Friend or foe: how to build respect for wildlife, not fear
A powerful photo is on the Calgary Herald's website this week, after one of their photographers snapped a group of tourists getting far too close to a mule deer in Banff.
The Herald spoke with a WildSmart coordinator from Bow Valley, who summed up why crowding a deer in the town would be a bad idea.
"They're big giant animals with big giant antlers," Tyler McCluretold The Herald."They could do a lot of damage."
McClure noted that the ungulates are used to having people around, so will walk through the town "nonchalantly." But that doesn't mean they should be approached.
In fact, it is outright dangerous. As McClure said, these are often large animals who, when they want or need to, will not hesitate to knock over a few bipeds to get where they're going. With some animals like squirrels or raccoons, that danger isn't so easy to see. With others, like bears or coyotes, one would think it'd be obvious.
But where's the line between educating people to respect wildlife, and using fear to force them to respect animals?
Fear is a powerful entity; the threat or idea of potential bodily harm can drastically alter someone's actions. It could play a significant role in preventing such dangerous situations as people approaching wildlife in Banff. But that same fear is what leads to mass culls of animals, the slaughter of wildlife families.
Teaching safe, compassionate wildlife viewing to tourists and some residents may take time and patience. If we want the conversation about respecting wildlife to end well, we need to start it with respect, too.
Politely remind visitors, friends, and family not to feed wild animals, or interact with them inappropriately. The animals have learned to live among us, we must now learn to live among them.
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Medieval London Guilds
Interesting history, facts and information about the life of the people
who lived in England during the Medieval times
Medieval London Guilds
London was the biggest and most important city during the Medieval times and era. The Medieval London Guilds played a major role in the lives of the people in the city. The members of the Medieval Guilds became powerful. The Guilds controlled the way in which trade was conducted in the town. The members of the Guilds also became involved with civic duties and were appointed to important and influential positions in the community.
The chief spokesman of the Guilds became the Mayor of London
The leading delegates of the Guilds became the Aldermen of London
The other members of the Guilds became the burghers of London
The guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce. Each guild had its own hall and their own coat of arms, but there was also the Guildhall (_PHONE_) where representatives of all the various London guilds met together. The word "guild" derives from the Saxon "gilden" meaning "to pay" and refers to the subscription paid to the Guilds by their members. Other words associated with the term guild include association, society, brotherhood, company, fellowship, fraternity and livery.
Medieval Craft Guilds
Medieval Merchant Guilds
Names of Medieval London Guilds
The list of names of Medieval London guilds provides an insight in the many jobs and occupations which were available to the people of London during the Medieval times and era. The names of some of the Medieval London Guilds included the following:
Armourers & Brasiers (armour-makers and workers in brass)
Barbers (also surgeons and dentists)
Bowyers (longbow makers)
Chandlers (candle makers)
Cordwainers (workers in fine leather)
Curriers (dressers of tanned leather)
Farriers (shoers of horses)
Fletchers (arrow makers)
Girdlers (girdles and belts as clothing)
Loriners (stirrups and other harness for horses)
Mercers (general merchants)
Pattenmakers (makers of wooden clog-style footwear)
Scriveners (writers of court letters and legal documents)
Tallow chandlers (Candle makers)
Wax Chandlers ( candle makers)
Woolmen (winders and packers of wool)
It is interesting to note that many of the streets in London were named after the particular trade which practiced there. These names have survived to the modern day and include names such as Bread Street, Mlk Street, Pudding Lane and Threadneedle Street.
The major towns of Medieval England had a guildhall. A Guildhall is a building historically used by guilds for meetings. A deed of 1369 refers to the "gildaule", and a charter of 1439 states that "pleas happening in the said borough...shall be pleaded and holden in the guildhall there, before the mayor and bailiffs for the time being". The name for guildhall occurs in early records as "Gialle," "Gihalle," "Guyhalle," "Gihale," "Guihalle," "Gyhale," "Gilda Aula," "Gildaula," "Gyhalda," and "Gildaule" and is derived from "gild " meaning payment or "gildan" meaning to pay. The Guildhall would be the appointed place where the burgesses would "yield" or pay their taxes, hence another name for Guildhall - "Yeldehall". The purpose of the Guildhall building was to conduct the commercial business of the Guilds. It was also used for the civic and administrative duties of the guilds and its members including the mayor who also held the post of chief magistrate in the later period of the Middle Ages. The great hall of the London Guildhall was second in size only to that of the king's hall at Westminster. The mayor of London even sat on a dais as the king did in his hall.
Medieval London Guilds - Ceremonial Livery
The Medieval Guilds of London had their own Ceremonial Livery. The formal name for the London Guilds are livery companies. This referred to the elegant apparel, called livery, that Medieval London guild members wore on special and ceremonial occasions. The livery clothing was adopted by the Medieval London guilds in the reign of King Edward III (1312 - 1377). The clothes, or livery, worn by the guild merchants were extremely important as they identified the merchants with a specific guild and distinguished their members from one another. The Guild merchants wore their livery when they marched in parades and processions and attended ceremonies and other Royal gatherings during the Medieval times and era.
Women and Medieval Guilds
There were women in Medieval Guilds. A law called 'femme sole' allowed women to trade in their own right in the case of a widow continuing her husband's craft. The whole family were involved in the Craft Guilds helping the craft guild member who was the head of the family. A wife, daughter or son would work accordingly in the trade of the family. Women were therefore able to take over the trade upon the death of a husband.
Medieval London Guilds - Candle making guilds / Soapmakers Guilds
Candle makers were called Chandlers in the Medieval times of the Middle Ages. there were two types of candle making guilds - the Wax candle makers and the tallow candle makers. The tallow candle makers were made with animal fat and therefore closely associated with butchers or skinners. The tallow candle makers also became soapmakers, although it is unclear whether there was a seperate medieval ages soapmakers guild. The Tallow candles were much cheaper, leading to chandlers laws being passed regulating the percentage of a candle which could be tallow. Rich people used the wax candles and poor people used the tallow candles. The wax candle makers, made predominantly from beeswax, were often quite wealthy due to the constant demand for their product. The church was one of their best customers. The incidence of widows taking over the family business and access to the Candle making guilds was high due to the profits made in such a business.
Medieval London Guilds
The Medieval Times website provides interesting facts, history and information about these great people and important historical events which scatter the Medieval History books including Medieval London Guilds. The Medieval Times Sitemap provides full details of all of the information and facts about the fascinating subject of the lives of the people who lived during the historical period of the Middle Ages. The content of this article on Medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Monday, July 28, 2014
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Why You Shouldn't Feed Monkeys Bananas
Published 2:44 pm, Tuesday, January 14, 2014
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Monkey Zoo Banana
What are you supposed to feed a monkey?
If you answered bananas, you are wrong.
That is, according to Paignton Zoo in Devon, U.K., where zookeepers have banned their monkeys from having bananas.
Wild monkeys do eat bananas, but the bananas that monkeys are fed in zoos are cultivated for humans to have more sugar. These bananas are just too sweet for primates. Head of Conservation and Advocacy at the Paignton Zoo, Dr. Amy Plowman, says that giving the bananas to monkeys is like feeding them cake or chocolate.
"Compared to the food they would eat in the wild, bananas are much more energy dense — they have lots of calories — and contain much more sugar that's bad for their teeth and can lead to diabetes and similar conditions," Dr. Plowman said in a statement on the zoo's website. "It can also cause gastrointestinal problems as their stomachs are mostly adapted to eating fibrous foods with very low digestibility."
The monkeys have now been weened off bananas and other fruit, and are instead being served green leafy vegetables and lots leafy branches, called browse. The monkeys are only fed bananas when they need to take medication, which is hidden inside the fruit.
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, a body that advises zoos on animal diet, also supports the vegetable-heavy diet. The organization found that while primates do eat bananas and other fruits in the wild, the "fruits consumed by wild primates are more comparable in their nutrient composition to vegetables used in zoos."
This doesn't mean that monkeys don't like bananas. Like children who love cake and chocolate, studies show that primates will choose sweet fruit over others.
In one experiment from 1936, a number of monkeys from different species were given a variety of foods and their reactions recorded. The resulting paper, titled "Some Problems Regarding The Feeding Behavior Of Monkeys," found the primates were pretty much unanimous in their preferences: (1) Grape, (2) Banana, (3) Apple, (4) Carrot, (5) Lettuce or Cabbage, (6) Nuts, (7) Bread.
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Currency of Malaysia: Malaysian ringgit, today's rate RM
The Malaysian Ringgit is the currency of Malaysia. The code of Malaysian ringgit is MYR. We use RM as symbol of Malaysian ringgit. The Malaysian Ringgit is divided in 100 sens. MYR is regulated by Central Bank of Malaysia.
Did you know:
More information: currency converter.
The ringgit of Malaysia
«Ringgit» means «lacy» and refers to the pieces of Spanish coins that circulated in the region during Spanish colonization. 1 ringgit is divided into 100 sen.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, more commonly known as «Tunku», was the first prime minister, and up until now the most important one, from 1957 to 1970. This is why Malaysia honors him on the front of all banknotes of the country, where he is features in traditional dress.
On the back, Malaysia presents its economic and technological pride: oil rigs on the 50-ringgit note, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur on the 5-ringgit note, and even its train, its airline, and its commercial boats on the 10-ringgit note. Despite a very deeply-rooted ancestrally traditional culture, Malaysia doesn't have many ancient or ruined monuments like in Thailand or Indonesia, so they had to create them themselves.
Exchange rate of Malaysian ringgit, currency of Malaysia
1 Malaysian ringgits
10 Malaysian ringgits
5 Malaysian ringgits
50 Malaysian ringgits
100 Malaysian ringgits
Malaysian ringgits
Currency Of Malaysia
flag MYR


