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SPADE is a powerful tool for the representation of an entire dataset as a two-dimensional clustered tree. This article overviews how to analyze a completed SPADE analysis and work with the tree visualization.
Click the links below to jump to the relevant section in this article:
- Discussion on SPADE Tree Structure
- SPADE Trees are Random but Results are Consistent
- Interpreting Structure and Arrangement of the Tree
- Color Clusters by Channel to Find Phenotypes
- Consolidate Similar Clusters into Bubbles
- Dynamically Visualize SPADE Clusters on 2D Dot Plot
- Set SPADE Tree Statistics with "Metric"
- Tree Visualization Controls
- Global / Local Coloring Range and Coloring Symmetry
- Tree Color Scheme and Background Color
- Cluster Size Range
- Merge Clusters Together
- Analyze SPADE Statistics
- Export SPADE Tree Images
- The Significance of Empty Clusters
- Next Steps: Export Bubbles as New FCS Files for Bulk Statistics and Visualization
It is often noted that SPADE trees "turn out different every time", and this observation is correct. The actual presentation of a SPADE tree will change between runs, and the structure and arrangement of two SPADE trees can't be directly compared across runs. Despite this situation, however, the results of a SPADE run will be consistent between runs. For example, if the goal is to phenotype and characterize cell types within the blood, 10 SPADE runs on the same data set will produce highly similar results. I.e., the relative event counts and signaling profiles of bubbled populations will be comparable for each run. The trees will look different, but after analyzing each one, the takeaway results will be the same.
Three components can be considered for SPADE tree structure: clusters, edges, and cluster location. Edges are what connect clusters. In SPADE, the location of individual clusters cannot be used to draw conclusions about similarity between clusters. Only the connections (via edges) between clusters can be used for this purpose. In such analysis, edge length is meaningless. Only the number of edges, or "steps", on a path between any two clusters is of consequence. When two clusters have fewer steps between them on a SPADE tree, this means that these two clusters contain events that are similar to each other as analyzed across all the channels included in the SPADE run. Conversely, more steps between two clusters on a SPADE tree indicates underlying differences between the events within those clusters.
(these two arrangements of the same snippet of a SPADE tree are completely equivalent, though the left is certainly easier to interpret. In line with the concepts above, cluster 7 is more similar to cluster 81 than cluster 81 is to cluster 85, and on the right, cluster 85 is not similar to cluster 37 simply because of their proximal location.)
One thing to consider when applying the concepts discussed above is that SPADE trees go from a multidimensional data distribution down to two dimensions, and certain sacrifices have to be made during this process that might render similar populations further apart from each other on the SPADE tree than one might expect, much like Alaska and Russia are close together on a three-dimensional globe, but might be rendered far apart on a two dimensional map.
The core workflow to analyze the SPADE tree is to color it by channel. To color the tree by channel, simply use the up/down arrows on the keyboard or find the Node Color Parameter drop-down menu within the SPADE interface. This menu is populated with channels from within the sample file currently being viewed:
When a channel is selected in this menu, each cluster in the SPADE tree will color itself according to a summary statistic of the events within the cluster on the channel selected. The color/statistic will depend on the selected metric, but in the default case, the clusters will be colored by the median expression level of the events within the cluster on the selected channel. Here is an example SPADE tree for a four-color dataset:
(example SPADE tree for a four-color fluorescent dataset colored by each channel that contributed to clustering. Classical phenotypes emerge and can be bubbled to consolidate them)
Bubbles serve as a way to assign human-decided population thresholds to the various computational populations (clusters) found by SPADE.
The example SPADE tree directly above could be bubbled in this fashion to organize the numerous computational clusters into major classes of phenotype for analysis and summary reporting:
(example SPADE tree bubbled according to major phenotype categories - note that the SPADE tree can only be colored by one channel at a time but bubbles help track previously established groups)
Bubbles can be applied to any group of clusters. Interaction tips:
- Use the mouse to select clusters to group together. Click the Add Bubble button. You'll be prompted to enter the name for that grouping of clusters.
- To add other clusters into the bubble, simply drag and drop them into the bubble.
- To remove clusters from a bubble, select the clusters, hold down the shift key, and drag them out of the bubble.
- Multiple individual clusters can be selected in succession by clicking on them individually while pressing the shift key, or by serially highlighting groups of clusters by clicking and dragging across them with the shift key held down.
- Groups of selected clusters can be rotated by clicking the Rotate Selected Nodes button or by pressing the 'Z' key on the keyboard.
(click to begin - animation example of adding and interacting with bubbles and clusters)
SPADE is a great way to analyze data, but sometimes it is necessary to get a view back to the raw data while analyzing to get an understanding of what events are in each cluster. This workflow is supported with the biaxial dot plot located to the left of the SPADE interface. Anytime a cluster or group of clusters is highlighted within the SPADE tree, the events within these clusters will be displayed on the biaxial plot. Multiple biaxial plots can be open at a time by pressing the button to pop out additional plots. Different plot types can be selected on the plot. Contour - Color by Density is a useful plot type because it shows outlines of events that aren't currently selected. See the example below:
(click to expand - example of using the 2D dot plot to analyze events within clusters)
There are two components to setting the coloring range of the SPADE tree, which is shown in the top left of the SPADE interface.
Coloring Range (called "Scale Range" in the SPADE interface) can be set to Global or Local. In global mode, the range of the color bar is standardized across all files. In local mode, the range of the color bar is tailored to the file being currently viewed. In both cases, the minimum and maximum bounds of the color bar are set to be the 2nd and 98th percentile values in the channel being analyzed, but the scope of the data from which these percentile values are drawn changes depending on the global/local setting. Global is recommended in most cases since local scaling can be misleading when comparing multiple samples to each other.
At this time, the coloring range cannot be set manually by the researcher.
Coloring Range Symmetry (called "Scale Symmetry" in the SPADE interface) can be set to Asymmetric or Symmetric. In asymmetric mode, the range of the color bar will be set as defined directly above by the 2nd and 98th percentile. In symmetric mode, the color bar min and max will be set to the same value in the positive and negative, depending on which the greater of the absolute values of the 2nd and 98th percentile. Asymmetric is generally recommended.
(asymmetric versus symmetric color bar range)
The SPADE tree itself can be colored in a variety of ways, including different backgrounds:
(the dropdown menus for tree and background color)
(example animation of various combinations of tree color and background color)
The size of a SPADE tree cluster is proportional to the number of events in each cluster. The dynamic range of cluster size can be configured using the slider. This size range can be set uniquely per sample file (Local) or to be the same across all sample files (Global) using the range selector below the range slider:
(example animation of altering cluster size range)
In addition to or instead of using bubbles it might be desired to simply merge clusters together. This can simplify visualization and reporting. Unfortunately, this functionality is not currently available.
SPADE produces a large amount of statistics and metadata. Read the dedicated article: Download SPADE Data and Statistics.
Read the dedicated article: How to Export Images of a SPADE Tree
When visualizing or analyzing statistics for a SPADE tree, empty clusters are sometimes observed. This means that the sample being observed is missing a population of cells that a different sample in the SPADE run has. Put another way, there are events in the n-dimensional space of a sample in this dataset that are not present in the sample currently being viewed. Empty clusters can only occur when multiple samples are being analyzed in the same SPADE run. This is potentially an interesting finding if it is unexpected! Try navigating through the samples in the analysis and finding the sample(s) where the cluster is not empty. The events within the cluster can then be analyzed to see why they are unique in this sample compared to other samples.
After a SPADE tree has been analyzed it can be useful to export the bubbles into new FCS files. This worfklow has various uses to help with downstream visualization of results (e.g. with heatmaps and dot plots) and export of batch statistics for bubbles instead of for each cluster alone. Read the dedicated article: How to Export SPADE Bubbles to FCS Files for Statistics and Visualization


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This Housing LIN report explores the potential for almshouses to play a greater role in offering housing for vulnerable older people. Almshouse charities face challenges and opportunities in delivering specialist accommodation and improvements to existing housing.
The paper gives examples of successful developments, and governance and management initiatives that have helped transform almshouse provision to meet housing need and complement local strategies for housing, care and support. Set out in three parts, it explains:
- the distinctive characteristics of almshouses and what they can offer locally
- how progressive almshouses are adapting to enable them to off appropriate housing in the 21st century, and
- develops exciting ideas for the future of the almshouse movement

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This article will explain:
- Why name resolution errors occur on Tyro terminals
- How to resolve this error
Computers use numeric IP addresses (such as 192.168.10.233 or 2001:db8::1) to identify each other on networks. However, IP addresses are difficult for people to remember, so we use more friendly host names (such as _URL_). Name resolution is the process of converting a host name to an IP address, so a Name Resolution Failure occurs when the Domain Name System (DNS) used by your computer can't convert integration.tyro.com into the relevant IP address.
A very common cause of this Name Resolution Failure is that there is no internet connection to the POS computer.
Step 1 - How to resolve name resolution errors
- Reboot your Modem or Router followed by a reboot of your POS Device.
- Visit _URL_ to test your internet and network connection to our Tyro Server (4 green ticks should be displayed).
- If your page loads but does not display 4 green ticks, please contact your IT or ISP to allow a connection to Tyro's Domain.
- If the page does not load then please see What do I do if my Internet is down?


