How do we change a project's status? What do the project statuses mean?
Replicon has several statuses that can be associated with a project: Tentative, In Progress, Completed, Deferred, Cancelled, and Archived. A project's current status displays in the top, right-hand corner of the project's page.
In Progress is the only status that allows time entry against the project; therefore, if you want to halt time entry, you should change the status to anything else. When you create a new project, it is assigned In Progress status, by default.
Archived status prevents time entry against projects, but also prevents projects from displaying in the All or My Projects lists on the Projects > Projects page. Therefore, you'd typically archive only projects you don't need ready access to. You might, for example, decide to mark all finished projects as Completed, and then change their status to Archived a year or two later.
You can report on the status of projects using just about any of the project reports.
Changing a project's status
To change the status of a project:
 1. Go to Projects > Projects, and select the project whose status you want to change.
 2. Click the current status in the project status summary bar located in the top, right-hand corner of the page, and select a new status for the project.
 1. Move the percent complete toggle, if you want to mark the percent complete for the project.
Changing the status of multiple projects at once
To edit multiple projects at once to have the same status:
 1. Go to Projects > Projects.
 2. Mark the check box beside each project whose status you want to change.
 3. Click the Mass Edit button at the top of the page.
 4. Select the new status from the Status filter.
 5. Click Save.
You can also mass edit project statuses using the RIA import tool.
Can we reopen a project that I've marked as Completed, Deferred, Cancelled, or Archived?
Yes, you can always reopen projects of any status.


text:
FOR: LightWave 3D 9.5
TIME TAKEN : Three hours
TOPICS COVERED : Setting bones to move geometry | Setting up bones to mirror movements | Arm animation | Full body animation
DOWNLOAD: Full-sized screenshots and scene files (ZIP, 32.7MB)
How to use this tutorial
Pause at a timecode, read the overview of the next section of the video, then play the footage. Please note that these screen-capture videos do not have narration.
Rigging the upper arm
The biggest issue you'll encounter when making a transforming robot is the sheer complexity of it. This section of the tutorial will break down the rigging process into more bite-sized chunks. In this case, you will be rigging the upper arms only, so that we can go into detail on the methods involved in rigging the parts. During the rigging, you will also be implementing a tool called 'Follower' to help speed up animation.
There is a main concept that is important to any transforming robot: a base skeleton. Remember, it's just a humanoid form trying to get out of its shell. Even with all the nurnies and parts that will be shifting around, it is always good to have a standard skeleton folded up in the mix. The position of each skeleton piece should be evenly distributed so that each section gets just about the same volume of metal from your vehicle. This is important to plan out, since you don't want too many or too few extra parts at the end of your transformation.
For a humanoid, there are about 15 skeleton pieces that require your vehicle parts to cover them. These include the feet, lower legs, upper legs, pelvis, spine sections, chest, upper arms, lower arms and hands. The head is usually not made up of any of the vehicle's geometry, but should be textured similarly, to give the illusion that it came from the same material. After you set up the base skeleton, you can parent the pieces to be children of their closest skeleton bone. The upper arms on the train, for instance, use a cylindrical section of parts near the centre of the train. As explained before, this video focuses on the process of rigging the upper arms (both left and right).
After loading the start scene with the train inside, it's time to isolate geometry. I have created an object that only contains the pieces that will be included in the transformation of the upper arms. It's best to simplify things this way, as it can become overwhelming once you add a bone for every part of the train. A second advantage of an object with isolated geometry is the fact that it will be considerably faster than all of the polygons at once. In LightWave 3D, you can replace an object via Item > Replace > With Object.
Add your base bone
Add a bone by clicking on Setup tab > Bone. This bone will be the base upper arm bone. I name it in all-capitals just to remind me that it's an important base bone, which will be the parent of all the moving parts. It's very important to add an 'rt' or 'lt' at the end of every piece to signify whether it is on the right or left side.
The next step is to place the bone close to all of its parts, so the parts don't have very long to travel to get to their destination position. Press the [P] key to access the bone's properties and set Strength to 0. Base bones do not require any strength, as they will be the parent of every piece. After placing the base bone, I changed its colour to red in the Scene Editor [Ctrl]+[F1]. It's optional, but a noticeable colour helps signify the bone's importance.
Start to add bones to each individual piece of the robot. Take care to keep naming conventions consistent
Add kibble bones
Oddly, this section has nothing to do with dogs. Kibble is a Transformers fandom design term: it refers to any part that doesn't seem to have a purpose on the robot in its humanoid form, but exists because it was a part of the original vehicle. One of the best examples of this is the car doors that appear on Bumblebee's back in the Transformers movies. I take a slightly inaccurate approach and refer to every moving part as kibble, not just the odd parts.
Start by adding a Child Bone of UPPER_ARM_RT: name it uparmkib01_rt. Naming pieces on a transforming robot can get a little confusing, since you can't make up a name that perfectly describes the piece that the bone moves. Sometimes you can find a particular order in which to name them; sometimes you'll just have to pick a random part to be 'upper arm piece #15.' After naming your first kibble bone, set its Strength to 100% and select its Bone Weight Map from the (rather long) list. These Weight Maps were pre-made in Modeler.
After giving the bone the correct Bone Weight Map, it is time to see exactly which piece of geometry it influences. Press the [R] key to rest the bone. Now, as you move the bone, you will see the geometry move as well. If your bone is not close to the piece, unrest it with [Ctrl]+[R] move it to the centre of the piece and re-rest it with [R] again. It's also a good idea to keep the length of the bone (Rest Length) similar to the size of the kibble geometry. Now you have successfully rigged the first piece. There are plenty to go… The cloning technique shown in the video will help to speed up the process.
Finish the right side of the rig by adding bones to the wheel section. Use a master bone to control the section
Move pieces inside
The process for adding bones to control the pieces is similar to what you did for the first kibble bone – so it's basically time to be tedious and repeat the previous step a few more times. The wheel and coupling rod should also be rigged during this process, as they are also considered kibble.
At this point, you probably have noticed that there are weird floating pieces on the side of the wheels. These pieces are meant to go inside the shell of the train, between the wheels. Why are they on the outside? It is much simpler to model and rig them this way. Can you imagine trying to select parts if they were all bunched up together in a big clump? Not fun. So let's rig that bunch so it can be put inside.
It's a good idea to create a master bone for this bunch, so it can be moved as a whole. Start by making a bone in the middle of the wheel-like part. This serves as the top of the hierarchy, so all other bones added for the bunch should be a child of this bone. Repeat until each part has been rigged. After you finish rigging the last piece of the right side, it's time to handle the left…
Mirror a hierarchy of bones and edit its labels so that the left-hand side matches the right
Mirror the hierarchy
Rigging the left-hand side is be much less painful than the work you did on the right. You can simply mirror the bones you've created so that you have the same hierarchy on the left. Start by selecting the UPPER_ARM_RT bone. Go to Setup tab > Mirror Hierarchy, or press [Ctrl]+[W].
If you've never used this tool before, it mirrors the bone you have selected and all of its children along the X axis. But that's not all… Using the drop-down menus for Replace this string and With this string, you can replace any occurrence of 'rt' in the names with 'lt'. This will automatically rename the bones on the left side with an appropriate 'lt' suffix. Even better than that is the fact that the new bones will use Weight Maps with an 'lt' instead of their original 'rt'.
When I used this tool, an odd glitch occurred after I mirrored the hierarchy, which seemed to offset the base bone by a random position. After clicking on several different bones, the position seemed to correct itself.
Set up Follower to mirror animation
The final step in rigging the upper arms is to set up a Follower modifier on all of the kibble on the left-hand side. When set up correctly, the left-hand kibble will mimic the movement of its right-hand counterpart as you animate the latter. This is extremely useful for the animation process, since it cuts time in half.
Click on the first kibble bone of the left-hand side (uparmkib01a_lt). Enter Motion Options for the item by clicking on Setup tab > Motion Options. (You can also press [M].) Click Add Modifier and select Follower from the list. This tool sets all the Position, Rotation and Scale channels of your item to follow another item. Select uparmkib01a_rt from the Item To Follow drop-down menu.
By default, your bone will follow all channels exactly. But to get correct results, you want to have the movement mirrored along the X axis. This is a simple matter of multiplying X Position by -1 instead of the default 1. Set the Multiply by values of Heading Angle and Bank Angle to -1 as well. This will allow mirrored rotation as well as positioning.
Select Continue and right-click Follower to make a copy of it. Select the next lt bone and paste Follower in its Motion Options. Now the only thing you need to change is Item To Follow. Repeat this workflow until all of the kibble bones on the left side have Follower applied to their motion. It is always a good idea to check your bones while you work to make sure they are moving

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Reframing social exclusion from science communication: moving away from 'barriers' towards a more complex perspective
Emily Dawson (JCOM)
Science communication is an increasingly important field of activity, research and policy. It should not be assumed however, that science communication practices provide equitable and empowering opportunities for everyone. Social exclusion, inclusion and equity are key challenges for practitioners, researchers, policy makers and funders involved with science communication. In this commentary I reflect on the limitations of the 'barriers approach to understanding social inclusion and exclusion from science communication and argue instead that a more complex perspective is needed. I conclude that placing equity at the heart of science communication is crucial for developing more inclusive science communication practices.
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text:
Hieu Trung Huynh, Yonggwan Won,
Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol, 32, Issue 14, 15 October 2011, Pages 1930–1935
Online learning algorithms have been preferred in many applications due to their ability to learn by the sequentially arriving data. One of the effective algorithms recently proposed for training single hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) is online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM), which can learn data one-by-one or chunk-by-chunk at fixed or varying sizes. It is based on the ideas of extreme learning machine (ELM), in which the input weights and hidden layer biases are randomly chosen and then the output weights are determined by the pseudo-inverse operation. The learning speed of this algorithm is extremely high. However, it is not good to yield generalization models for noisy data and is difficult to initialize parameters in order to avoid singular and ill-posed problems. In this paper, we propose an improvement of OS-ELM based on the bi-objective optimization approach. It tries to minimize the empirical error and obtain small norm of network weight vector. Singular and ill-posed problems can be overcome by using the Tikhonov regularization. This approach is also able to learn data one-by-one or chunk-by-chunk. Experimental results show the better generalization performance of the proposed approach on benchmark datasets.
- Neural networks;
- Online learning algorithm;
- Multiobjective training algorithms

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Ability to pay is a principle in taxation that speaks about tax fairness. According to this principle, taxes must vary according to the amount of wealth, or amounts of income earned by individuals. Hence, individuals who earn income in different amounts must be taxed at different rates. Individuals who earn more income must pay more tax because they have the ability to pay more and it is not because they use more government goods and services that they are taxed higher. The principle of ability to pay is applied in cases of progressive taxation.


