Census geographic units of Canada
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Outline map of Canada's census divisions in 2001.
The census geographic units of Canada are the administrative divisions defined and used by Canada's federal government statistics bureau Statistics Canada[1] to conduct the country's five-yearly census. They exist on four levels: the top-level (first-level) divisions are Canada's provinces and territories; these are divided into second-level census divisions, which in turn are divided into third-level census subdivisions (roughly corresponding to municipalities) and fourth-level dissemination areas.
In some provinces, a census division also corresponds to a county or another similar unit of political organization, while in other provinces the boundaries are chosen arbitrarily as no such level of government exists. Two of Canada's three territories are also divided into census divisions.
Census divisions[edit]
Canada's second-level geographic units are called "census divisions". In terms of size, they generally lie between the top-level administrative divisions of the province and territory and third-level administrative divisions such as sections, townships and ranges. Census divisions are divided into census subdivisions (see section below).
Nature of Canada's census divisions by province or territory
Province/Territory Nature of census divisions
Census divisions consist of groups of municipalities such as cities, municipal districts, and rural municipalities. Each census division is numbered.
British Columbia Census divisions correspond with regional districts or municipalities.
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Census divisions correspond with counties.
Newfoundland and Labrador Census divisions are delineated without reference to administrative or other forms of division and are numbered.[2]
Northwest Territories Census divisions do not correspond with the administrative regions of the Northwest Territories.
Nunavut Census divisions correspond with the administrative regions of Nunavut.
Ontario Census divisions consist of "upper-tier" municipalities (counties, districts, regional municipalities, single-tier cities).
Quebec Census divisions mostly correspond to regional county municipalities or equivalent territories.
Yukon A territory treated as a single census division.
In most cases, a census division corresponds to a single unit of the appropriate type listed above. However, in a few cases, Statistics Canada groups two or more units into a single statistical division:
In almost all such cases, the division in question was formerly a single unit of the standard type, which was divided into multiple units by its province after the Canada 2001 Census.
Census consolidated subdivisions[edit]
A census consolidated subdivision is a geographic unit between census division and census subdivision. It is a combination of adjacent census subdivisions typically consisting of larger, more rural census subdivisions and smaller, more densely populated census subdivisions.[3]
Census subdivisions[edit]
Census subdivisions generally correspond to the municipalities of Canada, as determined by provincial and territorial legislation.[4] They can also correspond to area which are deemed to be equivalents to municipalities for statistical reporting purposes, such as Indian reserves, Indian settlements, and unorganized territories where no municipal level government may not exist.[4] Statistics Canada has created census subdivisions in cooperation with the provinces of British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia as equivalents for municipalities.[5] The Indian reserve and Indian settlement census subdivisions are determined according to criteria established by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada.[6]
Dissemination areas[edit]
Dissemination areas are the smallest standard geographic unit in Canada and cover the entire country.[7] As small areas, they comprise one or more dissemination blocks and have a population between 400 and 700 people.[7]
Specially-defined geographic units[edit]
Census metropolitan areas[edit]
See template below for links to census metropolitan areas by size.
A "census metropolitan area" (CMA) is a grouping of census subdivisions comprising a large urban area (the "urban core") and those surrounding "urban fringes" with which it is closely integrated. To become a CMA, an area must register an urban core population of at least 100,000 at the previous census. CMA status is retained even if this core population later drops below 100,000.
CMAs may cross census division and provincial boundaries, although the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area in Ontario and Quebec is the only one that currently crosses a provincial border.
Unlike the United States, the methodology used by Statistics Canada does not allow for CMA-CMA mergers into larger statistical areas as the US does to form Combined Statistical Areas. If such an approach were utilized, Statistics Canada has stated that Toronto, Oshawa and Hamilton could be merged into a single CSA.[8] Statistics Canada has described the Greater Golden Horseshoe as the country's largest urban area.[9]
Census agglomerations[edit]
A "census agglomeration" (CA) is a smaller version of a CMA in which the urban core population at the previous census was greater than 10,000 but less than 100,000. If the population of an urban core is less than 50,000, it is the starting point for the construction of a 'census agglomeration'.[10]
Census tracts[edit]
CMAs and CAs with a population greater than 50,000 are subdivided into census tracts which have populations ranging from 2,500 to 8,000.
Population centres[edit]
"Population centre" redirects here. For other uses, see Center of population.
A population centre (PC), formerly known as an urban area (UA), is any grouping of contiguous dissemination areas that has a minimum population of 1,000 and an average population density of 400 persons per square kilometre or greater.[11] For the 2011 census, urban area was renamed "population centre".[11][12] In 2011, Statistics Canada identified 942 population centres in Canada. Some population centres cross municipal boundaries and not all municipalities contain a population centre while others have more than one.[13]
The population centre level of geography is further divided into the following three groupings based on population:[11]
 - "small population centre" – 1,000 to 29,999
 - "medium population centre" – 30,000 to 99,999
 - "large urban population centre" – 100,000 and greater
Designated places[edit]
Main article: Designated place
A "designated place" (DPL) is usually a small community that does not meet the criteria used to define incorporated municipalities or urban areas (areas with a population of at least 1,000 and no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre), but for which Statistics Canada or a provincial government has requested that similar demographic data be compiled.[14]
A "locality" (LOC) is a historical named location or place. The named location may be a former census subdivision, a former urban area, or a former designated place. It may also refer to neighbourhoods, post offices, communities and unincorporated places among other entities.[15]
See also[edit]
Census divisions by province
 1. ^ Statistics Canada. "Illustrated Glossary: Census Geography". Retrieved 2006-10-11.
 2. ^ Sometimes used for municipal organization or as health regions.
 3. ^ "Census consolidated subdivision (CCS)". Statistics Canada. 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
 4. ^ a b "Census subdivision (CSD)". Statistics Canada. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
 5. ^ "Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names" (PDF). Statistics Canada. April 2011. p. 7&8. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
 6. ^ "More information on Census subdivision (CSD)". Statistics Canada. 2011-04-04. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
 7. ^ a b "2006 Census Dictionary: Dissemination area (DA)". Statistics Canada. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
 8. ^ "Defining and Measuring Metropolitan Areas: A Comparison between Canada and the United States". Statistics Canada. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
 9. ^ "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006: Subprovincial population dynamics". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
 10. ^ Sancton, Andrew. "Canadian Local Government: An Urban Perspective" Pp. 74. Oxford University Press, 2011.
 11. ^ a b c "Population centre (POPCTR)". Statistics Canada. 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
 12. ^ "Preview of Census Products and Services: Highlight tables". Statistics Canada. 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
 13. ^ Sancton, Andrew (2011). Canadian Local Government: An Urban Perspective. Canada: Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-542756-1.
 14. ^ "2006 Census Dictionary: Designated place (DPL)". Statistics Canada. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
 15. ^ "2006 Census Dictionary: Locality (LOC)". Statistics Canada. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2011-12-23.


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Obviously the German soldiers might notice a tree where there had not been one before. That's why the British Empire's Royal Engineers built fake trees to resemble specific trees in no man's land. During the night, they'd cut down the original and replace it with the fake:
To develop the O.P. Tree, Royal Engineers representatives selected, measured, and photographed the original tree, in situ, extensively. The ideal tree was dead; often it was bomb blasted. The photographs and sketches were brought back to the workshop, where artists constructed an artificial tree of hollow steel cylinders, but containing an internal scaffolding for reinforcement, to allow a sniper or observer to ascend within the structure. Then, under the cover of night, the team cut down the authentic tree and dug a hole in the place of its roots, in which they placed the O.P. Tree. When the sun rose over the field, what looked like a tree was a tree no longer; rather, it was an exquisitely crafted hunting blind, maximizing personal concealment and observational capacity simultaneously.
Link -via io9 | Photo: Australian War Memorial

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The widely documented phenomenon of nighttime stomatal conductance (gsn) could lead to substantial water loss with no carbon gain, and thus it remains unclear whether nighttime stomatal conductance confers a functional advantage. Given that studies of gsn have focused on controlled environments or small numbers of species in natural environments, a broad phylogenetic and biogeographic context could provide insights into potential adaptive benefits of gsn. • We measured gsn on a diverse suite of species (n = 73) across various functional groups and climates-of-origin in a common garden to study the phylogenetic and biogeographic/climatic controls on gsn and further assessed the degree to which gsn co-varied with leaf functional traits and daytime gas exchange rates. • Closely related species were more similar in gsn than expected by chance. Herbaceous species had higher gsn than woody species. Species that typically grow in climates with lower mean annual precipitation – where the fitness cost of water loss should be the highest – generally had higher gsn. • Our results reveal the highest gsn rates in species from environments where neighboring plants compete most strongly for water, suggesting a possible role for the competitive advantage of gsn.


