> is a preferred label for concept ,
 - the triple (, skos:altLabel, ) says that is an alternative label for concept ,
 - the triple (, skos:broader, ) says that concept is a broder concept of .
 - One way to convert Eurovoc into plain SKOS
 2016/06/27 by Yann Voté
 This is the second part of an article where I show how to import the Eurovoc thesaurus from the European Union into an application using a plain SKOS data model. I've recently faced the problem of importing Eurovoc into CubicWeb using the SKOS cube, and the solution I've chose is discussed here.
 The first part was an introduction to thesauri and SKOS.
 The whole article assumes familiarity with RDF, as describing RDF would require more than a blog entry and is out of scope.
 Difficulties with Eurovoc and SKOS
 Eurovoc is the main thesaurus covering European Union business domains. It is published and maintained by the EU commission. It is quite complex and big, structured as a tree of keywords.
 You can see Eurovoc keywords and browse the tree from the Eurovoc homepage using the link Browse the subject-oriented version.
 For example, when publishing statistics about education in the EU, you can tag the published data with the broadest keyword Education and communications. Or you can be more precise and use the following narrower keywords, in increasing order of preference: Education, Education policy, Education statistics.
 Problem: hierarchy of thesauri
 The EU commission uses SKOS to publish its Eurovoc thesaurus, so it should be straightforward to import Eurovoc into our own application. But things are not that simple...
 For some reasons, Eurovoc uses a hierarchy of concept schemes. For example, Education and communications is a sub-concept scheme of Eurovoc (it is called a domain), and Education is a sub-concept scheme of Education and communications (it is called a micro-thesaurus). Education policy is (a label of) the first concept in this hierarchy.
 But with SKOS this is not possible: a concept scheme cannot be contained into another concept scheme.
 Possible solutions
 So to import Eurovoc into our SKOS application, and not loose data, one solution is to turn sub-concept schemes into concepts. We have two strategies:
 - keep only one concept scheme (Eurovoc) and turn domains and micro-thesauri into concepts,
 - keep domains as concept schemes, drop Eurovoc concept scheme, and only turn micro-thesauri into concepts.
 Here we will discuss the latter solution.
 Lets get to work
 Eurovoc thesaurus can be downloaded at the following URL:
 The ZIP archive contains only one XML file named eurovoc_skos.rdf. Put it somewhere where you can find it easily.
 To read this file easily, we will use the RDFLib Python library. This library makes it really convenient to work with RDF data. It has only one drawback: it is very slow. Reading the whole Eurovoc thesaurus with it takes a very long time. Make the process faster is the first thing to consider for later improvements.
 Reading the Eurovoc thesaurus is as simple as creating an empty RDF Graph and parsing the file. As said above, this takes a long long time (from half an hour to two hours).
 import rdflib
 eurovoc_graph = rdflib.Graph()
 eurovoc_graph.parse('', format='xml')
 )>
 We can see that Eurovoc contains more than 2 million triples.
 Now, before actually converting Eurovoc to plain SKOS, lets introduce some helper functions:
 - the first one, uriref(), will allow us to build RDFLib URIRef objects from simple prefixed URIs like skos:prefLabel or dcterms:title,
 - the second one, capitalized_eurovoc_domains(), is used to convert Eurovoc domain names, all uppercase (eg. 32 EDUCATION ET COMMUNICATION) to a string where only first letter is uppercase (eg. 32 Education and communication)
 import re
 from rdflib import Literal, Namespace, RDF, URIRef
 from rdflib.namespace import DCTERMS, SKOS
 eu_ns = Namespace('')
 thes_ns = Namespace('')
 prefixes = {
 'dcterms': DCTERMS,
 'skos': SKOS,
 'eu': eu_ns,
 'thes': thes_ns,
 def uriref(prefixed_uri):
 prefix, value = prefixed_uri.split(':', 1)
 ns = prefixes[prefix]
 return ns[value]
 def capitalized_eurovoc_domain(domain):
 """Return the given Eurovoc domain name with only the first letter uppercase."""
 return re.sub(r'^(\d+\s)(.)(.+)$',
 lambda m: u'{0}{1}{2}'.format(,,,
 domain, re.UNICODE)
 Now the actual work. After using variables to reference URIs, the loop will parse each triple in original graph and:
 - discard it if it contains deprecated data,
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:Domain), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:ConceptScheme),
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:MicroThesaurus), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:Concept) and add triple (, skos:inScheme, ),
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:ThesaurusConcept), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:Concept),
 - if triple is like (, skos:topConceptOf, ), replace it with (, skos:broader, ),
 - if triple is like (, skos:inScheme, ), replace it with (, skos:inScheme, ),
 - keep triples like (, skos:prefLabel, ), (, skos:altLabel, ), and (, skos:broader, ),
 - discard all other non-deprecated triples.
 Note that, to replace a micro thesaurus with a domain, we have to build a mapping between each micro thesaurus and its containing domain (microthes2domain dict).
 This loop is also quite long.
 eurovoc_ref = URIRef(u'')
 deprecated_ref = URIRef(u'')
 title_ref = uriref('dcterms:title')
 status_ref = uriref('thes:status')
 class_domain_ref = uriref('eu:Domain')
 rel_domain_ref = uriref('eu:domain')
 microthes_ref = uriref('eu:MicroThesaurus')
 thesconcept_ref = uriref('eu:ThesaurusConcept')
 concept_scheme_ref = uriref('skos:ConceptScheme')
 concept_ref = uriref('skos:Concept')
 pref_label_ref = uriref('skos:prefLabel')
 alt_label_ref = uriref('skos:altLabel')
 in_scheme_ref = uriref('skos:inScheme')
 broader_ref = uriref('skos:broader')
 top_concept_ref = uriref('skos:topConceptOf')
 microthes2domain = dict((mt, next(eurovoc_graph.objects(mt, uriref('eu:domain'))))
 for mt in eurovoc_graph.subjects(RDF.type, uriref('eu:MicroThesaurus')))
 new_graph = rdflib.ConjunctiveGraph()
 for subj_ref, pred_ref, obj_ref in eurovoc_graph:
 if deprecated_ref in list(eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, status_ref)):
 # Convert eu:Domain into a skos:ConceptScheme
 if obj_ref == class_domain_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_scheme_ref))
 for title in eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, pref_label_ref):
 if title.language == u'en':
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, title_ref,
 # Convert eu:MicroThesaurus into a skos:Concept
 elif obj_ref == microthes_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_ref))
 scheme_ref = next(eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, rel_domain_ref))
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, in_scheme_ref, scheme_ref))
 # Convert eu:ThesaurusConcept into a skos:Concept
 elif obj_ref == thesconcept_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_ref))
 # Replace topConceptOf by broader
 elif pred_ref == top_concept_ref:
 new


prestige, desire, and the mystique of brands. Forever 21 can knock off Prada, but people who buy Prada will know the difference."
Shouldn't we expect the same from our games as well? Shouldn't we, as a game-buying public, be able to tell the difference between Minecraft and its clone?
Rather than going after cloners, game designers should be targeting the institutions that enhance the public's understanding of what games are and how they work. Those are the places where "credit" is handed out: that means schools, museums, and media organizations that often don't have passing knowledge of how games are even made. Game designers should be partnering more with museums, inviting non-game designers like musicians into their world, and teaching students about their craft.
Grimmelmann adds that literacy around games is paramount to dealing with cloners. "We won't make Zynga go away," he says. "They're doing something that is shameful. Maybe it gets people playing games, but there's a better way, and people who make games artistically ought to have commercial audiences." An informed public is a powerful public, and the only way to stop clones is to disgrace them. But that conversation only works if all who play games are onboard, not just those that make them.
The problem isn't with clones. The problem is with us.
Image by Asha ten Broeke


Nuclear Pools
How does Nuclear Insurance work?
To best address the unique insurance needs of the civil nuclear industry, NRI's model centres on the 'pooling', or grouping, of capacity by many insurers to allow a joint underwriting of risks.
Nuclear pools, established in the mid-1950s, were formed to insure civil nuclear risks within their national market, and to provide interpool reinsurance (reciprocation). Reciprocation is arranged on a 'net' of Treaty or Facultative reinsurance basis given that nuclear is a general exclusion within the insurance market. Net capacity is pooled from insurers and reinsurers who are willing to expose their balance sheet to civil nuclear risks.
Pools were established in the spirit of a bilateral relationship between the newly forming sector, governments and the insurance market.
A pool is a mechanism whereby a number of insurers, through association, jointly underwrite a technically challenging type of risk. Pools are typically formed when a risk is high in severity and low in frequency and other examples include terrorism and natural catastrophe. Pools are further categorised by insufficient capacity being attracted to a class of business (from individual insurance companies), due to risk appetite, technical underwriting challenges and costs of doing business.
A pool in Country A insures a civil nuclear risk domestically and then via reciprocation shares that risk with other nuclear insurance pools B and C etc. within the international pooling system thereby spreading and diversifying the potentially catastrophic risk.
Nuclear Insurance Business Flow
As one of the most internationally diversified pools in the world, NRI writes risks in all nuclear countries, with the exception of countries where sanctions apply.
Nuclear Pools
Many international nuclear pools of insurance have been modelled along similar lines to NRI structure.
Today, over 300 insurance companies in 31 countries pool their net capacity in this way, which is then used to insure domestic civil nuclear risks and to provide interpool reinsurance (reciprocation).
In the absence of nuclear pools, the finite insurance capacity that exists could not be accessed efficiently or at all. Consequently, nuclear pools provide an essential service to civil nuclear operators and are an enabler to the operators' 'social licence' by satisfying their complex insurance needs.


