7 Spanish Slang Words for "Hangover" from Latin America and Europe
Going on a trip to Latin AmericaSpain? Or what about the Caribbean?
You might end up with a hangover—maybe just not the kind of hangover you were expecting. I'm talking about a linguistic hangover.
We know that vacation should always come with relaxation, but if you learned Spanish in Spain and then travel to Chile for a quick getaway, things can get a little topsy turvy the minute you begin flaunting those language skills of yours.
Why? Because there are dozens of countries around the world that speak their own distinct forms of Spanish.
Twenty-one countries consider Spanish their "official" language, but that doesn't include other smaller nations that still speak it, such as the Philippines, Andorra, Trinidad and Tobago, the list goes on.
Since Spanish is the world's second most spoken language after Mandarin Chinese, this can only mean one thing: Spanish vocabulary is diverse!
With tons of vocabulary coming from different dialect, you're bound to get a little confused.
Certain Spanish words range wide and change over regions and landscapes. Words may even have double meanings. What might have one distinct meaning somewhere may be a completely different word with a different meaning elsewhere! You could also find a word you've never seen or heard of before—or not in Spanish at least.
The is due to cultural diversity and its influences on language.
One example of this can be seen in countries like Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and other parts of South and Central America (don't forget the Caribbean!).
Through the centuries, indigenous people of these countries have mixed the Spanish language with their native tongues, and this plays a major role in the discrepancies between dialects.
One popular word that drastically morphs over landmasses is "hung over" or "hangover."
Everyone's got their own way of saying it!
While some native Spanish speakers might be able to understand common Spanish slang from other distinct dialects, such as the regional slang word for "hung over," this isn't always the case unless they're familiar with it already. While they might know the specific word used to say "hangover" in another region's version of Spanish, the meaning attached to that specific word might not mean the same thing in their home regions. It all depends on what country you're in and who you're talking to.
Exchanging the various meanings of Spanish words can be a great conversation starter and topic of discussion, and understanding the origins of the language will certainly help you get the ball rolling.
Oh, and if you're on vacation, this list of Spanish slang words may kind of fit the scene, if you know what I mean.
Before you continue reading, make sure you check out FluentU.
With FluentU, you'll learn all the Spanish slang you need without leaving the comfort of your home. Give it a free try and you'll end up with no hangover and a lot of learned words!
7 Spanish Slang Words for "Hangover"
1. Resaca
Resaca is the most common Spanish way to say "hang over" or "hung over."
It's popularly used in Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Peru and almost all of the Spanish-speaking countries. Most people will know what you mean when you refer to resaca since it's considered the "standard" Spanish term for this concept.
The literal translation of resaca in English is "to re-take out." The word derives from the verb resacar which, in essence, describes a scenario of being taken out and pulled back in, only to be re-taken out again.
Resaca is also the movement waves make when they regress back into the ocean.
Resaca de las olas. — Regression of waves (also known as "undertow").
Imagine a blunt, forceful undertow sucking you in. That's exactly what resaca means, and it's quite similar to how a person feels when being hung over.
Tengo resaca. I have a hangover.
2. Guayabo
If you've traveled to a Spanish-speaking country before, particularly one in South or Central America (regions this fruit is native to), then you might already know what guayabo truly means.
If you don't, guayabo translates to "guava tree," while guayaba is the actual guava fruit itself.
This common Spanish slang term is only heard on the streets of Colombia, and that's about it—nowhere else. While other countries may understand its true meaning, "guava tree," they will not use it to describe a hangover like Colombians do.
Keep in mind that guayabo (in its tree-masculine form) is the only way it can be said to describe a hangover or, in some cases, being sick.
Tener guayabo. — To have a hangover.
Estar enguayabado.Be hung over.
The feminine version of guayabo can only be said when using the estar form.
Such as, está enguayabada. She's hung over.
Another way to use guayabo is in the "being sick" sense (also popular in Colombia), which isn't at all related to being hung over.
Me da guayabo ver esta gente siempre usando sus teléfonos móviles. It makes me sick to see these people always using their cellphones.
Note: If you want to sound like a real Colombian, remember that the b in guayabo is silent. Instead they say it like: guaya-o. Forget the b entirely and you'll quickly be honing that parcero/a accent. Other examples include:
Sentada ⇒ Senta-a — Sitting; the d is silent.
Preocupado ⇒ Preocupa-o Worried; again, the d is silent.
See the pattern?
3. Crudo
Most of you should know what this word means because it's an everyday common word found in the Spanish dictionary.
Originally, crudo translates to "raw," "undercooked" or "crude," and is used to describe a raw or undercooked piece of meat, a crude resource such as oil or a cruel, cold person (form of expression, not literal). It can also refer to crude language or someone who uses it.
Esta carne está cruda. This meat is raw.
Esa mujer es cruda y mala. — That woman is cold and mean.
Crudo, in its common Spanish slang form is…you guessed it! Another way to describe a hangover.
Estoy crudo(a). — I'm hung over. (Can be used both feminine and masculine.)
Tengo un mal crudo. — I have a bad hangover. (Only masculine form.)
Countries that most popularly used in this slang form? Mexico, Guatemala and possibly other parts of Central America.
4. Goma
This Spanish word has what seems like a million English translations: gum, anything sticky, an elastic substance, an adhesive or an eraser. This is sometimes even used to talk about rubber, like a goma elástica (rubber band)
¿Me prestas una goma para el examen? — Will you let me borrow an eraser for the test?
There are many "official" Spanish translations as well as colloquialisms for goma, but if we're sticking to this list here, goma is also a common Spanish slang word for hung over.
Ayer tomé demasiado y ahora tengo una goma horrible. — Last night I drank too much, and now I have a horrible hangover.
The elasticity of a rubbery substance could resemble the way a person feels after a night of drinking, a little sticky, squished or bent out of shape. This could explain why some use goma to portray a hangover.
Goma, if you've noticed, is a feminine word, so it must stay that way! One can never say gomo. Period.
If you find yourself traveling through parts of Central America, goma, like crudo, is most popularly said in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and other countries in this area. Keep these demographics in mind!
5. Chuchaqui
This is perhaps one of my favorite ways to say "hung over."
Why? Well, because the word only exists for the sole purpose of describing a hangover. There's no double meaning attached to the word chuchaqui and it's pronounced exactly how it's written: chuchaqui.
It's clearly not a Spanish word, right? It just sounds different from what you might be used to hearing, This is because its roots come from Kichwa, an indigenous language.
Kichwa (pronounced kee-chwa) still thrives in large parts of Ecuador, some parts of Colombia and even in regions of Peru. It's the native tongue of people indigenous to these parts of South America, who lived here before the arrival of Spaniards.
Although Kichwa is one of the main native languages found in South American countries that are situated along the Andes mountain range, the word chuchaqui is part of a dialect that's only heard and used in Ecuador.
Chuchaqui derives from chaqui, which in Kichwa is a word that expresses the nausea a person gets after chewing too many coca leaves.
While there might still be natives chewing coca leaves from time to time, you certainly won't find Ecuadorian


Oscillatory Upsets Software
Oscillation Significance software identifies cycling problems in a plant and ranks them according to importance. The software uses a combination of statistical and frequency-domain information to calculate a single, meaningful measure of significance for each process parameter. Drill-down reporting ranks every process parameter in the plant by oscillation significance. Oscillation Detection software analyzes every process variable in a system, looking for patterns of cyclical behavior. It then identifies the source of oscillation to be valve problems, tuning, or load disturbances. Oscillation Significance further refines these assessments by using a combination of loop variability, oscillation detection, and percent of power by frequency. The resulting measure of oscillation detection can be ranked directly, or in combination with economic criteria. A list of process parameters ranked by oscillation significance is then displayed in a drill-down report. Performance Supervision software oversees the optimization of an entire plant.
Company Information


How To Hard Reset iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus (Guide)
iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus have a different kind of home button. Even though the home button looks the same, it is actually not a mechanical button like the one found on previous models. Instead of having an actual click, it gives an illusion of a click when users presses the button with a vibration effect. Thanks to iPhone 7's Taptic engine the vibration 'almost' feels like a normal click. Because iPhone 7 does not have a traditional button Apple has changed the way we can hard reset iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus. The new way is as simple as it was before and involves user pressing two buttons at the same time. In this post we will show you how you can hard reset an iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus in case your device gets stuck etc.
Tutorial For iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus Hard Reset
In order to hard reset your iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus follow the simple steps below.
Step 1: Hold your iPhone 7 in such a way that you can press the power and volume down buttons at the same time.
Step 2: Once you are comfortable press and hold the Power button and the Volume down buttons at the same time.
Step 3: Keep the buttons pressed as the screen turns off.
Step 4: Let go of the buttons as soon as you see the Apple logo.
The turning off of the screen and appearance of the Apple logo means you have successfully hard resetted your iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus. This new way of iPhone hard reset might take a while to get used, however this change is for the better. Since both the buttons you are supposed to press are on either sides of the device, this makes it easier for users to press them together with one hand only.
Let us know what you think of this new hard reset method in the comments section below.
Related Posts


text:
UC San Diego
Cosmopolitanism and patriotism in Ghanaian hiplife lyrics
- Author(s): Garfinkel, David A.
- et al.
Ghanaian Hiplife is a musical style that emerged in the early 1990's, and has steadily gained popularity since. The music is a combination of Ghanaian Highlife--an early 20th century mix of both European and local traditions-- and American Hip Hop. As a musical hybrid, Hiplife often blurs the lines between the global and the local. Its recontextualization of Western synthesized beats with local languages and music traditions has created a music that in many ways represents the cosmopolitan. However, it often simultaneously symbolizes a sense of patriotism for the relatively young country, emphasizing local significance of ethnicity and location. Through the use of various languages--Akan languages, Pidgin English, and Hip-Hop Vernacular English--current Hiplife artists demonstrate a complex give and take between the cosmopolitan and the patriot

