page object with Playwright if sharing one is not an option (it usually is). You can test single-page applications without model classes, but they offer a significant productivity boost for testing more complex routes.
Generate Code by Recording Browser Actions
Suppose your usual routine when writing new tests is to open the browser developer tools and search for CSS selectors to add into your tests. In that case, you are delighted to know Playwright supports recording and code generation via a command-line tool.
If we want to record actions done in the English Wikipedia, for example, it's as easy as running the following line in your terminal:
npx playwright-cli codegen -o test.js
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
Using the npx tool part of Node.js, this command downloads the Playwright CLI tool and opens your browser in a recording mode. The -o test.js part is used to stream the generated code to standard output (your terminal) and save it to a file.
In the browser, let's now fetch a random article from Wikipedia, "read" it, and navigate back to the main page. After closing the recording, we have received this code ready to be saved for further inspection.
const { chromium } = require('playwright');
(async () => {
 const browser = await chromium.launch({
 headless: false
 const context = await browser.newContext();
 // Open new page
 const page = await context.newPage();
 // Go to
 await page.goto('');
 // Click text="Random article"
 await'text="Random article"');
 // assert.equal(page.url(), '');
 // Click //a[normalize-space(_USER_)='Visit the main page']
 await'//a[normalize-space(_USER_)=\'Visit the main page\']');
 // assert.equal(page.url(), '');
 await context.close();
 await browser.close();
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode
What is incredibly impressive is that the code is clearly structured, annotated, and wrapped as an asynchronous instantly invocated function. It even suggests places for writing test expectations with assert.equal(). If you have Playwright installed globally or in a project, you may repeat the previous actions by running node test.js.
From here, you likely want to fine-tune the selectors to be more user-friendly, which is a trivial task given your application has a sensible frontend structure.
Portability and Automation
If you work on a general-purpose test suite, you may sprinkle a little bit of portability into the cake by using the official Docker image provided by Microsoft.
Writing tests is never enough if they only run locally. Playwright supports most of the Continuous Integration solutions out of the box, including Travis, Jenkins, Circle CI, and GitHub Actions. For the latter, you may also use the official GitHub Action.
Closing Remarks
Lately, I've started working with an extensive e-commerce application where a robust end-to-end testing suite is worth every penny. We have established an Azure cloud platform development environment and plan to run tests nightly and after deploying a new application version. This lifts tons of manual testing and stresses off our backs.
With Playwright, I drafted an initial test suite by recording a user flow and refactored it to page object models. After a couple of hours, I had a full-featured test suite which works as a regression test when I want to ensure my changes haven't broken anything. I have a new hammer, and I intend to use it everywhere.
Have you used Playwright for testing your application? Let me know in the comments how it went.
Photo by David Travis on Unsplash
Discussion (0)


text:
Cult on the rise? Students' perspectives on cult issues in secondary and national high schools in Papua New Guinea
Drawii, J. T. (2008). Cult on the rise? Students' perspectives on cult issues in secondary and national high schools in Papua New Guinea (Thesis, Master of Education (MEd)). The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from _URL_
Permanent Research Commons link: _URL_
In the last five years there has been a dramatic increase in perceived levels ofantisocial behaviour amongst students in Secondary and National High schoolsin Papua New Guinea. Certain events have caught the public's attention, suchas the burning down of school buildings and reports of Satanic worship.Despite widespread concern, there seems to be little understanding of why suchproblems are occurring and no systematic studies to estimate the exact extent ofsuch behaviours or their underlying cause.The main objective of this study was to collect information about thestudents' perspectives on the nature and extent of these perceived problems. Forethical reasons, and with regard to ease of access to participants within the timeframe of the study, data were collected from the first year student teachers atMadang Teachers' College, Papua New Guinea, who had beenSecondary/National High school students only a few months previously. As thiswas an exploratory investigation, and it was not known whether participantswould feel more at ease talking one-on-one with the researcher or in groups,two methodologies were used: focus group discussions and individualinterviews. The research was conducted over a period of three weeks in June2007, and involved a total of 21 participants (three focus groups of five, fiveand six people respectively, and six individual interviewees, one of whom alsojoined a group).The main findings to emerge from these discussions were as follows.First, the participants explained their own and other students' behaviour in termsof exploring old and new traditions of school life. Second, although severalparticipants reported knowledge of supernatural practices, many of the groupactivities described in the discussions were normal activities among peer cliquesthat provided a sense of belonging and positive support for school achievement.There were no major differences in the stories told by male and femaleparticipants, and no obvious differences in the type of information providedunder different research conditions.There was some disagreement among participants as to whether or not schoolauthorities should take strong action to eliminate the possibility of cultpractices.The findings are interpreted with reference to both Westernpsychological ideas about the nature of adolescence, and to local traditions,practices, and understandings of lifespan development. In particular, the notionof'searching for identity' stands out in these accounts of student behaviour.This was an exploratory study and not designed to yield results thatprovide an overall picture of the situation in the Secondary/National Highschools of Papua New Guinea. Nevertheless, participants' reports did relate toevents experienced in the majority of PNG Secondary and National Highschools, and some recommendations are tentatively offered.
The University of Waikato
All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
- Masters Degree Theses

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Difference Between a Farmer and a Rancher
Close up on farmer hands
Crocodiles and alligators. Ghosts and spirits. Farmers and ranchers. Since this is an ag-related forum, let's talk about that last pair for a minute — is there really a difference? (Although maybe we'll dive into alligators and crocodiles later, who knows?)
When talking about one or the other, we usually try to say "farmer or rancher" to be as inclusive as possible. The definitions are a little ambiguous, so we want to cover all of our bases. By definition, a farmer is "a person who farms" and a rancher is "a person who owns or works on a ranch," but those are not the most descriptive explanations!
Because the words are a little subjective, we'll go over some of the most commonly accepted distinctions.
First, let's touch on a few similarities. People in both ranching and farming work long days outdoors and navigate the unpredictable weather. Grit, hard work and dedication are musts to be successful in either profession — and both are 24/7 ways of life.
However, there are some key differences.
Farmers usually focus on growing crops. They handle everything from planting seeds to harvesting. After harvest, they have to ensure proper storage to prevent rotting or contamination. Many farmers are also responsible for transporting their crops for sale.
Equipped with tractors, plows, combines and other machinery, farmers take great care to protect their land and get the best possible yield so they can help feed the world. Healthy soil plays a huge part in consistent crop production, so managing soil is top priority. Part of this effort is deciding whether or not to till their land. If you'd like to know more about the pros and cons of tilling, read up here!
Some farmers do work with animals, which can make the distinction confusing. Dairy and pig farmers fall under this category. For example, dairy farmers watch over and raise cows, with the ultimate goal of selling milk. And, also some ranching operations sell pork, we often use the term pig farmers for those who have their hogs penned and handle all care and feeding.
In general, farmers are to thank for fruits, vegetables and grains along with non-edible products like cotton and Christmas trees, with some yogurt, bacon and other items thrown in for good measure.
A specialized subset of the ag community is ranching. Traditionally, ranchers are known for grazing livestock on acreage for at least part of their lives. Ranchers raise, breed and care for animals of all kinds, which eventually gives us foods like beef, bison and more (yay, steak!).
Using stock trailers, feed troughs and squeeze chutes — a secure stall to keep animals still while receiving treatment or being examined — ranchers do everything they can to protect and look after their animals.
Keeping all the livestock healthy on a ranch is of the utmost priority. If diseases were to spread, it would be disastrous for the animals and for production. To keep things under control, ranchers make sure their animals get regular checkups and maintain good health.
Although farming and ranching are slightly different occupations, it's possible for a person to be both. Many folks farm the land for crops and raise livestock for meat.
Ultimately, we're darn thankful for both farmers and ranchers who put food on our tables and products in our homes.
More Farm Facts


Vol 6, Issue 2, May 2019
Differential GO and NOGO Learning Within an Auditory Discrimination Task
Anand, K., & Nealen, P. M. (2019). Differential GO and NOGO learning within an auditory discrimination task. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 6(2), 141–157. _URL_
Animal discrimination training and testing often are used to assess animal behavioral flexibility and capabilities. GO-NOGO discrimination, in particular, has been used extensively, across a multitude of species and experimental paradigms. In its typical form, GO-NOGO discrimination learning is assessed by the magnitude of, and rate of acquisition of, discrimination capability, which is nominally low at the start of training, and through experience, is improved as a function of the reward schedule employed. Discrimination performance in this task is normally reported via a single empirical metric, as the percentage of stimulus-response trials which included a 'correct' response. However, this view of discrimination as a singular skill masks the considerable differences which exist in GO and NOGO responses (which typically require an action, and a suppression of action, respectively). To investigate the potential for these two responses to be learned independently and via different mechanisms, we performed operant training of adult zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in a GO-NOGO auditory discrimination task. We demonstrate that correct responsiveness to GO and NOGO stimuli was learned via different overall performance trajectories, with performance on GO and NOGO trials emerging independently both within and between training sessions. We propose that this differential learning derives from a combination of response generalization and response modal form. These data suggest that response action and suppression are subserved by different neural circuits, and further indicate that consideration of discrimination tasks as univariate problems masks underlying complexity by obscuring their individual components.
Auditory discrimination, GO-NOGO, Zebra finch, Operant, Learning


text:
Do You Wish There was No Halloween?
Costumes, candy and scary movies. Millions of people look forward to October and Halloween each year, yet there are some who just wish it had been created.
A new survey by Mumsnet reveals that 31% of parents would be happy if Halloween didn't exist. Other findings:
- 75% of parents observe Halloween because their children love it
- 31% of people say Halloween is too commercial
- 27% of parents dislike Halloween because of the pranks associated with it
- 26% of parents dislike Halloween because it can be scary to vulnerable people
- 45% of parents enjoy Halloween because of pumpkin carving
- 41% of parents like dressing up for Halloween
Which side are you on? Halloween or no Halloween?