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I know that 2 is a residue of primes of the form $8n+1$ and $8n+7$ and so on. I want to find a purely group theoretic or field theoretic proof of these statements.
For example, for 8n+1, the multiplicative group is of the order of 8 and so there exists an element of order 8, j. Then $(j + 1/j)^2 = 2$. Similarly for $8n+5$, there is an element of order 4, $i$ and if 2 had a residue, we could construct j such that $j^2 = i$ and therefore there is an element of order 8 which is impossible.
What I am not getting stuck on is finding something that differentiates a field of the order $8n+7$ from something of the form $8n+3$. This is how I proved the last 2 cases(there either exists or does not exist something of order 8).
share|improve this question
Is that a homework? – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 7:38
Voted to close. – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 8:59
The title asks about $-2$, the body doesn't. Anyway, voting to migrate to m.se – Gerry Myerson Jul 19 '13 at 0:26
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migrated from mathoverflow.net Jul 19 '13 at 2:25
This question came from our site for professional mathematicians.
1 Answer
I'm not sure that this is what you want, but I'll try anyway.
If $p$ is an odd prime, then $8\mid p^2-1$, so when $p\not\equiv1\pmod8$ we have the element $j$ in the extension field $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$. The zeros of the eighth cyclotomic polynomial are $$ \phi_8(x)=x^4+1=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x-j^5)(x-j^7)=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x+j)(x+j^3). $$
We can say something extra about the minimal polynomial of $j$ over the prime field in these cases. This is because by the Galois theory of finite fields the other zero is the Frobenius conjugate $j^p$. So if $p\equiv 3\pmod 8$, then the minimal polynomial of $j$ is $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^3)=x^2-ax-j^4=x^2-ax-1.$$ The other factor of $\phi_8(x)$ modulo $p$ is then $m(-x)=x^2+ax+1$. Vanishing of the quadratic term $-2-a^2$ of $m(x)m(-x)$ implies that $a^2=-2$. But here $a=j+j^3=j-1/j$, so in this case you have $(j-1/j)^2=-2$.
On the other hand, if $p\equiv7\pmod8$, then $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^p)=(x-j)(x-j^7)=x^2+bx+j^8=x^2+bx+1.$$ Again the other factor is $m(-x)$, and we similarly see that $b^2=2$. This time you get $b=(j+j^7)=(j+1/j)$, and $(j+1/j)^2=2$.
Note that in both cases $j\pm 1/j$ is the trace of $j$, so an element of the prime field.
share|improve this answer
I agree that this might fit Math.SE better. – Jyrki Lahtonen Jul 18 '13 at 13:14
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Your Answer


by A Tayyebi, GD Jenerette
Science of the Total Environment 548-549:60-71
Increasing temperatures in urban environments has motivated many metropolitan cities to manage climate change by addressing heat related issues through vegetation. A study was conducted to better understand how variation in vegetation across a coastal to desert climate in Los Angeles can function as a climate change adaption tool. The investigation found a link between persistent cooling and the availability of urban vegetation. Results also indicated a positive relationship between income and vegetation distribution; areas with higher incomes had higher levels of vegetation. This relationship was found to further correspond to urban land surface temperature variation. The significance of the effects on surface temperature were found to vary considerably throughout the geographic region under study. Vegetation cooling capacity increased across the coastal to urban climate gradient. The sources and outcomes of the variation were then quantified through structural equation modeling. Study results demonstrate the effectiveness of using vegetation as a heat risk reducing intervention across large geographic regions. The increased effectiveness of vegetation in inland areas provides useful information for urban planners looking to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Region: Los Angeles, California
Publication Type: Journal article
Keywords: climate change, remote sensing, urban greening, urban planning, urbanization, and vegetative barrier


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Date Added: Jul 2009
This paper presents Agilla, a mobile agent middleware designed to support self-adaptive applications in wireless sensor networks. Agilla provides a programming model in which applications consist of evolving communities of agents that share a wireless sensor network. Coordination among the agents and access to physical resources are supported by a tuple space abstraction. Agents can dynamically enter and exit a network and can autonomously clone and migrate themselves in response to environmental changes. Agilla's ability to support self-adaptive applications in wireless sensor networks has been demonstrated in the context of several applications, including fire detection and tracking, monitoring cargo containers, and robot navigation. Agilla, the first mobile agent system to operate in resource-constrained wireless sensor platforms, was implemented on top of TinyOS.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why do dogs chew on wood?
Dogs are notorious chewers; they would put their strong, sharp teeth in just about anything if given the opportunity. Well, to be honest, the chewing is not the end of the story – they would also eat the chewed item.
More often than not, dogs chew and eat wood and wood items, like wood sticks, wood bark, wood chips, or sometimes, even your wooden furniture. But why do dogs chew wood? Where does their irresistible urge to nibble on wood comes from? Do they like how it tastes? Could it be dangerous? And ultimately, how can this behavior be prevented?
Reasons why dogs chew on wood
Simply put, dogs chew wood because they can. Generally speaking, dogs like chewing. Since wood and wooden objects are easily accessible for indoor and outdoor dogs, why not munch on something convenient.
However, there are several specific reasons why dogs chew on wood. We can classify these into two groups: normal (physiological) and pathological.
Normal (physiological) reasons
Chewing on wood is wired in the dog's genetic code
It is no secret that our canine friends experience and taste the world through their mouths. Consequently, everything they come across is potentially fit to end up in their mouths, and more often than not, that includes wood. Plus, the dog's wild ancestor used to munch on wood bark when other food sources were scarce. The modern dog's urge to do the same may be a remnant of its ancestor's survival technique.
Chewing on wood reliefs teeth and gums pain
This is particularly true for teething puppies that experience tooth pain and irritating gum inflammations. The wood has an interesting texture that subtly scratches the gums, thus alleviating the teething process's pain.
Wood chewing is a positively reinforced habit
While playing in the park or the backyard, we often use wood bark and wood sticks to play fetch with our dogs. We throw the wooden object and praise our dog when it retrieves it. By doing this, we indirectly reinforce our dogs to chew on wood because over time; they will start associating the wooden sticks, branches, or barks with play and fun.
Pathological reasons
Wood chewing can be a way of coping with separation anxiety.
A dog with separation anxiety often develops unusual behaviors. Usually, it is keen on engaging in activities with regular patterns. For example, if it starts chewing on your sofa's wooden legs, it will keep doing this every time it feels anxious. Engaging in something known gives comfort and helps cope with separation anxiety.
Wood chewing can be a sign of boredom
A bored dog is a creative dog. Well, an innovative and a destructive dog. When there is nothing interesting to do, chewing on food sounds like a fantastic idea. It is fun, the wood texture soothes the gums, and for dogs, the wood tastes not just acceptable, but in fact, extraordinary.
Wood chewing can be due to pica (abnormal appetite)
Pica is a health condition in which dogs compulsively eat non-edible items. Those non-edible items may include wood, paper, rocks, plastic, or cloth. A dog with pica may be interested in eating a particular material, such as strictly wood or combining different materials. The underlying problem that triggers this behavior is unknown, but it is believed that nutritional deficiencies might be a contributing factor.
The dangers of chewing wood
We must admit, watching our dogs doing weird things can be quite entertaining. Let us eliminate the destruction component aside and assume you do not mind having your vintage wooden furniture demolished or your decorative pot flowers used as snacks. Even if you do not mind the destructive component, dogs still should not eat wood.
In fact, chewing and eating wood can be quite dangerous for your dog. Wood and wooden objects are prone to splintering, and the fragmented splinters can cause severe damages.
For example, an inhaled wooden splinter may get stuck in the throat and impair breathing. Alternatively, if it passes the throat and ends up in the lungs, it may cause aspiration pneumonia. A swallowed wooden splinter may perforate the digestive system and cause lethal infection. If a dog eats a larger wood piece instead of a fragment, it may get stuck and cause gastrointestinal obstruction. Unless adequately and promptly addressed by a vet, all mentioned consequences can be life-threatening.
Finally, it should be well-accented that certain wood types are highly toxic to dogs. The most dangerous wood types include black cherry, black walnut, red maple, and yew.
Preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs
Here are three simple ways of preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs:
 - Invest in various toys – if your dog has a variety of toys to choose from, it will be less likely inclined to destroy wooden objects found in its surroundings. Luckily, the modern market offers a plethora of different toys, so there is a perfect fit for every dog.
 - Avoid using wooden items as toys – we already spoke about wood items and positive reinforcement, so the next time you and your dog are playing fetch, use a plastic toy such as Frisbee instead of a wood stick.
 - Protect your home, just in case – even if you followed the rules mentioned above and your dog is not very fond of chewing, it does not hurt to be on the safe side and dog-proof your home. Visit our store, swipe up and down, and choose which protector fits your home décor best. All protectors are made of high-end and quality materials that offer 100% efficacy against dog shenanigans.
Just because our dogs enjoy chewing wooden objects, it does not mean that we should indulge their urge. Chewing on wood can be dangerous even if the dog is supervised while doing so. Prevent your dog from chewing on wood by offering plenty of amusing toys, but protect your home just in case. If your dog is a tenacious dog chewer, do not hesitate to ask for professional help – canine behaviorists can help you get to the bottom of this behavioral issue.


