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle problems.
The joint O of a space frame is subjected to four forces. Strut OA lies in the x-y plane and strut OB lies in the y-z plane. Determine the force acting in each if the three struts required for equilibrium of the joint. Set = 45°.
A "scale" is constructed with a 4-ft-long cord and the 10-lb block D. The cord is fixed to a pin at A and passes over two small pulleys at B and C. Determine the weight of the suspended block E if the system is in equilibrium when s = 1.5 ft.
Determine the tension developed in cables OD and OB and the strut OC, required to support the 500-lb crate. The spring OA has an unstretched length of 0.2 ft and a stiffness of kOA = 350lb/ft. The force in the strut acts along the axis of the strut.


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I've been asked a few times how to make a so-called volcano plot from gene expression results. A volcano plot typically plots some measure of effect on the x-axis (typically the fold change) and the statistical significance on the y-axis (typically the -log10 of the p-value). Genes that are highly dysregulated are farther to the left and right sides, while highly significant changes appear higher on the plot.
I've analyzed some data from GEO (GSE52202) using RNA-seq to study gene expression in motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from ALS patients carrying the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. I aligned the data, counted with featureCounts, and analyzed with DESeq2. I uploaded the results to this GitHub Gist.
Here's how you can use R to create a simple volcano plot. First, download the results file here and save it as a text file called results.txt.
After reading in the data from GitHub the next section creates a basic volcano plot. A few more lines color the points based on their fold change and statistical significance. Finally, if you have the calibrate package installed, the last line labels a few genes of interest.


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The IRATA Level 1 rope access training course is the entry-level operator qualification level. It's aimed at individuals with little or zero previous experience in environments in which ropes and associated equipment are used to gain access to hard-to-reach or at-height locations in order to carry out work. Click here for pricing information on an IRATA certification.
In this course, students will learn to operate the following rope access methods in a safe and efficient manner under direct supervision of an IRATA Level 3 technician:
Students complete the above coursework over a five-day period under supervision of an IRATA Level 3 technician, with four days of training followed by a one-day assessment. The course is designed to educate students about the following on-the-job situations:


Simon deMaid: What can employers do to ensure bereavement leave policies are effective?
Simon deMaid bereavement
The death of a child can have devastating effects on mental and physical wellbeing, yet there is currently no legal requirement in the UK for employers to provide paid leave for grieving parents. It must, therefore, come as no surprise that campaigners have petitioned so forcefully to change the law on this issue.
The introduction of the new Parental Bereavement (Leave and Pay) Act 2018, due to come into force in 2020, will give all employed parents a day one right to two weeks' leave if they lose a child under the age of 18, or suffer a stillbirth from 24 weeks of pregnancy. Employed parents will also be able to claim pay for this period, subject to meeting eligibility criteria.
As a result of these changes, employers may need to review and update their bereavement leave arrangements. There is no one-size-fits-all approach when trying to manage the needs of a bereaved employee. However, implementing a clear, written bereavement policy will ensure a consistent approach and provide employees with certainty and security as to their rights in such challenging circumstances.
The policy should be easy to follow, widely accessible, and a copy should be provided to all employees.
In conjunction with an effective bereavement policy, employers should adopt a holistic approach when considering what support systems they can implement to help bereaved employees.
It is common for grieving parents to suffer both physically and emotionally. Employers should be alert to any change in absence, performance or behaviour and deal with such issues carefully and sensitively. Managers and HR personnel should be provided with relevant training to understand the importance of using discretion and sensitivity when dealing with bereaved employees.
The effects of grief do not always manifest immediately, so it is important that employees are provided with ongoing support; this may include access to an employee assistance programme (EAP) or the provision of counselling services.
Simon DeMaid is an employment law partner at Howes Percival


Tracy McKenzie, Distinguished Teaching Award
When the UW history department hired Tracy McKenzie in 1988, he filled a position vacated by legendary Professor Tom Pressly, a Distinguished Teaching Award winner. At the time, a faculty member predicted McKenzie would "honor the position held by Professor Pressly."
Not only has McKenzie honored it, he has followed in Pressly's footsteps by winning a 1998 Distinguished Teacher Award himself.
"For the last few years, undergraduate students have been telling me what a good teacher Tracy McKenzie was, and my visit to his classroom confirmed their impression," one colleague says. "What I witnessed was a polished, lucid, and engaging explanation of how the Union began disintegrating between 1848 and 1858. His teaching surely helps to bring distinction to the history department."
The same students who describe him as a "fabulous professor" and "charismatic" also note receiving strong criticism and low grades from McKenzie, who teaches Civil War history. (His comments on student papers can rival the papers themselves in length.) "His standards may be high, (but) no one ever complained that they were unfair or that they did not get the guidance they needed to meet those standards," a student comments.
"I've always thought that the role teachers should play is to follow the old newspaper motto to 'comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable,' " McKenzie says. "I don't intend on leaving my students in a self-congratulatory mood. I want them examining and questioning their attitudes--not necessarily discarding them, but examining them."
"Tracy takes risks as a teacher," a colleague wrote. "He is scrupulously careful to distinguish between history and his own opinions, but at the same time he models in himself the claim that he urges upon his students: that history demands of all of us that we engage ourselves personally with it."
"The idea is not that at age 21 [students] have all the answers," McKenzie says, "but that they can articulate the conflicts around their world view."--Nedra Floyd Pautler, UW News and Information
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Table of Contents


Indirect Jumps Improve Instruction Sequence Performance
Date Added: Sep 2009
Format: PDF
Instruction sequences with direct and indirect jump instructions are as expressive as instruction sequences with direct jump instructions only. The authors show that, in the case where the number of instructions is not bounded, there exist instruction sequences of the former kind from which elimination of indirect jump instructions is possible without a super-linear increase of their maximal internal delay on execution only at the cost of a super-linear increase of their length. They take the view that sequential programs are in essence sequences of instructions.


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The story of the statue from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), £5.00
Explore / Online Tours
Power and Taboo: sacred objects from the Pacific
Wooden human figure
The British Museum's unparalleled collection of art and artefacts from the eastern Pacific has continued to provide inspiration to both Polynesian and European artists and poets as well as researchers. This wooden figure was a favourite of English sculptor Henry Moore who was a frequent visitor to the Museum.
The figure was described in the account of Captain Cook's third voyage (1776-80) to the region, published after Cook's death. In 1779 members of the expedition visited Hale-o-Keawe, the royal mausoleum, at Honaunau, Hawaii. They saw a figure, now believed to be this one: '... a black figure of a man resting on his fingers and toes, with his head inclined backwards; the limbs well formed and exactly proportioned, the whole beautifully polished... and around it placed thirteen others of rude and distorted shapes...'.
Hale-o-Keawe was also visited by the crew of HMS Blonde, commanded by Captain Lord Byron. Andrew Bloxam, their naturalist, wrote that this figure was used by the kings to rest upon before making a sacrifice as part of worship. He describes the removal of artefacts in 1824, which were transported to England. This figure was among them.


