{% static %} handles more than you think
You probably agree using {% static %} is not a controversial:
Credit: Django Doctor
If you're unfamiliar: {% static %} returns the path the browser can use to request the file. At it's simplest, that would return a path that looks up the file on your local file system. That's fine for local dev but in prod we will likely use third-party libraries such as whitenoise or django-storages to improve performance of the production web server.
There are reasons other than "because S3" for why we use {% static %}
File revving
Whitenoise has a storage backend STATICFILES_STORAGE that performs file revving for cache busting. As a result the file path rendered in the template is renamed: script.js may be renamed to script-23ewd.js. The STATICFILES_STORAGE generates a hash from the file's contents and renames the file and generates a manifest file that looks like:
{'scripts.js':'scripts-23ewd.js'}
This is called revving. {% static 'script.js' %} renders'script-23ewd.js' in the template because'script.js' is looked up in the manifest, resulting in'script-23ewd.js' being resolved.
This is for cache busting: when the file content change the file name changes too, so a revved file can have cache headers set to cache forever in the CDN or browser. On the next deployment if the file contents changes so too does the file name being requested and thus the most up to date file is retrieved by the browser.
So {% static %} abstracts away cache-busting mechanisms so we can focus on templatey things in the template instead.
Websites can move house
Given enough time a website can change where it's served from:
 - From subdomain to path: abc.example.com to _URL_ and xyz.example.com to _URL_. This has happened in a project I was in for SEO reasons.
 - Merging multiple repositories into one. This happened to a few projects I was involved with to make development more efficient.
At this point it would be unclear which app's files are served from /static/. Yes a developer can find a replace all of /static/ with /abc/static/ and /abc/static/. But if {% static .. %} was used they would not need to.
So {% static %} prevents Javascript and CSS from breaking because where the website is served from changed.
Serving from S3
Django suggest not serving static files from the web server in production. One way to do that is to serve the files from S3. If STATICFILES_STORAGE serves from S3, then the static domain will likely be different from webserver domain unless some configuration in Cloudfront ensures otherwise.
So in that case using {% static 'script.js' %} ultimately renders _URL_ instead of /static/script.js.
So {% static %} handles changes in the domain the files are served from.
Do you {% static %} everywhere you should?
You can check if your codebase at django.doctor. It check missing {% static %} and other Django code smells:
If you want to avoid code smells getting into your codebase in the first place install the GitHub PR bot to reduce dev effort and improve your code.
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text:
Shutters protect rooms from light and heat. Blinds are made out of PVC plastic or aluminium given their lightness and resistance to wear.
A belt is used to open and close the shutters. When you open the roller blind, it rolls around a drum hidden in the upper part of the window.
The belts become worn with use. They are then unable to bear the weight of the shutter and the shutter ends up dropping.
You can easily replace the worn belt just by following steps that are explained in the AMIG belt packs.
1. Roll the belt around the winder of the shutter drum.
2. Stretch out the belt to the lower winder.
3. Turn the winder until it is tense and attach the belt to the drum fastener.
You should use the widest possible belt that fits the roller and winder. The broader the belt, the better the grip and the longer the shutter will last.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Bitcoin and blackouts fuel anti-Chinese sentiment in Iran
Some Iranians do not seem to be very keen on China and its nationals. There are a wide range of possible reasons, from the cheap and mostly low-quality Chinese products once imported to Iran and their devastating impact on the businesses of local Iranian producers to the Chinese fishing trawlers ruining the livelihoods of local fishermen in southern Iran.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which originally broke out in China, was the last nail in the coffin, and increased unfavorable views of China to historic highs in Iran, as in almost all other parts of the world. But few people would have guessed the latest reason for Sinophobia in Iran: bitcoin.
In recent weeks, Iranian power plants have been forced to switch to burning low-grade fuel oil to generate power because a sharp rise in the country's domestic consumption has led to natural gas shortages. This severely increased air pollution in Tehran and other megacities, increasing public anger toward the government.
Several plants were later shut down after the government ordered a temporary ban on the use of low-grade fuel oil after pollution increased to dangerous levels. However, that resulted in blackouts in various cities, including Tehran.
Already suffering from economic woes and price hikes caused by the U.S. sanctions and government mismanagement, the COVID-19 pandemic, the severe air pollution and now the blackouts, many people were outraged to learn that the Chinese are supposedly devouring the country's electricity in their bitcoin mining farms, especially a big one in the city of Rafsanjan in Kerman province, southeast of Iran.
Bitcoin mining is the process of verifying bitcoin transactions for the reward of the cryptocurrency — it requires a large amount of computing power, and thus electricity.
"Social media do their job. [Now] the majority of people are informed that the blackouts are caused by China's bitcoin mining," an Iranian user said on Twitter, posting her tweet with the hashtag _TAG_.
The anti-Chinese sentiments gradually reached boiling point, and many Iranians took to social media to angrily criticize the government for its failure to meet the people's basic need for electricity while "giving away" the country's power to Beijing.
"When we said we are China's colony, some people felt offended. Now you can see all these bitcoin mining farms. Because of that, you neither have power nor business," a user tweeted, using the hashtag _TAG_.
"We thought Iran is no longer an 'orphanage.' Now the Chinese are using Iran's electricity to mine bitcoin, and have literally destroyed our local fishing in the Persian Gulf with their fishing trawlers. Those who once wore shrouds to protest against capitulation have now gifted the country to China," Iranian political commentator Ehsan Soltani said in a tweet, which he posted along with a video of the Chinese mining farms in Iran.
"China comes to Iran to mine bitcoin, each of which is worth $40,000; then we [Iranians] have to wear warm clothes in a dark house while we are breathing mazut (fuel oil). Isn't that beautiful?" said a user on Twitter, complaining about the severe air pollution in Iranian megacities, which has been mainly caused by the use of low-quality fuel oil in power plants.
Another user sarcastically pointed to the Iranian government's call for less energy consumption in both cold and hot seasons, writing, "Consume less electricity in winter so that our Chinese Communist brothers would be able to mine bitcoin, and consume less electricity in summer so that our Iraqi brothers would experience no power cuts. Apparently only we Iranians are redundant in Iran."
"There's a power cut in our company now, and … because of China's damn bitcoin mining I'll have to work extra hours today," said another user.
A user even went beyond that and expressed his anti-Chinese sentiments with a racist tweet: "I don't care if I'm called a racist. But now I hate any person with monolid eyes, and I'm going to support hatemongering against them as far as I can."
Majid-Reza Hariri, the head of Iran-China Joint Chamber of Commerce, believes the rumors about the power shortage are being spread by those who are against the expansion of Tehran-Beijing trade relations and use any challenge and incident to blame China for Iran's problems.
"It's far from reality that certain groups try to point the fingers at China whenever something happens in Iran by launching massive campaigns. When people are experiencing blackouts, and suddenly a strange video is released of the infrastructure of a Chinese company to make a fuss about the issue, it shows that a particular group is trying to deal a blow to these bilateral collaborations," Hariri told the semi-official news agency ISNA.
He said the Chinese miners have obtained all the official permissions and licenses and are indeed importing Iranian electricity. "Giving power to bitcoin mining farms is a form of electricity export, as the government is charging [the Chinese] based on international rates, earning an acceptable profit from this cooperation."
The photo of a power bill with an extremely huge price tag, issued for a customer named "Iran and China Investment Company," has gone viral in recent days. The power bill, which apparently belongs to the Rafsanjan mining farm operated by the Chinese, indicates that the miners have used 58,615,905 kWh of electricity in one month, for which they have to pay over 270 billion rials (some $1.2 million).
The revenues seem to be life-saving for the Iranian government whose exports have been severely hit by the U.S. sanctions. However, charity begins at home, or as a similar Iranian proverb says, you should "never kill the lights at home to light up the mosque."
Faced with widespread protests, especially on social media, the government finally announced on Jan. 14 that it has halted its supply of electricity to all cryptocurrency mining farms, including the ones operated by the Chinese, for two weeks in a bid to prevent further blackouts.
That has so far worked, and Iranians have not experienced further power cuts. But were the blackouts really caused by the Chinese bitcoin mining in the first place?
Iran's Minister of Communications and Information Technology Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi says the total power consumption of legal and illegal bitcoin mining farms across the country is estimated to be around 515 MW.
In the first full week of January, Iran's electricity consumption hit the record-high level of 40,000 MW. So the electricity used by the Chinese bitcoin farmers is a tiny fraction of the country's total power consumption, and does not seem to be significant at all.
The Iranian government appears to have calmed down the public dissatisfaction for now, but it must look for the real causes and driving forces of such anti-Chinese sentiments, especially considering its plans for long-term strategic cooperation with Beijing.
If the Islamic Republic wants its Sinophilic "Look East" strategy to work, it first needs to convince the frustrated population it rules over that the country's national interests would be better served through strategic ties with China, not Europe and the United States.
Reza Khaasteh is a Tehran-based journalist. ©The Diplomat, 20201.
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St. Kate's to host international science education meeting
The National Center for STEM Elementary Education at St. Catherine University will host the 16th annual GLOBE partners meeting, "Building a global community of Citizen Scientists," July 15-20.
The Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program is a worldwide hands-on, primary and secondary school-based science and education program.
More than 100 educators from all over the world will be attending the meeting and for the first time, their students will have the opportunity to share their research projects in a Student Science Symposium during the poster sessions of the meeting.
St. Catherine University's St. Paul campus and the Crowne Plaza Hotel in nearby Bloomington will be the hubs for a week of innovative training, sharing discoveries and expanding the GLOBE community.
More about GLOBE.gov
The GLOBE is an inter-agency organization funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
It is building a global community of citizen scientists by connecting educators and students with innovative teaching techniques, hands-on activities and emerging protocols from scientists.
The National Center for STEM Elementary Education has received funding for this program from 3M and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Item Pipeline
After an item has been scraped by a spider, it is sent to the Item Pipeline which process it through several components that are executed sequentially.
Each item pipeline component (sometimes referred as just "Item Pipeline") is a Python class that implements a simple method. They receive an Item and perform an action over it, also deciding if the Item should continue through the pipeline or be dropped and no longer processed.
Typical use for item pipelines are:
 - cleansing HTML data
 - checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
 - storing the scraped item in a database
Writing your own item pipeline
Writing your own item pipeline is easy. Each item pipeline component is a single Python class that must implement the following method:
process_item(item, spider)
This method is called for every item pipeline component and must either return a Item (or any descendant class) object or raise a DropItem exception. Dropped items are no longer processed by further pipeline components.
 - item (Item object) – the item scraped
 - spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which scraped the item
Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:
This method is called when the spider is opened.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was opened
This method is called when the spider is closed.
Parameters:spider (BaseSpider object) – the spider which was closed
Item pipeline example
Price validation and dropping items with no prices
Let's take a look at the following hypothetic pipeline that adjusts the price attribute for those items that do not include VAT (price_excludes_vat attribute), and drops those items which don't contain a price:
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class PricePipeline(object):
 vat_factor = 1.15
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['price']:
 if item['price_excludes_vat']:
 return item
Write items to a JSON file
The following pipeline stores all scraped items (from all spiders) into a a single items.jl file, containing one item per line serialized in JSON format:
import json
class JsonWriterPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.file = open('items.jl', 'wb')
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 return item
Activating an Item Pipeline component
To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the ITEM_PIPELINES list, like in the following example:
Item pipeline example with resources per spider
Sometimes you need to keep resources about the items processed grouped per spider, and delete those resource when a spider finishes.
An example is a filter that looks for duplicate items, and drops those items that were already processed. Let say that our items have an unique id, but our spider returns multiples items with the same id:
from scrapy.xlib.pydispatch import dispatcher
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem
class DuplicatesPipeline(object):
 def __init__(self):
 self.duplicates = {}
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_opened, signals.spider_opened)
 dispatcher.connect(self.spider_closed, signals.spider_closed)
 def spider_opened(self, spider):
 self.duplicates[spider] = set()
 def spider_closed(self, spider):
 del self.duplicates[spider]
 def process_item(self, item, spider):
 if item['id'] in self.duplicates[spider]:
 return item