text:
Use a prop to help you deliver your message
How do you make an abstract concept real and meaningful to your audience? It helps to first relate the concept to something specific and familiar that your audience understands. Here's how one presenter used a prop to do just that.
This presenter is an agronomist who often does presentations on soil and sustainability. When explaining wind erosion, he passes out dimes to everyone in the audience. A dime is 1/36th of an inch thick. He explains that if an acre of land loses soil equivalent to the height of a dime it would be losing 5 tons of soil per acre.
After the audience has had a moment to digest what this means, he tells them that if we lose soil beyond the thickness of that dime, it will take us over 400 years to regenerate. He then points out the obvious: we cannot afford to lose that much soil - and that is what we call sustainability.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Motion to oppose changes to the uni 4 bus route.
Proposed by Jessica Wing (_EMAIL_), seconded by Sophie Buck (_EMAIL_)
- That the Universal bus service (formerly known as the 'Uni 4') is the only public transport link between Homerton, the Education Faculty, and the Sidgwick and West Cambridge sites, as well as the hill colleges;
- That students attending Homerton and the Education Faculty make up over 10% of the student body;
- That following the changes approved at the University Planning and Resource Committee (March 2016), as of November 2016 the bus route will no longer service Hills Road, and instead run along the guided busway;
- That the cited reason for this change is an estimated profit of £63,000 p/a; 5. That disabled students in particular will be adversely affected by this route change, which will result in an inequality of access to academic study.
- That neither Homerton nor the Education Faculty were consulted about the decision.
- That disabled students are entitled to equal access to education and social events;
- That the changes to the Universal bus route will create a significant barrier to accessing education and social events for the University's disabled students.
- To oppose the changes to the Universal bus route;
- To support and publicise the petition to oppose and reverse the decision.
Motion for CUSU to limit its promotion of external events to those that have step-free access.
- That CUSU is dedicated to providing events and opportunities for the entirety of the Cambridge student body;
- That the city of Cambridge is notoriously inaccessible to wheelchair users;
- That the ability to book many of the city's accessible rooms and buildings is limited by the availability of funds, and that businesses are far more likely than student societies and groups to have access to these resources;
- That in the majority of cases, events run by external organisations that CUSU advertises are talks and presentations.
- That external organisations advertising presentations, talks, and other similar events should do more to make their events accessible to all members of the student body;
- That CUSU should not endorse businesses that do not at the very least hold events with step-free access.
- To cease promoting and advertising businesses and other external organisations which fail to provide step-free access to their events;
- To more widely publicise this requirement through relevant channels.
Motion to encourage the use of access statements.
MICHAELMAS III (9TH NOVEMBER 2015)
Proposed by Robert Corbyn-Smith (CUSU DSC Disabled Students' Officer), seconded by Richard Birkett (CUSU DSC Computing Officer)
- That without access information, disabled students cannot make informed decisions about the events they attend;
- That a comprehensive access statement includes but is not limited to:
- Describing access into, around and out of the venue or event. For example: whether there is wheelchair access, step-free access or stepped access; whether there are automatic doors; the wayfinding and signage available;
- Describing the facilities the venue or event has. For example: whether there is an accessible or partially accessible toilet; whether there is an induction loop; the seating available;
- Providing a named contact for all access enquiries.
- That access statements are not, currently, widely used across the University;
- That event providers may not be aware of how to provide access information or what information to include in an access statement;
- That a short grace period will allow CUSU to develop and improve existing resources for event providers.
- That providing comprehensive and accurate access information is the first step in making all events accessible to as many students as possible;
- That CUSU needs to do more to ensure disabled students are welcome at and encouraged to participate in events across the University, not just specific disabled students events;
- That not providing access information when advertising events unfairly disadvantages disabled students, regardless of how accessible the event is.
- To work with the Disabled Students' Campaign [DSC] to improve and publicise the access statement generator on the DSC website, and, following an open consultation of disabled students, establish guidelines on what an access statement should minimally contain by the end of Michaelmas 2015;
- From the beginning of Lent term 2016, to include a comprehensive access statement with all CUSU organised events;
- From the beginning of Lent term 2016, to refuse to advertise any event without a suitable accompanying access statement;
- To mandate the CUSU Coordinator, working in conjunction with the DSC, to create a training session on the subject of hosting accessible events, to be delivered at the beginning of Lent term 2016 and open to all students of the University (but targeted specifically towards JCR/MCR/AC Officers and Society Committee Officers).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The word "converse", as it is practically used in mathematics text if not necessarily by dictionaries of logic, is somewhat fuzzy, and the meaning of "the converse of theorem such-and-such" sometimes has to be deduced from the context.
As long as we only have atomic claims $P$ and $Q$ with the implication $P\to Q$, then without doubt the converse of $P\to Q$ is $Q\to P$. But when there are more than one premise, some room for interpretation opens up.
The problem is that in the usual style of written mathematics, the two theorems
Theorem 1. If $a$ and $b$ are coprime and $a\mid c$ and $b\mid c$, then $ab\mid c$.
Theorem 2. Assume that $a$ and $b$ are coprime. If $a\mid c$ and $b\mid c$, then $ab\mid c$.
mean exactly the same thing -- usually we're not even trained to notice the difference between them as we read a mathematical text. However, according to a strict logical interpretation of "converse" these two clearly equivalent theorems would have different converses:
Converse 1. If $ab\mid c$, then $a$ and $b$ are coprime and $a\mid c$ and $b \mid c$.
Converse 2. Assume that $a$ and $b$ are coprime. If $ab\mid c$, then $a\mid c$ and $b\mid c$.
In practice, however, most authors don't care about this, and just speak of "the converse" with the meaning "the possible interpretation of converse that makes sense in the context". The reader is supposed to figure out for himself which of the premises look like something that could conceivably have a reasonable chance of being consequences of the original conclusion, given the other premises.
In the language of formal logic, another way to express the problem is that ordinary mathematical reasoning (presented in natural language) doesn't distinguish consistently between
- $P_1 \vdash P_2\to Q$
- $P_1 \to (P_2 \to Q)$
- $(P_1 \land P_2) \to Q$
These are generally just different formal representations of the same concept inside the working mathematician's mind, and it can take some training and experience with formal logic to even appreciate that a useful distinction between them can be made. Therefore a notion of "converse" that assigns crucial meaning to these essentially syntactic differences will have a hard time agreeing with how the word is used in mathematical writing that is not concerned with logic in particular.