"Buddha's Hymn of Victory"
For this American sacred song, I've paired a classic eighteenth century psalm tune with an ancient Pali text translated by Charles Lanman, the great American scholar of Sanskrit. This is what Buddhas was supposed to have said when he at last acheived enlightenment, and was no longer bound to the endless cycle of rebirth. As a sort of extra bonus, the third verse is a translation by Paul Carus, a German immigrant to the United States, and a pioneering figure in the study of comparative religion (though today his scholarship seems quite dated).
Buddha's Hymn of Victory (PDF) 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 in., for use as an order of service insert.
The music is "Windham" by Daniel Read, one of the greatest of eighteenth century hymn tunes. This composition is usually paired with a text by Isaac Watts that begins "Broad is the road that leads to death…," and tells how mortals can get to heaven. Even though the Christian path to heaven and the Buddhist path to nirvana are very different, the mood of the music seems to match both texts equally well.


Connect to your data
To be effective as a data science tool, RapidMiner Studio has to first connect to your data.
 - If the data is in a file on your computer, RapidMiner Studio has to read the file format.
 - If the data is in a database, RapidMiner Studio has to connect to that database, and know the language of that database (SQL / NoSQL).
 - If the data is in the cloud, RapidMiner Studio has to connect to the cloud service and know its API.
 - If the data is imported from or exported to another software tool, for example Python or Tableau, RapidMiner Studio has to know about that tool.
 - If the connection is via a proxy or a self-signed SSL certificate, RapidMiner Studio has to navigate that hurdle.
The good news is that RapidMiner Studio supports a wide range of file formats, databases, cloud services, and other software tools, either natively or via extensions.
Connection Objects
The concept of a connection object was introduced in RapidMiner Studio 9.3.
You can convert your legacy connections into connection objects.
When the connection to your data occurs over a network, you must first create a connection object. A connection object enables the connection to a database, cloud, or email service. All connection objects are stored in a repository, in the Connection Folder Icon Connections subfolder.
From now on, we'll simply call them connections, remembering however that they have similarities to other objects in the repository. You can, for example, drag a database connection into the Process Panel to Retrieve it, before connecting the output to the Read Database Operator.
To create a connection, right-click on the Connection Folder Icon Connections folder, and select Create Connection Icon Create Connection. The Create connection dialog opens, and you can configure your connection. If you're connecting to an SQL database:
 1. Choose the Connection Type (DB Connection Icon Database), Repository (where the connection will be stored) and Connection Name.
 2. Press Create Connection Icon Create and the Edit Connection dialog opens.
 3. Under the Setup tab, select the Database System and fill in User, Password, Host, Port, and (optionally) the Database name.
 4. Press Test Connection Icon Test connection. Once it's working, Save IconSave the connection. The connection will appear in the Connection Folder Icon Connections subfolder of the repository you selected in step (1).
You can view the connection details at any time by double-clicking on the connection in the Repository Panel, or by right-clicking on the connection and choosing Open Icon Open or Open Icon Edit.
Injected parameters: sharing connections
Connection objects can be shared.
Suppose that a group of users has access to the same database, and they collaborate on RapidMiner Server. Can they share the database connection, without sharing their usernames and passwords? The answer is yes!
The solution is to build the connection as a template, where all the common parameters are pre-filled, and all the parameters unique to each user are injected. The values of the injected parameters are not stored in the connection object, but retrieved from an external source every time the connection is used. Possible external sources include macros and secure storage on RapidMiner Server.
To create a connection in a RapidMiner Server repository, or to copy a connection to a RapidMiner Server repository, a user has to belong to the connection manager group. See Sharing and permissions.
In outline, assuming the database credentials will be securely stored on RapidMiner Server, the whole process of using a connection template might proceed as follows. We'll call the user with the connection manager role the admin.
 1. Within RapidMiner Studio, the admin creates a connection in a RapidMiner Server repository. While it's possible to create a connection in a local repository, that connection will only provide macros as an injection source.
 2. While editing the connection, the admin presses the button Inject Parameters Icon Set injected parameters and selects the parameters whose values will be left blank until later (e.g. User and Password). The admin must also choose RapidMiner Server as the source of the injected values.
 3. To set the injected values, a user must connect to the web interface of RapidMiner Server. Either click the link displayed in the Edit connection dialog
 or connect directly to the web interface, then navigate to Repository > Connections, and identify the connection by name. A warning says: This connection has missing values. The user clicks the link, fills in his or her own username and password, and presses the button Save in RapidMiner Server, where the credentials are securely saved. Step (3) needs to be repeated by each individual user.
For more details, read the RapidMiner Server documentation Create connections and Usage and injection.
Macros as a source of injected parameters
Within RapidMiner Studio, using values from process macros for your connection settings is immediately possible. When editing a connection, press Inject Parameters Icon Set injected parameters and choose which parameters should get values from macros. The macro name then needs to match the parameter key to be able to inject that value. The parameter key can be found in the information next to the parameter.
Configuration for the macro source is optional. Without configuring a prefix, the macro name has to match the parameter key. If the prefix for the configuration is given, the macro name has to match the prefix followed by an underscore (_), ending with the parameter key. For the prefix myprefix the parameter key user would require the macro name
The macro that should be used will be shown when setting injection, as well as in the view and edit dialogs themselves.
Use this for your macro to properly inject it into the connection.
Placeholders can be used inside any configuration parameter's value to reference other parameters. It is possible to concatenate placeholders and free text. Nesting of placeholders is not supported.
Since the syntax for placeholders is the same as for macros, it is important to make the context clear:
 - The context for macros is processes.
 - The context for placeholders is connections.
A placeholder can access parameter values from the current tab as well as from any other tab. To find out the key of a field you want to reference via placeholder in a different field, look at the information tooltip of the original field. The Full key is what you're looking for:
To use this placeholder in another field, simply reference the full key in the other field by surrounding it with a percentage sign (%) and curly brackets ({}), like this:
If a placeholder cannot be resolved, it is simply replaced with an empty string, but still counts as an injected value and will not fail the process execution.
The JDBC based database connections use this mechanism to create the URL from the parameters.
Without parameter information the URL consists of several placeholders and a double colon. By setting the parameters these values are replaced.
Use the placeholder system exactly like this to configure dynamic parameter values.


