Nurarihyon – The Slippery Gourd
Nurarihyon Sawaki Sushi Hyakkai Zukan
Translated and Sourced from Koshiki Haidokubara, Gazu Hyakki Yagyo, Yokai Jiten, Ichiban Kuwashi Nihon Yōkai Zukan, Gegege no Kitaro, Japanese Wikipedia, and Other Soruces
For more adventures of Nurarihyon, check out the comic book Wayward
The Yōkai Sōdaishō, Supreme Commander of Yokai. The leader of the Hyakki Yagyō, the Night Parade of 100 Demons. The King of the Chiryomoji, the Spirits of Earth and Air. In modern Japan, Nurarihyon is a yokai of many grand titles. All of which obfuscate his origins and a humble sea monster, floating in the Seto Inland Sea.
What Does Nurarihyon Mean?
The confusion over Nurarihyon starts with his name. It is most often written in hiragana only, as ぬらりひょん, which gives no inherent meaning. There is kanji that can be used, 滑瓢, combining 滑 (namera; slippery) + 瓢 (hyo; gourd) giving you something meaning "slippery gourd," but it is thought that this kanji was added later to match the name. Old accounts of Nurarihyon only ever use the hiragana.
As to the meaning, there are two ideas. The "Nurari" part is almost universally accepted as meaning "slippery or evasive." "Hyon," can either mean "floating on the sea," as it does in Okayama prefecture, or "gourd" as a reference to Nurarihyon's oddly shaped head. And according to an Edo period Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, "hyon" simply means "mysterious."
There is a further confusion as to the correct name for this yōkai. Some accounts speak of a creature called Nurarin or Nurihyon instead of Nurarihyon. The best guess is that in the past these were separate yōkai, but merged over time due to the similarities of their names.
Nurarihyon the Sea Monster
The oldest accounts of Nurarihyon—and the ones that owe more to folklore than commerce—come from Okayama prefecture. Nurarihyon is described as a type of Umi Bozu, The "slippery floater" of these legends is described as a bulbous mass that floats on the Seto Inland Sea, eternally bobbing up and down between the surfaces of the water.
This Nurarihyon is thought to be a yōkai version of the jellyfish called the Portuguese Man-o-War. Some consider it to be a "baby umi bōzu" that eventually grows up into the full-sized monster.
Nurarihyon the Nopperabo
The ukiyoe-zoshi Koshiki Haidokubara (好色敗毒散) has a one-sentence mention of Nurarihon.
"Nurarihyon looks like a catfish, without eyes or a mouth. It is a spirit of deception."
There isn't much to go on, but this account places Nurarihyon in the realm of the faceless yōkai like nopperabō. The "catfish" portion shows that at this time Nurarihyon was still considered a sea creature.
Nurarihyon the Unwanted Houseguest
Sekien Nurarihyon
The most common version of Nurarihyon in the modern world is that of the unwanted houseguest. He is almost always described in this way:
"One hectic days when the household is running around with barely a second to think, Nurarihyon slips casually into the house and sits down to a cup of tea acting as if he were the Lord of the Manor. People who see him and the casual ease with which he takes authority assume that he must indeed be the Lord. They fall upon themselves serving him, and don't realize how they have been deceived until he is gone."
The evolution of this version of Nurarihyon is unknown. It is thought to rise from Toriyama Seiken, who drew Nurarihyon as an old man with an oversized head, draped in a fine kimono and stepping out of a fancy palanquin into a home for his Gazu Hyakki Yagyo (Illustrated Night Parade of 100 Demons). In Murakami Kenji's Yokai Dictionary, he says that the modern appearance of Nurarihyon is entirely and invention of Toriyama. In fact, Murakami notes that Toriyama didn't intend for this to be Nurarihyon at all, and titles the character "Nurihyon." Toriyama didn't include any story or explanation of his yōkai, just the word "Nurihyon" next to his illustration.
Nurarihyon Bakemono Zukushi B
As is common with yōkai, Toriyama's version of Nurarihyon became the standard image. All artists to follow copied his style. Nurarihyon appeared in a few yōkai collections, such as the different versions of the Bakemono Zukushi (化物づくし) and the Yōkai Zu-maki. These started out as direct copies of Toriyama's illustration, eventually moving on to heavily stylized images of an old man with a massive head wearing a fine kimono.
Toriyama's image of a wealthy yōkai showing up in his fancy palanquin, as well as descriptions of Nurarihyon as a spirit of deception, must have inspired writers to bring the two together into the role of the unwanted houseguest.
Nurarihyon the Supreme Commander of Yōkai?
Nurarihyon Bakemono Zukushi C
In addition to the description above of the unwanted houseguest, the 1970s yōkai encyclopedia Ichiban Kuwashi Nihon Yōkai Zukan (いちばんくわしい日本妖怪図鑑; Most Detailed Illustrated Encyclopedia of Japan's Yokai) includes this addition.
"Nurarihyon is the Yōkai Sōdaishō (総大将), the Supreme Commander of Yōkai."
The idea of Nurarihyon as a leader of yōkai is a modern one, coming from the manga era not the ukiyo-e era. During the Edo period, the Yōkai Sōdaishō was often considered to be the massive Mikoshi Nyudō. In some stories, Mikoshi Nyudō was married to the long-necked courtesan Rokurokubi, and their child was the Tofu Kozō. Nurarihyon was a relatively unimportant yōkai.
Nurarihyon Kitaro
The idea of Nurarihyon's elevated status comes from Mizuki Shigeru's seminal yōkai comic Gegege no Kitaro. When Nurarihyon and Kitaro first meet, Nurarihyon announces himself as the Yōkai Sōdaishō. Originally, it was meant to be an extension of the air of authority he exuded as an unwanted houseguest. Nurarihyon was the type of monster to make grand, unsupported claims about this own importance. However, as the comic continued the character changed into an actual yōkai leader. This was especially true of the animated series, where they required someone to be the "archvillain" for Kitaro and his friends to battle. Taking off from the comics, Nurarihyon was cast in the role. (In much the same way Bluto became the main antagonist for Popeye, a rivalry that did not exist in E.C. Segar's original comic strip.)
Gegege no Kitaro Nurarihyon
Mizuki Shigeru's influence on yōkai lore is no less than Toriyama's, and so Japan accepted Nurarihyon as the leader of all yōkai, a position he still occupies in the country today.
Nurarihyon the Leader of the Hyakki Yagyō?
Nurarihyon on Film
One of the most illogical titles given to Nurarihyon is that he is the "Leader of the Hyakki Yagyō." I say illogical, because all you have to do is look at the old Hyakki Yagyō picture scrolls to see that—not only is Nurarihyon not the leader of the night parade—he doesn't even appear.
As a concept, the Hyakki Yagyō (Night Parade of 100 Demons) comes from the Heian period (_PHONE_), with the illustrated scrolls that first gave yōkai their individual shapes and personalities appearing in the Muromachi period (_PHONE_). Toriyama Seiken's original illustration of Nurarihyon did not appear until 1776, centuries after the mania for Hyakki Yagyō picture scrolls had disappeared.
Even then, there is no leader of the Hyakki Yagyō. The twist ending of the night parade is that the end of the parade is almost always the rising sun. The yōkai flee backwards against the light of the sun, forming a


text: We demonstrate a novel motion correction of 3D magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) using spiral projection k-space trajectory. The motion was corrected using rigid motion parameters extracted from a whole-brain navigator obtained every 7s of imaging. Firstly, we optimized the trajectory ordering in simulation and selected the acquisition scheme that allowed the best navigator for motion correction. Secondly, we applied this scheme to invivo data in healthy subjects scanned first without motion and then while performing a motion paradigm. Our motion correction improved the correlation of motion-corrupted data with motionless data by over 20% for both T1 and T2.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A post from our American wine blogger Jeremy Parzen, author of DoBianchi.com.
The "numerous synonyms" of Negroamaro, write the editors of Jancis Robinson's excellent Wine Grapes (New York, HarperCollins, 2012), "suggest that Negroamaro is an old and historically widespread variety. Its etymology and origin are disputed: some authors suggest a simple etymology from negro ('black') and amaro ('bitter'), while others supposed a Greek etymology and origin from mavro ('black'), despite the redundancy of 'black black', referring to the historical links between Puglia and Greece. Since Negroamaro's DNA shows no relation to modern Greek varieties, the 'black-bitter hypothesis' seems more logical. In addition, a variety named Negro Dolce ('black sweet') is documented in Salento in the nineteenth century, probably to distinguish it from the better amaro one."
As a philologist, I might tweak their speculation that the "black-bitter hypothesis' seems more logical." After all, etymology is rarely logical however plausible. In other words, word origins seldom align as neatly as the human mind and heart would like.
Continue reading Negroamaro: origin of the grape name


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The Bee Miraculous is a magical jewel wielded by the superhero Queen Bee and an item featured in the animated series Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir.
The Bee Miraculous is connected to the kwami Pollen and has been worn by many for years. Whenever Pollen goes inside, it transforms the holder into a bee-themed superhero. Its special weapon is a spinning top, which can be utilized a weapon. Its special superpower is called Venom, giving the user the ability to immobilize any target.
The jewel was temporarily used by Chloé Bourgeois, a student in Miss Bustier's class at Collège Françoise Dupont in Paris, France.
Powers and Abilities
- Transformation: It can transform the holder into a bee-themed superhero.
- Speed: The holder runs and moves at a superhuman speed.
- Endurance: The holder can endure any attacks.
- Strength: The holder gets a superhuman strength.
- Venom: A superpower used to immobilizes the target.
- It is the first and only Miraculous to be destroyed (but recreated shortly after) shown thus far. Also it's the only Miraculous to be akumatized.