The Correct spelling is: unanimously
Common misspellings of the word unanimously are:
How do you spell unanimously?. It is not
 - adj.
 1. Sharing the same opinions or views; being in complete harmony or accord.
 2. Based on or characterized by complete assent or agreement.
 [From Latin Å«nanimus : Å«nus, one + animus, mind.]
 unanimously uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ly adv.
 unanimousness uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ness n.
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Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor
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Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor
Developer(s) New World Computing
Publisher(s) 3DO
Designer(s) Jon Van Caneghem(producer) Kieth Francart (Director)
Composer(s) Paul Romero
Series Might and Magic
Platform(s) Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) 1999
Genre(s) Role-playing video game
Mode(s) Single player
Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor is a role-playing game published in 1999 by 3DO and developed by New World Computing, and is the predecessor of Might and Magic VIII: Day of the Destroyer. It is the sequel to Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven and, in a way, Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra.
At the end of Might and Magic III, the eight main characters piloted a seedship named "the Lincoln" in pursuit of the Guardians Corak and Sheltem. However, rather than landing on the world of Xeen as the Guardians did, they drifted off-course and eventually crash-landed in the seas on the distant planet of Enroth. After an ensuing disagreement, the eight characters split up into two groups - one "good" and one "evil" - and begin to explore the nearby continent of Antagarich, each with their own agenda.
Meanwhile, having fled from the continent of Enroth after the events of Might and Magic VI, Archibald Ironfist, the brother of King Roland, takes up residence on the continent of Antagarich, forging an alliance with the Necromancers of Deyja and becoming their leader. Meanwhile, the wealthy Lord Markham announces a scavenger hunt on Emerald Isle - first prize is the deed to the somewhat neglected Castle Harmondale - and a new party of player characters takes up the challenge. From there, the party's status in Antagarich begins to escalate until, eventually, the fate of the world lies, as always, in their hands.
The "good" four Might and Magic III characters, led by the Cleric Resurrectra, reach the southern Wizard kingdom of Bracada and become the advisors of the Immortal King, Gavin Magnus. They begin to research a means of reawakening a forgotten Gate created by the Ancients, capable of allowing them to reach the two warring Guardians and perhaps even the enigmatic Ancients themselves. The "evil" characters, led by the dark Sorcerer Kastore, intend to use the same research to revive the Ancients' broken Heavenly Forge, capable of creating futuristic weaponry beyond compare. With these weapons, they can easily conquer the entire continent. The four villains travel to Deyja where they become apparent "advisors" to Archibald Ironfist.
The four player characters, now the rulers of Harmondale, are eventually presented with a choice - join with Resurrectra and Magnus in reviving the Gate, thus committing themselves to the "good" side, or assist Kastore and his associates in awakening the Forge, joining the "evil" alignment. During their adventures, subplots from the Heroes of Might and Magic series as well as some from the previous installment, Might and Magic VI, spill over into their quest.
A plot twist occurs during the course of the game in which Archibald is essentially deposed by Kastore. Overcome by weariness and guilt for his past crimes, Archibald contacts the player characters (regardless of their alignment) and offers his aid in rescuing his captive brother, Roland, from the hands of the diabolical Kreegans. In a bizarre turn of events, Roland's wife, Queen Catherine Gryphonheart, has recently returned to her homeland of Erathia and also offers her aid. The player characters destroy the Kreegan monarch, Xenofex, and the Ironfists are reunited. The reformed Archibald renounces his claim to Enroth's throne, and departs in peace. This subplot directly relates to the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.
The game has two different endings depending on the party's chosen alignment. The final quest for both sides involves entering the eight Terrans' sunken seedship, the Lincoln, and retrieving the Osciliation Overthruster, the final device needed to power each side's respective instrument of victory.
Resurrectra's party uses the Overthruster to repair the Gate, thus being transported to a neighbouring space station where the party meets Corak (that is, a second C.O.R.A.K. module Guardian - another appeared throughout Might and Magic II-V) who reveals the nature of the Ancients' war.
If the player presents the Overthruster to Kastore, his party uses it to revive the Heavenly Forge, thus producing an endless supply of futuristic weaponry capable of dominating the world. This ending was planned to be canonical, leading into the events of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade.
In addition to the main quest line (described above), there are 18 side-quests available. Two of the side-quests involve the minigame Arcomage. The first is to obtain a set of Arcomage cards and once this has been done, the player may play Arcomage in all of the taverns in Antagarich. The second is to win a game of Arcomage at each of the 13 taverns in Antagarich. There are also a number of "promotion" quests, by which characters of a certain type (such as sorcerers) can be promoted to a more advanced similar class (wizards, in this example). Each class has an associated generic promotion quest, completion of which makes a light-specific or dark-specific promotion quest available later in the game.
There are two unique twists in the game which were not found in the previous. Both these choices are involved with the dispute between the warring factions of Avlee and Erathia over ownership of Castle Harmondale. First, the player can find an artifact coveted by two factions and has the opportunity to give it to one side or the other. The choice will make the player a subject of the favoured faction. The player may also choose to hand over the artifact to the Arbiter of the dispute, which will later grant the player's realm independence. Second, the player is ultimately forced to choose between serving Light or Darkness, a decision made by which arbiter the player chooses for the Avlee/Erathia conflict. Once the choice is made the game display permanently changes color to either white or black, and a number of additional quests become available.
Both paths have unique classes—for example, a Crusader can become a Hero (light) or a Villain (dark) -- and certain quests are only accessible to one side or the other. If Light is chosen, then the guards in all Darkness-aligned towns become hostile towards the player, and vice versa.
Aggregate scores
Aggregator Score
GameRankings 76%
Review scores
Publication Score
GamePro 4 of 5
GameSpot 8.4 of 10
IGN 7.7 of 10
The game received quite positive reviews upon release and was considered to be an excellent entry in the series, albeit not up to par with some notable earlier titles such as Might and Magic V or VI.
External links[edit]


