text:
The gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of curves. The gamma distribution models sums of exponentially distributed random variables and generalizes both the chi-square and exponential distributions.
Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ offers several ways to work with the gamma distribution.
Create a probability distribution object
GammaDistributionby fitting a probability distribution to sample data (
fitdist) or by specifying parameter values (
makedist). Then, use object functions to evaluate the distribution, generate random numbers, and so on.
Work with the gamma distribution interactively by using the Distribution Fitter app. You can export an object from the app and use the object functions.
Use distribution-specific functions (
randg) with specified distribution parameters. The distribution-specific functions can accept parameters of multiple gamma distributions.
The gamma distribution uses the following parameters.
The standard gamma distribution has unit scale.
The sum of two gamma random variables with shape parameters a1 and a2 both with scale parameter b is a gamma random variable with shape parameter a = a1 + a2 and scale parameter b.
The likelihood function is the probability density
function (pdf) viewed as a function of the parameters. The maximum
likelihood estimates (MLEs) are the parameter estimates that
maximize the likelihood function for fixed values of
The maximum likelihood estimators of a and b for the gamma distribution are the solutions to the simultaneous equations
where is the sample mean for the sample x1,
xn, and Ψ is the digamma function
To fit the gamma distribution to data and find parameter estimates, use
mle, which return
fitdist returns the fitted probability
GammaDistribution. The object
b store the parameter
For an example, see Fit Gamma Distribution to Data.
Probability Density Function
The pdf of the gamma distribution is
where Γ( · ) is the Gamma function.
For an example, see Compute Gamma Distribution pdf.
Cumulative Distribution Function
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the gamma distribution is
The result p is the probability that a single observation from the gamma distribution with parameters a and b falls in the interval [0 x].
For an example, see Compute Gamma Distribution cdf.
The gamma cdf is related to the incomplete gamma function
Inverse Cumulative Distribution Function
The inverse cumulative distribution function (icdf) of the gamma distribution in terms of the gamma cdf is
The result x is the value such that an observation from the gamma distribution with parameters a and b falls in the range [0 x] with probability p.
The preceding integral equation has no known analytical solution.
gaminv uses an iterative approach
(Newton's method) to converge on the solution.
The mean of the gamma distribution is ab.
The variance of the gamma distribution is ab2.
Fit Gamma Distribution to Data
Generate a sample of
100 gamma random numbers with shape
3 and scale
x = gamrnd(3,5,100,1);
Fit a gamma distribution to data using
pd = fitdist(x,'gamma')
pd = GammaDistribution Gamma distribution a = 2.7783 [2.1374, 3.61137] b = 5.73438 [4.30198, 7.64372]
fitdist returns a
GammaDistribution object. The intervals next to the parameter estimates are the 95% confidence intervals for the distribution parameters.
Estimate the parameters
b using the distribution functions.
[muhat,muci] = gamfit(x) % Distribution specific function
muhat = 1×2 2.7783 5.7344
muci = 2×2 2.1374 4.3020 3.6114 7.6437
[muhat2,muci2] = mle(x,'distribution','gamma') % Generic function
muhat2 = 1×2 2.7783 5.7344
muci2 = 2×2 2.1374 4.3020 3.6114 7.6437
Compute Gamma Distribution pdf
Compute the pdfs of the gamma distribution with several shape and scale parameters.
x = 0:0.1:50; y1 = gampdf(x,1,10); y2 = gampdf(x,3,5); y3 = gampdf(x,6,4);
Plot the pdfs.
figure; plot(x,y1) hold on plot(x,y2) plot(x,y3) hold off xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Probability Density') legend('a = 1, b = 10','a = 3, b = 5','a = 6, b = 4')
Compute Gamma Distribution cdf
Compute the cdfs of the gamma distribution with several shape and scale parameters.
x = 0:0.1:50; y1 = gamcdf(x,1,10); y2 = gamcdf(x,3,5); y3 = gamcdf(x,6,4);
Plot the cdfs.
figure; plot(x,y1) hold on plot(x,y2) plot(x,y3) hold off xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Cumulative Probability') legend('a = 1, b = 10','a = 3, b = 5','a = 6, b = 4',"Location","northwest")
Compare Gamma and Normal Distribution pdfs
The gamma distribution has the shape parameter and the scale parameter. For a large, the gamma distribution closely approximates the normal distribution with mean and variance.
Compute the pdf of a gamma distribution with parameters
a = 100 and
b = 5.
a = 100; b = 5; x = 250:750; y_gam = gampdf(x,a,b);
For comparison, compute the mean, standard deviation, and pdf of the normal distribution that gamma approximates.
mu = a*b
mu = 500
sigma = sqrt(a*b^2)
sigma = 50
y_norm = normpdf(x,mu,sigma);
Plot the pdfs of the gamma distribution and the normal distribution on the same figure.
plot(x,y_gam,'-',x,y_norm,'-.') title('Gamma and Normal pdfs') xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Probability Density') legend('Gamma Distribution','Normal Distribution')
The pdf of the normal distribution approximates the pdf of the gamma distribution.
Beta Distribution — The beta distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution that has parameters a (first shape parameter) and b (second shape parameter). If X1 and X2 have standard gamma distributions with shape parameters a1 and a2 respectively, then has a beta distribution with shape parameters a1 and a2.
Chi-Square Distribution — The chi-square distribution is a one-parameter continuous distribution that has parameter ν (degrees of freedom). The chi-square distribution is equal to the gamma distribution with 2a = ν and b = 2.
Exponential Distribution — The exponential distribution is a one-parameter continuous distribution that has parameter μ (mean). The exponential distribution is equal to the gamma distribution with a = 1 and b = μ. The sum of k exponentially distributed random variables with mean μ is the gamma distribution with parameters a = k and μ = b.
Nakagami Distribution — The Nakagami distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution with shape parameter µ and scale parameter ω. If x has a Nakagami distribution, then x2 has a gamma distribution with a = μ and ab = ω.
Normal Distribution — The normal distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution that has parameters μ (mean) and σ (standard deviation). When a is large, the gamma distribution closely approximates a normal distribution with μ = ab and σ2 = ab2. For an example, see Compare Gamma and Normal Distribution pdfs.
 Abramowitz, Milton, and Irene A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions: With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. 9. Dover print.; [Nachdr. der Ausg. von 1972]. Dover Books on Mathematics. New York, NY: Dover Publ, 2013.
 Evans, Merran, Nicholas Hastings, and Brian Peacock. Statistical Distributions. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1993.
 Hahn, Gerald J., and Samuel S. Shapiro. Statistical Models in Engineering. Wiley Classics Library. New York: Wiley, 1994.
 Lawless, Jerald F. Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data. 2nd ed. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2003.
 Meeker, William Q., and Luis A. Escobar. Statistical Methods for Reliability Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Applied Probability and Statistics Section. New York: Wiley, 1998.
 Marsaglia, George, and Wai Wan Tsang. "A Simple Method for Generating Gamma Variables." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 363–72. _URL_


text:
ISIS/Base is the successor of the DOS program ChemBase. ISIS/Base is a Methuselah of a program. The first version was developed in1989. It needs constant effort by MDL because it serves a dual purpose. It is the client for ISIS/Host, and it is a stand-alone chemical database system for the PC or Macintosh.
I once calculated that MDL would have to charge 500'000 USD for ISIS/Base, if you compare it on functionality with what was sold in 1984. Today, the industrial price is around 1000 USD and 300 USD for academic users.
ISIS/Base was formed not by MDL programmers, but by MDL users. This is the reason that ISIS/Base is one of the best programs for single user who want to manage chemical structures, reactions and data on the PC.
Its main uses are:
Field Type Definition in ISIS/Base
Fixed Text Text of a specified number of alphanumeric characters. A fixed-text field can store any number of characters up to the maximum number specified in its definition. However, no fixed-text field can contain more than 80 characters. (For example, MDL-000001 is the maximum number of characters that can be entered for a fixed-text field that has been defined to have a 10 character length.)
Variable Text Alphanumeric text of an unlimited length (limited solely by computer memory).
Integer For PC and Macintosh systems, the value of an integer may range from -_PHONE_ to +_PHONE_.
Real A real number, such as 1.50. The decimal-place precision of the number varies with computer systems.
Range A range of real-number values, such as 2.0 - 3.5. The decimal-place precision of the number varies with computer systems.
Date The date format (such as day/month/year) specified in your windowing software configuration file(s).
Sketch An ISIS/Draw sketch.
Structure A molecule (including a 3D structure, reactant, or product). You can have multiple structure fields in your database, but each field must have a unique name.
Reaction A chemical reaction. You can have multiple reaction fields in your database, but each field must have a unique name.
Parent Parent fields do not store data. Instead, parent fields point to one or more fields that store related data. For this reason, the parent field name should be representative of the types of data that the lower-level fields will store. For example, is the parent field for journal and author. ISIS/Base displays parent field names in brackets to distinguish them from other fields.
The calculated field type only applies to remote databases and cannot be selected as a field type in a local database.
You need ISIS/Draw to draw structures. ISIS/Draw is free of charge for academic and private use. Instead of drawing structures you can download structures from many sources on the Internet, or convert them to Molfiles using the conversion programs ConSystant & Chemeleon provided with ISIS/Base.
For moe information go to MDL® ISIS/Base.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Blog contributor Michael Ing's first book, The Dysfunction of Ritual in Early Confucianism, has just been published by Oxford University Press. Many congratulations, Michael! (Paperback and hardback simultaneously: nice!) A brief description follows; more details are available at the OUP website above.
In The Dysfunction of Ritual in Early Confucianism Michael Ing describes how early Confucians coped with situations where their rituals failed to achieve their intended aims. In contrast to most contemporary interpreters of Confucianism, Ing demonstrates that early Confucian texts can be read as arguments for ambiguity in ritual failure. If, as discussed in one text, Confucius builds a tomb for his parents unlike the tombs of antiquity, and rains fall causing the tomb to collapse, it is not immediately clear whether this failure was the result of random misfortune or the result of Confucius straying from the ritual script by building a tomb incongruent with those of antiquity. The Liji (Record of Ritual)–one of the most significant, yet least studied, texts of Confucianism–poses many of these situations and suggests that the line between preventable and unpreventable failures of ritual is not always clear. Ritual performance, in this view, is a performance of risk. It entails rendering oneself vulnerable to the agency of others; and resigning oneself to the need to vary from the successful rituals of past, thereby moving into untested and uncertain territory. Ing's book is the first monograph in English about the Liji–a text that purports to be the writings of Confucius' immediate disciples, and part of the earliest canon of Confucian texts called "The Five Classics," included in the canon several centuries before the Analects. It challenges some common assumptions of contemporary interpreters of Confucian ethics–in particular the assumption that a cultivated ritual agent is able to recognize which failures are within his sphere of control to prevent and thereby render his happiness invulnerable to ritual failure.