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What is the Timber Flooring Janka Hardness Rating?
Timber floors have been very common in many places, especially Australia, since European building construction first began. You can find them in both houses and public buildings and make up an important part of the building's structure. While timber floors can provide a basic walking area within a building and create an attractive feature in homes when the homeowner polishes them, it is also very easy to damage them.
Factors to consider before buying timber flooring
While wood flooring looks quite attractive there are some common daily occurrences that can easily diminish this beauty. These occurrences include the following:
- Extensive traffic in a small section of the floor causing a "worn" look in only that area
- Lack of care when moving furniture
- Chair loads that fail to provide proper load bearing for the floor
- Stiletto heels crossing the surface—can cause damage even to hard timber
While the above incidents are certainly considerations before choosing wood flooring, the main reason people choose this type of floor is appearance. Additionally there are factors that influence appearance such as colour, width of the board and even the finish of the individual wood an individual or contractor uses.
Janka test for hardness
Testing the hardness of any wood has no relationship to the wood's ease when working with various tools. Instead it is a measure of how well the wood resists indentation. The figures from the Janka test are used to determine the hardness of any piece of timber.
In order to check the hardness of wood using the Janka hardness rating test a steel ball that measures 11.18 mm in diameter is pressed into the test specimen until it reaches half the diameter of the ball. Some of the available Janka figures are only based on a small sampling, and as such are not appropriate for those who need to make fine distinctions between various types of wood. The two primary sets of figures are for green wood and seasoned wood. Sometimes green wood in a particular species shows a lower hardness than mature timber in the very same species; however, this is not consistent with all species of wood.
The Janka wood ratings are generally as follows:
- Moderately Hard/Very Hard
Other types of flooring options
While timber is a very common type of flooring, there are other types as well such as engineered flooring, laminate flooring and bamboo. In most cases engineered flooring has a face of solid timber that is approximately 3mm thick on the upper surface that is already exposed. You can purchase bamboo flooring as laminated flooring or as strand woven flooring. The former is classified as hard while the latter falls into the very hard category.
Understanding the test results
The results of the Janka testing process are stated in accordance with the measurements in various countries thus leading to confusion. For instance, in the United States the measurement shows in pounds; in Sweden it appears in kilograms; and in Australia it appears in either newtons or kilonewtons. This can become confusing for someone who does not understand the different measurements or are uncertain which unit of measure was used in the testing results.
The direction of the grain in wood has a significant bearing on the hardness. This means if the testing results from side hardness (measure in the direction of the centre of the tree), the result will be similar to that obtained from an angle than is tangent to the rings of the tree. The most common purpose of a Janka hardness rating test is to determine whether a particular species of wood is suitable as a material for flooring.
When considering whether to install wood flooring, it's important to keep the hardness factor in mind. Some woods do not hold up well when they are installed in high traffic areas or areas that sustain damage from the movement of high heels or improper movement of furniture. All of these factors are important to consider before choosing wood flooring or make the decision to choose other types of flooring such as laminate or bamboo.
Janka testing determines the hardness of an individual piece of wood, and this in turn tells a potential buyer whether that type of wood is suitable for his purposes. While the results are not likely of great importance to someone who is hiring a contractor, the buyer does need to inform the contractor of the circumstances surrounding the area where he is installing the floor so he can choose the proper wood hardness for that area.
More to Read:


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- Grade Level:
- Fourth Grade
- Social Studies, Writing
- 30-45 minutes
- Group Size:
- Up to 36
- National/State Standards:
- Social Studies: 1, 1a,1b,3a, 5
OverviewThis lesson engages students to determine important locations and creatively develop their own names for places around the school.
Enduring Understanding: There is a history to how locations got their names.
Essential Question: What events or people can influence the naming of a location?
The students will learn to:
1) Understand how pioneers generated place names
2) use creative skills to generate their own place names
3) determine important features of localized geographic area
"A trail led from Natchez northward and eastward through forests of oak and hickory and pine, through can thickets and swamps, to Nashville on the Cumberland, 500 miles away. The trail had many names. The southern part followed Indian paths to the farm villages of the Choctaws. English men of the 1770's therefore spoke of the Path to the Choctaw Nation. The northern part was known by the people of Nashville as the Chickasaw Trace in the 1780's.
"As the flow of through traffic between Nashville and Natchez increased, men began to speak of 'the Natchez Road' or 'the Nashville Road,' naming it for the distant point to which they were headed.
"Frontiersmen who first explored the valleys that drained into the Ohio River left faint paths for others to follow. Such paths were called traces. Many of them became famous: Boone's Trace, Berry's Trace and others. In time, the people of the Cumberland Valley began to speak of the Natchez Trace. Oddly enough, they called it the Natchez Road" When it was merely a 'path that serpentine those boundless forests'. Not until after it had in face become a road did they call it the Natchez Trace." (Phelps and Ross 1952)
Where did people get ideas for names?
Place names can be descriptive like French Camp.
Place names can be historic like Yackanookany.
Place names can be aesthetic like Emerald Mound.
Place names can be about a person Colbert Ferry.
Place names can be about an event Pigeon Roost.
1.) Name It worksheet
2.) Name It worksheet example
Teachers: Give examples of place names along the Natchez Trace Parkway descriptive such as Shady Grove, Colbert Ferry, Cypress Swamp, and Dancing Rabbit Creek. Ask the students how they thought each place got its name. Ask the students to say place names that they know. Write them on the board as students name them. Discuss how those places may have gotten their names.
Student Task: This activity will generate more commitment if students are able to move about to investigate, either as a class, small groups or as individuals. Students will choose fifteen locations and list them on the worksheet. (Option: Student will draw a map, or be provided with an unlabeled map of the classroom or school) Students will make up unique and descriptive names for each location. For example, the doorway to the cafeteria could be "Food Pass", or the nurse's office could be "Healing Station."
1.) Students will determine what they think are important features of the classroom, school or school yard.
2.) Students will make up creative names for those important places.
3.) Hand out the Name It work sheet. Explain to the students that they will be making up names for fifteen locations in the classroom (or elsewhere).
4.) On the worksheet, they will write a short description of the location and then (at their seats or for homework) they will invent a name for the location.
5.) If students are going outside the classroom, be sure they understand their boundaries.
Teacher Closure: Review the activity and follow up with discussion of place names along the Natchez Trace Parkway.
AssessmentParticipation in the activity and quality of worksheet responses.
Park ConnectionsTeaches students the importance of how locations may have gotten their names and brings them into the history of the Natchez Trace.
1.) On a field trip to the Natchez Trace Parkway have the students observe place names along the roads.
2.) Provide the students a list of names of people and places on the Natchez Trace. Have them choose a person and write a report about that person and how they were associated with the Old Natchez Trace. Alternatively, if the student knows a family member or friend who has a name associated with the Natchez Trace, have them investigate that family's role on the Old Natchez Trace.
a. Students write a creative paragraph about one or more of the place names they created. For example, the nurse's office could be accompanied by a story about a student who got sick and went to the nurse's office. Students should be encouraged to use descriptive words.
b. Students write a creative paragraph about one or more the place names on the Natchez Trace. Students should be encouraged to use descriptive words


