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The pottery made by both the Minoan and the Mycenaean people show flowing lines and shapes, as well as their sea and plant life around them. But Minoan pottery also seems shows a more relaxed culture versus the Mycenaean culture, who depicts them as "militaristic' (see Minoan Harvester Rhyton, Mycenaean Warrior Krater). Those seem to be the only two big examples showing the difference between their people through their artwork. However, in some of their pottery that shows their sea life, both have made vases with an octopus on them. The Minoan vase shows the octopus drawn in a more cartoony way in its face, with the big eyes, but otherwise still seems fairly realistic while feeling freer. The Mycenaean vase, on the other hand, makes the octopus symmetric with ridiculously long tentacles and loses both the realistic and the freer feeling. The stiffer feeling of the Mycenaean octopus could be corresponding to a more rigid lifestyle that revolves around more uniformity as we can see in the Krater. I don't necessarily see it as the Mycenaeans engaged in a lot more conflict, but maybe don't view life as peaceful as the Minoans had.


will have the name "imudp(w0″), the second "imudp(w1)" and so on. Note that workers are all equal. It doesn't really matter which worker processes which messages, so the actual worker ID is not of much concern. More interesting is to check how the load is spread between the worker. Also note that there is no fixed worker-to-listener relationship: all workers process messages from all listeners.
Note: worker thread statistics are available starting with rsyslog 7.5.5.
 - disallowed - total number of messages discarded due to disallowed sender
This counts the number of messages that have been discarded because they have been received by an disallowed sender. Note that if no allowed senders are configured (the default), this counter will always be zero.
This counter was introduced by rsyslog 8.35.0.
The following properties are maintained for each worker thread:
 - called.recvmmsg - number of recvmmsg() OS calls done
 - called.recvmsg - number of recvmsg() OS calls done
 - msgs.received - number of actual messages received
Caveats/Known Bugs
 - Scheduling parameters are set after privileges have been dropped. In most cases, this means that setting them will not be possible after privilege drop. This may be worked around by using a sufficiently-privileged user account.
Example 1
This sets up an UDP server on port 514:
Example 2
This sets up a UDP server on port 514 bound to device eth0:
input(type="imudp" port="514" device="eth0")
Example 3
The following sample is mostly equivalent to the first one, but request a larger rcvuf size. Note that 1m most probably will not be honored by the OS until the user is sufficiently privileged.
input(type="imudp" port="514" rcvbufSize="1m")
Example 4
In the next example, we set up three listeners at ports 10514, 10515 and 10516 and assign a listener name of "udp" to it, followed by the port number:
input(type="imudp" port=["10514","10515","10516"]
 inputname="udp" inputname.appendPort="on")
Example 5
The next example is almost equal to the previous one, but now the inputname property will just be set to the port number. So if a message was received on port 10515, the input name will be "10515" in this example whereas it was "udp10515" in the previous one. Note that to do that we set the inputname to the empty string.
 inputname="" inputname.appendPort="on")
Additional Information on Performance Tuning
Threads and Ports
The maximum number of threads is a module parameter. Thus there is no direct relation to the number of ports.
Every worker thread processes all inbound ports in parallel. To do so, it adds all listen ports to an epoll() set and waits for packets to arrive. If the system supports the recvmmsg() call, it tries to receive up to batchSize messages at once. This reduces the number of transitions between user and kernel space and as such overhead.
After the packages have been received, imudp processes each message and creates input batches which are then submitted according to the config file's queue definition. After that the a new cycle beings and imudp return to wait for new packets to arrive.
When multiple threads are defined, each thread performs the processing described above. All worker threads are created when imudp is started. Each of them will individually awoken from epoll as data is present. Each one reads as much available data as possible. With a low incoming volume this can be inefficient in that the threads compete against inbound data. At sufficiently high volumes this is not a problem because multiple workers permit to read data from the operating system buffers while other workers process the data they have read. It must be noted that "sufficiently high volume" is not a precise concept. A single thread can be very efficient. As such it is recommended to run impstats inside a performance testing lab to find out a good number of worker threads. If in doubt, start with a low number and increase only if performance actually increases by adding threads.
A word of caution: just looking at thread CPU use is not a proper way to monitor imudp processing capabilities. With too many threads the overhead can increase, even strongly. This can result in a much higher CPU utlization but still overall less processing capability.
Please also keep in your mind that additional input worker threads may cause more mutex contention when adding data to processing queues.
Too many threads may also reduce the number of messages received via a single recvmmsg() call, which in turn increases kernel/user space switching and thus system overhead.
If real time priority is used it must be ensured that not all operating system cores are used by imudp threads. The reason is that otherwise for heavy workloads there is no ability to actually process messages. While this may be desirable in some cases where queue settings permit for large bursts, it in general can lead to pushback from the queues.
For lower volumes, real time priority can increase the operating system overhead by awaking imudp more often than strictly necessary and thus reducing the effectiveness of recvmmsg().
imudp threads and queue worker threads
There is no direct relationship between these two entities. Imudp submits messages to the configured rulesets and places them into the respective queues. It is then up the the queue config, and outside of the scope or knowledge of imudp, how many queue worker threads will be spawned by the queue in question.
Note, however, that queue worker threads and imudp input worker threads compete for system ressources. As such the combined overall value should not overload the system. There is no strict rule to follow when sizing overall worker numbers: for queue workers it strongly depends on how compute-intense the workload is. For example, omfile actions need few worker threads as they are fast. On the contrary, omelasticsearch often waits for server replies and as such more worker threads can be beneficial. The queue subsystem auto-tuning of worker threads should handle the different needs in a useful way.
Additional Resources
See also
Help with configuring/using Rsyslog:
 - Mailing list - best route for general questions
See also
Contributing to Rsyslog:
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Long Integer type values. Here, we are not going to bother about what is Long Integer or Short Integer and their range of values that we can store in them, etc.
Next line Apple_Box1 = 10, value 10 is stored in Apple_Box1.
The next three lines are remarks explaining what we are doing in the next line.
We are calling Test_1B() Function and passing the value of Apple_Box1 to the function to do something with the value received in a Variable (ByVal Apple_Box2). The ByVal before Apple_Box2 given in Test_1B() function states that take a copy of the value from Apple_Box1. The 'As Long' appearing after the closing parenthesis indicates that the second function does some calculations with the received value and returns the result to the first function. The new value received is stored in ApplesReceived Variable.
Next line MsgBox() function displays the Apple_Box1 contents and the result value (after modification done to the original copy of value) received from Test_1B() function.
The Test_1B Function.
Public Function Test_1B(ByVal Apple_Box2 As Long) As Long
'Take Note of the Key-Word 'ByVal' (says take a Copy of the Passed Value)
'Return the value back into the first function Test_1A
'After adding 15 to the original value of 10
'copied into Apple_Box2
Test_1B = Apple_Box2 + 15
End Function
There is only one executable statement in the above function. Immediately after the function definition four lines of remarks indicating what happens in the function.
We will take a closer look at the next line of the statement. This statement has two parts – the first part appears left of the = sign and the second part is on the right side of the equal sign.
In this expression, the left side of the equal sign will be a Variable or a Function name. By now you will be asking yourself as to why a function name there. That will be explained in a moment.
The computer always evaluates the expression given at the right side of the equal sign first and arrives at a single value and moves that result in the Variable given at the left side of the equal sign. Any existing value in the variable will be lost. You can write that expression in two lines to arrive at the same result as below:
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
Test_1B = Apple_Box2
In the first expression, you can see that we have used the Apple_Box2 variable to the left side and right side of the = sign. As I said earlier the expression at the right side of the equal sign is evaluated first. So it takes the existing value of 10 from Apple_Box2 for calculations and Adds 15 to it, arriving at the single result value of 25, and moves that value into Variable Apple_Box2, replacing earlier value 10.
If the Function name (the function name given at the first line of Code) appears at the left side of equal sign then the meaning of the statement is that the final result of the expression must be returned to the Calling Function. Here, the Function Name acts as a Variable with the Data Type (As Long) specified immediately after the closing brackets on the first line.
This function name appears on the calling statement in the calling function to the right side of the = sign and a Variable Name on the left side of the = sign that saves the received result value (ApplesReceived = Test_1B(Apple_Box1).
Method-2 Examples:
In this method, we have defined only one variable Apple_Box1 as Long Integer Type. In the next line, the Variable is loaded with an initial value of 10. The next two lines are remarks explaining what is happening in the next line that calls the second function Test_1D().
Compare this statement with the statement that calls Test_1B. Unlike the statement that calls Test_1B() the Function Name Test_1D and the function parameter, Variable Apple_Box1 only appear here. The opening and closing brackets are omitted from the function name. The parameter variable is the second item. Test_1D() function is not returning any value back into the calling function Test_1C. Therefore we don't need to write this line of code in the form of an expression as we did in Test_1A Function. But, you cannot write the statement as:
Once we use the parenthesis (normally used with the function name) around the parameter variable then VBA assumes that some value is returned from the called function and you are forced to write it like we did it in Function Test_1A:
x = Test_1D(Apple_Box1) 'Expression
'OR use Call statement
Call Test_1D(Apple_Box1)
There will not be any value in the variable x because no value is returned from the called function.
If you feel comfortable with this method then you may do so. You will be defining one more variable for this purpose and your program takes up more memory.
The usage of the Call statement requires the parenthesis around the parameter variable. If no parameters to pass to the called function even then you should use the opening and closing parenthesis at the end of Function Name like Call Test_1D().
When control returns from Test_1D() the next line displays the changed value in Apple_Box1 Variable.
Public Function Test_1C()
Dim Apple_Box1 As Long
'put 10 into Variable
Apple_Box1 = 10
'here Test_1D function takes the
'location address of Apple_Box1
Test_1D Apple_Box1 'compare this statement with Test_1A function
End Function
Test_1D() function takes the location address of the parameter variable passed to it. It works directly with the value stored in the variable Apple_Box1's own location.
Public Function Test_1D(ByRef Apple_Box2 As Long)
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
End Function
 Test_1D() takes the location address (this is the memory location number of the variable) of variable Apple_Box1 into variable Apple_Box2, defined in the parameter area of Test_1D() function.
Now, look at the expression:
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
Apple_Box2 contains the location address, not the contents of the Apple_Box1 variable. But, no need to make any change in the expression to do any kind of calculations. The computer uses the location address to pick the value from there and use the value in calculations.
Even though we have used ByRef to the Parameter Variable, to accept the location address of the variable passed to it (always a number irrespective of different variable types), the rest of the parameter definition is like any other variable with variable Type (as Long) specification. Compare Test_1D() function definition with the Test_1B(). Test_1D doesn't have the As Long at the end of the line because it is not returning any value from the function but it changes the original value at its location directly.
You may omit the usage ByRef from the Function declaration. By default, VBA assumes that the Function Parameter declaration is ByRef (By Reference) if you have not explicitly defined the parameter as ByVal like:
Public Function Test_1D(Apple_Box2 As Long)
Each Variable Type, like Byte, Integer, Long (integer), Double, String, etc. gets allocated with enough memory cells, besides its own address, to hold their maximum range of values. This is different among Programming Languages: VBA, C, C++, C#, etc.
In Conclusion.
We don't have to bother about going too deep into all those things but it does no harm to have a basic understanding of them.
If you get in touch with the C language and its variants, like the examples given above, you need to deal with these things, sooner or later.
Our discussion here was on a single variable and it's value. How we can work with an Array of Variables and Values. We will explore its methods in the coming weeks.
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University of Wisconsin Madison College of Engineering
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 4. 2002 >
Device may ease MRI breast biopsy procedure
Dvorak group positioner
Three biomedical engineering undergraduates built a prototype of their time-saving device, which could enable radiologists to conduct MRI breast biopsies without leaving the MRI control room. (large image)
With breast cancer, early detection may mean the difference between life and death. Today's doctors are increasingly using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to find tiny masses of suspicious breast tissue they cannot see with conventional mammography or ultrasound. However, the biopsy procedure coupled with this emerging breast-imaging technology is cumbersome and time consuming.
A new device developed by UW-Madison students and faculty may bring that procedure up to date as well. "I suspect that one of the inhibiting factors holding back breast MRI is the very fact that biopsy is complicated compared to biopsy with mammography or ultrasound," says Frederick Kelcz, associate professor of radiology.
In current MRI biopsy procedures, radiologists must make several manual adjustments until the biopsy needle is in the vicinity of the suspicious tissue, says Kelcz. "All this takes time," he says.
Seeking a more efficient, precise method, Kelcz turned to undergraduate engineering students in Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Professor Frank Fronczak's biomedical engineering design courses. "I thought this would be a good project for engineering students — to devise a positioner so the radiologist can stay out of the MRI room and do all of the positioning remotely," says Kelcz. "Then he or she would only enter the room when it was time to actually do the biopsy."
Created by then-students Bill Andrae, Eric Dvorak and Justin Kolterman, the new device features a computer-driven needle positioner that radiologists can operate and adjust from the MRI control room. Because operators adjust the positioner from the MRI control room via computer-generated coordinates, the device not only may improve biopsy accuracy, but also may reduce the biopsy time from an hour to about 20 minutes.
So that the positioner doesn't interfere with the MRI's magnets, the students built a rough prototype from molded-plastic parts and stainless-steel cylinders. They successfully tested it on nonliving material, and Dvorak, now a medical student at UW-Madison, hopes a medical systems company will exhibit interest in manufacturing the invention. Kelcz, Fronczak and the students are patenting it through the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.


