Why Do Women Like Tall Men?
We have all heard the universal adage of a lady seeking a man who is 'tall, dark and handsome,' and there seems there's more truth to the saying than meets the eye. Women tend to prefer taller men as their partners, but why?
Women like tall men for various reasons, such as adaptive evolutionary instincts, psychosocial preferences, and adaptive fear responses to external danger.
Cultural norms may also play a part where taller men are perceived to be more efficient leaders and given a higher social prominence than their shorter counterparts.
Our modern brains still bear the vestiges of our evolutionary past, which dictates in some measure what women find attractive in a male mate. Studies do support the notion of women's preference for taller men for several reasons discussed below.
Is There Scientific Evidence that Women Prefer Tall Men?
In an article in Personality and Individual Differences, called "Women want taller men more than men want shorter women," a team of experts conducted a scientific survey of women's preference for taller partners. The study showed that women are consistent in their height preferences, choosing partners much taller than themselves.
The survey found that women preferred men 21cm (8.26 inch) taller than themselves on average, while men were satisfied with only an 8cm (3.14 inch) difference between themselves and their female partners. This substantial difference in height selection is indicative of several factors that I will discuss below.
The Reasons Why Women Like Taller men
1. Biological Evolution
Our biological evolution determines much of what we instinctively find attractive in a mate. Sexual dimorphism is common in nature.
There is a substantial size difference between the sexes, such as spiders like the Golden Orb or Nephila senegalensis, where the female is substantially bigger than her mate. The female nephila may have a 30mmm abdomen in contrast to her diminutive suitor, who only reaches 5mm.
Did You Know?
In mammals, such as primates, the male tends to be larger and more muscular. For Example, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan males are not only larger and stronger but have more prominent canine teeth.
These physical characteristics ensured that the female primate had more chance of passing on her genetic material through the greater protection afforded by her larger mate.
Larger, more dominant males were also likely better food providers, and women and their young may have sough protection by attaching themselves to larger dominant partners. The reason why women prefer taller men may be seen as adaptive in evolutionary terms.
2. Women's Preference for Dominant Male Mates
In an article on Evolution and Human Behavior, a scientific survey found that women fearful of crime and tended to seek larger, more dominant, and aggressive mates. The inherent dangers of living with a potentially dangerous mate were seen as a 'trade-off' for the benefits of protection in a perceived environment of danger.
However, larger, more dominant males may prove to be more dangerous in terms of child-rearing and physical safety and are more likely to injure their partners through even low-level violence such as slapping or pushing.
3. Psychosocial Factors
Some experts suggest that women prefer taller men due to psychosocial factors. The act of looking up at somebody may translate to the unconscious brain to 'looking up' to their mate figuratively. A smaller, more diminutive stature in relation to their mates may make women feel protected by a more powerful person.
Studies show that taller men are favored somewhat in society and are seen as leaders. In fact, they tend to be elected to office more often than their shorter counterparts. This cultural bias towards the taller male may be yet another reason why women gravitate towards taller men.
Do Women Always Favor Taller Men?
Luckily for the shorter suitors out there, height is only one of the myriad of factors that play into a woman's choice of partner. If one looks around, there are not many couples showing the 21cm differences women are supposedly hardwired to find the perfect height difference.
In Fact
Our World in Data cites the mean height difference between men and women to be only 4 ½ inches or 12 cm throughout the globe.
Tall men tend to favor taller women, on the other hand, not as tall as they are., but taller than average. Studies suggest that taller men prefer women only 3 inches shorter on average in what biologists define as an assortative mating tendency.
Assortative mating is a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate more frequently with each other. Body size is one of these phenotype preferences in mates that may also ameliorate the incidence of taller men selecting women substantially shorter than themselves.
Are Women Defined By Their Instincts to Choose Taller Men?
Females are attracted to the masculinity and dominance evoked by taller men and the stereotypically masculine features indicating high testosterone. However, one should strive to separate this instinctual evolutionary impetus from the cultural norms that reinforce them.
In a culture where we may criticize the gender norms that reinforce the desirability of dominant males, we may go a long way in changing them. Although we might be slaves to our biological imperatives to a certain degree, we are also free-thinking individuals with insight into our deeper evolutionary instincts.
Simply being tall is not a deciding factor in women's mate preferences any more than large breasts are a deciding factor in a man's choice of a woman.
Although these features may inspire superficial attraction, there are a variety of characteristics such as charisma, intelligence, kindness, and confidence that determine a suitable choice of partner.
Although women's attraction to men who are taller than them may have some deeper biological and evolutionary imperative, they are by no means a deciding factor in choosing a suitable mate. Women can and do choose mates in various heights and form successful partnerships despite pairing with men the same height or shorter than themselves.
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Speak Your Mind


text: This study identifies the factors which influence user participation in community-based rural water supply schemes in north Kerala, using primary data. To capture the rate of participation, two forms of indices were constructed: one to measure attendance in group meetings, and the other to measure their influence on decisions. The relative importance of factors such as locality, group and household characteristics that affect participation were analysed using linear regression models. Of the three sets of factors, it was found that household characteristics were the most influential. The analysis shows that males actively participated in group meetings. Level of education and involvement of households in other local organizations were the other major factors affecting participation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The final thing of my design may be a product type design. So I made an interaction diagram and business flow. The interaction between people and products is mainly reflected in three aspects:
1. Interaction between human hands and small clouds (pinch, squeeze)
2. The way people use the chair normally
3. The spinning of the chair caused by the shaking of the human body.
The business model is also worth thinking about. If it appears on the market as a piece of furniture, how to stimulate people to purchase is also a problem. I considered making the material and color of this cloud more variable. People can buy products in newly launched colors. At the same time, they can also recycle old products and the old parts.
Some feedback from my interviewees
1.Worried that the balls inside will run out. It is recommended to add a double-layer shell, which will be more stable as well.
2.Looking forward to more interactions on the light. (How to turn on the light)
3.The "cloud" inside can be used separately.
4.Provide more using ways. For example: you can embrace "clouds" as a pillow.
5.Consider the size.
img_2816 img_2812


text:
- About Aglaonema..
- How To Grow Aglaonema..
- Benefits of Aglaonema..
- Maintenance Tips
- Shipping Info
Chinese evergreen 'White Lance' is a clump-forming tropical perennial prized for its unique foliage. The leaves are very narrow, lance-shaped, long and glossy. They tend to grow upright and arching and are pale, silver with a very narrow irregular dark green edges. The leaf stems are pale green with dark green blotches. This selection readily produces suckers and forms large clumps more quickly than other aglaonemas. Blooms are produced and are small, rather uninspiring white spathes (sail-shaped flowers) found among or just below the foliage.
Loamy Soil, Clay Sand Mix
All Purpose Fertilizer
Every 11-12 Month
1. Proper care for aglaonema starts with its proper placement. Your task is to find the area that receives less indirect light.
2. Place your plant far from doors, air vents and windows in order to ensure it won't suffer from drafts.
3. Water the plant when the top 2 inches of the soil start getting dry.
4. one of the basic care instructions includes wiping the leaves with a moistened cloth to remove dust and dirt
1. Filterate Air Toxins
1. Chop the stem's top that has gotten leggy and root the stem in the soil or water
2. As too much soil can encourage rot, take a 2:1 mix of perlite to potting mix, though straight perlite is rather difficult to work with
3. Transfer the root to a regular pot.
1. Don't Place your plant near the doors, air vents and windows in order to ensure it won't suffer from drafts.
2. Beware of Pythium: this disease is referred to as one of the commonest root problems, and occurs under wet conditions or in poorly drained soils.


text:
Ali MacGraw facts for kids
Elizabeth Alice "Ali" MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is a television and movie actress. She started in movies, but changed to stage and TV acting. She received Golden Globes for Goodbye Columbus and Love Story (the earlier was in 1969, and the latter was released in 1970). Some birthdate sources say that she was born in 1938; others say 1939 or 1940. She was born in New York State.
Ali MacGraw Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


Soldier's Heart Short Answer Test - Answer Key
Buy the Soldier's Heart Lesson Plans
1. How old is Charley, the main character in the story?
2. In what state does Charley live?
3. What is Charley's last name?
4. In what war does Charley want to fight?
Civil War
5. What is the date when the novel begins?
June, 1861
6. What is the name of the town where Charley lives?
7. How much would Charley earn as a soldier?
$11 a month
8. What is the name of Charley's brother?
9. What prevents Charley from enlisting in the army?
He is too young
10. Which of the following is not an appeal for Charley?
Marching in the heat
(read all 180 Short Answer Questions and Answers)
This section contains 3,347 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Soldier's Heart Lesson Plans
Soldier's Heart from BookRags. (c)2014 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Bocce (RIP)
We used to have a bocce court, but well, it's a long story. We had to move the greenhouse and the bocce court was the only place to move it so bye bye bocce for now. I may be able to fit another court in so don't give up hope.
A little history
Bocce is the Italian version of lawn bowling. The earliest known form of the sport was a game played in the Italian Alps, early in the Christian Era, in which stones were tossed at a target stone--not necessarily to hit it, but to land as close as possible to it. This was a major amusement for Roman soldiers, who spread it through the empire. Balls were eventually substituted for the stones and they were usually rolled rather than tossed. Bocce, also known as boccia, derived its name from the Vulgar Latin word for ball, bottia. Italian immigrants brought bocce to the United States. Its original centers of popularity were New York City and San Francisco because of their large Italian-American populations. But, as newer generations grew away from the sport, bocce declined and seemed in danger of extinction in this country. The center of the sport in the U. S. is Martinez, California, which has more than a thousand competitors in league play and many more who simply play for fun. The U. S. Bocce Federation says there are about 1 million players in the United States.