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The image above reveals a detail of the defensive wall that envelops Nanjing, the rebel capital during the Taiping Rebellion of _PHONE_. The wall stands 60 feet high and at 23 miles long completely surrounds the city. Much of it is still preserved, and you can stand there and imagine yourself looking out towards the trenches where the imperial siege forces camped during their brutal two-year battle for Nanjing in _PHONE_, the culmination of the bloodiest civil war in human history. UMass Amherst historian and China expert Stephen Platt tells the story in his book Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War, awarded the prestigious 2012 Cundill Prize. Learn more.
Photo credit: Stephen Platt

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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RES is a web platform that supports maritime stakeholders in the exploitation of wave energy resource. The tool provides the wave information for the period 2010 to 2019 and the power matrix of different WECs. The user can identify the best location for the wave energy assessment and obtain the time series of the main synthetic parameters in addition to several statistical analyses. For the European Sea, different constraints are shown, such as military areas, installed offshore structures, protected locations and the main vessel route.
Once the site is chosen, the user can evaluate the energy produced by different WECs: the monthly and yearly variability is provided, and the most energetic wave direction is computed.
Future developments aim to provide the energy produced by a farm of WECs, considering the bathymetric depth, the distance from the coast and the wave energy resource. This additional tool is helpful for energy planning and evaluation policy makers.
Try the platform:
Take the short survey:
The platform has been developed in collaboration with the Energy Transition Lab (EST) from Politecnico di Torino.
The web-based tool, (backand front-end) has been developed by GDP Analytics: _URL_


Voltmeter of the Poor: 1 LED Voltmeter
 1. Connect two LEDs to pins 10 and 11. Use the appropriate resistors to limit currents through the LEDs.
 2. Write a program that would read the voltage from analog input A0 and turn on LED1 (pin 10) if the voltage is less than 2V and turn on LED2 otherwise (voltage exceeds 2V). Connect Arduino and upload your sketch. LED1 should come on and stay on. Hint: you may find the function "delay" handy.
That's something you can do. What have you done so far?


Using PEGASUS Does it cost anything? No. PEGASUS is an open source software under Apache License 2.0. If you use PEGASUS for research or commercial purposes, please let us know your institution(company) and whether it's ok to mention it among the users of PEGASUS. How do I prepare graph? PEGASUS works on graphs with TAB-separated plain text format. Each line contains the source and destination node id of an edge. The node id starts from 0. For example, here is an example graph 'catepillar_star.edge' which is included in the PEGASUS installation file. It has 16 nodes. 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 10 11 10 12 10 13 10 14 10 15 How do I setup a Hadoop cluster? In most cases, you will use a Hadoop cluster set up by someone else, and thus you don't need to set up a Hadoop cluster yourself. However, you might want to set up a Hadoop cluster for yourself for some occasions. In that case, there are several useful documents: Hadoop Cluster Setup Cloudera Hadoop Distribution Note that Hadoop works on a single machine also. Thus, you can run Hadoop on your laptop, for example, and run PEGASUS on it. For instructions of setting up Hadoop on a single machine, refer to the following web page: Hadoop Single-Machine Setup About PEGASUS Who make PEGASUS? PEGASUS is researched and developed by the CMU data mining group led by Prof. Christos Faloutsos. The main contributors are: U Kang: Algorithm Design, and Implementation Duen Horng Chau: Homepage, and Algorithm Design Christos Faloutsos: Algorithm Design What are the main advantages of PEGASUS? The most important advantage of PEGASUS is the scalability. PEGASUS provides graph mining algorithms for billion-scale graphs which are serveral orders of magnitude larger than previous works. Other advantages include being an open-source, and faster running time because of the parallel algorithm on top of cloud computing platform, Hadoop. What is the future of PEGASUS? PEGASUS will be extended in two directions. At the application level, PEGASUS will incorporate more data mining and machine learning algorithms including eigenvalue computation and inferences of graphical models. At the data magamenet level, PEGASUS will be equipped with efficient indexing methods for graphs. FAQ DOWNLOAD USING PEGASUS PUBLICATIONS ABOUT SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE


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GEF and UNEP Launch Global Platform for Efficient Lighting
25 September 2009: The Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have launched the "Global Market Transformation for Efficient Lighting Platform," a public-private partnership directed at reducing global energy demand for lighting.
The Platform aims to transform lighting markets, primarily in developing countries, by fostering the usage and production of energy efficient lighting while gradually discontinuing use of incandescent lighting, and substituting traditional fuel-based lighting with modern, efficient alternatives such as solid-state lighting (SSL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps. It is hoped that, through these efforts, global demand for lighting energy can eventually be reduced by up to 18 percent.
In attendance for the event was UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner, who noted that "in terms of climate change, this is among the lowest of low-hanging fruit. Eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are linked with lighting; this project can by 2014 make a big dent in these while saving people money too." [UN News Centre] [GEF press release]


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- In the Layout configuration page, choose the sidebar where you would like to install the gadget and click on the Add a gadget link.
- Enter a title for your gadget in the Title box.
- Open the recent_posts_gadget.txt file included with the template file that you downloaded.
- Copy and paste all the contents of the recent posts file into the Content section of the configure window.
- Click the orange Save button.
You can configure several settings for the Recent Posts gadget. Settings are changed directly in the code of the recent_posts_gadget.txt file.
The following options can be changes:
- Number of posts: Find the "var numposts = 3;" code; change the number to your desired number of posts to show.
- Show thumbnails: Find the "var showpostthumbnails = true;" code; to hide the post pictures, change true to false.
- Display "More" link: Find the "var displaymore = false;" code; to display the "More" link, change false to true.
- Show comments number/link to comment form: Find the "var showcommentnum = false;" code; to display the comments link, change false to true.
- Show the post date: Find the "var showpostdate = false;" code; to display the post date, change false to true.
- Show post summary: Find the "var showpostsummary = true;" code; to hide the post summary/excerpt, change true to false.
- Post summary length: Find the "var numchars = 50;" code; to change the length of the post summary, change the 50 to any number of your choosing. This is the number of letters/spaces in the post summary.


Running Business Central in Docker using SQL on the host
This is not my first blog post about how to use SQL Server on the host, but it is definitely the one describing the easiest way to do it. With the latest version of BcContainerHelper you can (with one Run-BcContainer command) create a container which uses SQL Server on the host as database engine for the container.
The functionality was actually enabled in version 1.0.14, but there are a few bug fixes, so I recommend that you use the latest BcContainerHelper
In order for the scripts in this blog post to work, you need to install SQL Server on the Docker Host with mixed mode authentication. The scripts will connect using Windows Authentication and the container will connect using Username/Password authentication.
New-BcContainer has a new parameter called –replaceExternalDatabases. This switch will only take effect if you also specify databaseServer, databasePrefix, databaseName and databaseCredential.
When ReplaceExternalDatabases is included, the New-BcContainer will do 4 things, which it typically doesn't do:
 1. Remove all databases on databaseServer with databaseInstance (might be empty) where the name starts with databasePrefix. This is done using a new function called Remove-BcDatabase.
 2. Restore databases (single or multitenant) from the selected artifacts to databaseServer with databaseInstance (might be empty) starting with databasePrefix. This is done using a new function called Restore-BcDatabaseFromArtifacts.
 3. Start the container using databaseServer with databaseInstance (might be empty) as database server and databasePrefix+databaseName as database name, connecting using databaseCredential for authentication.
 4. Create the default tenant (if multitenant) and add the default super user specified in $credential.
The following script should setup a container using SQL Server on the host:
$password = $passwordSecret.SecretValue
$licenseFile = $licenseFileSecret.SecretValueText
$auth = "UserPassword"
$credential = New-Object pscredential -ArgumentList 'admin', $password
$artifactUrl = Get-BcArtifactUrl -country us
$containerName = "bcserver"
$databaseParams = @{
 "databaseServer" = 'host.containerhelper.internal'
 "databaseInstance" = ''
 "databasePrefix" = "$containerName-"
 "databaseName" = 'CRONUS'
 "databaseCredential" = New-Object pscredential'sa', $password
 "multitenant" = $true
New-BcContainer _USER_ -replaceExternalDatabases '
 -accept_eula '
 -containerName $containerName '
 -credential $credential '
 -auth $auth '
 -artifactUrl $artifactUrl '
 -licenseFile $licenseFile '
Note: It uses $containerName followed by a minus as database prefix, meaning that all databases on the SQL Server on the host with a name starting with bcserverwill be deleted according to the #1 in the description above.
After running this script, I will have 3 databases in my SQL Server:
No SQL processes running in my container:
and after some initialization, a running Business Central Container:
Note: If you are using an SQL Server (not the host), you need the SQL Server Client Tools installed on the host – the functions Remove-BcDatabase and Restore-BcDatabaseFromArtifacts (used by the replaceExternalDatabases functionality) both have a dependency on SQLPS and the smoServer DLL.
If you want to create a second container, using the same database, you can use this script:
New-BcContainer _USER_ '
 -accept_eula '
 -containerName "$($containerName)2" '
 -credential $credential '
 -auth $auth '
 -artifactUrl $artifactUrl '
Only difference is really that the licenseFile and the replaceExternalDatabases parameters are NOT included.
Note: In the latest BcContainerHelper, the containerHelper will automatically share encryption keys between containers on the same host, which are connecting to the same external database. If you are creating a second container on a different host, you will need to copy the encryption key to the second host yourself.
The replaceExternalDatabases functionality uses the Remove-BcDatabase function to remove existing databases. You can of course use this function manually as well, simply by specifying databaseServer, databaseInstance (if not blank) and databaseName (or pattern), like:
Note: that this is a dangerous command to run on a SQL Server.
The replaceExternalDatabases functionality uses the Restore-BcDatabasesFromArtifacts function to restore the database backup file from a set of artifacts to a database server specified by databaseServer, databaseInstance (or blank) and databaseName, like:
$artifactUrl = Get-BCArtifactUrl -country dk
Restore-BcDatabaseFromArtifacts '
 -artifactUrl $artifactUrl '
 -databaseServer localhost '
 -databasePrefix prefix '
 -databaseName CRONUS '
 -multitenant:$false '
Specifying -async means that the function won't wait for the restore to complete. A file with the databasePrefix followed by databasescreated.txt will be created in the containerhelper folder when the restore is complete. Without async, the function will wait for the restore to complete.
Note: The New-BcContainer uses async and will add an override to the container SetupDatabase.ps1 script which waits for the databasescreated file to appear. If something fails in the database restore, this might lead to a endless loop.
Freddy Kristiansen
Technical Evangelist
12 thoughts on "Running Business Central in Docker using SQL on the host
 1. Hi Freddy,
 Awesome, I am running a container with a database on host and it's working but only if I turn off the Windows Firewall for the Public Profile! Very weird! Do you have any idea why this is happening?
 I can't even ping host.containerhelper.internal when the firewall is turned on for the public profile.
 Posted a question on stackoverflow but on answers 😦
 2. HI Freddy,
 Thanks for this update. When I try to use the script, it keeps on failing with the below error. I am using SQL Server 2019. Mixed mode authentication is already enabled.
 Waiting for database creation to finish…………………………………………………………..
 Import Encryption Key
 Cannot establish a connection to the SQL Server/Database.
 This could be due to one of the following reasons:
 * SQL Server is not started.
 * The database does not exist.
 * Proper permissions have not been given to the NAV Server Account.
 Try again later or contact your system administrator.
 at, C:\run\setupDatabase.ps1: line 152
 at, C:\Run\my\SetupDatabase.ps1: line 2
 at, C:\Run\navstart.ps1: line 121
 at, C:\Run\start.ps1: line 359
 at, : line 1
 Initialization of container bcserver failed
 At C:\Program Files\WindowsPowerShell\Modules\BcContainerHelper\2.0.6\ContainerHandling\Wait-NavContainerReady.ps1:43 char:17
 + … throw "Initialization of container $containerName failed" …
 + CategoryInfo : OperationStopped: (Initialization …bcserver failed:String) [], RuntimeException
 + FullyQualifiedErrorId : Initialization of container bcserver failed
 3. Pingback: Restoring your online Business Central database locally | Freddys blog
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Myth, Body, Gaia, Faerie
A Seven-Week Teleseminar: imageShamanic rituals for Faerie shamans, bardic poets, visionary painters, cosmic clowns, spiritual outlaws, and other fey-touched adventurers. And for anyone who wants to become a fey adventurer.
This breakthrough mystical training will not happen again for three years.
I'm temporarily defining myth as an altered state, otherworldly realm, or mythic self-identification. Myth has a more complex, inclusive meaning during the actual teleseminar.
MYTH, BODY, GAIA, FAERIE is a seven-week process that experientially integrates living in MYTH, being in a physical BODY, experiencing GAIA on the embodied and mystical planes, and walking in otherworldly realms such as FAERIE. This weave
* unfolds rich experiences and ecstatic mysticism uniquely and innately available to you,
* then deepens those wonders more,
* then deepens them beyond more.
Such an extensive weave can hold many things, including practical needs. Our seven-week class helps starchildren improve our daily life (e.g. finances, love, home, and career).
This includes magic to
* manifest physical health by meeting the needs of your star-touched physiology,
* and heal your soul wounds.
imageWe'll address loneliness, self-doubt, and other challenges star-wanderers can face when society, misunderstanding the mythological, judges our experiences as deluded, immature, or otherwise "wrong."
Many mystics face emotional wounds and health problems that might lead one to metaphysical power. But other wounds can result from mystical exploration. Negative impacts from vigorous otherworldly journeys have been insufficiently addressed. My curriculums are exceptions; I channel material that heals the original soul wounds, supports flights into fantastic realms, and trains us to come back whole. Lessons will help
* Make mystical experiences safe. (Star-drenched!)
* Keep Fey-touched individuals safer in their mundane lives. (Stardust still falls on us when we walk on the earth!)
Myth, Body, Gaia, Faerie qualifies as one of the two electives needed before advanced training. If this class does not appeal, other qualifying electives will be coming up.
Enrollment limited. In-depth attention for each participant. Authentic connectivity.
Multi-leveled to meet any degree of experience and education. Accessible to beginners. No prerequisites. Powerful for advanced practitioners.
Nuts and Bolts:
* We meet by group phone call. No computer or other technology required. Just dial your phone.
* We meet seven consecutive Tuesdays, noon to 1 EST, starting April 15. RESERVE June 3, same time, for a makeup class in case I'm unavailable for one of the planned sessions.
* Register here.
* If you've taken this class, you can repeat it, half-price. Paypal me $125, using as the recipient; include your phone number and the name of the event.
* If you need more info, or want to discuss scholarship, trade, or payment plan, call me: _PHONE_. There are ways to make this class happen for you.
Not the same ol' rote self-help/mysticism/shamanism. Use your intuition and instinct about my ability to help you shine in your own path. My classes = soul-depth, pivotal movement, playtime.
The spiritual evolution we achieve together will give the rest of the cosmos power to do the same. Click here to register.


