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Francesca Tolaini, a Ph.D. candidate at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy, conducted research for her dissertation on the book that contains recipes on glassmaking and glass coloring from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages.
Tolaini has transcribed and analyzed recipes in various manuscripts of the Mappae Clavicula, and her share of the Rakow Grant will permit her to inspect the versions in the Rakow Research Library of The Corning Museum of Glass and in Madrid.
"This manuscript is very important for the history of practical-technical recipe books and treatises on art," she notes. "It is not only the oldest and most widespread early medieval recipe book, but it is also one of the most complete compilations from antiquity. In fact, its origin is to be found in Greek recipe books translated into Latin in the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. It was widely known, and we find it [referred to] in later recipe books, from the Middle Ages and afterward, when the techniques described were no longer in use."
Despite the importance of the Mappae Clavicula, some of its main manuscripts have not been published or studied adequately. Tolaini says that a careful analysis of the information it contains will be extremely useful to students of the history of glassmaking and to scientists conducting chemical analyses of glasses.
Tolaini is a 1994 graduate of the Università degli Studi di Pisa, where she studied the history of decorative and industrial art.


Gas Density
Set Descending Direction
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is used in gas insulated switchgear because of its outstanding insulation and spark extinguishing (arc-quenching) properties. It thus makes it possible to set-up complex and safe power distribution systems even in large cities. The insulation strength depends basically on the gas density.
The safety of the facility is guaranteed when the correct level of gas density is maintained within the enclosed systems. The tightness of the installation has to be checked and controlled constantly as a leakage would result in a decrease in the insulation properties. Because SF6 is a strong greenhouse gas, strict regulations regarding the SF6 consumption have to be met by the switchgear operators in an increasing number of countries. These regulations stipulate a permanent monitoring of gas leakage which is done with gas density monitors or gas sensors. Gas density is often indirectly determined by the gas pressure using manometers or pressure sensors. As the pressure in the hermetically closed volume varies enormously with temperature, such devices need temperature compensation, which are a source of errors.
1 Articles found
 1. Test grouped product #1
 Test grouped product #1
 Gas density monitor for arctic temperatures
 Designation of application: Gas Density Monitor for SF6 and other gases
 View product


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PAIR Project Curriculum Example: Visual Arts at Swift and Thorp Elementary Schools
This curriculum guide documents work that occurred with two 4th grade classrooms at Swift and two 4th grade classes at Thorp during the final year of the PAIR project (2008-2009). Visual Arts teaching artists Juan-Carlos Perez worked with Swift and Thorp schools for all three years of the PAIR Project. While CAPE had been previously involved to some degree in professional development for teachers from Swift, the PAIR Project was both schools' first experience with CAPE-supported teacher-artist partnerships.
George B. Swift Specialty School
- Kindergarten through 8th grade
- Located in the Edgewater neighborhood
- Fine and Performing Arts Magnet Cluster Program (FPAMCP) school, with Magnet Cluster Lead Teachers (MCLTs) for Visual Art and for Music
Ole A. Thorp Scholastic Academy
- Kindergarten through 8th grade
- Located in the Portage Park neighborhood
- Math and Science Magnet Cluster Program school, with Magnet Cluster Lead Teachers for Math and for Science
Additional information about the work at Swift and Thorp
- Visual art and dance/theatre were integrated into math units for 4th, 5th, and 6th grade classes at both schools
- The same two artists worked for all three years of the project at both schools
- Each artist spent 8-10 sessions in each classroom, each year of the project
Big Idea: Problems
Inquiry Question: How can students learn about problem solving by taking a social issue and moving towards action as they take a 2-d blueprint and create from it a 3-D reality that encompasses that notion of action?
Further discussion: It was important to the teachers and the artist to help students move from the abstract (broad social problems and 2-dimensional sketches) to the concrete (taking action against those social problems and creating 3-dimensional sculptures in a way that would maintain the integrity and accuracy of their 2-dimensional plans). The teachers also recognized the need for their students to gain experience in collaborative skills such as listening to peers, changing ideas, and compromising, and so individual and group work was carefully planned to address that need.
For this project, the teachers and teaching artist planned out a scaffolded approach to the work. The students were guided through the project in a way that helped them understand the relationships between abstract and concrete, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space and shapes, and thoughts, plans, and actions. Ongoing emphasis was placed on math concepts such as scale, measurement, and shapes, and how, when, and why one would choose different tools and materials for a math problem or an art piece.
The project unfolded in the following steps:
- The classes discussed initial ideas about sculptures and sculpting (sculpting by subtraction or addition, use of recycled materials, tools and techniques involved in sculpting) and explored the process of sculpting in small groups
- Students explored methods of converting 2-dimensional drawings to 3-dimensional shapes
- They looked at how blueprints and models can be used to design and execute sculptures
- The students learned how to create their own blueprints with an emphasis on planning, measurement, and scale so as to successfully translate the blueprints to a full-scale 3-dimensional form
- In small groups, students determined which materials would work the best for their full-scale sculptures and articulated their needs to the artist and teachers
- Students combined their new math skills and understanding of different art materials to create full scale sculptures from blueprints
- At each school, classes would have a final sharing event where all their work was presented for other students and teachers to see and learn about
In interviews that occurred after this project had concluded, Juan-Carlos Perez and the participating teachers repeatedly remarked on their students' struggle with but ultimate ability to understand the relationships between two dimensionality and three dimensionality. Through hands on exploration, the students were able to master skills and techniques of scale, measurement, and transference.
Teachers also consistently noted in reflections on project that this particular project allowed their students to develop important social skills, such as listening to their peers, collaboration through sharing, adapting ideas and plans, and accepting others' idea. The teachers also recognized ways in which the arts integrated math work lead to new success by students who normally did not excel in regular classroom activities.
A PAIR teacher reflects on her students' learning through arts integration:
"They enjoy it, so they're more eager to do the work. And the concepts, I believe, are learned even better. Just by taking the test, I would hear them refer to, "Oh, that's what we did with Mr. Juan Carlos, or we did with Miss Jessica!" […] There was an ISAT problem where they needed to draw a perimeter […] and a lot of the kids said, "Oh, that's like the practice we did with Mr. Juan Carlos," or they were referring to, "That's what it means, right! What we were doing when we were dancing. The perimeter is the outside of the octagon!" and things like that. So to them it was like a flashback of what they did, and then they would get the concepts, so I saw a lot of kids doing that and remembering."
A PAIR teacher describes how all her students were able to find success in the PAIR project, regardless of how they were usually categorized by standardized test scores:
" …This is part of the program where I see that they're integrated, and you can't really tell the difference [between students identified as "High", "Average", or "Low" by standardized test scores]… You don't know the difference if you walk into a classroom, and you give each and every student the same opportunity to exceed on different levels. Because they chose their shape, they chose their sculpture, they chose their concern. And the best thing, without even knowing they were learning, they were learning. At different levels and at their own capacity. […] I would love to continue this program because, like I said, it's a program where kids are not labeled, kids are not distinguished. They're all enjoying it to their own capacity. They're all being successful in one sense or the other. And that's the best thing."
Illinois State Goals (as of 2009) addressed by this project
- 7.A.1a: Measure length, volume and weight/mass using rulers, scales and other appropriate measuring instruments in the customary and metric systems.
- 7.B.1a: Given a problem, describe possible methods for estimating a given measure.
- 9.A.1a: Identify related twoand threedimensional shapes including circle-sphere, square-cube, triangle-pyramid, rectangle-rectangular prism and their basic properties.
- 9.A.1b: Draw two-dimensional shapes.
- 9.A.2a: Build physical models of two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes
- 9.B.1a: Identify and describe characteristics, similarities and differences of geometric shapes.
- 9.B.1c: Identify lines of symmetry in simple figures and construct symmetrical figures using various concrete materials.
- 4.A.1b: Ask questions and respond to questions from the teacher and from group members to improve comprehension.
- 4.B.1: Participate in discussions around a common topic.
- 25.A.1d: Visual ArtsIdentify the elements of line, shape, space, color and texture; the principles of repetition and pattern; and the expressive qualities of mood, emotion and pictorial representation.
- 26.A.1e: Visual ArtsIdentify media and tools and how to use them in a safe and responsible manner when painting, drawing and constructing.
- 26.B.1d: Visual ArtsDemonstrate knowledge and skills to create visual works of art using manipulation, eye-hand coordination, building and imagination.
Plan a CAPE Field Trip
Visit CAPE and learn more about our research: join us for a casual, one-hour info session that we call the CAPE Field Trip. You'll tour our office, learn about our impact on students, teachers, and communities, and meet some of our staff members and partners.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In 2005, we provided the components and circuit diagram for a solar powered.25Hp AC water pumping system with a 2,500 watt inverter for the Assumption School in Majuro. As a result, the School is designated site for emergency water supply, as it has a large water tank supplied by the water pump. In the case of a major power failure this school would be one of very few water sources in the area.
We have also provided components for over 50 outer island elementary schools with basic solar power systems, as requested under the US federally funded Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The systems followed their specifications and were installed at the Ministry of Education Special Education Centers. They are typically used for lights, photocopying, and general school needs.