Students in middle, high school can explore engineering careers at four summer camps
College of Engineering and Engineering Technology summer campEver wonder how to make a car run on renewable energy? Want to learn how fruit can generate electricity?
NIU's College of Engineering and Engineering Technology (CEET) summer camps offer fun and easy ways for high school and middle school students to learn and explore the engineering field.
CEET offers a number of summer camps for teens, along with one camp for freshman engineering and engineering technology students.
In Introduction to Nanotechnology Summer Camp program, high school students are given information about nanoscience and nanotechnology and the unique properties of the nanoscale. Nanotechnology and nanoscience study tiny atoms and molecules to create smaller, cheaper and lighter devices that use less material and energy. The camp also discusses nanotechnology and nanoscience as careers with many opportunities.
The Green Energy program reaches out to middle school students and teaches how to use natural resources efficiently. Students will have the chance to work with wind and solar energy resources, wind farm technology and have the opportunity to work with model homes that are powered by solar voltaic cells, which converts the energy of light directly into electricity.
NIU-EEP logoThe Enhancing Engineering Pathways (EEP) is a summer program steered toward high school students and middle school students through the Girl Scouts organization. Cadettes and Senior Girl Scouts are introduced to the engineering field through hand-on activities such as trying to generate electricity from using lemons, discussions and fields trips. The EEP also has a mentoring program to connect women engineering professionals and engineering students with Senior Cadettes and Girl Scouts.
The Math Bridge Program is available to incoming engineering and engineering technology students looking to improve their math placement status. The Math Bridge Programs helps recognize weaknesses found in students mathematical skills and seeks to improve them once fall semester begins. This helps engineering students to immediately enroll in upper-level math classes that are prerequisites to other CEET courses, allowing them to stay on track and graduate on time.
"Providing summer camp programs helps the community learn about engineering while also being affordable," program director Suma Rajashankar said. "Middle and high school students are able to experience college life and interact with graduate and undergraduate engineering students."
For more information and to register, visit
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What should I know about travel to the United States for medical treatment?
To travel to the United States for medical treatment, it is necessary to apply for a visa at the US consulate in your country. The visa requested is a general nonimmigrant visa (B-2). There is no special visa to travel for medical treatment. To determine your eligibility for a visa, you must contact the American embassy in your country. In addition to the general documents that must be completed to apply for a B-2 visa, you will need the following documents to apply for a visa for medical treatment:
1. A professional diagnosis by a physician in your country of origin, describing your current health condition and why treatment should be conducted in the United States.
2. An official letter from the doctor or hospital in the United States to confirm they are accepting patients for treatment. This document must carry a full report on the estimated cost and duration of treatment. The estimated cost must include all costs of treatment and medical care.
3. Proof that you can pay the full cost of treatment. If you will not pay your own expenses, you will need a letter from the individual or organization that will take care of expenses including medical, transport costs and accommodation expenses. You must show evidence of being able to pay the costs, either in the form of bank statements or other forms of proof of income, savings, or certified copies of tax payments.
4. Proof of economic, social and professional ties that require you to return home after completing medical treatment.
Start your visa application process well in advance of the scheduled date of travel and do not make concrete travel plans or buy tickets until the visa has been issued. The Lupus Foundation of America cannot serve as a visa sponsor. In addition to the US Consulate in your country, you can find more information on the website of the United States Department of State.


text:
Just for curiosity I have done a quick web-search and I have seen that some people are studying manifolds with amenable fundamental group. On the other hand, any finitely presented group and then, in particular, Thompson's group arises as the fundamental group of a compact 4-manifold. So I have a series of questions:
Question 1: Is there any characterizing property of 4-manifolds having amenable fundamental group?
Question 2: Is there any explicit way to construct a 4-manifold whose fundamental group is the Thompson group $F$?
Mark Sapir's answer below says that something is known, but not enough to help for proving/disproving amenability of $F$.
The last question is very general:
Question 3: Is there anybody who's approaching the amenability of $F$ in this way, i.e. studying particular topological properties of a 4-manifold whose fundamental group is $F$?
Also in this case Mark Sapir's answer below shows that some (unsuccessful) attempt was made. Does anybody know something more?
Thanks in advance,


text:
The Feminist Press is seeking a full-time editorial assistant who is passionate and knowledgeable about feminist, mission-driven publishing. The Editorial Assistant is responsible for providing administrative and editorial support to the Senior Editor as well as the Executive Director, involved in all stages of the acquisition, editorial, and book-making processes.
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
- Copyediting and proofreading manuscripts and contributing to overall publishing strategy.
- Proofreading publicity and marketing materials, grants, and other office collateral.
- Reading, tracking, and reporting on agented and unsolicited submissions.
- Assisting with CIP and copyright tracking and application processes.
- Administrative management: handling mail; organizing and maintaining files; scheduling, photocopying, printing, and emailing.
- Managing and preparing manuscripts in all stages of production.
- Providing foreign rights support, liaising with subagents, rights-fair scheduling, pitching, and creating promotional materials.
- Managing digital production of all titles.
- Generating promotional copy for catalogs, book jackets, and sales-related materials.
- Professionally interacting with authors, production, marketing, and other staff to relay messages and follow up on requests/information.
- Providing support at book launches, book-selling opportunities, and fundraising events.
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Required:
- Bachelor's degree and a minimum of one year of relevant administrative, publishing, or media experience preferred (internships ok).
- Must be able to work full business hours from FP's New York City office.
- Demonstrated knowledge of and strong interest in intersectional feminism, social justice, literary fiction, activist nonfiction, and feminist children's books.
- Excellent organizational, administrative, verbal, and written communications skills.
- Must develop internal and external rapport with all levels of FP stakeholders. Must be a team player who is capable of handling sensitive, critical information, and is open to receiving feedback and directions.
- Must possess a "can do" attitude. Candidates must be proactive, self-directed, and flexible in a rapidly changing environment.
- Proven ability to multitask, prioritize, and manage time effectively while demonstrating good follow up and follow through.
- Must be detailed oriented and diligent about ensuring that all aspects of their daily activities are handled with accuracy.
- Proficiency in Word, Excel, Acrobat, and Chicago style. InDesign skills are a plus.
- One to two page writing sample required, along with three references.
- You will also be asked to take a copyediting test.
Salary commensurate on experience, ranging from $31,000 to $35,000, and full benefits offered.
How To Apply
Please email your cover letter, resume, writing sample, and references as PDFs to _EMAIL_. Subject line should read: Editorial Assistant – Your Full Name. No phone calls please. Deadline is September 4.
The Feminist Press is an educational nonprofit organization founded to advance women's rights and amplify feminist perspectives. FP publishes classic and new writing from around the world, creates cutting-edge programs, and elevates silenced and marginalized voices in order to support personal transformation and social justice for all people.
The Feminist Press is an equal employment opportunity organization and does not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment on the basis of sex, race, age, creed, ethnicity, disability, marital or parenting status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. We actively seek to maintain a diverse staff.


From: Stewart Martinsen (
Date: Wed Jun 09 1999 - 14:47:51 PDT
Thank you for your light discussion...
I have a question about the light emitted form the sun (peak) and
reflected from a full moon (peak). How much brighter is the sun at noon
day at the equator, on either the spring or fall equinox than that of
the reflected light of a full moon (when every it is most intense).
In lumens per square foot is it close to?:
 Sun = 10,000 lumens per sq/f.
 Full Moon =.03 lumens per sq/f.
And what percentage of solar radiation is reflected or absorbed by the
earths atmosphere?
I have searched high and low for these stats. Can you help?
Thank you


Animated Alien Ship in the Sky using jQuery Spritely
Animation, CSS, jQuery, Tutorials 5 responses so far
Hundreds of light years (now don't ask me what is a light year, all I know it is same as a regular year, but with less calories!) away from the galaxy there lived a super intelligent species with big eyes & green naked (or wearing some sort of green bio-mechanical suit!) skin called extrachlorophylletron in the planet discotin, they have been found rarely in the sky of earth traveling around with their domed ship (rocket guys call it an UFO!).
Well, since the first episode we have tested the moving clouds animation using jQuery Spritely plugin 0.6 and in this sequel we are interested to have sprite or flying object in that sky. Also, earlier we used Spritely's pan() feature to animate the clouds and here we will experiment sprite animation using sprite() feature, behold! an alien ship is headed towards the earth.
alien ship image using jquery spritely
Figure: Alien ship in the sky
Sprites! (Sounds like Coke & Sprite?)
Before get our hands into sprite animation, we've played video games like Mario in the Super Mario, fighters in the Street Fighters or say, in movie, like fire breathing Balrog in the "The Lord of The Rings" and there are object(s) flying or moving around the game canvas, those are generally sprites. A Sprite composed with several images of an object together, played sequentially to animate an action and you may add certain controls to them.
So in our tutorial, we will design a flying alien ship (the sprite) with spinning at left or right behavior with sequence of frames like below:
alien ship sprite figure frame
Figure: frames for spinning to left/right
At the above figure, the first row (1) contains three (3) frames (each object at the above figure represents each frame of 180×180) for the spin towards right. In each next frame of the first row, we created white dashed marks on the dark green disk-shaped body and placed/moved them towards more right side, changed the position of the three rounded landers by few pixels to give a shaky feel. And the bottom row (2) contains three (3) frames for the spin towards left.
Checkout the spin direction diagram and a tap/click in the screen attracts the ship to that point with the same spin:
alien ship spin and flight direction sprite
Figure: spin & flight direction diagram
Lets build the following scenarios (you must go through the first episode of this tutorial to understand the rest):
Scenario: We need a Ship in the sky with a green Alien inside (a pilot!).
Add the following CSS class for the ".alien-ship":
.alien-ship {
 background: transparent url(img/sprit-space-ship.png) 0 0 no-repeat;
 position: absolute;
 top: 150px;
 left: 65px;
 width: 180px;
 height: 180px;
 z-index: 2000;
 cursor: pointer;
You can see that, the class is of 180×180, so the following DIV with the class "alien-ship" will display single frame of the ship as background of it. Spritely shows the frames serially by changing background position of the DIV.
alien ship sprite
Figure: the Ship
Scenario: The ship needs a spin.
Lets, invoke Spritely's sprite() feature on the alien-ship DIV like below:
$(document).ready(function() {
 $('_TAG_-ship').sprite({ fps: 9, no_of_frames: 3 });
The above code will position the background frame, 9 frames per second using the given 3.
Scenario: The ship will fly within an area randomly.
Like the following code, using spRandom() method, we can define the boundary of the random movement.
 .spRandom({top: 50, bottom: 200, left: 300, right: 320});
Scenario: Fly the ship at the Tap location (cool for touch works!).
To make the mouse attract the sprite when you click/tap the screen, use this:
The active() method makes this sprite the active sprite on launch – otherwise a sprite with activeOnClick() becomes active only when you click it (or touch it using an iPhone/iPad).
The $('body').flyToTap() method watches for a click on the page at which point, after any current move is complete, the sprite moves to the clicked location. After a few second, if a random movement method has been applied (see spRandom()), it then moves away again.
Scenario: Spin the ship into both directions.
The following method displays frames from the first row (Spin right):
The following method displays frames from the second row (Spin left):
Here, state 1 and 2 are row numbers and may add another row for another movement sequence.
Scenario: Controls in hand.
Check out the demo & source codes given at download section.
(If any extrachlorophylletrons reading this, advance sorry from a human for any misrepresentation of your funkiness)
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PHP Hacker, Foss advocate, Community activist, Author of the book PHP Application Development with NetBeans: Beginner's Guide, open for project consultancy.
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 - Website Development Company in Delhi
 Very Nice Post!!!
 - Jiwan Tamang
 Thank you for providing very useful information to us…
 - Lonna
 "Animated Alien Ship in the Sky using jQuery SpritelyWeb Development Blog"
 T I S was indeed a wonderful post and also I personally was indeed
 pretty joyful to come across it. I appreciate it,
 - David
 Is there a way to make the ship clickable? Like onclick have a window pop up? Thanks for this! its awesome
 - Saumya
 This also has conflict with the latest jquery. Please let me know how to compatible this great plugins with latest jquery


