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Jacob Davis was Born in 1834 in Riga Latvia. He came to the US and then to San Francisco in the 1850s. He moved around the West extensively trying to make a living through the 1860s. In 1870 Jacob settled in Reno tailoring fine clothing and manufacturing utilitarian items such as tents and horse blankets from "duck" (a sturdy cotton fabric) with copper rivets for added strength.
In the late 1870s a woman came to him for a pair of "cheap" pants for her "large" husband who had the habit of going through pants rather quickly. Having found that thread alone did not always adequately hold the pockets onto work pants, Jacob decided to try out rivets, which had proven their worth on horse blankets on the pockets for these pants.
By 1871 Davis was routinely using rivets on the pants he made, first on duck, soon after on denim, and was beginning to be imitated by other tailors. He contacted Levi Strauss, his fabric supplier, to help him apply for a patent. The patent was approved in 1873. Levi invited Davis to San Francisco to oversee production of the riveted pants for the Levi Strauss and Company. Davis continued to supervise the Levi Strauss factory until his death in 1908, the same year that the rivet patent went into public domain.
Click here to see the text of the letter Jacob Davis wrote to Levi Strauss in 1872.


Zonal Plan
Dwarka Phase 2 (Zone– L {West Delhi-III})
The basic objectives of Zonal Plan for Planning Dwarka Phase 2 ( Zone 'L' ) under MPD 2021 are:
 1. Improved accessibility/ connectivity with both the Urban Extension and the Rural Areas.
 2. Upgrade Infrastructure
 3. Preserve natural resources and eco system
The zone covers an area of 22,979 ha. is surrounded by the following:
 1. NH-10 / Rohtak Road and Railway line, in the North
 2. Dwarka Phase 2 ( Zone 'L' ) mainly comprising of Dwarka Sub–City, in the East and
 3. The National Capital Territory of Delhi boundary on it's southern and western sides.
Approximately 46 villages fall in this zone (Refer Annexure I). Najafgarh is one of the major urban agglomerations. Other settlements like Tikri Kalan, Dhansa, Jharoda Kalan, Jasfarpur Kalan etc are major rural settlements.
 1. Population as per Census –1981 = 88,342
 2. Population as per Census –1991 = 1,57,561
 3. Projected popularization by the year 2001 (as per trend 1981 – 91)
Dwarka Phase 2 ( L-Zone ) Features
 1. Covers a large land bank adjoining to Dwarka Subcity in West Delhi. It is also one of the priority areas for residential development.
 2. The Area all together is connected to Dwarka, International Airport, Residential and Industrial Area of Gurgaon, Manesar and Dwarka Expressway and two proposed highway corridors passing through the zone.
 3. Planned diplomatic enclave in Dwarka attracting VVIP security and excellent ambiance.
 4. Close proximity to the forthcoming 186 acres 18 hole golf course (upcoming).
 5. The Najafgarh Jheel demarcates Delhi from Gurugram on this part.
 6. The area falling between the four landmarks, namely, the stretch of Jheel on one side, Dwarka on another, NH-10 (Rohtak Highway) on another, and Jhajjar (Haryana) on another.
 7. The villages on the periphery of Delhi would be retained as green belts, acting as the lungs of Delhi.
 8. The upswing in residential zone land prices in Dwarka Phase 2 ( Zone-L ) are likely to be higher in comparison to other zones
 9. The planned second diplomatic enclave in Dwarka attracting VVIP security and its excellent ambiance.
 10. The proposed AIIMS II.
 11. The forthcoming Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway, among others.
 12. The area is also in close proximity to South Delhi.
 13. This is about 5 to 10% of the total area available in Delhi for urbanization.
 14. New farm houses shall be only allowed in the green belt zone.
 15. The Dwarka Phase 2 ( L zone ) consists of 21 peripheral villages abutting Haryana.
 16. The city is yet to spend/develop the infrastructure in these zones. 900 acres in Dwarka Phase 2 ( Zone L) have been earmarked for a water reservoir by the Delhi government.
 17. The Delhi government thinking is to have this zone act as the lungs of Delhi.
 18. Farm houses in South Delhi are expensively priced between pays 15 to 20 crores per acre.
 19. Investors in Delhi are excited that they have an opportunity to invest in a farmhouse at reasonable prices that exist in L and R zones.
 20. Greenbelt near Gurugram sectors have already seen 100% appreciation. Still, even today it is a good investment option as with passage of time, prices will continue to march northwards.


PatriotSwitch (community library)
Name Value
Name PatriotSwitch
Version 5.1.0
Installs 777
License BSD
Author Ron Lisle
Download.tar.gz
All Versions 5.1.0, 5.0.0, 2.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.0
Extend Patriot IoT to support switches. Patriot provides support for controlling IoT devices using Alexa and iOS devices. This plugin adds the ability to add switches to control those devices wirelessly also.
Example Build Testing
Device OS Version:
Library Read Me
A Patriot plugin to support input switch devices.
This library is used to support input switch devices. Any Photon I/O pin may be used to provide on/off status.
Include this library in any Photon sketch that needs to support a Switch. Refer to the more complex examples in the main Patriot IoT examples directory.
This example creates a single switch device connected to pin D4. The internal pull-up resistor is used, so the switch needs only ground the pin to change its state. For experimenting, you can use a jumper wire to ground.
When the state of the input D4 pin changes, an event named "switch" will be published. Other device can define a behavior that uses this event.
You can use the console to monitor these events.
_TAG_
_TAG_
IoT *iot;
void setup() {
iot = IoT::getInstance();
Switch *switch1 = new Switch(D4, "Switch");
void loop() {
Refer to the Patriot Github repository and documentation for more information.
Here's how you can make changes to this library and eventually contribute those changes back.
To get started, clone the library from GitHub to your local machine.
Change the name of the library in to something different. You can add your name at then end.
Modify the sources in and with the new behavior.
To compile an example, use particle compile examples/usage command in Particle CLI or use our Desktop IDE.
After your changes are done you can upload them with particle library upload or Upload command in the IDE. This will create a private (only visible by you) library that you can use in other projects. Do particle library add IoT_myname to add the library to a project on your machine or add the IoT_myname library to a project on the Web IDE or Desktop IDE.
At this point, you can create a GitHub pull request with your changes to the original library.
If you wish to make your library public, use particle library publish or Publish command.
Copyright 2017 Ron Lisle
Refer to the included LICENSE file.
Browse Library Files


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Al-Jassani, ban Adil, Urquhart, Neil B and Almaini, A E A (2011) State assignment for sequential circuits using multi-objective genetic algorithm. IET Computers & Digital Techniques, 5 (4). pp. 296-305. ISSN _PHONE_
|PDF (Review Copy) |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial.
Download (633kB) | Preview
In this study, a new approach using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is proposed to determine the optimal state assignment with less area and power dissipations for completely and incompletely specified sequential circuits. The goal is to find the best assignments which reduce the component count and switching activity. The MOGA employs a Pareto ranking scheme and produces a set of state assignments, which are optimal in both objectives. The ESPRESSO tool is used to optimise the combinational parts of the sequential circuits. Experimental results are given using a personal computer with an Intel CPU of 2.4 GHz and 2 GB RAM. The algorithm is implemented using C++ and fully tested with benchmark examples. The experimental results show that saving in components and switching activity are achieved in most of the benchmarks tested compared with recent published research.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||multiobjective genetic algorithm; component count; switching activity; Pareto ranking scheme; state assignments; ESPRESSO tool; combinational parts; power dissipations; incompletely specified sequential circuits; completely specified sequential circuits|
|University Divisions/Research Centres:||Edinburgh Napier University, Institute for Informatics and Digital Innovation|
|Dewey Decimal Subjects:||600 Technology > 620 Engineering > 621 Electronic & mechanical engineering > 621.3 Electrical & electronic engineering|
|Library of Congress Subjects:||T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering|
|Depositing User:||Computing Research|
|Date Deposited:||31 May 2011 11:47|
|Last Modified:||29 Nov 2012 10:01|
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text:
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)|
A batsman is out bowled if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant as to whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so. Such rules mean that bowleds are the most obvious of dismissals: almost never requiring an appeal to the umpire; a bowled batsman will usually acknowledge the dismissal voluntarily.
If the delivered ball deflects off the bat, and bowls the batsman, then the informal term is known as played on, knocked on or dragged on. If the wicket is put down without the batsman making any sort of contact with the ball, then it is known as clean bowled with variations being 'bowled through the gate', where the ball travels between the bat and pad, or 'bowled around the legs', where the ball goes behind (to the legside of) the batsman and hits the stumps.
A batsman is out bowled even if he could be given out by another method of dismissal instead. For instance, suppose a ball that pitches in line with the stumps, hits the player on the pads in line with the stumps and would, if it had not hit the pads, have struck the stumps. The player could be out leg before wicket. However, if the ball ricochets off the pads onto the stumps, the batsman would be given out bowled instead.
Being out bowled is the second most common method of dismissal after caught. The bowler is credited to have dismissed the batsman if a batsman is given out bowled.


