DIY Green Screen for Film: Creating Surreal Visual Effects | Paul Trillo | Skillshare
DIY Green Screen for Film: Creating Surreal Visual Effects
Paul Trillo, Filmmaker
DIY Green Screen for Film: Creating Surreal Visual Effects
Paul Trillo, Filmmaker
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12 Lessons (1h 9m)
 - 1. Introduction
 - 2. Basics of Green Screen
 - 3. Coming Up With Your Concept
 - 4. Green Screen Materials
 - 5. Lighting and Camera Setup
 - 6. Shooting Green Screen
 - 7. Editing Basics: Removing the Green
 - 8. Getting Weird
 - 9. Refining Your Key
 - 10. Infinite Mirror Effect
 - 11. Motion Tracking
 - 12. Wrap Up
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About This Class
It's time to rethink visual effects! This one-hour class with 11-time Vimeo Staff Pick film director Paul Trillo takes you inside his process for using green screens in unique and artistic ways.
Using only a piece of green card stock, a picture frame, a digital camera, and Adobe After Effects, Paul walks through how to create a "window into another world" through video.
Perfect for filmmakers, video editors, aspiring directors, visual effects artists, and anyone looking to learn how green screen works, this class breaks it down into easy steps:
 - coming up with a creative green screen concept
 - lighting and shooting your green screen scene
 - editing your footage in After Effects to remove the green
 - replacing the green with a variety of wacky things
 - creating an "infinite looping mirror" effect
As a bonus, Paul even teaches motion tracking, so that the footage inside your picture frame moves along with the rest of the scene.
You'll leave this class with not only a fundamental understanding of green screen production and post-production, but also the inspiration you need to unlock a surreal look and feel in your next video project.
Note: a base level understanding of Adobe After Effects is recommended before jumping in. Here are some fun classes by Jake Bartlett to get you started.
Meet Your Teacher
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Paul Trillo
Paul Trillo is a video, film and commercial director based in Brooklyn. From creating the first fully mobile bullet time camera rig with 50 Nokias to choreographing an aerial smoke shows using drones, Paul's constant pursuit to develop and play with new techniques has led to a strikingly fresh body of work. His varied interest in technology, comedy, and visual design permeates throughout.
Many of these experiments have been selected as Vimeo Staff Picks and have been featured in a variety of outlets from Creator's Project to Scientific American.
Paul has been listed as one of D&AD's Next Directors and has recently won "The One Show's One To Watch" and "30 Under 30 Film Festival's Director to Watch" awards.
"The Irrational Fear of Nothing," Paul's short... See full profile
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1. Introduction: Hi. I'm Paul Trillo. I'm a Brooklyn-based filmmaker, and a lot of my work involves different types of effects and techniques in service, something a little more creative or different. One of the effects I find myself returning back to a lot is green screen and all the different ways you can use green screen. So what this class is going to look at is, not only the creative uses of green screen, but how to shoot green screen, and how to key it later in post production. It helps if you have a preliminary understanding of After Effects and a little bit of understanding of lighting. So what I'm going to use for the purposes of this class is a simple piece of green card stock, but I encourage you to find something different and new and surprise me so that we can really push green screen to new creative levels. 2. Basics of Green Screen: So, now we're going to take a look at what actually is green screen. It can of course come in many forms. It doesn't have to be a green screen. It could be green suits that could be used to create an invisible-man effect. Green screen can also be green tape or green makeup, a green image on a computer screen. It can basically be anything you can think of. One of the many reasons why green is used as opposed to other colors is digital cameras are very receptive to the green values. That means basically, when you're going to select and remove that green, it can identify more variation and you can get more refined with your selection. The other sort of practical reasons why green screen and not red screen or pink screen is that our skin that ranges more of the red hue will be easier to separate from a green background and because it's used outdoors a lot of the time, instead of using blue screen which is still used today. Blue also happens to be the color of the sky. Green is a color that is not as common, especially in wardrobe and other environments. What green screen allows you to do is isolate either a foreground or background object and it creates what is known as a mat. Think of it as creating a moving cutout of your image. So, if you were to take scissors and cut out your image but instead of having to manually cut out every frame, what green screen allows you to do is it removes your foreground or background elements and separates it. Green screen and visual effects are used on every single movie that's out there, whether it's just removing a car and replacing it with an older looking car or when you see a cell phone screen or a TV screen or a computer screen. Most of the time, what is being filmed in camera is actually just a green image that allows the post-production team to replace it later. It's used indoors in studios where entire worlds are created and post. It's used outdoors. Even by having an actor standing outdoor in the sun with a green screen behind them and then shooting a background image of the same shot and being able to place a monster or a car or whatever behind them. So, it's used in all environments indoors, outdoors. I encourage you to search for visual effects breakdowns of different films. In these visual effects breakdowns, you'll see how prevalent green screen is. So now that we have an understanding of the practical