Mar 24, 2016
Alarming dip in Kerala's drinking water resources due to extreme heat wave lashing the state
Haritha John
The News Minute
Photo: Sreekesh Raveendran Nair
Photo: Sreekesh Raveendran Nair
According to environmental activists, Kerala is going through highest recorded temperatures in the last decade at the beginning of this year itself. Palakkad district has crossed 40 degree Celsius several times, while Kannur hovers near 40 most of the time.
The average temperature in the rest of the districts is around 35 degree Celsius.
Severe drinking water problem has been reported from different parts of Kerala as fresh water bodies have started drying up. People in rural settlements which are exclusively dependent on natural water bodies are now traversing long miles just to access drinking water


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After war, the number of pure blood devil number decreased and almost went extinct except for 3 clan who did survive. So they are taking humans to increase their numbers in the form of chess pieces. I have only watched the anime and information about Raiser Phoenix's chess pieces was very little. However, it was mentioned that his own sister Ravel Phoenix was a bishop who was revived as demon. What does it mean - isn't she a demon already?
Does that mean Rias Gremory is also servant of higher rank devil, or every pure blood devil are king and they choose their chess pieces/servant except Ravel Phoenix's case where she died and revived as demon as other piece of chess?
And to be chosen as a chess piece, must the person die or not, since the word revived is used. What are the conditions for someone to be chosen the servant? Can it be anyone?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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From Supplyto Demand-led: Labour Training in Latin America
Over the past two decades, most Latin American countries began to see the need to reform their labour training systems. Up until this time, traditional training in Latin America had been supply-driven, with large-sized public sector institutions providing training based on what they perceived was needed within a state-led industrial development framework. Graduates of these training institutions were supposed to be absorbed by the emerging industrial sector. However, this model broke down during the crisis-ridden 1980s, as the firm-size structure of the economy shifted dramatically towards smaller firms and the informal sector grew exponentially. The response in the 1990s was a demand-driven approach, where the state had a role in financing, but much less so in providing training. A host of programmes along these lines were implemented across Latin America, many of which included built-in impact evaluations. This Brief begins by describing general features of the shift to a demand-led approach to labour training and highlights some of the main programmes in the region. It then presents the results of the impact evaluations undertaken, concluding with some key lessons that may be useful for labour training initiatives in other contexts.
- The market mechanisms of the demand-driven model have encouraged competition among training institutions and the creation of a market for training in cases where none existed previously. Key elements for the success of these programmes are in the design: private sector participation in consultations during the design phase; competition promoted on the basis of relevance, quality and cost-efficiency; and a clear mechanism to link training to a future job, such as through internships.
- Although measured impacts are hardly homogeneous, some clear patterns emerge across countries and programmes. In particular, impacts on job quality - through formal sector employment and higher wages - seem more likely than on employment rates alone.
- Interestingly, impacts among women are both more frequent and larger than for men. This indicates that these programmes may play an important role as policies orientated to reduce gender gaps in the labour market.
Otros materiales de ELLA conocimientos relativos a la Políticas activas del mercado laboral:
GUíAS Y RESúMENES
COMENTARIOS DE EXPERTOS


What To Give Gerbils To Chew On?
Is it cruel to keep gerbils?
Keeping gerbils as pets isn't cruel if you take care of them and provide them with everything they need: other gerbils, a large enough cage and deep bedding layer, enrichment to keep them from getting bored, and a nutritionally well-balanced diet..
How do you tell if a gerbil is stressed?
Thumping. This is something gerbils do when they are excited or stressed, as a warning to other gerbils. 3 The thumping is produced by pounding both hind legs on the ground.
Can gerbils eat peanut butter?
The quick answer, yes. Peanut butter is perfectly safe for gerbils to consume. There is a tremendous amount of misinformation about peanut butter and gerbils on the internet. Gerbils can eat peanuts.
Can gerbils eat rice?
Gerbils can eat rice safely. It's not poisonous, and won't hurt your pet in any way unless there's something added to it e.g. lots of oil. Gerbils can eat all forms of rice including cooked and uncooked, brown or white, puffed rice/rice crispies and rice cakes.
Do gerbils squeak when happy?
Gerbils make noise to communicate, both with you and other gerbils. Gerbils squeak and thump their feet to frighten other gerbils or predators. They make 'yipping' sounds when excited. Gerbils also purr to show contentment, chirp to get your attention, and make clicking breathing noises when they're sick.
What do gerbils not like?
Gerbils like to chew, and can chew on their exercise wheel. If possible, buy a wooden wheel. You should avoid putting anything plastic in your gerbil's enclosure. Gerbils chew on everything, and when they do, they ingest some of what they chew on. Ingesting plastic is bad for your pet's health.
What natural wood can gerbils chew on?
In general, nontoxic and untreated wood work well for gerbil chews. You may give your gerbil branches from hardwood trees, so long as you know the trees were not sprayed, painted or chemically treated. Your pet will chew through soft woods in no time.
Why do gerbils chew on their cage?
One of the big reasons that gerbils chew their bars is that they are seeking a way to reduce the length of their teeth. A gerbil's teeth will grow constantly throughout their lives, and those living in captivity may lack all the hard food they need in order for their teeth to wear down naturally.
Can gerbils eat cheerios?
Plain cheerios are fine for gerbils to eat. They arent likely to make your gerbil fat. Cheerios are part of my gerbils staple diet, and they always eat their cheerios.
Do gerbils try to escape?
Gerbil Trying to Jump out of Cage. Something else you may notice is that your gerbil tries to escape from its cage. This behavior is characterized by your gerbil pushing itself up against the bars or glass of its enclosure. It will then stand up to try and reach the top.
What foods are toxic to gerbils?
Fruit (pear, melon, apple, oranges) and vegetables (cucumber, carrot, pumpkin and fennel) can be used to supplement your gerbils ration. Do not give your pets¿ grapes or rhubarb as these are poisonous to rodents. To avoid excessive amounts of certain seeds (e.g. sunflower) as they are fatty and can cause obesity.
Is it safe for gerbils to chew plastic?
If you are thinking about getting gerbils or already have them, you should know that they chew on everything. Not everything that they decide to chew on will be safe for them though. Plastic being one of them. So if you're asking can gerbils chew on plastic, then the answer is yes, they will chew anything they can.
Can gerbils have toilet paper rolls?
Gerbils love to chew. A cardboard tube from a toilet paper roll or paper towel roll is one of a gerbil's favorite things. … When you let them go, they loosen but stay more or less rolled, and your gerbils can have a ball with them. Even a small brown paper lunch bag will provide hiding, play, and shredding possibilities!
Should I cover my gerbils cage at night?
Unlike covering a bird cage, covering a gerbil cage at night won't help your gerbil sleep. Gerbils are active throughout the day and night, so darkness doesn't act as a sleep cue. However, covering the gerbilarium can help to muffle any noise coming from within. This may make it easier for you to sleep.
Can gerbils learn their name?
Your pet gerbil can learn its name, and it can learn that when you approach the cage, you probably will take it out to play. "Well-socialized gerbils will often readily climb up your hands and try to run up your arms once they know it means playtime," Childress said. Your pet gerbil can learn some neat tricks too.
What wood is bad for gerbils?
Pine and cedarwood contain oils that are poisonous to gerbils. Anything with print on it, such as newspaper and cereal boxes, is harmful due to the use of ink. Avoid giving your gerbils these items. Use materials which you know gerbils can safely chew.
Do gerbils like to be petted?