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Guide to becoming a better manager with PINot a PI Client? Request a Demo
Have your employees completed the PI Behavioral Assessment? If not, use the Sending Assessments Guide to learn how to assess your employees and understand their drives, needs, and behaviors in the workplace. Then, come back here to learn about leveraging those results to develop your management capabilities.
All set? Now let's begin.
Here's your roadmap to using PI's tools to develop managers.
1. Manage people
Use these tools when:
- Entering a managerial role for the first time
- Managing a new employee
- Handling conflict between two employees
Whether you're a first time manager or one with years of experience, PI's Manager Development Chart provides you with actionable insights based on your behavioral drives. The chart includes a description of your natural strengths and respective caution areas to consider as a manager. There are also self-coaching tips provided to help you balance your most naturally occurring behavioral style in a variety of situations.
Here's how to generate the Manager Development Chart:
Have you ever managed two employees who just don't see eye to eye? Employee conflict can lead to decreased motivation, trust, and performance on a team.
The PI Relationship Guide is a tool designed specifically to mediate these conversations. Through awareness of employees' communication styles, strengths, cautions, and blockers, this guide can help you form better, more effective working relationships while minimizing personal squabbles.
Here's how to generate the 1:1 Relationship Guide:
Don't let different working styles get in the way of productivity. Reach out to your PI Champion to learn more about how the relationship guide can help you navigate those complex work relationships!
Are two employees not seeing eye to eye? Download their Relationship Guide and set up a meeting with them both. Here's a general framework for this conversation:
1. Start with Relationship Strengths – Open the conversation by exploring the strengths that the two recognize in each other. For example, " [Person 1] tell me something that [Person 2] does really well."
2. Move on to Relationship Cautions – Ask each employee to describe the conflict at hand without interrupting each other. If the conflict aligns with any of the cautions listed on the Relationship Guide, let the employees know that the conflict arose from a difference in their natural behaviorsthis often provides a sense of relief. If not, move on to step 3.
3. Give Relationship Tips – Using what you learned in the session and what you already know about the two employees, facilitate a conversation that explores actions they can each take based on the Relationship Tips section of the Relationship Guide. Remember that Relationship Strengths can be leveraged while planning these actions!
2. Manage expectations
Use the Management Strategy Guide when:
- Becoming a new manager for a team
- A new employee is added to the team
- Meetings with employees, such as 1 on 1s and Performance Reviews
A common pitfall for managers is thinking, "If I treat everyone how I want to be treated, I'll be a great manager." PI's Management Strategy Guide gives managers custom insights into how to manage others the way they want to be managed— no guesswork involved.
The guide identifies what management strategies will enable individuals to thrive, based on their behavioral preferences for workplace interactions, how they take action, respond to risk, and make decisions.
Here's how to generate the Management Strategy Guide:
Check out our Guide to Developing Individuals for more examples on when to use the Management Strategy Guide!
Print, download, or email a direct report's Management Strategy Guide to share with two people:
- The direct report
- The manager
(Both people should receive the same version of the Management Strategy Guide)
Have the manager and their direct report(s) work through the Management Strategy Guide exercise separately.
- The direct report should review page 1 and complete item 1 (Reflect) on page 2 as an assessment of their manager
- The manager should review page 1 and complete item 1 (Reflect) on page 2 as an assessment of themselves
Then, bring the two together for an action planning conversation. During this meeting, the manager and direct report will compare their responses from page 1 of the Management Strategy Guide to review both strengths and opportunities.
Finally, the manager & direct report will use items 2, 3, and 4 on page 2 of the Management Strategy Guide to build an action plan based on the discussion. Do this 1-2 times a year.
3. Manage growth
Use the Coaching Guide when:
- Aligning an employee's natural behaviors with your expectations of the role
- Preparing a new employee for the behavioral expectations of their role
- Coaching an employee towards better performance
Use the Coaching Guide to provide your employees with custom reflection questions based on their behaviors. These prompts will help them leverage their natural strengths for a given role—or identify areas of growth and actions to take to more closely meet the company's expectations for their role.
Consider what you are trying to achieve as a manager. Take into account the employee's situation. Is this a new employee? A low performer? High performer? Disengaged team member? This context, along with your intended outcome, will influence how you approach the conversation and identify specific actions to take to improve performance.
Here's how to generate a Coaching Guide:
- It is important that the employee come up with specific goals, and the solutions to take them to the next level. Support the employee in taking ownership of both the goal and the solution. Ask the employee where they think they have room for improvement. You may "know" the solution, but the idea is to get the employee to realize this on their own.
- Remember that the goal should be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timely).
- Ask questions to help the employee come up with action items to accomplish their performance goal, such as, "What are some ways you could do that?"
- Here's an Employee Goals template that can help you get started.
- Follow up with the employee.
- Before the end of the meeting, agree to a follow-up plan. The follow up is an important but often forgotten step; work gets busy, and schedules become packed. Put time on your calendars now to check in later for progress, which can help keep both you and the employee accountable.
- Suggested check in dates are 30, 60, and 90 days out for short-term goals, or quarterly for longer-term goals.
When the employee's goal is attained with their current job, celebrate the accomplishment! Now it's time to look toward the future and what opportunities or career paths are available for the employee. Repeat this process with a future job in mind.
Use the Manager's Guide to Reference Profiles
General tips for managing employees for each of the 17 Reference Profiles.
PI's People Management Study
Discover the traits that most strongly correlate with great (and terrible) managers.


text:
Edge Editing Commands Bar
- Click here to stretch the current edge of the object. In case of a selection, then the 'current edges' of all the objects would get stretched
- Click here to extrude the current edge of the object/selection. The edge is extruded in a direction perpendicular to the current edge, and two new corners are created.
- Click here to get a list of edge types to choose from. All curves in TAD are done using these tools
- These are the different type of edges available. Click on the edge you want.
- Select the in or out option to determine the direction in which the curve has to be generated - inwards or outwards. This works only on certain curve commands.
Press F1 inside the application to read context-sensitive help directly in the application itself


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Florida's Popular Land Conservation Program Diminished
If you have hiked in state preserves from Apalachicola to the Keys or kayaked some of Florida's unique springs, you've enjoyed the beauty of Florida Forever. This program and its predecessor, Preservation 2000, have protected 2.4 million acres of Florida's most pristine places. Many threatened and endangered species such as the Florida panther, scrub jay and black bear rely on habitat that still needs protection by Florida Forever.
The program also strengthens Florida's economy in many ways. Saving conservation land protects working agriculture, buffers military bases, brings people to our state and produces jobs.
Unfortunately, Florida Forever's unique funding formula – the money for conservation comes from the documentary taxes paid on real estate transactions– has not immunized it from controversy. The last two years no money was allocated by lawmakers and this year saw only $8.7 million. The previous 18 years have seen full funding for Florida Forever, authorized at $300 million per year.
If you've wanted to do something to make a difference for Florida's future and haven't known what to do or have just been too busy, this is the time to act. With a small investment of your time, you can make a big difference. Let your elected officials know that conservation is critically important to Florida's future.
View the Conservancy report Economic Benefits of Land Conservation: A Case for Florida Forever.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Bibliographies of Camp-related Research
Attitudes of Children Without Disabilities Toward Peers with Disabilities: The Effect of Contact in a Summer Camp Program
Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 1998.
Examine the changes in attitudes of children without disabilities toward their peers with disabilities in an inclusive summer day camp setting.
Subjects: 611 campers (boys and girls), ages 8-12.
Camp Affiliation: Jewish Community Center Day Camps using Open Hearts, Open Doors Programs.
Method: Eight-week summer day camp program, six hours/day, five days/week. Program included specific inclusion interventions such as: circle of friends (peer support group for campers with disabilities), information meetings for campers without disabilities, Kids on the Block performance, inclusive fine arts performances, non-disabled-disabled buddy system for transportation around camp and in daily activities, and modifications to all sports activities to accommodate campers with disabilities. Disabilities included: autism, mental retardation, multiple disabilities, severe cerebral palsy, emotional disturbances, ADD, auditory impairment, neurological impairment, and perceptual impairment.
Instrument: Three-point attitude survey, a revision of The Acceptance Scale (22 positive and negative statements about children with disabilities).
Design: 411 campers in the inclusive camp setting, 200 in the control group at a comparable, non-inclusive day camp. Comparable number of males and females in treatment group, twice as many females as males in the control group. Pre-test/post-test design with control group (Group x Gender x Grade x Time of Test).
Data Analysis: ANOVA
- Significant differences between groups on pre-test, so no other between group comparisons were performed.
- Significant overall positive attitude change in children without disabilities toward children with disabilities in the inclusive group. No change for non-inclusive group.
- No significant attitude change between groups by gender.
- Significant grade level differences between groups: significant positive change in attitude for grades 5 & 6 in inclusive camp setting and negative changes in attitude in grades 5 & 6 for campers in non-inclusive setting.
- No significant overall attitude changes related to gender, but there were significant differences based on gender on individual questions.
- There were higher mean scores for females than for males in both groups.
- The researcher attributed success to the intensive staff training and commitment to the goals of the program, enabling staff to reach a comfort level conducive to success.


