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Let's look at an example:
(a) Tanya's car is the sixth one that is yellow.
(b) Tanya's car is the sixth one, which is yellow.
These have different meanings. The first tells you that we look for 6 yellow cars, and take the last of them. The second tells us that Tanya's car is the sixth in line, and that it also happens to be yellow.
In the first sentence, we use "that" because knowing the color is essential to finding her car. In sentence (b) we use "which" to introduce a clause containing some information we don't necessarily need to identify her car.
We use the word "that" when the information following it is necessary and we use "which" when the information isn't necessarily required to identify the subject in question.
Hope this helps!


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Student satisfaction with cooperative learning in an Accounting curriculum
- Centre for Educational Development and Interactive Resources (CEDIR)
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 2008, 5 (2), pp. 39 - 54
- Issue Date:
Cooperative learning has been introduced into International Accounting, a second year subject at a major Australian university. The purpose was to provide students with a satisfying experience of learning within a social context and to develop their interpersonal, professional and written communication skills. The main data were collected during the Spring Semester 2005. In the penultimate lecture, a questionnaire was distributed to each of the students present. Findings suggest that despite some difficulties, the majority of students reported that cooperative learning created supportive team experiences that assisted them to develop discussion skills and better engage with the content of International Accounting.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The online news portal of TV5
For the first time, two of the country's rarest and most endangered mammals have been photographed in their natural habitat in Negros Island.
British scientists, reporting on the results of a two-week expedition to the North Negros National Park, had set up camera traps to take pictures of the elusive Visayan Warty Pig and Spotted Deer.
According to a report by The Telegraph, Dr. Neil D'Cruze and his team "trekked elevations over 1,500 meters to set up the traps" - cameras rigged to snap pictures once creatures step into view.
Expedition leader James Sawyer broke his foot on the "very tough" terrain, telling BBC Nature, "the Philippine rainforest is close, dense, and everything is very spiky. You get scratched to pieces and boots get destroyed."
The team from the UK-based World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) hoped to highlight the area as a "biodiversity hotspot" in order to intensify conservation efforts.
Despite the forest being a protected area, local officials said the rare and elusive animals are still being hunted for sport. If this continues, these photos could in time be the only proof that the Visayan Warty Pig and Spotted Deer ever existed.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Great book of poetry.Hits all levels.
Buy your copy!
Download to your Kindle (eBook)
A great book of poetry. It hits on all levels. Once you start reading it you will not want to put it down. Great storytelling, deep meaning, passion, emotional, prophetic, and wisdom. A book of poetry that you will not forget. Know and learn what the crab syndrome is all about?
What is the Crab Syndrome? The Crab Mentality-Describes a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you." The metaphor refers to a pot of crabs in which one tries to escape over the side, but is relentlessly pulled down by the others in the pot.
1.This term is broadly associated with short-sighted, non-constructive thinking rather than a unified, long-term, constructive mentality. It is also often used colloqially in reference to individuals or communities attempting to "escape" a so-called "underprivileged life", but kept from doing so by those others of the same community or nation attempting to ride upon their coat-tails.
2. An abnormal, dysfunctional, retardation, disorder, that a community does not help or support, or give assistance to someone of their own community, who is trying to strive. To purposely hinder ones ability to succeed.
3. Referring to a community, or group of people, resembling crabs in a bucket. That when one tries to leave, the other crabs pull them back down. That if a person tries to excel in life their community does not help them, and prevents them from excelling or leaving the neighborhood or community. Describes a way of thinking, best describes by the phrase, "If I can't have it neither can you!"
Wikipedia Definition-Crab mentality, sometimes referred to as crabs in the bucket, describes a way of thinking best described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you." The metaphor refers to a pot of crabs. Individually, the crabs could easily escape from the pot, but instead, they grab at each other in a useless "king of the hill" competition (or sabotage) which prevents any from escaping and ensures their collective demise. The analogy in human behavior is that of a group that will attempt to "pull down" ( negate or diminish the importance of) any member who achieves success beyond the others, out of envy, conspiracy or competitive feelings.
If you are looking for great poetry this is the book.


gradient (%) Mole length (m)
Clean 0 to 1 40 to 50
Clean 1 to 2 50 to 60
Clean 3 to 5 80 to 100
Stony 0 to 1 30 to 40
Stony 1 to 2 40 to 50
Many mole drains have been installed at a length of 200m and some up to 400m have been pulled at Cooriemungle in south-west Victoria. These have performed satisfactorily for a number of years, but would survive much longer if the length was reduced (80 to 100m) because they would empty out quicker and are not likely to remain saturated.
Steeper gradients
Steeper gradients of greater than 3 per cent should enable relatively trouble-free moles because minor surface undulations won't cause blockages with negative gradients, and the risk from erosion is reduced. On steeper gradients, moles should cross the direction of the main slope to help intercept surface runoff and to avoid the possibility of channel scour and erosion.
Lower gradients
In most situations surface slopes are usually below 3 per cent and drains should run parallel to the slope fall.
The flatter the gradient, the more even the soil surface has to be and the use of collector pipe drains may be needed to achieve good results.
Optimum mole drain depth depends on soil type, and the conditions when moles are installed. Generally moles are pulled at 400 to 600mm depth. For most pasture situations a torpedo diameter of 65 to 75mm is recommended, although the channel diameter will be slightly less immediately after moling. A plug or expander attached to the rear of the torpedo will tend to maintain the channel size and smear the channel itself increasing its longevity.
Moles less than 400mm deep are liable to be damaged by tractors and animals during or immediately after rain. However, if mole drain depth is slightly less than 400mm, use a smaller diameter torpedo (35 to 45mm) to reduce ground heave during mole draining. Torpedoes of 100mm have been used but require substantially higher powered tractors and have not been proven to be an advantage over the smaller sized torpedoes.
A rule of thumb is that the expander to mole draining depth ratio is 1:7, that is, a 70mm diameter expander should have mole depth of approximately 490mm.
Very heavy soils and those with high contents of suitable clay down to moling depth may benefit from its first mole draining at a shallower depth due to tractor limitations. Also as the soil structure improves over time subsequent moles can often be pulled at deeper depth.
Spacing is designed to promote an interlacing effect of the fracture pattern from the moling and so encourage maximum water flow opportunity. Spacing between moles is usually about 2m in dairy pastures. In less intensely grazed areas spacing may be up to 5m apart, but performance falls off markedly with wider spacing.
The drain outfall or outlet is the most important part of the system. If this fails the whole system fails.
Mole drains can discharge to open drains, into interceptor drains filled with gravel, or preferably a collector pipe system. The latter two systems are more expensive, but protect the mole outlets and the only maintenance required is at the tile outlet (see Subsurface pipe drainage design and construction).
Open drain outlets should be fenced off from stock and kept clean so the outfall is above the drain water level. This prevents water backing up into the mole outlets, softening the clay channel and eventually causing them to collapse. Short lengths of plastic pipe inserted in the ends can protect them.
Another advantage of gravel filled interceptor drains is that moles can be pulled both ways, instead of the one way trip from open drains, speeding up the job.
Effective life
The effective life of a mole drain can be from hours (if done in the wrong conditions to 10 to 15 years (if done in the correct conditions). Moles in some soils have lasted longer. Even some soils that in theory shouldn't support moles are still operating after 5 years.
Other factors
 1. Improved drainage not only takes away surplus water but takes away some nutrients as well.
 2. Fertiliser should not be applied immediately before rain events when run-off is likely.
 3. Good management practices, such as not applying fertiliser within four days of predicted rain should reduce nutrient run-off to a minimum.
 4. Consider changing paddock layout to make mole draining easier.
 5. Water pipes often have to be re-laid.
 6. Drainage trenches can outfall to dams, so that more water can be harvested.
Water Act
The Water Act 1989 provides guidance for the management of waterways and swamps. Before considering draining a wet area, contact your local catchment management authority for advice and to check if you need a permit.
Page last updated: 24 Jun 2021


