What's a "Peak" Anyway?
The amount of electricity that members of Shenandoah Valley Electric Cooperative collectively use varies during the course of the year and even from hour to hour in a given day. But there are certain times when electricity usage spikes up as members all use more power at the same time. These high usage periods are called "peaks."
Many peaks occur on the hottest and coldest days
Peaks are most likely to happen on the hottest and coldest days of the year. When temperatures outside get too uncomfortable, SVEC members adjust their heating or air conditioning at roughly the same time. This creates periods when electricity consumption is highest – a "peak" in demand.
But peaks also occur in "shoulder" temperature months that are not hot or cold. Why do we still Beat the Peak then? Just like you get a power bill from us every month, we get a power bill from our power supplier (ODEC) every month. Unlike yours, our power bill has a peak demand component where we are billed on our highest peak for that month. We are beating the peak every month (even these mild temperature "shoulder" months) in order to keep our power bill as low as possible, which will keep your power bill as low as possible.
To control costs, we have to Beat the Peak
Your cooperative pays the highest rates for electricity during these peaks since demand for power from our suppliers skyrockets. If SVEC needs to buy too much electricity at these peak rates over the course of a year, it can begin to impact the rates members are charged. That is why SVEC has developed a free and voluntary program so members can help the cooperative Beat the PeakSign up today and help hold down costs.


1296x728 HEADER 10 Ways To Naturally Reduce Anxiety
How 'swapping bodies' with a friend changes our sense of self
A new study shows that, when pairs of friends swapped bodies in a perceptual illusion, their beliefs about their own personalities became more similar to their beliefs about their friends' personalities. The findings suggest that this tie between our psychological and physical sense of self is involved in memory function: when our mental self-concept doesn't match our physical self, our memory can become impaired.


what is a kush
What is a kush
Or perhaps Chepsiro, commander of Hermothybia, who is so boastful of his conquests in the land of Kush?
Dem Yankees tuck eber thing dat dey saw eben to our kush, what we had cooked fer our supper.
Kush was cornbread, cooked in de big griddle on de fireplace, mashed up with raw onions an' ham gravy poured over hit.
Thou knowest well that thy divine father destines thee to wed the Prince of Kush whom but now thou didst smite so fiercely.'
Kush definition, marijuana, formerly specific to a strain of cannabis that originated from the Hindu Kush region. See more.
What is a kush
MaximumYield explains Kush
This definition explains the meaning of Kush and why it matters.


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Bible Crafts and Games About Anger
"In Your Anger Do Not Sin" Bible Crafts and Games
"Be ye angry, and sin not:" let not the sun go down upon your wrath:" Eph. 4:26, KJV
In this lesson children learn that anger is an emotion that everyone experiences. It is not a sin to be angry, but it is a sin to use your anger to hurt others, yourself, or to destroy things. They learn from Jesus' example how to handle anger in a constructive way. The teacher presents seven mad monsters and gives examples of things children can do to take control before the mad monsters do.
Mad Monsters Bible Verse Coloring Sheet
1. Before class print out the coloring sheets and make copies.
(The patterns for this craft are available to members on The Resource Room in both KJV and NIV.)
2. In class give your children the coloring sheets and crayons or colored pencils. As they work ask them why they think the the mad monsters are mad. Ask your students if they ever get mad and why they might get mad.
If you don't have a lot of students, you can use the black and white Mad Monster Posters below. Have your children color them and them use them during the lesson.
1. Before class print out the pattern onto card stock (Heavy Paper). (The patterns for this craft are available to members on The Resource Room in both KJV and NIV.)
2. Cut pointers from another piece of card stock and punch holes at the ends.
3. In class have your children color the Mad-O-Meters.
4. Punch a hole in the center of the Mad-O-Meters and attach the pointers with brass brads.
5. Instruct your children to take the Mad-O-Meters home and use them when they get angry to help them remember not to sin when they are angry. Tell them to try to find solutions to their problems before the meter reaches Mega Mad.
I wanted to let you know that I did the Anger lesson with the Hills Brothers' containers and the kids loved the it. Some made 2 & 3 monsters. I planted grass in them 2 weeks ahead a time so they had a full head of hair. I meant to take pictures but it got so hectic at the end of class I forgot to do it. Again thank you for the great lesson and craft. Vicki
Growing Mad Monster Craft
Children use this Growing Mad Monster to help them control their anger before it controls them.
What you will need:
Plaster Container or Can - The container pictured is a red Hills Brother's Cappuccino container.
Red Paint (Optional) and Red Paper
Large Wiggle Eyes
Liquid Chalk Markers or Permanent Markers
Glue and/or Tape
Fast Growing Seeds Such as Beans, Sprouting Seeds, Clover, Grass, etc.
How to Make:
1. Before class print out the arm patterns (Available to members) onto red paper or card stock and cut them out. If you are using a can or other container, you can tape red paper onto the can or spray paint them red before class. Or just leave them their original color. Use paper that matches the container color for the arms.
2. Print out the back labels and cut them apart. (Available to members) The labels read, "If you feel like your mad monster is beginning to control you, take charge before it does. Use this Growing Mad Monster to redirect your anger by styling its hair. Once you have calmed down talk about why you were angry and try to resolve the conflict in a calm manner. ©2015 - _URL_ (Please include the copyright if you use these craft labels.)
3. In class have your children draw a mad face on the container using the chalk markers or permanent markers, glue on wiggle eyes, and tape the arms to the sides of the container.
4. When they are done have them fill the container with dirt and add seeds or a plant.
What Does an Angry Person Look Like?
Have your children pose as an angry person. A child may pretend to be: shouting, pointing his finger,clinching his teeth, making his hands into fists, stomping his feet, tensing up, yelling, crying, kicking something, hitting something, rolling on the floor, frowning or punching.)
Mad Monster Game
Use his printable board game to help your children talk about their anger and learn how to deal with it in a positive way.
Children learn to control their'mad monsters' with this simple game. When a child lands on a monster he gives an example of why he got angry when that type of'mad monster' was controlling him. For example, if a child lands on the "Gimme Jimmy" Monster, he might say, "I got mad when my mom wouldn't buy me the toy I wanted. I yelled and whined until my mom threatened not to take me to the store any more." The child should then say how he could have handled his anger better.
There are seven monsters: "It's Not Fair" Fergus, Hungry Hank, "I Don't Wanna" Walter, Owie Howie, Frustrated Fred, Gimme Jimmy, and Jealous Jill.
The game board measures 14" x 10" and uses two sheets of card stock. It comes with directions, printable monster cards, and suggestions about how children can deal with their anger in positive ways.
This game is available to members on The Resource Room or as an Instant Download.
Eph. 4:26 Bible Verse Review Activity Sheet
Children try to guess the letters that spell out the Bible verse before the sun goes down. Each time they guess a letter and it is wrong the sun strip is moved down one space. If the sun goes down before they guess the words to the verse, they lose.
I taught this lesson "In Your Anger, Do Not Sin". A few weeks ago. It was right after the ruling on gay marriage and the SC shooting and doing away with the rebel flag. I had it planned way before all this happened and it was just a blessing from God to teach that day. The kids loved and it helped them to understand some things. I teach both 4 & 5 year old children for Sunday School and 1st-2nd grade for Children's church. It went over so good. One of the other teachers borrowed it to teach his class of 3rd-6th grade. It gave them some understanding about how to deal with what was going on around them. They loved playing the game as well and we did the funny monster planter too! I used Herb seeds so that it would be something useful in the home. Most kids don't get to keep there crafts if they aren't useful. Thank you for all the wonderful lessons! I love them!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Bowl flower (Cypripedium japonicum)
Roll your cursor over each image to view a mignification of the image.
Species: Cypripedium japonicum
Common Name: Bowl flower
Status: CITES Appendix II
Range: China, Japan, and Korea
Artist: Jee-Yeon Koo
Artist Home Country: Korea
The Korean government has designated some
protected habitats for this slipper orchid, as
there are only 200 individuals remaining in
the wild in that country. Described in 1784,
it is also found in China and Japan.
A specimen of Bowl flower (Cypripedium japonicum) from the museum's herbarium collection:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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adjective, un·ru·li·er, un·ru·li·est.
not submissive or conforming to rule; ungovernable; turbulent; intractable; refractory; lawless: an unruly class; an unruly wilderness.
Origin: 1350–1400; Middle English unruely, Related forms
equivalent to unun-1
+ ruly, ruely
governable, controllable; see rule
disobedient, unmanageable, uncontrollable, stubborn, disorderly, riotous. Unruly, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory describe persons or things that resist management or control. Unruly suggests persistently disorderly behavior or character in persons or things: an unruly child, peevish and willful; wild, unruly hair. Intractable suggests in persons a determined resistance to all attempts to guide or direct them, in things a refusal to respond to attempts to shape, improve, or modify them: an intractable social rebel; a seemingly intractable problem in logistics. recalcitrant and refractory imply not only a lack of submissiveness but also an open, often violent, rebellion against authority or direction. Recalcitrant the stronger of the two terms, suggests a stubborn and absolute noncompliance: a recalcitrant person, openly contemptuous of all authority. Refractory implies active, mulish disobedience, but leaves open the possibility of eventual compliance: refractory students, resisting efforts to interest them in their studies.


