text:
Question: What was the "Ten Pound Pom" scheme?
Answer: The "Ten Pound Pom" scheme is the colloquial name for an assisted migration scheme that operated in Australia after World War II. In spite of its name, this scheme was not limited to those from the United Kingdom but was open to citizens of all Commonwealth countries. (The word "Pom" meant English people, and was sometimes used in a derogatory manner.)
Adult migrants were charged ₤10 for their fare and children travelled for free. They were drawn by promises of employment and housing, a more relaxed lifestyle and a better climate.
"Ten Pound Poms" needed to be in sound health and under the age of 45 years. There were initially no skill restrictions, although under the "White Australia" policy those from mixed race backgrounds found it very difficult to take advantage of the scheme. At one point in 1947, more than 400,000 Brits were registered at Australia House in London for the scheme.
The aim of the scheme was to substantially increase Australia's population in response to fears of a Japanese invasion, and a new awareness of Australia's vulnerability and unrealised economic potential as an under-populated country. The "Populate or Perish" policy was developed by the Curtin Government before the end of World War II.
By late 1944 the Australian Government had begun negotiations with Britain for assisted immigration programs in the post-war years. Since all Australian political parties supported the "White Australia" policy they looked to Britain and northern European countries for immigrants in the belief that people from these countries would more easily assimilate with the Australian community. After the war, Australia gradually extended assisted passage schemes to immigrants from other countries such as the Netherlands and Italy to maintain high levels of immigration. It also welcomed refugees from war-torn Europe.
Sometimes the promises to immigrants were not realised. Many migrants faced lengthy stays in migrant hostels, failed to get ideal employment or missed their old communities. Around one quarter of the "Ten Pound Poms" left Australia within a few years of their arrival.
The year 1969 was the peak year for the scheme, with more than 80,000 people coming to Australia. In 1973, the cost of assisted passages was increased to ₤75 per family. This was still a very cheap fare, but numbers of assisted migrants from the United Kingdom dropped off significantly. Assisted passage schemes were gradually phased out in the 1980s, having profoundly influenced the ethnic and cultural makeup of the Australian population.
Thanks for your comment, Judith. The National Archives of Australia do have arrival and departure records from Victorian migrant hostels, including Altona - might these be useful for your reunion plans? As for images, there are some NAA photographs of the hostel viewable via Picture Australia. Finally, the Immigration Discovery Centre has its own folder of information about Victorian migrant hostels, sourced mainly from the web. Good luck with your research!
Hi Linda, thankyou for your comment. We have recently published a 'Your Question' article referring to a number of other Australian institutions that offer a similar service to the Tribute Garden at the Immigration Museum. I hope this is what you're after!
Hi Katherine, thanks for the interesting questions. Although we have not been able to find a definitive answer, we have sent some information to your email.
Hello, Sandra. According to the National Archives of Australia, "prior to 26 January 1949, the process of naturalisation conferred British nationality on applicants....As a consequence there are no naturalisation records for British migrants before 1949." Hope this helps! More info here.
We love receiving comments, but can't always respond.
There are many fantastic resources that you can look at for your assignment. Firstly, we have a list of links to the right of this article that will assist you.Another great place to start would be to go to your local library or visit the Discovery Centre at the Immigration Museum to view the book Ten Pound Poms: Australia's Invisible Migrants by Hammerton & Thomson. A quick search on Trove will also bring up a variety of resources referring to the ten pound poms.
Good luck with your assignment!
Hi again Hannah - we're glad to hear that your research is going well. Museum Victoria's Origins website contains lots of statistical information about migration including an overview of English migration to Victoria. Another helpful for resource for immigration statistics is the Australian Government's Department of Immigration and Citizenship's website. Good luck with your research!
Rebecca - information about migrant hostels can be difficult to come by. Nevertheless, the Encyclopedia of Melbourne has an article entitled "Migrant Hostels"; there is also an online forum for those wishing to discuss the topic in more detail. Records of the Broadmeadows Migrant Hostel itself are kept by the National Archives of Australia, with address books listed at Series Number B6518 and arrivals and departures books at B6517. You can find indexes that relate to these records via the RecordSearch tool at the NAA website. Good luck!
Hi Bruce, the National Archives of Australia holds the passenger lists for immigrant ships. You can contact them to obtain these. You might then be able to track those friends through census records or the phone book.
Australia's pre-decimal coins and banknotes underwent many changes over the years before they were replaced in 1966. See Museum Victoria's Rare Coins infosheet for images and information about Australia's pre-decimal coins. For pre-decimal banknotes have a look at the Reserve Bank of Australia's Museum of Australian Currency Notes.
Hi Susan,You can attempt to locate your friend by either searching the White Pages or contacting the Australian Electoral Commision. Good luck!
Hi Jean. It's likely that "all the paperwork" that your father completed has been kept by the National Archives of Australia. You can search for such documents using their RecordSearch tool, and request copies of certain items. Perhaps these documents will give further information about the scheme?
Hi Roger, there is a fantastic website with images and information about the various migrant hostels and camps set up in Australia. You can search for images and also add details to various forums _URL_
Amanda, there were a number of immigration sponsorship programs operating at this period, including some by private companies. Kalgoorlie Lake View Pty Ltd may have sponsored your family's migration. For confirmation of this, you will need to locate the company's own records. If your migration was sponsored by a private company, you would not be considered "ten pound poms," as such.
Migrant hostels are notorious for being scantily documented at best, Andrew, and our own expertise is with Victorian examples. Our online searching only confirmed that the "long-demolished" Elder Park hostel had fibro buildings! Might the State Library of South Australia be of assistance? This book, say.
The 10 pound scheme didn't differentiate between migrants from England and Ireland. Assistance could involve the targeting of particular skilled migrants to meet particular skills shortages identified by the Dept of Labour and National Service. Such workers would be provided with hostel or employer-supplied accommodation. Others could be personally nominated by Australian citizens offering to provide accommodation and they didn't have to meet the skills criterion (although most were skilled or semi-skilled workers anyway). Also schemes such as the big Brother Movement continued into the 1960s involving sponsored migration. But sponsorship by employer, citizen or organisation wasn't an automatic requirement. British/Irish migration was virtually unrestricted and most of those were assisted (as in passage subsidised, accommodation available).
Hi Michael – One of the most useful resources to locate living people are the electoral rolls which list all the names and addresses of registered voters within Australia. Another avenue to explore would be to also check the white pages online by conducting a surname search: Good luck with your search!
Hi there, Anonymous. The best source of information about the experience of these migrants onboard their ships is Chapter 3 of Ten Pound Poms: Australia's invisible migrants by Hammerton and Thomson. This book is available from many libraries as well as the Discovery Centre at the Immigration Museum. If you have difficult accessing a copy of this book chapter, contact us via the Ask the Experts page.
Thanks for your question, Hannah. So many people migrated to Australia under the Ten Pound Pom scheme that the group is not often considered as a category, as such, although we'd be very interested in any list of famous ones that you might unearth or create! As a starting point for your project, try this profile of Noni Hazlehurst's family available via the NAA website.
Tom, our collection of photographs does not generally extend to school photographs. For names of those who attended a certain school, you may try contacting the school directly, or else search the web for sites designed to put old friends in contact with each other.
To view passenger lists you will need to visit the Victorian Archives Centre in North Melbourne. If you are not in Melbourne, you can search for the office in your state here
There are many excellent resources that may help in your research. To the right of this article there is a list of links that should be useful. Our Origins website contains lots of statistical information about migration including an overview of English migration to Victoria. Another great resource is the book Ten Pound Poms: Australia's Invisible Migrants by Hammerton & Thomson which you can view at the Immigration Museum's Discovery Centre or at your local library. Also, search on Trove for a variety of resources referring to the Ten Pound Poms. Good luck with your essay!
Unfortunately the museum cannot suggest anything to fast track your citizen application. Here a link to the Citizenship wizard from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship which might assist you with your application.
Hello Donna, Twentieth century immigration records, including information and documentation


text:
Let's continue the modal verbs series with should / shouldn't. This post has been improved by Mr. Kimmo Kosunen.
Use should / shouldn't + base form of a verb to give somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.
Note: Should/shouldn't is often used as a form of criticism, especially with the negative: You shouldn't drive so fast! This also depends how the speaker says it – does he sound friendly or as if he's criticizing…
I think you should teach for another school.
The Romanian government should do more for the country.
She should buy a new motorbike; she always seems to have problems with this one.
She shouldn't drive so fast.
should / shouldn't + base form is the same for all persons
An alternative of should is ought. Personally, I don't use ought.
The two forms (should and ought) are almost always used interchangeably but some consider that ought to implies a stronger obligation than should, while others think that ought to is old-fashioned and may always be replaced by should. And when something sounds old-fashioned, it almost automatically also obtains a more formal register.
The only situation I can think of when ought to cannot be replaced with should is in the British English usage of should in the meaning of if:
Should the visitors arrive early, we can have lunch with them. (Not common in American English but often used in British English).
Ought the visitors to arrive early, we can have lunch with them.
The learners of English should remember ought always goes with to.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Why you need a publish path for SEO
Publish path makes your URL more SEO-friendly. If your page title is Charlottetown Summer Events and Attractions, you can choose to create a publish path /charlottetown-events
URL length is an important search engine optimization (SEO) factor. There is a strong connection between a shorter URL length and higher SEO rankings. Google has been making efforts to shorten or even hide the display of URLs in the browser. A very long URL can look suspicious and discourage people from clicking it.
Publish paths can also be used to label pages in multiple languages.
Entering your publish path
To enter the published path, follow these steps:
- Go to the Pages menu in the top-left corner of the Sitebuilder.
- Click on the cog Settings icon to enter the Page settings area:
- Scroll down to the SEO Settings area and locate the Publish path field.
- Enter the publish path for the page as you want it to appear in the URL.
- Click Submit.
- To make your changes live, click the Publish button.
Customizing the publish path
When you first enter the publish path, it's created as /publish---path (example) by default. You may want to change this. Simply enter the new publish path text in the field, removing extra dashes, and click Submit, then Publish.
Language-specific public paths
When creating a multi-language website, you may wish to customize your publish paths so that they reflect your website structure. For example, to group all French-language pages, you can enter public paths as follows:
To learn more about creating multi-language navigation, visit this tutorial.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "WAS" VS. "WERE"!
Origin of ensiform
Words nearby ensiform
Example sentences from the Web for ensiform
The seventh vertebra articulates laterally at the point at which the ensiform process is attached to the corpus of the sternum.Pedagogical Anthropology|Maria Montessori
We have now entered among the typical species, where every form occurs between a round and an ensiform shape.
The manubrium is thickened and drawn inward, the ensiform process protuberant, the sternum often swelled and painful to the touch.
The situation of the localized pain is usually at or a little below the ensiform cartilage.
Gastralgia is more frequent than enteralgia, and the pain is located about the ensiform cartilage.


