Your question: Do all drugs undergo first pass metabolism?
There is no specific class of drugs that are spared from first pass metabolism, and there is currently no way of knowing beforehand the bioavailability of a given compound. There are prediction models available, but those require prior knowledge of drug clearance, rate of protein binding, etc.
Which drugs undergo first pass metabolism?
Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam, midazolam, pethidine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ethanol (drinking alcohol), cimetidine, lidocaine, and nitroglycerin (GTN).
Do IV drugs undergo first pass metabolism?
First pass metabolism determines what fraction of an oral dose will reach the circulation – the bioavailable fraction. Intravenous drugs don't experience this first pass effect and are, by definition, 100% bioavailable. Drugs administered orally or inhaled demonstrate less than 100% bioavailability.
Where does first pass metabolism occur?
The drug is absorbed from the GI tract and passes via the portal vein into the liver where some drugs are metabolised. Sometimes the result of first pass metabolism means that only a proportion of the drug reaches the circulation. First pass metabolism can occur in the gut and the liver.
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What bypasses first pass effect?
Two ways to bypass first pass metabolism involve giving the drug by sublingual and buccal routes. The drugs are absorbed by the oral mucosa in both methods. In sublingual administration the drug is put under the tongue where it dissolves in salivary secretions. Nitroglycerine is administered in this way.
What causes first pass metabolism?
The first-pass metabolism or the first-pass effect or presystemic metabolism is the phenomenon which occurs whenever the drug is administered orally, enters the liver, and suffers extensive biotransformation to such an extent that the bioavailability is drastically reduced, thus showing subtherapeutic action (Chordiya …
What is the importance of first pass metabolism?
Knowledge of first pass metabolism can assist the prescriber when deciding on doses and dose schedules to ensure that patients receive their medications at the correct dosing, by the correct route for optimum therapeutic effect.
What are the 4 basic rules for medication administration?
What are the four stages of drug metabolization?
The method by which a drug is administered, along with other factors, determines the speed of onset of effects. Drugs undergo four stages within the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Is phase 1 metabolism same as first pass metabolism?
Phase 1 and phase 2 refer to the KINDS of metabolism. Phase 1 reactions usually add or reveal reactive groups. … In terms of first-pass metabolism in the liver – hydrolysis of pharmacologically inactive esters (prodrugs) to active drugs are important phase 1 reactions.
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What organ is responsible for metabolism in the first-pass effect?
The first-pass effect can occur in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver and lung. Although the liver is the main drug metabolizing organ in the body, the gut wall can play an important role in the first-pass metabolism of certain drugs.
What is first-pass metabolism of alcohol?
First-pass metabolism of ethanol is observed only after administration of small doses of ethanol, and it is characterized by the difference of the rate of alcohol (= ethanol) elimination occurring after either oral or intravenous application of identical doses of ethanol.
What is a fast metabolizer?
People who inherit two copies of the "fast" variant – one from each parent – are generally referred to as fast metabolizers. Their bodies metabolize caffeine about four times more quickly than people who inherit one or more copies of the slow variant of the gene. These people are called slow metabolizers.
Does metformin undergo first-pass metabolism?
Do suppositories bypass the liver?
Does sublingual bypass first-pass metabolism?
Sublingual administration of drug refers to the placement of drug under the tongue (Rehfeld et al., 2017). The sublingual route bypasses the first-pass metabolism and hence facilitates rapid absorption of the drug into the systemic circulation. Drug directly reaches the systemic circulation using blood vessels.
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Healthy lifestyle


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System Composer™ enables the definition, analysis, and specification of architectures and compositions for model-based systems engineering and software design. With System Composer, you allocate requirements while refining an architecture model that can then be designed and simulated in Simulink®.
System Composer lets you create or import architecture models that describe a system in terms of components and interfaces. You can also populate an architecture model from the architectural elements of Simulink designs or C/C++ code. You can create custom live views of the model to study specific design or analysis concerns. With these architecture models you can analyze requirements, capture properties via stereotyping, perform trade studies, and produce specifications and ICDs.
Define an architecture, view component dependencies, and perform analyses.
Create and use Simulink models to specify component behavior.
Extract architecture from a Simulink model.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Increased consumption of herbs may be a useful approach to reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Researchers have found that common herbs, including sage, rosemary and thyme, can inhibit the breakdown of bone that contributes to osteoporosis.
Because these herbs are rich in essential oil components, the researchers also looked at essential oils and specific components of these essential oils to inhibit bone breakdown. We have known for some time that minerals found in plants, such as calcium, potassium and magnesium, are important to bone health. Plants also contain vitamins K and C, as well as phytoestrogens, that may contribute to bone health. But substances other than these that are found in essential oils may be equally important.
Testing the Theory
In their experiments, researchers from the University of Bern in Switzerland used a model of osteoporosis in rats. Rats were fed a diet containing powdered herbs, essential oils or purified monoterpenes from these essential oils for a period of 10 days. Bone breakdown during this time was measured by the release into the urine of bone breakdown markers.
Besides the powdered whole herbs sage, rosemary and thyme, the essential oils that inhibited bone breakdown included sage, juniper, pine, dwarf pine, eucalyptus and rosemary. Pine oil was discovered to be the most potent. Protective effects were seen as early as two days following treatment. Orange peel, fennel and cumin were the only oils tested that did not inhibit bone breakdown.
Researchers investigated further to determine what components of essential oil were responsible for this inhibition of bone breakdown. They found that the essential oil components thujone, eucalyptol and camphor all had inhibiting activity. Borneol had limited activity and only at a higher dose. These components are all monoterpenes found in sage oil. Components of pine oil — alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and bornylacetate—also were inhibitors of bone breakdown. Additionally, menthol, thymol and medicinal turpentine were found to inhibit bone breakdown.
Take Them or Cook Them
In the study, the dried herbs were given in the food at a dose of 1 gram per day. To scale this up to human proportions, this would mean about 150 grams per day, or 10 tablespoons of dried herb. The essential oils were active between 30 to 100 milligrams per day, pine being the most active. Again, to scale this to proportion for a human would mean about 15 grams of oil, or about 3 teaspoons per day. It is not advised that you take these very large amounts because toxicity studies and clinical trials have not been conducted on their safety. However, since these are culinary herbs, there is no reason not to increase the use of sage, rosemary and thyme in cooking or in teas.
Bone breakdown that leads to osteoporosis is, unfortunately, a normal event that occurs in humans as we age. To slow its progression, medical science has suggested a regular exercise routine and ingestion of calcium-containing foods or supplements. A diet rich in vegetables, including onions, has been found to decrease bone loss, as well. This research further expands the list of foods known to prevent bone loss.
Muhlbauer, R.C., et al. "Common herbs, essential oils, and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism." Bone 2003; 32: 372 – 380.
Cindy L. A. Jones, Ph.D., Sagescript Institute (_URL_).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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I've heard the question a hundred times: How, oh how, do I create a form in Flash to send an email? So here's the answer, in 10 minutes or less.
For this article, I'm going to assume that you have some prior experience using ActionScript and a decent amount of experience with Flash in general. I also assume that you actually need this information (smart of me, huh?). Because we have only 10 minutes, I won't get into the server-side scripting (CFM, ASP, PHP, etc.) you would use to process an email form. But I will show you how to create the form, compile its data, and send the data out of Flash.
So, let's do it.
Launch Flash and create a new blank document. It doesn't matter whether you use Flash MX or Flash MX 2004/Flash Pro. Either version will work.
Set the Publish Settings to use Flash Player 6 or higher by using either ActionScript 1.0 or 2.0.
Set the Stage dimensions to whatever you want. Just be sure to leave enough space for five text fieldsone of which will be rather largeand a button.
Add a layer in the Timeline (so you have two) and then name them actions and assets, with the actions layer on top.
On the assets layer, create four individual lines of static text: First Name, Last Name, Email, and Message (see Figure 1).
Add four empty text fields to the Stage in a layout of your choice, and set their text field types to Input, using the menu in the Property inspector. One of the fields will be used to enter an email message, so make sure it's fairly large.
Position the Static text fields from Step 5 (First Name, Last Name, etc.) above or next to the input text fields so the user will know what is supposed to be entered into each Input field, similar to Figure 2. Leave space for a fifth text field, which you'll add in a moment.
Select the Input text field next to First Name and use the Property inspector to give it an instance name of first_name_txt. This gives you a way to identify the field in the ActionScript you'll write in the next section.
Name the other input text fields last_name_txt, email_txt, and message_txt.
Create a Dynamic text field, position it, and give it the instance name status_txt. This field will be used to notify the user if the form is incomplete and can't be sent.
Create a new Button symbol and design yourself a Send button. I used the word Send and changed the color of the text for the Over state (if using plain text for the button, be sure to add a rectangle into the Hit state for the button that covers the entire word). Return to Scene 1 when you're done.
Position the Send button somewhere where the user can find it (on the Stage, for example, where it can actually be used) to complete the form layout.
Snap an instance of the Scrollbar component to the right side of the largest Input text field (message_txt). This way, users can write extra long messages and scroll through them while writing.
Add a keyframe to frame 2 of the assets layer (by pressing F6). Select the new keyframe, delete everything on the Stage, and add a line of Static text that says Thank you. Your message has been sent. This will cue users that everything went smoothly, giving them that nice, warm, fuzzy feeling you get when you know an email has been sent.
Save this file as form.fla to your desktop (or wherever you might need it).
Figure 1 Words. Pretty, pretty words.
Figure 2 The careful planning of a form.
If you're using Flash MX 2004/Flash Pro and don't have the legendary Scrollbar component now missing from Flash, copy it from the exercise file for this article, which can be downloaded at the end of this article.
The form should now contain all the assets shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 One of a million possible layouts for a form in Flash.
Hooray! You have a form. Of course, it doesn't do anything yet, so keep reading.


