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Updated Mon, Feb 27, 2012 12:36 pm
On this edition of Conversations from Studio B, Jim Fuller and Bill Walker talk with Chris Meekins of the North Carolina State Archives.
The trio discuss the Burnside Expedition, a series of battles fought along the North Carolina coast under the command of Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, which culminated in the Union occupation of Roanoke Island, New Bern, Morehead City, Beaufort and Washington.
For more information, visit the North Carolina State Archives' Sesquicentennial Blog.
Slideshow: The Burnside Expedition
Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside
Flag captured by Union forces from the Confederate gunboat Fanny during the Battle of Elizabeth City, Feb. 10, 1862
Medal of Honor recipient John Davis risked life and limb by sitting on an open powder keg to keep it from catching fire
General Ambrose E. Burnside and Commander Stephen C. Rowan issued this proclamation as outreach to the people of North Carolina during the Burnside Expedition
Post-battle sketch of the positions and fortifications of both forces during the Battle of New Bern, N.C.


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Can Allergies Thwart Fatal Colon Cancer?
THURSDAY, Oct. 18 (HealthDay News) -- A new study suggests that people who suffer from both hay fever and asthma may be less likely to die from colon cancer.
The research found that people with both hay fever and asthma were 17 percent less likely to die from colon cancer compared with people who have neither condition. But individuals with hay fever or asthma had little reduction in their risk of fatal colon cancer, according to the report.
People with hay fever and asthma are primed to develop allergic responses, which is why they have hay fever and asthma in the first place. The new theory is that they also mount an allergic response to colon cancer cells, said study author Eric Jacobs, strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.
"We are trying to understand how the immune system might be helping to slow down or prevent cancer," Jacobs said. "Further research is needed in this area, and if it supports the idea that a naturally occurring immune response can attack some colorectal cancers, vaccines could be developed to treat these cancers."
The study findings were scheduled for presentation Thursday at a cancer prevention meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in Anaheim, Calif.
To arrive at their findings, the researchers analyzed data from two studies comprising about one million people each. None of the participants in either study had cancer when the studies began, but 19,000 died from colon cancer during the course of the studies.
The American Cancer Society estimates that about 52,000 Americans will die from colorectal cancers this year.
Dr. Andrew Chan, program director of the gastroenterology training program at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said the new study marks an important first step.
"The hope is that we can build on this research and eventually develop a vaccine to treat colon cancer," Chan said. "We need to understand better what it is that is [lowering the risk of dying from] colon cancer," he said. "It's possible that hay fever and asthma are markers of robust immune response."
Chan added that eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly might also help people to prime their immune response and fight cancer.
Nearly 8 percent of U.S. adults have hay fever, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. People with seasonal hay fever are allergic to pollen and spores. Some suffer from hay fever-like symptoms year-round, usually because of an allergy to dust mites, pets, certain chemicals or some foods.
These same allergens can lead to asthma symptoms -- wheezing and cough -- caused by inflammation of the airways.
The data and conclusions of research presented at medical meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
And, while the study found an association between having hay fever plus asthma and a reduced risk of fatal colon cancer, it did not prove cause-and-effect.
The American Cancer Society has more about colon cancer.
SOURCES: Eric Jacobs, Ph.D., strategic director, pharmacoepidemiology, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Andrew Chan, M.D., M.P.H., program director, Gastroenterology Training, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; presentation, American Association for Cancer Research, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 18, 2012

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learning Lambda Calculus
Getting deeper into my journey that began with Spencer Brown's Laws of Form (the book costs over $50 on Amazon! I haven't read it yet) I am now learning lambda calculus, inspired by its usage in a Bruno Marchal paper. A paper by David C. Keenan called To Dissect A Mocking Bird describes the same with the use of a graphical notation of "bird-brains" which was very enjoyable.
His delving into that subject helped revive Andrewes' own sundial idea, what he calls the Longitude Dial. His original inspiration came from a 1610 map that University of Wisconsin cartographer David Woodward had once shown him. That map and others by the mathematician Franz Ritter are the oldest known examples of a gnomonic projection. They appear in Ritter's how-to book on sundials, Speculum Solis (Mirror of the Sun), published in Nuremberg, Germany. Ritter's map placed Nuremberg at the center of the Western Hemisphere. The farthest reaches of the map's landmasses look grossly distorted as a result, but the novel perspective causes the meridians of longitude to radiate out from the North Pole in straight lines, so they can double as the hour lines of a sundial. Ritter's innovative pairing of time and place might well have impressed any dialist, but it struck Andrewes with the force of a revelation. And although Ritter intended his gnomonic projection as the basis for a novel sundial, he seems never to have built one. Andrewes knew of no such dial anywhere. But he determined to make one.


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|The English Snaphance developed during the second half on the sixteenth century and was in production by the 1580s.|
|THE ENGLISH SNAPHANCE
Click on the thumbnails below to view full size examples and explanations of the English Snaphance.
dated examples exist, the earliest known being the English snaphance
engraved 1584, now in the Tojhusmuseet, Copenhagen. Another, dated
1588, is in the Victoria & Albert Museum, London, and a third
example, dated 1590, can be seen at the Royal Armouries, Leeds. These
examples confirm that the lock was fully developed prior to 1580.
the first two decades of the 17th century, snaphance guns were
considered to be one of the leading technological innovations in
England and they were included among gifts to the royalty of Europe.
Much evidence survives to show that the snaphance remained popular in
England until the 1640s, although comparatively few examples now exist.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Brussels, 27 November 2003
Travelling with pets: Pet passports to be introduced in July 2004
The European Commission today adopted a Decision establishing a model passport which will allow pets and their owners to travel more easily within the European Union. New EU legislation(1) comes into force in July 2004 which will mean all cats, dogs and ferrets will need a passport to travel. The pet passport, a veterinary document, will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom(2). The passport can also contain details of other vaccinations, including those not required by law, as well as information on the animal's medical history.
David Byrne, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Commissioner said: "This is great news for pet owners like myself. A pet passport will be accepted throughout the EU as proof that a pet has received the anti-rabies vaccination. It also makes it easier for vets to learn about the pet's medical history. This is a significant step for the free movement of people and their pets and a step that was made possible by dramatic advances made in our fight against rabies. Rabies is now close to being totally eradicated from the EU".
Why do pets need passports?
Harmonised veterinary controls on the movement of animals between Member States for trade have been in place for some time. The same rules do not exist for pets. Member States require many different documents to prove a pet meets the veterinary conditions required for travel.
Regulation 998/2003 harmonised the rules on travelling with pets to make it easier for EU citizens and their cats or dogs to enjoy the freedom of movement within the Union. From 3 July 2004 the Regulation will require cats, dogs and ferrets to have a pet passport. It will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
The pet passport will be accepted in all Member States. It can also contain details of other vaccinations and clinical examinations to give a clear picture of the animal's health status. This will facilitate veterinary checks and provide evidence of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control.
What will the passport look like?
The pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the European emblem. The languages used will be English and the official language of the Member State where the passport is issued. The words "European Union" and the name of the Member State will appear on the cover, along with the passport number which is the ISO code of the Member State followed by a unique number.
What difference will it make?
Travelling with pets will become much easier. All the different documents needed for travel into each Member State will be replaced by one veterinary document, the pet passport, which will be recognised across the EU. Visits to the vet will also become much more straightforward as the passport can instantly inform the vet about the pet's medical history.
More information: IP/02/950. If you would like to receive a copy of the passport electronically, please send an e-mail to _EMAIL_, indicating the language.
(1) Regulation 998/2003.
(2) Pets travelling to Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom from the rest of the EU need to have an antibody titration test several months after the rabies vaccination to check it has been effective. The UK and Ireland also require pets to be treated for ticks and tapeworm (echinococcus) as part of the Pets Travel Scheme (PETS). Pets travelling to Sweden need to follow different procedures according to the country of origin.


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Monarch Butterfly Activities
Butterflies by the Beach Coloring Page
Monarch on Flower Coloring Page
National Geographic Kids Monarch Butterflies
Other Monarch Butterfly Activities:
Butterflies Puzzle-on-line jigsaw puzzle of a Monarch butterflies
Butterfly and Bug Drag & Drop and Slider Puzzles- a nice selection to choose from,
different levels of difficulties
Butterfly Post Cardssend a friend a butterfly card to make them smile
Butterfly Memory-find the matching butterflies
Butterfly Vocabulary-set up as a matching game, children match a word to its
meaning-this one is more for upper el students
Caterpillar Puzzle-on-line jigsaw puzzle of Monarch caterpillars
Concentration-match butterfly vocabularymore for upper el students
MazeUse your arrow keys to help the monarch butterfly find the milkweed.
Monarch Puzzle- 20 piece on-line jigsaw puzzle of a Monarch Butterfly
Paint a Butterfly On-Linepaint your very own butterfly! Great for
Primary Games brings you a 6 butterfly themed games-slider puzzle, jigsaws,
wordsearch, matching, tic-tac-toe and more!
NOTE: Most of the links above are from the Teacher's Mouse Pad web site.


