Copying an Existing Budget
This entry is part 8 of 16 in the series Focus Guide - BFA: Budgets
BFA supports entering data for a budget by copying the budget from an existing project. When you copy the budget from an existing project, you can choose to copy the existing project's Original, EAC, Actual, or FAC amounts and/or to apply a multiple to the Amount or Units. Furthermore, you are able to preview the rows to be copied and select which rows to include or exclude in your copy.
Using Budgets as Templates
Because of the flexibility in copying existing budgets, you can choose to create a project for the sole purpose of creating a budget with zero amounts but with line items that will be used as a "template" for other project budgets. When it is time to create a budget for a real project, you can choose which line items you want from your "template" budget through the Copy Existing option. Also, providing there is no conflict in the work-breakdown-structure of your budget, you can use the Copy Existing option multiple times. This allows you to create "templates" for sections of your budget that can be added as needed. For example, you can create a template budget that contains only "Site Construction" line items (with Cost Codes beginning in 02) and another that contains only "Electrical" line items (with Cost Codes beginning in 16) and so on. When it is time to add data to a budget in a real project, you would use the Copy Existing option to get your line items from "Site Work" and then again to get line items from "Electrical," etc. and then you would enter your amounts manually.
Note: You can copy only from a project with an Approved Budget, so even template budgets must be Approved.
To copy a budget from an existing project:
 1. From the Budget ribbon, click Copy Existing. A Retrieve Existing Budget dialog box will appear.
 2. Browse for the existing project from which you want to copy budget rows. If you want to copy the Billing Codes also, click the Copy Billings Codes? checkbox.
 3. Click Add.
 4. In the Select Import Rows box, click the Pick checkbox for those rows you want to copy.
 5. (optional) Select the Budget Source: Original, EAC, Actual, or FAC.
 6. (optional) Edit the Multiplier for the Amount or Unit as required.
 7. Click Group if you would like to group the results.
 8. Click Insert to copy the selected rows from the existing project to a new budget.
 9. In the Budget worksheet, review your copied budget and make any additions (Add New Rows), deletions (Delete Rows), and edits as needed.
 10. When you have finished entering your data, check the Revenue and Budget totals listed at the top of the columns to ensure you have entered your entire budget.
 11. Save your entries, close Excel, and return to the Spitfire Budget document.
Series Navigation<< Deleting Rows from BFA WorkbookImporting a Budget >>


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Introduction: Easy Card Trick
If you want to explore magic and need a basic trick to amaze your friends, a simple mind reading trick will do. I will go through the steps to help you understand the trick.
Step 1: Preparing the Trick
To start, take the deck and cut it, with half in each hand. Then causally glance at the bottom card of the deck in your right hand. This is your "key card." Make sure you know what it is.
Step 2: Prepping the Cards
Once you have done that, have a friend pick a card from your left hand and memorize it. Have him/her put it on the top of the left hand deck. Put the right hand deck on top of the left one, making sure the the "key card" is directly above your friends card.
Step 3: Finish the Trick and Amaze Your Friend
Flip the deck face up and begin looking through it. When you see the key card stop. The card right before the key card is your friends card. Reveal it and show it to your friend. He or she will be amazed!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What does it do?: Kake soaps are vegan, using vegetable and plant glycerine and butters to clean, soothe, and moisturize the skin. Each soap utilizes a variety of high-quality ingredients for additional benefits whether it be skin healing, sinus or stress relief, or just for fun! This soap is unscented and gentle for those with sensitivities.
What does it smell like?: It is unscented, but does have a mild clean "soap smell."
What does it look like?: These bars are circular with one flat end and one end molded into a beautiful flower inspired shape. The flower end is layered with white soap, and the flat end is layered with clear glycerin soap.
What's the packaging like?: Kake bar soaps are packaged in shrink wrapped, food-safe plastic to ensure that each bar is protected from excess moisture and keeps the longest possible shelf life. Each bar is labeled with brown craft paper sticker labels, and is approximately 4oz. **Please note that if you choose your soaps to be unpackaged, it may cause the soaps to collect extra moisture and decrease shelf life.
Joy in Simplicity Bar Soap (Unscented)
All Kake soaps contain: Glycerin (vegetable), Sodium Cocoate (coconut oil and lye), Sodium Laurate (cleanser and emulsifyer), Sodium Stearate (vegetable-based soap material sourced from coconut and palm oils), Sodium Myristate (emulsifyer and conditioneroccurs naturally in vegetable fats and oils), Sodium Cocoate (fatty acid derived from coconut oil), Cocoa Nucifera (coconut) Oil, Elaeis Guineensis (palm) Oil, Helianthus Annus (sunflower) Oil, Sorbitol (plant-based sugar derivitave, used for additional moisturizer), Purified Water (aqua), Cannabis Sativa Seed (hemp) Oil, Titanium Dioxide (oxidised mineral used for white colorant).


Skip to definition.
Noun: hushing húsh-ing
 1. A fricative sound (especially as an expression of disapproval)
 "the performers could not be heard over the hushing of the audience";
 - hiss, hissing, fizzle, sibilation
Verb: hush húsh
 1. Become quiet or still; fall silent
 "hush my baby!"
 2. Cause to be quiet or not talk
 "Please hush the children in the church!";
 - quieten [Brit], silence, still, shut up, hush up
 3. Become quiet or quieter
 - quieten [Brit], quiet, quiesce, quiet down, pipe down
 4. (mining) wash by removing particles
 5. (mining) run water over the ground to erode (soil), revealing the underlying strata and valuable minerals
Derived forms: hushings
See also: hush up
Type of: change, change intensity, conquer, curb, inhibit, irrigate, lave, noise, stamp down, subdue, suppress, wash, water
Encyclopedia: Hushing
Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars


A Long Goodbye
A Long Goodbye
Barbara Rachko
Soft pastel on sandpaper
The Black Paintings is a series of pastel-on-sandpaper paintings that use cultural objects as surrogates for human beings acting in mysterious, highly-charged narratives. In the Black Paintings the figures (actors) take central stage. All background details, furniture, rugs, etc. are eliminated and replaced by intense dark black pastel. Each painting takes months to complete as Barbara slowly layers and blends up to 30 layers of soft pastel.
The idea for the Black Paintings began when I attended a jazz history course and learned how Miles Davis developed cool jazz from bebop. In bebop the notes were played hard and fast as musicians showcased their technical virtuosity. Cool jazz was a much more relaxed style with fewer notes, i.e., the music was pared down to its essentials. Similarly this series evolved from dense, complex visual compositions into paintings that depict only the essential elements—the actors. As the series evolves what is left out becomes increasingly more important, resulting in more demands being placed on the viewer. – Barbara Rachko
Available framed (35 x 28.5 in)
26 x 20 in. (66 x 51 cm.)


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HTML search and replace in Clojure
In Clojure, data structures are mostly built from a handful of core data structures such as lists, vectors, maps, and sets.
This means that most data structures can leverage all of the generic data transformation and querying functions built for the core data structures instead of having to rebuild the same functionality for each data structure.
This feature in combination with Clojure's rich standard library makes Clojure very attractive for solving data munching problems from other domains.
In this article, I'm going to demonstrate these capabilities for solving HTML transformations using Clojure.
First, I'm going to describe how HTML can be represented in Clojure.
With this representation in mind, I'll demonstrate how we can transform HTML documents in Clojure.
Finally, I'll tie the transformations together with the HTML parsing and formatting to produce a complete solution.


Do This Exercise to Improve Your Photography Lighting Skills
Practice makes perfect. Consider football players practicing before a game. While practicing, they do all kinds of things that they wouldn't do during an actual game. In practice sessions, they push themselves and their skills to their limits, because they want to improve their skills, agility, strength, and decision making. As a photographer, you should do the same. In the following video, photographer Mark Wallace from Adorama takes you through an exercise to help you stay on top of your photography game:
To understand how to have better control over lighting as a photographer, Wallace takes you through an exercise similar to what classic painters used: a still life. By shooting still life, you will have a better understanding of how to control specular highlights, shadows, and the direction of light. So follow along and start practicing.
Setup for Still Life Photography Practice
For the practice session, Wallace has the following setup:
 - Leica M10 camera with a 50mm lens, set at f/8 for greater depth of field
 - At the other end of the camera, he has some tomatoes, apples, grapes, and a glass pitcher with potpourri. Note that the fruits, vegetables and the glass pitcher are shiny and have specular highlights.
 - The setup is lit with big windows on the side, and one incandescent light on the top.
Exercise to Control Specular Highlights
Since the items that Wallace has chosen are very shiny, they show off reflections of the light source (specular highlights). The first exercise is to control those specular highlights, as they can be very distracting and difficult to deal with even in post. Here's what Wallace does to control the specular highlights:
 - First off, he starts by taking a photo of the fruit and vegetable setup just using the ambient light. This gives him an idea of how the specular highlights appear in the image.
lighting practice with ambient light
 - Taking inspiration from the classic master painters, he approaches the situation with the idea of getting rid of ambient light by closing the windows.
 - He uses a Profoto B2 with a soft box to light the subject. To avoid specular highlights, he places the light setup close to and behind the subject, also making sure that some amount of light is spilled in front of the subject.
 - He then meters the light by pointing the light meters toward the light (and not the camera) and takes the photo as per the reading to get the following result:
lighting practice using still life
Notice the reflection of chairs on the edges of the glass.
The image looks a lot better. However, there are still specular highlights on the glass due to the reflection of the chairs. By getting rid of the chairs, the result is further improved. Notice how being aware of your surroundings can help you in figuring out issues with your photos.
still life lighting exercise
If you look closely, you can still see the light stand behind the subject. Wallace uses a black cloth to cover it up while using a 12 second timer to delay the shutter release.
lighting practice with still life
Using a black cloth to get rid of the light stand
lighting practice activity
The light stand is not visible anymore.
Retouching Still Life Images
Once satisfied with the image, Wallace opens it up in Adobe Lightroom and makes use of adjustment brushes to make local corrections. Here is what he does in post:
 - Add some front light to the underexposed areas (tomatoes, grapes, and apples).
 - Make the background more seamless by reducing the exposure on the edge of the cloth.
 - Get rid of the table legs by reducing the exposure.
 - Add some clarity.
 - Experiment with vibrance.
Once happy with the adjustments in Lightroom, he opens up the image in Adobe Photoshop. In Photoshop, using the Analog Efex plug-in, he experiments with various presets until he's happy.
how to practice photography lighting
While retouching, don't over stress yourself. Feel free to experiment and play around until you're happy with the end result. Remember that you're practicing and learning skills that you will use next time you're on an actual photo shoot.
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||September 12, 2006 03:23
Hi! I am using a eulerian-lagrangian aproach to simulate gas side fouling on a heat transfer surface.Particle loading is low and so the DPM_one-way approach is a good approach. So far, i can track injection files and store the mass flux of particles that reach the surface in a UDM. I would like to convert dirty cells into solid ones to simulate the augmented thermal resistance and the reduced cross section. Does anybody Knows if is possible convert the dirty cells of fluid into solid cells of fouling via UDF? Is there any other technique to introduce a temporal dimension in the simulation? Thanks in advance, any comment is wellcome.


