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Gets a value that indicates whether this element has been initialized, either during processing by a XAML processor, or by explicitly having its EndInit method called.
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
This property may also be true if this element has been moved within the logical tree such that it has a new parent element, and therefore becomes reloaded again.
This property is useful if you also are using BeginInit and EndInit. Elements in the logical tree that is loaded by a XAML processor are assured to be initialized. Elements not in the logical tree are initialized when EndInit is called. In absence of any specific handling of BeginInit and EndInit, this will happen as soon as the constructor returns the initialized result.


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I am planning to create a maze game. I have no idea how can I create the maze. The first thing I do is to make a 1 png file for the maze. I would like to ask if it is possible to create just 1 image for the maze or do I need to create the maze by arranging its block one by one? enter image description here
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Consider using some kind of text format for building the maze. The most convenient way of declaring mazes would be to use lua itself, i.e. by building an array. The next step would be to generate the map to show it to user. I thing it would by a much simpler approach then to work with PNG images.
Your maze example can by divided into rooms with 4 walls/exits facing 4 directions. Have you considered building a two dimensional array of 16 values representing all combination of walls (different rooms)?
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Data from: Thermal plasticity in farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon during early development: has domestication caused divergence in low temperature tolerance?
Solberg, Monica Favnebøe, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Dyrhovden, Lise, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Matre, Ivar Helge, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Glover, Kevin Alan, Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
Published Feb 02, 2016 on Dryad.
Cite this dataset
Solberg, Monica Favnebøe; Dyrhovden, Lise; Matre, Ivar Helge; Glover, Kevin Alan (2016). Data from: Thermal plasticity in farmed, wild and hybrid Atlantic salmon during early development: has domestication caused divergence in low temperature tolerance? [Dataset]. Dryad. _URL_
Background: In the past three decades, millions of domesticated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. have escaped from farms into the wild. Their offspring display reduced survival in the natural environment, which demonstrates that gene-flow is likely to have a negative effect on wild populations. However, inter-population differences in introgression of farmed salmon have been observed, and the underlying ecological mechanisms remain enigmatic. We hypothesised that domestication-driven divergence in tolerance to low temperatures during early development may contribute to lower survival of farmed salmon offspring in the wild, which in turn, may influence patterns of introgression among populations exposed to different temperature regimes. We reared the offspring of 35 families of wild, farmed and hybrid origin at three temperatures (3.9, 5.6 and 12 °C) from the onset of exogenous feeding and throughout their first summer. Thermal reaction norms for growth and survival were investigated along the gradient. Results: The main results of this study, which is based upon the analysis of juvenile salmon from five wild strains, two farmed strains and two hybrid strains, can be summarised as; (i) salmon of all origins were able to successfully initiate feeding at all temperatures and similar survival reaction norms were detected in all strains across the temperature gradient; (ii) deviating growth reaction norms were detected between strains, although this result was most likely due to an overall lack of growth in the lower temperature treatments. Conclusions: This study revealed no evidence of domesticated-driven divergence in low temperature tolerance in Atlantic salmon during early development. Although the potential interaction between low temperature and other river-specific factors cannot be excluded, our results indicate that the reduced survival of farmed offspring in the wild is not explained by farmed salmon displaying impaired abilities to initiate feeding at low temperatures. We therefore suggest that the observed inter-population patterns of introgression are not low-temperature driven and that other ecological or biological factors may explain why detection of farmed salmon in wild rivers is not synonymous with introgression. In general, our results support the literature indicating that phenotypic plasticity instead of thermal adaption has been selected for in Atlantic salmon.
Solberg et al 2016 BMC Evolutionary Biology
Survival and growth data for Atlantic salmon of farmed, hybrid and wild origin.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definitions for ignatiusɪgˈneɪ ʃəs
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
Saint (Ignatius Theophorus), a.d. c40–107?, bishop of Antioch and Apostolic Father.
Ignatius, Saint Ignatius, St. Ignatius(noun)
bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110)
; of mostly Roman Catholic usage in English.
Origin: A saints' name from the gens name Ignatius, Egnatius, of uncertain meaning, by folk etymology associated with Latin ignis.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Trulia analyzed online searches originating from metro areas where the average daily January temperature was below 41 degrees Fahrenheit between Dec. 1, 2013, and Jan. 21, 2014. Those cold weather metros are in the Northeast, the Midwest, Plains and Mountain states and even some of the South. Trulia used temperature data from the National Climatic Data Center.
In those areas, for every 10-degree Fahrenheit drop in temperature, searches for warm regions increase 4.4%, according to Trulia. In comparison, searches for properties nationwide increase roughly 2.6% for every 10 degree-drop in temperature in cold places.
Most of the metro areas that see the highest increase in searches are in the South and West. At the top of the list is Miami, which sees a 7.3% increase in searches from cold-weather dwellers for every 10-degree drop in temperature. Following is Phoenix with a 6.9% increase and Jacksonville, Fla., with a 6.4% increase. House hunters aren't shunning colder areas completely, though—Dayton, Ohio, also made the top 10 list.
The boost is even larger for warm vacation areas, which are defined as areas where vacation homes account for at least 25% of the housing stock, according to the U.S. Census.
Searches for warm vacation areas increased 5.5%, more than twice as much as the nationwide increase. "Vacation areas have more second homes, so when the weather gets colder, people search for homes not only for where they might move to, but even more, for where they might vacation," Mr. Kolko says.
These findings fit an overall trend of people flocking to the South and Sunbelt, where population and housing stock has increased over the past century, says Edward Glaeser, a professor of economics at Harvard University. Medical and technological advances have made it easier for people to live in warmer climates and encouraged more economic growth and centers of business, he adds.
Wall Street Journal


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Teaching Associate Professor, Biology
Kansas State University
Featured faculty for the following modules:
Dr. Rhodes is featured in ACUE's modules: Using Concept Maps and Other Visualization Tools and Using Student Achievement and Feedback to Improve Your Teaching.
As a multidisciplinarian, Rhodes teaches both introductory and senior-level Biology and Physiology courses at Kansas State University while simultaneously investigating the impacts different curricular methods have on learning and retention within these STEM subjects. Her research specifically focuses on methods to improve course experiences for low prior knowledge learners as well as students who are less likely to pursue and remain in STEM degree fields. In addition, Rhodes works with other educators in a variety of settings to help them improve their pedagogical approaches in ways that are most effective for their students.


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Pecans are one of Mother Nature's greatest gifts. The United States is the world's leading producer of pecans in the world, which constitute 80% of pecans globally produced.
There are over 1000 types of pecans, with each one differing in taste, appearance, and overall quality. Some are a bit drier with a nuttier taste and texture, while some have a buttery flavor. In general, all pecans have a similar buttery and nutty flavor.
Where are Pecans Grown?
Being the largest producer of pecans, the United States commercially grows pecans in fifteen states. The following states are home to some of the biggest pecan farms: California, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, and Texas. Georgia, and Texas are the leading states in growing pecans.
Where Did Pecans Start Growing?
Most people think that pecans originate from southern parts of the United States. However, many people are surprised to find out that they were first known to the Europeans. The Native Americans consumed and traded pecans long ago. However, it was Europeans who made the use and selling of pecans popular in the 16th century.
Europeans who first found pecans were Spanish explorers who, at that time, resided in southern parts of the US. They started trading pecans to the other regions of the world, and then gradually pecan farms and orchards started to grow in certain states of the US.
How Are Pecans Grown?
Pecans grow in orchards or groves of trees. Groves are groups of trees that grow naturally while orchards are planted by humans. Trees, whether in grooves or orchards, can live for many years with thorough management by expert and dedicated pecan growers. Orchards are ideal to grow and sell pecans commercially.
It takes seven to ten years for a pecan tree to produce nuts. However, once the tree begins to give a full supply of nuts, it produces pecans for very long, in some cases more than hundreds of years.
When the harvest season comes, farmers may need to plant more new trees in their orchards. Trees take at most 10 years to fully mature and give fruit, but the farmers give all their efforts and use their expertise to provide the best conditions so that the trees grow tall enough. They give gallons of water and maintain the quality of soil to ensure its fertility. The plow the land and spread the fertilizers before planting new pecan trees. They also have to take care of the land to prevent any damage from insects or pests.
Pecans are commercially grown in fifteen states in which Georgia, Texas, and New Mexico are the largest producers. The US alone produces 80% of the pecans in the world with about 500 different varieties.
Pecans for sale


The NHS needs more PPE now.
Do you have extra PPE? Every bit helps.
Donate PPE Request PPE
Right now, the NHS is treating somebody with coronavirus but don't have enough PPE.
That NHS worker is being infected, and the more of them get sick, the fewer there are to treat you.
A clinician can go through easily 60 gowns and pairs of gloves each day.
And, what equipment the NHS has got isn't often the right type.
But the protection is out there, and with your help, they can get it.
The right kind of masks, eye protection, gloves, scrubs and aprons,
The NHS needs your help, and they need it now.
1. What PPE do hospitals/ GPs request, and in what quantities?
Note: this data is pulled in real-time. It may take a while to fully load.
2. What are the most commonly requested PPE items (by frequency of request, not absolute quantity)
3. Where are PPE shortages most severe?
Update as of April 20th, 2020. The bigger the bubble, the larger the quantity of PPE requested.
Map is not interactive because data is anonymised.
4. What is this data based on?
All numbers, charts, and graphs update in real-time based on PPE requests hospitals/ GPs submit via our PPE Request form.
These numbers, charts, and graphs are based on the PPE needs of hospitals/ GPs at the point in time they submit the form.
5. What are hospitals/ GPs saying?
Do you have extra PPE? Every bit helps.