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On the Convergence of Model Free Learning in Mean Field Games
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTIETH AAAI CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE TWENTY-EIGHTH INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONFERENCE
Learning by experience in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a difficult and exciting task, due to the lack of stationarity of the environment, whose dynamics evolves as the population learns. In order to design scalable algorithms for systems with a large population of interacting agents (e.g., swarms), this paper focuses on Mean Field MAS, where the number of agents is asymptotically infinite. Recently, a very active burgeoning field studies the effects of diverse reinforcement learning algorithms
... or agents with no prior information on a stationary Mean Field Game (MFG) and learn their policy through repeated experience. We adopt a high perspective on this problem and analyze in full generality the convergence of a fictitious iterative scheme using any single agent learning algorithm at each step. We quantify the quality of the computed approximate Nash equilibrium, in terms of the accumulated errors arising at each learning iteration step. Notably, we show for the first time convergence of model free learning algorithms towards non-stationary MFG equilibria, relying only on classical assumptions on the MFG dynamics. We illustrate our theoretical results with a numerical experiment in a continuous action-space environment, where the approximate best response of the iterative fictitious play scheme is computed with a deep RL algorithm.


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A 35-year-old man presented with traumatic iritis, angle-recession glaucoma, and a retinal dialysis secondary to blunt trauma from a Taser gun in the right eye and a unique electrical cataract in the left eye. Taser guns, which can also function as stun guns, can lead to electrical cataract formation. Given the increasing use of Taser guns by law enforcement and citizens, blunt mechanical and electrical sequelae of Taser gun injuries should be recognized.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Sensory Systems


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School's Out : a comparative study of workplace sexuality through the experiences of gay and lesbian teachers in California and Texas
Connell, Catherine Elizabeth
MetadataShow full item record
This dissertation investigates the workplace experiences of gay and lesbian teachers. In-depth interviews and field observations were conducted with 51 teachers in Texas and in California, two states with different legal approaches to gay rights and worker rights. This comparative study highlights the importance of social, political, and cultural context in individual decision-making about sexual disclosure and performance, explores the consequences of "normalization" of LGBT experiences in the classroom, and addresses the role of identity politics in social change. By taking an intersectional approach to gay/lesbian identity construction, this dissertation considers how race, class, gender, and sexuality inequalities are expressed and reinforced in the experiences of gay and lesbian teachers.


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this is my investigation processed so far.could anyone pro have a look at my investigation to see if anything needs improving?
titile page: the effect of light intensity on the distribution of helice crassa.
Introduction: the ecological niche of Helice crassa: Helice crassa belongs to biological class Malacostraca(1). The helice crassa studied were found at Tohuna Torea estuary at the end of Riddel Road.they were usually found under the mud covered by the sea water,in dark damp conditions.so that they are not exposed to high light intensity.because they are prone to dessication.many adaptation features help them reduce the effect of dessication.these include:
1.helice crassa tend to move close to the dark place but move away from the light area. Because high light intensity is often associated with large amount of heat. –biology individual animal study helice crassa: mud crab Mary Melrose department of education Auckland 1988
2. Large pincers-this helps scoop up mud so that they can burrow to shelter from searing heat which is associated with high light intensity. the behaviour of two estuarine crab species by C.G..BEER, department of zoology,university of otago,new Zealand.(received by editior,April 15,1958)
3. the impermeable exoskeleton,strengthened with calcium carbonate,protects the crab from desiccation in air.
_URL_ htm#Helice
living under the mud often covered by the sea means cooler temperature,damp condition,low light intensity,im going to investigation the preferred light intensity of helice crassa which is the best light intensity which helps reduce the effect of dessication.
Aim: the purpose of this experiment is to find out wether or not the number of helice crassa burrowing into the mud changes with increasing light intensity.
Hypothesis: the number of helice crassa burrowing into the mud increases with increasing light intensity.
(reason:high light intensity is often associated with a large amount of heat, if an increasing number of helice crassa burrowing into the mud is found,then high light intensity would have an effect of the amount of dessication)
Null hypothesis: the number of helice crassa burrowing into the mud remains the same with increasing light intensity
(Reason: if high light intensity has no effect on the amount of desiccation then helice crassa will not show any responses to the increasing light intensity)
Equipment: 30 helice crassa.
3 ice cream containers
Paper to mark
Mud-6 cm deep(the same percentage of mud as well as sand)
Method: 1.go down the riddel road to collect 30 helice crassa.
2. Put mud (6 cm deep) into each ice cream container, the percentage of mud and sand remains constant in each ice cream container.
3.seperate 30 helice crassa into three groups with each group(10) put into each ice cream container.
3.cover the first ice cream container with a piece of wipe,then cover the second ice cream container with 2 pieces of wipe then the third ice cream container with 3 pieces of wipe.
4.measure the light intensity in each of the ice cream container.record light intensity in a table
5.after 5 minutes covered by the wipe, uncover it to count the number of helice crassa that has burrowed into the mud.
6.record the number of helice crassa burrowed into the mud against different light intensity.
according to the experiment with Helice crassa is looks well to me and the details too. you have te record all the changes and their etiology (crab's) and alos i think you have to read some more materials about physiology of crabs becsase they are different from other arthropods because the the chitina that they have allover their body. They stay in dark areas because they insticts sent them for protection.
I hope that i give an understanable answer.
Hi, I'm Karole, and I want to know what you mean by helice crassa is 'different from other arthropods because of the chitina'.
What is chitina? Do you mean chitin? And even so, don't all arthropods have it?
Also, is having chitin all over the body mean that the mud crabs have exoskeleton all over their body?
Is it a physiological adaptation? I'm looking for any physiological adaptations of helice crassa that reduces desiccation. By the way, I'm doing this research assignment for water content of the mud that helice crassa lives in.
im doing my research on the effects (on the weight of the helice crassa) of different salinities. i have searched everywhere but i cant find any general knowledge about the helice crassa and any adaptations of the crab related to the range of salinities and how it effects their weight, to help introduce my investigation. Any suggestions?
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text:
The Soushen Houji: Latter Notes on Collected Spirit Phenomena Attributed to Tao Yuanming: (365-427) (Paperback)
Special Order - Arrival Times Vary
The Sōushen houji 搜神後記 (Latter Notes on Collected Spirit Phenomena), attributed to the celebrated poet Tao Qian 陶潛 (365-427), is a compilation of anecdotes and stories known as zhiguai 志怪 ('records of the anomalous') that document strange and unusual phenomena the author observed in his lifetime. Intended to serve as a sequel to Gān Bǎo's 干寳 (d. 336) Sōushenji 搜神記 (Collected Spirit Phenomena), the original text was lost but was reconstructed in the late Ming dynasty. This volume presents an annotated translation of the entire Ming version of the Sōushen houji as well as of an additional set of surviving stories that were identified and restored to the text by the modern scholar Lǐ Jianguo 李劍國. The book also includes a history of the Sōushen houji text, an examination of its linguistic style and characteristics, a discussion of the historical nature of its contents and how it fits into the zhiguai genre, providing a window onto medieval Chinese society and culture, and a brief overview of recent zhiguai scholarship to guide readers who hope to continue their exploration of the genre.


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Sugar gliders and guinea pigs have in common that they're both adorable and furry small animals, although that's generally where their similarities end. Although it's definitely OK to have both types of critters in your home, they don't belong in the same enclosures.
Sugar Gliders and Guinea Pigs Together
Sugar gliders and guinea pigs alike are highly social creatures, but as animals from different species with totally different lifestyle needs, should not reside in the same cages. They undoubtedly can handle living in a single room, however, as long as their cages aren't shared.
Sugar Glider Living Arrangements
Sugar gliders tend to thrive when they're kept in duos with buddies from their own species. Being around others comes naturally to sugar gliders, because it's how they do things in nature. If you have the means to maintain more than two sugar gliders, the more the merrier. If a sugar glider lives on his own, however, his human caretaker needs to give him a minimum of two hours daily interplay. Note that if you keep individuals of both genders in the same enclosures, reproduction is inevitable, unless they're neutered and spayed.
Guinea Pig Living Arrangements
Guinea pigs are companionable critters, too, typically flourishing in tiny and cozy units of fellow members of their species. If guinea pigs have sufficient personal room, they usually manage well. Female guinea pigs living together often are successful. A fixed male can work alongside a female, or perhaps even a pair of females. Male guinea pigs together can sometimes get a little fierce and aggressive unless they're both neutered. Guinea pig siblings who have been together since birth, regardless of sex, usually get along just fine. Always make a point to keep mature males away from juveniles.
Other Types of Animals
Although sugar gliders usually can live happily in the same rooms as guinea pigs, that definitely doesn't apply to all types of pets. Noisy, shrieking pet birds, for example, aren't usually a good idea for life alongside sugar gliders. Remember, sugar gliders in nature are preyed on by owls, and parrots' calls can sometimes remind them of the innate menaces of predation. Be careful about cats and dogs, too. If the presence of sugar gliders -- through a cage -- brings out a cat or dog's prey drive, then it's time to switch the cage to a more inaccessible location. Be just as deliberate in making living arrangements for guinea pigs. Like sugar gliders, guinea pigs also often feel apprehensive when close to cats and dogs.
- Nelson Road Veterinary Clinic: Sugar Gliders
- West Valley Animal Hospital: Guinea Pig Healthcare
- American Animal Hospital Association Healthy Pet: Guinea Pig Care
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital: Feeding and Caring for Your Guinea Pig
- Heritage Animal Hospital: Sugar Gliders
- Sugar Gliders; Caroline Wightman
- RSPCA: Appropriate Company for Guinea Pigs
- SmallAnimalChannel.com: Guinea Pigs and Other Animals
- Photo Credit Michael Blann/Photodisc/Getty Images


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AD Op Master Roles monitor. This monitor measures the general responsiveness of each operations master. The monitor periodically reports the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) bind and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ping time from each domain controller that is an operations master.
Associated rules generate alerts if a certain number of consecutive errors occur during these tests for a given operations master. This monitor tests the primary domain controller (PDC) emulator operations master every time it runs. The other operations masters are tested less frequently (as adjusted by a script parameter), unless an error occurred the last time a test was performed. In this case, the test is performed every interval until it completes successfully.
See associated alerts for details.