While having a large enough stomach capacity plays the major role during most longer food challenges, speed eating definitely plays the main role in most shorter eating contests. When you are attempting a large food challenge, you typically have a lot more time to work with than you do during eating contests. A majority of challenges have a time limit ranging between 30 minutes and 1 hour, while very few challenges have time limits lower than 15 minutes. It is totally the opposite for eating contests. Most contests are 10 minutes or less, and there are very few actual eating contests longer than 15 minutes. In the sport of track & field, there are sprinters and there are long distance runners, and then there are just a few people that excel at both. Sprinting takes speed while long distance running requires a heavy amount of endurance. Not many sprinters can compete in long distance races, and not many long distance runners can compete in sprinting. There are some people that can do both though, and this same concept applies to the world of food challenges and competitive eating too. There are some people that will dominate eating competitions less than 5 minutes because they are great speed eaters, but they don't have the stomach capacity to compete in the longer events. Then there are some people that can dominate large food challenges in under 1 hour, but they cannot compete with speed eaters during eating contests. Then there are some people that can do both because they have a large stomach capacity and are also great speed eaters. Which category do you think applies to you and your competitive eating skill level?
Almost all of the Stomach Capacity Training articles apply strictly to helping you train to increase your body's stomach capacity. You may also have read the article How To Increase Your Jaw Strength which shows you how you can train to increase the strength and endurance of your jaw and mouth muscles during competitions. As mentioned in that article, the 2 major factors involved with speed eating are having a strong jaw with a lot of endurance, and also having the ability to swallow larger chunks of food at a faster rate. The key to speed eating is to focus on swallowing rather than chewing. You need the strong jaw strength to bite the food and chew it up a few times (if even necessary), but then you have to have the ability to swallow it quickly so that you can move on to taking more bites so that you can swallow again and keep repeating the process. You will learn how to eat fast by reading Speed Eating: How To Eat Food Faster in the Eating Contest Tips section, but in this article you will learn how to train yourself to become able to eat fast, which really isn't that hard if you follow these tips:
Practice swallowing with your head up – If you ever watch some of the top competitive eaters speed eat, you will see them holding their head up during almost the entire contest except for when they are grabbing more food. The best way to explain why you should do this is by explaining one of the first steps to giving somebody CPR (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation). Before breathing into their mouth or performing a series of firm chest compressions, you have to tilt the person's head back to allow air to flow more freely in and out. During CPR you do not want the person's airway blocked, and air won't flow freely if the person's head is down. This applies to speed eating and swallowing too. Do you ever chug liquids with your head down? Keep your head up while you are eating and swallowing will be much easier for you. Practice this during all your regular meals at home.
Practice with water first – Before practicing with food, train with water. You goal is to be able to swallow more food at one time, so practice swallowing as much water as you can. By doing this, you are able to get your throat used to swallowing more while also eliminating the risk of choking. You can do this anywhere you are allowed to drink water, which is basically everywhere. Tilt your head back and fill your mouth with as much water as possible, almost to the point where it is dripping out, and then try to swallow. You may not be able to the first time, and you may therefore need to start with a little less water in your mouth. Keep on practicing and building up until you can swallow the whole mouthful of water. Then you are ready to practice safely with real food.
Train with real food – To train your body to hold more food, practice by eating real food. To train your jaw to chew food harder and faster, you need to practice by chewing real food harder and faster. Therefore, to train your body to swallow more food faster, practice swallowing larger chunks of real food faster, but be careful.
Try softer foods first – Now that you know to keep your head up and esophagus open, and you can swallow an entire mouthful of water at one time, you are ready to practice with food. It is not smart to go straight from swallowing water to bigger pieces of steak though, so start by training with softer foods like oatmeal. Cook up some oatmeal for breakfast or as a snack, and then practice swallowing large mouthfuls of it. Feel free to chase the big bites with some water. Definitely keep water on hand either way though because the water will come in handy if you are struggling to swallow the oatmeal after your throat starts getting dry. You may have some other softer foods in your pantry too. Rice, quinoa, and other moist foods can work well also. Using foods like this help you establish great form while all but eliminating your chances of choking. Always train safely!!
After you have progressed from step to step and now feel comfortable swallowing larger chunks of food, you are ready to start training with real foods. You basically want to practice speed eating without worrying about increasing your jaw strength. As mentioned in How To Increase Your Jaw Strength, you want to do one or the other, and you can't really do both. You can do this with any regular meal, but I prefer training with easier to chew and swallow foods like large sandwiches. Unless you are practicing for a steak challenge, really tough foods like steak aren't great for practicing to swallow and eat faster. Those are better for training your jaw strength. The main thing that you need to do is to make sure you don't go crazy. You DO NOT want to risk choking, and therefore you should NOT practice swallowing extra large bites. That is also why you don't want to train at home with really tough foods. You may not want to train when you are out to dinner with your girlfriend, but it is smart to have somebody around you just in case. You can choke anytime at any meal if you are not careful, but your chances increase drastically if you are attempting to speed eat. Always have water or some other type of liquid handy in case you need it. Competitive eating is meant to be fun, and you do not want to hurt yourself doing it. Now that you are trained and ready to practice, read Speed Eating: How To Eat Food Faster.
Thanks for reading hot to train yourself to eat food faster and using FoodChallenges.com!!
To go back and view other Stomach Capacity Training articles, click here.


