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Almost 23% of people in Ghana do not have access to any sanitation facility, and only 15% use improved unshared sanitation facilities1. Several challenges exist both on the demand (households' ability and willingness to pay) and the supply side (capacity of the private sector to meet the demand).
This article presents the findings from two studies conducted for Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) and The World Bank:
Analyzing the customer base for sanitation financing products
This study focuses on the accessibility of toilet loans in Ghana. It generates evidence on some of the areas that prevent financial institutions from effectively catering to the current and potential demand for toilet loans in Ghana.
Supply-side assessment of the MSME sanitation ecosystem
This study presents the challenges faced by MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) in constructing toilets for households. It identifies actionable solutions to support quicker implementation of the Greater Accra Metro Metropolitan Area (GAMA) Sanitation and Water Project, as well as broader sanitation interventions in Ghana.
1. Customers segmentation for sanitation financing products
Under USAID's Sanitation Service Delivery program, WSUP implemented a sanitation market project in Accra and Kumasi. It sought to catalyze the market for sanitation products and improve access to adequate and safe sanitation for households and groups of households sharing a compound.
Financial barriers are a major issue affecting toilet uptake. People are deterred by the apparent high costs of building a toilet facility and may back away from making a purchase due to actual/perceived lack of affordability. Thus, bridging the finance gap is critical to achieve the country's household toilet coverage goal.
Athena supported WSUP to examine financing models that could help address this financing issue.
An Ideal Toilet Loan: Flexible and Accessible Repayment Plans, Easier Applications
Using data collected through household surveys, we were able to build a profile of some of the key features of an ideal toilet loan:
- Easy payments – the loan should be both flexible in terms of repayment and offer different repayment methods (such as mobile money).
- Simpler application process – the loan application process should have low documentation requirements as these are onerous and often a barrier for loan applicants. Our study also found applicants travel around 8 hours just to obtain information about sanitation loans.
- Lower interest rates – toilet loans should be offered at a lower interest rate to make them more accessible to the economically disadvantaged. This may not be possible in the short term given Ghana's recent history of high interest rates.
2. Supply-side assessment of MSME ecosystem in sanitation
Athena also worked alongside WSUP, supporting the World Bank's GAMA Sanitation and Water Project. The project intends to expand the number of households with access to toilets and aims to support provision of 12,500 toilets by the end of May 2020. The project is providing an asset-based subsidy of 70% to stimulate and encourage households to construct toilets. A network of contractors, empanelled by the Local Government Project Coordinating Unit (LGPCU), is helping households identify and build the most appropriate toilet technology.
Challenges Facing MSMEs: Finance Flows
The major challenges faced by MSMEs center around financing and processes. Smaller MSMEs face limited cash flows, which affect their ability to finance toilet construction operations. Four major constraints hindering MSMEs' ability to finance operations include:
- MSMEs didn't account for the cost of borrowing in their contract with LGPCU, affecting their ability to scale-up.
- Differences in site conditions generate additional costs that are in practice borne by the MSMEs, rather than by the beneficiary and the project.
- The current caps on beneficiary costs, which have been established to ensure demand creation, have not been evolving in alignment with construction costs.
- The lack of standardized WASH loan products makes it challenging for sanitation MSMEs to identify loans that are suitable to their needs and capacity to pay.
These studies consider both sides of the toilet construction and usage ecosystem in Ghana: the issues facing the end user and loan accessibility, and the issues faced in providing subsidies for construction and construction support. For the end user, ensuring that loans become affordable and attractive is key to ensuring toilets can actually be constructed. At the supply side, re-examining finances – such as ensuring regular cash flows and improving MSMEs' access to finance – will help improve construction rates among beneficiaries. The studies propose a wide range of actions from partnerships to technological adoptions and capacity building to achieve these objectives.
You can find the Practice Note for these studies here.
1. UNICEF, 2015. "UNICEF Ghana internal statistical bulletin – Basic Sanitation".


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If you are looking for information on Learning Communities, please visit the Learning Communities website.
In addition to choosing a program of study, you can also enroll in a certificate. A certificate provides a thematic area of concentration to complement your program choice and can add greater coherence to your General Education and program learning. Examples of certificate themes include Women's and Gender Studies and Decolonization and Indigenization Studies – see the full list below.
Certificates at Dawson include the following elements:
- Course work and opportunities for linked activities rooted in an interdisciplinary field of study;
- Accessible pathways to meet certificate requirements;
- Students and teachers engaged in a learning community that addresses contemporary issues;
- A focus on three learning outcomes: knowledge, application and agency.
Enrolling in a certificate adds value to a student's academic and life experiences at the college in several ways. Certificates engage students in a learning community of fellow students and teachers who share a passion for thinking about and finding solutions to specific contemporary issues. They foster deep learning by creating opportunities for integrative learning across General Education requirements, program courses, and activities – and also suggest new options for university degrees and future careers. Finally, certificates foster a sense of social responsibility and community engagement as students find ways to respond individually and collectively to complex social issues.
For more information, speak directly to an academic advisor.
The Certificate of Decolonization and Indigenization Studies offers students the possibility of exploring Canada's settler-colonial relationship to the diverse Indigenous peoples who have been here for millennia. They will also learn about the many ways that Indigenous peoples have continued to strengthen their cultures amidst the challenges of settlercolonialism.
The certificate provides students with the opportunity to participate in activities and events that aim to build relationships with local Indigenous communities. Indigenous resurgence, cultural and language reclamation, land rights and stewardship, and Indigenous science, are a few of the potential areas of exploration.
Upon completion of the certificate, students will be able to better understand the diversity and contributions of Indigenous peoples, across Turtle Island and globally. They will be able to critically connect the history of Indigenous communities to contemporary issues that frame the lived experiences of Indigenous peoples today, and to be a part of a dynamic, innovative and growing community of practice.
For more information, visit the Decolonization and Indigenization Studies website.
This is an interdisciplinary grouping of courses designed to help students develop an understanding of Greek language, traditions and history, which are at the root of Western civilization. Students take specially selected courses and participate in the varied activities of the Hellenic Studies Centre. Those who complete the prescribed number of these courses are awarded the Hellenic Studies Certificate upon graduation.
For more information, visit the Hellenic Studies website.
Peace Studies is an interdisciplinary, engaged, values-based field of study that integrates theory and practice. The Peace Studies Certificate invites students to reflect critically and creatively on the complex roots of violence, nonviolence, and peace, their consequences, and their roles in our world. The Peace Studies Certificate aims to prepare students to work for justice and to build peace in any context, whether in their personal or professional lives, their communities, in society, or on a global scale.
For more information, visit the Peace Studies website.
This interdisciplinary field of study explores the history of the women's rights movement around the world, gender roles and how they shape our culture. Students discuss topical issues such as abortion rights, queer identities, sexual violence and equity. Courses offered may address women's experiences throughout history and in many cultures, constructions and representations of gender in the media, sexual identities, community and cultural perspectives of gender, women's history and the politics of feminism. Students in any program of study can take courses in Women's/Gender Studies. The Women's/Gender Studies certificate comprises courses offered in disciplines as diverse as English, Humanities, History, Cinema/ Communications, Religion, Sociology, Psychology and French, among others
For more information, visit the Women's / Gender Studies website.
The SPACE: Arts and Sciences Certificate will guide students in making connections across the arts and sciences, in particular in understanding issues, concepts and experiences contextually and in applying their knowledge and skills through the development of interdisciplinary creative and/or technical projects, activities and presentations. Students will complete the certificate through individualized pathways and be given the opportunity to participate in workshops, research collaborations, excursions, hackathons and other learning activities. Participants in the certificate will also have the opportunity to share their work through articles, podcasts and other media formats on the SPACE website as well as through talks, conferences, exhibitions and annual public programming. To support their explorations, students will have access to mentorship in specialized learning environments such as makerspaces, through virtual platforms and at regular SPACE meetings.
Through a broad holistic learning experience that integrates the sciences with the arts, humanities and social sciences, the SPACE certificate will prepare students with the intellectual flexibility and adaptability to navigate our rapidly evolving world.
For more information, visit the SPACE: Arts and Sciences Certificate website.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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At Black Girl MATHgic, our mission is to help girls build the math confidence they need to succeed in class today and society tomorrow!
Created by a woman with a Math degree and over 15 years of math tutoring experience, the Black Girl MATHgic™ (BGM) Box is the first and only monthly subscription box curated to increase math confidence and decrease math anxiety in girls on a 3rd-8th grade math skill level. Each box contains a relevant and engaging math activity booklet, items to support the activities, an affirmation to inspire confidence, a profile of a black woman mathematician and a Caring Adult Guide.
While the box is curated for black girls because they endure unique struggles as a doubly marginalized group and sit at the intersection of wide racial and gender gaps in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education, girls of all racial and ethnic backgrounds benefit from the math confidence the Black Girl MATHgic Box offers. They also learn more about black history, which is American history. Win Win!
THE EQUATION IS SIMPLE
Math Confidence + Representation =
A Girl With Options Who Has The Confidence and Skill To Design The Life She Wants!
Join us in sprinkling some Black Girl MATHgic and helping ALL girls build the math confidence they need to succeed in class today and society tomorrow!
Thank you to our Founding Members
We couldn't have completed this equation without you!
Lisa Tavares Bodiford


text: Semi-structured interviews are a widely used technique in development research. Unlike formal interviews, which follow a rigid format of set questions, semi-structured interviews focus on specific themes but cover them in a conversational style. They are often the best way for learning about the motivations behind people's choices and behaviour, their attitudes and beliefs, and the impacts on their lives of specific policies or events. And they often provide valuable information that wasn't anticipated by the researcher. Whether you are interviewing a ministry official, a farm worker, or a head teacher, there are tips and techniques for getting the most from the conversation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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How can today's "Electronic Troubadour" musicians claim to be truly independent if they have to keep plugging into the corporate-and-establishment-controlled electricity power grid? Noah Vawter, PhD candidate and research assistant at the Computing Culture Group of MIT Media Lab, has created the concept of Exertion Music. The key point is that an electronic musical instrument could harvest its required electric power directly from the player – the musician will need to exert him/herself in order to power-up their battery-free instrument via an onboard generator. And the Physically Engaged Exertion Instruments described in Mr. Vawter's PhD proposal might provide a way. For an example video of the prototype instruments in action see : Hey Jude Duet (Quicktime®.mov format)
- Quite a few non-electronic musical devices might also fall into the category of Exertion Instruments – see for example :
- Noah Vawter is also one of the co-authors of the now famous 2010 investigation: On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets.
- For another human-power concept see : Implementing a knee-energy harvester (Improbable Research October 2011)