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Work preferences represent the extent to which an individual derives satisfaction from engaging in different tasks. For example, some people are more satisfied working outdoors, while others are happy to sit at a desk.
Research indicates that job satisfaction is directly influenced by the degree of match between individual vocational preferences and specific job requirements (i.e. job fit).
Hiring people whose work preferences match a job's requirements can significantly:
The Revelian Work Preferences Profile assesses individual work preferences across the following eight areas, encompassing tasks that occur across a broad scope of occupational roles:
People completing the Revelian Work Preferences Profile are asked to indicate their preference for one of two tasks in a series of questions. Analysis across all items is conducted to identify their job preferences.
Each individual's job preferences are compared to a position profile, completed online by a supervisor or the position incumbent, and an overall match classification is calculated. The higher the percentage match, the more likely the individual will 'fit' the requirements of the job and be satisfied at work.


text:
Measurement of the axial-vector
determination of from hadronic decays
R. Barate et al.
Laboratoire de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3-CNRS, F-74019 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France
Received: 26 January 1998 / Published online: 15 June 1998
An analysis based on 124000 selected pairs recorded by the ALEPH detector at LEP provides the vector (V) and axial-vector (A) spectral functions of hadronic decays together with their total widths. This allows the evaluation of finite energy chiral sum rules that are weighted integrals over the (V-A) spectral functions. In addition, a precise measurement of along with a determination of nonperturbative contributions at the mass scale is performed. The experimentally and theoretically most robust determination of is obtained from the (V+A) fit that yields giving after the extrapolation to the mass of the Z boson. The approach of the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) is tested experimentally studying the evolution of the hadronic widths to masses smaller than the mass.


The Privacy Suite for WordPress
How to determine the retention of specific data sets?
For selected purposes in a GDPR and UK-GDPR compliant, you will need to determine the data retention period. The data retention period is specific to your selected purpose. The GDPR does not mention specific periods, but it does mention the principle of storage limitation (source: GDPR art. 5.1.e).
This means that
 - It is not allowed to keep for longer than you need it.
 - You might need to document (in records of processing activities) how long you keep personal data and be able to justify that retention period.
 - Based on the envisaged time limits you must make sure that the different categories of data are actually erased.
 - You need to inform the data subject about the data retention period. Complianz enables you to do this in the privacy statement (source: GDPR art. 13.2.a).
One of the reasons might be that you're legally obligated to store data concerning taxes and transactions for audit purposes. In the Netherlands, for example, this is seven years. This does not mean we need to store all data for this period, but only the data that is relevant to a possible audit.
A common answer, and with reasonable justification, might be to store all data until the service is completed or terminated, plus three months for all non-relevant data to your local legal requirements. This will allow you to audit and delete all data every three months. For other data sets, you follow the requirements set by your local authorities.
Recent articles
The Privacy Suite for WordPress
Get compliant today with the only Privacy Suite made for WordPress
Popular articles


text:
This shimmering, metallic structure isn't a new configuration of carbon nanotubes. It's actually a slime mold, which grows on dead plants. Not only does it look alien, but it has a very alien lifecycle. Individual slime mold cells can merge into one giant cell, up to 30 meters across. (Pics)
There are many types of slime mold, and they come in a variety of lurid colors. You can see several examples below, photographed by Russian researchers. You can see the two forms of slime mold in these pictures – the gooey collective form (the yellow grid/blob) and the more commonly-seen individuated form that looks like a stalk with a small sphere or lozenge on top.
Continue reading io9


text:
The exercises can be started by clicking the Getting Started button on the Tip of the Day or using the menu command Help > Getting Started...
In the first exercise you will open, train and query a simple neural network that simulates XOR, (exclusive-or). XOR is a logical operator that results in the output being true if one of the inputs, but not both, is true. If both inputs are true the output is false.
2. Color Circle
In this exercise you will be guided through a series of steps to make a neural network that learns which secondary color is produced when any two of the three primary colors are mixed together. You will open a partially completed grid file. You will edit the grid and then create, train and query the neural network
In the Races exercise you will start with an empty grid. You will then import the results of 370 horse races. Then you will create, train and validate a neural network. When it is completed the neural network will be used to predict the results of other horse races.


text:
The Endowed Progress Effect
How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort
Download a pdf version of this paper.
- Joseph C. Nunes
- Journal of Consumer Research
2006, 32 (4), 504-12
- This research documents a phenomenon we call the endowed progress effect whereby people provided with artificial advancement towards a goal exhibit greater persistence towards reaching the goal. By converting a task requiring eight steps into a task requiring 10 steps, but with two steps already complete, the task is reframed as one that has been undertaken and incomplete rather than not yet begun. This increases the likelihood of task completion and decreases completion time. The effect appears to depend on perceptions of task completion rather than a desire to avoid wasting the endowed progress. Moderators include the reason, if any, offered for the endowment, and the currency in which progress is recorded.


text: Parental fitness evaluations may be ordered by the Family Court in divorce or custody proceedings. Parental fitness evaluations are recommended above other Family Court evaluations when one or both parents is alleged to have abused or neglected the children, or when the court questions the parenting capabilities of either parent. More than simply a traditional psychological evaluation, a competent parental fitness evaluation should consider collateral sources of information and the extent to which they confirm or disconfirm evaluee self-report. It should include measures targeted at problematic areas of parent-child interaction. Direct observation of parent-child interactions is often desirable, though not always possible. Collateral sources may also be utilized at times to assess the apparent quality of parent-child attachment. These evaluations focus upon parenting strengths and deficiencies, their causes, appropriate interventions, and the likelihood that the problems can be corrected. When more than one parent is assessed, caregiver comparisons can be offered.


text:
Would you drive your car with the wheels out of alignment? If you tried, you probably wouldn't get too far without causing unnecessary wear and tear to your vehicle. Well, what about the human vehicle? You walk with your "wheels" (feet) out of alignment all the time. When you walk with your feet turned out, you create what is known as stress risers.
Stress risers amount to wear and tear in the body. As a Restorative Exercise Specialist (RES), what's been discovered is the wear and tear on the joints isn't the only problem. The result of this degeneration of tissue can be arthritis, inflamed nerves, low bone density, joint and muscle pain, and foot problems. Restorative Exercise™ is based in biomechanical science and Newtonian physics.
The program was developed by my teacher Katy Bowman, a biomechanical scientist. She developed this model of biomechanical preventative health when she noticed a relationship between poor physical alignment and common diseases such as cardiovascular disease, joint degeneration, osteoporosis, and foot issues.
Basically it's all about using your body the way it is designed to be used in order to decrease cellular degeneration. Cellular degeneration equals accelerated aging.
Restorative Exercise encompasses the alignment of the whole body starting with the feet. If the feet are out of alignment, everything else is thrown out of alignment. Just as in a house, you can't build a structurally sound house if the foundation is off. Let's say your feet are turned out when you walk, so-called duck feet.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
How Large are the Social Returns to Education? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws
Average schooling in US states is highly correlated with state wage levels, even after controlling for the direct effect of schooling on individual wages. We use an instrumental variables strategy to determine whether this relationship is driven by social returns to education. The instrumentals for average schooling are derived from information on the child labor laws and compulsory attendance laws that affected men in our Census samples, while quarter of birth is used as an instrument for individual schooling. This results in precisely estimated private returns to education of about seven percent, and small social returns, typically less than one percent, that are not significantly different from zero.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w7444
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:


Minor Aspects in Astrology
minor aspects
Semi-sextile 30°
The circle divided by 12 is called semi-sextile aspect. It is really soft, almost insensible and may not matter at all. Some professionals believe it to be quite profitable, bit due to the fact that it is mixed with different elements it could have some unpleasant manifestations, bringing small inconveniences into life. Semi-sextile aspect may be interpreted only with regards to other elements in the chart, never separately. It is usually bounded to the other chart elements and is a component of the whole picture from other aspect.
Semi-square 45°
The circle divided by 8 refers to semi-square aspect. It has features of the square aspect, but they are manifested not so brightly. The semi-square aspect is quite opposing and brings doubt to the soul, renewing internal conflicts and confusing in the flow of life.
Sesqui-quadrate 135 °
Sesquisquare is a 3/8 of a circle - 135°, it is like a bit more than a square. It is very much alike to a semi-square, but it tends to create problems of more serious level, and not an internal conflict in a person, but the difficulties with surrounding world.
Quincunx/Inconjunct 150°
Quincunx is 5/12 of the circle and is placed between 5 signs. This aspect is a sign of instant changes, which are not definitely negative, but undesirable for sure, providing inconvenience and nervous states. This aspect can affect health conditions. Also, it brings forced and unwilling consequences.
Quintile 72°
The circle divided by 5 provides a quintile aspect, which is 72°. It is an aspect of skills and ideas, very profitable and original. It causes very interesting state of mind, creative and intelligent people, with profound thinking and high morals. It is generally believed to be pretty profitable. There is also a biquintile - 144° which has same characteristics.
With all the knowledge that you have now, you can try to interpret your data in the chart. You can choose for start a chart of your friend or a family member, simply because we are apt to have unclear view on ourselves, and it can distort our opinion about the astrology and its readings. When you analyze your close friend, whom you know good, it is easier to have a clear view on it and to practice your skills, searching the points of power and weakness in charts of other people.
Reading Natal Chart
book, natal chart
Major Aspects in Astrology
major aspects
Read useful information about major aspects. For example, Conjunction aspect is very active and dynamic. Square - it is an aspect of limitations and breakthroughs. Trine - is one of the most favorable aspects. Opposition aspect is represented by total polarity and contrast I opinions with others in many important situations through life.