text:
Keywords: vehicular traffic, speed–density modelling, explicit model, traffic speed, traffic density, vehicle speeds, vehicle densities, simulation, traffic flow, urban roads, traffic congestion, congestion prediction, sparse data
A simple explicit model approximating the relationship between speed and density of vehicular traffic on urban roads
With the increase in simulation of urban environments for the purpose of planning, modelling vehicular traffic has become important. Since empirical evidence on traffic flow is relatively sparse, models are being increasingly used for planning urban roads and environments. In this paper, a simple, explicit model is proposed to approximate the speed versus density of vehicular traffic flow. The model, which uses two parameters derived from simple measurements of real–time traffic data, allows for a prediction of the approximate relationship for congested as well as uncongested vehicular traffic flow. The proposed model is especially useful in conditions where available data is sparse and can be invaluable for the modelling and simulation of urban environments.


text:
May 14, 2012 Amber from Cretaceous deposits (110-105 my) in Northern Spain has revealed the first ever record of insect pollination. Scientists have discovered in two pieces of amber several specimens of tiny insects covered with pollen grains, revealing the first record of pollen transport and social behavior in this group of animals.
Today, more than 80% of plant species rely on insects to transport pollen from male to female flower parts. Pollination is best known in flowering plants but also exists in so-called gymnosperms, seed-producing plants like conifers. Although the most popular group of pollinator insects are bees and butterflies, a myriad of lesser-known species of flies, beetles or thrips have co-evolved with plants, transporting pollen and in return for this effort being rewarded with food.
During the last 20 years, amber from the Lower Cretaceous (110-105 my) found in the Basque country in Northern Spain has revealed many new plant and animal species, mainly insects. Here, the amber featured inclusions of thysanopterans, so-called thrips, a group of minute insects of less than 2 mm in length that feed on pollen and other plant tissues. They are efficient pollinators for several species of flowering plants.
Two amber pieces revealed six fossilized specimens of female thrips with hundreds of pollen grains attached to their bodies. These insects exhibit highly specialized hairs with a ringed structure to increase their ability to collect pollen grains, very similar to the ones of well known pollinators like domestic bees. The scientists describe these six specimens in a new genus (Gymnopollisthrips) comprising two new species, G. minor and G. major.
The most representative specimen was also studied with synchrotron X-ray tomography at the ESRF to reveal in three dimensions and at very high resolution the pollen grain distribution over the insect's body.
The results are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) dated 14-18 May 2012.
The international team of scientists comprises: Enrique Peñalver and Eduardo Barrón from the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España in Madrid; Xavier Delclòs from the University of Barcelona; Andre and Patricia Nel from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris; Conrad Labandeira from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; and Carmen Soriano and Paul Tafforeau from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. The amber samples were from the collection of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava (Spain).
The pollen grains are very small and exhibit the adherent features needed so that insects can transport them. The scientists conclude that this pollen is from a kind of cycad or ginkgo tree, a kind of living fossil of which only a few species are known to science. Ginkgos trees are either male or female, and male trees produce small pollen cones whereas female trees bear ovules at the end of stalks which develop into seeds after pollination.
For which evolutionary reason did these tiny insects, 100 million years ago, collect and transport Gingko pollen? Their ringed hairs cannot have grown due to an evolutionary selection benefitting the trees. The benefit for the thrips can only be explained by the possibility to feed their larvae with pollen. This suggests that this species formed colonies with larvae living in the ovules of some kind of gingko for shelter and protection, and female insects transporting pollen from the male Gingko cones to the female ovules to feed the larvae and at the same time pollinate the trees.
Only amber can preserve behavioral features like pollination in such rich detail over millions of years. 100 million years ago, flowering plants started to diversify enormously, eventually replacing conifers as the dominant species. "This is the oldest direct evidence for pollination, and the only one from the age of the dinosaurs. The co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, thanks to pollination, is a great evolutionary success story. It began about 100 million years ago, when this piece of amber fossil was produced by resin dropping from a tree, which today is the oldest fossil record of pollinating insects. Thrips might indeed turn out to be one of the first pollinator groups in geological history, long before evolution turned some of them into flower pollinators," concludes Carmen Soriano, who led the investigation of the amber pieces with X-ray tomography at the ESRF.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- E. Peñalver et al. Thrips pollination of Mesozic Gymnosperms. PNAS Early Edition, 14 May 2012
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Assault course
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An assault course (also called trim trail) is a special sort of trail that combines running and exercising. It was more popular in the 1970s than it is now.[original research?] It is heavily used in military training. The prime use is to evaluate progress and weaknesses within the team involved.[original research?]
Military training[edit]
Assault courses are used in military training to increase fitness, to demonstrate techniques that can be used for crossing very rough terrain, and to increase teamwork and self-confidence.[original research?]
Often military assault courses will be standardised, and will have, for example (in the UK), a six foot and a ten foot wall, a climbing net, some type of bar to climb over, and a high rope or net that must be crossed (these being or representing the most likely difficult terrain that a soldier will come across). The standardisation means that every course will be to the same quality, though it also means that there will be certain parts that may be familiar if practised.[original research?]
However, they have different purposes. For example, they can be short (less than a minute) with a range on the end (e.g. Junior Leaders, Folkestone), or long (five minutes) as at Thetford.[original research?] This is partially because of space restraints and training objectives. The short one can be run as an individual course and a warmup for the range. The long Thetford course is more of an exercise in endurance and teamwork.
Trim trail[edit]
The term "trim trail" has more recently been applied to a series of wooden exercise stations, scattered in parkland or other locations beside a jogging or walking trail, which can be used to develop balance, strength and coordination.[original research?] They are suitable for both adults and children, and the individual stations have been scientifically designed to provide a range of exercise.[original research?] Most have simple instructions attached to them, and the stations include balance beams, sit-up bars, chin-up bars, parallel bars, and more challenging stations such as pole climbs and ladder walks.[original research?] Bristol City Council have now installed trim trails in six parks, ranging in complexity from Withywood Park, which has a single station, to Victoria Park, which has nine.[1][2] Funding for the trim trail at Hollingworth Lake, in Greater Manchester, which was the idea of the Friends of Hollingworth Lake and opened in August 2010, was provided by the Big Lottery Community Spaces fund.[3]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Welcome to Loughall Country Park". Loughall Country Park. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
 2. ^ "Trim trail exercise stations". Bristol City Council. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
 3. ^ "Woodland Wonder opens for all". Groundwork Oldham and Rochdale. 17 September 2010.


text:
For some orders you can make a DNS entry to complete domain control validation. If the order is not validating the following steps can help identify the issue.Check if the domain is using a CNAME
If the domain you are trying to validate is using a CNAME (other than the validation CNAME) then DNS validation can not be complete. This could be the base domain, the www record or any sub-domain included within the certificate. You can either remove the CNAME or amend it to an A record until the validation is completed.Check the DNS record is live
You can verify the DNS record is live using _URL_
and selecting DNS Lookup. Enter the domain record and Choose TXT for record type if validation a RapidSSL, Geotrust, Thawte or Symantec order or CNAME for Comodo orders.Check the record is on the correct sub-domain
The DNS record should always be placed on the base domain not any sub-domain records.Check the record has not expired
The string provided to add to DNS is only valid for 7 days. If the DNS string was added 7 days after it was generated or the validation has not completed after 7 days then the string will have expired and a new one will need to be generated. At this time you will need to cancel the order and restart a new order to achieve this.


How to Color and Style the Console Output
Symfony 6.0 is backed by SensioLabs.
How to Color and Style the Console Output
By using colors in the command output, you can distinguish different types of output (e.g. important messages, titles, comments, etc.).
By default, the Windows command console doesn't support output coloring. The Console component disables output coloring for Windows systems, but if your commands invoke other scripts which emit color sequences, they will be wrongly displayed as raw escape characters. Install the Cmder, ConEmu, ANSICON, Mintty (used by default in GitBash and Cygwin) or Hyper free applications to add coloring support to your Windows command console.
Using Color Styles
Whenever you output text, you can surround the text with tags to color its output. For example:
// green text
// yellow text
// black text on a cyan background
// white text on a red background
The closing tag can be replaced by , which revokes all formatting options established by the last opened tag.
It is possible to define your own styles using the Symfony\Component\Console\Formatter\OutputFormatterStyle class:
use Symfony\Component\Console\Formatter\OutputFormatterStyle;
//...
$outputStyle = new OutputFormatterStyle('red', '_TAG_', ['bold', 'blink']);
$output->getFormatter()->setStyle('fire', $outputStyle);
Any hex color is supported for foreground and background colors. Besides that, these named colors are supported: black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white, gray, bright-red, bright-green, bright-yellow, bright-blue, bright-magenta, bright-cyan and bright-white.
If the terminal doesn't support true colors, the nearest named color is used. E.g. _TAG_ is degraded to red or _TAG_ is degraded to yellow.
And available options are: bold, underscore, blink, reverse (enables the "reverse video" mode where the background and foreground colors are swapped) and conceal (sets the foreground color to transparent, making the typed text invisible - although it can be selected and copied; this option is commonly used when asking the user to type sensitive information).
You can also set these colors and options directly inside the tag name:
// green text
// red text
// black text on a cyan background
// bold text on a yellow background
// bold text with underscore
If you need to render a tag literally, escape it with a backslash: \ or use the escape() method to escape all the tags included in the given string.


