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service can support these discussions.
Neither of these avenues will prevent you from going to the First Tier Tribunal (SENDisT) providing you register your objection to the statement within two months of getting the Final Statement. You can register your objections with the First Tier Tribunal (SENDisT) and still pursue other ways forward.
Most statements set out clearly what the child's needs are and what will be done to meet them. Some parents, however, do not realise they do not have a good enough statement until the time limit has passed and the child fails to make progress or is not getting the sort of provision the parent thought they would get. Local Authorities want to help your child succeed and will usually be very willing to talk through any concerns you may have.
Some of you will already have a statement and will be concerned about annual reviews. These are a legal requirement and should take place at least once a year. They should review progress against the targets in the statement and decide one of three things:
1. The child has attained all the targets and no longer requires a statement.
2. The child's needs have changed and the statement needs to be modified.
3. The child still needs the provision set out in the statement.
The annual review will recommend one of these to the local education authority. If the annual review recommends either that the statement should finish or that it should change the LA has to consider that and decide whether to do anything about it. If the LA decides to finish the statement they will tell the parents in writing and also tell them that they can appeal this through the tribunal as before.
If the LA decides to change the statement they will issue an amended statement and again they will tell the parents in writing that they can object to the statement and the amendments. If the LA decides to change the statement the whole statement can be appealed.
- The LA decides to change the statement by naming a different school.
- The parents don't want that school and they also want other changes to the statement based on new evidence. They may want a different type of school and they want equipment that has been recommended but not written into the new statement.
- The parents go to tribunal to appeal both to the school and to the fact that the recommended equipment has not been include in the amended statement.
However, if the LA takes the third course of action and decides not to amend the statement there is no way to go back to tribunal even if changes have been suggested and recommended to the LA. In 2009 it was suggested that the right to appeal about no change to the statement would be given to parents but to date (May 2010) this has not gone through.
In this case the parents would have to request a re-assessment to try to get the changes incorporated into a brand new statement.
APPENDIX A Sample letter
To LA Pupil Support Office
I am writing to request that you make a formal assessment/re-assessment of my son/daughter ………….. (state name and date of birth), who attends …………. (state - school or pre school group).
I understand that you have six weeks to consider my request and hope that the following will help you:
(Describe here any concerns and any reports you may have).
I believe these show that our child has needs over and above those usually met at this stage of education and that the LA will need to fully assess the extent of need in order to make adequate educational provision.
I expect to hear from you before ………….. (insert date six weeks and three working days from date of this letter). Should you decide not to assess I hope you will provide me with information to allow me to take my appeal to the First Tier Tribunal (SEN and Disabilities}.
I would also like to have the phone number and contact details of a parent partnership group that provides independent parental advice.
Statementing: further information
The following organisations may be useful in providing advice and information on all aspects of special education and statementing.
Advisory Centre for Education
Tel: 0808 _PHONE_ (Advice 2–5pm)
Fax: _PHONE_ 9069
(only for those that cannot access telephones due to a disability)
Offers guidance to parents and other on all aspects of school education. Various publications.
Tel: 0845 _PHONE_
Network 81 is a national network of parents working towards properly resourced inclusive education for children with special educational needs.
Alliance for Inclusive Education
Tel: _PHONE_ 6030
Fax: _PHONE_ 3828
Aims to end compulsory segregation of children with disabilities or learning difficulties from mainstream schools and communities. Membership, newsletter and publications.
Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE)
Tel: 0117 _PHONE_
Fax: 0117 _PHONE_
CSIE works towards inclusive education for all children. It provides help and support for children who have disabilities or learning difficulties and who wish to remain in mainstream education.
Gabbitas Educational Consultants Ltd
Tel: _PHONE_ 0161
Fax: _PHONE_ 1764
GES produces a guide to special education needs education in the UK with details of over 2,000 educational establishments with provision for special needs.
Independent Panel for Special Education Advice
Tel: 0800 _PHONE_ (advice line) (Mon to Fri 10am – 4pm, plus Mon to Thurs evenings 7pm – 9pm)
Tribunal Help Line: 0845 _PHONE_ Mon, Wed and Thurs 10.00 – 1.00pm
Advice for parents which may include problems with LEA over assessment or statements and help with appealing to the Special Educational Needs Tribunal.
Parents Partnership Services
Parent Partnership Services (PPS) are statutory services offering information, advice and support to parents and carers of children and young people with special educational needs (SEN). PPS have a role in making sure that parents' views are heard and understood and that these views inform local policy and practice. For more information please have a look on their website or call them on or call on _PHONE_ 6058.
National Parent Partnership Network (NPPN) website: _URL_
Direct Gov Website
This website has update information about statementing, your local Parents Partnership Service and a booklet on SEN and resources related to special educational needs.
Improving the quality of statements of special educational needs: Good practice in writing statements
This is updated document (published in March 2010) on statements of special educational needs.
Contact Scope Response for information, advice and support on cerebral palsy and disability issues.
This information was last reviewed February 2011.
© We are happy for you to make copies of any part of this document. However, we would be grateful if you would attach an acknowledgement of the source to any copies.


text:
The effects and experiences of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation - a systematic review.
Sugavanam T., Mead G., Bulley C., Donaghy M., van Wijck F.
To systematically integrate and appraise the evidence for effects and experiences of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation.Systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Relevant databases were searched from start of database to 30 April 2011. Studies of any design employing goal setting, reporting stroke-specific data and evaluating its effects and/ or experiences were included.From a total of 53998 hits, 112 full texts were analysed and 17 studies were included, of which seven evaluated effects while ten explored experiences of goal setting. No eligible randomized controlled trials were identified. Most of the included studies had weak to moderate methodological strengths. The design, methods of goal setting and outcome measures differed, making pooling of results difficult. Goal setting appeared to improve recovery, performance and goal achievement, and positively influenced patients' perceptions of self-care ability and engagement in rehabilitation. However, the actual extent of patient involvement in the goal setting process was not made clear. Patients were often unclear about their role in this process. Professionals reported higher levels of collaboration during goal setting than patients. Patients and professionals differed on how they set goals, types of goals set, and on how they perceived goal attainment. Barriers to goal setting outnumbered the facilitators.Due to the heterogeneity and quality of included studies, no firm conclusions could be made on the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation. Further rigorous research is required to strengthen the evidence base. Better collaboration and communication between patients and professionals and relevant education are recommended for best practice.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How is cinnamon made?
Harvest cinnamon
how is cinnamon made? For high cinnamon forest: After planting 15-20 years, then start harvesting. There are two seasons for peeling cinnamon: spring cinnamon is peeled in March 2-3, good quality and cinnamon is harvested in late July and early August. Before harvesting, cut a piece of bark near the base to make water. and nutrition does not go up, so that cinnamon bark flakes off the trunk, the peeling process will be easy. If the trunk is too large, allow another two weeks for the bark to peel off the stem.
How is cinnamon made 1
How is cinnamon made 1
How to peel :
Take a special knife to peel cinnamon bark, cut a bark round the trunk at a position 50-60cm above the ground. Then again cut one round above 40cm below the ring, between the two circles cut a straight vertical line. From the top down, use a small knife to peel off the shell. Continue cutting the shell ring up to the end.
After harvesting cinnamon bark (peeled) for the first time, it is necessary to strengthen care for the stems to sprout again and grow strongly. After 10 years can be harvested a second time.
For low cinnamon forest:
– How is cinnamon made?
After planting 3-5 years, it can be harvested. Choose the biggest trees to cut, accounting for about 3/3 of the total number of trees per harvest. Cut the original tree to take the bark, cut the tree twice a year, then cut the tree again for the next 3 years. Each harvest can harvest 1.2-1.5 tons of fresh bark per hectare. Later on, every year of harvesting this way, the average yield can reach 1 – 1.2 tons of fresh pods / ha. 16-20 year old stumps can reach 20-25cm in diameter, the number of shoots into stems is about 8-14 stems, which is the beginning of the period of strongest growth. Cinnamon harvested to 70-80 years, until poor growth, then remove the old old roots, grow new cinnamon forest.
Processing cinnamon
How is cinnamon made 2
How is cinnamon made 2
Processing dried cinnamon bark:
How is cinnamon made:
Freshly collected bark, spread to the yard to dry and then dried into bundles of 20-25kg for drying. The kilns are designed to be small or large depending on the size of production per household, usually enough to dry 5-10 quintals of fresh shells. According to experience drying cinnamon spread a layer of rice bran to the bottom of the oven, spray tea water on the two ends of the shell, arrange bundles tightly, tightly press together, top cover a layer of bran and cover the top with a layer of rice. Allow cinnamon to evaporate while drying. Just incubation like that during drying, after 21 days, unloaded cinnamon from the oven. Dry at 70-75 degrees Celsius.
Storing essential oils:
Parts of cinnamon tree can store essential oils, but cinnamon bark is a higher value product, so rarely used for storage but mainly used as medicine. Cinnamon leaves picked, dried, bundled into bundles of about 10kg, stored in storage, 1 month after taking away essential oils.
Do not pick the leaves in the spring and before peeling them.
In addition to taking leaves to store essential oils, in the fall when plants stop growing, pruning small branches can also be used to distill fine oils.
How is cinnamon made 3
How is cinnamon made 3
How to store cinnamon essential oil as well as some aromatic oils in general, but need to pay attention to the separation and making of essential oils. Cinnamon essential oil is heavier than water, after distillation, a mixture of water and cinnamon essential oil is obtained. The heavier essential oil sinks to the bottom. But it takes a while to let the oil settle completely. If left in a low temperature, the sedimentation process will be faster and more thorough. Split the water above to recover the cinnamon essential oil below. Part of the filtered water still has a small amount of cinnamon essential oil. When drinking, it smells sweet, slightly spicy and very warm, weighs collected for sale to the purchasing establishments as medicine."- How is cinnamon made"
Preserving cinnamon products
How is cinnamon made.
After drying, put cinnamon bark neatly in cartons or bundle in plastic bags. Do not let broken cinnamon bark will reduce the quality of cinnamon. Cinnamon essential oil has the ability to corrode metal. The oil obtained after distillation should be put into enameled barrels or food plastic containers. Containers of essential oils should be sealed tightly. You can put a thin layer of water on top to limit evaporation of essential oils, while preventing exposure to air oxygen. Both dry cinnamon bark and cinnamon essential oil should be stored in a cool, dry place and avoid direct sunlight.
Now you know how to make cinnamon?
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The present biosphere model involves a stationary scenario (Reference Scenario) and a climate evolution and geological scenario (Central Scenario). The stationary and time evolution scenarios contain as primary recipients a well and the bay of Borholm, i.e., the waters surrounding the island of Aspo. The time evolution scenario additionally incorporates as primary recipients a waste sample from intrusion and, in a remote future time, the Baltic Sea.
Transport of radionuclides within the model system is assumed to be essentially immediate, except for in sediment subject to land rise. Except for this pathway, radioactive decay is therefore not included at all in the model. Land rise sediment is modeled to be subject to radioactive decay from the time the sediment no longer constitutes sea bottom until the desired time point of the model. Correction for radioactive decay is thus generally supposed to be made outside the biosphere model.
Unless otherwise indicated, yearly individual and population committed (50 years) radiation doses to man are considered, and all scenarios involve a constant flux of 1 Bq/y of each radionuclide considered into the respective primary recipient. Nominal values of radionuclide flux will finally be multiplied with the radiation dose per one Bq per year resulting from the model in order to obtain scaled radiation doses.