Sioo Impregnation
SiOO:X is a highly effective proven system to protect wood of all types
SiOO:X Impregnation is a water based wood impregnation system which uses proven silicate technology and natural materials to give wood long life protection. It is completely safe and environmentally friendly.
SiOO:X Impregnation is a two component system consisting of Premium Wood Protector and Premium Surface Protector prepared for factory application. The components are supplied in 10, 20, 25 and 60 litre containers and 600 and 1000 litre IBC's. Smaller containers in 1, 3 and 5 litre sizes are available for hand application for smaller areas and maintenance and end grain sealing purposes. Sample 250 ml bottles are available.
 The 3 litre containers of Step 1, Premium Wood Protector and Step 2, Premium Surface Protector
The two components are designed to be used together and they interact to create a unique patented effect to protect wood.The effect is due to the properties of the mineral silica. In effect the the method imitates how nature itself protects wood by petrifaction or creation of fossils. The SiOO:X system only contains natural ingredients which are biocide and emission free.
SiOO:X penetrates the wood and gives a light surface that is pleasant to touch and walk on in the case of decking. Apart from the surface being beautiful, it also is a barrier to algae, mould and rot from penetrating the wood. The surface is very easy to wipe down making maintenance simpler. The SiOO:X treatment reinforces and strengthens the wood surface.
The system gives major advantages in: providing long life protection, minimising life time cost, providing all round UV protection with even colouration, toughening the wood surface and developing a beautiful natural silver grey nuance as the timber matures.
The system carries EN 113 classification against fungi and the EN 46 classification against vermin.
The chemical process is described as a mechanical effect without the use of biocides. It is a passive protection mechanism.
Silicon, potassium, natural plant parts and water.


From XMS Wiki
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Model Info
Model type Three-dimensional analytic reactive transport
Developer Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement
Documentation ART3D Manual
Tutorials ART3D Tutorials
ART3D is a three-dimensional analytic reactive transport model developed by Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement. As a screening model, it is fairly simple and requires homogeneity and constant transport properties. It allows for complex reaction sequences with first order decay as well as three dimensional dispersion. A single retardation coefficient must be applied to all species. The user can enter any number of observation points and ART3D will exactly calculate the concentration of each specie at these points and compare then to known values (if included). In addition to a simple forward run, ART3D can be run in inverse and stochastic mode.
GMS supports ART3D as a preand post-processor. The user enters all necessary data to GMS and then the ART3D input file is written out and ART3D runs from within GMS. On completion, the solution files are read into GMS for post-processing.
Building an ART3D Simulation
 1. ART3D requires a mesh-centered grid with equally sized grid cells. This grid is for display purposes only. ART3D is an analytic model and so, does not need to discretize the area into a grid. See the section on Creating a Grid.
 2. Once the grid has been created, the user should enter any observed data in an observation coverage in the MAP module. Observation data is not required except for a parameter estimation run. See the section on adding Observation data.
 3. The user can then enter all of the necessary data using the menu items provided in the ART3D menu in the grid module.
 4. ART3D can then be run from inside GMS and the results can be viewed and analyzed using several post-processing techniques available in GMS.
ART3D Menu: General Options
In this dialog, the user selects the type of simulation to run: Normal Forward Run, Parameter Estimation Mode or a Stochastic Mode.
In the case of a parameter estimation run, four options for stopping tolerances become available. The user can select the maximum number of iterations, the maximum number of objective function calculations, the absolute convergence tolerance and the relative convergence tolerance. See the section on stopping tolerances for an explanation of these values.
In the case of a stochastic run, the user must enter the number of simulations to be run with random values.
If any observation coverages exist, they will be displayed in a list at the top right corner of the dialog. The observation points in the selected coverage will be used in the ART3D simulation. If no coverage is selected, ART3D will not be given any observation data and a parameter estimation run will not be successful. Only one coverage can be selected, so it is important that all observed data be put in the same coverage.
The source dimensions are also entered in this dialog, near the bottom right corner of the dialog. A rectangular source of these dimensions is placed at the top, left side of the grid, centered in the y direction. The source has no dimension in the x direction.
Forward Run Simulation
A forward run (normal simulation) is a single run of ART3D using the values assigned to the parameters. A single grid dataset is written out for each specie. Any observation points are also solved at each grid timestep and at each time value assigned to any of the observation points.
Parameter Estimation Simulation
A parameter estimation simulation, or inverse run, consists of multiple runs of ART3D in an effort to optimize the parameters so that the calculated output best matches user-input field data. The user is required to enter starting values for each parameter and bounds on those parameters that are to be optimized. At the end of the optimization process, ART3D runs one last time with the optimized parameter values so that the user can view the optimized solution.
The optimization routine works by running ART3D without computing a grid solution. The values are calculated at the observation points and are compared to the user-input field values. The total error is calculated using the following equation:
n = number of observation points,
m = number of species,
wi,j = weight value for species j at observation point i,
Cc = the calculated concentration at observation point i, and
Co = the observed concentration at observation point i.
The weight value described above is calculated from the standard deviation entered in the observation coverage dialog as:
The total error along with the bounds on the parameters are then passed back to the optimization routine and each parameter is changed a small amount one at a time. Each time a parameter is changed, ART3D is run again and the error is re-calculated. In this way the gradient of the objective function with respect to each parameter can be estimated. Once all of the gradients are known, all the parameters are changed down gradient and the process begins again. This process continues until one of several stopping tolerances are met. Stopping Tolerances
 1. Maximum number of iterations: One iteration is defined as the entire process of determining each gradient and then reducing all the parameter values. When this number of iterations is reached, the optimization will stop and an "optimized solution" will be calculated
 2. Maximum number of function calls: Each time a single gradient is calculated and each time the parameters are adjusted, the objective function is called to calculate the error at the observation points. When the number of function calls reaches this limit, the optimization will stop.
 3. Absolute function convergence tolerance: The optimization will stop if the error value returned from the objective function is below this value. Remember that the error value is necessarily higher where the weight values are high or where there are a large number of points and species, even if the calibration is good.
 4. Relative function convergence tolerance: The optimization will stop if the difference between the current objective function value and the optimized value is less than the product of this tolerance and the current objective function value.
Because this type of optimization is very sensitive to the starting parameter values provided by the user, it is important to try the optimization simulation multiple times with different starting values. Other methods of improving the calibration include the changing of the parameter bounds, and stopping tolerances.
After running in inverse mode, the optimized solution can be read into the project where Calibration Targets and plot options can be used to assess the success of the calibration or to compare it with other calibrations.
Stochastic Simulation
In a stochastic simulation, ART3D will be run multiple times with randomized parameters. The random values are chosen to honor statistical information provided by the user. If the distribution data is accurate, each simulation can be assumed to represent an equally possible solution. If enough simulations are run, they can be used to determine the likelihood of the occurrence of a given scenario. In this way, the uncertainty in the input parameters can be reflected by the uncertainty in the output solutions. See the section on Risk Analysis for an explanation of threshold analyses.


text:
A new study suggests that copper, the trace mineral is critical in metabolism of adipose cells.
The study was conducted in the University of California, Berkeley and it studied the link of copper levels with increased or decreased fat metabolism. This study found that copper is not only restricted for its role in nervous transmission but also plays a critical role in signaling for initiation of fat metabolism.
It was found that an enzyme called phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) that blocks cAMP and thus prevents fat metabolism is blocked by copper resulting in breakdown of adipocytes.
Copper is one of a relatively small group of metallic elements which are essential to human health. Copper combines with certain proteins which then acts as catalyst and perform several biochemical reactions.
Copper also helps in collagen synthesis and melanin production thereby increasing skin elasticity and boosting heart functions. Researchers suggest that this breakthrough will help in dealing with lifestyle related diseases like obesity, stroke and diabetes.
Image Source : Getty
Read More : Health News


