text:
MacKenzie, Ian A., Ohndorf, Markus and Palmer, Charles (2010) Enforcement-proof contracts with moral hazard in precaution: ensuring 'permanence' in carbon sequestration. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 27. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK.
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Opportunistic behaviour due to incomplete contract enforcement is a risk in many economic transactions such as forest carbon sequestration contracts. In this paper, an enforcement-proof incentive contract is developed in which a buyer demands a guaranteed delivery of a good or service given a productive upfront payment, moral hazard in precaution, and the potential for opportunistic contract breach. The optimal design of forest carbon contracts to ensure permanence is derived. Buyer liability for loss of a carbon sink is shown to yield an inefficiently low level of sequestration. Yet it remains higher than the case where liability is neither allocated to the buyer nor the seller. Indexing contract prices to the seller's opportunity costs potentially boosts the upfront investment as does shifting liability to the seller but not beyond first-best levels. Assigning liability is shown to have implications for forest carbon contracts in an international climate policy regime.
|Item Type:||Monograph (Working Paper)|
|Additional Information:||© 2010 The Authors|
|Library of Congress subject classification:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences
H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions
|Journal of Economic Literature Classification System:||K - Law and Economics > K1 - Basic Areas of Law > K12 - Contract Law
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics > Q1 - Agriculture > Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
|Sets:||Departments > Geography and Environment
Research centres and groups > Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
Collections > Economists Online
|Date Deposited:||16 Dec 2010 10:36|
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|Record administration - authorised staff only|


The Stuff of Life
Life in the middle is a phrase that theologians use to depict the ordinary and common needs of modern people. It's the area between mundane practical matters and the esoteric philosophical considerations. While there are those who want to debate cerebral questions of human existence, most people don't have the time, energy or interest in these topics. These people are trying to navigate their way through a life that is driven by busyness and impacted by cost of living and intrusive technology.
Karl Faase's new book The Stuff of Life deals with the issues we all face every day. It covers the challenges and questions of life in the middle; loss, love, forgiveness, relationships, money, and it asks the question: can Christianity speak to the middle issues of life?
SKU: SOL-BK Category:


text:
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
DRAG Cost is the amount of money by which expected project profit is reduced due to the delay of performing a critical path activity, or other critical path delay factor such as a schedule lag or scheduling constraint. DRAG Cost is the sum of two factors:
- A reduction in a project's expected monetary value due to acceleration premium or delay cost caused by the DRAG of a critical path activity or delay.
- An increase in a project's cost due to the project's indirect costs being extended due to a DRAG amount.
DRAG Cost computation is a useful technique for justifying additional project resources. For example, if an activity's DRAG Cost is $50,000 (based on ten days at $5,000 each), but duration compression could reduce the DRAG to five days through the addition of a resource costing a total of $10,000, the additional resource expense would be more than justified.
Just as DRAG is only found on critical path activities and delays, the same is true of DRAG Cost. DRAG Cost is a key component in computing an activity's "true cost of work".

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Search Answer: What's the Connection Between These Two Places?S
The short answer is that the building on the left is the Vedanta building (the "Old Temple") on Webster Street in San Francisco. It's owned by the Vedanta Hindu organization, which also owns an ashram site in the San Antonio Valley very near Lick Observatory (that building on the right).
Let me tell you why I asked this question…
But the general idea here is that there are often connections between things-in this case, between two buildings—and a sophisticated searcher often wants to figure out what those connections are.
It's a bit like being an investigative reporter running down a story. They've got multiple people, places and things they're trying to link together. How do they find the common elements, the threads and links that tie everything together into a story?
In this case, you knew there was a connection because I told you there was. The question for you is to figure out what that connection was. Here's what I did to find the connection… First, using your favorite image editing tool, take my composed picture and break it into two parts—the left and the right side. Then…
1. Use Search-by-Image to find that the picture on the left is the Vedanta building on Webster Street in San Francisco. That's not hard. I poked around a little bit to read the history of the place, learning that it was built in 1904 by Swami Vivekananda, who founded the Vedanta society in California in 1900. This place (now called the "Old Temple") on Webster Street was purchased for $1,800 at a time when the neighborhood was still marked by empty sandlots, market gardens, and nursery operations. Because it was on the western edge of the growing city, it was spared in the massive firestorm following the 1906 earthquake that destroyed much of the rest of the city.
But now, what possible connections are there between the two?
[ Vedanta San Francisco Mount Hamilton ]
[ Vedanta Lick Observatory ]
And quickly found that they built an Ashram (also spelled "Ashrama") out in the San Antonio Valley, "Shanti Ashram," just below Mt. Hamilton.
[ shanti ashram ]
and found that the Santa Clara Valley Water district rain gauge recorder has a web page with a rain gauge at the Ashram! That page gave me the lat/long: 37.310, -121.470
On Google Maps, I just dropped that lat/long in and then did a search for Mount Hamilton. Plugging in the lat/long drops a green arrow in the map, while searching for the observatory shows up as a Google Map red drop pin. In addition, you'll see an purple address balloon for 42210 Upper San Antonio Valley Rd, Mt Hamilton, CA, which is the address of the Ashram. You can zoom in a bit and actually find their "Meditation Shack," which still stands (and is apparently the only permanent structure on the site).
[ Vedanta Lick Observatory ]
in Google Books leads to all kinds of discoveries, including a book called "Vedanta in the West: The Ramakrishan Movement in the UnitedStates" which points out (on pg. 58) that the swami assigned a student the "specific task of synchronizing all of the clocks [ in the Webster Street building ]with the Lick Observatory."
And, since it's really the only road into the San Antonio Valley, people travelling to the Ashram must have certainly travelled past the Lick Observatory.
Search Lesson: When looking for the connection between two places / people / sites, you sometimes need to look for the points of contact between them, exploring the fringes of each concept, looking for the places where they intersect. In this case, combining the two key terms (Vedanta and "Lick Observatory") led pretty quickly to the Ashram, which is the link I was looking for.
Search on!
Search answer: What's the connection between these two places? | SearchReSearch


text:
This shows an example of the Reorganize Objects Wizard in Oracle Enterprise Manager.
The top of the figure shows the following tabs:
My Oracle Support
Targets tab is selected and the page shows the Objects part of the wizard. You can use this wizard as an alternative to calling the DBMS_REDEFINITION package manually.
This pages shows the Objects: Set Attributes page. This includes the Cancel and OK buttons. The following labels and values are shown: Cluster Database: dbm, Logged In As: sys, Object Name: SOE.INVENTORIES, Type: Table.
There are two tabs: General and Storage, with General showing. This includes a radio button to select either: Leave object in current tablespace (selected), or Relocate object to another tablespace with a text entry area and a browse icon.
, After answering a few questions, Oracle Enterprise Manager generates the script and then performs the reorganization.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- The Tsimane tribesmen have a third less baseline testosterone than their more sedentary American counterparts.
- Experts measured salivary testosterone in 88 16- to 59-year-old Tsimane men 15 minutes before a multi-village soccer tournament.
No one would accuse the men of the Tsimane tribe of Bolivia of being anything less than manly, given their hunter-gatherer lifestyle. But new research suggests that Tsimane tribesmen have a third less baseline testosterone than their more sedentary American counterparts.
The study highlights the gap between the popular conception of testosterone as a chemical jolt of masculinity and the actual complexities of the hormone. In fact, having high baseline levels of testosterone can be a handicap for men.
"Maintaining high levels of testosterone compromises the immune system, so it makes sense to keep it low in environments where parasites and pathogens are rampant, as they are where the Tsimane live," study researcher Ben Trumble, an anthropology graduate student at the University of Washington, said in a statement.
Trumble and his colleagues measured salivary testosterone in 88 16- to 59-year-old Tsimane men 15 minutes before a multi-village soccer tournament. After these men played in the tournament, the researchers measured their salivary testosterone again 10 minutes later and then an hour after the game.
They found that compared with age-matched American men and controlling for body size, baseline testosterone levels among the Tsimane are low: 182.9 picograms per milliliter for Tsimane men versus 266.8 picograms per milliliter for U.S. men. Like men the world over, however, the Tsimane soccer players got a testosterone boost from competition. Ten minutes after the game, their salivary testosterone was 30 percent higher than the pre-game measurement. An hour later, it was still 15.5 percent higher than before the game.
Studies of men in industrialized countries suggest they get a similarly sized boost from competition at about 37 percent, the researchers report today (March 27) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
The study highlights the oddity of the industrialized man, study co-author and University of California Santa Barbara anthropologist Michael Gurven said in a statement.
"Our lifestyle now is an anomaly, a major departure from our species' long-term existence as hunter-gatherers," Gurven said.
This lifestyle change could have important health effects, the researchers found. Unlike American men, the Tsimane did not see a decline in baseline testosterone with age. In the U.S., drops in testosterone correlate with the onset of age-related disorders such as heart disease rarely seen in the very active Tsimane, Trumble said.
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
This paper introduces the methodology and the results of the FP7 EvoCS-project (The Evolving Concept of Security: A critical evaluation across four dimensions) so as to give answers to the questions what NATO is needed for what threats; what is a strategic culture and how does it relate to the threats; how strategic cultures of NATO member states are being transformed. The paper provides a brief overview of the EvoCS project and its methodology and a short introduction to the concept of strategic cultures. The section on 'The Public Security Discourse in Four European NATO Countries' presents the results of the first stage of the research process in EvoCS for countries which are relevant in the framework of NATO and the historical trajectory of the security discourse in the United Kingdom, Italy, Poland, and Bulgaria. Also, the results are compared to the results of a comprehensive study on the strategic culture of European countries. At the end of this section is Figure 2, which sums up the main results of the EvoCS project's case studies. The concluding section sums up the discussions, compares them with results on strategic cultures and gives a possible outlook to the questions posed.
How to cite:
Jovanovic, Milos. "Understanding the Public Security Discoursean Attempt by the Evocs Project." In What NATO for What Threats: Warsaw and Beyond, edited by Enrico Fassi, Sonia Lucarelli, and Alessandro Marrone (NATO Allied Command Transformation, Università di Bologna, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2015), pp.22-35.
For the full conference report see _URL_ or _URL_


