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Multimedia: Research seeks to benefit couples therapy by mining social class upbringing
Associate Professor Teresa McDowell, along with a team of graduate student researchers, recently lifted the lid on a sensitive topic few, if any, professionals in the field of counseling psychology—researchers or practitioners—have ever addressed: how differences in social class can affect the health of couple relationships.
McDowell has spent much of her career working to reshape marriage and family therapy education in ways that better support social equity and cultural democracy. Her scholarship has focused on race and racism in family therapy practice and education, critical multicultural family research, and internationalizing family therapy programs. This latest research paper, "Exploring Social Class: Voices of Inter-class Couples," explores how couples with different social class upbringings have built lasting relationship.
McDowell discussed the relevance of social class research, and the unique setting of the Lewis & Clark graduate school to explore this complex counseling psychology issue.
What interested you in researching the impact of social class on couple relationships?
McDowell: Social class is typically included in contextual factors affecting individuals, couples, and families, yet there is very little family therapy research or practice literature on social class. When social class is discussed, there tends to be an assumption that all members of the family share a single social class. Social class is also typically talked about relatively only to lower and working class families. In general, social class is also not openly discussed in the U.S. due to the myths of meritocracy and a classless society. We know that social class deeply shapes the lives of individuals, couples, families, and communities, and have therefore begun researching and talking about it in the literature we are producing.
The interest in social class differences within couple relationships stems from multiple conversations among the first two authors about cultural similarities and differences in marrying across lines in the dominant culture in the U.S. and the dominant culture in Peru. Both first authors also have personal experience that relates to this topic.
Why is this research important to the field of marriage and couple family therapy?
McDowell: We hope to open space for family therapists to begin addressing within-family social class differences and to shed light on the influence of the "invisible" dynamics around class.
Where might this research lead you next? What other questions does it spur?
McDowell: There are many areas related to social class that need to be explored, including:
- Classism and internalized classism among family therapists
- Dismantling classism/internalized classism via family therapy education
- The role family therapists can play in raising social awareness within families of the dynamics of social class in liberation-based therapies, and many others
The first author and another colleague recently published an article on mapping social capital which addresses how family therapists can assist low status families through raising awareness and decision making relative to social class. The first author is currently completing a study of the experience of working and lower class students in family therapy training.
Do you think there's anything unique about this research growing out of an educational institution like Lewis & Clark Graduate School of Education and Counseling?
McDowell: The social justice mission of the graduate school draws faculty and student researchers who are invested in social equity. The faculty-student collaboration around these issues is therefore a fairly natural fit. Numerous people drawn together with similar goals and interests increases synergy and provides support for critical researchers who often find themselves alone in their efforts.
What has been beneficial about having students involved in the research process?
McDowell: We include students in many of our research projects. We are committed to offering them opportunities to collaborate on research and professional writing. We believe it is mutually beneficial as students help move projects forward by completing many research tasks and the faculty mentors their work and guides the effort. Faculty also lead in writing the results for publication while student experience the process of submitting manuscripts, revising, etc. firsthand.
Five graduate students participated in McDowell's latest research: Erin Althusius, Sarah Hergic, AJ Rogers, Gillian Sleeman, Nicky Ton.
Ton '10 plans to pursue a doctorate in counseling psychology while Sleeman '10 plans to counsel clients after graduation. While Ton and Sleeman will take different paths with their degrees in counseling psychology, both have taken away significant lessons from the research project.
In this audio clip, Ton discusses how her participation in this research project inspired her to think about her own experience with social class difference.
In this audio clip, Sleeman addresses the challenges couples from different social classes face and how Lewis & Clark's efforts to improve cross-cultural understanding is preparing her for work in counseling.


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Background and Aim: Mandibular impacted third molar surgery is considered as one of the most common surgical procedures done in oral cavity. It is frequently related with mild to severe complications and other factors. This study aimed to estimate the etiology, complications and quality of post surgical life as related to mandibular impacted third molar surgery. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional, questionnaire-based survey comprised of 100 patients of dental hospitalís oral surgery department. Author used preformed questionnaire having questions regarding etiology, complications and quality of post surgical life as related to mandibular impacted third molar surgery. This study comprised of records of patients and other available data. Response was recorded and data was processed statistically to estimate outcomes. Results: Statistical analysis using statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The obtained data was subjected to relevant statistical tests to obtain p values, mean, standard deviation, standard error an 95% CI. Pain (70%) and inflammation (25%) was most common etiologies as reported by the studied patients. Edema (73%) and Hemorrhage (13%) was frequently observed complications. A very obvious decline in patients quality of life was also noted. Conclusion: This cross sectional study was completed using patientís data and questionnaire wherein we have outlines certain very imperative inferences. Pain and inflammation was most common etiologies as reported by the studied patients. Edema and Hemorrhage was commonly seen complications. A very reasonable decrease in patientís quality of life was observed.
Key words: Impacted third molar, Oral surgery, Complication, Quality of life.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Doctor insights on:
How Can You Know If You Dislocated Your Hip
Yes: Absolutely.Get a more detailed answer ›
Go to the ER: These symptoms can only be adequately diagnosed only after a thorough evaluation by your doctor. This may include labs and other satudies. Once all of the information is in, your doctor can let you know what's going on, and what to do to help you....Read more
Go see: Your doctor.Get a more detailed answer ›
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Can you dislocate your hips by trying to do the splits?
- Can you walk on a dislocated hip?
- Can you dislocate your jaw?
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- How can you know if your finger is broken?
- Can you dislocate your knee cap?
- How can you follow your temperature to know when ovulation is occurring?
- How can you know whether your fallopian tubes are blocked?
- Talk to a orthopedic surgeon online for free