provide some indication as to the period of its origin. Based on this information most jewelry experts believe that the Golash pearl brooch appear to be of Victorian origin, belonging to the mid-Victorian or Grand period, extending from 1860 to 1885. Circle brooches were a common design during the mid-Victorian period. Materials used for these brooches included gold, enameling, cabochon-cut deep-red garnets, pearls, and rose-cut diamonds. Margaret Flowers' book "Victorian Jewelry" gives black and white photographs of several circle brooches of the Mid-Victorian period. One of the circle brooches designed in 1865 is mounted with a large cabochon-cut deep-red garnet in the center, surrounded by a layer of pearls and rose-cut diamonds. A pendant made of pearls hangs from the brooch, with two loops of pearls on either side. Another circle brooch designed by Giuliano between 1865 and 1870, is made of enameled gold, with a cabochon-cut deep-red garnet in the center, surrounded by rows of rose-cut diamonds, and eight pearls placed symmetrically along the vertical and horizontal diameter of the circle. A drop-shaped pendant hangs from below the brooch, whose centerpiece is a drop-shaped deep-red garnet.
More circle brooches designed by Howell and James and displayed at the 1862 exhibition, are given on page 180. A photograph on page 181 also shows several circle brooches designed by Richard Green, and displayed at the 1862 exhibition. One of these brooches show a double row of pearls, surrounding a cabochon-cut gemstone in the center.
Evidence to show that Golash Quahog Pearl Brooch originated in the mid-Victorian period from 1860 to 1885
The Gholash Quahog pearl brooch, is essentially based on the same design as the above brooches of the mid-Victorian period. The brooch is made of enameled gold, a common material used for brooches during this period. The gemstone used as the centerpiece of the brooch is the large purple colored quahog pearl, known as the "Pearl of Venus." The black enamel design on a white enamel background, also depicts a trend that was common during the mid-Victorian period, a period of mourning for the Queen after the death of her beloved husband Prince Albert in 1861. During the first year of full mourning, black clothing and black jewelry were worn by the mourners. Black enameling of jewelry became popular during this period. Dark stones such as onyx, jet and vulcanite, were used in mourning jewelry. After the first year of mourning, half-mourning colors such as gray, mauve and purple clothing were used. Then purple amethysts, deep-red garnets and white pearls were also used in the mourning jewelry. The deep-red garnets used in the brooches described above, were a part of the mourning jewelry of this period. In the Gholash pearl brooch instead of a purple amethyst, a purple quahog pearl is used, the purple color being another feature of the half-mourning period. Another feature in the Gholash pearl brooch, similar to the Victorian brooches is the incorporation of a pendant to the brooch, whose centerpiece is another drop-shaped quahog pearl.
The mid-Victorian features in the Golash pearl brooch may be summarized as follows :-
1) The shape of the brooch being a circle, a common shape of brooches during this period.
2) The use of enameled gold for the brooch.
3) The use of a black enamel design on a white enamel background.
4) The use of a purple quahog pearl as the centerpiece of the brooch, purple being an accepted color during the half-mourning period.
5) The incorporation of a short pendant to the brooch, whose centerpiece is another purple drop-shaped quahog pearl. The use of purple color for the pendant again conforms to the accepted use of colors in jewelry during this period.
Thus the Gholash pearl brooch most probably originated in the mid-Victorian period from 1860 to 1885, nearly 150 years ago.
Golash seeks Benjamin Zucker's advice to obtain a reasonable price for his rare pearl brooch
Benjamin Zucker, renowned New York based gem expert, merchant and author
Golash had been seeking the advice of Benjamin Zucker, the president of Precious Stones Co. in New York, a renowned gemexpert, merchant and author, to obtain a reasonable price for his rare pearl brooch, by putting it up for sale at a reputed auction house like Christie's or Sotheby's. Zucker who was impressed by the pearl brooch, and described the quahog pearls in it as exceedingly rare and difficult to be valued, as there was nothing to compare it with, advised Golash to promote the pearl brooch by exhibiting it in natural history museums and exhibitions conducted by these museums, as well as in international gem and jewelry shows. He also advised Golash to find out everything about the provenance of the brooch, including its possible period of origin by consulting jewelry experts and historians, as a major part of the value of famous and historical pieces of gems and jewelry, was their provenance.
Was the Golash Quahog Pearl Brooch designed and crafted in Rhode Island, the hub of the jewelry industry in the United States, in the mid 19th-century?
Accordingly, Golash first met the owners of the antique shop at Newport, Rhode Island, where the pearl brooch was purchased. That was in the year 2002, two years after he purchased the pearl brooch. The antique shop was no more, and the two elderly ladies had since retired to Florida. He showed a picture of the pearl brooch to the old women, and asked them if they could provide more information on the history of the brooch. But unfortunately, the women said they could not remember it, which obviously meant that they could not even remember selling the piece to him. Drawing a blank in his efforts to trace its history, Golash consulted jewelry historians, who placed the probable origin of the pearl brooch to the Victorian period, somewhere between 1850 and 1875.
But, historians were not able to explain how such an antique piece of jewelry containing two exceedingly rare purple quahog pearls, made its appearance in the "Quahog capital of the World," Rhode Island, famous for its purple quahog pearls. The fact that the pearl brooch appeared in Rhode Island undoubtedly shows that the purple quahog pearls incorporated in it also originated in Rhode Island. The question now arises as to who designed the brooch and where it was crafted. The answer to these questions can only be a matter of conjecture. However, since the origin of the pearls was in Rhode Island, one can safely assume that the brooch was most probably designed and crafted, in one of the jewelry crafting centers in the United States at that time. The most important jewelry crafting center at that time in the United States, was Providence in Rhode Island. Thus, it was quite possible that the Golash Pearl Brooch was designed and crafted in Rhode Island itself. Though Rhode Island was famous as the center of the costume jewelry industry, it was quite possible that among the hundreds of jewelry firms that operated in Rhode Island at that time, there were at least some jewelry firms that still specialized in the manufacture of fine jewelry, such as the Golash Pearl Brooch. The designs for the jewelry manufacture was of course borrowed from the jewelry designers of Paris and London. Thus, the design of the Golash Pearl Brooch would have been inspired by the design of brooches produced during the mid-Victorian period, from _PHONE_
The history of the jewelry industry in Providence, Rhode Island
The history of jewelry manufacturing in the United States dates back to the period immediately after the revolution of 1776. The first jewelry shop where jewelry manufactured in the United States was sold, was opened in Providence, Rhode Island in August 1784, by a jeweler named Seril Dodge, who manufactured watches, clocks, and gold and silver jewelry. Dodge's business prospered as Providence became the center of the maritime trade, and soon several other jewelry shops were also opened. In 1794, as Seril Dodge was about to retire from business, his nephew Nehemiah Dodge opened his own jewelry shop for the manufacture of 18k gold jewelry. However, Nehemiah Dodge soon developed a technique for plating base metal like copper with gold. He became the first manufacturer of roll plated gold, which was used for turning out cheaper jewelry for the less wealthy. This was the beginning of the costume jewelry industry in the United States.
Providence, Jewelry Manufacturing Historic District
On the foundation laid by the Dodge family, the jewelry industry of Providence grew rapidly in the mid 19th-century, and soon expanded to other regions of New England. From 27 jewelry firms in 1830, employing 280 workers, the jewelry industry of Providence, Rhode Island, expanded to 150 companies, employing 2,700 workers by 1875, and by 1880, Rhode Island was the leading state in the manufacture of jewelry in the United States, accounting for more than one-quarter of the entire national jewelry production. By the year 1890, the number of jewelry firms in Providence, had grown to 200, employing 7,000 workers. Thus Rhode Island became the hub of the jewelry industry in the United states, at the turn of the


text: When GM (genetically modified) and non-GM crops coexist, not all of the latter can be sold as GM-free crops as some of them will likely be contaminated by GM crops. The choice of producing non-GM crops will consequently depend on the surrounding crops. We therefore analyze the spatial distribution of GM and non-GM crops. When producers follow individual strategies, many spatial configurations arise in equilibrium, some of which are more efficient than others. We examine how coordination among producers impacts the spatial distribution of crop varieties, and show that coordination among only a small number of producers can greatly improve efficiency. In particular, a non-GM producer neighboring two GM producers needs to coordinate with only one of them to eliminate any spatial inefficiency from variety choices.


text:
Decode QR codes (and other 1D/2D barcode formats)
QRcode generation is well served in the Ruby community, but decoding seems to be stuck in the Java world. This is an attempt to bridge the gap by wrapping the ZXing library with JRuby. ZXing conveniently decodes a plethora of barcodes. Their site has a complete list.
gem install zxing
JRuby (tested with 1.5.6), OR
MRI (1.8.7 and 1.9.2) with jruby-jars gem
require 'zxing' # Pass a path to a file, and it will return the characters encoded within # the barcode image. For example, if a QRCode image has the text "QRcode # string" embedded: ZXing.decode '/Users/ecin/qrcode.png' #=> "QRcode string" # ZXing#decode_all returns an array of encoded values. For example if an # image has a barcode encoded with the value "test123" and another barcode # encoded with the value "test456": ZXing.decode_all 'image_with_multiple_barcodes.png' #=> ["test456", "test123"] # You can also decode a URL... ZXing.decode '_URL_ # or an instance of File ZXing.decode File.new('qrcode.png') # or anything that returns a URL or file path when _TAG_ is called on it. class Image attr_reader :path def initialize(path); _USER_ = path end end # ZXing#decode returns nil if it can't decode the image. ZXing.decode 'image_without_a_code.png' #=> nil # ZXing#decode! will raise an error if it can't decode the image. ZXing.decode! 'image_without_a_code.png' #=> raises ZXing::UndecodableError
A Decodable module is included (pun intended) to ease using the library with objects that return the URL or file path to decode when _TAG_ or _TAG_ is called.
require 'zxing/decodable' class File include Decodable end file = File.open('qrcode.png') file.decode


text:
Fermi-LAT Designer Awarded 2012 Panofsky Prize
William Atwood, a leading member of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope collaboration, will receive the 2012 W. K. H. Panofsky Prize in Experimental Particle Physics from the American Physical Society for his work as co-designer of the Large Area Telescope, the main instrument on Fermi, and for using the LAT to investigate the universe in gamma rays.
"Nobody was more surprised than myself" upon learning of the award, Atwood said. Now with the Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Atwood was a long-time SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory particle physicist who maintains his lab ties through the Fermi collaboration. "I'd just finished my SLAC cyber-security refresher course when I got this email," he continued. "I thought, 'Oh, jeez, this is just spam.'" But once Atwood confirmed the email's contents, he said, he was "blown away."
In 1970, as a graduate student from Caltech, Atwood joined the team at SLAC that scattered high-energy electrons off protons and neutrons and discovered they were made of something even smaller – quarks. SLAC physicist Richard Taylor, principal investigator, was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. It was obvious in 1970 that Atwood "had tremendous potential," Taylor said, adding that he "was a remarkable physicist, even then."
Stanford physicist Peter Michelson, Atwood's partner in developing the LAT, was not surprised at Atwood's win. "To capture his contributions in a single quote... I'm struggling," Michelson said. "Bill's deep understanding of particle physics led to the original design of the LAT, and what's flying is essentially that design, which he came up with literally overnight."
Atwood also adapted the design for use in space and has done substantial scientific work with the LAT, such as contributing "a very efficient algorithm for blind searches for gamma-ray pulsars," Michelson added.
SLAC managed the development of the LAT, assembled it from parts made at laboratories around the world, and now runs a center that processes LAT data and makes it available to researchers.
Astrophysics and particle physics may seem strange bedfellows, but Atwood has no trouble explaining how a telescope designer could win an award named after the founding director of a linear accelerator, or how a particle physicist could be enticed to work on a satellite.
"Almost all light comes from something hot," he said. In astronomical observing terms, visible light comes from the nuclear fires of the stars. Infrared light comes from hot dust and gas. But gamma rays are an exception to this rule. "Stuff can't get hot enough" to produce photons of light in the gamma-ray range, with energies measured in the millions and billions of electron volts, Atwood said. What that means is that gamma rays show us the "non-thermal universe" – in other words, the part of the sky that heat cannot reveal.
Only extreme conditions can generate gamma rays, Atwood said – "black holes and neutron stars, pulsars. The gamma-ray sky is full of these exotic objects." And these exotic objects provide the extreme conditions necessary to accelerate particles to high energy.
At first, Atwood said, both the particle physics and the astrophysics communities were skeptical that this telescope was the proper instrument to conduct particle physics research or gamma ray astronomy.
"In the end, a good idea is a good idea and people came around," he said. In fact, "this instrument would not have been possible without the active participation of both communities."


