Thumb b Bruno Bušić Saturday, September 3, 2016
Looking to learn some advanced Sass functionalities, such as lists, nested lists, maps, and Sass methods? Jump in, you'll learn all of the above and then we'll have fun drawing CSS Pokemon in part two.
Who would've thought, just a few years back, that "front-end" developers would soon get an "engineer" right beside it? And engineers they are becoming. In a sea of trivial and complex javascript frameworks, task runners, package managers, pre and post processors, along with increased need for abstraction, optimization, efficiency, and modularity - an average front-end developer needs to know a lot to stay afloat.
In this blog post, we'll focus on our favorite CSS preprocessor - Sass, and more specifically - its list and map functionalities. Because - engineering.
Sass Lists
Alas, "arrays" in CSS! One of the first things to-be-programmers learn is data structures. The principle is always the same - arrays are a kind of data structure that can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. Sass being a modern "language" does not require you to code things strictly, so we can kick out the "fixed-size" and "same type" out of the definition.
How Do I Define a List?
Easy peasy.
$pokemons: jigglypuff slowpoke gengar;
$pokemons: jigglypuff, slowpoke, gengar;
$pokemons: "jigglypuff", "slowpoke", "gengar";
Reasonable for non-developers, batshit crazy for developers - indexing starts at 1 instead of 0 like in all other languages. The important thing to remember is that everything in Sass is, in fact, a list. This means we can use list functions on strings, for example.
$ash: "Gottha catch them all!"
length($ash) # Length is 1
What happens if we drop the quotes?
$ash: Gottha catch them all!
length($ash) # Length is 4
Sass List Functions
Sass is inherently providing us with a nice set of functions to access and manipulate items from data type structures. These are the list functions, as sourced from the SassScript documentation:
length($list) : Returns the length of a list.
nth($list, $n) : Returns a specific item in a list at the nth value.
set-nth($list, $n, $value) : Replaces the nth item in a list.
join($list1, $list2) : Joins together two lists into one.
append($list1, $val) : Appends a value onto the end of a list.
zip($lists…) : Combines lists into a single multidimensional list.
index($list, $value) : Returns the position of a value within a list. (You can also use this to determine if a value exists within a list)
list-separator(_TAG_) : Returns the separator of a list.
Let's try out some of them on our Pokemon list.
nth($pokemon-types, 1)
// Results in jigglypuff
nth($pokemon-types, -1)
// Results in gengar
Let's do a for loop using length method.
_USER_ $i from 1 through length($pokemons) {
 .pokemon-#{$i} {
 &:after {
 content: "#{$i}. #{nth($pokemons, $i)}";
css output.pokemon-1:after {
 content: "1. jigglypuff";
.pokemon-2:after {
 content: "2. slowpoke";
.pokemon-3:after {
 content: "3. gengar";
Each loop is much better for sass lists since they don't require the length information.
_USER_ $monster in $pokemons {
.pokemon-#{$monster} {
background: image-url("img/pokemons/#{$monster}.png") no-repeat;
css output.pokemon-jigglypuff {
background: url('/images/img/pokemons/jigglypuff.png') no-repeat;
.pokemon-slowpoke {
background: url('/images/img/pokemons/slowpoke.png') no-repeat;
.pokemon-gengar {
background: url('/images/img/pokemons/gengar.png') no-repeat;
You can also append other Pokemon to the Pokemon list.
// Pokemon to append
$one-more-pokemon: onyx;
// Appending $pokemons:
append($pokemons, one-more-pokemon, space);
// Outputs: jigglypuff slowpoke gengar onyx
Enter the Matrix
Nesting, baby.
Just as arrays can contain other arrays, lists can contain other lists. Every time you separate items with a comma (in a list), you're actually building a nested list. Let's take a look at a list of two lists.
$team-rocket: jessie ekans, james koffin;
An easier way to write and read a list is to use multiple lines.
$list: item-1 item-2 item-3,
item-4 item-5 item-6,
item-7 item-8 item-9;
or using parenthesis:
$list: ((item-1 item-2 item-3),
(item-4 item-5 item-6),
(item-7 item-8 item-9));
This is also called a 3 by 3 matrix.
Accessing Nested Lists
Our $team-rocket list has a person - Pokemon pairs, in a way it looks a bit like an associative array, but it's not, it's a nested list. The best way for accessing such a list is an each loop where we iterate through the list, and interpolate the variable using nth() list function. Here's an example.
_USER_ $pair in $team-rocket {
.team-rocket--#{nth($pair, 1)} {
background-image: url('img/#{nth($pair, 2)}.png') no-repeat;
css output
.team-rocket--jessie {
background-image: url("img/ekans.png") no-repeat;
.team-rocket--james {
background-image: url("img/koffin.png") no-repeat;
List Use Cases
Rounded Corners
We can easily pass a list to a mixing to create a more flexible one.
_USER_ round-corner ($corners: 0 0 0 0) {
$top-left: nth($corners, 1);
$top-right: nth($corners, 2);
$bottom-right: nth($corners, 3);
$bottom-left: nth($corners, 4);
border-top-left-radius: $top-left;
border-top-right-radius: $top-right;
border-bottom-right-radius: $bottom-right;
border-bottom-left-radius: $bottom-left;
.rounded {
_USER_ round-corner(1rem 2rem 3rem 4rem);
css output
.rounded {
border-top-left-radius: 1rem;
border-top-right-radius: 2rem;
border-bottom-right-radius: 3rem;
border-bottom-left-radius: 4rem;
Background Photos
If you would like to have a special class that links to the appropriate background photo in your project directory, you can just add the filename to the $photos list, and create an each loop that outputs classes.
$photos: jigglypuff slowpoke gengar;
_USER_ $photo in $photos {
 .background--#{$photo} {
 background-image: url('photos/#{$photo}.jpg');
css output.background--jigglypuff {
background-image: url("photos/jigglypuff.jpg");
.background--slowpoke {
background-image: url("photos/slowpoke.jpg");
.background--gengar {
background-image: url("photos/gengar.jpg");
Generating Classes
If, for whatever reason, you would like to generate classes like so:
css output.home.home--navigation,
.about.about--navigation,
.contact.contact--navigation {
display: flex;
You could achieve it with a class list and an empty list where you would append the generated classes:
$pages: home about contact;
$selector: ();
_USER_ $item in $pages {
$selector: append($selector, unquote('.#{$item}.#{$item}--navigation'), 'comma');
#{$selector} {
display: flex;
Sass Maps
Dictionary, hash, associative arrays, it is known by many names. We can look at a Sass map as a list of key/value pairs.
How Do I Define a Map?
Sass map uses parentheses as external delimiters, colons to map keys and values, and commas to separate key/value pairs. Here's an example of a valid map:
$team-rocket-map: (
jessie: ekans,
james: koffin
Having stored multiple key/value pairs at some point you'll need to retrieve that information. If you need to find the value of a key use the function map-get(). We're going to pass two parameters to it: the name of the map and then the key.
.rocket:after {
content: map-get($team-rocket-map, james);
css output.rocket:after {
content: koffin;
Sass also provides the function map-has-key(). This helper method checks whether a given key exists, and it outputs a warning to the developer if not. Let's add a warning to the Sass code above:
.rocket:after {
_USER_ map-has-key($team-rocket-map, brock) {


text:
Learn about the population of psychiatric patients in the US in this medical report.
Read the full transcript »
Dr. Susan Sharma: This is Insidermedicinein60 from Italy. According to research in The Lancet Oncology, current criteria for evaluating liver cancer patients for transplantation may unnecessarily disqualify many under current standards those with single liver tumors less than five centimeters or three or fewer tumors, not more than three centimeters receive the highest priority. However, in a study of over 1500 patients, researchers identified a subgroup was similar survival rates with those evaluated under the current criteria who are in the last sent to the back of the line. From California, according to research in the Journal Psychiatric services many Americans suffer from psychiatric disorders, but few receive proper treatment. Researchers found that nearly 5% of the nation's population suffers from persistent depression or anxiety disorders. At a study of over 1600 adults with psychiatric disorder found that only 12% were receiving both medication and counseling and only 22% had even consulted and mental health specialist. Finally from Washington, according to research and consumer reports, high amount of sodium can be found in many processed foods. In a study of 37 products, researchers found that food such as breakfast cereal and bagels often contain high amount of sodium, meanwhile, in low fat foods, sodium is often used to compensate for flavor. It is recommended that healthy adults get no more than 2300 milligrams of sodium per day and those with high blood pressure should aim for 1500 milligrams or less. For Insidermedicinein60, I'm Doctor Susan Sharma.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Taking money out of a limited company
There are a number of ways a director can extract money from their limited company.
The money can usually be withdrawn in one or more of the following ways. For most directors, the optimum way to minimise personal tax liabilities will be using a combination of these methods.
 1. Salary, expenses and benefits
 2. Dividends
 3. Director's loan
Salary, expenses and benefits
Directors must ensure they are employed as an employee of their company and their salary is paid via PAYE. Most directors prefer to take a smaller salary and take a larger share of their pay in dividends. This is usually the most tax efficient method, but care needs to be taken based on individual circumstances.
The tax-free dividend allowance is currently £2,000. The tax rate for dividends received in excess of the dividend tax allowance are taxed at: 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers, and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.
To pay a dividend, the company must:
Also, dividends can only be paid if there are sufficient retained profits to cover the payment.
Director's loan
A director's loan account is created when a director (or other close family member) 'borrows' money from their company. Many companies, particularly 'close' private companies, pay for personal expenses of directors using company funds.
Usually, when directors have overdrawn loan accounts, they do not have to pay tax, as long as the sum is repaid to the company within 9 months and one day of the account's reference date.
However, the rules are further complicated if the loan is for more than £10,000 as interest must be charged. There are also further Income Tax costs if the loan is written off or'released' (not repaid) by the company.
Bron: HM Revenue & Customs | 11-05-2021