text:
Pacific DC Intertie
The Pacific DC Intertie (also called Path 65) is an electric power transmission line that transmits electricity from the Pacific Northwest to the Los Angeles area using high voltage direct current (HVDC). The line capacity is 3,100 megawatts, which is enough to serve two to three million Los Angeles households and is 48.7% of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) electrical system's peak capacity.
The intertie originates near the Columbia River at the Celilo Converter Station on Bonneville Power Administration's grid outside The Dalles, Oregon and is connected exclusively to the Sylmar Converter Station north of Los Angeles, which is owned by five utility companies and managed by LADWP. The Intertie can transmit power in either direction, but power flows mostly from north to south.
The idea of shipping hydroelectric power to Southern California had been proposed as early as the 1930s, but was opposed and scrapped. By 1961, US president John F. Kennedy authorized a large public works project, using new high voltage direct current technology from Sweden. The project was undertaken as a close collaboration between General Electric of the US and ASEA of Sweden. Private California power companies opposed the project but their technical objections were rebutted by Uno Lamm of ASEA at the IEEE meeting in New York in 1963. When completed in 1970 the combined AC and DC transmission system was estimated to save consumers in Los Angeles approximately US $600,000 per day by use of electric power from projects on the Columbia River.
The Pacific Intertie takes advantage of differing power demand patterns between the northwestern and southwestern US. During winter, the northern region operates electrical heating devices while the southern portion uses relatively little electricity. In summer, the north uses little electricity while the south reaches peak demand due to air conditioning usage. Any time the Intertie demand lessens, the excess is distributed elsewhere on the western power grid (states west of the Great Plains, including Colorado and New Mexico).
The Pacific Intertie consists of:
- The Celilo Converter Station which converts three phase 60 Hz AC at 235 to 525 kV to ±500 kV DC at Coordinates:.
- The grounding system at Celilo consists of 1,067 cast iron anodes buried in a two foot trench of petroleum coke, which behaves as an electrode, arranged in a ring of 3,255 m (2.02 mi) circumference at Rice Flats (near Rice, Oregon), which is 10.6 km (6.6 mi) SSE of Celilo. It is connected to the converter station by two aerial 644 mm2 steel-reinforced aluminum (ACSR) cables, which end at a strainer situated at.
- A 1,362-kilometre (846 mi) overhead transmission line consisting of two uninsulated conductors each 1,171 mm2 in cross sectional area, containing a steel wire core for strength.
- The Sylmar Converter Station ( ) which converts DC to AC (a process also called inverting) and phase-synchronized with the L.A. power grid.
- The Sylmar grounding system is a line of 24 silicon-iron alloy electrodes submerged in the Pacific Ocean at Will Rogers State Beach suspended in concrete enclosures about one meter above the ocean floor. The grounding array, which is 48 km (30 mi) from the converter station and is connected by a pair of 644 mm2 aluminum conductors, which are in the sections north of Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower at installed instead of the ground conductors on the pylons. It runs from Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower, via DWP Receiving Station U, Southern California Edison Northridge Substation and Rinaldi Electrical Substation to Sylmar Converter Station. On the section between Northridge substation and Rinaldi Street substation one of the two ground conductors of 2 parallel running 220 kV powerlines is used as electrode line conductor.
- The combined wires have a capacity of 3.1 gigawatts in bipolar mode.
The first phase of the scheme, completed in May 1970, used only mercury-arc valves in the converters. The valves were series connected in three six-pulse valve bridges for each pole. The blocking voltage of the valves was 133 kV with a maximum current of 1,800 amperes, for a transmission rating of 1,440 MW with a symmetrical voltage of 400 kV with respect to earth. The line is the DC part of a system of four 500 kV lines that connect the Pacific Northwest with the Southwest; the AC part is Path 15. This is one of two HVDC lines serving Los Angeles, the other is the Path 27.
- In 1972, after the Sylmar earthquake, the Sylmar Converter Station had to be reconstructed due to extensive damage.
- In 1982, the power rating of the mercury arc valve rectifiers was raised by various improvements to 1,600 MW.
- In 1984, the transmission voltage was pushed to 500 kV and the transmission power was increased to 2,000 MW by adding one six-pulse thyristor valve group rated at 100 kV to each pole.
- In 1989, a further increase of the transmission power to 3,100 MW took place by installing a 1,100 MW parallel connected thyristor converter in Celilo and Sylmar, the so-called Pacific Intertie Expansion
- In 1993, one pole of the Pacific Intertie Expansion converter station at Sylmar was completely destroyed by fire. The converter was replaced in 1994/5 by Siemens.
- 2004, Sylmar East station situated at ABB. In parallel with this project, the six-pulse mercury arc valves at the Celilo Converter Station were replaced with Siemens light-triggered thyristors (MARP replacement). was upgraded from 1,100 MW to 3,100 MW (rededicated as the Sylmar Converter Station in 2005). The controls and older converters, including the mercury arc valves, were completely replaced by a single pair of 3,100 MW 12-pulse converters built by
The Pacific DC Intertie along a service road paralleling Highway 395. Many of the towers of the Intertie are of this simple, slender design
The slender tower is supported laterally by four guy-wires
See also
- Sharon Bernstein and Amanda Covarrubias, Times Staff Writers (September 10, 2006). "Heat Wave Caught DWP Unprepared". L.A. Times online. Retrieved 2006-09-11.[dead link]
- Prabha Kundur, Powertech Labs Inc. (October 3, 2003). "Power System Security in the New Industry Environment: Challenges and Solutions" (powerpoint). IEEE. p. 17. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
- "The Pacific Intertie Scheme". Bonneville Power Administration. 2000-11-03. Archived from the original on 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp57-62.
- Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 136, February 1999.
- Christl, N., Faehnrich, W., Lips, P., Rasmussen, F., Sadek, K.,Thyristor Valve Replacement Of The Pacific Intertie Expansion Sylmar East 500 Kv Hvdc Converter Station, IEE Sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission(Conf. Publ. No. 423), 1996.
- ABB Rededicates Sylmar Converter Station, 24 March 2005.
More on the ABB website on Pacific HVDC Intertie:
- aerial photo of Sylmar inverter plant


text:
A journal of collision
Attentat is intended to explore the collision between anarchist and nihilist ideas. The position itself is more about the collision than about words (or labels). For too long we have suffered the limitations of words and identities that collapse into insignificance. That crumble before gaining the corresponding heft of a weapon or tool one is led to believe they will develop into. The big ideas the 19th and 20th century have to be recognized as not important in the same way anymore. Still around, haunting, but not on the tips of our tongues or the back of our minds.
Attentat explores a history and set of ideas intended to collide with what exists and explode!
Table of Contents
Art of Nothing
The Black Banner (Черное Знамия)
A Critique of Critique
A Howl Against Marx
Professional Anarchy and Theoretical Disarmament: On Insurrectionalism
Insurrectionary Anarchism as Activism
History as Decomposition
Attentat: Nihilism as Strategy II
Where can you find this? How about Little Black Cart!