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Note: This is an old page that has been updated/formatted, you can view the original here.
A slashable grate is a cool feature of a JK level that's sure to help with your review scores. Slashable grates are surprisingly easy to make. So let's begin!
First, select the default sector and switch to surface mode. Select a side wall and cleave a square on it, preferably close to the ground, 0.2 JKUs high. Now, press the "X" key to extrude the surface you just cleaved. Your level should look something like this.
For this surface, shown selected above, we'll use 08tmshd.mat for
the material. Next, we need to make it so that the engine draws that
surface. When you extruded it was like adjoing the two sectors. Under
the surface editor, set the GEO value to 4, draw textured.
Now, under Adjoin Flags, uncheck the second checkbox or flag. This sets the surface to impassible so you can't walk through it. Now, check the second and third Surface Flags checkboxes, Used in COG and Impassible respectively. Now, do all that again for the other side or surface of the adjoin.
Write down the sector and surface numbers for each of the surfaces in the adjoin; you'll need these later. You'll find these at the top of the face editor.
Now, on to the COG! Under the Tools menu, select Placed Cogs. Press the Add Cog button. You will see a long list of COGs. Select 00_slashgrate.cog and press OK. There are two fields you need to enter. Under grate, enter one of the surface numbers (sector and surface number) and under grateback enter the other number. The format for this is Sector#[space]Surface#. Press Refresh and close that window. Now save and compile. That's all there is to it!
The slashable grate in action


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Physlets run in a Java-enabled browser on the latest Windows & Mac operating systems.
If Physlets do not run, click here for help on updating Java and setting Java security.
Problem 5.1: A 2-kg Physics textbook pressed against a wall does not move
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
Consider a 2-kg physics textbook (not drawn to scale) pressed against a wall, which has a coefficient of static friction of μs = 0.3 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of μk = 0.2 as shown in the animation (position is given in meters and time is given in seconds). Restart.
- Draw a free-body diagram for the book, showing all the forces that act.
- What is the net force on the book? Include both magnitude and direction in your answer.
- What is the minimum force of the push represented by the hand?
- What happens to the motion of the book and to the forces if the push is greater than your answer to (c)?


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Low-Power and Low-Cost Dedicated Bit-Serial Hardware Neural Network for Epileptic Seizure Prediction System
This paper presents results of using a simple bit-serial architecture as a method of designing an extremely low-power and low-cost neural network processor for epilepsy seizure prediction. The proposed concept is based on a novel bit-serial data processing unit (DPU) which implements the functionality of a complete neuron and uses bit-serial arithmetic.
Design and Study of a Smart Cup for Monitoring the Arm and Hand Activity of Stroke Patients
This paper presents a new platform to monitor the arm and hand activity of stroke patients during rehabilitation exercises in hospital and at home during their daily living activities. The platform provides relevant data to the therapist in order to assess the patients physical state and adapt the rehabilitation program if necessary.


Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Also available to purchase for your Kindle or iPad/iPhone.
By examining the words of Jesus in the context of their time and place, Reed shows Jesus never called for the political process to rearrange wealth. He denounced envy. He stressed choice, accountability and private property. He endorsed keeping one's word and honoring contracts. He emphasized principles of personal character and the Golden Rule. These things are all difficult to reconcile with political force.
Now, when anyone suggests that the teachings of Jesus are in any way incompatible with free markets or capitalism, defenders of free markets can provide concise and conclusive responses. There is no other publication that does the job as fully or is as accessible as Rendering Unto Caesar.


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The Influence of Low Melt Point, High Modulus Fibers in Blended Fiber Ballistic Resistant Nonwovens
Type of DegreeThesis
Polymer and Fiber Engineering
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this research was to examine the presence of a thermal phase change as a means of energy dissipation in nonwoven needlepunched felts used in soft body armor applications. The investigation was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Polarized Light Microscopy and standardized V50 ballistic testing. A mathematical formula was developed to approximate the residual kinetic energy of the nonwoven felt. The overall conclusion from the testing was that a thermal phase change did occur as a result of projectile impact; however, the energy dissipation ensuing from this phase change has not proven to be a major contribution to the nonwoven felt's elevated anti-ballistic properties.


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Everyone has a different path of recovery. That's why Synergic Pro takes care of every patient's need by combining different treatment methods to help them return to normal life as soon as possible.
Know your brain health – Steps to recovery
Analysis of brain function
Identify your path to recover
This is the first step to recovery. To fix the problem, you must understand the underlying conditions and damages that need to be addressed. Our neurological screen allows our team to identify and address the root causes of the problem.
Better Brain = Better Performance
This is a term coined by our athletes but basically it is the explanation of Neuroplasticity. You can change the brain and increase the brain's ability to adapt and change to the demands placed on it. Consequently, you are able to perform at a higher athletic and cognitive level with less energy.
Our unique approach rehabilitates damaged pathway of communication and connectivity between regions of the brain.
We can stimulate the brain to send and receive signals effectively with the rest of the central nervous system and consequently give you back neurological function.


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Should you visit Cuenca or Temuco?
Which city should you visit? Read on to compare the prices of travel for Cuenca and Temuco. We'll break down costs for accommodation, food, transportation and more to help you learn more about these two destinations. Then, you can figure out if either of these two places are accessible based on your travel budget. So, let's dig into it.
Cuenca is a vibrant colonial city in southern Ecuador, the third largest in the country, and the capital of Azuay Province. Cuenca is considered as Ecuador's most important and beautiful colonial city after Quito. Dating from the 16th century, Cuenca's historic center, a Unesco World Heritage Site with its trademark skyline of massive rotundas and soaring steeples, is a magical sight in which you will feel like you are moving back in time. Cuenca is the center of many craft traditions, including ceramics, metalwork and the internationally famous panama hat. The nearby villages also offer many other handicrafts. Tourists enjoy wandering the ancient streets discovering picturesque alleys and hidden corners, where nuns march along cobblestone streets and kids in Catholic-school uniforms skip past historic churches. Fascinating historic monuments and fabulous views are found at every turn. Cuenca also has outstanding art museums and festivals. For a rewarding cultural experience, visit during Easter to attend the Festival of Religious Music.
Temuco is a large and modern city found 680 km south of Santiago. While the city is dynamic, it does not have any particular charm with the exception of being a great point of departure for many excursions around the lake region and the many national parks found in the surrounding area. Temuco is also well known for its Mapuche culture, a proud and rebellious community of around 20 000 in the area today, who has fought continuously against every invaders in the past.
Which city is cheaper, Temuco or Cuenca?
These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations.
The average daily cost (per person) in Cuenca is $34, while the average daily cost in Temuco is $81. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each city. Below is a breakdown of travel costs for Cuenca and Temuco in more detail.
Accommodation prices vary by location and style, but travelers pay on average about $20 for a double occupancy room in Cuenca.
For a normal double-occupancy room in Temuco, $90 is the average cost for a hotel room. Also in Temuco, the typical price for a place to stay for one person is $45, such as in a hostel.
Food in Cuenca costs travelers about $12 per day on average. Restaurants can vary significantly in price, so choose wisely if you're trying to save money. Fast food and street stalls are typically your cheapest options, which sit down restaurants can be significantly more expensive.
The price of a meal in Temuco can vary widely. However, the average price for food per day is $23 per person, and a typical meal will cost around $9.20 based on the spending of previous visitors. Less expensive dining options can be found by eating street food or at fast food restaurants.
Meals for one day
Typical Food prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for food and meal costs in Cuenca:
Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Cuenca
Also, here are some specific examples of food and dining related activities in Cuenca.
Cooking Class & Market Tour in Cuenca:
Cuenca City Tour & Cooking Class (PRIVATE Tour):
The average price of local transportation around Cuenca is $8.60 per person, per day. As this average includes both taxis and public transport, keep in mind that the prices of private drivers and taxis are significantly more expensive than public transportation.
Temuco's transportation costs can vary by the type of transport chosen by visitors. Naturally, taxis and private drivers cost much more than public transportation options. On average, visitors spend $24 per person, per day on transportation in Temuco.
Typical Local Transportation prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for transportation costs in Cuenca:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Cuenca
Some specific examples of transportation prices in Cuenca:
Private Transfer from Cuenca City Center to Madrid City Center:
Private Transfer from Cuenca to Guayaquil.:
Arrival Private Transfer: Cuenca Airport CUE to Cuenca City by Minivan:
Departure Private Transfer: Cuenca City to Cuenca Airport CUE by Minivan:
Cuenca to Guayaquil Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Cuenca to Alausi Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Transfer In Cuenca Airport - Hotel:
Cuenca Airport Shuttle Transfer:
Cuenca Arrival Transfer:
Cuenca Departure Transfer:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Temuco
Also for Temuco, here are a few examples of actual transportation services:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Huilo Huilo:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Pucon:
Cuenca's costs for entertainment, tickets, attractions, and tours will often cost around $13 per person, per day. This cost can vary widely by the type of activity, however, as this includes admission tickets, day tours, museums, and other things to do.
Sightseeing, admission tickets, things to do, and other entertainment expenses in Temuco can vary widely by price. On average, visitors spend around $8.01 per person, per day on entertainment and sightseeing here.
Tours and Activities in Cuenca
Here are a few actual costs in Cuenca for available activities, ticket prices, and tours:
4-Day Magic Tour Cuenca, Alausi town, Baños, Quilotoa, Cotopaxi and Quito:
5-Day Rock Climbing Tour in Cojitambo, Paute, Girón, Cajas and Sayausi:
5-Day Trekking Rock, Climbing, Canyoning and Paragliding Tour:
BIKE TOUR "Descent of The Andes":
Baños Private Guided 4-day tour from Cuenca:
Biking Cuenca City Tour:
Biking and Walking City Tour Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Giron and Yunguilla Jocotoco Reserve from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Tamarindo Tropical Forest area from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Via Sigsig,Chiguinda from Cuenca:
While the amount that someone spends on alcohol while visiting Cuenca may vary from person to person, on average a person spends $11 per day on alcoholic beverages.
Alcoholic beverages can often be a significant portion of a traveler's budget, and the costs can vary greatly from person to person. In Temuco, the average amount that a visitor spends on alcoholic beverages per day is $5.24.
When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Cuenca and Temuco, we can see that Temuco is more expensive. And not only is Cuenca much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Cuenca would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Cuenca and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Temuco would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Temuco than you might in Cuenca.
Related Articles for Cuenca
Related Articles for Temuco


