text:
A study published in Current Science Journal (March 2012) has reported alarmingly high rate of increase in oil consumption in India. According to the study conducted by DM Hegde, project director at Directorate of Oilseed Research, the per capita consumption of edible oil in India has increased almost five folds during the period of _PHONE_.
The author argues that increase in oil consumption at this rate may pose, on one hand, increased risk of health problems due to high fat consumption on the other hand it will also mean dependence on import to fulfill the additional demand for vegetable oils.
Fat is an essential ingredient of the diet. It supplies energy and essential fatty acids that help body in absorbing fat soluble vitamins and maintaining metabolic balance. According to the dietary guidelines by National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), 15-30 % of the total energy intake should come from fats. The author calculated the average need of fat for Indian population to be 29 g per person per day which is equivalent to 10.585 kg per person per year. The rate of consumption of edible oil in India was 14.2 kg per person per year in 2010-11 which was considerably more than the average need. Consumption of fats in excess has been found to be linked with the increased risks of obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
The per capita consumption of edible oil has almost doubled in last two decades. The authors attribute this increase to the increasing affordability among Indians. This trend is on the uphill and it means an added risk of CVDs. According to a report by WHO on Non-Communicable Diseases in South East Asian countries, CVDs are already the top reason of death in India. They cause 33% of total deaths caused by top ten reasons of death in urban India and 23 % of the same in rural India. CVDs also affect comparatively younger age group in India compared to the developed countries. About 52 % of the deaths caused by CVDs occur below the age of 70 compare to 23 % in the developed countries.
On the trade front, India's status in last few decades has kept fluctuating between net importer and exporter of vegetable oils. However, as the study suggests, the per capita consumption may still keep increasing in recent future and surpass the government predictions as it has done in past, making India more dependent on imports. In order to meet the nutritional requirements of the people, India will require 17.84 mt of vegetable oil with the projected population of 1685 million by 2050. However, since the demand for edible oil has been proven to be very elastic with the affordability of the people, there is every chance that we will need much more of it.


text: Atomic layer deposition of uniform thin hafnium oxide films has been demonstrated directly on H-terminated silicon surfaces using anhydrous hafnium nitrate Formula precursor and Formula vapor. Atomic layer deposition was initiated on hydrogen terminated silicon surfaces and occurred at substrate temperatures as low as 160°C. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that as-deposited films were smooth, uniform, and amorphous, and that film morphology can be altered by a post-deposition anneal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that films are oxygen rich, contain silicate, and that residual Formula and Formula from the precursor can be eliminated by a post-deposition anneal. For a ∼57 Å Formula film, a dielectric constant of Formula and a capacitive equivalent thickness of ∼21 Å were obtained.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
National Assocation of Teachers of Singing (NATS) Archives
The National Association of Teachers of Singing was established in 1944 as an educational and collaborative resource for the profession. Through workshops, conferences, events, and publications such as the Journal of Singing, NATS supports the teaching of singing worldwide. The NATS Archives contains documents, publications, recordings and memorabilia representing the history of the Association since the idea for the organization came into being in 1943.
Important Information for Users of the Collection
There are no restricted files in this collection.
National Assocation of Teachers of Singing (NATS) Archives, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries.
This collection is PROCESSED.A full finding aid is available.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Complete Book of Knife Skills
Unavailable $19.00 $37.95
The definitive book on knife skills from the knife manufacturer recognized worldwide as the symbol of the best quality and function.
Every home chef needs a knife skills book. Cooks who know how to choose a knife, how to maintain it and how to use it properly work more safely, more quickly and more efficiently. Good knife skills also allow a cook to cut ingredients uniformly, allowing everything to cook at the same rate and creating the best presentation in the final dish.
The authors' unique approach in this book stems from their experience in the culinary classroom, where they observed how people learn. Elliot and DeWan refined their teaching process based on this vast experience.
Some of the features in the book are:
- More than 1,200 color step-by-step photos that clearly instruct and provide information on each technique
- Instructions on proper knife sharpening techniques
- Arrows and other graphic devices that direct the reader to the exact photo on the page and the precise skill illustrated
- A concealed wiro binding that lies flat, keeping a cook's fingers on the knife, where they safely belong
- Concise, detailed and easy-to-understand instructions on how to hold a knife, the basic cuts and the proper techniques for cutting poultry, fish and specific vegetables and fruits, and creative garnishes
- Coverage of Japanese-style knives and cutting techniques
Concise history of knives and knife-making
The Complete Book of Knife Skills was created in collaboration with Zwilling J.A. Henckels, one of the world's leading manufacturers of high-quality knives. This indispensable reference will allow home cooks to teach themselves knife skills based on professional instructors' years of experience.


text:
Professional Development Workshops
When you go to hear a jazz group play, you're witnessing the creative process of a group of individuals who feed each other ideas and feelings. The group works as a whole to inspire its members to explore their own voice while also supporting the other opinions within the group. It's a democratic process – cooperative learning at its finest – the crossroads of creativity and curiosity.
Jazz in Schools is active in providing professional development workshops for teams of teachers, teaching staffs and individual teacher training. We work with arts and classroom teachers, college music education majors and school administrators.
Engaging teachers in the creative process gives them a fresh approach to the delivery methods used to meet the academic mandates of their teaching.
Jazz is a process that is structured and provides space for creativity. It's the "poster child" for best teaching practices including Cooperative Learning, Setting Goals, Bloom's Taxonomy in Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective Domains, and the use of the Artistic Method.
Jazz in Schools collaborates with BalletMet, Opera Columbus and the Greater Columbus Arts Council to provide teachers with the tools to address Best Teaching Practices while also learning how to offer the arts to their students.
Over a span of four years, Columbus City Schools have sponsored arts integrated professional development to more than over 100 teachers and have documented more than 500 lesson plans to include music, visual art, drama and dance. Jazz is the genre of music included and teachers receive practical applications of how to learn about jazz, talk about jazz and use jazz to teach the elements of music.
This workshop is delivered to college music education majors. During the workshop, students are given the tools to include jazz in the music curriculum (K-12) and are encouraged to value jazz as a vehicle to interact with their school's general student body and staff.


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If you're considering buying a surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreen, you might wonder whether they are long-lasting. Some touchscreens last longer than others. They are better protected against premature wear and tear, resulting in a longer usable life. And with their long-lasting properties, they offer greater value than their counterparts.
SAW Touchscreens Explained
To better understand whether SAW touchscreens are long-lasting, you must first understand the technology that powers them. SAW touchscreens are characterized by their use of ultrasonic waves. They produce, as well as sense, ultrasonic waves.
When you initially turn on a SAW touchscreen, it will produce ultrasonic waves across the display interface. Sensors on the opposite ends of the display interface will pick up and register these ultrasonic waves. Performing a touch command will disrupt the sound waves in the respective area of the display interface. The SAW touchscreen will then register this disruption as a touch event.
Yes, SAW Touchscreens Are Long-Lasting
Without any moving parts, SAW touchscreens are long-lasting. SAW touchscreens leverage transducers to detect touch commands. They use transmitting transducers to produce ultrasonic waves, and they use receiving transducers to receive and sense ultrasonic waves. Regardless, SAW touchscreens don't use any moving parts to detect touch commands.
SAW touchscreens still feature a glass top layer — just like many other touchscreens. But the glass layer doesn't move, nor does it feature any mechanical components. The glass layer is the top layer that, as previously mentioned, contains the transducers. SAW touchscreens use transmitting and receiving transducers to detect touch commands via ultrasonic waves.
How long do SAW touchscreens last exactly? Many of them last for over 50 million touches. Whether you're looking to buy a new touchscreen for personal or commercial usage, a SAW touchscreen will last a long time.
Other touchscreens may feature moving parts. Resistive touchscreens, for instance, have two layers. When you perform a touch command on a resistive touchscreen, you'll press the top layer into the bottom later. Over time, these movements can wear down resistive touchscreens while potentially shortening their usable life.
You can rest assured knowing that SAW touchscreens will last a very long time. SAW toushcreens don't contain any moving parts. Rather, they feature transducers on a glass top layer. Some of the transducers produce ultrasonic waves, whereas others receive and sense ultrasonic waves. Regardless, SAW touchscreens don't contain any moving parts, so they last longer than many other touchscreens.


text:
Investigating the effect of a transparent barrier on the crossmodal congruency effect.
Kitagawa N., Spence C.
A transparent barrier, such as a window, protects us from approaching objects (such as flies), although we can still see the objects coming toward us through the occluder. In the present study, we examined whether this potential dissociation between tactile and visual experience introduced by the presence of a transparent barrier also affects visual-tactile interactions in normal participants, as indexed by performance in the crossmodal congruency task. Participants discriminated the elevation of vibrotactile target stimuli (upper vs lower) presented to the left or right hand while trying to ignore visual distractor lights that could independently be presented from upper or lower locations on either the same or the opposite side. A transparent occluder was placed between the vibrotactile targets and the visual stimuli (the barrier occluded the vibrotactile targets in Experiment 1 and the visual distractors in Experiment 2). Vibrotactile elevation discrimination performance was slower and less accurate when the distractor lights were presented from incongruent locations relative to the target (e.g., lower tactile target with upper distractor light). However, there were no significant differences between performance with and without the transparent occluder present. This pattern of results was replicated in Experiment 3 under conditions where the participants were periodically required to reach around the transparent occluder in order to press buttons placed near to the visual distractors. Taken together, these results support recent neuropsychological evidence [Farne et al. (2003) Int J Psychophysiol 50:51-61] suggesting that visual-tactile interactions in peripersonal space are not necessarily modulated by conscious awareness of the impossibility of our hand being touched by the visual stimuli.