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Process design artifacts have been increasingly used to guide the modeling of business processes. To support users in designing and understanding process models, different process artifacts have been combined in several ways leading to the emergence of the so-called "hybrid process artifacts". While many hybrid artifacts have been proposed in the literature, little is known about how they can actually support users in practice. To address this gap, this work investigates the way users engage with hybrid process artifacts during comprehension tasks. In particular, we focus on a hybrid representation of DCR Graphs (DCR-HR) combining a process model, textual annotations and an interactive simulation. Following a qualitative approach, we conduct a multi-granular analysis exploiting process mining, eye-tracking techniques, and verbal data analysis to scrutinize the reading patterns and the strategies adopted by users when being confronted with DCR-HR. The findings of the coarse-grained analysis provide important insights about the behavior of domain experts and IT specialists and show how user's background and task type change the use of hybrid process artifacts. As for the fine-grained analysis, user's behavior was classified into goal-directed and exploratory and different strategies of using the interactive simulation were identified. In addition, a progressive switch from an exploratory behavior to a goal-directed behavior was observed. These insights pave the way for an improved development of hybrid process artifacts and delineate several directions for future work.
In Software & Systems Modeling.


text:
Museum in a Box - Minibeast
Boxes are currently available each school term for set loan periods of three weeks. Museum in a Box can be sent to and collected from any educational institution within New South Wales.
The Minibeasts box is a resource designed specifically for Early Childhood. The topic was chosen to complement children's fascination with creatures that they find in their environment. It includes a great variety of 'treasures' - real insects and spiders embedded in resin, a large model ant, insect finger puppets, handmade silk butterfly wings, a specially created wooden ladybug puzzle, posters and books.
- 8 real insects and spiders embedded in clear plastic
- A large ant model, great for investigating body parts and as a drawing stimulus 'Magnetic minibeasts', 3 sets of magnetic minibeasts with a magnet board
- The 'Food Game'; designed as a simple introduction to food webs
- The 'What am I?' game; a simple classification activity
- 2 silk butterfly wing dress-ups, made especially for the box
- A handmade original wooden Ladybird puzzle, a sensory delight!
- A shiny green dung beetle hand puppet
- 12 finger puppets just for fun!
- Minibeast posters and reference books
- Teachers notes and a Box Journal
Karen Player, Manager Museum Outreach


Below is a list of frequently asked questions regarding the OMG Network and the behaviors of Plasma.
What is Plasma?
Plasma is a Layer 2 (i.e. off-chain) scaling solution for Ethereum. Compared to other Layer 2 solutions, Plasma's advantage is that every block on the Plasma (or child) chain is committed to the root chain. This means that if anything goes wrong on the child chain, honest users will always be able to exit the child chain and recover their funds on the root chain.
There are several versions of Plasma, including MoreVP, OMG Network's chosen solution. Different versions of Plasma are suited to specific use cases and the operator (OMG Network in this case) typically chooses the most suitable version for their scenario. From the users' perspective, all versions of Plasma behave more or less the same.
Plasma is typically used for the following:
 - Depositing funds from the root chain (Ethereum) into the child chain.
 - Transacting on the child chain (sell, trade, transfer, etc.).
 - Exiting remaining funds from the child chain back to the root chain.
Plasma is designed to be somewhat optimistic. It assumes everything is correct unless proven otherwise. Users play their part in ensuring the correctness of the system using the Exit Games.
What is the Plasma Framework?
The PlasmaFramework contract can be seen as the top-level contract that contains many of the other components described below:
 - BlockController
 - ExitGameController
 - ExitGameRegistry
 - VaultRegistry
It provides access to various components in the system. For example, to get the Payment ExitGame you should call PlasmaFramework.exitGames(PaymentType).
The PlasmaFramework also provides the means for the maintainer to upgrade the components in the system. This has important security considerations and the PlasmaFramework will emit events whenever a component is added. Watcher must monitor these events and inform users.
What is a Transaction?
Transactions are composed of inputs and outputs. An input is simply a pointer to the output of another transaction. In the OMG Network, transactions are limited to 4 possible inputs and 4 possible outputs.
Transactions that have been included in a block have a position which is the number of the block it's in and its index in that block. For example, the fourth transaction in block 5000 has a position of (5000, 3).
The position of the outputs of a transaction can be obtained by including the index of the output in the transaction. So the position of the second output of the transaction in the above example would be (5000, 3, 1).
Transaction type and output type
Abstract Layer Design introduces the concept of Transaction Type and Transaction Output Type. Each Transaction Type and Transaction Output Type can define different rules about how to spend funds.
Transaction format
Transactions follow the Wire Transaction format.
Briefly, this is:
transaction::= transactionType metadata
transactionType::= uint256
input ::= outputId | outputPosition
outputId ::= hash of the transaction that produced the output concatenated with the outputIndex
outputPosition ::= 32 byte string that is (blockNumber * BLOCK_OFFSET + txIndex * TX_OFFSET + outputIndex)
output ::= outputType outputGuard token amount
outputType ::= uint256
outputGuard ::= bytes20
token ::= address
amount ::= uint256
witness ::= bytes
Note that currently, we don't fully follow the proposed Wire Transaction format. Our implementation of output type is outputType outputGuard token amount instead of outputType outputGuard token vaultId standardSpecificData confirmAddress.
The current implementation only supports Payment and DEX transaction types. We will need to change this when we introduce new transaction types, e.g. ERC721.
Deposit transactions
Deposit transactions are special transactions that have no inputs. Note that this should be encoded as an empty array. Deposit transactions are created by the Vault contracts and do not need to be explicitly submitted.
EIP-712 signing
The witness field of a transaction is the data that proves its inputs can be spent. For a normal Payment transaction, this data is the signatures of the owners of the inputs. We use EIP-712 for signing transactions.
The EIP-712 typed data structure is as follows:
types: {
EIP712Domain: [
{ name:'version', type:'string' },
{ name:'verifyingContract', type: 'address' },
{ name:'salt', type: 'bytes32' }
Transaction: [
{ name: 'txType', type: 'uint256' },
{ name: 'input0', type: 'Input' },
{ name: 'input1', type: 'Input' },
{ name: 'input2', type: 'Input' },
{ name: 'input3', type: 'Input' },
{ name: 'output0', type: 'Output' },
{ name: 'output1', type: 'Output' },
{ name: 'output2', type: 'Output' },
{ name: 'output3', type: 'Output' },
{ name:'metadata', type: 'bytes32' }
Input: [
{ name: 'blknum', type: 'uint256' },
{ name: 'txindex', type: 'uint256' },
{ name: 'oindex', type: 'uint256' }
Output: [
{ name: 'outputType', type: 'uint256' },
{ name: 'outputGuard', type: 'bytes20' },
{ name: 'currency', type: 'address' },
{ name: 'amount', type: 'uint256' }
domain: {
name: 'OMG Network',
version: '1',
verifyingContract: '',
salt: '0xfad5c7f626d80f9256ef01929f3beb96e058b8b4b0e3fe52d84f054c0e2a7a83'
primaryType: 'Transaction'
How is the UTXO position calculated?
block number * the block offset (defaults: '_PHONE_') + transaction position * transaction offset (defaults to '10000') + the index of the UTXO in the list of outputs of the transaction
For example, if we have a deposit transaction in block 160000 at index 0, and we want the utxoPos of the output at index 0 (deposit transactions only have one output and no inputs):
160000 * 10000 + 0 * 10000 + 0 = _PHONE_
What is a Block Explorer?
A block explorer is an online blockchain browser that allows you to explore the entire blockchain of the platform you're using, such as the OMG Network.
Cryptocurrency miners and users rely on block explorers to track their transactions and to view details for the latest blocks in the blockchain. Block explorers list newly discovered blocks as soon as they're generated, display information for each block and transaction, and allow you to search for transaction IDs and wallet addresses so that you can check on specific transactions.
I made a deposit but don't have access to a running Watcher. How can I exit my deposit?
To exit a deposit from the OMG Network, you would need to start a standard exit. To start the exit, you first need exit data. You would usually get this data by calling the Watcher.
In the unlikely situation where you don't have access to a Watcher, constructing the exit data is still possible as the information needed exists with the deposit transaction. This process has been abstracted away in omg-js. You only need to pass the transaction hash from the deposit transaction.
rootChain.getDepositExitData({ transactionHash })
This function will return the same data that the Watcher call would have.
You can then start an exit as you would normally.
utxoPos: exitData.utxo_pos,
outputTx: exitData.txbytes,
inclusionProof: exitData.proof,
txOptions: {
from: Alice,
privateKey: AlicePrivateKey
Why does a smaller UTXO set on the OMG Network reinforce the safety of user funds in a mass exit event?
Consider a scenario whereby a dishonest child chain operator steals user funds by creating an invalid block and then initiates a Standard Exit on his UTXOs. In such a scenario, users must exit their UTXOs back to the root chain to safely retain ownership of their funds.
Because every UTXO requires its exit, a larger number of exiting UTXOs means more exit transactions submitted to the root chain. If this results in network congestion, exiting users could be faced with higher gas fees.
However, users must also exit before the dishonest operator does if they are to safely preserve their funds. Failure to do so could mean there is nothing left for them in the Vault. If congestion on the root chain reaches a certain level due to the number of exiting UTXOs, users may be prevented from executing an exit on time.
A smaller UTXO set on the child chain can mitigate these vulnerabilities, and thereby reinforce the safety of user funds. For this reason, users are encouraged to merge their UTXOs continuously.
Due to the mechanics of the Scheduled Finalisation Time (SFT), users generally have one week to initiate an exit that can safely restore ownership of their funds. For UTXOs that are less than one week old, however, this window of safety is reduced to the time between the UTXO's creation and the start of the operator's dishonest exit.


text:
, sustain it while you continue to practice your Heart Focus, Heart-Focused Breathing and Heart Feeling.
Heart Lock-In Technique
Hold the feeling of genuine love or care for someone or something in your life. Send this feeling of love and care towards yourself, extending it to the boundaries of the electro-magnetic field that surrounds your body, then expand it to flow outwards towards others and to the wider world in the form of waves of energy. If you experience uncomfortable, anxious feelings, send love and compassion to those feelings. Befriending a negative feeling and sending compassion to it can release or dissolve the blockage. These exercises will gradually strengthen your conscious connection to your heart, build up resilience and the ability to be aware of subtle changes in its rhythm.