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FOOD PRIZE: Conservation Home And Abroad
The Des Moines based World Food Prize Organization is known for its work to improve the quality and availability of food throughout the world.
On the home front, the organization completed an eco-friendly project that was ten years in the making.
The good deeds that stem from the World Food Prize Organization are extensive, helping people all across the globe.
President, Dr. Kenneth Quinn knows how preserving and utilizing resources can help save lives in a career that included being a U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Back home on American soil the organization knew it could make better use of their resources.
"It's close to impossible to take a 19th century building like this and make it the highest level of efficiency. There are only about 4 other buildings anywhere in the United States, 19th century, to ever get to that level."
After over 10 years of planning and execution and $30-million later, the building constructed the highest level of an eco-friendly space called Leed Platinum.
"Leadership, energy, efficiency and design and it means 'what are you doing to make your building energy efficient and resource conservation."
They've put 90 solar panels on the roof to soak up the suns energy, placed 130 geothermal wells in the garden to provide heating and cooling for the building, to name a few.
"It's just an architectural treasure."
Ambassador Quinn says the way the organizations helps others around the world is no different than applying it to their own situations, "If we're going to feed the world in the 21st century, we need to have sustainable agriculture. We can use everything up and have nothing left. You also will learn about what you can do to make a building amazingly energy efficient."
It just goes to show you can learn a lot from your own teachings.
The World Food Prize is also creating a new million dollar education exhibit that they plan to open by the end of the summer.


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It seems as normal as the world dress boys in blue and girls pink. In fact, we would not at all strange if a girl you put a blue outfit but what if a child what to wear pink? It seems unthinkable, right?
Well, I discovered that in the nineteenth century wore backwards, ie, girls and boys blue rose, though more common than not to do or a color or otherwise, but dressed in neutral colors such as gray, white, brown, veige …
Each color is associated with a meaning and is associated with certain qualities or characteristics. Thus, the blue is identified with the calmness, purity, tranquility, nature (the blue sky or the sea), while red is more about passion, courage, honor, stoicism. Pink could be more innocent version of this color and thus was used in childhood.
At what point is turned the tables? Well it looks like the first signs feminists, the struggle for gender equality, the effort to avoid differences and prejudices between the sexes. They wanted to avoid that already, from small, barriers will be marked distinctions in clothing for infants and was passed to change this tradition. Dressing up a blue boy and a girl in pink, was an act of rebellion against stereotypes. Although it appears that this industrial action fell into a new tradition.
The point is that, without realizing it, and we are making certain conduct prejudiced in infants and there is still too rooted tradition in relation to this issue. Many mothers fleeing her and dress their children as they want, regardless of color association is implied. However, it is a losing battle as the market and society are not yet preperados for a change. Chances are that the girl likes the dolls, 90% of cases go dressed in pink and cartoon-like Hello Kitty, whose world is in pink, while children will feel more attracted to Superman or Spiderman, painted mainly in red and blue.
To see if any brave to create a princess with a blue dress and pink tights superhero. Perhaps this could be the beginning of a change.


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Does tracking school children with computer chips make them more safe -- or more vulnerable?
A San Antonio school district has sided with the former, though not without some debate. The end result is that Northside Independent School District will begin the 2012 school year by distributing ID cards enabled with radio frequency identification (RFID) chips throughout three schools and to 6,290 of its students.
The main idea here is to be able to determine where any given student is at any time during the school day. That's the main idea. The other part of this is that it could help the school district net hundreds of thousands -- if not millions -- of additional dollars. But more on that in a moment.
The chips will be able to detect when a student boards a school bus and where in the school they are located, though it won't work outside of school grounds.
"Parents expect that we always know where their children are, and this technology will help us do that," said district spokesman Pascual Gonzalez. "This way we can see if a student is at the nurse's office or elsewhere on campus." The San Antonio Express-News reports that Gonzalez also said the only people who can access the tracking data will be school administrators.
The ACLU, though, has previously voiced strong objections to chipping students, pointing out that these "insecure" card readers have been copied "with a handheld device the size of a standard cell phone that was built using spare parts costing $20." Equipped with one, they argue, it would be simple for someone to track a student. The group says an even larger concern is that chips could also be copied, allowing would-be kidnappers to take a child off campus while the duplicate chip continues to tell RFID readers that the child is safely at school."
Scary stuff. But a blogger over at Babble thinks these fears are a bit extreme. "God knows I'm one of the most nervous moms around, but even I'm not convinced that utilizing high-tech ID cards is going to trigger a rash of kidnappings," writes Joslyn Gray. "It's not like they're implanting a chip into the kids' necks, like something out of 'X-Files.' It's a chip in an ID card, just like those used by businesses."
Gray adds that "privacy is all well and good until you want to know where your kid is."
So what about those parents whose children will now be part of the district's pilot program? One mom told the Express-News, "I would hope teachers can help motivate students to be in their seats instead of the district having to do this. But I guess this is what happens when you don't have enough money."
Aah, right -- the money.
Because state funding is partly based on attendance, the school district also stands to make quite a bit of cash by tracking students. No small deal in a district which the News-Express reports had to cleave $61 million from their budget last year. According to the paper, "Northside would get $1.7 million next year from both higher attendance and Medicaid reimbursements for bussing special education students."
And that's just with implementing the program in three schools. In all, there are 112 schools in the district.
The program will reportedly cost $525,065 to roll out and then $136,005 annually to support. Officials believe if it's successful, it will pay for itself in a very short time.
Do you believe the proposed safety and financial benefits outweigh privacy concerns? With school funds being slashed across the nation, are these the types of options they need to be exploring? Share your opinion with us in the comments.


Viewing SPARQLed Data in a Google Spreadsheet
This is a stub post as much as anything to help me keep tabs on a technique I've not had any time to properly play with, let alone document: consuming Linked Data in a Google spreadsheet.
First up – why might this be useful? In short, I think that many people who might want to make use of data are probably comfortable with spreadsheets but not with code, so giving them access to SPARQL and RDF is not necessarily useful.
So whilst the recipe shown here is a hacky one, at least it opens up the playground a little to explore what the issues might be – and what things might be facilitated by – providing fluid, live data routes from RDF triple stores into spreadsheets.
So here's what I'm aiming for – some data from the education datastore in a spreadsheet:
And how did it get there? Via a CSV import using the =importData formula.
And where did the CSV come from? The sparqlproxy webservice:
As well as giving CSV output, the serivce can also gnerate HTML and a variety of JSON formats, including the MIT Simile and Googl Viz API formats (which means it's easy to just plug other data into a wide variety of visualisation formats.
To get the data into a Google spreadsheet, simply copy the CSV URI into an =importData("CSV_URI_HERE") formula in a spreadsheet cell.
The sparqlproxy service can also pull in and transform queries that have been posted on the web:
So for example, in the above case the query at looks like:
What this means is that someone else can write complex queries and mortals can then access the data and display it however they want. (What I'd really like to see is a social site that supports the sharing of endpoint/query pairs for particular queries (I could probably even hack something to do this using delicious?) ;-)
Once the data is in the spreadsheet, it can be played with in the normal way of course. So for example, I can query the spreadsheet using my old prototype Guardian datastore explorer:
In the above example, the route is then:
1) a sparql query onto is run through
2) the sparqlproxy service to produce a CSV output that is
3) pulled into a Google spreadsheet using an =importData() formula, and in turn
4) queried using my Google Datastore explorer using the Google visualisation API query language and then
5) rendered in a Google Visualisation table widget.
Lurvely… :-)
 1. Pingback: Sharing Linked Data Queries With Mortals… « OUseful.Info, the blog…
 2. Pingback: Programming Pipes With Delicious and Sharing SPARQL Queries As A Result « OUseful.Info, the blog…
 3. Pingback: Dashboard Views as Data Source Directories: Open Data Communities « OUseful.Info, the blog…


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Despite the protection afforded national park units, a number of plants and animals that were once native to Grand Canyon National Park can no longer be found with the park's boundaries. Native plants and animals that are no longer present in a place that was once their home are called extirpated species. The 2009 park profile for Grand Canyon National Park prepared by the National Park Service lists the following species as extirpated: grizzly bear, black-footed ferret, gray wolf, jaguar, Bear Valley sandwort, Colorado pikeminnow, bonytail, roundtail chub, and northern leopard frog. In addition, there are another 11 plants and animals that are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act and 68 species that are recognized as species of special or management concern. For these reasons, the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program has a goal to restore populations of extirpated species, to the extent feasible and advisable. Although restoring extirpated species is of great concern, recent efforts have focused on restoring population of humpback chub that is still in existence within the Grand Canyon and maintaining and restoring the sandbars that provide camping beaches for recreationists and habitat for the park's plants and animals. Currently, no efforts are being undertaken by the USGS Grand Canyon and Monitoring and Research station to restore extirpated species.
Some of these files may require the ability to read Portable Document Format (PDF) documents; the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.


