text:
Greetings, you attended the workshop on tree mortality in Amador County. I want to advise you to be sure to keep track of expenses incurred to remove dead trees. I have consulted with some specialists in taxation and these costs constitute casualty losses that can be claimed on your income tax return provided that you meet certain conditions (loss exceeds 10% of AGI Adjusted Gross Income, and exceeds $100).
I have attached an informational paper on tax consequences of insect killed trees (below). Another option to consider, that is more complicated, is to establish the decline in property value associated with the loss of trees. Of course, if you have larger property with extensive mortality that cannot be captured through salvage, that may qualify for a claimed loss as well.
Richard Harris, Ph.D
Registered Professional Forester 1961
The Tax Implications of Insect Damage
Linda Wang, National Timber Tax Specialist, USDA Forest Service
If your timber are damaged or killed by the insects, unless the situation meets the special exceptions, normal level of damage to the timber is generally not tax deductible. Such losses are considered part of the risk and cost for timber property. To be a deductible loss, historically the IRS has allowed tax deductions on insect damages to the trees under special circumstances. Most often, timber property is uninsured or uninsurable, rendering no compensation or reimbursement from the insurance. The loss of ornamental trees on residential property generally is subject to more restrictions than income-producing (business or investment) timber property even if the loss quality for a tax deduction.
Normal level of timber loss from insect damage is not tax deductible.
The economic loss of the timber from the insect damage will be reflected in the decreased value of the timber. That means your profit will be less when you sell your timber down the road and the taxes that are due will also be less.
For example, Mr. Smith owns 40-acre of woodland and intends to produce income from the timber. However, this year, some trees were gradually killed by insects over a period of several months. Because this is considered a normal level of insect infestation, the loss of timber is not tax deductible. Smith worked with a consulting forester who implemented a plan to manage the timber properly. For his tax records, he adjusted the timber volume in his forest management plan, reflecting the loss of timber volume from the insect attack. The dollar amount in his timber basis, however, stayed the same (i.e., it is not changed by the loss of timber volume from the insects). This is because the basis of his timber in his case was the purchase cost he paid for the timber property five years ago. The loss of timber from the insect damage only affects the volume part of the timber basis.
Deductible Loss from "Sudden, Unexpected and Unusual" Insect Damage (Casualty Loss)
The tax law provides a tax deduction for the damage and destruction of property that is caused by a sudden, unexpected or unusual event, that is, the casualty loss deduction. A "sudden" event is one that is swift, not gradual or progressive. An "unexpected" event is one that is not ordinarily anticipated. An "unusual" event is one that is not a day-to-day occurrence and that is not typical activity. For examples, hurricanes and fires are casualty.
Generally, insect damages seldom qualify as casualty loss for tax purpose, because such damages tend to be gradual or progressive over a period of time rather than sudden. So if the insect damage does not meet the swift and sudden requirement, one can't claim a casualty loss deduction because it is not a casualty.
However, in special cases where the taxpayer was in dispute over whether the timber loss from insect damage qualify for casualty loss, the Tax Court had ruled in favor of the taxpayer. Specifically, the Tax Court granted casualty loss deduction where the ornamental ("yard") trees on residential property were killed by the Southern Pine Beetles (SPB). In the Nelson case, the taxpayer owned six acres of residential property in Texas that contained forty-eight loblolly pine trees. Twenty-four trees died within 5 to 10 days of an epidemic attack by SPB. The SPB epidemic was unexpected in the area. The court held that a casualty loss was allowable. Subsequently, the Tax Court again in the Black case determined that the infestation of trees by SPB is a sufficiently sudden event to be a casualty loss when the ornamental trees died within 30 days of attack. In the Smithgall case where the residential owner lost ornamental trees attacked by the epidemic SPB, the District Court in Georgia held that the tree loss was a casualty.
In light of the court cases, for special situations where ornamental trees were destroyed by onslaught of beetles, the IRS issued guidance that allowed a casualty loss deduction. The death of ornamental trees 5 to 10 days following a massive southern pine beetle attack in an area not known for such massive attacks results in a casualty loss deduction. In other words, the fact that the ornamental trees on the residential property were dead after 5 to 10 days from the attack of the beetles satisfied the suddenness requirement. Also, since there were no known attacks in epidemic proportions of southern pine beetles in the area of the taxpayer's residence prior and after the tax year, the event was both unusual and unexpected.
Note that even if a casualty loss is allowed, the deduction for the residential yard tree loss is subject to more restrictions than the commercial timber, limiting the amount of the write-off. Any insurance received reduces the deductible loss. To figure out the amount of casualty loss deduction due to the destruction of ornamental trees by the insects on residential property, the adjusted basis in the property must be established. The calculation of the loss deduction starts with the fair market value loss, subject to the adjusted basis limit. After that, additional deduction limits ($100 floor and 10% rules) apply to personal-use property such as residence. An appraisal on the value of the entire property before and after the casualty need to be assessed.
To deduct a casualty loss, you must be able to show that there was a casualty and be able to support the amount you take as deduction.
Casualty loss is reported on Form 4684. The appraisal fees are deductible on Schedule A as miscellaneous expenses subject to 2% adjusted gross income reduction.
Unexpected and unusual damage in a Business
Most insect damages to trees do not result in casualty loss deduction due to the lacking of the element of the suddenness. However, in a special case involving a forest product company's loss of trees from an unexpected and unusual insect infestation, the IRS allowed a tax deduction (which is termed "noncasualty business loss"). That is, even if a casualty loss has not occurred, a deductible business loss is available for unusual and unexpected insect damage to the timber used in a trade or business. The taxpayer in this case was a corporation that grows, manages, and harvests pine timber for use in its wood products manufacturing facilities. An unexpected and unusual attack on a stand of merchantable pine trees killed the trees. The IRS ruled that the taxpayer's loss of timber give rise to an allowable business loss deduction when the timber became worthless and bulldozed and burned. Because such loss did not arise from a casualty, it was required to be offsetting capital gains (noncasualty sec. 1231 gains) in most cases. Also, the amount of loss is limited to the adjusted basis in the units that are lost.
In summary, most tree losses from insect damages do not give rise to a tax deduction. Typically such loss of timber from insect infestation do not result in a casualty loss when the damage occurs over a period of time gradually. But the IRS allowed a casualty loss deduction for the death of ornamental trees from an epidemic southern pine beetle attack on residential property. Note that even if the loss to the trees is deductible as casualty loss, the amount of deductions are likely not the fair market value of the timber destroyed due to the basis (usually cost) rule. In another type of special situation, the IRS has allowed noncasualty business tax deduction on timber loss from unexpected and unusual insect attack in a timber trade or business.


text:
For an introduction to graphical plotting with WXP, we'll take you through the surface plotting program, step by step viewing options and tailoring parameters.
The surface plotting program is "sfcwx". If you run this program by itself, you will get 4 prompts: filename, region, variable and device. So in order to run this without any prompts, you need to specify all 4 resources:
% sfcwx -cu=la -re=at -va=all -de=d
This will specify to plot the latest surface data file, for the Atlantic region, plotting all data (station model plot) on the display.
So how does this plot come to be.
For further information about WXP, email _EMAIL_
Last updated by Dan Vietor on June 20, 2001

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This classic comfort food recipe has appeared on this blog in a slightly different version of two cheeses souffle – but this version with spring onions has gone down a treat, even if we do say so ourselves…
Fresh from the garden: eggs, spring onion
Recipe source: adapted from a recipe on bbcgoodfood.com
Serves: 5 at home or 25 tastes
What to do:
- Heat the oven to 200C. Butter the ramekins.
- Make a collar for each ramekin by tearing a 40cm length of baking paper, folding it into thirds, and buttering one side. Then roll it around the ramekin, buttered side in, and tying with string to secure. Place them on the baking tray when done.
- Measure the parmesan, then grate it. Crumble the feta cheese.
- Wash the spring onions and pat dry with paper towel. Strip off the tough outer layer and trim the roots and tops. Finely chop them into thin discs to yield about 2 tablespoons.
- Carefully separate each of the eggs, putting the whites into the very clean and dry bowl of the stand mixer, and reserving the yolks in a small bowl.
- Melt 25g butter in the saucepan, stir in the flour and gently cook on a low heat for a minute or so. Slowly add the milk, stirring all the time to make a thick sauce. Cook for a couple of minutes to cook out the flour.
- Stir in the cheeses and spring onions then add 4 of the egg yolks, season generously and mix well.
- Whisk the egg whites until they are stiff and form soft peaks.
- Using a metal spoon, start folding the egg whites into the cheese mixture carefully – begin by using about 1/3 of the whites first and then adding the rest once combined – and pour into the buttered soufflé dishes.
- Cook for 12–15 minutes until the soufflés are risen and golden.
- Using pot holders, carefully place a soufflé on to an lined underplate and serve TOUT SUITE!
Notes: What is a ramekin? Why do we separate the egg yolks and whites? Why do we need to cook out the flour? Where does the word soufflé come from?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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#### Themes Choose a theme as a starting point, each with unique images and messages you can use as is or customize with your own photos and voice recordings. #### How to create 1. Choose a Theme 2. Choose between Alexa-narrated messages, or record your own 90 second greeting 3. Select a background image from our library, or upload your own 4. Add a caption 5. Pick a name for your skill 6. Send your greeting card to others by sharing your skill with the recipient. Once, they enabled the skill, they can use it on their Alexa-enabled devices. #### How to use Let the recipient know how to ask Alexa for their personalized greeting, or surprise them by asking Alexa to open your skill.