text:
NASA's Patents API gives users access to a dataset of NASA patents. This includes both held and pending patents. Possible queries include searches by name, status, patent number, patent expiration date, application information, and case number. NASA open data supports NASA's scientists and engineers with information technology such as infusion, procurement, and future IT workforce development.
The following is a list of sample source code snippets that matched your search term. Source code snippets are chunks of source code that were found out on the Web that you can cut and paste into your own source code. Whereas most of the sample source code we've curated for our directory is for consuming APIs, we occasionally find something interesting on the API provider side of things. If you know of some sample source code that would be of interest to the ProgrammableWeb community, we'd like to know about it. Be sure to check our guidelines for making contributions to ProgrammableWeb.


text:
Plants flower faster than climate change models predict
Scientific models are failing to accurately predict the impact of global warming on plants, says a new report.
Researchers found in long-term studies that some are flowering up to eight times faster than models anticipate.
The authors say that poor study design and a lack of investment in experiments partly account for the difference.
They suggest that spring flowering and leafing will continue to advance at the rate of 5 to 6 days per year for every degree celsius of warming.
The results are published in the journal Nature.
For more than 20 years, scientists have been carrying out experiments to mimic the impacts of rising temperatures on the first leafing and flowering of plant species around the world.
End Quote This Rutishauser Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research
The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now"
Researchers had assumed that plants would respond in essentially the same way to experimental warming with lamps and open top chambers as they would to changes in temperatures in the real world.
Very little has been done to test the assumption until this study lead by Dr Elizabeth Wolkovich, who is now at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
With her colleagues she studied the timing of the flowering and leafing of plants in observational studies and warming experiments spanning four continents and 1,634 plant species.
According to Dr Wolkovich, the results were a surprise.
"What we found is that the experiments don't line up with the long term data, and in fact they greatly underestimate how much plants change their leafing and flowering with warming," she said.
"So for models based on experimental data, then we would expect that plants are leafing four times faster and flowering eight times faster in the long term historical record than what we're using in some of the models."'Consistent message'
Observational data have been gathered by scientific bodies for many years. In the UK, the systematic recording of flowering times dates back to 1875, when the Royal Meteorological Society established a national network of observers.
Since then, data has also been recorded by full-time biologists and part-time enthusiasts, and in recent years there have been mass-participation projects such as BBC Springwatch.
This new research suggests that these observations of flowering and leafing carried out in many different parts of the world over the past thirty years are remarkably similar according to Dr Wolkovich.
"In terms of long term observations, the records are very coherent and very consistent and they suggest for every degree celsius of warming we get we are going to get a fiveto six-day change in how plants leaf and flower."
She argues that the difficulties in mimicking the impacts of nature in an artificial setting are much greater than many scientists estimate. The team found that in some cases the use of warming chambers to artificially raise temperatures can sometimes have the opposite effect.
"In the real world, we don't just see changes in temperature - we see changes in precipitation and cloud patterns and other factors - so certainly when you think about replicating changes in clouds, we are very, very far away from being able to do that.
"I guess we will never get to perfectly match nature, but I am hopeful as scientists we can do much, much better, given funding resources."
The team found that the greater investment in the design and monitoring of experiments, the more accurate the result.
"We have a very consistent message from the long-term historical records about how plants are changing, but we need to think more critically about how we fund and invest in and really design experiments," said Dr Wolkovich.
"We do need them in the future, they are the best way going forward to project how species are changing but right now what we're doing isn't working as well as I think it could."
Other researchers were equally surprised by the results.
Dr This Rutishauser is at the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of Bern in Switzerland. He says that in light of this work scientists will have to rethink the impacts of global warming.
"The bottom line is that the impacts might be bigger than we have believed until now. That's going to provoke a lot of work to probably revise modelling results for estimations of what's going to happen in the future for food production especially."
Dr Wolkovich agrees that if the models are so significantly underestimating the real world observations, there could be also be impacts on water the world over.
"If a whole plant community starts growing a week earlier than we expect according to these experiments, it's going to take up a lot more water over the growing season and if you add to that many years of the model projections, you are going to see big changes in the water supply."
She appeals to people to get involved in citizen science projects and help gather data on flowering and leafing, especially in remote areas.
The National Phenology Network in the US logged its millionth observation this week, and similar programmes are underway in the UK, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, and a pan-European database is under development.
"We have very few monitoring networks. We need many, many people out there observing this because it is changing faster and across more habitats than we are currently measuring - we need more help!"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Historically, the name for a weighing device is scales. It is plural because scales had two clear parts in which one thing was weighed against another. So, they looked like this:
Modern scales don't involve balancing things in two plates (photo from here):
(b)AmE has changed along with the scales, so that item (b) is usually called a bathroom scale, but scales is still used for the older kind. In BrE and AusE, however, it is still called scales, no matter whether it has two salient parts or not. When Anna Wierzbicka (Semantics: primes and universals) asked Australians why the word is plural, they answered that it was because there are lots of little numbers on the contraption. This seems to be a case of the word leading the thinking about an object. That is, because they say scales instead of scale, some people think about scales as being'made up' of little numbers because they need to make sense of the fact that this singular object gets a plural name. Wierzbicka also notes that Australian English has shifted from speaking of a pair of scales, to a set of scales (for (b)). There, it looks like the name scales was broadened to cover (b) as well as (a), but when people started to think of numbers (of which there are many) rather than the plates on which measurable bits are put (which come in pairs in (a)-type scales) as the 'plural' part of scales, they shifted to thinking of scales as sets, rather than pairs.
Hm, aren't you just dying to take a lexical semantics course now? Or at least in the market for a textbook? Hey, maybe I can get you a discount...


a consequence.
I generally dislike throwing exceptions when setting parameters since it means having to catch any exception thrown, so I tend to favor validation in build(). So for this reason, I prefer using RuntimeException since again, errors in parameters passed should not generally happen.
However, this is more of a best practice than anything. I hope that answers your question.
As far as I know, the general practice (not sure if there's consensus) is to fail as early as you can feasibly discover an error. This also makes it more difficult to unintentionally misuse your API.
If it is a trivial attribute that can be checked on input, such as a capacity or length which should be non-negative, then you're best to fail immediately. Holding off the error increases the distance between mistake and feedback, which makes it more difficult to find the source of the problem.
If you have the misfortune of being in a situation where the validity of an attribute depends on others, then you have two choices:
 - Require that both (or more) attributes be supplied simultaneously (i.e. single method invocation).
 - Test validity as soon as you know no more changes are incoming: when build() or so is called.
As with most things, this is a decision made in a context. If the context makes it awkward or complicated to fail early, a trade-off can be made to defer checks to a later time, but fail-fast should be the default.
 - So to summarize, you are saying that it is reasonable to validate as early as possible everything that could have been covered in an object/primitive type? Like unsigned, _USER_, etc. – skiwi May 28 '14 at 12:57
 - 2
 _USER_ Pretty much, yes. Domain checks, null checks, that sort of thing. I wouldn't advocate putting much more in it than that: builders are generally simple things. – JvR May 28 '14 at 15:33
 - 1
 It may be worth noting that if the validity of one parameter depends upon the value of another, one can only legitimately reject a parameter value if one knows that the other is "really" established. If it is permissible to set a parameter value multiple times [with the last setting taking precedence], then in some cases the most natural way to set up an object may be to set parameter X to a value which is invalid given the present value of Y, but before calling build() set Y to a value which would make X valid. – supercat May 28 '14 at 20:55
 - If e.g. one is building a Shape and the builder has WithLeft and WithRight properties, and one wishes to adjust a builder to construct an object in a different place, requiring that WithRight be called first when moving an object right, and WithLeft when moving it left, would add needless complexity compared with allowing WithLeft to set the left edge to the right of the old right edge provided that WithRight fixes the right edge before build is called. – supercat May 28 '14 at 20:57
The basic rule is "fail early".
The slightly more advanced rule is "fail as early as possible".
If a property is intrinsically invalid...
CarBuilder.numberOfWheels( -1 )....
... then you reject it immediately.
Other cases might need values to be checked in combination and might be better placed in the build() method:
CarBuilder.numberOfWheels( 0 ).type( 'Hovercraft' )....
Your Answer


text:
Can You Pour A Unit? Activity Set
Made for UK!
Can you pour a unit? This fun activity set asks that question and helps participants learn to judge the appearance of a unit of alcohol for different types of drinks. The included activity guide explains what a unit of alcohol is, recommended alcohol unit limits, and the equation for determining an alcohol unit. Also features four fun activities, discussion about alcohol units and drink-driving, and a chart providing the number of millilitres in a unit of alcohol in some typical alcoholic beverages. In addition to the activity guide, the set includes a measuring container, carafe, pint glass, wine glass, spirit glass, mixer glass, food colouring, two-sided tent card, and carrying case.


