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CIOs are throwing out unreliable in-house bot management solutions – time to follow suit?
(Image credit: Image Credit: Alex KNight / Unsplash)
Studies show that most security execs now have first-hand experience of dealing with "bad" bots. In fact, we know that executives aren't just dealing with them they are now a topic for discussion in board management meetings such is the impact to business - 53 per cent say they've encountered reduced website revenue due to inventory hold-ups by bots, 51 per cent report bots skewing marketing analytics, and 36 per cent have talked about abuse of user accounts of payment information.
Talking to execs I've found that most start by deploying an in-house solution as their first response. However, the majority admit it wasn't good enough and failed to make a scratch on the attack surface and have since replaced it with a dedicated solution.
So why are in-house bot management solutions failing and why don't businesses deploy a dedicated bot management solution as soon as they determine the threat?
To uncover why, you need to look at the various options for in-house bot management solutions and their pitfalls.
Types of in-house bot management
There are four types of in-house bot management solutions that organisations deploy.
1. Manual Log Analysis
Used to manually prepare a list of suspected IP addresses. Suspected IPs are then blocked through access control list of WAFs or SIEM tools to prevent them from accessing web applications.
2. Rate Limiting
Organisations limit the number of visits from one IP address. Rate-limiting based solutions work based on predefined rules.
3. Basic Fingerprinting
Basic fingerprinting-based solution that collects IPand header-centric information to identify and block malicious bots.
4. Advanced In-house Bot Management
Advanced in-house bot management solutions are built using in-house data while leveraging basic machine-learning models.
Security researchers from ShieldSquare studied the traffic of organisations that had deployed and found that these solutions do more harm that good. In that they they fail to detect the bots on at least a 2:1 rate. Against 22.39 per cent of actual bad bot traffic, advanced in-house bot management solutions were able to detect only 11.54 per cent of bad bots, and that half of those detected were false positives.
So what's going on? Why are in-house approaches not working when AI is becoming so accessible?
There are two factors firstly the design inhibits sound decision making and you end up with a poor user experience, and secondly there's no way to feed in any global intelligence.
1. Poor User Experience
In-house bot management solutions struggle to understand distinctive user behaviour and result in high false positives and negatives, resulting in poor user experience. To explain this we need to look under the bonnet of how in-house systems are designed.
Higher false negatives
In-house bot management solutions are not optimised to consider various factors when analysing the traffic on a website, such as stopping sudden surges in traffic, low and slow hits, and mutating bots. It's largely due to the way attacks are constructed. Firstly they are sophisticated and complex, and secondly they are often large-scale. Credential stuffing is now a norm, whereby a combination of different techniques are used to bypass security measures while masquerading as genuine users.
The attackers can create tens of thousands of IPs distributed across tens of domains and geographical locations, using numerous ISPs. It's then deliberately designed to be hidden from detection. With these attack methods, attackers can carry out thousands of unique URL hits on the login pages to perform a credential stuffing attack. It's this scale and pervasion that makes it so hard to detect a problem.
Then there are the low and slow attacks. These use sophisticated bots, using thousands of IP addresses in one attack instance played over a long period of time. Using this low and slow technique, attackers can scrape product information and pricing details of millions of products from e-commerce portals.
In effect they are not unusual in comparison to day-today genuine traffic and stay under the rules of advanced in-house bot management.
There's also the inability to get the intent analysis right ie determining the risk score of a visitor, traffic categorisation (between good bots, bad bots, and humans), and then mitigating bad bots. This is becoming more and more crucial as the bot attacks grow in sophistication.
In-house bot management solutions can't analyse intent, and therefore cause massive false positives. As a result, companies that have failed to stop bad bots and been the victim of scraping, fraud or theft, recognise they need Intent-based Deep Behaviour Analysis (IDBA) to fight the crime.
Higher false positives
The biggest contributor to this is in an inability to determine domain specific user behaviour. For example, on portals with live content, such as news portals and social media sites, some users tend to spend more time scrolling through their feed or browsing the website, and they have comparatively higher session times than the users of websites with relatively static content. In-house systems identify them as bots regardless which makes the decision on how to deal with them precarious.
2. Lack of Global Threat Intelligence
In-house bot management solutions lack global threat intelligence and rely on in-house data. This hampers any ability to identify sophisticated human-like bad bots. On the other side, dedicated bot management vendors serve thousands of global customers. The firms collect data from end users' devices to build a comprehensive database of bots (both good bots and bad bots) and human fingerprints. Bot management firms leverage this database to improve their bad bot detection and mitigation capabilities dynamically. It's easy to see why CIOs are now investing rather than try to replicate it themselves.
So why not go for a specialist solution straight off?
Companies that deploy in-house bot management solutions often encounter a clash of commitments –pressure to reduce risk, prevent an impact to customer experience and profit, yet deliver solutions on a shoe string with little to no dedicated skill. Their hands are tied.
Let's face it with so many threats emerging, it's unlikely that a company will have an expert in each field at their disposal, especially bots. Bot management is a very niche space and requires comprehensive understanding and continuous research to keep up with cybercriminals. I'm sure CIOs will be telling their boardroom counterparts this. Still the pressures of cost pervade.
However, the evidence is now abundant. Companies can not afford to get this wrong. It will effect brand perception and revenue. CIOs embarking on the strategy, or thinking of turning back, are now in a stronger position to learn from their forerunners and persuade the board to make a different investment. One which will deliver an ROI, and free them up for a more strategic use of their budget and skill. Competitive advantage depends on it.
Pavan Theda, Head of Bot Management Solutions, Radware


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Pets sometimes venture too close to bees. These photos show the state in which they left them.
Dogs and cats are sometimes charmed by seeing bees. They approach it with the intention of playing. However, the response they receive is not the kindest. A visit to the veterinarian is essential after a bee sting.
Here are 19 photos of cats and dogs who regretted having approached the bees.
1. This cat has a red and swollen nose after being stung by a bee
2. Its paw has become giant
3. The poor dog no longer has his head
4. This Boxer lost in the first round against the gang of bees
5. Curiosity is a bad thing, that's the lesson this dog learned
6. The appearance of this Sphynx cat has only become more majestic, although he will no longer seek to approach the bees.
7. After having eaten a few bees, this dog regrets a little
8. This Husky is not happy with his mishap of the day
9. This poor Persian cat can no longer open his eyes
10. He will have learned his lesson once and for all
11. He shouldn't have been so curious
12. A bite in the paw from which he will recover
13. Back from the vet
14. When you're greedy and attacking bees, you pay the price
15. This bitch will no longer eat bees in her life
16. This cat was bothered by the bees
17. Fortunately, her inflammation is healing.
Read also: This dog cheats on its owners every day to receive free treats
18. As for this dog, it is still only at the beginning of its treatment.
19. These 2 friends regretted having wanted to attack bees

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why incorporate data into communications?
Special Olympics has many stories that illustrate its impact, but objective data can be used to strengthen these stories. In many cases, this data can make the difference between a nice story and a winning proposal. More and more donors and partners, for example, want evidence that their investment in Special Olympics is truly making a difference. Research data gives them that evidence. The same is true for a media pitch. Journalism is a competitive environment. Reporters have many organizations providing them with information, and use of data can be an effective hook that makes a Special Olympics story stand out from others.
Check out the program research toolkit on this site.


text:
In this Guide:
On this page:
- Revision Post-1912-current
- Signature Requirements for Petitions - Initiated Constitutional Amendment vs. Initiated Statute
On other pages in this guide:
- Table of Proposed Constitutional Amendments 1857-current
- 1912 Constitutional Revision
- Pre-1912 Revision
- Statistical Tables of amendments proposed and adopted
- Constitutional Revision Commission _PHONE_
- Ohio Constitutional Modernization Commission 2011-2021
Photo on Flickr. Woman collecting petition signatures in Ohio.
Constitutional Revision in Ohio
Ways to Amend the Ohio Constitution:
Currently, outside of a constitutional convention, there are two basic ways to amend the Ohio Constitution:
- Initiative Petition by Person(s), Ohio Constitution: Article II, Section 1a, Article II, Section 1g; ORC Ch. 3519 and
- Initiative by the General Assembly.Ohio Constitution, proposed by 60% of both houses of the legislature.
Before 1912, the Initiative Petition originated by a person did not exist.
See Procedures for Statewide Ballot Issues on the Ohio Secretary of State's page.
In the 1970s, the legislature created a Constitutional Revision Commission in order to recommend constitutional amendments to the legislature. HB 188, establishes a new Constitutional Modernization Commission, which would make recommendations to the General Assembly as to Constitutional revision. The new commission expires in 2021.
For annual information on constitutional revision in all states, see Council of State Governments, Book of the States.
Sampson, Sara A., "Researching Initiatives and Referenda, A Guide for Ohio", Legal Reference Services Quarterly,,Vol. 26, Issue 3/4 (2007). Full text available from InformaWorld
Women's Sufferage was a ballot issue in 1914. (Photo: Library of Congress)
Currently Before Ohio Voters
Revision Post-1912 to Current
In a nutshell, a person desiring to amend the Ohio Constitution first presents their initiative petition to the Ohio Attorney General. Once the Ohio Attorney General certifies it, the Ohio Ballot Board must certify it contains only one amendment. The petitioner then gathers signatures and the Ohio Secretary of State determines whether the signatures are sufficient to have the iniative petition put on the ballot. The amendment must be approved by a majority of Ohio voters.
Signature Requirements for Petitions - Initiated Constitutional Amendment v. Initiated Statute
Signature Requirements for Petitions
|Initiated Constitutional Amendment||Initiated Statute|
|Initial Filing||1,000 signatures||1,000 signatures|
(10%) of the total vote cast for the office of governor at the last gubernatorial election. Ohio Constitution: Article II, Section 1a
signatures from at least 44 of the 88 counties in Ohio. From each of these 44 counties, there must be signatures equal to at least five percent (5%) of the total vote cast for the office of governor in that county at the last gubernatorial election. Article II, Section 1g
(3%) of the total vote cast for the office of governor at the last gubernatorial election Ohio Constitution:
signatures from at least 44 of the 88 counties in Ohio. From each of these 44 counties, there must be signatures equal to at least one and five tenths percent (1.5%) of the total vote cast for the office of governor in that county at the last gubernatorial election. Article II, Section 1g


