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X = The Xiphoid process. Everything you need to know.
Everything you need to know about the xiphoid process
Even though it sounds like some complex medical procedure, the xiphoid process is nothing more than a bone (or bony cartilage depending on how old you are) right at the base of your sternum.
Ordinarily, your xiphoid will give you no cause for worry over the cause of your lifetime. Since it is not a stress carrying bone, nor exactly movable, it pretty much just sits in the middle of your chest doing nothing, or next to nothing.
But in some situations, you may have issues with your unobtrusive xiphoid process. How do you know the pain you feel is from your xiphoid? What can you do about it?
We've provided answers to all these questions and more within this article.
What is the xiphoid process and what does it do?
Also called the metasternum, the xiphoid cartilage or if you want a tongue twister, the xiphisternum, the xiphoid process is a small extension of bone just below your ribcage.
The name of the bone itself, xiphoid, derives from a Greek that basically means "straight sword". That sort of explains the shape of the xiphoid as it looks like a very short sword, widest at the base and tapering off to a point heading off towards your stomach.
The xiphoid doesn't start out as a bone though. It starts out as a structure made of cartilage at birth and then slowly hardens into the bone as you mature. It takes a long time to harden though and will not entirely become bone until your early 40's.
So if you're less than 21, that bump you notice just below your sternum is unlikely to be your xiphoid. You'll need to look elsewhere.
What does the xiphoid do? Well, nothing really active. For one, it serves as a landmark that indicates where chest compressions may be administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Just a caution here though: If you're doing CPR, don't lean on the xiphoid. If you do, it may break off and puncture the lungs. That'll be serious.
The xiphoid also serves as an attachment point for organs and large muscles that make up the floor of the diaphragm. It also plays a part in the abdominal muscles that compress and flex the abdomen.
So, it doesn't really do anything active and if you were suddenly to lose your xiphoid, you probably won't miss it very much.
Pain and inflammation in the xiphoid process
Even though the xiphoid is generally unobtrusive, it can be a source of pain, especially when it is inflamed. This pain is usually called xiphodynia, the xiphoid syndrome or even xiphoidalgia.
The pain, which may be mild or far from mild, is generally felt in the lower part of the sternum, just above your abs. Now, when there's a pain in the xiphoid process, there are many reasons why it may be so. They include pain from:
 - An accident that causes chest trauma
 - CPR went wrong
 - Acid reflux
 - Heart disease
 - Overeating (which may contribute to acid reflux)
 - Stress in the xiphoid due to weight lifting
 - If the lump you feel around your xiphoid is painless, then there may be a more natural explanation. The xiphoid is generally inverted. This means that for the majority of people, the xiphoid faces inward so there's no lump on their chests.
 However, about 5% of people have what is called a "protruding" xiphoid process. For these people, the xiphoid protrudes out of the chest, forming a lump that may look like a tumour. It's totally harmless though and a perfectly natural phenomenon.
 What is the treatment for damage to the xiphoid process?
 damage to the xiphoid process
 Well, before thinking about treatment, you need to visit your doctor first and confirm that what you do have is xiphodynia. Generally, if you have felt this pain for more than one week, then you should see a doctor for assessment.
 There may be some difficulty with the diagnosis due to the fact that the xiphoid could be mistaken for a lump or a hernia. Also, because of its proximity to several bone structures, it could be mistaken for a broken rib, especially where the pain is severe.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computerized tomography (CT) scan will take care of the diagnosis nicely though. These tests can An x-ray can reveal damage to the xiphoid. If the x-ray results are inconclusive, your doctor may recommend further testing.
 The treatment for xiphodynia depends on its cause. Generally, and especially in the case of an accident, a doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the pain. If it is caused by weight lifting, the doctor may also recommend that you avoid intense exercise or activities that put a strain on your xiphoid.
 Pain caused by acid reflux would ordinarily include recommendations to avoid foods that could trigger a reflux such as chocolates, peppermint and tomatoes.
 Surgery may be considered as a last resort in the event of severe damage to the xiphoid such as its breaking. If left that way, it may be very dangerous as there's a risk that it will puncture the lungs.
 How do you hide the bump on your sternum?
 hide xiphoid bump future fit
 As mentioned earlier, if what you have is a painless bump, you may have no cause to worry. The bump, in this case, is most probably caused by a protruding xiphoid process, an entirely natural phenomenon.
 There's no danger to you here. But some people are very self-conscious about what they fear may be perceived as a defect. So it's normal for you to ask how you can hide the bump on your sternum.
 You may have heard (or may think) that doing some more exercise around your pecs and abs will hide the bump or make it less noticeable. Nothing can be further from the truth.
 When you exercise your pecs, only the muscles to either side of the sternum develop and get filled out. The area along your sternum will maintain its depression so what you have after exercising that area may be a more prominent bump.
 The best thing to do is leave it alone. The bump is entirely natural and hardly anyone will notice it. Unless, of course, if you keep directing their attention to it by being overly self-conscious.
 If you are intentional about getting rid of the bump, you can approach your doctor to explore the possibility of getting a surgery. You should think this over carefully though.
 As you have seen from this article, there are many reasons why you could be experiencing the pain below your sternum. But you need to take it slow and consult your doctor before taking any other steps.


text: "24.22 Researchers are proposing the development of a ''nanochannel reactor'' for steam reforming of methane (CH4) to fuelcell hydrogen gas to power microscale devices. Gas phase diffusion in nanochannel A = CH4, B= H2O A+B 20 mol% CH 4 -----------------------------> Nanochannel ( NA/NB) = 0.25 300 degrees C, 0.5 atm, 200Nm diameter As each channel diameter is so small, the gas flow is likely to be very small within a given channel. Hence, gas diffusion processes may play a role in the operation of this device, particularly during the mixing and heating steps. We are specifically interested in evaluating the effective diffusion coefficient of methane gas (species A, MA 1?4 16g/g: mol) in water vapor (species B, MB 1?4 18 g/g: mol) at 3008C and 0.5 atm total system pressure. The diameter of the channel is 200nm (1x 10^9 nm = 10m) A feed gas containing 20 mol % CH4 in water vapor is fed to the nanochannel with a flux ratio NA/NB = 0:25. What is effective diffusion coefficient of CH4 in the nanochannel at the feed gas conditions? Is Knudsen diffusion important?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Tryon County, as Montgomery County was originally known, was set off from Albany County in 1772 on the petition of Sir William Johnson and named Tryon in honor of his friend, the Colonial Governor William Tryon. Johnstown was set up as the county seat. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the name of the county was changed to Montgomery in honor of General Richard Montgomery. All the land south of Oneida Lake and west of Utica to the present city of Buffalo was named Whitestown, in honor of early pioneer Hugh White, and was added to Montgomery County.
Visit the U.S. Census Website for an array of demographic information.
U.S. Census information
Your link for the official Montgomery County Website.


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The Phoenix Park is the most important site for birds in Dublin City. The expanses of semi-natural habitat offer cover, abundant food supplies and nesting sites. Recent surveys recorded seventy two species in the Park throughout the year, of which forty seven are breeding. The park supports twenty eight species of conservation concern in Ireland including four which are red listed. The total number of species found comprises 35% of the total number of species found in Ireland. The greatest density of birds was found in Dublin Zoo where the wild birds share in the food provided to its permanent residents. The lowest density was recorded along Chesterfield Avenue where noise and disturbance makes the area unattractive for birds.
Important features of bird biodiversity in The Phoenix Park include:
- Presence of fourteen species of conservation concern in Europe
- Presence of four species of bird under threat in Ireland. These are the Shoveller, Golden Plover, Black Headed Gull, and Herring Gull
- Presence of seventeen Amber listed species of medium conservation concern in Ireland. They include Tufted Duck, Coot, Stock Dove, Skylark and Swallow
- Breeding Kestrel and breeding Skylark. It is remarkable to find Skylark so near the city centre
- Presence of Jay and Stock Dove associated with woodlands. These species are an indicator of good old woodlands.
The Phoenix Park is an important site for bats in Dublin as its lakes, ponds, woodlands and grasslands support significant numbers of insects on which they feed, whilst buildings and old trees provide numerous roosting sites. At dusk, bats can be easily seen foraging over the lakes and ponds or along the tree lines or woodland rides within the Park. The greatest amount of bat activity is associated with Dublin Zoo.
Important features of bat biodiversity within The Phoenix Park include:
- Six of the ten bat species found in Ireland are present in the park including species of Pipistrelle not previously recorded in Dublin City. Natterers' and Whiskered Bats are also present.
- Evidence for large roosts at several locations (chimney in St Mary's Hospital Complex, Ordnance Survey Ireland, west of Dublin Zoo).
- Minor roosts in The Cooley Chapel in St Mary's Hospital Complex, The Park Superintendents Lodge and Magazine Fort.
Half of all species of terrestrial mammals found in Ireland can also be found in The Phoenix Park. They are principally found at the western end which is bounded by Farmleigh and Mount Sackville. Hares and red squirrel were present in the recent past but the former were disturbed by dogs and the latter have disappeared through competition with the grey squirrel.
Important features of mammal biodiversity in The Phoenix Park include:
- The established herd of 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.
- The presence of over 20 badger setts which are occupied by at least six social groups. They are concentrated around the edges of the Park. Badgers forage in grasslands and signs of digging for earthworms provide evidence of their presence.
- Other animals abundantly present in the Park include foxes, hedgehogs, rabbits, pygmy shrew, house mice, wood mice and brown rats.
A long established tradition of the use of the Park to support research on mammals and particularly deer. As a result staff, residents and visitors are very aware of mammals and there is considerable baseline data on the status of this group of animals.


