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Undergrad nuclear physics; spin parity rules
 1. Sep 19, 2003 #1
 Chapter 3 #17 (Krane) The spin-parity of 9Be and 9B are both 3/2-. Assuming in both cases that the spin and parity are characteristic only of the odd nucleon, show how it is possible to obtain the observed spin-parity of 10B(3+). What other spin-parity combinations could also appear? (These are observed as excited states of 10B.)
 Here's what I think I know. The parity is (-1)l. So for 9Be and 9B, l = 1. It makes sense that these two nuclei have half-integer spin because A = 9 is odd. It makes sense that 10B has integer spin because A = 10 is even. The fact they're telling me to consider the spin and parity is charactersitic of the odd nucleon is supposed to be hinting at something, but I'm not sure what. I realize 9Be has an extra neutron and one less proton than 9B, but I don't know if I'm supposed to be getting any useful information from the fact that the unpaired particle is a proton in one case and a neutron in the other. If anyone can fill in any of these blanks for me, I would appreciate it.
 Aside from this question, and in general, I'm confused about how nucleons pair off and have their spin cancel out with other nucleons. From what I've heard in class so far even numbers of nucleons should just pair off and leave nuclei with either 0 or 1/2 spin. :(
 2. jcsd
 3. Sep 23, 2003 #2
 Tom Mattson
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 I don't think there's anything to that, since JP for both p and n are both (1/2)+.
 That would be true if only the nucleon spin were taken into account. However, the orbital angular momentum of the odd nucleon is seen from the outside as nuclear spin. So, for instance, if an odd proton is spin-up in the p-shell with ml=1, then the whole nucleus is in a spin-3/2 state.
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text:
Shortly after 5:00 P.M. On Wednesday, May 27, 1896, a Herculean tornado shattered the St. Louis Area. Within twenty minutes, 137 people had perished in St. Louis, with 118 dead across the river in East St. Louis. Along a ten-mile swath of devastation, the tornado destroyed 311 buildings, heavily damaged 7,200 others and caused significant harm to 1,300 more. Even today, that powerful cyclone of a century ago "remains the single deadliest incident to befall the St. Louis area," according to Tim O'Neil of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
who wrote the foreword for this historic reprint of a book originally published by the Cyclone Publishing Company.
Heavily illustrated by photographs of the damage, The Great Cyclone was compiled from stories in the city's daily newspapers—the Globe-Democrat, the Post-Dispatch, and, most notably, the old St. Louis Republic. O'Neil points out that "the book's compilers are not identified, but their glowing praise of the 'superb descriptive composition' in the Republic provides a good guess about where most of them worked."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Severe hyperkalemia leads to bilateral calf pain and ECG abnormality in a patient with pacemaker.
Department of Cardiology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
- *Corresponding Author:
- Bingzhang Jie
Department of Cardiology
Fuxing Hospital Capital Medical University
Beijing 100038 China.
Accepted date: November 17 2014
Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte abnormality that may cause cardiac pacemaker malfunction. Clinically, bilateral calf pain is extremely rare in hyperkalemia. Here we presented a case of a 78-year-old female who had bilateral calf pain with electrocardiographic changes in severe hyperkalemia.
Hyperkalemia, bilateral calf pain, electrocardiographic changes, pacemaker.
Hyperkalemia is a common clinical condition that could induce deadly cardiac arrhythmias, and is usually detected by electrocardiographic manifestations such as classic sinewave rhythm, and nonspecific repolarization abnormalities. However, sometimes it is difficult to diagnose hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia related bilateral calf pain is rarely reported. Here we presented a case of a 78-yearold female who had severe hyperkalemia with bilateral calf pain, and demonstrated electrocardiographic changes.
A 78-year-old female presented to the vascular surgery clinic because of progressive bilateral calf pain and cramping that began 3 days ago. She had no other complaints, except fatigue, nausea, upper abdominal pain and partial loss of hearing. She had no previous history of bilateral calf pain, with medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation, which had been first diagnosed in 1992. Renal inadequacy diagnosed in 2009 (the highest creatinine value was 217 μmol/L). She received single ventricular pacemaker 10 years ago. Cardiac therapy consisted of spironolactone (20 mg daily), irbesartan (150 mg/d), and metoprolol. Her blood pressure was maintained at 110/70 mmHg.
On admission, physical examination revealed that her limbs were pale and clammy, her blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg, and ECG showed regular pacing of pacemaker and widened QRS complex (Fig. 1a). A color doppler ultrasound of lower limbs arteries showed that bilateral popliteal artery had moderate stenosis, but the blood flowed smoothly. Since her symptoms persisted, she was asked to stay in the observation room. Six hours later, the patient developed excruciating pain and extreme weakness and sudden onset of hypotension and bradycardia. ECG showed that the pacemaker failed with further widened QRS complexes, the heart rate was 30 beats/min (Fig. 1b). Therefore, she was transferred to the emergency room. Physical examination revealed her inability to move limbs and her blood pressure dropped to 70/50 mmHg. Possibility of electrode dislocation verified. Preparation for temporary pacing was processed immediately. Rapid blood gas analysis showed that serum potassium was 9.9 mM/L, suggesting that hyperkalemia led to the failure of pacemaker capture. Isoproterenol, calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, and insulin were administered to improve both the hemodynamics and the serum potassium, followed by emergency hemodialysis. After normalization of the serum potassium concentration, her cardiac rhythm became sinus rhythm and her heart rate was increased to 72 beats/min (Fig. 1c). The bilateral calf pain and quadriplegia resolved completely. She was discharged after one week when the serum potassium was 4.7 mmol/L. Repeated ECG recording showed regaining of pacemaker function (Fig. 1d).
Figure 1: Twelve-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs, 25 mm/sec, 5 mm/mV) obtained from the patients. ECG recording (1a) showed the ventricular paced rhythm at 60 beats/min, with a hyperkalemia-induced QRS and T wave widening. ECG (1b) showed QRS widening with loss of ventricular capture. ECG (1c) after the normalization of serum potassium concentration revealed sinus. ECG (1d) after the normalization of serum potassium concentration revealed atrial fibrillation with regained pacemaker function.
In most cases, bilateral calf pain may involve a variety of etiologies, including musculoskeletal and vascular pathology such as deep venous thrombosis. Hyperkalemia results in acute onset of quadriparesis or paralysis [3,4]. However, there are reports of leg pain induced by hyperkalemia, especially for the patients who underwent pacemaker implantation. Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte abnormality that may cause cardiac pacemaker malfunction. This case illustrated some typical ECG changes due to hyperkalemia during paced rhythm, including gradual widening of the paced QRS complex and eventual loss of ventricular capture that reverted with the correction of hyperkalemia. As demonstrated in this case, initial characteristic electrocardiographic abnormalities in hyperkalemia during paced rhythm are widened QRS complexes, followed by the failure of pacemaker capture, which resulted in hypotension and bradycardia. Rapidly progressing hemodynamic instability on the basis of atherosclerotic stenosis may result in acute aggravating limb ischaemia, followed by bilateral calf pain and quadriparesis. Hyperkalemia often leads to the appearance of a typical sine-wave pattern and may ultimately result in cardiac arrest and respiratory failure without timely treatment [6,7]. Furthermore, hyperkalaemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the failure of pacemaker capture.
Hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can lead to severe consequences and needs urgent attention. Recognition of the combination of bilateral calf pain and electrocardiographic abnormalities as showed in this case will help early diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia. Although hyperkalemia–related bilateral calf pain is extremely rare, clinicians should always be aware of this potentially life-threatening situation.
Conflicts of interest
None to declare.
- Parham WA, Mehdirad AA, Biermann KM, Fredman CS. Hyperkalemia revisited. Tex Heart Inst J. 2006; 33:40-7.
- Shiver SA, Blaivas M. Acute lower extremity pain in an adult patient secondary to bilateral popliteal cysts. J Emerg Med 2008; 34: 315-8
- Wilson NS, Hudson JQ, Cox Z, King T, Finch CK. Hyperkalemia-induced paralysis. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 1270-2
- Huntgeburth M, Laudes M, Burst V, et al. Acute cardiac arrest secondary to severe hyperkalemia due to autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II. Clin Res Cardiol 2011; 100: 379-82
- Bahl A, Swamy A, Jeevan H, et al. Ecg changes of hyperkalemia during paced rhythm. Indian Heart J 2009; 61: 93-4
- Pluijmen MJ, Hersbach FM. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Sine-wave pattern arrhythmia and sudden paralysis that result from severe hyperkalemia. Circulation 2007; 116: e2-4
- Freeman SJ, Fale AD. Muscular paralysis and ventilatory failure caused by hyperkalaemia. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 226-7