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Pot O' Gold: 10 Great Irish Children's Authors (page 2)
- 10 Great Independent Bookstores
- Choosing Children's Books
- 10 Great Subtraction and Addition Apps for Kids
- 10 Great Kindergarten Apps for Your Tiny Learner
- 10 Great Sand Activities
- 10 Great Family-Friendly Activities
Ireland's written heritage is almost as legendary as its verdant hills and rich mythology. The giants of early 20th century Irish authorship are household names—Yeats, Joyce, Wilde—but the Emerald Isle has an equally strong (though lesser known) tradition of great children's literature, too. With St. Patrick's Day approaching, now is a great time to take advantage of the literary gold at the end of the proverbial rainbow with these ten Irish authors.
Roddy Doyle Already an established novelist (he is a 1993 Booker Prize winner for Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha) Doyle's foray into children's literature promises to be as successful. The Dubliner's Rover stories (The Giggler Treatment, Rover Saves Christmas and The Meanwhile Adventures) chronicle the exploits of a hapless adventure-seeking dog, and his latest book, Her Mother's Face, is a poignant look at love and loss from a child's perspective. Doyle's humor—from the crude to the charming to the whimsical—make him a great read for adults and children alike. Best for grades 3-5.
Patricia Lynch Patricia Lynch was a prolific writer—with 48 novels and hundreds of short stories. Her western Irish background colors the events and landscapes in many of her stories; while her stories are relatively uncomplicated for her young audience, they are replete with delightful imagination. Her best-known book is The Turf-Cutter's Donkey, celebrated for its romanticized portrayal of rustic Ireland. Her Brogreen series is also a staple of mid-century children's fantasy, and though some of her books are out of print they are well worth tracking down. Best for grades 3-5.
C.S. Lewis Belfast-born Clive Staples Lewis rubbed shoulders with some of the biggest literary luminaries of his day at Oxford, including J.R.R. Tolkien, and it's interesting to speculate how the two might have influenced the separate fantasy worlds for which they've each become famous. Lewis' conversion to Christianity informs much of his writing and is a motif throughout his most famous body of work, The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis' allegory, however, is never heavy-handed; he is very accessible to children and adults alike, making him a beloved cornerstone of children's literature. Don't miss The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Silver Chair. Best for grades 4-6.
Eoin Colfer With tales that compare favorably to J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books, Wexford native Eoin Colfer has a lot going for him. The Irish author and comedian is best known for his Artemis Fowl series, which he has jokingly summed up as "Die Hard with fairies". The adventures and exploits of (anti)hero Artemis Fowl, adolescent criminal genius, are noted for their dark humor and are bestsellers on both sides of the Atlantic. The six-book series has a movie deal in the works. Artemis Fowl, The Arctic Incident, and The Eternity Code round out the first three books in the sequence. Best for grades 4-6.
Marita Conlon-McKenna Another Bisto Award winner, Marita Conlon-McKenna's books have seen screen treatments and translation into several different languages. Her fascination with Irish history sparked her most widely known book, Under the Hawthorn Tree. The book, a story about children left struggling to survive in the wake of the deadly 1840s famine, made the Irish bestseller list two years running and is distinguished by its touching characterization and historical detail. Under the Hawthorn Tree became the Famine trilogy, with Wildflower Girl and Fields of Home completing the trio. Best for grades 4-6.
Padraic Colum Padraic Colum had a seemingly inexhaustible career as a novelist, a poet, a dramatist and a folklorist. Despite fame at home and abroad, famous friendships and lucrative publishing and teaching contracts, Colum never forgot his humble beginnings. He began his career in children's writing by translating simple Gaelic myths, and his first effort, The King of Ireland's Son, was released to high praise in 1916. Big Tree of Bunlahy: Stories of My Own Countryside and The Voyagers won him Newberry Honor Awards in the 1920s and 1930s. Best for grades 4-6.
Pat O'Shea Pat O'Shea's books, described by Phoenix librarian Jill Detter as "good fantasy for older children with lots of Irish folklore," began her career as a dramatist. The Galway-born writer took 13 years to complete her best-known book, The Hounds of the Morrigan, and she found herself a literary sensation in middle age. O'Shea's 2007 Guardian obituary calls the book a "combination of kindness, wisdom and irreverence"; it has been translated into several languages and remains popular in Ireland today. Best for grades 5-8.
Kate Thompson Though Kate Thompson was born in England, and her travels took her to America, Wales and India, among other places, she has claimed Irish residency since the early 1980s. Some of her children's stories touch upon themes as disparate as Irish folk tales and genetic engineering. Thompson has won the Bisto Children's Book of the Year Award four times, as well as the Whitbread Children's Book Award and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. She is best known and most celebrated for her book The New Policeman, described as "enthralling" in several reviews; other good bets include The Alchemist's Apprentice and The Beguilers. Best for kids in middle school and up.
James Stephens James Stephens, a contemporary of Irish great James Joyce, is best known for his fantasy work The Crock of Gold. With James Joyce, he was part of the Irish literary renaissance of the early 20th century and lived to see his work made popular through readings and radio broadcasts. While all his books are marked by his fanciful charm, his 1920 Irish Fairy Tales has become a perennial children's favorite. His lyric voice (Stephens was also a poet) sets the perfect tone for these retellings of famous Irish myths and legends. Best for kids in middle school and up.
Siobhan Dowd Technically a Londoner by birth, Siobhan Dowd's parents were both Irish and she was honored by Irish-America Magazine as one of the "Top 100 Irish-Americans". A Swift Pure Cry is her first book, a stark portrayal of teenage issues; her second, The London Eye Mystery, is a young adult thriller about a boy with Asperger's syndrome who solves a kidnapping. One review went so far as to describe Dowd's sophomore effort as "unputdownable", and it has won everything from the Book Sense Children's Pick List to Kirkus Review's Best Children's Books. Her penultimate effort, Bog Child, was posthumously published in 2008 to acclaim. Best for kids in middle school and up.
Today on Education.com
WORKBOOKSMay Workbooks are Here!
WE'VE GOT A GREAT ROUND-UP OF ACTIVITIES PERFECT FOR LONG WEEKENDS, STAYCATIONS, VACATIONS... OR JUST SOME GOOD OLD-FASHIONED FUN!Get Outside! 10 Playful Activities
Add your own comment
- Kindergarten Sight Words List
- The Five Warning Signs of Asperger's Syndrome
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- Child Development Theories
- Why is Play Important? Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development, Creative Development
- 10 Fun Activities for Children with Autism
- Test Problems: Seven Reasons Why Standardized Tests Are Not Working
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- A Teacher's Guide to Differentiating Instruction
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A dozen graves are marked with similar stones. The names identify prevalent share cropper families and former slaves who quickly climbed the economic ladder in their community.
Dozens more are marked by flat, rust colored limestone. They are nameless, weathered by time and remain only a symbol of a life lived and a resting place to be revered not disturbed.
For decades the Pinkston Cemetery was forgotten and swallowed by forest and underbrush.
Marilyn Kelley, Pinkston's great-granddaughter, brought the cemetery back to life. She painstakingly researched the cemetery to establish its significance to Smith County and Texas history. With the help of the Smith County Historical Society members, Ms. Kelley garnered a state historical marker for the site in 2011.
"It was lost, but now it is found and protected," she said. "It's an honor to give back."
Attorney and local historian Randy Gilbert encouraged and helped Ms. Kelley along the way. He and his cohorts at the historical society have been seeking and finding forgotten cemeteries around the county since the 1970s. Many of the cemeteries date back to the establishment of the county seat in 1846. Some date before.
Gilbert, along with the historical and genealogical society, has uncovered documents referring to 246 cemeteries around the county. They include cemeteries drivers on Broadway Avenue pass daily, family and community plots located after years of neglect and those that remain lost. Of those lost cemeteries, Gilbert has an approximate idea that 40 sites are close to roads or near geographical identifiers but he has not set eyes on or mapped them.
Locating the cemeteries and mapping them for posterity is much easier now with Google Earth and GPS, he said. In the 1970s it took digging through deed records, obituaries and finding landowners willing to talk, he said.
"You know by old road records and church listings that there was a cemetery in the area but actually finding gravestones and putting your hands on them and putting a name to the location to check it off the list takes crossing fences," he said.
Gilbert said a substantial number of cemetery sites are on private property with little to no access other than trespassing. But it's important enough for Gilbert that he tracks landowners down. On occasion, he said, a hunter will come across what appears to be graves and reports them to the Historical Society.
One landowner in eastern Smith County who has a cemetery with graves predating the county seat and who asked that he and the location of the site remain anonymous, said fear of vandalism, trespassing and the liability of having people cross onto his land make him hesitant to discuss the site.
"We're trying to protect it," he said. "I don't want to bring any attention to it at all."
Secrecy is required, because 15 years ago gravestones were vandalized and knocked over, he said. Other times the owner found curious trespassers who had a general idea where the cemetery was located.
It sits about a mile from the nearest road in a grove of trees. There are no roads or trails to the site with around 100 gravestones ranging from weathered limestone to large marble markers. Seclusion provides security, but it also makes the site difficult to monitor.
He also fears attention from the state, which might demand easements and access roads across his land. Secrecy can save cemeteries, but it also can disturb them and leave landowners in the lurch.
In 2012, Gilbert became aware of a possible gravesite being disturbed by a landowner building a home on recently purchased land. Smith County Sheriff's Department investigated the reports and determined with ground-penetrating radar that "anomalies were consistent with that of graves."
Investigator Bobby Van Ness said the landowner cooperated fully with investigators and faced no criminal charges, because he was unaware the land he bulldozed covered graves. The landowner may file civil litigation against the seller who may have not disclosed the graves.
Texas Historical Commission Debbi Head said reporting, identifying and protecting is important to safeguard historic and forgotten cemeteries. The Record, Identify and Protect program by the commission works closely with counties and local historic preservation groups to chart cemeteries.
State laws exist to protect cemeteries from vandalism, theft and desecration. Disturbing sites can lead to charges from misdemeanors to a state jail felony.
But protecting the cemeteries takes interest by communities, she said.
"That's why it's so important to have them in the record that spells out their boundaries so they are there for future generations," she said. "They are a part of our history."
Gilbert asked that anyone with information regarding possible gravesites, community plots or cemeteries around the county, to contact the Smith County Historical Society at _PHONE_ or the Texas Historical Commission.


