Dispute Over an Expense Reimbursement Contract? Five Factors to Consider
Are you a Wisconsinbased employee with a dispute (or potential dispute) with an employer about an expense reimbursement contract? If so, before you take action or communicate with the employer about the dispute, below are five factors to consider.
1. Review the contract's terms, including terms about timing and key dates, before taking action.
Many expense – reimbursement contracts have terms that specify important dates and/or time periods. For example, a contract may say that if the employee resigns within one year of his employment start date, then he must reimburse the employer 100% of the expenses it paid relating to the employee's hire, travel and relocation. Or a contract may say if the employee resigns during a given time frame (e.g. at a time between Jan. 1 and Jun. 30, 2019), then he must reimburse 50% of the employer's expenses, or if he resigns during a later time frame (e.g. between Jul. 1 and Dec. 31, 2019), he must reimburse 25%.
Sometimes, the terms are not clearly defined or ambiguous on their face. For example, a reimbursement contract may say the employee has a reimbursement obligation if he resigns "before a one-year period", but may not specifically define the date that "one year" has ended. Such ambiguous terms can raise doubts when, exactly, the one year period begins and ends. Is it one year after the date the last party signed the contract? One year after the date the employee accepted the job offer? One year after the date the employee first started employment at the employer's building?
An employee with a reimbursement contract should review and understand the contract's terms– including its terms about important dates and timing– before he takes action, e.g. before he gives notice of resignation on a given date. A close review of the contract, including terms about key dates and timing, can help the employee be aware of important timing considerations and perhaps avoid a very costly mistake. For example, it may help him avoid giving notice of resignation to occur a day before a date when reimbursement obligations would have vanished under the contract had he stayed employed just a day longer.
2. Know that some contracts and/or their reimbursement terms are invalid under Wisconsin law; don't assume the employer's legal interpretation is correct.
Employers act as if the reimbursement contracts they drafted– and their interpretations of their contracts– are unquestionably valid under the law. But in reality, some reimbursement contracts are invalid under Wisconsin law standards.
Only a Court can determine if a given contract is valid or invalid. However, an employee can have a lawyer assess the likelihood or odds a given contract would be found invalid by a Court, via the lawyer reviewing that contract and comparing it to applicable legal standards, etc.
If an employee's lawyer reviewed a reimbursement contract and saw legal problems with it and felt a Court would likely consider it invalid, the lawyer's opinion to this effect could be conveyed to the employer, and could cause the employer to reduce or withdraw its demand for the employee's expense-reimbursement payment.
It is common in my experience to see problems in the language of an expense – reimbursement contract that present risk to the employer that the contract could (if a legal action arose) be determined by a Court to be invalid. There are some legal issues that, if present in a given contract, could cause a Court to decide the whole contract is invalid. In other instances, there are problems with a contract that are likely to cause a Court to decide only a portion of its terms, or only a portion of money (less than what the employer demands) are legally-valid or owed.
If you have a reimbursement contract with one or more of the following attributes, it may be legally-vulnerable for the employer, and you should consider having an employee rights lawyer assess it further:
 - If the contract was drafted by the employer and has vague or ambiguous terms the employer is now interpreting in its favor, to your financial detriment.
 - If the contract defines types of expenses or time frames, etc., and the employer is seeking reimbursement of types of expenses that are not of the type the contract defines, or were not incurred during defined contractual time frames, etc.
 - If the contract has terms that say the employer may dock your wages (paychecks) for reimbursement money the employer decides you owe.
3. Request proof from the employer for the expenses at issue; make sure they're legitimate expenses and of a type reimbursable under the contract.
A reimbursement contract may specifically state the employee has a right to request the employer give her proof of the expenses at issue, so she can verify they were in fact paid and in fact were proper for the employer to have paid for her hire and relocation, etc.
Such proof can include an itemization of expenses that specifies exact expenses' dates and amounts of payment, to whom they were paid, for what purpose, etc. Proof can also include receipts or bank entries from the employer, or other documents that prove and/or describe how various expense payments were made for given purposes, etc.
Whether or not your contract says you can request the employer provide you such proof of the expenses' legitimacy, it is a good idea for you to make such a request.
If an employer provides you an itemization or other proof of expenses, you should carefully review that documentation, to make sure the described expenses appear legitimate and appropriate. As an initial matter, you may discover that there are erroneous entries or amounts stated for given expenses, and find the employer has overstated the value of expenses it is asking you to reimburse.
You should also compare those documented expenses (as described in the documentation) to the terms and descriptions in your reimbursement contract. Are those expenses, for which the employer demands reimbursement, actually of the type and nature for which the contract requires reimbursement?
If there's any problem with the expenses' legitimacy and/or legality under the contract, it is good that you identify any such issues before communicating with the employer about potential reimbursement, and certainly before paying for reimbursement.
4. You may have legal leverage, for your reimbursement dispute, based on factors outside the reimbursement contract and/or that you may not have considered.
Above I reference some legal issues with a given reimbursement contract or its terms that, in a reimbursement demand or dispute situation, can possibly raise legal risks for an employer and/or leverage for the employee.
Aside from the content or issues in any given contract, there may be external factors or laws that provide potential leverage for the employee.
For one, an employee who is contemplating resignation and related reimbursement contract issues, may be subject to unlawful activities by his or her employer that prompted the plans for resignation in the first place. For example, the employee may be resigning because the employer failed to pay the employee a bonus or commission that was (in the employee/lawyer's view) owed under WI wage or contract laws, or because the employer harassed or discriminated against the employee in arguable violation of WI or Federal discrimination laws.
If an employer arguably violated laws with respect to the employee– and arguably owes the employee legal damages (money) due to lost wages or discriminatory acts, etc.– then those matters may serve as counter-leverage in a negotiation with an employer seeking expense-reimbursement money from the employee.
If a negotiation occurs with an employee about any legal issue, it is likely best that any and all other potential legal issues are also considered by the employee (and employee's lawyer, if applicable). That way, the employer's reimbursement demand is not discussed in a vacuum and the employee's potential legal rights and potential damages are also part of the discussion, leveraging and/or settlement agreement that may occur.
5. If you decide to get a lawyer's advice about a contract reimbursement dispute, it is best to do so before you take action or communicate with the employer.
As referenced above, an employee rights lawyer can review an expense reimbursement contract, assess the circumstances of a reimbursement request or dispute, and possibly identify deficiencies with the contract or the employer's legal position. As a threshold matter, the lawyer may tell the employee some important things not to do, e.g. not to resign before a given date (because of bad consequences per the contract's terms, etc.).
Also, the lawyer may opine that the employer's position has legal weaknesses. If that is the case– e.g. say the lawyer opines a Court would likely find the contract invalid– then that opinion could be helpful for the employee to know before communicating or trying to negotiate with an employer about an expense reimbursement demand.
The employee could retain the lawyer to do the communicating or negotiating.
Lawyers are better at conducting communications and negotiations about contracts than are employees and employers. Most employers know this and have lawyers (or promptly retain lawyers) to assist with any reimbursement-contract disputes that arise for them. Sometimes, employers' lawyers are behind the scenes and, unbeknownst to the employee they're in a dispute with, are monitoring and advising the employers' personnel about what to say or write to the employee. Employees, too often, try to tackle contract-related communications and negotiations on their own, and are thus at a disadvantage compared to the employers, who typically have attorney help accessible.
The more an employee communicates with an employer about a contract dispute– especially written or emailed communication– the more risk the employee incurs of diminishing or eliminating legal rights or options he or she may have had. For example, an employee may send off an email to the employer, about a reimbursement dispute issue, in which he inadvertently agrees to new contractual terms, or agrees to a contractual modification, that are against his interests and/or waive legal rights he'd had (to reduce or


Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
Related to agnatic: Agnatic primogeniture
1. Related on or descended from the father's or male side.
2. Coming from a common source; akin.
A relative on the father's or male side only.
[Latin agnātus, past participle of agnāscī, to become an agnate : ad-, ad- + nāscī, to be born; see genəin Indo-European roots.]
ag·nat′ic (ăg-năt′ĭk) adj.
ag·nat′i·cal·ly adv.
ag·na′tion n.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Adj.1.agnatic - related on the father's sideagnatic - related on the father's side; "a paternal aunt"
related - connected by kinship, common origin, or marriage
References in periodicals archive?
(12) Ghurid presence at Bamiyan is well attested by Juzjani's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, composed at Delhi in the first half of the 13th century, which details the interactions between the principal ruling branch at Firuzkuh, an agnatic lineage at Bamiyan, and eventually a third Ghurid line at Ghazni.
Over time, these preferences created an overlapping and indeterminate field of kin relations, in which any given kin tie might be 'at once agnatic, matrilateral, and affinal' (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991: 138, emphasis in the original)--meaning that, in practice, kin relationships were susceptible to constant contestation and renegotiation, oriented around relative wealth, power, and so on (ibid:, see also Comaroff 1981).
Introducing and trying to provide life support to fanciful data by way of introducing agnatic kin to the Iban 'kindred' and fictitious classes to an egalitarian system tend to lead to futile discussions.
So, they are more dominant and agnatic as compared to women.
Political power is more diffused at the kindred which is the minimal segment of the lineage system in which all the agnatic descendants of a single ancestors which their compounds and farms (form)...
(7.) Schefller (1978:223, 250) also distinguishes AGA (Alternate Generation Agnatic) and AGU (Alternate Generation Uterine) as two types of AG equivalence rules.
When a woman is married, the rights over her are transferred from her father and family to her husband and his agnatic (descent) group.
The House of Saud follows an Agnatic Seniority principle of inheritance -- where the monarch's siblings (brothers) inherit the kingdom instead of his own sons.
Some of these activities included preparing of geology-mineral map with scale 1:5000 in the two east and west area of Moein Abad with 22.5 km and preparing geological-mineral map 1:1000 in the 300 hectare space, geophysical exploratory operation using IP-RS methods and measuring the agnatic by picking from 1360 points of measuring magnetics and 1358 points of IP and different sampling.
(69) Being "a self-ordained religious figure, he led a large militia force, "sustained by foreign funds." (70) Despite his failure to create a united front against the British, by forging unity between tribal agnatic rivals, Mahsuds and Wazirs, his message of holding "their nationality intact," to "allow neither the British Government nor the Amir to encroach upon their country, to compose their internal differences...
Wealhtheow inscribes herself into Danish history through her self-conscious performance as the mother who protects the agnatic line of the Scylding dynasty.