Provider: ingentaconnect Database: ingentaconnect Content: application/x-research-info-systems TY - ABST AU - Carruth, Alan AU - Sanchez-Fung, Jose Roberto TI - Money demand in the Dominican Republic JO - Applied Economics PY - 2000-09-10T00:00:00/// VL - 32 IS - 11 SP - 1439 EP - 1449 N2 - This paper investigates a demand for money relationship for the Dominican Republic. The financial system of the Dominican Republic is underdeveloped, and there are no suitable domestic data on the opportunity cost of holding money. Economic links with the USA suggest a possible role for a foreign interest rate effect and a currency substitution effect in the demand for domestic money. A long-run demand for money relationship is developed from the perspective of alternative estimation methodologies, and it is shown that a 'literature standard' specification augmented by foreign monetary variables is robust. The ensuing short-run dynamic model is adequate, stable and suggests an important role for expected inflation, and a real bilateral exchange rate with the USA. A number of policy implications for the Dominican Republic are drawn from the results. UR - M3 - doi:10.1080/00036840050151511 UR - ER -


text:
She Is The Other Gaze
Every encounter with an image, every interaction searches for its own form. She is the other gaze is a collaboration with five female visual artists of an older generation who have been part of the Viennese art scene since the 1970s and engaged in the women's movement. In dialogue with the filmmaker Renate Bertlmann, Linda Christanell, Lore Heuermann, Karin Mack and Margot Pilz share their early works and artistic practices. They remember how their self-determination evolved between artistic ambitions, economic constraints, adaptation and resistance to the prevailing patriarchal social structures. In their role as feminist pioneers, the protagonists are a great influence on the contemporary art scene and the self-understanding of younger artists today. With their voices and narratives, they become collaborators passing on feminist thinking and artistic experiences.


Sister group
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree.[1] It is a term in cladistics.
The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A, is C.
References[change | change source]
 1. Eernisse, D.J. "Introduction to phylogeny: what is a sister taxon?". Biology 404 - Evolution. Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved 4 January 2012. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)


Repair virtual instruments is an increasingly popular and rewarding way to add a touch of realism to your live performance.
 This article looks at how to do it.
 What you need to know before you begin.
 Before you begin, it's important to understand the basic steps of how to repair a virtual instrument:You will need to have a set of stereo and/or microphone equipment that you can play through a virtual console.
 If you have one of these, we recommend you use the Virtual Mic and/o Mic for this tutorial.
 You can also repair virtual instrument components on the fly, using an instrument repair program like VSTi Repair or Ableton Live.
 If the software is not available, you can use Ableton's Repair app, which allows you to perform repairs of hardware, software, and hardware-related items on your computer or mobile device.
 If you have a real instrument, you will need a special tool that can remove the microphone, and then the instrument.
 This is where your microphone goes.
 You will also need a MIDI controller or a virtual instruments program that supports the instrument, like Ableton Instruments.
 If there is not one available, the software that you use can be downloaded from the Ableton website or from Ableton Audio.
 You also need to connect your instrument to a computer via a USB cable.
 You can do this by using a USB-to-Digital Converter (USB-DAC) to plug your computer into a computer and connect it to your computer's USB port.
 You will need an audio interface that will play a track from your USB device to your virtual instrument, and the software will convert the track into a MIDI track.
 The virtual instrument itself is not the only thing you need.
 You'll need a digital microphone, a speaker, and a guitar tuner.
 You could also use a MIDI cable to connect two of these things, but it's a bit more work.
 You need to be willing to pay for these items.
 If your instrument is a real one, you could also buy a kit that includes the equipment you need, but in that case you will not have a good deal for repairing your instrument.
 If it's not a real thing, you may be able to save money by getting a digital instrument that you get for free.
 Here are some more tips:Make sure you have the correct equipment to repair the virtual instrument.
 A good way to do this is to use a professional's virtual instrument repair tool that you have.
 If this isn't possible, then you can always contact your local hardware store.
 For some virtual instruments, the hardware may come with software that supports their functions.
 These software may be free, but you will be charged for them.
 If not, you should contact your hardware store to get software that is compatible with your instrument and that you want to use.
 Make sure you know the software you want, as well as the features that it has.
 If a virtual device has a built-in software, it is usually more expensive.
 If the virtual instruments software is free, then the virtual device may not be compatible with the virtual hardware that you bought.
 For example, some virtual machines that are available for sale will only work with a virtual machine that has software that only works with a real computer.
 To find out if the virtual machines software is compatible, look for the virtual machine's name on the hardware page.
 Some virtual instruments require a digital signal to be connected to them.
 This signal can be an audio signal or an audio source.
 If either of these are not available on your instrument, then there is no way to use it.
 If these devices are free, you probably can't use them.
 If your instrument doesn't have an external signal source, then a digital device may be the way to go.
 You may be tempted to use an external analog audio device, such as a CD player, but these devices require an external source of audio to play through the virtual interface.
 If that source is not readily available, then it's probably best to use your virtual guitar tuners.
 These devices are sometimes called digital guitar tunings.
 These devices have a built in amplifier that can play audio, and they use a digital digital signal instead of an analog digital signal.
 You are charged for these devices, but if you have to purchase the amplifier and a tuner separately, it will probably cost more than the cost of the instrument and tuner combined.
 If an external digital signal source is available, it can also be used to play the instrument using your own software.
 If an external audio source is included with the instrument in some cases, you'll need to purchase an external USB audio interface to play it.
 Some virtual instruments may also come with a software that includes a virtual keyboard and mouse.
 The software will play the virtual keyboard, and it will also be compatible if your instrument supports that functionality.
 후원 혜택


text:
Tomb of Askia
Located in the region of Gao in Mali and built in the fifteenth century, the Tomb of Askia is a monument which is a testament to the wonders of a dynasty fell, for the accuracy of the Songhai dynasty. The tomb bears the name of the founder of the third dynasty and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With its 17 meters high, the tomb is the most imposing monument of pre-colonial in the region, and is also the earliest example of Islamic style of architecture which later spread to the region and an example of how you are architecture fused Islam and North Africa. Regularly used as a mosque and cultural center for the city of Gao, the Tomb of Askia is definitely a must for anyone who goes on a visit to Mali.


text:
This paper investigates first the influences of ancient Chinese culture on Ezra Pound, and then Pound's influence on the New Culture Movement of modern China (1917). It is a kind of circular journey of literary texts and theories from ancient China to the West and then back to China. This journey, or "circle model," involves textual appropriation, variation, transformation and misunderstanding in every stage.
"China Question of US-American Imagism."
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field.
The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 160 times as of 07/08/21.
American Studies Commons, Education Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, Reading and Language Commons, Rhetoric and Composition Commons, Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Television Commons, Theatre and Performance Studies Commons, Translation Studies Commons


text:
I've searched the API for something that will do this easily and can't find a straight-forward way to do it. If you can get a wrapper class for the primitive then you can call getClass().toString() on it, to tell which type you have. It would be nice if the java.lang.Number class had a getInstance() method for each of the java primitives that would return an Instance of the correct wrapper. such as Double getInstance(double d) Float getInstance(float f) so that at runtime the correct method would be called and you could get the correct instance. If you wanted to, you could write this static class yourself consisting of a static getInstance method for each of the 8 primitives. Should only be ~20 lines of code anyway.
"JavaRanch, where the deer and the Certified play" - David O'Meara
Joined: Sep 29, 2000
Not to bring up an old topic... but that old discussion only gives you the corresponding Class reference for a primitive type. Not the type of the result of a conversion operation dynamically. I'm assuming he's wanting this for testing conversion/casting in Java and perhaps wanting to know what type the following yields : double d = 5.0 float f = 6.0 getInstance(d + f).getClass().toString(); would be a (painful, but workable) way to do this.


text:
Kids projector painting box
- The projector kit contains 3 lantern slides, 24 patterns and a projector
- The interactive smart projector is a smart teaching gadget for kids.
- Premium quality
- Insert the pattern slides into the slot, turn on the lamp to see the projection on the paper. The painting projector is flexible. You can adjust the angle of the Light Projected. Also, you can resize the images. The painting projector is battery operated. It uses 4 "AA" Size Batteries (Not Included).
- Develops an eye-hand coordination.
- Enhances creativity and imagination.