text:
If you have ever used the Windows Copy (Ctrl+C) to copy objects to the clipboard and then the Windows Paste (Ctrl+V) to copy/paste AutoCAD object(s), then you know that those clipboard object(s) will have the lower left-hand corner of their extents as the base point (not very precise)... and this always reminds me of some of the graphic editing applets (e.g.: Paint or even the wonderful AutoCAD Button Editor!) that have you draw a circle like a rectangle. (annoying to say the least!)
With AutoCAD you can use the keyboard shortcut of (Ctrl+Shft+C) to pick a base point for your clipboard object(s). COPYBASE is the actual command, and then you can paste to a precise point in the destination AutoCAD DWG file using the keyboard shortcut of (Ctrl+Shift+V). This is the PASTEBLOCK command or you can also use the PASTEORIG command if the COPYBASEd object(s) go in the same exact spot in the receiving DWG file.
Also it is important to note: If you do use the Ctrl+Shift+V PASTEBLOCK method and want to leave it as a block, AutoCAD will assign a name for the block, which is something like "A$C11A06AFD" or "A$C1F7A5022"... Either use the RENAME command, or use EXPLODE or XPLODE, also watch your layers, with regards to the object(s) original layers and where this new "block" is being INSERTed... or where they go if they are EXPLODEd vs. XPLODEd. (I will save that for a whole different post).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In many communities, there is a particularly acute need for donation of fresh fruits and vegetables and other farm-fresh products, beyond what is currently being donated. Whether growers live in surrounding areas or are part of the growing "urban ag" movement, they can play an important role in addressing food insecurity. NRDC has worked on two levels to engage farmers around food donation issues. In Nashville we conducted a survey of area farmers to gauge their interest in food donation, and in New York State we successfully advocated for passage of a law providing financial incentives for farmers to donate unsold food.
In this guide we share lessons learned from both processes. In addition, this package includes:
- Nashville farm survey instrument
- Nashville farm survey results
- A Farmer's Guide to the Enhanced Federal Tax Deduction for Food Donation
- A Farmer's Guide to the New York State "Farm to Food Bank" Tax Credit
- Addressing Food Waste and Increasing Food Donation Through the New York Farm to Food Bank Tax Credit
1. Gathering farmers' input about the potential to expand donation of surplus farm products
To better understand on-farm losses of fruits and vegetables in central Tennessee, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) partnered with Second Harvest Food Bank of Middle Tennessee and the Nashville Food Project to survey area farmers. The survey aimed to quantify loss and clarify the causes of these losses, identify barriers to sale and donation of these products, and assess farmers' interest in expanding donation and gleaning opportunities. The example survey instrument shows the questions that we asked, and the results document highlights the insights gained from participating farmers.
- We enlisted the help of farmers' markets, extension agents, farmer affinity groups, nonprofit organizations, and the Second Harvest Food Bank to disseminate the survey tool. These organizations were essential for providing email addresses and phone numbers for farmers in their networks.
- Issuing surveys right after the winter holidays helps engage farmers when they tend to be less busy. However, in climates like Tennessee's, the "winter down time" is fairly brief given the long growing season and early spring.
- We had significant challenges obtaining survey responses, especially by email, and soon broadened our reach by mailing hard copies of the survey and telephoning participants to walk them through the survey and record their responses. Phone calls were very labor intensive for NRDC and largely unsuccessful in obtaining responses, although phone conversations provided an opportunity for additional dialogue with farmers.
- To thank them for their time, respondents were offered a gift card to an area farm equipment retailer. One grower included a note stating the gift card incentive made it worth his time to complete and return the survey.
- In designing our survey instrument, we found it important to avoid potential confusion by clearly distinguishing donation of product harvested by the farmer and product that was obtained through gleaning by volunteers.
- The list of fruits and vegetables included in NRDC's survey reflected crops commonly grown in the area surrounding Nashville. Similarly, the options we provided in the question about farm size was reflective of local conditions. Both should be tailored to the environment where the survey is being conducted.
- We also found it helpful to ask growers about their familiarity with federal tax incentives for food donation. Most were unfamiliar with the incentives which confirms the need to communicate more deliberately with farmers about those incentives. See the guidance that NRDC subsequently produced on this topic.
2. State policy strategies to expand donation of farm products
- Though billions of pounds of fresh fruits and vegetables in the United States go unharvested or otherwise never enter the food supply, farmers often cannot afford to pick, pack, and transport that food for donation. To help address this, policymakers in some states have passed legislation designed to reduce donation costs. Helping farmers cover the harvesting and transportation costs incurred when they donate agricultural products can increase access to healthy fresh food and reduce food waste.
- Partnering closely with a wide range of stakeholders, the state of New York enacted a tax credit for donations of agricultural products to the food recovery system to address the costs of donation. This tax credit allows farmers to claim 25 percent of the fair market value of qualified donations, with a maximum benefit of $5,000 per year, thus incentivizing them to donate their unsold products to those in need.
- The success of the New York "Farm to Food Bank" campaign was due in large part to the diversity and breadth of the coalition that developed to advocate for the tax credit. The diversity of the coalition's members, both in terms of geography and the issues they focused on, helped the group address many of challenges it faced in trying to bring the tax credit to fruition.
- We documented the important role of this tax credit and lessons learned in the campaign in our report Addressing Food Waste and Increasing Food Donation Through the New York Farm to Food Bank Tax Credit. To help farmers navigate the changing tax landscape around food donation, NRDC created both "A Farmer's Guide to the Enhanced Federal Tax Deduction for Food Donation" and "A Farmer's Guide to the New York State 'Farm to Food Bank' Tax Credit."


Christian Aid Logo Learn Logo
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Poverty over
Theme: Poverty eradication
Country: Afghanistan, Brazil, Mali
Workshop outline for students aged 16 and over to improve understanding of poverty, its causes, effects and what can be done to tackle it.
Why, in a world of plenty, are so people many living in desperate poverty from around the globe? What does poverty mean for people - and what causes it? This hour-long interactive session is packed with useful information to help students understand what poverty means - and what might be done to eradicate it.
By the end of this session, students will have engaged with the different approaches to defining global poverty and will have engaged with some of the solutions that could bring about a world free from poverty.
Age: 16+ / Sixth form
Subject areas: Geography, RE


text:
Early Meadow Rue
Bluish-green 0.5" long 3-toothed leaves that droop.
|Dioecious Meadow Rue||Quicksilver Weed|
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
Height: To 3' (90 cm)
Flowering: April - May
Habitat: Moist to Wet, Shady, Woods or Ravines
Early Meadow Rue is not a difficult species to recognize. The graceful yellow tassels that delicately hang from the stalked flowers make this wildflower distinct. However, it is occasionally difficult to identify. Early Meadow Rue is often confused with Tall (or Purple) Meadow Rue (T. dasycarpum), which as its name indicates, is taller than Early Meadow Rue.
Each part of the common name carries some significance in describing the flower. Early refers to the time when the flower emerges. Early Meadow Rue is a spring ephemeral that appears in early April before the canopy closes and light is diminished. In this way, the flower can maximize its use of sunlight before the trees block out the sun. Meadow is perhaps less obvious as this form of Meadow Rue prefers moist, shady areas. Other species of Meadow Rue, including Tall Meadow Rue, prefer open hillsides and sunny slopes. Rue is derived from the Greek word rhute or Latin ruta meaning Rue. The foliage of most Meadow Rues, including the dioicum species resembles that of Rue (Ruta graveolens). Though the species are not related, this resemblance is the source of the common name. The three-lobed leaves of Early Meadow Rue have been likened to other wildflowers in the Aquilegia genus. Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides – formerly Anemonella thalictroides) is also a member of the Thalictrum species and named for the way its leaves resemble those of Meadow Rue.
The scientific name is also an appropriate choice for Early Meadow Rue. Thalictrum is the genus name that contains all species of Meadow Rues. The word Thalictrum is Greek for a plant whose identity is not known. Today, definitions for the genus name simply refer to the wildflowers as they are no longer unidentified. Dioicum is a Greek word meaning "two households"16. While this may seem strange it actually refers to the gender of the plants. Male and female reproductive parts of Early Meadow Rue are not only on separate flowers, but also separate plants. Other species of Meadow Rue have separately sexed flowers, but they are on the same plant. In this way, Early Meadow Rue is distinct.
Dioecious Meadow Rue: Dioecious is a botanical term defining those flowers that have male and female flowers on separate plants within the same species. Early Meadow Rue is a dioecious form of Thalictrum.
The colors of the flowers, which have no true petals, are due to both the sepals and stamen. The greenish-white and yellow colors attract early spring pollinators to assist the plant in reproduction. Early Meadow Rue is visited by bees, butterflies, and other insects, which also pollinate the flower. The plant may also be wind pollinated owing to the arrangement of its reproductive parts. Its ability to cross-pollinate via wind obviates the need for a floral fragrance to attract insect pollinators.
The underground root system of Early Meadow Rue is elaborate and involved in reproduction. The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous allowing for reproduction by its rhizomes or achenes. It has a shallowly rooted caudex in which the foliage dies back each winter and resprouts again in spring. This form of rhizomial reproduction allows the plant to grow in large colonies.
Early Meadow Rue has no known medicinal properties. No literature exists describing its use by Native Americans, pioneers, or other early people for medical purposes. The plant is not used today in any medical treatments.
Like Nodding Trillium, Early Meadow Rue is a plant whose leaves are progressively being destroyed by the increasing White-Tailed Deer population. Because the deer browse on the foliage of the plant, its nutrient stores are destroyed, and the wildflower will not last over winter.