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into the appropriate object tables, updating objects in object tables, and deletion of objects from object tables. If the application commits a transaction by calling the
LNOCITransCommit() function, the object cache automatically performs a cache flush prior to committing the transaction.
Complex Object Retrieval (COR) can significantly improve the performance of applications that manipulate graphs of objects. COR allows applications to pre-fetch a set of related objects in one network round-trip, thereby improving performance. When pinning the root object(s) using
LNOCIObjectPinArray(), you can specify the related objects to be pre-fetched along with the root. The pre-fetched objects are not pinned in the cache; instead, they are put in the LRU list. Subsequent pin calls on these objects result in a cache hit, thereby avoiding a round-trip to the server.
The application specifies the set of related objects to be pre-fetched by providing the following information:
REFto the root object
REFattributes should be de-referenced and which resulting object should be pre-fetched. The depth defines the boundary of objects pre-fetched. The depth level is the shortest number of references that need to be traversed from the root object to a related object.
For example, consider a purchase order system with the following properties:
REFto a customer object, and a collection of
REFs that point to line item objects.
Suppose you want to calculate the total cost of a particular purchase order. To maximize efficiency, you want to fetch only the objects necessary for the calculation from the server to the client cache, and you want to fetch these objects with the least number of calls to the server possible.
If you do not use COR, your application must make several server calls to retrieve all of the necessary objects. However, if you use COR, you can specify the objects that you want to retrieve and exclude other objects that are not required. To calculate the total cost of a purchase order, you need the purchase order object, the related line item objects, and the related stock item objects, but you do not need the customer objects.
Therefore, as shown in Figure 6-2, COR enables you to retrieve the required information for the calculation in the most efficient way possible. When pinning the purchase order object without COR, only that object is retrieved. When pinning it with COR, the purchase order and the related line item objects and stock item objects are retrieved. However, the related customer object is not retrieved because it is not required for the calculation.
For a demonstration of how to use OCI with Oracle objects, see the
c file in
We can pin and navigate objects synthesized from object views in the OCI Object Cache similar to the way we do this with object tables. We can also create new view objects, update them, delete them and flush them from the cache. The flush performs the appropriate DML on the view (such as insert for newly created objects and updates for any attribute changes). This fires any
INSTEAD-OF triggers on the view and stores the object persistently.
There is a minor difference between the two approaches with regard to getting the reference to a newly created instance in the object cache.
In the case of object views with primary key based reference, the attributes that make up the identifier for the object need to be initialized before the
LNOCIObjectGetObjectRef call can be called on the object to get the object reference. For example, to create a new object in the OCI Object cache for the purchase order object, we need to take the following steps:
.. /* Initialize all the settings including creating a connection, getting a environment handle and so forth. We do not check for error conditions to make the example eaiser to read. */ LNOCIType *purchaseOrder_tdo = (OCIType *) 0; /* This is the type object for the purchase order */ dvoid * purchaseOrder_viewobj = (dvoid *) 0; /* This is the view object */ /* The purchaseOrder struct is a structure that is defined to have the same attributes as that of PurchaseOrder_objtyp type. This can be created by the user or generated automatically using the OTT generator. */ purchaseOrder_struct *purchaseOrder_obj; /* This is the null structure corresponding to the purchase order object's attributes */ purchaseOrder_nullstruct *purchaseOrder_nullobj; /* This is the variable containing the purchase order number that we need to create */ int PONo = 1003; /* This is the reference to the purchase order object */ LNOCIRef *purchaseOrder_ref = (OCIRef *)0; /* Pin the object type first */ LNOCITypeByName( envhp, errhp, svchp, (CONST text *) "", (ub4) strlen( ""), (CONST text *) "PURCHASEORDER_OBJTYP", (ub4) strlen("PURCHASEORDER_OBJTYP"), (CONST char *) 0, (ub4)0, OCI_DURATION_SESSION, OCI_TYPEGET_ALL, &purchaseOrder_tdo); /* Pin the table object - in this case it is the purchase order view */ LNOCIObjectPinObjectTable(envhp, errhp, svchp, (CONST text *) "", (ub4) strlen( "" ), (CONST text *) "PURCHASEORDER_OBJVIEW", (ub4 ) strlen("PURCHASEORDER_OBJVIEW"), (CONST OCIRef *) NULL, OCI_DURATION_SESSION, &purchaseOrder_viewobj); /* Now create a new object in the cache. This is a purchase order object */ LNOCIObjectNew(envhp, errhp, svchp, OCI_TYPECODE_OBJECT, purchaseOrder_tdo, purchaseOrder_viewobj, OCI_DURATION_DEFAULT, FALSE, (dvoid **) *purchaseOrder_obj); /* Now we can initialize this object, and use it as a regular object. But before getting the reference to this object we need to initialize the PONo attribute of the object which makes up its object identifier in the view */ /* Initialize the null identifiers */ LNOCIObjectGetInd( envhp, errhp, purchaseOrder_obj, purchaseOrder_nullobj); purchaseOrder_nullobj->purchaseOrder = OCI_IND_NOTNULL; purchaseOrder_nullobj->PONo = OCI_IND_NOTNULL; /* This sets the PONo attribute */ LNOCINumberFromInt( errhp, (CONST dvoid *) &PoNo, sizeof(PoNo), OCI_NUMBER_ SIGNED, &( purchaseOrder_obj->PONo)); /* Create an object reference */ LNOCIObjectNew( envhp, errhp, svchp, OCI_TYPECODE_REF, (OCIType *) 0, (dvoid *) 0, (dvoid *) 0, OCI_DURATION_DEFAULT, TRUE, (dvoid **) &purchaseOrder_ref); /* Now get the reference to the newly created object */ LNOCIObjectGetObjectRef(envhp, errhp, (dvoid *) purchaseOrder_obj, purchaseOrder_ref); /* This reference may be used in the rest of the program..... */... /* We can flush the changes to the disk and the newly instantiated purchase order object in the object cache will become permanent. In the case of the purchase order object, the insert will fire the INSTEAD-OF trigger defined over the purchase order view to do the actual processing */ LNOCICacheFlush( envhp, errhp, svchp, (dvoid *) 0, 0, (OCIRef **) 0);...
Oracle has three special SQL datatypes that enable you to dynamically encapsulate and access type descriptions, data instances, and sets of data instances of any other SQL type, including object and collection types. You can also use these three special types to create anonymous (that is, unnamed) types, including anonymous collection types.
The three SQL types are implemented as opaque types. In other words, the internal structure of these types is not known to the database: their data can be queried only by implementing functions (typically 3GL routines) for the purpose. Oracle provides both an OCI and a PL/SQL API for implementing such functions.
The three generic SQL types are:
A self-describing data instance type. A
A self-describing data set type. A
Each of these three types can be used with any built-in type native to the database as well as with object types and collection types, both named and unnamed. The types provide a generic way to work dynamically with type descriptions, lone instances, and sets of instances of other types. Using the APIs, you can create a transient
ANYTYPE description of any kind of type. Similarly, you can create or convert (cast) a data value of any SQL type to an
ANYDATA and can convert an
ANYDATA (back) to a SQL type. And similarly again with sets of values and
The generic types simplify working with stored procedures. You can use the generic types to encapsulate descriptions and data of standard types and pass the encapsulated information into parameters of the generic types. In the body of the procedure, you can detail how to handle the encapsulated data and type descriptions of whatever type.
You can also store encapsulated data of a variety of underlying types in one table column of type
ANYDATASET. For example, you can use
ANYDATA with Advanced Queuing to model queues of heterogenous types of data. You can query the data of the underlying datatypes like any other data.
Corresponding to the three generic SQL types are three OCI types that model them. Each has a set of functions for creating and accessing the respective type:
LNOCIType, corresponding to
LNOCIAnyData, corresponding to
LNOCIAnyDataSet, corresponding to
Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for the
Oracle provides a number of pre-defined aggregate functions such as
SUM for performing operations on


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Covering a total area of 7,500m², families will be able to enjoy more than 30 activities, all supervised by coordinators:
- Several bouncy castle courses with slides, tunnels and obstacles have been set up for kids from 5 to 13 years old.
- Children who measure up 1.10m have a series of fun activities especially reserved for them. They can have fun climbing, jumping, swing and balancing in total safely,
- Reims events has also designed the Park to cater for people over 13 years old, with activities that the whole family can enjoy, such as a virtual reality game, a mechanical rodeo, a tree climbing course and an ice rink.
The Park also has various relaxation and picnic areas, as well as a nursery. On top of all this, visitors can buy food and drinks on site.
Giant Park is a great family day out for kids and their parents during this winter half-term holiday.


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Garden Dictionary Word: autotrophic (n. autophyte)
autotrophic (n. autophyte)
1. Refers to organisms that are capable of processing inorganic materials into organic ones by using energy from outside the organism such as sunshine on chlorophyll. 2. Refers to a body of water that is limited in its supply of organic material to what it is capable of producing within its own borders.
A| B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z