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Understanding telecom complexity through visual analysis
Understanding telecom complexity through visual analysis
Joseph Waring
In an August article in Telecom Asia, Lorien Pratt and Mark Zangari explained why operators need a deep understanding of the many moving parts of the complex systems in which they compete. They showed that a mobile ecosystem -- like any platform business model -- can produce a "virtuous cycle", where more and better applications attract more subscribers, which in turn makes the platform more attractive to developers to build more applications. Over time, this cycle can produce the kind of explosive growth characteristic of the more successful app stores.
Complexity is a recurring theme across telecoms. It comes from many sources: new competition, exploding service catalogs, the movement from singleto quad-play services, and more. Telecom Asia group editor Joseph Waring asks Pratt and Zangari about how their visual modeling findings can be used by telcos to make decisions that allow them to dominate their markets.
TA: Why is a visual analysis needed to understand complex telecom systems? Text, spreadsheets, and conversation seem to be effective.
There are a few answers. Telecom management is considerably more complex than a decade ago, yet we're still using the same decision-making approaches.
When faced with complexity, telecom decision makers tend to use spreadsheets, data analysis, and dashboards. Yet they don't let these tools make the decisions for them. Rather, decision makers study these sources, then set them aside and add their own judgment. So really, the role of decision support tools is to drive intuition: to communicate the situation to the decision maker and to align understanding amongst multiple stakeholders.
Some situations are too hard to understand by analyzing a large spreadsheet. These tools are good at organizing information, but not at supporting complex decision making. This is especially true with the compressed time frames faced by telecoms today—decisions must be made in days instead of weeks or months. Here, decision makers end up taking short cuts: only considering a single outcome, only one investment option, ignoring changes over time. Which leads to our answer to your question: a visual representation of a complex system is essential to align the otherwise invisible views of a complex system into a shared, explicit, map.


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Peripheral Milling of Thin Titanium Plates: Modelling, Analysis, and Process Planning
Maropoulos, P. G.
This paper presents research conducted to model and analyse the peripheral milling of thin titanium plates. Impact tests are performed and the vibration characteristics of a thin titanium plate modelled empirically. The force process is described by a mechanistic model and experimental data are used to determine the model parameters. The particle swarm optimization technique is used to determine the parameters of the plate vibration and force process models, which are combined to create a complete model of the thin titanium plate peripheral milling operation. The models are validated experimentally and excellent agreement is shown between the simulation and experimental results. A process planning scheme for peripheral milling of thin titanium plates is developed and applied. In this scheme integer numbers of widths-of-cut and depths-of-cut are used and the optimal helix angle and feed are computed for each combination of width-of-cut and depth-of-cut. The process planning test case revealed that the optimal material removal rate decreases as the width-of-cut decreases, the optimal helix angle is independent of the width-of-cut, and the optimal feed increases as the width-of-cut decreases. The test case also revealed that the optimal material removal rate is independent of depth-of-cut, the optimal helix angle increases as the depth-of-cut decreases, and the optimal feed increases as the depth-of-cut decreases.
R. G. Landers et al., "Peripheral Milling of Thin Titanium Plates: Modelling, Analysis, and Process Planning," Journal of Engineering Manufacture, SAGE Publications, Jan 2011.
The definitive version is available at _URL_
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Keywords and Phrases
Titanium Milling; Vibration and Force Modeling; Process Planning
Article - Journal
© 2011 SAGE Publications, All rights reserved.
01 Jan 2011


To: J3 12-136r2 From: Bill Long Subject: Coarray TS features Date: 2012 February 17 References: 09-184, 11-256r2, N1858, N1906 Summary: ======= Proposal 11 in 11-256r2 concerns the overall scope of the proposed Technical Specification for Fortran Coarray extensions. The consensus of J3 is that the scope should be limited. This recommendation is in keeping with the general purpose of a TS, which is to address circumstances "when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents". Of the remaining 10 Proposals in 11-256r2, these features, as described in this paper, are recommended by J3 for inclusion in the TS in this order of priority, assuming no serious technical flaw is found: 1) Teams 2) Collectives 3) Atomic Operations 4) Synchronization using events 5) Parallel I/O J3 recommends that these features from 11-256r1 not be included in the TS. 6) Remove restrictions on coarray components 7) THIS_IMAGE(X) be scalar if X has corank 1 8) Global pointers / Copointers 9) Asymmetric allocatable and pointer objects 10) Predicated copy_async intrinsic Beyond the Proposals in 11-256r1, no other features are recommended. Feature Descriptions: ===================== Feature 1: Teams ---------------- Teams provide a capability to restrict the image set of remote memory references, coarray allocations, and synchronizations to a subset of all the images of the program. This simplifies code for some applications that involve segregated activities (parts of a climate model, for example). Teams also provide a mechanism for limiting activity to a subset of the computer system that might result in better performance within the team (such as within a local SMP domain.) The simplest form of a team feature, as described in N1858, is not adequate. A richer form of teams is proposed with these characteristics: - A team of all images exists at the beginning of program execution. - An image is always a member of some team, and a member of only one team at a time. - Team variables, of type TEAM_TYPE (defined in ISO_FORTRAN_ENV), are used to identify new teams. The type has one public component with its value equal to the number of images in the team. - New teams can be formed with a new statement (SPLIT TEAM, or FORM TEAM) that defines the specified teams. The aggregate number of images in the teams shall equal the number of images in the current team. The new teams are composed of images with consecutive image numbers in the current team. A team variable cannot be defined other than by execution of the statement used to form teams. - A construct is provided to specify a new current team for the executing image. Possibilities are a WITH TEAM... END WITH TEAM construct, or a SELECT TEAM... END SELECT construct. Execution within the construct is on the context of the specified team. Image numbers are relative to the team, starting at 1 and ending with the number of images in the team. Collective activities, such as SYNC ALL, allocation and deallocation of coarrays, collective subroutine execution, and inquiry intrinsics such as THIS_IMAGE and NUM_IMAGES are relative to the team. All coarrays (including those with the SAVE attribute) allocated during execution of the construct shall be deallocated before execution of the construct completes. When execution of the construct completes, the current team reverts to its previous value. - Access to variables on images outside the current team is not permitted. The feature will require significant revision of the text in the standard, but the capabilities are sufficiently useful to justify the effort. Feature 2: Collectives ---------------------- Collective subroutines offer the possibility of substantially more efficient execution of reduction operations than would be possible by non-expert programmers. Corresponding routines are widely used in MPI programs. This feature has been the most widely requested in the discussion of coarrays. Intrinsic Collective subroutines: CO_SUM CO_MAX CO_MIN CO_BROADCAST CO_REDUCE See 11-193 for detailed descriptions of these subroutines. If Feature 1 (Teams) is accepted, the collective subroutines would not have a team argument. Instead, the collective operation is done by the members of the current team. If there is no form of teams implemented, a different method to specify a subset of the images is needed. An array specifying the list of images, similar to the array used for specifying an image list for SYNC IMAGES, should be considered. Feature 3: Atomic operations ----------------------------- Intrinsic subroutines implementing atomic memory operations provide the capability to write simple and efficient code for several common operations used in parallel programs. These capabilities are provided in other parallel programming models and have been available as extensions in some Fortran implementations (though with different syntax). A standard specification would improve the prospects for code portability. All of the proposed subroutines are intrinsic atomic subroutines, expanding the Fortran 2008 list of ATOMIC_DEFINE and ATOMIC_REF. Paper 09-184 provides a detailed description of ATOMIC_CAS. The other routines have similar semantics. The ATOM argument is atomically modified, based on the other arguments. If an optional OLD argument is present, it is assigned the value of ATOM immediately before the specified operation is performed. New Intrinsic Atomic subroutines: ATOMIC_CAS (ATOM, OLD, COMPARE, NEW)! Compare-and-swap ATOMIC_ADD (ATOM, VALUE [,OLD])! Atomic integer add ATOMIC_AND (ATOM, VALUE [,OLD])! Atomic bitwise AND ATOMIC_OR (ATOM, VALUE [,OLD])! Atomic bitwise OR ATOMIC_XOR (ATOM, VALUE [,OLD])! Atomic bitwise exclusive OR ATOMIC_SWAP (ATOM, VALUE)! Atomic swap ATOMIC_AX (ATOM, MASK, VALUE [,OLD])! Atomic bitwise and-xor The atomic and-xor operation replaces ATOM with ieor(iand(ATOM,MASK),VALUE). The atomic and-xor operation also provides the capability to perform atomic definitions of a subset of the bits of ATOM. Integrating this feature into the Fortran standard should be straightforward. New intrinsic procedures are added. Implications for the memory model semantics are already specified for execution of an atomic subroutine. Feature 4: Synchronization using events --------------------------------------- Events provide a capability for an image to signal (an)other image(s) which can then detect that the event has been posted. This replaces the NOTIFY/QUERY feature of N1858. It is superior to the old feature because the events are associated with user variables, so multiple events can exist for an image, and a library routine could establish events internally that would not interfere with notifications that might be occurring on an image separate from the library code. Terminology: An "event" is an abstraction of an issue of common interest to two or more images that is supposed to "occur" at a moment the "interested" images are "active". An image can "post" notification of the occurrence of an event to other image(s). An image can "query" for notification of the occurrence of an event, or it can "wait" for the notification of its occurrence. Functionality offered: 1. An image can notify other image(s) of the occurrence of an event. 2. An image can query the status of the event or wait for it to be notified. 3. Allow multiple images to wait/query for the notification of a single event. On waiting, one of them will quit waiting when notified. Syntax: EVENT POST (EVENT)! Post notification of the occurrence of EVENT EVENT QUERY (EVENT,STATE)! Query whether EVENT has occurred or not EVENT WAIT (EVENT)! Wait for notification on EVENT having occurred Semantics: EVENT is a data item accessible on all images interested in being notified of the occurrence of the associated event. EVENT is established as being a data item describing an event by the execution of EVENT POST on the image that wants to signal the occurrence of EVENT and by EVENT QUERY or EVENT WAIT on the image(s) that want to query or wait for EVENT to have occurred. Challenges/Questions: 1. It is an open question whether it is necessary to have a separate type for EVENTs; A scalar coarray of type integer might be sufficient. 2. Should definition of an event variable be prohibited other than by execution of EVENT POST or EVENT WAIT statements? 3. Another open question is how we specify that EVENT should start being "cleared", i.e., that the associated event hasn't occurred yet. 1. and 2. are decided/solved by defining a derived type for EVENT with a default initializer that sets it "cleared". 4. The following has to be translated to standardese to prevent illogical programs from being valid: The dynamical scope of EVENT must be such that it "exists" before, during and after all NOTIFY's and WAIT's/QUERY's on it are/have been processed. 5. The following syntax is proposed for (non-)local access to EVENT: POST(EVENT ) Notification on the local EVENT variable. POST(EVENT[n]) Notification on image n in the current TEAM. POST(EVENT[*]) Notification on all images in the current TEAM. QUERY/WAIT(EVENT) will likely refer to the local variable, as that is more efficient. Feature 5: Parallel I/O ----------------------- The purpose of the proposed parallel I/O feature is to allow multiple images to access the same file. This proposal extends the OPEN statement to allow a file to be connected to a collection of images. If teams are available, a TEAM= specifier that takes the values YES or NO is added to the OPEN statement. If the TEAM