text:
Perhaps how we're shaped affects the way we sleep
The shape of our body, total overall body weight we carry, and how that weight is distributed over a mattress surface rank only second to the position we sleep in. It comes down to determining what part these key factors play in relieving crucial pressure points and being able to offer correct spinal alignment in a mattress that will stand the test of time. No two people have the exact same shape and weight and these are differences you will want to take note of when choosing your next mattress.
Next to sleeping position, our body weight and shape will play the biggest role in how well each layer relieves pressure and supports you for proper spinal alignment. There are many differences in needs between people with different weights and shapes … so lets take a look at what they are.
Overall body weight plays a role:
As a rule of thumb the bigger and heavier we are the thicker comfort layer we will need. People with above average weights may require 4 inches of comfort layering as opposed to only 3 inches for instance. This is because a larger person sinking deeper into the mattress increases the perception of softness thicker layering. The same principle can be applied to firmer foam layers which can feel softer to heavier people than average weight and sized individuals.
This perception of softness is quite normal and is affected by how far someone sinks down into the mattress. Firm upper comfort layers is an important part of proper weight distribution and how well the pressure relief for the bigger sleeper and is vital and can be expected to feel as soft to them as a softer layer should feel when slept on by a lighter weight person.
These firmer support layers can help stop the heavier parts of the body from sinking and sagging down too far, a position that can push the spine out of alignment. Examples of comfort layer thickness compared to body weight.
Below average body weight = Can often get away with softer and thinner comfort layering. Core support layers can conceivably be of an average or softer firmness.
Average body weight = Comfort layers of average softness and thickness. Core support layers average firmness.
Above average body weight = Comfort layers and core support layers should be thicker and firmer.
Body weight distribution and shape play a role:
The taboo subject no one wants to talk about is body weight and shape but how it is distributed are key factors when picking out the right mattress. Curvy body types with more pronounced hips, shoulders, and bellies etc. require deeper support for the most effective pressure relief. A sleeping position with more gaps and curves to fill will need to be thicker and softer than those that are less curvy and sleep in a position that is flatter with better weight distribution of body fat. This sleeper will find they require a thicker comfort layer than normal. They should select a firmer support layer to help balance the sinking in with the sinking down into the mattress. Fill bigger gaps and curvy body shapes with thicker layer or layers. Support more weight by increasing bot cores support and comfort layer firmness.
Average body shape and weight distribution = average softness and thickness of mattress comfort layers is recommended along with average firmness of the core supporting layers
Curvy body shape and uneven body weight distribution= softer and thicker comforting layers in addition to making sure the support layers are firmer
Straight/flat even weight distribution and body shape = These body types will find firmer/thinner comfort layers to be most comfortable along with the use of average core support layers

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Synopsis of Philippine Mammals
To explore the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, click here.
To explore the Supplement to the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, click here.
The mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands is remarkably diverse and species-rich, comprising what may be the greatest concentration of endemic mammals of any country on earth. Since 1988, the Field Museum of Natural History has been the primary base of operations for the Philippine Mammal Project, a multi-institutional, international collaborative effort to document the number of species that are present, the distributions of those species, their relationships within the tree of life, their ecology, and their conservation status. This website, the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, is a summary of the information that is currently available.
The website was first implemented in 2002, using information from the 1998 publication by Heaney et al., entitled "A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands". The Synopsis website was extensively revised and expanded in 2010, in order to incorporate extensive new data, include more photographs, and provide detailed maps of the known distribution of each species. To keep the website up to date, as additional species are discovered and formally described, or species of marine mammals are documented in Philippine waters for the first time, we add them to the Supplement, and will eventually merge these into the main site once site maintenance has been completed.
As documented on this website, the terrestrial fauna is now known to include at least 214 native species (plus seven introduced species), in an area of only a bit over 300,000 square kilometers, one of the highest densities of native mammals in the world. Moreover, most of the species are found nowhere else: of the 214 native terrestrial species, 125 (58%) are endemic, and among the 111 non-flying native mammals, 101 (91%) are unique to the Philippines. They constitute an astounding example of adaptive radiation by mammals in an oceanic archipelago, and may justifiably serve as a source of great pride to the Philippine nation.
This website has been developed as a collaborative project with the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Primary funding for its development has come from the Negaunee Foundation.
Explore our Philippine mammal project further:
Videos from the Abbott Hall of Conservation-Restoring Earth:
Mammal Discoveries in the Philippines
Why Mossy Forests in the Philippines are important
Island Evolution: Why islands have so many endemic species
Science at FMNH: Mammal Conservation in Island Ecosystems
The Field Revealed: Cloud Rat
(Above photo by LR Heaney. Musseromys gulantang from Quezon Province, Luzon Island, Philippines.)


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I am trying to measure PCIe Bandwidth on ATI FirePro 8750. The amd app sample PCIeBandwidth in the SDK measures the bandwith of transfers from:
 1. Host to device, using clEnqueueReadBuffer().
 2. Device to host, using clEnqueueWriteBuffer().
On my system (windows 7, Intel Core2Duo 32 bit) the output is coming like this:
Selected Platform Vendor : Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Device 0 : ATI RV770
Host to device : 0.412435 GB/s
Device to host : 0.792844 GB/s
This particular card has 2 GB DRAM and max clock frequency is 750 Mhz
1- Why is bandwidth different in each direction?
2- Why is the Bandwdith so small?
Also I understand that this communication takes place through DMA, so the Bandwidth may not be affected by CPU.
share|improve this question
What CPU are you using? The CPU can often times bottleneck the PCIe transfer if it's bad enough. – KLee1 Oct 11 '12 at 17:03
the transfer is taking place through DMA, (the buffers are always pinned before this transfer), how does that matter whether CPU is bad or good – gpuguy Oct 11 '12 at 23:18
Your GPU is on a x16 lane.. right? – Thomas Oct 12 '12 at 2:52
yes, its on x16 lane – gpuguy Oct 12 '12 at 4:54
What is your system memory's speed? If under Windows Vista or greater, go into your command line and type "winsat mem". I mean, it should be more than that, but you never know.. – Thomas Oct 16 '12 at 12:02
1 Answer 1
This paper from Microsoft Research labs give some inkling of why there is asymmetric PCIe data transfer bandwidth between GPU - CPU. The paper describes performance metrics for FPGA - GPU data transfer bandwidth over PCIe. It also includes metrics from CPU - GPU data transfer bandwidth over PCIe.
To quote the relevant section
'it should also be noted that the GPU-CPU transfers themselves also show some degree of asymmetric behavior. In the case of a GPU to CPU transfer, where the GPU is initiating bus master writes, the GPU reaches a maximum of 6.18 GByte/Sec. In the opposite direction from CPU to GPU, the GPU is initiating bus master reads and the resulting bandwidth falls to 5.61 GByte/Sec. In our observations it is typically the case that bus master writes are more efficient than bus master reads for any PCIe implementation due to protocol overhead and the relative complexity of implementation. While a possible solution to this asymmetry would be to handle the CPU to GPU direction by using CPU initiated bus master writes, that hardware facility is not available in the PC architecture in general. '
The answer to the second question on bandwidth could be due units of data transfer size. See figs 2,3,4 and 5. I have also seen graphs like this at the 1st AMD Fusion Conference. The explanation is that the PCIe transfer of data has overheads due to the protocol and the device latency. The overheads are more significant for small transfer sizes and become less significant for larger sizes.
What levers do you have to control or improve performance?
Getting the right combo of chip/motherboard and GPU is the H/W lever. Chips with the max number of PCIe lanes are better. Using a higher spec PCIe protocol, PCIe 3.0 is better than PCIe 2.0. All components need to support the higher standards.
As a programmer controlling the data transfer size, is a very important lever.
Transfer sizes of 128K - 256K bytes get approx 50% of the max bandwidth. Transfers of 1M - 2M bytes get over 90% of max bandwidth.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
How Do I VIEW My PC Specifications?
View the below instructions based on your PC Operating System to view your system information.
Use the following steps to view system information:
- Click the Start menu and select Settings.
- Click System.
- Select About.
You can view a summary of important info about your PC by opening System in Control Panel. You can see basic hardware info, such as your PC's name, and you can also change important system settings.
Open System by swiping in from the right edge of the screen, tapping Search (or if you're using a mouse, pointing to the upper-right corner of the screen, moving the mouse pointer down, and then clicking Search), entering System in the search box, and tapping or clicking System.
You can also view most of these settings and info in PC settings. Swipe in from the right edge of the screen, tap Settings, and then tap Change PC settings. (If you're using a mouse, point to the lower-right corner of the screen, move the mouse pointer up, click Settings, and then click Change PC settings.) Then, tap or click PC and devices, and then tap or click PC info.
You can view a summary of important information about your computer by opening System in Control Panel. You can see basic hardware information, such as your computer's name, and you can change important system settings by clicking the links in the left pane of System.
- Open System by clicking the Start button
- Right-click Computer
- Click Properties.