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Dermatologist Richard Weller wants to know: Why are Scots so sick?
Edinburgh-native Richard Weller was studying medicine in Australia when something suddenly struck him as odd: Why are the Scots so sick? Australians suffer from heart disease at one-third the rate that Britons do, with lower death rates from heart attacks and heart failure, and fewer strokes overall. When Weller looked into it, this wasn't unique to Australia and England: In fact, there are wide gaps in mortality even within the UK, a gradient which maps roughly... geographically? A five-degree change in latitude -- between London and Edinburg, for example -- shows a nearly 20 percent higher rate of mortality. Weller and his team have been working ever since to crack this mysterious gap, and most recently their research shows it may be related to exposure to sunlight. Nitric oxide (NO), a chemical transmitter produced by the skin and stored in great reserves, is released by exposure to UV rays, and this in turn is very important to cardiovascular health.
Weller is a senior lecturer in Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh. His two areas of study are the role of NO in human skin physiology and the role of skin barrier function deficiencies in atopic disease.


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Noel Ornament Assembly
For stitch instructions, see printable PDF above.
1. Referring to Noel Appliqué Placement Diagram, position white print C appliqué atop green print B circle; fuse in place to make appliqué foundation. Hoop appliqué foundation according to Basic Assembly, Step 1.
2. Arrange red wool D heart and letters and green wool E leaves on right side of hooped B circle. Pin or glue-baste in place. Add batting A circle according to Basic Assembly, Step 3.
3. Whipstitch around red wool shapes with one strand of red floss.
4. Stitch through center of each leaf with two strands of green floss and a running stitch. Pull up slightly to gather.
5. Blanket-stitch around white print scalloped edge with two strands of red floss to make ornament top.
6. Remove ornament top from hoop, paint outer hoop dark green, and let dry. Re-hoop, being sure screw is centered at top of ornament. Complete ornament according to Basic Assembly, steps 6–9. Tie green wool 3⁄8x6" strip to screw mechanism.


How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost? - tmnetch
How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost?
The photochemical etching, often known as chemical etching, is the latest metal designing model using chemistry and photo-etch technologies. In this process, the concerned metal is completely cleaned and deoxidized for processing. Then a photochemical material is applied to a metal sheet, which is sensitive to light.
After the coating, the whole metallic sheet is exposed to UV exposure to create the customized scanned designs provided by the clients in DXF or CAD format. Areas exposed to the light become hard. And the dark areas become softer that are removed from the metal sheet, and we get the desired metallic designs.
The chemical etching process is quicker, more efficient, and burr-free than laser cutting and metallic stamping processes. You can get all metallic designs and signed labels on metallic sheets using this chemical etching technique. If you prefer chemical etching over laser cutting or metallic stamping, you will save hundreds of bucks for bulk orders.
Let's see how much does photochemical etching costs.
 - How Much Does Photochemical Etching Cost?
The overall cost of photochemical etching is based on several factors like the material of selective chemical etching metal, the thickness of metal, the photoresist and the relevant photo etching chemical, the concerned labor, and the other maintenance cost of this whole chemical etching process. Let's dive into some deeper cost calculations per factor.
1. The Sum of Materials
The collective sum of concerned materials is a major factor that defines the overall cost of photochemical etching for a specific metallic design. Several materials are involved in the whole process, like a specific chemical etching metal, the cleansing agents, and the concerned metallic sheets. For example, Nickel and Brass would be cheaper than exotic metals like aluminum and steel.
2. Technical Costs and Process Time
There are many technical processes involved in the photo etching process like:
 - Cleansing and deoxidizing the metal
 - Smoothly applying a photo resistant chemical
 - Passing through UV plates
 - Drying and development.
Many technical machines are involved in the whole process. Further, the thick metals would take more time and consume more electricity than thin sheets. So advanced technical costs and the overall processing time increase the overall cost.
3. Overheads
There are several overheads or associated processes that stabilize the main process and improves efficiency. Several additional factors like managing a safer place and reliable metal transportation are needed for a smoother metal etching or photochemical machining to avoid any cracks or burr.
4. Labor
For any company, having efficient and responsible labor is important to maintain the product's quality and avoid risks. Therefore, any bigger company won't compromise on the labor cost for such sensitive processes like photochemical metal designing because there are many sub-processes like metal sizing, cleansing, printing, developing, etching, and stripping.
5. Standard Service and Administration Costs
There are some extra costs of standard service and administration involved to ensure the output quality. The UV exposure machines, covered plates, drying unit, development unit, and all the photochemical materials should be maintained, cleaned, and kept dust-free every time.
Photochemical etching is a better economical choice in metallurgy, where many specific metallic designs and tools are demanded every day. There are many other commercial uses of the chemical etching like brand signage and metallic labeling or product descriptive labeling over metallic sheets.
It is much more efficient and cost-effective than other laser cutting and metallic stamping techniques. Still, it demands extensive experience and sheer excellence to get the desired designs keeping the tolerance level minimum.
So, always choose an experienced photochemical etching supplier like TMN Etch that has been working for more than a decade and partnered with many famous brands like Panasonic, SONY, DELL, Huawei, Siemens, and Mercedes, etc. TMN Etch assures you the most accurate photochemical etching service.
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|Spend the time||outdoors|
Tree Tracker participants will take part in an exciting training session and then visit specific trees in their neighborhoods to observe and record the life cycle changes in trees. This information can then be used to learn more about changes in climate. Participants upload their observations to the Project Budburst website, which professional scientists then use. Citizen scientists can see recently uploaded observations as well as year-end reports from the professional scientists.
The trainings will happen during the fall and spring of each year and participants will then collect data throughout the year. We encourage anyone interested in the project to get in touch with us so that we can register them for the next available training. Even if you can't make the training, you can still make observations!


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There are many plugins which enhance registration options, but I have seen none which allow for users to be automatically sorted into different usergroups upon registration, based on custom criteria.
The native settings currently allow for the all new registrants to be placed into a certain role, initially. My knowledge of PHP is beginner level, but it seems much of like this would be easy to do, since many of the basic functions already exist.
- If registration email contains user-defined criteria, then filter into certain user group automatically. Highly useful if you say, wanted to have a student usergroup for large numbers of students. Upon registering with an activation link from a.edu email, they are sorted as such. Numerous other applications apply
Add a single field to registration form, which allows for any possible sorting profile based on an alphanumeric value entered in this field.
- The option to turn a single field, lets call it "referral code", on during registration.
- User then specifies rules for sorting new registrants into different user roles (would be incredible if this could hook up with the capabilities of plugins like
to create a rule which says something like:
- If referral code contains the string "AT2", then place into "X" usergroup, which has the ability to view content restricted (by currently existing plugins) to groups X,D,and R.
Another way to add powerful functionality for sites which require a lot of automated user management and categorization would be to add a means of easily adding custom profile fields to user's profile. These fields could be hidden to public, or visible to public.
This would then be combined with user defined rules which modify this information in user's profiles. For example:
- If X radio button value was selected during registration, and Y checkmark was selected, then add a note saying "Z" to that user's profile, and make this note hidden to public, and the user.


The History of the Smallest Park in the World
mill ends park, portland, smallest park in the world
written by Bronte Dod | photos by Rob Kerr
At just 2 feet across and with an area of 452 square inches, a circular cement urban park sits in the middle of Downtown Portland's Naito Parkway. Mill Ends Park, recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the smallest park in the world, came about in 1948 when columnist Dick Fagan of the Oregon Journal planted flowers in a hole where city workers failed to put a light post.
mill ends park, portland, smallest park in the world
Strange happenings involve Mill Ends Park. Take the Occupy Portland movement in 2011, when someone placed plastic green army men at the park. In 2013, someone stole the park's sapling, but it resurfaced the next day. Mill Ends also caused a brief international dispute in 2014, when citizens in Burntwood, England, thought the record should be held by a park there, because it actually served as a recreation area. In the end, Mill Ends keeps its title, cementing its place in Portland's long list of popular oddities and shenanigans.
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text: 'End plate spike' (EPS) is a spontaneous action potential of a normal striated muscle. EPSs are found in local 'active spots' of the muscle. The prevailing hypothesis about the origin of EPSs states that when a needle electrode affects a motor nerve branch near the neuromuscular junction at the end plate zone, an increased leakage of acetylcholine to the synaptic cleft ensues. This elicits postsynaptic action potentials of the muscle fibre which can be recorded as EPSs with the same needle electrode. Thus EPSs are thought to be caused by needle injury or irritation of the motor axon. We suggest that EPSs are action potentials of intrafusal muscle fibres and that 'active spots' are in fact muscle spindles. Waveform analysis reveals three types of EPSs: small EPSs, not propagated outside the active spot either: i) with negative onset; or ii) with short positive initial deflection; and iii) large EPSs resembling propagated motor unit potentials (MUPs) but with a typical EPS firing pattern, distinctly different from that of the MUPs.. Study of EPS activation in different manoeuvres associates small EPSs with intrafusal gamma motor units and large MUP-like EPSs with beta motor units.


