2月 132019
When you use maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to find the parameter estimates in a generalized linear regression model, the Hessian matrix at the optimal solution is very important. The Hessian matrix indicates the local shape of the log-likelihood surface near the optimal value. You can use the Hessian to estimate the covariance matrix of the parameters, which in turn is used to obtain estimates of the standard errors of the parameter estimates. Sometimes SAS programmers ask how they can obtain the Hessian matrix at the optimal solution. This article describes three ways:
 - For some SAS regression procedures, you can store the model and use the SHOW HESSIAN statement in PROC PLM to display the Hessian.
 - Some regression procedures support the COVB option ("covariance of the betas") on the MODEL statement. You can compute the Hessian as the inverse of that covariance matrix.
 - The NLMIXED procedure can solve general regression problems by using MLE. You can use the HESS option on the PROC NLMIXED statement to display the Hessian.
The next section discusses the relationship between the Hessian and the estimate of the covariance of the regression parameters. Briefly, they are inverses of each other. You can download the complete SAS program for this blog post.
Hessians, covariance matrices, and log-likelihood functions
The Hessian at the optimal MLE value is related to the covariance of the parameters. The literature that discusses this fact can be confusing because the objective function in MLE can be defined in two ways. You can maximize the log-likelihood function, or you can minimize the NEGATIVE log-likelihood.
In statistics, the inverse matrix is related to the covariance matrix of the parameters. A full-rank covariance matrix is always positive definite. If you maximize the log-likelihood, then the Hessian and its inverse are both negative definite. Therefore, statistical software often minimizes the negative log-likelihood function. Then the Hessian at the minimum is positive definite and so is its inverse, which is an estimate of the covariance matrix of the parameters. Unfortunately, not every reference uses this convention.
For details about the MLE process and how the Hessian at the solution relates to the covariance of the parameters, see the PROC GENMOD documentation. For a more theoretical treatment and some MLE examples, see the Iowa State course notes for Statistics 580.
Use PROC PLM to obtain the Hessian
I previously discussed how to use the STORE statement to save a generalized linear model to an item store, and how to use PROC PLM to display information about the model. Some procedures, such as PROC LOGISTIC, save the Hessian in the item store. For these procedures, you can use the SHOW HESSIAN statement to display the Hessian. The following call to PROC PLM continues the PROC LOGISTIC example from the previous post. (Download the example.) The call displays the Hessian matrix at the optimal value of the log-likelihood. It also saves the "covariance of the betas" matrix in a SAS data set, which is used in the next section.
/* PROC PLM provides the Hessian matrix evaluated at the optimal MLE */
proc plm restore=PainModel;
 show Hessian CovB;
 ods output Cov=CovB;
Not every SAS procedure stores the Hessian matrix when you use the STORE statement. If you request a statistic from PROC PLM that is not available, you will get a message such as the following: NOTE: The item store WORK.MYMODEL does not contain a Hessian matrix. The option in the SHOW statement is ignored.
Use the COVB option in a regression procedure
Many SAS regression procedures support the COVB option on the MODEL statement. As indicated in the previous section, you can use the SHOW COVB statement in PROC PLM to display the covariance matrix. A full-rank covariance matrix is positive definite, so the inverse matrix will also be positive definite. Therefore, the inverse matrix represents the Hessian at the minimum of the NEGATIVE log-likelihood function. The following SAS/IML program reads in the covariance matrix and uses the INV function to compute the Hessian matrix for the logistic regression model:
proc iml;
use CovB nobs p; /* open data; read number of obs (p) */
 cols = "Col1":("Col"+strip(char(p))); /* variable names are Col1 - Colp */
 read all var cols into Cov; /* read COVB matrix */
 read all var "Parameter"; /* read names of parameters */
Hessian = inv(Cov); /* Hessian and covariance matrices are inverses */
print Hessian[r=Parameter c=Cols F=BestD8.4];
You can see that the inverse of the COVB matrix is the same matrix that was displayed by using SHOW HESSIAN in PROC PLM. Be aware that the parameter estimates and the covariance matrix depend on the parameterization of the classification variables. The LOGISTIC procedure uses the EFFECT parameterization by default. However, if you instead use the REFERENCE parameterization, you will get different results. If you use a singular parameterization, such as the GLM parameterization, some rows and columns of the covariance matrix will contain missing values.
Define your own log-likelihood function
SAS provides procedures for solving common generalized linear regression models, but you might need to use MLE to solve a nonlinear regression model. You can use the NLMIXED procedure to define and solve general maximum likelihood problems. The PROC NLMIXED statement supports the HESS and COV options, which display the Hessian and covariance of the parameters, respectively.
To illustrate how you can get the covariance and Hessian matrices from PROC NLMIXED, let's define a logistic model and see if we get results that are similar to PROC LOGISTIC. We shouldn't expect to get exactly the same values unless we use exactly the same optimization method, convergence options, and initial guesses for the parameters. But if the model fits the data well, we expect that the NLMIXED solution will be close to the LOGISTIC solution.
The NLMIXED procedure does not support a CLASS statement, but you can use another SAS procedure to generate the design matrix for the desired parameterization. The following program uses the OUTDESIGN= option in PROC LOGISTIC to generate the design matrix. Because PROC NLMIXED requires a numerical response variable, a simple data step encodes the response variable into a binary numeric variable. The call to PROC NLMIXED then defines the logistic regression model in terms of a binary log-likelihood function:
/* output design matrix and EFFECT parameterization */
proc logistic data=Neuralgia outdesign=Design outdesignonly;
 class Pain Sex Treatment;
 model Pain(Event='Yes')= Sex Age Duration Treatment; /* use NOFIT option for design only */
/* PROC NLMIXED required a numeric response */
data Design;
 set Design;
 PainY = (Pain='Yes');
ods exclude IterHistory;
proc nlmixed data=Design COV HESS;
 parms b0 -18 bSexF bAge bDuration bTreatmentA bTreatmentB 0;
 eta = b0 + bSexF*SexF + bAge*Age + bDuration*Duration +
 bTreatmentA*TreatmentA + bTreatmentB*TreatmentB;
 p = logistic(eta); /* or 1-p to predict the other category */
 model PainY ~ binary(p);
Success! The parameter estimates and the Hessian matrix are very close to those that are computed by PROC LOGISTIC. The covariance matrix of the parameters, which requires taking an inverse of the Hessian matrix, is also close, although there are small differences from the LOGISTIC output.
In summary, this article shows three ways to obtain the Hessian matrix at the optimum for an MLE estimate of a regression model. For some SAS procedures, you can store the model and use PROC PLM to obtain the Hessian. For procedures that support the COVB option, you can use PROC IML to invert the covariance matrix. Finally, if you can define the log-likelihood equation, you can use PROC NLMIXED to solve for the regression estimates and output the Hessian at the MLE solution.
The post 3 ways to obtain the Hessian at the MLE solution for a regression model appeared first on The DO Loop.
 Leave a Reply


Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title: Francis Ebejer as a novelist : a leap into probability
Authors: Briffa, Charles
Keywords: Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_. Leap of Malta Dolphins
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_. Come Again in Spring
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_. Requiem for a Malta Fascist
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_. Wild Spell of Summer
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_ -- Criticism and interpretation
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_ -- Themes and motives
Ebejer, Francis, _PHONE_. In the Eye of the Sun
Issue Date: 2002
Publisher: De La SaIle Brothers Publications
Citation: Briffa, C. (2002). Francis Ebejer as a novelist : a leap into probability. In: S. J. A. Clews (ed.), The Malta Year Book 2002. Malta: De La SaIle Brothers Publications, pp. 550-563.
Abstract: Anyone interested in Maltese novelists and their works is likely to deal with the relatively recent adaptation of the form in Maltese literature. When we come to analyse the contemporary novel, which is often psycho-social in nature, then we are bound to consider how it differs from the historical novel of the romantic period. Affirming that the modern differs substantially from that of the past, as is commonly assumed, then our next task is to discover the reason why it appeared in its new robe when it did. The change came in a time of great political shift, when the Maltese national self was seeking (and maybe is still seeking) self-assertion? This affirmation leads to another question: how does a single novelist manage to reveal the national self? A writer like Francis Ebejer (_PHONE_) does it through the odd individual who starts as an alienated figure, set apart from the rest of the cast, but who finds himself entangled in circumstances in which he traps others. This alienated individual operates in an environment"- a local onebut he assumes universal dimension because he is representative of the contemporary intellectual who indulges in a glimpse of the future.
Appears in Collections:Malta Yearbook : 2002
Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
 Restricted Access
651.23 kBAdobe PDFView/Open Request a copy


text:
Tell Time Like Early Navigators
Flash back to the 15th century with this model of the very first star dials used by navigators to tell time. This ancient tool still works accurately, because is based on the North Star, which is almost directly on the axis of the Earth's axis of rotation and always appears in the same position in the sky.
Simply set the middle wheel to the month, hold the dial upside down, and sight the North Star through the center hole. Move the top of the dial's arm to align with the uppermost stars of the Big Dipper, and read the time on the inner dial where the arm crosses the hour mark. The reverse side is outlines of the major constellations. Pewter finishes; comes with instructions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