Oracle Reports Interview Questions and Answers
How many Types of Reports available in Reports?
There are eight different layout formats:
1. Tabular
2. Form Like
3. Form Letter
4. Mailing Label
5. Group Left
6. Group Above
7. Matrix
8. Matrix with group
What Types of Triggers are Available in Report?
Report Level Triggers:
1) Before report trigger:
Fires before the report is executed but after queries are parsed and data is fetched.
2) After report trigger:
Fires after you exit the Previewer, or after report output is sent to a specified destination, such as a file, a printer, or an Oracle*Mail userid. This trigger can be used to clean up any initial processing that was done, such as deleting tables.
3) Before Parameter trigger:
Fires before the Runtime Parameter Form is displayed. Using this trigger, you can access and change the values of parameters, PL/SQL global variables, and report-level columns.
4) After parameter trigger:
Fires after the Runtime Parameter Form is displayed. Using this trigger, you can access parameters and check their values. This trigger can also be used to change parameter values.
5) Between pages trigger:
Fires before each page of the report is formatted, except the very first page. This trigger can be used for customized page formatting.
Layout Model Triggers:
1) Format triggers
What are Format triggers?
Format triggers enable you to modify the display of objects dynamically at run time or to suppress display altogether For Headings, for repeating frames, for field, for boilerplate object To format a column based on certain criteria.
for example
To format the max (Sal) for particular department.
To format the Sal column with a Dollar ($) prefix.
What is Data Model?
Data Model is logically group of the Report Objects through query and Data model tools. Once query is compiled report automatically generates group. The queries build the groups and then Groups are used to populate the report. The only function of queries in report is to create the groups. The Report Editor's Data Model view enables you to define and modify the data model objects for a report.
What is Layout model?
Layout Model is to physically arrange Data model group objects on the Report. The Report Editor's Layout Model view enables you to define and modify the layout model objects for a report. In this view, objects and their property settings are represented symbolically to highlight their types and relationships.
What is Previewer?
Previewer is a work area in which you can preview your report and manipulate the actual or live data at the same time. In the Previewer you can customize reports interactively, meaning that you can see the results immediately as you make each change. In order to edit your report, such as changing column size, move columns, align columns insert page numbers, edit text, change colors, change fonts set format masks, insert field the Previewer must be in Flex Mode.
What is Parameter Form?
Parameters are variables for report that users can change at runtime immediately prior to the execution of the report. You can use system parameters to specify aspects of report execution, such as the output format, printer name, mailed or number of copies. We can also create own parameters through sql or Pl/sql at runtime. When you run a report, Report Builder uses the Parameter Form view as a template for the Runtime Parameter Form. If you do not define a Runtime Parameter Form in the Parameter Form view, Report Builder displays a default Parameter Form for you at runtime.
What is Query?
The first thing in data model is the query. Through query we access database objects with sql query. Compiled query creates groups. We can create query through query builder, sql query and import query from o/s file or database.
What is Group?
Groups are created to organize the columns in your report. When you create a query, Report Builder automatically creates a group that contains the columns selected by the query. You create additional groups to produce break levels in the report, either manually or by using the Report Wizard to create a group above or group left report.
What is Repeating Frame?
Repeating frames surround all of the fields that are created for a groupâ€™s columns. Repeating frames correspond to groups in the data model. Each repeating frame must to be associated with a group of data model the repeating frame prints (is fired) once for each record of the group.
What is Flex mode and Confine mode?
Confine mode
On: child objects cannot be moved outside their enclosing parent objects.
Off: child objects can be moved outside their enclosing parent objects.
Flex mode
On: parent borders stretch when child objects are moved against them.
Off: parent borders remain fixed when child objects are moved against them.
What is Page Break?
To limit the records per page.
What is Page Protector?
The Page Protect property indicates whether to try to keep the entire object and its contents on the same logical page. Setting Page Protect to Yes means that if the contents of the object cannot fit on the current logical page, the object and all of its contents will be moved to the next logical page. Ex: if you set yes, the object information prints another page.
What is the Print Condition?
The print condition type First, All, All but first, Last, All but last refer to the frequency with which you want to appear based upon the setting of the print condition object. A print condition object of Enclosing Object is whichever object encloses the current object (could be the parent or a frame within the parent), while Anchoring Object is the parent object (unless you have explicitly anchored the object in which case it is the object to which it is anchored).
What is Print Direction?
The Print Direction property is the direction in which successive instances of the repeating frame appear.
What is Vertical and Horizental Elasticity?
The Horizontal Elasticity property is how the horizontal size of the object will change at runtime to accommodate the objects or data within it, same for vertical elasticity to vertical direction.
Latest Updates


text:
23.0 x 16.0cm
The Mingei movement was a Western-inspired craft movement, distinguished by its appreciation of, and inspiration from, European and Japanese folk crafts. Its most representative artist is perhaps Hamada Shôji. In 1920 Hamada accompanied the British potter Bernard Leach (who had studied pottery in Japan) to England. After Hamada returned to Japan in 1924, the two potters kept in touch, visiting and holding exhibitions together. Their works were largely inspired by English slipware and other folk pottery, and were given a theoretical support by Yanagi Soetsu (_PHONE_), a religious philosopher who claimed that the supreme beauty of craft was found in pieces made by anonymous craftspeople for use by ordinary people. The theory, rather ironically promoted by works of prominent artists such as Hamada and Leach (who published Yanagi's theory under the title 'The unknown craftsman'), was embraced by many craftspeople. In Japan, the style has been continued by potters such as Kawai Takeichi and Shimaoka Tatsuzô.
'The Mingei Style', The Asian Collections, AGNSW, 2003, pg.268.
'Ceramics', The Asian Collections Art Gallery of New South Wales 2003, 2003, 268 (colour illus.).


text:
This script provides "choice options" that provide finer control over your choices.
You can now hide choices that should not be shown using a few simple conditions rather than duplicating a choice list several times using conditional branches.
You can disable choices from being selected, which is simply impossible under normal circumstances.
Additional options may be added in the future
A list of tutorials that show how choice options can be used.
- Using Choice Options – by Sinweaver
In your event, before the show choices commands, use script calls to set each choice option
The general format of the script call is
method_name(choice_number, arguments,... )
You can look up the available methods in the reference section of the script.
The choice_number is 1 for the first choice, 2 for the second choice, and so on.
The arguments are specified in in the reference.
Any option that uses a formula can use formula variables. The following formula variables are available
p = $game_party t = $game_troop s = $game_switches v = $game_variables
All formulas are evaluated within the context of the game interpreter, so any game interpreter methods can be called directly.
When the condition is true, the specified choice will not be shown on the list. Use a script call
condition is a string representing your conditional statement.
When the condition is true, the specified choice will not be selectable, though it will be shown on the list. Use a script call
The text of the specified choice will be drawn with the selected color. The color is currently a number from 0 to 32, which is not very useful.
Disabled Choice Color
The colored choice ignores whether the choice is enabled or not. You can use the "disable colored" option to set the color of the text if the choice is disabled.
The text of the specified choice will be replaced by the text for this option. This allows you to exceed the 50-char limit imposed by the editor.
You can also specify a condition along with the text. When the condition is satisfied, the text will be displayed.
text_choice(choice_num, text, condition)
For example, to make it so that the first choice's text will be changed to "???" if Switch 3 is OFF, you would write
text_choice(1, "???", "$game_switches == false")
This is a common issue. When you are trying to condition on a switch or variable, you may be tempted to write things like
Because that's how the editor displays it. This is wrong. Leading zeroes are treated as octal numbers, which is completely different.
The correct way to write numbers is to remove all leading zeroes like this