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It is quite common for pipes to expand and contract due to temperature changes. However, they can also be a major problem for your business's piping system. You can help yourself by being aware of the issues they can cause. Read below to learn about five problems thermal expansion can cause in a pipe system.
One problem that thermal expansion can cause is bending in a straight pipe. In addition, if the pipe is bound at both ends in the axial direction, it may eventually burst if the stress becomes too much to handle.
Another problem thermal expansion can cause in a pipe system is leakage. If you have a badly designed pipe system, it can result in thermal expansion that hurts the flanges and causes them to leak, leading to many problems for you and your business.
Broken Pipe Supports
Thermal expansion can also hurt the supports that carry a pipe's weight. For example, this pressure can cause pipe shoes, guides, supporting steel, and line stop lugs to break, bend, or experience other harm. You may also discover that the pipe shoe has lifted itself off a support structure, which can also result from expansion or stress.
A fourth way that thermal expansion can hurt your pipe system is that it can cause damage to the nozzles on your equipment by bending or cracking them. It is common to see these on pressure vessels and tanks with thin walls or as a warp in the shell around your nozzle.
Finally, a fifth problem that can result from thermal expansion is a bent piping elbow. You may find that the elbow has extended or compressed too far.
There are several ways to prevent thermal expansion from damaging your pipes, including using pressure-balanced expansion joints. One reason you need these joints is that they will help lower the pressure transferred to connected equipment and absorb axial and lateral moments. You can avoid future piping issues and enable your business to run more smoothly.


Country Highlight: SEYCHELLES
Posted By : Travel Africa Movement/ 118 0
The Seychelles is comprised of 115 islands and is the smallest sovereign African nation. Learn more fun facts about this beautiful country.
Fast Facts:
1. Seychelles is an African island nation, comprised of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. There are 42 inner granite islands and 73 outer coral islands.
2. Its capital and largest city is Victoria, situated on Mahé island. 90% of the population lives on Mahé.
3. It's the smallest sovereign African nation by size and population.
4. Major languages: English, French and Seychellois Creole
5. Major ethnic groups: Seychellois Creoles (mixed race) (93%), British, Indian, Chinese
6. Major religions: Christianity (89%), Hinduism (2%), Islam (2%), Traditional and other (6%), None (1%)
7. It gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1976.
8. The Seychelles are the world's only granite islands.
9. The rare Coco de Mer palm tree (aka double coconut tree) grows naturally in only 2 places in the world: Praslin and Curieuse islands. Its large nut can grow to more than 19 inches (50 cm) in diameter and weigh up to 90 pounds.
10. It has 2 UNESCO World Heritage sites: Vallée de Mai, a protected forest, and Aldabra Atoll, the world's largest coral atoll which is home to more than 150,000 giant tortoises.
11. It is known for its nature reserves, wildlife, hiking trails, water sports, and beautiful beaches.
12. The largest and most popular islands are Mahé, La Digue, and Praslin. Activities there include: Anse Source d'Argent beach, Seychelles National Botanical Gardens, Le Jardin du Roi Spice Garden, Anse Georgette, Anse Intendance, Anse Lazio, Beau Vallon, Anse Volbert, Copolia Trail, Victoria Market, and Shark Bank.
13. Other visited islands include Curieuse, Cousine, Grande Soeur, Petite Soeur, St. Pierre, Silhouette, Denis, Cerf and Fregate.
Photo credit:
Video credit: Top Tourist Places
Video credit: Displore


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tendency - meaning in Telugu
Pronunciation of tendencyటేన్డన్సీ
Meanings of tendency in Telugu[Show Transliteration]
Inflected formstendencies (noun plural)
Definitions and Meaning of tendency in Englishtendency - noun
- an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others
- a tendency to be too strict
- an inclination to do something
- a characteristic likelihood of or natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or effect
- fabric with a tendency to shrink
- a general direction in which something tends to move
- the trend of the stock market
Information provided on tendency
Meaning and definitions of tendency, translation in Telugu language for tendency with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of tendency in Telugu and in English language.
Tags for the entry "tendency"
Hindi meaning of tendency, tendency meaning in Telugu, tendency definition, examples and pronunciation of tendency in Telugu language.
Also see: tendency in Hindi


text:
In 2002, WOREC conducted a situational analysis of violence and its impact on youth in Udayapur and Morang districts. One thousand eight hundred sixty-one youth between the ages of 14 and 25 were interviewed individually and sixty-eight focus group discussions were conducted. The findings demonstrated that youth in rural Nepal are subjected to varied forms of psychosocial violence, including receiving threats and humiliating remarks from family and non-family members, being ridiculed or pestered as being worthless and unsuccessful by family and non-family members, and allegations of being 'charitrahin', (of bad character, particularly in relation to sexual orientation) for girls. Moreover, youth are also very aware of the types, causes and effects of such violence, and many feel that violence is the most effective way of expressing frustration or resolving conflicts.
This report provides useful information to organizations and individuals engaged in the prevention of violence against women, children, youth and adolescents, and the recommendations of the study are useful for policy and program formulation in reducing the extent and level of violence against women, children, youth and adolescents.
For a copy of this report, or for more information, contact WOREC at _EMAIL_.


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Load balancing is the process of dividing the amount of work that a computer has to do between two or more computers so that more work gets done in the same amount of time. Load balancing can be configured with or without security.
In order to support stickiness, the Apache mod_jk load balancer relies on a jvmRoute system property that is included in any JSESSIONID received by the load balancer. This means that every GlassFish Server instance that is front-ended by the Apache load balancer must be configured with a unique jvmRoute system property.
On each of the instances, perform the steps in To Enable mod_jk.
If your instances run on the same machine, you must choose different JK ports. The ports must match worker.worker*.port in your workers.properties file. See the properties file in Example 6–5.
On each of the instances, create the jvmRoute system property of GlassFish Server by using the create-jvm-options(1) subcommand.
Use the following format:
asadmin> create-jvm-options "-DjvmRoute=/instance-worker-name"/
where instance-worker-name is the name of the worker that you defined to represent the instance in the workers.properties file.
To apply your changes, restart Apache HTTP Server and GlassFish Server.
This example shows an httpd.conf file that is set for load balancing.
LoadModule jk_module /usr/lib/httpd/modules/mod_jk.so JkWorkersFile /etc/httpd/conf/worker.properties # Where to put jk logs JkLogFile /var/log/httpd/mod_jk.log # Set the jk log level [debug/error/info] JkLogLevel debug # Select the log format JkLogStampFormat "[%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y] " # JkOptions indicate to send SSL KEY SIZE, JkOptions +ForwardKeySize +ForwardURICompat -ForwardDirectories # JkRequestLogFormat set the request format JkRequestLogFormat "%w %V %T" # Send all jsp requests to GlassFish JkMount /*.jsp worker1 # Send all glassfish-test requests to GlassFish JkMount /glassfish-test/* loadbalancer
This example shows a workers.properties or glassfish-jk.properties file that is set for load balancing. The worker.worker*.port should match with JK ports you created.
worker.list=worker1,worker2,loadbalancer worker.worker1.type=ajp13 worker.worker1.host=localhost worker.worker1.port=8009 worker.worker1.lbfactor=1 worker.worker1.socket_keepalive=1 worker.worker1.socket_timeout=300 worker.worker2.type=ajp13 worker.worker2.host=localhost worker.worker2.port=8010 worker.worker2.lbfactor=1 worker.worker2.socket_keepalive=1 worker.worker2.socket_timeout=300 worker.loadbalancer.type=lb worker.loadbalancer.balance_workers=worker1,worker2


text:
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University of Kansas researchers found that people with a particular heart rhythm problem saw a reduction in their symptoms while practicing yoga.
A new study shows yoga can help with an irregular heartbeat.
Researchers at the University of Kansas found that people with a particular heart rhythm problem saw a reduction in their symptoms while practicing yoga.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs when the heart's upper chamber shakes instead of contracting normally, reported Forbes.
The participants did yoga for three months during the study.
The patients saw a significant reduction in the recurrences of the heart episodes.
About 20 percent of those who had an episode in the control period had no episode while practicing yoga, said HealthDay.
"These findings underscore the therapeutic value of a low-cost non-invasive therapy such as yoga to effectively complement the conventional treatment strategies in improving atrial fibrillation patient care," wrote the study authors, according to MedPage Today.
"Given the high prevalence of [the condition] and costs of conventional therapy, the public health relevance of these findings is very pertinent."
Yoga can have relaxing effects on the nervous system.
It can also lower the heart rate and reduce blood pressure.
The findings were published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.