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Feeding Cleveland: Urban Agriculture
Harvey Rice students thinning vegetable plant rows
in the downtown Cleveland, Ohio mall victory
garden as adults look on, June 1943. View image.
During times of war, particularly World War II it was considered patriotic to plant food to help in the war effort. Vegetable gardens were planted in many different sites in the city, including on the Mall in downtown Cleveland. Chickens were raised in the city as well. There were contests and exhibits sponsored by private corporations.
Growers and sellers at surplus produce sale in Cedar housing project victory garden, Cleveland, Ohio,
July 1943. View image.
Kindergarten students at work on their victory garden plots at the Benjamin Franklin Elem. School Garden,
May 1942. View image.


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Educator Review: Teachers at Their Best
Teachers At Their Best
Written by Gina Valle
Published by Quattro Books
Category: Professional Development
Also available in French
Reviewed by Dixie Pallett-Firth,
Teacher-Librarian, York Region District School Board
In her study, Gina Valle, an educator and founder of Diversity Matters—an organization that addresses the personal and the national challenges that come with living in a multicultural country—argues that teachers who create pluralistic classrooms, foster environments where our diverse students become inclusive citizens. Teachers At Their Best is more than a collection of feel-good stories or simply a human interest book about teachers of new Canadians. It is based on two years of research and collecting data from eight Montreal teachers who represent different racial, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. Valle summarizes their journey with today's diverse learners who treat students as equals, but not the same. The book also explores the connections between life inside and outside of the classroom. Teachers at Their Best is a recommended read, providing examples of authentic opportunities where teachers who are faced with cultural challenges, made inspirational differences in the lives of their students. Examples described are within reach of today's educators.
Evidence shared by Valle includes the struggles and successes of creating classroom environments where students build skills and attitudes that are inclusive and promote empathy. Suggestions are made as to how to remove obstacles that prevent students from performing at their best. Valle takes us on the journey by sharing teachers' real experiences in the classroom. We see the steps taken along the way as they immerse themselves in rich and diverse school climates and how they adapt over time, changing their teaching practice and classroom environments to meet student needs. Valle believes that today's teachers must be more flexible, adaptable, open-minded, collaborative, and culturally aware of their students' backgrounds. To teach effectively, teachers must also develop skills in listening, patience, conflict resolution, and collaboration in their pluralistic classrooms.
The data from the teachers' journals, responses to interviews, and observations from classroom visits combined with Valle's insight and analysis, strengthen the belief that these teachers are on to something quite valuable. By offering realistic examples of situations to which we can relate, Valle provides encouragement to today's educators. One would agree that efforts to build a pluralistic classroom will result in inclusive Canadian citizens from diverse backgrounds. There is no right way to teach our diverse learners, but making connections and providing experiences is a great place to start!


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Types of Mineral Water, Benefits of Italian
Various types of mineral water are classified based on the quantity of the mineral salts that predominate their chemical structure. There are officially 10 types defined in Italian water, each with precise mineral functions that are beneficial to our body's wellbeing:
– Bicarbonate, with levels superior to 600mg/l, have an anti-inflammatory function, are antispasmodic, and aid in digesting.
– Sulfate, with over 200mg/l, are slightly laxative and fight inflammation, and help with digestive and stomach disorders.
– Chloride, above 201mg/l, increases peristalsis and intestinal secretions.
– Calcium, with more than 150mg/l, is advantageous during pregnancy and for growth, also helping to stave off osteoporosis and hypertension.
– Magnesium, exceeding 50mg/l, is excellent against stress and constipation.
– Fluoride, +1mg/l, is useful in preventing cavities in teeth and decalcification in bones.
The list of types of mineral water is completed by ferruginous (with dual-purpose iron), and acidic (with free carbon dioxide at 250mg/l), both perfectly suited for anemia and gastropathy. Whichever you choose, know that beyond optimal quality and great taste lie factors that benefit health. These types are for living well!


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The Vet Rhino Fund is an umbrella name which was created for the three funds which resort under it. The three funds are:
- The South African Veterinary Association Rhino Fund
- The South African Veterinary Foundation Rhino and Conservation Fund
- Saving the Survivors Fund
The three funds all aim to contribute to the fight against rhino poaching in Southern Africa by serving different constituencies, focusing on different aspects and being governed by different organisations, covering the wide footprint of the complexity of the war against rhino poaching from a veterinary perspective. Donations can be made directly into any of the funds. Funds donated through the Veterinary Foundation, are tax deductible because of the Public Benefit status of the South African Veterinary Foundation. You can learn more about each fund and it focus area by clicking on the relevant logo of the fund.


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Pama Languages Press, established by Pama Language Centre in 2017, is supporting writers in First Nations Languages.
Pama Languages Press aims to enable First Nations authors and language champions to develop ancestral language literature and resources required to support both community based language revitalisation and maintenance and support school based language curricula. Very little published literature and educational material is currently available in the First Nations languages of Cape York Peninsula.
Pama Languages Press is working with First Nations authors and language champions to establish a new ancestral languages publishing domain. We develop traditional and contemporary First Nations ancestral language literature in both print and digital media, promoting ancestral language literacy and developing professional pathways in First Nations languages.
As a multi media publishing company established specifically for the purpose of First Nation ancestral language revitalisation Pama Languages Publishing will be able to:
- create employment and support to authors interested in taking on the challenge of writing in First Nations Languages
- establish status and recognition for First Nations languages as languages of high culture
- create training pathways and opportunities for careers in Ancestral Languages literacy, translation and teaching.
By supporting authors, developing essential resources and by strongly contributing to the building of ancestral language pathways via employment and training, Pama Languages Press will work to build many of the foundational resources and much of the expertise necessary for ancestral language viability.
The development of a professional corps of First Nations Ancestral Language Experts – including writers, editors, teachers, translators and language curriculum experts – is a necessary step toward ensuring and developing the cultural capital of Cape York Peninsula.


What Item Is Not A Reimbursable Expense?
How do you account for reimbursable expenses?
Another common method is to simply record the expenses as your expenses, and the reimbursement as income….The Easy WayCreate a Reimbursed Expenses Income Account.
Create new Expense Accounts for partly tax deductible expenses.
Record your reimbursable expenses.More items….
Is reimbursement an expense or income?
If your employer uses an accountable plan, and if you do not follow the plan guidelines, your expense reimbursement becomes taxable income. For example, if you fail to return a business expense reimbursement overage within 120 days, the overage becomes taxable income.
Is IVF tax deductible 2019?
Yes, IVF procedures are deductible as medical expenses. Medical Expenses are subject to the 10% rule (or 7.5% if you are over 65) and you can only claim the excess over 10% (or 7.5%) of your Adjusted Gross Income. Please note that Itemized Deductions will only "help" when they total more than your standard deduction.
What does not reimbursable mean?
Non-reimbursable expenses means costs and expenses of Operator that are not to be funded or reimbursed by MSC (whether as Costs of Operations or otherwise) nor may amounts in respect thereof be withdrawn from the Costs of Operations Account, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties and the Shareholders.
How are invoices reimbursable expenses?
record the amount your vendor bills you in an expense account and the amount you invoice the customer or client in an income account. record the amount your vendor bills you in an expense account and the amount you invoice the customer or client as an offset to this same expense account.
What type of account is reimbursed expenses?
Reimbursement is a Process, not the Expense Account reason. Reimbursement related to customer activities is Sales, not washing away your expense. Yes, if you get a prepayment, and are a Cash Basis Entity, you just got Income. That is what the IRS considers it when someone gives you Funds.
How do I categorize reimbursements in Quickbooks?
Here's how:Go to the List menu.Select Chart of Accounts and click New at the bottom.Select Expense or Other Expense for the Account Type.Fill in the necessary information.Put a check mark in the Track reimbursed expenses in the Income Account box.Select the account in the drop-down arrow.
What are reimbursable expenses?
A reimbursable expense is an expense that a business incurs on behalf of the customer while conducting their business. … Reimbursable expenses are costs related to carrying out a project for a customer that will be reimbursed at a later date.
What counts as a medical expense?
Medical expenses are any costs incurred in the prevention or treatment of injury or disease. Medical expenses include health and dental insurance premiums, doctor and hospital visits, co-pays, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, glasses and contacts, crutches, and wheelchairs, to name a few.
Can I deduct medical expenses paid for a non dependent?
You can claim all or a portion of the medical expenses for which you or someone else have not been or will not be reimbursed. … Additionally, if your dependant is over the age of 18, he or she needs to claim the medical expenses on his or her return first. Any unused medical expenses can then be claimed by you.
What is a non reimbursable expense?
Personal entertainment expenses including in-flight movies, headsets, books, magazines, newspapers, health club fees, hotel pay-per-view movies, in-theater movies, greens fees, ski passes, social activities, honor / mini bar charges, etc. …
What are non reimbursable medical expenses?
Other examples of nondeductible medical expenses are nonprescription drugs, doctor prescribed travel for "rest," and expenses for the improvement of your general health such as a weight loss program or health club fees (the weight loss program is deductible if it is to treat a specific disease).
What is another word for reimbursement?
SYNONYMS FOR reimburse 1 recompense, remunerate, indemnify, redress, recoup.
How do I reimburse myself for business expenses?
You can reimburse yourself in either of these two ways.Write a business check for the money owed to yourself. Use Write Checks. … Reinvest the money in your company by moving it to an equity account. If you have only one equity account, as many businesses do, use that equity account in the following procedure.