In the November 2, 2012, Capital Commentary published by the Center for Public Justice, Paul Brink, associate professor of political science, offers a Christian perspective on why and how to vote.
How Should We Vote?
By Paul Brink
First of all, we should vote. I join others in saying that to vote is actually part of our Christian calling. Given the responsibility of the state to pursue justice, the chief goal of democracy is not to give citizens the right to determine the state's purpose, as secular justifications for democracy might suggest. Rather, when citizens vote, they share with their fellow citizens the duty to discern and pursue together justice and the common good. This is a responsibility we may not ignore. It's a remarkable privilege—and a daunting one.


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In sweatshops, the 'Brazilian dream' goes awry
Brazil's economy has risen, but it's generated new social problems along the way.
Brazil immigrants economyEnlarge
(Nelson Almeida/AFP/Getty Images)
SAO PAULO, Brazil (Reuters) — When Margot Alarconciles woke up one morning last year and found her son sick with what appeared to be a cold, there was little she could do but wrap him in an extra blanket, walk down the hallway and start her workday: sewing clothes for up to 11 hours a day, six days a week.
"I couldn't leave my machine," she said. "Without my job, we could not eat."
Her 5-year-old son's condition deteriorated, and without proper care he soon died. Still grieving, Alarconciles now questions her decision to leave her native Bolivia for Brazil, where salaries can be many times higher but poor immigrants often must settle for work in sweatshops.
"This work is not worth it," she said on a recent Sunday as she waited to meet with an accountant who helps immigrants avoid legal problems by filing tax returns.
Despite efforts by Brazil's government to prevent labor abuses and the tragedies that stem from them, thousands of immigrants continue to toil in illegal factories supplying clothes and other goods to some of the country's best-known retailers, officials and immigrant advocacy groups tell Reuters.
Their stories show how one of the world's biggest economic shifts of the past decade — the rise of large emerging markets such as Brazil — have generated new social problems that many of the countries don't yet have the financial resources or experience to deal with properly.
As the economy boomed, the "Brazilian dream" became a magnet for workers from poorer Latin American countries such as Bolivia, Peru and even faraway Haiti. While Brazil's per capita income is only a quarter of the United States', it's still double that of Bolivia — and its currency has been so strong in recent years that migrant workers have been able to support entire families back home.
In Sao Paulo, the country's business center, the number of immigrants from other South American countries more than doubled between 2000 and 2010 to over 23,000, according to the Brazilian statistics agency IBGE. However, unofficial estimates by city officials put the number at between 200,000 and 400,000.
Alarmed by soaring reports of labor abuses as the migrants flowed in, Brazilian officials in 2009 tried to bring immigrants out of the shadows by signing a regional agreement that made it easier for many of them to receive work visas.
Rather than rely solely on police raids to uncover abuses, the government also consults regularly with immigrants' advocacy groups to find trouble spots and has held retailers responsible for labor abuses on production lines.
However, like many other recent initiatives including greater policing of Brazil's borders, the officials monitoring immigrants' welfare appear to be understaffed and underfunded.
Sao Paulo's metropolitan area has a population of 20 million. Luis Alexandre Faria is one of just two labor ministry inspectors charged with coordinating investigations into "slave labor," the government's term for sweatshop conditions.
Following a recent raid of three sweatshops, he said he believed he was just scratching the surface of the problem.
"I would not be particularly surprised if there were 20 or 30 of these places, all supplying clothes to the same company under the same conditions," Faria said.
The influx of poor migrants into such jobs has continued despite a sharp slowdown in Brazil's economy during the past two years, according to Roque Pattussi, the director of CAMI, a Brazilian immigrant advocacy organization.
"To an immigrant from Bolivia's highlands, Brazil is still the kind of place where somebody can make good money," he said.
Factory raids — and reparations
Faria and his colleague, Renato Bignami, spend most of their day poring over financial statements, hunting for clues that companies rely on low-pay labor.
In a recent case involving Le Lis Blanc, a high-end Brazilian retailer, Bignami said the company's statements showed that some of its divisions were producing thousands of product units a year without a single employee.
In June, Faria led a raid of three workshops he said were listed in Le Lis' financial statement, shutting all of them down. On the government's orders, Le Lis paid the workshops' 28 workers an average of 22,000 reais ($9,400) apiece to make up for unpaid and underpaid work.
In August, the government announced that it had added a fine of 1 million reais.
Le Lis Blanc's Brazilian parent company, Restoque Comercio e Confeccoes de Roupas SA, denied any knowledge of illegal work conditions at the workshops in a statement to Reuters, saying that two independent contractors had hired the workshops. It signed an agreement with the labor ministry to comply with the investigation and pay the workers, though it denies any wrongdoing.
In such cases, rather than deport the workers, the Brazilian government gives legal work visas to those who lack them, Pattussi said, illustrating the more tolerant approach in place since 2009.
Immigrants and advocates say the structure of sweatshops in Sao Paulo has evolved a lot over the past decade.
The factories used to be run mostly by Korean immigrants, but many were busted by the police because of their large size. The industry is now dominated by smaller, Bolivian-run operations, many of them in private homes, they say.
Angela Reveta Lauta moved to Brazil from Bolivia when she was five years old. Now, at 28, she owns a "confeccionaria" - a company that hires workshops on short contracts to produce clothing in bulk for large wholesalers and retailers.
"When I arrived here... nobody thought anything of Bolivian immigrants," she said. "Now, however, buyers come directly to me. They recognize that our work is the best. I am proof that life for Bolivians is better."
Long days, long nights
Yet many immigrants still live in a dark underworld where they see the government as an enemy determined to keep them from earning a good living.
Jesus, a 32-year-old Bolivian who didn't want to give his last name for fear of being targeted by the police, started his own workshop when his Korean boss went out of business after suffering two police raids in one month.
"She told us to rent a house and buy the machines we had been working on from her. We like it here," he said, placing a calloused hand on a metal shutter in front of the house. "It's quiet, and we can work in peace."
Still, setting up his own business has multiplied his risks. When he worked for the Korean woman, rent and food were deducted from his paycheck, meaning the rest was his to spend. He often sent it back to Bolivia, to his ailing father.
Now, he has to pay his part of the rent in a house he shares with a brother plus nearly $500 a month - on top of a whopping $10,000 two-year lease - for a stall measuring 4 square meters in a converted warehouse in a morning bazaar.
Jesus arrives at the bazaar in the commercial neighborhood of Bras at 5:30 a.m. to sell the cotton blouses that he, his wife and a niece produce in a small room in their house. After a quick lunch, he returns home to join the two women, working well into the evening.
"Thankfully, the Brazilian culture is one of luxury. Brazilians change their look two or three times a month," Jesus said with a smile. "That's good for the seller."
For the rank-and-file workers, life can be even more of a day-to-day battle.
Miguel, a Bolivian immigrant who also did not want his last name used, was one of the workers left without a job after the labor ministry's raid of factories producing for Le Lis Blanc.
Asked what he would do with the back wages he received, Miguel said he would stay in Brazil for at least another year. That would be enough time to bring his family over from Bolivia, rent a house and try to find another job, this time as a taxi driver.
Barring that, he would probably find work at another garment factory.
"Something is something," he said. "Having nothing would be worse."
($1 = 2.34 Brazilian reais)
(Editing by Brian Winter, Kieran Murray and Prudence Crowther)


Hog plum's snowy blooms turn into sour fruit
John Nelson
Guest columnist
Such weather! This past weekend it snowed here in South Carolina: big, floppy snowflakes everywhere. Of course, none of it stuck, but it was pretty for a while. Cold, too. And it's gotten colder since then!
John Nelson
Here is a plant that forms a gnarly shrub or small tree…"tortuous" might be useful, with blocky, twisted branches, and thorny stems. Its bark is smooth and dark, sometimes becoming platy on older branches. It looks a lot like what many of us know as "Chickasaw plum", and which is common enough in sandy woods and along roadsides in the Southeast, a shrubby species which blooms early, followed by luscious plums, and which, ripened, may be yellow, orange or cherry-red, and usually sweet (although in my experience, often tart).
Hog plum's white bloom turn into a bitter fruit.
But Chickasaw plum is indeed a lowish shrub, and is "colonial," forming rather dense, crowded thickets. Our Mystery Plant, hog plum or prunus umbellata, is different.
It generally grows as individual plants reaching 10-12' high or so. The plants are completely deciduous, and flowers appear well before any foliage. Flowers are in clusters, mildly fragrant, with 5 snow-white petals and lots of stamens. As the flowers age, the filaments of the stamens, and the flowers stalks, turn reddish, and so when the petals all fall away, the plants give off a sort of hazy pink look from a distance.
Fruits start to mature after the leaves have fully expanded, and they reach their ripe stage, purple, in the summer. The fruits, of course, are drupes, much like that seen in a peach, with a single seed enveloped by a stone. The fruits are nearly an inch in diameter. To me, they have a sort of sour/bitter taste…not so good, actually.
Hog plum grows along highways and open woodlands.
This species grows along highways and in open woodlands of the coastal plain and within the piedmont, from the Carolinas to central Florida, then Texas and Arkansas.
A related plum species in Europe has traditionally been used to make "sloe gin"…the word sloe being used for just about any kind of plum. Making sloe gin requires soaking the fruits in a container with a considerable amount of gin covering them, into which a substantial amount of sugar has been poured. The mixture is allowed to think it over for several days, and then the resulting, colorful and flavored fluid is carefully decanted off.
The plums down in the bottom can be discarded, or used for making jam, or whatever…but the gin is allowed to settle down until it can be decanted again, several times, actually, until the liquid is quite clear. Making sloe gin is not a fast process.
Maybe we should try our native species for this. Anybody?
Readers interested in learning more about Southeastern trees may want to investigate the excellent "Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama" by Robert K. Godfrey…1988, UGA Press.