Contributing Advent 6: C is for Cookie
Today we start with bugs in PHP's Date/Time extension. There are a fair amount of them and they require some hard needed attention. So this post addresses a number of bugs.
Bug #63776
As usual I started with the most recently filed bugs and ran into bug #63776, which turned out to not be a bug. Titled "strtotime fails with 'at'" it goes about how a date string with at in it (like in "Nov 19, 2012 at 7:03 PM") does not get parsed properly with strtotime() (or really any other parsing routing). strtotime()'s documentation page mentions The function expects to be given a string containing an English date format and will try to parse that format into a Unix timestamp. The word "try" is quite important here. In general, people are a lot better at this sort of thing than computers, as they sense what is part of the data and what is noise. In this case, the parser routine sees the phrase at as a timezone abbreviation, which it does not understand. And because of this, it refuses to parse the string. If you use date_parse() you will see what it actually parsers out of the string:
var_dump( date_parse( "Nov 19, 2012 at 7:03 PM" ) );
which outputs (reformatted):
array(13) {
 'year' => int(2012)
 'month' => int(11)
 'day' => int(19)
 'hour' => int(19)
 'minute' => int(3)
 'second' => int(0)
 'fraction' => double(0)
 'warning_count' => int(0)
 'warnings' => array(0) { }
 'error_count' => int(1)
 'errors' => array(1) {
 [13] => string(47) "The timezone could not be found in the database"
 'is_localtime' => bool(true)
 'zone_type' => int(0)
Which mentions very clearly [13] => string(47) "The timezone could not be found in the database" — the key 13 is the position in the original string.
Bug #64294
The next one, bug #64294, with the title "date conversion problem when dst present" turned out not to be a bug either. Simply forgotten that Daylight Saving Time already had gone away for the year. However, I should point out that parsing a timestamp with: $date = new \DateTime('@ _PHONE_'); always sets the timezone UTC, and not the configured default. This means that:
$timestamp = _PHONE_;
$date = new \DateTime('@'.$timestamp);
echo $date->format('Y-m-d H:i O'), "\n";
Will always show a timezone of +0000:
2013-10-28 10:00 +0000
Bug #53879
However, there was a bug that needed a fix. Bug #53879, "DateTime::createFromFormat() fails to parse cookie expiration date" talks about parsing a date string such as Mon, 21-Jan-2041 15:24:52 GMT with the factory method DateTime::createFromFormat(). This method takes as first argument a series of format specifiers to signal how the date string should be parsed. It mostly uses the same format letters that the DateTime::format() method uses to output a DateTime object in a specific format.
In this case, the user did not specify his own format, but used one of the predefined constants that is meant for displaying a DateTime object in a format that HTTP Cookies want. The constant DateTime::COOKIE was in fact just the string l, d-M-y H:i:s T. The y here stands for a two-digit year. Specifying the year in two digits appeared in the original RFC 850 but has since then be superseded by a whole bunch of interconnecting and contradicting standards.
The general consensus seems to be what is now on, but that was formerly hosted on a now-defunct page. This pages defines the date format as needed for cookies as:
The date string is formatted as:
This is based on RFC 822, RFC 850, RFC 1036, and RFC 1123, with the variations that the only legal time zone is GMT and the separators between the elements of the date must be dashes.
In PHP, Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT is represented as l, d-M-Y H:i:s T to which I now changed PHP's DateTime::COOKIE constant.
There are plenty more issues, so we'll be coming back to the DateTime extension.
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text:
Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 20-April-2012, Vol 125 No 1353
There has recently been public and media discourse comparing Finland with New Zealand (in both countries). This discussion was triggered by comments in the New Zealand Parliament, and has not always been well informed by facts. Nevertheless, country comparisons can provide learning opportunities and hence we continue the comparison in the domain of infectious diseases. This domain is a particularly relevant one for New Zealand, given evidence for increasing rates of serious infectious diseases in this county over time.1
Methods—We examined infectious diseases related data detailed on the World Health Organization (WHO) website for the two countries for the three most recent years available (2008–2010).2 This data source was selected as it contains an internationally agreed set of indicators and complete data from both countries.
Results and Discussion—The results indicate more favourable indicators for health service activities to control infectious diseases for Finland (4/6 indicators) vs. one being more favourable for New Zealand (Table 1). In terms of infectious disease burdens, the indicators also tended to favour Finland (8/17) compared to New Zealand (1/17) (Table 1). Furthermore, this comparison using WHO indicators ignores those infectious diseases for which New Zealand has particularly serious problems: skin infections,3 rheumatic fever,4 meningococcal disease,5 and campylobacteriosis.6
Many reasons for these differences in infectious diseases burden between Finland and New Zealand are plausible. There is the fact that Finland is wealthier, spends more per capita on health, and has more physicians per capita.2 Other reasons could relate to better levels of education in Finland (for all indicators7), lower levels of socioeconomic inequality (for all versions of the Gini index8), and probably better housing quality. Indeed, Finland has "good" housing conditions along with other long-standing northern EU member states.9 Nevertheless, comparisons with New Zealand on housing are difficult in the absence of systematic data gathering through a regular, comprehensive national housing survey.
As shown in Table 1, the lower levels of immunisation coverage are also likely to be relevant (though this is an area that the New Zealand Government is actively addressing as one of its six health priorities10). In addition, to the credit of Finland, the tabulated data do not convey that measles, mumps and rubella have all been regarded as eliminated in this country since the mid-1990s (albeit with occasional imported cases).11 Some other European countries may have also achieved measles elimination e.g., there were zero cases of measles in a total of eight such countries in 2010.12 Furthermore, Finland has introduced routine rotavirus vaccination for children13 (in 2009), while New Zealand has not.
In summary, the control of infectious diseases is clearly a domain where Finland leads New Zealand and where there is scope for New Zealand health sector leaders and politicians across the political spectrum to learn lessons from such countries.
Table 1. Comparison between Finland and New Zealand in infectious disease related health service activity and outcome measures (WHO data for 2010 unless otherwise indicated, bolded data shows the better result from a health perspective, except where this is not statistically significant)*
* Ignoring tropical infectious diseases e.g., malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever.
** Better than NZ when considered as a crude annual population rate since Finland has a larger population (5.33 million vs 4.27 million for New Zealand in 2009).
Nick Wilson*, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Michael G Baker
Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington
* Email: _EMAIL_
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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text:
Author: Oktay DEMİRDAĞ
Publishing Date: 2005
Volume 20 Issue 3
The assumptions of frame supports being fully rigid; storey masses being concentrated at the floor levels; distributed masses and shear deformations of the columns being neglected are frequently seen in dynamic analysis of frames because of less effort in calculation. In practice, however, columns may usually rotate and translate a little due to elastic behavior of soil. In this case, elastic support behavior can be modeled using elastic springs against translation and rotation at the column bases. In this study, free vibration of elastically supported columns is studied including shear deformation of the column and natural frequencies are obtained. Increasing effect of increasing rotational and translational spring coefficients at the column base and decreasing effect of increasing concentrated mass and its rotational inertia at the top of column on frequency values are presented in graphs.
Key Words: Flexural vibration; elastic support; shear effect; second order theory.


Potential Quotes - Page : 4
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 Show any quote mentioning the word : Potential
Potential :
 Currently unfulfilled capacity to improve, develop, and achieve impressive feats.
 Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentiality.
 (physics) In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine the position of a point, such that its differential coefficients with respect to the coordinates are equal to the components of the force at the point considered; -- also called Potential function, or force function.
 It is called also Newtonian Potential when the force is directed to a fixed center and is inversely as the square of the distance from the center.
View Potential Map


text:
Economics Research Institute Study Paper
Utah State University Department of Economics
Careful studies of the distribution of income in nineteenth-century United States have been hampered by a paucity of available data. This study undertakes the analysis of factors influencing the distribution of personal income in communities in the Great Basin region of the western United States for the years 1860-61 and 1870. The study utilizes estimates of full income by individual based on information contained in the General Economic Records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, demographic and economic data from the manuscript censuses of 1860 and 1870, and other relevant data from contemporary sources. Mean income and Gini ratios are calculated for nearly all Great Basin communities, and econometric analysis is undertaken to identify the impact on income distribution of changes in mean income, community size, crop destruction by grasshoppers, and the percentage of the population born in non-English speaking countries. The econometric results are compared to the results of an earlier study that looked at factors influencing income inequality for the Great Basin as a whole over the period _PHONE_. Of particular interest is the impact of ethnic mix on relative income inequality. While the earlier study found that Gini ratios for the Great Basin region rose as the fraction of the population born in non-English speaking countries increased, the current study finds that Gini ratios first rose, then fell as the percentage of the community born in non-English speaking countries rose. At the territorial level, grasshopper infestation increased relative inequality, but at the community level it decreased inequality. The completion of the transcontinental railroad allowed a few individuals in urban communities to earn large incomes in capital-intensive activities, increasing community income inequality, ceteris paribus, but community access to the railroad had a leveling effect on labor income and product prices, reducing community income inequality.
Israelsen, Karl E. and Israelsen, L. Dwight, "Nativity and Income Distribution in Frontier Utah Communities" (2000). Economic Research Institute Study Papers. Paper 179.


text:
The Ramadanids, Ramadanid dynasty or Ramadanid principality (Modern Turkish: Ramazanoğulları, Ramazanoğulları Beyliği), was one of the Anatolian beyliks, controlled Çukurova. Its capital was in Adana. It was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. Ramazanoğlu Hall, which is used currently as a cultural center, was the state residence of the Beylik. Administration hall of the Beylik does not exist today.
In 1375, Ramadanids destroyed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in the name of the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, this became their core territory.
The Ramadanids played a key role in 15th century Ottoman-Mamluk relations, being a buffer state located in the Mamluk al-'Awasim frontier zone. In 1517, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608. The family remains prominent in Turkish society to this day.
See also


Boss (video gaming)
In video gaming, a boss is an enemy-based challenge (and a computer-controlled opponent in such a challenge). A fight with a boss character is commonly referred to as a boss battle or boss fight. Boss battles are generally seen at the climax of a particular section of the game, usually at the end of a stage or level, or guarding a specific objective, and the boss enemy is generally far stronger than the opponents the player has faced up to that point.


text:
Water wheelchair in Dubai – level 3
Dubai has begun offering specialist wheelchairs that have been modified to allow disabled people the chance to enjoy bathing in the sea or in swimming pools.
The two armrests act as flotation devices and the user lays flatter and lower than normal to make it easier to change positions.
"So we are studying right now four parks in Dubai, and we're changing actually the playground area according to that needs exactly for those who are coming with wheelchairs so they will be mixed with the normal children."
Twenty chairs have been put out across Dubai's two main beach parks and can be reserved and used for free, and by October they plan for at least 20 percent of areas in the country's 80 parks to be equipped with entertainment facilities for disabled visitors.
"We'll try to remove the wheels. It's easy to remove the wheels because there's a lock. When we remove the lock, the wheels will come out."
The chairs are part of a specialist project to make Dubai more accessible for disabled visitors for the World Expo in 2020.
Difficult words: floatation (action of floating – moving slowly in the water), device (thing).
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
If you read and listen to two articles every day, your reading and listening skills can improve fast. You can learn quickly and after some time you will not have to translate into your own language. You will simply understand. Why should you do this?
When you listen to people in your native language, you do not translate. You simply understand. The same has to be in English. When you learn English, you have to learn the whole sentences in context.
Students, who translate English texts, do exercises and do tests are very good at translating, doing exercises and doing tests, but they have problems with understanding English in real life. In real life, nobody waits for your translation. People usually use simple English when they speak but they use it fast. You have to understand with no translation to your native language. If you translate, you cannot be part of communication because you are thinking about the language too much. These words are maybe hard to read but they are true.
You also have to hear every new word 5 to 10 times if you want to remember it. That's why we use the same words in one level. If you read and hear the same words again and again, you will understand them and remember them. If you know words from one level, you can go to a higher level and learn new words. It is important to go step by step, and read and listen to words which are used in English often. This is what we do with our news. In our short news, we use words which are used in English often. Level 1 has the 1000 most important words. Level 2 has the 2000 most important words, Level 3 has the 3000 most important words.
So, if you want to understand English fast and learn fast, read two articles or more a day. You can improve your reading and listening quickly when you read easy English news. We will help you learn English fast and understand it. When you use this website every day, you can learn 3000 words which you need for communication with anybody in English.
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Read all today's articles and translate all words which you don't understand.
- Read the articles from the day before and see if you remember all new words.
- Listen to all today's news.
- Stop the video after every sentence and repeat the sentence.
- Repeat point 2 for the news which you listened to the day before.
- Answer the questions under today's news and write them into the comments.
- Chat in our Facebook Group for at least 2 minutes. You can write about today's news.