text:
There is no law that sets a deadline or timetable for the car insurance company to respond to your demand letter. Every case is different, and not every car insurance company follows the same claim processing timeline. What's more, the amount of time the insurer is taking to respond to your demand letter has no bearing on how seriously the carrier is taking your claim. Having said that, there are a few things you can do to "encourage" a prompt response. And if you haven't heard from the insurer in 45 to 60 days, you can and should follow up.
First, when you're preparing your car accident demand letter, you can make a professionally-worded request that the insurance company respond to your letter within a certain time period.
For example, toward the end of the letter, you can add a few sentences like: "Thank you for your consideration. Please respond to this letter within 30 days."
Or, if you want to present a little more of a "take charge" air, go with something like: "I look forward to receiving your reply no later than 15 days from your receipt of this demand letter."
The inclusion of language like this can motivate a more timely response, but there is no law that you can point to in order to back up these requests. And what if you include language like this in your demand letter, and you still haven't received a response from the insurance company after 45 to 60 days? It's appropriate to follow up with the insurance carrier, reminding them that you sent the letter, and requesting that they respond.
You should send this follow up inquiry in writing, providing all relevant claim information, noting the date on which you mailed the demand letter, and providing your current contact information.
If another 30 days or so pass, and you still haven't heard from the insurance carrier, it's time to call the company and ask to speak to the adjuster (if one has been assigned and you know his or her name) or the claims administrator. Be sure to document this conversation (the date on which it took place, who you spoke with, and what was said), and mail a follow-up letter to the insurance carrier in which the conversation is summarized. That should kick-start the settlement process.


text:
Indirect editing is typically used in parametric modeling, or history-based systems. With indirect editing, parameters, dimensions and other intelligence is associated to the 3D model and can be used to define possible transformations and relationships. In a history-based system this intelligence is captured in the history-tree at the time the model is being created. In contrast, with a history-free system the intelligence is captured in the B-Rep model, during or after model creation. In either case (history-based or history-free) this intelligence can be used to specify geometry transformations. The added intelligence describes "what" will change, i.e. the geometry, and "how" it will change, i.e. the transformation.
By modifying and processing this intelligence, the resulting 3D geometry will be different. What geometry is actually changed is completely dependent on how the intelligence is setup and structured. It is "indirect transformation" of 3D geometry.
The benefit of this technology (indirect editing) is that you can capture and/or assign a specific behavior to the model. In a situation where you can predict or anticipate future changes this technology can be very useful. It is also useful if it is important to tightly control relationships between faces, features and parts during edits.
This is the environment that most 3D CAD users are familiar with. It is the standard method of changing 3D geometry in a history-based CAD system. Parameters at the 3D level are managed within the history tree and are structured in a parent/child relationship. Structure, relationships and parameters are always being created and ordered in the tree as the model is being developed. The process of properly organizing and managing this structure is not optional. It is something that every history-based CAD user must learn to be profecient with the tool. With history-based modeling you are either adding structure or modifying structure (indirect editing). When changes are made to the history (sketches, parameters, features, order) the tree/model is regenerated and is solved linearly based on the structure of the tree.
In this case it is important to know what the structure is and how a change will impact any child features. As it is linear there will be a "ripple" effect with this technology and as such it is important to know the structure before getting too aggressive with changes. In many cases the ripple effect is desired and equally in many cases it is not.
History tree in Pro/ENGINEER – ordered and structured
With history-based modeling users are actually editing the process and structure, or "recipe" that was defined at the time the model was created. You do not actually modify 3D geometry, but rather modify the recipe and then let the system rebuild the 3D geometry based on the modified recipe. In this context 3D geometry is always being recreated from the recipe rather than being modified.
As with any indirect editing capabilities, it is certainly possible to drive a change that can invalidate the model. Knowing how to work through these issues is critical to good history-based modeling.
This technology has recently been getting a bit of a facelift with what is called "dynamic" or "Instant" modification. With this capability a user can directly select a face or feature of a history-based model and dynamically modify the intelligence (parameters, dimensions) associated with the selected geometry. The intelligence is still solved linearly, but processing is more real time, or "instant". It looks something like direct editing, but it is still indirect and as with any indirect edit, the results are completely dependant on the structure of the intelligence.
This technology is not new but it is foreign to most CAD users. It provides the ability to indirectly manipulate 3D B-Rep geometry through added intelligence (parameters, dimensions) similar to indirect history-based modeling. However in this case parameters are not captured in a tree structure, but are rather captured, or "tagged" directly to the elements of the B-Rep model, i.e. points, edges or faces. Rather than being solved linearly these relationships are solved synchronously, or "nonlinear". The order in which the parameters are assigned has no influence. With this technology there is no ripple effect based on a parent/child relationship, however one relationship can certainly drive another if desired.
Relations Browser in CoCreate Modeling – no order
With history-free indirect editing 3D geometry is actually being modified rather than being recreated as is the case in history-based modeling. There are several different technologies that can be used to modify B-Rep solid models. When modifications of a B-Rep are driven indirectly, the resulting transformation must not invalidate the B-Rep solid model. As we attempt to drive a particular geometry change through an indirect edit the system needs to be intelligent enough to provide the "expected" result, reliably.
As is the case with indirect history-based editing, changing a parameter will result in some change to the geometry. Knowing how the parameters are structured is important in order to make good use of the intelligence and achieve the desired results. As it is not order dependant (linear) it is relatively easy to manipulate this intelligence.
Today there are not many history-free CAD systems that provide this capability. PTC CoCreate Modeling is one of the few that does provide it. Here is an example of history-free indirect editing in CoCreate Modeling that I posted in a previous article:"Design Intent with History Free Modeling"
There are pros and cons to each; history-free indirect editing and history-based indirect editing. Understanding which one can best support your requirements can be a challenge, but will be worth the analysis.
In the next post we will review Direct Editing.


text:
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WELDS IN PIPELINE STEEL
Omale, Joseph I
Transport of oil and gas in various service environments, presents an enormous challenge. Pipelines are used for transportation of those natural resources. The failure of the pipeline is always associated with serious environmental damage and heavy losses. Very often the failure starts at welds that are used to join different elements of pipeline steels. Microstructural parameters like composition, structure, morphology of non-metallic inclusions and residual stresses due to welding play an important role in initiating the cracking of pipeline welds. The main objectives of this researchthesis are to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of submerge arc weld and establish the role of microstructure in initiation and propagation of cracks in sour (HIC) environment. In this work, the optical microscope, Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the microstructure of the X70 pipeline steel base metal, the weld bead and heat affected zone. The result obtained showed that the base metal have equiax ferrite grains while the weld bead have structure of acicular ferrite and fine bainite grains with many Al-Si-Mn-Ti oxide particles/inclusions. The heat affected zone microstructure has coarse grains with martensite and NbTi(CN) precipitate/particles. Analysis of the cross section of the weld shows that higher kernel values were observed in the weld cross section compared to the weld top surface. The kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis at the cross section of the weld show that the amount of residual strain is higher than on the surface of the weld. The residual stress on the weld top surface was purely compressive while at the cross section mixture of tensile and compressive stress were observed. The hardness was the highest in the weld bead, a bit lower in the base metal and lowest in the heat affected zone. Higher density of voids was observed at the top of the weld bead than in the middle. It was demonstrated that the difference in hardness can be directly correlated with the differences in the grain size. HIC cracks were induced in the pipeline weld area using standard HIC test and electrochemical hydrogen-charging. The SEM observations clearly indicate that the cracking in the weld nucleated at inclusions. The cracks were seen to propagate by coalescence of small pits related to hydrogen charging. Energy dispersive (EDS) analyses showed that the cracks nucleation sites are most often located at Al-Si-Mn-Ti oxide. The EBSD measurements show that HIC can take place at a wide range of grain orientations. The map of the location of HIC crack shows that they can be both transgranular and intergranular. Experiments were carried out to understand the effect of hydrogen and role of microstructure on HIC susceptibility in the steel weld under tensile load. The results show that the ductility of the steel weld became lower as charging time increased. EBSD investigation were carried out in the heat affected zone area since all the fractured specimens were fractured in this area. The results shows that large grains and dislocation density in heat affected zone is related to the high susceptibility of the steel weld to fail under tensile load.
DegreeMaster of Science (M.Sc.)
CommitteeZhang, Chris J; Oguocha, Ikechukwuka N; Evitts, Richard
Copyright DateJuly 2016
pipeline steels, Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD),Grain Boundary
Austenite to Ferrite Transformation


Eco-Friendly Project with Cay-Shred begins at Beacon Farms
In December 2020, Beacon Farms received the first load of shredded paper from Cay-Shred Mobile Data Destruction. The load delivered weighed roughly 6,000 lbs - that is 6,000 lbs. less waste dumped at the George Town landfill!
Beacon farms will incorporate this shredded paper with our other compost inputs, such as green waste from landscapers, brown waste in the form of wood chips and create a nutrient rich compost product.
Cay-Shred will be delivering similarly sized load each week. This situation benefits everyone involved as we are reducing the volume of waste going to the dump by recycling a waste product and turning it into a valuable growing medium that will in turn make Beacon Farms' soil more productive.