Paul L. Bruce, Jeffrey L. Hunter Pennzoil Exploration & Production Co. Houston Robert D. Kuhlman Halliburton Services Duncan, Okla. Don D. Weinheimer Halliburton Services Houston New fracturing stimulation technology contributed to solving problems in completing tight gas sands in the Carthage Cotton Valley field in Texas. These technologies included improved fluid systems, computer-controlled proppant placement, multiple isotope radioactive logs, mechanical properties logs, and innovative casing design. CARTHAGE FIELD Drilling activity in the Carthage field commenced on a large scale in 1...
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Looking for a job? Research suggests your fitness matters
George Guerin | Fitness Blogger By George Guerin | Fitness Blogger
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on January 29, 2013 at 8:00 AM, updated January 29, 2013 at 8:09 AM
It is common knowledge that a person's health can directly impact their concentration and dedication to work, but a new study also reveals how it can affect your place in the job market. The Center for Creative Leadership Study stresses the value of fitness in the life of someone in a leadership position, CEO's in particular. The study concludes that a CEO who is in shape makes a strong leader and has more energy to carry out the job effectively.
From 2006 to 2010 researchers collected data from 757 executives about weight perceptions based on peer reviews and health screenings. Barry Posner, a professor who teaches leadership classes at Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business, admits "We have stereotypes about fat…so when we see a senior executive who's overweight, our initial reaction isn't positive." The research revealed that due to society's perception of weight, obesity insinuates a lack of judgment, stamina, and self-control. Posner further admits that all of the Fortune 500 CEO's that he knows are all of a normal weight, while some may argue that they can afford to be.
Some feel that these judgments are based on changing times. They claim that at one point climbing the corporate ladder was about sacrificing time, even if that means no sleep, poor eating habits and lots of stress, which all can contribute to weight gain. But now many CEO's have image consultants who stress the importance of appearance. They emphasize that being in the public's eye means being ready for public speaking, the camera, and demonstrating an ideal lifestyle. Being successful means having the time to make money as well as the resources to have a life. These resources for some include having a personal trainer and top level meals. For those looking for that big promotion or that dream job, getting into shape might just get you the impression that you need to land the job.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am currently trying to understand the paper by Krioukov et. al. on hyperbolic networks, but since I do not have a background in hyperbolic geometry (or, in that sense, in geometry at all) I struggle to understand some points they are making.
For instance, they aim to compute the distance $x$ between two points $(r, \theta)$ and $(r', \theta')$ in the hyperbolic plane by using the hyperbolic law of cosines:
\begin{equation} \mathsf{cosh}(kx) = \mathsf{cosh}(kr) \mathsf{cosh}(kr') - \mathsf{sinh}(kr)\mathsf{sinh}(kr')\mathsf{cos}(\Delta\theta) \end{equation}
Here, $K=-k^2<0$ refers to the curvature, and $\Delta \theta = \pi - |\pi - |\theta - \theta'||$. I can intuitively follow this equation since it is similar to the regular law of cosines in the euclidean plane. However, in the next step they approximate it by assuming that $kr, kr'$ is large, and $\Delta \theta > 2 \sqrt{e^{-2kr}+e^{-2kr'}}$ as follows: \begin{equation} x = r + r' + \frac{2}{k} \ln \sin \frac{\Delta\theta}{2} \approx r + r' + \frac{2}{k} \ln \frac{\Delta\theta}{2}. \end{equation}
I am completely lost there, especially their assumption on $\Delta \theta$. Why does it make sense and how does it help simplify the fomula?
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1 Answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The derivation is a little long, and I admit to being mystified by their assumption on $\Delta \theta$ - it merely needs to be that $\Delta \theta$ is small compared to something $O(1)$. But anyway...write
$$\cosh{k x} = \cosh{k r} \cosh{k r'} (1-\tanh{k r} \tanh{k r'} \cos{\Delta \theta})$$
and note that $\lim_{t \rightarrow \infty} \tanh{t} = 1$. We can then write
$$\cosh{k x} \approx 2 \cosh{k r} \cosh{k r'} \sin^2{\left ( \frac{\Delta \theta}{2} \right )}$$
Use the definition of cosh and that $k r$ and $k r'$ are both large to derive the following equation:
$$\exp{(2 k x)} - \exp{(k (r + r'))} \sin^2{\left ( \frac{\Delta \theta}{2} \right )} \exp{(k x)} + 1 \approx 0 $$
This gives
$$ \exp{(k x)} \approx \exp{(k (r + r'))} \sin^2{\left ( \frac{\Delta \theta}{2} \right )} \frac{1}{2} \left [ 1 \pm \sqrt{1- 4 \exp{(-k (r + r'))} \csc^2{\left ( \frac{\Delta \theta}{2} \right )}} \right ] $$
The sqrt term on the right is very small. Assume the +ve solution, so the term in brackets is about 2. Take logs of both sides and get
$$x \approx r + r' + \frac{2}{k} \log{\sin{\left ( \frac{\Delta \theta}{2} \right )}} $$
I hope this helps.
share|improve this answer
In fact, now that I look at it, I think the stated restriction on $\Delta \theta$ is there to keep that factor in the sqrt small. – Ron Gordon Jan 4 '13 at 16:15
Indeed it does. How on earth did you see that? Anyway, if I am not mistaken there are 2 minor mistakes that cancel each other out: First, in your 3rd equation, the 2 should disappear, since you have 2 cosh on the right side, which both multiply a factor 1/2 when converting to exponentials. Second, I think you forgot to square the right term under the squareroot. If one corrects those steps, the $\log 2/k$ summand disappears as well. – HdM Jan 4 '13 at 16:46
I believe you are right! Thanks - what teamwork! – Ron Gordon Jan 4 '13 at 16:50
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Restoration and Church History
42 Inspiration at the Divine Fountain
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"Inspiration at the Divine Fountain," chapter 42 of Saints: The Story of the Church of Jesus Christ in the Latter Days, Volume 2, No Unhallowed Hand, 1846–1893 (2020)
Chapter 42: "Inspiration at the Divine Fountain"
Chapter 42
Inspiration at the Divine Fountain
Angel Moroni
In early January 1892, Zina Young and Emmeline Wells met in Salt Lake City with other members of the Relief Society general board to plan a "jubilee" commemoration of the Relief Society's fiftieth anniversary. The board wanted Latter-day Saint women throughout the world to join in the celebration, so they sent a letter to every Relief Society in the Church, encouraging them to hold a jubilee of their own.1
After extending "a heartfelt greeting" to all sisters, the letter asked the presidency of each Relief Society to invite their members and priesthood leaders to the local jubilee and to appoint an organizing committee to plan the event. Each celebration was to begin at ten o'clock in the morning on March 17, the day the Relief Society was first organized in Nauvoo, and unite two hours later in a "universal prayer of praise and thanksgiving to God."2
Zina relied heavily on Emmeline to help organize the jubilee in Salt Lake City to everyone's satisfaction. And by the beginning of March, Emmeline was steeped in planning. "I am trying to do what is possible toward the preparations for the jubilee," she wrote in her diary. "I am more busy than ever."3
The Relief Society board planned to hold the Salt Lake City jubilee in the tabernacle. For decorations, they wanted to hang large portraits of Joseph Smith, Emma Smith, Eliza R. Snow, and Zina Young behind the pulpit.4
Since Emma Smith, the first president of the Relief Society, had stayed in Illinois and joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, some people believed hanging her portrait in the tabernacle was inappropriate. When debate grew intense, Zina asked President Wilford Woodruff his view on displaying the portrait. "Anyone who opposes it," he said, "must be very narrow-minded indeed."5
On the day of the jubilee, all four portraits hung on the tabernacle organ pipes. Beside them was a key-shaped floral arrangement symbolizing the key Joseph Smith had turned to women in 1842.6 Zina and Emmeline sat on the stand with Bathsheba Smith, Sarah Kimball, Mary Isabella Horne, and other women who had advanced the Relief Society's mission over the last fifty years. Thousands of Relief Society members were crowded into the tabernacle. Many men were also present, including Joseph F. Smith and two members of the Twelve.7
Zina opened the jubilee, mindful that women across the Church were celebrating the occasion. "O that my words could be heard by all people," she said, "not only by you my brethren and sisters in this tabernacle and throughout Utah, but that they might be heard and understood by all the people of this continent, and not only this continent but the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands of the sea."
"As sisters of this organization, we have been set apart for the purpose of comforting and consoling the sick and afflicted, the poor and distressed," she added. "If we continue to do these things in the spirit thereof, the Lord, at the time when He comes to make up His jewels, will approve of us."
"What does this woman's jubilee signify?" Emmeline asked the congregation at the close of the meeting. "Not only that fifty years ago this organization was founded by a prophet of God, but that woman is becoming emancipated from error and superstition and darkness; that light has come into the world, and the gospel has made her free; that the key of knowledge has been turned, and she has drunk inspiration at the divine fountain."8
Around this time, Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard University, visited Salt Lake City on a tour of the western United States. Charles was impressed with the small group of Latter-day Saints who had come to Harvard the year before, and he had accepted an invitation to speak in the tabernacle.
Seven thousand people attended the short speech. Charles championed religious liberty and praised the Saints' hard work and industry, comparing them favorably to the early English settlers who founded Harvard.9 Later, after the Salt Lake Tribune and other newspapers criticized his favorable view of the Saints, Charles went on to defend them.
"I think they should now be treated, as regards their property rights and their freedom of thought and worship, precisely like Roman Catholics, Jews, Methodists, or any other religious denomination," he declared.10
Sitting in the audience were Anna Widtsoe, her sister Petroline, and Anna's fourteen-year-old son, Osborne. Nearly a year had passed since John, Anna's older son, had gone to Harvard, and Anna was impressed with the distinguished speaker who thought so highly of the Latter-day Saint students there.11
The Widtsoes were now living with Petroline in the Salt Lake City Thirteenth Ward, which had enough Scandinavian Saints to make testimony meetings a multilingual occasion. Osborne worked at the Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution store on Main Street while Anna and Petroline worked as dressmakers. Osborne and his mother also attended weekly lectures at the local stake academy.12
During the first weekend in April, snow fell in Salt Lake City as though it were the middle of winter. The morning of Wednesday, April 6, was bright and clear, however, as Anna and Osborne joined over forty thousand people on and around Temple Square to see the capstone of the Salt Lake temple fitted into place at the top of the east central spire. The dome-shaped stone was designed to support Cyrus Dallin's twelve-foot sculpture of an angel, which would be fastened to it later that day. Once the capstone and angel were in place, the exterior of the temple would be complete, leaving only the interior to finish before the dedication.13
The streets surrounding the temple were jammed with buggies. Some spectators stood on wagons, climbed telegraph poles, or scaled rooftops for a better view.14 As the Widtsoes stood amid the teeming crowd, they could see President Wilford Woodruff and other Church leaders on a platform at the base of the temple.
After a band played and the Tabernacle Choir sang, Joseph F. Smith offered the opening prayer. Church architect Joseph Don Carlos Young, the son of Brigham Young and Emily Partridge, then shouted down from scaffolding at the top of the temple, "The capstone is now ready to be laid!"15
President Woodruff moved to the edge of the platform, looked out at the Saints, and raised his arms high. "All ye nations of the earth!" he said. "We will now lay the topstone of the temple of our God!" He pushed a button, and a current of electricity released a catch that dropped the capstone into place.16
Afterward, the Saints gave the Hosanna Shout and sang "The Spirit of God like a Fire Is Burning." Apostle Francis Lyman then stood before the crowd. "I propose," he said, "that this assemblage pledge themselves, collectively and individually, to furnish, as fast as it may be needed, all the money that may be required to complete the temple at the earliest time possible, so that the dedication may take place on April 6th, 1893."
The proposed date would be the fortieth anniversary of the day Brigham Young laid the temple cornerstones. George Q. Cannon called for a sustaining vote on the proposal, and the Saints raised their right hands and shouted, "Aye!"17
Francis pledged a large sum of his own money to complete the temple. Anna pledged five dollars for herself and ten dollars for Osborne. Knowing that John would want to pledge money as well, she contributed ten more dollars in his name.18
That spring, Joseph F. Smith visited the home of sixty-three-year-old James Brown. As a much younger man, James had marched with the Mormon Battalion and served a mission to Tahiti and its surrounding islands with Addison and Louisa Pratt, Benjamin Grouard, and others. While laboring on the Anaa atoll in 1851, however, James had been arrested on false charges of sedition and taken to Tahiti, where he was imprisoned and eventually banished from the islands.19 The government had forced the other missionaries to leave as well, and the mission had been closed ever since.
Now, some forty years later, Church leaders had begun expanding missionary work in the South Pacific. In July 1891, the Samoan mission had sent two young elders, Brigham Smoot and Alva Butler, to begin preaching in Tonga. Six months later, two other missionaries from the Samoan mission, Joseph Damron and William Seegmiller, renewed missionary work in French Polynesia, ministering to the long-isolated Saints in and around Tahiti.20
But Joseph Damron was unwell, and he and William had found that nearly all the Latter-day Saints in the area had joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which had sent missionaries to the South Pacific several years earlier. Both men believed the mission needed someone with more experience to lead the work in the area.21
At James's house in Salt