Here we go round the Mulberry Bush .
A childs nursery rhyme of long ago. No it was not from an innocent source indeed a far cry from the nursery,the childs bed that we all had this sung too. Sinister in fact is its origin and somehow it entered the school yard and prep school as infectious tunes will do.
We go back in time to the first real mention of the mulberry tree. The ancient Chinese art of silk making from the tiny worm that ate white mulberry tree leaves to make cocoons that would end up as silk thread.
The latin Botanical name for the mulberry is Morus Moraceae. The red mulberry is sweeter fruit but silk worms failed to make progress on it as London found out when planting the wrong trees for King James 1st. Who himself had interest in silk making. The Silk Road trade brought tons of silk to Europe and in England cloth was made by looms designed just for silk to be made into cloth.Who has not loved a silk shirt next the skin.
A Russian black mulberry exits and is said to be really sweet for pies and pastry dishes.
In fact it will grow as a species almost anyplace in European hedgerows wild. Taken to America in 1687 it grow well there too.
Silk worms feeding on white Mulberry leaves
What brought us its fame was a simple song related to Her Majesties State Prison on Wakefield Yorkshire England. Long ago a cutting was planted in the exercise yard when women inmates were allowed to circle around it to impact the ground so the winds would not blow the seedling away in 1609. After the bush grew they did the same dance and sang here we go round the mulberry bush although we killed our husbands.
It as a song was a famous tune and soon words made by those who recorded it accepted by all in books as a chanting song.Girls skipped to it and at Christmas 1900 it was sung as carol at Westminster school.
Wakefield Prison was built as a house of correction and poor house in 1594.Today it is a male only top high security dispersal prison for those too risky to public safety. It is the largest prison of that sort in the United Kingdom.
Here we go round the mulberry bush sung by children all over Europe came from roots long ago in space and time but now we know its rather pitiful origin.
Thank you dear readers,Yours Sir Kevin.
Copyright KevinParr Bt 2019
2 thoughts on "Here we go round the Mulberry Bush ."
 1. Thank you dear lady I do know as I have copied your recipe. I do not have Mulberry tees unfortunately but can buy the fruits on Riga 7 acre covered market. I do so intend to make it one fine day before winter. I am glad that you enjoy my blogs.It makes writing them worth doing.
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Let $(E,\mathscr E)$ be a measurable space and $(S,2^S)$ be a finite set. Let $$ \xi:(E,\mathscr E)\to(S,2^S) $$ be a mesaurable function, i.e. $\xi^{-1}(s)\in \mathscr E$ for any $s\in S$. Now, let us denote by $\Omega = E^{\mathbb N_0}$ and by $\mathscr F$ its product $\sigma$-algebra. Also, let $\Sigma = S^{\mathbb N_0}$ and let $\mathscr S$ be the correspondent product $\sigma$-algebra.
Let $\eta:\Omega\to\Sigma$ be the element-wise extension of $\xi$, i.e. $$ \eta(\omega_0,\omega_1,\dots) = (\xi(\omega_0),\xi(\omega_1),\dots). $$
I wonder if $\mathscr S$ is different from $$ \mathscr C = \{A\subseteq \Sigma:\eta^{-1}(A)\in \mathscr F\}. $$ It is clear that $\mathscr S\subseteq \mathscr C$ - but can the strict inclusion actually happen?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
Yes, strict inclusion can happen. If $S$ has more than one element, $(\Sigma,\mathscr{S})$ will be an uncountable compact metric space with the Borel $\sigma$-algebra. By standard arguments, there will be $\mathfrak{c}$ many measurable sets, there are as many measurable sets as real numbers. Also, $|\Sigma|=\mathfrak{c}$.
Now let $S=\{0,1,2\}$ and let $\xi$ be the constant function that maps everything to $2$. There are $2^\mathfrak{c}$ subsets of $\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$. Take any subset $A$ of $\{0,1\}^\mathbb{N}$ and let $A'=A\cup\{(2,2,2,\ldots)\}$. There are $2^\mathfrak{c}$ sets of this form and since $\eta^{-1}(A')=\Omega$ for all of them, they are all in $\mathscr{C}$.
So for cardinality reasons, the inclusion will be strict. Note that $\mathscr{C}$ is the largest $\sigma$-algebra on $\Sigma$ that is compatible with $\eta$ being measurable. It shouldn't be surprising that it is quite large.
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Gravitational field of the cavity
Score: 2 Points
A planet of radius 6500 km with mass density 3900kgm3 has a spherical cavity of radius 1 km. The center of the cavity is 50 km away from the center of the sphere. Determine the gravitational field at surface of the cavity.
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A HISTORY OF CRAWL STROKE TECHNIQUES TO THE 1960s: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE: SECTION IV
At the Olympic Games in 1932, Japanese men dominated the swimming events, winning five out of a possible six gold medals and gaining 11 out of a possible 18 places. The USA took four places.
Japan first entered swimmers at the Olympics in 1920, but none advanced beyond the semi-finals. At Paris in 1924 several Japanese qualified for finals, including Takaishi (fifth in 100 m and 1,500 m) and Saiti (sixth in back-stroke). In Amsterdam four years later Takaishi moved up to third place in the 100 m, Tsuruta won the gold medal for the 200 m breast-stroke, and the Japanese 4 x 200 m team finished second. Following this, a surge of confidence and optimism swept through Japanese swimming circles. The world's best swimmers, including Weissmuller and Borg, accepted invitations to compete in Japan practically every year in the 1920s and 1930s, and Japanese swimmers competed in international meets all over the world, just as once again they have since 1960. They were making every effort to learn.
Their training was well organized and for those days severe. During a period of three months of hard training a total of four or five miles was covered each day. This was done in two training sessions. Stretching and flexibility exercises were a feature of their preparation.
Progress was rapid under the centrally organized and enthusiastic Japanese National Swimming Association. By 1932, Japan's swimmers in all strokes were nearly unbeatable. Throughout the 1930s there was a great deal of discussion about the Japanese successes. The world wanted to know why. Naturally their techniques came under close observation. This is what Matsuzawa, the chief Japanese coach said after the Los Angeles Games:
"The 1932 victory of the Japanese was probably due to the better use of the American crawl and European racing strokes than the Americans or Europeans themselves. Added to this, the Japanese swimmers were imbued with the national spirit and if there be any one main difference it was this fact. But for the Japanese swimmers to adopt the foreign racing style in its entirety was disadvantageous. In the crawl and back-strokes Japanese swimmers endeavored to aid the pull of the arms by the very strong beating of the legs. They have flexible ankles which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort."
Although it was claimed by the Japanese coach that there was nothing new about the Japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. The famous Japanese swimmer Katsuo Takaishi, veteran of three Olympic Games and a great student of swimming, maintained that there was a gulf of difference between the Japanese style and either the American or the European styles when he wrote in 1936 for Ashi Sports Magazine.
The model the Japanese had studied most was John Weissmuller, and Miyazaki the sprint winner at Los Angeles, carried his arms around in the recovery with an arm sweep characteristic of the American. However, as we shall see, this feature soon disappeared from the Japanese crawl, then developing along its own lines.
The Japanese Crawl
The arm recovery became quickened and shortened, the hand entering only a short distance in front of the shoulder, followed by a long underwater glide forwards. The arm pull was made on a line under the shoulder parallel to the backbone with the elbow slightly bent. There was a'snap" finish to the arm drive by most Japanese, although the hands came out relatively short at the line of the hips.
Some Japanese swimmers also developed a marked "over-lapping" action of the arms, due to the very quick recovery. Both arms were clearly in the water at the same time, one finishing its drive whilst the other was pushing forwards and downwards. During the arm recovery and early arm drive a continuous, powerful leg beat drove the body forward over the leading hand. In contrast to the Americans the Japanese did not carry their heads and shoulders high in the water, although the body position was sloping, the knees were the lowest part of the body. With this stroke considerable body roll was introduced for the first time amongst modern champions. As the arms drove downwards, the shoulders in turn were allowed to follow.
The leg action was based on the low hip position. The knees were moderately bent during the kick -- very distinctly a downward and backward thrust with the feet. The feet did not come below the level of the knees so that the kick was relatively shallow.
The Japanese leg action was generally a continuous, "independent" six-beat without accent, like Kitamura's, the 1,500 m winner at Los Angeles. Kitamura's kick can best be described as a continuous 123-123-123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1,500 m winner Terada in 1936 was using a leg action with a resting phase. We shall have more to say later about this "resting phase" in the leg action.
Because of the generally small stature of the Japanese, with rounded shoulders and short legs with well developed calves, the stroke they evolved was probably with good reason, called a "masterpiece of adaptation." It is a style well suited to the body build of most Japanese, who are not tall and broad-shouldered like Weissmuller and Devitt, with their tapered bodies.
Takaishi in the book Swimming in Japan, published in 1935, wrote an article on the crawl-stroke explaining the Japanese line of thought, and what he said then is still worthy of careful study today. I believe it is an excellent analysis:
"There are a few who have the opinion that the pressing movement of the arm at the beginning of the stroke is of no use or can even be detrimental for increasing speed, but the writer believes that this very movement decides whether one is a good swimmer or not. A good swimmer must learn to press the water skillfully. It is better to let the arm into the water before it is completely extended. If one extends the arm fully before letting it into the water, the time for pressing will be too long. Both shoulders draw ellipses while swimming. One of them should be lifted when the other is dropped. Accordingly, the upper part of the body should roll to both sides, but the position of the body line does not change. This movement is called rolling the body and it has a very close relation with the crawl stroke. If one swims without rolling the body on the longitudinal axis he must swim in a very unnatural position, such as pushing the head above the surface of the water or floating the upper part of the body by sinking the legs deeply in order to breathe easily. If one tries to stroke without rolling the body the power required is produced only by the muscles of the arms and shoulders, but when the power of the rolling of the body is added to that of the arms the force will be greatly increased. But one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. Rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined with the arm movements. This strength is increased according to the degree of rolling, consequently it is natural that the more one rolls the body, the larger the arm movement becomes. The larger the movement, the slower the tempo of the stroke. The best method of speed swimming for a fixed distance is to swim with the largest and strongest stroke and with as high a tempo as possible. However it is difficult for a swimmer of limited power and strength to enlarge his stroke without dropping his tempo. Thus, we must consider the limit of rolling. In considering this it is important to decide whether the rolling suits a swimmer or not for on this decision rests whether he will succeed. This limit cannot be decided uniformly for every person. It is very difficult to find the limit of rolling which is most suitable for each individual. If one rolls the body too much he is compelled to let the arm stop while pressing on the water before it commences the catching movement. In short, the maximum of rolling is when the power gained by that rolling is all applied to the arm movement and each arm carries on its stroke without wasting time and energy. If the secret of speed swimming is to swim with the largest and strongest strokes and at the highest tempo, then the ideal would be for one with great strength to swim a certain distance with very strong strokes of the arms without rolling of the body because rolling drops the tempo. It is more understandable to call the pressing movement the supporting movement. One may think that this movement is done only by hand and wrist but in the crawl-stroke every part of the arm must press the water and even the shoulder helps this movement. It is the power of the finishing movement of the arms which actually increases the speed. Consequently the finishing movement should be done very quickly and strongly. While an arm is above the surface of the water it is of no use for increasing the speed. At this time the arm should be relaxed, and the only effort should be raising the elbow by using the muscles of the shoulder. The form of the arm recovery varies in each individual, but in general the best form is this -- lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. Carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder as the center and extend the arm forward and straighten the elbow when it is parallel with the body line. If one takes this method, the hand from the point of catching traces a parallel line with the central