Tara Oceans Data Portal - Help
What Can I Use the TARA Data Portal (TOP) For?
TOP is designed to enable the community at large to lookup datasets containing data items related to experimental data collected during the TARA cruises. Dataset lookup can be performed by browsing according to various classifications or descriptions, but also using more advanced search forms. Whichever the means used to lookup datasets, the results will invariably be returned as tables listing matching datasets with their main properties. Each entry of these table is a link leading to a page detailing all that TOP knows about a dataset (who created it, who imported into TOP and when, what kind of data it contains, where the actual data file(s) can be found).
Can You Give Me Some Real Use Cases?
What is known about station TARA_054?
This can for example be determined by entering "TARA_054" in the quick search text field on the welcome page. The result table will contain a mix of datasets ranging from event log sheets to oceanographic context reports specific to station 54. And it will also contain more comprehensive datasets such as the sample registry and the event registry. Another means to achieve this is to go to the "Browse" page, select the "Sample Registry" tab and choose "TARA_054" in the "Stations" pull-down list (the Browsing section below gives some more detail about how to use this section).
What are the environmental parameters for samples collected at water temperatures between 18°C and 20°C?
Values for environmental parameters can be reached using the "Context/Environment Search" tab. In the form, the temperature values can be restricted using the sliders next to the "Tpot" field, and selecting the "Limited to" button left of the sliders before hitting the "Search" button. Results will be displayed in a table where each line matches a sample and each column corresponds to an environmental parameter.
What are the most recently uploaded datasets
Again, use the "Browse" tab. Select the "Date" tab immediately below. On the column headers of the dataset table, click on the "Last Update" header. The table will the be sorted according to the latest update date.
How to access datasets related to a given geographical area
This information is accessible using the "Advanced Search" tab. On the advanced search form, use the "Additionnal Criteria" drop-down menu to choose "Map". In the map panel that is the displayed, focus the map on the area of interest, then, use the icon next to "Map Mode" (located above the map) to switch to "Search Mode". It is then possible to draw a box on the map using the mouse. When hitting the "Search" button, teh result table will display datasets containing information about events and/or samples located in the box.
Hello World!
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I have an array y[x], x=0,1,2,...,10^6 describing a periodic signal with y(10^6)=y(0), and I want to compute its derivative dy/dx with a fast method.
I tried the spectral difference method, namely
dy/dx = inverse_fourier_transform ( i*k fourier_transform(y)[k] ).................(1)
and the result is different from (y[x+1]-y[x-1])/2 i.e. suggested by finite difference method.
Which of the two is more accurate, and which is faster? Are there other comparable methods?
Below is an effort to understand the difference of the results:
If one expand both the sum for the fourier_transform and that for the inverse_fourier_transform in (1), one can express dy/dx as a linear combination of y[x] with coefficients a[x]. I computed these coefficients and they seem to go as 1/n (when the length of the array goes to infinity) with n being the distance to where the derivative is examined. Compared to the finite differencing method which uses only the two neighboring points, the spectral difference is highly non-local... Am I correct with this result, and if yes, how to understand this?
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You should post your question here: math.stackexchange.com – SteAp Apr 18 '12 at 21:50
this could also have gone to scicomp.stackexchange.com, but is probably a best fit at dsp.stackexchange.com – Aron Ahmadia May 10 '12 at 19:04
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
if you are sampling the signal above the nyquist frequency then the fourier method gives you an exact answer because your data completely describe the signal (assuming no noise).
the finite difference method is a first order approximation and so is not exact. but still, if you plot the two, they should show the same basic trends. if they look completely different then you probably have an error somewhere.
however, a fast ft is O(nlog(n)) while finite differences are O(n) so the latter is faster (but not so much faster that it should be automatically preferred).
the fourier approach is non-local in the sense that it constructs the whole signal, exactly (and so uses all wavelengths).
share|improve this answer
Thanks! My signal is a continuous one and does not have a cut-off frequency, so there is always more structure not sampled on small scales. – user1342516 Apr 19 '12 at 6:48
Is it appropriate to understand like this: finite difference calculates the derivative on the smallest sampling scale, while as the spectral/fourier approach tries to reconstruct the whole signal with all sampled frequencies and computes the derivative of the reconstructed signal on an infinitesimal scale? – user1342516 Apr 19 '12 at 6:57
yes, but in your case you will also have artifacts because reconstruction is not correct (as you have frequencies in the "real" signal that are not present in the data). – andrew cooke Apr 19 '12 at 10:48
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Your Answer


アトラシアン コミュニティをご利用ください。
When you attempt to sort issues by Rank using the Issue Navigator, the issues do not appear to be sorted numerically. Users sometimes expect that issues will appear ordered by the Rank field, in consecutive order from 1 to the number of ranked issues.
In JIRA Agile 5.8 and later, ranking is based on a custom field called 'Rank' (of type Global Rank). Note that you can have multiple fields of type Global Rank, if you wish. Each Global Rank field is a linked list that contains every issue in JIRA in order (from highest rank to lowest rank).
The 'value' of a Global Rank field for an issue is not meaningful, though by co-incidence it contains the absolute index inside the linked list of issues in the system. The user is not meant to view this field (it is not shown on the View Issue screen or the Issue Navigator by default) because the absolute number does not mean anything except when compared to other issues in the search results. For example, the ranks in a system might look like the following:
If the user searched inside project PRO and ordered by the rank field they would get the correct order of issues (PRO-1, PRO-2, PRO-8, PRO-13) but would be confused by the numbers (2, 4, 6, 7). The fact that there are gaps is irrelevant because they probably do not care about TST at all. The end summary:
 - If you query issues with "order by rank asc" you will get the correct order of issues by rank.
 - The numbers shown (ie. the value of the Rank field) will often not be sequential, but their order is correct.
 - The exception to the above is that sub-tasks are ranked independently.
 - If you queried every issue in the system and ordered by Rank, then the rank field would begin at 1 and increase consecutively except for subtasks.
Special Note About Sub-Tasks
While sub-tasks are included in the global rank linked list, they are ranked first by their parent then by their own rank. Thus the logic for comparing two issues during a "sort by rank" is:
 1. If issue is a parent issue, compare index.
 2. If issue is a subtask,
 1. First compare parent index, return higher (if not subtasks of the same parent).
 2. Then compare subtask index (if the other issue is also a subtask of the same issue).
This means that subtasks are always ranked immediately next to their parent regardless of the absolute ranking index value. As a result, a search of all issues in a system with something like "order by rank asc" would correctly return the ordered list of issues but the rank value would only be consecutive for non sub-tasks (except for gaps where the sub-tasks consume index values). Here's an example:
4PRO-8 / PRO-16
6PRO-8 / PRO-19
9PRO-1 / PRO-4
If you searched only for project PRO with "order by rank asc" you would get PRO-8, PRO-16, PRO-19, PRO-4, PRO-1, PRO-4. The 'rank' values would be 1, 4, 6, 3, 7, 9.
最終更新日 2013 年 8 月 26 日
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How many days can you take loratadine?
You can also take loratadine regularly every day to prevent symptoms, such as during the pollen season.  The usual dose for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over is 10mg (one tablet or 10ml liquid) once a day.
Is it OK to take loratadine every day?
Loratadine is usually taken once a day. During the pollen season, your doctor may advise you to take it every day if you suffer from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Although loratadine is unlikely to make you drowsy, some people are susceptible to this effect.
Can you take loratadine long term?
Loratadine is unlikely to do you any harm if you take it for a long time. However, it's best to take loratadine only for as long as you need to.
How quickly does loratadine work?
Loratadine reaches peak plasma concentration in 1-2 hours; the metabolite does so in 3-4 hours. Their respective elimination half-lives are about 10 and 20 hours. Onset of action is within 1 hour and duration is at least 24 hours. Once-daily dosing is recommended.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can you take Benadryl and Aller TEC?
What does loratadine do to the body?
Should I take loratadine at night or in the morning?
Can I take loratadine 10 mg twice a day?
Can I just stop taking loratadine?
Getting the most from your treatment. Most people only need to take an antihistamine for a short while when they have symptoms. You should stop taking loratadine once your symptoms have eased. Although loratadine is classed as a non-drowsy antihistamine, it can still cause drowsiness in a few people.
What is the side effect of loratadine?
Is loratadine bad for your liver?
Loratadine—present in Claritin—may not be safe for people with severe liver conditions. The liver has to break down loratadine. The kidneys break down cetirizine—found in Zyrtec—and the body excretes it in the urine, largely unchanged.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is it safe for a pregnant woman to take Claritin?
Will loratadine keep me awake at night?
Is loratadine the same as Benadryl?
Are Benadryl and Claritin the Same Thing? Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and Claritin (loratadine) are antihistamines used to treat allergy symptoms, such as itching, hives, runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing from hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and other allergies, such as allergies to molds and dust mites.
Is loratadine good for cough?
How long can I take loratadine 10 mg?
Can I take loratadine every 12 hours?
IT IS INTERESTING: Is cetirizine a generic name?
What is the best antihistamine?
Sedaghat suggests taking a second-generation OTC antihistamine that's less likely to cause drowsiness, such as fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine, or cetirizine (Zyrtec). Compared with first-generation antihistamines, the second-generation ones are no more potent, but they are more expensive.
No runny nose