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What do you think is Wordsworth's attitude toward death?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Wordsworth's poem is looking upon the ruins of a monastery that had been dissolved by Henry VIII centuries before Wordsworth's visit. It had been a monastery of the strict Cistercian order in a remote area, withdrawn from the world and close to nature. For Wordsworth, the religious sentiment, the love of nature, and the nostalgia for a more innocent past all surface together in this poem.
The important lines for his attititude towards death are:
... that blessed mood,
In which the burthen of the mystery,
In which the heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world,
Is lightened:—that serene and blessed mood,
In which the affections gently lead us on,—
Until, the breath of this corporeal frame
And even the motion of our human blood
Almost suspended, we are laid asleep
In body, and become a living soul:
In this he portrays death almost in a Platonist sense as a blissful separation of the soul from the body and a dissolution into a nature in which the divine is immanent. His attitude towards death seems strongly religious, albeit not connected to dogmatic theology, but rather to a longing for a return of the soul to some form of union with the divine.
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Definitions for "probate"
The review or testing of a will before a court of law to ensure that the will is authentic.
The right or jurisdiction of proving wills.
an important document when it comes to genealogy
Trusts eliminate time-consuming and often expensive formalities to obtain probate and ensure the release of assets on death, particularly when such assets are located in many countries. Another advantage that trusts have over other probate arrangements is that they allow uninterrupted management of the assets.
See "Death Probate."
To divide or assess proportionately.
put a convicted person on probation by suspending his sentence
Keywords: proof
Keywords: grant, representation, see
See 'Grant of Probate'.
(See grant of representation)
Keywords: problem, institution
Problem Institution


text:
Freeman T.C., Raza S., Theocharidis A. and Ghazal P. The mEPN Scheme: An Intuitive and Flexible Graphical System for Rendering Biological Pathways. BMC Systems Biology 4:65, 2010.
The modified Edinburgh Pathway Notation (mEPN) scheme has been designed to fulfil a number of objectives:
- Allow the detailed representation of a diverse range of biological entities, interactions and pathway concepts
- Provide a system for presenting pathway knowledge in a semantically and visually unambiguous manner
- Be as simple as possible to construct and edit diagrams
- Be understandable and useful to a biologist
- Have network semantics that are sufficiently well defined that software tools can convert graphical models into formal models, suitable for analysis and simulation
The mEPN scheme is founded on a pathway notation system originally proposed by Moodie et al. 2006
and first published in a form similar to that described here by Raza et al. 2008
. Its recent evolution and refinement has been primarily driven by our attempts to produce process diagrams
for a diverse range of biological pathways, particularly with respect to immune signalling in mammals. These efforts have also been influenced by the work of the Systems Biology Graphical Notation
(SBGN) community and others in the field. The current mEPN scheme is the based on the experience of over five years of pathway construction, notation testing and discussions. The objectives of the EPN as originally proposed remain preserved as do many of its original concepts of the EPN scheme1. However substantial modifications have been made to the notation system from the introduction of new symbols to changes in the aesthetics of the scheme and pathway syntax.
The following documents provide a detailed description of the mEPN scheme:
The development of the current mEPN scheme, the rules for its deployment and creation of a number of large pathway diagrams has been driven by the group of Dr Tom Freeman
in collaboration with Prof. Peter Ghazal
together with other members of the Roslin Institute
, the Division of Pathway Medicine
and the Centre for Systems Biology Edinburgh
, University of Edinburgh.


text:
A Nitrogen laser is a gas laser operating in the ultraviolet range (typically 337 nm), using molecular nitrogen as its gain medium, pumped by an electrical discharge.
The gain medium is nitrogen molecules in the gas phase. The nitrogen laser is a 3-level laser. In contrast to a ruby laser or to other more typical 4-level lasers, the upper laser level of nitrogen is directly pumped, imposing no speed limits on the pump. Pumping is normally provided by direct electron impact; the electrons must have sufficient energy, or they will fail to excite the upper laser level. Typically reported optimum values are in the range of 80 to 100 eV per Torr·cm pressure of nitrogen gas.
There is a 40 ns upper limit of laser lifetime at low pressures and the lifetime becomes shorter as the pressure increases. The lifetime is only 1 to 2 ns at 1 atmosphere. In general:
For various reasons the efficiency of the nitrogen laser is low, typically 0.1% or less, though nitrogen lasers with efficiency of up to 3% have been reported in the literature.
The strongest lines are at 337.1 nm *wavelength in the ultraviolet. Other lines have been reported at 357.6 nm, also ultraviolet. This information refers to the second positive system of molecular nitrogen, which is by far the most common. There are also lines in the far-red and infrared from the first positive system, and a visible blue laser line from the molecular nitrogen positive (1+) ion.
The metastable lower level lifetime is 40 μs, thus, the laser self-terminates, typically in less than 20 ns. This type of self-termination is sometimes referred to as "bottlenecking in the lower level". Thus, in contrast to the helium-neon laser, the nitrogen laser can only operate in pulsed mode. Many nitrogen lasers terminate even more rapidly, but this is usually because the drive circuitry cannot provide sufficiently energetic electrons for more than a few ns. It might be thought that the short pulsewidth of the nitrogen laser is caused by the short lifetime of the upper laser level, but that is demonstrably false. Several organic dyes with upper level lifetimes of less than 10 ns have been used in continuous mode. The upper level lifetime does limit the attainable pulsewidth in the case of the nitrogen laser, but this is caused by the bottlenecking issue and is not an inherent feature of short upper-state lifetime.
Repetition rates can range as high as a few kHz, provided adequate gas flow and cooling of the structure are provided. Cold nitrogen is a better medium than hot nitrogen, and this appears to be part of the reason that the pulse energy and power drop as the repetition rate increases to more than a few pulses per second. There are also, apparently, issues involving ions remaining in the laser channel.
The gas pressure in a nitrogen laser ranges from a few mbar to as much as several bar. Air, which is 78% nitrogen, can be used, but more than 0.5% oxygen poisons the laser. Furthermore, air provides significantly less output energy than pure nitrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and helium. The pulse energy ranges from µJ to mJ and a peak power in the range of kW to more than 3 MW can be achieved. The pulse temporal width is between a few hundred picoseconds (typically at 1 atmosphere partial pressure of nitrogen) and a maximum of approximately 30 nanoseconds at reduced pressure (typically some dozens of Torr), though fwhm pulsewidths of 6 to 8 ns are typical. Nitrogen lasers can operate superfluorescently (without a resonator cavity), though it is common to put a mirror at one end such that the output is emitted from the opposite end. The gain medium is usually pumped by a transverse electrical discharge. When the pressure is at (or above) 1013 mbar (atmospheric pressure), the configuration is called a TEA laser Transverse Electrical discharge in gas at Atmospheric pressure.
- Pumping of dye lasers
- measurement of air pollution (Lidar)
- Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Source: Wikipedia (All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.)


text:
NFPA 259: Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, 2013 Edition
|Item # 25913|
Protect lives and property. Measure the potential heat of building materials with the up-to-date criteria in the 2013 edition of NFPA 259.
Essential for fire test labs, manufacturers, fire protection engineers, and fire researchers, the 2013 edition of NFPA 259: Standard Test Method of Potential Heat of Building Materials offers a test method that provides a means of determining -- under controlled laboratory conditions -- the potential heat of building materials subjected to a defined high-temperature exposure condition.
The method yields a property-type measurement of the amount of heat that can potentially be given off by building materials when exposed to a heat source.
Keep pace with changes in the 2013 edition, including:
- Revised limitation on specimen thickness concerning nonhomogeneous or layered material
- New requirements on wire specimen holder that improve consistency
Accurate assessments require the latest guidelines. Make sure you're up-to-date with the 2013 NFPA 259. (Softbound, Approx. 16 pp., 2013)
|CUSTOMERS ALSO BOUGHT|
|YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE|