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Positive Words That Starts With F. You know sometimes when you want a word in a particular sentence but just can't think of exactly the right one? You don't have all day (or year!) to go through the dictionary but just need someone to give you a few ideas. Here we have a list of inspirational adjectives and nice words that start with the letter F. This is a great resource for teachers, quizzers or even people writing appraisals. It's also very useful for crossword compilers or enthusiasts.
Positive Words That Starts With F
Have a look at our list of positive F words.
Meaning: Something that is excellent or with a glamorous edge.
Example: 'You look simply fabulous, darling.'
Meaning: Someone who is true to their word and is loyal in allegiance.
Example: 'Josh has always been a faithful friend.'
Meaning: When something is really good, great or you like something a lot.
Example: 'Last night's roast dinner was absolutely fantastic.'
Meaning: When someone finds something really interesting.
Example: 'The ancient artefacts were fascinating.'
Meaning: Someone who wears clothes or goes places that are considered stylish.
Example: 'The fashionable clothes were really expensive.'
Meaning: A word that that describes clothing as striking or colourful and usually showy.
Example: 'The man's clothes were rather flamboyant.'
Meaning: Someone who doesn't hold grudges and is able to forgive.
Example: 'The woman had a very forgiving nature.'
Meaning: A word that can mean clothing of an unconventional style.
Example: 'The band wore funky clothes during the concert.'
Meaning: When plants grow luxuriantly or something ends on a high note.
Example: 'The flowers were sure to flourish by the spring.'
Meaning: Something without faults or problems. Something that is perfect.
Example: 'The car's bodywork after the re-spray was faultless.'
Meaning: Someone who isn't scared of anything or a specific thing.
Example: 'The fearless family swam with sharks in Australia.'
Other positive words beginning with the letter F include:
F Words that are Positive
Hopefully our list of positive words with F helped with your project! Whether you were looking for 'good' words, 'nice' words or 'inspirational' words. We have compiled one 'positive words' for every letter in the alphabet. Have a look at our lists of suggestions for positive words starting with the letter of your choice.
It's great to have a dedicated list without you having to scour the whole dictionary!


Walking Tours
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5 Historical Facts about Vienna
Vienna's history is ever-present, and a walking tour through its streets will lead you on a journey from the Roman era to the reign of the Habsburgs, interwoven with classics in music and art.
 - Hoher Markt
 1. Hoher Markt
 It's one of the city's oldest squares and was once the heart of the Roman camp known here as Vindobonna. The Roman Museum houses wonderful artifacts, and it's a must to visit.
 - Jewish Quarter
 2. Jewish Quarter
 Located in the former Jewish ghetto in the Middle Ages, the Holocaust Memorial in Judenplatz reflects a library with stacks of books turned inside out.
 - St. Ruprecht's Church
 3. St. Ruprecht's Church
 Many claim that the Romanesque church, which dates to 740 AD, is the oldest in the city. Two monks from Salzburg founded the church and dedicated it to St. Rupert.
 - Mozart's House
 4. Mozart's House
 Mozart composed his famous comic opera "The Marriage of Figaro" while living in the apartment on the first floor here at Domgasse 5 from _PHONE_.
 - Hofburg Palace
 5. Hofburg Palace
 The former imperial palace on Heldenplatz was the political center of the Habsburg dynasty until 1918. They considered this their winter residence, while Schönbrunn was for summer.
Planning Your Visit
 - How do walking tours work?
 When you sign up for a free tour of the city, local guides will lead you to the top attractions and give you great information about them. Though the service is essentially free of charge, guides live off the tips you give them. Therefore, make sure you have local cash on hand and tip them accordingly for their work at the end of the tour.
 - How long is a walking tour?
 Most free walking tours last about two and a half hours and usually include a break along the way. However, if this seems a bit too much, you can certainly find city tours that focus on specific points of interest, neighborhoods and history. Alternatively, you could follow your own two feet to the sites that interest you.
Other Sightseeing Options in Vienna
What people are saying about Vienna
Overall rating
4.6 / 5
based on 2,900 reviews
Cornelius gave an excellent wine tasting. He was able to combine the history of Vienna with the development of the wine industry. He designed our tasting, based on our preferences. We have lived in Vienna for many years, and he was able to expand our knowledge of Austrian wine. The visit to the historic cellar was self guided.
We had an amazing time when we visited te palace and the gardens! And that was mostly because we had a great tour guide!! We dont know her name anymore but she said we could call her B or Billy. Thank you!
You see things you would never experience as normal tourist. I'm sure all guides are excellent, but ask for Mr Hofer! His own enthusiasm and profound knowledge will overwhelm you!


