text:
In an industry where cost effectiveness and productivity are imperative for success, the award winning OptiSystem can minimize time requirements and decrease cost related to the design of optical systems, links, and components.
OptiSystem is an innovative, rapidly evolving, and powerful software design tool that enables users to plan, test, and simulate almost every type of optical link in the transmission layer of a broad spectrum of optical networks from LAN, SAN, MAN to ultra-long-haul. It offers transmission layer optical communication system design and planning from component to system level, and visually presents analysis and scenarios.
- Provides global insight into system performance
- Assesses parameter sensitivities aiding design tolerance specifications
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- Integrates with the family of Optiwave products
Created to address the needs of research scientists, optical telecom engineers, system integrators, students and a wide variety of other users, OptiSystem satisfies the demand of the evolving photonics market for a powerful yet easy to use optical system design tool.
OptiSystem enables users to plan, test, and simulate (in both the time and frequency domain):
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- Amplifiers and lasers (EDFA, SOA, Raman, Hybrid, GFF optimization, Fiber Lasers)
- Signal processing (Electrical, Digital, All-Optical)
- Transmitter and receiver (direct/coherent) sub system design
- Modulation formats (RZ, NRZ, CSRZ, DB, DPSK, QPSK, DP-QPSK, PM-QPSK, QAM-16, QAM-64)
- System performance analysis (Eye Diagram/ Q-factor/BER, Signal power/OSNR, Polarization states, Constellation diagrams, Linear and non-linear penalties)
" As optical systems become more and more complex,
scientists and engineers must increasingly adopt
advanced software simulation techniques for vital
assistance with design issues. OptiSystem's power
& flflexibility facilitates effificient & effective photonic
Dr. Govind p. Agrawal,
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester and author
of Fiber-Optics Communications Systems
The OptiSystem Component Library includes hundreds of components that enable you to enter parameters that can be measured from real
devices. It integrates with test and measurement equipment from different vendors. Users can incorporate new components based on
subsystems and user-defined libraries, or utilize co-simulation with a third party tool such as MATLAB or SPICE.
Integration with Optiwave Software Tools
OptiSystem allows you to employ specific Optiwave software tools for integrated and fiber optics at the component and circuit level: OptiSPICE, OptiBPM, OptiGrating, and OptiFiber.
Mixed signal representation
OptiSystem handles mixed signal formats for optical and electrical signals in the Component Library. OptiSystem calculates the signals using the appropriate algorithms related to the required simulation accuracy and efficiency.
Quality and performance algorithms
In order to predict the system performance, OptiSystem calculates parameters such as BER and Q-Factor using numerical analysis or semi-analytical techniques for systems limited by inter-symbol interference and noise.
Advanced visualization tools
Advanced visualization tools produce OSA Spectra, signal chirp, eye diagrams, polarization state, constellation diagrams and much more. Also included are WDM analysis tools listing signal power, gain, noise figure, and OSNR per channel.
You can select component ports to save the data and attach monitors after the simulation ends. This allows you to process data after the simulation without recalculating. You can attach an arbitrary number of visualizers to the monitor at the same port.
Hierarchical simulation with subsystems
To make a simulation tool flexible and efficient, it is essential to provide models at different abstraction levels, including the system, subsystem, and component levels. OptiSystem features a truly hierarchical definition of components and systems, allowing the simulation to be as detailed as the desired accuracy dictates.
Powerful Script language
You can enter arithmetical expressions for parameters and create global parameters that can be shared between components and subsystems using standard VB Script language. The script language can also manipulate and control OptiSystem, including calculations, layout creation and post-processing.
State-of-the-art calculation data-flow
The Calculation Scheduler controls the simulation by determining the order of execution of component modules according to the selected data flow model. The main data flow model that addresses the simulation of the transmission layer is the Component Iteration Data Flow (CIDF). The CIDF domain uses run-time scheduling, supporting conditions, data-dependent iteration, and true recursion. OptiSystem Optical Communication System and Amplifier Design Software
A fully customizable report page allows you to display any set of parameters and results available in the design. The produced reports are organized into resizable and moveable spreadsheets, text, 2D and 3D graphs. It also includes HTML export and templates with pre-formatted report layouts.
Bill of materials
OptiSystem provides a cost analysis table of the system being designed, arranged by system, layout or component. Cost data can be exported to other applications or spreadsheets.
You can create many designs using the same project file, which allows you to create and modify your designs quickly and efficiently. Each OptiSystem project file can contain many design versions. Design versions are calculated and modified independently, but calculation results can be combined across different versions, allowing for comparison of the designs.
OptiSystem provides the most comprehensive optical communication and photonics design suite for optical design engineers. Its key features include:
OptiSystem's Transmitters library contains an extensive selection of optical sources (Fabry-Perot, DFB, VCSEL), electrical and optical signal pulse
generators, optical modulators (EA, MZ), electrical modulators and coders (QAM, PAM, FSK, OFDM) and multi-mode signal generators (Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite-Gaussian).
Designers can choose between advanced physical-based or measurement-based (empirical) models for modeling the static and dynamic behavior of semiconductor lasers. Our physical-based models include 1D and 2D multi-mode laser rate equations, providing designers with the ability to switch between bulk laser rate models and the transmission line matrix method (TLMM).
The Receivers library contains all the building blocks needed to accurately model optical communication receiver sub-systems. Components include regenerators (clock/data recovery, 3R), electronic equalizers, threshold detectors, decision circuits for PSK/QAM modulation, PIN and APD photo-detectors, demodulators (OFDM, frequency, phase amplitude), decoders (PAM, QAM, PSK, etc.), and digital signal processing (DSP) tool sets for single and dual polarization coherent PSK and QAM systems.
Advanced, highly parameterized, optical fiber models can be used to characterize single mode and multi-mode signal propagation; including linear (dispersion), stochastic (PMD), and non-linear impairments (FWM, self-phase modulation, and cross-phase modulation). Using OptiSystem's Bidirectional optical fiber component, it is possible to model and measure Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman scattering effects.
A comprehensive suite of steady state and dynamic optical amplifier models is provided, including advanced doped fiber models (Er, Er multi-mode, Er-Yb, Yb, Yb multi-mode, Tm, Pr) for detailed physical fiber amplifier design; EDFA and EDFA black box (gain spectrum, noise figure measurements) for WDM network systems design; dynamic and average power Raman models; and 1D/2D semiconductor optical amplifier models (lumped rate equation, travelling wave, TLMM). Electrical domain amplifiers are also provided for receiver design (transimpedance, automatic gain control and limiting amplifier applications).
Network design tools
Network design tools include ideal and non-ideal models for optical switches, multiplexers, de-multiplexers, array waveguides (AWGs), fiber connectors, and PMD emulators.
A variety of electrical and optical filters are provided for sub-system and system design simulation including standard filter functions (Bessel, Gaussian, RC, Raised Cosine, etc.), digital IIR/FIR filters, periodic filters, reflective/FBG filters, measured filters, S-parameters filter, and acousto-optic.
An extensive selection of optical and electrical passive components can be used to build a variety of component and sub-system designs. Optical devices include attenuators, couplers, splitters and combiners, polarization controllers, reflectors, taps, isolators, and circulators. Electrical devices include 180 and 90 degree hybrid couplers, DC blockers, power splitters and combiners, and RF transmission lines.
Models are also provided to allow designers to use measured data to characterize device transfer functions, including small signal scattering (S) matrices and the Jones matrix.
Signal processing tools are provided for manipulating optical, electrical and binary signals. Functions and operations include bias generators, gain, signal addition and subtraction, normalizers, electrical differentiators and integrators, down-samplers, serial-parallel and parallel-serial converters, electrical flip flops, and electrical/binary logic operators.
Spatial and free space optics design tools
OptiSystem has specialized components that can model free space optical channels (antenna characteristics, atmospheric propagation) and the spatial analysis of multi-mode signal coupling between devices (multi


text:
("Cool" kids find life easier…)
So-called "cool" kids sail through life easier than their counterparts as they are generally happier and healthier, a study has found.
The study of more than 300 kindergarten children found those who were in subordinate social positions were more likely to develop problematic behaviour, be depressed and perform poorly at school.
Californian researchers also found how the children responded to their low social status could also depend on how well-off their families were.
Jake Najman, a professor of medical sociology at the University of Queensland, said children from poorer families were starting school from a disadvantaged base.
"What they found was one of the most important determinants of the children''s health was their social class or socioeconomic background," Stuff.co.nz quoted him as saying.
The children then dealt with further disadvantage at school differently because their social class affected how they learnt to interact with others.
"We know middle-class and upper-class people learn rules about how you interact that are probably more effective in terms of getting what they want," he said.
The study has been published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