My teachers says that "debe" means must.
My question is that does "debe" always mean "should", I thought it only meant "must" and that "debería" meant "should." Is what my teacher said correct or should she have used "debería"?
 - So if what my teacher said correct or incorrect? It is incorrect right? – Louis Feb 24 '18 at 13:22
I think your confusion comes from two different forms of deber: deber and deber de, which are NOT the same. I see very surprising how nobody has highlighted this.
The conditional (debería) is used for advice and it is equivalent to "should".
For example: "I should go" is (yo) debería ir
This is easy to remember, so let's go to the key part.
"Deber" (non conditional) is used for compulsory duties, and it is equivalent to "must".
For example: "I must go" is (yo) debo ir.
However, there is a "phrase" that changes its meaning. When it is "deber de", it means "possibility" instead of duty.
"Deber de" indicates possibility/probability. It is different than just "deber".
It is probably the in the podium of the most commited mistakes in oral speech (sharing positions with "leísmo", "laísmo", or the imperative of "vosotros", haha).
When you say "deber de", it denotes possibility.
Example: Debe de haber 10 personas means "It must be 10 people", in the sense that "It is probable that there are about 10 people.
Check the difference:
"Debe ser grande" = It MUST be big
"Debe de ser grande" = It is probably big.
It can be sometimes hard to decide, but most examples are clear enough.
So, since this is a very common mistake, I just wanted to highlight it and point it out. If this wasn't yoru confusion, tell us.
 - Great answer, thank you very much. But my confusion is with the following phrase: 1) Si la palabra termina por "n", "s" o vocal, la sílaba tónica debe ser la sílaba "2." Si no cumple la norma, la palabra lleva acento en la sílaba tónica. In this phrase shouldn't my teacher have used "debería"? – Louis Feb 27 '18 at 6:46
 - Whoa, that sentence is tricky. I had to read it twice. I'm so sorry but I still don't get where the confusion is. could you highlight the exact words that are causing problems? I don't see why you think there should be a "debería". This is a rule, so it's written as a mandate, using "must". – FGSUZ Feb 27 '18 at 17:33
 - This is not really a rule, not all words follow this rule but most words should follow this rule. The teacher is meaning to express "should" but I'm wondering if "debería" is a more correct substitute of "debe". – Louis Mar 7 '18 at 4:48
 - In spanishdict, it is written that deber ser means must be. – Louis Mar 7 '18 at 4:50
 - In the original sentence you deleted, If I remember well, the usage of "debe" was right because it is a rule. A rule is not neccesarily a god's law: rules can be broken, and there are exceptions, but that doesn't invalidate a rule (as long as it keeps being true "in general") – FGSUZ Mar 7 '18 at 14:07
My teacher says that "debe" means must.
My question is, does "debe" also mean "should"? I thought it only meant "must" and that "debería" meant "should." Is what my teacher said correct or should she have used "debería"?
Indeed, "debe" also means "should." You can see in WordReference.com that deber means:
have to, must, oblige [somebody] to, should
What your teacher wrote was fine. Her explanation of the verb "deber" was perhaps an oversimplification. I will encourage you to find a dictionary you like and make it your friend.
Note, there is often not a perfect one-to-one match between words of different languages. "Should" can be translated as both "debe" and "debería", depending on the context.
Here is a simplified way of thinking about the choice of debe/debería: debería often has more of an "ought to" feel than debe.


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Brr! It's getting chilly out there, that time of year where suddenly a 60 degree day feels downright warm, if you've had a spell in the 40s or 50s. I always marveled at this phenomenon myself as a child, and it was a great prompt to teach Travis about how temperature to our bodies is relative. All you need are three buckets of water. Ready, set, chill!
Fill one bowl or bucket with ice water. Fill a middle bucket with lukewarm water. Fill the third with hot water (make sure to test this one first, so it won't hurt your child's skin).
Encourage your child to put one hand in the ice water and one in the hot. Let sit for about 30 seconds, then transfer both hands to the lukewarm water.
They will discover that the ice water hand feels warm now, and the hot water hand feels cooler. Voila, a lesson on relative temperature!


text:
Intermediate Level Breaking – Level Demonstration and Scoring
We host one Level Demonstration at the end of each season to evaluate a student's level of proficiency. We will notify students of the date for sign-up. Students can also schedule a private lesson at any time during the season, with an individual instructor, to complete their demonstration whenever they feel ready.
Level Demonstration Scoring
Scores are used to measure each student's level of proficiency and provide a final score for each move. Scores are measured on a scale of 1 through 5. A score of 4 or better is required for each move. A demonstration with an average score of 4 or better is required to qualify a student for the next level.
Students that don't qualify (an average score of 3 or lower) will be shown exactly what will be needed to improve. They will receive feedback on each move and tips that can help students complete their demonstration the next time around.
Score Definition and Criteria
5 – Can execute the move to the music
- Music Connection – Interprets the music and rocks the beat with rhythm, energy, confidence, and style. Strong connection with music.
- Creativity – Creating new moves and flows.
- Maintains beginner level foundation.
- Shows proficiency in both directions with the Intermediate vocabulary.
- Possesses all the criteria in score 4.
4 – Can execute the move both directions
- Proficient with the Intermediate level Breaking vocabulary.
- Top Rocks – Has a developed rocking groove. On beat with rhythm, confidence, and style. Can break down and interpret the music.
- Go Downs – Unique flow that connects top rocks to footwork. On beat, good posture and form, authentic character and personality.
- Footwork – Revolution, direction, speed, power, proper squat and toe positions.
- Freezes – 30 second 2-handed holds for each freeze. Stable breathing.
- Technique – Heightened body awareness, technique, and skill.
- Character – Energy, emotion, personality, and style with a unique flavor and approach to Breaking.
- Confidence – Confidence in yourself, your movement, and your knowledge.
- Music Connection – Interprets the music. Strong connection with music. Consistent rhythm, energy, and confidence.
3 – Can execute the move but more practice needed
- Does not show full proficiency with the vocabulary.
- Top Rocks – Rocking groove not developed. Missing the connection between the move and the rhythm of the beat. Lacking confidence, or style.
- Go Downs – Needs to work on flow and connecting top rocks to footwork. Posture and form needs improvement, or more character and personality is needed.
- Footwork – No revolution, lacks direction, lacks speed, lacks power, needs to improve footwork form, squat form or toe positions.
- Freezes – Can't hold a 30 second freeze without falling or toes touching. Unstable breathing.
- Technique – lacking some body awareness, technique, or skill.
- Character – Needs more energy, emotion, and/or personal style.
- Confidence – Lacks confidence in yourself, your movement, or your knowledge.
- Music Connection – not fully connected with the music. Overthinking or has an average connection with music. Inconsistent rhythm, lacking energy, or confidence.
2 – Can't execute the move without errors
- Needs reminding of the name of the move.
- Needs reminding on how to do the move.
- Slow making the connection between the name and the move.
- Needs reminder to understand what the move is.
- Needs reminder on how to do the move.
- Making errors.
- Having to start over.
1 – Doesn't know the move at all
- Doesn't know the name of the move.
- Doesn't know how to do the move.
- Not making a connection between the name and the move.
- Needs help understanding what the move is.
- Needs help on how to do the move.