Does a woman's secretion nullify ablution and is it considered an impurity? – Ustadh Abdus Shakur Brooks
Answered by Ustadh Abdus Shakur Brooks
The maliki fiqh texts always talk about "the two passages" (sabeelayn) but in a woman's case, she has three passages. Also, if a woman is healthy, she is never dry. She constantly secretes vaginal fluid. If she did not, she would actually be suffering from vaginal atrophy. My question is this: Many scholars seem to say that such secretion would require her to make ablution again, but it seems maybe they are making an analogy with me because her situation is different because she secrets all the time. Some women more, some less, but the point is, it's a constant state, like saliva is for the mouth.
In Mukhtasar Khalil it mentions in the chapter of impurities that wetness of the vagina (which is what comes from secretion) is an impurity. This could be found in the commentaries of Khalil namely that of Shaykh Dardir (h.1201) and al-Hattab (h.954) both of which are two highly relied upon works in the Maliki mathab. Furthermore Al-Qadi Abd al-Wahab al-Baghdadi (h.422) mentions in his famous work al-Talqeen that everything that comes out of the vagina is an impurity. Researching the matter, I find that the scholars although they mention it as an impurity they never mention that it nullifies ablution. Furthermore, in the chapter concerning what nullifies ablution, wetness of the vagina is not one of those six things that come from a person's mid section that nullify ablution, therefore it is not to be assumed that it nullifies ablution unless we find the scholars explicitly stating such. Lastly there is another matter to consider, there are women who secret almost all the time as you mentioned which means that they will always be in need of washing the mid section before every prayer which is difficult. In the Maliki mathab there is a general rule concerning the removal of impurities and that is "impurities that are difficult to avoid are excusable". What that means is that a person is excused from having to remove it for the sake of prayer. This rule is mentioned in Mukhtasar Khalil briefly and its commentaries elaborate on the matter.
Source :
For those living in the USA:
For those living in the UK:
For those living in Canada:
List 1
List 2


text:
SeaScraper iceberg-like structures helps filter ocean water and collect waste
Our oceans today are being ridden with waste, particularly plastic and non-degradable materials taking to the sea. This in turn proves treacherous for the eco-system and marine life and destroys both gradually, having an adverse effect on the environment. Behold the SeaScraper, an architectural brainchild designed to keep our water bodies clean. Structured like icebergs, these are largely submerged beneath the surface of the sea and use three separate zones to collect waste including a dedicated waste collection unit, recycling and energy recovery facilities in the middle and housing/recreational estates above sea level! An innovative way to clean up our oceans that could pretty much prove to be extremely practical if built sustainably, these SeaScrapers could do the eco-system a huge favor if they're ever turned into a reality.


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20) Two recent cases, both dealing with the common hobby loss
from horse-related activities, illustrate the court's methods for assessing the taxpayer's QuickBooks records and how the use to which those records are put can produce opposite results.
If the activity is not engaged in for profit, it is subject to the hobby loss
rules in Sec.
Not surprisingly, the primary use of the hobby loss
Conversely, the hobby loss
rules act to prevent the expensing of what otherwise would be personal expenses disguised as "valid" business expenses, thereby causing significant losses of revenue to the Treasury.
The test instrument was based on the facts found in a 1988 Tax Court case (Kimbrough, 55 TCM 730) focusing on the hobby loss
Aggregating activities to avoid the hobby loss
Equinomics 101 instructs horse owners how to minimalize hobby loss
The Tax Court disallowed an IRS auditor's deductions for breeding greyhounds as a hobby loss
The court held that they were an integrated activity, given their organizational and economic interrelationships, and that the horse activity was therefore not a hobby loss
unearned income, hobby loss
rules, preferential rates for capital gains, and the antiquated and punitive $3,000a-year capital loss limitation.
Proper grouping may help a taxpayer avoid the application of the hobby loss
In one recent case, however, the Tax Court accepted that two seemingly dissimilar undertakings could be treated as a single activity for purposes of the section 183 hobby loss


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accepts float(1) to float(24) as selecting the real type, while float(25) to float(53) select double precision. Values of p outside the allowed range draw an error. float with no precision specified is taken to mean double precision.
Note: Prior to PostgreSQL 7.4, the precision in float(p) was taken to mean so many decimal digits. This has been corrected to match the SQL standard, which specifies that the precision is measured in binary digits. The assumption that real and double precision have exactly 24 and 53 bits in the mantissa respectively is correct for IEEE-standard floating point implementations. On non-IEEE platforms it may be off a little, but for simplicity the same ranges of p are used on all platforms.
The data types serial and bigserial are not true types, but merely a notational convenience for setting up unique identifier columns (similar to the AUTO_INCREMENT property supported by some other databases). In the current implementation, specifying
CREATE TABLE tablename ( colname SERIAL );
is equivalent to specifying:
CREATE SEQUENCE tablename_colname_seq; CREATE TABLE tablename ( colname integer DEFAULT nextval('tablename_colname_seq') NOT NULL );
Thus, we have created an integer column and arranged for its default values to be assigned from a sequence generator. A NOT NULL constraint is applied to ensure that a null value cannot be explicitly inserted, either. In most cases you would also want to attach a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint to prevent duplicate values from being inserted by accident, but this is not automatic.
Note: Prior to PostgreSQL 7.3, serial implied UNIQUE. This is no longer automatic. If you wish a serial column to be in a unique constraint or a primary key, it must now be specified, same as with any other data type.
To insert the next value of the sequence into the serial column, specify that the serial column should be assigned its default value. This can be done either by excluding the column from the list of columns in the INSERT statement, or through the use of the DEFAULT key word.
The type names serial and serial4 are equivalent: both create integer columns. The type names bigserial and serial8 work just the same way, except that they create a bigint column. bigserial should be used if you anticipate the use of more than 231 identifiers over the lifetime of the table.
The sequence created for a serial
column is automatically dropped when the owning column is
dropped, and cannot be dropped otherwise. (This was not true
in PostgreSQL releases
before 7.3. Note that this automatic drop linkage will not
occur for a sequence created by reloading a dump from a
pre-7.3 database; the dump file does not contain the
information needed to establish the dependency link.)
Furthermore, this dependency between sequence and column is
made only for the serial column itself;
if any other columns reference the sequence (perhaps by
manually calling the
function), they will be broken if the sequence is removed.
Using a serial column's sequence in
such a fashion is considered bad form; if you wish to feed
several columns from the same sequence generator, create the
sequence as an independent object.


Sunday 29th November 2015
Max 12°C | Min 7°C
Why is it called a sledgehammer?
All the hammers have self-explanatory names - toffee hammer, nail hammer, claw hammer, club hammer - but why is a sledgehammer so called?
Dave, London
** Joint Definitive **
Name: Barry, Battersea
Qualification: Comes from a family of shipbuilders
Answer: I originally come from Jarrow, on the River Tyne and a lot of my family work in shipbuilding. The timber racking that held the boat upright before it reached the river was called a sledge. Inside the timber were big oak wedges, which needed to be knocked out to launch the boat. These were hit with a big hammer, which was then called a sledgehammer.
** Joint Definitive **
Name: Marcus
Answer: When they build big boats, they build them on big sledges that go down into the sea. They are chocced up to make sure they don't slide into the sea and they knock those big chocs out with hammers, which are called sledgehammers.


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If you are using a safari theme in your classroom, these name plates are just the way to identify your "safari hunters" to visitors in your classroom. The name plates provide "helpers". The design for primary students include the alphabet (vowels stand out in red), number line, and basic shapes. The design for intermediate students includes the cursive alphabet, and multiplication chart. Laminate for durability to last the entire year.
Be sure to check out these other Safari Theme Resources:
Safari Theme Brag Tags
Safari Theme Classroom Jobs
Safari Theme Newsletter
Safari Theme Behavior Punch Cards
Safari Theme Clip Chart and Rewared Catalog