Aerial Sockets
Aerial sockets, also known as TV sockets are wall-mounted outlets for coaxial connectors. They are most commonly used to provide a signal from a satellite (TV aerial) to a TV or FM. A coaxial cable is plugged into a TV and then the other end of the aerial cable is plugged into a socket to connect to the aerial.
Aerial sockets often come with a faceplate, also known as wall plate, which screws into the wall. Faceplates come in various materials, such as chrome or plastic, and provide a more aesthetic finish.
TV aerial sockets are often found around the home or workplace. You will often find a socket located where TV is to be fitted that requires a satellite signal.
What is a gang?
The number of gangs refers to the number of inputs that the wall socket has. For example, if the socket has "2 gangs" you can plug two coaxial cables into it. These cables are available in various lengths and feature a co-ax connector at each end.
How to connect to your aerial:
Aerial sockets are used when you have outdoor aerials that you wish to connect to. Aerial wall plates are fixed to the wall and you would connect your cable from your TV to the coaxial connector in the wall socket. These cables are available in various lengths to suit your requirements.
Your UHF aerial, for example, would feed into the back of the socket. The wiring from the aerial attaches to the board at the back of the aerial wall plate.
Connecting to your TV aerial provides access
Aerial Socket Connection Types:
TV socket
Radio (FM) socket
SAT (Satellite) socket
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Complete Guide to 1×2 Betting
1X2 Betting — Complete Guide on How to Easily Bet on Football and Other Sports
Placing a wager on a sporting event can take many forms. These days, sportsbooks offer all sorts of betting markets, from simple straight bets to multiples that can involve props and player bets.
Nevertheless, 1X2 betting remains the most popular sports betting market among punters. This is also the simplest type of bet, as it involves betting on one of the three possible outcomes, which is why it's sometimes called a three-way moneyline bet.
In this article, we will explain how 1X2 betting works, which sports you can place it on, and what some of its most popular variations are. Read on!
What Is 1X2 Betting?
If you're a beginner punter and don't know how sports betting works, learning to place 1X2 bets is the best way to start. This sort of bet is usually taken on football matches, but it can work for some other sports as well.
In 1X2 betting, the goal is to predict the outcome of the match, with 1 being the home team's victory, 2 being the away team's victory, and X representing a draw. It's as simple as that. 1X2 can be placed as a single bet, or it can be combined with more 1X2s or other bets.
To explain this further, let's use an example:
Liverpool is playing with Leicester at Anfield. The odds for Liverpool to win (1, since they are the home team) are 1.50. The odds for the draw (X) are 4.00, while the odds for Leicester to win (2) are 6.00. The odds are multiplied by your stake to calculate your total win. If you bet £10 on Liverpool and it wins the game, you will be paid a total of £15 (£10 x 1.50), meaning that your profit from that bet is £5. If Leicester wins or the match ends in a draw, you lose the bet.
As mentioned, 1X2 bets can be combined with other bets. In that scenario, all odds are multiplied with your stake to calculate your win. You need to guess all the outcomes correctly to win, with the exception of the system bets, but that's a topic left for another time.
You don't necessarily need to combine 1X2 bets with other 1X2 bets. For example, you can place a 1X2 bet and an over/under bet on the same bet slip. 1X2 betting is available for any sporting event where there is a possibility for a draw, like in handball or ice hockey.
Why Is 1X2 Betting so Popular?
1X2 has been around for almost as long as organised sports betting itself. While many new types of bets were invented in the meantime, 1X2 still remains one of the most popular ones.
1X2 betting is the most attractive betting market for beginners due to its simplicity, but even more, experienced punters place 1X2 bets all the time. This betting market can be very lucrative, as there are three possible outcomes, so the odds tend to be higher than for two-way bets, especially if the outcome is not easily predictable.
Despite being straightforward, 1X2 betting is incredibly exciting. Anything can happen in a 90-minute match, and things can easily turn the other way around. That's why a lot of punters also choose to wager on 1X2 in the form of live betting, where the odds change as time goes by.
1X2 Betting Strategy
While it is simple to make a 1X2 bet, getting it right is not. Of course, backing up a clear favourite will go your way most of the time, but you won't make a lot of profit as the odds will be rather small. The trick is to find big odds that are given to outcomes that have a real chance of happening.
The most efficient strategy for exploring this sports betting market is to know the teams that are playing. By following up on their squads, current form, injury reports, and team news, you will be able to make a knowledgeable wager.
It's best to take some bets after the match has kicked off, as that's when you can take advantage of in-play betting. By seeing how the match is developing, checking up on the current stats, and looking at how the odds change, you can sometimes make a more valuable bet than before kick-off.
While constructing a bet slip with multiple 1X2 bets, it's important not to pick too many teams, regardless of how irresistible the final winning total is. The best way to approach multiples is to pick three or four matches with reasonable odds. If you plan on betting on multiples often, you should look into the fact that some bookies offer early cashout, which is a possibility to cash out your bet slip without waiting for all matches to finish.
Also, many experienced punters stay away from betting on a team that they cheer for, as they can't always be objective.
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Workers' Compensation Enhancement: Telephonic Workplace Injury Triage Coming Soon
March 04, 2020
Nurse on phone call smiling to cameraStudies have shown that the day of injury is the most critical point at which positively to influence medical care, claim costs, return to work outcome and employee satisfaction for work-related injuries. Because MCIT recognizes the importance of an employee's receiving prompt, convenient and appropriate medical attention when he or she sustains an injury at work, the Trust is introducing a telephonic workplace injury triage service later this spring.
Determining Appropriate Care Is a Challenge for Supervisors
Responding to injuries in the workplace can be equally challenging for an injured worker and his or her supervisor:
Employees who work alone, at a small site, nontraditional business hours or remote locations may have limited access to immediate medical assistance in the event of an injury.
Supervisors who respond to injuries often lack proper medical training or experience to determine the seriousness of the injury and the appropriate response.
Minor injuries, such as strains and sprains, that would respond favorably to on-site first aid are often referred off site for care, which is more expensive and time consuming but not more effective.
Triage Service Removes Barrier to Prompt Care
To remove barriers to prompt and appropriate care for injured workers, MCIT has contracted with Medcor to provide a telephonic injury triage service. By calling a dedicated hot line for MCIT, the injured employee and supervisor have immediate access 24 hours a day, seven days a week to a nurse who recommends the appropriate care for the injury, whether it be first aid or a medical referral.
After the call, the nurse submits a report to MCIT, which acts as the first report of injury and begins the claim handling process.
Injured workers who choose to self-treat can call back for further advice if their conditions change or worsen.
With the knowledgeable intervention of a trained registered nurse at the time of injury, the injured employee obtains needed and appropriate medical treatments sooner than with the current system. This often means a quicker and better recovery while avoiding unnecessary and costly emergency room visits.
This service is not designed to deal with an emergency or to provide advice if the injured employee has already received medical attention.
As the activation date approaches for telephonic injury triage, the hot line number, information and educational materials will be provided to share with all supervisors and employees.


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by Natalie GutierrezUsually, when a primary care physician recommends a patient receive a sonogram, the doctor prepares a referral and sends the patient to a hospital or radiology clinic. But that practice may soon become a thing of the past.
Thanks to funding from the SBC Foundation, the Health Science Center is leading efforts to train all future primary care physicians to be proficient in the use of ultrasound equipment and techniques so theyíll be able to perform sonograms right in their own exam rooms.
"Currently only 5 percent of primary care physicians nationwide are proficient in ultrasound," said Gerald Dodd III, M.D., professor and chair of the department of radiology. "We are working to change that so more physicians are proficient in sonography and prepared to better serve their patients."
In 2006 the Health Science Center will be the only school in the nation to enroll all of its entering medical students into the ultrasound training curriculum called "Sonography at the Point of Care."
"Our goal is to provide four years of training for all medical school students so they graduate fully proficient in the use of ultrasound technology and techniques," Dr. Dodd said.
The SBC Foundation has funded the purchase of several hand-held compact ultrasound machines, which are the size of laptop computers and can be carried in a briefcase or backpack. The machines are much smaller, more versatile and less expensive than traditional ultrasound machines.
Dr. Dodd said plans are in place to provide digital images produced by the machines to the Visualization and Simulation Center at the Health Science Center so that students can access them via the Centerís Web-based network. Students will be able to access the images as study aids or as guides when performing sonograms or invasive procedures such as needle injections or tumor biopsies.
Dr. Dodd also plans to incorporate remote monitoring stations into the program so that faculty members can view, guide and evaluate students as they perform sonograms on actual patients in hospital settings or in clinics.
"With the SBC Foundationís support, all Health Science Center Medical School graduates will be ultrasound experts who can care for their patients at the initial point of contact - in the doctorís office," Dr. Dodd said. "Ultimately, that will decrease the time it takes to make correct diagnoses and administer appropriate treatments."
UT Health Science Center
© 2002 - 2013 UTHSCSA
Links provided from UTHSCSA pages to other websites do not constitute or imply an endorsement of those sites, their content, or products and services associated with those sites.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Benefits Of Dairy
"Those who regularly consumed dairy products like milk, cheese and yogurt, did better on mental ability tests."
Milk does the body good, and according to a new study, it's also good for the brain.
American and Australian researchers examined 1,000 adults and found that those who regularly consumed dairy products like milk, cheese and yogurt did better on mental ability tests than those who rarely or never eat dairy.
It was recently discovered that brain function relies on some fats, but usually we associate that with good fats, like omega-3, which come from fish oils and the fats found in dairy products like cheese and milk, which are more commonly associated with bad fats that lead to heart disease.
The key seems to be that our brain is made of 60% fat and the brain cells are insulated by myelin sheaths that are made of 75% fat (diseases like multiple sclerosis begin when these sheaths start to deteriorate). Our body can't replenish those fats on its own, and so it relies on our diet to keep the ones in the brain nourished.
The study needs to be tightened up a bit, as the connection between dairy and brainpower wasn't perfectly conclusive. Even so, it's an interesting discovery that researchers will now delve into deeper.


Horse Racing in Mongolia
Horse Racing in Mongolia is one the three manly sports of Naadam Holidays. No doubt, horse race goes way beyond Genghis Khan but the earliest record is in Secret History of the Mongols. Mongolians say of themselves as nomads born in a saddle.
Also, we say that horse is the man's best friend and Mongolians learn to ride as early as three years old, or it is said that before they even began walking. Mongolian horses are known by their small size, sturdiness and strength. They live in herds led by a stallion which leads and protects them from wolves. They are well adapted to the harsh weather conditions of Mongolia.
horse racing in mongoli
mongolian jokeys
horse training in mongoli
The horse trainers in Mongolian called "uyaach". They start training their horses for the Naadam or Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year) couple of months before the race but they literally train them throughout the year.
These are not ordinary day-to-day labor horses, they are of special racing breed and are very expensive too. Training is a science and few do make mistakes that in rare occasions cause horses to die during the races.
Mongolian horse race tracks are wide open steppes and hills, and range between 15 to 30 kilometers equivalent to 9,4 to 19 miles. Mongolian race horses are divided according to the horse age: one (daaga), two (shudlen), three (khyazaalan), four (soyoolon) and over five years (ikh nas), and stallions.
Guess the age of the jockeys? They are between 5 to 12 years old, both boys and girls. They are not merely riders but are strategic warriors because the success of the race is equally dependent upon horses and their little riders. They know when to hold the horse back and when to speed up and to my surprise most of them ride on bare backs. Ouch.
Horse racing in Mongolia awards only first five horses in each age category. The ultimate winner is entitled as Tumnii Ekh which means mother of ten thousand. The winners enter the stadium to receive their awards and praise songs which talks about the owner, rider and horse. Similar song of encouragement sang to the loosing two year old horse as bayan khodood means full stomach – too much food does not help the race!
Horse racing in Mongolia is a prestigious sport that carries along much fame but not much money. They do not make fortunes like wrestlers but are highly respected and honored, in life, they are ordinary nomads.
Go from Horse Racing in Mongolia to Mongol Archery
Beautiful Mongolia
Nomadic Life
Where to go?
What to eat?


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Staghorn sumac and smooth sumac (Rhus typhina and Rhus glabra, respectively) are reliable edibles from summer through winter. The plant is easy to identify, but consult a good field guide or someone who knows their plants to make sure the plant you're looking at is an edible sumac and not poison sumac. Once you see the plants side-by-side, though, you will see there is a big difference between the two.
The edible part of our sumac is the distinctive fruit cluster, which is prominent from summer through winter. The individual fruits are small, but the large heads make gathering them a breeze! Once you gather the heads you make a liquid concentrate from them, which can be used in beverages and in cooking. In winter, when the fruit clusters have seen better days, you'll need more clusters to get the same effect as the clusters you collected in September, but the results will still be tasty and reminiscent of lemons!
There are two ways to make the concentrate but make sure you don't use hot or boiling water in either method as hot water will release tannins, which are not so tasty:
In the kitchen, take several of the fruit clusters and put them in a blender filled with water. Zip the fruits with the water for a minute or so, then let it all sit for awhile (say 15 to 30 minutes). Strain the liquid through cheesecloth or a kitchen towel and the resulting concentrate can then be used in beverages, pies, and jams!
In the wild, you can still enjoy this plant. Take the fruit clusters and place them in a container full of cool water. Use your hands and rub the fruits vigorously to release the juice. Then you just need to strain out the debris and you have a tasty beverage when needed. You can warm the beverage and sweeten it if you desire, but many people like it unsweetened, too.


