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Suppose I have an encryption scheme of the form $ E(P)=C $ where $P$ is the plaintext and belongs in $\{0,1\}^N$, $C$ the ciphertext which belongs to $\{0,1\}^M$ and the encryption is performed under the key $K$ in $\{0,1\}^R$.
If I pick a subspace of messages $M_0$ and I perform encryption on this set, can I conclude anything about the dimension of $E(M_0)$ as a subspace of $\{0,1\}^M$.
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1 Answer 1
If $E$ was a random function from $\{0,1\}^N$ to $\{0,1\}^M$, then encrypting $n = |M_0|$ distinct messages with $E$ would be equivalent to picking $n$ independent random elements from $\{0,1\}^M$. If $n \ll M$, these random elements are with very high probability linearly independent, and thus span a subspace of dimension $n$; conversely, if $n \gg M$, with high probability they'll span the entire $M$-dimensional space.
In any case, of course, $\dim(E(M_0)) \le \min(n,M)$. If $n \approx M$, there's a non-negligible probability that the inequality is strict, but it decreases exponentially in either direction. (In particular, the probability that $\dim(E(M_0)) < n$ equals $1 - \prod_{i=0}^{n-1}( 1-2^{i-M} ) \le \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} 2^{i-M} < 2^{n-M}$.)
Now, determining the dimension of the subspace spanned by $E(M_0)$ is computationally fairly easy (at least unless both $M$ and $n$ are really huge), so any non-negligible difference in it between the actual encryption scheme $E$ and a random function would allow a distinguishing attack on $E$. Secure encryption schemes are not supposed to be distinguishable from random functions (without knowledge of the key), so if $E$ is secure, there shouldn't be any detectable statistical difference between the dimension of $E(M_0)$ and that predicted for a random function.
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text:
Posted by Jarrad Michael on.
A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing his anchor chain every 5 s. He estimates the distance between wavecrests to be 15 m. He also correctly estimates the speed of the waves. What is the speed?
Speed = (wavelength) x (frequency)
= (15 m)[1/(5 s)] = 3 m/s

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
EDEN Hot Pepper Sesame Oil is a delightful combination of the nutty flavor of toasted sesame seeds and hot spicy flavor of chili peppers. Whole sesame seeds are cleaned, slowly roasted in a rotary kiln to unlock their flavor and aroma, and placed in a screw press called an 'expeller' to extract the oil. The oil is gently filtered then infused with red hot chili peppers that soak in the oil for 24 hours. The peppers are then removed.
Most of the fat in EDEN Hot Pepper Sesame Oil is monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Sesamol and sesamin, naturally occurring antioxidants found in sesame seeds and sesame oil, make unrefined sesame oil especially nourishing, and they act as a natural preservative in the oil. One of the most shelf stable unrefined vegetable oils.
In the tropical and semitropical areas of Asia where spices and peppers are frequently used, it was discovered that hot chili peppers could be infused into sesame oil to create a delightfully hot and spicy oil. Spices cause capillaries at the surface of the body to dilate, releasing internal heat and inducing perspiration so they have a cooling effect on the body and make it easier to adapt to hot climates. Japanese often use red pepper as a condiment for this purpose, especially during the hot summer months.
Sesame Sesamum indicum is a treasured herb native to Indonesia and Africa. It has been widely grown in tropical and subtropical Asia and in the Mediterranean region for thousands of years. The first known cultivation of sesame occurred around 3000 B.C. in the Middle East and 1600 B.C. in Egypt. The Egyptians are credited with being the inventors of sesame oil. Sesame seeds were introduced to Japan around 645 to 793 A.D. by Buddhist priests from Korea and China. Sesame oil production in Japan was recorded during the Heian Period (794 to 1191 A.D.).
Sesame plants grow about two to five feet and produce pretty purple cone shaped flowers. There are several varieties of the sesame plant that produce creamy white, brown, black, and red seeds. When ready for harvest the seeds are encased in a protective hard shell that rattles with its precious contents. The entire plant is cut off at the base of the stem and stacked in an upright position against racks and allowed to dry. While drying the capsules that hold the seed split open. The plant is turned upside down, shaken and the seeds drop onto a cloth.
It's best to avoid commercial vegetable oil that's heated above its smoke point, treated with the solvent hexane, washed with sodium hydroxide, and chemically bleached and deodorized at 400 degrees F. For delicious and nutritious unrefined oils, choose EDEN.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In this article
Create, assign, and grade your students' submissions.
Students Create Their Own Bulbs
Learner-Made Bulbs are a great way to empower your learners to become the instructor. Learners have access to the full power of the PlayPosit Designer, including uploading their own videos and embedding all question types. You can use this feature to:
- Review projects where students create their own questions on video already seen.
- Have learners create their own video and add interactions to increase engagement.
- Record a learner's presentation and have them reflect on their performance with comments in-situ.
Here is a quick video overview of assigning a Learner-Made Bulb in Canvas:
Assign a Learner-Made bulb
- From the dashboard click New > Learner-Made Bulb.
- Enter a title for the assignment and click Create.
- Navigate to the triple dot menu, click Assign, and then select a course.
Grade a Learner-Made Bulb
Once learners submit their self-made bulb, the PlayPosit monitor page provides instructors with several options:
- Preview - View the bulb with embedded interactions.
- Edit - Make any changes to the bulb prior to sharing with colleagues or other learners.
- Copy bulb - Create a copy of the learner-made bulb in your own bulbs library. You can then assign/share the bulb with other students and colleagues.
- Feedback/Score - Grade the lessons (out of 10 points) and provide feedback.


Make particles synchronize with sound
edited April 2017 in Library Questions
Hello there. I'm trying make the rain particles fall synchronized with the sound using the minim library, but I know nothing about this and I have no idea how to make this happen. If someone could explain me how to do it, it would be great. This is what I have right now. Thank you and sorry for the slightly dumb question!
import ddf.minim.*;
Minim minim;
AudioPlayer player;
int numero = 200; // how many rain drops on your screen??
Rain[] rains = new Rain[numero];
void setup()
 size(512, 200, P3D);
 for(int i=0; i height) //initialize raindrop which arrives bottom.
 x = random(0,600);
 y = random(-1200,0);
 - Please provide more details. What is the meaning of your statement:
 I'm trying make the rain particles fall synchronized with the sound
 - I mean, I want the particles to fall faster when the sound gets higher, and the particles to be less when the sound is lower.. if that's even possible
 - edited April 2017 Answer ✓
 Yes, that is possible and your description is now clear.
 You see, in line 43 you get a buffer with your waveform. You could EITHER [1] find the maximum in the buffer or [2] find the average value of the whole bugger and use it as your metric for amplitude. You will need to characterize the max (or average) of a whole song to be able to determine the maximum range of these values.
 Then you can do speed_factor=map(your_metric,metric_low,metric_high,0.05,0.95); In other words, you map the min and max value of your amplitude to a factor between 5 to 95% and you can use this factor to control the speed of the particles. You will pass this factor to your Rain object in draw() and your Rain class will have this modification at line 56: y += speed*speed_factor;
 I hope this helps,
 - thank you!!
Sign In or Register to comment.


text: [en] Knowledge of soil moisture dynamics and its spatial variability is essential to improve our understanding of root water uptake and soil moisture redistribution at the local scale and the field scale. We investigated the potential and limitations of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to measure three-dimensional soil moisture changes and variability in a large, undisturbed, cropped soil column and examined the interactions between soil and root system. Our analysis sustained the value of ERT as a tool to monitor and quantify water contents and water content changes in the soil, as long as the root biomass does not influence the observed resistivity. This is shown using a global water mass balance and a local validation using time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes. The observed soil moisture variability was rather high compared to values reported in the literature for bare soil. The measured water depletion rate, being the result of combined effects of root water uptake and soil water redistribution, was compared with the evaporative demand and root length densities. We observed a gradual downward movement of the maximum water depletion rate combined with periods of redistribution when there was less transpiration. Finally, the maximum root length density was observed at −70 cm depth, pointing out that root architecture can strongly depend on soil characteristics and states.