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TI Precision Labs - Op Amps: Introduction
TI Precision Labs is the electronics industry's first comprehensive online classroom for analog engineers. The on-demand curriculum pairs theory and applied lab exercises to deepen the technical expertise of experienced engineers and accelerate the development of those early in their career. This video provides an overview of the TI Precision Labs: Op Amps curriculum and includes:
- What material is covered
- Is this series for you?
- What makes this series unique
- The benefits of participation and completion for the student


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let X be a (finite dimensional) manifold. Consider smooth mapping space $$PX = C^\infty(I, X)$$ where I = [0,1] is the closed interval. Is this space paracompact? What if we fix a point x in X and consider the pointed path space, is this space paracompact?
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What topology do you want on $C^\infty(I,X)$? One natural topology, the one of uniform convergence of all derivatives, is metrizable, so paracompact.
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Advertising: Innovation –Adoption Model
Rogers propounded the third model, which is known as Innovation –Adoption Model. This model has relevance to new product introductions and particularly useful for adoption of non-commercial services or practices in developing countries. The stages of evaluation and trail before adoption (or purchase) are considered significant in the design of advertising program. The decision in favor of making an evaluation is likely to be influenced by information available from various sources including advertising. Evaluation constitutes a major step towards the adoption of the product or service.
I do hope you have gone over the various models and are trying to understand the relevance of them in the context of advertising. It is basically how you register an advertisement after seeing it and the course of action as in the purchase that takes place.


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A social interactive installation about creating fishes
Fishmaking is an interactive installation made for Acquario di Genova. People can create their own fish, by using a mobile application or the touchscreen installed in the aquarium. They can choose colours, patterns and several features, like the shape of fins, head and body. Then they can set the fish free in the virtual fishtanks and see how its characteristic make it more or less fit to live in a certain part of the ocean.
More than 150.000 fishes have been created in the first 3 months of activity.
Fishmaking as been designed while working at ETT.


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The Queen in Ireland: Why royal visit had to wait
The Queen is the first British monarch to visit what is today known as the Republic of Ireland in 100 years, but is this a sign of the end of centuries of resentment, asks historian Diarmaid Ferriter.
When the Queen's grandfather, King George V, arrived in Dublin in July 1911 he subsequently recorded his "feelings of joy and affection" inspired by the "wonderful reception" he was given by people lining the streets.
Over the course of the next decade, however, the political situation in Ireland was transformed, as were Anglo-Irish relations. It was the events of these tumultuous years, incorporating the War of Independence of 1916-21 and the quest for an Irish Republic, that meant 100 years would have to pass before the next visit.
Historically, the enthusiasm with which royals such as Queen Victoria, King Edward VII and King George V were greeted surpassed expectations and hostile nationalist opinion....
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- Conference delves into effects of climate change on native people
- History professor says the Vikings never came to Newfoundland
- NYT praises James McPherson for finding a way to remain objective about Jeff Davis
- Historian says the removal of Nazi-era art to Switzerland makes restitution unlikely
- Martin Kramer blasts MESA and Steven Salaita


Title: Analysis of the effects of short-term subaerial weathering in different environmental conditions on bone colour and microstructure.
Authors: Bouzane, Cécilia
Keywords: Forensic science;Forensic anthropology;Forensic taphonomy;Forensic ecology;Dissection microscope;Scanning electron microscope;Vapour density;Photoshop©;Munsell Soil Colour Chart®
Issue Date: 13-Jul-2016
Abstract: This preliminary study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of subaerial environmental factors on bone colour change over time, and to quantify this using photography and Photoshop© CMYK analysis, as well with the Munsell Soil Colour Chart®. Additionally, surface microstructural changes with macroscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were also conducted. Environmental data were tracked, and vapour density was documented and compared to relative humidity to determine the best-suited unit of measurement. The specimens consisted of 23 fleshed Sus scrofa humeri that were exposed to different microenvironments with varying sustrates and sunlight exposure. Although no discernable colour change trends were observed, other taphonomic changes were visible macroscopically in as little as 6 weeks to a few months of environmental exposure, and detailed distinctions could be made between specimens of different groups using SEM analysis.
URI: _URL_
Appears in Collections:Forensic Science - Undergraduate Theses
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The Certified Digital Forensics Examiner, C)DFE certification is designed to train Cyber Crime and Fraud Investigators. Students are taught electronic discovery and advanced investigation techniques. This course is essential to anyone encountering digital evidence while conducting an investigation.
Mile2's Certified Digital Forensics Examiner training teaches the
methodology for conducting a computer forensic examination. Students will learn to use forensically sound investigative techniques in order to evaluate the scene, collect and document all relevant information, interview appropriate personnel, maintain chain-of-custody, and write a findings report.
Through the use of a risk-based approach, the C)DFE is able to implement and maintain cost-effective security controls that are closely aligned with both business and industry standards.


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Failla leads Ohio State Discovery Theme – Foods for Health
Food plays a critical role in our health. Mark Failla, faculty emeritus of human nutrition, is interim faculty lead with Ohio State's Discovery Theme focused on the science of using food and nutrition to promote health and prevent disease.
Under the initiative, Failla helps select new faculty, including Rachel Kopec ('12 PhD) an assistant professor of human nutrition. Kopec uses metabolomics technology to understand how different individuals metabolize nutrients and other compounds in foods. Knowledge of these differences will help personalize diets and find novel foods that promote wellness or decrease risk and severity of disease.
Failla also played a critical role in planning the Inaugural Conference on Personalized Food and Nutritional Metabolomics for Health, which was jointly held with the 14th Annual Mass Spectrometry Symposium at Ohio State in May. The event further enhanced collaborative efforts among academic research teams and stimulated the development of strategic partnerships with the food and health industries.
Learn more at Discovery.osu.edu.


Las Soldaderas
The Battlefield Heroines of the Mexican Revolution
Why Soldaderas
"La Adelita"
Historical Context
Roles of Las Soldaderas
Prominent Figures
Modern Day
Las Soldaderas were women "fighters" who made significant contributions to both the federal and rebel armies of the Mexican Revolution. Though few actually engaged in combat, their assistance to male soldiers in fighting the war were monumental. This website discusses in further detail the roles of Las Soldaderas; prominent female figures in the war; provides a historical context for the war effort; and discusses modern day ramifications of the efforts of Las Soldaderas.
Image Gallery Notes Bibliography American Culture 213 Home Page Credits


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This 1,303-acre preserve located in the towns of Sullivan, Nelson, and Stoddard, provides vital habitat for several endangered natural communities.
Abutting more than 13,000 acres of protected lands (including the Andorra Forest), Otter Brook Preserve provides critical wetland and riparian habitat for wildlife. The preserve protects significant portions of the headwaters of Otter Brook, as well as parts of the watershed for Sullivan's largest and most productive aquifer.
The Nature Conservancy of New Hampshire established the Otter Brook Preserve in 1999. Located in Nelson, Stoddard, and Sullivan, the preserve offers excellent landscape scale conservation value due to its extensive core forest, adjoining conservation land, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. The preserve supports exemplary natural communities, including pristine ponds and acidic fens, and has excellent recreational and scenic value.
At nearly 15,000 acres, the Andorra Forest/Otter Brook conservation area is one of the largest contiguous forest blocks in Southwestern New Hampshire. It is this type of landscape scale conservation that will make a significant impact on the preservation of New Hampshire's most special places.
The Conservancy and its hardworking volunteers have established a 4.8-mile trail system at this relatively new preserve. The trail winds through diverse forest types to bring visitors to Bolster Pond and Brook, Otter Brook, Ellis Reservoir, and several other cultural features on the preserve.
Click here to download a trail map (.pdf, 594 kb).


What Does Pull the Plug Mean?
Pull the Plug Meaning
Definition: To terminate a project, end support, or remove a person from medical life support.
Origin of Pull the Plug Meaning
The word plug in this idiom refers to the device at the end of a power cord that makes an electrical connection with an outlet. It usually has two or three metal prongs on the end, which go into the outlet holes.
Therefore, the literal meaning of pull the plug is simply to unplug something. For example, to pull the plug is to remove the power cord of an electronic device from the outlet.
The first figurative usage, meaning to terminate a project or to withdraw support, originated around the 1940s.
Another figurative usage, meaning to take a person off of life support, originated a little later, in the 1960s.
Both senses of the idiom show the clear connection between cutting off electrical power and cutting off support.
Using pull the plug to describe removing a person from life support is insensitive. For that reason, you should not use it if you are trying to be sympathetic. People often use it as a way to argue that a person should remain on life support, because in their opinion, pulling the plug would be cruel.
Examples of Pull the Plug Meaning
pull the plug offIn the following example, two friends are discussing a sick family member.
Kerry: I'm worried that Aunt Bessie will never come out of the coma.
Christine: Well, I think you might be right. The doctors said that if she were going to wake up, it would be sooner rather than later. It's been a week already. Her health is getting worse instead of better.
Kerry: Are you saying that we should just give up on her?
Christine: No, but she never wanted to be on life support. She had a DNR (do not resuscitate) order.
Kerry: So we should just pull the plug?
Christine: Don't think of it that way. Think of it as following her last wishes.
pull the plug onIn this dialogue, two friends are discussing the organization they both work for.
Arlena: I have bad news. The Environmental Defense Group might not exist for much longer.
Nyima: Why not?
Arlena: The group's biggest financial supporter is pulling the plug on funding. The group won't be able to afford to operate after that.
More Examples
The example below is about some people who provide funding for football teams and how they don't like the players to protest politically.
 - Many brokers and bankers — some of whom are also military veterans — have threatened to pull the plug on pro football for not reining in players who are using the American national anthem as an opportunity to protest by taking the knee. –New York Post
This excerpt is from an article about a woman who wrote a book about a magazine that she ran.
 - Brown ran Vanity Fair from 1983 to 1992. In the early days, the magazine struggled mightily, and she had to plead with S.I.Newhouse to give her a few more issues and not pull the plug. –New York Post
The phrase pull the plug means to suddenly stop supporting something, to end a project, or to allow someone who is being kept alive by machines to die.


