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Time magazine ran an interesting article on the tomato market in the Holland and Greece. The Greeks produces twice as many tomatoes than the Dutch but very little of it is sold in export markets. This is a concern in that it is a missed opportunity for the Greeks to earn income. What is more ironic is the fact that in the summer imports of tomatoes come in from Holland because the Greek farmers are still struggling to grow a crop during the hottest time of the year – Holland employs high-tech green houses and is able to produce significantly more during the summer months than Greece.
However, Greece has the potential to produce tomatoes for domestic consumption as well as for export but only has two harvests a year and is at the mercy of the elements – poor weather = poor harvest. The Dutch in contrast have temperature controlled greenhouses helping to create ideal growing conditions and they can produce 70kg of tomatoes in a square metre of his greenhouse whilst the Mediterranean grower gets approximately 7kg. They can also produce all year round.
Single Currency and Productivity
With the introduction of the euro in 2002 Greece could no longer devalue its currency to control the price of its products. With a weaker currency their exports were much more competitive but this had the effect of making the Dutch work even harder to achieve more efficiency and greater economies of scale. Therefore the only way that the Greeks can now compete is by cutting costs and embracing technology.
But it is not just the tomato market that has been hard hit. Greece's agricultural sector's productivity levels are 44% below the European average and labour costs have increased by approximately 90% and this is in contrast to Germany where unions agreed to a 3% rise. What is more concerning is that the acreage given over to growing tomatoes in Greece is 10 times that in Holland but they hardly export any of them. The Dutch have seen their exports increase by 30% since 2005. Some economists have laid the blame on the oligopoly market structure that controls the distribution. These middlemen pay farmers low prices and take a big mark-up on tomatoes even as they have failed to put in place a more efficient distribution system, including for exports.
The Greeks could become a thriving exporter of tomatoes once again but will need to embrace the Dutch technology and make use of its natural conditions – sunshine.
The drought in Spain this summer has had a significant impact on the Olive oil market worldwide. Approximately 50% of world production comes from the World Cup and European Champions but The Economist estimate that the lack of rain might cause a drop in global production of around 20% – supply curve to the left. In 2011 the market was awash with around 3 million tonnes of olive oil. Because of this prices hit nine year lows – July 2012 $2,745 but over the last few months they have risen approximately 40% – $3,787 a tonne. Stocks are being put onto the market from last year's crop (supply curve to the right) have helped to keep the price below $4,000 a tonne – a bit like a buffer stock system. See graph below
Olive Oil – US$ per Tonne
High prices have helped some other economies that border the Mediterranean Sea like Italy and Greece as they are the next biggest producers of olive oil and between them provide 20% of the world market.
Demand on the increase
Demand for olive oil has increased as it becomes more fashionable – maybe from all those cooking shows that they have on TV these days. Germany are using 5 x more olive oil and the British x 10. Demand in the US has been growing 6% for the last 20 years.
Been doing some more revision courses on CIE AS economics and went through how the elasticity of demand varies along a demand curve. Notice in Case A that the fall in price from Pa to Pb causes the the total revenue to increase therefore it is elastic – the blue area (-) is less than the orange area (+). In Case B the opposite applies – as the price decreases from Pa to Pb the total revenue decreases therefore it is inelastic – the blue area (-) is greater than the orange area (+). In Case C the drop in price causes the same proportionate change in quantity demanded, therefore there is no change in total revenue – it is unitary elasticity. Remember where MR = 0 – PED = 1 on the demand curve (AR curve).
There is mention in political circles that the UK is keen to abolish subsidies to its agricultural sector. They have already insinuated that they intend to freeze agricultural spending at 2013 levels until 2020 with the long-term goal of eventually abolishing all assistance to farmers. The EU currently spends €55bn for the farm budget each year and this accounts for 40% of its total budget – more than any other sector.
This action would certainly put New Zealand on a level playing field with the UK and make its produce much competitive than previously. With New Zealand going through the same process of removing subsidies nearly two decades, the UK will agricultural sector will find it difficult to adjust. However it has allowed New Zealand farmers to be far more focused on the essentials of the market rather than being driven by the subsidies from government. Farms became bigger and more efficient as economies of scale became hugely important in maintaining a competitive edge. What the subsidies did in New Zealand was to encourage people to develop land that was not really suitable for any agricultural use. However as they got a subsidy from the government efficiency or quality didn't feature as a major factor in maintaining competitiveness. Here is what happens when the subsidies are taken away – supply curve to the left.
Although oil producing nations might not like the recent troughs in oil prices, refineries in Europe are experiencing good times even with petrol and diesel prices being relatively high.
According to The Economist refining hasn't been the most profitable business as overcapacity has dogged the industry. Oil companies had assumed that the world demand for petrol would continue to expand rapidly and built refineries to cope with the this added pressure. However with oil demand peaking this led to an over-supply in the market. Furthermore in the developing world new and more efficient refineries have added to the problem and this had led to some changes in the market players this year.
* Petroplus (Swiss refinery) went out of business
* Shell bought a former Petroplus plant in London and downgraded it to a storage facility.
* Sunoco biggest refinery in north-eastern US is in trouble financially
* Refineries in Pennsylvania and the Virgin Islands have ceased production
Demand for petrol is falling in both the US and Europe as:
* People are driving less
* People are switching to more fuel-efficient cars – especially diesel. This has caused some concerns as Europe's refineries cannot easily switch to producing more diesel.
Oil Prices 2012
The chart below from the Sustainability Blog shows the oil production has reached an effective cap at around 75 million barrels of regular crude per day. Production over the past six years has increased little despite continued upward oil prices. This they argue has occurred as the oil industry passed a transition point and moved from an elastic supply curve to an inelastic supply curve.
While global oil demand remains relatively weak today, with the International Energy Agency predicting global oil demand growth in 2012 of around 1.1 million barrels per day, that inelastic supply curve could yet push oil prices back up to record levels which in turn will increase costs for the refining industry.
Supply side policies have the objective of raising the economy's supply potential and in conjunction with fiscal policy can improve productivity and boost overall supply. It mainly takes the form of tax incentives, investment opportunities, and training of the labour force. It also focuses on reducing the cost burden on businesses.
The BNZ Markets Outlook produced a very interesting article on supply-side issues in the NZ economy. The graph below shows the gap between the capacity of the NZ economy against the aggregate demand. Where the line is 0 – supply = demand and there is no output gap. Above the line there is excess demand and below excess supply.
Interesting that between 2004-2007 the slowing levels of growth reflected the lack ability to increase supply into the market – approaching the inelastic part of the aggregate supply curve. This was in contrast to the official view which led us to believe that demand was slowing. With the pressure on supply, prices started to rise as did wage inflation.
The RBNZ, around 2005/06, was projecting the economy to open up some spare capacity by 2007/08. The economy actually moved into a state of greater excess demand. The difference was like failing to forecast a 4% pick-up in GDP growth.
You might have read my previous blog post on the Ghost Cities of China where 10 new cities are built each year but are nearly all empty. Reading in the FT, the Chinese property market faces a dilemma it that although property prices in cities are beyond the reach of the majority of the population, in the rural areas where the vast majority of the population still live, property prices have dropped significantly. With the lower prices developers are now less likely to build anymore houses. In the past the government has intervened so as to avoid a US style sub-prime type bubble situation but should it worry more about high prices in big cities or weak construction in the rural areas?
The key questions for Chinese policy makers are as follows:
1. Should it regulate house prices in cities which account for 25% of the market which will have an impact on prices outside cities?
2. Can the Chinese economy afford to have house prices to drop as property construction has accounted for around 15% of GDP in China?
With this potential loss of GDP the government has been making it easier for potential homebuyers to borrow money – see affordability index. Banks have given special offers for