text:
Date of Conferral
Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.)
Organizational change initiatives in the United States frequently fail with estimated failure rates as high as 90%. Change failure rates resulting from underused and poorly trained front-line managers (FLMs) remained high, with no signs of improvement in the past 2 decades. The purpose of the correlational study, grounded in servant leadership theory, was to examine the relationship between employee perceptions of their FLM's servant leadership dimensions and employee affective commitment to change. A purposive, nonprobability sample of 107 employees of a U.S. manufacturing organization that had recently undergone organizational change completed a questionnaire for the study. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis were not significant, F(7, 107) =.714, p =.660, R2 = 0.045. Though results were not statistically significant, the beta weights for creating value for the community (Î² =.165) and behaving ethically (Î² =.168) indicated that creating value for the community and behaving ethically were potentially the most important variables in accounting for variance in the model. The beta weights for emotional healing (Î² = -.048) and conceptual skills (Î² = -.047) indicated that emotional healing and conceptual skills were potentially the least important variables in accounting for variance in the model. The findings may be of value to manufacturing leaders developing initiatives to improve change initiative success rates. Support for servant leadership during periods of organizational change has positive social change implications for employees. The practice of servant leadership reduces employee uncertainty and anxiety incurred during periods of change by resolving uncertainties and sustaining employee motivation for supporting organizational change.


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Microsoft vcpkg C++ Library Manager
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Microsoft vcpkg is a C++ library managers for Windows, macOS and Linux. For.NET, nuget is the commonly used package manager; for Java, Maven central and many other repositories are used by Maven or other build tools; for JavaScript, npm is a commonly used package manager and it is also the default package manager for JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. Microsoft vcpkg serves as similar purpose for C++ developers.
Install vcpkg on Windows
Before we can install vcpkg, make sure the following criteria are met:
 - Git - for cloning repository from GitHub
 - Windows 7 or newer
 - Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 or greater with the English language pack
Follow these steps to install vcpkg.
 1. Create installation folder. I recommend creating the folder in C drive to avoid path related issues.
 C:\>mkdir dev
 C:\> cd dev
 2. Clone the repository using the following command:
 git clone
 3. Run the following command to install vcpkg:
 4. Wait until the command is completed successfully.
Now we can use vcpkg to install C++ libraries.
Find libraries
Subcommand search is used to search libraries. The syntax looks like the following:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg search [search term]
For example, the following command searches for library openssl:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg search openssl
openssl 1.1.1i OpenSSL is an open source project that provides a robust, commercial-grade, an...
openssl-unix 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
openssl-uwp 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
openssl-windows 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
The results include a number of openssl related libraries.
Integrate vcpkg with Visual Studio
Run the following command to integrate vcpkg with Visual Studio:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg integrate install
The output looks like the following:
C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg integrate install
Applied user-wide integration for this vcpkg root.
All MSBuild C++ projects can now _TAG_ any installed libraries.
Linking will be handled automatically.
Installing new libraries will make them instantly available.
CMake projects should use: "-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=C:/dev/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
As mentioned in the output, you can include any installed libraries in your MSBuild C++ projects.
Use vcpkg in CMake
To use vcpkg with CMake outside of an IDE, you can use the toolchain file for CMake:
cmake -B [build directory] -S. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[path to vcpkg]/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
For this article, the path is:
cmake -B [build directory] -S. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=C:/dev/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
Use CMake with Visual Studio
Open the CMake Settings Editor, and under CMake toolchain file, add the path to the vcpkg toolchain file:
Example - openssl
Now let's implement this example that installs openssl: CMake Build Error - Could not Find OpenSSL on Windows 10.
Follow these steps:
 1. Run the following command to install package openssl:
 C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg install openssl:x64-windows
 Alternatively, you can also use the following command:
 C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg install openssl --triplet x64-windows
 I am using triplet x64-windows to match my project requirements. By default x86 triplet will be used.
 The following text will be printed out if in your system CMake version is lower than 3.19.2. I would recommending upgrade CMake versions.
 A suitable version of cmake was not found (required v3.19.2). Downloading portable cmake v3.19.2...
 Downloading cmake... -> C:\dev\vcpkg\downloads\
 For the first time, many other dependencies will also be downloaded. It will takes a while to download for the first time.
 2. Test openssl by running the following command:
 C:\dev>openssl version
 OpenSSL 1.1.1g 21 Apr 2020
 3. Create a project folder named C:\hdp\cmaketest.
 4. Create file CMakeLists.txt in the project folder with the following content:
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 # set the project name
 # Find package
 find_package(OpenSSL REQUIRED)
 5. Change directory to C:\hdp\cmaketest.
 cd /D C:\hdp\cmaketest
 6. Run CMake command:
 cmake. -DOPENSSL_ROOT_DIR="C:/dev/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows"
 The output looks like the following:
 7. Congratulations, openssl dependency is met.
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I'm trying to apply the output from PCA analysis I've run on some yield curve history and am getting a bit confused. I have followed the steps below,
 1. From a history of the yield curve ($m \times n$ where $m$ are the days and $n$ are the tenor points) I derive the daily returns
 2. Calculate a covariance matrix from the daily returns
 3. Calculate the eigenvectors and eigenvalues that correspond to the covariance matrix. The first two eigenvectors (principal components) are,
 Tenor PC2 PC1
 1Y -0.15028 0.05154
 2Y -0.32138 0.13310
 3Y -0.41856 0.20852
 5Y -0.41465 0.26116
 7Y -0.33315 0.29555
 10Y -0.19980 0.31919
 15Y -0.04874 0.33416
 20Y 0.08760 0.34173
PC1 explains 85% of the variance and PC2 explains 11%, so these two components are enough for the purposes of my analysis.
What I would like to do is measure the amount the yield curve moves if I assume the 5Y point moves by exactly one unit with every point moving in the same direction (the move exactly described by PC1).
To do this I calculate a shift to the yield curve using the following expansion, $ \textbf{PC1} = \Bigg[ \textbf{SD} \cdot \bigg[ \textbf{P} \cdot \big[ \textbf{Sc} \cdot \textbf{SD} \cdot \textbf{P} \big] ^ {-1} \bigg] \Bigg] \cdot \big[1\big]$
 - $\textbf{SD}$ is the standard deviation matrix of size $n \times n$ where $n$ is the number of tenors, the diagonal value is the square root of the diagonal of the covariance matrix and zeros everywhere
 - $\textbf{P}$ is the first Principal Component vector, which is simply the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the daily returns of size $n \times 1$
 - $\textbf{Sc}$ is a scalar vector that represents a unit shift at the 5Y point, so is a $n \times 1$ vector with 0 at each element apart from 1 at the corresponding 5Y tenor
The output of the above expansion does indeed lead to an $n \times 1$ vector that has a shift for every tenor and exactly 1 at the 5Y point, so the result does appear to be correct.
This is the output,
However, some other references suggest that I can use the eigenvectors as weights directly. If I do that and scale the results of the PC1 vector so that the 5Y element is exactly 1, I get this result,
So my question simply is - which result is correct? Is it the first one or the second, which is simply a linear scaling of the eigenvector?
Thank you in advance.
 - $\begingroup$ Welcome to CV. I've a few questions to clarify what you are doing. what is SD? The standard deviation of a matrix I am familiar with is a scalar (see _URL_. Do you mean the covariance matrix with element by element square root? Or maybe the eigenvalues? You allude to references, could you provide some? $\endgroup$ – ReneBt Feb 15 '19 at 14:15
 - $\begingroup$ Hi Rene, I've edited my question about. In specific answer to your questions SD is square root of the diagonal of the covariance matrix. I've also linked to a reference. $\endgroup$ – insomniac Feb 15 '19 at 15:02
Try squaring your transformed PC1 (eqn 1) and compare it to the directly weighted loading (option 2) - you will see that it is the square of the direct weighting.
For your purposes there is no need to manipulate the eigenvectors themselves, what you should adjust is the scores applied to each PC (which is method 2).If you manipulate the eigenvectors themselves, you are directly manipulating the underlying reality of your covariance structure. Eigenvectors are unit vectors, so they have an overall weight of 1 - if you mess with that you just make life complicated for yourself in correcting for when to square and when to square root, as you would need to work out with solution 1.
If you manipulate the scores, you are simply observing what happens as you manipulate observations, which sounds more like what you want. The PCA equation it is very simple.
$ Data = Scores * PCs$
If you adjust the scores there is no squaring involved - the effect of scaling changes are inherently handled by the nature of linear algebra multiplication.
 - $\begingroup$ Hi Rene, thanks but I don't follow your explanation. What do you refer to by "transformed PC1", "scores" and "weighted loading"? Can you please clarify. $\endgroup$ – insomniac Feb 23 '19 at 8:14
 - $\begingroup$ OK, have included reference to your 1st and second options. If you scale the eigenvectors then you are introducing a weight to them. $\endgroup$ – ReneBt Feb 23 '19 at 15:16
Your Answer


text:
Turbot, GreenlandAlaska (bottom longline caught)
Greenland Turbot are found in the northern regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. In the North Pacific, Greenland Turbot are mostly found in western Alaska, within the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands (BSAI).
Greenland Turbot grow slowly, may live for more than 30 years, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 years of age.
Greenland Turbot were heavily fished in the 1970's, but numbers have increased due to good management and abundance is currently at medium levels.
Bottom longlines are commonly used to catch Greenland Turbot, particularly in state waters, and likely cause little damage to the seafloor. Longlines do accidently catch seabirds and other fish, but there are several management measures in place to reduce this bycatch.


text:
Over time, the submersible probes used to measure levels in water and wastewater often get covered with stubborn deposits such as algae and mussels, which can disrupt the measurement process. Attempts to remove these deposits mechanically can also very easily destroy a sensitive stainless steel sensor membrane. This is where the LMK 808 plastic submersible probe from BD|SENSORS, with its robust capacitive sensor made of highly pure ceramic, really comes into its own - and it is being exhibited for the first time at HANNOVER MESSE 2017.
Since it is not sensitive to deposits, the LMK 808 is ideal for level and gauge measurement in water and wastewater applications. The secret to its success is the heart of the probe - an extremely robust, virtually maintenance-free capacitive ceramic sensor. This, combined with a plastic casing, makes the submersible probe resistant to aggressive and abrasive substances and therefore virtually indestructible. Any contamination can be easily removed without damaging the membrane. Moreover, BD|SENSORS has relocated the overvoltage protection mechanism from the cable to the detachable probe head and developed effective protection against cables being bitten through - thus ensuring that even the supply cable is effectively protected against damage. The LMK 808 combines measurement precision with long-term stability and minimal maintenance outlay.


