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From Pegaso Wiki
Suspended load refers to that part of the total sediment transport which is maintained in suspension by turbulence in the flowing water for considerable periods of time without contact with the stream bed. It moves with practically the same velocity as that of the flowing water..
- Definitions, processes and models in morphology
- Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas
- ↑ Rijn, L. C. van (1986). Manual sediment transport measurements. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.


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In 2011 CCRC chose to honour Les Horne's lifetime of achievement and commitment to children by presenting his family with a Child Rights Champion award in his memory.
CHILD RIGHTS CHAMPION: LES HORNE
Les Horne lived out his respect for the rights of children in a lifetime of work with children and fighting for changes when they were treated unfairly. Les pioneered in: giving children a voice in what happens to them in child welfare and youth justice; treatment in community homes instead of institutions; individualized plans for young people with many needs; and putting children first in government policies. Among other achievements, Les Horne was the first provincial Children's Advocate in Canada and he was a leader in getting the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Negative energy
 1. can a matter have negative energy?
 or more appropriately what makes some energy as negative?
 2. jcsd
 3. It just depends on what your reference point is. For example, as it is convention to have gravitational potential energy at an infinite distance away to be 0 joules, our calculations show GPE to be negative.
 4. isn't that anything that has positive mass have positive energy?
 i am not certain on that
 5. ZapperZ
 ZapperZ 30,451
 Staff Emeritus
 Science Advisor
 Education Advisor
 I think you need to step back and learn a bit more on classical mechanics.
 One can easily see that, for example, in attractive energies (example: gravitational potential), it is DEFINED that zero is at infinity, and that the gravitational potential well is defined as being negative!
 The same can be said about the potential that an electron has in an atom (look at the potential energy term in the Schrodinger equation).
 So you need to learn a bit more of what we mean by negative energy, and why it is rather arbitrary in some sense.
 6. Bill_K
 Bill_K 4,157
 Science Advisor
 nouveau_riche, You are absolutely correct, and this is not a trivial issue, as several responses have implied. It's true that in Newtonian physics the zero point of energy is arbitrary. You can define it to be the energy that a particle has as infinity, or you can define it to be the energy it has at the Earth's surface, as you like. But in relativity this is not the case. In relativity the zero point of energy is absolute. A particle's gravitational potential energy is negative but can never exceed its rest mass, and so the sum is always positive.
 The statement you made, "anything that has positive mass must have positive energy" is known as the Positive Energy Theorem or Positive Mass Conjecture, and has been proved under rather general assumptions. See the Wikipedia article, or google Positive Energy Theorem and you will find many references to it.
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Temporary structures encourage experimentation and have, over the years, resulted in both ground-breaking designs and less worthy architectural conceits. But what will the legacy be of the recently opened Serpentine Gallery Pavilion in London?
Gavin Stamp, Sunday, 1st July 2012
Great architecture should be built for eternity, or at least for a long life, but there is nevertheless a place for the temporary, the ephemeral. Structures designed for a short life can allow an architect to indulge in experiments or in fantasy without having to worry about the inexorable effect of weather and time. And sometimes it is a mercy that architectural conceits are not with us for long, although it is cheering that remarkable temporary buildings can sometimes become permanent – the Cenotaph in London, for instance, was originally constructed of wood and plaster for the 1919 peace celebrations.
Temporary buildings – pavilions, kiosks, follies, and so on – have a long history. There were the classical triumphal arches erected in cities for royal processions or marriages. As the architectural historian Howard Colvin explained: 'It was precisely the ephemeral character of festive displays of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that made them important vehicles for new architectural ideas. Being constructed only of insubstantial materials such as timber and canvas, these temporary structures could represent accurately sophisticated architectural designs that could not easily be got through to an unlettered and untravelled mason or bricklayer.' In 1814, John Nash designed a Temple
of Concord in London's Green Park, and a Chinese pagoda on a bridge in nearby St James's Park, for a 'display of joy' to celebrate both the defeat of Napoleon and the Hanoverian dynasty. Unfortunately, the latter had an even shorter life than intended as fireworks caused it to burst into flames.
The national and international exhibitions and world fairs held periodically in more recent times encouraged interesting ephemeral architecture. The receptacle for the first and greatest of them, the Crystal Palace erected in London's Hyde Park in 1851, was intended to be temporary, although its prefabricated iron and glass structure was subseq-uently re-erected at Sydenham. Later exhibitions – Paris in 1900, Glasgow 1901, for instance – were the setting for individual pavilions designed to express national character; these often eccentric essays in National Romanticism or in the art nouveau were frequently designed by leading architects in their own countries. Sometimes these temporary structures were experiments in a new style: the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 introduced grand Beaux-Arts Classicism to America in plaster over steel, while the 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs gave the name 'Art Deco' to the new non-historical styles adopted for many of the pavilions.
Famously, Paris in 1925 also saw experiments in the austere modern style that would eventually triumph. There was Le Corbusier's Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau, but perhaps even more remarkable was the pavilion representing Soviet Russia designed by the Constructivist Konstantin Melnikov, described by one architect visitor as expressing 'the aspirations of the revolution in an exciting and spontaneous manner' (Fig. 1). Then there was the international exposition held in Barcelona in 1929 at which, in retrospect, the most important building was the German pavilion. Intended to represent the progressive character of the Weimar Republic, it introduced the planar manner of Mies van der Rohe to a wider public (Fig. 2). An essay in the use of a steel frame to define and merge both exterior and interior space with planes of rich materials, it contained little but two Barcelona Chairs (for the King and Queen of Spain): the pavilion itself was the exhibit. It existed for only a few months, but its influence was so profound that it was recreated half a century later exactly where it originally stood (with a thicker and more practical roof).
London's opportunity to suggest the future through temporary buildings came with the Festival of Britain, held on the South Bank in 1951 (Fig. 3). Some of the structures, like the gravity-defying Skylon, were there to entertain and astonish; others were intended to show what could be done with new materials and methods of construction. Hugh Casson, the Festival's director of architecture, commented in the film Brief City (1951–52): 'In an exhibition which is temporary and perhaps experimental...there was a blueprint for new towns, light-hearted, sensible, not too dear and never boring.' The temporary architecture on the South Bank was torn down with indecent haste by an incoming Conservative government, denying the possibility of re-erecting some of the buildings – such as the remarkable Dome of Discovery – elsewhere, but the influence of the Festival could not be extinguished.
Half a century on, London again has an exhibition of temporary architecture – one that is continuous. Every summer, a new and different pavilion is erected in front of the Serpentine Gallery in Kensington Gardens. The first, exhibited in 2000, was the work of Zaha Hadid; subsequent designers have included Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas and Frank Gehry – all architects who can be relied on to produce something unusual and irrational. The results have been very enjoyable, but it would be difficult to argue that any of these functionless conceits have advanced the art of architecture.
This year's pavilion, which was unveiled to the public on 1 June and is open until 14 October, was designed by Herzog & de Meuron (Fig. 4). It is the least impressive of them all architecturally, although arguably the most pretentious. I am not, I confess, an admirer of this Swiss firm's work: its alterations to Bankside Power Station to turn it into Tate Modern seem to me both arrogant and insensitive to the quality of Giles Gilbert Scott's great brick 'cathedral of power' (although I do like its Central Signal Box at Basel Station). At the Serpentine, Herzog & de Meuron's pavilion consists of a circular hole in the ground covered by a free-standing, flat circular roof; this horizontal disc holds a film of water and is supported on differently shaped piers. Underneath, there is a complex arrangement of steps and shelves, all covered in cork, created in collaboration with the artist Ai Weiwei. To make any sense of this, the visitor is obliged to read the text, for it is based on a pattern created by overlaying the shape of earlier pavilions on the site: 'Like a team of archaeologists, we identify these physical fragments as remains of the eleven Pavilions built between 2000 and 2011...A distinctive landscape emerges which is unlike anything we could have invented...'.
Whether this is actually interesting must be a matter of opinion. The most endearing feature is the design of the movable seats made of cork, which are shaped like the stoppers of giant champagne bottles (prototypes for garden furniture?). At least the pavilion establishes a relationship with the Serpentine Gallery itself, for it is placed on its axis, and the upper part of that former tea house built in 1934 in the neo-Georgian manner of Lutyens can be seen reflected in the plane of shallow water. And here is an idea: why not ask one of our modern classical architects to design a pavilion which actually responds to that handsome, if conservative building? That, I fear, would be far too avant-garde a concept for those who give London this annual temporary experiment in architectural fancy.
LATEST NEWS & COMMMENT
Brussels plays host to a trio of outstanding fairs at the Place du Grand Sablon in early June, and the ever popular Carré Rive Gauche – now in its 36th year – returns to the Left Bank in Paris.
The work of John Nash has often been overshadowed by that of his contemporary, John Soane. But his pragmatism, as well as his experiments with the picturesque, make him one of the most significant of all British architects.
Apollo is published in London, one of the world's great art capitals and home to extraordinary, thrilling exhibitions such as last year's 'Bronze' at the Royal Academy

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A jog dial is a controller that can step through options or regulate the speed of media playback. It consists of a wheel or disc that spins freely or can move through a series of individual stops, known as detents or clicks, depending on the design. Electronics like cameras may have jog dials, and they can be attached to mice or external controls for a computer to control programs. For example, transcriptionists, video editors, and audio mixers may use an external jog dial to work more efficiently with media.
The design of the dial can depend on the device. Some are aligned vertically to create a spinning wheel, while others are horizontal. Textured edges are common to make a jog dial easier to grip and these may have markings to allow the user to see the appropriate setting. On a digital camera, for example, a dial can allow the user to select from several detents, each representing a different shooting mode. Another dial may control aperture or shutter speed when the user is on a manual or semi-manual mode.
For controlling media playback, a jog dial spins freely. It can be activated to fast forward or reverse, pause, and slow media. This can be critical for editing and transcribing, where one-touch control increase efficiency. Disc jockeys can use jog dials for fades, record skips, and other effects both in recordings and live performances. Jog dials also provide a quick method for reviewing footage in the field, useful for sound technicians and videographers.
Some computer mice come with a jog dial, sometimes known as a scroll wheel, which can be used for scrolling, clicking, and other functions. External jog dials can also be connected separately. These are usually designed for quick installation; some come with compact discs loaded with software for full feature functionality. They may be designed to coordinate with specific software programs to add features and make the software easy to use.
In addition to responding to spinning, some jog dials also respond to pressure. The user can push down to click or select, and may be able to selectively exert pressure on either end of the jog dial to access additional features. This increases the capacity of the device, although the learning curve can be steeper as people learn to control it effectively. Accidentally putting pressure on one end while operating the device, for instance, may inadvertently trigger an unwanted function.


