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This fall tree number sense matching activity is a wonderful, hands-on way for kids to learn numbers 1-20 this fall! The free printable includes everything you need.
We are spending lots of time working on number sense lately. It is important for children to have good number sense, but the good news is that there are so many hands-on ways to develop it.
This apple math printable bundle I made would be a great way to work on number sense this apple season! Or better yet, get the literacy and math bundle combined and have lots of apple activities ready to go!
If you are looking for more fall leaf activities, you should definitely check out these Free Fall Tree Counting Mats or this Fall Tree Number Matching activity. My kids have really enjoyed both of them!
Fall Tree Number Sense Matching
This fall tree number sense matching printable set includes everything you need to do the activity and develop number sense with your kids this fall.
It includes numbers 1-20 so it is perfect for kids who are just learning numbers and for those who are working on double-digit numbers as well. So my 4-year-old preschooler uses the lower numbers and my first grader uses the highest numbers as review.
- Fall Tree Number Matching printable (link to download at the bottom of this post)
- Cardstock (to print on)
- Laminator and laminating sheets (optional)
It is super simple to set up and can be laminated and used again and again. I highly recommend that you print it out on cardstock for durability. If you are using this in a classroom or with multiple children, I would also recommend that you laminate the leaves and mat.
Rather than have a tree for each number, I decided to make the activity using one mat and number cards that could be changed out on it. This way you don't have to print twenty pages of trees and use all that ink and paper. I hope this makes it even easier for you!
I also made the printable leaves in such a way that you can just cut along the lines, if you don't feel like cutting around the leaves. You can quickly cut around the leaves (leaving a white edge for ease) like I did, but that isn't necessary.
Using the Fall Tree Number Matching Activity
Children will place a number card on the tree mat and then put the corresponding leaves on the tree. Each number has three matching leaves – the number word, ten frame(s) and dice.
Once they find all of the matching leaves, they will remove the leaves and number card from the mat and start again with a new number.
That's it! This is a great independent activity that kids can do at home or in math centers at school!
Check out these other wonderful fall activities for kids!
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT:
Scarecrow Craft // I Heart Crafty Things
Fall Initial Sound Match-Up Free Printable // A Dab of Glue Will Do
Fall Sight Word Dash // Playdough to Plato
Fall Letter Tracing Printables // The Letters of Literacy
Apple Word Building // Recipe for Teaching
Scarecrow Busy Box // Teach Me Mommy
Fall Tree Number Sense Activity // Mom Inspired Life
Pumpkin CVC Game // Pages of Grace
Fall Apple Picking Math with Free Printables // Homebound but Hopeful
Fall Nature Scavenger Hunt // Science Kiddo
24 Free Fall Puzzles // Liz's Early Learning Spot
Fall Subitizing Math Center // The Kindergarten Connection
Rhyming Acorns Fall Literacy Activity // Mrs. Jones' Creation Station
Fall Number Activities (0 to 10) // Fairy Poppins
Free Fall Printables // Stay at Home Educator
Fall Parts of Speech Sort // Sara J Creations
Fall Leaves Number Match // Schooling a Monkey
(Not Shown) Preschool Scarecrow Counting Activity // M is for Monster
Click the button below to download the printable now!
More Printable Fall Trees and Leaves Activities!
The printable fall trees and leaves portion of the pack includes 10 activities and 150 pages of activities to engage your kids this fall!
The fall leaves bundle includes:
- Fall Tree Beginning Sounds Matching
- Fall Tree Roll and Cover Game (alphabet and numbers)
- Fall Tree Word Family Matching (Rhyming)
- Fall Tree Sight Word Building Activity
- Fall Leaves Letter Sounds Puzzles
- Fall Tree Number Matching (numbers 1-20)
- Fall Leaves Number Sense Puzzles (numbers 1-10) (two versions)
- Fall Tree Counting Mats (numbers 1-20)
- Fall Leaves Counting Clip Cards (numbers 1-10)
- Fall Tree Addition Mats (adding numbers to equal 2-12)


An 1865 kg airplane starts at rest on an airport runway at sea level. (a) What is the change in mechanical energy of the airplane if it climbs to a cruising altitude of 2420 m and maintains a constant speed of 96.5 m/s? (b) What cruising speed would the plane need this altitude if its increase in kinetic energy is to be equal to its increase in potential energy?


What Is the Jensen's Measure?
The Jensen's measure, or Jensen's alpha, is a risk-adjusted performance measure that represents the average return on a portfolio or investment, above or below that predicted by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), given the portfolio's or investment's beta and the average market return. This metric is also commonly referred to as simply alpha.
Key Takeaways
 - The Jensen's measure is the difference in how much a person returns vs. the overall market.
 - Jensen's measure is commonly referred to as alpha. When a manager outperforms the market concurrent to risk, they have "delivered alpha" to their clients.
 - The measure accounts for the risk-free rate of return for the time period.
Understanding Jensen's Measure
To accurately analyze the performance of an investment manager, an investor must look not only at the overall return of a portfolio but also at the risk of that portfolio to see if the investment's return compensates for the risk it takes. For example, if two mutual funds both have a 12% return, a rational investor should prefer the less risky fund. Jensen's measure is one of the ways to determine if a portfolio is earning the proper return for its level of risk.
If the value is positive, then the portfolio is earning excess returns. In other words, a positive value for Jensen's alpha means a fund manager has "beat the market" with their stock-picking skills.
Real World Example of Jensen's Measure
Assuming the CAPM is correct, Jensen's alpha is calculated using the following four variables:
Using these variables, the formula for Jensen's alpha is:
Alpha = R(i) - (R(f) + B x (R(m) - R(f)))
R(i) = the realized return of the portfolio or investment
R(m) = the realized return of the appropriate market index
R(f) = the risk-free rate of return for the time period
B = the beta of the portfolio of investment with respect to the chosen market index
For example, assume a mutual fund realized a return of 15% last year. The appropriate market index for this fund returned 12%. The beta of the fund versus that same index is 1.2, and the risk-free rate is 3%. The fund's alpha is calculated as:
Alpha = 15% - (3% + 1.2 x (12% - 3%)) = 15% - 13.8% = 1.2%.
Given a beta of 1.2, the mutual fund is expected to be riskier than the index, and thus earn more. A positive alpha in this example shows that the mutual fund manager earned more than enough return to be compensated for the risk they took over the course of the year. If the mutual fund only returned 13%, the calculated alpha would be -0.8%. With a negative alpha, the mutual fund manager would not have earned enough return given the amount of risk they were taking.
Special Consideration: EMH
Critics of Jensen's measure generally believe in the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), invented by Eugene Fama, and argue that any portfolio manager's excess returns derive from luck or random chance rather than skill. Because the market has already priced in all available information, it is said to be "efficient" and accurately priced, the theory says, precluding any active manager from bringing anything new to the table. Further supporting the theory is the fact that many active managers fail to beat the market any more than those that invest their clients' money in passive index funds.


Thursday, December 26, 2013
Aloe vera Propagation and Transplanting
New plants
My mother has a large Aloe vera plant in a container on the patio. She wanted me to help her separate some of the new plants that had grown off the main plant. Apparently this is something you do yearly since she had a bunch of pups from last year all along the side of the wall. In helping her out, I learned more about the aloe plant and how it grows.
The mother plant and her pups
In order to separate the individual plants, the entire plant had to first be removed from the container.
Don't worry the plant will survive the dump
Once dumped, the root structure of the main plant and the little pups is visible. Using a trowel, soil was removed from areas around the plants.
Now that it's out of the pot you can see how the pups are attached to the mother plant
It is ok to be aggressive with the plant because the roots need to be detached from the main plant. As long as roots are hanging off the pups, the plant will survive. The way aloe propagates is similar to strawberry plants, except the runners grow underneath the main plant instead of above ground.
The root system is very unique
One of the larger ones
We got 9 pups from this plant. That's a lot of aloe vera!
Got about 9 new plants
The new plants can then be placed into separate containers. It'll take some time for the plants to adjust, so be patient. Remember that aloe is a succulent and should never be over-watered. If you have an aloe vera plant, repeat the process yearly to have an unlimited amount of aloe plants. I have yet to try extracting the pulp, but I may try doing so later.
Unlimited plants
1 comment:
 1. OK,Vince,then how do we get rid of them?--Gramps