text: One …. money word problems help students understand the words we use when example of literary analysis essay talking about money. mar 10, 2008 · write down everything you spent money on today, from the utility bill you paid by check to the bus ride you paid for with cash. 9 practical steps to solve your financial problems without an ivy league education 1. example #4: solving problems for money jan 06, 2014 · slader actually pays you to solve problems for certain high school textboxts. mar 06, 2018 · but money doesn't sample apa style research paper only generation of computer assignment afford rainforest writing paper freedom from meaningless work. each individual or team solving problems for money is going how to work cited page to have different needs and may need a different technique to encourage problem solving. write my custom paper the band-aid solution business plan templets is actually the best kind of dissertation research grants solution because it involves solving a problem with the minimum amount solving problems for money of effort spanish transition words persuasive essay and time and cost.". in this money math worksheet, your child will solve word problems by adding and subtracting dollars and how to write a descriptive essay about a picture cents.


text:
What is the population of Arizona? The U.S. Census Bureau provides population statistics. The actual census only takes place every ten years, in dates ending in a zero. In between, they often provide updated estimates.
The 2008 estimate for the population of Arizona was 6,500,180.
Population of Arizona, 2010
AZ Population Growth since 2000 census: 24.6%
Arizona ranks 16th in state population in the United States. It was 14th at the 2008 estimate, and 20th at the 2000 census.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


i. Agency basics for IT contractors – CV sending
IT contractors often ask how many agencies they should send their CV 'on spec' to. Should the jobbing IT contractor decide by estimating how many CV and recruitment agents they can keep track of and manage? Or as today's market for freelance IT contracts tightens, with competition for contracts intensifying, is a'scattergun' approach to as many agents as possible the recommended course?
The answer to these questions tends to be very much a personal decision based on a lot of individual preferences and assumptions about how things work.
Key factors tend to be:
1. Perception of supply/demand for my skills - what's the contract market demand v. competition of the same skills?
2. Geographic range - where are you willing to work?
3. Specialist agencies - some agencies are THE only ones you should be with in your specified skill or client area.
4. Location Agencies - some agencies are THE only ones you should work with in that geographic area.
5. Rates - some agencies are deemed to charge higher margins.
6. Preferred/Secondary suppliers - some agencies are better placed because of being preferred suppliers in certain locations.
As a consequence of assessing these factors, an IT contractor will either:
1. Blitz their CV to as many agencies as possible, using one of the CV distribution websites.
2. Make a short list of agencies from jobs research/word of mouth - and hit them.
What some don't realise is that blitzing can come back to haunt them, for two main reasons:
1. When a client receives a duplicate CV (i.e. your CV submitted from two or more agencies) they tend to go straight in the bin, as the client doesn't wish to get involved in a tussle between agencies.
2. The contractor may get besieged with telephone calls and emails.
Needless to say, as someone who has used both approaches, they can each have their place, depending on your situation.
For a newcomer, I would suggest starting with the shortlist/agent relationship approach. Follow this, and you can refine your CV, learn about the market, get some interviews under their belt and all being well; secure that first contract.
Suggested strategy for a newcomer to IT contracting:
1. Do your research and find a handful of agencies that know your skill area well.
2. Ideally they will be Preferred Suppliers in the big "contractor employer" businesses.
3. Spend the time building a good relationship with the agents, so that you 'come to mind' as available when a matching job arrives.
Benefits of good relations with an agency:
1. CV Feedback
- CV structure
- gaps, economical truth, insufficient detail
- buzz words
- having a clear and focussed CV
2. Client Feedback
- reasons for not getting the interview
- unspoken reasons for the above
- potential CV 'put-offs' for client
- potential CV "attractors" for client
3. Interview brief
- likely interviewer/s
- typical interview structure e.g. formal + technical
- heads-up on possible technical exam
- client culture (so you know what to expect, from mentality to dress code)
I would suggest that the newcomer sets their goal, not to "get a contract" in the beginning, but to bridge to that rapidly, with the following goals:
1. Build agency shortlist.
2. Submit CVs and contact agents to discuss - beginning of agent relationship.
3. Aim for X number of CV submissions to client.
4. Aim for Y number of interviews.
Then, use the feedback you get from your experiences to incorporate into your approach.
With those goals as guides, the contracts will come.
- Listen and learn as you go.
- Adapt and evolve your CV and interview approach.
- Build good relationships with agents.


text:
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Eye injuries among female lacrosse players dropped dramatically after US Lacrosse, the governing board for the sport, required protective eyewear in 2004, according to a new study.
"I am impressed, but not surprised," said Dr. Stuart Dankner, a pediatric ophthalmologist who sits on the eye safety committee of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Dankner, who was not involved in the new study, said that eye protection has reduced injuries in hockey, baseball and other sports.
"It's just a shame that it took so long" to become mandated for women's lacrosse, he added.
Men's lacrosse, which is considered a collision sport, introduced eye gear before the women's game, which is a non-contact sport.
Dankner told Reuters Health that he has treated cases of severe eye injury among girls who played lacrosse, either from getting smacked with the stick, colliding with another player, or getting hit with the ball.
In 2005, after urgings from the American Academy of Ophthalmology and other groups, US Lacrosse required that girls and women wear eye protection.
The new study, funded by US Lacrosse, tracked eye injuries among 25 high school girls lacrosse teams for four years before the mandate and six years after the mandate.
From 2000 to 2003, there were 22 eye injuries, and from 2004 to 2009 there were just five. That corresponds to one injury per player per 10,000 practices and games versus 1.6 per 100,000.
Four of the five injuries that occurred after the eyewear requirement happened while the girls were not wearing the protective gear. The fifth injury involved eye inflammation.
"As long as the athletes are wearing (the eyewear), it seems to be doing what we hope it would," said lead author Andrew Lincoln, the director of sports medicine research at MedStar Health Research Institute in Baltimore.
Other injuries to the face and head also went down, from 33 before the mandate to 21 after.
"We were very pleased to see that," Lincoln told Reuters Health. "There was concern there would be more aggressive play and more injuries (because of the protective gear), and that turned out not to be the case."
Concussions, however, increased, from 38 before the mandate to 86 after.
Lincoln said he doesn't think that's because of rougher play, but rather because of a greater awareness across all sports of the symptoms of concussion.
"The comparison periods that we're looking at coincide with this dramatic increase in the recognition of the signs and symptoms of concussion," he said.
Dr. Ferenc Kuhn, a professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham who also sits on the Academy's Eye Safety Committee, agreed that protective eyewear is unlikely to increase the risk of concussion.
"I have never encountered or heard of behaviour change in athletes or in the general population just because one part of the body has a reduced risk of injury due to protection," Kuhn wrote in an email to Reuters Health.
He added that the style of the eye gear should not obscure players' vision, causing them to make errors.
Dankner said he'd like to see women's lacrosse also require players to wear helmets.
SOURCE: _URL_ The American Journal of Sports Medicine, online December 8, 2011.
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GeoIndex Offshore | BGS
GeoIndex Offshore
Scale 1:
Map LayersLayers in red not visible at current scale
Spatial search: Click on either the 'Rectangle' or 'Polygon' buttons and draw a selection shape on the map. Alternatively, click on the 'Radius' button to search by radius on a point location.
Attribute search: Click on the 'Query' button to make a search based on feature attributes.
Create PDF map
Generate a printable PDF map of the current map and legend by clicking on 'Generate PDF Map'.
Search results, when available, can be exported to a tab-delimited text file using the 'EXPORT ACTIVE TAB' button.
Select either 'Distance' to measure distance or 'Area' to measure perimeter and area. Follow on screen instructions to draw shape.


but a pinhole is not a lens, and as I understand it, for lenses (or optical systems in general??), the focal distance is defined not by the distance between the point and the imaging plane, but between the center of the lens and a point, given an input of parallel lines. Is that not correct? (Note: see video links on my comment to John's answer --… -- also, note that I'm genuinely asking; I'm relatively new to understanding optics at this level.) – lindes Dec 11 '10 at 1:42
Yes you are correct a pinhole has no focal length as the focal length describes a lenses ability to bend light, what I meant to say is that the effective focal length of a pinehole system is the distance between the pinhole and screen, i.e. it gives the same field of view as a lens with the same fl. The point is you need to make assumptions about an imaging system in order to predict how it will behave if you change one of the parameters without knowing the others. – Matt Grum Dec 11 '10 at 14:44
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text:
So for each unit that we immerse ourselves in, I make the time to discuss the purpose with students and create a chart listing their ideas for "why?" we have this unit of study and what is the purpose. Trust me, I know that time is of the essence in the classroom, but this is time well spent because the students' engagement and motivation levels increase when they understand the purpose of "why" they are doing it. When I stop and think of myself as a learner, I also put forth more effort and motivation towards a task when I understand the purpose of why I'm doing it.
Today we launched books clubs in our classroom for our Social Issues Unit. Staying true to my promise of always making the purpose clear to the students, I had them turn and talk about "why" they think we have book clubs and why it is important. As I listened into their partner conversations, I jotted down some ideas students had onto the chart paper that was titled, "The purpose of Book Clubs - Why do we have book clubs?" These were some ideas my students shared:
- To share and deepen our thinking as readers
- To change our thinking by listening to different perspectives
- To learn how to have good conversations
- It will help teach us how to keep an open mind instead of being narrow-minded
- It will help us work better as a team because teamwork is important
|Chart with students' thinking about the purpose of book clubs|
I'd love to hear other examples of how you share the purpose of lessons and/or units with students so they understand the "why" behind it and see its connection to real life.