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The Days of the Week in the West
Before looking at Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian name, let's take a brief look at the origins of the week in the West. (This is a very brief summary. The development of the week from its ancient origins is both complex and fascinating. To get a full picture, you need to look at some of the many other sites around.)
The seven-day week is believed to have originated with the ancient Babylonians. The Babylonians arrived at the 'week' by dividing the lunar month into four lots of seven days each. Each day was named after one of the so-called'seven planets', i.e., the sun, the moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye. These five planets, modern-day Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, were named after the Babylonian gods. (An alternative theory from ancient times attributes the planetary names for days of the week to the Egyptians.)
The ancient seven-day week, with days named after the'seven planets', in turn named after gods, was adopted by the Greeks, who substituted their own planetary names using the names of their own gods. Apart from the sun and the moon, the five planets were named after Ares, Hermes, Zeus, Aphrodite, and Chronos. The ancient Greek names for the days of the week were:
|Greek||ἡμέρα Ἡλίου||ἡμέρα Σελήνης||ἡμέρα Ἄρεως||ἡμέρα Ἑρμοῦ||ἡμέρα Διός||ἡμέρα Ἀφροδίτης||ἡμέρα Κρόνου|
|Transliteration||hēméra Hēlíou||hēméra Selḗnēs||hēméra Áreōs||hēméra Hermoũ||hēméra Diós||hēméra Apʰrodítē||hēméra Krónou|
In about the 1st century BC, the Romans also started using the seven-day week. Like the Greeks before them, they named the five planets after their own gods: Mars, Mercury, Jove (Jupiter), Venus, and Saturn. The days of the week in Latin became:
|Latin||dies solis||dies lunae||dies Martis||dies Mercurii||dies Jovis||dies Veneris||dies Saturni|
The Germanic peoples continued the tradition by substituting their own gods for the Roman ones according to the conventions of the time, namely Tiu (Tiw), Woden, Thor, and Freyja. Only Saturn was retained from the Roman pantheon.
One big difference here, however, is that the Germanic languages do not name the planets after their gods. The new names effectively broke the link with the planets. The English words Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, descended from the Germanic names, are purely names of gods and have lost any relationship with the planets Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus.
The other source of day names in some Western European languages (but not English) was the Jewish and Christian calendars. Like many ancient peoples, the Hebrews used a seven-day week, which they possibly got from the Babylonians. The Hebrews did not use planetary names -- named as they were after Babylonian gods -- preferring to designate the days by number. Only the seventh was given a specific name as the 'Sabbath'. The Jewish Sabbath, which corresponded to Saturday, was the day of rest and the last day of the week.
Christianity inherited this Jewish conception of the week. However, while the Sabbath was retained in theory, Christians gradually came to put more emphasis on the day after the Sabbath, which was identified as the 'Lord's Day' in celebration of Christ's resurrection at Easter. Sunday, the first day of the week, became both a day of worship and a day of rest for Christians.
The Christian version of the week was officially adopted by the Roman Emperor Constantine in AD 321. The old Sunday (dies solis) was specified as the 'Lord's Day' (dies Domenica) and identified as the first day of the week (Note 1: Is Monday the first day?). The rest of the week was largely numbered starting from the Sabbath.
The modern Greek names for the days of the reflect this conception of the week:
|Rough meaning||'of the Lord'||'second'||'third'||'fourth'||'fifth'||'preparation'||'Sabbath'|
Modern Western names
In the West, despite attempts by Pope Silvester to impose a system of numbering, the old pagan names persisted. They still form the basis of the modern names in Western European languages, which feature a mixture of Christian and pagan elements.
English and other Germanic languages largely retain the sun, the moon, and the names of the Germanic gods.
Italian, French, and Spanish adopt Judaeo-Christian religious terminology for Saturday (the Sabbath) and Sunday (the Lord's Day), but retain the Roman planetary names for the days of the week.
Only Portuguese has done away with the planetary names by substituting numbered days for the weekdays.
The above is a highly simplified treatment of the origins of the names of the days of the week. For a more complete coverage of this fascinating subject, please refer to the Web Links. Be warned, however, that there is no unanimity of views!
For reference, the days of the week in several Western European languages are given below:
Notes: German 'Mittwoch' means'mid-week'. Swedish 'lördag' means 'washday'.
Mongolian & Buryat


text:
Exiting the program.
Defines the exit codes that a program can return.
indicates successful termination;
indicates program failure with an exit code. The exact interpretation of the code is operating-system dependent. In particular, some values may be prohibited (e.g. 0 on a POSIX-compliant system).
On program termination, the standard
stderr are flushed automatically; any other buffered
need to be flushed manually, otherwise the buffered data will be
A program that fails in any other way is treated as if it had
A program that terminates successfully without calling
explicitly is treated as it it had called
ExitCode is not an
the error handling in the
IO monad and cannot be intercepted by
catch from the Prelude. However it is a
SomeException, and can
be caught using the functions of Control.Exception. This means
that cleanup computations added with
(from Control.Exception) are also executed properly on
Note: in GHC,
exitWith should be called from the main program
thread in order to exit the process. When called from another
exitWith will throw an
ExitException as normal, but the
exception will not cause the process itself to exit.


Exercise 2.14
Suppose we want to prove this for logarithms to base c. We deduced in the previous exercise that we can write.
Applying this fact to each logarithm here, the result we want to prove is the same result for natural logarithms, with each term divided by ln c.
In other words, the corresponding result for natural logarithms, which we proved in the previous exercise, implies this one on dividing each term by ln c, and using the fact just mentioned.


ECIR 2015 workshop on gamification for information retrieval (GamifIR'15)
The second workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval took place at ECIR 2015 in Vienna, Austria on the 29th of March. The workshop program included two invited keynote presentations, seven oral presentations of refereed papers, lots of mini discussion sessions and a fishbowl session. The presentations covered diverse topics from playing around with an eye tracker to a game with IR papers and even a game of scientific hangman, generating lively and fun discussions. The workshop was a crowdpinion experiment itself, gathering participants' momentary opinions via an Android app. One of the main themes of the day was the interplay of gamification aspects and incentives, where the key challenge is to align player motivations with the goal of the task. Any misalignment may lead to gamification as a tool being more damaging than useful with users' focus shifting from the task to gaming the system.
 author = {Kazai,Lumi, Gabriella and Hopfgartner, Frank and Kruschwitz, Udo and Meder, Michael},
 title = {ECIR 2015 Workshop on Gamification for Information Retrieval (GamifIR'15)},
 journal = {SIGIR Forum},
 issue_date = {June 2015},
 volume = {49},
 number = {1},
 month = jun,
 year = {2015},
 issn = {0163-5840},
 pages = {41--49},
 numpages = {9},
 url = {},
 doi = {10.1145/_PHONE_._PHONE_},
 acmid = {_PHONE_},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
Frank Hopfgartner, Gabriella Kazai, Udo Kruschwitz, Michael Meder


text:
on july 30, summer hands-on inquiry based learning activity for the "left-behind" children in rural areas co-sponsored by hengtong group and shaanxi lingerjiu public welfare center was officially held at xi'an qujiang polar ocean park in china. 60 children came to qujiang polar ocean park accompanied by volunteers. they enjoy the wonderful ocean world, watch the performance of marine animals, and have a happy day.
this summer public welfare hibl activity is an innovative activity of the hengtong group public welfare project "kanglei plan". it is another theme activity after "pass love small table", "second classroom" and "mental health classroom". it aims to help rural children better integrate into the city and enrich their childhood life by organizing kanglei children walking out of the mountains into enterprises and cities during the annual summer vacation.
"children seldom have the chance to come to the city. it is the first time for them to come to qujiang polar ocean park. by visiting and playing, they have broadens horizons, enriches their knowledge of the ocean and stimulates their enthusiasm for protecting the marine environment" said principal wang.