Livestock market in al-Haddadiyah town in al-Hasakah (North Press Agency)
Qamishli – Majd al-Salem
In commemoration of Eid al-Adha, sheep selling markets in al-Hasakah governorate have witnessed an improvement in the selling and purchasing activity, as demand for livestock, mainly sheep and cows, have risen allowing stock breeders to compensate the losses of past months.
The price hike of livestock and the deterioration of economic conditions throughout Syria have prevented many people from fulfilling this religious ritual. Still, some people were able to find ways to sacrifice an animal marking the Eid al-Adha feast.
Forty-four-year-old Khaled Mohammed, a merchant and cattle farmer from the Qamishli countryside, told Enab Baladi that the selling activity of livestock has been low in the last two months because of drought, which led to scarcity of pastures and a significant rise in fodder prices.
This, in turn, has caused livestock prices to drop, with stockbreeding becoming a very demanding and challenging job. A single sheep price has fallen to nearly 250,000 Syrian pounds (SYP = 76 USD) before rising again in recent days.
Nowadays, the cost of one sheep ranges between 300,000 and 400,000 SYP (91 and 122 USD), while the price of a ram (a male sheep) is between 400,000 and 600,000 SYP (122 and 183 USD), Mohammed said.
Amer al-Hussein, aged 38, from al-Qahtaniyah countryside, told Enab Baladi that the recent livestock price increase did not compensate breeders for their previous losses. Livestock farmers paid high costs to tend to their cattle and sold them at low prices amounting to 150,000 (SYP = 45 USD) during the past month.
A far-fetched desire
Livestock price rise has denied Qamishli residents from orchestrating Eid al-Adha's sacrifice tradition.
Thirty-one-year-old Abdul Salam Mohammed said to Enab Baladi that he could not afford to sacrifice an animal in his late father's name, who passed away recently, nor could he distribute meat to the poor because of dire economic conditions and lack of financial resources.
Abdul Salam was saddened by the matter, but he hoped to perform the sacrifice ritual in the coming years, just like many other people he knows to have faced the same financial hardship.
Other people were luckier than Abdul Salam and managed to get an animal to sacrifice in Eid al-Adha, including Hassan al-Abousi from Qamishli. He received a ram from one of his father's friends and decided to sacrifice it in the name of his late father, who died not long ago.
Al-Abousi told Enab Baladi that he bred the ram and fed it well, then he had it slaughtered and distributed its meat among the poor, adding that if it were not for his father's friend's gift, he would not have been able to sacrifice this Eid.
Amer al-Hajji, an Islamic Studies teacher at one of Qamishli schools, who oversaw the distribution of meat of numerous sacrificed livestock to needy families over the past years, said that poor families eagerly wait for Eid al-Adha to get their share of meat.
Al-Hajji added that an abundance in sacrifices means that there will be lots of meat distributed, increasing poor families' chances of receiving meat from more than one source.
He added that the ongoing worsening economy would deprive many needy families of having meat in their meals. Meat is sold at high prices at butcher shops, with one kilo sold at 20,000 (SYP = 6 USD), while the price of one kilo of chicken is 5,500 (SYP = 1.6 USD).
Alternative solutions to afford sacrifice ritual's cost
Some people in al-Hasakah governorate buy young sheep aged less than six months at prices lower than that of full-grown ones. They tend and fatten them until they are sacrificed.
Some households with family members as refugees in neighboring countries or in Europe receive remittances to buy animal sacrifices. The depreciation of the Syrian pound against the US dollar and the Euro has benefited them, with 1 USD equalizing 3,180 SYP and 1 Euro exchanged at the rate of 3,747 SYP, according to the Syria Pound Today website.
Money transfer and exchange companies' businesses flourish during the days leading up to Eid al-Adha, with many Syrians abroad sending their relatives remittances to help cover Eid's expenses.
Al-Hasakah is famous for exporting livestock to other governorates or neighboring countries, mainly Iraq. On 7 June, the local Deir Ezzor-based Furat newspaper reported that the number of livestock in al-Hasakah is approximately 1,400,000 sheep and 72,000 cows.
Still, many livestock breeders complain about the lack of support they receive, particularly in terms of fodder and affordable veterinary vaccines and medicines, which made the cattle market, on which many people in al-Hasakah rely, characterized by volatile prices.
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 1. Eid al-Adha is approaching… Syrian people cannot afford to buy sacrificial animals
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 4. High costs of fodder damaging sheep trade in Syria's Raqqa
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text:
Ecuadorian Sign LanguagePrint
188,000 (Van Cleve 1986).
Coastal, Sierra. The Coastal variety appears to be most influenced by the sign variety used in Guayaquil, while the Sierra variety is most influenced by the sign variety used in Quito. Ecuadorian deaf community reports variation based on age, older generation using Old Ecuadorian signs and younger generation using a combination of old Ecuadorian signs, American Sign Language [ase], and signs from Spain. All deaf Ecuadorians appear to be able to negotiate communication and understand each other. Roughly 50% of current Ecuadorian sign language is original to the country, 30% shows influence or borrowings from American Sign Language [ase], and 20% has ties to Spanish Sign Language [ssp]. Majority of deaf Ecuadorians feel that LSEC is unique and distinct from any other country's sign language.
LSEC is the preferred language, but Spanish literacy for access to mainstream society and employment is valued. All domains. All ages.
Ecuadorian Sign Language has the most contact with sign languages from Peru, Colombia, and the United States.