text:
Polymers and UV Sensitivity
Date: June 2006
Why polymers with aromatic groups inside their
chain (as polycarbonate or PET) are less sensitive to UV then
polymers with side aromatic groups (PS)?
The UV sensitivity of a polymer depends on many factors than the
nominal chemical formula. Commercial polymers are most often
"formulated" with any number of additives to achieve a desired
balance of properties. So your statement may not be universally
true. Neglecting that caveat, the UV degradation process involves
the absorption of UV radiation (usually by the aromatic group) to
form a free radical that then initiates a series of different
reactions -- hydrogen abstraction, chain scission,..., and so on.
An appended aromatic group is more mobile than an aromatic group in
the primary polymer chain, so it has more freedom to initiate these
degradation reactions. The aromatic group in the main chain is "tied
down" so the degradation reactions "tend" to be slower.
One of the reasons is that aromatic groups within the main chain
(such as those in PET) may be conjugated through carbonyl groups or
heteroatoms. Such combination of aromaticity, conjugation and
heteroatoms tends to lower the light absorption onset and the lambda
max (the wavelengths that the polymer can absorb). Moreover, this
combination also allows for multiple quantum levels of absorption so
that many different wavelengths can be absorbed.
Polymers with aromatic groups in the side chain (such as
polystyrene) are not conjugated since the aromatic group is
separated by the single bonds of the main chain.
However, polymers with side chains that have conjugation and
heteroatoms within the side chain are UV sensitive.
Greg (Roberto Gregorius)
Click here to return to the Material Science Archives
Update: June 2012


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Engineers who design equipment with motors, transmissions, and bearings know the importance of detecting the onset of a failure and rectifying the problem quickly. Bearing failure can cause catastrophic damage to equipment. Imagine the results of a bearing failure on a railway car carrying your family.
A company called Track IQ has come up with a way to monitor acoustic signals from the bearings that support the weight of a railroad car on the outer axle of a wheelset. A wheelset comprises an axle that connects two flanged metal wheels that run on a track. The technique and system are called RailBAM (Railway Bearing Acoustic Monitor). According to Siemens, which distributes the RailBAM equipment, the monitor can detect damage to the wheelset bearings in trains sooner than other techniques, so railway operators can improve the reliability of rail transport and reduce maintenance costs.
The RailBAM system monitors the sounds of wheelset bearings as trains pass a set of sensors. It now monitors trains traveling at up to 160km/hour, though Track IQ plans to adapt the system to work with faster trains. Normally, railway operators would replace a wheelset every 1.2 million kilometers (745,000 miles). Or they would use a hot box to detect overheated bearing cases, which indicate a bearing failure. Now, though, a RailBAM system lets railroad shop workers replace wheelsets whenever the acoustic measurement data reveals the first signs of trouble.
According to Track IQ, an array of acoustic sensors improves spatial discrimination or directionality. Software uses geometric wheel measurements and acoustic characteristics to reduce crosstalk in the acoustic signals. As a result, the influence of a large fault on one axle does not diminish the reading from a small fault on an adjacent axle.
In Southampton, England, RailBAM equipment has monitored 45 trains with 9,000 wheelsets over a two-year span. As a result of this test, maintenance intervals for powered and nonpowered wheelsets increased by 10 percent and 50 percent, respectively.
Though preventive maintenance regimens often use accelerometers to detect problems in stationary rotating equipment, perhaps acoustic signatures could supplement their measurements in mechatronic systems. In a railway, all wheels have similar characteristics, and they run a fixed distance from acoustic sensors. These conditions reduce the unknowns in measurement algorithms. The variability of mechatronic devices might present a challenge to something similar to the Track IQ system, but it might still deserve a look -- or a listen.
Note: For some time, railroad cars in the US have used an automatic equipment identification system that relies on heavy-duty radio frequency tags attached to both sides of a car. A tag reader system associated with a RailBAM system would let the equipment identify the specific rail car with an out-of-spec bearing or bearings.


/ Family / 7 Benefits of Strict Parenting That Make Your Life Better
7 Benefits of Strict Parenting That Make Your Life Better
Kate Gitman 6 months ago - in Family
Nowadays, many young people think that they were not parented properly. They wholeheartedly believe that their personality problems, insecurities, fears and inner conflicts are nothing else, but the consequences of strict parenting. Although there is some truth in that, it would be a mistake to assume that strict upbringing is as terrible, dangerous and useless.
I am not telling that raising and controlling children with the iron fist is good and acceptable. But I do not want you to blame your parents for their strict parenting style since there are some benefits of it for you and many other people raised by authoritarian parents to understand that they are unique, free and strong.
1. You are surrounded by intelligent and decent people
If you came from a very formal family, then it automatically means that you have a high-quality education. The circle of contacts of people who graduate from a respected university or college usually consists of young, intelligent and well-brought up personalities who know what they want and do their best to achieve success through their own efforts.
There is a high probability that lazybones and other negative people will never become a part of your social circle because you do not find it interesting or appropriate to communicate and cooperate with the ones who do not correspond to your level of development.
2. You are a good judge of character
Strict parents usually lecture and prohibit their children to make friends and hang out with some of the kids, because for one reason or another, they find this communication dangerous. They put together a file on all, at first glance, iffy friends and teach their kids to catch the difference between positive and negative people.
I understand you have had a really rough go of it because it was difficult to go against your nature or communicate in secret with your friends. But your parents' prohibitions taught you a lot about people and also made a big contribution to the development of your sensitivity, intuition, and inner voice.
3. You can take care of yourself
Even though you have already tried smoking and wine-drinking in protest, deep down you know that it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle. You think of your status, maintain healthy habits and take an active part in your own well-being thanks to the high level of self-discipline and self-organization, instilled in you by your strict parents.
Unlike some of your peers who prefer to hang out at smoky bars and drink, you give preference to jogging, healthy drinks, and cultural activities. It means that you are both physically and mentally stronger than those who can't resist temptations.
Read also – 9 Things Girls Who Were Raised By Strict Parents Can Understand
4. Responsibility is your strong point
If you are a big brother or sister and your parents used to get you to keep an eye on your siblings, then it automatically means that you have a strong sense of responsibility. You were taught to follow the schedule, do everything on time and take your responsibilities seriously.
Surely, strict parenting is the thing that spoils the quality of childhood, but in most cases, it helps the child become a responsible and conscientious person that can be trusted. Now you have big chances to get a lucrative job and become the one in charge in a quite short period of time.
5. You have perfect skills of persuasion
We all understand that playing roles and telling lies are considered unacceptable, but if we soberly look at the situation, we will understand that it is almost impossible for a very honest and obedient child to retain their distinct identity.
If you were raised by really strict parents, you are good at lying and withholding evidence. When you were a child, you had to look into your parents' eyes and lie convincingly in order to avoid the punishment. If you got away with it for so long, it meant that you had had a unique gift of persuasion.
6. Others are jealous of your iron will
One more benefit of strict parenting that boosts your self-confidence and shows you that you are on the right track is the others' admiration of your iron will, success and consistency.
It is an amazing feeling when people admire you and acknowledge your superiority. Sometimes it even gives you the power to overcome difficulties and inspires you to work in that same spirit. It was difficult to develop strong will power, but strict parenting helped you to reach that goal faster than the others.
Read also – 7 Types of Fathers That Steal Their Kids' Happiness
7. You will always be fine
They say children raised up in strict families will certainly take the wrong path and fail to take control of their lives in future because they were significantly limited in their actions in childhood. They believe that only the kids who have made a fair share of mistakes will find their place under the sun.
Actually, that is not true. You have faced the harsh realities of life and got a lot of bumps along your way as well. But your parents and other people still do not know about it, because you are used to carry your secrets to yourself. Whatever happens, you will always be okay, because you are a responsible, strong-willed and hard-working person.
Sometimes I wished I was born in a family where there were no rules and responsibilities. What other benefits of strict parenting can make the future life of a child better?