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Water Analysis Using BOQU Instrument UV/Visible Spectrophotometers: Ammonia-Nitrogen Determination
Nitrogen Determination
(NH3-N) occurs
In this application, the quantitative analysis of ammonia-nitrogen was performed using the BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010UV/Vis spectrophotometer and BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 ammonia nitrogen cell test
Ammonia reacts with the Nessler reagent (K2HgI4) to form a yellow colored complex which can be detected spectrophotometrically at 430 nm and is directly proportional to the ammonia concentration.
Stabilizer solution (potassium sodium tartrate) is added to prevent cloudiness of the Nessler reagent which may occur in some waters due to calcium and magnesium concentrations.
This method is suitable for the concentration range of 0 – 7.00 mg/L ammonia in surface, drinking and nitrified waste waters allowing its concentration to be determined without the use of a calibration curve by incorporating the measured absorbance at 430 nm into a known equation.
Reagents and Apparatus
1. BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 ammonia analyzer® kit - containing
30 vials, reference sample, A-1500 stabilizer solution (Potassium
sodium tartrate) and sample cup
2. PerkinElmer BOQU Instrument 265 PDA UV/Visible Spectrophotometer
3. UV Lab™ software
4. Ammonia standard solution (100 mg/L)
5. Deionised (DI) water
6. Volumetric flasks (100 ml)
7. Micropipettes
A stock solution of ammonia (100 mg/L) in water was used to prepare a 4.00 mg/L ammonia solution in a 100 ml volumetric flask by dilution with DI water.
Following preparation of solutions, the sample cup was filled with the 4.00 mg/L ammonia solution up to the 25 mL mark and two drops of A-1500 stabilizer solution mixed in. The tip of the Vacu-vial ampule was placed in the sample cup and snapped. The ampule was inverted several times to promote mixing, then dried and left to stand for two minutes, followed by the absorbance being measured in the spectrophotometer. This technique was also carried out for the reference sample supplied in the test kit. Using the UV Lab software, the BOQU Instrument 265 instrument parameters were set, as shown in Figure 1, to measure the absorbance at 430 nm. An equation was set up to calculate the ammonia concentration, as shown in Equation. Following measurement of the blank, the absorbance of the known ammonia solution in the Vacu-vial was recorded.
Quantitative analysis of ammonia-nitrogen in water was achieved with no complex sample preparation, exposure to hazardous chemicals, or measurement of calibration standards, by using the BOQU Instrument NHNG-3010 test kit. Results were obtained rapidly using the BOQU Instrument 265 UV/Vis spectrophotometer and UV Lab software with a high level of accuracy and repeatability.
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18 October – 19 November 2011
Commissioned by the British Council in partnership with the Preservation of Monuments Board, Singapore and the Royal Academy of Arts to celebrate ArchiFest 2011, the Pavilion invites visitors to experience the growing and shrinking sand and ice mounds and reflect on the way these materials have shaped and will continue to shape Singapore.
The Pavilion sits on the lawn of the National Museum of Singapore, underneath a Banyan tree. The form of the two cones is intentionally monumental, celebrating the two materials and suggesting a homage to the lost hills of Singapore. The Pavilion frames the space rather than enclosing it, thus inviting the visitor to experience subtle environmental changes and embrace the natural climate, unlike most buildings in Singapore that offer a drastically modified climate internal conditions.
Memory, like the sand and ice, is mutable and relative to the current time and place. What, how and why we choose to remember can shape the future. The Pavilion is a place to visit and reflect, inviting personal interpretations and recollection of old memories and the creation of new ones.
The Pavilion is a physical expression of the initial concept and drawing, with two monumental cones containing ice and sand. There is little distinction between inside and out as the two materials are exposed to the weather and human interaction. As one cone fills the other empties, creating an inside space and experience which changes over the lifespan of the Pavilion.
Naturally occurring slabs of lake ice were first imported to Singapore more than 150 years ago for cooling. The desire for climatic control is now considered vital. In the Future Memory Pavilion the melting ice becomes a visible and tangible sign of Singapore's hot tropical climate. People sitting on the ice leave a temporary imprint, a momentary symbol of their presence that will melt away.
The regular delivery of blocks of ice to be stacked inside the Pavilion evokes its past importation from America in the mid-nineteenth century. The space that is created by the blocks changes slightly with each iteration.
Minnesota ice harvest, late nineteenth century. Photo: Whitney & Zimmerman
Singapore's physical landscape today can be traced to the movement of sand, as its natural topography was altered and new parts of the city were built on land reclaimed from the sea. The growing sand dune in the pavilion is altered by wind, rain and people, but as sand falls a perfect sand cone is continually re-made.
The sand in the Future Memory Pavilion can be interpreted as having been intercepted in its journey from its natural location, to being used for land reclamation or within building products. Sand is used to make glass, concrete, bricks and mortar, which constitute the palette of Singapore's built environment.
An ongoing series of Forums at the Royal Academy set out to examine the character, uses and implications of memory in visual culture. Exploring the theme from a variety of angles, the series sought to question how designers, critics or just observers consider memory, which is in its very nature ephemeral and transient, when dealing with the physical realm. Over the course of the events, it became apparent that memory's tight relationship with the built environment in many western cultures suggested a collective lack of confidence in the ability of memory to actually remember. The increasing urge to preserve historic buildings may betray a fear of forgetting, of memory being swept away as buildings and environments disappear to be replaced by new developments. It was posited in one event that it may be through continually remaking our environment we begin to activate memory, ridding it of its tie to the physical to freely exist in the individual and collective consciousness.
The programme provides a platform for designers and architects from the UK and Singapore to showcase and exchange ideas around a theme of relevance and interest to both countries. In July a Forum was held in Singapore at the National Museum of Singapore which brought together British and Singaporean architects and artists for a shared discussion on the role memory has played in both their own practice and wider urban environment. The Future Memory Pavilion captures and elaborates on the themes in built form and encourages a continuing dialogue about memory and ideas about change.
On Monday 21 November 2011, the pavilion's designers, Asif Khan and Pernilla Ohrstedt talked about their inspiration for the project, the design process and the construction of this innovative structure. A panel of respondents including Kelvin Ang and Christopher Woodward critiqued and discussed the pavilion. Read more

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Parenscript Object System
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The Parenscript Object System (PSOS) is a facility for object-oriented programming in Parenscript using the same style and techniques as the Common Lisp Object System. It consists of a set of macros in lisp and a runtime environment in Parenscript.
In the Javascript world, the Parenscript Object System is probably the most sophisticated method for object-oriented programming. It is different from object-oriented systems that use the message-passing paradigm (like Java, C++) in a few ways. If you are not lisp-aware but ambitious, you can read chapters 15 and 16 of Practical Common Lisp, which discusses the Common Lisp Object system.
PSOS is designed to be similar CLOS. However, PSOS should not be everything that CLOS is. It should be a fairly small library (and currently compiles to about 10k in Javascript), for example. There are also differences between Javascript and Lisp, especially Javascript's lack of Lisp-like symbols.
Multiple inheritance, generic functions, and basic method combination are currently implemented.
1. Different classes of people
The following is a simple example that demonstrates how PSOS can be used to obtain simple class inheritence. This works in much the same way as other javascript class systems that are out there already.
(defclass person () () (:documentation "Any old person."))
(defclass citizen (person) () (:documentation "A person who votes."))
(defclass politician (citizen) () (:documentation "A person in public office."))
(defgeneric discuss-environment (individual))
(defmethod discuss-environment ((individual citizen))
(defmethod discuss-enviornment ((individual politician))
 (alert "The environment is an important issue, but so is the War on Terror."))
(dicuss-environment (new politician)) ; alerts "the environment is..."
2. An event-handling system
This is a practical example that demonstrates a way to use generic functions and classes to implement an event-handling system.
;;; Event Handling ;;;
(defvar global-event-table (create))
(defclass event ()
 ((origin) (description))
 (:documentation "Primitive event class for event observation. Custom
event classes are created that subclass the abstract event class. These are dispatched
by calling (make-instance some-event-class (create :origin origin...))."))
(defclass event-emitter () () (:documentation "Subclasses of this can emit events."))
(defun event-handler-fits? (handler ev)
 (return (is-subclass-of handler.event-class (class-of ev))))
(defmethod initialize-instance :after ((ev event))
 (event-fired (get-origin ev) ev))
(defmethod register-event-handler ((on-obj event-emitter) event-class handler-func)
 (let ((obj-observers (defaultf on-obj.event-handlers (array))))
 (obj-observers.push (create :func handler-func :event-class event-class))))
(defgeneric event-fired (within-obj ev)
 (:documentation "Called when an event was fired within the given object.
For example, if a button is clicked within a page, then the event will eventually fire
for the page object with the given event."))
(defmethod event-fired ((within-obj event-emitter) ev)
 (let ((handlers (and within-obj.event-handlers
 (lambda (handler)
 (return (event-handler-fits? handler ev)))))))
 (when handlers
 (dolist (handler handlers)
 (handler.func ev))))
(defmethod event-fired ((within-obj general-sail) ev)
 (let ((parent (parent-sail within-obj)))
 (when parent
 (event-fired parent ev))))
The current source may be downloaded via SVN:
 svn checkout paren-psos
The project is maintained by Red Daly (reddaly at gmail) and licensed under the GPL.
Outstanding issues
PSOS works well as a class system now, but certain ideas have not been hammered out yet. In particular, dealing with slot definitions is currently done via a compile-time expansion rather than letting the Javascript runtime environment initiate slots. This is primarily due to what I do know about scoping in Javascript. Suggestions or comments about slot definitions, or PSOS in general, are welcome. -red 10:39, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
External Links
the suavescript project - the current home of PSOS
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
Fort Chambly is located at the edge of the Richelieu River, at the foot of the Chambly rapids. Built in 1711, this imposing stone fortification protected New France from a potential British invasion.
During the War of 1812, the British Army built an important military complex on the site. The fort has resisted the upheavals of history and remains a valued reminder of the French presence in North America.
Restored by Parks Canada, Fort Chambly now houses exhibitions showcasing key moments in the history of New France.
A Fort at the Foot of the Rapids
Watch the video in the Multimedia Gallery