Budworm Tracker
The Budworm Tracker Program (BTP) is a community science program that helps monitor spruce budworm moth populations throughout the vast forests of eastern Canada.
With the current spruce budworm outbreak looming to the north in Québec, HFP researchers and volunteers are working together to track outbreak rise and spread in Atlantic Canada. Volunteers are located across the six eastern Canadian provinces, in the state of Maine, and even on the small French island of St. Pierre de Miquelon.
In a nutshell, volunteers receive a free BTP kit with a pre-assembled moth trap in early summer. They then hang the trap in a tree near their residence and collect the trapped moths at least once per week (or more often if they are willing and able).
At the end of summer, once moths have completed their flight period, volunteers place all collected moths and data into a pre-paid envelope and drop it off at their local post office. These packages come directly to our labs where we can process and analyze the results
Why we need your help
Despite decades of research, we remain uncertain about what impact dispersing spruce budworm moths have on outbreak spread. Our Budworm Trackers play a major role in providing the data needed to resolve these mysteries. You might be wondering, "Are there many spruce budworm moths in my woodlot/forest/backyard? Are they from local populations feeding on local trees, or are they dispersers that have flown in from distant outbreak areas?" We share your curiosity and concerns. By joining us, together we can try to answer these and other questions.
Where we need new trackers


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I have a data that lists the value of a contract per contract number. So I've created a pivot table that counts the number of contracts valued at 0 - 10, 11 - 20, etc. I want to be able to format the group, e.g. $0 - $10, $11 - $20 I've tried formatting the underlying data as currency and formatting the column in the pivot table, but it still shows as 0 - 10, 11 - 20
Also I have a column in the pivot table that says Total which is the Count of the number of contracts in that range, i.e. Value Total 0 - 10 1 11 - 20 1
Its an autogenerated column heading that Excel put in. How do I change this to say Number of contracts. I want it changed because when I chart the pivot table, the series is called called Total :(
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
The most bulletproof approach would be to make another column and construct the proper label with string concatenation. Then use that column as dimension ("Group by" in your post terminology).
If you can give more specifics about the data (e.g. column layout, based on which you construct your pivot table) then maybe we can come up with more specific answer.
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It's not a terribly satisfying solution, especially if you have many groups, but you can change the names of the groups by typing over them individually in the formula bar at the top of the sheet. Thankfully, unlike formatting, it remembers the changed names even if you mess around with the contents and layout of the PivotTable. (Of course, if you change the grouping options themselves, your customizations will be lost.)
As far as the "Total" label, it won't let you change that on the PivotTable (not even via the formula bar), but it will let you change the title of the chart - just select the title and type in your desired text. Again, unlike most formatting changes, it will remember your new title even if you play around with the chart options.
share|improve this answer
You are right, it does not show the $ sign. Another simple solution is mentionning the unit in your header, such as Amount ($). This translates well when doing charts afterwards.
And Martha is spot on about having to type header names and chart titles yourself!
Here's what I get:
Amount ($) Number of contracts
 0-9 1
10-19 1
20-29 1
40-50 1
Grand Total 4
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Sending interviewers to targeted locations requires specific distribution options within the software itself, all of which can be found within Nfield CAPI. Have you already heard about sampling points?
Sampling points help you organize the fieldwork
In face to face interviewing, we refer to sampling points when talking about survey distribution. So what are sampling points?
From a technical perspective, sampling points are a way of categorizing interviews into certain groups (points). Categories could literally be anything: streets, areas, cities, or even experienced interviewers in one sampling point and less experienced interviewers in another.
In practice, sampling points are commonly used for a geographical distribution of interviews. The usage of sampling points helps you
 - assure a geographical representativeness of the survey
 - simplify the quota frame
 - control the fieldwork and targets better.
Thanks to sampling points it's easy to assign interviewers to interviews and control your fieldwork!
The geographical categorization helps to divide and manage the fieldwork and survey targets because interviewers may live in different areas or because you need to find respondents across a number of areas.
For example, when working on an international project involving many countries (offices worldwide), one sampling point could be one country (one office) with many interviewers.
Or in another case, when working on a local project, the town could be divided into parts with each one assigned to a different interviewer as a sampling point.
Nfield CAPI offers various scenarios
The following examples are theoretical and meant to explain you the main differences.
1. Surveys without sampling points and without quota
Non-geographical distribution is defined and your interviewers can ask anybody and anywhere.
Typical situation: polls
Example 1 without quota and sampling points actually means no table at all.
2. Surveys without sampling points and with quota
Non-geographical distribution is defined by sampling points, but please note that a quota frame can still be used for geographical distinction. The fieldwork is controlled through the total target that is placed in the software.
Typical situation: the interviewers who live in different cities interview people who are randomly passing by
Example 2 with quota, but no sampling points
3. Surveys with sampling points and quota
Geographical locations with the targets as the sampling points (Amsterdam East, Amsterdam West, Amsterdam South) need to be uploaded first, and then a quota frame with sample characteristics (female, male) should be set up. The fieldwork should be controlled through sampling points, not the total target. The sum of the sampling points targets is your total target, but having the total in the software does not help you control the fieldwork better.
Typical situation: a complex set-up used for international or national projects when a detailed distribution is needed
Example 3.1. with sampling points and quota, less items
Example 3.2. with sampling points and quota, more items


text:
History & Region
Ceylon Orange Pekoe is a classic breakfast tea grown on the island of Sri Lanka. The name comes from the Dutch
Royal House of Orange - not from the fruit.
Situated just off the southern coast of India, Sri Lanka's climate is tropical,
with two distinct monsoon seasons allowing for yearlong tea production. Gorgeous
green tea bushes wrap the lush hills, and the narrow roads wind through the
Long ago, Europe found it
an ideal place for trading, and it became colonized for 450 years before
gaining independence in 1948. The Portuguese, Dutch and British have all left
their influence. The island is now home to almost 20 million people.
The Dutch were the first to experiment with planting tea,
but without success. When the British secured the island, they had more luck.
Planters came from England
spurred by courage and opportunity. They bought land and toiled in harsh
conditions, and by 1875, the tea industry was up and going. Sir Thomas Lipton is the most famous of the
Tea produced in Sri Lanka is still referred to as
is the world's third largest producer of tea in the world. Most estates are
also home to their own tea factories, processing thousands of tons of tea in
many instances. The majority of tea production is black, 'orthodox' and grown
in the following regions: Kandy, Nuwara Eliya,
Dimbula, Uva, Ratnapura and Galle.
The region of Nuwara Eliya is the highest growing region and is credited for
producing the finest teas.
'Orthodox' tea production is a
method of crushing tealeaves by rolling. The rolling process helps break down
and twist the leaves, allowing oxidization to begin. The tea is then fired, and
final grading is based on the quality of the leaf.
Glossary of Tea Grades
Pekoe: derived from
the Chinese word 'bai hao' meaning 'white hair.' It refers to the silvery white
down present on young tealeaves.
Flowery Orange Pekoe:
high quality whole or broken leaf tea with lots of tips
whole leaf tea with some tips
whole leaf tea with leaves rolled lengthwise
Pekoe: whole leaf
tea of medium quality
Broken Orange Pekoe:
smaller and broken leaves with lots of tips
broken, less quality tealeaves
Tasting Notes & Brewing
When making our teas from Ceylon, we like to pre-heat our
teapot or mug. Add 1 teaspoon per cup, add hot water (just as it comes to a
boil) and steep until desired strength. This tea is ideal for making in a
porcelain teapot with white cups that show off its clear amber color.


text:
New Developments in Scale-out vs. Scale-up Storage
sponsored by Storage Decisions
Scale-out disk storage systems are built using nodes or modules that, when linked together, act as a single system. They allow companies to start small and grow incrementally, adding nodes as they need them, without having to worry about the limits of a single standalone storage system. They offer the advantage of cost-effective manageability, high availability, and reliability. Predictions are that the new wave of scale-out systems could mount a more serious challenge to traditional scale-up systems, now that major vendors are standing behind them.
Check out this presentation to learn about topics, such as:
- Distinctions between scale-out and scale-up systems
- Major use cases
- Assessment of new scale-out/clustered storage systems from major vendors
(THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE.)