Home / FAQ
What makes the Rocky Talkie different from other radios?
The Rocky Talkie is designed for athletes to push their limits in the outdoors. Unlike the fragile plastic belt clips of other radios, our radio easily secures to backpacks and harnesses using an ultra-light carabiner. For extreme terrain, a back-up leash is included to prevent drops. We find that this system is the difference between actively using the radio and keeping it in a backpack for emergencies.
In addition to the convenience offered, the Rocky Talkie includes a shatterproof LED screen (no-glass) and a thermoplastic covering to protect the electronics. The radio is ready to use out of the box and requires zero configuration. The electronics are simple and reliable - we cut out all of the superfluous radio features that kill battery life. The radio has 5 buttons that are easy to understand and still support the critical advanced features (such as privacy codes to prevent outside interference).
What is the usable range of a Rocky Talkie?
What is the battery life of a Rocky Talkie?
Can I use my Rocky Talkie with other radios?
Can I use a different charger to charge my radio?
How will cold weather effect my Rocky Talkie?
What sports are the radios recommended for?
Is the radio waterproof?
How can I change between high and low power?
How long does it take to charge a Rocky Talkie?
Are the accessories safe to climb with?
My radio is on but won't transmit?


Chinese Iron Balls
How Iron Balls Are Made
How to Videos
Chinese Iron Balls
Chinese Iron Balls originated in Baoding, China. Baoding, China is said to have three treasures. The first is the iron ball, the second is a sauce made from fermented flour, and the third is potherb mustard. These treasures have been passed down through the generations for over 300 hundred years.
The iron balls were used as a therapy exercise. A pair of balls are held in your hand and rotated in circles around each other. As you rotate, your fingers get a work out and your dexterity improves. It takes a lot of practice to be able to rotate the balls in both directions. Usually it is easy to rotate a pair clockwise, but takes skill to rotate counterclockwise.
The reason the iron balls are good for therapy besides the physical exercise, is that the Chinese believed the iron balls pressed on certain acupuncture points on the hands. This action enhanced the flow of a persons chi energy which promoted good health and long life.
Today they are still used by tai chi classes, physical therapists, musicians, stressed out people, and people with carpal tunnel syndrome just to name a few. Since they have so many applications, they go by many names such as chinese stress balls, health balls, exercise balls, tai chi balls, and baoding balls
Steel Balls Esferas Chinas
© 2014 ironballs.org, All Rights Reserved. Contact


text:
Lakes have many sources of both inflow and outflow. The main sources of inflow are:
- precipitation onto the lake surface
- ground water
The main sources of out flow from a lake are:
- evaporation from the lake surface
Various configurations of streams are possible:
- Stream or streams flow in, stream flows out (Figure 4-3A). Usually only one stream flows out. In this kind of configuration the stream can be viewed as simply a fat place along a river. This is the most common kind of lake.
- Stream or streams flow in, no stream flows out (Figure 4-3B). The loss is made up by groundwater outflow and/or net evaporation. This is common in arid and semiarid regions; the streams are usually ephemeral. Lakes like this tend to be playa lakes. The Great Salt Lake is a good (and large) example.
- Stream flows out, no stream flows in (Figure 4-3C). The lake is fed by groundwater, usually not just by precipitation.
- No stream flows in, no stream flows out (Figure 4-3D). The lake is both fed and drained by groundwater movement. Lakes like this are common in glaciated areas underlain by a thick mantle of highly permeable glacial sediment, as on Cape Cod.
Figure 4-3. Configurations of streams flowing into and out of lakes.


text:
U.S. Air Forces in Europe Celebrates 65 Years of Airpower
American Forces Press Service
RAMSTEIN AIR BASE, Germany, Jan. 22, 2007 United States Air Forces in Europe is celebrating its 65th anniversary as the oldest, continuously active Air Force major command.
USAFE began Jan. 19, 1942, when the War Department established Headquarters 8th Air Force, and the command continues its forward presence in Europe and Africa - from delivering bombs in World War II to delivering humanitarian supplies to Berlin in 1948 and 1949, from fighting the Cold War to fighting today's war on terrorism, command officials said.
Command airmen deployed for operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, flew missions into Sarajevo in the longest humanitarian airlift in history, then converted to combat missions over Kosovo several years later.
Since the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, USAFE members have supported operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom with airlift, tankers, fighters and people. In summer 2006, USAFE assisted 14,000 Lebanon evacuees during the Hezbollah-Israel conflict. Today, 70 aircraft and 2,000 airmen are fighting in the war on terrorism.
"For more than half a century, USAFE airmen have taken the fight to America's and our allies' enemies. All airmen and civilians assigned to USAFE today, like those who came before, should take pride in the fact that every day, their service to our nation adds to this command's proud legacy," Gen. William T. Hobbins, the USAFE commander, said.
Some of the command's significant facts include:
-- First wartime action was Aug. 17, 1942, as airmen began a daylight precision-bombing campaign against Axis Europe.
-- D-Day participation involved 171 fighter squadrons with 3,000 aircraft flying 8,722 combat sorties, gaining air superiority and disrupting German reinforcements and ground movements.
-- World War II Medals of Honor from the command went to 25 aviators, 16 of them posthumously.
-- During the Berlin Airlift, in a 24-hour period, 2,764 flights delivered 12,941 tons of supplies and a cargo plane landed or took off from one of Berlin's three airfields every two minutes.
-- Operation El Dorado Canyon against Libyan terrorists involved 18 Royal Air Force station Lakenheath F-111 Aardvarks that bombed five terrorist targets in Tripoli and Benghazi.
-- Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm saw 15 percent of USAFE airmen deployed, and 55 percent of its aircraft and 33 percent of its munitions used toward the war. Spangdahlem Air Base's F-4 Phantoms destroyed 143 radar sites.
-- Sarajevo relief missions involved USAFE C-130 Hercules aircraft that flew 12,886 relief missions, delivering more than 160,000 metric tons of supplies.
-- Operation Shining Hope provided immediate relief to more than 450,000 Kosovar refugees as USAFE members airlifted food, equipment and medical supplies to the region.
-- Supporting the war on terrorism, USAFE personnel played a key role in humanitarian airdrops over Afghanistan, loading more than 2 million humanitarian rations as planes flew daily missions from Ramstein Air Base to Afghanistan.
(From a U.S. Air Forces in Europe news release.)


text:
This article aims to explore strategies for effective physician integration within hospitals and health systems. The article provides definitional context to physician integration, rationale for physician integration, various models for integration and examples of application for practitioners' consideration. More research should be conducted on the most effective approach to physician integration.
What is physician integration?
The literature providers voluminous examples regarding what health systems are doing to integrate physicians. However, very little attention has been dedicated to establishing a widely accepted definition of physician integration. For sake of simplicity, physician integration refers to a relationship between physicians and health systems. In essence, physician integration is a formal arrangement that brings physicians and health systems together under an agreed upon framework to accomplish shared goals and objectives.
Why is physician integration important?
Physician integration is not a new concept. Recent data suggests that hospitals and physicians represent more than 50 per cent of all healthcare expenditures. However, physicians exert significant influence over health system finances by determining which patients are referred to the hospital, which services their patients will receive at the hospital and the duration of the patient's hospitalisation. Cognizant of physicians' influence, health systems have experimented with physician integration efforts since the 1990s, with mixed results. At that time, hospitals were structured in a manner that insulated physicians from hospitals financial and market position. In today's environment, amid economic changes, shifting payment models and healthcare reform, health systems are ramping up their efforts to integrate physicians within their organisational structures to drive high performance in areas of quality, access, safety, cost effectiveness and patient experience.
What does physician integration look like?
Physician integration arrangements can take on various forms. Further, there is no 'one size fits all' solution. The literature features the following integration models:
1) Technology solutions
2) Contractual arrangements
3) Joint ventures
4) Direct employment
How does it work?
The mechanics of physician integration depends on the model selected and implemented. The aforementioned models work as follows:
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) support – In scenarios where health systems have relationships with non-employed physicians, an effective way to align them is through partial subsidisation of EMR systems for private practices. Under this approach, health systems and non-employed physicians are aligned on improving patient care.
Contractual arrangements – Depending on the health systems strategic objectives and market position, a contractual arrangement may be a better approach to integrate physicians. Contractual options include, but are not limited to, the following:
1) Professional service agreements
2) Physician hospital organisations
3) Co-management agreements
4) Management service organisations
5) Clinically integrated networks
Joint Ventures – This arrangement entails a financial investment from physicians and health systems to own and operate facilities. A common example of joint venture arrangements is ambulatory surgery centers. However, there are inherent risks to this arrangement. If the endeavor is profitable, each investor receives a financial return in accordance with their ratio of investment. If the endeavor is unprofitable, each investor is exposed to financial losses.
Direct employment – Under the employment approach, physicians become direct employees of the health system. This can happen in a variety of ways. Physicians can become employees as new graduates, transfers from other health systems or private practices, or practice acquisition. Physicians seek employment with health systems in return for stable income, other benefits such as medical malpractice coverage and participation in organisational decision-making.
What are today's health systems doing?
Given that all healthcare markets have employed and non-employed physicians, health systems are taking a hybrid approach to physician integration. The hybrid model comprises any combination of integration methods that position health systems for high performance in areas of quality, access, cost effectiveness, safety and patient experience. Examples are provided below.
Health System A is located in a very competitive market and has a strong financial position. The health system employs physicians. Further, a significant number of non-employed physicians are on the health system's medical staff. To maximise physician integration, the health system established a clinically integrated network for loyal non-employed physicians, while simultaneously managing its employed physicians through a fully-owned subsidiary, multi-specialty medical group. The health system deemed this approach to be the appropriate organisational configuration to achieve its strategic goals and objectives.
Health System B is located in a rural area and generates a slight profit every year. The nearest health system is located 75 miles away. Majority of the area's physicians are non-employed and work in private practices. However, these physicians are members of the health system's medical staff and refer all their patients to the health system for services as needed. To further align with community physicians, the health system established a clinically integrated network. In response to community need for certain services, and limited financial resources, the health systems established co-management agreements with key non-employed specialists who anchor specific service lines. Lastly, the health system partnered with non-employed physicians via joint venture to build an ambulatory surgical center.
Each example represents a complex health system faced with different market realities. In each case, the health system pursued a combination of physician integrations that positioned it best for success in its geographic service area.
As the healthcare industry shifts from volume to value-based reimbursement, health systems continue to explore effective methods of physician integration to achieve competitive advantage in their respective service areas. This article presents the definition of physician integration, rationale for physician integration, models of physician integration and examples of physician integration in practice. As the article highlights, physicians are key stakeholders in the healthcare industry. And, health systems are heavily dependent on physician referrals, physician usage of their hospitals and equipment, and physician input on decision-making on clinical processes and procedures. Proactive health systems are exploring creative approaches to integrate physicians within their organisational structure to secure competitive advantage and drive excellence in areas of quality, access, cost effectiveness, safety and patient experience. These health systems are primed for successful participation in value-based programs. Reactive health systems, on the other hand, should consider adoption of the physician integration options provided in this article. Otherwise, these health systems are at risk of losing their market and financial position in a value-based reimbursement environment.