text:
How to make playdough
by: Jorja Wolfe
Playdough is fun to make with friends. There are a lot of different kinds of play dough, you can buy it or make it yourself. It can be much more reasonable in your price and more fun to make on your own. If you decide to make it at home you will need materials, decide a color, directions, and important information about playdough.
There are certain materials that you will need in order to make playdough. Most people will have these materials around their house. However, if you don't you can easily find them at your local store. You will need 1 cup of water, 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil, food coloring, sauce pan,and 1 cup of flavor.Lastly you will need ½ cup of salt and 1 tablespoon of cream and tartar sauce.
combine water,oil,salt,cream and tartar sauce,and food coloring in the saucepan and heat until it is warm.
2.Remove from heat and add flower.
3.Stir then knead till smooth.The cream and tartar sauce makes the dough last 6 months or longer.So reset the temptation to omit this ingredient if you don't have it on hand.
4.Store this dough in an airtight container or a ziploc freezer bag.
These will be the directions to making the play dough.
If you are making play dough you might want to have a color because if you don't you will have boring play dough.You can color it by using kool aid and you can also use food coloring.
important information about playdough
play dough is not good for children under three years old.If you are allergic to any of these ingredients Id recommend not playing with it or making it. vegetable oil,salt,cream and tartar,and also food coloring.The cream and tartar sauce make the play dough last longer.Keep away from dogs and other pets.play dough smells like people food but contains lots of salt,and a hungry dog can eat enough to cause a dangers salt imbalance.
Now you have learned everything you need to know about how to make play dough.You have learned the materials,directions,The color and lastly important information about playdough.Now all you need to do is have fun with your play dough.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
|Home | Command Papers | House Papers | Departmental Papers | Search | Site Map | Contact Us | Links|
Summary of key findings
The Health Survey for England
The Health Survey for England is a series of annual surveys about the health of people living in private households in England. It was commissioned by the Department of Health to provide information about various aspects of people's health, and to monitor selected health targets.
The survey combines questionnaire-based interviews with physical measurements and the analysis of blood samples. Blood pressure, height and weight, smoking, drinking and general health are covered every year. Each year's survey also has a particular focus on a disease or condition or population group.
The 2002 Health Survey focused on the health of children and young people, and on the health of infants (aged under 1) and their mothers.
The sample was in two parts. One was a general population sample which involved selecting about 6,500 addresses. At each address, all persons were eligible for interview. The other was a boost sample designed to increase the number of children and young adults and mothers of infants under 1. About 21,000 addresses were screened for people aged 0-24 and for mothers of infants under 1. In households with three or more children, in both parts of the sample, two children were randomly selected.
Interviews were obtained with 8,067 children aged 0-15 and 3,625 young adults aged 16-24. 475 mothers with infants aged under 1 were interviewed; among the infants under 1, 449 were included in the sample.
Interviews were carried out at 76% of households in the general population sample and 74% of eligible households in the boost sample. Interviews were obtained with 99% of (sampled) children and 89% of young adults in co-operating households.
Topics covered in the survey
The coverage of HSE 2002 was similar to several earlier years including 2001 and 1997. The special topics included in these years were respiratory conditions (asthma and asthma-related symptoms), lung function, non-fatal accidents, physical activity and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (which is completed by parents of children aged 4-15 to describe the behaviour of each child).
'Core' topics, repeated every year for both adults and children, include general health, fruit and vegetable consumption, prescribed medicines, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption; and anthropometry (height and weight) and blood pressure measurements. Adults are also asked questions on social support and social capital. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) was administered to those aged 13 and over. Saliva samples were obtained from those aged 4 and over and blood samples from those aged 11-24.
A new module of questions on maternal health was introduced in 2002. This was asked of all women who were the natural mothers of an infant aged under 1. The module provided a wide range of information about the infant and the mother, the pregnancy, the delivery, pregnancy-related illness, post-natal service use, and other relevant factors.
This booklet presents selected findings from the 2002 Health Survey. For some topics the sample size available for analysis has been increased by combining the samples for 2001 and 2002. Comparisons are made with the 1997 Health Survey, which also focused on children and young people. The full results have been published in three separate volumes. Volume I presents the main findings on children and young people. The information on infants and mothers is presented in Volume II, and Volume III provides details of the survey methodology.


text:
If you're sick of paying someone to clean out your boat's gas tank, then you should learn how to clean boat gas tanks. If that sounds like you, then you have found the perfect guide. This guide on how to clean out your boat's gas tank will save you money and keep your boat's motor running strong.
Before you get started, you are going to need these materials:
- fuel system treatment and stabilizer
The first step to cleaning out your boat's gas tank is to drain the gas left in the gas tank. After you have done that, turn off the fuel pump. You do not want any of the chemicals to end up inside your fuel lines.
Now, fill the tank with two gallons of fresh gas. After you do that, pour mercury and the fuel system treatment and stabilizer into the gas tank.
The third and final step to cleaning out your boat's gas tank is to let the fuel, mercury and fuel system treatment and stabilizer sit overnight. After you have done that, drain the gas tank again. Now, get a water hose and flush out the gas tank. Let the gas tank dry and get a flashlight to look inside the gas tank to see if the tank is clean. If the tank is not clean, repeat the process. After the tank is clean, refill the tank and turn the fuel pump back on.
Congratulations! You have finished cleaning out your boat's gas tank.


text:
This year, in partnership with Launceston LINC, the Tamar Valley Peace Trust invites School students to make a promise to Peace; to write a message or draw an image of what Peace means to them.
We have created a Peace Dove template (attached) on which students can write a message or create an image. Once students have finished being creative with their Peace dove and cut them out, Attach to some string to create a bunting for your class and we will hang them in the window at Launceston LINC.
- Discuss Peace in class – could be as simple as reading a book.
- Print enough doves for your students
- Encourage student's to express what peace means to them by writing or drawing on both sides of the dove (as they will be displayed on glass and seen from both sides).
- Ask students to cut out the dove.
- Attach your work to string to create bunting.
Return date: Please have the doves back to Launceston LINC by the end of Term 2
Please email _EMAIL_ if you would like your School dove as a PDF and would like more information.
We have placed your School's logo on the Dove as a way of demonstrating your organisation or school's role in helping 'teach' Peace. Or you may use the Dove with no school logos. Due to student privacy and the public location of the final works it is an individual choice regarding the inclusion of the student's name.
We look forward to seeing the wonderful doves that the students create.
They will be displayed in the ground floor window of Launceston LINC from Monday 30th July until the end of August 2018.
We urge you to engage your students in this process and a discussion about peace – and the concept of non-violent conflict resolution. Students may define peace in a range of ways – maybe the absence of bullying, war or domestic violence – or greater cultural or environmental harmony. The lens they use does not matter: the goal is to think about how they, as individuals, can help create a kinder society. This message so aptly supports the Education Department's recently launched Respectful Schools: Respectful Behavior paper.


text:
Published on January 23, 2013 by Amy
Buffalo Bird Woman (ca. _PHONE_) was a Mandan Hidatsa who experienced the traditional life of her people in what is now the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Her Hidatsa name was Maxidiwiac. She learned and practiced traditional Hidatsa skills such as gardening, the preparation of food, weaving and many others. Buffalo Bird Woman held to the traditional ways of her culture and generously shared them through her stories and teachings. Through oral tradition she described her own experience and the lives and work of women in Hidatsa culture. Edward Lone Fight is descended from her.
native art, native american jewelry, native american rings, turquoise crafts, student loans, debt financing, native american astrology, native horoscopes, student debt, Indian Genealogy Records, family tree, native heritage, native jobs, native study, native students, native american university, grant, native ancestry, dna test