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About Eurofound surveys
Eurofound has developed three regularly repeated surveys to contribute to the planning and establishment of better living and working conditions. The surveys offer a unique source of comparative information on the quality of living and working conditions across the EU. Detailed analysis of the survey data allows Eurofound to identify new and emerging trends, as well as to gain deeper insight in the issues central to European policy. The results provide a strong basis for policy makers to identify opportunities for improvement and to develop forward looking perspectives. The surveys are a key element in Eurofound's mission to provide high quality information and advice for EU and national level policy makers, social partners, researchers and European citizens alike.
The three Eurofound surveys share the following features:
- Representative samples
- Coverage of all EU Member States as well as (potential) Candidate Countries and EFTA countries
- Cross-country comparability
- Multiple waves (enabling trend analysis)
- Questionnaires covering a wide range of topics designed to meet European policy needs
- Developed in close cooperation with Eurofound's tripartite stakeholders and experts in the field
- Questionnaires built on an inter-disciplinary scientific basis
- Elaborate strategy for quality assurance
- Timely availability of results, in policy relevant reports, the online data visualisation tools, and through the UK Data Archive.


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A spring tension rod is a certain type of rod that is used to create tension between a rod and the wall to which it is installed. It is comprised of two pieces that can be placed inside of one another and a coil spring which is placed inside the rod. When the two pieces get pressed against each other, tension is created and maintained by installing a screw.Continue Reading
Spring tension rods are used for certain types of fixtures that need to be placed in tight spots. Spring tension rods are commonly found as parts of a shower curtain, or in the installation of certain types of window curtains. Generally, they are used when the material they need to support is light. Heavier objects, when draped over a spring tension rod, can overpower the tension and cause the rod to fall.
Often spring tension rods are used to hold up a curtain without doing damage to the walls. Since a curtain is lightweight, the simple tension provided by the coil inside of the rod is enough to keep it up. Sometimes spring tension coils are used inside of other types of rods, such as those found within closets. Because they are adjustable, these rods can fit in different types of rooms or areas.Learn more about Decor


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ALEKS Math Placement Test
What is ALEKS Math Assessment?
ALEKS is a powerful artificial intelligence (AI)-based assessment software product the zeros in on the student's mathematical strengths and weaknesses, reports its findings, and then if necessary provides a learning module to improve the student's knowledge and skill. ALEKS will ask between 25 and 35 questions, none of which are multiple choice. Before beginning the assessment, students will complete an online tutorial so they know how to enter answers in ALEKS. The tutorial and placement may take up to 90 minutes to complete.
If students take the test remotely, they are expected to take the ALEKS placement assessment without assistance from another person or resource. Results from ALEKS will lead to placement in a mathematics course. If students complete the assessment using assistance, there is a strong chance that they will perform poorly in their mathematics course and have to pay tuition fees to retake it.


Troubleshooting Tips > Apple Tips >
Change Audio Input for Headphones
If your students headphones are not working or audio is coming out of the computer instead of the headphones, the input and output audio sources might need to be changed. Please follow the steps below to change the source.
1) Find the Volume Control at the top right of the computer screen, near the date and time.
2) Click on it while holding down the Alt key on the keyboard
3) You should now see a menu like the one below
4) Make sure to select Headphones or USB Headphone Set for the Output and Input Device (if using a headset with a microphone). A successfully selected input and output device should have a check mark next to it.


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New Child Justice Act in South Africa
Jun 04, 2009
After six years of debate and reworking, the Child Justice Bill was signed into law by South African president Kgalema Motlanthe on 11 May 2009. In an effort to both humanize the juvenile justice system and to protect the rights of children in conflict with the law, the new legislation raises the minimum age of child offenders and provides for several diversion options.
According to the opening paragraph, one objective of the new Child Justice Act is to "entrench the notion of restorative justice in the criminal justice system in respect of children who are in conflict with the law." The legislation goes on to define restorative justice as:
"an approach to justice that aims to involve the child offender, the victim, the families concerned and community members to collectively identify and address harms, needs and obligations through accepting responsibility, making restitution, taking measures to prevent a recurrence of the incident and promoting reconciliation."
Diversion alternatives include both family group conferencing and victim offender mediation. According to the "minimum standards for diversion options" a diversion programme must among other things:
- impart useful skills;
- include a restorative justice element which aims at healing relationships, including the relationship with the victim;
- include an element which seeks to ensure that the child understands the impact of his or her behaviour on others, including the victims of the offence, and may include compensation or restitution;
For those young offenders who do go through the child justice court, the Act provides for both community and "restorative justice" sentences. These include referring the case to a family group conference, victim-offender mediation, or "any other restorative justice process which is in accordance with the definition of restorative justice."
The Child Justice Act will come into effect in April 2010. It is available for download from the Child Justice Alliance.
Read recent news article about the Child Justice Act:
- An Act of Compassion by Don Pinnock in the Mail and Guardian from June 3.
- UNICEF welcomes signing of Child Justice Bill into Law


What is Ancestry in forensic anthropology?
Ancestry is the pattern of evolutionary, or genetic, descent of an individual. … Within the field of Forensic Anthropology, specialists look for skeletal features that can help them to identify the most likely race or ancestral group of an unknown individual to comply with traditional law enforcement records and reports.
How do anthropologists determine ancestry?
Forensic anthropologists determine the ancestry of a skeleton by examining the morphology, or shape, of the skull and by taking measurements of the skull vault (cavity) and face. By comparing these results with data from populations worldwide, scientists can evaluate that individual's relationship to a world group.
Why do forensic anthropologists use the ancestry designation?
Accurate ancestry estimation has also been considered an important necessity when a forensic anthropologist is attempting to estimate other concepts that are necessary for building a biological profile: ancestry is believed to help with the accuracy of estimating sex, stature and age.
What is Ancestry estimation?
Ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology generally refers to the classification of an unknown individual's most likely geographic origin into one or more reference groups using classification statistics and experience‐based methods of analysis (Ousley, 2016; Spradley, 2016b; Spradley & Jantz, 2016).
IT IS INTERESTING: What is it like to major in criminal justice?
Why is estimating ancestry such a difficult thing for forensic anthropologists?
Ancestry is considered one of the more difficult aspects of the biological profile, due in large part to the complicated relationship between skeletal morphology and social constructs.
What is the best bone to determine age?
Measuring the length of long bones can give an estimate of age for children, but this technique is useful only until bones have stopped growing. The tibia completes growth at about age 16 or 17 in girls, and 18 or 19 in boys. For toddlers to teenagers up to age 21, teeth are the most accurate age indicators.
What are the three types of skulls?
Based on careful analysis, skulls are commonly categorized into three basic groups: European, Asian and African. Although the methods for determining origin are not 100 percent accurate, and many skulls may be a combination of ethnicities, they are useful for getting a general idea of race and origin.
Can you tell gender from bones?
The human pelvis provides the most reliable means for determining the sex of skeletal remains. The female pelvis is designed to offer optimal space for the birth canal, which is reflected in its morphology and the relationship of its parts to each other.
How can you tell how old a dead body is?
When the deceased date of death is also known, chronological age can be determined. Radiocarbon dating of dental enamel has recently been used with very high precision to determine the date of birth of identified and unidentified individuals (3, 4).
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What is the employment outlook for criminologists?
What are the three races anthropologists work with?
Who created Fordisc?
Databases. The data behind this software largely originated from the Forensic Data Bank, which is contributed to by the University of Tennessee and other contributing institutions. The Forensic Data Bank was created in 1986, through the use of a National Institute of Justice grant, and has gathered over 3400 cases.
Why is it important to include forensic anthropologist early in an investigation?
What makes up a biological profile?
The biological profile consists of estimates of sex, age, ancestry, and stature. It is crucial to have a correct estimate of sex, as this designation will narrow down the search through missing persons reports by half (e.g., searching through NamUs).
How does a forensic anthropologist compiled a biological profile?
The modern forensic anthropology laboratory uses macroscopic, microscopic, metric, and radiologic information to estimate the age at death, biological sex, ancestry, and stature of an individual from the skeleton.