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How Much Tree Sunlight Is Necessary?
Trees create their food by uniting carbon dioxide that they get from the air with water from the soil. This process is referred to as photosynthesis. To fuel this process, trees use the energy of sunlight. A pigment in the leaves, chlorophyll, capture the sun's energy. This is why tree sunlight is so important.
Trees require sunlight to prosper and survive in any environment. Sunlight is one of the things that let trees grow in their particular ways of crafting their distinctive crown shapes that can vary from tree to tree even within the same tree type.
The tree crown is made up of the branches and limbs that extend outward from the trunk of the tree. Without the right amount of access to this requirement, a tree could be less resistant to human and environmental stressors. The shape of the tree will be changed.
What Do Trees Do With Sunlight?
Trees use energy from the sun to make sugars through a procedure named photosynthesis. Without these sugars as a source of energy, a tree cannot survive or grow. Arborists have discovered that photosynthesis is impacted by the amount of sunlight that the leaves of a tree receive.
Trees fight for sun exposure and some tree types will be shaded by others, making the shaded species to reduce photosynthesis rates because of less availability of tree sunlight. Studies have shown that photosynthetic methods have a considerable effect on what a tree crown will appear like.
These studies discovered that leaves along the outer area of a tree crown receives more sun and are more significant. This distribution makes a layered effect in the tree crown making its unique shape. Having a reduction in photosynthetic methods can be hazardous to many structures of the tree causing the tree to shape change.
Researchers analyzed productivity by the amount of sunlight a tree soaked up and then compared it to the size of the tree crown. As the volume and size of the crown grew, it further grew the amount of sunlight absorbed, guiding to a rise in photosynthetic methods which resulted in a stronger and healthier tree.
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Eilenberg and Mac Lane showed that given a group $G$ there exists a pointed topological space $X_G$ such that $\pi(X_G,\bullet)\cong G$. It is obviously a way to "invert direction" to the functor $\pi_1\colon \mathbf{Top}^\bullet\to \mathbf{Grp}$ to a functor $\mathcal K\colon \mathbf{Grp}\to \mathbf{Top}^\bullet$ such that $\pi_1(\mathcal K(G),\bullet)\cong G$ (almost by definition). This is equivalent to say that there exists a natural transformation (equivalence, in this case) between $\pi_1\circ\mathcal K$ and $\mathbf{1}_{\mathbf{Grp}}$, which turns out to resemble some sort of counity.
It would be wonderful if I could define an adjunction between the two categories in exam, given by the two functors. Everytime I try to think about some sort of unity to this hypotetical adjunction I poorly fail: considering the vast literature in the field of algebraic topology, I believe in only two possible cases. The first, nothing interesting arises from this adjunction. The second, there is no sort of adjunction.
The key point, quite trivial, to answer is: it is well known that an adjunction is uniquely determined by one among unity and counity, provided the one is universal. But $\boldsymbol\varepsilon\colon \pi_1\circ\mathcal K\to \mathbf{1}_{\mathbf{Grp}}$ is an equivalence: can I conclude that it is universal?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 11 down vote accepted
In the more general setting the answer is no. Left adjoints preserve colimits and it is not true that $\pi_{1}(X\vee Y)\cong \pi_{1}(X)\ast\pi_{1}(Y)$ for all spaces $X,Y$ (even compact metric spaces). For instance, if $(\mathbb{HE},x)$ is the usual Hawaiian earring, let $X=Y=C\mathbb{HE}=\mathbb{HE}\times I/\mathbb{HE}\times\{1\}$ be the cone on the Hawaiian earring with basepoint the image of $(x,0)$ in the quotient. It is a theorem of Griffiths that $\pi_{1}(C\mathbb{HE}\vee C\mathbb{HE})$ is uncountable and not the free product of trivial groups.
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Clear, clear. Thanks. :) – tetrapharmakon Nov 9 '10 at 0:05
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the homotopy category of connected pointed CW complexes. Then the functor $\pi_1:\mathcal{C}\to\mathbf{Grp}$ does indeed have a right adjoint. The cleanest way to define it is to use the simplicial classifying space functor $B:\mathbf{Grp}\to\mathcal{C}$. For the unit of the adjunction you need a natural homotopy class of maps $X\to B(\pi_1(X))$. This can be done by obstruction theory, by induction up the skeleta of $X$. Alternatively, one can define a more canonical map from $|SX|$ (the geometric realisation of the singular complex) to $B(\pi_1(X))$ by simplicial methods, and then use the fact that there is a natural map $|SX|\to X$ which is a homotopy equivalence when $X\in\mathcal{C}$. The first place I would look for more details would be Peter May's old book on simplicial objects in algebraic topology.
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Goerss-Jardine is probably going to be more useful than Peter May's book, which is really outdated. – Harry Gindi Nov 8 '10 at 21:21
That copy of the book is copyright-infringing (not that I care), and it's probably better if you can avoid posting it on MO. – Harry Gindi Nov 9 '10 at 0:58
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Note that prestandard size 1 is approximately the same size as standard size 23 (2.21 to 2.30 inches
in diameter). Prestandard size 3 is approximately the same size as standard size 31. Prestandard size 5 is
approximately the same size as standard size 37.
The letters used in the prestandard coding system indicate the function, mounting, or special
characteristics of the synchro as shown in the following chart.
Flange Mounted Receiver (this letter is normally omitted if letters
other than H or S occur in type designation)
Bearing Mounted Unit
Nozzle Mounted Unit
Navy prestandard synchros are rarely used today. They have been replaced by the standard synchro.
However, by being familiar with the prestandard coding system, you will be able to identify the older
synchros and make correct replacements if necessary.
Q-6. What does the code 26V-11TX4D mean on a synchro nameplate?
Q-7. Which of the two synchro designation codes is indicated by 5DG on a synchro nameplate?
Schematic symbols for synchros are drawn by various manufacturers in many different ways. Only
five symbols (as shown in figure 1-3), however, meet the standard military specifications for schematic
diagrams of synchros and synchro connections. When a symbol is used on a schematic, it will be
accompanied by the military abbreviation of one of the eight synchro functional classifications (TR, TX,
The symbols shown in views A and B of figure 1-3 are used when it is necessary to show only the
external connections to a synchro, while those shown in views C, D, and E are used when it is important
to see the positional relationship between the rotor and stator. The letters R and S, in conjunction with an
Arabic number, are used to identify the rotor and stator connections; for example, R1, R2, S1, S2, and S3.
The small arrow on the rotor symbol indicates the angular displacement of the rotor; in figure 1-3 the
displacement is zero degrees.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Can Dogs Eat Potatoes or Sweet Potatoes?
Published: July 30, 2020
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Potatoes are popular root vegetables that serve as a source of starch and other nutrients for humans. But can dogs eat potatoes? It depends on the type of potato and whether it's cooked or not.
Here's some insight on whether potatoes and sweet potatoes are safe or beneficial for dogs to eat.
Can Dogs Have Potatoes?
Potatoes provide a common source of starch and protein in commercial dog foods. Potato protein is also often found in limited ingredient diets for dogs. These ingredients are processed and formulated specifically for the nutritional requirement of dogs.
But what if your dog eats a piece of a potato? Is it bad for them? What if the potato is raw?
Can Dogs Eat Raw Potatoes or Raw Sweet Potatoes?
White potatoes are vegetables in the nightshade family that contain a compound called solanine. This is toxic to dogs, and therefore, they should never eat raw potatoes. Cooking a potato helps reduce the amount of solanine so that it's safe for dogs.
Raw sweet potatoes can cause digestive upset in dogs. And both raw white potatoes and raw sweet potatoes can cause intestinal blockages.
Can Dogs Eat Cooked White Potatoes?
If you decide to feed your dog part of a white potato, it must be well-cooked with no added butter or seasoning. Potato products such as potato chips, French fries or mashed potatoes can contain an excess amount of fat and salt that is not healthy for dogs.
If your dog has diabetes, do not feed them potatoes, as they can cause spikes in blood sugar.
Any potato that's given as a treat, even in small amounts, should be counted along with other treats to represent a maximum of 10% of your dog's daily calorie intake.
Can Dogs Eat Sweet Potatoes That Are Cooked?
Boiled, steamed, baked, or dehydrated sweet potatoes can be great snacks for your dog. However, check with your veterinarian before adding sweet potato to your dog's diet because too much vitamin A can cause bone problems and muscle weakness.
In addition, sweet potatoes have a lower glycemic index than white potatoes, but veterinary supervision should be used before feeding sweet potato to a diabetic dog.
Calories from sweet potatoes should also be counted toward the 10% maximum amount of calories that your dog can have from treats each day.
Can Dogs Eat Potato Skins?
Potato skins can be difficult to digest, so it is recommended to remove any skin from a white or sweet potato before feeding it to your dog.
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[ki-ga uku]
Literal translation: Wood floats.
Meaning: wood is such a material, if to put it in water, it will stay on the top, it will not sink.
Let's add ～やすい / ～にくい pattern (as auxiliary adjective, not i-adjective).
[ki-wa uki-yasui]
Literal translation: Wood floats well.
Meaning: wood is a good floating material, that it is a good itea to make something floating from that, for example, a boat.
Question: why -yasui/-nikui makes us use は instead of が?
Is it legal to say [木が浮きやす] or with ga-version of -yasui/-nikui we make some shift in meaning?
Good question! This question is an actually an entire topic. For example, see this article.
So we have four patterns here:
(1) 木が浮く
(2) 木は浮く
(3) 木が浮きやすい
(4) 木は浮きやすい
The short answer is that they are all correct grammatically. However, they have slightly different nuances.
"は" is called the topic particle for good reason; it marks what the speaker's statement is about. Without any context, (1) could be a statement about the environment from a book. The statement describes what simply happens. On the other hand, (2) is a statement about the tree itself. An example usage is, 石は浮かないが木は浮く (Stones don't float, but trees float). Here, we compare stones and trees. The statement isn't about what happens generally; it specifically compares stones and trees, the topics.
Now, alone, (3) seems slightly strange alone. Note that as "浮きやすい" is an adjective, the whole sentence seems to describe the tree, which wouldn't make sense if tree weren't the topic. On the other hand, it could be used as in "なぜ、海水では人が浮きやすいのでしょうか". Here, the topic is seawater; not people.
(4) alone is a natural statement about trees themselves. It describes trees, saying trees float easily.
I hope this helps a little bit!
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Montes de Malaga Natural Park
 North of Malaga city, the Montes de Malaga © Michelle Chaplow
Barely a few kilometres north of Malaga city, the Montes de Malaga Natural Park
Home | Accommodation | Fauna | Flora | Suggested routes | Walks
Montes de Malaga Natural Park
Barely a few kilometres north of Malaga city, the Montes de Malaga Natural Park is a region of dense pine forest. It covers a gently rolling area of 4,996ha crossed by small valleys and water courses, fast flowing in winter, and waterfalls. Due to its proximity to Malaga, it is a popular weekend destination for malagueños.
The park is dominated by Aleppo pines, which were planted in the Río Guadalmedina river basin by Malaga city council in a concerted reforestation campaign, from 1930 until 1950, in an attempt to prevent the disastrous flash floods that had plagued Malaga for centuries.
Deforestation of the original Mediterranean woodland began in the 15th century when the Catholic Monarchs took possession of Malaga and divided up the land. The new owners cut down the native trees and replaced them mainly with olive trees and grapevines. Major deforestation signalled the beginning of a succession of catastrophic floods in Malaga, the first recorded one being in 1544, and these continued until the early 20th century. With the creation of the Agujero reservoir and the series of reforestation programmes in the 1930s, there was considerably less flooding.
Until the phylloxera epidemic ravaged the area in the late 19th-century, viticulture was the main economic activity and the legacy of this can be seen today, in the lagar houses dotting the Montes de Malaga. A lagar was a house with its principal section dedicated to wine production. You can visit a former lagar, now converted into a museum: the Ecomuseo Lagar de Torrijos.
The park is rich in flora and fauna, with species of 400 plants, 90 birds, 27 mammals, 19 reptiles and eight amphibians being recorded here.
Its hills range from 80m to just over 1,000m above sea level.
The park is located in the river basin of the Río Guadalmedina, which flows to the west of the park. Tributaries of the Guadalmedina feed into it, running southwest, like the Arroyo de Don Ventura, the Cañada de Guijarrro and Arroyo de Humaina. In the northern part of the park are Arroyo de los Frailes, Arroyo de Chopares and Arroyo de las Vacas.
The main entrance is at Fuente de la Reina, near the Parque de Torrijos, off the A345. This road leaves the north east of Malaga city and climbs steeply up the mountain with some hairpin bends. It then follows the eastern border of the park.
Alternately take the N331 Motorway north from Malaga in the direction of Antequera. This motorway follows the Guadalmedina Valley which forms the west border of the park. There is no access however from this side. At Casabermeja take the A355 east in the direction of Colmenar where you can take the A345 south along the eastern border of the park where there are a number of entrances.
Cities and villages nearby:
back to Málaga home page
See and Do