text:
How Much Potential Energy Do Different Nuts Have?
It seems that at least once a year California has another energy crisis, and almost as often, someone wonders what will happen when California runs out of energy sources. Christopher Crews, knowing that all living things contain energy, set out to prove that different varieties of nuts have energy stores that can be released by burning.
I believe that burning different varieties of nuts will produce energy, and that peanuts will produce the most energy.
Amount of heat produced
- Number of nuts tested
- Amount of water
- Ten each whole, raw, unshelled nuts:
- 32-ounce coffee can
- Two 10-ounce soup cans
- Drill and bits
- Kitchen scale
- Fill large coffee can with water.
- Measure nut.
- Weigh water on kitchen scale.
- Measure and record starting water temperature.
- Drill hole through nut.
- Insert skewer through hole in nut.
- Heat nut with lighter and let the nut burn fully.
- Measure and record ending water temperature.
- Calculate BTU (starting temperature minus ending temperature divided by the weight of the water). BTU stands for British Thermal Unit, the energy necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1@dgsF. One BTU equals approximately 1,055 joules (or 1,055 watt-seconds).
- Repeat Steps 1 through 9 for each nut.
The average BTU for each type of nut is as follows:
Cashews 15.75 BTU
Almonds 13.76 BTU
Peanuts 10.77 BTU
The hypothesis was that burning different varieties of nuts would produce energy, with peanuts producing the most energy. That's partially correct because all the nuts produced energy. However, the hypothesis was incorrect because the cashews produced the most energy, and peanuts produced the least.
Warning is hereby given that not all Project Ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. Implementation of any Science Project Idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. Reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. For further information, consult your state's handbook of Science Safety.


text: This article reports a variety of sensory and perceptual consequences of eliminating, via a rigid fingertip sheath, the spatially distributed fingertip force information that is normally available during tactile and haptic sensing. Sensory measures included tactile spatial acuity, tactile force, and vibrotactile thresholds. Suprathreshold tasks included perception of roughness, perception of 2-D edge orientation, and detection of a simulated 3-D mass in simulated tissue via fingertip palpation. Of these performance measures, only vibrotactile thresholds and texture perception failed to show substantial impairment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the future design of haptic interfaces for teleoperator and virtual environment systems.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Writing Data Safely with the CKPTFile Class
Making changes to memory-mapped files is a delicate operation, but far from impossible. Learn how to make safe, atomic changes to memory-mapped files using a checkpoint system that will leave your applications fast and robust and your data impervious to corruption.
sing memory-mapped files can get you tremendous performance gains, but memory-mapped files are very delicate: any change is immediately reflected in the filesystem. This article describes a checkpointing system that lets you make atomic changes to a memory-mapped file, using techniques borrowed from the world's commercial relational databases.
This allows you to benefit from the tremendous speed and flexibility of memory-mapped files and at the same time feel confident that your application is robust, even in the event of a catastrophic failure.
Delicate Data
Data is very delicate. We rely on sophisticated techniques to keep it safely on our disk drives, and most of the time we don't have to think about it. But when you're the one writing the software that manipulates the data, then you do have to think about it.
Figure 1. Editing a File: Two versions of the file exist in the same computer—the original one stored on disk, and the new one residing in memory.
Let's consider a scenario using a common business application a word processor. When a user opens a document and makes some changes to it, there are, at that moment, two different versions of the document: one in memory and one on disk (see Figure 1).
Let's imagine that our word processor—and the underlying operating system—are written naively. You might imagine that when the user hits "Save," such an application would immediately begin to write the new file over the old one (see Figure 2).
If the save process completes, this works fine. However, what if power fails in the middle of the process? The user winds up with a file that comprises half of the original version and half of the new version. Not only does he lack a single complete version, but the file itself might be too corrupt for the word processor to read, in which case, the user will have nothing at all.
Figure 2. Saving Naively: The word processor saves the file directly over the original one.
Comment and Contribute


text:
Birmingham's residents are from a wide range of national, ethnic and religious backgrounds.
The chart below shows that the largest ethnic group in Birmingham was White British with 570,217 (53.1%). This is down from 2001 (65.6%) and lower than the average in England (79.8%).
Other large groups include Pakistani (144,627, 13.5%) and Indian (64,621, 6.0%) which have grown since 2001, while people defining themselves as Black Caribbean (47,641, 4.4%) have declined.
- Overseas migrants arriving between the 1950s and 1980s were mainly from southern India and the Caribbean. More recent trends see people arriving from many different parts of the world, including Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
- 238,313 Birmingham residents were born outside the UK. Of these around 45% arrived during the last decade.
- The Census shows that most people (86%), regardless of ethnicity, consider themselves to be British.
- 46.1% of residents said they were Christian, 21.8% Muslim and 19.3% no religion.
See the documents below for more details.
Last Updated : 26th March 2013


text: The Ribeiro Denomination of Origin is in Southern Galicia, on the North-West edge of the province of Ourense, where the valleys formed by the Miño, Avia, Arnoia and Barbantiño rivers meet. The area's distinctive climate is due to its sheltered position and its southern location in Galicia. The land is well protected from sub-Atlantic storms and enjoys an Oceanic-Mediterranean micro-climate, making it damp with mild temperatures that reach an annual average of 72 degrees. Most soils are comprised of granite with a large quantity of stones and gravel. There is some silt-sand mixture and to a lesser degree, sand-silt, although silty textures can also be found in areas of alluvial sediment and finer textures on metamorphic rock.


text:
Selective catalytic conversion of waste lignocellulosic biomass for renewable value-added chemicals via directional microwave-assisted liquefaction
Selective catalytic conversion of biomass waste for producing methyl levulinate (MLA) via directional microwave-assisted liquefaction was investigated. The goal of the study was to develop a directional liquefaction process using dielectric heating with microwave energy. The methanolysis of biomass into methyl levulinate was studied in the presence of several acid catalysts. The C6 sugar substrates in biomass were successfully converted into methyl levulinate under the optimized conditions (180 C, 40 min) with a yield of 29.39 wt%. 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural, glucose, fructose, cellobiose, corn starch, and microcrystalline cellulose were selected as models for directional microwave-assisted liquefaction. Therefore, the possible reaction pathway of biomass to methyl levulinate could be investigated. The selective catalytic conversion of biomass was found to be highly efficient for the generation of MLA (reaching a maximum yield of approximately 30 wt%), higher than the levulinic acid yield (14 wt%) in aqueous solution under the same reaction conditions. The results suggested that directional microwaveassisted liquefaction is an effective method that can produce a high value-added fuel additive (methyl levulinate) from lignocellulosic biomass under designated reaction processes.


text:
Contract farming as part of a multi-instrument inclusive business structure
This article in the journal Agrekon discusses contract farming agreements, which are presently being restructured to form part of more complex inclusive business set-ups. Additional instruments, alongside contract farming, are implemented to overcome the challenges of contract farming and to adapt to the policy environment in which the different stakeholders operate. This paper develops a theoretical framework that gives insight into how these complex entities are structured and operate in a developing country context. This theoretical analysis takes a holistic approach by adopting elements of existing theories to form a new critical research paradigm. This new framework is then tested on two complex inclusive businesses that aim to integrate smallholder farmers into the commercial value chain, but which have each implemented a different institutional set-up developed around contract farming arrangements. It finds that a high dependence by the offtaker in the first case study stimulates a higher level of commitment and investment by this stakeholder in the contract arrangement. In turn, this increases the asset specificity aspect, which then requires safeguards to ensure the smallholders adhere to the contractual agreement. A higher dependency in this particular study also resulted in a higher number of smallholders being engaged in the contract, requiring mechanisms to efficiently monitor and coordinate them.


How Does W. F Harvey Create Suspense
603 Words3 Pages
For two centuries now, horror and suspense stories have become one of the most intriguing types of story genres. These genres have captured the attention of countless of readers and nowadays watchers. According to Percy D'Aco, horror stories are created to show discomfort and fear reflecting on one's greatest fears. In the process of writing horror stories, numerous authors create suspense to make people continue reading and stay hooked on the story. A great example of the use of suspense would be the horror story "August Heat," written by W.F Harvey. In the story, W.F Harvey uses the reversal of events, foreshadowing and character in peril to promote suspense throughout the story. As you read the story, you can see a reversal or "sudden change in a character's situation from good to bad…" (D'Aco). In the beginning of the story, the author begins by describing the setting, date, August 20, 190-, and the main Character, James Clarence Whitecroft. The day had so far been a success for James, who was an artist and had recently drawn what he believed to be his best work. However, a turn of events happened when he found himself "standing before a gate that led into a yard bordered by a strip of thirsty earth, (and) a board…show more content…
W.F Harvey also applied character in peril, in which a character "must choose between two dangerous courses of action" (D'Aco). He demonstrated this when James had to make the life or death decision to stay with Mr. Atkinson until the day was over or go home and wait to see what happens. Mr. Atkinson suggested him to stay at his place and told him "if you go back home to-night, you take your chance of accidents." James decided to stay with Mr. Atkinson until the day was over, yet he didn't know exactly how things would turn out. W.F Harvey finally finishes the story, however, he leaves untold what happens to James in the last hour of August
Open Document