How to Deal with Huge Log Files in Linux
If you've managed a Linux server for any length of time, you're familiar with the problem of log files. They can sometimes be difficult enough to even find in the first place, and then you're sometimes confronted with a file that's hundreds of MB in size (or even GB). Searching through it is a pain, and they can eventually even start eating up your storage space.
This tutorial will show you how to deal with this problem. We're going to make use of the inbuilt Linux package for system logs that's already in place. This means you don't need to install any new packages! All you need to know is how to add the configuration for your own log files.
Seeing How Linux Logs are Rotated with logrotate
There are a bunch of system log files in the following location:
In the screenshot below, I list all the files in that directory and show the file size in MB:
Log files with date stamp
As you can see, there are lots of large log files that are datestamped. These are generated by the "logrotate" by default. Looking at the timestamps, we can see that they're generated once every seven days. So for each log file here, logrotate does the following:
 1. Renames the log file with a timestamp
 2. Creates a new empty log file with the same name as before
Checking Logrotate's Default Configuration
Logrotate checks the following file for its configuration:
In this, we can see that it gets all the important information about:
 1. How often it should rotate the logs
 2. How many backups should it keep
 3. What kind of suffix it should add to the old logs
 4. Whether or not it should compress them
 5. etc…
Here's a screenshot of the logrotate configuration file:
Logrotate Default Configuration, Allow Compression
By default, the old log files are not compressed. You can change this by simply uncommenting the "compress" directive as shown above.
Adding Files to logrotate
How does logrotate know which logs to work on? The files in this directory:
For example, in our "secure" log that we saw in the first screenshot, we can figure out which file in logrotate.d contains it by using a simple grep command, as detailed in our guide on grep for advanced users:
grep -r secure /etc/logrotate.d
The screenshot below reveals which file is responsible for the "secure" log:
Configuration File in logrotate Directory
Opening "syslog", we can see that it tells logrotate to work on a number of files:
List of Log Files to Rotate
All of these are located in /var/log/. So each file contains:
 1. The names of the log files that it should rotate
 2. Directives specific to that particular file
 3. In the absence of directives, the defaults from logrotate.conf will be used
Creating your Own Logrotate File for your Logs
We can follow the template above to create an entry with logrotate that tells us it to process our own files in the same way.
Get the Owner and Group for your Directory
To make sure that all permissions are in place, we need logrotate to run with the appropriate permissions. Navigate to the directory that contains the log file(s) you want to process and get the owner as well as the group using this command:
ls -l -d
For example, the /var/log directory has the owner as" root", and the group as "root" as well:
Get Directory Owner and Group.
Create a Logrotate File with the Configuration
Next, create a new file in /etc/logrotate.d/ and paste the following sample configuration into it:
/var/log/newlogfile {
size 10M
su root root
Replace /var/log/newlogfile with the location of your own log file. Also, replace su root root with the owner and group name you got in the previous step. Here's a list of logrotate directives you can use. The "delaycompress" directive tells logrotate to only compress files that are 2 versions old, or older. This way you have quick and easy access to the most recently compressed log file.
You can also use the following lines within the curly brackets block to run scripts after and before your log files are rotated:
// scripts for post rotation go here
As you can see, Linux has a complete solution for log file rotation. All you need to do is add a few lines of code to the existing framework, and your own log files can be rotated without any hassles!
If you are one of our managed VPS hosting clients, you can simply ask our system administrators to deal with huge files on your Linux server. They are available 24/7 and will take care of your request immediately.
If you find this blog post useful, please share it with your friends via social media networks, or if you have any question please leave a comment below and we will reply to it. Thanks!
1 thought on "How to Deal with Huge (and Growing) Log Files in Linux"
 1. Log files always create too much temporary files and after sometime its become the mess to handle them, I'll going to try this today. thanks for sharing. if it works I'll let you know.
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Ask A Cartographer
Saving causes massive file size.
July 13 2011 | 0 comments
Categories: ArcGIS Methods
Why is it that when I save a map, the map itself grows in size?
The map I currently am working started off at 5mb, then grew to a staggering 48mb.
I eventually transferred all the data to a new map and started over with a 5 mb file. As I was saving, I watched it grow about 300 kb WITHOUT ADDING ANY NEW DATA!
What gives?
Mapping Center Answer:
There are a number of reasons that this can happen. For example, it may be caused by a large amount of geoprocessing results stored in the Results tab in ArcToolbox in ArcCatalog. Her eis a Knowledge Base article about how to deal with this:
Here is another KB article on why the files sizes grow and how using Save As will help to control the growth:
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text:
CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE PAST
Levi Jordan Plantation
Conversations about the Past
by Carol McDavid
For more on some problems with the words we use in these conversations, go to Words.
Whose pasts? Many pasts...
This plantation has many histories. This is not to say that "historical facts" don't exist, but it IS to say that the meanings of those facts are perceived differently by different people who have different points of view. Archaeologists see the same "facts" differently than people with different sorts of training, just as different descendants will see certain "facts" differently from each other. And you may have another point of view altogether! We hope this web site will allow all of these different voices to "speak".
How to participate in the conversation...
The Big Picture
The organization overseeing this project, the Levi Jordan Plantation Historical Society, has addressed some of this in its Mission Statement and Statement of Belief. Have a look if you want more of the Big Picture of what we're up to. Or, go to Archaeology and the Internet, or to a report about this project, for more behind-the-scenes information. Also attached is a short essay entitled "Truth Claims, Conversations and Borderlands: Archaeology and the Internet", written during the early stages of this research.
From time to time we will also post information about how all this is working. The first such posting (which will be on this page) will probably be in mid-1999.
HOME * Conversations * Words * Archaeology * History * Ethnography * Community * Media * Descendants
& others * People in the Past * Kids * Bibliography * Definitions * Links * Maps * Search * Table of
For information about this site or this project, contact or.
‹ Carol McDavid 1998


text:
Craft a "Recycled" Angel Tree Topper
This "recycled" angel may use old materials, but it will be a brand new addition to your family's holiday decoration lineup! Show your little one how to craft this adorable angel out of an ordinary soda bottle as the tree topper for this year's Christmas tree. As your family receives a cherished new holiday keepsake, your child will fine tune his creativity, fine motor skills, and ability to follow directions!
What You Need:
- 2-liter bottle
- Scrap material
- Glue dots
- Glitter (optional)
- A doll head
What You Do:
- Have your child read through all the instructions out loud so that you both know what needs to be done, and ask your child if she has any questions before you begin.
- Cut off the bottle portion of the 2-liter bottle, so that the bottle creates a cone that can go over the top of your Christmas tree. Cutting through a plastic bottle can be dangerous, so it is best for an adult to do this portion of the project.
- Use the scrap of material to drape around the bottle, so it looks like a loose fitting gown. Your child is free to choose the color of material and how long the gown is. An old t-shirt is great for this project! Your child can wrap the material around the bottle until he is happy with how it looks, and then can cut it down as necessary.
- Once the material is arranged the way your child wants it, hold the material in place as he glues it to the back of the bottle. Using glue dots will enable your child to easily attach the material without having to wait long for the glue to dry.
- Invite your child to draw angel wings onto the cardboard. If he wishes, he can practice on scrap paper first.
- Use a sharp pair of scissors to cut out the wings your child drew.
- Once the wings are cut out, instruct your child to go ahead and paint them. White, yellow, and gold are common traditional colors, but he can choose any color he likes!
- To achieve an extra sheen, invite your child to sprinkle glitter over the glue while it is still wet.
- While your child waits for the wings to dry, he can use the glue dots to glue the doll head to the top of the 2-liter bottle (just above the neckline of the material).
- Once the paint on the wings is dry, your child is free to glue the wings to the back of the angel.
One of the many great things about this project is that it really allows your child to get creative! Your child has the opportunity to decide on the color or pattern of the material, the type of doll head to use, the length of the dress, as well as the color and style of the wings.


text:
Skip to Main Content
A facet model of targets is proposed to simulate inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images and radar back-scattering of moving targets with rigid and nonrigid motions. Targets are composed of solid objects which are modeled by triangular facets. It is shown that a facet can be treated as an equivalent point-scatterer whose radar cross section (RCS) and position depend on the shape of the triangle, the frequency, and the angle of incidence. A shadowing algorithm is also developed to detect the facets which actually have influence on the signal received by the radar. Besides, a facet division algorithm is implemented to improve the result of the shadowing algorithm and to have at least one facet per resolution cell. Finally, we apply our simulator to obtain the ISAR images of a ship and a helicopter and to calculate the micro-Doppler signature of a human.


text:
Question of the Week
browse by: questions
Thanks to Chris Busse for this great question!
And yes, it will! Heartleaf skullcap (Scutellariaovata) is one of the relatively few plants that go dormant in the summer, instead of the winter, thus defying our in grained view of how plants behave in response to seasonal changes. We're quite accustomed to plants going dormant in the winter, but usually around here, if something dies back in the SUMMER, it actually IS dead.
Since plants can't just get up and walk away when the weather gets bad, they have to adopt other strategies to deal with the changing seasons. Plants that are native to our temperate climatic zone usually respond to COOLER temperatures and SHORTER days by going to sleep to avoid potentially harmful clashes with the cold of winter.
But certain plants may also respond to the stress of extreme heat and drought,and the LONG days of INTENSE sunlightin the same manner-by hunkering down for a little nap until the situation improves.
Heartleaf skullcap does just fine here in our Central Texas winters, but doesn't care so much for our hot, dry summers. Even in "normal" summers, with a few DAYS, rather than a few MONTHS of temperatures over a hundred degrees, heartleaf skullcap more often than not avoids heat stress by dying back to the ground in summer.
In fall, it re-sprouts from underground stems. In fact, with October's cooler temperatures, Chris has seen her rebound.
Consider planting this native groundcover under winter dormant perennials. The silvery fuzzy leaves and later flowers will fill in the blank spaces. When it goes underground for summer, your hot-weather perennials will be back to get the spotlight.


Project Leaf (Law Enforcement Assistance for Forests) was launched on 5 June, 2012 – on World Environment Day. It is an initiative to counter various aspects of forest crime, including corruption, illegal logging and timber trafficking. The project is a consortium led by Interpol and the United Nations Environment Programme, intended to provide a coordinated global response to organised and transnational forest sector crime. Effective forest law enforcement in countries that implement REDD+ schemes is crucial to the success of REDD+. By involving actors aiming to prevent forest crime and corruption, Project Leaf hopes to generate an improved governance platform to aid country implementation of REDD+. Project Leaf counts on development donors for financial and operational support.