Privacy and permission
Does the Central Registry of Rare Diseases have permission from the Belgian Privacy Commission to gather data?
Yes. The Privacy Commission has deliberated on this project. Approval (authorisation granted in deliberations
no.13/105 of 22/10/2013 and modification of 16/06/2015 of the Sectoral Committee of Health) has been obtained from the Sectoral Committee for Social Security and Health.
Does the patient need to give permission for registration in this registry?
No. The Privacy Commission has ruled that the patient's permission is not required for registration in the Central Registry of Rare Diseases. Before your data can be registered, however, the physician is obliged to inform the patient about the registry. One way physicians can do this is by providing the patient with a copy of this leaflet. If a patient has questions about this, he or she can contact the physician at any time.
Although the patient's permission is not required for data entry in the registry, patients can still object to the inclusion of data in the registry by explicit request. To do this, the patient can contact his or her physician.
Who has access to the registered data?
At the genetic centres all data is available because it is registered in the electronic patient record. The data is then sent to Sciensano, where a small number of researchers, under the supervision of a physician, have access to the (encoded) data.
What measures are taken to protect the patient's privacy?
The patient's first name and surname will never be sent to the Central Registry of Rare Diseases.
His or her national register number will be used as a unique identification number, however this will be converted to a unique code during transmission to Sciensano. The eHealth platform carries out this encoding as a Trusted Third Party and stores the unique key to the code.
Only a small number of scientific staff at Sciensano will have access to the encoded data. They are bound to secrecy under their employment contract.
Reports about the Central Registry of Rare Diseases will only contain anonymised data.
What is a Trusted Third Party?
A Trusted Third Party is an independent third party that guarantees the reliability of privacy protection measures during the gathering, exchange or processing of data.
The eHealth-Platform is a federal government institution, and is the Trusted Third Party that guarantees the encoding of patients' national register number for the Central Registry of Rare Diseases.
As this registry concerns rare diseases and contains only a limited number of patients for a specific disease, patients might easily be recognised, even when their personal information is coded. How can I be certain that personal data cannot be inferred?
A "Small Cell Analysis" has been carried out. This analysis set out the necessary measures that need to be taken to ensure that individuals can no longer be identified based on the data. For example results will always be grouped, for instance over a larger geographical area, or certain diseases will be arranged into groups of diseases.


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Definitions of puddle:
- noun: a mixture of wet clay and sand that can be used to line a pond and that is impervious to water when dry
- noun: something resembling a pool of liquid
Example: "His chair sat in a puddle of books and magazines"
- noun: a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid
Example: "There were puddles of muddy water in the road after the rain"
- verb: make a puddle by splashing water
- verb: mess around, as in a liquid or paste
- verb: work a wet mixture, such as concrete or mud
- verb: dip into mud before planting
Example: "Puddle young plants"
- verb: subject to puddling or form by puddling
Example: "Puddle iron"
- verb: wade or dabble in a puddle
Example: "The ducks and geese puddled in the backyard"
- verb: make into a puddle
Example: "Puddled mire"
- verb: mix up or confuse
- verb: eliminate urine
Search for puddle at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster
Copyright © 2015 Datamuse


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"Redefining a word isn't always the same as giving it a new meaning. Sometimes you're just trying to pare it down to the core concept that people missed the first time around. Dictionary definitions of "camera" used to mention film and plates; now they just refer to a photosensitive surface. But the meaning of "camera" isn't different; it's just that now technology lets us see what its essence has been all along."—Geoff Nunberg on how dictionaries are even grappling with getting 'marriage' right
"Equality," "prejudice," "race" itself — how can you have mid-nineteenth-century characters use words like those without anachronistically evoking the connotations they have for us? To many of Lincoln's contemporaries and even his allies, "equality"still evoked alarming echoes of the French Revolution. To speak of "race equality" implied not just that people should all be treated alike, but that the races really were morally and intellectually equivalent. That was an extreme and dubious proposition to all but a few radical Republicans, like Thaddeus Stevens. "—Geoff Nunberg on how connotations have changed since the 19th century and how those connotations are alluded to in Tony Kushner's screen adaptation of Lincoln.
'Occupy': Geoff Nunberg's 2011 Word Of The YearGeoff Nunberg
'Occupy': Geoff Nunberg's 2011 Word Of The Year (via NPR)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This ethnographic photography exhibition by Amy Masko, Assistant Professor of English at Grand Valley State University, is the result of her research project investigating the life of Nana Otu, a young Fraanketanyi, and a flag dancer in Asafo No. 1 Company in Cape Coast Ghana. Historically the Asafos served as militia groups. Today the groups perform exclusively as part of spiritual rituals.
The photographs illustrate the life of the Asafo. The exhibit highlights the Fetu Afeye Festival, a harvest festival held in Cape Coast every August. The Asafo play a significant role in this festival, holding spiritual rituals to bless the lagoon for bountiful fishing, burning cleansing fires to clear negative spirits, and holding drumming rituals to communicate with the ancestors.
Art Gallery, _PHONE_


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From YPPedia
A typical bilging puzzle
Bilging is one of seven duty puzzles and the first puzzle new players are assigned to practice. Its mechanics heavily borrow from Nintendo's Tetris Attack and Popcap's Bejeweled.
Good bilgers help to remove water that gradually accumulates in a ship's bilges, which is termed bilge water. The bilge meter displays the water level, and the waterline in the bilging puzzle also corresponds to this level. The higher the bilge level, the less effective sailing is.
Basic gameplay
The mouse or arrow keys move a two-piece target around the board. Clicking or pressing space swaps two selected pieces horizontally. Forming rows or columns of three pieces clears them and the bilge is pumped away.
With a mouse:
 - Mouse Movement: Move Cursor
 - Left Mouse Button: Swap Pieces
On the keyboard:
 - Arrow Keys: Move Cursor
 - Enter: Swap Pieces
 - Space: Swap Pieces
This is an excellent bilge clear.
The best bilgers can create combos that clear more than three pieces. Clearing four or five pieces offers a slight bonus, but one should try to aim for clearing more than one column or row with one move. There are different messages for each combo:
 - Good - 4 in a row
 - Great - 5 in a row
 - Arrr! - 3x3 or 3x4
 - Har! - 4x4
 - Yarrr! - Ax5
 - Bingo! - AxBxC
 - Sea Donkey! - 3x3x3x3, 3x3x3x4, or 3x3x4x4
 - Vegas! - AxBxCx5
Note: The letters refer to a cleared line of any length. For a Vegas it require two horizontal rows of 3, and two vertical rows, only one of which must be 5 in length. A 3x3x3x5 is a vegas, but scores less than a 3x3x4x5 vegas.
It is possible to create chain reactions when bilging, but as chain reactions are often more a result of random chance than strategy, they do not score highly when compared to combos. However, on rare occasions a long chain reaction will clear many blocks and cause multiple crabs to raise above the waterline - these chain reactions can score noticeably well. Chains can also help to "clear out" a board that has begun to run out of combos. A large number of new pieces from chains gives many possibilities for new combos.
The water line
All bilge puzzles start with three lines filled with water at the bottom. This water does not affect the ship's performance, and it cannot be cleared out. If the bilge puzzle is ignored, or played badly, the water level will increase. The higher the damage the ship has sustained, the faster the water will trickle in. This water slows down the effectiveness of sailing. Playing the bilge puzzle effectively will clear out the water to its original level. A side effect of the water line is that pieces moved below it move more slowly.
Crabs, puffer fish, and jellyfish, oh my!
Bilge Critters.png
A crab.gif
Crabs are immovable pieces that are cleared when they reach the water line. Crabs can appear at the 5 star level or higher. Crabs offer a high scoring bonus when cleared, and the bonus increases with the height of the water and the number of crabs simultaneously cleared. Clicking on a crab only results in the crab doing a little jig while shrieking.
The puffer fish expands when clicked and clears itself and the eight adjacent pieces. The puffer fish can appear at the 3 star level or higher. It is detrimental to the score unless it results in a chain reaction clear or it causes one or more crabs to clear by rising above the water line. (Destroying a crab by clicking an adjacent pufferfish does not score a bonus.) Letting pufferfish rise near the top of the screen can make converting crabs from obstacles into bonuses much easier--with one click on a pufferfish near the top of a board it is possible to raise three columns by up to three spaces each. Swapping two pufferfish simply swaps them as if they were normal pieces.
Swapping a colored piece with a jellyfish clears all the pieces of the same color on the board. The Jellyfish can appear at the 6 star level or higher. When used effectively, jellyfish often cause long chain reactions, thus creating new combo possibilities on the board.
Jellyfish do not work on other special pieces. Attempting to swap the jellyfish with a crab does not work. Attempting to swap the jellyfish with the pufferfish will cause the pufferfish to activate first, destroying the jellyfish. Attempting to swap two jellyfish with each other will cause them to swap as if they were normal pieces.
Bilge scoring
Bilge scoring is based around the efficiency of movesthe less moves taken to clear pieces, the higher the score. Unlike sailing, bilging takes time delay directly into account. A small delay is acceptable when searching for a new move. A good balance of strategy and speed is best for a bilger.
An approximation of the bilge scoring system has been compiled by players.
Tips and tricks
Not everyone puzzles the same way.
Players can increase their chances of scoring an incredible on the duty report after the first league by trying to create a double on the first move, and by looking for efficient combos after that. Players could also attempt to make a bingo within the first few moves. The efficiency of the opening moves is very important to scoring well in the first league.
As the size of the combo made increases, more and more moves can be made while still scoring well. Strategy also changes greatly as a player's standing increases. At the higher levels of bilge, there is more leeway to make extra moves to go for larger combos. At lower levels, players ought to be even more efficient and generally aim for smaller combos.
Generally a break of 3 is worth slightly less than 1 move (and should mainly be used for intermediate breaks), while a break of 4 or 5 is worth between 1-2 moves. A 3x3 double is worth about 3 moves. At high levels, a bingo is worth about 8 moves. Thus, as the size of the break goes up, the bonus received increases quite a bit. Because the puzzle allows some leeway for timing, several seconds can be spent between each move to ensure that it is the best possible move to make.
There is a general consensus among high ranking bilgers that extending a combo leads to a net loss of efficiency. For example, a 3x3 will not produce a gain if an extra turn is spent to make a 3x4. The gain in efficiency may be a half to a third of a move, but that is still a loss. Increasing a 3x3 to a bingo however is worth an additional 5 moves (8-3 moves). This is why the higher rank techniques are heavily focused on making bingo's and bigger combos.
When the water level is higher, crabs become a much more effective scoring tool. When the water level reaches the top (although the highest three rows will always remain dry), simply clearing crabs will score extremely well. Clearing two crabs in the same move (not consecutively which doesn't have a score multiplier) at full water scores somewhere between a bingo and a sea donkey. Efficiency is still necessary, but a few well-placed crab clears can easily lead to an incredible.
Blockade bilging
Blockade bilging is a variation of bilging played by puzzlers during a blockade, flotilla, or a Sea Monster Hunt. Some bilge pieces will have one of the following 8 bonus shapes added to the piece. Each shape corresponds with a particular token which the ship can use to perform a special maneuver. The bonus shape moves with and is destroyed with the bilge piece. If, at any time, the bonus pieces for the two halves (top and bottom) of a circle, diamond, plus, or ex are together, the bonus pieces (but not the bilge piece underneath) are removed and the puzzler contributes to filling the meter for that maneuver. On a sloop, it requires three bonus pieces to fill the meter.
It should be noted that tokens in bilge tend to spawn in waves. The pieces will all come up with the bottom halves of one token quite often, not giving any top pieces. One technique for tokening is leaving one or two of these halves on the side while continuing to work with the rest of the board waiting for the other half to spawn.
The primary problem with bilge tokens is that they are difficult to make them without a direct loss of efficiency from moves used solely to connect tokens. Add in the fact that low score slows or stops token appearance at all, and the issue becomes clear. If aiming for a specific token, the same saving technique mentioned above works well, but sometimes it is worth sacrificing the half piece in order to increase efficiency (in a bingo say). As long as efficiency is maintained, more token pieces will be generated and give other chances for creating the desired token.
Bonus shapes
Bilge bonus shapes.png
Ultimate list
Cerulean Emerald Ice
Jade Meridian Opal
Spoiler warning: Details about trophies