10 Genius Decorations Inspired by Train or Train Track
Toy trains and tracks are really fun. When I was a child, my biggest dream was to have a toy train set I would always enjoy playing with them. Most children love toy trains, but they are not only for playing, there are a lot of brilliant DIY home decorations and garden projects inspired by train set. If you are a train lover and want to make something unusual for your kid's room or decorating projects, then you are on the right place to be.
1. Make train tracks out of pool noodles, its sprinklers will let your kids love to play outside in the sun.
Source: play-trains.com
2. Train bed is perfect for a boy's room:
Above project tutorial ====> instructables.com Bottom project tutorial ====> instructables.com
3. Dining table made of wood tiles with railroad tracks for food trains:
Source: dailymail.co.uk
4. Make a train track along front yard walkway. You don't need much more stuff to build it, just tape with electrical tape and voila:
Above Image Source: ladyslittleloves.com Bottom Image Source: nstardiebirthdayparties.blogspot.com
5. Simply use several packs of aluminum loaf pans and a roll of electrical tape to make a snack train:
Above Image Source: pinterly.com Bottom Image Source: facebook.com
6. Set the wooden railway together with chalkboard to the wall for your daily MEMO:
Source: behangfabriek.com
7. Made from old wine barrels to small logs, these DIY train planters will improve the look of your garden:
Source Unknown.
Or you can build a garden bed like a train:
Source Unknown.
8. Suspended train track. Is it a cool way to decorate a bedroom or a playroom ceiling:
Source: designdazzle.com
9. DIY wall train track is perfect for a train themed playroom:
Get tutorial for above project from here ====> babymakingmachine.com
10. Create a wooden rail track and mini houses in your garden to give hours of fun to your kids:
Source: _URL_ Puzzles Connection


text:
July 12, 1996 Auglaize County Earthquake
(from Fall 1987 Ohio Geology)
In contrast to the 5.0 Richter magnitude earthquake in Lake County on January 31, 1986, the quake that struck Auglaize County in western Ohio on July 12, 1986, drew comparatively little attention. Although the Auglaize County earthquake was smaller (4.5 Richter magnitude), it was strongly felt in most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, and West Virginia.
Proposed faults, major instrumentally located earth quakes, and distribution of seismic stations in the University of Michigan's Anna network in the western Ohio seismic zone.
It is probable that the early hour (4:19 a.m., EDT), the day (Saturday), and, by no small means, the fact that the July 12 event was not located near a nuclear power plant all contributed to the lesser attention given the July earthquake.
This earthquake was centered in western Auglaize County, near St. Marys. Damages were relatively minor. Electric power to about 30 homes in St. Marys was disrupted and the Joint Township District Memorial Hospital in this community suffered cracked plaster and dislodged floor tiles. Little additional damages were reported.
The 1986 Auglaize County earthquake occurred on the Anna-Champaign fault, a northwest-southeast-trending structure that has been interpreted to extend from Champaign County through Shelby, Auglaize, and Mercer Counties. This fault passes beneath the Shelby County community of Anna, the site of the most extensive earthquake damages in Ohio, in 1937.
Two earthquakes, on March 2 and March 9, 1937, had Richter magnitudes of 4.7 and 4.9, respectively, and caused considerable damage in the town of Anna. Although these events were reported at the time to have had epicenters at Anna and were later reported to have had Richter magnitudes as high as 5.5, recent analysis of the seismic records by seismologists at the U.S. Geological Survey have adjusted the magnitudes downward and relocated the epicenters. These newly assigned epicenters are in the general vicinity of the epicenter of the July 12, 1986, event, although the paucity of seismographs in 1937 makes such relocations somewhat imprecise.
The July 12, 1986, St. Marys earthquake casts some doubt on the relocated epicenters of the 1937 events. There has been speculation that Anna received the brunt of damages from the 1937 earthquakes because the community is located directly above the sediment-filled valley of the preglacial Teays River. This ancient river apparently followed the trace of the Anna-Champaign fault until it was obliterated by an early Pleistocene glacier and its valley was filled with nearly 500 feet of glacial sediment. The speculation is that ground motion is amplified by these unconsolidated sediments in the Teays River valley and that Anna, located over the buried valley, receives a greater degree of shaking than nearby communities located on shallow bedrock.
If this relationship was completely accurate, the 1986 earthquake at St. Marys in Auglaize County should have caused considerable shaking and perhaps some damages in Anna, similar to that of the 1937 events. This does not, however, appear to be the case and suggests that the 1937 earthquakes may have been closer to and perhaps southeast of Anna. Douglas Christensen of the University of Michigan has reached a similar conclusion corroborated by a seismic record made by a Jesuit priest in Wapakoneta (Auglaize County, north of Anna) on a three-component seismograph during the 1937 earthquakes. According to Christensen, first motion data from these events indicate that the 1937 quakes could not have been in the quadrant southwest of Wapakoneta (where the 1937 quakes were recently relocated by the U.S. Geological Survey) and they were most likely in the southeast quadrant, which would place them at or southeast of Anna.
Isoseismal map depicting Modified Mercalli intensities experienced during the July 12, 1986, western Ohio earthquake. Courtesy of Carl Stover, U.S. Geological Survey.
Such a relocation of the 1937 earthquakes would appear to be more consistent with the felt reports and damages from these events and would fit the observed pattern of shaking during the 1986 earthquake. This exercise in speculation emphasizes the uncertainty involved in locating historic earthquakes from which there are no seismic records or, as in the case of the 1937 Anna events, only sparse instrumental records. The degree of uncertainty of epicenter location, or the "error ellipse" associated with a particular historic earthquake, becomes even greater with many older events for which there are only sparse newspaper accounts.
Interestingly, the July 12, 1986, earthquake was not accompanied by foreshocks or aftershocks. The epicenter was located within the Anna network, a series of nine seismic stations operated from 1977 to 1992 by the Seismological Observatory of the University of Michigan. This network had the capacity to record very small microearthquakes in the area and would have recorded even tiny aftershocks.
The highest Modified Mercalli intensity observed for the July earthquake was VI, and confined to a small area surrounding the epicenter. Intensities of V were generally observed in a broader area surrounding the epicenter; however, several isolated areas of intensity V were delineated from isoseismal studies by Carl Stover of the U.S. Geological Survey. These areas are in northern Clermont County and along the Adams-Brown County line near the Ohio River. A small area of intensity V was reported in northern Union County. The reasons for these isolated areas of intensity V are uncertain.
Data for July 12, 1986, Western Ohio Earthquake
*UTC, Universal Coordinated Time, is equal to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is used to standardize all earthquakes. To convert to local time (Eastern Standard Time) subtract 5 hours (4 hours for Daylight Savings Time)from UTC. Note that events that occur in early morning hours on UTC are listed a day later than local time.
|Date (UTC) *
||Origin Time (UTC)
|| Lat. °N
|| Long. °W
Although the epicentral region, commonly referred to as the Anna area or the western Ohio seismic zone, has experienced at least 38 felt earthquakes since 1875, the origins of these earthquakes are still poorly understood. In part, this lack of understanding is because most of these events were not recorded on seismographs.
The July 12 earthquake was only the second one of any appreciable size to have occurred within the University of Michigan network since its installation in 1977. The first earthquake was on June 17, 1977, near Celina. The July 12 event was the first one in this area from which significant data could be derived. Analysis of the data from this earthquake by Christensen indicates that the Anna-Champaign fault is a near-vertical plane and movement was left-lateral strike-slip along this northwest-oriented fault.
Although the Anna area is the seismically most active region of the state, geologists currently have only minimal understanding of the geology of basement rocks in the region. There is some speculation that the Anna-Champaign fault is associated with a proposed failed rift zone in western Ohio. However, until additional data are derived from future earthquakes, deep drilling, and other investigations of basement geology in western Ohio, the cause of earthquakes in this area will remain speculative.
---Michael C. Hansen
Last update March 04, 2003


Robotic rings for wearable robotic interaction
Robotic rings for wearable robotic interaction
These robotic rings that imitate eye and mouth movements are being developed by a research group at Keio University.
"The robot has electromagnetic motors in the eyes, which are controlled electrically. This bottom part contains a microcontroller to move the eyes, and a battery."
"Until now, robots have usually communicated with people from a distance. That's also true of pet robots like AIBO, and androids. Until now, robots haven't been attached to the human body. We've designed this ring-shaped robot as an entertaining communication device, like an accessory that's fun to wear, to help wearable robots progress beyond the research stage."
At present, the robot is controlled using a special-purpose microcontroller and a PC. But future improvements should enable it to sense motion by the wearer and people nearby, so it can move automatically.
"First of all, this device resembles a toy. So we want to make it more like a character, like when children or their parents play finger games. That would enable a new form of interactive play. We'd also like to incorporate this robot into the way children use their hands to communicate with each other."
blog comments powered by Disqus