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Housing equity for health equity: a rights-based approach to the control of Lassa fever in post-war Sierra Leone
Poor quality housing is an infringement on the rights of all humans to a standard of living adequate for health. Among the many vulnerabilities of those without adequate shelter is the risk of disease spread by rodents and other pests. One such disease is Lassa fever, an acute and sometimes severe viral hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. Lassa virus is maintained in the rodent Mastomys natalensis, commonly known as the "multimammate rat," which frequently invades the domestic environment, putting humans at risk of Lassa fever. The highest reported incidence of Lassa fever in the world is consistently in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, a region that was at the center of Sierra Leone's civil war in which tens of thousands of lives were lost and hundreds of thousands of dwellings destroyed. Despite the end of the war in 2002, most of Kenema's population still lives in inadequate housing that puts them at risk of rodent invasion and Lassa fever. Furthermore, despite years of health education and village hygiene campaigns, the incidence of Lassa fever in Kenema District appears to be increasing. We focus on Lassa fever as a matter of human rights, proposing a strategy to improve housing quality, and discuss how housing equity has the potential to improve health equity and ultimately economic productivity in Sierra Leone. The manuscript is designed to spur discussion and action towards provision of housing and prevention of disease in one of the world's most vulnerable populations.
The complete article is available as a provisional PDF. The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.


1. News
'Robots in disguise' on display at Poynter Library Transformers exhibit
Regina Casale, 29, made a dress from Transformers fabric for her husband's birthday.
Regina Casale, 29, made a dress from Transformers fabric for her husband's birthday.
Published Jun. 27, 2012
ST. PETERSBURG — For almost 20 years, his obsession has been tattooed on his back, visible only to his wife and friends and family.
Now it's on public display.
Anthony Casale, 38, of Lutz built an exhibit for the Nelson Poynter Memorial Library centered on the most well-known character in the Transformers franchise: Optimus Prime.
"He's a protector, a guardian, a hero. He's such a selfless character," he said. "This is the character that everyone looks to. He's the one that everyone trusts."
The character has been a role model to Casale since he was a kid in the 1980s. His exhibit traces the character's journey and showcases the many ways Optimus Prime has been represented.
The library, at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg, will display Casale's exhibit through Aug. 3.
Visitors can peer into eight glass cases filled with collectibles. They can find his favorite Optimus Prime, the original "Generation 1." They can search for the one carrying a 5-year-old Pepsi bottle and the one that looks like Mickey Mouse. They can read the letters from three voice actors who played the character and agreed to write about what Optimus Prime means to them.
Since March, Casale spent 50 hours making labels, typing plot summaries, and buying and borrowing toys to fill the small holes in his collection.
His wife of four years doesn't mind.
"I have no small amount of pride in him for doing this," said Regina Casale, 29.
The couple met as undergrads while studying theater at USF. After graduation, Anthony did some acting, and for the last 11 years he has worked as a server at the Melting Pot in Tampa. He went back to USF two years ago for a master's degree in library and information science.
His exhibit began as a class project. One of his teachers asked students to archive a collection, so he took inventory of his Transformers toys.
His teacher, Jim Schnur, a special collections librarian, helped Casale display some of the toys in the library last summer.
That exhibit was a success, Schnur said, so this year Casale built another with a narrower focus.
Most exhibits celebrate historic figures or are tied to current events, Schnur said. The Optimus Prime display doesn't.
It offers people a chance to relive their childhoods, he said, or to escape to a world of fantasy.
"I'm not looking to convert anyone," Casale said, but he would love to see a parent and child come to the exhibit together, connect with the Transformers toys they grew up with and bond over their shared experiences.
He has collected about 900 items, he said, worth $10,000 or more. They are packed away in a walk-in closet, except for some items he displays in a tall, narrow glass case in the living room.
How does his wife feel about it? A costumer and vintage clothing collector, Regina said she keeps sewing machines, clothes and fabric scattered around the couple's home.
"If he can deal with that," she said, "I can deal with a few Transformers toys lying around."
But by few, she said, she means a thousand.
Do people think he's weird? "If they do," Anthony said, "they don't tell me."
Regina certainly doesn't.
A couple of weeks ago, she combined the couple's hobbies. She ordered vintage curtains and bed sheets in Transformers patterns and made herself a dress.
"I wore it all day on his birthday," she said. "He was pretty speechless."
Alli Langley can be reached at


My Hubs is designed to reach the digitally excluded who can't utilise new technology designed to help people take more control over their health. Digital exclusion rises if people are older and sicker so Henshaws works with over thirty hubs in Liverpool connecting people with potential products to help. One of those hubs is Merseytravel.
OrCam MyEye: An intuitive portable device with a smart camera mounted on the frames of eyeglasses, OrCam utilises Artificial Vision to assist people who have reading difficulties such as a visual impairment, autism and some brain injuries. The device recognizes text and converts the text to speech, it also can recognise products and faces, and speaks to the user through a mini earpiece.
Henshaws works with technology companies and grassroots getting products in front of people so they become more aware of how technology can be used. One of their important targets is getting people trained in and understanding how to use technology to improve their health and care.
Henshaws were one of several eHealth Cluster members who took part in the cluster-managed Digital Space at Ilinks 2016, where they were given the opportunity to tell an audience of senior NHS professionals about their work, and how they are integrating digital technology with health and social care services.


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curatorial project, research project + exhibition
An experimental 3 month long artistic research residency and exhibition project examining the connection between Earth and computation with the work of Berlin-based artist Martin Howse, curated by Peter Flemming in collaboration with OBORO and Perte de Signal in Montréal with support from the Goethe Institut.
from the exhibition text:
Dissolutions examines the connection between Earth and computation. This artistic research residency and experimental exhibition project intervenes within cycles of earth-extraction-earth-return in which the minerals which form the material basis of digital technology are pulled from the ground using large-scale industrial processes, eventually to be re-absorbed in the form of e-waste and pollution.
Dissolutions aims to construct a series of playfully experimental situations (open labs, workshops, talks, collective field trips) exploring the material-basis of contemporary and future cultures, focusing on the transition from largescale industrial technologies, particularly those of extraction and mining, to the seemingly invisible realm of the digital.


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CORVALLIS, Ore. – Tropical herbivorous fish are beginning to expand their range into temperate waters – likely as a result of climate change – and a new international study documents the dramatic impact of the intrusion in the Mediterranean Sea.
Temperate waters are typically dominated by algal "forests" and have naturally low levels and limited diversity of herbivores, the researchers say. But as tropical fish move into these waters, they are consuming much of the plant life and changing the habitat as well as the manner in which different species interact.
Results of the study, which was funded primarily by the Pew Foundation, have just been published in the Journal of Ecology. It builds on a previous study documenting the move of tropical fish species into temperate waters that recently was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"The introduction of tropical fish into more temperate regions is troubling and this new study gives a vivid example of what can happen when non-native species occupy a new ecosystem," said Fiona Tomas Nash, a courtesy professor of fisheries and wildlife at Oregon State University and a co-author on both studies.
"We now know that the arrival of tropical fish into temperate areas is occurring on an increasing basis around the world," she added. "This is the first attempt to characterize what impacts these fish are having – and the mechanisms driving these impacts."
In this latest study, an international research team surveyed roughly 1,000 kilometers of coastline in the eastern Mediterranean to study two species of tropical fish called rabbitfish. They were introduced to the region through the Suez Canal and now have become a dominant component of the total fish biomass in the southernmost part of the eastern Mediterranean.
This part of the Mediterranean has two distinct areas – one with warmer regions that attract abundant numbers of rabbitfish, and colder regions where they are very rare or completely absent. Where abundant, their damage has been striking: a 65 percent reduction in canopy algae, a 60 percent reduction in overall benthic biomass (algae and invertebrates) and a 40 percent decrease in the total number of plant and animal species.
"The fear is that if the colder regions warm just a bit through climate change or some other mechanism, rabbitfish will begin moving into those areas as well," Tomas Nash said.
To learn more about how the rabbitfish changed the ecosystem, the researchers videotaped fish feeding in the Mediterranean off Turkey in two areas – one dominated by tropical rabbitfish and the other dominated by native temperate fish. They were surprised by what they found. Native temperate herbivorous fish actually had higher consumption rates than the tropical rabbitfish. "We did not expect to see that," Tomas Nash said.
But while native fish targeted only adult macroalgae, the two species of rabbitfish fed complementarily – one targeted the mature kelps while the other fed almost exclusively on emerging algal "recruits," or juvenile plants.
"The result is that one species denudes the forest and the other prevents it from recovering," said Tomas Nash, who also has a faculty appointment with the Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies in Spain.
A study off Japan by collaborators found that the introduction of tropical species there, including rabbitfish and parrotfish, resulted in the loss of kelp forests and the emergence of non-native corals in as little as 20 years.
In the first paper, the researchers outlined how tropical herbivorous fish primarily along west boundary currents are moving into temperate zones, including South Africa, Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, Australia and Japan, as well as the Mediterranean. Other areas, including the Pacific Northwest of the United States, have not seen sustained spread of tropical species likely due to prevailing currents and because surface waters are too cold due to seasonal upwelling.
The researchers found algal forests in the waters off Greece had not been severely affected because only the rabbitfish that feeds on adult algae is present and in relatively low densities. They have just begun studies of rabbitfish and chub arrivals in Australia.
"The greatest damage that we documented was off Turkey, which may be serving as the proverbial canary in the coal mine," Tomas Nash said. "The barrenness of the underwater habitat is unique and quite striking – it is spread over hundreds of kilometers."