SLC 500 Timers
Thread Starter
Justin Lund
Can anyone please help. I need to input a separate value into 16 timers but also need to increment or decrement all of them together at the same time.
I am using a Panelview 550 and an SLC5/04
Jocko Harmet
You could make all of your values an offset from a single value(Register X - then incrament that value -
Each value would go into a separate register with a number such as 16000 added to it(same number would start out in Register X). For examples sake, this would be registers 0 through 15
Then the timer value for timer 1 would be (Register 0 - Register x)
The timer value for timer 2 would be (Register 1 - Register x)
Then when you need to incrament or decrement, you would perform this function on Register x only.
The number 16000 was used assuming that your timer is cabable of a 16 bit preset
This number would need to be greater than the maximum timer value. This would allow you to decrament all the way down to 0.
Jocko Harmet
[email protected]
Phoenix, AZ
Please make your query more clear. As such what do you want to acheive? Which value you want to increment or decrement? Preset Value or Accumulated value? Are you looking forward to synchronise the timers?
I don't understand. Are you wanting to load values into the timer preset addresses? Then do you wand to increment and/or decrement the preset values all together with a pushbutton, or something? If you know the relative values you want, the operator could enter one number, then let the plc do the math and write to the presets. Otherwise he'll have to fat-finger each one seperately. If you want to do a group inc/dec from the entered values, use indirect addressing to "catchall" the values with each adjustment.
Are you saying that the initial values will be different but thereafter you will add or subtract the same amount from all timers?
Not sure if I understand the problem, but:
On the panelview, use the timers PRE word as the tag for the register. For example for timer T4:1, set the tag for the panelview as T4:1.PRE
In the PLC, use the timer blocks normally. The write will occur during the housekeeping portion of the scan (actually the communication slice, but it all occurs between scans).
If you want all timers running at the same time, just put them all in parallel on a rung. It would make a big rung, but it would work. Give
them some default time for programming, but know that the time will be overwritten when the panelview comes online.
For example, enter the following rung. B3:1/1 is the enable bit. This is for 4 timers, but you can expand it as needed....
(note: in RSLogix, you can get to the text entry prompt by typing / with the rung selected)
xic b3:1/1 bst ton t4:1.01 100 0 nxb ton t4:2.01 100 0 nxb ton t4:3.01
100 0 nxb ton t4:4.01 100 0 bnd
This will give you 4 timers in parallel with an enable bit to start and stop them. 16 timers would just be more branches. For readability and
trouble shooting, you may want to break them into smaller rungs that all use the same enable bit.
Hope this helps!
--Joe Jansen
Yes. The timer presets will be keyed in for each of the 16 timers. The operator then needs to be able to increment or decrement all 16 at the same time even if the values are different. It is a lot quicker than having to enter 16 new values.
Thank you.
Crucius, Wesley
I didn't interpret Justin's question the way Joe did, so I'll offer a suggestion.
My interpretation is that you wanted to use a single panelview "button" (or pair of buttons) to increment and decrement either the accumulator or,
more likely, the preset timer element for 16 different timers "simultaneously". If I've understood your question correctly, here's what
you need:
- pick an intermediate integer register to be written to by the panelview with a desired increment/decrement value
- add a rung of logic in the processor to check this imtermediate register for a non-zero increment/decrement value and add this value to each of the desired timer elements
- reset the intermediate increment/decrement register value to zero when all timer elements have been updated, so that the process can be repeated
- you'll obviously want some limit test logic to avoid invalid timer element values (both in terms of what the PLC considers valid values and what you're process considers valid values)
John Paley--Graphic Pkg Corp
This example requires the timer addresses to be consecutive!!!
After the initial preset values are entered, use indirect addressing to easily change the rest.
If you use a pb to increment the value, one shot it to latch a bit--b3/0. if b3/0 is true, add 1 (or whatever) to t4:[n7;0].pre dest t4;[n7;0].pre.
branch output--add 1 to n7;0 dest n7;0. this increments the index to 1. the next scan, 1 gets added to t4;1, next scan t4;2 etc.
next branch output if n7;0 > 15, move 0 to n7;0 and branch unlatch b3/0. this shuts off the routine and resets n7;0 to start over next time.
this method takes 16 scans to get all the presets incremented, but how long is a scan, anyhow.
Another way is to let the operator set the value of the inc/dec then add that number to the presets.
This example uses timers 0-15, but it depends on the number you reset n7;0 to to start and the number you examine n7;0 greater than to finish. It will work with any range of consecutive timers (or any consecutive data table values).
Look out--be careful not to allow the operator to enter a preset less than zero. The processor won't like it and will lock up when the timer rung goes true. You could do a similar indexed rung to check the presets before you allow a decrement in value that might put one less than zero.
I could e-mail sample [email protected]
Draw a data entry screen on the PV550 to display the actual values for the 16 timer registers. Link these to the addresses you are using. This will allow individual timer preset values to be set independently.
Next add an Inc/Dec object to the screen and use this to ADD/SUBTRACT to/from ALL of the timer registers simultaneously (via ladder in PLC).
I've used similar screens for recipe/sequence modifications.


text:
Social Media and Advocacy Campaign – Commit to Inclusion Africa.
International Campaign on Physical Activities for Children with Disabilities in Africa is spearheaded by Integrated Youth Volunteer Foundation (IYVF).
1) that the rights of children and adolescents with disabilities to physical activity, PE and sport are recognized across the UN system,
2) that there is global recognition that 'enough is enough' and NOW is the time to make physical activity, PE and sport inclusive for ALL children and adolescents. The first is about ensuring key frameworks coming out of the UN system, namely from UNESCO on PE, WHO on health and disability, and the post-2015 agenda acknowledge the rights of children with disabilities in these domains. The timeline is on-going as we have to wait and see when critical discussions and decisions will take place.
The second result is based on the fact that we have appropriate policies in place – e.g. CRPD Article 30.5 – but they are not being realized and thus we want to remind key decision-makers that they exist and we will provide examples of how they can and are being achieved. Since the Task Force is made up of volunteers, we will be leveraging existing platforms and resources to launch a social media and advocacy campaign in Africa to achieve the second result.
Our Vision, Mission,Strategy Identity
Commit to Inclusion Africa, is a coalition of, not-for-profit, African organization working with Children with Disabilities on PhysicalActivities to meet the sustainable development goal supported by Commit to Inclusion.
Commit to Inclusion Africa aims to:
Commit to Inclusion Africa objectives:
Our work is inspired by universal values, informed by global experiences and knowledge, and guided by the needs and conditions of Commit to Inclusion _URL_. Above all, in partnership with other rights-based organizations in Africa and around the world, we aspire to contribute to the effort to make an 'Africa fit for children with disabilities '.
Our vision is that every African child with disability will be able to lead a healthy life and contribute to the emergence of a peaceful, democratic and prosperous continent that can overcome marginalization in a globalized world.
Commit to Inclusion Africa mission is to put African children with Disabilities on the public agenda, through the promotion of physical activity, PE and sport inclusive for ALL children and adolescents.
Our Programmes and Projects
Guided by Commit to Inclusion Programmes of Work document, Towards an Era of Accountability for children with disabilities in Africa 2015, Commit to Inclusion Africa pursues its work in the following strategic areas:
-Monitoring government performance and child with disability wellbeing
-Promoting legal justice and access to children with disability.
-Strengthening the families with children with disabilities and social protection mechanisms.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Who, what, why: What happens when a country loses its 'birth certificate'?
Breaking News
However, as Fiji celebrated the 40th anniversary of winning independence from the UK, its government admitted it had lost the legal Independence Order presented to ministers by Prince Charles in 1970.
And after five years of scouring files in government departments, it was forced to take the embarrassing step of asking its former colonial masters for a photocopy.
But when a country loses such a document, does the right to independence go with it?
Almost certainly not, according to Catherine Redgwell, professor of international law at University College London.
Independence papers, meanwhile, are largely symbolic items.
In the same way that losing your birth certificate does not mean you cease to exist, the legitimacy of a state does not rest on a piece of paper, agrees Prof Roda Mushkat....
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text:
In the era of rapidly growing educational requirements and an explosion of content from multiple sources, ensuring students are getting the content they need at the right time is a challenge that academic libraries continue to address.
Join us for an engaging in-person event, hosted at the University of Salford, where we will take an in depth look at the critical role of academic libraries in supporting student success and explore the challenges they face. We will hear from the University of Salford on how their library is leading the way in ensuring students have seamless access to vital study materials.
|Arrival, coffee & networking
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The Small Folkenchanting, holistic play, celebrating a naturally simplified childhood
watercolour paints - set of 6
watercolour paints - set of 6
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They can be used with all usual watercolouring techniques. Stockmar watercolours are ideal for transparent painting and when mixed with white can be used for non-transparent painting. They are produced from gum arabic and the finest light-resistant colour pigments have a very high yield-value and remain completely water-soluble when dry. The colour tones have been chosen so that they can be mixed to yield all intermediate shades without losing their brilliance and intensity..
Tried and tested in art education at school and kindergarten these non-toxic paints are long-lasting and remain completely water-soluble when dry.
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External Models vs Pyramid Models
The Model tools provide a powerful set of capabilities when:
 - data models are not available for a given data stack;
 - when data needs to be fixed;
 - if users want to design and apply complex data logic like machine learning;
 - or if multiple data sources need to be blended ("mash-up").
In these scenarios, Pyramid's internal semantic data model layer provides a convenient way to consume the underlying data source and it comfortably matches the most powerful semantic data technologies in the market, especially when coupled with the calculation options of the Formulate tools.
However, in other scenarios when using external analytic technologies like Microsoft OLAP, SAP BW or SAP HANA, Pyramid data models do NOT need to be authored since Pyramid can directly consume these external data models as designed in those technologies - presenting the user with the full power and depth of those technologies through both Pyramid's querying and calculation tools.
Functional Differences
Importantly, Pyramid offers near identical functionality across both external and internal models to end userscovering every aspect of the platform including data visualizations, formulations, presentations and publications. This means the full depth of Pyramid's querying and calculation engines have been engineered to produce almost identical analytic outcomes without deprecating functionality.
Ultimately, this allows customers to be indifferent between the underlying technology stack driving any given BI project. In fact, it means users can jump between different visuals in the same dashboard, driven by different technologies, and not notice a difference in function or feature if the business and technical problem demanded a multi-data technology solution.
Administrative Differences
The main differences between external and internal models related primarily to admin settings. Typically, Pyramid offers stronger facilities to manage and secure its own models ; while it (rightly) assumes the managements and security of external data models will be handled by their own proprietary tools.