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I was told to write the $3$ cube roots of $27$ in rectangular form how is this to be done? I know how to do cube roots on something like $5+0i$ in polar form, but how do you do it with just a number?
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3 Answers 3
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If you know how to find the cube roots of $5+0i$ in polar form, you're most of the way there already. $27=27+0i$, so you can use the same techniques on it as on $5+0i$ to get the polar form of the cube roots. To get to rectangular form from polar form, evaluate the polar form—that is, $$re^{i\theta}=r(\cos\theta+i\sin\theta)=r\cos\theta+(r\sin\theta)i.$$
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$z^\frac{1}{n} = +\sqrt[n]{\vert z\vert} e^{ i \frac{\arg (z) + 2k\pi }{n} } $, where $\arg(z)$ is the principal argument of the complex number $z$, and $k = {0, 1,... n-1}$. In this case, since the complex number $z$ is purely real, $\arg(z) = 0$. Therefore we are left with:
$27^\frac{1}{3} = \sqrt[3]{27} e^{i\frac{2k\pi}{3} }$, which, iterating over $k$, gives us the three roots $3, 3e^{i\frac{2\pi}{3}}$, and $3e^{i\frac{4\pi}{3}} $. Now, to express them in rectangular form, simply use Euler's formula; $e^{ix} = \cos(x) + i \sin(x)$.
Your final answers should then be $3, \frac{3}{2}(-1+i\sqrt{3})$, and $\frac{3}{2}(-1-i\sqrt{3})$.
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_USER_. By the way, maybe you should take a look at…. – a.r. Sep 26 '10 at 9:40
_USER_ Roig Don't worry, I really don't care a ton for the actual answer I need to find out how to do it so that I can do any different problem on the test. – chromedude Sep 27 '10 at 10:57
Yes, a number has three cube roots. Think about how you would factor the polynomial $x^3-27$.
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yes, of course. – jericson Sep 26 '10 at 3:50
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Harnessing Video Technology
Produced by the Learning and Skills Improvement Service (LSIS), this case study looks at the theme of harnessing technology. It describes how the engineering department of Worcester College of Technology tackled the problem of delivering practical engineering techniques to students in a non-workshop setting when the workshop.
Their solution was to create a series of demonstration videos. This case study includes videos that demonstrate knurling, lathe calibration and vertical milling.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Evolution of milk production systems in Tropical Latin America and its interrelationship with markets : An analysis of the Colombian case
MetadataShow full item record
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Internet URL: _URL_
The objectives were to: (1) identify and quantify the effect of technological change on productivity, profitability, and competitiveness in different milk production systems and regions of the country; (2) analyze the relationship between productivity, technological change, profitability, and competitiveness; (3) analyze the evolution of milk production systems in Colombia; and (4) discuss the market concentration and its impact on the formation of milk price. Data came from a survey to 545 farms during the year 2000 in five regions: Caribbean and Piedmont in the lowlands, Coffee Growing, Antioquia, and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie in the highlands. The survey was designed to quantify inputs and products in order to determine costs and prices at the farm level in order to calculate (a) variable costs for feed supplementation, labor, health, reproduction, fertilization, and irrigation; (b) gross income from the sale of milk and beef, and (c) to characterize farms according to productivity level and management practices. The statistical analysis of multiple correspondence and general linear models were used to explain the variability observed between productivity and profitability as a function of technological change. Independent of the production system or the region where farms were located, the increase in competitiveness was in direct relationship with herd size. Thus, as herd size increased, production costs per unit of milk and beef decreased, net incomes per cow increased, and the return to capital investment improved. However, when this increase in competitiveness was associated with increases in productivity, this trend was not observed, which suggested that highly productive farms were not necessarily competitive. The dual-purpose system was the most profitable one in the Piedmont, Caribbean, and Coffee growing regions while in Antioquia and in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie the most profitable was the specialized dairy system. With regards to technological change, the adoption of improved pastures and the investment in pasture divisions for a more efficient rotation generated higher productivity and income in all regions and production systems, as well as increased competitiveness through a reduction in production costs per unit of milk and beef. The use of strategic feed supplementation to the basal diet of forage had mixed effects. The best economic response to this supplementation in lowland regions (i.e., Piedmont and Caribbean) was with low quantities (i.e., < 0.5 kg DM/cow/day) of feed supplements while in highland regions (i.e., Coffee Growing area, Antioquia and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie) was with moderate quantities (i.e., between 0.5 and 2 kg DM/cow/day). The use of fertilization and irrigation increased productivity, but reduced net income and increased production costs, except in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie. The practice of milking twice a day increased both productivity and profitability and reduced production costs, except in the Caribbeanregion. Farms that de-wormed milking cows with low frequency against internal and external parasites obtained higher incomes and lower production costs in comparison with farms that de-wormed cows with higher frequency although there were no differences in productivity. The amount of years of experience of farmers at producing milk was a key factor to increase profits, although not productivity. Farms located in sites where the commercial value of land was high (>US$6,000/ha) and near market centers had higher productivity that those with commercial value of land medium ($3,000 to $6,000/ha) and low (<$3,000/ha) but were less profitable in all regions. Box 1: Recommendations to researchers and extensionists Identify profitable technologies. Technologies that increase productivity are not necessarily profitable, which suggest the need to determine appropriate ways to evaluate them economically. This was the case of fertilization and irrigation. It is necessary to determine the best economic response to various levels of N2 and H2O to different species of improved grasses under various soil types and conditions. The most competitive and profitable breed group in the dual-purpose system was the crossbred with low (24% European-76% Zebu genes) and medium levels of dairy genes (55% European-45% Zebu genes) but had lower productivity than the purebred group (98% European genes). In the specialized dairy system, the purebred group was slightly more profitable, productive and competitive than the crossbred group with medium level of dairy genes, but this difference was not significant. The Colombian dairy sector has become more productive and competitive, but less profitable. Comparing the evolution of dairy farms with studies 12 years ago, milk production per hectare increased by 44% in dual-purpose herds and 14% in specialized dairies. This increase in productivity reduced the milk production cost by 16% and 10% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies, respectively, due to an increase in stocking rate by 15% and 17% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies as well as to an increase in investment in infrastructure and equipment by 258% and 37% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies, respectively. However, the net income per hectare during this period decreased by 27% and 69% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies due to a reduction in the producer's price of milk and beef of 22% and 20% in dual-purpose systems, and of 41% and 27% in specialized dairies. Nevertheless, this reduction in price to producers was never translated in lower prices to consumers, but remained in the hands of supermarkets and milk processing plants which expanded and modernized with long-life technology. Development agencies must internalize the fact that policies oriented to markets will be increasingly "oriented to supermarkets". If one adds that in Colombia exists 3 or 4 supermarket chains that control the food retail market, the conclusion is that sectoral policies will need to learn how to deal with a handful of giant companies. This in a huge challenge, and demands an urgent review of ideas and strategies. Box 2: Recommendations to decision makers Regionalize research. Due to the fact that the most profitable production systems are region-specific, Colombia should have different strategies for research and technology transfer in order to exploit more efficiently the comparative advantages of each region and production system. Promote collective action. It is necessary to promote cooperatives and associations to help small producers to adapt to new patterns with higher levels of competition. Otherwise, the new rules of the game could induce a massive exodus of producers in the short term and in a relatively brief period of time. It is possible, in the short run, to adopt technologies that increase milk productivity and reduce production costs while profits are reduced as a result of falling real prices as occurred in Colombia during the 90's. However, in the long run, this situation is simply unsustainable. The proposals and challenges presented in this case study have illustrated the problems and opportunities of the dairy sector in Colombia. However, these systems could represent similar situations in other countries of Latin America. Given the phenomenon of globalization and higher degree of efficiency that these systems are being exposed to, the issues of productivity, technological change, competitiveness, and markets, are critical and of enormous relevance for the performance and survival of the livestock sector in the next decades. Box 3: Recommendations to producers Without research there is no future. Efficiency goes hand in hand with technology and this depends on research and technology transfer. However, public funds allocated to agricultural research are being reduced. The challenge consists that producers in Colombia take greater control of livestock research by building alliances with local, regional and international organizations leaders in forage and livestock research. For this it is necessary that producers define and fund their own research agenda. Production-to-consumption participation. In the coming years, producers cannot limit themselves to participate only in the primary phase of production, but to expand their scope of action to other phases of the market chain to have a higher participation in the formation of milk prices and to capture a greater piece of the final price.
- CIAT Articles in Journals


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Fear Can Alter Depth Perception
October 23, 2012 by Sam Rolley
Preppers and survival experts often note how the body's reaction to fear affects different senses vital to survival. According to a new study, fear can make you underestimate the distance between you and a potential threat.
"Our results show that emotion and perception are not fully dissociable in the mind," said psychologist Stella Lourenco, co-author of the study published in Current Biology. "Fear can alter even basic aspects of how we perceive the world around us. This has clear implications for understanding clinical phobias."
In general, people have a good sense for when objects heading toward them will make contact, giving them a split second to react by ducking or bracing for the object to strike them. The researchers sought to test the effect of fear on the accuracy of that skill.
The researchers had study participants make time-to-collision judgments of images on a computer screen. The study participants were instructed to gauge when each of the images, which varied from pictures of butterflies and rabbits to ones of menacing snakes and spiders, on the computer screen would have collided with them by pressing a button. The researchers found that the study participants often thought the snakes and spiders were closer than the less threatening visuals.
"We're showing that what the object is affects how we perceive looming. If we're afraid of something, we perceive it as making contact sooner," said Matthew Longo, a psychologist at Birkbeck, University of London.
"Even more striking," Lourenco added, "it is possible to predict how much a participant will underestimate the collision time of an object by assessing the amount of fear they have for that object. The more fearful someone reported feeling of spiders, for example, the more they underestimated time-to-collision for a looming spider. That makes adaptive sense: If an object is dangerous, it's better to swerve a half-second too soon than a half-second too late."