out there. Hence you probably don't want to specify --timer=select
Accelerating Time
Regardless of which timing method you use, you can try specifying --sleep-accel to reduce the amount of time to sleep in usec. I've found this is useful for providing a "fudge factor" in some cases.
Tuning for High-Performance
Choosing a Packet Interval Method
The first recommendation is simple, use: --topspeed. This will always be the fastest method to send packets. If however you need some level of control, using --pps to specify packets/second is recommended. Using --pps-multi will cause multiple packets to be sent between each sleep interval, thus providing higher throughput potential then just --pps alone, but at the cost of traffic being more "spikey" then flat. Higher --pps-multi values improve performance and make the traffic more "spikey".
Using --mbps or --multiplier for high performance situations is not recommended as the overhead for calculating packet intervals tends to limit real world throughput.
Tuning your Operating System/Hardware
Regardless of the size of physical memory, UNIX kernels will only allocate a static amount for network buffers. This includes packets sent via the "raw" interface, like with tcpreplay. Most kernels will allow you to tweak the size of these buffers, drastically increasing performance and accuracy.
NOTE: The following information is provided based upon my own experiences or the reported experiences of others. Depending on your hardware and specific hardware, it may or may not work for you. It may even make your system horribly unstable, corrupt your harddrive, or worse.
NOTE: Different operating systems, network card drivers, and even hardware can have an effect on the accuracy of packet timestamps that tcpdump or other capture utilities generate. And as you know: garbage in, garbage out.
NOTE: If you have information on tuning the kernel of an operating system not listed here, please send it to me so I can include it.
General Tips
 1. Use a good network card. This is probably the most important buying decision you can make. I recommend Intel e1000 series cards. El-cheapo cards like Realtek are known to give really crappy performance.
 2. Tune your OS. See below for recommendations.
 3. Faster is better. If you want really high-performance, make sure your disk I/O, CPU and the like is up to the task.
 4. For more details, check out the FAQ
 5. If you're looping file(s), make sure you have enough free RAM for the pcap file(s) and use --enable-file-cache
 6. Use --quiet
 7. Use --topspeed or --pps and a high value for --pps-multi
 8. Use tcprewrite to pre-process all the packet editing instead of using tcpreplay-edit
 9. Virtualization technologies like VMWare and Xen may cause a lot of problems with packet timings. YMMV.
The following is known to apply to the 2.4.x and 2.6.x series of kernels. By default Linux's tcpreplay performance isn't all that stellar. However, with a simple tweak, relatively decent performance can be had on the right hardware. By default, Linux specifies a 64K buffer for sending packets. Increasing this buffer to about half a megabyte does a good job:
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
echo 524287 >/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default
On one system, we've seen a jump from 23.02 megabits/sec (5560 packets/sec) to 220.30 megabits/sec (53212 packets/sec) which is nearly a 10x increase in performance. Depending on your system and capture file, different numbers may provide different results.
*BSD systems typically allow you to specify the size of network buffers with the NMBCLUSTERS option in the kernel config file. Experiment with different sizes to see which yields the best performance. See the options(4) man page for more details.
Previous: manual | Next: tcpprep
Last modified 4 years ago Last modified on 09/05/12 06:33:01


A password will be e-mailed to you.
How to reset your Apple ID password
It can be very frustrating to get locked out of your account when you are attempting to download any new app or carry out some other important task. Passwords serve the purpose of protecting privacy but if you get locked, then it will be really annoying. Especially if you are an Apple user, you will know the feeling of being locked out of your Apple ID, which is important when downloading apps or confirming software updates.
Source: _URL_
However, Apple provides its users with an option to reset their Apple ID password in several ways so that you can reset it and carry on with your task easily without encountering too many problems. Here is a guide on the easy ways to reset your password easily and quickly.
 1. Head to appleid.apple.com and click on Forgot Apple ID or password, which can be seen at the centre of the page. Keep in mind that your password can automatically pre-fill the sign-in screen by using a drop-down menu. Therefore, check the Remember Me box so that you can look for it first and understand how it functions.
 2. By clicking on the aforementioned ou will be redirected to a page where you need to type in your Apple ID, which will act as the primary email address that you set for your Apple account.
 3. You will be taken to a new webpage where you have to type in your name and the email address associated with the account.
 4. Click on Continue and then press on the option that reads 'I need to reset my password'. Keep in mind that if you have set up two-factor authentication, then you will be asked to confirm your phone number to authenticate your attempt to sign in to your account.
 5. You will now be able to choose how to reset your password, with your available options being either by email or by answering the given security questions. Select the option depending on what is more convenient for you.
 6. If you choose the use email method, you will be prompted to send instructions to the primary email address that you provided to Apple. You can also choose to have another secondary email ID. If you are unable to see the email in your inbox, check in your Trash, Spam, and Junk folders, or follow the previously mentioned steps again.
 7. If you choose the option with the security questions, you will be required to authenticate your date of birth and answer specific questions to create a new password.
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text:
History of Bothin Marsh
Bothin Marsh once extended from the Marin Headlands into the Mill Valley foothills, but like many bayside marshes and wetland areas, it has weathered through its share of threats through the years.
1800s: Bothin Marsh named after original owner Henry Bothin
1970: Developer KSW Properties fills in and builds on portions of the extensive marsh
1975: Trust for Public Land purchases remaining marsh area
1981: Marin County Parks and Open Space District formally acquires the marsh and easement across the old railroad tracks
Photo: Diana Clock
Bothin Marsh is a beautiful marsh over 100 acres in size on the north end of Richardson Bay alongside a well-traveled section of the Bay Trail. This Marin County Open Space District Preserve is a mix of tidal wetlands, sloughs and Bay that provides habitat for hundreds of native bird and wildlife species, including the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail. It's also a resting stop for over 400 species of migratory birds traveling on the Pacific Flyway. The Bothin Marsh Preserve includes tidal wetlands in the north end of Richardson Bay.
Photo: Diana Clock
Save The Bay Restores Bothin Marsh
In comparison to some of Save The Bay's restoration sites, Bothin Marsh is a relatively healthy marsh. Yet to ensure that this historic wetland is preserved in perpetuity, the Marin County Parks and Open Space District (MCPOSD) and Save The Bay are partnering to control invasive plants, and create upland habitat for endangered wildlife.
Goals of this restoration project include:
- Provide refuge for wildlife by planting native wetland plants such as monkey flower and gumplant
- Create a natural buffer of native wetland plants between the heavily-used trails and the marsh to encourage people and dogs to stay on the trail and out of the sensitive wetland area
- Eradicate invasive iceplant to allow for growth of native plants
- Monitor plant growth and map invasive plant species for future removal


text:
Early 1970s -1980s. Moscow Conceptualism emancipated art from the social realist tradition which for so long had been the doxa in Russia, making art again autonomous from official society, being both a critique and still more important a possible alternative. It proposes a mode of artistic behaviour, both linked to reality and striving to transcend it through radical choices. This return to the real a microcosm, potentially a macrocosm can be seen as a return to common sense.
Artists Moscow Conceptualism:
- alb - zve


text:
|Classification tree for predicting vulnerability to famine|
Here's an interesting example from the paper Identifying Indicators of Vulnerability to Famine and Chronic Food Insecurity by Yohannes and Webb, showing predictors of vulnerability to famine based on a survey of households. The image shows all the predictors that were identified by the tree, which appear below each circle. Each predictor is a binary variable and you go right or left depending on the value of the predictor. It is easiest to start reading from the top, with an household in mind.
Our goal is to generate groups of households with similar profiles, where profiles are the combination of answers to different survey questions.
- Drag the outcome of interest into the Values area
- Find the first predictor that best splits the profiles and drag it into the Row Label field*.
- Given the first predictor, find the next predictor to further split the profiles, and drag into the Row Label field**.
- Given the first two splits, find the next predictor to further split the profiles (could also be one of the earlier variables) and drag into the Row Label field***
- Continue this process until some over-fitting criterion is reached
You might imagine the final result as a really crowded Pivot Table, with multiple predictors in the Row Label fields. This is indeed quite close, except for two slight differences:
* Each time a predictor is dragged into the Row or Column Labels fields, it is converted into a binary variable, creating only two classes. For example,
- Gender would not change (Female/Male)
- Country could be turned into "India/Other".
- noncereal yield was discretized into "Above/below 4.7".
** After a predictor is dragged, the next predictor is actually dragged only into one of the two splits of the first predictor. In our example, after dragging noncereal yield (Above/Below 4.7), the predictor oxen owned (Above/Below 1.5) only applies to noncereal yield Below 4.7.
*** We also note that a tree can "drag" a predictor more than once into the Row Labels fields. For example, TLU/capita appears twice in the tree, so theoretically in the pivot table we'd drag TLU/capita after oxen owned and again after crop diversity.
So where is the "intelligence" of a tree over an elaborate pivot table? First, it automatically determines which predictor is the best one to use at each stage. Second, it automatically determines the value on which to split. Third, it knows when to stop, to avoid over-fitting the data. In a pivot table, the user would have to determine which predictors to include, their order, and what are the critical values to split on. And finally, this complex process going on behind the scenes is easily interpretable by a tree chart.


text:
Karachi: This International Children's Day, Peek Freans Gluco has launched a new rhyme, 'Qadam Barhaein Hum' in their popular series in the children's edutainment category, called Gluco Kahani. This rhyme comes as a gift to Gluco Kahani's young fans through which they can learn social, moral, and ethical values in their national language Urdu.
Gluco Kahani is a platform launched under the umbrella of Peek Freans Gluco in partnership with Bilal Maqsood and Talisman Animation featuring rhymes in our local language with the agenda to give purposeful content to our future generation. Together with Bilal's soulful voice, these rhymes directed by Umer Adil, provide quality content with invaluable life lessons for children.
Treatment of Women's Cancers Prioritized through Roche and Greenstar Collaboration
Our latest rhyme relays a meaningful and heart touching message in the context of the difficult times Pakistan is experiencing – that of catastrophic floods faced by millions of Pakistanis. 'Qadam Barhaein Hum' is a metaphoric depiction of the nation coming together to help their communities. It is the story of a bird, whose nest and fledglings are caught in a heavy storm, but the brave animals of the jungle work together to rescue them successfully.
The heart-touching concept teaches our children the importance of empathy, kindness, and the power of coming together in the face of adversity. This new addition to Gluco Kahani's platform holds a special place in the series because of the message it carries. It resonates with the humanitarian efforts of Pakistanis, from all walks of life, coming forward in times of need.
The rhyme 'Qadam Barhaein Hum' builds on the eight, previously released rhymes as a medium for parents to help teach their children important life lessons. It also adheres to the vision of Peek Freans Gluco to nourish the lives of future generations with good quality animated urdu-content that children can resonate with, given its messaging.
"Children observe and absorb emotions and messages from their environment. And recently they have witnessed the incredible distress faced by the people of Pakistan. This rhyme, in the simplest of ways, acts as a reminder to us all to show compassion for others when tragedy strikes and teaches the values of empathy, kindness, and community to our children. This project continues Peek Freans Gluco's commitment to help nourish future generations wholistically" said GM Marketing, Aaminah Saeed of EBM.
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- Lahore Qalandars won the final of HBL PSL 2023 by 1 run over Multan Sultan