37The older daughter had a son, whom she named Moab.#19.37: Moab: This name sounds like the Hebrew for "from my father." He was the ancestor of the present-day Moabites. 38The younger daughter also had a son, whom she named Benammi.#19.38: Benammi: This name in Hebrew means "son of my relative" and sounds like the Hebrew for "Ammonite." He was the ancestor of the present-day Ammonites.


Contingent work
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Casual employment)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contingent work, also sometimes known as casual work, is a neologism which describes a type of employment relationship between an employer and employee. There is no universally agreed consensus on what type of working arrangement constitutes contingent work, but it is generally considered to be work with at least one of the following characteristics:
Whether a person who does contingent work can be described as 'having a job' is debatable, but contingent work is usually not considered to be a career or part of a career. One of the features of contingent work is that it usually offers little or no opportunity for career development.
If a job is full time, permanent, and pays a regular salary or a fixed wage for regular hours, it is usually not considered to be contingent work.
Contingent work is not an entirely neutral term as commentators who use the phrase generally consider it to be a social problem.[citation needed] Employment agencies and classified advertising media are more likely to use the phrase casual work, particularly to attract students who wish to earn money during the summer vacation but who would not consider the work as part of a long-term career. All casual work is considered to be contingent work, but not all contingent work is casual. In particular, part time jobs, or jobs in organizations that have a high staff turnover, may be considered contingent work but may not be casual.[citation needed]
Industrial Revolution[edit]
The concept of what is now considered to be a job, where one attends work at fixed hours was rare until the Industrial Revolution. Before then, the predominant regular work was in agriculture. Textile workers would often work from home, buying raw cotton from a merchant, spinning it and weaving it into cloth at home, before selling it on.
In the 1770s, cotton mills started to appear in Lancashire, England, using Richard Arkwright's spinning jenny and powered by water wheels. Workers would often work in twelve hour shifts, six days a week. However, they would still often be paid on a piece work basis, and fines would be deducted from their pay for damage to machinery. Employers could hire and fire pretty much as they pleased, and if employees had any grievance about this, there was very little that they could do about it.
Trade Union movement[edit]
Individual workers were powerless to prevent exploitation by their employers. However, the realisation that all workers generally want the same things, and the benefits of collective bargaining, led to the formation of the first trade unions. As trade unions became larger, their sphere of influence increased, and started to involve political lobbying, resulting in much of the employment law that is now taken for granted.[citation needed]
20th century decline in manufacture[edit]
Manufacture has declined during the 20th century in the Western world. Many manufacturing organisations that employ large numbers of people have relocated their operations to developing nations. As a result, whenever they do hire staff in Europe or North America, they often need to be able to fire them quickly and keep costs as low as possible, to remain competitive. As a result, some employers may look for loopholes in employment law, or ways of engaging staff that allows them to circumvent union-negotiated employment law, creating what is now known as contingent work.[citation needed]
Contingent work in culture[edit]
Contingent work jobs are widely referred to as McJobs. This term was made popular by Douglas Coupland's novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, and stems from the notion that jobs in McDonalds and other fast food and retail businesses are frequently insecure, and that the hiring and firing is as fast as the food.
Critics of the concept[edit]
Critics[citation needed] say that it is unfair to tarnish all employment agencies with the brush of contingent work. Some say that temporary work patterns such as self-employment, consultancy and telecommuting can bring benefits of flexibility not just to employers but also employees, can improve work-life balance, and can make it easier for workers to manage family responsibilities. However, it is argued[citation needed] that such benefits are realized only in middle class jobs, whose entry barriers are too high for most workers with below-average earnings.
Further reading[edit]
See also[edit]


Britain to treble tree planting by 2024
Britain will treble its tree planting rates over the next three years to help reach its target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, and combat climate change.
George Eustice, UK environment secretary, is set to announce that more than 17,000 acres of woodlands would be planted per year.
His statement read:
But it gave no other details regarding how many trees would be planted or where, or how much the planting scheme would cost or how it would be funded.
The statement also did not give a comparison figure for how many acres of woodland had been planted previously.
Britain is due to host the COP26 conference in Glasgow in November.The UK government said it was focused on four goals: securing global net zero, protecting communities and natural habitats from the impacts of climate change, mobilizing finance, and nations working together to accelerate action.
Britain's climate tsar and COP26 President Alok Sharma warned that world leaders must agree to end coal use at the November summit to prevent a climate catastrophe.
"Human activity is damaging our Earth. It is imperilling this brilliant jewel. The greenhouse gases that we've been pumping into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution are altering nature's precious balance, disrupting the finely tuned and fantastically complex system that is the world's climate.''


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An accurate identification of anatomical cardiac features allows more robust and accurate functional and structural analysis of the heart. Hence, anatomical landmark points are obviously essential for an automated cardiac MRI segmentation method. In this challenge, we focus on automatic landmark point detection method, which is particularly necessary for building a 3D LV model. These landmark points include mitral valve points, right ventricular (RV) insert points and base-to-apex central axis points.
Mitral valve points
Mitral valve separates the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). When the mitral valve opens, oxygenated blood flows from LA to LV. The mitral valve closes during systole (contraction), which forces the blood to exit to the aorta via the aortic valve.
In MRI, the mitral valve is clearly shown in long axis view, because this view shows both LA and LV. Two end points of the mitral valve define the mitral valve points. A line connecting the mitral valve points is usually referred as the base plane, which defines the border of LV at base. The base plane is crucial because it affects the LV volume measurement.
During cardiac cycle, the position of mitral valve points oscillates following the base plane longitudinal shifting due to breathing. Your task is to detect the mitral valve points only at end-diastolic (ED) frame from long axis view images. The movie above shows a tracking of the mitral valve points from ED, but this tracking process was performed with an automated method, and thus cannot be considered as the ground truth.
RV insert points
Two intersections between LV and right ventricle (RV) in short-axis view images define the septum. These intersections are usually marked as RV insert points (see figure above). The RV insert points are also important for 3D cardiac modeling, particularly for biventricular models. These points are also used as important landmarks to determine regional myocardial segments, as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA).
In this challenge, we ask participants to define RV insert points only at one particular frame (usually at End-Diastole) on multiple short-axis image slice images. DICOM image filenames of these specific frame and slices of short-axis MRI are pre-defined in the annotation files.
Base-to-apex central axis points
Base and apex central axis points are not actual anatomical landmarks, but they are essential to define the LV central axis for 3D LV models, as well as for the AHA regional segments. For each patient study, one central point at a basal slice and one central point at apical slice are needed. Both are defined at the middle of the LV cavity on short-axis MRI.
Similar to RV insert points, we pre-defined the two DICOM image files for the basal and apical slices.