Tuesday, June 10, 2008
Does Grape Juice Offend You?
I am on the verge of doing some hardcore studying regarding the ethics of alcohol in the Christian life, and the Bible's teaching on whether alcohol is alright. This will probably manifest itself in the form of (hopefully) in-depth blog-posts here at Bring the Books. What I wanted to do today was comment on what I believe is an extremely potent argument that Christians are permitted to drink alcoholic wine. As iron sharpens iron, perhaps some input could help me to understand if I should be as confident about the clarity and strength of this verse as I am. Let me try this Aquinas-style.
Assertion: The Bible always condemns the consumption of alcohol. When it does seem to make a positive reference regarding alcohol, it is actually referencing a non-alcoholic drink such as grape juice.
On the Contrary: As the apostle says in Romans 14:21, "It is good neither to eat meat nor drink wine nor do anything by which your brother stumbles or is offended or is made weak." The context of this verse is that Paul is talking about Christian freedom. Earlier, in verse 14, Paul sets forth that "there is nothing unclean of itself; but to him who considers anything to be unclean, to him it is unclean." The context is that Paul says that love for our brethren is more important than the exercise of our freedom and liberties. The crucial factor I want to examine is the curious inclusion of drinking wine along with eating meat in verse 21. If the prohibitionist perspective is accurate, and alcohol is always wrong (except, as some allow, for medicinal purposes), what is to be thought of Paul's statement that we should not drink wine if it offends or causes to stumble?
The traditional response is to say that this reference to wine here is to the "best wine," or the freshest off of the vine - unfermented wine (aka grapejuice). However, pretty serious contextual problems arise if we understand Paul as here referring to unfermented wine; most notably the fact that grape juice does not offend anyone. I repeat: there is nobody on the face of the planet who becomes offended by seeing someone drink grape juice. My 2 year old drinks grape juice, I drink grape juice, even prohibitionists drink grape juice. It is literally an unoffendable substance. It is more controversial to drink bottled water in some circles than it is to drink grape juice.
Let me counter by suggesting that in the context of Paul's day, it makes a lot more sense to understand him as referring to real alcohol and meat as two examples of things which are permissible and yet offensive to some.
Let me only add as a postscript that there may be some who say that since alcohol offends so many Christians, (regardless whether it is okay in and of itself) then everyone should abstain completely. Paul, however, does not feel this way, according to verse 22: "Do you have faith? Have it to yourself before God." We are to enjoy the liberty of conscience while at the same time publicly abstaining from them because there are well-meaning teetotaler's out there. You're welcome, teetotalers.
Next time: "How To Drink Like a Christian"
 1. You should check out the books, "God Gave Wine" which is a Biblical argument for alcohol consumption. As well as "Drinking with Calvin and Luther" which is more of the history of alcohol in the Protestant church. Both great reads from Oakdown Books.
 2. Funny you should mention God Gave Wine by Kenneth Gentry, because one of the elders in my church is going to lend that book to me when I see him on Sunday. I'm very excited.
 3. Adam,
 Good post.
 Have you done any archaeological study in this area? i.e. is there anything that points to the fact that wine would have had alcohol in it?
 4. Gentry's work is good, if overly detailed. He does bury the opposition, but most baptists won't read page after page of exegesis and quotes from the original.
 Drinking with Calvin and Luther is much superior, except at the end where they are comparing beers and they start bashing Corona. That was uncalled for.
 5. The real problem with most modern approaches is the "we now know" approach to determining what we should or should not do. I remember watching the national meeting of the SBC when they discussed requiring preachers to abstain from alcohol. All those against the overture used biblical arguments (no direct prohibition, we shouldn't have a rule that would prohibit Paul or Tim, not to mention Jesus, from becoming an SBC preacher, etc.). All those for the overture, almost to a man, began with "we all know how dangerous alcohol can be," or "my father was an alcoholic and it ruined my family," etc. The focus of their arguments was not what we can uncover from Scripture, but what "we now know." I have yet to hear an exegetical argument that would mean anything other than situational abstinence. I look forward to reading more.
 6. I would say that grape juice offends me at the communion rail, but I am shy about the "whining" lingo of "being offended" in the first place. Way too many people are "offended" anymore to the point of it being rendered a useless phrase.
 I tolerate grape juice at the rail (even as I choke down offensive glutton-free wafers); I just wish the teetotalers would show as much tolerance at the bar, as it were.
 God has ordained strong drink to sign, seal and nourish our faith and I tolerate its being effeminized. Funny how soft legalists think it "sq-welches" our faith and force an adolsecent spirituality onto a mature piety.
 7. Can't any of these boozey, self-indulgent little bohemians--"heroes of many a well-fought bottle"--get off their lazy rear-ends and do some real research upon this issue? The strawman that you hoisters of Luther's beer stein content yourself with is the shallow little conceit that if the Scriptures aren't talking about unfermented grape juice EVERY time that "wine" is mentioned, than it must ALWAYS be speaking of a high-alcoholic-content wine--the ONLY "reasonable" alternative... I guess it wouldn't occur to you "liberated" (or should I say, "libertine")Slayers of the Dragon of "Legalism" to do some actual studies in cultural context with regard to the manner of the ancients, and come to grips with the fact that the commonly ingested Biblical Era fermented wine was USUALLY heavily watered-down so that people could safely drink a sizable amount of it in order to satisfy their daily thirst and need for fluid intake in a safe, hygenic manner--as opposed to drinking undiluted, high-alcohol content wines for purely "entertainment value," like a bunch of "cool" (i.e., immature) modern Millennial Christians. Please note, for example, the historical testimony of the apocryphal 2 Macc. 15:39; it isn't Scripture, of course, but DOES function as an important historical testimony to contemporary, Biblical Era practices. And WHAT, precisely, was Timothy advised to drink in 1 Tim. 5:23--and WHY? Full strength wine? I think not. And WHY had he obviously been ABSTAINING, in the FIRST PLACE? Or are those inconvenient questions? Here's yet another: Do you really think that they were serving unsafely undiluted fermented wines to little kids in those days(Lam. 2:12)? Notice how your entire argument hinges upon ignoring the basic fact that Biblical wine SOMETIMES means a full-strength, potentially intoxicating substance (i.e.,a reputation-destroying, addictive drug and a poison, utterly forbidden to the People of God--unless they're dying, or something!--Prov. 31:6), and it SOMETIMES also refers to the common, standard, watered-down hooch that most people drank for life and for health (again, as opposed to drinking for "entertainment" value, like so many modern "oh-so-cool," boundary-pushing Christians). Those are the facts, friends: my advice is to grow-up and accept them. It's really sad to see so many guys this day-and-age who call themselves "Disciples" of the Incarnate Christ seek to establish their Christian Identity in the absurd self-indulgence of alcohol. Aren't there any higher causes out there for young men in Christ to dedicate the best of their vital strength unto? Of all the Neo-evanjellyfish hobby-horses out there, this "I've got the freedom in Christ to drink" is surely the stupidest! What ever happened to surrendering your pathetic little "RIGHTS" and adopting the Mindset of Christ Jesus (Phil. 2:7-8)--our Great Deacon who came not to be served, but to serve? It would appear to me that too many of our borthers are (literally, and with pun intended) "being served." NO ONE, incidentally, has the "Christian Liberty" to SIN.
 8. Doctor T, please see our comments policy.
 Please give us a real name, or we will delete your comment.
Before posting please read our Comment Policy here.
Think hard about this: the world is watching!


text:
Teenage Childbearing In Latin American Countries
In spite of the rapid fertility transition experienced by most LAC countries, teenage fertility has not changed at the same pace or direction. Given early childbearing is deleterious for both mother and child, we describe the differentials in the levels and trends in teenage childbearing and analyze its proximate and socioeconomic determinants. We used DHS data from six LAC countries, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Peru, for which there is available data for the second half of the 90's. Teenage fertility trends indicate different patterns of change across countries by area of residence. However, in most countries teenage fertility has increased in rural areas but has declined or remained constant in urban areas. Different contributions of marriage, proper use of family planning methods, and premarital births to teenage fertility behavior are reflected in differentials in unmarried parenthood across countries. Socioeconomic determinants are analyzed through: simple logit model, multilevel analysis, and continuous-time hazard rate models. These analyzes improve on prior research on LAC countries by: including contextual/regional factors, by isolating the effects into differentials in sexual activity and rates of childbearing, and by comparing the socioeconomic determinants of the timing of first birth and premarital birth. This research demonstrates that the effect of socioeconomic variables on the rate of childbearing can act through the timing of initial sexual intercourse (such as education, socioeconomic conditions of the households and area or residence) or through the timing of first birth (such as socialization in a female-headed family, availability/acceptability/use of family planning, and regional/country conditions - cultural and inherent characteristics).
|Date of creation:||01 Jan 2002|
|Contact details of provider:|| |
Please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- David Lam & Suzanne Duryea, 1999. "Effects of Schooling on Fertility, Labor Supply, and Investments in Children, with Evidence from Brazil," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 34(1), pages 160-192.
- Robert Michael & Nancy Tuma, 1985. "Entry into marriage and parenthood by young men and women: The influence of family background," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 22(4), pages 515-544, November.