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Mahad Name Meaning
|"One who is great" or "One who is praised"
Mahad is a name that carries significant cultural and historical weight. It is not merely a collection of syllables; rather, it holds profound meaning across various contexts. From its roots in different religious traditions to its usage in contemporary society, Mahad embodies a rich tapestry of symbolism and significance.
The name Mahad originates from Arabic and Urdu, derived from the root word "Mahid," which means "one who is great" or "one who is praised." In its essence, Mahad encapsulates the idea of greatness, importance, and reverence.
In Islamic tradition, Mahad holds particular importance as it signifies the greatness and praise of Allah. It is often used as a name for boys, reflecting the parents' aspiration for their child to embody noble qualities and virtues.
One of the notable figures bearing the name Mahad is Mahad Abdiaziz Abdirahman, a Somali politician who served as the Minister of Education, Culture, and Higher Education of Somalia. His dedication to education and public service exemplifies the values associated with the name Mahad.
Throughout history, individuals named Mahad have left their mark in various fields, from literature and academia to politics and religion. Their contributions have shaped societies and inspired generations, further cementing the name's significance.
While specific data on the population of individuals named Mahad is not readily available, it is evident that the name maintains a presence in communities worldwide, particularly in regions with significant Muslim populations.
For those who believe in astrology, individuals named Mahad may fall under different zodiac signs depending on their date of birth. Each sign carries its own characteristics and traits that may complement or contrast with the inherent qualities of the name Mahad.
|March 21 – April 19
|April 20 – May 20
|May 21 – June 20
|June 21 – July 22
|July 23 – August 22
|August 23 – September 22
|September 23 – October 22
|October 23 – November 21
|November 22 – December 21
|December 22 – January 19
|January 20 – February 18
|February 19 – March 20
The lucky stone associated with the name Mahad is the Sapphire. This precious gemstone is believed to bring wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual enlightenment to those who possess it.
The lucky metal for Mahad is Silver. Symbolizing purity and strength, silver is associated with qualities that resonate with the essence of the name Mahad.
Friday is considered the lucky day for individuals named Mahad. It is a day associated with blessings, abundance, and opportunities, aligning with the auspicious nature of the name.
The lucky number for Mahad is 7. This number symbolizes spiritual growth, intuition, and divine guidance, reflecting the journey towards greatness and enlightenment.
Green is the lucky color for Mahad. Representing harmony, renewal, and prosperity, green embodies the positive energies associated with the name and augments its auspicious nature.
In conclusion, the name Mahad transcends mere linguistic significance to become a symbol of greatness, reverence, and divine blessings. Whether rooted in religious beliefs, cultural heritage, or personal aspirations, Mahad resonates with individuals across diverse backgrounds, guiding them on a path towards fulfillment and success. Its timeless appeal and profound meaning continue to inspire and uplift generations, cementing its place as a name of enduring significance.


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The Link between Red Hair and Skin Cancer
People have different types of hair color ranging from different tints of black, blonde and red hair. Statistically, black is the most common hair color. Natural pure blonde hair is present in about 2% of the world's population while red hair is the least common hair color. In fact, redheads constitute just a little more than 1% of the world's population. However, Britain has a high proportion of redheads compared to other populations around the world. For example, redheads make up 13% of Scotland's population.
Research on redheads and skin cancer
A new study now shows a link between red hair color and skin cancer. Scientists have suspected this connection for many years. However, this new study, published in the Nature Communications journal and supported by the Institute of Well-come Trust Sanger, provides a scientific basis for this suspicion. The lead researcher, David Adams, and his team identified a variant of an MC1R gene that leads to the production of red hair. This gene also causes pale skin, freckles, and susceptibility to sunburns.
The study involved about 400 cancer patients. The research team looked at the DNA sequences of the participants. They found 42% more mutations associated with exposure to the sun in the tumors found in people who had the MC1R variant gene. It is the same variant gene responsible for producing red hair. Further investigations by the researchers determined that this MC1R variant gene increased the number of sun-related mutations while raising the level of mutations associated with other causes of skin cancer.
Explanations for the findings
This study was the first of its kind because it linked a gene to additional mutations in patients that have skin cancer. The researchers postulated that exposing yourself to strong UV radiation from the sun causes damage to your DNA. They further argued that the unique skin pigmentation found in redheads caused more UV light to reach and damage their DNA than is usually the case with people who have other hair colors.
What the study means for redheads
The researchers concluded their study by urging all redheads to take care while they are in the sun. In fact, this study found that the risk of skin cancer in redheads because of exposure to the sun is rather high. The researchers described this increased risk as similar to redheads having 21 extra years of exposure to the sun than people with other hair colors have. This research, co-funded by Cancer Research in the UK, is quite insightful especially for people with red hair. However, people with different hair colors should also take care of their skin. That means wearing protective clothing during summer and using sunscreen when necessary.


Mechanical energy scavenging for in-wheel sensors : car wheel motion and data
Car wheel motion - go straight to data
The performance of all in-wheel energy harvesters is reliant on the rotation and vibration motion of the car wheel s the energy source input. Harvester power output will vary significantly with car speed and the road surface the wheel is travelling over. To
aid in the modelling of the performance and to assess the viability of the clock work energy harvester then the car wheel dynamics of a typical small car have been measured. Wheel rotation speed has been measured using a hall sensor and attaching twelve metal disks to the inside of the wheel rim, fig 1a. A bracket was designed, fig 1b, to allow the hall sensor to be attached to the shock absorber and positioned inside the wheel rim close to the metal disks, Fig 1c.
Wheel speed measurement system
Figure 1. Wheel speed measurement system (a) disks on wheel rim, (b) hall sensor bracket design, (c) hall sensor mounted on shock absorber.
Although it was not possible to directly measure the vibration of the wheel rim where the TPMS system would sit, it can be inferred from the motion of the axel as the wheel is robustly attached to the axel. A DJB 100mV/g A/130/V Tri-axis Piezoelectric Accelerometer was used to measure the vibration. It was housed in a die cast box to protect it from the elements (fig 2a) and the box attached to the car axel swing arm (fig 2b). The accelerometer was mounted on a wedge in the box to ensure that it was level when the car was stationary.
Figure 2. (a) tri-axial accelerometer mounted in die cast aluminium box; (b) accelerometer box attached to front swing arm.
The output signals from the tri-axial accelerometer and also the hall sensor were monitored using a SoMat eDAQ-lite mobile data acquisition unit, Fig 3a. The eDAQ-lite was fitted with a digital IO and a simultaneous high level analogue layer.
The digital IO layer also allowed input from a GPS sensor, Fig 3b, so that the car position could be mapped and wheel motion could be related to urban or extra urban road conditions. The accelerometer output was measured at 2khz sampling rate with a ±12g range. The hall sensor was sampled at 500Hz using a pulse counter input on the I/O layer. The GPS reported position at a fixed 5Hz rate.
 Figure 3. (a) SoMat eDAQ-lite data acquisition system attached to sensors
Figure 3. (a) SoMat eDAQ-lite data acquisition system attached to sensors; (b) GPS 18x 5HzTM receivers from Garmin magnetically attached to car roof.
Data - route 1
Experimental details:
Car: 2005 Ford Fiesta 1.25L Zetec; Front tyre: 95/50 R15 82V; Radius: 29cm
 - Accelerometer: DJB instruments A/130/V ICP; sensitivity: 100mV/g; Range: ±12g; sampling: 2khz
 - Hall sensor: Honeywell 1GT101DC; sampling: 500Hz
 - GPS: Garmin GPS 18x 5HzTM
Route: The car was driven from the University of Birmingham in a circuitous route through Edgbaston and Harborne, back to join the A38 through Selly Oak before returning to the University campus, Figure 1. The speed limit on all roads was 30mph. The car was stopped in a traffic jam in Selly Oak towards the end of the journey. The whole journey lasted about 16mins.
Figure 1: Anticlockwise route from university campus through Edgbaston, Harborne and Selly Oak
Figure 1: Anticlockwise route from university campus through Edgbaston, Harborne and Selly Oak.
Data files: The sensor data is stored in separate zip files dependent on the data acquisition rate. Start and end times are identical for all the data files.
Data Analysis
Figure 2 shows the output from the hall sensor. The first plot is the raw frequency data produced by the 12 metal discs on the wheel rim passing the hall sensor. The second plot shows the calculated car speed based on a 29cm radius tyre. There are 11 stop start motions in this 16min urban journey.
Figure 2: Wheel speed data
Figure 2: Wheel speed data; (a) pulse frequency from hall sensor, (b) calculated wheel speed (tyre radius =29cm).
Figure 3 shows the acceleration amplitude for the x,y,z directions during the course of the journey. The Z data exhibits the highest accelerations as expected. X accelerations are significantly lower than the Y and Z direction accelerations.
Figure 3: Measured acceleration amplitude vs. time
Figure 3: Measured acceleration amplitude vs. time for the x,y,z accelerometers.
The FFT of the accelerations has been calculated to determine the spectral power of the vibrations. Figure 4 shows the spectral power for the X, Y, Z accelerations. The Z (vertical ) direction FFT shows that the vibration power is all concentrated in a small band around 20Hz and is 5x higher than the Y direction power and 50x higher than the X direction power. This vibration frequency is associated with the natural frequency of the car suspension. The Y power is spread over a wider band with a second peak at ~50Hz. The X acceleration power is spread over the whole range out to 800Hz.
Figure 4: FFT power spectrum
Figure 4: FFT power spectrum for the X, Y, Z direction accelerations.
Wheel speed data allows the accelerations to be matched to the speed of the car and also provides information for in wheel rotational energy harvesters.


