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This page describes different features that have been proposed for Multi-Core Debugging. They may be addressed in the future.
Debug Working sets
Debugging with multiple editors visible
The Pin & Clone feature could be useful when debugging multiple contexts simultaneously, but will not be that useful if the source from only one context will be visible at a time. Currently, the user is able to arrange multiple editor side by side in the editor area. However, there are no APIs to allow the debugger to ensure that an editor is opened in a particular section of the editor area. There are two ways to solve this:
 1. Add functionality to workbench editor area management:
 2. Create a "source viewer" editor.
Add context to expressions in the Expressions View
Persistable context
User control over how context is matched
 DSDP DD MultiContext-Context selection.png
 Image: Control for selecting which elements of the context should be used to enable the evaluation of a given expression.
Filtering out disabled expressions
Compare mode in Variables views
DSDP DD MultiContext-variable compare.png
Image: Variables view showing data from two different threads.
(Debug) Locations View
Problem being Solved
View Mockup
DSDP DD MultiContext-ip view.png
Image: Locations view showing many threads stopped at two locations.
View Layout
The full layout of the view is the following:
 - Debugger Location - This is typically the top stack frame.
 - Thread or Threads
 - Stack frames
 - Fork in the stack frame
 -...
 - Performance!!! - Retrieving stack data for multiple threads at the same time could be very expensive.
 - Clutter - Deep stack traces would still take a lot of space. This view trades clutter in one part of the tree, with clutter in another part. Instead, would stack trace be better placed in a separate window or pane.
Debuggers View (another alternative to Debug View)
View Layout
 - A GDB debugger instance launched from Eclipse.
Stack Frames
Example: GDB
 - Thread - The threads which are within the process.
Example: Wind River Debugger
Example: legacy connection
 - Thread - Threads that are within the process.
View Mockup
DSDP DD MultiContext-debuggers view.png
 1. A user-mode agent which is attached to a "hello" process.
 2. An instruction set simulator of a PowerPC 860 processor.
Open Issues
 - Details pane (for stack)? - One way to show stack without forcing too much clutter. Detail pane could show stack for multiple processes too.
 - Configurability - Some flexibility in presentation should be considered to accommodate different working styles. This configurability should include the choice of hierarchy in the view.
 - Expanding stack on demand - One cheap option for displaying stack would be to allow displaying in the view, but still allow it to be shown in the view.
Debug view Modes
Mode selection menu
DSDP DD MultiContext-debug view modes pulldown.png
Automatic mode switching
Multiple instances
Debugging Programs with multiple threads
 - 1.1) Two or more threads interacting : User is debugging a program with multiple threads which are interacting with each other.
 1.1.1) Debugging threads which contend for the same lock. :
 1. When a thread blocks while stepping,
 1.1.2) Debugging race conditions where multiple threads are reading and writing some shared data :
 2. Multiple threads hit the breakpoint
 5. Alternatively, user steps all threads.
 8. Halt execution when another thread accesses shared address.
 1.2) Debugging a subset of threads : User is debugging a program with multiple threads, but he is interested only in interacting with some of the threads.
 1.2.2) Run control for a subset of threads : User repeatedly suspends and resumes a subset of threads.
 1.2.3) Terminating/re-launching :
 1.2.4) Tasks submitted to a thread pool : User is debugging a routine which may be executed by any thread in a thread pool at any time, and by some threads in the thread pool at the same time.
 1.3) Program with large number (100+) of threads : User is debugging programs with large numbers of threads and he needs to manage those threads effectively.
 1.3.1) User needs to switch between suspended threads
 1. User sets a breakpoint that some threads may hit.
 2. Some threads hit the breakpoint.
 1.3.2) Threads created/destroyed rapidly: User is debugging a process with threads being created and destroyed at a rapid rate (more than 1 thread/sec.)
 1.4) Context-specific expressions : User is using the expressions view to monitor different expressions which are valid only in specific context.
 1.4.1) Local variable expressions : User creates expressions for local variables in a specific function. These variables are not valid in any other context.
 1.4.2) Thread-local variable expressions : User creates expressions for variables which are valid only in specific threads.
 1.5) Clone threads : Debugging a system where multiple threads are executing the same section of code.
 1.5.1) Comparing data in clone threads : User compares variables in threads which are stopped in the same section of code.
General enhancements proposed for Multicore Debugging
Below is a general list of enhancements that could improve multicore debugging for the CDT. If clarifications are needed, please contact marc.khouzam at ericsson dot com.
Stability of the Debug View
Ability to keep the debug view display as stable as possible for the user to quickly see what has changed. We want things to stay in the same place.
 1. Stack list should have the ability to be fixed to a user-specified number to keep the display stable. For example if the list is fixed at 5, we would always show 5 lines for the stack frames even if there are e.g., 2 frames only, or if there are e.g., 8 frames. This feature would optional.
 2. This idea may not easily apply to threads.
 3. When a new thread stops, do we want to expand the new thread automatically? Need a user-option for this.
 4. A good option would be to add the function name on the thread context, and keep everything collapsed. So, a preference could be to choose between expanding nothing automatically but rely on label of thread node, or expand everything (limited by max stack frame to display) or a smart behavior as we do now. The label could match the preference of if we expand automatically or not; we may want a separate preference for how much info is in the label.
 5. When a new thread stops, do we switch focus to the new thread or not. It may be annoying to have it switch focus, in fact if lots of threads keep stopping, it will be unworkable. We could simply never allow switching, but it would be better to have a user preference for this. Having a user-preference to allow switching, not allow switching.
Grouping and hiding
The CDT community is currently working on a feature that would allow to group elements of the debug view into user-defined groups. These groups would be used to reduce the amount of information displayed at the same time, but also to perform operations on a set of debug entities (e.g., a group of cores). Below is the list of discussed requirements.
 1. Expansion state of the groups should be preserved based on the last user decision. However, this should be a user-preference because it may not be the right thing is particular situations.
 2. It should be possible to create many groups but not display all of them at the same time. The user should have access to all the groups and be able to choose which ones are shown in the Debug view. This could be a pull-down menu which lists all available groups, and the user can choose the ones to display.
 1. So we would have the following group management operations:
 1. Create (GUI and backend)
 2. Delete (GUI and backend)
 3. Show (GUI only, not backend)
 4. Hide (GUI only, not backend)
 5. Edit
 2. It should possible to create/edit a group based on already existing groups, where the content of the selected groups would also be made part of the new group. The existing groups would not be changed or removed.
 3. GDB will soon support PTC sets (Process/Thread/Core sets). Eclipse grouping should be mapped to GDB PTC sets. Creating a group in the GUI should also create it in GDB to make it available in the command line.
 1. Need a way to keep the names of PTC sets synchronized between Eclipse and GDB so that the same sets can be used in the GUI and in the command-line.
 2. Creating a group in the GUI will make the group visible in the Debug view. On the other hand, creating a group in the command-line probably should not automatically be shown in the GUI. This will create the group in the GUI also, but not automatically show it.
 4. Need an option for the user to decide if the console focus should follow the UI focus: should the PTC selected in the UI automatically become in


text:
A recent research has revealed that a woman's resting pulse rate is a good predictor of her heart stroke and heart attack risks, regardless of other risk factors such as a lack of physical activity, obesity, unhealthy eating habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure and family history.
The research was conducted on 10,000 postmenopausal women who had no history of cardiovascular problems. Their pulse rates were measured at the start of the research and their heart beats were regularly recorded every week for the next eight years. The scientists found that women who had 75 or more beats per minute were more susceptible to a heart attack than the women with 60 beats per minute or less.
A normal pulse rate can be maintained by avoiding nervousness, stress, depression, alcohol use and tobacco use. Moreover, maintaining a healthy body mass index and engaging into a regular physical activity also help maintain normal heart beats.
It also makes a good idea to take a dietary supplement that helps maintain the health of your heart. Kwai HEARTCARE OAD is a popular brand that is made from highest quality grown Chinese garlic cloves which are slowly dried to remove the water only. Each tablet is coated 60 times for odour control and contains 300mg of Garlic. This supplement helps maintain a healthy heart and blood circulation. You should take one Kwai Garlic OAD tablet daily. Consult your doctor before using if you are pregnant, breast feeding, suffer from an underlying medical condition or suffer from allergies.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
During an initialization phase, the ITask interface provides your custom task with injected dependent objects, see here for more details on these objects. One challenge while writing a custom ITask implementation is debugging your task with real-time injected values. One approach is to have your debugger launch a finished or failed job in a similar environment as the IIS Transform Manager would.
Here are the high level tasks to achieve this:
- Run and locate a job instance
- Identify the program and arguments to execute
- Setup the working environment
- Run the command under your debugger