Kitty's mouth ulcers
What is an Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex?
Kitty's mouth Ulcer – Is in fact an Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
Kitty does not like vets. She certainly was not going to open her mouth and say Ahhhhh. So Kitty came in for an anaesthetic and when we opened her mouth we found some interesting lesions. You can see the photos below.We took a sample of the tissue and sent it off to the laboratory and they diagnosed an eosinophilc granuloma complex. After we confirmed there was no other cause of disease and also confirmed that she did not have any of the nasty cat viruses (Feline Leukaemia and Feline Aids) we treated her with a glucocorticosteroid. The good news is she is better but the bad news is she will likely require life long medication.
What is a Granuloma?
What is an Eosinophil?
An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell that is commonly associated with allergic responses or with parasitism. Eosinophil counts will go up on a blood test when a pet has fleas or worms or when an allergy is flaring up. Eosinophils can circulate in the blood or they can infiltrate tissue. They are part of the body's pathway to fight foreign materials and expel them from the body. Unfortunately, they can be tricked into thinking that some sort of benign materials (pollens, dust, etc) are attempting invasion. In this instance (allergy) they release their inflammatory chemicals inappropriately, creating the sensations of itching, swelling, redness and other symptoms of allergy.
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text: Stunning alignment of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes to a fibronectin pattern printed onto the silicone substrate prior to cell seeding. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes are particularly responsive to extracellular matrix (ECM) cues when seeded immediately following their harvest from the heart. Trypsinized cells only adhere to the culture dish if ECM proteins such as fibronectin are present, and within 3 days after seeding the cells align their myofibrils to the main direction of the protein distribution. This can be exploited to produce artificial muscle sheets as neighboring cells form gap junctions allowing electrotonic spread and synchronous contraction in the direction of myofibril alignment (cf. Feinberg et al. 2007). Green: Actin in Myofibrils (Phalloidin-GFP); Blue: Cell nuclei (DAPI); Scale: The nuclei measure 10-15µm along their major axis.


What is necst?
Necst proposes an educational experience based on the collaboration between students from different geographic and social environments.
The project is based on the digital and shared production of scientific contents and on an extracurricular, in-depth analysis of themes of common interest in the field of energy and the environment.
discover necst


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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Waulking songs (Scots Gaelic: Òrain Luaidh) are Scottish folk songs, traditionally sung in the Gaelic language by women while fulling (waulking) cloth. This practice involved a group of women rhythmically beating newly woven tweed against a table or similar surface to soften it. Simple, beat-driven songs were used to accompany the work.
A waulking session often begins with slow-paced songs, with the tempo increasing as the cloth becomes softer. As the singers work the cloth, they gradually shift it to the left so as to work it thoroughly. A tradition holds that moving the cloth anticlockwise is unlucky.
Typically one person sings the verse, while the others join in the chorus. As with many folk music forms, the lyrics of waulking songs are not always strictly adhered to. Singers might add or leave out verses depending on the particular length and size of tweed being waulked. Verses from one song might appear in another, and at times the lead singer might improvise to include events or people known locally. The chorus to many waulking songs consists of meaningless vocables, serving a function similar to 'tra la la' or 'hey hey hey' in other song forms. Some waulking songs have a strict verse-and-chorus structure. In other songs, the vocables are sung at the end of each line of a verse. In a song like 'S Fliuch an Oidhche ('Wet is the Night'), also known as Coisich a Rùin ('Come on, My Love'), the last two lines of one verse become the first two lines of the following one. A tradition holds that it is bad luck to repeat a song during a waulking session, which may explain in part both the many verses of some songs and the large number of songs.
While fulling is a common practice across the world, it is only in Scotland that music became so strongly associated with it as to become an important cultural feature of the country. Waulking is rare in Scotland today, mostly confined to the Outer Hebrides, where it is carried out as a celebration of heritage. The last true waulking (for the purpose of making cloth) is believed to have occurred during the 1950s.
During the Highland clearances, traditional methods of waulking spread with the Scottish diaspora. In Nova Scotia, and in particular on Cape Breton Island, waulking is known as milling. Although in Scotland women waulked cloth, in Nova Scotia both men and women took part in milling frolics. The practice continues as a cultural celebration today.


Can you eat a baby pig?
Can you eat a baby pig?
In culinary contexts, a suckling pig is slaughtered between the ages of two and six weeks. It is traditionally cooked whole, often roasted, in various cuisines. The meat from suckling pig is pale and tender and the cooked skin is crisp and can be used for pork rinds.
How can you tell how old a pig is?
Crowing. Shape and behavior are a good way to tell the age of a piglet. Young pigs have large heads and eyes, little fat, and small, thin legs. As they age they will get thicker skin, more wiry hair and more fat on their body.
What can I feed my baby pig?
What is poisonous to pigs?
READ: Which part of the brain controls emotions?
What do pet pigs like to play with?
Many use play pit balls, river rocks, large stones, stuffed animals, an assortment of toys, blankets, newspaper, anything your pig can search through will work fine.
Do pigs like hugs?
Pigs can be extremely affectionate as well. Some pigs are better at showing affection than others, but don't let the poker faces of pigs like our Pumpkin trick you. She isn't fooling anyone by at first laying just out of reach.
Do pigs like to be held?
Generally, pigs do not like to be held or picked up. 1 When a pig feels threatened, they will squeal loudly. 4 Even though you may be trying to pick up a baby pig to cuddle, the baby pig may be scared and squeal. Once your pig is used to being handled and scratched, try to entice them to sit in your lap.
How do you punish a mini pig?
Here is a step-by-step guide of how to confront aggressive behaviour in your pet:
 1. Gently Hold Your Pig's Mouth Closed – By first petting your pig, you can get them comfortable as you hold their mouth closed.
 2. Create the Situation – Pigs will often snap or bite at you in reaction to the same event.
How do you befriend a pig?
Pigs will usually approach you on their own and when they do, make sure you do not surprise them with a sudden touch or loud voice. Just stay calm and they will be calm too. Even so, in case your first meeting went wrong and you ended up scaring them, it is okay to keep trying until you win over their affection.
READ: How do I get an EIN number in CT?
Why do baby pigs nudge you?
They can nip or lunge at them, give them a head swipe or forcefully nudge them for attention. These behaviors are usually dominance games that pigs would be playing with each other. So, if a pig nudges you and you move away, the pig may assume that she has won the dominance game and has become your boss.
Do pet pigs bite?
Pigs sometimes lash out and bite, usually either out of fear or out of lack of discipline. Although wild pigs may show a lot of aggression, domesticated pigs kept as pets are not likely to bite or harm humans unless it has a good reason to do so. That's okay, pigs still make the best pets.
Do baby pigs bite?
How do you discipline a pet pig?
Do Juliana pigs make good pets?
Many people also say they can be smarter than dogs. The intelligence of pigs such as Juliana pigs make them popular as pets. This also makes them unique from other regular pets. Juliana pigs can also really surprise you with their great memory as well as how fast they can learn and pick up hints about certain things.
READ: How do I check my CE?
Do pigs get attached to their owner?
Spending even just a few months together with a pig can be enough for them to recognize their owners. Pigs are capable of remembering other things aside from fellow animals and people. It is in fact, easy to earn a pig's affection. When they do, they can become loyal and deeply attached.
Do pet pigs stink?
Pig owners quickly realize their pigs must learn to go outside like all other animals. 3. Pigs are generally clean animals and odorless because they don't sweat. Their bodies are clean but their snouts are always covered in mud, leaves, or yogurt.
How much do Juliana pigs cost?
Those cute piglets can cost between $1,200 and $6,500 a pop and can weigh a whopping 200 pounds once they mature.
Why pigs are bad pets?
How much is a mini pig pet?


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social justice: promoting respect and equity upon all people of all minority and majority demographics
SJA: short for social justice activist/activism/awareness - promoting social justice with the specific goal of educating people to be more equitable and respectful of all people regardless of demographic (or, someone who does all this). Best taken as a compliment.
SJW: short for social justice warrior/wanker - someone who uses social justice and social justice activism/awareness to bully, harass, and dogpile people, often over semantic mistakes as much as legitimate offense, refusing to accept apologies or acknowledge mistakes for being just that, and general using SJ(A) to be an asshole. As you can probably tell, it's generally not used as a compliment.


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Kiki likes traveling. One day she finds a magic lamp, unfortunately the genie in the lamp is not so kind. Kiki must answer a question, and then the genie will realize one of her dreams. The question is: give you an integer, you are allowed to delete exactly m digits. The left digits will form a new integer. You should make it minimum. You are not allowed to change the order of the digits. Now can you help Kiki to realize her dream?
There are several test cases. Each test case will contain an integer you are given (which may at most contains 1000 digits.) and the integer m (if the integer contains n digits, m will not bigger then n). The given integer will not contain leading zero.
For each case, output the minimum result you can get in one line. If the result contains leading zero, ignore it.


The process of making Millefiori
Millefiori Glass Cane and Rod
Millefiori Glass Canes
Pattern of Millefiori Canes
Millefiori Beads are made from glasses of different colors, while their different shapes are formed by pressing upon the surface of glass canes.The technique of Millefiori Glass making involves the use of many slices of glass canes (Murrine Cane) in order to create a mosaic pattern.
Millefiori Murano Glass is made by glass canes or rods (Murrine Cane). The origin of the canes is from Italy, despite their plain exterior look, however, its interior look has versatile patterns including floral, star, heart and geometric patterns.
Millefiori Glass Mould
Millefiori Glass Canes
The patterns are created using moulds that are made from canes.
Before creating Millefiori Beads, artisans need to make a small, rough glass globe mixture called globule. On the end of a steel pole where the globule is placed, it is dipped into a glass mixture made from different colors. After each dipping, a multi-colors layered sphere is formed that grows in size.
The process of making millefiori cane
This sphere is then placed in a special mould made from Millefiori glass canes (Murrine Canes) to give the Millefiori product the necessary shape. Millefiori glass canes or rods have a plain exterior look, however, the interior is with astonishing floral patterns. Star and geometric shapes are also typical patterns in these canes or rods.
After that, the multi-colors layered sphere is dipped into a transparent glass mixture that gives a shiny and round outer surface, the special mould gives it a glass-like surface finish. When the glass melts, the sphere attached to the end of the long steel pole is gently made
Making Millefiori Beads
How Millefiori Beads Made
This makes each Millefiori Murano Glass so much artistic value and unique. The creations have extraordinary designs and rich colors.
The rod is then cut up into the desired size that results in Millefiori Beads. When the beads are still in semi-liquid state, they are placed into furnace to create a smoother surface and to reach other desired effects.
Next, the product is put in a special furnace with the temperature set and the heating is done to strengthen the glass. Millefiori Beads are usually in rich coloring and longer than the traditional beads.