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PyX — Example: bargraphs/minimal.py
Minimal bar-graph example
from pyx import * g = graph.graphxy(width=8, x=graph.axis.bar()) g.plot(graph.data.file("minimal.dat", xname=0, y=2), [graph.style.bar()]) g.writeEPSfile("minimal") g.writePDFfile("minimal")
For a minimal bar plot you have set an bar axis in the graph constructor and provide Xname column data (X stands for the bar axis to be used). Here, we just use column 0 which is automatically filled by
graph.data.file with the line number of the corresponding entry. Furthermore, you need to specify the graph style, since the default graph styles
function (depending on the data type) are not appropriate for bar graphs.
Note that bar graphs differ from other xy-graphs in that they use discrete axes for one graph dimension. However, the only affected components of this fundamental change are one of the axes, which needs to be come a discrete one, i.e. a bar axis, and the usage of appropriate graph styles.
A bar graph is fundamentally different from a graph with a histogram style in its usage of a discrete axis in one graph dimension. A histogram instead is created using continuous axes in all graph dimensions and just drawing the data in a specific bar-graph-like presentation. In particular, the discreteness of the bar axis is reflected in the naming of its column name: instead of the continuous "X" it expects an "Xname" (where X stands for the bar axis used) as mentioned above.
As all axes and graph dimensions in the PyX graph system are treated equally all you need to modify to get bar graph with horizontal bars is to assign the bar axis to the y-axis in the graph constructor and change the names of the data columns to
By using the bar style you implicitly also select a different positioning style, namepy
barpos. This positioning style handles a single-nested axes with sub-axis values of the range going from 0 to 1.


The recovery of kish graphite from secondary sources
by Robert Frost
Institution: University of Birmingham
Department: School of Chemical Engineering
Year: 2015
Keywords: TP Chemical technology
Record ID: _PHONE_
Full text PDF: _URL_
With the worldwide demand of graphite increasing, so the availability, cost and quality is under renewed scrutiny - with the vast majority of graphite being mined, and with these mines located in only a few significant countries, considerations of availability and sustainability have led to an increasing dependence on synthetic graphite to meet industrial needs. One potential source is 'kish' graphite recovered from the steel making process: Present within the dust produced as waste in steel plants, graphite flakes have been found in varying quantities, sizes and purity. Seven samples taken from a steel plant were analysed and tested. This testing broadly consisted of separating the kish graphite from the excess waste dust, and refining this graphite. Froth flotation was found to be an extremely effective way of achieving this, with purities of >90% being achieved from a single flotation for the larger flake sizes (>500µm). For the smaller flake sizes (<500µm), multiple froth floats were found to be needed in order to achieve the desired purity, but further complications required acid cleaning in order to achieve a >90% graphite sample. A saleable product was produced and a technical-economic assessment was made for a 10,000 tonne per year process plant.


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An environmental compliance review evaluates the operations and equipment at a property, determines the applicable environmental requirements, identifies where gaps exist, and presents a pathway to compliance. Compliance gaps may be caused by many factors, including acquisition of new operations, the continuous development of new environmental regulations, facility growth or expansion, and personnel changes resulting in loss of inherent knowledge.
- Electrical Generators
- Fluorescent Light Bulb, Battery, and Used Oil Disposal
- Stormwater Discharges
- Refrigerant / Coolant Use
- Storage of Common Materials
The above operations and equipment may trigger air permit requirements, EPA NESHAP requirements, water discharge permitting, spill plan development, waste disposal management requirements, and EPCRA reporting requirements. While understood and proactively managed by large industrial facilities, these regulations often are not well communicated to other business sectors and may represent unidentified liabilities.
Examples of gaps identified and remediated by Nova during past reviews at non-industrial properties include:
To support a client's liability assessment and management processes during due diligence, Nova designs environmental compliance support that aligns with the level of risk presented by a property. Commonly as an extension of a Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment, but also as a stand-alone effort, Nova conducts Limited Environmental Compliance Reviews for residential, commercial, institutional, and light industrial properties. These reviews determine applicable requirements and identify compliance gaps. They are commonly conducted within the typical timeframe of due diligence efforts and are scoped to ensure cost-effective identification of primary concerns that present real liabilities. Nova then works with the client to develop corrective actions to ensure sustainable compliance.
Due diligence efforts to identify compliance liabilities have been a standard tool used by industry professionals for many years. When appropriately tailored to a client's needs, Nova's Limited Environmental Compliance Reviews are valuable for a wide range of property types.
Environmental Compliance Group Manager
Nova Consulting Group Inc.


text:
CollectA - Green Anaconda
Regular price $8.99
Shipping calculated at checkout.
CollectA Green Anaconda
Measuring approx 8.6cm x 8.4cm
Fun Fact: They seem rather slow and sluggish when traveling on land due to their size, although they have the potential to reach high speeds in water.
|CollectA figurines are top quality, anatomically accurate and hand painted. They are educational - encouraging role play, awareness of endangered species, consciousness of the importance of environmental protection.|
Age: 3 Years +


text:
Pricing the default and prepayment risks of mortgages: An option pricing theoretic approach and an empirical hazard rate analysis
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
James R. Follain
Pricing, Default, Prepayment risks, Mortgages, Option pricing, Hazard rate
Business | Economics | Finance and Financial Management
This study proposes a theoretic interpolation-based lattice model to price the prepayment and default option values of a fixed-rate mortgage, and uses a hazard model to empirically investigate the prepayment and default behavior of FHA insured multifamily loans.
A "pure" option-pricing model is used to price the value of prepayment and default options. Prepayment is treated as an American call option and default as a put option. An interpolation-based lattice model is used to solve backward the prepayment and default option values. Unlike the traditional lattice methods, in which the total number of nodes grows geometrically with time steps when stochastic volatility is present, the number of nodes in this model grows linearly with each variable dimension. The common problem of "non-recombination" is handled through interpolation. This approach can easily accommodate early exercise of option, which is one of the important features of mortgage termination. Another advantage of this approach is that it does not require transformation of the original processes. Therefore, alternative underlying processes can be easily adapted to this model. Finally, numerical results are presented and compared with the results of another lattice approach to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the model.
Research under the empirical investigation is to examine the prepayment and default behavior of FHA insured multifamily mortgages. In most literature, analyses of prepayment and default are conducted separately. However, default and prepayment are clearly not statistically independent, and may actually be related. Given the competing nature of prepayment and default risks, a competing risk hazard model is employed to estimate the conditional prepayment and claim rates for multifamily mortgages simultaneously. Furthermore, the risk preferences and idiosyncrasies across borrowers vary widely. This study presents a competing risk hazard model that accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity among borrowers and estimates the unobserved heterogeneity simultaneously with the parameters of the prepayment and default functions. Finally, the study compares and tests the practical importance of incorporating the competing risk feature and the unobserved heterogeneity in the estimation. The data set used in this study includes one of the largest FHA insured multifamily mortgages: the market rate 221d(4) New Constructions and Substantial Rehabilitation program (OMI). The data set includes information on OMI loans originating from 1965 to 1995. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the hazard model.
Surface provides description only. Full text is available to ProQuest subscribers. Ask your Librarian for assistance.
Huang, Wenyi Vivien, "Pricing the default and prepayment risks of mortgages: An option pricing theoretic approach and an empirical hazard rate analysis" (1999). Economics - Dissertations. 59.


FIFA task force requests stronger sanctions against racism and discrimination
© Foto-net
The newly created FIFA Task Force Against Racism and Discrimination, chaired by FIFA Vice-President and CONCACAF President Jeffrey Webb, held its first meeting today at the Home of FIFA in Zurich. In this first session, the debates focused on the application of sanctions in cases of racist and discriminative acts, specifically studying the proposal to uniformly implement the sanctions that already exist in the FIFA regulations in a stronger and more consistent manner.
The task force made the following proposals, which will be included in a draft resolution to be presented at the FIFA Congress in Mauritius at the end of May:
- Firstly, having an official at the stadium who would identify potential acts of discrimination with the aim of easing the pressure on referees and facilitating the availability of evidence, which is not always easy to obtain, for the disciplinary committees to take decisions;
- Secondly, applying sanctions in two stages, with a list of applicable sanctions for a first or a minor offence, such as a warning, a fine, or the playing of a match behind closed doors, and a list of stronger sanctions for reoffenders or for serious incidents, such as point deductions, expulsion from a competition, or relegation;
- Thirdly, emphasis on the responsibility of member associations and clubs for the actions of their players, officials and supporters, and on the need to implement the existing sanctions in a harmonised way across all confederations, member associations and leagues, with a proposal to request that clubs and member associations provide a concrete action plan showing their intention to fight any forms of racism and discrimination among their supporters.
"We have a special responsibility in the way we can impact football and society," said Webb during his opening remarks. "One of the opportunities this task force has is its vast reach throughout FIFA's 209 member associations, where we can implement the resolutions in every region and every country where football is played, bringing universality to the mechanisms that combat racism and discrimination."
The following people took part in today's meeting, which was opened by FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter: Jeffrey Webb (FIFA Vice-President, President of CONCACAF); Darren Bailey (Director of The Football Association's Football Governance and Regulation) who was representing David Bernstein, President of The FA, for this session; Yury Boychenko (Chief of the Anti-Discrimination Section at the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner) who was replacing the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem PILLAY; Serey Die (Ivory Coast player at FC Basel); Gianni Merlo (AIPS President); Marcel Mathier (Outgoing chairman of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee); Osasu Obayiuwana (Associate Editor of New African Magazine); Piara Powar (CEO of FARE); Theo van Seggelen (FIFPro Secretary General); Claudio Sulser (Incoming chairman of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee); Howard Webb (FIFA Referee); Véron Mosengo-Omba (UEFA); Dr Thomas Partl (UEFA). The players Jozy Altidore and Kevin-Prince Boateng, who had obligations with their respective clubs, were excused for this first session of the task force.
It should be noted that this is still an open list and additional members may be included in the task force in the future.