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What is smog? How is classical smog different from photochemical smog?
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Best answer
Smog is a kind of air pollution. It is the blend of smoke and fog. There are two kinds of smog:
a) Classical smog
b) Photochemical smog
The two smogs can be differentiated as follows:
Classical smogPhotochemical smog
OccurrenceIt occurs in a cool, humid climate.It occurs in a dry, sunny climate.
ComponentsSmoke, fog and ulphurdioxide.PAN, acrolein, ozone, formaldehyde, nitric oxide.
NatureIt is reducing in natureIt is oxidizing in nature.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Labour Representation Committee
The Labour Representation Committee (LRC) was formed on February 27, 1900, at a conference at which representatives of the main socialist groupings in the United Kingdom were present. The LRC is the direct predecessor of the modern British Labour Party.
Organisations present at this conference were the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and the Fabian Society, as well as various trade union leaders. After a debate the 129 delegates decided to pass Keir Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour."
To make this possible the Conference established the LRC. This committee included two members from the ILP, two from the SDF, one Fabian, and seven trade unionists. Keir Hardie was chosen to head up the LRC and Ramsay MacDonald was chosen as its secretary.
The LRC put up fifteen candidates in the 1900 General Election and between them they won 62,698 votes. Two of the candidates, Keir Hardie and Richard Bell won seats in the House of Commons. They performed even better in the 1906 election with twenty nine successful candidates. Later that year the LRC decided to formally change its name to the Labour Party.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
period. Fields that cause problems are any fields that produce floating-point values, such as any Date type field in raw format (e.g. [date,0], [last played,0], [date modified,0], and [date imported,0]), or any textual field that contains floating-point values that will be used for various calculations (e.g. any of the Dynamic Range variants). Certain functions such as Now() and ConvertTime() also return localized floating-point values. Consider also that the expression parser uses comma as the argument separator. Any literal numeric values specified as a function argument must have any embedded commas escaped.
A Complex Expression Example
Here is a more complex expression example that illustrates the various rules discussed above regarding expressions:
The expression demonstrates that
- whitespace before and after commas or opening and closing parenthesis is ignored
- expressions can be safely split into multiple lines using the whitespace rules just mentioned
- function and field names are case insensitive
- forward slash is used and required to escape parenthesis (see inside the Delimit() function)
- whitespace does not require escapement when surrounded by other characters (see after the C in DISC)
- literal text is output unmodified (Disc number is empty)
- functions can be nested (Both IsEmpty() and Delimit() are nested within the If() function, and the Field() function is nested within Delimit()
When the expression is run, files that have no disc number will produce Disc number is empty, and files that have, say, a disc number value of 3 will produce DISC (3).
The output of an expression can be used to assign a value to a tag. This is accomplished by preceding the expression with an = character. The = character causes the tagging engine to invoke the expression evaluator first, and then to use its output as the value to assign to the field.
Without the prepended = character, the literal expression text itself and not its evaluated value would be stored in the tag. The expression can refer to the field's own value to modify itself, and this offers a convenient way to perform complex transformations on field values. For example, the assignment expression
entered into an edit cell for the name field would remove four characters from the left of the name field's current value. An assignment expression can be entered into the Tag Action Window, or by using inline editing in the file list or a pane entry. The image on the right shows inplace field assignment.
Note: Undo is supported, reverting each tag to its value prior to the assignment. Redo is also supported, reapplying the most recent Undo.
Expressions and Search
The expression language is fully available to the search query engine (Search, Set rules for file display, etc.). This allows creation of more complex search queries than would otherwise be possible. An expression-based search query is any valid expression that produces a zero or non-zero numeric output. The syntax of the query is:
where expression is any valid expression, and numval is the expected numeric output produced by the expression. The expression is evaluated against the current list of available files and the expression output numerically compared against numval. All files for which the comparison is true are returned as part of the file list produced by the query and all files that fail the comparison are winnowed from the file list.
The following example illustrates an expression-based search query:
The IsMissing() function is run using the file name argument [filename (path)] appended by \Folder.jpg, and returns a Boolean value 1 for files that are missing, and this 1 is compared against the value numval. All these files where there was a successful comparision are returned in the file list, and all those for which the expression produced 0 are filtered from the file list. By inverting the comparison and using a 0 numval, the set of files remaining in the file list would be those that did not match.
It was mentioned already that the Media Center expression language is primarily a textual language - it consumes and produces text. Nonetheless, certain areas of Media Center are influenced by the type of data used or presented, and sometimes it is useful or necessary to coerce expression output into one data type or another. Each Media Center field is defined to be of a certain data type, listed in the Field Data Types table. These types influence how values are output, sorted, and interpreted on input. And expressions always output data of type String. By coercing the data type of an expression, output formatting and sorting can be controlled in various ways.
Data types are forced by appending to an expression the string:
where type is one of the following values:
|list||A list of strings, separated by semicolons|
|string||Sorts as strings (with smart number handling)|
|number||Sorts values as numbers (decimal or integer)|
|integer||Sorts values as integers|
|path||Sorts using a smart filename compare style|
|month||Sorts string month names (i.e. January, February, etc.)|
Lists and Trees
The list of output in view categories and pane columns can be modified by forcing the data type to a List type. Two things happen when the data type is List: The values within a List type are split into their individual (semicolon-separated) list items The backslash character takes on a special meaning and becomes another form of separator that creates tree-like hierarchies, collapsable in panes columns and creates drill-down categories in any category view type (Standard View > Categories, Theater View, DLNA, Gizmo/WebGizmo). Forcing an expression's type to list causes this list item separation and hierarchy generation. Alternatively, forcing a List type to string defeats this. Add the cast:
to the end of an expression to force an expression's output to be considered as a List type. Conversely, a List type may be forced into a String type by ading the cast:
to the end of an expression.
Normally strings are sorted ASCII-betically with some smart numeric sorting. But this form of sort may not always be desired.
Sorting by Month
Generally it is more useful to see month names sorting such that January sorts before April, instead of alphabetically where April would sort before January. Forcing an expression's type to Month forces string month values to be treated instead as their equivalent numerical month numbers. For example, the first month January and the third month March sort before the fourth month April. Add the cast:
to the end of an expression to force an expression's output to be sorted by numberic month values.
Sorting by Path
Path data types sort using smart filename comparisons.
XXX complete this: Path sorting always seems to be used.
Add the cast:
to the end of an expression to force an expression's output to be smart-sorted by path components.
... and more to come...


text:
Articulate Storyline's publishing options make it easy to publish and upload your course to Articulate Online, all at once.
Step 1: Enter the Title and Description
- On the Home tab of the Storyline ribbon, click the Publish button. (Or, from any other tab on the ribbon, you can click the small triangle under the Preview button, and then choose Publish.)
- When the Publish window appears, select Articulate Online.
- Check the text that appears in the Title field, and customize it if you like. This text defaults to the name of your Storyline file. If you change it, it'll change the title text that Storyline uses in the following places (but it won't change your actual file name):
- The title of your content as it appears in Articulate Online's content list.
- The browser title bar, when learners view your published course in a browser window.
- The top bar of your course player, if you've opted to include the title as one of the player features.
- If you publish your content for use with the Articulate Mobile Player, the course title is also used on the HTML launch page from which learners can add the course to their player. Once they do that, the title is added to the list of course names in the mobile player library.
- In the Description field, you can enter some descriptive text about your course if you like. If you enter a description, it'll be used in the following places:
- When you manage your content in Articulate Online, the description will appear along with the course title.
- The description will appear to learners who access your content through Articulate Online's user portal, if you choose to enable that. (You can learn more about the user portal and other options for giving users access to your content, in this tutorial.)
- If you publish your content for use with the Articulate Mobile Player, the description is also used on the HTML launch page from which learners can add the course to their player. Once they do that, the description text appears below the course thumbnail in the mobile player library.
If learners will view content on iPads with the Articulate Mobile Player, you can add more information by clicking the ellipsis button (...) next to the Title field on the Publish window. The following Project Info window appears.
- The Title and Description are the same as what you entered on the Publish window; change the text here if you'd like.
- When learners browse content in their Articulate Mobile Player library, the thumbnail below the Title field will appear for this course. By default, Storyline uses an image of the first slide in your course, but you can choose a different image. Just click the blue slide title text. Then either select a different slide, or click Picture from File and choose an image.
- Author, Email, Website, Duration, Date, and Version appear on the content information cards in the Articulate Mobile Player library.
- Identifier applies only to content published for LMS.
- Keywords aren't currently used. They'll be used in a future version of the Articulate Mobile Player app.
When you're finished customizing the project information, click OK to return to the Publish window.
Step 3: Choose HTML5 and/or Mobile Publishing (Optional)
If some or all of your learners will access your content with an iPad or some other mobile device that doesn't support Flash, you can use the following options on the Publish window to make your course viewable in HTML5, the Articulate Mobile Player, or both. If you do this, be sure to also check out the info here so that your content looks and behaves the way you expect when viewed in a non-Flash environment.
- Include HTML5 output: This prepares your course so that it's viewable as HTML5 content if a learner doesn't have the Flash player and they view your course in an HTML5-compatible browser. Keep in mind that not all browsers handle HTML5 content equally. This article identifies which browsers your learners should use if they need to view your course as HTML5 content.
- Use Articulate Mobile Player on iPad: This prepares your course so that learners receive the best possible viewing experience on an iPad. (IMPORTANT: If you need to track and report on learners' progress or results, you'll need to publish your content with Storyline Update 1 or later. If you republish and re-upload a course that you previously published to Articulate Online, the newly published course will replace the previous one—and any existing data will stay intact—as long as you keep the Title field the same.) If you do mark this option, users may view the content through the free Articulate Mobile Player, which they'll be prompted to install the first time they attempt to use their iPad to view a Storyline-published course.
- Allow downloading for offline viewing: This checkbox box is currently ignored when you publish to Articulate Online, since learners will need to be online in order for the course to send tracking data to your account. (A future version of the Articulate Mobile Player may support offline viewing, and if so, at that time this setting will be honored for courses you previously published.)
Step 4: Check Player Properties and Quality Settings
The Properties section of the Publish window is where you can make any last-minute changes to your course player, or change the compression settings Storyline uses when publishing.
- The Player field shows the name of the player that Storyline will use when you publish. (The player is the interface that users see when they view your course, and it can include things like player controls, resources, a glossary, a menu, and other features.) Click the player name if you'd like to make some final adjustments to your player or switch to a different player. If you need help choosing your player settings, see the tutorials here.
- The Quality field allows you to control the compression settings Storyline uses for any audio, video, and pictures you've added to your course. The settings here default to whatever you used the last time you published a Storyline project. To change the quality settings, click the blue text and change any of the fields as noted below; then click OK.
- Choose Standard if you want to use the default settings. If you mark this option, the values on the window revert back to their defaults (video quality of 5, audio bitrate of 48kbps, and image quality of 80%).
- Choose Custom if you want to define your own quality settings. Then click and drag the slider on any of the three values to change the compression. Using higher values means higher-quality output, but also larger file sizes (which means longer download times). Lower values mean smaller file sizes and faster download times, but the visual and audio quality will be lower as well.
In the Properties section of the Publish window, click the Tracking field to open the following window, where you can choose your options for the way Articulate Online tracks and reports on your learners' progress:
- Report status to AO allows you to choose the wording that Articulate Online uses in reports when expressing learners' status. Use the selector to choose one of the four options available.
Communicate resume data allows you to choose how Articulate Online handles resume data if you've enabled the resume feature on your player.
- On Course Complete: With this option, the course communicates resume data when the learner closes the browser window in which they're viewing your course, or when they reach the completion threshold that you choose in the Tracking section (explained below).
- After Every Slide: With this option, the course sends resume data each time the learner advances to another slide in your course. If you choose this option, and if you've enabled the resume feature on your player, then learners who experience an internet disruption while taking your course will still be able to pick up where they left off, without losing their progress, when they relaunch the course. Keep in mind that because this option results in frequent communication between your course and Articulate Online, it does increase network traffic, which can become significant if you roll out your course to many learners at the same time.
- In the Tracking section of the window, choose one of the following:
- Track using number of slides viewed: With this option, you can specify how many slides learners need to view in order to complete the course.
- Track using quiz result: This option appears if your course includes a quiz result slide. Select this if you want to track learners based on their quiz results. If your course has multiple quizzes, you'll need to pick just one result slide to use for tracking.
- Click OK when you're finished setting up your tracking and reporting preferences.
Step 6: Enter Your Articulate Online Credentials and Publish
- For your Account information, enter your Articulate Online credentials. Type your Account URL, your E-mail address, and your Password. (You'll need to be an administrator or publisher on your account in order to publish content.) If you want Storyline to remember your password for the next time you publish, you can mark Save my password.
- Click Publish.
Your content gets published and uploaded to Articulate Online, all at once. How fast this happens depends on the size of your course and also how fast your connection speed is. When the Publish Successful window appears, you can click Manage Content to open Articulate Online and manage the course you just uploaded, or work with any other content you've published to your account.
Can You Publish Locally, Then Upload Later?
Yes. For example, if a corporate firewall prohibits you from publishing automatically to Articulate Online, you can publish the content locally and then manually upload to Articulate Online via your browser. To find