Christopher Columbus House Museum
Christopher Columbus House Museum
Christopher Columbus House Museum is located in Porto Santo island.
Porto Santo
Christopher Columbus
Columbus House Museum of Porto Santo is located on Porto Santo Island.
The navigator Christopher Columbus lived in this house, during his passage through the Golden Island, in 1478, after his marriage to Filipa de Moniz, daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrelo, first Captain Donatory of Porto Santo.
The museum opened in 1989, having had several interventions over the years regarding its museum content.
The museum is divided into two floors: the ground floor, which has a shop and a temporary exhibition room on themes of Portuguese maritime expansion, and the first floor, which has three thematic rooms.
The first is dedicated to the Portuguese Expansion, where the strategic position of the island of Porto Santo and the archipelago of Madeira is presented in the context of the Portuguese maritime expansion.
The second room exposes elements related to the importance of the Spanish crown in world expansion and as a financier for the Christopher Columbus expedition in 1492; this space gathers a summary biography of the navigator and his family relations with Porto Santo, as well as some notes of reference to his trips to the American continent.
The third is dedicated to the Dutch colonial empire that was shown in the exhibition of part of the collection of the galleon of the Dutch East India Company "Slot ter Hooge", sunk in 1724, north of the island of Porto Santo.
The entrance ticket costs about 2 €.
sunday - 10:00 to 13:00;
tuesday - 10:00 to 12:30; 14:00 to 17:30;
Additional info:
Telephone: (+351) 291 983 405
Travessa da Sacristia 2 e 4, Porto Santo
Related products


text:
What is Ovatel?
OvaTel is a mini-microscope designed to allow a woman to see if or when she is fertile. This fertility monitor and predictor uses saliva instead of urine to determine when you are close to ovulation. You look through the mini scope to identify a specific crystallization pattern in dried saliva that occurs due to hormones released prior to the time before ovulation.
The Ovatel Design
The Ovatel design is sleek and compact. Included is your cover, your base, your lens, and your saliva applicator and now your mobile phone clip and downloaded app. The lens and applicator fit neatly into the base and the cover is simply snapped into place. This allows Ovatel to travel discretely in your purse to be used anywhere and at anytime.
OvaTel is durable and does not have electrical components that will break when accidentally dropped in water or on the ground. There are no batteries to replace or dip sticks to buy, so you will not be spending ongoing money each cycle until you get pregnant. Your mini scope works by holding the lens up to a light source, such as a window or lamp.
The Science behind Ovatel
OvaTel works like any other microscope but is smaller. It's really more like a very strong magnifying glass. Your sample is magnified by the lens so that you can see your fertile ferning pattern. This monitor uses saliva to test for fertility.
Estrogen in a woman's body is transmitted to the saliva from the blood stream and causes a reaction that makes her saliva crystallize upon drying when her levels are gradually increasing and then peaking on the day of ovulation. Putting a sample on the microscope and allowing it to air dry will allow a woman to see if she is entering her fertile period. Your Ovatel fertility monitor has a 54x magnification lens that allows you to see these crystals clearly.
Simply put a sample of saliva on the lens, wait for it to air dry completely, and look through the lens by holding it up to a light source. You will be able to see if you have ferning, which will continue to increase in quantity until the day of ovulation a simple and effective at-home fertility test!
There are many reasons to use Ovatel. This fertility scope is the most affordable ovulation predictor test on the market today. It is 100% natural and safe with 98% accuracy for determining your fertile period. This scope uses absolutely no urine, so it is sanitary enough to carry anywhere.
Other reasons why Ovatel is the #1 fertility predictor and monitor are:
- Extremely Durable, – Will not break.
- No batteries to replace – Ever! Uses natural or artificial light.
- No switches or buttons to break.
- Discrete & Convenient.
- Includes a Clear & Easy to understand illustrated instruction booklet.
- Reusable -One time purchase with a lifetime of usage.
- Made of high quality materials.
- Can be used with NFP (Natural Family Planning), which is endorsed by all major religions.


Trinidad's Pitch Lake
Updated: Sep 1, 2020
By: Attorney Melissa D. Goolsarran Ramnauth
Photo source:
Trinidad's Pitch Lake is a world wonder. It is the largest and richest source of natural asphalt. The lake contains approximately 10 million tons of asphalt, spans 100 acres, and is approximately 250 feet deep. For reference, that is about 2 times bigger than Grand Central Station and deeper than the height of Cinderella's castle at Disney World.
Legend says that a local tribe was celebrating a victory against a rival tribe. However, in the midst of their celebrations, they began to cook and eat the sacred hummingbird. God allegedly punished the group by opening the Earth and creating the Pitch Lake to swallow their souls. God left the Pitch Lake as a reminder to others of the tribe's terrible sin. Local villages believe this legend because Amerindian artifacts and bones were found preserved (due to the asphalt) near the lake. The Amerindian word for asphalt was "piche."
The Europeans first learned of the Pitch Lake when Sir Walter Raleigh visited the island in 1595, around the time he was looking for El Dorado. The natives took Raleigh to the lake and he used the asphalt to caulk his ship. The asphalt was "most excellent," in his opinion, because it did not melt in the sun like the Norway asphalt.
In 1887, an American businessman secured a 42-year monopoly on the lake. As a result, many of the first asphalt roads in New York City, Washington D.C., and other eastern U.S. cities were paved using the asphalt from Trinidad's Pitch Lake. In conjunction, much of the Pitch Lake's profits went abroad to a foreign investor and not to the local Trinidadian population.
Scientifically speaking, Pitch Lake is located at the intersection of two faults. The oil at the intersection rises, the sun evaporates the lighter elements in the oil, and this process leaves behind the heavier elements creating the asphalt. Kerosene and oil also have been harvested from the Pitch Lake.
The Pitch Lake is not Trinidad's only treasure. Its people and their culture are equally as valuable to the rest of the world.
Melissa D. Goolsarran Ramnauth, Esq. is an American foreclosure, civil litigation, and bankruptcy attorney of Trinidadian and Guyanese descent. She graduated magna cum laude from the University of Miami with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science, a minor degree in History, a minor degree in Criminology, and a Juris Doctor degree.
MDGR LAW specializes in foreclosure defense. If you are facing foreclosure, schedule a consultation for an analysis of your options and legal defenses.
Virtual Law Office: _PHONE_
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text:
Trees Come 'From Out Of The Air' Says Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman. Really?
Originally published on Tue September 25, 2012 4:05 pm
Ask one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century a simple question, and his answer makes me go, "What? What did he just say?"
The question was: Where do trees come from?
Meaning, when you see a tree, a big, tall, heavy one, and you wonder where did it get its mass, its thick trunk, its branches — the instinctive answer would be from the soil below, plus a little water (and, in some mysterious way, sunshine), right?
Nope, says the late Nobel laureate Richard Feynman, sitting in an easy chair, thinking out loud in a You Tube video clip from 1983: "People look at a tree and think it comes out of the ground, that plants grow out of the ground, " he says, but "if you ask, where does the substance [of the tree] come from? You find out... trees come out of the air!"
From the air? Trees are hard, branchy, heavy, covered with bark. They don't precipitate out of air. This sounds like sorcery, not science.
But then Feynman says it again, "They surely... come out of the air."
If you are wondering how tons of wood, leaf, bark and all the innards of, say, a massive redwood tree can get pulled out of air, you'll want to hear Feynman's explanation, which is mostly him happily arguing with himself. ("How is it the tree is so smart... and do that so easily? Ah! Life! Life has some mysterious force? No!...")
But before you go to Feynman, it's best to start here, with this primer from Derek Miller of Australia's science video site, Veritasium. "Would it surprise you," Derek asks three young guys in a park — one of them wearing a T-shirt that says "living the dreem," "to discover that 95 percent of a tree is actually from carbon dioxide, that trees are largely made up of air?" The guys smile politely and say, "Ummmm... OK... "
I think, watching this video, you'll be more surprised than they were.
So that's the lesson: that a tree gets its mass from air and water. It "eats" air, chomps down on airborne carbon dioxide, then uses sunshine to pull the carbon dioxide apart, gets rid of the oxygen, which "it spits back into the air," says Feynman, "leaving the carbon and water, the stuff to make the substance of the tree."
But wait a second! Water is in the ground, right? Water is not in the air. Ah, says Feynman, but how did water get into the ground? "It came mostly out of the air, didn't it?" Waving his hands, he says rain "came out of the sky."
What a beautiful notion, that from the dancing air comes the towering monarchs that are our trees. But don't take my word for it, or Derek's. You're now ready to hear it from the Big Guy. When this begins, he's talking about fire. He gets to trees about two minutes in.