Difference between revisions of "Ditto (Pokémon)"
45 bytes added, 19:17, 5 June 2011
(→In the anime: not sure where to put this)
Also in [[Generation I]], any Pokémon that uses Transform is regarded as a Ditto in its new form; this means that if the player catches a {{p|Mew}} or a Glitch Pokémon which has used the move Transform instead they will obtain a Ditto because a wild {{p|Mew}} cannot be legitimately encountered. This system was later changed in [[Generation III]] so that the {{p|Mew}} on [[Faraway Island]] is not caught as Ditto if it uses Transform.
By exploiting the factors that determine a [[shiny Pokémon]], a shiny Ditto can be obtained by trading the [[red Gyarados]] to Generation I and capturing a Ditto that transforms into it. A similar glitch occurs if a regular Ditto is made to transform into a shiny Ditto in Generation II. For more on this, see [[shiny ditto clitch]]
Several more glitches involving Ditto's transformation have been discovered in [[Generation IV]] as well. In the original Japanese {{2v2|Diamond|Pearl}}, due to an oversight in the programming of Transform, a Ditto will copy the Pokémon's [[held item]] in addition to its species, allowing rare items to be duplicated. Another glitch allows for Ditto to transform and then permanently keep the moveset of the Pokémon it became, allowing for the passing down of previously impossible [[egg move]] combinations in a large-scale version of {{p|Smeargle}}'s ability to do so with all {{egg2|Ground}} Pokémon through {{m|Sketch}}.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In Euclidean space, There is a classic Theorem claims that: The length of every rectifiable curve can be approximated by sufficiently small straight line segment with ends on the curve.
Now, The question is that: Is there a similar thing happen on plane of constant curvature? I.e., Can the length of every rectifiable curve on the plane of constant curvature be approximated by sufficiently small geodesic line segment?
share|improve this question
Yes, this is normally how the length of the curve would be defined, if it is not assumed to be smooth. – yasmar Nov 11 '11 at 18:26
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Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
The Top English Grammar Tips From A–Z
1pausa del café femenino
- The proceedings of the Ladies Club have come to a halt for a coffee break.
- The two men were having their daily midmorning coffee break.
- A good American friend asked me the question some time ago in the middle of a coffee break with friends.
- About the second night I rode with him, we took a coffee break.
- I'm just taking time out for a coffee break.
- Some fit in by shooting the breeze during extended coffee breaks.
- The keynote speeches were followed by a coffee break.
- Staff members can lounge outdoors on a balcony during coffee breaks.
- All the staff were willing to talk well into their hard-earned coffee break!
- Each session will include a tea / coffee break.
- My imaginary software company was going to have coffee breaks with free donuts every hour.
- The first part of the conference (up to the morning coffee break) was devoted to reports of unusual experiences in everyday life.
- Austrian city dwellers often take a midafternoon coffee break at a national institution, the coffeehouse.
- I decided a short coffee break was what the situation suggested.
- Don't lunch privately or take coffee breaks with the same person all the time.
- For example, save the coffee break or quick bite for later.
- In fact, at coffee break, there were about five people sitting there.
- A casual conversation at a coffee break in South Africa is shaking up agricultural research throughout the developing world.
- This is a bit of trivia for your coffee break.
- I was able to show it during a coffee break.
Learning English? Read More About The Language Here!


Early Head Start Teacher in Richmond, TX at BakerRipley
Date Posted: 6/10/2021
Job Snapshot
Job Description
 1. in a manner appropriate to age and stage of development.
 2. Provide a safe, healthy and well-managed environment to meet the changing needs of infants and toddlers.
 3. Develop and implement individualized goals for children that meet their needs and are developmentally appropriate.
 4. Develop an individual plan for each child to include goal setting based on identified needs and prescriptions for objectives and activities to meet established goals (outcomes).
 5. Screen, observe and document student progress in the GOLD online assessment system
 6. Prepare and maintain accurate records, including child observations, individualization, lesson plans, attendance, meal count, parent participation, in-kind contributions and volunteer time sheets.
 7. Establish consistent, stable and supportive relationships with infants/toddlers and their families.
 8. Encourage, facilitate, and support parental involvement in all aspects of the Early Head Start Program.
 9. Schedules home visits and parent-teacher conferences with families as required and on an as-needed basis and documents these events.
 10. Work closely with the Early Head Start Mentor Teacher in planning and implementation of the Early Head Start curriculum
 11. Provide a safe and nurturing environment for infants and toddlers in accordance with all regulations
 12. Perform any other duties as may be required.
Equal Opportunity Employer/Protected Veterans/Individuals with Disabilities


Hawaii's Inhumane Frog Policy
coqui frog in Hawaii
For more, see our website, _URL_.
3 thoughts on "Hawaii's Inhumane Frog Policy
 1. having been to hilo and being a frog loving resident of honolulu I would like to point out that the sounds of the coqui frog are not necessarily…cute. While I get used to them, and I personally don't mind them so much, they are certainly a deafening roar. It seems like you don't understand the gravity of how loud these things can be when they thrive. Also, it is selfish to protect nonnative species just because they are cute or favorable to some people. The fact of the matter is that all native species in Hawaii have become defenseless over thousands of years of isolation, so it is incredibly easy for invasive species to take root and destroy the natural habitat and degrade our ecosystem. It has happened too many times to count, with ants, rats, pigs, chickens, parrots, cane toads, invasive algae, strawberry guava trees, octopus trees, and so on and so forth. It is a great battle in Hawaii to protect our biodiversity, and to be honest we're loosing it. Hawaii (which also is home to some of the largest amount of endemic species on the planet) has one of the highest extinction rates in the world, because of mainly one thing: Invasive species. It is ignorant to compare coqui's to protected native organisms. While I personally love all frogs, these do not belong in Hawaii. They are malignant to the natural habitat of the islands, despite their loud night time conversations. We brought them here, and unfortunately due to our irresponsibility we are faced with the task of eradicating them before it is too late. By all means protect them where they are naturally, but please don't encourage invasive species. They are already harmful enough without your short sighted input. Sorry to be harsh. have a good day.
 2. You neglected to address the author's point about not treating them inhumanely. Why not let people transport them back to their native area if they want to? Is it really necessary to burn them with acid instead?
Comments are closed.


text:
When ever we have to restore existing database, we always get error "Exclusive access could not be obtained because the database is in use" And what we do to kill all spids we either take database offline or in single_user_mode.
But is this the right solution?
1. Drawbacks for taking database in offline:
- Some times it takes very long time to take database offline / online depend on size of database.
- If data file \ log file have internal corruption then you will not able to take database online again.
2. Drawbacks for taking database in single_user_mode:
- If you are taking database in single user mode and you didn't have any sessions on database you might not able to get session on database again to make it multi user or to run restore.
- Many times you will struggle to make database in multi user and some time if you are unlucky you have to restart sql database
- Some times by the time you make database in single_user_mode, some of system spid will take session and you cant kill system spid the only way to recover is restart sql server.
- If database is having any negative spid on it then you cant kill negative spid if database is in single user mode.
So best option is to kill all spid
How To Kill All SPID In Database
How To Kill All SPID On Multiple Databases


Closing the tax loopholes: A Buffett rule for Australia
by Matt Grudnoff
The report examines merits of a "Buffet rule" for Australia. The rule is named after billionaire investor Warren Buffett, who commented that his secretary should not pay a higher average rate of tax than he does.
This paper is the first in a series of policy proposals that would not only reduce Australia's budget deficit, but do so in a fairer and more equitable way than the measures rejected by the Senate.
The idea of the Buffett Rule is to charge a minimum average rate of tax on very high income households based on their total income. This applies to their income before they go through the process of making tax deductions. This would mean that if very high income households are able to make large deductions to reduce their taxable income to low levels they would still pay a reasonable amount of tax based on their total income.
Full report


Eggs-pert advice on how to have a dog-friendly Easter
With the bank holiday Easter weekend fast approaching, Dogs Trust is reminding owners to keep chocolate out of reach of our four-legged friends.
As Easter eggs and other tasty cocoa treats find their way into homes, the charity hopes to raise awareness of the continued rise that the consumption of chocolate poses to our canine companions.
Dogs Trust is providing top tips and advice for owners on how to have a dog-friendly Easter.
Josie Cocks, Dogs Trust Veterinary Surgeon, explains the importance of not allowing dogs to eat human chocolate: "Chocolate can be poisonous to dogs, so owners should ensure they keep it out of reach of their four-legged friends. Whilst some chocolate is more toxic than others, any amount is potentially harmful to your dog.
"If you suspect your dog has eaten chocolate, we advise owners to contact their vets immediately. Chocolate poisoning can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive thirst, excitability, drooling, seizures and potentially kidney and heart failure."
The charity advises:
 - Never give your pooch any human chocolate as a treat. Ensure that children and visitors understand why and adhere to this rule too.
 - Make sure bins are dog-proof to prevent them scavenging through rubbish.
 - Never leave any chocolate unsupervised, such as cakes cooling on worktop surfaces.
 - Teach your dog the 'leave' command so that if they are about to eat something they shouldn't, you can have confidence that they will move away from it.
 - Keep a close eye on your dog whilst out walking, to avoid them scoffing, discarded food that is potentially harmful.
Although our canine companions shouldn't be eating human chocolate, there are plenty of other ways for them to enjoy the holiday weekend.
Tamsin Durston, Canine Behaviour Officer at Dogs Trust offers some suggestion: "There are plenty of exciting things we can do with our pets over the holiday weekend. Taking them on their own Easter hunt around the house that includes dog-friendly treats instead of chocolate is a great way of bonding and giving our dogs lots of stimulation.
"You could also use the front of Easter egg boxes to teach your dog to do the snoot challenge or use the boxes to hide their toys or treats in them to sniff out. If you want to have a go at something a little bit different, get a couple of boxes set a little distance apart and holding your dog's treats or favourite toy in one hand, slowly start to move them in a figure of eight around the two items, swapping the reward into your other hand at the centre point. Dog owners could also build them their own Easter bunny burrow, or 'Doggy Den' so your furry friend has a cosy and comfortable place to sleep."
For more information and advice visit