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Hi, I have some questions I was hoping someone could answer. I am trying to model a sandwhich structure with carbon fibre skins and aluminium honeycomb core and then perform a 3 point bending test in the software if possible. 1. Could someone please explain what the reason is for selecting PCOMPP, PSOLID etc, what are the reasons for choosing one of them over another? 2. Which compersite property: PCOMPP, PSOLID, PSHELL, etc, do I need to select for the task I want to achieve (3-point bending simulation)? 3. Another question relates to my understanding of the MAT 8 card....would I be correct in saying that as MAT8 only asks for the in-plane properties, it would not be possible to get proper results for a 3-point bending test in the software? (Or does the software still work this out?) 4. Would I need to use the MAT9 card for what I am trying to do and in that case what composite property do I select, PCOMPP, PSOLID, PSHELL, etc? 4. If I select for example PCOMPP for the honeycomb properties, do I have to select PCOMPP for the carbon fibre skin properties? Regards
Good morning, I'm trying to change the material orientation in a component. I tried in different way to do the 3D mesh and I tried to use different properties. The geometry is a simple hollow cylinder. I'm using Hypermesh 2017.3. The material is defined as MAT9ORT. To check the material orientation I used Analysis->Systems->Material Orientation. Mesh methods: Method 1: 3D mesh done by using Drag elements along the cylinder axis. The material orientation is along the plane perpendicular to the cylinder axis; Method 2: 3D mesh by using 3D->Element Offset->Solid Layers. The material orientation is along the cylinder axis; Method 3: 3d mesh by converting a ply laminates using the Aerospace tool "Shell to Solid". The material orientation respected the orientation angle given during the plies creation. These material orientations remain valid only without any property assigned. When I assign a property, the orientation changes without an apparent logic. Properties: Prop. 1: PCOMPLS: modifying the THETA angle in the property card didn't cause any modification in the material orientation; Prop. 2: PSOLID: when assigned to the component, the material orientation change the direction randomly and doesn't respond to any modifications with material orientation tool.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
As is well known, the space of solutions of a linear ODE with, say, $\mathcal{C}^\infty$ coefficients on $\mathbb{R}$ is a finite dimensional affine space (a vector space, in the homogeneus case).
What is the structure of the space of solutions of a non linear ODE? In which cases does it have a "natural" structure of finite dimensional smooth manifold?
For the question to make sense, some conditions on the form of the equation must be put. Let's assume the ODE is of the form
where $F:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}$ is a smooth function.
share|improve this question
You need to put more assumptions on $F$ in order for this to have a meaningful answer. For example, you haven't ruled out that $F$ is identically $0$ (all functions $u$ satisfy the equation) or $1$ (no functions $u$ satisfy the equation). Usually, in the case of a higher order ODE for one unknown function, one assumes that the equation can be solved smoothly for the highest derivative. Then one locally has the structure of a smooth manifold of dimension $n$, with the 'initial values' $\bigl(u^{(j)}(t_0)\bigr)$ for $0\le j< n$ giving local coordinates. – Robert Bryant Dec 8 '12 at 20:25
In addition to what Robert already said, there's also the issue of whether you care about the size of the interval on which a solution exists. For a linear ODE, the solution exists for all time (both positive and negative), but for a nonlinear ODE, solutions may exist for only a finite time and the size of the time interval might depend on the initial data. – Deane Yang Dec 8 '12 at 20:30
_USER_ Bryant: your comment comes very close to what I would have expected as an answer! Are there cases in which the manifold is compact? And in which it has nontrivial topology? – Qfwfq Dec 8 '12 at 20:55
_USER_ Yang: yes, that is an issue too; that's why I didn't specify in which functional space the solutions have to live ($\mathcal{C}^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})$ or $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}(t_0-\epsilon,t_0+\epsilon)$); should I have considered solutions as living in the space of germs of smooth functions at $t_0$ (which is still infinite dimensional)? ( _USER_ commenters: I realize my question is perhaps a bit elementary for people who know differential equations). – Qfwfq Dec 8 '12 at 20:55
I didn't know whether to accept R.Bryant's or F.Ziegler's very well written answer. The latter just seemed a bit more general, so I've clicked on it. – Qfwfq Dec 19 '12 at 17:34
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
As Robert Bryant observed, something like the solubility of $F$ for $u^{(n)}$ needs to be assumed. Then by the trick (due I believe to D'Alembert) of setting $x=(t,u,\dots,u^{(n-1)})$ and dt/ds=1, the equation can always be rewritten $$ \frac{dx}{ds}=f(x). $$ This is what most geometers would call the "standard ODE", wherein $f$ is a smooth vector field on the manifold where $x$ evolves.
In this setting, the space of (maximal connected) solution curves is indeed always a (not necessarily Hausdorff) manifold. I don't know who first wrote this, but according to this recent obituary a contender would be J.-M. Souriau in his 1970 book "Structure des systèmes dynamiques". Translation of the relevant passage:
The manifold of motions of a system
Jean-Marie Souriau has observed that the set of maximal solutions of a differential system on a differentiable manifold possesses itself a natural structure of differentiable manifold, not always separated: thus one can speak of the system's manifold of motions. This very simple property is rarely mentioned in the usual courses on differential calculus.
share|improve this answer
There is yet another direction in which one could take the question, one that makes more contact with the linear and affine structures that one observes in the standard treatment of linear equations (both homogeneous and inhomogeneous). For example, consider the Riccati equation $$ u'(t) = a_0(t) + a_1(t)u(t) + a_2(t)u(t)^2,\tag{1} $$ which is nonlinear (when $a_2$ is not zero). A standard fact that is proved in ODE courses is that there is a 'trick' for 'linearizing' this equation, yielding the result that the general solution can be written in the form $$ u(t) = \frac{c_1b_1(t)+c_2b_2(t)}{c_1b_3(t)+c_2b_4(t)} $$ for some functions $b_i(t)$ (defined on the entire interval on which the $a_i$ are defined) and constants $c_1$ and $c_2$ (not both zero). Obviously, only the ratio of $c_1$ to $c_2$ matters for specifying $u$, so the ($1$-dimensional) space of solutions to $(1)$ is 'naturally' diffeomorphic to the real projective line $\mathbb{RP}^1$. Note that this representation works even when the solution $u$ has a 'pole'. (For example, consider the Riccati equation $u' = 1 + u^2$, which has $u(t) = \tan t$ as a solution.)
Sophus Lie developed a theory that associated a type of ODE to each homogeneous space of what we now call Lie groups, one that generalized the theory of linear ODE (both homogeneous and inhomogeneous) and Riccati equations in their various forms (which correspond to vector spaces, affine spaces, and projective spaces, thought of as homogeneous spaces of appropriate Lie groups).
It's possible that the OP is interested in learning more about the theory of ODE (and PDE) of Lie type, which is what this theory developed into. For this theory, putting a (possibly non-Hausdorff) manifold structure on the space of solutions is a necessary first step, but it is only the beginning.
share|improve this answer
The formula given in this answer is related to the fact any four solutions of the Ricatti equation are in constant Cross-ratio. – Denis Serre Dec 9 '12 at 13:47
That's true. The point is that the 'evaluation map' from the space of solutions with its natural $\mathbb{RP}^1$-structure to $\mathbb{R}$ given by $u\mapsto u(t_0)$ is an affine chart on the $\mathbb{RP}^1$ for each $t_0$. The constancy of the cross-ratio is then a reflection of the fact that projective transformations of $\mathbb{RP}^1$ preserve the cross-ratio of $4$ points. Of course, this generalizes to all equations of Lie type, replacing $\mathbb{RP}^1$ with the appropriate homogeneous space $M$ and the cross-ratio with appropriate invariant function(s) on products of $M$ with itself. – Robert Bryant Dec 9 '12 at 14:36
Deep and interesting theory exists when $F$ is analytic, not just smooth. It was developed by J. F. Ritt in his books on Differential algebra. (In particular, Ritt rigorously defined the things like "singular solutions").
Some parts of the theory also apply to PDE.
Most interesting and useful theory is obtained when $F$ is a polynomial, in which case the set of solution is a "differential-algebraic manifold", and a theory of DA manifolds is parallel to the theory of the usual algebraic manifolds.
For a more modern exposition (including fields of non-zero characteristic) see Kolchin, Differential algebra and algebraic groups.
share|improve this answer
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|— Town —|
|Elevation||8 m (26 ft)|
|Irish Grid Reference||V908709|
Kenmare (Irish: An Neidín, meaning "the little nest") is a small town (population 2175 - CSO 2011) in the south of County Kerry, Ireland. The name Kenmare is the anglicised form of Ceann Mara meaning "head of the sea", referring to the head of Kenmare Bay.
Kenmare is located at the head of Kenmare Bay (where it reaches the farthest inland), sometimes called the Kenmare River, where the Roughty River (An Ruachtach) flows into the sea, and at the junction of the Iveragh Peninsula and the Beara Peninsula. The traditional Irish name of the bay was Inbhear Scéine from the Celtic inver, which is recorded in the 11th Century narrative Lebor Gabála Érenn as the arrival point of the mythological Irish ancestor Partholón. It is also located near the Macgillycuddy's Reeks, Mangerton Mountain and Caha Mountains and is a popular hillwalking destination. Nearby towns and villages are Tuosist, Ardgroom, Glengarriff, Kilgarvan, Killarney, Templenoe and Sneem.
The entire area was granted to the English scientist, Sir William Petty by Oliver Cromwell as part payment for completing the mapping of Ireland, the Down Survey in 1656. He laid out the modern town circa 1670. Like William Petty, a previous surveyor of Ireland (1584), Sir Valentine Browne, ancestor of the Earl of Kenmare was granted some lands in County Kerry during the resulting plantation, the Munster Plantation.
The three main streets that form a triangle in the centre of the town are called Main Street (originally William Street, after Sir William, 1st. Marquis of Lansdowne), Henry Street (originally Sound Road), after the son of William the 1st. Marquis and Shelbourne Street (Henry Petty became the first Earl of Shelburne). This name was also later applied to Shelbourne Road in Dublin.
However, the area has more ancient roots. One of the largest stone circles in the south-west of Ireland is close to the town, and shows occupation in the area going back to the Bronze Age (2,200-500 B.C), when it was constructed. The circle has 15 stones around the circumference with a boulder dolmen in the centre.
Vikings are said to have raided the area around the town which at that time was called Ceann Mhara, which means "head of the sea" in Irish.
The convent in the town, the Poor Clare Sisters, was founded in 1861 when five nuns including Sister Mary Frances Cusack, who was also an author and publisher of many books, moved to Kenmare from their convent in Newry, County Down. Under the guidance of Mother Abbess O'Hagan in 1864 a lace-working industry was established and Kenmare lace became noted worldwide.
A suspension bridge, which is claimed to be the first in Ireland, over the Kenmare River was opened in 1841 and served the community till 1932 when it was replaced by a new concrete bridge.
The town is noted for winning the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in 2000 and being a runner-up in 2003 and 2008. The Catholic Church in the town contains stained glass from Franz Mayer & Co. and a hand carved Bath Stone chancel and side altars.
The Catholic Church in the town is called "The Holy cross".
Kenmare lies on two noted Irish tourist routes, the Ring of Kerry and the Ring of Beara, approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Killarney. As a result it is a popular tourist destination and many of the businesses in the area cater to tourists. The town is noted for its food and pubs. Kenmare boasts a range of restaurants and traditional pubs.
Since the late 1990s the tourism industry has driven local construction work, with land being sold at high prices to developers wishing to build estates of holiday homes. This has led to an increase in the town's population, particularly during the peak tourist season, and prompted fears among some residents that the town is becoming overdeveloped and losing much of its identity.
Notable people
Kenmare was home to composer Ernest John Moeran for a number of years up to his death and a local bar was named after him but has since been renamed. Gaelic footballer Mickey 'Ned' O'Sullivan is from the town, while another footballer, Pat Spillane, comes from nearby Templenoe. Former Kerry GAA player Paul O'Connor hails from Kenmare. Kenmare is also the home of Irish Olympic slalom skier Thos Foley. Diplomat Con Cremin was also from Kenmare. NY[clarification needed] construction magnate Patrick Harrington was also from Kenmare. Anna McPartlin grew up in Kenmare; in 2007 she wrote the novel Apart from the Crowd, with a setting in Kenmare.
Big Bertha (1945–1993) was a Guinness World Record breaking cow who lived in the area: she was both the oldest recorded cow and the one with the greatest number of offspring.
Fair days
Due to its location at the centre of a large agricultural area, Kenmare served as the local market town. Until the establishment of an auction mart in the early 1990s, the approximately monthly fair days were a time when farmers would stand their animals in the streets for sale to visiting stock dealers. The only fair which continues to be held is that of August 15, which coincides with the Catholic Holy Day of Obligation marking the Assumption of Mary. The day attracts crowds of locals and visitors and is the busiest day of the year in Kenmare.
The N71 also connects Kenmare to Killarney on a mountainous and scenic part of the Ring of Kerry route via Molls Gap and Ladies View. Alternatively one can reach Killarney via the slightly longer but more comfortable route through Kilgarvan. Kenmare also lies on the N70 national secondary road south-Cork route to Glengarriff.
Kenmare railway station opened on 4 September 1893 and finally closed on 1 February 1960.
The nearest airport is Kerry Airport, which is 50km away. A wider range of services is available from Cork Airport, which is 90km away. There is a daily service to/from Cork Airport in the summer months on the N71 via Bantry and Clonakilty, however, it is generally faster to change buses twice in Killarney and Cork as the routing is more direct.
The town has a primary and secondary school, community hospital, as well as Catholic, Church of Ireland and Methodist churches.
Kenmare Kestrels Basketball Club was founded in 2006 and competes in the Kerry Area Basketball League.
Use in popular culture
In the fictional Harry Potter universe Kenmare is the home of the Kenmare Kestrels, one of only thirteen Quidditch teams that play in the Quidditch League of Britain and Ireland. The team players wear emerald-green robes emblazoned with two yellow K's across the chest.
See also
- "Census 2006 – Volume 1 – Population Classified by Area" (PDF). Central Statistics Office Census 2006 Reports. Central Statistics Office Ireland. April 2007. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
- Census for post 1821 figures.
- Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
- Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). "New Developments in Irish Population History, _PHONE_". The Economic History Review 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.1984.tb00344.x
- Collins Irish Gem Dictionary. Great Britain: HarperCollins Publishers. 2006. ISBN 0-00-719160-X
- Irish Placenames Database - Kenmare entry
- Megalithomania - 'The Druids' Circle' : Stone Circle - Kenmare
- Article of the Kenmare Suspension Bridge
- Catalogue of the Photographic Exhibition of Irish Carnegie Libraries
- Article from Kenmare Historical Society
- Church of Ireland Gazette, page 3, 3 October 2008
- Kenmareparish.com - Churches
- €11.5m land sale expected as Kenmare prices rocket Irish Examiner
- Fast-changing times for Kenmare The Kerryman (registration required)
- "Waking Hours: Francis Brennan". Sunday Independent (Independent News & Media). 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
- The 15th of August Fair day in Kenmare, County Kerry Ireland
- "Kenmare station". Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 31–46. ISBN 1-55192-454-4.
- Memory Alpha the Star Trek Wiki website
- Official Website of the Kenmare Chamber of Commerce and Tourism
- Kenmare travel