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It's almost encoded in your Jewish DNA: How you make your stuffed cabbage all depends on where your grandmother came from.
For many, the delicacy is served on the holiday of Simchat Torah much the same way that latkes are associated with Chanukah, hamentaschen tag along with Purim and Shavuot comes with a plethora of dairy dishes.
So how did the overcooked, gelatinous, rolled-up dish become associated with the last festival of the High Holidays season?
"Most of the traditional foods we eat on Jewish holidays start out with a seasonal reason as to why we eat them, and later a religious significance is tacked on," says Gil Marks, a Jewish food historian and author of the "Encyclopedia of Jewish Food." "Vegetables like cabbage were in season during the fall and very cheap, so stuffed cabbage became one of the most popular traditional foods eaten. Cabbage was the odor of the shtetl."
Travel back some 500 years to the 16th century, when Jews first started living in shtetls. The Jews mostly kept to themselves, but the food they ate often was a kosher adaptation of what their non-Jewish neighbors were eating, Marks says.
Stuffed cabbage was a staple dish for peasants during the cold season in places such as Turkey and Persia, and it arrived to the Jews of Europe from the south and the east, according to Marks. Jews living in places like Russia and Poland learned the dish from the Tatars, a Turkish group that ruled the area in the 16th century, while Jews living in southern European countries such as Hungary and the Balkans learned it from their Turkish neighbors, who then were under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Eastern European Jews adapted the dish with cabbage and kosher meat, naming it after a dove because the rolled up item resembled a bird in a nest. So in Russian it was called golub, in Ukraine holub and in Yiddish teibel—all words for dove.
Those living in the Ottoman Empire made the dish using local grape leaves. They gave the dish a more literal name in Turkish, like sarma, which means wrap, yaprak for leaf, or dolma for stuffed.
From here, Jewish communities added their variations. Many Hungarian Jews use a dash of marjoram, Syrians add cinnamon, Persians throw in some dill and mint, and Romanians toss in lots of garlic and paprika.
As meat was expensive, many Jews in the Middle East and Romania would add rice to reduce the share of meat needed, while Eastern European Jews would add bread, barley or kasha. Some Middle Eastern varieties use only rice for the stuffing.
"They didn't always have money to buy meat, but when they did, they saved it for special occasions and served their best dish on Simchas Torah," Marks said, using the Ashkenazic pronunciation for the holiday.
When Jews began to immigrate to America in the 19th and 20th century, the dish took on new variations, like cooking it in a tomato stew or a sweet-and-sour sauce.
"I've met so many people over the years that like to make their own little variation of the dish, adding a little sour cream or parmesan cheese," Joan Nathan, a Jewish cuisine author and television producer, told JTA. "But honestly, why change a recipe that has been through so many generations and is perfect the way it is? We use the same recipe, year after year, and that's what makes it so special."
With the dish appearing at the end of Sukkot year after year—Simchat Torah comes the day after Sukkot ends, and some American Jews spend the holiday's first day, called Shemini Atzeret, eating in the sukkah—Jews began ascribing new meanings to stuffed cabbage. (Or, perhaps, those points of significance were hidden in the folds of the cabbage all along.)
"Some believe stuffing a food represents the time of harvesting, since Sukkot marks the fall harvest. More importantly, it was easily transferable in and out of the sukkah," Marks said. "It also has an interesting visual. One stuffed cabbage on a plate noticeably resembles a rolled up Torah scroll—and two, side by side, also looks like a Torah, rolled up halfway."
Tori Avey, a Jewish convert who writes the culinary blog Shiksa in the Kitchen, says readers from all over the world have sent recipes to her. Some were identical.
"For a sweet and sour flavor, readers wrote to add sour salt, although some opt for lemon juice or apple cider vinegar," Avey told JTA via email. "One reader with Russian ancestors uses lemon peels. Some readers said they use sauerkraut for the sauce, and others use convenience ingredients like cranberry juice, V-8, and even grape jelly."
Whether you stew it, boil it, saute it or steam it, there's no right or wrong when it comes to preparing stuffed cabbage. The important thing, Marks says, is to remember your roots.
"People remember the different variations of stuffed cabbage based on their mothers and grandmothers," he said. "It's not just about food. Eating something as traditional as this is a cultural experience, one that is spiritual and nostalgic. It manages to transcend time, its food for the soul."
Stuffed recipes: cabbage with meat and vegetarian grape leaves
By Chavie Lieber
Below are recipes for Sweet and Sour Stuffed Cabbage and Vegetarian Stuffed Grape Leaves:
Joan Nathan's Sweet and Sour Stuffed Cabbage
1 head of cabbage, frozen (2 pounds)
2 pounds ground beef
1 medium onion, grated
1 clove garlic, minced (about 1 teaspoon)
Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
2 tablespoons canola or vegetable oil
1 medium onion, peeled and diced (about 1 cup)
1/2 cup brown sugar
Juice of one lemon
1/2 cup raisins
1/2 cup chili sauce
Salt and pinch of freshly ground black pepper
Defrost cabbage the night before cooking. When completely defrosted, separate leaves. Preheat oven to 350. Mix ground beef, grated onion, garlic with salt and pepper in large bowl. Place 1 heaping tablespoon of meat mixture on each cabbage leaf. Tuck ends in and roll up. Arrange cabbage rolls seam side down in a 6-quart, ovenproof casserole. Heat oil in a small frying pan and saute the diced onion for 10 minutes. Stir in brown sugar, lemon juice, raisins, chili sauce and simmer for a few minutes. Pour over cabbage and bake, covered, for an hour. Place stuffed cabbage pieces onto serving platter, spoon sauce over and serve.
Tori Avey's Vegetarian Stuffed Grape Leaves
1/2 cup pine nuts
1 1/2 cups long grain white rice
1 medium onion, minced
1/2 cup fresh minced dill
1/4 cup fresh minced mint
6 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice, divided
1 tablespoon lemon zest
1 3/4 cups vegetable broth, divided
50 large grape leaves (fresh or jarred)
Salt and pepper
1/2 cup extra virgin olive oil, divided
Fresh mint leaves, lemon slices, and olives (for garnish, optional)
Lightly toast pine nuts in medium skillet until brown; reserve. In medium pot, saute onion in 1/4 cup olive oil until brown. Add rice and 3/4 cup vegetable broth, simmer for 10 minutes or until rice is cooked al dente and liquid is absorbed. Do not cook rice completely to avoid mushy grape leaves. Remove pot, add dill, mint, pine nuts, 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice and lemon zest. Season with salt and pepper, let mixture cool to room temperature. Boil second pot of salted water, trim grape leaves by cutting stems and trimming any large veins. Place leaves in boiling water for 3-5 minutes until they soften. Drain, cover leaves with cold water. Drain and pat leaves dry. Place shiny side of grape leaf down on flat surface. Place 2 tablespoons of rice filling at base of leaf and fold up like a cigar. Do not roll too tightly. Place any damaged leaves at bottom of saute pan to create bed of stuffed leaves. Place stuffed leaves in saute pan in layers. Pour 1 cup of broth, 1/4 cup of extra virgin olive oil, and 1/4 cup of fresh lemon juice. Invert heat-safe plate on top of leaves, cover pot. Simmer gently, covered, for 30-40 minutes. Serve warm or cold.


text:
Staircase in the People's Hall, Heathcote Street
ABOUT the middle of the Eighteenth Century the art of house-building rose to great heights in England, and the well-known Georgian houses, with their look of solid comfort and their excellent craftsmanship, were produced.
Nottingham has many examples of this type, and many of them are noteworthy for their magnificent staircases, which by their careful design are very easy to ascend, and by the beauty of their banisters and other accessories are artistic treasures.
Perhaps the most beautiful of these staircases is the one in the People's Hall in Heathcote-street, Nottingham, a mansion built by Mr. Charles Morley about 1740—about the time that Mr. Wesley was commencing his public work.
Mr. Morley was the proprietor of a pottery in Beck-street, where (amongst other objects) were produced the beautiful brown pots with their high glaze which are so much sought after by collectors nowadays, and examples of which may be studied in the Castle Museum.


text:
Food Matters: Prolegomena to a Eucharistic Discourse
Montoya, Angel F. Mendez, Department of Religious Studies, University of Virginia
Bouchard, Larry, Department of Religious Studies, University of Virginia
Introduction Food-talk: overlapping matters I Ch apter One The Making of Mexican Molli and Alimentary Theology in the Making 1 Ch apter Two Sabor/Saber: Taste and the Eros of Cognition 49 Ch apter Th ree Being Nourished: Food Matters 96 Ch apter Fou r Sharing in the Body of Christ and the Theopolitics of Superabundance 149 Conclusion Food-notes: Prolegomena to a Eucharistic Discourse 214 i ABSTRACT Food Matters: Prolegomena to a Eucharistic Discourse Angel F. Méndez Montoya, OP In general terms, food matters. It displays a complex inter-relation between self and other; object and subject; appetite and alimentation; aesthetics, ethics, and politics; nature and culture; and creation and divinity. In particular, this reading of food can cast light on what it means to practice theology, and why it so relevant for theology to be attentive to matters regarding food, and also the lack thereof. For, from a Catholic perspective, this thesis envisions God both as superabundance and intraTrinitarian self-sharing of a nurturing Love, Truth, Goodness, and Beauty. God's gift is further shared with Creation and humanity. Creation is a cosmic banquet and interdependent network of edible signs that participates in God's nurturing sharing. The incarnation is a continuation of God's kenotic sharing, that, at the Eucharistic banquet performs a more radical form of self-giving by becoming food itself with the purpose of incorporating humanity into Christ's body, which already participates of the life of the Trinitarian community. Because food matters, theology's vocation is thus to become "alimentary," re-orienting the inter-dependency between human communities, humanity with the ecology, and all creation with God. By looking at some cultural and material practices and food narratives, this work creates a dialogue that constructs a multi-faceted Eucharistic discourse, arguing that food is not "just food." This will become more apparent when reflecting on the overlapping of both talking about how food can provide a greater awareness of partaking of the Eucharistic banquet, and also about how a discourse on a Eucharistic, 'alimentary theology' can provide discipline and guidance for our daily food practices, which, in turn challenge us to better nurture one another. At the end, however, since this dissertation envisions God as the ultimate source that nurtures all ii theological practice, and this same God exists as surplus of meaning, this work situates itself within a milieu of mystery. For this reason the following is only a prolegomena to a Eucharistic discourse: perpetually open to yet more elaboration, and responsive to the touching, tasting, and nourishment of God's superabundant selfgiving.
Note: Abstract extracted from PDF text
PHD (Doctor of Philosophy)
All rights reserved (no additional license for public reuse)


text:
In Germany and Austria, von is defined as of or from and goes before a surname (family name) to show the family relationship or the place of origin.(noun)
An example of von used in a name is in Ludwig von Mises, which means Ludwig of Mises.
See von in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Learn more about von