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Measuring Your World is five DVD series that focuses on the subject of mathematics, ecology and statistics. This program explores how statistics are used in the workplace and why they are an everyday part of each of our lives. It introduces how statistics are gathered, how they are summarized, and how they are used to make predictions. Follows the organization "Students for a Better Earth" as they use statistics to study the recycling habits of their community. Grades 4-7. 14 minutes on DVD.
Customer Reviews for Measuring Your World Series: Knowledge is Power: An Introduction To Using Statistics DVD
This product has not yet been reviewed. Click here to continue to the product details page.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Jaime Rodriguez
On Windows Store apps, Windows Phone, HTML and XAML
 - Jaime Rodriguez
 Introduction to WPF 4 Multitouch
 This tutorial recaps the multitouch features in WPF 4, as of the Beta 2 release.
 I also included two basic samples to get you jumpstarted with working code:
 A Multitouch Backgrounder
 Multitouch is simply an abstraction from the OS (or a platform) that routes touch input to an application.
 The OS exposes multitouch input with different levels of control and/or detail. For example, Windows 7 exposes multitouch data in three modes:
 - Raw touch provides access to all touch messages. Aggregation or interpretation of the messages is left to the application. This level of access is useful for programs that require raw access to all the primitives possibly for some custom interpretation and handling of the messages. For example Corel Paint It Touch and Windows 7 Paint require this level of control to implement drawing. Other possible consumers for this level of detail are custom control or platform vendors.
 - Gestures is a very convenient abstraction from raw-touch.
 The platform interprets all the lower level events and translates them into pre-defined gestures, then notifies the application that a gesture has occurred. The most common gestures are pan, zoom, rotate, and tap.
 Gestures offers a very easy programming model, but it has a limitation: gestures engines tend to handle only one gesture at a time ( for example, rotate or zoom, but not a rotate with zoom).
 - Manipulation and inertia.
 Manipulation is a superset of gestures; any thing you can do with gestures, you can do with manipulations, but you gain greater granularity and flexibility. Of course, the trade-off is that manipulation is a pinch harder to program than gestures, but don't worry, both are straight forward.
 Inertia is an extension to manipulation that adds physics support to make all of your manipulations smooth and realistic.
 If you are not familiar with multitouch, I recommend these articles on multitouch in Windows 7:
 Now that you are a touch expert, we can simply focus on explaining WPF's support.
 Multitouch in WPF 4
 WPF 4 includes support for raw touch and manipulation (with some inertia support). This support extends throughout the platform; UIElement, UIElement3D, and ContentElement have all been tweaked to support raw-touch and manipulation.
 Post beta2, WPF 4 will also support touch in some of the controls (for example, ScrollViewer). The list of controls and level of support is not yet finalized, so don't hold it against me; I will update this post as soon as I get details.
 Approach #1: Raw-touch in WPF 4
 Again, raw multitouch support begins at UIElement, UIElement3D and ContentElement.
 All of these types now support a TouchDown, TouchUp, TouchMove, TouchEnter and TouchLeave event.
 Each of these events have a corresponding routed event and a tunneling (Preview) event.
 - public static readonly RoutedEvent TouchDownEvent;
 - public static readonly RoutedEvent TouchEnterEvent;
 - public static readonly RoutedEvent TouchLeaveEvent;
 - public static readonly RoutedEvent TouchMoveEvent;
 - public static readonly RoutedEvent TouchUpEvent;
 If you drill down through these events, you will find they all have a TouchEventArgs parameter that holds a TouchDevice member and can get you a TouchPoint. The TouchPoint is the meaningful data since it tells you whether it was a Up,Down, or Move TouchAction, and it tells you the Position where the touch happened.
 I have included a class diagram below; the names are pretty descriptive.
 Handling raw touch in WPF is really as simple as listening for these events and reacting to the points and the actions.
 Unlike Manipulation where you do have to opt-in by setting the IsManipulationEnabled property to true, event notifications for raw touch are available without an explicit opt-in
 A sample application for raw touch
 Of course, for raw touch I had to create the canonical helloMT drawing pad.
 Disclaimer: I took the code written by Sela to demonstrate the.NET wrappers for Windows 7 multitouch and simply ported it to WPF 4. Taking their apps and porting them to WPF 4 was about a 15 minute exercise.
 Download the source code.
 When running the app, simply apply multiple fingers through the window to have the drawing pad draw strokes that follow your fingers' movements.
 Approach #2: Manipulation in WPF 4
 Manipulation in WPF 4 is an opt-in behavior. There is a simple process to handle manipulation events in any WPF element:
 1. Set IsManipulationEnabled=true on the element you are touch enabling. You can do this from XAML or from code.
 Image x:Name="image"Width="200"IsManipulationEnabled="True" Source="Windows7.png">
 2. [Optional] Subscribe to ManipulationStarting and set your ContainerElement.
 The ContainerElement is the UI element to which all manipulation calculations and events are relative. If you do not set a ContainerElement, the UI element that is firing the event will be used. This works well for Zoom/Scale, but for all Translate or Rotate manipulations you should set a ContainerElement, or else the UI will flicker and be jumpy. This is not a UI glitch, it happens because a single manipulation will fire multiple deltas, so you are recording movements relative to the UI element that is being moved. Not cool!
 In ManipulationStarting, you can also set your ManipulationMode to control the manipulations you are allowing. You can select from All | None | Rotate | Translate | Scale | TranslateX | TranslateY. If you don't override it, the default is All.
 Finally, if you want to do single hand rotations, you can set a Pivot that your UI element will rotate around.
 void image_ManipulationStarting(object sender, ManipulationStartingEventArgs e)
 //canvas is the parent of the image starting the manipulation;
 //Container does not have to be parent, but that is the most common scenario
 e.ManipulationContainer = canvas;
 // you could set the mode here too
 // e.Mode = ManipulationModes.All;
 3. Subscribe to the ManipulationDelta event in the UI Element (or an element higher in the Visual tree, since the event is routed). ManipulationDelta is where all the action happens. I have included a "default" implementation below, with good commenting.
 void image_ManipulationDelta(object sender, ManipulationDeltaEventArgs e)
 //this just gets the source.
 // I cast it to FE because I wanted to use ActualWidth for Center. You could try RenderSize as alternate
 var element = e.Source as FrameworkElement;
 if ( element!= null )
 //e.DeltaManipulation has the changes
 // Scale is a delta multiplier; 1.0 is last size, (so 1.1 == scale 10%, 0.8 = shrink 20%)
 // Rotate = Rotation, in degrees
 // Pan = Translation, == Translate offset, in Device Independent Pixels
 var deltaManipulation = e.DeltaManipulation;
 var matrix = ((MatrixTransform)element.RenderTransform).Matrix;
 // find the old center; arguaby this could be cached
 Point center = new Point ( element.ActualWidth/2, _URL_ ;
 // transform it to take into account transforms from previous manipulations
 center = matrix.Transform(center);
 //this will be a Zoom.
 matrix.ScaleAt(deltaManipulation.Scale.X, deltaManipulation.Scale.Y, center.X, center.Y);
 // Rotation
 matrix.RotateAt(e.DeltaManipulation.Rotation, center.X, center.Y);
 //Translation (pan)
 matrix.Translate(e.DeltaManipulation.Translation.X, e.DeltaManipulation.Translation.Y);
 ((MatrixTransform)element.RenderTransform).Matrix = matrix;
 e.Handled = true;
 That is how simple manipulation is. All the raw-touch data, translated into these simple Delta Matrixes!
 Enhancing Manipulation with Inertia
 Inertia adds physics to a manipulation to make it feel more natural. As expected, it works on all UI elements that support manipulation. The way to think of inertia is that it carries through the physical momentum of a manipulation. For example, if you are implementing a translation manipulation that is moving an image across the X-axis, inertia will continue the manipulation a bit longer than the actual manipulation contact and it would decelerate at a speed you define, simulating the momentum and the friction to stop the translation.
 To add support for inertia, we simply update our old code and listen to a new event and then add code to handle inertia on our manipulation Delta.
 1. Subscribe to ManipulationInertiaStarting.
 This event is similar to ManipulationStarting, it gets called at the beginning of each individual manipulation. In the event handler we append parameters to the Manipulation. For inertia, the interesting properties include:
 - ExpansionBehavior – decelerates at DIPs per squared millisecond.
 - TranslationBehavior -


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System on Chip Tools
Regression Test System
The InES Regression Test System provides a platform to design and execute tests. It provides a wide range of interfaces to interact with the system under test. This includes interfaces to analyse and manipulate Ethernet traffic as well as interfaces to generate and analyse video and audio signals. The test system is based on a Linux operation system and can therefore be run on multiple platforms. The individual test cases are described in a Python script and can be run manually or automatically on the test system. The test system provides an interface for Jenkins (_URL_), an application for building and testing software continuously.
The InES Regression Test System provides following advantages:
- Quality improvements due to regression testing
- Automation of the testing process
- Simplified test implementation
- Individually adaptable to provide the needed test capabilities


Solved Question Paper of Navodaya Class VI Entrance 2020- English & Hindi Medium
JNVST entrance 2020 question paper
Solved question paper, Answer Keys and Complete solutions of JNVST Class 6 Entrance Examination held on 11.02.2020. Question Paper and Answer Keys are available for English and Hindi Mediums.
JNVST Entrance Exam Instructions to Candidates
The test will be of two-hour duration from 11:30 a.m. to 01:30 p.m. and will have 3 sections with only objective type questions
 - The Test Booklet contains 80 questions serially numbered from 1 to 80.
 - There are 80 questions in all for 100 marks as per the pattern given below. 15 minutes additional time is allowed for reading the instructions
 .navodaya exam pattern
 - Answers are to be marked only in the OMR Answer Sheet. Candidates are required to indicate their answers at an appropriate place on the OMR Answer Sheet. Darken only one circle for each question as per instructions given on Side-1 of the OMR Answer Sheet.
 - All questions are to be attempted. Every question carries equal marks.
 - You must attempt questions of each section because you have to qualify in each section separately
 - No negative marking will be done
 - Navodaya Class 6 Entrance Exam 2020 Question Paper English Medium
Navodaya Question Paper 2020- English Medium
1. If the number B is 10% less than another number 0 and C is 5% more than 150, then B is equal to
2. The sum of HCF and LCM of 45, 60 and 75 is
(A) 330
(B) 960
(C) 915
(D) 630
3. One-fourth of birds of a flock are at a river bank and one-fifth of that flock are in their nest. Remaining 22 birds are wandering in search of food. What is the number of birds which are in their nest?
(A) 40
(C) 10
(B) 18
(D) 8
5. A park is 1500 meters long and 750 meters wide. A cyclist has to take four rounds of this park. How much time will he take at the speed of 4.5 km/h?
(A) 40 hours
(B) 20 hours
(C) 10 hours
(D) 4 hours
6. A square and a rectangle have the same perimeter. If the side of the square is 16 m and the length of the rectangle is 18 m, the breadth of the rectangle is
(A) 14 m
(B) 15 m
(C) 16 m
(D) 17 m
7. What will be the difference between the greatest 6-digit number and the greatest 5-digit number?
(A) 100000
(B) 100001
(C) 99999
(D) 900000
8. What is the difference between the greatest 7-digit number and the smallest 4-digit number?
(A) _PHONE_
(B) _PHONE_
(C) _PHONE_
(D) _PHONE_
JNVST Entrance 2020 complete Question Paper with Answer Keys in PDF format can be downloaded here.
JNVST Entrance Exam 2020 Hindi medium question paper and solutions
Watch the video below to get the complete question paper in Hindi medium together with the solutions. English medium students can also watch the video to get the complete solutions to the paper.
Complete previous year question papers and answer keys of JNVST class 6 Entrance
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Maternity Hospital
Partnerji pri projektu:
The thematic corner depicts the Maternity Hospital where children learn about the whole process from fertilization to birth, learn about the needs of mothers and (unborn) children, both in terms of nursing, eating, sleeping and feeding nutrients. Since not only a baby is born, but a whole lot of specific obligations, the parents and siblings learn about all the important aspects when they come home, which change with the child's age - sleeping and eating habits, the need for play, care and socialization.