uses of green screen, let's talk about some of the creative uses. So I've used green screen or what is known as like Chroma Keying with different types of materials. One of the ways I thought of finding abstract ways to reveal the human body and show the human body was using fog and colored powder in slow motion and that turned into a project called Salience. So how I achieved this effect, it was relatively simple. Shoot the action of the person getting hit with the coloured powder and then you shoot a blank, what's known as a plate shot where there is no action at all and it's just a locked off tripod shot of your background and then the color that is being removed is replaced with the background image, so that all you're left with is the coloured powder that's flying into the shot and the person sort of disappears. I thought of using smoke grenades as a way of creating a sort of a hole in the image, a sort of just like you would have a star wipe. This was like a smoke wipe that you could continually transition from shot to shot with some sort of green smoke. So, I even used it in a hand-held way where I followed an actor hand-held wall. We also moved a portable green screen handheld and repeated the action multiple times and then in post, I was able to just make simple cuts between the different takes and have the same continuous background while the subject is constantly shifting. I also found other ways to experiment with green screen by combining green screen suits with a green screen background and cutting holes in the suits, so that all you're left with are floating pieces of the human body which also again, created a sort of eerie effect and a use of a green screen that was not so typical. Other use is also of creating essentially, a portal or a window. A sort of hallway of mirrors effect where I repeated the same shot within itself to create this sort of infinite zoom effect. So, out of all those examples, what we'll look into today is creating this portal into another world or creating a blank canvas for


text: We examined the potential for localized management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to be successful by measuring movements, testing site fidelity, and modeling the effects of dispersal. Fifty-nine females were radiomarked and tracked during 1997 through 2000 in Irondequoit, New York, USA, a suburb of Rochester. We constructed home ranges for those deer with A greater than or equal to 18 reclocations/season. Fifty percent minimum convex polygons (MCP) averaged 3.9 (SE = 0.53) ha in the summer and 5.3 (SE = 0.80) ha in the winter. Deer showed strong fidelity to both summer and winter home ranges, and 30 of 31 females showed overlap of summer and winter home ranges. Annual survival was 64%; the major cause of mortality was deer-automobile collisions. Average annual dispersal rates were <15% for yearlings and adults. Using matrix population modeling, we explored the role of female dispersal in sustaining different management objectives in adjacent locales of approximately 1,000 ha. Modeling showed that if female dispersal was 8%, culling would have to reduce annual survival to 58% to maintain a population just under ecological carrying capacity and reduce survival to 42% to keel) the population at one-half carrying capacity. With the same dispersal, contraception Would need to be effective in 32% of females if the population is near carrying capacity and 68% if the population is at one-half of carrying capacity. Movement behavior data and modeling results lend support to the use of a localized approach to management of females that emphasizes neighborhood-scale manipulation of deer populations, but our research suggests that dispersal rates in females could be critical to long-term success.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Researchers at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) have developed a novel iPhone application that may enable persons with Parkinson's disease and certain other neurological conditions to use the ubiquitous devices to collect data on hand and arm tremors and relay the results to medical personnel.
The researchers believe the application could replace subjective tests now used to assess the severity of tremors, while potentially allowing more frequent patient monitoring without costly visits to medical facilities.
The program – known as iTrem – could be offered later this year by the App Store, an Apple Inc. website that sells iPhone applications. But iTrem will first undergo a clinical study at Emory University and must receive any required approvals from the Food and Drug Administration.
"We expect iTrem to be a very useful tool for patients and their caregivers," said Brian Parise, a research scientist who is principal investigator for the project along with Robert Delano, another GTRI research scientist. "And as a downloadable application, it also promises to be convenient and cost-effective."
iTrem utilizes the iPhone's built-in accelerometer to collect data on a patient in his or her home or office. The application directly tracks tremor information currently, and in the future will use simple puzzle games to record tremor data, which will then be processed and transmitted.
The researchers expect the clinical trial to show that data gathered by the program would allow physicians to remotely monitor the degree of disability, progression and medication response among patients with tremor-related conditions. In addition, iTrem offers a social component that allows people to share stories, pictures and data.
iTrem's developers are working with the Advanced Technology Development Center (ATDC) to form a startup company based on iTrem and future applications that might take advantage of iPhone capabilities. ATDC is a startup accelerator based at Georgia Tech that helps Georgia entrepreneurs launch and build successful technology companies.
The GTRI team plans ongoing development of iTrem's interface, based on responses from doctors and patients. They're also investigating other consumer technologies with diagnostic potential, including the tiny gyroscopes now available in some cellular phones.