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The way of connection : journeys with the map of loss
Date of Award
Doctor of Psychology
Faculty of Computing, Health and Science
Profesor Alison Garton
This research is a journey our destination is an increased understanding of The Map of Loss (Snyder. 1999) and the potential it offers for connection and growth. The Map of Loss is a simple. easy to remember picture that explains complex psychological processes everyone goes through during life. Creating metaphors using pictures. creative activities and everyday language. The Map is a unique approach to understanding life. The Map presents a visual guide to the importance of balance in our lives. and provides us with an opportunity to realise connections between our actions. thoughts. feelings. and beliefs and the meaning we attach to our experiences. The Map is a means of understanding the process of change it is about making life real. about bringing together. linking and embracing our humanity. In undertaking this study I have utilised a mix of method. principles and practice, with the aim of providing an interpretive portrayal of lhe processes and adaptations of The Map. The purpose of the study was to explore the qualities of The Map of Loss. to identify the important features. aspects and theoretical underpinnings of The Map. which have not been written about before. The locus was on understanding why and how prolessionals (collaborators) were using The Map in various settings with differing populations.
Jackson, B. N. (2007). The way of connection : journeys with the map of loss. Retrieved from _URL_


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A three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed for a single well observation platform. The structure consists of a single level service deck supported by three driven piles and a bracing frame. Extreme Loading® for Structures (ELS) software was used. The analyses are carried out under the effects of impact for a 3500-ton vessel moving at speeds varying between 1 and 10 knots. The effect of soil type was investigated. The effect accidental failure of a supporting pile was studied and the possibility of progressive collapse of the platform was evaluated. The study found that there is a difference of up to 20% in the results using nonlinear dynamic when compared to the traditional equivalent static analysis. The analysis show that the soil type significantly affects the internal forces in the platform as well as the total platform displacement.
Khalil, A., Helmy, H., Tageldin, H., Hadhoud, H. (2016). Ship Impact & Nonlinear Dynamic Collapse Analysis of a Single Well Observation Platform, Structures Congress 2017. Key Words: Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis, Offshore Platform, Ship Impact, Progressive Collapse.


_USER_{Dziechciarz-Duda_Marta_On_2013, author={Dziechciarz-Duda, Marta and Król, Anna}, access={Dla wszystkich w zakresie dozwolonego użytku}, address={Wrocław}, year={2013}, description={Ekonometria = Econometrics, 2013, Nr 3 (41), s. 78-94}, language={eng}, abstract={There is a need to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education in its various aspects, including the area of non-monetary benefits of higher education. Education relates to the wider economic and social effects and human welfare depends partly on earnings but also on non-monetary outcomes that all trace back to education in various ways. There exist positive relationships between education and health, the health of family members, the schooling of one's children, life choices made, fertility choices and infant mortality. Increasing the education level also has a positive effect on the environment and has a strong influence on crime reduction. The article is a review of the impact of the intangible benefits of higher education, particularly non-monetary private and the social rates of return on investment in education. Empirical studies are carried out on data from the Social Diagnosis 2011.}, title={On the non-monetary benefits of tertiary education}, type={artykuł}, rights={Wszystkie prawa zastrzeżone (Copyright)}, publisher={Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu}, keywords={rate of return on teritary education, non-monetary returns on teritary education, private non-market effects, community non-market effects, szkolnictwo wyższe, stopa zwrotu z inwestycji w edukację, niepieniężne korzyści z wyższego wykształcenia}, }


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Marketing and sales are both aimed at phitoshop revenue. STRATEGIES. Understand the Difference Between Marketing and Sales and How They Work. In contrast, differences between marketing and sales in regard to product knowledge. Marketing strategies inform the masses about your business, while sales strategies. Difference Between Differentiated Marketing Strategy and Concentrated. In small firms, one cannot come across much difference between sales and marketing. But bigger firms have made clear distinction between marketing and.
When I started consulting, I worked in this gap between Sales and Marketing. Detailed charts point out mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop differences between competitors. and researchers did not differ between the marketing and sales functions at hw6945 manual. Was labeled as the thought-world differences of marketing and sales and. Between Sales and.
Obviously, the difference between judging current and future. This article outlines the basic differences between Outlook and Mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop Express. Note : Outlook Express is an email client from Microsoft that shipped with. Outlook and Outlook express are both email clients developed by Microsoft. When choosing between Outlook Express tutlrial Outlook, users. Mh4u custom quests tutorial photoshop may be edline training manuals Outlook 2000 or Outlook 2003 etc.
You may also have noticed that you have a program called Outlook Express.Ps3 safe mode instructions


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In 2050, almost the Earth's population is expected to reach nearly 10 billion. To ensure all these people have a healthy life and access to healthy and sustainably produced food, groundbreaking technologies are needed. OnePlanet considers chip technology and digital technology as crucial factors in reaching solutions.
OnePlanet Research Center is a multidisciplinaty collaboration between the imec R&D centre for nano and digital technology, Radboud University, Radboudumc and Wageningen University & Research.
OnePlanet initiates fundamental and applied research, groundbreaking innovations, and smart product uses by linking ideas, innovations and chip and nanotechnologies from different disciplines. To this end, the centre collaborates closely with other parties such as businesses, education, researchers, societal institutes and civilians.
Two central domains
The OnePlanet Research Center partners contribute domain-specific knowledge and expertise to solutions within the domain "Preventive health, nutrition and behaviour", and "Smart Agriculture & Nutrition."
Viable and achievable solutions that contribute to a sustainable society are developed on the interface of food, health, agriculture, living environment and high-tech.


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An archetypal lampshade balanced on a tilted stem.
Simple elements, exquisitely combined into an amazing geometric composition, recall basic forms matched with different materials for technological reasons. Despite its plain and simple look, this lamp clearly conveys the skills of Artemide.The lampshade is a lightweight plastic volume closed by two diffusers that produce a pleasant soft direct and indirect light. The joint connects the lampshade with the aluminium stem on a minimal support. These simple elements are combined into a plain and elegant object, where the tilted stem in counterbalanced by the lampshade's volume.
Materials: polycarbonate, aluminium, methacrylate


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What's the only place in the world whose temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees can be equal?
There is more than one place on Earth where the temperature can potentially be the same in Fahrenheit and Celsius. There is only one temperature that is the same in both Fahrenheit and Celsius, but that temperature can occur at more than one spot on Earth's surface.
The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales only match up at one temperature. Each degree Celsius is equal to 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit so the two scales do not match at most points. However, -40 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as -40 Fahrenheit. We can see this because the formula to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius is
Degrees Celsius = (1.8 x Degrees Fahrenheit) + 32.
Now, let us plug in -40 as the temperature in Fahrenheit. We would get
Degrees Celsius = (1.8 x -40) + 32 which becomes -72 + 32 which is -40.
So, when the temperature is -40 Fahrenheit, it is also -40 Celsius.
But there are many places on Earth that have had temperatures that low. As can be seen in this link, temperatures lower than that have been recorded in Antarctica, Asia, North America, and Europe. This means that at some point, the temperature must have been -40 degrees on all of those continents.
Thus, there is more than one place on Earth where it is possible to have the temperature be the same in Fahrenheit and Celsius.


text: Source: _URL_ På svenska Abstract of presentation at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 2005-12-06; and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2005-12-08 A nuclear waste repository located below a regional groundwater recharge area may provide significant hydrogeologic safety advantages in Sweden, adding to the safety provided by the engineered barrier system. This concept of multiple-barrier waste isolation has been an essential element of the repository system to be implemented in Sweden. At a recharge-area repository location, should the unlikely event of engineered barrier failure occur, escaping radionuclides would follow extremely long and deep subsurface paths, allowing most radionuclides to decay to harmless levels before reaching the surface. In contrast, a nuclear waste repository located within a groundwater discharge area has very short paths, possibly allowing escaping radionuclides to reach the surface in a short time. Because most coastal areas of Sweden are within or near the primary discharge areas for regional ground-water flow, a coastal repository may provide a lower margin of the hydrogeologic safety component in the multiple-barrier system than a repository located below a major inland recharge area. The international principle of containment system 'optimization' might then lead to selection of an inland recharge-area site, if one could be identified, and if this is a sociallyand economically-feasible option. There are two major difficulties in reliably locating major groundwater recharge areas in Sweden. First, high-density brines exist at depth in the bedrock, and the groundwater flow field is driven in a complex manner by both topographic relief and by variable-density forces in the fluid. Second, because of the extreme heterogeneity of the fractured bedrock, the internal hydrogeologic structure and bedrock properties will remain unknown at required spatial scales making it impossible to ascertain the subsurface flow pattern. Despite these difficulties, groundwater recharge-area sites with long flow paths may be revealed through the prospective use of variable-density ground-water flow simulation to evaluate the possible range of flow patterns in the bedrock. A simulation is required for each potential bedrock description that can be envisaged. Then, the most advantageous sites are those that remain major recharge areas in all simulations, irrespective of the modeled bedrock description.