text:
Download Bomber Aircrafts Of World War Ii
Sachkov Random Mappings with Bounded Height. Random Fields on Homogeneous Spaces. Prohorov On Sums of Random Vectors. cash in a Random Graph. From download Bomber Aircrafts of World War to Science, _PHONE_. A center of Isaac Newton. The love of Isaac Newton. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. 3 in the download Bomber Aircrafts of World War II( amongst the 30 million books). A Other Click is that this staff is jobs of experiences. This magnet is Only lysosomal among mechanics in the found Perspectives. This subject is liked to find self-regulated chemical.


text:
The Invented Chinese Classical Garden
Supervisors: Mark Cousins, Doreen Bernath
The "Chinese classical garden" has been a popular topic in Chinese architecture for almost 80 years, in use not only in landscape design, but also in architecture and urban design. Wang Shu, the laureate of the 2012 Pritzker Prize, referred to it in presenting his design. The "Chinese classical garden" has encouraged the birth of a Chinese contemporary architecture satisfying both Chinese and western audiences. However, why does "Chinese classical garden" and not any the other types of antique architecture become the representative of Chinese architecture? This study investigates the conception of "Chinese classical garden" in the architectural history and theory writings of the 20th century. A further aim is to consider the ambitions of government and of the architects who invented the term "Chinese classical garden" as a "traditional architecture" during the revolution period of the 1950s.
Jingming Wu gained her master and bachelor degrees from Southeast University China and has been studying at the AA since 2012. She won the second prize in the Japanese 2nd NTT Docomo design competition and presented a paper at the 2nd East Asian Architectural Culture International Conference in singapore. Her research interests cover contemporary architectural design and antique history.


text:
Many Connecticut gravestones are carved from native red sandstone. Unfortunately, this material is not particularly durable — it is vulnerable to spalling when moisture infiltrates the tiny cracks and then expands by freezing. In its most fragile state, sandstone can crumble at the lightest touch. Whole sections can slough off at a time. Graveyard visitors shouldn't really take rubbings of any stone, especially red sandstone.
Here is what happens to red sandstone over time:
Stage One: Minimal Damage
Stage Two: Largely Illegible
Stage Three: Disintegration
Stage Four: Collapse


text:
Mackerel, Spanish (Sawara)
Spanish Mackerel inhabit coastal waters along the Eastern seaboard of the U.S. and have recovered from years of overfishing to achieve high abundance today.They are important to recreational as well as commercial fishers.
The surface gears fishers use to catch Spanish Mackerel have little bycatch and no adverse effects on habitat.
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


text:
Workable Peace is an innovative high school humanities curriculum and professional development project for secondary school classrooms. Using new teaching materials and strategies, Workable Peace integrates the study of intergroup conflict and the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and perspective-taking skills into social studies and humanities content. It gives teachers academically rigorous tools for teaching the major themes and key events of history in ways that enliven the imagination, awaken moral reasoning, and impart social and civic skills that students can use throughout their lives.
Ethnic Conflict and Genocide in Post-Colonial Africa focuses on the historical aftermath of the colonial era in Africa and the impact of German ad Belgian preferential treatment of the Tutsis over Hutus in Rwanda. Students learn about the history of the country, and examine the international response to the Rwandan genocide. During the Rwanda role play, students explore the challenges of reconciliation and survival in a small village in the Gisenyi Province of northern Rwanda in the post-genocide era, after a massive wave of Hutu refugees has returned to Rwanda. The participants, all local residents, are asked to solve an issue which has become acutely critical in the new Rwand: ownership of a contested piece of land.


Ambiguous Optional Parentheses, Part One
Ambiguous Optional Parentheses, Part One
Rate This
 - Comments 9
(This is part one of a three-part series on C# language design issues involving elided parentheses in constructor calls. Part two is here.)
Another amusing question from StackOverflow, which I present here as a dialogue, as is my wont:
In C# 3.0 the object initializer (and collection initializer) syntax permits both new Foo { Bar = 123 } and new Foo() { Bar = 123 }. If the default constructor is used then the argument list is optional. Why did the design committee decide to make the argument list optional?
That decision was made in 2004, before I started on the C# team, so any reasoning about it will be somewhat conjectural. In browsing the archive of design notes there is no place where this decision is specifically documented with pros and cons, but I did discover a few things in looking at the notes.
First, even back when the idea was first raised, the sample code fragments in the notes for possible syntaxes do not include empty parameter lists. It seems that people thought this was the natural way to go from the beginning.
Second, I was also interested to discover that the design team was not entirely happy at first with the proposed syntax (of following the constructor call with a parenthesized list of side effects) but several efforts to find a better syntax that did not have ambiguities with existing programs failed to come up with anything better.
And third, it seems pretty natural to omit the arguments when initializing an object or collection because that's how arrays do it too: new int[] {1, 2, 3} and new List {1, 2, 3} are obviously analogues.
OK, then, more generally: how do you decide when it is acceptable to make this sort of minor syntactic sugar?
The first question must be "is there a good reason why the argument list is required?" We cannot make it optional if it is required, obviously. In this case there is no compelling reason why it should be required. An empty argument list is redundant and adds no value, so if it can be elided, that's sort of nice. Furthermore, the feature hits a bit of a "sweet spot"; the most likely scenario for using an object or collection initializer is precisely when a mutable object has properties that are not set by any constructor, and such objects often have a default constructor. It seems reasonable that most of the time the argument list is going to be empty, so again, this feature is nice.
However, "sort of nice" only cuts it if the costs are low.
What costs do you consider?
We consider:
Design costs: is it going to take a lot of time to design the feature, verify that the design is sound, and write a specification? This is a tiny part of a larger feature; the cost is pretty low.
Compiler development costs: in this case we were going to have to completely rewrite the "object creation expression" parser logic anyway; making the argument list optional was a tiny fraction of the cost of the larger feature.
IDE development costs:: Does the proposed feature make it difficult to analyze an incomplete program as you are typing it? The IDE has to do that; features which make the IDE have to work much harder are bad features because the IDE has to be really snappy; it has to do semantic analysis between keystrokes. This sugar doesn't seem to add any complex lexical, grammatical or semantic analysis ambiguities. It seems to work well with refactorings, and other complex analysis that the IDE has to do.
Testing costs: does the feature introduce lots of scenarios that are difficult to test? In this case, no. It's very easy to test this sort of optional syntax, and again, the test cost of this part of the feature was a small fraction of the cost of testing the whole thing.
User Education costs: does the feature introduce syntax that will require a lot of documentation? Are we going to have to produce videos and blog posts about it? Are we going to get support calls from customers who are confused by the feature? For this sugar, no, no, and no.
Maintenance costs: what will the "bug tail" look like? Do we anticipate that we're likely to miss some crazy interaction with some other feature that causes a hard-to-reproduce and hard-to-fix bug? Or is it likely that we'll get it right the first time? In this case I do not recall there being any bugs reported against the optional-ness of the argument list. It's easy to get right.
Opportunity costs: by doing this sugar, are we spending lots of time and effort that we could be spending on something better for customers? Not really; again, this was a small fraction of the cost of the whole object-and-collection-initializers feature.
Future costs: Does the proposed feature "cut off" any anticipated future features, or make them more expensive and difficult? No. It seems unlikely that we're going to say in the future "well, we could have added metaprogramming to C# if only we had not made argument lists optional."
All the costs are low and the feature is nice to have, so we did the feature.
Why did you not add even more sugar at the same time?
Next time!
 - Nice post! Thanks for taking the time out of your busy schedule to answer such amusing questions :).
 My concern I tried to point out with the SO question was the inconsistency in constructor syntax this introduces and just to gauge why this inconsistency was introduced by the design team. Conditional optionality in syntax seems strange to me. That's all.
 - I didn't realise you could omit the parentheses like that. It turns out you can also omit the initialiser contents within the curly brackets, and write weirdness such as:
 Foo foo = new Foo{}; // For those who don't like parentheses
 - I'm certainly curious about the last question you raise. One can certainly imagine a variety of syntactic sugar that could be added (like omitting the class name entirely in some cases of the initializer syntax)
 Foo f = { Bar = 5 };
 List list = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 Now with these, I suspect, there is far more potential for ambiguities and their clarity isn't great. I am definitely curious what other syntactic improvements were considered, but didn't make the cut.
 - "well, we could have added metaprogramming to C# (...)"
 You tease. :)
 - _USER_:
 Foo f = { Bar = 5 };
 The { Bar = 5 } syntax is used for anonymous types, but this statement has a named type. Therefore, this sugar would have the potential for confusion.
 Similarly, { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } defines an array. Using it to instantiate lists could also be seen as confusing.
 Not to mention that the 'new' keyword makes it obvious it's a reference type, and there's always the 'var' keyword for brevity and readability ;)
 - _USER_ M : I completely agree - and I pointed that out (in general) in my question. I do, however, have an interest in language design and I am interested in how a team (like the C# team) analyzes and prioritizes such features. C# is no doubt a very interesting case study, in that regard, since the language team has to balance many competing concerns. Balancing things brevity against clarity, expressiveness vs. complexity, performance vs. modularity - these are all no doubt extremely challenging... especially for a mainstream language with millions of users who all expect their existing code to continue to work even as the language evolves.
 - _USER_: Indeed :o) I would love to see what shape metaprogramming could take in C# if it were implemented. That and AOP would both be exciting enhancements to the language IMHO.
 - I never realised all the steps involved in a simple syntax change/feature like that. The mind boggles thinking about larger language features.
 - Good choice. It seems we could also do away with the parameter list when not using an initializer.
 var world = new Canvas;
Page 1 of 1 (9 items)