The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea
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The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea
1994 First Vintage International Edition paperback cover
Cover of the 1994 First Vintage International English Edition paperback
Author Yukio Mishima
Original title 午後の曳航 (Gogo no Eiko — Eng trans. Afternoon Shiptowing)
Translator John Nathan
Cover artist Susan Mitchell
Country Japan
Language Japanese
Genre Philosophical, Psychological
Publisher Kodansha
Alfred A. Knopf (U.S.)
Publication date
Published in English
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages 181 pp (1994 First Vintage International Edition, paperback)
ISBN ISBN 0-679-75015-0 (1994 First Vintage International Edition, paperback)
OCLC 29389499
895.6/35 20
LC Class PL833.I7 G613 1994
The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Japanese: 午後の曳航, meaning The Afternoon Towing) is a novel written by Yukio Mishima, published in Japanese in 1963 and translated into English by John Nathan in 1965.
The novel chronicles the story of Ryuji, a sailor with vague notions of a special honor awaiting him at sea. He meets a woman called Fusako, with whom he falls deeply in love, and he ultimately decides to marry her. Fusako's 13-year-old son, Noboru, is in a band of savage boys who believe in "objectivity", rejecting the adult world as illusory, hypocritical and sentimental.
As Ryuji begins to draw close to Fusako, a woman of the shore, he is eventually torn away from the dreams he's pursued his entire life. Noboru, who shares an especially close bond with his mother through a voyeuristic ritual, hates the idea of losing his mother to a man who has let his hope and freedom die. This anger and fear of loneliness translates into terrible, savage acts performed by Noboru and the gang of which he is a part.
 - Glory and honour
The themes of glory and honour are central to the story, and Mishima explores these ideas mainly through the character Ryuji Tsukazaki.
When Ryuji is first introduced, he is strongly associated with gold, a colour which often has positive connotations of triumph, achievement, and royalty. Gold is often highly regarded and respected, and can symbolise higher ideals. This therefore casts Ryuji as a representation of ultimate glory and honour. Furthermore, it is emphasised that this is "authentic gold", hence removing negative connotations of artificiality and pretentiousness, as well as establishing that Ryuji exists in the real world, and is not simply an illusory dream. Gold could also be a symbol of masculine energy and power, which highlights Ryuji's manliness. This masculinity is a point of pride and honour – Ryuji reflected later in the novel on how the sailor's life "impelled (him) toward the pinnacle of manliness", and agonised over whether he could "give it up". This aligns with the author's ideals as well – Mishima had been obsessed with hyper-masculinity and had strived to attain it himself, as exemplified by his endeavours in body-building.
Ryuji's pursuit of glory deeply affects Noboru. For the thirteen-year-old Noboru, Ryuji is a hero, a "luminous evidence of the internal order of life". Noboru is therefore determined to protect the glorious image of Ryuji after he witnesses Ryuji making love with his mother ""If this is ever destroyed, it'll mean the end of the world." Noboru murmured, barely conscious. I guess I'd do anything to stop that, no matter how awful!" Noboru's obsession with Ryuji and the idea of glory he represents ultimately lead to Ryuji's murder.
Death is strongly associated with glory in Mishima's text. Mishima had said in one of his interviews: "It is natural for me to find it obscene that human beings live only for themselves. You might call this the boredom of living... they get bored living just for themselves... always think of living for some kind of ideal. Because of this, the need to die for something arises. That need is the "great cause" people talked about in the past. Dying for a great cause was considered the most glorious heroic or brilliant way of dying"[1] Thus in a certain way Mishima hereby personifies his ideology in Ryuji's character. When Ryuji was first introduced as an almost god-like figure, attention was drawn to his "dangerous, glittering gaze", hence firmly linking glory with danger, and by extension, death. Glory in the text is also found in the turbulence and uncertainty of the sea and in the danger of death that the sea may bring about: "They were consubstantial: glory and the capsized world. He longed for a storm".
Glory is presented as inherently dangerous in the novel, as evident in how Ryuji felt "glory knifing toward him like a shark from some great distance". The sharp violence and peril associated with knives, as well as the predatory nature of sharks, illustrates the great risks that came with the pursuit of glory.
When Ryuji gives up his Grand Cause and settles onto the land, he loses his life. Before his death, his thoughts drift back to the glory that he has longed to pursue: " Emperor palms. Wine palms. Surging out of the splendor of the sea, death had swept down on him like a stormy bank of clouds. A vision of death now eternally beyond his reach, majestic, acclaimed, heroic death unfurled its rapture across his brain. And if the world had been provided for just this radiant death, then why shouldn't the world also perish for it!"
 - Alienation
The theme of alienation is shown through the isolation of the characters Noboru and Ryuji Tsukazaki. The character Noboru is portrayed as isolated in the book as he seems to not understand all that going around him. The idea of westernisation is also brought into play as Noboru is seen as very traditional yet his mother is westernised, which is seen through a physical description of her room. In the physical description of Fusako's (Noboru's Mother) room, Mishima constantly refers back to where a certain element is imported from. Written through Noboru's perspective we can see that because he is not westernised and is still very much traditional to his culture he notices these elementswhere the item is from. Through this separation due to westernisation the idea of Noboru being alienated is brought up as he is detached from even the closest person to himhis mother. In the book Mishima describes "Noboru couldn't believe he was looking at his mother's bedroom; it might have belonged to a stranger." Through this quote we can see that not only is he not close to his mother but that he feels as though his mother is a stranger which reinforces the idea of alienation.
The theme of alienation is highlighted also by the character Ryuji Tuskazaki due to his detachment to society. Mishima describes ''He grew indifferent to the lure of exotic lands. He found himself in the strange predicament all sailors share: essentially he belonged neither to the land nor to the sea. Possible a man who hates the land should dwell on shore forever." The phrase "belonged neither to the land nor to the sea" implicates the idea of alienation as there is only land and sea, but Tsukazaki belongs to neither which questions the reader where does he belong? As he does not feel as though he belongs to either and perhaps he belongs to this unknown place for himself it connotes the theme of alienation.
In conclusion, both Ryuji and Noboru feel detached to society, and in various degrees and for different reasons, they both try to relieve their isolation. In Fusako, Ryuji finds the anchor for which he has been searching, and moves quickly into the comfortable life of lover and father. Noboru has chosen to turn his loneliness to hatred and seek for strength using murder. The prevalence of alienation and loneliness as a theme can be linked back to Mishima's own background. Not unlike Noboru and The chief, Mishima spent his childhood under the strict rule of his grandmother, while dreaming of a world in which Japan was restored to its original power and glory. Mishima's dislike towards Japan's westernization is reflected through "Chief's contempt of adult nature.
 - Gender roles
The role of females in the novel seem sparse – the main female character is Fusako, who is the love interest of Ryuji and the mother of Noboru. In some ways, she is one of the most important characters in the novel as her relationship with Ryuji is the unbecoming of him in some ways. The balance of their relationship seems quite equal and Fusako is portrayed to be the perfect partner and housewife. She is also portrayed to be an independent woman who is doing better in her business than Ryuji is with his work. She is also seen to be diplomatic with her clients in her business. Male characters dominate the book, but most seem dependent or obsessed with some sort of notion – Ryuji with his quest for glory, Noboru and his need to conform to his 'gang's' ideology, and the chief and his obsession with his ideas surrounding life. Males in the book also seem to be the characters who are pursuing a specific goal, unlike Fusako, who seems to be a


Problem 49
Primary tabs
For b: [1], [2].
The Seifert conjecture asked if every non-singular flow on S3 has a periodic orbit. The answer is no by K. Kuperberg's construction.
The existence of a minimal flow on S3 is Gottschalk's conjecture and it is still an open problem.
For the first question, there are uniquely ergodic homeomorphisms of T^2 with positive entropy ( and minimal analytic diffeomorphisms with positive entropy in dimension 4 (
For a), Franks' semiconjugacy gives a negative answer:
 Take $F$ homotopic to $(2111)\times id$ and a lift of $\hat F$ to $R^2 x R.$ If $\{(x_n,t_n)\}$ is an $\hat F$ orbit, then $\{x_n\}$, its projection to $R^2$ is a bounded pseudo-orbit for the linear map $(2111)$ acting on $R^2$. Therefore, there is a unique orbit $\{y_n\}$ of $(2111)$ that shadows this pseudo-orbit. The map $x_0 \mapsto y_0$ is continuous, equivariant and bounded distance from the projection (therefore surjective). This is Franks' semiconjugacy which descends to a map $h: T^2 \times S^1 \to T^2$.
Now, the preimage of a fixed (or periodic) orbit of $(2111)$ in $T^2$ will give a closed invariant subset contradicting minimality.
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 1. Urban agriculture vertical farm Hydroponics Grow Lights Bar
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 3. Different spectral LED in one lens, spectral radiation uniformity
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 5. The preferred plant light spectrum, can customize the spectrum
 6. Waterproof IP65
 7. Patent number: 201620887642
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 9. CE RoHS FCC