text:
The conversion factor from gallons to quarts for both fluid and dry volume measurement is 4 (gallon is 4 times larger than quart). To find out how many quarts in gallons, simply multiply by 4 or use the converter below.
1 Gallon = 4 Quarts [US, UK, fluid or dry]
Gallon and quart are volume measurement units in imperial and US customary systems. There are fluid and dry measurement for both units in US customary but in not imperial system. The abbreviation for gallon is "gal" and for quart "qt".
For quart to gallon converter, please go to gallon to quart
For other volume unit conversions, please go to Volume Conversion


text:
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) ashes (or called as municipal solid waste incineration ashes) have been recycled in the areas of road bed, asphalt paving, and concrete products in many European and Asian countries. In those countries, recycling programs (including required physical properties and environmental criteria) of ash residue management have been developed so as to encourage and enforce the reuse for WTE ashes instead of landfill disposal. However, the U.S. has shown a lack of consistent and effective management plans as well as environmental regulations for the use of WTE ashes. Many previous studies demonstrated the potential beneficial use of WTE ash as an engineering material with minimum environmental impacts. Due to persistent uncertainty of engineering properties and inconsistency in the Federal and State regulations in the U.S., the recycling of WTE ash has been hindered, and they are mostly disposed of in landfills. The goal of this study is to identify beneficial use of WTE ashes as construction materials; thus, the recycling program of WTE ashes will become more active in the U.S. One of potential applications for the WTE ashes can be cement-based materials because the ashes contain good chemical components such as calcium and silicon. Moreover, toxics (heavy metals) can be bound or encapsulated in cement matrix; thus, the leaching potential can be reduced. The specific objectives are: (1) to understand the current practice of the reuse of WTE ashes as construction materials, (2) to physically and chemically characterize WTE bottom and fly ashes, (3) to investigate the effects of WTE bottom and fly ashes in cementitious materials (e.g. cement paste and concrete) as replacement of either cement of fine aggregate with emphasis on cement hydration, and (4) to investigate the environmental impacts of WTE bottom ash on leaching when used in cement-based materials. Fundamental properties of MSWI bottom ash and fly ash were studied by conducting physical, microstructural, and chemical tests. Petrographic examinations, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed in order to identify chemical composition of the ash and to determine their contents. To evaluate the main side effect of ash when used in concrete, the creation of a network of bubbles due to the presence of aluminum, ashes and aluminum powder were submerged in high pH solution, and the evolution of hydrogen gas was measured. Efforts were made to investigate the influence of WTE ashes on engineering properties of cement paste and concrete specimens when part of Portland cement and fine aggregate are replaced with ground and sieved WTE ashes. Cement paste and concrete cylinders were cast with various amounts of mineral and fine aggregate additions, respectively, and their strength and durability were investigated. Subsequently, optimum mix proportioning of the WTE ashes was investigated when they are used in cement paste and concrete specimens. In addition, the leaching characteristics of major alkaline and trace elements from concrete containing varied amounts (10%-50%) of BA were investigated by Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) batch testing.
Nam, Boo Hyun
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Length of Campus-only Access
Doctoral Dissertation (Campus-only Access)
An, Jin Woo, "Characterization of Waste-To-Energy (WTE) Bottom and Fly Ashes in Cementitious Materials" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5156.


news: Pursuing new viewpoints in the study of inequality
IPR Faculty Spotlight: <>
How do political elites speak to people about political and economic policy? There is often a vast economic divide between those elites and their voters, yet Redbird argues that a "conversation" takes place between them nonetheless.
Her newest research project thoroughly examines this conversation, in partnership with IPR associate Annette D'Onofrio, a sociolinguist. Thanks to an IPR seed grant, they will analyze all presidential candidates' speeches from 2008 onward.
Redbird will look at the speeches' argumentation and rhetoric. As an example, she notes that, although the number of coal industry employees is very small—about 60,000 workers nationwide—politicians mention the industry frequently when discussing economic policy. Another example is the choice of "we" when discussing tax cuts, but "they" when referring to those on welfare. D'Onofrio will undertake a phonic analysis, examining how candidates form words and the dialects they use.
The two researchers will then pair their analyses with responses to the speeches, such as tweets and public opinion polls, to understand the "conversation" between political elites and their audiences.
Redbird singled out IPR's intellectual diversity for bringing her new viewpoints that push her work in challenging directions.
"Inequality is a multidimensional, multifaceted, and complex problem," Redbird said. "These people think of things I would never have thought of!"


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Roman Glass
Own a piece of ancient history when you buy Roman glass jewelry from YourHolyLandStore.com. Roman glass jewelry is crafted from the finest fragments of hand-blown glass that was unearthed in various dig sites throughout the Judean desert. These Roman glass jewelry items may be made from fragments of Roman glass that was used in everything from bowls, cups, flasks, and other items of ancient dinnerware to pots, lamps, vases, and jugs that were used in ancient everyday life.
This glass is a unique medium for use in a range of Roman glass jewelry, including necklaces, earrings, bracelets, cuff links, and more—many of them featuring the different symbols and emblems of the people of Israel and the world of Judaism.
How Old is Roman Glass?
Although there are no guarantees as to the age of the Roman glass used in our Roman glass jewelry, Roman glass in general that is unearthed during archaeological digs generally dates anywhere from 100 BC to 300 AD. Dig sites are generally throughout the whole of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Originally, thousands of years ago, the glass used in these exquisite Roman glass jewelry items, was likely made from the sands of the Mediterranean along with lime that was obtained by the ancient Romans by crushing the shells of various marine life.
What Gives Roman Glass Its Colors?
The colors that you'll see in the Roman glass jewelry we sell encompasses many colors in the color spectrum, but many of them are green or a beautiful shade of aqua blue. When you see these beautiful colors, it is likely that the glass was crafted in Israel, and the blue or green colorings that are hallmarks of Roman glass from the period, contains traces of potassium and/or iron. These and other rich colors are formed throughout the passage of time as the chemical reaction of the materials that go into making the glass react with the sun and moisture content of the earth surrounding it during its burial. Extreme temperatures in the region can even cause restructuring of the glass, helped along by flash flooding and the dry heat of the Middle East.
Beauty of Roman Glass Jewelry
Roman jewelry is made using Roman glass accents along with other materials, including gold or silver, or even cheaper alternative metals, such as stainless steel. From bracelets and pendants to rings, necklaces, earrings, and cufflinks, Roman glass jewelry is nothing short of stunning. While Roman glass jewelry has substantial appeal just based on its history and the knowledge of where it comes from, it can also hold specific religious significance to the wearer when jewelry is chosen that incorporates a religious symbol or emblem important to Jewish followers.
Religious Emblems in Roman Glass Jewelry
Some of the most revered symbols in the Jewish faith are incorporated into the design of Roman glass jewelry. The Star of David is a popular emblems that is seen in items of Roman glass jewelry ranging from earrings to pendants and necklaces. The Hamsa hand or Hand of Miriam is also quite popular, especially when it includes the eye emblem that is said to ward off the evil eye while inviting good health, fortune, and happiness into the life of the wearer. Earrings and pendants with the Hamsa hand emblems featuring the eye made from Roman glass are beautiful and bound to be welcome in any jewelry box. Menorahs, pomegranates, and hearts are also seen often in the construction of Roman glass jewelry found in among the pages of inventory available at YourHolyLandStore.com—with pieces suitable for both practicing and non-practicing Jews and even those of other faiths who want to own a piece of ancient history.


text:
ISSN: 0041-3216 (Online), 0041-3216 (Print)
Volume 51 Number 2
A review of work on nitrogen in West Indian soils
Work on nitrogen in West Indian soils is reviewed. It is concluded that the amount of nitrogen in the soil depends on vegetation, rainfall and soil drainage and that the supply of nitrogen available to plants frequently depends on rainfall and on the base-status of soils rather than on the total amount of present. This implies that laboratory tests for nitrogen supplying potential have little value. Fertilizer dressings should be based on soil type, climate and crop demand; vegetative crops on long cultivated, base-deficient soils are more likely to respond to fertilizer N than those on newly cultivated soils with high base status.