CPA Approach
Concrete, Pictorial, Abstract (CPA) is a highly effective approach to teaching that develops a deep and sustainable understanding of maths in pupils. Often referred to as the concrete, representational, abstract framework, CPA was developed by American psychologist Jerome Bruner. It is an essential technique within the Singapore method of teaching maths for mastery.
Interested in learning more about the CPA approach?
See how maths mastery helps every learner develop problem-solving skills using forward-thinking teaching techniques and step-by-step teaching support.
Request School Demo
At a glance
 - An essential technique of maths mastery that builds on a child's existing understanding
 - A highly effective framework for progressing pupils to abstract concepts like fractions
 - Involves concrete materials and pictorial/representational diagrams
 - Based on research by psychologist Jerome Bruner
 - Along with bar modelling and number bonds, it is an essential maths mastery strategy
The CPA basics with Dr Yeap Ban Har
Dr Yeap Ban Har explains the principles of the Concrete, Pictorial, Abstract framework as used in Singapore style maths mastery textbooks.
Background to the CPA framework
Children (and adults!) can find maths difficult because it is abstract. The CPA approach builds on children's existing knowledge by introducing abstract concepts in a concrete and tangible way. It involves moving from concrete materials, to pictorial representations, to abstract symbols and problems. The CPA framework is so established in Singapore maths teaching that the Ministry of Education will not approve any teaching materials that do not use the approach.
Concrete step of CPA
Concrete is the "doing" stage. During this stage, students use concrete objects to model problems. Unlike traditional maths teaching methods where teachers demonstrate how to solve a problem, the CPA approach brings concepts to life by allowing children to experience and handle physical (concrete) objects. With the CPA framework, every abstract concept is first introduced using physical, interactive concrete materials.
For example, if a problem involves adding pieces of fruit, children can first handle actual fruit. From there, they can progress to handling abstract counters or cubes which represent the fruit.
The concrete step of CPA
Pictorial step of CPA
Pictorial is the "seeing" stage. Here, visual representations of concrete objects are used to model problems. This stage encourages children to make a mental connection between the physical object they just handled and the abstract pictures, diagrams or models that represent the objects from the problem.
Building or drawing a model makes it easier for children to grasp difficult abstract concepts (for example, fractions). Simply put, it helps students visualise abstract problems and make them more accessible.
Abstract step of CPA
Abstract is the "symbolic" stage, where children use abstract symbols to model problems. Students will not progress to this stage until they have demonstrated that they have a solid understanding of the concrete and pictorial stages of the problem. The abstract stage involves the teacher introducing abstract concepts (for example, mathematical symbols). Children are introduced to the concept at a symbolic level, using only numbers, notation, and mathematical symbols (for example, +, –, x, /) to indicate addition, multiplication or division.
Moving from the concrete, to pictorial, to abstract stages.
Making CPA work for you
The MNP Primary Series approach encourages teachers to vary the apparatus that children use in class. For example, students might one day use counters, another day they might use a ten frame. Likewise, children are encouraged to represent the day's maths problem in a variety of ways. For example, drawing an array, a number bond diagram or a bar model.
When teaching young children numbers, counters and multi-link cubes are more commonly used in the UK. However, concrete materials are frequently shelved by the time children reach KS2 — many teachers believe them to be too childish or distracting. Removing concrete materials exposes children to abstract concepts too early. As a result, they miss out on the opportunity to build a conceptual mathematical understanding that can propel them through their education.
It is important to recognise that the CPA model is a progression. By the end of KS1, children need to be able to go beyond the use of concrete equipment to access learning using either pictorial representations or abstract understanding. What is important, therefore, is that all learners, however young, can see the connections between each representation.
Find out how proven mastery strategies, world-class training, and step-by-step teacher guides can give you and your school a maths boost.


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Using Google Earth to Estimate Shoreline Erosion History
When evaluating a shoreline for possible implementation of a living shoreline project, one of the most important site characteristics to assess is the erosion history of the site. An easy and free way to do this is to use Google Earth and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Using these tools, you should be able to quickly determine if a site has been experiencing erosion or if it is relatively stable. You may also be able to determine the cause of erosion at a site using this activity alone or in combination with property owner interviews.
This guide serves as a step-by-step tutorial to help anyone to be able to do shoreline erosion assessments using this common software. However, this is a rough evaluation of erosion at a site. It should not be used to measure exact erosion rates or amount of land lost.
How is this exercise helpful for living shoreline decisions?
Erosion history can indicate:
- Suitability for living shoreline implementation
- The need for wave-breaking structures
How to download Google Earth
- Go to _URL_ This example uses Google Chrome, but other browsers will also work.
- Select "Earth Versions."
- Select "Google Earth Pro on desktop."
- Select "Download Earth Pro on desktop."
- Select "Accept & Download."
- Click the execute command and select "Yes" to allow changes to your computer.
Welcome to Google Earth!
- Enter location into search bar.
- Go back in time. In this example, 1992 is the date chosen.
- Zoom in as much as possible while still being able to discern the shoreline.
- Can zoom in by pressing the plus button, scrolling up with the mouse wheel, or zooming in on a touchpad.
- Save the zoomed-in image. Be sure to include the year in the name of the picture file!
- Set picture as slide background in PowerPoint.
- Select "Format Background."
- Select "Picture or texture fill," and then Insert picture from "File…"
- Get rid of text boxes.
- Choose "Layout."
- Choose the "Blank" slide option.
- Trace shoreline.
- Choose the free draw tool.
- Use your mouse to draw along the shoreline.
- To change the color and width of the line, choose "Format Shape."
- Trace reference line.
- Group the tracings together.
- Select all by holding down shift and clicking each.
- Choose "Arrange," and then "Group."
- Save a later image from Google Earth.
- Set the second image as the background on a new PowerPoint slide. (See step 5 for instructions.)
- Add the shoreline tracings from the first image to the second image.
- Select the tracings in the first image, and then select "Copy."
- Go to the new image and paste.
- Use your reference lines to adjust your shoreline tracing.
- Use the rotate button to rotate the image by dragging in the direction needed to line up your reference lines.
- By dragging the dots, you can change the shape, width, and height of the grouping.
- How to interpret the pictures: The space between the shoreline tracing and the more recent shoreline is the area of erosion.
For more information
Visit _URL_ or email _EMAIL_.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
Publication 3357 (POD-05-19) MASGP-19-029
By Sara Martin, Extension Associate, and Eric Sparks, PhD, Assistant Extension Professor, Coastal Research & Extension Center.
Copyright 2019 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alteration for nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Mississippi State University is an equal opportunity institution. Discrimination in university employment, programs, or activities based on race, color, ethnicity, sex, pregnancy, religion, national origin, disability, age, sexual orientation, genetic information, status as a U.S. veteran, or any other status protected by applicable law is prohibited. Questions about equal opportunity programs or compliance should be directed to the Office of Compliance and Integrity, 56 Morgan Avenue, P.O. 6044, Mississippi State, MS 39762, _PHONE_.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call _PHONE_.


text:
OPTIMUM ADAPTATION OF THE CONVENTIONAL TRACK TO FUTURE TRAFFIC. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TRACK (CONTINUED)
Measurements of ballast stiffness and damping have been made for ORE D 117 Committee. Two aspects of the work are reported here. A special purpose vehicle was built to measure static and dynamic stiffness and energy losses for a range of ballast depths and formations, on existing BR tracks. Results of these tests are reported here. Appendix 1 contains an account on the validity of the theory of foundation vibration and concludes that a relatively simple model can be used to predict ballast behavior.
- Restrictions on the use of this document are contained in the explanatory material.
International Union of RailwaysOffice of Research and Experiments
- Publication Date: 1975-4
- Features: Figures; Tables;
- Pagination: 29 p.
- TRT Terms: Ballast (Railroads); Equipment tests; Inspection; Railroad tracks; Stiffness; Test vehicles; Tests; Track components
- Identifier Terms: British Rail
- Uncontrolled Terms: Ballast
- Old TRIS Terms: Ballast quality; Ballast stiffness; Question d117; Radcliffe-on-trent test track; Test equipment; Track component investigations
- Subject Areas: Geotechnology; Railroads;
- Accession Number: 00053159
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: International Union of Railways
- Report/Paper Numbers: D117/RP 6/E
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Jun 5 1976 12:00AM


text:
Characteristic Studies for Cornet. (For the Cornet). By Herbert L. Clarke (_PHONE_). For cornet or trumpet. Instructional and Studies. Instructional book. Standard notation. 64 pages. Published by Carl Fischer (CF.O2281).
ISBN _PHONE_. With Standard notation. Instructional and Studies. 9x12 inches.
A work that has stood the test of time by one of the brass world's most important pedagogues, Character Studies for the Cornet should be part of any trumpet student's library. Within its pages, the student will gain valuable insight on tonguing and the 24 characteristic studies will help the student to gain absolute control of technique, articulation, slurring and endurance. This work will prove helpful and beneficial to the developing student.
November 28, 2008
Excellent book for the mature player
Clarke's fourth and final book has truly difficult characteristic studies a la Arban and Clarke's own superb cornet solos. The solos are really tough and rely a lot on reptitivc triple tongueing. If you are a serious trumpet player, you will get this book. It's tough, but rewarding.
38 of 69 people found this review helpful.


text:
BIMplement project develops a BIM based training on topics such as ventilation and airtightness that highly affect the energy efficiency of nZEB. The trainings target the whiteand blue-collar workers of 50 real pilots leading to upskilling them and thus, improving the overall quality of the construction process. The pilots are located in the Netherlands, Poland, Lithuania, Spain and France and are classified as: pilot field labs and experimental sites.
The Pilot Field Labs are national or regional BIM-learning Centres or building sites where the trainings of 'BIM workplace trainers' and the first tests of the tools and learning methods of BIMplement take place. The experimental sites are construction or renovation building sites where the tools and learning methods experimented in the 'pilot field labs' are implemented.