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PLANT ENHANCERS – DEON
INCREASES PLANT RESISTANCE
Deon is a plant enhancer made up of a combination of anionic and cationic amphoteric fatty acids. Deon stimulates the production of alkaloids, which increase plant resistance to disease and insects. Deon is a liquid spray and should preferably be used on plants in their first weeks. Deon stimulates the production of alkaloids in plants, which eliminate plant-pathogenic bacteria and moulds. Deon also provides the leaves with a protective wax coating that is difficult for insects, moulds, viruses and bacteria to penetrate. Through the elimination of the plant-pathogenic (plant-hostile) bacteria and moulds, the young plant is able to undergo huge growth without resistance. Lower shoots will also fully sprout, resulting in beautifully full plants. Due to the presence of organic nutrients in this liquid spray, Deon can rightly be called a veritable leaf feed.


Plumbing problems come in all shapes and sizes. Having your kitchen sink fill up with water whenever you run the dishwasher is not a major disaster nor is it an emergency but it still is a sign of a problem. And one thing you want to avoid is for plumbing problems to go from small to big!
The question then is "Why is my kitchen sink filling up with water when I run the dishwasher?" - the answer could be anyone of four issues:
Kitchen sink fills with water when dishwasher running.
 1. There's a clog in your sink's air gap.
 2. There's a clog in your sink's drain pipe.
 3. There's a clog or obstruction in your dishwasher.
 4. There's a clog in your garbage disposal.
Let's go through each one of these issues individually.
A Clog In Your Sink's Air Gap
According to Wikipedia "A common use of the term "air gap" in home plumbing refers to a fixture that provides back-flow prevention for an installed dishwasher. This "air gap" is seen above the sink as a small cylindrical fixture mounted parallel with the faucet. In the base cabinet under the sink, the drain hose from the dishwasher feeds the "top" of the air gap, and the "bottom" of the air gap is plumbed into the sink drain below the basket, or into a garbage disposal unit."
If you notice that yes, you do have an air gap installed - it could be that water is backing up into the sink because of a clog in that air gap.
How To Clean and Maintain Your Air Gap
Here are some simple steps on how you can clean out your air gap and keep it from clogging up again.
 1. Remove the top cover
 2. Unscrew (or unsnap) the inner cap
 3. If you can see a clog, work on removing it
 4. A useful tool for this process is a 12 inch bottle brush
Note: You may not always see the clog so don't assume that there isn't one. Use the bottle brush to clean out the air gap and it may reveal a clog further down.
A Clog In Your Sink's Drain Pipe
If you have a clog in your sink it may be that your dishwasher isn't able to drain properly and ends up backing up, into your sink.
Here are 3 quick and easy things you can do to try and unclog your sink.
 1. Run your garbage disposal - A good rule of thumb to remember is to run your garbage disposal for a just few seconds before you turn on your dishwasher. The reason is that this helps to dislodge any debris that may keep your dishwasher from draining properly.
 2. Try any of the over the counter products that you can try to unclog your sink drain.
 3. Use a snake drain (i.e. auger) to dislodge that clog in your sink.
A Clog In Your Dishwasher
Open your dishwasher and take a look at the bottom. Do you see a little bit of water or do you see standing water covering the entire bottom of your dishwasher?
It's normal to have some water but if you see more than that - then there's likely a clog somewhere in your dishwasher.
Here are some simple things you can do.
 1. Check to see if anything is in the way of the drain in your dishwasher. Of course if you see something, then remove it.
 2. Pull out the dishwasher and check the drain hose - there may be a clog in there.
A maintenance note to mention here is to make sure that you are not using the wrong kind of detergent for your dishwasher and also that you're not using too much detergent. Both of these issues can cause some buildup which can then lead to a clog.
If you're not sure about the kind of detergent to use - check the paperwork that came with your dishwasher or check online. Almost all major brands have their appliance maintenance information on their websites.
Clog In The Garbage Disposal
The last issue we're going to discuss here is a clog in your garbage disposal which could then lead to water backing up into your sink.
The mistake many homeowners make is to think that their garbage disposal can act as a "food processor" of sorts for leftovers. In actuality - it's really meant to be used for very small amounts of food.
Check out our list of what NOT to put in your garbage disposal.
We recommend that you call in a professional plumber to clear out a clogged garbage disposal - mainly because you could end up causing more damage which may result in having to get a new disposal unit. But, with that being said, if you wish to try it yourself, here are some things that you can do to try and unclog your garbage disposal.
 1. Turn off your garbage disposal first. In fact, you may want to turn off the power to the unit just in case
 2. Manually turn the blades of the disposal (with a screwdriver) and see if you can unlodge whatever may be clogging it
 3. You may need a pair of pliers or long tongs to remove any debris in the disposal
 4. You can also use a plunger to loosen up anything that may be causing the clog
 5. Clean out the P-trap underneath the garbage disposal and clean that out (if needed)
 6. A pictoral "how to" can be found on WikiHow
If you are having problems with water backing up in your kitchen sink or clogs that you can't seem to get rid of, call the Atlanta plumbing experts - Atlantis Plumbing today at _PHONE_. We are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
We Offer Drain Cleaning in Metro Atlanta and Surrounding Areas


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For the 12th International Architecture Exhibition Hylozoic Ground
transforms the Canada Pavilion with an immersive, interactive environment made of tens of thousands of lightweight digitally-fabricated components fitted with meshed microprocessors and sensors. The glass-like fragility of this artificial forest is built of an intricate lattice of small transparent acrylic meshwork links, covered with a network of interactive mechanical fronds, filters and whiskers. The environment is similar to a coral reef, following cycles of opening, clamping, filtering and digesting. Arrays of touch sensors create waves of diffuse breathing motion, luring visitors into the shimmering depths of a forest of light. The project is designed by Philip Beesley, Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of Waterloo, with engineering director Rob Gorbet, experimental chemist Rachel Armstrong, and many collaborators.
The projects title refers to hylozoism, the ancient belief that all matter has life. Hylozoic Ground offers a vision for a new generation of responsive architecture. The Hylozoic Ground environment can be described as a suspended geotextile that gradually accumulates hybrid soil from ingredients drawn from its surroundings. Akin to the functions of a living system, embedded machine intelligence allows human interaction to trigger breathing, caressing, and swallowing motions and hybrid metabolic exchanges. These empathic motions ripple out from hives of kinetic valves and pores in peristaltic waves, creating a diffuse pumping that pulls air, moisture and stray organic matter through the filtering Hylozoic membranes. Living chemical exchanges are conceived as the first stages of self-renewing functions that might take root within this architecture.