Career Advice > Career Advice
Top 10 Least Stressful Jobs in Healthcare 2019
Top 10 Least Stressful Jobs in Healthcare 2019
Many associate the healthcare industry with high stress levels, but its not without its holdouts. While medical practitioners and positions in nursing are very demanding, there are still many career paths in the industry that are among the least stressful of any occupation!
CareerCast recently assessed the stress level of over 200 occupations based on 11 key factors and, as it turns out, several healthcare careers made the list!
10. Optometrist
Optometrist - Least Stressful Jobs
Optometrists diagnose and treat visual disorders and prescribe glasses or contacts. They have a stress level of 17/100 because many of them own their own practices and have the stress of being a business owner and managing employees.
If not for those factors, they might come in higher on the low-stress list because of their placid and comfortable work environments, great yearly salary, and normal business hours. For those wanting to own their own business and work in the health industry, becoming an optometrist may be the right path for you.
10. Physical Therapist
Physical Therapist - Least Stressful Jobs
Physical Therapists help improve mobility and alleviate pain of disabled persons. They have a stress rating of 14/100, but come in #7 on the list because of their tiring, trying jobs. Not only do they go through their own stresses, but they usually become involved in the emotional trials of their patients.
Also, they are on their feet all day and physically assist their patients. Their work environment is relatively good, however, and physical therapist job growth and salary potential are high, so it's a field worth considering, especially if you like working with others and helping people.
9. Occupational Therapist
Occupational Therapist - Least Stressful Jobs
Occupational Therapists help various types of impaired persons develop skills to achieve self-reliance. Coming in at 13/100 on the stress scale, they have a lower stress job because most of them like their jobs and gain a sense of purpose and enjoy helping others gain a level of freedom most people take for granted. It also helps that the job market for an OT is pretty solid, so they don't have to worry about not being able to find a job.
8. Speech-Language Pathologist
Speech Language Pathologist - Least Stressful Jobs
Speech Language Pathologists provide treatment to those with hearing, speech, and language disabilities. They have a stress level of 12/100, but come in #4 on the list because their job can get trying at times and many work at schools and travel a lot for their jobs.
Still, there is a strong sense of purpose and a love of helping others among SLPs. With an above average job growth outlook, they don't have to worry about their jobs disappearing any time soon.
7. Dental Hygienist
Dental Hygienist - Least Stressful Jobs
Dental Hygienists examine teeth and provide preventative care and education to patients. They have a relatively low stress job coming in at 12/100 on the stress scale, which is due in-part to their comfortable, quiet work environments and good potential for job growth.
Dental Hygienists also enjoy a comfortable salarymaking this one of the best choices if you're looking for a relaxing position.
6. Medical Laboratory Technician
Medical Laboratory Technician
Medical laboratory technicians work outside of the typical direct-care, clinical setting to evaluate the accuracy of tests and interpret them. They use state-of-the-art biomedical instrumentation to analyze bodily fluids, tissues, microorganisms, and others.
CareerCast puts medical laboratory technicians at a stress rating of only 10.31, likely due to the nature of the job not directly dealing with patients. Although these techs play a fundamental role in the healthcare system, they do not experience the stresses that come with direct patient care.
5. Dietitian
Dietitian - Least Stressful Jobs
Dietitians come in midway on our least stressful healthcare jobs rankings. They're responsible for instructing patients about proper nutritional care and helping to develop meal plans and strategies to manage weight and achieve a healthy lifestyle. They have a stress rating of 10/100, but come in at #5 because of their relatively busy work life and interaction with clients.
Most say they have a pleasant and drama free environment, but they have to deal with emotional stresses tied with weight loss and people's vulnerabilities--people being hangry.
There is good job growth for dietitians because their position is increasingly in demand with today's progressively health-conscious population. Additionally, running a practice as a dietitian can be highly rewarding if the career draws your interest.
4. Pharmacy Technician
Pharmacy Tech
Pharmacy technicians work alongside pharmacists to answer patient questions about particular drugs, prepare prescriptions, stock the pharmacy's inventory, and maintain patient profiles.
Their position is of relatively low stress due to the environment they typically work in, outside of the hospital and clinical setting. They are not responsible for the direct care of patients, and thus don't harbor any of the mental or emotional stress that comes along with it.
CareerCast gives pharmacy tech's a stress score of 9.10.
3. Medical Records Technician
Medical Records Technician
Medical records technicians are responsible for managing, organizing, and analyzing the medical data collected by healthcare providers, including information about diagnoses, x-rays, lab findings, and treatment plans.
According to CareerCast, they're rated among least stressful jobs at a score of 8.57. Due to the nature of the job, records techs aren't as emotionally invested in patients as other healthcare professionals an don't feel the stresses that a nurse or primary care physician feels.
2. Audiologist
Audiologist - Least Stressful Jobs
Audiologists diagnose and treat patients hearing and balance problems, and enjoy the lowest stress job in the healthcare industry. With a stress rating of 6.3 (out of 100), it is a very low stress job for any industry.
Reasons for audiologists' low stress quotient include the fact that they usually work in quiet environments, and have a great deal of control over their schedules. If you're looking for one of the least stressful healthcare jobs, Audiologist is definitely the way to go.
1. Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
Diagnostic medical sonographers come in at #1 with a stress score of only 5.11! If you're for a low-stress option to work as a fundamental member of a healthcare team, this may be the career path for you!
Sonographers are primarily thought of in reference to maternity and pregnancies, but they use also use their skills to diagnose patient traumas and in cardiology to detect blocked arteries or issues with the heart.
While any job carries with it anxieties and baggage, these jobs have some of the best work environments, salaries, work loads, and job growth. It's impossible to touch on all of the complexities and challenges that come with specific patients and job duties, so we listed the positions that are involve lower stress than others and that exist in a field where tension and demand can be high.
It's also worth noting that most of the jobs on CareerCast's least-stressful list were distinguished by high levels of anticipated growth because nothing reduces workplace stress levels quite like job security.
Do you work in any of these fields? Tell us what you think in the comments below!
Advance your career. Change your life.


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Woodward's Gripe Water, 150ml
Woodward's Gripe Water is an Ayurvedic formulation with a combination of Dill oil and Sarjikakshara that provides symptomatic relief – from stomach pain caused due to gas, acidity and indigestion in infants and children. It is absolutely safe – strict checks are done at every stage of the manufacturing process to ensure the quality and hygiene of the product. Generations of mothers have trusted Woodward's to provide Colic relief to their crying babies
How Woodward's Works for Colic in Babies
Colic in babies are one of the most disrupting problems that need immediate attention. Sometimes, it can cause your baby to cry for hours at a time. The ideal time to give gripe water is 10 minutes after feeding.
Its dual action might assist with colic symptoms in babies by soothing their tummy, providing instant relief from the stomach pain.
Key Features include:
- Anethum Graveolans oil - For popping air bubbles in the tummy.
- Sarjikakshara - Neutralizes the acidity in the tummy.
- Promotes & Aids Digestion.
- 100% safe and effective on children & infants.
- Useful During Teething Period.
How to use:
- Maximum of 3 doses in a day.
- The dosage is mentioned on the individual packs and may vary based on baby's age.
- Woodward's Gripe water can be given before or after feeds, whenever the baby is distressed by colic, upset stomach, gas, indigestion or acidity.
- Be sure to shake the bottle well before each use.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How Old Should Kittens Be When They Are Weaned
Posted on
What Does a Five Week Old Kitten Need? Kitties Newborn
How old should kittens be when they are weaned. Between eight and ten weeks of age, a kitten should be fully weaned and preparing to leave its mother if you plan to find the kitten a new home. The first vaccinations are typically administered at about eight weeks of age, so when the kittens have a vet visit, you can be sure they have been growing appropriately. By six to seven weeks old, they should be able to chew dry food and you'll no longer need to moisten it. Kittens are typically fully weaned by around eight weeks of age. Kittens need large amounts of energy–about two to three times that of an adult cat. Food for your kitten should contain at least 30% protein. Rushed Weaning: Kittens shouldn't be weaned suddenly. Rather, weaning should be a gradual process in which they alternate between nursing and eating cat food, slowly increasing the amount of cat food consumed and decreasing the nursing time until nursing ceases altogether. At 6-8 weeks of age, kittens are not ready to stop nursing.
Kittens should be able to relieve themselves after three weeks of age. If they are growing, gaining weight and seem healthy, things are probably good. Most kitten vaccine protocols start at 6 weeks of age. Let your vet examine them to make sure they are doing well when they get their first vaccine. Usually kittens can be weaned at 4 weeks old and the process is done when they are 8 weeks old. Or, if the kittens can already stand firmly without wobbly, introduction to solid foods can be started. However, based on the newest research which is led by Professor Hannes Lohi from Helsinki University, the weaning process is recommended to be. People often assume that once a kitten is able to eat solid food at around six weeks of age, they are able to be weaned and go to their new homes. However, this is to be discouraged, as the kitten will only just have started to get used to the new status quo, and should not be removed from the dam until they have reached the juvenile, rather.
The kittens are almost fully weaned and continue to play and learn. Being introduced to new people, places in the home, and other pets is an important part of socialization. They are pretty self-sufficient at this point, though Darling, Denby, Corduroy, Tweed, and Wembley still get comfort from mom. Kittens should eat kitten food from the time they are weaned up until they are one year old. Kittens are okay with eating either canned or dry food. The kittens should also have a constant supply of fresh drinking water. If you have gathered all the aforementioned supplies, you can start the process. The weaning process usually continues for about another month until the kittens are fully weaned between eight and 10 weeks of age. During this time, the kittens will still occasionally nurse on their mother but they will also start to eat liquid kitten food. The liquid kitten food should gradually get thicker until it is a watered-down canned kitten food or a moistened kitten kibble.
Kittens must be at least 8 weeks old and fully weaned before they can leave their mothers. If you believe this advertiser is letting their kittens go before 8 weeks of age, please report them to us. Read further information on the minimum age kittens should be before leaving their mothers While this may be true, adopting a kitten before he's old enough to leave his mother and litter mates could result in health issues and behavior problems. Most breeders and legitimate pet stores will only offer kittens for sale as young at 8 weeks, with some waiting until 12 weeks of age. When should kittens be weaned? The weaning process has to start when kittens are approximately four weeks of age, but sometimes it depends on the animal. Some kittens can be weaned when they're 1-month-old, but others have to be weaned at six weeks of age.
Weeks 5-6: The weaning kittens should start to nibble on the kibble, slightly moistened with water. Weeks 6-7: By now, the kitten weaning process is complete, and they should be eating all solid food by week seven. The kittens should be neutered when they're around four months old. If neutering is not carried out by then, you should separate males from females and the queen to prevent in-breeding. Ask your vet if you need help sexing the kittens. Rehoming – Ask your vet when is the right time to rehome the kittens. This will depend on their behavioural. Generally speaking, an 8-week old kitten should weigh between 1.4 and 2.6 pounds. Anything outside that range is a sign that your kitten is either too thin or too obese. Maine Coon kittens, 8 weeks old 8-Week Old Kitten Interaction and Socialization. You can interact with your kitten more freely once they are 8 weeks old.
Weaning refers to the process by which a kitten goes from mother's milk to solid food. The process generally begins when a kitten is around four weeks old and should be complete by eight to ten weeks. Weaning can begin earlier in the case of orphaned or hand-fed kittens. Pet owners should make the transition as easy as possible for kittens. At What Age Should Kittens Be Weaned? The weaning process normally begins when kittens are around four weeks old, and is usually completed when they reach eight to ten weeks. If you are in charge of weaning an orphaned kitten, please remember that weaning should not be attempted at too early of an age. When Can Kittens be Weaned? Experts suggest that you start to wean a kitten at about a month to six weeks old. At that age, they usually will have developed incisors and an appetite for meat. When you offer a kitten meat and she gobbles it up eagerly, that's a clear sign that she is ready to be weaned and start eating regular, solid food, at.
Normally, kittens will need to be weaned once they reach four weeks. Experts suggest that you slowly introduce solid foods into their diets by mixing soft meat with hot water so that it is easily chewed at four weeks. Don't make the mistake of mixing the food with cow's milk—cow's milk is not the same as cat's milk and should not be.
(5) How & what to Feed Kittens 5 7 weeks old YouTube
Pin by Lee La Wu on cats Rare cats, Cute animals, Calico cat
Amen!!! Cute cats, Kittens cutest, Kittens
Pin on All Things Pets
Kittens being weaned off the bottle. First meal of gruel
4 Week Old Kittens Bottle Feeding Not only are they
Pin on Cute animals
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Kitten or Adult Cat Which Should You Adopt? Cats
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Some beautiful pictures of Persian cats and kittens.
Awwwww Kittens cutest, Cute cats, Pets
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Bonito cuello….! cats, Pretty cats, Beautiful
Cats are famous for their selfgrooming rituals. Cats use
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My sweet kitty Ellie Kitty, Fur babies, Black and white