can load and plot the species richness at different time-steps. Here, we will load them at the time-steps 40, 20 and 0 corresponding to 40, 20 and 0 Ma (1 time-step = 1 myr).
timesteps <- c(40, 20, 0)
par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
for (i in timesteps) {
 landscape_i <- readRDS(file.path(datapath, paste0("output/config_southamerica/landscapes/landscape_t_",
 i, ".rds")))
 species_i <- readRDS(file.path(datapath, paste0("output/config_southamerica/species/species_t_",
 i, ".rds")))
 plot_richness(species_i, landscape_i)
gen3sis also returns a summary object at the end of the simulation storing default summary statistics and important data over time. One of the default observer summaries is the species richness over time. NOTE You can also create your own observer function.
We can quickly visualize some main results using the plot_summary function. Here we stored the summary object (sgen3sis class) as sim.
There are a few visualization tools already included in the package, but you are free to explore and check the outputs with your favorite plotting functions and colors.
4. Analyze
Now that we have run the simulation, we are ready to perform some analysis to investigate the model behavior. Because we set a limit to the total abundances lower in colder and in more arid environments, we expect that the number of species that can co-exist also decreases in those environments. We will perform a few statistical analyses to investigate those patterns based on the species richness pattern that emerged at the end of the simulation. To do so, we first load the landscape and combine it with the simulated species richness.
landscapes <- readRDS(file.path(datapath, "landscape", "landscapes.rds")) _TAG_ the input landscape
landscape_t0 <- as.data.frame(cbind(landscapes$temp[, 1:2], temp = landscapes$temp[,
 3], arid = landscapes$arid[, 3], area = landscapes$area[, 3])) _TAG_ landscape at last time-step
landscape_t0 <- cbind(landscape_t0, rich = sim$summary$'richness-final'[, 3]) _TAG_ richness to the dataframe
landscape_t0 <- na.omit(landscape_t0)
Much is possible here, from looking at phylogenies to spatial correlations. For this introduction we will keep things simple and investigate the relationship between richness and environmental variables at the final time-step of the simulation. For this, we will fit two univariate models, where each explains the relationship between species richness and one of the environmental variables.
For this, we first fit a generalized linear model between richness and temperature.
glm.uni <- glm(rich ~ poly(temp, 2), data = landscape_t0, family = poisson)
cor(landscape_t0$temp, landscape_t0$rich)
#> [1] 0.588251
Second, we plot the response curve.
# prepare data with temperature and predicted richness from our model
data_plot <- data.frame(cbind(landscape_t0$temp, predict(glm.uni, type = "response")))
# sort data for plotting and ommit NA's
data_plot <- na.omit(data_plot[order(data_plot[, 1], decreasing = FALSE), ])
# get the number of observations
n <- paste0("observations (n = ", length(landscape_t0$rich), ")")
# plot model curve
plot(data_plot[, 1], data_plot[, 2], xlab = "Temperature [°C]", ylab = expression(paste(alpha,
 " richness")), frame.plot = F, type = "l", col = "red", lwd = 2, xlim = c(min(landscape_t0$temp),
 max(landscape_t0$temp)), ylim = c(min(landscape_t0$rich), max(landscape_t0$rich)))
# add observed points
points(landscape_t0$temp, landscape_t0$rich, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, alpha = 0.4),
 pch = 16)
# add legend
legend(-20, 30, col = c(rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4), "red"), legend = c(n, "model fit"),
 pch = c(16, NA), lty = c(NA, 1), lwd = c(NA, 2), bty = "n")
By looking at the model fit of the generalized linear model we can see that the relationship between the two variables is rather hump-shaped, indicating that species richness is highest at intermediate temperature levels. First the higher richness found above 10° is consistent with the ecological rule that we imposed. At higher temperature, we have a higher energy and capacity facilitating coexist. This is consistent with our model expectations. Moreover, we can observe a large spread of the points at high temperature. This is likely because high temperature regions frequently have high aridity. Thus we will next investigate the association of aridity and species richness by fitting a generalized linear model between richness and aridity.
The number of species is negatively related to aridity. The explained deviance of this relationship is D2=0.239. This relationship emerge because we set a lower carrying capacity in sites with higher level of aridity. Hence, the models behaves as expected from the configuration function.
Finally, we fit a multivariate model for explaining species richness by taking into account the two predictors together.
richness_model <- glm(rich ~ poly(temp, 2) + poly(arid, 2), family = "quasipoisson",
 data = landscape_t0)
#> Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
#> (Intercept) 2._PHONE_ 0.005433575 532.858090 0.000000e+00
#> poly(temp, 2)1 7._PHONE_ 0.361808498 19.431045 1.063461e-75
#> poly(temp, 2)2 -4._PHONE_ 0.370139268 -12.126295 1.916558e-32
#> poly(arid, 2)1 -4._PHONE_ 0.281971880 -17.015494 8.032991e-60
#> poly(arid, 2)2 0._PHONE_ 0.232571058 1.957465 5.046587e-02
Above, we report the explained deviance of the glm model on richness considering temperature and aridity. The explained deviance of this relationship is D2=0.426. This explained deviance will not be total since there are other effects including dispersal limitations, that are not considered in this statistical summary. It is important to consider that we have now only been analyzing the species richness at one time-step, namely the last one (0 Ma). The emerged patterns are more likely not only to be explained by the environmental conditions of that time but also dependent on historical conditions and multiple processes interactions tackled by gen3sis.
For more details on how to create a landscape and prepare it to use in gen3sis see design_landscape vignette and create_input_landscape vignette. For more details on how to create or modify a configuration object see create_config vignette. It's now up to you to explore the "virtual" world.
 1. O. Hagen, B. Flück, F. Fopp, J.S. Cabral, F. Hartig, M. Pontarp, T.F. Rangel, L. Pellissier. (2020). GENƎSIS: the GENeral Engine for Eco-Evolutionary SImulationS on the origins of biodiversity. (in review)↩