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Date of Original Version
Abstract or Description
When using wireless networks, some chats, web searches, and other information are broadcast out onto the local network. Other users on the same network may intercept and read this information. Unfortunately, without detailed knowledge of underlying technologies, many users are unable to properly evaluate the risks involved in everyday communication tasks. This study aims to develop techniques for allowing users without technical backgrounds to form more accurate expectations of privacy. We have developed a method for notifying users when their computer leaks such information. A large projected display placed in a common workplace shows excerpts from network traffic. A two-week trial was conducted to measure the effects of the display. Data was collected from network traffic monitoring and two paper surveys, which were conducted before and after the trial.


Atomic Mouse
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Atomic Mouse
Atomic Mouse issue 1.jpg
Atomic Mouse #1 (Mar. 1953). Cover art by Al Fago
Publication information
Publisher Charlton Comics
First appearance Atomic Mouse #1 (Mar. 1953)
Created by Al Fago
In-story information
Abilities Flight, super strength
Atomic Mouse is a funny animal superhero created in 1953 by Al Fago for Charlton Comics,[1] depicted as an ordinary mouse who is shrunk by an evil magician and given U-235 pills that grant him super powers, which he uses in his fight for justice against the evil Count Gatto.[2] The strip bearing his name ran to 54 issues over eleven years, and many of his stories were reprinted during the mid-1980s by the American Comics Group.
In 2001, Atomic Mouse was licensed by the furry comic company Shanda Fantasy Arts.[3]
Fago imitated his own character by creating Atomic Rabbit (a.k.a. Atomic Bunny) and Atom the Cat, both of whom had costumes and powers similar to those of Atomic Mouse.
2000s revival[edit]
Atomic Mouse #1, published by Shanda Fantasy Arts in 2001.
In 2001, Shanda Fantasy Arts licensed the character and gave him a new origin. The City of Rodentia is menaced by an asteroid, so Professor LaSerne invents a machine to bring a drawing to life, and uses an old copy of Atomic Mouse comics. The new redesigned Atomic Mouse stops the asteroid, and takes up life on his new planet. He enters into a romantic relationship with Lil Mouse (a mouse of color) who draws his comic book. A backup feature was about the Legion of Almost Villains, who were always trying to make a reputation for themselves by defeating Atomic Mouse, who was unaware of them. In issue #3, Atomic Mouse met the Atomic Mouse of the old Charlton Comics. And in a one-shot, Atomic Mouse vs. Power Jack and the Lost Menagerie, Atomic Mouse meets and helps a thinly disguised Captain Carrot and his Amazing Zoo Crew from DC Comics.
 1. ^ Donald D. Markstein. "Toonpedia: Atomic Mouse". Retrieved 2007-02-14.
 2. ^ Wisconsin Historical Museum. "Living Under a Mushroom Cloud: Fear and Hope in the Atomic Age". Archived from the original on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
 3. ^ Connecticut Historical Society. "Charlton Comics: a brief history". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
External links[edit]


solar arrays
from French and Swiss grid (including the base load for the whole site)
Of the LHC total, LHC cryogenics uses 27.5 MW and the LHC experiments use 22 MW. It's hard to say how much of the rest goes toward LHC-related computing, lighting, coffee-brewing etc, and how much goes to the many other experiments and activities at CERN.
Orbit and Altitude
Altitude 408km — 422km
(on 2 June 2013. Has been as low as 331.5km)
175m — 50m below ground
about 450m—380m above sea level
Here is a nice graph of the ISS's altitude from launch to 2009.
Here's the source for the LHC depth figures, and an explanation of why it was built underground. I estimated the altitude above sea level going by altitudes in Google Earth at roughly the points where the LHC is deepest and shallowest. I need to find better figures for this.
Orbit Diameter 13 558—13 586km
(on 2 June 2013)
I used the mean Earth radius of 6371km to calculate the orbit diameter of the ISS,. I guess I should have calculated the diameter at the actual angle the ISS orbits at, but as a maths major I don't trust my arithmetic.
Orbital Speed 7 666.2m/s
(on 2 June 2012)
protons at 7TeV: 299 792 455m/s
(3m/s slower than the speed of light)
lead ions at 2.76 TeV per nucleon: 299 792 441m/s
(17m/s slower than the speed of light)
You can check the ISS orbital speed in real time.
Protons haven't circulated in the LHC at 7TeV yet, but they will.
I got the 2.76TeV figure from the LHC FAQ document (which is very comprehensive and interesting, by the way. I recommend it.) A nucleon is just a proton or neutron. But I couldn't find the actual speed, so I calculated it using this formula at 1:30a.m. I'm a maths major, so I can't guarantee its correctness.
Wolfram Alpha can calculate this by itself if you ask it 'relativistic speed of 2.76 TeV proton' but the answer is so near to the speed of light that it rounds it off to 1c.
Orbital Period ~92 minutes
88.928µs (11245 orbits per second)
either protons or lead ions at full energy
The ISS data used to be on the real-time tracking page listed previously, and the LHC figures were here. I'm going to need to find new sources for those.
Getting to Orbit
Zarya and Zvezda modules launched by Proton rockets
Pirs and Poisk launched by Soyuz-U rockets
Everything else launched by Space Shuttle with the help of its solid rocket boosters
Protons accelerated by Linac 2, then the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the Proton Synchrotron, Super Proton Synchrotron, and finally the LHC
It's all about protons and boosters. I'm all about tenuous connections and dubious puns.
Particle Detectors
Detectors AMS (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer)
Calibrated using proton beam
Real data from cosmic rays
CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)
Calibrated using cosmic rays
Real data from proton beam
AMS was designed at CERN, and one of those proton beams came from the Super Proton Synchrotron, which also accelerates protons to inject them into the Large Hadron Collider (see also the bottom half of the too-much-infographic.) The AMS control room is also at CERN.For a while the AMS was just across the road from my office. I took a few pictures of it just before it left, with my phone since my camera was broken at the time. One is shown below. The astronauts who installed it gave a talk at CERN a year after the installation, which you can watch online.
In development
LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty)
Calibrated using cosmic rays
Real data from proton beam
MoEDAL (The Monopole & Exotics Detector at the LHC)
In development
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus)
Calibrated using cosmic rays
Real data from proton beam
LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward)
Simulating cosmic rays
using proton beam
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)
Calibrated using cosmic rays
Real data from proton beam
Countries Involved 16 111
The International Space Station's Facebook page and also the International Cooperation page say 15 nations. NASA's Human Space Flight FAQ says 16. I went with the higher number, because people from other countries are probably involved anyway. I know that at CERN, it's usually the countries of the institutions that are counted, when there might be people from many other countries working for those institutions.
Here is a list of countries involved in CERN. As a maths major, I don't trust my counting abilities, so I got the 111 figure from the LHC UK site. As explained above, the real number is probably higher.
1976 (Mir-2)
1984 (Freedom)
1986 (Columbus)
1993 (ISS)
Here's an interesting document on the conception of the ISS, which was essentially the coming together of several separate space station projects.
The idea for the LHC (sometimes called the Juratron in early papers, after the Jura mountains) had been floating around since 1977 (see this talk by Lyn Evans for a nice history of the LHC) but 1984 was the date of the first conference about it. The idea was officially approved in 1994.
On-site Assembly 1998—2013 1998—2008
Of course, this depends what you count. The LHC date is from the start of civil engineering to the completion of the beam pipe around the entire circuit including the detectors. There was a huge repair effort after the cooling leak in 2008, and there's work going on right now to upgrade the detectors and get the LHC itself up to the original design energy of 7TeV.
Operational Since 2000
(first astronauts)
(first beam)
(first collisions)
Operational Until 2020 2022
(after which it will be upgraded)
Some sources say the ISS could run till 2025 or 2028, but for now it's officially funded until 2020.
There are so many plans for upgrades and successors to the LHC that I'm a little confused as to when the LHC itself actually shuts off, but I'm going by the diagram in this article.
Estimated Budget
$72.4billion in 2010 dollars
unofficial calculation, not counting shuttle missions
CHF6 billion
Having a real-life space station occupied continuously for nearly 13 years, and finding out what the universe is made of? Priceless!
For the LHC, the figure of 4.6 billion is given here, but I chose the CERN FAQ/LHC Guide as the reference since it is newer and probably more carefully checked by more people. This was the booklet given out to volunteers at the 2008 open day.
Shuttles driven by ISS personnel
(Kennedy Space Center to/from ISS, 1998—2011)
Soyuz driven by ISS personnel
(Baikonur Cosmodrome to/from ISS, 2000—present)
Powered flight
(Geneva Airport to/from any airport on Earth)
Shuttle driven by ISS personnel
(Geneva Airport to/from CERN Meyrin site)
Here is a picture of an ISS employee driving a CERN shuttle:Shuttle driven by ISS personnel
Around Unpowered flight
Shuttles driven by ISS personnel between various CERN sites
Unmanned cargo transport
H-II Transfer Vehicle
(Tanegashima Space Center to/from ISS)
(Baikonur Cosmodrome to/from ISS)
Automated Transfer Vehicle
(Guiana Space Center to/from ISS)
ROCLA magnet transport robots
Magnet alignment robots
I saw an explanation of the CERN robots at an event in Microcosm years ago, but haven't been able to find much information on them online.
Challenges Faced
 - Insulating foam from Columbia's external fuel tank
 - Sticky bolts
 - Micrometeoroids
The bird escaped unharmed but lost its bread.
Science 121
"International Space Station" papers on
more than 1000 "Large Hadron Collider" papers on
The paper count for ISS is from August 2012; when I checked again in June 2013, the count was 116, but I assume the other papers still exist. In any case, this is only a rough idea of how much science has been done with the help of the ISS. It shouldn't be taken as a serious estimate of the benefits thereof.
Only fictional space stations can destroy a planet with an energy beam.
Only fictional particle accelerators can destroy a planet with their energy beams.
I haven't even seen Star Wars and I still managed to get a reference in.
 - Firefighting
 - Cleaning landfills
 - Air purification
 - Golf clubs
and more.
 - Cancer therapy
 - Sterilisation
 - Radiation processing
 - Medical imaging
and more.
You can see more about NASA technology spinoffs