How to Choose Guitar String Gauges
Strings are one of the most important pieces of gear for your guitar — while they might be small, they play a big role in determining your axe's tone, feel, and playability. Because they're so important, many players spend a long time trying strings from different manufacturers and finding the ones that feel best to them — but not as many players pause to consider how the gauge of their strings is affecting their guitar.
The gauge of your strings refers to their size: strings with a larger gauge have a larger diameter, which affects their sound and feel under your fingers. String gauges are usually referred to by the gauge of their lightest string: 0.009 strings (also called 9 strings or "nines") have a top string that is 0.009 inches across in diameter, while 0.011 strings (usually referred to as 11 strings or "elevens") incorporate a top string that's 0.011 inches in diameter.
Larger string gauges can have both positive and negative aspects: while many players prefer the sound of heavier strings, they can also be more difficult to press down and to bend, particularly for extreme bends like whole-step bends and greater. As you go up and down in string gauges, you might also feel a difference under your fingers in terms of string tension and the overall "slinkiness" of the strings and the neck.
The best string gauge for your guitar will depend on a number of factors: many guitars vary in their scale length, which means that they'll work best with either lighter or heavier strings. The genres that you love to play on the guitar can also call for different sets of strings, as well as the pickups that you use and the picking style that you employ. To choose the right string gauges for your axe, you'll need to take all these factors and more into account.
If you're looking for the best set of strings for your specific axe, you'll also want to check the nut and bridge of your guitar: depending on how the string slots are cut, you might need to alter or replace your nut to accomodate a different string gauge. Some nut slots might not be cut deep enough to hold heavier, larger strings in place without them slipping out of their string slot or buzzing across the fretboard.With that in mind, our article on the best fretboard notes to master might help you out.
To get a good idea of which string gauge will work well for your guitar, you should try comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different sets of strings. As you evaluate the merits of different gauges, you'll be able to narrow down which ones you should put on your guitar and which you can leave behind. Let's break down the different, most popular string gauges from lightest to heaviest.
Most Popular String Gauges
These gauges of strings are by far the most popular sets for players across all genres. If you're playing on an electric guitar, it might be a good idea for you to consider using these strings before you try out sets that are either lighter or heavier. If you purchase a new guitar, these are also the string gauges that will nearly always come stock on your axe. Even if you change the strings, the nut slots and bridges on these guitars should be able to hold these string gauges without any problems.
0.009 strings, often called "nines," are the most popular string gauge on the market. While many sets incorporate a top string that's 0.009 inches in diameter (and are therefore referred to as "nines"), the most common set incorporates strings that rise in diameter from 0.009 inches to 0.011 inches, 0.016 inches, 0.024 inches, 0.032 inches, and 0.042 inches at the heaviest side of the guitar neck.
These sets of specific string gauges, usually called 9-42 strings, provide plenty of slinky feel and give you the ability to perform wide, sweeping bends without struggling to fret the notes or push the string too hard. If you're having trouble bending, look at our guide to bending notes on your guitar!
9-42 sets of strings are also best suited for guitars with a 25.5 inch scale length, like Fenders and many superstrat and metal guitars. The longer scale length means that players need to compensate with lighter strings for the extra tension and reduced smooth feel. Of course, some guitarists use heavier strings on their Fender guitars and other 25.5" scale models — but many players prefer to maintain a bit of extra slide in their strings rather than push them to the maximum tension that they can go.
In terms of genre and style, 9-42 strings are very versatile. They can adapt easily to almost any genre, particularly songs with plenty of bends and fast, precise solos. The lighter, smaller feel makes 9-42 strings easy to press down quickly and to switch between — if you're looking to improvise your own solos on guitar, these strings can help you play as fast as you can without falling out of control quickly!
10's are some of the most popular strings around — but this comparison video tests them head-on with strings of gauges ranging from 8s to 11s!
0.010 strings are usually referred to as "tens," and they're the strings that are one step up in thickness from nines (particularly 9-42 strings). Traditional 10 strings run from 0.010 to 0.046 in diameter, with the specific strings measuring 0.010 inches, 0.013 inches, 0.017 inches, 0.026 inches, 0.036 inches, and 0.046 inches at the bass side of the scale.
10-46 sets of strings, as they're usually known, provide a great middle ground between lighter and heavier sets of strings. Even though they require more string tension than nines, tens are still very slinky, and are the string gauge of choice for plenty of guitarists across all sorts of models.
Whether you play a guitar with a 25.5" scale length, like a classic Fender, or one with a shorter length (like the 24.75" scales found on Gibson and other guitars), tens are sure to work for your axe. Because they're heavier than sets of 9-42 strings, they offer a bit more "meat" underneath your fingers.
Depending on your history playing guitar, 10-46 strings might feel more comfortable to play for longer periods of time. The thicker diameter means that they don't cut into your hand quite as much as 9-42 strings do. The thicker strings are also able to produce a louder, thicker sound than lighter strings; players often gravitate towards heavier string gauges because the tone of the strings is less "pingy" or "tinny" and offers a more round, balanced sound.
Of course, how much this heavier, louder output will matter depends on your pickups and the sound that you're aiming for. Single-coil pickups, like those found on Fender Stratocasters of Telecasters, will emphasize the clear, bright high-end frequencies that lighter strings excel at providing. This guide to the best strat pickups might help you find some good options!
Humbuckers and P-90 pickups, on the other hand, offer greater output through the midrange and bass frequencies and therefore can take advantage of the increase in volume and depth that heavier strings include. Look at our articles on the best humbucker pickups and the best P-90 pickups for more information!
And while some players prefer extra-light strings because they find them easier to bend, most players don't have trouble performing wide bends with 10-46 strings. A longer scale length, like the 25.5" found on Fender guitars, can make bends a bit more difficult to perform — but overall, plenty of players use 10-46 strings on their Stratocasters and are able to bend them without much difficulty. Once you get used to the slightly thicker feel, you shouldn't have any long-term issues with bends.
0.011 strings are usually referred to as 11s or "elevens." They're the next string gauge up from 10-46 strings, and they feel thicker and tougher to bend with than their lighter counterparts. While you might not feel much of a difference in going between 10s and 11s, they're noticeably heavier than 9-42 strings. If you've always used nines, you might want to take some time to try out 10s before you make the move all the way up to 11s.
Many rock players use 9s or 10s instead of 11s, though some guitarists like the extra heft of the heavier strings, particularly with the added thump of the bass side. Having heavier strings at the bass end of the guitar gives your power chords and fast rhythm passages some extra punch and attack. When paired with the best rock guitars, these strings will help you excel!
Outside of straightforward rock, plenty of players in other genres love to use 11 strings or even heavier sets. As we mentioned above, the extra output on the bass side of the neck creates a much stronger sound that's easy to adapt to a variety of different playing styles. Punk, metal, and even indie players often use 11s on their guitars for these very reasons.
Sets of 11-52 strings are also very popular on guitars with slightly shorter scales than the standard 25.5" used on many models by Fender and other manufacturers. As you decrease the length of the scale on your guitar, you increase how thick you can make your strings


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had to find primary and secondary school data for years in which a 22-year-old would have been in the tested cohort. We therefore used 1996 as the first year in which we looked at high school graduation rates and 1992 as the earliest NAEP year because 4th, 8th, or 12th graders tested would have been 22 years old sometime between 2000 and 2010, and most individuals who turned 22 between 2000-2010 would have graduated from high school between 1996 and 2006.
 The NAEP tests 4th, 8th, and 12th grade students, though we excluded 4th graders from our data as only the 1992 NAEP 4th grade cohort would meet our age window.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


TODAY in Masonic History:
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Clarence Don Clark is Born
Today in Masonic History Clarence Don Clark is born in 1851.
Clarence Don Clark was an American politician.
Clark was born on April 16th, 1851 in Sandy Creek, New York. He attended the University of Iowa where he studied law. After graduation he passed the bar in 1874. He began practicing law and teaching in Manchester, Iowa.
In 1881, Clark moved his family to Evanston, Wyoming where he continued to practice law. In 1882 he became the county attorney for Uinta County. He held the position until 1884.
In 1889, Clark was a delegate to the Wyoming Constitutional Convention. In 1890 he was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives. He served there until 1893, having lost his reelection bid in 1892.
In a special election, Clark was elected in 1895 to fill a vacancy for a United States Senate seat. He served until 1917, three terms not counting the original partial term, until he lost his reelection in 1916. After losing his reelection he began practicing law in Washington, D.C.
In 1919, Clark was appointed to the International Joint Commission. The joint commission was setup between the United States and Canada, its purpose is to help prevent and resolve disputes about the use and quality of boundary waters and to advise Canada and the United States on questions about water resources. He was the chairman of the commission from 1923 to 1929 when he retired.
After retiring he returned to Evanston, Wyoming where he passed away on November 18th, 1930.
Clark was a member of Evanston Lodge No. 4 in Evanston, Wyoming. He was also a member of Evanston Chapter No. 2, Royal Arch Masons and Albert Pike Commandery, Knights Templar both of which are in Evanston. Clark was also a member of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite and received his 33 on October 22nd, 1897.


FamilySearch Indexing: US Veterans Pension Cards, _PHONE_, FAQEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:57, 10 March 2012 by Eafreem2 (Talk | contribs)
When indexing a widow's card with minors, please clarify if the widow is indexed as the guardian even if the word guardian is not used. If I don't index it that way, the arbitrator usually changes it; if I do index it that way, the arbitrator usually changes it. The field helps are being rewritten to clarify this situation. The reason we would index the widow as a guardian is that on many cards this will be the only way a child will have a surname attached to them.
How do we index co-guardians for the minors listed on a Minors' Card? The project is now being updated
Press Tab to skip the guardian fields unless: The clearly indicated guardian is the guardian of a MINOR. ONE EXCEPTION: When neither the MINOR nor the SOLDIER has a surname listed on the card, index the WIDOW as the guardian of the MINORS (so that a surname can be associated with the indexed minors).
We should not extract information from the NED (No Extractable Data) side of the card and index the information as if it were on the front of the card. Remember: Each image is treated as a unique document and not linked to any other document. Some indexers have been pulling names, death dates, etc., from the NED side of what they assume is the back of the card they are indexing.
When a married woman remarries and her previous married surname and new married surname are clearly indicated, "or" is not used between the two surnames. The names are separated with a space. Example: For the surnames (was) Smith and (now) Jones, you would enter the surname as: Smith Jones.
Where are the instructions when the two documents do not match? Each image is treated as a unique document and not linked to any another document.
Regarding PartA/004694298[4] the first image for Calder, Philip C, Army Invalid, has a dates of commencement of 1907 and 1912. The second image for Calder, Rachel, Army widow says the name of the soldier was James and the date of commencement 1901. Treat each image as a seperate record.
Did you find this article helpful?


The Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) has the authority to accept unsolicited research proposals that address current research priorities and allow PD&R to participate in innovative research projects that inform HUD's policies and programs. In accordance with statutory requirements, the research proposals must be submitted by eligible applicants, (eligible applicants are: academic institutions, philanthropic entities, States, federally recognized tribes, and units of local government, and not-for-profit and for-profit institutions located in the United States) and provide cost sharing for at least 50 percent of total project cost from philanthropic entities or Federal, state or local government agencies.
The Department is interested in increasing participation of Minority Serving Institutions of higher education and Historically Black Colleges and Universities in all program areas. Therefore, HUD encourages eligible entities that are not themselves MSIs or HBCUs to develop partnerships with MSIs and HBCUs.
PD&R is focusing its cooperative agreement efforts on research partnerships that will advance one of the following key areas:
 1. Promote Economic Opportunity
 2. Enhance Rental Assistance
 3. Reduce the Average Length of Homelessness
 4. Support Sustainable Homeownership and Financial Viability
 5. Remove Lead Hazards from Homes
 6. Provide Effective Disaster Recovery
 7. Opportunity Zones
 8. Reduce Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing
Click here to learn more about HUD Research Assets.


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"Three things tell a man: his eyes, his friends and his favorite quotes."
Croesus of Lydia
Croesus was the king of Lydia from 560/561 BC until his defeat by the Persians in about 547 BC. The fall of Croesus made a profound impact on the Hellenes, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least," J.A.S. Evans remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology." Croesus was renowned for his wealth — Herodotus and Pausanias noted his gifts preserved at Delphi — and in Greek and Persian cultures his name became a synonym for a wealthy man; in English, expressions such as "rich as Croesus" or "richer than Croesus" are used to indicate great wealth.


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iSeries Lead Developer
Posted on Jun 23, 2021 by Responsive Search, Inc.
Des Plaines, IL 60016
$110k - $120k Annual
iSeries Lead Developer/Techno Functional Role:
- Direct and manage the following for our JD Edwards WORLD A7.3 customized environment: tasks and timelines for the definition, design, and development of new application software for small to large complex projects.
- Manage internal and external development staff assigned to projects.
- Create technical design documents.
- Manage the development of the changes.
- Create system and unit test cases.
- Execute unit and system testing.
- Provide user support and complete application system trouble-shooting.
- Adhere to department guidelines of full-life cycle, software development as well as application system development standards, and guidelines.
- Adhere to change control process and procedures.
- Develop technical documentation to support development activities.
- Provide regular communications to IT management on the status of application systems projects.
- Participate in an off-hours support rotation, approximately 8 weeks per year.
- Update knowledge and skills through continuing education and internal/external training activities.
- Keep abreast of trends in application development and support for iSeries and Client Server systems.
- 5+ years STRONG experience with JD Edwards WORLD Software highly preferred. Other ERP experience will be considered.
- 5+ years of previous software development on the iSeries platform using all versions of RPG including SQLRPGLE and RPG Free.
- 5+ years of Functional Supply Chain Experience with an emphasis on distribution is preferred.
- A solid understanding of the financial configuration surrounding distribution (DMAAI).
- Exposure and understanding of XML/CXML.
- Knowledge of other platforms and coding languages a plus
- 5+ years leading large scale development projects.
- Must be able to work independently with minimal supervision with good time management skills.
- Proven track record with analysing business requirements and developing automated solutions.
- Excellent analytical and system development skills with strong project management and user communications skills
- Ability to handle complex development projects from start to finish.
- Excellent inter-personal communication skills and management skills
- The ability to work well with technical and non-technical personnel.
- Some travel may be required.
- Bachelor's Degree Preferred in Computer Science, Information Systems.


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A zettabyte describes a unit of data or information that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. The term is equal to a billion terabytes and the symbol ZB represents it. Zebibyte (ZiB) describes a measurement of data using the power of 1024. A single zettabyte is equivalent to 1,024 exabytes and is used prior to the yottabyte unit of measure. Due to the zettabyte's large size, it is rarely used in industry to describe data storage or network throughput capacity.
Examples of Zettabyte Use
Over the past year, the total amount of global data stored exceeds a single zettabyte of information. To put the size of the term in perspective, the conversations of all human speech ever stored would be approximately 42 zettabytes in size if digitized at 16 khz and 16 bit audio. Another way to look at the sheer volume of a zettabyte would be to examine the amount of data sent on Twitter. If the past year's worth of twitter data is added up, it would take approximately 100 years of this same data rate to equal a zettabyte of data. With the exponential growth rate of network throughput capacity and data storage technology, however, how consumers perceive a zettabyte today may be similar to how the gigabyte was perceived just 15 years ago.
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Create beautiful designs with water, then let them slowly evaporate. Inspired by the Zen idea of living in the moment, the Buddha Board encourages mindfulness and creativity.
- Paint with water on a special surface, and watch your brush create bold strokes.
- Designs slowly disappear as the water evaporates, leaving you a blank canvas and a clear mind to start your next masterpiece.
- Portable 5" version folds into its own stand with a trough for water. Includes a brush.
- Recommended for ages 5 to 105. Adults love it as much as kids do!


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What's in a name? According to Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, a great deal is affiliated with a person's name, actually. There are many reasons that someone may want to change their name; assuming a spouse's name for marriage, reassuming your maiden after divorcing, adoption or gaining custody of a child. Though not typically common, there are many individuals who are prompted to change their name for a fresh start in life. A person's legal name can make it difficult for an immigrant to assimilate into a new county, or someone's legal name can make it difficult for him or her to find employment if he or she has a criminal record.
How Much Does Your Name Matter?
In a podcast by Freakonomics, "How Much Does Your Name Matter?," Stephen J. Dubner claims that a person's name tells society more about the individual's parents than it does about the individual, since it is the individual's parent(s) that chooses his or her name. Therefore, a person's name speaks to their parent'(s) "race, social standing, even their politics." The podcast, however, is careful to point out that a person's name does not dictate his or her destiny. In the end, the evidence provided shows that the way parents raise their children has more to do with what sort of person their child will become.
A person's name, however, may influence their economic and social trajectory depending on whether the individual's name sounds mainstream or if the name sounds ethnic, in which case, a resume may be rejected as a result of discrimination. One factor that the podcast fails to consider is how a person's name can affect them when they do have a criminal record, rather than just how their name can affect their economic future if their name sounds like it could belong to that of a convict.
How to Change Your Name in Texas?
If you are planning on changing your name in Texas, here is what you may need to know about the process:
If you are changing your name because you are recently married and want to assume the name of your significant other, then you can get a new driver's license, social security card, as well as other important records simply by showing your marriage license.
Changing a Child's Name to the Biological Father's Name:
If you want to change a child's name to that of the child's biological father, then you can amend the birth certificate through the county clerk's office.
Divorce and Adoption:
If you want to change the name of a child to that of a stepparent or adoptive parent, or if you are recently divorced and would like to change your name back to your maiden name, then you will need a prepared court order to legalize the name change. It is important to note that your divorce must be finalized prior to petitioning the court for a name change. Also, if there are any pending court litigations regarding a minor such as custody issues in a divorce preceding, then the child's name CANNOT be changed.
Going to Court:
You will need a petition for name change and a prepared court order.
The petition will need to consist of the following:
- The petitioner's birth name, birth date, and place of birth
- Current Address
- Reason for the name change
- Driver's license numbers issued within the last 10 years
- Requested name
A name change for a child includes all of the components of the adult petition with the addition of the following:
*Written consent of the child if he or she is over 10-years old
In addition to providing the petition, you will also need to include your complete set of fingerprints, which can be purchased through your local DPS (Department of Public Services), police station, or other local law enforcements.
Criminal History Report:
In addition to providing the court with your fingerprints, you will also need to provide any criminal records for offenses above a Class C misdemeanor.
Anyone who has been convicted of a felony or who is registered as a sex offender – sex felon – is NOT eligible for a name change.
If you are uncertain about your criminal history and what may show up on your criminal background check, you can hire legal aid to perform research for you by conducting a criminal background check. If, however, you know the name of the arresting agency and the court that oversaw your hearing, and can provide the court clerk with information pertaining to your case, then you can pay the court directly for your criminal history report.
Name Change Options for Offenders Convicted of a Felony
If you have been convicted of a felony in Texas and you want to change your name, whether the reason is marriage, divorce, or just a fresh start in life, then you may still be able to do so. If you received deferred adjudication for your felony, you may be eligible for a record sealing – also known as an order of nondisclosure. If you were charged with a felony, but successfully completed deferred adjudication, resulting in a dismissed charge, then you may be eligible for an order of nondisclosure.
Once your order of nondisclosure has been granted, you can legally say that you have not been arrested, placed on deferred adjudication, or convicted. As such, regardless of whether or not you were convicted of a felony, having your felony charge sealed through an order of nondisclosure may better your chances when petitioning the court for a name change.


