One of the customary marriage vows that a married couple pledges during their wedding ceremony involves a commitment to maintaining their union "until death do us part." Vows like that signify the significance of the bond between married spouses. Although everyone understands that the bonds of marriage aren't only broken by the passing of a spouse, there are only a couple other ways of legally ending a marriage: divorce and annulment. In short, divorce terminates a valid marriage whereas an annulment is a finding that the marriage was either invalid on its face or invalid due to extenuating circumstances.
Dissolving the Marriage by Divorce
Marriage is a legally recognized relationship between two individuals from which certain legal rights and responsibilities arise. Among the legal duties that results from a legal marriage is the duty of spouses to financially support each other. Among the legal rights that stem from the marital relationship is the right to inherit the estate of the deceased spouse's estate absent a valid will, under Michigan law involving intestate succession.
Because marriage is a legally recognized relationship, ending that relationship through divorce involves specific legal and procedural requirements.
To get a divorce in Michigan, a person must meet the following requirements:
 - Residency: At least one of the parties must have resided in Michigan for 180 days before filing for divorce, and at least one party must have resided for 10 days in the county in which the divorce was filed.
 - Defendant domicile: The spouse who did not file for divorce—known as the defendant—was domiciled in Michigan when either the divorce was filed or the cause for divorce arose. If the defendant lives outside Michigan, the defendant can voluntarily appear for proceedings or must otherwise be served with process in Michigan.
 - Breakdown of the marriage: The party filing for divorce—known as the Plaintiff—must allege that there was a breakdown of the marriage with no reasonable chance of reconciliation — this allegation can be made by submitting a sworn statement claiming that such a breakdown occurred.
After filing a complaint about divorce, the defendant must submit a formal response with the court. In their formal response, the defendant can either agree to the allegations and move forward with divorce proceedings, or deny the allegations. The defendant is not required to elaborate as to why they have denied the allegations.
Under Michigan law, there is a sixty-day cooling-off period between the time a divorce complaint was filed, and when the parties can enter a Judgment of Divorce. When there are minor children involved this statutory waiting period is 180 days. This cooling-off period is designed to give the parties time to consider their situation and to potentially avoid making a rash legal decision about their marriage they would later regret.
A judgment of divorce includes a determination of custody, parenting time and support, a division of the assets and liabilities of the parties and certain statutory provisions severing the marital relationship.
Nullifying the Marriage by Annulment
In certain situations, a marriage can "end" using annulment proceedings. However, unlike divorce, an annulment involves a marriage that is considered void or "voidable." In annulment cases, a marriage is considered void or voidable because one of the legal requirements to form a valid marriage wasn't satisfied. As a result, annulment proceedings treat the marriage as if it never existed in the first place.
As a result, certain marital rights and responsibilities might never have been established. However, in some cases, a court might use principles of equity to impose certain marital rights—such as in marriages where a party reasonably relied on the marriage's validity to their detriment.
Unlike divorces, an action for annulment does impose a length of residency requirement, nor does it require an allegation as to the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. Furthermore, there is no cooling-off period between filing an annulment and submitting proof and testimony to the court.
If an annulment is granted and the parties have minor children it may be necessary to file a separate action for custody, parenting time and support. If the parties own property jointly and an annulment is granted they may need to resort to civil court for a determination of the disposition of that property. With an annulment there will be no alimony granted to either party, insofar as there has been a finding that a valid marriage never occurred. Michigan is not one of the states that recognizes so-called "palimony," which is court ordered support for a non-married person in a long term relationship.
However, an annulment lawsuit must demonstrate why the marriage is invalid. Michigan courts have held that a marriage is void or voidable in certain situations, including:
 - Bigamy: The law prohibits individuals from getting married to more than one person. As a result, a marriage is void if one or more spouses was still married to another person at the time they got married.
 - Incompetency: Only two consenting adults of sound mind can form a marriage. Therefore, if one of the spouses was mentally incapacitated, so they were not of sound mind when they decided to get married, the marriage is void. This may apply when one or both parties were intoxicated or under the influence of another drug at the time of the wedding.
 - Marriage to a minor: In Michigan, only individuals who are at least 18 years old may get married. Therefore, a marriage involving a minor is considered void, unless the minor was at least sixteen years old when married, and their parents consented to the marriage.
 - Lack of consent: Because one of the required elements of a valid marriage is consent, facts involving fraud, duress, and force can support an annulment because those situations tend to negate the necessary consent for a valid marriage.
Note that none of these grounds include how long a marriage lasts. Whether it is a one month or 10 year marriage, in most cases a divorce is needed to end it.
Unless the marriage is void for reasons such as the first 3 of these, an annulment can often be more difficult to obtain than a divorce. This is because there is a presumption in favor of a valid marriage–especially where there are minor children involved. A judge would need to hold an evidentiary hearing, i.e., a trial, in order to make findings of this nature. This is as opposed to a divorce where all the judge has to determine is that one party wants out and there is not chance of reconciliation—which does not require litigation.
For Answers to Your Legal Questions, Call the American Divorce Association for Men
Do you have legal concerns about a family law matter in Michigan, such as divorce or annulment? For quality legal counsel from an experienced divorce attorney, contact the American Divorce Association for Men (ADAM). Our legal team is dedicated to guiding you through challenging legal issues and advocating for your legal interests in divorces and other family law matters.
Contact ADAM online or call us at for a free initial consultation about your case today.


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STRANGE BUT TRUELarge snarge: Why snakes and rabbits hit airplanes
Q. What is "snarge,"and how are the good folks at the Smithsonian Institution's Feather Identification Laboratory working to make your next plane flight safer? –S. Sullenberger
A. Believe it or not, snarge is the bird goo left over from a collision with an airplane. And it's not just birds.
"We've had frogs, turtles, snakes, even a cat once struck at high altitudes," says the Smithsonian's Carla Dove. Birds like hawks and herons will occasionally drop their quarry into oncoming planes.
Recently, she sent a "snake" sample to the DNA lab, and it came back as rabbit.
"How do you explain to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that we had a rabbit strike at 1,000 feet?" Dove asks.
It's of intense interest to both the FAA and the U.S. military to know what kinds of birds are smacking into the nation's airplanes. At the lab, technicians identify the snarge DNA, then enter the sequence into a national database.
Although most cases consist of feathers, many consist of a "paper towel swipe" of gooey bird fat, flesh bits, spores. Once the type of bird is identified, steps can be taken to avert future incidents, such as by altering flight paths and by engineering more bird-resistant planes.
As an example, jet engines must now be able to withstand the ingestion of an eight-pound waterfowl. "Of course, we're trying to improve aviation safety," says Dove, "but we're also helping to save the birds."
Q. Does lightning ever strike twice in the same place in the sense of successive holes-in-one struck by the same golfer? How about thrice? –J. Frost
A. Most remarkable was the performance of Norman Manley, who holed the seventh (330 yards) and eighth (290 yards) at California's Del Valle Country Club in 1964, says John Wesson in The Science of Golf. The thrice was achieved by Bob Taylor in 1974 on the Hunstanton Links course at Norfolk, England. He holed the 188-yard 16th-hole from the tee on the practice day of the competition, then did the same on both day 1 and day 2 of the competition proper– three successive holes-in-one on the same hole!
Record for the longest hole-in-one is tougher to assign, due to different conditions such as dog-legs and favorable slopes.
But longest success on a straight hole was in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1965 when Bob Mitera holed a 447-yard drive— helped, however, by a downhill slope. This record held until 2007 when Bret Melson aced the 448-yard, par 4 at the Ko'olau Golf Club in Oahu, Hawaii, "edging out Mitera by a massive one yard"!
Q. It's hard to sell the valiant human spirit short, especially when that spirit yearns to communicate under the most difficult of circumstances, such as the spirit of French journalist Jean-Dominique Bauby, who wrote the book The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, on which the movie was based. Explained one New York critic: The lightness of the butterfly symbolizes the persistence of Bauby's spirit, the heaviness of the bell his extreme physical difficulties. What difficulties? –S. Hawking
A. Bauby himself composed and dictated his memoir recounting the massive stroke that left him in a state known as "locked-in syndrome," mentally alert but deprived of speech and of all movement except for control of his left eyelid, says William Hanson in The Edge of Medicine.
Bauby painstakingly "wrote" by blinking his eyelid to select each letter as an assistant ran through a frequency-ordered alphabet and came to the correct letter.
He dictated the slim volume in the summer of 1996, averaging only a single word every two minutes. The following spring, ten days after the highly successful publication of his book, Bauby died.
Q. Folklore says lightning seeks out oak trees, and, surprisingly, a high percentage of trees shattered are oaks. So how does lightning pick them out from all the rest? –B. Franklin
A. Oaks aren't hit more, but their rough bark traps rainwater and keeps the lower trunk dry, especially early in a storm, says Jearl Walker in Flying Circus of Physics.
Smooth-barked trees get drenched faster, top to bottom, so the lightning descends harmlessly through the water sheath into the ground. For oaks, the current more often enters the tree, heats the sap and blows the trunk apart.
Send strange questions to brothers Bill and Rich at _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Market-based task allocation in distributed satellite systems
PhD thesis under Dr Jason Noble at the University of Southampton, 2008-2012
This thesis addresses the problem of task allocation in a distributed satellite system. These spacecraft specialise in different functions, and must collaborate to complete the mission objectives. The energy available for task execution and communication is, however, extremely limited, which poses a challenging design problem. I propose the use of a market-based, multi-agent approach to achieve the necessary macro-level behaviour. The development and verification of this allocation mechanism constitutes the first major objective of this thesis. Although numerous examples of task allocation in related systems exist, I found a worrying disconnect between our general, theoretical knowledge of task allocation, and the specific application thereof. General analyses of abstracted task allocation exist, and specific implementations have been constructed in a heuristic way, but very little work navigates between these two extremes. My second major objective therefore contributes to mapping the problem space. The proposed task allocation mechanism is based on human labour markets in order to obtain similar robustness and flexibility. It uses fully distributed auctions to efficiently allocate tasks in volatile networks, without any global knowledge of the system state. The energy required for communication is constant, irrespective of the size of the network, resulting in a highly scalable allocation mechanism.
To find the area in parameter space where market-based control is the more suitable solution, when compared to a centralised approach, I characterised the allocation mechanism in terms of network size, node failure rate, and robustness. The relationship between communication cost and topology is explored by looking at the overheads associated with different static topologies, and the impact of communication distance. The ability of the allocation mechanism to cope with realistic Keplerian dynamics is also confirmed. Finally, I investigate the difference in performance between the allocation mechanism, as an example of a cooperative market, and a competitive scenario where adaptive agents compete to maximise their revenue. Results show that competitive markets are subject to positive feedback loops which can result in inferior performance for sparsely connected and heavily loaded networks.
This exploration of the system parameters is treated as a traversal of the problem space, resulting in an emergent taxonomy of both problem and solution elements.
This project interacts with a number of interesting research fields: complexity science, algorithmic trading, multi-agent systems
Changing network topology as satellites orbit around the earth. As spacecraft move further apart, communication links are broken, changing the routes required to manage the network.
A Google scholar list of publications can be found here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Homemaker Figures were the figures used to represent people within various Homemaker sets from 1974 through 1982. They are comprised of a head piece and one of several different types of hair pieces, with the rest of the body usually built from basic System bricks.
These figures came before the minifigures. The first minifigure was released four years later in 600 Police Car in 1978. After their introduction, minifigures were used together with Homemaker figures to represent a baby or a doll.
- Some hair parts (man, woman) can be assembled in two configurations because they have two front sides, enabling to change the hair dressing with the same part (turning it). This allows, with the same part, to have both the boy and the man hair dressing, or the girl and woman hair parts. Two examples are given below:
- The arms could be made of several lengths (1 or two) because they are made of several parts. This helps to recognize adults (double length) from kids (single length).
- The arm parts have been used later for other purposes, like for the arms of 6880 Surface Explorer or the 6822 Space Shuttle. In this new usage the arms have been replaced with grippers, for instance. The colors have moved from vivid colours (blue, yellow, red) for clothes to technical colours (grey, white) for arms and technical systems.
- The head has three attachments, two on the side (ears) one on the top. Hair pieces are fixed on the two hears, hats on the top.
|LEGO FiguresSystem Scale:
Minifigure | LEGOLAND Minifigure | Mini-doll figure | Animal DUPLO Scale: DUPLO Figure | Fabuland Figure | QUATRO Figure Doll Scale: Belville Figure | TECHNIC Figure | Scala Figure | Homemaker Figure Other: Microfigure | Micro Mob | 4+ Figure