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Policing the fake: Regulation, Xenophobia and the rise of 'fake-talk' in South Africa
I am an anthropologist of the state working on state sponsored violence and control in Africa. My research topic for this project is on policing the fake: regulation, xenophobia and the rise of fake talk in South Africa. This is important to study because the rise of xenophobia enhanced fake talk around foreign goods and people in South Africa. The way in which anti-counterfeit regulations reformat fake talk is visible in xenophobic sentiments around S.A where fakeness goes beyond describing goods to describing and defining foreigners. I will do this through looking at the history and ethnography of policing speaking to regulators, retailers, consumers and organizations in Johannesburg, South Africa. Engaging historically and ethnographically with the language around fakeness in the context of xenophobia enables this research to explore the persistence of fake talk and giving an understanding of 'who speaks fake-talk?' and 'what do they say?'
This research will take place mostly in Johannesburg, South Africa. Johannesburg is important because of the recent (2019) xenophobic violence and the raids on foreign nationals trading in 'counterfeit' goods by the metropolitan and national police. This raised interesting questions not only about fake talk, or what constitutes counterfeit goods but about policing strategies and how they both enhance and feed into fake talk.


text:
- freely available
Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain
AbstractThe North China Plain (NCP) is one of the places where the groundwater is most over-exploited in the world. Currently, our understanding on the spatiotemporal variability of the cones of depression in this region is fragmentary. This study intends to simulate the cones of depression in the shallow aquifer across the entire NCP during the whole period from 1960 to 2011. During the simulation, the dominant role of anthropogenic activities is emphasized and carefully taken into account using a Neural Network Algorithm. The results show that cones of depression in the NCP were formed in 1970s and continuously expanded. Their centers were getting deeper with an increasing degree of groundwater exploitation. This simulation provides valuable insights for developing more sustainable groundwater management options after the implementation of the South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project (SNWDP), which is a very important surface water project in China in the near future. The numerical model in this paper is built by MODFLOW, with pumpage data completed by neural network algorithm and hydrogeological parameters calibrated by simulated annealing algorithm. Based on our long-term numerical model for regional groundwater flow in the NCP, one exploitation limitation strategy after the implementation of SNWDP is studied in this paper. The results indicate that the SNWDP is beneficial for groundwater recovery in the NCP. A number of immense groundwater cones will gradually shrink. However, the recovery of the groundwater environment in the NCP will require a long time.
Share & Cite This Article
Zhang, Y.; Li, G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water 2013, 5, 677-697.View more citation formats
Zhang Y, Li G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water. 2013; 5(2):_URL_ Style
Zhang, Yuan; Li, Guomin. 2013. "Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain." Water 5, no. 2: 677-697.


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How to show image linked to the list element
For example, if you want to show the linked image and text for the selected item:
To create a drop-down list with linked images, do the following:
I. Create a drop-down list from your data (see Creating a drop-down list in a cell for more details):
In this example the drop-down list was created in the List sheet:
II. To show the linked picture of the selected item, do the following:
1. Create the name range of pictures:
1.1. On the Formulas tab, in the Defined Names group, click Define Name (see Creating and using named ranges for more details):
1.2. In the New Name dialog box:
- In the Name field, enter the name of this new range, for example, Pictures,
- In the Refers to field, enter the formula:
= INDEX (, MATCH (, , 0))
In this example:
= INDEX (Data!$C$3:$C$7, MATCH (List!$B$3, Data!$B$3:$B$7, 0))
2. Select any picture and copy it by doing one of the following:
- On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the Copy button:
- Right-click in the selection and choose Copy in the popup menu,
- Click Ctrl+C.
3. Select the cell where you want to show the linked picture.
4. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click on the Paste list and then choose one of the options:
- Keep Source Formatting:
5. Select the pasted picture and in the Formula Bar type the name of your range (in this example, Pictures):
III. To show the linked text of the selected item, do the following:
On the appropriate cell, where you want to see the linked text, enter the following formula:
= VLOOKUP (, , , )
Where should be:
- TRUE, if items in your table are sorted,
- FALSE, if items should find an exact match.
In this example:
= VLOOKUP (B3, Data!$B$3:$D$7, 3, FALSE)
See also this tip in French: Comment afficher l'image liée à l'élément de liste.


_USER_ {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {
Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilinwater (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.
}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} }


text:
One of the questions that readers have on the topic of refueling combat aircraft aviation in the air, deals with the theme of a thunderstorm. Can aircraft refueling in the air during a thunderstorm be carried out with numerous discharges of atmospheric electricity - lightning?
This kind of refueling is not a frequent phenomenon, but the air forces of different countries do not refuse it - in cases of emergency. Thus, in the United States, during a night thunderstorm, the F / A-18 tanks were refilled with fuel using the KC-130 air tanker.
The corresponding video was posted on Instagram on the Combat_Learjet page. Such refueling is actively discussed on the net.
In the American information sources, during the discussion, it is assumed that refueling a carrier-based fighter-bomber in such conditions was a necessary measure. The planes were in the air and tried to bypass the thunderstorm front, but in the end the bad weather overtook the aviation facilities during that very refueling.
In fact, the planes could be at a completely safe distance from the storm front.
What do domestic standards say about this?
For example, the Manual on the Technical Operation and Repair of Aviation Equipment in Civil Aviation of Russia (order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 1994) prescribes:
5.1.10. Open refueling of an aircraft during rain and strong wind with dust, during a thunderstorm (during atmospheric electricity discharges) and closed refueling during lightning discharges is prohibited.
Western regulations: "When observing a thunderstorm front and flashes from atmospheric electrical discharges within a radius of 10 miles (about 16 km) from the immediate place of refueling, the refueling procedure must be stopped."
However, all these are "airfield" standards, and for civil aircraft and precisely for refueling. The conditions for the operation of combat aircraft are different. Although it is quite obvious that refueling in the air during a thunderstorm and discharges of atmospheric electricity is an extremely dangerous action that can lead to negative consequences for both sides - the fuel donor and the acceptor.


text:
Helping Business Leaders Create Engaged Teams and Happy People
Humanity and Profits are Not Mutually Exclusive. In this insightful book, Kavitha Chahel explores the tell-tale signs of a toxic work environment and the impact on business. Explore concepts, ideas and practical exercises you can use to improve your own workplace and in so doing increase your profits. Tap into your compassion through practical advice and stories to improve your ability to communicate with compassion. Create strong cohesive teams that are effective, efficient and productive. Develop your ability to be a compassionate leader through self awareness. Create and sustain a culture of trust, loyalty and commitment. Work practices are changing and today's worker is looking for more than just a decent salary. Create a sense of belonging, being part of something bigger than one's self, starting with humanising the way we communicate with one another.


How Do You Prune Moringa Trees?
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1 Answer
The more you prune Moringa trees, the more they will grow. Unlike many trees, Moringas actually seem to love being cut back, and will reward your efforts with thousands of leaves and hundreds of buds and flowers. Left to themselves, they tend to get tall and spindly; putting leaves and flowers out only at the very tops, which defeats the purpose of growing Moringas. When pruning your Moringa trees, of any variety, some basic rules apply. One of the first ones, is not to let the tree grow any taller than a height you can easily trim back. We like ours to be maintained at between 5½ to 6 feet tall, once they are established. Pinch off the very top little show of leaves, about every other time they shoot up. Here is a photo of what part to pinch back. Sometimes, due to time restrictions, it is not always easy to pinch back every other new growth, so if they get away from you, and start to get spindly - just cut the entire top back about 2 inches. You will not hurt the Moringa tree, and... more
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Paul Witherspoon began his career as a petroleum engineer where he is best known for his work on the assessment of caprock integrity for underground storage of natural gas. It was only after joining the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley at the age of 38 that he began to address hydrogeological issues. He was the leader in turning hydrogeological attention away from a singular concern with aquifer assessment toward a greater consideration of the importance of aquitards. The aquitard-evaluation methodologies he and his students developed at Berkeley, and later at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, turned out to be invaluable in the assessment of contaminant transport problems and nuclear waste isolation. He and his LBL team are also widely recognized for their pioneering work on flow in fractured rocks, geothermal energy resources, and numerical simulation methods. Paul has always been a strong advocate of large-scale underground testing, and the importance of the in-situ research carried out at the Stripa Mine in Sweden under his influence attests to the validity of his vision.
Featuring Paul Witherspoon, R. Allan Freeze
Conversation between Paul Whitherspoon and Allan Freeze


text: Software Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a revolutionary paradigm to manage cloud infrastructure. SDN lacks scalable trust setup and verification mechanism between Data Plane-Control Plane elements, Control Plane elements, and Control Plane-Application Plane. Trust management schemes like Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) used currently in SDN are slow for trust establishment in a larger cloud environment. We propose a distributed trust mechanism - TRUFL to establish and verify trust in SDN. The distributed framework utilizes parallelism in trust management, in effect faster transfer rates and reduced latency compared to centralized trust management. The TRUFL framework scales well with the number of OpenFlow rules when compared to existing research works.


dxfwrite 1.1.0 documentation
Welcome! This is the documentation for dxfwrite 1.1.0, last updated Apr 23, 2017.
A Python library to create DXF R12 drawings.
from dxfwrite import DXFEngine as dxf
drawing = dxf.drawing('test.dxf')
drawing.add(dxf.line((0, 0), (1, 0), color=7, layer='LINES'))
First create a Drawing, then create various drawing entities by DXFEngine and add them to the drawing with the Drawing.add() method. Layers, Textstyles, Linetypes, Views and Viewports were also created by the DXFEngine factory.
Indices and tables
Document License