Hair Density: How "Thick" Are You?
What exactly is hair density and what does it have to do with black natural afro-textured hair? well to sum things up, hair density measures the thickness (or lack thereof) of your hair. It is the number of hair strands found in one square inch (2.5cm) of your scalp at any given time.
Density is labeled as Fine, Medium, or, Course
When someone refers to your hair as "thick" they are actually referring to a course density level. The same goes for thin hair, it means your hair density falls in the fine category. It is highly important to know your density because it makes the world of a difference when it comes to handling and styling your hair.
Thick or course density hair is well suited for layered styles, while thin or fine density hair is often better suited for more blunt styles. Learning about your particular hair density also helps you to properly care and cater to its specific need and function. This plays a major role to the realistic goal of growing your hair long, beautiful and healthy.
Improving Your Hair Density
Your hair's density is predetermined by genetics and sometimes we can't always help what we are born with but it is possible for you to avoid your natural hair density and when treated and cared for improperly you can even change and alter it in a negative way.
Although you may have neglected proper care of your hair, there is still hope at the end of the tunnel. There are many ways in which you can improve or even increase your hair's density through proper procedures and maintenance of your hair.
Hair Remedies
Nutrition is one of the first place to start when it comes to hair improvement and overall being for that matter. Vitamin A rich foods help to combat thin hair.
Vitamins & Supplements are also another great way of not only improving your hair density alone, but also acts as a natural growth aid in hopes of achieving your longer stronger healthier hair.
Products are specifically designed to help aid in thicknening, giving your hair that voluminous quality it deserves.
Do-It-Yourself Remedies
* Banana and avocado together make a great hair pack for thin hair. Mash equal parts of banana and avocado together until it becomes a smooth creamy spread. Apply to the scalp and the entire length of hair and cover with a shower cap. Leave the hair pack on for 20 minutes and rinse well.
* Make a shampoo by mixing 100g each of amla (Indian goose berry), reetha and shikakai powder and boil in two liters of water until the liquid reduces to half. Use this shampoo for your hair for at least one month. Your hair will become thick.
* Beat a raw egg and massage it into your scalp, using a wide tooth comb work through the entire length of your hair to ensure that it saturates each strand. Eggs contain vitamins A, D, and E as well as a variety of B vitamins and protein. These vitamins and protein are essential for hair strength and protection.
* Rinse hair with a mixture of ACV (Apple Cider Vinegar)and Sage Tea to help hair grow naturally thick and strong.
* Make a paste by mixing Olive Oil, honey,and cinnamon powder.Massage on the scalp and leave it for 15 minutes. Wash with a mild shampoo. Repeat it for 3-4 times a week.
* Oat flour thickens hair when added to your conditioner. Either add 2 tablespoons of oat flour to your conditioner or make oat flour water to pour and work into hair right before using your conditioner. The lipids in oat flour create luster and thickness for brittle hair.
* Massaging your hair and scalp regularly with 100% Organic Extra Virgin Coconut Oil or 100% Pure Castor Oilis one of the best methods to get thicker hair naturally. Warm the coconut oil or castor oil and apply it to your scalp as you lightly rub the pad of your fingers on the scalp.
You can also do this method with other oils of your choosing. Once you have massaged the oil in, place a warm towel on your hair for about 15 min. Following this procedure at least one day in a week helps in making the scalp stronger, thus leading to thick and shiny hair.
Recommended Reading


Download PDFOpen PDF in browser
Create List of Stopwords and Typing Error by TF-IDF Weight Value
EasyChair Preprint no. 1410
4 pagesDate: August 24, 2019
On these days, development of SNS generate huge text data. It is most important things to remove the meaningless words, stopwords and typing error to analyse text data. In English, it grew rapidly to create stopwords dictionary. However, there are few researchs in Korea for Korean language. In this research, we suggest way to firter stopwords and typing errors out by words importance with TF-IDF algorithm. First, calculate TF-IDF value from collected data. Second, decide criteria to separate to two groups by TF-IDF value and transform to n*2 matrix. Third, calculate accumulative frequency of TF-IDF weight. In this way, new accumulative frequency is gotten without stopwords and typing error. Furthermore, this method can be used in both language : Korean and English. without creating stopwords dictionary.
Keyphrases: Preprocessing, Stopwords, text mining, TF-IDF
BibTeX entry
 author = {Woo-Seok Choi and Ki-Cheol Yoo and Sang-Hyun Choi},
 title = {Create List of Stopwords and Typing Error by TF-IDF Weight Value},
 howpublished = {EasyChair Preprint no. 1410},
 year = {EasyChair, 2019}}
Download PDFOpen PDF in browser


text:
We've been scratching our heads over how to tackle this for some time, and are no more illuminated than when we started. I hope you can help. Our task is thus: how to draw a lake with a solid outer perimeter line and no lines between internal wetlands, shoals and shallows? 'Tis a relatively straightforward process with Arcinfo coverages and Regions, but alas, that is no longer a viable option for us, the datasets we use now are too large and the lack coverage editing ability in Arcmap crucial. Can cartographic representation solve our dilemma? Is it possible to create something like the below without resorting to creating (and managing) duplicating, or triplicating, geometries whose sole purpose is better looking maps?
With a feature class: Boundary between river and lake is visible. Keeping them as distinct polygons in one feature class allows a name attribute (the river and laker differ). Elsewhere the heavy line implies a sharp boundary between lake and shallows/intermittent lake, however the actual edge is indeterminate, fluctuating with seasons and high-low water cycles. The line should be implied rather than drawn.
With regions: One geometry, multiple attribute tables, multiple representations.
- Outer perimeter (ordinary high water mark) is cleanly delineated
- No apparent division between lake and river, but they still know which is which
- Shallow/intermittent waters are symbolized appropriately, with river shallows distinguished from lake shallows.
EDIT, 2001-Apr-18 - see this page for a map package simulation of what we're trying to achieve and the source arcinfo region coverage from which it is built.


My assignment is to create an application that will allow a user to type in
two numbers assumed to be of type byte. The user will then press on one
of the six buttons (labeled &, ^, |, ~, >>, <<) and the result will appear
in the text area on the lower right part of the application. The result
will also be written out to a file named "Nitebyte". I'm using a frame with
a (2x2)grid layout. In the first gridcell (top left) is a text field (declared
as t1) labeled "original byte". The second gridcell (top right) is a text
field (declared as t2) labeled "factored byte". The third gridcell (bottom
left) is a (2x3) grid with the six buttons. The fourth gridcell has the
text area (declared as tA). I'm stuck on the functionality that has to happen
in actionPerformed. My code looks like the following:
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e)
if (e.getSource() == b1)//b1 - b6 declared as a Buttons
else if (e.getSource() == b2)