text:
3 minutes reading time (633 words)
Real Presence: Jesus Is Really Present in the Eucharist. Am I?
Other respondents, however, pointed out the weakness of the survey itself. It isn't possible, they said, for even faithful Catholics to explain their nuanced understandings of this profound mystery, certainly not in a multiple choice test question. Nonetheless, I think the survey does call us to look again at how we teach our children to understand what Catholics mean when we say that Jesus is really present in the Eucharist. And even more important: how we, as catechists, can make this profound mystery more meaningful in the daily lives of our students.
As a person who has been trying for many decades to teach children and teens about the mystery of Eucharist, I have found it helpful to point out the difference between two kinds of presence: spatial presence and personal presence.
I write the word PRESENCE on the board, then pick up a small box into which I have placed my keys and ask: What does it mean to say that my keys are present in this box? Then I discuss with the class what the word presence means in each of these other exhibits:
- a family picture: the parents are present in each child, even the adopted child
- a love letter: his wife is present in the letter this marine is reading
- a baby sitter: your parents are present in you when you are babysitting
- a simple gift: this little boy is present in the dandelions he is giving to his mom
- a handshake: I am present in the friendly handshake I am offering you
The students easily grasp the difference between the spatial presence represented by the keys in the box, and the various kinds of personal presence indicated by each of the other examples.
I then pull out the documents of Vatican II (I use my yellowed, dog-eared copy for emphasis) and the Catechism of the Catholic Church and distribute a copy of SC 7 and CCC 1373. I help the class to find the phrases in these official documents that describe the many ways Jesus is present in the Eucharist: in the gathered community, in the liturgical celebration, in the words of scripture, in the specially chosen minister, in each individual person who is part of the celebration, and "most especially" in the bread and wine, which the documents call the "Eucharistic species".
They catch the parallels between the Catholic understanding of Eucharistic Presence and the kind of presence represented by my exhibits. Each exhibit tells them something about how the event we call the Holy Eucharist helps us Catholics to understand that Jesus continues to be present in our midst. I remember one sophomore boy telling me that even the keys-in-the-box helped him to understand that mystery. "I can't see the keys, Sister," he explained, "but I believe they are there because I believe in you."
What I want the students to understand is that the Mass is not some magic trick by which bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ. Rather, the entire Eucharistic liturgy is meant to be a celebration of the many ways Jesus chooses to be present to us, the people who love and follow him.


text:
A group of 30 rail and logistics associations have sent an open letter (which can be found here) to the European Commission and to the Transport Ministries of all European countries, urging for structural changes and processes that are needed to make intermodal logistics more robust and reliable.
The letter cites 8 areas for improvement including:
- Risk management and contingency plans.
- A crisis management structure to be put in place.
- The overcoming of national obstacles, such as communication issues.
- International co-ordination of infrastructure works to minimise impact of issues such as Rastatt.
- Operational cross-border management to make a cohesive response across the network.
- Incentives to minimise rail disruption.
- Establishment of an international rail platform to examine the crisis and facilitate co-ordination with involved parties.
- Immediate financial relief for the sector to counter damages caused through the incident.


The shock incarceration is a short-term imprisonment usually applied to a first-time convict under the theory that it may have better rehabilitation results than a mere suspended sentence. In Estonian legal practice, a few weeks or months of an imprisonment that would otherwise be either immediate or suspended can be converted into shock incarceration, and the trial courts are empowered to decide individually on every case whether it would be appropriate. The rest of the full term will remain suspended, and will not be enforced if the convict does not commit new crimes during a set term, usually a few years.


A New 'Meme' Cryptocurrency Named Şeyma Subaşı Released
Another example from our country has been added to crypto coins in the 'meme coin' class. A crypto currency named 'Seyma Subasi' took its place on a small cryptocurrency exchange. It is not known exactly who took the money and why.
Same cornerAnother example from Turkey has been added to the 's. With his personal life, especially on social media, By Şeyma Subaşı A new cryptocurrency was launched. 'PooCoinThe coin, which can be viewed on the site ', is already on the rise. It is unknown who the shooter was.
After a coin and a token issued in the name of Sedat Peker, which are the most famous examples of the concept of 'meme coin' in our country, a crypto currency was issued under the name of another famous name. 'SYMS' According to a claim made on Twitter about the money listed with the abbreviation 'Seyma Subasi', It was issued for the purpose of collecting aid for students..
What is the 'meme coin' that Seyma Subasi exemplifies?
doge coin
A name given to humorous content on the internet, 'meme' is a term frequently encountered by cryptocurrency investors. It cannot be said that 'meme coins' are very different from the 'meme' logic. these coins released as a jokeThey are known for the reputation of the original source of the joke.
For example, Dogecoin, which earns its investors many times over, Based on the 'doge' photo of the famous 9GAG deer from the 2010s removed. Of course, this does not mean that every 'meme coin' will explode and bring big returns to investors.
Why did Şeyma Subaşı crypto money come out?
Şeyma Subaşı crypto money
Come on: Sedat Peker's 'Meme' Crypto Money Launched
The crypto money, whose short name is SYMS and issued in the name of Şeyma Subaşı, took its place on the site called 'PooCoin' today at noon. As for why it was removed, we should mention that 'meme coins' can be removed even out of boredom. But a post on Twitter says the purpose of the money is to raise funds for students. Publisher for a similar purpose recently Hazrat Yasuo It also issued its own token.
Şeyma Subaşı crypto money also has a Telegram group. In the group's statement, Şeyma Subaşı's famous statement "You Can't Make Everyone Happy Because You're Not Pizza" is located. Momentarily with 83 investors the price of money right now 0.183344 dollars. The rise continues, but be warned: A coin's joking rise may not be permanent. So keep in mind that it's up to you to analyze whether these types of investments can be harmful or beneficial.
Nothing in this content is investment advice.


text: At the end of the pre-equilibrium stage, or a thermalizing process, the residual nucleus is supposed to be left in an equilibrium state, in which the excitation energy is shared by a large number of nucleons. Such an equilibrated compound nucleus is characterized by its mass, charge and excitation energy with no further memory of the steps which led to its formation. If the excitation energy is higher than the separation energy, it can still eject nucleons and light fragments (d, t, He, ). These constitute the low energy and most abundant part of the emitted particles in the rest system of the residual nucleus. The emission of particles by an excited compound nucleus has been successfully described by comparing the nucleus with the evaporation of molecules from a fluid. The first statistical theory of compound nuclear decay is due to Weisskopf and Ewing.