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Instructor Class Description
Time Schedule:
Alexandra A Filutowski
B CUSP 202
Bothell Campus
Introduction to Law
Introduction to the structure of the legal system. Covers how the United States legal system reflects and forms social values; resolves disputes; deals with criminal procedures; addresses torts and contracts; and examines the functioning of the Constitution. Offered: AWSp.
Class description
B CUSP 202 is a 5-credit course that introduces students to the fundamentals of US law and the US legal system. In class we will cover a variety of topics, including: the evolution of law, different bodies of law (constitutional, criminal, civil, etc.), the courts system (judicial process) and alternative dispute resolution methods (negotiation, mediation, arbitration). The course has intensive reading assignments from the required textbook, online articles and case opinions. Class discussions are integral to learning, as are in-class films, courthouse visit and homework assignments. Midterm and non-cumulative final exam.
Student learning goals
Knowledge of the US court system
Cursory knowledge of various laws affecting your rights as an individual in the United States and as a resident of Washington State
Develop skill in legal analysis and argument
Develop a legal vocabulary
General method of instruction
Lecture with Powerpoint slides with student involvement, group activities, pop quizzes, take-home assignments.
Recommended preparation
Class assignments and grading
Participation 10% Pop Quizzes 15% Homework 25% Midterm 25% Final Exam 25%
Last Update by Alexandra A Filutowski
Date: 01/23/2010


text: Being able to calculate the median is a fundamental concept that kids will need to learn in statistics. It can be easy for kids to confuse median with other probability concepts like mean and mode, so it's important for kids to practice calculating medians to completely master the skill. Turtle Diary's calculating the median game will test kids' median skills through fun and exciting word games. Our interactive median game uses real life examples to reinforce the concept of medians in a way that is easy for kids to retain. Kids will definitely be median experts upon completing our animated median game for kids.


text:
- National Terrorism Advisory System
- NTAS Alerts
- The NTAS Alert – How can you help?
- Alert Announcements
- Sample NTAS Alert
- Frequently Asked Questions
National Terrorism Advisory System
The National Terrorism Advisory System, or NTAS, replaces the color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS). This new system will more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed information to the public, government agencies, first responders, airports and other transportation hubs, and the private sector.
It recognizes that Americans all share responsibility for the nation's security, and should always be aware of the heightened risk of terrorist attack in the United States and what they should do.
Imminent Threat Alert
Warns of a credible, specific, and impending terrorist threat against the United States.
Elevated Threat Alert
Warns of a credible terrorist threat against the United States.
After reviewing the available information, the Secretary of Homeland Security will decide, in coordination with other Federal entities, whether an NTAS Alert should be issued.
NTAS Alerts will only be issued when credible information is available.
These alerts will include a clear statement that there is an imminent threat or elevated threat. Using available information, the alerts will provide a concise summary of the potential threat, information about actions being taken to ensure public safety, and recommended steps that individuals, communities, businesses and governments can take to help prevent, mitigate or respond to the threat.
The NTAS Alerts will be based on the nature of the threat: in some cases, alerts will be sent directly to law enforcement or affected areas of the private sector, while in others, alerts will be issued more broadly to the American people through both official and media channels.
An individual threat alert is issued for a specific time period and then automatically expires. It may be extended if new information becomes available or the threat evolves.
NTAS Alerts contain a sunset provision indicating a specific date when the alert expires - there will not be a constant NTAS Alert or blanket warning that there is an overarching threat. If threat information changes for an alert, the Secretary of Homeland Security may announce an updated NTAS Alert. All changes, including the announcement that cancels an NTAS Alert, will be distributed the same way as the original alert.
The NTAS Alert – How can you help?
Terrorism information and intelligence is based on the collection, analysis and reporting of a range of sources and methods. While intelligence may indicate that a threat is credible, specific details may still not be known. As such, Americans should continue to stay informed and vigilant throughout the duration of an NTAS Alert.
Each alert provides information to the public about the threat, including, if available, the geographic region, mode of transportation, or critical infrastructure potentially affected by the threat; protective actions being taken by authorities, and steps that individuals and communities can take to protect themselves and their families, and help prevent, mitigate or respond to the threat.
Citizens should report suspicious activity to their local law enforcement authorities. The "If You See Something, Say Something™" campaign across the United States encourages all citizens to be vigilant for indicators of potential terrorist activity, and to follow NTAS Alerts for information about threats in specific places or for individuals exhibiting certain types of suspicious activity. Visit _URL_ to learn more about the campaign.
NTAS Alerts will be issued through state, local and tribal partners, the news media and directly to the public via the following channels:
- Via the official DHS NTAS webpage – _URL_
- Via email signup at – _URL_
- Via social media
- Via data feeds, web widgets and graphics
The public can also expect to see alerts in places, both public and private, such as transit hubs, airports and government buildings.
Sample NTAS Alert
Review a sample NTAS Alert (PDF, 1 page - 89 KB).
Frequently Asked Questions
View Frequently Asked Questions about NTAS.
If You See Something Say Something™ used with permission of the NY Metropolitan Transportation Authority.


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Resources to Use With Students
What happens during my Confirmation?
This Youtube video from the Archdiocese of Brisbane briefly explains what happens during and the meaning behind the sacrament of Confirmation. This resource could be shown as an introduction to parents or children at the beginning of a sacramental program or unit on Confirmation. Certain parts of the video may need to be explain to children, depending on the age and prior knowledge of students.
Confirmation Facts Foldable
This resource has been developed by a teacher named Katie, who shares her content on the blog 'Look at Him and Be Radiant'. Katie provides steps on how to create this Confirmation foldable with students. The activity addresses:
- What the sacrament of Confirmation is
- How the sacrament of Confirmation is celebrated
- What signs and symbols are associated with Confirmation
- What the gifts of the Holy Spirit are
Katie gives an outline for how she has used this resource in her classroom. However, it could be easily adapted and differentiated for students. This activity could also be used as an assessment of student understanding.
Resources for Teachers
Learning Byte: The Holy Spirit
This website has been created for Year 5 teachers in the Brisbane Archdiocese. The resource provides background information on the sacrament of Confirmation for teachers. In this section, it links Baptism and the Holy Spirit with Confirmation.
The website also explores ways to teach about the sacrament of Confirmation in the 'Learning Experiences' section. There are three main learning experiences:
- Who or What is the Holy Spirit?
- The Spirit Active in the Lives of Believers
- The Spirit Active in the Formation of Conscience
Under each learning experience, a plethora of activities and resources are provided for teachers.
Learning Byte: Community of Believers
This website has been created for Year 5 teachers in the Brisbane Archdiocese.
The resource provides background information on the identity of the Church and its community for teachers. This is important, as Confirmation calls Catholics to be members of the Church.
The website also explores ways to teach about the Church community in the 'Learning Experiences' section. The most relevant section would be 'What is a community of believers?'. Under each learning experience, a plethora of activities and resources are provided for teachers.
More Learning Bytes can be found here.
Faith First: Preparing for Confirmation
Created for the Catholic 'Faith First' school program, this PDF document shares ways to prepare students for the sacrament of Confirmation. Lesson plans and activities which examine the signs, symbols and meanings behind Confirmation are provided for teachers.
Symbols and Rituals in Confirmation
This webpage outlines the main symbols and rituals associated with the sacrament of Confirmation. These are:
- Laying of hands
- Anointing with oil
- The Sign of Piece
- White Garment
This is a convenient resource for educators who need a quick explanation of the Confirmation symbols and rituals.


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LEAF (the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund) is a Canadian legal organization that performs legal research and intervenes in appellate and Supreme Court of Canada cases on women's issues They've offered their submission on the review of the CHRA's section 13 (hate speech laws), by the Parliamentary standing committee on justice and human rights, here. There's some good historical and legal background in the document, which otherwise takes positions that are not terribly surprising. For example, LEAF follows the legal consensus re the Hadjis decision--section 13 alone is safe; s54.1 in conjunction with 13 may be a problem.
They do make an additional argument that you don't see much, which is that Canada needs hate speech laws to live up to its international obligations:
Canada is a signatory to several relevant international conventions that require state parties to prohibit hate speech. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), ratified by Canada in 1976, provides in Article 20(2) that "any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law."33 Similarly, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ratified by Canada in 1981, provides in Article 4 that "States Parties condemn all propaganda and all organizations which are based on ideas or theories of superiority of one race or group of persons of one colour or ethnic origin, or which attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimination in any form, and undertake to adopt immediate and positive measures designed to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of, such discrimination."34 In Keegstra, Chief Justice Dickson recognized these documents as reflective of "the international commitment to eradicate hate propaganda."35 International law recognizes that measures against hate speech may take different forms.
So there you have it. Their website is here.


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A drug delivery ion pump constructed from organic electronic components also works in plants. Researchers from the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University and from the Umeå Plant Science Centre have used such an ion pump to control the root growth of a small flowering plant, the thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana).
In the spring of 2015, researchers from the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University presented a microfabricated ion pump with the ability to pump in the correct dose of a naturally occurring pain-relief agent exactly where it was needed. This was a first step towards effective treatment of such conditions as chronic pain. In the autumn of the same year, the researchers presented results showing how they had caused roses to absorb a water-soluble conducting polymer, enabling them to create a fully operational transistor in the rose stem. The term "flower power" suddenly took on a whole new meaning.
"Around 10 years ago, we started considering applying our ion pump drug delivery devices to plants. It wasn't until several years later that we teamed up with Professor Markus Grebe and colleagues at the Umeå Plant Science Centre and finally discovered that the ion pump could be of great use to plant biologists, says Daniel Simon, Associate Professor and head of the organic bioelectronics research area in the Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University.
Assistant Professor David Poxson, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, teamed up with the group's chief chemist, Assistant Professor Roger Gabrielsson, to develop new ion pump materials capable of transporting and delivering powerful plant signalling compounds such as the hormone auxin.
Dr. Poxson then worked closely with biologists at the Umeå Plant Science Centre to investigate highly-resolved delivery of auxin to the roots of living thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana. This plant is to plant biologists what the fruit fly Drosophila is to researchers working in animal research: a major model organism.
The result: Electronically-controlled gradients of plant hormone were taken up by the roots. Dr. Poxson and co-author Dr. Michal Karady followed the internal auxin response with the help of fluorescent reporter proteins that change their fluorescence intensity in the presence of auxin. They observed that the internal auxin response and even the roots' growth rate could be controlled by the ion pump delivery of auxin.