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I'm interested in Sklyanin Algebras or Artin-Shelter regular algebras of type A. These are generated in degree 1 by three variables x,y,z, and have three defining relations in degree 2, which you can get by multiplying the matrix $$M=\begin{pmatrix} cx & bz & ay \\ az & cy & bx \\ by & ax & cz\end{pmatrix}$$ either on the left or right by the row/column vector of variables. (For every triple of numbers $a$, $b$, $c$, excluding a finite set, you get one of these algebras.)
Such algebras $A$ contain a central regular element of degree $3$, let me call it $g$. It has the property that $A/gA$ is the twisted homogeneous coordinate ring of the scheme of point modules of $A$, which is the cubic curve defined by $\det M$. $$g=c(c^3-b^3)y^3+b(c^3-a^3)yxz+a(b^3-c^3)xyz+c(a^3-c^3)x^3$$
This central element $g$ seems somewhat mysterious. In the original paper by Artin-Shelter it was apparently found by a computer search, in the foundational paper by Artin-Tate-Van den Bergh, only its existence (and its properties) are proved.
My question is: is there a conceptual way to get this element $g$? Sorry, it's a little vague. Thanks for any insight into this matter.
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If translation by the point $\tau$ of the elliptic curve $E$ has infinite order, then the center of $A$ is $k[g]$. That's the only intrinsic description of $g$ I know. There might be more known about the two central elements in the Sklyanin algebra of GKdim 4. Paul Smith has some notes that might be useful there: math.washington.edu/~smith/Research/Skly-survey.pdf – Graham Leuschke Apr 25 '13 at 20:22
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TL;DR: There are so many addresses that it is improbable that anyone will ever generate a duplicate of another address in use – as long as random number generators work as they should.
2^160 possible addresses
Bitcoin addresses consist of an alphanumerical string with a length of up to 34 characters, excluding the capital "O", the capital "I" and the lowercase "l", as well as the number "0". This would allow for 58^34 possible combinations, however, as some of the positions are used for a checksum this is reduced to 2^160 valid addresses. The checksum on the other hand allows to detect mistyped addresses as invalid, so that it is highly unlikely to accidentally input another valid address.
Chance of 3.42*10^(-27) for a collision at one trillion addresses
Even if we generously assume that at some point there will be one trillion addresses (approx. 160 for each of this planet's population), according to the simple approximation formula for the Birthday attack given on Wikipedia, the chance is 3.42*10^(-27) that any two of those Bitcoin addresses collide. In comparison, the figure of addresses that were ever used to receive bitcoins was just over 13 million in May 2013.
Address space could be augmented
Especially as the protocol at any point could be adapted to accept even longer addresses, we can say, yes, it is theoretically possible, but unlikely enough that we can assume for our purposes that it will never happen.*
It's impractical to generate addresses for gain
To answer your other question: For each address there apparently are 2^96 different private keys whose corresponding public key will map to the same address. So to actually try to pursue Bitcoin theft, it would be much more sensible to just generate random private keys and hope to find one that has a corresponding address with money on it. In all likelihood the power for such calculations would cost more than anyone could earn with such a scheme.
*As long as certain random number generators work as well as they should... :)


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These are generally calm, obedient, and disenfranchised. This type of interpretation that is simplified definately not truth. The written text you are likely to read promises to inform the facts about Japanese females. It explains why the marriage using them could be an idea that is good.
Why Japanese Ladies Are therefore Popular?
Diligence in most task is a feature that is essential of females. We usually do not signify, state, German or women that are english lazy. Their diligence is significantly diffent. It's measured and thrifty. Japanese females devote on their own be effective selflessly, with pleasure. They express their distinctive visual sensitiveness every time.
Politeness, attention, care, thriftiness, as well as other similar options that come with a woman that is japanese around self-control. It really is her core function who has different tones. It arose through the effect of Buddhism and Shinto traditions.
The trick of Japanese women's appeal is explainable. It comprises of four properties that are essential
- Japan is without question a mysterious and country that is enclosed. The western world got familiar with the united states within the century that is 18th. Before the twentieth century, Japan has remained xenophobic. Continue reading


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Where Do Your Relatives Live?
Do you know where your relatives live? Some might live close by, while others may live very far away – even across an ocean! Make a map to mark where your relatives live, then use the floor to make an even bigger map! Try to see how far everyone's relatives are and learn where they live.
Back to Activity Finder
 - What do you need for this Adventure?
 - Do you know where some of your relatives live? How can you find out?
 - What could you use to help you imagine that the floor is a bigger version of the map?
 - With the other members of your team, use a map to mark where your relatives live. You can use a map of your community, your province, Canada or even the world.
 - Now pretend that the floor is a bigger version of the map, divided into quarters (four equal squares). Your meeting place is right in the middle. Pick your relatives who live farthest away, and go stand in the corner where they live.
 - Pass a ball from person to person, calling out the name of the friend you are passing the ball to. When you catch the ball, tell everyone the name of the relative and the place where they live (the place where you imagine you are standing), and then pass the ball to another friend.
 - Pass the ball until everyone has touched it.
 - Who has relatives from very far away?
 - Whose family lives close by?
 - What did you learn about where people's relatives live?
 - What made it easy to pass the ball to some friends, and harder to pass to others?
Keep it Simple
 - It can be hard to imagine distance without a reference – start by taking a map of your town or city and marking where everyone lives, including relatives if you can. Then, take a map of Canada and mark your city, as well as the cities where people's relatives live. Finally, take a map of the world. Mark your city and any cities where people have relatives! Whose relative lives the furthest? How does the distance change on each map?
Take it Further
 - How far does the furthest person live from your meeting place? How many kilometers is that? If possible, track your hikes throughout the year and see how far you hike. Track how close you would be able to get to that person's town or city!


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Author(s): Bhatt K, Roychoudhury A, Bhutia O, Pandey RM
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Abstract PURPOSE: Recurrence is a major concern in management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. In this study functional outcomes of gap arthroplasty (group I) and temporalis myofascial interposition arthroplasty (group II) are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were noted from our departmental database. Outcome variables were postoperative mouth opening, open bite, recurrence, and facial nerve dysfunction. The χ2 test, Fisher test, t test, 2-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Group I comprised 207 patients, and group II comprised 55 patients. The mean age was 12.9 years (SD, 7.0 years). There were 220 nonrecurrent and 42 recurrent cases. The mean follow-up period was 3.78 years (SD, 3.0 years). In first time-operated cases, the recurrence rate was 14.7\% in group I and 4.8\% in group II. In recurrent cases, the recurrence rate was 34.5\% and 30.8\%, respectively. The differences were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: In first-time operated temporomandibular joint ankylosis cases, both treatments are satisfactory in preventing recurrence, but the recurrence rate increases with previous recurrences. Copyright © 2014 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This article was published in J Oral Maxillofac Surg
and referenced in Journal of Arthritis


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I have recently been learning to use OpenGL ES on Android. I know that many devices currently support OpenGL ES 2.0, but I wanted to start with 1.0 that is supported everywhere. To that end I will be making a series of posts that contain various bits of code that I have learned along the way that might be useful to others.
So, this is how you can create a texture in OpenGL ES 1.0:
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(),
int textureIds = new int;
gl.glGenTextures(1, textureIds, 0);
textureId = textureIds;
GLUtils.texImage2D(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, bitmap, 0);
You can then use the textureId to bind the texture and draw it on the OpenGLSurfaceView.


text: The newly constructed school building is 2 KMs from Mini Secretariat on the main Rajgarh Road. A safe, clean, spacious building, decorated to provide a cheerful and playful learning environment for our young students. An open playground for out door activities. A permanent stage to enable each and every child to have stage confidence by conducting morning assembly and participating in various competitions. Trees planted on all sides along with the boundary will enable child to live in harmony with nature and make them know the importance of nature for mankind.


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We have compared the properties and resistance to DA fouling of a carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) microelectrode to a traditional carbon fiber (CF) microelectrode. These two materials show comparable electrochemical activities for outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox reactions. Although the CNTF might have a higher intrinsic RC constant, thus limiting its high-frequency behavior, the CNTF shows a significantly higher durability than the CF in terms of electrode stability. During constant oxidation of 100 μM DA, the signal measured by the CNTF microelectrode shows a 2-h window over which no decrease in current is observed. Under the same conditions, the current obtained at the CF microelectrode decreases by almost 50%. A model of the fouling process, assuming the formation of growing patches of insulator on the surface, has been compared to the data. This model is found to be in good agreement with our results and indicates a growth rate of the patches in the 0.1-2 nm s-1 range.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Analytical Chemistry