text:
The surname labbel was first used as a surname by the people of ancient French region of Gascogne
. It was a name for a person distinguished by great physical beauty. Interestingly, the name labbel was originally derived from the Old French words la belle, which means beautiful.
Early Origins of the labbel family
The surname labbel was first found in Gascony (French: Gascogne), an area of southwest France bordering Spain
, that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution, where they held a family seat
in the honor of the seigneurie of De Labels, a village in the Basses-Pyrénées in the arrondisement of de Mauléon.
The Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae also lists Le Bel in Normandy in 1189. CITATION[CLOSE]
The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States Of America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1975. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0636-X) One of the earliest notables of the family was Jean Le Bel (c. _PHONE_), a Flemish chronicle and soldier. He was one of the first chroniclers to write in French instead of Latin. As a soldier, he joined with Jean, Count de Beaumont on his travels to England and Scotland in 1327.
Early History of the labbel family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our labbel research.Another 125 words (9 lines of text) covering the years 1650, 1573, 1674, 1734, 1703, 1696 and 1768 are included under the topic Early labbel History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
labbel Spelling Variations
French surnames were subject to numerous alterations in spelling because of the various cultural groups that inhabited specific regions. Eventually, each region possessed its own local
dialect of the French language. The early development of the French language, however, was also influenced by other languages. For example, Old French was infused with Germanic words and sounds when barbarian tribes invaded and settled in France after the fall of the Roman Empire
. Middle French also borrowed heavily from the Italian language during the Renaissance
. As a result of these linguistic and cultural influences, the name labbel is distinguished by a number of regional variations. The many spelling variations
of the name include Lebel, LeBel, LaBelle, Belle, Bell, Labelle, Label, LaBell, LaBel, LeBelle, LeBaile, LaBaile, Lebaile and many more.
Early Notables of the labbel family (pre 1700)
Notable amongst the family at this time was Firmin Lebel (d. 1573), French composer and choir director; Alexis-Simon Belle (_PHONE_), French painter, member of well known family of painters... Another 29 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early labbel Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the labbel family to the New World and Oceana
In 1643, 109 years after the first landings by Cartier, there were only about 300 people in Quebec. Migration was slow. The fur trade attracted migrants, both noble and commoner. By 1675, there were 7000 French in Quebec. By the same year the French Acadian presence in the Maritimes had reached 500. The French founded Lower Canada, thus becoming one of the two great founding nations of Canada. The family name labbel has made many distinguished contributions in France and New France to the world of science, culture, religion, and education. Amongst the settlers in North America with this distinguished name labbel were Nicolas Lebel who arrived in Quebec from Normandy
in 1657; Pierre Lebel arrived in Quebec from Ile-de-France in 1724; Guillaume LaBelle arrived in Quebec from Normandy


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
An epic in Latin hexameters by Lucan. The battle of Pharsalia was between Pompey and Cæsar. Pompey had 45,000 legionaries, 7,000 cavalry, and a large number of auxiliaries; Cæsar had 22,000 legionaries and 1,000 cavalry. Pompeys battle-cry was Hercules invictus; that of Cæsar was Venus victrix. On this occasion Cæsar won the battle.


The Nori Carbon Removal Marketplace
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Using innovative carbon removal solutions, we empower forward-thinking organizations and artists to create positive brand perceptions while they do their part to reverse climate change. See who's leading the way:
Imogen Heap
Grammy winning musician Imogen Heap uses Nori to offset NFT purchases
NFTb partners with Nori to enable artists to reduce the environmental impact of selling NFTs
Shopify uses Nori to remove CO2 associated with shipping products for Black Friday & Cyber Monday
The Sandbox
Popular video game, The Sandbox, reverses carbon emissions from in-game NFTs
How Nori Works
Here's the gist of how the Nori Marketplace works. Want more information? Dive into the details
1. Farmers Remove Carbon
By using sustainable farming practices, farmers remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in their soil.
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Carbon removals are quantified and verified by an independent third party before being listed in the marketplace.
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Farmers Like Trey Are Directly Rewarded by Your Support
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text:
GameObjects are the fundamental objects in Unity that represent characters, props and scenery. Basically everything you create in Unity will be a GameObject. There are two main types of GameObject you can use to import Harmony data:
- Create Empty
- Create Other > Plane
To understand the process fully, there are two examples using an empty GameObject and a plane GameObject with the SpaceCat demo file. Everything you do will be based on the GameObject you create to load your Harmony data.


text: Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), as a conserved family of ATP-independent molecular chaperones, are known to bind non-native substrate proteins and facilitate the substrate refolding in cooperation with ATP-dependent chaperones (e.g., DnaK and ClpB). However, how different sHSPs function in coordination is poorly understood. Here we report that IbpA and IbpB, the two sHSPs of Escherichia coli, are coordinated by synchronizing their differential in vivo degradation. Whereas the individually expressed IbpA and IbpB are respectively degraded slowly and rapidly in cells cultured under both heat shock and normal conditions, their simultaneous expression leads to a synchronized degradation at a moderate rate. Apparently, such synchronization is linked to their hetero-oligomerization and cooperation in binding substrate proteins. In addition, truncation of the flexible N- and C-terminal tails dramatically suppresses the IbpB degradation, and somehow accelerates the IbpA degradation. In view of these in vivo data, we propose that the synchronized degradation for IbpA and IbpB are crucial for their synergistic promoting effect on DnaK/ClpB-mediated substrate refolding, conceivably via the formation of IbpA-IbpB-substrate complexes. This scenario may be common for different sHSPs that interact with each other in cells.


Province and Sedimentary Basin Geology
Go to the Petroleum Geology pagePetroleum Geology
Australia is relatively under-explored by international standards. Obtaining basic geoscience knowledge is important for attracting international investment in exploration. Such knowledge helps sustain Australia's oil and gas self-sufficiency.
Link to Coal Geology Coal Geology
Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from ancient vegetation which has been consolidated between other rock strata and transformed by the combined effects of microbial action, pressure and heat over a considerable time period.
Link to Uranium and Thorium Geology Uranium and Thorium Geology
Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive element which is found in the Earth mainly in oxides, silicates, carbonates and phosphates. Australia is host to the world's largest resource of easily recoverable uranium, and is a leading exporter of uranium worldwide.


Who Invented Dell Computers?
Computers have revolutionized the food and beverage industry as they have nearly every other industry. Programmer Arthur Samuels used the 701 to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler.
In 1999, Dell became the largest personal computer seller when they took over Compaq computers. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. A joint project of England's Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchester's computer lab begins exploring transistor technology.
What Is A Computer?
Low Cost Computer
Personal Computer gaming is and always will be the most powerful gaming platform. They turn the program designs created by software developers and engineers into instructions that a computer can follow. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine".
Instead of using the traditional keyboard in desktop and laptop PCs tablets use a stylus or finger touch. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.
Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of … Read More..
Read more


text:
Difference between type and class
Nikolaus at rath.org
Thu Jul 31 16:46:28 CEST 2008
Maric Michaud writes:
>> > Can someone explain to me the difference between a type and a class?
>> If your confusion is of a more general nature I suggest reading the
>> introduction of 'Design Patterns' (ISBN-10: _PHONE_), under
>> 'Specifying Object Interfaces'.
>> In short: A type denotes a certain interface, i.e. a set of signatures,
>> whereas a class tells us how an object is implemented (like a
>> blueprint). A class can have many types if it implements all their
>> interfaces, and different classes can have the same type if they share a
>> common interface. The following example should clarify matters:
> Of course, this is what a type means in certain literature about OO
> (java-ish), but this absolutely not what type means in Python. Types
> are a family of object with a certain status, and they're type is
> "type", conventionnaly named a metatype in standard OO.
Hmm. Now you have said a lot about Python objects and their type, but
you still haven't said what a type actually is (in Python) and in what
way it is different from a class. Or did I miss something?
»It is not worth an intelligent man's time to be in the majority.
By definition, there are already enough people to do that.«
PGP fingerprint: 5B93 61F8 4EA2 E279 ABF6 02CF A9AD B7F8 AE4E 425C
More information about the Python-list


text:
August 10, 2010 > Free vision curriculum guides available
Free vision curriculum guides available
Submitted By Natalie Wolfrom
In today's economy, educational tools are expensive for both students and educators. School textbook prices have risen alarmingly in recent years; depending on the subject, a single elementary textbook can range in price from $30 to $100.
For 30 years, the Foundation of the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Museum of Vision has provided educational materials for physicians, teachers, and parents interested in teaching children about the eye, vision, and ophthalmology. The museum has created an entire curriculum to teach children about the fascinating and spectacular science of vision. The museum's materials are suitable for ages 10-14, but can be adapted for other age groups.
The free teacher workbooks created by the museum focus on the human eye, the differences between human and animal vision, perspective, and how the brain processes images like optical illusions and 3D. The guides are filled with discussion points and fun interactive activities. Each guide can be downloaded at _URL_ and is free of charge:
Eye Openers: Exploring Optical Illusions is designed to help educators teach basic concepts of vision including binocular vision, persistence of vision, and eye-brain connection. It includes activities for youngsters and provides appropriate handouts.
Animal Eyes(r) describes the basic concepts of vision and explores the amazing eyes of the animal kingdom. The booklet teaches about the human visual system, how human eyes differ from animal eyes, seeing in the dark, and color vision.
Art and Vision: Seeing in 3D(r) describes the concepts of vision and special visual techniques that help to create the illusion of depth. It includes sections on size scaling, overlapping, atmospheric perspective, and linear perspective.
"I am very appreciative of the [educational] materials. I know that they would be very helpful for me in teaching my students about the eye and its wonders," said Scott A. Blanchard, teacher at the Biscotti Educational Center, in Macomb, Michigan.
Those interested in getting the curriculum guides can download the free PDF version online by visiting _URL_ Once there, click on the link "Read More" found under any of the three booklets. A new page will open with the appropriate booklet information. Scroll to the bottom of the page to find a free downloadable version of the booklet.
The Museum of Vision is an educational program of The Foundation of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. It is the only institution in the United States whose sole purpose is to preserve the history of ophthalmology and celebrate its unique contributions to science and health. For more information on the Museum of Vision, visit _URL_.