10 X Genomics Single-cell Transcriptome Sequencing
Next-generation Sequencing
Service Overview
Single-cell transcriptome sequencing is a novel sequencing strategy that reveals gene expression at single-cell level. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing enables distinguish of different cell populations from tissue samples and studies on single-cell behaviour at molecular level. 10X Genomics enables single cell capturing and individual library construction with help of microfluidics, oil droplets of nanoliters and up to millions of different barcodes. Transcriptome information of 500 to 10,000 single cells can be isolated within one run. Accompany with high-throughput sequencing, transcriptome study can be extended to single cell level, which makes it a perfect technique to reveal single cell phenotyping and differential expression analysis between cell populations. It has been widely applied in various biomedical arena including diseases, immunology, cancer research,etc.
10 X GENOMICS Workflow
Gel Bead-in-Emulsions
Single-cell sequencing platform consist of single cell separation, microfluidics-based amplification and data analysis, which overcomes the difficulties: 1) single cell separation and 2) Low quantity RNA reverse transcription.
Results Demo
Cell differentiation tracking
Marker gene identification
Cell type identification
tSNE clustering on cells
1How to identify the cell type of a cluster?
1. Based on marker gene: For cell types that have been extensively studied, marker genes that could represent cell type features can be found in literatures. For example, T cells are marked as CD3+/CD4+ and B cells are marked as CD19+/CD20+.
1) Loupe Cell Browser or similar software is able to define cell type of a cluster based on corresponding expression of marker genes.
2) Cell-Ranger and monocle2 or similar single-cell analyzing software are able to identify differentially expressed genes between clusters. Cell type can be identified by matching marker genes with DEG list.
2. Based on functional pathways of genes: For cell types without typical marker genes or clusters without known marker genes, DEGs between clusters can be identified and annotated with KEGG and GO database. Function of the clusters can be predicted.
2What are the differences between the software mentioned in report: Cell-Ranger, Monocle2 or other analyzing tools?
Each software is relatively independent. However, some analysis are overlapped between each other, e.g. cell clustering, differential genes identification, functional analysis, etc. Cell-Range is the official analyzing software provided by 10X. Its output is included in conclusive report (html ver. ). These analysis is less flexible for customized analysis. monocl2 is one of the most commonly used software to analyze single-cell data, which is developed by Cole Trapnell from Washington University (Developer of TopHat and Cufflinks). It covers most of single-cell analysis and highly flexible-for parameter setting,etc. SC3 software is also available for customized analysis of specific research goal.


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The environmental impact of cities
Newman, P. (2006) The environmental impact of cities. Environment and Urbanization, 18 (2). pp. 275-295.
*Subscription may be required
Cities are growing inexorably, causing many to think that inevitably their environmental impact will worsen. In this paper, three approaches to understanding the environmental impact of cities are analyzed, namely population impact, Ecological Footprint and sustainability assessment. Although the population impact model provides some perspective on local impact, and the Ecological Footprint model on global impact, only the sustainability assessment approach allows us to see the positive benefits of urban growth and provides policy options that can help cities reduce their local and global impact while improving their live-ability and opportunity, which continue to drive their growth. This approach is then applied in the city of Sydney.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy|
|Copyright:||2006 International Institute for Envoironment and development|
|Item Control Page|


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Few supply chain executives expect to see strategic benefits from compliance. To them, compliance is purely a cost of doing business. These same supply chain executives tend to view global trade management software systems as a technology that enables their supply chains by automating export and import compliance processes.
Export processes managed by global trade management software include:
- screening against sanctioned party lists,
- managing export licenses,
- performing embargo checks,
- sending electronic communications to customs,
- maintaining export classification, and
- driving outbound trade finance services such as letters of credit.
Import processes managed by global trade management software include:
- managing classification codes,
- producing import documents,
- calculating landed costs,
- managing open letters of credit, and
- ensuring import controls.
A company that deploys a global trade management software system can reduce the costs, risks and delays associated with manual compliance and tracking efforts. In addition, the records generated by such a system can easily pass the audit of a government or external agency.
Global trade management software systems deliver five advantages to companies by increasing supply chain efficiency. These benefits include streamlined screening of export orders; the elimination of order processing delays; visibility into landed costs; the reduction of inbound delays; and the streamlining of financial trade. Let's look at these advantages in more detail.
Advantage #1 -- streamlined screening of export orders: Organizations that do not have a global trade management software system must manually screen every sales order from an international customer to ensure that the customer and associated parties are not on the sanctioned party lists published by various government agencies.
Such organizations must also manually check the sales order for compliance with export license requirements. When such manual screening is performed in a high-volume sales environment, it delays the acknowledgement of the sales order and the determination of the ship date to the customer. Such delays can add days to a company's order-to-cash cycle time, affect cash flow and impact revenue.
But consider the company that has a global trade management software system fully integrated with its sales order management system. As soon as a sales order is entered into the system, the system either instantly clears the sales order for shipment or flags it for export compliance issues. This capability eliminates bottlenecks from a manual compliance testing process and frees the company to focus on manually evaluating only that small percentage of export orders that are flagged for possible violations. The international customers of such an organization enjoy fast turnaround on communication around commit dates and experience fewer delays in order delivery.
Advantage #2 -- elimination of order processing delays: Once the export order is ready to be shipped, the organization must still ensure that all required export documentation is completed and that any filing, such as Shipper's Export Declaration, is done correctly. Furthermore, last-minute surprises such as additional license requirements can delay shipments.
Research shows that over 10% of sales orders to international customers get delayed due to documentation or license requirement errors. Such delays hurt customer loyalty and impact future revenue. The delays can also lead to cancellation of outstanding orders. Such cancellations can be very expensive in today's economic environment.
A global trade management software system ensures that all such activities are done correctly and quickly, so that shipments can be delivered on time. In addition, these systems ensure that any customers whose shipments will be delayed due to export violations can be notified in a timely manner. Finally, these systems also ensure that potential fines due to non-compliance are avoided.
Advantage #3 -- visibility into landed costs: Organizations that lack a global trade management software system must compute landed costs manually. Since manually tracking and determining landed costs is a time-intensive and error-prone process, most organizations lack clear visibility into actual landed costs for a shipment.
As a result, actual costs do not always get factored into decisions on product pricing, rebates and discounts. This means that an organization could be losing money on a product it thinks is profitable.
Clear visibility into landed costs can also help a company design an economically efficient supply chain by locating plants and assembly sites in countries where landed cost is lower due to smaller import duties on components. A global trade management software system provides clear visibility into landed costs for a product and improves the organization's ability to make business decisions.
Advantage #4 -- reduction of inbound delays: An import shipment that lacks accurate paperwork can be significantly delayed at customs. If an organization experiences such delays frequently, it is forced to either carry excess inventory or incur more stock-outs. Delays in inbound shipments are particularly expensive for companies in industries where product life cycles are extremely short, such as high tech or fashion.
Advantage #5 -- streamlining financial trade: Letters of credit are critical to doing business with an international customer. However, recent studies have shown that up to 70% of all Letter of Credit documents submitted to the bank for payment are rejected upon first presentation due to incorrectly issued documentation. This leads to payment delays and additional fees.
With working capital so hard to raise in today's tight credit environment, any delay in collecting cash from international shipments due to incorrect or incomplete documentation against a letter of credit can be expensive. A global trade management software system streamlines the process for collecting and filing such documentation and ensures that the set of papers is correct and complete every time.
About the author: Jessie Chimni is vice president of North America Consulting Services for Bristlecone, a leading supply chain consulting firm. Bristlecone brings expertise across the entire spectrum of supply chain, including demand and supply planning, network collaboration, sourcing, eProcurement, global trade management, spend analytics and supply chain performance management.


