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By William R. Miller, Richard F. Sanzolone, and Paul J. Lamothe
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-106
A preliminary investigation was carried out in Colorado to test if elements were being deposited at high elevations in two areas of Colorado, which form natural barriers to the winds. This investigation was designed to detect differences of element contents of soils collected on each side of a mountain ridge or peak. The assumption is that dust and aerosol-bearing winds buffet the high ridges and peaks of mountain ranges and some of the dust and aerosols will be deposited mostly on the windward side of the range. Soils formed in place on similar rock types would be elevated in some elements present in the dust and aerosols on the windward side of the ridge or peak relative to the leeward side. The two study areas are the Hayden Pass area in the Sangre de Cristo Range and the Pikes Peak area in the Rampart Range. Data is presented without interpretation.
The expected audience for the data will be government land planning and regulatory agencies.
OFR-03-106 PDF File (1.00 MB)
(This version of the report is accessible as defined in Section 508.)
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text: Cognitive abilities underpin almost every animal behaviour and allow them to gather, store, process, and use information essential for survival and reproduction. Great variation in cognitive abilities exists not only between different species, but even across individuals from the same population. This variation suggests that the evolution of cognition involves multiple factors. Cognitive abilities, their adaptive value, and their biological predictors remain poorly understood in wild animals and are particularly overlooked in fish. In this seminar, I will first talk about how we can objectively quantify fish cognition, including memory, learning, and self-control. I will then present experimental studies exploring how various traits and environmental factors impact cognition, from sex and age of the fish, to pharmacological pollution and climate change. Lastly, I will discuss selection on cognitive abilities in fish, its role in survival and reproduction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Filter Air Shower
A filter air shower refers to an air shower system equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters. These filters play a critical role in removing particles and contaminants from individuals, materials, or equipment as they pass through the air shower.
Filter air showers ensure that the air used in the decontamination process is clean and free from particles as small as 0.3 microns. The filters are instrumental in achieving the high level of cleanliness required in controlled environments.
Filter air showers are commonly used in industries where maintaining strict contamination control standards is essential, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, semiconductor manufacturing, and precision electronics production.
Goods Passage Air Shower
A goods passage air shower is a specialized air shower system designed for the decontamination of goods, materials, or equipment before they enter controlled environments. These systems are integral in industries where maintaining the cleanliness and integrity of products is of utmost importance.
Goods passage air showers are strategically placed at entry points to ensure that materials and equipment are thoroughly decontaminated. High-velocity, filtered air is emitted to dislodge and capture particles, dust, and contaminants from the surfaces of goods or equipment, guaranteeing that only properly decontaminated items enter the controlled space.
These systems are often customizable to accommodate various sizes and types of products. Industries such as pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, and semiconductor production rely on goods passage air showers to maintain product quality and safety standards.
Sliding Door Air Shower
A sliding door air shower is a sophisticated solution designed to enhance the efficiency and functionality of traditional air showers. These systems feature automated sliding doors, a departure from the manual swing doors found in conventional air showers. This innovation streamlines the decontamination process and reduces the risk of human error during entry and exit.
Automatic sliding door air showers offer several advantages. They expedite the movement of personnel and materials in and out of the air shower, which is especially beneficial in environments with high foot traffic. The automation minimizes the time required for decontamination and ensures that individuals do not bypass the process. These systems can also include sensors to prevent doors from opening until the decontamination cycle is complete, enhancing control and contamination prevention.
The customizable nature of these air showers allows users to set parameters like air velocity and shower duration, catering to the specific needs of various industries. Automatic sliding door air showers are a valuable addition to settings where maintaining the highest standards of cleanliness is paramount.
Air Shower of Clean Workshop
An air shower of a clean workshop is an essential component of cleanroom facilities. Its primary purpose is to decontaminate personnel and materials before they enter the controlled environment of a clean workshop.
High-velocity, filtered air is emitted in the air shower to dislodge and capture particles and contaminants from individuals or materials. This process ensures that only properly decontaminated personnel or objects gain access to the clean workshop, maintaining the cleanliness required for tasks like precision manufacturing, research, or electronics production.
The air shower of a clean workshop is an indispensable tool for maintaining the cleanliness and integrity of controlled spaces where even minor contamination can have significant consequences.