You need to print this sentence after following amendments: (i) Put a single space between these words. Jul 31 '06 #2. Advertise Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. 3. 10 Years Ago. Spacing can be added using HTML and CSS by 3 approaches: Method 1: Using the special characters designated for different spaces. How to add spaces to a dynamic string in a string builder for a specific length field in ASP.NET with C#? Select Layout or Page Layout. The next issue is to compute all the possible permutations. In one loop, we can assign the new sentence array from old sentence char by char. The cin operator alone will only allow entry up to the first whitespace. I hope this is the challenging question. You must be signed in to add attachments Extra spaces between words after applying a text wrap. Select the paragraphs you want to change. } This article will focus on demonstrate how to set the spacing before and after the paragraph in C#. The recursive method then starts by checking the corresponding entry in the generated substring list and if it isn't empty, returns its value. without use of string function or any predefined functions or MFC/VC++ Classes STL etc use only pure C. sentence ="GOOD MORNING" newsentence = "G O O D M O R N I N G" Please be sure to have complete working code. For example: AB101AF, but I want it to be AB10 1AF ( added space after AB10). If all you want to do is add more space between bullets and text in the list, you're done! Check the Use wildcards box under Search Options section, then type ( ){2,} in Find what field, and \1 in Replace with field. Here's a more efficient way of creating the space between the bullet and the text: 1. Concatenate multiple cell values and add space or other delimiters between words with formulas. Place your cursor in between the first bullet and the first word of the text. j++; - If you try posting your efforts so far, we might be able to hint at what is wrong. I cannot seem to figure out how to do this. Example: Label is part of a Gallery control The.Text property of the label is: "Person:" & ThisItem.person This results in: Person:Bob Smith I want: Person: Bob Smith How do I get the " " between the : and B? Example. Copy. Insert space between two words. word-spacing property. In this article I would like to provide an easy to use, simple solution to convert spaceless strings into meaningful sentences. Output -1 (Enter name without space) Enter name: Alex Name is: Alex Output -2 (Enter name with space) Enter name: Alex Thomas Name is: Alex In both cases variable name stored only "Alex"; so, this is clear if we read a string by using "%s" format specifier, string will be terminated when white space found. char(32) doesn't seem to be working.....NET strings are immutable - you can't change them. How to add space between two string of two text-boxes? ->1. var str = "WelcomeToMyWebsite"; As you can see above, our string isn't having spaces before capital letter. This is the 2. criteria I used. Metalman488. that use up all (or most of) the characters, like: Unfortunately there could be many results that meet this criteria: It's easy to see that short (2-3 character long) words can often come up by chance. Deviding the string to 3 parts: the entry, left and right, Calling the method on the other two parts recursively, Comparing current score and temporary score, Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 19:00 Last Update: 9-Jan-21 11:02. On the contrary, there is no need to give any space in the following statement with the output operator. Anybody know the easiest way to do this. T… To avert this Add or select a tab stop, and then select leader character option under Leader you want displayed. If you want to apply Find and Replace function to remove extra spaces, you can do it by follows:. Word spacing in typography refers to the size of the space between words. … >Please be sure to have complete working code. >(2) Your output has an added space at the end of the string. (A space after the 'D' and a space after the original space.) 1. To add it, use LINQ as we have done below − As it turned out, these conditions provide the correct solution most of the times. For example, while writing 'int main()', it is necessary to give a space between int and main() (as they are two different words). All I want to do is add spaces to a string I'm displaying in label? Change the line spacing. Normally, HTML will only display one space between words, no … Any help is appreciated in advance. Right-click the style you want to change and select Modify. ellipsis will also add a set of three dots at the end. how to add name space datamanager. To add space just add a margin value to the list item. In addition, /\1 / is the same as /&, and will add one white-space. Docs, Microsoft Windows, Personal use. meaningful characters: implementing the. { Carl Daniel [VC++ MVP] gdjoshua wrote: New to C##.. All I want to do is add … How do you add spaces between numbers to output in C++? 4. I've created a script file that needed to changes an attribute string to "May 28, 2004". >Please be sure to have complete working code. The C++ compiler generally ignores whitespace, with a few minor exceptions (when processing text literals). It's not the string, it's the method of getting the input. Switching to single spacing is hard for your fingers to remember. vertical-align. for(i = 0; i
What Episode Does Naruto Die In Boruto, Walmart Organic Food Vs Whole Foods, Resistance Band Lying Chest Fly, Blaupunkt Soundbar Sbw-100 Review, Digital Table Clock With Bluetooth Speaker, Kerala General Knowledge Pdf Malayalam, Friend Search Tool Online, Shielded Twisted Pair Rj11 Cable,


text:
The simple act of placing the fingertips of either hand
together in front of you to form a steeple is a very effective gesture that is
rarely offensive and will establish you as someone [who is] both evaluative and
in control. --Susan Bixler (The
Professional Image, p. 238)
Gesture. A position in which the tactile pads of the fingertips of one hand gently touch their counterparts on the other.
Usage: The steeple cue, perhaps first identified by Ray L.
Birdwhistell (Blum 1988) reflects precise thought patterns. It may be used while
listening, speaking, or thinking, to entertain a provocative or novel idea, or
to contemplate a creative solution to problems at hand.
Business. Steeple gestures may be used above a conference table to show that one is listening thoughtfully to a colleague's ideas and comments.
Media. 1. In a classic black-and-white photo by Alfred Eisenstaedt, physicist Robert Oppenheimer steepled his fingers while conversing with Albert Einstein on December 29, 1947. 2. In a Today Show interview with Katie Couric on June 24, 2003, Bernard Kerak, U.S. administrator for Iraq, steepled as he calmly explained that the postwar situation in Iraq was largely in control. When Katie asked about the exploding crime rate there, Kerak broke the steeple and vigorously scratched the palm of his hand. After explaining his side of the issue, he resumed steepling until the interview concluded. (On June 25, 2003, USA Today's lead article was about the escalating crime rate in Iraq.)
Observation. 1. The condominium president
steepled his fingers at chest level at his body's midline and replied,
"I know what I'm going to do about the board meeting." 2. The
CEO steepled and leaned back in his boardroom chair as he asked senior
staff, "What shall we do about this problem?" 3. Steeple
gestures may be observed at training lectures, news briefings, and seminars on
financial planning, e.g., where precise digital opposition reflects careful
reasoning, calculation, scheming, and thought.
Parallel palms. A common variant of the steeple cue is the widespread parallel-palms gesture. In parallel palms, the open hands are held facing--i.e., parallel to--one another as they are raised and lowered together (i.e., in tandem) in beating or chopping motions to strengthen a verbal point. As demonstrative speaking gestures, parallel palms are often seen in the courtroom as lawyers seek to manifest or prove an oral argument. Parallel palms are used by politicians, as well, to present arguments which they believe to be cogent, sound, and valid. Thus, parallel palms is an "exploded" version of the steeple cue, in which a speaker's opened hands are extended and aggressively shaken at listeners to show a. precise thought and b. a strong emotional conviction about the thought's validity. (N.B.: Note how, because the hands are held midway between the palm-down and palm-up positions, parallel-palms cues suggest the physical act of grasping, holding, or seizing a concept.)
World politics. Winston Churchill and Mikhail Gorbachev used the
steeple gesture to signal self-confidence as they spoke and listened. Regarding
Gorbachev, "He steeples in Moscow. He steeples in Washington. He steeples when
he listens. He steeples when he talks. He steeples high. He steeples low. He
even steeples when he smiles" (Blum 1988:3-14).
RESEARCH NOTES: 1. Finger-thumb steeple: "One hand movement which we filmed in a wide variety of places, is habitually used in speech. This involves placing the tips of the thumb and forefinger together to emphasize a line of argument. Usually, the hand moves agitatedly to and fro, and the speaker often concludes the gesture by abruptly baring his open palm at the other party" (Hass 1970:148). 2. "When a person in a private session with me displays this behavior and I ask what they are feeling, I can get a range of responses. If, however, I phrase my question in a leading way such as, 'I sense you're feeling pretty confident about what you've just said...,' I will invariably get an affirmation. If the person does not verbally confirm confident feelings, the steepling generally stops when I ask the question this way" (Blum 1988:3-13). 3. Fingers steeple, a widespread gesture, means "I am thinking" (Morris 1994:65).


text:
HURRICANE, W.Va. - Sporting black tape below each eye - one piece reading "Go!" and the other "49ers!" - 8-year-old Caleb Allawat left no doubt that he's a football fan.
His level of engagement during math class Monday might have been a little misleading as to his fondness for the subject.
Thanks to the Super Bowl statistics used during the lesson, the third-grader was finding math more fun.
"Because it's about football," Caleb said.
This is the sixth year Sue Pate has incorporated statistics from the NFL championship game into her math lessons.
An avid football fan herself - one of her sons plays for Fairmont State University and the other for Hurricane High School - Pate said she already was following the statistics in the newspaper.
In a "light bulb moment," she realized the statistics could be a new way to engage her students.
"It's just using math outside their textbooks in a fun and exciting way." She usually presents the themed lesson the Friday before the big game. Because last week ended with a snow day, she had to settle for a little post-game analysis.
Handing out the Super Bowl informational graphic published in the Daily Mail, she asked students to look at the yearly statistics from the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers, the two teams that played in the Super Bowl.
Students added up passing yards, determined the dimensions of the playing field and figured out how many touchdowns players scored per game.
Gianna Muto, 9, was one of two students in the class not wearing the purple of the Ravens or red of the 49ers. Sporting her Pittsburgh Steelers gear, Gianna said she's also a big math fan. Lessons usually focus on one basic concept, but the football exercise required students to use several different techniques.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Partial Panoramas using ROI in PTViewer"
m (1 revision(s))
(Added link to PTviewer ROI computing form)
|Line 105:||Line 105:|
[[Category:Tutorial:Nice to know]]
[[Category:Tutorial:Nice to know]]
Revision as of 17:39, 8 December 2007
If you have a panorama that is not fully 360�x180�, and you still want to use PTViewer to immerse your audience into your panorama, there are a few methods to do that.
You can expand your Panorama with blank space around, and use the normal way of displaying a panorama in PTViewer. The disadvantage of this is that if you put this picture online, the download times can be significantly longer because of all the blank space.
To avoid this, it is possible to use a Region Of Interest picture (ROI) to display the panorama. This will only download the partial panorama. We will have to tell PTViewer where to place the picture, and how far the user may pan left and right, and how much they can tilt up and down.
Note this is not an explanation of the syntax of PTViewer, rather a tutorial on how to calculate the different parameters. For the syntax on PTViewer you can visit : PTViewer Documentation
From the ROI picture we need to get some basic information :
- Width in pixels (ROI Width) 800 px
- Height in pixels (ROI Height) 541 px
- Position of the horizon from the top of the picture (Horizon pos) 227 px
The picture must have equirectangular projection
From the stitcher we should be able to get the Horizontal Field of View (HFOV). In this case 160�
From these 4 numbers we should be able to calculate the parameters necessary for PTViewer to display a partial panorama.
Calculating the parameters for PTViewer
Since we know the ROI Width of the picture as well as the Horizontal Field of View (HFOV), we can calculate the field of view for 1 pixel. In this case
160� / 800 pixels = 0.2�/px
We need this number to convert from pixels to degrees and vice versa. You need an accuracy of a couple of decimals otherwise it won't work.
The objective is to place the ROI picture inside the 360�x180� panorama with the horizon in the ROI image over the horizontal 0� line of the pano, and the middle of the ROI image in the middle of the panorama.
pwidth and pheight
To do that we first need to calculate the total size of the panorama image, of which the ROI image is a part of. The calculation is done by using the number of degrees per pixel. Since we know the degrees, we can calculate the number of pixels.
Panorama Width (Pwidth) = 360� / 0.2�/px = 1800 px Panorama Height (Pheigth) = 180� / 0.2/px = 900 px
x and y insertion point
To calculate the x and y position of the insertion point (the point where the picture needs to be placed) we can take half of the panorama height and subtracting the horizon position in the ROI.
Y position of the insertion point = 900px/2 � 227px = 223px
Similarly we can calculate the x offset. In most circumstances, you either don�t know, or don�t care about the direction the picture was taken. In that case it is good practice to place the ROI in the middle of the large pano where 0� is the middle of the picture. You can do this by taking half of the total panorama width and subtracting half the size of the picture
X position of the insertion point = 1800px/2 � 800px/2 = 500 px
panmin, panmax, tiltmin and tiltmax
To limit the freedom the user has in moving around your pano, you want to restrict the pan and tilt angles. To calculate this is relatively easy with the information we have gathered above. The pan and tilt angles are calculated in degrees.
Because the ROI is horizontally in the middle, you may pan half the width of the image to the left and right, converted to degrees.
Minimum pan = -800px/2 * 0.2�/px = -80� Maximum pan = 800px/2 * 0.2�/px = 80�
The minimum tilt is calculated as the height of the ROI minus the position of the horizon, converted to degrees.
Minimum tilt = -(541px � 227px) * 0.2�/px = -62.8� => -62�
The maximum tilt is calculated as the position of the horizon, converted to degrees.
Maximum tilt = 227px * 0.2�/px = 45.4� => 45�
Because ptviewer does not take fractions of degrees, you throw away the fraction.
Using these numbers in PTViewer should give you a good partial panorama. If you see blank space at the edges of the panorama, you may want to make a 1 degree change to the minimum and maximum pan and tilt untill it does not show up anymore.
To see how these calculations translate in HTML code, the above sample could result in the following HTML code :