A Quick Guide to Motorcycle Piston Rings
A piston is the powerhouse of any motorcycle. It can be considered as the heart of any motorcycle. The piston drives the crank shaft connected with a connecting rod in forward direction therefore the vehicle moves. A piston resides inside the cylinder and moves up and down inside the cylinder due to combustion(igniting of the gasoline inside the cylinder). This moving of piston can increase the friction between cylinder walls and the piston which can lead to serious damage to the piston.But to reduce this effect a piston is equipped with circular metal rings that surround the piston.This rings are made up of cast iron and steel. The duty of piston rings is to save it from unusual friction between the cylinder walls and piston itself.
The piston rings bear a lot of damage on daily basis due to bad handling, riding normal wear and tear, and bad gasoloine. The most common cause of damage is insufficient oil in the engine which can lead to increased wear. Most piston rings and the piston itself are manufactured from aluminium(Al) metal.Aluminium(Al) is a soft metal it can't bear too much heat and can melt inside the engine also, if it does not get enough lubrication. So the oil should be upto the mark inside the engine. If you have bought a new motorcycle then you have to follow some tips that are:
 1. Riding : When the motorcycle is new then it has a defined break in period for piston rings to settle down and seat well inside the cylinder. This break in period can be from 310 mile to 621 miles or more. You should refer to your motorcycle's manual to find that limit. During this period the motorcycle should be handled very carefully, and should be ridden with normal speed at any cost. Over revving the engine between this limit is not recommended. Most beginners commit this mistake and they forget that this period decides the entire life of the motorcycle. So handle your motorcycle with care during this time. Ride slowly without giving much throttle and accelerate slowly.
 2. Starting The Engine : Do not use throttle while starting the engine and allow the engine to be idle for few minutes. The purpose is to let the engine oil circulate throughout the engine. If you follow this then you are saving the piston from much damage. What happens actually is that when you start a motorcycle the piston and the rings are out of lubrication, the oil takes some to reach the piston and lubricate it completely. As the engine is new you won't get any cold start problems so there is no need to give throttle to start the engine.
Bad Effects If Motorcycle Is Not Handled Properly When The Engine Is New
 1. The seal between rings and cylinder walls will not be good.
 2. You may encounter harsh riding.
 3. You motorcycle engine may run more hotter.
What Happens To Rings Overtime
We have learned in chemistry why a metal is heated to become red hot. This is done to make the metal harder and stronger. But in case of a motorcycle the piston won't get red hot due to presence of engine oil. Regular heating of aluminium(Al) piston and allowing it to cool make the metal even stronger and durable, so that you can ride at top speeds. This heating of aluminium metal changes its physical properties and performance is increase. So it is worth the wait to ride some miles and break in the piston rings before riding like a racer.
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This post is written by xDNA who likes to write to write about motorcycle maintenance and performance at motorcycle lord.
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text:
Fiber-Matrix Displacement during the Compressive Phase of Shock Loading
ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
Pagination or Media Count:
Electromagnetic-gage type measurements were performed to determine fiber wire-matrix displacement during the compressive phase of shock loading. Fiber diameter and shock impedance were the variables investigated. The relative displacement was found to increase with the fiber diameter, but data for each fiber material could be well represented by a single curve if fiber diameter was used as the unit of relative displacement and shock transit time through the fiber diameter was used as the unit of time. Fibers attained the matrix velocity after a maximum, normalized relative displacement which varied linearly as the three-halves power of the shock impedance.
- Laminates and Composite Materials
- Miscellaneous Materials


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Polar easterlies - Wikipedia
The polar easterlies (also Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes. Another example of the phenomenon would be the trade winds, which reach from where. at the North Pole. Where is The westerlies have their origin in the: eastern The ______ marks the location where the westerlies and polar easterlies meet. Westerlies move towards east and Easterlies move towards west). The answer to your question lies in Conservation of Angular Momentum. In simple words.
Мужчина смотрел на него недовольно. Период полураспада.


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Analytical HPLC for imaging probe purification
The NanoTek microfluidic synthesis system can automatically conduct post synthesis trapping of an imaging probe whilst removing excess reaction reagents (polar and ionic compounds) and perform subsequent purification using an analytical HPLC.
- Order of magnitude increase of RAC
- Reduced starting activity.
- Faster production process.
- Substantial reduction in solvent consumption and disposal costs.


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If a drug can have an impact on microtubules along its transport, this can lead to degenerative research of diseases. Scientists have now found that MEC-17 displays certain marks on microtubules. Marks created on these tiny tubes direct it where it should transport proteins and so on to which part of the brain and in what direction. Depending on whether it is a sending signal or receiving signal, microtubules showed more marks in some cases.
MEC-17 was first discovered during the study of human cancer cells and other organism's nerve cells in zebrafish and C. elegans, a nematode worm. For instance, in research done on zebrafish, neuromuscular defects were noticed with the depletion of MEC-17 and in nematode worm, its sensation touch was affected. Now that scientists understand the use of MEC-17 a little better, it is hoped that research can lead to a drug being developed to block or to enhance it. I wonder if scientist will be able to develop a traffic school for our cells? LOL!


text:
Routing protocols generally fall into two categories. Proactive protocols disseminate routes throughout a network regardless of the demand for such routes. While these protocols periodically incur route dissemination costs, they can provide routes quickly in response to client requests. Reactive protocols, on the other hand, discover routes only as they are needed. While this on-demand operation may increase route discovery latency, the protocol overhead is low.
The optimal routing protocol depends on network characteristics and may change dynamically. A static network where routes to all nodes are equally in demand all the time calls for a proactive protocol; a dynamic network where a few mobile nodes are the target of most route queries may benefit from a reactive protocol. In the past, the tradeoff between these protocols was made at network deployment time, fixing the protocol for the whole duration of the network lifetime.
SHARP is a hybrid routing protocol that finds the optimal mix of proactive route dissemination and reactive route discovery. An analytical model is used to make the tradeoff optimally. Each SHARP node can direct the routing layer to optimize for a different metric, such as overhead, latency or jitter, for routes targeting that node. Overall, SHARP provides an informed,anaytically-driven mechanism to find the optimal mix of proactive and reactive routing within a network.


Medical Tourism in India
medical tourism in india
India is thriving as a new medical tourism destination across the globe. Medical tourists from international cross borders in search of advance and cost-effective medical treatment prefer India. It is the fact that many developed countries have a higher cost of treatment. Here, they get the latest medical technologies, high quality of healthcare service, with better recovery rates at nominal charges. Globalization, international trade, and medical advancement enhance healthcare tourism in the country. Let's take a look at the reasons why India has become a popular medical tourism destination:
Why do Patients Choose to Come to India for Their Treatment?
When a treatment goes along with the vacation, it is known as medical tourism. In collaboration with the tourism industry, the healthcare sector in India is working together to provide advanced treatment to people worldwide and give them a better environment for a speedy recovery.
Advantages of Healthcare Tourism in India
 - Affordable medical treatment for the life-threatening disease like cancer, tumor, organ transplant, and more
 - Skilled, experienced, and highly qualified doctors and medical staff
 - Advance healthcare facilities
 - No language obstacle
 - Affordable accommodation
The leading factor encouraging tourists seeking medical help from different countries to visit India is the low cost of treatment. Developed countries have lengthy and cumbersome vias and immigrant formalities. Moreover, hospitalization, treatment, medication, etc. cost much higher. Whereas, here it is comparatively easier to obtain a medical tourist visa and all sorts of advanced medical treatments are available in the leading hospitals. Healthcare providers are continually working towards making the treatment process more streamlined and efficient for foreign medical tourists.
What Role does Ayurveda play in Boosting Healthcare Tourism in India?
Ayurveda treatment is deeply rooted in Indian culture. The country has originated as one of the most important medical tourism hubs, and Ayurveda plays an important role. Medical tourism packages combined with several fun and fitness activities, tours, etc. to make it complete tourism material. Foreigners believe in Ayurveda, and they find India as the best place for ayurvedic or alternative treatments like AYUSH( Ayurveda, Unani, Sidha, and Homeopathy). They undergo several healing treatments as a combination of Ayurveda, yoga, acupuncture, herbal oil massage, and natural therapies. Often people prefer such therapies and treatments post-surgery. It helps in fast recovery and revival.
Kerela and other states have emerged as the Ayurveda and Yoga hubs in India. Foreign tourists from different countries come for rejuvenation. Benefits of alternate treatments:
 - Natural ways for the cure
 - No side effects
 - Treatment for stress and anxiety via natural means
 - Ayurveda helps cure Insomnia, improves metabolism
 - Cost-effective with sustainable recovery
So, as an Indian citizen, you should feel blessed that you are already in the safe hands as far as your health is concerned. However, whether it is allopathic or ayurvedic treatment, one thing that helps you to cover your treatment cost is health insurance. Care Health Insurance brings you Care- a comprehensive health insurance product that gives coverage for allopathic and alternative treatments.