Numerev - Ressources linguistiques accessibles pour les chercheurs en LLSHS: l'infrastructure CLARIN ERIC - Francesca FRONTINI
openacrs's bookmarks 2020-02-23
How does an ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) work? What linguistic and textual resources are available? What services are offered? How can Montpellier researchers benefit from French participation in this initiative, for research and training? The presentation seeks to answer these questions, while presenting the activities of the national consortium, in the constitution phase, managed by the TGIR Huma-Num.
Presenter: Francesca Frontini
From feeds:
Open Access Tracking Project (OATP) » openacrs's bookmarks
Tags: oa.eric oa.ssh oa.linguistics oa.french oa.infrastructure
Date tagged:
02/23/2020, 12:15
Date published:
02/23/2020, 07:15


The Meanings of the Ostrich Totem
... Anup Shah/Digital Vision/Getty Images
Animal totems are a New Age practice based on the Native American belief in "animal medicine." In animal medicine, the particular characteristics of an animal are believed to impart lessons to those who wish to learn from them; ants may signify determination while a owl can signify wisdom. While ostriches are not part of Native American traditions, they can easily be incorporated into the logic of the belief system and used as an animal totem. In fact, ostriches do have a sacred significance in several cultures of Africa, where they are found in the wild.
1 The Feather of Truth
The ostrich feather was a sacred object in ancient Egypt, as the symbol for the goddess Ma'at. As the representation of divine truth, which included justice and cosmic order, Ma'at helped decide the fate of souls after death. The dead person's heart was weighed on a scale against her ostrich feather, the feather of truth, and if the heart outweighed the feather -- meaning that the human's life had not measured up -- the soul would be destroyed. Those who passed the test, by having a heart that weighed less or equal to the feather, got to pass on to heaven. The ostrich feather thus is seen as a powerful symbol of truth and purity, and taking on the ostrich as an animal totem can be a way to focus one's energies on living a just life.
2 The Egg of Fertility
In Djenne, the oldest city in sub-Saharan Africa, there is also evidence that the ostrich was considered a sacred animal. Spires of its great mosque, one of the most elaborate mud structures in the world, are capped by ostrich eggs. The ostrich egg, the largest on land, symbolizes fertility. These sacred objects oversee a huge festival every springtime, the "crepissage." Mixing work, play and ritual, this annual event involves hundreds of young men and women slinging tons of mud while restoring the mosque to the accompaniment of live music. For those who choose the ostrich as a totem animal, its huge egg can be used as a symbol of fertility and regeneration, similarly to the origin of the Easter egg hunt of European springtime tradition.
3 The Circle of Life
For the indigenous people of Africa, the ostrich was an important source of food, so the animal had a sacred connotation. The bushmen, for example, saw in the life cycle of the giant bird and its egg a metaphor for the cycle of birth and death, or birth and resurrection. According to folklore, when the bushmen killed and ate an ostrich they would take some of its feathers and place them in the bushes, believing that a new ostrich would be born from the feathers themselves. This offering was believed to insure the continuation of life on Earth. For those who take on the ostrich totem, the animal can serve as a metaphor for the interconnectedness of life and that death and birth are interdependent.
4 Wealth and Abundance
Ostrich eggs, along with other precious objects such as peacock feathers, were traded among cultures of the Mediterranean, including between the Christian and Muslim empires in the middle ages. The sacred associations from times earlier, including death/resurrection and divine purity, were still intact, but these objects also became symbols of the abundance of nature, as the large size of ostriches and their eggs are a testament to nature's bounty. For those who claim the ostrich as a totem, this aspect of the animal -- its size and large eggs -- can serve as a reminder of the natural wealth of our world.


text:
Identify, Retain and Preserve
Identifying, retaining, and preserving architectural
metal features such as columns, capitals, window hoods,
or stairways that are important in defining the overall
historic character of the building; and their finishes
and colors. Identification is also critical to differentiate
between metals prior to work. Each metal has unique
properties and thus requires different treatments.
The ongoing maintenance and repair of historic architectural metals is emphasized in the treatment, Preservation. This shows a detail of a well-maintained polychromed cast-iron
facade in Petaluma, California, 1886 (O'Connell
and Lewis, Architectural Iron Works, San Francisco).
Photo: Don Meacham.
Altering architectural metal features which are important
in defining the overall historic character of the building
so that, as a result, the character is diminished.
Replacing historic metal features instead of repairing
or replacing only the deteriorated metal.
Changing the type of finish or its historic color or
Stabilizing deteriorated or damaged architectural
metals as a preliminary measure, when necessary, prior
to undertaking appropriate preservation work.
Failing to stabilize deteriorated or damaged architectural
metals until additional work is undertaken, thus allowing
further damage to occur to the historic building.
Protect and Maintain
Protecting and maintaining architectural metals from
corrosion by providing proper drainage so that water
does not stand on flat, horizontal surfaces or accumulate
in curved, decorative features.
Cleaning architectural metals, when appropriate,
to remove corrosion prior to repainting or applying
other appropriate protective coatings.
Where chemical paint stripping is involved,
careful planning of the sequence of work and inspection
by an architect or conservator to ensure strict
compliance with the contract documents is important
to minimize the risk of problems. Photo: Raymond
M. Pepi, Building Conservation Associates.
Identifying the particular type of metal prior to
any cleaning procedure and then testing to assure that
the gentlest cleaning method possible is selected or
determining that cleaning is inappropriate for the particular
Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper,
terneplate, and zinc with appropriate chemical methods
because their finishes can be easily abraded by blasting
Using the gentlest cleaning methods for cast iron,
wrought iron, and steel--hard metals--in order to remove
paint buildup and corrosion. If handscraping and wire
brushing have proven ineffective, low pressure grit
blasting may be used as long as it does not abrade or
damage the surface.
Applying appropriate paint or other coating systems
after cleaning in order to decrease the corrosion rate
of metals or alloys.
Repainting with colors that are appropriate to the
historic building or district.
Applying an appropriate protective coating such
as lacquer to an architectural metal feature such as
a bronze door which is subject to heavy pedestrian use.
Evaluating the existing condition of the architectural
metals to determine whether more than protection and
maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features
will be necessary.
Failing to identify, evaluate, and treat the causes
of corrosion, such as moisture from leaking roofs or
Placing incompatible metals together without providing
a reliable separation material. Such incompatibility
can result in galvanic corrosion of the less noble metal,
e.g., copper will corrode cast iron, steel, tin, and
Exposing metals which were intended to be protected
from the environment.Applying paint or other coatings
to metals such as copper, bronze, or stainless steel
that were meant to be exposed.
Using cleaning methods which alter or damage the historic
color, texture, and finish of the metal; or cleaning
when it is inappropriate for the metal.
Removing the patina of historic metal. The patina may
be a protective coating on some metals, such as bronze
or copper, as well as a significant historic finish.
Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper, terneplate,
and zinc with grit blasting which will abrade the surface
of the metal.
Failing to employ gentler methods prior to abrasively
cleaning cast iron, wrought iron or steel; or using
high pressure grit blasting.
Failing to re-apply protective coating systems to metals
or alloys that require them after cleaning so that accelerated
Using new colors that are inappropriate to the historic
building or district.
Failing to assess pedestrian use or new access patterns
so that architectural metal features are subject to
damage by use or inappropriate maintenance such as salting
Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the
protection of architectural metal features.
Repairing, stabilizing, and conserving fragile architectural
metals using well-tested consolidants, when appropriate.
Repairs should be physically and visually compatible
and identifiable upon close inspection for future research.
This detail of a repaired historic cornice shows the zinc modillion and the leaf and egg and dart moldings after Preservation work, including repainting of the elements, has been completed. Photo: Michael Devonshire.
Repairing architectural metal features by patching,
piecing-in, or otherwise reinforcing the metal using
recognized preservation methods. The new work should
be unobtrusively dated to guide future research and
Removing architectural metals that could be stabilized
and conserved; or using untested consolidants and untrained
personnel, thus causing further damage to fragile historic
Removing architectural metals that could be repaired,
using improper repair techniques, or failing to document
the new work.
The following work
is highlighted to indicate that it represents
the greatest degree of intervention generally
recommended within the treatment Preservation,
and should only be considered after protection,
stabilization, and repair concerns have been addressed.
Limited Replacement in Kind
Replacing in kind extensively deteriorated
or missing parts of architectural metal features
when there are surviving prototypes such as porch
balusters, column capitals or bases, or porch
cresting. The new work should match the old in
material, design, and texture; and be unobtrusively
dated to guide future research and treatment.
Another example shows one metal modillion (left side of cornice) that has sustained damage from a faulty gutter. The damaged modillion will be replaced in kind during the Preservation work, while the intact elements of the historic cornice will be maintained and preserved.
Replacing an entire architectural metal feature
such as a column or balustrade when limited replacement
of deteriorated and missing parts is appropriate.
Using replacement material that does not match
the historic metal feature; or failing to properly
document the new work.


text:
Have you ever looked down at your pup's droppings and said to yourself "Wow, that's an odd color." Your pup's poop can come in a variety of colors, each with their own story to tell you. As a pup owner, studying your pup's poop is important to ensure that they remain healthy. So when you discover that your pup has pooped the color orange, you have to ask "what does it mean?"
Your pup's poop is naturally darker on the outside and light on the inside. A healthy pup's droppings will normally be a tan or brown color when they first unload. So if you notice that your pup has left a few orange droppings behind them, there are two possibilities to consider.
Is it something he ate?
Often times orange poop will be the outcome of certain things they ate. A change in diet or new treats can affect the tone of their droppings. Usually if the color shows up once and then disappears, it is likely that your pup's diet has changed, or perhaps even a neighbor has slipped them a treat.
If your pup's droppings are dark orange or continuously orange in color, this may be signs of intestinal problems. Some infections can cause internal bleeding, and though most times a pup's poop will be black or extreme brown when this happens, bleeding in the lower intestines can lead to fresh blood in the stool, giving it an orange color. Along with infections, parasites such as worms can also damage your pup's digestive track. If you suspect that this is a problem, take your pup to the vet immediately.
Remember to always keep track of your pup's poop, whether on walks, in the yard or in their litter box. Droppings come in all different sizes and consistencies, so those must also be factored into your analysis. You don't want to jump to conclusions, but it is always better to be safe than sorry.
So next time you take your pup out for their daily walk, stop and check out their droppings, (you should pick it up to be polite to your neighbor too) and make sure that your pup's health is in tip-top shape.


Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration
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In measure-theoretic analysis and related branches of mathematics, Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration generalizes Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, preserving the many advantages of the former in a more general measure-theoretic framework. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral with respect to a measure known as the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure, which may be associated to any function of bounded variation on the real line. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind.
Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals, named for Henri Leon Lebesgue and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, are also known as Lebesgue–Radon integrals or just Radon integrals, after Johann Radon, to whom much of the theory is due. They find common application in probability and stochastic processes, and in certain branches of analysis including potential theory.
The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)
is defined when f : [a, b] → R is Borel-measurable and bounded and g : [a, b] → R is of bounded variation in [a, b] and right-continuous, or when f is non-negative and g is monotone and right-continuous. To start, assume that f is non-negative and g is monotone non-decreasing and right-continuous. Define w((s, t]) = g(t) − g(s) and w({a}) = 0 (Alternatively, the construction works for g left-continuous, w([s,t)) = g(t) − g(s) and w({b}) = 0).
By Carathéodory's extension theorem, there is a unique Borel measure μg on [a, b] which agrees with w on every interval I. The measure μg arises from an outer measure (in fact, a metric outer measure) given by
\mu_g(E) = \inf\left\{\sum_i \mu_g(I_i) \ : \ E\subset \bigcup_i I_i \right\}
the infimum taken over all coverings of E by countably many semiopen intervals. This measure is sometimes called[1] the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure associated with g.
The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral
is defined as the Lebesgue integral of f with respect to the measure μg in the usual way. If g is non-increasing, then define
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) := -\int_a^b f(x) \,d (-g)(x),
the latter integral being defined by the preceding construction.
If g is of bounded variation and f is bounded, then it is possible to write
where g1(x) = V x
is the total variation of g in the interval [a, x], and g2(x) = g1(x) − g(x). Both g1 and g2 are monotone non-decreasing. Now the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral with respect to g is defined by
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg_1(x)-\int_a^b f(x)\,dg_2(x),
where the latter two integrals are well-defined by the preceding construction.
Daniell integral[edit]
An alternative approach (Hewitt & Stromberg 1965) is to define the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral as the Daniell integral that extends the usual Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Let g be a non-increasing right-continuous function on [a, b], and define I( f ) to be the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
I(f) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)
for all continuous functions f. The functional I defines a Radon measure on [a, b]. This functional can then be extended to the class of all non-negative functions by setting
\overline{I}(h) &= \sup \left \{I(f) \ : \ f\in C[a,b], 0\le f\le h \right \} \\
\overline{\overline{I}}(h) &= \inf \left \{I(f) \ : \ f \in C[a,b], h\le f \right \}.
For Borel measurable functions, one has
\overline{I}(h) = \overline{\overline{I}}(h),
and either side of the identity then defines the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of h. The outer measure μg is defined via
\mu_g(A) = \overline{\overline{I}}(\chi_A)
where χA is the indicator function of A.
Integrators of bounded variation are handled as above by decomposing into positive and negative variations.
Suppose that γ : [a, b] → R2 is a rectifiable curve in the plane and ρ : R2 → [0, ∞) is Borel measurable. Then we may define the length of γ with respect to the Euclidean metric weighted by ρ to be
\int_a^b \rho(\gamma(t))\,d\ell(t),
where \ell(t) is the length of the restriction of γ to [a, t]. This is sometimes called the ρ-length of γ. This notion is quite useful for various applications: for example, in muddy terrain the speed in which a person can move may depend on how deep the mud is. If ρ(z) denotes the inverse of the walking speed at or near z, then the ρ-length of γ is the time it would take to traverse γ. The concept of extremal length uses this notion of the ρ-length of curves and is useful in the study of conformal mappings.
Integration by parts[edit]
A function f is said to be "regular" at a point a if the right and left hand limits f (a+) and f (a−) exist, and the function takes the average value,
at the limiting point. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, if at each point either U or V is continuous, or if both U and V are regular, then there is an integration by parts formula for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral:
\int_a^b U\,dV+\int_a^b V\,dU=U(b+)V(b+)-U(a-)V(a-), \qquad b > a.
Under a slight generalization of this formula, the extra conditions on U and V can be dropped.[2]
An alternative result, of significant importance in the theory of Stochastic calculus is the following. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, which are both right-continuous and have left-limits (they are cadlag functions) then
U(t)V(t) = U(0)V(0) + \int_{(0,t]} U(s-)\,dV(s)+\int_{(0,t]} V(s-)\,dU(s)+\sum_{u\in (0,t]} \Delta U_u \Delta V_u,
where ΔUt = U(t) − U(t−). This result can be seen as a precursor to Itō's lemma, and is of use in the general theory of Stochastic integration. The final term is ΔU(tV(t) = d[U, V],which arises from the quadratic covariation of U and V. (The earlier result can then be seen as a result pertaining to the Stratonovich integral.)
Related concepts[edit]
Lebesgue integration[edit]
When g(x) = x for all real x, then μg is the Lebesgue measure, and the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of f with respect to g is equivalent to the Lebesgue integral of f.
Riemann–Stieltjes integration and probability theory[edit]
Where f is a continuous real-valued function of a real variable and v is a non-decreasing real function, the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is equivalent to the Riemann–Stieltjes integral, in which case we often write
\int_a^b f(x) \, dv(x)
for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral, letting the measure μv remain implicit. This is particularly common in probability theory when v is the cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable X, in which case
\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \, dv(x) = \mathrm{E}[f(X)].
(See the article on Riemann–Stieltjes integration for more detail on dealing with such cases.)
 1. ^ Halmos (1974), Sec. 15
 2. ^ Hewitt, Edwin (5 1960). "Integration by Parts for Stieltjes Integrals". The American Mathematical Monthly 67 (5): 419–423. doi:10.2307/230


Question: Is Kissing In Public Allowed In South Korea?
What happens when u kiss a girl's neck?
While the neck is generally sensitive, the area where the neck meets the collarbone is especially sensitive to touch.
This is a really great spot to kiss her if you want her to feel pleasure.
You can also kiss her neck near her jawline as well..
Is hugging a PDA?
As many people know, PDA is 'Public Display of Affection' which is showing affection to someone else in a public area. PDA can be hugging, kissing, holding hands, touching, and many more ways of showing affection. It also can be performed with any type of relationship like dating or married, friendships, and much more.
When a guy kisses your neck meaning?
The Neck Kiss When a guy's kissing your neck without biting, it means that he wants you – and that he wants you right now. Men who prefer neck kisses to typical mouth kisses may be afraid of actual emotional intimacy, though, so take note if he does this more than actual French kisses.
Is it permissible to kiss in public?
A kiss can mean absolutely anything. Some kisses can be pious and filled with respect while others can be absolutely vulgar. The vulgar sort of a kiss in public is absolutely forbidden. It is only for behind the closed doors in absolute privacy.
What is considered rude in South Korea?
What is PDA sexually?
Public displays of affection (P.D.A.) are acts of physical intimacy in the view of others. … Physical affection has been defined as "any touch intended to arouse feelings of love in the giver and/or the recipient."
But (as far as I'm aware), there are no laws against kissing in public and it's not unusual by any means. … If by "kissing in public" you meant kissing others cheek-to-cheek as a common form of greeting (as is customary in some other countries), then no, the cheek kiss is not a typical way to greet others in the USA.
Is it rude to cross your legs in Korea?
4. Don't cross your legs. It is considered rude and disrespectful to cross your legs when seated across from a superior—whether that be a supervisor or just someone who is older than you.
Why is tattoo illegal in Korea?
What should you not wear in South Korea?
If you go out wearing sweat pants or a sloppy outfit Koreans will think that you have just about given up on life. DO take the extra time to put on something nice. For girls, don't wear low cut shirts or expose your shoulders. This is considered very provocative.
What countries is it illegal to kiss in public?
You definitely don't want to mess around in Dubai, where kissing in public is illegal….According to Chinese custom, public displays of affection (PDA) are not the norm and are generally considered taboo.University of Zimbabwe. … Catholic Mass around the world. … Qatar. … India. … Indonesia. … Thailand.