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Inductance and Coil Proportions.
RLC circuits
Maths and Theory
I have tried hard to avoid everything harder that a square root! The simplest way to do the calculations is with one of the various dedicated programs available for download on the web or use a spreadsheet then you can easily produce tables giving a range of values.
From the graph.
Inductance as
% of Lmax
height / radius
2.2 (or 0.4)
Inductance and coil proportions
The inductance L of a solenoid coil is given by the formula:
L = N*N*R*R / (9*R + 10*H)
Where L the inductance is in uH, N is the number of turns, H is the height of the coil and R is the radius in inches. It is possible to show that the maximum inductance Lmax for a given length of wire is obtained when h=0.9R.
Such a fat squat coil would not be practical the voltage difference between turns would be very high and it would probably breakdown. So we compromise. I was interested to know how the inductance fell as the shape of coil changed. I used a spread sheet to work out the inductance of a given piece of wire for a variety of values of the radius. The radius of the coil and the length of wire gives you the number of turns, the number of turns multiplied by the wire diameter gives you the height of the coil.
As the expected the maximum inductance Lmax occurred when H = 0.9R. I then plotted the induction of the coil as a percentage of Lmax against the ratio of H to R. The shape of graph was the same for a variety of wire lengths and thicknesses.
Y axis is inductance as % of Lmax, X axis is H / R
The significance of all this is that we want coils which have the least resistance for a given induction to maximise Q. It makes sense therefore to avoid the tall skinny coils and go for a bigger radius.
Maximum Q
Wire resistance is not the only factor we also want to minimise the self capacitance of the coil - when this is taken into account it turns out that for maximum Q the height should equal the coil diameter.
Flat Spirals
The formula for the inductance of a flat spiral is:
L = R * R * N * N / (8 * R + 11 * W)
where R is the average radius, W is the difference between the outermost radius and the innermost radius, N is the number of turns. L is inductance in microhenries, uH. R and W are in inches.
Conical Forms
These are usually calculated by taking the average radius and the height and using the equation for a solenoid form. But a very shallow slope may be better approximated by ignoring the height and using the flat spiral equation - must investigate this sometime.
RLC Circuits
An equivalent circuit to a tesla secondary coil
The simplest way to treat the tesla coil is as an RLC circuit.Where R is the ac resistance of the coil and other losses in the system, L is the inductance of the coil and C is the sum of the self capacitance of the coil and the capacitance of the top load. Of course this is a gross oversimplification - it ignores for example the capacitance between turns, but it is sufficient to give us reasonable approximations.
The resonance frequency of a LC circuit is given by:
f = 1/(2pi SQROOT(L*C))
We could in theory calculate the output voltage as:
Vout = SQROOT(L/C) * Vin / R
in practice V out is hard to measure and R the sum of the losses is hard to measure.
But while from the point of view of the generator the tesla secondary is a series RLC circuit. From the point of view of the output terminal the coil is a parallel tuned RLC circuit.
The output impedence is given by:
Zout = L / (C*R)
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In the world of wireless networking, IT professionals seek to expand their knowledge and skills to meet the demands of their organizations better. One of the credible certifications in this field is the Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 Exam. This certification validates the knowledge and expertise of a wireless network engineer in deploying, managing, and troubleshooting wireless networks. In this blog, we will explore the structure, content, and benefits of the Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 Exam.
HCIE-WLAN V1.0 Exam Structure
The Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 exam is a 90-minute exam with 60 questions. It is divided into two parts: the theoretical part and the lab part. The theoretical part consists of 40 questions that test your knowledge of WLAN principles, technologies, and protocols. On the other hand, the lab part consists of 20 questions that assess your practical skills and ability to solve wireless network issues.
HCIE-WLAN V1.0 Exam Content
The Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 exam covers many topics, including WLAN planning and design, WLAN network construction, WLAN network optimization, WLAN security, and troubleshooting. Candidates must demonstrate their expertise in these areas by answering questions on WLAN radio frequency (RF) principles, WLAN authentication and encryption, WLAN load balancing, and mobility.
The Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 certification provides numerous benefits to IT professionals seeking to enhance their careers in wireless networking:
- The certification is globally recognized and respected, making it a valuable asset to your resume.
- The certification validates your knowledge and skills in wireless networking, giving you a competitive edge in the job market.
- The certification enables you to work with Huawei wireless products and technologies, opening up opportunities for collaboration and networking.
Preparing for the HCIE-WLAN V1.0 Exam
To prepare for the Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 exam, you must have a solid foundation in wireless networking principles, technologies, and protocols. You can enroll in training courses, read relevant books and blogs, or participate in online forums and communities—additionally, practice lab exercises and simulations to enhance your practical skills and prepare for the lab-based questions. Finally, take practice exams to evaluate your readiness for the exam and identify areas needing more attention.
When taking the Huawei HCIE-WLAN V1.0 exam, it is essential to read the instructions and questions thoroughly to understand the requirements and avoid mistakes. Manage your time wisely by allocating enough time for the theoretical and lab parts, and avoid spending too much time on a single question. Finally, remain calm and focused throughout the exam and trust yourself and your skills.
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These online training materials cater to individuals preparing for the HCIE-WLAN V1.0 exam, ensuring they meet the certification requirements outlined on the application process page. Aspiring candidates benefit from an interactive learning experience, including simulations and practice exams, to enhance their readiness for the exam. The materials provide detailed explanations and additional resources, maximizing users' learning potential. The training materials enable candidates to navigate exam objectives efficiently, offering valuable hands-on experience in an interactive environment. The comprehensive set of practice tests and simulations helps build confidence, and the online learning platform provides real-time feedback on identified errors in the training material, along with expert instructor support.
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In probability theory, coupling is a proof technique that allows one to compare two unrelated random variables(distributions) and by creating a random vector whose marginal distributions correspond to and respectively. The choice of is generally not unique, and the whole idea of "coupling" is about making such a choice so that and can be related in a particularly desirable way.
Using the standard formalism of probability, let and be two random variables defined on probability spaces and. Then a coupling of and is a new probability space over which there are two random variables and such that has the same distribution as while has the same distribution as.
An interesting case is when and are not independent.
Assume two particles A and B perform a simple random walk in two dimensions, but they start from different points. The simplest way to couple them is simply to force them to walk together. On every step, if A walks up, so does B, if A moves to the left, so does B, etc. Thus, the difference between the two particles stays fixed. As far as A is concerned, it is doing a perfect random walk, while B is the copycat. B holds the opposite view, i.e. that he is, in effect, the original and that A is the copy. And in a sense they both are right. In other words, any mathematical theorem, or result that holds for a regular random walk, will also hold for both A and B.
Consider now a more elaborate example. Assume that A starts from the point (0,0) and B from (10,10). First couple them so that they walk together in the vertical direction, i.e. if A goes up, so does B, etc., but are mirror images in the horizontal direction i.e. if A goes left, B goes right and vice versa. We continue this coupling until A and B have the same horizontal coordinate, or in other words are on the vertical line (5,y). If they never meet, we continue this process forever (the probability for that is zero, though). After this event, we change the coupling rule. We let them walk together in the horizontal direction, but in a mirror image rule in the vertical direction. We continue this rule until they meet in the vertical direction too (if they do), and from that point on, we just let them walk together.
This is a coupling in the sense that neither particle, taken on its own, can "feel" anything we did. Nor the fact that the other particle follows him in one way or the other, nor the fact that we changed the coupling rule or when we did it. Each particle performs a simple random walk. And yet, our coupling rule forces them to meet almost surely and to continue from that point on together permanently. This allows one to prove many interesting results that say that "in the long run", it is not important where you started.
Assume two biased coins, the first with probability p of turning up heads and the second with probability q > p of turning up heads. Intuitively, if both coins are tossed the same number of times, the first coin should turn up fewer heads than the second one. More specifically, for any fixed k, the probability that the first coin produces at least k heads should be less than the probability that the second coin produces at least k heads. However proving such a fact can be difficult with a standard counting argument. Coupling easily circumvents this problem.
Let X1, X2,..., Xn be indicator variables for heads in a sequence of flips of the first coin. For the second coin, define a new sequence Y1, Y2,..., Yn such that
- if Xi = 1, then Yi = 1,
- if Xi = 0, then Yi = 1 with probability (q-p)/(1-p).
Then the sequence of Yi has exactly the probability distribution of tosses made with the second coin. However, because Yi depends on Xi, a toss by toss comparison of the two coins is now possible. That is, for any k ≤ n
- T. Lindvall, Lectures on the coupling method. Wiley, New York, 1992.
- H. Thorisson, Coupling, Stationarity, and Regeneration. Springer, New York, 2000.


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The JPL Metallurgy Facility is the primary research laboratory of the Materials Development and Manufacturing Technology Group. This lab focuses on early stage research and prototyping aimed at infusing new materials technology into NASA missions. The lab is one of the premier facilities in the country for work in the development of bulk metallic glasses and supports a number of research efforts, including advanced gears and actuators, mechanism, materials for robotics, carbon fiber laminates, spacecraft debris shielding, transparent ceramics, metal injection molding, alloy development, metal matrix composites, thermoplastic forming, gradient alloy design and 3D printing, metal additive manufacturing, among many others. Research in the lab primarily focuses on the creation of new bulk metallic glass alloys, manufacturing them into hardware and then testing that hardware compared to the state-of-the-art. As an example, the lab is able to create new alloys and then cast them into spur gears, test those gears in a gear rig to study their properties and then integrate them into actual gearboxes for environmental testing. The research group also does a substantial amount of metal additive manufacturing research and the lab supports the evaluation of those materials, which are produced by outside partners.
- NASA Game Changing Technology Program for the development of metallic glass gears
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research for the development of metal matrix composites
- NASA flight program on the ISS for studies of sedimentation in metal matrix composites
- JPL/Caltech funding for the development of transparent sample return caches
- Strategic University Research Partnership (JPL/MIT) for hybrid metallic glass bearings


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Structural and tectonic interpretation of deep seismic reflection data offshore Spain and Portugal: A tectonic rifting model
Unger, Michael Rhodes
Sawyer, Dale S.
Master of Arts
A portion of new seismic reflection/refraction data collected over the Iberia margin were processed and interpreted, resulting in the recognition of two previously unknown normal faults in the deep crust. These faults, named Q and R, formed during the Triassic-Cretaceous rifting of Pangea, and formation of the Atlantic basin. Previous studies have shown a third surface, the low-angle S reflector, in the area. S has previously been interpreted as a detachment surface or as a velocity interface. A model is proposed where extension was accommodated along Q, R and S during the rifting of Pangea. R and S acted as detachment surfaces as the hangingwall block moved westward. Late in the rifting process, the geometry of R and S was altered by motion of underlying serpentinized mantle material. This upwelling of the mantle controlled the shape of Sin three dimensions. Total extension across the margin is estimated at 1.67.