I am running a 5e campaign where my players own a Keep. On the surrounding property there is a pond, about 25 ft in diameter and 15 ft deep. My player's level 14 Cleric wants to turn the pond into Holy Water, he believes that this will give him unlimited holy water.
In the player's handbook it says"A cleric or paladin may create Holy Water by performing a special ritual. The ritual takes 1 hour to perform, uses 25gp worth of powdered silver, and requires the caster to expend a 1st-level spell slot" and Holy Water comes in flasks which suggests that 25gp is used for 1 pint of water.
How long and how much money will it take him to turn the whole pond Holy? Will the pond dilute, as in the already Holy water loosing potency, if it takes him multiple days? What about dilution due to rain?
If you could figure this out for me I would appreciate it
It is impractical to make the pond Holy using the ritual.
Assuming that the pond is perfectly cylindrical, it has a volume of 7,363 cubic feet. Google claims that such a volume is equal to 440,633 pints. All of the flasks listed on PHB 152-3 contain 1 pint, so if we assume that the ritual makes 1 pint of holy water, it would take as many hours to make all of that water Holy according to the PHB ritual.
A cleric of any level can spend at most 16 hours a day doing the rituals, because they have to spend at least 8 hours a day resting in order to get their spell slots back. At that rate, it would take 75 years and about 11 million gp worth of silver to turn the entire pond into holy water.
Unless I've made a serious math mistake somewhere, this order-of-magnitude calculation shows that it doesn't make sense to turn a large body of water into holy water.
However, the cleric does have the Divine Intervention class feature (PHB 59):
It seems to me that making a pond full of holy water would be within the purview of this feature, though it's ultimately up to you as the DM to decide.
There are no rules for potency.
I could not find any rules that dictate whether or not Holy Water retains its powers if diluted. Therefore, it's probably up to you as the DM to determine this.
What's the point?
Currently, in the rules, holy water doesn't have too much importance; it's a somewhat weak attack against fiends and undead, and it's a component of some spells.
I think that it's likely that your cleric player wants to accomplish something specific with the holy water. You should ask him what he wants to do with all that holy water, and then work with him on how he can accomplish that particular goal, instead of getting hung up on specifics like this. I find that focusing on intents and goals, rather than whether particular methods are impractical or not, tends to have better results at the table.
 - 7
 \$\begingroup\$ It's reasonably possible creating a lake of holy water may well be the end goal in and of itself-- that's sort of a classic mythy thing. \$\endgroup\$ – Please stop being evil Jun 10 '17 at 20:48
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Also this answer assumes that the ritual produces 1 pint of holy water. While the player's possible assumption that the ritual produces as much holy water as you have water for the ritual is ill founded, the idea that the ritual produces a single pint doesn't really have any support either. Basically, the rules say you can make the stuff, but are largely silent on how much you get and how it works. \$\endgroup\$ – Please stop being evil Jun 10 '17 at 21:09
 - 6
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_, I agree that the amount of water produced is not clearly stated. Still, the paragraph describing its creation is in the same section that refers to a "flask," so it's probably closer to a pint than a full pond. Also, I'd argue that it's impractical even if I'm off by an order of magnitude... \$\endgroup\$ – Icyfire Jun 10 '17 at 21:23
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ How big is your flask? \$\endgroup\$ – KorvinStarmast Jun 11 '17 at 1:40
 - 4
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ You don't have to assume. p. 153 of PHB says a flask holds one pint. \$\endgroup\$ – KorvinStarmast Jun 11 '17 at 2:01
Your Answer


text:
The Massif Central
is an elevated region in south-central France
, consiting of mountains
Subject to volcanism that has subsided in the last 10,000 years, these central mountains are separated from the Alps by the north-south trending Rhone River Basin.
The following départements are generaly considered as part of the Massif: Allier, Ardèche, Aveyron, Cantal, Corrèze, Creuse, Haute-Loire, Haute-Vienne, Loire, Lot, Lozère and Puy-de-Dome.
The following régions are part of the Massif: Auvergne, Limousin. Part of the following régions are in the Massif: Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenees, Rhône-Alpes.
The largest cities are Clermont-Ferrand and Saint-Étienne.
Mountains include: Puy-de-Dôme
Plateaus include: Larzac
See also: Geography of France


text:
Scientists discover new mechanisms for relaxing airways using bitter tasting substances
That kale and bitter melon you are eating may someday save your life. An interdisciplinary team of scientists at the University of Massachusetts Medical School have taken a step forward in understanding how the substances that give some foods their bitter flavor also act to reverse the contraction of airway cells, a process known as bronchodilation. This effect may one day be harnessed to provide improved treatments for airway obstructive diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The findings were published on March 5 in the open access journal PLOS Biology.
"I am excited that someday, with more research, there may be a new class of bronchodilators which are able to reverse an asthma attack quicker and with fewer side effects than is currently available to patients," said Ronghua ZhuGe, PhD, associate professor of microbiology and physiological systems and senior author of the study.
The sense of taste is mediated by taste receptor cells bundled in our taste buds. Most humans experience five types of tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and savory. Bitter taste receptors most likely evolved to help alert the body to potentially harmful foods that have spoiled or are toxic. The receptors have long been thought to only exist in certain cells present in the tongue. Over the last few years, however, scientists have come to realize that these receptors are present in many other cells throughout the body. Specifically, bitter taste receptors on smooth muscle cells in the airway act to relax the cells when exposed to bitter-tasting substances.
A hallmark of an asthma attack is excessive contraction of smooth muscle cells, which causes narrowing of the airways and subsequent breathing difficulties. The fact that bitter substances can relax these smooth muscle cells suggests that they may have the potential to halt asthma attacks and in fact could even be an improvement over current treatments since the relaxation effects are quite fast. Indeed, experiments in mice suggest that the effects are stronger.
However, the mechanisms by which bitter taste receptor activation causes a cell to relax were unknown. To help unravel these mechanisms, Dr. ZhuGe and colleagues examined the effect of bitter substances on the contraction of airways and in single isolated cells.
During an asthma attack, channels on the membrane of smooth muscle cells in the airways open. This allows calcium to flow into the cell, causing it to contract. When the cells contract, the airway becomes narrower and makes breathing more difficult. Dr. ZhuGe and colleagues determined that bitter substances act by shutting down these calcium channels, allowing bronchodilation.
Bitter taste receptors, like most receptors, span the plasma membrane of the cell. Part of the receptor is outside the cell, able to bind (and hence "sense") bitter substances outside the cell. When a bitter compound binds to a bitter taste receptor, the receptor releases a G-protein, which then splits into two parts: a G alpha subunit and G beta-gamma dimer. "It is the G beta-gamma dimer that likely acts to close the calcium channels on the plasma membrane," said Kevin Fogarty, director of the biomedical imaging group in the program in molecular medicine at UMMS, and a co-author of the study. "Once the channels are closed, the calcium level returns to normal and the cell relaxs," he said. "This ends the asthma attack."
"With this new understanding of how bitter substances are able to relax airways, we can focus our attention on studying these receptors and on finding even more potent bitter compounds with the potential to be used therapeutically to end asthma attacks," said Dr. ZhuGe.
More information: Zhang C-H, Lifshitz LM, Uy KF, Ikebe M, Fogarty KE, et al. (2013) The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Bitter Tastant-Induced Bronchodilation. PLOS Biol 11(3): e1001501. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio._PHONE_
Journal reference: PLoS Biology
Provided by University of Massachusetts Medical School
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text:
The effect of TMR on dairy cow preference to be indoors or at pasture.
This study investigated whether offering a TMR at pasture affected cow preference to be indoors or outdoors.
Year of Publication2010
Grazing is considered a normal behaviour for dairy cattle, although they may not be able to meet their nutritional requirements from grazing alone, and so require access to a total mixed ration (TMR). This study investigated whether offering a TMR at pasture affected cow preference to be indoors or outdoors. The study took place in the UK from August to November 2009, using 36 Holstein dairy cows. The study had three 26 day experimental periods, with 12 cows studied in each. Within each period a cross over design was used with the cows swapping between a control and a treatment group halfway through the study period. Control cows had access to TMR indoors only, whereas treatment cows had access to TMR indoors and at pasture via Calan gates. As a group, the cows were given the choice of going out to pasture or into a cubicle house following AM and PM milking. They were then free to move between the two until next milking. A video camera was used to record time spent in each location. The cows spent 71.1% of their time at pasture when given the choice. Cows spent less time at pasture as the season progressed but treatment had no effect. The results indicated that cows had a partial preference for pasture, which was not influenced by TMR being provided at pasture, although the cows spent less time at pasture as the season progressed.
This item is categorised as follows
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Animal health & welfare
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Dairy production
This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.