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Universities Support Holding HSC Exams in 2021
NSW Vice-Chancellors' Committee
The New South Wales Vice-Chancellors' Committee (the Committee) fully supports the decision of the NSW Education Standards Agency (NESA) to give more time to HSC students to work on their major projects and to prepare for exams to reduce the impact of the current COVID-19 lockdown.
The Convener for the Committee, Professor Barney Glover AO, said the universities "appreciate that the disruptions caused by the current COVID-19 lockdown have impacted on students' focus, therefore the need for certainty is paramount.
"As we said in 2020, our position is that proceeding with the HSC examinations in 2021 provides certainty to students, parents and teachers as well as universities.
The Convener emphasised that the universities understood the difficulties faced by students and explained that universities will respond with appropriate arrangements.
"As we did successfully in 2020 when the pandemic began for that year's cohort of students, we will continue to work flexibly with NESA and the Universities Admissions Centre to ensure that admission processes can adapt in an equitable way to any changes in Year 12 assessments," Professor Glover
Given that completion of the HSC is the preferred admission pathway into many universities, Professor Glover strongly encouraged students to remain committed to completing the HSC in 2021.
Professor Glover also reminded students that there are alternative pathways into university such as bridging and foundational courses to build up knowledge and skills lost during the pandemic.
"Universities look forward to welcoming this year's graduating secondary students into courses commencing in 2022," Professor Glover said.


Edit Article
This article will teach you how to make your own tinted and flavoured lip balm, which not only gives your lips a hint of colour, but smells great and moisturises your lips. It's extremely easy and completely free.
 1. 1
 What you need is: A small jar with a lid to store the finished product, a bowl, a spoon, a microwave, petroleum jelly and red food flavouring. Optional: If you want your lip balm to have SPF in it, you can also add some of your suncream in.
 2. 2
 Take a scoop of petroleum jelly with your spoon and put it in the microwavable bowl.
 3. 3
 If you want to add some SPF in it, put some of your suncream in the bowl.
 4. 4
 Put the bowl in the microwave for 1 minute. Keep microwaving the mixture until it turns into a complete liquid.
 5. 5
 Now add colouring. You are using food colouring instead of lipsticks and eyeshadows which means it doesn't have any harm on your body even if you eat it by mistake since it's 'food' colouring which you basically put inside foods. The more colouring you add, the more redder the lip balm will be. You can also put a few drops of yellow food colouring for an orange tinted lip balm, and of course, you can also use any loose eye-shadow and pigments instead or with the food colouring.
 6. 6
 Mix the contents of the bowl really well with a spoon, stirring continuously. Keep stirring until the colour combines with the petroleum jelly, and put it in the microwave if you want the lip balm to look flat and new:) Then just simply put in in the refrigerator to keep it cool and hardened.
Now you're done!!!♡
 - Try matching the food flavouring with the colour of the lip balm. If your lip balm is bright red, consider using strawberry food colouring. If your lip balm is a very pale colour, use peppermint. If it's a golden-orange-bronze colour, use vanilla or orange flavour.
 - If you have an old eyeshadow, blush or lipstick that you really don't want, consider putting the entire thing in. Your lip balm will have fantastic pigmentation.
 - You can also label the lip balm if you want, and give it a name, such as "Super Strawberry" or "Light Lemon" or "Pink Peppermint."
 - You can add very fine glitter to the lip balm before you put it into the container.
 - You can put stickers on the lid of the jar if you want, to decorate it.
 - If you have a leftover eos, just scoop that out, add some food coloring, microwave it, scoop it back into the container, and refrigerate it.
 - Be careful when you take the bowl out of the microwave! It'll be really hot!
 - Don't use essential oil for flavouring. It is not lip safe.
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Categories: Lip Gloss and Balms
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text:
The kappa effect is a spatiotemporal illusion where duration is overestimated with the increase of space. This effect is typically demonstrated with three successive stimuli marking two neighboring empty time intervals, and the classical imputed velocity model, in principle, does not help to predict any spatial effects when only two stimuli, marking single intervals, are presented on each trial. We thus conducted three experiments, examining requirements for the occurrence of the kappa effect with only two visual stimuli. An interstimulus interval between the two stimuli was 217 (short) or 283 ms (long), and participants categorized the presented interval as'short' or 'long'. The key finding is that participants tended to respond'short' more frequently than 'long' when both stimuli were delivered from the same location, whereas the relative frequency of 'long' responses was increased when the two stimuli were delivered from different locations in most directions (i.e., horizontally, vertically, diagonally; Experiment 1). This kappa effect clearly occurred when each stimulus was located 8° apart from the fovea in visual angle, but it was reduced when each stimulus was further deviated from the fovea, regardless of whether the two stimuli were presented in the vertical or the horizontal direction (Experiments 2 and 3). Moreover, increasing the spatial distance between the two stimuli from 15 to 30 cm magnified the effect only in a limited condition (Experiment 3). Implications of these results were discussed in terms of the Bayesian model predicting the effects of spatial acuity.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
- Sensory Systems
- Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
- Cognitive Neuroscience


text:
The Department for Education (DfE) and the Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) have launched the good estate management for schools (GEMS) guidance and tools, a new manual and toolkit to support schools with good estate management. The resource brings together new and existing guidance on school estate management, and it sets out the following:
- The fundamental policies and procedures needed to manage your school's estate effectively
- Guidance on strategic estate management, organisational oversight, understanding your land and buildings, energy and water management, and managing projects
- Updated guidance on health and safety, compliance and maintenance (replacing existing guidance in essential schools maintenance)
- The skills organisations need access to, links to tools and resources that can help.
The manual is broken down into the following sections:
- Strategic estate management
- Overseeing the estate
- Health and safety
- Maintaining the estate
- Understanding the land and buildings
- Energy and water management
- Estate projects.
Depending on your role, you may not need to review every section. Some sections are of particular relevance to leaders, governors and trustees of schools. Some are aimed more at school business professionals and those involved in the day-to-day management of the estate.
The manual also includes a number of tools to help you assess and manage the estate. This includes the following:
- Organisational self-assessment
- Top 10 estate checks for boards
- Required knowledge and skills
- Tips for managing energy and water usage.
First published 26 April 2018


text:
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Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for closemouthed
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What made you want to look up closemouthed? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


A 11.7 kg block is dragged over arough, horizontal surface by a 72.3 Nforce acting at 21° above thehorizontal. The block is displaced 4.1m, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.235
(d) What is the increase in internal energy of theblock-surface system due to friction?
Eint = wrong check mark J
(e) Find the total change in the block's kinetic energy.
K = wrong check mark J
Get this answer with Chegg Study


text:
Adolphus Asher (_PHONE_): Berlin bookseller, Anglophile, and friend to Panizzi
THE London weekly The Athenceum of 1 October 1853 carried in its gossip column the following brief obituary: "Mr. Adolphus Asher, bookseller of Berlin, whose shop in the Linden Walk was the common rendezvous of literary natives and strangers in that capital, died at Venice on the 2nd of this month [September]. Mr. Asher was one ofthe continental purveyors for tbe British Museum, and his business brought him into frequent connexion with the leading literary men in this country; by whom he was respected for bis great knowledge of books, and for his ready disposition to place the advantages of his foreign connexion at the service of those to whom it might be useful. His loss will be felt by the English literary visitor at Berlin, as that of an old and agreeable friend. He died in his fifty-third year."
Adolphus Asher (_PHONE_): Berlin bookseller, Anglophile, and friend to Panizzi (PDF format), 15.2MB


text:
A team of 3D print researchers has managed to 3D print an entire jet engine.
The group, from Melbourne Australia-based Monash University, have actually printed two complete jet engines using metal 3D printing technology.
The process, which took some two years to complete, involved obtaining permission to 3D scan the internal components of an existing turbofan auxiliary power unit used in smaller aircraft. Each scanned part was then printed in solid metal using the EOS and Concept Laser gear at the Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing in Melbourne.
While these parts have been printed and assembled into a jet engine, it is not known whether the engine has been fired. This is also a key test, as the mechanical rigors of engine operation will provide a test for the strength of the 3D printed parts.
This is only a first step, a kind of demonstration. If the parts prove sufficiently strong to make up a working and durable 3D printed jet engine, then researchers can move on to leveraging 3D print technology to develop parts in new ways. In this experiment, the advantages of 3D printing, namely the ability to print any geometric shape, were not used, as the demonstration involved scanning an existing design.
Future experiments could result in engines with far fewer parts, lighter weight, improved safety, smaller occupied volumes or even unusual performance characteristics. There's a lot more to do after this first test.


text:
McDaniel College's Reading Specialist: Literacy Leadership master's degree program has partnered with Wilson Language Training to offer a new 10-credit dyslexia specialization, which includes Level I Certification in the Wilson Reading System® (WRS).
McDaniel is the first higher education institution in Maryland to partner with Wilson to offer this online certification. The Wilson Reading System is an intensive reading program for students in grades 2-12 and adults with a language-based learning disability, such as dyslexia. Based on the Orton-Gillingham approach to reading instruction, WRS is an explicit, multisensory structured literacy program that teaches the structure of the English language to systematically build strong literacy skills in struggling readers.
Wilson Language Training is accredited by the International Dyslexia Association (IDA). Its WRS Level I Certification has an Accreditation PLUS designation by IDA, which recognizes that the program aligns with IDA's Knowledge and Practice Standards for Teachers of Reading and produces educators who have engaged in intensive, supervised practicum experiences that promote applied mastery of the principles and practices of structured literacy.
McDaniel is currently accepting applications for the first cohort of this new specialization, which is scheduled to begin in August.
"Within this new certificate program, candidates develop an understanding of the characteristics of dyslexia and its impact on literacy acquisition, as well as learn techniques for multisensory structured language instruction," said Lisa Buckler, coordinator of the Reading Specialist program at McDaniel.
She added, "Researchers estimate one in five children has a language-based learning difficulties. Recent legislation in Maryland requires schools to screen and provide supplemental reading instruction for students determined to be at risk for reading disorders. This partnership with Wilson sets McDaniel apart in preparing literacy leaders to meet the needs of all students, as the Wilson Reading System is widely used in schools across the United States to help students with dyslexia and other language-based learning disabilities become fluent, independent readers."
Wilson President and Co-founder Barbara Wilson shared, "McDaniel College's longstanding Reading Specialist graduate program is known for creating literacy leaders in classrooms. We are excited to partner with this program to deliver our mission of providing professional learning that equips educators with the skills and tools they need to successfully teach individuals with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia."
For more information about this new opportunity, visit Reading Specialist: Literacy Leadership.