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Sayı Duyusu Temelli Öğretimin Altıncı Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Özyeterliklerine ve Performanslarına Etkisi
Alkaş Ulusoy, Çiğdem
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.MetaDataShow full item record
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of number sense based instruction on sixth grade students' self efficacies and performances. Self efficacies consist of self efficacy towards mathematics and self efficacy towards number sense. Students' mathematics performances consist of their number sense, problem solving achievement, mathematics achievement and perceiving of daily life mathematics. In this study pre-test-posttest control group design which is a quantitative research designs was used. The study was conducted in two sixth grade classes from a public school in Çankaya, Ankara in the 2012-2013 academic year, lasting total fifteen weeks including 13 weeks implementation of lesson plans and 2 weeks implementation of scales. In this process, while the students in the experimental group were passing through a number sense based instruction, the students in the control group continued with the intruction which is composed with the guidance of the text book. In the study "Numeracy Test" was used in order to determine the number sense of students. In order to measure self-efficacy towards mathematics "Self-Efficacy Perception Scale", to measure self-efficacy towards number sense "Self-Efficacy Towards Number Sense Scale", to measure awareness of daily life mathematics Mathematics in Daily Life Scale", to measure problem solving achievement "Problem Solving Test" and mathematics course final grade in order to determine mathematical achievements were used. The data were analyzed by MANOVA analysis using the SPSS 15.0 package program. The results revealed that number sense-based instruction had a significant effect on students' number sense, awareness of daily life mathematics and, problem solving achievement compared to the instruction that not based on number sense. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of their self efficacies towards mathematics and number sense and the mathematics achievement.


General Hydroponics - MaxiBloom
General Hydroponics - MaxiBloom
General Hydroponics
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General Hydroponics MaxiBloom™ is a highly concentrated soluble granular plant nutrient designed for higher growth rates and yields. MaxiBloom™ stimulates flower, fruit, and vegetable production and provides essential minerals. Use MaxiBloom™ during the reproductive growth phase to provide a comprehensive diet for hydroponically-grown plants or for soil-grown plants. Maintain ideal nutrient pH between 5.5 and 6.5.
For seedlings, cuttings, foliar feeding, and transplants, use 1/4 teaspoon per gallon of water or.25 grams per liter. For orchids, delicate and slow growing plants, use 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of water or 1/2 gram per liter. For most applications, including salad greens and leafy vegetables, use 1 teaspoon per gallon of water or 1 gram per liter. For fast growing plants, including many vegetables, use 1 1/4 teaspoon per gallon or 1.25 grams per liter. For very fast growing plants, use 1 1/2 teaspoon per gallon or 1.5 grams per liter with caution. Guaranteed analysis (5-15-14) includes Total Nitrogen (N) 5.0% (0.5% Ammoniacal Nitrogen, 4.5% Nitrate Nitrogen); Available Phosphate (P2O5) 15.0%; Soluble Potash (K2O) 14.0%; Calcium 5.0%; Total Magnesium (Mg) 3.5% (3.5% Water Soluble Magnesium); Combined Sulfur (S) 4.0%; Chelated Iron (Fe) 0.1%. Derived from Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Molybdate, Calcium Nitrate, Cobalt Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Iron DTPA, Iron EDTA, Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Borate, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Phosphate, Potassium Sulfate, and Zinc Sulfate.
Total Nitrogen (N) 5%
Nitrogen made up of: 0.5% Ammonical Nitrogen and 4.5% Nitrate Nitrogen
Available Phosphate (P2O5) 15%
Soluble Potash (K2O) 14%
Calcium (Ca) 5%
Water Soluble Magnesium (Mg) 3.5%
Combined Sulfur (S) 4%
Chelated Iron (Fe) 0.1%
Manufacturer No


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Experimental and simulation extinction spectra of Au nanoarrays prepared by pulse AC and normal AC methods. (a, b) Experimental extinction spectra of the Au nanoarrays grown in AAO prepared using H2SO4 and H2C2O4, respectively. (c) Simulation extinction spectra of the uniform and nonuniform Au nanoarrays with period a = 110 nm and diameter d = 34 nm. The length of the uniform nanoarray is set to be 150 nm. The simulation unit cell of the nonuniform nanoarray contains six nanowires with the length L = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 200 nm.
Xue et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2013 8:295 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-295