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The oboe is said to be one of the more difficult woodwind instruments to play. It first takes some time until the player can even produce a sound, and even then, a beginner has little ability to control it. It would therefore seem to be a challenging instrument to learn.
But the oboe can be an extremely rewarding instrument to learn to play, and once the feeling of a good tone is produced it is hard to ignore its allure. Students who are successful with the oboe are very detail-oriented, patient, intellectual and curious.
The oboe is made out of wood and metal and gets bigger at the lower end where it flares into the 'bell'. Oboes are expensive for many different reasons, but the most important are the cost of the exotic woods and other materials, and the skill in craftsmanship. The cost of new oboes ranges from £400-£2000, while used oboes in a good condition generally cost £100-£800. Some oboists replace their oboe every year!
Oboes favoured by experts include the Yamaha YOB-441 Series Intermediate Oboe; YOB-441 all Grenadilla; Schiller Elite Conservatory Oboe; Buffet Crampon Model 3613G Green Line Oboe; Ammoon Oboe; Selmer Model 122F Intermediate Oboe and the Talljo Oboe, ABS Pipe Cupronickel Keys of C for Beginners.
Is the position of oboe important?
It is the job of the principal oboist to tune the orchestra to an A at the beginning of each concert. The other key role of the oboe is that it usually carries the melody with its lyrical and mournful colour, often heard as the solo instrument in the most emotional sections of music.
How long will it take me to learn the oboe?
The oboe is very hard to learn to play. It often takes 6-8 months to develop an acceptable embouchure (the use of the lips, facial muscles, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument including shaping the lips to the mouthpiece) and tone. This has much to do with learning to make and adjust reeds, a necessary skill that will take you closer to your instrument.
Is playing the oboe dangerous?
To a degree, yes – headaches, eye strain and eye damage come into the world of the oboe player. Playing a musical instrument can affect physical and mental health plus musculoskeletal problems, focal dystonia, stress velopharyngeal incompetence, increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lower pulmonary function, disease transmission via instruments and hearing loss due to noise exposure can be issues.
The oboe is a high-resistance instrument. Playing instruments like the oboe a lot, especially when increased blowing force is required (for a high pitch) can put eyes at risk due to increased pressure.
The oboe is officially one of the most difficult instruments to play. And not just because of the double-reed misery, the duck noises and the tuning issues. Despite this, persevere and your sense of achievement will be unparalleled.


text:
Bryozoans (moss animals) are a group of aquatic invertebrates that are found in great variety throughout the world, with well over 100 species in Sweden alone. Yet little is known about them. Researchers at the University of Gothenburg have now studied Swedish bryozoan species using DNA techniques.
"There are currently over 6000 known species of Bryozoa. Earlier studies were based on visible characteristics of these animals, which is not sufficient to decide how the species are related to each other. To understand the evolution of bryozoans and how they are related to other animals, it is necessary to use molecular data, that's to say DNA," says Judith Fuchs of the Department of Zoology at the University of Gothenburg.
When Bryozoa were discovered in the 16th century, they were regarded as plants. Later on they were found to have a nervous system, muscles and an intestinal system and were classified as animals. On their own, bryozoans are barely visible to the naked eye, but like coral animals all bryozoans build colonies that reach several centimetres in size and some species build colonies of over 30cm.
In her thesis, Fuchs has studied the evolution and relationships of Bryozoa using molecular data (DNA) from more than 30 bryozoan species, most collected in Sweden. The results show that this animal group developed from a common ancestor that probably lived in the sea. Two groups of Bryozoa evolved from this common ancestor: a group that stayed in the marine environment and another that evolved in freshwater. The DNA studies of the larval stage of Bryozoa can also contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of life cycles and larval stages of other multicellular animals.
Together with her supervisor, Matthias Obst, over a period of four years she has also taken part in the marine inventory of the Swedish Species Project along the west coast of Sweden. The collection of all marine bottom-living animals is based on more than 500 samples from 400 locations.
"We found as many as 120 marine bryozoan species in our waters, and many of them had not been previously known in Sweden. We also found a completely new species of Bryozoa. This is a very small bryozoan with characteristic spikes on its surface, which I have described in my thesis."
To date, 45 per cent of the bryozoans collected in the inventory have been determined.
"Sweden has a very rich bryozoan fauna. On your next trip to the beach you might perhaps take a closer look at seaweed or pebbles. If you see a white covering with small holes in it, you have found a bryozoan colony for yourself."
Explore further: VIMS scientists help solve mystery of 'alien pod'


text:
9. Measures to Help Prevent Accidental Cuts and Punctures
a. Watch for loose knives in drawers when reaching inside. Any sharp items to be disposed of should be carefully wrapped in paper.
b. Do not reach into wastebaskets while emptying.
c. Use scoops or gloves when handling chemicals, detergents, or cleaning agents.
d. Do not try to catch a sharp item that falls. Move out of the way. Sweep up after it is on the ground.
e. Promptly sweep up broken
glass and keep children out of the area.
f. Be careful to avoid catching fingers in drawers.
Please submit any questions or comments to: BringingUpBaby.Com


text:
Death of a Salesman: From Page to Stage
AbstractConsidering the original dramatic text Death of a Salesman, the objective of the present research is to study and analyze different modes of adaptation carried out advancing from Persian page translations toward its considered stage performance. Using Ladoucer's (1995) model for the translation of drama texts, the Persian (audiovisual) stage performance and the two published Persian page translations involved, were analyzed so that the cases of alteration were identified and compared with/to one another. The results of the study revealed that in the case of page translation, alterations were carried out mostly due to linguistic and cultural mismatches and for the sake of the target readership. On the other hand, in the theatrical system, the alterations could be observed at a higher level in the form of freer adaptations, where not only the linguistic and cultural mismatches, but also the style and creativity of the theatre members, especially those of the director are involved. Thus, in the context of the theatrical production, different modes of adaptation are carried out when the authority of the theatre producer along with the value, taste, and interest of the theatre goers are to be taken into account.
How to Cite
Arjomandi, N., & Mollanazar, H. (2017). Death of a Salesman: From Page to Stage. Translation Studies Quarterly, 14(55). Retrieved from _URL_
Scientific Research Paper


text:
The elementary buildings consist of three elementary wings. The back side of each elementary wing has a brick ledge that extends from the slab to just under the windows.
The front side of each elementary wing where students enter the classroom is covered by a 6 foot roof which keeps the sidewalk area dry during rainy weather.
The back side of each wing has no roof or awning to protect the area where the brick ledge meets the windows. Over the past 60 plus years, water has found its way into the wood walls behind the brick ledge on the back side of each elementary wing. Termite damage can occur in any wood structure, but the back side of each elementary wing has sustained termite damage over the past 60 years. Insulation is non-existent in the walls. Windows are 1950's single pane glass. These push-out windows have no rubber strip between the window and window frame to keep air flow from either exiting the classroom or entering the classroom. Windows are a large portion of the exterior walls in the three elementary wings. Existing wiring capacities have reached their limits, and fuses are blown during hot weather when the window unit air conditioners in each room are in use. The fuse box (not breaker box) is located by the band hall and contains 450 amp and 100 amp fuses. Plumbers from Brownwood have been called twice in 2011 to repair/replace existing sewer lines that have failed. Perhaps pictures can allow individuals better insight into our existing elementary school facility.