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|Research Home | Hydraulics Home|
|This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information|
Publication Number: FHWA-RD-03-083
Date: June 2003
This chapter presents results of pierand abutment-scour experiments to study effects of clay content on clear-water scour. Results show that the presence of even a small amount of cohesive material may reduce scour considerably. To quantify the impact of clay content, scour in clayey sands is expressed as a fraction of scour measured in noncohesive materials through a clay content reduction factor, Kcc. It is shown that Kcc is a function of clay content. It is also shown that different clay minerals have varying impacts on reducing bridge scour.
Scour at bridges has been studied extensively in the past for noncohesive sediments. The currently adopted scour estimation methodologies were basically developed from laboratory experiments conducted in sand or gravel beds. No method for scour depth estimation is available to account for the presence of cohesive materials in cases where bridges are founded in clayey sands. Figure 30 illustrates the effect of varying cohesive material content on abutment scour. As shown in this figure, as the cohesive material content is increased, the depth of scour is reduced. However, beyond a certain threshold this behavior is reversed. The ultimate scour depth computations for the sandy clay material described above is further complicated by the presence of different clay minerals. This chapter presents the results of the experimental study conducted at the CSU to account for the presence of clay on the resulting ultimate scour.
Bridge scour experiments presented in this section are classified as pier scour and abutment scour experiments. In each category of experiments, series of runs utilizing different flumes were conducted by varying the clay content under different flow conditions. Additionally, in the abutment scour experiments, the effects of clay mineralogy were studied. Details of the experiments are presented in various publications (21, 22, 4, and 5).
Experiments were conducted in three different test flumes housed at the Engineering Research Center Hydraulics Laboratory at CSU. These flumes were identified as the river mechanics flume, sediment transport flume, and the steep flume. The river mechanics flume is 5 m wide by 30 m long, the sediment transport flume is 2.4 m wide by 60 m long, and the steep flume is 1.2 m wide by 12 m long. The flow depths in the experiments varied between 0.12 m and 0.3 m, and the corresponding approach Froude numbers ranged from 0.1 to 0.8.
Results of experiments were quantified through velocity, depth of flow, and depth of scour measurements. For velocity measurements, oneand two-dimensional magnetic flow-meters were utilized. In each experiment, approach velocity to each pier/abutment was determined by depthand width-integrated average of seven vertical profiles, each with a minimum of 10 measurements. Similarly, the approach depth was a widthand length-averaged value of seven water surface elevation measurements. The bed elevations were measured along the test flumes before and after each experiment. The depth of scour was measured during and at the end of each experiment; it was determined by the difference between the measured minimum bottom elevation at the nose of a pier/abutment and the maximum elevation away from the structure. The accuracy of velocity measurements were within 5 percent, and scour depth measurements were within 3 percent.
The sand used in mixing with clayey soils had a median diameter of 0.55 mm and a gradation coefficient g of 2.43. In the pier scour experiments, Montmorillonite mineral clay was used in preparing the clayey sand mixtures. In the abutment scour experiments, both Montmorillonite and Kaolinite clays were utilized to study the effects due to the type of clay mineral present in mixtures.
Piers and Abutments
To isolate the effects due to the clay content, all variables other than flow velocity and clay content were kept constant. In all of the pier scour experiments, circular piers of 0.15 m diameter were used with a relatively constant approach depth of 0.24 m. In abutment scour experiments, rectangular vertical-wall abutments with protrusion lengths of 0.20 m were used with an approach depth of 0.24 m. In the Kaolinite-clay experiments, geometrically similar 0.10-m abutments were used with 0.12-m flow depths.
Tables 23 and 24 present the experimental conditions as well as the resulting scour depths for the pier and abutment experiments, respectively. Pier scour experiments identified as runs MH 13-1 through MH 22-3 in table 23 were conducted in the 5-m wide flume, and runs MH30-1 through MH 32-3 were conducted in the 2.4-m wide flume. In these experiments sand-clay mixtures were prepared utilizing Montmorillonite clay soil. In addition to the measured depth of scour values, table 23 also presents scour hole volumes for each experiment. The pier diameter used in these experiments was 0.15 m.
Table 23. Summary of pier scour experiments in clayey sands.
| Depth of
Table 24. Summary of abutment scour experiments in clayey sands.
Results of pier scour experiments in clayey sands are presented in figure 31. In deriving this figure scour, depths observed in Montmorillonitic clayey sand were normalized with the sand scour observed under similar flow and geometry conditions. In figure 31, pier scour results are expressed in terms of a reduction factor Kcc whose value ranges between 0 and 1; Kcc equal to unity denotes the depth scour being equal to that observed in sand. Since the pier shape and width, flow depth, and sand properties were kept near constant, it was possible to identify the effects of clay content under various flow conditions. Figure 31 shows that for a given clay content, the clay content reduction factor (Kcc) is independent of approach flow conditions.
The expression that best fits the data is given by (23):
Figure 32. Abutment scour reduction factor for Montmorillonite clay mixtures.
Results of abutment experiments in clayey sands are summarized in figures 32 and 33. Similar to pier scour experiments; in deriving these figures, scour depths observed in clayey sand were normalized with the scour observed in sand under similar flow and geometry conditions. In figures 32 and 33, abutment scour results are expressed in terms of a reduction factor, Kcc, whose value ranges between 0 and 1; Kcc equal to unity denotes the depth of scour being equal to that observed in sand. Since the abutment size and shape, flow depth, and sand properties were kept near constant, it was possible to identify the effects of clay content under various flow conditions. Figures 32 and 33 show that for a given clay content, the clay content reduction factor (Kcc) is independent of approach flow conditions. The expression that best fits the data for Montmorillonite clay mixtures is given by:
Figure 33. Abutment scour reduction factor for Kaolinite clay mixtures.
For the Kaolinite clay mixtures the expression that best fits the data is:
where a,b = 16 and 3.8 for the best-fit line and 20 and 4.5 for the envelop line, respectively.
Bed material mixtures that are predominately sand with low clay content can be analyzed using the traditional non cohesive soil parameters for scour with a reduction factor to account for the cohesive effects from the clay fraction. The reduction coefficients found in these experiments are given by equations 28 and 29 above for Montmorillonite and Kaolinite clays, respectively. Two sets of coefficients are given for equations 28 and 29 to represent the best-fit line through the data and the envelop-line that can be used as a design equation. Bed material mixtures with high clay contents are governed by clay properties that are the subject of the next chapter. There is no clear clay content percentage that determines where the shift occurs from noncohesive to clay properties. For the present study this limit was found to be around 12 percent and was affected by the clay mineralogy.
Topics: research, infrastructure, hydraulics
Keywords: research, infrastructure, hydraulics, Bridge scour, Pier scour, Abutment scour, Local scour, Sand Mixtures, Gravel scour, Gradation, Cohesion, Clay, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Clear-water, Experimental study
TRT Terms: Scour at bridges--Research--Colorado, Scour, Bridge abutments, Bridge piers, Cohesive soils


Category: Acting, Film
Role: Pauline Carpenter
Director: Chris Newby
Production: British feature film
Release: 1993
Toyah plays the role of Pauline Carpenter in Anchoress, a 1993 British drama film directed by Chris Newby. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival.
The screenplay is partly based on accounts of an historical female anchorite, Christine Carpenter, who was walled into her anchorhold in a village church in Surrey, England, in 1329. The story revolves around the girl's mystical visions of the Virgin Mary, the Priest who walls her into his village church, and his dislike of her mother, a midwife whom he regards as a witch.
The film is shot in black-and-white and visually resembles the works of Danish filmmaker Carl Theodor Dreyer, especially The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928).
With a cast that includes Christopher Eccleston, Pete Postlethwaite and Toyah Willcox, Chris Newby's (Madagascar Skin) poetic debut feature, Anchoress, is the visually arresting story of religious conflict set in the 14th century, in which a young girl's transcendental vision threatens to upset the foundations of her community.
Inspired by the records of the real Anchoress of Shere, Christine Carpenter (who was voluntarily walled up in a tiny cell adjoining a church), Anchoress vividly evokes life of a remote Medieval village whilst also addressing the gulf between patriarchal power and female ritual and rebellion.
Toyah Willcox Anchoress


You are here: Specialized Trading Tools > OptionTrader > Create/Edit Buttons
The Button Panel
Many of the trading tools provide a configurable Buttons panel that you can elect to hide or display, and which lets you create new and edit buttons that perform the defined trading action with a single click.
To configure the buttons panel
 1. From within the current tool, click the configure wrench to open Global Configuration for the tool.
 2. Select Buttons in the left pane.
The existing buttons and their actions are displayed at the top of the page.
 1. Click Newto create a new button/action, or select a button and click Editto modify an existing button.
 2. Use the Button Appearance section to change the label, the text color and the background color.
 3. Select an action to associate with the button using the Select Action dropdown.
 4. Fine-tune the action by entering data in the Customize Action area. For example, for the action Increase price or size, you can specify the price or size field to which the button applies, and set the interval by which to increase the field value.
NOTE: If you check the instantaneous transmit feature, the button will display an asterisk next to its name in the Buttons panel.


text:
2. Write a program to use a subroutine to find the sum of the array elements. For simplicity, assume that the sum of the data values is less than $FF. You do not need to use the BCC to check for carry flag. Follow the following steps to write this program.
- Define two arrays called List1 and List2 using DC.B directive. Initialize List1 with byte-size values of $6, $12, $4, $0F, and $11. Initialize List2 with byte-size values of $4, $5, and $7. Reserve two byte-size locations called Sum1 and Sum2 using DS.B directive.
- The subroutine must find the sum of the elements of the array list1. Before calling the subroutine, the main program must initialize Register X to have the address of the array and Register B to have the size of the array.
- The subroutine must use a loop and indexed addressing mode using Register X as the index register and Register B as the loop counter. The subroutine must return the sum in Register A.
- The main program must call the subroutine two times. The first time, the subroutine will find the sum of the array List1. After returning from the subroutine, the main code must save Register A in Sum1. Then, the subroutine is called for a second time to find the sum of the elements in List2. After the return from the subroutine, the value of Register A is saved in Sum2.
- Since this code is using a subroutine, make sure to initialize the SP register using:
This line must be added to the main code before calling any subroutines.
(this has to be done in assembly language)


text:
- excruciate •
Part of Speech: Verb, transitive
Meaning: To torment, to torture, to inflict severe physical or mental on someone.
Notes: Today's Good Word is probably most often heard in the redundant phrase excruciating pain, in other words, extremely painful pain. The participle, excruciating, is used freely as an adjective, but there is an independent noun, excruciation. The agent noun, excruciator, is very rarely used but stands ready if needed.
In Play: While torture applies to systematic physical maltreatment, today's word refers to more casual torment: "Mallory seemed to enjoy excruciating his guests with his accordion." The torment may be mental or physical: "Although Pamela felt quite fashionable at the cotillion, her new shoes excruciated her toes all night."
Word History: Today's word comes from the past participle of Latin excruciare "to torture out, crucify". It is based on ex "out" + cruciare "to crucify", a verb based on crux (cruc-s) "cross", also used by English as the crux of a problem. Since the original root behind crux meant "bent, crooked", we might think crux related to English crook. However, the [k] sounds would have been reduced to [h] or have vanished entirely in English, so no connection can be drawn. (We must be straight with Luis Alejandro Apiolaza, however, and thank him for suggesting today's Good Word, lest our oversight in any way excruciate him.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


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Update and further advance the methodology for ICT impact analysis developed in the Feasibility Study (grant no.49102.2005._PHONE_.128) to include additional data and datasets for an enlarged set of countries. Harmonisation of the methodology is primordial.
- Study the possibilities and willingness in the participating countries to redesign their survey strategy covering the datasets planned to be used in this project in such a way that it takes into account not only the individual surveys and constraints like the response burden but also the successful exploitation of linked micro-data for impact analysis. Document results of this study including a cost/benefit analysis as well as a roadmap for the migration towards such a redesigned strategy.
The objective of WP1 is to carry out efficient and effective management of the Action.
WP2: Metadata review
The objective of WP2 is to revise, update and extend the metadata repository documenting the source data used in the ICT impact analysis.
WP3: Survey strategy feasibility study
The objectives of WP3 are:
- to carry out a feasibility study on redesign of national survey strategies, including a study of the existing practices.
- to present strategies for improving data representativeness including their cost-benefit analysis. The study will cover linked datasets provided by the participating NSIs.
WP4: Impact analysis
The objective of WP4 is to analyse the impact of ICT use on enterprise performance using common analytical tools and report on the results; "use" here includes - among others - the use of e-business processes and the exploitation of е-skills; analyse also the role of ICT in helping (process) innovation and in the management of intangibles; the importance of producing harmonised results on EU level is stressed.
WP5: Dissemination towards ESS
The objective of WP5 is to report effectively and in a timely fashion towards the European Statistical System on the methodology, progress and results of the project.
WP6: Setting up the rules and conditions of dissemination of detailed results to a wider public
The objective of WP6 is to provide a safe and secure technical infrastructure for storage and retrieval of work in progress and project datasets prior to the results of the project being made available to the wider community and to Eurostat.