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1.1 The primary fiduciary responsibility of the University Trustees in investing and managing the University's endowment securities is to maximize the financial return on those resources, taking into account the amount of risk appropriate for University investment policy. However, when the Trustees determine that corporate policies or practices cause substantial social injury or substantial environment harm1, they, as responsible and ethical investors, shall give independent weight to this factor in their investment policies and in voting proxies on corporate securities.
1.2 The authority to take ethical factors into account when settling investment policies and voting proxies on endowment securities derives primarily from the stewardship responsibilities which attend the ownership of endowment securities.
2. POLICY GUIDELINES
2.1 Exercise of Shareholder Rights
a) Voting: The Trustees normally do not vote on any shareholder resolution involving social issues unless they conclude that a company's activities cause substantial social injury or substantial environmental harm. Where the Trustees conclude that a company's activities cause substantial social injury or substantial environmental harm and such activities are the subject of a shareholder proposal which would eliminate or materially reduce the substantial social injury or environmental harm, the Trustees may vote for the proposal and may vote against a proposal that would prevent or materially retard such elimination or reduction, provided such action is not inconsistent with the Trustees' fiduciary obligations. In cases where the proposed remedy is deemed unreasonable, the Trustees may abstain.
b) Representations: When the Trustees conclude that the company's activities cause substantial social injury or substantial environmental harm, they may make formal or informal representations to corporate management to explain or reinforce their position on proxy issues and on issues where no proxy is presented.
If the Trustees conclude that a specific Trustee action otherwise indicated under these Guidelines is likely to impair the capacity of the University to carry out its educational mission (for example, by causing significant adverse action on the part of governmental or other external agencies or groups, or by causing deep divisions within the University community), then the Trustees need not take such action.
3. ADVICE FROM THE PENN COMMUNITY
3.1 The President of the University shall establish an advisory committee to provide advice and make recommendations to the Trustee Subcommittee on Proxy Voting. This committee, called the Penn Social Responsibility Advisory Committee ("Penn SRAC") will be comprised of twelve voting members including: four faculty members nominated by the Faculty; four students (two undergraduates, two graduates) nominated by the Undergraduate Assembly, NEC, GSAC and GAPSA; two alumni representatives appointed by the President; two staff members appointed by the President. Members shall be appointed for at least one year and may be reappointed.
3.2 Upon reasonable request, the Office of the Secretary will provide to the community advisory committee, to be treated as confidential by that committee, a copy of the memorandum prepared by the Office of Investments, incorporating the reports of the Investor Research Responsibility Center (IRRC). This memorandum will also be provided to the Trustee Subcommittee on Proxy Voting. The memorandum will include:
1. the social and environmental issues that have been identified by the IRRC as possible issues of concern;
2. a confidential list of companies in the Endowment's portfolio that have upcoming proposed shareholder resolutions related to those issues, and required response dates; and
3. a copy of the IRRC's analysis of the impact of each shareholder resolution on the company.
3.3 Within the Guidelines established under Section 2, Penn SRAC may examine proxy voting issues involving the University's endowment securities and make appropriate recommendations for action by the Trustee Proxy Voting Subcommittee. Such recommendations shall take into consideration the following factors: (1) the facts and information the community committee has gathered in its study of the issues; (2) the opinions expressed within the Penn community regarding the issues; and (3) the legal and financial impact of the recommended action.
3.4 The recommendations shall be in writing and provided to the Office of the Secretary, for consideration by the Trustee Proxy Voting Subcommittee. The recommendations should be clear and concise and accompanied by factual findings and an analysis of the question involved.
3.5 The Trustee Proxy Voting Subcommittee will consider Penn SRAC recommendations and will then make decisions for action under this policy. The Subcommittee will inform Penn SRAC through the Office of the Secretary of the actions taken by the Subcommittee.
4. OTHER MATTERS
4.1 Nothing in this Statement shall be deemed to delegate the Trustees' proxy voting responsibilities, or any part of them, to any other person or body.
4.2 The Trustee Proxy Voting Subcommittee may amend this Statement from time to time.
4.3 Penn SRAC may, from time to time, submit recommendations to the Trustees for amendments to this Statement.
 Substantial Social Injury: With regard to corporate behavior, substantial social injury is defined as the excessive or deliberate injurious impact on employees, consumers, and/or other individuals, or groups resulting directly from specific actions or inactions by a company. Included in this category are actions that violate, subvert, or frustrate the enforcement of rules of domestic or international law intended to protect individuals and/or groups against deprivation of health, safety, basic freedoms or human rights.
Substantial Environmental Harm: Substantial environment harm is defined as conduct that violates, subverts, or frustrates the enforcement of rules of domestic or international law intended to protect the environment. Only actions or inactions by companies that are proximate to and directly responsible for identifiable social injury will be regarded as falling within these guidelines.
For the purposes of these Guidelines corporate activity that creates a potential for social injury or environmental harm to occur shall not itself be construed as socially injurious. Similarly, for the purposes of these guidelines, social injury or environmental harm shall only in unusual circumstances include the act of doing business with other companies which are themselves engaged in socially or environmentally injurious activities.
Under this policy, allegations of substantial social injury or substantial environmental harm will be examined on a case-by-case basis using the best available evidence and allowing parties to the allegation reasonable time to develop and disseminate that evidence.


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A law that bars claims after a specified period; specifically a statue establishing a time limit for suing in a civil case, based on the date when the claim accrued (as when the injury occurred or was discovered). The purpose is to require diligent prosecution of known claims, thereby providing finality and predictability in legal affairs and ensuring that claims will be resolved while evidence is reasonably available and fresh.
In Plain English:
The statute of limitations is a law that puts a time limit on how long a plaintiff has to file a lawsuit. Depending on the type of lawsuit, the time may vary, but is usually between one and three years. The time is often measured starting at the date of the event that gives rise to the claim. For example, in a motor vehicle accident case, the time typically starts running on the date of the accident.


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Fresh, running water is a precious commodity and its generation requires a great deal of energy. Each station obtains its water by different means.
Casey and Mawson pump water from a melt lake behind the station and store it in a heated tank house.
Davis draws water from a local tarn which is processed by a Reverse Osmosis System which produces about 18,000 litres each 24 hours. The average station demand is around 10,000 – 14,000 litres a day.
Macquarie Island draws water from a dam located about 3 km from the station on the plateau. 200 metres above sea level. The water is pumped to two holding tanks.
Water saving appliances are installed wherever possible, but each person on station is asked to use as little water as possible.
You may be asked to restrict your shower to 3 minutes, and when water is short, to shower every second or third day.
Save your washing to do one big load rather than several smaller ones
Turn off the tap when cleaning your teeth.


text:
Do Plants Eat Animals?
Do Plants Eat Meat? The Wonderful World of Carnivorous Plants - Biology Books for Kids | Children's Biology Books
by Baby Professor
Did you know that some plants eat special food? Sunlight is not enough for them and they lack the capacity to create their own food. That is why they prey on insects. They have a unique scent that attracts their small prey so they just sit and wait until they can gobble something up! Should you be afraid of these carnivorous plants too?
About the Author:
Baby Professor showcases a collection of subjects that are educational for kids to help them learn how to do something themselves, exactly how something is done or how it came about. Children love to learn through attractive visuals and Baby Prof. is ideal to get your child the head start he or she needs for the future. Our Motto - "Learning is Fun, so let's Make it Fun to Learn".
Age Range: 4 and up
Grade Level: Preschool and up
Paperback: 64 pages
Publisher: Baby Professor (March 15, 2017)
Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 0.2 x 8.5 inches


text:
A powerful investment research and reporting engine that drives much of the analytical capability that MPI technology solutions deliver.
Within the Stylus module, you can monitor portfolio and fund styles, identify the factors responsible for investment performance, analyze performance and risk versus other funds, peer groups and benchmarks, and produce custom reports highlighting these insights.
Advanced package features allow Value-at-Risk analysis and back testing, automated report production, workflow streamlining, and many other capabilities.
- Calculate unlimited performance-based analytics.
- Choose from multiple regression methodologies, including our proprietary Locally Weighted Regression.
- Perform multiple regressions with box or linear constraints.
- Easily control the size and positioning of the regression window.
- Simultaneously analyze multiple portfolios with different return histories.
- Detect exposure to derivatives (currency and index futures), shorting and leverage.
- Evaluate exposure relative to selected benchmarks, and rank versus peer groups and other funds.
- Calculate manger return components relative to selected benchmarks, including factor exposure, security selection, timing and excess return, and asset class.
- Evaluate risk-adjusted component performance and significance of component return.
- Rank all performance measures within a specific peer group.
- Perform historical regime analysis and stress testing at the fund or portfolio level.
- Analyze a manager's potential exposure to a range of market shocks.
- Extend historical analysis of shorter-lived products and portfolios through the use of proxies.
- These and other advanced risk features available in Stylus Pro version 11.4.
- Calculate systematic (style), specific (selection), investment (relative to specified benchmark) and upside/downside risk.
- Generate a full range of MPT statistics including alpha, beta, Sharpe ratio and t-stat.
- Create and display a virtually unlimited variety of customized charts and tables.
- Recreate existing reports or other communications with one-to-one precision.
- Link and simultaneously modify graphs, charts and tables across multiple associated reports.
- Publish institutional-quality reports in a number of digital and printable formats with a single click.
- Leverage any returns data frequency you wish, daily through annual.
- Enables parallel database access across multiple data providers, including eVestment, Informa, Lipper, Morningstar and Nelson, among others.
- Learn more about available data.
- Automate the entire process to run your research and reporting capabilities with a single click.
- Access SQL databases (Oracle, Access, SQL Server, etc.) using Open Database Link.