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Chief Seattle's Speech
HistoryLink.org Essay 1427
: Printer-Friendly Format
In addition to his namesake city, Chief Seattle (178?-1866) is best remembered for a speech given, according to pioneer Dr. Henry Smith, on the occasion of an 1854 visit to Seattle of Isaac Stevens (_PHONE_). Stevens was governor and Commissioner of Indian Affairs of Washington Territory. He visited in January and again in March 1854. Chief Seattle's speech went unnoted in the written record until October 29, 1887, when the Seattle Sunday Star published a text reconstructed from admittedly incomplete notes by Dr. Smith.
Smith rendered his memory of Chief Seattle's speech in the rather ornate (to modern ears) English of Victorian oratory. Chief Seattle would have given the speech in the Lushootseed language, which then would have been translated into Chinook Indian trade language, and then into English. Smith's text is a necessarily filtered version of the speech and was certainly embellished by him.
Smith's reconstruction lacks corroboration in the written record, but it is far from implausible. Seattle was well respected among his own people and settlers as a powerful and eloquent orator in his native tongue. It is likely that he was present to meet Governor Stevens in January 1854. Stevens' assistant George Gibbs noted his presence during the March 11, 1854 meeting. Also, there are several accounts in pioneer records of Chief Seattle giving speeches to large crowds.
Frederick James Grant included Smith's text in his 1891 History of Seattle, Washington and Clarence B. Bagley reprinted a slightly altered version in his 1929 History of King County, Washington (Vol. I, pp. 114-116). Most significantly, Bagley appended a new close without explanation or attribution: "Dead -- I say? There is no death. Only a change of worlds."
Bagley's version was reprinted in Roberta Frye Watt's 1931 memoir, Four Wagons West. That same year, John M. Rich used the Bagley text in a popular pamphlet, Chief Seattle's Unanswered Challenge. The speech was revived in the 1960s, notably in articles by William Arrowsmith and Ted Perry (who introduced entirely new material), and these fabricated versions became something of a manifesto for human rights and environmental activists. The evolution of Henry Smith's text is analyzed in detail by Albert Furtwangler in Answering Chief Seattle, published in 1997.
The words themselves remain a powerful, bittersweet plea for respect of Native American rights and environmental values. The version below duplicates Dr. Smith's text as published by the Seattle Sunday Star on October 29, 1887, and as reprinted in Grant's 1891 History of Seattle, Washington. Furtwangler has merged the two texts since the sole copy of the extant newspaper version is damaged. (It now resides in Special Collections at the University of Washington Library.) The speech, along with Henry Smith's account of it, is reproduced here with all original punctuation and spelling.
Henry Smith's Account of Chief Seattle's Speech
"When Governor Stevens first arrived in Seattle and told the natives he had been appointed commissioner of Indian affairs for Washington Territory, they gave him a demonstrative reception in front of Dr. Maynard's office, near the waterfront on Main street. The Bay swarmed with canoes and the shore was lined with a living mass of swaying, writhing, dusky humanity, until old Chief Seattle's trumpet-toned voice rolled over the immense multitude like the startling reveille of a bass drum, when silence became as instantaneous and perfect as that which follows a clap of thunder from a clear sky.
"The governor was then introduced to the native multitude by Dr. Maynard, and at once commenced in a conversational, plain and straightforward style, an explanation of his mission among them, which is too well understood to require recapitulation.
"When he sat down, Chief Seattle arose with all the dignity of a senator who carries the responsibilities of a great nation on his shoulders. Placing one hand on the governor's head, and slowly pointing heavenward with the index finger of the other, he commenced his memorable address in solemn and impressive tones."
[Note: Native Americans believed that Washington was still alive and that King George was the ruler of England.]
Chief Seattle's Speech
"Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion on our fathers for centuries untold, and which, to us, looks eternal, may change. Today it is fair, tomorrow it may be overcast with clouds. My words are like the stars that never set. What Seattle says, the great chief, Washington … can rely upon, with as much certainty as our pale-face brothers can rely upon the return of the seasons.
"The son [a reference to Terr. Gov. Stevens] of the White Chief says his father sends us greetings of friendship and good will. This is kind, for we know he has little need of our friendship in return, because his people are many. They are like the grass that covers the vast prairies, while my people are few, and resemble the scattering trees of a storm-swept plain.
"The great, and I presume also good, white chief sends us word that he wants to buy our lands but is willing to allow us to reserve enough to live on comfortably. This indeed appears generous, for the red man no longer has rights that he need respect, and the offer may be wise, also, for we are no longer in need of a great country.
There Was A Time
"When our people covered the whole land, as the waves of a wind-ruffled sea cover its shell-paved floor. But that time has long since passed away with the greatness of tribes now almost forgotten. I will not mourn over our untimely decay, nor reproach my pale-face brothers for hastening it, for we, too, may have been somewhat to blame.
"When our young men grow angry at some real or imaginary wrong, and disfigure their faces with black paint, their hearts, also, are disfigured and turn black, and then their cruelty is relentless and knows no bounds, and our old men are not able to restrain them.
"But let us hope that hostilities between the red-man and his pale-face brothers may never return. We would have everything to lose and nothing to gain.
"True it is, that revenge, with our young braves, is considered gain, even at the cost of their own lives, but old men who stay at home in times of war, and old women, who have sons to lose, know better.
"Our great father Washington, for I presume he is now our father, as well as yours, since George [a reference to King George III, i.e., Great Britain] has moved his boundaries to the north; our great and good father, I say, sends us word by his son, who, no doubt, is a great chief among his people, that if we do as he desires, he will protect us. His brave armies will be to us a bristling wall of strength, and his great ships of war will fill our harbors so that our ancient enemies far to the northward, the Simsiams [Tsimshian] and Hydas [Haidas], will no longer frighten our women and old men. Then he will be our father and we will be his children.
But Can This Ever Be?
"Your God loves your people and hates mine; he folds his strong arms lovingly around the white man and leads him as a father leads his infant son, but he has forsaken his red children; he makes your people wax strong every day, and soon they will fill the land; while my people are ebbing away like a fast-receding tide, that will never flow again. The white man's God cannot love his red children or he would protect them. They seem to be orphans who can look nowhere for help. How then can we become brothers? How can your father become our father and bring us prosperity and awaken in us dreams of returning greatness?
"Your God seems to us to be partial. He came to the white man. We never saw Him; never even heard His voice; He gave the white man laws but He had no word for His red children whose teeming millions filled this vast continent as the stars fill the firmament. No, we are two distinct races and must remain ever so. There is little in common between us. The ashes of our ancestors are sacred and their final restingplace is hallowed ground, while you wander away from the tombs of your fathers seemingly without regret.
"Your religion was written on tables of stone by the iron finger of an angry God, lest you might forget it. The red man could never remember nor comprehend it.
"Our religion is the traditions of our ancestors, the dreams of our old men, given them by the great Spirit, and the visions of our sachems, and is written in the hearts of our people.
"Your dead cease to love you and the homes of their nativity as soon as they pass the portals of the tomb. They wander far off beyond the stars, are soon forgotten, and never return. Our dead never forget the beautiful world that gave them being. They still love its winding rivers, its great mountains and its sequestered vales, and they ever yearn in tenderest affection over the lonely hearted living and often return to visit and comfort them.
"Day and night cannot dwell together. The red man has ever fled the approach of the white man, as the changing mists on the mountain side flee before the