Reach Us _PHONE_
Analysis of the Surgeons-Anaesthetists Communicative and Collaborative Relationship in the Operating Rooms (An Inside Perspective)
Introduction: Effective collaboration and communication among health care professionals are essential for efficient patient-care; however, collaboration can be challenging in a highly demanding, Operating Room (OR) environment, where different team members have a shared responsibility for a single patient.
The surgeon and anaesthetist are two physicians in charge of one patient, however with different focus and aspects of care, and thus their communication is importance to ensure patient safety, reduce medical errors and achieve the best outcome.
Purpose: The purpose of this research study was to understand the current collaborative relationship between surgeons and anaesthetists at a tertiary hospital, discussing different factors that might have contributed to this relationship and how that might impact, patients, practice, and healthcare trainees.
Design, setting and participants: The Study was conducted at a tertiary center university-based hospital on the east coast of Saudi Arabia, using a quantitative descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. The inclusion criteria included any anaesthetist or surgeon who had spent at least six months in the institution. The instrument used was "The Assessment of Inter-professional Team Collaboration Scale II" (AITCS II) in its online version.
Results: A total of 85 participants data were considered for analysis, the data analysis indicated a positive collaborative relationship.
Surgeons overall collaboration means were higher than the anaesthetists, but the difference was statistically insignificant between disciplines. Also the overall collaboration scores were higher among females but again statistically insignificant.
Conclusion: The survey demonstrated a positive Inter Professional Collaborative (IPC) relationship among surgeons and anaesthetists in the institution, with stronger collaboration seen amongst senior staff which alludes to the importance of the reinforcement of collaboration through role modelling and training especially in academic institutions, high lightening the need of involving program directors, educators, and policy makers, in the process towards a collaborative patient-centred care.
Summayah M A Fallatah, Stuart Cable
Abstract | Full-Text | PDF
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Why Does a Putt Lip Out?
This week's Q&A was published in Dear Frank…Answers to 100 of Your Golf Equipment Questions
Hello Frank,
Can you please explain why a putt lips out of the hole? Is it because it is going too fast or because it is rolling with side-spin instead of end over end? And, of course, how do I keep it from happening?!
– Anne
If the ball is directed toward the center of the hole at the correct speed (approximately 1 1/2 mph), it will fall into the hole, touching the back of the hole-liner on its way to where it truly belongs — i.e., the bottom of the cup. This is our final objective when we tee it up on every hole.
If it is going too fast (above 3+ mph), it will bounce off the back edge of the cup and over the hole. So speed is important; when you practice putting, on your misses the ball should end up about 12 to 18 inches behind the hole on a flat putt, which would indicate that even though you didn't have the right line at least you had the correct speed.
The odds are that if you are short with your putts, they will not go in, so try to get enough speed on the putt to get it at least over the edge of the hole or a little beyond it. If it "dies" in the hole it is going slowly enough to be affected by "precession" (a hard right or left turn at the end of a breaking putt).
Now when your line is slightly off and the ball rolls around the edge only to "lip out," it is because, for that line (an off-center near miss), it was going too fast. If the ball is moving more slowly, it could fall in the 'side door' or even do a 180. It has nothing to do with side-spin, which you may have put onto the ball immediately after impact.
Putts begin with a little bit of backspin or topspin (never pure rolling spin). The ball then skids until it gets pure rolling spin. At this point any side-spin initially applied at impact will be turned into pure rolling spin. So you can forget about the affect of side-spin when the ball gets to the hole.
I recommend that putters have a 4-degree loft, (which I designed into the Frankly Frog Putter) because this will lift the ball out of the depression in which it has inevitably come to rest on the green. A lower lofted putter may drive the ball into the rim of this slight depression and tend to make it jump, which may deflect it slightly off line. A 4-degree loft will control the very small amount of spin off the putter and avoid any inconsistent initial jumping.
For a little better understanding of what happens to the ball after it leaves the putter be sure to check out the "Understanding Your Putter" section of The Fundamentals of Putting
Anne, lip outs are purely a matter of direction and speed and have nothing to do with side-spin. Thank you for asking the question; now you can give your friends, who believe that it has something to do with side-spin, a little lip of your own.
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What Does Lobster Taste Like?
Lobster tastes like a cross between shrimp and crab, which is firm yet soft and smooth to bite.
Lobster is juicy and plump and it's meat is firm and smooth.
How would you describe the taste of lobster to someone who has never eaten it?
Have you ever eaten crabs or other crustaceans?
If the answer is yes, I can say lobsters are between the sweeter version of crabs and the meatier version of shrimp.
Lobster is very similar to crabs if you want to know how it tastes.
If it does not taste like crabs, then it tastes a bit like scallops.
Is lobster supposed to taste fishy?
Lobster does not have a full fishy taste like crabs.
However, lobster has a distinctive flavour.
They are really delicious but with a less fishy taste.
Small lobsters taste the best than larger ones.
For the best taste and flavour, buy live ones.
You can buy them cooked if you are squeamish.
What tastes similar to lobster?
Lobster has a similar taste to crabs, clams, shrimp, and scallops.
Monkfish is a white fish with a subtle undertone sweet taste, similar to lobster.
Is lobster delicious?
Yes. Lobster these days is served as a delicacy and considered as luxurious meat.
The cool water where lobsters live makes them tenderer and sweeter than their spiny counterparts.
What does raw lobster taste like?
Raw lobster mate tastes sweet and has a different flavour and texture compared to cooked meat.
Shrimp vs lobster, what's the difference?
Lobsters are less diversified than shrimps.
Shrimps' habitat is brackish, fresh and saltwater, but lobsters live only in brackish and saltwater.
Lobsters are walking or crawling crustaceans, while shrimps are swimmers. Lobsters are considered larger than shrimps.
Crab vs lobster, what's the difference?
The exoskeleton shape is the distinctive feature that differentiates lobsters and crabs.
Lobsters have a longer and larger exoskeleton, while crabs have a circular exoskeleton.
Lobster claws are also larger than crabs'. Lobsters are large, while crabs are decapod crustaceans.
Crabs belong to the brachyuran infraorder while lobster belongs Homaridae and Nephropidae family.
Does lobster taste like scampi?
No, scampi tastes closer to prawns than lobster.
Does lobster taste like shrimp?
The lobster tail meat is chewy and firm and tastes like the sweeter and meatier shrimp version.
The spongy and firm meat texture comes from the high protein content in the tail.
Does lobster taste like crab?
Yes, the fact that crabs and lobsters are crustaceans make them have similar flavours.
However, lobsters have a cleaner and sweeter flavour, while crabs have a muddy flavour depending on crab type.
Why does lobster taste so good?
The taste of lobster retains its freshness even after steaming.
Therefore, it has some hints of tanginess and saltiness, hence maintaining its sweet flavour profile.
Does anyone not understand the appeal of lobster?
Many people don't like the taste of lobster.
You can be unimpressed by the fork squishing of meat and cracking lobster's carcass.
The Taste of Lobster
Lobster meat is soft, firm and smooth in the mouth, making them a sweeter and meatier version of shrimp.
Their tail has high protein content, giving it a spongy texture.


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French intern program utilizes technology for continued language connections
Apr. 27, 2021 - Every school year, Edina Public Schools hosts around 25 French Interns in classrooms at Normandale, Valley View, and Edina High School. Working alongside school staff, the interns prepare lessons, assist withFrench intern virtually reads to students using Loom. teaching, and enrich the classroom. This past year, half of the interns were new and hoping for an in-person experience, while the other half were returning from the previous school year. Due to the pandemic, this year's internship was completely virtual. Edina teachers and students connected with French interns over Google Meet throughout the year.
Transitioning an in-person program to an online model comes with many challenges, including a seven hour time difference. Flexibility and patience were important themes throughout the year. The interns had varying schedules and work to complete while in France, requiring staff to adjust their classes as necessary. The Intern Committee, responsible for overseeing the French Intern program, met with the interns on a monthly basis to offer specific strategies for teaching virtually and to check in on the experience.
French intern teaches students using SeesawA more prominent challenge involved technology. Traditionally, training the interns occured face-to-face and covered topics like classroom management, culturally and linguistically responsive teaching, and the incorporation of technology tools. In lieu of these in-person trainings, several "live" orientation sessions via Google Meet helped facilitate the training and onboarding process. It was important that the interns felt comfortable using the technology tools they had available.
"At first it was very complicated, and I was afraid of not being able to master the computer tools because I had almost no basis in technology," said Anna Calipel, a French Intern from the past year. "As a French assistant for a kindergarten class, we use many computer tools such as Seesaw, Loom, Google Meet and Google Slides."
With each Google Meet, interns began to realize the technology capabilities at their disposal. For instance, Calipel could record herself reading a book while the pages were displayed. This allowed students to follow along and actually see how she pronounces the words, an integral step in learning a language.
"Overall, I was very impressed by the interns' dedication to this virtual internship and by the teaching staff's flexibility throughout the year," said Lisa Bekemeyer, the chair of the Intern Committee. "It took everyone working together to foster these meaningful interactions in French for our students."


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WHQuestion Flashcards
These WHquestion flashcards are a useful tool for targeting expressive use and receptive understanding of the following questions: Who, What, Where, When, and Why. Multiple choice questions are featured with corresponding visual images. These flashcards can be used in therapy, on the go, or even as a creative "ticket" to enter or leave the therapy room!
- 55 flashcards for:
- The same questions and choice answers in a list format