Evolution average number of beds per hospital
July 27, 2012
(This article was first published on Fishy Operations, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
The OECD collects (among a lot of other statistics) information on the number of hospitals and hospital beds per country. These two parameters combined and its evolution over the years could give an indication on whether or not the country's hospital landscape is evolving towards large medical centers, small scale hospital settings or whether there is no trend to detect.
In the graph below you can see the evolution of the average number of beds per hospital for a number of countries. The first datapoint for every country serves as a reference point and equals 100 percent. A point above this reference point denotes an increase in the average numbers of beds per hospital. In contrast, a point below the reference point means a decrease in the average number of bed per hospital. Of course, a decrease/increase could mean an country-wide decrease/increase in the number of beds. However, assuming that in these 'developed' countries there would be no drastic sudden changes in total number of hospital beds, a continuous increase might indicate that the country's hospital landscape is evolving towards large scale medical centers (through for example mergers & acquisitions).
Even though no solid conclusion can be drawn from the two parameters at hand, countries like Greece, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand and Turkey do seem to be evolving towards a healthcare landscape with large scale medical centers. Conversely, Estonia, Italy, Korea, Poland, The Slovak Republic and Slovenia seem to evolve towards smaller scale hospitals.
The R script to generate the graph:
hospitals<-subset(dataset, Variable=='Hospitals')
hospitalbeds<-subset(dataset, Variable=='Total hospital beds')
dataset_new<-merge(hospitals, hospitalbeds, by=c('Country', 'Year'))
ratioperc<-function(ratio, country){
Year==min(dataset_new[dataset_new$Country==country,]$Year) &
if(length(value)==0) return(NA)
else return(value)
dataset_transform<-ddply(dataset_new,.(Country, Year), transform,
refvalue=ratioperc(ratio, Country))
ggplot(dataset_transform, aes(x=Year, y=refvalue, group=Country,
colour=refvalue)) + geom_line() + geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~Country, ncol=4) + opts(axis.text.x=theme_text(angle=-90,
hjust=0), legend.position='none') + scale_colour_gradient(low='blue',
high='orange') + ylab('')
The.csv file used: hospitaldata.csv (source: oecd.org)
To leave a comment for the author, please follow the link and comment on his blog: Fishy Operations.
Comments are closed.


text:
Date of Award
Economics and Finance
Mukherjee, Tarun; Wei, Peihwang Philip
We identify some of the factors affecting the extent of commonality in liquidity and differences between different stock exchanges around the world. With a comprehensive approach, our investigation centers on presenting evidence on the existence of commonality in liquidity, effect of using different measures of market variables on the level of commonality, factors that change the likelihood of stocks having commonality and factors explaining the different levels of commonality across markets. For the individual stock liquidity, we employ most common and reliable liquidity measures including quoted bid and ask spread, proportional spread, effective spread, proportional effective spread and percentage spread. For the market liquidity, we calculate the equal weighted and value weighted averages of the individual stock liquidity measures. Our base model of commonality of liquidity is an extension of Chordia, Roll, and Subrahmanyam (2000). Our data includes 36,457 common stocks in 46 stock exchanges in 33 countries. Our data period begins on January 2000 and covers until the end of December 2007. Our results show that 14.38% of all stocks in the world have commonality in liquidity with their markets when equally weighted market variables are used. This percentage drops to 9.76% with using value weighted market variables. After controlling for commonality in certain days of the week, we find that commonality is, in most part, uniformly distributed across days-of-the-week, almost for all countries. We also find that market factors including average spread, average price, average return, average risk, average size, legal system (common vs. civil law) and distribution of mean company size affect the likelihood of companies having commonality within their exchanges. In terms of the different levels across countries, we find that average percentage spread, level of risk, distribution of mean company size and legal system all have significant effects. Our results contribute to the literature analyzing factors that affect the level of commonality and types of companies that are likely to have commonality. Our study also has practical implications for portfolio diversification by providing evidence for possible reasons for common liquidity movements in the markets which may eventually lead to market liquidity crunches.
Dicle, Mehmet F., "Commonality of Liquidity around the World: Evaluation of Possible Reasons" (2008). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 832.


MetricGAN+: An Improved Version of MetricGAN for Speech Enhancement
04/08/2021 ∙ by Szu-Wei Fu, et al. ∙ 30
The discrepancy between the cost function used for training a speech enhancement model and human auditory perception usually makes the quality of enhanced speech unsatisfactory. Objective evaluation metrics which consider human perception can hence serve as a bridge to reduce the gap. Our previously proposed MetricGAN was designed to optimize objective metrics by connecting the metric with a discriminator. Because only the scores of the target evaluation functions are needed during training, the metrics can even be non-differentiable. In this study, we propose a MetricGAN+ in which three training techniques incorporating domain-knowledge of speech processing are proposed. With these techniques, experimental results on the VoiceBank-DEMAND dataset show that MetricGAN+ can increase PESQ score by 0.3 compared to the previous MetricGAN and achieve state-of-the-art results (PESQ score = 3.15).
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Home / Blogs / How Onsite LGV Assessors are Bringing Mental Health Benefits to LGV Drivers
How Onsite LGV Assessors are Bringing Mental Health Benefits to LGV Drivers
Blogs | 2nd Apr 2019
How Onsite LGV Assessors are Bringing Mental Health Benefits to LGV Drivers
Regular driver assessments are an important part of the safety and efficiency of any transport operation, but have you considered that having an RTITB LGV Driver Assessor onsite can help provide much more, including improved mental health for drivers?
An LGV Driver assessment is a one-on-one session between a driver and an LGV Assessor that takes about one hour. Safety, driving ability and minimising fuel consumption or component wear through driving style are some of the typical focusses for most periodic LGV Driver assessments (annually or sooner).
However, while these are all important factors, employers should be aware that these regular one-on-one sessions also provide a valuable opportunity for LGV Drivers to connect with a trusted colleague, in a safe environment, for open discussion and conversation. This is one of the many benefits of having onsite LGV Driver Assessors.
Why are these one-on-one assessments important for mental health?
With limited human interaction, the role of a professional LGV driver can often be a solitary one. During a four-and-a-half-hour drive, or indeed a full ten-hour shift, any minor concerns playing on a driver's mind can easily escalate to feel like major problems. Left untreated, stress and other mental health conditions, such as depression, are likely to worsen, which can lead to lost man hours with drivers calling in sick.
Having an LGV Assessor onsite provides the opportunity for LGV Drivers to regularly share their concerns, and for the LGV Assessor to respond appropriately, either to help alleviate anxiety or, in more serious cases, to highlight concerns to relevant colleagues with a view to offering more suitable support. This can hugely benefit your drivers and your business which may not be so easy if assessments are outsourced.
The benefits of inhouse LGV Assessors
Whether they're employed full-time in the role, or they are a skilled driver with additional responsibility, an LGV Driver Assessor can add significant value to transport and logistics operations.
For example, they can support the recruitment of good driverswith pre-employment driving assessments to ensure potential employees' skills are up to standard. Their valuable skills can help businesses avoid disruption, particularly during peak recruitment times.
For regular drivers they can identify areas where intervention is needed and even assess job specific functions such as company delivery paperwork, loading, unloading or specific vehicle characteristics. It is important to note that the LGV Assessor should not provide remedial instruction, which is the job of LGV Instructors.
Acting as a valuable link between drivers and the transport management team, LGV Assessors may also provide information for compliance or help to plan training schemes. Furthermore, following an incident, Assessors can evaluate drivers which may be exposed to similar risk criteria. Through this analysis, accident causes can be identified, and negated.
How to train onsite LGV Driver Assessors
Available at the RTITB Instructor Academy or delivered on your premises, the RTITB LGV Assessor Training course is designed for very experienced LGV Drivers who want to progress in their careers to assess other LGV Drivers. It is also a useful step for someone interested in becoming an LGV Instructor, as training candidates benefit from an enhanced technical understanding of LGV driving.
What's involved in the LGV Assessor training?
Courses typically cover driver licensing and eyesight checks, the assessment procedure, assessment route selection and directions to drivers. Driver marking sheets are covered along with report writing and accident, vehicle defect and periodical driving assessments.
To pass the LGV Assessor course drivers are usually required to pass an examination consisting of three elements. The first is a personal driving assessment followed by an associated knowledge multiple choice theory paper. They must then conduct a practical assessment of driving ability.
Training from RTITB should always be considered an investment and while mental health is not a specific topic within the LGV Assessor Training, well trained Assessors will possess outstanding communication skills, which are vital in supporting your drivers. In the male dominated logistics and transport industry, mental health is still very much a taboo subject so open communication is important.
For more information about LGV Driver Assessor Training, or to learn more about how an onsite LGV Assessor can benefit your business, please contact us.


text:
Plastic Flow Analysis and Die Design of Aluminum Extrusion for 3C Product Casings
Extruded products with precision shape have been used widely to 3C products, electronic equipment, communicatory installation, precision instrument, automobile industry. The tolerance for this kind of asymmetric products with small size is strictly required. During extrusion, the plastic flow of the billet inside the die cavity is complicated. The temperature distribution of the billet, the elastic deformation of the die, and the design of the flow guide affect the final dimension of the product. This paper uses the finite element code ¡§DEFORM 3D¡¨ to simulate the plastic flow of the billet inside the die cavity and the stress, strain, temperature distributions of the die during extrusion of a 3C product, Clip and Housing. From the simulation results, a die design guideline is proposed and the temperature, stress, strain distributions are discussed systematically. Furthermore, extrusion experiments are conducted. From the comparisons of the temperature at the die exit, the product sizes and the extrusion force, the validity of the die design rule is verified.
Advisor:CHEN FUH-KUO; HSU RAY-QUEN; HSIANG SU-HAI; HWANG YEONG-MAW; LEE WOEI SHYAN
School:National Sun Yat-Sen University
School Location:China - Taiwan
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:finite element analysis extrusion process asymmetric 3c products
Date of Publication:09/03/2008