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Jarquin Family History
Jarquin Surname History
This page is dedicated to the complete history of the Jarquin last name, Jarquin etymology, and stories of Jarquin family members. The Jarquin family name is an old heredity that has migrated all across the world for many generations, and as the Jarquin family has spread, it has evolved making its origin challenging to piece together. Jarquin family history has rich origins whose details have been accumulated over the years by Jarquin family researchers.
No content has been submitted here about Jarquin. The following is speculative information about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The evolution of Jarquin starts at it's earliest origins. Even in the early generations of a name there are variations in that single name simply because last names were infrequently written down back when few people could write.
It was common for a last name to change as it enters a new country or language. Jarquin family members have travelled across various regions all throughout history. As these families emigrated between countries, the Jarquin name may have changed with them.
Jarquin country of origin
No content has been submitted about the Jarquin country of origin. The following is speculative information about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Jarquin is often complicated to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, leaving the original nationality indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Jarquin may be difficult to determine depending on whether the surname came about organically and independently in various locales; e.g. in the case of names that come from a profession, which can crop up in multiple regions independently (such as the last name "Archer" which was given to people who were bowmen).
Meaning of the last name Jarquin
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Jarquin. The following is speculative information about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Jarquin come may come from a craft, such as the name "Bishop" which may have been taken by church officials. A lot of these craft-based surnames might be a profession in some other language. This is why it is useful to research the ethnicity of a name, and the languages spoken by its ancestors. Many western names like Jarquin originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Bible, the Quran, and so forth. Often these family names are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as "Grace of God".
- L M Jarquin 1942 - 1996
- Fernando Jarquin 1940 - 2003
- Maria J Jarquin Vazq 1964 - 2011
- Marcos A Jarquin 1954 - 2006
- Gloria Jarquin 1917 - 1990
- Jean B Jarquin 1944 - 2004
- Angela Jarquin 1922 - 1995
- Edith Socorro Jarquin 1951 - 2009
- Teodoro Jarquin 1902 - 1993
- R Jarquin? - 1968
- Maria Jarquin 1907 - 1986
- David H Jarquin 1951 - 2011
- Gloria Anne Jarquin 1949 - 2010
- Ileana Del Carmen Jarquin 1956 - 2010
- Consuelo Jarquin 1918 - 2009
- Pedro Jarquin 1918 - 1980
- Miguel H Jarquin 1929 - 2001
- Elba Jarquin 1932 - 2009
- Jeannette Jarquin 1960 - 2005
- Ofelia Jarquin 1900 - 1968
Jarquin Family Tree
Famous people named Jarquin
No famous people named Jarquin have been submitted. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Nationality and Ethnicity of Jarquin
No content has been submitted about the ethnicity of Jarquin. The following is speculative information about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
We do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name Jarquin. Many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace.
More about the name Jarquin
Fun facts about the Jarquin family
We have no fun facts about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Jarquin spelling variations
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Jarquin. The following is speculative information about Jarquin. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Jarquin were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in official records. This could have resulted in misspellings of Jarquin. Family names like Jarquin change in their spelling as they travel across tribes, family unions, and languages across time. Researching misspellings and alternate spellings of the Jarquin family name are important to understanding the history of the name.


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Monday, April 30, 2007
Posted by D. Daniel Sokol
A new paper, Mergers when Firms Compete by Choosing both Price and Promotion, by Luke Froeb of Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Steven Tenn of the Federal Trade Commission and Steven Tschantz of the Department of Mathematics of Vanderbilt University analyzes the merger effects in the 2003 merger between Häagen-Dazs and Dreyer that the FTC challenged.
ABSTRACT: Enforcement agencies have a relatively good understanding of how to measure the loss of price competition caused by merger. However, when firms compete in multiple dimensions, merger effects are not well understood. In this paper, we study mergers in industries where firms compete by setting both price and promotion, and ask what happens if we mistakenly assume that price is the only dimension of competition. To answer the question, we build a structural model of the super-premium ice cream industry, where a 2003 merger between Häagen-Dazs and Dreyer's was challenged by the Federal Trade Commission. A structural merger model that ignores promotional competition under-predicts the price effects of a merger in this industry (5% instead of 12%). About three-fourths of the difference can be attributed to estimation bias (estimated demand is too elastic), with the remainder due to extrapolation bias from assuming post-merger promotional activity stays constant (instead it declines by 31%).


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Supporting documents you need to provide
You should include all the documents you have which will show that you qualify for entry to the UK as a visitor. The documents include the following:
- bank statements, pay slips, or some other evidence to show that you can pay for the trip and that you have enough money to support yourself and any dependants without working or getting any help from public funds, and
- evidence that you intend to leave the UK at the end of your visit (for example, a letter from your employer).
If you are visiting family or friends you will need:
- a letter from your sponsor (the person you are visiting) explaining your relationship with them and the purpose of your visit, and
a copy of the bio-data page (the page containing their photograph) of their UK passport or, if they are not a UK national, evidence of their immigration status in the United Kingdom
If your sponsor will be supporting you during your visit, or paying for the cost of the visit, you will need:
- pay slips, bank statements, or some other evidence to show that they have enough money to support you.


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Exclusive Content & Downloads from ASQ
Is E-Learning a Tool of the Present or a Fantasy for the Future?
Summary: Elliott Masie, internationally recognized speaker, futurist, humorist, and author on the topics of technology, business, learning, and workplace productivity, shares his thoughts on the concept of e-learning. Masie discusses e-learning trends and issues prevalent at the end of 2001, the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks and ensuing economic downturn, and critical updates and predictions for the future. Sidebar articles provide information on Elliott Masie and the MASIE Center.
- Keywords: Computer-based training (CBT),Future Outlook,Organizational culture,Learning styles
- Author: Masie, Elliott
- Journal: Journal for Quality and Participation


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An energy audit is the first step in understanding the current energy consumption in the synagogue facility (or home) and how to improve upon its efficiency. Energy audits can be conducted by professional engineers and participating local utility companies; or you (and members of the congregation) can do it yourselves.
Doing a Green Audit (reprinted from the Fall 2008 NATA Journal) To assess the impact of your environmental programs and policies, you must first audit your congregations operations. By measuring and understanding your current practices, you can best target the areas of waste to most effectively reduce your environmental impact. Once you establish a baseline, you can work with synagogue staff and administrators to implement policies and procedures to enhance or supplement current practices. Download the NATA Energy Audit Guide, including some bonus greening tips, presented here with permission from NATA.
Energy Star is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. Congregations can join the Energy Star for Congregations program, which offers information and technical support to help conduct an energy audit and then implement its recommendations. Energy Star also offers tips on its website regarding how to conduct a do-it-yourself energy audit as well as where to find a professional to help with your audit.


Disassemble vs. dissemble
 - Most English speakers can correctly infer from the negative prefix disthat disassemble means the opposite of assemble. Dissemble is trickier because it sort of sounds like it should mean the opposite of assemble, but it actually means (1) to disguise (either oneself or something else) behind a false appearance, or (2) to obscure the truth with showy rhetoric. It's traditionally synonymous with disguise, but it has become a fancy word for lie in 21st-century political contexts.
 Despite their similarity in sound, dissemble and disassemble do not share roots. Assemble comes from the Old French verb assembler, which in turn has roots in the Latin assimulare, meaning to put together. Dissemble comes from the Old French dissembler, whose root sembler means to appear or to seem. So we can think of dissemble as meaning to dis-seem or to un-seem
 Dissemble is frequently used in place of disassemble—for example:
 Near the end of the play the Grandmother dies on stage by dissembling herself — she removes her hearing aid, her false teeth, her eyeglasses, and her heart. [Huffington Post]
 A bucket truck and forklift had to be brought in to dissemble the pyramid. [Fox 31 Denver]
 Burglars dissemble a wall to break into SugarHill Studios. [CultureMap Houston]
 But the word's traditional sense is not dying; examples like these are just as easy to find:
 [The films are] more ambitious than their American counterparts, revisiting painful moments from recent history and trying to drag suppressed or dissembled truths into the light. [New York Times]
 [T]he word is that these are Chinese actors who have been hired to resemble and dissemble North Korean fans. [CBS News]
 Francis Bacon seems noisy but dissembling, notoriously vague about both sources and process in his work. [Scotland on Sunday]
 And for good measure, here are two examples of disassemble used well:
 These fees cover the costs of recycling firms that disassemble the devices and sell the salvaged materials to commodities markets. [Guardian]
 It will sell for about $18,500, disassembled, without windows or furniture. [New York Times]
 1. Thank you! This clarifies a long-standing argument :)
 2. I wonder how many times it is just a typo that gets missed. Like dropping the "i" in trickier.
 3. reardensteel says
 Good word to help you remember: semblance.
 Dissemble means (roughly) to remove the semblance.
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Bee Patrol Bee Movie Coloring Pages
Every culture needs police. These are the 'bee cops'. Bee Movie is part of a group of free printables that are movie characters. This group of characters are a part of a more modern story about having a goal to return honey to the bee community. These can be colored in a variety colors. What stories can Barry B Benson tell us? Why did he leave the hive? Perhaps you can ask your students or homeschoolers make a comic book or movie story board with their decorated pages. Download these free printable coloring pages for your children or students today.
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Level A1 - Practice Cards - Adding Interrogative Words to Questions
Practice adding question words to questions formed with est-ce que and inversion
Level A1: 100 Practice Cards - Adding Interrogative Words to Questions
This is a set of 100 cards for practicing forming French questions using est-ce que and inversion. All of the cards prompt you to transform a sentence into a question using an interrogative word: qui, que, quand, où, comment, pourquoi, à quelle heure, combien de, de quoi, avec qui, à qui.
All of the cards are written in the present tense, and some include negation. Here are the verbs used in this set of practice cards: aimer, préférer, aller, commencer, apprendre, regarder, acheter, avoir, partir, faire, manger, finir, vouloir, parler, étudier, savoir, déjeuner, adorer, travailler, appeler, être, prendre, donner, arriver, et ranger.
- 100 practice cards
- Answer key
This French resource is included in my money saving FRENCH COURSE FOR SELF-LEARNERS.
Jennifer is originally from Louisiana, and has been teaching French for over 20 years. She has been living in France with her husband and children since 2013, and continues to teach French both online and locally. She completed a BA in French and English, and taught French and moved to France for a year before completing an MA degree in French literature and language. While living in the US, she taught French for 15 years at Saint Louis University High School, a Jesuit college preparatory school for young men.