text:
Deep Value Investing: The Capital Cycle Approach
Course Fee: $350* / *Early bird price valid until 31 August 2019 (U.P. $400)
Everyone needs an investment philosophy. In this workshop, we will discuss on these 2 major strategies and how you can use this knowledge to begin constructing a market beating share portfolio.
Key Learning Outcomes:
1) Understand the key concepts and investment mindset required with long-term investing
2) Understand the theory of the capital cycle approach, looking at cycles using demand and supply forces
3) Understand the history of the property and banking industry in Singapore
4) Use the concepts of the theory of capital cycle to explain the cycles seen in the property and banking industry
5) Learn how to construct a portfolio
6) Uncover some common mistakes made by investors when starting out their own portfolios
Section A – What is Value Investing
1. Understanding the philosophy behind value investing
2. How value investing works
3. Key concepts when it comes to value investing
Section B – Market Psychology
1. To beat the market, we have to first understand ourselves; hence, the study of psychology
2. Understand the intricacies between the market and volatility
Section C – Focusing on Deep Value Investing
1. What is deep value investing
2. Deep value investing strategy
3. Case studies of stocks matching the deep value investing strategy that worked
4. Case studies of stocks matching the deep value investing strategy that did not worked and why it did not work
Section D – The Capital Cycle Approach
1. What does the theory of the capital cycle mean
2. Understanding the history of the Singapore property industry
3. How do we apply the capital cycle approach to the Singapore property industry
4. Case study on how we analysed a Singapore property developer
5. Understanding the history of the Singapore banking industry
6. How do we apply the capital cycle approach to the Singapore banking industry
7. Case study on how we analysed Singapore banks
8. How do we apply the capital cycle approach to the retail industry
9. Case study on how we analysed the retail industry
Section E – Portfolio Construction
1. What is portfolio construction
2. Importance of having an investment checklist
3. What are some good checks to have in terms of your own investment checklist
4. Commonly asked questions when investors are first starting out a portfolio
Goh Tee Leng
Goh Tee Leng is the Portfolio Manager of Heritage Global Capital Fund, having over five years of experience in the financial markets and author of InvestingNook.com. He is also the Director at Tat Hwa Group, a privately-held, family-owned investment holding and management company, serving as the foundation of the Group's umbrella of companies and subsidiaries. Additionally, he is a frequent speaker at investment conferences held by SGX, RHB and CIMB, and his investment-related articles have been published internationally. Tee Leng graduated with a BSc (Hons.) Economics degree from University College London (UCL).
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The Working Classes in Revolutionary France
 - 1830 / 1832
 - 1848
 Works Cited
 - Where did the working class live?
 Boarding Houses
 Boarding Houses
 Workers who were just arriving in the city, whether for the season or forever, typically lived in boarding houses. Boarding houses were usually filled with workers who had come from the same region, and a newly arrived worker would seek out the boarding house from his region. There he would likely receive a warm welcome and help getting adjusted and finding a job.
 Boarding houses typically rented what they called furnished rooms by the night, week, or month. The rooms actually consisted only of dormitory style plank beds. Workers would often be assigned two to a bed with someone they had never met before. They, however, probably saw it as somewhat of an improvement over country life where families typically slept with the livestock.
 This picture shows a cross section of a typical apartment building. The working classes would occupy the fourth and most likely part of the fifth floor.
 Parisian House, about 1850.
 Workers who had families, or who had been established for longer often moved into apartments. They typically consisted of one or two rooms, which might be shared by more than one family or more than one generation of the same family. In addition, they also served as a workshop in many cases. For example, the husband of the family might be a weaver, in which case the looms would be set up around the apartment and the whole family would work on the weaving during the day.
 Apartment buildings of the time were typically large stone buildings with very little light or ventilation. The working class apartments in the building often did not have a fireplace or any other source of heat, and might not even have candles for light. this contibuted to the great popularity of cafes. An apartment building might have shared water and toilet on a landing or in a courtyard which all the families in the building would use. Because all provisions, including water had to be carried up the stairs, working class apartments usually occupied the upper or upper two floors of any building. The apartments might be as high as the sixth or seventh floor.
 The information on working class housing is taken from Traugott, p17-18 and throughout, as well as Maynes.


text:
Horticultural therapy is the use of professionally directed plant, gardening, and nature activities for the purpose of optimizing the physical and mental health of its participants.
Have you noticed how a walk in the forest or being around plants makes you feel better, or how happy you are when you pick the season's first vine-ripe tomato? How about when you share a favorite perennial with a friend or see someone admiring your garden?
When people are engaged in appreciating or tending plants, their sense of well-being increases. A trained horticultural therapist fosters this benefit. Stress exacerbates every physical or emotional ailment; counteracting stress has a positive impact on attaining good health.
Horticultural therapy maintains or improves physical health by providing unlimited opportunities for exercising, increasing flexibility, improving coordination and balance, and building physical strength. Multiple studies have demonstrated that physiological indicators such as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure respond positively to engagement with plants.
Horticultural therapy elicits positive psychological and emotional responses by relieving stress, providing a nonthreatening atmosphere, alleviating depression, and helping people connect with nature. Research studies confirm these and many other psychosocial benefits when people interact with plants and nature.


de Haas SL, Zoethout RW, Van Dyck K, De Smet M, Rosen LB, Murphy MG, Gottesdiener KM, Schoemaker RC, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM
Essential tremor (ET) is a relatively frequent neurological disorder that responds in some patients to gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) agonists such as the benzodiazepines. Partial subtype-selective GABA(A) agonists may have an improved side effect profile compared to non-selective GABA(A) agonists. However, it is unknown which GABA(A) subtypes are involved in the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines in ET. The effects of 2 mg TPA023, a GABA(A) α2,3 subtype-selective partial agonist, on ET were compared to the effects of a stable alcohol level (0.6 g/L) and placebo in nine patients with ET. Tremor evaluation included laboratory accelerometry and a performance-based scale. Additional measurements were performed to evaluate other effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Alcohol significantly diminished tremor symptoms in the postural and kinetic condition, as assessed by laboratory accelerometry, but the performance-based rating scale was unaffected. Tremor was also reduced after TPA023 treatment in the kinetic condition, albeit not significantly. Additionally, TPA023 decreased saccadic peak velocity, while alcohol decreased subjective feelings of alertness. This study showed that alcohol reduced maximum tremor power, as assessed by laboratory accelerometry, unlike TPA023, which decreased tremor symptoms to some extent but not significantly. This study showed that treatment with an α2,3 subunit-selective GABA(A) partial agonist was less effective than a stable level of alcohol in reducing ET symptoms. These results provide no support for a therapeutic role of TPA023 in the suppression of ET symptoms.


text:
Appropriate for ages: 7-12
This is a touching story about an inter-generational relationship between a young girl and a very old woman who lives in a garbage dump. Françoise teaches Anne many lessons through this story, including a sense of responsibility for others, kindness, love and friendship. She teaches Anne that people are not always what they appear to be on the outside. This story is sure to capture your students' hearts.


text:
Generators inside out is an one-day hands-on workshop that provides in-depth introduction to generators in Python.
Using lot of examples and exercises, this workshop introduces the idea of generators in depth with emphasis on the new style of programming that generators makes possible. We'll also see how to build a cooperative multi-threading library using generators and explore the new async and await constructs of Python 3.
At the end of the workshop, you'll be able to:
- write generator functions and generator expressions
- build data pipelines using generators
- process large datasets efficiently using generators
- write asynchronous programs using
- Ability to write functions in Python
- Good knowledge of basic data types in Python
- Know how to write list comprehensions
- Exposure to classes in Python
- Experience of using Python standard library
September 18, 2016 (Sunday)
9:00 AM to 4:00 PM
The Energy & Resources Institute
4th Main, 2nd Cross
Domlur, 2nd Stage
Learn iteration works in Python by understanding iteration protocol and the concept of iterable and iterator.
Introduction to the concept of generators. Understand how generators support lazy evaluation and how that can be use to create data pipelines for processing large datasets. Also explores how generators leads to better program organization.
Generators as coroutines
Learn how to use generators as coroutines to achive cooperative multitasking.
Coroutines with async and await
Understand the new
async constructs introduced in Python 3.5 for writing native coroutines.
Anand is a software consultant and trainer based in Visakhapatnam. He has over 13 years of experience in architecting and developing variety of software applications. He is co-author of web.py, a micro web framework in Python. He has worked at Strand Life Sciences and Internet Archive.