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East Lancashire Inclusion Partnership (ELIP) is a teaching school alliance made up of partners from across the Early Years, Specialist, Primary, Secondary and Further Education phases of education, led by Tor View Specialist Learning Community, a National Teaching School and National Support School.
ELIP is governed by a strategic board with representatives from each of our strategic partner schools. There are two operational groups whose role it is to implement the 'Big 6'. All schools are welcome to join the operational groups:
School Improvement and Development Operational Group:
- Continuing Professional Development
- Research and Development
- Leadership and Succession Planning
- School to School Support
- Specialist Leaders in Education and Specialist Practitioners in Education
School Direct Operational Group
- Responsible for all aspects of Initial Teacher Education
We communicate funding opportunities funded by the Teaching School Council through the operational groups and welcome innovation and creative input from all partners.
Further information on each of our Strategic Partners partners can be found on their respective websites by following the links below. Our vision is clear, to improve outcomes for pupils by raising standards of teaching and learning through high-quality training and development of the next generation of teachers.


The Personal Financial Management is software that enables customers to manage their finances. This blog explores smart spending analytics in PFM and how revolutions in the field of data have enabled customers to manage their spending using such tools.
An overview of change in PFM
We live in a world which is drowning in data. And making sense of this data gives power as it gives insights into hitherto unknown answers. However, is this data powerful enough to enable a rebirth of PFM tools? PFM tools are not new and have been around for about three decades. When the idea of PFM first came up, it received a lot of attention but early PFM tools did not gain widespread adoption due to their complicated and fussy features. The share of PFM users was only till recently, around 10 –12 percent. The answer to the question is a yes. Revolutions in data have enabled the resurrection of PFM into a completely different form.
A new way of money management
In the coming years, millennials are going to inherit the largest share of personal wealth and their annual spending would be unprecedented (about 1.3 trillion dollars). Nevertheless, according to statistics, only 53 percent of them would budget their future expenses and of those who do, 36 percent would use manual tools like spreadsheets. This involves a lot of manual effort which could be easily solved using PFM tools. Recent advances in data analytics are a perfect solution to these challenges.
PFM 2.0
Advances in AI and ML have enabled a new form of PFM. The ideal PFM software should be able to recognize patterns in spending habits of the customers and give timely insights wherever needed. Frankly, which millennial would want to look at charts and graphs and figure out how much and where to spend? New versions of PFM would give alerts to the customer whenever they have spent too much like on eating out, taking Uber too much, etc. This is certainly possible and is being implemented in the new PFM tools and also bank apps which have integrated PFM into their products. The ideal PFM software would also identify periods of excess spending like Christmas, New Year etc.
Alerts when needed
Barclays, in spite of being one of the oldest banks around, integrated PFM with advanced analytics which can define long term spending and saving goals such as buying a house or a car, etc. The smart spending feature of PFM should be able to give alerts when appropriate and turn off entire spending categories for budget conscious customer such as gambling or online shopping. This could even be helpful for customers battling serious debt or financial control issues. This system of smart PFM could certainly bring about a change in the smart spending analytics in PFM and be a game-changer in the industry. Banks like Bank of Georgia and Barclays are examples of real-world instances of smart spending analytics in PFM.
Aashish Batchali
Aashish's love for writing led him to Content Marketing. His interests are mathematics, physics, programming and Artificial Intelligence. He loves reading books and his favorite genre is technology non-fiction.
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Po Leung Kuk Mr. & Mrs. Chan Pak Keung Tsing Yi School
School for Children with
Severe Intellectual Disability
(The following information is provided by the school.)
It is a special school located in Tsing Yi, covering around 5000 square meters. It serves P1-S6 students with severe intellectual disability and/or multiple disabilities, aiming at implementing equal education, respect life and care to the students. Students can explore their potentials and integrate into the community through the school's support. The school has primary section and secondary section, as well as boarding section.
The school provides balance education which focuses on 'Cognitive, Aesthetic, Social, Physical and Moral development'. Students can study in a pleasant learning environment with appropriate teaching and rehabilitation provided. Students can also improve their ability of self-care, social communication, muscle training and prepare well for their future after leaving the school.
The core values of the school are "With student-orientated approach, we progress with innovation; With care and appreciation, we unlock their potential". In order to increase students' self-esteem, confidence and independence, the school focuses on developing students' interests and performance on self-care, sports and arts, which are the opportunities for their personal development in life planning education.
The school strengthens students' ability of self-care and health through routine training. The school walking team and cycling team can strengthen student's ability of using muscles and sports equipment. Students with potential or better abilities will run rather than walk during trainings.
For cycling training, students can practise skills of riding tricycles or bicycles with assisted wheels. The training does not only beneficial to their health but also increases the variety of leisure play they can choose in daily life. Teachers also make sure they have opportunities to select what they like as a part of their living style and thus enhancing their quality of life.
Swimming training also provides suitable sports experience for students of different abilities. In addition to the regular after-school water sports group, which allows students with weaker muscles to perform activities in the hydrotherapy room, students with good gross motor abilities go swimming in Tsing Yi Swimming Pool. By doing this, the school can make good use of community resources, and students can learn social norms and the way of getting along with others. In addition, in order to allow some potential students to have more training systematically, the school also adds swimming coaching and strengthens their training, so as to allow them to enjoy swimming.


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Regular expression In QTP :
How To Use : Regular expression to make our search globalize.
To execute the test in QTP every object is searched in the object repository (OR). In
real time applications some object's properties always keep changing so at the
time of execution script fails. To overcome it we use "regular expression " for
that particular object's property. For example:
1) Record a test where you are inserting one order and than faxing the same order.
2) The order number that is generated during recording may 21 and Fax Order window title is generated and saved into OR as Fax Order No. 21
3) Now execute the same test the script will fail because this time order no is modified as 22 and accordingly Fax Order window title is modified as Fax Order No. 22.
4) This time the object Fax Order No. 22 is not identified or you can understand object is not matched (find) into OR.
5) To make this search better we modify the text property of object into OR as Fax Order No.* this will search all the
occurrences of window that has text as Fax Order No
6) We can also write it as Fax Order No. [0-9] because fax order no is a numerical value and this will search only numbers after Fax Order No.
So this is the purpose of regular expression in QTP.
To handle the dynamics objects either window/web based application. To handle the objects those name having string along with number the number may change in every execution or every particular time. To handle these objects we can use regular expression.
It have 5 types
1. Dot -.
2. regular expression
3. Star - *
4. Carat - ^
5. Range - [ ]
Also Regular Exp is used for pattern matching and replacing of a string.
* : Matches the preceding character zero or more times.
. : Matches any single character except a newline character.
Automation Testing Using QTP
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The concept of shifting or sliding baselines refers to the way that significant changes to an ecological system are mistakenly measured against a previous baseline, which may be significantly different from the original state of the system. The concept assumes an 'original state' exists and that a return to that state might be possible, if it could be determined and there was sufficient control of human interference. The concept has been important in both marine conservation planning and fisheries management. However, long periods of exploitation, observed and projected climate change, and the disappearance of some environments, suggest that a return to an original state is unlikely to be achievable in many systems. In addition, protection based on static marine protected areas is unlikely to meet common conservation objectives, as species and habitats are moving and species assemblages shuffling with the changing climate. An alternative to modeling single species distribution changes is to examine change in environmental proxies, such as sea surface temperature (SST). Here, projected changes in SST for the period 2063-2065 from a downscaled ocean model are used to illustrate the similarity to, and movements of, present pelagic environments within conservation planning areas off Eastern Australia. The future environment of small planning areas differs from their present environment and static protected areas might not protect range-changing species. Climate-aware conservation planning should consider the use of mobile protected areas to afford protection to species' changing their distribution, and develop conservation objectives that are not underpinned by a return to historical baselines.
marine protected area, range change, regional marine planning