brightmail – Brightmail Module
March 26, 2020 Contributors
The Brightmail module provides a mechanism for checking the current inbound message context (for each recipient) against a Symantec Brightmail AntiSpam content server.
In Momentum version 3.x, Sieve continues to be supported but scripting via Lua is preferred for the following reasons:
 - Sieve has no concept of looping or iterators
 - Simple comparative logic in Sieve is awkward to author
 - Unlike Sieve, new modules do not need explicit C development to enable Lua capabilities
If you intend to use this module be sure to choose it during installation. For more information see "Installing Additional Packages". You will also need to purchase a license from Symantac.
brightmail "brightmail1"{
 server = ""
 num_workers = 10
 sieve_mode = "on"
 sieve_prefix = "brightmail"
 max_size = 2048
 timeout = 15
Open connections to the brightmail server are cached. This defines how long to keep an idle connection open.
**Configuration Change. ** This feature is available starting from Momentum 3.1.
The brightmail module will drop a connection after processing this many messages. Set this option to 0 to process an unlimited number. The default value for this option is 0.
This option specifies the number of bytes sent to the brightmail server. For example, if this is set to 2048 and a message of 4,000 bytes is received, only 2048 will be sent to the Brightmail server.
The number of times to attempt a connection to the brightmail server; if we can't connect and max_tries is greater than one, retry the connection max_tries number of times.
Specifies the concurrency of access to the Brightmail service. For numbers greater than zero, this specifies the number of threads that will be used to concurrently communicate with Brightmail. Each thread will have its own TCP/IP connection to the server and be capable of handling new messages serially. 0 (zero) has a special meaning: exactly one connection will be made synchronously to the main Momentum process and thus block other operations—this is highly discouraged.
Specifies the IP address and port on which the Brightmail service should be reached. Since the module makes a TCP connection it isn't essential that it run on the same server as Momentum. Instead of an IP address, you can also specify the hostname.
This option specifies whether to operate in script-only mode or not. If this option is active then no brightmail checking will occur unless called for directly from a Lua or a Sieve script. If the module is loaded with "sieve_mode = off" then the scanner will be run from the module (rather than a script) for all messages in the data phase. If you set sieve_mode to on then you need to invoke the brightmail_scanner manually. This can be invoked at the data, spool or each_rcpt phases. It will not work at the connect, ehlo, mailfrom or rcptto phases. If you don't want brightmail to see a given message, do not call msys.brightmail.scan or brightmail_scanner for that message.
In version 3.x, this option must be set to on if you wish to use the Lua function, msys.brightmail.scan.
For more information on using brightmail from Sieve see brightmail.
Specifies a name for a specific brightmail server instance. Allows you to concurrently interface with any number of servers that use the brightmail module. This setting also determines the prefix for the validation context variable and the names of the brightmail Sieve functions. See "Brightmail Runtime Usage" and brightmail. The default value for this option is brightmail.
Specifies the maximum time to wait for a response before assuming a failure on the part of the brightmail server.
Brightmail Runtime Usage
The brightmail module sets one context variable in the event of an error:
This variable, if it exists, contains information pertaining to the error that occurred while attempting to process the current message through the Brightmail service.
Lua Functions
This module makes the Lua function msys.brightmail.scan available. For a description of how this function is used see msys.brightmail.scan.
Sieve Usage
See brightmail for more details on implementing policy based on the Brightmail verdict.
The brightmail::error variable is accessible in the message validation context and can be used in the following way:
$err = vctx_mess_get "brightmail::error";
if not ec_test :is $err "" {
 ec_action 451 "Brightmail issue";
Note that the prefix for this variable is determined by the sieve_prefix setting. For example, if this module is loaded with sieve_prefix set to bm, you would access the error message using the code $err = vctx_mess_get "bm::error";.


- graves
65 Byzantine tombs unearthed in ancient Greek city in Turkey (photos)
Stratonicea settlement 3,500 years old
Archaeologists have discovered a total of 65 tombs belonging to the Byzantine Era in the ancient city of Stratonicea (Caria) during excavations last year.
Professor Bilal Söğüt of Pamukkale University, the head of the Stratonicea excavations, talked to an Anadolu Agency correspondent and said the excavations in 2016 revealed new discoveries about the 3,500 years old settlement. He further informed that archaeologists discovered traces of different settlements belonging to different eras in the ancient city, also known as the "City of Gladiators."
The ancient city of Stratonicea is in UNESCO's Tentative World Heritage List located in Muğla and remained an important hub during the Hellenistic era as well as Roman, Byzantine, Turkic beylik, Ottoman and Republican eras.
More at: source
This week's new events


text:
SMART MATURE RESILIENCE, SYSTEM DYNAMICS BASED INTERACTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: A BETA VERSION
Free (open access)
Volume 7 (2017), Issue 3
367 - 379
MARTA ITURRIZA, AHMED A. ABDELGAWAD, LEIRE LABAKA, JAZIAR RADIANTI, JOSE M. SARRIEGI & JOSE J. GONZALEZ
Natural and man-made disasters are becoming more frequent – unfortunately in most cases inevitably. By applying certain set of policies and guidelines, a city could resist, absorb, adapt to and recover from acute shocks and chronic stresses to keep critical services functioning, i.e. be resilient. In 2016, the Smart Mature Resilience, a Horizon-2020 EU project, defined the Resilience Maturity Model to make cities more resilient. In addition, the project is implementing a System Dynamics simulation model to be used by cities in planning and training for resilience. The System Dynamics model is encapsulated in a web-based Interactive Learning Environment, an easy to use Graphical User Interface (GUI). The beta version of the Interactive Learning Environment was tested by the Smart Mature Resilience project partner cities' representatives and experts in the SMART MATURE RESILIENCE second review workshop in March 2017. The participants formed in groups were supported by moderators; meanwhile recorders took notes and suggestions. This paper introduces the Interactive Learning Environment and its functionalities, in addition to information reported by the recorders for further enhancements.
city resilience, disaster resilience, interactive learning environment, resilience maturity model, resilient tool, smart mature resilience project, system dynamics


text:
Addition Definition: If A and B are any two matrices of the same size, then the sum A+B is the matrix obtained by adding together the corresponding entries in the two matrices. Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.
Product Definition I: If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix obtained by multiplying each entry of A by c.
Product Definition II: If A is an m x r matrix and B is an r x n matrix, then the product AB is the m x n matrix whose entries are determined as follows. To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i from the matrix A and column j from the matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column together and then add up the resulting products.


Nokia 808 PureView - Batteries and chargers
Battery and charger information
Battery and charger
Your device is intended for use with a BV-4D rechargeable battery. Nokia may make additional battery models available for this device. Always use original Nokia batteries.
This device is intended for use when supplied with power from the following chargers: AC-50. The exact Nokia charger model number may vary depending on the plug type, identified by E, X, AR, U, A, C, K, B, or N.
Third-party chargers that comply with the IEC/EN 62684 standard, and that can connect to your device micro USB connector, may be compatible.
Battery safety
Battery safety
When your charger is not in use, unplug it from the electrical plug and the device. Do not leave a fully charged battery connected to a charger, as overcharging may shorten the battery's lifetime. If left unused, a fully charged battery will lose its charge over time.
Always keep the battery between 15°C and 25°C (59°F and 77°F). Extreme temperatures reduce the capacity and lifetime of the battery. A device with a hot or cold battery may not work temporarily.
Accidental short-circuiting can happen when a metallic object touches the metal strips on the battery, for example, if you carry a spare battery in your pocket. Short-circuiting may damage the battery or the connecting object.
Do not dispose of batteries in a fire as they may explode. Dispose of batteries according to local regulations. Recycle when possible. Do not dispose as household waste.
Do not dismantle, cut, open, crush, bend, puncture, or shred cells or batteries. If a battery leaks, do not let battery liquid touch skin or eyes. If this happens, immediately flush the affected areas with water, or seek medical help.
Use the battery and charger for their intended purposes only. Improper use, or use of unapproved batteries or incompatible chargers may present a risk of fire, explosion, or other hazard, and may invalidate any approval or warranty. If you believe the battery or charger is damaged, take it to a service centre for inspection before continuing to use it. Never use a damaged battery or charger. Only use the charger indoors.


text:
The impact of electrical load shifting strategies on storage capacity and service provision of domestic hot water systems in residential buildings
conference contributionposted on 06.06.2017, 12:27 by Dashamir Marini, Richard Buswell, Christina Hopfe
Domestic hot water can accounts for up to 25% of the total domestic energy consumption in the UK and is demand driven. In the UK there has been a trend to replace traditional tank systems with instantaneous supply of hot water through gas fired combination boilers, leaving the space occupied by the tank to be repurposed by the household. This space is likely to become more critical as the need for storage increases in order to participate in peak load shifting when spaceheating and hot water is supplied by electricity rather than gas. The size of tank and hence the delivery of water at an appropriate temperature delivered when demand dictate is likely to become a point of tension in future systems. This paper introduces a notion of hot water 'service' that can be evaluated and used to compare the performance of different systems, along side more traditional metrics such as cost, power and tank size. The analysis compares several load shifting strategies through a TRNSYS model driven by high resolution hot water data (1sec) measured in a UK home. It is demonstrated that optimal tank size and the service the system can provide are very sensitive to the load shifting strategy applied.
The work was funded through the TEDDI call managed by the RCUK Digital Economy and Energy programmes (EPSRC Grant Number EP/M006735/1).
- Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering


text:
Retreat: noun: A place of refuge, seclusion, or privacy.
Both types of retreats are designed with our four pillars in mind, which we refer to as GRIT.
Gratitude: warmly or deeply appreciative of kindness or benefits received; thankful
Resilience: ability to recover readily from illness, depression, or adversity
Integrity: adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty
Using these pillars, our retreats utilize various team building activities specific to the audience and the goal of each exercise. Each retreat will have the following components: community service, mindfulness techniques such as yoga and meditation, and team buildings exercises concepts. Each activity will be designed to impart a critical life lesson, enhance communication skills, challenge perspectives and build self-esteem. We have included activities local to each area so participants have a chance to relax and process all they are learning and experiencing.