A modern derivative of its cousin, the drunk dial, this involves sending text messages via cell phone to friends, girlfriends, sluts, just friends, etc., usually while in a drunken stupor.
That grease monkey sends her drunk text every weekend at 2am.
by DougCrow January 04, 2006
A drunk text is commonly mistaken by adults as a text sent while drunk, while it truly means to send a thoughtful, loving text to a dear friend.
It became known as a "drunk text" due to the sincerity one may have while under the influence of alcohol.
Sam sends drunk texts to his friends quite often even though he is always sober.
by you better thank me for this June 01, 2010
by Mitch Gorski November 21, 2005
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Suppose $F$ is a field s.t $\left|F\right|=q$. Take $p$ to be some prime. How many monic irreducible polynomials of degree $p$ can exist over $F$?
share|improve this question
What have you tried? (Think about subextensions of $\mathbb{F}_{q^p}$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$.) – Qiaochu Yuan May 23 '11 at 9:31
_USER_: Thanks, got the idea and found the answer... will write it down here soon! – IBS May 23 '11 at 13:25
2 Answers 2
up vote 22 down vote accepted
The number of such polynomials is exactly $\displaystyle \frac{q^{p}-q}{p}$ and this is the proof:
The two main facts which we use (and which I will not prove here) are that $\mathbb{F}_{q^{p}}$ is the splitting field of the polynomial $g\left(x\right)=x^{q^{p}}-x$,
and that every monic irreducible polynomial of degree $p$ divides $g$.
Now: $\left|\mathbb{F}_{q^{p}}:\mathbb{F}_{q}\right|=p$ and therefore there could be no sub-extensions. Therefore, every irreducible polynomial that divides $g$ must be of degree $p$ or 1. Since each linear polynomial over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ divides $g$ (since for each $a\in \mathbb{F}_{q}$, $g(a)=0$), and from the fact that $g$ has distinct roots, we have exactly $q$ different linear polynomials that divide $g$.
Multiplying all the irreducible monic polynomials that divide $g$ will give us $g$, and therefore summing up their degrees will give us $q^{p}$.
So, if we denote the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree $p$ by $k$ (which is the number we want), we get that $kp+q=q^{p}$, i.e $\displaystyle k=\frac{q^{p}-q}{p}$.
share|improve this answer
Nice answer and question as well! +1 for both... Btw, you can accept your own answers? – Kugelblitz Mar 10 at 13:40
the number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree $n$ over the ﬁnite ﬁeld $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ is given by Gauss's formula $$\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{d \mid n} \ \mu(n/d) \cdot q^{d}$$
For a complete proof : Please refer
 - Abstract Algebra: Dummit and Foote, Chapter 14, Galois theory, Pages $567-568$.
 - You might also want to see this paper, which actually presents a new idea of counting irreducible polynomials using Inclusion - Exclusion Principle. Link: _URL_
share|improve this answer
Just knowing the answer is not useful to anybody. I also suspect that this is a homework problem based on the condition on degrees, so please don't give answers like that. – Qiaochu Yuan May 23 '11 at 9:40
_USER_: Ok... – user9413 May 23 '11 at 11:20
_USER_: the proof presented in that paper is not new; it is equivalent to the classical proof by Mobius inversion. Inclusion-exclusion is a special case of Mobius inversion on a poset. – Qiaochu Yuan May 23 '11 at 11:24
_USER_: i hope you don't mind, but Qiaochu is right and this was a homework qeustion about the extension $\mathbb{F}_{q^{p}}\geq\mathbb{F}_{q}$. I actually used Quaochu's comment to find the answer myself... appreciate the help. – IBS May 23 '11 at 13:24
_USER_: Hey no problem. I never thought about it. Anyhow good that you got the answer. That is important. – user9413 May 23 '11 at 13:25
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+ nNodes t nNodes tree = 1 + nNodes s + nNodes t
Now, since the statement is proven for each of the cases in the structural description of the data, it follows form the principle of structural induction that the proof is finished.
In order to really nail down what we are doing here, we need to define what we mean by predicates in a strict manner. There is a way to do this using fibrations, but this reaches far outside the scope of this course. For the really interested reader, I'll refer to.
Another way to do this is to introduce a topos, and work it all out in terms of its internal logic, but again, this reaches outside the scope of this course.
3.2 Lambek's lemma
What we do when we write a recursive data type definition in Haskell really to some extent is to define a data type as the initial algebra of the corresponding functor. This intuitive equivalence is vindicated by the following
Lemma Lambek If has an initial algebra I, then P(I) = I.
Proof Let be an initial P-algebra. We can apply P again, and get a chain
We can fill out the diagram
to form the diagram
where f is induced by initiality, since is also a P-algebra.
The diagram above commutes, and thus af = 1PA and fa = 1A. Thus f is an inverse to a. QED.
Thus, by Lambek's lemma we know that if then for that PA, the initial algebra - should it exist - will fulfill, which in turn is exactly what we write, defining this, in Haskell code:
List a = Nil | Cons a List
3.3 Recursive definitions with the unique maps from the initial algebra
Consider the following PA(X)-algebra structure on the natural numbers:
l(*) = 0 l(a,n) = 1 + n
We get a unique map f from the initial algebra for PA(X) (lists of elements of type A) to from this definition. This map will fulfill:
f(Nil) = l(*) = 0 f(Cons a xs) = l(a,f(xs)) = 1 + f(xs)
which starts taking on the shape of the usual definition of the length of a list:
length(Nil) = 0 length(Cons a xs) = 1 + length(xs)
And thus, the machinery of endofunctor algebras gives us a strong method for doing recursive definitions in a theoretically sound manner.
Complete credit will be given for 8 of the 13 questions.
- Find a monad whose algebras are associative algebras: vector spaces with a binary, associative, unitary operation (multiplication) defined on them. Factorize the monad into a free/forgetful adjoint pair.
- Find an endofunctor of Hask whose initial object describes trees that are either binary of ternary at each point, carrying values from some A in the leaves.
- Write an implementation of the monad of vector spaces in Haskell. If this is tricky, restrict the domain of the monad to, say, a 3-element set, and implement the specific example of a 3-dimensional vector space as a monad. Hint: has written about this approach.
- Find a -algebra L such that the unique map from the initial algebra I to L results in the function that will reverse a given list.
- Find a -algebra structure on the object 1 + A that will pick out the first element of a list, if possible.
- Find a -algebra structure on the object that will pick out the sum of the leaf values for the binary tree in the initial object.
- Complete the proof of Lambek's lemma by proving the diagram commutes.
- * We define a coalgebra for an endofunctor T to be some arrow. If T is a comonad - i.e. equipped with a counit and a cocomposition, then we define a coalgebra for the comonad T to additionally fulfill (compatibility) and (counitality).
- (2pt) Prove that if T is an endofunctor, then if T has an initial algebra, then it is a coalgebra. Does T necessarily have a final coalgebra?
- (2pt) Prove that if U,F are an adjoint pair, then FU forms a comonad.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the comonad formed from the free/forgetful adjunction between the categories of Monoids and Sets.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the endofunctor P(X) = 1 + X.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the endofunctor.
- (2pt) Prove that if is a final coalgebra for an endofunctor, then c is an isomorphism.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
iWork for iCloud opens iWork for iOS and iWork for Mac files up to 1 GB in size. Documents stored in iCloud use your iCloud storage, so the size of all your files on iCloud.com can't be more than your total storage limit.
You can add GIF, JPEG, and PNG images up to 10 MB each from iWork for iCloud. If you add images larger than 10 MB using iWork for Mac or iOS, you can still see those images in iWork for iCloud apps.
Shared documents can be viewed and edited by up to 100 people at the same time. As long as your document isn't password protected, additional people can view the document without making changes.
Each Pages document can have an unlimited number of characters. You can paste about 2 million characters into a document at a time.
You can create as many sheets in a Numbers document as you want. Each table can have up to 255 columns, 65,536 rows, and about 130,000 cells with data. You can change up to 100,000 cells at the same time.
Features that behave differently when you import a document
These features behave differently in iWork for iCloud. They don't change in the original copy of your iWork for iOS or iWork for Mac document.
All iWork apps
- 3D charts appear as 2D charts. They remain 3D in iWork for iOS and iWork for Mac.
- You can view a movie's poster frame and view an icon that represents an audio file. You can't play or edit movies or audio files.
- You can view connection lines, but you can't edit them.
- You can view conditional highlighting on table cells, but you can't edit conditional highlighting rules. You can edit rules in iWork for Mac.
- You can open and view a Pages document that has Track Changes turned on in Pages for iCloud, but the document can't be edited. If the document is yours, you can turn off Track Changes using Pages for Mac or Pages for iOS.
- You can't view or edit builds, but they remain in the document and are visible and editable on Mac and iOS.
- Transitions that aren't supported in Keynote for iCloud appear as Dissolve. The original transitions remain in the document and are visible and editable in Keynote for Mac and Keynote for iOS. See Using Keynote for iCloud with Internet Explorer for more information.
- The soundtrack (audio set to play for the duration of a slideshow) doesn't play on iCloud. The soundtrack remains in the document and plays in Keynote for Mac and Keynote for iOS.
- Recorded audio (voiceover narration) doesn't play on iCloud. It remains in the document and plays in Keynote for Mac and Keynote for iOS. Editing your document in Keynote for iCloud might make the recording out of sync with the slideshow.
- The setting to automatically play a slideshow when it's opened is ignored.
- The setting to restart a slideshow on idle is ignored.
- Forms in a Numbers for iOS spreadsheet are hidden when you open the spreadsheet in Numbers for iCloud.
- In Numbers for iCloud you can edit a table linked to a form and your edits appear in the form when you open the spreadsheet in Numbers for iOS.
- In Numbers for iCloud, deleting a table linked to a form clears the form. Merging cells in a table linked to a form might clear the form.
You can also open your iWork for iCloud documents in iWork for Mac or iWork for iOS, if you're using the required versions of iWork, OS X, and iOS.


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While listening to a podcast from SpanishPod recently, I came across this section where they were discussing the Spanish for various computer-related terms and one of the hosts gave liga as the Spanish for link, the stuff that when clicked leads to a different web page.
Elsewhere, I have also heard two other words for the same term: vínculo and enlace. Do all three really mean the exact same thing? I want to know if there's any, just any, difference among the three whatsoever. Any subtle difference?
And if they are all really the same thing, which is the preferred word in which region? Which of the three is preferred in Mexico? What about other parts of the world?
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Vínculo, that evil word from Microsoft... – JoulSauron Jun 13 at 12:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In México we can use vínculo or enlace but it is more common to use liga.
The later is used in a day to day conversation, vínculo and enlace are more formal.
By the way... ligar as a verb is used here when referring to flirting.
 ¿Cuál es la liga para comprar esa bolsa en ebay?
 Pásame la liga para entrar a tu sitio.
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The original meaning of link, IIUIC, is each of the rings of a chain. That is Spanish is eslabón. (cf. The missing link / El eslabón perdido).
Then, in English, link is also used to mean conection or even relation. That in Spanish would be conexión, enlace or relación.
In Internet, link is actually a short form of the original hyperlink (remember that HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol). That was usually translated as hiper-enlace or hiper-vínculo (with our without dashes). Then, when the English form shortened to link the Spanish one did the same to vínculo or enlace.
As a new meaning for an old word, I don't think that neither vínculo or enlace are better than the other. Personally, I prefer enlace. It just sounds better to me (I'm from Spain).
However, about the other word you comment, liga, I think it is used solely because it sounds similar to the English one, so would be it better avoided. Ligar means tie or bind, only somewhat similar to link.
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I agree enlace is really the only thing that works, but vínculo makes sense as well. – Cayetano Gonçalves Jun 13 at 15:17
_USER_: The thing is that enlace sounds nice, but the older hiperenlace sounds a bit weird to Spanish ears, maybe because of the syllabification: it would be natural to do it as hi-pe-ren-la-ce, but the speaker tries to keep the prefix separated as hi-per--en-la-ce. Hipervínculo does not have this issue so it may have been preferred in the early days of Internet. – rodrigo Jun 13 at 15:45
Here in Chile, we say link, vínculo or enlace.
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Link, in the meaning you describe, is indistinctly translated in Spain and Mexico as vínculo or enlace.
There are no nuances when using one or the other, so probably is a matter of habitude in using one or the other.
For example, Microsoft uses vínculo exclusively for their software localized in Spanish from Spain (es_es), and vínculo or enlace, depending of the package, when in Spanish from Mexico (es_mx). However, enlace is as widely used as vínculo in Spain.
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Though, looking to Microsoft for translations is probably not the best idea. They after all translated English font as fuente (tipografía or tipo being the words actually used by typographers) and refuse to fix it even after I've reported it many times. – guifa Jun 26 at 3:00
Yes, that's true, they used to use "mouse" as spanish translation for "mouse". But the fact is that sometimes the wide use of a translation makes it more understandable; even bad uses of words have become accepted because of its wide use. Think of the use of "incierto" as synonym for "false" (which is incorrect as "incierto" means "uncertain"), widely used by spanish politicians as a more politically correct way to say "falso". Finally, "incierto" is now accepted by the Real Academia Española de la Lengua as synonym for "false". – Roberto Jun 27 at 8:56
The three words are exatly the same, but enlace and vínculo are for the formal speech and text while liga and link are the "informal" ones but ther's no problem for using both words in formal talking. Personally I've never said liga, me and my environment use link. I'm from México.
 1. That's the link.
 2. Ese es el enlace.
 3. Ese es el vínculo.
 4. Esa es la liga.
 5. Ese es el link.
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text:
Spider legs use hydraulic pressure. When they die their legs curl because the liquid dries up!
Spiders' legs curl up is because a spider uses hydraulic pressure to push liquid into it's legs that allow it to move, and when it dies the liquid drains out making the legs curl up
If you've ever killed a spider (without completely squishing it) or come across one that is already dead, you know that their legs curl up beneath them when they die. You may be too busy being grossed out by this eight-legged creature to wonder just why this is. Human's limbs don't curl inward after they die. So what is going on with this posthumous tendency.
It turns out that spiders' legs are hydraulic. Or more specifically, two of the six joints in their legs are hydraulic. In order to straighten these joints and subsequently their legs, spiders flex their muscles and increase the pressure. When the spider dies, it obviously loses control over it's leg system and relaxes. The legs then curl upward automatically because no pressure is keeping them straightened.