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to show the complete internal structure of an R object in an unambiguous and human readable way?
The str function doesn't exactly do this, as it shows custom representations. For example, applying it to an igraph object gives something like
IGRAPH U--- 3 3 -- Full graph
+ attr: name (g/c), loops (g/x)
+ edges:
[1] 1--2 1--3 2--3
This is nice and readable, but it's specific to igraph objects (it's clear that it uses a custom formatting for them). I'm looking for something general. I found dput, and for a while I thought that this provides complete information. The same igraph object is shown as
structure(list(3, FALSE, c(1, 2, 2), c(0, 0, 1), c(0, 1, 2),
 c(0, 1, 2), c(0, 0, 1, 3), c(0, 2, 3, 3), list(c(1, 0, 1),
 structure(list(name = "Full graph", loops = FALSE),.Names = c("name",
 "loops")), list(), list())), class = "igraph")
But then I read about pairlists in the R Language Definition and I noticed that dput(pairlist(1,2)) gives list(1,2). The information that we started with a pairlist is gone.
So is there something similar to dput that shows the internal structure of an R object and gives complete information about it? (The main reason I want this is that it would help me understand the structure of R objects better.)
If there isn't, how would I query an R object to get enough information about it (in a human readable way---not machine readable) to be able to reconstruct it completely?
share|improve this question
How about.Internal(inspect(foo))? – Joshua Ulrich May 3 '13 at 20:16
I think dput is what you want and the pairlist exception is just that - an exception. As far as I understand you're not supposed to use pairlist's, so the issue of dput'ing it is a bit moot. – eddi May 3 '13 at 20:18
Thanks for the reply _USER_, why don't you put that as an answer? – Szabolcs May 3 '13 at 20:31
I read in your dput output in and str-ed it. I got the standard output for a list with an extra class. I guess you're getting something different because igraphs come from some package. I wonder if there's something like base::str (which doesn't exist) that you can use here. – Frank May 3 '13 at 20:45
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I don't have much more to add besides my comment, so this is just for completeness for future generations :)
dput is doing what you want. With rare exceptions, one of them being pairlist (I assume there might be other exceptions as well, but I don't actually know what they are), it will not be exactly the same object, but, at least in the case of pairlist there is a reason for that. Since pairlist is not supposed to be used outside of internal code, the output of dput can be considered to be doing the user a favor by converting an internal object into the equivalent external one.
share|improve this answer
There are more exceptions. Environments are dput'ed simply as "", even if they have attributes. Closures lose srcref attributes, the enclosing environment and the bytecode (if present). – Ferdinand.kraft May 4 '13 at 1:33
add comment
dput is a somewhat disappointing solution, as the result is very messy. (It is, however, better than what I was doing before.)
I'd suggest (1) dput, (2) make a copy, (3) assign the base class to the result (as seen in the dput) and (4) str it.
In this case:
> x<-dput(my_graph)
> class(x)<-"list"
> str(x)
List of 9
 $ : num 3
 $ : logi FALSE
 $ : num [1:3] 1 2 2
 $ : num [1:3] 0 0 1
 $ : num [1:3] 0 1 2
 $ : num [1:3] 0 1 2
 $ : num [1:4] 0 0 1 3
 $ : num [1:4] 0 2 3 3
 $ :List of 4
 ..$ : num [1:3] 1 0 1
 ..$ :List of 2
 ....$ name : chr "Full graph"
 ....$ loops: logi FALSE
 ..$ : list()
 ..$ : list()
share|improve this answer
I haven't used dput before, so I don't know how general this approach is. This is basically the same solution _USER_ gave, but with some new steps. I learned a lot from his answer and the comments above. What I've written here was just too long to be a comment on his answer, which is already good enough. I hope someone comes along with a more satisfying answer, though. (I starred the question.).Internal(inspect()) (which _USER_ Ulrich mentioned) might be the next best thing, but I'm not yet programmer enough to read that output at a glance. – Frank May 4 '13 at 2:37
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Your Answer


text:
Heat shrink packing is wrapping the packaging film on the outside of product. After heating, shrink film is tightly wrapped in product or package, which can better show the appearance of the product, improve the sales performance of the product, and also increase its aesthetic value and sense of value. Can be sealed, moisture-proof, anti pollution effect in the goods after heat shrinkable packaging machine packaging, and can protect the goods from external shocks, has some of the buffer, especially when packaging fragile goods, to prevent broken vessels flying. In addition, the possibility of dismantling and stealing of the product can be reduced.
Vacuum packing machine
includes single room, double room, external pumping type, and platform type vacuum packing machine. There are some aspects of vacuum packer that surpass the trend of other similar packing machines. However, all kinds of packaging equipment are actively innovating, and every machine has huge market potential. The vacuum packing machine can automatically extract the air inside the bag, and complete the sealing process after the vacuum degree is reached. It can also be filled with nitrogen or other mixed gases, and then complete the sealing process. Vacuum packer is often used in the food industry, because after vacuum packaging, food can be antioxidant, so as to achieve long-term preservation.
1. The heat shrink packing is designed to cover the outer packaging of the product with a layer of film to the beauty of the body.
2. The vacuum packaging machine
is the vacuum bag inside the air out, to achieve the role of preservation.


1. ITV Report
Help needed for boy with serious medical conditions
Three year old Reece requires constant care Photo: Jane Hesketh
Three year old Reece is a lovely, happy little boy. He enjoys going to nursery and playing with his friends. But he also has some serious medical conditions, which means he needs 24 hour care.
He's been living with his foster family in Leicester since he was 11 months old, after his mother had to reluctantly ask social services for help.When he was born he had trouble breathing, so he had a tracheostomy tube put into his neck. He also has difficulties eating and has a tube in his stomach.
Reece's mum Sara Credit: Jane Hesketh
Reece can't talk, but he can communicate usingsign language.None of his disabilities have stopped him from growing and developing and having fun. All those around him know he may not live for many more years, and so try to make as many memories for him as they can.He's bright and inquisitive and everyone who meets him, loves him.
Reece can only communicate using sign-language Credit: Jane Hesketh
But even his foster parents, Yvonne and Eric need a break from the round the clock care a disabled child like Reece needs. Social Workers are looking to recruit more carers for children with severe medical conditions to give foster families the odd break.
For more information contact


Factors Affecting Solubility
4.0 based on 4 ratings
Updated on Dec 11, 2013
A solution is a liquid mixture with two or more components. The liquid part of the mixture is called the solvent, and the smaller dissolved part of the mixture is called the solute. Solutions are assumed to be uniform mixtures, meaning that the solute is evenly spread throughout the whole mixture. When the solvent of a liquid solution is water, we refer to the solution as an aqueous solution.
A solute can be a solid, liquid or gas, and each has a particular solubility in a given solvent. Solubility refers to how much of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. When the maximum amount of a solute is dissolve the solution is considered saturated. When there is more solute than what can be dissolved by the solvent, the solution is considered supersaturated. In supersaturated solutions, the part of the solute that was incapable of dissolving shows up in the form of solid particles, layers in the liquid, or gas bubbles.
Solubility can be very useful in helping to purify products. Cooling down a solution until a solid solute comes out is called "crashing out." When the solute assumes the form of crystals, this process is referred to as crystallization. The crystals that form are pure products, and can be very pretty!
There are several factors affecting solubility, including temperature and pressure. In the following experiments, you'll learn whether each factor has a positive or negative effect on the solubility of different compounds.
Explore the concept of solubility.
Will heating or cooling increase solubility? What about pressure?
 - 4 small, sealed bottles of soda
 - Labeling tape
 - Jar or drinking glass
 - Olive oil
 - Water
 - Small cooking pot
 - Stove
 - Wooden skewer
 - Table sugar
 1. Label each of the small, sealed soda bottles with a number. Two will be refrigerated overnight, and two will not.
 2. Open one of the bottles that will be refrigerated and one of the bottles that will be left out and let each sit with the cap off for a few minutes. What does this do? Record your observations.
 3. Place one of the sealed bottles and one of the open bottles in the refrigerator to allow them to cool overnight.
 4. Place the last two bottles somewhere warm, like a sunny window, and leave them there overnight.
 5. The next day, when the two refrigerated bottles are sufficiently cooled and the other two are room temperature or warmer, set the bottles out side by side and record any observations.
 6. It's time to shake them up! Shake each bottle about 20 times. For each of the two bottles that you opened, plug the mouth with your thumb as you shake.
 7. Don't let the gas escape just yet! Observe what happens to the bubbles in the container. Record your observations.
 8. If you want to make a mess (which can sometimes be fun), take the bottles over to the sink and open them (carefully!). Record your observations.
 1. Set out a jar or drinking glass.
 2. Pour small amounts of olive oil and water into the glass at the same time until the jar or glass is half full. Record your observations.
 3. Let the mixture sit for a few minutes. Does anything change?
 1. Fill a small cooking pot with water and set it on the stove.
 2. Before turning the stove on, add sugar to the water until the added sugar stops dissolving and you're left with a nice pile of solid sugar at the bottom. What does this do?
 3. Turn on the stove to a low setting. You want to heat the solution slowly so you can make observations.
 4. Stir occasionally. What happens as the water gets heated? Record your observations.
 5. Once all of the sugar is dissolved, turn off the heat.
 6. Set the wooden skewer in the solution and let the liquid cool slowly. Don't stir! If the pot has a cover, go ahead and cover it. What does covering the pot do? Why is this helpful?
 7. Uncover the pot after an hour or two. What has happened?
Gases: The cold, sealed container will have the most dissolved gas, CO2. When shaken, its liquid will react more than the liquids in the other containers. When opened, it will demonstrate the most violent escape of gas bubbles. The opened, warm container will have the least amount of dissolved gas (and cause the least mess).
Liquids: Water and oil do not mix, and will form two layers in the cup or jar.
Solids: Heating the water will allow more sugar to dissolve. When cooling, the sugar will crash out of the solution and form solid crystals, many of which will likely be on the wooden skewer.
Gases: Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is the gas that makes soda fizzy. Sodas are filled and capped under pressure, which increases the amount of CO2 that can dissolve in the soda (a solution that's primary water). The sound that is made when opening a sealed soda bottle or can is the sound of the pressurized gas escaping. In addition, dissolved CO2 turns back into a gas when the pressure drops, which explains the bubbles you see rising to the surface.
CO2 is more soluble in water when the water is cold, so the sealed, cold soda will have the most dissolved CO2. This explains why it has the most bubbles and creates the most mess (and the best sound!) when shaken and opened. In the warm sodas, CO2 cannot dissolve in solution as well, and many of the gas bubbles escape to the top of the soda. The opened warm soda is also unpressurized, which allowed some of the gas to escape when the soda was opened.
Liquids: Water and oil are immiscible, meaning that they do not mix. This means are the insoluble in each other. The water and oil will be in two separate phases, which will be easy to see in two different layers.
Solids: Adding sugar to the water until solids appear at the bottom of the pot creates a supersaturated solution. Heating the water allows more of that solid sugar to dissolve. This is because energy added to the system in the form of heat makes the heated molecules in the system move around faster. This allows more sugar molecules to dissolve, because they come into contact with the moving water molecules at a greater frequency. As the water is cooled, the energy of the system decreases and the sugar molecules begin to find each other again. Cooling slowly without stirring allows molecules to align with each other and produce crystals. Sometimes, if cooled slowly enough, you can grow crystals much bigger than the ones you originally put in the water.