Scientists vexed in probe of North American starfish deaths
Last Updated: Friday, May 2, 2014 - 10:17
The starfish, also called sea stars, are being obliterated by an unexplained wasting disease that causes white lesions to appear before the animal's body sags and ruptures and it spills out its internal organs.
"The magnitude of it is very concerning. There's the potential that some of these species could actually go extinct," said Cornell University ecologist Drew Harvell, one of the scientists involved in the loosely organized search for a cause.
Harvell said she is concerned because the mysterious pathogen is affecting 18 different West Coast species along their entire range. Pathogens that affect an animal's range in such a way like a fungus that has targeted frogs can be particularly damaging, she said.
The disease appeared last year and is showing no indication of abating. "I wish we had a sign that it was petering out, but believe me it definitely is not," Harvell said.
The scientists seem to have more questions than answers.
"What is it that has caused this? Where did it come from? If it's exotic, how did it get here? Is it something that's likely to be repeated?" asked Pete Raimondi, chairman of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Raimondi expressed concern that the disease that is killing the starfish could be a harbinger of bad things to come for other marine species. "This is a really difficult disease in lots of ways because it's very virulent," Raimondi said.
They are significant predators in their ecosystems, the scientists said.
"These animals are really important ecologically. If they do go extinct, or at least ecologically extinct for some period of time, there undoubtedly would be some really huge impacts on the ecosystems that they live in," said Bruce Menge, a marine community ecologist at Oregon State University.
First Published: Friday, May 2, 2014 - 10:17
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Situating Science is a national research cluster geared toward promoting Science and Technology Studies and History and Philosophy of Science (STS/HPS) in Canada. The main goals in clustering Canadian research in STS/HPS are to promote scholarly and public engagement with science and technology by fostering co-ordinated research at the highest levels within the STS/HPS community in Canada and by aiding the communication of the results of this research to the public. Funded through the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the cluster is about bringing together active researchers in STS/HPS in a concerted and strategic effort to exchange skills and knowledge amongst the regions and particular focused themes of STS/HPS in Canada and its partnerships and publics. For more information on the cluster as a whole, see the Situating Science national site.
In the University of Saskatchewan node of the cluster, various faculty in the disciplines of Philosophy, Women and Gender Studies, English and History (including a Canada Research Chair in the History of Medicine) are engaged in STS/HPS research. Under the theme of historical epistemology and ontology, researchers at the U of S are engaged in work on the history of early modern science, cell and evolutionary theory, and dark matter physics. Under the theme of scientific communication and its publics, one researcher is investigating Newtonianism and popular culture, another is examining early modern science and theatre, a third is studying democracy and public policy in relation to technology.


text:
A simplified guide to your housing and eviction rights
What is the purpose of this leaflet?Many women are evicted from their homes by their husbands, partners, family members or the owners of their homes. Often, women are evicted with their children and do not have anywhere else to live. They then turn to shelters for temporary assistance or live in undesirable and unhealthy living conditions.
Sometimes these women have contributed to the home financially or in other ways such as by cleaning and maintaining the home or by taking care of the children. The husband or partner is then able to go to work and earn money to pay the bond over the property or the rent.
Some women reside on land in farm, agricultural or rural areas and are evicted from their homes with their children by the owners of the land
Women do not always know what their legal rights are to housing or their rights in terms of evictions and are evicted from their homes unfairly and illegally.
There are also circumstances where women who are in abusive marriages or relationships share a home with a husband, partner, exhusband, expartner or family member who abuses them. They are not aware that they can obtain a protection order that prohibits the abuser from entering the home or a part of the home.


Grinding Vs Milling Steel
tel: 0086-371-86162511
Wechat ID: LMZG_service
Emaill: [email protected]
Address: No.169, Science (Kexue) Avenue,
National HI-TECH Industry Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China
Milling vs Grinding: What's the Difference? Monroe
While they both involve the physical removal of material from a workpiece, milling and grinding aren't the same. The former machining process is characterized by the use of a milling machine, whereas the latter machining process is characterized by the use of a grinding wheel.
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Grinding vs. Milling Str8brand
The milling chamber and screens are made with food-grade (304) stainless steel, and the outside is made with aircraft-grade (6061) aluminum. This makes the STR8 Mill Grinder one of the safest cannabis grinders with no worries of aluminum shavings in your bud.
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What is the difference between grinding and milling? Quora
Grinding and milling refer to the same thing, although grinding is generally used to refer to process and a "mill" the equipment that undertakes the grinding. In many metallurgical processes the first step before any separation of valuable and barren components is attempted is known as comminution.
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1/8/2012 Cost and productivity comparison of surface grinding vs. face milling for flat surfaces on hardened tool steel AISI D3 (60–62 HRC). Current study process plan G surface grinding (Al 2
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As verbs the difference between grind and mill is that grind is to reduce to smaller pieces by crushing with lateral motion or grind can be brawl, fight, wrangle over while mill is to grind or otherwise process in a mill or other machine. As nouns the difference between grind and mill
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12/2/2018 Grinding vs. Machining Assumed Milling Parameters Aerospace turning When considering replacing a traditional process with grinding, it is important to understand that the feasibility depends more on how the part and wheel contact each other than on geometry.
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The MC-8 spindle has three distinct motor drives:
- one to precisely adjustthe unit vertically. This is achieved by means of dovetail slides and a gear reducer with a recirculating ball-bearing screw, driven by a self-braking motor.
The vertical position of each spindle is shovm on a digital display that can be easily seen by the operator:
- one for the tool holder body rotation;
- one for the radial roller rotation, with direct drive through a pair of bevel gears.
Thanks to its operating method, the MC-8 spindle gauges and levels slab surfaces superbly, while using the diamond tool in the most technologically correct way.
Consequently, there is a drastic reduction in the gauging costs with respect to alternative systems, which have now become obsolete.


Game Review
Super Yum Yum: Puzzle Adventures Review
Europe PAL Version
Posted by Marcel van Duyn
Fairly yummy
First released for mobile phones and iPhone, Super Yum Yum is a puzzle game in which you play as Leon the chameleon, attempting to recover all your children and your large supply of fruit, all of which have been stolen by Ms. Tum Tum, a big blue creature with a large appetite.
After a quick tutorial level you'll be thrust into action immediately. The game is divided into four worlds, each of which has 12 stages. You can only tackle four of these stages at a time; to access the next four, you'll have to collect a certain amount of fruit in the already open stages. If you just make it a point to collect all fruit in every stage, you'll be fine: eventually you'll even be able to reach the next four stages without even playing any of the current ones.
The actual gameplay in each of the stages is fairly straightforward: simply collect all the fruit! Chameleons have fairly long tongues, and you'll be taking advantage of that. Most stages have a large number of gaps, with fruit on the other side, and you can even use your tongue to grab them and pull yourself across. It won't be long until stages also have Leon's children for you to rescue. They're collected in the same way as fruit, however, if you grab them from across a gap, you'll pull them towards yourself, rather than the other way around.
Leon's children start off being unimportant, but very quickly come into play. Certain stages feature extra large fruit, which require you to have one or more of your children with you before becoming edible. The amount of chameleons (including yourself) necessary to eat one will be depicted on it, so try to devise a path through the stage which allows you to get children before finding any large fruit.
But everything is not as simple as it sounds. All fruit has different colours, which signifies that Leon can only eat it when he himself is the same colour. All fruit also has leaves on top, which in most cases is a different colour from the fruit itself. After eating a fruit, you'll turn into the colour of the leaves, so most levels only have one or two possible solutions, as you'll have to eat everything in a very speciifc order.
Of course, you're likely to make a mistake or two some time, and the developers have thought of that, incorporating a rewind button that allows you to go one step back as many times as you want, all the way back to the very beginning of the level.
Once you've beaten a world, you'll actually have to fight a boss battle, something quite strange for a game like this. Leon's children play a role once more here, as you'll have to get past an even larger piece of fruit. A power bar will appear on screen with a slider automatically going from left to right – you'll have to stop it within a highlighted section of the bar to successfully fling one of your children at the fruit.
Once you've thrown all your kids, you'll have to continue stopping the slider in the correct section of the bar in order to start eating away at the fruit. The amount of kids you threw at it successfully determines how fast it'll go down, so if you rescued all kids and managed to throw all of them onto the fruit, you're far likelier to win within the time limit.
Although the gameplay is quite addicting, strangely the rest of the game is a bit lacking. Other versions, such as the one for iPhone, looked very clean and smooth, but the DSiWare release is noticeably uglier, and the game's small number of cutscenes all run very choppily. By far the worst is the music, as you'll only hear any on the level select screens: during actual gameplay, the game is completely silent, save for the sounds Leon and his kids make. The level select music would've been perfectly fine for the actual levels as well, so we wonder why the developers didn't simply do that.
On the whole, Super Yum Yum is a pretty fun game. With 48 increasingly hard levels, it will last you a good few hours, at least if you're trying to collect everything. The graphics and (near lack of) music will be off-putting to some, but there's nothing a stereo or a music player on your computer can't solve.
From the web
User Comments (10)
Malouff said:
The trailer for this looked fun.
Without music however, I will have to skip this one and wait for DodoGo!
Froggievilleus said:
This is a cute game. And Leon makes noises when eating fruit and such. And to be honest, I usually have the sound off and listen to other stuff while playing games.
Bankai said:
The review doesn't mention how clever the puzzles are in this game - it's really taxing on the brain in places, but at the same time, it's never stressful.
It's actually one of the better puzzlers on DSiWare.
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Can I use the terms proof and evidence synonymously or is there a difference? You usually see mathematicians writing about "proof" while other sciences instead discuss "evidence" - is there a practical difference or do they mean the same, an understanding of the basis for the scientific result and it is that basis that we either call proof or evidence?
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 $\begingroup$ "Evidence" is empirical. Moreover, having "evidence" for something does not imply it is definitively true. One could argue that there's numerical "evidence" for Goldbach's conjecture, but that's no proof. $\endgroup$ – TheDayBeforeDawn Jun 18 '16 at 2:22
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 $\begingroup$ Irrefutable evidence. $\endgroup$ – André Nicolas Jun 18 '16 at 2:25
 - 8
 $\begingroup$ The terms are separate for good reasons. Proof is a stronger claim than evidence. You'd be foolish to claim you merely had "evidence" of a theorem if you actually proved it. $\endgroup$ – Jerry Guern Jun 18 '16 at 3:34
 - $\begingroup$ See also "Proof" meaning in maths and society on Mathematics Educators SE. $\endgroup$ – J W Jun 19 '16 at 11:31
 - $\begingroup$ You can consider a mathematical proof Bayesian evidence for something. Evidence rather than certainty, as the proof might be wrong! $\endgroup$ – Oliver Jun 20 '16 at 11:07
Hypothesis: $n^2-n+41$ is prime, for all natural $n$.
Evidence: True for $n=1, 2, 3,\ldots, 40$.
That seems persuasive, but for $n=41$ the hypothesis is false.
In general, science typically uses inductive reasoning, i.e. noticing a pattern and claiming it continues forever. An improvement is the scientific method, i.e. noticing a pattern, making a prediction, and checking if the prediction is true the next time. Unfortunately, neither of these is considered a mathematical proof.
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 $\begingroup$ I would say "fortunately" instead. $\endgroup$ – Matemáticos Chibchas Jun 19 '16 at 2:40
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 $\begingroup$ "mathematical induction" is very different from "inductive reasoning". $\endgroup$ – vadim123 Jun 19 '16 at 16:13
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 $\begingroup$ While this clearly demonstrates evidence is not proof, I feel that this answer overly downplays the value of evidence in practicing mathematics. $\endgroup$ – user14972 Jun 20 '16 at 0:02
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 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Vadim's example ($n^2 - n + 41$ is prime, True for $n = 1, \ldots, 40$) is not a proof by induction. Induction proofs require a base case and an induction step (Given that the statement holds for $n$, it must hold also for $n+1$). Stating that $n^2 -n + 41$ is prime for $n=1, \ldots, 40$ is a "base case", but no proof is offered that if the expression is prime for $n$, then it must also be prime for $n+1$, and obviously no such proof could exist, since a counterexample exists ($n=41$). Actually complete proofs by induction are perfectly satisfactory and acceptable. $\endgroup$ – Iwillnotexist Idonotexist Jun 20 '16 at 7:11
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Thanks for the detailed explanation. $\endgroup$ – A---B Jun 20 '16 at 18:50
In mathematics, "evidence" is weaker than "proof".
Mathematicians use the words "proof" and "evidence" differently from the sciences. When we speak of a "proof" that something is true, we mean an irrefutable line of logical implications. When we speak of "evidence" that something is true, we typically mean indications (like many worked out examples or related theorems).
For example, as far as I know, no one has a "proof" that the Riemann Hypothesis is true. However, there is a ton of evidence that it probably is true (examples: there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line, all of the zeros must lie at least "close" to it, many of the theorems that it implies has been proven true). Again even with all of this evidence, this still does not give us "proof" that it is true.
So I guess in a kind of perverse way you could think of a "proof" as "evidence". But "evidence" is not enough to be a "proof".
Yes, science sees these terms as equals. Mathematics holds us to a higher standard. Unlike scientific results, mathematics results are true (not approximately sort of true for today).
 - $\begingroup$ My only problem with your answer here is that you would denigrate gravity based on the fact that it is "approximately sort of true for today" when its effects, while mathematically intractable, are undeniable. $\endgroup$ – avgvstvs Jun 19 '16 at 4:29
 - 3
 $\begingroup$ I wouldn't say gravity is "kind of sort of true". But the Physical theories describing gravity are all flawed. All of science is approximation. All of science is wrong to one degree or another. :) $\endgroup$ – Bill Cook Jun 19 '16 at 4:31
Proposition: Every real number is less than $1,000,000$.
Evidence: The proposition seems to hold for all numbers in my test set $\{1,2,3,\ldots,100\}$.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Wow, quite surprised to see many downvotes for my answer, yet many upvotes for essentially the same accepted answer from vadim123. $\endgroup$ – MPW Jun 18 '16 at 6:45
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Maybe they downvoted because is was not obvious what you meant by this explanation. I would add to the proposition proof by contradiction. Pick 10million which is real. _PHONE_>_PHONE_! You might have to prove that 10 million is real as a lemma to fully satisfy the downvoters. $\endgroup$ – Magicsowon Jun 18 '16 at 6:54
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ I suspect the downvotes were because everybody knows that the proposition in your answer is false. In vadim123's answer, it's conceivable that some people could be fooled by the evidence. $\endgroup$ – Andreas Blass Jun 18 '16 at 19:44
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ -1, because you claim that this answer is essentially the same as the accepted answer from vadim123. Maybe the example selected by vadim123 was too obvious, but your example is intentionally obvious, without any additional explanation. $\endgroup$ – Thomas Klimpel Jun 19 '16 at 12:15
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ For all of the "nay-sayers": I'm only presenting a simple example to drive home the point. An absurd example shows in a "crystal clear" fashion why evidence and proof differ. My example isn't meant to be a puzzle or challenge; it's intentionally obtuse. That's a very effective teaching tool, no? $\endgroup$ – MPW Jun 20 '16 at 4:28
If you're a 20th-century sort of scientist, you might describe "evidence" for a hypothesis as a valiant but unsuccessful attempt to falsify it—to prove it wrong by showing that it implies something false.
For example, say it's the early 1800s, and you want to test the hypothesis H that Fresnel's wave model accurately describes the behavior of light. You notice that Fresnel's model has a really surprising consequence: it implies that, under certain conditions, the shadow of an opaque disk should have a bright spot at the center! Let's call that surprising consequence I. If the hypothesis I turns out to be wrong—which seems pretty likely—then H must be wrong as well, because H implies I.
Your colleague François Arago sets up an opaque disk under just the right lighting conditions. He sees the bright spot! Against all expectation, the hypothesis I holds. Your valiant attempt to falsify H has failed. Arago's experiment goes down in history as strong evidence in favor of H. The bright spot, to your chagrin, is sometimes named after you.
When mathematicians talk about "evidence," they're talking about the same thing. If you want to test a mathematical conjecture C, you look at its implications. If you're lucky, you discover that C has a really surprising consequence I which is feasible to check. If you check I, and find that it's true, you've found evidence for C.
The generalized Riemann