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I believe that those who photograph at night provide us "day dwellers" with a totally different perspective on the world. Star trail photography is a technique that many people may never attempt but is not as difficult as it may seem. This topic will be presented in two parts. In this article, I will discuss the steps necessary to take star trail photographs in the field. In the part two, I will discuss the steps to merge a series of images in Photoshop CS5 to create the final image.
Most photographers have seen an image in which the stars make beautiful arcs and patterns through the sky.
Capturing these images on film was a simple process with great results, one simply needed to point their camera to the sky, lock open their shutter (using a cable release) and wait for a few hours (depending on how much movement you wanted to show).
This same process can also be used with today's digital cameras, however the results will not be nearly as clean and sharp as those on film. The biggest problem with using a digital camera to shoot star trails is that they are subject to producing an undesirable characteristic in the image known as "noise."
Digital cameras depend upon an imaging sensor to capture and "see" light coming in from the lens. To capture this light, the camera sends power to the sensor which allows it to see the light. This power and energy in and on the sensor will cause it to heat up. When your sensor heats up, some pixels on the sensor will change color or not appear similar to the rest of the photograph. This effect is referred to as noise.
Two things that produce more heat buildup on the sensor and as a result more noise are long exposures and high ISO's. During a long exposure, the power needed to capture light is needed throughout the exposure, this means that the longer your exposure is, the more heat is produced across the sensor and the more noise. A high ISO will also bring about more noise in your photograph. To put it simply, by raising your ISO, all you are doing is pumping more power into your sensor to make it more sensitive to light. Because of noise, the process of creating satisfactory star trails with a digital camera becomes much harder.
It is here that we need to turn to more alternative methods of creating these images with our digital cameras. This process that I explain below can be done in any newer versions of Adobe Photoshop. However, I will be giving the steps in Photoshop CS5.
The way we get around the problem of noise in the digital age requires us to combat the two things that cause noise. We do so by shooting at a low ISO and by avoiding long shutter speeds. Do you see a problem here? How are we going to see the movement of the stars through the sky if we can't keep the shutter open for longer than 30 seconds? Simply put, we need to take multiple images and merge them into one.
I like to set my camera to ISO 100 or 200 for shooting star trails; this will minimize any noise that would be created using a high ISO. A good rule of thumb for shutter speed is to not go much longer than 30 seconds. I also set my camera to shoot compressed JPEG files so I can get more images on the card and it will take less time to process later on.
To capture a timed series of images, you will need a cable release to lock open the shutter and force your camera to keep photographing (even after you go to sleep). Once you have your camera set up on a tripod and your image has been composed, make sure that all your settings are in order (f-stop, shutter speed and ISO). Also make sure that your camera is set to "continuous" drive mode which will ensure that after each exposure is completed, the next will automatically begin. If you forget to do this, you will have large gaps between images as the stars move.
Once you return to your computer, download the images to a folder on your desktop. This makes it much easier to find them when you want to merge them together. The process for merging these images together is quite simple despite the number of JPEG files you end up with. To process or make global adjustments to this files you will use the "actions" function in Photoshop, a little set of instructions that tells the computer to batch process all 500 of your photos automatically and consistently. All we need to do now is load the appropriate action onto our computer and into Photoshop so that we can use it to create our final star trail composite image.
How to complete this process will be the topic of my next article (arriving in two weeks).
Tags | Digital Noise, Forest Chaput de Saintonge, Night Photography, Photoshop CS5, star trails


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Every Daisy Adventure Is Filled With Giggles, Energy & Excitement!
Daisy troop meetings are easier with Daisy Drop Box, our complimentary program for kindergarten and first grade Daisy troops in Girl Scouts of Western NY. Daisy troop leaders receive a box with the resources needed to hold fun, engaging troop meetings. The boxes include step-by-step scripted meeting instructions plus activity supplies for each registered Daisy.
Who is eligible to participate in our Daisy Dropbox program?
- New Daisy Troops are eligible to participate
- The troop must have two registered co-leaders who have completed their background checks and co-leader training.
- Troop must have 12 or more registered Daisies. Daisies are girls in kindergarten and first grade.
- The troop has their first meeting location, time and date confirmed
New Daisy Troop Leaders can sign up for Daisy Dropbox few steps:
- Register as a Girl Scout troop leader.
- Find a co-leader for the troop and make sure they are also registered.
- Complete your background check and Volunteer Basics training.
- Make sure 12 girls at the Daisy level have registered for the troop.
- Sign up for Daisy Dropbox.
- Pick up your Daisy Dropbox at your nearest Girl Scout Service Center once you have completed the above requirements.
Frequently Asked Questions
What's in a Daisy Drop Box?
- A welcome packet provides an introduction to your first year as a troop leader, and the activity supplies provided to earn the 10 Daisy petal badges.
- Step-by-step scripted instructions for each badge activity.
- Activity supplies for each registered Daisy.
- All petals for up to 12 girls are provided.
- The Daisy Dropbox is free of charge to troops who meet the criteria outlined above.
What if there are more than 12 Daisies in my troop?
Contact us at _EMAIL_
What Are The Daisy Petals?
- Girl Scouts of all ages recite the ideals and values in our Girl Scout Promise and Girl Scout Law, which serve as the foundation of Girl Scouting.
- The Daisy petals are special badges just for Daisies they wear on their uniform.
- They represent the Girl Scout Promise and each petal represents a part of the Girl Scout Law.
Are the badges provided in the Daisy Dropbox?
The badges earned are included in the boxes.
Questions? Reach us at _EMAIL_


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Symmetry Center: Practice symmetry skills with this fun and engaging math center. Students love recreating flowers along the line of symmetry.
Pattern Block Flowers is my new math pack that works on line of symmetry based on real flowers. It comes with 16 cards, each with a different flower that needs to be completed along the line of symmetry.
Here is how I have been using these cards in my class for the past few years:
This pack includes two work mats, one in color and one in black and white for students to use with the cards. There is also a worksheet for students to create their own flower if they are interested.
Students will pick a flower task card and use pattern blocks to recreate the image along the line of symmetry. This can be challenging at first for kindergarten students, but once they understand how it worksthey love the challenge of it!
real flowers Symmetry Center
All of the flower task cards are based on real flowers, and look similar to them. You can look up pictures of the real flower to show what they look like.
more symmetry centers
Want to make planning your symmetry unit easy? Take a look at these other blog posts with symmetry center ideas:
- Teach Symmetry in Kindergarten
- Invitation to ExploreLine of Symmetry
- Practicing Symmetry in Kindergarten
- Kindergarten Line of Symmetry
My Ultimate Guide to Kindergarten Centers shows you how I use these activities in my classroom.
I am excited to use Pattern Block Flowers as a math center and to help with assessment in our kindergarten class.
Subscribe to my newsletter to get weekly ideas for your classroom:


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The T.I.S.P., or Teacher in Space Project was initiated by President Ronald Reagan on August 27th 1984. The project's main goal was to uplift the inspiration to new generations in enthusiasts in Mathematics, space, and scientific research exploration. Due to unfortunate circumstances the cancelation of the program was installed in 1990 after the death of teacher Christa McAuliffe during the fatal 1986 Challenger flight and disaster.
But, this was not to be the complete end to the project and its related program E.A.P.(Educator Astronaut Project). For it would be reborn in the early years the 21st century. Due to its controlled release to the private sector, billionaire companies were able to establish their mark on the space and aerospace industries by enabling teachers wanting to participate in the program, via their monetary support. In 2005, Teacher in Space candidate Pam Leestma, a second-grade teacher and cousin of Space Shuttle astronaut David Leestma, flew a training flight aboard a MiG-21 operated by X-Rocket, LLC. This project an escalating outpouring of applicants to similar companies that also offered space flight as an option for teachers and educators. Flights continued into 2008, for in 2009 T.I.S.P. announced the seven chosen teachers from around the U.S.. They are: Maureen Louis Adams, James Kuhl, Lanette Oliver, Stephen Heck, Rachael Manzer, Chantelle Rose, and Robert Schmidt.
"Becoming a teacher may have its benefits… You may get to go to space!"
BY: Thomas McGregor


Discrimination and equal rights
Do snide remarks on social media amount to discrimination?
Freedom of expression also applies to the Internet and social media. On Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram the same rules and regulations apply as in other parts of society. Basically, you can say or show (almost) anything, and you do not need anyone's permission to do so.
But beware: you may not discriminate against others on the internet or on social media either. A hateful remark about an entire population group or about someone's background, skin colour, or religion can be considered offensive and discriminatory. And everyone - you, I, we - also has the right not to be discriminated against.
Moreover, you should be aware that Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram function as magnifying glasses where freedom of speech is concerned. Anything you say or show there can spread rapidly - sometimes even across the world - and appear out of context.
Unfortunately, bullying (harassing someone) and discrimination (for example, insulting or threatening groups of people) are all too common on the internet and social media. They are forbidden and sometimes even punishable by law – people bully and discriminate anyway.
In many countries, you can file a report if you encounter discrimination on one of the social-media platforms, either with an anti-discrimination hotline or with the police. In the Netherlands, people have been convicted for posting hateful and discriminatory remarks on Twitter or Facebook.
Also very important: react! You too can make yourself heard if you think that someone is going too far. Raise your voice when you read or see something like that on someone's Facebook page or Instagram account.
Thanks to the freedom of speech, everyone is allowed to say a lot, but this freedom is something that should be handled with care.