Halulu - Meaning of Halulu
What does Halulu mean?
[ 3 syll. ha-lu-lu, hal-ulu ] The baby boy name Halulu is also used as a girl name. Its pronunciation is HHaaLUW-Luw- †. Halulu is used chiefly in the Hawaiian language and its origin is also Hawaiian. The name's meaning is to roar.
Baby names that sound like Halulu include Ha'ulili (Hawaiian), Hali'a (Hawaiian), Hallewell, Hallywell, Haloa (Hawaiian), Hau'oli (Hawaiian), Helio (Spanish), Hellewell, Hi'ilawe (Hawaiian), Hael, Haele, Hail, Haile (Amharic), Hal (English), Hala, Hale (English and Hawaiian), Haleal, Halee, Haleel, and Haleil.
Meaning of Halulu Meaning of Halulu
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text:
Hypnos (Roman Somnus)
Personification of Sleep, son of Night (Nyx) and Death (Thanatos). Like Death, he may be shown as a winged boy or adult, from the 6th century on, and in the classical period with wings in his hair. He is seen with Death carrying the bodies of heroes from the battlefield (Sarpedon), or crouching over sleeping figures (Ariadne, Alkyoneus).
Above left: Detail from an Athenian red-figure clay vase, about 510 BC. New York, Metropolitan Museum 1972.11.10 © New York, Metropolitan Museum
Above right: Grave relief. Izmir Musee Archeologique 20. Photo. LIMC/CNRS © Musee Archeologique, Izmir.


text: Active Inference (AIF) is a framework that can be used both to describe information processing in naturally intelligent systems, such as the human brain, and to design synthetic intelligent systems (agents). In this paper we show that Expected Free Energy (EFE) minimisation, a core feature of the framework, does not lead to purposeful explorative behaviour in linear Gaussian dynamical systems. We provide a simple proof that, due to the specific construction used for the EFE, the terms responsible for the exploratory (epistemic) drive become constant in the case of linear Gaussian systems. This renders AIF equivalent to KL control. From a theoretical point of view this is an interesting result since it is generally assumed that EFE minimisation will always introduce an exploratory drive in AIF agents. While the full EFE objective does not lead to exploration in linear Gaussian dynamical systems, the principles of its construction can still be used to design objectives that include an epistemic drive. We provide an in-depth analysis of the mechanics behind the epistemic drive of AIF agents and show how to design objectives for linear Gaussian dynamical systems that do include an epistemic drive. Concretely, we show that focusing solely on epistemics and dispensing with goal-directed terms leads to a form of maximum entropy exploration that is heavily dependent on the type of control signals driving the system. Additive controls do not permit such exploration. From a practical point of view this is an important result since linear Gaussian dynamical systems with additive controls are an extensively used model class, encompassing for instance Linear Quadratic Gaussian controllers. On the other hand, linear Gaussian dynamical systems driven by multiplicative controls such as switching transition matrices do permit an exploratory drive.


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1、 Determine the type of pneumatic booster pump based on the boosting medium. For example, if the pressurization medium required is gas: air, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc., we will choose between air booster pump and gas booster pump. The pressurized medium is liquid, so we choose from pneumatic liquid booster pumps.
二、根據系統所需壓力初步確定氣動增壓泵的型號。一般情況下氣動增壓泵的驅動氣壓為4-8bar。而增壓比的計算方法是Po/Pa。 其中，Po是系統的輸出壓力; Pa是氣動增壓泵的驅動壓力，正常情況下取大值0.7MPa。 根據計算出來的增壓比，在相應類型的泵表中選擇型號。注意，通常我們會選擇增壓比略高于計算值的氣動增壓泵，以確保我們的泵在通常情況下都能輸出系統所需壓力。
2、 The model of the pneumatic booster pump is preliminarily determined based on the required pressure of the system. Generally, the driving pressure of the pneumatic booster pump is 4-8 bar. The calculation method for the boost ratio is Po/Pa. Where Po is the output pressure of the system; Pa is the driving pressure of the pneumatic booster pump, and the maximum value is 0.7MPa under normal conditions. Select a model from the corresponding type of pump table based on the calculated boost ratio. Note that we usually choose a pneumatic booster pump with a boost ratio slightly higher than the calculated value to ensure that our pump can normally output the pressure required by the system.
3、 Check whether the flow of the pneumatic booster pump meets the system requirements.
當我們根據氣動增壓泵的出口壓力初步選擇了型號后，下一步需要核算該氣體增壓泵、液體增壓泵的流量是否滿足要求。首先液體增壓泵的流量計算方法是這樣的:每沖程的排量x每分鐘的動作頻率(一般以50計) 。比如，DKA40氣動液體增壓泵，我們在泵表中查到它每沖程的排量是63.3ml，那么它的流量63.3mlx 50= 3165ml/min= 3.165L/min。
After we have preliminarily selected the model based on the outlet pressure of the pneumatic booster pump, the next step is to check whether the flow of the gas booster pump and the liquid booster pump meet the requirements. Firstly, the flow calculation method for a liquid booster pump is as follows: displacement per stroke x operating frequency per minute (generally calculated as 50). For example, for the DKA40 pneumatic liquid booster pump, we found in the pump table that its displacement per stroke is 63.3ml, so its flow rate is 63.3mlx 50=3165ml/min=3.165L/min.
Compare this flow rate with the flow rate required by the system to see if it meets the requirements. If the flow rate is insufficient, then we will select a pump with a similar boost ratio and a relatively large flow rate, and calculate the flow rate until it meets the system flow requirements. The calculation method for a gas booster pump is as follows: First of all, it should be understood that the flow rate referred to in nL (standard liter) refers to the flow rate at atmospheric pressure. Because gas has compressibility and liquid does not exist, it is necessary to calculate the gas flow rate in a unified unit. nL/min means that the medium (pure gas) pressurized by the gas booster pump within 1 minute is placed at atmospheric pressure to measure its volume.
Therefore, for gases, we need to consider the magnitude of the pre pressurization pressure. For example, if we use an air booster DTE02 to pressurize 7bar of air to 1.4MPa, its flow rate is 1.6nL * 7 * 50=562688ml/min ≈ 562.7nL/min. Select the material of the pneumatic booster pump according to the boosting medium. After the above three steps, we can choose the basic model of the pump.
However, the correct model also needs to consider the requirements of the medium to be contacted by the pneumatic booster pump. Normally, we can choose aluminum alloy. If the pressurized medium requires high material requirements, such as strong oxidizing gases such as oxygen and ozone, it is necessary to contact our sales or technical personnel to develop relevant supporting plans.
This article is organized and published by the gas booster pump. Do you have any understanding of these contents? For more information, please click: _URL_ We will have more exciting content waiting for you to check.


text:
2. Place the bit in the ding and line up the drill so it is exactly perpendicular to the pot.
3. Press the drill firmly into the container and then drill through the container in a single motion. To prevent your drill bit from slipping around when working with metal containers, first make a shallow hole with a very small drill bit and then drill completely through the pot with the larger bit.


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Objective: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet drug discontinuation is common. The aim of this study was to compare treatment retention rates and specific causes of anti-TNF discontinuation in a population-based RA cohort.
Methods: All patients treated with etanercept, infliximab, or adalimumab within the Swiss Clinical Quality Management RA cohort between 1997 and 2006 were included in the study. Causes of treatment discontinuation were broadly categorized as adverse events (AEs) or nontoxic causes, and further subdivided into specific categories. Specific causes of treatment interruption were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model and adjusted for potential confounders.
Results: A total of 2,364 anti-TNF treatment courses met the inclusion criteria. Treatment discontinuation was reported 803 times: 309 with etanercept, 249 with infliximab, and 245 with adalimumab. Drug inefficacy represented the largest single cause of treatment discontinuation (55.8% of cases). The median time of receiving anti-TNF therapy was 37 months, but discontinuation rates differed between the 3 anti-TNF agents (P < 0.001), with shorter retention rates for infliximab (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 99% confidence interval [99% CI] 1.01-1.51). The specific causes of treatment discontinuation revealed an increased risk of AEs with infliximab (HR 1.4, 99% CI 1.003-1.96), mostly due to an increased risk of infusion or allergic reactions (HR 2.11, 99% CI 1.23-3.62). Other discontinuation causes were equally distributed between the anti-TNF agents.
Conclusion: In this population, infliximab was associated with higher overall discontinuation rates compared with etanercept and adalimumab, which is mainly due to an increased risk of infusion or allergic reactions.