text:
Simple: To figure out which way something is threaded, figure out why it's threaded that way.
The reason for thread directions on rotating objects with lateral load
In general, the thread direction is NOT chosen so that friction from the rotating shaft will tend to tighten things. If that were the case, pedals would be left-hand threaded on the right side and vice-versa.
Rather, it has to do with precession. If you hold a pencil loosely in your left hand while you move the end of the pencil around in a circle with your right hand, the pencil will tend to rotate in a direction opposite of the direction you're rotating the end.
When you pedal a bike forward, the right pedal is moving in a counter-clockwise (or anti-clockwise, on the other side of the pond) direction, relative to the pedal shaft. This produces the counter-intuitive (anti-intuitive on the other side of the pond) effect of driving the pedal shaft in a clockwise direction -- rightie-tightie.
For the same reason, English-threaded bottom bracket cups have a LEFT HAND thread on the right side, and vice-versa. (The sneaky French and Italians just use Loctite and right-hand threads on both sides.)


Your rib cage consists of 24 ribs — 12 on the right and 12 on the left side of your body. Their function is to protect the organs that lie beneath them. On the left side, this includes your heart, left lung, pancreas, spleen, stomach, and left kidney. When any of these organs are infected, inflamed, or injured, pain can radiate under and around the left rib cage. While your heart is under your left rib cage, feeling pain in that area usually doesn't indicate a heart attack.
Depending on the cause, it might feel sharp and stabbing, or dull and aching. In most cases, left rib cage pain is due to a benign, treatable condition.
Possible causes
Costochondritis refers to inflammation of the cartilage that attaches your ribs to your breastbone. This can happen for several reasons, such as:
an infection
physical injury
It causes a sharp, stabbing pain that's usually felt on the left side of your rib cage. It gets worse when you cough, sneeze, or press on your ribs.
The pancreas is a gland located near your small intestine in the upper left part of your body. It secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the small intestine to help break down food. Pancreatitis refers to inflammation of your pancreas. This can be due to:
an injury
alcohol abuse
Pain caused by pancreatitis usually comes on slowly and intensifies after eating. It may come and go or be constant. Additional symptoms of pancreatitis include:
weight loss
Ruptured spleen and splenic infarct
Your spleen also sits in the upper portion of the left side of your body, near your rib cage. It helps to remove old or damaged blood cells and produce white ones that fight infection.
An enlarged spleen, also called splenomegaly, usually doesn't cause any symptoms other than fullness after eating only a small amount of food. However, if your spleen ruptures, you'll likely experience pain near your left rib cage. An enlarged spleen is more likely to rupture than a normal-sized spleen.
Several things can cause an enlarged spleen, including:
viral infections, such as mononucleosis
bacterial infections, such as syphilis
parasitic infections, such as malaria
blood diseases
liver diseases
If your spleen ruptures, the area might also feel tender when you touch it. You'll also likely experience:
low blood pressure
blurry vision
A spleen rupture most commonly occurs as a result of trauma. It's a medical emergency and you should seek medical attention immediately.
You can also experience pain under the left side of your rib cage with a splenic infarction. Splenic infarcts are rare conditions where a portion of the spleen necrotizes or "dies." This happens when the blood supply is compromised, usually as a result of trauma or arterial blockages.
Gastritis refers to inflammation of the lining of your stomach, which is also near the left side of your rib cage. Other symptoms of gastritis include a burning pain in your stomach and an uncomfortable sense of fullness in your upper abdomen.
Gastritis can be caused by:
bacterial or viral infections
frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
alcohol abuse
Kidney stones or infection
Your kidneys are part of your urinary tract. They're located on either side of your spine, but when they become inflamed or infected, the pain can radiate to the front. When your left kidney is involved, you might feel pain near the left side of your rib cage.
Kidney stones are hardened calcium and salt deposits that form into stones. They can cause a cramping pain as they move out of your kidneys and make their way toward your bladder. In addition to pain in your left rib cage, kidney stones can also cause:
an urge to urinate, with little coming out
bloody or cloudy urine
pain in your side that radiates to the front of your body
Kidney infections occur when bacteria from your urinary tract make their way into your kidneys. Anything that obstructs your flow of urine, including kidney stones, can cause a kidney infection. Additional symptoms of a kidney infection include:
Your heart is surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called the pericardium. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of this sac. When it's inflamed, it can rub against your heart causing pain near your left ribs. The pain may be a dull ache or a stabbing pain that's usually worse when lying down.
Researchers aren't sure why it happens, but possible causes include:
certain blood thinners
anti-seizure medications
Pleurisy is a condition in which the tissue that covers the lungs becomes inflamed. This can occur as a result of bacterial, viral, or fungal pneumonia, malignancy, trauma, or pulmonary infarction usually related to a blood clot in the lung.
Pleurisy on the left side may cause pain under the left rib cage, but the main symptom is a sharp, stabbing pain when you breathe. See a doctor if you experience any intense chest pain during breathing.
How is it diagnosed?
To figure out what's causing pain in your left rib cage, your doctor will give you a physical exam that includes feeling the affected area. This will help them check for any signs of swelling or inflammation, especially due to costochondritis.
If they suspect the pain could be due to a heart problem, your doctor might use an electrocardiogram to measure the electrical activity in your heart. This will help to rule out any serious underlying condition.
Next, they may take blood and urine samples for testing. Analyzing these results can alert your doctor to signs of kidney problems, pancreatitis, or gastritis. If you doctor suspects you might have gastritis, they may also take a stool sample or use an endoscope to look at your stomach lining. An endoscope is a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end that's inserted through your mouth.
If the cause of your rib cage pain still isn't clear, you may need an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI. This will give your doctor a better view of your organs and any areas of inflammation that didn't show up during the physical exam.
How is it treated?
Treating your left rib cage pain depends on what's causing it. If it's related to any type of inflammation, your doctor will likely recommend you take NSAIDs to reduce pain and swelling.
In some cases, you may need an antibiotic to clear up a bacterial infection. In rare cases, you may need surgery. For example, if a kidney stone is too large to pass through your body on its own, your doctor may need to surgically remove it.
Warning signs
While pain in your left rib cage is usually nothing serious, it can sometimes signal a medical emergency.
Seek emergency treatment if you have any of the following in addition to pain in your left rib cage:
trouble breathing
mental confusion
excessive sweating
lightheadedness or dizziness
The bottom line
Given the number of organs in the upper left part of your body, it's not uncommon to feel pain under the left rib cage. It may be caused be an easily treatable condition.
However, if you have pain in this area that's severe, worsens over time, lasts more than 24 hours, or is associated with any of the serious symptoms above, you should seek medical treatment immediately to rule out any underlying conditions.