Hobby horses as a hobby
From Elävä perintö -wiki
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Hobby horses as a hobby
Location Finland
Tags hobbyhorses, crafts, sports, hobbies, children, young people, riding, keppihevoset, lapset, nuoret, harrastukset
Practitioners and people who know the tradition well
Thousands of children and young people all around Finland are hobby horse enthusiasts. They are usually of school age or older, and the nature of the hobby usually depends on the enthusiast's age and the aspect of the hobby they are interested in. Commonly, people who no longer feel like they play with hobby horses but instead participate in the hobby regularly and in a goal-oriented way are considered to be hobby horse enthusiasts. There is no accurate information about how many enthusiasts the hobby has, because only a few have reported on listings or are members of an association. According to the most optimistic estimates, Finland alone may have more than 10,000 enthusiasts.
Hobby horse activities are promoted by the Finnish Hobbyhorse Association (Suomen Keppihevosharrastajat ry).
Practising of the tradition
Hobby horse eating orange leaves.
Hobby horse enjoying fall. Photo: Kht Kultatähti.
Hobby horses represent an extremely versatile hobby, and everyone can pick the parts they want, creating a hobby they like best. Essential parts of it include making the hobby horses, riding, communality, and competitions. The hobby mimics riding live horses, and in fact, you can practise all aspects of riding with a hobby horse.
Hobby horses as a hobby are based on the enthusiasts' own initiative, which makes the hobby very free-form. There are no hard and fast rules: anyone can enjoy the hobby in the way they like. Hobby horses are also suitable for people who cannot or do not want to ride. Others organise competitions, training events and coaching.
Almost all hobby horse enthusiasts make hobby horses in the course of their hobby. You can make a hobby horse in any way you can imagine: sock horses are made out of socks, felt horses are felted, and traditional fabric horses are sewn out of fabric. Fabric horses are often divided into two-and three-piece horses, depending on whether a middle piece has been used to make the hobby horse or not. The horses are also divided into those with and without a mouth. Many enthusiasts focus on making and selling hobby horses, and they try to create horses that are as realistic as possible.
You can practise any kind of equestrian sport with a hobby horse. Traditionally, the most popular sports have been show jumping and dressage.
Hobby horse enthusiast jumping over a hurdle.
Show jumping. Photo: Peltohaan talli.
In show jumping, the horse and the rider jump over a set show-jumping course, and faults are received for any railings that are knocked over. The classes can be judged based on time or style. In dressage, participants are judged on the ability of the horse and the rider to complete a predetermined programme as accurately and realistically as possible, just like riders with live horses.
In addition to competitions, hobby horse enthusiasts also organise coaching events and camps for each other in different parts of Finland. Most events are organised by children and young people, and at other times, they are organised by clubs or associations. The Finnish Hobbyhorse Association organises Finnish national championships in show jumping and dressage for hobby horses every year.
Enthusiasts keep in touch with each other via social media, and they meet at events and competitions. Online shows and competitions are also an important part of the hobby.
The background and history of the tradition
Children have played with hobby horses for millennia. In the late 1900s, the game started to become a hobby in small concentrated areas in different parts of Finland. In the early 2000s, hobby horse enthusiasts started to gather together in online discussion forums and websites. An unofficial hobby horse association was established in 2004, and it was later registered as Suomen Keppihevosharrastajat ry (the Finnish Hobbyhorse Association). As social media became more popular, hobby horses spread out further and further over the internet, and the general public became more aware of them.
The transmission of the tradition
Many enthusiasts riding their hobby horses.
Hobby horses at Narinkkatori. Photo: Pompeii Sporthorses.
Most of the hobby horse activities take place online, where the enthusiasts meet, share tips and agree on meetings. For the younger generations, social media is a natural channel for sharing information and learning about the hobby, while also passing on the hobby horse tradition. Hobby horse competitions, camps, lessons and coaching play an important part in passing on skills and knowledge. The Finnish Hobbyhorse Association also offers its members training and information about the hobby.
The future of the tradition
The number of hobby horse enthusiasts has grown rapidly in the recent years, and that number shows no sign of diminishing. With the lists it keeps, the Finnish Hobbyhorse Association aims to map the number of enthusiasts and offer a hub where they can meet. The enthusiasm of hobby horse enthusiasts is also increased by the annual show jumping and dressage championships for hobby horses; the association has organised them since 2012.
The community/communities behind this submission.
Bibliography and links to external sources of information
The community/communities behind this submission.
The Finnish Hobbyhorse Association: Suomen Keppihevosharrastajat ry
Bibliography and links to external sources of information
Online register for hobbyhorses and wooden horses in Finland
Internet forum for hobbyhorse enthusiasts in Finland
Sinimaaria Kangas, Lucia Stenger 2016: Keppareiden kyydissä - Keppihevosharrastuksen ABC.
Venla-Maria Uutela 2015: Keppari - Keppihevosten maailma. Pieni Karhu.
Venla-Maria Uutela 2013: Keppihevosten varusteet. Pieni Karhu.


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Definitions of solace
v. t. - Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety; also, that which relieves in distress; that which cheers or consoles; relief. 2
v. t. - Rest; relaxation; ease. 2
n. - To cheer in grief or under calamity; to comfort; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort; to console; -- applied to persons; as, to solace one with the hope of future reward. 2
n. - To allay; to assuage; to soothe; as, to solace grief. 2
v. i. - To take comfort; to be cheered. 2
The word "solace" uses 6 letters: A C E L O S.
No direct anagrams for solace found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after solace (in bold), or to acelos in any order:
d - coleads solaced h - loaches i - celosia j - cajoles l - callose locales p - escalop r - claroes coalers escolar oracles recoals solacer s - solaces t - lactose locates talcose v - alcoves coevals
Shorter words found within solace:
ace aces ae al ale alec alecs ales aloe aloes als also as calo calos case cel cels close coal coals col cola colas cole coles cols cos el els es la lac lace laces lacs las lase lea leas lo loca lose oca ocas oe oes ole olea oles os ose sac sae sal sale scale sea seal sec sel sloe so socle sol sola sole
List shorter words within solace, sorted by length
All words formed from solace by changing one letter
Browse words starting with solace by next letter


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To ensure correct pronunciation, screen readers use a different sound library for each language they support. Screen readers can switch between these language libraries easily, but only if a web page specifies which language to read for a given piece of content.
If a page doesn't specify a language for the
a screen reader assumes the page is in the default language
that the user chose when setting up the screen reader,
often making it impossible to understand the content.
How the Lighthouse missing
lang audit fails
flags pages whose
 element doesn't have a
Note that this audit
checks whether a
lang attribute is present.
 element does not have a valid value for its
[lang] attribute audit
checks whether the value for that attribute is valid.
The Lighthouse Accessibility score is a weighted average of all the accessibility audits. See the Lighthouse accessibility scoring post for more information.
How to add an HTML
To ensure your page's content is pronounced correctly for screen reader users,
use a valid language code
lang attribute of the
For example, this sample code sets the language of the document to English:


Tinkerers Unite! How Parents Enable Kids' Creativity
The Battlefort: Brothers Noah and Jacob take a break from engineering with some recreational gun play near their cardboard-box stronghold.
Rich Addicks for The Wall Street Journal
Like a lot of boys, Jacob and Noah Budnitz like to build things. And they like to take things apart.
First it was Bristle Blocks, then Tinkertoys. They went through Legos—lots of Legos. But now, Jacob, age 10, and Noah, age 8, have graduated to other types of building materials: Doorknobs, alarm clocks and telephones. Plastic bottles and cardboard boxes. Scotch tape. Duct tape. Keys without locks, locks without keys.
One thing they don't use? Directions.
When the boys use imagination and whatever they find at hand to create something, their mother, Tina Budnitz, calls it tinkering. Their latest project was the "Cricketnator 5000," a contraption for feeding Noah's pet bearded-dragon lizard, Spikey.
The invention moves live crickets through a bath of calcium powder (for proper lizard bone growth) and into the lizard's tank, where they meet their fate—and the boys don't have to touch the crickets.
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MOTORCYCLE TYRE LOAD & SPEED MARKINGS
Radial, bias belted, and diagonal cross-ply tyres have markings to indicate their load and speed capabilities.
It is important that tyres are suitable for the maximum speed capability of the motorcycle. In some overseas countries this is a legal requirement.
Tyre speeds are shown in accordance with an alphabetical list of symbols indicating speeds at 10 km/h increments.
The relevant speed symbol is positioned near the size designation in conjunction with a load index: e.g. 120/90-18 65S, where '65' is the load index and 'S' the speed symbol. In the case of speed symbols 'V' and 'ZR', these are shown within the size designation, e.g. 120/90-V18. The size designation for 'V' and 'ZR' normally omits the load index. Details of speed symbols and load indices are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1: TYRE SPEED MARKINGS
TABLE 2: TYRE LOADING INDICES AND RELATING MAXIMUM LOADS