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GOVERNMENT water inspectors plan to prosecute South West Water after more than 300 people in Devon suffered severe and long-lasting diarrhoea last month when their water supplies were contaminated with the spores of Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, from animal wastes. It was the worst outbreak caused by contaminated water supplies for six years.
Water scientists believe the latest outbreak may have arisen because the company failed to change procedures at the Littlehempston water treatment works as it juggled different supplies of water during the drought. South West Water refused to speculate, but a company engineer said it was reviewing the management of water at the plant.
The outbreak calls into question the effectiveness of a £4 million research programme carried out by the water industry in an effort to prevent a repeat of a similar incident in Swindon in 1989, when at least 500 people became ill. An evaluation of...
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'); iEvtSaccade = find(strcmpi({sMatRun2.F.events.label},'saccade')); sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).times = [30, 81.5, 104, 142.5, 167, 187.5, 246.5, 319; 31, 83, 105, 144, 168, 188.5, 248, 320]; sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).samples = [18000, 48900, 62400, 85500, 100200, 112500, 147900, 191400; 18600, 49800, 63000, 86400, 100800, 113100, 148800, 192000]; sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).epochs = ones(1, size(sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).times, 2)); bst_save(file_fullpath(sFilesRun2{1}), sMatRun2, 'v6', 1); }}} == Find examples in the code == The easier way to understand how to use a function is to search the code with the "'''Find files'''" interface in Matlab. Go to the brainstorm3 folder, click on "File files" (or Ctrl+Shift+F), enter the name of function your are looking for in "Find files containing text", Include subfolders, Match case. It will return all the lines that include the string you entered across all the files in Brainstorm. Just double-click on a line to jump to the code in the Matlab editor. {{attachment:find_files.gif||height="307",width="638"}} You can use the same interface to '''find what function is called''' when you click on a button or menu in the interface. Search for the label or the tooltip of the interface element in the same way. The example below shows how to track what happens when you click on the headmodel popup menu "Check spheres". {{attachment:find_files2.gif||height="95",width="726"}} If you have trouble understanding how to set some input parameters, you can use the '''debugger''' to explore a real use case. Place a breakpoint at the begging of your function of interest (watch [[_URL_ tutorial]] if you don't know how to do it), for in example view_timeseries.m. Then click on the corresponding menus in the Brainstorm interface (eg. double-click on on a data file). When the execution reaches the line you selected, it stops and give you back the commands. You can explore the values in all the variables, modify them, and execute the code step by step (many options available in the Editor tab of Matlab). {{attachment:debugger.gif||height="268",width="509"}} == Additional quality control [TODO] == You cann add in the reports all the information that will help you control the quality of the analysis, or even figures you want to include in publications or clinical reports. Create figures and snapshot them {{{ % Display raster plot hFigRaster = view_erpimage({sFilesEpochs1.FileName}, 'erpimage', 'MEG'); bst_report('Snapshot', hFigRaster, sFilesEpochs1(1).FileName, 'ERP image'); }}} Add messages: warnings and errors: == Loop over subject and runs [TODO] == Creating loops is not supported yet by the script generator, but relatively easy to do from a script without having to know too much about Matlab programming. 1) Fill the cell array SubjectNames with all your subjects names, with the same dimensions as the list of input raw files (sFiles). 2) Add a "for" loop that includes all the bst_process() calls (leave the bst_report() calls and input definition outside) 3) Inside the loop, replace SubjectNames with SubjectNames{i} and sFiles with sFiles(i) == How to process an entire study == This section proposes a standard workflow for processing a full group study with Brainstorm. It contains the same steps of analysis as the introduction tutorials, but separating what can be done automatically from what should be done manually. This workflow can be adapted to most ERP studies (stimulus-based). * '''Prototype''': Start by processing one or two subjects completely '''interactively''' (exactly like in the introduction tutorials). Use the few pilot subjects that you have for your study to prototype the analysis pipeline and check manually all the intermediate stages. Take notes of what you're doing along the way, so that you can later write a script that reproduces the same operations. * '''Anatomical fiducials''': Set NAS/LPA/RPA and compute the MNI transformation for each subject. * '''Segmentation''': Run FreeSurfer/BrainSuite to get surfaces and atlases for all the subjects. * '''File > Batch MRI fiducials''': This menu prompts for the selection of the fiducials for all the subjects and saves a file __fiducials.m__ in each segmentation folder. You will not have to redo this even if you have to start over your analysis from the beginning. * '''Script''': Write a loop that calls the process "Import anatomy folder" for all the subjects. * '''Alternatives''': Create and import the subjects one by one and set the fiducials at the import time. Or use the default anatomy for all the subjects (or use [[Tutorials/TutWarping|warped templates]]). * '''Script #1''': Pre-processing: Loop on the subjects and the acquisition runs. * '''Create link to raw files''': Link the subject and noise recordings to the database. * '''Event markers''': Read and group triggers from digital and analog channel, fix stimulation delays * '''Evaluation''': Power spectrum density of the recordings to evaluate their quality. * '''Pre-processing''': Notch filter, sinusoid removal, band-pass filter. * '''Evaluation''': Power spectrum density of the recordings to make sure the filters worked well. * '''Cleanup''': Delete the links to the original files (the filtered ones are copied in the database). * '''Detect artifacts''': Detect heartbeats, Detect eye blinks, Remove simultaneous. * '''Compute SSP''': Heartbeats, Blinks (this selects the first component of each decomposition) * '''Compute ICA''': If you have some artifacts you'd like to remove with ICA (no default selection). * '''Screenshots''': Check the MRI/sensors registration, PSD before and after corrections, SSP. * '''Export the report''': One report per subject, or one report for all the subjects, saved in HTML. * '''Manual inspection #1''': * '''Check the reports''': Information messages (number of events, errors and warnings) and screen captures (registration problems, obvious noisy channels, incorrect SSP topographies). * '''Mark bad channels''': Open the recordings, select the channels and mark them as bad. Or use the process "Set bad channels" to mark the same bad channels in multiple files. * '''Fix the SSP/ICA''': For the suspicious runs: Open the file, adjust the list of blink and cardiac events, remove and recompute the SSP decompositions, manually select the components. * '''Detect other artifacts''': Run the process on all the runs of all the subjects at once (select all the files in Process1 and run the process, or generate the equivalent script). * '''Mark bad segments''': Review the artifacts detected in 1-7Hz and 40-240Hz, keep only the ones you really want to remove, then mark the event categories as bad. Review quickly the rest of the file and check that there are no other important artifacts. * '''Additional SSP''': If you find one type of artifact that repeats (typically saccades and SQUID jumps), you can create additional SSP projectors, either with the process "SSP: Generic" or directly from a topography figure (right-click on the figure > Snapshot> Use as SSP projector). * '''Script #2''': Subject-level analysis: Epoching, averaging, sources, time-frequency. * '''Importing''': Process "Import MEG/EEG: Events" and "Pre-process > Remove DC offset". * '''Averaging''': Average trials by run, average runs by subject (registration problem in MEG). * '''Noise covariance''': Compute from empty room or resting recordings, copy to other folders. * '''Head model''': Compute for each run, or compute once and copy if the runs are co-registered. * '''Sources''': Compute for each run, average across runs and subjects in source space for MEG. * '''Time-frequency''': Computation with Hilbert transform or Morlet wavelets, then normalize. * '''Screenshots''': Check the quality of all the averages (time series, topographies, sources). * '''Export the report''': One report per subject, or one report for all the subjects, saved in HTML. * '''Manual inspection #2''': * '''Check the reports''': Check the number of epochs imported and averaged in each condition, check the screen capture of the averages (all the primary responses should be clearly visible). * '''Regions of interest''': If not using predefined regions from an atlas, define the scouts on the anatomy of each subject (or on the template and then project them to the subjects). * '''Script #3''': Group analysis, ROI-based analysis, etc. * '''Averaging''': Group averages for the


text:
Liver Patients International (LPI) is pleased to share the new communications toolkit for COVID – 19 and liver patient organisations. The purpose of the toolkit is to inform liver patient organisations on how they can support patients during this challenging time of the pandemic:
This document has been made by José Willemse and Martine Walmsley, patient advocates, in collaboration with RPP and endorsed by ERN Rare Liver and EASL, as part of the RPP Patient Grant scheme.
Click the titles below to access the toolkit and find more information:
This document has three sections, in order to support liver disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic:
- Section 1: helps patient associations to communicate accurate information about COVID-19 to patients
- Section 2: advises on the use of social media and newsletters to make communication to patients easier
- Section 3: gives tips about how advocacy can be used to improve the situation and treatment of liver disease patients
This lay summary of the guidance in the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) – the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Position Paper is intended to be read alongside local and national guidance about COVID-19.
The lay summary covers:
- How healthcare providers are minimising COVID-19 transmission
- What changes to expect in your care during the pandemic
- What to expect if you get COVID-19
- Prioritisation of patients for some tests and procedures
LPI encourages Liver Patient Associations to share and use this material in order to inform patients and raise awareness about COVID-19 and liver related issues.