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Resource Smart Schools
What is Resource Smart Schools?
"Resource Smart Schools is a free program offered by Sustainability Victoria that supports Victorian schools to embed sustainability across the school facilities, community and curriculum, while saving resources and money for the school."
What Does this mean for our school?
The Resource Smart Schools program offers access to sustainability experts to support our ongoing mission to become a more sustainable school. We are working towards Sustainability Certification by measuring and tracking our use of resources, such as electricity, water, waste, and documenting the biodiversity on school grounds. With this information, we are learning to operate more sustainably, reducing costs to save on electricity, water and waste bills – and greenhouse gas emissions to minimise their impact on the environment.
The school is creating an environmental management system tailored to our needs which will benefit both student learning and our planet.
How does it work?
Schools must accomplish a set number of actions to complete a Module to receive a certificate valid for four years. Completion of the Core Module is the first step as it serves to develop a whole-school environmental management plan. The other four Modules include a minimum number of actions for completion, which once achieved, are submitted for verification. For each module verified, we will be awarded a star, and we are well on our way to achieving 5-star status


I want to know whether a given neural network (with a finite number of nodes) is able to store all injective maps f: D -> C, where D has cardinality k and C has cardinality N (so the number of maps is N! over (N-k)! ). For example is a network with 1000 nodes able to store 60 injective maps from {1,2,3} to {1,2,3,4,5}?
(By storing information I mean something like: when classifying information the network can access and use the information)
In particular I was curious if the above question can be translated to a question about the VC-dimension of a neural network. Can a question about storing injective maps in a neural network be translated to a question about the VC-dimension of a neural network?
EDIT: I'm interested in something like the following result
There are 60 functions, note that we can represent this with 6 bits The codomain consists of 5 elements, which can be encoded by 3 bits (since 5 < 2^3) We need to map 3 elements of the domain to an element of the co-domain, so we need 3 times 3 bits for each function So to encode 60 functions we need 60 * 3 * 3 bits
In general we need (N! / (N-k)! ) * k * log_2(N) bits Note that (N-k+1)^k < N! / (N-k)! < N^k and even (N-k)^k < (N! / (N-k)! ) * k * log_2(N) < N^k
One weight in a neural network is 32 bits If we have X weights, then we have X*32 bits
So if X*32 is smaller than log_2(N-k) * k, then it's not possible to express all the functions in the network [I'm actually more interested in negative results like the one I gave, sorry if that's confusing. Positive results are welcome as well.]
 - $\begingroup$ I'm not sure what your question is. It sounds like you've already got an answer, so I'm not sure what you need us for. $\endgroup$ – D.W. Oct 3 '20 at 21:36
You're probably not going to get a theoretical answer, because analyzing exactly what set of functions can be computed by a particular neural network is messy. Or, at least, you probably won't get a tight analysis. There are theorems showing that neural networks are universal approximators, meaning that given sufficient capacity it is possible to express every function, but this doesn't tell you the minimize size needed to express every function; it just tells you that there exists a size that is large enough.
However, if you're willing to accept empirical evidence rather than theorems and proofs, research has demonstrated empirically that if you choose a deep neural network architecture with sufficient capacity and you train for long enough, neural nets can memorize the training set and achieve 100% accuracy on the training set, at least for a randomly chosen function $f$ [1]. This may not tell you exactly what size neural network you need to ensure that it can express all such functions, and it's not a proof or a guarantee.
The VC dimension is beautiful theory but it's not clear it has a great deal of relevance to modern use of neural networks in practice.
[1] Understanding deep learning requires rethinking generalization. Chiyuan Zhang, Samy Bengio, Moritz Hardt, Benjamin Recht, Oriol Vinyals. arXiv:1611.03530
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Three Parts:Acting More MasculineUsing the Right WordsLooking More Masculine
Becoming more masculine when you're feminine requires dedication and hard work, but anyone at all can become more masculine. Whether you're a man who wants to be more manly or a woman who wants to take on more masculine traits, there are a number of things you can do, from altering your appearance to adjusting your mindset, that would help you become more masculine. If you want to know how to do it, just follow these steps.
Part 1 of 3: Acting More Masculine
 1. 1
 Command authority. If you want to be more masculine, then you have to command authority. How do you do that? Gain the respect of the people around you. To gain respect, you have to prove that you're hardworking, fair, kind, and a tough cookie. People will listen to you if you're honest and direct with them instead of nagging them, whining, or complaining to get people to do what needs to be done.
 - If you need someone to do something, make it clear that it's an assignment, not a favor.
 - If you ask once with respect and an even tone, you won't have to ask again.
 - It's also masculine to thank people for doing what you need them to do. Looking ungrateful is not masculine.
 2. 2
 Get physical. That's right. If you want to be more masculine, then get some dirt on your body. Don't be afraid to fix your own car, mow the lawn, paint your house, or do any household chores or recreational activities that make you get some dirt or grease on your body. This will show that you have knowhow and that you're not afraid to get down to business if it needs to be done.
 - If you know how to do the jobs that can make you a little dirty, that will make you more manly too.
 - Lift some boxes, help a friend move her heavy coffee table, or help carry trays of food into a banquet hall. Use your strength to your advantage instead of being lazy and designating others to do the dirty work.
 3. 3
 Get some masculine hobbies. If you want to act more masculine, then you should take on some more masculine hobbies. It could be carpentry, motorcycle riding, taking care of your car or truck, hunting, fishing, or playing basketball or baseball. Do whatever feels right and makes you feel more masculine; don't do something just because it's manly to do it, though.
 - Picking just one or two masculine hobbies and really getting good at them will help you become more masculine.
 - Pick up some knowledge. It's also manly to know as much as you can about sports, current events, or the latest advances in technology.
 4. 4
 Take risks. To be masculine, you can't play it safe all the time. You have to do what you need to do to get ahead and recognize a situation that has the potential to benefit you greatly. This doesn't mean that you should go gambling or skydiving, but it does mean that you should learn to think outside the box if you think the endeavor will benefit you financially, practically, or even romantically.
 - Part of being masculine is knowing which risks are worth taking. If you take too many risks, you'll end up getting yourself in trouble.
 - Don't take a risk just to impress others. Drinking too much or showing off at a party will not give you the masculine respect you want.
 5. 5
 Set goals and achieve them. Being masculine means having your eye on the prize and knowing how to bring it within your reach. If you want to be masculine, then you should figure out what you want from life, from your relationships to your career, and make a plan to making those things come your way step by step. Though you should be prepared for any curve balls that come your way, it's not masculine to ask, "What am I doing with my life?" every few weeks. Ask the hard questions, and work as hard as you can to answer them until you figure out your goals and know how to reach them.[1]
 - It's not un-masculine to make a list of what you want and to figure out how to get it.
 - It's okay for things not to go your way or to find that reaching your goals is harder than you expected. But reacting with calm and determination is what will make you masculine.
 6. 6
 Be brave. This doesn't mean that you should fight wild animals or save children from burning buildings in order to be masculine. It does mean that you should have courage to face the future and to be prepared for all of the challenges that may come your way. Being brave means knowing that there will be hard decisions in your future, and that you may be setting off into the unknown, whether you're starting college, moving across the country, or starting a relationship with a completely new person.
 - Don't whine and worry about all of the things that could go wrong; instead, have confidence in yourself and know that you will control as much as you can.
 - There's a difference between being brave and showing off. Don't start a fight in a crowd just to prove how "brave" you are.
 7. 7
 Be disciplined. Being disciplined is a key part of being masculine. If you want to be masculine, then you have to have a daily routine that leads to success. If you're a workout fanatic, then this could mean putting in hours at the gym every day. If you're career oriented, it means being able to get the job done without getting distracted. Ideally, it means being able to have fun while having an orderly and regimented way of living your life.
 - Part of being disciplined means knowing your limits. Don't have that extra beer or third slice of cake if you know you won't be feeling good later.
 - Having a planner can help you stay organized and maintain a disciplined daily schedule.
 8. 8
 Be proud of who you are. This is different from bragging and showing off to prove how masculine you are. Instead, you should just own it and be able to be comfortable with who you are as a person, even if you're far from perfect. Admitting that you're flawed and working to address your flaws is far more masculine than thinking that you're perfect.
 - Though you may feel that you want to be more masculine for whatever reason -- to make your co-workers or significant other respect you more or just to feel more self-assured -- you have to be proud of who you are on the inside. Don't try to make this change unless it's something you feel that you really want.
 - And if you're not proud of who you are yet, then set goals to help yourself be a person you can be proud of.
 - Keeping things positive can help you be proud of who you are. Having a positive perspective, even during the tough times, can help you see the good in yourself.
 9. 9
 Don't be afraid to cry. What did Rafael Nadal do right after he won the 2013 U.S. Open? He cried like a baby. Does that make him feminine? Absolutely not. Being masculine means being comfortable enough with yourself to show emotion during the meaningful moments. You shouldn't cry all the time, obviously, but you shouldn't be a stone either. Being devoid of emotion, or pretending not to have emotions, will not make you any more masculine.
 - If you want to be masculine, then you need to be in touch with yourself enough to show emotions when it's important.
 - Being overly happy is okay, too. Don't be afraid to show it when you're feeling really pumped about something.
Part 2 of 3: Using the Right Words
 1. 1
 Speak your mind. To speak your mind, if you have something constructive and useful to say, say it. Don't just blurt out the first thing that comes to you or you may annoy or even offend the people around you. If you have something important to say, however, whether you're at a work meeting, a class discussion, or even among friends, you shouldn't be afraid of voicing your opinion. Being comfortable with being heard and having an intelligent argument to back up your ideas is definitely masculine.
 - If you see a person who needs defending, stand up for him.
 - If you think the conversation people around you are having is offensive or just plain uneducated, say something.
 - This doesn't mean you have to be a loudmouth. But when you do have something to say, make it count.
 2. 2
 Don't overthink it -- at least not out loud. Being masculine means knowing exactly what to do -- or at least making it look that way. Don't air your worries, concerns, or uncertainties too much, or you won't look very sure of yourself or very masculine. Instead, check in with yourself, make a list of pros and cons of a situation, and consult a parent or a close friend when something is really eating you up. But don't spend 90% of your decision-making process thinking aloud and letting everyone see that you don't know what you're doing.
 - It's good to weigh all of the aspects of any situation -- it's doing it aloud that gets you in trouble