text:
What is the average kinetic energy of a substance
It's its temperature! Thanks for using ChaCha!
More Answers to "What is the average kinetic energy of a substance"
- What is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particle...?
- Temperature, which is the average kinetic energy of all the particles that make up a substance.
- What's the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance...?
- The sum of each particle times its energy divided by the total number of particles. (I know this is not what you meant to ask. I'm just giving the technically correct answer to show you that you could get what you want easier and faster by...
- What is the average kinetic energy of particles in an object??
- it is the half of energy that is considered between the phenomenal kinetic energy requirements
Related Questions Answered on Y!Answers
- Which temperature scale provides a direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance?
- Q: Which temperature scale provides a direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance?What is the name of the device used to measure gas pressure?Help? Thanks.
- A: You have to use the Kevin scale for any energy calculations.The instrument used to measure pressure depends on the pressure. Very low pressures such as in vacuum operations use an ionisation gauge or a McCloed gauge. Near ambient pressures you can use a manometer. At very high pressures such as in a rocket engine you would need a pressure gauge or perhaps a strain gauge.
- If the average kinetic energy of a substance changes what happens?
- Q: A)its temperature changesB)it may change phaseC)thermal energy has been transfered into or out of the substanceD)all of these
- A: The answer should be A.Average kinetic energy of a substance is related to the speed of the particles moving in it and the temperature of the substance.As the particles in the a substance moves faster, the average kinetic energy of the substance increases. So does the temperature.When a substance changes phase, the temperature will remain constant. This means that the average kinetic energy is also constant during this process. Hence, B is wrong.When thermal energy is being transferred out of the substance, one could understand it as taking out some particles out of the substance. So what is changed here? I would think that the total kinetic energy is being changed, since some particles have been taken away. But the taking away of the particles would not affect the speed of the remaining particles. The AVERAGE kinetic energy should remain unchanged. Hence, C is also wrong.
- In which phase of a substance do its particles have the greatest average kinetic energy?
- Q: In which phase of a substance do its particles have the greatest average kinetic energy?In Which phase does the substance have the highest potential energy?
- A: I'll just throw out there that it seems likely a plasma would have the highest kinetic energy. I'm not sure if that is one of the choices, depending on the context of the original question.
Prev Question: What is the study of physical science

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Studies informal logic and language techniques as they relate to reasoning and argument. Provides practice in analyzing arguments and constructing sound arguments. Lecture 3 hours per week.
GENERAL COURSE PURPOSE
To introduce the student to the principles of informal logic. To develop skills which will enable the student to distinguish sound reasoning from unsound, and which will enable the student to construct a sound argument.
ENTRY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
At the completion of this course, the student will be able to recognize unsound reasoning, and construct sound arguments. Specifically, the student will be able to:
B. Identify informal logical fallacies.
C. Understand the principles of argumentation.
D. Construct a simple, sound argument, avoiding fallacies and adequately supporting his conclusion.
Critical attention will be given to the following topics:
B. Conversational implication
C. Language of argument - terminology
D. Close analysis of arguments, sound and unsound
E. Fallacies of relevance and ambiguity
F. Kinds of disagreement
G. Analysis of specific kinds of arguments - legal, scientific, moral, philosophical, historical, etc.
H. Writing logically


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File.AppendAllText Method (String, String, Encoding)
Appends the specified string to the file, creating the file if it does not already exist.
Namespace: System.IO
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public static void AppendAllText (
 string path,
 string contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static void AppendAllText (
 String path,
 String contents,
 Encoding encoding
public static function AppendAllText (
 path : String,
 contents : String,
 encoding : Encoding
Not applicable.
The file to append the specified string to.
The string to append to the file.
The character encoding to use.
Exception typeCondition
path is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).
An I/O error occurred while opening the file.
path specified a file that is read-only.
This operation is not supported on the current platform.
path specified a directory.
The caller does not have the required permission.
The file specified in path was not found.
path is in an invalid format.
The caller does not have the required permission.
Given a string and a file path, this method opens the specified file, appends the string to the end of the file using the specified encoding, and then closes the file. The file handle is guaranteed to be closed by this method, even if exceptions are raised.
The following code example demonstrates the use of the AppendAllText method to add extra text to the end of a file. In this example a file is created, if it doesn't already exist, and text is added to it.
using System;
using System.IO;
class Test
 public static void Main()
 // This text is added only once to the file.
 if (!File.Exists(path))
 // Create a file to write to.
 string createText = "Hello and Welcome" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.WriteAllText(path, createText);
 // if it is not deleted.
 string appendText = "This is extra text" + Environment.NewLine;
 File.AppendAllText(path, appendText);
 // Open the file to read from.
 string readText = File.ReadAllText(path);
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0
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© 2014 Microsoft. All rights reserved.