Sunday, May 24, 2015
One-Word Labeling: Thoughts, Emotions, Sensations, and Urges
Goldy for
"One-Word Labeling" is a sample activity from the book The Practicing Happiness Workbook and is reprinted here with permission from New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
We all have constant streams of sensations, emotions, thoughts, and urges passing through our minds and bodies. If we're not aware of them, we may act on them in unhealthy ways. Mindful labeling can help. Labeling is simply the act of naming what you're observing.
 - A sensation is a physical feeling in the body, such as aching or tingling.
 - A thought is something that passes through the mind: a string of words, a mental image, or a memory.
 - An urge is an impulse or desire to do something, such as scratch your nose.
 - An emotion is a combination of sensations, thoughts, and urges. Emotions are complex, but they can be labeled with a single word, such as "anger," "happiness," or "sadness."
Let's use these labels in a meditation exercise. We'll try it for five minutes the first time.
 Settle into a posture that's relaxed yet alert. Close your eyes or gaze at a neutral spot. Allow your breath to flow at its own rhythm without trying to change it.
When you're ready, expand your attention to include whatever you notice within your mind and body. Label what you observe: "thought," "emotion," "sensation," or "urge." Say the word gently and silently to yourself. Don't try to force anything, just label whatever appears.
The purpose of mindfully labeling thoughts and feelings is to recognize that they're distinct from the person who's having them. You are not your thoughts and feelings; they come and go while you remain yourself.
Adapted from The Practicing Happiness Handbook, by Ruth Baer, PhD. © New Harbinger Publications, 2014. Reprinted with permission.
related posts:


text:
South African Journal of Agricultural Extension
versão impressa ISSN 0301-603X
Lesotho has plenty of water resources which could be used to improve the livelihoods of Basotho as a nation in many aspects. However, this seems not to be the case as Lesotho suffers from food security mostly during severe droughts, to an extent of seeking support from international communities. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the very important role extension support should play in the practising of sustainable irrigation farming by smallholders. A structural questionnaire was administered amongst 153 irrigation farmers and 31 extension officers randomly in the four southern districts of Lesotho, namely Maseru, Mafeteng, Mohale's Hoek and Quthing. Extension credibility is highly questionable as 70% of irrigation farmers do not regard extension as important for irrigation management decisions. Although extension workers are generally well qualified, no in-service training is offered to help with the skilling of extensionists regarding irrigation management. Consequently the extension workers consider them not competent to provide support for irrigation farming. These results suggest the need for greater political and institutional input in irrigation farming; in particular there is a need to revisit institutional policy instruments and institution for extension, technical assistance, training and credit services that will facilitate performance of irrigation farming in Lesotho.
Palavras-chave : extension support; smallholder irrigation; training; competencies.


_USER_ {Rajeswari1995851, title = {1/f electrical noise in epitaxial thin films of the manganite oxides La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and Pr0.67Sr 0.33MnO3}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, year = {1995}, note = {cited By 1}, pages = {851}, abstract = {We report measurements of 1/f electrical noise in two hole doped manganite perovskite oxides, La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and Pr 0.67Sr0.33MnO3, which exhibit colossal magnetoresistance. The noise magnitude represented by the Hooge parameter is nearly 8 orders of magnitude larger than that observed in ordinary metals (and semiconductors) and nearly 5-6 orders of magnitude larger than that observed in epitaxial films of the perovskite oxide YBa2Cu3O 7 in the normal state. The normalized noise spectral density increases with decreasing temperature below the resistivity peak, suggestive of the presence of additional low energy noise processes in the ferromagnetic metallic state. {\textcopyright} 1996 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(96)02932- 4].}, issn = {00036951}, author = {M. Rajeswari and A. Goyal and A.K. Raychaudhuri and M.C. Robson and G.C. Xiong and C. Kwon and Ramamoorthy Ramesh and R.L. Greene and T. Venkatesan and S. Lakeou} }


text:
The Ellenville Downtown Historic District in the Village of Ellenville in the town of Wawarsing, Ulster County, New York contains visible geographical and architectural elements that represent its origins as a commercial and industrial crossroads during Ulster County's early 19th century development. Associated with events that reflect a broad pattern of state and national history such as the early westward expansion and settlement, the economic development that followed major transportation improvements (the Delaware and Hudson Canal), the growth and diversification of commercial centers and the role of the summer resort economy in areas outside major American urban centers, the Ellenville Downtown Historic District developed around a nucleus that was already present in 1858. The district also encompasses the physical evidence of growth and development-from early Jewish settlement in the region to the heyday of the "Borscht Belt" resort area following the Second World War. Ellenville, located in the valley between the Shawangunk and Catskill Mountains, did not develop until after the Revolutionary War, as clashes between Native American Indians and early European settlers' limited development in the region. It was the construction of the D&H Canal, began in 1823, that spurred further transportation improvements and fostered significant settlement within the village---it is to this period that the earliest of the district's buildings date.
Read the full file on Ellenville Downtown Historic District.
To see more photographs of National Register properties go
to our photostream on Flickr.
See our Weekly List (with previous highlights)


text:
3. Pots for seeds
The way to slave bad soil
Well ok maybe the school soil wasn't the best, so we needed a little friend I like to call soil disc... soil disc...? Yeah its an ammount of soil that has been individualy made by taking out all the liquid the soil contains and giving it the form of a disc. When you see and touch the soil disc it seems like compresed cardboard... Ohh boy!!! But everything changed when we added water.
- 1.Soil disc
- 2.Plastic cup
- 3.Graduated cylinder
- 5.Tomatoes seeds
To make the seed pot we used brown disc made of compacted soil, a plastic cup and a graduate cylinder with 5 ml of clear water. First we put the brown disc in the plastic cup. Then we pour 5 ml of water inside the cup. And you know what? 5 minutes later... and maybe other 5 minutes more, the disc of soil absorbed all the water and expanded and transformed into a cylinder inside the plastic cup. Then we removed out the expanded of soil from the plastic cup. With the pencil we made a hole in the middle of it where we put 3 to 5 tomato seed. Then we put the soil disc with the seeds in a crystal jar. We use the jar because its work like a greenhouse that will help the seeds germinated faster. We waited for 2 weeks maybe,3 maybe ok really we wait between 5 to 6 weeks and our babies started to grow up.
I'M A HAPPY MOM!!!
My baby name is AMY360. Yeaaaaah!!!
|Here Jose is watching the results from when he poured water in the disk of soil and it grew until it became a cylinder, we had to plant our seed in there because the soil from the garden wasn't good e||After we planted the seed we waited 2 weeks and finally our babies are growing up.|


text:
Estimated carbon emissions from the IUCN World Conservation Congress fully offset
12 February 2009 | News story
The IUCN World Conservation Congress is a truly unique event in its capacity to unite so many members of the global environmental community. To the delegates, this unmatched opportunity for learning, exchanging ideas, and meeting new people is priceless.
Yet, the world's largest environmental gathering represents a cost for the planet. An independent greenhouse gas assessment of the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, held from 5 to 14 October 2008, conducted by ECCM, estimated that the event generated 7'934 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents.
With almost 7'000 delegates and staff attending from the four corners of the world, air travel to Barcelona represented the largest source of greenhouse emissions at close to 80% of the total. On-site, emissions remained marginal due notably to the high environmental standards of the conference venue.
Thanks to the support of participants and donors, the total estimated footprint of the Barcelona Congress was offset 100% through an investment in an innovative mitigation project in the Mediterranean region. Contributions collected through the Barcelona Carbon Offset Fund were used to purchase from the Climate Neutral Group, the equivalent of 7'934 tons of CO2 equivalents from a CDM certified organic composting project in Sharkia, Egypt.


text:
The STORM model provides an estimate of the expected change in the ionosphere during periods of increased geomagnetic activity. The model estimates the departure from normal of the F-region critical frequency (foF2) every hour of the day for the current and previous day. Values are given in six separate geomagnetic latitude bands, 20° wide, from 20° geomagnetic latitude to the North and South magnetic poles. Storm-time corrections within 20° of the magnetic equator are not made. The corrections are given in terms of a scaling factor, which can be used to adjust the climatological mean. As the ionosphere departs further from normal the color of the trace changes from green, to yellow, to red, where green represents changes within 10% of normal, and red indicates departures in excess of 25%. An estimate of the error in the prediction is also shown based on an average of the geophysical variability and the standard error of the mean. A detailed description of the estimated errors can be found at Estimated Errors. The empirical model provides a useful, yet simple tool for estimating the changes to ionosphere in response to geomagnetic activity.
The STORM model was developed from ionospheric observations during many storms that were analyzed as a function of season and latitude. Within each season and latitude sector, the magnitude of the ionospheric response was determined as a function of an index parameterizing the magnitude of the storm. The storm magnitude index depends on the previous 33 hours of ap, weighted by an appropriate filter. The optimum length and shape of the filter was obtained by a singular value decomposition method. The real-time model uses the hourly values of the 3-hour running ap, provided by the USAF Hourly Magnetometer Analysis Reports. The blue line in the lower boxes shows the hourly value of the integrated ap, which is the index used to drive the model.
The storm-time correction of the F-region critical frequency is primarily of benefit for high frequency (HF; 3-30 MHz) communication users. During a geomagnetic storm the F-region ionosphere can be either depleted or enhanced. When the ionosphere is enhanced, higher communication frequencies can be used, enabling a reduction in absorption and an increase in received signal strength. If the ionosphere is depleted, the maximum usable communication frequencies must be reduced to ensure reflection of the radio signal by the ionosphere to the receiver.
The real-time web page can be used to access the results of STORM for a number of past geomagnetic storms by clicking on the Significant Storms link. The response for any day of interest, for at least the last 365 days, may also be obtained by simply inserting a given date in the appropriate box on the page. A comprehensive validation has been performed by comparing the output of the correction model with data obtained from all available ionosonde stations during all the geomagnetic storms in the year 2000. The validation shows that the model captures more than half of the increase in the storm-induced variability. Follow the links beyond Significant Storms to see graphical examples of the validation.
The references below provide more detailed information regarding the development of the model; simply click on the papers. Please contact _EMAIL_, Eduardo Araujo-Pradere _EMAIL_ or _EMAIL_ for further information.
Araujo-Pradere, E.A., T.J. Fuller-Rowell, and M.V. Codrescu; STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model. I, Model Description. Radio Science, 37, 10.1029/2001RS002467, 2002.
Fuller-Rowell T.J., M.V. Codrescu, and E.A. Araujo-Pradere; Capturing the Storm-Time Ionospheric Response in an Empirical Model. AGU Space Weather Geophysical Monograph, 125, 393-402, 2001.
Araujo-Pradere, E.A., T.J. Fuller-Rowell, and M.V. Codrescu; STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model. II, Validation. Radio Science, 37, 10.1029/2002RS002620, 2002.
Araujo-Pradere, E.A., T.J. Fuller-Rowell, and D. Bilitza. Validation of the STORM response in IRI2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A3), 1120, doi:10.1029/2002JA009720, 6-1 – 6-10, 2003
NOAA/ Space Weather Prediction Center or STORM Home Page