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Searches for Arsenic Contaminated Water
Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a problem that affects about 140 million people around the world. Now researchers have developed a model that can predict the location of high-risk contamination, and are using it to identify potential arsenic hotspots in China.
Many people living in arid parts of China are dependent on deep wells that tap groundwater aquifers. But local geology means than some of these aquifers have dangerously high levels of naturally-occurring arsenic. In 2001, the Chinese Ministry of Health started screening the country's wells, and it had checked almost half a million by 2005. But that expensive operation covered just 12% of China's counties - it would take decades to do the rest.
A team led by Luis Rodriguez-Lado at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology has developed a way to speed up that process. Their model looks at eight geological factors, including soil salinity, wetness and topography, which together reveal where groundwater is likely to be laden with arsenic.
The researchers tested the model using data from sites that have already been surveyed in China. It classified areas as either high or low risk, depending on whether arsenic levels in water exceeded the 10 microgram per litre limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model correctly identified 83% of the high-risk areas.
Overlaying those arsenic risk figures on to a population map reveals where the greatest numbers of people face worrying arsenic exposure. That should allow Chinese authorities to prioritize their water testing.


text: Online induction machine faults diagnosis is a concern to guarantee the overall production process efficiency. Nowadays, the industry demands the integration of smart wireless sensors networks (WSN) to improve the fault detection in order to reduce cost, maintenance and power consumption. Induction motors can develop one or more faults at the same time that can produce sever damages. The origin of most recurrent faults in rotary machines is in the components: stator, rotor, bearing and others. This work presents a novel methodology for the online faults diagnosis in induction motors. This technique uses the smart WSN to obtain the machine condition based on the motor stator current analysis. The implementation of the proposed smart sensor methodology allows the system to perform online fault detection in a fully automated way. Simulation results presented show the efficiency of the proposed method to detect simple and multiple faults in induction machine. It provides detailed analysis to address challenges in designing and deploying WSNs in industrial environments, and its reliability. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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Texas Physics Consortium
Texas Physics Consortium (TPC) is a group of Physics Departments that pool faculty expertise and institutional resources to provide access to quality upper-level undergraduate and graduate physics courses. The TPC use of pooled resources provides their students with the wide range of upper level physics courses usually available at only large institutions while maintaining the intimate student-faculty interaction of a small department. The TPC has submitted an application to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board for all TPC institutions except Commerce to award a single Joint BS Physics Degree. If the proposal is approved, the TPC would become the third largest producer of B.S. Physics Graduates in Texas.
Instructional Delivery Methods
The Texas Physics Consortium uses multiple instructional methods to provide instruction to students in each course based upon course content and the location and needs of the student. Methods used include:
- Face-to-Face instruction - At a student's local campus
- Trans Texas Video Network - live interactive video to students on remote campus sites
- live Webcasts from Texas A&M System - non-interactive method for delivery to student's home or workplace using the Internet
- streaming archived video on Texas A&M System Media Matrix - non-interactive mode for students unable to make class
- interactive web conferencing and archived video using Saba Centra - for nuclear engineering courses out of Texas A&M
While interactive instruction is always best, for students with geographical, work or family conflicts, non-interactive live classroom instruction using a personal computer or anytime asynchronous instruction through streaming video or Saba Centra enables students to complete the degree without delay.
Unlike most undergraduate physics programs, the breadth of the Texas Physics Consortium enables students access to every required upper-level physics course in the Joint BS Degree on an annual rather than bi-annual rotation. This provides flexibility for course scheduling making it easier for students to complete the degree in less time than would otherwise be possible.


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Its a very general and regular ways to use
clause with Column Name to Specifies the sort order used on columns returned in a SELECT statement.
order by columnname asc/desc
I am also using the same method but do you know we can use Column Index (Integer representing the position of column name) instead of specifying the name or column alias in a SQL Server Order By expression.
order by Column_Index_Number asc/desc
we can use both queries because both of these queries having the same results.
let check both syntax and result too
here I am going to query based on AdventureWork database
Example :- Getting top 10 value from Employee table based on EmployeeID in asc order
select top 10 * from HumanResources.Employee order by EmployeeID asc
output will be as given below :-
when Using Column Index instead of Column Name for same query
Note :- Column Index can be changed as 1,2,3,etc based on column name condition
select top 10 * from HumanResources.Employee order by 1 asc
then output will be same as given below :-
Reference Link :- Matt Berseth Articles[^
Note :- ORDER BY clause is only Clause where we can you use the ordinal position[Column Numbers], because it's based on the column(s) specified in the SELECT clause.
its generally recommended that to use Column Name instead of Column Number.
but in some cases using Column Number can be useful like it can be used it in a dynamic sql where column names are unknown
for getting practical way you can follow this


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Effects of Irradiance and Cutting Interval on Growth, Yield, Persistence and Nutritive Value of Asystasia Intrusa
Mokhtar, Suparjo Noordin (2008) Effects of Irradiance and Cutting Interval on Growth, Yield, Persistence and Nutritive Value of Asystasia Intrusa. PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Asystasia intrusa, a species introduced 90 years ago, is now a naturalized weed in Malaysia that is prevalent under oil palm plantations. However, this species is known to be very palatable to cattle and goats. Despite being recognized as a shade plant, its response to shade has not been studied. Similarly, the appropriate cutting interval for optimum yield and quality has not been determined. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the performance of animals consuming A. intrusa and the effects of shading and cutting interval on its yield, chemical composition, growth and persistence. Experiments were conducted encompassing the; i) intake and nutritive value of A. intrusa in herbivores when harvested from the field; ii) effects of cutting interval and shade levels on yield, growth, persistence of survival, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), essential amino acid (EAA) and mineral concentrations of A. intrusa grown in a glasshouse; and iii) optimum light requirements for photosynthesis. Asystasia intrusa is very palatable and nutritious for ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. Adult rams consumed A. intrusa dry matter (DM) at a rate of 33 g kg-1 body weight. Both acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were digested at a rate of 590 g kg-1 DM. The digestible energy (DE) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were 2.1 mcal kg-1 DM and 620 g kg-1 DM, respectively. In rabbits, the DE and DMD value in this experiment was 2.2 mcal kg-1 DM and 509 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The mean IVDMD was 612 g kg-1 DM for leaf and 451 g kg-1 DM for stem which was within the normal digestibility of most forages. The digestibility of CP was quite low with 496 g kg-1 CP in rabbits and 500 g kg-1 CP for rams. As a result, A. intrusa had DCP of 68 g kg-1 DM in rams and 101 g kg-1 DM in rabbits. The CP concentration in leaf, stem and aerial part was 326, 167, and 253 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Both cutting interval and shade had an effect on the crude protein (CP) concentration. Crude protein in leaf decreased from 354 g kg-1 DM at 4 week cutting interval to 303 g kg-1 DM at 12 weeks. In stem, CP concentration of young A. intrusa was 213 g kg-1 DM which declined to 144 g kg-1 DM at longer cutting interval. They showed no difference between 8 and 12 week-cutting interval. On the other hand, with increased shading, the leaf CP concentration increased from 278 g kg-1 DM in the open to 361 g kg-1 DM at 93% shade. Shade has no effect on the CP concentration of stem.An essential amino acid profile of leaves showed that cystine concentration decreased with higher shade levels, while histidine increased with longer cutting interval. The most limiting EAA were histidine, lysine and methionine in leaf, and histidine and methionine in stem. Lysine concentration of stem was higher than leaf, especially when cut early. Essential amino acid constituted 35.2% of the leaf CP, and 37.7% of stem CP. Mineral concentrations increased with more shade and longer cutting interval in leaf and stem, except for Mg in leaf. Similarly, the P concentration in leaf increased with age. The ratio of Ca:P was 4.3 in leaf and 5.9 in stem, thus formulation of ration for calcium would be made easier. The concentration of fiber in A. intrusa was low relative to other tropical forages. The concentration of ADF in leaf, stem and aerial parts of A. intrusa were 158, 393 and 258 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber in leaf, stem and aerial parts were 463, 536 and 494 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The ADF, as well as NDF, was highest with long cutting interval in both leaf and stem. They showed no difference in concentrations between 8 and 12 week cutting interval. Shading had contrasting effects on ADF and NDF and on leaf and stem. In the leaf, the ADF decreased while the NDF increased with increasing shade. In contrast, stem ADF increased as shade increased. The photosynthetic rate of A. intrusa increased when incident light was increased from 59 μmol photons m-1 s-1 to a peak at 600 μmol photons m-1 s-1 after which it declined. This shows that it is a shade plant with sun tolerant property. The light compensation point for A. intrusa occurred at 81.2 μΜοl photons m-2 s-1. The water use efficiency of A. intrusa was 1.46. The efficiency of A. intrusa to convert solar energy to chemical energy was 0.018. Shade and cutting intervals affected the morphology and growth of A. intrusa. Increasing shade reduced the number of branches and nodes. Plant was shorter (15.5 cm) in the open than in heavy shade (27.0 cm). They flower at all height, with shorter plants tending to have more flowers. In contrast to flower, seed production of A. intrusa was higher in taller plants. Canopy size and leafiness was influenced more by cutting interval than by shade. The cumulative annual yield of leaf was only affected by shade, while in stem, both cutting interval and shade affected the annual yield.
Repository Staff Only: Edit item detail