You may also like
problem icon
Just Rolling Round
problem icon
Coke Machine
problem icon
Rotating Triangle
Tilting Triangles
A right-angled isosceles triangle whose two equal sides are 2 units in length is attached at its right-angled vertex to the centre of a square of side 2 units and rotated about this centre point.
This text is usually replaced by the Flash movie.
What can you say about the area of the part of the square covered by the triangle as it rotates?
What happens to this area if the triangle is reduced in size so that its two equal sides are $ \sqrt 2 $ units?
What happens if the triangle is further reduced in size?


Sign language expo on Oct. 20
Placeholder Image
The event, to be held at the Georgia International Convention Center between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m., is free to the public and will include exhibitions, entertainment and seminars, as well as activities for children.
The ASL Expo tours 10 American cities annually, bringing a mix of entertainment, education and attractions to the deaf, hard-of-hearing and hearing communities alike.
Deaf and hard-of-hearing Expo attendees will be able to learn about the latest technologies, new services that can provide assistance in both their personal and professional life and the history and evolution of ASL. Hearing people can begin to learn sign language, how to become an interpreter and how their businesses can improve communication with deaf customers.
In addition, there are numerous presentations, workshops and seminars on a wide variety of topics, ranging from finances and education to products and services.
The day's entertainment includes magicians and comedians (who tell jokes in American Sign Language).
Sign up for our E-Newsletters


From Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website
Infobox on Acrylonitrile
Example of Acrylonitrile
Flammable liquid.jpg
Origin -
Stowage factor (in m3/t) -
Humidity / moisture -
Ventilation -
Risk factors See text
Description / Application
Acrylonitrile is a chemical compound with the formula C3H3N. This colourless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyacrylonitrile. In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile.
Shipment / Storage
Colourless, mobile liquid with a mild pungent odour.
Flashpoint:-5°C. Explosive limits: 3% to 17%. Partially miscible with water. Toxic if swallowed, by skin contact or by inhalation. Practice has shown that this substance may leak from packages that ordinarily are leak proof to other chemicals
Risk factors
Pathways of exposure for humans include emissions, auto exhaust, and cigarette smoke that can expose the human subject directly if they inhale or smoke. Routes of exposure include inhalation, oral, and to a certain extent dermal uptake (tested on human volunteers and in rat studies).


Our Process
The LCS approach to all jobs can be divided into 4 key stages:
1. Think
Every project is unique and the scoping phase of any job creates the solid foundations on which all other stages of the project rest. In accordance with initial briefings and in close consultation with all stakeholders, we develop a strategy that will provide ideal results and optimum value for our client.
2. Plan
This process involves careful planning and much research. Here we look closely at all aspects of the project, exploring the most efficient and effective ways of reaching the goals we set for ourselves in Stage One.
3. Create
Once construction plans have been finalised, the building on-site phase begins. Throughout every stage of the process, construction in particular, on-site safety, quality, and protection of the environment are our highest priorities.
4. Maintain
The maintenance stage is perhaps the most important phase to ensure a successful project. This is our chance to nurture the plants, establish lawns, ensure the integrity of all building, earthworks and infrastructure, and provide the client with an ongoing maintenance plan.


Nicomedes II King of Kingdom of Bithynia from 149 BC to 127 BC.
Nicomedes II was the king of Bithynia from 149 to c. 127 BC. He was the son and successor of Prusias II and Apame IV. He was so popular with the people that his father sent him to Rome to limit his influence. However, in Rome, he also gained favor from the Roman Senate, forcing Prusias to send an emissary named Menas with secret orders to assassinate him. But the emissary revealed the plot, and persuaded the prince to rebel against his father.
Supported by King Attalus II of Pergamon, he was completely successful, and ordered his father to be put to death at Nicomedia. During his long reign Nicomedes adhered steadily to the Roman alliance, and assisted them against the pretender to the throne of Pergamon Eumenes III. He was succeeded by his son Nicomedes III.
Nicomedes II
No coins matching the search term(s)


text:
Optimizing MD parametrization on the basis of QM
Post date: Aug 2, 2012 3:32:49 PM
How to check if MD geometry (caused by the current parametrization) is consistent with the QM one.
Note that QM is computed in vacuo with gaussian03 and may be very slow.
- Parametrize the fragment
- Run a short MD run, preferably of solvated system
- Compute (or check visually) the average structure
QM part (based on Gaussian)
module add ambertools module add gaussian antechamber -i BEN.pdb -fi pdb -o BEN.gin -fo gcrt -nc 1 -pf y # optionally add: -gm "%mem=1000MB" -gn "%nproc=8"
BEN.gin and change the first line in… (not necessary?)
_TAG_/6-31G* Test opt. Then:
g03 BEN.gin antechamber -i BEN.log -fi gout -o BEN-QM.pdb -fo pdb -nc 1 -pf y
This gives you
BEN-QM.pdb, that you should compare with the structure computed in the first step.
IMPORTANT 1. In presence of symmetry, geometry can converge to a wrong minimum. In doubt, start from non-symmetric structures (e.g. add noise)!
IMPORTANT 2. If you get "Write error in NtrExt1: Bad address" or similar: gaussian only works on mio and a few other machines due to the "va address randomization". Ask sysadmins to disable.
Runs on 4 cores by default: 30' for BEN on mio.
If you want to improve the parametrization of the MD structure:
- Identify the torsion angle to be changed (e.g. ca-ca-c2-n3 for BEN)
- Check that it is used only once in the system (parameters are defined by atom type)
- Identify the direction of the change required (e.g.: multiplicity? minimum? harmonic constant?)
- Put the changed parameter in a
DIHE ca-ca-c2-n3 1 1.500 000.000 4.000
- Load the frcmod together with the others, and build the system as usual
- Repeat the MD step until sufficient accuracy.