text:
How to use the Slovenian WebclassroomLearning language through culture
The Slovenian Webclassroom topics is a continuing language project with the goal of learning "culture through language". it is an innovative presentation of learning "language in context" with a range of activities from texts of the latest Web resources to develop reading and writing skills. The webclassroom has been designed for: the teacher and independent learners, for the senior secondary student or the adult who is used to acquiring language skills and knowledge through reading can select and research topics of interest. A student with some basic knowledge of Slovenian can use that knowledge as a basis to gain information by reading Slovenian texts with the use of dictionary, and gradually extend his/her comprehension level. For language students and teachers of Slovenian the units provide a set of research and communicative tasks based on the existing Web sites, which are intended to develop and focus on Slovenian language reading and writing skills.
The topics have a range of language activities, contextually-based for the levels of language proficiency from beginner to advanced levels. The structure of topics act as a template for educators to write new topics, or be adapted for their own curriculum and interests of the learner. The activities can be supplemented by the instructor with the provision of reinforcing language and grammatical exercises based on material in the topic. The material can be the basis for classroom activities to develop the other language skills of speaking and listening.
The methodology includes a broad range of text types to develop writing skills. Text types were introduced in the language classroom throughout Australia as the most effective approach in acquiring communication skills. Most text types are available on the Web and can serve as examples of Slovenian writing when completing the set activities and tasks. The Internet has been used in the Slovenian class of the Victorian School of Languages, in Melbourne particularly for research assignments and as resource material for contemporary Slovenian texts from Years 7 to 12.
The text types in the topics include:
advertisement, article, brochure, quide, instruction, recipe, menu, interview, invitation, journal entry, letter, poem, postcard, profile, report, review, script, song, short story.
The text types are listed in the chart of each of the topic outlines, with focus on some specified linguistic elements and the grammar reference book by the slavist Peter Herrity, "Slovene, a Comprehensive Grammar".
Extending language skills using the Web
The Webclassroom project is organized into themes, activities/tasks based on the Web resources. The activities focus on reading and writing skills. Reading activities and research extend language and vocabulary skills as well as broaden the knowledge of Slovenian culture. The majority of Slovenian Websites are bilingual and reading can be pursued both in English and Slovenian – with the double aim of gaining information as well as developing language skills. In the writing activities, emphasis is on text-types and on linguistic elements. However these need to be undertaken under the guidance of a teacher or at a more advanced level with the aid of a comprehensive reference grammar.
There are collections of audio files for learning Slovenian language on the Web, in Miran Hladnik's "Slovenian for Travellers – Slovenščina za popotnike", _URL_ The audio files readings of poems by France Prešeren, on _URL_ are ideal for the study of Slovenian literature.
Communication skills – reading and writing
The learner has the option of only reading about the topic to extend reading skills. The topics can be used by anyone who is interested in a particular topic and would like simply to read for the interest and in English. The approach is based on the experience of language learners who have acquired information and a considerable level of language by reading. This is referred to as passive knowledge, which is highly valuable. A person with a high level of passive language skills has acquired a much broader vocabulary and a strong foundation for developing speaking and writing, that is active communication skills.
Use of bilingual websites – Slovenian-English
The existence of a great number of bilingual Slovenian/English Websites and their inclusion in the resources lists means that a person with no or little knowledge of Slovenian can also use the webclassroom to quickly gain some insight into Slovenian society, Slovenian cities, country, and government, etc. The viewer with a grounding in Slovenian language may proceed by reading in English first, then in Slovenian. This is an effective process to expand vocabulary and acquire knowledge of contemporary standard Slovenian. The complexity of language will vary according to the target audience of the Web site, and its content. The viewer can select the appropriate level of language, and extend learning by selecting more challenging texts. The language will vary according to the purpose and the style of the writer, and may be either formal or informal as found in the multitude of discussion forums covering whole range of topical issues and interests.


text:
Practical operation skills of ultrasonic cell crusher homogenizers
Ultrasonic cell crusher is also named ultrasonic homogenizer, ultrasonic sonicator, ultrasonic disperser, ultrasonic
emulsifier, it is widely used for Emulsification, Separate, Dispersion, Homogenize, Extract, Dega, Cleaning, Speed
up chemical reaction. Below is some practical operation skills of ultrasonic cell crusher homogenizers.
1. Please be careful not to turn on the ultrasonic work when the ultrasonic probe is not inserted into the sample,
otherwise the noise will increase in the subsequent use. If the ultrasonic start to work without inserting the sample,
the longer the time, the greater damage of ultrasonic emulsification.
2. The water inlet depth of the ultrasonic probe of the ultrasonic emulsifier is about 1.4cm, and the height of the
liquid level is preferably above 30mm. The ultrasonic probe should be centered without being attached to the wall.
Because the ultrasonic wave is a vertical longitudinal wave, it is not easy to generate heat convection if it is inserted
output power and selection of reaction vessels. The ultrasonic time should not be too long each time, preferably no
more than 5 seconds, and the gap time should be greater than or equal to the ultrasonic time, which is good for the
release of heat. The output power is not suitable for large, otherwise the sample will splash or foam. Of course,
suitable reaction vessels are also beneficial to the thermal convection of the sample in ultrasound, and improve the
high efficiency of crushing.
4. In daily maintenance, clean the ultrasonic probe with ethanol or turn on the ultrasonic with cold water after use.
Various type ultrasonic homogenizer customization, OEM & ODM, factory directly sale to help you save big, in stock
fast delivery, contact _EMAIL_ to enquiry now.