Russell Harvard, Deaf Actor in 'Mockingbird,' Breaks Ground in Broadway Casting
The theater is all about artifice; it's in the DNA: The lights are brighter and colored than in real life; the actors' voices are louder than normal—assuming you are not near someone having an all-too-intimate cellphone conversation. Up close, their makeup is often grotesque. Their posture is different: They face toward the audience when it suits them. Even the most well-appointed kitchen-sink drama—the epitome of realism—has that pesky lack of a fourth wall. In fact, members will suspend their disbelief for just about anything. Puppeteers on stage with their hand up a puppet's butt.
Russell Harvard in To Kill a Mockingbird
Russell Harvard plays Link Deas in the current Broadway production of "To Kill a Mockingbird," using sign language to get visceral effects. Julieta Cervantes
And the audience pretty much accepts that.
Now, it seems they will even accept a deaf person in hearing role.
Russell Harvard, a deaf actor who plays Boo Radley and Link Deas—who are hearing characters—in the current Broadway production of To Kill a Mockingbird, based on the novel by Harper Lee, has been making inroads toward that end in recent years. Last season, he played Cornwall opposite Glenda Jackson in King Lear on Broadway. In these roles, Harvard has had a speaking and signing interpreter with him on stage. As Cornwall, in his most dramatic moments, Harvard even spoke his own lines.
'Hey, Boo!'
Moving Harvard into Mockingbird required no rewriting per se. A few speeches were switched around, Harvard says, "but nothing major. Some lines were cut and pasted to where they needed to go and where they needed to come out."
From an acting standpoint, it was just like preparing for most other roles. "Boo is not simplified," Harvard says. "He is a little on the spectrum, so we assume he is a little autistic. They probably didn't have a word for autistic or autism. So they just labeled him 'crazy.' But he likes to work with his hands a lot. He is very tactile. He made dolls. It wouldn't make sense for him to stand there and be neutral with his hands down. So he's fidgeting with his hands."
As an audience member at Lear, I found an interpreter onstage at first a little disconcerting—but just a little and only for a couple of minutes. I had been given no advance word that anything unusual would be done. That it worked so well speaks to Harvard's ability and his belief in the value of different—I wouldn't use the word disabled loosely here—actors in theater.
First of all, talking with Harvard is a treat for the senses. He will speak and sign to the translator and he will sign, sometimes simply but at other times expansively. You don't always know where to look, but anywhere is probably correct. And signing can be a very pretty language to follow.
Magnificent Obsession
Harvard got the acting bug early, while watching the movie versions of The Wizard of Oz and The Neverending Story. And later he saw his cousin act in a student play: "My cousin, who was deaf, played the Wicked Witch of the West at the deaf school. As a person, she is the opposite of the witch. And I was like: Oh my god! She can play the witch?
"I was enthralled and inspired. I saw her three times, and I was like, Oh yeah, I am down.
"For some reason I have been drawn to villainous characters—maybe in my past life I was a bad person," he says and laughs. "You don't want to be a bad guy in real life but in the stories and movies I've watched it seems like a lot of fun. I was always fascinated by the Wicked Witch of the West even though she frightened me."
Once the obsession took hold, it never let go.
"I wanted to do a Christmas play, [about] Santa Claus lost in Oz—and I did!' he says. "I asked if I could play the witch. And they said, 'No you're a boy, and the witch is a girl.' I said I could be a boy wit—and it worked out.
"We had three sequels: third grade, fourth grade and fifth grade. I finally got the nerve to tell a classmate I wanted to play a female witch. And my father for the first time came and saw the show."
And after the show, Harvard's father went up to Russell and asked, "Why? Why are you playing a girl?"
"Because I want to," he answered.
Usually, parents get a crestfallen look when their child says they want to be an actor or just work in the theater. But Harvard makes it clear that he never really felt like an outcast growing up: "I had a great childhood, school experience. We embraced each other." But still, at least at that time, Harvard was not thinking of a career, which was a good bet given the famously high unemployment rates in the business.
"I never thought I would do I would do it professionally in my life. I had an inkling. But I told myself you know it might not happen. So I should be prepared. I should have a backup plan. I thought I would teach theater."
Harvard was in and out of school, working toward a teaching degree. He worked with preschoolers in Alaska. He decided to go back to school and drove from Alaska to Washington, D.C., and immediately had an audition for There Will Be Blood. And eventually he got the very visible role of H.W., Daniel Day-Lewis' adopted son. Scott Rudin, producer of To Kill a Mockingbird, was the producer for the movie.'
Grand Gestures
Acting in your own language at a high level is difficult enough, but acting in two languages, often simultaneously, poses a host of other complications. For one, American Sign Language has its own syntax. Harvard's parents were deaf, so, like many native speakers—in any language—he did not take grammar lessons in ASL. This can cause some communications problems, not to mention acting problems—actors can't be reading lips and following ASL at all times—so Harvard adjusts depending on the role.
Harvard can hear some things with a hearing aid. Obviously, rehearsal helps a lot, he says, "you get used to it." He hears some actors very well; Ed Harris (Atticus Finch) is "perfectly clear." Some deaf actors, he says, will have cue lights off stage. For Mockingbird. Harvard chose not to memorize the English text, preferring to just go with ASL. In some plays, he will take out his hearing aid entirely, but on this production he is taking the challenge to hear because the audience responds to the English text.
Using a hearing aid, he says, is not for hearing English words, it is for hearing what is necessary in the ambient environment: a sound or a silence that serves as a cue or a motivation the helps him create his performance.
With an all-deaf or mostly deaf cast, the dynamic changes versus show with a heterogeneous mix of actors. "Because ASL is very pictorial," Harvard says, "the audience will hear the line and see the sign and they'll be like, 'Oh, it's very poetic. It's art.'"
The trick in signing, as in speaking, a line is to convey a greater meaning. "You don't just say the line. You translate the meaning and make it [visually] into art." So signs become larger or smaller to match the emotions of the text.
Harvard cites and demonstrates a speech Link has in Mockingbird, his arms and hands gesturing grandly—this creates a visceral effect above and beyond anything that the words can communicate: "Link talks about what happens to [the defendant Tom Robinson], how something happened to his left arm. And I explain how it happened very pictorially, and people see how it happened. ASL is a three-dimensional language, compared to a spoken language."
This, Harvard says, makes a strong case for deaf actors. "I read a quote once: 'If I am making an effort to communicate and you feel like you are having a hard time, then who are you to call me disabled?' It's like the other way around." This theme is explored in plays like Equus and Children of a Lesser God, that seemingly disabled people actually live richer lives than so-called normal people.
Wish List
Harvard actually feels that Children, which featured Phyllis Frelich, a deaf actress, working with John Rubinstein, a hearing actor would be better served if it was done all in sign language. Instead of having James (Rubinstein's hearing character) repeat Sarah's (Frelich) words. Because, he says, watching it as a deaf person, "was so tiring and so challenging. They could take out the lines and put them somewhere else. They could use supertitles. I wish there was more of that."
He goes on to say, "I would love to have an all-deaf cast of Rent. Or like in Spring Awakening having Melchior played by a deaf person" with someone else singing his songs. He would also like to play Frank N. Furter in The Rocky Horror Show: "I would love all the main characters to be played by deaf people and the Transylvanians would be hearing, singing for us. But there is another theater that has the rights to it for now. It's never been done in ASL, not since 1975."
Thunderbolt Enlightening


text: The Dadia – Lefkimi – Soufli Forest National Park is located in the center of the "Evros" prefecture and covers an area of 428 km2, 72.9 of which are strictly protected. It's geographical position is very important, being at the crossroads of Asia, Europe and Africa and close to the easternmost migration route flyway of many bird species. Man's mild land use throughout the centuries has led to the formation of a landscape mosaic. Grazing, logging and a wildfires of low extent and intensity in the past have contributed to the formation of clearings that provide easier access for the birds of prey to their food resources. In the area, 360-400 plant species have been recorded, 25 out of which are orchids. There have also been observed 104 butterfly species, 12-13 amphibian species, 29 reptile species and 60-65 mammal species 24 out of which are bats. Furthermore, the relief such as rocky outcrops, streams and rivers, along with the geological formations and the endemic plants of the area are of great ecological value. In 1970 European scientists recognized the importance of the Dadia forest, in 1980 the area was declared as protected and since 2006 it has been characterized as a National Park. Currently, it is one of the few refuges for rare birds of prey in Europe, while it is home to the only breeding population of Black Vultures in the Balkans.