How to use IP Filters to restrict student access to tests
In this article, you'll learn how to use the IP Filter option on tests to restrict test access to students who are on computers at a specific location.
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a number assigned to an Internet-connected device. It serves to identify the device and give the device an "address". Because devices are generally connected to networks in a particular location (e.g. your college campus, your home office, the local coffee shop, etc.) IP addresses can be used to identify where a device is located.
IP Filtering for tests works as follows:
 1. You specify that only devices from certain IP addresses may access the test.
 2. When students go to take the test from the correct IP address, they can access the test.
 3. If they go to take the test from the wrong IP address, they are locked out of the test. Here's what they'll see when that happens.
The typical use for IP Filtering is to ensure that only students in a particular location (perhaps surveyed by a proctor) can access a test. You should not use this tool in online-only courses where your students are located all over the place—it'd be a tremendous hassle keeping track of all the IP addresses you'd need.
When adding a new test assignment, you can add an IP filter restriction.
 1. Follow the instructions for setting up a test assignment.
 2. Under Restrictions, check next to Filter IP addresses.
 3. Enter the IP address(es) from which you wish to permit access to this test. Consult with your school's IT department if you need help determining what to enter in these fields.
 4. When you're done, click Save.
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text:
Mexico Considering Major Tax Reform, Could Impact Trade Flows
Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto has submitted for legislative approval a series of initiatives that would constitute a major overhaul of the Mexican tax system. Some of the proposed changes aim to encourage trade while others could have negative impacts on important sectors like the maquila and automotive industries. Some of the most important provisions include the following.
Value-Added Tax Law
- The VAT for sales in border areas or regions would be increased from 11% to 16% to harmonize it with the VAT imposed in the rest of the country.
- The VAT exemption for all temporary imports, including such imports into automotive tax warehouses and strategic fiscal areas as well as virtual importations, would be eliminated.
- The VAT exemption for sales between residents abroad or between a resident abroad and a maquila, terminal automotive industry or tax warehouse would be eliminated.
- The obligation to withhold the VAT that domestic suppliers transfer would be eliminated.
Special Tax IEPS
- Temporary imports, including imports under the IMMEX customs regime or into automotive tax warehouses or strategic fiscal areas, would be subject to the corresponding IEPS.
- Use of customs brokers would no longer be mandatory and importers and exporters would be able to file for customs clearance directly.
- Strategic fiscal areas could be established anywhere in the country and goods in these areas could be subject to processing and even commercialization.
- Documents sent to customs authorities electronically would be afforded legal recognition.
- Customs clearance could be granted through any customs office.
- All of a company's representatives would be legally responsible before customs authorities.
- Imports of locomotives, railroad cars and specialized goods of the railway industry would be allowed under temporary import regimes.
- Customs authorities could authorize individuals (except importers, exporters and customs brokers) to provide pre-validation services.
- Customs declarations could be corrected both before and after a determination is made to subject a transaction to examination by customs authorities.
- The ability to change the customs regime under which goods are imported without prior notice to customs authorities would not be limited to maquilas.
- Importers would be able to convert temporary imports to regular imports even if the authorized length of time for the temporary import has expired or customs authorities have begun verification.
- Goods would be eligible for storage in a customs warehouse regardless of how they are transported (land, air, sea).
The reform package is expected to be approved by the House by Oct. 20 and by the Senate by Oct. 30. Sandler & Travis is closely monitoring this proposal and can help you understand how it may affect your trade and customs compliance efforts.
For more information, please contact Jorge Morales at +52 (55) 52 63 84 40 or USA & Canada Toll Free: _PHONE_ or Rachel Pisani at _PHONE_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Heart of Darkness Topic Tracking: Wilderness Imagery
Wilderness Imagery 1: Marlow describes for his shipmates the wild state of nature that must have existed when the Romans first visited England.
Wilderness Imagery 2: Marlow watched the jungle from his ship, seeing pure wilderness for the first time.
Wilderness Imagery 3: Marlow describes the wild and varied vegetation he saw on his journey, and the oppressive impression it had on him.
Wilderness Imagery 4: Marlow had an image, at the Central Station, of the surrounding wilderness waiting to outlast the invasion of the Company.
Wilderness Imagery 5: Marlow imagined the forest looking back at the manager and his uncle--the wilderness is personified.
Wilderness Imagery 6: The vegetation and wild natural state along the river overwhelmed Marlow--he imagined it observing him from all sides.
Wilderness Imagery 7: Marlow looked back and could see no trace of where the ship had come from--it was as though the jungle was closing in behind them.
Wilderness Imagery 8: Marlow says that the wilderness had taken control of Kurtz.
Wilderness Imagery 9: When he leaves the ship to look for Kurtz, Marlow ends up in the midst of the living, wild jungle he had been fearing all along.
Wilderness Imagery 10: Kurtz, cursing the wilderness, asked Marlow to close the shutters to keep him from seeing the "curtain of trees" around him.


text:
We provide resources to assist our stakeholders in understanding our regulatory role and how we protect the public interest.
As part of its regulatory mandate, PEO establishes, maintains and develops: standards of knowledge and skill; standards of practice for the profession; standards of professional ethics; and promotes public awareness of its role. The following are resources to assist PEO stakeholders--licence holders, applicants, and the public--in understanding their roles and responsibilities and the regulator's work protecting the public interest.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does PEO accept continuing knowledge activities completed in another province or with another regulator?
Does PEO assist licence holders who find the knowledge declaration challenging?
PEO provides resources to assist licence holders, including guidelines and information sessions.
Does PEO accredit continuing knowledge activities courses to ensure they have value?
No. The value of a course depends on the needs of each licence holder. It is up to licence holders to develop a continuing knowledge plan of value to them.
Does attending manufacturer's workshops and training sessions on their new products or technologies count as continuing knowledge activities?
Yes, if the workshop training session deals with any of the core competencies given above.
Can attending a PEO chapter event count towards my continuing knowledge hours?
Yes. The program recognizes continuing knowledge activities that are learning sessions with technical knowledge and focus on maintaining or enhancing engineering competence. PEO provides guidance on the three types of continuing knowledge activities that are recognized by the PEAK program.
PEO does not validate specific continuing knowledge activities or endorse activity providers as being eligible for the PEAK program. Practising licence holders are asked to determine their own needs based on their practice and pursue relevant continuing knowledge opportunities, then report these activity hours to PEO using the online reporting tool in their Member Portal account.
Does PEO recognize online courses?
Yes. PEO is not concerned with how an individual learns but, rather, with what they learn. Any course that has content addressing at least one of the five core engineering competencies is acceptable. The core competencies are:
- A – Apply engineering knowledge, methods and techniques
- B – Use engineering tools, equipment or technology
- C – Awareness of the risks and impacts of engineering work
- D – Manage engineering activities
- E – Communicate engineering information
Over what timeframe should I be completing my recommended number of continuing knowledge activity hours to report back to PEO?
Practising licence holders are to asked to pursue continuing knowledge activities that occur during your licence period—from the date of your current licence renewal to shortly before your next renewal date the following year.
How do I determine how many or what continuing knowledge activities I should complete?
A truly unique aspect of the PEAK program is that it allows professional engineers the opportunity to design their own knowledge plan to align with their area of practice and the available continuing knowledge opportunities. Under this self-directed initiative, each licence holder will:
- complete the practice evaluation questionnaire to determine the recommended number of hours for annual supplemental knowledge (maximum of 30 hours annually);
- determine his or her own needs, based on his or her own practice;
- pursue opportunities that are most relevant to his or her practice; and
- report what they have done to PEO.
What is an acceptable continuing knowledge activity?
Acceptable continuing knowledge activities fall into three broad categories: formal education, informal education and contribution to knowledge.
Formal education refers to any structured classroom-based learning provided by persons with expert knowledge of the subject matter. This includes college or university courses in technical subjects; courses for industrial sector certifications; training courses provided by manufacturers or suppliers; and similar activities. Courses must be completed in order to count towards the annual continuing knowledge requirement. Teaching or instructing such courses also counts.
Informal education refers to learning activities that take place outside the classroom. This includes self-study through reading of technical journals, books or manuals. It also includes attendance at conference technical sessions or trade-shows; or at standalone workshops or seminars. Structured discussions with peers such as mentoring sessions or study groups are also acceptable as long as the subject of the discussions is technical in nature.
Contributions to knowledge includes any activity that disseminates knowledge to other licence holders or establishes best practices for the profession. This includes the preparation and publication of papers on topics of interest to the engineering community; preparation and publication of articles in technical or trade journals or magazines; participation on committees developing codes and standards; participation on expert advisory panels; preparing and/or delivering a seminar or presentation to an audience of professional engineers, technologists, or related professions.
Is the ethics module a test I need to prepare for?
The ethics module is not a test and requires no study or preparation before completing it. It is an interactive video refresher to help both practising and non-practising licence holders get reacquainted with their ethical and professional obligations as described in the Professional Engineers Act (PEO's regulatory role; legal and ethical obligations of licensure; professional misconduct; and a licence holder's duty to report). You'll also be reminded on how these obligations should be applied in real-life situations.