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Thus all elements of S are generated by ak and S is cyclic.
Now if for any element its order divides the order of the group then it follows that if n is the order of the group then an = e for any element a of any finite group. [Why must this be so?]
Now we have a constrained converse of Lagrange's theorem. It is true that for cyclic groups if n is a divisor of the order of the group then the group has a subgroup of order n. To see why this must be so recall that a cyclic group is generated by the powers of one of its elements. Let's see why this must be for the cyclic group of order 12.
Since 3 divides 12 (i.e. 3 × 4 = 12) then (a3)4 = a12 = e. Thus a3 is an element with order 4. (If it were less then a power of a less than 12 would equal e). Thus a3 generates a subgroup of order 4. Similarly a4 generates a subgroup of order 3 and a2 generates a subgroup of order 6 while a6 generates a subgroup of order 2. There are always the trivial subgroups of orders 1 and 12 (The subgroup containing only the identity and the whole group considered as a subgroup of itself).
There is nothing special about the number 12. Let a cyclic group have order n. If r is a divisor of n then there is some number s such that rs = n. Let a be an element of the group with order n. (it must have one if it is cyclic) Then ar is of order s and therefore generates a cyclic subgroup of order s while as generates a subgroup of order r.
We can go a bit further in looking at subgroups of cyclic groups. Not only does a cyclic group have a subgroup of order r for every r that divides the order of the group but it has exactly one subgroup for each distinct divisor of n. To see this suppose that S is a subgroup of a cyclic group of order n and a is a generator. Suppose S has order r where rs = n. Then S is generated by one of its elements, ak for some k. This means that ak has order r which in turn means that k times r equals some multiple of n. Now since rs = n, s must divide k. Therefore ak is in the group generated by as which is of order r. However ak generates a group of order r. Thus r elements of the subgroup generated by ak are in the subgroup generated by as which has only r elements. The subgroups must be identical.
Finally let's use group theory to deduce a famous result of number theory. Consider the non-zero members of integers mod p where p is prime. If we let our binary operation be multiplication mod p then we get a group with p-1 elements (we've thrown out zero). [Is it really a group?
This result is known as Fermat's Little Theorem.
© 1998 by Arfur Dogfrey


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God said in the Quran about one of the evil unbelievers who forbade the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from praying at the Ka'bah (Holy Mosque):
Let him beware! If he does not stop, We will take him by the Naseyah (front of the head), a lying, sinful Naseyah (from of the head)!
[Noble Quran 96:15-16]
Why did the Quran describe the front of the head as being lying and sinful? Why didn't the Quran say that the person was lying and sinful? What is the relationship between the front of the head and lying and sinfulness?
If we look into the skull at the front of the head, we will find the prefrontal area of the cerebrum, in the area we call the forehead. What does physiology tell us about the function of this area? A book entitled Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology says about this area, "The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the anterior portion of frontal lobes, the prefrontal area. This is a region of association cortex.." Also the book says, "In relation to its involvement in motivation, the prefrontal area is also thought to be the functional center for aggression..."
So, this area of the cerebrum is responsible for planning, motivating, and initiating good and sinful behavior, and is responsible for the telling of lies and the speaking of truth. So, it is proper for the telling of lies and the speaking of truth. So, it is proper to describe the front of the head as lying and sinful when someone lies or commits a sin, as the Quran says:
...A lying, sinful Naseyah (from of the head)!
[Noble Quran 96:16]
Scientists have only discovered these functions of the prefrontal area in the last sixty years, according to Professor Keith L. Moore.


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Great Buddha of Kamakura
Tuesday, 29th November 2005 by Alex Turnbull
Right in the middle of our thumbnail, you can just make out the shape of the Great Buddha of Kamakura. Around 13 metres tall, the bronze statue is said to have been cast all the way back in 1252, and according to Wikipedia:
The Great Buddha was originally housed in a temple, but this was washed away by a tsunami in 1498, since when the statue has stood in the open air.
Wikipedia also mentions that each one of the Great Buddha's eyes are a metre wide!
Thanks to Ed German and Bill Pfeifer.


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Hormones in Metamorphosis of Amphibia
In amphibians, the changes that take place during metamorphosis are brought about by hormonal secretions of the thyroid gland. The first sign of this was obtained in 1912 when Gudematsch reported that frog tadpoles while fed dried and powdered sheep thyroid underwent precocious or early metamorphosis. Identical results however were not observed when tadpoles were fed along with preparation of other glands. These experiments made it feasible to postulate that thyroid hormones bring about metamorphosis.
In 1918 B.M. Allen observed that elimination of thyroid rudiment from early frog tadpoles, prevented them from going through metamorphosis, and caused them to become giant tadpoles instead. Conversely, if they were fed with thyroid or immersed in water containing soluble extracts from thyroid glands they then proceeded immediately to metamorphosis. Identical experiments in urodele amphibians, in particular in axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, also indicated the significance of the thyroid gland in urodele metamorphosis.


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I see the contents of both the files are identical. Can anyone please explain the difference between the two. Also, if someone can precisely explain what a "listener" is used for, that would be a great help.
The listener process is responsible to handle all connect request from client. The listener can work in 2 differen modes:
dedicated - for each connect request, the listener start a server process and hands it to the client. this server process will serve the client until it disconnects.
shared (MTS) - there are several dispathcers in the system. each dispatcher works with a server process. when a listener gets the connect request, it asks the most available dispatcher for a server process, the dispatcher is handed to the client and the client works with the dispatcher until it disconnects. In this mode, there are fewer server processes in the system.
The listener.ora file contains information about the listener, its addresss and protocol and the services it serves (the instances). The listener process uses this file for configuration.
The tnsnames.ora file is used to resolve the connect string in the connect request ("connect scott/tiger@orcl") to a database.
jmodic and pando: i did read the manuals. i am not able to decipher the conceptual difference and the use of a listener. thats why i posted. thx anyways for ur encouragement. we definitely do need some good moderators like you guys.
Originally posted by quester I see the contents of both the files are identical. Can anyone please explain the difference between the two. Also, if someone can precisely explain what a "listener" is used for, that would be a great help.
1. When the Oracle client wants to Eshtablis connection with any of the oracle servers, net8 configuration has to be done.And the details about the server will be entered in the Tnsnames File.Every time you want to connect to the server the tnsnames files will be read and the server details will be used to connect with the server.
2. The listener process will be in the Oracle Server which will be constantly listening on the port, and if any client wishes to connect to the server hands off the request to the listener and the listener takes care of the rest in authenticating and connecting.( also it will handle to request to the dispatcher in the case of Shared server mode)
Good Judgement comes from Experience.
Experience comes from Bad Judgement
the conceptual difference
The phone number you dial is the number which the other end must possess.
the use of a listener.
A telecom exchange must be ready to not only wait/standby/listen for your calls/requests but for everyone else. So after you have been connected, the exchange reliquishes the connection and waits fro others to call in...
Hope this explains a littel bit.
I'm a JOLE(JavaOracleLinuxEnthusiast)
--- Everything was meant to be---


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Working with Gradle and Artifactory
For Gradle to work with Artifactory, you only require a properly configured
To avoid dwelling on configuration details we shall just mention the main configuration steps and show a sample Gradle script that we believe shows all the required information needed to get you started.
It also demonstrates the effectiveness and brevity of Gradle.
Using Artifactory's Gradle Init Script Generator
With Artifactory's Gradle init script generator, you can easily create a Gradle init script that handles resolution. To do so go to the Home tab and then Client Settings -> Gradle Init Script:
Provisioning Dynamic Settings for Users
You can deploy and provision a dynamic settings template for your users. Once downloaded, settings are generated according to your own logic and can automatically include user authentication information.
Refer to Provisioning Build Tool Settings section under Filtered Resources.
Manual Configuration Steps
Sample Build Script and Properties
And the properties file under the same directory:
The following clause is required for gradle to recognize Artifactory.
To build your project and upload the generated artifacts to Artifactory, run:
Please refer to the Gradle Documentation for more detailed information on building with Gradle (running sub-tasks etc.).
Getting Debugging Information from Gradle
If you experience problems, it is highly recommended to run Gradle with the
Dependency Declaration Snippets
Click on the Artifacts tab to use the Artifactory configuration to obtain dependency declaration snippets by selecting either an artifact and copying the "Gradle Dependency Declaration" section into your build.gradle file.


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Compliance Management solutions from PetroSkills and RDC Solutions
The Oil & Gas industry faces unique learning and compliance requirements. As a learning solution provider for process manufacturing companies for more than 50 years, we understand the needs of organizations in the industry. Unlike other companies that focus only on one aspect of compliance, our experience extends to the requirements of multiple agencies, from OSHA to BSEE, DOT, ISO, EPA, NRC and USCG.
Each standard requires extensive documentation of procedures, extensive training of personnel, comprehensive communication of important issues, and stringent management of change to assure that all employees have access to information and understand it sufficiently to do their jobs safely and efficiently. Compliance requires a more knowledgeable workforce as an integral part of a continuous ongoing process.
Compliance Management Solutions use a comprehensive knowledge transfer environment. Our approach includes:
Content Development - We work with subject matter experts to identify and capture the knowledge requirements specific to environments, processes, equipment, and units.
Instructional System Design - We create a solution that enables workers to gain knowledge proficiency to progress from entry-level fundamentals through to critical concepts.
Differential Learning - We implement a dynamic web-based learning technology to identify knowledge gaps and create personal learning paths to guide workers to 100% proficiency.
Compliance Management - We enable our clients to improve performance and reduce risk with a focus on true compliance through a more knowledgeable workforce.