Destination Details
Destination: Santiniketan
Destination Type: Cities
City: Santiniketan / Bolpur
Country: India
Shantiniketan is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal and about 212 kms north of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta).
It was made famous by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, whose vision became what is now a university town – Visva-Bharati University. The place now attracts thousands of visitors each year.
Shantiniketan was earlier called Bhnbandanga (named after Bhuban Dakat, a local dacoit), and was owned by the Tagore family. In 1862, Maharshi Debendranath Tagore, the poet's father, while on a boat journey to Raipur, came across a landscape with red soil and lush green paddy fields. He decided to plant more saplings and built a small house. He called his home Shantiniketan, the abode of peace. He founded an Ashram here in 1863 and became the initiator of the Brahmo Samaj.
The Shantiniketan campus is adorned by splendid sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings of Rabindranath, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and others.
Birbhum District, where the Shantiniketan is located, is also famous for its fairs and festivals like Poush Mela (December), Joydev Mela (January), Basanta Utsav (Holi) in March and the famous mystic Baul Singers.
By Air : The Nearest Airport is Kolkata Airport 165 kms
By Rail : The Nearest Railway Station is Bolpur
By Road : You can easily get regular buses to Shantiniketan from other major cities of the country
he Uttarayana complex where the poet lived consists of several buildings such as Udayana, Konark, Shyamali, Punascha, and Udichi, which reflect the architectural genius of the poet's illustrious son – the late Rathindranath Tagore.
In addition, there are Kala Bhavan, Sangeet Bhavan, Patha Bhavan, Bichitra, Cheena Bhavan, and Hindi Bhavan. You can also see Chhatimtala and the Prayer Hall.
Close to Shantiniketan there are several tourist destinations such as Fullora (40 kms), Nalhati (104 kms), Sainthia, Kankalitala (7 kms), Bakreshwar (58 kms), Massanjore (78 kms), and Tarapith (80 kms). The first five are Shaktipithas where the different body-parts of Goddess Sati is said to have fallen.
Visit Amar Kutir, Tagore's Ashram, Chhatimtala & Ballavpur Wildlife Sanctuary
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Kickstarting R - Descriptive statistics
Writing a descriptive stats function
Assume that we want a function that will give us the mean, variance and valid n for one or more numeric variables in a data frame. Here's a very simple example of such a function, dstats().
Note that two things have been done before any calculation. First the function checks whether the required argument x is missing, then it checks whether x is a data frame or matrix. This avoids any messy errors that would result by calling the function without any arguments or with objects that didn't make any sense to the function. If these checks fail, a simple usage message is printed to inform the user.
After all this preparation, what does the function do? First, it works out which columns of the input data are numeric. It then computes the vector of means as above. Then it makes almost exactly the same call, except using the function var() to get the variances. You won't find the third function in the R help listing.
validn<-function(datavec) {
All it does is add up the vector of TRUE and FALSE values (which happen to equal 1 and 0) produced by the function and reversed by the NOT (!) operator. That value is the number of valid (NOT NA) observations in the object passed to it, which will be each column of the incoming data to dstats(). So validn() had to be written before dstats() would run. This is a good time to consider when it is worth writing a separate function to do something. validn() has the advantage that it returns a useful value that might be used by many other functions. Also, it's slightly easier to use a function name in sapply() than writing in the function definition. It has the disadvantage that it is a one-liner and could simply be inserted into the code of the other functions rather than a call. Your own style of programming will probably dictate at what point you begin to write separate functions.
dstats() then calls rbind() to stick the three vectors together into a matrix row by row, and calls rownames() to assign the desired row labels to the matrix. Finally, dstats() assigns the class of "dstat", which will allow objects produced by it to be recognized as a specific sort of object. The object dstat is then returned, which means that it will be displayed, and optionally assigned to another object.
Assume that you would like to have more control over which variables are included in the output. You know that the mean is a suitable description for age and parity. dstats() as written allows you to pass a vector of either integers or names that will specify the variables to be used.
So, why do we go to all this trouble to define a special object and write a function to produce it? I find that an object that contains means, variances and ns allows me to easily display a summary and produce a basic plot, including error bars, etc. It also allows functions to recognize the object as the correct sort without extensive testing of the contents. Apparently other people have noticed the same thing, and there is at least one other "dstat" object out there. One of the really valuable things about being able to program your stats is that you can customize such objects to suit the sort of work that you do. Therefore, I encourage readers to devise and refine their own objects, a good way to learn the capabilities of R and more importantly, to get what you want.
What about median and mode?
Say that you wanted the median and mode in your dstat object. You could add a call to the median() function and include that in the object returned. mode is a bit more difficult. We can use the tabulate() function to calculate it - if the data are all positive numbers:
> x<-sample(1:10,30,TRUE)
xmode<-which(xt == max(xt))
if(sum(xt == max(xt))>1) xmode<-NA
xmode will be the value of the first category that has a frequency equal to the highest frequency in the table. If there is more than one category with the maximum frequency, xmode will be set to NA.
For more information, see An Introduction to R: Vector arithmetic.
Back to Table of Contents


An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
- in Collectibles
Comments Off on An Overview To Buying Gold Paydirt
In the mining industry, people can find mining terms. Paydirt is one of the famous mining terms. It refers to dirt that contains sufficient minerals in it. Therefore, it is worth mining. When paying for gold dirt, you risk. It might be a profitable or loss-making venture. Here are the things you must know if you want to buy a gold paydirt.
The Minerals Present
Before you pay for minerals, ensure you assess it. People should identify dirt in the mining field that is likely to produce a significant amount of minerals.
The Price
Anyone selling gold ores will demand a significant amount of money. But if you do not want to risk your money. Choose an affordable one.
The Size of Gold minerals
The bigger the gold ore you buy, the more the number of gold ores you might get. Thus, choose large fields of gold ores.
People who want gold ore can consider buying gold ores. Who knows? They might come up with many minerals and make a significant profit.
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Making Sustainable Women's Slippers
With over 300 million pairs of shoes being


Middle Ground Coastal Battery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A close-up of the coastal battery
The Middle Ground Coastal Battery is a heritage site of an antique coastal gun battery managed by the Indian Navy on an islet off the coast of Mumbai, India. It is situated on Middle Ground isle in Mumbai Harbour, a few hundred metres away from the Gateway of India, in Thane Creek.
The Middle Ground Coastal Battery was once part of a reef, like the nearby Oyster Rock. Middle Ground islet is a piece of hard basalt rock, emerging from the creek bed, having an area of a few hundred square metres.
The island was fortified in 1682 by the British East India Company to curb the sea piracy in the area. Later a marine police force of Bhandaris was stationed on the islet to keep an eye on the pirates who used to board ships. The Bhandaris were chosen for their honesty and local knowledge. They had a distinctive uniform of yellow turbans and blue trousers. After piracy moved to the South China Sea, about two hundred years ago, the police were disbanded and the rock passed into the control of the Royal Navy (RN), and from thence to the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) and eventually to the Indian Navy (IN).
The RIN added to the fortifications with the use of cannons and later on three anti-aircraft guns to protect the harbour from a perceived Japanese invasion during World War II. The AA guns were eventually removed, but the deep cylindrical mountings of the old guns still remain.
Current use[edit]
The island is manned by a staff of eight sailors of the Indian Navy who keep in touch with the mainland through radio communications. Currently the island serves as the saluting base to the Flag Officer Commander-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the Western Naval Command. The old cannons are ceremonially fired along with a bugle call when a new FOC-in-C takes office or when a naval ship returns to its home port in the harbour after an extended deployment.
The edifice stores artefacts of the colonial era such as ceramic bathtubs, etc. A maritime museum occupied a portion of the isle, but it was shut down in 2000 with the exhibits moving to the maritime museum of the decommissioned aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (R11) when it was opened to the public. Ensigns of old naval ships are still stored on the isle.
The islet is difficult to visit owing to the problems faced while berthing during low tide. The Navy has been offered many lucrative deals for the obsidian isle, but selling it would heavily compromise the security of warships berthed at Naval Jetties.
See also[edit]


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Foundations of Education
This course introduces the prospective teachers to the three foundations of education, namely, psychological, anthropological and sociological. In the discussion of psychological foundations, learner, the learning process, and the learning situation are emphasized. It discusses the significant facts about each of these components and their inter-relationships in determining the effectiveness of any teaching-learning endeavor. On the anthropological foundations, emphasis is given to culture, cultural heritage, the Filipino family, and the Philippine cultural values. Sociological foundations include topics like education and society and socialization.


Family Law
A Guide On The Importance Of Family Law And The Family Lawyers
What legal practices are considered Family Law Services?
Family law is formally recognised as the legal practices that are based around issues formed in families. Anything surrounding families where legal problems could arise is what family law is made of. Focusing on the issues directly surrounding families helps to create specialised lawyers.
Types of Family law
There are many subsets within the family law discipline, but the most common types you will know of are divorce, adoption and child custody. The lesser-known ones are marriage cases and more like property applications and de-facto relationships.
Why is family law important?
Family law is usually involved in situations where emotions are running high – it brings order and stability to situations that can be sometimes distressing. It helps create a more business and logical approach to a situation in the cases of divorces and others. Family law also works to finalise the information in exciting cases like adoption
What are the elements of family law?
The elements of family law refer to the reasons that one would do such a thing and how it is dealt with. Elements are different in certain areas like reasons why someone would choose to divorce. Others include the amount a person needs to pay for child support. These elements are important parts of family law as they can help build a ground base.
What are the benefits of having a Family lawyer?
There are notable benefits of having one of the best family lawyers Perth. Some of these are the reduced stress that comes with having one help in a case. Other benefits like improving the best-case outcome or helping you build your case is a good reason to look into getting a family lawyer Perth.
The Importance of a good divorce lawyer
Divorces can be a messy time with emotions running high and so many decisions needing to be made. A divorce lawyer has knowledge surrounding the legal parts of a divorce and will make logical decisions to help give you a good ending. By helping with paperwork and offering suggestions on what to do, having a good divorce lawyer means a lot.
Why would you need a Family lawyer?
A family lawyer in Perth offers what you might not be able to accomplish. They usually think in a logical manner and take appropriate measures to help you. You need one of the best family lawyers Perth because almost everyone in their life has had to face a family law scenario and you might not be any different. So, having someone that knows the in and out while being calm headed is almost a requirement.
What does a Family lawyer do?
A family lawyer can offer very useful information and even more. At a very basic amount, they will help you deal with the paperwork and give advice to you. If you need to do more, family lawyers Perth can help to settle the problem outside of court. A family lawyer can even represent you in court or for a mediation.
What does Family law involve?
Family law involves all the examples stated above but can branch out into more serious family scenarios. Examples of these are a child or partner domestic abuse. It involves scenarios regarding families that will require legal action.
When do you need a Family Lawyer?
You need a family lawyer when the issue cannot be resolved outside the court and it might require court action. You would most likely not know about family law rules and how to act in a court let alone have full control over your emotions. That is when you need a family lawyer.