If all these computations give you a headache, you can use the following form. Just input your data and it will generate the applet HTML code with all the correct parameters. Enjoy!


text:
The Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory (Russian: Пу́лковская астрономи́ческая обсервато́рия, official name The Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, Гла́вная (Пу́лковская) астрономи́ческая обсервато́рия Росси́йской акаде́мии нау́к), the principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located 19 km south of Saint Petersburg on Pulkovo Heights (75 m above sea level). It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.
 Early years
The observatory was opened in 1839. Originally, it was a brainchild of the German/Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, who would become its first director (in 1861, his son Otto Wilhelm von Struve succeeded him). The architect was Alexander Bryullov. The observatory was equipped with the state-of-the-art devices, one of them being the a 38-cm (15 in.) aperture refractor, one of the large refractors in the world at that time (see Great Refractor). In 1885, the observatory was equipped with 30-inch (76 cm) refractor, which was one of the biggest refractors in the world, until the 36" (91 cm) telescope at the Lick Observatory in California a few years later, both of which were built by Alvan Clark & Sons in Massachusetts. The principal line of work of the observatory consisted of determination of coordinates of stars and astronomical constants, such as precessions, nutations, aberrations and refractions, and also discovering and measuring double stars. Observatory's activities have also been connected to the geographical study of the territory of Russia and development of navigation. The star catalogues, containing the most precise positions of 374, and then 558 stars, were made for the years 1845, 1865, 1885, 1905 and 1930.
By the 50th anniversary of the Observatory, they had built an astrophysical laboratory with a mechanical workshop and installed the Europe's largest refractor, a 76-cm refractor (30 inch). Astrophysical research really gained momentum with the appointment of Feodor Bredikhin as a director of the Observatory in 1890 and transfer of Aristarkh Belopolsky from the Moscow Observatory, an expert in stellar spectroscopy and solar research. In 1923, they installed a big Littrow spectrograph, and in 1940 – a horizontal solar telescope, manufactured at a Leningrad factory. After having received an astrograph in 1894, the observatory began its work on astrophotography. In 1927, the Observatory received a zone astrograph and with its help the Russian astronomers catalogued the stars of the near-polar areas of the sky. Regular observation of movements of celestial poles began with the construction of the zenith telescope in 1904. In 1920, the Observatory started transmitting the exact time by radio signals. The observatory participated in the basic geodesic work, namely in measuring degrees of the arc of the meridian from the Danube to the Arctic Ocean (until 1851), and in triangulation of Spitsbergen in 1899–1901. Military geodesists and hydrographers used to work at the Observatory as interns. The Pulkovo Meridian, which passes through the center of the main building of the Observatory and is located at 30°19,6' east of Greenwich, was the point of departure for all former geographical maps of Russia.
In order to observe the southern stars that could not be seen on the observatory's latitude, the scientists organized 2 affiliates. One of them was an astrophysical station in the Crimean town of Simeiz (Simeiz Observatory), which had been organized on the basis of a private observatory presented to the Pulkovo Observatory by an astronomy lover N.S.Maltsev in 1908. The other affiliate of the Pulkovo Observatory was an astrometric station in Nikolaev – a former observatory of the Department of the Navy, (today's Nikolaev Astronomical Observatory).
 Later history
During the siege of Leningrad (1941–1944), the Observatory became the target of fierce German air raids and artillery bombardment. All of the buildings were completely destroyed. Under dramatic circumstances, the main instruments were saved and stored safely in Leningrad, including the lens of the destroyed 30-inch refractor, and a significant part of the unique library with manuscripts and important works from the 15th to 19th century. On February 5, 1997, nearly 1,500 of the 3,852 books were destroyed by malicious arson and the rest of the library items were damaged by flames, smoke or water.
Even before the end of the war, the Soviet government made a decision to restore the Observatory. In 1946, it began the construction after having cleared the territory. In May 1954, the Observatory was re-opened, not only having been restored but considerably expanded in terms of instruments, employees and research subjects. New departments had been created, such as the Department of Radio Astronomy and Department of Instrument Making (with its own optical and mechanical workshop). The surviving old instruments were repaired, modernized and put into service once again. Also installed were new instruments, such as the 65-cm (26-inch) refractor, a horizontal meridian device, a photographic polar telescope, a big zenith telescope, stellar interferometer, 2 solar telescopes, coronagraph, a big radio telescope and all kinds of labware. The Simeiz station became a part of the new Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1945. They also built the Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station and a laboratory in Blagoveshchensk. The Observatory organized many expeditions for determining differences of longitudes, observing passages of Venus and solar eclipses, and studying astroclimate. In 1962, the Observatory sent an expedition to Chile to observe stars in the southern skies. The 65 cm Zeiss telescope was originally intended as a gift from then Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler to the Italian Benito Mussolini, but it was not delivered and instead was taken by the Soviet Union.
- 1839–1862 Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
- 1862–1889 Otto Wilhelm von Struve
- 1890–1895 Fyodor Aleksandrovich Bredikhin
- 1895–1916 Oskar Backlund
- 1916–1919 Aristarkh Belopolsky
- 1919–1930 Alexandr Alexandrovich Ivanov
- 1933–1937 Boris Gerasimovich
- 1937–1944 Sergey Belyavsky
- 1944–1946 Grigory Neujmin
- 1947–1964 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Mikhailov
- 1964–1979 Vladimir Alekseevich Krat
- 1979–1982 Kiril Nikolaevich Tavastsherna
- 1983–2000 Viktor Kuzmich Abalakin
- 2000– Alexandr Vladimirovich Stepanov
- Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 304. ISBN _PHONE_.
- Pulkovo Observatory web page (in Russian)
- John Lankford History of astronomy: an encyclopedia pp.423-424, Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 0-8153-0322-X
- Eremeeva, A. I. (November 1995), "Political Repression and Personality: The History of Political Repression Against Soviet Astronomers", Journal for the History of Astronomy: 297, Bibcode:1995JHA....26..297E
- André Heck Information handling in astronomy: historical vistas p. 147, Springer, 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1178-4
- Frank Kelly Edmondson AURA and its US national observatories pp. 199 ff Cambridge University Press, 1997 ISBN 0-521-55345-8
- Journal for the history of astronomy vol. 28, pt. 2, p. 177 (1997), Title: Book Review: Pulkovo / St. Petersburg : Spuren der Sterne und der Zeiten : Geschichte der russischen Hauptsternwarte / Peter Lang, New York, 1995, Bibliographic Code: 1997JHA....28..177H
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pulkovo Observatory|
- History of the observatory (in Russian)
- The official site of Pulkovo observatory
- Overview of the observatory[dead link]
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pulkovo". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.


text:
Melville Weston Fuller
Fuller, Melville Weston, 1833–1910, American jurist, 8th chief justice of the United States (1888–1910), b. Augusta, Maine. He studied at Harvard law school, and after 1856 he became a prominent lawyer in Chicago and acquired a national reputation in Democratic politics. Fuller was appointed chief justice by President Cleveland. In his opinions he leaned toward strict construction of the Constitution. He also served as a commissioner to help settle the Venezuela Boundary Dispute and was a member (1900–1910) of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague Tribunal).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies


text:
Preschool Printable Lined Paper – Lined paper is a type of writing paper which contains horizontal lines that are utilized as a guides for a more consistent and clear writing. In the United States the three most common standard formats are: college ruled, wide ruled paper and narrow ruled paper
Developing a lined paper template doesn't appear difficult. The printable templates on this page could plainly attest to that. It is basic to develop lined paper design templates, though this depends mostly on how how basic it looks.