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Morocco increases water reserves
Morocco's dam reservoirs reached 69 percent capacity as of March 18, 2004, holding a total 10.2 billion cubic meters of water, up seven percent compared to the same month last year, reported MAP.
According to the secretariat of state in charge of water, the rise in reserves is due to the high level of rainfall recorded between September 1, 2003 and March 18, 2004.
In 2001, Morocco embarked on an initiative to construct nine new major dams and eight mid-size dams by 2004, in an effort to alleviate water shortages in the country. The agricultural sector in Morocco consumes about 80 percent of the available water in the Kingdom, estimated at 14 billion cubic meters. — (menareport.com)
© 2004 Mena Report (_URL_)


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Animal Species:Hawaiian Triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Despite its standard name, the Hawaiian Triggerfish has a tropical Indo-Pacific distribution.
Blackbar Triggerfish, Whitebanded Triggerfish, White-barred Triggerfish, Lagoon Triggerfish
The species can be recognised by its distinctive colouration. It is largely whitish with a dark region midlaterally. There are four white-blue stripes descending from the side of the body to that anal fin. Four blue lines cross between the eyes and there are three blue lines between the eyes and the pectoral fin bases. A yellow line enclosing a blue'moustache' runs between the mouth and the pectoral fin base.
The Hawaiian Triggerfish occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific region. In Australia it is known from the central coast of Western Australia to the offshore islands of north-western Western Australia. It also occurs from the northern Great Barrier Reef south to Sydney, New South Wales.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Distribution by collection data
Coral reefs, often in lagoon areas. In more temperate waters, the species occurs on rocky reefs.
Feeding and Diet
The species feeds on algae, detritus and invertebrates.
- Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & G.R. Allen. 2006. Fishes. In Beesley, P.L. & A. Wells. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia. parts 1-3, pages 1-2178.
- Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & R.C. Steene. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Crawford House Press. Pp. 557.
Mark McGrouther, Collection Manager, Ichthyology
Tags fishes, ichthyology, Hawaiian Triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, Balistidae, white, black, blue, yellow, grey, odd-shaped, 10 cm - 30 cm, stripes or bands, rocky reef, coral reef, marine, adult,


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Perhaps this belongs on stackoverflow, but since it could have some applicability to non-tech contexts, thought I'd post here.
Is there a word that means "make something that is variable constant"?
For example, in programming, I might have a variable
queueSize that could be set to different values for different queues. Later I decide to make this a fixed (constant) value for all queues. What is a word to describe this conversion?
A real-world (non-programming) example is converting from a variable tax-rate to a flat (constant) tax-rate. I proposed below that, in light of this example, the word
flatten could be used to answer my question. However, this word does not conventionally mean "to make constant", and has other meanings in the context of several programming languages.
To be clear, I'm not looking for a word/expression the means changing a variable from one type to another (casting). Rather, I mean keeping the type the same, but changing a field from a variable to a constant value.


WA Listens
What is WA Listens?
WA Listens is a free, confidential support line and outreach program for WA state residents. We provide non-clinical support and resources to folx experiencing elevated stress due to COVID-19. Our main focus is BIPOC communities to support community resiliency through our struggle. Our hotline is _PHONE_ and our mainline for texting is _PHONE_.
Serving all of WA State
_PHONE_
Mental health, COVID-19, and BIPOC communities
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, physical, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted everyone, especially our BIPOC communities. BIPOC communities have difficulties accessing services and resources and our goal is to make positive changes to help our communities receive mental health care services and make resources readily available.
We provide presentations going over mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in BIPOC communities. Please reach out if you would like more information!
Contact Us
Kristopher Larsen
Nicole Erck
Noahloni Garcia
Martin Martinez-Negrete


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40 Orange Street.
Privately owned, not open to the public.
of the local women's anti-slavery society, Anna Gardner, was instrumental
in convening the island's first Anti-Slavery Convention in 1841
(see Site 3). Her Quaker abolitionist family lived here. In 1822, her
parents Oliver and Hannah Gardner sheltered escaped slave Arthur Cooper
(see Site 7) and his pregnant wife.
at the African School (see Site 9) from 1836 until 1840 and was a
teacher of Eunice Ross (_PHONE_) (see
Site 7). Anna went South
in 1863 to teach black youngsters in Union-occupied North Carolina.
During Reconstruction, she taught in Virginia schools established
by the Freedman's Bureau. She later became a leader in the
national women's suffrage movement.
Heritage Trail® Next


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SOURCE: RAJESH AHUJA / FOR MY TAKE / IDRW.ORG
UK's envoy to India Alex Ellis in recent media interviews in India tried to justify why British Parliamentarians are wasting more and more of their taxpayer's money on debating Indian laws in their parliaments because according to Alex Ellis, things that happen in India create "ripples" in his country. Ellis's arguments were based on that UK has a large section of the diaspora community that often wants its local parliamentarians to debates from A370, CAA Laws to the recent Farm laws because it affects their loved one directly?.
So Alex Ellis believes that 2.3% of the Indian Community that makes up the British Population some of who now identify themselves as Asians from Punjab have the liberty to debate Indian laws made by the Indian Parliament for Indian citizens just because they think they are not good enough for their folks back home is not only absurd but also reeks British Envoys Colonial hangover that they have some leverage with their Indian counterparts in the diplomatic circle to influence or change some of the Indian laws to avoid ripples in the country.
Mr. Ellis, the big diaspora you talk about are British citizens who moved out of India two to three generations ago and have little or no connections back home to ascertain facts about Indian laws that are made by them in the first place, to begin with. Ellis was not able to justify how somethings happening in India can create ripples in the UK in the first place, even if it can create some law and order situations in their country it is for them to take care of it not that it self should be India's concern.
Ellis says that All e-petitions on the Parliament website that cross the 10,000 signatures mark require the UK government to make an official statement and any petitions that cross 100,000 signatures must be considered for a debate. But are these signatures are verified to be coming from the Indian diaspora alone? as we have seen in past where Pakistani origin British Population have put petitions to debate in British parliaments on Indian laws like Article 370 and Article 35A that are no way are connected to British Pakistani diaspora nor they can claim they have relatives back in Kashmir who are affected by changes in the Indian laws.
What is more absurd are the tone and lunatic presumptions of the British Parliamentarians when these debates do take place, British parliamentarians are either peddling secessionist propaganda or Pakistan's narrative without a basic understanding of the subject they are debating. Much of the arguments put forward in such debates lack logic and largely seem to be done to show India its place and rile up propaganda against the elected government. Many of the British Parliamentarians, run to such debates or sponsor them to satisfy their vote bank and less to do with what is happening in India, most of the time no efforts are made to reach out to the Indian embassy to get their points of views on the subject of such debates.
Blatant disregard for India's laws and its Parliament and continuous interference in India's internal matters with such useless debates only creates grounds for further divisions between Indian and British citizens and attacks on the Indian embassy often by Pakistani backed diaspora are increasing in the last few years and British Parliamentarians often never condemn them nor refuse to take actions against such regular organizers that have dubious links with other countries that have good relations with India.
Disclaimer : Articles published under " MY TAKE " are articles written by Guest Writers and Opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. IDRW.ORG is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information on this article. All information is provided on an as-is basis. The information, facts or opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of IDRW.ORG and IDRW.ORG does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same. article is for information purposes only and not intended to constitute professional advice.
Article by RAJESH AHUJA/, cannot be republished Partially or Full without consent from Writer or idrw.org