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Let $A$, be a real $4 \times 4$ matrix such that $-1,1,2,-2$ are its eigenvalues. If $B=A^4-5A^2+5I$, then which of the following are true?
 1. $\det(A+B)=0$
 2. $\det (B)=1$
 3. $\operatorname{trace}(A-B)=0 $
 4. $\operatorname{trace}(A+B)=4$
Using Cayley-Hamilton I get $B=I$, and I know that $\operatorname{trace}(A+B)=\operatorname{trace}(A)+\operatorname{trace}(B)$. From these facts we can obtain easily about 2,3,4 but I am confused in 1. How can I verify (1)? Thanks for your help.
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+1 for showing your efforts. – user1551 Dec 13 '12 at 14:35
The matrix $A$ is diagonalizable, since it has $4$ pairwise distinct eigenvalues. The four conditions you consider are invariant under similarity. So work with the diagonalized form of $A$. – 1015 Jan 27 '13 at 20:54
5 Answers 5
$$\det(A+I)=0 \Leftrightarrow \lambda=-1 \mbox{is an eigenvalue}$$
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The characteristic equation of $A$ is given by $(t-1)(t+1)(t+2)(t-2)=0 $ which implies $t^{4}-5t^{2}+4=0$. Now $A$ must satisfy its characteristic equation which gives that $A^{4}-5A^{2}+4I=0$ and so we see that $B=A^{4}-5A^{2}+4I+I=0+I=I$. Hence, the eigenvalues of $(A+B)$ is given by $(-1+1),(1+1),(2+1),(-2+1)$ that is $0,2,3,-1.$[Without the loss of generality, one can take $A$ to be diagonal matrix which would not change trace or determinant of the matrix. ]So we see that $det(A+B)$ is the product of its eigenvalues which is $0$.. Also we see that trace of $(A+B)$ is the sum of its eigenvalues which is $(0+2+3-1)=4.$ Also, B being the identity matrix, $det(B)=1.$ So the options $(1),(2) and (4)$ are true.
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You need to justify why it is so easy to calculate the eigenvalues of $A + B$. – Zhen Lin Dec 13 '12 at 14:47
Well, perhaps we can pass on to the Jordan Canonical form of $\,A\,$:
$$J_A=\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&\!\!\!-1&0&0\\0&0&2&0\\0&0&0&\!\!\!-2\end{pmatrix}\Longrightarrow B=J_A^4-5J_A^2+5I=\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\end{pmatrix}$$
We can do the above since determinant and trace are invariant under similarity.
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I had just been answering a question about "without loss of generality". This is a nice example. Since $A$ is diagonalisable (it's characteristic polynomial is $(X+1)(X-1)(X-2)(X+2)$ which is split without multiple roots), we may assume without loss of generality that $A$ is diagonal (do a base change to a basis of eigenvectors, which changes neither determinants nor traces). You can do that case explicitly by computation.
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Just to note the following points:
Let $A_{n\times n}$ be a matrix with eigenvalues $\lambda_{1},...,\lambda_{n}$ and $f(x)$ a polynomial. Then $$\det(f(A))=f(\lambda_{1})...f(\lambda_{n})$$ and $$\text{trace}(f(A))=f(\lambda_{1})+...+f(\lambda_{n})$$
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Have you ever sipped a shrub? Not a bush, but a fruit syrup, preserved with vinegar and mixed with water or alcohol to make a tangy, refreshing beverage. An old-fashioned favorite, shrubs have steadily made a comeback, especially on cocktail menus, but they aren't solely the province of mixologists. Making a shrub syrup at home is a fun way to preserve and play with seasonal fruit, and this template may be followed for practically any fruit you have on hand. In addition to drinks, you can use the brightly flavored syrup in salad dressings, as a glaze for meats, or add a splash to homemade jam.
The word "shrub" is derived from the Arabic sharbah, which means "a drink." "Sherbet" and "syrup" also come from this Arabic root. Although drinking vinegars aren't so common today, they have a long history stretching back to the Babylonians, who added date vinegar to water to make it safe to drink, and the Romans, who mixed vinegar and water to make a beverage called posca. Colonial-era sailors carried shrubs, rich with Vitamin C, aboard their boats to prevent scurvy. Shrubs also gained popularity during the Temperance movement and many 19th and early 20th century housekeeping manuals contain recipes for them.
Although there are several different methods for making shrubs, the most common process involves creating a fruit-flavored vinegar and sweetening it with sugar. The acetic acid in vinegar acts as a preserving agent, so shrubs were – and still are – a delicious way to enjoy seasonal fruit juices year-round. I love experimenting with different combinations of fruit and vinegar to make these flavorful syrups.
Because vinegar is high in acid, it does not support the growth of the bacteria that produces botulism. However, some vinegars may support the growth of other harmful bacteria, so cleanliness and proper storage is important. There are faster, easier shrub instructions out there, but I believe this one to be more reliable in terms of rich flavor and long-term keeping.
What You Need
Basic formula: Use 2 cups fruit per 1 pint vinegar. Sweeten with 1 1/2 to 2 cups sugar (level of sweetness is up to personal preference).
Fruit: Berries are perhaps the finest fruit for shrubs, but cherries, peaches, plums, pears, and other fruits may be used. They should be ripe and sweet, yet they do not need to be perfect; this is a great opportunity to use farmers' market "seconds" and any fruit that is abundantly in season. Fruit should be thoroughly washed and may be peeled, chopped, or lightly crushed to shorten the infusing process. Ginger, citrus peel, or even peppercorns may also be added for flavor.
Vinegar: Any vinegar may be used, as long as it is labeled at least 5% acidity. Distilled white vinegar has a clear, sharp flavor; apple cider vinegar tends to be milder with a fruity flavor; and wine vinegars, while more expensive, often provide a superior smooth flavor. Balsamic vinegar is delicious with cherries and strawberries.
Sugar: White granulated sugar provides a neutral sweetness; brown and raw sugars may also be used.
Clean hands and tools are a must!
Glass container with a lid or cap (a quart mason jar works well)
Measuring cups (liquid and dry)
Funnels (useful, but not required)
Clean kitchen cloth or paper towel
Fine cheesecloth or coffee filter
1. Sterilize the container: Wash the container in hot, soapy water and rinse thoroughly. Submerge in a pot of warm water to cover by 1 to 2 inches, bring to a boil, and boil for 10 minutes. For the lid or cap, wash it in hot, soapy water, rinse well, and scald in boiling water.
2. Add the fruit: Carefully remove the container from the pot using canning jar lifters or tongs. Place the fruit in the container.
3. Add the vinegar: Place the vinegar in a saucepan and heat to just below the boiling point, or at least 190°F. Pour the vinegar over the fruit, leaving at least 1/4-inch headspace. Wipe the rim with a clean, damp cloth, and cap tightly.
4. Let it stand: Let the container cool undisturbed and then store it in a cool, dark place such as a cupboard or the refrigerator. Let it stand at least 24 hours and up to 4 weeks until the desired flavor is reached.
5. Strain it: Strain it through a damp cheesecloth or coffee filter one or more times until the vinegar shows no cloudiness. Discard the fruit or save it for another purpose (it's often delicious for use in chutneys).
6. Add the sugar: Place the vinegar and sugar in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, stirring to dissolve sugar. Remove from heat and let cool. Pour into a clean, sterilized container (use the original mason jar or other bottles; see step 1 for sterilization procedure) and cap tightly.
7. Store: Store the shrub syrup in the refrigerator. Tightly sealed, it may last for up to 6 months. Taste before using to make sure the flavor is still good. Discard immediately if it has mold or any signs of fermentation such as bubbling, cloudiness, or sliminess.
8. Serve: To serve, mix 1 tablespoon shrub syrup into a glass of still or sparkling water. Taste and add more syrup, if desired. Shrub syrups may also be used as cocktail mixers, in salad dressings, and more.
- Process developed by Emily Ho based on historical recipes and the "Flavored Vinegars" chapter of So Easy To Preserve (Cooperative Extension, The University of Georgia, 2006).
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text:
Starting a phone case business in India is an amazing opportunity to capitalize on the country's growing demand for mobile phone accessories. The market for phone covers in India is huge and diverse, with a population of over 1.3 billion people and a fast-increasing middle class. Starting a phone case business in India, on the other hand, might be difficult because it involves careful strategy and execution.
In this post, we will go over how to start a phone case business in India, including selecting a niche, locating a supplier, setting up an online store, and promoting your items. So If you are planning to enter into the mobile printing business, keep reading this article.
Table of Contents
Growth of mobile case printing business
The rise of smartphone cases has been inextricably linked to the rise of the smartphone business. As cellphones have become more popular and powerful, so has the demand for protective cases. Cases were largely used to safeguard devices from physical harm in the early days of the smartphone industry. However, as smartphones have grown and become more expensive, the use of covers has developed to include more capabilities and benefits. Many cases, for example, now have built-in batteries to increase the device's battery life or a wallet function to carry cards and cash. The market for custom phone cases has expanded dramatically in recent years.
The rising popularity of smartphones, rising awareness of the benefits of utilizing custom phone cases, and rising smartphone use in emerging nations are the primary drivers driving the phone cover design and printing business. Furthermore, as technology has advanced and new materials have been introduced, the design and patterns of casings have developed, providing customers with more diversified options. Overall, the smartphone case market is likely to expand further as smartphones remain an integral part of daily life and demand for protective and functional cases remains high.
Types of Phone Cases
Before knowing how to start a phone case business in India, it is important to have knowledge about the different types of phone cases that are used in mobile case printing business. There are numerous types of cases used for smartphone covers, the most common of which are:
1. Transparent Cases: Clear covers are composed of a transparent material that allows the device's design to show through.
2. Silicone cases: These cases are made of a squishy, rubber-like substance that gives the device a more secure grip.
3. Hybrid cases: These cases combine clear and silicone materials to provide the best of both worlds.
4. Leather cases: These cases are composed of genuine or imitation leather and offer the gadget a luxury appearance.
5. Wallet cases: These cases have a compartment for cards and cash, as well as a phone stand.
6. Rugged cases: These cases are made for heavy-duty use and offer additional protection for the device.
7. Flip Covers: Book-style cases have a flip cover that protects the device from both the front and rear.
8. Battery cases: These cases include a built-in battery that extends the device's battery life.
9. Armor cases: With many layers of protection and reinforced corners, these cases provide optimum protection.
10. Waterproof cases: Waterproof cases are intended to protect the gadget from water harm.
11. Glitter cases: These cases are composed of a translucent material that contains glitter flakes.
12. Cases with holographic designs: These cases have a holographic design on them.
13. Marble cases: These cases feature a marble design on them, which can be real or printed.
14. Temperature-sensitive Cases: These cases change colour depending on their surrounding temperature.
These are just a few examples of the many different types of smartphone cases available; new designs and materials are being developed all the time.
Mobile Cover Painting Ideas
If you want to know how to start a phone case business in India and be successful in it, then you need to know the basic ideas that are used in mobile case printing business in general. Here are some ideas to design your own customized mobile cover in India:
Abstract art is a type of art that does not depict natural objects but instead employs colours, shapes, and textures to create a visually appealing composition. Use bright colours and aggressive brushstrokes to create an abstract design that is unique and eye-catching. Use this abstract ideas as back cover design ideas for custom mobile covers.
Nature-inspired designs incorporate colours and pictures from nature, such as flowers, leaves, or animals, to produce a natural and organic appearance. These patterns might be simple or complex, with components such as leaves, flowers, or birds.
Pop art is a type of art that arose in the 1950s and is distinguished by bright colours and basic shapes. Use vibrant colours and basic forms to create a pop art-inspired design while painting a mobile cover.
Typography is the art of arranging type in order to make written language legible, readable, and visually appealing. Use different fonts and text to create a design that spells out a quotation, term, or name while painting a mobile cover.
Watercolor is a painting technique in which pigments are suspended in a water-soluble medium.
Use watercolour paints to produce a smooth, dreamy appearance while painting a mobile cover.
These are images that have sentimental importance; they could be of a family member, a pet, or a beloved area. Make a phone case out of a personal photo or an image that has sentimental meaning while painting a mobile cover. Use platforms like Blinkstore to generate such high quality image products.
Black and white
Black and white are the absence and presence of all colours, respectively. Use black and white colours to create a minimalist and classy look while painting a mobile cover.
These are just a few of the many mobile cover ideas to get you started. Initially, you can imply these ideas to your design to start your business.
Starting a phone case business in 7 Steps (mobile phone cases)
If you are looking at how to start a phone case business in India, you need to follow these 7 steps to become successful in the mobile case printing business.
Determine your niche
Determine the types of phone cases you want to sell, such as clear cases, silicone cases, or premium cases. Identifying your specialty can help you focus your efforts and target your marketing efforts to the correct audience to be successful in mobile case printing business.
Examine your competition
Investigate the competition in your area to see what sorts of phone cases are already available and what gaps in the market you can fill. Try using different keyword planner tools to understand which type of mobile cases are in demand and you can create print on demand phone cases based on that.
Find a wholesale source or mobile cover printing partner
Look for a wholesale provider of phone cases. Look for phone case business supplies from reputed suppliers who uses phone case making machine to make high quality covers. Look for phone case making supplies with a diverse product offering and a solid reputation for quality and customer service.
Create an online store
To sell your phone cases, create an e-commerce website or utilise a platform like Blinkstore. In just few clicks, you can setup your own online store without any investment and list your design and products there. For paid website builder tools you can check out SquareSpace.
Develop a marketing strategy
Create a marketing strategy that combines social media, influencer marketing, and advertising campaigns. Make use of these tactics to market your company and attract new customers.
Legal and monetary
Register your company and receive the required GST Number. Create a system for tracking your finances and taxes.
Analyze your firm on a regular basis and make improvements as needed to increase sales and profitability. To stay ahead of trends, keep an eye on the industry and your competition and adapt your plan as needed.
How do I start a mobile case business?
If you want to start mobile case printing business, then you need to follow the following steps:
1. Determine your niche and examine your competition
2. Find a wholesale source
3. Create an online store using Blinkstore
4. Develop a marketing strategy
5. Look for the feedback and act accordingly.
Is a phone case business profitable in India?
A mobile case printing business can be profitable in India, as there is a growing demand for mobile phone accessories in the country, with a population of over 1.3 billion people and a rapidly growing middle class. Is phone case business profitable? Yes, with right designs and marketing you can build a profitable phone case business in India.
How much does it cost to start a custom phone case business?
With Blinkstore, you can start a custom phone or mobile case printing business with zero investment.
How do I start my own phone case business?
With Blinkstore, you can create your own free online store and start listing your designs on phone cases and start selling immediately without any investment.
Finally, beginning a mobile case business in India can be a terrific way to capitalise on the country's expanding need for mobile phone accessories. The market for phone cases in India is wide and diverse, and a phone case business can be profitable with proper planning and execution. To launch a successful phone case business in India, it's important to identify a niche. You can also save this blog as a PDF for a phone case business plan pdf.
It's also critical to think about the legal and financial sides of beginning a business, as well as having a system in place for inventory management, customer service, packaging, and shipping. It is also critical to constantly design, develop and adapt to shifting industry trends and consumer preferences.