Partisanen-/Bandenbekämpfung und Besetzung in der UdSSR; Frontkämpfer an der Ostfront; Nachkriegszeit Bewaffnete Organe.
Communist and Socialist Claims to the Frontkämpfer Legacy, _PHONE_
Matthew Bucholtz
Cultivated during the Third Reich, the Myth of the Frontkämpfer, or Front Fighter, as an ardent rightwing supporter, became a central pillar of National Socialist political life. However, there is ample evidence to show that German veterans of the First World War did not exhibit such political unity, before and especially after the war. This paper argues that the Frontkämpfer identity had remarkable political flexibility as reflected by Communist and Socialist claims to represent the community of Front Fighters.


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PRODUCT NAME: Health Ok Syrup 200ml
PACK SIZE: 200ml Bottle
The syrup is rich in essential nutrients and minerals that helps improve your overall health and well being. Amino acids in the Health Ok Syrup help in the proper growth and development. It helps improve the blood circulation and oxygen saturation.?Also, the syrup supports the functioning of the central nervous system.
It contains Amino Acids, Antioxidants, Multivitamin, and minerals like Ascorbic acid, Cyanocobalamin, D panthenol, Folic acid, Isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, Threonine, L- valine, Methionine, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine, Thiamine mononitrate and Tryptophan.
- A health tonic that helps get rid of weakness and fatigue
- The syrup provides essential nutrients to the body
- Treats sleep problems
- Helps with depression and improves the mood
- Increases energy levels
- Also helps with post febrile convalescence, diabetes, surgery, burns, trauma, and prolonged illness
- Safe and Effective.
Take 1 teaspoonful of the syrup daily, or as directed by the healthcare professional.
- Do not exceed the recommended dose.
- Store the capsule in a cool, dry place. Away from direct sunlight.
- Keep out of reach of children.
USE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION


Introvert Meaning: How Do You Define the Interesting Slang Term 'Introvert'?
If you have encountered the word "introvert" during conversation either online or face-to-face and were thinking it is a slang term, then you would be incorrect. This term is not a form of slang at all and is a widely used term in one field of medicine. Here you will find the real meaning of this term, learn about its origin, and find some other meanings if there are any.
Conversation examples are provided here as well for you to see how the term is used properly in everyday usage and to gain a better understanding of the term itself. Finally, you will see some other words that you can use interchangeably as a substitution for this term that will keep its same meaning intact.
Introvert Meaning
What Does Introvert Mean?
This term is used to describe someone likely to keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves. They are reluctant to share their thoughts and feelings with others, are generally shy, and are content spending a large percentage of their time alone.
Origin of Introvert
This term has been used since the 17th-century and was derived from the Latin word "introvertere." It is a portmanteau of two words with "intro" meaning "to the inside" and the word "vertere" which means "to twist or turn." It is widely used as a term in the field of psychology to describe a part of a person's personality and how they behave with others.
Other Meanings
There are currently no other known meanings of this term.
Conversation Examples
A discussion between two friends via text message.
 - Friend 1: Would you say that I am an introvert?
 - Friend 2: You are shy and you do like to spend a lot of time alone You also have difficulty letting people in and making friends. So, yes I would say you were.
 - Friend 1: Okay! I thought so too, I just wanted to make sure I was understanding the definition correctly.
An online conversation between two Facebook users.
 - User 1: I am happy to be an introvert. It allows me to have less drama from other people in my life.
 - User 2: While that may be true, I am sure it can be lonely at times.
 - User 1: Sometimes it can be. That is okay with me though. I am accustomed to those feelings.
Synonyms for Introvert
There are several words that you can use in place of this term that would not change the meaning of this original word. Some other words you could use in its place include:
 - reserved
 - shy
 - withdrawn
Introvert Meaning Infographic
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the polled type is genetically dominant over the horned type, when a horned dam is bred to a polled sire or a polled dam is bred by a horned sire, approximately 85-90% of the offspring will be genetically polled. That is of great importance to the polled Nelore selection, as breeders have access to both the polled and the horned Nelore genetic banks. It also allows breeders of the horned type to easily start a polled herd simply by using a polled sire on their dams.
CrossbreedingThere is a universal trend toward meat production through crossbreeding. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is the biological phenomenon in which the performance of the offspring is greater than the average of the parents. The more distantly related the parents are, the greater is the hybrid vigor response in their progeny. Classic scientists like Linneo and Darwin supported the idea of Bos Indicus (Nelore) and Bos Taurus (European) to be considered separate species due to the differences they presented from the adaptation to environments diametrically opposites in latitude. In beef cattle, maximum hybrid vigor results from crossbreeding these two historically unrelated species.
Hybrid vigor in beef cattle is expressed in heavier weaning weights, increased milk production, greater calf vitality, higher fertility and increased resistance to disease. In addition to increased weight for age and greater carcass efficiency, the hybrid animal inherits to a great extent many economic characteristics of its Nelore parent, such as drought resistance, heat tolerance, disease resistance and increased longevity.
Ina recent research done by the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Nebraska, the Nelore F1s showed the largest percentage of unassisted calving, the highest weaning percentage, and their offspring calves were 2nd in 200-day weaning weight of the 11 breeds evaluated. These results combined placed the Nelore F1s as the most productive dams, with an impressive 115.0 ratio.
U.S. MEAT ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTER - Clay Center, Nebraska GERM PLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM - Cycle IV, Phase 3. Calves born 1988-89*_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Breed group Number of % Calving Birth % Calves 200 day lb weaned per Ratio % of dam cows unassisted weight, lb weaned weight, lb 100 cows _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Original HAx 74 67.6 75.6 83 458.3 38,039 91.6 Current HAx 78 68.9 80.2 89 487.5 43,388 104.4 Charolais 60 72.9 83.0 76 498.7 37,901 91.2 Gelbvieh 68 70.7 78.7 79 507.7 40,108 96.5 Pinzgauer 72 64.0 82.4 81 508.1 41,156 99.1 Shorthorn 43 75.2 84.0 85 512.6 43,571 104.9 Galloway 67 74.9 74.1 80 449.2 35,936 86.5 Longhorn 70 86.0 74.9 89 464.2 41,314 99.4 Nelore 69 95.1 70.7 93 513.5 47,756 115.0 Piedmontese 78 64.6 79.2 88 491.9 43,287 104.2 Salers 58 85.7 82.5 85 523.9 44,532 107.2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the United States a common spelling for the breed is Nellore. When the Ongole breed was first imported from Andhra Pradesh to Brazil it was called "Nellore" after the district of origin. Soon the extra "L" was dropped since it is not necessary in Portuguese. Several authors now give Nellore as a synonym of the Ongole breed from India.
* Data are for 560 F1 females exposed to Red Poll bulls to produce first calves at 2 years of age and for 312 F1 females exposed to Simmental bulls to produce their second calves at 3 years of age.
Reference:Correspondence, João Pedro Flecha De Lima, Rua Prof. Alexandre Correa, 591 - 4 and. 05657-230 Sao Paulo, SP - BRAZIL E-mail: _EMAIL_:
Joshi, N.R., Phillips, R.W. (1953) Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan, FAO Agriculture Studies No. 19, Publ. by FAO, Rome, 256 pp.
Mason, I.L. World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds. Third Edition. C.A.B International. 1988
Correspondence, I.L. Mason, Edinburgh, ScotlandJoão Pedro Flecha De Lima, São Paulo, SP - Brazil


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WATERMAN, TEXAS. Waterman is near the Attoyac River fourteen miles southeast of Center in southern Shelby County. It was founded about 1905 as a sawmill town and named for the owner of the Waterman Lumber Company. In 1906 the community received a post office; William M. Waterman was postmaster. A spur of the Santa Fe Railroad was constructed to the town, and by 1914 Waterman had a population of 476. Gradually, however, the timber owned by the company began to play out, and Waterman Mill closed abruptly in 1912 or 1913. Mill owners left for Wascom, where a new mill was built. Waterman Mill and all its land was sold to Frost Lumbering Industries in 1920. Most mill people were gone by the end of World War I. The post office was closed in 1926, and by 1938 Waterman was a small church and school community that served a scholastic population of fifty-seven. The school district was consolidated with the Center school district by 1955, and in 1990 Waterman had a population of fifty-three. The population remained the same in 2000.
Patricia R. McCoy, Shelby County Sampler (Lufkin, Texas, 1982).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Cecil Harper, Jr., "WATERMAN, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 18, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text: A unified apparent resistivity equation is derived encompassing eight electrode configurations for Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS) on Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data. Suitable parameters are worked out to convert unified equation to a particular configuration viz. Wenner, Pole-Pole, Schlumberger, Pole-Dipole, Radial Dipole, Perpendicular Dipole, Parallel Dipole and Azimuthal Dipole. The derived equation is validated by forward computations of VES data for a 5-layer earth model that compares well with that of VES data obtained using existing individual equations for a particular configuration. SIS scheme is briefly described and a Schlumberger synthetic sounding data is generated using the unified equation over model riddled with equivalence /suppression and subsequently inverted using SIS to show the resolving power of the scheme via-a-vis low resistivity contrast between the layers. Two examples of field Schlumberger soundings from known lithology on a paleochannel in Mario Island in Northern Brazil are also included and the inverted continuous resistivity variation is presented to show the efficacy of the scheme.