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August 2009 / Volume 61 / Issue 8|
Hit it again, harder
By Dr. LaRoux K. Gillespie
Courtesy of Progressive Technologies Shot peening can produce longer part life.
When finishing parts, shops may want to hit them with their best shot. While commercial shot peening equipment looks and is used like the small abrasive blasting machines most shops use to clean, remove slag, scale and corrosion, or provide texture on parts, the process has other purposes: to significantly improve part performance and life.
In the process, metallic, glass or ceramic shot impacts a surface to plastically deform it. Essentially, each particle functions as a tiny ball-peen hammer. A peened surface spreads plastically, changing its mechanical properties.
Shot peening is widely used on highly stressed parts to remove detrimental tensile surface stresses and replace them with compressive stresses that resist operating forces and cyclic stresses. It is one of the easiest, least expensive and safest part finishing processes, and accommodates almost any part geometry and work material.
With proper peening, heavily stressed parts can withstand higher cyclic stresses, reducing the potential for fatigue fracture and extending part life. In turn, the higher fatigue strength may allow specifications of slightly lighter parts, which saves material and transportation costs for conventional parts and reduces jet fuel consumption in aircraft applications.
Repeated cycles of twisting, bending or flexing a part cause fatigue failures if loads are too high. Fatigue cracks originate from surface flaws, but peening closes them; in some instances, it actually welds them together, thus eliminating them as immediate sources of cracks and failures.Shot Peening Applications
The most common users of shot peening are producers of automotive transmission gears, highly stressed coil and leaf springs, welded joints and turbine blades. Peening is particularly useful on turbine blades because they operate continuously under large centrifugal forces that try to tear the blades apart. Chemical plants use peening to reduce stress-corrosion cracking in piping and vessels subject to stress corrosion. Fastener makers use it to reduce fretting corrosion. Shot peening is also used on aluminum die-cast transmission housings and gearboxes to close pores, preventing lubricant loss through the porous walls.
Shot peening effectiveness depends upon several factors. Longer peening time increases surface hardness and compressive stresses—up to a point. Shot size, shape, density, hardness and velocity are major factors in how the shot impacts the surface and in the effects of the peening process. Distance of the nozzle from the part affects particle velocity at impact.
Courtesy of Electronics
The impact of shot size and velocity that each particle delivers to the part is expressed by the equation E=1/2mv2, where E is the energy produced when an individual shot particle hits, m is the mass (weight) of the shot particle, and v is the velocity at which it hits the part. Most of that energy stretches the metal at the point of impact beyond its elastic limit so the part stores the energy of the impact as plastic deformation at and just below the part surface. That plastic deformation causes compressive stresses.
Aerospace Materials Specification 2431 describes seven types of peening media: cast iron shot, cast steel shot, carbon and stainless steel cut wire, peening balls, glass shot and ceramic shot. Shot media must be as hard or harder than the workpiece. Peening needs smooth-edged (normally almost round) particles to provide uniform plastic deformation.
Cast steel shot varies in hardness from 45 to 52 HRC, so it is used for parts softer than 45 HRC (a 55 to 62 HRC version of cast shot is also available). Carbon steel cut wire lasts longer than cast materials, so it is more economical in many instances. Stainless steel cut wire is used where carbon steel would leave corrosion-causing particles.
Typical shot blasting media comes in standard sizes (Table 1). Peening balls vary in size from 1⁄8 " to ½ ". Cut steel wire shot is defined by cut wire numbers from 20 to 62, with a CW20 corresponding to a 0.020 "-dia. wire, each about 0.020 " long. Glass and ceramic beads are chemically inert and use different SAE, Mil Spec and company size numbering systems. Glass beads are available from 0.0015 " to 0.0661 " in diameter. The smaller sizes allow the shot to reach into small crevices and root sections. Ceramic shot ranges from 0.008 " to 0.046 " in diameter and lasts longer than glass. Detailed information about glass beads is available on the Media Blast & Abrasive Inc. Web site: _URL_
After shot has been used once, it begins to break down into smaller particles. Because used shot is not of uniform size, it must be continuously sieved to remove undersized particles.Shot Blasting Equipment
Tyler Cotton, president of Blast Abrade Inc., Elyria, Ohio, said small, simple shot blasting equipment costs about $30,000, while a larger, more automated machine can cost up to $250,000. Heavy-duty, large-scale, high-production units may cost several million dollars. All machines need special screening classifiers and air-wash separators to remove undersize media and dust from the shot operating mix.
The cost of shot media varies. The least expensive is glass-bead shot, which costs less than 40 cents/lb. Cast steel shot typically sells for 35 to 45 cents/lb., depending on the size grade and order quantity. Hard cast steel shot may have a process and price premium of 6 to10 percent. Carbon steel cut wire shot costs about $1.50/lb., while stainless steel cut wire shot costs about $3.50/lb.Table 1: Cast steel shot sizes and equivalent cut wire shot sizes.
Shot peening machines can process from five to 500 parts per hour, depending upon required coverage, part size and part geometry. Shops typically charge between $100 and $300 per hour for standard shot peening services. Specialized machines for peening parts, such as aircraft landing gear components, have rates up to $2,000 per hour.
There are two main types of peening machines: those that throw shot using compressed air and those that sling shot with a centrifugal wheel. The compressed air design allows users to move the nozzles to cover different areas of the part or to apply different levels of impact to different areas. The nozzles can be directed manually, by hard automation or by CNC. Some specifications essentially prevent manual adjustments because hand placement does not ensure consistent control.
Parts are presented to the peening media via several approaches. They include a slack belt that tumbles the parts like a barrel, parts fixtured on a rotating table, hung from spinning hangers like parts to be painted on an overhead line and parts lying on a continuous mesh belt. For low-volume processes, operators in heavy gloves can manually position parts under a stream of shot media.Measurement and Control
There are several ways to measure and control peening. To measure peening intensity, one side of a sample Almen strip is blasted at the same conditions used on the part. The strip will curve in one direction as a result of stress changes at the surface caused by the peening. The degree of curvature provides a relative value of the blasting intensity. The Almen strip process is cheap, simple and provides both visual and quantitative information. Users test variations of peening on an Almen sample until they believe they have a combination that works.
The standard Almen sample is made from SAE 1070 cold-rolled spring steel tempered to 44 to 50 HRC and hot pressed to remove residual stresses. Using a steel like 1070 provides users with a clear understanding of process effects, as opposed to part effects. A similar specimen can then be made of the material in question to compare process effects. Separate analysis must be made on actual parts to determine if the objective was reached, but the samples save time and money and allow easy comparisons.
To measure hard-to-reach areas, a fluorescent tracer lacquer can be applied; when the area has been peened, the lacquer will be fully removed and its presence or absence readily detected by ultraviolet, or black, light.
To meet peening specifications, shot size and material, shot flow rate, Almen sample results and part position must be controlled. Adhering to process requirements is not difficult and most shop personnel can be quickly trained to provide consistent results.
Shot peening does imbed minute particles in the workpiece. This is usually not an issue, but can be.
Peening roughens most surfaces. This may be an advantage for some gears because the small pockets will hold oil better then slick surfaces. It is not an advantage for most parts and must be planned for. Fine-particle shot peening, a variation on the process, provides a much smoother surface than conventional peening. For example, Mitsubishi researcher A. Inoue tested an unpeened 7050-T7451 aircraft aluminum part with a surface finish of 0.2µm Ra. Conventional shot peening roughened the surface to 4.6 µm Ra while fine particle shot peening produced a 0.9µm Ra surface finish while increasing the residual compressive stress from 103 to 174 MPa. Vibratory finishing after peening removes the peaks of the indentations, generally without affecting the compressive stresses that peening induces.
Shot peening typically deforms thin samples unless both sides can be processed to prevent that deformation.
Four keys to successful use of shot peening include:
- Know exactly what the customer or application needs,
- Closely define the process


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Main / Strategy / Nationalism in india notes
Nationalism in india notes
Name: Nationalism in india notes
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Study Material and Notes of Ch 3 Nationalism in India Class 10th History. Introduction • Modern nationalism was associated with the formation of nationstates. natioanlism in india class notes. Nationalism in India. NextChapterList Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in acute shortage of food. Influenza. CBSE class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 History-Nationalism in India notes in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app.
12 Nov Key Concepts Chapter 3 - Nationalism in India, Class 10, SST (History) Detailed Chapter Notes - Jallianwala Bagh - Nationalism in India. 23 Nov Nationalism in India The second half of the 19th century witnessed the full flowering of national political consciousness. Read here to know. Nationalism in India NOTES - Download as Word Doc.doc /.docx), PDF File. pdf), Text File.txt) or read online.
18 Sep Class X Social Science Notes: Nationalism in India the war, the struggles of peasants and tribal were developing in different parts of India. 20 Nov 13 Comments; Likes; Statistics; Notes NATIONALISM IN INDIA; 2. Indian educational institutions were slow to come in place of the. Study notes and study material for History Chapter 3 Nationalism in India. Extramarks offers NCERT solutions for Nationalism in India of CBSE class Study notes and practice Nationalism in India sample question paper to score high. Get Nationalism in India, History Chapter Notes, Video Lessons, Practice Test and more for CBSE Board Class 10 only at TopperLearning.
1 Feb Notes on Nationalism in India. 1. The first world war, Khilafat and Non Cooperation movementWar and its effectsHuge increase in defense. Nationalism in India. Important Terms of Nationalism in India. 1. Anti-partition Movement begun in Bengal in 7, Aug., A.D. 2. The partition of Bengal was. 21 Aug - 28 min - Uploaded by Ncert Tutorial in this video we will study class 10 HISTORY chapter 2 NATIONALISM IN INDIA and this is 1ST. 4 Dec - 3 min - Uploaded by LearnFatafat Nationalism in India Class 10 CBSE History Chapter 3 Part 1 Nationalism in India. Buy.


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Birds that make teeth
In the new work, the researchers show that the talpid2 strain of chicken harbors a genetic change that permits tooth formation in both the upper and lower jaw of embryonic birds. These teeth show similar developmental position as mammalian teeth and are associated with similar molecular instructions. Furthermore, when comparing the initial development of the structures, the researchers realized that the teeth forming in the chicken did not look like mammalian teeth, but resembled those of the alligator, the closest living relative of modern birds.
The findings strongly suggest that the birds were initiating developmental programs similar to those of their reptilian ancestors. In addition, the authors found that the capacity to form teeth still resides in normal chickens and can be triggered experimentally by molecular signals. Taken together, the new findings indicate that even though modern birds lost teeth millions of years ago, the potential to form them persists.
Source:Cell Press
Related biology news :
1. Birds brains reveal source of songs
2. Birds and bats sow tropical seeds
3. Birds going extinct faster due to human activities
4. Birds found to plan for the future
5. Nanospheres that block pain of sensitive teeth
6. Ultrasound may help regrow teeth
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(Date:4/21/2017)...... April 21, 2017,... Frederick Innovative Technology Center,... emerging bio and technology start-ups, is hosting "Celebration Friday" (a festive gathering highlighting... start with libations and networking at 3:30 p.m. at FITCI's 4539 Metropolitan Court...
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You can also insert text and a selected image into your email application, Notion's database, etc. Try integrating Ikes with other applications.