English to Spanish: more detail...
 1. pry:
Detailed Translations for pry from English to Spanish
to pry verb (pries, pried, prying)
 1. to pry (browse; nose; ferret; smell)
Conjugations for pry:
 1. pry
 2. pry
 3. pries
 4. pry
 5. pry
 6. pry
simple past
 1. pried
 2. pried
 3. pried
 4. pried
 5. pried
 6. pried
present perfect
 1. have pried
 2. have pried
 3. has pried
 4. have pried
 5. have pried
 6. have pried
past continuous
 1. was prying
 2. were prying
 3. was prying
 4. were prying
 5. were prying
 6. were prying
 1. shall pry
 2. will pry
 3. will pry
 4. shall pry
 5. will pry
 6. will pry
continuous present
 1. am prying
 2. are prying
 3. is prying
 4. are prying
 5. are prying
 6. are prying
 1. be pried
 2. be pried
 3. be pried
 4. be pried
 5. be pried
 6. be pried
 1. pry!
 2. let's pry!
 3. pried
 4. prying
pry [the ~] noun
 1. the pry (ferreter)
 el husmeador; la husmeadora
Translation Matrix for pry:
NounRelated TranslationsOther Translations
husmeador ferreter; pry
husmeadora ferreter; pry
- crowbar; pry bar; wrecking bar
VerbRelated TranslationsOther Translations
curiosear browse; ferret; nose; pry; smell browse; ferret about; ferret around; hunt; investigate; look about; nose about; nose around; poke about; research; roam about; root up; rove about; rummage; search; search about; search for; sniff; sniff around; snoop; wander
- horn in; intrude; jimmy; lever; nose; poke; prise; prize
Related Words for "pry":
Synonyms for "pry":
Related Definitions for "pry":
 1. a heavy iron lever with one end forged into a wedge1
 2. be nosey1
 - Don't pry into my personal matters!1
 3. to move or force, especially in an effort to get something open1
 - Raccoons managed to pry the lid off the garbage pail1
 4. make an uninvited or presumptuous inquiry1
 - They pried the information out of him1
 5. search or inquire in a meddlesome way1
Related Translations for pry
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What is DCDC?
DCDC stands for Dunlap Community Development Corporation. It was formed in 1991 as a 501(c)(6) organization with the purpose of enhancing the economic environment of Dunlap and improving the quality of life for its citizens. DCDC also works with local government and other institutions in DUnlap to support the development of the Dunlap community in order to sustain and expand business endeavors.
How does DCDC accomplish this?
By being actively involved in the development of Dunlap's current and historical aspects through the use of four committees: Design, Economic Restructuring, Organization, and Promotion.


text:
The sign of the world Lithuanian song festival is a tree of life
The tree consists of the following three parts or levels: A sentence is a trunk with branchesand the of the tree. Tree roots are the past, the rudiment which delivered it, a seed that sprouted it.
The strong trunk and lush crown means present, fortitude, prosperity, life. It's a persistence and straight way to endeavour goals. The top of the tree symbolizes the hope which is shining like the Sun and the tree climbs to it with all its force. The land feeds the tree roots and gives the life. This land is Lithuania. The bird on the top of the tree means the song of free Lithuanian spirit burst through all trivial works and troubles then it converges into the one holy song – Song festival.


text:
In the present study, a novel computational scheme for the assessment of the activation polarization of LSM/YSZ composite cathodes is proposed. The scheme consists of modeling techniques of three-dimensional microstructures and an evaluation method of electrochemical characteristics. Two modeling techniques of microstructures are employed, i.e. the stochastic reconstruction (SR) method and the random packing model (RPM). In the SR method, the 3-D structure is reconstructed statistically from the two-point correlation function of the cross-sectional image of SEM-EDX. In RPM, on the other hand, spherical LSM and YSZ particles are randomly packed in the computational domain. This model is mainly used for the parametric survey, because control parameters used in the model have good correspondence to the parameters used in the actual cell manufacturing process. The lattice Boltzmann method coupled with the Butler-Volmer equation is employed for the detailed assessment of the electrochemical characteristics inside the constructed 3-D cathode microstructures. The oxygen diffusion and the electronic and ionic conductions are calculated simultaneously, and coupled with the charge transfer at the three-phase boundary (TPB) using the Butler-Volmer equation. As a result, potential, polarization and current density distributions are fully investigated. The results from the SR method reveal that the cathode sintered at 1150 °C shows the smaller overpotential than the cathodes sintered at 1200 and 1250 °C. The RPM results show that particle diameter and its standard deviation as well as volume fraction of species have large effects on the cathode performance.
- Nanotechnology Institute
Numerical Simulation of Electrochemical Reaction in Reconstructed Three-Dimensional LSM/YSZ Composite Cathode
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Nakagawa, T, Shikazono, N, & Kasagi, N. "Numerical Simulation of Electrochemical Reaction in Reconstructed Three-Dimensional LSM/YSZ Composite Cathode." Proceedings of the ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. Denver, Colorado, USA. June 16–18, 2008. pp. 123-131. ASME. _URL_
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text:
From the colors of the flag to the cultural symbols, these toys are a visual representation of national pride. What makes these soft toys truly special is their ability to transcend borders and language barriers. They serve as a universal language of friendship, allowing people from different countries to connect and bond over their shared love for these adorable creatures. Whether you are a child or an adult, the Countryball Soft Toy brings a smile to your face and a warm feeling in your heart. These plush toys have become more than just playthings; they have become ambassadors of peace and understanding. They remind us that despite our differences, we all share a common humanity. They encourage us to embrace diversity and celebrate the rich tapestry of cultures that make up our world.
The Countryball Soft Toy is not just a toy; it is a symbol of hope. It reminds us that no matter where we come from, we can find common ground and build bridges of friendship. It teaches us that love and acceptance are more powerful than hate and division. These soft toys have also become popular collectibles, with enthusiasts from around the world seeking to complete their collection. They are not just toys; they are cherished mementos that hold sentimental value. They serve as a reminder of the friendships formed and the memories created. In a world that often feels divided, the Countryball Soft Toy offers a glimmer of hope. It reminds us that despite our differences, we are all part of one global family.
So, let's embrace these adorable plush toys, hug a world of friendship, and spread love and acceptance wherever we go. In today's world, where divisions and conflicts seem to be ever-present, it is refreshing to find something that brings people together. The Countryball Plush Toy Collection is one such example, as it unites people from different backgrounds and cultures through the universal language of play. For those unfamiliar with Countryballs, they are anthropomorphic representations of countries, each with their own unique design and characteristics. These adorable plush toys have gained popularity in recent years, with Countryball plush toy fans all over the world embracing their charm and cuteness. What makes the Countryball Plush Toy Collection truly special is its ability to foster unity and understanding among people.


text:
Charity mergers include a range of legal and practical issues. There are very many charitable organisations, and both small and large have good reasons for considering combining to maximise their charitable impact.
Other charities may have reached the end of their useful life and want to manage the process of winding-up and dissolving the organisation.
Main issues to consider:
- Types of merger – the process will be determined by the outcome sought; a new charity may be formed to take the assets of two existing charities; one may dissolve and pass its assets to another; one charity may become a subsidiary of another
- Charitable objects – a charity must always act within the terms of its objects. It is important for charities that are combining to have compatible objects; if they differ, then the objects will need to be amended
- Role of the Charity Commission – where there are problems with a charity's ability to amend its objects, the Charity Commission can implement a cy-pres scheme. The Charity Commission can be involved in making a scheme, where a permanent endowment is held and the receiving charity is a company
- Issues to be considered – structural and practical issues need to be addressed - the constitution of the trustee board, membership, internal organisation and of course name
- Possible future liabilities – a charity receiving the assets and activities of another charity can take over liabilities; particular areas of concern may be VAT, the transfer of employees, and a defined benefit pension scheme with ongoing liabilities
- Register of charity mergers – introduced by the Charities Act 2006, this transfers gifts or legacies made to the merged charity to the successor charity.
For further information please contact one of the team.