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In Kenya, secondary school teachers are responsible for teaching the curriculum subjects that are approved by the government. This is one of the most important stages in the education of students as it greatly influences their career path. Over the years, Kenyan teachersthrough their union, Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT), have been able to negotiate improved salary scales. For secondary school teachers, there is more than teaching. This important profession calls for the preparation of lesson plans, teaching based on the stipulated curriculum, testing students, encouraging them and even counseling them. This guide gives information on the secondary school teachers salary in Kenya and their qualifications.
Secondary school teachers can either be employed by the government in public schools or in private schools. In most cases, such teachers must be university graduates with a degree in education and registered by the Teachers Service Commission (TSC). Public school teachers are paid using the TSC salary structure while private school teachers' salary is usually determined at the school level. The typical responsibilities of secondary school teachers include:
- Preparation of lesson plans
- Contact time with students
- Marking student' work
- Attending staff meetings
- Liaising with parents
- Monitoring extracurricular activities
- Continuous professional development
Job description for secondary school teachers
- The job description of secondary school teachers goes beyond the classroom. Based on the basic salary for secondary school teachers in Kenya, teachers are paid to perform a number of roles. As is expected, the primary role of teachers is the dissemination of knowledge guided by the curriculum of the country. In Kenya, teachers are hired based on the specific subjects they have specialized in to teach.
- Apart from teaching, secondary school teachers are expected to prepare lesson plans for their classes. Such lesson plans ought to be in accordance with the national curriculum. The transfer of knowledge through specific learning subjects has to be done in a creative, interactive and engaging manner.
- Teaching requires that students be tested periodically to check their progress. This is achieved with the aid of individual assignments and continuous assessment tests. It is the duty of the teacher to mark the students' work and providing necessary feedback in return. Here, teachers are supposed to give constructive criticism, encouragement, and support. Most importantly, modern teaching pays attention to the individual needs of each student and customize learning content to fit those needs.
- The job description of secondary school teachers also requires them to take part in events and projects outside the classroom. Schools have outings that are educational, cultural and sports oriented. During such events, any teacher or group of teachers can be called upon to accompany the students. The teaching profession does not mean working with students all the time. Frequently, teachers are required to attend meetings with other teachers and school staff. In addition, they have to attend seminars and training from time to time.
Secondary school teacher qualifications
Qualifications are important because they are used to evaluate high school teachers salary. Secondary school teachers are required to have a grade of C+ and above in their KCSE. This grade should be accompanied with a diploma in education. Alternatively, one can have a KCSE C+ grade and a Bachelor's degree in Education or a Postgraduate Diploma in Education. Below are some of the qualifications for one to be hired as a teacher in Kenya:
- Postgraduate Diploma in Education.or KCSE score of a C+ and a Diploma in Education or KSCE C+ and Bachelor's in education
- One has to be a Kenyan citizen
- The age of an applicant should not be more than 45 years
- An applicant must be registered as a teacher as stipulated by section 23 of the Teachers Service Commission Act of 2012
- Possession of original professional and academic certificates
Secondary school teachers' salary
According to Implementation of CBA for Teachers, as of 1st July 2017, the grading structure based on Job Groups "G" to "R" was replaced with Teacher Scales ("T- Scale5" to "T- Scale 15". The new Collective Bargaining Agreement saw teachers allowances being amalgamated into their basic salary. The Kenyan teachers salary scale is determined based on the qualifications and experience of the teacher. Some of the teacher allowances include:
- House allowance
- Hardship allowance
- Commuter allowance
- Annual leave allowance
- Disability guide allowance
- Special school allowance
The salary of secondary school teachers in Kenya is better now than it was a few years ago. According to Circular No 15-2018 implementation of CBA phase 11, the salary range of chief principals is from 102,807- 148,360 Shillings. Senior principals and deputy principal I earn between 87,900 and 109,249 shillings. The average salary of a deputy principal II is 68,428 shillings. Deputy Principals III and senior masters take home between 59,286 and 77,840 shillings. The following are salary scales for other secondary school teachers:
Secondary teacher I: 29,285- 47,896 shillings
Secondary teacher II: 21,719- 42,642 shillings
Secondary teacher III: 25,929- 31,956 shillings
Now you have the secondary school teachers salary in Kenya, minimum credentials to qualify for application as well as the responsibilities of you as a teacher. Go ahead and prepare for the interview. Goodluck!
- New TSC salaries and grading system for teachers 2018
- New teachers pay rise 2018
- Teachers Service Commission Salary Scales: Is It Time For A Better Pay?
- Teachers salaries to be reviewed after job evaluation - TSC
- TSC new teacher registration guide


ProcedureHow to Set Up a Slave Server
 1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
 2. Edit the /etc/hosts or /etc/inet/ipnodes file on the slave server to add the name and IP addresses of all the other NIS servers.
 3. Change directory to /var/yp on the slave server.
 Note –
 You must first configure the new slave server as an NIS client so that it can get the NIS maps from the master for the first time. See Setting Up NIS Clients for details.
 4. Initialize the slave server as a client.
 # /usr/sbin/ypinit -c
 The ypinit command prompts you for a list of NIS servers. Enter the name of the local slave you are working on first, then the master server, followed by the other NIS slave servers in your domain in order from the physically closest to the furthest in network terms.
 5. Determine if the NIS client is running, then start the client service as needed.
 # svcs network/nis/client
 STATE STIME FMRI
 online 20:32:56 svc:/network/nis/client:default
 If svc:/network/nis/client is displayed with an online state, then NIS is running. If the service state is disabled, then NIS is not running.
 1. If the NIS client is running, restart the client service.
 # svcadm restart network/nis/client
 2. If the NIS client is not running, start the client service.
 # svcadm enable network/nis/client
 6. Initialize this machine as a slave.
 # /usr/sbin/ypinit -s master
 Where master is the machine name of the existing NIS master server.
 Repeat the procedures described in this section for each machine you want configured as an NIS slave server.


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(botany) Any of the metabolically-active parenchyma cells associated with a sieve tube element in the phloem tissues of angiosperms, and whose function is to provide energy to the sieve tube element during translocation
The phloem is the vascular tissue that carries out the function of translocation (i.e. the process of transporting photosynthate materials from the photosynthetic plant organs to various parts of the plant). The phloem is comprised of the following major components: (1) sieve element, (2) companion cell, (3) phloem sclerenchyma, and (4) phloem parenchyma.
The companion cells are specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem tissues of the angiosperms. They are nucleated living cells with several ribosomes, plastids, and mitochondria. Their nuclei and nucleoli are relatively large (an indication of being metabolically active). They are closely associated with the sieve tube elements. They connect to them via the plasmodesmata. They provide energy to the sieve elements during food transport (translocation).
A companion cell and the associated sieve element have an ontogenic relationship, which means that they arose from a common progenitor cell. The companion cell though is smaller and narrower than the sieve tube element.
There are two types of companion cells: the ordinary companion cells and the transfer cells. The transfer cells differ from the ordinary companion cells in having plasma membrane infoldings, which increase the surface area that permit larger areas of transfer.
Companion cells are present only in angiosperms. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms do not have companion cells although some of them have a cell with similar function (called albuminous cell) that is closely associated with the sieve cell. However, there is no ontogenic relationship between an albuminous cell and the sieve cell.


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Semi-Infinite Strip Problem in the Mechanics of Composite Materials
elasticity, bimaterial interface, semi-infinite strip, singularities
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Many problems, ranging from interface-fiber fracture to determining the strength of fiber-matrix interfaces in composites, can be greatly assisted by a complete understanding of the boundary value problem of a semi-infinite strip. The specific boundary value problem of a semi-infinite strip with symmetric tractions on the transverse edges and normal loads on the end is investigated in the present study. The nature of the singular behavior in the slope of the end vertical displacement at the corner points is found. An asymptotic analysis of the solution shows that, depending on the nature of the applied stresses in the vicinity of the corner points, the singularity in the slope of the end vertical displacement may either be a power or logarithmic type, both, or not exist at all. Illustrative examples, for which exact or numerical results are known, are given. Numerical procedures are also given. The direct application of the results of the paper are illustrated for several problems in the mechanics of composite materials.
Was this content written or created while at USF?
Citation / Publisher Attribution
Journal of Composites, Technology and Research, v. 13, issue 2, p. 65-77
Scholar Commons Citation
Kaw, Autar and Goree, James, "Semi-Infinite Strip Problem in the Mechanics of Composite Materials" (1991). Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications. 194.