Future developments will include the addition of several other Parkinson's related tests and investigation of gait analysis in a joint effort with the University of South Florida and the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital in Tampa, Fla. Additional developments may utilize the phone for detecting and analyzing dyskinesia, a movement disorder.
More than 10 million people in the U.S. have tremor-related disease, including Parkinson's, essential tremor and multiple sclerosis, Delano said. Data collected by iTrem could enhance research on tremor disorders, in addition to supporting treatment for current patients, he added.
Most current measurement techniques used by doctors are subjective and are performed infrequently, Delano said. Complex diagnostic procedures such as electroencephalography and electromyography are objective and thorough, but are rarely performed because they're lengthy, expensive and require a clinical setting. The result is that little data about tremor has been available to track the effectiveness of medication and therapy over time.
By contrast, he said, the ease of gathering tremor data with iTrem could help lead to a significant expansion of research in this area, as a wealth of objective data is collected and analyzed.
"Even factoring in the cost of an iPhone, using iTrem is likely to be more convenient and less expensive for patients than office visits, and the data are accurate and abundant," Delano said.
A clinical study involving iTrem use is expected to start soon at Emory University's Movement Disorder Clinic. The study will be led by Dr. Stewart Factor, a researcher in the field of Parkinson's disease at the Emory School of Medicine.
The GTRI development team presented a paper on iTrem in January at the 2011 International Conference on Health Informatics.
Delano explained that the development of iTrem was linked to his own diagnosis with Parkinson's disease several years ago. He eventually became frustrated with the subjective approaches commonplace in the characterizing of patient tremor symptoms.
"Currently, doctors observe tremor during office visits and rate it on a subjective scale of zero to four. That approach seemed outdated to me, considering all the technology now available," Delano said. "My wife Heather, who's an engineer, remarked that maybe that we could try putting some accelerometers on my arm. That made me think of the accelerometer in the iPhone – and here we are."
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Apparel manufacturers inspect the fabric stock upon arrival, so that any fabric irregularities are caught early in the production process. Textile producers also generally inspect fabrics before sending them to manufacturers.
General Inspection Procedures
- Fabric inspection is done in suitable and safe environment with enough ventilation and proper lighting.
- Fabric passing through the frame must be between 45-60 degree angles to inspector and must be done on appropriate Cool White light 2 F96 fluorescent bulbs above viewing area. Back light can be used as and when needed.
- Fabric speed on inspection machine must not be more than 15 yards per minute.
- All fabric inspection must be done when 80% of good or lot is received.
- Standard approved bulk dye lot standards for all approved lots must be available prior to inspection.
- Approved standard of bulk dye lot must be available before starting inspection for assessing colour, hand, weight, construction, finish and visual appearance.
- Shade continuity within a roll by checking shade variation between centre and selvage and the beginning, middle and end of each roll must be evaluated and documented.
- Textiles like knits must be evaluated for weight against standard approved weight.
- Fabric width must be checked from selvage to selvage against standard.
- All defects must be flagged during inspection
- The length of each roll inspected must be compared to length as mentioned on supplier ticketed tag and any deviation must be documented and reported to mill for additional replacement to avoid shortage.
- If yard dyed or printed fabrics are being inspected the repeat measurement must be done from beginning, middle and end of selected rolls.
Why is fabric inspection important?
Fabric Inspection is an important aspect followed prior to garment manufacturing to avoid rejects due to fabric quality and facing with unexpected loss in manufacturing. Fabric inspection is done for fault/defect rate, fabric construction, fabric weight, shrinkage, end to end or edge to edge shading, colour, hand feel, length/width, print defect and appearance. Fabric inspection ensures to minimize the rejection of cut panels or rejected garments due to fabric faults. Cutting inspected and approved fabric ensures not only finished garment quality but also reduce rejects, improves efficiency and timely deliveries.


text:
Expression profiling of constitutive mast cells reveals a unique identity within the immune system.
Dwyer DF., Barrett NA., Austen KF., Immunological Genome Project Consortium None.
Mast cells are evolutionarily ancient sentinel cells. Like basophils, mast cells express the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and have been linked to host defense and diverse immune-system-mediated diseases. To better characterize the function of these cells, we assessed the transcriptional profiles of mast cells isolated from peripheral connective tissues and basophils isolated from spleen and blood. We found that mast cells were transcriptionally distinct, clustering independently from all other profiled cells, and that mast cells demonstrated considerably greater heterogeneity across tissues than previously appreciated. We observed minimal homology between mast cells and basophils, which shared more overlap with other circulating granulocytes than with mast cells. The derivation of mast-cell and basophil transcriptional signatures underscores their differential capacities to detect environmental signals and influence the inflammatory milieu.