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Practitioners' perception of the impact of the vision of policy-makers on practice: The example of the recommendations of the Moser Commission
Ade-Ojo, Gordon O. (2011) Practitioners' perception of the impact of the vision of policy-makers on practice: The example of the recommendations of the Moser Commission. Research Papers in Education, 26 (1). pp. 53-77. ISSN 0267-1522 (Print), _PHONE_ (Online) (doi:10.1080/02671520903257997)Full text not available from this repository.
This paper presents the perception of practitioners of the impact of the Moser Committee recommendations and the Skills for Life agenda it generated. The paper further explores areas of convergence and divergence between practitioners' perceptions and the underpinning values of the Moser Committee recommendations. The study utilised a range of research tools including an online questionnaire, documentary analysis and elements of discourse analysis in the collection and analysis of data. It found that there is substantial divergence between the perception of practitioners and the values underpinning policy. It concludes by suggesting that a varying perception of what constitutes sustainable education and the lack of input from practitioners into policy might be responsible for this significant divergence of opinion and also raised a question on the perceived role of practitioners in the policy‐making process.
|Additional Information:|| Published online: 11 Nov 2009. Published in print: March 2011. Published as: Research Papers in Education, (2011), Vol. 26, (1), 53–77.|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||policy, Moser committee, practitioners, skills for life, values, literacy paradigms, economic model|
|Subjects:||L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB2361 Curriculum|
L Education > LC Special aspects of education > LC5201 Education extension. Adult education. Continuing education
|School / Department / Research Groups:||School of Education|
School of Education > Department of Lifelong Learning & Teacher Education
|Last Modified:||05 Dec 2013 15:31|
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What is naive about Naive Bayes? Have an exam later, and this was a question on the sample paper we received. We haven't found a good clear answer yet, could anyone explain this?
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You need not be embarassed Peddler, you have asked a good question. +1 – Yavar May 16 '12 at 8:40
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2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
There's actually a very good example on Wikipedia:
In simple terms, a naive Bayes classifier assumes that the presence (or absence) of a particular feature of a class is unrelated to the presence (or absence) of any other feature, given the class variable. For example, a fruit may be considered to be an apple if it is red, round, and about 4" in diameter. Even if these features depend on each other or upon the existence of the other features, a naive Bayes classifier considers all of these properties to independently contribute to the probability that this fruit is an apple.
Basically, it's "naive" because it makes assumptions that may or may not turn out to be correct.
share|improve this answer
I must say, I'm fairly embarrassed I asked this question now! Thanks Laurent! – Peddler May 16 '12 at 8:36
+1 for statement starting from "Basically, it's "naive"...." – Yavar May 16 '12 at 8:39
The wikipedia article explains it correctly, but I disagree that "it makes assumptions that may or may not turn out to be correct". With right amount of training data it does a good job of filtering out the irrelevant parameters. The "naive" part is that is does not consider dependence between the parameters.. and hence may have to look at redundant data. – Chip May 16 '12 at 8:50
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If your data is composed of a feature vector X = {x1, x2,... x10} and your class labels Y = {y1, y2,.. y5}. Thus, a Bayes classifier identifies the correct class label as the one that maximizes the following formula :
P(y/X) = P(X/y) * P(y) = P(x1,x2,... x10/ y) * P(y)
So for, it is still not Naive. However, it is hard to calculate P(x1,x2,... x10/ Y), so we assume the features to be independent, this is what we call the Naive assumption, hence, we end up with the following formula instead
P(y/X) = P(x1/y) * P(x2/y) *... P(x10/y) * P(y)
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To truly learn, new information one must have the benefit of doing exercise and applying concepts to the subject. That's why virtual tech lab is so crucial. Unfortunately, for most students, the computer lab experience is limited due to time, space and financial constraints. Today virtual computer labs are becoming prevalent in organizations around the world, replacing conventional labs. These labs reduce training expenses, allow instructors to remotely monitor the progress of all learners, and enable them to use the facilities both before the course begins and after it is completed.
Learn how cloud-based computer labs can improve your training program _URL_


Flights: A Novel Short Answer Test - Answer Key
Olga Tokarczuk
Buy the Flights: A Novel Lesson Plans
1. How many of the first vignettes focus on the narrator's motivations for writing?
2. The first vignette in Flight describes the narrator's discovery of what element as a toddler?
3. The narrator states that darkness causes her to feel like taking what action?
4. What type of beverage does the narrator invoke to describe the way in which darkness unfolds?
5. The narrator's first true experience with travel takes place during what period of her life?
When she is a young child.
6. As a child, the narrator had dreamt of one day becoming what?
A boat.
7. What is the narrator's destination during her first true experience with travel?
A river.
(read all 180 Short Answer Questions and Answers)
This section contains 4,192 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Flights: A Novel Lesson Plans
Flights: A Novel from BookRags. (c)2021 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.


Traditions of Sheelah's Day March 18
Drowning the shamrock on Sheelah's Day
Sheelah's Day falls on March 18, the day after St Patrick's Day, and was once widely recognised all over Ireland as part of the old Irish calendar.
The tradition of Sheelah's Day
An old way of celebrating St Patrick's day was to eat and drink into the early hours of March 18, known as Sheelah's day. Like St Patrick's day, Shamrocks would also be worn during Sheelah's day. At the end of the night the Shamrocks would be drowned in the last glass of whiskey; this became known as the drowning of the Shamrock.
Sheelah's Day was so widely celebrated in Ireland that emigrants of the late 1600's took the tradition with them. The day still plays a part in the history of Newfoundland and the term Sheila's Brush describes a large snow storm that falls around St Patrick's Day. In Australia, the name Shelia became popular and was first recorded in Australian English in 1832.
Unfortunately, in Ireland, the traditions of Sheelah's Day completely died out leaving uncertainty as to why this day was actually celebrated.
Who was Sheelah?
For years Scholars have been debating on who exactly Sheela was and various theories have been thought up.
A popular theory is that Sheelah was the wife of St Patrick. With celibacy rules within the church today this theory sounds ridiculous but in the early years of the Christian Church the clergy was mostly married men.
During the 18th Century an English writer by the name of William Hone researched the traditions of Sheelah and found that most people described her being the wife of St Patrick. Unfortunately there is no evidence to back up this theory and there is no mention of Sheela in St Patrick's Confessio, so it simply remains an Irish myth.
Another theory about Sheelah is that she was St Patrick's mother but was this just a representation of another theory, that she was actually a pagan goddess? It wasn't unusual for the Catholic Church to merge pagan beliefs into Christian beliefs to make it easier to convert the Irish so it wouldn't be surprising.
The Sheela-na-gig in Ireland
One connection to Sheela is the Sheela-na-gig ( Síle na Gigh), stone carvings of women displaying their vulva. The stone carvings are somewhat explicit in nature but were commonly found on Churches and Castles built before the 16th century. Most of them were found above doors ways so they did play a vital role in protecting the building from evil.
So far the Sheela-na-gig's have been discovered in various countries such as Spain, France, Britain, and Ireland. The greatest number of Sheela-na-gig's is in Ireland, mostly in locations that have been influenced by the Normans who invaded.
There are so many questions left unanswered about Sheela, and even the Sheela-na-gigs, so the theories behind them are still wide open for interpretation.


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Lumbricus terrestris is indigenous to the holarctic zones - the world's northern continents. It was introduced into temperate regions of South America, Australia, New Zealand and several temperate oceanic and southern islands by European settlers and traders.
It is widespread and common in Britain, often in undisturbed habitats - particularly grasslands and pastures. It is also commonly found in lawns, parks and gardens, but less common in woodlands and arable soils.
Lumbricus terrestris is an anecic species as it creates permanent vertical burrows in the soil.
An L. terrrestris burrow can be 1–3m deep and the earthworm inhabits it for its entire life cycle.