text:
Date of this Version
Genetic variation within and among wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, subspecies was measured using DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis of a 655 bp portion of the mtDNA D-loop region. DNA sequencing from 25 individual Eastern, Merriam, Rio Grande and domestic Turkeys revealed 16 polymorphic sites. Parsimony and neighbor-joining analysis did not show support for the four wild Turkey subspecies studied. PCR-RFLP analysis of 118 individuals revealed 13 distinct haplotypes. Haplotype variation was detected in all wild Turkey populations, and Wright's F-statistics revealed pronounced differentiation (FST = 0.302) among populations. Based on these data, non-native wild Turkey populations do not appear to have suffered a genetic bottleneck since their reintroduction.


since collapsed. Yet it seems the Lins were trendsetters, because it wasn't long before other branches of the Lin clan started building their own tulou in the village. Of the many earthen structures that rise up out of the village grounds, Zhengcheng Lou, Fuyu Lou, Kuiju Lou, and Rusheng Lou have garnered the most fame.
Zhengcheng Lou was built in 1912 according to the Eight Diagrams of Bagua theory. The two wells within this tulou represent Yin and Yang, while its three gates symbolise heaven, earth and human beings respectively. The external ring of the compound is a four-storey building that has been divided into eight units or "gua". The branch of the Lin family that established Zhengcheng Lou had also studied abroad in Europe and thus incorporated many Western features into their tulou to make it stand out. It seems T. S. Eliot's famed proverb "good poets borrow, great poets steal" can also be applied to architects!
Fuyu Lou, on the other hand, is a completely different style of tulou known as a "Wufeng" or "Five Pheonix" tulou. Built in 1882 by three brothers, it was designed to look like a phoenix spreading its wings and its appearance was heavily influenced by Han-style architecture. The exterior supposedly looks like three mountains rising towards the sky, as the brothers wanted to imply that they were as magnificent as mountains. Modesty evidently wasn't a family trait!
From mountains to mansions, Kuiju Lou is a large, square-shaped tulou that was built to resemble a palace, earning it the alternate name "Potala Palace". Unlike many of the other earthen buildings, the interior is bedecked with sculptures, colourful murals, and complex architectural features. After all, a man's house is his castle, and a family's tulou is their palace!
Size may have mattered to the owners of these first three tulou, but Rusheng Lou is famous precisely because it is the smallest tulou in existence. It was built sometime between 1875 and 1908, and is just 17 metres in diameter, with only three-storeys and 16 rooms to house its inhabitants. The name "rusheng" means "as if to rise"; perhaps because the optimistic owner hoped it would grow over time!
Encompassed by towering mountains, dense forests, and bubbling brooks, the village of Gaobei in Yongding County may seem like the most unlikely place to meet royalty. Yet here, hidden like a gem within the countryside, lies Chengqi Lou; the "King of Tulou". Around the streams that wind through Gaobei, a cluster of these fortress-like earthen dwellings rises up and adds new magnificence to the landscape. They resemble fortified villages and were initially designed to protect the inhabitants from bandits and wild animals, although nowadays the only thing threatening them is the occasional door-to-door salesman!
The grandest and largest in Gaobei is Chengqi Lou, which is four-storeys high and over 62 metres in diameter. Construction of this tulou began in the late Ming Dynasty (_PHONE_) but it wasn't completed until 1709, during the Qing Dynasty (_PHONE_). It took three generations of the local Jiang family to build this spectacular tulou. In three generations, my family have barely managed to pay off a house, let alone build a fortress! Chengqi Lou is a circular tulou and is renowned for its four concentric rings; one that surrounds the complex and three within it.
The first or outer ring is four-storeys high, with the ground floor made up of kitchens, the second floor acting as grain storage rooms, and the third and fourth floors being used as living quarters and bedrooms. In its heyday, this complex could support over 800 people, and nowadays it still houses an impressive 57 families and 300 people. The second ring is two-storeys high and is comprised of 80 rooms for general use. The third is only one-storey high and its 32 rooms make up a community library. After all, when you're being besieged by bandits and the tulou is locked down, how else would you entertain yourself? Nothing like a good book to get you through a potentially hostile takeover!
The final ring is just a covered corridor that surrounds the ancestral hall, where inhabitants still worship their venerated ancestors. In total, Chengqi Lou contains a staggering 370 rooms. This means that, if you spent one night in each room, it would take you over a year to get through the whole complex!
Other famous tulou in the area include Wuyun Lou, which was built during the Ming Dynasty and is currently uninhabited, and Qiaofu Lou, which was constructed during the 1960s and acts as a hotel for tourists. So if you fancy a real tulou experience, don't forget to book a room at Qiaofu Lou. Or perhaps just squat for free in the empty Wuyun Lou!
Fujian Tulou (Earthen Structure)
The Fujian Tulou or Fujian Earthen Structure is a type of dwelling built by the Hakka and Hoklo people in the mountainous regions of southern Fujian. A Tulou is a large, enclosed structure that is usually circular or rectangular in shape and is used to house multiple families. They are usually between 2 to 5 storeys high and the largest Tulou can hold up to a hundred families. Every family in the Tulou community enjoys perfect equality because every room in a Tulou is the same size and has exactly the same design.
There is a famous story about a group of Fujian Tulou: In 1986, during the Cold War period, the US satellites found many strange circular and square shaped structures, resembling a group of nuclear bases, hidden in the valleys of southern China, near Taiwan. Fearing an impending nuclear attack from Communist China, the US sent a unit of CIA spies to China to investigate, and eventually they were embarrassed to find that the "nuclear bases" were just simple Tulou:
The Fortified Walls of the Tulou:
These large clay buildings are usually two to five storeys high and have a specific, defensive function. There are no windows on the external walls of the ground and first floors, while there are small windows on the walls of the second floor and above. The base of the wall is about 3 meters thick. The wall of the first floor is 1.5 meters thick, so the wall reduces in thickness slightly as it ascends.
Fujian Tulou, defensive function
A Brief history of the Tulou:
From the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty (307-12 BCE) onwards, there were several significant immigrations from central China to Fujian. Among these immigrations, there was a particularly large scale one that took place during the late Tang Dynasty (7th-8th centuries). It was those immigrants that settled down in the southeast of Fujian Province and subsequently became the Hoklo people. During the Song Dynasty, due to the conquest of northern China by the Jin ethnic group, many people fled from central China yet again, bringing with them their culture and language. These people finally settled down in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi and formed the Hakka ethnic group.
In the beginning, the newcomers built houses following the traditional Han-style of architecture. However, during the Ming (_PHONE_) and Qing (_PHONE_) dynasties, society was unstable because of frequent fighting between ethnic groups, and all the while robbers and thieves were running rampant. The Hakka and Hoklo people improved their homes gradually so that they eventually became a perfect defense against attackers and trespassers. These fortress-like dwellings were called Tulou.
The first Tulou appeared at some point between the 11th century and the13th century. The design for the Tulou was developed from the 14th century right through to the 16th century, and reached its peak between the late Ming Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty (17th – 18th centuries).
Different types of Tulou:
1. Round or Circular Tulou
According to national records, there are more than 1,100 circular Tulou in Fujian. Among these circular Tulou, nearly 800 of them adopt the "connected rooms" design, where each room on the same floor is connected by a corridor, and more than 300 of them are composed of separated rooms, in which each family has their own "apartment". Generally speaking, the Tulou inhabited by the Hakka people mostly follow the "connected rooms" design, while the Hoklo people prefer Tulou that have separated apartments.
Each floor in the Tulou has a specific function and follows the same general design rules, regardless of whether the Tulou has "connected" or "separated" rooms. The kitchens and living rooms are always on the ground floor, the first floor is for food storage, and the second and third floor rooms are used as bedrooms. In some Tulou the food is stored on the top floor to keep cereals dry, but this can be somewhat inconvenient when cooking as the kitchens will still be on the ground floor.
Most Tulou have an Ancestral Hall in the middle of the yard for inhabitants to worship their ancestors. Around the Ancestral Hall there are usually rooms that used for studying.
The most famous circular Tulou:
Huaiyuan Lou
Huiyuan Lou was built in 1909 and is a typical example of a Tulou that follows the "connected rooms" design. Because of its short history, the whole building is well preserved