text: ||Abstract In the study of animal emotions, emotional valence has been found to be difficult to measure. Many studies of farm animals' emotions have therefore focussed on the identification of indicators of strong, mainly negative, emotions. However, subtle variations in emotional valence, such as those caused by rather moderate differences in husbandry conditions, may also affect animals' mood and welfare when such variations occur consistently. In this study, we investigated whether repeated moderate aversive or rewarding events could lead to measurable differences in emotional valence in young, weaned pigs. We conditioned 105 female pigs in a test arena to either a repeated startling procedure (sudden noises or appearances of objects) or a repeated rewarding procedure (applesauce, toy and straw) over 11 sessions. Control pigs were also regularly exposed to the same test arena but without conditioning. Before and after conditioning, we measured heart rate and its variability as well as the behavioural reactions of the subjects in the test arena, with a special focus on detailed acoustic analyses of their vocalisations. The behavioural and heart rate measures were analysed as changes compared to the baseline values before conditioning. A limited number of the putative indicators of emotional valence were affected by the conditioning. We found that the negatively conditioned pigs showed changes that were significantly different from those in control pigs, namely a decrease in locomotion and an increase in standing. The positively conditioned pigs, however, showed a stronger increase in heart rate and a smaller decrease in SDNN (a heart rate variability parameter indicating changes in autonomic regulation) compared to the controls. Compared to the negatively conditioned pigs, the positively conditioned pigs produced fewer vocalisations overall as well as fewer low-frequency grunts but more high-frequency grunts. The low-frequency grunts of the negatively conditioned pigs also showed lower frequency parameters (bandwidth, maximum frequency, 25% and 50% quartiles) compared to those of the positively conditioned pigs. In any of the statistically significant results, the conditioning accounted for 1.5–11.9% of variability in the outcome variable. Hence, we conclude that repeated moderate aversive and rewarding events have weak but measurable effects on some aspects of behaviour and physiology in young pigs, possibly indicating changes in emotional valence, which could ultimately affect their welfare. The combination of ethophysiological indicators, i.e., the concurrent examination of heart rate measures, behavioural responses and especially vocalisation patterns, as used in the current study, might be a useful way of examining subtle effects on emotional valence in further studies.


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Analysis on Structural & Material Waterproof
Dec 22, 2020
Technical Analysis on Structural & Material Waterproofing of outdoor LED Lights
About material waterproofing
Material waterproof design of lamps, the use of filler filling glue to insulate waterproof, the use of sealant bonding between the closed structure between the seams, so that electrical components are completely airtight, to achieve the role of outdoor lamp waterproofing.
1) Fill the glue
With the development of waterproof material technology, various types and brands of lamp-specific potted glue constantly appear, for example, modified epoxy resin, modified polyurethane resin, modified silicone and so on. The chemical formula is different, the elasticity, molecular structure stability, adhesion, anti-uV, heat resistance, low temperature resistance, water repugnance, insulation performance and other physical and chemical performance indicators are different.
Elasticity: the collate is soft, the elastic module is small, then the adaptability is better. Among them, modified silicone elastic module is the smallest.
Molecular structure stability: Under the long-term action of UV, air and high and low temperature, the chemical structure of the material is stable, not aging and not cracking. Among them, modified silicone is the most stable.
Adhesion: strong adhesion is not easy to peel, of which modified epoxy resin adhesion is the strongest, but the chemical structure stability is poor, easy to aging cracking.
Water repugnant: indicates the collage's ability to resist water seepage. Among them, modified silicone silicone water repugnant is better.
Insulation: insulation related to product safety indicators, the above several materials of special filling glue are good materials of special potted glue are good.
From the above comprehensive physicolic performance, the performance of modified silicone materials is the best.
2) Seal the adhesive
Sealants are usually tying packaging, suitable for adhesive construction, generally used for wire ends, shell structural parts indirect seam bonding and sealing. Commonly used single-group dispenser, at room temperature and air vapor reaction, natural solidification.
Special attention: some lamp production plants use building neutral curtain wall glue, rather than professional electronic sealant, easy to break down harmful substances, damage lamps.
Certain types of potting gels and sealants in the gel process, will break down a small amount of chemical liquid or gas, such as the lamp beads next to the colloidal decomposition of the lamp beads damage to the lamp beads fluorescent powder, resulting in color temperature drift, or infringe led chip, or decomposition with transparent PC plastic chemical reaction, damage to the PC structure of the substance, and so on. This is a potential hazard in collate applications and must be designed with the colleant manufacturer fully understood of its chemical and physical properties and tested for verification.
Sealant in the lamp shell structure of the bonding seal, the most affected by heat expansion cold shrinkage, especially large lamps, different materials of the line expansion coefficient difference is large, hot expansion cold shrink constantly pulled, very easy to appear cracks. Therefore, the waterproofing ability of the material waterproof design mainly depends on the circuit board filling.
Material waterproof production process is long, 1 irrigation gel solidification cycle needs 24 h, some product design is more complex, even need 2 to 3 irrigation cycle, resulting in a longer shipping cycle, a large number of occupation of production sites, and the production environment is dirty. After colloidal solidification, the product repair is very troublesome.
The structural design of the material waterproof lamp does not need to be too precise, as long as the design reserves the collage potted area, the liquid does not leak, its waterproof performance is very intuitive. Therefore, the material waterproofing process is more suitable for small outdoor lamps, indoor moisture-proof lamps. It is commonly used in low-end and inexpensive public-mode products. Such as soft light belt, small bar lamps, buried lights and other small lamps.
In sum, whether the structure is waterproof or the material is waterproof, for outdoor lamps long-term work stability, low failure rate needs, a single waterproof design is difficult to achieve very high reliability, the potential hidden dangers of water seepage still exist.
Therefore, the design of high-end outdoor LED luminaires, it is recommended to use waterproof technology flexibly, the structural waterproofing and material waterproofing technology to combine the advantages of long-term and short,to ensure the long-term stability of LED circuit work. If the material waterproof design, can be added to the respirator to eliminate negative pressure. And the structure waterproof design, can also consider increasing potted, double waterproof protection, improve the stability of long-term use of outdoor lamps, reduce the rate of moisture failure.


Leah MacRae meets Drama Workshop students with Learning Disabilities.
Actress Leah MacRae
Actress Leah MacRae
Actress Leah MacRae, known for her role in successful Scottish show River City as Ellie Mclean, visited a drama workshop by CKUK, involving people with learning disabilities.
CKUK, or Common Knowledge United Kingdom, is a Glasgow based organization that reaches out to people with learning disabilities with a strong conviction that such people 'deserve better' opportunities.
They believe that people with learning disabilities need more skill sets so that they too can pursue their personal interests and talents.
Along with this, CKUK also addresses a number of varied social issues, that range from autism-related bullying, dealing with internet and associated safety issues, work as well as sexual health.
Learning disability is a major aspect of neurobehavioral disorders like Autism. People with mild to severe Autism often suffer from learning disabilities that greatly inhibit the process of social integration as well employment readiness in their adult lives.
In recent times, though, it has been observed that it is more beneficial to harness the specific skills of people dealing with Autism than trying to push them to emulate normal life and work.
Leah MacRae in CKUK with Autistic Adults
Leah MacRae enjoying her time at CKUK with people having Learning Disabilities and Autism
Leah MacRae, who is known for the diverse characters she has played over the years, understands the struggle of people with learning issues, because, her aunt had a similar disability.
Others under-estimate people with learning difficulties. But, my aunt had learning difficulties and, therefore, I don't. It's just ignorance stemming from lack of social awareness really" she explained. One cannot agree more, for it has been repeatedly seen how people with behavioral disorders are at times much more productive than the most normal individual when they are given a job suited to their respective skills.
Common Knowledge has received grants from Comic Relief that helped greatly in arranging the drama workshops for the over 16s with disabilities.
As the River City star watched, the group performed physical warm-ups, rehearsals, and vocal trainings just like any other theatre group.
One of the members, Wesley Greer, opened up about how a motivating workshop like this altered his outlook and helped build his confidence. He had been diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome when he was just six years old and needless to point out that his life had not been a cakewalk.
Because of the Asperger's, Greer also suffered from severe anxiety issues, which hampered his social life and his self-belief resulting in his confidence taking a downwards dip.
However, being associated with CKUK and taking part in drama workshops, meeting people like him, making friends and getting to know people who do not judge his inabilities, has added a significant positive impact on his outlook.
Wesley Greer happily agrees that"It's helped me to build my confidence and work with others less fortunate than me", adding that, "This took me out of my comfort zone".
The drama group is the first of its kind that strives to understand people with learning difficulties and believes that there are a lot of other opportunities outside the regular school education system.
Leah MacRae's involvement definitely added to their efforts. MacRae is a hugely popular actress and her presence among these students and participants gave then that extra shot of confidence which they tremendously need.
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text: The Cable Glands are also popular as mechanical cable entry tools, which are utilized in concurrence with cable as well as wiring for automation systems, data & telecoms, electrical, instrumentation, lighting, power etc. The main task of the these products is work as an effective terminating and sealing devices, which can ensure the protection of various electrical enclosures. Cable Glands can exclude dust & moisture and also ensure environmental protection. Their holding power ensure high levels of pull out resistance. They exhibit optimum resistance against rusting, oxidation and distortion that lead to damage.