Is Carrageenan Vegan Friendly And Safe? (Benefits + Dangers)
Carrageenan is an ingredient used in so many different foods, supplements, and other products, but most people probably have never even heard of it. Chances are that your food and supplements contain carrageenan because it's one of the best alternatives to gelatin for both vegetarians and vegans.
Unfortunately, as good as it is for replacing gelatin, some people feel that the ingredient causes them health problems and try their best to avoid it.
While there is still much research to be done to draw any definite conclusions about whether or not the ingredient is safe for humans, there is evidence that it has some benefits and harmful effects.
Current estimates of carrageenan intake in humans range from 20 mg to several grams per day.
In this article, I will discuss some of the potential benefits and dangers of carrageenan.
What is carrageenan
Carrageenan is derived from red edible seaweeds and used widely in the food industry as a thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agent. However, it's also used in supplements, pharmaceuticals, hair care products, toothpaste, foams, and many other products.
Although carrageenans have been introduced on a larger scale in the last century or so, they've actually been used in China since 600 B.C.
There are three classes of carrageenan which have different molecular structures making them suitable for different products.
 - Kappa (strong rigid gels)
 - Iota (soft elastic gels)
 - Lambda (thickening polymer)
In the United States, the ingredient can be identified simply as "carrageenan" whether or not it's refined or semi-refined. If you're in the European Union, look for E numbers E-407 and E-407a [1].
Which foods and supplements contain it?
I can't simply name every single food and supplement which contains carrageenan here, but there are a few products that you should be careful of.
 - Milk substitutes: soy milk, soy yogurts, almond milk, coconut milk, almond milk, baby formula.
 - Vegan supplements: omega 3, vitamin D, chewable multivitamins, protein powders.
 - Vegan snacks: nutrition bars, protein bars, confectionaries.
 - Prepared foods: soups, vegan desserts, vegetable stocks & broths.
If you're having trouble finding carrageenan-free milk products, check out my article on vegan milk substitutes. From there you will find links directing you to the relevant pages for whatever type of non-diary milk you're after.
If you're looking for a good omega 3 supplements that don't contain carrageenan, you can find a good selection here.
What are the benefits?
Carrageenan is mostly fiber and due to its high molecular weight, it cannot be absorbed by the body. But although it contains no nutritional value, there are some potential benefits from using it in food products and supplements, despite the controversy around the ingredient.
How it improves food and supplement products
 - It helps bind the ingredients together, improving texture, consistency, and taste.
 - It helps preserve the ingredients so that they have a longer shelf life.
 - It's completely vegan-friendly and helps create a similar alternative to non-vegan foods.
How it can improve your health by lowering the risk of disease
Carrageenan has been studied in humans for its potential health properties in
May improve cholesterol and improve cardiovascular disease risk
Studies have shown that carrageenan may improve cholesterol profiles of those consuming the ingredient for several weeks. In one study, subjects saw an increase in good cholesterol (HDL), (1.65 vs 1.25 mmol/L) and lower triglycerides (0.87 vs 1.28 mmol/L) while they consumed the ingredient [2].
In another study where researchers looked at the effect of a carrageenan food supplement in patients with cardiovascular disease, there were several significant improvements in biomarkers which could indicate that carrageenan is beneficial [3].
The main findings of the study include:
 - Reduction of leukocytes (15.9%)
 - Reduction of fibrinogen (8.63%)
 - Reduction of C-reactive protein (13.03%)
 - Reduced total cholesterol levels (16.5%)
 - Reduced LDL (33.5%)
 - The atherosclerotic index decreased (36.6%)
Acts as a prebiotic to help good bacteria flourish in the gut
Keeping our intestinal microbiota in good order is extremely important for our health. To encourage the growth of good bacteria, we can eat 'prebiotic' foods such as carrageenan, which will help keep the bad bacteria in check and improve the healthy bacterial colonies.
A review looking at the in vivo and in vitro effects of carrageenan on bacterial growth has found that it could be a good prebiotic in humans, but so there needs to be more research done because carrageenan has also been linked with inflammation in the gut in some people [4].
Other research suggests that carrageenan might be helpful in protecting intestinal cells against damage from stressors and improve cell viability when in contact with toxic agents [5].
What are the dangers?
Carrageenan, for all its positives as an alternative food additive to improve vegan foods, it does have some downsides.
Yet, despite the downsides that I'll go into in just a minute, the FDA and other agencies have refused to ban the ingredient because there is not enough evidence that it's a significant health risk [6].
Carrageenan could worsen ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
If anyone should avoid carrageenan, it is people who already have bowel issues. Carrageenan, when studied in animals and humans, appears to cause inflammation and worsen symptoms of colitis.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, clinical trial, ulcerative colitis patients were assessed to see if a diet that was free from carrageenan had any effect on their disease.
All of the subjects in the study had to eat a diet that did not contain any carrageenan, and then they were randomized into two separate groups where one took a capsule containing carrageenan and the other did not.
During the study, inflammatory markers were monitored as well as whether or not the subjects had a relapse.
It was found that three patients who had been given 200 mg carrageenan capsules had experienced a relapse while none of the placebo groups who took the tablets had one.
When the researchers measured IL-6 and fecal calprotectin (markers of inflammation), they found that these had increased in the carrageenan group only [7].
Crohn's disease (IBD)
Carrageenan has consistently been found to have negative effects on animals when they are given it in their diet.
In guinea pigs, 100% of the animals that are given carrageenan develop ulcerations in their large intestine which closely resembles the lesions found in humans with ulcerative colitis.
Carrageenan appears to degrade the protective mucus layer of the intestinal wall, leading to activation of immune cells, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased inflammation [8].
Should vegans eat carrageenan?
Vegans can eat carrageenan and not experience any negative side effects. However, people who experience digestive problems should probably try to keep their diet free of carrageenan.
Fortunately, there are now many companies that recognize the potential dangers of carrageenan in some groups of people and offer foods and supplements that use safer alternatives.
If you're one of those that have not experienced any problems, you may continue to eat carrageenan as it is still considered safe for most people by the FDA.
I recommend also watching Dr. Greger's video on whether or not carrageenan is safe.
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Reveillon Riots
On 27 April 1789, there were widespread rumours that a local bourgeois wallpaper manufacturer, Réveillon, in Paris was going to lower wages at his factory so that he would be able to lower prices of his products. In fact, these remarks had been misconstrued where he had actually said in a speech that bread prices should be lower so that more people would be able to afford it.
Nonetheless, the rumours spread like wildfire and this misunderstanding led several hundred Parisian urban workers to go to the factory and protest, which eventuated into a violent altercation. This was the first instance of violent attack by urban workers upon the rich, and resulted in around 300 injured, several killed and Réveillon's factory being destroyed.
See Also


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From the late nineteenth century through the beginning of World War II, the best jobs available to African Americans in Portland, Oregon were on the dining cars that came through Union Station and at the hotels around it. Because white-owned businesses were largely closed to people of color, a community of black-owned businesses and social organizations grew in the area surrounding the station. A new exhibit at the Oregon Historical Society explores work and lives of Portland's African American railroad workers and their families just in time for the 2013 Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday and National Black History Month.
"All Aboard: Railroading and Portland's Black Community," an exhibit created by Oregon Northwest Black Pioneers and the Oregon Historical, and funded in part by a grant from Oregon Humanities, focuses on the African American railroad workers in Portland in the 1800's through the 1940's and the community that grew around Portland's Union Station over the years. The interactive exhibit, which was assembled with the help of an advisory committee of former railroad workers, children of railroad workers, and local historians, features period uniforms and articles from historical black newspapers, and places the stories of Portland's railroad workers within the context of Oregon's racial history.
The exhibit opened on Tuesday, January 15th, at the Oregon Historical Society Museum, 1200 SW Park Avenue, Portland, OR, and runs through April 21st.
The museum is open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday to Saturday and noon to 5 p.m. Sunday. Admission is free for OHS members and residents of Multnomah County, and $5–$11 for nonmembers and nonresidents. On Monday, January 21st, admission is free in honor of the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday. For a calendar of related events, visit the OHS website.