Land leases must be in writing to avail of tax exemptions
A Land Lease sets out both parties' obligations and provides useful legal protection
Leasing is appealing to farmers on many levels. Landowners who do not wish to farm the land are happy to lease their lands to active farmers who wish to expand their production.
The landowners may have recently retired or inherited the land, and may not wish to farm the land, and it is of interest to an active farmer who would like to farm the land, but does not want to bear the high costs of purchasing the land.
There are also tax incentives for farmers to enter into a Land lease arrangement.
A lease document is a written legal agreement between a lessor (the landowner or landlord) and a lessee (the active farmer or tenant).
The lease sets out the obligations of both parties during the period of the lease, providing useful legal protection to all parties.
The lease must be signed by both parties.
Signatures on the lease must be witnessed by an independent person or persons.
A Land lease must be in writing in order to avail of the favorable income tax exemptions.
Lease agreement templates are readily available, and the Irish Farmers Association has produced a precedent master agricultural lease.
But it is advisable to seek the advice of a solicitor, in order to adapt the lease agreement to the specific needs of both the lessor and the lessee in each individual case.
It is imperative that suitable terms are agreed for both parties, and that parties are aware of and understand the nature of the terms they are entering into, and they have obtained the appropriate legal advice in respect of what they are signing.
We recommend that the farmers consider the following points when entering into a lease agreement:
* The lands leased should be agreed beforehand normally, by referring to a folio and a map where the lands are clearly marked.
* What is the term of the lease, and how much rent is to be paid, and when should the rent be paid?
* Is there a rent review clause?
A farmer may be reluctant to become locked into high or low land rents. This can be rectified by making provision in the lease for regular rent reviews during the term of the lease.
* The specific purpose such as tillage or grazing for which the lessee intends to use the lands should be set out in the lease.
* The Land lease must provide that insurance is in place, in order that the lessor is indemnified for all claims or liabilities arising from the lessee's user of the property.
It is also important that the lessor has his or her own public liability insurance.
The lessor will also need to take out insurance.
* If a farmer is leasing the basic payment entitlements, appropriate clauses must be included in the lease, to ensure that the basic payment entitlements revert to the lessor, on the termination of the lease, and that in the event of the lessee not receiving his or her basic payment entitlements, this should not affect the validity of the agreement, and that the monies will still be due and owing to the lessor.
It is recommended a clause is put in, obliging the lessee to process and lodge all paperwork with the Department of Agriculture by the required deadline for the purpose of claiming any entitlements payable.
* A lessee should not have a right to sub-let the land without the lessor's prior written consent, and this should be provided for in the lease.
* A clause should be put in place in the Land lease, prohibiting automatic right of renewal, which is known as a renunciation clause.
The Landlord and Tenant (Amendment) Acts allow the renewal of the lease at market rent, where the property being leased consists predominantly of buildings, and where the land attached to those buildings is considered to be "subsidiary and ancillary" to the building.
Farmers should be aware of this.
Where there are buildings on the land it may be advisable to draft two separate leases.
* It is important that there is provision in the lease covering the manner and time in which notice of termination by either party must be served, if either party wishes to end the lease.
* It is important to make provision for all eventualities in the lease, such as a child who wishes to construct a dwelling house on part of the lands.
The above list is not exhaustive, and any farmer who is contemplating leasing his or her lands should consult a solicitor with experience in the area of agricultural leases, so as to ensure that he or she is fully protected against unexpected pitfalls.
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HOME | LAWS | ORGANIZATIONS | CASES | LEGISLATION | HEADLINES
Montana Schools E-Learning Consortium
Senate Bill 170, signed into law by Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer on March 30, 2005, changed the instruction requirements for homeschool students. Prior law required the homeschool to provide at least 180 days of pupil instruction, or the equivalent in hours, as required for public schools. The new law eliminates the days of instruction requirement and substitutes the "minimum aggregate hours" established for public schools. The revised law requires 720 hours of instruction per year for grades 1–3 and 1,080 hours for grades 4–12. Graduating seniors are only required to complete 1,050 aggregate hours in their final year of high school. Only 360 aggregate hours of pupil instruction must be conducted for a kindergarten program. The school fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30.
Parents are still required to maintain attendance records under the revised law. They also should log the number of hours of instruction in order to document compliance with the new requirements.


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A feasibility study report should include the project description, possible solutions, evaluation criteria, pinpointing the most feasible solution and a conclusion. Feasibility study reports are used to provide evidence for a project's effectiveness and to give supportive reasons why this project should be undertaken.Continue Reading
A project manager normally has to submit some kind of supportive background in order to receive the go-ahead from upper management to pursue a project. This is done by doing a feasibility study and submitting a report on the findings.
Step 1: Write the project description
The powers that be want to know the details of the proposed project. This information is included in the project description. The reason for the project and any background information should be listed here.
Step 2: Give some possible solutions
There should be more than one solution for the problem the project is attempting to resolve. Do an alternatives analysis to come up with a few different ways to solve the issue and list them here.
Step 3: Describe the evaluation criteria
This section sets and defines the evaluation criteria for the possible solutions. Be sure to list criteria for all the solutions given in Step 2.
Step 4: Pinpoint the most feasible solution
Describe the most feasible solution here. It should be the one that is the most economically and technically feasible.
Step 5: Write the conclusion
The conclusion summarizes the report. Review the aim of the project and reiterate the most feasible solution.Learn more about Business Resources


're saying that the TriangleTest page should know how to do some action we are calling "evaluate_test". So add the following to your page definition in triangle.rb:
What's happening here is that the button we gave the friendly name of "data_conditions" is being referenced. In order to let the action definition know that it is dealing with an element definition on the page itself, it's helpful to preface the call with "self" where 'self' refers to the current instance of the page that is being tested. What this call is going to do is actually click the button.
The reason that a click will happen even though it would not seem obvious that it is comes down, again, to Fluent. Fluent provides generated methods at runtime that will take certain actions based on the type of web object it is dealing with.
Incidentally, at any time during this you can be running the test spec by doing this:
$ lucid
I'll bring up one other thing here: which is the idea of persistent context. You'll note that in our Given matcher we said "on_view(TriangleTest)" and then in the When matcher we said "on(TriangleTest)" and it might seem odd to you that you have to re-indicate that you are on the TriangleTest page for the When step. Technically, you don't. When Fluent establishes a page context, it will create an instance of that page that it refers to as _USER_. That page will be the active page until you have another context set, either via on() or on_view(). So what this means is you could have had your When matcher read like this:
As to whether you should do this or not, it really depends on the granularity of the test step. In the previous way of doing it, the context was clear. In the second way, you are saying it is whatever the _USER_ context is. The latter may work if, say, you have multiple pages where the intent of "no conditions are tried" can be executed. It's a bit of an involved subject to get into for now, but just know that this is possible. Also note, however, that this very much gets into the area of where your TDL and DSL meet.
Finishing the Test Spec
Now let's put the final logic in the Then test matcher:
Here you can see that the TriangleTest page must now know how to respond to an action called check_for_score. That action must be given some information, specifically the value of the score, which will be captured as part of the regular expression. So note here that your actions in the page definitions can take in information in order to perform their action. What information they can take in is determined by how you have parameterized the test matcher for a given test step. Let's add this new action to the page definition in triangle.rb:
Here the "wait_for" action comes from Fluent and essentially says that anything in the enclosing block should take place within ten seconds. That's how long Fluent will wait before it generates an error condition.
If you run the lucid command right now, you are going to get an error. Try it and see.
You are being told that there is an undefined method called "score". And, sure enough, if you look at the above code, you might in fact ask: what's the 'score' that is being checked there? That's meant to be referring to an element on the web page. If you try these actions manually in the application, you will see that a bunch of text is reported and then way at the bottom a score is given. If you were to check the markup, you would see that there is a div called "score" or, rather, that has an id of "score". So you need to add that you your page definition:
Note that I'm giving it a friendly name of score. That's what allows me to refer to this element in my logic. Now you can run your test spec and it should pass.
Note that, in reality, you probably would have gone through the page and had the element definitions already established. I took you through it this way just to show how easy it is to add an element definition and incorporate it into your test logic.
As another note, earlier I mentioned that I used "self" with data_conditions and above I used "self" with score. I also indicated that this helped Fluent figure out what you were calling: specifically methods on the TriangleTest object. While this does help Fluent, if there are no competing calls in your source logic that could cause confusion, you can drop the "self" in your action definitions.
To close out here, let's recap a bit about this notion of TDL and DSL. I keep using those terms and you might wonder why a TDL would not itself be considered a DSL. Well, in fact, it is! The TDL is an external, high-level DSL. External DSLs tend to provide a humanizing interface. So I can have this, for example:
Background: Given the physics page
 Scenario: Getting the selected value and option
 When the physics expertise topic "Loop Quantum Gravity" is selected
 Then the selected physics expertise value is "Loop Quantum Gravity"
 And the selected physics expertise option is "lqg"
That's a humanizing interface because it does its level best to remove as much programmatic elements from your view as possible.
Fluent is or, rather, provides, an internal, low-level DSL. Internal DSLs, if they are effective, provide what's called a fluent interface. So let's consider how the above TDL will be put into test definition form. The Given and the When are pretty simple:
But now let's consider different ways that Then matchers could be constructed. Consider this:
Each of the actions in the Then matchers are doing the same thing. If you read from top to bottom in each matcher, you'll see that the code logic gets simpler and simpler. (Well, somewhat anyway.) That's the idea of a DSL. You start to provide a way to remove as much detail as possible so you can focus on the actions that you want to express.
As you've seen by going through this post, even at the highest level of abstraction in those Then matchers, that's still a bit too low level for me. I prefer to let the page definitions handle the work and have descriptive context and action calls in the test definitions. There's lots more to say on and I probably risked confusing people with this last bit but I did want to call out why I kept harping on how your test definitions should be calling upon and relying on a DSL, whether that's provided by Fluent or some other library.
This is a good place to stop this post so you can make sure you take a look at what you did here with Lucid and Fluent working together. Feel free to modify the test spec a bit. You have the triangle application to play around with. In the next post, I'll build directly off of what we've done here.
This article was written by Jeff Nyman
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Student Service LEARNING TO HEAL in Northern Ireland
March 03, 2006
In Northern Ireland today, there remain deep and complex problems left from the 30-year civil war, or the Troubles, as the war is called by nearly everyone who lived through it. Relatively peaceful since 1998, the country is still recovering from long years of violence and is experiencing continuing division. Yet, as a fragile peace developed during the last decade, educators and social workers began to address the attitudes and circumstances underlying the sectarian conflict. Early childhood educators, with the help of faculty at Queen's University, are now implementing an anti-bias curriculum in the schools, one which is designed to inhibit and perhaps reverse religious and ethnic polarization.
Professor of Education Diane Levin '69MS has long been involved in this process of helping children heal from the traumatic markings that the violence of war leaves on families and communities – and in learning from the efforts in Northern Ireland. Her experience inspired her to organize a service-learning program for Wheelock students so that they too could contribute to and learn from the peace process.
For a week in March, Levin and Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs Brian Price led 11 undergraduate and graduate students on Wheelock College's first international service-learning program to Belfast, Northern Ireland. Their goal was to learn from and support the peace process through working with children in early care classrooms in the city's neighborhoods where new understanding – and an anti-bias curriculum – is beginning to heal wounds.
The Wheelock group spent four days in early childhood settings within and outside Belfast, working with teachers who are applying the anti-sectarian bias program in both Protestant and Catholic communities. At one of the schools, there had been demonstration marches and fires as recently as July 2005. In addition, the group spent a day at Queen's University in workshops and seminars led by Paul Connolly, architect of the anti-bias program.
Students went on Peace Tours of the still partially divided city and heard firsthand the different perspectives of each side from guides who had been prisoners until their release in 2000, when the formal peace agreement was finally reached. They visited the 14-foot-high, miles-long Peace Wall that still divides the most entrenched areas of Protestant-Catholic conflict and that is still closed to crossing when evening falls.
Northern Ireland Pre-School Playgroup Association – The Early Years Organisation (NIPPA) is the largest nongovernmental organization working in the early childhood care and education sector in Northern Ireland. Funded under a special European Union Programme for Peace and Reconciliation measure to establish an international network of early childhood practitioners, NIPPA aims to bring reconciliation learning into Northern Ireland schools and to promote the country's experience in quality early childhood services and peace building.
Levin's continuing work with her NIPPA colleagues – including organizing the international Working Forum Belfast peace conference – resulted in the organization's arranging for Wheelock students to visit schools in both of Belfast's divided communities, schools that are developing anti-bias curricula with the goal of peacefully integrating their students. Other NIPPA advisers led service learning days with preschoolers in Belfast child care centers. There, students learned how the Troubles had affected even the youngest of children and how interactive media programs are being used by staff to promote anti-bias learning.
As part of the trip's scholarly exchange, Levin led a seminar for NIPPA on the dilemma of war play in children's lives and a master class on the impact of media and media violence. And at Queen's University, Connolly led students in a comparison of their observations of children with his research into how the Troubles are affecting the attitudes of children 3 to 11 years old.
Throughout the trip, wherever they went, students were impressed with the welcome and warmth expressed to them. They attended receptions in their honor at the U.S. Consulate, Queen's University, Belfast City Hall, and at the headquarters of their NIPPA hosts. Every student noted how they were treated more as professionals who had knowledge and skills to offer than as students with much to learn. Students and faculty alike were pleased (but not surprised) by NIPPA staff observations of how committed Wheelock students are and how comfortable they are interacting with children of all ages.