text:
Homemade plates are typically made from pottery clay and fired in a kiln to ensure long-term strength and durability. Decorations for homemade plates vary, depending on whether the plates are designed to be purely decorative, or if they are intended for practical, everyday use. For homemade plates that will be used as serving dishes, select only decorating materials that are clearly marked as being safe for food.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Homemade plates
- Food-safe glazes and paints
- Pottery kiln
- Paint brushes
- Potter's wax
Select a food-safe glaze or glazes to decorate homemade plates. Glaze can be applied to homemade plates once they have been kiln fired. Use paint brushes, stencils, sponges or other faux finishing tools, like brushes and combs, to create unusual and organic patterns, such as waves, stripes or curls. Fire the homemade plates again following the glaze manufacturer's guidelines.
Allow glazed, fired plates to fully cool before removing them from the kiln. Further embellish by applying glaze-resistant waxes and additional layers of glaze, or by painting designs on the surfaces. Ideas for designs include scrolls or floral patterns around the rim of the plate or a floral or geometrical pattern on the centre of the plate. Re-fire the homemade plates again and repeat the reglazing process as often as necessary to achieve the desired design.
After cooling, add additional clay embellishments, if desired. Consider gluing raised elements around the rim of the plates, such as glazed pieces of clay sculpted into decorative balls, or premade pressed or stamped decorative clay pieces.
Add finishing touches to homemade plates by trimming and highlighting various design elements with food-safe decorative paints. Consider adding gold or silver flourishes around the rim of the plates. Or paint delicate scrolls around the centre of the plates.
Allow homemade plates to dry completely and seal with a food-safe spray sealant, if desired.
Tips and warnings
- If homemade plates are to be used for decorative purposes only, add wall-hanging hardware to the backs of the plates so they can be displayed.
- Some pottery glazes have texturising elements that create a somewhat rough surface, which some people may find to be undesirable when used for serving food.
- Wash handmade decorated plates carefully after use. For best results, hand wash in warm, soapy water using a mild detergent and a non-abrasive cloth.
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text:
Bolivian Sign LanguagePrint
350 to 400 (1988 E. Powlison).
Cochabamba, La Paz, Riberalta, Santa Cruz.
Based on American Sign Language [ase] with necessary changes for borrowed Spanish lexical items. Some groups in La Paz and Santa Cruz use the same signs with some dialect signs from their own areas. There is evidence that Bolivian Sign Language is no more divergent from ASL [ase] than some dialects of ASL (Morgan 2004).
Originated by missionaries. Other deaf schools use only the oralist approach.


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UK Vaccine Passport Plan to Use Existing NHS App
Michael Behr
UK Vaccine Passport
Despite controversy surrounding 'vaccine passports', the UK is moving ahead with plans to use a smartphone app to enable international travel.
The UK has revealed plans to retrofit an existing NHS smartphone app to work as a 'vaccine passport', Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has said.
He said that the system would use the same app used to book appointments with the NHS. New functions will be added to demonstrate that users have been vaccinated or tested.
Government sources have added that the plan will not use the NHS Covid track and trace app, which allows people to check-in to venues.
However, the NHS appointment booking app is currently only in use in England. While the Scottish government has said that it is working on a digital system to show that people have been vaccinated, there are no concrete plans available yet.
It is also unclear how having multiple different systems in the UK will work.
So-called vaccine passports would allow people to prove they have been vaccinated and allow them to travel and attend gatherings. Multiple countries are currently considering whether, and how, to implement them. These could include an app like the one being introduced in the UK, a digital certificate with a QR code, which the EU is considering, or even a physical piece of paper.
"I'm working internationally with partners across the world to make sure that system can be internationally recognised," Shapps said in comments to Sky News.
He also said that the UK will announce the green list of countries people in the UK will be able to visit without having to quarantine in the coming weeks. However, travellers will still need to be tested before leaving and on returning to the UK
At present, the UK government has said that May 17 is the earliest date when non-essential international travel will be allowed.
Vaccine passports have proven controversial, with people opposed to having to prove they have been vaccinated against Covid-19 in order to engage in various activities.
On the one hand it would mean that people with a degree of protection against the coronavirus could freely travel or attend large gatherings with a minimal risk of spreading the virus.
However, they have also brought up concerns about privacy and discrimination, with people who exercise their right not to be vaccinated being excluded from activities. In addition, storing the vaccination record digitally could restrict older people and those on low incomes, as they are less likely to own smart phones.
Furthermore, in order to work there would need to be international standards to prevent forgery. Currently, airports, border agencies and airlines are concerned that a lack of a clear global standard would stop them being accepted across every jurisdiction.
Michael Behr
Senior Staff Writer
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text:
Time from customer order received to customer order delivered.In detail:
Order Lead Time is the longest lead time. When a customer sends an order, the clock starts ticking. This ticking ends onlywhen the order has been fulfilled and the customer has received what was requested. If the order consists of several deliveries, measuring ends when the last delivery is received or each delivery can be tracked on its own. This time represents the ability to respond to orders and is almost always up to the effectiveness of the supply chain. Order Lead Time is the only lead time that is of interest to the customer because the customer only wants to know when he or she will receive what was ordered. This is easy to understand when compared to ordering from the Internet. After one has placed the order, it is nice to get emails telling that it has been processed or sent, but all that one really care about is the date when the products should arrive.
Time from customer order received to sales order created.In detail:
Customer orders can be received through several methods, including fax and email. When the order has been received, measuring of Order Handling Time begins which ends when the order has been entered into the system. Between these two steps, the order has to be validated to ensure its correctness. It has to include all needed information, e.g. requested delivery date, delivery address, products, quantities and prices. Order entry processing includes checks to export control, transportation time, sales availability and product life cycle. Optimally, the Order Handling Time should be a day or less, but in international firms, that might be hard to achieve. Even more important is order correctness, which requires high attention as mistakes can cause severe delays later on down the supply chain.
Time from sales order created to production finished (ready for delivery).In detail:
When the order is input to ERP, it is visible at the factory. It is also when measuring of Manufacturing Lead Time begins as the ball is handed to the factory. It is their job to confirm material availability, plan and begin production and prepare the goods for shipment. For following how fast orders are actually fulfilled at the factory, Manufacturing Lead Time gives the needed information. In Make-to-Stock production, this is the most important phase where time can be saved or wasted. Manufacturing Lead Time is an external measurement; it does not tell what has been made, but how fast the finished goods are ready to be shipped. If inventory value was not important, ready-made units could be simply stored in a huge warehouse and shipped after an order is received, which would lead to an extremely short Manufacturing Lead Time. This is, of course, not a real situation as it is not cost efficient and would lead to a high risk. As Manufacturing Lead Time does not see what is happening inside the factory, it solely is not enough. There has to be an internal measurement as well.
Time from start of physical production of first submodule to production finished (ready for delivery).In detail:
The factory's internal measurement is Production Lead Time. As actual production of the ordered product begins, starts also Production Lead Time. Usually, the finished module is assembled from submodules. Production Lead Time for a certain module is counted from the oldest submodule's production start to the module being packed and ready to ship. For submodules, the moment when production can be seen as started is when it has a serial number, i.e. when the ID label is printed on it. Whereas Manufacturing Lead Time is an external measurement, Production Lead Time is an internal measurement. It does not tell how fast after an order the product was ready, but it tells how long it took to make it. The time it took to produce a finished module tells also how long effort and money were bound to it before it was of any actual value to someone.
Time from production finished to customer order delivered.In detail:
After the work at the factory has finished and the products are packed and ready to ship, delivery process begins. The exact moment for this is pressing post goods issue for outbound delivery, which decreases inventory, enables billing and allows booking transportation. Measurement ends when the delivery is signed as received at the destination and the customer has received the order. Delivery Lead Time is usually quite static and depends on the chosen transportation method and the distance to the destination. It can be shortened only to a certain extent, mainly by reducing extra steps that add waste like non-value handling or waiting. In international deliveries, Delivery Lead Time can be the most time consuming part of the Order Lead Time, especially in the MTS model.
Click a term to show its explanation!
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Lead Time is a widely used measurement in manufacturing. It tells how much time it takes to start and finish something. Lead Time terms can be seen very differently, depending on personal preferences and work background, which is why these terms were defined. The scope of these terms is from customer order received to customer order delivered, which is the most vital measurement for any company and solely up to the structure and effectiveness of the firm. Steps from customer order received to delivery received by the customer are represented by five terms. They are listed in a temporal sequence and explained in detail above. The amount of work each term covers varies and some of them are timely situated parallel to each other.
A restaurant opens up and a customer walks in. A waiter guides him to a table, gives him the menu and asks what he would like to order. The customer selects a dish and the waiter writes it in his notepad. At that moment the customer has made an order which the restaurant has accepted - Order Lead Time and Order Handling Time have begun.
Now the waiter marks the order in the cash register, rips the paper from the notepad, takes it into the kitchen and puts into the order queue. The order has been handled and is waiting in the factory (kitchen) for manufacturing.
As there are no other customers, the waiter decides to stand outside the kitchen, by the door, waiting for the dish to be prepared and begins calculating Manufacturing Lead Time.
Meanwhile, the chef finishes what he was doing, takes the order from the queue, starts his clock as a mark for the start of Production Lead Time and begins cooking. The chef chops the vegetables, fries the meat and boils the pasta. When the dish is ready, the chef rings a bell and stops his clock.
At the same time the waiter stops calculating Manufacturing Lead Time and rushes through the kitchen door to get the food while it's hot.
When he picks it up, begins counting of Delivery Lead Time that ends when the dish is served to the customer, who can now happily say that the Order Lead Time was shorter than he had expected.
As you can see, these terms can be easily applied to other circumstances than telecommunications production. In fact, the only limiting factor is that there needs to be a customer.
Out of the Lead Time terms there are two that have a special relation to each other. These two are Manufacturing Lead Time and Production Lead Time, which both measure the efficiency of production. Manufacturing Lead Time measures exactly the same steps than Production Lead Time but includes also steps before production is started. Production Lead Time on the other hand begins only when the first submodule is started.
What these terms have in common is also the thing differentiating them. They both tell how good the production is in something but with a difference. Manufacturing Lead Time measures how fast an order is fulfilled - how long it takes for the factory to dispatch the ordered products calculated from the moment the order was input to the system. It is an external measurement. Once the order is in the system, it is the factory's task to produce it as fast as possible. In the perspective of Manufacturing Lead Time, speed can be achieved by having huge buffers of ready-made products simply waiting to be delivered. This way it would be possible to fulfill orders in a few moments. The model could be compared to a supermarket - just pick up the products requested.
However, having a large buffer of expensive basestations that are not necessarily ordered even weekly would introduce sky high inventory costs. This is where Production Lead Time can be seen as useful. It measures how long resources are tied up before they are of actual value to someone. It is an internal measurement. Once production starts, expensive components are used to build the modules, but it doesn't create any profit before a while after the customer has received it. Basically any time spent in a buffer or a warehouse is a waste of resources and should be avoided. For these buffered products Production Lead Time would be painstakingly long as the time measured doesn't end when the product is finished and packed. Instead, it ends when the delivery of these products starts, so having an extremely short Manufacturing Lead Time on the expense of Production Lead Time is definitely not the correct approach.
A balance can be found between the terms - a situation where both give out good metrics. This is achieved when a short Manufacturing Lead Time is gotten through improving production so that Production Lead Time is also short. Lets consider a production that is run by purchase orders. Once an order is in the system, production begins at the first available time in the schedule and all the required components and parts are available without extra procurement delay. In this case the best results overall are gotten when the production is efficient so the product is made quickly. In a situation like this, Manufacturing Lead Time is not the shortest possible but instead it is quite close to Production Lead Time, being only slightly longer due to scheduling delay. But it has to be longer in a PO controlled production to avoid high inventory costs.