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Abigail Mattson
TEL 410
November 13, 2017
Interview Transcription: Ginger Skelton
I chose to interview Ginger Skelton for our TEL 410 project. Ms. Skelton is an English
as a Second Language teacher in the Fayette County Schools near where I live. I have known
her for several years, and have a lot of respect for how much she cares about her students. I had
the opportunity to observe Mrs. Skeltons classroom on November 13, 2017, and then to
interview her about her job. Here are the questions I asked, and her responses:
1. How long have you been an ESL teacher?
Mrs. Skelton: I got my Masters Degree in Bilingual and Bicultural Education 11 years ago, the
same year my oldest son was born. I worked as a Bilingual teacher for several years in
Colorado, and have also worked as a general classroom teacher in a couple different grades.
This is my first year as a pull-out ESL teacher.
2. What is the ESL curriculum in the Fayette County School District like?
Mrs. Skelton: There is no curriculum for ESL in our school district. This means that I have to
choose all of the resources for my students. They do get to spend some time working on an
online literacy program called Lexia Core 5, but there is no set, specific curriculum that I must
use. My students are at very different levels of learning how to read and write English and their
native language, so it would be hard to follow a set curriculum.
3. How many students do you work with every day?
Mrs. Skelton: I pull out students from almost every grade in the elementary school every day,
which is usually between five and ten students per grade. I also push in to a 4th-grade class every
day. I work with an average of 30 40 students every day.
4. What kinds of languages do the students you work with speak?
Mrs. Skelton: Most of the students speak Spanish as their native and home language. I also have
a student who speaks an Indian language, a student from Pakistan, and two Haitian-Creole
5. What kinds of activities do you use with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: With the kindergarteners, I do a lot of phonics and sound or letter recognition
activities. With the third graders, I try to incorporate reading as much as possible we go
through short chapter books together. My fifth graders are really struggling in social studies
right now, so I use short games that are related to their social studies material to help them in
their other classes.
6. How does your school measure your students progress in English?
Mrs. Skelton: My students participate in a test called the AXIS test for English Language
Learners once a year in January. They also take the other tests that students at their grade level
complete for the state and for national education standards. If they improve on their other tests,
that shows that they are improving their English skills. Students who do very well on the AXIS
test may actually test out of ESL services.
7. What is the hardest part about your job?
Mrs. Skelton: I wish I could spend more time with my students. Some of them need more help,
and I am not able to give them the support they need. I have ten kindergarteners at one time, and
they need a lot of help that I cant give to all of them at once. I see that my fifth-grade students
are struggling in their other subjects, but theres only so much I can do.
8. If you could change one thing about your job or about the ESL curriculum, what would
you change?
Mrs. Skelton: I would push in to a different class for 4th-grade. Right now I go to math, because
that was the only time it worked for me to help those students. But math is not a great time to
support them with literacy, and they need more instruction.
9. How much parent involvement is there with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: My students parents are not very involved, and this is one of my personal goals
right now. Im working on ways to involve the parents in their childrens education and to
support them in knowing how they can help their students. I had the chance to translate a parentteacher conference for some of my parents who speak Spanish, and this helped them connect
with their childs general classroom teacher. Those particular parents wanted to help their child,
but felt like they couldnt because they didnt speak English.
10. How do students become a part of ESL services?
Mrs. Skelton: All parents fill out a short language survey at the beginning of the school year. If
the parents indicate that any language other than English is spoken in their home, their children
are screened during the first two weeks of school. Kindergarteners are interviewed, and 1stthrough 5th-graders take a test. Depending on their school, they are identified for ESL services.
The screening process is not always accurate or useful in showing the level that the students are
at, and the way that the school assesses progress is not helpful. It does not use accurate or
effective testing to determine if students are improving at a good rate.
I learned a lot from my interview with Mrs. Skelton and was very impressed by how
much she cared about her students and by how hard she worked. Her entire day was filled with
activities and pull-out sessions with students who need help. Most days she even works through
her lunch hour, because there are students who need extra support. Her students know that she
cares about them, and work hard in her classroom. It definitely inspired me to work hard on my
advocacy project, and to look for ways to help ESL teachers find more effective methods for
assessing their ESL students.


text:
|Select figure to enlarge. |
NEMA and IP ratings define protection against ingress of contaminants. NEMA ratings are standards set by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. IP ratings are International standards. These ratings, typically two digits, are used to determine the environmental protection of the transducer. Two examples are IP40 and IP60. The first digit defines the protection against solid objects into the transducer housing. The second digit defines the protection against liquids into the transducer housing. The higher the number associated with the rating, the better the protection.
The NEMA or IP rating is an important specification of transducer. For example, if a transducer is NEMA 1 or IP40 rated for an indoor environment, chances are the sensor will fail due to water intrusion and other containments getting inside the enclosure if you use it outside. Typically, cost goes up the greater the NEMA or IP rating.
The NEMA or IP rating of a transducer often can be overlooked when determining what sensor works best for an application. Accuracy, pressure range, and outputs are all crucial specifications, but if the transducer is not suitable for the environment in which it will be functioning, then all other specifications are greatly minimized.


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I am thinking about smooth vector fields on some (open set of an) euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$.
I know that the integral curves of a general vector field $X$ are not defined for every time $t\in \mathbb{R}$. A simple example is given by $X=x^2 \partial _x$ on $\mathbb{R}$, whose integral curve emanating at $t=0$ from some $x_0 >0$ is given by $\gamma(t) = \frac{x_0}{1-tx_0}$. This curve is defined only on $]-\infty, \frac{1}{x_0}[$; moreover as $t$ ranges in that set we have $\gamma (t)\in ]0,+\infty[$.
I would like to see an example of a vector field $X \in \mathfrak{X}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ such that the integral curve emanating at $t=0$ from some point $p$ is defined only for bounded times $t\in]-T,T[$ $ \ $ (with $T<+\infty$) and also remains bounded "in space", i.e. there exist a compact $K\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ such that $\gamma (t) \in K, \ \ \forall t \in ]-T,T[$. Can anyone provide some example or hint to build one?
Edit from comments: it has been pointed out that, by the Escape Lemma, such a vector field cannot exist, because if the maximal domain is not the whole $\mathbb{R}$, then the curves are forced to "escape" any compact set.
So let me slightly modify my question: in the above notations, let $T=+\infty$, so that the maximal domain is $\mathbb{R}$ and the integral curves can a priori be bounded. The first example I can think of is the following:
consider $X=x\partial _y -y\partial _x \in \mathfrak{X}(\mathbb{R}^2)$ and $p=(1,0)$. Then the integral curve starting at $p$ is just $S^1$ and $X$ can be pictured as its tangent counter-clockwise unit vector field.
This would answer my question, but this is not what I was really looking for, because this curve is not simple (it's periodic indeed), so it's defined for every time and bounded, but let me say in a quite trivial way.
So what I'm actually looking for is this: a vector field $X$ that at some point has a simple integral curve (i.e. injective as a map $\gamma : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^n$) which is bounded in a compact set $K$ (and so globally defined, by the Escape Lemma). Is this possible? (maybe there is another result I don't know which proves this cannot be the case).
share|improve this question
Maybe I'm forgetting (it's been years since I took manifolds), but isn't this exactly what the Escape Lemma says cannot happen? Concretely, that if the maximal domain of an integral curve is not all of $\mathbb{R}$, then it must escape to infinity (i.e. it cannot lie in any compact set). – Matt Jan 23 '13 at 17:30
_USER_ : you are right! I didn't know this lemma, thank you. I've edited my question accordingly. – Lor Jan 23 '13 at 19:13
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2 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
How about a vector field in the plane with a stable limit cycle?
$$ \frac{dr}{dt} = r(1-r) \\ \frac{d \theta}{dt} = r $$ If I'm not mistaken, this is a continuous vector field with an unstable singularity at the origin such that any initial condition in the punctured disk $\{1 > r > 0\}$ tends toward the periodic orbit $\{r = 1\}$.
share|improve this answer
This is what I was looking for, so I tried to carry out the computations. It turns out (if I'm still able to solve ODEs) that the integral curve starting from $(r_0,\theta _0)$ is given by $r(t)=\frac{r_0 e^t }{1-r_0 +r_0 e^t }$ and $\theta (t)= \theta _0 + ln (1-r_0 +r_0 e^t)$. So this is a complete vector field with integral curves bounded in the unit ball and tending towards the special orbits in $0$ and $S^1$ as $t \to -\infty$ or $+\infty$. Thank you very much! – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 11:58
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How about this flow in $\mathbb{R}^3$: $$\begin{align} \dot{x} &= -\beta y + 2zx\\ \dot{y} &= \beta x + 2zy\\ \dot{z} &= 4 - x^2 - y^2 + z^2 \end{align} $$ If one embed $\mathbb{R}^3$ into $S^3 \subset \mathbb{R}^4 \sim \mathbb{C}^2$ through the mapping: $$\begin{align} (x,y,z) &\to (X,Y,Z,W) = (\frac{x}{1+r^2/4},\frac{y}{1+r^4/4},\frac{z}{1+r^2/4},\frac{1-r^2/4}{1+r^2/4})\\ &\to (U,V) = (X+iY, Z+iW) \end{align} $$ the above flow can be rewritten as: $$\begin{align} \dot{U} &= i\beta U\\ \dot{V} &= -4 i V \end{align} $$ This flow is a rotation in $U$ direction with speed $\beta$ and $V$ direction with speed $-4$. If $\beta$ is irrational and $|U|, |V| \ne 0$, the flow line will not repeat and fill the surface of a torus.
This flow in $\mathbb{R}^3$ is possible because of the famous Hopf fibration of $S^3$ by $S^2$. If you want to have a feeling how the torus are nested, the wiki page of Hopf fibration is a possible start.
share|improve this answer
This example is really nice, thank you! Let me see if I get the geometry of this. The integral curves starting from $(U_0,V_0)$ are given by $(U(t),V(t))=(U_0 e^{i\beta t},V_0 e^{-i4t})$, so they live on a torus in $S^3$. If I take $|U|=|V|=1$, isn't this the canonical Heegaard surface of genus 1 for $S^3$? – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 12:53
Do you mean $|U| = |V| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$? It is clearly a torus and acted as a Heegaard surface of genius 1. I don't know whether it is the canonical one you referred to. I've only heard of their names but never studied them. – achille hui Jan 31 '13 at 13:26
sure, I was thinking about unit vectors, but I haven't written it properly. Anyway this is what I mean with "canonical Heegaard surface of genus 1 for $S^3$", so I'm really happy with this example, thanks again! – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 14:07
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text:
A localization method based on an enhanced particle filter incorporating tournament selection and Nelder-Mead simplex search (NM-EPF) for autonomous mobile robots navigating in a soccer robot game field is proposed in this paper. To analyze the environment, an omnidirectional vision device is mounted on top of the robot. Through detecting the white boundary lines relative to the robot in the game field, weighting for each particle representing the robot's pose can be iteratively updated via the proposed NM-EPF algorithm. Thanks to the hybridization effect of the NM-EPF, particles converge to the actual position of the robot in a responsive way while tackling uncertainties. Simulation and experiment results have confirmed that the proposed NM-EPF has better localization performance in the soccer robot game field in comparison to the conventional particle filter.
|頁（從 - 到）||3725-3737|
|期刊||International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control|
|出版狀態||已發佈 - 2011 7月|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