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Sex Determination Based on Raman Spectroscopy of Saliva Traces for Forensic Purposes
NCJ Number
Date Published
January 2016
Claire K. Muro, Luciana de Souza Fernandes, Igor K. Lednev
This project used Raman spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis to develop a nondestructive technique that could be used at a crime scene to determine the sex of a saliva donor.
The forensic analysis of body fluids has made great strides in recent years. Body fluids can easily be identified, and DNA analysis can be used to link a stain found at a crime scene to a specific person. When no reference DNA profile is available and the recovered DNA does not yield a match in a database, it would be useful if the evidence could still provide investigators with useful information. Biocatalytic and immunoassays can be used to determine a donor's sex, race, and other phenotypic characteristics; however, these tests depend on chemical reactions and are destructive to the sample. The current study's internally cross-validated classification model correctly identified 44 (92 percent) of the 48 donors used for model training. Subsequent external validation correctly identified 11 (92 percent) of the 12 donors saved for testing. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the value of Raman spectroscopy as a forensic tool that can be used to elucidate phenotypic information about a body-fluid donor. Future studies will expand to other body fluids and additional donor characteristics, such as race and age. 1 graphical abstract (Publisher abstract modified)
Date Created: April 29, 2019


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Carbon to replace milk as the new quota in farming
Carbon will become the new quota in Irish farming, according to Trinity College economist Professor Alan Matthews.
Matthews was addressing over 400 farming and food industry leaders at the Agricultural Science Association (ASA) conference in Kilkenny recently.
Professor Matthews said following the ending of the 31-year milk quota system, the Irish agri-food sector faces the new challenge of living in a carbon-constrained world where we must reduce and eventually halt net carbon emissions.
"The new government-sponsored agri-food strategy Food Wise 2025 foresees a significant expansion in agricultural output.
"While this would be very welcome for the economic activity, employment and export earnings it would generate, the climate change challenge has utterly changed the context for agricultural expansion," Matthews said.
Livestock systems are more carbon-intensive compared to tillage systems and because Irish farming is predominantly livestock based, we are a high carbon emitter per hectare or per euro of product produced.
This is notwithstanding the fact that our farmers are more carbon-efficient producers of livestock compared to their EU counterparts, he said.
"Therefore, the structure of Irish farming makes Ireland more vulnerable, especially after 2020 when emitting carbon into the atmosphere will have a direct financial cost to the taxpayer," he said.
Matthews highlighted the large differences in carbon efficiency between different farming and land use systems and between farmers operating similar systems and stressed the importance of intensive research and advice aimed at reducing carbon emissions per unit of output.
He proposed the introduction of targeted subsidies to encourage farmers to adopt practices which help to build up carbon stores in soils and biomass.
He also advocated the introduction of a carbon levy on emissions with the proceeds recycled back to the farming sector.
I am well aware that the last thing farmers want to hear about is another levy but it would be a powerful demonstration of our commitment to environmentally sustainable production.
"If this were introduced across the EU, it would increase the competitive advantage for Irish producers in the EU marketplace and would be a significant marketing advantage.
"The incentive system for carbon efficiency is woefully inadequate at present, starting at the highest levels in the UN and EU.
"Also, price signals are completely absent in the livestock sector even though that is the single largest source of emissions," he said,


convertible: Meaning and Definition of
Pronunciation: (kun-vûr'tu-bul), [key]
— adj.
 1. capable of being converted.
 2. having a folding top, as an automobile or pleasure boat.
 3. exchangeable for something of equal value: debts payable only in convertible currencies.
 1. an automobile or a boat with a folding top.
 2. a sofa, couch, or chair whose seating section can be folded out into a bed.
 3. a convertible bond or security.
See also:


text: Music has many different influences on people around the world, but in our case, as African Americans, why is it important to study our music? Throughout our history, music has been used as a source of comfort, creative expression, and a mean of bringing people together in times of celebration as well as in the face of adversity. Getting a deeper understanding of the meaning behind the words sung or the beats made in African American music can give further insight into why we are at the point we're at today. We can also find our part of our purpose within African American music, because initially, it was used as a source of empowerment for slaves and it grew over time. If we examine the original roots of the music, we can see that we are resilient and we are meant to lift each other up and move forward towards a common goal. So, it is very important to study and understand African American music because it is a part of each of our identities.


The Unfoldment book
Layout 1
The Unfoldment is a natural human process; a journey of growth, realization, and ascendance. For the first time, Neil Kramer's insights, techniques and, ideas are brought together in one inspirational work that has the power to change lives.
The Unfoldment fuses profound spiritual philosophy and dynamic practical application, specifically designed to help you:
* Claim your power—create a life of authenticity, resonance, and fulfillment
* Dissolve illusions and re-pattern old wiring—liberate the mind from systems of control
* Master emotional alchemy—transform pain and embrace flow
* Unveil the secret teachings and hidden histories of our ancient ancestors
* Understand the intimate relationship between light and shadow, creation and destruction
Neil Kramer is a philosopher and teacher. He lives in Washington State, USA.
Available in all good bookstores.
© Copyright 2021


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How do giraffes sit down?
Giraffes sit down by folding their legs underneath their bodies. Usually they fold their front legs, but they can sit with their back legs folded too.
Giraffes do not sit down for long periods because it is difficult to get up again, which puts them in danger of predators.
Giraffes usually sleep lying down. However, they can sleep standing up.
They sleep for only a few minutes at a time, because they must always be alert to dangers.
In zoos and conservancies, giraffes sleep intermittently for an average of 4.6 hours per day, mostly at night.
Photographer: Martina Nicolls
Martina Nicolls: SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM


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Organizational effectiveness scholar Edward Lawler identified four "high involvement" principles that have a positive impact on employee engagement– power, information, knowledge and rewards.
What Lawler called "Power" (also referred to as autonomy or independence) means that employees have the power to make decisions that are important to their performance and to the quality of their working lives. Power can mean a relatively low level of influence, as in providing input into decisions made by others or it can mean having final authority and accountability for decisions and their outcomes. Involvement is maximized when the highest possible level of power is pushed down to the employees that have to carry out the decisions
Image courtesy of KROMKRATHOG at FreeDigitalPhotos.net


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Global Health Lecture Series: Maternal to Child Transmission of HIV by Breastfeeding in Africa
December 14, 2011
Edward Janoff, MD, Tim Gill Professor of Medicine & Microbiology and Director, Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Colorado
Dr. Janoff focuses on diseases of international importance, such as diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and HIV-1/AIDS. His team characterizes mucosal responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the lung and to HIV-1 in the intestine, reproductive tract, and in breast milk.
Each study has been supported by a field site in Africa (Uganda, Burkina Faso, Botswana and South Africa) with collaborators from these African nations, the U.S. and Europe. The goal of his laboratory is to provide a scientific foundation for mucosal vaccines to prevent pneumococcal infections and transmission of HIV /AIDS. He integrates clinical and basic laboratory approaches to determine how pathogens interact with the host at the mucosal surface and how innate and humeral mechanisms, individually and in concert, serve to protect against infection.
Back to Online Grand Rounds