See also: Stern
Wikipedia has articles on:
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English stern, sterne, sturne, from Old English styrne (stern, grave, strict, austere, hard, severe, cruel), from Proto-Germanic *sturnijaz (angry, astonished, shocked), from Proto-Indo-European *ster-, *ter- (rigid, stiff). Cognate with Scots stern (bold, courageous, fierce, resolute), Old High German stornēn (to be astonished), Dutch stuurs (glum, austere), Swedish stursk (insolent).
stern (comparative sterner, superlative sternest)
 1. Having a hardness and severity of nature or manner.
 - John Dryden
 stern as tutors, and as uncles hard
 2. Grim and forbidding in appearance.
Etymology 2Edit
Most likely from Old Norse stjórn (control, steering), related to stýra (to steer), from Proto-Germanic *stiurijaną, whence also English steer. Also possibly from Old Frisian stiarne (rudder), from the same Germanic root.
Wikipedia has an article on:
stern (plural sterns)
 1. (nautical) The rear part or after end of a ship or vessel.
 2. (figuratively) The post of management or direction.
 3. The hinder part of anything.
 4. The tail of an animal; now used only of the tail of a dog.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Old English
stern (plural sterns)
 1. A bird, the black tern.
From Old High German sterno, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.
stern m (please provide plural)
 1. star (luminous dot appearing in the night sky)
 - Anthony R. Rowley, Liacht as de sproch: Grammatica della lingua mòchena Deutsch-Fersentalerisch, TEMI, 2003.
Last modified on 18 February 2014, at 18:55


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A game of cards for two to four persons, played with a special deck of 48 cards, with points being scored by taking tricks and forming certain combinations.
- n. The combination of the queen of spades and jack of diamonds in this game.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. See penuchle.
- n. card games A card game, similar to bezique.
- n. card games A meld of jack of diamonds and queen of spades in said card game.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. A game at cards, played with forty-eight cards, being all the cards above the eight spots in two packs.
- n. a card game played with a pack of forty-eight cards (two of each suit for high cards); play resembles whist
- Perhaps from German dialectal Binokel, beziquelike card game, from French dialectal binocle, spectacles, from New Latin bīnoculus, the two eyes : Latin bīnī, two each; see dwoin Indo-European roots + Latin oculus, eye; see okwin Indo-European roots. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Interesting that "marriage" is a type of meld in pinochle (king and queen of the same suit)."
"In fact, one of the things he did when he went to New York was that he went to the Waiters Club in New York, and has an - he was a fiend for pinochle, which is - is it "pin-oakley" or "pin-ockle"?"
"This brought the verb meld into much wider circulation than it ever had before, though it had been recorded from the 1880s in connection with other card games, such as pinochle and rummy."
"I did play pinochle in college (but only when I couldn't find a foursome for bridge), but I never really put together the use of the word "meld" in pinochle with any general definition — I just assumed it was a specialized term in pinochle & never gave it any thought (sort of how most people play pinochle, which is why I much preferred bridge)."
"It was the kind of a hat which was known in that city as a "pinochle"; pronounced "pea-knuckle" by all well-informed boys."
"He and his card rivals wore fedoras and smoked and played vicious rounds of pinochle."
"The mobsters proved themselves as cold-blooded murderers and often reminisced about their hits while playing pinochle."
"New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia said, "I do not want any of the pinochle club atmosphere to take hold among city workers."
"The pollen, pet dander, mildew, and just good old dirt are constantly flowing in my house! pinochle Says:"
"Reality: One of them, Agnes, who has thin dingy gray hair, lips moist with slobber, and is as tall as she is wide, brayed at me that she and her friends where supposed to meet my grandmother there to play pinochle, but that my grandmother wasn't home yet."
These user-created lists contain the word 'pinochle'.
Im savin it for later
cool beans dude
hit me man
Get a life dude
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
List of terms used in the card game pinochle, beginning with meld and trick.
A list of playing card games employing fewer cards than the typical 52-card deck.
Interesting words worth @ least 15 points.
Classic Children's Toys and Games and Amusements
Verbal curios, because of their meaning, their shape, or their history.
A contemplation of the indo european root meaning of meldh-.
All lists are melds.
Card games with weird and/or unpronounceable names.
Looking for tweets for pinochle.


Re: How to embed HTML in XML
Subject: Re: How to embed HTML in XML
From: Vernon_Imrich@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2000 09:16:14 -0400
>Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2000 11:26:54 -0700
>From: "Amit Aggarwal"
>Subject: How to embed HTML in XML
> I want to embed HTML into an XML.The problem which I am facing is that the
>XSLT processor gives errors for HTML tags and forces me to define them in
>the DTD.
>Is there some simple way in which I can make the XSLT processor to ignore
>the HTML tags and I dont have to define it in the DTD.
There are two parts to the problem. First, you need to make the embedded HTML
markup appear as character data inside of an XML field when the XML is parsed.
Second you need the XSL processor to preserve the character information and
not try to escape special characters (e.g. convert "<" to "<") in the output
when it does the "value-of" operation on that field.
Use the CDATA (character data) wrapper to solve problem 1. The syntax for
this is:

To solve problem 2, use the "disable-output-escaping" flag in your XSL. This
flag is supported for the key things like "value-of" that dump XML field values
into the ouput.
Example (assuming proper node context):
BTW, this is a perfectly reasonable thing to be doing. There are many contexts
where the value of an XML field really does need some internal markup preserved,
for data integrity reasons at least. It also makes sense that you need to tell
the XML parser and the XSL processor explicitly in those cases that the "markup"
is part of the data for that field.
 XSL-List info and archive:
Current Thread


POE::Loop - documentation for POE's event loop bridge interface
POE::Loop - documentation for POE's event loop bridge interface
POE's runtime kernel abstraction uses the ''bridge'' pattern to encapsulate services provided by different event loops. This abstraction allows POE to cooperate with several event loops and support new ones with a minimum amount of work.
POE relies on a relatively small number of event loop services: signal callbacks, time or alarm callbacks, and filehandle activity callbacks.
The rest of the bridge interface is administrative trivia such as initializing, executing, and finalizing event loop.
POE::Kernel uses POE::Loop classes internally as a result of detecting which event loop is loaded before POE is. You should almost never need to use a POE::Loop class directly, although there is some early support for doing so in cases where it's absolutely necessary.
See Using POE with Other Event Loops in the POE::Kernel manpage for details about actually using POE with other event loops.
An event loop bridge is not a proper object in itself. Rather, it is a suite of functions that are defined within the POE::Kernel namespace. A bridge is a plugged-in part of POE::Kernel itself. Its functions are proper POE::Kernel methods.
 # $Id: Loop.pm 2116 2006-09-08 04:45:45Z rcaputo $
 use strict;
 # YourToolkit bridge for POE::Kernel;
 package POE::Loop::YourToolkit;
 use vars qw($VERSION);
 $VERSION = do {my@r=(q$Revision: 2116 $=~/\d+/g);sprintf"%d."."%04d"x$_TAG_,_USER_};
 package POE::Kernel;
 ... private lexical data and functions defined here...
 =head1 NAME
 ... documentation goes here...
The public interface for loop bridges is broken into four parts: administrative functions, signal functions, time functions, and filehandle functions. They will be described in detail shortly.
Bridges use lexical variables to keep track of things. The types and number of variables depends on the needs of each event loop. For example, POE::Loop::Select keeps bit vectors for its select() call. POE::Loop::Gtk tracks a single time watcher and multiple file watchers for each file descriptor.
Bridges often employ private functions as callbacks from their event loops. The Event, Gtk, and Tk bridges do this.
 perldoc -m POE::Loop::Select
 perldoc -m POE::Loop::Gtk
These functions initialize and finalize an event loop, run the loop to process events, and halt it.
Initialize the event loop. Graphical toolkits especially need some sort of init() call or sequence to set up. For example, POE::Loop::Gtk implements loop_initialize() like this.
 sub loop_initialize {
POE::Loop::Select does a little more work.
 sub loop_initialize {
 sub loop_finalize {
 next unless defined $fileno_watcher[$fd];
 foreach my $mode (MODE_RD, MODE_WR, MODE_EX) {
 warn "Fileno $fd / mode $mode has a watcher at loop_finalize"
Wait for time to pass or new events to occur, and dispatch events which are due. If the underlying event loop does these things, then loop_do_timeslice() either provideminimal glue for them or does nothing.
For example, the loop_do_timeslice() function for the Select bridge sets up and calls select(). If any files or other resources become active, it enqueues events for them. Finally, it triggers dispatch for any events are due.
A sample loop_do_timeslice() is not presented here because it would either be quite large or empty. See the bridges for Poll and Select for large ones. The Event, Gtk, and Tk bridges are good examples of empty ones.
Run an event loop until POE has no more sessions to handle events. This function tends to be quite small. For example, the Poll bridge uses:
 sub loop_run {
 my $self = shift;
 while ($self->_data_ses_count()) {
This function is even more trivial when an event loop handles it. This is from the Gtk bridge:
 sub loop_run {
Halt an event loop, especially one which does not know about POE. This tends to be an empty function for loops written in the bridges themselves (Poll, Select) and a trivial function for ones that have their own main loops.
For example, the loop_run() function in the Poll bridge exits when sessions have run out, so its loop_halt() function is empty:
 sub loop_halt {
 # does nothing
 sub loop_halt {
These functions enable and disable signal watchers.
loop_watch_signal SIGNAL_NAME
Watch for a given SIGNAL_NAME, most likely by registering a signal handler. Signal names are the ones included in %SIG. That is, they are the UNIX signal names with the leading ''SIG'' removed.
Most event loops do not have native signal watchers, so it is up to their bridges to register %SIG handlers. Some bridges, such as POE::Loop::Event, register callbacks for various signals.
There are three types of signal handlers:
The loop_watch_signal() function tends to be very long, so an example is not presented here. The Event and Select bridges have good examples, though.
loop_ignore_signal SIGNAL_NAME
Stop watching SIGNAL_NAME. This usually resets the %SIG entry for SIGNAL_NAME to DEFAULT. In the Event bridge, however, it stops and removes a watcher for the signal.
The Select bridge:
 sub loop_ignore_signal {
 my ($self, $signal) = _USER_;
 $SIG{$signal} = "DEFAULT";
The Event bridge:
 sub loop_ignore_signal {
 my ($self, $signal) = _USER_;
 if (defined $signal_watcher{$signal}) {
 delete $signal_watcher{$signal};
loop_attach_uidestroy WINDOW
Send a UIDESTROY signal when WINDOW is closed. The UIDESTROY signal is used to shut down a POE program when its user interface is destroyed.
This function is only meaningful in bridges that interface with graphical toolkits. All other bridges leave loop_attach_uidestroy() empty. See POE::Loop::Gtk and POE::Loop::Tk for examples.
These functions enable and disable a time watcher or alarm in the substrate. POE only requires one, which is reused or re-created as necessary.
Most event loops trigger callbacks when time has passed. Bridges for this kind of loop will need to register and unregister a callback as necessary. The callback, in turn, will dispatch due events and do some other maintenance.
The bridge time functions accept NEXT_EVENT_TIME in the form of a UNIX epoch time. Event times may contain fractional seconds. Time functions may be required to translate times from the UNIX epoch into whatever representation an underlying event loop requires.
loop_resume_time_watcher NEXT_EVENT_TIME
Resume an already active time watcher. Used with loop_pause_time_watcher() to provide lightweight timer toggling. NEXT_EVENT_TIME is the UNIX epoch time of the next event in the queue. This function is used by bridges that set time watchers in other event loop libraries. For example, Gtk uses this:
 sub loop_resume_time_watcher {
 my ($self, $next_time) = _USER_;
 $next_time -= time();
 $next_time *= 1000;
 $next_time = 0 if $next_time < 0;
 $_watcher_timer = Gtk->timeout_add( $next_time,
It is often empty in bridges that implement their own event loops.
loop_reset_time_watcher NEXT_EVENT_TIME
Reset a time watcher, often by stopping or destroying an existing one and creating a new one in its place. This function has the same semantics as (and is often implemented in terms of) loop_resume_time_watcher(). It is usually more expensive than that function, however. Again, from Gtk:
 sub loop_reset_time_watcher {
 my ($self, $next_time) = _USER_;
 undef $_watcher_timer;
Pause a time watcher. This should be done without destroying the timer, if the underlying event loop supports that.
POE::Loop::Event supports pausing a timer:
 sub loop_pause_time_watcher {
These functions enable and disable file activity watchers. The pause and resume functions are lightweight versions of ignore and watch. They are used to quickly toggle the state of a file activity watcher without incurring the overhead of destroying and creating them entirely.
All the functions take the same two parameters: a file HANDLE and a file access MODE.
Modes may be MODE_RD, MODE_WR, or MODE_EX. These constants are defined by POE::Kernel and correspond to read, write, or exceptions.
POE calls MODE_EX ''expedited'' because it often signals that a file is ready for out-of-band information. Not all event loops handle MODE_EX. For example, Tk:
 sub loop_watch_filehandle {
 my $fileno = fileno($handle);
 # The Tk documentation implies by omission that expedited
 confess "Tk does not support expedited filehandles"
 if $mode == MODE_EX;
loop_watch_filehandle HANDLE, MODE
Watch a file HANDLE for activity in a given MODE. Registers the HANDLE (or, more often its file descriptor via fileno()) in the given MODE with the underlying event loop.
POE::Loop::Select sets a vec() bit so the next select() call will know about the handle. It also tracks which file descriptors it has active.
 sub loop_watch_filehandle {
 my $fileno = fileno($handle);
loop_ignore_filehandle