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Right now I am reading a proof of Downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem in Hodges, but I am slightly confused about a proof Hodges makes. Let me write down some of the definitions.
Definition: Let $T$ be a first-order theory in a first-order language $\scr{L}$. >Then a skolemisation of $T$ is a theory $T^+\supseteq T$ in a first order >language $\scr{L}^+\supseteq \scr{L}$ such that
 1. Any model of $T$ can be expanded to a model of $T^+$.
 2. For every formula $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ of $\scr{L}^+$ with $\bar{x}$ a nonempty tuple, there is a term $t$ of $\scr{L}^+$ such that $$ T^+\vdash \forall \bar{x}(\exists y\phi(\bar{x}, y)\to \phi(\bar{x}, t(\bar{x}))). $$
A theory $T$ is said to be a Skolem Theory or to have Skolem functions if $T^+:=T$ and $\scr{L}^+ = \scr{L}$ is a skolemisation of $T$, i.e. $T$ is a skolemisation of itself.
Hodges goes on to say that for a Skolem theory $T$, and $A$ a model of $T$ and $X$ a subset of $A$, if the skolem hull $B:=\langle X\rangle_A$ is nonempty, then it is an elementary substructure of $A$. He proves this by invoking the Tarski-Vaught Criterion for elementary substructures. In particular, if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is a $\scr{L}$-formula and $\bar{a}$ is a tuple from $B$ with $A\models \exists y \phi(\bar{a}, y)$, then $A\models \phi(\bar{a}, t(\bar{a}))$ for the appropriate term $t$. But $t^A(\bar{a})\in B$ as $B$ is closed under the functions, and he concludes that $B$ satisfies the Tarski-Vaught Criterion and so $B\preceq A$.
Here is my question, what if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is actually $\phi(y)$? Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is a sentence and so does not have a Skolem function. So if $A\models \exists y\phi$, how can we guarantee that $B$ possesses a witness to $\exists y\phi$?
My attempt to work around this is to consider the formula $$ \psi(x, y): = \ulcorner \phi(y)\wedge x=x\urcorner. $$ Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is logically equivalent to $\exists y \psi(x, y)$. As $T$ is a skolem theory, there is a term $t(x)$ such that $$ T\vdash \forall x(\exists y\psi(x, y)\to \psi(x, t(x))). $$ Then for any $a\in B$, $t^A(a)$ will be an element of $B$ witnessing $A\models \exists y\phi$. Is this a correct resolution of my question, or is there something else I am missing? Thanks for the help!
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Yes, your solution works. A less "cheap" way to resolve things is to remove the word "nonempty" from Hodges' definition, so that $(\exists y)\phi(y)$ has a zero-ary Skolem function, that is, a "Skolem constant" $c_\phi$. That is the definition of a Skolemization some others use. (I am not familiar with Hodges' definitions and conventions; he might not require that a variable shown in a formula name must actually appear, in which case he could write "$(\exists y)[y = y]$" as $\phi(x)$.)
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The Next Page / Inside Phipps' Center for Sustainable Landscapes: Making clean water, all in one place
The Tropical Forest Conservatory, the second phose of the Phipps expansion, overlooks the Center for Sustainable Living.
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Please click on the PDF below to see the entire plan.
Early this century, Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens in Oakland launched a three-part expansion plan that put green-building principles front and center. The first phase, a redesigned entrance and cafe, emerged in March 2005; it was the first LEED-certified visitor center in a U.S. public garden. Late 2006 brought the new tropical forest conservatory, the most energy-efficient of its kind.
Since 2007 Phipps has been building the Center for Sustainable Landscapes. The research, education and administrative complex has an immodest ambition: to be one of the greenest buildings on planet Earth.
Set to open in spring 2012, the CSL aims to meet or achieve the three highest green standards: the Living Building Challenge, LEED (that's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification, and SITES certification (a landscape rating system also known as the Sustainable Sites Initiative). To achieve the Living Building Challenge design standards, the CSL must produce all of its own energy using on-site renewable resources. And it must capture, treat and reuse all water on site. In addition to serving Phipps, the CSL will be an environmental education center for the region. By pushing the limits of what's possible in green building, and showcasing local expertise, Phipps hopes its example will spread nationally and internationally.
Today, we're offering a closer look at one of the most innovative features in the CSL project: How the water works.
The wastewater treatment begins with a 300-square-foot horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (two-stage). The "constructed wetland" is a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. It uses wetland plants, soils and their associated microorganisms to remove contaminants from wastewater.
With the treatment and reuse system in place, the building's impact on the city's combined sewer will be eliminated. The wastewater flow from the Center for Sustainable Landscapes and the adjacent Phipps maintenance building has been estimated at 416 gallons per day (242 gallons per day from low-flow efficient toilets and 174 gallons per day from low-flow efficient sinks).
1) Plant a rain garden. Beautify your yard, attract wildlife and pollinators, and protect local waterways by planting a rain garden. A rain garden full of perennials and shrubs soaks up polluted water before it reaches the sewers, helping to protect our communities from flooding and providing cleaner drinking water.
2) Capture valuable water with rain barrels. Lawn and garden watering makes up nearly 40 percent of a household's summer tap water usage despite the fact that nearly 600 gallons of rainwater can be captured in rain barrels for reuse from the average size roof in an average rain storm.
3) Landscape with sustainable plants. Even a beautiful garden can be low maintenance. Consult Phipps' Top 10 Sustainable Plants lists for plants that require less water and fertilizer, and are disease and pest resistant.
4) Vary your landscape. Lawns are lovely, but so are lots of other types of groundcover - many of which are quite low maintenance and require far less water too. Try mixing and matching in your yard, and only planting grass where you really need it.
5) Mulch and mulch some more. Mulch protects the soil by helping it retain moisture, suppresses weeds, and insulates plants from extreme temperatures. Any material such as wood chips, straw, nut shells, paper, sawdust, leaves, seaweed, grass clippings, or compost can be used as mulch. Apply only two to three inches and keep away from stems and trunks.
6) Make your lawn "Phipps Safe." Ditch chemicals that are unsafe for you, companion animals and children, and opt for a "Phipps Safe" yard by adopting natural and organic lawn care practices. Learn how easy it is at _URL_.
7) Direct water to where it counts. Cut your water bills in half! More than half of the water you use to irrigate your garden and lawn goes to waste. Installing a drip irrigation or soaker hose system efficiently directs water to the roots of the plants, right where they need it most.
8) Don't flush water (or money) down the drain. Replace or retrofit your inefficient toilet with one that has the WaterSense label. This will not only reduce your water use by about half but it can also save a family of four more than $90 annually, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilet. A low-flower shower head can also save an average of 8,000 gallons of water each year. And, even more water can be saved by limiting showers to five minutes.
9) Put aerators on your faucets. Available at hardware stores, aerators are inexpensive and cut usage from three to four gallons per minute to as little as a half-gallon, without sacrificing pressure. You won't be able to tell the difference, but you'll be using up to 88 percent less water.
10) Reduce, reduce, reduce. Only run the dishwasher with a full load, and if you're running lots of water down the drain while waiting for it to cool down or warm up, place a bowl or bucket in the sink to catch and it use it for other tasks, like making coffee, soaking dirty pots or watering houseplants. If you wash dishes by hand, don't let the water run but rather partially fill the sink with warm, soapy water and rinse dishes under a faucet with an aerator.
Learn more and find more tips at _URL_
First Published October 23, 2011 12:00 am