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NATURE: In American Sign Language
as used by members of the American Deaf Community there are several ways to
express the concept of "nature." In surveys of Deaf people you will get a
variety of responses. Many will tell you to "spell it." Some will use the sign
"NORMAL" to mean "nature." Others will use signs relating to nature to express
the concept: "OUTSIDE, OUTSIDE, TREES, PLANTS, VARIOUS." Thus the "right" way
will depend on the circumstance. If you are in a bilingual / bicultural
environment such as a high-school mainstream classroom, an interpreter upon
first usage of the concept "nature" in a conversation or discussion may choose
to spell the word N-A-T-U-R-E show the sign for "NORMAL/natural" and, if needed,
sign a few "nature related signs" (MOUNTAIN, TREES, PLANTS, etc.). Upon
subsequent usage in the same conversation or lecture the interpreter will tend
to use only the fingerspelled word or only the sign "NORMAL."
If the lecture involves several related concepts
(normal/nature/naturally/of-course) the interpreter or signer will be more
likely to fingerspell "N-A-T-U-R-E."
If two individuals are chatting in ASL and one of them wishes to express the
concept, "I enjoy nature," he or she is actually more likely to sign something
to the effect of:
"I ENJOY CAMP(ing)."
"OUT/LEAVE+, I ENJOY!"
"MOUNTAIN HIKE, I ENJOY."
"FOREST, I ENJOY WALK-("stroll")."
Thus the concept of "nature" becomes expressed via the specific aspect of
NATURE: Sample expression:
Note: The video above is an example of how one of the people surveyed showed how
she would sign the concept of "nature." In this example the individual used the
signs: natural, bird, tree, river, diversity-(throughout).
Dr. Bill's new iPhone "Fingerspelling Practice" app is available now for just 99
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The City of Cleveland and it's Public Trust Authorities maintain personally identifiable information of individuals in the course of the performing their various functions. This includes, but is not limited to, providing utilities, conducting municipal court, providing law enforcement and maintaining employment records.
This information is stored in a secure manner and is only released as allowed or required by law, including but not limited to:
Sending information about the municipal court to various governmental agencies
Sending the results of law enforcement investigations to other agencies
Sending utility information to collections agencies


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A new study by researchers from McGill University and the University of British Columbia shows that mice, like humans, express pain through facial expressions.
McGill Psychology Prof. Jeffrey Mogil, UBC Psychology Prof. Kenneth Craig and their respective teams have discovered that when subjected to moderate pain stimuli, mice showed discomfort through facial expressions in the same way humans do. Their study, published online May 9 in the journal Nature Methods, also details the development of a Mouse Grimace Scale that could inform better treatments for humans and improve conditions for lab animals.
Because pain research relies heavily on rodent models, an accurate measurement of pain is paramount in understanding the most pervasive and important symptom of chronic pain, namely spontaneous pain, says Mogil.
"The Mouse Grimace Scale provides a measurement system that will both accelerate the development of new analgesics for humans, but also eliminate unnecessary suffering of laboratory mice in biomedical research," says Mogil. "There are also serious implications for the improvement of veterinary care more generally."
This is the first time researchers have successfully developed a scale to measure spontaneous responses in animals that resemble human responses to those same painful states.
Mogil, graduate student Dale Langford and colleagues in the Pain Genetics Lab at McGill analyzed images of mice before and during moderate pain stimuli - for example, the injection of dilute inflammatory substances, as are commonly used around the world for testing pain sensitivity in rodents. The level of pain studied could be comparable, researchers said, to a headache or the pain associated with an inflamed and swollen finger easily treated by common analgesics like Aspirin or Tylenol.
Mogil then sent the images to Craig's lab at UBC, where facial pain coding experts used them to develop the scale. Craig's team proposed that five facial features be scored: orbital tightening (eye closing), nose and cheek bulges and ear and whisker positions according to the severity of the stimulus. Craig's laboratory had previously established studying facial expression as the standard for assessing pain in human infants and others with verbal communication limitations. This work is an example of successful "bedside-to-bench" translation, where a technique known to be relevant in our species is adapted for use in laboratory experiments.
Continuing experiments in the lab will investigate whether the scale works equally well in other species, whether analgesic drugs given to mice after surgical procedures work well at their commonly prescribed doses, and whether mice can respond to the facial pain cues of other mice.


Definition of Aliasing
Aliasing refers to the effect produced when a signal is imperfectly reconstructed from the original signal. Aliasing occurs when a signal is not sampled at a high enough frequency to create an accurate representation. This effect is shown in the following example of a sinusoidal function:
In this example, the dots represent the sampled data and the curve represents the original signal. Because there are too few sampled data points, the resulting pattern produced by the sampled data is a poor representation of the original. Aliasing is relevant in fields associated with signal processing, such as digital audio, digital photography, and computer graphics.
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Clean feeding utensils help keep calves healthy
February 18, 2011
Clean and sanitized pails and nipples should be stacked separately and stored off the floor until completely dry.
Click image to enlarge
Would you mix soiled bedding, dirt or manure in with the milk replacer, colostrum or waste milk before feeding it to pre-weaned calves? Of course not! Yet, there are calf feeders using pails and nipples that have not been cleaned and sanitized or that have become contaminated since the last feeding. Recent research at Penn State (Journal of Dairy Science, Nov. 2010) evaluated the effectiveness of pasteurization by measuring bacteria counts in the waste milk before and after pasteurization as well as in the milk fed to calves. The research results showed that pasteurization reduces the number of bacteria in milk. No surprise! However, they also found that all types of bacteria counts were higher in samples pulled from calf buckets at feeding than in pasteurized milk before feeding. The researchers concluded that this is a good indicator that milk is frequently contaminated between pasteurization and feeding. I think this is a good reminder of why it is important to always clean and sanitize feeding utensils right after use as well as take measures to prevent contamination of those utensils and the milk before feeding.
Proper cleaning and sanitizing procedures of feeding utensils can mean extra work and it does take time. This may seem like a small matter, given the bacteria and other pathogens in the total environment to which the calf is exposed. However, the details of all calf management practices can make a difference in having healthy calves or sick calves. It's important to have a consistent, efficient, cost-effective approach to keep the utensils clean and sanitary, everyday. It takes someone being responsible to get it done. It may take writing up a protocol stating the procedures to be used, then posting them so that anyone who feeds the pre-weaned calves understands them and follows them, every time.
Here are some suggestions to make sure feeding utensils are as free of bacteria and pathogens as possible:
Cleaning and sanitizing:
- Every utensil used for feeding calves must be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized after each feeding. This includes balling guns and stomach tubes. Nipple buckets should be taken apart and cleaned.
- Have enough feeding utensils to be able to clean and disinfect between uses, especially on sick calves. If nipples or buckets are shared by multiple calves during a feeding, they must be disinfected between calves.
- Begin cleaning milk-feeding utensils by rinsing in cold or lukewarm water. Using hot water during rinsing makes the milk proteins stick to the surfaces.
- Just "rinsing-off" and storing the utensils is not good enough.
- After rinsing, then use water at least 120oF that contains both a detergent and a disinfectant. Expose the equipment to the solution as long as possible. The longer the exposure to chlorine the greater the opportunity for killing bacteria. Use 1 cup of fresh household-strength bleach in 5 gallons of very hot water. If there are calves with scours – use 1½ cups to 5 gallons. Dump nipples into the solution. Fill the bottles with it.
- Use a wash acid at a rate of about 1 ounce per 5 gallons of lukewarm water to get rid of any possible remaining milk solids on the containers. Most bacteria will not grow in very acid conditions. Acid sanitizers designed for manual cleaning of bulk tanks work well in this application.
- After washing, rinse in cold water.
- After cleaning and sanitizing, allow containers, nipples, balling guns, stomach tubes to air dry.
- Avoid stacking pails inside each other until completely dry. Bacteria can grow rapidly where there is moisture, no sunlight and poor air exchange. For this reason, freshly washed pails should not be placed upside down on a concrete floor.
- There needs to be enough esophageal feeders to dedicate one to each sick calf for that feeding or that day.
- Avoid using feeding buckets that have scratches (plastic) or other rough surfaces as this allows bacteria to reside in them.
- Colostrum, milk replacer, dry feed and water sources should always be clean and placed outside the pen where contamination cannot occur from urine and manure.
- Clean hands, boots and clothing are a must for the calf feeder so contamination of the clean and sanitary calf feeding utensils and equipment cannot occur.
- Disinfect the boots after entering pens with sick animals.
Having clean and sanitary calf feeding utensils may not be a revolutionary idea. But following these suggestions can help decrease the exposure of the calves to disease organisms and improve their health, survivability and growth rates. They can be applied to every calf raising situation on every farm, whatever size operation.