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Low soil nitrogen and phosphorous levels are among several constraints limiting crop productivity in southwestern Ethiopia. The dominant soil types in the region are acidic nitosols that are often low in plant available phosphorus. Most farmers cultivate maize with minimal external inputs, hence resulting in sub-optimal yield levels. The effect of applying tithonia biomass and phosphorus fertilizer on agronomic efficiency of phosphorus, growth characteristics and yield of maize was investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) biomass and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) were used as organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus respectively. Significant treatment differences (P < 0.01) were observed for most of the parameters studied including agronomic phosphorus use efficiency and grain yield. Agronomic phosphorus use efficiency increased from 45 at the sole TSP to more than 125 when combined with tithonia biomass. The sole application of tithonia biomass resulted in 127% yield increment over the control, and combined application of 50% of the maximum rate of tithonia and 50% of the recommended rate of fertilizer resulted in grain yield increment of 88% over the control. Given the very high amount of tithonia biomass required to supply the recommended rate of phosphorus, the combined rate of tithonia biomass and inorganic phosphorus fertilizer (at 50% of the maximum rates), appears to be cheaper and appealing to smallholder maize producers in the region. The result therefore underscored the need to allot more resources and attention in exploring locally available and cheap sources of plant nutrients which could augment crop productivity in face of the mounting input prices which are prohibitively high for smallholder maize producers of the region.
Keywords: Agronomic efficiency; Biomass; Maize; tithonia diversifolia; TSP


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Some CAD and GIS software applications may have issues when non-visual channels or bands are contained on images. The following document outlines the process to remove alpha channel from your orthotiff so it can be more compatible with certain CAD software applications such as Microstation, ArcGIS 3.x, Cadcorp SIS and Intergraph.
- Orthotiff with alpha channel (in this article we will be using a file called "ortho_old.tif" as the example orthotiff)
- Installed GDAL tools
What to do
Open a command line (terminal) and type the following command to take a look at the image metadata:
It will output as shown below:
Band 1 Block=15130x1 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Red
Band 2 Block=15130x1 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Green
Band 3 Block=15130x1 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Blue
Band 4 Block=15130x1 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Alpha
Band 4 is the alpha channel that must be removed. To do so, a new file must be created. Type the following in the command line (terminal):
gdal_translate -b 1 -b 2 -b 3 ortho_old.tif ortho_new.tif
The above command "gdal_translate" takes only the first 3 bands of the image and creates a new one called "ortho_new.tif." The resulting image will be more suitable for use with older CAD and GIS software applications.
It is recommended that a World File be added to the image in order to make it more compatible with older CAD and GIS software applications since they often don't read the geotag embedded on the file. To do this, add a flag during translate:
gdal_translate -b 1 -b 2 -b 3 -co "TFW=YES" ortho_old.tif ortho_new.tif
A World File or.TFW file is a plain text file that accompanies every.TIF file and contains upper left corner, resolution, and rotation of the image but no information regarding the georeference system.


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Friction stir welding has become a popular forging technique used in many applications. The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) evaluates this method to seal the 5 cm thick copper canisters that will contain the spent nuclear fuel. To produce repetitive, high quality welds, the process must be controlled, and today a cascade controller is used to keep the desired stir zone temperature.
In this thesis, the control system is extended to also include a plunge depth controller. Two different approaches are evaluated; the first attempt is a decentralized solution where the cascaded temperature controller is kept, and the second approach uses a non-linear model predictive controller for both depth and temperature. Suitable models have been derived and used to design the controllers; a simpler model for the decentralized control and a more extensive, full model used in the non-linear model predictive controller that relates all the important process variables.
The two controller designs are compared according to important performance measures, and the achieved increase in performance with the more complex non-linear model predictive controller is evaluated. The non-linear model predictive controller has not been implemented on the real process. Hence, simulations of the closed loop systems using the full model have been used to compare and evaluate the control strategies.
The decentralized controller has been implemented on the real system. Two welds have been made using plunge depth control with excellent experimental results, confirming that the decentralized controller design proposed in this thesis can be successfully used. Even though the controller manages to regulate the plunge depth with satisfying performance, simulations indicate that the non-linear model predictive controller achieves even better closed loop performance. This controller manages to compensate for the cross-connections between the process variables, and the resulting closed loop system is almost decoupled. Further research will reveal which control design that will finally be used.


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This term is American, but of unknown origin, referring to a vague system of merit points used to curry favor with some authority. Evidence indicates that it was part of military slang during the WWII-Korean War era,1 but the earliest known use in print is from the Los Angeles Times of 15 March 1951:
You don't know about brownie points? All my buddies keep score. In fact every married male should know about 'em. It's a way of figuring where you stand with the little woman—favor or disfavor. Started way back in the days of the leprechauns, I suppose, long before there were any doghouses.2
This citation indicates that it comes from the sense of brownie meaning an elf or fairy. So earning brownie points would be a way to curry favor with the spirits. But this is far from certain.
Other possible explanations include that brownie point is a reference to the junior branch of the Girl Scouts, the Brownies. This would also explain the soldier slang; one can easily see soldiers using the term from the Girl Scouts to mock army procedures and orders. The earliest known use of brownie point in the context of the Girl Scouts is from the Modesto Bee and News-Herald of 17 June 1952:
Mrs. Rose presented a Brownie bracelet to Linda Hickle, first prize winner in a Brownie point contest.3
Alternatively, some less likely suggestions include that it goes back to WWII food rationing, where brown points could be accumulated to purchase meats and fats. Going back a bit further, in the 1930s the Curtis Publishing Company, publishers of the Saturday Evening Post, awarded green and brown vouchers, known as brownies to its delivery boys, although there is no evidence of anyone calling these brownie points. Or it could be a reference to brown nosing, a vulgar term for currying favor. Finally, and least likely, it could have originated in railroad slang. George Brown of the Fall Brook Railway invented a system of demerits for his employees at the end of the 19th century. By 1942, these demerits were known as brownie points. But since a demerit is the opposite of the general sense, this seems unlikely. More likely is that the railroad slang term was altered and adopted from the more general one and conflated with Brown's system of demerits.4
1Historical Dictionary of American Slang, v. 1, A-G, edited by Jonathan Lighter (New York: Random House, 1994), 276.
2Benjamin Zimmer, "Brownie Points," American Dialect Society Mailing List, 20 Mar 2005.
3"Brownie Troop Gives Party for Mothers," Modesto Bee and News-Herald (Modesto, CA), 17 June 1952, 6.
4Michael Quinion, "Brownie Points," World Wide Words, 26 Mar 2005, accessed 31 Dec 2008 .
Copyright _PHONE_, by David Wilton


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Clyde Ecology Ltd is an established ecological consultancy, based in Central Scotland but undertaking work anywhere in Britain.
We aim to be a "one stop shop", providing ecological advice, surveys, research and impact assessment, on the responses of wildlife to development.
More specifically, our services include;
- Advice at the earliest possible stage, on the presence of protected wildlife and habitats on proposed development sites, along with the legal and planning implications.
- Baseline surveys to provide the information on the presence, distribution and abundance of protected habitats and species required for planning applications
- The collation of pre-existing and new survey data to establish the ecological importance of a site
- Ecological Impact Assessment
- The design of mitigation and compensation solutions whenever significant impacts are predicted
- Presenting the results of such research as appropriate to client needs, whether it be: chapters and technical reports for environmental statements; applications for European Protected Species licences; habitat management plans; site condition monitoring; post-development monitoring; biodiversity action planning, etc.


Mini Light Bar - Small in Size But Big In Performance
by：JINCHU 2020-06-18
A mini light bar is quite compact normally cost under $300. It comes good not just for smaller cop vehicles but also for the bigger ones particularly budget is one of your concerns. These mini light bars make sure that you have a powerful emergency warning signal that can be relied upon. The main issue with a mini bar is its smaller size can mean lesser array of features and a less powerful warning signal. However, what mini bars miss in terms of number LED elements, they more than make up with good technology and optical enhancements. One of extra impressive features in the mini light bar is the utilization of advanced modern technology such as ROC LED technology, total internal reflection technology and light house optics, which help you make the most of this lighting. The technology helps you in maximising the lighting out from the LED elements, sometimes providing good therapy of the various light beam parameters and extending the beam far and wide. The use of optic spreading filters for example, can be useful for expanding the beam on either direction, horizontally and up and down. There are slide in and double Fresnel lenses which are present to help enhance the quality of the beam, ensuring that it travels farther and wider without much dispersion. A mini light bar can also provide 360-degree light distribution, uniformly in all directions. You can come up a bar that includes a pair of LED light strobes with a diamond mirror installed in between them. In other cases, there are LED elements which are beautifully placed in the parabolic centre of chrome or aluminium deflectors. This helps to ensure that the light emanation from the LED elements is collected and then deflected in an outwardly direction. There both are coloured as well as white LEDs of different sizes used in mini bars. Some mini bars have a grouping of 5mm LEDs which usually are used to offer the lighting. The 1, 2 or 5 Watt LEDs are utilized in modules of 4 or 8. Gen III LEDs moved to such small modules provide bright and effective lighting without taking too much disk space. Coloured lenses can provide the chances to flash a multi-coloured beam that can grab the attention with greater potency. A mini light bar with dual coloured LEDs, lenses or filters with flash patterns incorporated in without the requirement of an external flasher, can be greatly efficient in sending across a powerful warning signal. The mini bar and smaller in size can be mounted with ease with the help of swivel brackets or stainless steel ties. It is possible to synchronize the flash patterns belonging to the mini bar with another dash light or deck light bar for a more effective warning point. There are light bars which come without any dark spots or shadows. Some mini bars along with as many as 20 flash patterns, along with default patterns that can be easily operated, through pattern selection push button switches.
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Friday, 11 December 2009
mental ray_Adding glow to the window glass
The above image was produced whilst at GMJ Design Ltd
In our latest book, we have covered a number of ways of emulating light without the need of creating a physical light.
Production companies often adopt similar methods to reduce the rendering times and retain the overall quality.
It is worth pointing out that the usage of Ambient Occlusion(i.e. AO) as a separate pass or/and directly from Max is utterly imperative for the final shot.
The following exercise will take you through another unique methodology of achieving similar results with reduced rendering times:
Another quick way of emulating "glow"/"light" on windows, is to in fact enable the glow function on the glass panes themselves.
To do this, simply go to the main material parameters, under the "refraction" group.
1-Reduce the transparency to about 0.9 to prevent the surface from being fully transparent.
2-To add a bit of blur to the transparency, decrease the glossiness to about 0.78. Note that, these values may vary depending on one's camera angle...and the level of transparency/blurriness intended.
3-Next,change the colour swatch from white to a warm yellow.
Also, the "fast (interpolate)" function, can be enabled for quick and fast results, as the glossiness and its samples can often slow down the renders.However,it may create artifacts.
4-Pan down to the "self illumination (glow)" parameters and enable the "self illumination (glow)" function.
5-Under the "luminance" group, change it from "unitless" to "physical units: cd/m2)". Also, pick and choose any relevant bitmap (i.e. photo) that has a prominent light source.
Note: The "unitless" function often creates artifacts on glossy reflections, therefore, to be avoided at all costs.
Depending on time in hand, one can set the glow to generate light, or not, through the FG, by checking the "illuminates the scene (when using fg)" function.
...and... "...let there be light..."!!!
The final rendered image below was achieved using this technique. I hope you like it.
I hope you have found this post interesting.
Also check this new article in this Blog:
3D Realism:Practical & Easy Workflows