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Mechanics: Vectors and Projectiles
Vectors and Projectiles: Audio Guided Solution
The takeoff speed of a military aircraft from an aircraft carrier is approximately 170 mi/hr relative to the air. They acquire this speed through a combination of a catapult system present on the aircraft carrier and the aircraft's jet propulsion system. A common strategy is to head the carrier and the plane into the wind. If a plane is taking off from an aircraft carrier which is moving at 40 mi/hr into a 20 mi/hr headwind, then what speed relative to the deck of the aircraft carrier must it obtain to takeoff?
Audio Guided Solution
Click to show or hide the answer!
Habits of an Effective Problem Solver
- Read the problem carefully and develop a mental picture of the physical situation. If necessary, sketch a simple diagram of the physical situation to help you visualize it.
- Identify the known and unknown quantities in an organized manner. Equate given values to the symbols used to represent the corresponding quantity - e.g., vox = 12.4 m/s, voy = 0.0 m/s, dx = 32.7 m, dy =???.
- Use physics formulas and conceptual reasoning to plot a strategy for solving for the unknown quantity.
- Identify the appropriate formula(s) to use.
- Perform substitutions and algebraic manipulations in order to solve for the unknown quantity.
Read About It!
Get more information on the topic of Vectors and Projectiles at The Physics Classroom Tutorial.
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text:
Measuring the Impact of Better Local Governance in Indonesia
The core research question to be addressed in this project is 'To what extent does the quality of economic governance at the district level enhance the economic performance of Indonesia's decentralised districts?'
Several empirical studies have confirmed the connection between better governance and improved economic performance. However, to date, almost all of these studies have used a cross-country approach to try and explain the extent to which national governance affects national economic performance.
The wave of decentralisation over the last few decades means that many countries have sub-national regions with significant administrative, fiscal and sometimes political autonomy. Nowhere in the Asia Pacific is this truer than in Indonesia, which has decentralised political, administrative and significant fiscal autonomy to over 480 districts. However, the economic performance of Indonesia's districts since decentralisation in 2001 has varied dramatically.
There is anecdotal evidence that the policies pursued by sub-national authorities have an important bearing on the quality of the local investment climate and consequently the economic performance of the region. However, measuring whether this is true and, if so, how important local economic governance is, is usually impossible because of the lack of suitable data at the sub-national level.
However, the Asia Foundation, in conjunction with a national Indonesian NGO, Regional Autonomy Watch (KPPOD), have recently produced a remarkable dataset which measures the quality of local economic governance in 243 districts across the country. The data is based on a statistically representative random sample of over 12,000 firms and 729 business associations throughout these districts. This dataset provides a unique opportunity to test empirically the hypothesis that better local governance in Indonesia positively affects local economic performance.
The key gap that this research will address is that, despite huge efforts to build the capacity of local governments and several years of debate about the costs and benefits of decentralisation, we still do not have clear empirical evidence about whether improving the quality of local economic governance does, in fact, tend to result in improved economic performance.
The likely benefits from this research will include: a better understanding of which aspects of local economic governance matter most for economic performance and a quantification of how much they matter relative to other factors, helping policymakers and donors focus on those aspects most likely to yield significant gains in terms of growth and poverty reduction in lagging regions; and a greater awareness and use by civil society groups of the Economic Governance Index as a tool to put pressure on local leaders for governance reforms.
See the YouTube video where Neil McCulloch contributes to the Asia Foundation's Economic Governance Index which surveys local government regulations across a single country, and assesses their impact on local business growth.
- Project Dates:
- January 2009 - December 2009
- Project Status:
- Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)


text:
PRESENTERS: Upload your workshop materials here.
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Prodigal Summer Discussion Guide: Prodigal Summer by Barbara Kingsolver
Barbara Kingsolver
Oprah Magazine Lists "10 of the Best Books by Barbara Kingsolver...
Information about the author is available at
Get personal with Barbara Kingsolver
Also by Barbara Kingsolver
Did you know?
Barbara Kingsolver's extensive education in biology figures prominently in this book, loaded with ecological concepts and biological facts.
Discussion Questions
From litlovers:
1. Why do you think this book is entitled Prodigal Summer? In what ways do all of the characters display "prodigal" characteristics? Who, or what, welcomes them home from their journeys?
2. Deanna is the self-appointed protector of coyotes and all predators. Is she disturbingnature's own ways of dealing with upsets? What about Garnett and his quest for a blight-free chestnut tree—is this "good" for nature?
3. How does the relationship between Deanna and Eddie Bondo change them both? Should Deanna have told Eddie about the pregnancy? Do you think he already knew and that was one of the reasons he left when he did?
4. When Nannie and Garnett hug, a huge barrier between them drops and they both gain a basic understanding of each other's humanness and vulnerability. Do you think a romantic relationship between them will ensue? How much does Garnett's unrecognized longing for love and human contact account for the shift in his perception of Nannie and the greater world around him? What else influences the shift in Garnett? Does Nannie change as well?
5. The three major story lines are named "Predators," "Moth Love," and "Old Chestnuts." Why, besides acknowledging her respect for coyotes, spiders and other predatory creatures, are Deanna's chapters named "Predators?" Does her love of predators make her the "natural" lover of Eddie Bondo? How does Lusa's life mirror the life cycle of her beloved moths? How does her love of insects lead to her emergence from her cocoon of grief (i.e. her relationship to Crystal)? How do Garnett and Nannie remind you of "old chestnuts?" Are they extinct? Are they the few lone trees left alive after a blight?
(Questions issued by publisher.)
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How the Canadian Government's Poor Record-Keeping Broke Up 4,000 Inuit Families
In the 50s, the Canadian government shipped thousands of Inuit people infected with tuberculosis from their homes in the Arctic to sanitariums in southern Canada without explaining their whereabouts to their families. We interviewed members of the...
June 12, 2014, 2:10pm
Martha Flaherty's sister Mary was one of the 4,000 people taken away for tuberculosis treatment. Screenshot via Martha of the North.
Mary Flaherty was only two years old when she was taken for tuberculosis treatment in a southern sanitarium. Tuberculosis treatment wasn't available in the Arctic, so she and thousands of others were shipped by the government to sanitariums in Hamilton, Montreal, and other southern cities. Her family was on its way to the High Arctic as part of a government relocation of Inuit families to Grise Fiord, the northernmost inhabited part of Canada, and a community that did not exist until the government created it to prove to Russia that Canada could claim sovereignty in the Arctic during the Cold War. Flaherty was diagnosed with tuberculosis aboard the ship there, and taken from her family. There were no translators who could speak Inuktitut on the ship, so her parents weren't told what was wrong with her, where she was going, or when she'd be back.
Mary was cured after six months, but it took two more years for her to be returned to her family because no records were kept of where she came from or who her family was. By the time she made it back to Grise Fiord, she'd spent half of her short life in a sanitarium, couldn't speak her parents' sole language, and didn't even recognize their faces.
"Ignorance and incompetence made my sister a stranger in her own family," her sister Martha says in a documentary made about the forced relocations, Martha of the North.
Mary was one of over 4,000 people taken from their homes with no explanation to their families. Record keeping was so bad that many Inuit families to this day have no idea what happened to their loved ones, including whether or not they were cured or passed away, and if they did pass away, where their remains are buried.
"At any one point in time in the 1950s, one in seven Inuit were in care in the South. So we're not talking about a few people," said Natan Obed, the director of social and cultural development at Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the organization that protects Inuit land claims in Nunavut.
"Family members had no way of knowing where they were or how long they were going to be in care, and sometimes people just didn't come back," Obed said. "There's this longstanding concern—and rightfully so—about where people's loved ones are buried and what actually happened to them."
View of the Arctic landscape via Martha of the North.
These concerns are the focus of a government project, Nanilavut (or 'let's find them' in Inuktitut), to track down the graves of lost loved ones and provide as much information as possible to their families. The hope is to create a searchable database so that family members can call and find out where their loved one was treated and where they, or their grave, ended up. So far, records have been identified for 4,300 individuals, according to an Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada media relations officer. They know 1,340 of these people returned home and at least 830 died away from their communities. It's unknown what happened to the rest.
"Both the remoteness of the communities and the limited communication media affected the flow of information," according to Aboriginal Affairs. Another challenge was that most Inuit didn't use surnames until the 1970s, said Terry Audla, the president of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the "national voice of 55,000 Inuit." So instead, Inuit were issued dog tags to wear with an "E-number." E was for Eskimo.
Audla said his father lost his first wife this way. "My father, prior to marrying my mom, had a first wife who was sent off to a sanitarium in Timmins. But he didn't know that's where she was going and was left behind with three small children. She never came back," he said. "He never knew what happened until many years later. There were many examples like that."
The organization Obed works for approached the government for help with this project in 2008, after receiving regular calls from individuals hoping to track down their family members.
"A lot of people came to us, either on behalf of elder Inuit who are dying, or it's terminally ill Inuit themselves who are calling us and saying: 'My whole life I just wanted to say goodbye to my brother, or I want to have closure with my mother who passed away,'" Obed said. He received other requests from families who lost small children and have hope that they're still alive, and maybe were just randomly adopted into other families without their parents' knowledge or permission.
"These are incredibly moving stories and the requests to us are very simple," he said.
Obed hopes to provide an active database, proper headstones for Inuit who were buried en masse in unmarked graves in the South, and memorials so that family members can pay their last respects and see that their mothers, fathers, brothers, and sisters "can be buried in a dignified way," he said. He'd also like to see a travel program for Inuit to visit the graves of their family members, because it's "prohibitively expensive" to travel from the far North to Hamilton or Montreal, or wherever else the sanitariums were.
"We're looking for closure in a few different ways," he said. "This isn't something Inuit did themselves. The government provided care, the government demanded that Inuit go South for care, the government was responsible for all of this initiative. And yes it was to help Inuit overcome tuberculosis, but at the same time there's basic human rights."
It's still hard for some Inuit to trust the intentions of the health care system, Obed said. In 2007 he was part of a national health survey, and many Inuit hesitated to take part because all the tests and surveys were done aboard ships. And at the same people were being sent South for tuberculosis treatment, Inuit families were being relocated into the High Arctic under false pretenses, there were coerced settlements, the beginning of residential school programs, and dog slaughters to ensure Inuit had less access to the land and their traditional way of life.
"All of these things were happening in a very short period of time, one on top of the other," Obed said. "The legacy of the tuberculosis treatment and care in the South is mixed in with all these other things."
"The emotional consequence of that on a society is tremendous," he said. "This society as a whole was traumatized."