I'm having problems with the last two lines in Listing 1. As they stand, they work fine. But when I preface fil.DateCreated and fil.DateLastModified with text in the code
WScript.Echo("File created on " _
 + fil.DateCreated)
WScript.Echo("File last" & _
 "modified on " + _
I receive the error message C:\Scripts\files.vbs(11, 1) Microsoft VBScript runtime error: Type mismatch: '\[string: "File created on "\]'. I can't figure out why. Can you help?
The error you're seeing is the result of using the wrong operator to concatenate different VBScript subtypes. VBScript's string concatenation operator is the ampersand (&), not the addition (+) operator.
What's interesting about your example is that the addition operator works in the first two WScript.Echo statements but not the second two statements. Here's why. The fil.Path and fil.Name variables and the text that prefaces fil.Path and fil.Name are all String subtypes. In these two statements, VBScript can concatenate the strings because all the pieces are of the String subtype.
However, when you preface the fil.DateCreated and fil.DateLastModified variables with text, you're trying to concatenate String subtypes with Date subtypes. When the VBScript interpreter sees the addition operator, it converts the Date subtype to an Integer subtype then attempts to add the integer to the string. The result is a type mismatch because you can't add a number to a string. Replacing the addition operator with the concatenation operator causes VBScript to convert the Date subtype to a String subtype. VBScript can then glue the substrings together. So if you change the addition operators to concatenation operators, you can successfully add text to the last two statements in your script. (For more information about VBScript operators, see Dino Esposito, "Understanding VBScript: Operators," August 1999.)
I'm designing a Windows NT 4.0 rollout for a company that wants to deploy a standard image to 130 desktops. This deployment must be hands-off. The company currently has IBM's LANClient Control Manager (LCCM) and Wake-on-LAN managed PCs that I can use to multicast the NT 4.0 image to the desktop. However, how do I automate changing the computer name and joining the workstation to the domain after the new image boots?
You can use Windows Script Host (WSH) 2.0 and Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) 2.5 to automate changing the computer name and joining the domain. WSH and ADSI must be part of your standard NT 4.0 image. Here's how you accomplish these two tasks:
1. Changing the computer name. Automating the process of changing the computer name is simple. You just need to use the WSH Shell object's RegWrite method to change a few Registry values and reboot. Specifically, you need to modify the NetBIOS and TCP/IP Hostname Registry values with code similar to that in Listing 2. (This script doesn't include error-checking code.) As Listing 2 shows, you begin by declaring the variables. You then specify the paths to the Registry values you want to change. Finally, you specify the new computer name and use the RegWrite method to make the Registry changes. After you run this script, you must reboot the workstation to commit the changes. (For more information about how to use the RegWrite method, go to You can also download the executable Windows Script Host Reference at Install the documentation by running wshdoc.exe after the download is complete.)
To use this script, you need to change w-bobwells to your new computer name. Therein lies the only challenge you might face with this automation task: obtaining the new computer name. Solutions I've seen include setting the computer name to the machine's primary media access control (MAC) address or retrieving the new computer name from a local or remote configuration file.
2. Joining the domain. You can use ADSI 2.5 to create the new computer account and set the initial computer account password. The example script in Listing 3 demonstrates the process for a workstation named Hercules in the domain Olympus.
You begin this script by creating a reference to ADSI's WinNT: provider, which is the mechanism that ADSI uses to access and manage NT 4.0 and 3.51. Next, you call the OpenDSObject method to authenticate and bind to the container that will hold the new computer account object. OpenDSObject takes four parameters:
 - The ADsPath to the target ADSI object. In this example, you're binding to the Olympus domain.
 - The account credentials to authenticate the bind request.
 - The password for the account credentials.
 - The type of authentication to perform the bind operation. The value 1 is the authentication flag that enforces secure authentication.
After you successfully bind to the target domain container, you use the IADsContainer::Create method to create the computer account object. This method takes two parameters: the type of object to create and the object's name. In this case, you're creating a Computer object named Hercules. On completion, the Create method returns a reference to the new object. Although you might think that the computer account exists at this point, it doesn't exist until you use the SetInfo method. SetInfo writes the object to the underlying directory. The last two lines set the computer account's initial password.
To use this script, you need to change several values to match your environment:
 - Change "Olympus" to the name of the domain that will contain the new computer account.
 - Change "Administrator" to the name of a user account that has sufficient domain privileges to create computer accounts.
 - Change "Password" to the previous user account's password.
 - Change "Hercules" to the name of the new computer account.


Kadalgudi Village Population - Vilathikulam, Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu
Kadalgudi is a village located in Vilathikulam Taluk of Thoothukkudi district in Tamil Nadu. Around 281 families reside in Kadalgudi village. Kadalgudi village is administered by Sarpanch(Head of village) who is elected every five years.
As per the Census India 2011, Kadalgudi village has population of 1029 of which 472 are males and 557 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 105 which is 10.2% of total population.
The sex-ratio of Kadalgudi village is around 1180 compared to 996 which is average of Tamil Nadu state. The literacy rate of Kadalgudi village is 69.97% out of which 80.51% males are literate and 61.04% females are literate. There are 14.97% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 0 Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Kadalgudi village.
Kadalgudi Population Facts
Number of Households281
Male Population472 (45.87%)
Female Population557 (54.13%)
Children Population105
Male Literacy80.51%
Female Literacy61.04%
Scheduled Tribes (ST) %0
Scheduled Caste (SC) %14.97%
Share your suggestions, thoughts


The Valencia variety is the number one juicing orange because it does not contain limonin, a chemical which can cause juice to develop a bitter taste after exposure to oxygen.
Valencias apply their own natural sunscreen to protect the fruit s inner-flesh from damaging UV rays.
The natural defence causes the Valencia to reabsorb chlorophyll, which turns the skin slightly green, can make an orange ripe for the eating look like it's not.
As Australias only orange variety grown at the height of summer, this re-greening process keeps the inside fresh and allows the variety to thrive in tropical conditions.
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How to Scan 50 Miles of Historical Documents Into an Online Archive
By Jordan Kushins on at
Tracking the lightning-quick development of modern cities is easy with Google Street View, but a big new project aims to provide context for the past 1,000 years of urban evolution in Venice, Italy. The Venice Time Machine will digitalise and catalogue a staggering amount of historical documents (a combined 50 miles worth of shelves!) before turning the data into an internet archive and adaptable 3D model.
Timing-wise, it certainly lines up with the zeitgeisty rush of cultural institutions, from the Met to the New York Public Library, putting their collections online and free for the public to browse. In this case, pulling together all the documents into a cohesive whole will be a pretty epic challenge, and one that's been centuries in the making.
The archives were located in different spots around the city until 1815, when they were moved to the Frari's convent in the middle of town. Now, the stacks and stacks (and stacks and stacks) contain a millennium's worth of all kinds of handwritten texts: maps, correspondences, tax statements, architectural plans, travel guides, and peace treaties, even birth and death registries and wills.
The multi-step process, helmed by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the University Ca' Foscari, and the Lombard Odier Foundation, will involve significant input from both computers and people, using technology that is currently being tested and perfected. First, everything will be scanned by a semi-automatic robotic scanning unit into high resolution images, or—and this sounds incredible—a technique using "X-ray synchrotron radiation produced by a particle accelerator" will allow scanning without even turning a page.
How To Scan 50 Miles of Historical Documents Into an Online Archive
Those images will be transcribed with the help a text processor powered by the kind of algorithms used for protein structure analysis; these will detect strings of words that could be sentences.
Finally, a massive taxonomy of key phrases, people, and places will build out this interconnected, entirely searchable database. Eventually, the team believes they'll be able to create a morphing 3D model of Venice through the years, based on the gathered and synthesised info.
It will be fascinating to watch this process unfold, and its success could have major implications for putting more rare, print-only artefacts into the global mix. [Gizmag]


text:
The large granite boulder in the right background of Photo 6 designates the approximate takeoff spot of the first flight on December 17, 1903. The marker in the right foreground designates the approximate landing spot of that first 120-foot flight. The Wright brothers' monument atop Big Kill Devil Hill is visible in the distance.
Photo 7 shows the Wright brothers' monument today. The inscription along the base of the monument reads:
In Commemoration of the Conquest of the Air
By the Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright
Conceived By Genius
Achieved by Dauntless Resolution and Unconquerable Faith
Questions for Photos 6 & 7
1. Windy and sandy conditions brought the Wright brothers to the Outer Banks in the first place. According to Reading 3, what impact did these conditions have on the site in the years after their experiments?
2. Based on information in Reading 3, how accurate do you think the placement of the marker stones might be? Do you think they contribute to our understanding of what the Wright brothers accomplished at this site? Explain your answer.
3. Do you agree or disagree with the decision to stabilize Big Kill Devil Hill sand dune with grass and plantings to prevent it from further shifting? Explain your answer.
4. Do you think the memorial's design is an appropriate tribute to the Wright brothers? Why or why not?
* The photos on this screen have a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Photo 6 & Photo 7, but be aware that each file will take as much as 25 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