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The History of the Ukulele
Hawaii is a true melting pot of many ethnicities. They range from those with Hawaiian ancestry, from Asian backgrounds as well as those from Europe, including Portugal. During the late 19th century, men and women immigrated from the Portuguese islands of Madeira and Azores to the Hawaiian Islands. This migration lasted from 1878 to 1913, bringing many of the Portuguese influences evident in Hawaii today. Some of these items have become iconic aspects of Hawaiian culture, whether it is in food, customs or music. One of icons is the ukulele. Here is an overview of the history of the ukulele.
History of the Ukulele in Hawaii
The history of the ukulele in Hawaii is a colorful one. Most people associate the ukulele with Hawaii's island-culture, without knowing the instrument's true origin. According to one version of the history, the ukulele made its first appearance in Hawaii in 1879. This occurred with a new immigrant from Madeira, named Joao Fernandes. His arrival in Hawaii made him so happy that he began playing a braguinha as soon as he was off the boat. The braguinha was a precursor to the ukulele. His joyful playing and the way his fingers danced up and down the strings astounded onlookers. As a result, they began to refer to the instrument as the "jumping flea." The word ukulele itself comes from the Hawaiian words uku, meaning gift or reward, and lele, meaning to come.
Types of Ukuleles
The beautifully crafted instruments are in the guitar family. Although they are usually strung with four nylon strings instead of customary six steel strings on a regular guitar. Ukulele makers typically make the instrument from the native Hawaiian koa tree, mango, mahogany, cedar, redwood or spruce.
There are four main kinds of ukuleles, ranging from smallest to largest. The soprano is the most common. The concert is popular for live performances. Musicians typically play the tenor in acoustic or recording sessions. While others play the baritone where deeper tones are needed. Most ukuleles have 4 strings, although there can be as many as 10 or 12 on some variations of the instrument.
The Popularity of the Ukulele
King David Kalakaua popularized the instrument in the late 19th century by learning to play it himself. He also did this by encouraging the playing of ukuleles during hula dances and royal ceremonies. Because of its popularity, three men from Madeira named Augusto Dias, Jose de Santos, and Manuel Nunes, opened up a ukulele shop in Honolulu. Their beautiful ukuleles would sell for about $5 apiece. As Hawaii was becoming a hub of travel and trade, stores soon began selling ukuleles on the mainland US and elsewhere.
Although ukuleles have fluctuated in popularity, you can still hear them in jazz music, romantic songs and even film soundtracks. Ukulele performers from Hawaii have found a new and appreciative international audience. Hawaii-born Jake Shimabukuro is probably the most famous guitar virtuoso in the world today. He has been featured in many worldwide concerts as well as on the national media. While they are now manufactured worldwide, the origin and sound of ukuleles are still associated with Hawaii.
The Ukulele Today
The history of the ukulele in Hawaii and its legacy continue to flourish. Today, you can hear ukuleles in Hawaiian hula dances, at Hawaiian weddings or at the beach. During every July on Oahu, music lovers celebrate these iconic instruments at the annual Ukulele Festival. The festival offers hours of open-air ukulele concerts, authentic Hawaiian food booths, ukulele displays, lessons and even free instrument giveaways. Tourists and Hawaii residents unite to celebrate a mutual love of music and Hawaiian culture.
One of the most notable moments of the events occurs when nearly 800 young students play in a stunning ukulele orchestra. Families planning a trip to Hawaii should consider going to Oahu in July during this festival. This is because this is an unforgettable way for children to expand their knowledge of these beautiful instruments. One of the most beautiful aspects of Hawaiian culture is the music. So for many, there is no sound more soothing than the melodious strumming of a ukulele.


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The tkinter.scrolledtext module provides a class of the same name which implements a basic text widget which has a vertical scroll bar configured to do the "right thing." Using the ScrolledText class is a lot easier than setting up a text widget and scroll bar directly. The constructor is the same as that of the tkinter.Text class.
The text widget and scrollbar are packed together in a Frame, and the methods of the Grid and Pack geometry managers are acquired from the Frame object. This allows the ScrolledText widget to be used directly to achieve most normal geometry management behavior.
Should more specific control be necessary, the following attributes are available:
The frame which surrounds the text and scroll bar widgets.
The scroll bar widget.


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Through EMDS, decision makers can apply logical models of ideal ecosystem conditions against spatially referenced information and then prioritize the results for a maximum net benefit to the environment based on management constraints and opportunities.
EMDS integrates the logic engine of NetWeaver from Rules of Thumb, Inc. to perform create a logical model and perform various evaluations against it, and the decision modeling engine of Criterium DecisionPlus from InfoHarvest, Inc. for evaluating management priorities to create an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments. Logic processing in EMDS is performed by the NetWeaver engine. Data input to the engine is mediated by the EMDS Project Environment and ArcMap.
Logic models (knowledge bases) that describe logical relations among ecosystem states and processes are created in NetWeaver Developer. NetWeaver readily supports design of knowledge bases for the types of large, complex, and abstract problems typically posed by ecosystem management. Priority Analyst is a dynamic MCDA tool that extends the functionality of EMDS to include integrated planning. The Priority Analyst can be used for priority setting, resource allocation, and trade-off analysis once a particular analysis has been completed in EMDS. The process of MCDA involves ranking alternative actions based on how well each rates against a set of decision criteria. Priority Analyst includes a variety of diagnostic tools that help developers, users, and the general public, understand the basis for planning priorities.


The Name You Know.
The Name You Trust.
The Name You
The Name You
What information is needed in a prescription drug crime defense?
No matter the circumstances of the prescription drug crime arrest, all Florida residents who are accused of prescription drug possession will have the right to a criminal defense. In order to successfully defend against a prescription drug crime, though, a defense attorney will require specific documentation from his or her client. Sometimes, this information is personal in nature.
First, your defense attorney will request that you provide him or her with the arrest record relating to your prescription drug possession charges. Each time you are arrested, the police prepare a special arrest report. This report is vital to the defense of your case because it indicates the nature of your arrest and the circumstances under which your arrest occurred.
Your defense attorney will also want a copy of your police file, which will contain pictures, notes, maps and information from interviews relating to your arrest and charges. The police file will also contain additional information that was uncovered by authorities during the investigation of your alleged crime. It will further contain details about the evidence that authorities have collected and plan to use against you in court.
Your criminal record will be important because, if you have been arrested before, this could negatively affect your case and elevate the severity of your potential charges in the event that you are convicted. Conversely, if your criminal background is clean, it could help you in your case. Finally, your medical records will be essential to any prescription drug defense. In some cases, for example, prescription drug crime charges can be easily defended against with proof of a valid prescription for the medication from your Florida doctor. Further, proof that you suffered from a medical condition requiring you to take the medication could also support your case.
Source: FindLaw, "Getting Arrested: Documents Your Attorney Will Need", Accessed on April 7, 2015
FindLaw Network


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These are the two basic methods by which an indeterminate skeletal structure is analyzed. In these methods flexibility and stiffness properties of members are employed. These methods have been developed in conventional and matrix forms. Here conventional methods are discussed.
suitable number of releases. The number of releases required is equal to staticalindeterminacy s. Introduction of releases results in displacement discontinuities at these releases under the externally applied loads. Pairs of unknown biactions (forces and moments) are applied at these releases in order to restore the continuity or compatibility of structure.
The computation of these unknown biactions involves solution of? linear simultaneous equations. The number of these equations is equal to staticalindeterminacy s. After the unknown biactions are computed all the internal forces can be computed in the entires tructure using equations of equilibrium and free bodies of members. The required displacements can also be computed using methods of displacement computation.
Inflexibility methods inceunknowns are forces at the releases the method is also called force method. Since computation of displacement is also required at releases for imposing conditions of compatibility the method is also called compatibility method. In computation of displacements use is made of flexibility properties, hence, the method is also called flexibility method.
EQUILIBRIUM and COMPATABILITY CONDITIONS
Thethreeconditionsofequilibriumarethesumofhorizontalforces,verticalforcesandmom ents at anyjoint should beequal to zero.
Forces should be in equilibrium
Displacement of a structure should be compatable
The compatibility conditions for the supports can be given as
1.Roller Support?V=0 2.Hinged Support?V=0,?H=0
3.Fixed Support?V=0,?H=0,??=0
DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
If skeletal structure is subjected to gradually increasing loads, without distorting the initial geometry of structure, that is, causing small displacements, the structure is said to be stable. Dynamic loads and buckling or instability of structural system are not considered here. Ifforthestable structure it is possible to find the internal forces in all the members constituting the structure and supporting reactions at all the supports provided from statically equations of equilibrium only, the structure is said to be determinate.
If it is possible to determine all the support reactions from equations of equilibrium alone the structure is said to be externally determinateelse externally indeterminate. If structure is externally determinatebutitis not possible to determine all internal forces then structure is said to be internally indeterminate. There foreastructural system may be:
(1)Externally indeterminate but internally determinate
(2)Externally determinate but internally indeterminate
(3)Externally and internally indeterminate
(4)Externally and internally determinate
Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone (?H=0;?V=0 ;?M=0). No other conditions are required.
Indeterminate structures cannot be solved using conditions of equilibrium because (?H?0;?V?0;?M?0). Additional conditions are required for solving such structures. Usually matrix methods are adopted.
INDETERMINACYOF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The indeterminacy of a structure is measured as statically (?s) or kinematical (?k) Indeterminacy.
?s= P (M - N + 1) - r = PR- r?k= P (N - 1) + r - s+?k= PM -c P = 6 for space frames subjected to general loading
P = 3 for plane frames subjected to inplane or normal to plane loading. N = Numberof nodes in structural system.
M=Numberofmembersofcompletelystiffstructurewhichincludesfoundationas singly connected system of members.
Incompletely stiff structure thereisnorelease present. In singly connected system of rigid foundation members there is only one route between any two points in which tracks are not retraced. The system is considered comprising of closed rings or loops.
R = Number of loops or rings in completely stiff structure. r = Number of releases in the system.
c = Number of constraints in the system. R = (M - N + 1)
lane and sp ace
trusses?sr educes to:?s=M-
M= Number of members in completely stifftruss.
P = 6 and 3 for space and plane truss respectively
N= Number of nodes in truss.
NDOF = Degrees of freedomat node which is 2 for plane truss and 3 for space truss. For space truss?s=M- 3N+ 6
For plane truss?s= M- 2 N+ 3
Test for static indeterminacy of structural system
If?s> 0 Structure is statically indeterminate
If?s= 0 Structure is statically determinate
and if?s<0 Structure is a mechanism.
It may be noted that structure may be mechanism even if?s >0 if thereleases are present in such away so as to cause collapse as mechanism. The situation of mechanism is unacceptable.
It is difference of the unknown forces (internal forces plusexternal reactions) and the equations of equilibrium.
It is the number of possible relative displacement softhenodes in the directions of stress resultants.
A structure formed by the removing the excess or redundant restraints from an indeterminate structure making it statically determinate is called primary structure. This is required for solving indeterminate structures by flexibility matrix method.
Indeterminate structure Primary Structure
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES :BEAMS
· Solve statically indeterminate beams of degree more than one.
· To solve the problem in matrix notation.
· To compute reactions at all the supports.
· To compute internal resisting bending moment at any section of the continuous beam.
Beams which are statically indeterminate to first degree, were considered. If the structure is statically indeterminate to a degree more than one, then the approach presented in the force method is suitable.
Calculate the support reactions in the continuous beam ABC due to loading as shown in Fig.1.1 Assume EI to be constant throughout.
Select two reactions vise, at B(R1 ) and C(R2 ) as redundant, since the given beam is statically indeterminate to second degree. In this case the primary structure is a cantilever beam AC. The primary structure with a given loading is shown in Fig. 1.2
In the present case, the deflections (? L)1 and (? L) 2 of the released structure at B and C can be readily calculated by moment-area method. Thus
(? L) 1 =? 819.16 / EI
(? L) 2 =? 2311.875/ EI (1)
For the present problem the flexibility matrix is,
a11= 125/3EI,a21= 625/6EI
a12= 625/6EI, a22 = 1000/3EI (2)
In the actual problem the displacements at B and Care zero. Thus the
compatibility conditions for the problem may be written as, a11 R1+ a12 R2 + (? L) 1 = 0
a21 R1+ a22 R2+ (? L) 2 = 0(3)
Substituting the value of E and I in the above equation,
R1 = 10.609 KN and R2 = 3.620 KN
Using equations of static equilibrium, R3 = 0.771 KN m and R4 =?0.755KN m
A Fixed beam AB of constant flexural rigidity is shown in Fig.1.3 The beam is subjected to auniform distributed load of w moment M=wL2 kN.m. Draw Shear force and bending moment diagrams by force method.
Fig 1.3 Fixed Beam with R1 and R2 as Redundant
Select vertical reaction (R1)and the support moment(R2) at B as the redundant. The primary structure in this case is acantilever beam which could be obtained by releasing the redundant R1 andR2.
The R1 is assumed to positive in the upward direction and R2 is assumed to be positive in the counterclockwise direction. Now, calculate deflection at B duetoonly applied loading. Let ( L ) be the transverse deflection at1 B and( L 2 bethe slope at B due to external loading. The positive directions of the selected redundant are shown in Fig.8.3b.
The deflection(? L1)and(? L2)of the released structure can be evaluated from unit load method. Thus,
(? L1) =wL4/8EI - 3wL4/8EI =?wL4/2EI - (1)
(? L2) = wL3/6EI - wL3 /2EI =? 2wL3/3EI --- -(2)
The negative sign indicates that ( L )is downwards and rotation( is 1 L2) clockwise.
A continuous beam ABC is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m in addition to a concentrated load of 10kN as shown in Fig.7.5a, Draw bending moment and shear force diagram. Assume EI to be constant for all members.
It is observed that the continuous beam is statically indeterminate to first degree. Choose the reaction at B, RBy as the redundant. The primary structure is a simply supported beam as shown in Fig.1.11. Now, compute the deflection at B, in the released structure due to uniformly distributed