Sharjah Architecture Triennial, photo by Ieva Saudargaitė
Sharjah Architecture Triennial will seek to overturn "orientalist cliches"
A new architecture triennial launching in the United Arab Emirates next year will challenge "pernicious" western views of Asian, African and Middle Eastern architecture, according to curator Adrian Lahoud.
The Sharjah Architecture Triennial, debuting in the Emirati city in November 2019, aims to tackle stereotypes about the region and its architecture.
"There's going to be an attempt to rethink architecture beyond a Western European framework," Lahoud told Dezeen.
"You get all these orientalist cliches and you find them in all kinds of various forms of knowledge production, and they're continually repeated within the media."
Adrian Lahoud, photo by Rabee Younes
The first Sharjah Architecture Triennial will "look beyond a Western European framework" says curator Adrian Lahoud. Photo is by Rabee Younes
Lahoud, who is dean of the school of architecture at the Royal College of Art in London, revealed details of the triennial at a launch event at the Venice Architecture Biennale at the end of May.
In an exclusive interview with Dezeen ahead of the launch, he criticised the western tendency to highlight vernacular design, traditional materials and even tribal dress from non-western cultures.
"Those kinds of cliches are pernicious, virulent, and objectionable tropes, that really no major international exhibition of architecture that I've seen in decades has been exempt from," he said. "There's a lack of indigenous modernities or futures in those accounts."
Triennial will "look beyond the object"
Instead, the three-month-long triennial in port city Sharjah, which neighbours Dubai, will look "beyond a focus on the object, the focus on the form of the object, or thinking about the building envelope as where architecture ends," said Lahoud.
"It's important because our perspective of architecture is so dominated by the legacy of Western European forms of thinking," he said. "This is a part of the world that is still involved in various different struggles against colonialism."
Sharjah Architecture Triennial, photo by Ieva Saudargaitė
Taking place in port city Sharjah, which neighbours Dubai, the triennial will focus on architecture in North and East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia
Looking at architecture in North and East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, the inaugural event is titled Rights of Future Generations.
It will examine how the recent focus on individual rights to things such as health, education and housing have diminished concern about collective entitlements such as rights to natural resources and a benign environment.
Looking at architecture from the perspective of future generations
Lahoud hopes the triennial will help move the discussion ''beyond questions of individual rights to think about collective rights, from the perspective of a future generation".
"But it's challenging, as future generations don't exist, so who speaks on behalf of them?" he said, stressing that this is the key question that architecture should be addressing.
"The reason it's becoming such a fundamental question and why it's so important to use as a kind of lens to think about architecture and think about cities is because there's no doubt in anyone's minds that we are making massive transformations to the planet at the moment," he said. "These are transformations that will have really fundamental long-term consequences on quality of life."
This involves overturning western views on architecture and urbanism, Lahoud believes.
"Shelter, for example, assumes that there is a distinction between ourselves and the environment; that the environment is a threat and we have to be protected from it," he said. "That's a core concept within architecture, but not all societies see their relationship to the environment in the same way."
Western architecture is "condescending"
Lahoud attacked the way other international architecture exhibitions presented architecture from Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
"For example, this obsession with tradition in the vernacular," he said. "This condescending appreciation of creativity under conditions of adversity. Or even the semiotics of architectural materials, bamboo and mud bricks, and so-called other traditional materials. There's always a complete absence of technological sophistication or technological experimentation."
He added: "Architects from that part of the world get admitted to international exhibitions if they're in traditional dress, and of course that standard never applies to architects from a North American or Western European context."
"The question we should be asking is why does the Western curatorial gaze, whenever it looks out to those parts of the world, basically seek works that only confirms preconceptions of what architecture from that part of the world should look like."
Sharjah Architecture Triennial, photo by Ieva Saudargaitė
The aim of the event is to overturn western views on architecture and urbanism, according to Lahoud
Lahoud, an architect, researcher and educator, was appointed dean of the RCA's school of architecture in 2015 when his predecessor Alex de Rijike resigned to focus on his architecture practice dRMM.
Specialising in post-colonial nation-building projects and climate research in the context of the global south, Lahoud's recent projects include an installation called Climate Crimes, which is currently on show at the V&A as part of the exhibition The Future Starts Here.
He promised to put voices of young people in the regions covered by the triennial at the centre of the show, although he conceded that three months would not be time enough to address the scale of issues they face.
"The thing that excites me the most is the opportunity to make a space for dialogue, to create a platform for an emerging generation of architects, of scholars, of artists, planners, urban designers, who are working in parts of the world that sometimes don't have access to really basic things like national archives, to a documentation of their own histories because of colonialism, because archives were taken back to Europe or destroyed."
Photography of Sharjah is by Ieva Saudargaitė.


Mutton Bird (2008)
Years 5-6
Download print versions: Years 5-6
Close Captioning Icon Mutton Bird (2008) | Audio Description Icon Video with audio description »
Sections in this Resource
Telling the Story: Mathinna (2008)
The focus of the production Mathinna is the social disruptions that occurred as British settlers relocated the Aboriginal people from their tribal lands and intervened in their cultural practices.
Excerpts from Mathinna
Mutton Bird is a contemporary dance representation of the mutton birds (shearwaters) that inhabit the coastal areas of Tasmania, and their significance as the totem to the clan to which Mathinna belonged.
Bringing Mutton Bird to the Stage: The Creative Process
The creating of Bangarra's production of Mathinna, of which Mutton Bird is a part, began with extensive research of historical records, as well as literary and visual interpretations. The artistic elements of Mutton Bird are created by the choreographer in close collaboration with the dancers, the composer of the music, and the costumeset and lighting designers.
Before Viewing
What do students already know about movement and dance, and the mutton bird?
After Viewing
What did the students experience watching Mutton Bird? What did they observe and what is their response to the work?
Next Steps
Use improvisation, exploration and experimentation of movement to create dance, communicate ideas, and reflect back on Mutton Bird.
Mutton Bird with Audio Description


Is the Riemann zeta function surjective or does it miss one value?
The Riemann zeta function is surjective. First, $\zeta(1/z)$ is holomorphic in the punctured disk $0<|z|<1$. Looking at $z=(1/2+it)^{-1}$ with $t\to\infty$ reveals that $\zeta(1/z)$ has an essential singularity at $z=0$, hence $\zeta(s)$ misses at most one value. If $\zeta(s)=w$ then $\zeta(\overline{s})=\overline{w}$, hence $\zeta(s)$ can only miss a real value. However, $\zeta(s)$ maps the real interval $(1,\infty)$ onto $(1,\infty)$, and the real interval $(-2,1)$ onto $(-\infty,0)$. Also $\zeta(-19)>1$ and $\zeta(-18)=0$, hence $\zeta(s)$ maps $[-19,-18]$ onto a real interval that contains $[0,1]$. So $\zeta(s)$ does not miss any real value, and hence it does not miss any complex value.
$\zeta$ function has only one pole at $z=1$. It also has order $1$. If $\zeta$ omits $c\in C$ then $g:=1/(\zeta-c)$ is entire with one simple zero at $1$. As it is of order $1$, it must be $g(z)=(z-1)e^{az+b}$, by Hadamard's factorization theorem, so $$\zeta(z)=(z-1)^{-1}e^{-az-b}+c,$$ which is absurd.
The formula I wrote is the general form of a non-surjective meromorphic function of order $1$ with a single pole at $1$ and omitting $c$.
The reference on Hadamard's factorization theorem is any texbook on complex variables, for example Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, or Titchmarsh, Function Theory, or Whittaker Watson, or whatever you have.
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 $\begingroup$ Now that we have two solutions, we can ask ourselves, Which is more elementary: Picard's Great theorem or Hadamard's factorization? $\endgroup$ – Gerald Edgar May 18 '18 at 11:57
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ _USER_: Eremenko's proof is more to the point, and also more elementary, in my opinion. My proof is pretty ad hoc. $\endgroup$ – GH from MO May 18 '18 at 12:57
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 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Edgar: Picard's Great Theorem is probably more elementary then the general Hadamard's theorem (and it was proved earlier), but the special case of Hadamard's theorem that is used here is also quite simple. I only used the fact that an entire function without zeros is $e^g$, and has order one only if $g(z)=az+b$. $\endgroup$ – Alexandre Eremenko May 18 '18 at 13:19
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ This argument also shows that $\zeta$ takes any value infinitely many times. $\endgroup$ – Will Sawin May 20 '18 at 13:21
(Just a quick aside: the set of solutions to the equation $\zeta(s) = a$ when $a \neq 0$ are usually called the $a$-points of the Riemann zeta function in the literature, in case you want to look up the state of the art)
As Steve Huntsman mentions in a comment, it is indeed possible to use the universality of the zeta function to prove that $\zeta(s)$ is surjective with a simple argument based on Rouché's theorem.
In particular, let $U$ be a compact connected subset with a smooth boundary in the critical strip on which universality holds (for simplicity, let $U = \{ z \in \mathbb{C} : |z - 3/4| \leq 1/8 \}$), and let $f:U \to \mathbb{C}$ be a function holomorphic on $U$ (i.e. holomorphic in the interior, and continuous on the boundary) with the following properties:
 1. $f$ has no zeroes in $U$.
 2. There exists a $z \in U$ such that $f(z) = a$.
 3. For all $z \in \partial U$, $f(z) \neq a$.
As an example, for $U$ as above, one could take $f(z) = a + |a| (z-3/4)$.
Now note that 3 implies that there is an $m > 0$ such that $$m = \inf_{z \in \partial U} |f(z) - a|.$$
Pick $\epsilon > 0$ such that $\epsilon < m$. Then, due to 1, universality guarantees that there is a $t \geq 0$ such that $$ |\zeta(s+it) - f(s)| < \epsilon$$ for every $s \in U$. In particular, this inequality holds for every $s \in \partial U$. Thus, for every $s \in \partial U$, we have that
$$ |\zeta(s+it) - f(s)| < \epsilon < m \leq |f(s) - a|. $$
Thus, Rouché's theorem implies that $f(s) - a$ and $f(s) - a + \zeta(s+it) - f(s) = \zeta(s+it) - a$ have the same number of roots in the interior of $U$. Since $f$ has such a root, it follows that $\zeta$ has such a root as well, and we are done.
This argument is robust in a few ways. For one, it applies to other functions which exhibit universality (which is known for fairly widely classes of $L$-functions and other zeta-like families). For another, using more effective versions of Voronin's universality theorem can be used to give a lower bound for the number of $a$-points in a rectangle within the critical strip. For a third, this argument actually proves that there are simple $a$-points for every $a$.
This argument is probably classical, but I first saw it in a paper on simple $a$-points by Gonek, Lester and Milinovich.
Your Answer


text:
In response to viral pathogens, the host upregulates antiviral genes that suppress translation of viral mRNAs. However, induction of such antiviral responses may not be exclusive to viruses, as the pathways lie at the intersection of broad inflammatory networks that can also be induced by bacterial pathogens. Using a model of Gram-negative sepsis, we show that propagation of kidney damage initiated by a bacterial origin ultimately involves antiviral responses that result in host translation shutdown. We determined that activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 2/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (Eif2ak2/Eif2α) axis is the key mediator of translation initiation block in late-phase sepsis. Reversal of this axis mitigated kidney injury. Furthermore, temporal profiling of the kidney translatome revealed that multiple genes involved in formation of the initiation complex were translationally altered during bacterial sepsis. Collectively, our findings imply that translation shutdown is indifferent to the specific initiating pathogen and is an important determinant of tissue injury in sepsis.
Takashi Hato, Bernhard Maier, Farooq Syed, Jered Myslinski, Amy Zollman, Zoya Plotkin, Michael T. Eadon, Pierre C. Dagher
Multiple mechanisms contribute to translation shutdown in late-phase sepsis.