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Chemistry Of Different Amazonian Water Types For River Classification: A Preliminary Review
Free (open access)
17 - 28
E. A. Ríos-Villamizar, M. T. F. Piedade, J. G. Da Costa, J. M. Adeney & W. J. Junk
Water chemistry provides important parameters for the study of river ecology and management options of rivers and connected wetlands. Sioli, in the 1950s, established three water types (whitewater, blackwater and clearwater) for explaining limnological characteristics of the large Amazonian rivers, and related the physico-chemical parameters of these water types with the geological properties of their basins; a landscape ecology approach. Today, an increasing amount of hydrochemical data indicate that the chemical composition of Amazonian water bodies varies much more than assumed by Sioli. Nonetheless, due to its simplicity for describing the natural physico-chemical variability of Amazonian rivers, his classification is still valid. Our analysis, based in literature and field work, allowed to distinguish well among the three classical water types and to provide new preliminary insights about the limnological classification of Amazonian rivers in order to subsidize the sustainable management of water resources and wetlands. Keywords: Amazon basin, river classification, water hydrochemistry, landscape ecology.
Amazon basin, river classification, water hydrochemistry, landscape ecology


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Dear Colleagues!
From now on, every article published in Premier Publishing journals will have a DOI, a digital scientific publication identifier. DOI is an important for a publication due to the following reasons:
1. The guarantee of safety. Unlike websites or electronic libraries, digital objects with an identifier will always be posted at the place of registration.
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3. The assignment of DOI has a positive effect on the reputation of the author and publisher, since with the identifier allows publications to be placed in the world's leading scientific bibliographic catalogs.
In this regard, from October 1, 2019, the cost of publishing in Premier Publishing journals will increase by 5 euros.
Do not miss the opportunity to publish an article at the old price until September 30!


Pre AP Geo Group D Assignment
Paleoclimate project 200 points total
Four parts and each part is worth 50 points.
Your two large graph papers showing the Volcanoes + Climate & Meteorites + Climate (50 points)
Essay on your analysis and the class paleoclimate results 2 to 3 pages. (50 points)
Quiz on paleoclimate from class lecture, powerpoints and on line readings. (50 points)
Group D Essay Assignment, see explanation below (50 points)
Your group will have a total of 4 graphs on two different large graph papers. One paper will align and overlap Major Volcanic Events for the past 425,000 years with data from climate graph #3. The second large paper will graph and overlap Meteorite Impacts for the past 65 million years with graph #1.
After making your large graphs, you will write a 2 to 3 page essay which analyzes the results of your Volcanoe and Meteorite graphs along with the results from the four other groups. This essay should explain any relationships, either positive or negative, between climate and the variables being graphed. The paper must be had written and should end with a summary of what you learned from this paleoclimate project.
The Paleoclimate quiz will be over the material covered in my three power point presentations and the introductory reading assignments we did from my web page.
Final Research Assignment for Group D: This essay needs to be 2 to 3 pages long and hand written. It should address the following topics.
-What are Greenhouse Gases and how do they affect climate?
-What affect would large volcanic eruptions or meteorite impacts have on the climate?
-Discuss some major events such as the 65 M.Y. impact and the Tambora volcano that have had an impact on climate.
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The Dwarf Cassowary, Casuarius bennetti, also known as the Bennett's Cassowary, Little Cassowary, Mountain Cassowary, or Mooruk, is the smallest of the three species of cassowaries.
The scientific name commemorates the Australian naturalist George Bennett. He was the first scientist to examine these birds after a few were brought to Australia aboard a ship. Recognising them as representing a new species of cassowary, he sent specimens back to England where this was confirmed. On the west side of Greevink Bay, western Irian, there exist a distinctive form that may merit a split. C. papuanus is the tentative name. Finally there are no officially recognized sub-species, however, some authors believe there should be.
It is a large, at between 99 to 135 centimetres (3.2"?4.4 ft) tall and 18 kilograms (40 lb), flightless bird with hard and stiff black plumage, a low triangular casque, pink cheek and red patches of skin on its blue neck. The feet are large and powerful, equipped with dagger-like claws on the inner toe. Both sexes are similar. Females have longer casques, brighter bare skin color and are larger in size.
Range and habitat
The Dwarf Cassowary is distributed throughout mountain forests of New Guinea, New Britain and Yapen Island, at elevations up to 3,300 m (10,800 ft). In areas without other species of cassowaries, it will live in the lowlands also. Its diet consists mainly of fallen fruits and small animals, and insects. A solitary bird, it pairs only in breeding season.
Due to ongoing habitat loss, habitat degradation, being hunted for food, and often being kept in captivity, the Dwarf Cassowary is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with an occurrence range of 258,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
- ^ Avibase 2009
- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ Clements, J (2007)
- ^ BirdLife International (2008)(a)


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River Swimming Health Precautions
Avoiding contact with water from the Severn or Magothy Rivers within 48 hours of a rainfall can help reduce illness due to elevated bacteria levels in the water.
Memorial Day weekend is a week away and its arrival usually signals the beginning of the season when people enjoy swimming and other water-related activities in the Severn and Magothy Rivers. While stormwater runoff and aging septic systems pollute the rivers, people can reduce their risk for illness.
Here are some precautions to take before and after coming in contact with the water:
The Anne Arundel County Department of Health has a standing advisory that no one should swim in the waters of the beaches in the county, including the Severn and Magothy rivers, within 48 hours after a rainfall. The reason for this policy is that when stormwater flows into the river it carries animal waste from both pets and wild animals, which increases the level of enterococci bacteria in the water.
According to the Anne Arundel County Department of Health, enterococci are "found in the intestines of all warm-blooded animals, including humans" making these bacteria easy to detect and a good indicator of water quality.
Generally, readings of 104 colony forming units or less of enterococci per 100 milliliters of water is considered an acceptable level for water contact. When levels of enterococci bacteria exceed this level the chances for a person becoming ill from contact with the water increases.
Some of the most common symptoms of illness caused by enterococci are diarrhea, cramping, infection of an open wound, and ear infection. The Anne Arundel County Department of Health recommends that persons seek medical attention as soon as possible if these symptoms are experienced after contact with any natural bodies of water.
A form is available at Operation Clearwater, which is run by Dr. Sally Hornor of Anne Arundel Community College, on which people can record their symptoms to provide her with information about illness related to water quality.
In order to reduce the chance for illness, there are a few precautions that people should follow before coming in contact with water in the Severn and Magothy rivers during the summer months. People are advised to avoid contact with the water if they have any open wounds or abrasions on their skin, have an ear infection or a weakened immune system. It is also a good idea to avoid swimming near storm drain outlets and in water that appears polluted.
Thoroughly washing with soap and water as soon as possible after swimming and using hand sanitizer when fishing or crabbing can help reduce the possibility of becoming ill from contact with polluted water.
Both the Anne Arundel County Department of Health and Operation Clearwater monitor enterococci bacteria levels at various sites in the Severn and Magothy rivers during the summer months. The county also checks water quality at sites in the rest of the county's rivers. The results of the water testing conducted by each group are posted on their respective sites.