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A Promising Digital-Based Radio Network Over IP
This paper illustrates the major software and hardware issues associated with a promising digital-based radio network station established in the Hashemite University (HU). The project can be considered as new and simple way to limited broadcasts. Modern broadcasting techniques are to be used; Stereo FM and HTTP stream broadcasting. This radio network is modern and all network devices and computers are to be designed to run without man's existence. Though, it can run with presence of man (semi-automatic). Those devices are connected to a main computer called sound engineering compute, and the overall network is managed by the administrator computer.


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Could you help us to review the character of the Parish?
The historic environment makes an important contribution to the character of the Parish as a distinctive, interesting and special place. The buildings, spaces, associations and history that combine to create places mean different things to different people. Using the Character Assessment toolkit should help you to analyse the character of areas, spaces and buildings in a structured way. This should help to identify, define and understand the significance and value of different features of the environment that contribute to its character and distinctiveness.
While there is an accepted need for some change to occur within the Parish, proposals for change should be measured against their existing significance to ensure that their present values are not eroded. This should help to ensure that change enhances and sustains the value of the historic and rural environment of the Parish for ourselves and future generations. The evidence and understanding provided by the process will enable management of change in an effective and positive manner.


The River Murray Weirs – Part 2 of 3: Eight Ways Weirs Degrade the River Ecosystem
The River Murray Weirs were constructed 100 years ago for riverboat navigation and to supply water to inland communities. But the weirs have also degraded wetlands, salinised floodplains and devastated native fish populations.
In this second article I describe the impacts of the weirs on the river ecosystem. The final article in this series will describe ecological mitigation and how weirs are being managed for the environment.
How Weirs Work
A weir is a bank built across a river to raise the water level.
Weirs don't reduce flow: they just create a storage pool upstream. Once the pool is full, water spills over the weir and continues downstream.
The River Murray weirs were designed to support irrigation and navigation, so the pools are kept as stable as possible. Gates in the weirs are opened or closed as flow increases or decreases so that the level in the pool doesn't change.
The fall across a weir depends on flow. At very low flows a weir pool will be flat and extend to the foot of the next weir upstream (Figure A). Water velocity will be very slow in the weir pool and higher in the tailwater. At higher flows water spilling over the weir raises the downstream level and the river develops a slope (Figure B). The slow-moving weir pool contracts. At very high flows the downstream and upstream levels equalise and the weir is flooded (Figure C).
There are thirteen weirs on the River Murray between Blanchetown and Echuca, and one further diversion weir at Yarrawonga. There are many more weirs on the tributaries.
Eight Ways Weirs Degrade the River Ecosystem
1. Migrating Fish
Golden Perch is a migratory fish species. In winter and spring the fish swim upstream over hundreds or thousands of kilometres to spawn. In upstream reaches, Golden Perch release eggs in response to flood flows. The eggs drift downstream on the floodwater, hatching along the way and drifting into nursery habitats like wetlands.
The weirs are an insurmountable barrier to fish. By blocking their upstream breeding migrations, weirs have played a major role in the decline of Golden Perch, Silver Perch and other migratory fish.
Golden Perch. Fishways now help fish navigate the weirs. Photo Lance Lloyd.
2. Fragmented Habitat
Even if they don't migrate, aquatic animals need to move around the river.
Species like turtles, Murray Cod, Australian Smelt and Bony Herring move up and down the river to breed, to search for food and colonise new areas.
The movement of these animals is blocked by weirs. The weirs have segmented the Lower Murray into eleven sections, the shortest only twenty nine kilometres long. The weirs reduce the size of breeding populations, reduces access to habitat and makes populations more vulnerable to local threats.
3. Salt
Saline groundwater occurs naturally beneath the Lower Murray floodplain and is widespread upstream of Locks 4, 5 and 6.
When the weirs raised the river level they also brought groundwater closer to the surface. In many areas the roots of floodplain trees – Black Box and Red Gum – were exposed to salt and became sick or died. Groundwater began to seep into wetland depressions. Freshwater plants were replaced by samphire or, in the worst cases, by a crust of salt.
Lower Pike Floodplain at Lyrup, upstream of Lock 4
4. Slow Flow
Weirs have changed the Lower Murray from a flowing river to a series of lakes. The weirs have made the river broad, deep and very, very slow.
Turbulent, flowing water (faster than 0.3 m/s) is essential to Murray Cod, Trout Cod, River Mussel and Murray Crayfish. All of these species are now either extinct or very rare in the Lower Murray.
Turbulent water, flowing through snags, is ideal habitat for Murray Cod and Trout Cod. These conditions are virtually absent from the Lower Murray.
5. Drowned Wetlands
When the weirs were built they raised the river level and drowned low-lying areas. Thousands of wetlands became permanently flooded.
These wetlands used to be flooded seasonally and supported dense beds of wetland plants. The wetlands were breeding sites for fish and waterbirds and contributed to the river food web.
Permanent flooding changed the wetlands into broad expanses of open water. The wetlands are now much less productive and provide poor habitat for fish and birds.
Morgan Wetland, which was drowned by Lock 1.
6. Willows
Willows like the stable water levels provided by weirs and have become a widespread pest plant on the Lower Murray. They crowd the river bank, excluding native trees and reeds, and provide poorer habitat for native fish and birds.
Willows at Morgan, upstream of Lock 1 (_USER_)
7. Biofilms
Biofilms are the slime of bacteria, fungi and algae that grow on flooded logs and branches. Biofilms are a major food source for snails, small fish and shrimp, which become food for larger animals.
Biofilms are most productive when they are alternately flooded and dried, which happens when river levels rise and fall. Weirs have stabilised river levels, so snags are either flooded or dry most of the time. As a result, an important component of the river food web has been compromised.
Biofilms grow on flooded rocks, snags, twigs and leaves
8. Acid Sulfate Soils
Weirs have created acid sulfate soil risks by waterlogging floodplain soils.
Floodplains soils are often rich in sulfur minerals. When they are waterlogged and become anoxic the sulfur minerals can be reduced to sulfides. If these soils are exposed to the air again, the sulfides are oxidised into sulfuric acid.
The acid is toxic in its own right, but it also liberates poisonous heavy metals from the sediment. Acid sulfate soils can kill fish and plants and make water unsafe to drink.
Acid sulfate soils are safe while they remain flooded. The risk develops when weirs are lowered or when river flows are very low, which occurred in the Millennium Drought (_PHONE_).
Catfish Lagoon at Merbein Common, upstream of Lock 10, has potential for soil acidification.
The weirs have made the river less productive and less hospitable to native plants and animals. But few of these impacts can be blamed on weirs alone. Most are made worse by other things, for example:
 - irrigation drainage increases groundwater and salinity threats;
 - water diversions and flow regulation intensify river stability; and
 - carp reduce plant cover in drowned wetlands.
The final article in this series will describe how weirs are now being operated to reduce these threats and improve environmental outcomes.
See Also
The River Murray Weirs Part 1 of 3: Why so many Weirs?
Sources and Further Reading
MDBA (2011). Acid Sulfate Soils in the Murray-Darling Basin. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Canberra.
MDBC (2007). The Sea to Hume Dam: Restoring Fish Passage in the River Murray. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Walker, K.F. (2006). Serial weirs, cumulative effects: the Lower River Murray, Australia. Chapter 9 in Kingsford, R. (Ed.) Ecology of Desert Rivers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Thanks to Lance Lloyd for comments on the text.