For a type theory, by consistency, I mean that it has a type which is not inhabited. From the strong normalization of the lambda cube, it follows that system $F$ and system $F_\omega$ are consistent. MLTT + inductive types also has a normalization proof. However, these should all be powerful enough to construct a model of PA, which proves that PA is consistent from these theories. System $F$ is quite powerful, so I expect it to be able to prove the consistency of PA by constructing a model using Church numerals. MLTT + IT has a natural numbers inductive type and should prove consistency as well.
This all implies that the normalization proofs for these theories can't be internalized in PA. So:
 1. Can system $F$, system $F_\omega$, and MLTT + IT actually prove the consistency of PA?
 2. If they can, then what metatheory is needed to prove normalization for system $F$, $F_\omega$, and MLTT+IT?
 3. Is there a good reference for the proof theory of type theories in general, or for some of these type theories in particular?
 - $\begingroup$ In System F you won't get an induction principle for your Church numerals so they're out of the equations. $\endgroup$ – gallais Nov 21 '16 at 10:37
The short answer to your question 1 is no, but for perhaps subtle reasons.
First of all, System $F$ and $F_\omega$ cannot express the first-order theory of arithmetic, and even less the consistency of $\mathrm{PA}$.
Secondly, and this is really surprising, $\mathrm{PA}$ can actually prove consistency of both those systems! This is done using the so-called proof-irrelevant model, which interprets types as sets $\in\{\varnothing,\{\bullet\}\}$, where $\bullet$ is some dummy element representing an inhabitant of a non-empty type. Then one can write down simple rules for the operation of $\rightarrow$ and $\forall$ on such types rather easily to get a model for system $F$, in which the type $\forall X.X$ is interpreted by $\varnothing$. One can do a similar thing for $F_\omega$, using a bit more care to interpret higher kinds as finite functions spaces.
There's an apparent paradox here, where $\mathrm{PA}$ can prove consistency of these seemingly powerful systems, but not (as I'll show in a moment) normalization.
The missing ingredient here is realizability. Realizability is a way to make certain programs correspond to certain propositions, typically in arithmetic. I won't go into the details here, but if a program $p$ realizes a proposition $\phi$, written $p\Vdash \phi$, then we have a certain piece of evidence for $\phi$, in particular if $p$ is normalizing, then $p\not\Vdash\bot$. We have:
Theorem: If $\phi$ is a theorem of 2nd order arithmetic $\mathrm{PA}_2$, then there is some closed term $t$ of system $F$ such that $$ t\Vdash\phi$$
This theorem can be proven in $\mathrm{PA}$, and so we have $$\mathrm{PA}\vdash F\mbox{ is normalizing}\Rightarrow\mbox{$\mathrm{PA}_2$ is consistent} $$ and Gödel's argument applies (and $\mathrm{PA}$ cannot prove normalization of system $F$). It's useful to note that the reverse implication holds as well, so we have an exact characterization of the proof-theoretic power needed to prove normalization of system $F$.
There is a similar story for system $F_\omega$, which, I believe, corresponds to higher arithmetic $\mathrm{PA}_\omega$.
Finally, we have the tricky case of MLTT with inductive types. Here again a somewhat subtle issue arises. Certainly here we can express the consistency of $\mathrm{PA}$, so that isn't an issue, and there is no proof-irrelevant model, as we can prove that the type $\mathrm{Nat}$ has at least 2 elements (an infinite amount of distinct elements, in fact).
However we run into a surprising fact of higher-order intuitionistic theories: $\mathrm{HA}_\omega$, the higher-order version of Heyting Arithmetic is conservative over $\mathrm{HA}$! In particular, we cannot prove consistency of $\mathrm{PA}$, (which is equivalent to that of $\mathrm{HA}$). An intuitive reason for this is that intuitionistic function spaces do not allow you to quantify over arbitrary subset of $\mathbb{N}$, since all definable functions $\mathbb{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{N}$ must be computable.
In particular, I don't think you can prove consistency of $\mathrm{PA}$ if you add only natural numbers to MLTT without universes. I do believe adding either universes or "stronger" inductive types (like ordinal types) will give you enough power though, but I'm afraid I have no reference for this. With universes, the argument seems quite simple though, since you have enough set theory to build a model of $\mathrm{HA}$.
Finally, references for the proof theory of type systems: there's really a gap in the literature here I think, and I would relish a clean treatment of all these subjects (in fact, I dream of writing it myself some day!). In the meantime:
 - The proof-irrelevant model is explained here by Miquel and Werner, though they do it for the Calculus of Constructions, which complicates matters somewhat.
 - The realizability argument is sketched in the classic Proofs and Types of Girard, Taylor and Lafont. I think they also sketch the proof-irrelevant model, and a great deal of useful things besides. It's probably the first reference to read.
 - The conservativity argument of higher-order Heyting arithmetic can be found in the elusive second volume of Constructivism in Mathematics by Troelstra & van Dalen (see here). Both volumes are extremely informative, but quite difficult to read for a novice, IMHO. It also somewhat avoids "modern" type theory subjects, which is unsurprising given the books' age.
An additional question in the comments was about the exact consistency strength/normalization strength of MLTT+Inductives. I don't have a precise answer here, but certainly the answer depends on the number of universes and the nature of the inductive families allowed. Rathjen explores this question in the excellent paper The Strength of some Martin-Lof Type theories.
Wrt normalization, the basic idea is that if, for 2 theories $\cal{T}$ and $\cal{U}$, we have $$\mathrm{PA}\vdash\mathrm{Con}(\cal{T})\Rightarrow\mathrm{Con}(\cal{U}) $$
then, generally
$$\mathrm{PA}\vdash \mbox{1-$\mathrm{Con}$}(\cal{T})\Rightarrow\mathrm{Norm}(\cal{U}) $$
where 1-$\mathrm{Con}$ is 1-consistency and $\mathrm{Norm}$ is (weak) normalization.
MLTT + the type of natural numbers (and recursion) is a conservative extension of $\mathrm{HA}_\omega$, which is proven in Besson Recursive Models for Constructive Set Theories.
As far as MLTT with induction-recursion or induction-induction, I don't know what the situation is, and AFAIK, the problem of exact consistency strength is still open.
 - $\begingroup$ So in a sense, system F is a very weak theory, but it has this combinatorial problem which requires a very strong theory to prove? If that's the case, then shouldn't its proof theoretic ordinal be known, and less than $\epsilon_0$, contradicting the question that I linked? $\endgroup$ – fhyve Nov 21 '16 at 19:43
 - $\begingroup$ And should it read "if $p$ is normalizing, then $p\not\Vdash\emptyset$? $\endgroup$ – fhyve Nov 21 '16 at 19:46
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Why do you mean by "in $\mathrm{HA}_\omega$ all functions must be computable"? Certainly not, consider the set-theoretic model. $\endgroup$ – Andrej Bauer Nov 21 '16 at 19:50
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ certainly, all functions $\mathbb{N}\rightarrow\mathbb{N}$ which can be proven to exist within $\mathrm{HA}_\omega$ are computable (from the "outside"). Of course, from the "inside", it is consistent to assume that there are non-computable functions, unless further fun axioms are added. $\endgroup$ – cody Nov 21 '16 at 20:22
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Then you should have said something like "definable functions in $\mathrm{HA}_\omega$ are computable". Saying "must be computable" is at least misleading. $\endgroup$ – Andrej Bauer Nov 22 '16 at 7:33
Your Answer


text:
Fish and fishes
People often ask about how the terms 'fish' and 'fishes' should be used. In fact it is often said that there is no such word as 'fishes'. This is not true.
A group of fish of the same species are called 'fish'. Two or more species of fish are called 'fishes'.
For example, a number of Eastern Australian Salmon swimming together can be called a school of fish. But if one Tarwhine starts swimming with the Eastern Australian Salmon they are called fishes.
Books such as the Sea Fishes of Southern Australia and Coastal Fishes of South-Eastern Australia use the term 'fishes', because more than one species of fish are included in the book.
For more information, view the Wikipedia comment on Fish or Fishes?
Mark McGrouther, Collection Manager, Ichthyology