Story: Pastures
Page 6. Subtropical grasses
All images & media in this story
Advantages and disadvantages
Subtropical grasses have been introduced from warmer continents (notably Africa and South America) and are now well-established in northern regions of New Zealand. These grasses need relatively high temperatures for photosynthesis compared with the more-common temperate grasses in New Zealand pastures.
Subtropical grasses grow coarser, less palatable foliage than the temperate grasses, and are vigorous during the warm seasons. However, they are frost-tender and grow poorly in the cold seasons. As a result, subtropical grasses have a mixed reputation and, as they often suppress higher-quality pasture species, many farmers consider them to be weeds. If farmers can maintain good clover content in pastures dominated by subtropical grasses, then the pasture feed value is adequate. Otherwise these species offer poor nutrition for grazing animals.
Annual subtropical species (commonly called summer grasses) in northern pastures often colonise dead patches caused by summer drought.
Some species can exist for many years as dormant seeds in the soil, whereas ryegrass seed tends to be short-lived, so cultivation or livestock treading can result in reinvasion by the less valuable subtropical grasses.
Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) is a very vigorous, coarse, low-quality grass, which can take over pastures in frost-free regions. It is present throughout Northland.
A perennial grass, it is low-growing and deep-rooted, with stolons (stems that grow along the soil surface) and rhizomes (roots that grow horizontally in the soil). It forms a dense turf, which is very resistant to heavy grazing and attempts to remove it.
Why everyone hates kikuyu
Almost everyone in Northland hates kikuyu. Farmers hate it because it has poor feed value and crowds out better pasture species; orchardists hate it because it can climb up and partially smother fruit trees, and gardeners hate it because it can invade gardens and lawns. Even worse it is perennial and drought resistant, so once established is really difficult to get rid of.
Other subtropical grasses have steadily advanced south into new regions, possibly because of adaptation, farm management changes or climate change.
The most widespread of these is Paspalum dilatatum, which in recent decades has advanced in pastures (and lawns) well into the South Island. The content of paspalum in northern pastures has also increased.
How to cite this page:
Deric Charlton, 'Pastures - Subtropical grasses', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 6 August 2021)
Story by Deric Charlton, published 24 Nov 2008


Take the 2-minute tour ×
$xp$ is not a hermitian operator and hence doesn't represent an observable. Then, how can we interpret the expression
$$ \langle x p \rangle \text{,} $$
the expectation value of position times momentum?
How to interpret the expectation value of a hermitian operator, say $p$, is clear: make several measurements on identically prepared systems and get the expectation value from the measured quantities.
But now we are talking about the expectation value of an operator that doesn't represent an observable. The discussion above hence isn't valid. However, computing $\langle x p \rangle$ knowing $\Psi$ according to the mathematical definition can be done, so $\langle x p \rangle$ can clearly be deduced if we know the wave function - but how can we interpret the quantity we get?
(The question arises from a line in my textbook - "in a stationary state, $\frac{d}{dt} \langle x p \rangle = 0$,..." without further explanation - why is this obvious?)
share|improve this question
"why is this obvious?" Hint: a stationary state has a simple time dependence: $\Psi(t)\rangle = e^{-iE_{\Psi}t/\hbar}|\Psi(0)\rangle$. – Alfred Centauri Jul 16 '12 at 17:07
The expectation value of $xp$ is $i\hbar/2$ plus a real number because $xp-i\hbar/2 = (xp+px)/2$ is Hermitian. It's hard to construct a "device" that measures $xp$ or equivalently the Hermitian $xp-i\hbar/2$ but such "devices" exist in principle. What's the problem here? What do you exactly mean by an interpretation? An observable is an observable that may be in principle measured and its expectation value is the average of many measurements in the same state. And no, the measurement of $xp$ can't be reduced to a measurement of $x$ and $p$ separately - the latter two don't commute. – Luboš Motl Jul 16 '12 at 17:22
But the fact that $xp$ can't be measured by measuring $x$ and $p$ isn't anything special about $xp$. $J_z$ may also be written as an "operator function" of $J_x$ and $J_y$. In particular, $J_z=(J_x J_y - J_y J_x)/i\hbar$ but that doesn't mean that one should or could measure $J_z$ by measuring $J_x$ and then $J_y$. That's not possible as those two don't commute and one measurement would distort the state. But that doesn't mean that $J_z$ can't be measured, does it? – Luboš Motl Jul 16 '12 at 17:25
Otherwise, the expectation values of all quantities should be constant in a stationary state, by definition of a stationary state. ;-) – Luboš Motl Jul 16 '12 at 17:50
The device to directly measure $xp$, as well as $[x,p]$ for single photons turns out to be quite simple and is described here – straups Jul 17 '12 at 6:03
2 Answers 2
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Here is how you interpret: the expectation value in a state $|\Psi\rangle$ of products of Hermitian operators like $x$ and $p$ (corresponding to observables) quantifies how correlated (quantum mechanically entangled) the two observables are in that state.
Therefore, the statement $\frac{d}{dt}\langle xp\rangle=0$ in English reads: "the extent to which the two observables 'position' and'momentum' are entangled correlated does not change with time". Now since stationary states are independent of time (up to a phase), it should be pretty clear that the correlation should not change with time (i.e. it is fixed).
share|improve this answer
While the expectation value $\langle xp\rangle$ does describe a correlation, it is incorrect to say that the observables are entangled. States can be entangled in quantum mechanics, as well as show non-classical kinds of correlations, but observables can't. – Emilio Pisanty Jul 16 '12 at 23:39
_USER_, I completely agree, but the partition of system on subsystems is determined by localy accessible observables (_URL_-ph/_PHONE_). However, the statement in this answer is still incorrect :) – straups Jul 17 '12 at 5:55
_USER_ OK, but if the word "entangled" isn't used, it's still correct to interpret as how correlated the two quantities are? – Carl Jul 17 '12 at 19:03
I have corrected the answer to reflect the well-justified objections. – QuantumDot Jul 18 '12 at 4:25
The line from your textbook you're puzzling over is in fact quite a bit easier: in a stationary state nothing changes apart from phases that cancel out in any expectation value, and therefore $\frac{d}{dt}\left[\textrm{anything} \right]=0.$
You're right to point out that $xp$ is not a hermitian operator, but that does not mean that the expectation value $\langle xp \rangle$ is meaningless. Specifically, take the uncertainty relation $xp-px=i\hbar$ and substract $xp$ twice: you get $$xp+px=-i\hbar+2xp,$$ which you can rearrange into $$\langle xp\rangle = \left\langle \frac{xp+px}{2}\right\rangle+i\hbar.$$ The expectation value is now of the hemitian operator $\frac{1}{2}(xp+px)$, and you can see that your original expectation value has a trivial imaginary part.
If it's a physical interpretation for this quantity you're after, try this question.
share|improve this answer
Nice argument there :-) – David Z Jul 16 '12 at 23:49
Yes, d/dt(anything)=0 for stationary states is (and should have been to me) clear, was just puzzled by the (anything) being something I couldn't interpret. – Carl Jul 17 '12 at 19:04
Your Answer


text:
The Advanced Development Team (ADT) is a Mars Program Office entity that acts as a stand-in for the conceptual Mars Sample Return Orbiter (SRO) and Sample Return Lander (SRL) missions to ensure that decisions made in current Mars missions do not negatively affect downstream mission success for potentially returning samples from Mars. The Extraction-Insertion-and Manipulation (EIM) testing task focuses on the validation of requirements on the Mars 2020 sample tube from the Interface Requirements Document (IRD) between the Mars 2020 mission and ADT. The validation work focuses on key elements of the conceptual SRL sample transfer chain from ground pickup to securing the sample tubes inside a conceptual Orbiting Sample (OS) capsule.
Eric Kulczycki - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mars Technology Program


text:
Question: Samantha is 1 50 m tall on her eleventh birthday and
Samantha is 1.50 m tall on her eleventh birthday and 1.65 m tall on her twelfth birthday. By what factor has her height increased? By what percentage?
Answer to relevant QuestionsA scanning electron micrograph of xylem vessels in a corn root shows the vessels magnified by a factor of 600. In the micrograph the xylem vessel is 3.0 cm in diameter. (a) What is the diameter of the vessel itself? (b) By...You are given these approximate measurements: (a) The radius of Earth is 6 × 106 m, (b) The length of a human body is 6 ft, (c) A cell's diameter is 10−6 m, (d) The width of the hemoglobin molecule is 3 × 10−9 m,...An object moving at constant speed v around a circle of radius r has an acceleration a directed toward the center of the circle. The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2. (a) Use dimensional analysis to find a as a function of v...Estimate the number of hairs on the average human head. Explain the difference between distance traveled, displacement, and displacement magnitude.
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text:
My question is about game loop design in opengl.
I believe that game loop can be spited in 3 main steps
- accept input - it may come from users click on the screen or system alert, or anything else.
- do logic
- update view
To make it simple let's just focus on step 2 and 3.
I think that it will be wrong to run them in parallel order or to mix them in to one step. I give you an example.
Lats say you are creating a war game, and you need to draw 100 soldiers fighting on the screen, the logic will be to update their position, to update the background area, and then you need to draw the result. You can't start drawing one soldier before updated the position of another soldier.
So according this simple steps, it is clear that step 2 and 3 need to be synchronized some how, and step 2 must be done before step 3.
Now tell me how it is possible to run game loop on more then one thread, and more then one process? Does opnegl use multiCore? How?
Edit: one way to use multithreading is to precalculate the game logic, or in another words using Vectors. But there are two big disadvantages in vectors that make them almost unrecommend to use.
- Some times you wan't to change your vector, so there were lots of calculation that you did and you are not going to use them
- in most of the cases you are trying to reach 60+ FPS witch mean 16 milliseconds for game-loop, switching threads requires some kind of synchronization, any synchronization is bad for performance, from what I saw, even a simple Handler.post() in android(just adding task to queue to run it on other thread) may take up to 3 milliseconds(18% from your frame rate time), so unless your calculation take longer then that, don't do it! For now I did not found anything taking so much time.