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Letters from "The Tombs" (9 drawings)
Typewriter film carbon on paper. 9 x 6" each (15 x 11" framed with glass).
Desciption: Nine framed drawings are hung in a row on the wall. The drawings consist of minute handwriting, which was produced by writing with a dental instrument over typewriter filmribbon pressed against paper. The trace left on the paper in the carbon from the typewriter film ribbon.
(The text in these pieces is transcribed from letters written by a New York City teacher while he was detained in "The Tombs," a New York prison, in 1941 for left-wing radical activities. The letters range from June 28, 1941, through July 30, 1941.)


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The Cave Walkthrough
Puzzle 7: The Time Machine
Characters: Hillbilly, Time Traveler and Twins.
- Pull the three levers ahead to open the metal gate and take control of the Time Traveler to proceed forward, then teleport through the next rock formation to land in the area below and move right past the Time Machine.
- Climb the next ladder ahead to make a left at the top and teleport through another rock formation, then approach the boulder against the far wall to pull it backwards and stop in front of the wooden platform above.
- Use the boulder to reach the wooden platform above and collect the Fuse, then drop back to the ground to head right and descend the previous ladder to make another right at the bottom.
- Make your way down the next ladder ahead and turn left at the bottom to insert the Fuse into the box, then return to the room in which you previously acquired the fuse and approach the nearby boulder.
- Drag the boulder further backwards to plug the dirty pool of water and use the Time Machine to travel into the future, then teleport through the forcefield on the right and speak with the Greatest Employee of All Time.
- Turn back around to press the Museum Door Button and enter the Time Machine again to travel into the past, then climb the ladder on your right to move left at the top and approach the boulder against the wall ahead.
- Pull the boulder backwards to plug up the pool of water and head right to descend the previous ladder, then take control of the Hillbilly and climb the ladder past the Time Machine to make a right at the top.
- Examine the cave painting to see a picture of "A Hillbillies First Love" and climb back down the ladder to make a left at the bottom, then enter the Time Machine to travel to the future and move forward.
- Pass by the Greatest Employee of All Time and descend the second ladder you see ahead to move left at the bottom, then drop down the next two ledges to land on the ground below and jump the gap on your left.
- Examine the next cave painting to see a picture of "The Rebuffed Suitor", then turn back around and descend the ladder in front of you to head right at the bottom.
- Stop in front of the Dinosaur Exhibit and take control of the Time Traveler, then head right to climb down another ladder and move left at the bottom to drop down a pair of wooden ledges.
- Climb down another ladder to make a left at the bottom and jump the next gap ahead to reach Thog's table, then push the triangular stone to the right and stop at the end of the ledge.
- Take control of the Hillbilly to climb the ladder on your left and jump the gap to the right at the top to ascend a second ladder ahead, then move between the ledges above and continue towards the right.
- Ascend the next ladder ahead to return to the Time Machine and travel into the past, then move right climb down the third ladder at the end to make a left at the bottom and drop down a pair of wooden ledges to land on the ground below.
- Hang off the ledge on your left to drop safely to the ground below and approach the sleeping dinosaur in front of you to wake it up, then retreat to the opposite wall to avoid being eaten and take control of the Time Traveler.
- Push the triangular stone forward so that it falls through the gap and lands on the dinosaur's head below, then move right to reach the wall across from you and examine the cave painting to see a picture of "Jealousy Runs Deep".
- Return to the Time Machine to travel into the future and head right to jump forward past the third ladder at the end, then stop in front of the Rangfust display and take control of the Hillbilly again.
- Climb the ladder on your right to move between the wooden ledges above and proceed forward to pass by a second ladder ahead, then land in the next room below and push the boulder to reveal the crack in the ground.
- Take control of the Twins to enter the Time Machine and travel into the past, then make your way to the right until you reach the Well at the end and turn the crank to pull the bucket out of the water below.
- As the Time Traveler, pick up the Bucket laying nearby and return to the lower cave room where you defeated the dinosaur earlier.
- Scoop some Oil into your bucket and climb the next three ladders to reach the Combustion Engine above on the left, then pour the oil into the Intake and press the nearby Elevator Button.
- Ride the lift to the level above and pull the wheel in front of you back onto the elevator platform, then press the button to return to the floor below and push the wheel towards the left to return to the Time Machine.
- Travel to the past and push the wheel towards the right to drop it off the ledge at the end, then return to Thog's table and push the triangular stone forward until it falls on the head of the caveman below.
- Return to the Time Machine to travel into the future and head right to descend the third ladder at the end, then pick up the Smurg on your left and use the time machine again to travel into the present.
- Use the Smurg to unlock the door on your left and jump over the pit of spikes to proceed forward, then unlock a second door and descend the next ladder ahead.
- Proceed forward beneath the Twin's mansion to climb the next two rock ledges ahead and reach the three levers at the end to complete this puzzle.


New funding promised for the Canadian Space Agency, which is seeking two new Canadian astronauts to join Steve MacLean, shown here just prior to blasting off in 2006. (Associated Press) ((Terry Renna/Associated Press))
The past year might have been filled with talk of curtains closing and arts funding being taken away, but the 2009 federal budget would aim to keep Canada's creative juices flowing through tough economic times.
Much of the year's arts funding, according to the budget, would start at the community level, with a focus on cultural and heritage institutions.
Local theatres, libraries and museums would receive $60 million over two years to improve infrastructure; community newspapers and Canadian magazines would get $30 million over the same period.
The Canada New Media Fund and the Canadian Television Fund would also get increased funding. The New Media Fund would receive $28.6 million (and $14.3 million in following years) and the CTF would get $200 million.
The Canada New Media Fund is used to encourage the creation of interactive digital media productions. The Canadian Television Fund contributes to the production of Canadian programs.
Those creative minds more inclined toward science than the arts would also see some financial encouragement.
The Canadian Space Agency would get $110 million over three years to support the development of space technology, including advanced robotics.
To house the research, some cash would also go to infrastructure:
 - $2 billion to repair and expand the facilities of post-secondary institutions.
 - $750 million for the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, for research infrastructure.
 - $50 million to the Institute of Quantum Computing in Waterloo, Ont., for a new facility
 - $87 million over two years to maintain or upgrade Arctic research facilities.
 - $250 million over two years for the maintenance of federal laboratories.
Eyes on the North
The government's plan to support an Arctic research station in the North aims to strengthen Canada's presence there, but also to promote economic and social development in those areas.
Through that funding, the government would also be looking to better understand Canada's northern communities. The research station would be used as a hub for scientific activity centred on the Arctic environment.
To boost tourism, the government proposes to kick in $40 million over two years to help the Canadian Tourism Commission market Vancouver's 2010 Winter Olympics and the Paralympic Games. Another $100 million over the next two years would go to festivals and events that promote tourism.
Another $12 million would be put into promoting international cruise ship tourism along the St. Lawrence and Saguenay rivers each year, and $75 million would go to Canada's parks over two years.
Money would also go towards keeping all of those thoughts, projects and people connected.
The budget promises $500 million for encouraging the use of electronic health records and $225 million to help extend broadband coverage to more communities.