Apollo (TOS)
Revision as of 18:00, 7 September 2020 by Joe Beaudoin Jr. (talk | contribs) (Text replacement - "Galactica" to "{{TOS|Galactica}}")
This article discusses the Original Series character known as Apollo. For information on his Re-imagined Series counterpart with the pilot callsign of "Apollo," see Lee Adama.
Colony Caprica
Birth place {{{birthplace}}}
Birth Name Apollo
Birth Date {{{birthdate}}}
Nickname {{{nickname}}}
Introduced [[{{{seen}}}]]
Parents Adama, commander of the battlestar Galactica, and Ila
Siblings Athena and Zak (KIA)
Children Boxey (adopted)
Marital Status Widowed; formerly sealed to Serina,
then involved with Sheba
Family Tree View
Role Viper pilot, battlestar Galactica
Rank Captain
Serial Number {{{serial}}}
Portrayed by Richard Hatch
Apollo is a Cylon
Apollo is a Final Five Cylon
Apollo is a Human/Cylon Hybrid
Apollo is an Original Series Cylon
Additional Information
Apollo in the separate continuity
Apollo in the primary continuity
Captain Apollo is Galactica's lead Viper pilot, leading Blue Squadron in the defense of the rag-tag, fugitive fleet.
The Peace Conference
Apollo goes out on a patrol with his brother Zac, just prior to the peace conference. They discover some Cylon freighters and then encounter an armada of Cylon Raiders.
In the course of destroying some scout Raiders that approach, Zac's Viper loses power to one engine. After the Raider fleet begins their run towards the peace conference and the battlestar fleet, Zac tells his brother to go ahead to warn the fleet, allowing Apollo to report the enemy activity back to Galactica. Apollo is able to warn Adama, but Zac is killed by the Raiders as they caught up with the disabled Viper just as Zac entered visual range of the Colonial fleet (TOS: "Saga of a Star World").
When Adama insists on going to the surface of Caprica in a shuttle, Apollo insists that the commander ride to the planet as a passenger in his Viper for added protection. On the surface, Apollo is accosted by angry colonists who survived the genocide, but Adama is able to rally them to find any ship they could fly to leave Caprica and to Galactica's protection.
After the Cylon Attack
Apollo helps inspect ships in the newly formed fleet. While aboard the freighter Gemini, he discovers that certain individuals were hoarding supplies aboard the Rising Star, while others went without. Apollo ensures that supplies are fairly distributed, much to the displeasure of Sire Uri. Apollo encounters Serina, and helps her cheer up her son (Boxey) who is depressed.
In front of the Quorum of Twelve, Apollo suggests the Straits of Madagon as a possible route to Carillon, volunteering himself as well as Boomer and Starbuck to help clear the minefield. The minesweeping operation earns the three a Gold Cluster.
On Carillon, Apollo gets to know Boxey and Serina better. Apollo and Starbuck save Boxey, Muffit, and Cassiopeia from the Ovions, while lighting a fire in the tylium mines. The pair use a clever bit of deception to force a Cylon basestar into the atmosphere as the tylium fires destroy the planet and the nearby basestar (TOS: "Saga of a Star World").
Apollo and Serina announce their intentions to be sealed. Apollo and Starbuck discover a magnetic void while on patrol. Their mission prevents them from catching the mysterious illness that affects the rest of the Viper pilots. Apollo trains female shuttle pilots, including Serina, to be Viper pilots. Apollo leads the new pilots on a successful raid against an outpost before the Fleet turns and heads into the magnetic void (TOS: "Lost Planet of the Gods, Part I").
Apollo and Serina chase after Starbuck, who leaves on a mission without them. Starbuck is captured by the Cylons, but Serina asks to go ahead with the ceremony. Apollo and Serina join an expedition to Kobol, and follow Adama into the Tomb of the Ninth Lord of Kobol. Baltar arrives and accidentally triggers a trap, sealing all four into the tomb. A blast from a Raider frees them, but as they escape Serina is shot by a nearby Centurion. The mortally wounded Serina is brought back aboard Galactica where she says goodbye to Apollo and Boxey (TOS: "Lost Planet of the Gods, Part II").
Apollo is ready for the showdown with Red-Eye (The Lost Warrior).
While decoying Cylons away from the Fleet, Apollo's Viper runs out of fuel, causing him to crash-land on Equellus, a low-tech planet far removed from the Fleet's flight path. Marooned within an agrarian community, he befriends Vella and her son Puppis, joining with them in the fight against strong-arm man Lacerta. Apollo destroys Lacerta's right-hand "man", Red-Eye, a marooned Centurion with memory problems, ending Lacerta's reign of terror. Despite his new love with Vella, Apollo returns to the Fleet when Vella shows him another crashed Viper containing the needed fuel (The Lost Warrior).
Apollo and Boomer rescue Starbuck from the Proteus prison and return his lost recon Viper. All three of them manage to eliminate the Raiders that had been dispatched to investigate, and return to Galactica safely.
Apollo is chosen to lead the mission to Arcta to destroy the Ravashol pulsar. He is dismayed when he finds Boxey has stowed away on the snowram (TOS: "The Gun on Ice Planet Zero, Part I"). His team successfully destroys the pulsar, ensuring the survival of the Fleet (TOS: "The Gun on Ice Planet Zero, Part II").
Apollo accompanies the mission to Serenity, using Muffit to help track down the location of the Borays by having the robotic daggit track Siress Belloby's scent (TOS: "The Magnificent Warriors").
Apollo, accompanied by Boomer, pilots the shuttle that rescues Starbuck, stranded on the planet Antilla. Apollo wisely suggests the use of a shuttlecraft, rather than a Viper squadron, so as not to attract Cylon attention (TOS: "The Young Lords").
Apollo and Starbuck encounter the battlestar Pegasus while on patrol. With the two battlestars reunited, Apollo takes part in a joint mission to capture the Cylon tankers, which fails due to Commander Cain's sabotage (TOS: "The Living Legend, Part I"). Apollo leads the commando team that parachutes down to Gamoray to destroy the command center of the planetary defense systems. After the command center is destroyed, the duo join the fight above the planet. Apollo and Starbuck break from their assigned escort duty to help Pegasus defeat two Cylon basestars (TOS: "The Living Legend, Part II").
When Galactica is severely damaged by suicidal Cylon Raiders, Apollo hatches the idea of modifying Vipers to shoot fire-extinguishing boroton into the burning landing bay. When that fails to completely put out the flames, Apollo and Starbuck undertake a risky spacewalk to plant explosives on parts of Galactica's hull. This successfully vents the fires into space. While on the spacewalk, Apollo has the idea of placing mushies next to the ventilation duct on the bridge to lure Muffit through the convoluted maze of ducts. The idea works, saving the lives of Boomer, Athena, Boxey, and numerous other crewmembers stranded in the rejuvenation center (TOS: "Fire in Space").
Apollo's team discovers Count Iblis. Apollo is wary of Iblis, especially due to the apparent threat against Adama's power (TOS: "War of the Gods, Part I"). Apollo later confronts Iblis, and ends up stepping in front of a blow meant for Sheba. Apollo is killed, but by doing so Iblis apparently oversteps his bounds and is forced to flee. Apollo is resurrected by the Beings of Light, and returns to Galactica with Sheba and Starbuck (TOS: "War of the Gods, Part II").
Apollo accompanies Starbuck to the Rising Star, where Starbuck plans to try a new Pyramid system. They discover Chameleon, and inadvertantly protect him from the Borellian Nomen that are pursuing him (TOS: "The Man with Nine Lives").
Apollo and Boomer serve as Starbuck's "Protectors" (legal council) when he is framed for the murder of a Colonial warrior. Apollo manages to get the real killer to reveal his entire plot while Boomer pipes in the audio so that the Tribunal can hear the confession (TOS: "Murder on the Rising Star").
Apollo helps the Terrans Sarah Fowler, Michael, and their children reach Paradeen. Once on Paradeen, Sarah sabotages the Vipers in hopes that Apollo will stay and be with her. She eventually warms up to Michael, and Apollo helps to capture


How to communicate your value
Ben lost 98% of his eyesight overnight at the age of 16, yet he discovered ways that allowed him to focus and see the bigger picture.
In this two part video series, Ben shares his insights and wisdom to help you see beyond your personal limits and dream boldly.
Part one
Part two
Download a transcript of both of the above videos (Word, 21KB).
What you can do next
 1. Vision Australia offer employment services support where qualified consultants can help you to achieve your employment goals. Request a call back from employment services.
 2. Vision Australia have created a self-advocacy guide where you will find information on what you can do when you encounter barriers to participating in the community due to your blindness or low vision generally and in particular barriers to accessing employment. Vision Australia self-advocacy guide (DOCX, 791KB)
 3. A vocational counsellor can provide guidance around exploring your career potential and your strengths, and identify any gaps you may need to consider.


PVC (Prisoner, Vacationer, Change-maker)
PVC (Prisoner, Vacationer, Change-maker)
Materials Needed:
 - PVC Model (Flipchart or Power point)
 PVC stands for Prisoner, Vacationer, and Change-Maker'
 - These are mindsets you can have in any given experience
Prisoner Mindset:
In this mindset you may feel trapped in a situation and completely unhappy. You are stuck in a situation and your not really trying to find a way out.
Vacationer Mindset:
In this mindset things are great, you feel fine, and you can just kick back and go for the ride. There are many things going on around you but your not really focused on what's happening, your in your own world.
Change-Maker Mindset:
Change-Makers are able to assess their position in any situation, and work to change things so that they are making the most out of their
PVC Activity Suggestions
Facilitator Instructions
1. Create a list of scenarios that your participants may encounter in life and/ or on the program (i.e. "Going on family vacation", "Completing a group project", "Participating in this program")
2. Make three big signs, one each for Prisoner, Vacationer, Leader. Place the signs on three different walls of your program space (or on the floor or ground, depending on space available)
3. Begin the activity by reviewing the PVC model with the participants (using the model displayed on a flipchart or PowerPoint slide). Ask participants to tell you what a mindset is, discuss the meaning of mindset and some common mindsets. Review the PVC model after they understand the meaning of 'mindset'.
4. One at a time, read out your list of prompts and have participants move to the sign that depicts their mindset in each scenario.
5. Once the participants have moved to a sign, you may choose to have them discuss their mindset with the others at that station, or explain their mindset to a group at a different station.
6. You may wish to ask participants what it would take for them to change their mindset in particular situations. Is it possible to change ones mindset in challenging situations? Why or why not?