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SummaryThe Indiana University School of Medicine Safety Education and Outreach department, formerly known as Community Education and Child Advocacy, operates a not-for-profit Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with health care needs or disabilities. Trained staff educate families on how to use the products and practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Numerous anecdotal stories suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased family confidence and capabilities for keeping children safe.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Developing OrganizationsIndiana University School of Medicine
Date First Implemented2005
Vulnerable Populations > Children; Disabled (physically)
Problem AddressedAccidents at home are a major cause of injury and death for children and adolescents. Safety products can help prevent these accidents, but parents may not know about, have access to, or be able to afford them. The availability of safety products adapted to prevent injury in children with disabilities or health care needs is particularly limited.
- Unintentional injury as leading cause of death: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 14 in the United States.1 Approximately 2,000 children 14 years old and younger die each year as a result of a home injury, with fire, suffocation, and drowning being the leading causes of death in this age group.2
- Limited awareness and accessibility of safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs often are difficult for families to find and afford. For example, families with children who have hearing impairments need smoke detectors with strobe lights, but these products are often difficult to find.3
Description of the Innovative ActivitySafety Education and Outreach operates a Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with disabilities or health care needs. Trained staff educates families on how to use these products and how to practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Key elements of the Safety Store's services include the following:
- Accessible location and hours: The Safety Store, located within the hospital gift shop, is open Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., except for holidays.
- Low-cost safety products: The store sells low-cost safety products such as smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, baby gates, outlet plug covers, appliance locks, crib sheet clips, and furniture corner cushions. Through December 2012, nearly 19,000 customers have purchased products at the Safety Store.
- Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: The Safety Store carries an inventory of adapted safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs, such as Silent Call systems that include a vibrating smoke alarm with strobe light; wheelchair gloves and ponchos; medical/identification bracelets; allergy labels; tracking devices; and Safe-er-Grip bath and shower handles.
- Evacuation products for children with disabilities or health care needs (Safe Escape program): The Safety Store's Safe Escape program provides products and education to families of children with disabilities or health care needs to support safe evacuation in a fire, emergency, or disaster. Information provided in April 2010 indicates that to date, the Safe Escape program has provided nearly 1,300 families with evacuation products and emergency preparedness education.
- Family education and ongoing support: The Safety Store staff help families identify and select products depending on their unique needs. Staff members also provide education and training to parents about proper product use and installation, along with instruction on how to prevent injuries. For example, staff members teach families how to test smoke detectors, replace batteries, and develop and practice a plan for escaping a fire, emergency, or disaster. In addition, the Safety Store presents education programs and special events featuring safety-related activities for children and parents at Riley Hospital throughout the year. The store informs current and former customers about safety product recalls via e-mail alerts and notices mailed to families.
- Widespread marketing and promotion: Safety Education and Outreach markets the Safety Store through the distribution of brochures and flyers at all hospital newsstands, clinics, and units. In addition, the hospital publishes messages about safety and the Safety Store in a variety of hospital newsletters and on plasma televisions located throughout the institution.
- Future online Safety Store and Safe Escape program: Safety Education and Outreach staff worked in partnership with the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) to create online templates for Safety Stores and Safe Escape programs. The Web sites will expand the capability of children's hospitals nationwide to be able to offer Safety Stores or Safe Escape after staff has completed training for these programs.
References/Related ArticlesSwartz J. Selling safety: injury prevention store saves lives. Children's Hospitals Today. Fall 2006. Available at: _URL_
The Safety Store Web site is available at: _URL_.
Contact the InnovatorCara Fast, MSW
The Safety Store and National Education Network Manager
Safety Education and Outreach
Department of Pediatrics
Indiana University School of Medicine
705 Riley Hospital Drive
Indianapolis, IN 46202
Phone: _PHONE_
Toll-free phone: _PHONE_
Innovator DisclosuresMs. Fast has not indicated whether she has financial interests or business or professional affiliations relevant to the work described in this profile; however, information on funders is available in the Funding Sources section.
ResultsNumerous anecdotes suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased parent confidence and capability to keep their children safe. (See the Story section for several examples of these anecdotes.) Information provided in April 2010 indicates that Safety Education and Outreach conducted a study of unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital's Pediatric Burn Care Unit from 2005 to 2008 to identify leading causes of burn injury, the circumstances of each injury, and ages of children admitted for care. Analysis of data profiling families served by Safe Escape also is under way. This information will help direct future product selection and the development of prevention education materials to support children with different types of special needs for safe escape in emergencies, disasters, and fires.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Context of the InnovationRiley Hospital for Children supports 447 staffed beds, 16,552 admissions and observations cases, and 231,556 subspecialty outpatient visits annually. The hospital is part of Indiana University Health, an Indiana-based, private, nonprofit organization offering a broad base of tertiary services, specialized pediatric care provided by Riley Hospital, and a Level I trauma center. IU School of Medicine's Safety Education and Outreach had considered several models for providing low-cost safety products and injury prevention education onsite since the mid-1990s and drew inspiration from the pioneering work by Johns Hopkins Children's Safety Center, which opened in 1997. Safety Education and Outreach championed an expanded vision for a safety store to be able to serve all children, including children with disabilities or health care needs, with low-cost child safety products and injury prevention and emergency preparedness education.
Planning and Development ProcessKey planning and development steps included the following:
- Generating interest: Safety Education and Outreach staff met with physicians, nurses, administrators (including the hospital's chief of pediatrics and vice president of operations), and internal committees to build interest in and support for developing the Safety Store. Discussions centered on the importance of providing safety products at low cost to all families along with education; how to promote the Safety Store to families and staff; identification of the location, staffing, and funding support needed to maintain ongoing operations; and identification of the types of injuries treated at the hospital to guide the types of products that could be offered.
- Getting senior management approval: Hospital administration provided the support that was instrumental in identifying and securing the first-floor hospital space to be renovated for the Safety Store.
- Collecting data to determine appropriate stock: Safety Education and Outreach staff analyzed data on unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital for the period of 2001 to 2004 to determine which safety products to stock.
- Launching the Safe Escape program: The Safety Store opened in January 2005, providing the Safe Escape program as its initial service.
- Expanding the product line: In the spring of 2005, the Safety Store began selling low-cost safety products to hospital families, staff, and the general public.
- Training staff: All new members of the Safety Store team participated in an orientation that included observing current staff; reviewing all manufacturer instructions and product protocols; and practicing (under the observation of a current staff member) how to use or install all products, assess family needs, and complete paperwork with families.
- Renovation and expansion: The Safety Store was renovated and expanded in 2009 from 306 to 530 square feet, which since then has consistently increased product inventory, customer traffic, and product sales.
Resources Used and Skills Needed
- Staffing: One full-time staff member, several part-time members, volunteers, and interns work together to promote the Safety Store; serve customers; purchase, price, and display products; and enter inventory.
- Costs: The initial cost to open the store was $216,000; hospital funds, in-kind support, and grants support ongoing costs. Because the Safety Store's mission is to provide low-cost safety products and associated education, the store does not earn a profit from product sales; the store uses revenues to purchase additional safety products and educational materials and resources. The Safety Store renovation and expansion in 2009 was accomplished through a


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Some sparse matrix utilities missing in scipy.
compose_sparse(blocks, row_sizes=None, col_sizes=None)¶
Compose sparse matrices into a global sparse matrix.
- blockssequence of sequences
The sequence of sequences of equal lengths - the individual sparse matrix blocks. The integer 0 can be used to mark an all-zero block, if its size can be determined from the other blocks.
- row_sizessequence, optional
The required row sizes of the blocks. It can be either a sequence of non-negative integers, or a sequence of slices with non-negative limits. In any case the sizes have to be compatible with the true block sizes. This allows to extend the matrix shape as needed and to specify sizes of all-zero blocks.
- col_sizessequence, optional
The required column sizes of the blocks. See row_sizes.
The sparse matrix (COO format) composed from the given blocks.
Stokes-like problem matrix.
>>> import scipy.sparse as sp >>> A = sp.csr_matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]) >>> B = sp.coo_matrix([[1, 1]]) >>> K = compose_sparse([[A, B.T], [B, 0]]) >>> print K.todense() [[1 0 1] [0 1 1] [1 1 0]]
Infinity norm of a sparse matrix (maximum absolute row sum).
- mtxspmatrix or array
The sparse matrix.
Infinity norm of the matrix.
dense matrix norms
This serves as an upper bound on spectral radius.
CSR and CSC avoid copying indices and indptr arrays.
inspired by PyAMG
insert_sparse_to_csr(mtx1, mtx2, irs, ics)¶
Insert a sparse matrix mtx2 into a CSR sparse matrix mtx1 at rows irs and columns ics. The submatrix mtx1[irs,ics] must already be preallocated and have the same structure as mtx2.
save_sparse_txt(filename, mtx, fmt='%d %d %f\n')¶
Save a CSR/CSC sparse matrix into a text file


I modifying a gcode file with custom toolswap codee, and I need to replace every instance of "T0" (^T0$) with a large amount of text (19 lines), which is stored in a separate file. How can I do so quickly?
There are about 100 instances that need replacement, and I can see the need to do more in the future, so I need something that does it all at once.
I tried defining a macro with q to replace one instance, hoping to run it a certain number of times, but I could only run the macro once. The macro deleted the line, and then read (:r) from the other file.
Does that work for you?
It will replace every occurence of T0 with the content of filename.
 - Thanks! That did exactly what I needed. I wasn't familiar with this type of syntax. Would you know where it is documented? – BillThePlatypus Mar 8 '19 at 1:51
 - 2
 = is a register (a special one called the "expression register"). To look up help for registers you precede them with @. So :h @=. For the specific context of expression register use in the substitution command there's :h sub-replace-expression aka :h s:\=. – B Layer Mar 8 '19 at 2:42
Your Answer


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Madara Rider (Madara Horseman) is the undisputed symbol of the Bulgarian people, history and culture, according to a poll conducted across the country. After this vote it was decided that the effigy of the Madara Rider will be carved on the first Bulgarian Euro coin.
The historical monument of the Madara Rider is a relief which is carved into a cliff. The height of the stone figure is about 23 meters from the base of the rock. This most significant Bulgarian symbol is located in northeastern Bulgaria, about 20 kilometers from the town of Shumen, near the village of Madara.
Very close to the Madara Rider are the first two Bulgarian capitals - Pliska and Preslav. Carved in stone the figure is considered to be apart of a various large ancient archeological site, which includes various items with religious, cultural and military use.
On the left side of the Madara Rider there are very steep stairs which leads you 431 meters up to the Madara plateau. Around the figure of the rider, clearly visible are the carved inscriptions in Greek, which give important information on historical events. According to various posts of specialist historians and archaeologists, the inscriptions are related to the founders of the Bulgarian nation - Asparuh, Krum and Omurtag.
The relief of Madara Rider is a fight scene between the rider and an eagle which flew over the rider. Next to them is a figure of a jumping dog that follows the rider who triumphed the lion with his spear. Overall Madara Rider is a symbol of the power of the First Bulgarian Empire. Experts say that it is most likely that Madara Rider was carved sometime in the 8th century and the rider was Khan Tervel, who lived between 701 and 721.
According to two official versions that describe what is depicted on this historic sanctuary in Bulgaria, the relief recreates the hunting scene in which the Bulgarian ruler kills a lion with his spear and whom is followed by his faithful dog.
The second hypothesis explains that the rider is associated with Khan Tervel, who defeated the Byzantines which is depicted symbolically by the lion and the dog. However, there are more posts that suggests, the Madara Rider relief is more than a depicted hunting scene. They take this information mostly from the unusual facts, obe being, that the lion has a raised tail, which means that it was not killed.
On a closer look at the animal under the rider you will see it does not look like a lion, as also once claimed. The lion has a distinctive mane and is significantly larger. The illustrated animal is a tiger or Leopard - the name by which ancient Bulgarians have called this animal.
In his front paws the 'lion' is holding a snake that is quite eroded, but is still distinct. It is a symbol of the Year of the Snake. The historical monument of Madara Rider was of world heritage by UNESCO in 1979 to 29 June 2008 and is also one of 100 national tourist sites.


What is contractualSugar?
An easy way to manage contracts
Why was contractualSugar created?
For lack of a decent free software alternative to the commercial
contract management behemoths.
On whose shoulders was contractualSugar based?
As a contract management facility, it is necessary to store the
metadata associated with executed contracts somewhere safe and efficient.
The obvious choice is a database. Rather than hardcoding a particular
database as the storage base, contractualSugar uses an ORM (Object
Relational Mapper) called SQLAlchemy to talk to various databases.