of Set The Temple of Set is an occult initiatory order founded in 1975. A new religious movement and form of Western esotericism, the Temple espouses a religion known as Setianism, whose practitioners are called Setians. This is sometimes identified as a form of Satanism, although this term is not often embraced by Setians and is contested by some academics....
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13 Things Parents Did In The Middle Ages That No Parent Would Do Today
It's easy to look at parenting as this "new thing," especially if you're experiencing it for the first time. However, and of course, it's not. People have been caring for, guiding, and loving their children for as long as the human race has been in existence. Still, with each generation, parenting styles come and go and evolve. If we go way back, about 700 years or so, we find quite a few things parents did in the Middle Ages that not a single, solitary parent would even think about doing today. So while parenthood might be old as time itself, it sure has changed (thankfully).
Then again, medieval moms and dads did share some of the same parenting strategies we take advantage of today. They could even be described as fans of attachment parenting, given their fondness for practices such as extended breastfeeding and bed-sharing. Time does change a few things, but it doesn't change everything. Back in "the day," society was largely divided into two groups: the aristocracy and the commoners. The nobility led, wore fancy clothes, and had access to education and privilege. The commoners worked the land or served the noble classes, largely disenfranchised as a group. Of course, as a result of the massive difference between the aristocracy and the commoners, life could be very different for the children of these two groups.
However, whether you were born into the upper crust or had to toil for your supper, parenting in the middle ages was quite different when compared to the modern view of what it means to be a mom. There were some things medieval parents did, that we would never do today, for example:
Face The Possibility That Your Child Wouldn't Survive Their First Year
Sadly the infant mortality rate was sky high in the Middle Ages. Historians estimate that a quarter of all babies born wouldn't live to see their first birthday. Of course, infant mortality is still an issue for modern-day parents. In fact, the United States ranks 180 on the world's Infant Mortality list, with 5 out of every 1,000 births.
Hire A Wet Nurse
Breastfeeding was the only option for feeding babies in the middle ages and it was normal for children to be breastfed well beyond 2 years of age.
However, if children were born into nobility or if their mother was unable to nurse them, there was another option available: a wet nurse. A wet nurse is a nursing mother who breastfeeds children other than her own. While wet nurses aren't entirely unheard of today, they're rarely used and/or spoken about openly.
Hire A Cradle Rocker
If you were a well-to-do lady in the Middle Ages, the thought of rocking your child to sleep may have been a bit too much like hard work. So, lazy ladies of the Middle Ages hired an official cradle rocker (no, really). I mean, I'm not entirely knocking it. That must have been nice (and arguably the most boring occupation in all of world history).
Leave Your Baby Unattended
Mothers of the Middle Ages were encouraged to leave their babies unattended in their cribs and go shopping, as long as they were swaddled. People of that particular time period also seemed uninterested in baby proofing their homes (yeah, "baby proofing" wasn't a thing), either. Magistrates records shows accidental deaths of infants from falling out of their cribs or being strangled by hanging cords were quite common.
Hire A Toddler Groomer
Anyone who has a toddler knows how messy they can get, and in such a short period of time. Wealthy parents in the Middle Ages hired a member of house staff known as a "Groomer" to follow toddlers around, steering them away from messy situations and helping to ensure their expensive clothes stayed clean and dry. That's the dream, my modern-day friends. That's the dream.
Give Your Baby Jewellery
Parents today aren't really into giving their children any potentially dangerous items or strangulation hazards. In the Middle Ages, however, babies were routinely given amulets and necklaces to wear that supposedly kept them safe from "evil spirits."
Pre-Chew Your Baby's Food
This is as gross as it sounds. Mothers, or nurses if the mother was too posh to do it herself, would pre-chew food to ensure it was soft and mushy before feeding it to the child. Gross.
Tie Your Toddler Up
The old phrase being "tied to mothers apron strings" is from a real life Middle Age practice of tying rambunctious toddlers to their mother by way of a string from her apron. The idea was to keep them away from harm such as open fires and stairs.
Consider Childhood Over By Age 7
In the Middle Ages childhood was thought to last only 7 years. Although children were not considered adults until they were quite a bit older, a protected childhood was over much sooner.
Send Your Kid To Work
Once childhood was "officially" over, children were expected to start giving back to the family, either by learning a trade, helping with the family business, or running the household (if they could).
Only Send Your Son To School
In the Middle Ages and right up until more modern times, girls access to education was severely restricted. Members of the upper class could have their daughter privately tutored, but most parents thought it appropriate to only teach daughters how to become wives and mothers.
Think Public Nudity Is Totally Normal
It was totally normal to see small children playing in the nude in the Middle Ages. Even older children would strip down to absolutely nothing, without a second thought about potentially offending those around them. Privacy was an unknown concept.
Marry Off Your 14-Year-Old Daughter
Although boys didn't apparently mature until 21 years old, girls were considered ready for marriage (and children of their own) at only 14 years of age. Progress is a funny thing. It has certainly taken a long time for a daughter's worth to be considered as valuable as a son's, and in terms of gender equality and access to opportunity for girls we still have a long way to go.
Still, in more ways than I count, I am glad that I'm raising children in this century, and not the Middle Ages.