Planning a Short-term Healthcare Mission Project
Often nurses are asked to organize a healthcare outreach as part of a short-term mission trip. If done well, these outreaches can provide meaningful opportunities to model how Jesus cares for the whole person. However, lack of proper planning and relationships with the host community has the potential for creating setbacks at best -- or doing harm at worst.
We will focus on planning the healthcare aspect of a mission project. If you are being asked to organize an entire short term project, there a many websites, books and resources that can assist you in the planning, travel, orientation and debriefing programs. Likewise there are many short-term mission organizations that are doing healthcare. NCF has chosen to partner with Global Health Outreach, the short-term mission arm of Christian Medical & Dental Associations.
Here are some important specific questions to ask when planning a healthcare missions program.
What is the motivation for including healthcare as a part of this missions program?
Motivations for doing healthcare missions programming are many and vary from trip to trip. Sometimes there is an overwhelming health need presented that can easily be addressed by a healthcare professional on a short-term program. Other times a healthcare outreach supplements an indigenous church's effort to reach the people in their community. It is also true that a motivating factor for healthcare professionals is a need and desire to help those who are less fortunate. This is part of who we are and our spiritual gift of caring.
For clues on motivation, look at whose idea it was to include healthcare as part of the missions program. Did the idea originate because there were healthcare professionals on the team who wanted to do healthcare? Did the partner in the host country request a healthcare program? How will healthcare contribute to the long-term impact of the mission in the community?
Spending time examining motivation prior to going on a mission trip is always instructive for a person's own spiritual journey. Do you have an invitation from a host partner with a specific goal that can be better achieved with participation from a nurse? Do you have confirmation through prayer and Bible study that God is leading in the cross-cultural experience? A confluence of both is a good indication that the motivation for participating in a healthcare missions experience will lead to spiritual growth for the participant as well as serving the host community.
What healthcare needs are present in the community that is to be served?
Before going on a healthcare mission trip, it is good to know what type of healthcare programming is needed. It is also important to recognize that there are limitations to what a team of healthcare professionals can do on a short-term trip. Caring for people who have long-term healthcare needs requires a plan for follow-up services so that their ongoing healthcare needs are addressed. Many countries in tropical regions present diseases that are not frequently seen in the United States. Nurses should do a little advanced preparation to become familiar with "common" diseases seen in the country where the mission will take place. Management of these conditions varies based on the resources available in country. Learning the management and treatment protocols of the host country will insure that people receive a standard of care that is in concert with the resources available in the country and is honoring to God and the project.
As an alternative to providing curative healthcare services, nurses should consider:
 - Surveying the community for the commonly presented health problems that can be used for healthcare planning. Doing a community assessment with baseline information on disease prevalence is helpful to the community in planning for their healthcare programming.
 - Providing appropriate health education that uses sound non-formal education methodology. Many health problems can be addresses through health education. Non-formal education methodology focuses on having the learner own the message and commit to behavior change.
 - Equipping indigenous healthcare professionals with the knowledge and skills they need to provide excellent healthcare after the team leaves are considered preferable options for a short-term healthcare missions program. Many nurses do not have access to the continuing education programming and welcome the opportunity to learn about current practice. The learning should be mutual. Often national nurses have expertise in areas that nurses in North America do not have.
Who is addressing those needs in the community now? Are there indigenous healthcare professionals with whom you can work? Who will follow up after the project ends?
Your team will only be there for a short time. Short-term teams have limited understanding of the host culture and language ability. People in the target area who have health needs have them met by someone when you are not there. Identifying these local providers and working together with them can be encouraging to local provider, mutually instructive, and provide an endorsement of their care when you leave. They know their community and their community has a level of trust in them. It's wise to build collegial relationships with them to provide quality healthcare for the community.
What are the legal requirements for practicing professionally?
We require healthcare professionals from visiting countries to have proper credentials in order to practice in the United States. herefore we should expect to submit our professional credentials to the host country and meet their standards for practice. It is important to ask the healthcare professionals in the host country about requirements. Pastors, educators, and other missionaries who are not healthcare professionals may not know what the legal requirements are for professional practice. The International Council of Nurses lists the governing nursing boards for each of the member countries. If there is no nurse or healthcare professional in the host country to assist you, you may want to contact their nursing board directly.
What are the legal requirements for importing healthcare supplies and pharmaceuticals?
Basic equipment (stethoscopes, sphygmomanometers, thermometers, etc.) may be in short supply and should be brought with you. More complicated diagnostic and medical equipment that requires electricity needs to be carefully scrutinized for voltage, cycling, and availability of spare parts. The U.S. government may have restrictions on exporting some equipment to certain countries and the host country may impose import duty.
Many countries have an essential drugs list and requirements about packaging, labeling and expiration dates for pharmaceuticals. Often the commonly used drugs are available in the country. Consider purchasing them there to support the local economy and insure a continuous supply when you leave. Be aware that many common drugs may have different names in other countries. When groups bring in large quantities of pharmaceuticals and distribute them for free, that could interfere with the ability of the local pharmacy to stay in business and continue to provide needed medications for the community. WHO has recommended standards for donation of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment.
How do the care recipients understand western medicine?
Every culture has a worldview that explains concepts related to cause of disease, the place of suffering, the spiritual dimension of life, and what happens after death. The Christian worldview provides what we believe to be the God's truth on these issues. People of different cultures may understand these concepts differently. They may try to fit western medicine into their cultural understanding. For example, people who are accustomed to going to a traditional healer who wears special clothing and performs various magical incantations to find out which ancestor is causing their illness may see western healthcare professionals in a similar manner, with their professional dress, diagnostic testing, and prescriptions. A lab coat, stethoscope, and colored pills are viewed similarly to a traditional healer. Also, many cultures do not think either/or but both/and. Hence, they will seek both the traditional healer and western healthcare. Healing is then attributed to both the traditional healer and the western healthcare provider.
What will be the focus of the healthcare mission? Health promotion and prevention of disease? Curative care? Or a combination of prevention and cure?
Jesus cared for people holistically. He cared about their physical well-being as well as their relationship with God. Sometimes he cured a disease and then addressed their sins. Other times he forgave their sins and then healed their bodies. Keeping people well by preventing disease and treating problems early is one way of caring for people holistically. Immunization programs, health education to prevent common illnesses, and screening for health problems are important health programming and can be combined with the gospel message. But when people are sick and suffering, it is also important to address the health problem that is presented in order for the gospel to be heard and received. The purpose of the healthcare mission project may influence the focus of the project. Deciding on the focus of a health program will determine the type of healthcare personnel, equipment, and resources required for the mission.
Will the project include teaching? Who will be taught? What will be taught?
One of the best gifts a healthcare professional can give is the knowledge that they have. Nurses are accustomed to teaching patients and families about health. Nursing in countries with limited resources requires a focus on healthcare education. Language and cultural differences can be limiting factors for effective health education. Working with local nurses who know the culture and language will make healthcare education efforts more effective and can be informative for learning local health practices.
When teaching nursing practice to national nurses, it is important to approach the educational process from a learner stance. Nursing in countries with limited resources is practiced differently by necessity. Asking about what the current practice is -- and why -- can prevent a rush to judgment about the standards of nursing practice. Helping national nurses to think through clinical problems and potential ways of addressing them allows them to critically look at their nursing practice with the benefit of a colleague from North America. It affords opportunities to develop a trust that can become the basis for a relationship with a national nurse and lead to furthering Christian nursing in both the host and sending countries.


Monthly Archives: August 2016
Producing HTML links from a CSV Using Python
Recently in work I had to generate a long list of html links from two columns that I had extracted from a MySQL database to a.csv file. The example below shows what steps are needed to generate html urls from a csv file that has the text of the link in one column and the url in the other. The columns that I extracted from the database into a.csv file looked like the following:
Master of Arts in Learning
Postgraduate Diploma in Arts
Postgraduate Diploma in Computing
In the file, there were roughly 400 rows. I needed to add the name of the courses with their link to a website as a list. The list created would allow students to browse for their course and follow the correct link to their course.
I had access to the html so I needed to add roughly 400 html links. To do this manually would take hours. So I decided I would need a script to produce the html. The script I came up with looks like the below:
import csv, sys
sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w')
for row in csv.reader(open('courses.csv'),delimiter=","):
print ("'"' + row[0] + ' ')
 1. Line one in the script; Import csv, sys. imports modules that I needed. The csv module facilitates the opening of.csv files while the sys module allows the redirection of output to a file.
 2. The second line; sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w') Creates and opens a file in write mode called links.txt.
 3. Line three, is a for loop, that opens the courses.csv file and goes through it line by line.
 4. As the loop goes through the file line by line, it prints tag and finally a tag which will insure that each link exists on a new line on our webpage.
When we run our script the output produced to the links.txt looks like:
 Master of Arts in Learning
 Post Graduate Diploma in Arts
 Post Graduate Diploma in Computing
This code can then be copied to our website which will then display a list of links that users can select.


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Innovative learning environment to foster knowledge sharing
KnowledgeLab offers an environment to support the knowledge platforms which currently includes AGRIS, AGROVOC and AGORA programmes. Through these knowledge programmes, FAO helps to increase the accessibility and visibility of research products related to food and agriculture, and to make this information available, accessible and usable worldwide. Additionally, KnowledgeLab facilitates capacity development activities to communities practice like the Agricultural Information Management Standards Portal (AIMS), the Interest Group on Agricultural Data (IGAD) at the Research Data Alliance (RDA) and the Dgroups at FAO.
KnowledgeLab targets existing stakeholders that use and contribute to the knowledge platforms by providing tailored online training activities. These courses are designed and announced in the communication channels of the relevant programmes, and participation is upon registration based on the defined criteria. For more information about KnowledgeLab, please contact _EMAIL_.


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Azerbaijan launches COVID-19 vaccination
The first stage of COVID-19 vaccination kicked off in Azerbaijan.
The country has approved a vaccination strategy against the COVID-19 virus. The high-risk populations that will be vaccinated first are:
Social risk group:
- healthcare workers (doctors, middle and junior nursing staff, technical staff);
- law enforcement officers;
- military personnel;
- detainees, arrested persons, and prisoners;
- persons working in the educational and social sector, persons permanently residing in social institutions, employees of the ASAN Service and DOST centers, the public transport sector, telecommunications operators, providers, postal workers, employees of the banking sector, who are in direct contact with the population;
The group with a high risk of infection from a medical point of view:
- persons aged over 65
- patients with chronic diseases of the respiratory system, chronic hemodialysis patients, patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 50 and older), obese people (≥18).
Currently, vaccination is carried out in the US, European countries, Turkey, and other leading countries of the world, including Azerbaijan.
Experts note that vaccination doesn't mean a complete victory over the coronavirus. It is necessary to continue to follow the requirements of the quarantine regime - social distance, wear a protective mask, and use other protective equipment.