text: According to psychological theories of environmental affect, the physical environment moderates the walking experience and its psychological wellbeing benefits. The present paper further demonstrates that affective experiences also influence intentions to walk. A study to explore the influence of affective experiences of walking on walking intentions is reported. A sample of adults working or studying in Bristol, UK (n = 384) participated in an experiment involving virtual exposure to one of five environments, with evaluations of their affective experience and of intentions to walk in the setting. A subsample (n = 14) then took part in photo-elicited semi-structured interviews. Multiple regression analyses showed that affective experiences of walking influenced walking intentions. Interview analyses highlighted the role of traffic, city busyness, and poor aesthetics. This is the first empirical study that examines the walking experience and related walking intentions from the pedestrian perspective employing theories of environmental affect. The findings indicate that safety, comfort, and moderate sensory stimulation are crucial elements for the walking experience. Following this, a strategy to promote active mobility in the built environment can be constructed around safety, comfort, and moderate sensory stimulation by targeting the micro elements that prevent them.


text:
The separation of coal and gangue is an important process of the coal preparation technology. The conventional way of manual selection and separation of gangue from the raw coal can be replaced by computer vision technology. In the literature, research on image recognition and classification of coal and gangue is mainly based on the grayscale and texture features of the coal and gangue. However, there are few studies on characteristics of coal and gangue from the perspective of their outline differences. Therefore, the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) method is introduced in this paper to extract the geometric features of coal and gangue. Firstly, the outline curves of coal and gangue in polar coordinates are detected and achieved along the centroid, thereby the multifractal characteristics of the series are analyzed and compared. Subsequently, the modified local singular spectrum widths
of the outline curve series are extracted as the characteristic variables of the coal and gangue for pattern recognition. Finally, the extracted geometric features by MFDFA combined with the grayscale and texture features of the images are compared with other methods, indicating that the recognition rate of coal gangue images can be increased by introducing the geometric features.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


text:
Software Integration and Distribution: Overview
This section documents all the procedures and tools used for releasing the gCube system. It is intended as the central access point to information about the integration, validation, and distribution of the system for developers, software testers, release managers, and for any other actor involved in the development of the system (see Roles).
Given the large size of the gCube system, its high degree of modularity and the number of developers involved in the implementation, a set of procedures that formalize and simplify the integration, test, documentation and distribution of the software have been defined. These procedures coordinate the actions and the timing of the different actors to achieve the desired result. Section Release Procedures provides a detailed description of each procedure by listing actors and their responsibilities for each step of each procedure.
Activities in release procedures are highly automated and supported by several tools described in section Release Tools.
- Tracking System
- Integration Infrastructure
- Testing Infrastructure
- Continuous Integration
- Release Cycle
- Maintenance Release Cycle
- Documentation Writing Guidelines
- Distribution Procedure


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I'm reading Terry Gannon's Moonshine Beyond the Monster, and in section 2.4.3 he hints at (but does not explicitly describe) a way to extend the action of $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ on modular forms to an action of the braid group $B_3$. Here is what he says about this action:
First, we lift modular forms $f : \mathbb{H} \to \mathbb{C}$ to functions $\phi_f : SL_2(\mathbb{R}) \to \mathbb{C}$ as follows: let
$$\phi_f \left( \left[ \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\\ c & d \end{array} \right] \right) = f \left( \frac{ai + b}{ci + d} \right) (ci + d)^{-k}.$$
Thinking of $f$ as a function on $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ invariant under $SO_2(\mathbb{R})$, we have now exchanged invariance under $SO_2(\mathbb{R})$ for invariance under $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$. ($SO_2(\mathbb{R})$ now acts by the character corresponding to $k$.) In moduli space terms, an element $g \in SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ can be identified with the elliptic curve $\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ where $\Lambda$ has basis the first and second columns (say) of $g$, and $\phi_f$ is a function on this space invariant under change of basis but covariant under rotation.
Second, $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ admits a universal cover $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ in which the universal central extension $B_3$ of $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ sits as a discrete subgroup. Unfortunately, Gannon doesn't give an explicit description of this universal cover (presumably because it's somewhat complicated).
Question: What is a good explicit description of this universal cover and of how $B_3$ sits in it (hence of how it acts on modular forms)? In particular, does it have a moduli-theoretic interpretation related to the description of $B_3$ as the fundamental group of the space $C_3$ of unordered triplets of distinct points in $\mathbb{C}$? (These triplets $(a, b, c$) can, of course, be identified with elliptic curves $y^2 = 4(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)$.)
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up vote 8 down vote accepted
You can think of the space of positively oriented covolume-one bases of $\mathbb{R}^2$ as a torsor under $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$, i.e., it is a manifold with a simply transitive action of the group. If you choose a preferred basepoint, such as $(\mathbf{i},\mathbf{j})$, you get an identification with the group. You can think of elements of the universal cover as positively oriented area-one bases equipped with a homotopy class of paths in $\mathbb{R}^2 - \{0\}$ from $\mathbf{i}$ to the first element of the basis. There is a reasonably straightforward composition law that involves multiplying matrices and composing paths.
Gannon's description of lifting to $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ implies the lifts of even weight modular forms to $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ are invariant under the action of $B_3$. In particular, classical modular forms are rather boring from the perspective of the braid group. In order to detect the central extension, you need to consider modular forms of fractional weight. When the weight is not an integer, you don't get an action of $SO(2)$, but instead, an action of the universal cover $\mathbb{R}$. The resulting action of $B_3$ is necessarily nontrivial, since the restriction to the center is by a nontrivial character of $\mathbb{Z}$. I don't know many explicit constructions of fractional weight forms, other than half-integer weight forms like $\eta$ and theta functions, and vector-valued forms constructed from them. However, you can generate a family of examples by choosing powers of the cusp form $\Delta$, which admits a logarithm since it is globally regular and nonvanishing.
My understanding of the explicit relationship to configurations of points and elliptic curves is the following: Given a path of triples of distinct points $(a_1(t),a_2(t),a_3(t))$, we get a path on the space of elliptic curves of the form $y^2 = (x-a_1(t))(x-a_2(t))(x-a_3(t))$, but this will throw away an action of real translations and dilations (irrelevant) together with the central extension and the circle action (important). If we just look at the isomorphism types (i.e., the $j$-invariants) of the curves, we get a path through the quotient of the upper half plane by $SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$. We need to choose a discrete structure to remove the quotient by the center, and a one dimensional continuous structure to promote our space to three dimensions. To retain the angular information that we lost by passing to elliptic curve isomorphism, we fix a tangent direction at infinity to remove rotational symmetry. This tangent direction is manifested when we choose our discrete structure: a homotopy class of nonintersecting paths from the three points to infinity, because we demand that the paths asymptotically approach infinity in that direction. The elliptic curve is a double cover of the complex projective line, ramified at the three points and infinity. We can choose once and for all a uniform convention for lifting the three paths to primitive homology cycles, such that any pair generates $H_1$, and one cycle is the sum of the other two, so those two form a preferred basis. To get the parametrization of $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ from the first paragraph, we choose a preferred basepoint configuration of three points with paths from infinity and asymptotic direction, and consider a triple $(a_1(t),a_2(t),a_3(t))$ that starts at the basepoint. By uniqueness of homotopy lifting, we get a family of tangent vectors at infinity together with a family of elliptic curves with oriented bases of homology. By rescaling the bases in $\mathbb{R}^2$ to have unit covolume, we get the parametrization in the first paragraph.
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There is a straightforward way to pass between the description of $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ in my first paragraph and Robin Chapman's description, but Robin's description is not only more concise, but lends itself to nice descriptions of finite-order covers like the metaplectic group (using branches of $n$th roots of $cz+d$). – S. Carnahan Apr 4 '10 at 19:49
$\widetilde{\textit{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})}$ is not so complicated, but one of the best descriptions is just that. It has no faithful finite-dimensional representations, which makes things a little tricky. It's easy to see that $\textit{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ is topologically a solid torus, so it does have a central extension by $\mathbb{Z}$.
Another description of this central extension is to think of $PSL_2(\mathbb{R})$ acting on the hyperbolic plane. Then $\widetilde{SL_2(\mathbb{R})}$ is pairs $(g,\phi)$ where $g \in PSL_2(\mathbb{R})$ and $\phi:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is a map that induces the map from $S^1$ to $S^1$ induced by $g$ on the circle at infinity. (Note that this goes by a quotient from $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$ and then centrally extends back again.)
For the relation to $B_3$, you can think of $PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})$ as the mapping class group of the 4-times punctured sphere, with one puncture (at infinity) distinguished and required to go to itself. To go from there to its central extension $B_3$, you remove a disk (rather than a point) around infinity, and only look at isotopies that fix that boundary, which is similar to what happened at the circle at infinity above.
More generally, all mapping class groups have a unique central extension; if there's a distinguished point, you can do it in the braid-like way (looking at isotopies that fix a boundary circle), while if there isn't, you do it by lifting the map of the surface to a map from $\mathbb{H}^2$ to itself (not an isometry) and then lifting the action on the circle at infinity to a map from $\mathbb{R}$ to