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Deformation detection determines the quantified change of a scene's geometric state, which is of great importance for the mitigation of hazards and property loss from earth observation. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides an efficient and flexible solution to rapidly capture high precision three-dimensional (3D) point clouds of hillside areas. Most existing methods apply multi-temporal TLS surveys to detect deformations depending on a variety of ground control points (GCPs). However, on the one hand, the deployment of various GCPs is time-consuming and labor-intensive, particularly for difficult terrain areas. On the other hand, in most cases, TLS stations do not form a closed loop, such that cumulative errors cannot be corrected effectively by the existing methods. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper proposes a deformation detection method with limited GCPs based on a novel registration algorithm that accurately registers TLS stations to the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) dense image points. First, the proposed method extracts patch primitives from smoothed hillside points, and adjacent TLS scans are pairwise registered by comparing the geometric and topological information of or between patches. Second, a new multi-station adjustment algorithm is proposed, which makes full use of locally closed loops to reach the global optimal registration. Finally, digital elevation models (DEMs, a DEM is a numerical representation of the terrain surface, formed by height points to represent the topography), slope and aspect maps, and vertical sections are generated from multi-temporal TLS surveys to detect and analyze the deformations. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed deformation detection method obtains good performance for the hillside areas with limited (few) GCPs.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


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Abstract: This paper examines investments in cloud computing using the Benefits Management approach. The major contribution of the paper is to provide a unique insight into how organizations derive value from cloud computing investments. The motivation for writing this paper is to consider the business benefits generated from utilizing cloud computing in a range of organizations. Case studies are used to describe a number of organizations approaches to benefits exploitation using cloud computing. It was found that smaller organizations can generate rapid growth using strategies based on cloud computing. Larger organizations have used utility approaches to reduce the costs of IT infrastructure.
Keywords: Cloud Computing; Benefits Management; Information Systems Management


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Learning Resources | News
Gale Adds More National Geographic Content to Virtual Library
- By Dian Schaffhauser
Instructors, librarians, students, and researchers will have access to a new collection of books, articles, videos, maps, and other resources culled from the collection of National Geographic. Education publisher Gale, which is part of Cengage Learning, has launched National Geographic: People, Animals, and the World. The content includes:
- Books on travel, science, technology, history, environment, animals, photography, and world cultures;
- The full text of National Geographic Traveler magazine from 2010 to the present;
- 325 videos on multiple topics from animals to travel;
- 655 color maps and atlases; and
- 600 downloadable images.
The latest collection is the third National Geographic offering included in Gale's portfolio. The company previously published digital editions of National Geographic Magazine Archive, _PHONE_ and National Geographic Magazine Archive, 1995-Current.
"These resources challenge all users to think about the world from multiple perspectives, such as comparing first-hand accounts with contemporary news coverage, while multimedia helps keep them engaged and enlivens learning and understanding," said Jim Draper, vice president of product strategy and content development for Gale.
Dian Schaffhauser is a writer who covers technology and business for a number of publications. Contact her at _EMAIL_.


id,summary,reporter,owner,description,type,status,component,version,severity,resolution,keywords,cc,stage,has_patch,needs_docs,needs_tests,needs_better_patch,easy,ui_ux 6804,QuerySets should allow for ordering by intermediary tables,floguy,nobody,"Right now if one model is related to another model through a third model, ordering as one would expect is not possible to achieve. Here is an illustration (both using patch #6095 and not): {{{ class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=20) def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=20) groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group, through='Membership') def __unicode__(self): return self.name class Membership(models.Model): person = models.ForeignKey(Person) group = models.ForeignKey(Group) priority = models.IntegerField() }}} This would be the output: {{{ >>> from myapp.models import Group, Person, Membership >>> g1 = Group.objects.create(name='beatles') >>> g2 = Group.objects.create(name='abc') >>> p1 = Person.objects.create(name='John') >>> p2 = Person.objects.create(name='Jane') >>> m1 = Membership.objects.create(person = p1, group = g1, priority=1) >>> m2 = Membership.objects.create(person = p2, group = g2, priority=2) >>> p1.groups.order_by('membership__priority') Traceback (most recent call last):... FieldError: Cannot order by many-valued field:'membership__priority' }}} Without an intermediary model (through=""Membership""), it could happen like this: {{{ >>> Person.objects.filter(id=1).order_by('membership__priority') }}} The idea is that there are some cases where you're absolutely certain that one side of the many-to-many relationship will resolve to a single record (in this case, p1). In those cases, ordering should be possible on the property in the intermediary table. It will become more of a common use case if/when #6095's functionality is added.",,closed,Uncategorized,queryset-refactor,,fixed,,floguy@…,Accepted,0,0,0,0,,


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A pot magnet is a permanent magnet encased in a steel shell, which is sometimes called a pot, hence the name 'pot' magnet.
A permanent magnet emits a magnetic field without the need for any electricity.
Magnetic field lines of a pot magnet
The steel shell helps the pot magnet by increasing its holding power and providing the magnet with added strength and stability.
Magnetic down light being held by a stud pot magnet
Pot magnets are often used as magnetic bases and magnetic holders for large supermarket ceiling signs.
Types of pot magnet: bi-pole, countersunk, internal threaded, stud and through hole
There are five forms of pot magnet: bi-pole, countersunk, through hole, internal threaded, and stud.


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Animals & comic scenes
Other popular themes in Victorian Christmas cards are birds and animals, often depicted in amusing ways, and comic scenes. Dogs, cats, and songbirds were regular subjects in Victorian cards, as they are today. However, the use of frogs, rats, mice, and insects in Christmas cards has declined over the years.
Comic cards usually present situations involving winter scenes, Christmas customs, or politics and current events. While some still amuse us, others treated topics of a less enduring nature and now tend to baffle us.


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Giant hyenas, giraffes and sabretooth cats roamed around Southern Spain 1.8 MY ago. A great collection of fossils have been unearthed at Fonelas in Granada.
BBC article. Scroll down the BBC page – what's wrong with the picture of the sabretooth?
Highlight from here to the bottom of the post to read the answer: The upper canines were behind the lower canines – just like in a modern cat. This doesn't look anywhere near as scary, so most modern pictures of sabretooths – and indeed, prehistoric images – have the big upper teeth at the front.


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1) Script Title: Drop down/ Overlapping Content script
2) Script URL (on DD): _URL_
3) Describe problem: The content under the overlap shows through. Is there a way to make the overlay panel solid so this doesn't happen.
You can see what is happening at the following url:
Click on one of the links on the second horizontal menu: Customer Service, Contact Us, Payment options.