text:
Asymmetric Introspection and Extrospection
Posted by The Situationist Staff on November 5, 2009
Situationist Contributor Emily Pronin recently wrote a very helpful primer on her work on the difference between "How We See Ourselves and How We See Others," which she published in Science. Here's the abstract.
* * *
People see themselves differently from how they see others. They are immersed in their own sensations, emotions, and cognitions at the same time that their experience of others is dominated by what can be observed externally. This basic asymmetry has broad consequences. It leads people to judge themselves and their own behavior differently from how they judge others and those others behavior. Often, those differences produce disagreement and conflict. Understanding the psychological basis of those differences may help mitigate some of their negative effects.
* * *
In case you're not already familiar with Pronin's work, we recommend it highly. You can download the above article (as well as a many of her other publications) on her website (here).
This entry was posted on November 5, 2009 at 12:07 am and is filed under Abstracts, Conflict, Illusions, Life, Naive Cynicism, Situationist Contributors, Social Psychology. Tagged: Emily Pronin. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Bakos, K., Dobos, A., & Nagy, J. (2014). Examination of soil parameters based on the evaluation of the spectroradiometric reflectance characteristics of the topsoil. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, (60), 75–80. _URL_
In this article we are presenting the methodology applied to analyse and interpret the topsoil surface reflectance parameters of multiple samples collected in the Mugello valley area in northern Italy in October 2012. The main aim of the whole project was to discover geomorphological behaviour and situation of the area ino order to improve potential for correct dating of certain archaeological artefacts found in the nearby areas. One of the crucial problem researchers are facing in the area is the lack of understanding of the underlying geological and geomorphological processes that were describing and characterizing the area and that played important role not only in the current geography and landscape formation but also in the transportation of various sediments and artefacts. In this particular research the main aim is to examine the possibility of developing a quick way to assess low level properties of the soil using hand held spectrometer and rapid analysis of cross-section using in situ measurement techniques. In this work we collected over 2000 individual samples of topsoil surface reflectance properties that we organized into a spectral library. This library is then to be used to describe physical and chemical processes in the soil. To support the analysis results were compared to analysis results from different kind of assessments in the same area. Our results show a great potential of application of hand held imaging spectrometer in soil property analysis based on the top soil surface reflectance parameters.


text:
Performance Task – Correlations & Data Analysis – Voter Turnout
In the Voter Turnout Performance Task, students use data from voter turnout by states to practice constructing scatterplots, finding measures of central tendency, and standard deviations. As political analysts, they are attempting to predict the demographics of the next presidential voting population.
What's included in this Performance Task:
* Teacher Guide – Get an overview of the Performance Task, including helpful suggestions for use and the Common Core alignment for each activity.
* Level 1 Activity – Laying the foundation. Students start by practicing a core skill matched to a Common Core State standard.
* Level 2 Activity – Adding some complexity. Students integrate a different skill or set of skills from the Level 1 activity.
* Challenge Activity – Bring on the critical thinking! Stretch students to reason with math and data to come to conclusions.
* Finale Activities – Extend the learning. Each activity also includes a finale to extend the math lesson into another subject (usually ELA).
* Complete Answer Key – All Performance Tasks come with a complete answer key for all activities.
* Job Background – Each Performance Task enables students to picture themselves in a real world career. Find information about the career, including entry-level education, median pay, and job outlook.
Check out the all-edition set of this Performance Task!
Thanks and be sure to check out our other Performance Tasks!


text: In the novel Wonder, Mr. Browne teaches precepts (rules about really important things) to his students throughout the school year to write about. At the end, he asks them to send him a postcard over the summer with their own personal precept. It can be made up or something they've read somewhere that means something to them. 1. 🤔Think about a personal precept (rule) for yourself just like the students in the book did. 2. ✏Write a friendly postcard to the teacher telling your precept, explaining what it means, and why you chose it. 3. Use the text tool on the template. 4. Remember to check ✅for correct capitalization, punctuation, and complete sentences. 5. 🎤 Tap the mic to record yourself reading your postcard.


I noticed that in most theoretic literature (Braess, Ciarlet,...) for Finite Elements, the method is only described in a detailed way for simplex triangulations, while other forms of hexahedral methods are often omitted or only briefly mentioned.
Is there any theoretical differerence between FEM theory of simplices and hexahedrals? Do theoretical results (convergence, error-estimates) not carry over to hexahedrals, or is it just that the generality is so obvious that it is left to the reader.
In my opinion the basics stay the same but there are some differences worth commenting upon.
The basic principles of defining a local coordinate system, integrating local dense contribution matrices using quadrature rules, and assembling them into global sparse matrices are identical. Often, hexahedral basis functions arise from taking tensor products of some underlying one-dimensional basis, and are integrated using tensor products of one-dimensional quadrature rules, which exposes some opportunities for optimizing code.
One notable difference is polynomial completeness. High order tetrahedral basis tend to arise from some sort of pascal's triangle / pascal's tetrahedron arrangement. For instance, a 2D gradient-conforming basis needs to span {$1$, $x$, $y$, $x^2$, $xy$, $y^2$} to be complete to second order, and these 6 functions can be arranged very tidily on a 6-node triangle (3 vertices, 3 edge midpoints). In contrast, the most natural way to write a second order basis for a 2D quadrilateral is via a tensor product of two 1D lines, leading to a span of {$1$, $x$, $y$, $x^2$, $xy$, $y^2$, $x^2y$, $xy^2$, $x^2y^2$}. This contains more functions / requires more work, but is not any more accurate in the asymptotic sense. This over-completeness becomes more exaggerated as you raise the order or migrate from 2D to 3D.
Despite this overcomplete-ness at the element level, hexahedral elements are generally more efficient in total cost, simply because they are "larger" and fill space more efficiently. Model accuracy is typically a function of mesh size $h$. A hexahedron with sides of length $h$ takes up $h^3$ volume, while a tetrahedron with sides of length $h$ only takes up a volume of $h^3/6$. So given some computational domain with volume $V$ and an desired accuracy/mesh size $h$, I expect to need 6x as many tetrahedra than hexahedra. Even though this difference is just a constant factor, we're talking about the size of the input here, so it will be further magnified by any downstream algorithmic complexities (for instance, if you're using solver/preconditioning techniques that scale superlinearly).
I do want to comment briefly on accuracy. A surprising aspect of some basis functions is that element shape / distortion can effect their order of accuracy, because of how they depend on the pullback/jacobian. As a concrete example, consider 2D Nedelec (curl-conforming) functions. The curl of these functions (ie what's going into the "stiffness" matrix, to borrow a term) is proportional to the jacobian. For a triangle, the jacobian is constant, so you get curl complete to a constant (this is what you want, a lowest order "$\star$-conforming" element should have "$\star$" complete to a constant). In contrast, the jacobian for a quadrilateral is only constant if the shape mapping is affine (ie the quadrilateral is a parallelogram), which means this element is non-convergent on general meshes (ie you can refine $h$ but the error will not improve). Raviart-Thomas elements are similarly affected, as they have a similar dependence on jacobian. Note that a similar thing happens (non-constant jacobian / non-convergence) if you use curvilinear shape mappings (for either triangles or quadrilaterials), I only call out this case specifically because it's surprising that a linear/straight-line quadrilateral can exhibit this problem too (when it's not a parallelogram).
All this said, I find the biggest obstacle to using hexahedra for FEM are not formulation or convergence issues, but mesh generation and computational geometry issues. There are robust general-purpose algorithms for automatic tetrahedral mesh generation (delaunay refinement in particular), but hexahedral meshing is more brittle and often requires user interaction to decompose complicated geometry into simple parts that are eligible for structured strategies or pave/sweep strategies. Note that you can fuse tetrahedral grids with hexahedral grids using pyramidal elements, but the basis functions on pyramids can be pretty technical (pyramids are often implemented in terms of degenerate/distorted hexadra, and the distortion function ends up contributing non-polynomial terms to the jacobian/basis functions, which can make it difficult to obtain the correct order of accuracy).
In light of these geometrical complexities, I find it reasonable for papers to focus more on simplicial elements, there's just a larger market for them.
 - $\begingroup$ Wow, thank you very much for the elaborate answer! $\endgroup$ – MPIchael Apr 22 at 14:54
 - $\begingroup$ The Finite Element Method is blessed with regards to meshes, since it performs well with tetrahedral meshes, combined with the fact tet meshing is quite easy and there are plenty of tet meshers out there. If you are doing CFD, i.e. fluid mechanics, hex meshes behave better than tets, although this is field/application dependent. If you are searching for hex meshers, preferably open source, your search is a short one. $\endgroup$ – Dohn Joe Apr 22 at 15:06
Most FM methods require that we can identify pairs of adjacent elements. This is easy with elements derived from a quadrilateral/hexahedral grid that can be mapped onto an array structure. To deal with the complex domains typical of aircraft, for example, the "multiblock" structure can be adopted where the domain is first mapped onto "blocks" which are very coarse quad/hex grids with an arbitrary connectivity between them. Generating these coarse grids is hard to automate if there must be many blocks, and is commonly done by hand, which is time-consuming. Because of this the multiblock strategy is now little-used in practice, and a single "unstructured" quad/hex grid is used for the entire domain. Individual elements should still be as "regular" as possible in aspect ratio and skewness.
 - $\begingroup$ I fail to see how this answer the OP question. $\endgroup$ – nicoguaro Apr 25 at 20:03
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I then exported the gerbers using units "Inch", and the "Decimal Digits" of "1". Now when I reload the gerbers they look wrong. What happened?
If you selected to export the Gerbers with a "Decimal Digit" of "1". This means that the accuracy of your gerber files is only to 1 decimal place (i.e 1/10th inch), and your gerber files coordinates will be rounded down.
For example, if a coordinate in your gerber file was meant to be 2.24 inches, it would be rounded to 1 decimal place of accuracy, resulting in 2.2 inch.
Note: This is typically the case when you view your resulting gerbers in a "gerber viewer" and see many weird geometries.
Solution: Simply export your gerbers with at least 4 "decimal digits" and you should be fine.
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When you are writing an API, especially when is going to go public, you want the error responses to be as consistent as possible. You want your errors to be identical everywhere, to provide not too much information for your internal system but enough information to the debugger.
I am a REST fan and I hope you are too. What basically REST tell us, is to use HTTP's error codes for our API responses. E.g. when the user requests a particular row from our DB, using an identifier, and that row doesn't exists we should respond with a 404 Not Found status code.
Express.js has a default error handler. Basicaly it's just a middleware, with an extra argument, the err argument.
On an Express.js request lifecycle, when an error occurs, we pass on to the next middleware with populated error variable, and the error handler triggers.
Let's start with that.
router.use(function (err, req, res, next) {
 /* We log the error internaly */
 * Remove Error's 'stack' property. We don't want
 * users to see this at the production env
 if (req.app.get('env')!== 'development') {
 delete err.stack;
 /* Finaly respond to the request */
 res.status(err.statusCode || 500).json(err);
Two are the most essential parts here. Logging the error and proper displaying it. So I am logging it using a logger module and passing it to the user, using the error's status code. I have predefined those status codes so I don't have to deal with them every time. How? Let's see.
An error often consists of more than just an error code. We need a title, little more information and the stack trace on development environment. Instead of dealing with those information every time we create objects and only changing the bits we want each time. Here's a Not Found error object.
module.exports = function notFound(message, errorCode) {
 Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
 this.name = this.constructor.name;
 this.message = message || 'The requested resource couldn\'t be found';
 this.statusCode = 404;
 this.errorCode = errorCode || 404;
We are inheriting the Node.js Error class and create a generic Not Found error object we can use every time we need one.
So now we need to pass this to the Express.js error handler. So on an ordinary controller we do:
app.use('/customers/:id', function(req, res, next){
 var id = properSanitization(req.params.id);
 someDBDriver.findOne(id, function(model){
 if(!model) {
 next(new NotFound('Entity with id:'+ id +'couldn\'t be bound.');
 } else {
 /*... */
So now the error handler will take place and do it's magic.
Often, in a more complex API will need more expressive status codes to express it's disfunctionalities. In that case, you can still respond with the proper status code but keep an internal error eode that makes sense on your application. So, in case a user tries to login with wrong credentials, send a 401 to the API consumer but keep an internal code, e.g. 4001 that means "Wrong Username/Password". And that's what the errorCode is.
Here's a simple error collection i've wrote, to save you the hassle. Use it and send me your suggestions and/or notices.