How Kelvin Teos The Neuroscience of Daily Success can help you make change in your life for the better – Best in Australia
Posted: December 7, 2020 at 4:56 am
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The Neuroscience of Daily Success is a publication that is soon to be released, authored by Kelvin Teo. Kelvin Teo was once a 9-5 worker who was paid well, however he was left with no time and failing physical and mental health as a result. The dissatisfaction he felt in his life is a grievance that is shared by many workers across the world. The general formula that has been handed to people is that schooling and a good job with good pay will create satisfaction and happiness. However, many people are now realizing that this is not the case, and the average worker is usually unsatisfied with their life.
Kelvin Teo discovered that by changing his mental filter, his perceived outlook on his life, he was able to create meaningful changes that led to lasting impacts on his overall life. In 2017, Kelvin went on a personal development journey to find the answers amongst all the motivational talks and fluff. What he discovered were neuroscience techniques which had concrete results, and were no nonsense in their science, application and results. Through the application of these methods and techniques, Kelvin explains that you are planting a seed, and while this seed may be small and insignificant at the moment, that seed (or changes) will turn into huge impacts on your life.
For Kelvin, one of those seeds was changing his mental filter, and how he perceived life. This change grew into something significant, because Kelvin ended up leaving his job in order to pursue personal development. Now, he makes a living through his work and helping others to achieve this in their life, as well as being able to spend time with his family and take care of his health.
He has since committed to further changes that have become major impacts on his life. Within his book, he teaches the reader how to understand mentalism better, learn and identify mental filters and how much they can impact your life, understand how to achieve continuous success on a daily basis and to understand how to take full control of your universe through the application of effective mental strategies.
The content written above, featured from the book, is enough for the user to be able to read through the whole book, and then upon finishing it, implement changes into their life that will sprout into significant changes for the better.
For anyone looking for a good read into neuroscience applications on everyday life, or for those searching for personal development journeys and techniques/methods, then look no further than The Neuroscience of Daily Success by Kelvin Teo. It is definitely worth a read.
Samantha is the head of content and politics columnist for Best in Australia. Prior to joining the Best in Au, she was a court and crime reporter at SM.
Go here to read the rest:
How Kelvin Teos The Neuroscience of Daily Success can help you make change in your life for the better - Best in Australia
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December 7th, 2020 at 4:56 am


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Using Energy2D to simulate Trombe wallsFebruary 26th, 2013 by Charles Xie
A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall separated from the outdoors by glass and an air space. It consists a solar absorber (such as a dark surface) and two vents for air in the house to circulate through the space and carry the solar heat to warm the house up. In a way, a Trombe wall is like a machine that uses air as a convey belt of thermal energy harvested from the sun. Trombe walls are very simple and easy to make and are sometimes used in passive solar green buildings.
Hiding sophisticated power of computational fluid dynamics behind a simple graphical user interface, our Energy2D software can easily simulate how a Trombe wall works. The two images in this blog post show screenshots of a Trombe wall simulation and its closeup version. You can play the simulation on this page and download the models there. If you open the models using Energy2D, you should be able to see how easy it is to tweak the models and create realistic heat flow simulations.
Solar chimneys operate based on similar principles. Energy2D should be able to simulate solar chimneys as well. Perhaps this would be a good challenge to you. (I will post a solar chimney simulation later if I figure out how to do it.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Twilight Render Tutorials - Version 2 TwilightLogo2 sm min
Basic Tutorials
Here we explore the basic features of Twilight Render V2. New users should definitely start here to familiarize themselves with how Twilight Render takes your SketchUp geometry and turns it into a beatifully rendered image.
 1. Preflight Checklist, Before You Render
 2. Basic Materials
 3. Basic Lighting
 4. Basic Environment
 5. Basic Rendering
 6. Exploration Rendering
 7. Image Post-Processing
 8. Animation
 9. Importing Material Libraries
Exploration Thumb2
Intermediate Tutorials
Here we explore Twilight Render V2 features a little deeper. After going through the basics, you will quickly ramp up your workflow with these tips for getting the quickest results. Many of these tutorials apply to the V2 Pro version only.
 1. Intermediate Materials 1
 2. Intermediate Materials 2
 3. Batch Rendering
 4. Advanced Tools
 5. Section Plane Rendering
 6. Composite Overlay of Rendering with SketchUp view style
 7. Importers and External Proxies
Looking for V1 Tutorials?
Find them here!
 AddOn and Specialized Tutorials
In this set we provide tutorials for Twilight Render's AddOn tools and any additional specialized tools or features.
 1. Render-to-Texture
 2. Terrain Tools
 3. FastForward Denoising
Don't forget to download our help guides! Everything you need to know about Twilight Render can be found in one of our online videos or downloadable PDF guides.
Tuesday, August 03, 2021


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Ireland Facts: Irish Words and Meanings Explained
Search Ireland Fun Facts:
Lots of modern expressions originated in old Ireland. Here's an explanation of where some of them came from, and some modern words that related to very old Gaelic words.
Handfasting is an ancient Celtic custom, once practiced in Ireland and Scotland, where a bride and groom came together at the start of their marriage. Their hands (their wrists, actually) were literally tied together. The term "tying the knot" as a description of getting married traces to this custom.
- Some historians believe the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas" originated in 16th century Ireland and England. It was supposedly designed to help young Christians remember Church teachings, at a time when Catholicism was strictly outlawed in both countries. The "partridge in a pear tree" represents Jesus, the "two turtle doves" represent the old and new
testaments, and the twelve days are the days between Christmas and the Epiphany. Some argue, however, that the song originated in France.
- IRELAND FACTS: WHERE TO DRINK IN PRIVATE..."The Snug" is a small private room in older, traditional Irish pubs, often favored by ladies.
- The term "Emerald Isle" first appeared in a poem called "Erin," written in 1795 by William Drennan.
"Sean-Nos" is a highly ornamental style of a capella (no instrumental accompaniment) singing that came mainly from the west Galway region, and which is still practiced by many Celtic singers today. Sean Nos translates, literally, into "old style."
- In the 17th century, a command to "Hang the harpers wherever found" was given by Queen Elizabeth, who wanted to extinguish all aspects of Irish culture.
"Hibernia" is the name ancient Romans called Ireland. It may come from the word "hibernus," which simply translates as "wintry." Some, however, say it comes "Ivernia," a latin version of "Erin," Ireland's mythological name. The Romans never managed to make Ireland a part of their empire.
Irish Naming Patterns
In case you're wondering which relative to name your kids after, here are the traditional naming patterns from old Ireland:
1st son: Named after father's father / 1st daughter after mother's
2nd son: named after mother's father / 2nd daughter after father's mother
3rd son: named after the father / 3rd daughter after the mother
4th son: named after father's eldest brother / 4th daughter after mother's eldest
- Though it's only one of many theories, there are those who believe the term "put the kabash" on something comes from an old Irish phrase "cie bais," which means "cap of death."
- IRELAND FACT: DEADLY CASTLES...Irish castles and town houses often have a lobby inside the front door called a "murder hole," with an opening in the ceiling that defenders could use to shoot at or pour hot liquids onto unwanted guests.
The term "hillbilly" was first used in America to describe the immigrants from Northern Ireland, mostly Presbyterian, who came in the 18th century. The name had been attached to them back in Ireland since the 1600's, when southern Irish catholics started calling Protestant supporters of King William "hillbillys" or "billy boys."
The Phrase "by hook or by crook" allegedly comes from a military campaign by English bad guy Oliver Cromwell, who in 1649 planned to attack Waterford by taking ships around Hook Head or marching through the village of Crooke. Some say Richard DeClare, Earl of Pembroke first used the expression to describe his invasion way back in 1170. Cromwell failed,
while DeClare succeeded in capturing Waterford.
- "Fianna Fail," the name of Ireland's ruling party, means "Soldiers of Destiny" in English.
- A jaunting car is a traditional Irish horse-drawn vehicle with two wheels, which can carry four passengers and is driven by a man called a "jarvey."
- A "planxty" is a song composed for a specific patron.
"English follows the roads" (leanann an Bearla an tearr) was a popular expression in Ireland's rural west during the early 1800's. It referred to the large-scale building of new roads (and whole towns) in the countryside, which brought more English-speaking people to areas where only Irish language had been spoken previously.
- "Beyond the pale," an expression used to describe outrageous behavior, originated in Ireland in the 14th century. The Pale was the area of Ireland under heavy British control. People living in areas outside it were considered wild and outlandish.
- A "Slane" is a long, slim blade used for cutting turf.
"Black Irish" people, who have black hair and swarthy skin, are thought to descend from sailors of the Spanish Armada, who came ashore when two of their ships were wrecked off Spanish Point (County Clare) in 1588. Read "Solitude on Spanish Point
- The word "slogan" comes from the Irish sluagh-ghairm, which means "war cry."
- The ball used in the game of hurling is called a sliothar (slit-or). The stick players carry is called a "hurl," or "hurley" and the wide part at the top of the stick is called the "boss." Carrying the sliothar on the boss while running along is called "soloing." Read "An American Goes Hurling
The common prefixes of "Mac" and "O" in Irish family names translate, respectively, into "son of..." and "grandson of..." in Gaelic.
- The word "galore" comes from the Irish go leor, which means "enough" or "plenty."
The Gaelic way of saying "Merry Christmas" is "Nollaig Shona Duit." The pronounciation is "null-ig hun-a dit."
- The rocky region in County Clare known as "The Burren" is one of few "karst" areas (a limestone area covered with caves, fissures and underground streams), so named for a similar area in Slovenia. The Burren is famous for its explosion of windflowers in springtime.
- Until recent times, Irish farmers called a young pig a "bonnif," a term also used by farmers in Newfoundland.
Good, low-cost online degree programs


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R is the radius of the Earth, H is your height and D is how far you can see.
...You can see forever, according to Alan Lerner's Broadway musical. But can you? How far can you see? Just how far away is the horizon?
Let's assume the Earth is smooth and spherical, so no intervening hills obscure your view, and ignore the effects of light refraction as it passes through the atmosphere, along with the effects of any rain or fog. If your eyes are a height above the ground and you look towards the horizon, then the distance to the horizon,, is one side of a right-angled triangle whose other two sides are plus the radius of the Earth, and. Using Pythagoras' theorem for this triangle we have
The wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich.
Since the average radius of the Earth is about 6400 km and much greater than your height, we can neglect compared to when multiplying out the square of. This means that the straight-line distance to the horizon is just
to a very good approximation. If we put the radius of the Earth into the formula we get (measuring in metres)
For someone of height 1.8m we have and the distance to the horizon is metres, or 3 miles to very good accuracy. Notice that the distance that you can see increases like the square root of the height that you are viewing from, so if you go to the top of a hill that is 180 metres high you will be able to see about ten times further. From the top of the world's tallest building, the Burj Dubai in the Emirates you might see for 102 kilometres, or 64 miles. From the summit of Mount Everest you might see for 336 kilometres, or 210 miles - not quite forever, but far enough.
Problem 1: Above we have calculated the straight-line distance to the horizon point. Show that if we take the curvature of the Earth into account, then the "walking" distance over the Earth's surface to the horizon point is
Problem 2: You see something, like a cloud or a hot air balloon, high in the sky beyond the horizon and you know its maximum possible height above the ground. Can you work out how far away it could be?