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An Abbreviated History of Ultimate Compiled by Michael E. Iacovella
Ultimate, as with all disc sports, would not exist without the invention of the flying disc, or "Frisbee," as it is commonly known. The first known contemporary tossing of a "disc" was by Yale University (USA) undergrads in the early 20th century. The Yale campus was in close proximity to Connecticut's Frisbie Pie Company, whose pies while being a popular treat in themselves were sold in metal tins that would hold flight when thrown over a very short distance. The now-popular pastime of "tossing the disc" remained in obscurity until the invention of a plastic flying disc by Fred Morrison in 1948, which was much more durable and flight-worthy than anything made of wood or metal. This invention led to the first mass-produced disc, called the "Pluto Platter," made by the Wham-O toy company beginning in 1951. The year 1954 saw the first recorded competition using a flying disc when Dartmouth University (USA) students organized a tournament for the disc sport known as "Guts." A year after the Frisbie Pie Company's closing in 1958, Wham-O, based in California, USA, registered the name "Frisbee" as a name for its flying disc products. This trademark was reportedly the result of the predictable nickname that students at Yale and Harvard had given to the new toys.
The invention of Ultimate, also known as "Ultimate Frisbee," occurred within a year of the first mechanical patent on a flying disc, by Ed Headrick in 1966. Joel Silver and others at Columbia High School (CHS), Maplewood, NJ, USA, introduced their idea of an "ultimate" Frisbee game to the student council in 1967, and the first known game was played in 1968 between the student council and the staff of the school newspaper. The newspaper staff was victorious in a game where the only boundaries were the goal lines and other natural side boundaries (eg., railroad tracks, river, fence). The games continued the following year, with matches being played in the evening under the glow of the mercury-vapor lights in the school's new parking lot. The first and second edition rules were drawn up by CHS student Buzzy Hellring, and were later refined by Silver and John Hines. The very first interscholastic Ultimate game was played between CHS and Milburn High in 1970; CHS won, 43-10. The first conference of Ultimate teams was created in 1971, which consisted of five New Jersey high schools, including CHS and Milburn. Some ultimate-playing graduates of the league formed teams at their respective colleges and universities. On November 6, 1972, Rutgers University (NJ, USA) defeated Princeton (NJ, USA), 29-27, in the first intercollegiate game. [Note: The game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate American football game, on the same exact site, which had since been turned into a parking lot. The same team won by the same margin of victory.] Yale hosted the first Ultimate tournament (8 college teams in attendance) in 1975, which was won by Rutgers. That summer, Ultimate was introduced at the Second World Frisbee Championships at the Rose Bowl, aiding in the development of Ultimate on the West Coast of the USA.
Disc sports began to spread to Europe and Asia at about the same time, as is evident by the formation of the Swedish Frisbee Federation (SFF) in 1974, the Japanese Frisbee Disc Association in 1975, and the Australian FDA in 1976. Belgium and Austria each organized FDAs in 1977, with Finland's FDA and the Danish Frisbee Sport Union to follow in 1978. The Ultimate Players Association (UPA) was formed in 1979; Tom Kennedy was elected the first director. The UPA, the national governing body for the sport of Ultimate in the USA, was the first national, player-run US Ultimate organization. Prior to this juncture, events were sponsored and/or run by the International Frisbee Association (IFA), which was a former promotional arm of the Wham-O toy company. At the first UPA Nationals in 1979, Glassboro State College was victorious over the Santa Barbara Condors, 19-18. The first Ultimate European Championship was in Paris, France, in 1980; Finland, England and Sweden finished one, two, and three, respectively.
The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF), the international governing body of all disc sports, was founded in 1984, a year after the close of the IFA [Note: at the IFA's closure, membership was reported to be 100,000 members in 30 countries]. Flying Circus (open), USA, Lady Condors (women), USA, and Sweden (juniors) win the first WFDF-sponsored World Ultimate Championships (for national teams) in Colchester, United Kingdom (1986). The first World Ultimate Club Championships (WUCC) was held in Cologne, Germany, in 1989. Philmore (open, USA) and Lady Condors (women, USA) win their respective divisions. Seven Sages (masters, USA) become the first international club Masters champions at Millfield, UK, in 1995, and Red Fish, Blue Fish is the first Mixed champion at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1999. Currently, Ultimate is played by an estimated 100,000+ players in over 30 countries. The Ultimate Players Association (USA) reports an overall membership of 13,000+ dues-paying members. Membership in the UPA and other national organizations is growing yearly at a startling rate. Thirty-five years have elapsed since the first disc was tossed for a goal under the mercury-vapor lights of the Columbia High parking lot. As you bask in the warmth of the Hawaiian sun at the largest Ultimate tournament in history, reflect on the growth of a spectacular sport within which the deepest-seeded value is sportsmanship.


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The Old Colony Building was designed and constructed between 1893 and 1894 by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche. As Chicago School architects, they sought to reveal the character of the steel skeletal structure while cladding their buildings with an appropriate surface. The 17-story steel frame building is sheathed in Bedford limestone on the first three floors and by gray brick and terra cotta above that. A two-story colonnade runs along the 15th and 16th floors with a cornice crowning the 17th floor. Oriel windows project from every corner of the building from the third story to the cornice. The design's unity derives from the repetition of Chicago windows along the second floor and in the center bay of the north facade. Variety is found in the contrast between the horizontal stress of the narrow north facade and the distinct vertical thrust of the long east and west facades.
The facade of the Old Colony Building has remained intact, although major alterations to the interior have occurred on the ground floor. The lobby's original surfaces and stairs have all been replaced and the open cages of the elevators have been enclosed.
The Old Colony Building is located at 407 S. Dearborn St. and the lobby and some offices within are open to the public.
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Climate, Science, and Colonization: Histories from Australia and New Zealand. Edited By James Beattie, Emily O'Gorman and Matthew Henry. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Offering important new historical understandings of human responses to climate and climate change, this cutting-edge volume explores the dynamic relationship between settlement, climate, and colonization. The contributions gathered here consider a wide range of interrelated topics, among them the use of scientific evidence in historical research, the physical impact of climate on agriculture and land development, and changing understandings of climate, including the development of "folk" and government meteorologies. They reveal Australasia to be a remarkably varied and fertile area for analyzing cultural responses to climate as well as the wider social ramifications of historical climatic events.
"This scholarly and timely book fills some important gaps in Australian and New Zealand environmental history while its truly transnational reach and interdisciplinary approach will appeal to anyone interested in climate change no matter where they live on planet Earth. It deftly bridges the gap between the Humanities and Sciences and opens up the possibility of exciting dialogue between scholars on both sides of that 'great divide'. Written by both established and exciting new scholars, Climate, Science, and Colonization represents a significant contribution to the most important issue facing humanity by proving depth, perspective, and informed judgement on a subject all too often distorted by raw prejudice and unsupported opinion." – Tom Brooking, Professor of History, University of Otago, New Zealand
"This compelling volume is the first to demonstrate an exceptional richness of climate and settlement narratives in Australia and New Zealand during the long nineteenth century. It bring to life contested practices of colonial settlement in un-British climates, providing a remarkable new optics to observe the amalgamation of cultural and atmospheric realities and their continuing socio-economic legacies. Stressing local scale, historical processes, and natural agency, the collection offers a historical kaleidoscope of climatological ways of life forged through encounter, exploration, and domestication of the environmental otherness." – Vladimir Jankovic, Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, UK


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This report describes the development and full-scale crash testing of a reusable crash cushion which dissipates kinetic energy through the lateral deformation of a row of nine-high molecular weight/high density polyethylene (HMW/HDPE) cylinders. This 100 km/h impact attenuation device, called the REACT 350.9, satisfies the new crash testing requirements of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. It is the first crash cushion to be approved by the FHWA for use on the National Highway System for use under the NCHRP 350 guidelines.
Most impact attenuation devices currently employed require the replacement of damaged structural components and spent energy dissipating elements following an impact event. Until these repairs and refurbishments are carried out, these safety devices are largely ineffective in that they are not able to dissipate kinetic energy in a subsequent impact in an acceptable manner such that relevant occupant risk parameters are within prescribed limits. In some cases, a significant time elapses before damaged impact attenuation devices are repaired and restored to effective operating status. This system "down-time" is a source of danger to the motoring public and presents a potentially serious tort liability exposure to the transportation agency involved. The REACT 350.9 is a reusable and self restorative narrow hazard crash cushion. It can dissipate large amounts of kinetic energy, undergo significant deformations and strains without fracturing, and then essentially regain its original shape and energy dissipation potential upon removal of the load.
November 19, 2007
John F. Carney.
Vanderbilt University. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
- # of Pages: 48 p., 1,729 KB (PDF)
- Subject: Collisions, Crash cushions, Dissipation, Ethylene resins, Roads, Safety equipment, Testing, Zero maintenance systems.
- Keywords: Highway safety, impact attenuation devices, maintenance free, reusable, polyethylene, self-restoration.
- Related Publications:
This abstract was last modified April 29, 2008