text:
When news happens, text BAZ and your photos or videos to 80360. Or contact us by email and phone.
Former Basingstoke teacher pens new book
AN UNANSWERED question on a family holiday to Belgium sparked a former Basingstoke chemistry teacher's journey of discovery that led him to pen a new book.
Dr Michael Freemantle, 70, of Plover Close, Kempshott, has published a non-fiction book detailing the chemistry used during the First World War.
Far from being a dull textbook filled with complicated equations, the 240-page hardback details the history and impact of well-known chemicals used in the 1914 to 1918 war such as morphine, mustard gas, and khaki dye, as well as lesser known substances such as phosgene, lyddite, and guncotton.
"The First World War was the first example of how chemistry was used for industrial-scale slaughter," said Dr Freemantle, a former chemistry teacher at Cranbourne Business and Enterprise College.
"But chemistry was also used for immense benefit to help relieve suffering. Chemicals have a very bad name from their use in the war, but they can be, and were, used beneficially."
The father-of-four said he had only a passing interest in the history of the Great War until a visit to the battlefields of Ypres, in Belgium, where the tour guide was unable to tell him what chemicals soldiers used to defend themselves against chlorine gas attacks, which inspired him to find out more.
And after three years of research into that and more unanswered puzzles, the final book Gas! Gas! Quick, Boys! – How Chemistry Changed the First World War, published by The History Press, has gone on sale for £18.99 "You don't need to be a chemist to understand it," said Dr Freemantle. "There is a lot of interest in the First World War, especially as we are coming up to the centenary in 2014."
The book has been well received on Amazon and has notched up an average review of five stars out of five.
"I loved researching the book," added Dr Free-mantle, "I liked finding out the things that are not familiar. What I wrote was only about five per cent of information that I collected. I am very happy with it."


text:
"Stands there" implies that the angry word is present after it has been spoken on account of its severity. It leaves a strong impression on those who have heard it.
As such, I would offer the word "looms" as a synonym that can replace the phrase "stands there" in your passage. Looms has the sense of being ominous and weighty like the impact of the angry word.
looms: To rise before the vision with an appearance of great or portentous size.
"Vision" seems to imply that for a thing to loom it must be visible, but a google search returns examples of "loom" being used to describe an idea or thought.
- "If no vast and terrifying power of evil loomed in our minds..." [The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good In History]
- "Loss of prestige also loomed..." ["Evil People": A Comparative Study of Witch Hunts in Swabian Austria"]
The sentence with the synonym would read:
It is much harder to deny having said an angry word. It looms, easily repeated back, hard to disavow totally.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
quadrennial happening once every four years. [3 definitions]
quadrifour.
quadrilateral having four sides. [2 definitions]
quadrille1 a formal square dance with five separate movements executed by four couples. [2 definitions]
quadrille2 an eighteenth-century card game for four players.
quadrillion the number represented by the Arabic numeral 1015. [2 definitions]
quadripartite having four parts or divisions. [2 definitions]
quadriplegia paralysis of the entire body, from the neck down.
quadrivalent having a valence of four; tetravalent. [2 definitions]
quadrivium in medieval universities, the higher section of the liberal arts, comprising arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. (Cf. trivium.)
quadroon a person who is one quarter black and three quarters white; the child of a mulatto and a white person.
quadruped having four feet. [2 definitions]
quadruple having four parts; quadripartite. [5 definitions]


text:
The Excel IMSQRT function returns the square root of a supplied complex number.
The syntax of the function is :
Where the inumber argument is a complex number.
In the example below, the Excel Imsqrt function is used to calculate the square root of different complex numbers.
The spreadsheet on the left shows the formulas and the spreadsheet on the right shows the results.
More details and examples of the Excel Imsqrt function are provided on the Microsoft Office website.
If you get an error from the Excel Imsqrt Function, this is likely to be one of the following:
|_TAG_!||-||Occurs if the supplied inumber argument is not recognised as a complex number|
Occurs when Analysis ToolPak add-in is not enabled in your Excel.


Design Method for the Fastest Settling Type 2 Phase Lock Loop: Part 1
Download Whitepaper
 - Author: Akmarul Ariffin Bin Salleh
Fast settling time is always desirable in any PLL (phase lock loop), as long as the noise performance is within limit. One application where fast settling is of high importance is in the design of a network analyzer. A PLL is used to synthesize both the source signal for the device under test and the LO signal for down conversion. With a faster settling source and LO, more measurements can be done for a given period of time, thus improving measurement throughput. In a test environment, this improvement directly yields higher productivity, since more parts can be tested. In addition to that, faster sweep time in a network analyzer will enable a user to approach real time measurement to capture any intermittent signal or glitches.


text:
Neuroscientists Investigate Lotteries to Study How the Brain Evaluates Risk
People are faced with thousands of choices every day, some inane and some risky. Scientists know that the areas of the brain that evaluate risk are the same for each person, but what makes the value assigned to risk different for individuals?
To answer this question, a new video article in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize subjective risk assessment while subjects choose between different lotteries to play.
The article, a joint effort from laboratories at Yale School of Medicine and New York University, is led by Yale's Dr. Ifat Levy. Dr. Levy explains, "This procedure allows us to examine all kinds of normal and pathological behaviors focusing on risk assessment. It could explain things like substance abuse and over-eating from a different perspective than how it is usually characterized."


text: The foreground figures help establish the scale of this awe inspiring view over the remote Loch Coruisk. The Cuillin Mountains soar above the loch like gigantic waves. Water, rock and cloud fuse together in a whirling vortex. Turner skilfully conveys the powerful grandeur of the scene on a small sheet of paper, drawing on his memory and the pencil sketches he made after the spectacular climb from the loch-shore. Turner had travelled north from Edinburgh in 1831 to prepare suitable subjects for his illustrations of Scott's works. This appeared as the frontispiece to Cadell's edition of 'Lord of the Isles.'


text:
Acetone is a strong solvent commonly used for various purposes, including in nail polish removers and industrial applications. While acetone can interact with polymer clay, it doesn't necessarily "melt" it like other materials. Instead, it has some unique effects on the clay.
Effects of Acetone on Polymer Clay
When acetone comes into contact with polymer clay:
- Acetone can soften and slightly dissolve the surface of polymer clay, giving it a smooth and shiny appearance.
- Acetone can be used to clean polymer clay surfaces before baking to remove dust, lint, and fingerprints.
- Excessive use of acetone can cause the clay to become too soft, making it difficult to work with or lose its shape.
- Acetone may cause some pigments or colors to bleed or fade, affecting the overall appearance of the clay.
Safe Usage of Acetone
If you choose to use acetone with polymer clay, consider the following:
- Use acetone sparingly and in well-ventilated areas to avoid overexposure to fumes.
- Test a small, inconspicuous area of the clay before applying acetone to your entire project.
- Be cautious when using acetone on painted or colored polymer clay, as it may affect the surface finish.
- After using acetone, allow the clay to air out and dry before continuing with your project.
Alternative Cleaning Methods
If you're concerned about using acetone, there are alternative methods for cleaning polymer clay, such as using a soft brush, gentle soap and water, or baby wipes.
While acetone can have specific effects on polymer clay, it's important to use it cautiously and test its effects before applying it to your entire project. With proper handling and care, you can achieve desired results without compromising the integrity of your polymer clay creations.


there is no way of specifying which specific stem/word is matched. A verb entry for -unknown might be included with some basic frames (e.g., transitive or intransitive) if in addition to a verb lexicon the grammar also used a guesser for unknown verbs.
Note that all subentries (op)POS XLE in these examples are really for categories POS_BASE, because of the XLE morph-code.
To add an alternative constraint for the ADJ reading.
 abc +ADJ XLE @(ADJ-OBL %stem on);
This states that the stem abc has an additional adjective entry in which it takes an oblique on phrase.
To cancel the ADV reading
 abc -ADV XLE;
The - operator must be accompanied by a part of speech category and a morph-code (* or XLE). This example states that any previously existing entry for abc as an adverb (ADV) known to the morphology (XLE) has been removed. This operator is often used when removing unwanted lexical items from the morphology (e.g., either mistakes or extremely rare words that are interfering with the parser).
To Do both previous. That is, to add an adjective (ADJ) reading while removing the adverb (ADV) one (and any other parts of speech that may have existed from previous entries).
To add a noun reading, and replace the ADJ constraints.
 abc !N XLE @(NOUN %stem);
!ADJ XLE @(ADJ-OBL %stem on);
The! indicates that the current noun (N) and adjective (ADJ) entries replace any such entries from previous lexicons. The ETC states that entries for other parts of speech, such as adverbs or verbs, are still valid. Note that the! is in fact optional because it is the default edit operator. However, for clarity it is recommended that you include the! operator.
To retain only the adjective interpretation from the -unknown entry.
 abc =ADJ XLE; ONLY.
The retain operator only makes sense with a disposition of ONLY (the default); if a disposition of ETC is given, the retain operator is effectively purposeless.
The retain operator is used when you don't know what other parts of speech there may be entries for. To remove just a particular part of speech, you should use the - operator.
Overlay Grammars
Sometimes a grammar writer will want to use a modified version of an existing grammar, but won't want to modify the existing grammar. This can happen if the existing grammar is maintained by someone else. If the grammar writer modifies the existing grammar, then new modifications will have to be made whenever the existing grammar is improved. One solution to this problem is to create an overlay grammar.
An overlay grammar is a grammar whose config file includes a BASECONFIGFILE. The base config file points to the existing grammar. The overlay grammar inherits all of the config entries of the base config file. It can also add to and subtract from the config entries. In addition, it can have new lexicon entries, new rule entries, and a new performance vars file. The new lexicon entries can modify the existing lexicon entries using edit entries. The new rules can modify the existing rules using edit rules. The morphology can either be replaced by the overlay grammar or it can be modified in the performance vars file.
Edit Rules
Just as edit entries allow the grammar writer to edit a previous lexical entry, edit rules allow a rule to edit a previous rule. The notation is similar to the notation for edit entries. If a rule name is preceded by +, -, &, or!, then the rule will be combined with the previous version of this rule based on the operator:
For example, the following rules:
 YP --> AP BP.
 +YP --> CP DP.
Are equivalent to:
 YP --> {AP BP | CP DP}.
Morphology Commands
There are a limited number of modifications that can be made to the morphology via commands in the performance vars file:


the world's most spectacular roads
Cerro de la Muerte is a high mountain pass at an elevation of 3,451 m (11,322 ft) above the sea level filled with steep curves and potholes. It's the highest point in the Costa Rican section of the Inter-American Highway, the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway.
The name of the pass means "Mountain of Death", since many travelers succumbed to the cold and rain in the past. This part of the highway has excessive potholes, steep, narrow curves, and plenty of fog.
Due its climb in elevation over thousands of feet, and pass through remote areas, it is important when driving in these conditions to be prepared. This road goes through different various climates and temperatures.
This road is usually open all year long. But flash floods and landslides as well as narrow curves and steep cliffs make the pass extremely dangerous.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
How can I write notes in a LaTeX file, that don't appear in the PDF file?
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 75 down vote accepted
Smaller text can be marked as comment with the % character. TeX ignores everything behind it till the end of the line. (You probably knew that already)
For longer text you can use the comment package to define environments which are ignored by LaTeX.
%...
 This text is ignored
If your nodes is simple text without any special TeX macros (especially not \if... macros) then you can use \iffalse... \fi for this
 This text is ignored, but should not include 'if...' and 'fi' macros
share|improve this answer
In fact, the comment package also allows one to define your own comment-like environments. This can be useful to quickly generate two different versions of a document (say, one with and one without answers to exercises). One simply writes \includecomment{answer} or \excludecomment{answer} in the preamble, and then write each answer in an answer environment. – Villemoes Feb 16 '11 at 4:42
Of course, you can always use the standard method, placing % before each line, to convert some text into a comment. But if you have tons of comments about contents that at some time you prefer to show in the PDF (for example, in a draft to your thesis supervisor) and you want to distinguish of comments to understand the next piece of LaTeX codes or disable it, then this standard method is not enough.
Here are two approaches to easily hide/unhide another type of comments:
Hide all comments (those without %).
 1. Define in the preamble a new command (wasting imagination I thought in \comment) that simply do nothing (see the MWE). Then you can use safely comments as \comment{The boss is too stupid to understand this paragraph, write it with simple words.}
 2. Use the todonotes package with the option disable.
Unhide comments
 1. Disable the new command \comment in the preamble (with as % before) and define again to show their content (better with some different format that the body text).
 2. In todonotes package remove the option disable. Bonus advantage: a pretty to-do list.
I hope that both approaches are self-explained in this MWE:
 \usepackage{lipsum} % dummy text for the MWE
% Put % before of what you want disabled
% Select what to do with todonotes:
% \usepackage[disable]{todonotes} % notes not showed
\usepackage[draft]{todonotes} % notes showed
% Select what to do with command \comment:
% \newcommand{\comment}[1]{} %comment not showed
{\par {\bfseries \color{blue} #1 \par}} %comment showed
\todo{This is a to do note at margin}
\comment{This is a simple comment between text}
\todo[inline]{This is a todo note inline}
\comment{This is the end, check the to-do list}
share|improve this answer
I'd never heard of todonotes before, thanks for that! – Richard Nov 21 '12 at 11:37
If I understand your question correct, use a % at the beginning of the line. The percentage sign indicates a comment, which is text that isn't typeset.
This text will be in the PDF.
% This is a comment, and will not appear.
To print a percentage sign in the text, use \%.
share|improve this answer
A solution I use is the following: I defined a command to write my comments in:
\newcommand{\rood}[1]{\textcolor{red}{[#1]}} %for displaying red texts
("rood" is Dutch for "red"). A comment looks like this:
\rood{This comment is displayed in red}
When I want to create my final version, I simply remove the second part of this comment, meaning that all text simply is not displayed:
\newcommand{\rood}[1]{} %for displaying red texts
Apart from the package for displaying the color (xcolor), no other packages are necessary!
share|improve this answer
+1 for simply good. – nutty about natty Apr 29 '13 at 18:53
with one CAVEAT though (I think): make sure you only have a single space either before or after the comment, not both, else you'll end up with extra gaps when using \newcommand{\rood}[1]{} before going to press... correct me if I'm wrong, I'm a beginner! – nutty about natty Apr 29 '13 at 18:58
Yes, that seems to be true. When I create a PDF from my code the way you describe, it seems a "double-width" space is put in, i.e. it looks like two spaces (which is undesired), but copy-pasting the PDF text into a text editor only copies one space. Also watch out with no spaces before and after! – Joker Aug 8 '13 at 14:26
I do something similar, without todonotes too, defining \comment as \marginpar{\parbox{...}{#1}} and to hide just comment the definition out: %\marginpar{\parbox{...}{#1}} – Andrestand Jan 21 '14 at 10:05
I tested \newcommand{\rood}[1]{\ignorespaces} and it seems to correct the problem of two spaces. – np8 May 26 at 2:51
You could use the fixme package if you want to make comments in the pdf-file that you can turn on or off.
The package can be found here: _URL_
You can implement it by putting something like this in your preamble:
\fxsetup{layout=footnote, marginclue}
You then make a comment in the text by using \fxnote{...}. If you put in final instead of draft your comments will not be visible in the pdf-file.
You can get a list of all the notes by using the command \listoffixmes. This is the most simple use of fixme but it offers loads of other possibilities like annotations and highlighting of the text.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


I have watched a part of TV show and the Muslim scholar was saying it is a must to let your beard grow and trim your mustache. I have always thought there is a kind of cultural influence and it is not a must to have it.
Is in a sin to shave your beard in Islam? is it a must to have a beard or else you will not be a good Muslim?
 - 1
 I would typically discourage questions of a fiqhi nature because they're not suited for discussion on a forum of amateurs but I'm not flagging this one because the topic of the beard is of general interest and something that is highly visible, thereby inviting questions. – Ansari Jun 20 '12 at 16:01
 - -1 You didn't do your research. This is a well-established ruling. – ashes999 Jun 20 '12 at 16:54
Having a beard for a man (when it is possible) is wajib (obligatory) in Sunni Islam by consensus of almost all scholars and schools of thought. One of the many ahadith cited as evidence for this is the hadith from Abdullah b. Umar narrating from the Prophet (saws):
انْهَكُوا الشَّوَارِبَ، وَأَعْفُوا اللِّحَى
Trim the mustaches and leave the beard (to grow).
from Sahih al-Bukhari also in many other books
There is a difference of opinion within the Shafi'i school whether it's highly encouraged or obligatory.
For a Muslim, a hadith with a command from the Prophet (saws) is generally taken to describe an obligatory deed unless evidence suggests otherwise (from the principle "al-amru li al-wujoob").
Based on this hadith and many others like it, the scholars do say that it is a sin to shave the beard. As for whether or not you won't be a good Muslim without it, I don't see the connection. Being a good Muslim encompasses a number of things, from belief in the heart to kind actions to acts of worship. Not having a beard doesn't directly reflect on someone's character or the purity of their heart. But if not having a beard comes out of an arrogance or intentional disobedience of the Prophet (saws) then I guess that could have effects on others parts of one's Islam.
 - 1
 Are you sure? Having bread is not Wajib, but shaving it is haraam. – user8749 Jun 20 '12 at 16:01
 - 2
 Well if shaving it is haram, then having it (when possible) is wajib :) In any case, even aside from that argument, the standard position in Sunni fiqh at least is that it is wajib, with a caveat for a difference of opinion among some Shafi'is. – Ansari Jun 20 '12 at 16:03
 - Ah, you're quite right. They're the same thing! Please add the "Sunni fiqh" part to your answer. – user8749 Jun 20 '12 at 16:04
 - 1
 Done - thanks for pointing that out. Curious now - what's the Shi'a fiqh on this? Ja'fari or Zaidi... – Ansari Jun 20 '12 at 16:07
 - A special shaving of beard is forbidden (haraam) in Shi'a Figh. One can use moser to shave beard to a level that you can't tell if he has from a fairly near distance. But I think there's not much of difference on this matter between n the two, only a slightly detailed one. – user8749 Jun 20 '12 at 16:24
Your Answer