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With hardwoods, the story is quite different. Hardwoods are sold by the board foot, which is a calculation of the cubic size of the board. A board foot is 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch, or one-twelfth of a cubic foot.
To begin, one must first understand the thicknesses of hardwoods. Typically, board thicknesses will be listed in fourths:
- 3/4 =.75 inch in thickness
- 4/4 = 1.00 inch
- 5/4 = 1.25 inches
- 6/4 = 1.50 inches
- 7/4 = 1.75 inches
- 8/4 = 2.00 inches and so on...
(length x width x thickness)/144
All of the dimensions in this formula are in inches. For instance, a 10-inch wide, 3/4 board that measures 96-inches in length would come out to five board feet: (96 x 10 x.75)/144 = 5
In another example, a 6/4 board that is 8 inches wide and 6-feet long (72 inches) would be six board feet: (72 x 8 x 1.50)/144 = 6
If you know the board feet measurement of each board and you know how much the lumberyard charges per board foot, you can determine the cost for that board. For instance, if the two boards above were oak, and you know that the lumberyard charges $18 per board foot for oak, in the first example above, the cost for the board would be $90 (5 BF x $18 per BF = $90).
In the second example, the price for that board would be $108 (6 BF x $18 = $108).
It's important to verify the price per board when you buy or sell lumber, because some yards like adjust to round numbers. In other words, if you try to buy three boards of oak that measure out to 6.72 BF, 5.69 BF and 7.71 BF, the lumberyard might try to round each board up to 7, 6 and 8 respectively. This seemingly minor adjustment would end up costing you an additional $15.84 over the actual BF prices for the three boards.
When going to buy hardwoods, don't be afraid to challenge their measurements. It doesn't hurt to keep a small calculator in your pocket and calculate the prices to check their figures. Most lumberyards will calculate it properly, but as you can see, just a small rounding can end up costing you quite a bit in the long run.


Why Are My Messages Being Sent As Text And Not IMessage?
Why is it green when I text another iPhone?
The green message background indicates the traditional SMS text message.
It actually means a message that you have sent to someone else is through SMS message service instead of Apple iMessage.
Blue message background means the message is sent via iMessage technology..
What does it mean when your iMessage goes from blue to green?
If you have an iPhone and you use the Messages app to contact an Android, BlackBerry or Windows Phone user, iOS recognizes there's no iMessage at the other end and switches (downshifts?) into SMS mode. Your indication that has happened? Green word bubbles instead of blue. … iMessage isn't activated on your device.
Why won't my green texts go through?
They might not have service, or might have their phone in Airplane Mode. … What this means is that if you've exceeded your phone plan's data limit, or you're out of range of LTE or Wi-Fi, iMessage won't work. Your phone will likely resend the text as a green bubble SMS.
Why are one of my texts green?
If both devices have iMessage turned on and to send as SMS when iMessage is not available, the the green messages are indicative of iMessage not being available on one or both devices. Restart both devices (press the HOME and power button until the Apple logo appears then releasae).
How do I stop sending Imessages to a non iPhone?
1. Switch off iMessage on your iPhone.Go to the settings section of your iPhone and tap on Messages: … Now switch off iMessage. … Now check that you're getting texts the regular SMS way and not via iMessage any longer. … Go to iCloud in the settings of your MacBook. … Sign in to iCloud.More items…•
What does it mean when your iMessage says sent as text message?
This is because your iPhone has sent your message as an SMS over your mobile network, rather than iMessage on an internet connection. …
Does iMessage turn green when phone is off?
Does green text on iPhone mean blocked?
Blue or Green has nothing to do with being blocked. Blue means iMessage, i.e., messages sent through Apple, Green means messages sent through SMS. Do Not Disturb will not turn them to green as they are delivered but no sound or notification goes through while Do Not Disturb is on.
How do you know if a text message was delivered on iPhone?
Answer: A: If you're sending an iMessage (they're blue and they only go to other iOS/MacOS users), you will see a delivered indicator under the message once it has been delivered. If the person you're sending the message to has the Read Receipt feature enabled, "Delivered" will change to "Read" once it's been read.
Why are my Imessages sending as text messages to one person?
It could be possible that the person has either blocked you and if this is not the case then, try point 2. Sign Out Of iMessage and Sign Back In. Head back to Settings -> Messages and tap to open 'Send & Receive'. … Sign back in using your Apple ID and try sending an iMessage to one of your friends with an iPhone.
How can I tell if my text message was delivered?
Now when you send a text message you can tap and hold the message and select "View message details". On some models, it may be under "View report". The statuses will show "Received", "Delivered", or may simply show the time of delivery.
How do you send a text message on iPhone instead of iMessage?
Open the Settings application by tapping the "Settings" icon on your iPhone's home screen.Tap the "Messages" row to open the Messages screen.Tap the switch next to "iMessage" so that it reads "Off." Your iPhone will now send all messages in text message format instead of using the iMessage service.
How do you know if a green text message was delivered?
You can tell if your message has been sent via iMessage in Apple's messaging app because it'll be blue. If it's green, it's an ordinary text message and doesn't offer the read/delivered receipts. iMessage only works when you're sending messages to other iPhone users.
Will a green text message say delivered?
Meanwhile Android (among literally anything else besides iPhone) will display green indicating it's not an iMessage connection. … This could be because the person is in an area without Wifi or they could even have turned off imessages. On iPhone, text messages don't usually say delivered, only imessages do.
Can I turn off Imessages for one contact?
But if you'd like to send Text Messages to a single contact, you have a couple options. Disable iMessage when messaging your contact, then re-enable it when your conversation is over or you'd like to use iMessage again. To do this, visit Settings > Messages, then toggle off iMessage.


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Terms or Representations
the courts have developed tests to help them distinguish between terms and representations
does the representor (statement maker) have special knowledge?
If yes, it is more likely to be a term
**** Bently Production v Harold Smith Motors
the court held the statement about the car was a term as the defendant was a car dealer who had greater expertise that the claimant relied on
Oscar Chess v Williams
held: the statement relating to the age of the car was not a term but a representation. The representee (statement receiver) Oscar Chess LTD as a car dealer had the greater knowledge and would have been able to check out the statements validity easily
does the representee place special importance on the issue?
Bannerman v White
held: the statement that the hops has not been treated with sulphur was a term of the contract rather than a representation as…


There have been numerous videos that show a missile hitting WTC 2. The UFO or whatever it is is also seen in many of them.
UPDATE: Flight 175, according to pilotsfor911 truth, was a Boeing 767-222. The length was 159 ft. 2″. The object in this video was much shorter as can be seen by comparing it to the building face, approx. 208 ft.
Types of precision-guided ammunition 1 Radio-controlled weapons 2 Infrared-guided weapons 3 Laser-guided weapons 4 Radar, infrared, IR imaging and electro-optical guided weapons 5 Millimeter-wave radar 6 Satellite-guided weapons 7 Advanced guidance concepts 8 Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles 9 Guided small arms


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One Million New Books In School Libraries
McGuinty Government Investing In Literacy, Supporting Ontario Businesses
Ministry of Education
Elementary students started the school year with more than one million new books in school libraries, and there are more on the way.
School libraries play an important role in encouraging young students to develop strong literacy skills and a love of reading. It is essential that those libraries have up-to-date collections for all students.
Over one million library books were delivered to schools this summer, while about 700,000 more are expected before the end of this school year.
Last January, the government selected 72 Ontario-based vendors, and negotiated discounts up to 50 per cent for school boards. To date, this has saved boards about $3 million and allowed them to purchase 175,000 more books. More savings and additional books are expected during the school year.
- School boards received an initial investment of $15 million in February and an additional $10 million in May, for a total investment of $25 million to purchase library books.
- Ninety-nine per cent of the initial investment went to businesses in 37 Ontario cities.
- Over 40,000 additional Grade 3, 6 and 9 students are meeting or exceeding the provincial standard in reading, writing and math, compared to six years ago.
Strong literacy skills are crucial for future success. By ensuring that our elementary school libraries are stocked with up-to-date and affordable books and resources, we're giving young students more tools to succeed."
We knew that our library needed updating to reflect new curriculum needs and materials for our diverse school community. This funding provides valuable resources for students and for teachers to continue delivering effective instruction. Thanks to the significant discounts, we received more value for our money. Our students are definitely benefiting from a more current and exciting library collection."
As an independent company, the business that this funding brought to us was wonderful. It gave us - and other small retailers and distributors from Ontario - the opportunity to build strong relationships with new clients and to expand our market."