text:
Wednesday, December 23, 2009
Accession of King Albert I
The Cross of Laeken details the centenary of the accession of King Albert I of the Belgians, the gallant "soldier-king" who led his nation in their heroic resistance to the German invasion during World War I. The late monarch stands out as one of the illustrious few who was "every inch a king" being regal with the 'common touch', courageous in war, leading his troops at the front, devoted to his family and sincerely religious. His noble example inspired not only the Belgian people but also many others around the world among the Allied powers during the Great War.


text: Resulting from the need for greater realism in models of human and organizational behavior in military simulations, there has been increased interest in research on integrative models of human performance, both within the cognitive science community generally, and within the defense and aerospace industries in particular. This book documents accomplishments and lessons learned in a multi-year project to examine the ability of a range of integrated cognitive modeling architectures to explain and predict human behavior in a common task environment that requires multi-tasking and concept learning.This unique project, called the Agent-Based Modeling and Behavior Representation (AMBR) Model Comparison, involved a series of human performance model evaluations in which the processes and performance levels of computational cognitive models were compared to each other and to human operators performing the identical tasks. In addition to quantitative data comparing the performance of the models and real human performance, the book also presents a qualitatively oriented discussion of the practical and scientific considerations that arise in the course of attempting this kind of model development and validation effort.The primary audiences for this book are people in academia, industry, and the military who are interested in explaining and predicting complex human behavior using computational cognitive modeling approaches. The book should be of particular interest to individuals in any sector working in Psychology, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, Industrial Engineering, System Engineering, Human Factors, Ergonomics and Operations Research. Any technically or scientifically oriented professional or student should find the material fully accessible without extensive mathematical background.


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, returns whether 3 is less than x. Now, if you leave off the parens around the infix operator, you can create a section. There are two kinds:
 (<3) ⟺ \x -> x < 3 -- a right section
 (3<) ⟺ \x -> 3 < x -- a left section
Using sections, you can define functions without variables, for example:
twoToThe = (2**)
halfOf = (/2)
oneOver = (1/)
isZero = (==0)
onePlus = (1+)
Exercise: Describe in English each of the following sections: (>=0), ('mod' 2), (0-), and (++"s").
Higher-Order Functions
There are some neat built-in functions and operators that take functions as arguments or return functions.
 (f. g) x ⟹ f (g x)
 (flip f) x y ⟹ f y x
 (curry f) x y ⟹ f (x, y)
 (uncurry f)(x, y) ⟹ f x y
Prelude> (recip. succ) 7
Prelude> ((+3). (2^)) 3
Prelude> ((2^). (+3)) 3
Prelude> (uncurry min)(9, 5)
Prelude> flip (^) 10 2
And of course, you can write your own:
twice f x = f (f x)
Exercise: Rewrite the definition of twice to use the function composition operator (.).
That let is nice and readable, but you know, it's actually not necessary. After all,
 let x = E1 in E2
is really just
 (\x -> E2)(E1)
For example:
 let x = 7 * 3 in 100 + x
 ⇒ (\x -> 100 + x)(7 * 3)
 ⇒ 100 + (7 * 3)
Check out some different ways to make lists. Haskell has ranges and comprehensions:
Prelude> [5..8]
Prelude> [0,3..21]
Prelude> [x ** 2 | x <- [0..10]]
Prelude> [x | x <- [0..30], x 'mod' 3 /= 0 && x 'mod' 5 /= 0]
Prelude> [(x, y) | x <- [0..3], y <- "ab"]
Prelude> replicate 3 "dog"
Here are some examples of basic list functions:
 null [] ⟹ True
 null [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ False
 head [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 3
 tail [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [5,8,2,1]
 init [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5,8,2]
 last [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 1
 length [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 5
 take 2 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 drop 2 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,2,1]
 takeWhile (\x -> x < 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 takeWhile (< 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 dropWhile (not. even) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,2,1]
 filter (< 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5,2,1]
 filter even [1..10] ⟹ [2,4,6,8,10]
 map succ [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [4,9,6,3,2]
 map (2^) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,32,256,4,2]
 splitAt 3 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ ([3,5,8],[2,1])
 zip [1,2] ['a','b'] ⟹ [(1,'a'),(2,'b')]
 concat [[3],[5,8],[],[2,1]] ⟹ [3,5,8,2,1]
 concatMap (\x -> [x,-x]) [1..5] ⟹ [1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5]
 all even [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ False
 any even [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ True
 sum [1..10] ⟹ 55
 product [1..10] ⟹ _PHONE_
 foldl (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ -17
 foldr (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ -7
foldl is fold left, foldr is fold right. Here is how they work:
 foldl (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ ((((1-3)-5)-2)-8)
 foldr (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ (3-(5-(2-(8-1))))
Learn more about folds.
Exercise: Why should you never really use foldl? (Hint)
A list is formally defined as being either [] (empty) or an element consed (with the infix ':' operator) to the front of a list.
Prelude> []
Prelude> 3 : []
Prelude> 3 : 5 : []
Prelude> 2 : 3 : 5 : []
Prelude> 5 : [6..8]
Exercise: Research why the : operator is pronounced "cons".
In general, when you define functions on a constructed type, like lists, always use pattern matching on its constructors, and avoid using the extractor functions. For example:
stutter xs =
 if null xs then [] else (head xs):(head xs):(stutter (tail xs))
stutter [] = []
stutter (x:xs) = x:x:(stutter xs)
We'll see more pattern matching soon.
There are tons more cool functions on lists, by the way. Many of them are in the module Data.List, which you need to import. In the REPL, for example:
Prelude> permutations [1,2,3]
error: Variable not in scope: permutations :: [Integer] -> t
Prelude> import Data.List
Prelude Data.List> permutations [1,2,3]
Data.List is a standard module that comes with your Haskell distribution. There are hundreds of functions in it. You should browse the complete documentation now. You should see over 100 functions. Read the docs!
Exercise: Yes, really browse those docs. Also, click on the links so you can see how these functions are implemented.
Now, you may have noticed: Prelude is a module also. See the docs. See the source. Notice how the Prelude module imports a bunch of other modules, but selectively exports only some of the functions in each!
Exercise: Find out which Data.List functions are also in Prelude and which are not.
Laziness, and Infinite Lists
It is time to talk about what it means that Haskell is lazy. This REPL session will hopefully convey the idea:
Prelude> head []
*** Exception: Prelude.head: empty list
Prelude> x = head [] -- No error!
Prelude> t = (5, x) -- No error here either!
Prelude> fst t -- Nor here!
Prelude> snd t
*** Exception: Prelude.head: empty list
Lazy evaluation means expressions are only evaluated when needed. The opposite is strict evaluation. With strict evaluation, all tuple values would be evaluated when the tuple was first defined. And all list elements would be evaluated when a list was defined. And all function arguments would be evaluated before the function was called.
Prelude> x = [5, head [], 10]
Prelude> (\x -> \y -> x) "good" (head [])
Now since list elements are not needed until used, WE CAN MAKE INFINITE LISTS!
Prelude> positives = [1..]
Prelude> nonNegativeEvens = [0,2..]
Prelude> ones = repeat 1
Prelude> turns = cycle [0..4]
Prelude> take 10 positives
Prelude> take 10 nonNegativeEvens
Prelude> takeWhile (<30) nonNegativeEvens
Prelude> take 5 ones
Prelude> take 18 turns
Prelude> 7 'elem' positives
Prelude> nonNegativeEvens!! 17
Prelude> import Data.List
Prelude Data