the time specified. If 15 work units were to be released over a 60-second period, the library would release one every four seconds.
Whether you're using count-based or load-based distribution, the drain process is the same. Ordasity makes a list of work units to unclaim, then paces their release over the configured drain time.
Draining is especially useful for scheduled maintenance and deploys. Ordasity exposes a "shutdown" method via JMX. When invoked, the node will set its status to "Draining," cease claiming new work, and release all existing work to other nodes in the cluster over the configured interval before exiting the cluster.
When Handoff is enabled, Ordasity will allow another node to begin processing for a work unit before the former owner shuts it down. This eliminates the very brief gap between one node releasing and another node claiming a work unit. Handoff ensures that at any point, a work unit is being served.
To enable it, just turn it on in your ClusterConfig:
 val clusterConfig = new ClusterConfig("localhost:2181").
 setHandoffShutdownDelay(10) // Seconds
The handoff process is fairly straightforward. When a node has decided to release a work unit (either due to a rebalance or because it is being drained for shutdown), it creates an entry in Zookeeper at /service-name/handoff-requests. Following their count-based or load-based claiming policies, other nodes will claim the work being handed off by creating an entry at /service-name/handoff-results.
When a node has successfully accepted handoff by creating this entry, the new owner will begin work. The successful "handoff-results" entry signals to the original owner that handoff has occurred and that it is free to cease processing after a configurable overlap (default: 10 seconds). After this time, Ordasity will call the "shutdownWork" method on your listener.
Registering work units
Work units are registered by creating ZooKeeper nodes under /work-units. (If you have set Cluster.workUnitName to a custom value then this ZooKeeper path will change accordingly.)
The name of the work unit is the same as the name of the ZooKeeper node. So, for example to create 3 work units called "a", "b", and "c", your ZK directory should look like this:
Any String that is a valid ZK node name can be used as a work unit name. This is the string that is passed to your ClusterListener methods.
The ZK node data must be a JSON-encoded Map[String, String]. This may be simply an empty map ({}), or you may want to include information about the work unit, for use by your cluster nodes.
Note that Ordasity does not pass the ZK node data to your ClusterListener, so you will have to retrieve it yourself using the ZK client. It also does not provide a helper to deserialize the JSON string.
The ZK node data can also be used for pegging work units to specific nodes.
To do this, include a key-value pair of the form "servicename": "nodeId" in the JSON map.
Here servicename is the name of the cluster, as specified in Cluster's constructor, and nodeId is the unique ID of a node, as set in ClusterConfig.
For example to peg a work unit to Node node123 in cluster mycluster, set the ZK node's data to {"mycluster": "node123"}.
Wrapping Up
So, that's Ordasity! We hope you enjoy using it to build reliable distributed services quickly.
If you have any questions, please feel free to shoot us an e-mail or get in touch on Twitter.
Bug Reports and Contributions
Think you've found a bug? Sorry about that. Please open an issue on GitHub and we'll check it out as soon as possible.
Want to contribute to Ordasity? Awesome! Fork the repo, make your changes, and issue a pull request. Please make effort to keep commits small, clean, and confined to specific changes. If you'd like to propose a new feature, give us a heads-up by getting in touch beforehand. We'd like to talk with you.
Something went wrong with that request. Please try again.


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Tata Sky makes Classroom service available for free to all subscribers
Mumbai: COVID-19 has brought about a significant disruption when it comes to classroom learning and education, thereby necessitating the need for virtual learning to be a part of the new normal. In order to adequately equip students across India, Tata Sky, India's leading content distribution and Pay-TV platform, is now providing free unrestricted access to educational content on TV through the Tata Sky Classroom service. This service is powered by Tata ClassEdge, a pioneer in digital education, will help students across India gain access to learning through just the click of a button on their TV remote.
Commenting on the announcement, Pallavi Puri, Chief Commercial and Content officer, Tata Sky, said, "Online education in India is currently beset by several challenges, prime amongst them being the lack of adequate infrastructure. With Tata Sky's vast reach, millions of children will get access to quality education for free via their television sets. The service is mapped with children's CBSE school syllabus and offers concept learning videos, delivered in an interesting story led format."
Characterized and enabled by an engaging, interactive learning process, the service is targeted towards improving the digital learning scenario in Tier 2, 3 & 4 cities. Tata Sky Classroom enables immense flexibility to students in far off and remote areas to access quality education via the TV without any hassle thereby saving money, time and energy.
Focusing on concept learning, Tata Sky Classroom enables students to strengthen their core understanding of the fundaments of Science & Maths via fun & engaging animated concept learning videos. The service available in both Hindi and English offers curriculum-based content for students from class 5th to 8th in Maths and Science. Apart from video lessons, students can also avail of fun curriculum-based games, full length practice tests and sample papers with answers to help reinforce their learning from the videos.


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Math sessions are in a 1:1 ratio. We will determine a specific math plan for each student after assessment, reviewing and teaching math concepts for Common Core. The Fall Math Academy program is August 28th to December 14th. Students attend two or three times a week depending on their needs. This support includes academic tracking and integrates weekly homework assignments. The Math Academy is $280.00 per month for those who qualify.
"Gateway has been the greatest source of support for helping my son improve with math. They have been able to identify his needs, and give him strategies that work in the classroom"


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There are going to be two relays the ECM relay is what sends power to the coils in the pump relay. When you first turn the key on can you hear the relays latch in (click)?
Also you need to do a voltage check at the relays if you have voltage coming out of the relays check for it at the inertia switch then at the tank selector switch then at the pumps to see where you are loosing it at. Or you can start at the pumps and work you way back to the pump fuse checking for voltage.
Just remember you should only have power to the pumps for a couple of seconds when the key is first turned on. But you can put a jumper wire to ground on the data test plug to put constant power to the pumps to do the voltage checks


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Definitions of indifference
n. - The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2
n. - Passableness; mediocrity. 2
n. - Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. 2
n. - Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs. 2
The word "indifference" uses 12 letters: C D E E E F F I I N N R.
No direct anagrams for indifference found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after indifference (in bold), or to cdeeeffiinnr in any order:
s - indifferences
All words formed from indifference by changing one letter
Browse words starting with indifference by next letter


Shadows, Slicksters, and Soothsayers: Physicians in Canadian Poetry
That physicians are scientists is rarely questioned. One might expect, then, that doctors would be portrayed as such in Canadian poetry. However, when the author, a physician and poet herself, surveyed a sample of contemporary works, she found that doctors were rarely seen as scientists; instead, she groups their portrayals into three categories: shadows (physicians who appear as accidental tourists, or as manual labourers), slicksters (physicians doing the technical work of medicine, but also embodying the power struggles between doctor and patient), and soothsayers (physicians who divine some larger meaning about being human). Though this lack of physician-as-scientist imagery might exist because poets are generally less familiar with the workaday world of science than with the caring (or apparently not caring) aspects of physicianship, these portrayals suggest the world may view medicine as something emerging from science, but occupying a place closer to craftsmanship. I conclude with what this may mean for what patients want more of and less of from physicians.
This article "Shadows, Slicksters, and Soothsayers: Physicians in Canadian Poetry" originally appeared in Science & Canadian Literature. Spec. issue of Canadian Literature 221 (Summer 2014): 37-54.


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Chromatin nanofibre as a therapeutic cancer vaccine
38 months
Approved budget:
Dr Jeong Park
Health issue:
Inflammatory and immune system
Proposal type:
Explorer Grant
Lay summary
Diverse vaccines to prevent and treat diseases have been developed for several centuries using inactivated pathogens and pathogen-derived proteins. Two latest developments of vaccine technologies are using chemically defined peptide (peptide vaccine) or antigen-expressing DNA (DNA vaccine) as a vaccine component. By combining these two innovative approaches, we propose to develop a new fusion technology to prepare a tailored chromatin fibre vaccine in order to elicit specific immune responses to the selected antigens. The candidate peptides can be attached to the chromatin fibre in a manner that all antigenic peptides can be displayed on the surface. To examine the concept of custom-tailored chromatin vaccine, two peptides that arise from the most mutated cancer-causing gene will be assimilated to the chromatin fibre and used to raise an immune response in animal studies. Our studies will provide an innovative platform to develop diverse custom-tailored vaccines in the future.