A very old site on the Reciprocal System, is being deprecated and its contents have been merged into The old links from search engines should continue to work over the next year, pointing to the corresponding pages on this site. Many thanks to Jan Sammer for keeping that site going for all these years.
Welcome to the Reciprocal System of theory
The Reciprocal System of physical theory ("RS" theory) was created by chemical engineer Dewey B. Larson during the 1940s to 1950s, after noticing that properties of the elements in the Periodic Table could be easily determined if one were to assume that time had three dimensions, instead of one. Larson realized that these three, temporal dimensions had the same properties as our three, conventional spatial dimensions, which led him to the conclusion that there were actually three dimensions of space/time, each dimension of space pairing up with a dimension of time as a ratio. The inverse relation of space to time is what is commonly called speed (miles per hour, meters per second, etc), or in a more general sense, motion. By assuming that motion rather than matter was the actual building block of Nature, he was able to deduce the structure of our physical universe through natural consequences, from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy.
Around Unexpected Corners
International Society of Unified Science
Reciprocal System Research Society
Salt Lake City, UT 84106
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Vivian Grisogono
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Electrical muscle stimulation for the vastus medialis obliquus muscle (VMO) can work wonders in most knee problems.
It can also be used as to help prevent knee problems, and to protect the hips
What you need:
1.The muscle stimulator. A small simple one is the most practical.
2. Two electrodes for each muscle group, so if you intend to exercise the vastus medialis muscles on both legs simultaneously you need four electrodes. Preferably, one electrode should be slightly larger than the other in each pair, but this is not essential. You can use self-adhesive electrodes with a special gel to create contact with the skin, but the electrodes don't last for very long. I prefer to use rubber electrodes with dampened sponge pads, as the electrodes don't need replacing (unless they get damaged). Sponge pads can be cut from the household cleaning sponge cloths which are readily available in most shops selling household goods.
3. For non-adhesive electrodes, you need straps to hold the electrodes in place. These can be bands with velcro fastenings, belts, or crepe bandages, for instance.
What you do:
Prepare: If you can create your own settings on your machine, you should aim at a current of 40-50 hertz (pps); contraction phase about 4 seconds, relaxation phase 10-12 seconds; if there is what is called a ramp, you can set it to 2. The ramp is the build-up time of the current, and has to be lower than the contraction time.
If you are using rubber electrodes with damp sponges, have a bowl of warm water with the sponges in it on a table beside you, t ogether with a towel so that you can wipe your hands dry when needed. Make sure the machine is switched off and place it on the table within easy reach.
Position yourself: Sit comfortably with your legs straight out in front of you, on the floor, on a couch, or on a chair with your foot or feet up on a stool or support. Place a towel under your legs to avoid getting water on the furniture.
* Place the wet sponge pads along the inner side of your leg, making sure that the sponges are quite wet - don't squeeze the water out of them. Space the sponges so that they are well apart. The upper sponge should be about two thirds of the way up the thigh, towards the hip, while the lower one should be just above the inner side of the knee. If you have different sized electrodes, the upper electrode should be the bigger one, as the smaller one, which is directly over the nerve to the vastus medialis obliquus muscle, concentrates the current where it is needed most.
* Place the electrodes over the sponges and fix them in place with the straps. If you are using self-adhesive electrodes, apply the gel to the active surface and stick the electrodes into place. Take care not to let the strap over the lower electrode press against the top of the kneecap.
* Attach the electrode lead to the machine. (When you are more practised, you can set up the electrodes when they are already attached to the machine.)
Start the action: Turn the current up on the machine. Take care to increase the current only while the pulse is active. You will feel a slight tingling from the current at first, and then as you turn it up higher, you will feel and see the muscle contracting. Don't turn the current up too high, it should be just strong enough to create a slight movement in the muscle.
If you feel any discomfort, turn the machine off and check that the sponges are damp enough or there is enough gel on the electrodes. You can also try altering the position of the straps and the electrodes, especially the lower one. Then try again.
Activate!This is the important part. Once the electrical current is creating comfortable contractions in the vastus medialis obliquus muscle, you must activate the muscle with the current. This is what trains the nerve and muscle to work accurately and efficiently.
1. Tighten your thigh muscles slightly in time with the impulse of the current, then relax completely as the current stops. You should see your kneecap drawing upwards on the thigh and then releasing.
2. Tighten your thigh muscles more forcefully, to straighten your knee fully.
3. Place a support under your knee, such as a rolled towel, and straighten your knee over the support, trying to lift your foot off the ground. Do this if it is hard for you to sit with your leg straight out in front of you at first.
4. Place a support under your heel, such as a rolled towel or small block, and straighten your knee as hard as you can into the fully straightened position (hyperextension). Do this only in the last phase of recovery from a problem or injury.
Time, repetitions and frequency:Even if you are intending to exercise both legs simultaneously eventually, it is best to start with one leg at a time, so that you get used to the technique. Once you are confident exercising with the stimulator, you can work both legs at the same time.
* You can start with just five minutes, and build up to an hour or so if you wish. You will need to concentrate on the exercise at first, but as you become familiar with it, you will find you can do other activities such as reading or watching television while you work with the stimulator.
* You can do the slight twitching movement ("Activate" number 1) as the main part of the stimulation session, and do five repetitions of the more forceful extension exercise (number 2) at intervals. Number 4 should only be done about five times, perhaps twice within your whole session, and it should not be done if it causes pain.
* If you need to use the rolled towel under your knee (number 3), do three repetitions at a time, and relax completely in between. Only do about five minutes at a time. Try to progress as quickly as possible to placing the leg flat on the floor, and then gradually increase your session time.
* At first, you can use the stimulator two or three times a week, building up to every day if you wish. For maintenance of the vastus medialis muscle, try to use the stimulator once a week or once a fortnight as a regular routine.
Preventing knee pain: Activating the vastus medialis obliquus muscle can help head off problems if you use the stimulator whenever you have over-stressed the knees, whether by walking over hilly ground, running, skiing or cycling, or simply through sitting still for a long period, especially if your legs have been cramped, as happens in many aircraft. Using the muscle stimulator is especially useful if your knees are aching, you have had a fall, or knocked or twisted the knee. It is also surprisingly helpful if your hips have been aching: in some cases, stimulating the vastus medialis obliquus muscle can reduce or take away minor pains in the hip region. A little lightweight muscle stimulator is therefore a good thing to have at home, and to keep with you as part of your first-aid kit when you go travelling.
Caution: If you use a battery-operated machine, never plug it into the mains with a battery transformer. Only use the machine as instructed by your practitioner. For safety, don't use a muscle stimulator if you have a pacemaker fitted, metal implants or if you are pregnant, unless your specialist advises you that it is safe. Don't use a stimulator over other parts of your body, especially over the throat and neck, and don't experiment with it, on yourself or others. Never use a stimulator while you are driving or using machinery. Don't use the stimulator if it causes you pain. If in doubt, always seek advice from your practitioner..
Care of the stimulator: Keep the machine in a box or case, out of reach of children. Always detach the electrodes after use, to avoid damaging the leads. Remove the battery if you are not going to use the machine for a considerable while.
 © Vivian Grisogono 2007


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Advancing the valve timing of the engine is going to improve the firing stroke and therefore, its created power. And to guide you on this is the Jaguar Xjr knock sensor. It will generate electrical current in the event the valves are so advanced, which often launches discernible pinging or knocking sounds. This sensor uses its generated electricity as alarm to your engine computer. The engine computer operates to retard the timing of your valves in reply to the knock sensor alarm, and in old automobiles, the Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) is actually activated.
If you'll advance the VVT, ensure that your Jaguar Xjr knock sensor is operating just fine and thus, can assist you look for the safer timing of your valves. Pinging is actually the sound that the pressure waves in your combustion chamber develops when it bumps on the cylinder walls or the piston of your engine. It usually develops when your valve timing is advanced too far. But what get the sensor capable for this function is the Piezoelectric materials employed to create it.
Once your Jaguar Xjr knock sensor is bad, your own engine computer is given inaccurate details. Choose Beck Arnley, Replacement, and Delphi replacement solutions for this sensor at Parts Train!
Use our Part Fit Checker to view parts compatible with your vehicle.


Parent Country National Law & Legal Definition
A parent-country national is a person working in a country other than their country of origin. Such a person is also referred to as an expatriate. Long periods of assignment (perhaps 4 –5 years or more) may run the risk of "de facto" employee status in the host country, so that labor laws or the host country apply.
A U.S. parent-country national residing abroad still owes U.S. taxes each year on his or her worldwide income. The US has income tax treaties with over 35 other countries. The IRS and the foreign taxing authorities can exchange information on their citizens living in the other country. Qualifying U.S. citizens and residents working outside the United States are permitted to elect to exclude a portion of their foreign earned income under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). This section provides a general exclusion limited to a specified amount, another exclusion measured by foreign housing costs, and, for self-employed persons, a foreign housing cost deduction.
 1. The bona fide residence test, which requires the taxpayer to be a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period that includes a full tax year, or
 2. The physical presence test, which requires the individual to be present in a foreign country or countries at least 330 full days during a period of 12 consecutive months.