Emotionless in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Emotionless
without feeling or emotions
Examples of Emotionless in a sentence
It is important to display an emotionless mask when playing poker, so you don't show anything that might give away what you have in your hand. 🔊
It is my personal belief that insects are completely emotionless, not feeling anything like joy or sorrow, and only acting on instinct. 🔊
The emotionless face of my opponent is impossible to read, not betraying any sign of any kind of feeling at all. 🔊
Other words in the Uncategorized category:
Most Searched Words (with Video)


Quick Answer: What Is Considered A Parcel At The Post Office?
Does USPS charge by weight or size?
What is the cheapest way to ship a 5 pound package?
The break even point compared to FedEx and UPS for a large Priority Mail flat rate box is about 5 lbs. If you need a large flat rate Priority Mail box, make sure it's heavier than 5 lbs. Otherwise, FedEx or UPS Ground will always be cheaper.
How do I calculate shipping costs?
What is the cheapest way to mail a package?
First-Class Mail: Letters that weigh under 1oz: the cheapest option is a USPS First-Class Postage Stamp. Large envelopes that weigh less than 13 ounces: USPS First-Class Mail is the cheapest option. Keep in mind, this service is designed for letters, documents, and thin-flat items.
What type of mail is parcel?
If your mailpiece isn't a postcard, Letter, or a flat (large envelope), then it's a parcel. You may be surprised to find out that "parcels" are not just big boxes. Many mailers send small parcels in all classes of mail.
What is considered a package USPS?
A Package is a parcel that does not meet the mail processing category of letter-sized mail or flat-sized mail. … A First-Class Package International™ Service parcel cannot exceed 64 ounces (4 pounds), can have a maximum length of 24 inches, and have a maximum combined length, height, and depth of 36 inches.
Can you package things at the post office?
You can purchase boxes and tubes of various sizes at most Post Offices. … While you are not required to use the free packaging for these services, you must use the USPS-produced address label provided by the Post Office for Priority Mail Express.
What means parcel?
noun. an object, article, container, or quantity of something wrapped or packed up; small package; bundle. a quantity or unit of something, as of a commodity for sale; lot. a group, collection, or assemblage of persons or things.
What is the meaning of part and parcel?
An essential or basic element, as in Traveling is part and parcel of Zach's job. Used since the 15th century as a legal term, with part meaning "a portion" and parcel "something integral with a whole," this idiom began to be used more loosely from about 1800.
How does the Post Office measure packages?
Length is always the longest dimension and is measured in inches. Height is the side that is perpendicular to the length and is measured in inches. … For rectangular packages, Girth would be Height multiplied by two plus Width multiplied by two.
What is the difference between parcel and package?
The difference between Package and Parcel. When used as nouns, package means something which is packed, a parcel, a box, an envelope, whereas parcel means a package wrapped for shipment. When used as verbs, package means to pack or bundle something, whereas parcel means to wrap something up into the form of a package.


text:
|Figure 1: Example of decision tree for least-cost technology choice (AFREA)|
Then main part of the preliminary assessment that should be conducted at an early stage of the development of a rural electrification project (see also this post) is to determine which is the least-cost solution, comparing life-cycle costs (LCC) per kilowatt hour (kWh) of the system/s under evaluation (PV stand alone, wind-PV hybrid mini-grid,etc) against traditional solutions, that is, grid extension and diesel generators. For this purpose, standard cost curves are an useful tool.
Previously, the following information should have been gathered and evaluated:
- Estimated daily energy demand: which, where and how many facilities and services to cover
- Availabity of renewable energy resources: solar, wind, water,etc
- Diesel-fuel affordability and reliability of supply
- Grid extension plans and distance from the national grid
- Estimated system sizes
- Estimated system costs
- Estimated system operating cost
As said above, for a preliminary LCC assessment, standard cost curves and rough data may be valid, although it is highly recommended to try to obtain updated information according to local parameters and market state of the art. Figure 2 shows a comparison between typical arrangenments for rural electrification, that is: PV stand-alone, PV-diesel hybrid system, diesel generator and grid extension. Two distances are considered for the option "grid extension", since distance to the facilities to be powered is a determining factor that must be considered.
Figure 2 (AFREA)
After a LCC analysis as above, some interesting conclusions can be obtained, such as:
- Low energy demands favor solutions based on PV technology (stand-alone or hybrid) This is usually true from 3,5-4 kWh/m2/day of solar radiation.
- From 3 kWh/day of energy demand, PV-diesel is not longer cost-effective against grid extension (if the national grid is in a radius of 1 km or less)
- From 20 kWh/day, PV is not longer competitive with diesel generators
- From 30 kWh/day, grid extension is the least-cost option
Usually the information needed for a good LCC assessment is not available at early stages of project development. Figure 3 shows the differences in grid extension costs depending on the project location. Also operating costs are not always easy to predict. As a rule of the thumb, these are usually estimated as a fixed proportion of investment costs. For example, PV operating costs may be estimated at about 15% of the capital costs for stand-alone systems (that is, 50% of the total life cycle costs)
|Figure 3: Costs of grid extension in US$/km (ESMAP,2000)|
Likewise, operating costs also depends on the ownership structure, distance to the closest service center, system sizing and design, fuel prices, etc. For exmple, depending on the type of batteries chosen these may last up to 8-10 years or need to be replaced every three years. Something similar happens with diesel generators. The durability of a generator is limited by the number of operating hours and also linked to the load curve at which the generator is usually operating.
According to the above, a proper LCC analysis should incorporate as many variables and potential scenenarios as possible. In this regard, the use of energy modelling software like HOMER is strongly recommended in order to limit and discard options and ultimately decide what is the least cost option for a SPECIFIC project. For example, once evaluated capital and operating costs for several options, HOMER can provide a graph as this below:
This graph aims to compare different arrangements (PV and wind stand-alone, PV and/or wind diesel hybrid system,only diesel generator,etc.) and provides this information:
- Diesel generator is not a cost-effective option in any case, even when fuel price is 0.4 $/L.
- PV systems are the least cost option as long as average solar irradiation is higher than 4.0 kWh/m2/day and average wind speed is lower than 5.0 m/s.
- Wind energy is always the most cost-effective option when average wind speed is higher than 6.0 m/s.
So even if the renewable energy resource has been not evaluated yet (wind resource is especially hard to assess) or there is uncertainty about diesel prices, these kind of software enable the project developer to further progress over the decision tree.
Author's observations (Rwanda Electrification Challenge, 2009)
Green light for renewable energy in developing coutries (ARE, 2009)
Guidance for Sustainability (AFREA)


text:
12 The term "Compradore"
The OED defines the word Comprador(e) as "a person who acts as an agent for foreign businesses" and suggests it originated, in English, in the 17th century from the Portuguese word for "buyer".
It is a term which occurs frequently in the 19th century colonial history of Hong Kong especially concerning trade between, China, Hong Kong and the rest of the world.
James Chan has read that the comprador system originally came to prominence after the Canton system, in the late Ming dynasty, was abolished in 1842 and the compradores replaced the "hong" merchants as the main intermediaries between Chinese and Western traders. He is mystified.
James wonders if anyone can explain the terms, Canton system, and hong merchant. And elaborate on how the compradores came about in Hong Kong and what effect they had on 19th century commercial activities here and in particular early manufacturing in the colonial period.


When measuring the performance of an HVAC system, the term 'delta' is often used to express the difference between two measurements. Let's take a look at the family of HVAC industry "deltas" that we include in our day-to-day HVAC slang terms. Delta T, Delta P, Delta V and Delta H and let's add Delta C.
Besides the "difference between two related measurements" that we use, the word delta has an interesting history. Going way back, Delta or "Δ" just happens to be the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. The name came from the appearance of a three-sided island that forms where two rivers meet. From there, any symbol that looks like a triangle also became known as a delta.
Delta T
"Delta T" is the most common use of the word delta in the HVAC industry, meaning temperature difference. If the temperature before a cooling coil is 75F and the temperature after the cooling coil is 55F, subtract 55F from a 75F to find a delta t of 20F.
Since the first time a service technician tried to explain delta to me, I've wrestled with a way to make the definition a little easier to swallow. It took him 20 minutes and I went away scratching my head. Remember that when talking to new technicians or the office staff. Take time to explain delta to those who need to become familiar with this valuable term.
Delta P
In our industry, Delta P means the difference in two related pressures. For example, when you measure the pressure before a filter and it's.12-in. WC, then, measure the pressure after the filter and it's.22-in. WC. Now, subtract the.12-in. WC from the.22-in. WC to find the Delta P or pressure difference of.10-in. WC.
Once you find a Delta P over a component in an air stream, compare the number to an industry standard. As you learn the industry standards, and compare your test results to them, test results suddenly start making sense.
The typical filter pressure budget for a constant speed fan is 20% of fan rated pressure. For example, a rated system fan of.50-in. WC multiplied by 20% reveals an acceptable filter pressure drop of.10-in. WC. So our example above is ideal.
Measure the pressure drop over the typical high efficiency filter and you'll find Delta Ps around.30-in. WC. Now if you match that filter with a.50-in. fan, and a coil with a Delta P of.30-in. WC, you have already exceeded the capacity of the fan. The Delta P of the duct system hasn't been added to these pressures yet. This system is in trouble.
Delta V
You guessed it. This one is the slang for voltage difference between two legs on feeding a blower motor or a compressor. Voltage differences are found by measuring the voltage of two power wires entering equipment and then by comparing the difference. If the entering voltage varies more than 10% between the wires, serious damage to the equipment may follow.