This is a needs analysis board game to do at the beginning of the course and to give both the teacher and the students an idea of what they already know and what they want to achieve in this course or academic year.
Level: B2 +
Time: 35 minutes
 1. To determine students' needs at the beginning of the course.
One Back to life, back to reality board game and one die per pair or a small group of 3.
 1. Print the board game and put students in pairs or small groups of 3.
 3. To obtain a question for the speaking activity students throw the die twice. The first throw indicates which column they are going to use and the second indicates which row they are going to use.
 4. All the players must answer the question in as much detail as possible.
 5. The game continues in a circle going left and until students have answered at least 5 questions.
 6. During the activity monitor very carefully and take notes.
 7. At the end, ask students (still in their groups) to write three things they had in common with their classmates, (e.g. they need English for their jobs, they want to improve their listening comprehension, etc.) and three differences, (e.g. they have learnt English in different countries, etc).
P.S. Thank you Alex.
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You are here: Home / Publications & Online Resources / Publications / Books in Print / Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Joanne Pillsbury, Miriam Doutriaux, Reiko Ishihara-Brito, and Alexandre Tokovinine, editors
Pre-Columbian Art at Dumbarton Oaks
Art, Art History, Pre-Columbian Studies, Museum Collections
Based on the comprehensive study of one of the most important collections of Maya art in the United States, Ancient Maya Art at Dumbarton Oaks is a scholarly introduction to one of the great traditions of sculpture and painting in ancient America. Assembled by Robert Woods Bliss between 1935 and 1962, the collection is historically important, as it was one of the first to be established on the basis of aesthetic criteria. The catalogue, written by leading international scholars of Maya archaeology, art history, and writing, contains detailed analyses of specific works of art along with thematic essays situating these works within the broader context of Maya culture. Monumental panels, finely worked jade ornaments, exquisitely painted ceramic vessels, and other objects—most created in the first millennium CE—are presented in full color and analyzed in light of recent breakthroughs in understanding their creation, function, and deeper meaning in Maya ritual and history. Individual essays address the history of the Dumbarton Oaks collection; Maya culture, history, and myth; and Maya aesthetics. They also study specific materials (including jade, shell, and fine ceramics) and their meanings. Scholarly yet accessible, this volume provides a detailed introduction to Maya art and culture.
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Feb 21, 2022
Mar 07, 2022
Workshop Paper Submission
Apr 09, 2022
May 12, 2022
The 14th ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci22) is soliciting proposals for workshops and tutorials that address the way Web Science research can illuminate key contemporary issues and global challenges. Workshops should reflect the interand multidisciplinary nature of Web Science. Tutorials could cover a wide variety of Web Science approaches and methods, including but not limited to techniques for data collection, processing, analysis, as well as substantive interpretation, best practices, and ethics. Examples of potential WebSci workshop areas include but are not limited to:
- Misinformation and propaganda on the Web
- Online health and wellness (especially concerning the COVID-19 pandemic)
- Online mental health
- The interplay between AI and the Web
- Using Web Science for social good
- Collective intelligence, crowdsourcing
- Bias on the Web
- Data ethics and algorithmic accountability
- Digital inequalities: access, quality, and participation
- Information privacy and cybersecurity
- Learning and education on the Web
- Social connections and social influence on the Web
- Social inclusion and exclusion on the Web
- Internet politics and political participation
- Internet, Globalization and Cultural Identities
- The evolution of social media services
- The future of the Web
- Cybercrime and safety
- Digital Humanitarianism
- ICT for development
- Climate Change and digital carbon footprints
- Paid and unpaid work, the gig economy
- Aging and generations (different practices and attitudes towards the Web)
- Global south and globalization
- Gender and sexualities (the Web as safe/unsafe space, space for mobilization)
Workshops and tutorials can be either on-site or fully online. A "call for papers/contributions" is optional. Workshops/tutorials with alternative interactive modes such as e.g. round table discussions or design/co-creation sessions can also be proposed. You can propose a program committee (PC) with content experts for your event.
When accepted, make sure your event is held in a timezone amenable to the participants. Each workshop or tutorial should have a web address containing all information about the venue, call for contributions, deadlines, modality, language etc. Workshops and tutorials can be held in any language.
Proposals can be up to 3 pages long and should include the following information (please submit your proposal in English):
- Workshop/tutorial title.
- Workshop/tutorial summary (1-2 paragraphs).
- Workshop/tutorial description, including the motivation and goals of the proposal and its relevance to the field of Web Science.
- Workshop/tutorial schedule and activities, including the format, proposed activities (panels, sessions, interactive exercises, etc.), the invited speakers or panelists, the modality (on-site or online).
- Workshop/tutorial organizer information, including names, affiliations, emails, and personal websites. Please indicate who would be the primary contact person for the submission.
- Please indicate if the workshop has been run in the past.
- Target audience and audience size: the expected number and type of attendees and any information about the required skills or tools with which participants need to be familiar.
- The primary language(s) of the workshop/tutorial (i.e., English, Chinese).
- The desired time zone for the workshop/tutorial.
- The workshop/tutorial will be: (i) onsite in Barcelona or (ii) fully online?
- Special requirements or equipment, if any.
Proposals must be submitted to EasyChair by February 21, 2022.
Workshop and tutorial proposals will be evaluated based on their relevance, timeliness, originality and the potential to address important questions and attract audiences from different disciplines. Relevance to the interdisciplinary field of Web Science is a prerequisite for all submissions. Workshop and tutorial notifications will be sent by March 7, 2022. If inviting peer-reviewed workshop papers, workshop organizers are requested to have the paper submission deadline in their workshops to be no later than April 9, 2022.
Workshop organizers are free to publish workshop proceedings. WebSci22 offers the possibility to include workshop papers as a companion collection of the ACM WebSci22 proceedings. In this case, workshop schedules must be aligned with the schedule for the publication of the overall proceedings, i.e. camera-ready papers need to be submitted to us by 12 May 2022. This is a strict deadline, and we will not be able to include any papers not received by this date.
Feb 21, 2022: Workshop and Tutorial Proposal Submission Deadline
Mar 07, 2022: Notifications
Apr 09, 2022: Workshop Paper Submission Deadline
May 12, 2022: Camera-ready Deadline for the Companion Proceedings
- Anna Bon, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Srinath Srinivasa, International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, India


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|United Nations - world map|
This is the only UN stamp I have.
A Spanish stamp has not only the a map of Spain but shows Peru and Mexico too.
I hope someone will be able to tell me what it was issued for - Fifth Centenary of Printing?
These stamps showing the Indian sub-continent probably date before the country was partitioned and before Pakistan and Bangladesh existed.
There are a number of stamps from Iceland with different maps of the island.
Landsimmi is the Icelandic telecommunications company, now called Siminn. In 1906 a telephone cable was laid from Scotland to the Faroe Islands and Iceland. I believe 1956 was the first time that lines reached the whole of Iceland.
For other views of the world through maps on stamps visit Viridian's Sunday Stamps 72


FishbowlNY FishbowlDC LostRemote InsideMobileApps InsideSocialGames TVNewser TVSpy AgencySpy PRNewser MediaJobsDaily UnBeige
'Lafcadio, the Lion Who Shot Back' Turns 50
It has been 50 years since Shel Silverstein's picture book Lafcadio, the Lion Who Shot Back was first published.
The prolific children's books creator served as the narrator of this story under the alias Uncle ShelbyView this video to see an animated adaptation of this story.
Below, we've rounded up a few ways to commemorate this special anniversary. How will you be celebrating?
1. Plan a poetry slam. Throughout his career, Silverstein wrote and illustrated several volumes of children's poetry.
2. Host an art-making party. Silverstein specialized in drawing cartoons; have a "Lafcadio the Lion" drawing contest, play games, and dive into puzzle challenges.
3. Cook up a batch of homemade marshmallows. Throughout the story, Lafcadio would display a great passion for marshmallows. Follow this link for a Food Network recipe.
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Memoir Writing


Thixotropic Index (TI)
Definition - What does Thixotropic Index (TI) mean?
This is a ratio between the slow speed viscosity to the high speed viscosity of a non-Newtonian body. It is obtained from dividing the viscosity number at low speed by the viscosity number at high speed of a given fluid. It therefore defines how well the fluid will hang or resist sagging under gravity.
It is used to indicate the ability of a paint or coating to hold shape-stiff and non-sagging when rebuilding; aids in choosing an epoxy in accordance to the application, dispense method and viscosity of a material.
Corrosionpedia explains Thixotropic Index (TI)
Non-Newtonian fluids are known to have a low viscosity when stirred at high speed and high viscosity at low speeds. In these fluids, the energy required to move then is not directly equal to the speed applied. At rest, the fluid will not flow, but when subjected to shear or pressure, it flows easily as the agitation increase. A fluid is thixotropic when the apparent viscosity is recovered when the shearing is removed; the recovery is time-dependent—viscosity decreases gradually with time.
The thixotropic index is obtained by measuring the viscosity of a fluid at room or ambient temperature. The viscometer is used to measure the viscosity at two speeds (one is a multiple or a factor of 10 of the other). From the viscosity results, the product is obtained by dividing the viscosity at lowest speed by the viscosity at the highest speed.
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BERLIN -- Many dishes claim to be part of a people's heritage – but few have their own museum.
In Germany, currywurst, the traditional proletarian snack of sliced pork sausage swimming in a curry-tomato sauce, merits a memorial.
Currywurst is as German as pizza is Italian, hot dogs are American, and fish and chips British. This month, the dish was immortalized in the new Deutsches Currywurst Museum in Berlin, a sausage shrine dedicated to all things currywurst, including sausage sofas, a curry "spice chamber" and a movie montague of all-time currywurst cameos. The museum opened commemorating the dish's 60th birthday.
What's all the craze over a seemingly simple concoction?
No two Germans will likely agree on the perfect currywurst. Some like theirs with the sweet taste of Indian curry, others with a touch of mustard powder, and still others with a hot chilli or lemongrass-flavored curry. Then there's the matter of how you take your currywurst -- with French fries, white bread or a whole-grain loaf. There's just one no-no: ketchup. Germans consider it uncultured and inauthentic. But regardless of the various varieties and debates on which currywurst stand takes top dog, all will agree that dish is an integral part of German culture.
Many claim to have invented currywurst, but the Deutsches Currywurst Museum traces it back to post-war Berlin in 1949, when the city still lay in shambles. At the time the dish was known as "poor man's steak" because most Germans couldn't afford a proper chunk of meat, says Birgit Breloh, who heads the museum. "The unusual flavor was a welcome change of what limited diet options there were," she says.
Fancy spices such as curry were in extremely short supply in Berlin. Although the Soviet Union had abandoned its blockade to the city that year, supplies and ingredients were still hard to come by. (1949 was also the year Germany enacted the constitution, the Grundgesetz, which laid the democratic groundwork for partnership with Western allies.)
Where to Eat Currywurst
Snack Point 3
Berger Strasse 80
+49(0)69 _PHONE_
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
Schönhauser Allee 44a
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
+49(0)30 _PHONE_
Bier's Kudamm 195
But, according to currywurst legend, a witty German housewife named Herta Heuwer got her hands on some English curry by trading it against spirits with parched British soldiers. "Heuwer was one of the typical rubble women," Ms. Breloh says, speaking of women who cleared the debris of Germany's war-torn cities.
Experimenting with the spice in her kitchen, Ms. Heuwer soon concocted the cheap yet filling dish now known as currywurst: grilled sausage, sliced, with a gravy-like sauce containing English Curry and stewed tomatoes. At a time when Germany was a changing nation, this meal was fitting -- comfort topped with a hint of exoticism.
Ms. Heuwer started selling her dish from a street stand on the fringes of what was to become Berlin's red-light district. Construction workers and laborers were quick to warm up to it: Currywurst was different, yet still strangely familiar, and above all affordable -- Ms. Heuwer sold it for 60 pfennig a portion, about $0.50 today.
Her quick success allowed her to give up the street stand and move into a small restaurant in the red-light district. For years, it had a reputation for serving celebrities such as Harald Juhnke, Germany's answer to Frank Sinatra, until it closed in 1974.
Currywurst took off beyond Mr. Heuwer's kitchen, too. Knock-off stands and restaurants mushroomed across Berlin and into other cities. But they were all guesses at the original recipe -- Ms. Heuwer never revealed the secret to her addictive sauce. "She took it with her to her grave when she died in 1999," Mr. Breloh says of the recipe. "She didn't even tell it to her husband."
She also resisted the generous bids of the mass-production food companies. In fact, no company has been able to industrialize currywurst. German engineers were quick to develop sausage slicing machines, but there is no McCurrywurst, nor a Currywurst King chain. One explanation: Currywurst is as much about your most trusted street vendor, his signature sauce and the people you meet there, as it is about the food itself.
"Currywurst has huge social implications," says Ms. Breloh, a trained sociologist. "In the end, there is no such thing as the currywurst -- every one likes the dish differently." Indeed, walk into any German pub and it's sure to be a conversation starter, if not a hotly contested topic of debate.
On a cultural level, the dish came to represent the everyday German. Currywurst became the de facto refreshment of countless inspectors in German thrillers. Herbert Grönemeyer, the actor best known for his role as Lieutenant Werner in "The Boat," dedicated a popular song, aptly named "Currywurst," to the snack. Politicians looking for a bit of street cred started posing in pictures with the dish -- a sign that they were one with the proletariat. When the federal government moved from Bonn to Berlin in 1999, Germany's then-chancellor, Gerhard Schröder, the first to govern out of Berlin, loved to picture himself as a currywurst aficionado.
Today, about 800 million currywurst dishes are sold in Germany each year, the Currywurst Museum says, at street stands and high-end restaurants alike. Currywurst vendors vie to stand out and create a following. At the upscale Bier's Kudamm 195, a celebrity-favorite hangout, the dish is served on chinaware and with a glass of champagne on request. Witty's at Wittenbergplatz only uses organic ingredients. At Curry 36 in Berlin's bohemian Kreuzberg district, customers queue day and night for a version deemed particularly aromatic and tangy.
In East Berlin -- yes, currywurst even survived the divide of the country after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 -- the most famous vendor is Konnopke's. It is located on a congested crossroad, under a metro-rail bridge. But you'll find that the dish is slightly different in the East: The sausage is often softer because it lacks casing. "That's simply because [sausage casing] wasn't available under socialism," Ms. Breloh explains.
Now, star chefs such as Daniel Boulud are even putting currywurst on their menus. At Mr. Boulud's new French-American brasserie in downtown Manhattan, DBGB Kitchen, he serves the dish with a turnip confit for $12.
"I grew up on currywurst," says Andre Wechsler, a native German who recently opened a currywurst restaurant in New York's East Village, Wechsler's (see video). Mr. Wechsler, who was previously in finance and moved to New York six years ago, worked with his German friends to develop the perfect sauce. Of all things German, "I just missed currywurst," he says.
Write to Roman Kessler at _EMAIL_