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I have a question regarding multiple sums. And my second index depends on the first index. Here it is:
$$ \sum_{d=1}^{P}e^{-d}\sum_{\substack{1\leq k_{1}\leq Q \\ 1\leq k_{2}\leq Q \\... \\...\\1\leq k_{d}\leq Q}}e^{-(k_{1}+...+k_{d})} $$
I could not write this sum in mathematica. The problem is that my second sum is a multiple sum and I do not know how to sum $d$ times. How can I do it?
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See answers to this question : mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/134/… – Artes May 3 '12 at 14:20
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2 Answers
Let's concentrate on the inner multiple sum. First note that we know d because it is given from the outer sum. If we want to write the expression $$-\exp\left[k_1+k_2+\ldots+k_d\right]$$ in Mathematica we could do this very easy. First we create the list {k[1],k[2],...,k[d]} and remember, that this is internally nothing more than List[k[1],k[2],...,k[d]]. If we would now replace the List head with Plus, then it is exactly what we want. For this we can use Apply which is written @@ in infix notation. That leaves how to create the {k[1],k[2],...,k[d]} list. Here we can use Table or Array or we think of it as _mapping the function k over the list {1,2,...,d}. This can be written as
k /@ Range[d]
for a known d. All together this gives
Exp[-Plus @@ k /@ Range[d]]
Now we need to build a multiple Sum, summing over d different k. Again, this can be done in several ways. One way is to create a function which gets as arguments the indices for a Sum
f = Function[Sum[1, ##]]
I only use 1 in the sum for the sake of simplicity. You may ask now, what this ## is: it's the sequence of all arguments given to f. So lets try it:
In[63]:= {Sum[1, {3}], f[{3}]}
Out[63]= {3, 3}
In[62]:= {Sum[1, {3}, {5}], f[{3}, {5}]}
Out[62]= {15, 15}
Seems to work. The only think which is left now, is to create the ranges {k[i],1,q} where i is always a concrete number. Here we can use again the trick with Range and for a known d this gives a list of ranges:
{k[#], 1, q} & /@ Range[d]
(* For d = 3 for instance
Out[64]= {{k[1], 1, q}, {k[2], 1, q}, {k[3], 1, q}}
The last thing is to think about, that our Sum function needs a Sequence of arguments and the above is a List. But we already solved the problem of replacing the List with something different by using @@. This gives all together:
Sum[Exp[-Plus @@ k /@ Range[d]], ##] & @@ ({k[#], 1, q} & /@ Range[d])
Don't be afraid of the expression, because now you know every single piece of it and you know what every piece does. You could try it by for instance
With[{d = 4},
and get $$\frac{e^{-4 q} \left(e^q-1\right)^4}{(e-1)^4}$$ or you use this to plant it directly into your outer sum
mysum[p_Integer] :=
 Range[d]), {d, 1, p}]
I put it into a function mysum, because p needs to be a number to make all the Ranges work. Now you should check mysum[2]
$$\frac{e^{-2 q-2} \left(e^q-1\right)^2}{(e-1)^2}+\frac{e^{-q-1} \left(e^q-1\right)}{e-1}$$
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How do you get $2(q^5 + q^4)$? I don't get that result with your code. – rcollyer May 3 '12 at 15:19
Me neither. Wherever I copied this from.. it was the wrong place. Thanks for paying attention. – halirutan May 3 '12 at 15:29
I do not understand why mathematica doesnt give the closed expression for mysum. because it seems that mysum[n] gives $x+x^2+x^3+...+x^n$ where $x$ is mysum[1] – neticin May 3 '12 at 16:15
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I'm not sure there's a way to do this symbolically, but you can do the following:
multipleSum[P_] :=
 Sum[Exp[-d] Sum[
 Exp[-Plus @@ Table[Symbol["k" <> ToString[i]], {i, 1, d}]],
 Sequence @@
 Table[{Symbol["k" <> ToString[i]], 1, Q}, {i, 1, d}]]], {d, 1,
For example:
In[87]:= multipleSum[3]
Out[87]= (E^(-1 - Q) (-1 + E^Q))/(-1 + E) + (
 E^(-2 - 2 Q) (-1 + E^Q)^2)/(-1 + E)^2 + (
 E^(-3 - 3 Q) (-1 + E^Q)^3)/(-1 + E)^3
I think this is correct.
share|improve this answer
I think you missed a minus-sign in the inside exponential. – halirutan May 3 '12 at 14:25
_USER_ erk, thanks: fixed – tkott May 3 '12 at 14:26
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Your Answer


text:
Children with autism often struggle with "wh" questions like Who, What, Where, and Why. My son struggles with all of these, but I think his not being able to understand "why" is the most frustrating for both of us. There are books out there designed to teach children with autism to answer "wh" questions. My son's speech therapist uses the Buddy Bear books from Lingui Systems. They are kind of expensive so I decided to make my own versions of them.
My son's nick name is Monkey so the main character is a monkey and since it was written for him it addresses come common occurrences in our house, but it should still be of some use for others. The book addresses three "why" scenarios: "Why" Monkey wants an object, "Why" Monkey is wearing an item, and "Why" Monkey has a particular thing.
This is an interactive book. On the last two pages are images for you to cut out. You are to have the child apply the appropriate image to the story as you read it. I recommend laminating the story pages and cut outs and using velcro dots to attach the pieces to the story.
Printable Why Question Book for Children with Autism PDF
If you need this in another format let me know and I'll see what I can do.
- Monkey Books
- Special Needs


text:
'Designed solely' equipment: medical condition of end user
A product may be designed:
- to help with a range of medical conditions; or
- for general hospital use; or
- for medical use.
Not all of these conditions may render the sufferer chronically sick or disabled. This means that the product would not qualify as designed solely for use by a disabled person.
The same will apply where a product is designed for all sufferers of particular chronic conditions, such as back complaints, but a significant number of people with these conditions may not be rendered sick or disabled by their condition.
Only if the manufacturer can establish that only those suffering from the condition to such an extent that the person is disabled and would need the product, does it qualify for zero-rating.
These points are demonstrated in the Tribunal decisions for Princess Louise Scottish Hospital (1412) (see VRDP30000) and Aquakraft Ltd (2215) (see VRDP35000). Zero-rating was refused in both cases because the goods were:
- clearly general purpose; and
- of use to those suffering from short term sickness and injury.
The goods were for the use of hospital patients generally and the condition which the designer had in mind, although chronic, would not in all cases be sufficiently serious to render a person chronically sick or disabled. Zero-rating was therefore refused, because the goods could not be described as being designed solely for use by a chronically sick or disabled person.


text:
Source document verification
During the study period of UCAS Japan between 2001 and 2010, the hospital records and images of 956 patients from a random sample of 21 institutions were documented by outside investigators.
The results of analysis showed that document errors were minimal.
- In 3% of cases, the aneurysm's size needed revision of more than 1 mm. (All within 2mm.)
- Location of aneurysm was erroneously registered in 0.7% of cases. Two cases of posterior communicating aneurysms discovered on routine angiography were found to have infundibular dilation and were deleted from the study.
- In 3.4% of cases, there are defective data of family history and past medical history.
- Follow-up modified Rankin scale was recorded incorrectly more than or equal to 2points in 1% of cases.
Above listed points were corrected in each institution.
These errors did not influence the results of the statistical analysis of the data.


text:
A note on the distribution of cassava amongst different climate and soil types in South America
MetadataShow full item record
CARTER, S.E. 1986. A note on the distribution of cassava amongst different climate and soil types in South America. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO. 17 p.
Permanent link to this item: _URL_
The distribution of cassava among different climate and soil types in South America, based on the adopted hierachical classification of soil and climate conditions for cassava, is briefly discussed. Both soil and climate components of the classification have been used to produce a map of environmental homologues for the crop. By subdividing cassava-growing areas on the basis of a simple climatic and edaphic classification, it is apparent that the ecosystems of CIAT's cassava program cover some important climate-soil homologues; if the system is to be continuously used, a more systematic approach towards soils is required and there are some important semiarid and highland areas that are not currently covered. It is recognized that the cassava program cannot work specifically for all the different classes identified, but the knowledge of their existence and relative importance can help the process of deciding where to work and how many different ecosystems to work for. The organization of data in a microregion framework is seen as a longer-term solution to climatic and edaphic classification problems that arise in the cassava program's research and planning. (CIAT)
- CIAT Reports


How can animation blueprints be shared among different skeletons?
Using retargeted animations will copy animation resources and animation blueprints, which is not reliable because when I modify the source animation blueprint, the copied version will not be modified synchronously. It would be nice if the copied animation blueprint could use different skeletons and inherit the source animation blueprint, but I don't know how to do it.
Now I've learned how to do these things. The reply has some questions about what I mean. I mean, animbp parent class uses skeleton A, subclass uses skeleton B, A and B may be completely different skeletons, for example, A is a human, B is a spider. They use the same logic, but the animation resources played vary with the skeleton. In subclass, I just need to replace each animation resource. Editing animation logic in the parent class will be synchronized to the subclass. Now I've done it.
Parent AnimBPClass：
AnimBP Subclass：
However, when UE4 started to design, epic did not seem to expect us to do so, so the support for this design was not good.I gave feedback and hope that the official modification function can support us to do as shown in the figure below, so that I can modify the bone name of blend in subclass.
Do you mean the different skeletons have differently-named bones, or are they different instances of the same skeleton (e.g. the default unreal mannequin, like when you have several marketplace packs in your project).
If it is the latter, I delete the skeleton from one pack, and then the engine asks me to assign the animations to a new skeleton, and I assign it the skeleton of the other pack's animations.
I think OP is asking about how to use different skeletons without having to make new animBPs for each one.
I haven't gotten too into this myself but I think probably the thing you need to do is actually make sure you are using the same skeleton for every character you animate. But, let's say you have a male and female version of the character that share the same skeleton that need to use different animations, you would do all your logic in a parent animBP for, say, the male and then create a child animBP of this for your female and use animation blueprint overrides to change the animations you want to use the female set.
In short, as far as I know, you can only use one skeleton per animBP so make all your characters that need to share an animBP with the same skeleton.
The skeleton is assigned per UAnimInstance class. (which your blueprint is derived from) If you want to change the skeleton asset association, you need to create a new class. This means that you have to make a main animation blueprint and create a child blueprint from it. (right click animbp and Create child blueprint class) Then change the skeleton association in the child blueprint Class Settings. (close the blueprint and open it again after doing this)
You will run into a problem after doing this, which is that the animation overrides are bugged and it will not allow you to select animations from your new skeleton. The only way to get around this is to create sequence variables in your main blueprint for every playback node, then update your variable assignments in the child blueprint. The only downside here is that some nodes, like random sequence player, does not support variable inputs.
possibly the lack of fast track, and a few other issues as well.
Its probably easier to right click the animation bp and choose the re-target option.
It will create a copy of everything tied to the skeleton you choose.
You can also overwrite existing files with this process.
I agree, its not as nice as being able to change skeleton on the fly, but every animation needs to be tracked to the correct skeleton still.
I think there is/has been some work put in to remove this limitation, but the reality is unless you specifically tag things to a skeleton the engine doesn't know how to operate the tracks.
With identical skeletons, the proper way to create a copy has been explained (even above) there's a full topic within this section of the forum that details the step by step process.
Not sure if this supports all animation features, fast track, etc. But to make a duplicate in a pinch it has worked well enough for me in the past.
going forward I'd probably refrain from it and make hard copies :stuck_out_tongue:
Fast path have never been affected on our end when using pure variable inputs, which makes sense as it's just a copy of a value or ref/address. The child class is using the same anim graph as its parent class, so it seems far fetched for it to be affected at all.
I updated my post to explain more specifically. Now I have a general idea of how to implement it, but UE4 still limits our development.
I got a lot of done in child BPs when putting al sequences and blend spaces with pins into their player (expose to pin) and then change class defaults and skeleton in the child. But I do not get it done for Aim Offset. Even if I am able to expose the BlendSpace Pin of AimOffset to a variable and change it in the child, it seems AimOffset Node is hard-bound to skeleton. Someone has a solution for using AimOffset in child Anim BP with different skeletons?
Known solution is not working for me. UE4.26.2
EDIT: Sorry, seems to be simply a problem in the Aim Offset of my child Anim BP. Not sure what it was in detail, but Aim offset in child Anim bp was not ready, other value name, etc. When I changed child AimOffset that it has correct anims, and also same value as aimoffset of parent, all runs fine in child anim bp,