uvloop: Blazing fast Python networking
by Yury Selivanov _USER_
May 03, 2016
asyncio is an asynchronous I/O framework shipping with the Python Standard Library. In this blog post, we introduce uvloop: a full, drop-in replacement for the asyncio event loop. uvloop is written in Cython and built on top of libuv.
uvloop makes asyncio fast. In fact, it is at least 2x faster than nodejs, gevent, as well as any other Python asynchronous framework. The performance of uvloop-based asyncio is close to that of Go programs.
asyncio & uvloop
The asyncio module, introduced by PEP 3156, is a collection of network transports, protocols, and streams abstractions, with a pluggable event loop. The event loop is the heart of asyncio. It provides APIs for:
 - scheduling calls,
 - transmitting data over the network,
 - performing DNS queries,
 - handling OS signals,
 - convenient abstractions to create servers and connections,
 - working with subprocesses asynchronously.
As of this moment, uvloop is only available on *nix platforms and Python 3.5.
uvloop is a drop-in replacement of the built-in asyncio event loop. You can install uvloop with pip:
$ pip install uvloop
Using uvloop in your asyncio code is as easy as:
import asyncio
import uvloop
The above snippet makes any asyncio.get_event_loop() call return an instance of uvloop.
You can also create a uvloop instance explicitly, by calling uvloop.new_event_loop()
uvloop is written in Cython and is built on top of libuv.
libuv is a high performance, multiplatform asynchronous I/O library used by nodejs. Because of how wide-spread and popular nodejs is, libuv is fast and stable.
uvloop implements all asyncio event loop APIs. High-level Python objects wrap low-level libuv structs and functions. Inheritance is used to keep the code DRY and ensure that any manual memory management is in sync with libuv primitives' lifespans.
To check how the performance of uvloop stacks up against other implementations, we have created a toolbench to benchmark TCP and UNIX sockets I/O, and the performance of HTTP protocol.
Benchmarked servers run inside a Docker container with an outside load-generating tool (wrk for HTTP benchmarks) that measures request throughput and latency.
All benchmarks in this blog post were run on an Intel Xeon CPU E5-1620 v2 @ 3.70GHz, and Ubuntu Linux. We use Python 3.5, and all servers are single-threaded. Additionally, we use GOMAXPROCS=1 for Go code, nodejs does not use cluster, and all Python servers are single-process. Every benchmark sets the TCP_NODELAY flag.
Benchmarks on Mac OS X exhibit very similar results.
This benchmark tests the performance of a simple echo server with different message sizes. We use 1, 10, and 100 KiB packages. The concurrency level is 10. Each benchmark was run for 30 seconds.
See also the full TCP benchmarks report.
Some comments on each position:
 1. asyncio-streams. asyncio with its built-in, pure-Python event loop. In this benchmark, we test the performance of the high-level streams abstraction. We use asyncio.create_server() to create a server that passes a pair of (reader, writer) to the client coroutine.
 2. tornado. This server implements a very simple Tornado protocol, which immediately sends back any data it receives.
 3. curio-streams. Curio is the new kid on the Python aio lib block. Similarly to asyncio-streams, in this benchmark we test curio streams, using curio.make_streams() to create a pair of (reader, writer) that provide a high-level APIs such as readline().
 4. twisted. Similarly to Tornado, here we test a minimal echo protocol.
 5. curio. This benchmark tests the performance of curio sockets: a tight loop of sock.recv() and sock.sendall() coroutines.
 6. uvloop-streams. As in #2, here we test the performance of asyncio high-level streams, but this time on top of uvloop.
 7. gevent. We use gevent.StreamServer and a gevent socket to send/receive data in a tight loop.
 8. asyncio. It appears that vanilla asyncio is quite fast! Similarly to #2 and #4, here we test the performance of a minimal echo protocol implemented in pure-Python asyncio.
 9. nodejs. We use the net.createServer API to test the streams performance in nodejs v4.2.6.
 10. uvloop. This benchmark tests a minimal echo protocol (as in #2, #4, #8) implemented in asyncio, on top of uvloop. With 1 KiB messages, uvloop is the fastest implementation with whopping 105,000 requests per second! For 100 KiB messages, uvloop manages to pump through about 2.3 GiB/s.
 11. Go. A tight loop of _URL_ calls. Golang performance is very similar to uvloop, slightly better for 10 and 100 KiB messages.
How to read box-charts: 99%75%50%25%min
Code for all benchmarks can be found here.
See also UNIX sockets benchmark results.
Initially, we wanted to test aiohttp on asyncio and uvloop against nodejs and Go. aiohttp is the most popular framework for writing asynchronous HTTP servers and clients with asyncio.
See also the full HTTP benchmarks report.
However, the performance bottleneck in aiohttp turned out to be its HTTP parser, which is so slow, that it matters very little how fast the underlying I/O library is. To make things more interesting, we created a Python binding for http-parser (nodejs HTTP parser C library, originally developed for Nginx). The library is called httptools, and is available on Github and PyPI.
For HTTP, all benchmarks use wrk to generate the load. The concurrency level is set to 300. The duration of each benchmark is 30 seconds.
Quite surprisingly, pure-Python asyncio, with the help of high-performance HTTP parser is faster than nodejs, which uses the same HTTP parser!
Go is faster for 1 KiB responses, but uvloop+asyncio is measurably better for 10/100 KiB responses. The quality of service is excellent for asyncio and uvloop with httptools, as wells as for Go.
Admittedly, httptools-based server is very minimal and does not include any routing logic, unlike other implementations. Nonetheless, the benchmark demonstrates how fast uvloop can be with an efficiently implemented protocol.
It is safe to conclude that, with uvloop, it is possible to write Python networking code that can push tens of thousands of requests per second per CPU core. On multicore systems a process pool can be used to scale the performance even further.
uvloop and asyncio, combined with the power of async/await in Python 3.5, makes it easier than ever to write high-performance networking code in Python.
Please try uvloop (github) and share your results with us!