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Seppuku (stomach-cutting) is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved only for Samurai. Part of the samurai honor code, seppuku was used voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies, as a form of capital punishment for samurai who have committed serious offenses, and for reasons that shamed them. Seppuku is performed by plunging a sword into the abdomen and moving the sword left to right in a slicing motion.
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the code of the samurai warriors; it was used by warriors to avoid falling into enemy hands, and to attenuate shame and avoid possible torture. Samurai could also be ordered by their daimyo (feudal lords) to commit seppuku. Later, disgraced warriors were sometimes allowed to commit seppuku rather than be executed in the normal manner. The most common form of seppuku for men was composed of the cutting of the abdomen, and when the samurai was finished, he stretched out his neck for an assistant to decapitate him. Since the main point of the act was to restore or protect one's honor as a warrior, those who did not belong to the samurai caste were never ordered or expected to commit seppuku. Samurai generally could commit the act only with permission.
Sometimes a daimyo was called upon to perform seppuku as the basis of a peace agreement. This would weaken the defeated clan so that resistance would effectively cease. Toyotomi Hideyoshi used an enemy's suicide in this way on several occasions, the most dramatic of which effectively ended a dynasty of daimyo forever, when the Hōjō were defeated at Odawara in 1590. Hideyoshi insisted on the suicide of the retired daimyo Hōjō Ujimasa, and the exile of his son Ujinao. With this act of suicide, the most powerful daimyo family in eastern Japan was put to an end.
In time, committing seppuku came to involve a detailed ritual. This was usually performed in front of spectators if it was a planned seppuku, not one performed on a battlefield. A samurai was bathed, dressed in white robes, and fed his favorite meal. When he was finished, his instrument was placed on his plate. Dressed ceremonially, with his sword placed in front of him and sometimes seated on special cloths, the warrior would prepare for death by writing a death poem.
With his selected attendant (kaishakunin, his second) standing by, he would open his kimono (robe), take up his tanto (knife) or wakizashi (short sword)—which the samurai held by the blade with a portion of cloth wrapped around so that it would not cut his hand and cause him to lose his grip—and plunge it into his abdomen, making a left-to-right cut. The kaishaku would then perform dakikubi, a cut in which the warrior was all but decapitated. The maneuver is done such that a slight band of flesh is left attaching the head to the body. Because of the precision necessary for such a maneuver, the second was a skilled swordsman. The principal agreed in advance when the kaishakunin was to make his cut. Usually dakikubi would occur as soon as the dagger was plunged into the abdomen. The process became so highly ritualised that as soon as the samurai reached for his blade the kaishakunin would strike. Eventually even the blade became unnecessary and the samurai could reach for something symbolic like a fan and this would trigger the killing stroke from his second. The fan was likely used when the samurai was too old to use the blade, or in situations where it was too dangerous to give him a weapon in such circumstances.
This elaborate ritual evolved after seppuku had ceased being mainly a battlefield or wartime practice and become a para-judicial institution (see next section).
The second was usually, but not always, a friend. If a defeated warrior had fought honorably and well, an opponent who wanted to salute his bravery would volunteer to act as his second.
In the Hagakure, Yamamoto Tsunetomo wrote:
|"||From ages past it has been considered an ill-omen by samurai to be requested as kaishaku. The reason for this is that one gains no fame even if the job is well done. Further, if one should blunder, it becomes a lifetime disgrace.
In the practice of past times, there were instances when the head flew off. It was said that it was best to cut leaving a little skin remaining so that it did not fly off in the direction of the verifying officials.
A specialized form of seppuku in feudal times was known as kanshi (death of understanding), in which a retainer would commit suicide in protest of a lord's decision. The retainer would make one deep, horizontal cut into his stomach, then quickly bandage the wound. After this, the person would then appear before his lord, give a speech in which he announced the protest of the lord's action, then reveal his mortal wound. This is not to be confused with funshi (indignation death), which is any suicide made to state dissatisfaction or protest. A fictional variation of kanshi was the act of kagebara (陰腹, "shadow stomach") in Japanese theater, in which the protagonist, at the end of the play, would announce to the audience that he had committed an act similar to kanshi, a predetermined slash to the stomach followed by a tight field dressing, and then perish, bringing about a dramatic end.
Some samurai chose to perform a considerably more taxing form of seppuku known as jūmonji giri (cross-shaped cut), in which there is no kaishakunin to put a quick end to the samurai's suffering. It involves a second and more painful vertical cut on the belly. A samurai performing jumonji giri was expected to bear his suffering quietly until perishing from loss of blood, passing away with his hands over his face.


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Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola
versão impressa ISSN 1516-635X
ICL, Almeida Paz et al. Study on the bone mineral density of broiler suffering femoral joint degenerative lesions. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. [online]. 2008, vol.10, n.2, pp. 103-108. ISSN 1516-635X. _URL_
An experiment was carried out with male and females broilers of two different commercial breeds to evaluate bone mineral density of the right femur head. A number of 600 one-day-old broilers were raised in an experimental poultry house up to 42 days of age at the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. After slaughter, three males and three females in each breed in each of the established gross scores were selected. Their femora heads were submitted to gross examination, and subsequently the thighs were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital for radiographic analysis. Femora were also submitted to bone resistance, Seedor index, and dry matter content analyses. All these bone quality characteristics were different between males and females, independent of breed. Breeds presented similar behavior. It was possible to establish correlations between bone quality parameters, and confidence intervals for bone mineral density values, correlating them to femoral degeneration score, which allows characterizing femoral head lesions by radiographic optical densitometry.
Palavras-chave : Bone mineral density; broilers; femoral degeneration; femur; genetics.


Can I get Child Support and Spousal Support in a True Default Divorce in Fremont California?
Main Office: Law Offices of Donald Glass in Fremont
$695 Flat Legal Fee Uncontested Divorce Attorney
43537 Ridge Park Dr, Temecula, CA 92590
You have a "true default divorce" if the Respondent failed to file a response to the petition for divorce.
This means that it has been more than 30 days since the petitioner served the petition and summons and the Respondent did not file a response and there is no written settlement agreement.
In this scenario, the question is will you get everything you wanted such as child support and spousal support? The answer is Not Necessarily!
Child Custody Laws: Fremont
The law requires that the judge to decide based on the child's best interest. The court may not order what you want if the court believes it is not in the child's best interest. The purpose of the California best interest standard is to give the court broad discretion to order a custody and visitation plan that is consistent with the child's health, safety, welfare and education. The court discretion when assessing the child's best interest is also what makes child custody decisions difficult to successfully appeal. When an appellate court takes a look at a judge's decision on what facts he or she gave less or more consideration, they generally have to find (with some exceptions of course) that the judge abused his or her discretion when evaluating and weighing the facts.
Sole physical custody gives a parent the right to be the primary custodial and caretaker role. Sole physical custody orders do not necessarily take away all parenting time from the noncustodial parent. It is common for a sole physical custody order to be granted to one parent while visitation (parenting time) is ordered for the other.
Sole legal custody orders give one parent the exclusive right to make decisions concerning a child's health, education and welfare. That doesn't mean the parent who obtained sole legal custody gets to make all of the decisions at all times. That is because the parent who has visitation (but not custody) does still have supervisory responsibilities while the child is in his or her control. Sole legal custody orders are rare and not favored by our laws unless the noncustodial parent has committed certain acts of misconduct or has otherwise abandoned the child to such an extent that he or she should not be involved in important decision-making concerning the child.
Child Support Laws: Fremont
The court is obligated to issue an order based on guideline child support unless there is lawful ground for deviation from the guidelines. Basically, the guideline child support is what the judge's computer program tells the judge the amount for support. In most cases, the judge follows the guidelines unless there are proper legal reasons to deviate from the guidelines. California Courts cannot simply fail to order the guideline child support amount for reasons not permitted by law. That is because the guideline child support number is presumptively deemed to be correct.
In some cases, the court may deviate from the guidelines if the presumption of correctness is rebutted. But the court must state how it deviated from the child support guideline. Here are some examples for deviation:
1- The parties stipulated to a different amount of child support.
2- The party that is paying has an extraordinarily high income and the amount determined under the formula would exceed the needs of the child.
3- The custodial parent is not contributing enough resources in proportion to custodial time.
California Spousal Support: Fremont
The court may request to terminate spousal support. But the court may decide not to terminate spousal support even if you ask for it, especially in a long term marriage. These are just a few of the many examples of how the court may not give you what you want even if the respondent has failed to participate and whose default has been taken.
Temporary: Fremont
Before there is a final judgment, California alimony laws give the court the power to order temporary alimony based on a spouse's need and the other spouse's ability to pay. Temporary spousal support is generally based on the same computer program used to calculate child support. California alimony laws state the fundamental purpose of temporary alimony is to maintain the status quo. The court will typically look at the net disposable income of each spouse and how much "waste" there is within the monthly expenses that the spouses pay or claim they need to pay. The court has discretion to depart from the program in situations where a requesting spouse's need is higher or the payor spouse's ability to pay is materially less or more than what the computer program calculates.
The shorter the marriage, the shorter the alimony in California and the shorter amount of time that a spouse will have to become self-supporting. The longer the marriage and the longer that a spouse has been out of the workforce, the longer the alimony and the more leniency the family court will give regarding the inability to get back into the workforce. Family Code 4320 states how the Family Court may consider the 14 factors in determining the final alimony amount.
However, husband and wife are free to negotiate in a divorce settlement many variations of alimony terms and conditions. These include but are not limited to (a) the indefinite retention of the court's power to make orders just as the code says, (b) termination of alimony on a set date which may or may not include, especially in a long-term marriage, (c) termination of the court's power to ever award alimony beyond that date, (d) non-modifiable alimony in various forms including non-modifiability for a certain period, the entire time as well as a step down or step up of alimony over time. In long-term marriages, the court will generally not terminate its power to award alimony.
Law Offices of Donald Glass in Fremont
$695 Flat Legal Fee Uncontested Divorce Attorney
Main office: 43537 Ridge Park Dr, Temecula, CA 92590
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, see Berline, Getzler, Vergne ''Heat kernels and Dirac operators'' (it is in the background chapter 1). There is a Fubini principle for integration over the fibres, which reads:
$$\int_E e(TE) = \int_E e(T_v E) f^{\ast} e (TB) = \int_B (\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)) e (TB).$$
The form $\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)$ is a $0$-form, i.e. a function, and you can test its values by restriction to the fibres. The value is the Euler characteristic of the fibre, by Gauss-Bonnet. Thus
$$ \int_B (\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)) e (TB)= \chi(F) \int_B e(TB)= \chi(F) \chi(B).$$
share|cite|improve this answer
I still don't understand how we pick euler classes on each fiber in a 'continuous' way... what am I missing? – Dylan Wilson Mar 6 '11 at 9:30
Or is the problem avoided by starting with a metric on the total space, restricting it to the fibers, and then 'pushing it down' to the base? – Dylan Wilson Mar 6 '11 at 9:31
Pick a (bundle) metric on $T_v E$. This gives you a definite form on $E$ representing $e(T_v E)$. Then pick a metric on $TB$ and pull it back to $f^{\ast} TB$. Finally, pick a splitting of $TE$, which gives a metric on $TE$. This metric is well-adapted to the problem. – Johannes Ebert Mar 6 '11 at 10:11
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Particle Swarm Optimization as Applied to Electromagnetic Design Problems
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Citations (Scopus)
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence algorithm inspired by the social behavior of birds flocking and fish schooling. Numerous PSO variants have been proposed in the literature for addressing different problem types. In this article, the authors apply different PSO variants to common design problems in electromagnetics. They apply the Inertia Weight PSO (IWPSO), the Constriction Factor PSO (CFPSO), and the Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (CLPSO) algorithms to real-valued optimization problems, i.e. microwave absorber design, and linear array synthesis. Moreover, the authors use discrete PSO optimizers such as the binary PSO (binPSO) and the Boolean PSO with a velocity mutation (BPSO-vm) in order to solve discrete-valued optimization problems, i.e. patch antenna design. Additionally, the authors apply and compare binPSO with different transfer functions to thinning array design problems. In the case of a multi-objective optimization problem, they apply two multi-objective PSO variants to dual-band base station antenna optimization for mobile communications. Namely, these are the Multi-Objective PSO (MOPSO) and the Multi-Objective PSO with Fitness Sharing (MOPSO-fs) algorithms. Finally, the authors conclude the paper by providing a discussion on future trends and the conclusion.
Original languageEnglish
Article number4
Pages (from-to)47-82
Number of pages36
JournalInternational Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research
Issue number2
Publication statusPublished - 1 Apr 2018
Externally publishedYes
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Discussion Author: Hugh M Dainer
Computed Tomography of the head is an excellent tool for the rapid preliminary evaluation of headache, trauma or neurological dysfunction.
Ease of access to CT scanning for problem solving must be weighed against the need to maintain radiation dose at the lowest necessary level (ALARA principle = "as low as reasonable achievable"). For a young adult (age 25 years) the estimated radiation organ dose to the brain from a head CT is 20 mGy. (1)
Familiarization with the appearance of normal structures can maximize the benefit of head CT and limit the need for repeat studies.
Topic Details: Normal Head CT - Young Adult Brain :: :: Search for other Topics with Normal Head CT - Young Adult Brain
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Long Distance Correlations in Wind Power
The fact that wind patterns are coherent over large regions means wind power intensity is similar in whole countries. In particular wind generation falls to near zero frequently over whole countries and whole regions of Europe.
Although everybody knows wind fluctuates dramatically in one location, it seems to be a common belief that local lulls are compensated by generation somewhere else in the country so that overall wind generation stays high. This is not in reality the case and this page gives extensive plots as evidence for this.
Correlations between onshore and offshore wind in same country
(Generation data averaged over 1 day)
it can be seen that the correlations between onshore and offshore wind are very high for small countries (Denmark and Belgium) and lower but still very significant for larger countries (United Kingdom and Germany).
The correlation increases for averages over longer periods so the short distance plots above have averages over 1 day while those below have averages over 3 days. While the longer term averages increase the overall correlation the fraction of points wth nearly zero wind generation is reduced.
Correlations between all wind power in different countries
(Generation data averaged over 3 days)
Table of Pearson Correlation Coefficients for wind generation between countriesThe table shows the correlation between wind generation is high between neighbouring countries and decreases with increasing geographic separation.
These strong correlations mean that exchanges between adjacent countries cannot use wind electricity because the peaks and valleys are the same.