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Whether we like someone affects how our brain processes movement
Hate the Lakers? Do the Celtics make you want to hurl? Whether you like someone can affect how your brain processes their actions, according to new research from the Brain and Creativity Institute at USC.
Most of the time, watching someone else move causes a'mirroring' effect – that is, the parts of our brains responsible for motor skills are activated by watching someone else in action.
But a study by USC researchers appearing Oct. 5 in PLOS ONE shows that whether or not you like the person you're watching can actually have an effect on brain activity related to motor actions and lead to "differential processing" – for example, thinking the person you dislike is moving more slowly than they actually are.
"We address the basic question of whether social factors influence our perception of simple actions," says Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, an assistant professor with the Brain and Creativity Institute at USC and the Division of Occupational Science. "These results indicate that an abstract sense of group membership, and not only differences in physical appearance, can affect basic sensory-motor processing."
Past research has shown that race or physical similarity can influence brain processes, and we tend to have more empathy for people who look more like us.
In this study, the researchers controlled for race, age and gender, but introduced a back story that primed participants to dislike some of the people they were observing: half were presented as neo-Nazis, and half were presented as likeable and open-minded. All study participants recruited for the study were Jewish males.
The researchers found that when people viewed someone they disliked, a part of their brain that was otherwise activated in "mirroring" – the right ventral premotor cortex – had a different pattern of activity for the disliked individuals as compared to the liked individuals.
Importantly, the effect was specific to watching the other person move. There was no difference in brain activity in the motor region when participants simply watched still videos of the people they liked or disliked.
"Even something as basic as how we process visual stimuli of a movement is modulated by social factors, such as our interpersonal relationships and social group membership," says Mona Sobhani, lead author of the paper and a graduate student in neuroscience at USC. "These findings lend important support for the notion that social factors influence our perceptual processing."
Glenn R. Fox and Jonas Kaplan of the Brain and Creativity Insitute at USC were co-authors of the paper.
Journal reference: PLoS ONE
Provided by University of Southern California
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text:
Note No. 5880
Note to Correspondents
INTERNATIONAL DAY OF WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
TO BE OBSERVED ON 9 AUGUST AT UN HEADQUARTERS
Each year, the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples (9 August) is observed at United Nations Headquarters with a ceremony and a cultural presentation. This year's observance will take place at on Monday, 9 August, in the General Assembly Lobby (
46th Streetand First Avenue).
The observance will be opened with a traditional welcome and prayer. Two young contributors to the video installation "Women's Wishes for the Earth", Malaika Queano and Amira Roca, both of the Maranao people of the
, will chant a "Sacred Song for the Earth", of the Tiboli people of the Philippines. The installation, currently in the lobby, is part of the exhibit "In Celebration of Indigenous Peoples" mounted for the third session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues that took place this May. The Kahurangi Maori Dance Theatre will perform traditional songs and dances that portray the history and fabric of Maori life, such as their warrior culture and martial arts techniques. Philippines
Participants will hear messages from United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan; the Chairman of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Ole Henrik Magga; the Chairperson of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, Miguel Alfonso Martinez; and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples, Rodolfo Stavenhagen. The ceremony will conclude with a closing blessing.
The annual observance of the International Day on 9 August commemorates the first meeting of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations in
in 1982. This year's event also marks the closing year of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (_PHONE_), proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly to raise awareness about the situation of indigenous people. Geneva
The master of ceremonies will be Roberto Mucaro Borrero (Taíno,
Puerto Rico), the Chairperson of the NGO Committee on the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People.
The commemoration is organized by the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the United Nations Department of Public Information, and the NGO Committee on the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
Additional programmes for the International Day will take place on 8 August at the
of Natural History. For information on these programmes, which are free with suggested museum admission, contact the Museum at _PHONE_, or visit _URL_ American Museum
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Judith Ann Braun's Fantastic Finger Art Paintings
While finger-painting may seem childish to some, artist Judith Ann Braun uses her fingers to create incredible artwork and murals that are anything but. Braun, who has been quite the force in the art world for decades, ditches traditional brushes and other tools that put a distance between the artist and the art and uses only her fingers and charcoal dust to paint beautiful pieces that have been displayed in a number of reputable museums and galleries.
Judith Ann Braun
Source: WordPress
Judith Ann Braun Fingering
Source: Wild Woods Art Studio
Black And White Finger Paint
Source: Bazooko Circus
Judith Ann Braun began painting in the 1980s as a realistic figure painter. In the years to come, she explored paternalism, sexism, racial innuendos and other complex ideas through her art, often incorporating language and text into the pieces. Her art was experimental for its time, and prompted much criticism and disgust. Financial burdens eventually forced Braun to withdraw from making her controversial art, though she returned to the craft in 2003 after a Tarot reading. Braun drew the Lover's Card, which convinced her to begin creating once again.
Finger Print Fading
Source: Give Us Art
Finger Paint Gallery
Source: Fun Cage
Finger Tip Drawings
Source: The Daily Mail
According to Braun, the drawing rules for her ongoing project, "Symmetrical Procedures", are symmetry, abstraction and a carbon medium. To make each piece, she uses her hands to finger-paint with a carbon-based medium, usually charcoal, upon the surface. Aside from "Symmetrical Procedures," which is characterized by a number of symmetrical portals, orbitals, lanternals and texts, she creates "fingerings".
Finger Painting
Source: Bloody Loud
Up Close Fingerprint
Source: Blogspot
In February 2012, Braun used her fingers to create a 50-foot mural in Waitzer Community Gallery in front of a live audience. While she was a controversial figure in the art world for decades, Braun's symmetrical designs and illustrious "fingerings" have proven much more approachable and have thus captured the attention of the world. These unique, intricate images are a grown-up take on everybody's favorite childhood medium: finger-painting.
Judith Ann Braun Yellow
Source: Bazooko Circus
Judith Ann Braun Designs
Source: Cool Hunting
Judith Ann Braun Fingerpaint
Source: Chrysler


Where does the phrase rule of thumb originate from? Why the thumb, of all possible body parts?
No one knows. The expression has existed in many languages for a long time, which suggests that its origin is pretty old.
There are several theories, some based in the similarities in many languages between the words inch and thumb and how you can measure an inch using the thumb, others based on the general usefulness of the thumb to measure different things.
It's entirely possible that it originally had nothing at all to do with the thumb; that it was a similar word that has become distorted over time, then translated to other languages in its distorted form.
See also: Rule of thumb on Wikipedia.
 - Interestingly, in Italian you would say a spanne to indicate something approximate, where spanna means span (in the sense of the measuring unit _URL_%28unit%29 ). This may support the "measuring theory". – nico May 11 '11 at 17:59
 - And the "wife beating" folk etymology and many others. Like "the whole 9 yards" and "down to brass tacks," this one is widely disputed and there is no accepted "official" answer to it. Dollars to donuts it has nothing to do with the human thumb. – The Raven May 11 '11 at 19:49
 - "No one knows" is a rather bold statement if Wikipedia is the only source of reference. Possibly the OP asked the question because Wikipedia did not know the answer either. – JJM Driessen Mar 28 '19 at 13:37
The origin is most likely derived from the use of the thumb as a practical way to measure/estimate different things such as distances or temperatures:
From the Phrase Finder :
 - The phrase itself has been in circulation since the 1600s. The earliest known use of it in print appears in a sermon given by the English puritan James Durham and printed in Heaven Upon Earth, 1685:
 - "many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb, (as we use to speak) and not by Square and Rule."
 - The origin of the phrase remains unknown. It is likely that it refers to one of the numerous ways that thumbs have been used to estimate things - judging the alignment or distance of an object by holding the thumb in one's eye-line, the temperature of brews of beer, measurement of an inch from the joint to the nail to the tip, or across the thumb, etc. […]
The earliest instance unearthed by Gary Martin (Phrasefinder) is in a rhyme found in Augmented with Ingenious Conceites for the Wittie and Merrie Medicines for the Melancholic, published in 1640:
If Hercules tall stature might be guess'd
by his thumb, the index of the rest,
In due proportion, the best rule that I
Would chuse, to measure Venus beauty by,
Should be her leg and foot
According to World Wide Word the origin is more likely to derive from measuring distances rather than temperatures:
 - The expression rule of thumb has been recorded since 1692 and probably wasn't new then. It meant then what it means now — some method or procedure that comes from practice or experience, without any formal basis. Some have tried to link it with brewing; in the days before thermometers, brewers were said to have gauged the temperature of the fermenting liquor with the thumb (just as mothers for generations have tested the temperature of the baby's bath water with their elbows). This seems unlikely, as the thumb is not that sensitive and the range of temperatures for fermentation between too cool and too warm is quite small.
 - It is much more likely that it comes from the ancient use of bits of the body to make measurements. There were once many of these: the unit of the foot comes from pacing out dimensions; the distance from the tip of the nose to the outstretched fingers is about one yard; horse heights are still measured in hands (the width of the palm and closed thumb, now fixed at four inches); and so on.
 - There was an old tailors' axiom that "twice around the thumb is once around the wrist", which turns up in Gulliver's Travels. It's most likely that the saying comes from the length of the first joint of the thumb, which is about an inch (I remember once seeing a carpenter actually make a rough measurement this way). So the phrase rule of thumb uses the word rule in the sense of ruler, not regulation, and directly refers to this method of measurement.
and also from here:
 - The real explanation of 'rule-of-thumb' is that is derives from wood workers (or other constructors) who knew their trade so well they rarely or never fell back on the use of such things as rulers. Instead they'd measure things by, for example, the length of their thumb; they measured, not by a rule(r) of wood, but by rule of thumb. The term was already in metaphorical use by the late 17th century.
The Phrase Finder also considers the possible origin that refers to the "legal" rule of beating with a stick one's wife, but not enough reliable evidence has ever been found to support it:
 - The 'rule of thumb' has been said to derive from the belief that English law allowed a man to beat his wife with a stick so long as it is was no thicker than his thumb. In 1782, Judge Sir Francis Buller is reported as having made this legal ruling and in the following year James Gillray published a satirical cartoon attacking Buller and caricaturing him as 'Judge Thumb'. The cartoon shows a man beating a fleeing woman and Buller carrying two bundles of sticks. The caption reads "thumbsticks - for family correction: warranted lawful!"
 - […]but there's no evidence that he ever made the ruling that he is infamous for. Edward Foss, in his authoritative work The Judges of England, 1870, wrote that, despite a searching investigation, "no substantial evidence has been found that he ever expressed so ungallant an opinion".
 - It's certainly the case that, although British common law once held that it was legal for a man to chastise his wife in moderation (whatever that meant), the 'rule of thumb' has never been the law in England.
 - […] there are no printed records that associate it with domestic violence until the 1970s, when the notion was castigated by feminists. The responses that circulated then, which assumed the wife-beating law to be true, may have been influenced by Gillray's cartoon or were possibly a reaction to The Rolling Stones' song 'Under My Thumb', which was recorded in 1966.
 - You can rollback, or edit it further. – Mari-Lou A Jul 8 '16 at 12:54
 - 1
 _USER_-LouA - it is ok..The "legal" beating assumption is extremely male chauvinist.. – user66974 Jul 8 '16 at 13:06
Perhaps it's because the length of the thumb joint to the end of the thumb is a fairly accurate representation of an inch. So rule of thumb was likely a way to quickly verify the measurement before cutting for construction work rather than search for a yard stick. The meaning probably began to be used in a more abstract sense as a rule to quickly validate something.
 - 1
 Good, glad you found the answer to your own question. – Neil May 11 '11 at 16:01
 - 1
 If there is one thing that can be said about the etymology of this expression, it's that the above is not it. – The Raven May 11 '11 at 19:51
 - 2
 And you've determined this based on the information written on a single internet page? I hope I don't offend you too much when I say I don't put much weight in your judgement. – Neil May 15 '11 at 20:29
 - This is the etymology that's most commonly prescribed for the phrase, that your thumb makes a rough "ruler", so, the "rule of your thumb" was about an inch. – user20276 Apr 18 '12 at 21:13
If you ever do any carpentry you can get pretty close with your thumb as a rule / gauge.
So any measurement not using actual instruments is by "rule of thumb", or "by eye".
Early English Books Online reports three instances of the expression from before 1700. They are as follows.
From John Alexander, Jesuitico-Quakerism Examined, or, A Confutation of the Blasphemous and Unreasonable Principles of the Quakers with a Vindication of the Church of God in Britain, from Their Malicious Clamours, and Slanderous Aspersions (1680):
That the Scriptures are Infallible is sufficiently proved at the Survey of their former Query; where we proved them to be of Divine Inspiration, and the Word of the Living God, and not of any meer Creature, and so they cannot deceive; so that for their Infallibility we need say no more. That therefore the Scriptures are the Rule of Faith and Manners I prove.
For first, That must be the Rule of Faith and Manners by which every matter of Faith and Manners ought to be examin'd seeing every thing that is examined must be examined by its Rule, or else it will be done by Guess and Rule of Thumb, as the