History of pocket squares
Pocket squares as a fashion accessory for formal attire have only been around since the beginning of the 20th century. Especially popular in the 1920s, men used to wear a pocket square in combination with a suit, a vest, and the era's typical fedora hat.
The origins of the pocket square:
Initially pocket squares came from the linen handkerchiefs used for personal hygiene. Handkerchiefs have been used for over 600 years. It is said that the handkerchief was invented by Richard II of England (_PHONE_) "as a little piece of cloth for the lord king to wide and clean his nose". Initially only the upper class adopted the use of a linen hankerchief, but by the 17th century the handkerchief was as quite common among all classes throughout western Europe.
Pocket Squares as a fashion accessory:
Initially handkerchiefs were placed in the trousers' pockets since it was seen as un-clean to show a "used" handerchief in the visible breast pocket of a man's jacket. As 2 piece suits came into fashion in the 19th century, many men started to place their clean pocket square into the breast pocket of their jacket to protect it from dirt and other objects, such as coins, in their trousers' pockets. After use the pocket square would move from the breast pocket to the trousers' pockets.
The look of the pocket square in the breast pocket became more popular, especially after specific folding techinques came into use. By the 1920s the pocket square had become more of a fashion accessory than having any other purpose. Often times men had a poacket square in their breast pocket, and another handerchief in their trousers meant for wiping their hands or cleaning their nose.
Later on, during the 40s and 50s the linen handkerchiefs were viewed us unhygenic. The kleenex company, founded in 1924, was the first company to make disposable handkerchiefs. As a result, the linen handkershief was replaced, and only used as a fashion accessory in form of a pocket square. Pocket squares are still today a very fashionable piece of accessory for any formal or even business attire.
Pocket Squares and Handkerchief history: How did the pocket square become a fashion accessory for men.
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text:
factor is used to encode a vector as a factor (the
terms 'category' and 'enumerated type' are also used for
factors). If argument
TRUE, the factor
levels are assumed to be ordered. For compatibility with S there is
also a function
are the membership and coercion functions for these classes.
factor(x = character(), levels, labels = levels, exclude = NA, ordered = is.ordered(x), nmax = NA) ordered(x,...) is.factor(x) is.ordered(x) as.factor(x) as.ordered(x) addNA(x, ifany = FALSE)
a vector of data, usually taking a small number of distinct values.
an optional vector of the unique values (as character strings)
either an optional character vector of
labels for the levels (in the same order as
a vector of values to be excluded when forming the
set of levels. This may be factor with the same level set as
logical flag to determine if the levels should be regarded as ordered (in the order given).
an upper bound on the number of levels; see 'Details'.
only add an
The type of the vector
x is not restricted; it only must have
as.character method and be sortable (by
Ordered factors differ from factors only in their class, but methods and the model-fitting functions treat the two classes quite differently.
The encoding of the vector happens as follows. First all the values
exclude are removed from
levels[j], then the
i-th element of the result is
j. If no match is found for
(which will happen for excluded values) then the
of the result is set to
Normally the 'levels' used as an attribute of the result are
the reduced set of levels after removing those in
this can be altered by supplying
labels. This should either
be a set of new labels for the levels, or a character string, in
which case the levels are that character string with a sequence
factor(x, exclude = NULL) applied to a factor without
NAs is a no-operation unless there are unused levels: in
that case, a factor with the reduced level set is returned. If
exclude is used, since R version 3.4.0, excluding non-existing
character levels is equivalent to excluding nothing, and when
exclude is a
character vector, that is
applied to the levels of
exclude can be factor with the same level set as
x and will exclude the levels present in
The codes of a factor may contain
NA. For a numeric
exclude = NULL to make
NA an extra
level (prints as
); by default, this is the last level.
NA is a level, the way to set a code to be missing (as
opposed to the code of the missing level) is to
is.na on the left-hand-side of an assignment (as in
is.na(f)[i] <- TRUE; indexing inside
is.na does not work).
Under those circumstances missing values are currently printed as
, i.e., identical to entries of level
is.factor is generic: you can write methods to handle
specific classes of objects, see InternalMethods.
levels is not supplied,
unique is called.
Since factors typically have quite a small number of levels, for large
x it is helpful to supply
nmax as an upper bound
on the number of unique values.
Since R 4.1.0, when using
c to combine a (possibly
ordered) factor with other objects, if all objects are (possibly
ordered) factors, the result will be a factor with levels the union of
the level sets of the elements, in the order the levels occur in the
level sets of the elements (which means that if all the elements have
the same level set, that is the level set of the result), equivalent
unlist operates on a list of factor objects.
factor returns an object of class
"factor" which has a
set of integer codes the length of
x with a
attribute of mode
character and unique
!anyDuplicated(.)) entries. If argument
is true (or
ordered() is used) the result has class
Undocumentedly for a long time,
factor(x) loses all
"names", and resets
factor to an ordered or unordered factor returns a
factor (of the same type) with just the levels which occur: see also
[.factor for a more transparent way to achieve this.
FALSE depending on
whether its argument is of type factor or not. Correspondingly,
TRUE when its argument is an ordered
as.factor coerces its argument to a factor.
It is an abbreviated (sometimes faster) form of
x if this is ordered, and
addNA modifies a factor by turning
NA into an extra
level (so that
NA values are counted in tables, for instance).
.valid.factor(object) checks the validity of a factor,
levels(object), and returns
TRUE if it is
valid, otherwise a string describing the validity problem. This
function is used for
The interpretation of a factor depends on both the codes and the
"levels" attribute. Be careful only to compare factors with
the same set of levels (in the same order). In particular,
as.numeric applied to a factor is meaningless, and may
happen by implicit coercion. To transform a factor
approximately its original numeric values,
as.numeric(levels(f))[f] is recommended and slightly more
The levels of a factor are by default sorted, but the sort order may well depend on the locale at the time of creation, and should not be assumed to be ASCII.
There are some anomalies associated with factors that have
NA as a level. It is suggested to use them sparingly, e.g.,
only for tabulation purposes.
"ordered" methods for the
provide methods for the Comparison operators,
and for the
range generics in
"ordered". (The rest of the groups and the
Math group generate an error as they
are not meaningful for factors.)
!= can be used for factors: a factor can
only be compared to another factor with an identical set of levels
(not necessarily in the same ordering) or to a character vector.
Ordered factors are compared in the same way, but the general dispatch
mechanism precludes comparing ordered and unordered factors.
All the comparison operators are available for ordered factors. Collation is done by the levels of the operands: if both operands are ordered factors they must have the same level set.
In earlier versions of R, storing character data as a factor was more space efficient if there is even a small proportion of repeats. However, identical character strings now share storage, so the difference is small in most cases. (Integer values are stored in 4 bytes whereas each reference to a character string needs a pointer of 4 or 8 bytes.)
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
[.factor for subsetting of factors.
gl for construction of balanced factors and
C for factors with specified contrasts.
nlevels for accessing the
unclass to get integer codes.
(ff <- factor(substring("statistics", 1:10, 1:10), levels = letters)) as.integer(ff) # the internal codes (f. <- factor(ff)) # drops the levels that do not occur ff[, drop = TRUE] # the same, more transparently factor(letters[1:20], labels = "letter") class(ordered(4:1)) # "ordered", inheriting from "factor" z <- factor(LETTERS[3:1], ordered = TRUE) ## and "relational" methods work: stopifnot(sort(z)[c(1,3)] == range(z), min(z) < max(z)) ## suppose you want "NA" as a level, and to allow missing values. (x <- factor(c(1, 2, NA), exclude = NULL)) is.na(x) <- TRUE x # 1 is.na(x) # FALSE TRUE FALSE ## More rational, since R 3.4.0 : factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = "" ) # keeps , as factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = NULL) # always did ## exclude = z # ordered levels 'A < B < C' factor(z, exclude = "C") # does exclude factor(z, exclude = "B") # ditto ## Now, labels maybe duplicated: ## factor() with duplicated labels allowing to "merge levels" x <- c("Man", "Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female") ## Map from 4 different values to only two levels: (xf <- factor(x, levels = c("Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female"), labels = c("Male", "Male", "Female", "Female"))) #> Male Male Male Female Female #> Levels: Male Female ## Using addNA() Month <- airquality$Month table(addNA(Month)) table(addNA(Month, ifany = TRUE))
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DAB Transmission System Simulation
DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is the radio digital system developed as an european standard by the ETSI, EN 300 400, based on the Eureka-147 group works, to improve the performance of the analogue radio systems (AM and FM). The system is based on the OFDM technology which allows DAB to exploit the spectrum frequencies in a better way with a higher quality of sound for mobile receivers specially. The main part of the OFDM system is based on the FFT algorithms to spread the data flow over different orthogonal carriers. The simulation has been developed in SimulinkTMand MatlabTMand the layout designed follows faithfully the standard for the transmission system. The simulation can be reloaded by the user with the information presented in this thesis. Thus, this work can be continued to complete the DAB whole system simulation. The results obtained running this simulation show the main DAB system characteristics.
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:dab terrestrial digital broadcasting ofdm cofdm ifft fft sfn simulink sup tm differential modulator
Date of Publication:01/01/2004