text:
Mouse - Lymphohematopoietic System - 790.pff
Image Name: 790.pff
Image Annotation: Model: From The Study Set Of T Fredrickson. Dx: Mast Cell Sarcoma The splenic red pulp is filled with mast cells. Solid foci of mast cell tumor in the liver. Several large infiltrates are also present in the liver. 200x.
Staining Method: Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Method
Organ: Lymphohematopoietic System
Diagnosis: Mast Cell Hematopoietic Sarcoma
Image donated by: Scott Kogan


Pyepics-Compatible Client
What is This?
Pyepics is a well-established Python wrapper of libca. Caproto includes a client that is a drop-in replacement for pyepics. It is implemented as a shim on top of caproto's main Threading Client. Caproto's pyepics-compatible client is tested against a representative sample of the pyepics test suite.
Why would you ever want to use caproto's pyepics instead of actual pyepics? It may be advantageous to run existing user code written for pyepics on top of caproto — for example, to leverage caproto's verbose logging or portability.
Why are there two threading clients in caproto instead of just one pyepics-compatible one? Caproto's main threading client makes different design choices, consistent with the rest of caproto:
 1. Caproto's threading client provides a lower-level API, handing the user objects encapsulating the complete response from the server as opposed to just the value.
 2. Caproto pulls apart the subscription process into two steps—specifying a subscription and adding a user callback function to one—whereas pyepics elides them.
Caproto is speed-competitive with pyepics. Because it controls the entire network stack, rather than calling out to libca, it can batch requests into UDP datagrams and TCP packets more efficiently, leading to a ~250X speedup in connecting a large number of channels in bulk.
The authors of caproto are heavy pyepics users and occasional contributors. This module is intended as a friendly bridge to pyepics.
For full documentation on pyepics usage, see the pyepics doucmentation. This is a brief demonstration of caproto's pyepics-compat client.
In a separate shell, start one of caproto's demo IOCs.
$ python3 -m caproto.ioc_examples.random_walk
PVs: ['random_walk:dt', 'random_walk:x']
Now, in Python we will talk to it using caproto's pyepics-compatible client. Get and put to random_walk:dt:
In [1]: import caproto.threading.pyepics_compat as epics
In [2]: pv_name = 'random_walk:dt'
In [3]: epics.caget(pv_name)
Out[3]: 3.0
In [4]: epics.caput(pv_name, 2)
In [5]: pv = epics.get_pv(pv_name)
In [6]: pv.get()
Out[6]: 2.0
In [7]: pv.put(1)
In [8]: pv.get()
Out[8]: 1.0
Subscribe a user-defined callback function to random_walk:x:
In [9]: def f(value, **kwargs):
 ...: print('received value', value)
Note that pyepics recommends using epics.get_pv(...) instead of epics.PV(...) and so do we, but both usages are supported.
In [10]: x_pv = epics.PV('random_walk:x')
In [11]: x_pv.add_callback(f)
Out[11]: 0
In [12]: import time; time.sleep(5) # give some time for responses to come in
received value -0.32599493246952127
received value -0.6688874194495014
received value -1.2827184838054524
received value -1.289752589603644
In [13]: x_pv.clear_callbacks()
The underlying caproto PV and Context objects from caproto's main Threading Client. are accessible:
In [14]: pv._caproto_pv
Out[14]:
In [15]: pv._caproto_pv.context
Out[15]:
This brief demonstration has not exercised every aspect of the pyepics API, but caproto's test suite is more comprehensive.


text:
Fearless cookiecutter shark taking on great whites, UF scientists find
Published: Monday, February 4, 2013 at 12:58 p.m.
Last Modified: Monday, February 4, 2013 at 12:58 p.m.
Small but mighty: What's true on land might also be true in the ocean.
Recently, scientists unveiled the first photographic evidence that a cigar-shaped shark less than 2 feet long — known as the cookiecutter shark — bit one of the oceanic giants 10 times its size — the great white shark.
Yannis Papastamatiou, a marine biologist in the division of ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville, was one of the authors of a study published in the January issue of the journal Pacific Science, which describes the cookiecutter shark's bite wound near the mouth of a great white found in the waters off Guadalupe Island in the Pacific.
The cookiecutter shark, named for its characteristic bite that is unique among sharks, scoops out a neatly round piece of flesh from its prey.
"They have a fairly distinct skull and musculature and are really evolved to scoop these circular bites out of animals," Papastamatiou said. "There is no other shark with a similar adaptation."
The sharks also have tiny upper teeth and lower teeth that "look like a picket fence with razor sharp edges," said Christopher Lowe, a professor at California State University and another author of the study. This allows their upper teeth to sink in as their lower teeth dig and twist out their victim's flesh.
But then, they are done.
"Their strategy is not a kill — they are just getting one bite," Papastamatiou said. They do feast on a number of species, though, and have left bites on dolphins, whales and tuna. They ingest squid and small fish whole.
In 2009, a man doing an inter-island nighttime swim in Hawaii got bit, and people drowned at sea have been found with bites.
The sharks also have taken chunks out of submarines and oceanographic equipment.
"Think of it like a buffet table for a cookiecutter. They take bites out of everything," Lowe said, adding that the documented bites have increased, he suspects, because the sharks' increased access to feeding has allowed them to reproduce faster.
But the cookiecutters are still an elusive breed, and fairly hard for scientists to study because they generally hang out in the deepest part of the ocean (over half a mile down) and come to shallower waters only at night, which is likely their most active feeding time.
As Papastamatiou explained, cells in their belly produce light to match moonlight, which makes them disappear in a predator's eye. However, they have a dark band behind their head that a predator mistakes for a ring of tiny fish. And that might be how a cookiecutter deceptively lures bigger sharks and other animals toward it, then shocks them with its own bite before sneaking away, Papastamatiou said.
"The cookiecutter moves around pretty fast. We don't know how (the other shark) responded. It was more than likely a startled response. It's got to be fairly shocking."
But the wounds do heal, and so far, they haven't been known to cause long-term damage to victims, although Papastamatiou said there might be an immune system consequence, particularly in animals such as swordfish, which can be covered with bites if they are not entirely eaten.
And cookiecutter bites on fish caught and sold at a market do detract from the fish's value, Papastamatiou added.
"They actually do have some economic impact. At fish auctions, the market value of the fish goes down with cookiecutter bites."
The challenge for scientists now is to study the cookiecutters while they are in attack mode, since they mostly have been caught accidentally in fishing nets.
"My dream is to detect them and track them in the wild," Papastamatiou said. "We've developed a lot of theories about how they behave, but to be able to find them is really the hard part."
Contact Kristine Crane at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