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An old theorem of A. J. Wilkie (Some results and problems on weak systems of arithmetic, Logic Colloquium '77) asserts that a discretely ordered ring $R$ can be extended to a model of open induction if and only if for all $n>1$, there is a homomorphism from $R$ onto $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$.
Wilkie's proof proceeds by adjoining transcendental elements to $R$, but it is not clear that this is ever necessary:
Does every ring that extends to a model of open induction have an algebraic extension to a model of open induction?
Does anyone know anything about this? I know of no place in the literature where the question is even mentioned, although it has come up more than once in conversation.
Here is simple test-case: Let $R$ be the ring $\mathbb{Z}[t,\sqrt{2}t-r]$, where $r$ is a real transcendental and $t$ is an indeterminate. Order $R$ by declaring $t$ positive infinite. It is not hard to show that $R$ extends to a model of true arithmetic. I don't know if $R$ has an algebraic extension to a model of open induction.
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Can you please explain what it means for a ring to "model open induction"? – Andrej Bauer May 7 '10 at 13:31
2 Answers 2
Andrej Bauer asked in a comment, "What is a model of open induction?" Let me give the most modern and relevant answer and then explain the term "open induction", which is somewhat archaic.
Let $F$ be an ordered field. An (ordered) subring $R$ of $F$ is called an "integer part" of $F$ if
 1. $R$ is discretely ordered: This means the inequality $x < y < x+1$ has no solution in $R$. Equivalently, nothing in $R$ lies between 0 and 1.
 2. For all $x\in F$ there is some $r\in R$ such that $r\le x < r+1$.
Item 2 is equivalent to saying that every element of $F$ is a finite distance from some element of $R$, where "finite" means bounded by an element of $\mathbb{Z}$. Remember that $F$ can and usually will be nonarchimedian.
Items 1 and 2 together imply that there is a unique function $\lfloor\cdot\rfloor$ from $F$ to $R$ given by the inequality $\lfloor x \rfloor \le x < 1+\lfloor x \rfloor$. Think of this as an abstract analog of the integer part operator.
A "model of open induction" is an integer part of a real closed field. Mourges and Ressayre proved that every real closed field has an integer part. The term "open induction" comes from a paper of Shepherdson, who started this whole topic by proving that an ordered ring $R$ is an integer part of its real closure if and only if the positive semiring of $R$ satisfies the axioms of Peano Arithmetic, with the induction axioms restricted to quantifier-free (i.e. open) formulas. Shepherdson also gave recursively presentable nonstandard models of open induction, which is interesting because according to Tennenbaum's Theorem there are no such models of Peano Arithmetic.
Since then there have been many successful attempts to build recursive nonstandard models of theories a little stronger than open induction. The champ, to-date, is a recursive nonstandard normal model of open induction, given in a paper by Otero and Berarducci. Here "normal" means integrally closed in its quotient field.
The main unsolved problems concerning open induction, in my opinion, are (1) Is the universal theory of open induction decidable (i.e. is it decidable whether a diophantine equation has a solution in some model of open induction) and (2) Is there a recursive non-standard diophantine correct model of open induction, where "diophantine correct" means "extends to a model of true arithmetic".
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Interesting. In Brouwerian intuitionism the following is called "open induction", where $A \subseteq [0,1]$ is an open subset of the unit interval: $(\forall x \in [0,1]. (\forall y < x. y \in A) \implies x \in A) \implies [0,1] = A$. This seems unrelated to what you are talking about. – Andrej Bauer May 7 '10 at 15:27
I think this should have been edited into the question instead of posted as an answer. In any case, this should be community wiki. – François G. Dorais May 7 '10 at 22:42
I think that the answer in general is "no", and that this follows from results in a paper "Limit computable integer parts" by D'Aquino, Knight, and Lange (_URL_ Namely, by Theorem 3.5 and Remark 3, there exists a real-closed field $R$ with an element $r\in R$ and a $\mathbb Z$-ring $I\subseteq R$ such that no discretely ordered subring $I\subseteq J\subseteq R$ intersects $[r,r+1)$, but $b/i\in[r,r+1)$ for some $b,i\in I$. Then $I$ (being a $\mathbb Z$-ring) can be extended to a model of $\mathit{IOpen}$, but no such extension can be found in its real closure $\operatorname{rcl}(I)\subseteq R$ (since no discretely ordered $I\subseteq J\subseteq \operatorname{rcl}(I)$ can contain an integer part of $b/i$).
Caveat: the paper is so far an unpublished preprint, and I have actually serious doubts about its correctness. Namely, the claim "$\frac{p(a)}n+z$ cannot be in $(0,1)$" in the proof of the widely used Proposition 3.1 is unjustified, and in fact, I think that this proposition directly contradicts Example 2 (take $I=(x^2+1)\mathbb Q[x^2]+\mathbb Z$, $R=\operatorname{rcl}(\mathbb Q(x))$, and $a=x$; then conditions 2 and 3 hold as $I[x]=I+xI$ is easily seen to be discretely ordered, but condition 1 does not). However, I think that this does not affect the proof of Theorem 3.5, since all the elements which 3.1 is applied on there are (or can be taken to be) transcendental.
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Emil, Thanks very much for the reference. I'm not sure that Example 2 DIRECTLY contradicts Proposition 3.1, because (in the example you gave) $\mathbb{Z}[(x^2+1)/4]$ is not a Z-ring, as Prop. 3.1 requires it to be. But I'll have to think about this. – SJR Feb 3 '11 at 17:12
Fair enough, thanks for pointing it out. Hopefully it's correct now. – Emil Jeřábek Feb 3 '11 at 18:25
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How do I know if my rear wiper motor is bad?
Symptoms of a Bad or Failing Windshield Wiper Motor
- Wiper blades move slower than programmed.
- Wiper blades only have one speed.
- Wiper blades don't move.
- Wiper blades don't park in the correct position.
How do you test a rear wiper motor?
Disconnect the harness connector from the motor and check for voltage. With the ignition on, there should be voltage coming from the load reduction relay. With the rear wiper switch activated, there should be voltage from the relay. Also check for continuity to ground at the third (ground) terminal.
Why would my rear windshield wiper stop working?
When a windshield wiper is not working, it could mean that the electrical motor inside the wiper shorted out or malfunctioned. This means that your wipers won't work at all. Inspect the motor – there could be a loose wire in the circuit.
How do you tell if it's the windshield wiper motor or switch?
Wiper Blades Start Moving Slower
You can choose the speed and delay that suits your needs the best. However, slower moving blades are a sign that something is wrong. If you select the fastest speed and the blades move as if they were on the lowest setting, you might have a bad motor.
How do you test a rear wiper switch?
Unplug the wiper motor connector. Probe the voltage supply plug with a voltmeter and make sure voltage and ground are present. Move the wiper function switch through all positions to determine proper voltage at the plug. If there is no voltage, check the voltage supply to the dash switch and check the rear wiper fuse.
How much is a rear wiper motor?
The average cost for windshield wiper motor replacement is between $297 and $352. Labor costs are estimated between $79 and $100 while parts are priced between $218 and $253. This range does not include taxes and fees, and does not factor in your specific vehicle or unique location. Related repairs may also be needed.
What causes windshield wiper motor failure?
Some factors can disrupt this process. For instance, too much ice or snow on your windshield may cause your wipers to get jammed and cause circuit overloading. Your wipers may also malfunction if components like the control switch, wiper control unit, wiring, or linkage blades fail.
How do you check a windshield wiper fuse?
Locate your main fuse box and look for the windshield wiper fuse and-or relay. The fuse will be a type of glass tube or a spade design. Visually inspect the fuse to see if the filament inside either type is internally disconnected or blackened. Replace the blown fuse.


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The Body Hollow
(As featured in the May 2007 issue of Practically Seeking)
This style of shelter is an easy step up from the most basic idea of burrowing down into a big pile of leaves for warmth or protection from the elements.
- Quick to construct
- Will keep you warm and dry
- Takes far less time and materials than a full-on debris hut.
- Can be tricky to keep water-tight in a heavy rain
- Makes a great "hide" or ground blind when hunting with firearms
- Good short-term cache (for non-food items)
- Adaptable to a wide variey of terrains and conditions
- Snug — Needs no other heat source
- Camouflages very well into the landscape (See how our completed Body Hollow shelter blends into the surrounding area)
Wonder how well this simple shelter would really hold up? Check out our post-Nor'easter pics!
Step-by-step instructions for building this quick, easy-to-construct shelter.
- Dig a hole that is at least two hand widths wider and longer than you are, and the depth of your body are when lying down. Your chest should be even with the ground level.
- Using the excavated dirt, build up a berm around two sides and one end of your hole. (The end with no berm will be your entry point.) The total depth of your hole should now be approximately knee deep.
- Line the inside with a layer of leaves or other dry debris six to eight inches deep.
- Overlay the top with a layer of branches (about wrist thick) spaced about a hand-width apart.
- Continuing to build on your "roof", add a layer of smaller branches to create lattice about six inches thick.
- Cover your lattice with a layer of debris at least 2.5 feet thick. Start by heaping your debris around the bottom and work your way up, making sure that the highest point is in the center of your debris pile. (This will help keep your shelter dry.)
Place a few more of the thinner branches on top of your debris to keep it from blowing away.
- Have an extra pile of debris near your door that you can pull in after you to close your entryway after you crawl in.


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Less Than Zero
This elevation map of the Beethoven basin is color-coded to show the height of features on Mercury's surface. Mercury lacks a "sea level", so the zero-point reference elevation is defined to be the mean planetary radius of 2440 km. Blue areas, such as within Bello crater on the floor of Beethoven, have negative elevations. The red and white areas to the southwest are more than 8 km higher than the lowest points in this area.
Date acquired: February 27, 2012
Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington


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. This is held in place with a bejewelled belt. A multitude of jewellery is also worn by the female dancers. These include earrings, several pairs of bangles, a garland of flowers in the form of a bracelet, bracelets, anklets and an armlet that is worn on the right. Several body chains cross over the body like a sash. A circular or diamond shaped pendant is worn around the neck.
There are several different types of mokot worn by female royalty. The typical mokots that are worn are much similar to those of male royalty. Some crowns are just like tiaras where at the back of the mokot hair is let loose, cascading down the back. Other mokots have a few accessories such as ear pieces that would sit above the ear and help hold the mokot in place while a comb at the back is just an added accessory. Flowers are also worn on the mokot in the same style, but the hanging garlands of flowers are worn on the left and the bouquet is worn on the right. The best example of these royal clothes is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes, which are an adaptation of the beautiful royalty costume.
Khmer cuisine is similar to that of its Southeast Asian neighbors. It shares many similarities with Thai cuisine, Vietnamese cuisine and Teochew cuisine. Cambodian cuisine also uses fish sauce in soups, stir-fried cuisine, and as dippings. The Chinese influence can be noted in the common chha (Khmer: ឆារ, Stir frying) and in the use of many variations of rice noodles. A particular popular dish of ultimately Chinese origin is "pork broth rice noodle soup", similar to phở, called kuy tieu (Khmer: គុយទាវ). Indian influenced dishes include many types of curry known as kari (Khmer: ការី) that call for dried spices such as star anise, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg and fennel as well as local ingredients like lemongrass, garlic, kaffir lime leaves, shallots and galangal that give dishes a distinctive Cambodian flavor. Banh Chaew (Khmer: នំបាញ់ឆែវ), the Khmer version of the Vietnamese Bánh xèo, is also a popular dish.
Khmer cuisine is noted for the use of prahok (ប្រហុក), a type of fermented fish paste, in many dishes as a distinctive flavoring. When prahok is not used, it is likely to be kapǐ (កាពិ) instead, a kind of fermented shrimp paste. Coconut milk is the main ingredient of many Khmer curries and desserts. Cambodians prefer either jasmine rice or sticky (glutinous) rice. The latter is used more in dessert dishes with fruits such as durian while jasmine rice is eaten with meals. Almost every meal is eaten with a bowl of rice. Typically, Cambodians eat their meals with at least three or four separate dishes. Each individual dish will usually be one of either sweet, sour, salty or bitter. Chili is usually left up to the individual to add themselves. In this way Cambodians ensure that they get a bit of every flavor to satisfy their palates.
Regional Cambodian cuisine offers some unique dishes influenced by the traditions of local ethnic groups. In Kampot and Kep, known for its Kampot Pepper Crab or Kdam Chha Mrich Kchei (Khmer: ក្តាមឆាម្រេចខ្ជី) in Khmer. This dish is prepared with a local crab fried with the black pepper from area pepper fields. Kula people, an ethnic group of Pailin Province, originated Mee Kola (Khmer: មីកុឡា), a vegetarian rice stick noodle dish. In southeastern Cambodia, the influence of Vietnamese cuisine are strong, evidenced by Bánh tráng which is ubiquitous in southeastern Cambodia but virtually unknown elsewhere. The region between Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, an area with many Chinese Cambodians, displays Khmer versions of many Chinese dishes.
Arts and literature
Visual arts
The history of visual arts in Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the Angkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.
Especially in the 60s and 70s, the 'big two' duet of Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Sereysothea had been a large hit in the country. However after their deaths, new music stars have tried to bring back the music. Cambodian music has undergone heavy Westernization.
The Cambodian pinpeat ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days in the pagodas. It is also a court ensemble used to accompany classical dance for ritual occasions or theatrical events. The pinpeat is primarily made up of percussion instruments: the roneat ek (lead xylophone), roneat thung (low bamboo xylophone), kong vong touch and kong vong thom (small and large sets of tuned gongs), sampho (two-sided drum), skor thom (two large drums), and sralai (quadruple-reed instrument).
Cambodian Dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and vernacular dances.
Khmer classical dance is a form of Cambodian dance originally performed only for royalty. The dances have many elements in common with Thai classical dance. During the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the public where it now remains a celebrated icon of Khmer culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia.this classical Dance is famous for its using of hands and feet to express emotion which known as there are 4,000 different gestures in this type of dance. Provided as repeating a golden age in 1960s, Khmer Classical Dance which know as The Royal Ballet of Cambodia after select as UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, has lead one of its dance to be an outstanding dance of all for culture and society. Reamker, a khmer version of Indian, Ramayana had influced strongly to Khmer classical dance. It involved in khmer gesture, movement and story line.The dance that divided from Reamker Dance known as Robam Sovann Macha and Robam Moni Mekala. In Facts, all of Dance reminded the audience of celestial dance which is an angel or Apsara in sansrit mythology in goal of bring the good luck and success to the viewer. The Classical dance is create by the heart of high art as the performer is decorated with themselves with a branches of jewellry.
Apsara Dance, a khmer dance that has survived since the Angkor Era, has been singled out to attract foreign tourists and to make the richness of khmer culture known to the world. Apsara Dance was promoted by Princess Norodom Buppha Devi before the Khmer Rouge times and recently has received an award as one of the main symbols of Cambodia.
Khmer folk dances, which are performed for audiences, are fast-paced. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as Khmer classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. The folk dance music is played by a mahori orchestra.
Cambodian vernacular dances (or social dances) are those danced at social gatherings. Such dances include Romvong, Rom Kbach, Rom Saravan, and Lam Leav. Some of these dances have much influence from the traditional dances of Laos. But Rom Kbach, for example, take heavily from the classical dance of the royal court. Other social dances from around the world have had an impact on Cambodian social culture include the Cha-cha, Bolero, and the Madison.
A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Kingdom to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom.
Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka. They were written by the monks on palmyra palm leaves and kept in various monasteries throughout the country.
The Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្តិ៍, "Rama's Fame") is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The Reamker is composed in rhymed verses and is staged in sections that are adapted to dance movements interpreted by Khmer artists. The Reamker is the most ubiquitous form of traditional Cambodian theatre.
Cambodia had a rich and varied traditional oral literature. There


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Former Grand Trunk Railway Station
St. Mary's Junction Station
St. Mary's Junction Station
Links and documents
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
The former Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) station at St. Mary's Junction expresses the design of the initial GTR stations. It was built in 1858, and its mid 19th century Georgian form, stone walls and distinctive roof brackets still distinguish it from its surroundings today. This single storey station stands isolated in a field beside the track at the early railroad junction north of the town of St. Mary's.
The station at St. Mary's Junction has been designated a heritage railway station because of its historical, architectural and environmental significance.
The former Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) station at St. Mary's Junction was built in 1858 and is one of the largest and most original surviving GTR stations. Designed as a First Class Way Side Station by British architect Francis Thompson, it follows the modest Italianate style typical of contemporary British station design. It was constructed to the north of the town of St. Mary's as a (manual) control point for the junction of rail lines from Toronto to Sarnia and to London. Young Thomas Edison worked here as a controller during the early days of the station. By that time St. Mary's was already an established community, although it subsequently prospered from the nation-wide market the GTR provided for its local limestone.
The heritage value of the St. Mary's Junction Station resides in both its rarity and in the clarity with which it witnesses the design, composition, materials, and setting of original GTR stations. Value resides in its balanced massing and proportions, and in the elements of its design which express the standard early GTR Italianate style, form and detailing.
Source: Heritage Character Statement, former St. Mary's Grand Trunk Railway Station, May 1993. Heritage Assessment Report RSR-143, 1992.
Character-defining elements of the Former Grand Trunk Railway Station include:
- the rectangular footprint and block-like single storey massing of the station under a shallow pitched gable roof,
- its simple symmetrical composition, balanced proportions, and handsome aspect,
- the regular definition of its arcaded apertures,
- its Italianate details: arched openings, deep overhanging eaves, ornate end chimneys, circular gable window vents,
- the integrity of its exterior materials, particularly its local limestone and wood,
- the skilled craftsmanship with which its stonework is executed visible in regular stone courses, stone surrounds, arcades and chimneys,
- its solid wall construction,
- the integrity of its surviving early interior furnishings and fittings, their (primarily wood) materials, early form, composition, craftsmanship and finishes: including but not exclusive to the station's tongue-and-groove wainscot, wooden baseboards and picture rails and plaster walls and ceilings,
- continued legibility of the volumes and functions of specific spaces within the building.
Government of Canada
Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act
Heritage Railway Station
Theme - Category and Type
- Developing Economies
- Communications and Transportation
- Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life
- Architecture and Design
Function - Category and Type
- Station or Other Rail Facility
Architect / Designer
Location of Supporting Documentation
National Historic Sites Directorate, Documentation Centre, 5th Floor, Room 89, 25 Eddy Street, Gatineau, Quebec
Cross-Reference to Collection


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Let's say a blue dwarf makes the final connection to the gold. However, there are two paths that one could take to get from the ladder to the gold. One of these paths has a blue door, one of them has no doors. Obviously the blue dwarf would prefer to use the path with the door, so does the player who makes the final connection get to choose what path to use? Or does it go by shortest path to the gold? Basically, what are the rules to determine what path counts as the "final path"?
There's no such concept. The following are the win conditions for the red and blue teams from the rules:
A dwarf from the blue team created the connection, and there is a path that's not blocked by a red door, so the blue team wins, and the red team does not. That's it.
The only way the red team can win if a dwarf from the blue team creates the connection is if the blue team can't win (i.e. every path is blocked by red doors).


Faking a Graphical Link
Having text links is extremely important for your internal site navigation since internal links do count for link popularity purposes and the context of your incoming links is very important. Graphical links simply do not provide the same amount of context as a text link does. So basically you can choose to have a graphical menu and get almost no context benefit from it, or you can have a text based menu with your keywords in the links and get a significant context benefit from it.
But what if you could have your cake and eat it too? There is a way. You can fake graphical links.
Now before I get into the meat of this article let me say that you don't always need to have text links in your menu. Changing a graphical link to your "Contact" page to a text link isn't going to give you any real benefit. However, using this site as an example, by using "Search Engine Optimization" as the text we use to link to our SEO category on the menu to the left we are giving that category page a substantial benefit.
So if you're not going to use keywords in your menu you might as well not worry about if it is text based or not.
Now lets talk about faking graphical links. There are two main ways you can get the appearance of a graphical menu while keeping keyword rich text. I will describe each below.
Method 1: Giving Links a Background
We'll start with the best method first so you can skip the remaining pages of this article. Using CSS you can specify a background image for just about anything, including a text link. You can also change this background image using the hover pseudo-class. The end result is a javascript-less image rollover on a text link. Simple huh? Well yes, but not quite that simple. There are a few quirks you should be aware of.
First of all, like any other image rollover, you'll want to preload your images using the javascript below:


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Imperial Court Cuisine
As Beijing was the capital of several dynasties over seven hundred years, Imperial Court Food is a branch of Beijing Cuisine. Food of this kind was once only prepared for the members of the imperial court and was not accessible to ordinary people. Now, money permitting, you can have a taste of the Royal Feast of Complete Manchu-Han Courses, a most bounteous feast of Imperial Court Food.
The greatest achievement of Imperial Court Food is the Royal Feast of Complete Manchu-Han Courses, which is representative of Chinese food. As the name suggests, the grand meal was formed on the basis of the Manchu and Han cuisines. It contains one hundred and thirty-four hot dishes and forty-eight cold ones, not counting fruit and desserts. In total there should be at least one hundred and eight courses. It is so great a feast that it is divided into six meals which last three days or so. It assembles eight kinds of rare raw materials from the mountain, eight rare terrestrial ones and eight rare marine ones. Up to now, only two restaurants are able to serve this grand banquet: Fangshan Restaurant in Beihai Park and Tingliguan Restaurant in the Summer Palace.
Food of this kind combines all kinds of delicacies that stress fresh, light and tender flavor. During the Qing Dynasty (_PHONE_), the varieties increased to two hundred. Other famous dishes, apart from the Royal Feast of Complete Manchu-Han Courses, include Silky Chicken Breast, Lotus Leaf Pork Fillet, Pea Cake and Steamed Corn Bread. As the Royal Feast of Complete Manchu-Han Courses is expensive, it is also a good idea to enjoy some palatable dishes such as distinctive snacks or desserts.
The elaborate dishes typically contain superb raw ingredients, have elegant color and shape, and are very nutritious. The raw material is selected according to its habitat, quality, size and exact parts. The whole dish has a pleasing presentation, applying ingenious means of molding. The course must be made from at least two kinds of materials, which is a common rule of the imperial cuisine. The material is cut or sliced to the right size, neither big nor small. The imperial food also attaches great importance to the dishware which is luxurious, classical and elegant. The numerous dishes are made of gold, silver, jade, hawksbill, ivory or fine china.
Imperial Court Cuisine, another important part of Beijing Cuisine, originates from royal kitchens where dishes and food were only cooked for the royal family. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty (_PHONE_), Imperial Court Cuisine began to be popular among the common people with its original features that the raw material and the ingredients are carefully selected and the dishes are exquisitely prepared and delicately decorated in different colors with light taste and sufficient nutrition.
Many Restaurant serve Court Cuisine in Beijing today, such as Fangshan Restaurant and Tingliguan Restaurant being the most famous ones.
Fangshan Restaurant is in Beihai Park and the most famous dish of it is Man-Han Banquet (a dinner of Man and Han national food) which includes "eight treasures from the mountains", "eight treasures on land" and "eight treasures from the sea", such as bear's paws, humps and shark's fins, and lots of rare things, but some of them are not available on table today. There are so many dishes (one hundred and thirty four hot ones and forty eight cold ones, besides many desserts) that you have to have them in six different meals in several days.
Tingliguan is in the Summer Palace and it used to be the place where Empress Dowager Ci Xi enjoyed her opera, which, of course, is as beautiful as a painting. It is famous for its "All-Fish Feast" of over fifty kinds and this is the only one in China. When the fish is served on the table, its mouth can be still opening and closing and its gills flapping. Sometimes the fish's mouth keeps moving even when it has been eaten to bones. But you don't have to be frightened; it is just falsely alive. You want to know its secret? Just go and try it!
Imperial official cuisine is particular to Beijing. In the past, Beijing officials were all very picky about what type of food they ate. The most famous type of Official food is Tan Family Food, available in the Beijing Hotel. This is the preferred food of the Qing Dynasty (1644 -1911) official Tan Zongling, and was later introduced into restaurants. Another type of food is described in the classic novel, Dream of Red Mansions. The author, Cao Xueqin, described a number of dishes in the book and now there are several restaurants that serve this style of dish. The most famous place is the Beijing Grand View Garden Hotel next to the Beijing Grand View Garden modeled after the garden described in the Dream of Red Mansions. Other restaurants featuring this novel type of food are the Jinglun Hotel and Laijinyuxuan Restaurant in Zhongshan Park.
Imperial Official Cuisine and Medicinal Cuisine
In the past, feudal officials were quite picky about their food, so their bland cuisine is usually exquisite and its material is always carefully selected. Tan Jia Cuisine and Hong Lou Cuisine are known as Imperial Official Cuisine.
Tan Jia Cuisine, coming from Tan family, is especially famous. Today it is a local authorized dish only served at Beijing Hotel. Hong Lou Cuisine, the one that was described in Dream of Red Mansion, is served at Beijing Grand View Garden Hotel, Jinglun Hotel and Zhongshan Park.
Medicinal Cuisine is also special in Beijing. Its dishes are made with rare ingredients such as ginseng, antlers, bear's paws, soft-shelled turtles etc. It is not only valuable in terms of traditional Chinese medicine but also nourishing in terms of delicacy.
Restaurants of Imperial Cuisine
Located in Beihai Park, Fangshan Restaurant is the most famous one offering the luxurious Imperial Court Cuisine. The restaurant was opened in 1925 by imperial chefs of the former Qing Dynasty (_PHONE_) and caused a great sensation at that time. Fangshan means 'imitate the imperial court cuisine' in Chinese. The restaurant is made up of three parts and it can hold 500 people eating at the same time. It is decorated in imperial style with the design of dragon and phoenix. Here is the best place to experience the life of the Chinese emperors in former days. Now, it serves nearly 800 kinds of Imperial Court Dishes. Among them, Man-Han Banquet is the most famous.
Average cost per person: CNY200 - CNY300
Hours: 11:00-13:30 17:00-19:30
Location: No.1, Wenjin Jie, inside Beihai Park
Bus Route: 5, 13, 101, 103, 109, 810 (get off at Beihai Stop)
Li Jia Cai Restaurant
Located in a courtyard of Yangfang hutong in Beijing, there is a special restaurant named Li Jia Cai Restaurant (Li Family Restaurant) which is devoted to Imperial Court food. The initiator of Li Jia Cai is Li Shanlin, a retired professor of mathematics, who also has great interest in cooking genuine Beijing Imperial Court Food. The restaurant has no employees. The Li family are owner and employees of the restaurant; and dinner is by set menu. That is to say, a guest can not order the dishes but must wait for whatever they serve; furthermore, one banquet daily, if you want to have a dinner here, you should make a reservation (at least two weeks ahead of time); finally there are no chemical materials in the dishes, all flavorings are natural. This restaurant has welcomed many celebrities including the former U.S. president Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, the former premier of Britain, John Major, and Chinese superstar Jackie Chan. Professor Li speaks English and can discuss Chinese culture while you enjoy your dinner and good wine. If you are a real gourmand, try to find this restaurant hidden in a Beijing hutong.
Address: No.11, Yangfang hutong, Denei Dajie
Ting Li Guan Restaurant
The table delicacies in Ting Li Guan Restaurant absorb the essence of the Eight Cuisines in China and combine the Han Cuisine with the other cuisines of minority groups such as Man, Mongol and Hui.
Average cost per person: CNY70 - CNY200
Hours: 11:00 - 14:00 16:30 - 19:00 (Make your dinner reservations at least an hour before your dinner time.)
Location: at the south of Wanshou Hill, inside the Summer Palace
Bus Route: 332, 374, 716, 817 (get off at Xin Jianguomen Stop)
The layout of the restaurant follows the imperial palace with luxurious decoration. When eating in the restaurant, diners are served by waitresses in traditional imperial costumes.
Average cost per person: CNY80 - CNY120
Hours: 16:30 - 19:30
Location: No.87, Tiantan Lu, Chongwen District
Bus Route: 34, 35, 36, 106, 6 (get off at Tiantan North Gate Stop)
Yan Yi Shan Zhai Restaurant
The restaurant is located in a compound courtyard that was the residence of a princess in the Qing Dynasty (_PHONE_). So the courtyard is commonly called Gege Fu (Princess Mansion House). It offers the best dishes of imperial cuisine and imperial stew is the special dish there. Comparing with other


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Question: Is a banana a fruit or a herb?
Answer: This was a new question for us. We'd been asked whether a tomato was a fruit or a vegetable, but no one had ever questioned us about the fruit status of a banana before.
A bunch of ripe bananas from Museum Victoria's wax fruit collection. Photographer: John Broomfield, Source: Museum Victoria
A true fruit develops from the ovary at the base of a flower and contains the seeds of its plant. A tomato is therefore definitely a fruit. Other "vegetables" that are really fruits include capsicums, zucchinis and chillies.
A cluster of vine-ripened tomatoes from Museum Victoria's wax fruit collection.Photographer: John Broomfield, Source: Museum Victoria
Bananas also develop from the ovaries of flowers, but where are their seeds? We've eaten a lot of bananas and we've never found any. When we did some research, we discovered that wild bananas have obvious, black seeds. Apparently, the plants of commercially-grown bananas are sterile and the seeds only develop into tiny black specs. If you look closely, you should be able to see them.
So, now that we're sure a banana is a fruit, is it a herb? A herb is a plant whose stem does not contain any woody tissue. Banana "trees" are therefore not trees. They are herbaceous plants and should perhaps be called banana herbs.
So to answer this week's question, a banana is both a fruit and a herb.
Hi Rikaya, the infosheet explains why a banana is both a fruit and a herb. Have a read of the text above and you should be able to find the answer.
Hi David! The confusion here lies in the definition of "herb". Most people think of a herb as tasty vegetable matter used in cooking; the word herb really has two separate meanings as indicated by these Macquarie Dictionary definitions:
"1: a flowering plant whose stem above ground does not become woody and persistent2: such a plant when valued for its medicinal properties, flavour, scent or the like."
This suggests that rosemary fits the definition of a herb in a culinary sense, but not in a botanical one.
What gets confusing is when a culinary plant is called a herb but is not used as a herb in a culinary sense!
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Case study analysis | Marketing homework help
Read the case study about the Royal Bank of Canada(CASE.pdf).Your focus in this discussion is people and talent analytics.
Answer the following questions(single space one page):
 - What business problem was being addressed in this case? That is, how were managerial and business unit effectiveness tied to firm success or failure?
 - What KPIs were identified for the project? Do these align to the business need?
 - What data was captured and what insights were elicited from this data?
 - How were insights converted to action for the organization?
 - How was the impact measured? Was the project successful?


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|Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. Once distributed across North America, Europe and Asia, it has disappeared from many of the more heavily populated areas.
The Golden Eagle is one of twelve species of large predominantly dark-coloured eagles in the genus Aquila found worldwide; a large brown bird of prey, it has a wingspan averaging over 2 m (7 ft) and up to 1m (3 ft) in body length.