Variable width histogram aggregationedit
This functionality is experimental and may be changed or removed completely in a future release. Elastic will take a best effort approach to fix any issues, but experimental features are not subject to the support SLA of official GA features. We're evaluating the request and response format for this new aggregation. For feature status, see #58573.
This is a multi-bucket aggregation similar to Histogram. However, the width of each bucket is not specified. Rather, a target number of buckets is provided and bucket intervals are dynamically determined based on the document distribution. This is done using a simple one-pass document clustering algorithm that aims to obtain low distances between bucket centroids. Unlike other multi-bucket aggregations, the intervals will not necessarily have a uniform width.
The number of buckets returned will always be less than or equal to the target number.
Requesting a target of 2 buckets.
POST /sales/_search?size=0
 "aggs": {
 "prices": {
 "variable_width_histogram": {
 "field": "price",
 "buckets": 2
 "aggregations": {
 "prices": {
 "buckets": [
 "min": 10.0,
 "key": 30.0,
 "max": 50.0,
 "doc_count": 2
 "min": 150.0,
 "key": 185.0,
 "max": 200.0,
 "doc_count": 5
This aggregation cannot currently be nested under any aggregation that collects from more than a single bucket.
Clustering Algorithmedit
Each shard fetches the first initial_buffer documents and stores them in memory. Once the buffer is full, these documents are sorted and linearly separated into 3/4 * shard_size buckets. Next each remaining documents is either collected into the nearest bucket, or placed into a new bucket if it is distant from all the existing ones. At most shard_size total buckets are created.
In the reduce step, the coordinating node sorts the buckets from all shards by their centroids. Then, the two buckets with the nearest centroids are repeatedly merged until the target number of buckets is achieved. This merging procedure is a form of agglomerative hierarchical clustering.
A shard can return fewer than shard_size buckets, but it cannot return more.
Shard sizeedit
The shard_size parameter specifies the number of buckets that the coordinating node will request from each shard. A higher shard_size leads each shard to produce smaller buckets. This reduce the likelihood of buckets overlapping after the reduction step. Increasing the shard_size will improve the accuracy of the histogram, but it will also make it more expensive to compute the final result because bigger priority queues will have to be managed on a shard level, and the data transfers between the nodes and the client will be larger.
Parameters buckets, shard_size, and initial_buffer are optional. By default, buckets = 10, shard_size = buckets * 50, and initial_buffer = min(10 * shard_size, 50000).
Initial Bufferedit
The initial_buffer parameter can be used to specify the number of individual documents that will be stored in memory on a shard before the initial bucketing algorithm is run. Bucket distribution is determined using this sample of initial_buffer documents. So, although a higher initial_buffer will use more memory, it will lead to more representative clusters.
Bucket bounds are approximateedit
During the reduce step, the master node continuously merges the two buckets with the nearest centroids. If two buckets have overlapping bounds but distant centroids, then it is possible that they will not be merged. Because of this, after reduction the maximum value in some interval (max) might be greater than the minimum value in the subsequent bucket (min). To reduce the impact of this error, when such an overlap occurs the bound between these intervals is adjusted to be (max + min) / 2.
Bucket bounds are very sensitive to outliers


Is beauties of universe copied or imitated? If no…
since there is nothing similar to the palace of the world from which its beauties could have been imitated and copied, certainly, its Maker possesses the necessary beauties in himself and in his Names.
It is from these that the universe is derived and according to them that it was made. It was written like a book in order to express His beauties and Names.
From: Risale-i Nur Collection.
Related Articles


Thomas Scheemakers
Thomas Scheemakers (1740 – 15 July 1808) was a sculptor operating in Britain in the late 18th century and a member of the important sculpting family of Scheemakers. Several of his works are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum.[1]
He was the only son of Peter Scheemakers (and grandson of Pieter Scheemaeckers), an eminent sculptor, and Barbara La Fosse. He appears to have been born slightly before their wedding.
From 1763 until 1780 he largely exhibited under his father's name. Whilst talented, he was certainly eclipsed by his father, but it is reasonable to expect that they worked together on several of his father's larger pieces up until his death (1781). He was a competent sculptor but lacked his father's flair for design, often leaving the design to be done by others. After his father returned to Belgium (c.1779) he continued his workshop, on Vine Street, London.
He inherited his father's huge fortune in 1782 but appears to have largely squandered this. He did very little sculpture after his father's death and ceased altogether in 1792. It appears that he went bankrupt in 1805, as there is a record of all of his effects being sold.[2]
He died in London in 1808 and was buried in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church. The grave is lost (and was possibly unmarked even from the beginning) and he is not listed on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial to the famous graves lost, which stands in the churchyard.
His wife, Barbara (b.1747) died in 1810 and was probably buried with him.
Freeman monument at St Mary's, Braughing, Herts
 1. ^ Dictionary of Sculptors in Britain, _PHONE_, Rupert Gunnis
 2. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 3. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 - Oxford dictionary of National Biography
 - Dictionary of Sculptors in Britain, _PHONE_, Rupert Gunnis
External linksEdit


text:
CO2 drop checkers for your aquarium
If the plant aquarium is fertilized with carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. A drop checker is used to permanently monitor the CO2 content of the aquarium water. This permanent test consists of a test fluid, which is located inside a container. This container is usually made of glass or acrylic glass and is installed inside the aquarium. The test fluid is in no direct contact with the aquarium water. An air-filled channel is located between the test fluid and the aquarium water. CO2 dissolved in the aquarium water diffuses through this layer of air and reacts with the testing fluid, which indicates through its colour an optimal (green), too low (blue) or too high (yellow) CO2 content in the water. In an aquascape or in aquariums with many aquatic plants, concentrations of 20 to 30 mg / l CO2 are aimed at. If the test reagent turns green, this content is reached. Please note that the liquid in the drop checker always indicates the CO2 with a time lag of several hours. In order to combine the green hue with a certain CO2 concentration, the test liquids such as the Aqua Rebel CO2 Check 250 ml have a fixed carbonate hardness.
A measurement of the CO2 content in this way is much more faithful than measuring directly in the aquarium water or calculating with CO2 conversion tables. In both cases, the pH of the water plays a role in determination - and the pH can be influenced, for example, by acids dissolved in the water or by humic substances! That makes these evaluations quite inaccurate.
We offer a vast selection of drop checkers in our online shop. The required testing fluids can be purchased through our webshop as well. The checkers are made of either plastic or glass. Especially the glass checkers are very attractive and fit well into the overall look of an aquascape.
You have trouble filling your drop checker? No problem, we have a guide for you in our Aquascaping Wiki.


Task 1 (Table) – Changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000
Describe the information in the table and make comparisons where appropriate.
Write at least 150 words.
Average distance in miles travelled per person per year
Model Answer 1:
The line graph delineates how the vehicle preferences of British changed over the time by comparing the average distance an English travelled using different modes of carriers in 1985 and 2000. Overall, cars were British citizen's primary mode of transportation and taxi was the least used mode of travel for them.
As the data suggests, an English travelled more than 6400 miles on an average in a year which was almost 36% higher than the distance an average Brit travelled in 1985. Car use predominated this total travel as more than 4800 miles out of 6400 in 2000 were crossed using automobiles and a similar trend was seen in 1985. Use of personal cars in truth increased over the time, as the data outlines. Reliance on buses was higher than train and bicycle use and despite an average 255 miles walking by a Brit in 1985, it decreased after 15 years.
Taxi was perhaps the least preferred mode of commuting as only 13 miles were travelled by a British using it in 1985 which, despite an increase in 2000, was ignorable. Train travel hiked in 2000 while distance travelled by British in local buses dropped. All other transportations contributed to 585 miles of travel by a Brit in 2000, an increase than that of 1985.
Model Answer 2:
The table data outlines transportation preference by British commuters between 1985 and 2000. As is obvious, cars were the most common means of travelling in the two mentioned years in the UK.
Interestingly, British did not use taxi quite often back in 1985 – only 13 miles per year was cut by every citizen which made the taxi the least common mode of transportation this year. However, this number increased to 42 miles per person in 2000. On the other hand, bicycles were one of the least used vehicles in 2000 covering only 41 passenger miles. It is clear that cars were still on top of preference among commuters, increasing from 3199 miles in 1985 to 4806 miles in 2000. Walking habits remained almost the same by British while the use of local bus declined. Each passenger travelled around 250 miles per year in trains and that rose to over 350 after 15 years.
In summary, the overall distance travelled by an English citizen went up from 4740 to 6475 miles in 15 years and the car was the primary means of transportation for them.
[Author – Malaa]
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NOIS Spring Symposium
Friday, May 3, 2013
Walker Ames Room, Kane Hall
The 12th Annual Symposium of Native & Indigenous Scholarship at the University of Washington
University of Washington Seattle Campus, Walker-Ames Room, Kane Hall
May 3, 2012
"Reminds Me of Home: The Cultural Shaping of Our Senses"
Oiwi Maoli scholar Manulani Aluli Meyers stated, "our senses are culturally shaped." Starting here and asking if culture shapes how we taste, touch, hear, see, and smell, then how do our culturally informed senses influence our research? How do our senses shape our methodologies and focus? How do they help us see the stories in our data and the ways in which we share those stories? How is our culture embodied in our work?
Event Type:


text:
Last modified: 2012-12-15 by rick wyatt
Keywords: snohomish county | washington |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
image by Jens Pattke, 30 April 2001
- indicates flag is known.
- indicates it is reported that there is no known flag.
Municipal flags in Snohomish County:
Source: "Welcome to Washington", 2nd edition by Clem Buckley and Jim Bruner (c) 1998 Jim Bruner, Publisher ISBN: 0-_PHONE_-1-5.
From this website:
OFFICIAL COUNTY FLAG
1.18.010 County Flag Adopted.
The flag, designed by Susan DiPietro of Mukilteo, is hereby adopted as the official county flag of Snohomish County, Washington. The flag shall be of white background and shall depict three trees as shown on Ordinance No. 88-073, adopted August 17, 1988. The left tree shall be in the color red, the center tree blue, and the right tree green. The words "Snohomish County" written below the tree shall be in the color green. The dimensions of the flag shall be three feet by five feet and the edge of the flag shall not be fringed.
(Added Ord. 88-073, August 17, 1988).
located by Dov Gutterman, 11 December 2002
Snohomish County (606,024 inhabitants in 2000; 56,880 ha; seat, Everett), located on Puget Sound in north-western Washington, was carved out of Island County on 20 January 1861. The definition of Snohomish is given on the county website as follows: "Indians named rivers and areas after their own tribes. The dominant tribe in this county was the Snohomish, the Indians spelling it 'Sdoh-doh-hohbsh.' Although many historians debate the meaning or claim it had none, Chief William Shelton, last of the hereditary Snohomish chiefs, said it meant lowland people. Other students of Indian lore say it might mean 'a style of union among them' of 'the braves'. Other sources claim the name means 'Sleeping Waters'. Still other spellings have given Sdohobich."
River Reflections, Snohomish City - _PHONE_, Snohomish Historical Society (Snohomish, Washington, 1975), 73.
While a description of the flag is given in the county code, a PDF document available on the county website gives more details on the origin of the flag:
"As a part of the Washington Centennial Celebration, the Centennial Commission requested that each county submit a flag for permanent display in the rotunda of the Washington Legislative Building in Olympia. The Herald, in conjunction with Snohomish County, held an official county-wide competition for the design of the flag in March 1988. The flag design created by Mukilteo resident, Susan DiPetro was the winner and in July, Ordinance No. 888-073 was approved adopting the flag as the official Snohomish County flag. The flag was presented to the public at the Evergreen State Fair in September and to the state in January at the Centennial Inaugural Celebration in Olympia."
The same document prescribes the following colours:
- Red: Pantone 192;
- Blue: Pantone Reflex Blue;
- Green: Pantone 356.
Ivan Sache, 3 May 2008


Inhuman Hybrids
Inhuman Hybrids
The Inhumans are an extremely xenophobic race, as such there have been very few cases of Inhuman's mating with members of other species. However, even rarer are the occasions when these unions have produced children. So far the Inhumans have shown the ability to mate successfully with two other sub-species of mankind, the Deviants and the Mutants.
Inhuman/Deviant Hybrids
Case-Study - One
The earliest known case of an Inhuman mating with a member of another species was between famed Inhuman geneticist, Phaeder and a deviant handmaiden named Morga.
Phaeder was a member of the Genetics Council nearly a century ago. He was expelled from the council by Agon for conducting genetic experiments that had been forbidden by their ancestors. Refusing to allow his work to be halted by age old traditions, Phaeder faked his own death, using a cloned body and escaped from Attilan. [Marvel Two-in-One #72]
Some time after leaving Attilan, Phaeder came across a colony of Deviants. Phaeder's skill as a geneticist was of much use to the Deviants and they brought him to their capital Lemuria. The Deviants had hoped that Phaeder skill at genetics would give them insights into their own unpredictable genetic codes. In general every member of the species has a completely different appearance to the rest of their people, there are however exceptions, Morga was one of these. Morga was a deviant with a human-like appearance and therefore a pariah to her species. At some point after he arrived in Lemuria, Phaeder met Morga, the two fell in love and married. Morga later fell pregnant and gave birth to Phaeder's son, Maelstorm. When Phaeder fell out of favour with Lemurian monarchy, and Maelstorm was thrown into the Lemurian slave pits. [Marvel Two-in-One #72, All New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #6]
Note: There have been contradictory accounts regarding Morga final fate. Most sources claim she died, murdered by her own people when Maelstorm was thrown into the slave pits other sources claim however that she is only presumed dead.
Some time later, Maelstorm was rescued by his father but he was traumatized by the incident and grew to despise the Deviants. Phaeder raised Maelstorm to be as every bit the geneticist that he was. Some time later, upon hearing that the Inhuman's had left the original site of Attilan, both father and son relocated there. While there, Phaeder experimented on his son. He found some remaining terrigen compounds in the abandoned Attilan site and exposed his son to them. This granted Maelstorm the ability to manipulate kinetic energy making him immensely powerful. [Marvel Two-in-One #72]
Characteristics of Subject A
Subject Name: Phaeder
Species: Inhuman
Distinguishing Characteristics: None
Powers: None known
 - Despite his interest in mutation and genetics, Phaeder never displayed any powers himself and may never have been exposed to the Terrigen Mists.
Characteristics of Subject B
Subject Name: Morga
Species: Deviant
Distinguishing Characteristics: human like appearance
Powers: None known
 - Morga has never been seen but she has been recounted as having a human like appearance. This made her an aberration to her species as all Deviants are hideously ugly and completely different to each other.
Characteristics of OffspringSubject C
Subject Name: Maelstorm
Gender: Male
Species: Inhuman/Deviant Hybrid
Distinguishing Characteristics: Purple hair and eyes
Powers: possessed the ability to absorb kinetic energy from any source to enhance his own physical strength, project energy blast, fly and/or grow in size.
 - It hasn't been revealed whether Maelstorm's purple hair and eyes were present at birth or they happened after his "terrigenesis".
Progeny of Subject C
Maelstorm also went on to have a child himself, a son named Ransak with a deviant woman. Her name was Medula. Maelstorm was so disgusted at himself for his dalliance with a member of the Deviants, the race he despised that he quickly abandoned her. [Fantastic Four Unlimited #10]
Ransak was born with a human-like and apparently spectacularly handsome appearance. At some point his mother died and Ransak was sold into slavery. As he got older he was forced to fight in the Gladiatorial arena for the right to live. It was here Ransak true abilities could be displayed. Ransak had incredible strength, durability and fighting skills, to such an spectacular level that he can go toe to toe with someone of the mutate Deviant Karkas' strength and win.[Eternals Vol.1 #8-9]
Characteristics of Subject D
Subject Name: Medula
Species: Deviant
Distinguishing Characteristics: None known
Powers: None Known
Characteristics of OffspringSubject E
Subject Name: Ransak
Species: 75% Deviant/25% Inhuman Hybrid
Gender: Male
Distinguishing Characteristics: human like appearance.
Powers: superhuman strength and durability. Prone to berserker rages in these rages his physical abilities increase and he more resistant to pain and injury.
Analysis of Inhuman/Deviant Breeding
So far the findings are inconclusive, as there are only two subjects and only one true hybrid.
In the both cases, however, hybrid status certainly hasn't dampened their potential for power. After being exposed to the Terrigen Mists, Maelstorm gained abilities second only to king Blackbolt himself. Ransak's powers on the other hand manifested by themselves. His physical abilities and fighting prowess made him unmatched in Lemuria [Marvel Two-in-One #72, Eternals #9]
Despite their aptitude for power, one possible side effect of the pairing of Inhumans and Deviants may be mental instability. Both Maelstorm and Ransak have shown degrees of mental illness. Ransak has uncontrollable bouts of anger and an almost complete lack of empathy. Maelstorm has full blown egomania in conjunction with psychotic and sociopathic tendencies. It's not clear however if these mental deficiencies are genetic or as a result of the trauma both subjects faced throughout their lives. [Marvel Two-in-One #72, Eternals #9]
Inhuman/Mutant Hybrids
A significant period of time would pass before the birth of another Inhuman hybrid. This time the union was between an Inhuman and Mutant.
It was love at first sight when Princess Crystal met the mutant speedster Quicksilver. After a surprise whirlwind romance Crystal and Quicksilver married. Crystal's marriage to a non –Inhuman was unprecedented. Everyone wondered what the union might produce. Surprisingly the baby, a girl, named Luna was born without any superpowers and apparently a baseline human. The couple made the decision to initially not expose Luna to the Terrigen Mists fearing the effect that the mists would have on her as the daughter of both and Inhuman and Mutant. [Fantastic Four (1st series) #131-132, 150, 239-240, and 248, The Thing #3]
When Luna was six however this would change as her father would expose her to the Terrigen Mists against her mother's wishes. Despite Crystal's concerns, Luna's exposure to the Terrigen Mists granted her the dual abilities of Empathy and Mind-Control without any gravely detrimental effects. Interestingly Luna's abilities are quite similar to her mother's first cousin, Maximus. [Son of M #2-3]
Case-Study A
Characteristics of Subject A
Crystal Amaquelin
Name: Crystalia Amaquelin
Species: Inhuman
Distinguishing Characteristics: None
Powers: Manipulate the four primal elements of fire, wind, water and earth.
 - Crystal was exposed to the Terrigen Mists while in utero.
Characteristics of Subject B
Name: Pietro Maximoff
Species: Mutant
Distinguishing Characteristics: Silver Hair
Powers: speedster with accelerated metabolism, reflexes, and reaction time. Briefly depowered and had the ability to travel through time after exposure to the Terrigen Mists.
 - Second generation mutant born to a mutant father and human mother.
Characteristics of Offspring - Subject C
Name: Luna Maximoff
Species: Inhuman
Gender: Female
Distinguishing Characteristics: None
Powers: Empathy and Mind-Control
- Luna powers were catalysed by exposure to the Terrigen Mists when she was six years old in Son of M #3.
Case-Study B
There have been no other cases of an Inhuman mating with a Mutant on Earth-616. However there has been on a divergent timeline of Earth-616 designated Earth-691.
In 31 century the Inhumans had been driven into the servitude of the norse god Loki. One of these slaves was the feline Inhuman Talon. Talon was later rescued from this life by his era's sorcerer supreme Krugaar who made him his apprentice. Eventually these two allied with the Guardians of the Galaxy and Talon became a member of good standing. [Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #18-20, 27 and 39]
As a member of the Guardians, Talon fought against a variety of foes including Dormammu and