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My English teacher ripped our heads off if we tried to explain something that we couldn't really describe by adding "something like that".
Sample: "This is a board game or something like that".
What are the better alternatives? "Something similar"?
share|improve this question
Your teacher could answer this better than EL&U – tenfour Mar 26 '11 at 0:06
My last English lesson was 9 years ago so I can't ask anymore :) – WarrenFaith Mar 26 '11 at 1:09
As the other have suggested, there is nothing idiomatically wrong with "something like that", though "something similar" might be more common in a sentence like yours. – Cerberus Mar 26 '11 at 2:03
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1 Answer
up vote 5 down vote accepted
"Something similar" is okay, and perhaps slightly better, but I don't think the phrasing was what made your teacher mad. Using "or something similar" does not explain something you couldn't really translate; it just is noise, and does not add anything. Leave it off.
share|improve this answer
This is pretty much it. I think your teacher is trying to get you to put more thought into your explanations. – Yozomiri Mar 26 '11 at 0:00
_USER_: You're not the only one :) Many of my teachers hated that phrase, as well. Even my physics teacher would not have his students reply any question whatsoever using that phrase. For instance, one could hear the following exchange: "Are you in [...]'s class?" "Something like that, sir." Absolument ridicule. Yes, avoid it like the plague! – Jimi Oke Mar 26 '11 at 0:06
hm... that makes completely sense... thank you! – WarrenFaith Mar 26 '11 at 1:11
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Adenosine may modulate blood flow and electrical activity in heart in response to changes in myocardial energy metabolism. In the present study, 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the relation between cytosolic phosphate metabolite levels and release of adenosine into the venous effluent of isovolumic heart during graded low-flow ischaemia or metabolic stimulation with isoproterenol. When coronary flow rate was varied in steps between 1.6 and 12 ml/min/g, cytosolic ATP levels did not change significantly but the phosphorylation potential exhibited a linear correlation with flow rate below approximately 7 ml/min/g. Purine release (adenosine and inosine) correlated linearly with the cytosolic phosphorylation potential and free AMP concentration. Metabolic stimulation of hearts with isoproterenol (0.4, 3.0, and 60 nM), produced a significant fall in cytosolic ATP levels and decreased the cytosolic phosphorylation potential. Purine release in these hearts increased exponentially as the cytosolic phosphorylation potential dropped, and as cytosolic free AMP increased. These results support a link between the phosphorylation potential and the mechanism of adenosine production during ischaemia and metabolic stimulation. Presumably, this link is the activity of the enzyme 5'-nucleotidase, which is responsible for converting AMP to adenosine, together with the concentration of its substrate, AMP. In low-flow ischaemia, cytosolic AMP may control adenosine formation. With isoproterenol stimulation, a more complex relationship exists, indicating possible allosteric regulation of the enzyme(s) responsible for adenosine formation, in addition to changes in AMP concentration.
Original publication
Journal article
J Mol Cell Cardiol
Publication Date
1089 - 1100
5'-Nucleotidase, Adenine Nucleotides, Adenosine, Allosteric Regulation, Animals, Coronary Circulation, Coronary Disease, Energy Metabolism, Heart, Hypoxia, Inosine, Isoproterenol, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Myocardium, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains


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Pegasystems CPBA Certification: A Comprehensive Guide to Success
Are you looking to enhance your career in the field of Information Technology? Pegasystems CPBA certification can open doors to a world of opportunities. In this article, we will explore the benefits of Pegasystems CPBA certification, the importance of practice tests, exam ques-tions, and study guides, and how _URL_ can help you achieve success in your certification journey. So, let's dive in!
In today's rapidly evolving IT industry, staying updated with the latest technologies is crucial. Pegasystems CPBA, has gained immense popularity due to its scalability, reliability, and flexibil-ity. To validate your expertise and stand out in the competitive job market, obtaining a Pegasystems CPBA certification is a wise choice.
Why Choose Pegasystems CPBA Certification?
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Pegasystems CPBA is a widely recognized and trusted cloud platform used by numerous organ-izations worldwide. By earning a Pegasystems CPBA certification, you gain industry recognition for your expertise in utilizing this powerful cloud solution.
Employers seek professionals with Pegasystems CPBA skills to manage within organization efficiently. With a certification, you increase your chances of career growth and better job prospects.
Preparing for Pegasystems CPBA certification equips you with in-depth knowledge of all objectives of this CPBA. It broadens your understanding of how to architect, implement, and manage CPBA solutions effectively.
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Role of Practice Tests in Pegasystems CPBA Preparation
CPBA Practice tests play a crucial role in your certification journey. They simulate the actual exam environment and help you assess your knowledge and readiness. Here's why practice tests are essential:
Familiarity with Exam Format
CPBA Practice tests familiarize you with the structure and format of the Pegasystems CPBA certification exams. This familiarity reduces exam anxiety and boosts your confidence.
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By attempting practice tests, you can identify areas where you need to focus your study efforts. It helps you pinpoint your strengths and weaknesses, allowing you to tailor your preparation accordingly.
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The time constraints of CPBA certification exams can be challenging. Practice tests help you develop effective time management strategies, enabling you to answer questions within the given time frame.
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Enhancing Exam Preparedness with Questions and Study Guides
To excel in your Pegasystems CPBA certification exam, utilizing exam questions and study guides is highly beneficial. Here's why they matter:
Exam questions provide an opportunity to reinforce what you have learned. They test your understanding of key concepts, ensuring you have a solid grasp of the subject matter.
Exam questions often present real-world scenarios, allowing you to apply your knowledge to practical situations. This prepares you to handle real-life challenges in an CPBA environment.
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4. Introducing dumpsjournal.com
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Each CPBA question on dumpsjournal.com comes with detailed explanations and answers. This helps you understand the reasoning behind each choice, enabling effective learning and concept reinforcement.
The user-friendly interface of dumpsjournal makes navigation and accessing re-sources hassle-free. You can easily track your progress, bookmark questions, and revisit them for further practice.
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Why Choose To Offset Your Weddin
Why choose to offset your wedding?
Weddings are a special kind of event in one's life, an event where dozens or hundreds of people come together, sometimes across great distances, to celebrate a special moment in a couple's life.
According to recent data, the average wedding produces 63 tons of CO₂. Offsetting this emission has become a viable option in the last few years. ICONIC now provides couples with a convenient option to offset their wedding.
Use the calculator below to quantify your wedding's impact on the environment, and see what offsetting options are available.
Carbon Emission Calculator
Fill in the fields to calculate the amount of CO₂ emission your wedding will produce.
Choose a project to support from the packages below by offsetting your wedding.
Not only will you have a greener wedding, you will also become a vital part of a community that fights climate change.
The Katingan Mentaya Forest Project
The project protects vital peatland habitats in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia along with economic, educational, health and gender support to the surrounding communities.
CO2OL CliMates
The combination of a climate protection project in Germany and Indonesia for peatland restoration. Peatlands are important carbon sinks that stabilize our climate.
Sustainable Community in Canada
Energy efficiency and solid waste diversion activities within the Quebec community regrouping hundreds of SME, stimulating their GHG efforts.
We use Global Warming Potential Values (GWP) provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency to identify the quantity of greenhouse gas emission and to offset it in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e).
Our calculations are based on The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG protocol) methodology as a referring source.
In order to calculate the total of CO₂ emission from cars used in the wedding we estimate the total number of miles driven in the wedding and multiply this number by the average CO₂ emission per 1 mile. The same calculation method is used to determine CO₂ emission from flights in total. The total number of miles from all the flights are multiplied by the average CO₂ emission produced by a plane per 1 mile. Calculation is based on US Environmental Protection Agency's data.
We ask to specify the type of meal served at the wedding in order to determine how much CO₂ emission will be produced by the total amount of food served in your wedding. The type of meal has an impact of the amount of CO₂ produced. Recent studies have shown that vegetarian and vegan meals produce much less CO₂ emission compared to meals that contain meat. According to the Oxford University study figures, an average non-vegetarian meal produces 15.8 pounds of CO₂ when vegetarian and vegan meals produces almost half of that: 8.4 and 6.4 pounds of CO₂ respectively. We base our calculation according to the number of guests that choose non-vegetarian and vegetarian/vegan meal options in your wedding.
10tree Large 1
The NFF partners with corporate sponsors and businesses to achieve their reforestation goals. At ICONIC, we are proud to be partnering with such an impactful upstanding organization rebuilding our forests one tree at a time
For every ICONIC product sold, we will plant 10 trees via the NFF and support them in restoring native landscapes and rebuilding healthy forests for the future.
his is part of our wider carbon-offsetting action plan and goal to maintain carbon neutrality
For more information about the National Forest Foundation and its initiatives: _URL_


How to Make a Tent in Your Bedroom
by Pilar Ethridge, Demand Media
 A bedroom tent could serve as a fort, castle, fortress or bunker in the mind of a child. That's why they provide hours and hours of fun. With just a few items that are likely already in your bedroom, you can build a tent in just a few minutes. Fortunately, this is also an activity that won't take long to clean up once you're done.
 Step 1
 Take the blankets off the bed so that you can use them as the walls of the tent. Sheets will be less useful so leaves those in place.
 Step 2
 Place a chair 3 to 5 feet away from the edge of the bed in your room. Throw a blanket over the chair and stretch one side of the blanket over the edge of the bed. If the blanket slides off, move the chair closer to the bed. The chair should create a rise, similar to the rise in a tent.
 Step 3
 Take another blanket and place one side over the same chair and the other side on the floor. Spread the blanket out so that there's room to crawl under it. Don't pull it so far that the chair falls over. Together, both blankets create the walls of the tent.
 Step 4
 Place a flashlight and snacks inside the tent. Using a flashlight, small children can read or play inside the fort for hours.
 About the Author
 Photo Credits
 - Jupiterimages/BananaStock/Getty Images


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I need to go on the record, officially, and state that the peace symbol is a ridiculous fashion accessory. Nevermind that the actual construction of the peace symbol is done using flag semaphore, a method of naval communication:
The symbol is a combination of the semaphore signals for the letters "N" and "D," standing for "nuclear disarmament". In semaphore the letter "N" is formed by a person holding two flags in an upside-down "V," and the letter "D" is formed by holding one flag pointed straight up and the other pointed straight down. Superimposing these two signs forms the shape of the centre of the peace symbol.
I'm sorry, maybe I am being judgemental. But did not anyone consider that using military symbols for a "peace" movement is more than the slightest bit ironic? Or is this an issue of co-option? And by using the symbols of the enemy, they are transformed?
Someone, please, tell the Hof that his shirt looks silly. Yes, it is now time to Hassle the Hof.