Peter Grandby
Read time:
8 Minutes
Last updated
August 27, 2020
What is company health insurance?
Company health insurance gives your employees access to private healthcare in the UK should they ever need it. By avoiding potential delays on NHS waiting lists and having more treatment options, they'll be better and back to work as soon as possible. Remember, much the same as private medical insurance, you should always compare your options at medical insurance renewal time.
Do we need small business health insurance?
Health insurance is one of the most sought after paid benefits from prospective employees. Providing medical insurance to your team will protect them should the worst happen, but also demonstrates your commitment to their health and wellbeing.
Benefits of business health insurance for employees:
 - Access to high quality treatment at a time that suits them
 - They'll be seen quicker and avoid potential delays on NHS waiting lists
 - Choice over treatments and specialists
 - Access to medicines which may not be available on the NHS
 - Mental health protection and help managing stress
Benefits of business health insurance for employers:
 - Reduce absenteeism, get unwell employees back to work sooner
 - Stand out in the employment market by providing a sought after benefit
 - Lessen employee turnover and improve staff retention
 - Look after your staff and create a culture where every employee's wellbeing is important
benefits of small business health insurance
What does small business health insurance cover?
Like private medical insurance, business health insurance will only cover acute conditions, meaning those which can be cured with medical treatment. Chronic conditions, which aren't curable, or conditions for which you've recently received treatment for, won't be covered.
Inpatient treatments - included as standard in most policies
Basic health insurance will typically cover the treatment of acute conditions where a hospital bed and overnight stay is required -commonly called inpatient treatment. While this gives your employees access to potentially faster treatments, they would still need to be diagnosed through the NHS first.
This isn't always an issue, but if there is a waiting list for a certain diagnostic test and your team member's problem is deemed as non-urgent, they could find themselves waiting for diagnosis and therefore have their treatment delayed.
Outpatient diagnosis and treatment
Outpatient diagnosis and treatment covers the cost of initial investigations and tests into acute conditions and treatments where an overnight hospital stay isn't required. The level of outpatient cover you provide your staff is up to you, but as you would expect, the more you provide, the higher the premiums will be. You could choose to include outpatient cover in full; limit it to a cash value per year (typically £1000) or exclude it entirely to keep the cost of the policy down.
Comprehensive cover will of course vary from provider to provider, but essentially it will give your staff full access to both in and outpatient treatments, alongside private diagnostics and testing, to establish a diagnosis quickly.
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Why small businesses benefit most from private medical insurance
Most large corporations provide health insurance to their employees and it has almost become standard practice for them have policies in place. But it's actually smaller businesses that can benefit most from company medical insurance. These are the top benefits of health insurance to small businesses:
Reduce staff absenteeism
If you have a small workforce and one of your key team members is signed off for even a short period of time, it can seriously affect the performance of the business. Business health insurance helps get your team better quicker, reducing disruption and keeping the business on track.
Attract new employees
While it may be common for large employers to offer private medical insurance to staff, it isn't widespread amongst smaller businesses. That means there is an opportunity to stand out from the crowd, demonstrate your commitment to your people and hopefully attract the brightest talent.
Reduce stress
Stress in some form is inevitable today, and it's likely members of your team will suffer from stress or other mental health issues at some point. Many small business health insurance policies include mental health support as standard and others give you the ability to add it as an optional extra.
How is small business health insurance taxed?
Small business health insurance is paid for by the company with pre-tax profit. Most often, the cover is a business expense and not liable for corporation tax. Health insurance is, however, a P11D/benefit in kind for the employee receiving it. That means that the employers are required to fill out a P11D form and declare it to HMRC, with employees then being taxed accordingly.
The cost of small business health insurance
How much does small business health insurance cost?
The cost of your company's medical insurance policy will be impacted by a number of factors which we have detailed below. Some of these you will have control over, whereas others you won't.
Cost of health insurance for a small business
The cost of cover will vary depending on a range of factors, but we want to give you an example so you can get a ballpark idea of costs. Assuming there is £1,500 outpatient cap, a £100 excess on the policy and a mid-tier hospital list, you could expect to pay around £60 per employee-per-month for a 10 employee company and around £40 per employee-per-month for a 50 employee company. As we say, there are many variables which will affect this price so please take it as just an example and speak to us to get your own quotes.
1. The number of people you want to cover
You can choose the number of people within your business that you would like to cover with the health insurance policy. It could just be yourself and another director, or your entire team. Either way, you have control over who has this benefit.
2. The average age of the group
The average age of your employees will directly impact the cost of the policy. While it may be tempting not to include junior team members on the policy, adding them will bring the average age down and therefore positively impact the premium you pay.
3. The type of underwriting chosen
The three most common types of insurance underwriting for small businesses will consider the risk of your application in different ways. The most common is Moratorium, then Full Medical Underwriting and finally Medical History Disregarded, when you speak to your myTribe account manager, he or she will make sure the best type is chosen for your requirements.
4. The level of cover you choose
You have control over the level of cover you provide your employees. As mentioned earlier on in this article, this could range from full in and outpatient cover to only inpatient cover, with of course there being variations in between. To limit the cost of the policy you could choose to put in place a cash maximum for outpatient services, or add an excess to the policy.
5. Your company's location/s
Where your offices are based will impact the cost of covering your employees for a number of reasons.
6. Your industry and employee occupation
As you would expect, the industry you and your employees work in and their occupations will affect the cost of your small business health insurance. If you work in construction for instance, there is a higher risk of injury in comparison to office workers and the premium will reflect that.
7. Optional additions you may choose
There are a number of optional extras you could choose to add to your policy. With some insurers that could be mental health cover, whereas with others that may be included as standard.
Private medical insurance for a business owner
For small business owners, directors and single employees, you can take out a policy which is paid for through the business and treated as a P11D benefit. Often, the company director is an invaluable asset within the small business and therefore ensuring that he or she is firing on all cylinders is vital.
The main types of company health insurance underwriting
We previously mentioned that underwriting is a significant factor in the price of your company's health insurance policy, in this section, we outline the three main types of underwriting and their associated benefits and disadvantages.
Full Medical Underwriting (FMD)
Full medical underwriting is often the cheapest option for companies looking to arrange health insurance. It involves each of your employees completing a detailed medical questionnaire and in some cases, the insurer writing to your employees GPs to gain an accurate understanding of their medical history. The great thing about full medical underwriting is that everyone knows exactly what is or isn't going to be covered up front. The insurer will clearly point out when an employee's historical condition leads to an exclusion and will equally be open to discuss and review those exclusions at a later date. The drawback of full medical underwriting is that it is extremely time consuming and unless you have less than five employees, it's a route we would tend to advise against.
Moratorium Underwriting
Moratorium underwriting is the most common type of both company and private medical insurance underwriting. The reason for that is the insurer effectively defers the underwriting process until such time a claim is made. Moratorium underwriting will cover your employees on the basis that any pre-existing conditions which have been present in the past five years will be automatically excluded. In the event of a claim, the insurer will look at your employees' medical history to determine whether or not they will pay the claim. This approach is often far more attractive to small businesses, as the amount of paperwork and the time it takes to get a policy in place is significantly reduced. However, it does mean that your staff won't know if they are covered until such time as they make a claim. As we mentioned, it is the most commonly used but it is important to understand its limitations.
Medical History Disregarded (MHD)
Medical History Disregarded does as the name suggests and disregards your employees' medical history and covers them for


Information about Arkansas and Areacodes (501-336)
Why Booneville and Bentonville are various names for the city, you will wonder. Because each city has its own roads, even though they are called the Arkansas state paths, That's. The streets in the region of the state are numbered and named after Clinton, and the counties of Arkansas, namely Jackson, Jones, Boone, Searcy. These counties are also the individuals who gave birth to the country routes which are still used by the nation. The roads in Bentonville and Booneville are numbered and named after the towns as well. By way of instance, the street number one of Bentonville is numbered 62.
The other two major cities in Arkansas are Bentonville and Booneville. While Booneville was founded on January 7, 1788 bentonville was actually based on July 6, 1784. They are found in the area of the state, where the soil is mostly sandy. The region's soil is one of the major factors that made the town inhabitants so significant. Following the discovery of gold, the inhabitants of the city rose even more.
The region of Arkansas offers quite a diverse and rich assortment of wildlife. There are several animal species that may be found all over the place, but a few are rarer than others. By way of instance, the bear, which can be easily spotted from the regions of the country, is very rare in the northern area. However, it doesn't mean that are important. They're just less often seen, though it has been known to happen. The river otter, for instance, is found in the areas. It's not unusual to observe these mammals.
Caller Information for 501-336-#### Phone Numbers
The +1 501 336 #### place code numbers are situated at Conway, Arkansas. This serviced is offered by Southwestern Bell for Landline telephone numbers. Retrieve caller data such as 501336####, we supply a full reverse phone number report for (501) 336 #### numbers in Arkansas. Reverse Phone Number detailed data for 1-501-336-#### phone numbers!


text:
Recently I saw a Smart car parked side on in a bay and thought, what a great idea. Wouldn't it be great if he gets to pay less for parking and large car owners get to pay more? Why not charge for parking by the linear foot\meter or whatever?
So the general idea is: you mark up the road with a series of stripes asay 50 cm apart. The user comes along and parks their car. Out they hop and count the stripes that the car covers. They then go to the meter and pay a sliding parking charge according to the covered stripes. Some courtesy rules would exist for example to leave two uncovered stripes between vehicles, but other than that the only thing the user needs to check is how many stripes they are covering.
The great thing about this idea is that it's really easy to charge more for larger cars: the scale could be non linear to act as a deterrent to bring large cars into town. In general such a system would have a very cheap entry level for micro vehicles, curve to a plateau for average vehicles and rapidly rise for larger cars.
The relatively simple repeating nature of the pattern could be laid down by an automated machine rather then manually, and the lines need not use more resource (time or material). In fact measuring would be easier as the nature of the pattern is the regular repeating nature.
As should be obvious, the amount of vehicles which can be concurrently parked would vary with the mean size of the vehicles, but just an average should show that more cars could be parked.


text:
SMA, Pro Follow On Milk Powder Formula 800g
SMA Nutrition has invested in early life nutrition research. As a result, SMA PRO Follow-on Milk is born. Inspired by the specific nutritional needs of babies, SMA PRO Follow-on Milk represents our most advanced follow-on formula yet. SMA PRO Follow-on Milk is to be used as part of a mixed weaning diet.
- Nutritional foundation for life
- NUTRI-STEPS is our unique blend of ingredients tailored to help support babies' nutritional needs now, and as they grow, every step of the way, including Iron to help support normal cognitive development, Vitamin D, Calcium, Omega 3 & 6 and GOS/FOS.
- Exclusive Protein Process
- Made with SMA Nutrition's unique protein technology
- Cognition with Iron to help support normal cognitive development
- Development with Vitamin D and Calcium to support the normal growth and development of bones
- Growth with Omega 3 & 6 to support normal growth and development†
- Beneficial effect of essential fatty acids is obtained with a daily intake of 10 g of linoleic acid and 2 g of α-linolenic acid
- SMA complement to the weaning diet from six months
- Fortified with Iron to help support normal cognitive development
- Omega 3 and 6 to support normal development and growth
- Vitamin D and calcium to help support the normal growth and development of bones
- Halal approved and suitable for a vegetarian diet


text:
It is a common mistake within the world of electrical engineering and plumbing to get confused between transducers and pressure switches. Whilst both of these engineering devices are classified as sensors, they have significantly different functions and safety features, and therefore getting them mixed up is not desirable.
So how exactly can we tell the difference between transducers and pressure switches?
Compared to transducers, pressures switches are considerably more simplistic, traditional and less sophisticated. As its name suggests, pressure switches are simply controls that can be moved into one of two positions – open or closed – of which the pressure of the gas is connected.
An engineer is usually forced to think about pressure switches when a hydraulic or pneumatic system fails, when designing an in-house system, or when he/she has purchased equipment or a system that contains a pressure switch.
Whilst be such a simplistic component of engineering pressure switches rarely fail, the downside of pressure switches is that they are not that accurate, as the specifications range from just 5% of fill scale to 10% of full scale.
By comparison, transducers are much more intricate and sophisticated and are increasingly being used to replace the much more 'old school' and traditional pressure switches.
Transducers are effectively any device that converts energy from one form into another, usually by converting input energy into output energy.
Similar to a pressure switch, transducers are connected to a gas pipeline. Transducers must always work in juxtaposition with a circuit board. The pressure of the gas is held against a metal diaphragm, which moves according to the rise and fall of the gas pressure. The amount of deflection is measured by the transducer; the information is collected and then transferred to a circuit board in milli-volts.
Flow switches are extremely common components in electrical devices and are used in many applications in a whole range of industries. In its simplest form, a flow switch allows for direct flow sensing that will detect if the gas or liquid that is flowing through the switch.
There is another flow switch installation known as indirect flow sensing, which essentially involves installing a flow switch in a bypass line so that only a portion of the system's flow passes through the line. In detecting any rate of flow within the pressure rating of a unit, indirect flow sensing significantly expands the range of possible applications for a flow switch.
Blogger Jessica Wade is a blogger who wrote this article of behalf of appeng.co.uk.