text:
The Brodie helmet, called Helmet, steel, Mark I helmet in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the U.S., was a steel combat helmet designed and patented in 1915 by the Briton John Leopold Brodie. Colloquially, it was also called the shrapnel helmet, Tommy helmet, Tin Hat, and in the United States the doughboy helmet. It was also known as the dishpan hat, tin pan hat, washbasin, battle bowler (when worn by officers) and Kelly helmet. The US version, the M1917, was copied from the British Mk 1 steel helmet of 1916. The Germans called it the Salatschüssel (salad bowl).
During the first year of World War I, none of the combatants offered steel helmets to their troops. The soldiers of most nations went into battle wearing simple cloth caps that offered no protection from modern weapons. German troops wore the traditional leather Pickelhaube, also of little protective value.
The huge number of lethal head wounds that modern weapons were inflicting upon the French Army led them to introduce the first of the modern steel helmets in the summer of 1915. The first French helmets were bowl-shaped steel "skullcaps" worn under the cloth caps. However, these rudimentary helmets were soon replaced by the Model 1915 Adrian helmet, designed by August-Louis Adrian. The idea was later adopted by numerous other combatant nations.
At about the same time, the British War Office had also seen a similar need for steel helmets. The War Office Invention Department was asked to evaluate the French design but they decided that it was not strong enough and was too complex to be swiftly manufactured—the British industry was not geared up to an all-out effort of war production in the initial stages of World War I, which also led to the shell shortage of 1915.
A design patented in 1915 by John L. Brodie of London offered advantages over the French design as it was constructed from a single piece that could be pressed from a single thick sheet of steel, giving it added strength.
Brodie's design resembled the medieval infantry kettle hat or chapel-de-fer, unlike the German Stahlhelm, which resembled the medieval sallet. It had a shallow circular crown with a wide brim around the edge, a leather liner, and a leather chinstrap. The helmet's "soup bowl" shape was originally designed to protect the wearer's head and shoulders from Shrapnel shell projectiles bursting from above. The shallow bowl design allowed the use of relatively thick steel that could be formed in a single pressing while maintaining the helmet's thickness. Although this made it more resistant to projectiles, the design offered less protection to the lower part of the head and neck than other designs.
The original design (Type A) was made of mild steel with a brim 1.5 to 2 inches wide. The Type A was in production for just a few weeks before the specification was changed and the Type B was introduced in October 1915. The specification was altered at the suggestion of Sir Robert Hadfield to a harder steel with 12% manganese content, which became known as "Hadfield's steel", which was virtually impervious to shrapnel balls, provided they impacted from above. Ballistically this increased protection for the wearer by 10 percent, and could withstand a.45 caliber pistol bullet traveling at 600 feet per second fired at a distance of 10 feet. It also had a narrower brim and a more domed crown.
The original paint scheme, suggested by Brodie, was a mottled light green, blue, and orange camouflage, but they were also painted in green or blue-grey.
That same month the first delivery of the helmets was made to British Army troops. Initially, there were far from enough helmets to equip every man, so they were designated as "trench stores", to be kept in the front line and used by each unit that occupied the sector. It was not until the summer of 1916, when the first one million helmets had been produced, that they could be generally issued.
The Brodie helmet reduced casualties, but was criticized by General Herbert Plumer on the grounds that it was too shallow, too reflective, its rim was too sharp, and its lining was too slippery. These criticisms were addressed in the Mark I model helmet of 1916, which had a separate folded rim, a two-part liner, and matte khaki paint finished with sand, sawdust, or crushed cork to give a dull, non-reflective appearance. In 1917 the liner was modified to include a rubber cushion to make it more comfortable, although this was not adopted for the M1917. Helmets were often painted with unit insignia towards the end of the war, and are often called "parade helmets" by collectors.
The weight of a Mark I helmet was approximately 1.3 pounds (0.59 kg).
It was first used in battle in April 1916 at the Battle of St Eloi. Troops from other countries also used the Brodie helmet, including the United States Armed Forces when they began to deploy in France late in 1917. The United States government initially purchased some 400,000 helmets from Britain. From January 1918 the U.S. Army began to use helmets manufactured in the U.S. and these helmets were designated M1917. The steel helmet was known to the troops as a "tin hat", or, for the officers, a "battle bowler" (from bowler hat).
By the end of the war some 7.5 million Brodie helmets had been produced, including 1.5 million M1917 helmets for use by American forces.
Post World War I
From 1936 the Mark I Brodie helmet was fitted with an improved liner and an elasticated (actually, sprung) webbing chin strap. This final variant served until late 1940 when it was superseded by the slightly modified Mk II, which served the British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II. Several Commonwealth nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa, produced their own versions of the MK II, which can be distinguished from those made in Britain. During this period, the helmet was also used by the police, the fire brigade and ARP wardens in Britain. The helmets for the ARP wardens came in two principle variations, black with a white "W" for wardens and white with a black "W" for Chief Wardens, however numerous different patterns were used. A civilian pattern was also available for private purchase, known as the Zuckerman helmet, which was a little deeper, but made from ordinary mild steel.
In 1944, the British replaced it with a significantly modified design known as the Mk III "Turtle" helmet.
The U.S. Army used the basic Brodie-patterned M1917 helmet until 1942 with some modifications, which included a totally new liner and canvas chin strap. It was finally superseded by the M1 Helmet in 1942.
- Helmet M-1917
- Military Trader
- Military headgears
- Heaumes Page
- Dunstan, Simon; Ron Volstad (1984). Flak Jackets: 20th Century Military Body Armour. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 0-85045-569-3.
- Index CEF Helmets
- Bull, Stephen; Adam Hook (2002). World War I Trench Warfare (1): 1914–16. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-84176-197-4.
- Sheffield, Gary (2007). War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 227. ISBN 1-84603-210-5.
- Helmet M1917
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brodie helmets|


text:
Definitions of give up:
- verb: allow the other (baseball) team to score
Example: "Give up a run"
- verb: give up with the intent of never claiming again
- verb: lose or lose the right to by some error, offense, or crime
- verb: give up what is not strictly needed
- verb: stop maintaining or insisting on; of ideas, claims, etc.
Example: "Both sides have to give up some calims in these negociations"
- verb: give up in the face of defeat of lacking hope; admit defeat
- verb: give up or agree to forego to the power or possession of another
- verb: refrain from consuming
- verb: relinquish possession or control over
- verb: leave (a job, post, post, or position) voluntarily
- verb: put an end to a state or an activity
- verb: part with a possession or right
Search for give up at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
"Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android!
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


Inference on GMAT Reading Comprehension
When you are asked to infer on your own, how far can you go in your own direction? Not far at all! How far can your inference go from the text? Not far at all!
The art of inferring on the GMAT
On the GMAT Verbal section, Reading Comprehension will ask you to infer things. To infer means: to draw as a conclusion, by your own deductive powers, some statement that is not stated directly. Right there, that's one requirement for a good GMAT inference: if it's stated directly, in black and white, it can't be an inference. An inference has state something different from is stated explicitly. That, though, leads to the other big requirement. A good GMAT inference is not stated explicitly, but it is only a hair's breadth away from what is stated explicitly. In other words, if the text explicitly states A and B and C, then the correct inference D is a statement that any logical person would consider absolutely obvious and undeniable, given A & B & C. If it is possible for A & B & C to be true, and for D not to be true, then D is absolutely not a correct inference on the GMAT. A good GMAT inference must be an absolutely and unarguably necessary consequence of what is stated explicitly. In fact, this is precisely what can make the first requirement tricky. If D is such an ineluctable consequence of A & B & C, it may be that when you read A & B & C, you automatically assumed D, and therefore consider it "already explicitly stated." Be careful. The good inference will be that statement that you unavoidably assume, on the basis of what is explicitly stated, but if you look carefully, that statement itself is not explicitly written in the text.
An example
For simplicity, let's consider the shortest Reading Comprehension passage in the world: just a single sentence.
Roger slammed on the brakes of his car, and narrowly avoided a collision with the truck.
Suppose that's the whole of our passage, and we are asked to make an inference. The following statements would not work as inferences, because they are, in one way or another, stated explicitly.
1. Roger used the brakes of his car.
2. Roger did not hit the truck.
Improve your GMAT score with Magoosh.
3. No car accident occurred here.
4. Roger came close to having a car accident here.
Those all re-state information in the sentence. Notice, incidentally, if Roger skidded past the truck and hit another car — yes, that would be an accident, but that's a continuation of the story beyond what's explicitly stated. We have to base our answers on the passage as it appears.
The following statements are not good inferences because they are debatable: each one could be true, but everything explicitly stated could happen without any one them happening.
5. Roger had been driving fast.
6. Roger's car has good brakes.
7. Roger has good reflexes.
8. The truck was at rest.
9. The truck was initially moving slower than Roger's car.
10. Roger's car came to rest.
11. Roger's car left skid marks.
12. Roger's car would have suffered expensive damage in a collision with the truck.
Any of those could be true, but none of them has to be true. Perhaps this scenario, Roger initially was going fast, and therefore slamming on the brakes would have left skid marks, but perhaps this was all at extremely slow speeds, say, in a crowded parking lot. The truck might have been at rest, or Roger could have been following the truck and catching up to it, or Roger & the truck could have been moving head-on toward each other, which raises the possibility that the truck was moving faster — say Roger was moving 10 mph south, the truck was moving 15 mph north, and they both slammed on the brakes and avoided each other. We have no idea how this event would compare to another driver and/or another car, and therefore no way of evaluating the speed of Roger's reflexes or the condition of his brakes. We know nothing about the damage Roger's car would have sustained in the collision, first of all, because we don't know whether it was a high-energy or low-energy impact, and also because we don't know the condition of Roger's car: is it something already banged up, so that an extra dent wouldn't make a difference? or is it something incredibly solid, like a Hummer, that is more likely to inflict damage than be damaged? We don't know. We don't know whether Roger came to a stop, or whether he slowed down, swerved around the truck, and kept going: admittedly, that probably would not be the safest driving procedure, but we cannot rule it out on the basis of what is explicitly stated in the passage. None of those eight statements is a certain logical deduction, so none is a proper GMAT-worthy inference.
What, then, would be a valid GMAT inference? Consider this statement:
13) If Roger had continued in his path of motion without using his brakes, his car would have hit the truck.
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We know that Roger "slammed" on his brakes —- that is, used a lot of force on his brakes —- and he "narrowly missed" a collision, in other words, came very close to having a collision: in other words, he "almost" had a collision. Even using his brakes to maximum effect, he almost had a collision. "Almost" means: any slight change in the negative direction would have been enough to bring about the collision. Well, not using the brakes at all — that's not a minor change, but rather a catastrophic change. That is enough to imply, unavoidably, that if he had not used his brakes at all, he would have had the collision. There's really no substantial argument against that.
While this passage is entirely unrealistic in its brevity, this little exercise demonstrates the spirit of GMAT RC inference: not directly stated, but an absolutely unavoidable consequence of what is explicitly stated.
Practice question
Try your hand at this free GMAT RC inference question.
Ready to get an awesome GMAT score? Start here.
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text:
In our usual design, we may encounter the problem of one device corresponding to multiple packages, so we can choose the package we need for this device in the PCB. Let's take a look at how to use Alt_Symbols.
Step 1: Double-click the device that needs to define multiple packages in the schematic, enter the Property Editor interface, and define the package of this device as 0805, as shown in the figure:
Step 2: Select Cadence-Allegro under Filter, then you will see the attributes of ALT_SYMBOLS below, fill in the name of the alternative package c_0603, as shown below:
At this time, package c_0603 is the alternate package for this device.
Step 3: Click Save, then exit the netlist and import the PCB Board. Relevant steps are omitted here.
Step 4: Enter Allegro PCB to import the generated netlist, and then right-click when placing or moving the device, we can see the Alt_Symbol item:
At this time, we can choose the package that the device needs to use. Put it down directly to the 0805 packages, and use the Alt_Symbol shown in the figure above to put it down to the C0603 package.