text:
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle (Cicindela parowana) is a metallic green (dorsally and ventrally) beetle with distinct pattern of white markings on its wings. This species reaches 1.2 cm in length, and has bulbous eyes, slender legs and antennae, and a characteristic hop and fly escape movement similar to other tiger beetles.
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle, subspecies wallisi, was assessed as Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and is listed as Endangered in Canada on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). In British Columbia, Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle is ranked S1 (critically imperiled) by the Conservation Data Centre and is on the provincial Red list. The B.C. Conservation Framework ranks Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle as a priority 1 under goal 3 (maintain the diversity of native species and ecosystems). Recovery is considered to be biologically and technically feasible.
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle may have always been rare within the ecosystems of the southern Okanagan. Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle was thought to be extirpated from Canada as extensive searches throughout the Okanagan Valley had failed to record the species within its known range. Historical records are from sites with vague site names and unclear habitat associations, and were also collected over 50 years ago. This vague information makes it difficult to describe habitat associations and search historical sites. However, upon going through unidentified specimens, it was noted that a specimen had been collected in 1996 outside of Oliver. Subsequently, the species has also been recorded in 2011 near Oliver. Only two extant sites are currently known.
The two extant records for Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle are within open ponderosa pine forest habitats, and not typical of the salt flat or alkaline habitats where the species was thought to have been collected historically. Thus, the species may still be within unchecked sparsely vegetated open ponderosa pine habitats. Once the habitat parameters for this species are better understood, more targeted surveys within the southern Okanagan can be conducted.
No significant threats are known at the two extant Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle sites; however, there may be threats to this species in unchecked habitat where it could still be found. Although historical threats to the species are unknown, it is likely that the habitat loss of sandy alkaline habitats and the more open habitats in the Okanagan Valley bottom has had an impact on this species.
The recovery (population and distribution) goal is to maintain all extant populations of Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle across the species? range in British Columbia.
The following are the recovery objectives:
1.To secure protection for all known extant sites of Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle.
2.To address knowledge gaps (e.g., range extent within the south Okanagan, habitat requirements for each life stage, species-specific threats).
B.C. Ministry of Environment. 2014. Recovery Plan for Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle (Cicindela parowana) in British Columbia. Province of B.C., B.C. Ministry of Environment. BC Recovery Strategy (Species at Risk)
Scientific Name: Cicindela parowana
English Name: Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle
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Pathfinder Reference Document
Pathfinder Reference Document
School divination (scrying); Level bard 3, cleric 5, druid 4, sorcerer/wizard 4
Casting Time 1 hour
Components V, S, M/DF (a pool of water), F (a silver mirror worth 1,000 gp)
Range see text
Effect magical sensor
Duration 1 min./level
Saving Throw Will negates; Spell Resistance yes
You can observe a creature at any distance. If the subject succeeds on a Will save, the spell fails. The difficulty of the save depends on how well your knowledge of the subject and what sort of physical connection (if any) you have to that creature. Furthermore, if the subject is on another plane, it gets a +5 bonus on its Will save.
KnowledgeWill Save Modifier
Secondhand (you have heard of the subject)+5
Firsthand (you have met the subject)+0
Familiar (you know the subject well)–5
ConnectionWill Save Modifier
Likeness or picture–2
Possession or garment–4
As with all divination (scrying) spells, the sensor has your full visual acuity, including any magical effects. In addition, the following spells have a 5% chance per caster level of operating through the sensor: detect chaos, detect evil, detect good, detect law, detect magic, and message.
If the save succeeds, you can't attempt to scry on that subject again for at least 24 hours.
Scrying, Greater
School divination (scrying); Level bard 6, cleric 7, druid 7, sorcerer/wizard 7
Casting Time 1 standard action
Components V, S
Duration 1 hour/level
This spell functions like scrying, except as noted above. Additionally, all of the following spells function reliably through the sensor: detect chaos, detect evil, detect good, detect law, detect magic, message, read magic, and tongues.


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Template:Convert/Mach converts speeds of objects in Earth's atmosphere in Mach number with other units, where the optional parameter 3 (or 4) can be the altitude above (or below) mean sea level, expressed in feet. Some examples are shown below.
Usage: {{convert|1|Mach}} → Mach 1 (761 mph; 1,225 km/h)
 {{convert|2.0|Mach}} → Mach 2.0 (1,522.4 mph; 2,450.1 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach}} → Mach 3.3 (2,512.0 mph; 4,042.6 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach|90,000}} → Mach 3.3 (2,214.6 mph; 3,564.1 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach|90,000|sigfig=6}} → Mach 3.3 (2,214.63 mph; 3,564.10 km/h)
 {{convert|810|mph|Mach}} → 810 miles per hour (Mach 1.1 )
 {{convert|810|mph|Mach|sigfig=4}} → 810 miles per hour (Mach 1.064 )
The conversion depends on the altitude, passed as parameter 3 or 4 measured in feet (default: 0), and the temperature (ignored), where the temperature at higher altitudes is likely to be fairly constant. Hence, only the altitude is an optional parameter, when converting from Mach number into other speed units. The altitude cannot be specified in reverse conversions, to Mach number, from other units, and the altitude is only accepted as feet, not meters.
Note that the speed of sound alternately decreases then increases, and again decreases then increases, at successively higher altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere. From sea level, in the troposphere, the speed decreases with rising altitude until the tropopause, at 40,000 feet (8 mi; 12 km), where Mach 1 is 660.1 miles per hour (1,062.3 km/h), for most commercial jet airliners. However, the speed increases (as a reverse change) in the stratosphere, reaching 737.7 miles per hour (1,187.2 km/h) at altitude 160,000 feet (30 mi; 49 km). Then, the speed re-reverses to again decrease in the mesosphere, down to 613.2 mph (986.8 km/h) at altitude 285,000 feet (54 mi; 87 km). However, in the thermosphere, the speed of sound re-re-reverses to increase (as in the stratosphere), and reaches 688.9 mph (1,108.7 km/h) at altitude 400,000 feet (76 mi; 122 km). The highest speeds are below sea level, as in low-lying canyon areas, and the template allows a lowest altitude of -15,000 (feet) in parameter 3 or 4.


text:
Why is it called Throwing?
Origin of "To throw": Old Engilish – twist, to turn, to propel. Some potters describe their work at the potters wheel as turning. The Old English word thrawan from which to throw comes, means to twist or turn. Going back even farther, the Indo-European root *termeans to rub, rub by twisting, twist, turn. The German word drehen, a direct relative of to throw, means turn and is used in German for throwing. Because the activity of forming pots on the wheel has not changed since Old English times, the word throw has retained its original meaning in the language of pottery but has developed a completely different meaning in everyday usage. Those who say they throw pots are using the historically correct term. Those who say they turn pots are using more current language. Both are saying the same thing


text:
As social work educators continue to examine methods and techniques to provide meaningful knowledge about racism and discrimination, the role of self-assessment and dialogue should also be explored. This teaching note presents a tool for students and educators to use in considering literature discrimination and increasing awareness of multicultural resources. This tool and the related activities may be used for orientation or modified and combined with the variety of mixed media used to engage students in active learning.
- Content Type Journal Article
- Pages 159-166
- Gwenelle S. O'Neal, professor, Graduate Social Work Department, West Chester University, 650 Alley Way, Reynolds Hall, West Chester, PA 19383; e- mail: _EMAIL_


SLMsmart Featured Product: Crave Control
A refreshing drink mix designed to help you resist cravings, overeating, and unhealthy snacking. This delicious, strawberry-lemonade-flavored formula fights hunger for up to three hours at a time. With Crave Control, healthy satiety is only a drink away.
How do I use Crave Control?
Crave Control is best used in anticipation of hunger. For example, if you know that you usually feel hunger pains around 3 pm, drink a glass of Crave Control around 2:30 pm. This will allow you to avoid those nagging cravings and stay true to your weight loss or weight maintenance goals.
Note that you can take Crave Control even in the evening before bed. Because it doesn't contain the kind of stimulants that keep you up all night, you can drink some before bed in anticipation of midnight-snacking temptations.
What is in Crave Control?
The ingredients in Crave Control work to help prevent hunger pains and cravings without jeopardizing your health or weight management goals. Those ingredients include chromium, a trace mineral currently in high-demand. Chromium is essential to the body's production of insulin, the hormone that stabilizes the body's blood sugar level. Research shows that chromium is an essential part of our diet. It can have many beneficial results when supplemented. It enhances insulin's effect in the body, improving the uptake of glucose, thereby causing better blood circulation and maintenance of blood sugar level. Evidence also supports chromium's ability to help the body gain energy, burn fat, and build muscle with greater ease.
Another important ingredient in Crave Control is a stimulant-free, all-natural potato protein extract. Unlike other satiety products common in the weight-management industry, this ingredient does not artificially stimulate metabolism or cause jitters, bloating, or other negative side effects. It is the active extract of a special protein found under the skin of the potato that works by enhancing the body's release of cholecystokinin (CCK), a natural factor used by the body to signal the brain that food has been eaten. This helps to create feelings of fullness and satisfaction.
Like all Synergy products, SLMsmart Crave Control goes through rigorous quality testing to ensure a pure, safe, and effective product.
Want more info?
Check out the "Resources" tab to access the Crave Control Fact Sheet, including FAQs and other information. Within that tab you can also access the SLMsmart System Guide to see how Health Shake works with the rest of the SLMsmart System.
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- function
Bind a function to its context.
can.proxy(fn, context)
 1. fn {function()}
 The function to bind to a context.
 2. context {Object}
 The context to bind the function to.
A function that calls fn in the context of context.
can.proxy(fn, context) accepts a function and returns a new one that will always have the context from which it was called. This works similar to jQuery.proxy.
var func = can.proxy(function(one){
 return this.a + one
}, {a: "b"});
func("two") //-> "btwo"


text:
Some products irreversibly degrade in alkaline conditions (pH >7) and lose activity.
Acidification agent adjust the pH from alkaline to acid which stops alkaline hydrolisis :
- Product stability is maintained (especially if spraying is delayed)
- Spraying efficiency is improved.
The agrochemical keeps its complete efficiency!
Compatibility agents improve the quality of a tank mix.
It facilitates the miscibility of all the components in the tank.
Reducing Drift improves spraying quality.
The finest droplets (< 100 µm) can be dispersed into the atmosphere with negative consequences to product efficacy and neighbouring crops. The biggest droplets run off and fall onto the ground.
An anti-drift adjuvant :
- Reduces the amount of driftable droplets.
This reduces the off-target emissions into the environment.
Humectants help to maintain the spray droplet in a moist form on the target surface.
This process :
- minimises active ingredients crystallization
- and thereby maximises uptake and penetration.