You are here: Home General Disclosing Your... If I Disclose My Medical...
Disclosing Your Health Condition To Your Employer
If I Disclose My Medical Condition, What Should I Disclose?
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There is a difference between disclosing and sharing everything.
 - How much to disclose depends primarily on your reason for disclosing. For example, if you have decided to disclose so that you do not have the burden of keeping a secret, it may not be sufficient for you to indicate that you are a person with a disability without indicating your diagnosis. You would meet the legal requirement, but you would still be keeping your diagnosis a secret.
 - Even if you are disclosing in order to request an accommodation or a leave of absence and you do not want your employer to be aware of too much information, you may consider simply indicating that you are a person with a disability, and describe the need you have. Understand that if your employer requires evidence of your condition (which it has a right to do), the evidence such as a letter from your doctor will likely include mention of your health condition.
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not given in the final rankings, only their competition numbers. Where possible, I have looked up the names from the published scores of preliminary rounds. I assume that the couple's ID number stays the same throughout the competition. Not all couple numbers appear in the scores of preliminary rounds, perhaps because they reached the final via other rounds in other countries or other competitions. In these cases, the couple name reads "Not Provided" with the year and ID number.
In this report, as well as the official average, I also calculate what I call the "sporting average" as used in most subjectively scored competitions; that is, the average if you ignore the couple's highest and lowest score. Finally I calculate the standard deviation of the scores.
The pages are as follows:
 1. Scores chart - shows the scores given by each judge in the selected year.
 2. Hi/Lo chart - shows the high and low scores averages for each couple.
 3. Ranks chart - shows how far the judges agreed on how to rank the couples.
 4. Scores table - shows how many places each couple moves if you ignore high and low scores in calculating the average.
 5. Ranks table - shows detail of how each judge ranked the couples. If they gave two couples equal scores, those couples get the same rank.
 6. Competition ID - we'll come back to this below.
 7. Notes, basically this information.
 8. A table of all the data, not as it looks in the underlying spreadsheet, but as it looks after Power Query mashes all the years into one data set for calculations. This also shows the average score and the standard deviation calculated over the population as a whole; you can select individual years and judges.
Question 1: agreement between the judges
There is not very much consensus between the judges on either the score or the ranking of any particular couple. They make it difficult for themselves to make fine distinctions by not awarding the full range of marks. Marks are out of ten, but the lowest that appears in any of the clasificatorias (not shown in this data) is 3.75.
I see a floor in the marks for the final; in 2015 the flat lines at 7 stand out in the scatter of scores, as though the judges felt collectively that anything lower would be impolite.
The second-placed couple in 2015 has a high score of 10 and a low score equal to that of the lowest couple. The first-placed couple were not ranked first by any judge. The only couple ranked first by more than one judge was placed 9th. To find the lowest-ranked who were placed top by at least one judge, we have to go down the couple ranked 25th overall. The lowest-ranked couple with a top-three ranking from at least one judge were placed 39th of the 41 couples. Looking at the other years, 2015 does not look atypical. In 2012 and 2013, exactly one of the top five was placed first by more than one judge, and in 2014 two of them were, including the winners.
There seems, looking at the Hi-Lo charts, to be slightly more consensus at the bottom than at the top, but this could be just because of the unofficial floors (which it looks as though not every judge agrees on). When I look at the chart of rankings, rather than scores, I don't see any more agreement at the lower end than the higher end.
In the ranking table, you can de-select a particular judge or combination of judges to see how your favourite couple might have done without them.
On only two occasions from 2012 has any one of the top five couples been placed first by more than one single judge.
On the final page of the report you can look at the standard deviation in the scores awarded by individual judges. Some judges appear in more than one year, sometimes with their names formatted differently, as full names were given in only one year. If a judge has a higher standard deviation, it means they awarded a wider range of marks; presumably, they were more convinced that some couples were better than others. A lower standard deviation means they awarded similar marks to everyone. Unfortunately the judges don't seem to agree on which couples they are, or are not, so convinced about.
Question 2: Sporting Average
Because the marks are, in my view, all over the place anyway, eliminating high and low scores before calculating the average doesn't make a lot of difference to the competition overall. It does make a difference to individual couples: it would have reversed the top 2 in 2015, and the couple placed 30th would have risen 8 places. This is the largest gain in any year, and also occurred in 2014. The largest loss is 12 places in 2012, and there seem to be bigger losses than gains for individual couples generally; someone goes down by a lot and everyone they drop below gains one. This seems consistent with the observed'marking floor'; when a judge disagrees with their peers, they apparently tend to do so by awarding a very high mark rather than by going below the general 'floor' for that year.
Question 3: Is there anything we can observe about the couples that goes with high or low scores?
There isn't, in my view, enough agreement between the judges - or enough good video - to say much about this question.
I noticed is that there was a pattern to the numbers pinned on the couples' suits; there are a lot more lower ones. Closer inspection of the source data shows that this probably has something to do with the geographical origin of the couple and their route to the final. The system of awarding numbers is not covered in the published rules, but it seems the lower numbers are given in Buenos Aires and the higher numbers further afield.
So, taking this as a proxy for where couples came from, I checked to see if it was also related to their scores, and this is shown in the final chart, "Competition ID". Answer: not really.
The line in the same chart shows the average score for each block of 10. There are more couples with lower numbers, so perhaps we'd expect their average score to end up closer to the overall average of all couples than it is; it's rather higher. But those couples are also likely to have had more serious competition in previous rounds, which should also drive their average up compared to everyone else arriving via other routes. There isn't an obvious relationship between couple number and score as such. The foreigners are fine too, there just aren't that many of them.
More precise geographical origin of the couples is at least partially given in the source data, but as it's mostly in the form of tiny flags in graphics it would be a lot more work to get it, which I haven't done.
So, basically, no, there isn't anything I can say about how to do well, based on this data. There's no couple who did so clearly well or so clearly badly that you could watch and learn.
General remarks
In my own opinion, it's rather unrealistic of me to look at the Mundial as though it were a sporting competition. If it were you were really going for an exciting sporting competition, or some sort of mechanism for identifying the best dancers, then you would probably design a rather different event. It might, for example, include challenging tests of the ability to dance well to a variety of music, including milonga and vals, on a floor more than one-third full. There might be more rounds, with the judges taking longer looks at fewer couples in each. Judging criteria would be a matter of public record, rather than rumour. And there would be a system for creating agreement between the judges over time, beyond simply agreeing that scores below 7 were impolite. What it is, rather, is a marketing exercise for the 'Tango Salon' industry, designed to honour the heritage and disseminate awareness of the music and dance, while bringing lots of young couples who dance in a certain popular, standard-ish way, to public attention and prosperity.
If you are choosing a teacher, having reached the final in the Mundial indicates that a couple dance well in a particular style and have good tango technique, at least when dancing with their competition partner - as opposed to the very different sort of technique that is used for "Argentine Tango" on Strictly Come Dancing. It is not evidence that even one judge in the final thought they were the best. They may have been, but the chances are the judges didn't know - or if they thought they knew, they certainly didn't agree - in which case, I definitely don't know, and you don't know, either. Their ranking within the final says very little, if anything at all.
This is, in my opinion, pretty much how it should be. I don't think a true sporting competition in these circumstances would necessarily be a good idea. It didn't do ballroom any good, as a social dance.
In particular, I think it's probably a good thing that the judges don't agree. Standardisation would be toxic.
I do have a couple more questions.
 - Can we seperate the level of disagreement between the judges from the question of whether there is any real difference between the couples that they could possibly measure? I can compare the real data with simulated data based on having and not having a real difference, and the results are amusing, but I think I end up assuming what I set out to prove. It might be more interesting to compare the Campeonato de la Ciudad.
 - Does the order in which the couples are called - in four


Critical Mass
The Critical Library: Helen Vendler
Each week, the National Book Critics Circle will post a list of five books a critic believes reviewers should have in their libraries. We recently heard from Helen Vendler, A. Kinglsey Porter University Professor at Harvard University, and a three-time NBCC finalist. Here is what she pointed out as worth keeping in your library at all times.
The Bible, with a concordance: It lies behind English and American literature.
Shakespeare: A never-failing resource of the poetic imagination.
an Etymological Dictionary: For the ground of meaning of all words
the OED
: For the history of the meaning of a word
an en face Horace: To see a set of classical lyrics with many genres, no wasted words, and an impregnable structure.
Helen Vendler
is A. Kingsley Porter University Professor at Harvard University.


text:
Build a Wren and Chickadee Box
NOTICE: Please read all directions before beginning any new woodworking project!
The 1 1/8-inch hole size is adapted to the needs of house, Bewick and Carolina wrens and chickadees. If you only want to attract house wrens, the hole can be reduced to 7/8 inch (the diameter of a quarter). The 3 1/2 x 4-inch interior dimensions are minimal, and some people prefer a 4 x 4-inch interior size.
For wrens, mount the house 6 to 8 feet high; for chickadees, it can be slightly higher, up to ten feet. If the box is nailed to a tree, use aluminum nails and leave the heads protruding 1/4 to 1/2 inch to allow for tree growth. Clean the box after each nesting. Several of these houses may be erected in a yard. Space them 20 to 50 feet apart. Wrens build two or more nests per year, but they rarely use the same box twice in a season, preferring to nest in a different box. Male wrens also sometimes attract two females into their territory. The males may put twigs in all the houses, but the females pick the box for nesting. Also, there is competition between chickadees and wrens. Chickadees nest first, and the late-arriving wrens may attempt to destroy their nests. Several houses, well spaced, help provide enough room for both species.
Wrens arrive about April 10-20, after wintering in the southern United States. Clutch size usually is six to eight eggs. Incubation is about 15 days, and age to first flight is another 15 days. Two or more broods per year are normal.
Chickadees are year-round residents of Missouri, and we have both the black-capped and Carolina chickadees. Nesting begins in late March and early April. One clutch of five to eight eggs is common. Incubation is from 11 to 13 days, and first flight is made 14 to 18 days after hatching. Chickadees prefer wooded areas.
Paper wasps or ants may be a problem. Inspect and clean vacant boxes.