On Music: 5 other composers who went deaf
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Everyone knows that Beethoven wrote some of his most famous music after he'd already gone deaf. But guess what? He wasn't the only one. Here are 5 others you should know:
boyce.jpgLike Bach, William Boyce (_PHONE_) made his living as a church keyboardist, but was also a master composer—one of the best to come out of England during the 18th century. Boyce went deaf and had to quit his job as an organist, but went on editing works by well-known composers like William Byrd and Henry Purcell.
Ignaz Holzbauer.gifA colleague of Mozart's, Ignaz Holzbauer (_PHONE_) wrote about 70 symphonies and over half-a-dozen operas. During the last years of his life he was totally deaf.
Felix Draeseke.jpgFelix Draeseke (_PHONE_) is most famous for his (remarkable facial hair) piano piece, Sonata quasi Fantasia, which was admired by Franz Liszt. Draeseke wrote operas and symphonies even though he suffered from a chronic hearing ailment that later left him almost completely deaf.
gabriel-faure-1.jpgGabriel FaurÃ© (_PHONE_) is best known for his gorgeous Requiem. Like Boyce, Holzbauer and Draeseke before him, FaurÃ© went deaf later in life and had serious trouble hearing high and low frequencies.
smetana_bedrich1878.jpgPerhaps the best-known of the lesser-known composers to lose hearing late in life is the brilliant Czech composer Bedrich Smetana, who was already going deaf when he wrote his most famous piece, MÃ¡ Vlast (My Country), a symphonic tone poem featuring a movement called Vltava, or "The Moldau." As he lost his hearing, Smetana also suffered from chronic tinnitus, which eventually caused him to go insane. In 1884, he died in a mental hospital in Prague. Oh joy"¦
As the name implies, "The Moldau" paints a musical portrait of the famous river that twists through the Czech Republic. Click the play button to hear an excerpt and be sure to Czech out Smetana's own description of "The Moldau" after the jump.
By the way, can anyone tell me which country's national anthem sounds similar to the Smetana tune and why?
Smetana's description: "The composition describes the course of the Vltava, starting from the two small springs, the Cold and Warm Vltava, to the unification of both streams into a single current, the course of the Vltava through woods and meadows, through landscapes where a farmer's wedding is celebrated, the round dance of the mermaids in the night's moonshine: on the nearby rocks loom proud castles, palaces and ruins aloft. The Vltava swirls into the St. John's Rapids; then it widens and flows toward Prague, past the Vysehrad, and then majestically vanishes into the distance, ending at the Elbe."
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Here we go again : a case study on re-entering a foreign market
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
- Scientific articles
Original versionBritish Journal of Management Volume 32, Issue 2 April 2021 Pages 416-434 10.1111/_PHONE_.12407
Globalization has motivated firms to expand into foreign markets, but internationalization is inherently dynamic. Many firms have exited foreign markets for various reasons, but some later decide to re‐enter those same markets. Based on a case study of a Brazilian multinational's activities in Mexico, this study contributes to the literature on re‐entry decisions of multinational enterprises and their outcomes, focusing on the roles of institutional voids and the experiences of decision‐makers during such processes. The findings suggest that companies learn from their mistakes and reconsider how they approach re‐entry and the resources that may need to be mobilized. However, the learning process is not straightforward as it is clouded by international knowledge myopia. This study highlights how multiple actors and considerations influence re‐entry events.


Fruit VS. insect-eating bat brains
Somewhere I read that the brains of fruit eating bats are twice as large as the brains of insect eating bats. I realize I may be begging the question here by assuming that the author who wrote about the bigger brains of fruit eating bats had evidence to back up the claim. I have not been able to substantiate that claim. So here are the questions----#1 Are the brains of fruit eating bats twice as large as those of insect eating bats and #2 If so, why?
Yes. Megachiropterans (fruit bats) are much larger, with wingspans generally around 24 inches - and crania to match. Insectivorous bats (microchiropterans)rarely exceed a foot in wingspan (although some of the larger "micro-bats" also eat nectar, fish, etc…) Probably the increased brain size has to do with the need to process sensory information, as fruit bats are dependent on smell & sight as well as sound, but I'd have to check my textbook. (see texts by Kunz for the biology, and British Museum/Anderson for morphology.
Although true, what's the point? Sounds like Vegan propaganda to me. Am I to conclude from this fact that Vegetarians have bigger brains ( and thus are smarter) than us meat-eating barbarians?
The point is to learn if it is true, and if so, why it is true. Your conclusion is yours alone. I do not share it.
I'd say it probably has to do with energy requirements. Fruit is a high energy food that doesn't need much work in the way of stalking, thus a little more energy can be wasted on body size. Insects on the otherhand, are small, often agile, and thus need a smaller faster predator, so those bats are generally smaller and faster than the larger fruit eaters. A similar case can be made with birds I believe. Insect eating birds are generally smaller than the birds that eat larger prey…they need to be, hard to turn on a dime when you are the size of a semi's tire. :slight_smile:
I don't think the sensory arguement holds really, since Hummingbirds are incredibly small, yet subsist entirely on nectar found by scent and sight.
—The dragon observes
I apologize, DSC. I mistook your post for something it wasn't.
Cranial/brain/body size is not a function of whether energy can be "wasted" as opposed to another metabolic need, such as chasing prey, last I looked, and studied evolutionary biology. (Otherwise slugs would speak French, and couch potatoes would be geniuses. Anyone else chime in?) Forget the hummingbirds, and compare apples with apples, or in this case bats with bats.
Fruit bats have to roam far for food, are more likely to have predators attack, and though they have weak sonar (if any, depends on species), they do have great hearing and highly developed eyesight and smell. The processing capacity (excuse computer analogy) for the latter two particularly require more brainpower, oxygen, etc… and that accounts for the increased cranial size.
And no, this is not some kind of pro-Vegan argument.
PapaBear, check Marvin Harris' comparative studies of meat-eating hunter-gatherer societies and [primarily] agricultural societies. Briefly, your Kalakari Bushman has to spend 4-6 hours a day to provide for subsistence, freeing up the rest of the time for tradition, crafts, play, family, etc… and your Javanese rice farmer works 17 hours a day, with little time for much else. Who has more leisure time to ponder the world around them? (without modem access)
Way to jump to conclusions. Feeling threatened? I found the question very interesting, as my own intuition would have thought that more brains would be required to hunt insects than to sit around munching fruit. (I realize you apologized for the comment, but I still find it incredibly out of the blue that you made it in the first place)
"Cluemobile? You've got a pickup…"
OpalCat's site:
The Teeming Millions Homepage:
WOO HOO! I finally get to come into a thread behind PapaBear without having to begin my post with "Papa is right about…"! Thanks for the bone, Papa!
The overwhelming majority of people have more than the average (mean) number of legs. – E. Grebenik
Anytime, Doc! I hope everyone made note of my apology 2 posts down from my little snit-fit. I wasn't looking for a fight, honest. I'm having a hard time seeing the forest for the trolls lately.