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The phonetics of Daegu Korean lexical prosody
MetadataShow full item record
This dissertation investigates the phonetic manifestations of lexical prosodic patterns in Daegu Korean (hereafter DK), which is a sub-dialect of North Kyungsang Korean. This dissertation conducts phonetic studies of the DK lexical prosody from which a phonological analysis may be developed. This dissertation aims to address the question of what kind of prosodic system DK has. Through two pilot studies, I selected 26 words, and asked DK speakers to produce them in three conditions: target in a carrier sentence, target with a subject marker in the carrier sentence, and target in isolation. I measured the following properties of the vowels: F0 peak, average F0, F0 range, F0 slope, initial F0, final F0, duration, intensity peak and average intensity. Statistical analysis reported that F0 was the primary phonetic cue which distinguished the four prosodic patterns of disyllabic words. It was shown that duration and intensity were not correlated with F0. As F0 was found to be the primary acoustic correlate of the lexical prosodic patterns, I looked at initial F0, F0 peak, and final F0 of each vowel to compare F0 patterns across different groups. Comparison of the F0 patterns across various groups revealed the fact that there are a constrained number of pitch patterns over the whole word. Furthermore, it was found that the patterns found in disyllabic words are also mapped onto monosyllabic words with the subject marker, and the patterns found in trisyllabic words are mapped onto disyllabic words with the subject marker. That suggests that a constrained number of pitch patterns are lexically associated with prosodic forms, regardless of the components. As in previous studies, DK also showed F0 perturbations by pre-vocalic consonants. This study shows that F0 perturbations last throughout the following vowel, which is different from tone languages. Based on these findings, I propose that DK is a pitch-accent system since F0 was found to be the primary acoustic correlate of prosodic patterns and there are a limited number of lexical pitch patterns that are associated with words of a certain number of syllables. In addition, F0 perturbations by pre-vocalic nasals last throughout the vowel.


The ICARUS project has three main objectives:
 1. to develope the conceptual framework necessary to design thermodynamically stable multi-component nc metal alloys resistant to coarsening;
 2. to validate the statistical thermodynamic modeling by matching numerical simulation with experimental evidence;
 3. to provide a proof of concept by fabricating selected thermodynamically stable multi-component nc metal alloys resistant to coarsening of interest for specific aerospace applications.
To achieve these goals, ICARUS fosters a three-parts multidisciplinary strategy:
 1. Thermodynamic modeling will make use of a statistical mechanical approach. Thermodynamic state functions and auxiliary quantities will be described mathematically in terms of chemical composition and atomic species distribution in both crystalline grains and intergranular disordered interfaces.
 2. The validation of the thermodynamic model will require identifying suitable processing methods and optimizing experimental conditions. Depending on the number of components, developing innovative processing methods is necessary. For this reason, validation will be first performed on suitably selected test systems.
 3. The fabrication of thermodynamically stable multi-component nc metal alloys resistant to coarsening and specifically addressed to meet the materials demand of aerospace, aeronautical and turbine industry will require a careful selection of materials.
Specific attempts will be carried out in connection with the needs pointed out by SMEs involved in ICARUS. In this regard, the project focuses on materials with the following target properties:
 - Enhanced radiation resistance by self-healing mechanisms, aimed at withstanding the extreme conditions undergone by materials exposed to cosmic radiation, at lengthening the life cycle of aerospace materials and microelectronics, and at protecting the health status of human beings in manned spacecraft missions.
 - Enhanced thermal resistance, aimed at enabling stable performances under high-temperature conditions, high heat conduction and low thermal expansion, and at enhancing materials performances in dynamic thermal environments with temperature varying approximately in the range from -80 and 100 ºC.
 - High mechanical strength to reduce the total weight associated with structural materials, keeping mechanical performances unchanged, which results in lighter construction elements and directly lower fuel consumption in aerospace industry.
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Grading Requirement
Kata badges and grading requirements
All students must have achieved the required number of training hours and courses (course attendance and grading history is kept in the back of the students licenses.) before any grading can be considered.
Under Sixteens
In order to ensure that the students are of the correct standard for each grading, they must also have achieved the correct Kata badges for the level grade they wish to take.
To be awarded a badge the student must demonstrate to the instructor that they can complete the required Kata correctly. There is no limit to the number of attempts a student can make for each Kata badge but only two attempts are allowed per training session.
Adult members 16+ are not required to complete the Kata Badge's but they must have demonstrated to the instructor that they can complete the necessary Kata to the required standard.


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Dynamical Systems and Nonlinear Control Theory
Loire, Sophie, Fonoberov, Vladimir and Mezic, Igor (2009), "Combustion of methane in microchannels", ASME Conference Proceedings.
The interest in micropower generation using the high energy density provided by hydrocarbon fuels as a portable power and heat source has stimulated research on combustion in microdevices. As the length scale of a combustion channel is decreased, the surface area-to-volume ratio increases approximately inversely with the critical dimension. As a result, the influence of interfacial phenomena is amplified. The resulting high surface heat loss is a limiting factor to the size of microcombustor but using arrays of micro-combustors some of the surface heat loss in one channel is becoming heat source for its neighbors. Combustion of methane/air mixture can be described using simple heat and mass transport equations where the reaction rate of combustion depends on premixed gas concentration and gas temperature. In our model gas temperature depends on heat from reaction and heat gain or loss through the channel walls and channel wall temperature depends on energy released during combustion and/or external heating. The array of micro-combustors is modeled as combustion in thermally coupled channels. Using this model, combustion in an array of channels is studied as a function of gas velocity and distance between channels and is compared to the case of a single channel. Arrays of channels are shown to have self-sustained combustion when no such combustion is possible in a single channel.


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Hair dryers have long been blamed for causing damage to hairs with the amount of heat they use. Sadly, many people, especially those with long, thick locks, cannot wait to dry naturally before leaving home for the day. Therefore, research has been ongoing into the technology of drying hairs. One advance that has been shown to benefit the hairs is the use of ions. But many still wonder, "What is ionic hair dryer?"
These are so named because they actually emit negative ions (particles that carry a negative electrical charge). These ions bond with strands, which carries a positive charge. The bonding causes the water to evaporate more quickly than simply adding heat. It also helps to close the follicles and smooth strands.
The ions produced help to lock moisture in and keep it from becoming too dry and brittle. Because the negative ions bond with positive ions in the strands, static electricity is neutralized, which makes the tresses so much easier to style. It also helps to make the strands look more shiny.
One problem with ionic technology is that it often straightens the subject strands too much, leaving it hanging limply. However, there are many models on the market that allow one to adjust the amount of ionization that occurs inside the unit or to turn the ionization completely off so they can "fluff" the locks and thus and add some volume.
Andis 75370 Tourmaline Ionic/Ceramic 1875 Watt Hair Dryer. The Ionic on/off switch on this hair dryer gives you the power to use ionization whenever you want. When the LED indicator turns blue, the ions are at maximum power.
Understanding what the dryer is makes it easy to see why this technology is beneficial to maintaining a healthy hairdo. This technology is often coupled with other advances in the science of strands, such as the use of ceramic inside dryers to provide more even temperatures and require less damaging heat. The most advanced dryers on the market today also use tourmaline.
Tourmaline is a gem stone (semi-precious) that has some unique properties when exposed to electricity. It produces both heat (infrared) and negative ions. This combination actually works to split apart water droplets at the molecular level. This makes the hairs dry faster with less heat applied and locks in moisture.
The ionic hair dryer is only the best thing that has ever happened to the dryer industry. Now, instead of being avoided because they damage hair strands and create frizz, dryers are more useful as tools to maintain healthy hair and avoid frizziness or brittleness.


Metabel Meaning in English, Metabel Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Metabel Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Metabel Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Metabel Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Metabel, names similar to Metabel and sibling names of Metabel. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Metabel.
Baby Image
Favoured by God, God is doing good
Related Metabel Baby Names
Amabel, Anabel, Annabel, Arabel, Bemabe, Bethel, Betzalel, Cabel, Isabel, Jennabel
Similar Metabel Baby Names
Madhubala, Mehetabel, Meheytabel, Mehitabel, Mehitabelle, Mettabel


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What are the real keys to improving job performance and satisfaction in the workplace?
It's not about making people "happy." Instead, the keys to improving job satisfaction are: improving autonomy, skill variety, task identity, task significance, and feedback loops. In plain English, it means empowering people with meaningful tasks where they can feel their impact, while growing their skills. This is how people find their flow and improve, while enjoying the job they're in.
In Social Psychology: Theories, Research, and Applications, Robert S. Feldman identifies key dimensions that influence your performance and satisfaction.
Five Key Job Dimensions
The key job dimensions are:
- Skill variety
- Task identity
- Task significance
Job Dimensions Explained
Feldman explains what the five key job dimensions are:
- Skill variety: the degree to which the job requires different skills underlying the activities that are part of the job.
- Task identity: the degree to which an individual produces a whole, identifiable unit of work (versus completion of a small unit which is not an identifiable final product).
- Task significance: the degree to which the job has an influence over others.
- Autonomy: the degree to which an individual holding a job is able to schedule his or her activities and decide on the particular procedures to be employed.
- Feedback: the extent to which clear, precise information about the effectiveness of performance is conveyed.
Improve Job Dimensions to for Higher Performance, Motivation and Satisfaction
Improving the job dimensions improves job performance and satisfaction. Feldman writes:
"Improving the job dimensions improves higher productivity, increases motivation and job satisfaction, high-quality performance and lower-levels of absenteeism and turnover. The following table is based on Hackman & Oldham (1976)."
Feldman shares a summary of table of high job satisfaction:
|Job Dimension||Psychological States||Outcomes|
|Meaningfulness of work||High motivation and satisfaction|
|Autonomy||Perceived responsibility||High-quality work|
|Feedback||Knowledge of results||Low absenteeism and turnover|
While I don't think the categories are a surprise, I like the precision and the mapping. If you're feeling a lack in the "Outcomes" column, check the corresponding "Job Dimension" column to see what the underlying issue might be.