Scala tips
Scala Option and Some
The absence of a value during rurtime should be somehow handled otherwise the will be a runtime error. The absent value is a null value. If we have a value of type D that may be absent (for example in method, function, class constructor), Scala uses an instance (object) of the (abstract) classOption[D] as its container. The class Option has two sub classes Some and None. Therefore, an instance of Option is an instance of either Some or None. For a variable x of type Option[D], the factory (of Option[D]) creates Some(x) if x!= null or None if x == null.
The following are examples of situations to use Option:
1- Creating a type-Option val:
val optionalIntValue: Option[Int] = Some(1)
val optionalValue = Some("abc") // Scala infers the type
// or
// val optionalIntValue: Option[Int] = None // type is needed
2- When a function may or may not return a value; we want to give it the option to return a value or not:
def myFunc: Option[String] = {... }
3- When a parameter of a function can be present or absent, i.e being optional to be given:
def myFunc(param1: Option[D]):...
case class MyClass(param1: Option[D], param2: String)
Keeping in mind that Option is just a type as a container for a value that can be absent, there are several ways to use an Option-type variable. Examples:
1- The most general way is to use an Option with a match. We can define the output of a method as an Option and handle the output. For example, a function that reads user input. User may just press Enter/Cancel and input nothing.
def readUserInput(): Option[processedUserInputType] = {... }
readUserInput() match {
 case Some(outputOftheFunction) => // Do something with outputOftheFunction
 case None => // Do something when there is no output
This example is to show how to make a parameter of a function optional for the user. If not provided, it will be considered as a predefined value None.
def show(x: Option[String], y: Option[Int] = None) = {
 x match {
 case Some(s) => println(s)
 case None => println ("?")
 y match {
 case Some(number) => println( s"the number is ${number}")
 case None => println("no number")
val myInput1 = Some("hello bear")
show(myInput1) // hello bear no number
show(None) //? no number
show(None, y=Some(123)) //? the number is 123
2- Extracting the value of an Option using getOrElse method. A default value for the None case is mandatory.
val someValue1 = Some(123)
val someValue2 : Option[Int] = None
someValue1.getOrElse(100) // 123
someValue2.getOrElse(100) // 100
Scala Fundamentals (1)
1- Block expression
The intermediate results (vals/vars) in a block expression are local. Example:
val firstName = "Polar"
def name: String = {
 println("This is a block")
 val title = "Mr."
 val lastName = "Bear"
 title + " " + firstName + " " + lastName
firstName: String = Polar
name: String
This is a block
Mr. Polar Bear
Error:(9, 17) not found: value title
Block expression are useful for evaluating intermediate expressions and assigning the result to a val/var.
2- Objects and classes
Everything is a kind of object in Scala; even primitive types, Int, Boolean, are objects. Also the program code to be run is an object and is defined in the form/pattern of an object. All objects can have methods and fields (attributes). Methods of an objects give functionality to the object to do task or computation on data. Fields are for storing data. Every object belongs to a class that have only one instance.
A class is an abstract template for creating objects that have similar methods and fields. A class also defines/create a Type (of objects) and therefore objects of the same class have the same Type. A class is not a value (like functions and objects) and it lives in its own namespace. Scala has two namespace: namespace of values, and namespace of types. Classes live in the type namespace.
The functionality of an object (if it has one) can be called like a function. A function is a first class value whereas a method belongs to an object. For example:
object addNumbers{
 def addEm (a: Int, b: Int) = println(a + b)
// compare with
object addNumbers{
 def apply (a: Int, b: Int) = println(a + b)
Function-like application of any object is available by using the apply method.
An executable Scala program is an object with an entry point, i.e. the main method. An object can be made executable (or an executable Scala code) by either adding a main method, or making the object extends the type App:
object MyProgram{ // this is a singleton objec
 import... //import libraries
 // Array[String] are used for the command line arguments
 // body of the main program to do stuff
// or
object MyProgram extends App {
 // body of the main program to do stuff
1- Singleton object
Is an objects which is unique and we cannot create other values of this object. Singleton object belongs to a class that have only one instance. As it can be seen the type of a singleton object defined as bellow is itself. The term Box$_USER_ indicated the type @ a unique (reference) identifier of the object. All types of objects have unique identifiers.
object Box
res0: Box.type = Box$_USER_
2- Object (normal)
An object should belong to a predefined class. Example:
class Animal(val kind: String, val location: String) {
 def loc = println(kind + " lives in " + location)
val polarbear_1 = new Animal("Bear", "north pole")
// results
defined class Animal
polarbear_1: Animal = Animal@669cb6c7
Bear lives in north pole
res2: String = Bear
The class Animal creates a new type Animal that can be used like any other types. This is a type of an object.
3- Companion Objects
A companion object of a class is a singleton object with the same name as a class (and defined in the same file as the class's file). The class is also called the companion class of the object. These two live in different namespaces, i.e. value and type namespaces. It is then important to note that the companion object is not an instant of its companion class. One application is to have the (singleton) companion object manage and implement the constructors of an instant (object) of the companion class. In this case the companion object is an auxiliary tool. For example:
class Line(val point_1:Double, val point_2:Double){
 def printPoints = println(point_1,point_2)
val line_1 = new Line(0.0, 1.0) // Line is the name of the class
// Compare with
 def printPoints = println(point_1,point_2)
object Line{
 def apply(point_1:Double, point_2:Double): Line = new Line(point_1,point_2)
val line_1 = Line(0.0,1.0) // Line is the name of the object
4- Case classes
Case classes are useful shorthand for defining a class, its companion objects and several useful features at once. They are ideal for lightweight data-holding classes. Defining a case class is as of a class, however, with adding the literal case, and the val keyword for the constructors is optional. It also does not need a new keyword as there is a companion object with an apply method for the purpose of creating the case class. Example:
case class Animal (kind:String, location:String){
// instantiate a case class using its class
val polarbear_1 = new Animal("polar bear", "north pole")
// instantiate a case class using its companion object automatically built
val polarbear_2 = Animal("polar bear", "north pole")
Features of case classes
1- Sensible equal and hashCode methods acting on the field values of the objects rather than the reference identity. Example:
polarbear_1 == polarbear_2
// result
res2: Boolean = true // but two different values
polarbear_1.eq(polarbear_2) //eq method compares the reference ids
res2: Boolean = false
2- Copy method
val polarbear_3 = polarbear_1.copy() // it is a shallow copy
3- Pattern matching using case classes. Pattern match is an extended if.
To match against the constructor values. Example:
case class Animal (kind:String, location:String){
object inspectAnimal{
 def inspect(anAnimal: Animal): String =
 anAnimal match { // it reads: check if anAnimal matches a case and then output as insructed
 case Animal("bear", "north pole") => "this is a polar bear"
 case Animal("bear", "Banff") => "this is a Griz


text:
Get firsthand accounts of simulation experiences, including benefits and lessons learned, presented by those familiar with simulation training in Illinois.
Simulation training recreates real-life conditions to prepare child welfare workers and students for interactions with families and critical partners in child welfare work.
Explore the videos on this site for firsthand accounts of simulation experiences, its benefits, and key considerations based on lessons learned. The videos present perspectives from program developers, trainers, participants, agency leaders, and other individuals familiar with simulation training in Illinois.
Consult the series publications for more detailed information and tips on simulation training:
This site features videos and interviews with representatives from the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, the Child Protection Training Academy at the University of Illinois at Springfield, the Children and Family Research Center, and simulation training actors and community professionals. (Find out more about the Illinois simulation training program and its evaluation.
The need for training continues across child welfare, but students and new caseworkers still can benefit from practicing the skills required for casework after their classroom sessions have ended. This podcast discusses a virtual reality-based home visiting training currently being used by the university's B.S.W. students —Virtual Home Simulation (VHS))— which was developed by the University of Utah College of Social Work in partnership with the university's games and applications lab
In FY 2015 the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services partnered with the University of Illinois Springfield to develop the Child Protection Training Academy in order to redesign the six-week classroom training for new investigators and create an experiential component. This paper chronicles the goals of the partnership and the planning and implementation of the Academy.


text:
Ayurveda has explained in detail about post natal care of mother. Seasons and place – both have their effect on mental and physical health. Keeping this in mind, Ayurveda has explained in little variations in post natal mother care. Ayurvedic Post Natal Care:
In the last article, we learnt about basics of Ayurvedic post natal care here.
In General following diet for the mother in the first week.
1. Rice gruel mixed with a pinch of ginger and pepper.
2. Horsegram soup added with a spoon of ghee and a pinch of salt.
3. Ash gourd, and radish – fried in ghee.
4. Meat soup – Those accustomed to non veg, can have meat soup.
Post natal care based on season and place:
During winter or rainy season – in cold, moist place –
- Because of coldness, Vata and Kapha will be high. Due to this, digestion power will be low. Hence, initially, ghee is best avoided for initial 3 days.
- Instead, 2 ounce of rice is added with 12 ounce of water, boiled. The scum of this water is added with a pinch of ginger and pepper. This drink is given to mother.
- Once after digestion power is improved, ghee processed with pepper and such other spices are given.
- Ears should be kept closed
- Warm and soothing cloth are preferred.
- Diet and activities with hot qualities are preferred.
- Direct wind exposure is best avoided.
During summer and / or in dry places with high temperature.
- In such places and season Pitta and Vata is high. Hence ghee processed with long pepper etc are administered freely.
- Oil massage with Balaswagandhadi taila / Ksheerabala taila followed by hot water bath is given extra significance.
Click to buy Balaswagandhadi taila from USA or any other part of the world.