Sunlight hits the tracks.
Why does hot weather cause severe rail disruption?
Sunlight hits the tracks.
Soaring temperatures in the UK in July led to rail operators putting in place speed restrictions due to the risk of tracks buckling.
When do tracks buckle?
How does Network Rail prevent buckling?
Where a stretch of track is composed of short rail sections bolted together, gaps are left to allow for expansion.
Does this happen in other countries?
Network Rail said other nations choose a higher stress temperature limit for their tracks, depending on the climate.
Countries with extreme weather conditions adjust their tracks between summer and winter, the company said.
This can include inserting concrete slabs which can better contain track forces than sleepers and ballast.
Network Rail's website said that the "variations in short-term weather and long-term climate" in Britain mean "it is neither practical nor cost-effective" to implement such measures permanently.
It said solid concrete slab tracks costs about four times as much to install as standard ballasted track.
The company also said that stress-proofing Britain's rail track to the levels of hot countries would also create "the risk of increased tension on the rails in the winter".
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Qumis, Iran
 (Redirected from Hekatompylos)
Qumis (Persian: قومس; Middle Persian 𐭪𐭥𐭬𐭩𐭮 Kōmis), also known as Hecatompylos (Ancient Greek: Ἑκατόμπυλος, in Persian: صددروازه, Saddarvazeh) was an ancient city which was the capital of the Arsacid dynasty by 200 BCE. The Greek name Hekatompylos means "one hundred gates" and the Persian term has the same meaning. The title was commonly used for cities which had more than the traditional four gates. It may be understood better as the "Many Gated". Most scholars locate it at Sahr -e Qumis, in the Qumis region in west Khurasan, Iran.[1]
Šahr-e Qumis
شهر قومس
Qumis, Iran is located in Iran
Qumis, Iran
Shown within Iran
Alternative nameSaddarvazeh
LocationSemnan Province, Iran
RegionQumis region
CulturesParthian, Persian
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins
Alexander the Great stopped here in the summer of 330 BCE and it became part of the Seleucid Empire after his death. The Parni tribe took the city around 237 BCE and made it one of the first capitals of their Parthian Empire. It was mentioned as the royal city of the Parthians by a number of classical writers including Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, although the Parthians seemed to have used a number of cities as their "capital" at different periods.
Qumis was destroyed by an earthquake in 856 AD, and it was probably abandoned afterwards. The site of this ancient city is now called Šahr-e Qumis (Persian: شهر قومس), between Semnan and Damqan in the Semnan Province.
 2. ^ "Hecatompilos/Intro". web.archive.org. 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
 - Goodarzi, P., Dehpahlavan, M., Sołtysiak, A. (2018). "Human remains from Shahr-i Qumis, Iran, _PHONE_", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 12:89-94.
External linksEdit