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With more patients demanding spectacle independence after cataract surgery, the Lenstar 900 APS biometer is your go-to tool to help them achieve this goal.
- Use HAAG-STREIT's proprietary Hill-RBF database to compare measurements to a database of real patient information.
- Increase speed and efficiency with access to complete eye data in a single click.
- Enjoy the ability to precisely assess the axis and astigmatism for stronger toric IOL results.
- Access to popularly used IOL prediction methods to select the optimal lens.
Enhance your measurement capabilities. The Lenstar 900 APS is all you need for faster, more efficient cataract measurements.
- Provides all the measurements necessary to take full advantage of the latest IOL prediction methods.
- Access to full eye data in a single click.
- Easier mechanical tracking minimizes user delay and error.
- Quicker measurement for improved tear-film stability.
- Improves the repeatability of measurements.
- Supports T-Cone measurements through the latest EyeSuite™ software.
HILL-RBF CALCULATOR exclusively
The Hill-RBF Calculator represents a new approach in IOL calculation, based on pattern recognition, data interpolation and a validating boundary model, for improved accuracy and confidence with IOL power prediction.
An excellent choice for accurate IOL calculations for every patient
The Lenstar 900 APS provides highly accurate laser optic measurements for every section of the eye −from the cornea to the retina− and is the first optical biometer on the market that can measure the thickness of the crystalline lens. With its integrated Hill-RBF Method, Barrett and Olsen formula and the optional Toric Planner featuring the Barrett Toric Calculator, Lenstar 900 APS provides the user with latest technology in IOL prediction for any patient.
Easily add the Lenstar Myopia module to your Lenstar 900 APS
Expand your practice with state-of-the-art myopia management today and meet the demands of your patients tomorrow.
EyeSuite Myopia is a compact, highly customizable, easy-to-use, yet comprehensive myopia management software platform. It is designed to facilitate education and consultation of patients on the prevalence, causes and consequences of Myopia.EyeSuite
Myopia is based on the latest findings of myopia research:
- Refractive progression trends
- Axial length growth
- Environmental factors
ADVANCED IOL PLANNING
- Improved refractive outcomes with any patient
- Predictable outcomes
- Master post refractive cases
- Match the axis
Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for
precise astigmatism and axis measurement
Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for precise astigmatism and axis measurement
- Best Toric Results
- Lenstar features dual-zone keratometry or T-Cone topography for precise astigmatism and axis measurement.
- Improved outcomes with dual zone keratometry
- Measurement equivalent to the "Gold Standard"
- Spaced 32 measurement point pattern improves precision
- Topography for torics – match the axis
- With the optional T-Cone toric platform, the axis and astigmatism measurement of Lenstar is extended with true 11-ring Placido topography. This additional data improves the efficacy and safety of toric IOL surgery, eliminating the risk of irregularities and allowing the user to double check the axis location.


Roman Terracotta Oil Lamp with a Peacock
A Roman terracotta oil lamp with a volute nozzle and a concave, decorated discuss. Within its centre is a large bird, a peacock with its tail feathers furled. The bird can be defined as a peacock due to the artist's attempt to create the eyespots so familiar to this birds plumage.
This discus is surrounded by three deeply incised concentric circles. The base is marked also with an incised circle. There is also a makers mark to the reverse, consisting of a single indented stroke.
Date: Circa 1st century AD
Condition: Very fine. Burn mark to the nozzle and some encrustation.
SKU: AH-682 Category: Tag:
The peacock was often associated with the Roman goddess Juno, considered her sacred bird. It was said that the queen of the Roman gods flew across the skies in a peacock driven chariot. There are various associations between the deity and the bird, including the myth by Ovid in Metamorphoses, Book 1. The myth recounts that, Io daughter of Inachus, had fallen victim to Jupiter's attentions. Trying to keep her safe, Jupiter turns Io into a white heifer of the purest form. Juno, seeing the wondrous and beautiful animal claimed it for herself. She placed it under the protection of Argus Panoptes ('All Seeing'), the many-eyed giant. In his efforts to claim Io back, Jupiter sent the messenger god Mercury to retrieve her. Mercury lulls Argus asleep with his music and kills the giant, stealing Io away. In response Juno places the many eyes of the fallen giant upon her favourite bird, the peacock, as commemoration.
The incuse mark on the reverse has been used on other lamps, dated to the 1st century and a specific workshop, operating in both Italy and North Africa.
For more information about the meanings of animals in Roman art, see our relevant blog post: Animal Symbolism in Roman Art.
Weight 44.5 g
Dimensions L 9.9 x W 6.8 x H 2.8 cm
Pottery and Porcelain
Roman Mythology
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Announcements for fnumprint
fnumprint – Print a number in 'appropriate' format
The package defines two macros which decide to typeset a number either as an Arabic number or as a word (or words) for the number. If the number is between zero and twelve (including zero and twelve) then words will be used; if the number is outside that range, it will be typeset using the package numprint
Words for English representation of numbers are generated within the package, while those for German are generated using the package zahl2string.


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San Luis Valley Colorado Heritage
The towns in the San Luis Valley are among the oldest settlements in Colorado, and, with just 47,000 residents, the valley's vast landscape has changed little since the early days of settlement. The art, architecture, religion, tradition and folklore of American Indians, early Spanish colonists, Mexican settlers and miners of the Southwest permeate the region. Historic agricultural practices, such as irrigation by acequias (ditches bringing surface water from rivers) are still in use. Traditional, spiritual and religious practices and festivals co-exist with the largest interfaith ecumenical community in North America.