ObamaCare Costs Hit School Districts, Employees
ObamaCare Costs Hit School Districts, Employees
June 14, 2013
Evelyn B. Stacey
School districts across the country are digging through the details to see how the Affordable Care Act, known as ObamaCare, will impact their budgets starting January 1, 2014. The law's mandates are causing schools to fire employees, reduce employee hours, and otherwise slash education spending.
"Since most of [school districts'] budget is people, it is likely that, absent special federal or state funding, there will be some cutbacks. The exact magnitude will be driven by the size of the cost increases—something that we will not know until they unfold over the next few years," said Michael Shires, a professor of public finance at Pepperdine University. "One of the lessons the current federal fiscal crisis and the deficits in most states has taught us is that there really are limits to the resources available to public budgets. So, as the costs per employee rise, that money has to come from somewhere. So whether it is through larger class sizes, a smaller number of aides and support staff, or fewer books and other materials, there will likely be a decline in resources in the classrooms."
By January, all districts with 50 or more full-time employees must provide government-approved healthcare benefits. One significant change for schools is the new definition for full-time employees: Those who work an average of 30 hours per week. Previously, part-time work meant less than 40 hours per week. School districts unable to afford healthcare benefits for part-time employees are reducing the number of hours they can work.
Several national organizations contacted for this article said they had no statistics indicating how widespread are ObamaCare's financial effects on schools, but news articles about the trend are surfacing nationwide, most indicating significant cuts resulting from the new law.
Case Studies
Ohio's Youngstown School District sent out letters notifying more than 300 part-time employees their hours will be cut. In Pennsylvania, part-time hours will be limited to 29.5 hours of work per week. Fort Wayne schools in Indiana recently notified all 610 part-timers they now must work no more than 25 hours a week.
Granite School District in Utah has estimated providing bigger healthcare insurance for all part-time employees in 2013-2014 will cost nearly $14 million. Its annual budget is about $500 million.
"The cost of benefits for individuals and families ranges from around $11,000 to $14,000. We currently have around 1,200 part-time hourly employees. That is how we came to the estimate of $14 million needed to provide them with benefits," said Ben Horsley, Granite's spokesman. To reduce these taxpayer costs, the district has sent letters to all 1,200 part-timers notifying them that in January their weekly hours must average of 29 or less.
'Such a Hardship'
Before ObamaCare, part-time employees typically did not receive medical insurance, but they were allowed to work and earn more money per week, with "some working 32-plus hours as they chose," said Susen Zobel, president of the Granite Education Association, a local union. "The only realistic choice our district, and other employers, is given for this employee group was to cut the number of hours they were able to work. This is such a hardship because they would like to work more hours and have offered to waive medical insurance because often they have it through the other spouse. But that is not allowed under ACA."
Most of these part-timers "are not career employees" like teachers, Horseley said. Instead, they are classroom aides or janitors.
Layoffs a Real Possibility
"All have the opportunity to apply for full-time contract positions, which turn over pretty regularly," he said. But if "we were required to provide them with benefits, services at schools would be impacted and the board would have to decide how to pay for those benefits. That situation would require some layoffs."
To temporarily ease these challenges, Utah state Rep. Melvin Brown (R-Coalville) sponsored a bill this year to provide a one-time school funding increase of $160 million for 2013-2014.
"The biggest problem facing all districts in our state is the fact that this also applies to substitute teachers," Zobel said. "Now they can only work three-and-a-half days a week. This causes us to split subs for long-term situations, such as my friend that was diagnosed with brain cancer in January. Instead of only having to worry about one sub covering her class, she had to work with two subs to have her classes covered."
Research shows use of more substitute teachers reduces student learning.
Higher Costs All Around
In addition to the cost of covering more employees, the ObamaCare law will increase health insurance premium costs by an estimated 13 to 23 percent, according to analyses by WellPoint Health Insurance Company, Hoover Institution Senior Fellow Daniel Kessler said.
"Employers have to pay a tax penalty because their policies do not carry sufficiently generous insurance," likely resulting in lower wages for employees, Kessler said.
ObamaCare creates additional confusion for districts in determining whether they count as a small or large employer. The IRS requires a count of full-time employees plus the cumulative number of hours part-time employees work, which could add more full-time employee equivalents.
Many school districts have yet to decide how to deal with the issue. In the coming months, school boards will be discussing the law's budget impacts in public meetings across the country.
Image by kptice.
Evelyn B. Stacey


text:
Disability assist dogs
IntroductionDisability assist dogs have different rules for access to public conservation land.
You can take a disability assist dog into controlled dog areas without the need for a permit. The dog must be assisting a person with a disability or be with a person training the dog. Keep your dog under control at all times to protect native wildlife.
If an area requires a person to have a permit to enter, the dog also requires a permit. This includes certified dogs under training. Contact the DOC office closest to the area you want to take your dog.
Disability assist dog definition
Disability assist dogs is the term used for:
- seeing-eye dogs
- mobility assistance dogs
- epilepsy assistance dogs, and
- other dogs that assist people.
Who can certify disability assist dogs
The Department of Internal Affairs authorises these organisations to certify disability assist dogs:


Friday, December 07, 2007
Neighbors in Support v. County of Tuolumne (Cal. Ct. App. - Dec. 7, 2007)
Justice Wiseman typically writes -- and hence knows -- better than to begin an opinion with the following sentence: "We begin by stating the question presented in this case."
Just state the question. Or conclusion. Or anything else, for that matter.
Don't introduce your opinion by saying "There is a question presented by this case. Wait for a sentence and I'll tell you what it is. Then I'll answer it." We sort of figured that much out even before we began reading.
I know that Justice Wiseman can write better than this. As I said, e.g., here. (P.S. - Was I right or what about People v. Castro? Review of which was granted by the California Supreme Court last year.)


text: This book studies unemployment and inflation in economic crises, first considering the scenario of a demand shock in Europe. In that case, monetary and fiscal interaction would cause widespread oscillations in European unemployment and European inflation. And what is more, there would be equally far-reaching fluctuations in the European money supply and European government purchases. These monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on the American economy. Second, it examines the scenario of a supply shock in Europe, in which monetary and fiscal interactions would have no effects on European unemployment or European inflation; there would also be an explosion of European government purchases and an implosion of the European money supply. Monetary and fiscal interactions would produce uniform oscillations in American unemployment and American inflation. Lastly, we would also see an implosion of both the American money supply and American government purchases.


text:
Hello to all,
Does anybody again to share about my new project.
We have 3 drums of welding cable and rotating with each 3 platforms (little bigger than drum dia.). Each drum cable goes into the 3 welding tips respectively. Now, Operators want to know the remaining welding cables inside each drum. The operators remind the machine that it cannot start again once remaining cables are less than to complete one whole welding cycle.
Are there any other sensors to monitor the welding cables inside the drum? Aside, I am planning to put load cell/strain gauge in each platform to measure the weight of the drum. Is my approach correct?
Please give me some ideas about how to measure these drums. Those people in welding industries
will be much appreciated.
Thanks in advance,
I assume that you mean the electrode wire, and not the shunt cable. It is difficult to give a realistic answer without knowing the mechanical parameters in more detail.
However, sensing wire feed is a common application. The most straight forward methods all rely on the length of wire between the spool and the work piece being enough for at least one part. Thus, when the spool itself runs out, there is still enough wire in the system to finish the part. This means you are not trying to measure the wire while it is still on the spool. Instead you are detecting it after it has left the spool (which is much more practical to do).
You then just need to detect either if the wire is present, or if it is moving. Detecting the wire itself reliably is usually not easy. It is usually better to have the motion of the wire turn or move something else (e.g. around a pulley or between a wheel and pinch roller), and then detect that. This also tells you if the wire is broken or jammed somewhere in the system (the wire is not moving when it should be). You will need to make the logic tolerant of timing lags in the system or else you will get a lot of false triggers.
I doubt that weighing the spools would work. There just isn't enough weight difference between "almost empty" and "empty" to weigh accurately. Furthermore, you won't know what that particular spool weighs empty until you actually empty (at which time it is too late to care).
Hello Mr. Griffin,
Your idea is very much appreciated.
Yes, I am reffering to the welding electrodes rotating inside the invisible drums (not a naked spool which also commonly seen and used).
To add some flow of the process, we are welding for a 11 meters long max. continues welding with no stopping between 0-11 meters.
Otherwise repairs will be done and considered downgraded products if not properly repaired.
We are to avoid stopping between 0-11 meters without knowing electrodes present in the drum. Operators should know or automatilcally determine electrodes present in the drum that it is not possible for a complete 1 cycle (0-11 meters) welding. Otherwise change the drum if detects less than 1 complete cycle.
Welding speed, voltage, amperes base on the thickness welded object may affect the lenght of the electrodes. Distance from the drum to the welding tip is 20 meters and I assure this is not possible for a 1 complete welding cycle proceess.
I might be grateful if this will be done,
You might try the simple approach first. Have the controller count how many meters are used. Add to your interface a reset for a new spool or where the new spool meters are entered manually. Then have the control count down or subtract how much you used plus a safety factor, and you shouldn't be having to do rework. You could add a manual input for operators in the event they waste the wire on start up, wire breaks, etc.
Just a thought for a simple approach.
The first parameter you have to determine is how much wire is enough. If 20 metres of wire isn't enough, then what is?
You might consider modifying the feed system such that it gives you more length between the spool and the work piece. You could move the spools further away, or (likely more practical) you could run the wire through some guides to zig-zag it back and forth.
Alternatively, you could try weighing the spools as in your original idea, but I think you will end up throwing out a lot of wire at the end of the spool to avoid the risk of running out. Weighing the wire simply won't be as accurate as actually measuring it.
It is not really possible to make a recommendation though, as this comes down to a matter of economics. Your application is a bit unusual in that the length of your continuous weld is much longer than in typical manufacturing. In most applications people want to avoid wasting wire. You however have to balance a more complex feed system (and more time to change spools) versus wasting wire versus scrapping what sounds like a large and expensive part.