Linear scalable read-write lock
The basic concept of a read-write lock is simple. It allows multiple readers to access the resource simultaneously, but at most one thread can have exclusive ownership of the lock (a.k.a write lock). It's supposed to be an optimization, comparing to simple mutex (e.g. std::mutex). As in theory, multiple readers do not contend. Naively, read performance should scale linearly. However, this is not the case in practice for most read-write locks, due to cacheline pingpong-ing.
Let's say N threads are running on N cores, all trying to get shared ownership of the mutex (read lock). Because we need to keep a count of the number of active readers (to exclude writers), each lock_shared() call needs to mutate the mutex state.
And CPU needs to keep cache coherent. It needs to invalidate cachelines in other cores of the same address.
Now if Core 1 wants to get the lock in shared mode, it will get a cache miss. An L1 cache hit takes about 4 CPU cycles. Main memory access usually takes 20x more CPU cycles if not more. In Jeff Dean's famous latency table, L1 cache hit takes about 0.5 ns, and main memory access is about 100 ns. In this way, the performance doesn't scale linearly as you throw more readers to the data. By increasing the number of threads, you often end up with 10x power assumption and maybe 20% performance improvment over single reader.
folly is Facebook's C++ open source library. folly::SharedMutex solves this problem by storing active readers in a global static storage. It stripes the shared storage, so each reader takes a whole cacheline. It tries to have a sticky routing from a given core to the slot in the shared memory for reducing search overhead. Each slot stores the address of the mutex. In this way, when another reader comes in, it only needs to mutate the shared storage, and leaves the mutex state unchanged.
Voilà! No more cacheline pingpong-ing!
However, it does come with a downside. Because all deferred readers share the same block of static memory, this means
acquisition of any lock in write mode can conflict with acquisition of any lock in shared mode
E.g. A writer, of a given mutex, might have most of the deferred reader array pre-fetched in memory, but readers of other mutex might cause the cacheline to be invalidated. And most of the time the write and the read are not even contending on the same lock object. But the cacheline gets invalidated anyway.
The benefit of SharedMutex is most significant when there are many concurrent readers, and there are actual contention. For cases where actual concurrent reads is rare, spin lock works better. That's why folly::SharedMutex actually degenerates to an inlined read-write lock (which stores the reader count inline) when there are no concurrent readers detected. This is done dynamically at runtime.
The devil is in the details.
How to block
How do we block when we need to, E.g. reader waiting for an active writer, or writer waiting for multiple outstanding readers? You don't want to call FUTEX_WAIT every time you block, as system calls are expensive. folly::SharedMutex blocks in following order
 1. spin with pause instruction
 2. std::this_thread::yield()
If there's no contention or the contention is short lived, spinning wait is the fastest, with no system calls. PAUSE instruction is used to avoid expensive pipeline flush when exiting the loop. (
If it exhausts the spinning wait tries, it moves on to sched_yield(). It will give the other thread opportunities to release the lock and avoid burning through too many CPU cycles busy waiting.
At the very end, it calls FUTEX_WAIT if both spin-wait and yield are exhausted. All the states related to a given mutex is encoded in the 32bit futex and the external deferred reader array.
How lock/unlock works
All the synchronizations required are done based on a single 32bit atomic futex. A common pattern of how lock works looks like:
 1. block until state shows no contention with acquire semantic
 2. if the lock is inlined, perform CAS on the atomic state. Only return, when CAS succeeds (except this is try_lock, or timeout is allowed).
 3. if the lock is not inlined
 - if not already set, perform CAS on the atomic state to block other exclusive operations (e.g. set the "has_deferred_reader" bit in the state for lock_shared(), if not already set)
 - create deferred reader slot in global static memory
 - read state again with acquire semantic
 - if the "has_deferred_reader" bit is still set, return success
 - retry the whole operation
Setting the "has_deferred_reader" bit will block the acquisition of the lock in exclusive mode. However it's possible that after a deferred reader slot is written, the previous last deferred reader exists the lock and clears the "has_deferred_reader" bit. Or even worse, some writer might have even started acquiring the lock in exclusive mode. That's why we need to read the atomic state again to check the "has_deferred_reader" before we can return from lock_shared(). If we have the deferred reader registered, and "has_deferred_reader" is set in the state, it's impossible for another writer to successfully get exclusive ownership of the lock. So we can safely return.
For lock() (lock exclusive), it sometimes needs to wait for all the deferred readers to exit the lock. But for deferred readers, we are not keeping a refcount inline anymore. So folly::SharedMutex in this case, would move all the deferred readers back inline, and then FUTEX_WAIT on the state until the refcount reaches zero.
Unlock just calls FUTEX_WAKE. But again, the devil is in the details. Whom do we wake up? How many threads do we wake up?
Whom to wake up
If there are multiple writers waiting for the mutex, when the last reader exits, it's most efficient to just wake up one writer instead of all of them. This is done using a special bit from the atomic state. Only the first writer waiter will set this bit, and only this thread will be waken up.
On the other hand, if there are multiple readers waiting for the active writer to exit the lock, all the them will be waken up at once.
What if we run out of slots
If no slots are available, readers are inlined. They are refcounted inside the 32bit atomic futex.
You can run the benchmark on your own hardware. On my machine (32KB L1 cache per core, dual-socket, 24 cores with hyperthreading enabled), folly::SharedMutex is better than other mutexes in most of the cases, and in some cases significantly faster. When it's slower than other mutexes, it's usually only few ns slower.
Originally published at on July 1, 2020.
Software Engineer at Facebook working on cache infrastructure
Get the Medium app


text:
Why is the operative word in toilet seat arguments
As we've all become aware in the last year hygiene is the foundation of health.
Toilet hygiene has become a focus in the home and at work. The simple toilet seat has been focused on as never before.
Arguments over the toilet seat revolve around:
why can't I leave the toilet seat up
why should I put the toilet seat down
why do I need to close the toilet seat
why do toilet seats have a lid
The answer to all these "whys" is because of basic personal hygiene and overall community hygiene.
Harpic photos reveal the danger of not closing the toilet seat lid before flushing
Over the years, I've been asked countless times why do toilet seats have lids. Generally, my answers have centred around because it's called into law in the Plumbing and Drainage Act, which satisfied most people.
However, now I can finally answer all the questions about toilet lids.
I can better answer that perennial question of why you should always close the toilet seat lid before flushing.
The answer is simple. The lid is there for good hygiene to protect your health and community health.
I can answer these questions thanks to Harpic the #1 selling toilet cleaner in Australia and forty other countries worldwide.
Harpic commissioned a study to illustrate the dangers we all face by not closing the toilet seat when we flush. Harpic used sophisticated high-speed specialist camera technology to capture a fireworks display of thousands of tiny aerosol droplets being catapulted into the bathroom, contaminating all surfaces up to two meters away. Not only did the droplets spread over a wide area of the bathroom, but they also stayed airborne for up to a minute as they are tiny.
The photos above and below illustrate these fireworks displays graphically illustrating how far into the air a flushing toilet catapults these aerosol droplets.
Flushed toilet water aerosol droplets can contain bacteria & viruses
These photos are of a single toilet flush. Imagine what your towels, facecloths, laundry, makeup and toothbrush look like after multiple toilet flushes with the seat up.
Water in a toilet bowl that has been exposed to harmful pathogens will remain contaminated despite clean water being flushed into the toilet pan multiple times. The contaminated aerosol droplets and particles are very fine and are more than capable of reaching your lower respiratory tract. This potentially can create infections.
If you touch any surface in your bathroom contaminated by the toilet bowl flushing of aerosol droplets you can risk infections if you have cuts or touch your mouth or nose.
Would you clean your teeth with a toothbrush sprayed with flushed toilet water?
Let's face it. None of us would knowingly clean our teeth with a toothbrush that has been sprayed with contaminated toilet water. But the reality is over 50% of the population never close the toilet lid before flushing.
Unhygienic bathrooms really are dangerous
As a spokesman for Harpic stated after their research was made public, "There has never been a more important time to take extra care around our homes. Although the risks associated with germ spread in unhygienic bathrooms are high, the solution to keeping them clean is simple. We hope our new _TAG_ campaign helps inspire people to make simple changes to their cleaning routine that can have long-lasting benefits to the health of the nation."
The Harpic survey of 2000 respondents was undertaken in the UK, but I guarantee the results would apply equally to Australia.
When asked why they did not close the toilet seat lid when flushing the toilet were:
- 47% said they were unaware of the danger in not closing the lid
- 24% said they were afraid to touch the toilet seat lid
- 15% said they forgot to close the toilet seat lid
Three simple solutions to bathroom hygiene
COVID-19 has been a huge motivation to increase bathroom hygiene with Harpic, suggesting the three steps below are a simple common sense approach for a more hygienic bathroom.
Always close the toilet seat lid when flushing the toilet to prevent germs that potentially contain bacteria and viruses spreading over your bathroom.
Ensure you clean your toilet bowl, toilet seat and cistern with a toilet cleaner that removes limescale, providing a home to germs and disinfecting the toilet to guarantee ultimate hygiene.
Always wear gloves when cleaning the toilet and wash your hands afterwards.
It's simple just close the toilet seat lid every time you flush
Closing the toilet seat lid is simple hygiene that helps eliminate the potential spread of COVID-19, which we know is found in human waste.
Just remember when you flush with the toilet seat lid up the contaminated aerosol droplets spread up to two meters in all directions spraying you with the droplets as you redress for up to 35 seconds.
Teach your children always to shut the toilet seat for their health: your health and the health of the entire community.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the difference between an "involuted" and an "idempotent" matrix?
I believe that they both have to do with inverse, perhaps "self inverse" matrices.
Or do they happen to refer to the same thing?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 11 down vote accepted
A matrix $A$ is an involution if it is its own inverse, ie if
$$A^2 = I$$
A matrix $B$ is idempotent if it squares to itself, ie if
$$B^2 = B$$
The only invertible idempotent matrix is the identity matrix, which can be seen by multiplying both sides of the above equation by $B^{-1}$. An idempotent matrix is also known as a projection.
Involutions and idempotents are related to one another. If $A$ is idempotent then $I - 2A$ is an involution, and if $B$ is an involution, then $\tfrac{1}{2}(I\pm B)$ is idempotent.
Finally, if $B$ is idempotent then $I-B$ is also idempotent and if $A$ is an involution then $-A$ is also an involution.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


What's the tradition behind wearing pearls for weddings?
Posted on
Since ancient times, pearls have been considered the symbol of unblemished perfection. As such they are a popular choice for bridal jewellery as they are said to be a sign of purity and innocence.
In ancient Rome, the pearl was an indicator of wealth and social standing, while the ancient Greeks associated the pearl with love and marriage and unrivalled beauty. The Greeks also believed the pearl would "take away the bride's tears" ensuring she had a happy and tear-free wedded life.
 Up until the 20th century, pearls were the rarest, most highly-prized and most sought-after jewel in the world and as such only the nobility would have been able to afford them. In the early 1900's pearls became much more common as the process of creating cultured pearls came into practice. In addition to the pearls we all associate with oysters there are also pearls made by other molluscs.
 Freshwater shell and pearl mussels are from the family Unionidae, from which about 20 different species are commercially harvested. Pearl farmers introduce a shell bead into the mussel and the mollusc deposits layers of nacre around the bead. The tones of freshwater cultured pearls are dictated by the mother shell. White is most common, followed by pink. Other colours depend on the type of mussels.
 The tradition of giving pearls to the bride, whether it's a gift from father or groom, continues to this day. Also, many brides today give their bridesmaids gifts of pearls, perhaps a pendant, earrings or bracelet.
And, after many years of married life the Pearl comes into it's own again, as a gift for the 30th Wedding Anniversary.


text:
Hierarchical Path: War of the Spanish Succession (Main Page) >> Navies
|Units of measurement used|
|In our articles dedicated to the vessels in service at the time of the War of the Spanish Succession, unless specifically mentioned, units of measurement are presented in metric and/or Imperial units.|
Throughout the XVIIIth century, technologies related to naval warfare evolved very rapidly in Europe, faster indeed than land warfare technologies. Thanks to their navies, European powers held the world in their networks of colonies and trading posts.
The following navies were involved in the War of the Spanish Succession:
|Aligned with France||Aligned with the Empire|
Great Britain (31 articles)
N.B.: Some of the belligerents had no navy. To our knowledge, this was the case for Austria, Hanover, Prussia and Savoy.