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- Tracing and reunion of separated family members must be organized as quickly as possible;
- Refugees must be able to send and receive mail.
24. Procedures for the reunion of refugee family members separated during flight or within the country of asylum should be agreed with the authorities and implemented as soon as practicable. Tracing programmes should be set up and co-ordinated in the country of asylum, country of origin and regionally. At camp or local level, simple and effective tracing mechanisms include posting lists of names with photographs on the community notice boards in different locations, using the radio, or even making announcements by megaphone. The tracing arrangements must be widely promulgated; a central contact point in each site is likely to be needed. Tracing is a delicate task, and has to be organized by people who have the necessary experience and skills. A suitably experienced agency may be needed to implement these activities. Tracing requires the involvement of the refugees themselves, who will play a key role. The local population and authorities can also play an important role. Confidentiality of information and protection of individuals is also essential.
25. Consider the causes of separation when establishing tracing systems. Separation may have been caused by large scale population movements but may also have been due to other factors such as children opting to leave their families, or placement of persons outside their family for survival purposes. Outsiders, often relief workers, may have removed a child from an apparently dangerous situation, without informing the family and without proper documentation.
26. The following actions should be taken:
Organize tracing and reunion of separated family members as quickly as possible, giving first priority to unaccompanied minors and other extremely vulnerable individuals;
Combine a variety of systems: on the spot tracing, use of community mechanisms and formalized tracing at a regional level;
Coordinate activities with agencies having expertise, e.g. the ICRC. Note that ICRC procedures, using the national Red Cross or Red Crescent societies, can be lengthy but may be the most appropriate for difficult cases;
Ensure regional standardization of registration systems;
Set-up a communication network in the community including a mailing system. A properly organized exchange of news (Red Cross messages) may considerably diminish the workload of a tracing service and accelerate the reunion of family members. Refugees have the right to send and receive mail.


a cord is tied to a pail of water. the pailis swinging in a vertical circle of a radius of 3 feet. the pailweighs 16 pounds.
a) what is the minimum speedthe pail has at its maximum hight so that no water is to spill fromit?
b)if the pail continues to move in a vertical circle but its speedincrease due to gravity what is the tension in the cord when thepail is at its lowest point?
i got part A easily but i'mhaving some trouble with part B.
Want an answer?


For the similarly named Romulan vessel, please see Narada.
The Nerada was a Nasari Nerada-type starship that was in service in the late 24th century. This vessel was commanded by Alben.
In 2373, it was encountered by the Federation starship USS Voyager, when Ensign Harry Kim opened fire on the ship, claiming a tetryon surge he had detected was a method of charging weapons. After a short battle with the Nerada, Kim was relieved of duty, pending investigation. It eventually turned out that he was being manipulated by the Taresians, enemies of the Nasari. (VOY: "Favorite Son")


Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing a property with an elderly relative may seem to be the perfect answer to rising property prices, and concerns over care for the elderly, but people contemplating such an arrangement should be aware of the legal and practical problems which may arise. There are a number of different ways to share property, but an equal number of pitfalls, whether legal, financial or relating to tax.
Some preliminary considerations
Whatever arrangement is under consideration it is important for there to be frank discussions beforehand about how the relationship will work. Issues which need to be covered include:
 - How will bills be paid - by whom and in what proportions?
 - What facilities will be provided - are there any "rules" about use of rooms?
 - What level of support will be provided to the elderly person - for example, companionship; preparation of meals; laundry; shopping
 - When will the relationship come to an end, for example, due to the increasing needs of elderly person or a breakdown in the personal relationship?
 - If there are to be financial consequences, either during the elderly person's lifetime, or on death, then these need to be discussed with other family members, particularly those who may be expecting to inherit
Options for sharing property
Some of the more common options for sharing property are:
1. The Elderly Person Moving in with Relatives
In many ways, this is the simplest solution. Although no legal documentation is necessary, it may be helpful to draw up a licence recording some of the issues referred to above, particularly covering the circumstances in which the elderly person is to move out. The position may be complicated if the elderly person originally owned the house and gifted it to the relatives now living there, or if a capital contribution is made e.g. to pay off the mortgage. Professional advice should be sought in such circumstances.
2. Building a "Granny flat"
Extending an existing property to build a "granny flat" is more complicated both in terms of the planning and building regulation consent which is likely to be required, and the financing of the extension. If the elderly person contributes towards the cost, then is this a loan, or gift, or is the elderly person to have ownership of part of the property?
If the older person gains an interest in the property, then what will happen if the property has to be sold, e.g. in the event of financial problems or divorce? There may also be an issue if the elderly person needs to move into a care home, and the local authority carries out a financial assessment. For all these reasons it is important that appropriate legal documentation is drawn up to reflect the nature of the financing.
Different inheritance tax (IHT) consequences flow depending on the nature of the financial contribution. If the elderly person has a share in the property then it will form part of their estate on death; and this may also be the case if the money is a gift (if the gift with reservation of benefit rules are deemed to apply).
3. Moving into the Elderly Person's house
Younger people may decide to move into an elderly relative's house on the understanding that they will provide certain care services, in return for a share in the property, either immediately or on death. Whatever arrangement is reached should be documented properly, in order to ensure that it is enforceable and to avoid adverse tax consequences. It is advisable that other family members are involved in discussions and are happy with what is proposed. Some of the potential problems are:
 - A gift by the older person will still be subject to IHT until they have survived 7 years since the date of the gift
 - If an older person moves into a care home shortly after making the gift, then the local authority may seek to claw it back to form part of the estate
 - A "promise" to leave property to someone after death which is not reflected in a will may be enforceable - but it gives rise to complicated legal and factual arguments
4. Joint Purchase of Property
Sometimes both parties may decide to sell their properties and buy a new home in which they can all live, thus saving the costs of running two households and enabling some element of care and support to be provided to the older party. In these cases, it is important to identify who will own the property i.e. whether the older person is making a gift or loan of the money, or whether all contributing parties will be co-owners.
As mentioned previously if the money is intended as a gift it will be exempt from inheritance tax provided the donor lives for 7 years. If the money is a loan, then it remains part of the older person's estate for IHT purposes. If the parties are to be co-owners, then a declaration of trust needs to be drawn up recording their percentage interests in the property.
It is particularly important in these circumstances to document what will happen if any of the family relationships involved break down.
How we can help
We can advise on the drafting of loan documents, licences or declarations of trust necessary to record the parties' intentions, and on the tax consequences of what is involved, as well as the impact on any assessments which the local authority may carry out.


The Department of Justice (DOJ) released "Phase I" of its review of the federally-funded Legal Orientation Program (LOP) this week. The review came after Attorney General Jeff Sessions attempted to end the program in April but was forced to reverse that decision after receiving significant bipartisan pushback from Congress.
The LOP, which is managed by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) within the Justice Department, offers legal education as well as referrals for free and low-cost legal counsel to noncitizens in immigration detention. The LOP was started in 2003 under President George W. Bush after a pilot study found that the LOP "helped DOJ ensure that all respondents had a clear understanding of their procedural rights, led to cases being completed more quickly, and increased availability of representation [to detainees] with potential meritorious claims to relief."
While it is not a substitute for legal counsel, the LOP does provide important information to individuals in detention about their rights and the removal process. There have been multiple studies conducted on the LOP by the federal government, nonprofit organizations, and outside third parties that reaffirm its usefulness. Every study has shown the LOP decreases the average length of time a person is in immigration detention, saving the government up to millions of dollars annually.
However, this new study released by DOJ attempts to undermine all previous evaluations of the program.
The study is the first phase of a three-phase review to be completed by the end of October 2018. Among other findings, it alleges that LOP participants spend more time in detention, costing the government more money; that LOP participants are less likely to get attorneys; and that their cases take longer to resolve.
The report presents these findings and overall numbers to show its methodology but unfortunately does not make their underlying data available for analysis.
The Vera Institute of Justice (Vera), the nonprofit organization who contracts with EOIR to run the LOP program, says this new study has "insurmountable methodological flaws in EOIR's analysis."
At DOJ's request, Vera has completed and will submit its own study next week. Vera reports that it has "starkly different findings that prove the efficiencies" of the program—which would be in line with all studies of the LOP conducted over the last 16 years.
Given the Attorney General's earlier attempts to unilaterally end the LOP, one could assume that the ultimate goal of these government studies is to justify ending the program. When evaluating the program, it will be important for Congress to take a critical look at these new DOJ studies and review them alongside the totality of evidence in support of the program. Without government-provided counsel, LOP is a critical resource for detained immigrants to receive due process in a complex immigration court system.
FILED UNDER:,,,,


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Victoria Day, a public (statutory) holiday in some jurisdictions
On Monday May 21, 2012, most Canadians get a day off work with pay on what is called Victoria Day.
Employees get a day off with regular pay or public holiday pay (depending on the province or territory of employment). If the employee is required to work on the holiday, the employee must be paid regular wages and get a substituted day off with pay at a later date (depending on the province or territory of employment). However, Victoria Day is not a public (statutory) holiday under employment standards in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In these provinces, a day off may be granted to retail industry employees under the Shops' Closing Act or similar legislation. For specific requirements for your jurisdiction, consult the Library section of HRinfodesk.
In Canada, the celebration of Victoria Day occurs every year on the Monday prior to May 25. It is the official celebration in Canada of the birthdays of Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II. Victoria Day was established as a holiday in Canada West in 1845, and became a national holiday in 1901. Before Victoria Day became a national holiday, people had celebrated Empire Day, beginning in the 1890s as Victoria approached her Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
No matter the reason… have a great long weekend and a great day off!


Pronunciation: (u-līn'munt), [key]
1. an adjustment to a line; arrangement in a straight line.
2. the line or lines so formed.
3. the proper adjustment of the components of an electronic circuit, machine, etc., for coordinated functioning: The front wheels of the car are out of alignment.
5. a ground plan of a railroad or highway.
6. Archaeol.a line or an arrangement of parallel or converging lines of upright stones or menhirs. Also,alinement.
aligning punchalignment chart
See also:
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