such as language-provided global variables, must be powerless. Under these rules, granted references are the sole representation of permission. Secure EcmaScript (SES) is an ocap subset of ES5. SES is lexically scoped, its functions are encapsulated, and only the global variables on its whitelist (including all globals defined by ES5) are accessible. Those globals are unassignable, and all objects transitively reachable from them are immutable, rendering all implicit access powerless. SES supports defensive consistency [7]. An object is defensively consistent when it can defend its own invariants and provide correct service to its well behaved clients, despite arbitrary or malicious misbehavior by its other clients. SES has a formal semantics supporting automated verification of some security properties of SES code [9]. The code in this paper uses the following functions from the SES library: def(obj) def ines a def ensible object. To support defensive consistency, the def function makes the properties of its argument read-only, likewise for all objects transitively reachable from there by reading properties. As a result, this subgraph of objects is effectively tamper proof. A tamper-proof record of encapsulated functions hiding lexical variables is a defensible object. In SES, if makePoint called def on the points it returns by saying "return def({...})", it would make defensively consistent points. confine(exprSrc, endowments) enables safe mobile code. The confine function takes the source code string for a SES expression and an endowments record. It evaluates the expression in a new global environment consisting of the SES whitelisted (powerless) global variables and the properties of this endowments record. For example, confine('x + y', {x: 3, y: 6}) returns 9. Nat(allegedNumber) tests whether allegedNumber is indeed a primitive number, and whether it is a non-negative integer (a natural number) within the contiguous range of exactly representable integers in JavaScript. If so, it returns allegedNumber. Otherwise it throws an error. var m = WeakMap() assigns to m a new empty weak map. WeakMaps are an ES6 extension (emulated by SES on ES5 browsers) supporting rights amplification [10]. Ignoring space usage, m is simply an object-identity-keyed table.
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
m.set(obj,val) associates obj's identity as key with val as value, so m.get(obj) returns val and m.delete(obj) removes this entry. These methods use only obj's identity without interacting with obj. 2.4 Q: Distributed JavaScript Objects To realize erights, we need a distributed, secure, and persistent computational fabric. We have just seen how SES can secure a local JavaScript environment. Here, we focus on how to link up multiple secured JavaScript environments into a distributed system. Communicating Event-Loop Concurrency. JavaScript's de-facto concurrency model, on both the browser and the server, is "shared nothing" communicating event loops. In the browser, every frame of a web page has its own event loop, which is used both for updating the UI (i.e. rendering HTML) and for executing scripts. Node.js, the most widespread server-side JavaScript environment, is based on a similar model, although on the server the issue is asynchronous networking and file I/O rather than UI. In its most general form, an event loop consists of an event queue and a set of event handlers. The event loop processes events one by one from its queue by dispatching to the appropriate event handler. In JavaScript, event handlers are usually functions registered as callbacks on certain events (e.g. button clicks or incoming XHR responses). The processing of a single event is called a turn of the event loop. Processing an event usually entails calling a callback function, which then runs to completion without interruption. Thus, turns are the smallest unit of interleaving. A system of communicating event loops consists of multiple event loops (in the same or distributed address spaces) that communicate with each other solely by means of asynchronous message passing. The Web Workers API enables such communication among multiple isolated event loops within the same browser. A JavaScript webpage communicating with a Node.js server using asynchronous XHR requests is an example of two distributed communicating event loops. Communicating event loop concurrency makes it manageable for objects to maintain their invariants in the face of concurrent (interleaved) requests made by multiple clients [11]. While JavaScript environments already support event loop concurrency, the JavaScript language itself has no support for concurrent or distributed programming. Q thus extends JavaScript with a handful of features that enable programmers to more directly express distributed interactions between individual objects. Promises. We introduce a new type of object, a promise, to represent both the outcome of asynchronous operations as well as remote references [12]. A normal JavaScript direct reference may only designate an object within the same event loop. Only promises designate objects in other event loops. A promise may be in one of several states: Pending. When it is not yet determined what object the promise designates, Resolved. When it is either fulfilled or rejected, Fulfilled. When it is resolved to successfully designate some object, Rejected. When it will never designate an object, for an alleged reason represented by an associated error.
var tP = Q(target) assigns to tP a promise for target. If target is already a promise, that same promise is assigned. Otherwise, tP is a fulfilled promise designating target. Q.promise( (resolve,reject) => (...) ) returns a fresh promise which is initially pending. It immediately calls the argument function with two functions, conventionally named resolve and reject, that can be used to either resolve or reject this new promise explicitly. var resultP = tP.then( (v) => result1, (e) => result2 ) provides eventual access to tP's resolution. The.then method takes two callback arguments, a success callback and an optional failure callback. It registers these callbacks to be called back in a later turn after tP is resolved. If tP was fulfilled with a value v, then success(v) is called. If tP was rejected with an error e, then failure(e) is called. resultP is a promise for the invoked callback's result value. If the callback invoked by.then throws an error, that error is used to reject resultP. This propagation of errors along chains of dependent promises is called rejected promise contagion [11], and it is the asynchronous analogue of propagating exceptions up the call stack. If the failure callback is missing, rejecting tP will eventually reject resultP with the same reason. If pointP is a promise for a local point object, we may construct a derived point promise as follows: var newP = pointP.then((point) => point.add(makePoint(1,2)));
Just like it is useful to compose individual functions into a composite function, it is often useful to compose individual promises into a single promise whose outcome depends on the individual promises. The Q library provides some useful combinator4 functions we use later in the escrow exchange contract: Q.race(answerPs) takes an array of promises, answerPs, and returns a promise for the resolution of whichever promise we notice has resolved first. For example, Q.race([xP,yP]).then(v => print(v)) will cause either the value of xP or yP to be printed, whichever resolves first. If neither resolves, then neither does the promise returned by Q.race. If the first promise to resolve is rejected, the promise returned by Q.race is rejected with the same reason. Q.all(answerPs) takes an array of promises and returns a promise for an array of their fulfilled values. We often need to collect several promised answers, in order to react either when all the answers are ready or when any of them become rejected. Given var sumP = Q.all([xP,yP]).then(([x,y]) => x+y), if both xP and yP are fulfilled with numbers, sumP is fulfilled with their sum. If neither resolves, neither does sumP. If either xP or yP is rejected, sumP is rejected with the same reason. Q.join(xP,yP) takes two promises and returns a promise for the one object they both designate. Q.join is our eventual equality operation. Any messages sent to the joined promise are only delivered if xP and yP eventually come to designate 4
These are easily built from the above primitives. Their implementation can be found at _URL_.php?id=strawman:concurrency.
Distributed Electronic Rights in JavaScript
the same target. In this case, all messages are eventually delivered to that target and the joined promise itself eventually becomes fulfilled to designate that target. Otherwise, all these messages are discarded with the usual rejected promise contagion. Immediate call and eventual send. Promises may designate both local objects, and remote objects belonging to another event loop. If the promise comes to designate a local object (or a primitive value), that value can be accessed via the.then method. However, if the promise comes to designate a remote object, it is not possible to resolve the promise to a local reference. Instead, one must interact with the remote object via the promise. Any such interaction must be asynchronous, to ensure that interaction between the event loops as a whole remains asynchronous. JavaScript provides many operators to interact with an object. Here, we will focus on only three: method calls, function calls, and reading the value of a property. JavaScript has the familiar dot operator to express local, immediate method calls, such as point.getX(). We introduce a corresponding infix "!" operator (named the eventually) operator, which designates asynchronous, possibly remote interactions. The! operator can be


text:
This painting shows Nyoongar men and youth gathered together on a veranda discussing cultural and community matters. This meeting would have occurred during the Native Title case depicting an elder sitting in the background listening and passing wisdom.
It talks about the different considerations impacting upon cultural survival such as the education of our youth, respect for elders, the creation of positive roles for our men, the inﬂuence of Western religion and strong community governance. When the Western Australian Government appealed against the landmark High Court Native Title decision on the grounds that Nyoongar people had no continual practiced culture and were a fragmented community prior to colonialism, it was a direct attack upon Nyoongar people's cultural survival and demonstrated the legal and social barriers Aboriginal people must still overcome in Australia today. For when Aboriginal people can claim land in capital cities such as Perth, then the way we are viewed socially, historically and economically must also change. It seems that the only way we can challenge power structures and to enforce social justice for our people is through the Western legal system in this country.
Julie Dowling, 2007


Last Updated on May 31, 2011 by Steven Meurrens
Canada's family class and the spousal sponsorship program have recently been hit with two significant changes that are largely based on immigration programs found in other Western nations. The first recent change is the proposed introduction of a sponsorship bar, which prohibits recently sponsored spouses from sponsoring a new spouse for three years after they land in Canada. The second is a proposed change to move towards conditional permanent residency for sponsored spouses who have been in a relationship for less than three years with the person that sponsored them.
Given that the current Conservative government appears to be basing much of its changes to Canada's immigration system on what other Western countries are doing, it is worth exploring another feature of many European countries' immigration system that is absent in Canada. This is the requirement that family class applicants either pass a language test or a test on their respective destination country's culture in order to immigrate.
On June 9, 2010, for example, the United Kingdom introduced language tests for foreign spouses. Under the program, all non-European immigrants to the United Kingdom must pass a basic English language test before being granted a visa. The rules apply to anyone wanting to join their spouse or partner in the United Kingdom.
Effective November 15, 2010, meanwhile, a similar requirement was introduced in Denmark. Applicants under Denmark's family reunification program must pass an immigration test before they can immigrate. The test is an oral one consisting of a language section and a knowledge section. There are 70 questions, consisting of 40 language questions and 30 culture questions. Applicants are required to get 30 out of 40 of the language questions correct, and 21 out of 30 of the Danish society questions correct in order to pass the test. The questions on Danish society are asked in Danish, and applicants must answer in Danish. The immigration test must be taken in Denmark, and applicants are required to travel to Denmark in order to take it.
On May 15, 2011, Søren Pind, Denmark's immigration minister, announced that an exemption was being considered for spouses from developed countries.
Both Denmark and the United Kingdom based their laws on similar requirements in France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.
I should note that I am not suggesting that the Conservative Government is going to move towards either introducing an immigration test for the family class, or for exempting nations of developed nations from that test. There is nothing to suggest that the Conservative Government is even considering any of the above programs from the UK and Denmark. However, an understanding of other systems provides a useful comparative perspective that could be interesting and potentially relevant in the future.