text:
Foundation of Anthropology Collections
The first Aboriginal artefacts were acquired in 1835
Museums are dedicated to collecting, caring, studying and exhibiting the objects of lasting value and interest. Collections are the museum's essence. The Australian Museum was established in 1827 but the beginning of its collections cannot be precisely dated. Probably the Museum already had some collections when William Holmes was appointed Museum Keeper in 1829. Three years later some collections were accessible for public viewing, when Dr George Bennett visited the 'Sydney Museum' [Australian Museum] in 1832. In his opinion the best in 'presentation and numbers' was the collection of birds, followed by mammals and reptiles. Bennett recommended extending the collections by the addition of 'native weapons, utensils and other specimens of the arts as existing among Aborigines' (Wanderings in New South Wales … London 1834, p. 67-9). In 1835 Bennett himself became Secretary and Curator of the Museum, a role similar to a director. He set out to 'extend the collections' and presided over the acquisitions of the first 'native weapons'.
In 1835 Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Surveyor General presented to the Museum 23 Aboriginal artefacts (and 64 birds) gathered on his expedition to western New South Wales. In 1836, retired captain, Philip Parker King and Commander Morgan Lewis donated about 50 artefacts collected during their rescue expedition to Torres Strait.
King was a member of the first Museum Board of Trustees (the Committee of Superintendence of the Australian Museum and Royal Botanic Gardens) and made his donation to the institution he was appointed to foster. Mitchells' artefacts were probably the first anthropology collections ever acquired by the Australian Museum.
Dr Stan Florek, Database Manager


text:
Up to date: Following the latest research upgrades. Is getting sufficient breastmilk in an NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) a real challenge? Preemie+ Initiation Card more
Symphony - a unique breastpump
The emotional closeness and relationship between mother and baby during breastfeeding is very special. It's no wonder then that mothers are reluctant to place their trust in a breastpump to express breastmilk. With Symphony, we have developed a breastpump that functions like nature itself.
- breastfeeding mother with Medela Symphony breastpump
Pump breastmilk safely and comfortably
The Symphony breastpump from Medela ensures that you can pump breastmilk comfortably thanks to its special Comfort Flow Zone. This is particularly gentle on extremely sensitive breast tissue. This makes it ideal for expressing breastmilk regularly over a longer period. Further advantages include:
- Symphony can be used for both single and double pumping.
- It is safe and clean because of its special overflow protection.
- It is highly flexible, as it can be adapted to your individual needs.
Natural pumping with 2-Phase Expression
With the help of the University of Western Australia and our own experience, we have developed the unique 2-Phase Expression Technology, which imitates the natural sucking pattern of babies at the mother's breast. This stimulates the flow of milk, meaning that more breastmilk can be pumped in less time, a fact which studies and hospitals have confirmed.


Prim's Algorithm VS Dijkstra's Algorithm?
Hi, I am doing an assignment on different types of pathfinding. Can I use Prim's algorithm and Dijkstra's algorithm on the same graph? I have used Dijkstra's algorithm to go from the start point to the end point, but if i also want to use the prim's algorithm on the same question, how can i adjust my question? I have 7 nodes in total. Thank you so much!
2 Answers
 - oyubir
 Lv 6
 1 month ago
 Favorite Answer
 I must slightly correct husoski (whose answer is globally correct).
 1a. Dijkstra algorithm DOES give shortest path from a start point to ANY other point of the graph. Not just the shortest point between 2 given points.
 I know it is written otherwise on many webpage. I fail to see why.
 But that is simply false. Dijkstra starts from a node S, and ends when shortest path from S to X has been computed ∀ node X.
 (unless, of course, you already know what end node E you are interested in, in which case you can end the algorithm before the end, and the you, roughly, know the shortest path from S to "only" half of the nodes, on average (those closer from S than E. But that is optimization for a specific usage. And strictly speaking, is not even part of the algorithm published by Dijkstra).
 1b. Btw, strictly speaking, Dijkstra algorithm does not give any path at all. Only the length of the shortest path. But with the simple addition of a pred[A]=B (that everybody add) it gives the shortest paths.
 So conclusion of 1: Dijkstra and Prim, contrarily to what is indeed said on many pages, both build a tree. It is only because most people are not interested by the tree in Dijkstra case, and not interested by individual path in Prim's case, that people, wrongly claim "Dijkstra produces a path between 2 given nodes, Prim produces a tree".
 Result of both is a tree.
 Anyway, just look at the algorithms. They are almost exactly the same.
 ∀ X:
 while ∃T, yet undealt node whose λ[T] is minimum:
 for all successor U of T:
 if λ[U] > f(λ[T], value of arc (T,U)):
 λ[U]=f(λ[T], value of arc (T,U))
 the only difference is that in Dijkstra case f(λ,v)=λ+v, while in Prim's case f(λ,v)=v
 So, it is really the same kind of algorithm, with the same kind of result. But not exactly the same result, because criterion is not exactly the same.
 Dijkstra produces a tree of path that are all the shortest possible path from S to X, ∀X.
 Prim produces a tree of path that are not necessarily the shortest possible path from S to X. But that minimize globally the total weight of the tree.
 So, conclusion is the same: Dijkstra is the answer when you are trying to find shortest path in an existing network. Prim is the answer when you are trying to build the cheapest network.
 So, for example, if your problem is:
 Let N₁, N₂,..., Nₙ, n towns
 Let a set of (Nᵢ, Nⱼ) be direct roads between pairs of towns.
 Let v(Nᵢ, Nⱼ) the cost (length, time, need for fuel, whatever) of each road.
 Find the shortest (shortest, fastest, cheapest, whatever) path from a starting town S to any arrival town X,
 then Dijkstra is what you need. It gives you a tree, whose root is S, and branches are all the shortest path from S to any other town.
 If your problem is:
 Let N₁, N₂,..., Nₙ, n towns, which are not connected by any roads
 Let a set of (Nᵢ, Nⱼ) be estimated possible direct road, established by a study.
 Let v(Nᵢ, Nⱼ) the estimated cost of the direct road between Nᵢ, Nⱼ
 Find the cheapest set of roads that allows to reach any town from a starting point S.
 then, Prim is what you need. It also gives you a tree. Whose root is S, and branches are path from S to any other town. But those path are not necessarily minimal. What is minimal is the cost of the tree, globally.
 So, obviously, you can use Dijkstra and Prim on the same graph. Both use the exact same paradigms (nodes, edges, cost of edges), and give the same kind of result (a tree of paths from a starting point S).
 But I fail to see any reason why it would be pertinent to do so.
 Both algorithm have the same complexity (it is only the criterion, that I've called f above, that changes). So, it is not like one was less good but faster. Both are optimal. So it is not like one was best under a given condition and the other best under another.
 It is just that they don't answer the same question.
 (Note that there are some limitation, that are different. Dijkstra doesn't work with negatives valued edges. Prim does - understand by that that Dijkstra's guarantee of shortest path is no longer valid if there is negative valued edge. Dijkstra can work with oriented graph. Prim doesn't. Understand by that that Prim's guarantee to find the minimal tree is no longer valid in an oriented graph. But, please, do not conclude "then Dijkstra is for oriented graph with positive valued edge, and Prim is for unoriented graph with any value". It is not at all the criterion. Again, they don't even address the same question. Alternative to Dijkstra when there are negative valued edges is Ford -- which cost more, but will provides an optimal answer when there is one, and will be able to tell so when there is no optimal answer)
 - 1 month ago
 Those algorithms do different things. Dijkstra's algorithm finds a single path between two vertices in a connected graph. The result is only guaranteed to contain those two vertices. That will be the case when the path is "one hop".
 Prim's algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree for a connected graph. That's a subgraph guaranteed to contain all vertices of the original graph (and to have the smallest possible sum of edge costs.)
 You can use them on the same graph, but they answer different questions. In practical terms, Prim is more likely to be useful when building or modifying a network while Dijkstra is more likely to be useful when sending messages over an existing network. I don't see a simple question about the original network where both algorithms would be involved in finding an answer.
Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now.