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The Archaeology of Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia
Publication Year: 2005
A Dan Josselyn Memorial Publication
A 17th-century trading post and Indian town in central Georgia reveal evidence of culture contact and change.
Ocmulgee Old Fields near Macon, Georgia, is the site of a Lower Creek village and associated English trading house dating from the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was excavated in the early 1930s as part of a WPA project directed by A. R. Kelly, which focused primarily on the major Mississippian temple mounds of Macon Plateau. The specific data for the Old Fields was not analyzed until nearly 30 years after the excavation.
Part of the significance of this site lies in its secure identification with a known group of people and the linkage of those people with recognizable archaeological remains. The Old Fields site was among the very first for which this kind of identification was possible and stands at the head of a continuing tradition of historic sites archaeology in the Southeast.
Carol I. Mason's classic study of the Ocmulgee Old Fields site has been a model for contact-period Indian archaeology since the 1960s. The report includes a discussion of the historic setting and an analysis of the archaeological materials with an identification of the Lower Creek town and possibly of the English trader who lived there. Now, for the first time, the original report is widely available in book form. With a new foreword by the author and a new introduction from Southeastern archaeology expert Marvin T. Smith, readers have the benefit of a contemporary view of this very fine piece of careful scholarship.
Carol I. Mason is Adjunct Professor of Archaeology at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, and author of Wisconsin Indians: Prehistory to Statehood. Marvin T. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at Valdosta State University and author of Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom.
"This volume is valuable as a landmark in Southeastern research. It is somewhat outdated in its archaeological comparisons, but it is an excellent source for site findings and historical documentation.... The book provides greater insight into more current documents on the topic of these early relationships between the Old and New Worlds in the Southeast. It is a starting point from which to move forward and is valuable as a catalyst for future research."—Southeastern Archaeology
" Mason's work presents the analysis and interpretation of a large body of material excavated by Works Progress Administration archaeologists during the 1930s and, in this case, continued into the 1940s. Large-scale projects, undertaken by field crews numbering in the hundreds of workers, amassed quantities of artifactual material and supporting documentation. In many instances, substantial amounts of material remain unanalyzed and unreported to this day.... The Ocmulgee Old Fields site with its mix of indigenous and European people, local material culture and trade goods, and varied functions represents an opportunity to study the Lower Creeks between 1670 and 1717....I recommend (this volume) to all colleagues laboring to understand the early historic peiod in the Southeast."—The Florida Anthropologist
"A masterful blend of meticulous archaeological analysis and wide-ranging historical research... with extraordinary style and wisdom."—Journal of Field Archaeology
Published by: The University of Alabama Press
Download PDF (29.8 KB)
List of Plates, Tables, and Figures
Download PDF (50.3 KB)
Foreword by Marvin T. Smith
Download PDF (186.0 KB)
When I was asked to write the introduction to Carol Mason's "The Archaeology of Ocmulgee Old Fields, Macon, Georgia," I jumped at the chance. In my opinion, this volume is one of the most outstanding works to come out of the 1960s. In many ways, it was way ahead of contemporary archaeological studies of contact period archaeological sites, and it still provides...
Download PDF (42.9 KB)
Ocmulgee Old Fields near Macon, Georgia, is part of the multi-component, major Mississippian site of Macon Plateau. This great temple mound siteearly attracted archaeological attention, and the Lower Creek village and associated English trading house were but small parts of the large-scale excavations that took place there as part of public works following the Great...
Original 1963 Preface
Download PDF (59.0 KB)
During the years immediately following the depression of 1929, a numberof large archaeological sites were excavated with labor provided by government agencies. Some of these sites have yet to be written up and their datamade generally available; others have provided much of the backbone for archaeological interpretation in the Southeastern United States. The present...
Download PDF (82.4 KB)
In recent years, research in the early colonial history of the eastern United States has been receiving information from purely archaeological sources. Excavations at Jamestown (Cotter 1958), Williamsburg (Hume1958), Hopewell Iron Furnace (Mason 1958), and other early white settlements are contributing significantly to a more realistic and detailed picture...
1. The Historical Setting
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The brief thirty-year interval during which the Creek Indians and the Carolinian trading house shared the site at Macon is but one short scene in a long and complex series of events that moved inevitably toward the eventual displacement of the Indians. The principal actors in this scene were the Carolinian settlers and traders, whose dreams for commercial empire and...
Part I. Archaeological Evidence
2. Excavations at Ocmulgee
Download PDF (143.1 KB)
The trading house and the Creek town site at Ocmulgee National Monument in Macon, Georgia, are geographically part of the Macon Plateau, one of the most familiar and most excavated Mississippian sites in the southeastern United States (Kelly 1938; Fairbanks 1956a). Directly on the fall line, this large site overlooks the Ocmulgee River and the low plain that...
3. The Trading House
Download PDF (347.2 KB)
It has been common knowledge in the Macon area for many years that the Ocmulgee National Monument mound group was once an Indian town during the earliest days of white penetration into the Southeast. For many years, it has been customarily called the "Old Fields," a designation used by many white settlers as well as by the Indians to refer to a once-occupied...
4. The Lower Creek Town Site
Download PDF (696.3 KB)
The Lower Creek town that supplied the trading house with skins was one of eleven Indian towns settled on or near Ochese Creek after 1690. The land that was chosen for this particular village after its removal from the Chattahoochee River was already an "old fields" when the Lower Creeksarrived there; and in their legends, at least, they believed it to be the site of...
Download PDF (870.2 KB)
Because the Macon Plateau is a multi-component site with no really air-tight stratigraphic separation of cultures, it is often totally impossible to determine whether a given artifact belongs to the Lower Creek occupationor not. Only in the cases of pottery, a few other aboriginal tools and ornaments, and, of course, the articles brought into the town by trade can...
Part II. Archaeological and Historical Implications
6. Identification of the Creek Town
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There are two lines of evidence bearing on the identification of the specific Lower Creek town that occupied the Macon site during the tenure of the Lower Creeks on the Ocmulgee River. The first of these indicates that the town was Hitchiti Town, the head (and probably mother) town o fa number of Hitchiti-speaking settlements. In later years, at least, this group...
7. The Lower Creeks and Their Neighbors
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For a number of years, attempts have been made to reconcile the succession of archaeological cultures in Georgia and Alabama, particularly as it is expressed in ceramic traditions, with the various modern Indian groups that lived in those two states at the time of European contact. The two main, and also conflicting, points of view on this matter involve the...
8. The Origins of Lower Creek Ceramics
Download PDF (343.4 KB)
Combining historic information on the Lower Creeks with data from the areas of their supposed prehistoric residence is anything but a simple exercise in archaeological correlation. Tracing the roots of Lower Creek ceramics into the prehistoric past has always foundered on the total lack of demonstrably precontact sites bearing pottery recognizable as Lower Creek...
Download PDF (80.4 KB)
The Lower Creek town and Carolinian trading house at Ocmulgee National Monument are together representative of an important juncture both in English colonial history and in Creek archaeology. The establishment of Charles Town and the first attempts at English colonization in Carolina stood for a while on a precarious footing. The spread of the Indian...
Appendix I. Catalogue Numbers of Illustrated Artifacts
Download PDF (48.5 KB)
Appendix II. Pottery Types
Download PDF (71.9 KB)
Download PDF (160.8 KB)
Download PDF (109.9 KB)
Page Count: 241
Publication Year: 2005


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Word Origin & History
O.E. cocc, O.Fr. coq, O.N. kokkr, all of echoic origin. O.E. cocc was a nickname for "one who strutted like a cock," thus a common term in the Middle Ages for a pert boy, used of scullions, apprentices, servants, etc. A common personal name till c.1500, it was affixed to Christian names as a pet diminutive,
cf. Wilcox, Hitchcock, etc. Slang sense of "penis" is attested since 1618 (but cf. pillicock "penis," from c.1300); cock-teaser is from 1891. A cocker spaniel (1823) was trained to start woodcocks. Cock-and-bull is first recorded 1621, perhaps an allusion to Aesop's fables, with their incredible talking animals, or to a particular story, now forgotten. French has parallel expression coq-à-l'âne.
in various mechanical senses, such as cock of a faucet (late 15c.) is of uncertain connection with cock
(n.1), but Ger. has hahn "hen" in many of the same senses. The cock of an old matchlock firearm is 1560s, hence half-cocked "with the cock lifted to the first catch, at which
position the trigger does not act."
seeming contradictory senses of "to stand up" (as in cock one's ear), c.1600, and "to bend" (1898) are from the two cock nouns. The first is probably in reference to the posture of the bird's head or tail, the second to the firearm position. To cock ones hat carries the notion of "defiant boastfulness"
also in M.E. cocken (c.1150) "to fight."


The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 25 C. How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually set to 15 psi. The boiling point of water increases when the water is placed under pressure.


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The United States counts the number of people living in the country every 10 years. This is called the census. In 1980, there were 511,546 people living in Vermont. The census shows that many people moved to Vermont in the 1970s. But Vermont was still a small state. Only Wyoming and Alaska had fewer people.
Burlington was the biggest city in Vermont. Burlington was almost twice as big as Rutland, the next biggest city. Use the census records to find out how many people lived in your town in 1980.
Some new Vermonters came to work at companies like IBM. Others came to Vermont for vacation or to ski. They liked Vermont and decided to move here. In the 1970s, some people came to Vermont to live on communes. These were places where groups of people lived together, often on old farms. Many of these people stayed in Vermont in the 1980s.
Families of others Vermonters had lived here for many generations. In the 1980s, Abenakis wanted the government to recognize their history and their rights. Chief Homer St. Francis believed in the right of Abenakis to fish in Vermont without a fishing license. The Vermont government did not always agree. By 2012, four bands of Abenaki have been officially recognized by the Vermont state government.
Madeleine Kunin was a famous Vermonter in the 1980s. She was born in Switzerland. Her family came to the United States when she was a child. She moved to Vermont to work at the Burlington Free Press. In 1984, Madeleine Kunin was elected as Vermont's first female governor. During her three terms, she helped make education in Vermont better.
Two other famous Vermonters in the 1980s were Ben & Jerry. Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were both born in New York. They came to Vermont in 1978 to make and sell ice cream. The first "Ben & Jerry's" shop was in an old gas station in Burlington. Their ice cream became famous. And their company became known for using money to help the environment and encourage peace.
|A Generation Ago - Home||Land Use A Generation Ago|
Thinking about History
Can you be called a Vermonter if you were born somewhere else? Why or why not?
|Vermont Town Census Records|
|Hear Madeleine Kunin talk about politics
Those Who Served (Freedom & Unity link)
|Your State House: A Guide To the Legislative Process by Madeleine Kunin (PDF)|
|Nulhegan Abenaki website (outside link)|