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How Much Does Genealogy Research Cost?
How Much Does Genealogy Cost in the U.S.?
How much does genealogy cost? You know it costs money to hire a professional. Have you considered how much it costs to do your own research?
Are you wondering how much a professional genealogist costs?
There are a lot of factors involved. I'll hit just the bare bones, first, and then suggest some ways to save when hiring someone or doing your own research.
Genealogy Research Logs
Genealogy Research Logs
genealogy research calendars and logs
find the right research log for your genealogy
Find and Create the Right Research Log for YOU!
Part 1: Advice for those who don't like their current research log or don't have one.
(If you're using a research log and need some tips, see part 2, below.)
When I lecture about keeping a spreadsheet research log, I always tell the audience there is one thing they can definitely do WRONG. That is not keeping and using a research log.
[NOTE: I've written a newer post over at The Occasional Genealogist that talks about not keeping a research log. It actually does not disagree with this post but approaches this subject in a different way, I recommend reading it as well as this post to get a fuller understanding of "research logs."]
Mississippi - 1878 Copiah and Covington Cos. enumeration of Educable Children
Recently I needed to read line by line through the 1878 enumeration of educable children for Copiah County, Mississippi at FamilySearch. In the process I ended up making a quick access guide to the towns and districts.
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Background and PurposeSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has a high case fatality rate and young mean age at onset compared with other types of stroke, but the pathogenesis of SAH is not fully understood. We examined associations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with incident nontraumatic SAH in a large prospective study in China. MethodsIn 2004 to 2008, 512 891 adults (59% women) from the general population were recruited into the CKB study (China Kadoorie Biobank). Participants were interviewed, measured, and followed up for fatal and nonfatal events. After excluding those with prior vascular disease, Cox regression analysis was used to relate blood pressure to incident SAH events. Analyses were adjusted for major confounders and corrected for regression dilution to give associations with long-term average blood pressure. ResultsAt baseline, mean age was 51 (SD, 11) years, and mean systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure was 130.6/77.6 (SD, 21.0/11.1) mm Hg. During 3.5 million person-years of follow-up, there were 553 incident SAH cases (mean age at event, 61 [SD, 11] years), yielding an overall annual incidence rate of 12.9 per 100 000. Higher average levels of blood pressure were linearly and positively associated with higher risks of incident SAH: a 10 mm Hg higher systolic blood pressure and a 5 mm Hg higher diastolic blood pressure were associated with hazard ratios for SAH of 1.21 (95% CI, 1.13-1.29) and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.12-1.28), respectively. There was no evidence that the hazard ratios varied by age or sex or by levels of other vascular risk factors. Elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, >120 mm Hg) accounted for 23% of all SAH cases. ConclusionsThe incidence of SAH in China was comparable with estimates from Western populations. Higher levels of blood pressure were positively associated with higher risks of SAH, and elevated blood pressure accounted for about a quarter of all SAH cases.
Original publication
Journal article
Publication Date
China, blood pressure, humans, risk factors, subarachnoid hemorrhage


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Education track: Education plays an integral role in the continued construction and progression of our society. In addition to academic development, formal and informal institutions of education serve as sites for the development of complex social, cultural, and linguistic skills and identities. The Cambio de Colores conference offers breakout sessions and workshops that explore educational issues, policies, and practices that influence Latino/a, immigrant, and refugee learners of all ages and backgrounds.
The Cambio de Colores conference is a multistate conference about integration of immigrants in new destinations in the Midwest. It is a professional development opportunity that engages practitioners, researchers, and those working with immigrant communities in sharing experiences and knowledge that facilitate the integration of immigrants in new settlement areas.
The 16th annual conference will take place in St. Louis on June 14, 15 and 16th, 2017. The theme this year is "Todos Juntos: Collaboration and Unity in Uncertain Times."
The following themes provide the conference framework:
1. Change and Integration
2. Civil Rights and Political Participation
4. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development
6. Youth Development


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This phenomenon is called Bathochromic Shift – which is the change in the ability of a liquid to absorb light of longer wavelengths(red light) caused by the substitution or changes in the molecules of the liquid.
So something happens to the tea molecules when you add lemon, that changes its ability to absorb red light. (That's my plain English definition).
Why does it happen, let me see if I can keep the explanation simple and interesting.
When tea leaves are picked they are green. Like all leaves, when you pluck them, they start to wilt because they lose water. This is the start of the natural oxidation process. To make our household regular tea, oxidation has to happen at a controlled and specific rate, plus its heated. Oxidation means that water is driven out of the leaf and the chlorophyll (the pigment that make it green) slowly breaks down by the action of the enzymes naturally present in the leaves. Oxidation of the leaves, creates a tannin called Thearubigins – that's what gives the tea its brown colour and slightly bitter taste.
Now when you add lemon juice to your tea, the citric acid in the lemon reacts with the tannin (thearubigins). The acid doesn't allow the tannin to get ionized (ionization= converting a molecule to ions). This changes the nature of the liquid to absorb low frequency light.
I hope I got it right. Enjoy the resulting brownish orange chemical solution.
Heres what Everything.com has to say:
Adding a squeeze of lemon juice to black tea has the effect of clearing the liquid; it transforms it from a dark, nearly-opaque brown to a transparent orangey yellow in a matter of seconds. This is because the hydogen ions produced by the acid in the lemon juice suppress the ionisation of thearubigins (tannins), the polyphenols that otherwise give tea its brown colour, an effect known as the bathochromic shift - it's a fun chemistry demonstration as well as a tasty hot drink!* The reaction makes the thearubigins lose not just their brown colour but also their astringency, so strong black tea can be made drinkable this way - especially with the addition of a little sugar to take the edge off the bitterness. Unlike milky tea, lemon tea made this way remains tasty at any temperature, and many recipes for iced tea call for the addition of lemon. Incidentally, orange juice is also acid enough to remove most of black tea's astringency, as well as sweetening it; it sounds weird, but it's actually pretty good.
Just to remind you of the chem lab days, I used to love titrations


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ENGINEER 2010 Annual Tech Fest Carbon Footprint Calculation
Eliminate Carbon Emissions (ECE) Pvt. Ltd was contracted by the 'ENGINEER 2010' CORE to calculate their Carbon Footprint Calculation (i.e. an inventory of the total Greenhouse Gas Emissions that contribute to Climate Change), resulting from direct and indirect resource consumption through the annual technical fest's operations. The subsequent report encompassed the first phase–'Realise'– of the three-phase project comprising of Carbon Footprint Calculation ('Realise'), Carbon Footprint Minimisation
('Minimise') and Carbon Footprint Neutralisation ('Neutralise'). This blog post discusses the findings of this report.
Project Goals and Scope:
The goals of the 'Realise' phase of the project were, to determine for ENGINEER 2010 the total resource consumption inventory, total carbon footprint, activity-differentiated annual carbon footprint, stakeholder-differentiated annual carbon footprint, and contextualization of total carbon footprint and carbon emissions intensity of stakeholder operations. The analysis of those aspects of operation would form a benchmark for assessing the impact of future members, and the aggregate and dissected carbon footprints were to be communicated in easily understandable terms. The results of this research were intended to serve as a diagnostic tool to help mitigate future carbon emissions.
Boundaries were defined in consultation with ENGINEER Management and involved two key-decision making areas, activities to be included and stakeholders to be considered. See previous blog post for discussion of protocols followed. More attention is paid to activities that are defined as 'Key Source Categories, which are defined as those whose collective contribution account for 95% of the total footprint (when added incrementally in order of decreasing contribution). Activity boundaries categorized as Scope 1, 2, and 3 can be found in Table 1 on page 8 of the original report. Stakeholder boundaries were determined through consultation with the Client, and the results are displayed in the table below:
The following table presents the extent of LCA incorporated into the Emission Factors selected for the Carbon Footprint calculation.
Activity data was collected through periodic meetings with ENGINEER CORE representatives. Questionnaires were used to define relevant stakeholder groups and activities as well as to create an "activity vs. stakeholder mapping." Electricity, water, and fuel consumption data was obtained from the previous year's data to begin developing a pre-event estimate. To collect visitor travel activity data, detailed quantitative audience research was conducted to measure emissions, with a sample size of 10% of the expected audience being selected at random to answer a questionnaire.
Activities included within the footprint boundary were further differentiated into multiple activity sub-types. The results are displayed in table 4 on page 13 of the original report. Activity data was then multiplied by the appropriate GHG Emissions Factors developed for India, displayed in Appendix B of the same report.
The following table presents the extrapolated aggregated resource consumption inventory for ENGINEER 2010.
The total Carbon Footprint of ENGINEER 2010 for the activities presented in the first table and the stakeholders in the second is estimated to be 29.3 tons of CO2e. The following table and figure present the contributions to this total footprint differentiated across all activity groups.
As demonstrated here, travel and logistics was the largest contributor (11.2 tons CO2e–38.4%), and electricity was the second largest (9.6 tons CO2e–32.8%). Food, beverage, and waste was a distant third (4.4 tons CO2e–14.9%).
The following table and figure present the stakeholder contributions to the Carbon Footprint of all activities included within the footprint boundary.
The largest contribution is from activities related to the ENGINEER CORE (9.7 tons CO2e–33.0%).
For discussion of assumptions, data gaps, and limitations, read the original report.
The Carbon Footprint estimate of 29.3 tons CO2e to serve a participant and visitor base of 4,233 persons leads to a per-participant served Carbon Footprint of approximately 6.9 kg CO2e. It must be noted, however, that the carbon efficiency of the participant stakeholder group is very high due to their use of mass transit systems and low reliance on private vehicular transport to the event. Moreover, guest accommodation was handled using in-house facilities. The elimination of luxury hotel accommodations had a drastic impact on the Carbon Footprint, as the arrangement allows for energy efficiency control and monitoring within the event premises that leads to much greater efficiency than is seen in the luxury hospitality industry in India.
In order to optimize resource and energy consumption, a few measures were recommended in the original report: Indoor temperatures can be raised by two degrees Celsius, lights can be switched off two hours per week, and home composting systems can be used for the disposal of biodegradable waste.
The original report can be read here.