Yes, lush is a Scrabble word!
Lush is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definitions of the word 'lush'
The meaning of lush
4 definitions of the word 'lush'.
 1. Produced or growing in extreme abundance
 2. Characterized by extravagance and profusion
 3. Full of juice
 1. A person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in lush?
4 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
1 Anagram of Lush
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to lush:
Unscramble the letters in lush
There are 11 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'lush'.
More words that can be made using the letters in lush


text:
|pygame.mask.from_surface||—||Returns a Mask from the given surface.|
|pygame.mask.from_threshold||—||Creates a mask by thresholding Surfaces|
|pygame.mask.Mask||—||pygame object for representing 2d bitmasks|
Useful for fast pixel perfect collision detection. A Mask uses 1bit per pixel to store which parts collide.
New in pygame 1.8.
Makes the transparent parts of the Surface not set, and the opaque parts set.
The alpha of each pixel is checked to see if it is greater than the given threshold.
If the Surface is color keyed, then threshold is not used.
This is a more featureful method of getting a Mask from a Surface. If supplied with only one Surface, all pixels within the threshold of the supplied color are set in the Mask. If given the optional othersurface, all pixels in Surface that are within the threshold of the corresponding pixel in othersurface are set in the Mask.
|pygame.mask.Mask.get_size||—||Returns the size of the mask.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.get_at||—||Returns nonzero if the bit at (x,y) is set.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.set_at||—||Sets the position in the mask given by x and y.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.overlap||—||Returns the point of intersection if the masks overlap with the given offset - or None if it does not overlap.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.overlap_area||—||Returns the number of overlapping 'pixels'.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.overlap_mask||—||Returns a mask of the overlapping pixels|
|pygame.mask.Mask.fill||—||Sets all bits to 1|
|pygame.mask.Mask.clear||—||Sets all bits to 0|
|pygame.mask.Mask.invert||—||Flips the bits in a Mask|
|pygame.mask.Mask.scale||—||Resizes a mask|
|pygame.mask.Mask.draw||—||Draws a mask onto another|
|pygame.mask.Mask.erase||—||Erases a mask from another|
|pygame.mask.Mask.count||—||Returns the number of set pixels|
|pygame.mask.Mask.centroid||—||Returns the centroid of the pixels in a Mask|
|pygame.mask.Mask.angle||—||Returns the orientation of the pixels|
|pygame.mask.Mask.outline||—||list of points outlining an object|
|pygame.mask.Mask.convolve||—||Return the convolution of self with another mask.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.connected_component||—||Returns a mask of a connected region of pixels.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.connected_components||—||Returns a list of masks of connected regions of pixels.|
|pygame.mask.Mask.get_bounding_rects||—||Returns a list of bounding rects of regions of set pixels.|
Coordinates start at (0,0) is top left - just like Surfaces.
The overlap tests uses the following offsets (which may be negative):
+----+----------.. |A | yoffset | +-+----------.. +--|B |xoffset | | : :
You can see how many pixels overlap with the other mask given. This can be used to see in which direction things collide, or to see how much the two masks collide. An approximate collision normal can be found by calculating the gradient of the overlap area through the finite difference.
dx = Mask.overlap_area(othermask,(x+1,y)) - Mask.overlap_area(othermask,(x-1,y)) dy = Mask.overlap_area(othermask,(x,y+1)) - Mask.overlap_area(othermask,(x,y-1))
Returns a Mask the size of the original Mask containing only the overlapping pixels between Mask and othermask.
Sets all bits in a Mask to 1.
Sets all bits in a Mask to 0.
Flips all of the bits in a Mask, so that the set pixels turn to unset pixels and the unset pixels turn to set pixels.
Returns a new Mask of the Mask scaled to the requested size.
Performs a bitwise OR, drawing othermask onto Mask.
Erases all pixels set in othermask from Mask.
Returns the number of set pixels in the Mask.
Finds the centroid, the center of pixel mass, of a Mask. Returns a coordinate tuple for the centroid of the Mask. In the event the Mask is empty, it will return (0,0).
Finds the approximate orientation of the pixels in the image from -90 to 90 degrees. This works best if performed on one connected component of pixels. It will return 0.0 on an empty Mask.
Returns a list of points of the outline of the first object it comes across in a Mask. For this to be useful, there should probably only be one connected component of pixels in the Mask. The every option allows you to skip pixels in the outline. For example, setting it to 10 would return a list of every 10th pixel in the outline.
Returns a mask with the (i-offset,j-offset) bit set if shifting othermask so that its lower right corner pixel is at (i,j) would cause it to overlap with self.
If an outputmask is specified, the output is drawn onto outputmask and outputmask is returned. Otherwise a mask of size self.get_size() + othermask.get_size() - (1,1) is created.
This uses the SAUF algorithm to find a connected component in the Mask. It checks 8 point connectivity. By default, it will return the largest connected component in the image. Optionally, a coordinate pair of a pixel can be specified, and the connected component containing it will be returned. In the event the pixel at that location is not set, the returned Mask will be empty. The Mask returned is the same size as the original Mask.
Returns a list of masks of connected regions of pixels. An optional minimum number of pixels per connected region can be specified to filter out noise.
This gets a bounding rect of connected regions of set pixels. A bounding rect is one for which each of the connected pixels is inside the rect.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Past in Perspective An Introduction to Human Prehistory, by Feder, Kenneth L.
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780199950737 | _PHONE_
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 6/27/2013
Ideal for introduction to archaeology and world prehistory courses, The Past in Perspective: An Introduction to Human Prehistory, Sixth Edition, is an engaging and up-to-date chronological overview of human prehistory. Kenneth L. Feder introduces students to "the big picture"--the grand sweep of human evolutionary history--presenting the human past within the context of fundamental themes of cultural evolution. Written in a refreshingly accessible voice, this unique narrative personalizes the past and makes it relevant to today's students. Using a consistent chapter format--"Prelude, Chronicle, Issues and Debates, and Case Study Close-up"--Feder helps students master both what we definitely know and what is still debatable about the complex story of the human past.


Highway Maintenance
Road maintenance techniques
Our roads and footpaths need periodic maintenance to keep them in a usable condition.
Video films
Road and footpath improvements
In order of cost, with cheapest first:
 - Localised patch repairs corrects areas that have cracked or crazed but which are structurally sound.
 - Surface-dressing (a thin layer of chippings spread onto a film of bitumen) protects an otherwise structurally sound and regular surface from water ingress, UV light, slows-down the rate of wear and restores grip.
 Find out more about Surface Dressing
 - Resurfacing corrects the unevenness of a deformed surface or areas of extensive shallow cracking where the integrity of the underlying road is sound.
 - Localised full-depth repairs (of more than one of the structural layers of the road or footpath) strengthens the road or footpath in areas that have failed through settlement, typically at road edges (known as 'Haunching').
 - Major Maintenance uses a combination of two or more of the above techniques
Drainage improvements
Drainage improvements allow water, that would normally 'pond' on the highway (known as 'standing' water), to drain into the drainage system or onto lower ground. Standing water can undermine the road and footpaths' ability to withstand heavy traffic and cause aquaplaning or the formation of black ice in cold conditions.
As a general rule:
 1. Once a surface starts to become polished, cracked or crazed (damp but drying surfaces show this best), a small amount of localised patch repair (maximum of 5% of the surface area) can be used to deal with any defects. The whole area can then be surface dressed. This approach can delay the need for costly and disruptive major maintenance for upwards of ten to fifteen years.
 2. Where levels of patching exceed 10% of the surface area, it is more than likely that full resurfacing would be a more cost-effective solution.
 3. With problems such as large cracks, extensive potholing and rutting, the only appropriate treatment is localised full-depth repairs.
 4. It is not unusual to find some sites that rate too high for surface dressing but not high enough for resurfacing. The amount of patching required on these site means that surface dressing would not be a cost effective solution. In these circumstances the road must remain untreated until resurfacing can be justified.


text: A methodology is presented for analyzing the error associated with time delay estimation using a finite integration time correlator, processing waveforms received at two separate sensors. The type of signal considered is a sinusoid whose amplitude is randomly modulated. The signals are assumed to be imbedded in additive Gaussian noise. Before they are correlated, the received waveforms are converted to a lower center frequency by mixers whose local oscillators are assumed to contain phase noise. By direct calculation in the time domain, the variance of the error in the time delay estimate is shown to be a function of integration time, signal-to-noise ratios, signal and noise bandwidths, and phase noise variance. The phase noise is shown to limit the accuracy of the time delay estimate. However, without phase noise, using the methodology the accuracy is shown to approach that obtained by the maximum likelihood estimator.


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Korean pancake-Haemul pajeon-03.jpg
Haemul pajeon (seafood scallion pancake)
Type Jeon
Place of origin Korea
Main ingredients Batter (eggs, wheat flour, rice flour, green onions)
Cookbook: Pajeon Media: Pajeon
Hangul 파전
Hanja 파煎
Revised Romanization pajeon
McCune–Reischauer p'ajǒn
Pajeon is a variety of jeon with green onions as its prominent ingredient, as pa literally means 'green/spring onion' in Korean. It is a pancake-like Korean dish made from a batter of eggs, wheat flour, rice flour, green onions, and often other additional ingredients depending on the variety. Beef, pork, kimchi, shellfish, and other seafood are mostly used.[1] If one of these ingredients, such as squid, dominates the jeon, the name will reflect that; ojing'eo jeon (오징어전) is'squid jeon.'
Pajeon is usually recognizable by the highly visible green onions. It is similar to a Chinese green onion pancake in appearance but is less dense in texture and not made from a dough.[1] It is not to be confused with bindaetteok, which is a mung bean pancake.
Seafood pajeon[edit]
In Korean, a seafood pajeon is called haemul pajeon (해물파전). Various seafood are used in the batter and toppings, e.g. oysters, shrimp, squid, clams.[2]
Dongnae pajeon[edit]
Dongnae pajeon
Dongnae pajeon is named after Dongnaesung (동래성), a former fortress in the Joseon Dynasty and now a district in the city of Busan. Dongnae was a prominent battleground during the Imjin War[3] and legend says the people of Dongnae threw green onions while defeating the invading Japanese soldiers. Dongnae pajeon was made in honor of the victory.[4]
The dish was also presented at the king's table and became popular when the Dongnae market flourished in the Joseon era.[5]
Dongnae pajeon is usually made from a batter of rice flour, glutinous rice flour, eggs, and gochujang. Soft spring onions, beef, clams, mussels, oysters, shrimp and other seafood are also added.[5]
See also[edit]
Other countries[edit]
 1. ^ a b (Korean) Pajeon at Doosan Encyclopedia
 2. ^ Goldberg, Lina "Asia's 10 greatest street food cities" CNN Go. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11
 3. ^ (Korean) Dongnae Fortress at Doosan Encyclopedia
 4. ^ (Korean) Dongnae pajeon at Doosan Encyclopedia
 5. ^ a b (Korean) Dongnae pajeon - Dongnae Pajeon Research Group, Dongnae-gu office
External links[edit]


Category: Featured
Remembering Roy Kiyooka
When Roy Kiyooka died suddenly and unexpectedly in February 1994, he left behind a legacy of creativity fuelled by a lifelong passion for making art, in all its various guises. Born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan in 1926, he grew up in Calgary, Alberta, where he began his studies at the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art (now the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology and Art). Over the course of his career, he was known as a painter, photographer, musician, film-maker, poet and teacher. He taught at several universities during his career, retiring from the University of British Columbia in 1991.


text:
What can I do by connecting this unit and a computer by USB?
DJ performances can be conducted using DJ software and tracks can be created, recorded, etc. This unit is compatible with two interfaces: the "USB sound card function" for input/output of digital audio signals with a computer, and the "MIDI interface function" synchronizing the operation of buttons and controls.
1. The output sound (digital) of DJ software on the computer can be input to this unit. (USB sound card function)
2. The output sound (digital) from this unit can be input to DJ software on the computer. (USB sound card function)
3. MIDI signals can be output from this unit to operate DJ software on the computer. (MIDI interface function)
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text:
Determine if the Lyndon Fire District (District) Board of Fire Commissioners (Board) provided adequate oversight to ensure disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes.
Aside from minor exceptions, disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes. However, the Board could improve oversight of and internal controls over disbursements. The Board:
- Did not properly segregate the disbursement duties or implement adequate mitigating controls, and it did not properly review disbursement activity.
- Could not explain what specific procedures its reviews of financial reports included.
Because the Board did not properly review disbursement activities, there is an increased risk for unauthorized and inappropriate transactions.
- Segregate incompatible duties or establish adequate mitigating controls.
- Become familiar with the resources listed in Appendix C of this report for training opportunities. District officials agreed with our findings and indicated they would initiate corrective action.