Torque Specifications for Rocker Arm Bolts for a 3.1 Liter Chevy V-6
by Anne Davis
The 3.1-liter engine is a member of GM's 60-degree V6-engine family. GM, the parent company of Chevrolet, began producing these engines in 1980. The manufacturer produced its first 3.1-liter in 1993.
Rocker Arm
itstillruns article image
An engine's rocker arm is a reciprocating lever that transfers radial movement to open the poppet valve, a valve responsible for opening and closing the intake and exhaust ports in the engine's cylinder heads. The rotating lobes of the camshaft raise and lower one end of the rocker arm while the other end acts upon the poppet valve stem.
Torque refers to the force required to rotate an object, in this case a nut or a bolt, around an axis or pivot. You can think of it as a twist.
Torque Specifications
For 3.1-liter engines built between 1995 and 1997, the rocker arm bolts require two steps to reach 7.42 foot-pounds of torque in order to attach to the cylinder head. For later engines, these same bolts should receive 14 foot-pounds of torque to join properly.
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All about brandy
How do they make brandy?
Brandy, or sometimes known as brandewijn, originates from the distillation of wine. Distillers use a wide variety of wines to craft the spirit. So yes, brandy can, and often does, come from grapes. Besides grapes, distillers use other fruits ingredients like apricot, peach, apples, pear, cherry and plum, too. That's how they make fruit brandies (think: beloved favorites, apple brandy and peach brandy) with many different notes like applejack and French eau-de-vie.
After the distilling process, the producers let brandy age in a wooden casket, so the liquor achieves its typical caramel color. At minimum, brandy needs to age for two years. If the producer chooses a casket they already used for other liquors, the spirit will have a more complex flavor. Most fruit brandies are unaged.
Winemakers invented this distilled spirit accidentally centuries ago while trying recipes to make their wines more "compact" to ship them more easily. They wanted to remove some of the water from the wines to transport them more easily, then add the same amount of water once the barrels reached their destinations.
Soon, they realized this distilled spirit had a way more complex flavor than the original wine. They changed their minds: instead of watering it down again, they started to sell it as "brandy."
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COGNAC AND BRANDY?
Brandy is to Cognac sort of what sparkling wine is to Champagne. By that we mean all Cognac is brandy but not all brandy is Cognac. Cognac must be made in the Cognac region of France, while brandy can be made anywhere.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRANDY AND PISCO?
Similar to the Cognac vs brandy situation - pisco is brandy. It's made the same way - by distilling fermented grape juice into the spirit we know. The difference between pisco and brandy is that pisco must be made in Peru or Chile.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRANDY AND ARMAGNAC?
Brandy and armagnac are similar in the sense that they're both made from white wine grapes. The big difference between the two is distillation. Brandy is twice distilled - usually using what's called a pot still. Armagnac on the other hand goes through a different distillation called column distillation.
ARE FRUIT BRANDIES STILL BRANDY?
Yes - though you can sometimes see them called liqueur or schnapps. You'll see this most often with fruit brandys, like apple, cherry and peach.
WHAT DOES VS AND VSOP MEAN?
These are ratings to determine the age of a brandy. VS brandies have aged at least three years, while the VSOP brandies have aged at least four years. VS stands for "very special" and VSOP for "very special old pale." There are also XO (extra old) brandies, which age for at least six and a half years. Lastly, there are Hors d'Age or vintage spirit aged brandies that originated 10 years or more before sale.
Are you ready to choose your own? Search brandy varieties on Driz online or see if we're already in your city. You can click these links to search for Drizly in your city, and look for liquor stores on Drizly near you.


October 24, 2013
RAGE Signaling on Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes
RAGEThe American Journal of Medical Genetics published a study investigating something called RAGE signaling and the role it plays in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is a higher risk for people with T1D and T2D. Knowing more about RAGE signaling and how it influences cardiovascular disease is worth a briefing.
RAGE is the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. AGEs are bad news in the book of life with diabetes. AGEs are the result of glucose metabolism, like the ashes after a fire. Now picture the ashes all over your hone. This is the mess AGEs cause in the body of a person with diabetes.
RAGE signaling can result in an elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, found in people with diabetes. This exacerbates diabetic complications such as cardiovascular disease. The mess AGEs make and the super burn RAGE signaling puts-out is a recipe for disaster in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
RAGE is linked as the consequences and causes of Types 1 and Type 2 diabetes. RAGE is not just a negative word, it's the kind of word that does what it says and says what it does. RAGE starts the fire and keeps it burning in T1D and T2D.
The research has identified RAGE as the cause and effect of all things bad in diabetes but it has also identified a way to disarm the frightful receptors for AGEs. By developing therapies that quiet the RAGE receptors, people with diabetes may not be so easily agitated to develop subsequent diabetic complication.
Give peace a change, RAGE.
Visit Your Diabetes Health for more resources about health.