text:
The Challenges of Strain Control
High-precision device with stable feedback
Need to securely grip the specimen during the test without slippage, preferably with high stiffness. The graph shows how different types of gripping devices can effect the system stiffness, and how a machine in strain control would need to compensate.
No vibration or shock can be transmitted onto the testing system and specimen
Needs a precise and stable drive system with high stiffness. Below shows a stress strain curve on nominally similar materials, one tested on a high stiffness frame and the other on a lower stiffness frame. Using an estimated strain method calculation, both tests are run at a constant crosshead speed of 2.25 mm/min. There was a 21% difference in 'specimen speed' (expressed in mm/min), which lead to a 5% difference in the yield result.
The graph below shows the specimen speed difference between a 'stiff' system and a less stiff system. At the start of the test it is shown that the crosshead movement is transferred into strain on the specimen very quickly, whereas on the weaker system it takes longer. This is due to the machine/load cell/grips deflection, which causes that movement to not be transferred to the specimen. If both machines where using strain control then the results would be much more comparable, but the control will likely be more challenging on the weaker system.
Software and Controller
Responsive control loop to maintain close tolerances on strain rate, with the ability to tune the gain settings as the stiffness changes when the specimen yields
A proportional specimen and a proportional gauge length extensometer are ideal. In reality, a specimen with good gauge length to parallel length ratio is well suited to minimize the strain seen outside of the gauge length, allowing the control to be more stable.
If your specimens vary from discontinuous yielding to continuous yielding it is important to change control methods for each type. As local yielding can occur outside of the gauge length on discontinuous yielding material, it is impossible to control from the strain feedback and should be in crosshead speed control during yield point elongation (YPE/Ae).


- this week
Gender: F Origin of Kenya: African place-name, Russian diminutive Kenya's Popularity in 2015: #892
Kenya, a name borrowed from the East African nation and theoretically unisex, is now used mostly for girls. While it's had its ups and downs since entering the US Top 1000 in 1968, it currently ranks lower than spelling variant Kenia.
Famous People Named Kenya
Kenya Julia Miambi Sarah Jones, daughter of music producer Quincy Jones
Pop Culture References for the name Kenya
Kenya Rosewater, Defiance character
Kenia, Keenya, Kenja, Kenyia, Kenyah, Kenyana, Kennya, Kenyatta


what does "a ca mia" mean in italian?
what does "a ca mia" mean in italian?
Related Answers
Explore the latest questions and answers related to "what does "a ca mia" mean in italian?"
Answered: Ca flag red stripe
The California flag has a red stripe at the bottom.
Answered: Italian wife, can travel with me?'?
Answered: What does to inibate mean to a person?
Answered: What does parlo in gergo lo fa piu mean in Italian?
go to _URL_. it's an awesome site that translates anything.
Answered: What does "mangia mia" mean?
"mangia mia lasagna" translates to "eat my lasagna"
Answered: Meaning of word assential
Liked this question? Tell your friends about it
More Questions
What does reti mean in italian?
"reti" in Italian means networks.
What does PSA mean
What does Italian slang "bada bo, bada bing" mean?
It is a slang way of saying and there you have it.... it also goes along with hand movements, which gives the expression more meaning.


minute). The more RPM an air cooler has, the more airflow it creates, which means better cooling.
Of course, a higher RPM isn't the ultimate answer. Most air coolers work between the 600 – 2000 RPM range, which is more than enough to keep your CPU around 60 – 65 °C under heavy load. It is also important to note that higher RPM also creates more noise.
Usually the speed of the fan is automatically regulated by the system itself depending on the cooling required. So if the processor is heating up the fan would step up its speed as well.
Besides this, there are certain settings in the BIOS that can be configured to finetune the speed of the fans for improved performance specially if you plan to overclock.
9. Air Flow
An air cooler's airflow refers to the amount of air it can move in a minute. It is measured by cubic feet per minute (CFM). The airflow of a CPU cooler is closely related to its fan speed; a higher RPM means a higher CFM.
While a fan with a higher CFM number theoretically provides better cooling since it moves more air, it doesn't directly translate into a better cooler. Similar to fan speed, coolers with higher CFM numbers are often noisier.
10. Bearing System
Air cooler fans have bearing systems that allow their blades to spin efficiently and reliably. There are 3 common bearing types: sleeve bearings, ball bearings, and hydro bearings.
Sleeve bearings are the most common.
They are the cheapest option and run quietly at lower fan speeds. Sleeve bearings often die suddenly over 70°C and have shorter lifespans. Still, they are great options in non-demanding environments. They are best mounted vertically.
Ball bearings are more expensive than sleeve bearings but make up for it with higher heat endurance, longer life, and more mounting options other than vertical.
Hydro bearings, also known as fluid dynamic bearings, are the last and most expensive type. They are essentially a heavily modified version of sleeve bearings and can be mounted in all directions.
Their fluid cycling technology makes them extremely quiet and durable as they can last from 100,000 to 300,000 hours according to the reliability tests.
ABKONCORE CT405W and MSI Cooling Core Frozr XL, for example, feature hydrodynamic bearings that dramatically increase their lifespans and makes them quieter relative to their size and RPM.
11. Noise Level
The amount of noise your air cooler will produce while operating under normal conditions refers to the noise level. It is measured in decibels (dB). Most CPU air coolers work between the 16-40 dB range.
For instance, Noctua NH-D15 provides an excellent noise-performance ratio. Even though it features 2 fans and 2 heat sink towers, it can consistently stay below 24.6 dB under load.
Another excellent CPU cooler that's known for its silence is DEEPCOOL GAMMAXX GT BK. Even under full load, it doesn't surpass 27 dB. Similarly, be quiet! Dark Pro 4 provides a similar performance with its 24.3 dB noise level, despite its dual-fan dual-tower setup.
12. RGB Support
RGB stands for Red Green Blue and refers to the colorful LED effects that certain computer components display while operating.
Since CPU coolers are often preferred by gamers that want to overclock their CPUs, companies add RGB support to add a little flair to their products. While RGB doesn't have any impact on performance, it certainly makes a difference to the aesthetics.
If your PC case has a transparent window and you want to add some cool visual effects to your setup, you can look at Thermaltake UX100 and Cooler Master A71C. Both of them have customizable RGB effects around their fans that create a cool effect while operating.
Another popular rgb air cooler is the Cooler Master MasterAir MA410M RGB CPU Air Cooler.
Cooler Master MasterAir MA410M Air Cooler
Cooler Master MasterAir MA410M Air Cooler
These are the most common technical terms you will hear when looking for a CPU air cooler. If you think you need one, check these specifications to learn how to make the right decision.
Some cooler manufacturers provide details on their website, about the supported processors for a particular cooler model. Be sure to check all such details if you are planning to build a completely new pc.
The most important specs to check are the TDP rating, socket compatibility and clearance. Most of the time, if these 3 factors match properly, the cooler should give good performance.
Also consider the brand when buying a new cooler, because there are lots of cheap alternatives available that claim to be high quality in their specifications but fail to perform when put to real tests. Some popular brands include Noctua, Cooler Master, Be Quiet! etc.
About Silver Moon
One thought on "10 Technical Specifications of CPU Air Coolers Explained – The Complete Guide
Leave a Reply


Diploma display ideas
Graduation day is one of the proudest moments in students' academic careers. Diplomas are symbolic of hours spent honing skills and working on assignments and, ultimately, success in the classroom. High school diplomas represent an opportunity to go on to higher learning or a trade, while college degrees indicate young people are ready to begin their professional lives.
Many graduates are excited about the prospect of receiving their diplomas. Once in hand, the document can be put on display. The following are some unique ways to showcase diplomas at home or at work.
One of the classic ways to display a diploma is in a frame. Many businesses offer customized framing where the frame material and the matting can be chosen. Some grads may want to include a photograph of the school or a picture of the graduate above the diploma. Graduates also may want to select a frame and mat that coordinates with school colors.
Create a shadow box
Consider displaying the diploma with other mementos from school. A shadow box is a large, deep display frame that can house items that are thicker than photographs or papers. Items such as a graduation tassel, medal or other award, a varsity jacket patch, or a program from a school performance or awards ceremony can be placed in the shadow box.
Create a photo wall
Display the diploma among other framed photos from school activities. This can elicit a trip down memory lane every time the wall is viewed. Some families may want to display their diplomas together, especially if multiple family members attended the same school.
Make a work of art
Various online art vendors can turn the diploma into different works of art. For example, engravers can laser engrave the diploma onto a wooden plaque. Then the diploma can be displayed in one location and the wood plaque in another.
Place it under glass
Display the diploma beneath the glass top of a coffee table. When entertaining guests, the diploma can make for a unique conversation piece.
A school diploma is worthy of recognition. There are various creative ways to display these documents that reflect the hard work and success of their recipients.
Weekly Ads
Click here to view ads as a list.