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East Bend Elementary students found themselves trying to escape from a smoky house using fire skills instilled in them throughout the years on Oct. 10.
The East Bend Volunteer Fire Department held its annual fire safety event for East Bend Elementary students throughout the day.
"The purpose of this program is to instill into them the fire safety," said Ronnie Boles, East Bend Volunteer Fire Department Fire Chief. "Most of these kids have been through this program ever since pre-school and we run every grade level through every year."
Depending on their grade level, students were given a tour of the fire department starting with the fire truck, then the turnout gear that every fire fighter must wear, a video on the fires that East Bend fire fighters have found themselves in and finally the smoke house.
The smoke house is a mobile trailer that simulates a house for the students. In each room fire fighters talk with children about potential fire hazards that they may find around their house and how to prevent them if they see them. The tour takes them through a living room setting, a kitchen setting and a bedroom setting.
"The fire safety trailer is to show them different rooms and things that they can look for to prevent stuff," Boles said. "If they can prevent it before it gets started then that is huge for us."
First grade and forward were allowed to participate in the smoke room which simulates a fire situation and has the children practicing an escape.
"With the pre-school classes we start out real basic," Boles said. "We'll go through some basic things that we feel like that they can absorb. We don't put them through any smoke or any situations that would make them really nervous. As they get older we add more to it.'
Boles said that the program continues to go more in depth as the kids get older. He says that they try to incorporate things the students may be learning in the classroom and tie it back to what fire fighters do in their job.
"We try to sprinkle in stuff that interests them along with the education," Boles said. "As the kids get older they need to learn more about math and reading and those kinds of things. We try to teach them that just to be a fireman you have to learn to read and you have to learn math. We hope that makes them more interested to learn about those things in the classroom. We ask them questions and we let them respond back to us and then we know how far in depth we need to go with it."
Boles said that he has the benefit of having a child who is a student at East Bend Elementary and so he goes to him on guidance for what the kids want to learn and what activities would be most interesting to them.
"I pick his brain a little bit to see what they want to see," Boles said. "This is the educational part that I want them to have. When I ask him what he would want to see he always tells me things like the trucks, our gear and that they want to see what our job is. Those are the things that interest them."
Boles said that East Bend shares its fires safety smoke house with other schools in the area once they complete their program at East Bend. The trailer was purchased used seven years ago. Today they can take it to surrounding fire departments and allow them to train their local students in fire safety.
"When we purchased it we took it to these other locations and we trained the other fire departments with it so that we don't have to be there," Boles said. "We can just drop it off and leave it. That way the kids at Forbush Elementary School are seeing the guys from the Forbush Fire Department. They can start putting names with faces and start getting to know each other."
Boles said that this year's fire safety theme is "know two ways out." The theme is decided each year by the National Fire Protection Agency.
"We base a lot of our education on what theme they decide to set," Boles said. "They take the data from when the fire departments file reports and they compile a report for the whole nation and they see where the focus needs to be based on what kind of calls the departments have been responding to the most."
Boles said that the fire safety event would not be possible without the help of his volunteers who are dedicated to giving their time to make sure that children and their family are safer.
"Every one of these guys have jobs that they had to take a vacation day from in order to be here," Boles said. "We couldn't hold this event without these guys who are willing to give their time. We have a really great group of volunteers here."
Reach Lindsay Craven at _PHONE_ or at _EMAIL_.


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The research is on assets of revaluation and assessment of borrowing capacity for selected banks in Nigeria. The study proposes that asset valuation occurs to signal available borrowing capacity via increase in collateral values and the time of increase in secured debt that the economic benefit associate with an asset revaluation will be greatest for banks when they are experiencing time of declining cash flows from operations. The study also looks at whether the incidence of valuation coincides with increase in level of secured borrowing due to the lenders demand for current value of assets offered as collaterals. Results there is significant difference between methods of valuations and declining cash flows experience from operating activities of banks. The evidence also indicate that there significant difference between asset revaluation and borrowing capacity by banks. Based on this findings, the researcher believes that there are adequate legal regulations to curtail indiscriminate assets revaluations by firms, and also assets value of a firm is the most important determinant of its borrowing capacity. Finally, assets revaluations performed by independence valuer is more reliable than that performed by the directors of the firm.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Approval Page iii
Table of Contents viii
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: Literature Review 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Revaluation of Fixed Asset 11
2.3 Reasons for Revaluation 11
2.4 Methods of Revaluation of Fixed Assets 13
2.5 Determinants of Borrowing Capacity 15
2.6 Assessing Financial Needs 17
2.7 Importance of Bank Lending 19
2.8 Regulation of Bank Lending in Nigeria 22
2.9 Repayment of the Advance 24
Chapter Three: Research Method and Design 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Research Design 25
3.3 Description of Population of the Study 25
3.4 Sample Size 26
3.5 Sampling Techniques 26
3.6 Sources of Data Collection 26
3.7 Method of Data Presentation 27
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 27
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis and
4.1 Introduction 29
4.2 Presentation of Data 29
4.3 Data Analysis 30
4.4 Hypotheses Testing 40
Chapter Five: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and
5.1 Introduction 48
5.2 Summary of Findings 48
5.3 Conclusion 49
5.4 Recommendations 49
Appendix I 52
Appendix II 53
Background of the Study
Asset valuation has always been a major subject of studies accounting standards, as the issue is closely related to measurement and disclosure of corporate income. Prior research has found support for contracting, political cost and information asymmetry explanations for management's decision to revalue non-current assets (Cotter & Zimmer, 2005). They further argued that the economic benefits associated with asset revaluation by firms are greatest for such firms when they are experiencing times of declining cash flows from operations.
Evidence also indicates that firms are more likely to record re asset revelation when they intend increasing their secured borrowings and that most non-year-end revaluations emanate directly from contracting with lenders (Cotter & Zimmer, 2005).
According to Osanyame (2006), when a request for, a loan is received, it is important to ascertain the credit worthiness of the borrower, i.e. the firm memorandum and articles of association need to be pursued to see if there is any precluding clauses or limitations on borrowing. The importance of this examination has been covered in law relating to banking in which a banker has to be knowledgeable.
The failure by banks in the assessment of the borrowing capacity of firms have been a major stumbling block for the industry. Many banks have work under, due to this singular act which leads to the granting of loans to firms disgusting their financial reports with grand figures of revalued asset so as to increase their borrowing capacity.
The banking sector of the Nigeria economy has witnessed many banks going under most of which has been their inability to recoup loans borrowed to firms and interest from such.
The proper assessment of the borrowing capacity of firms need to be ascertained by banks, bearing in minds the revalued figures of the assets stated in the financial reports and their actual current market values.
1.2 Statement of Problem
It has often been argued that, in order to continually uphold the issue of reliability and relevance, the financial statement must show the true financial position of an entity. In a bid to ensure that these characteristics are achieved, the need for revaluation of assets became necessary. Also, the value of assets available tends to affect the borrowing capacity f firms.
1.3 Research Questions
The following are the research questions of the study;
i. Do firms undertaking asset revaluation most likely to experience decline in cashflow operation than firms that do not revalue?
ii. How does the revaluation of assets undertaken with the main aim of boosting the firm borrowing capacity?
iii. Is there adequate legal regulation to curtail indiscriminate asset revaluation by firms?
iv. How is the asset value of a firm the most important determinant of its borrowing capacity?
v. To what extent is the assets revaluation performed by independent value reliable than the performance by directors?
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are stated below;
i. To ascertain if the firms undertaking asset revaluation most likely to experience decline in cashflow operation than firms that do not revalue.
ii. To ascertain if the revaluation of assets is the main aim of boosting the firm borrowing capacity.
iii. To examine if there is adequate legal regulation to curtail indiscrimination of asset revaluation by firms.
iv. To ascertain if the asset value of a firm the most important determinant of its borrowing capacity.
v. To determine to what extent the assets revaluation performed by independent value reliable than the performance by directors.
1.5 Statement of Hypothesis
HO: Firms undertaking asset revaluation are not likely to be experiencing declining cashflow operation than firms that do not revalue.
HI: Firms undertaking asset revaluation are likely to be experiencing declining cashflow operation that firms that do not revalue.
HO: The revaluation of assets is not undertaken with the main aim of boosting the firm borrowing capacity.
HI: The revaluation of assets is undertaken with the main aim of boosting the firm borrowing capacity.
HO: There is no adequate legal regulation to curtail indiscriminate asset revaluation by firms.
HI: There is adequate legal regulation to curtail indiscriminate asset revaluation by firms.
HO: Asset value of a firm is not the most important determinant of its borrowing capacity.
HI: Asset value of a firm is the most important determinant of its borrowing capacity.
HO: Assets revaluation performed by independent value are not reliable than the performance by directors.
HI: Assets revaluation performed by independent value are reliable than the performance by directors.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work will be paramount use to the following groups:
Lenders: The research work centers are how assets revaluation affects the borrowing capacity of firm. It seeks to unveil the critical avenue through which assets revaluation tends to affect the borrowing capacity of a firm. It explains the need for lenders to further assess the cash flow from operating activities in analyzing the borrowing capacity of firms.
Business organization: Due to the sensitive nature of assets revaluation, it is necessary or firms to understand the underlying mechanism for assets revaluation, it timing, benefits and problems. This research work, thus provides a rich source of such information. It also brings to the awareness of business organization. The legal regulations put to prevent indiscriminate revaluation by management.
Shareholders/Stakeholders: Business organizations are managed on behalf of its shareholders/stakeholders. The separation of ownership and control of business organization necessitates the need to put in place mechanism to mitigate. Incentive problems and conflicts interest between owners and managers of Business organization. The shareholders are therefore required to have a balanced understanding of the concept of assets revaluation as its affects the borrowing capacity of the firm. The reason is that, reserve.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The concept of assets revaluation is of universal importance to both the accounting field and other social science courses, Its effects on the firm's financial position and ability to obtain debt financial (financial leverage) makes on issue that cannot be neglected.
This research work is designed to explain the concept of assets revaluation and assessment of borrowing capacity (the need for assets revaluation,, the types of revaluation-their benefit and setback, the legal and other regulations governing assets revaluation, the factors affecting asset revaluation and assessment of borrowing capacity and the effect of financial leverage and cash flow on the borrowing capacity of a firm.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
The major limitation of this study is the constraint of time and finance as the study was conducted amidst tight schedule of both strict budget and time constrains in which many wants compete for limited resources.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Asset Valuation: An asset valuation shows that estimating market value of a financial asset or liability.
Borrowing Capacity: The ability of a firm to borrow funds and pay back such at the stipulated time with interest without experiencing any decline in cash flow.
Safety: This shows the bank consideration of its lending decision.
Liquidity: Is the ability of the organization to meet short term maturity obligations.
Fair Market Value: Is the cash price an item would sell for between a willing buyer and willing seller assuming they both have knowledge of the relevant facts and they have no compulsion to buy or sell.
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-29.985 I 6.015
Now determine the direction in which you'd have to move the center point of the 3D image to align it with the 2D image. For our tutorial image, we need to make the following changes: 6.88 R, 0.504 P, 6.015 I. This should be relatively straightforward from an examination of the landmark coordinates for the two images and the differences between them.
Finally, make appropriate additions and subtractions from the current center points (see Centering above)
For the tutorial data:
X: (A-P) _PHONE_-0.504=_PHONE_
Y: (S-I) _PHONE_-6.015=_PHONE_
Z: (L-R) 96.45-6.88=89.57
To make the actual changes as calculated, use 3drefit. Here is the command you'll want to enter for the tutorial data:
>3drefit -xorigin _PHONE_ -yorigin _PHONE_ -zorigin 89.57 brain3d+orig.BRIK
Sometimes this takes a few tries to get it right. You should end up being able to move the crosshairs around on the two images and get similar xyz coordinates.