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Confirming and disconfirming cases assist the evaluator in the confirmatory fieldwork stage of an evaluation. After gathering initial data, exploring the data and identifying patterns, the evaluator will start to develop findings. Confirming and disconfirming cases allow the evaluator to further refine and test initial findings. Both types of cases are important, confirming cases to provide deeper insights to preliminary findings and disconfirming cases to test and highlight the boundaries of the findings.
- Confirming and disconfirming cases: This overview from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation provides a definition and outline of the reasons for using the confirming and disconfirming option.
- Desperately Seeking Dissonance: This article from the Qualitative Health Research Journal outlines the research undertaken to discover how disconfirming cases are handled in reviews of qualitative research. It also outlines a number of methods that may be used to actively find disconfirming cases in review processes.
This page is a stub (a minimal version of a page). You can help expand it. Click on Contribute Content or Contact Us to suggest additional resources, share your experience using the option, or volunteer to expand the description.


55-57 Windsor St
Our homes at 55-57 Windsor Street consist of three large newly built and furnished 3 bedroom villas located within walking distance to the Richmond Town Centre. Each villa has been named by the residents, with the names 'Bowman House', Yellowmundee Villa' & 'Deeimba Cottage' having a local historical significance.
The New Haven Farm Home team works with a person centred focus for all clients, supporting them to develop their skills and achieve their goals, even as they evolve and change, helping them to increase their self-determination and independence.
We provide a homely, safe, productive and nurturing environment, where all individuals are supported to grow and become the person they want to be. Each person's ideas, dreams and goals are encouraged and promoted, with inspiration, creativity and uniqueness being integral parts of all aspects of life.
Residents are all actively involved in daily living, including shopping, cooking, banking, laundry and caring for their homes. They live and actively participate in the local community as contributing members through employment, day programs, and leisure and recreational activities and are supported in learning new life skills both in and around their homes and in social setting.
55-57 is an energetic and positive environment. Residents are happy, bright and eager, thriving and enjoying the challenges and rewards of living and engaging with the community.
One of Colin's goals is to learn how to use a computer.
Working towards developing his skills and confidence on the computer, Colin is being supported to attend a weekly computer skills course in the local community. He is currently learning how to use the internet and navigate through different websites.


Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English homepage
Topic: SPORT
run‧ner [countable]
1DSO someone who runs for sport or pleasure [↪ jogger]:
a long-distance runner
a marathon runner
2 a horse that runs in a race:
The runners and riders appear in Friday's Racing Post.
do a runner
British English informal to leave somewhere quickly in order to avoid paying for something or having to meet someone:
By the time the police got there, the boys had done a runner.
4DSODLO one of the two thin pieces of metal under a sledge, or the single piece of metal under a skate
5DHH the bar of wood or metal that a drawer or curtain slides along
6 technicalHBP a stem on a plant that grows along the ground and then puts down roots to form a new plant
7DHH a long narrow piece of cloth or carpet
Word of the Day
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text: Pendulum impact tester serve for determining the impact strength of notched and unnotched metal bars of different sections and different lengths according to the charpy (Beam) method. The machine is meant for making charpy, Izod and tension impact tests. The Pendulum Impact Tester is designed conducting CHARPY IZOD and IMPACT TENSION Test. The test methods conform to IS : _PHONE_ and IS :_PHONE_ and IS : _PHONE_. The impact energy absorbed by the specimen during rupture is measured as the difference between the height of drop before rupture and the height of rise after rupture of the test specimen and is read on the dial scale.


Two fixed navigation beacons mark the approach lane to astar. The beacons are in line with the star and are 65Mmapart. A spaceship approaches the star with a relativevelocity of.90c and passes the beacons. As the ship passesthe first beacon the ship emits a short radar pulse toward thesecond beacon, and the radar echo is received at the ship. What is the time interval (measured by an observer fixed with thestar) between the emission of the radar pulse and the reception ofthe radar echo? Please show all work.
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Zetas comment on the mysterious sounds at Costa Rica? _URL_ [and from another] _URL_ [and from another] Strange Sound Heard Throughout Costa Rica [Jan 11] _URL_ Is it the mysterious sound of the so-called coming Apocalypse? Some think that the mysterious sound heard in Costa Rica at around 12:30am this morning is exactly that. It is important to note that this is not the wind nor was it filmed anywhere near the ocean. The sound was heard throughout the entire country from Heredia to Perez Zeledon. The Costa Rica Volcanologist and Seismologist Organization is saying there is no Earth movements recorded at the time of the strange sound.
AUDIO of Costa Rica Drums
My question concerns how the river is very greatly increase the flood (sinking). Satellite view from November 1, 2011. We all remember the flood in Thailand and other countries. The fact is that if it were not for the river, flooding in Thailand would not affect two thirds of the country. The same thing happens in other countries: "Shifts in plates that caused major Himalayan rivers - Brahmaputra" _URL_ Can the Zetas tell how far should stay away from rivers? Mekong and Chao Phraya river so badly swollen that flooded vast territories. We do not know how much the river can swell and flooding vast areas.
Flooding inland in northern Thailand much preceded any sinking in Bangkok, as the inland river blockage was due to a sideways crush the Sunda Plate was experiencing. The pressure on the Sunda Plate is not only a push down, slipping under the curve of the Indo-Australian Plate that runs under Sumatra and Java, but also a push sideways, into accordion folds. This was apparent when the inland flooding in Thailand appeared at the same time a new island near Bali emerged.
We explained that the inland flooding in Thailand was due to blocked river drainage. Mankind is used to thinking of his rivers as though they have always flowed thus, but the meandering course of rivers, written in the landscape, shows this to be otherwise. Rivers flow today to the low land and thence to the sea. But water seeks its level and if the river bottoms heave, preventing draining along the established route, then what? In most cases, an alternate route is taken, but in many cases an inland lake forms until the water climbs high enough that an alternate outlet can be found. How else have inland lakes formed?
Such heaving river bottoms, blocking drainage, are most notable of late in Thailand, where a relaxation of the accordion fold there allowed the inland lakes to drain toward Bangkok - the great flood of Bangkok so much in the news of late. This type of blockage, and periodic release of trapped waters, is occurring in S America where mountain building in the North Andes is occurring, and in the Himalayan foothills. This cannot be accurately predicted, as to what river might be blocked, what alternate drainage might be taken, or the length of time the situation might endure. There are simply too many variables!


What is "Techo-Paganism"?
Techno-paganism (or "technopaganism," or even sometimes "techno-shamanism/technoshamanism") is not a strictly-defined term. In general, it refers to the intersection of spirituality and technology; although this may happen in any number of fashions.
For some, they use the tools of technology to approach their own belief system. For others, technology itself is the focus of their mysticism.
Quoting from the wiki entry:
"Technopaganism has a number of distinct definitions found in various discourse:
* The use of modern-day devices in magical ritual. This can include the substitution of technology for traditional magical tools, such as using their oven for a hearth, keeping a "Disk of Shadows" instead of a "Book of Shadows", and using a laser pointer as a wand. In other practice, technology is the target of the magical work, such as the use of stones and other charms to help improve the performance of mundane items or online role-playing avatars.
* Modern tribal/urban primitive movements such as urban shamanism and rave culture. This is often used in association with electronic dance music.
* An emergent trend in neopagan thought that deals with spiritual and magical facets of technology and technological society. Associated with this is the use of technological metaphors (most often computer and/or telecommunications metaphors) to describe spiritual phenomena, as well as the use of symbolism from popular culture in spiritual contexts."