text:
(NOTE: All photographic images below can be clicked to view at higher resolution.)
In the last few days some of the first high resolution color images of Mars Rover Curiosity's
deck have been taken. These included some of the best images yet showing the knots visible on the exposed wire and cable bundles.
While a few of the folks here are no doubt aware, it might surprise most people to learn that knots tied in cords and thin ribbons have probably traveled on every interplanetary mission ever flown. If human civilization ends tomorrow, interplanetary landers, orbiters, and deep space probes will preserve evidence of both the oldest and newest of human technologies for millions of years..Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)
Knots are still used in this high-tech arena because cable lacing
has long been the preferred cable management technique in aerospace applications. That it remains so to this day is a testament to the effectiveness of properly chosen knots tied by skilled craftspeople. It also no doubt has a bit to do with the conservative nature of aerospace design and engineering practices. Proven technologies are rarely cast aside unless they no longer fulfill requirements or there is something substantially better available.
While the knots used for cable lacing in general can be quite varied -- in some cases even a bit idiosyncratic -- NASA has in-house standards for the knots and methods used on their spacecraft. These are specified in NASA Technical Standard NASA-STD-8739.4 -- Crimping, Interconnecting Cables, Harnesses, and Wiring
. As far as I've been able to identify in the rover images below, all of the lacings shown are one of two of the several patterns specified in the standard.
The above illustration shows the so-called "Spot Tie". It is a clove hitch topped by two half-knots in the form of a reef (square) knot. In addition to its pure binding role, it is also used to affix cable bundles to tie-down points, as can be seen in many of the Curiosity rover images below.
Knot history buffs might find it interesting that a "Spot Tie"-like knot, with opposite Clove Hitch end orientation and topped only with a single half-knot was illustrated in 1917 by A. Hyatt Verrill under the name "Gunner's Knot". This was seemingly due to Verrill copying from J.T. Burgess, who had oversimplified "Bowling's" description of what possibly was the first known textual description of the Constrictor knot. But that's a whole different can of worms!
So why has NASA standardized on this knot instead others which might serve the purpose? The following reasons are merely my own musings. I'd be interested to hear others' comments on this knot's strengths and weaknesses.
The Reef Knot and Clove Hitch are extremely ancient. Both were discussed in detail as surgical and orthopedic knots and slings by Greek physician Heraklas
in the 1st Century AD. The Reef Knot is depicted with varying degrees of realism in ancient Egyptian statuary and hieroglyphics as far back as 4000-5000 years ago. I presume there would be little disagreement here that these two knots must be among the oldest of the purposeful, standardized knots used by humans. You simply cannot get more field-tested than this!
But why combine these two well-known old knots in a somewhat novel way that, at first, might seem a bit "belt-and-suspenders"?
The inner profile of the clove hitch is smooth. Both turns bear on the bound object evenly throughout their contact. The contact area is increased by having two turns. When the reef knot is added, the ends are pulled up and away from the object. There is some extra pressure exerted by the reef knot on the riding turn, but this is distributed onto the two underlying turns. Evenness of pressure is important for the same reasons as the next item.
Overtightening of cable management bindings can cause conductor breakage, insulation damage, excessive chafing, and deformations between the conductive, dielectric, and shield parts of a cable, and no doubt a host of other issues. It is one of the classic problems with ratcheting plastic cable ties (i.e. "zipties") that they only have quantized adjustment steps and cannot be easily loosened. While zipties with a metal tooth insert do allow for smoother tightening, the possibility of this tiny metal part coming loose near electronics generally excludes their use. That zipties cannot easily be loosened or adjusted during tightening makes them more prone to being left in an overtightened state. Difficulty of adjustment might also be considered a possible strike against using the Constrictor Knot (and similar knots) for this application.
The clove hitch is not known as a particularly good binder alone, but that may be an advantage in this application. If the clove is initially made too tight it is easily loosened and readjusted. Once the proper snugness is achieved the addition of the first half-knot produces only a small and predictable amount of additional tightening. One thing I did notice in my tests is that if the first half-knot is made in the opposite orientation than shown in the standard, it tends to produce more tightening and also separates the underlying turns of the clove hitch.
- Resilience to errors in tying
As mentioned above, I did some tests tying the knot incorrectly in different ways. While these forms generally seemed inferior to the specified knot, they were not obviously destined to fail. Using these two basic knots in a compound form seems to be a reasonable way to make errors of tying less detrimental to the resulting knot.Image credit: David J. Fred/Wikimedia Commons (Original)
Above is a high resolution photo taken of these Spot Ties made in Gudebrod Nomex
lacing tape. These types of lacing tapes are often coated or impregnated with materials (e.g. synthetic rubbers) to increase their knot-holding properties. I'm not sure what the tapes visible on the rover are made of, but I'd suspect the material was chosen for its behavior at extremely low temperatures and pressures as well as very good UV resistance.
The keen observer may note that some of the Spot Ties in the rover images show the ends perpendicular to the cable bundle and some parallel. Based on general experience with reef and granny knots, one might be tempted to assume the parallel examples are improperly finished with granny knots. Experimentation with Nomex lacing tape seems to show that it's more a matter of the knot preserving the orientation of the ends as the reef knot was tightened. I found that when the Spot Tie is finished improperly in the granny form but with the ends kept perpendicular to the wire bundle they tend to stay that way. While these experiments are hardly definitive, it doesn't seem to me that one can tell from orientation of the ends whether the knot was properly tied or not.
There is also the issue of the handedness of the first half-knot with respect the ends emerging from the Clove Hitch portion. The relative orientation shown in the NASA spec does appear to be preferable to the alternative.
I won't go into much discussion about these stiches for the moment, but I believe the one on the left (the running clove hitches) appears on the extreme right edge of detail image "1" below.
And now for the pretty pictures...Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech(Original)
Multi-image panorama giving context of rover, deck, and its suroundings. The rim of Gale Crater is visible in the distance.Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech(Original)
Annotated context image showing locations of following five detailed images. Outlines do not quite align to following image borders due to panorama projection.1 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)
Examples of one of the flat stitching methods (shown above) appear on the extreme right edge of this image.2 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)3 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)4 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)5 Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems(Original)