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/structure failure probability at various seismic hazard levels.
This information may be transferred automatically to the event tree module database for the quantification of event trees developed specially for seismic events. Such seismic event trees can be linked with event trees representing non-seismic failures to account for all cases of failures.
After the event trees identify the failure scenarios from the seismic hazards, the uncertainty analysis performs the same integration over the entire range of the hazard curves accounting for uncertainties in both the hazard and fragility curves.
Limits of the External Events Module
100 Discrete Initiators
Unlimited Number of Hazard Curves
Unlimited Number of Top Events
50 Components per Top Event


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Benefits to Governments
Smart Career Development Program (SCDP) is a world-class, large-scale(Mass), comprehensive, customizable, cost-effective education programs (IT and non-IT). It builds the workforce skills with the aim of developing their careers. The program is always directed towards jobs required in the labor market.
No, SCDP aims to leverage the talent pool in the country by providing customized training programs that are suitable in training duration and topics to cover:
1. Computer Literacy:
8 - 12 weeks training curricula
Mostly targeting under graduates and government employees
2. Professional Training:
4 - 6 months training curricula
Mostly targeting university graduates
3. Vocational/User Training:
3 - 4 month training curricula with Hands-On workshops.
Mostly targeting students who didn't attain High School or university certificate.
Medrar has various capabilities and modes of delivery of SCDP training programs to suit each client:
Contact our PROGRAM MANAGER


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The University of New Mexico has placed an interim ban on the use, possession and storage of hoverboards on every UNM campus, including branch campuses, due to widespread safety concerns over the electronic skateboards or self-balancing scooters informally known as "hoverboards."
For the safety of the campus community, UNM is prohibiting them from all campuses until the safety of these devices can be assessed or the safety standards of all such devices are improved.
The ban extends to all exterior areas and building interiors, including Residence Halls and the Student Union Building, until the University can research and develop a long-term policy addressing the devices.
"The hazards of hoverboards include the possibility of injury to bystanders due to loss of control of the device as well as the risk of fire," said UNM President Robert Frank. "So it's not just a fire safety issue. If hoverboards were allowed in exterior areas, but not inside, students would more likely store them in their vehicles, which might also pose a fire risk.
"Further, UNM could become a preferred site for non-student recreational use of the devices, as it is now for skateboards and BMX bikes, which pose hazards to the campus community."
The boards will not be confiscated initially. UNM Police will stop those who possess one and inform them of the ban. If they ignore the warning or other follow up is required, the matter would be directed to the Dean of Students Office for remediation.
"We want students to understand that having a device that can catch fire and blow up is a huge safety risk for those using the device as well as those around it," said Jenna Crabb, interim Dean of Students. "Until further research is conducted on hoverboards, and safety standards developed, we must put the safety of our UNM students and community first."
Visitors to campus would get a criminal trespass citation if they ignore the warning.


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Understanding what your customer wants, and giving them relevant content is critical to digital marketing success. CommonSpot makes marketers more effective by giving you complete control over targeted content delivery, even when you don't know who your site visitors are.
In addition to serving targeted content to authenticated or known site users, you can dynamically group visitors based on browsing behavior or preferences to easily create persona-based content strategies for your site. Pick from a dozen popular out-of-the-box conditions to qualify prospects, or create your own custom criteria to automatically add anonymous visitors to context-based groups. Then use CommonSpot's powerful scheduling, personalization, and responsive design features to select and dynamically serve content.
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- Maintain visitor context groups on a per-session basis or persistently through multiple site visits.
- Use one-click simulation to preview what the visitor experience and fine-tune your programs for the best possible results.
- Centrally manage visitor groups and rules.


School Employees May Give Insulin Shots to Children With Type 1 Diabetes, California Courts Rules
The California Supreme Court ruled that public school employees may administer insulin shots to diabetic students.
The court found that California law permits trained but unlicensed school employees to administer the shots when a school nurse is unavailable, which is increasingly common in public schools across the state.
The decision settles a legal battle between the parents of diabetic students, backed by the ADA, and the California Nurses Association, which maintains only licensed nurses should be allowed to handle the task in public schools.
The decision reversed an appeals court ruling that found state law does not permit unlicensed school personnel, such as teachers or administrators, to give insulin shots to diabetic public school students.
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Aqa psychology research methods past papers
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NASA EPSCoR funding enables UD's new remote sensing big data science center
The environment is changing, particularly along our coasts where sea levels are rising.
Knowing how to mitigate these changes requires a deeper understanding of how the coastal ocean responds to global environmental changes and regional processes. This includes the ocean and the land, but also the in-between spaces, such as marshes and wetlands.
As the most highly instrumented state in the United States for collecting weather, climate and ocean remote sensing data, Delaware is an ideal place to study this problem.
Armed with $749,807 in new funding from the NASA EPSCoR (Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research) program, researchers at the University of Delaware are developing a remote sensing big data center in Delaware for cutting-edge coastal and environmental change research. The project includes match funding from UD, bringing total funding for the three-year project to $1.12 million.
The work builds on UD strengths in data science, remote sensing and disaster research and will complement its role as a NASA-funded Delaware Space Grant institution, providing training for a new workforce of STEM scientists at the undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels. Researchers involved in the project plan to convert technical data into useful visual information that can help improve understanding for the public and decision-makers involved in setting policy around critical environmental issues.
Xiao-Hai Yan, associate director of Delaware Space Grant and director of UD's Center for Remote Sensing, and Cathy Wu, who directs UD's Data Science Institute, serve as the science principal investigators on the project. Interdisciplinary co-investigators include Delaware State Climatologist Dan Leathers, Tracy DeLiberty and Pinki Mondal, all professors in geography and spatial sciences; Rodrigo Vargas, associate professor of plant and soil sciences; and A.R. Siders, assistant professor and a core faculty member in UD's Disaster Research Center.
Making sense of lots of data
Remote sensing is the use of satellites to collect information about and take photographs of the Earth. It is a powerful tool for improving understanding of the coastal ocean and the transition zone between land and sea (marshes, wetlands, agricultural lands) through the collection of massive amounts of data.
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that can help make sense of this complex data by identifying patterns, trends and actionable knowledge that can be used to measure effects of environmental change in these ecosystems and to drive methods for forging new knowledge in areas that remain unknown.
The project leverages three major resources already in place at UD — the Data Science Institute, the Center for Remote Sensing and the Center for Environmental Monitoring and Analysis — to build a foundational framework so that research supports educational initiatives and workforce development, while research results feed the broader community through resources, data and tools previously housed in disparate places.
Earth science researchers will focus on using cutting-edge research methods to study physical, chemical and geological environmental changes occurring on land and at sea and related climate change impacts. Researchers in UD's Data Science Institute will help manage, organize and display the copious data, while contributing expertise in sophisticated data science research methods, including machine learning and artificial intelligence methods.
Thematic areas for research include coastal ocean and sea level response to environmental change; remote sensing of hydrological coastal resources, wetlands and land resources including coastal carbon and soil moisture.
"It's an integrated research approach that captures ocean, atmospheric, terrestrial and data science at the frontier of research, but also promotes coastal community engagement and education extension," said Wu. "The underlying computational methods will be broadly applicable to studying other coastal environmental change problems or issues.
According to Wu, data science is at a critical moment where the amount of real-time data that is available has reached the kind of volume where machine learning and deep learning methods become highly effective, even though the methods themselves have been around for decades.
"Previously, it was difficult to use these types of methodologies because the data was too sparse and there wasn't enough to model," she said. "Now you have all the data you need, so you can use sophisticated deep learning models to trace connections and learn from the underlying data."
Consider this example. Many people like to eat fish, but what if fishermen went in search of a specific species and couldn't find any in the usual places? One possible reason for this could be changes in climate that cause the fish to arrive too early, or too late, at the designated spot. Without this knowledge, however, fisheries would run the risk of missing a viable catch. This could affect not just what's in a fisherman's haul on a given day, it could also impact the broader economy, including what's available for our dinner plate.
In Delaware, changing ocean conditions are likely to alter the distribution, dispersal and abundance of the Atlantic surf clam, a commercially significant species that is directly affected by periodic changes in water temperature. UD research through the center will help provide relevant information for fisheries managers as they work to maintain fisheries at sustainable levels.
For Yan, the Mary A. S. Lighthipe Professor in Marine Studies in the College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, the potential to move cutting-edge research forward across disciplines in a way that can help lead to predictive models, tools and decision-support systems for stakeholders in the broader community is exciting.
"On a large scale this work can inform what we know about climate change, extreme events, such as hurricanes, coastal flooding, sea level rise, erosion, saltwater intrusion and the related ecosystem impacts," said Yan. "On a smaller scale, strategic partnerships with organizations such as Delaware Sea Grant can help bring the center's results to state organizations like the Delaware Natural Resources and Environmental Control or to local fish and wildlife advisory councils to use in their decision-making."
Among the planned projects, Mondal will lead work to understand how farmland and wetlands are evolving in Delaware, how much of the changes are weather related and how farming practices are affecting water security. Meanwhile, research in the Vargas lab will provide important insights about the sensitivity of coastal ecosystem processes, such as carbon cycling, and changing weather and climate.
Woven throughout the center's work is the overarching opportunity to bring together larger numbers of faculty and students into teams with complementary expertise to address critical societal problems. Three years ago, the typical DSI team contained two to five investigators, Wu said. Now, she sees 10 to 20 investigators collaborating on major research initiatives across disciplines.
"Team science is a great opportunity for us to pair junior with more senior faculty mentors and grow the team through mentoring, where faculty at all different career stages are working together," Wu said.
It also is an opportunity to strengthen regional partnerships, such as with the Mid-Atlantic Regional Association Coastal Ocean Observing System (MARACOOS), the Delaware Environmental Institute, and Delaware EPSCoR and Project WiCCED (Water in the Changing Coastal Environment in Delaware).
"Building this Remote Sensing Big Data Center for coastal and climate change research and workforce development will further bridge research on coastal and climate change with society's needs through early stakeholder engagement, community outreach and education," said Yan. "Ultimately, we hope this work leads to informed decision making, mitigation of coastal climate change impacts, building of more resilient communities, and protection of lives and livelihoods in the coastal areas."
| Photo illustration by Jeffrey C. Chase |


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keeshondArticle Free Pass
Britannica Web Sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- keeshond - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
The keeshond, a breed of nonsporting dog, is called the laughing Dutchman because it originated in the Netherlands and seems to be wearing a perpetually smiling expression. It is sometimes also called the wolfspitz.