Grammar: [noun] [de staking, de stakingen].
Translates to: "strike".
The verb that goes with "staking" is "staken", which means "to strike". The Dutch are not eager to strike but it happens once in a while, especially in public transportation.
1. "In de vier grote steden is er vandaag een staking in het openbaar vervoer."
("In the four big cities, today there's a strike in public transportation." See 'Extra' below.)
This example is based on a true event ;-), see
2. "Omdat het overleg tussen de vakbonden en de overheid is vastgelopen, is er vandaag een staking."
("Because the negotiations between the unions and the government have reached a deadlock, there will be a strike today.") See also "DWOTD 77. Overleg".
3. "Vanwege de slechte omstandigheden besloot de gevangene in hongerstaking te gaan."
("Because of the bad conditions the prisoner decided to go on hunger strike.")
Related Words:
1. "Staker": striker.
2. "Vakbond": union.
3. "Werkonderbreking": (work) stoppage.
4. "Protesteren": to protest.
"De vier grote steden" (see example 1 above) is the common group name for Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag and Utrecht.
6 thoughts on "Staking
 What about the expression RANDSTAD?
 2. The term 'Randstad' (literally: edge city) is used to indicate the agglomeration that consists of 'de vier grote steden' and all the surrounding areas that all together form a strip from Amsterdam to Rotterdam following the coast line ("edge"). For example: the city of Leiden is not one of the 'vier grote steden', but it is however part of the 'Randstad'. Read more at
 The word "Randstad" appeared earlier in "DWOTD 26. Fluitje" (
 3. Does "staken" also mean "to strike" as in to hit something? Or is it strictly a business oriented strike?
 4. "Staken" does not translate to "to hit something", however it does have a second meaning, which would be "to end an activity of some kind" in a more general sense. Here are three common examples:
 1. "De politie staakte de zoektocht, omdat het te donker werd."
 ("The police stopped the search, because it got too dark.")
 2. "De wedstrijd werd gestaakt vanwege het wangedrag van sommige spelers."
 ("The game was ended due to the misbehaviour of some of the players."
 3. "Ik staak het verzet!"
 ("I end my resistance!")
 5. Which version is correct:
 "Prettig weekend!" or "Prettige weekend!"
 Looking at the weather forecast for this weekend you might claim that neither is likely, but I would be interested from a grammatical point of view.
Comments are closed.


text:
ABOUT 176 million tonnes (mt) of aviation fuel was burnt in 1990
-- 14 per cent of the world's consumption of transportation fuel.
This air traffic fuel produced about 550 mt of carbon dioxide,
220 mt of water, and 3.5 mt of nitrogen oxides.
Dean Abrahamson of the University of Minnesota has
calculated what this means in terms of emissions per trip made. A
return trip from New York to New Delhi emits 4.1 tonnes of carbon
dioxide per passenger. This is equivalent to 1.12 tonnes of
carbon -- the average amount of carbon emitted worldwide by a
person through the burning of fossil fuels every year.
In India, a return Bombay-Delhi flight would release 0.11
tonnes of carbon per passenger. A return Delhi-Madras trip would
emit 0.16 tonnes and a return Delhi-Calcutta trip 0.12 tonnes.If everyone had an equal quota of carbon dioxide emissions,
every high flier would be making trips on borrowed quotas.
An enormous amount of air travel takes place for leisure and
fun. A recent British government report shows that 78 per cent of
air trips originating in a year in the UK are for leisure.


Technician Mayelin Mejias works at a vaccine processing plant at the Finlay Vaccine Institute in Havana, on January 20, 2021. YAMIL LAGE / Contributor/ Getty Images
Cuba is developing a vaccine, Soberana 02, which could be used to vaccinate its population.
Three others are also in the works. Cuba has a history of effective campaigns without Western help.
Several anti-capitalist countries have expressed interest in receiving the vaccine.
Visit the Business section of Insider for more stories.
A vaccine developed by the Cuban government is touted to enter Phase 3 trials in March, raising the prospect of the small, communist nation overseeing a homegrown vaccine drive.
The vaccine, Soberana 2, has yet to be formally approved. But Cuba is betting big on its success, which builds on a history of medical programs where the nation has acted alone.
The country aims to be one of the first in the world to vaccinate its entire population of 11 million by the end of 2021, though it will start significantly behind others countries which are already giving out jabs.
100 million doses of Soberana 02 could be produced by the country for domestic use and export by the end of the year, officials there say.
The country is developing four vaccines in parallel. The Finlay Institute of Vaccines is leading on Soberano 02, and also Soberano 01, which is not as far through the process.
Two more, Abdala and Mambisa, are being developed by the Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología.
Mambisa, which is still very early in the phases of testing, is an intranasal treatment, which means it would be delivered through the nose rather than by a needle.
Both the institutes are funded and operated by the Cuban government.
A promising program – but little public data
"The Finlay Institute is a leading biopharma institution in Cuba", Professor Beate Kampmann, director of the Vaccine Centre at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, told Insider in an interview.
"This is a solid enterprise that is [already] making the vaccines for a lot of Latin America, including tetanus and other conjugated vaccines."
Story continues
If Soberana 02 is proven to be effective in Phase 3 clinical trials, it will be the first vaccine against COVID-19 to be developed in Latin America.
Phase 3 is the final stage before a vaccine is generally approved by national regulators.
A Phase 1 trial of a vaccine is limited to a dozen or so people, to show it is safe. Phase 2 often involves more than 100 people, and measures side-effects and how the broad immune system reacts.
The Phase 3 is typically the real test of whether the vaccine works, and involves several hundred volunteers. Its goal is to measure how effective the vaccine is compared to a control group.
The Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines all passed Phase 3 before widespread use. For the WHO to approve the vaccines for emergency use, Cuba will need to show they has at least 50% efficacy.
Safety and immunogenicity data from the Phase 1 and 2 trial results have not been published yet, which makes it difficult for external experts to judge whether they work. Past performance is helpful indicator, but no guarantee of success.
Experimental COVID-19 vaccines can fall at the first hurdle. Pharma giants Merck and Sanofi gave up on vaccine candidates after early trials didn't pan out.
Cuban scientists told Mesa Redonda, a popular Cuban television program, that the vaccines are "working well".
Eduardo Martínez Díaz, president de BioCubaFarma, speaks to Mesa Redonda about the Soberana 02 vaccine. YouTube/Mesa Redonda
The scientists said they were using tried and tested vaccine platforms, developed by Cuba's biotech industry.
Soberana 02 is a conjugate vaccine, a type of vaccine which carries the portion of the spike protein which binds to human cells. On its own, this bit of protein will not trigger a strong immune response, so the vaccine is tied to ("conjugated with") another substance to boost its effectiveness.
In animals, the vaccine triggered a strong neutralising response, according to data which has not yet been reviewed by other scientists.
Kampmann said that, according to available data, the vaccine's Phase 1 trials, which began in October, have just finished recruiting. The Phase 2 was initiated on December 21, 2020, and is scheduled to recruit 910 participants over the course of a year.
In a tweet on January 5, however, the Finlay vaccine institute said that 700 participants had already received the first dose of the Phase 2 trial of Soberana 02 and that it expects a Phase 3 trial in March.
When the trial starts, the vaccine is due to be given to 42,000 Cubans, with the aim of being extended to the rest of the population at a later date, the tweet said.
On the design of the vaccine, Kampmann said that this type of vaccine has been used by this team many times before, and is likely to be pretty safe.
But, she said, until the relevant data from the trials is public, it's impossible to know how good the vaccine is.
Big pharma, communist-style
Over the past decades, Cuba has plowed cash into its state-owned biotech industry. After the revolution of 1959, foreign and domestically-owned pharma companies were nationalized, and the Cuban government has run a centralized biotech industry ever since.
Professor Helen Yaffe, a Cuba expert, told Insider: "In the advanced capitalist countries in Europe and the US, we don't know much about Cuba's prowess in medical science and global health"
Yaffe is a lecturer of economics and social history at Glasgow University and author of "We Are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World".
"But in the global South," she continued, "they do. Why? Because for over 60 years Cuba has had 400,000 healthcare professionals working around the world."
The small island nation is accustomed to exporting medical professionals to crisis-hit areas of the world in a program called the Henry Reeve Brigade.
An emergency contingent of Cuban doctors and nurses arrive at Italy's Malpensa airport after traveling from Cuba to help Italy battle the spread of the coronavirus, near Milan, March 22, 2020. REUTERS/Daniele Mascolo
The scheme made headlines early in the pandemic, when Cuban medics came to help the overwhelmed Lombardy region of Italy.
The work prompted a campaign to nominate the Cuban doctors for the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize, which has been endorsed by US celebrities Tom Morello and Danny Glover.
Yaffe highlighted that the Cuban biotechnology sector is distinctive. Because it is owned by the state and not supported by speculative financing, she said its priority is not to make money, but prioritize health outcomes.
This approach is seen by some as medical humanitarianism, by others as medical diplomacy.
Friends in the Global South
Cuba is "a global leader in South-South transfer of technology" the WHO said in a report published in 2015.
It has struck past deals with Algeria, India, Brazil, China, South Africa, Mexico, Argentina, Vietnam and Malaysia.
Several countries have publicly expressed interest in purchasing the Soberana 02 vaccine once the Phase 3 trial is complete, including Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam, Pakistan, and India.
The African Union, which represents all 55 nations in Africa, has also shown interest.
Latin American countries are also likely to request the vaccine if it proves to be efficacious, according to Kampmann, the academic in London.
Cuba makes the yellow fever and the tetanus vaccine for the childhood immunization programme in the area, and Kampmann said that there is "trust in their ability to deliver vaccines"
"Price-wise they are also going to be attractive", Kampmann said. Cuban vaccines would likely cost less than other licensed vaccines, which are just too expensive for low and middle income countries, she said.
On Sunday, Mexico's foreign minister said it was considering approving a phase 3 trial of a Cuban vaccine there, local media said.
Iran is due to be the first foreign country to receive the vaccine, in a Phase 3 trial of Soberana 02 run in collaboration with the Pasteur Institute in Iran. Up to 150,000 Cuban and Iranian volunteers are due to receive the vaccine during this trial.
Both countries have long been subject to sanctions led by the US. Iran has had a tumultuous relationship with Western vaccines, and has accused the sanctions imposed by former President Donald Trump of hindering its access to vaccines.
In July 2020, UN special rapporteurs called on the US to lift its embargo on Cuba, which they said impeded the delivery of "medicine, medical equipment, food and other goods essential to surviving the pandemic."
Iran has the highest number of COVID-19 cases of its near neighbors.
On January 8, Iran banned the imports of COVID-19 jabs from the US and UK, after Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called the jabs "untrustworthy".
Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei speaks on state television in Tehran, Iran on June 03, 2020. Iranian Leader Press Off. / Handout/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
By contrast, the country has started rolling out the Russian Sputnik V vaccine to health-care workers, with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani saying he is willing to take the shot to prove it that it's safe.
Read more: We can't just close Guantanamo Bay prison, we also