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To avoid damage caused by rodents, a mechanical block of the animals' access routes into buildings is the most important preventive measure. Some buildings are especially costly or difficult to protect mechanically, and the TxGuardian system provides a solution, an electric "fence", which works even when doors or gates have to be left open. The overall goal of the TxGuardian equipment is to effectively prevent rodents from entering buildings without killing or hurting them. The equipment, as tested in a laboratory setting, was very efficient in demotivating rodents from crossing the electric barriers. The electric shocks received by the mice and rats did not cause pain behaviour beyond the immediate pain nor severe pathoanatomic lesions to the animals.
The use of electricity to protect buildings against rodents - Results from an experimental study
The report summarize results from an experimental study to use electricity to protect buildings against rodents.


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Identification of the Covariance Structure of Earnings using the GMM Estimator
O'Neill, Donal and Doris, Aedin and Sweetman, Olive (2010) Identification of the Covariance Structure of Earnings using the GMM Estimator. NUI Maynooth.
In this paper we study the performance of the GMM estimator in the context of the covariance structure of earnings. Using analytical and Monte Carlo techniques we examine the sensitivity of parameter identification to key features such as panel length, sample size, the degree of persistence of earnings shocks and the evolution of inequality over time. We show that the interaction of transitory persistence with the time pattern of inequality determines identification in these models and offer some practical recommendations that follow from our findings.
Repository Staff Only: item control page


African American Military History Museum Hattiesburg Zoo Hattiesburg Saenger
Easter Enrichment
Saturday, April 6
Watch the animals as they use their natural instincts to interact with our themed enrichment activities. The enrichment program at the Hattiesburg Zoo helps keep our animals happy and healthy by providing stimulating and challenging surprises to the animals' environments. Throughout the day, zookeepers will incorporate fun activities into the animals' regular schedules to help address the animals' social, psychological and physical needs.


Plane Generic Defra
This category is deprecated. The latest DEFRA methodology for plane transport can be found here and here.
This category allows users to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from aeroplane travel using the latest Defra data and advice. The calculation is based on a given emission factor, dependent on the users drill-down choices, and a distance flown. The distance can be calculated in one of three ways: (1) directly, by specifying an actual distance flown; (2) indirectly, by specifying departure and destination locations; or (3) approximately, by using generic distance categories. In all cases, the returned value represents CO2 equivalent emissions attributable to the journey specified, which includes contributions from carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
Directly specifying a distance
Users can alternatively specify the distance travelled. To use this method, select either domestic, short haul, or long haul via the type drill down choice and the appropriate passengerClass (unspecified, economy, economy plus, business, first), via the second drill-down. Next, set the distance flown in the distance profile item value. CarbonKit calculates emissions according to this distance and the selected emissions factor (kg CO2e per mass km). In this case it is up to the user to ensure that the correct drill-down options have been chosen for the specified distance travelled. For example, if a distance of 50 miles was entered for a long-haul flight, the result of the calculation will be incorrect. In this example ''domestic'' travel should be specified instead.
Specifying departure and destination locations
Users can enter either the latitude/longitude of the departure and destination locations or IATA codes for the respective airports involved in travel. In both cases, CarbonKit calculates the distance based on a 'great-circle' calculation (using the haversine formula), and inflates by 9% to account for congestion and indirect routing.
To use this method, select the auto category via the type drill choice and the appropriate passengerClass (unspecified, economy, economy plus, business, first), via the second drill choice. Next, enter departure and destination locations by setting one of the following groups of profile item values:
 - lat1, long1, lat2, long2 (i.e. a pair of latitude and longitude coordinates)
 - IATACode1, IATACode2 (i.e. a pair of airport IATA codes)
The IATA code calculation made by reference to airport longitude and latitude data obtained from the /transport/plane/generic/airports category. If no IATA codes are specified but long1 is set to a valid value then the great circle distance is calculated directly between long1, lat1 and *long2, lat2 (and inflated by 9%). Longitude must be in the range -180 to 180 with negative numbers representing eastern longitudes. Latitudes must be in the range -90 to 90 with negative numbers representing southern latitudes.
Depending on the distance calculated, CarbonKit selects the appropriate CO2e emissions factor (kg CO2e per mass km). A short haul emissions factor is used for flights under 3700 km, while a long haul factor is used for those greater than 3700 km. For flights originating and landing within a single country, the domestic emissions factor is used.
Generic distance categories
If flight distances, or specific freight departure and destination locations are not available, users can calculate flight emissions based on 'typical' distance categories. CarbonKit follows DEFRA in assuming the following typical one way flight distances:
 - domestic = 463 km
 - short-haul = 1108 km
 - long-haul = 6482 km
To use this method, specify the type of flight and passengerClass as above, but leave the distance profile item value unspecified. In this case, CarbonKit calculates freighting emissions according to the the appropriate typical distance.
Other optional parameters
There are four other optional profile item values that can be set: numberOfPassengers, journeys, useRFI and radiativeForcingIndex.
The *numberOfPassengers profile item value can be used if the user wishes to calculate emissions for multiple people. The journeys profile item value can be used if the specified journey has been flown multiple times. In both of these cases the calculated emissions are multiplied by the number of passengers and the number of journeys entered by the user. The number of passengers and number of journeys are set to 1 if nothing is entered.
If users wish to incorporate the effects of radiative forcing, the useRFI profile item value should be set to true (default value is false). The value of the the radiative forcing index can be set using the radiativeForcingIndex profile item value, defaulting to 1.9 otherwise. For an explanation of the radiative forcing index (RFI) see the here.
9NXO9UPQ5HCD auto, business
6UOGQRRZ340O auto, economy
DLBG37CVAURM auto, first
3DSYP6FKBDWV auto, unspecified
FX27YQ5QS76G domestic, unspecified
TLN78V1EH0HC long haul, business
UDWFSHY85RCZ long haul, economy
24OE2KXK45UR long haul, economy plus
1HTIUMIZYA2U long haul, first
U9QA6NW5JFCO long haul, unspecified
FBUMHI6P4U06 short haul, business
BH25NRVNBDYU short haul, economy
VTDR6WZDERZH short haul, unspecified
Log in to perform calculations on this data
Name: Plane_Generic_Defra
Full path: /transport/plane/generic/defra
Parent Category: Generic plane transport
Provenance: UK government agency DEFRA


Honey Fungus – Armillaria mellea
Fungi of the Week
1st October 2019 | Info
Common name: Honey fungus
Scientific name: Armillaria mellea
Introduction: Honey fungus is a native fungus that has parasitic qualities.
Cap: Typically honey-coloured (yellowy-brown) and is convex at first but flattens as it matures. Occasionally will have concentric circles of darker scales.
Gills: Linked to the stem and begin white. As the fungus matures, it turns to a deep yellow to brown colour.
Stem: There can be thick or slender stems. Thicker stems are scaly and are white before turning to a yellow-brown colour. Slimmer stems are typically smoother and begin white before turning to yellow and then a red-brown.
Spores: Ellipsoid and begin white before darkening into a pinkish-brown.
Flesh: White.
Group: Physalacriaceae.
Habitat: Honey Fungus typically grows in huge clusters on the trunks and stumps of many tree species. Unusually, these fungi can live on trees that are dead or alive. It can commonly be found on trees such as Birch, Cedar and Apple trees. Honey fungus can however also be found in the grass as its rhizomorphs spread to find more trees to infect.
Significance to Trees: Honey Fungus is considered to be one of the most dangerous fungi that affect trees. It's parasitic, pathogenic and can affect a large number of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. It causes one of the most common root diseases (armillaria root rot) which can lead to the death of a tree or brittle fractures at its base.
Source: _URL_
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Related Pages:
Is TAP® Pest Control Insulation an EPA-registered pesticide?
TAP® Pest Control Insulation, the most TRUSTED pest control insulation on the market today, is an EPA-registered (89140-1) pesticide that is also an insulation. Our product is backed by scientific studies to control bugs and protect your home. Other insulation may be treated by an EPA-registered product to protect the insulation but falls short of protecting your home from pests and the damage they cause to the structure of your home and your family's health. TAP® Pest Control Insulation, however, is an EPA-registered insulation and has the unique advantage of protecting your home from pests. Check out our EPA listing or our product label.
NOTE: Learn more about Treated Insulations vs. EPA-Registered Insulation.
With all of the 'green' claims on products these days, is TAP® Pest Control Insulation truly environmentally friendly?
How long does installation on an existing home take?
It is a strong possibility. First, your current insulation most likely does not have pest control properties, so adding TAP® Pest Control Insulation would be greatly beneficial. Second, the US Department of Energy recommends a fairly significant amount of insulation (R-49) in residential attics. This amount far exceeds most building codes and specs which means that many homes do not have enough insulation. It has been estimated that 65% of homes in the US are under-insulated, and most homes over 10 years old have about 1/3 of the recommended amount of insulation.
Does TAP® Pest Control Insulation have an odor?
No. TAP® Pest Control Insulation does not have an odor ad there is no off-gassing found in many other insulations. The borates in TAP® Pest Control Insulation actually help absorb and reduce any foul odors.
How is TAP® Pest Control Insulation installed?
Isn't cellulose insulation a fire hazard?
What is TAP® Pest Control Insulation made of?
Who can install TAP® Pest Control Insulation?
The government closely regulates any product that claims to have an effect on insects or other pests. Because TAP® Pest Control Insulation is a substance that controls pests, it must be registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as each individual state in which it is sold. These entities mandate that TAP® Pest Control Insulation can only be installed by licensed pest management professionals.
How much does TAP® Pest Control Insulation cost?
How does TAP® Pest Control Insulation reduce my bills?
Where do I buy TAP® Pest Control Insulation?
Ask your trusted pest management professional about TAP® Pest Control Insulation. If they do not offer it, contact us to find a provider near you.
Doesn't all cellulose insulation control pests?
Without proper testing and registration, it is nearly impossible to know if the borates or borate derivatives in cellulose insulation will control insects. Therefore, only products that have and EPA label and have been scientifically tested, such as TAP® Pest Control Insulation, can legally claim to control insects.
The only claims permitted are those which are found on the TAP® Pest Control Insulation EPA label (89140-1) which do not cover mice, rodents, or squirrels. However, TAP® Pest Control Insulation does not act as a food source for these animals.
I received a quote from a contractor and he says his insulation is 'the same thing' as TAP® Pest Control Insulation but cheaper. Is this true?
Absolutely not. TAP® Pest Control Insulation can only be installed by licensed pest management professionals. IF told that a product can affect insects, ask to se the other insulation's EPA label!
Does TAP® Pest Control Insulation'repel' or'resist' insects?