text:
According to the list of "Top-notch Students in Basic Subjects Cultivation Program 2.0 Bases (2020)" released by the Ministry of Education, four bases of ECNU were selected. They are, the top-notch bases for mathematics, for physics, for geoscience and for psychology of "Yaoxiang Class".
The national top-notch bases will establish and improve its systems and mechanisms to cultivate cutting-edge students majoring in basic subjects of different fields, guide outstanding students into basic scientific research, and create a favorable atmosphere for the development of top-notch talents in basic subjects. The purpose is to reform and innovate educational concepts and models, as well as teaching content and methods. Moreover, these bases will explore in this field and accumulate experience and excellent cases that can be popularized, so as to form a world-level top-notch talent cultivation system for basic disciplines with Chinese characteristics. They are expected to cultivate a number of outstanding talents who can scale the height of scientific research and promote scientific and cultural development.
Source: Academic Affairs Office
Copy editor: Philip Nash
Editor: Yuan Yiwei


Home / Blog / Why January is known as 'Divorce Month'
Why January is known as 'Divorce Month'
Why January is known as 'Divorce Month'
 - Posted on
Either way, couples tend to allow the festive period to lapse prior to making any permanent decisions in relation to the future of the relationship. A couple already struggling in a marriage may be prompted to re-evaluate the decision to continue as part of the reflective process that comes with the advent of the new year. There is the added advantage of children in school being able to finish off the school year before any potential relocation as result of divorce takes place.
Another time-based incentive for issuing divorce proceedings in the new year is the reluctance to share any bonus dividends that may be expected later that year.
Regardless of the reason why the decision to divorce has been taken or whether it is reciprocated, the process can be made bearable and even civil if both parties recognise the fact that there are significant issues at play which need to be addressed rather than ignored.
Some parties delay taking the step to divorce as they fear being labelled selfish and do not wish to bear the brunt of the party to dissolve the family unit. This goes hand in hand with the reluctance to prioritise personal wellbeing and one's happiness first at the risk of upsetting or disrupting others.
The stigma attached to the divorce procedure is lessening and more and more, parties are able to reach an amicable and conflict free resolution to the marriage, as long as they are both on the same page and are willing to facilitate the process to the best of their abilities.
It is never in parties' best interests to engage in protracted and adversarial litigation where the divorce process is concerned, adding to time and costs involved. To that effect, lawyer led negotiations, mediation and round table conferences are preferred sources of alternative dispute resolution in family cases, with most jurisdictions around the world not allowing parties to issue court proceedings unless these have been at least attempted.
It is highly recommended to consult with family lawyers practising in the jurisdiction of choice for the divorce to ascertain the options available with the divorce process, whether there are children involved or not. If there are no children involved, it is recommended that parties channel their energies and resources in obtaining a financial clean break from each other. If it is the case that there are children of the family, the issue of their ongoing maintenance will also be up for discussion and negotiation.
Notwithstanding the above, a timely consultation with family lawyers can also manage the temptation to issue proceedings hastily which can potentially lead to over generous offers being made on either side, setting the negotiation bar too high in the first instance.
Where children are involved, their best interests will always be served when parties are working together to reach agreement in matters relating to post divorce life and even when there are no children of the family involved, every effort should be made to part amicably insofar as is possible.
 How can we help?
 - Contact our offices
 - Make an enquiry


text:
A game has a solution with pure strategies if there is an element of the payoff matrix that is minimal in its row and maximal in its column. The value of the game is then the value of that element.
In the example in the spreadsheet, the element in row A2 and column B3 has that property.
An easy way to determine whether there is a solution with pure strategies is to circle the minimal element(s) in each row, and to put a square box round the maximal element(s) in each column. You then just have to look and see if there is an element that is both circled and boxed.


text:
To build a curriculum on positive deviance journalism for reporters and editors, and provide mentors to newsrooms helping them develop editorial strategies that look for positive trends in health data.
The Solutions Journalism Network seeks to broaden the role of journalism: it should not just uncover society's ills, but also report on responses to those problems. Founded by writers of the New York Times "Fixes" column, the Network works with newsrooms looking to include regular coverage of how communities, individuals and institutions are addressing challenges – and what society can learn from such efforts. Using this framework, the Solutions Journalism Network will collaborate with partner newsrooms and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to scan data sets for "positive deviance" in the health sector— examples of promising health results that could lead to important stories. For example, journalists in a city with large black/white disparities in preterm birth rates could identify cities that have reduced this gap, and report on how the gains were achieved. Expert coaching will help newsrooms find, vet, develop and write these stories.


The Amazon parrot is one of the many colorful parrots that fascinate large and small when it is seen in some exhibitions or in photographic reports of faraway places. However, he does not like to be understood as one of many and has his reasons. In this article we will find the reasons why it should be considered one of the most beautiful parrots to have live in a cage, or to have photographed maybe hanging on the wall of your office. Let's discover together the characteristics of the Amazon parrot.
They are medium-sized parrots that have as their natural habitat various very different countries where it is difficult to find a common factor, one thing is certain: they are not native to our country. They come mainly from South America, Central America and the states that are bathed by the Caribbean Sea.
Their green color, in almost the whole body, were it not for spots and patches that make them a sight to admire distinguishes them from other parrots, but not from all. As a bird it can be defined as a compact and robust structure, it is not huge but it is massive, the impression is also given by the fact that its tail is rather short and the beak can be said to be "stocky" and very strong.
As a character, our Amazon parrot is a rather sociable type with its own kind, it is not a solitary animal but tends to live in flocks or at least in family groups. Taken individually or together with others, it proves to be a very active and intelligent bird, tends to interact amicably with human beings towards which it has no prejudices of any kind and is predisposed to establish a relationship of mutual respect.
Oratrix amazon
White-fronted amazon
Blue-fronted Amazon xanthopteryx
Red-fronted Amazon
Amazon Ochrocephala
Amazon of Cuba
Amazon viridigenalis
Amazonic amazon


text:
Grade Range: 5-12
Resource Type(s): Interactives & Media, Reference Materials
Date Posted: 7/10/2012
In this post, students will learn about the oldest sound recordings preserved toda, found at the Museum. These experimental phonograms were made starting in 1881 by the Volta Laboratory Association, which consisted of telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell, scientific instrument maker Charles Sumner Tainter, and chemist Chichester A. Bell. Written by Dr. Patrick Feaster, an instructor in Folklore and Ethnomusicology at Indiana University and a Lemelson Center Fellow, this post is published on the Museum's "O Say Can You See?" blog.
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades K-4)
Historical Thinking Standards (Grades 5-12)
Standards in History (Grades K-4)
World History Standards (Grades 5-12)


text:
variancep — aggregate function to return the population variance of a range of values.
This function computes a value for each record returned by the query predicate, or from the specified column of a base table, and returns the population variance of those values.
This variancep() function is similar to the variance() function, but is calculated using the biased (or n) method. The variancep() function is usually used when the incoming data represents the entire population of data. Use variance() instead when the incoming data represents a random sample.
expr must include the name of a
column in a LiveView table, where that column's data type is int, long, or double.
The returned value is of type double.
This example shows how to use dynamic aggregation to find the population variance of the values in a column. In the Hello LiveView sample, create a query that finds the population variance of the quantityRemaining field from the ItemSales table, grouping by Item. Follow these steps:
In LiveView Desktop connected to a server running the Hello LiveView sample, select the ItemsSales table from the Tables pane of the LiveView Tables view.
In the Select field, enter:
category, variancep(quantityRemaining) AS popvarQuantity
In the Query field, enter the following:
group by category
The query results open in a grid view. LiveView Server recalculates the population variance value whenever the rows returned by the query predicate change.
This LiveView aggregate function is based on the variancep aggregate function in the StreamBase expression language.


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Book Reviews
The Promise of Christmas
The Sleighmaker
Reviewed by
Dana A. Lagmay linked the story of Jesus with the myth of Santa Claus in The First Christmas, the introductory volume in his The Promise of Christmas series. The second installment, The Sleighmaker, continues these threads. The new novel offers just enough background so that either story can be read independently, though more enjoyment will likely be garnered through reading the books together.
Twelve years after Jesus's birth, Prince Ezra—protagonist of both novels and son of King Caspar of Arabia, one of the Magi—is now married to Hannah, the beautiful Siberian Princess. They have two children together, a son and a daughter, Nikko and Dasha.
Near Jerusalem, Prince Ezra, King Caspar, Nikko, and their entourage come across Mary and Joseph, who are trying to find their son. Nikko and the others join the search for the boy and, in doing so, stumble upon thieves who want to kidnap them and hold them for ransom. Jesus comes to their rescue. He then presents a special gift to Prince Ezra and reminds him of a promise that was made a long time ago and still needs to be fulfilled.
Later, Ivan, former enemy of Prince Ezra and now a blacksmith in Siberia, builds a special sleigh that becomes instrumental in an unexpected, magical way. The sleigh, pulled by reindeer, is used as part of a rescue effort when Dasha and her Aunt Vera are kidnapped by the same thieves Prince Ezra encountered earlier.
Some of Lagmay's characters are one-dimensional and are moved around like chess pieces on the board of the narrative. Fortunately, other characters are strong and unforgettable, like Prince Ezra, Princess Hannah, Nikko, and Dasha. The relationship among these characters, like an engine of unconditional love, forms the heart of the novel. Such a strong core may allow some readers to overlook the typos, misspellings, and awkward sentence structure that are all abundant in the book.
The factor that most significantly affects the quality of the novel is that it is written in an inconsistent and clumsy present tense. Lagmay writes, "Jesus then handed the box with the carpenter tools to Ezra and offers him more to think about." In another example, he writes, "Prince Ezra cannot dismiss what Nikko has last said." Numerous instances of faulty syntax slow the pace of the narrative.
Additionally, it can be difficult to determine when scenes are transitioning. Weighty exposition at these points often creates a too-obvious sense of authorial intrusion. Many scenes in the book would be stronger had they been incorporated into the narrative as pieces of the story that show, rather than tell, what happens.
Lagmay's writing has sincerity and conveys a sense of spirituality and innocence that is similar to Helen Taylor's work in Little Pilgrim's Progress, an adaptation of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. The love and respect Lagmay clearly has for his characters is endearing to the extent that readers may be able to turn a blind eye to the novel's shortcomings.
A third volume in the series, The Promise of Christmas: The Promise Kept, is expected*.*
Comment on this book