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- Description of a model for the calculation of breeding values for profitability
|Last update: November 22, 2010 12:27:19 PM|
Description of a model for the calculation of breeding values for profitability
M. J. Herselman
Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X529, Middelburg, EC, 5900, South Africa.
E-mail: Tino Herselman
Currently, the selection of breeding animals through the National Small Stock Improvement Scheme (NSSIS) in South Africa is based on indices and estimated breeding values for different production traits. The net result of such selection is an increase in production or income per head and not necessarily per unit of available resource. The income from an individual sheep is directly related to the level of production of that animal, whereas the income from a sheep farming enterprise is determined by the efficiency of converting available grazing material into products. For the farm enterprise, the available grazing material is the primary limiting factor. In the South African context, where vast areas of land are of relative low potential and where too much pressure is already placed on the natural resource, it is of particular importance that livestock is bred to increase income per unit of available resource and not per head. Continuously breeding bigger animals with higher nutritional requirements will inevitably result in more pressure being placed on the veld if animal numbers are not decreased accordingly. Currently, body weight is the most important trait considered during selection in the stud and commercial sheep and goat industries and it can therefore be expected that these animals will have ever-increasing nutritional requirements. The purpose of this paper is to propose a concept for incorporation into the NSSIS, which will enable breeders to select wool sheep for their potential to generate income within the limitation of the primary resource. A database was created consisting of ewe body weight (BW), clean fleece weight (CFW), clean wool price (CWP), number of Iambs born per ewe per year (LB), meat price (MP) and farm profit (PROFIT). Different combinations (243) of the first five variables were taken arbitrary and farm profit (R/SSU) was calculated for each of the 243 records with the SM2000 model of Herselman (2002). Amongst others, the following aspects are already built into SM2000 or were specifically included before the calculations were performed: generation of a growth curve for Iambs from adult ewe body weight; a 2 kg increase in body weight results in lambs to be marketed one month earlier; meat price of cull ewes (adult) is taken as 85% of that of lambs; the wool production of lambs is calculated from that of adult ewes; the small stock unit equivalents (SSU) are calculated from ME intake which in turn is calculated from the production data using the formulas of the ARC (1980). Subsequently, a multiple linear regression was fitted on the data (243 records) with PROFIT as dependent variable and BW, CFW, CWP, LB and MP as independent variables (Equation 1).
PROFIT (R/SSU) = -200.02 - 1.47BW + 28CFW + 2.8CWP + 67LB + 8.45MP (R2 = 0.97)
Equation 1 can be used in this format for the calculation of profit of a wool sheep farming enterprise from the average production data of the farm and relevant wool and meat prices. Subsequently, CWP in Equation! was substituted with a prediction equation whereby CWP is calculated from fibre diameter (FD), FD2 and staple length (SL). The wool prices for different micron and staple length categories for this equation were obtained from Cape Wools SA for the production seasons of 1997/98 to 2002/03. Likewise, MP in Equation 1 was substituted with the average meat price of the same period. The equation was further expanded to obtain an equation for the calculation of a breeding value for Farm Profit from estimated breeding values (ebv's) of the other production traits (Equation 2).
PROFITebv(R/SSU) = -998.16 - 1.47BWebv + 28CFWebv + 0.25SLebv - 106.23FDebv + 2.2634(21 + FDebv)2 + 67LBebv
The model for the calculation of breeding values for profitability has been computerized in a spreadsheet format, which enables easy re-calculation with other baseline values. The application of PROFITebv as a selection criterion will be evaluated in practice before implementation in the NSSIS.


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Emily Riehl: Arrow induction and the dependent Yoneda lemma
Time: Tue 2022-01-11 15.15 - 17.00
Location: Zoom, meeting ID: _PHONE_
Video link: _URL_
Participating: Emily Riehl (Johns Hopkins University)
Abstract: This talk aims to convey why I am excited about the potential of some variant of homotopy type theory as a foundation for higher category theory. This will be illustrated by a case study involving the Yoneda lemma for \((\infty,1)\)-categories. In homotopy type theory, the contractibility of the based path space is expressed by the principle of "path induction," which says that identity types are freely generated by reflexivity terms. By an analogy in which arrows in an \((\infty,1)\)-category are thought of as directed paths, there is an analogous principle of "arrow induction," which says that hom types are freely generated by identity arrows. We explain how this unravels to a "dependent" generalization of the Yoneda lemma. This involves joint work with Dominic Verity and Mike Shulman.


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Our goal is to understand the structure of subgroups of graphs of groups. This will enable us to prove things like: F \ast_{z} F is LERF.
Exercise 22. A group is coherent if every fg subgroup is fp. Prove that \pi_1 of a finite graph of groups with coherent vertex groups and cyclic edge group is coherent.
Recall, that if H \subseteq \pi_1 \mathcal{G}=G is fg then H has an induced graph of groups structure. \mathcal{H} =H \backslash T_H \subseteq H \backslash T where T is the Bass-Serre tree of \mathcal{G}.
Topologically, H defines a covering space X^H \rightarrow X_g, which inherits a graph of spaces structure with underlying graph H\backslash T.
\Gamma' =H \backslash T_H \subseteq H \backslash T is a finite connected subgraph and the image of \Gamma' in X^H is a connected subcomplex X' such that \pi_1 X' = \pi_1 X^H =H. X' has the structure of a graph of space with underlying graph \Gamma'
There is an explicit algebraic description of H\backslash T, which follows immediately from Lemmas 16,17,18.
Lemma 23. (a) The vertices of H\backslash T are in bijection with \coprod_{v \in V(\Gamma)} H \backslash G/G_v=\coprod_{v \in V(\Gamma)}\{HgG_v\mid g \in G\}.
The vertex HgG_v is labelled by: H \cap gG_vg^{-1}, well-defined up to conjugation in H.
(b) The edges of H\backslash T are in bijection with \coprod_{e \in E(\Gamma)} H \backslash G/G_e. The vertex HgG_e is labelled with H \cap g G_e g ^{-1}.
(c) The edges of H\backslash T adjoining the vertex corresponding to HgG_v are in bijection with \coprod_{e~\mathrm{adjoining}~v} (g^{-1} H g \cap G_v ) \backslash G_v/G_e.
Now we will try to understand this topologically. In particular, we will understand the edge maps of a covering space of a graph of spaces.
Let f:X \rightarrow Y be a continuous map and Y' \rightarrow Y a covering map. If f':X \rightarrow Y' makes the diagram commutes, then f' is a lift of f.
Lemma 24. Fix basepoint x \in X, y=f(x) \in Y, and y' \in Y' mapping to y. There is a lift f':X \rightarrow Y' with f'(x)=y' if and only if f_{\ast} \pi_1(X,x) \subseteq \pi_1(Y',y'). Furthermore, if this lift exists it is unique.
It may be impossible to lift at y'. But it is possible if we pass to a covering space. Eg., if \tilde{X} \rightarrow X is the universal cover. Intuitively, an elevation is a minimal lift.
Definition: Let X,Y,Y', x,y,y' be as above. A based connected covering space (X',x') \rightarrow (X,x) together with a based map f':(X',x')\to (Y',y') such that
commutes is an elevation (of f at y') if whenever the diagram
commutes and X' \rightarrow \bar{X} is a covering map of degree larger than 1 then the composition (\bar{X},\bar{x}) \rightarrow (X,x) \rightarrow (Y,y) does not lift to Y' at y'.
The unbased covering map X' \rightarrow X or equivalently the conjugacy class of the subgroup \pi_1(X') \subseteq \pi_1(X) is called the degree of the elevation f'.
Let \Gamma be a finitely generated group. It has a surjection F_s \rightarrow \Gamma for S finite. Elements of the kernel are called relations and the elements of S are called genereators. Suppose the kernel is generated as a normal subgroup by a subgroup K \subseteq F_S. Then we write \Gamma \cong \langle S|R \rangle to mean \Gamma \cong F_S/ \langle \langle R \rangle \rangle. If R is finite, the \Gamma is said to be finitely presentable.
Example: \mathbb{Z} \cong \langle b,c|bcb^{-1}c^{-1},b^2c^{-3} \rangle.
Let's develop a topological point of view.
Let X^{(1)} be the standard rose for F_S. Each relation r \in R corresponds to a (homotopy class of a) map f_r:S^1 \rightarrow X^{(1)}. We construct a 2-complex X gluing on a 2-cell using the map f_r for each relation r \in R.
Lemma 6: \pi_1(X) \cong \Gamma
Proof: This is a simple application of the Seifert-van Kampen Theorem.
We call X a presentation complex for \Gamma, and we deduce that every finitely generated group is \pi_1 of a 2-complex.
Exercise 8: Every finitely presented group is \pi_1 of a closed 4-manifold.
Therefore, \Gamma acts freely and properly discontinuously on some 2-complex \tilde{X}, the universal cover of X.
Definition: Let S be a finite generating set for \Gamma as above. Then Cay_S(\Gamma)=\tilde{X}^{(1)} is the Cayley graph of \Gamma with respect to S.
To see that this only depends on S, let's give the more standard definition. The vertices of Cay_S(\Gamma) are just the elements of \Gamma. For each generator g \in S, two vertices \gamma,\delta are joined by an edge iff \gamma g=\delta
The group \Gamma acts by left translation.
 1. \mathbb{Z}\cong \langle 1\rangle.
 2. \mathbb{Z} \cong \langle 2,3 \rangle.
 3. The tree for F_S.
Definition: The Cayley graph Cay_S(\Gamma) induces a natural length metric on \Gamma, denoted d_S and called the word metric. Note that d_S(1,\gamma)=l_S(\gamma), the word length of \gamma.
The action of \Gamma on Cay_S(\gamma) is by isometries.
Given a metric space (X,d), a geodesic is just an isometric embedding of a compact interval into X.
A metric space is geodesic if any pair of point is joined by a geodesic. Note that Cay_S(\Gamma) is a geodesic metric space.
Definition: Let \lambda,\epsilon \geq 0. A (\lambda,\epsilon)-quasi isometric embedding is a map of metric space f:X \rightarrow Y such that \lambda^{-1}d_X(x_1,x_2)-\epsilon \leq d_Y(f(x_1),f(x_2)) \leq \lambda d_X(x_1,x_2)+\epsilon.
If for some C, we also have that for every y \in Y, there is x \in X such that d_Y(f(x),y) \leq C, then f is a quasi-isometry.
Exercise 9: Quasi-isometry is an equivalent relation (use the Axiom of Choice).
Exercise 10: Let S and S' be two finite generating sets for \Gamma. Then id:(\Gamma,d_S) \rightarrow (\Gamma,d_{S'}) is a (\lambda,0) quasi-isometry.
Example: (\mathbb{Z}^2,l^1) \hookrightarrow (\mathbb{R}^2,l^2) is a quasi-isometry.
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Creation of documentation for the Shopfloor can be repetitive and time consuming, but not now.
KwikTic NPI can quickly take your BOM and CAD data and:
- Help to cleanse BOMs.
- Check part Quantity.
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- Set Up a route of processes.
- Separate the BOM into each process.
- Create Kitting lists.
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- Export Centroid files for machine programming.
- Distribute seamlessly and manage version control as everything is stored in 1 single SQL Server and can be viewed wherever needed.