The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals confirms that a railroad can violate the FRSA even if it honestly believes an employee violated a rule. In Blackorby II, the employee was disciplined for violating BNSF's rule requiring the "immediate" reporting of work-related injuries. But reporting a work-related injury is protected activity under FRSA Section 20109, and a railroad violates Section 20109 if an employee's untimely reporting contributed "in whole or in part" to the disciplinary action:
a railroad employer can, in fact, be held liable under the FRSA if it disciplines an employee based on its honestly held belief that the employee engaged in misconduct or committed a rules violation. Liability will still exist notwithstanding such a belief if the railroad's retaliatory motive also played a contributing role in the decision and if the railroad fails to carry the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same action in the absence of the protected report.
The Circuit Court went on the underscore there is no inconsistency between a railroad being motivated in part by an honestly held belief the employee violated a rule and in part by a motive to retaliate against the employee for engaging in a FRSA protected activity.
The practical effect of this is to negate a railroad's ability to discipline an employee for the "late" or "untimely" reporting of injuries. And in fact other federal courts have voided "late reporting" discipline based on a railroad's rule requiring the "prompt" or "immediate" or "before end of shift" reporting of injuries. This is because the charge that an employee's injury report was "late" is, while true, inextricably intertwined with the protected act of reporting the injury. In other words, the late reporting discipline cannot be explained without discussing the employee's protected activity of reporting the injury. See, e.g., Smith-Bunge v. Wisconsin Central, Ltd., and Williams v. Illinois Central RR.
Here is the full Blackorby II decision. For more on the whistleblower rights of railroad workers, go to the free Rail Whistleblower Library.


text:
A Cross-Section of the Calabi-Yau Quintic
Hidden deep inside the dimensions of string theory are the microscopic Calabi-Yau spaces.
According to string theory, space-time is not four-dimensional as you might expect, but actually 10-dimensional. The extra six dimensions are believed to be compactified or rolled up into such a small space that they are unobservable at human scales of sight. Their size and six dimensions make Calabi-Yau spaces difficult to draw. But, this model shows a three-dimensional cross-section of this likely space to reveal its structure and shape.
This 3" cube and the surface within is a wildly self-intersecting ride through space. Cement your place in string theory history by adding this highly intriguing crystal to your collection. It includes clear rubber feet for scratch-free display. And, if you want to learn more about the mathematics of this wondrous cube, read on...This particular space is one of the most appealing candidates, because there's a series of Calabi-Yau spaces embedded in CPN (N-dimensional complex projective space) described by homogeneous polynomials of degree (N+1).
These spaces have real dimension 2(N-1), so the hypothesis that there are six hidden dimensions in string theory means that there is a unique choice within this series of Calabi-Yau spaces, namely N=4, and the polynomial must be this quintic (degree N+1=5): z15 + z25 + z35 + z45 + z55 = 0.
The 2-D surface is computed by dividing by z5 and setting z3/z5 and z4/z5 to be constant. This defines a 2-manifold slice of the 6-manifold; we then normalize the resulting inhomogeneous equations to simplify them, yielding the complex equation that is actually solved for the surface, z15 + z25 = 1. The resulting surface is embedded in 4D and projected to ordinary 3D space for display
This 3" cube includes clear rubber feet for a scratch-free display. Lighted base is available separately.


exceeded, limit logging of the event in question. Think of a time limit : You could limit how many times a certain rule may be matched in a certain time frame, for example to lessen the effects of DoS syn flood attacks. This is its main usage, but there are more usages, of course. The limit match may also be inverted by adding a ! flag in front of the limit match. It would then be expressed as -m limit ! --limit 5/s.This means that all packets will be matched after they have broken thelimit.
To further explain the limit match, it is basically a token bucket filter. Consider having a leaky bucket where the bucket leaks X packets per time-unit. X is defined depending on how many matching packets we get, so if we get 3 packets, the bucket leaks 3 packets per that time-unit. The --limit option tells us how many packets to refill the bucket with per time-unit, while the --limit-burst option tells us how big the bucket is in the first place. So, setting --limit 3/minute --limit-burst 5, and then receiving 5 matches will empty the bucket. After 20 seconds, the bucket is refilled with another token, and so on until the --limit-burst is reached again or until they get used.
Consider the example below for further explanation of how this may look.
 1. We set a rule with -m limit --limit 5/second --limit-burst 10. The limit-burst token bucket is set to 10 initially. Each packet that matches the rule uses a token.
 2. We get packet that matches, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10, all within a 1/1000 of a second.
 3. The token bucket is now empty. Once the token bucket is empty, the packets that qualify for the rule otherwise no longer match the rule and proceed to the next rule if any, or hit the chain policy.
 4. For each 1/5 s without a matching packet, the token count goes up by 1, upto a maximum of 10. 2 seconds after receiving the 10 packets, we will once again have 10 tokens left.
 5. And of course, the bucket will be emptied by 1 token for each packet it receives.
MAC match[edit]
The MAC (Ethernet Media Access Control) match can be used to match packets based on their MAC source address. As of writing this documentation, this match is a little bit limited, however, in the future this may be more evolved and may be more useful. This match can be used to match packets on the source MAC address only as previously said.
Do note that to use this module we explicitly load it with the -m mac option. The reason that I am saying this is that a lot of people wonder if it should not be -m mac-source, which it should not.
Mark match[edit]
The mark match extension is used to match packets based on the marks they have set. A mark is a special field, only maintained within the kernel, that is associated with the packets as they travel through the computer. Marks may be used by different kernel routines for such tasks as traffic shaping and filtering. As of today, there is only one way of setting a mark in Linux, namely the MARK target in iptables. This was previously done with the FWMARK target in ipchains, and this is why people still refer to FWMARK in advanced routing areas. The mark field is currently set to an unsigned integer, or _PHONE_ possible values on a 32 bit system. In other words, you are probably not going to run into this limit for quite some time.
Multiport match[edit]
The multiport match extension can be used to specify multiple destination ports and port ranges. Without the possibility this match gives, you would have to use multiple rules of the same type, just to match different ports.
You can not use both standard port matching and multiport matching at the same time, for example you can't write: --sport 1024:63353 -m multiport --dport 21,23,80. This will simply not work. What in fact happens, if you do, is that iptables honors the first element in the rule, and ignores the multiport instruction.
Owner match[edit]
The owner match extension is used to match packets based on the identity of the process that created them. The owner can be specified as the process ID either of the user who issued the command in question, that of the group, the process, the session, or that of the command itself. This extension was originally written as an example of what iptables could be used for. The owner match only works within the OUTPUT chain, for obvious reasons: It is pretty much impossible to find out any information about the identity of the instance that sent a packet from the other end, or where there is an intermediate hop to the real destination. Even within the OUTPUT chain it is not very reliable, since certain packets may not have an owner. Notorious packets of that sort are (among other things) the different ICMP responses. ICMP responses will never match.
State match[edit]
The state match extension is used in conjunction with the connection tracking code in the kernel. The state match accesses the connection tracking state of the packets from the conntracking machine. This allows us to know in what state the connection is, and works for pretty much all protocols, including stateless protocols such as ICMP and UDP. In all cases, there will be a default timeout for the connection and it will then be dropped from the connection tracking database. This match needs to be loaded explicitly by adding a -m state statement to the rule. You will then have access to one new match called state.
TOS match[edit]
The TOS match can be used to match packets based on their TOS field. TOS stands for Type Of Service, consists of 8 bits, and is located in the IP header. This match is loaded explicitly by adding -m tos to the rule. TOS is normally used to inform intermediate hosts of the precedence of the stream and its content (it doesn't really, but it informs of any specific requirements for the stream, such as it having to be sent as fast as possible, or it needing to be able to send as much payload as possible). How different routers and administrators deal with these values depends. Most do not care at all, while others try their best to do something good with the packets in question and the data they provide.
TTL match[edit]
The TTL match is used to match packets based on their TTL (Time To Live) field residing in the IP headers. The TTL field contains 8 bits of data and is decremented once every time it is processed by an intermediate host between the client and recipient host. If the TTL reaches 0, an ICMP type 11 code 0 (TTL equals 0 during transit) or code 1 (TTL equals 0 during reassembly) is transmitted to the party sending the packet and informing it of the problem. This match is only used to match packets based on their TTL, and not to change anything. The latter, incidentally, applies to all kinds of matches. To load this match, you need to add an -m ttl to the rule.
The target/jumps tells the rule what to do with a packet that is a perfect match with the match section of the rule. There are a couple of basic targets, the ACCEPT and DROP targets, which we will deal with first. However, before we do that, let us have a brief look at how a jump is done.
The jump specification is done in exactly the same way as in the target definition, except that it requires a chain within the same table to jump to. To jump to a specific chain, it is of course a prerequisite that that chain exists. As we have already explained, a user-defined chain is created with the -N command. For example, let's say we create a chain in the filter table called tcp_packets, like this: iptables -N tcp_packets
We could then add a jump target to it like this:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j tcp_packets
We would then jump from the INPUT chain to the tcp_packets chain and start traversing that chain. When/If we reach the end of that chain, we get dropped back to the INPUT chain and the packet starts traversing from the rule one step below where it jumped to the other chain (tcp_packets in this case). If a packet is ACCEPTed within one of the sub chains, it will be ACCEPT'ed in the superset chain also and it will not traverse any of the superset chains any further. However, do note that the packet will traverse all other chains in the other tables in a normal fashion.
Targets on the other hand specify an action to take on the packet in question. We could for example, DROP or ACCEPT the packet depending on what we want to do. There are also a number of other actions we may want to take, which we will describe further on in this section. Jumping to targets may incur different results, as it were. Some targets will cause the packet to stop traversing that specific chain and superior chains as described above. Good examples of such rules are DROP and ACCEPT. Rules that are stopped, will not pass through any of the rules further on in the chain or in superior chains. Other targets, may take an action on the packet, after which the packet will continue passing through the rest of the rules. A good example of this would be the LOG,


text:
Index > Manifesto
The Ventotene Manifesto by Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi.
For a Free and United Europe. A draft Manifesto.
The Ventotene Manifesto was written in mid-1941 by Spinelli and Rossi (an economics professor leader of the social-liberal movement Giustizia and Libertà) in confinement on the island of Ventotene.
After the reading of two articles written in 1918 by Luigi Einaudi (a liberal economist who had been Rossi's professor) predicting that the League of Nations would not prevent another European war and advocating a European federation, Spinelli and Rossi studied works by contemporary British federalist writers and wrote the Ventotene Manifesto in order to initiate a movement to campaign for a European Federation.
Spinelli drafted all Manifesto's sections save one which Rossi drafted on economic and social policy but each of them influenced what the other wrote. Spinelli in the second half of 1942 wrote the essay on 'The United States of Europe and the Various Political Tendencies' and in 1943 the one on 'Marxist Policy and Federalist Policy'.