An Introduction to Signal Conditioning
Different types of measurement and different types of sensor architectures have different requirements for signal conditioning. Take low-voltage analog signals, for example. These types of signals will generally need to be amplified and then filtered to decrease background noise before digitization. Different types of sensors require excitation by an outside voltage to measure mechanical changes as a function of varying electrical resistivity.
In this article, TT Electronics will detail the foundations of signal conditioning in more depth.
Signal Conditioning: Amplification & Attenuation
In electronics, amplification and attenuation are opposites. Analog signals are susceptible to weakening during transmission as a result of background noise. Signal-to-noise ratio refers to the ratio of signal strength to unwanted background interference.
Amplification is the process of increasing this ratio by increasing the voltage level of the input signal. Conversely, attenuation is the process of decreasing the input amplitude. For example, to get the input amplitude to fit within the ideal range of the device digitizer.
Spectrum Filtering & Signal Isolation
Signal conditioning regularly needs a filtered and isolated input signal to eliminate undesirable background noise and eradicate voltage signals that lie far beyond the range of the in-line digitizer.
Filtering is frequently used to discard noise that lies outside of a previously defined range of frequency. Isolation is similar, but it is mainly used to protect the data acquisition or control system from potentially damaging voltage spikes.
Signal Linearization
Linearization is a type of signal interpretation used when sensor equipment creates signals that do not show a linear relationship to the actual measurement. It is used to chart the input signal voltage from the sensor against the corresponding value of the physical measurement. This signal conditioning process is for industrial temperature measurements.
Signal Conditioning with TT Electronics
TT Electronics is dedicated to innovation in all areas of engineering and technology, producing a suite of advanced products for some of the highest specification worldwide markets. We offer a wide array of sensors and integrated precision resistor networks with signal conditioning capabilities.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by TT Electronics plc.
For more information on this source, please visit TT Electronics plc.
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My Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology says
imaginary animal invented by 'Lewis Carroll' (C.L. Dodgson) in 'The Hunting of the Snark', 1876.
Is that it? There's gotta be more to it than that! snark meaning "to snort" dates from 1866 according to the Online Etymology Dictionary, but I don't know the source of this. This easily predates 1875, when most of the poem was written (at least according to The Life of Lewis Carroll by Florence Becker Lennon, 1962).
Sources agree that snarky, meaning "crotchety, snappish" or "irritable or short-tempered; irascible", is derived from the verb snark "to annoy" or "to nag". The earliest citation for snarky is from Edith Nesbit in 1906.
1906 E. NESBIT Railway Children ii. 49 Don't be snarky, Peter. It isn't our fault.
Since words tend to show up in speech before they show up in writing, it is possible that snarky was around when Carroll wrote his poem. Or snark, for which the earliest citation is from 1882.
snark, 2. intr. and trans. To find fault (with), to nag. 1882 Jamieson's Sc. Dict. IV. 314/2 To Snark,..to fret, grumble, or find fault with one. 1904 E. NESBIT Phœnix & Carpet x. 185 He remembered how Anthea had refrained from snarking him about tearing the carpet.
There are two possible derivations for snark. According to Merriam-Webster, snark "to annoy" is perhaps an alternation of nark "to irritate". (More about nark below). The American Heritage Dictionary says of snarky: "From dialectal snark, to nag, from snark, snork, to snore, snort, from Dutch and Low German snorken, of imitative origin."
Fernando Soto, in The Consumption of the Snark and the Decline of Nonsense: A Medico-Linguistic Reading of Carroll's 'Fitful Agony' (in The Carrollian 8) mentions the word snarker "a cinder", as in "The cake's burnt to a snarker" (from The English Dialect Dictionary (vols. V), p. 572).
It's been long debated how LC came up with the word, it may be a portmanteau of shark & snail, perhaps "flavored" by a (collective) unconscious germanic memory?
There are many Germanic words containing the phonestheme snand having to do with the nose. Pokorny connects snorken with Proto-Indo-European *sner- "expressive root of various verbs for making noises". This is the source of German schnarren "to buzz", and also snorkel from German schnarchen "to snore", snarl from Middle Low German snarren, sneer, and perhaps Norn, from Old Norse (as in "the whisperer"). And also Norwegian-Swedish snerka "to snort", Swedish snurka "to groan", Old Norse snǫrgla "to groan", Norwegian-Swedish snarva "to growl, bare one's teeth".
There is also *snu-, a form limited to Germanic languages, and imitative of words connected with the nose. This apparently gives us snot, snout, schnoz, snuffle, sniff, snip, snap, snub, and snatch. To make things even more confusing, snore, snort and sneeze are from PIE *pneu- "to breathe" - Old English fnora and fnēosan. Compare Old Norse fnȳsa "to pant, sniff, snort", Middle High German pfnusen "to pant, sniff, snort, sneeze".
The snphonestheme could have influenced Carroll's choice, but unfortunately the poem is silent on the subject of the Snark's nose, and lacks any other snwords in connection with the Snark (altho the Bandersnatch's jaws "Went savagely snapping around").
The Urban Dictionary says of snark: "Combination of "snide" and "remark". Sarcastic comment(s)." But I'd trust the Urban Dictionary as far as I'd trust a very untrustworthy thing.
Now, nark. This is the other possible source of snark "to annoy", if it's not derived from snorken. Wordorigins has a good history of nark. The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang (1993) says (I'm omitting the first sense because it's "mainly Austral and NZ"):
2 Brit a A police informer or decoy. 1860-.
b A policeman. 1861-.
verb 3 trans. To annoy, exasperate; often in passive 1888-.
4 trans. To stop; mainly in imperative in the phr. nark it. 1889-.
6 intr. To complain, grumble. 1916-.
[From Romany nāk nose.]
Wordorigins points out that the derivation from Romani is problematic, but that it is the most likely one. Romani nāk would be related to Hindi नाक nāk, Prakrit ṇakka, and Sanskrit नर्क narka, all meaning "nose". Probably also Sindhi نَڪُ naku, Kashmiri नाख् nākh, Panjabi ਨੱਕ nakk, Gujarati નાક nāk.
According to Watkins, these are all from Indic *nakka-, an expressive form of PIE *nas- "nose", which makes nark cognate with nose! Compare Sanskrit नस् nas, Latin nāsum, German nüschen "to dig with the snout", English nose, nuzzle, Russian нюхать njuxat' "to snuffle, sniff, smell".
Snarkskii seems to be a Slavic surname, for which the American spelling might be Snarsky.
The Snark Avenue Theatre shows late-night movies in Daniel Pinkwater's novels The Snarkout Boys and the Avacado of Death and The Snarkout Boys and the Baconburg Horror. "Snarking out" means sneaking out in the middle of the night to watch movies. Also check out Lizard Music - no snarks, but a great book.
Nothing conclusive, so no conclusion.
Then the bowsprit got mixed with the rudder sometimes:
A thing, as the Bellman remarked,
That frequently happens in tropical climes,
When a vessel is, so to speak, "snarked."
Update: more snarkian etymology.


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Deploy algorithmic code in a Simulink block to verify code behavior and computational results, accelerate simulation of a model algorithm, reuse or share algorithms, or protect intellectual property.
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Thu October 4, 2012
The Accountant Who Changed The World
Originally published on Fri October 5, 2012 4:04 pm
The story of the birth of accounting begins with numbers. In the 1400s, much of Europe was still using Roman numerals, and finding it really hard to easily add or subtract. (Try adding MCVI to XCIV.)
But fortunately, Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) started catching on, and with those numbers, merchants in Venice developed a revolutionary system we now call "double-entry" bookkeeping. This is how it works:
Every transaction gets entered twice in financial records. If one day you sold three gold coins' worth of pepper, you would write that the amount of cash you had went up by three gold coins. You would also write in that the amount of pepper you had went down by three gold coins' worth.
Before double-entry, people just kept diaries and counted their money at the end of the day. This innovation allowed merchants to see every aspect of their business in neat little rows.
Jane Gleeson-White wrote the new book Double Entry: How the Merchants of Venice Created Modern Finance. She explains how significant this new accounting was:
"You could itemize the profits in each account, so you knew which products you were doing well in and which you weren't. Then you could start to think about how you would change your business activities. It was just a whole revolution in the way of thinking about business and trade."
Luca Pacioli was a monk, magician and lover of numbers. He discovered this special bookkeeping in Venice and was intrigued by it. In 1494, he wrote a huge math encyclopedia and included an instructional section on double-entry bookkeeping.
Thanks to the newly invented printing press, his book was mass produced and became a big hit. One of the first readers was Leonardo da Vinci, who at the time was painting The Last Supper. Pacioli's encyclopedia had a section on the mathematics of perspective painting which fascinated da Vinci.
"They were hanging out together....I think they were probably lovers. They certainly spent a lot of time together, and definitely Luca Pacioli was there in the church when Leonardo da Vinci was there in the actual church when Leonardo da Vinci was painting The Last Supper," said Gleeson-White.
What Pacioli is known for today, though, is that tiny section of the book about accounting. Today, every country and every business uses double-entry bookkeeping.
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish.
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
And I'm Melissa Block.
We don't do too many stories about accounting, for good reason - even accountants admit it's boring. But that wasn't always the case.
David Kestenbaum, with our Planet Money Team, has this story about an accounting trick that rocked the world some 500 years ago. It involves a man who was a magician, a mathematician, and possibly the boyfriend of Leonardo Da Vinci.
DAVID KESTENBAUM, BYLINE: This is the story of the birth of accounting. And if you think about it, before you can have accounting, you really need something else. You need numbers. And in the 1400s, much of Europe was still using Roman numerals.
JANE GLEESON WHITE: I thought Roman numerals must have gone out with Roman Empire. But no, they lasted well into the Renaissance.
KESTENBAUM: This is Jane Gleeson White, author of the new book "Double Entry: How the Merchants of Venice Created Modern Finance."
WHITE: The problem with Roman numerals is, as any school child knows if they tried to work with them, is you can't add or subtract with them. You have to...
WHITE: They're like a written language for recording numerals. I mean, you might as well carve them into rock, that's how useful they are. Well, we still do that, don't we?
KESTENBAUM: Fortunately Arabic numerals: 1,2,3,4,5, those are catching on in Europe. And with those numbers, merchants in Venice are keeping very detailed financial records, using a revolutionary system we now call double entry bookkeeping. It's what students learn in Accounting 101. It's unclear who invented it but it works like this.
Every transaction gets entered twice in your financial records. If one day you sold, say, three gold coins worth of pepper, you would write that the amount of cash you had went up by three gold coins and the amount of pepper you had went down by three gold coins worth. Before this, people just kept diaries and counted their money at the end of the day. Now you could see every aspect of your business in neat little rows.
WHITE: It just became, for want of a better word, much more scientific. You could itemize the profits in each account. So you knew which products you were doing well in and which you weren't. And then you could think about how you would change your business activities. It was just a whole revolution in the way of thinking about business and trade.
KESTENBAUM: This great idea, though, it needed a way to get out to the world, which is where the accidental hero of our story appears - a man named Luca Pacioli. And Pacioli's great role in history is just that he wrote it down. He writes down how to do this.
Pacioli is a monk and a magician but really, his love is numbers. In 1494, he writes this huge encyclopedia of math, which today would be over a thousand pages long. And tucked inside, he includes a little instructional section on double-entry bookkeeping. Thanks to the newly invented printing press, the book can be mass-produced and it's a big hit.
WHITE: One of first readers of Luca Pacioli's encyclopedia was Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo reads the book and thinks it's the coolest, latest thing. It is the coolest, latest thing in mathematics.
KESTENBAUM: Da Vinci at the time is painting "The Last Supper." And conveniently, Pacioli's book has a section on the mathematics of perspective painting. The two men became friends. It is possible, Jane Gleeson White says, that Pacioli, and his book helped Leonardo Da Vinci complete "The Last Supper."
WHITE: They were hanging out together. You know, they lived together after they left Milan. I think that they were probably lovers, they certainly spent a lot of time together. And definitely, Luca Pacioli, he was there in the church when Leonardo Da Vinci was painting "The Last Supper."
KESTENBAUM: What Pacioli is known for today, though, is that tiny section of his book about accounting. Today, every business uses double-entry bookkeeping, every country. It's how we keep track of GDP and all that stuff. If Luca Pacioli were alive today...
WHITE: I think he'd be absolutely astonished. I mean, to think that that had gone on to become the governing system of every economy on Earth, and every corporation, every business, he would be astonished, wouldn't he? He'd fall over backwards, I think.
KESTENBAUM: Luca Pacioli today is sometimes called the Father of Accounting.
David Kestenbaum NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.