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Dolcan English, German|
The pipes of the Dolcan are inverted conical metal, or occasionally inverted pyramidal wood. Only a few flue stops are always made of inverted conical pipes (wider at the top than at the bottom), and the Dolcan is the most common of these. Found at 16', 8' or 4' pitch, its tone resembles that of the Dulciana, but is brighter and more open. According to Williams, the tone of the Dolcan seems to have not changed much over the centuries. Sumner calls it the precursor to the modern Dulciana. Grove dates it from around 1580 in the Netherlands and northern Germany. Audsley, who provides the illustration reproduced here, specifies a 1/5 to 2/9 mouth with a 1/5 to 1/4 cut-up, and gives the following representative scale:
While Audsley's scale has a ratio of about 1:1.3 between the mouth and top diameters, Maclean specifies the much larger ratio of 1:2.5, and states that its tone is of insufficient distinction to justify the cost of its construction.
There has been much confusion over the centuries between names such as Dolcan, Dolce, Dulciana, Dulzian, and their synonyms. Bonavia-Hunt claims that the Dolcan, Dolce and Flauto Dolce are one and the same, a soft metal flute introduced to England by Snetzler in 1741 and later popularized by Schulze, whose tone "is precisely that of a fluty dulciana... a fair imitation of an echo waldflote". Wedgwood also equates Dolcan with Flauto Dolce, calling it a flute with a "suspicion of stringiness", and says that it was introduced to England by Schulze.
Osiris contains fourteen examples of Dolcan at 8' pitch, five at 4' pitch, and one at 16'; three examples of Dolkan at 8' and four at 2' (all from the late 20th century); and four examples of Trichterflöte at 4' pitch, and one each at 8' and 2' (all from the 20th century). No examples of Dulcan, Dulzaen, Dulzain, Scharfpfeife, Tolkaan or Trichterpfeife are known.
Dolcan 8', Echo; Church of St. Bartholomew, Armley, England; Schulze 1866. This is the oldest known example.
Tolkaan 8', Positief; Dutch Reformed Church, Johannesburg Wes, Gauteng, South Africa; Ganser 1959.
Would you like to hear what a Dolcan sounds like?
For as little as $10 (US), you can sponsor a page in this Encyclopedia, and help purchase more sound samples!
Copyright © 2001 Edward L. Stauff, all rights reserved.|
Dolcan.html - Last updated 10 January 2003.


Question: How Long Do Laminate Floors Off Gas?
Why does my new laminate floor smell?
Formaldehyde is a common component of new flooring.
It is a gas that is released from different sources over time.
While it has a strong smell, it can't be seen to the naked eye.
Breathing in excess amounts of this gas can lead to sore throats, bad coughs, itchy eyes, and even nosebleeds..
What flooring is least toxic?
There are a few safer carpet options available, but there are also alternatives to carpet including tile, hardwood, linoleum and vinyl. Ceramic tile is generally a safe, non-toxic flooring option that is easy to maintain.
Is vinyl or laminate better?
To summarize, vinyl is a better choice when you need water resistance, lifespan, and durability in your flooring. Meanwhile, laminate is preferable if you want a more stylish appearance, lower costs, and a comfortable feel underfoot.
Can vinyl flooring cause cancer?
Researchers have found that children living in homes with vinyl flooring and sofas treated with fire retardant chemicals show increased levels of certain toxic chemicals. These chemicals have been associated with serious health issues, including respiratory problems, neurological issues, skin irritation, and cancer.
What kind of flooring has the lowest VOC?
Low-VOC Flooring AlternativesVinyl and synthetic carpets are high in VOCs. … Although hardwood floors are easy to clean and might seem like a good solution, hardwoods include formaldehydes, and all finishes emit VOCs. … Ceramic tile is inert, emitting no gases.More items…
How do you get dog smell out of laminate floors?
Spray lightly with white vinegar and watch it foam. The same acid-base reaction that makes baking soda and vinegar great at cleaning drains also helps dissolve pet stains and lift them from the subfloor. Meanwhile, the vinegar neutralizes the scent that draws pets back to the spot.
Do Laminate floors have formaldehyde?
Laminate flooring is made using adhesives and that is why it releases formaldehyde gas, which could be toxic to you, kids, and even pets. Most laminate products off-gas for about 10 years but some brands have a very low level of the toxic gas that is considered safe for flooring.
What flooring has no formaldehyde?
The prefinished solid-wood flooring had consistently lower formaldehyde emissions—near or less than our level of concern—than the widely variable levels we found from the engineered-wood and laminate flooring we tested. Do product certifications matter? When it comes to formaldehyde, not as much as you might expect.
Does Mohawk laminate flooring have Formaldehyde?
PureBond Technology is now used in the manufacturing of all domestically produced Mohawk engineered hardwoods. With no UF-based adhesives, consumers always get: Products with lower formaldehyde emissions that contribute to better indoor air quality compared to traditionally manufactured engineered hardwoods.
How do you get the smell out of laminate floors?
Fill a bucket with 1 gallon of water and 1/2 cup of white vinegar. The vinegar works as both a disinfectant as well as a deodorizer. Diluting it with water keeps it strong while still remaining safe for use on the laminate.
Does Home Depot laminate flooring have Formaldehyde?
According to Home Depot, "Laminate flooring at The Home Depot is verified by either GREENGUARD® Gold or FloorScore® certification to contain 0.0073 ppm or less of formaldehyde, which is a stricter standard than CARB 2 of 0.05 ppm."
Which is the healthiest flooring for homes?
Healthier FlooringUse solid surface flooring instead of carpet.Choose FSC-certified solid wood.Use natural linoleum or tile made in the U.S.Choose low-VOC finishes and sealants.Look for NAF-certified products.Install without glue; use nail-down or click-lock.Avoid laminate, vinyl flooring and synthetic carpeting.
What is the safest flooring for seniors?
Rubber flooringPros: Rubber flooring is the safest choice you can make in a senior-friendly bathroom. It's not slick when wet; it's easy to maintain; and it creates a soft surface that's very forgiving both underfoot and if a fall does occur.
Which is less toxic laminate or vinyl?
Just from researching the different types of flooring I inevitably came across their toxicity. It seems that Vinyl floors are highly toxic since they are made of PVC, Laminate flooring also toxic since they have formaldehyde and carpets are also toxic since they have fire retardants and stain resistant chemicals.
How long do VOCs stay in body?
The authors found a return to "normal" VOC levels after 2-3 months.
How long does vinyl flooring off gas?
In reality, the off-gassing should be the strongest during the first two weeks and continue to off-gas for up to months after it is placed into your home.
Is laminate flooring bad for your health?
CDC/ATSDR found that exposure to formaldehyde in the CPSC-tested laminate flooring sold at Lumber Liquidators® could cause irritation and breathing problems. However, you can take steps to reduce formaldehyde levels in your home.
Can laminate floors make you sick?
It's glue that holds together the thin laminated layers of wood flooring. Formaldehyde can leach from products in a gaseous form, and be inhaled. The National Cancer Institute says that high levels of formaldehyde may cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat, and may cause some types of cancers.


text:
To follow along with the example, enter values or select options as shown in the instructions throughout the cue cards. Then you will be able to follow the steps in the cue cards exactly as written.
JSF page navigation is a set of navigation rules that determine the next page to be displayed when a user clicks a button or link on a page. The navigation rules are defined in the JSF application's configuration resource file, which is named
faces-config.xml by default.
All JSF applications have a
faces-config.xml file. The JSF configuration file contains details of your application, such as the locales you are supporting and the rules for navigating between application pages. The configuration file also holds details of the resources needed by your application, such as:
When you create an application in JDeveloper using a template for a JSF application or when you create a JSF page, a
faces-config.xml file is automatically created for you in the project. When you create an application without using a template, you can create the
faces-config.xml file using the Create JSF Configuration File dialog.
To open the Create JSF Configuration File dialog, in the Application Navigator, you will right-click the project and choose New. Then in the New Gallery, expand the Web Tier category and choose JSF, and in the Items list, choose JSF Page Flow & Configuration (faces-config.xml).
In the Create JSF Configuration File dialog, you will select the web application version, as this is the first JSF configuration file to be created in the project.
By default, JDeveloper opens a new
faces-config.xml file in the JSF navigation diagrammer.
In JDeveloper, there are three ways you can add information to or edit a JSF configuration file. In the editor window, you can click:
All these tools edit the same JSF configuration file; use whichever tool is most appropriate for each item you are adding or editing.
In the example, you will use the JSF navigation diagrammer. You will create three pages and define two possible ways to navigate from one of the pages to the other two pages. You will use JSF diagram objects from the Component Palette to draw the page representations and the navigation between the pages on the JSF navigation diagram.
Copyright © 1997, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.


text:
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and development of after burn joint limitation by scar contracture.
METHODS: In 2011-2012, consecutive patients were enrolled in this prospective multi center cohort study. Eligible were all patients admitted to the 2 participating Dutch Burn Centers with acute burns across or adjacent to the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle. Passive range of motion was measured in week 3 and subsequently every 3 weeks until discharge, on discharge from the hospital and during follow-up at the outpatient clinic at 3-6-9-12 months after burn.
RESULTS: Limited range of motion of non-operated burned joints (N = 195) was restored back to normal within 6-9 months. From the operated burned joints (N = 353), 58.6% demonstrated a limited range of motion at 3-6 weeks declining to 20.9% at 12 months. The upper part of the body was affected more often by scar contracture than the lower part. At 12 months, the shoulder was limited most often (51.3%) and the hip least often (0%). Reconstructive surgery was performed in 13.3% of the operated burned joints.
CONCLUSIONS: Persistent joint limitations at 12 months were exclusively present in joints that needed skin grafting for rapid wound closure. The upper part of the body was more prone to contracture formation than the lower part, from which the shoulder was most often involved. More than half of the limited range of motion seen in the acute phase, resolved in the long term. The need for reconstructive surgery was less than expected.
|Journal||Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries|
|Publication status||Published - Jun 2019|
- burn injuries


text: This paper describes economic developments in Mongolia during the 1990s. Real GDP growth accelerated to 6 percent in 1995, the second year of positive growth since the transition to a market economy commenced. The main impetus to growth was again provided by the strong performance of agriculture, industry, mining, and construction. There was a record increase in livestock population, mainly in the more valuable cashmere goats. The number of new private industrial enterprises continued to grow, while ownership and management changes at some large state-owned enterprises helped stem the decline of output in that sector.