Astronomer and Educator: Friend or Foe?
Previous abstract Next abstract
Session 43 -- Planetariums
[43.06] Astronomer and Educator: Friend or Foe?
D.K.Duncan (U. of Chicago and Adler Planetarium), A.Singel (Adler Planetarium)
Warning: This presentation might offend some astronomers and science or planetarium educators. It is not indended to offend, but to provoke discussion, and it is based on real-life experiences of astronomers and planetarium educators working together for the first time. It will presented as a skit. \\ Scene 1: An astronomer and a planetarium educator meet. The astronomer gives advice which the educator finds impractical and useless. The educator tells the astronomer what he teaches, and the astronomer finds it well-presented, irrelevent and misdirected. Scene 2: An astronomer and planetarium educator meet. The astronomer asks the educator what he could do to most help the planetarium. A surprising discussion ensues. The educator and astronomer agree on 3 basic ingredients which are usually required to create the best science programs.
8:30a program listing


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The ability to respond to environmental temperature variation is essential for survival in animals. Flies show robust temperature-preference behaviour (TPB) to find optimal temperatures. Recently, we have shown that Drosophila mushroom body (MB) functions as a center controlling TPB. However, neuromodulators that control the TPB in MB remain unknown. To identify the functions of dopamine in TPB, we have conducted various genetic studies in Drosophila. Inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis by genetic mutations or treatment with chemical inhibitors caused flies to prefer temperatures colder than normal. We also found that dopaminergic neurons are involved in TPB regulation, as the targeted inactivation of dopaminergic neurons by expression of a potassium channel (Kir2.1) induced flies with the loss of cold avoidance. Consistently, the mutant flies for dopamine receptor gene (DopR) also showed a cold temperature preference, which was rescued by MB-specific expression of DopR. Based on these results, we concluded that dopamine in MB is a key component in the homeostatic temperature control of Drosophila. The current findings will provide important bases to understand the logic of thermosensation and temperature preference decision in Drosophila.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Molecular Biology
- Cancer Research


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It's not often international wildlife conferences hold their annual meeting so close to home. Fortunately, the International Herpetological Symposium (IHS) chose Belize City as the base for their 42nd gathering and we are so glad they did! The International Herpetological Symposium (IHS) provides a forum for the dissemination of information and research pertaining to the natural history, conservation biology, captive management, and propagation of amphibians and reptiles. The symposium provided a valuable opportunity to showcase the herpetological conservation taking place in Belize. BFREE Staff, Jacob Marlin, Heather Barrett, Tom Pop, and Jaren Serano, attended the conference and presented on various topics. Dr. Marisa Tellez of the Crocodile Research Coalition also provided local perspective on conservation in Belize and several student presenters from southern Belize's Independence Junior College highlighted research questions and projects pertaining to reptiles and amphibians in the country. At the close of the conference, BFREE was given the Porras Conservation Award. This award is granted in recognition of lifelong achievements in and contributions to field biology. The award is presented to a speaker (or – in this case – an organization) who has demonstrated that their work represents exceptional accomplishments in the field that benefit herpetological conservation. We are pleased and honored to have our work recognized in this way.
BFREE PRESENTATIONS AT THE 42nd IHS SYMPOSIUM
Jacob Marlin, BFREE Executive Director, provided the keynote presentation. "The Herpetofauna of Belize, 30 Years of Observations, Myths, Facts and Hot Spots"
Heather Barrett, BFREE Deputy Director, presented "Awareness Messaging as a Tool for the survival of the world's most endangered turtle family"
Jaren Serano, BFREE Science and Education Fellow, presented "Turtle or Fish? Investigations into captive management and reproductive biology of the Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys Mawaii), at the Hicatee Conservation and Research Center, Belize"


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I have the same result:
root@serverX:~# sudo service apache2 status
* Apache is running (pid 2958).
As the others have said, this is the main process ID; any other processes are child processes. If you need information on these, you should install mod_status which allows for ExtendedStatus and pulling all kinds of neat information from Apache.
The details given are:
- The number of worker serving requests
- The number of idle worker
- The status of each worker, the number of requests that worker has performed and the total number of bytes served by the worker (*)
- A total number of accesses and byte count served (*)
- The time the server was started/restarted and the time it has been running for
- Averages giving the number of requests per second, the number of bytes served per second and the average number of bytes per request (*)
- The current percentage CPU used by each worker and in total by Apache (*)
- The current hosts and requests being processed (*)
The lines marked "(*)" are only available if ExtendedStatus is On.


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I am currently developing a User management Form.
Each User can be assigned to multiple Roles. I would create this as 2 Listboxes with one showing all selected Roles and the other all unselected ones.
Now while there some standard roles (Admin etc.), there are some Roles that require a Parameter. For example: A User should have write access for Product A and Product C but not for Product B, without having a Role for each Product (we got a lot of Products). So my thought was to simply have a Role called "Write Access For Product" and have that Role parameterized with the Product. This Role can be applied multiple times for a User.
How should such a form be designed?


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It is not known when Brigus was settled. Some people believe that is was settled shortly after Cupids but we don't know much about it before the first census of Newfoundland was compiled in 1675. The origin of the name Brigus is unknown. One theory has it coming from the town names of Brickhouse or Brighouse, in Yorkshire, England. Another has the name coming from the French word for intrigue or plot, "Brigue."
Sir John Berry's census of 1675Â lists 34 people living in Brigus, with three fishing rooms in operation. Two years later, the Poole census showed three families operating five fishing rooms, as well as raising cattle and pigs.
Captured by the French
In 1697, Brigus was captured and burned by the French under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. The French did not want residents of Brigus to escape to Carbonear Island, which had been fortified. Houses at Gallis Cove and Riverhead were burned. Legend has it the French were on their way out of the harbour when they heard either a crowing rooster or a barking dog in Frogmarsh where other houses were hidden by the trees. They returned and burned the seven houses.
AbbĂ© Baudoin's Description
At this time AbbĂ© Baudoin, the priest who accompanied d'Iberville, reported that Brigus "was a well established English settlement, where there were about sixty men." He said the French found 6000 salt cod fish stored at Brigus.
In March 1705, a French force commanded by Jacques Testard de Monigny burnt Brigus a second time. However there were no lasting effects on the community. The war ended in 1713 without any further attacks. The community prospered and went on to become a successful sealing and fishing port.
Today Brigus is a very popular destination for tourist, who enjoy its quaint peacefulness and its beautiful scenery.
Cupers Cove? Early English Settlement
The Building Blocks of a Colony
Cupers Cove's First Laws
A Year in the Life of a 17th Century Newfoundland Planter
Journey of the Indeavour
John Mason in Cupers Cove
Squanto in Cupers Cove
John Berry's Census
Cupers Cove - Later Settlement
Using Archaeology to Understand the Life of a 17th Century Newfoundland Planter
Bay De Verde
Winterton (Scilly Cove)