text:
Speed is a major consideration in computer-aided engineering (CAE). But simulations of mechanical structures within the scope of product development work are very time-consuming. In response, Fraunhofer IGD has created RISTRA, an interactive software solution that executes calculations on graphics processing units (GPUs) for faster results.
Simulations provide insights into component strength, and into the loads exerted by external forces. Numerical simulations require the creation of high-resolution grids comprising a value for each position within a given geometry. The greater the resolution, the more computing power is required to solve the corresponding system of linear equations.
Rapid Interactive Structural Analysis (RISTRA) is an interactive simulation solution from Fraunhofer IGD based on specially developed algorithms that are executed on a graphics card using optimized data structures. This allows faster solving of linear equations and implementation of matrices, with an increase in speed compared with conventional CPU-based simulations of up to two orders of magnitude—while maintaining low power consumption.
There is a further time saving for the graphical presentation of results. Simulation results that deliver insights into potential improvements can be visualized directly by the graphics card without the need for additional transfer of data.
In particular, RISTRA generates value added for end users when deployed together with a powerful CAD or CAE system. Vendors who incorporate RISTRA into their software solutions stand to gain significant competitive advantage—as their customers will be in a position to accelerate their product development activities.


Quick Answer: What Is Virtual Function Bus In Autosar?
What is virtual function bus?
The concept of the Virtual Functional Bus (VFB) allows to model the communication between Software Components on System Level and to strictly separate the application software (Software Components) from infrastructure (Basic Software Modules)..
What is ComStack?
Communication Stack or COM stack facilitates communication. Hence COM stack can be defined as a software stack that provides communication services to the Basic Software Modules and Application Layer or Application Software.
What are Runnables in autosar?
What is exclusive area in autosar?
Exclusive areas. An exclusive area is the AUTOSAR equivalent of a binary. semaphore, that can be acquired and released in an atomic. fashion by competing runnable instances [3, ch.].
What is RTE software?
Stands for "Runtime Environment." As soon as a software program is executed, it is in a runtime state. When you see the name of a software program with the initials "RTE" after it, it usually means the software includes a runtime environment. …
Is autosar an operating system?
What is autosar service layer?
In AUTOSAR, the ECU software is abstracted and subdivided into basic software, runtime environment and application layer. … The Service Layer provides different types of background services such as network services, memory management and bus communication services for the application layer.
What is per instance memory autosar?
Per instance memory is instantiated for each instance (prototype) of an atomic software component of the RTE. A Data Type instance can be accessed only by the corresponding atomic software component instance (prototype).
How RTE works in autosar?
Runtime environment (RTE): acts as a middleware between the AUTOSAR application layer and the lower layers. Basically, the RTE layer manages the interand intra-ECU communication between application layer components as well as between the BSW and the application layer.
What is the purpose of autosar?
As defined by Wikipedia AUTOSAR or AUTOmotive Open System ARchitecture is a worldwide development partnership of automotive interested parties founded way back in 2003. Its main objective is to create and establish an open standardized software architecture for automotive ECUs.
What is difference between sender receiver and client server in autosar?
What is autosar interface?
An AUTOSAR interface is a generic interface, which is derived from the ports of any SWC. … These types of interfaces are used by SWCs for access to AUTOSAR services, which are provided by BSW modules of the Service Layer, such as the ECU State Manager or the Diagnostic Event Manager.
What is basic software in autosar?
Basic Software (AUTOSAR BSW): Basic Software is the standardized software layer, which provides services to the AUTOSAR Software Components and is necessary to run the functional part of the software. … The Basic Software contains standardized and ECU specific modules.
CAN transceiver autosar?
The CAN Transceiver Driver module is responsible for handling the CAN transceiver hardware chips on an ECU. The CAN Transceiver is a hardware device, which adapts the signal levels that are used on the CAN bus to the logical (digital) signal levels recognised by a microcontroller.
What is autosar methodology?
What is autosar Quora?
It stands for AUTomotive Open Software ARchitecture. You can visit this AUTOSAR for a better understanding of it. … There are certain objectives defined which the AUTOSAR (when followed) helps in achieving for the automobile/automotive equipment manufacturers.
What is the difference between classic and adaptive autosar?
While Classic platform specializes in the functional ECUs where software is deeply embedded (has scores of benefits), Adaptive platform is the futuristic one that can help realize autonomous driving functionality.


Part 3: Running OVSDB between Juniper QFX5100 and VMware NSX for vCenter
The following components were used for this example:
 - VMware NSX for vSphere 6.2.0 Build _PHONE_
 - Juniper QFX5100, Junos 14.1X53-D27.3, SDN Package Version 14.1X53-D26.2
The very first step on the QFX5100 is to configure it to run
OVSDB and establish a communication channel to the
NSX controller.
In the example, the NSX controller is having the IP address
The Loopback interface is configured as vtep-source interface. This means that any packet that gets encapsulated by VXLAN is using as source IP address. The destination address is the VTEP IP address of the destination hypervisor or ToR Switch.Additionally, we instruct the switch which interfaces should be controlled by the NSX controller from now on. In this example we use ge-0/0/4. There should be no configuration on the interface.
In the vSphere Web Client we go to „Network and Security" => „Service Definitions" => „Hardware Devices" and click the green „+" to add a new device.
A hardware switch is identified by a name and a certificate which needs to be entered as shown below:
The certificate needs to be installed on the switch before contacting the NSX controller. The NSX controller uses the certificate to identify incoming connections for the exchange of OVSDB information.
After adding the device, a new entry shows up in the vSphere Client showing that the session is established.
On the Juniper Switch we can verify the control-session with a simple command:
Attaching Hardware ports to logical switches
Hardware ports can be attached in vSphere Web Client with „Networking and Security" at the following places:
 - Service-Definitions => Hardware Devices => right-click on device => Attach Logical Switch
 - Logical Switches => right-click on logical switch => Attach Hardware Port
Within NSX, Virtual Networks (VNs) are referred to as logical switches.
In this case we have a logical switch called "VN 1" that we link to the
hardware device and the physical port that should be attached as shown below.
NSX will only show available ports that have been enabled for OVSDB, in our case ge-0/0/4.
After confirming the change, the following configuration will automatically
become active on the QFX5100 for an untagged port.
If a port is tagged with a VLAN-ID of 100 on the NSX controller,
the following configuration would be seen on the QFX5100:
The Juniper Switch performs the configuration of the VXLAN and interface automatically based on the information
received via OVSDB from the NSX Controller. The name of the VLAN is actually the identifier of the logical switch in the NSX database. In order to check the status of the configured VXLAN the following command can be used.
A successful configuration on both sides of the OVSDB exchange can be confirmed by the flag „Created by both". Additionally, the MAC table of this virtual network can be seen on the QFX Switch.
The IP Address is the loopback of the QFX5100 switch that is used as tunnel source address. The address is the address of an ESXi hypervisor which is hosting a virtual machine which is part of the same logical network.
When capturing a live communication between the virtual machine 00:50:56:ad:02:32 located on hypervisor and the physical host 2c:6b:f5:7d:49:f7 which is a connected on the QFX switch, we can see how the overlay network works in practice.
The outer IP header shown in line three has been used by user datacenter network to forward the packet. We can see that the addresses here are actually the same that were shown in the command above as VTEP addresses.
Following the IP header we can see the VXLAN header with a VNI of 5004. The VNI is associated to a virtual network, as soon as it is created in NSX. The QFX5100 switch got this piece of information from the NSX controller via OVSDB when we associated the physical port with the virtual network. This field is used on the egress hypervisor / ToR Switch to match the packet into a certain virtual network.
In the following lines we finally can see the actual MAC addresses of the devices that were part of our example.