whereas according to Tosafos, it is a stringency that the questioner must observe but it does not become the law. Is there any practical difference between the two positions?
Indeed, there is! According to Tosafos' approach, the first rav's ruling is binding only if he was stringent, but not if he ruled leniently. If the first rav ruled leniently, not only may one ask a second opinion, but also, if the second rav ruled stringently, one is bound to follow the strict opinion. According to the Rosh, the first rav's ruling is binding in either case, since his decision creates the law, and one would not be obligated to follow the second rav's opinion.
The poskim dispute whether we follow the opinion of Tosafos or that of the Rosh. The Rama (Yoreh Deah 242:31) and the Taz rule like the Rosh, whereas the Shach (ibid. 59) and the Gra rule like Tosafos.
Although the Gemara states that someone who asked a shaylah may not ask a different scholar, hoping that he will be lenient, Tosafos (Avodah Zarah 7a) rules that if one feels that the first rav erred, he may ask a second rav. If the first rav's ruling was clearly an error, his decision is overruled. This is because such a basic error is not considered a halachic ruling at all.
What type of error is overruled?
There are three possible reasons why two poskim might disagree:
A. Machlokes beshikul hadaas – a difference of opinion.
The most common case is where two poskim understand the subject differently, resulting in different rulings. This is not an error but a difference in outlook, and the first rav's verdict cannot be overturned.
B. Ta'us beshikul hadaas – an error in judgment
Sometimes the original decision was because the first rav ruled like one side of an earlier dispute; however, accepted practice follows the conflicting view of that dispute. This is considered an error of judgment, ta'us beshikul hadaas, since it was based on judging which opinion to follow. The poskim dispute whether such an error can be overturned (see Rama, Yoreh Deah 242:31; Shach, ad loc., and Choshen Mishpat 25:14:17).
C. Ta'us bidvar mishna – an error in facts
There are instances where the ruling is clearly erroneous. This is when the rav was unaware of information that overturns his ruling, such as where the ruling conflicts with an undisputed statement in earlier poskim or is based on inaccurate factual information (see Mishnah, Bechoros 28b). It also includes cases where the rav subsequently discovered that contemporary halachic authorities rule differently from the way he did, and he would have accepted their position, had he known (see Sanhedrin 33a).
If, indeed, the first rav erred, his ruling is invalid. Because this is so, one may ask a second rav to investigate whether the first rav's ruling is erroneous (Tosafos, Avodah Zarah 7a).
The Rama (Shu"t #28) discusses such a case. While salting a large pile of meat on Pesach, someone discovered a wheat kernel lying on one piece of meat. The question was whether all the pieces of meat are now chometzdik and must be thrown out, or whether only the piece that actually touched the kernel is prohibited. The rav who answered the shaylah ruled leniently, but a different rav disagreed vociferously. The question was submitted to the Rama for arbitration. What is the status of the meat?
In a lengthy discussion, the Rama demonstrates that one cannot prove that the first rav erred. Therefore, the Rama rules that the meat is permitted, since he contends, like the Rosh, that once the first rav ruled leniently, that is the halacha – unless the ruling was an error. According to the opinion of the Shach, who rules like Tosafos, if the second rav's opinion is more likely accurate, all the meat is prohibited. This is because the first rav was lenient; if he had ruled stringently, both the Rosh and Tosafos would agree that the first ruling is binding.
(By the way, the second rav who contended that all the meat was forbidden may not eat it, because of shavya anafshei chaticha de'issura. It is beyond the scope of this article to discuss whether he may eat food cooked in the pots used to cook this meat.)
Thus, we can now answer Reuven's original shaylah. Although he would like to follow the more lenient opinion of the second posek, once he asked the first rav, he is bound by this decision and must give maaser.
We now understand that unless the original rav erred, one cannot follow the opinion of a different rav who disagrees. However, what happens if the rav who originally prohibited the item changes his mind and now feels differently about the issues? Can the rav change his mind from what he originally ruled and change his psak halacha in that case?
Although one might think that this is certainly permitted, if one considers the reasons mentioned above, it is by no means obvious. Once the rav declared the item prohibited, who says that even he can change his ruling? Indeed, many poskim contend that he cannot, unless his first ruling was an error (Shach, Yoreh Deah 242:58), although others rule that he may change his ruling (Ran, Avodah Zarah 7a, Rama, Yoreh Deah ad loc. and Aruch Hashulchan, Yoreh Deah 242:58-60). An authoritative responsum on this subject appears in Shu"t Panim Meiros (#2).
What happens if the shaylah recurs? If someone asked a shaylah from a rav and the rav ruled stringently, and now the questioner has the same shaylah again, is the questioner bound to follow the psak he received previously?
The Rama (Yoreh Deah 242:31) rules that the binding decision of a rav applies only to the shaylah just asked. However, if the same shaylah recurs, one may ask the shaylah to a different rav. Also, if the first rav changed his mind and someone subsequently asks him a similar shaylah, he may and should rule differently, reflecting his current opinion.
I found a very interesting halachic discussion about this very point. In the United States of the 1930s and '40s, kashrus supervision was very chaotic. It was not uncommon for a businessman to own both kosher and non-kosher food operations, and, unfortunately, this led to many scandals when unscrupulous individuals sold non-kosher food as kosher. The Agudas Harabbanim, then the pre-eminent rabbinic organization in North America, issued a ban on the practice of providing a hechsher to a business owned by someone who also owned a non-kosher business.
A new shaylah arose when large conglomerate corporations that owned non-kosher businesses purchased kosher abattoirs or sausage companies. Was the rav who had previously provided the hechsher to the kosher business now required to remove his hechsher, simply because the parent corporation also owned non-kosher businesses, or did the prohibition to give a hechsher apply only to a business whose management or active ownership included non-kosher operations?
The Agudas Harabbanim assembled a beis din to adjudicate the matter. While this beis din was deliberating, someone questioned whether this beis din could debate the subject, contending that the Agudas Harabbanim had previously prohibited this practice in an earlier ruling. Thus, claimed the naysayer, it was a case of chacham she'horah – the issue was already a closed matter and there was no room to reopen the case!
In a teshuvah penned on Tu Bishvat 5694, Rav Yosef Konwitz, who had previously been the rav of Tzfas and at the time wasa rav in New York, argued that this is a different shaylah, and that the earlier ruling had covered only the case at hand then (Shu"t Divrei Yosef #10). Although the reasons behind the previous ruling may indeed be brought to bear on this case, the newly created beis din has every right to rule on the new cases and to rule differently from the earlier case, if the dayanim disagree with the earlier psak.
We have now established the basic rules whether the psak one receives can be overturned. The basic rules are:
I. If the original psak was an error, as defined above, then the psak is not valid.
II. If it was not an error, then, according to most poskim, the original psak is valid and the rav himself cannot change his ruling on that case. Some poskim contend that the original rav may change his opinion on the original case.
III. The original psak does not affect subsequent cases, even if they affect the same person and he asks the same rav.
Most importantly, we learn from our discussion that once one receives a psak prohibiting something, one may not shop for a heter to permit it.
When does Mincha Start?
Question #


Show your class
jQuery is great, no doubt. Using the famous JavaScript library copious adjustments of elements can be done with ease. Especially the manipulation of classes is a snap. While it requires multiple lines to toggle the class of an element with pure JavaScript, jQuery only needs a single one. But sometimes it might be a little bit over the top to utilize a whole library for just a single task. Beneath a bunch of other useful stuff HTML5 can also bear a helping hand here. A relatively new feature called classList API enables to add, remove and toggle classes with just a single line of code.
To add a class named error to an element whose ID is box:
To remove the same class:
To toogle a class called visible write:
Besides that the classList API also provides means to check if a certain class is present:
It checks if the element with the ID box has a class called red applied and returns true or false.
The support within modern browsers is pretty good, with Internet Explorer beeing the only family that can't deal with it so far. Luckily there is a polyfil that adds this functionality to unsupported browsers (unfortunately only starting from IE8).
First we have an element with the already familiar ID box:
This is a simple box
This element has some declarations applied:
_TAG_ {
 width: 200px;
 height: 200px;
 border: 1px solid;
 padding: 10px;
Additionaly there is another rule with the (non-semantic but very descriptive) classname red.
.red {
 background: red;
To add this class to the element a simple link with an onclick event-hadler is used:
Add color
A second link removes the red background:
Add color
If you want to summarize this functionality into one link use toggle:
Toggle color
Like you can see the classList API enables us to easily deal with classes – as long as an ID is present to address the element. If not it's still necessary to rely on jQuery or dig a little deeper into pure JavaScript. The excellent resource html5please.us brought my attention to this very useful API.


text: Among different brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCI has been widely used because of its higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) and greater information transfer rate (ITR). In this paper, a method based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) was proposed for multidimensional SSVEP signal processing. Both fundamental and second harmonics of SSVEPs were employed for the final target recognition. The experimental results proved it has the advantage of reducing recognition time. Also, the relation between the duty-cycle of the stimulus signals and the amplitude of the second harmonics of SSVEPs was discussed via experiments. In order to verify the feasibility of proposed methods, a two-layer spelling system was designed. Different subjects including those who have never used BCIs before used the system fluently in an unshielded environment.


text:
The script can be reduced in code for general usage and without comments it is only a few lines.
The advantages of using a script:
- The output format can be customized.
- It can be written to output the statistic either to a message box, a new file, to output window, or even into the file itself.
- The statistic output can be produced also for the entire file, or only selected text, or for selected text and entire file.
- The word delimiters can be customized and it is possible to filter the word list before counting, for example to ignore strings with a single character like a or I.
Summarized, using a script gives a user with good skills in writing scripts the possibility to customize the statistic output to personal needs. If such a customization is not required or a user has no skills in writing scripts, calling the word count tool is definitely the better solution.