Review – On a Cold Dark Sea, by Elizabeth Blackwell
On a Cold Dark Sea
by Elizabeth Blackwell
Genre: Historical Fiction
Length: 279 Pages
Release date:
On April 15, 1912, three women climbed into Lifeboat 21 and watched in horror as the Titanic sank into the icy depths. They were strangers then…
Con artist Charlotte Digby lied her way through London and onto the Titanic. The disaster could be her chance at a new life—if she hides the truth about her past. Esme Harper, a wealthy American, mourns the end of a passionate affair and fears that everything beautiful is slipping from her grasp. And Anna Halversson, a Swedish farm girl in search of a fresh start in America, is tormented by the screams that ring out from the water. Is one of them calling her name?
Twenty years later, a sudden death brings the three women back together, forcing them to face the impossible choices they made, the inconceivable loss, and the secrets they have kept for far too long.
Elizabeth Blackwell's On a Cold Dark Sea is a rather ambitious novel in a certain sense. It seeks to sketch out the lives of three separate women, each from varying backgrounds and social classes, over the course of 20 years, with the focal point being the moment their lives converged: the sinking of the Titanic. Charlotte, Esme, and Anna end up on the same lifeboat and their lives are forever changed in drastically different ways.
While I found each of these characters interesting in her own right, particularly Charlotte with her background of a life of crime sparked by her infatuation with a disreputable man, it felt like the novel did not have enough space to fully develop each women's stories, with its length of less than 300 pages.
The twenty years between the sinking of the Titanic and the later part of their stories are largely skipped over, with some rough sketches of the intervening years filled in through the reminiscing of each woman in the later timeline. While recounting each of these twenty years for each woman would surely make for an overly long and tedious novel, I can't help but feel like there was something missing.
However, there were some things Blackwell accomplished quite deftly in this novel. One of the running themes of the story is that of survivor's guilt and the varying degrees to which different characters suffer from it. In a way, this can become a defining trait of a person, and Blackwell illustrates the wildly different ways this can manifest; can a sense of being unfairly spared lead a person to try to live a more virtuous life? What are the ways this niggling doubt can destroy someone entirely?
"It was very dark and very cold. We did our best in trying circumstances. We survived."
These doubts are exacerbating in some cases by the lack of understanding from the general public. Blackwell draws heavily on historical resources to make this point. There are passages loosely based on the transcripts from the Titanic Disaster Hearings which exemplify how difficult it was for the survivors to express the pressures and panic they endured as the ship went down. Why were lifeboats deployed at less than half capacity? Why was a safety drill cancelled the morning before the sinking? How could any one person, having endured the chaos of unthinkable disaster, reasonably answer these questions?
Blackwell also seems to have a great interest in exploring the moral quandaries raised by some of the survivors. Again, drawing on real historical resources, she posits scenarios which are clearly meant to make the reader ask what they would do in the given situation. Survivors on the under-loaded lifeboat are forced to ask whether or not they should attempt to rescue passengers who are stranded in the water, fearing their boat may be capsized in the attempt.
Overall, this was an interesting exploration of a real-life disaster, but its length left it feeling a bit lacking. The story was atmospheric and the characters were interesting, but they could have been fleshed out more thoroughly than they were. The 20 years between the sinking of the Titanic and the remainder of the story feel a bit hazy despite Blackwell's attempts at filling in the gaps. On a Cold Dark Sea is an enjoyable read, but had there been a bit more substance to it, I think it would have been truly great.
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Article on political violence executed in the Aleppo province during 2013
Killing the dispensables: massacres perpetrated in the villages of Eastern Aleppo Province in 2013
Author: Josepha Wessels (Malmö University)
April, 2021
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
In 2013, Aleppo province was engulfed in violence. The Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and affiliated Shi'a militias executed a campaign of massacres in the rural areas located on the eastern fringes of the province. The violence caused an exodus from this region, eventually dissipating local rural communities entirely. What can explain such extreme and brutal political violence perpetrated at a local level in the east Aleppo countryside throughout 2013? To find an answer, I analyse the personal accounts of those who witnessed the violence and YouTube videos.
Taken together, these sources provide a visceral description of the massacres—in particular the summary executions in the village of Rasm al-Nafl, as a case study of extreme violence in one of the poorest rural areas of Syria. Problematizing mono-causal sectarian explanations, I argue that a deeper non-sectarian complex of rurality and a process of subaltern othering in combination with opportunism, governmental retribution, and strategic military concern for territorial control in order to secure alternative supply routes to Aleppo, ultimately led to the eradication of life and cultural genocide in these rural areas.


Elimination half-life
The "elimination half-life" is the time period it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to be halved. Hence, each successive half-life, less drug is eliminated. After one half-life the amount of drug remaining in the body is 50%, and after two half-lives 25%, and so on and so on.
In other words, if you have 40 pies and you half them you are left with 20 pies. If you half 20 pies you are left with 10 pies. If you half 10 pies you are left with 5 pies. So if inject 10mg of heroin at 1:00 pm and at 1:05 pm there is only 5mg of heroin circulating in your system, you would say that heroin has a 5 minute elimination half-life. Ironically, heroin's elimination half-life is 5 minutes. Some scientific research says it's actually less than 1 minute, but only when heroin is injected.
Heroin's half-life
Heroin metabolizes into 6MAM. Then 6MAM metabolizes into Morphine. When people use heroin, it's actually a combination of these 3 drugs that intoxicate users. For this reason, the elimination half-life of heroin is considered to be a combination of these three half-lives; heroin (less than 5 minutes), 6MAM (6 – 25 minutes) and Morphine (2.5 – 5 hours).
The elimination half-life of heroin is therefore 2.68 to 5.5 hours. Secondly, the drug effects of heroin generally last between 1 and 2 half-lives. Following that logic, the effects of heroin range between 2.68 to 11 hours. In other words, the effects of heroin last, on average, last about 6.84 hours, which is the midpoint between 2.68 and 11.
The Math
If you look below you'll see a bunch of numbers listed 1-8. Number one represents 1 half-life, or 50% (1/2) of the original amount. Number 7 represents 7 half-lives. The product of number 7 is 1/128, which means less than 1% (.78%). Since it takes 7 half-lives to get below 1% of the original amount, it's safe to say, that heroin is effectively gone from your system between 7 and 8 half-lives.
 1. 1/2 or 50%
 2. 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 or 25%
 3. 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/8 or 12.5%
 4. 1/2 x 1/8 = 1/16 or 6.25%
 5. 1/2 x 1/16 = 1/32 or 3.125%
 6. 1/2 x 1/32 = 1/64 or 1.562%
 7. 1/2 x 1/64 = 1/128 or.78%
 8. 1/2 x 1/128 = 1/256 or.359%
The Conclusion
The half-life of heroin is at most 5.5 hours, i.e. 5 minutes for heroin, plus 25 minutes for 6MAM, plus 5 hours for Morphine. If you multiply 5.5 by 8 (for 8 half-lives), you come up with 44.0 hours, which is when heroin withdrawal generally peaks, though its symptoms generally plateau for almost 24 hours. That is why heroin withdrawal is most difficult between the second and third day. If you are struggling with heroin addiction, it is suggested that enroll into a reputable Heroin Detox Center so that professionals can minimize heroin withdrawal symptoms as safely and as comfortably as possible.