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Some social and literary aspects in Zambian popular music : The case of Serenje Kalindula band
Sichinga, Willy Geas
MetadataShow full item record
The research was on some social and literary aspects of popular music in Zambia, giving a case study of Serenje Kalindula Band and the Kalindula genre. Kalindula music became popularized in the late 1970's when the electric guitar and other Western instruments were introduced to enhance it. Kalindula popular music flourished given the political environment that existed under the rule of the first Republican President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda who made a policy that Zambia national broadcasting corporation (ZNBC) was to play 95% of Zambian music on both Television and Radio. From this background, the author aimed to investigate some social and literary aspects that characterized this kind of popular music. Also the critical role of people like Alick Nkhata and their contribution to the popular music in Zambia was examined. This was important because most of the previous studies in music centred on tradition music. Furthermore, this research was to specifically review aspects of value, function, theme as well as other literally studies in the selected song texts of the Kalindula popular genre. To successfully conduct the research, the author was informed by both primary and secondary sources. For instance, published works from libraries were consulted. Also, Newspapers like the Post made weekly publications of music reviews which proved very helpful to the research. The Internet rendered valuable information in the study of Zambian popular music especially the interviews carried over it involving personalities like Chisha Folotiya. Chisha Folotiya is proprietor of Mondo Music Corporation, a recording company in Zambian popular music. The author equally conducted interviews with different people and as was found appropriate. One such interview was that done in Mufulira with one surviving and founder member of Serenje Kalindula Band, Wisdom 'Destroyer' Nkandu. As a resident of Serenje district, where the Serenje Kalindula Band had its ethnic inclination, the author through participatory observation gained insights into cultural values of Kalindula music among the natives of Serenje and Mkushi. Tapes by Serenje Kalindula Band were vital in transcribing song texts on which the research was based. Descriptive approach was used to write the research report. The research revealed a number of trends that characterized Zambian popular music, especially Kalindula genre under study. Revelations hinted on social and literally aspects of Kalindula popular music. For instance, the music was shown to express feelings and attitudes towards the economic and social crisis experienced by Zambians at that time. Serenje Kalindula Band composed songs to sing about these bad times and urged government and political leadership to alleviate the suffering of the Zambian citizenry. Also, both the music and dance point to the ethno music of the Lala people of Serenje and Mkushi districts. The literally aspects were found to characterize African sang poetry. This is poetry composed in free verse and is repetitive. The investigation showed that Kalindula popular music competed well as national music. The popular genre proved relevant to the Zambian society and depicted literature as it pertains to society. Among the recommendations is the need for the government to support old guards of Zambian popular music like Wisdom Destroyer Nkandu, the only surviving member of Serenje Kalindula Band, in their quest to propagate to the youth and the nation at large Kalindula as a popular genre. This would be necessary so that cultural values in the nation continue to be upheld.


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Abstract: Underwater Maya: Discovery, Mapping, and Excavating in a Peat Bog Below the Sea Floor, Belize
Lecturer: Heather McKillop
While walking in a shallow lagoon in southern Belize in search of "briquetage"—broken pots used to boil brine over fires to make salt—we made an accidental discovery that has transformed our knowledge of the ancient Maya. We found wooden posts and artifacts—including the only reported ancient Maya canoe paddle—perfectly preserved in a peat bog below the sea floor. The peat is mangrove peat, formed from accumulation of debris and roots as the salt-water red mangroves kept pace with rising seas. We did find lots of "briquetage," but also the buildings and other structures associated with a massive salt production industry that reached its peak during the height of the Late Classic Maya civilization (A.D. 600-900), when demand at the inland cities for this basic biological necessity was highest. Since wood is rarely preserved in the tropical landscape of Central America, the Paynes Creek Salt Works provide a stunning example of the kinds of wooden buildings used by the ancient Maya. In this presentation, I summarize the discovery and mapping of some 4000 wooden posts between 2005 and 2009, as well as the ongoing field research excavating "Ancient Maya Wooden Architecture and the Salt Industry." With a Site Preservation Grant from the AIA for "Underwater Maya," I am working with the local communities to provide displays and education, including an "observation platform" at the sites, to promote tourism and protection of these ancient Maya treasures of the sea.
Heather McKillop's Short bibliography and/or website on lecture topic:
In Search of Maya Sea Traders (Texas A & M University Press, 2005 hardcover and paperback) is a readable account in which I describe how I did the fieldwork as well as our finds, focusing on the ancient Maya seaport at Wild Cane Cay and also discussing the salt works—before we discovered wooden structures!
Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya (University Press of Florida, 2002 hardcover and 2008 paperback) describes the original 4 saltworks in Paynes Creek National Park that prompted survey to see if there were more saltworks, leading to the discovery of the wooden architecture (not discussed in the Salt book).
The Ancient Maya (2006, Norton publishers, paperback) is my general overview book of the ancient Maya, written to be accessible to the reading public.
There are several articles on my web site that can be downloaded by individuals under "fair use" at _URL_ Here are some of the more readable articles:
McKillop, Heather, 2009 "Mapping Ancient Maya Wooden Architecture on the Sea Floor, Belize." ACUA Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 2009: 277-286.
McKillop, Heather, 2007 "Ancient Mariners on the Belize Coast: Salt, Stingrays, and Seafood." Belizean Studies 29(2): 15-28.
McKillop, Heather, 2005 "Finds in Belize Document Late Classic Maya Salt Making and Canoe Transport." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 5630-5634.
McKillop, Heather 1994 "Traders of the Maya Coast: Five Field Seasons in the Swamps of South Coastal Belize, _PHONE_." Mexicon 16: 115-119.
You can also see images and my report on mapping at K'ak' Naab' ("Fiery Water Place") on the FAMSI web site at _URL_


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Anthropologist disputes impact of race on human biology
Oct. 15, 2002
KALAMAZOO -- An expert in biological anthropology will come to the Western Michigan University campus to question the idea of using race as a means to understand biological differences in humans during a lecture sponsored by the Visiting Scholars and Artists Program
Dr. George Armelagos, professor of biological anthropology at Emory University, will give a slide-illustrated presentation, "Myths of Race and the Reality of Racism," at 7 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 24, in Room 1032 of Moore Hall.
"Race as a biological concept is of little value," says Armelagos. He says its actually the use of race as a social construct and its misapplication that perpetuates racism, and it is actually racism that continues to have an impact on the biology in large segments of the population.
In addition to Thursday' s lecture, Armelagos will speak the following day on " Diet and Disease in Pre-History" to students and faculty in the Department of Anthropology. He also will offer an interdisciplinary lecture Friday to the university community. The presentation, titled " The Road to the Viral Superhighway," will begin at 3 p.m. in Room 1032 of Wood Hall, with a reception to follow. That talk will focus on the implications of viruses, including HIV and Ebola, in the context of human global culture and habitat change. All lectures are open to the public and will take place in Room 1032 of Moore Hall.
The Visiting Scholars and Artists Program at WMU was established in 1960 and has supported more than 500 visits by scholars and artists representing some 65 academic disciplines. The chairperson of the committee that oversees the program is Dr. Carol Bennett, instructor in the Department of Business Information Systems.
Media contact: Matt Gerard, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_


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The thermal performance of each test cells will be monitored continually from this winter until autumn 2007. The cells will be heated. So, sensors will be used to
- control and measuring the heating,
- determine temperature variation in various parts of the room;
- measure heat movement through the cells' fabric; and
- Monitor air movement in the roof and sub-floor spaces.
In addition, local weather conditions will be monitored and recorded.
Controlling the heating
The regulatory modelling program, AccuRate, estimates the amount of energy required to keep specific rooms at a comfortable temperature during different times of the day. To replicate this, the heater in each cell will be controlled by internal temperature sensor. Running time and energy use will be measured and recorded.
Temperature in a room is not consistent. It is influenced by height in the room, proximity of hot and cold surfaces such as walls, and draughts and other air movement. Temperature will be measured at three heights (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 m high) at each of nine points in the cells. This is shown in Image 3 below.
Heat movement through the fabric
Heat moves through each surface of the cells, ceiling and roof, walls and floor. To measure this heat flow and the thermal performance of the construction systems, temperature sensors are positioned:
- At each material surface in the centre of the north and south walls;
- At each material surface in the centre of the ceiling and across the roof sheet on the centre of the north facing roof segment; and
- At each material surface in the centre of the floor. As the slab may use the ground under it as a heat sink, temperature is also measured one meter under ground in the centre of each cell.
Air movement under the timber sub-floors and in the roof spaces influences the flow of heat through the floor and the ceiling. Air movement sensors will be positioned in the centre of the floor and ceiling space of each module.
The collected data will be analysed to compare actual thermal performance to that predicted by AccuRate. This will provide a critical but objective comparison between the performance accessed by the rating software and the measured performance of three similar test cells.


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Babka bread may have originated with Eastern European Jews, or it may be a distant relative of Italian pannetone. The exact origins of babka bread are unknown.
Babka bread may have originated in Poland or Ukraine. One theory poses that it used to be part of an ancient fertility ritual as part of the matriarchal system. This type of rolled, filled bread is especially popular in Russia, Belarus, the Baltics, Poland and Ukraine. The name "babka" is related to "babcia," the Slavic word for grandmother. One theory is that the traditional Polish pan used for baking babka resembles the pleats on an old woman's skirt. Another theory about the name is that grandmothers were the primary bakers of the dish.
Another theory claims that babka actually originated in Italy, where it's seen as a "Russified" version of Italian pannetone bread. Possibly Queen Bona Sforza brought the tradition with her to Poland in the 16th century. The idea that babka originated in Italy is supported by the inclusion of chocolate in some versions. Jewish people became chocolatiers in Italy, and they brought the tradition with them when they fled the Spanish Inquisition in the 15th century.
Babka was once much larger than the current version. In the early 19th century, Polish bakers began using egg challah dough to make a dessert spread with jam, cinnamon or raisins, which formed the basis of the modern babka bread.