text:
The role of seaweed in the global carbon cycle Today's Video of the Day from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) describes new research which suggests that the role of seaweed in the global carbon cycle has been underestimated.
The researchers studied the DNA of seaweed, also known as macroalgae, and discovered that diverse species drift as far as 5,000 kilometers beyond coastal areas. Around 70 percent of this seaweed will sink to the depths of the ocean below 1,000 meters, taking the carbon that it has captured along with it.
"This finding has huge implications for how the global carbon dioxide budget is calculated," said study first author and PhD student Alejandra Ortega. "It indicates that macroalgae are important for carbon sequestration and should be included in assessments of carbon accumulated in the ocean, known as blue carbon." Blue carbon is the term for carbon captured by the world's ocean and coastal ecosystems. Sea grasses, mangroves, salt marshes, and other systems along our coast are very efficient in storing CO2. These areas also absorb and store carbon at a much faster rate than other areas, such as forests, and can continue to do so for millions of years.
Video Credit: KAUST


text:
Research, Commercialization and Outreach
All research conducted by Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi employees or students, involving any of the agents/materials listed below, must be approved by the Texas A&M - Corpus Christi Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) prior to initiation:
- Pathogens and potential pathogens of humans, animals or plants;
- Materials potentially containing human pathogens (including human blood, tissue, and cell lines; non-human primate blood, tissue, and cell lines);
- Recombinant DNA (and RNA) including creation or use of transgenic plants and animals;
- Select agents & toxins
(see _URL_ including strains and amounts exempted from the select agent regulations;
- Any material requiring a CDC import license or a USDA permit.
Attention Doctoral Students
The Research Compliance Officer must have ONE of the following on file to sign your Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Hearing Request Form:
- Completed IBC protocol application
- Doctoral Student Compliance Certification
The Doctoral Student Compliance Certification should be submitted in cases when the student is ready to propose and has not yet submitted a completed IBC protocol application.
Difficulty Downloading IBC forms?
Please use either Internet Explorer or Safari to download the IBC forms. When downloading these forms using Firefox and Chrome, please "right click" to save the document to your computer first, and then open the form from the saved location.
Some researchers have reported difficulty downloading forms. Two Web browsers - Firefox and Chrome - will not open fillable PDF forms within a browser window.
The various workarounds to this issue include:
- Use Internet Explorer or Safari. Both of these browsers appear to fully support fillable PDF forms.
- Right-click (PC) or Ctrl-click (Mac) on the link that opens the pdf form and save the form to your desktop.
- Adjust your Firefox or Chrome settings to open pdf documents in Adobe rather than in the Web browser.


fbpx Independence is a human right | Abilia Skip to main content
Independence is a human right
Taking control of your life and having the freedom to make you own choices is a basic human right where work plays an important part. Being able to make a living is a basic need and creates both personal and economic independence as well as a sense of purpose and a higher quality of life.
The challenges that comes with cognitive disabilities like autism, ADHD or learning disabilities, are unique for every person. Some may excel in some areas while having difficulties in other areas. In common are often difficulties that lead to practical everyday problems and makes it difficult to run a job like everyone else without any form of adjustment of work tasks.
What are the challenges for employees with cognitive disabilities?
- Focusing on the task at hand
- Planning the work day
- Difficulties to handle changes
- Remembering what to do and how to do certain work tasks
- Understanding the responsibility of oneself versus colleagues
Having these challenges leads to stress, anxiety and some times to a mental break-down. There are several ways to facilitate the working environment by work tempo and tasks.
Our assistive tools provide employees with special needs a way to structure and plan the day and also instructions on how to perform specific work tasks. By adjusting work tasks and providing aids the employee can do a much better job will less stress and that goes for the managers and the colleagues as well.


text:
Major Wars Of 20th Century
Moplah Riots in Kerala
Years _PHONE_ Battle deaths 2,450 The Moplah Rebellion (also known as the Moplah Riots, Maappila Lahala in Malayalam) was a British Muslim and Hindu Muslim conflict in Kerala that occurred in 1921. During the early months of 1921, multiple events including the Khilafat movement and the Karachi resolution fueled the fires of rebellion amongst the Moplah Muslim community. A rumour spread amongst the Moplahs that the British rule had ended and the Islamic Caliphate had been re established at Delhi.


text: This book presents a technique to retrieve ozone profiles from SCIAMACHY/Envisat observations of scattered solar radiation in limb viewing geometry. The retrieval combines spectral information in the Chappuis and Hartley absorption bands to infer ozone profiles in the altitude range from the lower stratosphere to the middle mesosphere and employs the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model. Two aspects related to ozone profile retrievals are focused on the following. First, a comprehensive sensitivity study of ozone retrievals from limb-scattered radiance measurements to tropospheric clouds is presented. Second, the chemical ozone loss in the polar winter/spring stratosphere using the vortex average method is quantified. She also shows the correlation of chemical ozone loss and PSC as observed from SCIAMACHY limb measurements. Furthermore, the vertical variation of the chemical ozone loss from SCIAMACHY limb measurements is compared with results from other instruments and techniques.


text:
March 2013 Women's History Calendar
Edith Claypole (1870–1915)
Born in England, Edith Claypole received her M.D. from UCLA in 1904. She joined UC Berkeley's pathology department as a volunteer and soon after became an associate researcher. She created a test to distinguish pulmonary streptothricosis from tuberculosis. When World War I broke out, Claypole enthusiastically lent her talents to the war effort. She devoted herself to developing a more effective typhoid vaccine for British and French troops. Her intensive work with typhoid bacteria led to her death from typhoid fever at age 45.
A passion for discovery: California women
trailblazers in science and technology
In celebration of National Women's History Month, this online calendar highlights remarkable yet little known women from California history who achieved success in STEM fields – science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
The calendar is produced by the California State Library, California Research Bureau and California Commission on the Status of Women and Girls. Images and biographical material are from the State Library's extensive collection of photos, prints, rare books and ephemera documenting the state's rich history.


Circulatory System Worksheets
Document Sample
Circulatory System Worksheets Powered By Docstoc
 Science Nine Unit 2—Your Living Body
 Sc i e n c e 9 -B i o l o g y
 Wo r k s h e e t 9 -2 —Ci r c u l a t o r y Sy s t e m H e a l t h a n d Ex c r e t i o n
 Name ___________________________________
 Due Date ________________________________
 10 Show Me Hand In
 Correct and Hand In Again By ______________
Read pages 185-189 of SP to help you answer the following questions:
1. Name four general steps that can lead to a healthy heart:
2. The three main illnesses of the circulatory system are __________________________,
 _________________________ and ________________________________________.
3. If the heart's own arteries (coronary arteries) are blocked, blood, which carries
 _________ and _____________________cannot reach the_________________ cells of the
 heart. If the blood supply is cut off for too long, what can happen to these cells? ________
 This whole process is called a __________________ ____________________.
4. What determines how severe a heart attack is? _________________________________
5. Can people sometimes recover from heart attacks? _____________.
Worksheet 9-2—Circulatory System Health & Excretion Page 1
Science Nine Unit 2— Your Living Body
6. What are two ways in which nicotine can damage the heart?
7. The artery on the bottom of this picture is clogged with
 ___________________________________________ How does this
 affect the flow of blood through this artery? ___________________
 What is the name of this disease? Ath________________________
 If this was a coronary artery and it became completely plugged, what could happen to the
 person? _______________________________________________________ What could
 the person have done to prevent this artery from becoming clogged? _______________
8. Describe two medical procedures that are sometimes used to lessen the dangers of having
 atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries.
 Do these procedures always prevent heart attacks for the long term? _____________
9. What happens to cause a stroke? (See margin on page 186) _______________________
10. Blood pressure tells you how much ______________ it takes to push your blood through
 your ___________________________. Is your blood pressure always the same? ________
 What factors can affect your blood pressure? _____________________________________
Worksheet 9-2— Circulatory System Health & Excretion Page 2
Science Nine Unit 2— Your Living Body
11. When a person's circulatory system is healthy, the blood pressure is generally
 (low/high) ____________ and after rising during exertion it returns to normal quite
 (slowly/quickly) _______________. Is it healthy to have the blood pressure too low?
 _____________________. Suggest something that could result in blood pressure being too
 low! ________________________________________________________________
12. What is the definition of high blood pressure? __________________________________
13. What can happen to smaller capillaries and arteries if the blood pressure is too high?
 ____________________________________________________. What organs could be
 damaged as a result of high blood pressure? _____________________________________
 Does atherosclerosis (clogging of arteries) increase the blood pressure? ______________
 As well as too much fat, too much _____________ in the diet can also cause high blood
14. At what general age can diseases of the circulatory system start? ____________________
15. It has been shown that regular exercise increases the ______________________________
 and the ____________________ of blood vessels that supply the heart. Exercise also
 _______________________ the heart muscle.
16. Not _____________________ and reducing __________________ in your life helps your
 circulatory system.
17. Can the tendency to have circulatory system disease be genetic (inherited) ___________
 If you have a high incidence of heart disease in your family, does it guarantee that you will
 have the disease? ______________. Can you decrease your chances? ________________
18. High __________________ and _____________________ in the diet are the main
 contributing factors to circulatory system disease.
Worksheet 9-2— Circulatory System Health & Excretion Page 3
Science Nine Unit 2— Your Living Body
19. The organ called the ______________________ and the __________________system act
 like "traffic control" in your body.
20. Your liver is found on the ______________ side of your chest cavity. Can any substances
 that enter your blood bypass the liver? _______________________________
21. Carbohydrates that you don't need right away for energy are changed into
 ________________ and _____________ by your liver. These provide a way for your body
 to _____________________ energy.
22. Harmful substances produced by your body (like ammonia) or ingested into your body, like
 alcohol or drugs are _____________________ by your liver to less harmful forms. Too
 much alcohol or certain drugs (eg. Tylenol) can damage your liver by overworking it.
 When the liver become swollen and full of fat tissue and does not work well any more, this
 condition is called ______________________ of the liver. A viral disease that can affect
 the liver is _________________________. The "C" strain of this disease causes permanent
 damage to the liver and most often leads to premature death. How can this virus be passed
 from one person to another? ________________________________________________
23. In the liver, ___________ blood cells are destroyed and used to make __________, which
 helps us digest fats. Iron is recycled into new ______________ ____________ cells.
24. Label the parts and their functions on the following diagram:
Worksheet 9-2— Circulatory System Health & Excretion Page 4
Science Nine Unit 2— Your Living Body
25. How does the water help remove excess salt and urea from the body? ______________
26. Excretion is the process of removing excess _________________, _________________
 and ____________________ from the body.
27. Name five organs that are part of your excretory system ____________________________
28. The main function of the kidneys is to ________________________ the blood. Wastes,
 excess____________________ and ___________________ pass through the kidney's
 filtering system and form a liquid called _______________________.
29. Why is it good that the urinary bladder is able to stretch? _________________________
30. What happens at the urethra? _______________________________________________
Worksheet 9-2— Circulatory System Health & Excretion Page 5
Description: Circulatory System Worksheets document sample