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Name Martyna
Origin: From a Latin word for Mars
Gender: female
Languages of use: Polish
US 2015 rank: not in the Top 1000
Generate: Twitter-able text SMS text
Martyna is a member of the name group Martin/Martina:
Language of origin: Latin
Info, male:
from a Roman cognomen Martinus which derives from the name of the Roman god of war, Mars
known from Saint Martin who shared his cloak with a beggar (4th century AD)
until now there were 5 popes with this name
Words: mars = Mars Latin
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Home > News > News center > The secrets about wood window
The secrets about wood window
 - Release on:2018-05-15
More and more people are beginning to choose wooden shutters. In fact, the price of shutters is much higher than those of aluminum alloys and PVC materials. However, why do so many people prefer wooden shutters?
Good insulation performance
Most of the buildings emit heat through windows. According to tests conducted by relevant departments, 40% of the heat in buildings is usually emitted from windows. At the same time, the heat outside the window will also be transmitted to the interior, mainly through the window frame and the window sash, and convection occurs at the seals and crevices of the doors and windows. Since wood is an excellent insulation material, its thermal conductivity is extremely low and it effectively blocks most of the heat.
The structure of the wooden windows is tight, which effectively guarantees higher airtightness and lower leakage of rainwater. Good wood windows can reduce building energy consumption by 15%. In cold winter, the indoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature, and the wooden window effectively reduces the flow of indoor heat. In hot summer days, the interior is generally air-conditioned, and the temperature outside the window is very high. Wooden windows can effectively block outdoor heat.
Good sound insulation
The soundproofing of windows can directly affect the privacy of occupants. Coupled with the traffic noise of modern cities, the soundproofing performance of windows is even more important. Therefore, modern houses and office buildings have very high requirements for the sound insulation performance of windows. Modern high-performance solid wood windows are very sound-insulating and can generally reduce the noise by about 25 dB. If there are special needs, they can further improve the sound insulation performance.
Good appearance and decorative performance
In many building materials, the visual effects and tactile effects of wood are the best. The natural color of wood is pleasant. Different tree species have different styles and colors. Unlike steel windows, aluminum windows, and plastic window, the feeling of cold and cold, it can be Create a very harmonious and pleasant environment.
long lasting
Historically, ancient Chinese wood-framed windows have experienced vicissitudes over the centuries, and they have been preserved ever since. In modern times, in the buildings of the 1950s and 1960s, the windows were basically all wooden, and they are still being used. This fully proves that under the correct structural design, reasonable drying, and anti-corrosion conditions, the windows are often maintained. Repair and paint, wood windows can achieve a long service life.
Since solid wood windows are used in solid wood windows, they are still somewhat expensive. However, if you consider the advantages of solid wood windows, Xiao Bian think wood windows are still a very good choice.
Heze Huasheng Wooden Co., Ltd is Wooden venetian blinds supplier and High quality Timber shutter supplier with high level of craftsmanship.They has provided many kinds of custom made Plantation shutter on sale.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose I have a topic or discussion, and a number of "support" and "opposition" points on each side (You can also think of them as "upvotes" and "downvotes") and I want to calculate a score of how "controversial" a topic is. (Let $p$ be the support score, $c$ be the opposition score, and $f(p, c)$ be the function that determines the controversy score.)
It should have the following properties:
 - Controversy is maximized when equal support is given to both sides. Given that some property $g(p, c)$ is held constant (such that the slope of the tangent line of the level curve of $g(p, c)$ at any point is never positive), $f(p, c)$ should be maximized when $p = c$.
 - More support on both sides means that more people care and therefore there is more controversy. Given that $p/c$ is held constant, a higher value of $p$ or $c$ should result in a higher value of $f(p, c)$.
 - The amount of controversy is the same for the same imbalance of support no matter which side the imbalance favours. $f(p, c)$ should equal $f(c, p)$.
 - All the support being on one side means there is no controversy. Given that either $p$ or $c$ is equal to zero, $f(p, c)$ should be equal to zero.
Is there any function like this that is already in use? If not, could one be devised?
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Basically I'm trying to simulate or find a better formula for Reddit's "controversial" section. That section doesn't even seem to work properly on most subreddits I visit. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 15:02
Selecting it on All made me realize that Controversial takes pretty much anything whose score is between 1 and -1 with more than 4 votes total. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 15:09
Here's a related question on Stack Overflow that asks the same thing. But I'm interested in it mathematically as well. – Joe Z. Mar 6 '13 at 2:39
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4 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
$$f = \min$$
More generally, choose an even function $g:[-1,1]\to\mathbb R_{\ge0}$ such that $g(-1)=g(1)=0$, and an increasing function $h:\mathbb R_{\ge0}\to\mathbb R_{\ge0}$, and let $$f(p,c)=g\left(\frac{p-c}{p+c}\right)h\left(\frac{p+c}2\right).$$ Here $g$ controls the "cross-section" for a fixed number of votes, while $h$ controls the growth for a fixed $p/c$ ratio. For example, $f(p,c)=\min(p,c)$ arises from setting $g(x)=1-\lvert x\rvert$ and $h(y)=y$. _USER_'s solution $f(p,c)=pc/\lvert p-c\rvert$ corresponds to $g(x)=(1-x^2)/\lvert x\rvert$, $h(y)=y/2$. Another nice solution is $g(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2}, h(y)=y \implies f(p,c)=\sqrt{pc}$.
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+1 and accept for the general formula class. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 15:49
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What about $\frac{p c}{|p-c|}$?
This will grow (to infinity) for $c$ and $p$ being closer together and will also grow if $p/c=constant$ with increased $p c$. All support on one side will mean that $pc$ is low (or 0)
Maybe it is not perfect in its general behaviour, but the limiting behaviour seems to be right, so you can probably go from here.
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I'm not sure 1 upvote vs. 1 downvote resulting in the same amount as 100 vs. 100 (both of which are "infinite") is a good idea. But thanks anyway. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 8:31
A little adjustment like $\frac{pc}{|p-c|+1}$ would avoid infinity. – Hagen von Eitzen Mar 2 '13 at 9:43
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The formula I came up with myself was: $\displaystyle \frac{\min(p,c)^2}{\max(p, c)}$
I called it the "geometric progression" algorithm, because it represents the next term of the geometric progression lower than $\max(p,c)$ and $\min(p, c)$. In this way, as $p$ increases past $c$, $f(p, c)$ will get smaller, reaching its maximum of $c$ when $p = c$.
It also has the additional scaling property that the number of votes on $\max(p,c)$ varies inversely with $f(p, c)$.
share|improve this answer
I created a page where you can play with various upvote and downvote algorithms, with this formula on it. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 16:02
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I would argue that a simple and natural measure of controversy is simply the product of the support vote count $p$ and the opposed vote count $c$:
$$f(p,c) = pc$$
In particular, for a fixed total number of votes $p+c$, $f$ is maximized at $p = c$ (or at $p = c \pm 1$ if the total is odd), and it also satisfies your requirements 2–4. It also has the convenient property that $f(p,c)$ is a non-negative integer whenever $p$ and $c$ are.
One downside is that, for a fixed vote ratio $0 < p/c < \infty$, $f(p,c)$ grows proportionally to the square of the total number of votes $p+c$. If you'd prefer a linearly growing function instead, you can always take the square root to get the geometric mean of $p$ and $c$:
$$f^*(p,c) = \sqrt{pc}$$
As the square root is a strictly monotone increasing function, it does not affect the relative ranking of the results: $f(p,c) > f(p',c')$ if and only if $f^*(p,c) > f^*(p',c')$. However, by the AM–GM inequality, we can see that $f^*(p,c)$ can never exceed half of the total vote count $p+c$.
share|improve this answer
One problem with using $pc$ is that there are certain $g(p, c)$ for which the maximum value isn't at $p = c$. Originally I wanted to use $\displaystyle \frac{2pc}{p+c}$, but then I realized that if either $p$ or $c$ is constant, $f(p, c)$ actually grows when $p$ increases past $c$ or vice versa. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 14:55
_USER_: Indeed, your full criterion 1 as stated is quite hard to satisfy. In particular, considering the "worst-case" test function $g(p,c)=\min(p,c)$ shows that no function $f(p,c)$ that satisfies both criteria 1 and 2 can be differentiable at points where $p=c$. – Ilmari Karonen Mar 2 '13 at 15:03
I had a hunch that was the case. The function I've come up with now is not differentiable on $p = c$ either. – Joe Z. Mar 2 '13 at 15:04
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text: It has been known for some years that manipulation or transplant of ovaries can influence longevity in mammals, a fact that might be compared with the mechanisms linking germ cells to nematode longevity. Here is a recent demonstration: "Previously we reported that prepubertally ovariectomized mice that received young transplanted ovaries at a postreproductive age showed a 40% increase in life expectancy. To study this phenomenon in greater detail, 11-month-old ovariectomized and ovary-intact CBA/J mice underwent ovarian transplantation with 60-day-old ovaries or a sham surgery. Results from observations on transplant recipients in the current study extended our previous results. Whereas intact control mice lived an average of 726 days, transplant recipients lived an average of 770 days (i.e., 780 days for intact recipients and 757 days for ovariectomized recipients). If intact recipients had ceased reproductive cycling by the time of transplant, we observed a further increase in mean life span to 811 days. These results demonstrate that young ovaries enhanced longevity when transplanted to old mice and that ovarian status, examined by means of ovariectomy and ovarian transplantation, clearly influenced the potential of young transplanted ovaries to positively impact longevity." We still await an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved in this method of life extension.


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Date Added: Aug 2010
Jamming attacks have been recently studied as wireless security threats disrupting reliable RF communication in a wireless network. Recently, spread spectrum techniques have been proposed as promising countermeasures to avoid the jamming attacks. However, these solutions require a secure pre-key establishment phase before data transmission, which takes considerable time and thus provides limited functionality. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a novel Frequency Quorum Rendezvous (FQR) scheme. Nodes hop over random frequencies independently during the phase, supporting anti-jamming communications. By using a quorum system, nodes are guaranteed to meet, which could reduce time latency. The authors validate the proposed scheme via extensive simulations.


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ExhibitPearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands
(Arts & Culture - UT Arlington and Community)
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands
October 1, 2012 through February 9, 2013
Few people would argue that Caribbean islands have not played pivotal roles in American history. From Columbus' discoveries to the U.S. Guantanamo Bay prison debate, events on islands of the West Indies have impacted our history. While most of these islands are not that distant, our personal knowledge of them is often scant. With the help of old maps, there are interesting facts to learn and more importantly, connections for us to make. Old printed maps of the Caribbean islands depict not only the geography of the islands but also reflect many of the themes of Caribbean (and American) history as well as cartographic history.
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands shows how maps of the Caribbean incorporate many of the themes of cartographic history found in maps of other geographical areas, from technical developments to increasing diversification in types of maps, and from leading "national schools" in certain time periods to such themes as the growth of a tourist map industry.
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands is located in Special Collections, 6th floor, UT Arlington Central Library and runs through February 9, 2013. Hours are 9am - 7pm Monday and 9am - 5pm Tuesday through Saturday. This exhibit is free and open to the public. For more information call _PHONE_.
Note: visit _URL_ and look at Central Library for hours during holidays. Closed November 22, 23; December 24, 25, 31, and January 1, 2013.


ICA talk for Critical Waves
Looking forward to taking part in a Critical Waves conference at the ICA March 26th.
This conference aims to inspire researchers to consider strategies for presenting their research that are more innovative than simply reading papers aloud. Artists and academics will discuss how they use the voice as a creative material in their work, touching on how the voice can enhance or disrupt content, the politics of the voice and authorship, and what it might mean to speak with someone else's voice.
Speakers include Sam Belinfante, Iris Garrelfs, Magz Hall, Marc Herbst and Aura Satz.


text:
Editing or creating category groups
edit category groups in Money. You can
edit Budget groups though.
Category groups are used for internal parts of the program only (such as 'Advisor FYI' or 'Expert Assistant'). If you need to edit them, then you really need to question why, because your ability to use them is restricted. You possibly want a budget group, a standard category or a classification, because you can do a lot more with them.
A list of the category groups as found in the UK 2005 and US 2006 Money versions can be found at the following two links:
If you are wanting to change a category or subcategory, then see Article 317


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Russell Ranch: a place to study the impacts of farming systems and inputs on agricultural sustainability. Watch this video about the research conducted at Russell Ranch!
The Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility is a unique 300-acre facility near the UC Davis campus dedicated to investigating irrigated and dry-land agriculture in a Mediterranean climate. It's also a unit of the Agricultural Sustainability Institute (ASI).
Among Russell Ranch's ongoing experiments is a 100-year study referred to as Long Term Research in Agricultural Sustainability (LTRAS), which is comprised of 72 one-acre plots. LTRAS is an exploration of the long-term impacts of crop rotation, farming systems (conventional, organic and mixed) and inputs of water, nitrogen, carbon and other elements on agricultural sustainability. Sustainability is indicated by long-term trends in yield, profitability, resource-use efficiency (such as water or energy) and environmental impacts.
LTRAS has monitored changes in crop and soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions, weed ecology and economic indicators since 1993. The Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems (SAFS) project joined with LTRAS in 2003. Russell Ranch is primarily a research facility and also supports UC Davis' extension and teaching missions by hosting field days, class field trips, undergraduate interns and graduate student research.
- Subscribe to the ASI Blog Recent Publications
- Jun 25 Russell Ranch Research Findings _PHONE_
- Jan 20 UC ANR: Strip-Tillage in California's Central Valley