Jethro's Braindump
The Bias-Complexity Tradeoff
Training data can mislead the learner, and result in overfitting. To overcome this problem, we can restrict the search space to some hypothesis space \(\mathcal{H}\). This can be seen as introducing prior knowledge to the learning task. Is such prior knowledge necessary?
The No-Free-Lunch Theorem
The No-Free-Lunch theorem states that for binary classification tasks, for every learner there exists a distribution on which it fails. We say that the learner fails if, upon receiving i.i.d. examples from that distribution, its output hypothesis is likely to have a large risk, whereas for the same distribution, there exists another learner that will output a hypothesis with a small risk. In other words, every learner has tasks on which it fails while others succeed.
Therefore, when approaching a particular learning problem, defined by some distribution \(D\), we should have some prior knowledge on \(D\). One type of such prior knowledge is that \(D\) comes from some specific parametric family of distributions. Another type of such prior knowledge is that there exists \(h\) in some predefined hypothesis class \(H\), such that \(L_D(h) = 0\).
Error Decomposition
we can decompose the error of an \(ERM_H\) predictor into two components as follows. Let \(h_S\) be an \(ERM_H\) hypothesis. Then we can write:
\begin{equation} L_D(h_S) = \epsilon_{\textrm{app}} + \epsilon_{\textrm{est}} \end{equation}
where \(\epsilon_{\textrm{app}} = \textrm{min}_{h\in H} L_D(h)=\), and \(\epsilon_{\textrm{est}} = L_D(h_S) - \epsilon_{\textrm{app}}\).
The approximation error is the minimum risk achievable by a predictor in the hypothesis class. This term measures how much risk we have because we restrict ourselves to a specific class (how much inductive bias we have). This approximation error does not depend on the sample size, and is solely determined by the hypothesis class chosen.
Under the realizability assumption, the approximate error is zero. In the agnostic case, the approximation error can be large (it always includes the error of the Bayes optimal predictor).
The estimation error is the difference between the approximation error and the error achieved by the ERM predictor. The estimation error results because the empirical risk (training error) is only an estimate of the true risk.
Since our goal is to minimize the total error, we face a tradeoff, called the bias-complexity tradeoff. Choosing \(H\) to be a very rich class decreases the approximation error, but may increase the estimation error, as a rich \(H\) might lead to overfitting. Learning theory studies how rich we can make \(H\) while still maintaining reasonable estimation error.
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Olet täällä
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Vocational education and training in Romania
Short description
This short description contributes to better understanding of vocational education and training (VET) in Romania by providing an insight into its main features and highlighting system developments and current challenges.
Romanian VET offers diverse paths for learners. It comprises professional and technological programmes, regularly updated to combat low participation in lifelong learning and early leaving from education and training.
As many EU countries, Romania has an ageing population. This has an impact on VET, with an 8.5% decrease in the number of VET upper secondary schools since 2012/13. Efforts are being made to increase student participation, enable access to VET, and improve its quality and its relevance to the labour market. Recent system developments include the introduction of a dual VET form: it complements the work-based learning tradition in school-based programmes and aims at making VET a more attractive option for learners, while adapting training better to employer needs.
Vocational education and training in Romania
DOI: 10.2801/256780TI-04-19-220-EN-NISBN: 978-92-_PHONE_/03/20193.27 MB
Educaţia şi formarea profesională în România
DOI: 10.2801/458180TI-04-19-220-RO-NISBN: 978-92-_PHONE_/09/20195.27 MB


text:
Changing role of women in education: Dialectic and duality of the organizational power ethos
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Volume 18 - Issue 3 p. 179- 191
This paper presents an organizational framework of power depicting the relationship between structure and agency within a continuum of the three dimensions of power. The three dimensions of power are integrated into a model through an example of gender and education. The model links power with innovation.


Masthead ABHM.jpg
10 July 2020 // Fanny Balbuk Yooreel
Further reading
Fanny Balbuk Yooreel (_PHONE_) was born at Matagarup in 1840. She was the granddaughter of Yellagonga. Her father was Coondebung. Joojeebal/Doodyeep was her mother. Joobaitch was her uncle.
Fanny Balbuk witnessed the devastation of her traditional lands by the early Swan River Colony. She would walk through the area of the city of Perth, naming every feature and tradition of the land and recall the part played by her mother and grandmother in the kangaroo hunt at King's Park.
She gathered zamia fruit on St Georges Terrace. In the 1890s, Perth's railway station was built on the swamp where she gathered eggs and caught turtles and crayﬁsh.
However, Fanny Balbuk was adamant to stick to her traditional rights of way. On finding that white men had built houses, and laid fences, on her traditional land, she would break down the fence, or walk right through any house and yard that had been built in the way.
Daisy Bates wrote of Fanny Balbuk at the time;
"To the end of her life she raged and stormed at the usurping of her beloved home ground. ….. Through fences and over them, Balbuk took the straight track to the end. When a house was built in the way, she broke its fence-palings with her digging stick and charged up the steps and through the rooms."
Balbuk's grandmother, Moojorngul, is buried in the grounds of Government House, or Kooraree. Balbuk never let the settlers forget whose land they had taken. She would stand at the gates of Government House - where her grandmother's burial ground lay - cursing those who lived inside.
In 1907, Fanny Balbuk attended a luncheon at the Karrakatta Club, an exclusive club for women in Perth. Daisy Bates introduced Balbuk to all present as their landlady, since she was the original owner of the land on which the club stood.
The information which Fanny Balbuk gave to Daisy Bates about the traditional Nyoongar lands in the Perth area, played an important role in the Native Title claim of 2006, when Justice Wilcox of the Federal Court of Australia found that Nyoongar people held Native Title rights over the Perth metropolitan area and its surrounds. This was the first occasion when native title had been found to continue to exist in an Australian capital city.
Strong, Outspoken, Brave - one of the most influential Whajuk women of her time.
Recommended viewing


text:
Getting Started (Object2VR)
Download a project file to work with (created with Object2VR version 2.0.2.): project files (packed ZIP)
A single-row object VR movie simply consists of one row images. The movie can only rotate around one axis. A multi-row project will let the user view the object from multiple angles or axes. A project can also have multiple view states. View states are generally ways to show the object not only from different angles, but also different perspectives. For example, an object can be shown with different textures.
The Basic Workflow
- Import the image sequence using the Light Table.
◊ TIP: If you have a more complicated project, then try importing using Select Input, instead.
- Adjust the Viewing Parameters and spin control.
- Add some metadata that can be used for a information window.
- Make the object even more interactive using hotspots.
- Add a controller to the object using the Skin Editor.
- Output the project in HTML5, Flash and/or QuickTime.
- Add the output to your website.
- Use Multiresolution to let the user zoom in to the object to see detail.
- Build multiple view states.
- Use automation to capture the images.
- Use Object2VR to process the images and then convert them to a new project.


text:
Vinberg M, Miskowiak KW, Kessing LV
J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;74(8):e747-53.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether measures of cognitive function can predict onset of affective disorder in individuals at heritable risk.
METHOD: In a high-risk study, 234 healthy monozygotic and dizygotic twins with and without a co-twin history of affective disorder (highand low-risk twins, respectively) were identified through nationwide registers and assessed at baseline using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the cognitive tests Trail Making Test Parts A and B, the Stroop test, and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination-Revised (CAMCOR). Participants were followed longitudinally at 6-month intervals for up to 9 years and finally reassessed with a personal interview to obtain information on whether they had developed psychiatric illness. The study was conducted between 2003 and 2012.
RESULTS: 36 participants (15.4%) developed psychiatric disorder, mainly affective and anxiety disorders (31 diagnoses) (ICD-10). Onset was predicted by decreased executive function as reflected by performance on the Trail Making Test A – B (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03) when adjusted for sex, age, years of education and HDRS score at baseline. Reduced global cognitive function as indicated by a lower CAMCOR score at baseline showed a trend toward an association with subsequent illness onset (P =.08). With regard to the 5 CAMCOR subscales, lower scores on attention (HR = 0.71; 95%, CI, 0.54-0.94) and language (HR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99) were significantly associated with subsequent illness onset.
CONCLUSIONS: Among healthy individuals at heritable risk for affective disorder, discrete cognitive deficits, especially within executive function and attention, seem to predict subsequent onset of affective illness.


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Many people say that their friends know them better than they know themselves. It appears that is true even among friends from the sandbox. A 30-year study from Concordia University in Canada found that childhood playmates, not the individual, are better at predicting future success and personality.
Lisa Serkin and Alexa Martin-Storey, a Concordia graduate now at the University of Texas for her post-doctoral studies, recently published a study online, the result of nearly 30 years of data that researchers started to compile in 1976. The first crop of questionnaires asked students in the first, fourth and seventh grades to evaluate themselves for qualities like aggression, likability, social withdrawal or shyness. They also asked the students to evaluate and rank their classmates for the same types of behavior.
Over the next 20 years, the researchers closely tracked the students. A follow-up was conducted between 1999 and 2003 on 700 of the original kids. The survey asked them to measure themselves against the following traits: neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
"We were able to compare peer and self-perceptions of the childhood [behaviors] to these adult personality factors," Alexa Martin-Storey said in a statement. "We found the evaluations from the group of peers were much more closely associated with eventual adult outcomes than were their own personality perceptions from childhood. This makes sense, since children are around their peers all day and [behaviors] like aggressiveness and likeability are extremely relevant in the school environment."
Kids whose peers described them as socially withdrawn tended to be less extraverted as adults. In contrast, kids who described themselves as socially withdrawn more often were not conscientiousness rather than being particularly shy.
Children that were well-liked by their peers also exhibited high rates of agreeableness, conscientiousness and lower levels of neuroticism.
"Adult personality traits are associated with a lot of important life factors, such as health, mental health and occupational satisfaction," Lisa Serbin says. "The information from our study could be used to promote better longitudinal outcomes for children by helping kids and parents develop effective mechanisms for addressing aggressive or socially withdrawn [behaviors] and promoting more pro-social [behavior]."
Published by Medicaldaily.com


Print Making
Linoleum block printing is made by cutting into linoleum surface with a sharp V-shaped knife chisel tool that comes in different sizes and shapes. Most of the times you draw on the surface and then carve out the negative imprint. When producing type on linoleum, always carve the type in mirror form so that when applied the ink onto paper it is legible.
Chine-collé has many different was that can be executed. The process that I used was to force through a press roller all the paper once cut and layered one on top of the other. There is no glue to adhere all the paper cut-outs. By using paper with natural long fibers, once the papers go through the press many times over the fibers are forced to stick together.
The Japanese Kimono Women composition has 15 layers all on top of one another. The last layer is the layer with the most small cut-outs. The Women are composed together through 10-25 individual paper cut-outs. The Japanese parasol is a linoleum print. There are only four of Chine-collé compositions.