Salmon: Correcting the Record
It wasn't that long ago Dr. Sanjay Gupta told audiences that farmed salmon was "injected" with dye. He later devoted an extraordinary amount of time and research into an expose for 60 Minutes about farmed salmon where he explained that the dyed salmon narrative was simply a myth that needed rebutting:
 - Some people use that as a point to criticize farmed salmon that there are these artificial dyes—"It's not accurate to call these artificial dyes. I think people conjure up this image of the farm salmon being injected with something that causes it to turn that pink color. That's not what's happening here. It's a much more natural occurring process where the farmed salmon eat a type of food that causes a reaction in the body, just like the wild salmon does, and that causes that more pinkish color."
While we take our hats off to Dr. Gupta for correcting the record and doing it in a science-based manner, we also have to say good job to Cooks Illustrated. The venerable cooking magazine made the very same mistake Gupta once did but has done a service to its readers by also correcting the record:
 - In our March-April 2017 issue, we state that farmed salmon is "dyed pale pink by synthetic astaxanthin and carotenoid pigment in [the] feed." To be clear, farmed salmon is not dyed. The pinkish color of the flesh is created by compounds in the feed. A similar process occurs in wild salmon, which get their pink color from eating shrimp and other sea creatures rich in carotenoids.
Getting accurate information out about the food we all eat is important. Misinformation, especially about healthy food like salmon, can actually hurt public health. Whether its chefs or doctors who are helping to set the record straight they should be applauded.


text:
The interior and exterior mirrors with automatic dimming recognize glaringly bright headlight beams behind the car and darken the mirror glass automatically. An electronic control unit varies the darkening effect quickly and continuously according to actual ambient light conditions.
This technology makes use of a transparent, electrically-conductive material that becomes increasingly impervious to light when an electric current is applied to it. A very thin layer of this material is sandwiched between the actual mirror reflector and the outer glass.
The mirror also contains two photoelectric cells. One of these faces forward and determines the ambient light intensity. The second is in the rear-facing surface of the mirror, and reacts when a bright light strikes it from behind the car. If this light is significantly brighter than the ambient light intensity, the photoelectric cell generates the necessary electrical signal, the electrically-conductive layer darkens and the image in the mirror no longer dazzles the driver.


transpose the row and column indices of the matrix are switched. For example, if A(3,2) is 1+2i and B = A. for beginners and professionals. Take below example for transpose of matrix of order 3×3. Now, to transpose any matrix, you have to replace the row elements by the column elements and vice-versa. Transpose of a Matrix in Java. The 2D-array will be dynamic array of size (R*C). So as you can see we have converted rows to columns and vice versa. Transpose matrix in C Program. Let us see an example in C# to achieve transpose of a matrix − Example Program Transpose Matriks Dengan Java. Image Transpose Example elements named canvasInput and canvasOutput have been prepared. Following Java Program ask to the user to enter the 3*3 array element to transpose and display the transpose of the Matrix on the screen: In this tutorial, I'll show you how to transpose a matrix in Java. Sockets provide the communication mechanism between two computers using TCP. Example. Compile Java File: MatrixTransposeExample, Free Online java compiler, Javatpoint provides tutorials and interview questions of all technology like java tutorial, android, java frameworks, javascript, ajax, core java, sql, python, php, c language etc. This program will read a matrix and print its transpose matrix, an example of two dimensional array. /***** * Compilation: javac * Execution: java Transpose n * * Transpose an n-by-n matrix in-place, without creating a second * 2D array. Best Java code snippets using org.lsmp.djep.vectorJep.function.Transpose (Showing top 6 results out of 315) Add the Codota plugin to your IDE and get smart completions; private void myMethod {S c h e d u l e d T h r e a d P o o l E x e c u t o r s = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize) You can change the code in the
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Following on from our last Herdy Decorative Rocks How-to, we have created a spooky halloween painted rocks tutorial to keep you and the la'al 'uns busy over the half term holiday!
Choose from a Ghost, Witch, Pumpkin, Dracula, Frankenstien, or Little Devil… WoooOOOOOoooOOoooOOOoo!
Print out a copy of the free avatar characters template and follow these painting on stones step-by-step instructions.
What you need to make Herdy Halloween painted rocks
 - Scissors;
 - pencil;
 - white, orange, purple, green, white, red, and pink paint (we suggest acrylic paint or vinyl matt tester pots from your local DIY store, as kids paints can blur when applying a top coat of varnish);
 - paint brushes;
 - colouring pens;
 - thin black pen;
 - clear varnish.
How to make Herdy Halloween decorative rocks
1. Paint your pebbles. We chose three of our Herdy "Halloweeny" colours - green, orange and purple. Allow to dry.
2. Print off a copy of the "Herdy Avatar" characters, and cut out a spooky character.
3. Draw the Herdy character shape onto your pebble with a pencil, then paint the shape with the relevant colour paint - allowing to dry between colours so they don't run.
4. When all the paint is dry, draw in the lines and detail with a fine black pen, then give a thin coat of clear varnish to weather proof the pebble once the pen and paint is dry.
5. Write a message of your choosing. If you include "_TAG_", we can reshare the people who find the rocks and post photos of them online with the hashtag! Also feel free to make your own Herdy designs.
6. Send us a photo of your pebble and decide where you fancy hiding it.
How did ewe get on?
Why not try and create your own Herdy Avatar characters? Get in touch to show us! Keep an eye on our social media, too (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest.) Someone may let us know they've found a Herdy pebble.