Table of Contents
Before publishing your tour, you'll need to test it. Testing your tour is an important step in the process as it allows us to pick up on issues, and this saves you from re-recording sections of your tour later on. This is why we test the tour before you start recording the audio for your tour.
Once the script has been edited, we'll add dummy audio to your tour for you so that you can experience your tour like any other user would. We use a fairly realistic robotic voice and provide you with a test walk report sheet. We'll also provide you with a coupon code so that you can test your tour with family and friends. When you walk the route, pay attention to three things:
 1. The directions: If the directions aren't clear, or they're too long this can confuse the listener and can cause them to get lost. Directions need to be as clear and simple as possible.
 2. How long the audio plays: If the audio for one location is still playing when another location's audio is supposed to start, then the audio in the other location won't trigger and start playing. In this case, you'll need to cut some of it or change the instructions you give to listeners. This generally doesn't require a new recording, because you can edit parts of the existing audio out.
 3. Where the audio starts: A track can start too early, too later or it might not play at all. If it starts too early or too late, ask your editor to move the location. Try to be specific, by suggesting that the location is moved ten metres forward or five metres to the left, for example, or to a particular landmark. A track might not play at all if it wasn't triggered due to the length of the previous track. If the length wasn't an issue and the track simply isn't playing, we'll then need to troubleshoot this.
You can also test the tour once all your recorded audio has been submitted and uploaded to the tour. You can do this by logging into VoiceMap's mobile apps using the same account you are using to create the route. Your unpublished walk will be listed along with all the others in your city, but will only be visible to you. This is usually the final test we run before publishing the tour. It allows us to pick up on any minor issues that may have been missed before hand and it's also a great way for you to experience your tour like any other user.
Troubleshooting #
While testing you might run into the following issues:
 - Some locations aren't playing audio at all
 - Some tracks aren't starting when/where they should
 - You receive our Lost Warning
In most cases, we can determine what the issue is if you send us a screen recording of what is happening in the app while you're out testing the tour. Most new phones have a built in screen recorder and you'll find it in the pull-down menu at the top of your screen. If you're unsure if your phone has one, a quick google search using your phone's model will determine if you have one or not. If you don't have one, there are plenty of screen recording apps for Android and iOS that you can install such as AZ Screen Recorder for Android and Record it! for iOS.
When recording your screen, please turn the volume up and make sure you've turned off VoiceMap's pocket mode as this will help us see the screen. You won't need to send us a recording of the entire tour, just the section that is problematic. You can also send us screenshots of what is happening on the screen but this is usually less effective in helping us determine what is causing the problem.
Some locations aren't playing audio
If this occurs, the first step is to determine whether the track before is still playing when you reach the trigger for the problematic track. You can figure this out while on the test walk. If you're in the trigger zone for the next track and the previous track is still playing, then it is too long. If you're unsure, you can ask your editor to check if the track before the problematic one is over the word count. If it is the length of the previous track is the problem, you can always remove a few sentences or get the listener to stop.
If the length of the previous track isn't the problem, then try listening to the tour at home in continuous playback mode. To do this, simply go to the start screen but instead of pressing Start Tour, select Continuous Play. You can then skip to the track before the problematic one and see if any audio plays. If audio does play, then please record your screen while out testing the walk. If no audio plays, let your editor know and they will check that the audio has been uploaded correctly.
Some tracks aren't starting when/where they should
The GPS tracking is accurate up to the size of the location marker. This means that it won't always start exactly where you want it to and where it starts can differ from device to device. If a track is playing a few meters too early or too late, it is best to ask yourself whether it affects the narration. In most cases, a couple of meters won't affect the narration. If it does affect the narration, then ask your editor to move the location marker 10 metres forward, 30 metres backwards or 5 metres to the left.
Tall buildings and narrow streets can also interfere with the GPS signal which can cause a delay in the audio playing. You can determine whether there is GPS interference by looking at the map on your screen when you're testing the walk. If the blue dot is bouncing around the screen, is lagging or where it is doesn't correspond with where you are, then the likelihood is that there was an issue with the GPS. In this case, it's best to record your screen and send your editor the recording. We'll then enlarge the trigger zone and potentially move the location marker slightly.
You receive our Lost Warning
Our Lost Warning is an audio notification letting the listener know that they've gone off track and are no longer following the route line. It should only play when they've gone off track but sometimes due to GPS interference, it can play even when they're following the route line perfectly. GPS interference can be caused by tall buildings, narrow streets or bad weather.
If, while testing the tour, you hear our Lost Warning then look at the map on your screen to determine whether where the blue dot is corresponds with your current location. If it doesn't correspond and it's a block or two from your actual location, then you're probably hearing our Lost Warning because of GPS interference. Send your editor a screen recording and a detailed description of what occurred as this will help us determine the best cause of action.
In some cases, we may determine that the best cause of action is to disable the Lost Warning. We'll usually do this for tours that go through tunnels or follow a narrow, walled pathway that only goes in one direction.


Energy exponents and corrections to scaling in Ising spin glasses
Jean-Philippe Bouchaud 1, Florent Krzakala 2, 3, Olivier C. Martin 1, 2
Physical Review B 68 (2003) 224404
We study the probability distribution P(E) of the ground state energy E in various Ising spin glasses. In most models, P(E) seems to become Gaussian with a variance growing as the system's volume V. Exceptions include the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model (where the variance grows more slowly, perhaps as the square root of the volume), and mean field diluted spin glasses having +/-J couplings. We also find that the corrections to the extensive part of the disorder averaged energy grow as a power of the system size; for finite dimensional lattices, this exponent is equal, within numerical precision, to the domain-wall exponent theta_DW. We also show how a systematic expansion of theta_DW in powers of exp(-d) can be obtained for Migdal-Kadanoff lattices. Some physical arguments are given to rationalize our findings.
 - 1. Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC),
 CNRS : UMR8626 – Université Paris XI - Paris Sud
 - 3. Dipartimento di Fisica,
 INFM – SMC – Università degli studi di Roma I - La Sapienza


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Year 6 Forensic Science Workshop
To support the investigative work Year 6 are undertaking in Science, the children took part in a Forensic Science Workshop on Wednesday 9th May.
An immersive environment was set up in the classroom, which consisted of four identical crime scenes. The children worked collaboratively to solve a crime and it was the responsibility of each group to piece together the evidence. The workshop included finding, developing and characterising fingerprints, investigating tool marks and other impressions, identifying hairs and fibres and investigating blood, bones and DNA. They used their scientific knowledge, understanding and logical thinking to solve given problems. The children really enjoyed this challenge and all were successful in solving the crime.


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5 Tips for Coping With Stress and Anxiety During the Holiday Season
For people in San Francisco trying to cope with stress and anxiety, the holidays can be a challenging time of the year. This is especially true during the pandemic. While a certain amount of stress and anxiety is normal for the present situation, there are ways to manage excessive feelings of worry. Try using one or more of the five tips below to help manage the stress and anxiety that comes up during the holiday season.
Sleep is foundational to help reduce stress and anxiety. At Good Therapy SF, a therapy and wellness center in San Francisco CA that specializes in talk therapy, this is the first area of improvement recommended for clients experiencing chronic anxiety issues.
To maintain a healthy sleep schedule, prioritize waking up at the same time every day (including weekends!) and only go to bed when you are ready to sleep.
Sleep experts also strongly recommend a regular sleep routine that begins an hour before bed. This routine can include calming activities such as reading or journaling, and should avoid screen time. Disconnecting from devices before bed, while difficult, is especially helpful for those with anxiety issues.
Encouraging yourself to incorporate some type of movement or exercise during the day is vital to managing stress and anxiety.
There are a number of ways physical activity helps the brain and body, but overall exercise helps reduce stress and signs of depression by increasing the production of endorphins and other neurotransmitters that improve our mood.
At Good Therapy SF, we encourage clients to try and "break a sweat" for at least 20 minutes, three times a week.
stress San Francisco CA
Stop Avoiding
Avoidance behavior is one of the most common anxiety traits and something we work on in talk therapy. The more we avoid something, the worse it becomes. We all know this, so why do we keep avoiding?
Biology is partly to blame. When we are expected to do something unpleasant (even if it is something we want to do, like exercise) there is a release of norepinephrine. This surge in norepinephrine causes us to physically feel agitated. As a result, we avoid doing the task that triggered this internal sensation. The cycle is then repeated over and over, often unconsciously, creating a regular pattern of avoidance.
To change the pattern, simply stick with the unpleasant task for a few minutes. As the norepinephrine levels drop, the feeling of agitation will drop as well. Staying with the situation until it becomes easier is called "Urge Surfing." The idea is to ride or "surf" the initial unpleasantness, knowing the wave will eventually go down.
Limit Social Media and News Coverage
Moderation is the key component to social media and news consumption. It is important to feel connected to others and remain informed, but "overdosing" on these platforms increases stress and anxiety, lowers our mood, and creates symptoms of depression.
To keep social media and the news in moderation, try leaving your devices in another room for an hour each day, turn off notifications, or have something planned each day that does not involve screen time.
Deep Breathing
Focusing on deep breathing, or relaxation breathing, is another effective tool to manage stress and anxiety and reduce signs of depression. Taking deeper, controlled breaths increases oxygen to the brain and helps change the nervous system from an anxious "fight or flight" state to a calming "rest and digest" state.
Box breathing, also called square breathing, is a popular relaxation breathing approach. Try the technique by slowly inhaling through the nose for 4 seconds, hold for 4 seconds, exhale out the nose for 4 seconds, and pausing for 4 seconds before inhaling again. Repeat this cycle five times, as often as needed throughout the day.
For more information on stress and anxiety management during the holiday season, or if you are seeking talk therapy in San Francisco to deal with holiday related stress and anxiety, reach out to Good Therapy SF.
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Geomembranes are meant to provide a practically impermeable barrier for large scale containment of liquids and gasses. Therefore geomembrane liners are manufactured for the lowest possible permeability, depending on the application and chemicals involved.
However, the amount of seam welding, patching, and other fieldwork that is carried out during their installation can play a significant role in the liner's long-term performance. So what are the benefits of using factory pre-fabricated geomembrane liners?
A Note on Geomembrane Liner Installation
At first glance, geomembrane liner installation is a somewhat straightforward process. A properly prepared site surface is lined with the geomembrane material appropriate for the application. However many conditions in the field can introduce variability, making successful installation more challenging than it initially seems.
Geomembrane liners may arrive at the installation site in smaller pieces to be welded on the spot, or larger pieces pre-welded in the factory (factory fabricated). The latter provides superior results both in terms of leakage prevention, seam testing requirements, time and labor required for installation and lifespan of the geomembrane installation.
Factory vs Field Fabricated Geomembrane Liners
Field fabrication of geomembrane liner refers to performing most of the welding of geomembrane seams on the spot at the site during installation. It doesn't take much to realize that this situation provides less than ideal welding conditions, e.g. terrain morphology, steep slopes, temperature variability, rainfall, wind, and dust particles, to name a few. Moreover, this procedure results in greater time and labor required, increasing overall installation costs.
Factory Prefabricated Geomembrane Liners
Contrary to field welding, factory prefabricated liners are welded in controlled environmental conditions, resulting in consistent welding with guaranteed results. Quality vendors take into account factors like temperature ranges, slopes, and membrane expansion or contraction. According to those factors, they take steps to reduce the occurrence of localized stresses and minimize the chances of liner damage or leaks, for example by increasing the width of the seam or adding reinforcements.
Another primary benefit of factory prefabricated geomembrane liners is their low installation time. What's more, factory-fabricated geomembrane liners transfer most of the quality inspection costs and labor to the manufacturing supplier, rather than the installation site crew. That's because the larger panels are certified at the factory and arrive on site as a single panel requiring that only the perimeter welds be QC tested in the field. These factors provide more consistent results, overall cost savings for the installation stage, as well as lifetime increase and maintenance cost reduction of the geomembrane liner.
Choosing a Geomembrane Liner Manufacturer
As demonstrated, factory pre-welded liners provide more consistent results. The basis for a successful liner, however, is using a reliable, high-quality geomembrane. Connect with a member of the E² team for more information.