Layer dialog box
Assigns the selected shape to one or more layers or cancels a shape's layer assignment.
On layer(s)
Highlights the layers to which the selected shape is assigned. To change the layer assignment, click a different layer name. To assign the shape to additional layers, press CTRL and click the layer names.
Preserve group member layers
Specifies that the group's member shapes retain their current layer assignments. This setting becomes active when you assign the group to a layer. Selecting this option has no effect unless the currently selected shape is a group.
For example, you might assign a desk to the furniture layer and a computer to the electronics layer and then group them. If you then assign the group to the den layer, the desk and computer retain their previous layer assignments as well.
If this option is not checked and you assign a group to a layer, all of the group members are assigned to the new layer. Their previous layer assignments are canceled.
Opens the New Layer dialog box, in which you can type a name to create a new layer.
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I was analyzing a LEO satellite with polar orbit for work purposes. I am relatively new to the field of Satellite orbits. I know that TLE can give information about the current & future orbits depending on Epoch time.
I have a MATLAB simulation which uses the TLE & gives me a Satellite trajectory for a period of time. The satellite that I am observing has a orbital period of 106 minutes. But I just now realized that since earth is also rotating, each time a LEO completes an orbit, it is at a different place. So, I want to know after how much time & how many orbit periods later does a LEO satellite come back to the exact same place & repeat the trajectory.
If, however, it isn't the case in actual satellite orbits because of various forces acting on it, then in a hypothetical case of a spherical earth model & assuming that no forces act on the Satellite including atmospheric drag, & gravity of Sun, moon & planets, after how much time does the ground track repeat?
I can run the simulation for a long time & do trial & error to find after how many hours/days/months/years it comes back to the same place & repeats its trajectory but that will take a lot of time & inefficient. Can TLE or any other satellite data give me that information?
Interesting question!
Abstracted/simplified case:
Suppose a spacecraft is orbiting around a planet with no atmosphere, a perfect spherically symmetric mass distribution, such that the gravitational field can be expressed as that of a point at the origin using Newton's Shell theorem, and there are no other forces or bodies in the universe.
A repeat ground track will occur only when the ratio of the rotation periods of the planet and spacecraft is a rational number, i.e. the ratio of two integers.
Then the period of a repeat ground track will be the shorter of the two periods times the larger of the two integers, or vice versa. A simple way to think about this is to just imagine the moment the satellite crosses the equator, or passes x=0 (asuming z is the rotation axis of the planet). You have to be a little careful with your imagination if it's a purely polar orbit, but the same math works.
For example, say the planet rotates every 1440 minutes, and the satellite orbits around it in space with a period of 115.2 minutes.
Find the integers $m, n$ such that
$m \times 1440 - n \times 115.2 = 0$
The solution would be $m, \ n = 2, \ 25$, and so the period would be two days, or $2 \times 1444$ or $25 \times 115.2$ minutes.
If there is no exact solution for two integers, then there is no exact repeat ground track!
The real world:
The Earth's gravity field is lumpy, so circular or pure Kepler elliptical orbits don't really exist in nature. There are gravitational effects from the Moon and the Sun, and drag effects from the atmosphere in LEO.
So "never" is the short answer.
Here is a GIF of an animation I once made of a hypothetical ground track of a satellite in a similar to the ISS for example. I used math from the Technical Details subsection Wikipedia article Sun-synchronous_orbit including the precession of the nodes due to Earth's oblateness. It's a simple calculation and does not include many effects
I calculated for 15,00,000 seconds (about 17 days).
While there are certain altitudes that create an apparent repeat ground track for a short time, it's just an illusion.
See also this answer to the question How long does it take for ISS to travel over all possible places of the world one time? for more to think about.
below: low res GIF of snippet of a simple animation I once made of a ground track for ~17 days of a circular orbit of varying altitude, includes precession of nodes due to J2.
enter image description here
For fun, here's how to do it in Python. Skyfield introduced a.subpoint() method in version 1.3 (it's now at 1.4) so getting the ground track of satellites is easy!
Here is the ground track of the ISS for the first seven days of June 2018:
enter image description here
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from skyfield.api import Loader, Topos, EarthSatellite
# _URL_
TLE = """1 25544U 98067A 18157.92534723 .00001336 00000-0 27412-4 0 9990
2 25544 51.6425 69.8674 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 15.54142131116921"""
L1, L2 = TLE.splitlines()
load = Loader('~/Documents/fishing/SkyData') # avoids multiple copies of large files
ts = load.timescale()
data = load('de421.bsp')
earth = data['earth']
ts = load.timescale()
minutes = np.arange(60. * 24 * 7) # seven days
time = ts.utc(2018, 6, 1, 0, minutes) # start June 1, 2018
ISS = EarthSatellite(L1, L2)
subpoint = ISS.at(time).subpoint()
lon = subpoint.longitude.degrees
lat = subpoint.latitude.degrees
breaks = np.where(np.abs(lon[1:]-lon[:-1]) > 30) _TAG_'t plot wrap-around
lon, lat = lon[:-1], lat[:-1]
lon[breaks] = np.nan
plt.plot(lon, lat)
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Just to get clarity, even if, hypothetically, we take a spherical earth model & assume that no other forces like moon, sun, planets gravity, even atmospheric drag acts on the satellite, then also a ground track never repeats again, ever? $\endgroup$ – KharoBangdo Jun 7 '18 at 9:03
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ okay in that case it's a simple math problem. If you edit your question and add this as an additional part to your question, I'll add an additional answer to that. This makes the whole thing more complete for future readers. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Jun 7 '18 at 9:05
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ added that part to the question. I have framed it as best as I could, if you can edit the framing to be better than do so $\endgroup$ – KharoBangdo Jun 7 '18 at 9:13
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I know you are using MatLab, but in case you are interested in propagating TLEs in Python instead, there's a handy and easy to use package. I've added an example. $\endgroup$ – uhoh Jun 7 '18 at 10:12
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ In the industry, we wouldn't ask for exact matches, we'd ask for matches within a certain offset (generally a few kilometers to either side would make hardly any difference, but this is application-dependent). I think I might have an old college homework assignment somewhere that was essentially about that; I'll see if I can dig it up. $\endgroup$ – Erin Anne Jun 9 '18 at 5:49
Your Answer