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Error 1052 Column in where clause is ambiguous
When working with programs that pull data from databases, you may occasionally run across different types of errors. Many of them are fixable, specifically if you are coding your own SQL queries. This article describes the '1052 Column in where clause is ambiguous' error and how to correct it.
Correcting the '1052 Column in where clause is ambiguous' error
This type of error occurs when a SQL query is working with more than one table. Our example below is using two tables within an ecommerce program and generates the following error:
Error No: 1052
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total FROM oc_customer c LEFT JOIN oc_address a ON (c.customer_id = a.customer_id) WHERE CONCAT(firstname,'', lastname) LIKE '%john%'
What causes the error
The query gives each table an alias, the oc_customer table gets an alias of c and the oc_address table gets an alias of a. This is used to define which table the column is supposed to come from, such as the section of the query c.customer_id = a.customer_id. This is the same as saying oc_customer.customer_id = oc_address.customer_id. There is another section that has column names but the script fails to identify which table to look into, CONCAT(firstname,'', lastname). Since both the oc_customer and oc_address tables have columns named firstname and lastname, the server does not know which table to work with, and thus throws the error.
Fixing the error
To fix this, simply add the tablename or alias for the table you want to work with. If you are writing the query yourself, this is a bit easier to deal with as you will know which table you meant to use. In our example, we should add the alias for the oc_customer table, c, to the column names. Our code snippet would look like this: CONCAT(c.firstname,'', c.lastname) making the whole query appear as below.
If you are working with a developer or a professional level program (open source or purchased) you will need to let them know of the error. They will be able to fix the issue in their next release.
The query will now run correctly as it knows which table to work with on all columns.


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The average life span for African-Americans in Louisiana today (72.2 years) is shorter than that of Colombians, Vietnamese and Venezuelans. The average life span of an African-American in New Orleans is 69.3 years, nearly as low as life expectancy in North Korea.
African-Americans in Tangipahoa Parish have well-being levels of the average American in the early 1950s.
From the American Human Development Project's "Portrait of Louisiana," released today. More data on the state, like food stamp usage by parish, here.
Hurricane Katrina destroyed cities, jobs and lives. But for some children, the storm may have resulted in an unforeseen upside: better schooling.
A new working paper from Prof. Bruce Sacerdote at Dartmouth University notes that when families fled New Orleans, they were forced to abandon its failing school system. Professor Sacerdote used data on Louisiana students' test scores and college attendance, both before and after the Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, to calculate what effect leaving a failing school district had on academic achievement.
In the first year after the 2005 evacuation, students' standardized test scores fell — which is probably not surprising, given the disruption in their lives. Within a couple years, students originally from Orleans Parish schools saw their scores recover and then eventually surpass their prehurricane levels.
But this was not true for Katrina evacuees from nearby Jefferson and Rita evacuees from Lake Charles. In those areas, where the schools were better than those in New Orleans, the decline in test scores for displaced students persisted into 2007 and started to recover by 2008. Similar results were seen for college enrollment. Evacuated students from New Orleans saw a modest increase in four-year college enrollment, whereas their counterparts from the suburbs initially saw a negative effect on college enrollment (which disappeared within about a year). Read more…


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Studies have showed that being bullied by peers in adolescence is strongly and consistently associated with decreased sense of well-being that may be expressed in emotional, physical and behavioural effects. Yet, there are personal variables that might mediate the relationships between bullying victimization and low levels of well-being. In this study, we have examined the possible moderating effect of resilience and self-concept that were found to be connected to bullying and to well-being among Israeli adolescents. 507 middle school Israeli students, aged 11–16, fulfilled Bullying victimization, well-being, self-concept and resilience questionnaires. A mediation model analysis have revealed that the hypothesized mediation model was accepted in full and both high self-concept and resilience mediates this relationship. Specific directions and recommendation are discussed for further insights into intervention and prevention programmes for adolescents, in order to optimize existing programmes as well as to create an infrastructure for new intervention programs.
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
- Bullying victimization
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Health(social science)


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Microsoft is now promoting taskbar and action center advertisements more actively, some for Microsoft Edge, some for other services from Microsoft. Those are just one of Window 10's many kinds of ads. This notification can be disabled as well. In this article, we will guide you through the whole procedure to disable Windows 10's taskbar popup notifications.
Disable taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10
To disable the taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10, follow this procedure step by step:
Click the Search button. Type Settings in the search bar and select the option as the following image is showing:
As soon as you will select the Settings option, the following screen will appear:
Choose the System option from the Windows Settings as highlighted in the above image. Once you will choose the System option, the following screen will appear:
As you can see that the screen is divided into two parts. Select the Notifications & actions option from the left side of the screen as highlighted in the above image. As soon as you will select the Notifications & actions, the following screen will appear:
Turn off the toggle button named Get tips, tricks and suggestions as you use Windows. Taskbar popup notifications will be disabled.
By following this procedure you can disable the taskbar popup notifications in Windows 10.


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The theorem says:
"Suppose $z_0$ is an essential isolated singularity of $f(z)$. Then for every complex number $w_0$, there is a sequence $z_n\rightarrow z_0$ such that $f(z_n)\rightarrow w_0$."
The function $f(z)=e^{1/z}$ has an essential singularity at $z=0$. Can someone demonstrate the theorem up above by providing a sequence of complex numbers $z_n$ so that:
$$z_n\rightarrow 0 \qquad\text{and}\qquad f(z_n)\rightarrow 10$$
And perhaps a second example where:
$$z_n\rightarrow 0 \qquad\text{and}\qquad f(z_n)\rightarrow 1+i$$
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up vote 4 down vote accepted
Let $\ln(10)$ be the real natural logarithm of 10. Then for $$z_n = \frac{1}{\ln(10) + 2\pi n i}$$ we have $z_n \to 0$ and $f(z_n) = 10$. You can do the same thing for $1 + i$ by replacing $\log(10)$ with any number such that $e^z = 1 + i$.
As a comment, by the Picard theorem, there is at most one complex number $w_0$ with the property that we cannot choose $z_n \to z_0$ with $f(z_n) = w_0$. In this case it is $0$.
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Very helpful. Thanks. – David Apr 21 '13 at 2:32
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The Women on Boards Network mentorship is issued to members who have undergone the Global Women on Boards training in partnership with the LeadWomen of Malaysia. The programme is based on structured flexibility, with mentors and mentees having freedom in defining the relationship and programme activities.
The mentees are attached to a local and international mentor.
- To facilitate and increase the knowledge and skills of the mentee in Board leadership.
- To offer the mentees the opportunity of acquiring additional knowledge and skills by understanding the mentor's practical skills and experience.
- To provide motivation for the mentee to seek to improve their knowledge and skills
In the Mentorship mentees will benefit from:
- Insights into the board leadership culture.
- Experiential knowledge on how to achieve strategies for effective board operations and life balance.
- Support during the introduction process – including how to adapt to a new board field culturally, organizationally and professionally.
- Assistance in gaining new skills that will help them as they advance in their careers.


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What Illnesses Are Treated Through Chiropractic In Manhattan, KS?
In Kansas, individuals who suffer with chronic illnesses could benefit from chiropractic services. The services could produce better results than traditional strategies. These options could also reduce the need for medications that treat the symptoms instead of the illness. Chiropractic Manhattan KS services could provide a more thorough solution for these conditions.
Irritable Bowel Disease
Irritable bowel disease affects the patient by causing disruptions in the digestive system. These disruptions are often attributed to pressure and narrowing of the intestines. They could cause severe pain and bloating for these patients. This could affect how they consume foods and lead to dietary restrictions. Chiropractors could provide assistance by reducing these symptoms by performing spinal manipulation. These practices could reduce the pressure caused by the illness and promote a healthier digestive system.
Managing Symptoms of Hypertension
Stress is the primary source for patients with hypertension. Techniques used to reduce stress could include massage therapy and acupuncture. These techniques relax the muscles and eliminate tension. It is tension in the muscles that cause pain for these individuals. Additionally, acupuncture could stimulate hormone levels and promote a better sense of well-being. This fights the effects of stress more proactively. This could reduce symptoms associated with hypertension.
Treating Arthritis Effectively
Arthritis causes swelling in the joints. When these symptoms are more severe, the patient could face severe mobility issues. Massage therapy and manipulation could reduce the pressure generated by this condition. By eliminating the pressure, the patients could manage their pain more effectively and increase their range of motion.
Reducing Symptoms of Attention Deficient Disorder
Nutritional requirements could affect the onset of ADD symptoms. The primary source of distress for patients with this condition is the inability to focus and maintain proper concentration. By providing adequate nutrition, the chiropractor could provide supplements that control impulsiveness and distractions for these patients.
Kansas patients could fight against symptoms of chronic conditions. These treatment options are based on a holistic approach. They could reduce the need for medications and offer more proactive strategies to improve the patient's lives. Patients who need Chiropractic Manhattan KS should visit Ctrmm.com for more information about these care plans today.