text:
Radiation-induced damage to brain tissue reversed by oxygen starvation in mice
Treating brain tumors with whole brain radiation therapy can damage healthy brain tissue, but a new study in mice reveals that limiting the oxygen supply, or hypoxia, can alleviate some of the cognitive impairment caused by the radiation. The results are reported in the Jan. 18 issue of the online journal PLoS ONE.
The researchers, led by William Sonntag of University of Oklahoma, exposed the mice to a clinically relevant regimen of radiation, which caused progressive deterioration of spatial learning starting about two months post-radiation.
However, when mice were treated with chronic hypoxia for about three weeks, beginning one month after radiation exposure, they showed significant improvement in this area, which was maintained for at least two months after returning to normal oxygen levels.
The radiation treatment also caused an early decline in contextual learning and memory, but these deficiencies were transient and dissipated within three months post-radiation.
More information: Warrington JP, Csiszar A, Mitschelen M, Lee YW, Sonntag WE (2012) Whole Brain Radiation-Induced Impairments in Learning and Memory Are Time-Sensitive and Reversible by Systemic Hypoxia. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30444. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Provided by Public Library of Science
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Classical and Quantum Mechanics via Lie algebras
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text:
We propose a method based on the maximum-likelihood technique for removing speckle patterns that plague coherent images. The proposed method is designed for images whose gray levels vary continuously in space. The image model is based on a lattice of nodes corresponding to vertices of triangles in which the gray level of each pixel is produced by linear interpolation. A constraint on isoline gray levels is introduced to regularize the solution.
© 2004 Optical Society of America
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text: Misalignment is one of the key reasons for vibrations in most of the rotating system. The present study focuses on interactions among speed, load, and defect severity by investigating their effect on the system vibration. Response surface methodology (RSM) with root-mean-square (RMS) as a response factor is used to understand the influence of such interactions on the system performance. Experiments are planned using design of experiments, and analysis is carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is observed that speed has a remarkable effect on RMS value in both parallel and angular types of misalignment and affects the system performance. RSM results revealed that a change in load has less impact on vibration amplitude in case of horizontal and vertical directions, but there is a significant variation in RMS value in axial direction for both types of misalignment. A slight increase in the RMS value with an increase in defect severity is observed in the axial direction. These observations will help to understand the misalignment defect and its effect in a better way.


text:
Colonial and Revolutionary Muster Rolls: Some New Evidence on Nutrition and Migration in Early America
NBER Working Paper No. 374
That investment in human capital has made an important contribution to the increase of labor productivity and per capita income during the last several centuries is widely acknowledged. While much of the research on this issue has focused on education, many scholars have also directed attention to the significance of improvements in nutrition. Until recently, efforts to study this subject have been hampered by a lack of evidence, but it now appears possible to construct indexes of nutrition from height-by-age data. This paper employs a relatively underutilized type of historical document to investigate the level of nutrition in early America. The same material also provides a rich source of information about patterns of migration during this period. This paper finds that native-born Americans approached modern heights by the time of the Revolution. On average, colonial Americans appear to have been 2 to 4 inches taller than Europeans, with southerners considerably taller than northerners and the rural population of greater stature than the urban. These differences may indicate that other factors besides nutrition were important in accounting for the dramatic changes in U.S. mortality rates during the nineteenth century.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w0374
Published: Sololoff, K.L. and G.C. Villaflor, "Migration in Colonial America: Evidence from the Militia Muster Rolls," Social Science History, Vol. 6, (Fall 1982), pp. 539-570.
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Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts
Release 2 (8.1.6)
Part Number A76968-01
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Inter-Instance Coordination
This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the inter-instance coordination activities that take place in a cluster. As mentioned in Chapter 3, Oracle uses locks within a cluster to coordinate lock resources, data, and inter-instance data requests. This chapter describes the details about how Oracle coordinates these resources.
Topics in this chapter include:
Coordination of concurrent tasks within a cluster is called synchronization. Resources such as data blocks and locks must be synchronized as nodes within a cluster acquire and release ownership of them. The synchronization provided by Oracle Parallel Server maintains cluster-wide concurrency of the resources and in turn ensures the integrity of the shared data.
The key to successful parallel processing is to divide the tasks that require resources among the nodes so that very little synchronization is necessary. The less synchronization that is necessary, the better your system's speedup and scaleup. The overhead of synchronization can be very expensive if excessive inter-node communication is necessary.
The synchronization effort to achieve parallel processing among nodes ideally uses a high-speed interconnect linking the parallel processors. For parallel processing within a node, messaging is not necessary; shared memory is used instead. As mentioned in the previous chapter, messaging and locking between nodes is handled by the Distributed Lock Manager.
The amount of synchronization depends on the amount of resources and the number of users and tasks working on the resources. Little synchronization may be needed to coordinate a small number of concurrent tasks, but many concurrent tasks can require significant synchronization.
Each instance of Oracle Parallel Server has a dictionary cache, or row cache, containing data dictionary information in its System Global Area. The data dictionary structure is the same for Oracle instances in Oracle Parallel Server as for instances in exclusive mode. Parallel Server uses global locks to coordinate data dictionary activity among multiple instances.
Parallel Cache Management uses several types of locks to control access to data and resources within a cluster. The way you configure the locks and the degree of granularity you use affect the performance of applications running on Oracle Parallel Server. The degree of granularity refers to the number of locks per instance.
You can most positively influence each type of locking by properly designing your applications. Second, setting initialization parameters and properly administering your cluster can also positively affect your system's overhead. On the other hand, improper lock use can cause your system to spend so much time synchronizing shared resources that you cannot achieve any speedup or scaleup.
Oracle Parallel Server uses two primary groups of locks as described in the following section:
Local Locks
There are two types of local locks, latches and enqueues. Latches are not Parallel Server-specific and are synchronized only within each instance. Latches thus do not have an effect on the global operations of clustered environments. Enqueues, however, can be both local to an instance and global to a cluster.
The following provides a brief description of these two types of locks:
Latches are simple, low level serialization mechanisms that protect in-memory data structures in the System Global Area. Latches do not protect data files, are automatic, and are held for a very short time in exclusive mode. As mentioned, because latches are synchronized within a node, they do not facilitate internode synchronization.
Enqueues are shared memory structures that serialize access to database resources. Enqueues are local to one instance if you do not enable Parallel Server. Or when you enable Parallel Server, enqueues can be global to a database. Enqueues are associated with a session or transaction and Oracle can use them in any of the following modes:
Enqueues are held longer than latches, have more granularity and more modes than latches, and protect more database resources. For example, if you request a table lock, or a DML lock, your request is assigned an "enqueue" lock. Enqueues are managed by the Distributed Lock Manager. When Parallel Server is enabled, most local enqueues become global enqueues.
Global Locks
Oracle Parallel Server synchronizes global locks among all active instances in a cluster. Global locks include two main types:
The Distributed Lock Manager tracks the status of all Oracle locking mechanisms. Oracle only creates global locks if you start an Oracle instance with Parallel Server enabled. The exception to this is the mount lock. The Distributed Lock Manager synchronizes global locks by communicating the status of a lock resource to all instances within an Oracle Parallel Server cluster.
Global locks are held by background processes within instances rather than by transactions. An instance owns a global lock that protects a resource, such as a data block or data dictionary entry, when the resource enters the instance's System Global Area. The Distributed Lock Manager manages locking only for resources accessed by more than one instance.
The following sections in this chapter are:
Non-Parallel Cache Management Coordination
Non-parallel Cache Management includes coordination for resources other than data blocks. The Parallel Cache Management features of Oracle Parallel Server are described later in this chapter.
Non-Parallel Cache Management Locks
There are many different types of non-Parallel Cache Management locks. These control access to data files and control files. They also control library and dictionary caches, and perform various types of communication between instances. These locks do not protect data file blocks. Examples of these are Data Modification Language enqueues (table locks), transaction enqueues, and Data Definition Language locks or dictionary locks. The System Change Number (SCN), and the mount lock are global locks, not enqueues.
The context of Oracle Parallel Server causes most local enqueues to become global; they can still be seen in the fixed tables and views that show enqueues, such as V$LOCK. The V$LOCK table does not, however, show global locks, such as SCN locks, mount locks, and Parallel Cache Management locks.
Non-PCM Global Locks
This section describes some of the most common non-PCM global locks. It covers the following information:
Overview of Non-Parallel Cache Management Locks
This section explains how Oracle uses non-PCM locks to manage locks for transactions, tables, and other entities within an Oracle environment. Figure 4-1 highlights non-PCM locks in relation to other locks used in Oracle.
Figure 4-1 Oracle Locking Mechanisms: Non-PCM Locks
Whereas PCM locks are static (you allocate them when you design your application), non-PCM locks are very dynamic. Their number and corresponding space requirements will change as your system's initialization parameter values change.
See Also:
Oracle8i Reference for descriptions of all non-PCM locks.
Transaction Locks
Row locks are locks that protect selected rows. A transaction acquires a global enqueue and an exclusive lock for each individual row modified by one of the following statements:
These locks are stored in the block, and each lock refers to the global transaction enqueue.
A transaction lock is acquired in exclusive mode when a transaction initiates its first change. It is held until the transaction does a COMMIT or ROLLBACK. SMON also acquires it in exclusive mode when recovering (undoing) a transaction. Transaction locks are used as a queuing mechanism for processes awaiting the release of an object locked by a transaction in progress.
Table Locks
Table locks are DML locks that protect entire tables. A transaction acquires a table lock when a table is modified by one of the following statements: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT with the FOR UPDATE clause, and LOCK TABLE. A table lock can be held in any of several modes: null (N), row share (RS), row exclusive (RX), share lock (S), share row exclusive (SRX), and exclusive (X).
Library Cache Locks
When a database object (table, view, procedure, function, package, package body, trigger, index, cluster, synonym) is referenced during parsing or compiling of a SQL (DML/DDL), PL/SQL, or Java statement, the process parsing or compiling the statement acquires the library cache lock in the correct mode. In Oracle8 the lock is held only until the parse or compilation completes (for the duration of the parse call).
Dictionary Cache Locks
The data dictionary cache contains information from the data dictionary, the meta-data store. This cache provides efficient access to the data dictionary.
Creating a new table, for example, causes the meta-data of that table to be cached in the data dictionary. If a table is dropped, the meta-data needs to be removed from the data dictionary cache. To synchronize access to the data dictionary cache, latches are used in exclusive mode and in single shared mode. Global locks are used in multiple shared (parallel) mode.
In Oracle Parallel Server, the data dictionary cache on all nodes may contain the meta-data of a table that gets dropped on one instance. The meta-data for this table needs to be flushed from the data dictionary cache of every instance. This is performed and synchronized by global locks.
Database Mount Lock
The mount lock shows whether an instance has mounted a particular database. This lock is only used with Oracle Parallel Server. It is the only multi-instance lock used by Parallel Server in exclusive mode, where it prevents another instance from mounting the database in shared mode.
In Oracle Parallel Server single shared mode, this lock is held in shared mode. Another instance can successfully mount the same database in shared mode. In Parallel Server exclusive mode, however, another instance will not able to obtain the lock.
Parallel Cache Management Coordination
Understanding how Oracle Parallel Server synchronizes caches across instances can help you understand the overhead affecting system performance. Consider a five-node parallel server where a user drops a table on one of the nodes. Since each of the five dictionary caches has a copy of the definition of the dropped table, the node dropping the table from its cache must also cause the other four dictionary caches to drop their copies of the dropped table. Oracle Parallel