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between MP3 and AAC
mp3_logoMP3 vs AAC
MP3 is already a quite well known audio codec that is used mostly in mobile media players, which has now been dubbed as MP3 players, due to the significant reduction in file size it offers. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) was a later addition to the MP4 standard and presents multiple and substantial improvements to the MP3 standard. Since both are lossy formats, it is therefore understood that they both sacrifice parts of the original audio data in order to come up with a much smaller file size. The key difference is in the quality of the recording after it is encoded with either AAC or MP3.
AAC has corrected a lot of the shortcomings of MP3 when encoding sound files and this has been duly noted both by technical people and casual listeners. The difference is so significant that it is not uncommon for people to equate the sound quality of an MP3 file coded with a specific bit rate with an AAC encoded file with a much lower bit rate. The difference in quality gets more pronounced as you go down to lower bit rates; 128kbps and lower.
The general advantage of the MP3 format is in its popularity. Because it was the first one to be introduced, it has become widely accepted by most software and hardware music players. AAC only gained popularity when Apple adapted it as the default format for its iPod music player and the music files sold in its music store. Before that, most portable music players, like those created by Creative, only supported MP3 files and not AAC. Now, most modern players being produced have added support for AAC and this gap is slowly beginning to close.
When choosing a file format for storing your music files, it is no longer under debate that AAC would be the clear winner. But before you encode your files to AAC, you should first examine if your existing devices are able to work with this format, as low quality is always better than not playable. When looking for a new player, its always better to find one with AAC support even when you have no intention of converting your files to AAC any time soon.
1. MP3 and AAC are both lossy file formats for audio recording
2. AAC is generally better than MP3, more so at lower bitrates
3. The MP3 format has more support, especially in portable devices, compared to AAC
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 1. I've done extensive personal testing of AAC, WMA, mp3 and mp3PRO. This is what I've found:
 1. mp3 requires more bits to equal the same quality as the newer codecs: AAC/WMA/mp3PRO.
 A. 4 MB "standard" mp3 (128 kbps, constant-bit-rate) equals..
 B. 3 MB 96 kbps, cbr AAC/WMA/mp3PRO
 In other words, the newer codecs are all roughly 30% better.
 2. Copy Protection.
 The overwhelming reason why mp3 is still popular is because of its LACK of copy protection.
 3. At super-low bit rates, i.e. 32 kbps cbr, AAC and mp3PRO seem to be the best.
 4. Most like original.
 For critical listening, i.e. "audio snobs" like me, I've found that mp3s at 160/192kbps sound the best.. period.. regardless of the AAC/WMA/mp3PRO setting used. It is "warmer" and more faithful to the original WAV file. The newer codecs tend to "lack air" and sound "more metallic". However, the average person can't tell the difference.
 5. Favorite.
 I like mp3PRO the best. It has the best of both worlds: mp3 compatibility AND newer algorithms/smaller file sizes of AAC/WMA.
 6. AAC Popularity.
 The reason AAC is gaining in popularity is solely because of iTunes. In fact, there is a firmware update to the Nintendo Wii that makes it play AACs and dumps mp3 playback.
 1. Difference Between iPod and MP3 | Difference Between | iPod vs MP3
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text:
The 34 stained glass windows in the Sanctuary of the First Presbyterian Church offer vivid and colorful arrays of light at different times of day. The windows on the west side of the church, pictured here, illuminate the interior in the afternoons.
Photo by Jason Emerson.
Skaneateles Skaneateles residents passing down East Genesee Street soon will notice boarded-up window frames have replaced the beautiful stained-glass windows in the top story, front façade of the First Presbyterian Church. Don't worry — the church is not moving, or going defunct, but rather nearing the completion of a 20-year project to restore all the stained glass windows to a structurally sound state.
The windows, as beautiful and as priceless as they are, are more than just decoration, however. They also convey messages, honor families, share church history and imbue the physical structure with the harmony and philosophy of the religious congregation.
"The beauty of these stained glass windows is that they preserve the ecumenical diversity of this congregation in this community. Not only in the names [memorialized on the windows], but in the desire to find a way to work together building on the core beliefs of each denomination and individual," said Rev. Dr. Craig Lindsey, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. "The abstract design of the windows at First Presbyterian Church emphasizes that faith is not always rational, or explicit, but requires that the witness interpret and apply what they have seen."
The First Presbyterian Church of Skaneateles is the oldest congregation in the village. It was organized July 20, 1801, as the Skaneateles Religious Society, with dedication of the first building on March 1, 1809. Due to a growing congregation, the Presbyterians built a new church in 1831 at the present church site on East Genesee Street. The previous church at 21 State St. now houses the Skaneateles First Baptist Church.
In 1891, the church was discovered to be structurally unsound and subsequently demolished. The reconstructed church — what is the current building — was built in 1892.
A major part of the funding for the new building was given by Thomas Hall, a wealthy New York City man who had grown up in Skaneateles, in memory of his mother. His financial contributions were given on condition that the money would be used to "give to the glory of God," and not be used for either music or artwork — such as stained glass windows.


text:
2017 PEDESTRIAN MODELLING & VISUALISATION SHOWCASE
DATE: 2017 | CLIENT: Internal
- High quality 3D rendered video
- High quality 3D rendered still images
- Utilising VISWALK for more dynamic pedestrian movements
- Advanced linking between VISSIM/VISWALK and 3D Studio Max
- Specially developed pedestrian models and animation
As part of the ongoing in house development programme, Multimodal built detailed 3D models based around three areas which had been previously modelled for traffic or pedestrian studies. These areas were:
- London Victoria station
- A London-based international sports stadium
- London Bridge
The original VISSIM models had to be thoroughly prepared by inputting VISWALK elements such as pedestrian areas, routes and obstacles.
There was also a need to develop and update the library of 3D models used for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists, which meant remodelling all of the motion capture for animation and developing a new VISSIM and VISWALK library of objects based on these new models, allowing full linking between VISSIM and the 3D modelling and rendering package used.
Once this was achieved and fully calibrated, all network elements and animation were exported from VISSIM/VISWALK, and bought into the 3D modelling package, where simple geometry and transport models were replaced with detailed models to allow a more photo-real output.


text:
If you own property on a lake, one of the issues you're going to have to consider is the safety of your electricity down at the dock and next to the water. As outdoor electricians in Forsyth County, GA, we frequently work with people who have waterfront property, and just about every time we analyze people's property, we find some stray voltage in the water, meaning the water has at least some level of electrical charge. There are very few docks you'll find without any stray voltage.
Why is this important to know, and what is involved with checking the voltage? Here's some information you should be aware of as a person who owns or enjoys visiting waterfront property.
Searching for stray voltage
Checking the voltage of the water is as simple as checking the voltage of any other item or material. Simply place a voltage detector in the water and check the readings.
Many times, the readings will only be in the millivolts range. This is a negligible amount of electricity that will be unlikely to have any sort of effect. However, any higher than that and you need to start being concerned about safety. Electrical shock drowning can occur with as little as two volts in the water. This happens when an electrical current found in the water passes through an individual in that area's water. The person could become paralyzed as a result of the current, unable to swim away or keep floating.
Ideally, then, there should be no voltage at all in the water when you perform the inspection. If there is stray voltage, it's important to determine what is causing it and how you can remedy the issue.
Even if the dock is wired to code, there is still a chance it will give off stray voltage. In some cases, there may be ground wires for motors on boat lifts that are too thin, in which case there is more resistance for the electricity. It becomes easier for the electricity to pass through the water rather than the ground wire.
There may also be an issue with electrical panels being wired the same as they would be in homes, rather than wired with neutral wires isolated. Outdoor electricians will understand the differences in wiring indoor versus outdoor panels and the safety issues associated with that.
In cases of higher levels of stray voltage, the electrical problems may be more obvious or severe.
In any case, a professional electrician can analyze your dock electricity in Forsyth County, GA to determine if it is at safe levels. If you're interested in learning more about stray voltage in water and how it occurs, we encourage you to contact Duke Electric Co. today about our services and about the methods we use to analyze stray voltage. Our team would be happy to answer any questions you have, and we look forward to coming out to analyze your dock and property to ensure your risk of electrocution in the water is eliminated.
Categorised in: Outdoor Electrician
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text:
Crib Point Satellite Earth Station: celebrating 20 years of service
30 November 2012
Crib Point Satellite Earth Station is the only dedicated weather-related Satellite Earth Station (SES) in Australia, forming a critical part of the Bureau's operations. Located at the HMAS Cerberus Naval Training Base on Westernport Bay in Victoria, the station is now celebrating 20 years of distinguished service.
Essential weather information
The station houses sophisticated communications equipment for receiving satellite data and has extended Australia's access to satellite images over the Indian Ocean.
It provides essential information for forecasting and climate services, for Australian industries such as defence, aviation and shipping, as well as emergency services.
Crib Point Satellite Earth Station.
Crib Point exemplifies 20 years of international cooperation between the Bureau, the China Meteorological Administration and Japan Meteorological Agency. Jointly, we have contributed to the World Weather Watch program of the World Meteorological Organization.
The station currently receives data for:
- Japan's Multi-functional Transport Satellites (MTSAT) geostationary series
- China's FengYun-2 geostationary satellite series
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites
- NASA's AQUA, TERRA and Suomi NPP satellites.
Important part of the satellite infrastructure
The station at Crib Point is an important part of the meteorological satellite infrastructure, which includes:
- Geostationary satellites: located over the equator, providing hourly satellite coverage of the Australian region
- Polar-orbiting satellites: providing higher resolution coverage of the Australian region every six hours
- NOAA polar-orbiting satellites: carrying many instruments for imaging and'sounding' the atmosphere as well as telemetry for Data Collection Platform (DCP) operations. These instruments play an important role in:
- monitoring the atmosphere for severe weather events such as severe thunderstorms and tropical cyclones
- monitoring for search and rescue beacons, capsized vessels or planes lost at sea
- tracking and locating herds of migratory animals and birds
- fighting international piracy through tracking transmitters previously housed in 20 and 40 ft containers.
Built in 1991
Crib Point Satellite Earth Station was built in 1991 to host a Chinese Turn Around Ranging Station (C-TARS) to track and maintain the position of China's first geostationary meteorological satellite, Feng Yun 2. It 'turns around', or receives and retransmits signals sent via the Feng Yun satellite from the Central Control Station in China.
In 1994, the service was upgraded for Japan's GMS-4 and GMS-5 satellites (J-TARS).
Since then, Crib Point Satellite Earth Station has been providing a range of services outlined above.
Origins of Australia's role
Australia's role began just before the Japan Meteorological Agency's launch of GMS-1 (Himawari) in 1977. This was the first geostationary meteorological satellite that covered the Asia-Pacific area, including Australia. It brought a quantum leap in meteorological analysis and forecasting, providing the Bureau with satellite data every three hours. Before this, we received non-corrected satellite data every 12 hours from the polar-orbiting satellites.
Our first Turn Around Ranging Station (known as TARS 1) was set up at the request of the Japanese Government. It ensured their GMS satellite could be located accurately above the earth's surface at all times. In 1985, the Australian and Japanese governments signed an agreement on the operation of Japan's current and future geostationary meteorological satellites. We received satellite data from their GMS satellites, and operated the TARS 2 in return.


Skip to definition.
Noun: organization ,or-gu-nu'zey-shun [N. Amer],,or-gu-nI'zey-shun [Brit]
 1. A group of people (or businesses, etc.) who work together for an explicit purpose, with organized rules and structure
 - organisation [Brit]
 2. An organized structure for arranging or classifying
 - arrangement, organisation [Brit], system
 "he claims that the present organization is corrupt";
 - administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organisation [Brit], admin [informal]
 4. The act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business
 "he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department";
 - organisation [Brit]
 5. An ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized
 "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality";
 - organisation [Brit], system
 6. The activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically
 "his organization of the work force was very efficient";
 - organisation [Brit]
 7. The act of forming or establishing something
 "he still remembers the organization of the club";
 - constitution, establishment, formation, organisation [Brit]
Derived forms: organizations
Type of: activity, administration, beginning, body, commencement, disposal, method, methodicalness, orderliness, social group, start, structure
Part of: authorities, government, regime
Encyclopedia: Organization, Reconstruction and Training