text: Animals have genetic mishaps just like people, and one such case has been discovered in the Mombo area of Botswana's Okavango Delta. Maned lionesses have been regularly spotted there since 2002. These maned lionesses look exactly like males therefore making them safer, since other animals are more scared to steal food or attack the pride. This phenomena most likely occurs because the fetus is exposed to higher than normal androgen levels ( male hormones such as testosterone ) during gestation period. The president of the big-cat conservation group Panthera, Luke Hunter believes that there's a possibility of the lion population in that area being genetically predisposed to this phenomena.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Pandemic driving Kenyans into jaws of mental health issues
Tuesday June 23 2020
A report shows that Kenyans are anxious, lonely, confused, stressed, helpless and angry as Covid-19 positive cases continue to increase every day. PHOTO | FILE | NATION MEDIA GROUP
Do you often feel irritable or have the constant feeling of wanting to be alone and isolate yourself from others? Are you drinking a bit too much or starting to have unhealthy coping mechanisms? If so, you could be experiencing depression.
Depression is among the most common mental illnesses globally, affecting more than 1.9 million people in Kenya alone. In the past decade, cases of suicide in the country have risen at an alarming rate of 58 per cent with data showing that more men are likely to die through suicide than women.
According to mental health advocate Victor Khamisi, the problem could lie on the extensive burden of masculinity, which has often been used against men as they are viewed immune to and devoid of feelings or expressing emotions.
"Men are constantly stigmatised and seen as superhuman. However, when left alone, men battle serious trauma that leads to depression and in some extreme cases, suicide. I know this because I have experienced it before," he said.
The 26-year-old, who has battled depression since childhood, says he was taught that men are not supposed to show emotion and he should take every challenge thrown to him 'like a man'. This expectation of society consequently resulted to him attempting suicide three times.
Being a victim of sodomy as a teenager, Mr Khamisi was in constant emotional and physical pain, yet he never spoke out. Even after he moved out of his uncle's home, he faced constant rejection that took a heavy toll on him.
"Because of the constant abuse, I decided to go live in the streets. I still had a lot of unresolved issues which led to further depression. I remember trying to take my life twice by drinking acid," an emotional Mr Khamisi says.
Psychiatrist Lukoye Atwoli says depression in men requires keen observation, noting that it is crucial for people to familiarize themselves with the diagnostic criteria in persons presenting with symptoms.
Depression is mainly characterised by the onset of low moods or loss of interest in usual activities. This is accompanied by other behaviour including changes in appetite or weight, changes in sleep quality and quantity, excessive guilt, sense of worthlessness or hopelessness, irritability and often suicidal thoughts or behaviour.
"Anyone experiencing these symptoms should seek a consultation with a mental health professional. Depression is treatable and most people are able to continue with their normal life after treatment," he said.
Khamisi said people do not take time to really look beyond the surface and find out why others behave the way they do. "I was battling serious internal demons. As I never spoke of my past trauma, many aspects of my life got affected. I could never hold a job for long, I would often come late, under perform and eventually get fired," he said.
The causes of mental illness in men can be classified in three broad categories that interact with each other in complex ways. The first is biological, which include genetic factors which determines one's predisposition or risk of getting a particular illness.
"Other biological factors include brain development and structure, illnesses that could have affected the nervous system, head injury, and general state of physical health, including presence of chronic illnesses," Dr Atwoli noted.
Psychological and social factors also play a role in mental illness, where the former involves aspects of personality and coping mechanisms, while the latter includes how episodes of illnesses are dealt with as well as the state of the environment of the victim.
"Where you grew up or live, who you live with, what is considered socially acceptable behaviour, and quality of interpersonal relationships are important social factors that can contribute to one's state of mind," he added.
To effectively tackle male depression, men need to be encouraged to talk freely about their feelings. However, Psychiatric Disability Organisation (PDO) Kenya founder Iregi Mwenja says society is not used to men voicing out their issues, noting that such efforts are often mocked, met with outright hostility and labelled chauvinism.
"There is a normalised subjugation of male problems and attacks on masculinity which has a significant contribution to rising cases of mental issues, including increased violence among men," he said.
Mr Mwenja, whose organisation provides free mental health services expressed concern that a few men are open to seeking treatment.
"There has been more focus on women rights, but it is important to note that men's rights are human rights and today's marginalization of men should be addressed with equal sensitivity if not more as women issues," he said.
While trying to tackle issues surrounding mental health, Mr Mwenja emphasises on breaking the social perspective of 'toxic masculinity' which he says has led to the misunderstanding of issues men face.
To rectify this, he says that society needs to start adopting strategies that look at men and masculinity as allies in men's mental health, noting that a change of perception will be help win this battle and not changing an inherent trait of a man.
Further, a report has shown that Kenyans are anxious, lonely, confused, stressed, helpless and angry as Covid-19 positive cases continue to increase every day.
They could probably be depressed, with an Infotrak research showing that 81 per cent of the population feel anxious and stressed about what is happening.
The research shows that 61 per cent of Kenyans feel lonely, 52 per cent feel helpless and 33 per cent feel angry.
As such, Health CS Mutahi Kagwe on Sunday described depression as "a silent, invisible killer that is affecting our nation and the globe."
Mr Kagwe said Covid-19 had affected Kenyans lives, and particularly their mental health "in ways untold."
According to the Health CS, the public health actions which the government took to combat the spread of the novel corona virus have brought about anxiety and feelings of isolation while for other Kenyans, the containment measures have yielded feelings of suffocation.
Some of the measures the government took include curfew, cessation of movement, social-distancing, wearing of masks, washing of hands and sanitizing.
"Such measures can produce a wide range of psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, feelings of confusion, anger and fear, and even substance misuse," says Dr Habil Otanga, a lecturer at the Department of Psychology, UoN.
In a write-up, Dr Otanga says "overwhelming feelings of boredom, loneliness, anger, isolation and frustration are related to poor mental health outcomes."


text:
Glanford Brigg Poor Law Union
- As a result of the Poor Law Amendment Act reform of 1834, 50 Brigg-area parishes covering 252 square miles in Lincolnshire, just south of the River Humber, became part of the Glanford Brigg Poor Law Union which was formally constituted on 18 January 1837. The count of parishes increased over the years as new parishes formed in the district. See an expanded history at the Peter Higganbotham site.
- This Poorlaw region covered 165,470 acres of land.
- The Registration District had three subdistricts: Brigg, Barton and Winterton. The Winterton subdistrict was originally called the Messingham subdistrict (this changed between 1842 and 1872).
- A workhouse was built on Wrawby Street, at the entrance to the town from Wrawby parish. It was built in 1835-37 of white brick, designed to hold 220 inmates. It had a detached fever ward. A new infirmary was erected in 1914-15. A photo of the infirmary is at: Workhouse Infirmary
- The Board of Guardians met on alternate Thursdays at the workhouse.
- The workhouse later became "Glanford Hospital". This closed in 1991. The buildings were later demolished, with the exception of the infirmary.
- The Lincolnshire Archives has the Guardians' minute books _PHONE_; the Minutes of Committees 1912-30, Register of Inmates 1928-37; Register of Births _PHONE_; Boarding out 1912-30; etc. All records are subject to 100-year closure for privacy.
- For a map of the area, see: Alan Godfrey maps.
- For more on what the LFHS and the Lincoln Archives have on Lincolnshire Poor Law records, see our Poorhouses page.
||H.O. 107 / 2116
- 1842: Relieving officer: Charles CAPES.
- 1856: Sir Robert SHEFFIELD, baronet, Chairman of the Board of Guardians; John HETT, clerk; Rev. J. R. WEST, chaplain; George EMPRINGHAM, workhouse master; Mrs. EMPRINGHAM, matron. Relieving officers: Thomas JAMESON, William MASON and Charles CLAY.
- 1872: Rowland WINN, Chairman of the Board of Guardians; John HETT, clerk; Rev. J. R. WEST, chaplain; George EMPRINGHAM, workhouse master; Mrs. EMPRINGHAM, matron. Relieving officers: George WRIGHT, William MASON and Charles CLAY.
- 1881: Henry GIBSON, workhouse master; Mrs. Caroline Hall GIBSON, matron. Miss Emily OWENS, schoolmistress; Miss Charlotte GRADY, Nurse; Miss Harriet ANDREWS, Nurse; Thomas HILL, Porter.
- 1913: Rev. George GODFREY, Chairman of the Board of Guardians; John BEAULAH, Vice Chairman; Richard Fox SMITH, Vice Chairman; Frank C. HETT, clerk; Alexander S. L. MELVILLE, Treasurer; Rev. A. N. CLAYE, chaplain; H. F. GIBSON, workhouse master; Mrs. GIBSON, matron. Relieving officers: Elwood Alfred ELWOOD, Walter Arnold TAYLOR, Joseph H. KENDALL.
Find help, report problems, or contribute information.
[Last updated: 30-April-2007 - Louis Mills]


text:
Likelihood ratios are increasingly being adopted to convey expert evaluative opinions to courts. In the absence of appropriate databases, many of these likelihood ratios will include verbal rather than numerical estimates of the support offered by the analysis. However evidence suggests that verbal formulations of uncertainty are a less effective form of communication than equivalent numerical formulations. Moreover, when evidence strength is low a misinterpretation of the valence of the evidence - a "weak evidence effect" - has been found. We report the results of an experiment involving N=404 (student and online) participants who read a brief summary of a burglary trial containing expert testimony. The expert evidence was varied across conditions in terms of evidence strength (low or high) and presentation method (numerical, verbal, table or visual scale). Results suggest that of these presentation methods, numerical expressions produce belief-change and implicit likelihood ratios which were most commensurate with those intended by the expert and most resistant to the weak evidence effect. These findings raise questions about the extent to which low strength verbal evaluative opinions can be effectively communicated to decision makers at trial.
Keywords: Communicating uncertainty; Evidence interpretation; Expert evaluative opinions; Likelihood ratios.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