text:
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents.
MICs can be determined by broth dilution methods usually following the guidelines of a reference body such as the CLSI, BSAC or EUCAST. Another, more modern method is the E-test method using strips of a gradient of antibiotic concentration.
Clinically, the minimum inhibitory concentrations are used not only to determine the amount of antibiotic that the patient will receive but also the type of antibiotic used, which in turn lowers the opportunity for microbial resistance to specific antimicrobial agents.
- ↑ Andrews, J. M. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48 (Suppl. 1):5-16, (2001). PMID _PHONE_.
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How Should Tourism Businesses Respond To Extreme Weather: A Practical Guide
Skift Take
As extreme weather patterns become more and more common across the globe every year, tourism organizations, both the governments and DMOs, will have to respond and create better resources for tourism businesses. Kudos to VisitEngland for creating this resource for its local stakeholders.
— Rafat Ali
As a large part of the world is enmeshed in extreme weather patterns this winter, a lot of tourism businesses are getting affected. Most of them tend to be small and medium enterprises, and need help in navigating the new landscape, understanding how it affects their business on a day to day basis, how to respond to it, and how to communicate to its current and future customers.
The island of UK has been experiencing extreme weather and flooding in many parts of the country, and that has disrupted normal activities for a lot of destinations and the tourism businesses. VisitEngland, the tourism body responsible for England, has come out with a useful guide on responding to this extreme weather, and we thought it could be useful to businesses beyond the geographic area of England as well, and have extracted below:
Serious events…can also affect the attractiveness of a destination by damaging public realm infrastructure. All of this can impact negatively on visitors' perceptions of personal safety, access, availability of accommodation and the likelihood of disruption to their travel plans.
The nature of media coverage means that perceptions of the scale of the problem can be exaggerated…Sensational images of flooding and storms stick in people's minds far more easily than details of the specific locations that are actually experiencing these problems, resulting in confused consumers, false perceptions and potentially impact on future bookings.
It is important that you are able to establish an accurate assessment of the situation and pass this information on to customers and potential customers on a regular basis.
Having a simple communications plan for your business is one of the steps you can take to help manage the impact. Developing a thought-out response can ensure that you put the issue into perspective, reassure visitors and observers about the measures being taken to address the situation (if there is a problem) and fully explain the true extent of the issue.
Experience has shown that the lack of a planned, coordinated communications effort can significantly delay the time it takes for a business or destination to attract visitors back after events such as this have ended.
The aim of this plan is to provide practical guidance to help businesses affected by the extreme weather and flooding, create both an immediate and longer-term approach to communicating with their customers and signpost operators to further sources of support and advice, to help reduce the impact on their business.
Screen Shot 2014-02-21 at 8.37.33 AM
The full report "Responding to extreme weather A practical guide for tourism businesses – Winter 2014" is embedded below as a PDF
Download (PDF, 912KB)
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text:
Preserving the Vision is the name of the strategic planning process, which began in 2008, to insure the future of Catholic education within the Diocese of Brooklyn. It is an ongoing process, guided by the Preserving the Vision Advisory Committee, and aimed to preserve and strengthen the mission of Catholic education in Brooklyn and Queens.
The Preserving the Vision Advisory Committee is comprised of both religious and lay people committed to Catholic education. Among the many individuals on the committee are leaders in the Catholic faith, educators specializing in different fields, lawyers, marketing professionals, financial advisors, and development specialists.
The long-term goal of Preserving the Vision is to enhance the mission of Catholic elementary schools by creating "multiple partnerships" designed to strengthen every aspect of a Catholic elementary school's life and to transform it into an academy that includes competent lay leadership in its governance. These partnerships will support and strengthen each school's Catholic identity, further enhance and promote its academic excellence and strengthen its long term viability and stability.
The priorities of Preserving the Vision are:
- Strengthening the Catholic identity and academic excellence of the schools and academies within the Diocese of Brooklyn with particular attention to the implementation of New York State Common Core Learning Standards.
- Increasing enrollment through effective marketing and outreach to the diverse communities within the diocese.
- Attracting new sources of funding to increase the dollars available at the local and diocesan levels for operating revenue and tuition assistance.
- Transitioning all schools to academies by 2017 and insuring that the academies are vibrant institutions providing an excellent Catholic education.
- Utilizing up-to-date technology to enhance instruction which will reflect 21st century learning skills, improve marketing efforts and facilitate effective communication with parents and between schools and the diocese.
- Academies and schools within the diocese will participate in the diocesan parish strategic planning process, Christ Jesus Our Hope, in order to strengthen the connections between schools, academies and the home parishes of their students.
- Academies and schools within the diocese will give strong support to the New Evangelization initiatives of the universal church in order to meet the challenges which today's society and changing cultures are posing to the faith.
- Academy and school leadership, in partnership with the Superintendent of Schools ~ Catholic School Support Services, will vigorously participate in political advocacy with state and local officials in order to bring all possible benefits to the Catholic educational community of the diocese.
- Academy and school leadership will collaborate with Catholic high school principals and Board Members, as well as with colleagues in higher education, in order to ensure quality Catholic education in the P-16 continuum.
- All school buildings and the learning environments therein will meet the safety needs of students and staff.
- The stability of the infrastructure of school buildings within the diocese will be diligently maintained.
Preserving the Vision remains an ongoing process. Therefore, the Advisory Committee meets on a regular basis, progress in relation to the goals is reported on an annual basis, and the Strategic Plan is updated as needed.


text:
In this paper, a grayscale wavelet moment and entropy combined feature, which can well represent the images with much
lower dimensions, is proposed for the MSTAR targets' classification, also a discriminative feature selection and
evaluation method for multi-class targets is presented. By introducing SVM as the classifier to some simulation tests, it
can be shown that the grayscale wavelet moment and entropy combined feature has good capability for translation,
scaling and rotation transformation in both local information and global information conditions, by the reasons of
wavelet moments' multi-resolution analysis, moment invariant quality and entropy's statistic quality for image disorder.
The test also confirms that this feature has a significant improvement on classificatory accuracy using SVM with a lower
feature dimension than the other features such as the single wavelet moment, Hu's moment and PCA.


text:
Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze
Generous government-mandated parental leave is generally viewed as an effective policy to support women's careers around childbirth. But does it help women to reach top positions in the upper pay echelon of their firms? Using longitudinal employer–employee matched data for the entire Norwegian population, we address this question exploiting a series of reforms that expanded paid leave from 30 weeks in 1989 to 52 weeks in 1993. The representation of women in top positions has only modera…
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