Police in Brazil Killed Record Amount of People in 2020
An average of 17 people a day, totaling at least 6,416 people, were killed by police in Brazil during the year of 2020. These staggering totals set the highest amount ever recorded since tracking police killings in the country of over 211 million people. The 2020 numbers, compiled by the Brazilian Public Security Forum, are a 190% increase from 2013. Black Brazilians were killed at the highest rate, accounting for 79% of the deaths by police while only representing 56% of the population.
Non-profit Brazilian Public Security Forum released the data in their annual Brazilian Yearbook of Public Security which analyzes information provided by state, public security, civil, military, and federal police, among other sources. Over 11,000 people were killed by police during the five-year period of 2009-2013, averaging around 2,240 killings a year by police.
The vast majority of the families of those killed by police never receive justice and the lack of accountability has led to the Human Rights Watch seeking a dedicated prosecutorial body, not directly connected to the police, to handle cases of police abuse.
Large criminal organizations controlling swaths of heavily populated Brazilian cities are deeply connected to security forces controlled by the military and state and draw their roots from the two decades of Brazilian military dictatorship that ended in 1985. Evidence shows police involvement in criminal factions, militias, and death squads, like those linked to President Jair Bolsonaro's family that killed Marielle Franco in 2018, a human rights advocate and politician. These connections have helped to fuel the rise in police killings and allow for little accountability.
Marielle Franco tribute mural in São Paulo, Brazil – photo via Elias Rovielo/Creative Commons
Related: Echoes of George Floyd in Brazil: Man Kneeled On, Killed by Security Guard
In the state of Rio de Janeiro, well known worldwide for its city with the same name, beautiful beaches and its nightlife, police killed 1,245 people in 2020. Based on the population of the state, one in every 12,851 residents are killed by police. Comparatively, police killed 1,126 people in the U.S. in 2020, which is one in every 291,296 residents. According to research collective Mapping Police Violence, of the 1,126 killed by U.S. police last year, 28% were Black, despite the Black population being only 13% of the total country.
Ultimately, the numbers from Brazil are staggering in comparison to the U.S. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, the police are 2,167 times more likely to kill you in than in the U.S.
Police operation in the communities of Cantagalo-Pavão-Pavãozinho, Rio de Janeiro – photo via Fernando Frazão/Agência Brasil/Creative Commons
The state of Rio de Janeiro also recorded seven of the top ten cities with the highest rates of police violence: Japeri, Itaguaí, Angra dos Reis, São Gonçalo, Queimados, Mesquita and Belford Roxo.
Those killings have continued in 2021, despite the Federal Supreme Court (STF) prohibiting police raids in the favelas (ADFP 635) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In late March 2021, Rio de Janeiro resident, Thainã de Meideiros, told Unicorn Riot that although ordered to stop raids, the police keep "coming up with excuses" to violate the legislative ruling.
Meideiros is part of the Papo Reto Collective, an organization focused on human rights, culture, harm reduction, health, and education in Complexo do Alemão, a large group of favelas in Rio de Janeiro.
Papo Reto was among a coalition of other collectives, including Black movement groups and those ran by mothers and relatives of lost loved ones from the favelas, as the initial groups to conjure up the motions that the STF ruled upon, the ADPF 635, or 'ADPF of the Favelas'. Setting a historical precedent, with ADPF 635 enacted, these collectives are recognized as amici curiae (advisors with the court based on their special expertise).
An ADPF is a Claim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Precept, a lawsuit claiming a violation of the Brazilian constitution by a governmental agency. Citing excessive police violence and new security policies allowing further abuses, the lawsuit was filed by the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) in 2019.
In August 2020, the STF confirmed the claim of non-compliance and ordered the halting of violent police operations. Yet, police operations continued in certain favelas. In April 2021, Supreme Court Justice Edson Fachin ruled in favor of requests in the motions and in June 2021, the STF issued an emergency restraining order on the police.
In short, it is proposed that the State of Rio de Janeiro prepare and submit to the STF, within a maximum period of 90 (ninety) days, a plan aimed at reducing police lethality and controlling human rights violations by the security forces in Rio de Janeiro, which contains objective measures, specific timetables and forecast of the necessary resources for its implementation. In addition, ADPF 635 addresses the following topics: end of the use of helicopters in police operations, protection of schools, guarantee of the right to participation and social control in public security policies, allowing participation and access to justice, expertise, and evidence to civil society and social movements as one of the main tools in resolving investigations into cases of murder and enforced disappearances.
ADPF 635 – Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Enforcing the 'ADPF of the Favelas' has, however, proven difficult after the STF ruling. Civil and military police made what many deem as reprisal killings in several districts to show they don't answer to the courts. Prosecutors have also been overruling Access to Information laws and making police records inaccessible to the public. For a deeper look into ADPF 635, see RioOnWatch's two part installment: 1, 2.
Meideiros lives in Complexo do Alemão, Rio de Janeiro, which has seen its share of military and police occupations and terror. Three months before STF ordered the suspension of police operations, 13 people were killed by police in one operation in Complexo do Alemão.
Just 15 minutes away from Alemão is Jacarezinho, Rio de Janeiro. On May 6, 2021, authorities committed the deadliest massacre in Brazilian history, killing 28 people during a failed police operation targeting drug traffickers in the favela. One officer died during the operation that lasted nearly seven hours with many of the 28 deaths occurring execution style.
The police denied wrongdoing, saying there were no irregularities or excesses of abuse. The operation had the initial objective of arresting 21 people under investigation, and led to the death of 28, not all of whom had arrest warrants. Three were arrested in total. This initially led to many organizations and even governmental agencies coming out in defense of the dead and the residents before falling silent with the fear of possible retaliation looming.
Over time, the "massacre" of Jacarezinho has fallen into national oblivion. Despite the murderous raid being so recent, there are almost no media discussions or local or national conversation about the operation anymore. This can likely be attributed to the fact that many peripheral Brazilians (those living in the favelas and peripheries of inner cities) have become desensitized to this type of violence. Decades of military occupations and urban pacification by armed authorities in Brazil have caused widespread cognitive dissonance and mental trauma.
"In no country in the world would the 28 deaths in one police intervention have been accepted and forgotten. But, we are in Brazil and here everything ends up in samba and/or pizza.
Anonymous Brazilian
Beyond Rio de Janeiro, there were over 5,000 more people killed by police throughout the country last year, including 814 killed in São Paulo. In lower-income territories, police abusing their authority is common and mistrust occurs between them and the community they serve.
Police occupies the Lins de Vasconcelos favela in northern Rio de Janeiro – photo via Gustavo Oliveira/Creative Commons
Due to continuing police killings, many states are taking steps in attempts to reduce the number of deaths. A total of 18 police battalions in the state of São Paulo now have body cameras. This has resulted in a 53% reduction in the amount of police killings in the state and in June 2021 no one was killed by officers outfitted with cameras. Yet, military police not outfitted with cameras killed 22 that month.
Even with the new measures starting to be enacted to quell police terror throughout the country, already 6,160 people in Brazil have been killed as of September 7, 2021; pacing the country for another record-setting year of police killings.
Cover image by Gustavo Oliveira/Creative Commons. Translation of Portuguese to English by Jules Rey.
Unicorn Riot's Coverage From Brazil:
More from Unicorn Riot 🦄


Летние мастер-классы в Исландии
Летние мастер-классы в Исландии
Поймайте в объектив всю красоту исландской природы в свете полуночного солнца и улучшите ваши навыки фотосъемки, присоединившись к этим увлекательным летним фототурам.
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Часто задаваемые вопросы
When is summer in Iceland?
The summer months in Iceland occur between May and August. This is the high season, during which the most people travel to Iceland for landscape photography tours.
What is the Midnight Sun?
 Find out why Iceland is the perfect place for Midnight Sun photography.The Midnight Sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs during the summer months, from around June to July. During this period, there is daylight even at midnight, with the sun being visible for almost 24 hours. Find out why Iceland is the perfect place for Midnight Sun photography.
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What is the weather like for photography during summer in Iceland?
The weather in Iceland can be very fickle. One second, it may be sunny and then raining the next. Conditions are generally mild, though it can get windy at times. Find out the best time to visit Iceland for photography.
What is there to photograph during summer in Iceland?
Summer is when the magnificent landscapes in Iceland come alive with blooming wildflowers and lush green moss. The glacial rivers are at full flow and you'll be able to see a variety of wildlife, including puffins, Arctic foxes, whales and seals. Not to mention countless Icelandic horses and sheep wandering through the fields! We've put together a wildlife photography guide to help you take great pictures of the animals in Iceland.