Productivity development of Norwegian institutions of higher education 2004-2013
Lenke til artikkel:
Edvardsen DF, Førsund FR, Kittelsen SaC.
Journal of the Operational Reseach Society
Sammendrag (engelsk)
Productivity growth of institutions of higher education is of interest for two main reasons; education is an important factor for productivity growth of the economy, and in countries where higher education is funded by the public sector accountability of resource use is of key interest. Educational services consist of teaching, research and the "third mission" of dissemination of knowledge to the society at large. A bootstrapped Malmquist productivity change index is used to calculate productivity development for Norwegian institutions of higher education over the 10 year period 2004-2013. The confidence intervals from bootstrapping allow part of the uncertainty of point estimates stemming from sample variation to be revealed. The main result is that the majority of institutions have had a positive productivity growth over the total period. However, when comparing with growth in labour input the impact on productivity varies a lot.
Institutions of higher education; Farrell efficiency measures; Malmquist productivity index; Bootstrapping
C18, C43, C61, D24, H52, I21
Prosjekt info:
Oppdragsgiver: Kunnskapsdepartementet
Oppdragsgivers prosjektnr.: KD 1337 Arneberg
Frisch prosjekt: 2363 - Oppdatering av analyse om produktivitet i UH-sektoren


Your router is an essential piece of kit for getting online but it is possible that you may not be getting the most from it. While almost all routers have some form of web interface that can be used to access settings such as port forwarding, traffic logging and more, few are intuitive to use and many have options hidden in places that are not immediately obvious. Router Commander is a free tool that can be used to take control of your router and boost performance
You will need to ensure that Telnet or SSH access is available on your router; this is not something that is supported by all models and you may need to check to see how to enable it. Once you have Router Commander up and running, it can be used in a number of ways. If your router places a limit on the number of connections that can be made to a particular server, or the number of maximum simultaneous connections, you may well have noticed that downloads can be slow. Router Commander enables you to increase this limit to help speed things up.
There are a number of built in profiles that can be loaded depending on the type of online activity you are to engage in. For example, you may want to ensure the best possible P2P performance, or avoid HTTP disconnections. If you do not want the hassle of forwarding ports every time you need to, this is something that Router Commander can help with, taking care of the port settings for you automatically.
Another key aspect of the program is the monitoring component which enables you to keep a close eye on how your connection is being used. This means that you are able to see which programs and services are using up bandwidth, but also to monitor for potential security issues. There is also a handy troubleshooting tool that can be used to overcome all manner of problems.
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A great tool for more advanced users, helping you to get more from your router.


text:
Understanding a "Comfortable Wilderness"
At National Park sites such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National
Lakeshore, can we accept cultural landscapes as part of nature?
By Frank Edgerton Martin
When Americans think of national parks, they often envision sublime
valleys, geysers, and mountain peaks. But in nearly all states and
federal territories, the National Park Service (NPS) manages and
interprets landscapes where human presence is part of the story.
Such a landscape is Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore on North
Manitou Island, 11 miles off Lake Michigan's eastern shore.
Here, the harsh conditions of Great Lakes weather and lake effects
were tamed, through the century-long cultivation of orchards and
the legacy of the genteel culture of summer cottage tourism, to
create a "comfortable" wilderness.
The term "cultural landscape" was first defined in
the 1920s by geographer Carl Sauer, who saw the natural landscape
as a medium for the inevitable transformations of human settlement.
Sleeping Bear Dunes had a natural environment of soils, climate,
water, and dunes that attracted tourism, commercial fishing, and
fruit growing. This ecology of microclimates, harbors, and soils
served as a compelling lure and canvas for the human innovation
and expression that ultimately grafted a cultural dimension to the
island. North Manitou Island is unique in the richness of its combination
of scenic and cultural resources.
…To read the entire article, subscribe to LAM!
| Annual Meeting


text:
Do obesity-reduction programs targeted to rural populations use CDC's 12 Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention (COCOMO) for physical activity - and if so, do these strategies work?
To find out, a workgroup from 11 of the 21 academic centers participating in the CDC-funded Physical Activity Policy and Research Network conducted a review of the relevant literature from 2002 to 2013. Of the 26 studies that reported on strategies to support physical activity in rural areas, 22 reported on COCOMO strategies. The two most common strategies, implemented in 10 of the studies, were enhancing infrastructure to support walking and increasing opportunities for extracurricular physical activity. Only 14 studies measured or reported physical activity outcomes, and of the 10 that reported positive changes in physical activity, only four reported significant positive changes.
Seven of the 12 strategies were successfully implemented in two or more studies, suggesting that these strategies are relevant in rural communities. However, the researchers could not assess overall effectiveness of the strategies across studies because of variation in settings, methods, and results.
The researchers suggest that while the literature review suggests that COCOMO physical activity strategies are applicable in rural settings, future studies should be more robust in study design and measurement of outcomes.
"Few studies used objective measurement," they noted. "Rural evaluations need to consistently measure physical activity using accelerometers for a better understanding of intervention effectiveness."
Article: Physical Activity-Related Policy and Environmental Strategies to Prevent Obesity in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 2002-2013, M. Renée Umstattd Meyer, PhD, MCHES, et al., Preventing Chronic Disease, doi: 10.5888/pcd13.150406, published 7 January 2016.