Economic Value | NBWA: America's Beer Distributors
Independent distributors provide significant economic value to the communities they serve.
Distributors deliver direct economic benefit through quality local jobs, local business-to-business commerce, local investments and local tax revenue.
Distributors contribute indirect economic benefit by providing services that improve efficiency, choice and profits for trading partners, fair prices and broad product selection for consumers.
How Do Independent Beer Distributors Provide Economic Value?
1. Distributors provide excellent jobs and benefits. Distributors provide more than 130,000 quality full-time jobs and benefits, as well as thousands of additional part-time and seasonal jobs.
2. Distributors provide logistics and supply expertise. Distributors provide logistics and expertise that optimizes efficiency for trading partners, especially small brewers and retailers. Distributors also work to reduce the consumption of natural resources and use sustainable solutions whenever possible.
3. Distributors make significant investments in local infrastructure and capital assets. Distributors' investments in warehousing, equipment and other capital intensive services provide a sustained multiplier effect and stimulus for the local economy (business income, income taxes, property taxes, excise taxes and fees, consumer spending, etc.).
4. Distributors ensure economic balance in the marketplace. Distributors are critical to maintaining an economic balance, as well as a regulatory balance, among the three tiers (brewers and importers; distributors; and retailers). Balance among the tiers ensures that the business income produced by the community remains in the community in the form of jobs, investment, commerce, philanthropic activity and support of state and local governments.
5. Distributors are community leaders and philanthropists. Distributors provide leadership and financial support for local community, civic and philanthropic initiatives. Distributors support local and national charities, invest in educational programs and promote social responsibility programs for the benefit of their communities.
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The French word ennui describes a feeling that combines tiredness and boredom. Ennui is one version of "the blahs."
Though it sounds it little fancy — maybe because it comes from French — ennui is a common feeling that everybody experiences: being bored and tired. School and work fill lots of people with ennui. A terrible TV show could create ennui. If you feel like your life is going nowhere, ennui could set in. When you're feeling ennui, you might as well take a nap, because you're too drowsy and uninterested to do much of anything else.
Definitions of ennui
 1. noun
 the feeling of being bored by something tedious
 synonyms: boredom, tedium
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 a general feeling of boredom and dissatisfaction
 type of:
 the feeling of being displeased and discontent
Word Family


What is the kb of NaOH?
Asked By: Kouider Conze | Last Updated: 18th April, 2020
Category: science chemistry
4.9/5 (5,529 Views. 42 Votes)
What Is the Kb of NaOH? The base dissociation constant, or Kb, of sodium hydroxide, or NaOH, is approximately 1020. NaOH is classified as a strong base, which completely ionizes or dissociates in a solution into Na+ and OHions.
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Also, what is the formula for KB?
Solve the equation for Kb by dividing the Kw by the Ka. You then obtain the equation Kb = Kw / Ka. Put the values from the problem into the equation. For example, for the chloride ion, Kb = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 1.0 x 10^6.
Additionally, is Ca Oh 2 stronger than NaOH? Look at charge Na has +1 charge and Ca has +2 charge after dissociation. Greater charge Stronger lattice. And as we need weak Lattice, so NaoH is stronger base than Ca(OH)2..
People also ask, what is the kb of a strong base?
Kb is the base dissociation constant. The base dissociation constant is a measure of how completely a base dissociates into its component ions in water. A large Kb value indicates the high level of dissociation of a strong base. A lower pKb value indicates a stronger base.
What is the Ka of Koh?
Solution. Potassium Hydroxide or KOH, is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to K+ and OH-. For every mole of KOH, there will be 1 mole of OH-, so the concentration of OHwill be the same as the concentration of KOH. Therefore, [OH-] = 0.05 M.
39 Related Question Answers Found
What does pKa stand for?
Key Takeaways: pKa Definition
What are the units of Ka?
An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. The dissociation constant is usually written as a quotient of the equilibrium concentrations (in mol/L): [latex]K_a = frac{[A-][H+]}{[HA]}[/latex].
What is the difference between KB and Ka?
Ka is the "acid dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of H + ions. Kb is the "base dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of OH - ions.
What is the kb value?
Kb value refers to a standardized ASTM test that measures the relative strength of a non-aqueous cleaning fluid. Mild solvents with lower Kb values will may not be strong enough to dissolve ionics and fluxes.
What is the difference between pKa and Ka?
Ka is acid dissociation constant and represents the strength of the acid. pKa is the -log of Ka, having a smaller comparable values for analysis. They have an inverse relationship. Larger the Ka, smaller the pKa and stronger the acid.
Can pKa be negative?
Is pKa the same as pH?
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. pKa (acid dissociation constant) and pH are related, but pKa is more specific in that it helps you predict what a molecule will do at a specific pH.
Is h3po4 an acid or base?
Salts: AgNO3(Salt), NaCl(Salt), NaNO3(salt), KNO3(salt), Acids: H3PO4(acid), HCl(acid), H2SO4(acid), HC2H3O2(acid), HNO3(acid), H2SO3(acid) Bases: Mg(OH)2(base), NaOH(base), KOHbase), NH4OH(base).
What makes a strong or weak base?
Strong and Weak Bases
The issue is similar with bases: a strong base is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a weak base. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH 3 (which does not contain OH ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base.
What are strong bases?
Strong bases are able to completely dissociate in water
 - LiOH - lithium hydroxide.
 - NaOH - sodium hydroxide.
 - KOH - potassium hydroxide.
 - RbOH - rubidium hydroxide.
 - CsOH - cesium hydroxide.
 - *Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide.
 - *Sr(OH)2 - strontium hydroxide.
 - *Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide.
Does higher pKa mean stronger acid?
A lower pKa means the Ka value is higher and a higher Ka value means the acid dissociates more readily because it has a larger concentration of Hydronium ions (H3O+).
Is a base a strong?
A strong base is a base that is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution. These compounds ionize in water to yield one or more hydroxide ion (OH-) per molecule of base. In contrast, a weak base only partially dissociates into its ions in water.
Is NaOH a strong base?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is strong base because it fully dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions. While ammonia (NH3) is weak base because it accepts protons from water to produce fewer hydroxide ions in solution. While weak bases produce fewer hydroxide ions, making the solution less basic.
What is the kb of water?
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
Solvent Boiling point (°C) Kb (°C/mol/kg)
Naphthalene 217.9
Nitrobenzene 210.8 5.24
Phenol 181.75 3.60
Water 100.00 0.512
What is Ka KB and KW?
pKa and pKb are the -logs of Ka and Kb; Ka and Kb, when multiplied, are equal to Kw (1.0x10^-14). Kw is also equal to the hydronium and hydroxide concentrations when multiplied.
What is the full form of pKb?
pKb is the negative base-10 logarithm of the base dissociation constant (Kb) of a solution. It is used to determine the strength of a base or alkaline solution. pKb = -log10Kb.
Is Ca Oh 2 a strong base?
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base. Some strong bases like calcium hydroxide aren't very soluble in water. That doesn't matter - what does dissolve is still 100% ionised into calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Calcium hydroxide still counts as a strong base because of that 100% ionisation.


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OUT to sea on the Sunshine Coast, an epic river of flight is wheeling its way south on the great annual mutton bird migration.
But like every great surge of nature, some of these long-distance fliers are starting to drop from the skies and wash up on beaches along Sunshine Coast and Moreton Bay islands.
Biosecurity Queensland test results on several short-tailed shearwaters, otherwise known as mutton birds, which have fallen victim to their non-stop mass migration from Russia to rookeries in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania, may be available today.
The Department of Environment and Resource Management believes the birds were probably suffering from exhaustion after encountering bad weather along the way.
"A similar event occurred five years ago when short-tailed shearwater birds were found deceased around Fraser Island," a DERM spokesman said.
"Tests at that time confirmed they died from emaciation and starvation as a consequence of the migration."
He said more than a million migratory birds travelled thousands of kilometres to and from Australia each year.
Coast migratory bird enthusiast Jill Dening said mass deaths usually were weather and starvation related and were nothing to be alarmed about.
"They fly by in their millions. It's like a river of birds and it's nature's way of sorting out the strongest," she said.