IBM Developer Blog
Learn how a feedback loop from your application to the AI services enabling it can help the system improve automatically without significant investment.
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems thrive on data, and usually the best source of this data is feedback from users interacting with your applications. Creating a virtuous feedback loop from your application to the AI services enabling it can help the system improve automatically without significant investment. Watson Discovery helps create this feedback loop through a set of new logging and events APIs, metrics generation, and Continuous Relevancy Training. With these capabilities, you can use Discovery to instrument and collect data from your application to see how users are interacting, including the queries they run and the results they select. This data is then automatically used by Discovery to generate metrics on usage, and perform Relevancy Training to improve the order of results returned.
figure 1
It all starts with collecting data. Discovery enables the data collection today through two ways.
 1. Automated data collection of queries and associated results. Any queries run against a Discovery environment get logged (unless opted out) and can be viewed from the /logs endpoint. These queries are valuable for analyzing user behavior and understanding opportunities to improve content or configuration.
 2. Collection of interaction data through the events API. Discovery provides an API that can be embedded in your application to track events that can be used as signals to understand usage and improve the service. This Events API currently supports tracking click events. Click events usually are associated with an action where a user selects a result from the list returned from Discovery, for example, selecting to see the full document text or clicking to expand a section of a document. These click events provide an indication of results that users believe to have some relevance, with the order of clicks also providing insight into relevance.
Taken together, this data helps provide a view into user behavior. These data points can then be used to generate metrics like those available through the Analytics tab in Discovery today. These metrics are an important way to track the performance of your application over time. They include:
 - Total queries run: See the volume of queries users are running over time to understand adoption and trends
 - Total queries with an associated event: Similar to a click-through rate, this can be an indicator of quality of results being returned and provide information on how the results might be improving
 - List of common query words: Used to see what kinds of queries users are doing so that you can focus efforts on improving content or training
Discovery also can use the feedback data collected to perform Continuous Relevancy Training to automatically improve results for certain types of queries. Continuous Relevancy Training learns from the collected data to rerank document results in the best possible order.
Continuous Relevancy Training uses state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to learn from fewer interactions. This means that different size organizations can use continuous learning without needing to have operations at global web scale. It can be used in across-enterprise use cases like customer service agent assist to provide agents with more relevant results from huge amounts of documentation to help them resolve customer issues quickly.
To use Continuous Relevancy Training, your data collection needs to be set up as previously mentioned and must meet the following requirements:
 - Collect at least 1000 queries with an associated click on a result in 30 days
 - Query Discovery at the environment level with the complete set of collections in that environment and track events at this level, too, so there is consistency between training and query
Continuous Relevancy Training combines the query and events logs to create a training set and then produces a model for reranking similar to one that can be created explicitly using Relevancy Training. To make the best use of Continuous Relevancy Training, there are a few considerations to keep in mind:
 - The query logs and events let you collect data on a larger scale, so it is not necessary to review individual events. Discovery can use the volume of data to find signals even if there are some ambiguous interactions. Instead, focus on getting a great data collection mechanism so that the events represent your users' selections appropriately.
 - Labeling your data can help manage it going forward. For example, you can remove a set of data from test instances or automated processes that might not reflect real production users. Labeling is done through a customer-id header passed with each API request to Discovery.
 - You can test whether the model is improving results by comparing an environment-level query using natural_language_query to one using just the query parameter (natural_language_query only is supported for training). The boost in accuracy between using those two parameters is the benefit the new model gives you.
 - Explicit relevancy training (done through the training_data endpoint) is still valuable in cases where you are only querying a single collection. This form of training can be kept more curated while the continuous training can improve with behavior over time. Currently, data collected through feedback is not combined with training data explicitly provided.
Continuous Relevancy Training automates the feedback loop from your application. Interactions can automatically feed back to Discovery and be consumed for training. This provides a valuable improvement in relevance without as much investment in large, ongoing manual training. Get started creating your improvement loop today with Watson Discovery!
Note: Logging, Metrics and Continuous Relevancy Training are available in Watson Discovery for Salesforce today. Continuous Relevancy Training is available for only Advanced Plan instances with size S or greater.


text:
A main character's name often gives you the first clue to what a novel is "about," especially when it's also the title of the book. A good example turns up in Olive Kitteridge, the collection of linked short stories that won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. A just-picked olive is as bitter — and the color olive is as drab — as the title character of the book appears at first to be. The salt added during curing removes the bitterness just as love, the salt in this book, removes some of Olive's. In Ireland a kitter is a left-handed person. And Olive is at least metaphorically left-handed: She's out of sync with others in her coastal town in Maine. A surname database says of Kitter: "This is an Olde English or Anglo-Saxon pre 10th Century name which derives from the word 'Cyta' and is a nickname of the medieval period generally given to one of fairly violent attitudes." Olive's views of life are "fairly violent," especially in the first story, when they are so angry they verge on caricature.
May 29, 2009
What's in a Character's Name? 'Olive Kitteridge'
Leave a Comment »
No comments yet.


text:
Frank Lauren Hitchcock
|Frank Lauren Hitchcock|
Frank Lauren Hitchcock (1875–1957)
|Born||March 6, 1875
New York, USA
|Died||May 31, 1957
Los Angeles, USA
|Fields||Physicist and mathematician|
|Institutions||Massachusetts Institute of Technology
North Dakota State University
|Alma mater||Harvard University
Phillips Andover Academy
|Doctoral students||Gleason Kenrick
|Known for||Transportation problem|
Frank Lauren Hitchcock (1875–1957) was an American mathematician and physicist notable for vector analysis. He formulated the transportation problem in 1941. He was also an expert in mathematical chemistry and quaternions.
He first attended the Phillips Andover Academy. He received his AB from Harvard in 1896. Before his PhD he taught at Paris and at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. In 1910 he completed his PhD at Harvard with a thesis entitled, Vector Functions of a Point.
His mother was Susan Ida Porter (b. January 1, 1848, Middlebury, Vermont) and his father was Elisha Pike Hitchcock. His parents married on June 27, 1866. He had two sisters, Mary E. Hitchcock and Viola M. Hitchcock. He also had two brothers George P. Hitchcock and Ernest Van Ness Hitchcock. He was born in New York but raised in Pittsford, Vermont. He was descended from New England forebears.
He married Margaret Johnson Blakely (d. May 22, 1925) in Paris, France on May 25, 1899. They had three children, Lauren Blakely (b. March 18, 1900), John Edward (b. January 28, 1906, d. July 26, 1909), and George Blakely, January 12, 1910. At the time of his death he had 11 grandchildren and 6 great-grandsons.
Books by Hitchcock
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock and Clark S. Robinson, Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, The Axes of a Quadratic Vector, 1921.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, On Double Polyadics, with Application to the Linear Matrix Equation, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Classification of Quadratic Vectors, 1917.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, Identities Satisfied by Algebraic Point Functions in N-space, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Method for the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, The Coincident Points of Two Algebraic Transformations, 1924.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, Vector Functions of a Point, 1910.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, An Identical Relation Connecting Seven Vectors, 1920.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Solution of the Linear Matrix Equation by Double Multiplication, 1922.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock and Norbert Wiener, A New Vector Method in Integral Equations, 1921.
- Dr. Frank L. Hitchcock, Mathematician, Professor Emeritus at M.I.T., Dies at 82, The New York Times, June 1, 1957, p. 17.
- Frank L. Hitchcock (1941) "The distribution of a product from several sources to numerous localities", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 20:224–30 MR _PHONE_.
- On Hitchcock's transportation problem
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Hitchcock's family tree


Why do most landlords conduct regular building inspections in Melbourne?
The recent researches have proven that the number of landlords who carry out regular building inspection has greatly increased. However, there are still some landlords out there who think that inspecting their buildings is very expensive and they do not want to waste their money conducting the inspection. The truth is that it is essential as a landlord to conduct regular building inspections since at the end of the day; they are the people who will benefit from the inspection. Some of the people will wonder how the building inspections will benefit them, yet they will have to pay some money. However, if you get to talk to any landlord who has been conducting building inspections, they will tell you that they like it and that they are not wasting their money. In case there are landlords out there who want to find the goodness in building inspections, this article will discuss the reasons why they should also be among those conducting building inspections in Melbourne.
1. It ensures that you are aware of the conditions of your buildings.
Most of the landlords have so many buildings that they have rented to people, and because they do not live in those houses, it is very hard for them to know about the conditions of their buildings. For this reason, building inspections in Melbourne gives the landlords a chance to know the conditions of their houses even without living in them. The only thing that helps them know whether the ceiling, the floor, tiles, drainage systems and also lighting are in the right conditions are the building inspections. This is why most of the landlords will conduct the inspections regularly so that they can always have an understanding of their property.
2. To budget for repairs.
Repairs also require to be budgeted for like the other investments. For this reason, most landlords in Melbourne will conduct building inspections for them to know which sections of their buildings require repairs so that they can budget for the repairs. It also enables them to ensure that they have done the repairs as early as possible and to avoid at all costs repairing them when it is too late for them since it will require more money and time to complete the repairs.
3. Building inspections attract more buyers.
Have you been wondering why other landlords have more tenants than you? Then one of the reasons is that they conduct regular building inspections, but you do not. Another reason why most landlords in Melbourne will conduct building inspections is to ensure that they have attracted as many tenants as possible. The number of tenants wanting to stay in your building will increase since they will have faith in you that there are no pests in your building, no defects and if the building has errors, you will work on them and lastly that their families will be safe in your building. However, if you do not conduct the inspection, the tenant will not trust whatever you tell them about your building since they have never seen you conducting inspections.
4. To find out the value of the building.
There are other times that landlords wish to sell their buildings. Without knowing the value of your building, it will be very difficult for you to sell the building at the right cost. For this reason, some landlords conduct building inspections to ensure that they know the real value of the building.
5. To ensure that they have insured their building.
For you to insure your building, you must ensure that you have done building inspections. For this reason, the landlords who need insurance covers for their buildings must conduct building inspections and work on the issues found during the inspection for the insurance company to accept insuring them. Gallo Property Inspection offer building inspections in Melbourne. They are glad to assist building owners and landlords.
Leave a Reply