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I am using Emgucv and i would like to know if it possible to remove the background from a _capture.QueryFrame and to be able to focus on the nearest object on my camera? Thanks in advance.
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Yes this is quite possible take a look at the "MotionDetection" example provided with EMGU this should get you started.
Effectively the code that removes the foreground is effectively named "_forgroundDetector" it is the "_motionHistory" that presents stores what movement has occurred.
The example has everything you need if you have trouble running it let me know,
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text:
Data Interchange on 90 mm Optical Disk
Cartridges - HS-1 Format - Capacity: 650 Megabytes per Cartridge
This Ecma Standard specifies the characteristics of 90 mm Optical Disk Cartridges (ODC) with a capacity of 650 Mbytes per Cartridge. The Standard specifies three related, but different implementations of such cartridges, viz.
Provides for data to be written and read many times over the recording surface of the disk using the thermo-magnetic and magneto-optical effects.
Provides for a part of the recording surface of the disk to be embossed by stamping or other means. This part of the disk is read without recourse to the magneto-optical effect. The part which is not embossed provides for data to meet the requirements of Type R/W.
Provides for the recording surface of the disk to be embossed and reproduced by stamping or other means. This type of disk is read without recourse to the magneto-optical effect.
Type R/W, Type P-ROM and Type O-ROM are also referred to as "fully rewritable", "partially embossed" and "fully embossed", respectively.
This Ecma Standard specifies:
- the conditions for conformance testing and the Reference Drive;
- the environments in which the cartridges are to be operated and stored;
- the mechanical and physical characteristics of the cartridge, so as to provide mechanical interchangeability between data processing systems;
- the format of the information on the disk, called HS-1 (HS stands for "Hyper-Storage"), including the physical disposition of the tracks and sectors, the error correction codes, and the recording method used;
- the characteristics of the embossed information on the disk;
- the magneto-optical characteristics of the disk, enabling processing systems to write data onto the disk;
- the minimum quality of user-written data on the disk, enabling data processing systems to read data from the disk.
This Ecma Standard provides for interchange between optical disk drives. Together with a standard for volume and file structure, it provides for full data interchange between data processing systems.
The following file can be freely downloaded:
||2 093 230
||Acrobat (r) PDF file
This Ecma publication is also approved as ISO/IEC 15498.


Disqualifying Offenses
The District shall obtain criminal history record information on final candidates for employment. All District positions have the potential for contact with students. The District shall disqualify from employment a person whose criminal history indicates that the person poses a threat to students or employees. Consistent with business necessity, the District shall also disqualify from employment a person whose criminal history is otherwise inconsistent with the job duties of the position for which the person is being considered.
Individualized Assessment
The District shall perform an individualized assessment of criminal history record information when determining a person's eligibility for employment in a specific position. The District shall take into account a variety of factors, including the following:
The nature of the offense;
The age of the person when the crime was committed;
The date of the offense and how much time has elapsed;
The adjudication of the offense (e.g., whether the person was found guilty by a trier of fact, pled guilty, entered a no contest plea, or received deferred adjudication);
The nature and responsibilities of the job sought;
The accuracy of the person's disclosure of his or her criminal history during the selection process;
The effect of the conduct on the overall educational environment; and
Any further information provided by the person concerning his or her criminal history record.
The fact of an arrest alone does not establish that criminal conduct has occurred, and the District shall not disqualify a person based solely on an arrest. The District may make an employment decision based on the conduct underlying the arrest if the conduct makes the person unfit for the position in question.
SBEC Notification
If a candidate for a position has a reported criminal history, and the candidate is certified by the State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC), the District shall report the criminal history to SBEC.
Credit History
The District shall obtain credit history information on a candidate for employment only when the credit history is related to the position for which the person is being considered. The District shall comply with the Fair Credit Reporting Act before obtaining a job-related credit history. [See DBAA(LEGAL)]
Rice ISD-Navarro County
DATE ISSUED: 5/20/2013


text:
What are the 50 State Animals?
In 1782, the United States' founders selected the American Bald Eagle as the official symbol for the infant nation. The majestic, soaring bird and its life in the vast frontier inspired the country.
About 150 years later, individual states began choosing their own animal symbols for local representation and regional pride. Each state in the union has at least an official bird symbol. Many states have also selected a variety of other species within the animal kingdom as representatives. The animals reflect their local habitats, regional economic strengths and historical significances.
In 2008, Andrew Woodward embarked on the painting project, 'Fifty State Animals.' A piece dedicated to Americana, fifty 8 x 8" panels hang in a grid displaying fifty state animal symbols. Woodward begins each painting with an abstract, patterned backgrounds. He then selects the animals that fit best for each composition. "What is Fifty State Animals," at Made in Fort Point, explains the animals' history for the viewers with prints and is highlighted by an installation of the series.
You can find Andrews work at Made in Fort Point
"What Are The Fifty State Animals?"
Opening Reception Thursday March 10th, 5-7pm
Made in Fort Point
12 Farnsworth Street


text:
It turns out that whales are preying on fish using stealth action and rush attack
Humpback whales prey on large amounts of fish every day, but humpback whales swim only fast enough for humans to jog, and far less than fast fish can escape. It turns out that such humpback whales are able to swallow a school of small fish with a clever predation technique that strikes the emptiness of the fish.
Predator-informed looming stimulus experiments reveal how large filter feeding whales capture highly maneuverable forage fish | PNAS
Study finds whales use stealth to feed on fish
A research group by Stanford University biologist David Cade et al. Has a camera on humpback whales living off Monterey Bay and off southern California to investigate why humpback whales that swim so fast can prey on quick small fish. And examined how humpback whales prey on food.
Using data such as the reaction speed of the small fish obtained from the survey and the number of small fish that escaped from the rush, we modeled how the small fish responded to the approach of the predator, and the humpback whale We simulated what was going on when predating on a PC. As a result, it was confirmed that the anchovy did not evade until the moment when the humpback whale opened. This means that when an anchovy notices the presence of a predator, it is just before entering the humpback whale's mouth.
In a further simulation, Kade and colleagues found that the anchovy uses the apparent magnification of the approaching object as a criterion when visually detecting the approach of a predator. 'We have been under threat from predators for at least 100 million years, and small fish have evolved to be able to quickly detect the approach of predators,' said Caid. It is now possible to respond to the approach of relatively small predators, but it is not able to respond to the predatory behavior of humpback whales that open up immediately before predation and seem to suddenly become huge ''.
by David Mark
Kade estimates that it was about 5 million years ago that humpback whales sneaked into the school of fish and opened their mouths before rushing to open their lungs. This means that humpback whales can now prey on 30-60% of the school of fish with a single rush foraging.
Past studies have shown that whales have grown rapidly since 4.5 million years ago, and may have something to do with having acquired rushing foraging.
Whales have grown very rapidly recently, and why? -GIGAZINE
They also found that hunting for humpback whales is a very efficient method of hunting. Rush foraging, which increases its speed after opening its mouth, requires a very large amount of energy because of the resistance of water. On the other hand, krill, one of the humpback whale feeds, is a small plankton that can be easily predated without rushing foraging. However, when Cade and his colleagues compared the energy consumed per predation to the energy gained from predation, it was seven times more energy efficient to eat small fish by rush-feeding than to feed on krill. It was.