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Demand Response Research Center
In 1993 the California Energy Commission founded the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Its purpose was to develop ways to reduce electricity demand in response to price, monetary incentives, or utility directives to maintain reliable electric service or avoid high electricity prices.
From its inception through 2015, researchers at the DRRC developed ways to automate demand response. They developed a communication protocol known as OpenADR to transmit demand response signals between suppliers and electricity users. OpenADR has since become a US national standard, in use in more than 1300 facilities and in 10 countries.
Researchers at the DRRC developed methods for energy users to vary electric loads in response to OpenADR signals by automatically controlling air conditioning, lighting, and process loads in buildings, industrial facilities, and agricultural operations. By 2013, working with utilities, the DRRC had enabled more than 250 megawatts of load shed capability and developed free public-access software tools to allow implementers to quickly estimate the potential for facilities to shed loads, and secure software to allow consumers to access near real-time data from smart meters. The work of the DRRC contributed to national and international efforts to create standards for a 'smart grid' that is resilient and can accommodate new demands such as intermittent distributed renewable energy sources and electric vehicle battery charging.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm developing a sort of web-based map editor and I'm using JQuery and JQuery-ui. I use the latter principally to make the objects draggable. Objects are created and inserted in the page in a default position as the user clicks on a button. When the object is created i make it draggable.
What happens is that if I create 2 or more objects that overlaps i can drag only the one that is on the top, the others loses their draggability. If I add those objects and I move them somewhere and after i make them overlap there is no probleb, I still can drag them where i want. The problems happens only when the objects overlap when they are created.
Here is the code i wrote.


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What is horseback archery? And where can I do this?
Horseback Archery
There is something magical about archery. The precision at which archers release their arrows to hit the intended targets is a joy to watch. Now, imagine the thrill of seeing an archer shoot targets while riding a horse at high speed. That's horseback archery. However, to excel in this sport, you must have high levels of agility, coordination, balance, and have a good connection with your horse.
Where can I do Horse Archery?
Horseback arching is growing in popularity. In different states, you will find regional competitions for horseback archers. You can always participate in these competitions as they will enable you to interact with other horse archers while gauging your skills against them.
You can also join the Mounted Archery Association of the Americas (MA3), which is the body responsible for the National Ranking Systems of horse archery in the United States. The rankings are based on results garnered from live competitions, and it includes all horse archers in the US, irrespective of their affiliation.
Some of the areas where MA3 competitions are held include;
 - Eagle Point in Oregon
 - Bluff Park farm in Alaska
 - Soldier Follow in Midway, UT
The benefit of joining an association like the MA3 is that you get exposure to different events, competitions, and clinics. The more you participate in these activities, the more you improve your sport and grow as an athlete. You also get the chance to become part of a community that shares a common interest, and you can even create long-lasting friendships with other horse archers.
If you are a pro in horse archery, you can also be selected for major events such as the IHAA and WHAF World Championships, where you get to compete with horse archers from other parts of the world.
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What is horseback archery
The difficulty of Doing Archery on a Horse
Shooting an arrow while standing on the ground requires a lot of precision and accuracy to hit the intended target. Now, can you imagine what it takes to hit a target while on the back of a horse that is galloping at top speed? Indeed, it's not easy. Horseback archers are never stationary when shooting their arrows. This means that the distance from their target keeps on changing, and they must maintain a vision of the target; otherwise, they will lose their focus and shoot aimlessly.
As a horse archer, you also don't have the luxury of looking down at your bow as you nock your arrow on the string. Instead, you must rely on your instincts and touch, which is not easy, especially for a beginner.
Again, there is no arrow rest as you shoot, and it takes lots of practice to master the art of shooting with an arrow that is not steady.
Preparing Your Horse for Horseback Archery
The relationship between a horse archer and their horse is crucial to their success in this sport. Typically, it takes about two years to train a horse for horseback arching properly. This process will involve daily feedings and practice riding to ensure that the horse fully understands and appreciates the sport.
You should also incorporate frequent fun rides and fun shoots so that the horse does not get bored doing the same things over and over again. A change of scenery once in a while will also ensure you and your horse have a happy and healthy relationship. Before your horse adapts to the sport, you will need to be patient with them because learning takes time and consistency.
Additional Skill Required to Excel in Horse Archery
As a horse archer, both hands are used to hold the arrow and the bow. You might ask – how will I control my horse then? Typically, you must learn to gallop your horse and maintain proper balance without using your hands. You will need to master that skill, but the good thing is that with the right training and practice, you will be good to go. Again, this also calls for the need to foster a good relationship with your horse.
Bottom Line
The popularity of horseback archery is growing every day. With more competitions, both regionally and internationally, being organized, the future certainly looks bright for horse archers. If you are aiming to get in this sport, focus on improving your skills, engage in different events and competitions, and you will surely go far.
Graham Mitchell
Graham Mitchell
What started out as a fun summer camp activity, has become a passion of mine over the years. Whether it's target shooting, competitive archery or bow hunting, I hope you find this site to be a valuable resource of archery information.
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Extract and launch Network Directory File(s)
Be able to use a Page or Form to enable end users to automatically launch any file types from network directory.
Very useful when the design element does not have attachments to launch, rather looks for Network files to launch. The script will extract files to local temporary directory and launch them, thereby avoiding the netwwork files to be edited. The script will clean up all temp files on completion. I borrowed a function from searchDomino - Extract and start all attachments by Alexander Kogan, and tweaked slightly. (thanks and hope you don't mind).
This script essentially provides the ability to create a page with a series of hotspots pointing to files on the network. For example, I collated this process to enable persons to automatically launch Budget models in excel, policy documents in WordPro, etc. Each file location is stored in a keyword type document which is referenced by the Click routine.
Create a form, which may contain any number of hotspots designed to display files from the network. Do not want these files to be edited, rather view a copy of the document, leaving the Network directory file "as it was found".
1. Create a SaveOptions field, and set it to "0".
2. Do up your page, with tables, and Hotspots which state the files to view
3. Create a Rich Text Field called "Body"
4. Create a Computed, Multivalue value field: separated by (, ;) and display NewLine, called filePath. Value = filePath.
5. Create a Keyword Form - The form only needs FileName and FileLocation fields. - Name the Form "Document Location"
6. Create a view - File Locations - First sorted column (FileName), Second Column (FileLocation)
7. Create your Keyword documents - for FileLocation type in the full file path. Since script is being used, no need for (\) double backslashes
8. all this prevents hard coding of filepaths, etc...
9. Follow table instructions, to past Function and Declarations in the Globas of the Form
10. For each hotspot, Copy the Click command at the table. This will locate your filePath, attach the file to body field of your Form, then it will extract it to C:temp, then
the Function (kindly borrowed - slightly tweaked - from searchDomino - Extract and start all attachments by Alexander Kogan ) will launch the File.
May launch as many files as you wish. Each filePath will be appended to the filePath field.
11. The queryclose event, will trigger the Simple Agent to delete document.
12. Need to run another agent to clean up c:temp. This agent will loop through each string entry in filepath to delete all instances of the extracted files.
1. In the Global of the form - Option = Option Public
2. In Global of the Form - Declarations =
Declare Function SleepEx Lib "kernel32" Alias "SleepEx" (Byval dwMilliseconds
As Long, Byval bAlertable As Long) As Long
hwnd As Long, Byval lpOperation As String, _
String, Byval nShowCmd As Long) As Long
3. In the Options of the Form, paste this:
Function ExtractAndView(Doc As NotesDocument)
On Error Goto ErrorExtractAndStartAttchments
Dim item As notesitem
If Doc.HASEMBEDDED = True Then
Forall eItem In Doc.ITEMS
If (eItem.Type = Clng(RICHTEXT)) Then
If Not (Isempty(eItem.EMBEDDEDOBJECTS)) Then
Forall fItem In eItem.EMBEDDEDOBJECTS
Call fItem.EXTRACTFILE( "C:Temp" & fItem.Name)
'store this value to kill the file later "Inserted to create a string array in
'fielPath field"
Set item = doc.GetFirstItem("filePath")
Call item.AppendToTextList(fItem.Name)
ret = ShellExecute(handle&, "open", "C:Temp" & fItem.Name, "", "", 1&)
xx = SleepEx (4000,0)
'Exit Forall'Only First attachment
End If
End Forall
End If
End If
End Forall
End If
Exit Function
Msgbox ("in ExtractAndView: " + Error$(Err))
Resume ExitExtractAndStartAttchments
End Function
In the Query Close of the Form
_USER_([ToolsRunMacro];"delete uidoc");
Create an agent - "delete uidoc"
Simple Action - Delete Document
Manually from the actions menu
Selected Documents
Create another agent "kill"
Manually from the actions menu
Selected Documents
Sub Initialize
Dim session As NotesSession
Set session = New NotesSession
Dim doc As NotesDocument
Set doc = session.DocumentContext
Dim path As Variant
Dim DelFiles As Variant
delFiles = doc.GetItemValue("filePath")
Forall files In delFiles
 path = "C:Temp" & files
 Msgbox path
 Kill path
End Forall
End Sub
For each hotspot:
Sub Click(Source As Button)
Dim ws As New notesuiworkspace
Dim uidoc As notesuidocument
Set uidoc = ws.currentdocument
Dim doc As notesdocument
Set doc = uidoc.document
Dim filePath As String
Dim view As notesview
Dim lup As notesdocument
Dim s As New notessession
Dim db As notesdatabase
Set db = s.currentdatabase
Set view = db.getview("File Locations")
Set lup = view.getdocumentbykey("Corporate Financial Guidelines")
filePath = lup.FileLocationScript(0)
Dim rtitem As Variant
Dim file As notesrichtextitem
Dim object As NotesEmbeddedObject
'insert the attachment before launching
Set file = New NotesRichTextItem( doc, "Body" )
Set object = file.EmbedObject _
( EMBED_ATTACHMENT, "", filePath)
Call doc.save (True,True)
'bring the attachment to screen
Call ExtractAndView(Doc)
Call uidoc.Save
End Sub
This was first published in November 2001
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 - iSeries tutorials
 - V6R1 upgrade planning checklist
 - Connecting multiple iSeries systems through DDM