The Strong Natured Child
The Strong Natured child is self assured and forward in movement.
They are always on the lookout for action or to get a reaction.
They are:
Active and reactive
Determined and competitive
A Strong Natured child will display reactive behaviour if the environment is too restricting or if they haven't had enough physical activity. If they do not feel challenged in their day to day opportunities and activities they will challenge their siblings or parents.
Strong Natured children will push and push until they feel they are moving things forwards and getting a result. They demand a high level of control.
Try not to stop their swift forward movement. Instead, redirect their movement forwards onto a task they can have control of.
Super Nanny Suggests:
Give the Strong Natured child control over as many things in their world as possible.Ensure they are always challenged at school or through a sporting activity.Make daily chores and transitions a competition to get them engaged. For example, race them to the dinner table or challenge them on who can pick up the most toys the fastest.
_TAG_ _TAG_
Helping Families Solve Problems
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Make Like a Bird and Nest
This is a great project that encourages kids to really think as animals do, and in the process, make something interesting. Ask them how they think a bird makes its nest and see what they say. Then tell them you are going to be like birds today and make your own nests!
Using your own backyard, or a neighborhood park, help your kids gather the items they think a bird would need to make a nest. These nests may not look pretty, but kids will understand how hard it is to create something out of just what nature offers. If they ask for glue, don't give in! This is a nature only project!
What You Need:
- Pine needles
- Pen or pencil


text:
What does BEN mean in Veterinary?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand BEN in the Medical field in general and in the Veterinary terminology in particular.
Find a translation for BEN in other languages:
Select another language:
What does BEN mean?
- a mountain or tall hill


text:
With the recent riots in London, Manchester, Birmingham, and other locations, it is an apt time to examine crowd behaviour and the 'mob mentality.'
So, what causes mob mentality?
There are a number of explanations for mob mentality within social psychology. These include:
Deindividuation – when people are part of a group, they experience a loss of self-awareness.
Identity – when people are part of a group, they can lose their sense of individual identity.
Emotions – being part of a group can lead to heightened emotional states, be that excitement, anger, hostility, etc.
Acceptability – behaviours that are usually seen as unacceptable suddenly become acceptable when others within a group are seen to be carrying them out.
Anonymity – people feel anonymous within a large group, which reduces their sense of responsibility and accountability.
Diffusion of Responsibility – being part of a group creates the perception that violent or unacceptable behaviour is not a a personal responsibility but a group responsibility.
The larger the group or crowd, the more likely that there will be deindividuation and diffusion of responsibility.
It is generally believed that everyone is capable of this mob mentality. However, research does suggest that some personalities or circumstances make it more likely. For example:
Adolescents who lack a stable family can gain a sense of identity when part of a group.
People are more likely to take part in looting during times of hardship.
Particularly emotional events such as football matches.


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Dental case studies for students
This section offers a variety of educational resources for students, such as in-depth case studies, case challenges, and real-world strategies. Browse our case studies below, or you also can now filter by theme and search. Case Studies For Members Dental Students Young Dentists Events Workshops E-Learning. DENTAL TREATMENT CASE STUDIES Whatever the treatment, we will always strive to achieve the best feasible result and carry out any dental work to the highest standards. Case Study by: Judith Elizondo Case Overview: Dan is 50 years of age who has been attending the dental office since 2011. He discovered he had type II diabetes. Tooth avulsion is one of the most common and serious dental injuries, responsible for up to 16% of all dental injuries in the permanent dentition.
These in-depth case studies have been designed specifically for dental hygiene students. Each case includes the patient documentation (Patient History and Periodontal. Regarding the recommendation to increase observability, the case study provides for students and. of case studies so dental and dental. These in-depth case studies have been designed specifically for dental hygiene students. Each case includes the patient documentation (Patient History and Periodontal. Read our case studies about the benefits of Fused Deposition Modeling in the dental industry Dental Case Studies. Read Case Study. Dental.
Dental case studies for students
Tooth avulsion is one of the most common and serious dental injuries, responsible for up to 16% of all dental injuries in the permanent dentition. Case Study #1 - Dental Clinic. Rural Maine Background. This four-chair clinic in rural Maine had operated in the red since inception. The program was hampered by a. Case Studies Explore our. Although these cases are based on real events Case Studies For Members Dental Students Young Dentists Events Workshops E-Learning. This section offers a variety of educational resources for students, such as in-depth case studies, case challenges, and real-world strategies.
Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center expanded clinical and research opportunities will be available for dental students and residents. Case Western Reserve and. Why Dentistry? Let James tell you! James is a 4 th Year dental student studying at Cardiff University. In this case study he talks about why he chose to follow the. Behavioral Considerations in Oral Health Care (DENT 518) Syllabus Posted 8-23-16; Lecture 1: Introduction, Behavior, Emotion, and Respondent Conditioning Theory.
- A dental student who had started their final year was hit by a car on a night out. They had very severe head injuries After several months in hospital and in.
- In this directed case study students follow a nurse practitioner and work with a diagnostics team to determine what is wrong with Tristan dental students.
- Meet James, a 4th year Dentistry student at Cardiff. Find out his answer to the famous why dentistry interview question, and how he got an offer.
A variety of topics were presented in the 2003 Case Study columns. Use the following 33 questions to review and test your knowledge concerning this year's eleven columns. Case Studies for Dental Hygiene Patient Care 2017. Dental Hygienists are a community of professionals devoted to the prevention of oral disease and the promotion and. Case Study: A 58-year-old male presented to a dental office for a routine checkup. Examination revealed a nonhealing ulceration of the lower lip. Case Studies; Articles; Dental Office Forms; Newsletters;. Case Studies; A; A; A; Dentist's Advantage Case Studies 2012 - 2015 September 2017 Failure.


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Scope of the subject & their interaction with our life
Scope of the subject basically refers to the area where it can be applied and scope of different subjects varies from each other in this regard.
The area in which the subject is applicable is called range area of the subject. It also depends upon the nature of the subject. Like Mathematics has the widest range of its application. It can be applied in any field of life and give high output. So the range and scope of the subject depends upon its nature.
In general all the subjects have high interaction with our lives but few of them are more interactive and have high influence in our life. We can say that they have become part of our lives or parts of them are parts of our lives. For understanding interaction with these subjects, man is required to study the life and tali it with these subjects.
Scope of different subject is as under.
- Mathematics: The subject mathematics especially basic mathematics has become part of our life. In general when we talk with somebody, some 70 % of mathematics become part of that discussion. Like when we deal with shopkeeper so talk in dozens and numbers. We ask how much banana's dozen costs. The shopkeeper answers us in terms of money like its cost is Rs.50/- per dozen. Then if we want to buy half of a dozen the shopkeeper divides it on two and say you have to pay Rs.25/- for this. And it is the case in division of land. Whenever two persons want to divide the land by two they normally use algebra there. More over the subject of mathematics is a wide range subject and its areas of applications are PAEC, NDC, NSO & other different areas. In short we can say that it is applicable in each field of operation.
- Sociology: Sociology has a wide range of application in human societies. It has different role in different human societies. Man follows it rules and principles in their life in general. Different sociologists try to implement its principles and roles in different human society in which he know that these can be implemented. It studies culture, norms, values, expectation, and institution e.t.c. It defines and evaluates cultures of different nations living in different areas of the world and something new to it.
- Physics: Physics is a science subject like mathematics and have influence in our life. Due to the inventions of this subject much more things are introduced which have highly facilitated our lives. More than this in general the kilogram term is used very much in general in life. When some one go to purchase something, he asks the shopkeeper how much its kilogram costs and he answers.
- Medical: Medical is also one of the important subject which has a total interaction with our life. It also has a wide range of research to provide different solutions for different problems occurring in our lives. Whenever a person becomes ill he contacts a medical doctor or dispenser for diagnosis. When the doctor or dispenser diagnoses him then the pharmacists prescribe some medicines for his treatment. The pharmacists conduct continuos research to produce more good medicines for different diseases. The doctors also refer different methods to people to protect themselves from different diseases.
- Computer Science: Computer Science also has high interaction with our life. It has also facilitated the life of human upto a great extent. In primitive ages communication was really tough and costly but due to computer sciences (Information Technology) it has become very cheap and easy. A man in USA can contact easily with a person in Pakistan and will cost a few rupees because the area is high specialized and a very cheap technology has been introduced.
In short all the subjects have high interaction with our life and have a wide scope.


IJUC HomeIssue Contents
Solving Minimum Hitting Set Problem and Generalized Exact Cover Problem with Light Based Devices
Masud Hasan, Shabab Hossain, Md. Mahmudur Rahman and M. Sohel Rahman
We suggest a new way for solving the exact cover and the minimum hitting set problems using massive parallelism of light. The idea is to build an optical device that will generate all possible solution sets and then to select the correct one among those sets. The device has a graph like structure. There are several nodes connected by arcs (optical fibers). The light ray passing through an arc is delayed by some predefined time represented by the number assigned to the arc. The arcs are connected in such a way that the existence of a solution is represented by the arrival of a light signal at the destination at a predefined time.
Keywords: light based device, optical computing, NP-Complete problems
Full Text (IP)