; The axis specifies the axis along which values are appended. Python 3 - List append() Method. Python : How to Get List of all empty Directories? an array of arrays within an array. 2. You should always be clear about whether a particular index is referring to a row or a column. It describes four unique ways to add the list items in Python. In this method, we simply run a loop and append to the new list the summation of the both list elements at similar index till we reach end of the smaller list. Display entire list. Python Code to return the largest and smallest element in a list. How use Systemd journalctl … Whereas, a 2D list which is commonly known as a list of lists, is a list object where every item is a list itself - for example: [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]. Understanding 2d Lists in Python. It is important to note that python is a zero indexed based language. Let us now see how to add all numbers in a list using a built-in function. Inside the loop, we are adding elements of the first and second lists. We are going to use the Write() function. We use sum() which is a built-in function in Python programming language. Similarly, when we create a 2d array as "arr = [[0]*cols]*rows" we are essentially the extending the above analogy. Read Also: How to Sort a List Using Python Sort List() Method; Ahmed Abdalhamid 5:26 am. list.append(obj) Parameters. If you need to add an item to the specific position then use the insert method. Now we will add an integer to each element in this list. You can think of a 2D list as a list of lists. Yes, it is possible to append two elements into a list with constraints. Based on your code where you're filling your 4D list: List Lijst1D = new List(); Lijst2D.Add(Lijst1D); Here you're creating new List and adding it to parent 2D list. The values are appended to a copy of this array. Python Program to Add two Lists Example. 6 ways to get the last element of a list in Python; Python : 6 Different ways to create Dictionaries; How to create and initialize a list of lists in python? In this article, we have learned how to add an item in a list using Python append() command. Numpy ndarray tolist() function converts the array to a list. How to Scan/Detect New LUNs on Linux. Python code that takes a number & returns a list of its digits. item - an item to be added at the end of the list; The item can be numbers, strings, dictionaries, another list, and so on. Example. In this tutorial, we shall learn the syntax of extend() function and how to use this function to append a list to other list. 2D lists are very powerful and used in data science and machine learning. play_arrow. edit close. Following is the syntax for append() method −. Python List (Array) list basics; list append, prepend; list remove an item; merge lists; slice of list; array clone; initialize list with same value; value in list check; Python Dictionary. Take a look at the example below to understand this better. 2. Moving with this article on 2D arrays in Python. Python Code to remove redundant data from a list. If the array is multi-dimensional, a nested list is returned. Python code for Primality Test. Flattening a list of lists entails converting a 2D list into a 1D list by un-nesting each list item stored in the list … We can add values of all types like integers, string, float in a single … Read more Python 2d List: From Basic to Advance. If you want to save the previous content of the file, you can open the file in append mode by using the option 'a' instead of 'w'. In Python, use list methods append(), extend(), and insert() to add items to a list or combine other lists. Python program that uses 2D list # Step 1: create a list.Append empty lists in first two indexes. In order to perform this task, we will use the below program. elements[0].append(1) elements[0].append(2) elements[1].append(3) elements[1].append(4) # Step 3: display top-left element. This tutorial covers the following topic – Python Add Two list Elements. This method does not return any value but updates existing list. Moving on to the next topic of this article let us see how to input a list in python that holds strings, Accept a List of Strings from the User. python append to 2d list Python 2d List: From Basic to Advance. Similar to the above program, we have the ability to create a program in Python to accept a list of strings from the user. Append. In this article I'll be showing the differences between the append, extend, and insert list methods. SHARE ON Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIn Reddit. Python list method append() appends a passed obj into the existing list.. Syntax. sum() The sum() is a built-in function as said earlier. # Define a list heterogenousElements = [3, True, 'Michael', 2.0] The list contains an int, a bool, a string, and a float. Next Page. What is a 2-d array and how to create it using a list object? 3. This tutorial covers the following topic – Python Add lists. Now let's see another way to save list to file in Python. You can also use the + operator to combine lists, or use slices to insert itemss at specific positions.. Add an item to the end: append() Combine lists: extend(), + operator Add an item at specified index: insert() Add another list or tuple at specified index: slice The tolist() method returns the array as an a.ndim-levels deep nested list of Python scalars. Syntax – extend() Following is the syntax of extend() function. The append() method appends a passed obj into the existing list. Most of these techniques use built-in constructs in Python. The 2D list is a list in which each item is also a list. How can you add all numbers in a list in Python. Previous Page. This is the basic method to achieve this task. obj − This is the object to be appended in the list.. Return Value. We can initialize the list to default values by this method. In this python program, we are using For Loop to iterate each element in a given List. A single 1d list is created and all its indices point to the same int object in point 1. Append a Column to Pandas Dataframe Example 2: In this example, you learn how to create a dataframe and add a new column that has a default value for each of the rows in the dataframe. If the axis is not provided, both the arrays are flattened. 1. In Python, we declare the 2D array (list) like a list of lists: cinema = [] for j in range (5): column = [] for i in range (5): column.append(0) cinema.append(column) As first, we create an empty one-dimensional list. The list is one of the most useful data-type in python. For example – using a for loop to iterate the lists, add corresponding elements, and store their sum at the same index in a new list. You can create a 2D list by creating a list like the following which is similar to a matrix. Introduction A list is the most flexible data structure in Python. This method adds an element at the end of an existing list. Python offers us three different methods to do so. Python code to return the elements on odd positions in a list.
Nurse Practitioner Malpractice Insurance Aanp, Aveeno Anti Itch Concentrated Lotion Ingredients, Growing Aquarium Plants For Profit, Quiz On Matrices And Determinants, Jay Shetty Net Worth In Rupees, Eagles Nest Big Bear Cabin, Whirlwind Axe Vs Ravager, Mediterranean Diet Bars, Vegan Greek Wrap, Meditech Vs Cerner, Cheapest Grocery Stores London Ontario,


text:
These pads are usually sloped to accommodate various cleaning systems to support cow alley washing. Some have the potential for the incorporation of roof structures or side walls.
This stage is classified as a point source facility, which requires an appropriately designed effluent system and management strategies as cattle may occupy the facility multiple times each day for extended periods throughout the year.
- Opportunity to minimise lameness when laneways are problematic
- Centralised shady area (trees/ shade sails) to minimise heat exposure and production downturns
- Significant reduction in feed ration wastage and better feed utilisation
- Permanent facility providing flexibility in managing the herds dietary intake allowing a greater range of supplements to be fed
- Helps reduce farm maintenance costs associated with paddock renovations following pugging and compaction
- Concrete feed pads are not suitable for standing off cows for long periods of time.
- Opportunity to increase pasture production if pugging can be reduced.
- Opportunity to establish an effluent system that captures more effluent and manure which can be reapplied when soil conditions suit.
- Potential for significant earthworks to establish adequate slope
- A permanent facility which is difficult to retrofit to accommodate expanding herds
- Requirement for large water supplies to accommodate alley cleaning
- Effluent management is a vital function of the business requiring advanced engineering solutions and skills
- Potential for increased regulatory attention with odour emissions and community complaints
- Requires significant labour input
- Risk of cow injury or death due to confinement of the herd
System design considerations
- Structurally designed and engineered to provide permanent infrastructure accommodating adequate space for feeding only
Herd (animal health and welfare)
- Appropriately designed and managed facility to prevent cow injury and discomfort
- Close proximity to feed bunkers + machinery to handle and supply a range of feeds.
Management (effluent, bedding)
- Appropriately designed and engineered effluent management systems with the capability to handle liquid, slurry and solids at the expected volumes
- Agronomic plan and machinery to recycle nutrients generated from the facilities to enhance fodder production
- Sufficient skilled labour and site management to undertake daily site operations including contingency planning
Overall likely costs
Typical cost $425 plus/cow at 3.5-4m/c (basic pad and area preparation, not including machinery, equipment or roof structures)
Significant component costs of infrasturcture:
- Rock and clay foundations
- Concrete pad
- Floodwash tanks (cow alleys)
- Effluent system
- Mixer wagons
- Tractor (120hp+)
- Ongoing machinery maintenance costs (annually) and fuel
- Water supply
- Manure spreading
- Given there are many different types of feedpad systems, careful consideration is needed to ensure the most appropriate system is chosen to suit the indended purpose.
- Dry scraping manure and stockpiling
- Solid manure spreading and cultivation
- Dairy feed push up
Off-Paddock Systems Resources
These resources will help with decisions around investment, planning, design, construction and management of off-paddock facilities.
Making the right choice
Investing in off-paddock facilities?
This booklet will help you to make an informed decision by assessing the benefits of various off-paddock facilities.
Build it right (Technical information)
IPENZ Practice Note 29 Dairy Housing
Note: IPENZ Practice Note 27 - Farm Dairy Infrastructure (above) offers industry guidance in the design and construction of key farm dairy infrastructure components. The Feed Pads section can be downloaded separately here.
Managing off-paddock systems
Dairy Cow Housing Guide
A good practice guide for dairy housing in New Zealand.
Dairy Cow Housing Assessment
This assessment tool will help to identify any cow comfort issues that may impact on welfare and production.
Stand-off pads booklet
Your essential guide to planning, design and management.


text:
Panuridae – Bearded Reedling
The bearded reedling is a small, sexually dimorphic reed-bed passerine bird. It is frequently known as the bearded tit, due to some similarities to the long-tailed tit, or the bearded parrotbill. It was formerly placed with the parrotbills in the family Paradoxornithidae, after they were removed from the true tits in the family Paridae. More recent research suggests it is actually a unique songbird – no other living species seems to be particularly closely related to it
There has long been controversy about just which family the Bearded Reedling belongs in and most thought it resolved when it was declared a parrotbill. However, DNA sequencing has shown that it warrants a family to itself.
This is a small orange-brown bird with a long tail and an undulating flight. The male has a grey head and black moustaches (not a beard); the lower tail coverts are also black. The female is generally paler, with no black. Flocks often betray their presence in a reedbed by their characteristic 'ping' call.
This species is a wetland specialist, breeding colonially in large reed beds by lakes or swamps. It eats reed aphids in summer, and reed seeds in winter, its digestive system changing to cope with the very different seasonal diets.
It is generally a species of temperate Europe and Asia. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate other than eruptive or cold weather movements. It is vulnerable to hard winters, which may kill many birds. The English population of about 500 pairs (but probably growing after a series of mild winters) is largely confined to the south and east with a small population in Leighton Moss in north Lancashire. In Ireland a handful of pairs breed in County Wexford. The largest single population in Great Britain is to be found in the reedbeds at the mouth of the River Tay in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, where there may be in excess of 250 pairs.
Bearded Reedling Panurus biarmicus
Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicusSpecies AccountA brown, long-tailed bird, usually seen flying rapidly across the top of a reedbed. Males have black'moustaches' rather than 'beards'. They are sociable and noisy, their 'ping' calls often being the first clue to their presence.…
Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicusIUCN Species StatusPopulations have always been subject to regular annual population fluctuations. However in some areas such as Turkey, the breeding population is thought to be decreasing owing to the drainage of marshland habitat (Robson 2015). Declines have also been reported in the Netherlands as a result of habitat loss (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), which may also occur due to reed cutting (Burton and Burton 2002). The species is also noted for its sensitivity to severe cold winters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and it has been exploited by the cage-bird trade in the past (Burton and Burton 2002).
Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicusSpecies AccountSound archive and distribution map
Number of bird species: 1


text:
Multispectral imagery recorded by the NASA/Bendix 24-channel aircraft scanner over the Confusion Range, Utah, proved to be extremely sensitive to lithologic variations in exposed carbonate rocks. Major carbonate units within a 16-km**2 study area were readily distinguished, and some aspects of their structure and stratigraphy could be inferred from image spectral signatures. Spectral data channels centered at 1. 6 and 2. 2 mu m accounted for much of the data sensitivity to lithologic differences. Rock texture, organic matter content, and weathering expression were important lithologic factors producing spectral variation.
Additional publication details
MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE CONFUSION RANGE, UTAH.
Environmental Research Inst of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.