worn out files and ground to shape. See Figs. 112 and 113. The edges must be kept very sharp to do good work. The bull nose is used to scrape grooves smooth and to clean out bearings. The flat scraper is used for cleaning joints. The instructor will demonstrate the uses of these scrapers.
Fig. 112
Fig. 112
Fig. 113
Fig. 113
THE THREE CORNER SCRAPER is used for scraping the burrs from the edges of oil grooves, for cleaning out oil grooves, for chamfering sharp corners on small work, and other similar jobs. See Fig. 114. A worn out three square file makes a good three corner scraper. If the
scraper is bent at a slight curve it may be used to better advantage in many places. The instructor will demonstrate the use of the three corner scraper.
THE STRAIGHT SCRAPER is made from a discarded half round file, bent at a slight curve, and ground. See Fig. 115. This scraper is used for scraping out bearings while the bearings are being fitted to a shaft. The scraper is sometimes known as a "spoon" scraper. The edges are kept sharp by rubbing with an oil stone. The instructor will demonstrate the use of a straight, or spoon, scraper.
Fig. 114
Fig. 114
Fig. 115
Fig. 115
A STRAIGHT PACKING HOOK, see Fig. 116, is a very useful tool for digging packing out of a deep stuffing box. When the packing has become old and dry, it is very difficult to remove it with a straight hook. Then the SCREW PACKING HOOK is used. See Fig. 117. The screw hook may be used the same as a cork screw and the picking pulled out with very little trouble.
Some straight packing hooks have a bend at the point. See Fig. 118. This bend forms a foot which may be used to stuff the packing tightly into the stuffing box. This is a distinct advantage when loose packing is used. The bend also serves to pull the packing out of a stuffing box. The instructor will demonstrate the use of these packing hooks.
Fig. 116
Fig. 116
Fig. 117
Fig. 117
Fig. 118
Fig. 118
When it is necessary to remove a tightly fitted pin from a hole, never use a center punch to do the job. The point of the center punch will be ruined if the pin is hardened, and also there is a tendency to enlarge the end of the pin and thus make removal more difficult. Use a drift punch. See Fig. 119. A drift punch is made of good steel, not easily bent, and ground to a square point. The body of the punch is larger than the punch point.
When driving out a pin, use a punch that is only slightly smaller than the pin. If it is a tapered pin, be governed by the size of the small end. Drift punches are made with the drift end from 1/8" up to 3/8" and are long or short to suit the job.
Fig. 119
Fig. 119
Always use an approved type of goggles. These are equipped with shatter-proof glass and side shields. When the machinist is grinding or chipping, a good pair of goggles will prevent eye injury. Goggles may be secured from the tool crib. It is better to be safe than sorry. Obey safety rules.
Oil stones are furnished by the tool crib. They are usually fine on one side and coarse on the other. Use a little light oil on the stone when wetting a scraper or when sharpening dividers, trammel points, and scribers. The stone is also used to remove nicks and rust spots. Small stones are used to smooth gear teeth.
These wrenches are sometimes made in the shop by cutting off a piece of pipe and forming one end to fit a hexagon nut. Holes are drilled through the other end for a rod, to use as a handle. See Fig. 120. The length of the wrench makes it possible to reach into deep places not easily done with another type of wrench. While these wrenches are very useful, they will not withstand so heavy a strain as the socket wrenches mentioned in the next paragraph.
This end of the pipe has been heated and formed to shape over a piece of hexagon stock of the correct size.
Fig. 120
Fig. 120
These wrenches come in sets of six or more sockets, a ratchet handle, and an extension to reach into deep places. See Fig. 121. The wrench sockets are forged and will withstand a good, strong pull. The advantage of a socket wrench is that the nut is not damaged; neither will the wrench slip off easily. Never use a hammer on a ratchet handle.
Fig. 121
Fig. 121
This is much the same as a 12 point wrench but has only six points of contact with the nut. See Fig. 122. In a narrow space, the hexagon box wrench may be used to better advantage than a socket wrench. The socket wrench works well in a deep pocket. Allen wrenches are used where hexagon socket-type set screws are used. A special wrench must be used for turning this type set screw. See Fig. 123.
Fig. 122
Fig. 122
Fig. 123
Fig. 123
Fig. 124
Fig. 124
Trammels are used-in place of dividers where the scribing leg must stand at right angles to the work. See Fig. 124. There are several sizes and styles of trammels which make it possible to get into many different places that would ordinarily be hard to reach.
The beam is a good grade of steel. The points are tool steel, hardened and tempered. The points are kept sharp by using the oil stone. Large! unusually shaped trammels are kept on the job until the work is finished.
Trammels are useful in measuring distances that are pre-determined by marking the correct distances with prick punch marks. The trammel legs are then adjusted so that the points register exactly in the prick punch marks. The measurement thus obtained may be transferred to the job. These prick punch marks are known as "tram marks".
When fitting chocks, place tram marks on the base and foundation, directly in line, and as the fitting proceeds, use the trams in the prick punch marks to check the distance for accuracy. Any difference in the height of the base from the foundation, all around the job, is quickly noticeable. One leg trams are used for special jobs. The instructor will demonstrate many uses of trammels.
While a six-inch scale may be used as a straight edge on small jobs, there are many times when the scale will be unsuited to the job. A straight edge is true and level for the entire length. Because much depends on the accuracy of a straight edge, the tool is made of material that is not likely to spring or change shape. Cast iron, machined very accurately, has been found quite satisfactory. See Fig. 125.
Never drop a straight edge. Never pile other material on a straight edge. Keep the machined surfaces oiled to prevent rust.
Fig. 125
Fig. 125
Straight edges are usually kept in the tool crib, but some mechanics prefer to keep their own straight edges.
1. Explain the difference between the purposes for which dividers and calipers are used.
2. Name two measuring jobs performed with outside calipers.
3. What tool should be used to scribe a line at right angles to the edge of a steel plate?
4. Name the two types of files which are used mostly on outside machinist jobs.
5. Explain the difference between straight flute and spiral reamers and point out the principal uses for both reamers.
6. What type of wrench is used to the best advantage on general work?
7. For what purpose is a center head and blade used?
8. Explain the use of the tool which is generally employed to locate a point on the inner bottom of the ship directly below a point on the weather deck.
9. What is the name of the tool which is used to test a surface that is supposed to be vertical?
10. When the packing in a stuffing box has hardened and will not come out easily, what type of packing hook may be used to loosen it up?
11. Explain the advantage of a 12 point box wrench.
12. For what purposes are trammels used?
13. What size wrench opening is required for a 3/4" standard hexagon nut? Commercial? U. S. Navy?
14. Explain the difference between a stillson wrench and a monkey wrench.
15. State the way a fox wedge is made and the purpose for for which it is generally used.
16. What type of socket wrench is made in the shop?
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text:
Science and religion don't mix, right? Wrong. Or at least Israel's College of Management and Academic Studies Robotic Research Institute doesn't think so.
Students at the college have been working on robots which can carry out a Jewish Passover ceremony from start to finish, even mechanically breaking off bits of Matza for fellow robot guests at the table.
Seder, the Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of Passover, requires that each attendee drink no less than four cups of wine, which is not a problem, as the robots appear to be able to pour flawlessly, and with the added benefit of retaining sobriety throughout.
Bitter herbs? The robot seems to have no trouble dolloping it onto various plates. Eat your heart out Pharoah.
Now, you see, if only the robots had been able to build the pyramids instead of Jewish slaves, or better yet, use SatNav capabilities to guide the Jews through the desert to the Holy Land afterwards, then none of us would have to suffer our way through a whole week of unleavened bread.


In our last post, we used the PDT's VMCreator.ps1 script to create all the VMs that are required to setup all System Center components.
Now, we are going to use the Installer.ps1 script to finish the installation.
Installer.PS1 SCRIPT
Start by running PowerShell command prompt as Administrator. Right-click on PowerShell and choose 'Run As Administrator'.
Administrative PowerShell Prompt
In the PowerShell command prompt, change the working directory to where the Installer.ps1 script is located (in my example, in the Downloads folder); for example: cd "C:UsersAdinDownloads".
Before running the script to execute the installation, it is best to run the validation option first, to ensure everything is in place. To do this, run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter, like this: PS C:UsersAdministratorDownloadsPDT2.5.2509>.Installer.ps1 -ValidateOnly. This will initiate the validation, which checks things like the VMs, dependencies, SQL Server installations, and media for installation.
As you can see in my lab example, the Media validation has failed.
You will notice that the Installer.ps1 script is looking for the media in the C:Temp directory. But wait, didn't we download all of the required files by running the Donwloader.ps1 script? Yes we did. Then why is this validation failing?
Simply, the Downloader.ps1 script downloaded all the required files, but rather than placing them into the C:Temp directory, it put them in C:InstallerPrerequisites. If you look at the Variable.xml file, specifically lines #7 and 8, you will see the following:
These lines tell the scripts where path to the source files are, and where (originally) to download those files.
So at this point, we have 2 choices. Either we can move all of the files into C:Temp, or we can change the "SourcePath" directory to match where the files are downloaded to (namely C:InstallerPrerequisites).
In my case, I'll just move the files. But if you want, you could modify the SourcePath variable.
Re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter. The validation for the Media should pass now. However, as you can see in my lab example, I am now getting validation failures on the Service Accounts.
So, how do we fix this? Well, first, I should mention that I am running the PowerShell scripts on my HOST machine; which is NOT a part of the domain. This is why the validation of the Service Accounts fails.
So you have 2 choices, either join your HOST to the domain, or copy the Installer.ps1 script and C:Installer directory to the Domain Controller. Since I like to re-build my lab over and over, I don't prefer to add my HOST to the domain. So, in my lab example I opted to copy the files to my Domain Controller VM, and re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter.
Now, when I did this, I am STILL getting validation errors, but this time with the Server and Access validation.
Why is this? Honestly, I don't know. But I do recall reading/hearing somewhere about possibly having to run these scripts from an Administrator's workstation, and NOT from any of the systems that the scripts are designed to work with. Since I was originally running the scripts on my HOST system that was NOT connected to the domain, that was one issue. Then I ran the scripts from the Domain Controller, which resolved the Account validation.
So, I thought that I would try one last thing. I decided to create an Administrator workstation and run the scripts from there. Now, of course I ran the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter just to see if everything passed prior to actually running the script to perform the installation. And guess what! Everything passed!
So, now that we know everything is green and we won't end up with a partial/incomplete installation, we are now ready to run the Installer.ps1 script, and complete the final part of our installation.
Run the Installer.ps1 script, and the validation will be completed again (as designed), then the installation will be initiated.
Just like the VMMCreator.ps1 script, the display will turn green when each item is completed. Eventually, it will complete all pieces.
Congratulations, you have now successfully used the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit (PDT) to automatically install and configure an entire System Center environment!
One final note. You may not have noticed, but all of the System Center consoles were actually installed onto server RD01. Why is that? It's not the Administrator's workstation. The answer is because that server is the System Center Orchestrator Runbook Designer server, which requires all of the consoles for the interoperability/connectivity to create runbooks, and thus System Center automation.
So, if you are looking for the console for a specific System Center component (i.e. SCOM, SCCM, etc.), you will need to log into the RD01 server and launch it from there. Alternatively, since we had to setup an Administrator workstation, you could install each console on the workstation as well.
I hope this post series on the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit has been helpful. Happy lab-ing.