text:
Search: chef's hat
Why: On When Parents Text:
Answer: La toque blanche! Like a tuque, only not Canadian. And its origins are legendary. Theories:
- Head cooks in Assyrian households were allowed to wear high cloth headdresses patterned on the crowns of their royal masters. This encouraged valuable servants to remain faithful to their masters, who lived in constant fear of being poisoned.
- The ribs or pleats in the headdress represented the ribs in the king's crown and were stitched into the cloth and stiffened with starch.
- The pleats - there are 100 of them - represent the 100 ways that a good chef should be able to cook eggs.
- Today's toque blanche is a result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks through the centuries.
French cooks of the 18th century generally wore the casque a meche or stocking cap, the colors of which varied according to rank. Mr. Boucher, chef to the French statesman Talleyrand (_PHONE_), is credited with introducing white as the standard color when he insisted for sanitary reasons that his cooks wear white caps. During this period, Spanish cooks wore berets of white wool or ticking; Germans wore pointed Napoleonic hats with a decorative tassel; the British wore starched Scotch caps and black skull caps sometimes referred to as librarians' caps. In addition to stocking caps, French pastry cooks wore a bank of linen or ticking with a central mound of the same fabric pleated on the edge. By the end of the 18th century, it was full, heavily starched and held in the middle with a circular whalebone, producing the effect of a halo. Under Napoleon III (_PHONE_), the Greek bonnet ornamented with a tassel was in vogue. Bald cooks purportedly wore caps in velour or heavy cloth while persons with hair wore them in linen or netting.
It's kind of gross that surgeons wear green and blue and chefs wear white, right? Shouldn't we all be washing our clothes of stains all the time, no matter how much food or blood is on them?
Source: Wikipedia, Chef Harvey
The More You Know: There are so, so many types of hats. I really don't like any of them, especially when they're purely ornamental. I hate hats, everyone.


Why is lotion so oily?
Why is oil so oily?
Oil lubricates things. A lubricant is a film of liquid that prevents parts from touching, so they slide easily past one another.
When you get a lubricant on your fingers, one finger can't feel the other – they only feel the lubricant. They slide past one another, and we say they feel oily, since most oils make good lubricants.
Lubricants generally work because their molecules bind more tightly to the parts that would otherwise rub together than they do to one another. The oil we add to our machines sticks to the metal parts, so it stays on the metal as a coating. But the coatings themselves do not stick to one another, and instead just glide by.
Oil on your fingers works the same way, to make your fingers slip past one another, and thus feel slippery. Soap is also a good lubricant for fingers, because one end binds to the skin, and the other end is an oil, which does not bind to the oil ends of other soap molecules.
Many lotions contain oils. This is because we want to prevent loss of moisture from the skin, and a coating of oil will do that. What people don't like is a greasy feeling. Grease is a thick oil or fat that is only a lubricant when under pressure. It is thicker, and does not allow the skin surfaces to easily slide past one another.
Unsaturated oils can oxidize, which can make them form a plastic film that feels sticky and unclean. Lotions combat this in two ways – by adding ingredients that prevent oxidation, like Vitamin E (tocopheryl acetate) and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, or ascorbyl palmitate), or by using saturated oils like mineral oil, which stays liquid and does not oxidize.
Most moisturizing lotions actually don't add much moisture to the skin. Instead, they use oils and fats to prevent moisture loss. After all, it is easy to moisturize your skin in a shower or a bath. The problem is keeping it moist after you leave the water.


WAG (estimate)
Because WAGS are simply guesses, they can be very difficult to substantiate. A scientific wild-ass guess (SWAG) is a WAG that is explained in terms of assumptions and informal calculations made to arrive at the estimate. For example, coming up with a WAG for a project completion date, a project manager could explain that a similar completed project took six months but also that there are fewer developers available currently, so the project might take an extra month. The scientific part of the SWAG is the additional explanation and calculation.
Planning poker, a team building activity for achieving group consensus, is a popular tool for creating WAGs that are more likely to be realistic.
This was last updated in March 2012
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glass electrode
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Wikipedia has an article on:
glass electrode (plural glass electrodes)
 1. (chemistry, physics) Any of several electrodes, having a thin glass bulb, whose potential is dependent upon the concentration of hydrogen or other ions in the solution in which it is immersed; used in pH meters etc.


G/G full form
Meaning : Ground-to-Ground communication
Category : Telecommunication
Sub Category :Military
Type : Abbreviation
What does G/G mean or stand for?
Ground-to-Ground communication as opposed to ground to air which is used by air traffic controllers to aircraft.G/G can be used in various situation and is mostly used by military units that need a secure communications channel to relay important information.


text:
Social housing and renewable energy: Community energy in a supporting role
- Annie McCabe
- Dorina Pojani
- Anthony Broese van Groenou
Abstract. The development of renewable energy offers potential for achieving distributive justice. Individuals and communities have emerged as a major force in shaping just energy transitions. This brief perspective piece provides an introductory exploration of the potential application of community energy to social housing in order to mitigate barriers to energy provision for low-income groups.
Dowload the full text here.