What is an FBI 302? The Problematic Nature of FBI Agents' Interview Memos
Writing correspondenceBy: Sara Kropf
Former FBI Director James Comey apparently wrote a memo summarizing his meeting with President Trump. The memo purportedly recounts the president's statement saying he "hoped" that Comey would drop the investigation into the ties between his campaign and the Russians.
There's nothing surprising about an FBI agent formalizing notes of a conversation. It's SOP. In any white-collar criminal investigation, FBI agents' notes of conversations with witnesses are often key evidence of a possible crime.
Let's take a closer look at how a witness interview gets memorialized into an interview memo or, in white-collar parlance, a "302."
The Witness Interview
An FBI agent named Amy Silver, with her partner Agent Stanley Starley, knocks on the door of the house of a witness in a criminal investigation one evening. We'll call the witness Jack McKinley. He's a supervisor at a pharmaceutical company, overseeing many sales reps who visit doctors. Mr. McKinley comes to the door. He's surprised to see them. After Agent Silver identifies herself and Starley, though, Mr. McKinley agrees to answer some questions for a few minutes.
"I have nothing to hide," he thinks. He doesn't have a lawyer there and it's too awkward to ask to get a notepad to take some notes himself.
They sit in his living room. Agent Silver asks questions about whether Mr. McKinley knew that anyone at his company was bribing doctors to get their Medicare business. Throughout the interview, Agent Starley takes handwritten notes of Mr. McKinley's answers. Two hours later, after the interview, the agents thank Mr. McKinley and leave. Mr. McKinley's not worried; he told the truth. He puts the interview behind him.
The agents' work is not done, though. Using his handwritten notes scribbled during the two-hour long interview, Starley takes his handwritten notes and types them up into an interview memo using FBI form FD-302. He may do this the next day or a month later.
Mr. McKinley never sees the 302 until two years later when he's confronted with it as he prepares to testify before a grand jury.
What is a 302?
FBI form FD-302 has space to list the name of the agents, the date of the interview, the name of the interviewee, the place of the interview and so forth. Then it allows the agent to draft a memo—in paragraph form—of what the witness said. It can be one page long or twenty pages long, depending on the length of the interview.
The memo section of a 302 is the key part. This is a combination of what the agent was able to write down during the interview and his recollection. It may list the questions and the answers or simply be a narrative of what the witness said.
The witness generally doesn't see the 302 or get a chance to correct any mistakes he thinks are in it before it is finalized.
What's the Problem?
As an associate at a big firm for many years, I wrote a lot of interview memos. It's never a perfect process. First of all, taking handwritten notes to capture a conversation is inherently difficult. People talk faster than anyone can write. If it's a complicated topic, such as accounting fraud dealing with complex GAAP rules, then it's nearly impossible to be completely accurate because you are simultaneously listening to the witness, trying to understand what he is saying and summarizing it by hand.
Second, relying in part on memory to draft an interview memo is equally troubling. Memory is a funny thing and not all that reliable. If you draft the memo the next day after the interview, then your memory may be passable. But wait a week or two and you are guaranteed to get something wrong or leave out something important. Using memory is a necessary evil when it comes to interview memos given that handwritten notes are not perfect.
Third, turning notes of an interview into a coherent summary is challenging. Verbal conversations often veer from topic to topic. That's just the nature of how we talk with each other. Witnesses meander during answers or don't answer the question directly. They don't understand the question or they answer a different question. There are tangents and diversions. The task is doubly onerous if the witness is deliberately evasive. Answers that made perfect sense at the time you wrote the notes turn incomprehensible when you draft the memo.
Fourth, there's no requirement that the FBI agent write down everything the witness says or that the agent take any notes at all. There's nothing to prevent the agent from stopping the note-taking if the witness says something helpful to the target of the investigation. Because it's nearly impossible to obtain the handwritten notes underlying a 302 during discovery, the FBI is not concerned that anyone can prove a conflict between the notes and the final 302 anyway.
How Does the Government Use 302s?
You may think that a 302 is simply an interview memo.
It's not. It's much more.
302s are a powerful tool for a prosecutor. Since the witness doesn't generally take notes during an interview, it's the only contemporaneous document capturing what was said. Plus, it's the "official" record of the interview. It's on a nice, official-looking form. The agent signs it, verifying its accuracy. Very credible stuff to a jury.
The time lapse between the interview and the use of the 302 works to the government's advantage as well. White-collar investigations take a while. When Mr. McKinley is called to testify before the grand jury a few years later, he won't remember what he said during the interview with any real clarity. The government can use the 302 to refresh his memory, whether the memo is 100% accurate or not.
As many other commentators have noted, an aggressive prosecutor can also use a 302 to intimidate a witness into cooperating by threatening a felony charge against the witness.
Going back to our example, let's say Mr. McKinley told the agents during his interview that his co-workers didn't bribe any doctors for Medicare business. But the agent writes down that Mr. McKinley said that his co-workers did bribe doctors. During the prep session with the government before his grand jury testimony, he tells the prosecutors that the co-workers never bribed anyone. They whip out the 302, showing him that, two years ago, he said that they did.
Mr. McKinley is now under incredible pressure to testify consistently with what was written in the 302 by Agent Starley, even if it is not correct. If he gives testimony different from what's written in the 302, then Mr. McKinley opens himself up to a felony charge either for lying during the grand jury testimony (perjury) or making a false statement to the agent during the original interview.
A witness who was not represented by counsel during the interview cannot effectively challenge the accuracy of the 302. It becomes a witness-said/agent-said situation. And who is the jury going to believe? Two clean-cut FBI agents who insist the 302 is an accurate summary of what the witness said, or the witness?
In other words, a witness can be effectively coerced into testifying not to the truth of what happened but the "truth" as it was captured by the handwritten notes of an FBI agent. As explained above, the witness notes may not be accurate for all sorts of innocent reasons. It also may not be accurate because an FBI agent has a strong interest in finding evidence of a crime.
The only silver lining to this whole situation is that 302s that capture exculpatory statements about the defendant must be disclosed under Brady, and the government must disclose 302s for testifying witnesses under the Jencks Act. 302s are a very effective discovery tool when they are disclosed to the defense after indictment. After a long investigation, you can finally learn what the witnesses said (or what the FBI agents heard).
This silver lining only benefits the defendant, not poor Mr. McKinley, who is still stuck between a rock and a hard place.
Why Doesn't the FBI Record Every Interview?
You may be wondering why the FBI doesn't simply record every interview, given all the issues I've described. That would fix the problem, right? No one could dispute what was asked or what the witness answered.
The reason is that the official DOJ policy is not to record witness interviews. A 2006 FBI memorandum explained that recording interviews would impede the FBI's ability to successfully question witnesses. (Why this is absurd is a topic for another day.)
In 2014, DOJ issued guidance creating a "presumption" that the FBI would record interviews of people in federal custody.
This is only a presumption and not a requirement. Plus, the policy doesn't cover most witnesses in white-collar cases (like our beleaguered Mr. McKinley) who are not in custody when they are questioned.
The same 2014 guidance "encourage[d] agents and prosecutors to consider electronic recording in investigative or other circumstances when the presumption does not apply." To this day, I've never seen an agent record an interview so it's safe to assume agents are not accepting the kind invitation to record the interviews.
Why would they? The system works just fine.
For the FBI.
 1. Very good and informative article, thanks for writing it. I just have one question, are you allowed to record the interview yourself? i.e. with an audio recording device, not just your own notes. I would assume any notes you took would also turn into a witness-said/agent-said situation. Also I would think it would be hard to prove that your notes