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User behaviors are your greatest source of learning.
The performance of your product, website, or mobile app is mostly based on user behaviors. So, user tracking can be implemented in your marketing, sales, or development strategies.
Who visited your page from where?Where do they click on? Where do they spend most of their time? What is the total number of your users?
With these analytics, you can efficiently adjust your marketing strategy.
This article will cover the definition of user tracking and the benefits of its marketing strategies.
What is User Tracking?
User tracking is the practice of collecting, storing and measuring information about user activities. It lets you track and record these activities and interactions while your users are visiting your webpage or web application. User tracking or web tracking also allows you to identify your users by various means.
Benefits of User Tracking in Your Marketing Strategy
There are several important aspects to use user tracking in your marketing strategy. In the most general sense, you can use user tracking to determine or test your marketing strategies or otherstatistical or commercial purposes. You can even directly implement it to your sales and lead generation goals.
In general, user tracking allows you to:
- See the interest in your site – elements that are interesting, attractive, distractive or confusing
- Analyze the phases within the user journey -obstacles, time wasting processes, confusing elements, etc.
- Find out the performance of your business objectives
Understand User Profiles and Behaviours
In marketing, the target audience is everything. The more you know about your user behaviors, the more you get equipped to make the right choices about your website, mobile app, or products. User tracking provides several properties and values (based on the provider) to analyze your user profiles and behaviors.
This practice helps you understand who they are and what they're looking for and eventually turn them into paying customers. These user properties can be anything related to your users as follows:
- Personal Interests
Track User Journeys within Your Page
Tracking users throughout their journey with your website, mobile app, or product helps you understand their activities, what they interact with most, or what section of your page is not useful for their journey. This action even allows you to improve your UI practices, user engagement, along marketing strategies.
The user journey is an important decision point in marketing. The values you acquire with user tracking helps you to identify the performance of the steps in your user experience. Basically, you can better understand how people interact with pages on your website or your application screens. You can use some tools like Google Analytics, Hotjar, or Crazyegg to track these interactions. There are several interactions to be tracked:
- Clicks and events to see which actions are commonly performed
- User activities over time and durations
- User demographics
- Heat maps to vizualise user cursor movement and click activity
- Open rates for the widgets on your website
After analyzing this information, you need to ask the questions below:
- Where is the center-point on which users make their first interaction?
- Where does the user start to learn about their pain point?
- How much time do they spend on specific pages?
- Where do they click to find purchasing information?
- What elements attract or ditract them?
- How many of them complete the purchasing process?
Create Content Strategies
After gaining a better understanding of your users and their behaviors, take a closer look at how your current content strategies help you on this matter. When evaluating your content strategy, you gain a new perspective on what content connects your users with your website or why they're leaving. What to track?
- Content open rates
- Duration on a specific content
- Clicks on the CTA buttons in a content
What to ask?
- Are they easily reaching out my content?
- Which part of my content helps them to solve their problems?
- What is the avarage time do they spend on specific content?
- Which piece of my content does not acquire traffic?
- Are my blog frequently visited?
- Is internal links working?
Determine Business Objectives
You can also measure how effectively your website supports your business objectives with user tracking. It provides you with an essential piece of information to see if users act in the manner you want them to. Without this information, it's almost impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of your business objectives with your marketing goals.
- Can I clearly present my business values on my webpage?
- Does my objectives meet the expectation of my users?
- Which page is more likely to present my value?
User tracking lets you track activities and interactions while your users are visiting your webpage. It is a great practice to use for regulating your marketing strategies. The information you acquire with this practice helps you understand your target audience and see the efficiency of your user journey, content strategies, and business objectives.


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A zero-ohm link or zero-ohm resistor is a wire link used to connect traces on a printed circuit board that is packaged in the same format as a resistor. This format allows it to be placed on the circuit board using same automated equipment used to place other resistors instead of requiring a separate machine to install a jumper or other wire. Zero-ohm resistors may be packaged like cylindrical resistors, or like surface-mount resistors.
The resistance is only approximately zero; only a maximum (typically 10–50 mΩ) is specified. Thus, a fractional tolerance (as a percentage of the zero-ohm ideal value) would be infinite and is not specified.
An axial through-hole zero-ohm resistor is generally marked with a single black band, the symbol for 0 in the resistor color code. Surface-mount resistors are generally marked with a single "0" or "000".
|This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Once Upon a Time in Germantown
Enlarge image Germantown's history is stepped in German culture, first settled by immigrants from the Palatinate Region in the 18th century. (© GKNY) Three hundred years ago, 2,400 Germans from the Palatinate Region of Germany sailed up the Hudson from New York City, where they had been shipped from London and Portsmouth in an fleet of 12 ships carrying pine and pitch for the Royal Navy. For the German immigrants of the Rhine River region, who were fleeing the troops of France's Louis XIV, the Hudson River was like the "father" Rhine, making them feel somehow at home in New York towns such as Rhinebeck, Rhinecliff or Germantown.
The first German settlers arrived October 2, 1710 in the "East Camp," now known as Germantown, New York. Starting October 2, 2010, Germantown celebrated this historic arrival with a history workshop attended by 300 renowned genealogists and historians from the United States and Europe, as well as a Gala Palatine Concert highlighting the world premiere of "The Palatine Cantata" for singers and orchestra by Maestro Harold Harberman, a Germantown citizen, founder and director of the Conductors Institute at Bard College.
The Concert Gala was opened by Dr. Thietmar Bachmann, Head of the Cultural Department of the Consulate General in New York, on Germany's national holiday, October 3.
The festivities will continue through the weekend of October 8 - 10. Following the celebrations focused mainly on the town's history and culture, the second weekend is geared towards families, with a wagon parade and the Palatine Oktoberfest, combined with the yearly Germantown Harvest Festival.


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The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) received many comments on the proposed Part 360 rule changes, which have been finalized and go into effect on November 4th, 2017. The NYSDEC revised Part 360 section 360.12 Beneficial Use based on the numerous comments they received. These updates were made in an effort to either clarify areas that were not clear or to alter items as necessary.
The NYSDEC defines Beneficial Use as when solid waste is no longer classified as waste and can be used. The NYSDEC has pre-determined wastes that can be defined as beneficial use, some that are conditionally pre-determined as beneficial use, and others that are subject to a case-by-case basis. Generally, materials determined to be classified under beneficial use are when specific wastes can be used for commercial products or raw materials. Materials that are disposed of under Part 361 cannot constitute beneficial use.
The DEC has increased the storage time for beneficial use items to, at most, 365 days unless the facility's specific permit allows for longer storage time.
Items that cannot be considered for beneficial use include:
- flowable fill for mined land reclamation,
- encasing waste tires in concrete,
- using waste tires as fences or screening.
Wastes that are pre-determined to no longer be wastes and are classified for beneficial use once received at the location intended for use are:
- uncontaminated newsprint used for animal bedding,
- uncontaminated wood pallets used for reconditioning or re-manufactured,
- street sweepings, car wash grit, and waste system catch basin materials with sand and gravel free from litter and anything that could produce an odor when used as:
- a commercial aggregate for construction of roads or parking areas,
- as backfill for utilities within transportation trenches (not potable water utilities),
- as commercial or industrial land use,
- waste tires used to secure covers (as long as tire counts do not exceed the allowed amount. See Walden's Blog Environmental Impact of Proposed Part 360 Rule Change),
- waste tires for retaining walls, decoration, playground components, bumper guards, manufactured for feedstock,
- grain products used for animal feed.
If materials meet the following requirements, they are no longer identified as waste:
- ground granulated blast-furnace slag for use as a raw feed in manufacture of cement and concrete,
- wood combustion ash for soil additive,
- industrial waste used for manufacturing processes,
- fly ash used for concrete purposes,
- gas-scrubbing byproducts to replace gypsum or calcium chloride,
- coal combustion bottom ash for cement, concrete, and asphalt materials,
- recycled aggregate as defined by the Department of Transportation for use as commercial aggregate, clay, till, or rock used for fill or aggregate.
The following cease to be waste when the material leaves a facility subject to exemption or regulations of Part 361 or Part 362 and that the material is recycled or reused:
- Materials from recyclables handling and recovery facilities for use in manufacturing.
- If glass aggregate, must not exceed 5% by volume of the product if defined as "non-glass material content", 0.05% by mass of paper or 1% by mass for non-glass material,
- compost or other products for conditioning soil,
- tree/wood debris or yard trimmings in mulch,
- tire aggregate for septic system drainage media, mulch, or playground surface or athletic field material,
- scrap metal,
- cooking oil or grease
If a facility distributes 10,000 tons or more of pre-determined beneficial use material, that facility must submit a report to the NYSDEC by March 1st of the following calendar year. The DEC requires that the type and quantity of the material beneficially used be described.
If the material you want to define as beneficial use does not fall into the categories above, it must be determined on a case specific basis. See Walden's Blog Part 360 – Beneficial Use Part II for further information. And check out our Part 360 webpage!
If you have questions or need help with your Beneficial Use determination, please call Walden at _PHONE_.


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Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Australia
ActiGraph's Response to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) - July 30th Update
Rationale and study protocol of the EASY Minds (Encouraging Activity to Stimulate Young Minds) program: cluster randomized controlled trial of a primary school-based physical activity integration program for mathematics
- Published on Aug. 8, 2014
Background: Novel strategies are required to increase school-based physical activity levels of children. Integrating physical activity in mathematics lessons may lead to improvements in students' physical activity levels as well as enjoyment, engagement and learning. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a curriculum-based physical activity integration program known as EASY Minds (Encouraging Activity to Stimulate Young Minds) on children's daily school time physical activity levels. Secondary aims include exploring the impact of EASY Minds on their engagement and 'on task' behaviour in mathematics.
Methods/Design: Grade 5/6 classes from eight public schools in New South Wales, Australia will be randomly allocated to intervention (n = 4) or control (n = 4) groups. Teachers from the intervention group will receive one day of professional development, a resource pack and asked to adapt their lessons to embed movement-based learning in their daily mathematics program in at least three lessons per week over a six week period. Intervention support will be provided via a weekly email and three lesson observations. The primary outcomes will be children's physical activity levels (accelerometry) across both the school day and during mathematics lessons (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time). Children's 'on-task' behaviour, enjoyment of mathematics and mathematics attainment will be assessed as secondary outcomes. A detailed process evaluation will be undertaken.
Discussion: EASY Minds is an innovative intervention that has the potential to improve key physical and academic outcomes for primary school aged children and help guide policy and practice regarding the teaching of mathematics.
Trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register ACTRN12613000637741 13/05/2013.