Proof that all 2x2 matrices with rational entries are similar to
t 0
0 t
or to
0 a
1 b
I know that similar matrices characterize the same linear map to different bases. So with both forms of matrices it should be possible to describe all linear maps from Q^2 to Q^2. But I have no idea how to show that.
Is it necessary to take a base of Q^2 and look what the two matrices do with it (or with the linear combinations of the base???). Do I have to find out what the base must be?


text:
returning an Either value, you get a Result. You need to go follow that link and look at the documentation for Result.
It reflects the three outcomes of parsing possibly truncated data. Either the data is invalid as is, or it's complete, or it's truncated. In the truncated case you are given a function (called a continuation), to which you can pass more data, when you get it, and continue the parse. The continuation, again, returns a Result depending on the result of parsing the additional data as well.
1.2.4 Bit twiddling
Even with all this monadic goodness, sometimes you just need to move some bits around. That's perfectly possible in Haskell too. Just import Data.Bits and use the following table.
1.2.5 The BitGet monad
As an alternative to bit twiddling, you can also use the BitGet monad. This is another state-like monad, like Get, but here the state includes the current bit-offset in the input. This means that you can easily pull out unaligned data. Sadly, haddock is currently breaking when trying to generate the documentation for BitGet so I'll start with an example. Again, you'll need the binary-strict package installed.
Here's a description of the header of a DNS packet, direct from RFC 1035:
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ | ID | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ |QR| Opcode |AA|TC|RD|RA| Z | RCODE | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ | QDCOUNT | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ | ANCOUNT | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ | NSCOUNT | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ | ARCOUNT | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The actual fields don't matter, but here's a function for parsing it:
parseHeader :: G.Get Header parseHeader = do id <- G.getWord16be flags <- G.getByteString 2 qdcount <- G.getWord16be >>= return. fromIntegral ancount <- G.getWord16be >>= return. fromIntegral nscount <- G.getWord16be >>= return. fromIntegral arcount <- G.getWord16be >>= return. fromIntegral let r = BG.runBitGet flags (do isquery <- BG.getBit opcode <- BG.getAsWord8 4 >>= parseEnum aa <- BG.getBit tc <- BG.getBit rd <- BG.getBit ra <- BG.getBit BG.getAsWord8 3 rcode <- BG.getAsWord8 4 >>= parseEnum return $ Header id isquery opcode aa tc rd ra rcode qdcount ancount nscount arcount) case r of Left error -> fail error Right x -> return x
Here you can see that only the second line (from the ASCII-art diagram) is parsed using BitGet. An outer Get monad is used for everything else and the bit fields are pulled out with
returns an Either, but it doesn't return the remaining bytestring, just because there's no obvious way to represent a bytestring of a fractional number of bytes.
You can see the list of BitGet functions and their comments in the source code.
1.3 Binary generation
In contrast to parsing binary data, you might want to generate it. This is the job of the Put monad. Follow along with the documentation if you like.
The Put monad is another state-like monad, but the state is an offset into a series of buffers where the generated data is placed. All the buffer creation and handling is done for you, so you can just forget about it. It results in a lazy bytestring (so you can generate outputs that are larger than memory).
Here's the reverse of our simple Get example:
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BL import Data.Binary.Put serialiseSomething :: Put serialiseSomething = do putWord32be 1 putWord16be 2 putWord8 3 main :: IO () main = BL.putStr $ runPut serialiseSomething
And running it shows that it's generating the correct serialisation:
% runhaskell /tmp/example.hs| hexdump -C 00000000 00 00 00 01 00 02 03 |.......|
If you want the output of runPut to be a strict bytestring, you justneed to convert it with
One limitation of Put, due to the nature of the Builder monad which it works with, is that you can't get the current offset into the output. This can be an issue with some formats which require you to encode byte offsets into the file. You have to calculate these byte offsets yourself.
1.4 Other useful packages
There are other packages which you should know about, but which are mostly covered by their documentation:


text:
Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to effectively access pulse rate variability
2016-05-20T08:58:39Z (GMT) by
Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography (PPG) can provide physiological assessment at various anatomical locations with no discomfort to the patient. However, most previous imaging PPG (iPPG) systems have been limited by a low sample frequency, which restricts their use clinically, for instance, in the assessment of pulse rate variability (PRV). In the present study, plethysmographic signals are remotely captured via an iPPG system at a rate of 200 fps. The physiological parameters (i.e., heart and respiration rate and PRV) derived from the iPPG datasets yield statistically comparable results to those acquired using a contact PPG sensor, the gold standard. More importantly, we present evidence that the negative influence of initial low sample frequency could be compensated via interpolation to improve the time domain resolution. We thereby provide further strong support for the low-cost webcam-based iPPG technique and, importantly, open up a new avenue for effective noncontact assessment of multiple physiological parameters, with potential applications in the evaluation of cardiac autonomic activity and remote sensing of vital physiological signs.