text:
Volvo I-Shift Synthetic Transmission Fluid to Maximize the Potential Fuel Economy Benefits
A completely synthetic SAE 75W-80 transmission oil is designed specifically for Volvo I-Shift automated manual gearboxes. I-Shift transmission oil is certified for drain intervals up to 500,000 miles depending on the vehicle and application. All Volvo-powered trucks designed for the North American market now come standard with Volvo I-Shift gearboxes.
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Let's have a look at some of the features of Volvo I-Shift Transmission Fluid:
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When I cook things, such as scallop and salmon, I found that the food may be more tender if I wait till the water boils (at 100 C) and immediately turn the fire lower so that the water is not bubbling in the cook pot and maintain the fire at this level. But I noticed that at this point, there is more steam coming out of the water surface and the steam is far more visible than before.
I think I even test to see if there are in fact more steam by putting the my palm about 12 inches above the cook pot, and verified that in fact, when the fire is at high, there is less steam, but at low, there is more steam. Is there a physics principle that can explain this?
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3 Answers 3
I must admit that I have never noticed this, and indeed it runs somewhat contrary to what I would expect.
It's a suggestion rather than an answer, but when the heat is high there will be a strong updraught of hot air so is it possible that the steam is being carried away from the pan before it has a chance to condense to water droplets? Indeed if the air flow is fast enough the steam might never condense because it would be diluted into the surrounding air before droplet nucleation happened.
By contrast at very low heat the air flow around the pan is slow so the water vapour has plenty of time to condense and form visible droplets.
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I tried the experiment with a pot and 5mm of water and with a pan and 5mm of water. When it is just water steam at boiling is proportional to the fire as more bubbles form at the bottom of the pan and turn to steam.
So it must be the combined effect of food and water.
I suspect:
The surface of the scallops or salmon, if the heat is high, dries up fast and no longer evaporates, while it obstructs/absorbs the steam coming from the bottom where food touches it. In other words the food is seared immediately and less evaporative surface is exposed to air when heat is high.
When heat is low the fish does not dry up and gives off steam too, plus the fractal effect of the increased surface area, since no food is flat, must contribute to more steam at low fire.
A third effect might come from the bubble formation in the exposed surface of the liquid, since it will no longer be pure water. It might be that bubbles can be bigger and gather more steam before they burst, in the exposed to air part of the liquid, while for high heat they have too much energy and burst before accumulating steam. Again a food effect.
I will verify this supposition next time I braise salmon with teriyaki sauce.
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Once an experimental physicist, always an experimental physicist – twistor59 Dec 31 '12 at 7:54
_USER_ right :). You have to start young. – anna v Dec 31 '12 at 7:54
+1 :-) I'm currently staying at my mother's house and she disapproves of me using her kitchenware for Physics experiments. In any case, my mother tells me you should always put a lid on the pan when simmering! – John Rennie Dec 31 '12 at 8:05
by the way, I suspect that even just water will have the same effect, as I remember just boiling some water in the cook pot and turn down the fire to lower level and keep it there, and steam came out a lot more than if fire was at high level – 太極者無極而生 Jan 3 '13 at 14:49
We know that we see steam visually observe steam when water vapor condenses into water. Otherwise water vapor is transparent.My suspicion is that in the case when the fire is lower then the bubbling threshold, water vapour condenses into stream more easily. – Prathyush Jan 28 '13 at 6:08
I have been boiling water in our house for humidity at times during the cold weather. I noticed this phenomenon, but never with any food involved. I suspect it has more to do with the rapidity of which the matter is getting excited gives it less time to make the physical change. When the application of heat/energy is decreased, the fervent movement of the matter involved slows and the process of transformation is easier...the principle of dispersion lends to the water then spreading its energy to the surrounding environment in an accelerated manner vs the matter in question dealing with taking on the energy.
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protected by Qmechanic Jan 28 '13 at 5:28
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Category Archives: New Books
Anotacia Mikulas_MetaphernforschungThe edited volume Metaphor Research in Interdisciplinary and Interdiscursive Perspectives considers the metaphor as a phenomenon that constantly accompanies and forms our orientation in space, communication and thinking. Our reality is generated by and exists in metaphors. This process can be analyzed from various perspectives of the human sciences, depending on which we can find different answers to the question of how reality is constructed through communication. It is therefore meaningful to ask how metaphors (re)construct our thinking and behaving. The authors perceive the metaphor not primarily as a phenomenon of the language system, but rather as a unique interconnection between cognition and communication. This position is supported by the fact that the metaphor has been increasingly studied by using the instruments of cognitive studies and discourse analysis. Taking interdisciplinary approaches, the studies give unique answers to the question of how the metaphor operates in the field between cognition and communication, and to what extent it takes part in what we can call a coherent and cohesive picture of the world.
ROMAN MIKULÁŠ (ed.): Metaphernforschung in interdisziplinären und interdiskursiven Perspektiven. Paderborn: Brill /mentis, 2020. 457 pp. ISBN 978-3-95743-190-5
Postcolonial Europe? Essays on Post-Communist Literatures and Cultures
gafrik-post-europeThe collective monograph Postcolonial Europe? Essays on Post-Communist Literatures and Cultures analyzes post-1989 Central and Eastern Europe through the paradigm of postcoloniality. Based on the assumption that both Western and Soviet imperialism emerged from European modernity, the book is a contribution to the development of a global postcolonial discourse based on a more extensive and nuanced geohistorical comparativism. Together the studies map the rich terrain of contemporary East-Central European creative writing and visual art.


text:
On 27 March 1933 The Change of Name Act was proclaimed in Saskatchewan. This was the first legislation in the province to formalize the process of legally changing one's name. It allowed for anyone over the age of twenty-one years to apply for a change of name. However, certain restrictions applied. No married woman could, during the lifetime of her husband, change her surname as acquired from him; and no married man could apply to change his surname or the given names of his wife, or of their unmarried children under the age of twenty-one, without the wife's consent.
Formal application for a change of name under the 1933 legislation was to be made to the Provincial Secretary. The application was to state the full name of the applicant, the place of residence, and where necessary the full name of his wife as well as full names and ages of minor children, along with the proposed change of name(s). A notice of this application was then published in The Saskatchewan Gazette and a newspaper circulating in the district where the applicant resided. Once the name change had been approved, the Certificate of Change of Name was also published in The Gazette and the local newspaper. It should be noted, though, that the Certificate did not give the ages of minor children as the published notice of application did.
By an amendment to the Act in 1941, people who had lawfully changed their names in jurisdictions outside of Saskatchewan could apply to the Provincial Secretary for Saskatchewan to have that change registered here. That notice would then be published in The Saskatchewan Gazette. The Act was again changed in 1947 so that applications were thereafter to be made to the Director of Vital Statistics. The 1947 amendment stipulated that a married or widowed person over the age of eighteen years could now change his/her name as well. Also, the written consent of a child of fourteen years of age or older was required to change his/her name. As of June that year the Certificate of Change of Name was no longer published in The Gazette, so there is no way of knowing from that source whether or not the application was successful after that date.
The Saskatchewan Gazette is therefore an important, comprehensive source of information regarding all formal applications for changes of name in the province from 1933. However, it had also been used on an intermittent basis to give notice of changes of name as far back as 1917.
The index following this introduction appears in two alphabetical series: one by the original name and another by the new name, as they appeared in The Saskatchewan Gazette. This index will, we feel, be a useful genealogical tool for those who have lost contact with relatives moving into the province, where the name changed subsequent to the move, and for those who, not realizing there has been a change of name, are trying to trace the origins of their families. Researchers using the index are encouraged to consult the original entries in The Gazette in either office of the Saskatchewan Archives Board, since there is often additional information in the published notices, such as ages of minor children and street addresses for instance, that could not be included in the index. It should also be noted that notices of application for change of name continue to be published in The Gazette to the present day, even though this index (rather arbitrarily) stops at the end of 1950.
The Saskatchewan Genealogical Society in publishing this index wishes to acknowledge with thanks the assistance of D'Arcy Hande and the Saskatchewan Archives Board, Debbie Moyer of the Saskatoon Branch (SGS) and Rae Chamberlain of the Biggar Branch (SGS).
Copyright (c) 1993
Saskatchewan Genealogical Society Inc.
PO Box 1894
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3E1
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher.
Printed in Canada.


text:
Mac's and serial TTY's (Using usb to serial adapter with MAC)
It's not actually necessary to download an install extra software, as you can use the Mac OS X built in Terminal and screen. Screen lacks some features, but it does include VT100/ANSI terminal emulation, and can be extremely useful.
- Open an OS X terminal session (window)
- Find the right TTY device. Type:
With the USB-Serial adapter plugged in, you'll get a list, including something like this:
$ ls /dev/cu.* /dev/cu.Bluetooth-Modem /dev/cu.iPhone-WirelessiAP /dev/cu.Bluetooth-PDA-Sync /dev/cu.usbserial
- Then type:
screen /dev/cu.usbserial 9600(in this example).
- The 9600 at the end is the baud rate. You can use any standard rate,
- eg, 9600, or 19200 for a Sig Server!
- To quit the screen app, type CTRL-A, then CTRL-.
man screen in Terminal for further information on screen. (use 'enter' or 'space' to scroll, and 'q' to quit).


There Is Sometimes, 1/16/2016
By Jonathan Berman
There Is Sometimes
There is a path called your life.
Sometimes there is a butterfly.
Sometimes the butterfly is a sign.
Sometimes there is light.
Sometimes the light is hope.
Sometimes the path is strewn with pretty pebbles.
Sometimes the pebbles are not pebbles.
Sometimes silence is not so quiet.
Sometimes silence is a river.
Sometimes the water is music.
Sometimes the music is voices.
Sometimes those voices are your past choices.
Sometimes the choices bring pain.
There is a path called pain.
There is a sign post called a butterfly...


text:
KWIKSCAN BIBLE BENEFITS
- The KWIKSCAN BIBLE provides background information such as authorship, date, theme and an outline of each book of the Bible.
- The KWIKSCAN BIBLE bolds the significant words of each verse for efficient reading.
- University of Central Florida research shows that:
1. READING TIME IS REDUCED 65%!!
2. RETENTION IS INCREASED 34.8%!!
3. IN JUST A FEW MINUTES PER DAY, YOU CAN READ THE ENTIRE BIBLE EACH YEAR.
- The KWIKSCAN BIBLE is offered as a Victory Christian Center 25th Anniversary Special Edition with 18 pages of Victory's history and future plans, complete with a significant photographic montage.


text:
IN the 1960s 11 holes were blown into one of the country's largest seagrass meadows.
It was at Hole in the Wall in Booderee National Park, when seismic testing was used to check ground stability for a proposed nuclear testing facility.
Nearly 50 years later, the holes are clearly visible on Google Earth and aren't expected to grow back for another 100 years.
This week marine ecologist Dr Peter Macreadie will be taking sediment cores from the damaged areas and measuring the carbon loss from the area.
The Chancellor's Post Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of Technology Sydney, Dr Macreadie specialises in seagrass and its ability to store carbon.
Dr Macreadie will be joined by a team of technicians, a PHD student and a research assistant who together will be drilling into the seabed to take core samples.
Working from a large punt out of Murray's Beach boat ramp the team will use a hydraulic pile driving system to hammer the seven metre aluminium sample tubes into the seabed.
Samples are then stored and returned to his laboratory for testing.
"Seagrass can store carbon for thousands of years. It's 35 times more powerful than tropical rainforest and it's an important natural way of slowing down climate change," said Dr Macreadie.
However, seagrass is not included in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and Dr Macreadie would like to see this changed.
He expected an analysis of sediment from the Hole in the Wall cores to show a massive carbon loss and he hoped to use this data to have seagrass included in the inventory.
The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory measures greenhouse gas emissions produced by agriculture and industry, but failing to take into account the effect of seagrass loss is a huge error according to Dr Macreadie.
"People don't realise the significance of seagrass – Australia's lost 50 per cent since records began. If carbon is $23 per tonne, that's $45 billion dollars."