Park rules and bylaws
Bylaws are local laws made by councils and confirmed by a Secretary of State.
Why do we need bylaws?
We put bylaws in place to help improve everyone's enjoyment of our parks and open spaces. Sometimes parks and open spaces are used for activities that are unacceptable. For example, an activity might cause distress or even injury to other users, or damage council or personal property. The bylaws allow us to monitor such activity and if necessary prevent it altogether.
Breaching a bylaw is an offence and an offender may be prosecuted in court or issued with a fixed penalty notice.
In addition to the bylaws, parks and open spaces managed by the council can also be covered by national laws. Rangers are responsible for enforcing bylaws and national laws when appropriate.


Notes and Thoughts
Discursive working and evergreen notes
Xhosa meme plague
In the 1850s the Xhosa, a Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa, engaged in a riot of self-destructive behavior. In 1856 a fifteen year old Xhosan girl received a divine message from her ancestors; if they killed their cattles and destroyed their stores of grain their ancestors would return from the dead, and the Boers (Dutch settlers) would be driven from their land.
The Xhosa embraced the message; they killed their cattle, 400,000 by the end of 1857, and burned their crops, planting nothing for the next harvest. ~40,000 Xhosans starved to death, and by 1858 3/4s of the Xhosa had fled in search of food or died.
B: Where is my flying car? Memetics: The science of information viruses


How to Lead Data Science Teams to Collaborate Effectively
To motivate others to achieve the team's mission and vision, you should possess the potential to motivate the inner prodigy inside you. Yes, you should be willing to learn and guide others to be a learner for life. That is the spirit of the most looked upon manager or team lead across any team.
You should be an efficient individual contributor with a flair for constant updating and being mindful towards overall excellence. Remember, the best data scientists would be intolerant to bad managers. A bad manager or a team lead can hold on to negative traits like micromanagement, gaslighting and involving in office politics. These are the characteristics dreaded by any data scientist, be it a junior level data scientist or a much senior employee.
All they look for is a resilient and experienced manager to direct them on the right path, or as the businessman Lee Iacocca once said: "Management is nothing more than motivating other people".
As the manager of a data science team, you might agree with Lee Lacocca and ask yourself the following questions:
 - What is the secret sauce to better team integrity that the new-age managers must know about?
 - How to get your team members to collaborate efficiently?
 - What can let them upscale as a manager, and let others under their team thrive?
In this blog post, we have identified four factors that answer these questions and which you can take into consideration to promote a high team performance.
1. Foster collaboration through trust and integrity
Data scientists spend around 80% of their time on capturing the meaning out of the data: decoding the datasets, conducting ETL as well as handling initial feature selection. The rest of the time is spent on making the data and their work available to the team.
That's why there should be a strong sense of trust among your teammates. They should not feel that heat when they approach each other. As a team manager or a lead, you would be responsible to demystify all the confusions related to the field. Be it handling unreasonable requests or explaining every team's role in the organisation, encourage people to reach out to the right authority without any hesitation.
Be it recruiting, onboarding, or handling performance reviews, you should be leading the team by building a sense of candour. Being "candid" need not translate directly to being "nice". You should know when to be straightforward and point out any blunders before any major mishaps leap up in the team. Encourage this attitude within your team, instead of allowing them to sugar coat stuff.
2. Connect with your team smartly to work wonders
To become the best team working on data science projects, allow your team to clearly understand the business goals. You should be able to lead your team's efforts to greater heights with regards to your organizational strategy. This is the most vital task imbibed upon any manager in the data science domain.
Data science projects are usually an amalgamation of questions from people outside the team. The questions put forth by the team would demand deeper fine-tuning and discussing with stakeholders. You should understand all the information you need to form a clear objective to proceed.
In her podcast interview with Datacamp, Angela Bassa talks about the importance of providing space and time for the company's data science function to measure. This would allow you to organize the processes to deliver better output. Your team excels much better when transparency and openness are prevalent. Every team member should be open for a candid conversation whenever a team member approaches them. There should not be any professional inhibitions between, let us say, a product manager and a data scientist within the team.
It's very probable that your stakeholders aren't able to answer all the questions by themselves and that they don't have a proper idea of how your final data science product exactly looks like. To ensure a general awareness of the project goals, invite your data science team to all your product and strategy meetings. In this remote working age, you can arrange a team chat to allow creative processes to flow in the team.
3. Create proactive teams
Being the hot cake in the market, data science is no wonder the most wanted career choice for every graduate. Your HR manager can get plenty of applications from candidates. You must cherry-pick the right candidates to make sure they survive in the long run. It is always good to create and streamline the right hiring process to sustain in the long term.
Be that forward-looking manager who values diversity among candidates. From their technical skillset to domain expertise, ensure that they are ready to fit in the professional experience and academic caricature expected to become the most prominent data scientist. They should also possess working experience on tools like SAS, Apache Spark, MATLAB and Tableau.
Do not forget to look for candidates who have wide practical knowledge in physics, computer science and statistics. The candidates should be people who can play around with stories related to data. They should be visualization wizards with a knack to collaborate and excel.
Also, concepts like Team Data Science Process (TDSP), the agile development modification of CRISP-DM, involving a modern data science lifecycle process to suit the cloud-oriented processing can come handy to foster proactive collaboration.
TDSP, introduced by Microsoft, is an iterative, agile data science methodology through which we can deliver predictive analytics solutions along with intelligent applications with efficient models.
The silver bullet of TDSP is that it helps you one-up your team collaboration spirit. You can learn through suggestions on how to build a proactive team.
4. Update yourself and your team
Trends keep changing and shifting every day. It could be Business Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Have a tip-top idea on predictive modelling and every related field. Staying updated is the only way to guide your team for escalated growth.
Professor Roger M. Stein from MIT points out that managing data scientists is quite different compared to managing any other team as it requires particular philosophies and skills. He also states a situation where organizations would ignore all the costs that low-cost (and low-quality) analytics projects take up. While data science within any business requires financial discipline, only most experienced data scientists are aware of the importance of updating themselves.
When you lower on quality aspects, it can have a long-term implication on the aesthetic and abstract values of the project. Decision making becomes sloppier in that case. Not every project would require high-cost and robust efforts. A few projects can also get over when you leverage a few ready-made solutions.
To segregate the type of projects concerning these differences, your team should have a clear knowledge of the nuances of a data science project. Add to this an effective communication strategy, accepting constructive criticism and validated learning. Your team now has the recipe to nail any data science project like a pro.
Keep updating yourself regularly. Read more blogs, be active in communities like Kaggle and Stack Overflow. Ensure that your knowledge and skillset are up to date in the current market. Encourage other team members to keep updating themselves this way.
Let knowledge sharing be a normal occurrence in your team.
To sum it up
Managing data science teams successfully is challenging and interesting at the same time. It's an everyday task, which continuously contributes to your learning curve. Fostering collaboration within your team, communicating project goals transparently, creating proactive teams as well as keeping oneself up to date are essential factors that contribute to outstanding team collaboration and a strong team spirit.
Written by
Manasi Vartak
Verta Company Blog
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text:
Through 26 essays, immigrant writers explore their relationship to both their mother tongue and their learned one, English.
Internationally-educated nurses go through several hoops to practice as registered nurses in Canada. This wasn't the case in the early 1960s, specifically
Public health and safety guidelines change on a daily basis as the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across Canada. Information is conveyed in English,


text:
George R. StibitzBorn: 1904
Birthplace: York, Pa.
Complex computer—Stibitz is internationally recognized as the father of the modern digital computer. In 1939 Stibitz helped design the Model I complex number calculator which could add two eight-digit decimal numbers in a tenth of a second. (1983)Died: 1995
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
So this grant line adjustment technique is much like single-proportion,
but applied to the grant area only. Many grant boundary field notes
call for natural objects of topography as part of the boundary description.
These calls, such as saddles, ridge tops and spurs are given
precedence in controlling the restoration of lost corners along
the grant boundary.
The field notes called for the boundary to follow the top of Blue
Ridge until it turned westerly. No adjustment of restoration should
place the angle point other than on the ridge as was indicated in
the original notes. The natural topographic calls and objects such
as boulders, or trees are given precedence to record distances and