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Dosso Dossi: 'A Man embracing a Woman'
The subject of this painting is unclear. It was acquired as 'Fiametta and Boccaccio' and was subsequently catalogued as 'A Muse inspiring a Court Poet'. Another possibility is that the male figure represents the clown, Il Gonnella, as the tondo (or circular picture) of which this is a fragment, was said to include a portrait of him.
The original ceiling picture was probably commissioned by Alfonso d'Este for the Castello in Ferrara, north-east Italy. A 17th-century description makes it clear that it originally had five figures; one other figure survives as a fragment in Florence (Fondazione Roberto Longhi).
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Iowa Food Waste Reduction Project
The Iowa Waste Reduction Center recently launched the Iowa Food Waste Reduction Project. The goal of this project is to reduce the generation of food waste and its disposal in Iowa landfills. By developing comprehensive educational tools, helping to build infrastructure for waste diversion outlets, and advocating for policy changes, the project aims to become a national leader in reducing food waste and diverting it from landfills.
Earth Week Photo Contest
UNI project to monitor how much food is thrown away
On Jan. 1, UNI's Iowa Waste Reduction Center launched a new food waste reduction project, whose goal is to raise awareness among institutions and, ultimately, consumers, about waste and the pressure it puts on landfills.
The program will include a website that will act as a virtual food waste reduction center.
UNI student 'Recycles Rite'
Winners of the Biggest Loser Energy Contest!
Annual Northern Iowa Food and Farm Partnership (NIFFP) Meeting
Cranksgiving event held in Cedar Falls to benefit food bank


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and accounted for the next time the queue is serviced. Beginning with Cisco IOS Release 12.1, you need not be as accurate in specifying byte counts as you did when using earlier Cisco IOS releases that did not take deficit into account.
Note Some protocols, such as Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), will negotiate the frame size at session startup time.
Determining the Byte Count
To determine the correct byte counts, perform the following steps:
Step 1 For each queue, divide the percentage of bandwidth you want to allocate to the queue by the packet size, in bytes. For example, assume the packet size for protocol A is 1086 bytes, protocol B is 291 bytes, and protocol C is 831 bytes. We want to allocate 20 percent for A, 60 percent for B, and 20 percent for C. The ratios would be:
20/1086, 60/291, 20/831 or
0.01842, 0.20619, 0.02407
Step 2 Normalize the numbers by dividing by the lowest number:
1, 11.2, 1.3
The result is the ratio of the number of packets that must be sent so that the percentage of bandwidth that each protocol uses is approximately 20, 60, and 20 percent.
Step 3 A fraction in any of the ratio values means that an additional packet will be sent. Round up the numbers to the next whole number to obtain the actual packet count.
In this example, the actual ratio will be 1 packet, 12 packets, and 2 packets.
Step 4 Convert the packet number ratio into byte counts by multiplying each packet count by the corresponding packet size.
In this example, the number of packets sent is one 1086-byte packet, twelve 291-byte packets, and two 831-byte packets, or 1086, 3492, and 1662 bytes, respectively, from each queue. These are the byte counts you would specify in your CQ configuration.
Step 5 To determine the bandwidth distribution this ratio represents, first determine the total number of bytes sent after all three queues are serviced:
(1 * 1086) + (12 * 291) + (2 * 831) = 1086 + 3492 + 1662 = 6240
Step 6 Then determine the percentage of the total number of bytes sent from each queue:
1086/6240, 3492/6240, 1662/6240 = 17.4, 56, and 26.6 percent
This result is close to the desired ratio of 20/60/20.
Step 7 If the actual bandwidth is not close enough to the desired bandwidth, multiply the original ratio of 1:11.2:1.3 by the best value, trying to get as close to three integer values as possible. Note that the multiplier you use need not be an integer. For example, if we multiply the ratio by two, we get 2:22.4:2.6. We would now send two 1086-byte packets, twenty-three 291-byte packets, and three 831-byte packets, or 2172/6693/2493, for a total of 11,358 bytes. The resulting ratio is 19/59/22 percent, which is much closer to the desired ratio that we achieved.
The bandwidth that a custom queue will receive is given by the following formula:(queue byte count / total byte count of all queues) * bandwidth capacity of the interface
where bandwidth capacity is equal to the interface bandwidth minus the bandwidth for priority queues.
Window size also affects the bandwidth distribution. If the window size of a particular protocol is set to one, then that protocol will not place another packet into the queue until it receives an acknowledgment. The CQ algorithm moves to the next queue if the byte count is exceeded or no packets are in that queue.
Therefore, with a window size of one, only one frame will be sent each time. If your frame count is set to 2 kilobytes, and your frame size is 256 bytes, then only 256 bytes will be sent each time this queue is serviced.
Why Use CQ?
You can use the Cisco IOS QoS CQ feature to provide specific traffic guaranteed bandwidth at a potential congestion point, assuring the traffic a fixed portion of available bandwidth and leaving the remaining bandwidth to other traffic. For example, you could reserve half of the bandwidth for SNA data, allowing the remaining half to be used by other protocols.
If a particular type of traffic is not using the bandwidth reserved for it, then unused bandwidth can be dynamically allocated to other traffic types.
CQ is statically configured and does not adapt to changing network conditions. With CQ enabled, the system takes longer to switch packets than FIFO because the packets are classified by the processor card.
PQ allows you to define how traffic is prioritized in the network. You configure four traffic priorities. You can define a series of filters based on packet characteristics to cause the router to place traffic into these four queues; the queue with the highest priority is serviced first until it is empty, then the lower queues are serviced in sequence.
For information on how to configure PQ, see the "Configuring Priority Queueing" module.
How It Works
During transmission, PQ gives priority queues absolute preferential treatment over low priority queues; important traffic, given the highest priority, always takes precedence over less important traffic. Packets are classified based on user-specified criteria and placed into one of the four output queues—high, medium, normal, and low—based on the assigned priority. Packets that are not classified by priority fall into the normal queue. Figure 3 illustrates this process.
Figure 3 Priority Queueing
When a packet is to be sent out an interface, the priority queues on that interface are scanned for packets in descending order of priority. The high priority queue is scanned first, then the medium priority queue, and so on. The packet at the head of the highest queue is chosen for transmission. This procedure is repeated every time a packet is to be sent.
The maximum length of a queue is defined by the length limit. When a queue is longer than the queue limit, all additional packets are dropped.
Note The priority output queueing mechanism can be used to manage traffic from all networking protocols. Additional fine-tuning is available for IP and for setting boundaries on the packet size.
How Packets Are Classified for Priority Queueing
A priority list is a set of rules that describe how packets should be assigned to priority queues. A priority list might also describe a default priority or the queue size limits of the various priority queues.
Packets can be classified by the following criteria:
-Protocol or subprotocol type
Keepalives sourced by the network server are always assigned to the high priority queue; all other management traffic (such as Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) updates) must be configured. Packets that are not classified by the priority list mechanism are assigned to the normal queue.
Why Use Priority Queueing?
PQ provides absolute preferential treatment to high priority traffic, ensuring that mission-critical traffic traversing various WAN links gets priority treatment. In addition, PQ provides a faster response time than do other methods of queueing.
Although you can enable priority output queueing for any interface, it is best used for low-bandwidth, congested serial interfaces.
When choosing to use PQ, consider that because lower priority traffic is often denied bandwidth in favor of higher priority traffic, use of PQ could, in the worst case, result in lower priority traffic never being sent. To avoid inflicting these conditions on lower priority traffic, you can use traffic shaping or CAR to rate-limit the higher priority traffic.
PQ introduces extra overhead that is acceptable for slow interfaces, but may not be acceptable for higher speed interfaces such as Ethernet. With PQ enabled, the system takes longer to switch packets because the packets are classified by the processor card.
PQ uses a static configuration and does not adapt to changing network conditions.
PQ is not supported on any tunnels.
RSVP, CBWFQ, LLQ, IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay IP RTP Priority, and Frame Relay PIPQ can all reserve and consume bandwidth, up to a maximum of the reserved bandwidth on an interface.
To allocate bandwidth, you can use one of the following commands:
-For RSVP, use the ip rsvp bandwidth command.
-For CBWFQ, use the bandwidth policy-map class configuration command. For more information on CBWFQ bandwidth allocation, see the section "Class-Based Weighted Fair Queueing" in this module. For LLQ, you can allocate bandwidth using the priority command. For more information on LLQ bandwidth allocation, see the section "Frame Relay PVC Interface Priority Queueing" in this module.
-For IP RTP Priority, use the ip rtp priority command. For more information on IP RTP Priority bandwidth allocation, see the section "IP RTP Priority" in this module.
-For Frame Relay IP RTP Priority, use the frame-relay ip rtp priority command. For more information on Frame Relay IP RTP Priority, see the section "Frame Relay IP RTP Priority" in this module.
-For Frame Relay PVC Interface Priority Queueing, use the frame-relay interface-queue priority command. For more information on Frame Relay PIPQ, see the section "Frame Relay PVC Interface Priority Queueing" in this module.
When you configure these commands, be aware of bandwidth limitations and configure bandwidth according to requirements in your network. Remember, the sum of all bandwidths cannot exceed the maximum reserved bandwidth. The default maximum bandwidth is 75 percent of the total available bandwidth on the interface. The remaining 25 percent of bandwidth is