Top 5 Special Forces On The Planet
Special Forces teams are designated with the task of being called to perform difficult, extreme missions that typically present as very risky and life-threatening. Most countries have a team of Special Forces ready for duty should the need arise. While there are hundreds of Special Forces teams around the world, we present you with a list of the top 5 Special Forces on the planet and how exactly they came to be distinct among the rest. So, let us get started:
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 1. British Special Air Service ( Members of the British Special Air Service have undergone intense training and their training goes beyond 12 months. A member of the British Special Air Service needs to be between 17 and 28 years old. Only males can qualify and vision needs to be 20/20. A member of the British Special Air Service needs to be capable of swimming 500 yards or 460 metres with a breast or combat sidestroke in under 12 minutes and 30 seconds with a competitive time of under 10 minutes and 30 seconds. To qualify for the screening test, one must also be able to do least 42 push-ups in 120 seconds with a competitive count of 79 or higher. 50 sit-ups in 120 seconds with a competitive count of 79 or higher are also required. Six pull-ups from a dead hang with a competitive count of 11 or higher and being able to run 1.5 miles in boots and trousers in less than 11 minutes and 30 seconds with a competitive time of 10 minutes and 20 seconds or less. In addition to these physical requirements, members of the British SAS also undergo training by MI-5 and MI-6 for experience with espionage encounters. A tan beret is sported by the SAS and they are also familiar with Apache Indian knife techniques.
 2. Navy SEALs ( Perhaps the distinguishing factor of the Navy SEALs is their number. There are about 2,000 Navy SEALs and they are considered the most elite of all the United States' Special Forces teams. They are trained in the same aspects as all the other Special Forces combined, but are of a higher competence and calibre. The physical training of the Navy SEALs is the same as the British Special Air Service.
 3. Shayetet 13 ( Israel is no. 3 on the list. Shayetet means 'flotilla' and their motto is 'Never Again'. This is a reference to the Holocast. Israel has three Special Forces units. The specialisation of Shayetet 13 is hostage rescue and counter-terrorism. It is not difficult to see why given their proximity and relationship (or lack thereof) with their neighbours. Shayetet 13 is known for being extremely covert with their operations. They train extensively all through the year and are ready for mission at all times.
 4. The Delta Force ( The Delta Force is the counter-terrorism unit of the United States. Hostage rescues, general counter-terrorism, and counter-insurgency are their expertise. A rigorous physical exam is a requirement for entry. This test includes sit-ups, push-ups, a 3 mile run within a span of time that remains classified.
 5. U.S. Green Army Berets ( Also known as the U.S. Army Special Forces, these guys engage in unconventional warfare methods in order to get the job done. Training is an extensive process and 12 attributes are taken into consideration when assessing recruits. These attributes are intelligence, communications, physical fitness, influence, motivation, teamwork, decisiveness, trustworthiness, stability, maturity and accountability. There is a final stage of training wherein the person has to carry heavy backpacks through 40 miles of rugged terrain. This is just the beginning.
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Metal Failure Types
How Laser Peening Fights Metal Fatigue Failures
Experiencing Metal Failure? Let's Talk
When material limitations undermine critical components, surface enhancements like laser peening provide enhanced protection against metal cracking and fatigue.
Metal failure results from a combination of mechanical and environmental factors
Applied stress, material flaws, and operating conditions all contribute to metal cracking and component degradation. It is the challenge of engineers to design robust components and efficient systems that meet operational demands for safety and performance.
 - Metal Cracking
 - Foreign Object Damage
 - Fatigue Failure
 - Corrosion
 - Fretting
 - Microstructural Porosity
 - Erosion
 - Cavitation
 - Hydrogen Embrittlement
 - Galling
 - Stress Corrosion Cracking
Fatigue Failure
Figure 1: Cracking
FOD is a term frequently used in the aircraft industry to describe damage occurring on components as a result of non-regular operating conditions. For instance, aircraft operating on a runway have the potential to ingest rocks and debris into the engine intake systems. Upon ingestion, the debris may damage the engine blades leading to dents, nicks, and partial fractures. These FOD induced defects can lead to poor performance, but more concerning, is unanticipated failure via fatigue cracking from stress concentrations. Processing via laser peening induces such deep residual stresses that FOD concerns can be reduced to negligible concern.
Certain alloys commonly in use, especially 5xxx series aluminum, can develop sensitization, making them more vulnerable to stress corrosion and cracking. High temperatures can promote an electrochemical reaction in which alloy particles – e.g. magnesium or iron – migrate to the boundaries between grains of aluminum or stainless steel. This promotes separation of individual grains of metal, causing intergranular corrosion and cracking. Exposure to saltwater can further promote corrosion of sensitized metals. Laser peening does not treat sensitization itself, but it can impart compressive residual stresses in order to mitigate the resulting corrosion and cracking, even after some metals have experienced sensitization.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a failure that occurs when three factors interact: a tensile stress, a susceptible material, and a corrosive environment. Similar to fatigue, these cracks frequently initiate at the surface at stress levels significantly below material capabilities. Because laser peening induces compressive residual stress at the surface of a part, the potential for SCC is drastically reduced and even eliminated.
By inducing compressive residual stresses on the surface of metal components, the electrochemical potentials necessary for corrosion to occur are increased and current density decreases. By modifying the surface of components with laser peening, the risk of operating in a corrosive environment can be mitigated and even eliminated for many materials.
Metal fatigue failure is when the surface of a metal experiences cyclic loading and begins to crack or fracture, causing the part to weaken. Laser peening specializes in achieving beneficial compressive residual stresses at a depth that is unmatched by conventional metal surface treatments. This is important because fatigue strength improvements are directly related to the magnitude of depth where compressive residual stresses appear.
Erosion can occur on components due to a flowing media. This can be a result of wind, water, and compounds carried by these different media types. Hardening of the surface by laser peening helps to prevent material removal via erosion. This can be a significant cost savings for propellers, blades, and other components subjected to erosion concerns.
Damage occurring on components operating at high speeds in fluid is often a result of cavitation. The cavitation occurs as high pressures between the fluid and component and results in the formation and collapse of a small air cavity; basically, a bubble. Modifying the surface of the component with laser peening increases the material strength locally at the surface and can aid in the resistance of the material to damage from the bubble collapse.
Hydrogen embrittlement is a particularly concerning method of failure due to the random and unpredictable nature it presents. During certain processes and in certain environments, hydrogen atoms will migrate into a material structure. These hydrogen atoms can stay in the materials crystal structure or migrate to areas where they are able to combine and form. The hydrogen atoms, or molecules, can severely weaken the material leading to unexpected cracking and lower material strengths. Laser peened surfaces present a large compressive residual stress field that reduces the permeability of the component surface to hydrogen.
Although not often a failure mode in itself, galling can cause significant problems in machinery and lead to other failure mechanisms. Galling occurs when adhesive forces on two metal surfaces work to tear fragments of the mating surfaces apart. Galling is frequently seen on stainless steel and titanium alloys, but can also be found on other base alloy systems including nickel and aluminum. Laser peening the surface of mating components helps increase the material resistance to galling by cold working the surface and inducing compressive residual stresses.
As metal surfaces slide against one another they frequently generate abrasive compounds. With continued relative motion, these abrasive compounds score the surface and give rise to even more wear, called fretting. As the fretting continues it can lead to corrosion, further wear, or fatigue cracking from fretting damage. By cold working the surface of metal components with laser peening, the residual stresses reduce the fretting mechanism of wear.
Additive manufacturing (AM) creates metallic parts by laying down fused layers of powdered metal alloys and fusing them together with a laser or electron beam, as in powder bed fusion (PBF). But PBF, like other additive manufacturing processes, results in microstructural voids or bubbles in the metal. This porosity has the potential to create mechanical weaknesses in the AM part, and materials scientists have found laser peening can compensate for porosity with compressive residual stresses.
Learn How Laser Peening Inhibits Metal Failure
No matter what metal failure type your component is experiencing, laser peening can improve the life of your metal part through deep compressive residual stresses. Laser peening can even be applied to fielding parts to extend their operational service life. Laser peening around existing cracks inhibits further propagation, and can return the fatigue tolerance of damaged parts to "like-new" condition.
Let's talk about how laser peening can fight your metal failure.
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