text:
Speaker: Savinkov Rostislav, junior researcher of the Interdisciplinary Scientific Center "Mathematical Modeling in Biomedicine" of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia.
Topic: Algorithms for building networks of fibroblast reticular cells.
Annotation: The network of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) is a rather complex structure from the point of view of formation. Therefore, in order to best reproduce its topology, experiments were conducted with various algorithms for its formation, in search of the best option. The report will describe both the simplest method and more complex variations, including non-stationary construction, taking into account the length of the formation of the structure in time.


Aerocene Explorer Tethered flight at Mobile Utopia Conference
2 November 2017
54°00'21.0″N 2°47'15.0″W
On November 2nd Sasha Engelmann, Bronislaw Szerszynski and Grace Pappas performed an Aerocene Explorer tethered flight in Lancaster, UK, within the framework of a two-day "Mobile Utopia Experiment" called "The Drift Economy", that Bron and Sasha co-organized. The Drift Economy workshop was held at the Lancaster City Library on November 1st, and at the Lancaster University InfoLab on the morning of the 2nd. Participants joined Bron and Sasha in experimenting with drifting seeds, VR-experiences of drift, and 'mapping drift' onto a three dimensional diorama of Lancaster's topography. The Drift Economy was an experiment in public participation in an alternative mobility regime based on the existing flows of water, air, slopes, soil and elemental processes.
Aerocene was a primary element in the Drift Economy experiment, as well as in the conference session and panel that Bron and Sasha chaired at the Mobile Utopia Conference.
In the context of the continuing expansion of fuel-intensive air travel and the militarization, securitization and commercialization of atmospheric space, the experimental workshop and the conference session were devoted to exploring how humans might develop an ethical and sustainable relationship with the atmosphere through vernacular ways of sensing, understanding and collaborating with the macroand micro-dimensions of air.
The approach to critical atmospheric utopias was inspired by Aerocene, inviting a tactile, unmediated skilling of atmospheric awareness. In its name, Aerocene also deliberately evokes the possibility of an epochal shift in humanity's relation with its home planet, and indeed in the very way that the Earth populates its atmosphere with moving things.
At around noon on the 2nd of November, Grace and Sasha inflated the sculpture on an open field near the conference venue. As they were attaching the GPS tracker to the Aerocene sculpture, Rob La Frenais joined them on his bike. Later in the conference, during his Keynote speech, Rob spoke about the Aerocene flight that had happened that day, and related it to the White Sands launch of D-OAEC Aerocene that occurred in 2015.
Luckily for the launch team, the weather was particularly benign on that day -except for a little wind – and the Aerocene Explorer floated in the atmosphere immediately, while recording track information with a handheld GPS attached to it. Sasha and Grace took turns flying the sculpture, and then Sam Hertz, who had just arrived at the conference, flew the Aerocene with Bron.
The Sculpture flew over an hour, overseen by over 60 people who gathered for the launch, registering a complicated aero-glyphic that was later processed with Garmin Basecamp and Google Earth into a striking visualization. Participants connected to the Aerocene Explorer wifi hotspot and connected to the Aerocene's onboard camera to 'see' what the sculpture was seeing. During her train travel back to London that evening, and on the way back up to Lancaster the following morning, Sasha downloaded the flight data from the launch and made some early attempts at a Google Earth flight visualization with the help of Joaquin.
The experience of the Aerocene launch resonated into the conference session during the following days. The "Atmospheric Adventures in the Aerocene: heterotopias of aerial mobility" conference panel on the 3rd November included presentations by Bron, Sasha and Sam Hertz. It also included a short film, "Points of Presence" made by Adam Fish, Bradley Garrett and Oliver Case. Rob La Frenais was the 'discussant'. The panel was guided by the following questions:
 - How can we invent and employ accessible, modest aerial experiments to arrive at an ethical engagement with the atmosphere?
 - What tools, skills, imaginaries and alliances do we need to develop to become more sensitive to the objects and vibrations passing through the atmosphere around us?
 - How can we populate the air in ways that enhance rather than diminish atmospheric affordances for different forms of life?
The response from the panel and the subsequent discussions with many scholars, researchers, artists, technologists and engineers was a clear indication of the way that the Aerocene launch and the panel discussion had catalyzed a range of reflections and insights at the Mobile Utopia conference. Indeed, many commented that it was the most expressive, ethical and collective 'mobile utopia' among the countless other proposals circulating in the air in Lancaster.
Sasha Engelmann would like to thank the Aerocene foundation for lending the sculpture to Aerocene friends in the U.K., Bron for coordinating their amazing Drift Economy experiment in Lancaster, Daniel Schulz for preparing the Explorer and checking all the components with Sasha during the summer, and Joaquin who was a fantastic (!) help with the Garmin device & software. Also Grace traveled over two hours from London to join the launch on that day and was incredibly super helpful in flying, communicating and documenting the Aerocene project to everyone involved.
Organizer: Sasha Engelmann
Drift Economy Experiment: Bronislaw Szerszynski, Sasha Engelmann and Adam Fish
Aerocene Explorer borrowed from Aerocene Foundation
Communication: Camilla Berggen Lundell (Aerocene Foundation) and Alice Lamperti our amazing intern at STS
Aerocene Explorer set-up and support: Daniel Schulz (STS)
Aeroglyphics tutorial and support: Joaquin Ezcurra (Aerocene Foundation)
Payload experiments: Grace Pappas


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Let $(X,L)$ be a polarized abelian variety over $k=\overline{k}$, and let $K(L)$ be the kernel of the isogeny $X\to X^\vee$ that sends $x$ to $t_x^*L\otimes L^{-1}$. The theta group $\mathscr{G}(L)$ of $(X,L)$ is a central extension $$0\to k^\times\to\mathscr{G}(L)\to K(L)\to0.$$ Now, $\mathscr{G}(L)$ acts on $H^0(X,L)$, and we get an irreducible representation $$\mathscr{G}(L)\to \mbox{GL}(H^0(X,L)),$$ which can be seen to descend to a projective representation $K(L)\to\mbox{PGL}(h^0(L)-1,k)$. The nice thing about this projective representation is that, if $\varphi:X\to\mathbb{P}^{h^0(L)-1}$ is the map associated to $|L|$, then for all $z\in K(L)$ and $x\in X$, we have that $z\cdot\varphi(x)=\varphi(x+z)$. Using this, it is easily verified that $\mbox{span}\{\varphi(K(L))\}$ is all $\mathbb{P}^{h^0(L)-1}$.
We have that $K(L)=K_1\oplus K_2$, where $K_2$ is the symplectic complement to $K_1$ using the Weil pairing.
My question is the following: Is it true that the projective representation restricted to $K_1$ (or $K_2$) is also irreducible? Put into other terms, is the linear span of $\varphi(K_1)$ all of $\mathbb{P}^{h^0(L)-1}$?
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I think the answer is no due to the following counterexample (there might be a mistake somewhere though):
Take an elliptic curve $X$ with $L = O_X(3P_0)$ (characteristic $\neq 2, 3$), then $K$ will be the $3$-torsion subgroup and $K_1$ will be generated by a $3$-torsion point $P$. Then in the embedding by $|L|$ of $X$ in $\mathbb{P}^2$, the points $P$, $-P$ and $P_0$ are collinear, that is, $K_1$ is mapped to a lower-dimensional linear subspace.
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Yes, you're right. Great example. Thanks! – rfauffar Feb 8 '13 at 4:09
If I understand correctly, $K_1$ and $K_2$ are (mutually orthogonal maximal) isotropic subgroups of $K(L)$. Therefore they both can be lifted (non-canonically) to (finite) commutative (sic!) subgroups of the theta group. In particular, the restriction of the projective representation of $K(L)$ to $K_i$ is actually a projectivization of a certain linear representation of finite commutative $K_i$ in $H^0(X,L)$. Since a linear representation of such groups is irreducible if and only if it is one-dimensional, we get a negative answer to your question (unless $H^0(X,L)$ has dimension 1, i.e. $L$ defines a principal polarization).
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Now, I'm not asking necessarily when the linear representation of $K_i$ es irreducible (since by what you said, $L$ would have to be a principal polarization), but when the projective representation is irreducible; i.e., the group doesn't fix any projective linear space of $\mathbb{P}H^0(L)$... – rfauffar Feb 10 '13 at 4:04
The answer is the same: iff the polarization is principal. If it is not principal then one may take the projectivization $P(W)$ of any proper nonzero $K_i$-invariant vector subspace $W$ of $H^0(X,L)$; this $P(W)$ is $K_i$-stable. – Yuri Zarhin Feb 15 '13 at 17:07
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Want to make a Rainbow? This Experiment tells you how.
6, 7, 8
Title – RAINBOW ON THE WALL
By – Judy Schneider
Primary Subject – Science
Secondary Subjects – Science
Grade Level – 6 – 8 (adaptable)
SCIENCE PROJECT OF THE WEEK
RAINBOW ON THE WALL
PROBLEM: How can I make a spectrum (rainbow)?
RESEARCH: Look up visible light, spectrum, or rainbows in a science textbook or encyclopedia. Write two or three paragraphs on what you learned.
HYPOTHESIS: What do you think you need to do to make a rainbow?
shallow bowl of water
1. Use the protractor to set the mirror in the bowl at 30 degrees from the bottom of the bowl. Use clay or wax to hold the mirror in place.
2. Darken the room (or do the project at night).
3. Shine the flashlight toward the mirror.
4. Describe what you see.
5. Enrichment: On a very sunny day, spray the hose in an arc. Move around the spray until you see a rainbow in the spray. Based on what you have learned, explain why a rainbow forms in the spray.
DATA: Make a data table to record your observations.
CONCLUSION: This is not optional. You must explain what you learned by doing this activity.
Remember that you must answer the question you asked in your original problem statement.
NOTE: BE SURE TO HAVE YOUR PARENT OR GUARDIAN SIGNS YOUR WORK. PARENTS: YOUR SIGNATURE SHOWS YOUR STUDENT HAS DONE THE WORK.
POSSIBLE HYPOTHESIS: A rainbow will form on the wall when the light is shined into the water.
POSSIBLE CONCLUSION: The water acts like a prism and separates the white light from the flashlight into the colors of the spectrum.
E-Mail Judy Schneider!