7 Easy Football Tricks To Beat Defenders
Football is a game of unbelievably impressive tricks. These tricks are not only great to show off your skills but are also helpful in defeating defenders.
Defenders stop attacks, preventing players from scoring goals. However, with the help of certain moves, you can easily beat defenders. In this article, we'll cover a few of those iconic tricks.
On that note, if you're knee-deep in work, catch live football scores here and never experience the fear of missing out. Now, let's discuss the 7 best moves to beat defenders.
 - The Matthew Cut
Eponymous to the football legend Stanley Matthews, who championed this move over 50 years ago. This football trick is also known as 'shoulder feint' or 'dropping the shoulder'. The Matthew Cut is easy to pull off and is excellent to mislead defenders.
Execution: Kick the ball lightly with the inside of your foot in a particular direction. Then, with the outside of the same foot launch a kick in a different direction.
 - The Cruyff Turn
This dribbling move is the legacy of Johan Cruyff. It's effective when a defender is running close by you to snatch the ball from you.
Execution: Place your supporting foot slightly ahead of the ball and with your other foot push the ball gently behind your supporting leg. Now kick it in the opposite direction and run past the defender.
 - The Flip-Flap
Also known as the elastico, is a dribbling move, used popularly by football players to trick defensive players. The flip-flap is a quick yet fatal move, which may even cause the defender to stumble over. It may seem that this move is one smooth motion, but it requires a lot of practice to master it.
Execution: Launch the ball forward with the outside of your foot, then quickly push it to the opposite side with the inside of the same foot.
 - The Marseille Turn
The Marseille Turn is a dribbling trick popularized in the 1970s by a French footballer, Yves Mariot. Famous footballers Diego Maradona and Zinedine Zidane are notable executioners of this move, hence it's also known as the ''Maradona turn'' and ''Zidane turn''. The move is effective when the defender is approaching head-on trying to take control of the ball.
Execution: Place one foot on the ball and slightly pull it back, consequently spin around so your back is facing the defender. While you're spinning, drag the ball further back and past the defender. Now launch the ball in the direction you want to run.
 - The Nutmeg
This move is satisfying for the attacker and humiliating for the defender. Owing to its effectiveness, it's attempted multiple times in a game by players.
Execution: Place your foot on the ball and drag it to the side of the same foot, to trick the defender. Immediately kick the ball between the defender's legs to get the ball past them. And gain control of the ball again.
 - The Inside Touch
A player must have fast feet to perform this move with excellency. This move works well against defenders when they expect you to hit the ball inside rather than the outside.
Execution: Push the ball forward with the inside of one foot and quickly do a scissor with the same foot. Now, push the ball away using the outside touch of your opposite foot.
 - The Rainbow
Also known as Ardiles flick, is an advanced football move used rarely in matches due to its complexity. However, it remains one of the most famous moves in football. It helps you move past a defender while running down the field.
Execution: While moving, push the ball slightly ahead of you and trap the ball with the inside of your back foot and heel of the front foot. Then roll the ball with the back foot onto the front leg. Now lean forward and kick the ball over the head of your defender and run away.
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text:
DISTINCTIVE PUBLICATIONS ARE INDEXED BY A 3 DIGIT SUBJECT FOLLOWED BY A COURSE NUMBER
The 3 digit subject corresponds to the first three digits of the dewey decimal system for books. The course number is provided by the library at the time of publication. The title is the first focal distinction of the published document. The librarian assigned the course from the school catalog.
Select the subject of interest from the following ten categories:


text:
LI-COR Releases Guide to the Eddy Covariance Method for Measuring Ecosystem Gas Exchange
July 16, 2013
LI-COR Biosciences announces publication of Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Industrial, Agricultural, and Regulatory Applications: A Field Book on Measuring Ecosystem Gas Exchange and Areal Emission Rates.
The author is Dr. George Burba, LI-COR Principal Scientist and co-author of A Brief Practical Guide to Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements (published November 2010). This earlier guide has been integrated into college curriculums and can be found in the libraries of over 20 major research universities, including Cambridge, Max Planck Institute, McGill, MIT, Princeton, and Stanford.
Building on the theory and general principles outlined in the 2010 book, the new 2013 book is significantly expanded and restructured based on new developments. It includes additional content on flux corrections, instrumentation, EddyPro® processing software, and other concepts.
"Using non-technical language, this book guides the reader through the theory of the eddy covariance method, and then step-by-step through experiment design, implementation, data processing, and analysis," said Dr. Burba. "It also incorporates academic resources and references, and provides useful material for lectures, handouts, teaching, and field-training of personnel."
The eddy covariance method is used to directly measure gas emission rates and the exchange of gases, aerosols and energy between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. Common measurements include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and energy fluxes. Applications include ecological and climate change research; greenhouse gas, industrial, and landfill monitoring; carbon capture, utilization and storage; and agricultural applications such as irrigation and water usage.
Download a free electronic copy of the book at _URL_ Printed copies are also available for purchase.


text:
A quantitative measure of x or gamma radiation at a certain place, based on its ability to produce ionisation in air. The former special unit of exposure was the roentgen (R). 1R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg. In the international system (SI unit), the special unit is coulomb per kilogram. (Exposure also is frequently used as a synonym for irradiation).
(16 Dec 1997)
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text:
The term latent typing is used to describe a computer language, such as Scheme, for which you cannot, in general, simply look at a program's source code and determine what type of data will be associated with a particular variable, or with the result of a particular expression.
Sometimes, of course, you can tell from the code what the type of
an expression will be. If you have a line in your program that sets the
x to the numeric value 1, you can be certain that,
immediately after that line has executed (and in the absence of multiple
x has the numeric value 1. Or if you write a procedure
that is designed to concatenate two strings, it is likely that the rest
of your application will always invoke this procedure with two string
parameters, and quite probable that the procedure would go wrong in some
way if it was ever invoked with parameters that were not both strings.
Nevertheless, the point is that there is nothing in Scheme which
requires the procedure parameters always to be strings, or
always to hold a numeric value, and there is no way of declaring in your
program that such constraints should always be obeyed. In the same
vein, there is no way to declare the expected type of a procedure's
Instead, the types of variables and expressions are only known – in general – at run time. If you need to check at some point that a value has the expected type, Scheme provides run time procedures that you can invoke to do so. But equally, it can be perfectly valid for two separate invocations of the same procedure to specify arguments with different types, and to return values with different types.
The next subsection explains what this means in practice, for the ways that Scheme programs use data types, values and variables.


These Blacknose Sheep Look Just Like Stuffed Animals & They Make Great Pets!
The Valais Blacknose sheep (In German: Walliser Schwarznasenschaf) is a wonderful breed of domestic sheep that originated in the Valais region of Switzerland.
They are documented as far back as the 15th century! However, Valais Blacknose sheep were not officially recognized as unique until the 1960s.
Valais Blacknose sheep are raised for both wool and meat. These remarkable sheep are unmistakable with their black faces, ears and long spiral horns, black patches on their knees, hocks and feet.
They are extremely friendly and will love humans as much as humans love them.
You shouldn't be surprised that they have been called the cutest sheep in the world!
Valais Blacknose sheep wool is course: the average fiber diameter is approximately 38 microns, with a staple length of 100mm or more.
The annual yield is about 4 kilograms per head.
Their wool is best sutied for carpets or felting.
These black-faced sheep are known to be very friendly, tamed easily and have a naturally peaceful demeanor.
H/t awesomejelly.comfacebook/valaisblacknosenz via