text:
Based on the "second Qinghai Tibet Plateau comprehensive scientific investigation" and "China's soil series investigation and compilation of China's soil series" "The obtained soil survey profile data, using predictive Digital Soil Mapping paradigm, using geographic information and remote sensing technology for fine description and spatial analysis of the soil forming environment, developed adaptive depth function fitting methods, and integrated advanced ensemble machine learning methods to generate a series of soil attributes (soil organic carbon, pH value, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, cation exchange capacity, gravel content (>2mm) in the Qinghai Tibet plateau region.", sand, silt, clay, soil texture type, unit weight, soil thickness, etc.) and quantify the spatial distribution of uncertainty. Compared with the existing soil maps, it better represents the spatial variation characteristics of soil properties in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The data set can provide soil information support for the study of soil, ecology, hydrology, environment, climate, biology, etc. in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
The dataset includes the measured soil thickness data at 148 points in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, as well as the physical properties and hydraulic characteristics (such as particle size, saturated water content, organic matter content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, etc.) of soil samples at 40 points. The sampling points are distributed from Zhongba County in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin to Nyingchi city in the lower reaches. The soil thickness data is obtained through the excavation profile measurement, and other soil data are obtained from the collected ring knife samples according to the standardized experimental process, so the data accuracy is high. The soil data of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin provided by this dataset can provide a reference for large-scale soil mapping on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and improve the prediction accuracy of relevant studies.
This data includes the soil carbon and nitrogen content at 0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm soil depths of 52 sample points in the west of Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The soil samples were obtained by the research team through soil drilling from 2019 to 2020. After the soil was screened with 2mm aperture, it was air dried and fine roots were removed, and then measured by carbon and nitrogen analyzer in the laboratory. This data can provide a theoretical basis for the study of soil carbon and nitrogen processes at different depths in the western Qinghai Tibet Plateau under the scenario of global climate change in the future, and provide data support for the model to simulate the process of soil carbon and nitrogen cycle, which is conducive to a deeper understanding of the process of soil carbon and nitrogen cycle in the western Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
This dataset is a high-frequency observation data of soil temperature and humidity in the active layer of seasonal frozen soil observed in the alpine meadow of Qianhuli Small watershed of Qinghai Lake, with a time resolution of half an hour. The data set can provide data support for the rate-dependent soil hydrothermal model and dynamic characterization of soil active layer.
The dataset based on synthesized data from 1114 sites across the Tibetan permafrost region which report that paleoclimate is more important than modern climate in shaping current permafrost carbon distribution.A new estimate of modern soil carbon stock to 3m depth on Tibetan permafrost region was derived by machine learning algorithm, including factors such as climate (paleoclimate and modern climate), vegetation, soil (soil thickness and soil physical and chemical properties, etc.) and topography. This dataset shows that ecosystem models clearly underestimated the Tibetan soil carbon stock, due to the absence of paleoclimate effects in the model. Future modelling of soil carbon cycling should include paleoclimate.
The near surface atmospheric forcing and surface state dataset of the Tibetan Plateau was yielded by WRF model, time range: 2000-2010, space range: 25-40 °N, 75-105 °E, time resolution: hourly, space resolution: 10 km, grid number: 150 * 300. There are 33 variables in total, including 11 near surface atmospheric variables: temperature at 2m height on the ground, specific humidity at 2m height on the ground, surface pressure, latitudinal component of 10m wind field on the ground, longitudinal component of 10m wind field on the ground, proportion of solid precipitation, cumulative cumulus convective precipitation, cumulative grid precipitation, downward shortwave radiation flux at the surface, downward length at the surface Wave radiation flux, cumulative potential evaporation. There are 19 surface state variables: soil temperature in each layer, soil moisture in each layer, liquid water content in each layer, heat flux of snow phase change, soil bottom temperature, surface runoff, underground runoff, vegetation proportion, surface heat flux, snow water equivalent, actual snow thickness, snow density, water in the canopy, surface temperature, albedo, background albedo, lower boundary Soil temperature, upward heat flux (sensible heat flux) at the surface and upward water flux (sensible heat flux) at the surface. There are three other variables: longitude, latitude and planetary boundary layer height.
Soil freezing depth (SFD) is necessary to evaluate the balance of water resources, surface energy exchange and biogeochemical cycle change in frozen soil area. It is an important indicator of climate change in the cryosphere and is very important to seasonal frozen soil and permafrost. This data is based on Stefan equation, using the daily temperature prediction data and E-factor data of canems2 (rcp45 and rcp85), gfdl-esm2m (rcp26, rcp45, rcp60 and rcp85), hadgem2-es (rcp26, rcp45 and rcp85), ipsl-cm5a-lr (rcp26, rcp45, rcp60 and rcp85), miroc5 (rcp26, rcp45, rcp60 and rcp85) and noresm1-m (rcp26, rcp45, rcp60 and rcp85), The data set of annual average soil freezing depth in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees from 2007 to 2065 was obtained.
The data set contains soil physicochemical properties of ten scientific expedition routes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateu during 2019-2021, including sample colletor, sampling time, sampling location, longitude and latitude, altitude, vegetation type, sampling depth, soil water content, pH, organic matter content, total carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, inorganic nitrogen content, heavy metal elements content, and etc. The physicochemical properties were measured in the laboratory with quality control, including measuring blanks, replicates and standard samples.The data set can be used for evaluating soil quality and function under the influence of climate change and human activities.
Soil is mineral particles of different sizes formed by weathering of rocks. Soil not only provides nutrients and water for crops, but also has a transforming effect on various nutrients. In addition, the soil also has a self-cleaning function, which can improve organic matter content, soil temperature and humidity, pH value, anion and cation. The soil pollution causes several environmental problems: industrial sewage, acid rain, exhaust emissions, accumulations, agricultural pollution. After the land is polluted, the contaminated tops with high concentration of heavy metals are easily entered under the action of wind and water. Other secondary ecological and environmental problems such as air pollution, surface water pollution, groundwater pollution and ecosystem degradation in the atmosphere and water.he data set comes from the World Soil Database (Harmonized World Soil Database version 1.1) (HWSD) UN Food and Agriculture (FAO) and the Vienna International Institute for Applied Systems Research Institute (IIASA) constructed, which provides data model input parameters for the modeler, At the same time, it provides a basis for research on ecological agriculture, food security and climate change.
Field surveys and soil sample collection were carried out in river and lake source of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and a total of 150 soil samples were collected, from August to September 2020. The data set includes serial number, plot number, latitude and longitude, altitude, soil moisture content, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, pH and mechanical composition (sand, silt and clay content). The data format is an Excel table. The determination of various soil properties refers to the requirements of the "Technical Specifications for Soil Environmental Quality Monitoring" and is obtained through field sampling and indoor testing. Soil bulk density was measured in 5–10 cm and 15–20 cm soil layers, respectively. The mechanical composition is divided into sand (2–0.02 mm), silt (0.02–0.002 mm) and clay (< 0.002 mm) according to the International System of Classification. The soil is removed from impurities such as gravel and roots and crushed. The determination of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium is a complete sample. The pH was determined by potentiometric method, and the water-soil ratio was 2.5:1. The collection of soil samples refers to the soil sample collection specifications, and the indoor analysis and testing refers to standard analysis methods. The data quality is controlled by measuring duplicate samples and standard samples. This data can provide data supporting for comprehensive assessment of the environmental effects of typical land use changes.


Environmental emergency declared in Brazil as wildfires devastate over 1.4 million hectares of vegetation
Posted On By admin
Brasilia: Brazil's southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul has declared a state of environmental emergency after raging wildfires destroyed 1.4 million hectares of vegetation since the beginning of the year.
Monday, state Governor Reinaldo Azambuja signed the decree during a meeting with the National Secretary for Civil Protection and Defense, Alexandre Lucas Alves, who travelled to Campo Grande, the state capital, a day earlier, reports Xinhhua news agency.
The 79 municipalities of the state are suffering from a severe drought affecting the central region of the country, and fires have also spread through the states of Mato Grosso and Tocantins.
The drought has been described as the worst in 47 years in the country.
However, the Mato Grosso do Sul state government also blamed man-made blazes for having "caused forest and urban fires in much of the state".
The fires have also surrounded the Encontro das Aguas park in the Pantanal, located at the Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states' border, threatening both flora and fauna in the region.
Personnel from the Brazilian environment institutes and army troops have been fighting the fires in the region for months.
Forecasts indicate this week will again see no rains, with high temperatures hitting some places in the region, increasing the risk of wildfires.
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Sea lion shot with pellet gun forced to be humanely euthanized due to injuries
A sea lion who was shot with a pellet gun and found in distress in Newport Beach in December was humanely euthanized due to the extent of its injuries.
On Monday, December 16, employees of the Pacific Marine Mammal Center (PMMC) rescued a female California sea lion in distress from the Wedge in Newport Beach after it was reported by Newport Beach Animal Control.
Veterinarians observed that the sea lion had two distinct wounds, one of which was a draining abscess on her dorsal back causing her pain and discomfort and limiting her ability to move normally.
They decided to conduct radiographs to better understand the extent of the animal's injury and saw what appeared to be two bullet fragments, likely from a pellet rifle, PMMC said in a press release.
The one and a half year old sea lion yearling, named Mandalorian by its rescuers, was carefully monitored throughout the next week, and despite treatment, her health continued to decline.
At that point, the rescue organization made the decision to humanely euthanize the animal on December 22.
After the sea lion was euthanized, a necropsy was performed that revealed one of the bullets had struck the animal between the rib and adjacent vertebrae. PMMC said that the entry wound most likely became infected, leading to severe muscle necrosis around the impact site and an accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity. The second gunshot was lodged in the musculature between the ribs.
The pellet bullets were recovered and will be sent to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Law Enforcement (NOAA NMFS OLE) for further investigation, PMMC said.
"Unfortunately, what we saw is taking place up and down the Pacific Coast. These are disgusting and intentional acts, many of which are pre-meditated. We know there are many out there that feel like they are competing with the sea lions for the same resources. However, there's a pathway for us to cohabitate with these precious marine mammals, and shooting them is not the way," said Peter Chang, CEO at PMMC.