How can I switch between combs?
Be certain the clipper is in the OFF position.
 1. Select the comb attachment depending on the desired hair length. In the attached file you can find the settings and remaining hair lengths. The remaining hair length is also indicated on each comb.
 2. Slide the selected comb into the guiding grooves on both sides of the Clipper swivel head and push until you hear it click' into place (fig. 1). Make sure the comb attachment locks properly into position.
 3. Turn the Hair Length Setting Adjustment Ring to set the comb to the desired setting (fig. 2). Do not turn the length setting adjustment ring beyond the highest hair length setting.
 4. The arrowhead on the Clipper indicates which setting has been selected.
When you are clipping for the first time, start at the maximum clipping length setting (#5) of the regular comb to familiarize yourself with
the appliance and prevent accidentally trimming hairs too short. As you become familiar with the settings, adjust the Hair Length Selector to desired trimming length.
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Package Included:1pcs* Plant growth lamp【1*Planting machine,2*Planting box(Containing vermiculite),1*Instruction manual,1*Power Adapter,1*Controller and Light standr】
1, intelligent timing, full spectrum mode: plug in the power, the button lights, enter the timing state, the timing is set to 16 hours fill light + 8 hours rest, automatic cycle;
2, planting energy-saving mode: short press the button twice to enter the red and blue pure planting mode;
3, adjustable reading mode (regular table lamp mode, adjustable brightness): raise flowers, read the two correct, that is, plant growth lights, but also eye protection reading lights, care for plants and your eyes;
4. Water shortage alarm: built-in water level sensor, peripheral water level line, both coexist. When the water level in the planting tank is lower than 10%, the water level warning light will continue to light, and a "drop" sound will be sounded every 15 minutes., reminding to add water;
5. New hydroponic technology: special planting medium avoids pest pollution caused by soil and eliminates mosquito growth. At the same time, using space meteorite medium to improve the germination rate of plants, it is more suitable for plant growth;
6, special intelligent lighting, sink settings: through the study of the spectrum of sunlight, using special LED lamp beads to fill the plant, so that photosynthesis, so that plants have sufficient Yang Guan and water supply, while avoiding The baptism of outdoor wind and rain makes the flowers more vivid and moving, allowing the flowering period to last longer
1. Connect the power supply;
2, short press the button, enter the full-open (red, blue and white light full) automatic mode, the machine automatically counts the cycle work time and rest time (work 16 hours, rest 8 hours);
3, the full-open mode and then press the button to enter the planting pattern (red blue). In this mode, the machine will start cycle time and rest time (work 16 hours, rest 8 hours) from this time;
4, and then press the button planting patterns, entering mode lamp (white light). In this mode, press the button, brightness adjustment third gear cycle, after selecting the appropriate luminance brightness lock release button;
5. Press the button again in the lamp mode to shut down;
6, a total of four short button main function can be cycled, in order: boot full light – plant lights – table lamp – shutdown
Note: After each shutdown or switch mode, the machine will restart timing working hours and rest time.
Plant suitable for planting
A. Flowers: Rose, Begonia, Petunia, Coleus, Five-Star, Oregon, Wenzhu, Campanulaceae, Gypsophila, Lily, Sunflower, Chrysanthemum, Tulip, Pansy, Xia, Daffodil, mimosa, cyclamen, periwinkle, six times, fragrant color bird, cockscomb and so on.
B. Herbs: basil, fragrant grass, rosemary, thyme, musk, mint, etc.
C. Vegetables: Lettuce, spinach, celery, spinach, onion, leeks, salad, parsley, cabbage.
D. Melons and fruits: pumpkin (pocket), edamame, green beans, tomatoes, peppers, cucumber, eggplant.


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Ksar Lemsa
Ksar Lemsa
1. Houses and church
2. Rural monument
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Open the online Arabic language course
The finest fortress
Ksar Lemsa, Tunisia
Ksar Lemsa, Tunisia
Ksar Lemsa, Tunisia
Ksar Lemsa is perhaps my favourite Byzantine remain of Tunisia. The fortress here is so well-preserved that you can see how the typical top of the towers looked like. Gun slits are visible all the way tot the top.
The fortress stood right in the middle of an regionally important town dating back to Roman times. The town controlled trade routes between the south and the north.
I have no record of the town's name, Ksar is all Arabic, meaning fortress, but "Lemsa" may be originating from an ancient name.
The fortress dates back to the 6th century, but employed stones from preceding buildings. Three of its walls are almost completely intact, while only the northeastern tower is equally well-preserved. Take a look at some of the stones in front of the eastern wall (the worst), they suggest more about the functions of the ancient town than the areas around the fortress where the town was.
The fortress is 29 metres by 31 metres, towers about 12 metres high. Walls were about 7 metres high. Entrance was to the north (second photo).
There are some modest remains of an amphitheatre on the other side of the road.
Ksar Lemsa lies in an area without hotels or set-menu restaurants. The nearest are in Siliana 50 km west. Other options are actually as far away as Dougga 100 km northwest or Kairouan 75 km southeast.
Getting out here involves arranging your own transport. If you start from one of the places above, get public transport to Bargou or Siliana, from there you hire a taxi for the ride. Make sure that this trip include Siressi (Oum el Abouab) 20 km north. If you drive, head for Ouesslatia from the south, Bargou from northwest or Oum el Abouab northeast, then ask for directions, people will know. Roads are good.
By Tore Kjeilen


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California Department of Education Logo
Lost or Damaged Instructional Material Liability
Information from California Education Code (EC) regarding damage to student-issued instructional materials.
EC Section 60010 (h) defines instructional materials:
"Instructional materials" means all materials that are designed for use by pupils and their teachers as a learning resource and help pupils to acquire facts, skills, or opinions or to develop cognitive processes. Instructional materials may be printed or nonprinted, and may include textbooks, technology-based materials, other educational materials, and tests.
EC Section 60119(c)(1) defines sufficient textbooks or instructional materials as follows:
each pupil, including English learners, has a standards-aligned textbook or instructional materials, or both, to use in class and to take home.
EC Section 48904(a)(1) holds parents or guardians responsible for the cost of replacing a textbook that is willfully defaced or not returned:
…the parent or guardian of any minor…who willfully cuts, defaces, or otherwise injures in any way any property, real or personal, belonging to a school district or private school, or personal property of any school employee, shall be liable for all damages so caused by the minor. The liability of the parent or guardian shall not exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000). The parent or guardian shall also be liable for the amount of any reward not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000) paid pursuant to Section 53069.5 of the Government Code. The parent or guardian of a minor shall be liable to a school district or private school for all property belonging to the school district or private school loaned to the minor and not returned upon demand of an employee of the district or private school authorized to make the demand.
Thus wear or damage to instructional materials through ordinary use, or from manufacturing defect, would not apply.
EC Section 48904 (b)(1) allows schools to withhold student grades, diploma and transcripts:
Any school district or private school whose real or personal property has been willfully cut, defaced, or otherwise injured, or whose property is loaned to a pupil and willfully not returned upon demand of an employee of the district or private school authorized to make the demand may, after affording the pupil his or her due process rights, withhold the grades, diploma, and transcripts of the pupil responsible for the damage until the pupil or the pupil's parent or guardian has paid for the damages thereto…
EC Section 48904 (b)(2) provides the process:
The school district or private school shall notify the parent or guardian of the pupil in writing of the pupil's alleged misconduct before withholding the pupil's grades, diploma, or transcripts pursuant to this subdivision. When the minor and parent are unable to pay for the damages, or to return the property, the school district or private school shall provide a program of voluntary work for the minor in lieu of the payment of monetary damages. Upon completion of the voluntary work, the grades, diploma, and transcripts of the pupil shall be released.
EC Section 48904(b)(3) requires school districts to establish local policy:
The governing board of each school district or governing body of each private school shall establish rules and regulations governing procedures for the implementation of this subdivision…
In regards to a district specific policy, it's important to remember that a student must have access to textbooks both in the classroom and at home, thus withholding textbooks from a student or restricting textbook use to the library would be problematic. Also, please note the requirements of EC 48904(b)(2) requiring parent notification and the necessary opportunity for the student to be able to "work off" the cost of the instructional materials.
Please also be aware of EC Section 60070 which states:
No school official shall require any pupil, except pupils in classes for adults to purchase any instructional material for the pupils' use in the school.
Last Reviewed: Friday, June 26, 2020


text:
Joel Sartore Nominated for World's Leading Animal Conservation Award
On Tuesday Joel Sartore, renowned photojournalist and champion of conservation of animal species large and small, was nominated for the Indianapolis Prize alongside 31 other global leaders in the field of animal conservation. Regarded as the world's leading award for animal conservation, the Indianapolis Prize honors individuals across the globe who work to save species, educate the populous, and shape future ecosystems.
"The 2018 Indianapolis Prize Nominees represent many of the most significant and accomplished wildlife conservationists in the field today," said Michael Crowther, president and CEO of the Indianapolis Zoo, which initiated the Indianapolis Prize as part of its core mission. "They are protecting species and creating successful conservation methods that ensure future generations will live in a flourishing and sustainable world. We applaud their accomplishments and encourage individuals, organizations, companies, and governments to join them in advancing animal conservation."
The winner of the Indianapolis Award will receive $250,000 while the five finalists receive $10,000 each. In addition to the monetary prize, these winners and nominees are rewarded with invaluable recognition for their work so that others might be inspired to follow in their footsteps.


text:
The Interactivity module provides the ability to add chapters to videos. Chapters make it easier for viewers to go to a specific point in a video. This is especially helpful for longer form videos. Rather than scrubbing through the video, the chapter menu can be used to jump to a specific point in the video. There are two elements needed to add chapters:
- Bookmarks - Identify specific times in the video
- Chapter Menu - lists all of the bookmarks
Before you get started
Before you can add interactivity to a player, you need an Interactivity-enabled Brightcove Player and you need to make sure an Interactivity project has been created. For information on how to do this, see Getting Started with Video Interactivity.
Adding a chapter menu
To add a chapter menu, follow these steps:
- Login to Video Cloud Studio.
- Open the Interactivity module.
- Create a new project or click on a project Title to open it.
- In the bottom toolbar, click on the chapter menu icon.
- To change the title of the Chapter Menu, click on it. If the chapter title is deleted, a hamburger menu will be displayed.
- Click Done.
There are several annotation options available that control the appearance of the chapter menu. Click Edit > More... to expand the menu.
The Styles setting controls how the chapter menu displays
- Fullscreen - The chapter list will fill the player
- Column - Displays the chapters in a single column
The Initial State setting controls how the chapter menu displays when it first appears:
- expanded - Menu appears expanded
- collapsed - Menu appears collapsed
The Position setting controls the cardinal corner of the chapters menu:
To add a new chapters, follow these steps:
- Play or scrub through the video. When you get to the point where a chapter needs to be added, click the chapter marker icon.
- Enter a chapter name and press enter. The name will be shown to the viewer in the chapter menu.
- Continue playing the video and add chapters at each major topic or section of the video.
- Click the chapter menu and confirm that all chapters appear in the chapter menu.
- Click.
- Click Preview. Confirm that when you click on a chapter, that part of the video plays.
Reviewing chapter data
The Chapter Summary in the Core reports can be used to view the number of views and clicks on chapters. For information, see the Core Reports Reference topic.