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. Meanwhile, the integration of cognitive tasks with physical exercises, known as dual-tasking, is an evolving strategy to facilitate activities for older people. This study investigated the perceptions of older adults regarding Zumba and the potential of implementing it in a dual-task program. We conducted a qualitative-descriptive research involving 44 Filipino older adults from August to November 2020. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Four themes were identified: moving towards match or mismatch; balancing benefits with burdens; dual-tasking as innovative yet potentially challenging; and overcoming barriers with enablers. While Zumba is an inclusive and beneficial activity, individual and contextual limitations could hinder its suitability for older people. Dual-tasking in Zumba was also recognized as an innovative approach, although challenges should be addressed to promote its utility. Several strategies could support the design of these programs in communities. This is the first study to explore older adults' perceptions towards Zumba and its potential utilization as a dual-tasking program. Findings could guide the implementation of appropriate Zumba and dual-tasking activities that seek to integrate cognitive and physical training for older adults.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0136.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Other Keywords: detour task; equids; social cognition; social learning; spatial cognition
Online: 9 May 2018 (05:08:10 CEST)
Horses' ability to adapt to new environments and to acquire new information plays an important role in handling and training. Social learning in particular would be very adaptive for horses as it enables them to flexibly adapt to new environments. In the context of horse handling, social learning from humans has been rarely investigated but could help to facilitate management practices. We assessed the impact of human demonstration on spatial problem-solving abilities in horses using a detour task. In this task, a bucket with a food reward was placed behind a double-detour barrier and horses (n = 16) received a human demonstration or no demonstration. Horses were allocated to two test groups of 8 horses each, which experienced the two treatments in a counterbalanced order. We found that horses did not solve the detour task faster with human demonstration. However, both test groups improved rapidly over trials. Our results suggest that horses prefer to use individual rather than social information when being confronted with a spatial problem-solving task.
REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0627.v1
Subject: Earth Sciences, Geoinformatics Keywords: pathfinding; algorithms; multi-criteria; multi-modal; multi-network; transportation
Online: 28 August 2020 (09:09:37 CEST)
In daily travel and activities, pathfinding is a significant process. They are often used in transportation routes calculation. They have now evolved to be able to solve most situations of the pathfinding and its related problems. This review describes previous and recent studies on the pathfinding algorithms. It reviews the development of pathfinding algorithms in a classification base on their usage. The aim is to summarize the application of the pathfinding algorithms for the readers interested in the subject that can be used as a supplement.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0385.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Keywords: Trace amine-associated receptor 5; cognition; decision-making; switch task
Online: 25 January 2022 (14:49:51 CET)
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors present in mammals in the brain and in several peripheral organs. Apart from its olfactory role, TAAR5 is expressed in the major limbic brain areas and regulates brain serotonin functions and emotional behaviors. However, most of its functions remain undiscovered. Given the role of serotonin and limbic regions in some aspects of cognition, we used a temporal decision-making task to unveil a possible role of TAAR5 in cognitive processes. We found that TAAR5 knock-out (KO) mice showed a generally better performance due to a reduced number of errors and displayed a greater rate of improvement at the task than WT littermates. However, task-related parameters, such as time accuracy and uncertainty have not changed significantly. Overall, we show that TAAR5 modulates specific domains of cognition, highlighting a new role in brain physiology.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0219.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Social Psychology Keywords: Continuance intention, Technology continuance theory, Task technology fit, Restaurant Industry
Online: 13 September 2021 (15:43:48 CEST)
The development in information technology has played an influential role in transforming the restaurant industry services. Therefore, this research's main agenda is to investigate factors that motivate employees to adopt and continue using information technology services by integrating two famous information system (IS) theories, namely, task technology fit (TTF) and technology continuance theory (TCT). The extant integrative perspective model details the cause-effect relationship between technology adoption and continuance intention. The positivist paradigm forms the basis of this research design, and the approach followed is quantitative research. Using the stratified random sampling technique, the empirical data was collected from 417 restaurant industry employees in the US (United States) on a five-point Likert scale. The PLS-SEM technique was utilized to analyze data while using Smart PLS 3 because of its suitability and wider application currently in the hospitality sector. Results suggest that the recently developed integrated technology continuance research model has considerable influence on predicting preand post-adoption behavior with continuance intention for technology usage within the restaurant industry. All hypotheses were found significant except one for the direct association of hedonic motivation and continuance intention of technology adoption. Moreover, the results revealed that factors like perceived security & information privacy and assisting conditions were the most important factors in determining the usage of information technology with continuance intention. Unlike previous research studies that focus majorly only on issues before adoption of informational technology usage, the current focus on investigating continuance intention toward information technology usage by focusing on factors that can also boost post-adoption behavior and pre-adoption usage information technology.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0267.v2
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Applied Psychology Keywords: response inhibition; behavioral inhibition; psychopathy traits; Go/NoGo task; smokers
Online: 11 February 2021 (13:32:51 CET)
Aims: Adolescence is a critical period because the brain is involved in the process of maturation that entails cognitive functions. On the way of maturation, an individual's inhibitory control undergoes many changes and becomes vulnerable to different thrill-seeking like smoking, drinking, and so on. Smoking is highly prevalent among teenagers that are trying to take control of their behaviors in order to join society. They experience antisocial behavior too which is a trait that can lead adolescents to addiction. This trait is an inevitable part of psychopathy. Inhibitory deficits and psychopathy have been widely reported in addiction studies. The current study tried to investigate the relationship between psychopathic traits and behavioral inhibition between male smokers and non-smoker teenage students.Materials & Methods: Statistical sample of this research is 62 teenage students aged 17 years that are divided into smoker and non-smoker groups. The participants have been chosen through random sampling from the population of 10 high schools. The data have been gathered in Kordkoy and Gorgan in Golestan province. Behavioral bias has been measured by Go/NoGo task and psychopathic traits through youth psychopathic traits inventory. Also, the short form of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test has been executed and used as a control variable.Findings: A meaningful difference has been found between the performance of smoker and non-smoker groups in Go/No Go task and psychopathic traits that are smokers performed weaker in comparison with non-smokers and psychopathic traits of smokers were meaningfully higher than non-smokers. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between these two groups in their Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores.Conclusion: The results have shown that smokers have higher psychopathic traits and lower behavioral inhibition when compared with their non-smoker peers. According to the results of current research, smoking can decline the cognitive functions.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0016.v1
Subject: Behavioral Sciences, Applied Psychology Keywords: development; adolescents; perceptual inhibition; joint visual search task; executive function
Online: 1 February 2021 (11:38:03 CET)
Recent studies suggest that the developmental curves in adolescence, related to the development of executive functions, could be fitted to a non-linear trajectory of development with progressions and retrogressions. Therefore, the present study proposes to analyze the pattern of development in Perceptual Inhibition (PI), considering all stages of adolescence (early, middle, and late) in intervals of one year. To this aim, we worked with a sample of 275 participants between 10 and 25 years, who performed a joint visual and search task (to measure PI). We have fitted exGaussian functions to the probability distributions of the mean response time across the sample and performed a covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The results showed that the 10- to 13-year-old groups performed similarly in the task and differ from the 14- to 19-year-old participants. We found significant differences between the older group and all the rest of the groups. We discuss the important changes that can be observed in relation to the nonlinear trajectory of development that would show the PI during adolescence.
Subject: Keywords: Timetabling; Task Assignment; MOP; Combinatory Optimization; Compromise Programming; Genetic Algorithm


Why a Rechargeable Battery becomes Bloated
A rechargeable battery on a white background.
A rechargeable battery becomes bloated when the outer shell is broken due to extreme temperatures. Nickel-based batteries, such as NiCd and NiMh batteries, react especially poorly to very cold or very hot temperatures. The most common cause of rechargeable battery bloating, however, is when a rechargeable battery is overcharged and therefore exposed to too much heat. If you touch a battery charger right after use you will notice it is warm. The electric charge causes heat which can break the outer shell of a rechargeable battery. Lithium-based batteries, such as Li-Ion or lithium polymer batteries, are extremely susceptible to overheating due to overcharging.
Avoiding Overcharging
To avoid overcharging, and therefore bloating, make sure you are using the manufacturer's preferred battery charger. Lithium-based battery chargers have a timer mechanism that prevent overcharging. If this type of charger is not used the battery will overcharge and overheat. Trickle-chargers, though good for saving energy, are often incompatible with rechargeable batteries and, if used, can cause overheating. If a bloated battery is used the outer shell can crack completely, leaking toxic chemicals which can catch on fire or even explode.
Factory Mistakes
In the past there have been battery recalls for products whose batteries inadvertently bloat. If you purchase such a product, make sure to replace your battery before using the product again.