Advantages of Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement System
The ultrasonic thickness measurement system is used for the uninterrupted real-time measuring and monitoring of the change of the thickness, outer diameter, eccentricity and out-of-roundness in the whole production process of gas pipe, water supply pipe, conduit pipe, medical catheter, etc. Therefore, the quality risks can be completely eliminated in production process. Different gravimetric blending systems have different key points. According to the working principle we can divide the system into gravimetric blender and volumetric blender. Due to the material properties and the high accuracy requirement of material addition, gravimetric blenders are usually much more accurate than volumetric blenders, and in most of the time, the gravimetric blenders have replaced the volumetric blenders. Because the different processing technique and material properties, we should choose different gravimetric blending systems in the process of plastic processing.
Application Cases
Main Functions
1.Real-time thickness and external diameter measurement for plastic pipe. 2.Automatic warning function for plastic pipe and auto-saving function for alarming information. 3. Plastic tube thickness measuring equipment is used for managing and analyzing the factory formula and order setting. 4. The plastic pipe thickness gauge system can adjust the quality problems (history curve)
5 Automatic generate the statistical quality report which can be printed out.
1. Traceability
The ultrasonic thickness measurement system is used for monitoring and recording the production of plastic pipe in the whole production process with the ability of marking the unqualified pipe automatically. So you can know the production and quality situation without browsing the production records. If there are some potential quality hazards of pipes, the workers only need to find out the pipe number in warehouse without going to the production line to handle the unqualified pipes. Even the pipes have been sent to construction site, you can also find out unqualified pipes according to numbers. With this traceability, our wall thickness measurement decreases the high requirement of responsibility. More over, this kind of ultrasonic thickness measurement system can trace back the production record to half a month or six month ago. (Customer needs to match necessary pipeline printer for our wall thickness measurement to identify unqualified pipes.)
2. Suitable for all kind of water quality
For many years effort, UltraMac ultrasonic thickness measurement system solved the problem of needing the purified water to measure. More over, the probe of our equipment with the structure of automatic purge can make the measurement more accurate.
3. Non-contact measurement
Non-contact measurement makes no wearing parts. It means that our thickness gauge doesn't need to move probe or tube reducing ring when measuring different pipe diameters. The only thing you need to do is to change the rubber sheet. Thus it avoids the probe to be damaged by human.
4. Imported parts
The high precision ultrasonic transducer, signal processor, cable and other core measurement parts for this ultrasonic thickness measurement system are all imported from America which ensure the measurement more stable and prolong the service life.
5. Imported ultra-thin industrial control tablet computer
In order to ensure comprehensive and real-time data, our pipe thickness gauge adopts independent industrial tablet and large capacity hard disk to do the high speed and large capacity data storage to prevent the data of unqualified pipe to be left out.
6. Convenient production management
The statistics data of this ultrasonic thickness measurement system is covered the whole production process,which can make the users easily know when the production line starting up, when stop and when appear the quality problems, etc. Also the derivable data or optional remote control software can make quality control staff to know the real and historical situation of production line in office without going to the factory.
7. Convenient service and low cost
Our company owns several skillful service engineers in this area to provide user efficient and rapid technical support. Thus reduce customer's energy consumption caused by shut down.
8. Lifelong free upgrade
For the software, we provide customer lifelong free upgrade for better performance.


How to determine whether you should build a niche site or an authority site?
Affiliate marketing websites can broadly be placed into two categories: niche sites and authority sites.
Although there is a lot of overlap between these two types of websites, each type of site has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to their building and monetization.
Today we are going to learn:
 - What the differences are between a niche site and an authority site
 - How to determine whether to build out a niche site or an authority site
 - Different approaches that need to be taken when building a niche site vs an authority site
 - The differences in business models between niche site and authority site ownership
A. What are the differences between a niche site and an authority site?
The first thing to say before we go through the differences between these two types of sites is that there is a lot of overlap between them.
Both niche and authority sites are websites that are focused on a specific industry. An example of this is a site dedicated to running.
Both types of sites are monetized through affiliate marketing. Third-party products related to the site's industry are sold through the website.
To use the example of a running site again, these can be monetized through affiliate sales of running shoes, fitness trackers, and health supplements.
The key differences between niche and authority sites are in their size, content strategy, and their intent.
1. The difference in size between niche and authority sites
Niche sites are smaller than authority sites.
It is possible to create a profitable niche site with as few as 10-20 pages.
A small site like this will usually be focussed around a sub-niche, which is a specific portion or angle of a broader industry.
So, if you were to create a niche site in the running industry, you might choose to focus specifically on forest trail running, or treadmill running.
Example of a niche site in the walking industry monetised through treadmill affiliate sales.
This way you can exhaustively cover a topic in 30 posts or less.
The downside of this is that you are often restricting yourself to selling one to two products in order to not spread your content too thin.
Authority sites tend to be a lot bigger, generally with over 100 posts, and with new content being added during the lifetime of the site.
This can allow you to cover a whole industry, or at least a wider portion of an industry, and sell a wide range of products through your site.
Authority sites often grow out of successful niche sites.
When a marketer starts getting traction in a particular industry, they can double-down on creating content for that site, broadening out that content into other areas in their industry.
This does not have to be the case however, as sometimes it is not worth scaling a successful niche site past a certain point – we will talk more about how to determine whether this is the case a bit later.
2. The difference in content strategy between niche and authority sites
Niche sites and authority sites differ not only in the amount of content, but also in the type of content and keywords you target.
For niche sites, the vast majority of your articles will be written with the intent of trying to rank for high commercial value keywords. Examples of these are product reviews and comparison pages.
Authority sites, on the other hand, will have a large bank of purely informational articles that aim to answer common questions within an industry.
These informational posts may internally link to commercial pages (in fact it's good practice to do so) but the primary aim of these pages is not to sell a product but rather to engage and build trust with people interested in your wider industry.
To illustrate this, let's compare the keywords ranked for between a niche site and authority site in the same industry (camping in this instance)
Authority site keywords:
Authority site keywords
Niche site keywords:
Niche site keywords
As we can see, the authority site ranks for the keywords: "campfire baked potatoes" and "how to use a charcoal chimney"
These are not keywords that one generally types in when they are looking to buy a product.
They will however bring in traffic that may be interested in the products you are selling at a later time.
The example niche site ranks for terms like "best survival axe" and "best handled ham radio for survival". These are higher buyer intent keywords and traffic will be driven to product pages.
Authority sites will also rank for these higher commercial intent keywords, but the focus will be on driving traffic to both product and informational pages.
Their content strategy will therefore revolve around creating a holistic resource for anyone interested in the website's industry.
Niche sites will focus almost exclusively on driving traffic to commercial pages, so a content strategy will focus on writing about a much narrower topic, driven by the products that they are looking to sell.
3. The difference in intent between niche and authority sites
As we are beginning to see, niche sites and authority sites have a whole different philosophy behind them.
Niche sites are looking to make one time sales, intercepting traffic just at the point where it is ready to make a purchase with top-of-funnel content.
Marketing Funnel
Authority sites have content for all stages of the marketing funnel, whereas niche sites only have content for the evaluation and purchase stage. Image credit:
Authority sites are looking to create content and drive traffic at every stage of the marketing funnel.
Authority sites try to build a brand, following and community through their content with the hope that their followers will turn into repeat customers.
As well as creating content for every stage of a buyer's journey, authority sites are often monetized with items of various prices to take advantage of followers who are at different stages of familiarity with the site's brand.
When you have a dedicated following you are in a strong position to sell your own products such as courses and consulting.
These tend to be more profitable than just selling affiliate products.
B. How to determine whether to build a niche site or an authority site
As authority sites aim for a higher level of audience engagement than niche sites, they take a lot more work to develop and do not become completely passive even when hitting maturity.
Niche sites on the other hand can be built in a (relatively) set-and-forget manner. Once you are ranking for a few high-commercial keywords you can make money from your site without creating any new content.
The only work involved happens when you either want to grow your site, or you have lost visibility to competitors.
With the additional work that goes into authority sites comes a much higher scope for income.
The biggest questions you should therefore ask yourself when choosing whether to build an authority or niche site is what the scope for profitability is in that industry, and how much time you want to invest in your site.
Let's break these down into sub-questions to better help you make this decision.
1. Determining the potential profitability in your industry
a. How much interest is there in your industry?
The potential profitability of your website will always be constrained by the demand for information and products in its industry.
Dominating the entirety of a small market may not turn out to be as profitable as doing well in a small part of a larger market.
This means that for some very small industries it does not make sense to build an authority site.
You can determine the level of interest in a specific industry by looking at keyword volumes for the keywords in that industry, as well as the social followings for the big influencers in that industry.
b. How monetizable is that industry?
As well as search volume, you should always think about how easy it will be to make money from your website.
The effort that it takes to build an authority site can only be justified if you have better options for monetization than low ticket affiliate products and ad revenue.
The key question to ask yourself is: how willing are people to spend money in your chosen industry?
Profitable industries tend to have the following characteristics:
 - The products and services in that industry are expensive (over a few hundred dollars)
 - It's an industry where people can make money (marketing for example)
 - It's an industry with a large passionate following
What you ultimately want to ascertain is whether you will make more money doubling down in your current industry, or diversifying into new ones.
c. How many "splinter industries" does your website have?
If your website becomes authoritative enough, it can start dominating the market not only in its initial industry, but also in adjacent industries.
An example of this would be a website that was initially about camping branching out and becoming an authority about hiking and mountain biking.
If your chosen industry has a lot of potentially profitable splinter industries then this increases the chances of building an authority site being worth your time and effort.
2. Determining how much time you want to invest in your site
a. How interested are you in your industry?
With an authority site, your audience will be composed of people who are very familiar with your industry.
To create content that engages these people, you need to have authentic industry expertise.
To do this without having a genuine interest in your chosen industry is either very difficult or very expensive (you will need to hire expert level writers).
If you have no real interest in your website's industry, it is probably worth sticking with a niche site.
b. How passive do you want your income to be?
Unless you are fortunate enough to find a lucrative market with little competition, running an authority site is not a passive business.
Your audience will need a constant stream of content to stay engaged, and there are usually several sites battling it out to be the go-to in the industry.
You cannot compete with a passive approach.
A more passive business model is to create a larger portfolio of smaller niche sites.
Each site will be less profitable with this model, however.
C. How