Ford Fusion
Ted Blackman
July 15, 2020
Overview and Rationale
Ford Fusion was an overhaul of Urbit's over-the-air upgrade process and a rewrite of its build system. The new update system corrects a few long-standing bugs with the previous one, and the new build system is simpler, smaller (by around 5,000 lines), and easier to manage.
Since deployment of Ford Fusion to the livenet in late June, over-the-air updates (OTAs) have been much smoother. Before Ford Fusion, it was common for an OTA to take several hours, use too much memory, and leave ships in inconsistent states. After Ford Fusion, multiple OTAs have been pushed out, including kernelspace changes, and most users didn't even notice.
Urbit has always been able to update itself OTA, but this process has often been rocky. Updating an operating system kernel on-the-fly is a difficult problem in general, like performing heart replacement surgery on yourself while running a marathon. Code that allows Linux to update its kernel in this way became a startup called Ksplice, won multiple awards, and sold to Oracle. Even that, as impressive as it is, and as brilliant as its programmers are, can only perform certain limited kinds of patches to the kernel.
Urbit isn't exactly a traditional operating system, so the comparison is somewhat unfair, but the purpose of better architecture is to create unfair comparisons. In this case, because the Nock layer is frozen, upgrading everything above that layer is easier. Upgrades are also facilitated by pure-functional semantics, transactional event processing, a type system oriented toward concrete data, and orthogonal persistence. These features make it feasible for Urbit to upgrade itself in the general case, not just some special cases.
Ford Fusion has fixed the major upgrade issues of the past by guaranteeing three properties that in retrospect are obvious requirements, but, like much of Urbit, took many years and rewrites to identify as such:
 - Atomic: the update should complete or fail in one transaction. If it fails, the system shouldn't get stuck.
 - Self-contained: there must be no implicit dependencies or hysteresis (dependence on previous system states) when building the new software from source.
 - Ordered: updates must be monotonically sequenced from the system's lowest layer to highest.
Let's walk through them one by one.
In previous versions of Urbit, updates failed atomicity by deferring parts of the update to later events, which are separate transactions that can fail independently. Generally, each deferral causes an exponential increase in the number of failure states that needed to be handled.
We've learned that asynchronicity is an entropic state. A system will tend toward more asynchronicity over time unless effort is put into keeping it synchronous. As Jonathan Blow has noted, the language server protocol has turned every editor plugin into a distributed system, since now it has to communicate asynchronously with the main editor process.
Consider an update system that took multiple Arvo events to complete. An ad-hoc higher-level transaction system would need to be built to roll back the effects of the first few events in case of failure. It's important for various parts of the system to be able to emit effects on upgrade; since those effects would need to be rolled back if a later event in this upgrade fails, the system would need to maintain a queue of those events and only apply them once all the other upgrade events have completed.
Note that the asynchronicity has now spread. Some effects that would normally be guaranteed to be processed synchronously might now be asynchronous. Entropy has begun to take hold, chipping away at the set of invariants the system is capable of guaranteeing.
This observation is not purely theoretical. False modularity was the cause of internal asynchronicity in Clay where it had to wait for responses in a complex dance with Ford, which was another vane (Arvo kernel module); moving Ford into Clay allowed function calls that were synchronous from Clay's perspective, which allowed further simplifications, culminating in about a twenty percent reduction of source code size of the Arvo kernelspace.
Steve Yegge's "platform rant" describes a Bezosian edict prohibiting synchronous communication among modules through direct linking. This can be seen as an acknowledgment of the difficulty Amazon was going to have when it needed to turn internal services external. If your software needs to run in hell, build it that way from the start.
An Urbit ship is not an enterprise SaaS product and does not need to run in this hell; it exists for just one person, with natural pressure pushing it in the opposite direction from Amazon's web services. Instead of needing a ship's state and functionality sharded into microservices strewn across multiple clusters, an Urbit instance is easiest to manage as a single server with all its state unified into one data structure and its event log stored as one totally ordered sequence of state updates -- the antithesis of a distributed system.
Before Ford Fusion, each commit to the Clay filesystem validated its files using filetypes (called "marks") defined by files in the previous commit. This could cause bugs if the filetype definitions had changed in a backward-incompatible manner. It also meant a commit could not add both a new filetype and new files of that type; instead, you needed two commits: one to define the filetypes, and a second to add files of that new type. More theoretically, it caused history-dependence. The validated contents of files in a commit could vary based on the history of commits that led to this one.
Another way source code failed to be self-contained was that it had access to symmetry-breaking information at build-time, namely ship, desk (Urbit's answer to a git branch), and (faked) date. A build recipe should be able to shared, cached, and rerun without dependence on local conditions, so user code now no longer learns its ship, desk, or date until runtime.
Source code also had build-time access to Urbit's immutable global namespace, called the "scry namespace", which the kernel makes available as an implicit argument to userspace Hoon code. The scry namespace is immutable and referentially transparent, i.e. a request must always yield the same result for all time, but if an agent asks the kernel for a resource that's from the future, hosted on another ship, or to which that agent doesn't have permission, the kernel will deny the request.
If the kernel denies a scry request that user code made during the build process, the build system has no choice but to treat it as a nondeterministic error. Nondeterministic errors can never be fully eradicated, if for no other reason than that the user always has the option to defenestrate the machine—there's nothing deterministic about that. But we try to minimize them, and especially to minimize uncertainty as to under what conditions they might occur.
No build should be killed by the absence of files outside the desk, so as of this update, user code can no longer scry at build time. Once built, userspace programs can scry if run in a context with a scry handler; a Gall agent's runtime scry requests still work just fine.
The final kind of failure fixed by Ford Fusion was the lack of ordered layering during a software update. The most common form of this failure was that old Ford had a tendency to try to build userspace code using the previous version's standard library. This didn't work too well, unsurprisingly.
Emerging from this underworld required making a number of changes to the Arvo kernel, Clay, Gall, and the procedure for kernel updates. To avoid turning into a pillar of salt, I'll skip the details of how the old system worked and instead describe the new update procedure.
How Updates Work Now
These are the layers of the stack that update themselves on the fly, from lowest to highest:
 - hoon: the hoon language definition and compiler, defined in /sys/hoon/hoon
 - arvo: the arvo kernel proper and related type definitions, in /sys/arvo/hoon
 - zuse: the standard library, in /sys/zuse/hoon
 - vanes: arvo kernel modules, including clay itself, in folder /sys/vane
 - userspace: apps, marks, ancillary source code like libraries, and user data
An update to one layer necessitates a reload of all layers above it; e.g. a change to Zuse should trigger updates to the vanes and userspace. Conversely, an update to a higher layer should not cause a spurious reload of lower layers, which should not be affected by the change; for example, an update to just userspace should not cause any reloads of system code.
Clay is responsible for enforcing the layering of updates. An update to a module is triggered when an attempt is made to commit a change to Clay that affects one or more files needed to build the module. For example, if the 'foo' agent's source, defined in /app/foo/hoon, imports the 'bar' library from /lib/bar/hoon, then a modification to /lib/bar/hoon triggers an update to the 'foo' agent. All vanes and userspace files depend on Zuse, which depends on the Arvo and Hoon sources, so a change to the Hoon, Arvo, or Zuse sources will trigger updates to all vanes and userspace files.
When asked to perform a commit, Clay determines which layers need to be updated based on which files have changed and which modules depend on those files. For now, all running programs load their source from the %home desk, so only


text:
Working on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study of Physical Therapists' Experience in Spain.
Phys Ther. 2021 Feb 01;:
Authors: Palacios-Ceña D, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña M, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Florencio LL
OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of the experiences of health care professionals who have actively worked on the first line of the COVID-19 pandemic could help in identifying specific professional duties focused on health assistance objectives. No qualitative study has yet been published describing the experience of physical therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the experiences and perspectives of physical therapists working in public hospitals in Madrid, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted based on an interpretive framework. Thirty physical therapists working at 11 national public hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak were recruited by purposeful sampling and snowball techniques. In-depth interviews and researchers' field notes were used to collect data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes.
RESULTS: After identifying 3912 codes and 13 categories, 3 themes emerged. First theme was "Call of Duty," COVID-19 infection dramatically spread, the hospitals were contaminated and overwhelmed, and all floors were converted into COVID-19 wards. Second theme was "Working in War Time." Every day, therapists were given "the war report," receiving their orders, meeting protective personal equipment requirements, and doing a job with fear. Third theme was "When I Arrive at Home." Working during the pandemic had an impact on the therapists' families and the information shared with them.
CONCLUSIONS: Physical therapists described the COVID-19 outbreak as an apocalyptic and unexpected war. Comprehensive support is needed for all frontline health care professionals. The COVID-19 outbreak revealed that health care systems were not prepared for a pandemic.
IMPACT: This is the first qualitative study to be published describing the experience of physical therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PMID: 33517462 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]