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Enhances "Sharpshot" effect
- Does not extend duration of ability, so the item appears to increase ranged accuracy bonus given by Sharpshot.
Used in Recipes
Obtained from Desynthesis
How to Obtain
|Cannot be auctioned, traded, bazaared, or delivered.|
A braccae is the Latin term for trousers, and in this context is today used to refer to a style of pants, made from wool. Braccae were typically made with a drawstring, and tended to reach from just above the knee at the shortest, to the ankles at the longest, with length generally adapted to the climate. Historically it is said that the Romans encountered this style of clothing among the Gauls. When the Romans first encountered the braccae, they thought them to be effeminate (Roman men typically wore tunics, which were one-piece outfits terminating at or above the knee). However, braccae eventually became popular among Roman legionaries stationed in cooler climates to the north of southern Italy.


2 definitions found
Parabolic \Par'a*bol"ic\, Parabolical \Par'a*bol"ic*al\, adjective [Gr. paraboliko's figurative: cf. F. parabolique. See {Parable}.]
2. [From {Parabola}.] (Geom.) (a) Having the form or nature of a parabola; pertaining to, or resembling, a parabola; as, a parabolic curve. (b) Having a form like that generated by the revolution of a parabola, or by a line that moves on a parabola as a directing curve; as, a parabolic conoid; a parabolic reflector; a parabolic antenna. [1913 Webster +PJC]
{Parabolic conoid}, a paraboloid; a conoid whose directing curve is a parabola. See {Conoid}.
{Parabolic mirror} (Opt.), a mirror having a paraboloidal surface which gives for parallel rays (as those from very distant objects) images free from aberration. It is used in reflecting telescopes.
1: resembling or expressed by parables [syn: {parabolic}, {parabolical}]
2: having the form of a parabola [syn: {parabolic}, {parabolical}]
FCC Complaint
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Phosphoric acid in gel form is known as naval jelly, and the product has a variety of applications. Always use caution when working with naval jelly, as it is highly corrosive and caustic; use only in a well-ventilated area.
Other People Are Reading
Naval jelly is most commonly used to remove rust from iron or steel objects. Even very old, thick rust deposits can be removed with sanding or scraping, according to product websites. Naval jelly works simply by a generous application to the rust stain followed by a water rinse; if any rust remains, the procedure can be repeated, or light-gauge steel wool can be used.
Not only can naval jelly remove rust from iron and steel, but the gel can prevent the rust from forming. A thin amount should be spread over the surface of the at-risk steel or iron object and then rinsed. This process is most effective if repeated routinely.
Naval jelly can also be used to thoroughly clean iron or steel before applying paint as well as a paint preparation treatment for galvanised surfaces. The naval jelly should be applied with a paint brush or roller and left to treat the surface for up to 20 minutes. This completely cleans the surface of any rust. Since naval jelly is corrosive, if it is left on for a day or longer before it is removed, it will slightly etch the surface, creating a rougher texture that will more easily accept paint.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for


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The Fovea as an Emergent Property of Visual Attention
Neural attention has been applied successfully to a variety of different applications including natural language processing, vision, and memory. An attractive aspect of these neural models is their ability to extract relevant features from data with minimal feature engineering. We further extend this ability to learning interpretable structural features of the attention window itself. We describe a learnable retinal sampling lattice similar to the retinal ganglion cells present in the primate retina. We explore the emergent properties of this lattice after training and find connections to features found in the physiology. Furthermore, we find conditions where these emergent properties are amplified or eliminated providing clues to their function.
Brian Cheung is a PhD Student at UC Berkeley working with Professor Bruno Olshausen at the Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. His research interests lie at the intersection between machine learning and neuroscience. Drawing inspiration from these fields, he hopes to create systems which can solve complex vision tasks using attention and memory.


text: Adsorbents with high surface area are potential candidates for efficient postcombustion CO2 capture. Binderless zeolite 13X monoliths with a hierarchical porosity and high CO2 uptake have been produced by slip casting followed by pressureless thermal treatment. The zeolite powder displayed an isoelectric point at pH 4.7 and electrostatically stabilized suspensions could be prepared at alkaline pH. The volume fraction-dependent steady shear viscosity could be fitted to a modified Krieger–Dougherty model with a maximum volume fraction of 0.66. The narrow temperature range where monoliths could be produced without significant loss of the microporous surface area was identified and related to the phase behavior of the 13X material. Slip casting of concentrated suspensions followed by thermal treatment of the powder bodies at a temperature of 800°C without holding time resulted into strong hierarchically porous zeolite 13X monolith that displayed a CO2 uptake larger than 29 wt%.


text:
Automation playbooks can be triggered by several events in the life cycle of an external alert:
- When an external alert is ingested
- When an external alert validation state changes
- When an external alert hasn't been correlated for 24 hours
These triggers enable powerful workflows that allow your team to best defend your organization.
What automation actions affect the state of external alerts?
A number of automation actions can affect the state of external alerts. These include:
- Comment on Alert in Source Platform
- Update State of Alert in Source Platform
You can find the complete list of actions in your Red Canary portal.
What are examples of automation that begins with external alerts?
Notifying your team when a high-severity alert is ingested from a network security product
You can use Red Canary to fulfill basic SIEM and SOAR use cases, such as notifying your team when any of your network security products identifies what it reports as a high-severity threat:
Notifying your team when an alert could not be correlated to endpoint and process data within 24 hours
You may want to notify your team if Red Canary has been unable to correlate certain alerts with endpoint or process activity within 24 hours so you can investigate that alert yourself.
Automatically closing low / informational severity alerts for certain noisy platforms
Many alert sources generate a high volume of alerts with low severities and do not provide the ability to automatically close or adjudicate those alerts. You can use Red Canary to better operationalize those platforms:
By triggering playbooks that:
- Add a comment on the alert (in the underlying platform) that "This alert is being automatically closed because it is high volume / low value" using the Comment on Alert in Source Platform action.
- Close the alert (in the underlying platform) using the Update State of Alert in Source Platform action.


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Definition of discus in English:
noun (plural discuses)
1A heavy thick-centred disc thrown by an athlete, in ancient Greek games or in modern field events.
- As far as performance goes, athletes are throwing the discus more than two times farther than the Greeks did, but records aren't falling as steadily as they used to.
- Now allegedly just as the discus left the athlete's hand, a sort of gale arose and blew it many more metres than was expected.
- Their goal was to empower them to run faster, jump higher, throw the discus and javelin farther, lift heavier weights, and excel in all power events.
2A small colourful South American freshwater fish with a rounded laterally compressed body, native to South America and popular in aquariums.
- Genus Symphysodon, family Cichlidae: several species
- Freshwater angelfish have extended dorsal and anal fins and discus fishes, have compressed, disc-like bodies.
- Don't place your discus aquarium near a door as all the movement will cause them stress.
- It has been said that the male discus fish will tend to have a less intense color and more pattern while the female tends to be more colorful but with lesser pattern.
Via Latin from Greek diskos.
Words that rhyme with discushibiscus, meniscus, viscous
Definition of discus in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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text:
Department of Parks
Fort Boonesborough State Park Hosting "Women on the Frontier" April 28-29
RICHMOND, Ky. – Find out about the life of a woman on the frontier during a special program at Fort Boonesborough State Park, April 28-29.
During this interpretive and interactive "Women on the Frontier" event, there will be demonstrations and hands-on learning of 18th century life skills and daily activities in the lives of women. On the frontier, women were frequently called upon to do many things that might be more commonly associated with men.
Guests will be able to learn about primitive cooking techniques, including cooking meats and bread on stones, baking potatoes under the fire, making ash cakes and hoe cakes, and roasting a pig. See how women prepared for the journey to the frontier, packed a horse to carry family belongings, and carried their own personal baggage. Many women of the time were skilled in woods lore and used the knowledge to help their families reach their frontier destination. Some women even participated in the defense of stations and forts during raids and attacks by Native Americans.
A special interpretive presentation on women's clothing of the period will be presented by Margaret Waterman. Be it the Colonial era (_PHONE_) or the Regency period (_PHONE_), Waterman's discussions of fashion and the clothing of the time makes sense out of what women wore.
The event is free with paid fort admission and starts at 9 a.m. each day.
In addition to the reconstructed fort, the park also has a campground, hiking trails, the Kentucky River Museum, mini-golf, picnic shelters and a gift shop. Fort Boonesborough is located near Richmond. From I-75, take exit 95 to KY 627. On I-64, exit at Winchester to KY 627. For more information, call _PHONE_.