Monday, April 10, 2006
How Much are Gold Coins
How much are gold coins is a question that is asked everyday as the value of gold moves fluctuates.
When you buy gold coins you also pay for the dealers mark up or premium as well as shipping and sometimes insurance costs. Because of this additional cost it can take a while before you recoup the value of what you have spent.
But gold has been rising and has jumped from around 250 US dollars per ounce five years ago to over 600 USD an ounce. If you bought a one ounce gold coin 2 years ago you would have paid the value of one ounce of gold plus some extra to the dealer, maybe an additional 20 percent as well as shipping, another 5-10 dollars maybe. However, since gold has risen so dramatically, you will have doubled the value of your gold coin to cover the dealer's profit and the shipping and made a profit yourself, if you were to sell of course.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, "Of the 193,000 metric tons of gold discovered to date, 62% is found in just four countries on earth. All the gold discovered thus far would fit in a cube 22 meters on a side." 20 to 30 percent of this is held in bank vaults and the balance, 70 to 80 percent, is mostly held privately in the form of jewelry, coins and bullion.
Gold coins are a significant part of the total gold in the world.
It is quite likely that gold will continue to rise and that, even though buying gold coins now while gold seems 'high' may not look like a good idea, gold is something that has traditionally held its purchasing value for over 200 years. It seems it is fiat currency (the dollar) that is losing its purchasing value. It makes sense therefore to keep and even add to one's own gold 'reserves' in the long term.
'How much are gold coins?' becomes not such an important question then as 'How much gold can I own?'
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It is an absolute guarantee that water will find its way into your (wooden) boat, due to rain, waves, or leaks. I can hear you saying: But that's what bilge pumps are for! But, my friend, it's a bit more complicated than that.
Way down, deep in your boat's bilge, there is a place where several parts of the boat come together: the keel, the frames, and the hull (specifically the garboard strakes). For strength, the frames usually go all the way across the keel, and sometimes, frames on opposite sides of the keel overlap each other.
But this presents a problem: The keel ends of each set of ribs serves as a wall, dividing the bilge into several compartments. Without any modification, each compartment would independently collect water. Your pump could remove all the water over the tops of the frames and keep the boat from sinking, but it's a bad idea to let water sit in the bilge, because that is asking for your keel and garboards to rot away.
Sometimes the geometry of the boat's construction creates a small gap near the keel between the bottom of each frame and the hull planks. But this is not always the case, and such gaps are frequently too small to be of any use.
The solution to the problem is to drill small holes across the bottom of each frame, right next to the keel (or keelson, if your boat has one). It will weaken the ribs a little, but will also allow water to pass between each bilge compartment. If you place your pump in the compartment at the deepest part of the boat, it will be possible to pump all of the water out.
\___ ___/
'-. | .-'
'-.'-.________o_.--._o__|_____.-'.-' HULL
 | |
 | | KEEL
Limber holes are not advisable in a very small boat with very narrow frames, but since the bilge pump for such a boat is usually a cut-down bleach bottle, and there is usually access to all bilge compartments, this isn't a problem. Fiberglass boats and small metal boats are likely to have limber holes built into the boat's pseudo-frames. And large metal ships will not have limber holes, since they will be built with bulkheads separating watertight compartments (each with its own pumps), to prevent sinking in case the hull is penetrated.
Au contraire, mon frère fromage!
There are, in fact, large metal ships with limber holes. They're called submarines.
Submarines have a problem not faced by the boats above. Actually, they have a bunch of them, but let's stick to the one or two that are relevant. First of all, many submarines are composed of two hulls - a pressure hull and a light hull. In nearly all cases, the area between the light hull and the pressure hull is allowed to flood freely when the submarine submerges (which is the second specific problem the submarine has, namely that it will in the normal course of operation be entirely underwater).
When the submarine surfaces again, it is desirable for the spaces between the light hull and pressure hull to be allowed to drain themselves free of water. As a result, submarines with light hulls typically have one or more rows of limber holes along their sides above the waterline. This has been true for ages; look at any picture of a World War II submarine on the surface for an example. Modern U.S. nuclear submarines typically are single-hull above their waterline, but modern Soviet/Russian-designed submarines have visible limber holes.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Eyebrows)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Eyebrow (disambiguation).
Jeremy Cadot's eyebrow.jpg
A man's eyebrow and eye
Latin supercilium
MeSH Eyebrows
TA A15.2.07.023
FMA 54237
Anatomical terminology
The eyebrow is an area of thick, delicate hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow ridges of some mammals. Their main function is hypothesized to prevent sweat, water, and other debris from falling down into the eye socket, but they are also important to human communication and facial expression. It is not uncommon for people to modify their eyebrows by means of hair addition, removal, makeup, tattoo, or piercings.
It is believed[by whom?] that the main function of the eyebrow is to prevent moisture, mostly salty sweat and rain, from flowing into the eye. Greek physician Herophilos, in his treatise "Anatomy," was among the first to hypothesize such a theory, proposing that the eyebrows are "adorned with hair, so that if copious perspiration came [down], it would be contained by this 'check-point' of hair placed in its way until it is wiped off, so that it could not obstruct the eyes." The typical curved shape of the eyebrow (with a slant on the side) and the direction in which eyebrow hairs are pointed, make sure that moisture has a tendency to flow sideways around the eyes, along the side of the head and along the nose.[citation needed] The slightly protruding brow ridges of modern humans could also be used as a defense structure against the floods of moisture. Desmond Morris, discussing the possible function of the eyebrow in human evolution, criticized this suggestion as non-effective [1] and suggested that the primary function of the eyebrows is to signal the changing moods of their owners. Together with the brow ridges, the eyebrows also shade the eyes from sunlight.[citation needed] Eyebrows also prevent debris such as dandruff and other small objects from falling into the eyes, as well as providing a more sensitive sense for detecting objects being near the eye, like small insects.
Eyebrows also have an important facilitative function in communication, strengthening expressions, such as surprise, anger or sexiness. Many makeup artists view eyebrows as a major feature in defining the face. The eyebrows shape the human face and give definition to one's eyes and forehead. Depending on the shape of the eyebrows, it sometimes can cause what is known as a false facial expression (such as a person's eyebrows shaped to seem as if the person was angry, but really isn't). Some people can also move their eyebrows up and down alternately.
Eyebrows as eyespots[edit]
Joseph Jordania suggested that the primary evolutionary function of clearly visible eyebrows was safety from predators during the vulnerable nighttime sleep, when early hominid groups started sleeping on the ground, away from the trees. Stealth predators (like big cats) as a rule stop hunting if they notice that prey animals are watching them. Cheap plastic masks, placed on the back of the head, saved many human lives in India and Bangladesh, where man-eating tigers claimed many victims in Sundarbans national park.[citation needed] Many predators (particularly big cats) are very sensitive to eyespots, and all the big cats have eyespots on the back of their own ears. According to Jordania, at night, when hominid eyes were closed, the eyebrows, arched upwards, and eyelashes, arched downwards, formed clearly definable oval eyespots on a 'sleeping' human face, creating an illusion that the eyes were still open and watching (and therefore could deter predators from attacking sleeping hominids).[2]
In a study published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where subjects were asked to identify celebrities with either their eyes or their eyebrows digitally edited out, the subjects were able to recognize the celebrity 46% of the time with their eyebrows edited out, compared to 60% of the time with their eyes edited out. The findings indicate the importance of eyebrows in providing clues to an individual's identity.[3]
Eyebrow modification[edit]
An eyebrow that has been modified via waxing
Eyebrows are a major facial feature. Cosmetic methods have been developed to alter the look of one's eyebrows, whether the goal is to add or remove hair, change the color, or change the position of the eyebrow.
Several options exist for removing hair to achieve a thinner or smaller eyebrow, or to "correct" a unibrow, including manual and electronic tweezing, waxing, and threading. The most common method is to use tweezers to thin out and shape the eyebrow.[4] Waxing is becoming more popular.[5] Lastly, there is threading eyebrows, where a cotton thread is rolled over hair to pull it out. Small scissors are sometimes used to trim the eyebrows, either with another method of hair removal or alone. All of these methods can be painful for some seconds or minutes due to the sensitivity of the area around the eye but, often, this pain decreases over time as the individual becomes used to it. In time, hair that has been plucked will stop growing back.[6] Some people wax or shave off their eyebrows and leave them bare, stencil or draw them in with eye liner, or tattoo them on. In Western societies, it has become more common for men to pluck part of their eyebrows.
To create a fuller look, eyebrows can be cloned in an eyebrow transplant: Individual strands of the eyebrow are mimicked to create a natural-looking eyebrow of the desired shape. Eyebrow brushes and shaders are used to further define the eyebrow. A fairly recent trend in eyebrow modification is in eyebrow tinting: Permanent dye, similar to hair color, is used on the eyebrow, often to darken them.
An eyebrow lift, a cosmetic surgery to raise the eyebrow, usually to create a more feminine or youthful appearance, is a new phenomenon.[7] They can be affected during a face lift or an eye lift. More recently, doctors inject patients' eyebrows with botox or similar toxins to temporarily raise the eyebrow.[8]
From the 8th century, many Japanese noblewomen practiced hikimayu, shaving or plucking the eyebrow hair and painting smudge-like ones higher on the forehead. Shaving lines in eyebrows is another cosmetic alteration, more common among younger people in the 1990s and 2000s.[9]
See also[edit]
 - Anti-eyebrow, a body piercing placed below the eyebrow
 - Eyebrow piercing, a body piercing done through the eyebrow
 - Trichotillomania, a disorder where sufferers have an impulse to pull out body hair, including eyebrows
 - Unibrow, the presence of abundant hair between the eyebrows
 - Eyebrow restoration, surgical procedure to change the look of one's eyebrows
 1. ^ Desmond Morris, The Naked Man: A Study of the Male Body. London: Jonathan Cape, 2008
 2. ^ Joseph Jordania, Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution, chapter "I Can See you! Eyespots in Humans." Logos, 2011, pg. 96
 3. ^ Javid Sadrô, Izzat Jarudi, Pawan Sinha. The role of eyebrows in face recognition. Perception, 2003, volume 32, pages 285-293
 4. ^ "Advanced Tips for Eyebrow Plucking". Makeup-product.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
 5. ^ "Eyebrow Waxing 101 - Makeup - Skin & Beauty - Daily Glow". Hair-n-skin-care.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
 6. ^ "What You Should Know About Eyebrows". //www.sheilasfashionsense.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
 7. ^ "Brow Lift Procedure Recovery, Before and After on". Medicinenet.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
 8. ^ "Access". Medscape. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
 9. ^ Bruce Ely, The Oregonian (2008-04-28). "Teens shaving lines in eyebrows raise gang concerns in schools". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
External links[edit]