text:
Why can't we tickle ourselves?
We cannot tickle ourselves because we anticipate our own actions. Research has shown that the brain is trained to know what to feel when a person moves or performs any function. We aren't aware of many of the sensations generated by our movements. For example, you probably don't pay much attention to your vocal cords when you speak. For the same reason, we can't tickle ourselves. If we grab our sides in an attempt to tickle ourselves, our brain anticipates this contact from the hands and prepares itself for it. By taking away the feeling of unease and panic, the body no longer responds the same way as it would if someone else were to tickle us.


12 minute read
Mary Eugenia Charles Biography
Learned Values from Family, Jumped into Politics, Elected to Lead, Formed Tough Government Policies
Prime minister
Mary Eugenia Charles led an extraordinary life as a pioneer among women and a leader of men. In 1949 she began the first female lawyer in the Caribbean. In 1980 Mary Eugenia Charles became the first woman to come to power in the Caribbean. As prime minister of Dominica (pronounced "Dom-i-NEE-ka"), she was the first woman to lead an independent nation. Her longevity and determination to do right for her people earned her the nickname "The Iron Lady of the Caribbean." Charles served three terms in office before retiring in 1995.
Learned Values from Family
Mary Eugenia Charles was born in Pointe Michel, Dominica, not far from the capital of Roseau. Dominica—not to be confused with the larger, Spanish-speaking country of the Dominican Republic—was a colony of Great Britain at the time of Charles's birth and remained so until achieving independence in 1978. She grew up with three brothers who all became doctors and one sister who became a nun. Charles's father, John Baptiste was a renowned businessman who speculated in land and founded the island's Penny Bank. He lived until the age of 107, seeing his daughter serve as prime minister for three years before his death in 1983.
Charles referred to her father in Ebony magazine as "a very, very great man. He taught me much about being tough when it counts, and about always being open and honest with people." In People she spoke of her mother as the primary influence in her life however. "In Dominica we really live women's lib," she said, "we don't have to expound it."
Charles, who never married and bore no children, began her education in Dominica. She completed her higher studies at a Roman Catholic convent in St. George's, Grenada—a neighboring island country. She became interested in law while attending trials to practice her shorthand for a required secretarial course. She then went to the University of Toronto in Canada to study law, earning her bachelor's degree there. She continued her legal education in England at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Charles was called to the bar in England in 1947 as a member of the Inner Temple. She hoped to stay in London to further her studies of law in the field of juvenile delinquency. Her parents however convinced her to return to Dominica where she would be the only female lawyer. Charles returned to her home, and was soon practicing law in Dominica. Over the years, she became involved in legal cases in several of the West Indies islands.
Jumped into Politics
Charles first became involved in politics in the 1950s. She told Americas magazine that she "was a concerned citizen involved in what was happening in my country, and quite often I would write letters of criticism of whatever government was in power at the time." During the 1950s and 1960s Dominica moved slowly toward independence. By 1968 Dominica was an internally self-governed colony. Edward Oliver Le Blanc was the prime minister and a member of the ruling Labour party. Le Blanc passed a sedition law that prohibited the formation of opposition parties and attempted to muzzle the media.
Charles quickly reacted by joining with trade unionists, upper class professionals, and the religious leaders to form an organization called the Freedom Fighters. She made numerous speeches traveling the island to protest the law. "At that point," said Charles in Americas, "I made up my mind I would do everything to prevent that government from continuing to rule, because I felt democracy would die." Many of the Freedom Fighters formed the new Dominica Freedom party, a right-of-center party that represented the "traditional merchant and professional class in Roseau and non-agricultural areas in the south of the island," according to Patrick Baker in the book Centering the Periphery.
In the 1970 elections several members of the Freedom party were winners for seats in the House of Assembly, Dominica's legislative body. Although not one of the people elected, Charles was appointed to a seat in the Assembly as the Dominican constitution allows; she was elected to the House of Assembly on her own right in 1975 after Le Blanc had resigned and Patrick John had succeeded him. She was one of three Freedom party members elected that year. She was also chosen as the leader of the opposition party.
After Dominican independence in 1978, John, who began calling himself Colonel, attempted to make many changes to the country. He tried to sell 45 square miles, nearly one-sixth of the island, to a Texas-based business for development of a free port. He canceled the agreement after protests became very vocal. His government came under attack for business dealings with the apartheid government in South Africa. Government officials were accused of trying to set up a drug-trading zone in the country. John's government was often mentioned as being connected to the marijuana trade controlled by Jamaican-based Rastafarians.
Elected to Lead
In May of 1979, in response to a curtailing of press freedom and changes in the right-to-strike laws, 15,000 people—of a total population of 80,000—gathered to protest the government. Government security officers began shooting into the crowd. One person died in the attack and several others were injured. John's government fell soon after. An interim government was formed to last until elections. Hurricane David struck Dominica during this period, further angering the people due to lack of government response. In elections of July 1980, Eugenia Charles and her opposition Freedom party swept to victory in 17 of the 21 assembly seats.
Immediately Charles set about trying to reconstruct a government and an island, after the devastating hurricane. She ran into trouble immediately. The Dominican Defense Force was inventoried for weapons. Stories of officers selling their weapons to the Rastafarian marijuana growers were widespread. Eventually Charles disbanded the defense force. Several members were arrested as they tried to reach Charles's office. The marijuana growers, known as Dreads in Dominica, were under watch and attack. After two of their members were killed in a clash with police, a local well-known farmer was kidnapped and killed. Former Prime Minister Patrick John was arrested for trying to overthrow the government in separate charges. And finally, in April of 1981, a plot to overthrow the Charles government was uncovered by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation in New Orleans and the Ontario Provincial Police in Canada. Eight Americans and two Canadians, six with ties to the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan, were arrested shortly before they were to take boats to Dominica. They were going to overthrow Charles, restore the John government, and receive preferential treatment in setting up businesses, including the development of a free port where gambling and drug trade would occur.
At a Glance …
Born May 15, 1919, in Pointe Michel, Dominica; died on September 6, 2005, on the island of Martinique; daughter of Jean Baptiste (businessman) and Josephine Delauney (homemaker); never married; no children. Education: University of Toronto, BA in law; further studies in law at the London School of Economics and Political Science; admitted to the bar in 1947.
Career: Lawyer in private practice, 1949–68; Lecturer, opposition political figure, 1968–70; appointed member, Dominica House of Assembly, 1970–75; elected member and opposition political leader, House of Assembly, 1975–80; prime minister of Dominica, and also Minister of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Economic Affairs, 1980–95.
Awards: Chair, Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 1983; Knighted by Queen Elizabeth of England, 1991.
The Dominicans arrested in the coup attempt were eventually convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. In December of 1981, an attempt to free John and others from their prison by a group of Dreads, or former Dominican soldiers, and American mercenaries was also thwarted. "I'm convinced one of the reasons certain people want to take over Dominica," Charles told Ebony, "is so they can turn it into a center for trafficking in marijuana and other drugs. I have said as firmly as I can that I do not intend for that to happen. I am not going to legalize marijuana and permit it to be sold openly on this island, and I'm not going to permit it to be grown wholesale for export. Dominica will not become a lawless place. We will not become the laughing stock of the world."
Formed Tough Government Policies
Eugenia Charles quickly began changing the way business was conducted in Dominica. She no longer accepted deals with people who wanted to avoid taxes. "I pay mine," she was quoted in as saying in Ebony, "so you must pay yours." She stopped granting waivers to businesses and immediately canceled all trips overseas for government employees. She instructed them to "stay home and do their work," Ebony stated. During her first term in office, Charles benefited from U.S. President Ronald Reagan's Caribbean Basin initiative. Money granted to the government by this plan allowed Charles to reconstruct Dominica's road system as well as rebuild the banana, lime, and coconut crops that were devastated by Hurricane David. By 1983 Charles had succeeded in lowering the inflation rate from 30 percent to less than five percent. Charles also created a budget surplus where only deficit had existed before her tenure. She followed recommendations of the World Monetary Fund and kept spending at a minimum. As she was quoted