Tracking content playback is great for many reasons, not least, as a way of generating revenue with proof of play for advertising.
In order to begin tracking content playback there are few things you need:
 1. A device with the relevant application installed and registered to your account
 2. An analytics license applied to that device
 3. Playlist items with Analytics tracking enabled
Assuming points 1 and 2 are covered, here's how you enable analytics tracking on playlist items.
Enabling analytics tracking for content (impressions)
Go into a Layout or Global Playlist and open up the playlist of content you want to start tracking.
Here you'll see there is an option which says 'Not Tracked'
When you click on 'Not Tracked', you'll have another option on the right side bar where you can change the option. Change this to 'Track Analytics':
Once you've enabled tracking, you simply need to save the changes and publish the layout via channels to the relevant devices.
What content can have impressions tracked?
Any playlist item can have impressions tracked. This means not only can you track media item playback but also text items, widgets and plugins such as Dynamic Data.
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text:
In models of monetary policy, discretionary policymaking often lacks the ability to manage public beliefs, which explains the theoretical appeal of policy rules and commitment strategies. But as shown in this paper, when a policymaker possesses private information, belief management becomes an integral part of optimal discretion policies and improves their performance.
Solving for optimal policy in a simple New Keynesian model, this paper shows how discretionary losses are reduced when the policymaker has private information. Furthermore, disinflations are pursued more vigorously, when the hidden information problem is larger, even when inflation is partly backward-looking.
Keywords: Optimal monetary policy, discretion, time-consistent policy, Markov-perfect equilibrium, incomplete information, Kalman filterFull paper (1 MB PDF) | Full paper (Screen Reader Version)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What I have is a LineItem object and a collection called LineItems that holds LineItem objects. My LineItem objects have a property called ItemDate (DateTime data type) and another property called ItemAmount (decimal data type) and another property called ItemCategory (integer data type).
What I am trying to do is write a function in my collection object that will return the integer category in whichever category has the highest sum(ItemAmount) of that category. For example, if I had this:
Object 1:
Object 2:
Object 3:
OK so in this example, the function should return 2 since ItemCategory 2 had a bigger ItemAmount (535) than ItemCategory 1 (50+25 = 75).
This I know how to do. What makes it harder though is I need it to be able to do this over time, meaning, if an amount has a large amount, like 535, but some other objects have smaller amounts, but there are more of them to closer dates, then it needs to be techically "larger" than the other amount. It is almost like the amount needs to take into account frequency too. $10 amount occuring everyday needs to be "larger" than $500 occuring once a year, even if the $500 is larger than $10 every day. It is almost like I need to look at a month of data through a year's magnifing glass.
I hope this question makes sense.
share|improve this question
Assign the amount a weight based on timespan since last time? – dtb Jul 19 '10 at 17:24
Your description lacks sufficient detail to create an algorithm. Perhaps you need to simply divide the amount by some function (linear, square,...) of the date difference between now and the date it occurred so that near events are worth more? Is it age or frequency you care about? If frequency, over what duration? How do you know if the $500 is a one-off or just the first in a series of $500 payments? etc. etc. – Ian Mercer Jul 19 '10 at 17:26
ok maybe this will help. What I'm doing is creating a.NET program to manage my finances. Whenever I buy stuff, I want to be able to sort the collection on whatever category has the most amount spent. Food is something I buy everyday and therefore my program should track it normally. Once in a while though, I may buy something out of the blue. For example, if I need to buy ink for my printer, then i really don't need to track this because my money is not being "burned" buying ink. It was a "one-time" thing. Even though I might be $100 transaction, it shouldn't track this on a daily basis. – icemanind Jul 19 '10 at 17:45
I guess I only care about tracking stuff that actually occurs more then a few times a week. – icemanind Jul 19 '10 at 17:46
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Try this:
class ListItem
 internal DateTime When;
 internal decimal Amount;
 internal int Category;
class ListItems
 internal List _items = new List();
 internal int GetCategory(DateTime from, DateTime to)
 Dictionary totals = _items
 .Where(y => y.When >= from && y.When < to)
 .GroupBy(x => x.Category)
 category => category.Key,
 category => category.Sum(item => item.Amount)
 return totals.Keys
 .Where(category => totals[category] == totals.Values.Max())
The Linq's a bit of a mouthful, but if I understand the question correctly, I think it'll work.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Sounds like you might want a traveling window sum: pick a time period (say, 30 days), and track the total of items within that window.
If you just want a single instance (say, 30 days ending right now), of course all you need to do is sum up those items within the window. But, if you want to plot a graph, it is most efficient to sort your items, and perform a running accumulation; add items coming into the window, and subtract items leaving it.
To implement a traveling window, you can use two iterators into a sorted list (the following is pseudocode, not C#):
// initialize
acc= 0.0
for(startP= SortedItems.begin;!startP.last; startP.next) {
 if(startP.item.time > graphstart - timewindow) { break }
for(endP= startP;!endP.last; endP.next) {
 acc += endP.item.value
 if(endP.item.time > graphstart) { break }
// main loop
for(;!endP.last; endP.next) { // advance time window to next item
 endItem= endP.item
 endTime= endItem.time
 for(;!startP.last; startP.next) { // subtract items leaving time window
 startItem= startP.item
 startTime= startItem.time
 if(startTime > endTime - timewindow) { break }
 acc -= startItem.value
 output(startTime + timewindow, acc) // register graph values coming down
 acc += endItem.value
 output(endTime, acc) // register graph value going up
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
statement is not allowed.
CREATE TYPE mytype AS OBJECT (attr1 NUMBER, attr2 NUMBER); ALTER TYPE mytype ADD ATTRIBUTE (attr3 NUMBER), DROP ATTRIBUTE attr2, ADD ATTRIBUTE attr4 NUMBER CASCADE;
The resulting definition for mytype becomes:
ALTER TYPE statement, which attempts to make multiple changes to the same attribute (
attr5), is invalid:
-- invalid ALTER TYPE statement ALTER TYPE mytype ADD ATTRIBUTE (attr5 NUMBER, attr6 CHAR(10)), DROP ATTRIBUTE attr5;
The following are other notes on validation constraints, table restrictions, and assorted information about the various kinds of changes that can be made to a type.
CASCADEoption removes the method from the target type and all subtypes. However, if a method is overridden in a subtype, the
CASCADEwill fail and roll back. For the
CASCADEto succeed, you must first drop each override from the subtype that defines it and only then drop the method from the supertype.
You can consult the
USER_DEPENDENCIES table to find all the schema objects, including types, that depend on a given type.
INVALIDATEoption to drop a method that has overrides, but the overrides in the subtypes must still be dropped manually. The subtypes will remain in an invalid state until they are explicitly altered to drop the overrides. (Until then, an attempt to recompile the subtypes for revalidation will produce the error, "Method does not override.")
INVALIDATE bypasses all the type and table checks and simply invalidates all schema objects dependent on the type. The objects are revalidated the next time they are accessed. This option is faster than using
CASCADE, but you must be certain that no problems will be encountered revalidating dependent types and tables. Table data cannot be accessed while a table is invalid; if a table cannot be validated, its data remains inaccessible.
NOT INSTANTIABLEis allowed only if the type has no table dependents.
INSTANTIABLEis allowed anytime. This change does not affect tables.
FINALis allowed only if the target type has no subtypes.
NOT FINALor vice versa, you must use
CASCADEto convert data in dependent columns and tables immediately. You may not use the
NOT INCLUDING TABLE DATAto defer converting data.
If you alter a type from
NOT FINAL to
FINAL, you must use
CASCADE INCLUDING TABLE DATA. If you alter a type from
NOT FINAL, you may use either
CASCADE INCLUDING TABLE DATA or
CASCADE CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE.
When you alter a type from
NOT FINAL. the
CASCADE option you should choose depends on whether you want to be able to insert new subtypes of the type you are altering in existing columns and tables.
By default, altering a type from
NOT FINAL enables you to create new substitutable tables and columns of that type, but it does not automatically make existing columns (or object tables) of that type substitutable. In fact, just the opposite happens: existing columns and tables of the type are marked
NOT SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS. If any embedded attribute of such a column is substitutable, an error is generated. New subtypes of the altered type cannot be inserted in such preexisting columns and tables.
To alter a user-defined type to
NOT FINAL in such a way as to make existing columns and tables of the type substitutable (assuming that they are not marked
NOT SUBSTITUTABLE), use the
CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE. For example:
CASCADE option marks each existing column as
SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS and causes a new, hidden column to be added for the TypeId of instances stored in the column. The column can then store subtype instances of the altered type.
INVALIDATE option of the
ALTER TYPE statement lets you alter a type without propagating the type change to dependent objects. In this case, the system does not validate the dependent types and tables to ensure that all the ramifications of the type change are legal. Instead, all dependent schema objects are marked invalid. The objects, including types and tables, are revalidated when next referenced. If a type cannot be revalidated, it remains invalid, and any tables referencing it become inaccessible until the problem is corrected.
A table may fail validation because, for example, adding a new attribute to a type has caused the number of columns in the table to exceed the maximum allowable number of 1000, or because an attribute used as a partitioning or clustering key of a table was dropped from a type.
To force a revalidation of a type, users can issue the
ALTER TYPE COMPILE statement. To force a revalidation of an invalid table, users can issue the
ALTER TABLE UPGRADE statement and specify whether the data is to be converted to the latest type version. (Note that, in a table validation triggered by the system when a table is referenced, table data is always updated to the latest type version: you do not have the option to postpone conversion of the data.)
If a table is unable to convert to the latest type version, then
DELETE statements on the table are not allowed and its data becomes inaccessible. The following DDLs can be executed on the table, but all other statements which reference an invalid table are not allowed until the table is successfully validated:
All PL/SQL programs containing variables defined using
%ROWTYPE of a table or
%TYPE of a column or attribute from a table are compiled based on the latest type version. If the table fails the revalidation, then compiling any program units that reference that table will also fail.
The following is a synopsis of the options in the
ALTER TYPE statement for altering the attribute or method definition of a type:
Adds specified method to a type
Drops the method with the specified spec from the target type
Adds specified attribute to the target type
Drops specified attribute from the target type
Modifies the type of the specified attribute to increase its length, precision or scale
Use this option only if you are certain that problems will not be encountered validating dependent types and tables. Table data cannot be accessed again until it is validated; if it cannot be validated, it remains inaccessible.
Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type
Leaves column data as is, associated with the current type version. If an attribute is dropped from a type referenced by a table, then the corresponding column of the dropped attribute is not removed from the table. Only the metadata of the column is marked unused. If the dropped attribute is stored out-of-line (for example,
This option is useful when you have many large tables and may run out of rollback segments if you convert them all in one transaction. This option enables you to convert the data of each dependent table later in a separate transaction (using an
Specifying this option will speed up the table upgrade because the table's data is left in the format of the old type version. However, selecting data from this table will require converting the images stored in the column to the latest type version. This is likely to affect performance during subsequent
Forces the system to ignore errors from dependent tables and indexes. Errors are logged in a specified exception table so that they can be queried afterward. This option must be used with caution because dependent tables may become inaccessible if some table errors occur.
CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE
For use when altering a type from FINAL to NOT FINAL: Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type and then marks these existing columns and object tables of the type
If the type is altered to
'Figure 6-1 graphically summarizes the options for
ALTER TYPE INVALIDATE and their effects. In the figure, T1 is a type, and T2 is a dependent type. Also see the notes beneath the figure.
Notes on the figure:
You can use
ALTER TABLE to convert table data to the latest version of referenced types. For example, the following statement converts the data in table
benefits to the latest type version.
ALTER TABLE statement contains the following options for converting table data to the latest type version:
Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type. For each new attribute added to the column's type, a new attribute is added to the data and is initialized to NULL. For each attribute dropped from the referenced type, the corresponding attribute data is removed from each row in the table. All tablespaces containing the table's data must be in read write mode; otherwise, the statement will not succeed.
Leaves column data as is and does not update its type version. If an attribute is dropped from a type referenced by the target table, then the corresponding column of the dropped attribute is not removed from the table. Only the metadata of the column is marked unused. If the dropped attribute is stored out-of-line (for example, a varray, LOB or nested table attribute) then the out-of-line data is not removed. To remove the data of those attributes, you can re-submit this statement with
Specifying this option will speed up the table upgrade because the table's data is left in the format of the old type version. However, data selected from this table will require converting to the latest type version, so performance may be affected during subsequent
This option is useful when there are not enough rollback segments to convert the entire table at once. In this case, you can upgrade the table's metadata first without converting the data, and then issue
Since this option only requires updating the table's metadata all tablespaces are not required to be on-line in read/write mode for the statement to succeed.
Specifies the storage for new VARRAY, nested table, or LOB attributes to be added to the table.
A constructor function is used to create an instance of a user-defined type


text:
The Federation of Egalitarian Communities
The Federation of Egalitarian Communities is a network of communes spread across North America. We range in size and emphasis from small agricultural homesteads to village-like communities to urban group houses.
Each of the Federation communities:
- Holds its land, labor, income and other resources in common.
- Assumes responsibility for the needs of its members, receiving the products of their labor and distributing these and all other goods equally, or according to need.
- Practices non-violence
- Uses a form of decision making in which members have an equal opportunity to participate, either through consensus, direct vote or right of appeal or overrule.
- Works to establish the equality of all people and does not permit discrimination on the basis of race, class, creed, ethnic origin, age, sex or sexual orientation.
- Acts to conserve natural resources for present and future generations while striving to continually improve ecological awareness and practice.
- Creates processes for group communication and participation and provides an environment which supports people's development