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From Math Images
|The Shadow Problem|
The Shadow Problem
- In the 1991 film Shadows and Fog, the eerie shadow of a larger-than-life figure appears against the wall as the shady figure lurks around the corner. How tall really is the ominous character? Filmmakers use the geometry of shadows and triangles to make this special effect.
The shadow problem is a standard type of problem for teaching trigonometry and the geometry of triangles. In the standard shadow problem, several elements of a triangle will be given. The process by which the rest of the elements are found is referred to as solving a triangle.
Basic DescriptionA triangle has six total elements: three sides and three angles. Sides are valued by length, and angles are valued by degree or radian measure. According to postulates for Congruent triangles, given three elements, the other three elements can always be determined as long as at least one side length is given. Math problems that involve solving triangles, like shadow problems, typically provide certain information about just a few of the elements of a triangle, so that a variety of methods can be used to solve the triangle.
Shadow problems normally have a particular format. Some light source, often the sun, shines down at a given angle of elevation. The angle of elevation is the smallest--always acute-- numerical angle measure that can be measured by swinging from the horizon. Assuming that the horizon is parallel to the surface on which the light is shining, the angle of elevation is always equal to the angle of depression. The angle of depression is the angle at which the light shines down, compared to the angle of elevation which is the angle at which someone or something must look up to see the light source. Knowing the angle of elevation or depression can be helpful because trigonometry can be used to relate angle and side lengths.
In the typical shadow problem, the light shines down on an object or person of a given height. It casts a shadow on the ground below, so that the farthest tip of the shadow make a direct line with the tallest point of the person or object and the light source. The line that directly connects the tip of the shadow and the tallest point of the object that casts the shadow can be viewed as the hypotenuse of a triangle. The length from the tip of the shadow to the point on the surface where the object stands can be viewed as the first leg, or base, of the triangle, and the height of the object can be viewed as the second leg of the triangle. In the most simple shadow problems, the triangle is a right triangle because the object stands perpendicular to the ground.
In the picture below, the sun casts a shadow on the man. The length of the shadow is the base of the triangle, the height of the man is the height of the triangle, and the length from the tip of the shadow to top of the man's head is the hypotenuse. The resulting triangle is a right triangle.
In another version of the shadow problem, the light source shines from the same surface on which the object or person stands. In this case the shadow is projected onto some wall or vertical surface, which is typically perpendicular to the first surface. In this situation, the line that connects the light source, the top of the object and the tip of the shadow on the wall is the hypotenuse. The height of the triangle is the length of the shadow on the wall, and the distance from the light source to the base of the wall can be viewed as the other leg other leg of the triangle. The picture below diagrams this type of shadow problem, and this page's main picture is an example of one of these types of shadows.
More difficult shadow problems will often involve a surface that is not level, like a hill. The person standing on the hill does not stand perpendicular to the surface of the ground, so the resulting triangle is not a right triangle. Other shadow problems may fix the light source at given height, like on a street lamp. This scenario creates a set of two similar triangles.
Ultimately, a shadow problem asks you to solve a triangle by providing only a few elements of the possible six total. In the case of some shadow problems, like the one that involves two similar triangles, information about one triangle may be given and the question may ask to find elements of another.
A More Mathematical Explanation
- Note: understanding of this explanation requires: *Trigonometry, Geometry
Shadows are useful in the set-up of a triangle problems because of the way light works. A shadow is cast when light cannot shine through a solid surface. Light shines in a linear fashion, that is to say it does not bend. Light waves travel forward in the same direction in which the light was shined. Light is not like a liquid: it does not fill the space in which it shines like liquid assumes the shape of any container it's in.
In addition to the linear fashion in which light shines, light has certain angular properties. When light shines on an objects that reflects light, it reflects back at the same angle at which it shined. Say a light shines onto a mirror. The angle between the beam of light and the wall that the mirror is the angle of approach. The angle from the wall at which the light reflects off of the mirror is the angle of departure. The angle of approach is equal to the angle of departure.
|In another example, a cue ball is bounced off of the wall of a pool table at a certain angle. Just like the way that light bounces off of the mirror, the cue ball bounces off the wall at exactly the same angle at which it hits the wall. The cue ball has the same properties as the beam of light in this case: the angle of departure is the same as the angle of approach. This property will help with certain types of triangle problems, particularly those that involve mirrors.|
More Than Just Shadows
Shadow problems are just one type of problem that involves solving triangles. There are numerous other formats and set ups for unsolved triangle problems. Most of these problems are formatted as word problems, that is set up the problem in terms of some real life scenario.
There are, however, many problems that simply provide numbers that represent angles and side lengths. In this type of problem, angles are denoted with capital letters,, and the sides are denoted by lower-case letters,, where is the side opposite the angle.
One other common problem in solving triangles is the ladder problem. A ladder of a given length is leaned up against a wall that stands perpendicular to the ground. The ladder can be adjusted so that the top of the ladder sits higher or lower on the wall and the angle that the ladder makes with the ground increases or decreases accordingly. Because the ground and the wall are perpendicular to one another, the triangles that need to be solved in ladder problems always have right angles. Since the right angle is always fixed, many ladder problems require the angle between the ground and the ladder, or the angle of elevation, to to be somehow associated with a fixed length of a ladder and the height of the ladder on the wall. In other words, ladder problems normally deal with the SAS scenario: they involve the length from the wall to the base of the ladder, the fixed length of the ladder itself, and the enclosed angle of elevation to determine the height at which the ladder sits on the wall.
Mirror problems are a specific type of triangle problem which involves two people or objects that stand looking into the same mirror. Because of the way a mirror works, light reflects back at the same angle at which it shines in, as explained below in A More Mathematical Explanation. In a mirror problem, the angle at which one person looks into the mirror, or the angle of vision is the same exact angle at which the second person looks the mirror. Typically, the angle at which one person looks into the mirror is given along with some other piece of information. Once that angle is known, then one angle of the triangle is automatically known since the light reflects back off of the mirror at the same angle, making the angle of the triangle next to the mirror the supplement to twice the angle of vision.
Like shadow problems, sight problems include many different scenarios and several forms of triangles. Most sight problems are set up as word problems. They involve a person standing below or above some other person or object. In most of these problems, a person measures an angle with a tool called an astrolabe or a protractor,.
In the most standard type of problem, a person uses the astrolabe to measure the angle at which he looks up or down at something. In the example at the right, the bear stands in a tower of a given height and uses the astrolabe to measure the angle at which he looks down at the forest fire. The problem asks to find how far away the forest fire is from the base of the tower given the previous information.
Ways to Solve Triangles
In all cases, a triangle problem will only give a few elements of a triangle and will ask to find one or more of the unknown elements. A triangle problem asks for one of the lengths or angle measures that is not given in the problem. There are numerous formulas, methods, and operations that can help to solve a triangle depending on the information given in the problem.
The first step in any triangle problem is drawing a diagram. A picture can help to show which elements of the triangle are given and which elements are adjacent or opposite one another. By knowing where the elements are in relation to one another, we can use the trigonometric functions to relate angle and side lengths.
There are numerous techniques which can be implemented in solving triangles:
- Trigonometry: The Basic Trigonometric Functions relate side lengths to angles. By substituting the appropriate values into the formulas for sine, cosine, or tangent, trigon


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Hide the date from the taskbar in Windows 7
By default, Windows 7 displays the date next to the time in the notification area of the taskbar (system tray). This used to be the case with previous versions of Windows when you resized the taskbar to a large enough height to allow enough space to show the date, and even the day of the week. In this tutorial, we will show you how to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar, without having to hide the time! This means that you will keep the system clock, but only show the time, without a date.
Note that this tutorial assumes that you want to hide the date from the taskbar, but that you still want to keep the time showing in the notification area; if this is not the case, Windows 7 lets you show or hide the clock altogether, and completely remove it from the taskbar.
Show only time in taskbar, no date
To hide the date from the taskbar, follow these steps:
- Right-click on an empty area of the taskbar, and choose "Properties"
- Windows 7 will open the "Taskbar and Start Menu Properties" window
- Make sure that the Taskbar tab is selected
- When, as is the case by default, Windows 7 uses "Large Icons" in the taskbar, it makes your taskbar higher, as shown on the screenshot below:
- In the Taskbar properties window, check the "Use small icons" checkbox
- Now, click Apply to preview the change; Windows 7 will make the icons smaller, and at the same time make the taskbar itself smaller. As you noticed, the taskbar no longer displays the date, but it still displays the time:
- And, best of all, even if the date is now hidden from the taskbar, you can still see it by moving your mouse cursor above the clock, and leave it there for a second or so:
And this is all it takes to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar! You can at any time get the date by moving your mouse above the system clock, or by quickly resizing (temporarily) the taskbar, to get not only the date, but also the day of the week:
Tip: you can also view a full month calendar in the taskbar (instead of just a simple day or date), by giving a single click on the system clock. Some older versions of Windows used to accept a double-click, which would show the full date and time settings, but since Windows Vista you have this mini built-in calendar, right in your taskbar.up ↑