text:
In this What Works Scotland seminar, Briege Nugent presented findings from a qualitative study of young people living in poverty, providing unique insight into their lives.
The research set out to explore:
- how young people end contact (successfully or not) with services
- their experiences and views of the 'transition to adulthood',
- and also what triggered, helped and hindered those who were trying to desist from offending.
The participants were met through Includem's unique Transitional Support set up in Scotland to provide emotional and practical help for those vulnerable in this age group. Over the course of the research, a small number never left the service, and for the majority who did, it was found that they had limited to no other support in their lives but were reluctant to ask for help, even when they were in real need.
They were all acutely aware of their precarious situation and in many ways had accepted or blamed themselves for their unequal position. This study, although small, shows the impact of what the Christie Commission refers to as 'the cycle of deprivation and low aspiration' that has been allowed to persist. We are living in a society, where a population of what should be aspiring young adults have little to no expectations of what they are entitled to, what they can expect and what the future holds.
In many ways, for them social justice simply does not exist. Briege Nugent called for renewed hope so that inaction and continued poverty and inequality are not rendered inevitable.
Her presentation was followed by reflections from Karen McCulloch from Includem, and open discussion on key issues.
- Briege Nugent from the University of Edinburgh
- Karen McCulloch from Includem
Hosted by Oliver Escobar from What Works Scotland
Briege's presentation was followed by reflections from Karen McCulloch from Includem, and open discussion on key issues.
Date: 7 June 2016


text:
Background: Reduction mammaplasty is a frequently performed plastic surgical procedure, yet preoperative assessment usually excludes an estimated resection weight. In this retrospective study, a formula was derived using regression analysis of routinely measured preoperative anthropomorphic measurements and intraoperative resection weights.
Methods: Data were collected from 214 consecutive breast reduction patients operated on at a tertiary referral center between January of 1993 and January of 2006. The operations were performed by 15 plastic surgeons using a variety of reduction pattern techniques. Four variables were recorded for each patient: notch to nipple distance, nipple to inframammary crease distance, body mass index, and age. Regression analysis was performed on the data to establish which preoperative measurements correlated most accurately with the resection weight.
Results: The following formula was established relating nipple to inframammary crease distance and notch to nipple distance measurement to the weight removed: Breast weight = (35.4 × notch to nipple distance + 60.66 × nipple to inframammary crease distance) – 1239.64.
Conclusion: Use of this formula aids the surgeon with patient counseling, insurance company quotes, and intraoperatively in patients with asymmetry or those undergoing reconstruction, as a guide to resection weights.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have to write an algorithm that find the path in DAG with single source and single sink... I really don't know what to do ( tried to use DSF and topological sort but nothing...) I don't want anyone to solve it for me but just some guidance.
Thank you
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
BFS finds shortest path in general unweighted graph - and also specifically in DAG [since it is also a graph]. It is also pretty simple to code it.
Note that DFS will find a path - but it doesn't have to be the shortest one.
You might also want to have a look at this post to see how to get the actual path from BFS after running it.
EDIT: according to your comments, it seems you want O(|V|) solution, and it doesn't have to be shortest. a modification of DFS is the way to do then, since the DAG has a single source and a single sink, every path from the source reaches the sink.
Note that since your graph is a DAG and since we established that every path from the source reaches the sink, you don't need to go backward after exploring a certain path [so no recursion or stack is needed].
 map <- new map
 current <- source
 while (current!= target):
 next <- current.getNextVertex() //just chose an arbitrary edge and follow it, doesn't matter which
 map.put(next,current) //we "discovered" next by following current
 current <- next
after running this algorithm, you need to follow back the map from the target to the source - and you get the actual path [reversed of course]
The complexity is indeed O(n) because we visit each node at most once. In order to maintain O(n) the map has to be a hashmap [and not a treemap]. If the vertices are enumerated - you can even implement the map as an array.
share|improve this answer
I dont need to find the sourtest one.. just the one that will take O(n) – Nusha Mar 25 '12 at 20:30
_USER_: What is n? number of nodes in the graph? – amit Mar 25 '12 at 20:30
number of vertices – Nusha Mar 25 '12 at 20:31
_USER_: DFS then gets you a O(n) solution in your case, I updated the answer with more details about it. – amit Mar 25 '12 at 20:45
WOW!!! thank you soooo much! – Nusha Mar 25 '12 at 20:47
Your Answer


text:
Hip Size of Mothers Linked To Breast Cancer In Daughters
02/21/11 Portland, Ore.
In a study of the maternity records of more than 6,000 women, David J.P. Barker, M.D., Ph.D.,and Kent Thornburg, Ph.D., of Oregon Health & Science University discovered a strong correlation between the size and shape of a woman's hips and her daughter's risk of breast cancer. Wide, round hips, the researchers postulated, represent markers of high sex hormone concentrations in the mother, which increase her daughter's vulnerability to breast cancer.
A woman's hips are shaped at puberty when the growth of the hip bones is controlled by sex hormones but is also influenced by the level of nutrition. Every woman has a unique sex hormone profile which is established at puberty and persists through her reproductive life. The study's findings show for the first time that the pubertal growth spurt of girls is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer in their daughters. The study, carried out with colleagues in Finland and the United Kingdom, is described in an article just published online by the peer-reviewed American Journal of Human Biology. The authors followed up on 6,370 women born in Helsinki from 1934 to 1944 whose mothers' pelvic bones were measured during routine prenatal care. The study found that breast cancer rates were more than three times higher among the women in the cohort, born at or after term, whose mothers had wide hips They were more than seven times higher if those mothers had already given birth to one or more children.
A woman's vulnerability to breast cancer, the study found, was greater if her mother's "intercristal diameter" - the widest distance between the wing-like structures at the top of the hip bone - was more than 30 centimeters, or 11.8 inches. The risk also was higher if these wing-like structures were round. The breast cancer risk was 2.5 times higher for the daughters of women in whom the widest distance was more than 3 centimeters greater than the distance at the front.
Barker, professor of medicine (cardiovascular medicine) in the OHSU School of Medicine as well as professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Southampton in the U.K., is internationally known for discovering the relationship between low birth weight and the lifetime risk for coronary heart disease and other medical disorders, which the British Medical Journal has named the Barker Hypothesis. He has published more than 200 papers and written or edited five books about the developmental origins of chronic disease. He was honored in 2005 with the prestigious Danone International Prize for Nutrition for his pioneering research.
The OHSU study published today proposes that breast cancer is initiated in the first trimester of a pregnancy by exposure of the embryo's developing breast tissue to the mother's circulating sex hormones. The primary mammary cord, which gives rise to milk-producing breast lobules, develops in the fetus at 10 weeks. The fetal breast is known to be stimulated by circulating hormones; the intensity of the stimulation is such that half of all newborn babies have breast secretions.
"Our findings support the hypothesis that wide round hips reflect high levels of sex hormone production at puberty, which persist after puberty and adversely affect breast development of the daughters in early gestation," the authors commented. They could only speculate, they said, on the exact nature of this adverse effect but pointed out: "Catechol estrogen, a metabolite or estradiol, is thought to cause chromosomal instability by breaking DNA strands. High catechol estrogen concentrations in the maternal circulation could produce genetic instability in differentiating breast epithelial cells, which would make the breast vulnerable to cancer in later life."
"Epidemiological findings of this kind aren't designed to define precise biological or molecular mechanisms," said Grover Bagby, M.D., deputy director of the OHSU Cancer Institute. "However, for those of us involved in identifying the earliest molecular causes of cancer, these fascinating results define the types of questions we need to ask. This is a wake-up call telling us to pay attention to stem cell populations at the time of birth … a good deal earlier than we might have otherwise done. It is important to consider these cell populations because only by understanding the initial cause can we begin to develop rational strategies to prevent this very common cancer."
The daughters who were the subjects of the study were all born during _PHONE_ at either Helsinki University Central Hospital or City Maternity Hospital, the two maternity hospitals in Finland's capital. The occurrence of breast cancer among them was ascertained from national registers of all hospital admissions and deaths in Finland. Three hundred of them had had breast cancer of whom 48 died from the disease. Their mean age when they were diagnosed was 54.
The findings shed new light on the link between breast cancer and nutrition. "Mothers whose daughters developed breast cancer were of similar height to the other mothers," Barker and Thornburg reported. "This suggests that they had similar nutrition through childhood. Our findings do not therefore indicate that good nutrition through childhood is linked to breast cancer in the next generation. But they do show that the pubertal growth spurt of girls, which reflects the level of nutrition, is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer in their daughters."
The authors of the journal article besides Barker and Thornburg, who is director of the OHSU Heart Research Center and professor of cardiovascular medicine in the OHSU School of Medicine, were Clive Osmond, senior scientist at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Center at the University of Southampton; Eero Kajantie and Tom J. Forsen, both of Finland's National Public Health Institute; and Johan G. Eriksson, who holds positions at both the National Public Health Institute as well as with the University of Helsinki's Department of Public Health. Barker and Osmond have collaborated with Eriksson and his Finnish colleagues for the past 12 years tracing some 20,000 men and women in the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.
The American Journal of Human Biology is published by Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The full text of the study, entitled "A possible link between the pubertal growth of girls and breast cancer in their daughters," is available in "Early View" at _URL_ The link to the abstract is: _URL_