text:
Experimental evolution of insect immune memory versus pathogen resistance.
|Title||Experimental evolution of insect immune memory versus pathogen resistance.|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2017|
|Authors||Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D|
|Journal||Proc Biol Sci|
|Date Published||2017 Dec 20|
Under strong pathogen pressure, insects often evolve resistance to infection. Many insects are also protected via immune memory (immune priming), whereby sublethal exposure to a pathogen enhances survival after secondary infection. Theory predicts that immune memory should evolve when the pathogen is highly virulent, or when pathogen exposure is relatively rare. However, there are no empirical tests of these hypotheses, and the adaptive benefits of immune memory relative to direct resistance against a pathogen are poorly understood. To determine the selective pressures and ecological conditions that shape immune evolution, we imposed strong pathogen selection on flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) populations, infecting them with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for 11 generations. Populations injected first with heat-killed and then live Bt evolved high basal resistance against multiple Bt strains. By contrast, populations injected only with a high dose of live Bt evolved a less effective but strain-specific priming response. Control populations injected with heat-killed Bt did not evolve priming; and in the ancestor, priming was effective only against a low Bt dose. Intriguingly, one replicate population first evolved priming and subsequently evolved basal resistance, suggesting the potential for dynamic evolution of different immune strategies. Our work is the first report showing that pathogens can select for rapid modulation of insect priming ability, allowing hosts to evolve divergent immune strategies (generalized resistance versus specific immune memory) with potentially distinct mechanisms.
|Alternate Journal||Proc. Biol. Sci.|


text:
Odds are if you've ever purchased a flag online or at a store, it was probably 3 ft. by 5 ft. or 4 ft. by 6 ft. In fact, all of the flags in that store were probably that same size. What you may not know is that a flag's actual aspect ratio (how long the flag is compared to how tall the flag is) varies greatly from country to country. Even most versions of the American flag are probably in the wrong aspect ratio.
A flag's aspect ratio depends greatly on the country's original ruler. British flags have a 1:2 ratio, Dutch and French Flags are generally a 2:3 ratio, and Germanic flags have a 3:5 ratio. While this is often true, it is far from a rule. America's flag serves as a prime example. As a former colony of Britain, one would expect Old Glory to have a ratio of 1:2. However, it is officially a 10:19 aspect ratio.
There are a host of other notable flags that skew from the norm. Switzerland's and Vatican City's flags are completely square (1:1 ratio). Qatar's flag has a ratio of 11:28, making it the only flag with a width more than twice its height. El Salvador has one of the most specific proportions with a ratio of 189:335. The most uniquely shaped country flag is Nepal, the only non-rectangular country flag and one of only a handful of country flags with an irrational aspect ratio, approximately 1.21901:1.Despite all of these differences, most flags end up leaning towards what is referred to as "the Golden Ratio," a proportion that is scientifically pleasing to the eye. The "Golden Ratio" is technically defined where the ratio between two numbers is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. In short, the Golden Ratio is about 1.618. While a 3:5 ratio comes very close to the golden ratio, only the flag of Togo uses an exact golden ratio proportion.
With all of these specific ratios, one might ask why most versions of flags on the market are in improper ratios? The answer is simple: production costs. It is much cheaper to make all of your flags the same size. The only people who are vigilant of aspect ratios are governments and flag nerds (like me) who are generally more willing to pay a higher price to get a correct flag in a correct aspect ratio.


text:
Slow Food Los Angeles "Sprouts" Healthy Eaters
Thanks to a program hosted by the Milagro Allegro Community Garden in Highland Park, Los Angeles, we now have proof that nutrition education helps kids stay healthy. The program, called L.A. Sprouts, is one of the nation's first research studies to measure and demonstrate the health benefits of youth focused long-term nutrition, cooking and gardening programs.
The after school course consisted of twelve weekly classes for fourth and fifth graders from a local school. Each meeting included a healthy cooking lesson followed by a gardening session with a master gardener. Workshop leaders demonstrated new recipes to the students weekly and, working together in groups of five, the students then prepared the meal themselves. As part of the program, the students regularly visited a local farmers market and received a voucher to buy a fruit or a vegetable to take home.
With the goal of converting learning into action, the L.A. Sprouts project focuses on making eating healthier a family affair by sharing information about recipes and farmers' markets with the parents of participating children. The result? Workshop leaders found that children and families did make changes to their eating habits as a result of participating in this project.
"L.A. Sprouts participants had increased preference for vegetable intake, specifically carrots and nopales, and increased self-efficacy for cooking and gardening compared to control students, " said one of the project organizers, Emily Ventura, PhD, MPH, University of Southern California.
Using cookware donated by Anolon, through a partnership with Slow Food USA, L.A. Sprouts students gained hands-on experience making complete and healthy meals like quesadillas with greens, quinoa salad with kale and winter squash, and whole-wheat pasta with vegetable ragout. L.A. Sprouts was organized by the Childhood Obesity Research Center at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
If your local chapter has a similar garden-to-table project and is in need of in-kind cookware support, Anolon may be able to provide assistance through our Creating A Delicious Future partnership. Please contact _EMAIL_ for more information.
To read more, follow this link:
Please enter the word you see in the image below:
Find out about open positions and internships as Slow Food USA.
Find out more.
68 Summit Street, 2B
Brooklyn, NY 11231
Tel: _PHONE_ or 877 SlowFoo(d)
Fax: _PHONE_
© 2010 Slow Food USA - All Rights Reserved


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MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ1 (With 3 Responses)
DQ 1. In the manufacturing industry, who are the various stakeholders in implementing a quality process? How is each stakeholder impacted? Are all stakeholders impacted equally in implementing the qua..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ2 (With 3 Responses)
DQ 2. In a global market, source venders – or stakeholders – may or may not have quality control enforcement that meets the standards of the country producing the product. What are some approaches to..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ3 (With 3 Responses)
 DQ 3. What are some approaches taken by leadership in planning, developing, and implementing a quality process? What type of leadership is necessary to implement the plan and keep it focused..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - Role of Stakeholder Paper
Individual Assignment Prepare a 350- to 700-word paper in which you explain the role of stakeholders in implementing a quality management process. Discuss each of the stakeholders and their spec..


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TN020: ID Naming and Numbering Conventions
This note describes the ID naming and numbering conventions that MFC 2.0 uses for resources, commands, strings, controls, and child windows.
The MFC ID naming and numbering conventions are intended to meet the following requirements:
 - Provide a consistent ID-naming standard used across the MFC library and MFC applications that are supported by the Visual C++ resource editor. This makes it easier for the programmer to interpret the type and origin of a resource from its ID.
 - Emphasize the strong 1-to-1 relationship between certain types of IDs.
 - Conform to already widely used standards for naming IDs in Windows.
 - Partition the ID-numbering space. ID numbers can be assigned by the programmer, MFC, Windows, and Visual C++-edited resources. Appropriate partitioning will help avoid duplication of ID numbers.
Several types of IDs can occur in an application. The MFC ID-naming convention defines different prefixes for different resource types.
MFC uses the prefix "IDR_" to indicate a resource ID that applies to multiple resource types. For example, for a given frame window, MFC uses the same "IDR_" prefix to indicate a menu, accelerator, string and icon resource. The following table shows the various prefixes and their usage:
For multiple resource types (primarily used for menus and accelerators).
For dialog template resources (for example, IDD_DIALOG1).
For cursor resources.
For icon resources.
For bitmap resources.
For string resources.
Within a DIALOG resource, MFC follows these conventions:
Prefix or label
For standard push button IDs.
For other dialog controls.
The "IDC_" prefix is also used for cursors. This naming conflict is not usually a problem because a typical application will have few cursors and many dialog controls.
Within a menu resource, MFC follows these conventions:
For menu items that do not use the MFC command architecture.
For menu commands that use the MFC command architecture.
Commands that follow the MFC command architecture must have an ON_COMMAND command handler and can have an ON_UPDATE_COMMAND_UI handler. If these command handlers follow the MFC command architecture, they will function correctly whether they are bound to a menu command, a toolbar button, or a dialog bar button. The same "ID_" prefix is also used for a menu prompt string that is displayed on the program's message bar. Most of the menu items in your application should follow the MFC command conventions. All of the standard command IDs (for example, ID_FILE_NEW) follow this convention.
MFC also uses "IDP_" as a specialized form of strings (instead of "IDS_"). Strings with the "IDP_" prefix are prompts, that is, strings used in message boxes. "IDP_" strings can contain "%1" and "%2" as placeholders of strings determined by the program. "IDP_" strings usually have help topics associated with them, and "IDS_" strings do not. "IDP_" strings are always localized, and "IDS_" strings might not be localized.
The MFC library also uses the "IDW_" prefix as a specialized form of control IDs (instead of "IDC_"). These IDs are assigned to child windows such as views and splitters by the framework classes. MFC implementation IDs are prefixed with "AFX_".
The following table lists the valid ranges for the IDs of the specific types. Some of the limits are technical implementation limits, and others are conventions that are designed to prevent your IDs from colliding with Windows predefined IDs or MFC default implementations.
We strongly recommend that you define all IDs inside the recommended ranges. The lower limit of these ranges is 1 because 0 is not used. We recommend that you use the common convention and use 100 or 101 as the first ID.
Resource type
Valid range
1 through 0x6FFF
dialog templates
1 through 0x6FFF
cursors, icons, bitmaps
1 through 0x6FFF
general strings
1 through 0x7FFF
0x8000 through 0xDFFF
8 through 0xDFFF
Reasons for these range limits:
 - By convention, the ID value of 0 is not used.
 - Windows implementation limitations restrict true resource IDs to be less than or equal to 0x7FFF.
 - MFC's internal framework reserve ranges 0x7000 through 0x7FFF (see afxres.h) and 0xE000 through 0xEFFF (see afxres.h). Visual C++ 2008 Feature Pack and later also reserves the range 16000 through 18000 (see afxribbonres.h). These ranges may change in future MFC implementations.
 - Several Windows system commands use the range of 0xF000 through 0xFFFF.
 - Control IDs of 1 through 7 are reserved for standard controls such as IDOK and IDCANCEL.
 - The range of 0x8000 through 0xFFFF for strings is reserved for menu prompts for commands.
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© 2014 Microsoft