Can Exadata take you Beyond "Infinity and Beyond" with Non-Numbers?
Let me clarify… in a previous post, I showed some of the arithmetic around some of Oracle's floating point literals and how that arithmetic didn't make much sense. But one of the other literals available helped me solve an issue with the optimizer, indexes, and Exadata: an anomaly with a smart phone app gave me an idea…
LEFT JOINs, NULLs, and Offloading on Exadata
I was investigating query performance, and the root cause appeared to be a join condition that also had a filter:
...
from table1
 left join table2
 on =
 and table2.cust_code IS NULL
Long story short, the join condition was rewritten without IS NULL like this:
 and nvl(table2.cust_code,-999) = -999
The problem is, there was no easy way to ensure that that column might not actually contain the value -999 short of adding a CHECK constraint, and it would have taken weeks to get a change like that into production.
Alternate Solution: A Number that's Not a Number
Instead of using a constant that might actually be valid data, why not use one of Oracle's built-in constants like BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN? The chances of the CUST_CODE column containing the value BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN are essentially zero because the UI for TABLE2 would not allow anything but numeric constants.
I tried out this method on a copy of DBA_TAB_COLS. The column DATA_PRECISION has a lot of NULL values; if I use NVL and the Oracle BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN constant to avoid the IS NULL construct, it works great:
select count(*)
from col_data
where nvl(data_precision,BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN) = BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN;
I get the same number of rows as if I had used the IS NULL construct.
What About Exadata Offloading?
The question I always ask is, "how does this work on Exadata?" The answer did not disappoint.
Of course, single-row functions such as NVL are in V$SQLFN_METADATA and marked with OFFLOADABLE=YES; constants such as BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN are treated as any other numeric value.
Using Oracle's built-in functionality including numeric constants representing very large numbers, very small numbers, and numbers that are actually not numbers can help you out of trouble with NULL values (which are also not numbers!). And Exadata will not get in your way using solutions like this either!
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Rootstrap Blog
Category: Ruby on Rails
Total 9 Posts
Feature Updates in Rails 6: Multiple Databases & State Management
Rails 6.0 recently shared its amazing enhancements although most would consider these as feature upgrades. In my opinion, both are correct, as the actual state of multiple databases before rails 6.0 was not even considered it a completed feature. So, let's dive into Rails < 6 state! Rails 6 introduced
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Link Tracking with StimulusReflex
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Exception Tracking
If we want to write better and higher quality software, it is important we keep track of exceptions, crashes and errors happening in our environment, so we can deal with them. We, at Rootstrap, have created this OS exception tracking tool in order to ease the task of monitoring errors.
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How to Improve Maintainability in Rails Applications Using Patterns. Part I
Introduction Software is constantly evolving, both in specification and implementation. Keeping an extensible and maintainable codebase is therefore crucial in order to deal with these changes quickly and easily. Ruby on Rails comes with a lot of good techniques and patterns out of the box that facilitate this. Nevertheless, some
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Ruby doesn't scale
Why you should stop blaming a programming language for your low quality work.
I've heard too many times that Ruby on Rails (also called RoR) doesn't scale. Guess what? Java doesn't scale,.NET doesn't scale, PHP doesn't scale, and Node.js doesn't scale. No programming language scales if you build terrible software with it.
In this article, I focus on Ruby, but the information is valid for almost any programming language. If you typically benchmark Ruby against other languages like Python or C++, it's probably slower in most contexts.
The real question is not how long it takes or how many resources it consumes to run some algorithms like regex redux, binary tree searches, or reading DNA sequences.
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Laia Abril: Lobismuller
Abril, Laia
Publisher: RM
Binding: Hardcover
Language: Español
Pages: 126
Measurements: 25.00 x 28.00 cm
The Werewolf of Allariz was a woman who lived in 19th-century Spain. Known as Manuel Blanco Romasanta, but named Manuela at birth, the legendary werewolfnow believed to have lived with a rare syndrome of intersexualitywas Spains first documented serial killer.
Beautiful and eerie, Lobismuller reconstructs from a female perspective the story of the most enigmatic and bloodthirsty criminal in Spanish history. Earning the title of the Tallow Man, due to his habit of converting his victims fat into high-quality soap, Manuel admitted to nine murders at his 1853 trial. And yet he pleaded not guilty, for he was suffering, he claimed, from a curse that turned him into a wolf.
This eerily beautiful artists book by Spanish photographer Laia Abril, who studied at the International Center of Photography in New York and worked at COLORS magazine, is an unusual document of a haunting history in which the forces of criminality, sexuality and social marginalization coalesced into something deadly.
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What powers do schools get?
This is a vitally important question. We have all heard the horror stories of schools joining Trusts and then finding out they have lost the power to make their own decisions.
The key is the Scheme of Delegation. This outlines which powers are delegated to school Local Governing Bodies and which sit with the Trustees.
We believe in 'earned autonomy'. If your school is already doing well, why would be change it?
Schools rated 'good' or 'outstanding' are given a generous scheme of delegation by Chorus Education Trust that ensures they have most of the powers they had as a standalone school. 'Requires improvement' and'special measures' schools are given more limited schemes of delegation. However, as the school improves we would hand back more of the powers they once had.
There are certain powers that can't be delegated because the Trustees are ultimately responsible for the schools. For example, the Trust has to report as one financial entity, so Trustees are ultimately responsible for its finances. However, Governing Bodies that have the full set of powers available within the Scheme of Delegation will get their own budget, which they decide how to allocate within their school.
As much as is possible, we want our schools to be able to run their own affairs. We believe that we can add value to a school by bringing in consistent policies and procedures across our schools, providing them with increased purchasing power and a set of well-run, central services - and, most importantly, by allowing all of us to share best practice and skills.


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The Fahey/Klein Gallery is pleased to present Young Men & Still Lifes by German photographer, Herbert List --- The first exhibition of his legendary homoerotic male nudes in Los Angeles in over 25 years. List's playful but austere, classically arranged compositions taken in Italy and Greece have become an indelible influence in modern and contemporary photography. Diary-like images of friends and still lives with found objects gave birth to a style that half a century later would influence fashion or lifestyle photography of masters like Bruce Weber or Herb Ritts.
Herbert List (1903 -1975) was born into a prosperous Hamburg merchant family and began an apprenticeship at a Heidelberg coffee dealer in 1921 while studying literature and art history at Heidelberg University. During travels for the coffee business between 1924-28, the young List began to take photographs, almost without any pretensions to art.
In 1930, though, his artistic leanings and connections to the European avant-garde brought him together with the American photographer Andreas Feininger, who introduced his new friend to the Rolleiflex, a more sophisticated camera that allowed a deliberate composition of images. Under the dual influence of the surrealist movement on the one hand, and of Bauhaus artists on the other, List photographed still life and his friends, developing his style. He has described his images as "composed visions where [my] arrangements try to capture the magical essence inhabiting and animating the world of appearances."
After leaving Germany in 1936 in response to the danger of Nazi police attention to his openly gay lifestyle and his Jewish heritage, he turned his hobby into a profession. Working in Paris and London, he met George Hoyningen-Huene, who referred him to "Harper's Bazaar". Dissatisfied with the challenges of fashion photography and hired models, List instead focused on composing still lifes. The images produced there would later be compared to the paintings of Max Ernst and Giorgio de Chirico, and paved the way for List's role as the most prominent photographer of the Fotografia Metafisica style.
Greece became List's primary interest from 1937 to 1939. After his first visit to the antique temples, sculptures and landscapes, his first solo show opened in Paris in the summer of 1937. Publications in Life, Photographie, Verve and Harper's Bazaar followed, and List began work on his first book, Licht über Hellas, which wasn't published until 1953.
Working in Athens, List hoped to escape the war but was forced by invading troops to return to Germany in 1941. Because of his Jewish background, he was forbidden to publish or work officially in Germany. Several works, stored in a hotel in Paris, have been lost. In 1944 List was deployed by the German Wehrmacht to Norway where he served as a map archivist.
In 1951, List met Robert Capa, who convinced him to work as a contributor to Magnum. He turned his interest towards Italy from 1950 to 1961, photographing everything from street scenes to contemplative photo-essays, from architectural views to portraits of international artists living in Italy. He discovered the 35mm camera and the telephoto lens in 1953. His work became more spontaneous and was influenced by his Magnum colleague Henri Cartier-Bresson and the Italian Neo-Realism film movement.
Herbert List's work has been collected, exhibited, and published internationally. List's work is held in Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris, France), Fotomuseum im Münchner Stadtmuseum (Munich, Germany), The J.Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA), ICP (New York, NY), The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, NY) Musée de l'Elysée (Lausanne, Switzerland), The Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, MA,) The Museum of Modern Art (New York, NY) and The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco, CA), among others.
Past publications of Herbert List's work include The Magical in Passing (Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2014), Herbert List: The Monograph (Ed. Max Scheler with Matthias Harder, texts by Bruce Weber Edmund White. Monacelli Press, New York, 2000), Italy (Ed. Max Scheler, Thames & Hudson, 1995), Herbert List: Junge Männer (Ed. Stephen Spender, Thames & Hudson, 1988,) Napoli e i suoi personaggi (Ed. Vittorio De Sica, Rizolli, 1968) Nigerian images: the splendor of African sculpture (Ed. William Fagg, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), Caribia : ein photographisches Skizzenbuch von den Caribischen Inseln (Rowohlt, 1958), Licht über Hellas: Eine Symphonie in Bildern (München: G.D.W. Callwey, 1953), and more.


text: © 2013, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved.A design optimization method based on three dimensional Euler equations is developed. A finite volume method is implemented to discretize the Euler equations. Newton's method is used to solve the discretized form of Euler equations. Newton's method requires the calculation of the Jacobian matrix which is the derivative of the residual vector with respect to the flux vector. Different upwind methods are used in the calculation of flux vectors. Numerical and analytical methods are utilized in the evaluation of Jacobian matrices. The efficiency and accuracy of the analytical and numerical Jacobian evaluations are compared. In order to improve the accuracy of numerical method, detailed error analyses are performed. The optimum finite difference perturbation magnitude that minimizes the error is searched. The computation time of numerical Jacobian evaluation is reduced by calculating the flux vectors with perturbed flow variables only in related cells. The performances of different sparse matrix solvers are also compared. The effects of errors in numerical Jacobians on the accuracy of sensitivities is analyzed. Results show that the finite-difference perturbation magnitude and computer precision are the most important parameters that affect the accuracy of numerical Jacobians. Approximately the same optimum perturbation magnitude enables the most accurate numerical flux Jacobian and sensitivity calculations.