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What does CUNT mean in Funnies?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CUNT in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Funnies terminology in particular.
Find a translation for CUNT in other languages:
Select another language:
What does CUNT mean?
- cunt, bitch(noun)
- a person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked
Discuss this CUNT abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
CUNT also stands for:
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From the Earth to the sun, the moon and beyond is where you'll go as a Climate & Space student. And you'll discover how it all works together. Climate & Space faculty are actively involved in a broad range of experimental and theoretical research areas, such as:
As a Climate & Space student, you'll be more than prepared to step into one of the many positions in the space and meteorology industries. In CLaSP, you're part of the only CoE department devoted to working in these and many other areas of atmospheric and space science and engineering.
The department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, working with the Space Physics Research Laboratory, has the greatest number of research activities in space science and engineering of all U-M CoE departments. We have actively participated in the Nation's space program since its inception. From the V-2 rockets of the 40s through the CYGNSS and Mars missions today, Climate & Space faculty and students have contributed to a body of work that protects the Earth's environment and will protect humans on travels to Mars and beyond.
Climate & Space students join a team that designs and builds space hardware instruments and then analyzes the data … all in-house. The Space Physics Research Laboratory's instruments have been on more than 35 space flights since the late 1940s … with no failures. Couple this spectacular engineering record with the department's strong planetary science program with internationally recognized leaders, and it's understandable why Climate & Space has been a leader for nearly 70 years … and counting.
Climate & Space Student Ambassadors
Connect with a Student Ambassador today! They can answer questions about professors, majors, student organizations, and campus life in general.


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Why are organisations sharing their stories?
Our climate champions are showcasing their commitments and actions to inspire other Australians to act on climate change and realise zero emissions opportunities.
Their stories help give others a better understanding of how they can plan and implement their own actions towards a zero emissions future. They are also working to build connections and enable the Better Futures Australia community of climate champions to go farther together.
Whether you are talking with your community about climate solutions, showcasing sustainable efforts and zero emissions opportunities among your peers, or advocating for climate action at your workplace or in your region, your story motivates others to act on climate change.
You can find inspiration or submit your story at


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Tipster Dean Culver has created a dynamic block in AutoCAD for a labeled bracket.
"The bracket is a dynamic block that is inserted, then rotated to the right, left, top, or bottom using AutoCAD's normal Rotate command. Using the rotation action (blue dot) placed within the text, you can rotate the text to the desired orientation.
"The bracket can be stretched by using the blue arrows located on either side of the bracket to the left or right or from the top or bottom, depending on how the bracket is oriented. The text will remain centered in relation to its length, unless you modified the text position prior to stretching. The whole block can be moved using the dynamically placed base point at the center apex of the bracket."
Notes from Cadalyst Tip Reviewer Brian Benton: This is a great example of what you can do with dynamic blocks in AutoCAD. There are several ways to manipulate it, and it has a text option. If you need to create annotation similar to this, give it a try — or just take a look at how the block was constructed so you can create dynamic blocks.


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Applies To: Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2
The User-Name RADIUS attribute is a character string that typically contains a user account location and a user account name. The user account location is also called the realm or realm name, and is synonymous with the concept of domain, including DNS domains, Active Directory® domains, and Windows NT 4.0 domains. For example, if a user account is located in the user accounts database for a domain named example.com, then example.com is the realm name.
In another example, if the User-Name RADIUS attribute contains the user name _EMAIL_, user1 is the user account name and example.com is the realm name. Realm names can be presented in the user name as a prefix or as a suffix:
Example\user1. In this example, the realm name Example is a prefix; and it is also the name of a Windows NT 4.0 domain.
_EMAIL_. In this example, the realm name example.com is a suffix; and it is either a DNS domain name or the name of an Active Directory domain.
You can use realm names configured in connection request policies while designing and deploying your RADIUS infrastructure to ensure that connection requests are routed from RADIUS clients, also called network access servers, to RADIUS servers that can authenticate and authorize the connection request.
When NPS is configured as a RADIUS server with the default connection request policy, NPS processes connection requests for the domain in which the NPS server is a member and for trusted domains.
To configure NPS to act as a RADIUS proxy and forward connection requests to untrusted domains, you must create a new connection request policy. In the new connection request policy, you must configure the User Name attribute with the realm name that will be contained in the User-Name attribute of connection requests that you want to forward. You must also configure the connection request policy with a remote RADIUS server group. The connection request policy allows NPS to calculate which connection requests to forward to the remote RADIUS server group based on the realm portion of the User-Name attribute.
Acquiring the realm name
The realm name portion of the user name is provided when the user types password-based credentials during a connection attempt or when a Connection Manager (CM) profile on the user's computer is configured to provide the realm name automatically.
You can designate that users of your network provide their realm name when typing their credentials during network connection attempts.
For example, you can require users to type their user name, including the user account name and the realm name, in User name in the Connect dialog box when making a dial-up or virtual private network (VPN) connection.
In addition, if you create a custom dialing package with the Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK), you can assist users by adding the realm name automatically to the user account name in CM profiles that are installed on users' computers. For example, you can specify a realm name and user name syntax in the CM profile so that the user only has to specify the user account name when typing credentials. In this circumstance, the user does not need to know or remember the domain where their user account is located.
During the authentication process, after users type their password-based credentials, the user name is passed from the access client to the network access server. The network access server constructs a connection request and includes the realm name within the User-Name RADIUS attribute in the Access-Request message that is sent to the RADIUS proxy or server.
If the RADIUS server is an NPS server, the Access-Request message is evaluated against the set of configured connection request policies. Conditions on the connection request policy can include the specification of the contents of the User-Name attribute.
You can configure a set of connection request policies that are specific to the realm name within the User-Name attribute of incoming messages. This allows you to create routing rules that forward RADIUS messages with a specific realm name to a specific set of RADIUS servers when NPS is used as a RADIUS proxy.
Attribute manipulation rules
Before the RADIUS message is either processed locally (when NPS is being used as a RADIUS server) or forwarded to another RADIUS server (when NPS is being used as a RADIUS proxy), the User-Name attribute in the message can be modified by attribute manipulation rules. You can configure attribute manipulation rules for the User-Name attribute by selecting User name on the Conditions tab in the properties of a connection request policy. NPS attribute manipulation rules use regular expression syntax.
You can configure attribute manipulation rules for the User-Name attribute to change the following:
Remove the realm name from the user name (also known as realm stripping).
For example, the user name _EMAIL_ is changed to user1.
Change the realm name but not its syntax.
For example, the user name _EMAIL_ is changed to _EMAIL_.
Change the syntax of the realm name.
For example, the user name example\user1 is changed to _EMAIL_.
After the User-Name attribute is modified according to the attribute manipulation rules that you configure, additional settings of the first matching connection request policy are used to determine whether:
The NPS server processes the Access-Request message locally (when NPS is being used as a RADIUS server).
The NPS server forwards the message to another RADIUS server (when NPS is being used as a RADIUS proxy).
|Incorrectly editing the registry can severely damage your system. Before making changes to the registry, you should back up any valued data on the computer.|
|When the user name does not contain a domain name, NPS supplies one. By default, the NPS-supplied domain name is the domain of which the NPS server is a member. You can specify the NPS-supplied domain name through the following registry setting:|
Some non-Microsoft network access servers delete or modify the domain name as specified by the user. As the result, the network access request is authenticated against the default domain, which might not be the domain for the user's account. To resolve this problem, configure your RADIUS servers to change the user name into the correct format with the accurate domain name.


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Abroad101 has released its 2014 rankings. CAPA International Education was...
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Study Abroad with CAPA International Education
Why CAPA?Don't just learn about another culture. Live another culture.We know that no two students are exactly alike. Consequently, we believe that no two learning abroad experiences should be alike. CAPA International Education's unique approach to international education has made us the trusted global leader in study abroad since 1972. The result is a holistic learning abroad experience that challenges, excites, and inspires students like no other program can. By putting students in charge of creating their own self-selected, self-identifying programs, CAPA delivers a once-in-a-lifetime, rigorous learning abroad experience filled with choices, life experiences, and unforgettable memories. CAPA's strategically designed programs take place in Beijing, Buenos Aires, Dublin, Florence, London, Shanghai, and Sydney. This means that we can shape every aspect of your program to meet your personal needs and ensure your study abroad experience is relevant to your city.CAPA delivers the best in education and experiences in and out of the classroom through a proven educational system called MyEducation, which combines theme-based learning with cultural events connecting the classroom to the local environment.