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Intro: Poor Man's Door Trip Alarm
You will need:
LCD Screen Buzzer
6 LED's (you could use less)
A bunch of wires and 20-32 M/F connectors
1 100 ohm resister
6 220 ohm resisters
Optional: Amazon box as a housing
Step 1: What You Need and What to Do First
What to do first
1. Link your hot and ground rails with some M/M wires.
2. Next ground your LED's to the ground rail. To do my exact same build you will need 12 M/F wires to connect the LED's so you can show the led's on the outside of the amazon box.
3. Insert the 6 220 ohm resisters and then connect the hot line on the LED to those resisters so the LED's don't burn out and aren't so bright.
LED"s where connected from left to right in ports 13 -> 8 (So there is a movement looking motion to the lights
Step 2: Receiver and Sensor
Receiver (Using M/F wires)
1. Connect the left most pin on the IR receiver (when the component is facing you) to the ground rail.
2. Connect the middle pin to the hot rail so it gets power
3. Connect the right most pin to port 4 to control when the buzzer should sound
Distance Sensor (Using M/F wires)
1. Connect the GND pin to the ground rail
2. Connect the echo pin to port 6 and connect the trig pin to port 7
3. Now connect the remaining pin to the hot rail
Step 3: Buzzer
1. Connect the left pin on the buzzer to the ground rail
2. Connect the hot wire to a 100 ohm resister and then connect the resister to port 5
**The resister is important as not using one can cause to much power to reach the buzzer and quickly silence it for good
Step 4: LCD and Potentiometer
1. Connect the left pin on the potentiometer to the ground rail using a M/M wire
2. Connect the right pin to the hot rail like the above
3. The connect the middle pin to the Vo pin on the LCD screen using a M/F wire
GND - Connects the the ground rail
VSS/VCC - Connects to the hot rail
Vo already connected to the potentiometer
RS - A0 port
RW - GND port on the breadboard.
E - A1 port.
D4 - A2 port.
D5 - A3 port
D6 - A4 port
D7 - A5 port
A (anode) - Will go to the hot rail on the breadboard
K (cathode) - Will go to the ground rail on the breadboard
Step 5: Getting the Code Together
Click the code there. You will have to alter something, you will need to download the TimerFreeTone library and edit the NewPing library. Open the NewPing library (say in notepad++) and search for "__vector_7". This should eventually bring up this line of code "_TAG_ TIMER_ENABLED true"
You will need to change this to "_TAG_ TIMER_ENABLED false" this way the IR and the new ping library timers don't get a confliction.


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1. Mailbox access
- Calling from your own extension*123 + PIN. (or envelope key on handset)*
- Calling from another user's extension *124+ extension number + PIN.
- To leave a message in someone else's mailbox *125extension.
- To listen to your own voicemail greeting *125your-extension.
Users can update their PIN on first access to mailbox settings '0' or on user web admin panel. (see later section)
- Most users have voicemail forwarded to email with message attachment. Opening the email does not extinguish the message wait light.
*Note: These instructions relate to user personal mailboxes and departmental mailboxes. See later section for further and shared departmental mailboxes, with the exception that dialing *123 or the envelope key on the handset only applies to Personal Mailboxes.
2. Controls within your mailbox
During playback you can repeat or to skip forward and back between messages:
'4' Skip back to previous message.
'5' Repeat message.
'6' Skip forward to next message.
'7' Delete message.
'8' Forward message to another user (who must have a mailbox).
'9' Save message (to folder - select folder - messages otherwise saved to old folder).
'0' Mailbox settings (see separate section).
3. Replaying and storing old messages
- If there are no new messages, the system will prompt you to press 1 for old messages.
- If new messages are present and you wish to skip them, at the prompt select '2' "to change folders" then select '1' for old messages - this is the default message archive.
4. Voicemail customisation. '0' Mailbox options
To customise your mailbox greeting or change PIN etc:
- Menu option '0' when first accessing the mailbox.
- You can then choose to record greetings as follows:
'1' Unavailable message.
'2' Busy message. (if not present, unavailable will play to all)
'3' Your name
'4' Temporary greeting – If you are away for an extended period of time a temporary greeting can be created, without overwriting the normal greeting.
Note: When recording a greeting, please remember to press '#' to finish recording and then '1' to save.
5. Option 4 - Setting a temporary greeting
Access the greetings menu 0>> 4 (temporary greeting) Record greeting and follow prompts to apply temporary greeting. End call. Each time you login to the mailbox it will remind you a temporary message is playing.
6. Remove Temporary Greeting
Access the greetings menu 0>>4 (temporary greeting) listen to the prompts and (3) will allow you to delete the temporary message, thus re-introducing the normal greeting.
Note: The prompts only play correctly if you logout and log back in again after each sequence.
7. Departmental Mailboxes
Departmental mailboxes are identical to user mailboxes but are numbered from a different range. To retrieve messages dial *124 - wait for prompt enter mailbox number and PIN. To set a speed dial entry for these mailboxes use *125xxxx, and when dialling, press * at the prompt and enter pin.
8. Personal Web portal to voicemail and phone settings
Your phone account includes a personal web page that provides access to phone settings, voicemail settings, new and saved voicemails. Messages can be downloaded and played managed and deleted. Note messages can be saved in folders.
Enter email address and password. (password is that used for CallSwitch Communicator.)
9. CallSwitch Communicator & User Web Page
Voicemail can be retrieved from within Communicator/Director, flashing envelope icon (Red highlight). The user can access their Online SelfCare options (blue highlight) to set forwarding etc. See also User web page.
10. User Web Page/ Callswitch Communicator selfcare
Login: The email address registered against your extension
Password: Communicator password
Download the Voicemail Memory Aid' PDF and keep it in your files for future reference.


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I often see a recipe that require something to be boiled in "lightly salted water" e.g. Semmelknödel, but I'm always in doubt on how much salt that actually is.
Can anyone tell the "correct" ratio of salt and water for lightly salted water?
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There is no such correct ratio. Just go with whatever feels lightly salted to your personal taste. The point is simply to differentiate from recipes in which people go for lots of salt, such as some noodle cooking techniques which require the water to be "as salty as seawater" or similar.
In the end, every cook has their own subjective scale of what is their "typical" amount of salt, and it is impossible to meet the recipe author's without further information. And even if you happen to meet it, if your personal preferred level is ckose, you won't notice much difference. On the other hand, if your preference is very different, the food won't taste right to you if you use the same absolute ratio of salt to water. So, the only practical thing is to use your own taste as a reference.
The effects of using a bit more or less salt in the cooking water should be hardly noticeable, so it should be rather hard to make a mistake here unless you are using extrem amounts.
The goal of using salted water is to avoid too much salt dissipates from the food into the water. So if you want to take things over the top you could calculate the percentage of salt in your Knödel and adjust the water to it so food and water are sharing the same osmotic pressure to maintain the Knödels salt content exactly and unchanged.


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Public Bathrooms and Children
One of the subjects that is coming up more and more is that of accompanying children in public bathrooms. When a mother accompanies her daughter, or when a father accompanies his son it's pretty straightforward, but when it's mother/son or father/daughter things becomes a little more complicated. The main rule when taking your opposite-gendered child to the bathroom is this:
You go to your bathroom, no theirs. Fathers take daughters to the men's bathroom, mother's take sons to the women's bathroom.
The tricky question is how old does a child need to be for this practice to become inappropriate? Though honestly that's not the real question, the real question is how old does a child need to be before they can safely be allowed to go to a public bathroom alone? Because as a parent myself I can assure you that safety will win out over impropriety every time.
That's a question that I don't intend to answer right now, and is going to vary from child to child, parent to parent and situation to situation (not all public bathrooms are created equally). What I will say is that I'm a big fan of family bathrooms and one person bathrooms which eliminate these problems and concerns.
Now alert reader Roger recently asked a related and very important question:
What is the proper thing to do when you enter a public restroom, a man is at the wash basins with a young daughter, and the urinals are close by. Do you step up to the urinal or wait until they leave? This has happened to me several times.
That's a tricky one. When the man and his daughter entered the bathroom, there could have been men at the urinal. When they exited the stall (presumably the father and/or daughter went pee in a stall in this case) there could have been men at the urinal. So while possibly a little uncomfortable, there is certainly precedence for men to use the urinals while the daughter is present. But should you start to use the urinals while the daughter is at the sink, especially if the sink is close by?
In general the answer is no. There are obvious exceptions, like the urinals and sinks being in virtually separate rooms, but as a general rule if there is a female child using the sinks in the men's room, and the urinals are close by, you should wait. The time spent at the sinks is almost always very short, so in this case it's best just to play it safe and bide your time until the father and daughter have finished up and left.
1 James { 07.12.13 at 5:57 pm }
Don;t make a big thing about it. Go about your business like nobody is there. It works.
2 Grandma { 07.28.13 at 5:34 pm }
My twin (boy/girl) just turned 5 in June, are now allowed to use a public bathroom by themselves while in a restaurant. I'm upset over this and has discussed it with my son and his wife. But, I lost out. They think ediquette rules that their children can use a public bathroom by themselves. Not just the type with only one toilet, but the type that has a few stalls or urinals in the wall. What is considered the best way to handle this? Am I too old fashion?
3 msykes { 08.01.13 at 8:28 am }
This is not an etiquette issue, this is a safety issue. If the parents don't feel it is safe for the kids to go to the bathroom alone, then the kids should not go to the bathroom alone.
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