Troubleshoot Narrator problems
Here are solutions to some common problems with Narrator.
Note that Narrator is not available in all languages.
 - Narrator doesn't read what I expect it to read.
 Narrator provides basic screen reading capabilities that allow you to use Windows when you don't have a more full-featured screen reader. Narrator is not designed to read content in all programs. For more information about screen readers and other assistive technologies, go to the Microsoft Accessibility website.
 - Narrator does not pronounce some words correctly.
 Because some words are difficult for the software to convert to speech, Narrator might occasionally read the wrong words.
 - Narrator does not read notifications or the contents of some folders.
 Narrator cannot read notifications because they cannot be selected. For the same reason, it cannot read the contents of some folders.
 - I can't hear any text read aloud.
 There are three things you can try:
 - Make sure that your speakers are connected properly. If you're not sure how to do this, check the information that came with your speakers.
 - Make sure that the speaker volume is turned up sufficiently and your speakers aren't muted.
 - Make sure that your sound card is properly installed and the drivers are updated.
 To check for a sound card
 1. Open Audio Devices and Sound Themes by clicking the Start button Picture of the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking Hardware and Sound, and then clicking Sound.
 2. Your sound card is listed on the Playback tab.
 If you don't have a sound card installed, you'll have to get one for Narrator to work.
 To determine if the sound card is working
 1. Open Device Manager by clicking the Start button Picture of the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking System and Maintenance, and then clicking Device Manager. Administrator permission required If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
 2. If the sound card has a yellow question mark next to it, the sound card might not be working. Try reinstalling the sound card driver. For more information, see Update a driver for hardware that isn't working properly.
 3. If the sound card appears twice in the list, you might have a ghost device. If so, delete the list entry with the question mark.
 - Narrator does not read some Help topics.
 Narrator cannot read the text that appears below collapsed headings in Help topics. To read the text of Help topics with collapsed headings, tab to the Show all link at the top of the topic and press ENTER to expand all the topics. Then press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR to have Narrator read the window again.
 - The INSERT key doesn't work as expected when Narrator is running.
 The INSERT key is used for Narrator commands, so when you press INSERT while Narrator is running, you won't be able to insert characters. To use the INSERT key to insert characters while Narrator is running, press INSERT+I and then the characters you want to add.


directs UNIX standard output and error to the LAM daemon on all remote nodes. LAM ships all captured output/error to the node that invoked mpirun and prints it on the standard output/error of mpirun. Local processes inherit the standard output/error of mpirun and transfer
 to it directly.
 Thus it is possible to redirect standard I/O for LAM applications by
 using the typical shell redirection procedure on mpirun.
 % mpirun C my_app < my_input > my_output
 Note that in this example only the local node (i.e., the node where
 mpirun was invoked from) will receive the stream from my_input on
 stdin. The stdin on all the other nodes will be tied to /dev/null.
 However, the stdout from all nodes will be collected into the my_output
 The -f option avoids all the setup required to support standard I/O described above. Remote processes are completely directed to /dev/null
 and local processes inherit file descriptors from lamboot(1).
 Pseudo-tty support
 The -pty option enabled pseudo-tty support for process output (it is
 also enabled by default). This allows, among other things, for line
 buffered output from remote nodes (which is probably what you want).
 This option can be disabled with the -npty switch.
 Process Termination / Signal Handling
 During the run of an MPI application, if any rank dies abnormally (either exiting before invoking MPI_FINALIZE, or dying as the result of a
 the MPI application.
 By default, LAM/MPI only installs a signal handler for one signal in
 user programs (SIGUSR2 by default, but this can be overridden when LAM
 is configured and built). Therefore, it is safe for users to install
 their own signal handlers in LAM/MPI programs (LAM notices death-bysignal cases by examining the process' return status provided by the
 operating system).
 User signal handlers should probably avoid trying to cleanup MPI state
 -- LAM is neither thread-safe nor async-signal-safe. For example, if a
 seg fault occurs in MPI_SEND (perhaps because a bad buffer was passed
 in) and a user signal handler is invoked, if this user handler attempts
 to invoke MPI_FINALIZE, Bad Things could happen since LAM/MPI was already "in" MPI when the error occurred. Since mpirun will notice that
 the process died due to a signal, it is probably not necessary (and
 safest) for the user to only clean up non-MPI state.
 If the -sigs option is used with mpirun, LAM/MPI will install several
 signal handlers to locally on each rank to catch signals, print out error messages, and kill the rest of the MPI application. This is somewhat redundant behavior since this is now all handled by mpirun, but it
 has been left for backwards compatability.
 Process Exit Statuses
 The -sa, -sf, and -p parameters can be used to display the exist statuses of the individual MPI processes as they terminate. -sa forces
 the exit statuses to be displayed for all processes; -sf only displays
 the exist statuses if at least one process terminates either by a signal or a non-zero exit status (note that exiting before invoking
 MPI_FINALIZE will cause a non-zero exit status).
 The status of each process is printed out, one per line, in the following format:
 prefix_string node pid killed status
 If killed is 1, then status is the signal number. If killed is 0, then
 status is the exit status of the process.
 The default prefix_string is "mpirun:", but the -p option can be used
 override this string.
 Current Working Directory
 The default behavior of mpirun has changed with respect to the directory that processes will be started in.
 The -wd option to mpirun allows the user to change to an arbitrary directory before their program is invoked. It can also be used in application schema files to specify working directories on specific nodes
 and/or for specific applications.
 If the -wd option appears both in a schema file and on the command
 line, the schema file directory will override the command line value.
 The -D option will change the current working directory to the directory where the executable resides. It cannot be used in application
 schema files. -wd is mutually exclusive with -D.
 If neither -wd nor -D are specified, the local node will send the directory name where mpirun was invoked from to each of the remote nodes.
 The remote nodes will then try to change to that directory. If they
 fail (e.g., if the directory does not exists on that node), they will
 start with from the user's home directory.
 All directory changing occurs before the user's program is invoked; it
 does not wait until MPI_INIT is called.
 Process Environment
 Processes in the MPI application inherit their environment from the LAM
 daemon upon the node on which they are running. The environment of a
 LAM daemon is fixed upon booting of the LAM with lamboot(1) and is typically inherited from the user's shell. On the origin node, this will
 be the shell from which lamboot(1) was invoked; on remote nodes, the
 exact environment is determined by the boot SSI module used by lamboot(1). The rsh boot module, for example, uses either rsh/ssh to
 launch the LAM daemon on remote nodes, and typically executes one or
 more of the user's shell-setup files before launching the LAM daemon.
 When running dynamically linked applications which require the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable to be set, care must be taken to ensure
 that it is correctly set when booting the LAM.
 Exported Environment Variables
 All environment variables that are named in the form LAM_MPI_*,
 LAM_IMPI_*, or IMPI_* will automatically be exported to new processes
 on the local and remote nodes. This exporting may be inhibited with
 the -nx option.
 Additionally, the -x option to mpirun can be used to export specific
 environment variables to the new processes. While the syntax of the -x
 option allows the definition of new variables, note that the parser for
 this option is currently not very sophisticated - it does not even understand quoted values. Users are advised to set variables in the environment and use -x to export them; not to define them.
 Trace Generation
 Two switches control trace generation from processes running under LAM
 and both must be in the on position for traces to actually be generated. The first switch is controlled by mpirun and the second switch is
 initially set by mpirun but can be toggled at runtime with
 MPIL_Trace_on(2) and MPIL_Trace_off(2). The -t (-ton is equivalent)
 and -toff options all turn on the first switch. Otherwise the first
 switch is off and calls to MPIL_Trace_on(2) in the application program
 are ineffective. The -t option also turns on the second switch. The
 -toff option turns off the second switch. See MPIL_Trace_on(2) and
 lamtrace(1) for more details.
 MPI Data Conversion
 LAM's MPI library converts MPI messages from local representation to
 LAM representation upon sending them and then back to local representation upon receiving them. If the case of a LAM consisting of a homogeneous network of machines where the local representation differs from
 the LAM representation this can result in unnecessary conversions.
 The -O switch used to be necessary to indicate to LAM whether the
 mulitcomputer was homogeneous or not. LAM now automatically determines
 whether a given MPI job is homogeneous or not. The -O flag will
 silently be accepted for backwards compatability, but it is ignored.
 S