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These cool science experiments create "funny bones" that can bend. Bones have two main substances calcium carbonate and collagen. Calcium carbonate, (calcite) gives our bones strength. Collagen is a light and flexible material. These two materials combine to give us and other land animals strong bones that are lightweight.
When bones are placed in an acid a chemical reaction occurs. Tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide form as the acid reacts with the calcium carbonate. The collagen in bones is left behind as the calcium carbonate dissolves. In this experiment you will be testing a variety of chicken bones to see how they react to being left in a bowl of vinegar for up to 10 days.
Easy Science Experiments, Pumice & Obsidian Find out the difference between pumice and obsidian and why one will float and the other will sink like a rock.
Volcano Science Experiment, Cinder Cones Have you ever wondered how volcanoes get their shape? Find out about cinder cones in this fun activity.
Gravity Experiments, Balancing Acts Learn how to balance a potato, fork and pencil on the edge of a table.
Elementary Science Experiment, Earthquake Waves Create your own wave box that makes paper clips jump when earthquake waves pass through them.
Gravity Experiment, Topsy Turvy Plants Have fun growing tomatoes upside down in this fun experiment.
Cool Science Experiments, Funny Bones In these cool science experiments find out how you can create "funny bones" that can bend.
Earth Science The links on this page include information on the Earth, the Rock Cycle, Volcanoes, experiments, activities and much more.
Check out Myrna Martin's award winning textbooks, e-books, videos and rock sets. The Ring of Fire Science Bookstore covers a wide range of earth science topics. Click here to browse.


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What does VW mean in Military?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand VW in the Governmental field in general and in the Military terminology in particular.
Find a translation for VW in other languages:
Select another language:
What does VW mean?
- Vietnam War, Vietnam(noun)
- a prolonged war (_PHONE_) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States


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Regulations are essential part of the internal law of libraries as an effective tool for preparing suitable environment for reading. It also explains the relationship between the library and the users.
- The name of the regulation and its commencement:
This regulation called the regulation of University of Bahri Libraries, and it will be enforced from the date of signing by the director of the university.
In this regulation, unless the context has another meaning, these words have the following meanings:
- The regulation: it means the regulation of Bahri University libraries.
- The University: means University of Bahri.
- Central Library: means the Central Library of Bahri University.
- Libraries: means the branch libraries of Bahri University.
- Electronic Libraries: the electronic library of Bahri University.
- Library Services: mean the services provided by the libraries.
- Professor: Means University appointed professor.
- Collaborating Professor: professor from outside the university.
- Post-Graduate Student: the student registered in post graduate studies in Bahri University or other university.
- Student: the registered student n Bahri University.
- External Student: the student from other universities.
- Library Card: the card issued by the library.
- College Card: the card issued by the college for both student or professor.
- External Student Card: the card issued by the libraries deanship for the students from outside the university.
- External Lending: lending of books to be used outside the library.
- Internal Lending: lending of reserved book to be used in the library.
3. Opening hours:
All libraries will be opened all the week except in the official holidays, and the opening hours will be as follows:
3.1. From 8:00 am to 2:30 pm.
3.2. From 9:00 am to 1:00 pm on Saturday.
3.3. Increasing the opening hours of the library on the evening of examination days, according to the special situation of each college. This will be determined by the Dean of Libraries in consultation with the Dean of concerned college.
3.4. The Dean of the college shall bear the cost of excess hours of the official working hours.
4. Library membership:
4.1. Library membership will be given to the professors and the registered students.
4.2. Library membership is also available for the students from outside the university according to certain rules.
5. Card Issuing Rules:
5.1. New Card:
5.1. In case of issuing a new card, the following should be Tken in consideration:
5.1.1. Present a valid college card.
5.1.2. Bring two passport size photos.
5.1.3. Pay the card issuance fees determined by the library administration.
5.2. Card renewal:
5.2.1. The card should be renewed annually with 50% of issuance fees.
5.3. Missing card.
5.3.1. In case of card lost the librarian should be notified.
5.3.2. To replace the lost card a missing certificate should be issued from the student college and double fees should be paid.
6. Library Services:
- Lending should be limited to the professors and the university staff.
- The professor, the collaborating professor and the technician have the right to borrow maximum two book for two weeks.
- The university staff has the right to borrow one book for one week.
- Lending rules:
- Borrowing must be with the library card.
- External lending should in the morning shift only.
- Reference books such as; (encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, maps, rare books collections and most used books) should not be borrowed.
- It is not allowed to borrow a new book unless the borrowed books are returned.
- It is not allowed to renew the b0rrowing of a book if it required by another user.
- If the user wishes to renew the borrowing, he should notify the librarian and the borrowing should be for one time.
- It is not allowed to photocopy the damaged books.
- Photocopying services is provided from 9:00 to 12:00 am.
- There is a fees for the photocopying service determined by the library administration.
6.4. Photocopying Rules:
6.4.1. Researches and dissertation photocopying is not allowed.
6.4.2. Photocopying service is allowed for all users.
6.5. Electronic Library Service:
6.5.1. The electronic library service is limited to the professors, post-graduate students, university staff and fifth year students,
6.5.2. The electronic library is only for research and scientific purposes.
6.5.3. It is allowed to search on the Internet according to the rules.
6.5.4. It is not allowed t use the internet for social media sites or any other purposes other than the scientific purposes.
6.5.5. It is not allowed to use CDs or flash memory except under the supervision of the responsible technician.
6.5.6. In case of encounter any problem; the technician instructions should be followed.
6.5.7. Only three hours is allowed for professors.
6.5.8. Two hours for post-graduate students and the University staff.
6.5.9. one hour for the fifth grade students.
6.5.10. The responsible person has the right to reduce the hours in case the library is overcrowded.
6.5.11. University of Bahri Colleges Administration is allowed to use the library and conference halls or training courses after paying fees identified by the library administration.
7. Controls of Library Collections :
- Library Holdings:
- It is not permissible to include among the books and information medias contained in the library what is inconsistent with the scientific facts, or thee religious, political, social or historical values of the community, or what is not compatible with the scientific and cultural level of students and researchers.
- The library should not contain books and information Medias that have defects in quality, colors or other technical or physical defects.
- The library's collection should not contain computer-printed books or memo sheets unless they are issued by the publisher and meet the applicable procedures.
- The library should acquire one copy from each book. More than one copy also, can be purchased, if necessary, but the number of copies should not exceed five copies.
- The Dean of libraries, upon the recommendation of the Dean of the college, may purchase a maximum of ten copies of books that are written by the university staff.
- The library accepts gifts and donations of books and periodicals as well as money.
- The library material should not be donated or exchanged except after a recommendation from the Dean of libraries and approval of the University Director.
- Allocation of a percentage of the library's annual budget for binding.
- The intellectual property rights should be respected.
- Inventory of the central library's holdings should be done every three years and branch libraries every two years, or whenever is necessary, and the inventory should be carried out by a committee during the holiday.
- Lists and minutes of inventory should be written by the committee to explain the lost and damaged materials and other notes.
- The committee submit its recommendations with lists of inventory to the Dean of libraries.
- The originals of the lists and minutes of the inventory should be kept and copies of them should be sent to the University Director.
- Library Holdings:
- The university professors and staff will have clearance after they obtain clearance the libraries of their colleges and the central library.
- After the end of the study period, the student is given a clearance certificate from the library of his college and the central library.
- A patent certificate given to student after registering for a master or doctorate degree by research from post-graduate college according to the approved and registered research lists.
- After the discussion of thesis, the student must submit a copy with CD to college library and other copy with CD to central library.
10. Rules of Using Library:
- It is not allowed for users to use the library unless they have membership card.
- Adhere to the directions of librarian.
- Library users are obligated to put their bags and other belongings in the designated place.
- Valuable things should not be left in bags, and the library administration is responsible of losing them.
- Displaying books from outside the library to the librarian while entering and leaving the library.
- Its forbidden to enter the library with any materials that cause losses to the library materials.
- Calm and non-disturbance must be observed inside the library and around.
- The cell phone should be in the silent mode.
- It is not allowed to operate the air conditioners, fans or computers without permission from the librarian.
- It is not allowed to move any of library furniture.
- It is not allowed writing on books and reading tables, or tearing pages from books or periodical or damage any of the library property.
- It is not allowed to reserve places in the library by putting things on it.
- Eating, drinking and smoking is not allowed inside the library.
- It is forbidden to sleep or sit in appropriately in the library.
- Leave books on the table after finishing them.
- It is not allowed to put posters on the walls of the library.
- The library must be kept clean.
- Students from outside the university are not allowed to enter the library during the examination period.
11. Penalties and Fines:
- Anyone who steals, tears, or damages library properties is prohibited from entering the library for the duration of the study.
- Anyone who is late from photo for the first fixed time will be warned, and those who are lat for the second fixed time will be prevented from photos.
- Anyone who loses the bag's shelf label will be warned for the first time, and will prevent to put