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Non-local Structural Mechanics,9781848215221
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Non-local Structural Mechanics
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This book gives science and engineering graduates and researchers a detailed understanding of the methods of
non-local analysis necessary for nanoscale structures.
The conventional local elasticity theory has underpinned the majority of applications of continuum mechanics in applied science and engineering since its inception in the early 19th Century. The application of the local elasticity theory in the context of nanoscale objects has been repeatedly questioned in various research articles over the past decade. Non-local elasticity theory, pioneered from the 1970s, is a scale-dependent theory and is considered to be more suitable for analyzing nanoscale objects such as carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets.
This book is the first comprehensive text to cover non-local elasticity theory for static, dynamic and stability analysis of wide-ranging nanostructures. The authors draw on their considerable research experience in this field. The text will be written from a mechanics standpoint, with numerous worked examples relevant across a wide range of nanomechanical systems.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
1. Introduction to nonlocal elasticity
1.1 Classical Elasticity
1.2 Size-dependent Continuum Theories
1.3 Nonlocal Elasticity vs. Molecular Dynamics
1.4 Nonlocal effects at small-scale
1.5 Nonlocal Modulus
1.6 What is nonlocal parameter?
1.7 Nonlocal constitutive relations
Chapter 2
2. Nonlocal Rod Theory
Chapter 3
3. Nonlocal Beam Theory
3.1 Euler Bernoulli Beam Theory
3.1.1 Bending of small-scale beam
3.1.2 Vibration of small-scale beam
3.1.3 Buckling of small-scale beam
3.2 Timoshenko Beam Theory
3.2.1 Bending of small-scale beam
3.2.2 Vibration of small-scale beam
3.2.3 Buckling of small-scale beam
3.3 Higher Order Beam Theory
3.3.1 Bending of small-scale beam
3.3.2 Vibration of small-scale beam
3.3.3 Buckling of small-scale beam
3.4 Torsional vibration of small-scale beam
Chapter 4
4. Nonlocal Plate Theory
4.1 Kirchhoff plate
4.1.1 Bending
4.1.2 Vibration
4.1.3 Buckling
4.2 Mindlin Plate
4.2.1 Bending
4.2.2 Vibration
4.2.3 Buckling
4.3 Higher Order Plate Theory
4.3.1 Bending
4.3.2 Vibration
4.3.3 Buckling
4.4 In-plane vibration of plates
4.5 Orthotropic plates vs. Isotropic plates
Chapter 5
5. Nonlocal Shell Theory
5.1 Donnell Shell theory
5.2 Love Shell theory
5.3 Flugge Shell theory
Chapter 6
6. Influence of Elastic Medium
6.1 Winkler Foundation Model
6.2 Pasternak Foundation Model
Chapter 7
7. Thermal effect on the mechanical properties of nonlocal structures
Chapter 8
8. Double Nanostructure Systems
8.1 Vibration of nonlocal double nanorod-system
8.2 Vibration of nonlocal double-nanobeam-system
8.3 Buckling of nonlocal double-nanobeam-system
8.4 Vibration of nonlocal double-nanoplate-system
8.5 Buckling of nonlocal double-nanoplate-system
Chapter 9
9. Application of Nonlocal Elastic Theory
9.1 Bending of single-walled carbon nanotubes
9.2 Bending of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
9.3 Free vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes
9.4 Free vibration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
9.5 Buckling of single-walled carbon nanotubes
9.6 Buckling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
9.7 Bending of single-walled Graphene-sheets
9.8 Bending of multi-walled Graphene-sheets
9.9 Free vibration of single-walled Graphene-sheets
9.10 Free vibration of multi-walled Graphene-sheets
9.11 Buckling of single-walled Graphene-sheets
9.12 Buckling of multi-walled Graphene-sheets
9.13 Nonlocal parameter Values
9.14 Rotational Vibration
9.15 Mechanisms of Nonlocal Effect on the Vibration of Nanoplates
Chapter 10
10. Nanosensors Design Based on Nonlocal Elasticity
10.1 Vibration of CNT-Buckyball Coupled Systems
10.2 Torsion of CNT-Buckyball Coupled Systems
10.3 Nonlocal model of CNT with attached bio molecule
10.4 Nonlocal model with attached distributed bio molecules
10.5 Nonlocal sensor equations
10.6 Frequency of SWCNT with deoxythymidine as a point biomolecule
10.7 Frequency of SWCNT with strands of deoxythymidine as distributed bio molecules
10.8 Nonlocal sensors: point mass vs. distributed mass
Chapter 11
11. Nonlocal Finite Element Method
11.1 Variational Principle
11.2 Finite Element Method
11.2.1 Vibration of nanobeam
11.2.2 Vibration of nanoplates
11.3 Dynamic Finite Element Method
11.3.1 Vibration of nanorod
11.3.2 Vibration of nanobeam
Chapter 12
12. Introduction of Molecular dynamics of small scale structures
12.1 Overview of molecular dynamics
12.2 Molecular dynamic simulation
12.2.1 Deflection of carbon Nanotubes
12.2.2 Vibration of carbon Nanotubes
12.2.3 Buckling of carbon Nanotubes
12.2.4 Vibration of graphene sheets
12.2.5 Buckling of graphene sheets
12.3 Molecular dynamics experiments for nonlocal elasticity


text:
Resolutions Without Dissent
THE POWER OF ONE
The Queensland strata legislation, like other States' legislation, includes varying motion types which necessitate different levels of voting support in order to become resolutions. Each State has unique categories of motions and different threshold voting requirements for such motions to be approved. Whilst there is some overlap, a special resolution in one jurisdiction may have a different meaning in another (at least in terms of the way votes are calculated).
In Queensland, the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 prescribes the following resolution types (for general meetings):
- Ordinary resolution
- Majority resolution
- Special resolution
- Resolution without dissent
The most common resolution type is an ordinary resolution. Such a resolution is calculated quite simply in terms of a majority of those voting. The motion passes if there are more votes in favour than against. The qualifying aspect to this is if somebody (anybody entitled to vote) requests a 'poll'. In such circumstances, the motion is passed if the total contribution lot entitlements in favour of the motion are more than the total contribution lot entitlements against the motion. An ordinary resolution is the only resolution type where a poll can be requested.
One infrequently used resolution type is a majority resolution. Because they are rarely required, there seems to be a tendency to assume (incorrectly) that a majority resolution is the same as an ordinary resolution – after all, it talks about a 'majority' doesn't it? However, they are quite different things. A majority resolution is calculated based on the total number of lots in the scheme. The resolution carries only if the votes in favour of the motion are more than half of the lots entitled to vote on the motion. Given the general apathy and low voting turnout at general meetings, obtaining the required support for a majority resolution can be quite difficult.
Another misconception that owners and others in the strata sector frequently seem to have is the voting requirements for a special resolution. There appears to be a common assumption that such a resolution requires a simple 75% majority. Whilst perhaps that might be useful as a 'rule of thumb', the counting of votes for a special resolution is quite different. The test is a three-tier one, and requires all of the following requirements to be satisfied:
- At least two-thirds of the votes cast are in favour of the motion.
- The votes counted against the motion are not more than 25% of the number of lots in the scheme.
- The contribution lot entitlements for lots voting against the motion are not more than 25% of the total contribution lot entitlements for the scheme.
That brings us to the final resolution type and the purpose of my commentary in this newsletter – the resolution without dissent. Such a resolution quite simply requires that no vote is cast against the motion. What's more, this resolution type does not prohibit owners who owe a body corporate debt at the time of the meeting from voting on the motion. Accordingly, a single owner (financial or unfinancial) can ensure that such a motion does not carry – and this frequently occurs.
It holds true that there will be very serious decisions that a body corporate will need to make from time to time that should require strong majority support – even beyond the requirements of a majority or special resolution. However, the question arises as to whether a unanimous voting requirement is a step too far?
Of course, there will be those that point out that any failure of a resolution without dissent to pass can be the subject of challenge in the Commissioner's Office – the relevant test being whether it failed to pass 'because of opposition that in the circumstances is unreasonable' – a test for which we have High Court authority (Ainsworth v Albrecht HCA 40).
However, that still means that valuable time and resources are consumed in seeking to have an unreasonable vote overturned in the Commissioner's Office. Conversely, if one or two votes were insufficient to prevent the passing of the motion, it would be up to those 'aggrieved' owners to take the initiative and commence dispute resolution proceedings to challenge the passing of the motion. Without good cause and reasons for their dissent, most owners will probably not take up this option – particularly as frivolous or vexatious applications can be dismissed with costs.
That brings us to another question about whether the current statutory maximum of $2,000.00 is sufficient to discourage the lodging of frivolous or vexatious applications. Certainly not in my opinion. However, that is a debate for a different day – and a different newsletter!
Article Written by Jarad Maher (26 May 2021)
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Disclaimer – This article is provided for information purposes only and should not be regarded as legal advice.
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