6 of the most colourful buildings in the world
Bright colours are not always popular with architects.
From modern glass skyscrapers, to solid stone medieval fortresses, to the brown-grey tower blocks of the 1960s and 1970s, vivid colour schemes have frequently been considered too visually arresting for the constructions that make up our day to day.
But when primary colours do get to shine, they tend to really stand out. These are among the world's brightest buildings, from museums and mosques to an island off the Neapolitan coast…
1. Pena Palace, Portugal
Painted with blocks of bright, vivid colour, rather than patterns or lines, Pena Palace opts for visual impact over complexity, shining like a beacon above the Portuguese city of Sintra. With bright yellow sides, blue battlements and foundations, brick-red ramparts and towers, and rich purple gatehouse, the palace is a bizarre blend of architectural styles ranging from Moorish to Gothic.
Easily seen from Lisbon on a clear day, the palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and has been used by the Portuguese president for state occasions.
2. Nasir al-Mulk Mosque, Iran
A small-ish facade with faded paintwork is perfectly pretty, but it's the inside of the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque that wins it most of its plaudits. Rays of stained glass windows line the main prayer hall, splashing rainbows of light across floor and walls, that form different colours and patterns as the day goes on. The building is nicknamed 'The Pink Mosque', but we think a more kaleidoscopic epithet would be equally appropriate.
3. Biomuseo, Panama
Legendary American architect Frank Gehry could monopolise this list all on his own, but we're limiting him to his Panamanian project the Biomuseo, the first and only Latin American design from the mind behind the Guggenheim in Bilbao.
A museum of natural history on the shores of Panama City, the design is signature Gehry: vibrantly-coloured interlocking canopies topping an angular interior, that twists and turns through eight distinct galleries.
4. Procida Island, Italy
None of the buildings on the Procida Island waterfront would be particularly special on their own, but together they make up a pastel patchwork that would put Elmer the Elephant to shame. It's not the only Italian town to span the spectrum (Cinque Terra and Positano spring to mind), but it is surely among the most photogenic, as the buildings tumble down the cliffs to the shoreline, rimmed by the blue of the sea and the blue of the sky.
5. St Basil's Cathedral, Moscow
Legend has it that aptly-named Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible had the architects of St Basil's Cathedral blinded, so that they might never build something so beautiful for anybody else. We sincerely hope the story is apocryphal, but there's no denying the spell-binding beauty of St Basil's, the onion-domed centrepiece of Moscow's Red Square.
Colourful constructions were all the rage in Russia during the early-modern period, and St Basil's dazzles with sheets of red, white and gold tin, and well-preserved green and blue ceramic.
6. Casa Batllo, Spain
Antoni Gaudi is almost synonymous with Barcelona, and although his best-known creation remains the magnificent, technically-still-not-completed Sagrada Familia, the Casa Batllo is probably his most visually vibrant.
With a reflective, purply-blue roof that sparkles in the Catalonian sun, and walls spattered with what looks suspiciously like glitter, you have to squint to look at downtown house-turned-museum even in a relatively dull day.
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text: Gas lift is one of the most commonly used artificial lift method in oil-producing wells. However, the technique requires constant optimization of gas allocation to maximize profit. The Gas Lift Performance Curves (GLPC) are the main design element that is used for optimized injection. Several authors have proposed models to fit the GLPC. These curves are generated by modeling wells in a multiphase steady-state simulator. Once the model is built, a sensitivity analysis is run, and the curves are generated. In this work, The common workflow to generate GLPC was followed. Then, a new correlation for GLPC was suggested. The correlation outperforms all the models in the literature in terms of R-score and root mean square error. The correlation was then used to formulate a case study for four wells located in North Africa. First, the wells and PVT models were used to create a simulation. Once the simulation was calibrated, a sensitivity analysis of the gas lift injection rate was run. The new correlation was used to fit the GLPC. The optimization problem was mathematically formulated, and stochastic optimization techniques were used, noting Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to obtain the global optimum of the distribution of a limited gas lift quantity. Both algorithms' results were compared. GWO slightly outperformed GA. The advantages of GWO over GA were discussed, and the optimum gas allocation was obtained.


Question: How Long Can Meat Stay At 50 Degrees?
What is the 2 4 hour rule?
How long can milk last at 50 degrees?
Also, remember that after this milk is opened it should be treated like regular milk and kept cool at 40° F or cooler. It's important to remember that opened milk, regardless of the type, should never be left in temperatures above 40° F for more than two hours."
Is 50 degrees too warm for a refrigerator?
The temperature inside your refrigerator needs to be cold enough to inhibit bacterial growth, and warm enough so the food doesn't freeze. Refrigerators should be set to 40 degrees F (4 degrees C) or colder. A good temperature range for a refrigerator is between 34-38 degrees F (1-3 degrees C).
Will yogurt spoil at 50 degrees?
According to the US Department of Health & Human Services, you should throw out yogurt if it's been out at room temperature for more than two hours. If the temperature is higher than 90 degrees Fahrenheit, you only have one hour to eat that yogurt sitting out of the refrigerator.
Is 45 degrees a safe temperature for a refrigerator?
At what temperature does bacteria grow on food?
Temperature: Most bacteria will grow rapidly between 4°C and 60°C (40°F and 140°F). This is referred to as the danger zone (see the section below for more information on the danger zone).
Will eggs go bad at 50 degrees?
Once eggs have been refrigerated, it is important they stay cool, even during a power outage. … A cold egg left out at room temperature can sweat, facilitating the growth of bacteria. Eggs are required to be refrigerated at 45˚ or lower for safety and optimal freshness.
Will eggs spoil at 50 degrees?
Does reheating food kill bacteria?
Proper heating and reheating will kill foodborne bacteria. … This bacterium produces a toxin that can develop in cooked foods that sit out at room temperature for more than two hours.
Can meat be stored at 50 degrees?
Meat should be stored in the coldest part of the refrigerator. As storage temperatures approach 40°F perishability increases. Rapid growth of bacteria begins at about 50°F. Meat in-transit from the place of purchase, or left to thaw at room temperature, invites the growth of spoilage organisms.
How Long Can Chicken stay at 50 degrees?
Is yogurt safe at 50 degrees?
At what temperature will eggs spoil?
40°FThe presence of bacteria inside an egg is what eventually causes it to "go bad," or rot. However, keeping an egg at refrigerator temperatures (below 40°F, or 4°C) slows the growth of bacteria and helps prevent it from penetrating the shell ( 5, 6 ).
Is it OK to leave eggs unrefrigerated?
"A cold egg left out at room temperature can sweat, facilitating the movement of bacteria into the egg and increasing the growth of bacteria. Refrigerated eggs should not be left out more than two hours." Consumers themselves should not try to wash their eggs, the USDA warns.
Will cheese spoil at 60 degrees?
Don't let it sit out for more than four hours! There has been some extensive research done in Wisconsin that proves cheese can stay out for up to six hours at 70°F or colder. Some cheeses tested for low levels of listeria, salmonella, Escherichia, and staphylococcus but nothing life-threatening.
Can food spoil at 50 degrees?
How long will meat keep at 45 degrees?
How long can food sit at 50 degrees?
How warm can a refrigerator get before food goes bad?
40 °FBefore using any foods, check your refrigerator and freezer thermometers. If the fridge is still at or below 40 °F, or the food has been above 40 °F for only 2 hours or less, it should be safe to eat.


text:
Since April 6, more than a million acres have burned throughout the state of Texas, according to the Texas Forest Service. This image, taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite, shows conditions on April 15, 2011. Wind whipped both smoke and dust southeast across the state. The fires detected by MODIS are marked in red.
The image illustrates one of the primary reasons fire danger is extremely high in Texas: strong winds. Warm temperatures, dry vegetation, and low humidity are also contributing to hazardous fire conditions. Normally a rainy month, March 2011 was the driest March on record, said the Texas Forest Service. Plentiful rains in 2010 spurred grass and shrubs to grow. The recent lack of rain, warm temperatures, and low humidity have turned all of that vegetation into dry tinder, creating unprecedented fire danger.
As of April 18, at least 23 large wildfires were burning in Texas. Seven of the largest are labeled in the image. The image also shows two wildfires burning in northern Mexico. So far in 2011, firefighters have responded to 7,807 fires, which have burned 1,528,714 acres of land and 244 structures, said Governor Rick Perry in an April 16 request to President Obama for a federal declaration of a major disaster. More images