This article, Grava Arms (Earth-2020), is the sole property of User:Skullguy123. For permission to use, mention or make major edits, ask me first for my permission. However, grammatical, spelling, and punctuation edits are more then welcomed
This page is currently under construction. Please bear with the changes made by the author
Grava Arms
General Information
Species 1/2 Galilean
1/2 Tetramand
Body Four-Armed Planet
Powers and Abilities
Abilities Enhanced Strength
Enhanced Durability
Enhanced Jump
Enhanced Agility
Space Survivability
Grava Arms is the combination of Gravattack and Four Arms' DNA.
Grava Arms has the body of Gravattack with the features of Four Arms. The outside of his skin is the same red as Four Arms except for the insides which are reddish-brown and Gravattacks core at the center of his body. He has four Gravattack arms with three fingers and a thumb though his feet only have two toes. On his arms and head, he has Four Arms' spikes. He has Four Arms' eyes with markings on his chin and around his eyes.
Powers and Abilities
Grave Arms has the combined durability and strength of Gravattack and Four Arms along with the formers ability to survive in space. He also has Gravattack's ability to control gravity though at a stronger degree due to having four arms
Grave Arms isn't as strong as Fourmungousaur and isn't able to fit in small spaces.


text:
Pre-service teachers' understanding and concern for sustainability issues: Implications for teacher education
Tomas, Louisa, and Mills, Reece (2011) Pre-service teachers' understanding and concern for sustainability issues: Implications for teacher education. Proceedings of the ATEA 2011 Conference. Valuing Teacher Education: Policy, Perspectives and Partnerships, 3-6 July, 2011, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-7.
|PDF (Published Version) - Repository staff only - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader|
View at Publisher Website: _URL_
Education for sustainability (EfS) represents an important educational agenda both nationally and internationally, with growing support for its inclusion in teacher education programs. Recently, EfS has been prioritised in the School of Education at James Cook University, which is reflected in the development of an undergraduate EfS subject for students studying early childhood and primary education. At the commencement of the teaching semester, a sample of 142 pre-service teachers undertaking this subject completed a Likert-style questionnaire that examined their perceived relevance of EfS in schools and pre-service teacher education, how informed they were about selected sustainability issues and their concern for these issues. While the data tells a 'good news story' about the pre-service teachers' perceptions of the importance of EfS, it tells a concerning one regarding knowledge. The percentage of respondents who indicated that they could not explain what the sustainability issues surveyed were really about ranged from 15%-45%, even though they thought they presented a serious concern for themselves and for other people in Australia. The implications of these findings for pre-service teacher education are also discussed.
|Item Type:||Conference Item (Refereed Research Paper - E1)|
|FoR Codes:||13 EDUCATION > 1303 Specialist Studies in Education > 130313 Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators @ 100%|
|SEO Codes:||93 EDUCATION AND TRAINING > 9301 Learner and Learning > 930199 Learner and Learning not elsewhere classified @ 100%|
|Deposited On:||09 Dec 2011 08:59|
|Last Modified:||13 Jul 2012 12:25|
Last 12 Months: 1
Repository Staff Only: item control page


About Feature Type Attributes
Feature type attributes are categorized into one of the following three groups:
Format Attributes
A feature may have one or more associated format attributes. A format attribute represents an attribute that is specific to a format (for example, autocad_block_name). Format attributes are specific to your format's schema. They are not generically supported by FME and will change when translating to a different format. In general, format attributes are designed for translations to and from the same format, although advanced users may find them useful for writing to other formats when using customized workspaces.
User Attributes
A feature is also associated with one or more associated user attributes, which represent custom attributes that hold domain information about a feature, such as: parcel_identifier, owner_name, date_surveyed, etc. User attributes are always part of the feature no matter which format they are stored in, and hence persist when translating from one format to another.
FME (generic) Format Attributes
A particular set of Format Attributes has the prefix fme_. These attributes represent the data as it is perceived by FME and are sometimes also known as FME attributes or generic FME attributes.
How FME Processes Feature Attributes
When a translation is carried out, the following occurs:
 - FME reads the source data and stores information about its features in format attributes. These format attributes reflect the data that is stored in the original source data.
 - FME converts the source data's format attributes into FME Attributes. These FME attributes reflect the source data as it is perceived within FME.
 - FME writes the destination data by creating a second set of format attributes. These writer format attributes reflect the information as it will be stored in the destination data.
This is why, when a user inspects data, there are two sets of attributes.
Using this method, FME can convert from one format to another, without having to separately map the source format attributes to the destination format attributes for every format.
FME simply converts everything to an FME standard, and then from there to the Writer Format.
The benefit of using generic attributes over format-specific attributes is that they have the same meaning in all the readers and writers that support them. For example, the fme_color and fme_fill_color feature attributes represent the red, green, and blue intensities of a feature. If a format has generic color support, the reader will add both the generic FME color attributes and the format-specific color attributes to features. Writers that support generic color will give precedence to the format-specific color attributes if they are present in addition to the generic attributes.
The most important generic attributes are fme_type and fme_geometry. Both of these relate to the geometry of a feature. The Geometry class represents a feature's positional information. Feature geometry may consist of points, lines, or areas. Features that contain multiple geometric parts are said to have an aggregate geometry. Features with no geometry are also supported.
The distinction between fme_type and fme_geometry is an important one: fme_geometry indicates the geometry type of the actual coordinates, whereas fme_type specifies how that geometry is to be interpreted. For example, a point geometry type can be interpreted as one of the following FME types: point, arc, ellipse, or text. For more information about the valid combinations of fme_type and fme_geometry for features, see the FME Geometry Model.
Additional Format Attributes
Contains a dataset's filename without the path or extension. For example, if you read two files, image1.tif and image2.tif, two features are produced: one with an fme_basename value of image1, and one with a value of image2. If these two features were then written to a PNG writer when fanning out on fme_basename, two new files would be produced: image1.png and image2.png.
Contains path of the dataset, a URL, or the name of a database.
Note: In order for attributes fme_basename and fme_dataset to be read, they must be explicitly exposed in the reader feature type or the FeatureReader transformer.
Contains a dataset's original features (for example, a file, feature class, database, or table).
Controlling Features with Format Attributes


Mel Gibson turns from Christ's Passion to Mayan blood rites
His most recent film, featuring flayings and floggings and with dialogue in Aramaic and Latin, was a worldwide hit. Now Mel Gibson has announced his next project will be set against the bloodthirsty backdrop of the Mayan empire - this time in an ancient dialect called Yucatec.
Gibson's The Passion of the Christ last year became the most successful independent film ever made, grossing more than £200 million worldwide. It was also a hit in America's bible belt, which has long felt ignored by Hollywood. The star claims that his new thriller, Apocalypto, will champion another neglected cause, the millions of Maya who still live in Mexico and Central America, many of whom speak one of the Mayan languages.
Anyone who turned nauseous at the flesh-ripping carnage of The Passion should fear for their stomachs again. While Mayan civilisation thrived for nearly 2,000 years before its mysterious collapse, mastering astronomy and the construction of pyramids, it also carried out savage rituals of human sacrifice to appease the gods.
'Hey, this is for kids with strong stomachs,' said Gibson, 49, responding to a question about plans for children's movies during a press conference in the Mexican port city of Veracruz, where the conqueror Hernan Cortes landed in the early 16th century en route to demolishing the Aztec empire.
The devout Roman Catholic said that the plot of Apocalypto - a Greek word meaning 'new beginning' - concerns a Maya Indian family man who 'has to overcome tremendous odds to preserve what he values the most'. The action movie - directed, produced, funded and co-written by, but not starring Gibson - will employ relatively unknown actors along with hundreds of extras speaking the Mayan tongue of Yucatec.
'I'm hoping that by focusing on this civilisation we're able to be introspective about ourselves,' Gibson explained. 'It's set before the Conquest, so we are using mostly indigenous people and actors from Mexico City. There's a lot of mystery to the Mayan culture, but it's just the backdrop to what I'm doing - creating an action adventure of mythic proportions.'
The star has endeared himself to his hosts by offering £560,000 to reconstruction efforts following Hurricane Stan, which devastated Mexico and Central America this month. The Mexican media highlighted images of Gibson meeting with President Vicente Fox. Tourism officials are hoping that the film, due to begin shooting in mid-November, will pump £11m into the economy.
A vanished civilisation
1) Mayan civilisation stretched across much of what is now southern Mexico, Belize and Guatemala and endured for nearly two millenniums, disappearing around AD 900.
2) Despite lacking the cartwheel or metal tools, the Maya built pyramids, palaces and courts for a ritual ball game. They inhabited vast cities such as Chichen Itza, Tikal and Uxmal.
3) Mayan astronomers mapped the phases of celestial objects, especially the Moon and Venus, and tracked a solar year of 365 days. They developed mathematics, using a base number of 20, and had a concept of zero. The civilisation was sufficiently stable to have a word for a 400-year time period.
4) The collapse of their civilisation, which occurred centuries before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, has long been a mystery. Theories include civil war, invasion, migration, disease, over-farming, over-population and drought.


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Set for discussion
Study for strip looks like a dinner set on display, but it challenges expectations around such sets. Among the usual pieces – plates, bowls, jugs – are shards, swans, eyeballs, and skulls. Markings and colloquial messages are scrawled across some pieces, and others are broken or flawed.
Through the format of domestic pottery, Martin Poppelwell – potter and visual artist – is investigating language, design, and the role of art. He says that'strip' in the title refers to a disputed physical zone, like the Gaza Strip. So the dinner set becomes a metaphor for debate. Does art have a role in political discussion? What is the role of text in art? What is the relationship between the object and its decoration?
Works like this have earned Poppelwell a strong reputation as a contemporary potter in New Zealand.
Watch an interview with Martin Poppelwell
This text was prepared for the Collecting Contemporary exhibition, 2011–2012.