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The single most important factor that affects the long-term durability of
a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement is the density of the mix that is achieved
by the contractor at the time of construction. The density of a material
is defined as the weight of the material, which occupies a certain volume
of space. The compaction process causes the asphalt-concrete mix to be compressed
and its volume reduced. As the density of the HMA material increases, the
air-void content of the mix decreases (they are inversely proportional to
each other). Properly designed, a HMA mix should have an air-void content
in the range of 3% to 5%.
If the compacted mix has a high air-void content (greater than 8%), the
mix will not perform as well under traffic. Similarly, if the compacted
mix has a low air-void content (less than 3%), the mix will be susceptible
to permanent deformation or rutting and also to distortion under the applied
traffic loads. Thus, for the mix to perform as expected, the contractor
must be able to compact the mix to the desired level of density or air-void
The density of the asphalt-concrete mix controls its durability. All of
the following factors are related to the air-void content of the HMA material:
fatigue life; permanent deformation; oxidation; moisture damage; distortion;
As the air void of the HMA decreases, the fatigue life or number of repetitions
of load to failure of that mix increases. Tests have shown that reducing
the air-void content of a given asphalt-concrete mix from 8% to 5% can double
the fatigue life of the pavement. Thus, for a given thickness of HMA as
part of the pavement structure, the ability of the mix to carry load can
be increased significantly when the mix is compacted to a lower air-void
The amount of permanent deformation or rutting that develops under load
in a HMA material also is directly related to the air-void content of the
mix. As the air-void content decreases, the amount of rutting that will
occur in that mix also decreases. If the mix design is proper, a well compacted
mix will not rut under the action of the traffic loads. If the mix design
is deficient in some aspect, proper compaction of the mixture can still
significantly reduce the amount of rutting and lateral distortion that will
occur under repeated load applications. If, however, the air-void content
of the mix is reduced to less than 3%, an increase in the rate of rutting
of the mix can result.
With time, the asphalt-cement binder in an asphalt-concrete mix will oxidize
and become more brittle. This oxidation or aging process causes the asphalt
cement to decrease in penetration and increase in viscosity. The rate of
oxidation is directly related to the air-void content of the mix. The lower
the air-void content, the less quickly the HMA material will age and become
Moisture damage or stripping occurs when water is able to enter the mix
and, under the repetitive action of traffic, works its way in between the
asphalt coating on the aggregate and the surface of the aggregate. The degree
of moisture damage is primarily related to the characteristics of the aggregate
used in the mix but also is directly related to the air-void content of
the mix. As the air-void content in the mix decreases, the amount of moisture
damage also decreases. Indeed, a mix that may strip badly at an air-void
content of 8% may not suffer any moisture damage if it can be compacted
to an air-void content below 4%.
Distortion or shoving is the displacement of the mix, typically in the longitudinal
direction, under the action of traffic. Distortion is primarily related
to the design and properties of the mix but also is related to the air-void
content. For a given mix, a decrease in the air-void content at the time
of construction will decrease the amount of distortion that the mix will
undergo when exposed to traffic loads, particularly stopping or turning
movements. An increase in the density of the mix (a decrease in the air-void
content) will increase the internal stability and strength of the mix and
may significantly reduce the amount of distortion that occurs under load.
Disintegration or raveling is directly related to the air-void content of
the mix. If a mix is properly compacted (to an air-void content of 8% or
less), the mix generally will not ravel if the asphalt content is correct.
If the same mix is compacted to a high air-void content, however, major
raveling may occur under the applied traffic loads. As the air-void content
of the mix decreases, the amount of raveling also will decrease.
An asphalt-concrete mix must be fully compacted before it cools to a temperature
of about 175 F. At temperatures above this value, the mix is normally still
warm enough for the compaction equipment to reorient the aggregate particles
into their densest configuration. Below that temperature, however, the mix
is generally too stiff to increase in density any significant amount with
continued rolling, although roller marks can often be removed below this
compaction cutoff temperature. The mix must, therefore, be compacted while
it is still hot. Five factors directly affect the rate of cooling of the
asphalt concrete mix when that material is placed on top of another existing
layer of the pavement structure. Those variables are: air temperature;
base temperature; mix laydown temperature; layer thickness; and wind velocity.
All other factors being equal, as the ambient air temperature increases,
the time available for compaction also increases. The mix will take longer
to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F on a warm day than on a cool
day. An increase in the air temperature allows more time for the compaction
equipment to achieve the desired density level in the mix.
More important than air temperature in the rate of cooling of the HMA mix
is the temperature of the surface of the layer on which the new mix is placed.
It is well known that heat in an asphalt concrete layer is lost in two directions.
The surface of the mixture cools as heat is transferred to the air. The
bottom portion of the mixture also cools as heat is transferred to the underlying
base material. There is more rapid cooling of the mix downward into the
base than upward into the ambient air.
Base temperature-the temperature of the layer on which the new asphalt concrete
mix is placed-is actually more important than air temperature in determining
the time available for compaction. An increase in the base temperature allows
more time for compaction.
As the temperature of the mix coming out from under the paver screed increases,
the time available for compaction also increases. A mix placed at a temperature
of 300 F, for a given lift thickness and other environmental factors, will
take longer to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F, than will the same
mix placed at a temperature of 250 F.
Probably the most important factor in the rate of cooling of an asphalt
concrete mix is the thickness of the layer being placed and compacted. As
the thickness of the layer increases, the time available for compaction
also increases. It takes considerably longer for a 3-in. thick layer of
HMA to cool to the cutoff temperature of 175 F than for a 1-in. layer to
cool to the same temperature. The cooling time is not directly proportional
to the lift thickness but is geometrically proportional. For example on
a 40 F day with the temperature of the base at the same value, a 3-in. thick
layer of HMA placed at a temperature of 250 F will take 19 minutes to cool
from the laydown temperature to the cutoff temperature of 175 F. On the
same 40 F day, with the same base temperature and for the same mix laydown
temperature of 250 F, a 1-in. thick HMA layer will cool to the cutoff temperature
in only 3 minutes.
A thin lift of asphalt-concrete mix will cool more quickly when exposed
to a high wind velocity than when there is little or no wind. Wind has a
much greater effect on the surface of the mix than at various depths within
the HMA layer. A strong wind can cause the surface to cool so rapidly that
a crust will form. This crust must be broken down by the rollers before
the compaction process can be accomplished. The higher the wind velocity,
the less time available for compaction, all other factors being constant.
Dickson and Corlew published a set of cooling curves for asphalt concrete
mixtures. Those curves show the amount of time available for compaction
under different combinations of conditions. The curves are reproduced in
Section Six of Part Three of the Hot Mix Asphalt Paving Handbook, available
from the National Asphalt Pavement Association. Three variables are used
to enter the graphs: Mix-laydown temperature, base temperature (which is
assumed to be equal to the air temperature), and compacted layer thickness.


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Plant and Harvest your own ORGANIC Tomatoes!!!
2 l. plastic bottle
1 small tomato plant
8 cm. skewer
– wash the plastic bottle and let it dry
-cut its bottom off and fit the cut bottom part on the inside of top part
-pierce the sides of the plastic bottle and 10 holes on the bottom to make a water dispenser
-take the filter and pierce it in the center
-take the tomato plant,and put it through the same hole
-wrap the filter around the plant then put them through the bottle
– turn the bottle upside down, put the skewer through the first holes and hang the plant
-pour some water in the dispenser, watch it grow!
-cover the bottle with the insulating tape to protect the roots of the plant
-hang it somewhere out of the way in a sunny area
– always add water in the dispenser
– add stronger wire to hold them.
Stay healthy and keep it organic!!!


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With brilliant plumage and puffed out chests, the Mandarin ducks at the Wildlife Conservation Society's Prospect Park Zoo are vying for the attention of the brown females swimming about the Discovery Trail marsh. This courtship activity might make you think it is spring, but it's happening right now in the middle of winter.
Although the marsh might be partially frozen over with patches of ice large enough for the ducks to walk across, a series of underwater bubblers keep sections of the water from freezing, so there's plenty room for swimming—and chasing female ducks.
Visitors who spend some time watching the Mandarin ducks will be amused by their courtship behaviors. The males puff up and actually bump their chests together in a show of dominance. Occasionally, one of the male Mallard ducks will try to get into the act, but the little Mandarins are too focused on their courtship to put up with any interference.
A few Mallards make the marsh their home but are not officially part of the zoo's bird collection. These birds are free to fly in and out as they wish, visiting many of the small bodies of water in Prospect Park or the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A few other visitors like the beautiful North American wood ducks often stop by the marsh in winter. These visitors are native species and rival the Mandarin's with the beauty of their plumage.
Many visitors ask about the large cage-like structure at the back of the marsh. Normally hidden by leaves, this structure is called an excluder and is meant to keep the local mallards from eating all the food meant for the zoo ducks.
Most of the zoo ducks are diving ducks, which refers to species that dive underwater to feed. The zoo's diving ducks easily enter and exit the excluder from below the surface to eat. Mallards are unable to do this and are too big to squeeze through the bars of the excluder.
Other marsh residents include the red eared slider turtles. They are very popular during the spring and summer months when they spend their days basking on logs or swimming through the marsh for food pellets tossed by zoo visitors. In the winter these reptiles do not hibernate, but they do become less active in a process called brumation. Once outdoor temperatures fall, the turtles move to the bottom of the marsh. If the temperature rises, visitors might see turtles come to the surface to catch a few winter rays, but as soon as the temperature drops, so do the turtles.
So even though it's chilly and the trees are bare, there's plenty going on at the Prospect Park Zoo.


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The name Ben-hur in the Bible
Whether Ben-hur is a Biblical name has been disputed (because the man named Ben-hur might simply have been a "son of Hur", which is what Ben-hur means). But the Hebrew construct ben hur occurs in 1 Kings 4:8, where Ben-hur is mentioned among the twelve deputies of king Solomon of Israel. The only detail we know of this Ben-hur is that he was stationed in the region of Ephraim.
Etymology of the name Ben-hur
The name Ben-hur consists of two elements. The first part is the word בן (ben), generally meaning son:
The second part of the name Ben-hur is the same as the name Hur. The origin and meaning of the name Hur is not known for sure but that's not because there are no candidates: In fact, there are so many possibilities that we don't know which one is the right one:
The name Ben-hur may mea Son Of Hur, or it may mean One Of The Burnings/Nobles/Holes/Whites.
For a meaning of the name Hur, Jones' Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names proposes Cavern. BDB Theological Dictionary says to have no clue, and NOBSE Study Bible Name List either takes the name Hur from another language, or bends the meaning of Noble or Freeman into Splendor.