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Hi, Can anyone explain this to me - or is something wrong with the code I am looking at... I am looking at the source of an application that...
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 Mar 2009
 number of arguments in write call
 I am looking at the source of an application that is making use of an I2C device driver. In order to perform a 'write' it is calling the following function with three arguments.
 write(fd, buf, 1);
 where fd is the file handle to the device, buf is the data buffer containing the bytes to write and the last argument is the number of bytes to write.
 The driver source code in the kernel assigns the following function in the i2cdev_fops structure.
 static struct file_operations i2cdev_fops = {
 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
 .llseek = no_llseek,
 .read = i2cdev_read,
 .write = i2cdev_write,
 .ioctl = i2cdev_ioctl,
 .open = i2cdev_open,
 .release = i2cdev_release,
 But the i2cdev_write function appears to have four arguments...
 static ssize_t i2cdev_write (struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *offset)
 The code appears to work okay - so how does this fourth argument loff_t *offset pick up a value when the call from user space only passed in three arguments?
 The user space application is also passing in an int as a file descriptor - but the i2cdev_write expects a struct file *...?
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 write(fd, buf, 1); is s system call
 int fd= open("i2cdev", O_RDWR, 077);
 open() will provide all information into fd, fd is handled by filesystem.
 you can't access driver write() fn directly because that lies in kernel space, here u need a system call (write()) to communicate with ur driver write function.
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 Mar 2009
 Thanks for the reply ashok449.
 I'm fiddling with the kernel space device driver as well as the user space application making the system call.
 I think I have realised what I didn't understand before. I was assuming that there was a direct link somehow between the user space system call write and the kernel space fops structure member.write and therefore got confused why the number of arguments in those two functions didn't match up.
 In reality there must be quite a lot going on behind the scenes - calling the write function with four arguments will get handled by the file system as you say and after it does what ever it does will result in a call to the.write function pointer.
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 3rd rock from sun - Often seen near moon
 I'm don't know the answer as I'm not a device driver programmer, if you not aware "Linux Device Drivers" By Alessandro Rubini wil be very helpful.
 FOSS India Award winning ext3fs Undelete tool Online Linux Terminal
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 I've got it, and yes it is very helpful.
 I've got what I need working now, but it would still be interesting to be directed towards the source that shows what goes on between the file system call and the link to the kernel space function pointer mentioned above.
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Realistic Human Path Planning using Fluid Simulation
Burgess, Rene G.
Darken, Christian J.
MetadataShow full item record
This paper describes an approach for obtaining very realistic movement paths through a terrain set by applying the properties of a fluid simulation to produce intuitively human-like results. Similar to the concepts described in the physical world by the Principle of Least Action, realistic paths for human movement generally tend to follow "natural lines of drift". This common military term describes a method of route selection based on least effort expenditure (or highest possible speed) enroute to a goal (or destination). We implemented a fluid simulation (gas diffusion) as a means of determing these routes through a digital terrain set. This fairly simple technique generates what appear to be very realistic avenues of approach for large vehicle formations or for individual vehicles traveling at high rates of speed. This approach seems quite promising for modeling human movement tendencies and appears superior to classic path finding or optimal route selection methods in terms of representing human-like behavior.
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Bang, H.; Agrawal, B.N. (1994);A new approach for spacecraft maneuver based upon constraint dynamics and tracking control laws is presented in this paper. For high precision pointing requirement on spacecraft maneuver, a desired trajectory is prescribed...
Alftimat, Abdalkhalq Ma'ruf. (Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010-12);There is no doubt that the 9/11 attacks constituted a new terrorism phenomena in terms of sophistication and scale of mayhem. U.S. policy makers had to consider at least three approaches in response to these attacks: the...
Development and Extension of a Deterministic System of Systems Performance Prediction Methodology for an Acknowledged System of Systems Volkert, Richard; Stracener, Jerrell; Yu, Junfang; Jackson, Carly (2012-04-30); NPS-AM-12-C9P02R02-044This paper addresses the need for predicting performance in a system of systems (SoS) during incremental development and for dealing with the inherent variability associated with predicting performance. Historically, senior...


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The Bc meson is the bound state of bc̄ (or b̄c) whose recent detection is the first step toward completion of the spectroscopy of heavy quark mesonic states. The b-c states have properties that conveniently fill the gap between the J/ψ and the γ states. Thus it is probable that at RHIC the Bc mesons will serve as a probe of deconfined matter. We find that significant differences arise for Bc formation in deconfined and confined matter. Our initial calculations suggest that: (a) The rates of normal hadronic production mechanisms at RHIC energies are not sufficient to produce a detectable number of Bc mesons. (b) If a region of deconfined quarks and gluons is formed, the production (and survival) rate can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. (c) The observation of Bc mesons at RHIC would signal a source of deconfined charmed quarks, and the rate of Bc production will be a measure of the initial density and temperature of that source.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


text: Abstract The relationship between surface karst development and the geological frame is widely acknowledged in the study of karst landforms. It is of considerable interest especially in alpine environments (e.g. Alpine–Dinaric–Carpathian orogenic system). Karst corridors are generally known as kluftkarren or bogaz and form by solution of limestone along a lithoclase network. The Vânturariţa-Buila Massif (Carpathians, Romania) is a typical alpine karst ridge and a former carbonate platform of Upper Jurassic age in which geologically-controlled karst features have been developing over a geologic timescale. Field research and mapping were useful in extracting geologic features. Jointand structure-controlled karst corridors are common in the upper section of the mountain, between 1600 and 1850m. First, a complex system of lithoclases (fissures, joints and faults) occurred; then, surface runoff or meltwater solutionally enlarged them. Tension fractures strike in a northeast–southwest direction, parallel to homoclinal limestone layers. The exposed fault walls often preserve draperies and speleothem remnants. Further, statistical analysis of joint, fault and bogaz orientations has shown the close relation between the three datasets, and morphometric analysis centered only on the karst corridor system. Results derived from the statistical analysis of orientation data show that there is a strong preferred orientation of the bogaz or bogaz-like forms along the directional faults and that they commonly develop in extensional (tectonically active) environments. Additional features typical to fluviokarst are also present — subterranean connections between the karst corridors and the headwalls of the pocket valleys, generating headward recession both by continuous sapping of karst springs at the headwall base followed by collapses. An extremely poor surface drainage network developed in the upper pavement facing southeast, compared to that on the middle and lower sides.


text:
Yes, you read it right, you can turn your android phone into wireless Speaker. You can use your android phone as a speaker and play music by using laptop or PC. If suppose the speaker of your laptop or PC is not working properly in this case you can use your android phone as a speaker for your device. Follow the below mention steps to achieve this.
It's a very simple task. You just need four things to turn your android phone into wireless speaker:
- Android Phone.
- PC or Laptop.
- Wifi Connection.
- Soundwire Software.
Steps to Turn your Android Phone into wireless Speaker.
In order to turn your android phone into wireless speaker you just need to follow these short and simple steps.
1. First, download the Soundwire software in a PC as well as in android phone and install as well. You can also use some other software rather than Sowundwire but I recommend you to use Soundwire only because it's sound quality is good and there is very less sound lacking.
2. Then open the Soundwire software on PC and save the server address i.e. 192.168.1.8 for later use.
As you can see in the above screenshot the status is disconnected because our android phone is not connected to it. You can also change the input method like a speaker, microphone etc.
3. Now, open the Soundwire application in android phone and enter the server address that is present in Soundwire software in PC i.e. 192.168.1.8.
4. You just need to click on the box above the server to turn your android phone into wireless Speaker. i.e.
and the colour of that box will change and it will show that your android device is successfully turned into a wireless speaker. i.e.
You can also see the connection status is now connected, in the Soundwire desktop application.