Saturday, 11 December 2010
Word Ladders
Word Ladders were invented by Lewis Carroll as a form of word play. The idea is that you start with a word, change one letter at a time, and end up with a new word. All words in the chain must be valid words in the dictionary (otherwise it'd be a bit rubbish). For example, you can turn beer into wine with the following
Let's write a simple program that calculates word ladders for a simplified version of the game where each change can only change a single letter at a time (rather than allow deletes and inserts too). Finding a word ladder can be thought about as a graph problem. Each node is a word, and each edge represents a connection to another valid word. The graph below is a partial representation of the graph starting with BEER. The real graph is much more complicated!
First things first, how do we build the graph? For starters we need to know if two words are neighbours or not. The following simple functions determine the difference between two strings. Remember that I'm only working on the simplest possible distance metric at the moment, that is allowing a single character to change.
neighbour :: String -> String -> Bool
 neighbour x y = difference x y == 1
 difference :: String -> String -> Int
 difference [] [] = 0
 difference (x:xs) (y:ys) | x == y = difference xs ys
 | otherwise = 1 + difference xs ys
 difference _ _ = error "Two strings must be the same length"
Next thing we need to grab is a huge list of words. We'll store these words in a Set because we'll want to test for membership frequently (an O(lg(N)) operation. An alternative would be to use a perfect hash (this is an option because the dictionary is fixed). This would give O(1) lookup times, and it looks like there is (as almost always) a library on Hackage that does just that. The simple distance metric chosen means we can limit the number of words based on the size of the input word.
import qualified Data.Set as S
 type WordSet = S.Set String
 wordListPath :: String
 wordListPath = "/usr/share/dict/british-english"
 createDictionary :: Int -> IO WordSet
 createDictionary n = do
 file <- readFile wordListPath
 return $ S.fromList $ filter (\x -> length x == n && all isAlpha x) (map (map toLower) $ words file)
Once we've got a dictionary, all we need to do is build the graph. Since Haskell is lazy, we don't need to worry about the space complexity of the graph - we'll just build it lazily and only the bit that is explored will be resident in memory.
Each node contains the word it represents and the links to the child elements. The graph is built by starting at a root, and filling all the valid neighbours. Each time we place a word in the graph we remove it from the dictionary, otherwise we'll get cycles in the graph.
data Node = Node String [Node] deriving Show
 buildGraph :: WordSet -> String -> Node
 buildGraph wordset top = Node top (map (buildGraph smaller) neighbours)
 neighbours = S.toList (S.filter (neighbour top) smaller)
 smaller = S.delete top wordset
The graph is *huge*, so we need to find some way to limit the search space. The most obvious way is to give a restriction on the depth of the search. A word ladder that is 10000 words rungs high is probably not much fun to complete. We can also cut the search short if the word is too many changes away given the maximum depth (for example, if 4 characters need to change in a 5 letter word and the maximum left to search is 3 then we can prune this search branch).
search :: Node -> Int -> String -> [String]
 search graph maxDepth goal = search' graph maxDepth goal []
 search' :: Node -> Int -> String -> [String] -> [String]
 search' (Node end children) maxDepth goal path
 | end == goal = end : path
 | null children = []
 | length path >= maxDepth = [] -- too deep
 | difference end goal >= maxDepth - length path = [] -- too much difference
 | otherwise = first
 childRoutes = filter (not. null) $
 map (\child -> search' child maxDepth goal (end : path)) children
 first | null childRoutes = []
 | otherwise = head childRoutes
 quickest | null childRoutes = []
 | otherwise = minimumBy (comparing length) childRoutes
The way we search the children is important. In this case we've used first gone for the first available route that satisfies the depth guarantee, but isn't guaranteed to be the shortest route. quickest on the other hand calculates all child routes and finds the minimum length part.
Finally, we can put this all together and write a simple search search function.
makeLadder :: Int-> String -> String -> IO [String]
 makeLadder maxDepth start end
 | length start /= length end = error "Only two strings of equal length are currently supported."
 | otherwise = do
 dict <- createDictionary (length start)
 if (S.member start dict && S.member end dict)
 then return $ search (buildGraph dict start) maxDepth end
 else return []
The complete code for this version available on my git hub repo here. This version has several problems.
 1. It's too slow - searching for the minimal path can take considerable time
 2. It's not very flexible
(this part completely edited from the original post, thanks to insightful comment about something *very* daft I was doing) Let's fix that. In order to be flexible, we need to support various distance metrics. For example, it'd be nice to allow insertions and deletions as well as character transposition. We just need a generic function that calculates the distance between any given strings. In order to improve performance, instead of searching the entire dictionary to see whether any are neighbours, we can generate the neighbours and find out which ones are in the dictionary. That means we need both a distance metric and a way of calculating the edits.
 data DistanceMetric = DistanceMetric (Word -> Word -> Int) (Word -> WordSet)
 difference :: Word -> Word -> Int
 difference x y
 | length x /= length y = 999999
 | otherwise = sum $ zipWith (\c1 c2 -> if c1 == c2 then 0 else 1) x y
 transposeChar :: Word -> [Word]
 transposeChar [] = []
 transposeChar (x:xs) = map (:xs) (validChars \\ [x])
 deleteChar :: Word -> [Word]
 deleteChar [] = []
 deleteChar (x:xs) = [xs]
 insertChar :: Word -> [Word]
 insertChar [] = []
 insertChar (x:xs) = map (\y -> y:x:xs) validChars
 differenceEdit :: Word -> WordSet
 differenceEdit x = edit' x [transposeChar]
 editDistanceEdits :: Word -> WordSet
 editDistanceEdits x = edit' x [insertChar,transposeChar,deleteChar]
 edit' :: Word -> [Word -> [Word]] -> WordSet
 edit' w fns = S.fromList $ concat $
 zipWith (\x y -> map (\z -> x ++ z) (concatMap (\x -> x y) fns))
 (inits w) (tails w)
 simple :: DistanceMetric
 simple = DistanceMetric difference differenceEdit
 edits :: DistanceMetric
 edits = DistanceMetric editDistance editDistanceEdits
This gives two distance functions and two ways of generating edits. The Levenshtein distance of 1 is generated by transposing, deleting and inserting characters from the original word. This gives us the flexibility, because another distance metric could be put in place (anagrams perhaps?). Next to performance.
 buildGraph :: DistanceMetric -> WordSet -> Word -> Node
 buildGraph d@(DistanceMetric dist edits) wordset top = Node top (map (buildGraph d smaller) neighbours)
 possibleNeighbours = edits top
 neighbours = S.toList (smaller 'S.intersection' possibleNeighbours)
 smaller = S.delete top wordset
 search :: DistanceMetric -> Node -> Int -> Word -> [Word]
 search (DistanceMetric dist _) graph maxDepth goal = search' graph []
 search' (Node end children) path
 | end == goal = end : path
 | dist end goal >= maxDepth - length path = [] -- too much difference
 | otherwise = first
 -- Find the best node to search by comparing it against the goal
 costForNextChild :: [(Int,Node)]
 costForNextChild = zip (map (\(Node x _) -> dist x goal) children) children
 bestFirst = map snd $ sortBy (comparing fst) costForNextChild
 -- Best first search
 childRoutes = filter (not. null) $ map (\child -> search' child (end : path)) bestFirst
 first | null childRoutes = []
 | otherwise = head childRoutes
Two things have changed


text:
inspection and maintenance for purposes of eliminating foreign matter and obstructions in supply and discharge lines. Each steam trap at an assigned work station should be inspected as specified by the preventive maintenance program.
Steam Trap – Troubleshooting
It is important to inspect the operation of steam traps frequently. There are many conditions under which traps may fail to operate property. The following are some of the most common reasons for trap failures:
1. Condensate does not flow into the trap:
A. Obstruction in line to trap inlet.
B. Valves leading to trap are closed.
C. Bypass open or leaking.
D. Trap may be air bound.
E. Insufficient pressure to blow condensate through orifice.
F. Improper installation of trap.
G. Accumulation of foreign matter within the trap.
H. Trap held closed by defective mechanism.
I. Strainer may be blocked.
2. Condensate fails to drain from trap.
A. Discharge valve may be closed.
B. Trap may not be large enough to handle condensate.
C. Pressure may be too low to blow the condensate through.
D. Improper installation for draining.
E. Check valve may not be holding.
F. Obstruction in return line or the line may simply be too small.
3. Trap does not shut off.
A. Trap is too small for the condensate load.
B. Trap held open by defective mechanism,
C. Overload due to excessive boiler foaming or priming.
D. Submerged steam coils leaking.
E. Differential pressure exceeds design of trap.
F. Scale or foreign matter lodged in orifice.
4. Steam blows through trap.
A. Valve mechanism does not close due to wear or defective valve.
B. Mechanism is held open by foreign matter.
C. Trap has not been properly primed or reprimed after clean-out or blow-off.
D. Bypass is open or leaking.
E. Excessive pressure for design of trap.
What is the meaning of Horse Power?
Horse Power is a unit of measurement of the ability of a boiler to evaporate water, usually given as
the ability to evaporate 34¸ lb. (15.6 kg) of water an hour, into dry saturated steam
from and at 212¡F (100¡C).


text:
Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
is a flat function, a pattern like f[x_, y_]
stands only for instances of the function with exactly two arguments. Sometimes you need to set up patterns that can allow any number of arguments.
You can do this using multiple blanks
. While a single blank such as x_
stands for a single Mathematica
expression, a double blank such as x__
stands for a sequence of one or more expressions.
stands for the sequence of expressions (a, b, c)
Here is a more complicated definition, which picks out pairs of duplicated elements in h
The definition is applied twice, picking out the two paired elements.
"Double blanks" __
stand for sequences of one or more expressions. "Triple blanks" ___
stand for sequences of zero or more expressions. You should be very careful whenever you use triple blank patterns. It is easy to make a mistake that can lead to an infinite loop. For example, if you define p[x_, y___]:=p[x] q[y]
, then typing in p[a]
will lead to an infinite loop, with y
repeatedly matching a sequence with zero elements. Unless you are sure you want to include the case of zero elements, you should always use double blanks rather than triple blanks.
|_||any single expression|
|x_||any single expression, to be named x|
|__||any sequence of one or more expressions|
|x__||sequence named x|
|x__h||sequence of expressions, all of whose heads are h|
|___||any sequence of zero or more expressions|
|x___||sequence of zero or more expressions named x|
|x___h||sequence of zero or more expressions, all of whose heads are h|
More kinds of pattern objects.
Notice that with flat functions such as Plus
automatically handles variable numbers of arguments, so you do not explicitly need to use double or triple blanks, as discussed in "Flat and Orderless Functions"
When you use multiple blanks, there are often several matches that are possible for a particular expression. By default, Mathematica
tries first those matches that assign the shortest sequences of arguments to the first multiple blanks that appear in the pattern. You can change this order by wrapping Longest
around parts of the pattern.
|Longest[p]||match the longest sequence consistent with the pattern p|
|Shortest[p]||match the shortest sequence consistent with the pattern p|
Controlling the order in which matches are tried.
This gives a list of all the matches that Mathematica
This forces Mathematica
to try the longest matches for x__
Many kinds of enumeration can be done by using ReplaceList
with various kinds of patterns.
This effectively enumerates all sublists with at least one element.
This tries the shortest matches for x__


text:
Legend has it that ice tea was first introduced during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 because of an unusual heat wave that summer.
As the global trend of ice tea consumption gathers steam (it used to be a purely American phenomenon with 75% of all ice tea consumed in the US), more questions emerge regarding whether the benefits of regular tea consumption translate to drinking ice tea.
As it turns out, not all methods of making ice tea are created equal and the flavonoids content may vary widely. Most research points to freshly brewed hot tea as the best way to get the full range of benefits from the polyphenols contained in various teas.
The way to preserve most of the benefits of hot tea in your cold beverage is to chill it in the refrigerator. What does have a negative impact on the polyphenol content in ice tea is, ironically, the addition of ice. The latter causes the polyphenols to form an insoluble substance, which significantly reduces its bioavailability.
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text:
Painting is often good therapy, but you can kick it up a notch by using marshmallows as the painting tool. You can grade the type of grip used by using the large marshmallows or the mini marshmallows.
You can use regular paint on paper and just dip the marshmallow in and make designs on the paper.
I decided to try a fully edible painting activity since our painting tools were edible. I used powdered Jello with a little water added as the paint. Our "paper" was sugar cookies.
This is a good activity for kids who avoid foods. Playing with food as a toy is a good way to get kids accustomed to being around different foods. Using the tiny marshmallows helps with achieving a tip pinch, and works on developing a tripod grasp for handwriting.
- Marshmallows (large and mini)
- Paint or Jello
- Paper or sugar cookies
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