call read. If no byte is currently available to be read, that call will block, and your thread will wait until a byte is available. With reactive streams, obviously it's the other way around, you pass a callback to the stream you want to receive data from, and it will call that when it's ready to give data to you. So typically you might implement a trait that looks like this:
trait InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(byte: Byte)
So before we go on, let's look at how the same thing would be achieved in a pure functional world. At this point I don't want you to ask why we want to do things this way, you will see that later on, but if you know anything about functional programming, you know that everything tends to be immutable, and functions have no side effects. The trait above has to have side effects, because unless you are ignoring the bytes passed to onByte, you must be changing your state (or something elses state) somehow in that function. So, how do we handle data without changing our state? The answer is the same way other immutable data structures work, we return a copy of ourselves, updated with the new state. So if the InputStreamHandler were to be functional, it might look like this:
trait InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(byte: Byte): InputStreamHandler
And an example implementation of one, that reads input into a seq, might look like this:
class Consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(byte: Byte) = new Consume(data :+ byte)
So we now have imperative and functional traits that react to our input stream, and you might be thinking this is all there is to reactive streams. If that's the case, you're wrong. What if we're not ready to handle data when the onByte method is called? If we're building structures in memory this will never be the case, but if for example we're storing them to a file or to a database as we receive the data, then this very likely will be the case. So reactive streams are two way, it's not just you, the stream consumer that is reacting to input, the stream producer must react to you being ready for input.
Now this is possible to implement in an imperative world, though things do start looking much more functional. We simply start using futures:
trait InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(byte: Byte): Future[Unit]
So, when the stream we are consuming has a byte for us, it calls onByte, and then attaches a callback to the future we return, to pass the next byte, when it's ready. If you have a look at Netty's asynchronous channel APIs, you'll see it uses exactly this pattern. We can also implement something similar for an immutable functional API:
trait InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(byte: Byte): Future[InputStreamHandler]
And so here we have a functional solution for reactive stream handling. But it's not a very good one, for a start, there's no way for the handlers to communicate to the code that uses them that they don't want to receive any more input, or if they've encountered an error (exceptions are frowned upon in functional programming). We could add things to handle this, but very soon our interface would become quite complex, hard to break up into small pieces that can be composed, etc. I'm not going to justify this now, I think you'll see it later when I show you just how easy iteratees are to compose.
So, by this stage I hope you have understood two important points. Firstly, reactive stream handling means twofold reacting, both your code has to react to the stream being ready, and the stream has to react to you being ready. Secondly, when I say that we want a functional solution, I mean a solution where everything is immutable, and that is achieved by our stream handlers producing copies of themselves each time they receive/send data. If you've understood those two important points, then now we can move on to introducing iteratees.
There are a few things that our interface hasn't yet addressed. The first is, how does the stream communicate to us that it is finished, that is, that it has no more data for us? To do this, instead of passing in a byte directly, we're going to abstract our byte to be something of type Input[Byte], and that type can have three possible implementations, EOF, an element, or empty. Let's not worry about why we need empty just yet, but assume for some reason we might want to pass empty. So this is what Input looks like:
sealed trait Input[+E]
object Input {
 case object EOF extends Input[Nothing]
 case object Empty extends Input[Nothing]
 case class El[+E](e: E) extends Input[E]
Updating our InputStreamHandler, we now get something that looks like this:
trait InputStreamHandler[E] {
 def onInput(in: Input[E]): Future[InputStreamHandler[E]]
Now updating our Consumer from before to handle this, it might look like this:
class Consume(data: IndexedSeq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler[Byte] {
 def onInput(in: Input[Byte]) = in match {
 case El(byte) => Future.successful(new Consume(data :+ byte))
 case _ => Future.successful(this)
You can see that when we get EOF or Empty, there's nothing for us to do to change our state, so we just return ourselves again. If we were writing to another stream, we might, when we receive EOF, close that stream (or rather, send it an EOF).
The next thing we're going to do is make it easier for our handler to consume input immediately without having to create a future. To do this, rather than passing the byte directly, we'll pass a function, that takes a function as a parameter, and that function will take the byte as a parameter. So, our handler, when it's ready, will create a function to handle the byte, and then invoke the function that was passed to it, with that function. We'll call the first function the cont function, which is short for continue, and means when you're ready to continue receiving input invoke me. Too many functions? Let's look at the code:
trait InputStreamHandler[E] {
 def onByte[B](cont: (Input[E] => InputStreamHandler[E]) => Future[B]): Future[B]
Now where did this Future[B] come from? B is just the mechanism that the stream uses to pass state back to itself. As the handler, we don't have to worry about what it is, we just have to make sure that we eventually invoke the cont function, and eventually make sure that the B it returns makes it back to our caller. And what does this look like in our Consume iteratee? Let's have a look:
class Consume(data: IndexedSeq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler {
 def onByte(cont: (Input[Byte] => InputStreamHandler) => Future[B]) = cont {
 case Input.El(byte) => new Consume(data :+ byte)
 case _ => this
You can see in our simple case of being ready to handle input immediately, we just immediately invoke cont, we no longer need to worry about creating futures. If we want to handle the input asynchronously, it is a little more complex, but we'll take a look at that later.
Now we have one final step in producing our iteratee API. How does the handler communicate back to the stream that it is finished receiving data? There could be two reasons for this, one is that it's finished receiving data. For example, if our handler is a JSON parser, it might have reached the end of the object it was parsing, and so doesn't want to receive anymore. The other reason is that it's encountered an error, for a JSON parser, this might be a syntax error, or if it's sending data through to another stream, it might be an IO error on that stream.
To allow our iteratee to communicate with the stream, we're going to create a trait that represents its state. We'll call this trait Step, and the three states that the iteratee can be in will be Cont, Done and Error. Our Cont state is going to contain our Input[Byte] => InputStreamHandler function, so that the stream can invoke it. Our Done state will contain our result (in the case of Consume, a Seq[Byte]) and our Error state will contain an error message.
In addition to this, both our Done and Error states need to contain the left over input that they didn't consume. This will be important for when we are composing iteratees together, so that once one iteratee has finished consuming input from a stream, the next can pick up where the first left off. This is one reason why we need Input.Empty, because if we did consume all the input, then we need some way to indicate that.
So, here's our Step trait:
sealed trait Step[E, +A]
object Step {
 case class Cont[E, +A](k: Input[E] => InputStreamHandler[E, A]) extends Step[E, A]
The type parameter E is the type of input our iteratee wants to accept, and A is what it's producing. So our handler trait now looks like this:
trait InputStreamHandler[E, A] {
 def onInput[B](step: Step[E, A] => Future[B]): Future[B]
And our consumer is implemented like this:
class Consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler[Byte, Seq[Byte]] {
 def onInput(step: Step[Byte, Seq[Byte]] => Future[B]) = step(Step.Cont({
 case Input.EOF => new InputStreamHandler[Byte, Seq[Byte