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Dream interpretation, particularly from an Islamic perspective, can be a confusing topic. Did you know that in Islam, white flowers are often seen as symbols of joy and purity? This article will guide you through the diverse interpretations and meanings of dreaming about white flowers within Islamic culture and dream analysis — demystifying its symbolic significance.
Dive in to discover what your dreams might be telling you!
- White flowers symbolize joy and benefits in Islamic dream interpretation, representing purity, innocence, and faith.
- Dreaming of white flowers can indicate happy events coming your way and peace in your future.
- White flowers in dreams are often associated with purity, innocence, and a deep connection to spirituality.
White Flowers in Islamic Dream Interpretation
Symbolize joy and benefits
White flowers in a dream bring joy and good things. In Islam, they stand for happy events coming your way. They may mean you will get a gift or have success at work. If you see white flowers in your dreams, it can hint about peace and calm times ahead.
Represent purity, innocence, and faith
White flowers hold deep symbolic meanings in Islamic dream interpretation. They are often associated with purity, innocence, and faith. Seeing white flowers in a dream can signify the presence of these qualities within oneself or in others.
It represents a sense of untainted goodness and spiritual purity. White is considered a color of holiness and virtue in Islam, and dreaming of white flowers can be seen as a reflection of one's sincere devotion to God and adherence to moral values.
This symbolism highlights the importance of maintaining a pure heart and staying faithful to one's beliefs in the face of challenges or temptations.
Possible Meanings of Dreaming of White Flowers
Dreaming of white flowers in Islamic dream interpretation can have several possible meanings. Firstly, it may symbolize purity and innocence. White is often associated with cleanliness and goodness, so dreaming of white flowers could indicate a desire for purity or a need to maintain one's innocence.
Secondly, dreaming of white flowers may represent faith and spirituality. Flowers are often seen as signs of beauty and growth, so dreaming of white flowers could signify a strong connection to one's religious beliefs or a deepening sense of spirituality.
Lastly, dreaming of white flowers could also suggest joy and benefits in the dreamer's life. Just like how real-life flowers bring happiness and positivity, dreaming about them can symbolize the presence of good things happening or coming into the dreamer's life.
Overall, when someone dreams about white flowers in an Islamic perspective, it can be interpreted as representing purity, innocence, faithfulness, joyfulness,and potential blessings or benefits in their life journey that lie ahead.
In Islamic dream interpretation, white flowers symbolize joy, benefits, purity, innocence, and faith. Dreaming of white flowers could represent these positive qualities in one's life or signify a deep connection to spirituality.
Understanding the symbolic meanings of flowers can provide insights into our dreams and help us navigate their significance in Islam.
1. What does it mean to dream of white flowers in Islam?
In Islamic dream interpretation, dreaming of white flowers can symbolize joy, benefits, faith and innocence.
2. How are red flowers seen in Islamic dream meanings?
Dreaming of red flowers in Islam may link to the dreamer's woman or a gay type woman.
3. What is the symbolism of planting white flowers in dreams?
Planting white flowers in dreams could mean you are creating purity and high energy experiences due to their symbolic meaning in Islam.
4. Does kissing a virtuous woman or seeing garlands made from white flower hold any meaning in dreams?
Yes, these types of dreams have significant meanings related to joy and benefits within traditional Islamic dream analysis.
5. Is there significance given to temporary dreams about flowers according to interpretations of dreams In Islam?
Yes, all kinds themes including temporary ones have defined meanings under the authenticity rules for interpreting dreams within an Islamic perspective.
6. Are symbols found only with color changes or type choices when looking at flower symbolism within an Islamic context?
No! There are many ways that flower symbolism applies beyond just color or breed variance within the realm collective wisdom known as "Islamic Symbolism Of Flowers.
blog. With a lifelong fascination for the nocturnal narratives that play out in our minds, Josh has dedicated years to understanding the intricate tapestries of dreams and their profound meanings. His passion for dream interpretation is not just academic; it's deeply personal. Each article penned by him is a testament to his commitment to helping others unlock the mysteries that lie within their subconscious.
From the most vivid nightmares to the most whimsical daydreams, Josh believes that every dream has a story to tell and a lesson to impart. Drawing from a rich blend of cultural, historical, and psychological insights, he deciphers these nightly tales, offering readers a unique perspective that bridges the gap between the mystical and the scientific.
When he's not unraveling the secrets of the dream realm, Josh can be found with a book on dream theories, attending workshops, or simply gazing at the stars, pondering the vastness of the universe and the dreams it might hold.
Join Josh on this captivating journey and discover what your dreams are trying to tell you.


text:
Image Ownership: Public Domain
Librarian Alma Smith Jacobs was the first African American to serve as the Montana State Librarian. She was a lifelong advocate of free access to library resources and was active in local and state civil rights causes.
Alma Victoria Smith Jacobs was born in Lewistown, Montana on November 21, 1916. She was one of five children born to Martin Luther Smith, a cook for the Great Northern Railroad, and Emma Louise Riley Smith, a prolific quilter whose work is registered with the Montana Historic Quilt Project. When she was six, her family moved to Great Falls, Montana. After high school, she received a scholarship to Talladega College in Alabama and graduated from there with a bachelor's degree in sociology and a minor in psychology in 1938.
While Alma Smith Jacobs aspired to become a social worker, she was offered a job as a clerical assistant in the Talladega College library. She remained there for eight years as assistant librarian. During that time she received a scholarship to Columbia University's prestigious library school, and she traveled back and forth to New York City during the summers to take courses, earning a B.A. in library science in 1942. In 1946 Jacobs returned to Great Falls as a catalog librarian and later served as library director for the city's public library from 1954 to 1973. During the 1960s, Jacobs was instrumental in the construction of the Great Falls Public Library building that opened in 1967.
In 1973 Jacobs moved to Helena to serve as the state's head librarian, a post she held until 1981. While there she led the effort to centralize the state's vast library collections. A leader in the library community across the country, she was the first African American president of the Montana Library Association, the first African American president of the Pacific Northwest Library Association, and the first African American on the Executive Board of the American Library Association.
In addition to her work on behalf of libraries, Jacobs was active in civil rights organizations and civic groups including the Montana Advisory Committee to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and Humanities Montana, which she co-founded. She and her sister Lucille Smith Thompson, a reference librarian at Montana State University, developed a catalog of resources on Montana's black history which they titled The Negro in Montana: _PHONE_
On December 15, 1997, Alma Smith Jacobs died at the age of 81 in Bozeman. In 2009, the Great Falls Public Library dedicated a new outdoor plaza in her honor. The community also established the Alma Smith Jacobs Foundation to address social and economic issues.
Lelia Gaston Rhodes, A Critical Analysis of the Career Backgrounds of
Selected Black Female Librarians (Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State
University, 1975); Lucille Smith Thompson and Alma Smith Jacobs, The
Negro in Montana, _PHONE_ (Helena: Montana State Library, 1970);
Travis Coleman, "Great Falls Library dedicates arch to pioneering black
librarian, leader," Great Falls Tribune (June 21, 2009); Michele
Fenton, Little Known Black Librarian Facts _URL_


text:
Museums exist to preserve and promote culture and natural heritage. Sustainable Development (SD) is about preserving the environment the museums operate in. The integration of sustainable development practices into daily operations goes hand-in-hand with the general mission of museums to preserve, conserve and interpret our world.
In the past several years, we noticed that there is a growing interest in sustainable development and the environment among museum and science centre professionals in Canada.
The interest was inspirational and a group of committed individuals created this guide and special thanks is accorded to Environment Canada's Biosphere for making this online version possible.
Learn more about what SD is, why it is time for museums to implement the SD practices, and how to incorporate them into your museum or science centre.
Learn more about Sustainable Development.


Colombia, SC weather in August 1964
Temperature for August 1964
In August 1964 the average high temperature in Colombia, SC was 0.0°F, and this was 91.5°F cooler than the average of 91.5°F. The hottest day in August 1964 was 0 August when the temperature reached 0.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in August is 69.8°F and in 1964 the average overnight temperature was 69.8°F cooler at 0.0°F.
Precipitation for August 1964
In August the average monthly rainfall in Colombia, SC is 5.07 inches with rain usually falling on 11 days. In August 1964 there was a total of 0.00 inches of rain, that fell on 0 days.


text:
Evidence of traffic-related pollutant control in soil-based Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
Item TypeJournal Article
MetadataShow full item record
SUDS are being increasingly employed to control highway runoff and have the potential to protect groundwater and surface water quality by minimising the risks of both point and diffuse sources of pollution. While these systems are effective at retaining polluted solids by filtration and sedimentation processes, less is known of the detail of pollutant behaviour within SUDS structures. This paper reports on investigations carried out as part of a co-ordinated programme of controlled studies and field measurements at soft-engineered SUDS undertaken in the UK, observing the accumulation and behaviour of traffic-related heavy metals, oil and PAHs. The field data presented were collected from two extended detention basins serving the M74 motorway in the south-west of Scotland. Additional data were supplied from an experimental lysimeter soil core leaching study. Results show that basin design influences pollutant accumulation and behaviour in the basins. Management and/or control strategies are discussed for reducing the impact of traffic-related pollutants on the aqueous environment.
Napier, F., et al. 2009. Evidence of traffic-related pollutant control in soil-based Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Water Science and Technology. 60(1): pp.221-230. Available from: DOI: 10.2166/wst.2009.326