Highly Evolved Beings - Nagas
One of the Sacred books of the Tibetan Buddhists is fabled to have been received from the Nagas, who says Schagentweit are "Fabulous creatures of the nature of serpents, who occupy a place among the beings superior to man, and are regarded as protectors of the law of Buddha".
To these spiritual beings sake-muni is said to have taught a more philosophical religious system than to men, who were not sufficiently advanced to understand it at the time of his appearance.
-Serpent and Shiva Worship and Mythology in Central America, Africa and Asia and The Origin of Serpent Worship.
by Hyde Clarke and Staniland Wake.
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It would be really cool if someone can help me with the following:
I drew a tube in sketchup and I managed to hide some handles to scale (via component Attributes - Behavior - Scale tool). So the user can only scale the tube in one direction. No I would like the scaling to snap on a multiple of 25.
So when my tube is 100cm and I scale it to 523, the lenght should snap to 525. When I scale the tube to 7cm, it should snap to 25.
25cm is the shortest the tube can be. 12m is the longest the tube can be.
Does anyone now how to do this?
I hope the question is clear enough. If not, don't hesitate to ask me more about the problem!
Thank you in advance and kind regads!
The maths to do this is relatively simple - divide by your "snap unit", round to an integer, then multiply up again by the snap unit.
But first, you need to know about the way that new values get updated from the user interface. For this, you need the special function "current()".
Current() receives a value from your mouse (or VCB) interaction, and then makes the DC equations update once, and only once. Without this, a reference such as...
LenX = round(LenX/25)*25
...doesn't know when to stop calculating, because every change to LenX makes it change again, and again - a circular reference. In reality, this kind of error is trapped, but still gives strange results.
The correct form is...
LenX = round(current("LenX")/25) * 25
Note that you must wrap the parameter name in quotes as shown here.
You could also use the functions ceiling() or floor(), if you want the snapping to always round up, or always round down - round() always goes to the closest one.
Also, watch out for small lengths that might snap to zero length - the IF function can test for this, e.g...
LenX = if ( current("LenX")>25, round(current("LenX")/25)*25, 25)
Here, if current("LenX") is over 25, you will get the result of the rounding functions, otherwise you get a fixed value of 25.
And there is yet another thing to be careful of. No matter what units you use for your drawing, current(), always return the length in inches! So if you are working in metric you may have to multiply the result by 2.54 before rounding.
LenX = if ( current("LenX")>25, round(current("LenX")*2.54/25)*25, 25)
There's a full list of functions HERE.
Thank you for the quick reply. I'm going to take some time to figure this out because I'm not that well-known with formulas.
I do understand the forumulas you gave me. Now I need to combine these untill I got what I need, am I right?
Is it still possible to adjust the tube in lenght with the scale tool?
Untill now I already created an attribute LenZ. Users could enter the length in a textbow. So I figure that it is either one or the other. Of "entering the lenght" - Or scaling the length with the limitation of a snap-formula.
Yes, you are on the right track...
To use snapping from the Options it's best to use a drop-down list - if an attribute is using a formula, it cannot also be editable in the Component Options window. As soon as the user chooses a new value in the window, the literal value will replace the formula - leaving the snapping disabled.
You can create a custom "data entry" attribute to use in the Options window, and then reference that inside the formula. But, to do that, you would still need to disable the scale tool completely, as there is no way to make the formula switch automatically between using the custom attribute when editing the window, or using current("LenZ") when you use the scale tool - it would require a function something like "Most_Recently_Changed(attr1,attr2)", which SU does not have (though it would be nice).
So, as you say, it is a matter of choosing one method or the other. This will depend on the context of the component - for "snap to grid" type functions, using the scale tool is usually most natural, whereas for "real world" objects that come in standard sizes (e.g. screw threads, shoe sizes), the Options window may be more appropriate.
Thank you very much!
I used this formula: LenZ=ROUND(CURRENT("LenZ")*2.54/25)*25 and it works perfectly.
It would be nice indeed.
Thank you for the quick replies. The explanation was very clear!
'bout time I was contributing a little more round here - the generosity of other forum users taught me most of what I use every day in SU.
I'll pay it forward when my I have some more knowledge about SU.
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1. The effect of age on the motor output of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of 22 (6 female, 16 male) human subjects was investigated. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of age on the control of muscle force and the associated changes in the discharge behavior and mechanical properties of single motor units. 2. Each subject performed three tasks requiring isometric abduction of the left index finger: a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), a constant-force task, and a threshold task. The ability to control force was assessed during the constant-force task by quantifying the variation in isometric force about four submaximal target forces (5, 20, 35, and 50% MVC). The threshold task involved sustaining the discharge of the isolated motor unit at a low, steady rate for ~3 min. 3. The discharge behavior and the mechanical properties of single motor units were determined during the threshold task by measuring the interimpulse intervals and the peak amplitude and time to peak of the spike-triggered average force. 4. The data indicated that age had an effect on the variation of force about submaximal target forces (range: 5-50% MVC), and that these force variations, when calculated relative to the target force, were greater at lower force levels in the elderly subjects. 5. On the basis of the mean interimpulse interval and the variability in the interimpulse interval, no differences were identified between the young and elderly subjects in the discharge behavior of 159 (young subjects: n = 83; elderly subjects: n = 76) identified single motor units when discharging at low, steady rates. 6. The mean spiketriggered average force (percentage of MVC) exerted by individual motor units discharging at low, steady rates was larger in elderly subjects. However, the mean time to peak of the spike-triggered average force was similar for the two age groups. 7. The force exerted during the threshold task was subjected to a spectral analysis. No difference was found in the frequency of the peak in the power spectrum between the young and elderly groups. The amplitude of the peak, however, was significantly greater for the elderly subjects. These results suggest that the fluctuation of force at frequencies associated with unfused discharge rates in motor units was larger in elderly individuals during the threshold task. 8. We conclude that the reduced ability of elderly subjects to maintain a constant submaximal force is at least partially due to the larger forces exerted by low-threshold motor units. This association is probably due to the peripheral reorganization of motor units that accompanies aging, although a role for an increase in the synchronization of motor unit discharge cannot be excluded.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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Today in Legal History: FDR Wins 4th Term
Franklin Delano Roosevelt won a fourth term on November 7, 1944. Other than Franklin Roosevelt, no president has ever served more than two terms. George Washington stepped down after two terms and many other presidents followed his example. Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term but lost that election. After FDR's tenure, the 22nd Amendment was ratified, limiting the term of a presidency.
More information is available at:law, legal history, legal information


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What it is:
A leadership grid, also known as a management grid, is a tool for determining leadership style. The idea dates to the 1960s and was developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton.
How it works (Example):
Leadership behavior, as it relates to the leadership grid, has two types: task orientation and relationship orientation. Task behavior involves monitoring and rewarding achievement of certain tasks; it involves more organizing and scheduling. Relationship behavior involves making employees feel good, building trust and monitoring working conditions.
The leadership grid, below, plots the task orientation as the X axis and the relationship orientation as the Y axis.
Why it Matters:
Leadership grids don't just illustrate how leaders lead -- they show how companies get things done and achieve goals. They can also detect which leaders need to place more focus on getting things done as opposed to making people happy, and vice versa.


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Cable cars, also known as ropeways or aerial tramways, don't get much respect. These types of transportation systems, in which a cabin or other conveyance is suspended from a fixed cable and pulled by another cable, are often thought of as tourist-movers. But cable cars can have some practical applications in urban settings. They are especially useful where inclines are too steep for conventional mass transit and where they can serve as feeders to bus and metro systems. They have been successfully applied in growing cities of the developing world, where slums are often clustered on precipitous hills surrounding urban centers.
Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group, a ropeway engineering company, published a brochure, "Aerial Ropeways as an Innovation Solution for Urban Transport," that outlines many of the benefits of cable car systems, including the following:
- They are a low-emissions form of transportation, as their motion generates less resistance than land-bound transport, so less electrical power is required to drive the ropes. Additionally, less energy is required for start-up because they move continuously.
- Their aerial position means they can be readily integrated into the cityscape and combined with other elements of the public transit network without encountering obstacles on the ground.
- They don't compete with traffic.
- They provide no-wait service, moving continuously without interruption. Service frequency can be adjusted to suit demand by varying the speed of the circulating rope, eliminating empty runs in off-peak times and waiting times during peak periods.
- They require little space.
- They are accessible to passengers with impaired mobility and wheelchair users because the cabin floor is level with the platform.
- They can be equipped with wireless connection allowing direct audio/CCTV communication between cabins and stations.
Critics note the potential safety issues presented by cable car systems. In the case of an emergency, such as a power outage, passengers will be stranded in the cabins. The Medellín system is addressing this issue by providing a communication system in every cabin should an emergency occur.
Below we describe several examples of cable car systems.
Medellín, Colombia's gondola lift system, called Metrocable, provides a complementary transit service to Medellín's Metro. In fact, Metrocable is a branch of Metro, and both are managed by the same corporation and can be used for a single fare.
Metrocable was designed to reach some of the least developed suburban areas of Medellín, poor barrios on the hills surrounding the city that cannot be reached by conventional public transit. Opened in 2006, Metrocable was intended to connect the inhabitants of these barrios to the rest of the city. It has succeeded in easing their commutes and has also helped revitalize some of the areas it passes through. "People in Santo Domingo [one of the barrios] used to say that they weren't part of Medellin," says a cable car engineer. "They had to take three separate buses to get to it. But now they feel that they are involved in the city."
Metrocable has also become popular among tourists because of its spectacular views of the valley. The newest line was inaugurated in February to connect tourists and locals to Park Arvi, a nature reserve just outside Medellín. The new line is expected to improve security in the area, reducing the presence of paramilitaries and guerrillas. It will also provide residents access to open space, something they don't always get much of.
In Algiers, Algeria, a cable car facilitates travel between the modern part of the city built on the level ground by the seashore and the ancient city on a steep hill. It serves as a connection to other mass transit modes, and brings tourists to Notre Dame d'Afrique (Our Lady of Africa), a Roman Catholic church on a cliff overlooking the Bay of Algiers.
Like Medellín, Caracas, Venezuela is in a valley surrounded by hills. Many residents live in the poor barrios in the hills and work in the valley.
In its heyday in the mid-1900s, the city's cable car connected Caracas with the Caribbean coast on the other side of the mountains. But the system was closed in 1988, and it was not until a few years ago that the Caracas side reopened. (For a more detailed history, see this travelogue in the Economist).
Today, the teleférico carries passengers to Avila Mountain, a national park, and as it's integrated with the Metro system, eases the commutes of barrio residents.
Taipei Maokong Gondola
The Maokong Gondola in Taipei, Taiwan opened in 2007 to connect passengers from Maokong, a popular tea-tasting destination, and the Taipei Municipal Zoo, located high up in the city's surrounding hillsides. The system was designed to ease traffic over the mountains and shorten travel time.
But the system has been controversial. The cable cars were suspended for more than a year following damage to the support pillars caused by typhoon-related mudslides in 2008. The temporary closing affected local small business owners, whose revenues dropped nearly 90 percent over the past 18 months, according to one news report.
Other problems have included lightning strikes, noise pollution, poor ventilation, and other technical glitches. Critics of the system cite weak management and government inefficiency. "What should have been a good thing has become a mess," wrote Ko Cheng-en in an op-ed piece.
The system finally re-opened at the end of March 2010, attracting large crowds with free rides and a cable car with a glass floor, suggesting that the system has become less of an everyday mobility solution and more of a tourist attraction. Nonetheless, there's no doubt that the Maokong Gondola has improved accessibility to some of the city's previously hard-to-reach destinations.