text:
Every year, the U.S. produces about 34 million tons of food waste, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. But are local businesses in Boulder, a county that has the goal of producing "zero waste — or darn near" by 2025, really taking the steps needed to achieve this by 2025?
Not all of them are, according to Boulder Food Not Bombs (FNB) coordinators Hana Dansky and Caleb Phillips.
Food Not Bombs (_URL_) is a national and international grassroots movement that was founded by anti-nuclear activists in Cambridge, Mass. Since its creation in 1980, FNB groups have worked to end hunger across the world.
The Boulder chapter of FNB has waxed and waned in activity, but it recently gained momentum in mid-February when Dansky and Phillips began hosting dinner parties for the hungry.
"She [Dansky] started having these dinner parties and fed them food that we had rescued from area Dumpsters," says Phillips. "We were teaching them that there is all of this food that was going to waste that you could eat."
Dansky and Phillips figured out which local businesses threw away excess food each evening just by glancing in their Dumpsters each week. Unsettled by the amount of food that was being thrown away, the two began rescuing it, washing it multiple times with soap and water, then preparing it and serving it to the hungry at their dinner parties.
The dinner parties grew in size until Dansky and Phillips decided to recreate a chapter of FNB in Boulder and organize public feeds at the band shell in Boulder's Central Park. The FNB coordinators went around to businesses that they knew were throwing out food and asked them to save their leftover produce, pastries and bagels so that one of them could pick them up.
"We're an all-vegetarian organization and mostly vegan," explains Dansky. "Part of that is for ethical issues and part of that is for health issues — we don't want to get anyone sick."
If a business agreed to donate its leftovers, Dansky or Phillips would pick them up on the evening before a meal. The two also spent the evening before each meal Dumpster-diving at those businesses that wouldn't save and donate their excess food to FNB for one reason or another.
Unfortunately, digging through Dumpsters to rescue food isn't a thing of the past for Dansky and Phillips. Many Boulder businesses are still turning them down when it comes to saving their leftover food for the hungry.
"In '94 under the Good Samaritan Act, part of that was that unless it's a case of utter neglect, you won't get sued for donating food," says Dansky.
Although she isn't quite sure why some businesses won't donate their excess food, Dansky thinks they might be hesitant because they don't want to go through the extra work of setting the food aside to save it for donation.
Like Dansky, Phillips isn't sure why many businesses won't donate their food, but he thinks it could have to do with concerns about hurting their brand.
"Maybe they think having stale baguettes with the brand name on them would be harmful to them in some way, or perhaps they don't want their brand associated with homelessness and hunger," says Phillips. "Certainly there's no legal reason why they couldn't do it, so I could only assume it's a marketing reason, but I'm not in a position to say."
Phillips says they have asked Whole Foods and Alfalfa's Market to donate their excess produce in the past, but both said they were unable to do so. Whole Foods told Phillips and Dansky that "it was hard to do because we have to get a lot of people on board," and so FNB was added to a list of groups to work with in the future, says Phillips.
Mara Maxwell, a marketing director for Whole Foods, says the store is considering working with FNB.
"Alfalfa's says they donate their food to Community Food Share or Emergency Family Assistance," says Phillips. "I can tell it's not all of their food, though, by just taking a peek in their compactor and seeing how much food they throw away."
Alfalfa's manager Mike Jackman says they donate packaged food to Community Food Share Monday through Friday, with a little produce.
"They [CFS] distribute to a lot of organizations," says Jackman. "So when we partner with them, we can help a larger group of people than we could do on our own."
Jackman says that CFS doesn't have the resources to pick up food donations each weekend, so Alfalfa's donates that produce to the Emergency Family Assistance Association (EFAA), which uses the leftovers to prepare meals.
Jackman said that although the store already donates its food to CFS and EFAA right now, it doesn't mean Alfalfa's might not give its leftovers to other organizations in the future.
When summer began, FNB started working with Friends Encouraging Eating Daily (FEED), another local organization that feeds the hungry. FEED is led by Chris Mitchell, manager of operations for Boulder Outreach for Homeless Overflow (BOHO), says Phillips. Since BOHO usually helps feed the homeless during the winter months, FEED takes over during the summer, says Phillips.
Earlier in the year, FNB would distribute its food on Sunday afternoons, but since many churches provide free food to the hungry on Sundays, FNB started distributing its meals with FEED on Saturdays at noon, Phillips says. FNB and FEED volunteers distribute meals to about 80 people every weekend on the south side of Boulder Creek, near the Boulder Public Library, Dansky says.
As of now, FNB prepares meals using leftovers that employees at Espresso Roma, Saxy's Café, and Illegal Pete's put aside for donation. Local Share, an online marketplace where people can advertise what they're looking for and gift, loan, rent or sell items to the community, is also in the process figuring out how to work with FNB. Phillips says that it's usually easier to get employees to put food aside for FNB because sometimes managers are worried about liability and brand image.
Anna Nord, an Illegal Pete's employee, says that she got involved with FNB when a friend who had previously been apart of the Boulder chapter put her in touch with Dansky. On Saturday nights, Nord would bring home leftover rice and vegetables from Illegal Pete's, then go over to Dansky's the next morning to cook the food before they distributed it.
Nord says that she thinks employees at local businesses, grocery stores and farms should get involved in FNB.
"They [employees] should be concerned with food that's wasted and perfectly good but is slightly damaged and could still feed people," says Nord.
Nord argues that slightly bruised produce could be donated to FNB, which would in turn use the healthy part of the produce to create meals for the hungry.
"I think people should be more engaged in helping out not only the homeless, but there are also a lot of low-income families who need food," Nord says. "It's a waste of energy to throw away perfectly good food when it could be retransformed into a meal for somebody."
Phillips says that in the future, FNB hopes to be the "short-term middle man" that will help distribute healthier food, such as produce, to local homeless shelters.
"There's Community Food Share, and they get a bunch of food but can't deal with perishables. They don't have the ability to get fresh fruits and vegetables unless it's a mass amount, so shelters aren't getting the nutritious and healthy foods," explains Phillips.
Aside from wanting to feed as many of the hungry as possible and getting more businesses to donate leftovers, Dansky says the Boulder FNB chapter also hopes to make it more sustainable.
"We're just trying to build something that's more sustainable in Boulder, and taking the food that's going to waste to feed our homeless," Dansky says. "We're trying to raise awareness about food waste while still using food that's being thrown out."


text:
When attempting to copy an element, Sharegate displays the following error message:
The fields 'Field Name' and 'Field Name' have the same ID. A list cannot contain two fields with the same ID.
|Any error code ending with: -062|
This error occurs because the list schema is invalid and contains a field more than once. This may be because the list template used to create the list defined a field more than once.
Edit the list columns and remove any duplicate fields.


text:
Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential mineral elements for both plants and humans. Zn deficiency in human is one of the major causes of hidden hunger, a serious health problem observed in many developing countries. Therefore, increasing Zn concentration in edible part is an important issue for improving human Zn nutrition. Here, we found that an Australian wild rice O. meridionalis showed higher grain Zn concentrations compared with cultivated and other wild rice species. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was then performed to identify the genomic regions controlling grain Zn levels using backcross recombinant inbred lines derived from O. sativa 'Nipponbare' and O. meridionalis W1627. Four QTLs responsible for high grain Zn were detected on chromosomes 2, 9, and 10. The QTL on the chromosome 9 (named qGZn9), which showed the largest effect on grain Zn concentration was confirmed with the introgression line, which had a W1627 chromosomal segment covering the qGZn9 region in the genetic background of O. sativa 'Nipponbare'. Fine mapping of this QTL resulted in identification of two tightly linked loci, qGZn9a and qGZn9b. The candidate regions of qGZn9a and qGZn9b were estimated to be 190 and 950 kb, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that plants having a wild chromosomal segment covering qGZn9a, but not qGZn9b, is associated with fertility reduction. qGZn9b, therefore, provides a valuable allele for breeding rice with high Zn in the grains.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Biochemistry,Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Agricultural and Biological Sciences


text:
Statements are used when you allow a customer to accumulate charges before requesting payment, or if
you assess a regular monthly charge. When you're ready, such as at the end of the month or when you've
accumulated charges, you can print a billing statement to send to your customers.
For example, you can use a billing statement to:
bill your customers on a regular basis, such as monthly.
send a customer a reminder of past-due charges.
charge your customers for a regular service.
How can I use billing statements?


text:
by Rick Copeland and Bernie Hackett
This intermediate-level class will teach you techniques using the popular NoSQL database MongoDB, its driver PyMongo, and the object-document mapper Ming to write maintainable, high-performance, and scalable applications. We will cover everything you need to become an effective Ming/MongoDB developer from basic PyMongo queries to high-level object-document mapping setups in Ming.
The class will begin with a brief overview of MongoDB and its Python driver PyMongo. We will cover basic operations using PyMongo, including data manipulation, querying, and GridFS. Students will install MongoDB and PyMongo as part of this section.
We will then describe the design philosophy and setup of Ming, a SQLAlchemy-inspired object-document mapper (ODM) for MongoDB developed at SourceForge.
Next we will cover the base-level implementation of Ming, including schema design, the session and datastore, lazy migrations, data polymorphism, and GridFS support. We will also cover effective MongoDB index design, querying, and updating techniques, and how to use these with Ming. Students will install Ming as a part of this section, and have exercises covering schema design, lazy migrations, and GridFS.
The final segment will cover the object-document mapper portion of Ming. We will cover the unit of work design pattern, object relations, ODM-level polymorphism, and how to drop down to the base layer (or even down to pymongo) when you really need to. This section will include exercises in designing your ODM model and effectively using the unit-of-work session.
This talk targets Python 2.6-2.7 and MongoDB 2.0. Students should have Python 2.6 or 2.7 installed on their machines prior to the class and should be comfortable using virtualenv and pip or easy_install to install packages.
7th–15th March 2012


text:
For the first time in its more-than-100-year history, Campbell Soup is making available to the American public specially cultivated seeds used to grow tomatoes for its iconic Campbell's® Tomato soup.
The effort is part of Campbell's goal to grow more than one billion tomatoes across the country and to support American agriculture.
Campbell also is teaming up with the National FFA Organization and Urban Farming Inc., each of which will use the special seeds to help create five community gardens in urban communities.
Through June 21 (or while supplies last), each household that purchases any variety Campbell's condensed soup and enters the code on the can at HelpGrowYourSoup.com can request a free packet of Campbell's tomato seeds to plant in their own backyards and windowsills. With each request, Campbell will donate the seeds being used to plant community gardens and achieve the one-billion-tomato goal.
The project is tied to a current trend of people seeking to grow their own food in their own gardens.
Introduced in 1897, Campbell's Tomato soup was the first condensed soup in the company's history and to this day remains an American favorite. It is one of the company's top-selling soups and is eaten by more than 25 million people at least once a week. In fact, pop culture artist Andy Warhol ate tomato soup for lunch for more than 20 years, inspiring him to create his famous Campbell's Tomato soup painting.
The tomato seeds themselves also have a rich heritage. Campbell began growing tomatoes from its own seeds on New Jersey farms during in the 1930s. Those "Jersey" tomatoes were renowned for their rich taste and texture, so much so, that when truckloads were delivered to the Campbell facility in Camden, city residents followed and picked up fallen tomatoes from the streets.