Are Skydiving and Parajumping the Same Thing
Are Skydiving and Parajumping the Same Thing?
Are skydiving and parajumping the same thing? That's a pretty common question and since the terms are often used interchangeably it just adds to the confusion. Both parajumping and skydiving use the exact same but there are some differences between the two. Skydiving is really for more experienced jumpers but that doesn't answer the question as to the difference between the two. Let's explore parajumping and skydiving and you can decide which you would rather try.
Parajumping is something that almost anybody in reasonably good health can do. You and a friend can both try parajumping for the first time together and schools will even offer up discounts for first timers or for charity events. There will still be some instruction that you will have to go through first where you are taught about your equipment and safety. On the day of the jump you will still do a run through to make sure that all of your equipment is in working order.
For the first jump you will probably do Static Line Parajumping, that means that your parachute will be pulled automatically when you jump out of the plane. The parachute is attached to the inside of the plane so that when you exit it is pulled. The military also uses this type of parajumping, when you see soldiers in a row all leaving a plane they are static line jumping. Here is a look at static line jumping.
Now let's look at skydiving. While the terms have been used interchangeably skydiving is slightly different. You do use the exact same gear but when you exit the plane the parachute is manually pulled by you. During the time you exit the plane until you pull the rip cord you are in free fall. You are quite literally falling through the air and you can reach speeds of more than 100mph as you descend. For many jumpers this is the thrill they are chasing and what they love most about the sport. Free falling is what separates parajumping from skydiving and it requires more training and experience than just parajumping alone.
If you have never jumped before and still want the thrill of a free fall then you can try skydiving while in tandem with an instructor or experienced jumper. You will still have the thrills you want without having to worry about remembering to pull the cord. No matter your preference the experience is still thrilling.
Essential Parajumping Gear
Essential Parajumping Gear
Parajumping or skydiving isn't just getting on a plane, jumping off and letting gravity do the rest of the work, it is about surviving and enjoying the jump. In order to do that you need the right training and equipment. Thrill seekers and adrenaline junkies have been jumping from planes for decades but for the most part they all take whatever precautions they can to make sure it is done safely. Here are some of the essential parajumping gear that you are going to need.
 1. The Parachute
Hands down, the parachute is most essential piece of equipment that you are going to need. The parachute is what slows you down and allows you to reach the ground at a reasonable speed that you can survive. Most jumpers also have a backup parachute in case something happens. Unless you are really passionate about jumping and do it several times per month you will probably rent one from the drop zone. It is cheaper and easier than maintaining your own.
 1. Jumpsuits
Jumping and traveling at those speeds exposes you to the elements, particularly strong winds and cold, you can't jump wearing just anything. A good jumpsuit is wind resistant, will help keep you warm and protect your body. Landing can also be rough and the jumpsuit will help protect you from getting scratched or cut when you land.
 1. Altimeter
If you want to free fall you will still need to pull your parachute once you reach a certain altitude in order to make sure you can safely land. If you wait too long the parachute won't slow you down enough and if you open too early you can rip your chute. The altimeter tells you the perfect time to pull the cord and open your parachute. If you ever plan on jumping at night then the altimeter is crucial to your survival.
 1. Pads and Helmets
It should go without saying that you need a helmet and other padding to save you from injury on landing. Helmets, elbow and knee pads are all essential but you might consider adding some type of spinal protection to your gear. If you land on your back then you definitely want protection.
Parajumping is an adrenaline rush that very few things compare to, it is defying the elements and the laws of physics and there is no feeling quite like it. But even defying the elements requires the right safety gear so you can live to jump another day.


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Broad band multilayer optical storage structure having a thin metallic optically transmissive layer
_PHONE_ Broad band multilayer optical storage structure having a thin metallic optically transmissive layer
Patent Drawings:Drawing: _PHONE_-2 Drawing: _PHONE_-3 Drawing: _PHONE_-4 Drawing: _PHONE_-5
« 1 »
(4 images)
Inventor: Spong, et al.
Date Issued: November 25, 1986
Application: 06/628,357
Filed: July 6, 1984
Inventors: Muchnik; Boris J. (Boulder, CO)
Spong; Fred W. (Boulder, CO)
Assignee: Storage Technology Corporation (Louisville, CO)
Primary Examiner: Goldberg; E. A.
Assistant Examiner: Reinhart; Mark
Attorney Or Agent: Rosen, Dainow & Jacobs
U.S. Class: 346/135.1; 347/264
Field Of Search: 346/76L; 346/135.1
International Class:
U.S Patent Documents: _PHONE_; _PHONE_; _PHONE_; _PHONE_
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Abstract: An optical recording structure layer has an optical reflecting layer, a phase layer on the reflective layer, an active layer on the phase layer and a matrix layer on the active layer. The phase layer and matrix layer are substantially transparent to radiation. A thin metal layer on the matrix layer has a thickness from 20 to 100 Angstroms to achieve a relatively constant absorption and reflection characteristics for the structure over a broad band of radiation.
Claim: What is claimed is:
1. An optical recording structure layer having an optical reflecting layer, a phase layer on said reflective layer, an active layer on said phase layer and a matrix layer onsaid active layer, said phase layer and matrix layer being substantially transparent to radiation; the improvement comprising a metal layer on said matrix layer, said metal layer having a thickness from 20 to 100 Angstroms.
2. The optical recording structure of claim 1 wherein said active layer comprises an alloy of selenium, tellurium and arsenic and nickel.
Description: This invention relates to optical storagedevices of the type comprising a rotatable disk having an active structure enabling variation of optical properties by means of focused write radiation, such as a laser beam, and reading data stored thereon by means of focused read radiation beam.
This invention is more particularly directed to the provision of means in an optical storage structure for rendering the absorption and reflection characteristics of the structure relatively constant over a relatively broad radiation band.
An optical structure of the above type is disclosed, for example, in U.S. application Ser. No. 499,666, Muchnik, filed May 31, 1983, and assigned to the present assignee.
In accordance with the disclosure of copending application U.S. application Ser. No. 628,194 filed July 6, 1984 a preferably disk shaped substrate, for example, of aluminium or plastic, is provided with a planarizing layer, for example a thincoat acrylic material, to provide an optically smooth surface. A reflective layer for the structure is deposited on the planarizing layer, and thereupon the three layer structure disclosed in application Ser. No. 499,666 is deposited. The phase layer,for example of a fluorocarbon, is tuned, i.e., it has a thickness such that destructive interference occurs Between radiation reflected from the active layer and adiation transmitted by the active layer and reflected from the reflective layer andtransmitted by the active layer. This destructive interference phenomenon occurs for both read and write beams. It enhances the write sensitivity by increasing the coupling of the write beam energy to the active layer. It also enhances the read signalby increasing the reflectivity contrast between written marks and unwritten surrounding regions.
In order to eliminate the effect of any dust or small particles falling on the structure, a dust defocusing layer is provided on the structure, being adhered thereto by an adhesion layer deposited on the matrix layer. The phase and matrixlayers, and adhesion and dust defocusing layers are transparent to radiation of the read and write frequencies.
The present invention is directed to the provision of means in the above optical storage structure for rendering the absorption and reflection characteristics relatively constant over a broad wavelength band, for example, from 4500 Angstroms to9000 Angstroms.
In accordance with the invention, it has been found that providing the adhesive layer with a thickness of from 20 Angstroms to 100 Angstroms stabilizes the reflectance and absorption characteristics of the optical structure over a wide radiationband, for example, from 4500 Angstroms to 9000 Angstroms.
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood it will now be disclosed in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an optical recording structure in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is an electron-beam photograph of a portion of the active layer of the recording structure; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 shows curves illustrating the reflectance and absorption of various optical recording structures in accordance with the invention.
One form of optical storage device, in accordance with the invention, as illustrated in thecross-sectional view of FIG. 1, is comprised of a substrate 10 of, for example, aluminum or a plastic material. The substrate 10 may have a thickness of about 0.075 inches and be in the form of a disk of 14 inches diameter. These parameters are ofcourse not limiting to the present invention.
The surface of the substrate disk 10 conventionally has small imperfections, micro irregularities, tooling marks, polishing streaks, etc., which are undesirable for the optical properties of the recording media, and in order to remove theseimperfections, a planarizing layer 11 is preferably provided on at least one surface of the substrate. The planarizing layer may have a thickness of for example 2 to 25 micrometers and may comprise an acrylic layer solvent coated by spin coating. Thesurface of this layer should have a micro roughness less than 5 nanometers.
The planarizing layer may also serve to prevent corrosion of the substrate, as well as to provide a chemical barrier between residual substrate contamination and the four layer structure of the reflective layer, phase layer, active layer andmatrix layer described in the following paragraphs.
As one example, the planarizing layer has been comprised of Rohm and Haas Acryloid A-10. This material is a solvent base Methyl-Methacrylate thermoplastic resin in Cellosolve acetate having a viscosity of 800 to 1200 cps (Brookfield 25 degreesC.), 30% plus or minus 1% percent solid, a density of 8.6 lbs. per gallon and a glass transition temperature of the polymer of 105 degrees C. The Acryloid A-10 resin was dissolved in a solution of Cellosolve acetate and butyl acetate with a finalsolvent ratio of 9:1, Cellosolve acetate to butyl acetate. The Cellosolve acetate was Urethane grade (boiling point of 156.2 degrees C.), and the butyl acetate was spectral grade (boiling point of 126.5 degrees C.). The butyl acetate may be substitutedby Cellosolve acetate. The solution has a solid content of 22%, and a viscosity of 133 cps (Brookfield at 21 degrees C.), filtered to 0.2 micrometers.
The planarizing layer provides a base for the reflecting layer 12. The reflecting layer is preferably of aluminum, although copper or silver may be alternatively employed. A thickness of about 100 nanometers is preferred, although thisdimension is not critical. It must be highly reflective at the read, write and coarse seek wavelengths employed, for example 633, 830 and 780 nanometers respectively. The reflectivity should be equal to or greater than 0.85 in air, at thesewavelengths.
The reflective layer 12 is preferably formed by sputtering on the planarizing layer, for example employing Leybold-Heraeus in-line vacuum deposition system.
It will of course be apparent that the invention herein is not limited to the above structure wherein the reflective layer is formed on a planarizing layer, and suitable techniques for forming a reflective surface of the required planarity,supported by the substrate, may be employed.
The next three layers, defining a three layer structure are comprised of a phase layer 13 on the reflective layer, an active layer 14 on the phase layer and a matrix layer 15 on the active layer. The phase layer and matrix layer may be of aplasma polymerized fluorocarbon with a fluorine to carbon atomic ratio of (for example only) 1.8. The active layer may be a tellurium alloy, preferably Te.sub.65 Se.sub.20 As.sub.5 Ni.sub.10, identified herein as alloy STC 68. In response to a writebeam (for example a laser beam) the optical energy of the beam is dissipated as thermal energy in the active layer, whereby the active layer agglomerates within the surrounding fluorocarbon phase and matrix layers. This agglomeration affects the opticaltransmittance of the three layer structure in accordance with the signal modulation of the write beam. At the read wavelength and coarse