text:
If the only change you intend to make is to extend the term of the contract beyond its existing end date, see prototype model extension extension NEW 16/2014 Otherwise, the language of the next prototype can be used to start drafting a contract modification: AMENDMENT This modification is made to this contract [contract number] that was previously executed by and between [AGENCY NAME] as „[AGENCY] and TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER, [Office or School of 'Division' or Department of 'The Contracting Parties Who Sign and Between Them Mutually Agree to amend this previous agreement as follows: [Clearly defined changes, supplements or deletions using the following three words of introduction :] Article 1, paragraph 1 is amended [effective day of the month], year] and: in Article II, paragraph 2, [effective monthday, year], you add that Article V, paragraph 3 [effective monthday, year] is deleted. All other conditions that are not changed by this condition remain fully applicable and effective. [Insert here the corresponding signature blocks for TTUHSC and FOR AGENCE:] – This change is made with respect to this contract (contract number), which were previously executed by [AGENCY NAME] and between [AGENCY], (FOLLOWING, texas, Texas, as „TTUHSC"] It is understood and mutually agreed by and between the contracting parties to amend this earlier agreement as follows: [Amendments, clearly defined complements or deletions using the following three (3) introductory sentences:] Article 1, paragraph 1 is amended [effective day, year] and is written as follows: In Article II, paragraph 2, [effective monthday, year], add the following: Article V, paragraph 3 [effective day, year] is deleted here. All other conditions that are not changed by this condition remain fully applicable and effective. However, if several different amendments have already been implemented, if another amendment is needed, … please, to be clear, … Consider rephrasing the entire treaty to update the treaty with respect to all amendments. Otherwise, the following prototype can be used to begin the development of a contract modification: experience shows that a series of different changes to the contract can conflict the understanding of different people for the resulting contract. Therefore, we recommend keeping the changes to a minimum.
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text:
Links to blogs and models, partly coming from the discussion forum:
New formats for publishing science:Modular formats for Science Publishing:
Basically, these propose to go to a more granular level of the scientific paper; aka'smallest publishable unit' being smaller than the size of a full paper.
Modeling Science (Especially Biology) as Triples:
- Modular Physics Paper: University of Amsterdam (1999).
A modular form for Physics papers: by investigating a collection of papers, a more fine-grained structure for science papers and an extensive relationships taxonomy is proposed
- LiquidPub. EU Project, U Trento and others (2008- 2011)
A 'liquid' format for science papers is proposed, that consists of a set of research objects, connected by links.
- 'Coarse-grained rhetorical structure', work done in the HCLS SiG of the W3C, 2009 - now.
This group aims to define a 'rhetorical structure' for scientific papers, to use in authoring or mark-up tools. They are trying to come to a definition of such a format; have an intermediary proposal of their own and are beginning to make an overview of existing publisher's proposals.
- The abcde format - Utrecht University, 2007
The abcde format is a proposal for a simple, structured format for conference papers in computer science, that is based on LaTeX. Each paper consists of three sections: Background, Contribution, and Discussion, and three added elements: A = Annotation, Dublin Core annotation; E = Entities, these are RDF-formatted entities of interest, including references, and (no contribution to the acronym) Core Sentences: these are sentences that are marked up by the author to be core elements. They can be extracted to form a structured abstract.
- Nanopublications - NBIC, the Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre
The notion of a 'nanopublication' is basically a general scientific assertion, written using semantic-web standard formats with additional meta-data concerning provenance.
The main idea is that science should be represented as a set of triples. There is a special interest in this representation within biology and life sciences. Some intiiatives include:
Hypothesis/Claim-Based representation of the Argument Structure of a Scientific Paper:
- The Structured Digital Abstract, Seringhaus/Gerstein, 2008
This paper basically proposes to include a'structured XML-readable summary of pertinent facts'
- FEBS Letters SDA, 2008 - now
The journal FEBS Letters adds curator-created triples on Protein-Protein interaction to every appropriate paper
- CWA Nanopublications - 2010
The Concept Web Alliance proposes to model scientific research as sets of triples; the first definition of the format The Anatomy of a Nanopublication has just been published
These projects all start with the assumption that a scientific paper is, at heart, a persuasive text that makes a number of claims, that are backed by research data and references. The paper is then represented with a set of hypotheses, linked to evidence (in the form of data or references)
Semantic Publishing Initiatives and enriched forms of publication
- Cohere, KMI, 2007- now
The Cohere project, which builds on the earlier 'ClaiMaker' project, offers a web-based interface to create claims, hypotheses, or statements, and relate these to other claims using an open set of relationships. It is usable for science, but also for structuring online debateson other topics.
- SWAN, Alzheimer's Network, Harvard IIC, 2006 - now:
The SWAN project adds a collection of hand-curated hypotheses to a research paper, which are then related through a set of discourse relationships. They can be browsed and relations between claims, as well as support networks for a specific claim, are made and visualised.
- SALT, DERI, 2008
SALT is a LaTeX-based authoring tool that allows authors to identify Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST-)relations between sentences in their paper. It offers the author the opportunity to define main and secondary (sattelite) sentences and create relations between them.
- aTags, DERI, 2009- now
aTags aTags ("associative tags") are snippets of HTML that capture the information that is most important to you in a machine-readable, interlinked format. aTags works with any Web text and can store and connect any textual element that is highlighted in a browser.
- Hypotheses in Biology, UvA, 2009
A methodology and set of proto-ontologies in OWL for capturing different aspects of a text mining experiment: the biological hypothesis, text and documents, text mining, and workflow provenance.
- HyBrow, Stanford, 2008
A prototype bioinformatics tool for designing hypotheses and evaluating them for consistency with existing knowledge
- HypER: 2009 - now
HypER Is an ad-hoc group of researchers who all represent scientific communications as a set of hypotheses, with relations to evidence. It includes representatives of LiquidPub, Cohere, SWAN, SALT, aTags and abcde work. The main focus of HypER has shifted to the W3C HCLS work on Scientific Discourse structures.
- The Semantic Biochemical Journal - 2010:
Using Utopia, an innovative PDF reader, this allows enrichment of the PDF with interactive figures and active data
- Article of the Future, Cell, 2009:
Tabbed and hyperlinked presentation of the article; Graphical Abstract and Highlights on the landing page
- Prospect, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009:
RSC editors annotate compounds, concepts and data within the articles and linking these to additional electronic resources such as biological databases
- Adventures in Semantic Publishing, Oxford U, 2009:
A hand-marked up version of paper in Epidemiology with data enhancements and better browsing and reference linking
- Open Access journals published by Pensoft come with semantic enhancements. Example: PhytoKeys.
Authoring Tools that support semantic applications
Rhetorical relations between scientific papers:
Various efforts to create relationship taxonomies/links between citing/cited papers:
- SWAN/SIOC/CIto alignment, 2010, HCLS SiG of W3C:
This is an effort to align two citation relationship ontologies: SWAN, used for the SWAN project and SIOC
Two other ontologies are being considered: CiTO and relations to the publisher-centric PRISM standard
- OpenCitations.org: Modelling literature citations as RDF (2010 onward)
A public RDF triplestore of biomedical literature citations encoded as Open Linked Data, and characterized using CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology.
Structuring Methods and Experiments:
- this is the precursor of the Cohere work; the relationship ontology is available in RDF
Several initiatives aim to structure Methods and Experiments to include in papers. Some of these include:
Computational Linguistics/Text Mining Efforts:
- My Experiment:
a platform to create and exchange experimental workflow components
- Knowledge Engineering from Experimental Design (KEfED)
A structured way of constructing 'observational assertions' based on statistical relationships from experiments. The model is general-purpose and forms a basis for reasoning over experimental data.
- Ontology of Biomedical Investigation
A broad-based community effort to develop an ontology that provides a representation for biomedical experiments.
Investigation/Study/Assay (ISA) infrastructure is a general-purpose format and freely available desktop software suite targeted to curators and experimentalists that assists in management of experimental metadata, engages with minimum information checklists and ontologies and formats studies for submission to international public repositories (ENA for genomics, PRIDE for proteomics and ArrayExpress for transcriptomics).
- VisTrails: an open-source data analysis and visualization tool that supports the creation of documents whose results have deep captions that point to their provenance, and thus can be reproduced and verified. Provenance-rich results derived by VisTrails can be included in LaTeX, Wiki, Microsoft Word and PowerPoint documents.
- crowdLabs: a platform for sharing and executing computational tasks
There is a large amount of work in this area, a few projects include:
- Hypothesis identification at Xerox:
Using the Xerox Integrated Parser, trying to find key statements in biology research papers
- Argumentational Zoning, work by Simone Teufel and others:
- In-Context Summaries, Macquarie University in Australia:
Providing a summary of referred-to materials, weighted by the referring sentence
- Metaknowledge annotation of biomedical events, NaCTeM, University of Manchester
- Annotation of interpretative information for biomedical events along 5 different dimesions: Knowledge Type (fact, analysis, observation, etc), Certainty Level, Polarity, Manner and Source.
- Automatic recogntion of sentence types in biomedical abstracts (Tsujii lab, University of Tokyo) - title, conclusion, method, objective, result - see MEDIE (advanced search) for demo
- GENIA (Tsujii Lab, University of Tokyo) and GREC (NacTeM, University of Manchester)- corpora of anotated with biomedical events - allow systems to be trained to automically idenify and structure relevant information in biomedical documents.
- AcroMine (NaCTeM, University of Manchester) - automtically determines full forms of acronyms
- Linking to biomedical Named Entities in document to related database entries - such links are provided in the BioLexicon. Examples of search engines providing such links are MEDIE and UKPMC
- U-Compare - An integrated text mining/natural language processing system based on the UIMA Framework, allowing documents to


Swiss Company Turns Your Loved One's Ashes Into A Beautiful Diamond
November 8, 2014
When your time on Earth is over, how will you be honored? A new trend has people skipping out on the traditional burial funeral for something a little more glamorous - turning into a diamond.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
A finished diamond. The color comes from the amount of boron in the ashes / algordanza
Swiss company, Algordanza, provides a service where the cremated remains of a loved one convert into a diamond. The diamond can then be used in jewelry or kept in a collection.
"A Memorial Diamond symbolizes love, loyalty and respect for loved ones who have passed away," Algordanza says on their website. "The process of creating a diamond funeral has generated a completely new way of saying goodbye to our beloved deceased - one that is modern, full of promise and filled with peace."
So how do they do it?
First, the carbon is extracted from the cremated remains. The human body is about 18% carbon, and about 2% of that remains after the cremation process. This is the carbon Algodanza uses to make their diamonds, and filters out of the other materials via a chemical process. The carbon is heated and turned into graphite, the material found in pencils.
The graphite is heated to 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit and subjected to as many as 870,000 pounds of pressure per square inch. The result of this process, which mimics a process deep in the Earth, is a diamond that ranges from white to dark blue in color. The color variation depends on the amount of Boron in the ashes.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
The diamond is then cut and polished.
turning ashes of loved ones into diamonds
(H/T) ViralNova. You can learn more at
Turning a loved one's ashes into a diamond is not a cheap process, but it's comparable with the cost of an average funeral. This process will set you back about $4,500.
Would you want to me made into a diamond?
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