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Accessible Playgroups Initiative
Playgroup Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Playgroup Resource Unit is available to provide support and assistance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to establish community and supported Playgroups.
Assistance can include training for workers, support for families, resources and activities, and on site mentoring for workers. Workers are based in Cairns and Brisbane. Information and telephone support are also provided to Indigenous community playgroups throughout Queensland and visits can be undertaken.
As an early intervention strategy, Indigenous Playgroups provide an opportunity for family focused early intervention, using the Playgroup as a means of family support.
Family support empowers the families by assisting them to identify and develop their own strengths and resources.
The children develop a positive sense of identity through knowledge and understanding of their family and culture. Attendance at Playgroup sessions provides the parents and carers with an environment where pride in family and cultural identity can be fostered.
Strengths of an Indigenous Playgroup can be seen as:
- A model that fits well with Indigenous family ideas, that is family looks after children and family members can attend the Playgroup with the children.
- Providing an opportunity for Playgroup coordinators to model positive and appropriate parenting skills to the families.
- Providing opportunities for families to access local family support workers in a non-threatening environment.
- Providing an opportunity for children's developmental needs to be informally assessed.
- Working in partnership with local Indigenous agencies, government departments and other early childhood services to establish and support Indigenous Playgroups.
Over three years there will be 45 Indigenous Playgroups operating throughout Queensland, from suburban Brisbane to Cape York.
For more information please call:
Brisbane: Andrew McMahon on 1800 171 882 or by email
Cairns: Donna McGaw on 4041 5574 or by email
Download our Accessible Playgroups Initiative brochure here


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Missouri Physical, Cultural & Historical Features
Additions and/or corrections to the database are encouraged! Simple Add/Edit Procedure.
- Physical Features are the natural features of the Earth's surface.
- Cultural Features are landscape features that were created or shaped by humans.
- Historical Features are features that no longer exist on the landscape.


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Reconstructing 3D models from their projection images has been an interesting research topic in computer vision and geometric modeling. In this paper, we review several methods that generate octree models of objects from their silhouettes in images. The complexity analysis of the algorithms is developed and presented. It is concluded that the performance of the algorithms depents mostly on the number of starting images and the object shapes through their number of faces and concavities.
Franquesa, M.; Brunet, P. Analysis of methods for generating octree models of objects from their silhouettes. "Revue internationale de CFAO et d'infographie", Gener 1997, vol. 12, núm. 1-2, p. 33-65.


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Sir Richard Grenville (1542 – 1591) was an English sailor, sea captain and explorer. He took part in the early English attempts to settle the New World. He was in the fight against the Spanish Armada. He died in 1591 at the Battle of Flores, fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship, the Revenge, to the far more numerous Spanish.
Sir Richard Grenville was a British naval commander. He was born of an old Cornish family in about 1541. His grandfather, Sir Richard, was a marshal of Calais during the time of Henry VIII. Richard Grenville's father commanded and lost his life in the "Mary Rose" in 1545. At an early age Richard Grenville served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks.


Generous donation of Scottish timber means Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory, will fight on
Timber donated from three Scottish estates will help to preserve HMS Victory for future generations
Timber has long been a vital backbone for shipbuilding and famously HMS Victory was built from over 5,500 oak trees, 250 years ago. It even inspired the Royal Navy's anthem Hearts of Oak. That strong tradition will now continue with a generous donation of timber from three estates in Aberdeenshire that will ensure that the ship survives for the foreseeable future.
The timber, from eleven elm trees and ten oak trees, is due to be felled shortly and embark on its long journey south. In the 250th year of her launch in 1767, HMS Victory is in the midst of a 15 year conservation project and in need of the very best quality materials to ensure she survives a further 250 years.
Three estates are kindly donating the timber; the Dunecht Estate, the Haddo Estate and the MacRobert Trust Estate.
The owner of the Dunecht Estate, the Hon. Charles Pearson, is a self-confessed and dedicated fan of HMS Victory. He is donating ten oaks and four elm trees.
Recent timber research on HMS Victory has concluded oak, the original material the ship was built in, is the appropriate timber to use for her general future conservation.
Andrew Baines explains: "Currently the ship comprises a variety of hardwoods from years of maintenance. The return to oak is much welcomed. It demonstrates the serious archaeological research we are undertaking about the ship's composition, from timber to paint analysis and our commitment to ensure she remains sustainable for centuries to come.
"Interestingly we understand that some 30% of the fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar hailed from Scotland so it feels entirely appropriate that timber from these estates should be playing such a big part in her future security."
The remaining two estates are kindly donating elm. The Haddo Estate, owned by Lord Aberdeen, is donating five elm trees. Rear Admiral Christopher Hockley representing the MacRobert Trust Estate is donating two elms. This timber is valuable for the future maintenance of the ship's structure below the waterline. Her keel in particular, made of elm and one of the oldest surviving parts of the ship, is a highly significant feature needing a strong programme of care given its exposed position in the dry dock.
"The quantity of elm donated by all three estates will serve as an important resource for this area in the future. Those elms which may not be suited to the particular size and shape of the keel can be made into new gun-carriages."
Once felled, the timber will be transported to the Whitney sawmill in Hereford where it will be inspected and sawed to specific dimensions appropriate for use onboard the ship. The oak is likely to become planking and the elm is to remain in large blocks needed for the keel.
The timber will then be transferred to Portsmouth where it will be seasoned, so it can be dry and strong when used. This process could take as long as four years. The longer the oak is seasoned, the stronger it becomes.
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DuPont is a science and engineering company which, for more than 200 years, has developed innovations that tackle global challenges. In partnership with the National Association of Agricultural Educators (NAAE) and National FFA, DuPont has been a champion for bringing scientific inquiry-based learning to more students by elevating the rigor and accessibility of agricultural education.
DuPont's flagship program for agricultural educator development is the National Agriscience Teacher Ambassador Academy (NATAA). This weeklong academy focuses on helping educators enrich the scientific learning inherent in agricultural education, and teaches content through inquiry. The academy is the longest-running national professional development program in agricultural education, and it has paved the way to a greater acceptance of science and STEM in agricultural education.
DuPont also supports educators in partnership with NAAE by expanding the reach of NATAA with national and state-level agricultural programs through DuPont Agriscience Institute workshops, the National Agriscience Preservice Teacher Program and Agriscience Inquiry Institutes. These programs support agriscience teachers at every stage of their careers, helping them implement inquiry-based methodology and scientific rigor. DuPont also actively works to encourage talented young people to enter the agricultural education profession through its sponsorship of NAAE's National Teach Ag campaign.
DuPont understands that agricultural educators are the key to producing students who will be the next innovators and leaders in
agriculture, says Jay Jackman, NAAE executive director. Their support is helping agriculture teachers all over the United States give students a high-level educational experience in science, math and literacy in the applied context of agriculture.