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Date of this Version
Paper Session: Student Experiences SIGCSE '20, March 11–14, 2020, Portland, OR, USA
Increasing retention in computer science (CS) courses is a goal of many CS departments. A key step to increasing retention is to understand the factors that impact the likelihood students will continue to enroll in CS courses. Prior research on retention in CS has mostly examined factors such as prior exposure to programming and students' personality characteristics, which are outside the control of undergraduate instructors. This study focuses on factors within the control of instructors, namely, instructional practices that directly impact students' classroom experiences. Participants were recruited from 25 sections of 14 different courses over 4 semesters. A multi-level model tested the effects of individual and class-average perceptions of cooperative learning and teacher directedness on the probability of subsequent enrollment in a CS course, while controlling for students' mastery of CS concepts and status as a CS major. Results indicated that students' individual perceptions of instructional practices were not associated with retention, but the average rating of cooperative learning within a course section was negatively associated with retention. Conconsistent with prior research, greater mastery of CS concepts and considering or having declared a CS major were associated with a higher probability of taking a future CS courses. Implications for findings are discussed.


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Selecting The Right Tool: The Process to Re-Open Continues on The Chips Fir
Incident: Chips Wildfire
Suppression repair efforts to open roads, remove fire weakened trees, and related activities are underway on the Chips Fire.
Of interest, firefighters dropped two trees across the North Fork of the Feather River below the Belden Forebay so that they could battle the fire in the early stages. These trees were interfering with water flow for hydroelectric operations. Per the request of Plumas National Forest and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), the trees would need to be removed. The question was how.
One unique piece of equipment is the Yoder. It is a combination of a timber Yarder and a Loader/Grappler. The Yoder is effective at moving large, heavy timber along steep slopes via cable and pulley system. PG&E assisted in slowing river flow by closing gates at Belden Forebay. This reduced river flow from its typical 165 cubic feet per second (cfs) to 115 cfs for safer access.
A local from Westwood provided the Yoder. Once it was unloaded from the trailer, it took a mere 10 minutes for the cable to be set and the tree to be drug out of the river. This allowed the Yoder crew members access to the tree to secure it with the yarding cable. The trees were slowly pulled by the Yoder from the river and left on the bank for crews to stabilize it. The entire repair operation was overseen by staff that ensured that natural resources concerns and safety concerns were considered.


text: A classic of reportage, Oranges was first conceived as a short magazine article about oranges and orange juice, but the author kept encountering so much irresistible information that he eventually found that he had in fact written a book. It contains sketches of orange growers, orange botanists, orange pickers, orange packers, early settlers on Florida's Indian River, the first orange barons, modern concentrate makers, and a fascinating profile of Ben Hill Griffin of Frostproof, Florida who may be the last of the individual orange barons. McPhee's astonishing book has an almost narrative progression, is immensely readable, and is frequently amusing. Louis XIV hung tapestries of oranges in the halls of Versailles, because oranges and orange trees were the symbols of his nature and his reign. This book, in a sense, is a tapestry of oranges, too—with elements in it that range from the great orangeries of European monarchs to a custom of people in the modern Caribbean who split oranges and clean floors with them, one half in each hand.


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Название: Information Warfare and Organizational Decision-Making
Автор: Kott A.
Unconventional warfare is now conventional, requiring the military to organize in new ways that can rapidly respond to unprecedented battlefield challenges. Cutting-edge computing is helping military planners create original organizational structures able to adapt to ever-changing strategies and tactics. The computational techniques in this book provide practical solutions for organizing and commanding military operations, gathering intelligence, deploying antiterrorism measures, and securing information. The book covers artificial intelligence, game and control theory, and cognitive modeling, offering new insight into military psychology and training. Strategists can develop robust organizations that withstand and mitigate attack. They also learn how to neutralize enemy command and control to gain tactical advantage.


Patient IDs window
The Patient IDs window of the Plan Menu is where you enter the patient's name and other optional identifers.
In the Toolbar across the top of the window you may optionally set plan submission and approval dates which are stored in the treatment plan file. Note: if you open an existing treatment plan and change these dates be sure to resave the plan in order to preserve the changes.
In the Patient group, enter at minimum the Patient name. This field must not be empty. Fields with red titles indicate essential patient identifiers that are either empty or incomplete. For all other fields, values entered here supersede any available preference settings which would otherwise be substituted for empty fields. Labels for the two user definable fields can be saved as preference settings from the preferences users tab and can be superseded here for the current patient.
In the Plan revision and commentaries group you can select a plan revision number and enter an explanation of each revision. Revisions are timestamped at the time of creation. You may manually edit the revision timestamp. You may optionally enter commentary for each plaque. The PSID value is a unique timestamped identifying code that PS creates for each new patient. This value can be used to search the database for entries associated with a patient, even if there have been revisions to the patient name. It is recommended to allow PS to manage the PSID code, although you may create a new ID if needed. The Plan name field is empty by default. It is recommended to allow PS to manage the plan name. See below for additional explanation of plan names.
The Plan time zone defaults to your preferences time zone setting and is saved in the treatment plan file.
In the Plan status group you can flag a plan as being a preplan and/or as having an unknown plaque location.
In the Parent Folder Comments group you may optionally set the file system metadata comment of the parent folder of the treatment plan (.iplan6) file to indicate when a plan was submitted and/or approved. You can display these metadata comments in the MacOS Finder settings (e.g. control-click or right-mouse-button-click on the column headers when in Finder list view and enable comments display).
You may optionally drag and drop a picture of the patient or eye onto the "eyedentity" image well control located near the bottom-center of this window. This picture may optionally be included on the first page of the treatment plan document.
PS version 6.7.7 adds Tesseract OCR capability to Plaque Simulator. Clicking the Take Screenshot button sends the keyboard shortcut shift-command-control-4 to the MacOS which initiates a screen capture-to-clipboard session. The patient ID window now polls the clipboard once per second to see if anything has changed. If a screenshot is found on the clipboard, it will be passed to the OCR engine which will first look for possible dates in the OCR results, and if it doesn't find a valid date, it will convert the entire OCR result to text. Any text identified by OCR will replace the screenshot on the clipboard. Note: You may also use keyboard shortcuts (e.g. command-c) to copy text from another application such as a.pdf reader, word processing program, email or similar to the clipboard, or enter the shortcut shift-command-control-4 to manually initiate a screen capture session.
Text on the clipboard is checked every time the Patient ID window updates and is analyzed for valid date sequences. It's best to keep screen captures and text on the clipboard to the most compact size possible to minimize the computational overhead. If a valid date format is identified, the paste button for DOB will activate. If no date is identified, the entire text becomes available to paste into the various text fields. Convenience paste buttons will activate for patient name and MRN. Use the keyboard shortcut command-v to paste into any other text field.
For example, the format for DOB should ideally be of the short format 10/31/1952 (or its European or ISO equivalent) with no time specified, but alternative formats are also recognized. If a date that includes time of day is detected, such as '10/31/1952 08:00 am', it will also be made available to paste into the plaque insertion control of the Rx window as well as the patient DOB control.
Saving plan variations: Plaque Simulator's (PS) SQLite database is keyed to the patient name. The database is updated whenever a plan is saved. The recommended way to save plan variations so they can be tracked in the database is to change the patient name slightly. For example, change "John Doe" to "John Doe_Rev2". The Plan revision menu automates this for you.
The Plan name field is empty by default for a new patient. The recommended action for users is to allow PS to manage the plan name. Patient plans are saved as "file packages" which are actually folders which appear to be files. PS will automatically generate a plan package based on the patient name. Plan packages end with the extension ".iplan6" which will be automatically appended for you. For example, if you enter the patient name "xxxxx", Plaque Simulator will automatically save the plan as a package named "xxxxx.iplan6". You can use the plan name field to save alternative plans for the same patient, but the database will always associate the most recently saved plan with each patient's name.


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Research and implementation of intelligent decision based on a priori knowledge and DQN algorithms in wargame environment
MetadataShow full item record
AbstractThe reinforcement learning problem of complex action control in a multi-player wargame has been a hot research topic in recent years. In this paper, a game system based on turn-based confrontation is designed and implemented with state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning models. Specifically, we first design a Q-learning algorithm to achieve intelligent decision-making, which is based on the DQN (Deep Q Network) to model complex game behaviors. Then, an a priori knowledge-based algorithm PK-DQN (Prior Knowledge-Deep Q Network) is introduced to improve the DQN algorithm, which accelerates the convergence speed and stability of the algorithm. The experiments demonstrate the correctness of the PK-DQN algorithm, it is validated, and its performance surpasses the conventional DQN algorithm. Furthermore, the PK-DQN algorithm shows effectiveness in defeating the high level of rule-based opponents, which provides promising results for the exploration of the field of smart chess and intelligent game deduction
CitationSun, Y., Yuan, B., Zhang, T., Tang, B., Zheng, W. and Zhou, X., (2020). 'Research and implementation of intelligent decision based on a priori knowledge and DQN algorithms in wargame environment'. Electronics, 9(10), pp. 1-21.
The following license files are associated with this item:
- Creative Commons
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International