text:
HVAC Procedure and Performance Guide
TASK: Make a tubing run with offset and corner using bending tool.
STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE
Tube bends must be smooth and turned to specified angle. Tubing must not flatten or kink in bends. Run must conform to job requirements. Applicable safety procedures must be followed.
- Review manufacturer's specifications and job specifications.
- Collect tools, equipment and materials.
- Put on safety and protective equipment and apparel.
- Determine tube size and wall thickness, location of offset and corner bend, amount of offset and angle required.
- Select correct bender for tube size.
- Determine minimum allowable bending radius for tube.
- Make offset:
- Locate first offset bend and position tube bender on tube.
- Bend to correct angle with desired radius.
- Move bender to location for second offset bend and make same bend in opposite direction to complete offset.
- Make corner bend:
- Position tube bender on tube at desired location.
- Bend tube to correct angle with desired radius.
- Remove bender and install tubing run.
- Remove safety and protective equipment and apparel.
- Gather tools, equipment and leftover materials, and leave work site clean.


text:
Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
My mother's initial reaction was quite unexpected.
Some people's skin has an allergic reaction to certain types of fabric.
He suffered a violent reaction to the medicine.
Temperature can affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
We are studying reactions between a number of metals and acids.
This is the British English definition of reaction. View American English definition of reaction.
the short high sound that a small bird makes


discrimination of loud low frequencies (Neil Todd )
Subject: discrimination of loud low frequencies
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 1999 17:40:56 GMT
Dear List Can anyone tell me if there is any experimental data to suggest that there may be something peculiar in the discrimination of loud low frequency tones, between about 50 Hz and 800 Hz, and above about 90 dB SPL? For example, is it the case that either intensity and/or frequency discrimination gets better above about 90/100 dB SPL for low frequencies, but not for tones of say 2 kHz or above? In other words, is there any evidence of a mechanism that cuts in for loud low frequencies (other than normal phase-locking)? Any comments/references gratefully received. Cheers Neil Todd
This message came from the mail archive
maintained by:
DAn Ellis
Electrical Engineering Dept., Columbia University


text:
An investigation on peer feedback for EFL students ages 10 to 14 /
Schram, Elizabeth M.
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this study was to leam more about how EFL (English as Foreign Language) students interacted during peer feedback conferences. Thirty EFL students from Mexico aged 10 to 14 years old participated in this study. The following four main questions were addressed: 1. What criteria did the students use to evaluate their peers' writing? 2. What revisions were made in relation to peer feedback comments? 3. What was the students' behaviour like during peer feedback conferences? 4. What were the students' perceived attitudes concerning peer feedback conferences? Each of the 30 students wrote a first and a second draft and then took part in a peer feedback conference. All students were interviewed and asked to rate a story and provide a peer feedback comment for the author during interview. The study found that the EFL students were able to provide comments to their peers' writing, but only after their third conference were they actually able to provide higher level comments. The majority of students said that they liked peer feedback sessions. The results also indicated that the students needed more practice with their revisions because they did not make a lot of revisions to make their writing clearer with fewer mistakes. This study concludes that there still needs to be further research. First of all, it would be useful to conduct a similar study with EFL students but one that is conducted over a longer period of time in order to determine if the students continued to develop their peer feedback comments and revision strategies.


text:
Trade-Off Between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Logistics Costs Based on Multiobjective Optimization
planning - route design, ridership - mode choice, mode - bus
Route selection, Route choice, Port of Rotterdam, Port of Gdansk, Multiobjective optimization, Mode choice, Modal choice, Logistics, Intermodal transportation, Intermodal systems, Hub and spoke systems, Freight transportation, Decision support systems, Costs, Choice of transportation, Carbon dioxide, Business logistics
This paper examines the relationship between the freight transport costs and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in given intermodal and truck-only freight networks. When the trade-off, which is represented as the relationship, is changed, the freight mode share and route choice are also modified. To show the ever changing trade-off and mode and route choice, a decision-support tool was developed. The given intermodal freight networks represent different freight combinations (i.e., a truck-only system, a rail-based intermodal system, and a short sea-based intermodal system). Because CO2 constraints in logistics markets will need to be realized in the near future, a modal shift in freight transportation could be expected to reduce the CO2 emissions within the reasonable cost and time constraints. The technique of multiobjective optimization is used as the core of the decision-support tool for clarifying the relationship. The tool that was developed is applied to a simplified freight transport network connecting two large European ports: the Port of Rotterdam (the Netherlands) and the Port of Gdansk (Poland). The initial solution, based on the minimization of freight costs, shows that the mode share of freight is local and regional freight transportation situations, whereas the other solutions balanced with CO2 emissions show that the mode share is changed into an intermodal freight system, which is based on a hub-and-spoke network. In considering the changing demands and capacities of freight systems, five scenarios are tested to examine the impact of mode and route change on the trade-off. The results of scenario analyses show that the trade-off is significantly influenced by the demands and capacities of systems.
Kim, Nam Seok, Janic, Milan, van Wee, Bert, (2009). Trade-Off Between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Logistics Costs Based on Multiobjective Optimization. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2139, pp 107-116.


text:
Urban Prairie - transformation of the Plaza to grassland
Canadian Museum of Civilizations Corporation
The Canadian Museum of Civilization, designed by Canadian architect Douglas Cardinal and inaugurated in 1989, is comprised of two pavilions, their architecture a startling embodiment of the country's distinguishing geographical features. The public display wing replicates the dramatic effect of the glaciers; the contours of the curatorial wing symbolize the majestic Canadian Shield; and the open Plaza simulates the vast Great Plains. The layout and sheer size of the Plaza were planned in such a way as to visually incorporate the Museum buildings and the Parliament Buildings perched across the Ottawa River. However, the Plaza's lack of appeal had left it empty of visitors for much of the year. To remedy the situation, we extended the Museum's original conceptual metaphor, bringing to life what had long remained latent: the swaying grasses of the Prairies.
The prairie topography has been recreated through hillocks interspersed across the Plaza and wound through by snaking pathways, suggestive both of the Museum's curves and the soft and undulating prairie landscape. The granite paving stones hug and accentuate the gently rising mounds. The introduction of an urban prairie to the environment creates a microclimate, increases biodiversity, lessens heat island effect, and improves air quality—in short, lures the public through an appeal to the senses, without in any way hindering the stunning view that defines the site.
With an aim to enriching the visitor's experience, our design of the Urban Prairie, spurred by the distinctive architecture of the Museum, evokes this sweeping expanse in the Canadian landscape.
PrizesCanadian Society of Landscape Architects
Regional Citation – Urban Prairie / Transformation of the Plaza from Hardscape to Grassland, Gatineau, Québec
Row 1 / Photo, Michel Boulianne - Photographe
Row 2 / Photo, CC+A
Row 3 / Photo, CC+A
Row 4 / Photo, Michel Boulianne - Photographe
Row 5 / Photos, Michel Boulianne - Photographe
Row 6 / Plaza - Existing conditions, Canadian Museum of Civilization
Row 7 / Inspiration - The phenomenon of Prairies, Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan, Tom Bean (Corbis Images)
Row 8 / Conceptual enhancement of the Plaza, CC+A
Row 9 / Perspective, CC+A
Row 10 / Perspective, CC+A
Row 11 / Perspective, CC+A


text:
TrackMate is your buddy for your everyday tracking.
TrackMate provides the tools to perform single particle tracking (SPT). SPT is an image analysis challenge where the goal is to segment and follow over time some labelled, spot-like structures. Each spot is segmented in multiple frames and its trajectory is reconstructed by assigning it an identity over these frames, in the shape of a track. These tracks can then be either visualized or yield further analysis results such as velocity, total displacement, diffusion characteristics, division events, etc…
TrackMate can deal with single particles, or spot-like objects. They are bright objects over a dark background for which the object contour shape is not important, but for which the main information can be extracted from the X,Y,Z coordinates over time. Examples include sub-resolution fluorescent spots, labelled traffic vesicles, nuclei or cells imaged at low resolution.
Though these objects are solely represented by a X,Y,Z,T coordinates array, TrackMate can compute numerical features for each spot, given its coordinates and a radius. For instance, the mean, max, min and median intensity will be computed, as well as the estimated radius and orientation for each spot, allowing to follow how these feature evolves over time for one object.
TrackMate aims at offering a generic solution that works out of the box, through a simple and sensible user interface.
The tracking process is divided in a series of steps, through which you will be guided thanks to a wizard-like GUI. It privileges tracking schemes where the segmentation step is decoupled from the particle-linking step.
The segmentation / filtering / particle-linking processes and results are visualized immediately in 2D or 3D, allowing to judge their efficiency and adjust their control parameters. The visualization tools are the one shipped with Fiji and interact nicely with others plugin.
Several automated segmentation and linking algorithms are provided. But you are also offered to edit the results manually, or even to completely skip the automatic steps, and perform fully manual segmentation and/or linking.
Some tools for track and spot analysis are included. Various plots can be made directly from the plugin and for instance used to derive numerical results from the tracks. If they are not enough, functions are provided to export the whole results to other analysis software such as MATLAB.
TrackMate relies on several different libraries and plugins for data manipulation, analysis and visualization. This can be a pitfall when distributing a complex plugin, but this is where the Fiji magic comes into play. All dependencies are dealt with by through the Fiji updater. Installing TrackMate is easy as calling the Fiji Updater, and the plugin must work out of the box. If this does not work for you, then it is a bug and we commit to fix it.
A strong emphasis is made on performance, and TrackMate will take advantage of multi-cores hardware.
Have you ever wanted to develop your own segmentation and/or particle-linking algorithm, but wanted to avoid the painful burden to also write a GUI, several visualization tools, analysis tools and exporting facilities? Then TrackMate is for you.
We spent a considerable amount of time making TrackMate extensible in every aspect. It has a very modular design, that makes it easy to extend. You can for instance develop your own segmentation algorithm, extend TrackMate to include it, and benefit from the visualization tools and the GUI already there. Here is a list of the components you can extend and customize:
- detection algorithms
- particle-linking algorithms
- numerical features for spots (such as mean intensity, etc..)
- numerical features for links (such as velocity, orientation, etc..)
- numerical features for tracks (total displacement, length, etc…)
- visualization tools
- post-processing actions (exporting, data massaging, etc…)
You can even modify the GUI, and remove, edit or insert new steps in the wizard. This can be useful for instance if you want to implement a tracking scheme that solves simultaneously the segmentation part and the particle linking part, but still want to take advantage of TrackMate components.
Do you want to make your new algorithms usable by the reviewers of your submitted paper? Upload your extended version of TrackMate to a private update site, as explained here, then send the link to the reviewers. Now that the paper has been accepted (congratulations), you want to make it accessible to anyone? Just put the link to the update site in the article. All of this can happen without us even noticing.
TrackMate was developed to serve as a tool for Life-Science image analysis community, so that new tracking tools can be developed more easily and quickly, and so that end-users can use them to perform their own research. We will support you if need help to reuse it.