text:
Computer Engineering Institute, The Technological University of the Mixteca (UTM), Carretera Huajuapan-Acatlima Km. 2.5, Huajuapan de León, 69000 Oaxaca, Mexico
Copyright © 2010 Ricardo Pérez-Aguila. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This work is devoted to present a methodology for the computation of Discrete Compactness in -dimensional orthogonal pseudo-polytopes. The proposed procedures take in account compactness' definitions originally presented for the 2D and 3D cases and extend them directly for considering the D case. There are introduced efficient algorithms for computing discrete compactness which are based on an orthogonal polytopes representation scheme known as the Extreme Vertices Model in the -Dimensional Space (D-EVM). It will be shown the potential of the application of Discrete Compactness in higher-dimensional contexts by applying it, through EVM-based algorithms, in the classification of video sequences, associated to the monitoring of a volcano's activity, which are expressed as 4D orthogonal polytopes in the space-color-time geometry.


text:
On 17 June 2020, Aboriginal land councils and traditional owner groups from across the nation came together to respond to the cultural heritage crisis highlighted by the tragic destruction of a site of the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura people with 46,000 years of human occupation by mining company Rio Tinto.
In this submission we highlight the need for more far-reaching reforms as an urgent priority,
informed by the inequities in the current system, the fact that time is running out for many
Community Elders to see land justice in their life times and the obligations imposed on the
Australian Government by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples (UNDRIP). Due to capacity constraints and the tight timeframe for submission, we


text:
Montgomery to Feel Excessive Heat
Patch has information on the heat watch from the National Weather Service.
The National Weather Service has issued a heat watch. And not just any heat watch, an excessive heat watch.
Before humidity enters the equation, temperatures are set to climb to about 100 degrees in Montgomery County today, according to NWS. The heat index, a measure of temperature that takes humidity into account, is 110 degrees.
An excessive heat watch means there will be a prolonged period of hot temperatures, according to NWS, creating a dangerously hot situation. The watch is in effect through Friday.
To stay safe in the heat:
- Water, water water. Drink plenty of it.
- If you don't have air conditioning, visit one of the Montgomery County Public Library System locations to cool down.
- Check on your elderly neighbors, and those who don't have air conditioning.
- Know the symptoms of heat-related illnesses: dry, red skin, convulsions and disorientation, according to the Maryland Department of Health. Also be aware: a person can feel fine one minute, and become seriously ill the next. If you feel any of the symptoms, try a cool bath or use wet towels to cool down and call 911.
What do you do to stay cool? Ice cream? Swimming? Something else? Tell us in the comments!


text: The Plant Nutrition and Physiology laboratory is well-established and equipped for applications in plant nutrition and physiology. The lab includes three plant growth chambers with high precision climatic control in which both soil and nutrient solution experiments can be performed. A section of the lab is reserved for physiological experiments where isotopic labels are used as tracers of plant nutrients. Along with many small equipment used in basic plant nutrition research, the lab has three microwave digestion systems, a fully automated Kjeldahl-N analyzer with carousel, a gamma counter and a spectrophotometer. The lab is intensively used in conducting growth chamber experiments, sample preparation for elemental analysis and various applications in plant nutrition and physiology. Currently four post-docs, two PhD and three MSc students and six technical assistants occupy the lab to accomplish undergraduate lab courses, thesis studies and funded research projects.


text:
"The Fox and the Grapes" High Chest of DrawersMade in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, North and Central America
Artist/maker unknown, American
Mahogany, yellow poplar, white cedar, yellow pine; brass
1957-129-1Gift of Mrs. Henry V. Greenough, 1957
LabelFor fashionable eighteenth-century Philadelphians, high chests and dressing tables represented the pinnacle of design, cabinetmaking, and carving in bedchamber furniture. This massive high chest was conceived with a smaller dressing table (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2012-59-1). On its central drawer a composition borrowed from a 1761 publication by English carver Thomas Johnson depicts the moment of truth from Aesop's well-known fable "The Fox and the Grapes": a proud and skillful fox who cannot reach a bunch of succulent grapes decries them as sour and not desirable after all. The tale warns against the ills of greed and vanity, an ironic scene on this bold emblem of opulence. It is believed that this high chest, made in Philadelphia between 1765 and 1775 went through the process of confiscation and sale that occurred after the British left Philadelphia in May 1778. During this time entire contents of households still refusing to pledge allegiance to the cause for American independence could be confiscated and sold for the benefit of the Continental Army. The name "James Milligan" across the backboards refers to the Philadelphia city official James Milligan, who served in several treasury-related roles in the patriot government during this period and likely had a hand in this process. His name is written first in pen with the date 1783 and then again in chalk with the date 1784.
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


Translation is the process of translating words or text from one language into another. More specifically a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text in another language is known as Translation. When we think for global world as a 'family' a rock barrier is came that is language problem, in India people speaks Gujarati and regional languages like Gujarati, Gujarati, Marathi and etc, but all works and jobs are available for persons we knows English.
So overcoming such a problem we are providing free translator for English to Gujarati translation and also Gujarati to English translation. We are providing online tool for translating sentences and text from global languages English (The most usable language) and to Gujarati and vice versa. While you are using the translation software keep in mind input accurate without grammatical mistake so the software will produce accurate translation. The software dictionary and database is continuously updates so it produces more accurate results. The software has self learning facility have learned from the result it produces.
The software works upon the rules of grammar and produces result according to that, so to get accurate result you have to input accurate sentence in terms of grammar.
1. English to Gujarati Translation
2. Gujarati to English Translation
Click Here for English to Gujarati Typing known as transliteration


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Biologist or Chemist Interview
Postby Jay_12 » Sun Aug 19, 2018 7:32 pm
Hi. For science fair this year, I am conducting an experiment using a bio coagulant to filter turbid water. I need to include an interview of an expert as part of my project. An interview from a biologist or chemist would be greatly appreciated. Would an expert please help me by answering the questions listed below? Thanks in advance.
1. What is your name and title?
2. Do you think this topic is useful, interesting, or important? If so, why?
3. What made you become interested in becoming a biologist/chemist?
4. When did you first start learning or studying biology/chemistry?
5. What are some key factors you have learned from studying biology/chemistry?
6. How long have you been in school learning about biology/chemistry?
7. What are some helpful tools a biologist/chemist uses?
8. Do you think biology/chemistry will continue to advance in the future? If so, why?
Last edited by Jay_12 on Mon Aug 20, 2018 8:14 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Return to "Interview Requests"


text:
The Flood of '55
Hurricanes and record rainfalls cause a deadly, devastating flood in August 1955
In August of 1955, Hurricanes Connie and Diane smashed into Connecticut. The storms spawned record rainfalls that transformed placid rivers into killers. During the night of August 18, 1955, and into the next morning, the landscape of nearly half of the state was ravaged and transformed. Dozens were left dead, thousands became homeless and the lives of survivors were forever changed.
Forty years later, Connecticut citizens recounted the most traumatic experience of their lives in The Flood of '55. Underscored by stunning archival film and photographs, this documentary is an unforgettable story of tragedy and heroism; of lives ended and lives renewed.
Original Broadcast: Saturday, 12/04/04 at 11:30AM
Approximate Length: 60 minutes
Executive Producer: Larry Rifkin Writer/Producer: Rich Hanley
Co-producer, Valley segment: Gary Peterson Narrator: Charlie Bagley
Original Music: Bruce Zimmerman Copyright: 1996 Connecticut Public Television


text:
Optical modes bearing optical vortices are important light systems in which to encode information. Optical vortices are robust features of optical beams that do not dissipate upon propagation. Thus decoding the modal content of a beam is a vital component of the process. In this work we present a method to decode modal superpositions of light beams that contain optical vortices. We do so using shear interferometry, which presents a simple and effective means of determining the vortex content of a beam, and extract the parameters of the component vortex modes that constitute them. We find that optical modes in a beam are easily determined. Its modal content can be extracted when they are of comparable magnitude. The use of modes of well defined topological charge but not well defined radial-mode content, such as those produced by phase-only encoding, are much easier to diagnose than pure Laguerre-Gauss modes.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Official Portrait of U.S. President Barack Hussein Obama
Hussein/Husayn (5-61 Islamic Calendar/624-680 AD) or better: al-Husayn.
It is a common Arabic name, meaning "good looking boy". Historically, Hussein is the second son of Ali and Fatimah, and grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. He is revered by Shi'ites and Sunni Muslims alike. Both sects see his death at the battle in Kerbala, Iraq in the (10th Muharram 680 AD) as a religious holiday.
Many other famous and infamous people have carried the name Hussein. Some of them include Iraqi dictator Sadam Hussein, platinum rapper Hussein Fatal from Tupac's Outlaw Immortals, King Hussein of Jordan and America's newly elected President, Barack Hussein Obama.
For more information on the name Hussein:
The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glasse
Each week we will discuss another name, its meaning and the people who share it to spread knowledge of the stories behind Arabic names and, in our own small way, help lessen uninformed prejudice against people with such names.