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Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: May 18, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412971935 | Print ISBN: 9781412966702 | Online ISBN: 9781412971935 | Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Euchre is a trick-taking card game typically played by four people in two partnerships. Originally played with 32 cards, Euchre now uses a deck of 24, with all cards between two and eight discarded. Its most distinctive characteristic is a trump system in which the jack of trump (called the right bower), followed by the jack of the same color (the left bower), are elevated to the highest-ranking cards. From the mid-19th to the early-20th century, Euchre and Poker were regarded as the national card games of the United States. Although its popularity in the United States has since declined, Euchre retains a strong following in certain regions, particularly the Great Lakes. The game also remains popular in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Many writers at the turn of the 20th...


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Software and Simulation Laboratory
The Software and Simulation Laboratory is where software technologies are demonstrated and hands-on software prototyping and testing carried out for the benefit of ESA projects and industry. It consists of equipment and computer installations to develop and test software as well as simulators and ground support equipment used in the development and verification of space systems.
What is Software Simulation?
Software is a critical component of space systems, both space and ground. As more functions and intelligence are implemented in software, its design and reliable operations have become a complex and highly demanding task. The flight software onboard a typical modern spacecraft stretches to hundreds of thousands of lines of code, while programs of similar elaboration oversee supporting ground systems.
Software of such complexity demands careful verification to guarantee that it operates correctly and does not endanger the achievement of the space mission. Software is intangible, but errors or omissions buried within it have very real effects, having led to the partial or complete loss of space missions.
The Software and Simulation Laboratory provides independent verification and validation of software developed for space. In addition the Laboratory also evaluates more efficient and reliable methods for designing software in future.
As well as being an important mission component, software is also a vital work tool. The Laboratory develops computer simulations both graphical, interactive 3D simulations of space hardware as well as simulations of satellite systems and missions which have many uses through an ESA project's life cycle, from initial design through to operational planning as well as training of astronauts and ground personnel. Software is also extensively used for ground-based testing of space hardware, as essential part of the so called Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE). The EGSE can be connected to a satellite and check its correct performance by analyzing its responses to commands as if it were in orbit.
Last update: 29 September 2009


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This is an exercise from Functional Analysis By Walter Rudin on page 178 from chapter Test functions and Distribution. I am having trouble arguing for 2nd part.
Question: For $\Omega=(0, \infty)$
$\displaystyle \Lambda(\phi) = \sum_{m=0}^{\infty}{ D^m\phi(1/m)} $
1) $\Lambda$ is a distribution of infinite order.
In small neighborhood around $\frac{1}{m}$ it's restriction would be $\delta^{(m)}$ which has order m, hence $\Lambda$ has to be of infinite order.
2) Here, we need to show that $\Lambda$ can not be extended to $R$. For this we take infinitely differentiable function $\psi$ with compact support and taking value 1 on compact set $K$ around 0.
$\phi(x) = \psi(x) \exp{ax} ; a>1$ Now, this function $\phi$ makes the series given above diverge. But how to argue that $\Lambda(\phi)$ will be the series given above for $\Lambda $ extended to R.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
If $\tilde\Lambda$ is an extension of $\Lambda$ and $\phi$ is a compactly supported function which is constantly equal to one on $[-1,1]$, then $\phi\tilde\Lambda$ is a distribution of infinite order, by the same reasoning you used in (1). But $\phi\tilde\Lambda$ has compact support, so that cannot happen.
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Hint: If you can find a sequence of test functions $\phi_n$ such that each $\phi_n$ is supported in $(0,\infty)$ and $\phi_n \to \phi$ (in the usual sense), but $\Lambda(\phi_n)$ does not converge, then you will be done. What properties would such $\phi$ have to have?
I don't think there's any special reason to believe that an extension of $\Lambda$ would have to be given by the above series. In fact, in principle $\Lambda$ could have lots of different extensions (an extension could do whatever it wants on $(-\infty,0)$ for instance).
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AJOR Vol.10 No.2, March 2020
A Study in Multistage Decision Making for Odisha State Avionic Infrastructure Development
Abstract: Multistage decision making is either under certainty or uncertainty data conditions. Expected monetary values' perfect information and monetary loss or gain at each stage of decision making are the research topics of a constrained decision making under risk. In the multistage decision making process, one stage's decision interferes with the subsequent stage's decision. In this paper, a simple study on decision making for creating Avionic infrastructure within the Odisha region is emphasized by using the mathematical logic tool on a case study problem. In this case study, the first stage D1 has two options, either construct or not construct new airports with utilizing the budgeted allot money. Each option's outcome probability, conditional value and expected outcome value are determined by applying arithmetic and logical calculations to next two stages D2 and D3. The expected value and percentage of returns are mentioned in the decision trees designed in Section 3. The nodes of the decision tree are stages or chance nodes and the arc lines' labels are mentioned from the appropriate expressions written in the decision tree and chance nodes table mentioned in Section 4.
1. Introduction
Multistage decision making within multiple options and action plans is a study in the Operational Research using optimization techniques. The corporal or government administrations also use this type of decision making procedure before investing funds and resources in their ministerial task forces. The Indian state Odisha is rich with technically educated manpower, minerals like Iron, Aluminum, metallurgy industries, electrical power plant coal and water resources and the central and Odisha state governing institutions have recently initiated to expand the avionic industry infrastructure in the uniformly distributed urban regions in Odisha state.
Adequate energy resource full-filled states within the nation India are some ways depending on avionic fleet and crew sources of the central government administration for quick transportation of their state passengers and materials. The transportation ministry, civil aviation ministry and industry ministry are looking and extending the similar aviation facilities for people of Odisha state to utilize their available natural resources and planning to draw requisite mineral resources for fulfilling the need of Odisha state aviation infrastructure establishment. There are some Indian states, having neither Aluminum nor Iron minerals but have a number of airports and infrastructures for oil refineries and developing their state industries with the imported electronics and electrical instruments from abroad. However, the mentioned resource full state Odisha has to develop its state industries utilizing the imported electronics instruments through its two national airports and five domestic airports under construction by the engineering institutions in Odisha for providing facilities to carry on business with low cost and quick airways transportation of materials.
In the research paper [1], the authors published a proposed planning to expand airways transportation facility within Odisha state airports and bring the notice of Odisha administration for constructing necessary infrastructure to maintain the newly built airports for multipurpose use. In the research paper [2], the authors studied the necessary infrastructure establishment modernization at Indian airports for facilitating aircraft component assembly and manufacturing at the existing and to be constructed new airports. The newly built airports in Odisha will not only provide facility to passengers and trainee engineers with low cost quick transportation facilities such as importing materials and support industrial tour to trainee engineers, also support the service aircraft components manufacture engineering workshop facility to assemble and fabricate the aircraft structures within Odisha for the services of the nation. In the research paper [3] the authors studied the linear program problem concerning aircraft, airport and crew schedule for low cost transportation. The background for such a study is the railways, and roadways maintenance materials are costly than the maintenance of aircraft and airports. The present days' administration should realize this truth and make necessary decision to invest a proportional quantity of energy resource for the escaping from acute shortage of locomotive vehicle resource energy.
In the present paper, we emphasize a logical calculation in the form of case study to convince the Odisha Avionic developers (OAD) should invest quantity of money as value of processing Aluminum, alloy metallic engines, Rubber tube tires and polymers for the manufacture and assemble the aircraft parts at the location of existing Odisha airports and the new airports construction site within Odisha.
2. Case Study
Odisha Avionic developer (OAD) considering whether to conduct a sequence of action plans during the maintenance construction of newly built airports in Odisha to enhance Odisha avionic infrastructure development. All the action plans are mentioned in the communicated email to the secretary government of Odisha. In this paper, a few action plans are discussed. If the OAD construct and execute all related action plans, its value would be $600 million with 65% chances of growth. They can construct two new airports one at Dhamara and another at Rasgovindpur for develop exiting Odisha state airports and balance the atmospheric air pressure and air humidity temperature climatic environment. The probability of success in the state infrastructure growth and expected returns are mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Odisha airports initial data.
If the OAD does construct new airports, they can use the $600 million to modernize the existing avionic fleet operation. This would result in a return of either 5% or 8% percent on the sum invested with probabilities 0.45 and 0.55. This action of OAD also provides employment to 10% engineers in the state. Assume that all costs and revenue have been discounted to their present values. The following decision tree (Figure 1) is constructed for solving the problem by analyzing courses of actions. By applying an appropriate decision criterion recommend the OAD should go in for the construct new airports at Dhamara, and Rasgovindpur.
Figure 1. The decision tree.
3. The Decision Tree Description
In the above designed decision tree, the node D1 is a decision stage that has two options either construct or not construct. Not constructed option line is connected to chance node 1. The chance node 2 has two outcomes. The chance node 1, outcome indicates expected value 5% return with probability 0.45% and the other outcome indicates 8% with probability 0.55% return.
The airport construction decision option or the chance node 2 implies two options namely success and failure. The success option arc connects to node stage D2 and failure labeled option arc connects to node stage D3. The D2 stage has two chance nodes 3 and 4. The arc connecting stage D2 to chance node 3, labeled as new airport construction and its success is 0.75% and failure is 0.25%.
The arc connecting node stage D2 to node 4 is labeled as develop existing infrastructure and its success probability is 0.85% and failure probability is 0.15%.
The decision stage D3 connects chance node 5 with the label modernize. It has two outcomes, one outcome is 5% return after investment and probability is 0.45%. The other outcome is 8% and probability is 0.55%.
The decision data is summarized and mentioned in following Table 2.
4. Inference
1) If new airports are to be constructed the expected value is 650 million dolTable 2. Evaluation of OAD Decision tree and chance nodes.
lars and the existing Avionic fleet is to be developed, the expected value is 647.5 million dollars. Total value is 1297.5 million dollars and success probability is 0.65% the updated expected value is 857.340 million dollars. If invested value is 600 million dollar is to be subtracted, the net expected value is 257.34 million dollars.
2) If only existing avionic fleet is to be developed and new airport is to be constructed the invested 600 million dollars will be subtracted from 647.5 million dollars which will yield 47.5 million dollar if the success is 100%.
3) The Existing avionic fleet development is only possible if the aircrafts are manufactured within the state airports with utilizing state engineering manpower and mineral resources. It is possible to build new airports and expand existing airport infrastructure establishment and machine workshops. So new airports with modernizing equipment facility can develop avionic fleet.
5. Conclusion
The quantity of dollars mentioned in the case study is a virtual quantity. But the Odisha state industries transacting minerals and resources concerned to manufacture industry products such as Iron, Aluminum, Cuppers wires, rubber tires, alloy metallic engines and in these mater's manufacturing phase, processed petrochemicals are valued real millions of dollar invested in each year. The mineral query such as Iron ore, Bauxite ore and Coal mine operating robots, ore transporter trucks operating from query site to plant site, product minerals from plant to warehouse site, are consuming 60% of net petroleum, diesel and kerosene quantity imported from abroad seaports to state Odisha. The remaining 40% of imported refined petrochemical to Odisha Indian Oil stores are utilized in other domestic industries and agriculture food process purposes. If two airports one at Dhamara and other at Rasgovindpur in Odisha are to be constructed, it will consume at most 0.01% of imported petrochemicals during the construction phase and completion after aircraft operational phase. The 80% of imported mineral oil to Odisha are utilized in metal extraction and the industry product maters transportation, and 80% of industry products are not used in the service or building infrastructure within Odisha.
Cite this paper: Das, L. and Mallick, C. (2020) A Study in Multistage Decision Making for Odisha State Avionic Infrastructure Development. American Journal of Operations Research, 10, 25-30. doi: 10.4236/ajor.2020.102