text:
A cog railway, rack-and-pinion railway or rack railway is a railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with this rack rail. This allows the trains to operate on steep gradients.
The first cog railway was the Middleton Railway between Middleton and Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, UK, where the first commercial steam locomotive, The Salamanca, ran in 1812. This used a rack and pinion system designed and patented in 1811 by John Blenkinsop.
The first mountain cog railway was the Mount Washington Cog Railway in the US state of New Hampshire, which carried its first fare-paying passengers in 1868 and reached the summit of Mount Washington in 1869. The first rack railway in Europe was the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn on Mount Rigi in Switzerland, which opened in 1871. Both lines are still running.
A number of different rack systems have been developed. Today, the majority of rack railways use the Abt system.
The Riggenbach rack system was invented by Niklaus Riggenbach working at about the same time as, but independently from Marsh. Riggenbach was granted a French patent in 1863 based on a working model which he used to interest potential Swiss backers. During this time, the Swiss Consul to the United States visited Marsh's Mount Washington Cog Railway and reported back with enthusiasm to the Swiss government. Eager to boost tourism in Switzerland, the government commissioned Riggenbach to build a rack railway up Rigi Mountain. Following the construction of a prototype locomotive and test track in a quarry near Berne, the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn opened on 22 May 1871.
The Riggenbach system is similar in design to the Marsh system. It uses a ladder rack, formed of steel plates or channels connected by round or square rods at regular intervals. The Riggenbach system suffers from the problem that its fixed ladder rack is more complex and expensive to build than the other systems. Common structural shapes Following the success of the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn, Riggenbach established the Maschinenfabrik der Internationalen Gersellschaft fur Bergbahnen (IGB) - a company that produced rack locomotives to his design.
The Strub rack system was invented by Emil Strub in 1896. It uses a rolled flat-bottom rail with rack teeth machined into the head approximately 100 mm apart. Safety jaws fitted to the locomotive engage with the underside of the head to prevent derailments.
The best-known use of the Strub system is on the Jungfraubahn in Switzerland. It is the simplest rack system to maintain and has become increasingly popular.
The Abt system was devised by Roman Abt, a Swiss locomotive engineer. Abt worked for Riggenbach at his works in Olten and later at his IGB rack locomotive company. In 1885 he founded his own civil engineering company.
During the early 1880s, Abt worked to devise an improved rack system that overcame the limitations of the Riggenbach system. In particular, the Riggenbach rack was expensive to manufacture and maintain and the switches were complex. In 1882 Abt designed a new rack using solid bars with vertical teeth machined into them. Two or three of these bars are mounted centrally between the rails, with the teeth offset. The use of multiple bars with offset teeth ensures that the pinions on the locomotive driving wheels are constantly engaged with the rack. The Abt system is cheaper to build than the Riggenbach because it requires a lower weight of rack over a given length. However the Riggenbach system exhibits greater wear resistance than the Abt.
The first use of the Abt system was on the Harzbahn in Germany which opened in 1885.
The pinion wheels can be mounted on the same axle as the rail wheels (as in the picture at right), or driven separately. The steam locomotives on the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company had separate pistons driving the pinion wheel.
The Locher rack system, invented by Eduard Locher, has gear teeth cut in the sides rather than the top of the rail, engaged by two cog wheels on the locomotive. This system allows use on steeper grades than the other systems, whose teeth could jump out of the rack. It is used on the Pilatus Railway.
Locher set out to design a rack system that could be used on gradients as steep as 1 in 2 (50%). The Abt system - the most common rack system in Switzerland at the time - was limited to a maximum gradient of 1 in 4 (25%). Locher showed that on steeper grade, the Abt system was prone to the driving pinion over-riding the rack causing potentially catastrophic derailments, as predicted by Dr. Abt. To overcome this problem and allow a rack line up the steep sides of Mt. Pilatus, Locher developed a rack system where the rack is a flat bar with symmetrical, horizontal teeth. Horizontal pinion engage the centrally-mounted bar, both driving the locomotive and keeping it centered on the track.
Following tests, the Locher system was deployed on the Pilatus Railway which opened in 1889. No other public railway uses the Locher system, although some European coal mines use a similar system on steeply graded underground lines.
The Lamella system (also known as the Von Roll system) was developed by the Von Roll company after the rolled steel rails used in the Strub system became unavailable. It is formed from a single blade cut in a similar fashion to the Abt system but typically wider than a single Abt bar. The Lamella rack can be used by locomotives designed for use on the Riggenbach or the Strub systems and some railways use rack from multiple systems. The St. Gallen Gais Appenzell Railway in Switzerland has sections of Riggenbach, Strub and Lamella rack.
Most of the rack railways built from the late 20th century onwards have used the Lamella system.
Originally almost all cog railways were powered by steam locomotives. The steam locomotive needs to be extensively modified to work effectively in this environment. Unlike a diesel locomotive or electric locomotive, the steam locomotive only works when its powerplant (the boiler, in this case) is fairly level. The locomotive boiler requires water to cover the boiler tubes and firebox sheets at all times, particularly the crown sheet, the metal top of the firebox. If this is not covered with water, the heat of the fire will soften it enough to give way under the boiler pressure, leading to a catastrophic failure.
On rack systems with extreme gradients, the boiler, cab and general superstructure of the locomotive are tilted forward relative to the wheels so that they are more or less horizontal when on the steeply graded track. These locomotives often cannot function on level track, and so the entire line, including maintenance shops, must be laid on a gradient. This is one of the reasons why rack railways were among the first to be electrified and most of today's rack railways are electrically powered.
On a rack-only railroad locomotives always push their passenger cars for safety reasons since the locomotive is fitted with powerful brakes, often including hooks or clamps that grip the rack rail solidly. Some locomotives are fitted with automatic brakes that apply if the speed gets too high, preventing runaways. Often there is no coupler between locomotive and train since gravity will always push the passenger car down against the locomotive. Electrically powered vehicles often have electromagnetic track brakes as well.
The maximum speed of trains operating on a cog railway is generally very low, about 25 km/h.
See also list of mountain railways
Uses steam engines [WORLD HERITAGE CERTIFIED]
not a rack railway but similar technology
Fell system railway (not rack):
US Patent Issued to International Business Machines on Sept. 27 for "Tool-Less Rack Rail System Incorporating Clamping Mechanism" (Minnesota, Texas Inventors)
Oct 01, 2011; ALEXANDRIA, Va., Oct. 1 -- United States Patent no. 8,025,166, issued on Sept. 27, was assigned to International Business...
Patent No. 7,762,411 Issued on July 27, Assigned to IBM for Tool-Less Rack Rail System (Minnesota, Texas Inventors)
Jul 28, 2010; ALEXANDRIA, Va., July 30 -- Stephen Peter Mroz, Joseph Daniel Rico and Jeffrey Alan Verkerke, all from Rochester, Minn., and John...


Portuguese Traditional Bakers
This documentary is about the traditional bakers of Portugal. In some Portuguese villages bread is still prepared as it was prepared many centuries ago, with knowledge transmitted from generation to generation, from grandparents to parents, from parents to children.
Many older people still go to the traditional bakery to chat with the other villagers while they wait for the bread to bake. Formerly, on long winter nights, traditional bakeries were the places where the villagers met and chatted all night while they warmed. They were true social centres of the village. Often the villagers would bring their pots to the bakery so that the baker could cook the food in the bread oven.
These ovens were called the "people's oven" because they belonged to all the villagers of the village. In the past, it was up to each villager to light the oven, there was a list to announce who had the task.
Nowadays it is still possible to see these ovens of the people working, it is often the bakers themselves who activate them to show the new generations how bread was made in grandparents' time. These bakers today own modern bakeries, but they like to once in a while activate the old oven of the people.
These photographs were taken in villages in northern Portugal.
Villages : Pitões das Junias, Provesende and Favaios, Portugal
Untitled photo
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What Is Meant By Optimal Temperature For Enzyme Activity?
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The optimal temperature of any specific biological enzyme is the temperature at which that specific enzymes works the best. Meaning that the enzyme is only actively working at that designated or given temperature to perform activities within the cell or a chemical reaction.
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