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Freshman/Sophomore Seminar - Exploring the Short Story in the Philippines and Indonesia
In both the Philippines and Indonesia, the short story is an important vehicle for artistic, emotional and socio-political expression and experimentation. This seminar will introduce students to some of the major contemporary themes, including romance, resistance, gender, and the challenges of modernization and the new global order. The comparative perspective will enrich our understanding of the strong narrative traditions of these two important countries of island Southeast Asia. This seminar may be used to satisfy the Arts and Literature breadth requirement in Letters and Science.


Skip to definition.
Noun: temperature tem-p(u-)ru-chu(r)
 1. The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)
 2. The somatic sensation of cold or heat
 3. The degree of excitement, disagreement, anger, interest etc. during an event or debate
 "The temperature of the meeting rose a notch, with heated exchanges between Australian and Japanese delegates"
Derived forms: temperatures
See also: cold, cool, hot, warm
Type of: fundamental measure, fundamental quantity, physical property, somaesthesia [Brit, Cdn], somatesthesia, somatic sensation, somesthesia [N. Amer]
Encyclopedia: Temperature


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1. NIV – 097 „Modernization of life environment in Kohtla-Järve and Slantsy industrial towns through the development of town centres"
2. International project: "Cluster development and B2B internationalization in Estonian -Russian transborder regions"
3. "Creation of new tourist route "Estonia - Russia" by developing Virtual World of Russian Museum with participation of Estonian and Russian young people/ Virtual Tourism"
4. "CO2OL Bricks - Climate Change, Cultural Heritage & Energy Efficient Monuments"
5. Improving availability of medical information and counselling (MEDINF)
6. Eco-friendly disposal of hazardous medical waste in the cross border region
7. Baltic Smart City Areas for the 21st century – AREA 21


unbounded operator
This page is about unbounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces. For operators on Hilbert spaces, "bounded" and "continuous" are synonymous, so the first question to be answered is: Why consider unbounded, i.e., discontinuous operators in a category that is a subcategory of Top? The reason is simple: It is forced upon us both by applications, such as quantum mechanics, and by the fact that simple and useful operators like differentiation are not bounded. Happily, in most applications the operators considered retain some sort of "limit property", namely the property of being "closed". Although that seems to be negligible compared to continuity, it allows the development of a rich and useful theory, and as a consequence there is a tremendous amount of literature devoted to this subject.
One way of dealing with unbounded operators is via affiliated operators, see there.
Example: differentiation is unbounded
Let \mathcal{H} be the Hilbert space L 2()L^2(\mathbb{R}), and let TT be the differentiation operator defined on the dense subspace of Schwartz functions ff by Tf(x)f(x)Tf(x) \coloneqq f'(x). One might hope TT has a continuous extension to all of L 2L^2, but consider the sequence f k(x):=exp(k|x|)f_k(x) := \exp(-k|x|) for kk \in \mathbb{N}. Then we have Tf kf k=k\frac{\|Tf_k\|}{\|f_k\|} = k, so TT is unbounded.
Note that the domain of definition of an unbounded operator will generally be given only on a dense subspace, as in this example. Indeed, the existence of unbounded operators defined everywhere (on a Hilbert space) is non-constructive, relying on the Hahn–Banach theorem and refutable in dream mathematics.
After the definition we will look at some concepts that can be transferred from the bounded context here.
We will talk about the von Neumann algebra that contains all spectral projections? here.
Finally we give some counterexamples, i.e., phenomena that contradict the intuition built from bounded operators here.
An unbounded operator TT on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H} is a linear operator defined on a subspace DD of \mathcal{H}. DD is necessarily a linear submanifold. Usually one assumes that DD is dense in \mathcal{H}, which we will do, too, unless we indicate otherwise.
In particular every bounded operator A:A: \mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{H} is an unbounded operator (red herring principle).
Domains: a first look
Unbounded operators are not defined on the whole Hilbert space, so it is essential that, when talking about a specific unbounded operator, we are actually talking about the pair (T,D T)(T, D_T) of an operator TT together with its domain D TD_T. In particular two unbounded operators T,ST, S are equal iff their domains are equal, D T=D SD_T = D_S, and for all xD S=D Tx \in D_S=D_T we have Tx=SxTx = Sx.
If the domain is not specified, the default definition of the domain of a given operator TT is simply D T:={x|Tx}D_T := \{x \in \mathcal{H} \vert Tx \in \mathcal{H} \}.
Warning: if one composes two unbounded operators TT and SS, it may happen that D TD S={0}D_T \cap D_S = \{0\}. If we insist that all our unbounded operators are densely defined, we need as an additional assumption that D TD SD_T \cap D_S is dense to make sense of the composite TST S.
The Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem
 - Theorem: Let AA be an everywhere defined linear operator on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H} that is symmetric. Then A is bounded.
For the definition of symmetric see below.
The Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem is a no-go theorem for quantum mechanics. Since it is known that operators essential for quantum mechanics are both symmetric and unbounded, we are led to conclude that they cannot be everywhere defined. This means that the problems that accompany only densely defined operators cannot be avoided.
This is a corollary to the closed graph theorem III.2 in the book
 - Reed, M.; Simon, B.: Methods of modern mathematical physics. Volume 1, Functional Analysis
Closedness, selfadjointness, resolvent
Recall that the graph of an operator TT (or any function, in general) is the subset 𝒢 T:={(x,y)×|Tx=y}\mathcal{G}_T := \{(x, y) \in \mathcal{H} \times \mathcal{H} \vert Tx = y \}. The graph of a given operator need not be closed (in the product topology of ×\mathcal{H} \times \mathcal{H}). The notion that will be a surrogate for continuity is "closable", defined as follows:
 - Definition: Given an operator T with domain D TD_T, any operator TT' with larger domain that is equal to TT on D TD_T is called an extension of T, we write TTT \subset T'.
 - Definition: An operator is closed if its graph is closed.
 - Definition: An operator is closable if it has a closed extension. The smallest such extension is called the closure of TT and is denoted by T¯\overline{T}.
 - Proposition (closure of graph is graph of closure): If an operator TT is closable, then the closure of its graph 𝒢¯\overline{\mathcal{G}} is the graph of an operator, and this operator is its closure.
The last part deserves some elaboration: Given an operator TT, we can always form the closure of its graph 𝒢\mathcal{G}. How can the closure not be the graph of an operator? Given a sequence (x n)(x_n) in 𝒢\mathcal{G}, such that both limits xlim nx nx \coloneqq \lim_{n \to \infinity} x_n and ylim nTx ny \coloneqq \lim_{n \to \infinity} T x_n exist, we have that (x,y)(x, y) is in the closure of 𝒢\mathcal{G}. Now it may happen that there is another point (x,y)(x, y') in the closure with yyy \neq y', which implies that the closure cannot be the graph of a single valued function.
We may assume without loss of generality that lim nx n=0\lim_{n \to \infinity} x_n = 0, so that we get as a characterisation of closability: if ylim nTx ny \coloneqq \lim_{n \to \infinity} T x_n exists, then y=0y=0. It TT were continuous, we would not have to assume that (Tx n)(Tx_n) is convergent, so this additional assumption tells us in what respect closability is weaker than continuity.
 - Definition: For a closed operator TT a subset DD of D TD_T is called a core of TT if T| D¯=T\overline{T \vert_{D}} = T. In other words: if we restrict TT to DD and take the closure, we obtain again TT.
Example of an operator that is not closable
We let T *T^* be the adjoint of an operator TT. Note that for an only densely defined TT, the domain of the adjoint may be strictly larger.
 - Definition (selfadjoint et al.): An operator is symmetric (or Hermitian) if T=T *| D TT = T^* \vert_{D_T} (the adjoint is restricted to the domain of TT). It is selfadjoint if it is symmetric and D T=D T *D_T = D_{T^*}. A symmetric operator is essentially selfadjoint if its closure is selfadjoint.
The difference of being symmetric and being selfadjoint is crucial, although there is a famous anecdote that seems to indicate otherwise:
 - Anecdote of selfadjointness: Once upon a time John von Neumann thanked Werner Heisenberg for the invention of quantum mechanics, because this had led to the development of so much beautiful mathematics, adding that mathematics paid back a part of the debt by clarifying for example the difference of a selfadjoint operator and one that is only symmetric. Heisenberg replied: "What is the difference?"
Nevertheless theorems that assume an operator to be selfadjoint will be not applicable to an operator that is only symmetric. One example is the spectral theorem.
Example of a symmetric, but not selfadjoint, operator
The definition of the resolvent does not pose any problems compared to the bounded case:
 - Definition: let TT be a closed operator on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H}. A complex number λ\lambda is in the resolvent set ρ(T)\rho(T) if λ𝟙T\lambda \mathbb{1} - T is a bijection of D TD_T and \mathcal{H} with bounded inverse. The inverse operator is called the resolvent R λ(T)R_{\lambda}(T) of TT at λ\lambda.
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