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An Ultimate Guide On How To Remove Laminate Backsplash
Laminate Backsplash is one of the interior magic today. It is used on countertops, cabinets, and you name it. It is used to protect the walls and provide an excellent touch on the countertops and the cabinets. Just a few necessary procedures and you have yourself a laminate backsplash. Placing the laminate, then paint and then smoothening the laminate. Easy right? But what happens when you want to remove the laminate backsplash? How do you go about it?
Many at times we are told on how to make the laminate backsplash, and how to create the laminate on the backsplash, but not correctly how to remove it. Removing it would mean an update to your kitchen and replacing the laminate is another step that is further from the process. The thing about laminate backsplash that makes it long lasting is the kind of glue that is used in the process, this glue type is very sticky, sturdy and so to say resists all the attempts made to remove it.
Removing laminate from a backsplash
Things you will need
- Putty knife
Guidelines on removing the laminate
- By using the tip of a putty knife, force it just behind the little metal strip, and this is at the top of the laminate backsplash. Further, ensure you twist the handle of the knife, and this process should just be slight to provide you open a small crack, and this between the laminate and the wall.
- Using acetone, ensure you inject just a small amount into the crack, then wait for approximately 3 minutes. This time taken is to provide that the glue softens. For the laminate pry it away from the wall, this should be just as far as it will go without resisting the pressure to break. Then after all this, inject more of the glue into the same crack, pump some to the right and some to the left, then wait for about 3 minutes.
- Using a sharp knife, side it more profound to the crack and make sure to pry the laminate out of the break. The blade should be slide to the right and also to the left, and this is just as the glue softens. Then inject in more of the acetone. The process of prying the knife from left to right should be continuous, and what this done is to ensure to free the backsplash from the wall, and this is all the way to the bottom.
- Using the tip of the knife, push the blade just under the small metal runner, and this is mainly found at the bottom, this is where the backsplash joins to the countertop, and this process only takes place if the laminate happens to be still stuck and won't come off.
- The last thing that is done is twisting the handle of the knife, and this is to ensure that the metal runner is lifted up and is also free from the backsplash and the metal runners that are found in the countertop. Once the laminate is seen to lift away from the countertop, ensure you use both your hands to pull it apart from the way, and this is all in one piece.
Acetone is also used in removing polish from the fingernail, in other words, it is used as a fingernail remover. When using acetone, ensure you use it to clean off any of the residual contact cement, and this is from the walls. It is also important to note that a usual laminate backsplash is removed with the use of metal runners, but another trimmer that could be used is the wood molding, and in this particular case, if your specific set has wood trim, it would be of importance if you just pry it off like you would that of the metal runners. When working with acetone, ensure you also work with eye protection.
It is also of importance to consider the laminate backsplash that goes just behind the wall cabinets, and this is particularly placed on only after the cabinets are installed. This covering is of importance because it provides an attractive background for the cabinets and ensures to give the walls an added protection advantage. Removing the laminate on the cabinets automatically means that the laminate backsplash of the walls has to be removed as well.
Things you will need
- Wood sticks
- Hand saw
- Cordless screw
- Putty knife
- Start by measuring the distance available between the countertops and the bottom of the cabinets, then cut the wood sticks to an absolute measurement of ¾ by 1 ½ inch, this is mainly using a hand saw.
- Ensure you place the wood props vertically and just under the first cabinet, then look at the insides of the cabinet. Further, locate all of the screws that secure the cabinets to the walls. Ensure you remove all of the bolts, except the particular one with the cordless screw gun, then pull out the props. With the cabinet braced with your shoulder remove the last bolt. You can then allow the assembly to slide down the wall and rest on the countertop. Ensure you repeat the process will all the cabinets in question.
- Using a putty knife, insert it behind the laminate, and this is precisely where the cabinets were removed. Then pry out the laminate slightly, ensure you inject acetone on the crack, then further slide the knife along the top of the laminate, and provide you insert acetone behind it.
- Use the knife to pry and glide, and this is just until the glue softens, as the laminate comes loose, continue with pulling it, using the back of your fingers, and subsequently inject more acetone deeper just as the laminate continues to pull free.
- Using the putty knife, ensure you scrape the residual glue from the wall. For about an hour, let the wall dry, and then sand it, then prepare the wall for the new laminate.
With this guide, you will easily remove laminate backsplash with minimal effort.


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Blue Accounting is focused on effectively leveraging and sustaining our primary asset – the world's largest freshwater system.
This requires an adaptive, issue-based process that links water-related management decisions and investments, in both public and private sectors, to desired environmental, economic and social outcomes. A holistic and connected process will help us improve economic efficiency, realize competitive advantage, assure water security and enhance quality of life.
The environmental and healthy aquatic ecosystem outcomes that Blue Accounting aims to achieve are:
- Functional nearshore and coastal processes
- Healthy, diverse and connected habitats
- Healthy and abundant wildlife
Our pilot issues are exploring ways to measure progress towards these environmental outcomes as well as social and economic outcomes. By taking this approach, we hope to develop a system where Great Lakes ecosystems, economies, and societies support one another.


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Credit: Illustration: Jeffrey Pelo
The annual National Public Works Week event—presented by the American Public Works Association—is designed to bring attention to the efforts of the people who maintain the nation's infrastructure.
The American Public Works Association (APWA) will lead the industry in celebrating National Public Works Week May 21–27.
The event—with the theme "Public Works: The Heart of Every Community"—is designed to raise awareness of public works issues and call attention to the efforts of the thousands of people who provide and maintain the nation's infrastructure and services. Established as a public education campaign by the association in 1960, the event calls attention to the importance of public works in everyday life. Over the years, observances have included parades, displays of public works equipment, high-school essay contests, open houses, programs for civic organizations, and media events.
The APWA offers a poster and other materials to aid departments in commemorating the event. For more information, visit _URL_.


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CodeFluent Entities provides model importer capabilities which allows you to create model from an existing database or from an existing model.
Don't forget that CodeFluent Entities is shipped with the following importers:
- Microsoft SQL Server importer,
- Microsoft SQL Server CE importer,
- Microsoft Access importer
Using the importer integrated into Visual Studio, you can create a CodeFluent Entities model from an existing database or a model such as Oracle Database or MySQL. Basically, instead of starting from scratch to design over your existing application, you can use the importer to parse your existing work and create your new model from what you already did.


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Providence Christian Academy is now offering a full time licensed preschool program. Three and four year old students will learn and grow while using a variety of creative learning centers, engaging in large and small group instruction, and spending one on one learning time with their teacher. Special area rotations will be offered, including music, STEM, and foreign language. Our Christ-centered learning environment will provide a safe and nurturing way to prepare your child for future educational experiences.
- What are the age requirements for Providence preschool?
- What are the start and end times of Providence preschool?
- What will my child learn in preschool? How will he/she be assessed?
- What will my child eat while they are at school?
- What should my child bring to preschool?
- What is the cost of preschool tuition at Providence Christian Academy?
- How do I reserve my child's space in Providence preschool?