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An Anciente Mappe of Fairyland 1000-Piece Jigsaw Puzzle
Bernard Sleigh (British, 1872–1954)
An Anciente Mappe of Fairyland: Newly Discovered and Set Forth
, c. 1920
"There lingers a faint, plaintive music, as of far-away organ pipes, of whispering harps, and the sighing of wind amongst the reeds." In his text accompanying this map, artist Bernard Sleigh detailed the secret to entering the magical world called Fairyland: the key is in the heart of every child. His booklet—a guide—is included here in full, so your eyes, too, may be opened to the realm's rainbow-guarded shores. Both the booklet and the map are in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress, the world's largest library, holding more than 162 million items.
Thoughtfully conceived and engagingly intricate, our interlocking jigsaw puzzles combine superb color reproduction, stunning and unusual images, and sturdy construction to delight generations of novice and veteran puzzleworkers.
WARNING: Choking hazard—small parts. Not suitable for children under 3 years.


Elementary Engineering
Elementary Engineering
This Elementary Engineering course introduces students to the basics of engineering and analyzes the major impact engineers have had on the world as we know it. Students will study each step of the engineering design process, and then put these steps into action. They will practice problem-solving and brainstorming through different design challenges, and will also learn about several fields of engineering that exist today.
 Please contact us
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 ©2019 by Aquinas International Academy


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Nodes and Classes
- Please also see the section on Node Creation.
A HeroEngine world is comprised of many different types of data structures, which define the areas, characters, objects, and other less tangible assets which make up the world. This data is usually stored on Nodes, which have various fields which store the data. The Fields are data structures which hold a piece of information such as a number or a piece of text or other much more complex things such as arrays of enumerated values.
Fields are grouped by placing them into different kinds of classes. Nodes are created based on those classes. For example, a "fountain" node might have fields such as "position" to specify where the fountain is located in a particular area, and "scale" to specify how large it is.
Fields are not assigned directly to Nodes, but are assigned via classes. A class defines (among other things) a particular set of fields. A given field can be in multiple classes.
Nodes are created of a particular class, which becomes the node's base class. Later, other classes can also be added to the node, and it will then have access to any field which is defined in at least one of those classes.
Classes and Fields make up (in part) the Data Object Model or DOM of your game. Nodes make up the Game Object Model or GOM of your game. In addition to the DOM definitions and Nodes your game creates, there are many more definitions and nodes that are part of HeroEngine automatically, and included as part of the MMO Foundation Framework.
When a class is created, it must be specified to be one of a dozen different archetypes. For a complete list, see the section on Archetypes. Examples of Archetypes are:
character. Archetypes are used to specify how the server deals with a particular class, such as what kinds of events it triggers. For example, if the position of an instance is changed, the server knows that it needs to send out position updates to other entities, whereas if a position is changed on some other type of archetype, the server will take different actions.
Adding classes to a node
Further classes can be added to a node (this is called "glomming" a class onto the node). It is not possible to simply add a single field to a node -- to add a field, the field must first be added to a class, which is then added to the node. Or, a field can be added to a class which is already on the node, and the node will then automatically have access to the new field.
There are two different ways to add a class to a node: Via the CLI, or via HeroScript. In the CLI, the MNAC command would be used (MNAC stands for Modify Node, Add Class). In HeroScript, the exposed function
glomClass would be used:
In the CLI:
: MNAC 7 ; apple // Add the "apple" class of fields to node # 7
function Example() sampleNode as noderef // Define a node reference sampleNode = 7 // Specify which node that the noderef references GlomClass("apple", sampleNode) // Add the class of "apple" fields to the node.
There are multiple ways for a field to be associated with a particular class.
- When the class is first defined:
- It can have fields specified at the time of creation
- A class can be specified to have a parent class, which means the new class inherits all fields from the parent (including any fields that the parent has inherited from its own parent(s)).
- After a class has been created:
- New fields can be added to the class
- Other parent classes can be added to it. For example, the MCDAP command stands for Modify Class Definition, Add Parent. This is a CLI command that adds one or more parents to a class.
- If a class's parents have any fields added to them, then the child class(es) inherit the new fields as well.
Creating a new class
When a class is created, it can be created "fresh", or it can be created to inherit information from a parent class.
For example, to create a completely new class, the CLI CCD (Create Class Definition) command can be used:
: ccd "banana", data
In the above example, the class "banana" has been created, of the
Adding fields to an existing class
Fields can then be added to the class, also via the CLI, such as with MCDAF (Modify Class Definition, Add Fields):
: MCDAF "banana"; "color", "length", "tastiness" "freshness"
Creating a class from a parent class
A class can also be created with a parent class, which means that the new class inherits the fields that have been defined for another class. For example, to create an "apple" class that inherits from the "banana" class:
: ccd "apple", data; "banana"
The new "apple" class now contains all of the field definitions that the "banana" class did.
Creating nodes from classes
currentFoodNode as noderef // Define a node reference currentFoodNode = createNodeFromClass("banana") // Create the node currentFoodNode.freshness = 5 // Set a value to the node's "Freshness" field
In the above example,
currentFoodNode has been created of class "banana", which means that "banana" is its base class, and will never change, even if additional classes are later added to the node.
Defining a variable without a node
In HeroScript, it is also possible to define a variable as being a particular class, even if it is not associated with a node.
function Example() classWithoutNode as class banana // This creates a data structure with all of the necessary fields classWithoutNode.freshness = 0 // Set the "freshness" field to 0.
Nodes with multiple classes
If a node has multiple classes, and some of these classes duplicate a particular field (like the "backpack" and "leather" classes, which might both have a "weight" field), this does not mean the node has duplicate fields -- it still has only one instance of that field. Also, adding additional classes will not change the data in a node's current fields -- it only adds fields that didn't already exist on the node. Fields that already existed and had data in them will not be affected. New fields will be added with a value of NULL.
For more information on parenting, please see the
IS KINDOF explanation under the WHERE command.


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Baked Alaska (also known as glace au four, omelette à la norvégienne, Norwegian omelette and omelette surprise) is a dessert made of ice cream placed in a pie dish lined with slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and topped with meringue. The entire dessert is then placed in an extremely hot oven for just long enough to firm the meringue. The meringue is an effective insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.
The notion of cooking a dessert with ice cream as its core ingredient within an insulated covering may have originated with a Chinese cook, who used pastry for the casing. However, facts surrounding this assertion are still scant, and thus are still in debate, in part because, according to librarian and food researcher Lynne Olver, no recorded knowledge of his training is known. As well, there is no evidence of this being a truly Chinese dish. Furthermore, several other origins are still up for debate. At this point, it appears baked Alaska is a combination of origins. Nevertheless, according to the June 1866 issue of the French journal Liberte a master cook (from a Chinese delegation visiting Paris) introduced the concept to French chef Balzac of the Grand Hotel. Taken with the idea, the French substituted pastry with meringue, and named the dish omelette surprise or omelette à la norvégienne; the Norwegian epithet was used as a consequence of its Arctic appearance and cold centre. Some assert though, that the discovery of meringue not melting – a concept attributed to Anglo-American physicist Benjamin Thompson in 1804 – led to the creation of what we know as baked Alaska. As a British loyalist, Thompson moved to England, followed by an appointment of Count Rumford under the employ of Bavaria. He investigated the heat resistance of beaten egg whites; the results demonstrated that while pastry would conduct the heat to the ice cream, beaten egg whites would do so to a lesser extent. Francois Rysavy, President Eisenhower's chef, claimed that, "baked Alaska is a Scandinavian delicacy". A popular dish in America, it is often thought that baked Alaska originated with Chef Charles Ranhofer in 1876 at the famous Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City who is said to have named it in honour of the newly acquired Department of Alaska. However, this dish is actually called Alaska, Florida in his 1893 cookbook Epicurean. In John F. Mariani 1999 book Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink baked Alaska is a term dating back to 1905 publication. It was "used by Fannie Merritt Farmer in the 1909 edition of her cookbook". Regardless of origins, the dish is usually considered delicious. It was popularised worldwide by the chef Jean Giroix in 1895 at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
The dessert was once a popular choice for dinner parties, especially during the 1960s and 1970s, but its popularity has waned in recent years. It is still a very common dessert on the final dinner of a cruise.
Another version calls for raspberry filling to be substituted for the ice cream, or even for the filling to be added along with the ice cream.
The process was simplified in 1974 by Jacqueline Halliday Diaz who invented a baking pan for Baked Alaska that forms a fillable hollow.
In 1969, the recently invented microwave oven enabled Hungarian physicist and "molecular gastronomist" Nicholas Kurti to produce a "reverse Baked Alaska", aka Frozen Florida (hot on the inside and cold on the outside).