Maps of Meaning Audiobook
Maps of Meaning Audiobook
Written By: Jordan B. Peterson
Narrated By: Jordan B. Peterson
Publisher: Random House (Audio)
Date: June 2018
Duration: 30 hours 52 minutes
Listen To Maps of Meaning Audiobook Free Online | Maps of Meaning Audiobook Free Download Mp3 on
Maps of Meaning Audiobook Summary
Peterson wrote the book for more than 13 years in an attempt to "explain the meaning of history". In it, he briefly reflects on his childhood and on being raised in a Christian family. The responses to his questions about the literal truth of Biblical stories seemed ignorant, causing him to lose interest in attending church. During adolescence and early adulthood he tried finding the answer to "the general social and political insanity and evil of the world" (from Cold War to totalitarianism) and for a short period of time he embraced socialism and political science. Finding himself unsatisfied and falling into a depression, he discovered inspiration in the ideas of Carl Jung and decided to pursue psychology.
Peterson began to write Maps of Meaning in the mid-1980s, and used text from it (then titled as The Gods of War) during his classes teaching as an assistant professor of psychology at Harvard University. He initially intended to use it in an application for academic tenure at Harvard, but found that he was not emotionally up to the task, nor was he "in the position to make the strongest case for myself". The prospect of steady employment was attractive as he had two children by then, and so he decided to accept an offer from the University of Toronto in 1998.
According to Craig Lambert, writing in Harvard Magazine, the book is influenced by Jung's archetypal ideas about the collective unconscious and evolutionary psychology. It includes theories of religion and God, natural origin of modern culture, and the bibliography includes Dante Alighieri, Hannah Arendt, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Northrop Frye, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, Stephen Hawking, Laozi, Konrad Lorenz, Alexander Luria, John Milton, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean Piaget, B. F. Skinner, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Voltaire, and Ludwig Wittgenstein among many others.
Maps of Meaning Audiobook Reviews
It's not an exaggeration to say that this book changed the way I view the world. Actually, it wasn't just the book; like many others, I also follow Dr. Peterson's University of Toronto lectures that he generously posts for free on Youtube.
So, I'm going to take a stab at briefly reducing some of the overarching themes found in the book for someone thinking about picking it up. Although, don't expect the book to be reduced; it's quite technical in parts.
The world can and should be viewed as a place made up of experiences or tools, rather than simply objects, which is how we've been trained to do as post-Enlightenment human beings. That's the primary difference between a person in 2017 CE and a person in 2017 BCE. It's not intelligence; it's a matter of viewpoint.
Thus, if you asked an ancient Sumerian to describe a coffee cup, he'd probably say something like: "It looks like a nice place to store my liquid." If you asked a man today, he might say: "Well it's a small object made out of glass with a handle on it."
Maybe you're thinking so what: What difference does that difference in mindset make? Actually I think it's central to Peterson's views. A modern atheist, for example, may say, "look there's a coffee cup; I can see it; I can touch it; I can break it; therefore it's real! I can't see God and I can't touch God, therefore there is no God." Peterson argues that of course modern people often come to that conclusion. We've been trained to think differently than the people who wrote the Bible, for example.
But they didn't see the world as a place that was made out of objects. They were interested in handing down collective wisdom and experiences to the next generation. Stories like Genesis, for example, which find earlier versions of itself being told by Zoroastrianists, may have been handed down via the oral tradition for tens of thousands of years before that. Our ancestors were handing down a psychologically correct blueprint for how to live. Why is it psychologically correct? Well, look around you. Is there evil in the world? He cites the logic of Solzhenitsyn and Jung to answer that question with an emphatic yes!
For example, Jung said "…inasmuch as I become conscious of my shadow I also remember that I am a human being like any other."
The shadow Jung refers to represents the capability of man to do malevolence. Jung is telling us that if we understand our capacity to do evil, we have a real shot at harnessing our capacity to do good.
So there's good and there's evil, neither of which can be quantified or measured by science. But if we live in a scientific world and there is no way to measure or quantify evil, then does that mean nothing is good, and thus, nothing is evil?
This leads me back to Peterson's idea that mythology found in the collective unconscious and handed down via religious stories is psychologically correct and since it has formed the basis for western civilization for two millennia now, pulling the rug of Judeo-Christian ideas out from underneath our feet has been/will be disastrous for our future.
It's very difficult to reduce the concepts into something reasonably small, because there's so much more, and I butchered half of what I did write. But at least this may give you an idea of what to expect in the book. Big thanks to Peterson for putting his lecture videos up on Youtube. I recommend watching those as a companion to the book.
Also, there is a brand new abridged version of the book available through PDF, released for free today, and it's only about 15,000 words. That's about the equivalent to a 75 page paperback book. For a lot of people, that's going to be much preferable to his 500+ page unabridged version.
Dr. Peterson is actually giving away the full book on his website at (edit: I first wrote this review back in July of 2017, so I'm not certain these last two statements are still true)
Listen To Maps of Meaning Audiobook
Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief is a 1999 book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. The book describes a theory for how people construct meaning, in a way that is compatible with the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions. It examines the "structure of systems of belief and the role those systems play in the regulation of emotion", using "multiple academic fields to show that connecting myths and beliefs with science is essential to fully understand how people make meaning".


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CSU can avoid being a 'chaos box' for cyclists
The Coloradoan: CSU can avoid being a 'chaos box' for cyclists
Sep. 4, 2011
Written by Rick Price, Ph.D.,
One of the bicycle handling and safety drills we do with elementary kids is called the chaos box. It teaches younger children why we have rules of the road.
A chaos box involves the creation of a 30- to 40-foot square or circle on the playground or in the school parking lot. Participants are encouraged to ride anywhere inside the box without putting a foot down or losing their balance. The more kids in the box, the more chaotic it becomes, sometimes to the point of gridlock, which is the whole point.
The chaos box works best with younger kids, since they don't know the rules of the road. Older children or adults know to keep to the right while younger kids haven't yet figured that out. The result with older children and adults is that soon everyone is flowing in a counterclockwise direction around the box because they know to keep to the right.
With the younger kids, a teaching moment occurs when you stop everyone and suggest they try keeping right. Immediately, they find they can continue pedaling without running into one another.
I am reminded of the chaos box when I pedal across the CSU campus this time of year. The entire campus is a gigantic chaos box where the rules of the road are unclear to many. What a teaching and learning opportunity. How can we make the most of this?
With elementary kids, we let chaos reign for a few minutes in the box and then stop everyone and talk about rules of the road, including keeping right, signaling, not tailgating and so on. A chaos box needs a coach or referee.
Getting scofflaw cyclists to stop to hear about rules of the road doesn't work well as they're gone before you can say "excuse me." We need a Plan B to stop cyclists in the CSU chaos box so we can talk to them about rules of the road.
Here's a thought: Two weeks ago, Trevor Hughes reported in the Coloradoan that Molly North, assistant bike coordinator for the city of Fort Collins, took up a position at West Plum and Shields streets to coach campus-bound cyclists on how to use the newly installed bicycle box. Hughes produced a video that may be the perfect example of how we could deploy bicycle ambassadors to educate novice bicyclists on how to ride before they become scofflaws.
Bicycle ambassadors teach bike safety and provide information on rules of the road, best practices and smart cycling procedures. Imagine a cadre of 30 bicycle ambassadors deployed at most of the 39 streets leading onto the CSU campus to share the smart cycling story with new students during the first two weeks of CSU classes.
This is the type of outreach that a bicycle-friendly university should be undertaking. When can we start?


text:
What We Want for Refugees: Four faces, four values
We want refugees to be treated fairly and honourably, in a process that is independent and affordable.
These are Canadian values and treating refugees in this way is good for Canada and good for refugees.
We believe in fair treatment for refugees:
- Equal rules for everyone everywhere
- Listening to people's stories
- Decisions in a reasonable time
We believe in independent decision-making for refugees:
- Decisions for refugees based on facts and law
- Each case decided on its own merits, not on politics
We believe in honouring our legal obligations towards refugees:
- Respecting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Respecting Canada's international commitments, such as the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the Convention on the Rights of the Child
We believe in refugee policies that avoid unnecessary costs for refugee families and the Canadian taxpayer:
- Reasonable costs to reach the right decision the first time
- Enabling refugee families to support each other and contribute to Canadian society