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Voluntarily implemented carbon labels have shown that there is a lack of motivation by companies to develop technology to reduce carbon emissions. This study examined consumer values for mandatory carbon labels in South Korea. Considering the altruistic nature of carbon labels, we asked about individuals' perceptions about the impact of climate change on their personal lives to measure consumer preference for carbon labels. Significant preference for mandatory carbon labels reflected Koreans' high level of concern about climate change. As an increasing number of consumers feel the impact of climate change, the gap of WTPs between low carbon labels and carbon measured labels is sufficient. The lower value of low-carbon labels as compared to GM labels indicates that consumers' guilt is not an appropriate strategy with carbon labels.
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Bad Debt overpayments are created when a receipt (CFFRP) that has issued to the custodial person (CP) or non-custodial parent (NCP) is later removed from the case or moved to a different balance type. The most common reasons for bad debts include:
- IRS take-backs
- Insufficient funds or stop pay for payment
- Incorrect Family Group Number (FGN)
- Incorrect balances and/or balance types
There are five types of bad debts:
- CP Bad Debt: These occur when a IV-D receipt that was previously issued to a CP is adjusted.
- Non IV-D CP Bad Debt: These occur when a Non IV-D receipt that was previously issued to a CP is adjusted.
- Interstate Bad Debt: These occur when a receipt is adjusted that previously issued to another state.The three types of bad debts above could occur when a receipt is moved to another case or another CP, refunded to an NCP, retained for state reimbursement, or a check returned from a bank unpaid (e.g., stop pays, insufficient funds).
- Miscellaneous Bad Debt: Miscellaneous Bad Debts occur when an overpayment is created against a party other than the NCP, CP, or another state. For example, if CSS received funds from an employer in error and refunded it back to them, but the funds to Child Support Services (CSS) are later revoked for reasons such as NSF, Stop Pay, etc.
- NCP Bad Debt: These occur when an NCP has received an issuance to which they were not entitled.
- Refunding a tax payment and then receiving an IRS take-back on the same payment
- Refunding a payment to an NCP and later realizing that it should have been logged to a different NCP's case.
For bad debt overpayments, send a Finance Action Request to adjust the receipt and issue the funds to the correct party. When the receipt is adjusted, a Bad Debt is automatically created.


text: Foreign students are an economic asset to the American educational system. They also introduce a welcomed diversity to the lives of their peers. Students pursuing academic degrees are generally given F-1 visas. Those enrolled in vocational institutions receive M-1 visas. Spouses and children of these visa holders may be eligible for visas and entry for the same length of time as the student. Admission to the United States as an F-1 student will generally be for the amount of time they're pursuing a full course of study in any educational program. This time period will also include an additional 60 days to give the student time to leave the United States. An M-1 student will be admitted to the U-S for the period of time necessary to complete the course of study plus 30 days, or for a period of one year, whichever is less. Students who are part of an exchange program involving study, receive J-1 visas. Often, there's a two-year home residence requirement for anyone who's in the United States on a J-1 visa. This means that the student must return to his or her home country for at least two years before applying for a different immigration status in the United States. To obtain a student visa, you must first be accepted by an accredited institution, get an I-20-A-B form from the institution, and document your financial ability to attend the school without employment. There's a relatively complex set of rules which apply only to foreign students. These rules must be followed in order to maintain your status. Usually, your foreign student advisor at school can help you. For more information, contact an attorney qualified as a specialist, in this area of the law.


Volutevəl-YOOTPart of speech: nounOrigin: French, mid 16th century
1A spiral scroll characteristic of Ionic capitals and also used in Corinthian and composite capitals.2Forming a spiral curve or curves.
Examples of Volute in a sentence "Many Greek buildings are easily recognizable by the volute on the top of columns." "Both sea and land snails often have similarly volute shells."
* Can you see it? by Seth Godin
 _URL_ ]
Do you notice that you're dressed dramatically differently than everyone else at the event?
That you're driving at a different pace than everyone else?
That your question at the end of the talk lasted four times longer than anyone else's?
That your band's new single is half the volume of everything else that's being pitched to this program director?
That your code isn't commented and everyone else's is?
There's absolutely nothing wrong with being different from the crowd. In fact, it might be the ideal path forward. The problem begins when you don't see what's not matching up.
The best way to transform the path is to see the path first.
History doesn't always repeat itself, but it usually rhymes.
Sockdolagersahk-DOL-e-jərPart of speech: nounOrigin: American English, mid 19th century
1An exceptional person or thing.2A forceful blow.
Examples of Sockdolager in a sentence "All of the nominees tonight are well-accomplished sockdolagers." "The car door hit Randy with a sockdolager that knocked the wind out of him."
The universal forces of sound and rhythm enhance thought and feeling | Aeon Essays
Amid the chaos of being, Nietzsche believed that plants offer us inspiration for living | Aeon Videos


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How to Manipulate Files in R
Occasionally, you may want to write a script in R that will traverse a given folder and perform actions on all the data in the files or a subset of files in that folder.
To get a list of files in a specific folder, use list.files() or dir(). These two functions do exactly the same thing, but for backward-compatibility reasons, the same function has two names:
> list.files(file.path("F:", "git", "roxygen2")) "roxygen2" "roxygen2.Rcheck" "roxygen2_2.0.tar.gz" "roxygen2_2.1.tar.gz"
|Iist.files||Lists files in a directory.|
|list.dirs||Lists subdirectories of a directory.|
|file.exists||Tests whether a specific file exists in a location.|
|file.create||Creates a file.|
|file.remove||Deletes files (and directories in Unix operating systems).|
|tempfile||Returns a name for a temporary file. If you create a file — for example, with file.create() or write.table() using this returned name — R will create a file in a temporary folder.|
|tempdir||Returns the file path of a temporary folder on your file system.|
Next, you get to exercise all your knowledge about working with files. In the next example, you first create a temporary file, then save a copy of the iris data frame to this file. To test that the file is on disk, you then read the newly created file to a new variable and inspect this variable. Finally, you delete the temporary file from disk.
Start by using the tempfile() function to return a name to a character string with the name of a file in a temporary folder on your system:
> my.file <- tempfile() > my.file "C:\\Users\\Andrie\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\ RtmpGYeLTj\\file14d4366b6095"
Notice that the result is purely a character string, not a file. This file doesn't yet exist anywhere. Next, you save a copy of the data frame iris to my.file using the write.csv() function. Then use list.files() to see if R created the file:
> write.csv(iris, file=my.file) > list.files(tempdir()) "file14d4366b6095"
As you can see, R created the file. Now you can use read.csv() to import the data to a new variable called file.iris:
> file.iris <- read.csv(my.file)
Use str() to investigate the structure of file.iris. As expected file.iris is a data.frame of 150 observations and six variables. Six variables, you say? Yes, six, although the original iris only has five columns.
What happened here was that the default value of the argument row.names of read.csv() is row.names=TRUE. (You can confirm this by taking a close look at the Help for?read.csv().) So, R saved the original row names of iris to a new column called X:
> str(file.iris) 'data.frame': 150 obs. of 6 variables: $ X : int 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10... $ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9... $ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1... $ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5... $ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1... $ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1...
To leave your file system in its original order, you can use file.remove() to delete the temporary file:
> file.remove(my.file) > list.files(tempdir()) character(0)
As you can see, the result of list.files() is an empty character string, because the file no longer exists in that folder.


Full Text
fred dretske
Subject Philosophy » Epistemology
DOI: 10.1111/b.9780631192589.1993.x
There are various ways of classifying mental activities and states. One useful distinction is that between the propositional attitudes and everything else. A propositional attitude is one whose description takes a sentence as complement of the verb. Belief is a propositional attitude: one believes (truly or falsely as the case may be) that there are cookies in the jar. That there are cookies in the jar is the proposition expressed by the sentence following the verb. Knowing, judging, inferring, concluding and doubting are also propositional attitudes: one knows, judges, infers, concludes or doubts that a certain proposition (the one expressed by the sentential complement) is true. Though the propositions are not always explicit, hope, fear, expectation, intention and a great many other terms are also (usually) taken to describe propositional attitudes: one hopes that (is afraid that, etc.) there are cookies in the jar. Wanting a cookie is, or can be construed as, a propositional attitude: wanting that one have (or eat or whatever) a cookie. Intending to eat a cookie is intending that one will eat a cookie. Propositional attitudes involve the possession and use of concepts and are, in this sense, representational. One must have some knowledge or understanding of what Xs are in order to think, believe or hope that something is X. In order to want a cookie, intend to eat... log in or subscribe to read full text
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A unique 800-yr-long record of annual temperatures and precipitation over the south of western Siberia has been reconstructed from the bottomsediments of Teletskoye Lake, Altai Mountains using an X-ray fluorescence scanner (XRF) providing 0.1-mm resolution timeseries of elementalcomposition and X-ray density (XRD). Br content appears to be broadly correlative with mean annual temperature variations because of changesin catchment vegetation productivity. Sr/Rb ratio reflects the proportion of the unweathered terrestrial fraction. XRD appears to reflect water yieldregime and sediment flux. Sedimentation is rather continuous because annual clastic supply and deposited mass are the same. The artificial neuralnetworks method was applied to convert annual sedimentary time-series of XRD, Br content, and Sr/Rb ratio to annual records of temperature andprecipitation using a transfer function. Comparison of these reconstructed Siberian records with the annual record of air temperature for theNorthern Hemisphere shows similar trends in climatic variability over the past 800 yr. Estimated harmonic oscillations of temperature andprecipitation values for both historical and reconstructed periods reveal subdecadal cyclicity.
Helmholtz Research Programs > MARCOPOLI (2004-2008) > POL6-Earth climate variability since the Pliocene


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Encyclopedia of Iranian butterflies released
18 Aug 2012 16:09
Alireza Naderi, researcher and butterfly specialist, has completed a field guide on Iranian butterflies which, as he claimed, is the result of over 400 trips in and outside of Iran.
IBNA: In an interview with IBNA, Naderi said the book is a field guide on butterflies in Iran.
As he said, the term "field guide" is used to refer to guidebooks which can be easily used in workplaces; unlike Atlases, field guides are not very heavy and can be taken to the fields where studies are being held.
He asserted that the book is the first work of its kind in Iran to be published on butterflies and follows all international standards.
Butterflies' ecology and behaviors, their natural habitats and preserving them are some of the topics discussed in the book.
Elsewhere in his interview, Naderi said as many as 200 kinds of butterflies are covered in the volume while over 406 (and increasing) types have so far been identified in Iran.
A total of 1,000 copies of the book are published by Iranology Publications. Each copy is arranged in 272 pages.