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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
The sickle of the Egyptians resembled that in modern use. The ears of corn were cut with it near the top of the straw. There was also a sickle used for warlike purposes, more correctly, however, called a pruning-hook (Deut. 16:9; Jer. 50:16, marginal note, "scythe;" Joel 3:13; Mark 4:29).


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These spiders are found from occur from southern Canada south through the lower 48 United States, Mexico, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. (Milne and Milne, 1980; Platnick, 2004)
Biogeographic Regions: Nearctic; Nearctic :: Native
- Milne, L., M. Milne. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.


Let's Make Robots!
Wii IR camera as standalone sensor
RobotFreak's picture
Using the Wii Remote IR camera directly with an Arduino
Wii-IR-Camera-schem.pdf11.63 KB
Wii-IR-Camera-board.pdf11.3 KB
wii_remote_ir_sensor_sample.pde2.5 KB
The Wii Remote became a very intersting tool for hacking and other uses where it not has been mentioned for. After the first hacks appears in the internet a lot of people are doing great stuff with it.
This tip&walkthrough is about using the IR camera from the Wii Remote as a standalone sensor. It is based on hack of a japanese guy named kako. There also exists a Make article
This sensor is great for tracking infrared sources. It can track upto 4 sources independently and give out the coordinates and the strength ob each tracked object. The IR camera has an I2C interface which can be easy accessed by a microcontroller. Here an Arduino board has been used.
Wii Remote disassembling:
To get the IR camera out of the Wii Remote, the Wiimote must be disassembled. A Tri-Wing screw driver has been used for this task. The IR camera is on the front of the board. To get the IR sensor out a hot air gun is been usefull.
This walkthrough only works for an original Wii Remote. There exists some Wii Remote clones, which are cheaper than the original one but they have different sensors with unknown pinout, so be warned!
The schematic slightly differs from Kako's aproach, it has been taken form the CC2 ATM18 project. A quartz oscillator has been used. A frequency bettween 20..25MHz will work. Unfortunately the sensr is a 3.3V device. Some level conversion must be done before connecting it to a 5V Arduino board. The sensor gets it power source from 2 diodes in series with a 5V from the arduino board which give roughly 3.6V. 2 pullup resistors on the I2C pins limits the voltage down to 3.6.
Schematic and a board layout is atached to this article.
 - Wii Remote IR Camera (from a original Wii Remote, not a clone!!)
 - 24Mhz quartz oscillator (or 25MHz, but not a resonator!)
 - 2x diode 1N4148 or equivalent
 - 2x elecrolytic capacitor 10uF
 - 1x ceramic capacitor 100nF
 - 2x resistor 2.2kOhm
 - 1x resistor 22kOhm
 - perf board 60 x 25 mm
 - pin bar 1x4
 - pin bar 2x4
 - bar jack 2x4
The Arduino control software is also based on Kako's sources. It simply initialise the IR camera sensor and sends the readed blob information to a PC: The sourcecode has been slightly modified to work with the PC software.
The PC software is also taken from the CC2 ATM18 project and can be downloaded here.
An Arduino sketch is attached to this article. At the moment I am working on a processing sketch for graphical represantation of the Wii IR Camera output.
To be continued...
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I've managed to dismantle another Wiimote properly and have soldered the sensor to a piece of perfboard.
This time, instead of having nothing, I have data flowing on my serial monitor but there are only zeroes. I have moved an IR led in front of the sensor but it doesn't change anything.
I have no oscilloscope, so I can't check precisely what's coming from the sensor. All I could achieve was a test to know if there was some voltage coming out from pins 5 to 8 and there is indeed.
I have checked the circuit and I think everything is connected correctly.
What and how can I test to ensure it's not the sensor which is broken again? :-(
zero data flows means :
1. the clock is not sufficient to drive the camera ( in my case, using 24mhz crystal, kako schematic, 74ls14, just got 3 MHz), fixed by using 74HC04 and got around 22 Mhz with 15pF capacitor, 18Mhz using 22pF
2. the reset is not correctly connected ( it's happen too. make sure you use the right 22k or 30k for reset and it got 3.3v ), fixed by make another pcb, but stilll cannot detected by wiiblobtrack, but read the position of IR correct
3. if SDA and SCL line pull up by 3.3v, use 2k2, but if 5v, use 4k7 ( yup... it happen that the data is still logic 0 because the pull-up is not sufficient )
this is my case so far about zero data flow.
to test the sensor, is put back the sensor to wiimote again... i did it about 7 times.. just solder all 8 pins, not the side pin, and test it again. hope it works
o yeah. i test it using PC, connect using bluetooth, wii whiteboard v 0.3 from johnny lee
1. I have used the updated schematics with a 24 MHz clock oscillator so I don't think there's an issue here. I would need an oscilloscope to check that. Might be my next purchase...
2. I think the reset is correctly connected.
3. I am using two pull-up resistors from 3.3 V, so it's 2k2 indeed.
I don't want to resolder the sensor to the Wiimote, it's a bit too hard to unsolder and resolder, I fear to destroy it.
I was first using the parts indicated in the schematics to get the 3.3 V (it was 3.36 actually) but to simplify I have modified the circuit and now I take it from the Arduino. Actually it's 3.28 V (the Arduino takes its power from the USB connection). Could it be an issue?
RobotFreak's picture
Did you checked the pinout of the clock oscillator? I remember CtC had a problem with his Wiimote boards using different types of clock oscillators.
Using the 3.3V from the Arduino board should be ok.
I bought another Wiimote and this time decided to solder some cables directly to the back of the Wiimote's board to test the circuit prior to unsolder the IR sensor. And it's working! So one must be really careful when unsoldering - this is yet my third dismantled Wiimote.
I can confirm that you can use the 3.3V output from the Arduino (Uno Rev. 2 in my case). Also, the pull-up resistors for SDA and SCL are not needed because the IR sensor is the only device on the I2C bus.
I'm going to try getting the blob sizes too.
Getting the z position trough blob size is easy. However the resolution is 4 bits only. Also, I have a jump between a value of 6 and a value of 15 when getting closer to the camera. I think I'll use two IR sources with constant distance and calculate the evolution of the tracked distance to infer the distance with a better resolution.
I figured out that the clock oscillator I bought is a bit different than the one shown on the diagram. Mine looks like this:As you can see it has only two pins. Is is also written "24.000 QIC" over it. Can I use this component? Can I power it with 5 V? Do I connect the other connection to the sensor's CLK input?
RobotFreak's picture
This is a crystal oscillator not a clock oscillator. But you can build a clock oscillator from it with a circuit like this (X1 is the crystal oscillator).
Kaku has been used a similar circuit with a crystal oscillator:
I decided to buy a regular quartz oscillator because components from the 74AC family are not so easy to find and are reported to create some noise if they are not properly used. Also I am also not sure the 74AC04 could be replaced by a 74HC04 because ICs of the 74AC family have a faster edge rate.
botthoughts's picture
I've used a 74HC04 with a crystal to create a clock signal, but it was a different project so can't speak to the rise/fall times.