_USER_ {jopera:2008:icac, title = {Automatic Configuration of an Autonomic Controller: An Experimental Study with Zero-Configuration Policies}, booktitle = {5th International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC 2008)}, year = {2008}, month = {June}, pages = {67-76}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, abstract = {Autonomic control managers can remove the need for manual system configuration in order to achieve good performance and efficient resource utilization. However, simple controllers based on reconfiguration actions tied to thresholds, or {\textquoteright}if-then{\textquoteright} rules, themselves need to be configured and tuned in order to adapt the controller behavior to the expected workload characteristic. In this paper we present an experimental study of zero-configuration policies that can be automatically tuned based on analytical models of the system under control. In particular, we have designed and implemented a threshold-free self-configuration policy for a distributed workflow execution engine and compared it with a standard PID controller. The experimental results included in the paper show that using such a policy the controller can tune itself in addition to reconfiguring the distributed engine and the proposed policy out-performs simpler policies that require manual and error-prone tuning of their parameters.}, keywords = {analytical models, automatic configuration, automatic control, autonomic controller, control system synthesis, distributed workflow execution engine, PID control, resource management, resource utilization, workload characteristic, zero-configuration policies}, doi = {10.1109/ICAC.2008.29}, author = {Thomas Heinis and Cesare Pautasso} }


A. A corrupt temporary file can often cause the disk cleanup utility to hang. To resolve this problem, try deleting all temporary files on your computer by performing the following steps:
 1. Close all running applications.
 2. From the Start menu, click Run and type %temp% to open the Temp folder on your computer.
 3. Type Ctrl+A or from the Edit menu click Select All to select all the files, press Delete, then click Yes to the confirmation.
 4. Close Windows Explorer.
 5. Open the Control Panel Internet Options applet.
 6. Select the General tab, then click Delete Files.
 7. Select the "Delete all offline content" check box, then click OK.
You should now be able to run the Disk Cleanup tool.


text:
Irene Silverblatt's research centers on gender, race, and other cultural dimensions of power relations in the Peruvian Andes. Her first book, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton University Press, 1987), looked at how two very different empires—the indigenous Inca and the foreign Spanish—consolidated their respective rules over Andean peoples. Her many articles have explored such historic subjects as what it meant to be Indian in the seventeenth-century Andes and the role family values played in Spain's efforts to "civilize" the native inhabitants of Peru.
Silverblatt will continue her probe into the cultural transformations at the heart of colonial Peru during her year at Radcliffe. The vision of political order shaping seventeenth-century Spanish colonialism combined religious orthodoxy and an emerging nationalist spirit with racialized categories of human beings. Using Inquisition records, Silverblatt will explore the cultural dynamics underlying Spain's tumultuous efforts to create the novel categories—"Indian," "Spanish," "Black"—at the core of its colonial enterprise.
An associate professor of anthropology at Duke University, Silverblatt earned her PhD at the University of Michigan. Her awards include a Rockefeller Foundation resident fellowship, a Guggenheim fellowship, and a grant from the Social Science Research Council.


text:
The Sutra of Filial Piety
Shelfmark: Oriental MS 74.B.3
Korean woodblock book, printed on brown paper during the 16th century. The text is assumed to have been written in China since the earliest known version of this sutra was discovered at Dunhuang. Though Buddhist, it incorporates the Confucian ethic of repaying the kindness and devotion of one's parents through acts of self-abasement.
Find out more about this manuscript and other sacred texts in Expressions of Faith.


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The roles of women in Latin America and Western Europe from _PHONE_ were alike in the neither having many rights, but differed in their mindset of the matter and drive to change it. Women in Latin America during this time period were content to remain at home. They saw their duties as being a wife and a mother above all else. These women could not vote. They could not gain a position in business or politics. However, they did have the right to participate in political discussions. The lack of freedom these women had did not drive them to fight for equality.
The view on their roles in the society was fueled by their heavily Catholic background. Because of the way Catholicism viewed their women, they did little to make any advances toward suffrage or any other rights. In Western Europe, women worked hard to make changes to their subservient roles. They had very few rights. They were able to participate in political discussions and could work in small business if alongside her husband and only if she was of lower class. They could not vote, divorce or work in political office.
When the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen" was written, the women fired back with their own version of it, the "Declaration of Rights of Women and Citizen" written by Olympe de Gouges. In this declaration they demanded the right to vote, divorce, own property in marriage, be educated and have a career. Because of their persistent attitudes toward equality, West European women began to gain rights. Women in both regions of Latin America and Western Europe, had very few rights but were allowed to participate in discussions if they so chose to.
They could not vote, or attain any position of important standing. They differed in the sense of their drive to change things in regards to their being viewed as subservient. While Europe fought for their rights, Latin America accepted their main duties to be in the household. They stayed home, worked hard and raised families. Europe wanted how their own voice in their government as well as equal rights to those of men and therefore their made attempts to gain said rights.
Because of their drive and ambition, these women did began to get what they were fighting for, whereas those in Latin America did not gain the right to vote and so on until later. Latin American women had little to no ambition to fight for equal rights and did not mind staying at home and just being a wife and mother. However, Western European women fought for their rights and ability to participate in government. Because of their persistency, European women eventually did get what they wanted while Latin American women's gaining of suffrage and other rights were delayed.
Brandon Johnson
Author: Brandon Johnson
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text:
The Wackerbarth Palace, also known as the Ritterakadamie (German for "Knight's Academy"), was a palace in Dresden, eastern Germany, built between 1723 and 1729, under the supervision of architect J. C. Knöffel. It was one of the several Baroque palaces in Dresden which were destroyed during the allied bombing raids on February 13, 1945. It was named for Christoph August Graf von Wackerbarth, a Saxon Duke and Field Marshal. The palace was situated in the city, north of the River Elbe, at the former Beaumontplatz near Neustädter Markt.
Badly damaged during the allied bombing raids, parts of it were still standing after the war. Reconstruction would have been possible, but it was demolished by the communist regime in 1963. Presently there are no plans for a reconstruction project.
On the other hand, other palaces in Dresden, such as the Zwinger, Japanisches Palace, Residenzschloss, Taschenberg Palace, Palais Cosel and the Kurländer Palace, all heavily damaged by the allied raids, were reconstructed. Additionally, the Kurländer Palace is under reconstruction as of 2008.
- _URL_ Website of the GHND - Association for the reconstruction of the Dresden Neumarkt according to scientific standards
- Photo of before allied raids
- Photo after allied raids


text:
Many teens have questions about drugs. On Drug Facts Chat Day, NIDA scientists get to listen in and answer these questions from students all across the country.
Here's one from "zippy do da" from Kingswood Middle School in New Hampshire:
Why do teens who smoke think they are so cool?
There could be many reasons why teens who smoke think they're cool—maybe their friends smoke, maybe their parents told them not to smoke, maybe they think it gives them an edgy look, or a temporary high. But the truth is, as far as your health goes—smoking is so not cool.
And who defines cool anyway? What's cool to one person may not be cool to another. Just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, coolness is an individual decision. Not everyone thinks that doing something illegal or unhealthy because your friends are doing it is cool. Lots of teens would say its cooler to hold a pen, paintbrush, or drum stick between your fingers, instead of a cigarette.
When our parents were younger, many of them thought "the Fonz" from the hit TV show Happy Days was the epitome of cool. Pretty dorky now.
Today it seems like a lot of teen smokers are figuring out that smoking is not very cool at all. How do we know? Because according to a 2007 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 50% of all high school smokers are actively trying to quit. And, according to the recent NIDA-funded Monitoring the Future Study of 8th, 10th and 12th graders, smoking among American teens is at an all time low.
Coolness is a funny thing. Some things are cool one year (or one minute!), and not the next. Other things are cool no matter how much time has passed. What's cool is also influenced by your gender, age, where you live, and, most of all, by who you are. Check out how one high school student examined the cool factor as a science fair project—it even won her a cool prize. But don't take our word for it—you decide.


Turtle nests: a total of 320 hatchlings this season
Miguela Xuereb
Seven turtle nests around Malta and Gozo have yielded a total of 320 hatchlings during this nesting season, the Environment and Resources Authority said on Friday, noting that this was the most successful turtle nesting season in local recorded history.
On Friday, officials dug up the last known turtle nest at Għadira Bay following a successful incubation period.
This nest yielded a further 10 hatchlings thus bringing the nest's total to 71 hatchlings and bringing this year's turtle nesting season to a successful close.
Out of the seven nests, three went unreported up until the time of hatching.
ERA explained the reasons behind the unsuccessful nests found at St Thomas Bay, Marsaskala and the first reported nest at Għadira Bay.
The low success rate in the case of St Thomas Bay was due to the nest being located in a central part of the beach and thus being exposed to heavy foot traffic.
ERA remarked that this situation showed clearly what can occur if a turtle nest is not properly protected through legal and physical on-site measures such as cordoning. In this instance protection was not given to the nest as it was not reported, hence proper measures could not have been put in place.
In the case of the first reported nest at Għadira Bay, the low success rate can be attributed to the heavy rainfall which was experienced towards the end of the incubation period. ERA noted that the location of the nest was susceptible to flooding due to its elevation and its proximity to the path through which rainwater is discharged to the sea.
The environmental watchdog said that while mitigation measures were implemented through the use of sandbags and gullies, the nest ultimately yielded a total of 17 hatchlings.
ERA thanked Nature Trust Malta, the Environment Ministry, and all the volunteers who contributed their time.