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Environmental SLAPPs in the UK: threat or opportunity?
Hilson, C. (2016) Environmental SLAPPs in the UK: threat or opportunity? Environmental Politics, 25 (2). pp. 248-267. ISSN _PHONE_
Text - Accepted Version
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To link to this item DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2015._PHONE_
Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) brought against the environmental movement in the UK since the 1990s are examined. SLAPPs, a form of Green backlash, have been mobilised across a wide range of policy areas that have seen vigorous campaigning and protest by the movement, including roads, GMOs and, more recently, climate change. SLAPPs are typically regarded as a threat, designed to close down democratic free speech and protest. However, in the UK, there are some notable cases where the environmental movement has been able to use agency to convert what may appear as a legal threat into a positive legal or media opportunity.
Item Type:Article
Divisions:Arts, Humanities and Social Science > School of Law
ID Code:44535
Publisher:Taylor and Francis
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Mettler Toledo, Inc: Weigh module converts machines into scales
The Pinmount PDX from Mettler Toledo, an enhanced version of the Pinmount weigh module, features the entirely digital POWERCELL PDX, which allows true predictive diagnostics of each individual load cell to prevent down-time or inaccuracies.
FILED IN: Machinery > Inspection > Checkweighers
The Pinmount PDX's built-in predictive diagnostics system constantly monitors the load cell and alerts the supervisor if a potential problem arises. The microprocessor inside each load cell continually adjusts the weight signal to compensate for environmental factors. It provides accurate weighing regardless of the effects of temperature, linearity, hysteresis, and creep.
All electronic components are enclosed in the hermetically sealed load cell housing with IP68/69k approval. The POWERCELL PDX load cells connect to one another in a simple network that eliminates failure-prone junction boxes.
Safety-related mechanical features are present in duplicate. Dual lift-off protection and 360° integrated checking can withstand wind or seismic forces. The dual safety down-stops protect against collapse in extreme situations. Also, two optional stabilizers steady tanks with mixers thus ensuring short stabilization times.
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What does 2HLANN stand for?
2HLANN stands for Two Hidden Layers Artificial Neural Network
This definition appears rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Information technology (IT) and computers
- Science, medicine, engineering, etc.
- Second Generation Language
- Second Generation Non Turbo
- Second Generation (Video) Surveillance System
- Draw Raffle
- Second Half (of the year)
- Two-handed sword (World of Warcraft gaming)
- Double Sided, High Density Disk
- Second Harmonic Distortion
- 2-Hydroxy Ethyl Methacrylate
- Second Harvest Japan


text:
One secret that is kept a little bit too tightly by Parkinson's disease experts is that the medication interval or timing is as important as the dose. Here are a few tips:
-if the medication is wearing off before the next dose, consider moving dosages closer together
-It is not uncommon for some Parkinson's disease patients to require medications even as close as every 2 hours
-If you experience dyskinenesia (extra movements usually an hour or more after a medication dose) you may need to decrease the dose, and move the medication intervals closer together
-Medication timing usually changes as Parkinson's disease progresses.
-Remember in Parkinson's disease timing is everything!


text:
Time domain modeling for impulse source localization in urban environments
Monday 1 june, 2015, 12:00 - 12:20
0.7 Lisbon (47)
The localization of acoustic sources with a network of distributed microphones is difficult in urban environments, due to the complex propagation effects such as reflexions and diffractions on buildings. The present study discusses our efforts toward localizing impulse sources using a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) model. Our model is evaluated against theory and observations in presence of urban-type obstacles. The computational burden is made tractable on the basis of comprehensive physical considerations. Two approaches for localization are introduced. The first approach essentially relies on the time reversal of the microphones measurements with the FDTD model. In the second approach, the source is localized by matching the observed characteristics to a look-up table obtained from time-domain simulations for various source positions. The two approaches are tested and compared with impulse measurements in an urban area, and their respective sensitivities are discussed.
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Women of Boston College Law School
a progressive and social history
I. Introduction
In 2004, Boston College Law School (BCLS) celebrates seventy-five years as a premier institution of legal education. The year also marks the sixtieth anniversary of the graduation of the first woman to attend the law school. Although struggles to enter the realm of legal study pre-date the entrance of women at Boston College Law School, as a young institution connected to a male dominated Jesuit college, it was extremely progressive for women to be admitted to Boston College Law School. I intend to illustrate how through periods of social change marred by mistreatment of women in society at large and in legal education, Boston College Law School has been progressive in its admissions of women as well as in the educational atmosphere women have had to endure.
To present an accurate portrayal of the social and educational times, I begin with illustrations of how women have had to circumvent social norms to obtain their current status. I first present a general picture of how women have progressed in the educational sphere and advanced to legal education. Then I offer a comparison of two extremes: an elite school with a history of opposing a legal education for women, and a state university with a history of fostering a female student body. I next offer some statistical information based on the general progression of women in law school.
In an effort to understand Boston College Law School and its progressive nature, I have tried to first illustrate how the undergraduate school compares in its admission of women. Then I explain how the law school progressed and began admitting women in 1941. To help set the stage, so to speak, for the decades of progression, I have put forth a general social history focused on women from 1940 to 2000. Finally, the primary focus of the paper is on the personal history of Boston College Alumnae based on personal interviews and answers to questionnaires.
II. Women in Law School
A. A Brief History
Women's social mission was dependent on a complex view of femininity that associated it with nature, the emotions, and the soul and saw it as completely opposed to reason and intellect.
This was the nineteenth century, an age replete with Victorian sensibilities resulting in social prejudices that declared women were intellectually inferior and respectable women could not work outside the home. Educating women developed slowly with Worcester, Massachusetts opening the first public high school for girls in 1824. Oberlin became the first college to admit women in 1837 with separate courses, thereby illustrating ambivalence at truly educating women. In a revolt against Victorian domesticity, women began to steadily attend college from 1860 to 1920. However, the early institutionalization and licensing powers within the legal profession made it difficult for women to enter the realm of legal practice.
In 1869, Myra Bradwell became the first woman to seek licensure from a state bar. The Illinois State Supreme Court denied her admission claiming:
…when the legislature gave to this court the power of granting licenses to practice the law, it was not with the slightest expectation that this privilege would be extended equally to men and women.
She appealed the state opinion to the United States Supreme Court based on Fourteenth Amendment protections. Although the high court denied Ms. Bradwell's claim, state courts and legislatures began to allow women admission to the bar.
The same year that Myra Bradwell sought licensure in Illinois, Arabella Mansfield became the first woman admitted to practice law in the state of Iowa and the United States. The year 1869 also marked the first admission of law students without regard to gender at St. Louis Law School with two women matriculating. The next year, 1870, the first woman to receive an accredited law degree, Ada A. Kepley, graduated from Union College of Law (now Northwestern). At the turn of the century, women were admitted to the bar of almost every state, but entrance into law school and acceptance by society continued to be a struggle.
Women obtaining higher education became more acceptable than obtaining professional status. By 1920, almost half of all college students were women, but social pressure on women to marry and please their families prevented many from pursuing careers. In 1910 the percentage of employed women reached 25.2%, but only 10.7% of married women were employed. These societal pressures prevented many women from pursuing law school admission. In addition, the entrance of women continued to adhere to a paternalistic view of women and resentment toward those who tried to shed their proper societal roles. In 1890, a member of the Board of Trustees for Columbia Law School illustrated this paternalistic sentiment when he stated:
No woman shall degrade herself by practicing law in New York especially if I can save her…I think that the clack of these possible Portias will never be heard in Dwight's Moot Court.
Although even elite law schools such as Columbia began to finally admit women to the study of law, the atmospheres remained "inhospitable". Law schools instituted policies such as informal quota systems to limit the number of women admitted to each class. The "male culture" predominated the atmosphere causing women to study alone, eat alone, live alone, and in some schools, like Brooklyn Law School in New York, women were "physically segregated in the classroom". Unconscious sexism pervaded the classrooms through jokes or illustrations that offended women. Professors would either refuse to call on women or call on them to "singularly embarrass them" with crude topics such as cases involving sordid sex. Similarly, "hostile male peers sometimes accused women of being in law school to find a husband, or of taking the place of a male who, as a future breadwinner, needed the education more than she". Women encountered hostile treatment at many law schools including renowned institutions of legal scholarship like Harvard Law School where women were not admitted until 1950.
Continued: Case Studies: Women in law school


text:
The Endangered Aisle
Client: The Fairtrade Foundation
Farming is becoming a more unstable profession due to rising costs, volatile coffee prices and deepening climate crisis. We undertook research to understand the size of the issue - a Commodities Vulnerability Assessment and UK consumer research. Both highlighted the items at risk of becoming 'endangered' – coffee, cocoa, bananas – and the impact this may have. We needed to show the problem alongside the solution which is how The Endangered Aisle was born. A pop-up retail concept highlighting the urgent need to protect our favourite foods from climate change and give a fair deal to farmers. Stark empty shelves showcased a look into the future if we don't act now with signage confirming 'everything must NOT go'. The other side of the aisle showed the solution; shelves filled full of possibilities from coffee to peanut butter and kombucha. The immersive event brought retailers together to showcase the diverse range of Fairtrade products on the market and reiterate that together, we can make a difference. Our campaign reached almost a fifth of the UK population (17%) and as a result of seeing the campaign video, 73% believe that choosing Fairtrade products can help protect the future of our food. 69% of people who came across the campaign would definitely or be more likely to switch to Fairtrade products in the future.


text:
Objective: The aim of this study was to report the 3-year survival results of the GRECCAR-6 trial.
Summary background data: Current data on the effect of an extended interval between radiochemotherapy (RCT) and resection for rectal cancer on the rate of complete pathological response (pCR = ypT0N0) is controversial. Furthermore, its effect on oncological outcomes is unknown.
Methods: The GRECCAR-6 trial was a phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, controlled trial. Patients with cT3/T4 or TxN+ tumors of the mid or lower rectum who had received RCT (45-50 Gy with 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine) were included and randomized into a 7- or 11-week waiting period. Primary endpoint was the pCR rate. Secondary endpoints were 3-year overall (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence rates.
Results: A total of 265 patients from 24 participating centers were enrolled. A total of 253 patients underwent a mesorectal excision. Overall pCR rate was 17% (43/253). Mean follow-up from surgical resection was 32 ± 8 months. Twenty-four deaths occurred with an 89% OS at 3 years. DFS was 68.7% at 3 years (75 recurrences). Three-year local and distant recurrences were 7.9% and 23.8%, respectively. The randomization group had no impact on the 3-year OS (P = 0.8868) or DFS (P = 0.9409). Distant (P = 0.7432) and local (P = 0.3944) recurrences were also not influenced by the waiting period. DFS was independently influenced by 3 factors: circumferential radial margin (CRM) ≤1 mm [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-3.51], ypT3-T4 (HR = 2.69; 95% CI, 1.19-6.08) and positive lymph nodes (HR = 3.62; 95% CI, 1.89-6.91).
Conclusion: Extending the waiting period by 4 weeks following RCT has no influence on the oncological outcomes of T3/T4 rectal cancers.