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GenTask consists of a tool set to graphically define groups of tasks, dependencies among tasks and execute them in the required order in a fully automated manner. A task can be any process that can be executed.
GenTask application was developed fully in Java/XML with an Object Oriented approach. Therefore, it can be run on any platform that supports Java/XML. It contains two related, integrated user interface components for task editing and task execution, respectively.
A "task set" is a set of tasks. When a task set is executed, first the execution path is resolved according to task dependencies and tasks are executed in order. A task set can contain as many tasks as required. Tasks can be given priorities so that the tasks with higher priority are executed before the tasks with lower priority.
The task execution utility runs in a multi-threaded way. As long as the execution path that is determined using task dependencies, allows more than one task to be executed, a new thread is created to execute each simultaneous task. The maximum number of threads can be adjusted using the task execution tool user interface.
When a task set is executed, various information that let the user to monitor the execution (such as status of executed tasks, number of executed tasks, number of tasks yet to be executed, elapsed time and remaining time) is provided in the graphical user interface. The user can also affect the execution by using the graphical facilities provided.
GenTask provides a fully graphical and automated mapping environment, Below is an example screen capture of GenTask:


Dry sump lubrication in F1 engines
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The dry sump lubrication system is a design that intends to lubricate the engine's internal parts to provide optimal performance of the engine itself. It is currently the best system for high performance engines and is widely used in Formula One, Le Mans, IRL and other well known racing series.
Lubrication systems for a four-stroke, reciprocating piston engine can be categorised in just two groups: the wet sump design and the dry sump system. Both systems rely on an oil reservoir from which oil is drawn with a pump and spread around the engine for lubrication and cooling purposes. All oil is then allowed to flow back to the reservoir from where the cycle restarts.
Wet sump lubrication is the most widely used system as it is more cost efficient and perfectly adequate for normal passenger vehicles. In this design, the oil of the engine is stored in a sump located under the crankshaft as an integral part of the engine block. The oil pans' capacity can range from 3 to 7 litre, depending on the engine's size and purpose. From this pan, the oil is pumped up a pick-up tube and supplied to the engine under pressure. A wet sump design has several advantages, including its low cost, low weight and its simplicity. Because the sump is an internal part of the engine, there is no need for tubes to circulate the oil from the reservoir to the engine, reducing chances of leaks.
Despite its advantages, a wet sump system is unsuitable for racing purposes.Formula One cars for example experience lateral G-forces of up to 3G in mid corner. Such centrifugal accelleration would pull all oil to one side of the sump, possibly leaving the engine without oil for a short period. The latter phenomenon is also known as oil starvation. When performance and reliability matter, such a situation is unacceptable. To resolve this issue, the dry sump system was designed and is now in use in all major racing series.
The dry sump system literally keeps the sump of the engine dry and allows for it to be produced small, giving a further advantage to lower the engine's centre of gravity and reduce its empty weight. The design differs from a wet sump in its external oil tank. Again, the oil is pumped into the engine at elevated pressure and then flows down to the engine's sump. While it was previously held there, the oil is now sucked away from the engine by one or more scavenger pumps, run by belts or gears from the crankshaft, usually at around half the crank speed.
Application in Formula One
The oil tank attached ahead of the Toyota RVX106 engineAs mentioned, all current F1 engines include a dry sump system, quite simply because it is impossible to create a similar high revving engines with a wet sump system. Due to the engine freeze, all engines also have a similar layout as the fuel tank is located ahead of the engine, just behind the driver. The oil pump that rotates the oil through the engine is - as required by the regulations - driven by the crankshaft through gears.
One of the providers of the required high performing lubricants is Shell, the supplier of Ferrari. Shell Technology Manager for Ferrari, Dr. Lisa Lilley explains: "Engine lubricant is critical. The very lifeblood of the engine, its job is to protect the moving parts from mechanical wear, reduce friction and power loss and cool the engine as it endures extreme track conditions. It takes a good engine lubricant to achieve just the right balance of these characteristics, while ensuring the car's performance is optimised, no energy is wasted and maximum power is delivered to the engine."
The first job of Shell Helix is to protect all the moving parts that rub together from mechanical wear. The oil is fed to the bearings of the camshafts to lubricate, minimising friction and wear, thereby enhancing the engine's reliability. The enormous forces required to open the valves quickly enough at 19,000 rev/min must also be transmitted through a lubricant effectively and without failure.
The engine is exposed to extreme conditions and high temperatures as it turns. The 'multi-tasking' lubricant is designed to take away the heat, controlling the engine temperature and preventing the heat from having a detrimental affect. The ability of an engine oil to cool as well as lubricate is often overlooked. Pistons can exceed temperatures of 300°C; engine oil is sprayed on the underside of the pistons to keep them cool - without this extra protection they would undoubtedly fail in a race.
When you consider that the oil flow around the engine is faster than the speed of the Ferrari Formula One car, this gives you an idea of the extreme conditions in a Formula One engine," says Dr. Lilley. "At Shell we have a team dedicated to tailoring Shell Helix engine oil for the Ferrari so that we can ensure reliability and protection but we can also guarantee the car is receiving the most horsepower possible."
The oil reservoir in front of a F1 engine Lubricated camshaft
Oil is pumped from the "dry sump" oil tank on the front of the engine into the "distribution network" within the cylinder block and heads, which ensures it gets directly to all critical engine components Lubricant is fed to the bearings of the camshafts to minimise friction and wear and also to lubricate the critical cam-to-follower interfaces, where the enormous forces required to open the valves quickly enough at 19,000 rev/min must be transmitted through a layer of lubricant efficiently and without failure
Crankshaft lubrication Oil is sprayed on the cylinders to provide cooling
The lubricant is fed down the middle of the crankshaft, coming out inside the bearings to keep them working. The lubricant flung off these bearings then creates a film on the cylinder walls, on which the pistons and rings run smoothly to ensure minimum power losses and mechanical wear The lubricant squirts onto the underside of the pistons from small nozzles on the distribution network, to take away heat
Oil is sucked away by the scavenge pumps Ferrari cutout engine view
The used lubricant is sucked away from the bottom of the crankcase by the scavenge pumps, to be cooled in radiators and returned to the oil tank, refreshed and ready to start its circuit of the engine again The "camera" exits the engine, showing a fully lubricated engine
Simulation images by Shell motorsport


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Using Brinqa to Improve Application Security and Reduce Risk.
This case study describes the implementation of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC), tied to a risk analysis view, using Brinqa technology. As a result, the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) achieved improved application security risk and SDLC governance.
- Automated SDLC process with criteria defined by quantitative modeling to determine application lifecycle state.
- Capability to measure the trends of application risk scores with a data warehouse.
- Customized visibility for business owners and senior management of application risk, tailored to their specific needs.
- Prioritization of the issues by risk to the organization.
- Consistent and clear information on risk posture.
- Effective and efficient resource utilization.
- Ability to predict and respond to threats.
- Automated, relevant and efficient risk assessments.