Noise Abatement FAQs
Here are answers to frequently asked questions regarding noise abatement at Tampa International Airport.
What is a Part 150 Study?
A Part 150 Study is a voluntary study that is initiated by an airport sponsor to determine ways to reduce noise over residential and other noise-sensitive areas. It also aids in the determination and planning of compatible and non-compatible land areas surrounding an airport. The purpose of the recently approved Part 150 Study is to evaluate existing conditions and recommend proposed noise abatement and land use management measures intended to reduce the impact of aircraft noise on residents and land areas surrounding the Airport.
In order for our noise abatement program to be a formal program, the Aviation Authority would have to demonstrate to the FAA that the voluntary program was not adequate to mitigate noise impacts as we grow. The FAA requires that airport analyze noise impacts and develop involuntary noise mitigation programs under the guidance of Federal Aviation Regulation Part 161. We have been diligently collecting data as part of the noise office function to be able to quantify the noise issues at TPA in the event that Part 161 becomes our only option. It should be noted that the FAA is very hesitant to approve Part 161 Studies to formalize noise abatement procedures due to capacity issues in the national aviation system, aviation industry and pilot resistance. Part 161 Studies are very controversial and sometimes are challenged in court. The Aviation Authority remains confident that we can implement the voluntary program successfully because we are vigilant. We do look at the involuntary program option when we update our Part 150 Study, however with the cooperation we receive from our Air Traffic Control Tower staff it hasn't been warranted.
What should prospective home buyers in Hillsborough County do before purchasing property?
The Aviation Authority can help you learn about the varying flight patterns, peak travel month, and potential noise impact areas from aircraft operations. We can provide flight track information that show predominant aircraft flight patterns at TPA. We encourage home buyers to visit properties at several different times of the day and during various seasons. For additional information, call the noise office at _PHONE_
When do most planes depart or arrive at TPA?
Airlines design their schedules for the convenience of their customers. The heaviest travel periods are early to mid-morning and mid-afternoon to early evening. Cargo aircraft operate late-night and early-morning flights. Aircraft can access TPA at anytime of day or night.
Planes must takeoff and land into the direction of the wind, therefore, the direction of arrivals and departures is determined almost exclusively by wind direction. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is in charge of air traffic control at TPA.
Over what areas do planes most often fly?
Residents living within 35 miles of any major metropolitan airport can expect to see aircraft at some point during the day. Aircraft can deviate from one of the predominant flight patterns due to wind direction and/or speed, thunderstorms, instructions from air traffic control, emergency, operational constraint, and safety, etc.
 - The public wants to have complaints documented and sometimes seeks information. Most of all, the public seeks change in the condition as they want the noise to go away. People are concerned about aircraft noise and complain because they would like to see changes occur. At times a call may alert the Airport of an unusual noise event(s) and/or a recurring problem that can be investigated and resolved. However, a noise complaint may not bring about an individual's desired change. The noise complaint line provides individuals the ability to express their concerns about aviation noise at TPA.
 - People file complaints for different reasons and have different expectations. The Aviation Authority tries to be responsive to the public and can take action when appropriate and when able to, but some callers will be frustrated when they learn that changes cannot be made. Other callers are satisfied that they have "gone on record" and have voiced their concerns.
Why doesn't TPA have a curfew or rules similar to those at other airports?
In 1990 Congress passed legislation that made it extremely difficult for airports to initiate curfews or other noise and access restrictions. This Federal legislation "grandfathered" all existing noise/access restrictions at other airports that had such restrictions. These airports already had noise restrictions that were allowed to remain in place. TPA had a voluntary Informal Runway Use Program which emphasizes preferential priority runways for turbojets and where noted, turboprop operations and pilot education.
TPA's informal runway use program is often used by pilots under ideal conditions. Factors such as weather, FAA ATCT instructions, operational necessity, safety, and the presence of other aircraft will often dictate a flight path that is different from the informal runway use program.
What good does it do to call in or send a noise complaint email when the noise abatement procedures are voluntary?
Pilot education is a major part of our noise abatement program and the noise complaints assist the Airport in this effort. The noise complaints are compiled and published in a quarterly newsletter that allows the Airport to see trends which assist staff in enhancing the education program.
 - "Except when necessary for takeoff of landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the following altitude:
It is important to be aware of two aspects of this regulation. First, most aircraft operating in the vicinity of TPA are in the process of landing or taking off, thus this regulation does not apply. Second, helicopters are specifically exempted from this Federal regulation.
TPA preferred departure and arrival procedures for turbojets and turbo props are used frequently during periods of good weather. During periods of reduced visibility (rain, fog, etc) aircraft must use an Instrument Landing System (ILS). During these periods, aircraft will be vectored around the weather cells and thus, areas that are normally not impacted by aircraft over-flights, occasionally, will receive over-flights.
Why do airplanes fly out of the departure and arrival flight paths?
There are many reasons, sometimes beyond the airline's control, why a jet may fly out of the preferred voluntary flight path. These include traffic conflicts, weather, air traffic control directives, safety considerations, aircraft performance and pilot technique, etc.
It seems like the Airport has been operating on the same flow pattern for days. Is this fair?
Wind and weather dictate which runway end or flow direction (north or south) the FAA can use. If Tampa Bay is in a persistent weather pattern this may force the FAA to rely on the same runway end for a long period of time.
Who tells the pilots where and when to turn?
Pilots fly prescribed routes to and from TPA as instructed by air traffic controllers. The FAA is responsible for managing TPA's airspace and for ensuring the safe and expeditious flow of traffic.
So what makes a jet loud?
Why do some aircraft seem louder than others?
Aircraft operating at TPA have a diverse range of noise levels. These noise levels primarily depend on the type of engine used by the aircraft, the size of the aircraft and whether the aircraft is taxiing on the airfield, landing or taking off. The newest so called "full Stage 3" aircraft tend to be the quietest aircraft in the fleet. Aircraft with Stage 3 "hushkitted" engines tend to be the loudest. See (Noise Glossary for clarification on Stage 3 versus Hushkitts). Departures tend to be louder than arrivals since the pilot is forcing more power to the engine to achieve lift.
Which flight path impacts me?
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Back to main Impact Risk Page.
Earth Impact Risk Summary
Analysis based on
19 observations spanning 1.1610 days
(2006-Nov-18.29615 to 2006-Nov-19.45711)
Orbit diagram and elements available
These results were computed on Sep 16, 2011
Earth Impact Table
Summary Table Description
The Summary Table includes basic information about the hazard for this object.
The maximum Torino and Palermo Scale values are listed, as well as the number
of tabulated potential impacts and their corresponding cumulative Palermo
Scale value and cumulative impact probability. The observation set used
for the analysis is also listed. Certain parameter values depend upon the
specific impact event in question, but they change little among the various
table entries. For this reason we tabulate only mean values for these parameters:
- Vimpact - Velocity at atmospheric entry.
- Vinfinity - Relative velocity at atmospheric entry
neglecting the acceleration caused by the Earth's gravity field, often
called the hyperbolic excess velocity. (Vinfinity2
= Vimpact2 - Vescape2, where
Vescape = ~11.2 km/s is the Earth escape velocity.)
- H - Absolute Magnitude, a measure of the intrinsic brightness
of the object.
- Diameter - This is an estimate based on the absolute magnitude,
usually assuming a uniform spherical body with visual albedo pV
= 0.154 (in accordance with the Palermo Scale)
but sometimes using actual measured values if these are available.
Since the albedo is rarely measured, the diameter estimate should
be considered only approximate, but in most cases will be accurate to
within a factor of two.
- Mass - This estimate assumes a uniform spherical body with
the computed diameter and a mass density of 2.6 g/cm3. The
mass estimate is somewhat more rough than the diameter estimate, but
generally will be accurate to within a factor of three.
- Energy - The kinetic energy at impact: 0.5 * Mass * Vimpact2.
Measured in Megatons of TNT.
Impact Table Legend
See our Introduction for a more extensive explanation of these terms.
- The calendar date (UTC) of the potential impact.
- The minimum distance on the target plane (scaled b-plane)
from the LOV to the geocenter, measured in Earth radii. For these purposes
the radius of the Earth, 6420 km, includes some allowance for the thickness of
- The one-sigma semi-width of the LOV uncertainty region, measured
in Earth radii.
- Sigma Impact
- The lateral distance in sigmas from the LOV to the Earth's atmosphere.
Zero indicates that the LOV intersects the Earth. It is computed from
(Distance - 1)/Width.
- Sigma LOV
- The coordinate along the Line Of Variations (LOV). This value is
a measure of how well the impacting orbit fits the available observations.
Zero indicates the best-fitting, central (nominal) orbit and the further
from zero, the less likely the event: Roughly 99% of all the uncertainty
region lies between -3 and +3. Sentry explores out to Sigma LOV = +/-5.
- Stretch LOV
- The stretching is the semimajor axis of the local linear uncertainty
region. It describes how fast one moves across the target plane as Sigma
LOV changes, and is measured in Earth radii per sigma. The local probability
density varies inversely with the stretching, and thus larger stretching
values will generally lead to lower impact probabilities.
- Impact Probability
- The probability that the tabulated impact will occur. The probability
computation is complex and depends on a number of assumptions that are
difficult to verify. For these reasons the stated probability can easily
be inaccurate by a factor of a few, and occasionally by a factor of
ten or more.
- Impact Energy
- The kinetic energy at impact, based upon the computed absolute magnitude
and impact velocity for the particular case, and computed in accordance
with the guidelines stated for the Palermo Technical Scale. Uncertainty
in this value is dominated by mass uncertainty and the stated value
will generally be good to within a factor of three.
- Palermo Scale
- The hazard rating according to the Palermo Technical Impact
Hazard Scale, based on the tabulated impact date, impact probability
and impact energy.
- Torino Scale
- The hazard rating according to the Torino Impact Hazard Scale,
based on the tabulated impact probability and impact energy.
The Torino Scale is defined only for potential impacts less than 100 years in the future.