Soares dos Reis Museum
Museu Soares dos Reis: The Oldest Art Museum In Portugal
Museu Soares dos Reis is the oldest Art museum in Portugal and is located in Porto. This national museum was established in 1833 to educate and showcase art procured from monasteries and convents after they were dissolved. Today, the Museu Soares dos Reis houses a highly valuable collection of glass, ceramics, paintings, and jewelry.
The National Museum Soares dos Reis is located in the historical Carrancas Palace in Porto and turned into one of the most famous art museums in Portugal, displaying many of the masterpieces of Portuguese art. Some of the most famous are the art works by the Portuguese sculptor Antonio Soares dos Reis, to whom the museum is dedicated.
Museu Soares Dos Reis in Porto was actually set up by King Peter IV as Museu Portuense (Porto's Museum) in 1833. Housed then, at the St. Anthony's Convent, in the heart of the city. The exhibits of the museum were primarily religious artifacts and art pieces collected from missions and convents as well as pieces from the followers of King Peter IV's rival, Miguel I of Portugal, who had lost to Peter IV in 1832. However, the museum made many more acquisitions during the entire 19th century, while the focus always remained the art collections.
After three decades, the museum was shifted from the city center to its current location at the ancient Carrancas Palace. Also, new and improved facilities were added, including those for the exhibits and their storage. From 1992 to 2001, the repository was renovated and expanded under the supervision of Fernando Tavora, a known architect in Porto.
The neo classical Carrancas Palace, home to the Soares dos Reis Museum was built around the turn of the 19th century as a residence and workshop for the 'Moraes-e-Castro' family. The design of the palace is similar to neo palladian style buildings like the St. Anthony Hospital and the Feitoria Inglesa (English Trading Post) in Porto. The interiors of the palace were designed by Luis Chiari, who used stucco and wall paintings for effect.
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Your top 6 questions about vehicle and equipment loans answered
Your top 6 questions about vehicle and equipment loans answered
If you're a business owner or self-employed, then chances are you will need to purchase a vehicle or equipment at some stage, even if it's just a new computer or phone.
When it comes to financing for vehicles and equipment, the types of loans available are different from your typical home loan mortgage, so we've answered the top six questions most commonly asked for you.
1.What types of vehicle and equipment finance are there?
 - Finance Lease
 - Commercial Hire Purchase (also known as Hire Purchase or CHP)
 - Chattel Mortgage (also known as Commercial Loan or Equipment Loan)
 - Novated Lease
Finance Lease
A finance lease provides 100% finance for the assets. In this situation, the lender or bank owns the asset and you lease it from them. Most assets that can be depreciated can be financed. Often there is a minimum finance lease amount of $10,000.
Commercial Hire Purchase
A hire purchase arrangement is an agreement to purchase vehicles, plant or equipment subject to payment terms. During the term of the agreement, the lender owns the goods. Ownership will be transferred across once the final payment is made.
Chattel Mortgage
A chattel mortgage is a loan agreement where you borrow funds to acquire an asset. You provide security for the loan through a mortgage to the lender. You generally do not need a deposit for a chattel mortgage and you retain ownership of the asset throughout the term of the loan.
Novated lease
Novated leasing from the financier provides a flexible, portable and convenient way to acquire a car as part of an employee's salary package. Employees can then lease a motor vehicle of their choice and while they remain employed, their employer agrees to pay the rentals directly from the employee's gross salary.
2. What is the loan term for vehicle and equipment?
Generally, most loans will be between 12 months to 5 years.
3. What's a balloon or residual payment?
A balloon payment or residual payment is an amount due at the end of the loan term. It's used to help lower monthly repayments and assist with cash flow, but it does mean you will have a lump sum to pay out at the end.
Be careful not to set your balloon value too high so that you don't end up in a negative equity position.
4. What's the difference between Commercial Hire Purchase and Chattel Mortgage?
The main difference is that with a commercial hire purchase the owner of the asset is the lender, whereas the chattel mortgage is owned by the customer. A chattel mortgage also attracts additional upfront costs such as stamp duty and ASIC fees. However, both types allow you to borrow up to 100% of the loan.
5. What assets can I finance?
Anything that can be depreciated for business purposes, however, different lenders will have slightly different policies on this.
6. Does it cost more to use a broker than go direct through a car yard?
No. A broker, such as Sunshine Coast Financial Solutions, will source the best vehicle and equipment finance options for you by looking over all your needs and then tailoring the right finance option to suit your business and cash flow.
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In this seminar, Dr. Kabeer Shah speaks to the specific clinical use cases where whole-slide imaging and digital pathology improve the efficiency of his practice, and how clinicians in organizations, both big and small, can better understand how digital pathology can contribute to their practice.
In the session, Dr. Shah will demonstrate:
- How to use digital pathology to improve workflows between remote labs and hospital sites
- Three practical examples of clinical models and applications using digital pathology
- Key considerations when choosing digital pathology solutions


What is the Difference Between LTC and LTV, and How are They Used in CRE Financing?
Written by: Lucro Staff 2 years, 8 months ago
Commercial real estate financing involves several different kinds of loans. In order for real estate investors to be able to borrow the money they need to finance their project, both the investor and their project must be assessed for risks. The more risk identified with the borrower or the project, the stricter terms lenders will offer. That's where LTC and LTV come into play. Below we define what the two terms mean, how they work, and what their roles are in CRE financing.
LTC—What is it and how does it work?
LTC stands for loan-to-cost. LTC is a ratio used in commercial real estate financing to determine how much of a development project will be financed by debt versus equity. LTC is defined as the value of the loan divided by the cost of the project.
Lenders use LTC as a high-level metric to set a basic standard of the risk they're willing to accept for a construction loan for a new project. The higher the loan to cost, the more risk the lender is taking on if the development struggles. Loan to cost values are set by market rates, and tend to get higher during bull markets.
A commercial real estate loan is conventionally taken with an LTC percentage anywhere from 50% to 80%. For example, if the total cost of construction is $1,000,000, a lender may offer a loan amount of $800,000, which would correlate to an LTC of 80%.
LTV—What is it and how does it work?
LTV is an acronym standing for "Loan To Value. It is similar, but not the same, as LTC. LTV is the ratio of the value of a loan to the market value of the property, as opposed to the cost of construction for a project. In other words, LTV is the mortgage amount divided by the appraised value of the property. When LTVs are concerned, there is generally an appraiser involved.
It is obviously more difficult to predict the value for CRE that has yet to be built, which is where pro forma financial modeling comes in. The most common scenarios in CRE development involve originating a LTC loan during the construction period, which will be refinanced with a LTV loan once the construction is completed. Once there is a finished product (or at least a partially-constructed asset), it is much easier to determine the value of the asset, which makes a LTV loan more viable.
LTC, LTV, & CRE Financing
Both LTC and LTV are vital components when it comes to commercial real estate financing. They are tools to help lenders determine the risk level they're willing to accept for a certain asset. This in turn determines the size of the loan a lender is willing to provide. Projects that are deemed to be higher risk will have lower LTC or LTV ratios, as determined by market rates.
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The Initiatives
Initiatives List
Premio Nazionale di Teatro Luigi Pirandello
Premio Nazionale di Teatro Luigi Pirandello
The Premio Nazionale di Teatro Luigi Pirandello is promoted by the Fondazione Sicilia which in 2008, after eleven years of silence, obtained ownership and restored it to its former glory, re-launching a traditional competition and stimulating quality, modern theatrical productions.
The competition began in Palermo in 1966, one hundred years after the birth of Sicilian drama, with the aim of celebrating one of the "pilasters" of twentieth century Italian literature.
The spirit behind the prize was Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, the then President of Cassa Centrale di Risparmio Vittorio Emanuele.
Divided into sections, the Pirandello prize includes the "National Theatre Prize", for authors in the Italian language and original theatrical works, the "International Prize", which goes to a figure in Theatre in recognition of his/her career achievements, and two awards for theatre studies: one for a historical-critical work and the other for a mainly philological work. The panel of judges is composed of figures from the critical and theatrical world.
The prize, presented every two years, is under the High Patronage of the President of the Republic and has been awarded to high profile figures from the world of show business: from Ingmar Bergman to Giorgio Strehler, Harold Pinter, Tadeusz Kantor, Bernhard Minetti and Eugenio Barba.


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Chattanooga, Tennessee: Train Town--
By looking at Chattanooga, Tennessee: Train Town, students will understand how Chattanooga's development illustrates the importance of railroads to American cities. Those interested in learning more will find that the Internet offers a variety of interesting materials.
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site is a unit of the National Park System. The park's expanded Web pages examine subjects related to transportation history, canals, the 1800s, and more.
Mojave National Preserve Railroads
Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Mojave National Preserve Railroads is a unit of the National Park System. The park's web page discusses the importance of transportation in our nation's history, particularly the influence of the Burlington Northern/Santa Fe on the Mojave National Preserve. This railroad provided the main economic lifeline for miners, ranchers, and homesteaders by creating a link to the national economy.
The Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Web site documents through both text and pictures the completion of the first transcontinental railroad. When it was completed, the rails of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroad were joined, completing a coast-to-coast connection. The site also offers links to other non-profit Web sites detailing laws and events that help dictate the history of trains and railroads.
Library of Congress
American Railway Maps, _PHONE_
American Memory Collection
Search the American Memory Collection Web page for a variety of historical resources on the "Chattanooga, railroad," "Chattanooga," and "railroads." Included on the Web site are historic photographs, maps, sheet music, articles, and documents on everything from Terminal Station to Chattanooga's role in the Civil War.
View the Library of Congress's American Memory Collection of Railway Maps by searching with keywords or browsing by geographical location. On the home page, scroll down to useful links on the "History of Railroads and Maps," "Related
Resources" and "Learn More About It!"
Railroad Terminals and Stations
Ohio Railroad Stations Past and Present
This Web page provides links to numerous interactive databases of existing railroad stations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and several other states. The information the database provides about each station includes the original city in which it was located, the railroads it serviced, its current location, how it is currently being used, and more. Also included are many photographs that provide a frame of reference for different architectural railroad station styles in the United States.
The New York Central Terminal of Buffalo, New York
Visit this Web site that provides an in-depth look at the creation and history of the New York Central Terminal of Buffalo, NY. Included on the site are details about the rise and decline of the use of railroads in America as a form of mass transit.