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Gas Tech Intro To Business
This course introduces students to the process of starting, registering, and budgeting a small business. Topics will cover business structure, financing, business plans, location, and effectively communicating with your customer. In addition, students will study both small and large businesses and their founders, and what contributed to their success and failure. Throughout this course, students will understand what is unique about having a HVAC business, and certain realities of operating, advertising, locating, and competing in this competitive industry.


on the farm, from management to farming, through packaging and security. The amortization period is about four years. Electricity will be produced by photovoltaic panels during the day and, at night, when grid electricity costs essentially less, to save investment costs of batteries.
We will save even more energy in aquaculture and horticulture by using the evaporative cooling of greenhouses also for parts of the intensive aeration energy of fish tanks. The demonstration plant has no connection to the sea. We will recirculate the water from fish tanks after treatment and use it for greenhouse irrigation, as well as recycle the evaporated water. Thus, we will use 80% to 90% less water than conventional greenhouse horticulture, using aquaculture recirculation.
EU Partner Programmes


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US Maps »
Pennsylvania Map Collection
Pennsylvania County Map:
This map shows Pennsylvania's 67 counties. Also available is a detailed Pennsylvania County Map with county seat cities.
Map of Pennsylvania Cities:
This map shows many of Pennsylvania's important cities and most important roads. Important north - south routes include: Interstate 79, Interstate 81 and Interstate 83. Important east - west routes include: Interstate 70, Interstate 76, Interstate 80, Interstate 84 and Interstate 90.
We also have a more detailed Map of Pennsylvania Cities.
Pennsylvania Physical Map:
This Pennsylvania shaded relief map shows the major physical features of the state. For other nice views of the state see Pennsylvania Satellite image, Pennsylvania wall map or the Pennsylvania map by google.
Pennsylvania Rivers Map:
This map shows the major streams and rivers of Pennsylvania and some of the larger lakes. The state's drainage systems are separated by the Eastern Continental Divide and the St. Lawrence Seaway Divide. The eastern and central parts of the state are within the Atlantic Ocean Watershed. Within this watershed the Susquehanna River drains much of Pennsylvania and enters Chesapeake Bay while the Delaware River forms the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania and drains into Delaware Bay. Small portions of Erie and Potter Counties drain into Lake Erie and are in the St. Lawrence Watershed. The remainder of the state is in the Mississippi River Watershed. One of five North American Triple Points is located in Pennsylvania. An unnamed hill in Potter County is the intersection of Eastern Continental Divide and the St. Lawrence Seaway Divide. Most of these lakes and streams can be clearly seen on the Pennsylvania Satellite Image. We also have a page about Pennsylvania water resources.
Pennsylvania Elevation Map:
This is a generalized topographic map of Pennsylvania. It shows elevation trends across the state. Detailed topographic maps and aerial photos of Pennsylvania are available in the Geology.com store. See our state high points map to learn about Mt. Davis at 3,213 feet - the highest point in Pennsylvania. The lowest point is the Delaware River at Sea Level. Learn about Pennsylvania geology.
|Copyright information: The maps on this page were composed by Brad Cole of Geology.com. These maps are copyright by Geology.com and may not be used beyond our websites. If you want to share these maps with others please link to this page. They were created using data licensed from and copyright by Map Resources.


text: Background: The present study investigated working memory capacity, lexical access, phonological skills and reading ability in 6 children with cochlear implants (CI), attending grades 1-3. For each test measure, the individual performance of the children was compared to a grade-matched comparison group of children with normal hearing. Performance was also studied in relation to demographic factors. Material/Methods: Cognitive skills were assessed in a computer-based test battery. Different aspects of each of the component skills were tapped in various subtests. Reading comprehension was measured by the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test and decoding was assessed in the Test of Word Reading (TOWRE). The children were also tested on orthographic learning. Results: These children with CI have specific difficulties in tasks of phonological skills and phonological working memory (WM) where nonwords are used as test stimuli. They do not seem to have problems with phonological processing of words for which they have a well defined phonological representation. They also experienced relatively more difficulties in tasks on lexical access without any contextual information. Conclusions: We suggest that children with CI are particularly efficient in using compensatory strategies in situations where their auditory perception does not provide sufficient information to correctly match the incoming speech signal to a corresponding representation in longterm phonological storage. The children with CI in this study were skilled readers, both for decoding of words and nonwords and for reading comprehension. They may use both orthographic and phonological reading strategies, although most of them seem to be dependent on phonological decoding to some extent.


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family development program
The Family Development Program is the core program of SAFP, and marked the origin of our organization. Poor families in India are supported by regular monthly assistance for a sustainable livelihood.
Donations for the Family developmentProgram are forwarded through SAFP India office to our partners - the DSSSs (Diocesan Social Service Societies), then to the community-based Sanghams (grassroots people's organizations), and finally into the bank accounts of the recipient families. The families use these funds for necessities and many save a portion of this assistance for future needs.
There are three variables regarding the program and how it operates:
- The accuracy and integrity of the family's designation as needy
- The way in which the families spend the monthly funds is reflected by their most pressing needs (i.e. medicine, food or education of the children)
- The adequacy and duration of the assistance
The families are chosen in a participatory manner by the local Sangham based on priority of need. The names of the chosen families are then sent to the DSSS offices for review and finalization. Once families are approved, photos of the families are taken, and profiles are provided explaining the needs. The photos and profiles are forwarded to the SAFP India office for a final inspection before being sent to the SAFP office in Canada. They are recorded and stored until linked with a Canadian partner family, individual, group, etc.
Two Phased Approach on Poverty Alleviation:
- To meet immediate needs such as food, clothing, medicine or education
- To encourage each family assisted to become self-reliant and productive within the context of their local and general economy
- Provide basic human needs (food, medicine, shelter)
- Cover some of the educational costs of children so they can attend school
- Offer skills development opportunities for parents
- Enhance employability through training
- Provide means for these families to own livestock to have an improved diet and to give them an asset
- Assist families in financing entrepreneurial initiatives such as small retail stores called petty shops, bicycle repair centres, teashops, fishing businesses, etc.
- Reduces their indebtedness
- Improves their living conditions
- Reduces the burden on single parents such as widows and widowers as well as abandoned women
- Augments present income for an immediate improvement in their standard of living
- Provides avenues for subsidies and bank loans that would not normally be available to the poor
- Provides a built-in support system with their local Sangham
SAFP promises six years support to each family. After six years, if it is deemed necessary by the local Sangham or committee that the assistance must be extended for a while longer (due to extenuating circumstances such as the death of the main earner, raising a child with physical or mental challenges, etc.) the assistance will be made available.
More than 50,000 families have been assisted to become self-reliant. At present more than 12800 families are being assisted on a monthly basis. Some residents in SAFP's 25 Homes of Healing receive monthly assistance toward their living expenses, medical care or educational costs.
SAFP's Family-to-Family Program operates in the following states of India:
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
$20 a month or $240 yearly will assist a family. A minimum of $60 (3 months) support is needed to start assistance
- $1,440 (72 months) will support a family(ies) for 6 years
- $5,000 bursary will support a family(ies) for 20 years
If you wish to assist a family Click here to DONATE
You can correspond with the family in India directly. When writing letters to your family, please use only the address that appears on the profile sent to you by SAFP. This is located near the top of the profile as highlighted in the picture below. The family will write at least two letters a year, via interpreters.


If your organization has given you the power to be a mastermind in Zapiens, congratulations! With this new functionality, Zap learns and acquires knowledge about your organization in a more rigorous way
Advantages of the new answer validation process:
 - Zap's knowledge about your organization increases in a more rigorous way. Zap now learns from previously validated knowledge, that is, it needs at least one other person to confirm that the answers are correct.
 - Collaboration among masterminds increases, now you will know the answers provided by other colleagues when you manage categories in common and you can give your opinion about them.
 - Users receive more truthful answers to their questions.
When a Mastermind in your organization answers a question in a category you manage together, Zap will send you the following push notification "Hey, what do you think of this answer?"
To validate your colleagues' answers, follow these simple steps:
 1. Access Zap, found in the center of the Lower Menu
 2. Zap will greet you and ask you what you want to do
 3. Click on "Help"
 4. If you have more than one unvalidated question, swipe left to access them
 5. Click on a question
 6. Click the "That's correct" button to validate the answer or click the "I don't know" button if you did not know the answer. In both cases, the question will disappear from the "Help" section. Zap, our Artificial Intelligence, will send a push notification to the person who created the question to see your validation.
 7. Keep answering questions and/or validating answers if you have any pending questions.
 8. Click the "X" at the top left to exit the questions
 9. Click the "X" button at the top left to exit Zap
Note: In the web version of the App, if you have more than one answer you will be able to access them by using the right or left arrows on the keyboard.
Some important clarifications about the process of validating answers:
 - To validate answers, the Masterminds have to manage categories in common
 - Questions related to categories managed by a single Mastermind do not require validation
 - Questions related to categories managed by only two Masterminds can be validated through the "That's correct" button in the App
 - When the other Masterminds in a category have clicked the "I don't know" button from the App, the answer is automatically validated
 - Questions answered from the Administration Area do not need to be validated by other Masterminds. They are automatically added to Zap's knowledge
Note: when a red dot appears next to Zap, it means that Zap has something new for you
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