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Colombian Mushrooms is a beautifully illustrated, bi-lingual Spanish/English children's book that uses Gunter Pauli's ZERI* Education model to teach children science. The book includes a teachers and parents guide and hands on activities that help children apply what they have learned.
Gunter Pauli's ZERI* Education model proposes that children, adolescents and young adults learn science in a way that gives them a more profound academic understanding at the same time that it helps develop their emotional intelligence, eco-literacy, and artistic/creative capacities.
If children are to learn how to think, design, create, and dream in systems, then they must be exposed to systems thinking at an early age. Critical concepts become part of the child's long-term memory and the student gains an intuitive grasp of the big picture. Then the learning of the specific tools, concepts, and principles involved become far more appealing. When students start with a story that integrates ethics, economics, biology, and mathematics, they will be drawn to studying those disciplines later on.
Pauli's work in sustainable manufacturing and agricultural became the catalyst for a major educational reform in Colombia. The strife and violence that exists in this country spawned an urgent desire on the part of college students to rebuild their society. The professors and engineering students at University EAFIT in Medellin, Colombia, eagerly embraced an integrated educational approach, including a compulsory course in biology for engineering majors. As the concept spread to other universities, the need to mold the earlier educational tracks in this new direction became apparent; first in a High School in Manizales where ZERI's coffee and bamboo projects have taken off, and then in elementary schools which asked for a version of this program adapted to their level, comparable to the Garden School projects of the Center for Ecoliteracy.


text: Upper extremity disorders (UEDs) account for a significant number of work-related illnesses in the US workforce. Little information exists on the distribution of UEDs, their associated health care and indemnity costs, or patterns of work disability. The study presented is an analysis of upper extremity claims within the federal workforce. In this study, the universe consisted of all claims accepted by the US Department of Labor, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP), from October 1, 1993, through September 30, 1994. A total of 185,927 claims of notices of injury were processed during the study period, and of these, 8,147 or 4.4% had an UED diagnosis coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). 5,844 claims involved a single UED diagnosis and were the only claims filed by these employees between October 1, 1990, and September 30, 1994. These single claims with single diagnoses comprised the sample for further analysis. Mononeuritis and enthesopathies of the upper limb were the most common diagnoses, accounting for 43% and 31% of the claims, respectively. Women had a higher proportion of carpal tunnel syndrome, "unspecified" mononeuritis, and "unspecified" enthesopathies. The majority of claimants for both the mononeuritisand enthesopathy-related diagnoses were between 31 and 50 years of age, received only health care benefits, and did not incur wage loss. Health care costs for mononeuritis and enthesopathy claims were $12,228,755 (M = $2,849). Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) and enthesopathy of the elbow were the most costly diagnoses, accounting for 57% and 16% of the total, respectively. Surgical services represented the highest expenditures in CTS claims. Physical therapy accounted for the majority of health care costs for enthesopathy cases. The mean number of workdays lost for CTS and enthesopathy claims were 84 and 79, and the average indemnity costs were $4,941 and $4,477, respectively. These findings indicate that while UEDs represent a relatively small percentage of all workers' compensation cases, the health care and indemnity costs are considerable. Also mean duration and pattern of work disability revealed that these disorders can result in chronic work disability similar to that observed in low back pain. The results highlight the need to determine whether interventions that account for the majority of costs significantly impact long-term outcomes. There is also a need to identify risk factors for prolonged disability in those who experience problems with delayed recovery.


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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Costumes for a theatrical production that are in a style from the period of performance rather than that of a play's setting or time of writing.'doing Shakespeare in modern dress is not an original idea'as modifier 'this is a modern-dress production'
- 'All they have done is put everyone in modern dress and keep the text the same.'
- 'I found the impact more persuasive because the players wore modern dress.'
- 'Staged in modern dress, stripping away the patriotic fervor, Hytner's direction of the play emphasized the human costs of war.'
- 'The vibrant cast in modern dress hurl contemporary references, songs, slang and asides into Shakespeare's verse.'
- 'This is an updated take on the first of the Wagner Ring operas, with characters wearing modern dress.'
- 'The device which distinguishes the play from other such accounts is the sure-handed transposition of biblical episodes to modern dress versions.'
- 'This is a modern dress production.'
- 'His original productions were mainly modern dress, with small casts.'
- 'The first major use of modern dress for Shakespeare in the 20th century was in a production of Hamlet in 1920.'
- 'It presents the tragedy in modern dress with a minimum of props and fuss.'
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Prof David Watkinson
Project: AHRC/CDA in partnership with Historic Scotland and the Tank Museum Quantifying corrosion of historical wrought iron and steel to develop predictive preservation methods and strategies
Tank at the Tank Museum (copyright: Tank Museum)
This AHRC/CDA studentship project begins in October 2012. It will quantitatively determine corrosion rates of wrought iron and modern steels then assess the performance of selected protective coatings on their surfaces within a range of controlled environments. The data will be contextualized for heritage by examining how it can be used in evidence based management of ferrous metal heritage. Project partners are Historic Scotland and The Tank Museum, who will take an active part in the research, trial its outcomes and offer strong communication routes for dissemination to the sector.
This 3-year £365,000 interdisciplinary project was awarded to Cardiff University and is funded by the AHRC/EPSRC Science and Heritage Large Grants programme. David Watkinson is the Principal Investigator. It began in 2010 and it will define and measure the variables which influence the corrosion rate of archaeological and historic iron artefacts using real archaeological objects. Further to this it will develop methods of measuring the corrosive potential of storage and display environments. The project is a partnership between the Cardiff University Department of Archaeology and Conservation and the University of Manchester School of Materials.
Corrosion, cracking and lamination of archaeological iron hinge fragment.
Cardiff University Department of Archaeology and Conservation carried out scientific research that underpinned the preservation of Brunel's 1843 iron steamship ss Great Britain (Link to new project page on ss Great Britain.). The ship is a major visitor attraction in Bristol receiving 170,000 visitors in 2010 compared to 70,000 p.a. before its conservation. The preservation process is highly visible and involves desiccating the ship to stop it corroding, consequently it forms an integral part of the visitor experience. There is a feeling that Brunel would be proud of the cutting edge science and technology preserving his ship, as it sits well with his reputation as an innovator. The project has received £44,000 in funding. Collaboration and research with ss Great Britain trust continues to date.
The desiccated space beneath the dock roof and the ship sitting in the dry dock in which it was originally constructed
This £24,000 one year project is funded by Historic Scotland who are collaborating with Cardiff University to examine differing ways of removing paint from historic wrought iron, such as railings and canopies, in preparation for repainting. The goal is to begin to construct an evidence based platform for the conservation of historic wrought iron, leading to best practice guidelines for maintenance procedures.
Coating failure on cast iron (Picture Historic Scotland)