What Multiples do Trucking Companies Sell For?
What Multiples do Trucking Companies Sell For?
multiples-trucking-companies-sell-forThere are many ways in which a trucking company valuation can be generated. A successful sale of a trucking company is determined by the preparation the seller has put into the listing of the firm. The company will ultimately be worth only what the acquirer is willing to pay for. In the following information, a valuation approach will be implemented that will consider the earnings and asset values of a trucking company. The two calculation methods that will be used are earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) and adjusted book value of tangible assets.
A common valuation structure is multiplying the earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization by 4.5X. Trucking companies will often trade at higher multiples of their EBITDA, but the actual sale of the business will be based on a lower EBITDA multiple. For example, TransForce was able to acquire XPO logistics at a 4.9X EBITDA multiple. Therefore, to understand what multiples do trucking companies sell for, one must first calculate the EBITDA then multiply it by 4-5X to get the valuation price.
If a firm has an operating income (revenue-expenses) of $2500USD per truck per month, their annual EBITDA is $30,000 per vehicle. A fleet of 10 vehicles generates $300,000 annually. Subtracting the costs of 10 trailer units, 2 employees, office space rental, and other expenses not directly related to the profitability of a truck, the total estimated EBITDA equals $215,000USD/yr. As a result, the current valuation based on a multiple of 4.5X is $967,000.
Value of Assets
The value of assets is important to trucking companies. The calculation method most commonly used in valuing a company based on its assets is adjusted book value. To determine adjusted book value of 10 fleet tractors and 10 trailer units, assume the declared value of each equipment, subtract the liabilities (debt owing), and then calculate the fair market value of the equipment based on its selling potential. Fair market value – liability value = adjusted book value. Therefore, if the tractors are worth on average $30,000 each and trailer units are worth on average $15,000 each then the total adjusted book value of the equipment assets is $450,000.
Combining adjusted book value and EBITDA
Because trucking companies for the large part are hard asset based, recouping the value of the equipment in the sale of the business is important. A lot of emphases is placed on the spec'ing program of a trucking company because the method in which it acquires its equipment will influence whether it turns a profit or loss when the business is sold. Adjusted book value takes care of the depreciation aspect of EBITDA so this is advantageous to the buyer. While using both the adjusted book value and EBITDA in their full form may not prove for a successful sale, it is feasible to combine a percentage of each into the final valuation price.
How to Sell a Trucking Business
Not every trucking business is sellable. The degree of day-to-day involvement required by the purchaser will heavily influence their buying decision. In short, it must be self-sustaining. Informal business, lack of expertise by its fleet manager(s), and not enough streamlining of processes will diminish the selling proposition of the business. At most, 6 months should be the given time for the business to be listed for sale. The longer it stays listed, the less attractive it becomes to good, qualified buyers. Potential buyers include venture capital firms, larger existing logistics and freight transportation companies, and independent business people.
Risk is another factor that has a significant effect on the valuation. Risk is increased in a trucking business due to factors such as one or two customers make up a large portion of revenue, a key employee is necessary for the operation of the company, lack of sophisticated technology, and lack of accounting and human resources management strategies/processes.
Minimizing risks to the acquirer is one factor that will have a strong influence on the buyer's willingness to purchase the business. Often it may take numerous months to a couple years to prepare a business for a merger or acquisition.
You may wish to consult with a professional advisor who specializes in the freight industry. KSM Transport Advisors and Dan Goodwill & Associates are two companies that provide advisory services to businesses engaged in the transportation of freight.
2 Replies to "What Multiples do Trucking Companies Sell For?"
 1. I want to sell my trucking company, I need some advice on how to price it and negotiate it, are there companies out there who can help me accomplish my goal and what is the usual fee on these type of transactions???
 1. Hi Armando,
 I would recommend looking for a valuation company to determine what price you should sell your business. SP&H Value was recommended to me when I sold my business. Their fees are standard in the industry and they did great work.
 Thank you!
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.


text:
This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
Applied mathematics, Probability
Nonlinear sea waves generated by the wind, including freak waves, are considered to be phenomena that can be modelled using the nonlinear (cubic) Schrodinger equation, for example. However, there is a problem with this approach which is that sea surface waves, driven by wind speeds of varying strength, must be considered to be composed of two distinct types, namely, linear waves and nonlinear waves. In this paper, we consider a different approach to modelling 'nonlinear' waves that is based on a solution to the linear wave equation under a low-gradient, phase-only condition. This approach is entirely compatible with the fluid equations of motion (the Navier-Stokes equations) and is thereby not based on a phenomenological model such as the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation.
Blackledge, J., Coyle, E.,Kearney, D.:Nonlinear Behaviour of Sea Surface Waves Based on Low-Gradient Phase-Only Scattering Effects.International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, 2011, Rome,


text:
MOTIVATION: Genetic regulatory networks are often affected by stochastic noise, due to the low number of molecules taking part in certain reactions. The networks can be simulated using stochastic techniques that model each reaction as a stochastic event. As models become increasingly large and sophisticated, however, the solution time can become excessive; particularly if one wishes to determine the effect on noise of changes to a series of parameters, or the model structure. Methods are therefore required to rapidly estimate stochastic noise.
RESULTS: This paper presents an algorithm, based on error growth techniques from non-linear dynamics, to rapidly estimate the noise characteristics of genetic networks of arbitrary size. The method can also be used to determine analytical solutions for simple sub-systems. It is demonstrated on a number of cases, including a prototype model of the galactose regulatory pathway in yeast.
AVAILABILITY: A software tool which incorporates the algorithm is available for use as part of the stochastic simulation package Dizzy. It is available for download at _URL_
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: A conceptual model of the regulatory part of the galactose utilization pathway in yeast, used as an example in the paper, is available at _URL_


text:
Eugene Pintard Bicknell
Eugene Pintard Bicknell was born at Riverdale-on-Hudson on September 23, 1859, the sixth son of Joseph Inglis Bicknell and Maria Theresa Pierrepont. He never went to college but was well-educated which was evident in his writing. Mr. Bicknell went into business at an early age, connecting himself with the financial firm of John Munroe & Co., where he eventually became a partner. On October 9, 1901 Eugene married Edith Babcock at Riverdale and together they had two daughters, Eleanor Franklin and Edith Evelyn. The same year as their marriage, they moved their home to Long Island where for a number of years Mr. Bicknell served as Vestryman of Trinity Church, Hewlett, and delegate to the Diocesan Convention.
Mr. Bicknell was interested in natural history from an early age. He was one of the few ornithologists of his time who used his field glass more than his gun and kept daily records of every species he observed. His thorough documentations of observed species were kept in his Riverdale diaries, though he also maintained a collection of local birds which were later presented to the Vassar Institute in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. During the spring and fall migration period, Mr. Bicknell would send a daily postcard to Dr. A.K. Fisher who lived about twenty miles north. In 1878, at the age of 18, Mr. Bicknell published his first technical paper, "Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the Lower Hudson Valley", appearing in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. The same year he was one of ten naturalists to organize the Linnaean Society of New York where he also served as president from 1879 to 1887. In 1882 this society published his "Review of the Summer Birds of Part of the Catskill Mountains." It was at that time he discovered Bicknell's Thrush, described by Ridgway in the 'Proceedings of the United States National Museum.'
Mr. Bicknell was the youngest founder of the American Ornithologists' Union and was elected temporary secretary of the first meeting. He was also appointed to the committees on Migration of Birds and on The European House Sparrow. The second year he was appointed a member of the original committee of Bird Protection and in 1885 became secretary of that committee.
Throughout Mr. Bicknell's life, he spent more and more time devoted to the study of botany which he focused on primarily after 1895. In 1880, Mr. Bicknell was elected a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and began contributing to the Club's bulletin the same year. In 1896, he became a member of the newly organized New York Botanical Garden and also the Philadelphia Botanical Club. Later, his extensive collections of plants along with his botanical books were presented to the New York Botanical Garden by Mrs. Bicknell.
Over his lifetime, Mr. Eugene Bicknell published contributions amounted to 26 titles and installments to ornithology and natural history and 74 on botanical subjects. Mr. Bicknell was known as a modest man who rarely attended scientific meetings or mingled with fellow naturalists. Though reserved, he maintained a kind disposition and was known to help younger students. Mr. Euegene Bicknell passed away on February 9, 1925.
To learn more about Eugene Pintard Bicknell, please visit: _URL_


Stockmar and Filana Wax Crayons
Sorry to send the wrong link the first time around.
6 Responses to Stockmar and Filana Crayon Comparison Video Link
 1. Sarah says:
 2. Amanda says:
 3. Prairie says:
 It seems this conversation has come and gone. A fresh insight into the Filana crayons comes from a Waldorf School in Utah who ordered these crayons for grades 1 – 4. Each grade has two or three classes. This is a LOT of crayons. Before the year was out they had cracked, broken, and lost corners. They were quite useless for the beautiful drawing we do using the sides of the crayons. I sent a message regarding this issue but never heard back.
 4. Prairie says:
 Sorry, I should add that has content details of their crayons posted on their sight. Not only do they tell you what is in the crayon but they explain why they have chosen to use each ingredient. It's extremely helpful considering that the quality of Stockmar crayons is peerless in terms of the rugged use and artistic expression needed in a Waldorf Classroom.
Leave a Reply