A review of El Dorado by Dorothy Porter
Reviewed by Magdalena Ball
El Dorado
By Dorothy Porter
May 2007, 369pp, Paperback, $32.95
In The Guardian, author Michael Symmons Roberts calls the true verse novel a form of its own—fraught with difficulties: "the awkward child of successful parents, destined to disappoint both of them." After writing her last verse novel Wild Surmise Dorothy Porter called it "an impossible juggling act of narrative and poetry." Yet, it is one of the oldest and most enduring of literary forms, and Porter herself continues to work happily and successfully in the medium. I suspect that a reader looking at the fat exterior of Porter's latest novel, El Dorado will either expect, if they aren't already a fan, a long and complex narrative full of ghastly thick prose and scary lawyers. Others might know that this is not written in standard prose but rather verse, and might expect something more complex and slower going than the "average" novel (whatever that is). Both would be wrong. There are no winding pathways, nothing even remotely thick about the writing, and it is a much faster read than any thin novel I've come across this year. And yet this is indeed verse. Each of the poems which makes up the whole of this novel stands on its own. Each one is well written, with the intense denouement Porter has become famous for:
Does he dangerously
in sad rank fantasy
behind the dank walls
of solitude?
Who doesn't?
Who doesn't.
Especially in the thick
silent night
when your own futile life
sets on you
with the slow strokes
of a disembowelling knife. (20)
The structure forces the reader to take a breath or pause at the end of each piece, and then to read just one more before stopping. It's quite a different reading experience than reading a novel. The white space between each poem has a role in the overall meaning, creating a silent narration between the author and reader.
Ostensibly, the story is about a serial killer who calls himself El Dorado. His victims are children—around 8 or 9, buried gently, with a gold mark on their heads. The promo says that the killer kills out of love instead of hate, but the truth is that the killer kills out of loneliness and psychotic fantasy. The story is as engrossing, chilling, and ultimately psychologically powerful as any thriller, but Porter's poetry takes it a step further:
In the ice's time
When the cold black water
will receive
and swallow us
leaving nothing
but a passing warm steam
to show briefly
where we had been. (10)
There are three key characters: Detective Inspector Bill Buchanan, his old school friend Cath, Imaginary Worlds Specialist Director returned to Australia from Hollywood, and the killer. Their relationships with one another are part of the action that drives the novel forward, and Porter is very clever in the way she links them. They are all part of the crimes that are committed, in one way or another, both culpable, and innocent.
Although the novel is fairly black, it isn't draining. There is energy created in the frenetic dance between the three key characters, and in the way their poetic voices move towards, and away from one another. The voices shift, primarily between Cath and Bill, skipping the need for conjunctions and prose syntax, and go directly into the heart of what is troubling them as they search for the things that most people want: love, security, serenity in a situation that is anything but secure and serene. Both Cath and Bill have difficulties with the kinds of things that grown-ups deal with – long term relationships, stability, and in Bill's case, parenting his teen-age daughter. Mingled with the murder mystery is a romance between Cath and Lily, a beautiful young snake charmer. As Cath experiences the pain and joy of new love, she tries to move forward, but her past is rapidly catching up with her as she begins to understand that neither Cath nor Bill have really matured, and that this is somehow related to the murders:
Is cute puppy-dinosaur Dino
a baited hook?
Like Emma's copy
of Peter Pan
Suddenly Bill wants to chuck
in the nearest bin.
Instead he walks
into a bright toy shop –
a cornucopia of plastic fossils
for tragic grown-ups.(176-7)
The book isn't without humour either. At one point El Dorado is on the verge of becoming "Melbourne's most prominent poet", and each of the poem's have titles that are demonstrate a tiny hint of black tongue-in-cheek: eg "What can ail thee?" or "Clean and tidy."
Like most of Porter's work, El Dorado isn't pretty, but it is full of an odd kind of beauty, that transcends the death and destruction that fills its pages. Once again, Porter succeeds in that impossible juggling act of narrative and poetry. Even for the most casual of reader, El Dorado reads easily as a fast paced, intense and psychologically satisfying thriller. For those who want more than simply a quick escape, El Dorado explores complex topics of childhood innocence and guilt; love and hatred; desire and psychosis with the kind of taut intensity that only poetry can provide. In the end, as beautiful as the fantasy is (Disneyworld/the city of gold/love unmangled by the reality of morning breath and old age), the children are real, their death is still a horrific loss. El Dorado's world is a simply a fantasy that ends in death:
But when the ice takes
our young
we know
we will never have
or find our deluded footing/again." (11)
This is a linguistically powerful novel, which is both internally effective and at the same time, greater than the sum of its parts.
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Minolta's Early 35mm Rangefinders Gave Leica a Run For Its Money
The second model of the Minolta-35, launched in 1953.
All Photos © John Wade
But go back to the 1940s/1950s and you'll discover a prestigious range of Minolta 35mm rangefinder cameras that rivaled and, some would argue, bettered the Leicas of the time.
Quick pause for an explanation for those unfamiliar with rangefinder cameras. The term refers to a model whose viewfinder, or sometimes a separate eyepiece, incorporates a system of mirrors that interact as the lens is focused to identify the correct camera-to-subject distance, as an aid to accurate focusing in non-reflex cameras.
It was Leitz that popularized the style in a 35mm camera with the introduction of the Leica II in 1932. However, by 1947, when the first Minolta-35 camera was launched, the Leica IIIf was on the market.
Side by side, the first version of the Minolta-35 Model II and the Leica IIIf.
Model I And Model II
There were two basic models of the Minolta-35 rangefinder, and some variations within them. Apart from minor cosmetic changes, the variations in the Minolta Model I camera chiefly concerned the image size. Leica had previously set a standard of 24x36mm, which was followed by most 35mm camera manufacturers. But the Model I, progressing through six variations, began with a 24x32mm image, moved to 24x33mm and then on to 24x34mm. The company eventually adopted the more traditional 24x36mm format with the launch of the Model II in 1953, of which there were two versions with very minor cosmetic variations.
We are going to compare the first version of the Model II with its contemporary, the Leica IIIf. There were some manufacturers who unashamedly made complete Leica copies. The Minolta-35 was not a Leica copy as such, but it did show strong influences from its German rival.
The Minolta (above) and Leica (below) exhibit very similar top plates.
Minolta Vs. Leica
At 5.25 inches, the Minolta was the same length as the Leica, but stood a quarter of an inch higher. Comparing the top plates of the two cameras, you can see the obvious influences: film wind knobs, shutter releases, shutter speed dials, rangefinder housings, and rewind knobs were all in similar positions. The Minolta's shutter release, however, was raised slightly above the wind knob and speed dial on either side, making the camera easier to use than the Leica, whose release button fell below the height of the other controls.
The Leica won out on its top shutter speed of 1/1000 sec, against the Minolta's 1/500 sec. On both cameras, speeds from the fastest to the slowest practical for hand holding the camera were set on the top plate dial. Then,with that dial at its slowest setting, another knob on the front of the body was used to set slower speeds down to one full second.
On each camera, the speed dial revolved as the film was wound, and the speeds could not be accurately set until the film was fully wound and the dial reached its maximum rotation.
Film loading from the rear was easy with the Minolta, compared to the base loading of the Leica.
The Minolta beat the Leica in having a delayed action control right from the earliest model in 1947, which the Leica wouldn't see until a late version of the IIIf in 1954. The Minolta also had a longer rangefinder base (the distance between the two rangefinder windows), making it more accurate. The visual aspect of the rangefinder, which involved turning the focus control until two images coincided, was conveniently combined with the Minolta viewfinder; the Leica used separate windows for viewing and rangefinding.
The Leica had a collapsible lens that had to be pulled out at the end of a short tube before exposure, and if the photographer forgot to do that, the picture was ruined. The Minolta used a fixed lens that was always positioned ready for shooting.
The Minolta also beat the Leica for film loading. Right from the start, Leica had featured a system in which the film was threaded from the cassette to a take-up spool outside the camera, and then the two pushed up into the body by way of a removable base plate. The operation was fiddly at best and prone to problems if the film did not attach correctly to the take-up spool. By comparison, the Minolta simply used a back that swung open, which made loading the film far easier and much more conventional.
The Minolta with its 135mm telephoto lens and viewfinder fitted.
Identical Lens Mounts
Maybe the most important feature shared by the two cameras was the lens mounts, which were identical. The Minolta therefore accepted, and could be used with, then current Leica lenses, of which there was a large range, covering focal lengths from wide-angle to telephoto. The range of Rokkor lenses, made for the Minolta, was a lot more modest: 45mm f/2.8, 50mm f/2, 85mm f/2.8, 110mm f/5.6, and 135mm f/4.
When extra lenses were used on any rangefinder camera, they needed to be combined with separate accessory viewfinders. This was the case with both the Minolta and the Leica cameras. However, longer focal lengths, unavailable in Minolta's Rokkor range, were often likely to be used on the Leica with a Visoflex, an attachment that screwed into the body, incorporated an eye-level or waist-level viewfinder, and effectively turned the camera into a single lens reflex.
Using Leica lenses, the Visoflex could also be used on the Minolta, although, when screwed into place, it was fouled slightly by the delayed action lever and slow speed shutter dial. As this prevented the device from being screwed completely into the body it would have been okay for close-up work, but might have affected infinity focusing.
So who won out in the end—the German Leica, or the Japanese Minolta? The Minolta certainly won on price. In 1953, a Model II with an f/2.8 lens cost $150, against a Leica IIIf with an f/2 lens at $348. For some features and ease of use, the Minolta might also have had the edge. For lens range, the Leica won hands down. Then, there's the durability factor. Find a Leica IIIf today and there's a good chance the shutter is still working. A Minolta-35 with a working shutter today is a little less likely.
A Leica Visoflex with Leitz Telyt 20cm lens transforms the Minolta into a single lens reflex.
Expect to pay around $300 to $450 for a Minolta Model I, more for the earliest models, and $175 to $250 for a Model II.


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Inverse fan-beam transform
I = ifanbeam(F,D)
I = ifanbeam(...,param1,val1,param2,val2,...)
[I,H] = ifanbeam(...)
I = ifanbeam(F,D) reconstructs the image I from projection data in the two-dimensional array F. Each column of F contains fan-beam projection data at one rotation angle. ifanbeam assumes that the center of rotation is the center point of the projections, which is defined as ceil(size(F,1)/2).
The fan-beam spread angles are assumed to be the same increments as the input rotation angles split equally on either side of zero. The input rotation angles are assumed to be stepped in equal increments to cover [0:359] degrees.
D is the distance from the fan-beam vertex to the center of rotation.
I = ifanbeam(...,param1,val1,param2,val2,...) specifies parameters that control various aspects of the ifanbeam reconstruction, described in the following table. Parameter names can be abbreviated, and case does not matter. Default values are in braces ({}).
String specifying the range through which the beams are rotated.
{'cycle'} — Rotate through the full range [0,360).
'minimal' — Rotate the minimum range necessary to represent the object.
Positive real scalar specifying the increment of the rotation angle of the fan-beam projections, measured in degrees. See fanbeam for details.
String specifying how sensors are positioned.
'arc' — Sensors are spaced equally along a circular arc at distance D from the center of rotation. Default value is 'arc'
'line' — Sensors are spaced equally along a line, the closest point of which is distance D from the center of rotation.
See fanbeam for details.
Positive real scalar specifying the spacing of the fan-beam sensors. Interpretation of the value depends on the setting of 'FanSensorGeometry'.
If 'FanSensorGeometry' is set to 'arc' (the default), the value defines the angular spacing in degrees. Default value is 1.
If 'FanSensorGeometry' is 'line', the value specifies the linear spacing. Default value is 1. See fanbeam for details.
String specifying the name of a filter. See iradon for details.
Scalar in the range (0,1] that modifies the filter by rescaling its frequency axis. See iradon for details.
Text string specifying the type of interpolation used between the parallel-beam and fan-beam data.
'nearest' — Nearest-neighbor
{'linear'} — Linear
'spline' — Piecewise cubic spline
'pchip' —- Piecewise cubic Hermite (PCHIP)
'v5cubic' — The cubic interpolation from MATLAB® 5
Positive scalar specifying the number of rows and columns in the reconstructed image.
If 'OutputSize' is not specified, ifanbeam determines the size automatically.
If you specify 'OutputSize', ifanbeam reconstructs a smaller or larger portion of the image, but does not change the scaling of the data.
 Note: If the projections were calculated with the fanbeam function, the reconstructed image might not be the same size as the original image.
[I,H] = ifanbeam(...) returns the frequency response of the filter in the vector H.
ifanbeam converts the fan-beam data to parallel beam projections and then uses the filtered back projection algorithm to perform the inverse Radon transform. The filter is designed directly in the frequency domain and then multiplied by the FFT of the projections. The projections are zero-padded to a power of 2 before filtering to prevent spatial domain aliasing and to speed up the FFT.
Class Support
The input arguments, F and D, can be double or single. All other numeric input arguments must be double. The output arguments are double.
Example 1
This example creates a fan-beam transformation of the phantom head image and then calls the ifanbeam function to recreate the phantom image from the fan-beam transformation.
ph = phantom(128);
d = 100;
F = fanbeam(ph,d);
I = ifanbeam(F,d);
imshow(ph), figure, imshow(I);
Example 2
This example illustrates use of the ifanbeam function with the 'fancoverage' option set to'minimal'.
ph = phantom(128);
P = radon(ph);
[F,obeta,otheta] = para2fan(P,100,...
phReconstructed = ifanbeam(F,100,...
imshow(ph), figure, imshow(phReconstructed)
[1] Kak, A. C., and M. Slaney, Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging, New York, NY, IEEE Press, 1988.
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