text:
Sampled aperiodic triangle
y = tripuls(T)
y = tripuls(T,w)
y = tripuls(T,w,s)
y = tripuls(T) returns
a continuous, aperiodic, symmetric, unity-height triangular pulse
at the times indicated in array
T, centered about
with a default width of 1.
y = tripuls(T,w) generates
a triangular pulse of width
y = tripuls(T,w,s) generates
a triangular pulse with skew
s, where –1 ≤
s ≤ 1. When
s is 0, a symmetric triangular
pulse is generated.
Generate 200 ms of a symmetric triangular pulse with a sample rate of 10 kHz and a width of 40 ms.
fs = 10e3; t = -0.1:1/fs:0.1; w = 40e-3; x = tripuls(t,w);
Generate two variations of the same pulse:
One displaced 45 ms into the past and skewed 45% to the left.
tpast = -45e-3; spast = -0.45; xpast = tripuls(t-tpast,w,spast);
One displaced 60 ms into the future, half as wide, and skewed completely to the right.
tfutr = 60e-3; sfutr = 1; xfutr = tripuls(t-tfutr,w/2,sfutr);
Plot the original pulse and the two copies on the same axes.
plot(t,x,t,xpast,t,xfutr) ylim([-0.2 1.2])


Reporting to the Sr Manager of Phishing Defense Services, the Threat Analyst is responsible for actively monitoring and processing phishing threats reported our customers
Essential Duties/Responsibilities
Monitor Triage systems for new customer reported suspicious emails
Perform initial assessment on reported suspicious emails to determine if email poses a threat to the customer, or is benign
Initiate threat analysis case for emails that pose a threat to the customer, and escalate to Sr. Threat Analysis team member.
Assist Sr. Threat Analysts during investigations.
Maintain ownership of cases opened for customers including updating cases, communicating with the customer, and documenting resolution
Assist in production of monthly customer reports
Maintain adequacy of skills by attending approved conferences, training, and other related events
Assist with creation and maintenance of products including updates and upgrades, backups, and troubleshooting
Response to customer requests submitted via ticketing systems and other communication channels
Other duties as assigned.
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities Required
Ability to apply critical thinking to cyber threat investigations
Ability to recognize need for prompt escalation of malware review
Proficient in common technologies such as networking, operating systems, email Infrastructures such as Exchange and Office 365, anti-virus programs, and advanced threat detection systems
Proficient in common end-user applications such as web browsers and productivity applications such as MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint that are commonly targeted by malware
Education and/or Experience:
Minimum 3 years general security experience or education including demonstrated ability to perform phishing and malware analysis
Industry recognized certifications in Malware Analysis and Incident Response preferred
2-4 Year Degree in Computer Science or field experience preferred
 - Disclaimer-


Derek Sivers
Projecting meaning
Projecting meaning into Chinese characters
Chinese characters look complicated, but they're mostly made up of smaller simpler characters.
I love learning these because every character is like a tiny poem.
language = words 讠+ five 五+ mouth 口
So a language is words that five mouths speak? Brilliant!
thanks = words 讠+ body 身+ inch 寸
Hmmm... so.... when you say thanks, you speak words that give a body an inch of space? Interesting.
name = evening 夕 + mouth 口
So your real name is what's spoken by a mouth in the evening? That's kind of romantic.
They're so vivid. I try to imagine the historical or cultural meaning behind each one.
Projecting meaning into Talking Heads lyrics
Talking Heads were a great band from the late-70s to mid-80s. Their lyrics were really evocative and mysterious. Specific but vague. Made you wonder what they were really about.
Here's an example:
Watch out - you might get what you're after
Cool babies - strange but not a stranger
I'm an ordinary guy
Burning down the house
Everything's stuck together
I don't know what you expect staring into the TV set
Fighting fire with fire
All wet - hey you might need a raincoat
Shakedown - dreams walking in broad daylight
Three hundred sixty five degrees
Burning down the house
I read an interview with David Byrne from the Talking Heads who said that many of their lyrics were just random. Literally!
They would write evocative phrases onto little pieces of paper, then throw them into a bowl, and shuffle them up. Then they'd pull them out in random order, and put them into the song in that order. They did this because they liked how the listener creates meaning that wasn't intended.
Hearing one phrase next to another makes you assume they're connected in a meaningful way. But nope. It was just random. You made that meaning yourself.
Back to Chinese.
I have a Chinese dictionary called Wenlin that tells the history behind every character.
I looked up,, and the rest, and found that those characters are just phonetic. Those composite character bits were not chosen for their meaning, just their sound.
So... it seems I've just been putting the meanings into them, myself. They actually had no meaning.
But even knowing that, I choose to keep doing it. It's poetic. It's beautiful.
Projecting meaning into everything?
How many other things in life really have no meaning?
She was born April 12. He was born September 22. What does it mean?
One day you ride your bike instead of taking the bus. That day your usual bus gets into a big accident. What does it mean?
Black cat crosses your path as you walk under a ladder on Friday the 13th. What does it mean?
Nothing at all.
Nothing has inherent meaning. It is what it is and that's it.
We just choose to project meaning onto things. It feels good.
Even if presented with proof that it's totally random or neutral, we decide it has meaning anyway. It makes life more poetic and beautiful.
(And what if you've projected some bad meaning onto something, and it's getting you down? Don't forget that none of it is true. You're the one that put the meaning into it. You can just as easily take all the meaning out of it.)
P.S. Appropriate video: "Double rainbow! What does it mean?" smile