text:
¨ is injective if and only if different inputs give different outputs.
¨ is injective if and only if "different elements of A go to different elements of B."
¨ It is the whole function that is or is not injective.
¨ The articles about most of the example functions state whether they are injective or not. Checking each of these functions to see why it is or is not injective is an excellent way to get a feel for the concept of injectivity.
¨ The doubling function is injective on the real numbers and in fact on the complex numbers. Doubling different numbers gives different numbers.
¨ The squaring function is not injective, because for example. Squaring different numbers might give you the same number.
¨ The cubing function on the reals is injective. It is not injective on the complex numbers, because for example
¨ See Wikipedia for more examples and more discussion.
No information loss
An injective function loses no information. If you have an output from the function, you know it came from exactly one input.
¨ If you got 8 when you cubed a real number, the real number had to be 2. The cubing function is injective on the reals. But if you got 8 when you cubed a complex number, the complex number could be any of three numbers (see above); the cubing function is not injective on the complex numbers.
¨ If you got 4 when you squared something, the something could have been either 2 or 2: You lost some information about the input, namely its sign in this case. The squaring function is not injective.
¨ If you get as an output from the sine blur function, it could have come from any one of an infinite number of inputs. The sin blur function is ridiculously noninjective.
Embeds as a substructure
Some functions preserve some structure. For example, multiplying integers by 2 preserves addition. In other words, if you let be defined by, then (write it out, don't just believe me!). This makes it a group homomorphism. Because multiplying by 2 is injective, this says that the substructure of the group of integers with addition as operation that consists of the even integers is a copy of the group of integers itself.
Horizontal line crosses the graph only once at most
Let be a real continuous function. Then F is injective if no horizontal line cuts it twice. This is a useful way of thinking about injective continuous functions, but it doesn't work with arbitrary functions.
a) This is a plot of part of (which is injective) with some horizontal lines
b) On the other hand, is not injective. Note that some horizontal lines cut it more than once, but others cut it only once.
c) Horizontal lines don't have to cut a function at all. This is part of. Horizontal lines below zero don't cut its graph because 0 is its minimum. There are horizontal lines that cut it twice, so it is not injective.
A function is surjective if and only if
¨ is surjective if and only if the image of F is the same as the codomain B.
¨ is surjective if and only if "every element of B comes from an element of A."
¨ Let be the squaring function, so for every real number x. Then F is not surjective, since for any negative number b, there is no real number a such that F(a) = b. (You can't solve, for example).
¨ But if you define (where denotes the set of nonnegative reals) by, then G is surjective. As you can see, whether a function is surjective or not depends on the codomain you specify for it. Note that "G is surjective" says exactly that every nonnegative real number has a square root.
Another way of saying that is surjective is to say, "F is surjective onto B", or simply, "F is onto B". Saying it this way does not depend on whether you use the loose or strict definition for functions.
A function is surjective if every horizontal line crosses its graph (one or more times). Check out the graphs (a) through (c) above: and are surjective onto, but is not surjective onto. H is surjective onto the set of nonnegative real numbers.


text:
Pen Drive Showing Less Space than Actual
Note: Data in the drive will be lost.
1.Plug in your pen drive
2.Type diskmgmt.msc in Run box to open Disk Management.
3.Select your drive's partition.
4.Right click on it and select the option of "Delete Volume" in it.
5.This will delete the memory space allocated and free up the total space.
6.Now in the empty space created again right click and select "Create Volume" to create the space.
7.Select the file system and format the partition to be able to use it again.


text:
Xojo Dojo is a free and easy way to get started with programming on the Raspberry Pi. With Xojo Dojo you can use the Xojo programming language, along with a few other special commands to make simple Pi programs that can use text, graphics and GPIO.
Download Xojo Dojo to your Raspberry Pi and unzip it. Go to the XojoDojo folder and double-click the XojoDojo executable.
If the file is nor marked as an executable file, you may have to manually do this by right-clicking on it, and selecting "Properties". Switch to the Permissions tab and in the Access Control section make sure Executable is set to "Anyone". Click OK.
When Xojo Dojo starts it displays an empty window that is the code editor.
You can type some code to get started. For example, this simple code displays text:
Print "Hello, World!"
Type that code and click Run in the toolbar. Xojo Dojo will switch to the Text tab and you'll see the output "Hello, World!".
Xojo Dojo includes several sample projects to show you some of its commands and capabilities. To look at an example project, click Open in the File menu and go to the Scripts folder in the XojoDojo folder. These are the included examples:
- Bounce: A graphics demo that draws a ball that leaves a multi-colored trail as it bounces around the screen. Press the Stop button on the toolbar to stop the demo.
- Boxes: A graphics demo that draws 1000 multi-colored boxes of varying sizes on the screen.
- BubbleSort: An implemention of the Bubble Sort sorting algorithm.
- DiceRoll: Simulates the rolling of two dice a certain number of times and then tells you how often each dice total amount occurred.
- DragonSweep: A graphics demo that draws a fractal "dragon". Based on an IBM PCjr BASIC program from Compute! magazine in March 1986.
- GPIOAlarm: With a piezo speaker wired to your Pi using the GPIO, this program makes it sound like an alarm. View the wiring diagram.
- GPIOButtonLED: With a a button and LED wired to your Pi using the GPIO, this program lights the LED when the button is pressed. View the wiring diagram.
- GPIOLEDBlink: With an LED wired to your Pi using GPIO, this program makes the LED blink. View the wiring diagram.
- GPIOTune: With a piezo speaker wired to your Pi using the GPIO, this program plays a short tune. View the wiring diagram.
- GuessTheNumber: Try to guess a number picked by the program.
- HelloWorld: Simple display of text.
- LongLoop: A long-running loop that outputs text.
- MazePattern: Displays a text output that looks like a maze (but is not a maze). Based on a Commodore 64 BASIC program from 10 PRINT.
- Olympic: Draws the Olympic rings.
- ShowPicture: Prompts you to choose a picture on your drive and displays it.
- Sieve: Calculates the Sieve of Eratosthenes, popular benchmarking program in the 1980s.
- SineWave: Displays a text-based sine wave.
Xojo Dojo uses XojoScript and can thus use all the language commands that are part of Xojo. Xojo Dojo cannot use any of the Xojo frameworks.
Xojo Dojo has its own small set of custom commands it can use, which are described below.
Clears the Graphics output screen.
Clears the Text output screen.
Draws a line from position x1, y1 to position x2, y2.
Draws an oval at position x, y and using with w and height h. To draw a circle, make w and h the same.
Draw the picture at the specified path at position x, y.
Draws a rectangle at position x, y using width w and height h.
Draws a string s on the graphics screen at position x, y. Optionally specify a width and whether the string is condensed if it cannot fit.
The end of line character to use with strings.
Stops a timer started with StartTimer, returning the milliseconds of the elapsed time.
Draws a filled oval at position x, y and using with w and height h. To draw a circle, make w and h the same. Change the fill color using the ForeColor command.
Draws a filled rectangle rectangle at position x, y using width w and height h. Change the fill color using the ForeColor command.
Sets the color to use for drawing and fill commands.
Read a value from a GPIO pin.
Write a value to a GPIO pin.
Set a GPIO pin as either input or output.
Initialize GPIO. WiringPi library must be installed on the Pi.
Sets up tones for a pin.
Sends a tone to a pin.
Used with GPIO DigitalRead and DigitalWrite commands to indicate a pin is for input.
Used with GPIO DigitalRead and DigitalWrite commands to indicate a pin is off.
Used with GPIO DigitalRead and DigitalWrite commands to indicate a pin is on.
Used with GPIO DigitalRead and DigitalWrite commands to indicate a pin is for output.
Generates a random integer between startValue and endValue (inclusive).
Switches to the graphics output screen.
Starts a timer.
Returns True when the user has clicked the Stop button on the toolbar. Use it to end your programs that run in a long loop.
Pauses your program execution. The default is 10 milliseconds, but you can specify your own value.
If you want to make full-featured apps for the Raspberry Pi you can try the full version of Xojo. You can also check out the free book: Programming the Raspberry Pi with Xojo and the Raspberry Pi topic of the User Guide.


Lindsey Klinge
Lindsey Klinge
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) Honorable Mention 2011
Chemistry PhD Candidate
I am a transfer student from the University of Pennsylvania to Drexel University. I earned a BA in Chemistry and Mathematics from the State University of New York at Purchase College in 2011, and I was a SULI Intern at Brookhaven National Laboratory for several years during my undergraduate career. Presently, I study both physical and analytical chemistry, and I work for Dr. Peter DeCarlo in the Drexel Air Resources Research Laboratory (DARRL).
My primary research interest is in characterizing aerosol particulate matter harmful to human respiratory health. Diesel soot has a fractal-like morphology that is much harder to model than spherical particulate. Additionally, diesel soot is quite hygroscopic, which means the particles readily adsorb water. The size of diesel soot particles can vary depending on humidity, which in turn may increase or decrease the health risk posed by the particles. Predicting the morphology of aerosol soot particles and the effect of hygroscopicity on particle size and composition can lead to a greater understanding of the health risks of diesel soot and a more informed scientific basis for policy decisions.
The supercomputing resources of an NSF GRFP Honorable Mention will allow me to better model large gaseous systems. I am honored to receive the HonorableMention and I am thankful for the opportunity to gain experience and valuable feedback in writing scientific proposals.


z-transform helpwill rate LIFESAVER
0 pts ended
A causal system isrepresented by the following difference equation:
a) Find the systemfunction H(z) and give the corresponding region of convergence.
b) Find the unit sample response of the system in analyticalform.
c) Find the frequency response and determine itsmagnitude and phase
Answers (0)