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On Palm Sunday, March 28, in a David vs. Goliath face-off, a group of children and concerned citizens gathered in a Pacifica neighborhood for a book recycling and fundraising effort to save 11 century-old palm trees from being cut down by Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E). Kids4Change, a nonprofit children's group that performs charitable services and funding, voted unanimously to make saving the palm trees their current cause. They rallied Sunday with other children and adults to raise awareness about the fate of the trees they love.
These Canary Island palms were planted in this urban forest circa 1906, more than 50 years before the city was incorporated. Stunning in appearance, with large fronds that drape majestically from the crown, the trees are threatened not by disease but by poor urban planning. Though the trees are only a third of the way through their estimated 300-year lifespan, Pacifica's Parks, Beaches & Recreation Commission voted to allow PG&E to cut down the first three of these trees because the city does not have the money to move utility poles or underground the wires, which are at risk of becoming a safety hazard. The core issue is that the trees have grown close enough to PG&E's high-voltage lines to present a fire and electrocution hazard.
Citizens argue that this was a foreseeable consequence of placing lines directly above the trees, which naturally have grown. PG&E is not willing to fund environmentally friendly solutions, such as redirecting lines, extending poles, or undergrounding wires. In the past 50 years, hundreds of trees have been removed from the rarefied tree-laden neighborhood of Vallemar. Many trees were sick or at the end of their lifespans. But the remaining healthy palms are at risk only because PG&E placed power lines directly in their line of growth, and the severe trimming required will kill them.
Concerned citizens and Kids4Change have joined with local nonprofit Vallemar Conservators, which has been working for decades to save and replace the lost grandeur of Vallemar's urban forest. This coalition is working to raise awareness of the situation in hopes of finding a solution other than tree removal.The kids and adults are collecting donations of books and money for the cause. The book sale is on April 17, in the same neighborhood, and all proceeds go to saving the trees. To learn more about the palm tree crisis, go to _URL_. And to donate or learn more about Kids4Change, please visit _URL_. All money raised between now and April 17 goes to saving the palm trees.
Recycle your old books and help save trees! Kids 4 Change, a local charity composed primarily of children ages 5 to 8, is running a book drive and sale. Dust off those old books and drop them at 119 Berendos in Vallemar, Pacifica, between now and April 17. Books will be sold for $1 each on April 17 at 119 Berendos. Proceeds will go to save several 100-year-old heritage palm trees in Pacifica, and any remaining books will be donated to Pacifica School Volunteers, Pacifica Resource Center, and/or local schools.
Donations to help save the palm trees: http://www.kids4change/donations.php


Category Archives: salesforce crt-450 pdf
[2020.6] Latest Salesforce CRT-450 Exam Practice Questions and CRT-450 Exam Dumps
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Certification Preparation for Platform Developer I (CRT450):
When you complete this course, you will be able to:
 - Describe the structure of the exam and the exam's objectives.
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 - Describe key features of the Salesforce programming languages, including Apex, SOQL, SOSL, and Visualforce.
 - Explain important Salesforce concepts, such as the testing framework, governor limits, and the same order of execution.
 - Explain the ALM of a Salesforce development project.
Latest Updates Salesforce CRT-450 Exam Practice Questions and Answers
What is the capability of a StandardSetController?Choose 2 answers
A. It allows pages to perform mass updates of records
B. It allows pages to perform pagination with large record sets
C. It enforces field-level security when reading large record sets
D. It extends the functionality of a standard or custom controller
Correct Answer: AB
From which two locations can a developer determine the overall code coverage for a sandbox? Choose two answers
A. The Apex classes setup page
B. The Test Suite Run panel the Developer Console
C. The Test Tab of the Developer Console
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Which component is available to deploy using Metadata API? Choose 2 answers
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Correct Answer: AB
A platform developer needs to write an apex method that will only perform an action if a record is assigned to a specific
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A. Use the getrecordtypeinfosbydevelopername() method in the describesobjectresult class
B. Make an outbound web services call to the SOAP API
C. Execute a SOQL query on the recordtype object
D. Hardcore the ID as a constant in an apex class
Correct Answer: AC
A developer creates a method in an Apex class and needs to ensure that errors are handled properly. What would the
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A. ApexPages.addErrorMessage()
B. A custom exception
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D. Database.handleException()
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A developer has the controller class below.
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A. myFooController m = new myFooController();System.assert(m.prop!=null);
B. myFooController m = new myFooController();System.assert(m.prop ==0);
C. myFooController m = new myFooController();System.assert(m.prop ==null);
D. myFooController m = new myFooController();System.assert(m.prop ==1);
Correct Answer: C
What is the result of the following code block?
Integer x = 1;Integer Y = 0;While(x
A. An error occurs
B. Y = 9
C. Y = 10
D. X = 0
Correct Answer: A
What should a developer work in a sandbox use to exercise a new test Class before the developer deploys that test
production?Choose 2 answers
A. The REST API and ApexTestRun method
B. The Apex Test Execution page in Salesforce Setup.
C. The Test menu in the Developer Console.
D. The Run Tests page in Salesforce Setup.
Correct Answer: BC
A developer wants to list all of the Tasks for each Account on the Account detail page. When a task is created for a
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A. Nothing. The task is automatically displayed on the Account page.
B. Nothing. The Task cannot be related to an Account and a Contact.
C. Create a Workflow rule to relate the Task to the Contact\'s Account.
D. Create an Account formula field that displays the Task information.
Correct Answer: A
Which two Apex data types can be used to reference a Salesforce record ID dynamically? (Choose two.)
B. sObject
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D. String
Correct Answer: AD
What actions types should be configured to display a custom success message?
A. Update a record.
B. Post a feed item.
C. Delete a record.
D. Close a case.
Correct Answer: A
An Account trigger updates all related Contacts and Cases each time an Account is saved using the following two DML
update allContacts; update allCases;
What is the result if the Case update exceeds the governor limit for maximum number of DML records?
A. The Account save succeeds, Contacts are updated, but Cases are not.
B. The Account save fails and no Contacts or Cases are updated
C. The Account save is retried using a smaller trigger batch size.
D. The Account save succeeds and no Contacts or Cases are updated
Correct Answer: B
Which tool allows a developer to send requests to the Salesforce REST APIs and view the responses?
A. REST resource path URL
B. Workbench REST Explorer
C. Developer Console REST tab
D. IDE REST Explorer tab
Correct Answer: B
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Quick Answer: Can A Brain Scan Show Mental Illness?
Can MRI scan detect mental illness?
MRIs and related technology are becoming increasingly adept at diagnosing mental illness.
Currently, magnetic resonance imaging can play an important role alongside the observations of physicians and other mental health care professionals..
Can EEG detect mental illness?
Electroencephalography, or EEG, technology that measures brain function could encourage earlier diagnoses of common mental and neurological disorders, including autism, ADHD and dementia, according to findings published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal.
Can a brain scan show ADHD?
Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to identify people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from patients without the condition, according to a new study published in Radiology.
Can a brain scan show bipolar?
Can an EEG detect bipolar disorder?
Generally, routine electroencephalography (EEG) is unnecessary in the evaluation of bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI).
Can an EEG detect anxiety?
Increased communication between the amygdala and hippocampus appear to correlate with symptoms of depression and anxiety, in findings that may have treatment implications, new research suggests.
What does slow brain waves on an EEG mean?
Focal slow wave activity on the EEG is indicative of focal cerebral pathology of the underlying brain region. Slowing may be intermittent or persistent, with more persistent or consistently slower activity generally indicating more severe underlying focal cerebral dysfunction.
Can you see mental illness on a brain scan?
Brain scans alone cannot be used to diagnose a mental disorder, such as autism, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder. In some cases, a brain scan might be used to rule out other medical illnesses, such as a tumor, that could cause symptoms similar to a mental disorder, such as depression.
What can a brain scan detect?
CT scans, which use X-rays to detect brain structures, can show evidence of brain atrophy, strokes and ischemia, changes to the blood vessels, and other problems such as hydrocephalus and subdural hematomas. MRI scans use magnetic fields and focused radio waves to detect hydrogen atoms in tissues within the body.
Will a brain scan show depression?
What is the rarest mental illness?
Can a neurologist detect mental illness?


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Browse highlights of Tania Kovats' TREE installation and information about the artist, in the slideshow below. The installation is embedded in the ceiling of the Treasures gallery in the mezzanine floor above the Central Hall.
Marvel at Tania Kovats' TREE in the gallery ceiling. This slice through the 200-year-old oak tree is presented like a vast living organism placed on a microscope slide. The branches stretch across the gallery ceiling with the ceiling's grid-like panels forming an architectural frame for the piece. At over 17 metres long, TREE will be the Museum's largest botany specimen on display.
Tree-top branches of the installation reach out across the gallery ceiling and beyond into an imaginary space. The ceiling installation took 6 days to complete.
The majestic 200-year-old oak tree chosen by Tania Kovats in the Longleat Estate forest. It was growing here at the time Charles Darwin was alive. Its original girth was 356cm. 200 oak saplings were planted in its place after it was felled. Oak trees are at the end of their productive life when they are about 150 years old. © Tania Kovats
The oak planks were pieced together in a London studio ready for installation. 'First I had to find the right tree, fell it, map and number it as it was cut up into planks. I then had to craft the planks back into a tree,' explains Tania Kovats. Many wood experts were involved in the process.
An oak leaf specimen from the living tree is featured alongside lichen, moss and insects in a display case outside the gallery. These were growing on the oak tree at the time it was felled.
These insect specimens are on display in the plant and insect display case outside the gallery. They were found during a survey of the highly complex ecosystem of the original oak tree, carried out in the Longleat forest in 2008.
A limited edition of 60 signed artworks called BRANCH has been created by Tania Kovats to commemorate TREE, from the same oak. One is on display at the gallery entrance.
An image of Charles Darwin's Tree of life sketch is displayed in the gallery. 'It is as if you are standing looking over Darwin's shoulder as the thought emerges. The tree is a model of connectivity, ancestry and genealogy,' says Tania Kovats of the sketch that helped inspire her artwork. © Syndics of Cambridge University Library.© Reproduction from Charles Darwin, Notebook B, _PHONE_.© Syndics of Cambridge University Library.
Tania Kovats is a British artist working primarily in the exploration of landscape. Here she is by the special Darwin tree planted near Longleat House. The Darwin tree is one of 200 oak saplings planted on the estate to replace the original oak tree used in the installation. Recent major works by Kovats include The Museum of the White Horse (2007) and MEADOW (2006).
Visit Tania Kovats' Museum of the White Horse