Last updated: August 03, 2015
Sugar, the sweetest decision maker at work
Eating sugar
Having trouble with a work decision? Have a hit of sugar then. Picture: ThinkStock Source: AAP
WE'VE all been there. It's that time of the day when our energy levels slump and we just can't seem to make that all important work decision.
The solution according to one online author and marketing guru is to eat - and have sugar.
Canadian Herbert Lui reckons the key to better and more level-headed decision making is glucose.
Mr Lui says studies have repeatedly shown the link between constant glucose levels in people's blood and the ability to make good decisions.
Citing one study from Willpower, written by university professors Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Mr Lui said research showed how people became less angry with glucose in their systems.
In this study, participants were given lemonade mixed either with sugar or with a diet sweetener while playing a virtual game - with neither told which they were drinking. Those given the artificial sweetener were far more likely to become angry than those given sugar.
"It has been proven that when our glucose levels are replenished, it becomes much easier to consistently endure trials and to make tough decisions," he writes.
And workers shouldn't underestimate their need for sleep either, Mr Lui adds, writing that sleep is the first activity that gets sacrificed as entrepreneurs find their workloads picking up.
Getting enough rest helps reduces "the body's demand for glucose and improves its overall ability to make use of the glucose in the bloodstream" he adds.


text:
A catenary curve is the shape taken by an idealized hanging chain or rope under the influence of gravity. It has the equation $y= a \cosh (x/a)$. My question is:
What is the shape taken by an idealized, thin two-dimensional sheet, pinned on a plane parallel to the ground, under the influence of gravity?
The answer surely depends on how it is pinned to the plane, the boundary conditions. Natural options are:
- A disk sheet fixed to a circle.
- A square sheet fixed to a square.
- A square sheet pinned at its four corners.
The middle option above would look something like this when inverted:
(Image by Tim Tyler at hexdome.com.)
I don't think any of these shapes is a catenoid, which is the surface of revolution formed by a catenary curve. Is there a simple analytic description of any of these surfaces, analogous to the $\cosh$ equation for the catenary curve? I have been unsuccessful in finding anything but simulations of solutions of the differential equations.
This question arose in imagining a higher-dimensional version of the property that an inverted catenary supports smooth rides of a square-wheeled bicycle (explored in this MO question). Thanks for pointers!


text:
Indentations on the buttocks – butt dents – are no fun. Fortunately, you can do something about them – apart from expensive surgery. A smart combination of nutrition and exercise can help you to get rid of butt dimples, while also reducing butt body fat. In this article, I'll present 5 nutritional tips and 5 key exercises to help you get rid of indentations in the buttocks.
Nutrition to Reduce Butt Dents
In order to get rid of butt indentations, you should combine the right exercises with the proper healthy nutrition habits that will allow you to get rid of the cellulite that is covering your glutes. The following habits will help you to do that
Drink More Water
By increasing your water intake, you will be helping to prevent the fat gain that can contribute to increased levels of cellulite around your butt. Increased hydration will also help to remove toxins from the body that can be partially responsible for indentations on the skin. People who drink half a gallon or more of water every day tend to have smoother, firmer skin.
Make it your goal to drink half a gallon of water each day. Sip from a water bottle constantly and, if you feel hunger pangs coming on, drink a full glass of water to fill your stomach.
By creating a caloric deficit, you will be forcing your body to turn to stored body fat, including that on your butt, to provide its energy needs. Reduce your intake by 500 calories per day, and spread it out across your meals. You can achieve this goal by simply reducing your portion sizes and cutting out between-meal snacks.
As well as helping to build muscle, protein promotes weight loss. That is because it is a very filling nutrient. Have lean protein as the basis of every meal and you won't feel hungry between meals. The healthy protein intake will also help you to develop a firm, athletic muscular butt, especially when you do exercises that are targeted toward that area of your body.
Reduce Processed Carbs
Processed carbohydrate foods represent empty nutrition. They are usually very high in sugars, healthy fats, preservatives, additives, flavorings, and other toxins that do not belong in your body. Reducing your intake of processed carbs is a key step toward getting rid of butt indentations.
Replace white bread with whole wheat, change out your sugary breakfast cereals with oatmeal and stop buying packaged meal foods.
Fiber will help to fill you up and will greatly improve your digestion. Increase your intake of fiber by eating more of the following foods:
- Brussels sprouts
5 Exercises to Remove Butt Dents
The following exercises are all designed to target your butt muscles. They will firm, tone, and tighten the butt so that indentations are smoothed out, leaving you with a firm, rounded rear end.
How To Do It:
- Stand in front of a bench or step that is 16-14 inches in height with your feet shoulder-width apart.
- Step up onto the bench with your right foot, and then follow through with your left so that you are standing on the bench.
- Reverse the action, right foot first, to return to the floor.
- Repeat this movement in a fast smooth, continuous way to complete your time count.
- Do step-ups for 60 seconds.
How To Do It:
- Stand with your feet together and toes pointed outward. Place your hands on your hips.
- Jump your feet apart and drop down into a half squat position.
- Immediately jump the feedback together to return to a standing position. Be sure to maintain an upright for so throughout this movement.
- Continue to complete your time count.
- Do pop squats for 60 seconds.
How To Do It:
- Stand with your feet at shoulder distance apart and hands on hips.
- Take a big step forward with your left leg and drop down so the right knee almost touches the floor.
- Follow through with your left foot to take another step forward and again dropped the rear knee.
- Take five steps forward in this manner and then turn and return to the start position.
- Continue doing walking lunges – five steps forward and five steps backfor the required time count.
- Do walking lunges for 60 seconds.
Dumbbell Squat to Deadlift
How To Do It:
- Stand with your feet flat on the floor and fairly close together, holding light dumbbells in your hands at your sides.
- Hinge at the hips to descend into a parallel squat. Maintain a neutral spine position and look directly ahead as you do this.
- Shift your arms to a front position, with palms facing your body.
- Now stand up as if you were coming out of a deadlift.
- Move smoothly into the next repetition.
- Do the dumbbell squat to deadlift for 30 seconds.
How To Do It:
- Stand with your feet flat in a staggered position so that the right foot is forward on the left foot back, resting on the toe with the heel elevated. Have your arms at your sides in the runner's position.
- Bend both knees to drop down into a bottom lunge position, where the rear knee is almost touching the ground.
- From this position, jump into the air and switch legs in midflight so that when you come down the left foot is forward and the right foot behind, resting on the toe.
- Continue this fluid action to complete your time count.
- Do jumping lunges for 30 seconds.
Perform these five exercises in a circuit where you do one after the other with no rest. Once you have completed the circuit rest for two minutes and then do it again. Build up to doing four sets of this circuit three times per week on alternative days.
In order to get rid of butt indentations, you need to work on removing cellulite, along with excess body fat stores, while also developing the glute muscles to make them firmer and tighter. Follow the plan outlined above for three months and you will see some pretty drastic improvements to your bottom line (pun intended).
Frequently Asked Questions
Are there treatment options to get rid of butt indentations?
Yes, there are treatment options to get rid of butt indentations. The most common treatment is to work on the body with lasers to remove cellulite. However, this may leave scars on body tissue.
Is it possible to remove cellulite?
It is not possible to get rid of all cellulite from your body. But it is possible to get rid of a large portion of it and produce muscles that are toned, tight, and athletic looking. The best way to do this is with the combination of a balanced diet and full range of motion sculpting and strengthening exercises.
What is cellulite?
Cellulite refers to the skin indentations, dents, and dimples that frequently occur on the hips, thighs, and buttocks of women. It also affects men but is more common among ladies.
Will massage help to remove butt indentations?
Massage may help to remove butt indentations by activating the connective tissue and helping to remove toxins that contribute to sacral dimples.


text:
Search Issue Tracker
Fixed in 5.4.2
TransformDirection and InverseTransformDirection operations are affected by scale.
1.Open the "bug.zip" project
2.Open the "Test" scene
3.Play the scene
4.Notice how TransformDirection and InverseTransformDirection are affected by scale.
Actual result: TransformDirection and InverseTransformDirection operations are affected by scale.
Expected result: TransformDirection and InverseTransformDirection operations are not affected by scale.
Reproducible on: 5.5.0a5, 5.4.0f3
Not reproducible on: 5.3.6p2, 5.3.5f1, 5.2.5f1
All about bugs
View bugs we have successfully reproduced, and vote for the bugs you want to see fixed most urgently.
- TreeView Child display toggle styling becomes reversed when clicking and dragging it
- Null is returned when using FocusOutEvent.relatedTarget
- Unity_BaseInstanceID is always zero when rendering multiple meshes and instancing with the same buffer
- UI Document button's text does not resize relatively when size in percentage (%) is used
- Event.current.mousePosition has an offset of 1px along the y-axis in WebGL build when the mouse button is released


text:
A profanity search method. Returns the number of profane words found and a list of the profane words. If the text is clean 0 (zero) is returned.
- Your API application key.
- The text you want checked for profanity.
- The 2 letter language code for the text you are submitting.
More information on languages can be found here.
- Treat email addresses like profanity. set = 1
- Treat phone numbers like profanity. set = 1
- Treat urls like profanity. set = 1
- To include our response time in the result. set = 1
- Response format: xml or json. Defaults to xml.
- Set equal to 1 to wrap the listed words in
Use this if you plan on passing strings that may break XML (ie "<" and "&").
Example XML Response
 webpurify.live.return rest 2 profane1 profane2 api_key
100: Invalid API Key
- The API key passed was not valid.
101: API Key is inactive
- The API key passed is inactive or has been revoked.
102: API Key was not included in request
- This method requires an API Key.
103: Service currently unavailable
- The requested service is temporarily unavailable.
104: Rate limit exceeded
- You have exceeded the number of simultaneous requests for your license.
Please go to: _URL_ to see the limits for your license.