June 2020
Issue Map
Making the Switch
TD Magazine
Making the Switch
Monday, June 1, 2020
This six-step audit process will help you convert in-person training to a virtual course.
Beware of creating a webinar when convert-ing an instructor-led training (ILT) program to the virtual classroom. Oftentimes talent development professionals make that mistake because of an innocent assumption: We can simply deliver the instructor-led content in the exact same way in the virtual classroom.
Some instructional designers spend hours upon hours making sure an ILT course's key learning points are all addressed in the time allocated for the virtual classroom; however, they put little to no thought into how the course will translate to learners seated at their computers. The end result is extremely presentation-heavy and unengaging—something that looks more like a webinar than a virtual classroom course.
A webinar is primarily used to present or share information, and most of the time, the communication flows one way—from the presenter to the attendees. In contrast, a virtual classroom course allows for two-way communication between the facilitator and the learners and includes plenty of opportunities for learners to practice the skills and knowledge the facilitator presents to them. In addition, participants receive feedback after each application exercise or activity, so they know what they've done well and how they can improve.
With a goal of creating interactive, performance-based virtual classroom training, the instructional design team at Langevin Learning Services worked together to develop a conversion process that would ensure our virtual classroom courses cover the original ILT content; are visually appealing, interactive, and engaging to participants; and include application and practice methods conducive to the virtual environment.
Central to the conversion process is a course audit—a method that ensures the result of a conversion is an effective virtual classroom course aligned with the objectives and content of the ILT course.
To complete the audit, we use a worksheet that helps guide the process and enables us to document the findings. The audit takes six steps.
Step 1: Identify the ILT course's tasks and subtasks
The best place to start the audit is to refer to the ILT course's lesson plan or outline to pinpoint the tasks and subtasks. At a high level, think of them as the whats and how-tos.
A task is defined as what someone does on the job. For example, if grocery store clerks are responsible for processing a grocery order, that is what they do. A task is a collection of subtasks, and each subtask is a logical grouping of five to nine how-to steps. In our example of processing a grocery order, the subtasks are greet customer, process payment, and bag groceries.
When identifying the tasks within the ILT lesson plan, look at the course objectives. Objectives are usually written as verbs followed by nouns such as operate a forklift or plan a project. The tasks and objectives may not be identical, but you should use similar wording in both. Likewise, you should write subtasks in the same verb-noun format.
Step 2: Identify the presentation and application methods
Presentation and application are two crucial components of a performance-based training program, regardless of the strategy. Instructors use presentation methods to deliver the content, and application methods enable learners to practice what they've learned. The methods are fairly easy to identify in an ILT lesson plan by answering two questions:
 - How is the content being delivered?
 - How are learners practicing?
For instance, when training grocery store clerks on how to greet customers, an instructor may deliver the content using a discussion method: As a group, participants discuss the correct format, tone of voice, and facial expressions required to ensure customers feel welcome from the moment they step up to the register. Then, when it's time to practice what they discussed, participants take turns role-playing how to greet customers correctly.
Ideally, the ILT lesson plan includes both a presentation and application method for each subtask. However, if you notice a subtask without either method, view it as an opportunity to design something new and unique for the virtual classroom.
Making the Switch Figure 1
Step 3: Document supplemental materials
Add to the course audit worksheet any documents or files that contain relevant content pertaining to a subtask. If, for example, the ILT participants receive a job aid when learning how to greet customers, write that down. It's important for you to note that the job aid already exists so you can potentially repurpose it for the virtual classroom course.
It's also necessary to validate whether supplemental materials such as videos, audio clips, or games are compatible with the virtual classroom platform you'll be using to deliver the training (for example, if a video is saved in a.flv format, ensure the virtual platform can read that type of file).
Step 4: Determine how long it takes to deliver the subtasks
A common misconception about converting ILT to the virtual classroom is that instructors can deliver the course content in less time in the virtual classroom. Although this may be the case for some activities, other exercises may take more time to deliver effectively in a virtual environment.
Consider a role-play exercise in the traditional classroom. It is easy to set up because participants can quickly group themselves by moving their chairs. But in a virtual course, setting up a role play takes longer because the facilitator will need to provide instructions on such factors as what participants can expect when moving to a breakout room and how the audio will work.
Calculating how long it takes to deliver a subtask in the traditional classroom aids in determining how much time should be allocated in the virtual classroom and whether any time-consuming chunks of content may require more effort to convert.
Once you've completed steps 1–4, it's time to make design decisions that will determine the content delivery methods for the virtual classroom.
Step 5: Select the presentation and application methods
The primary goal in converting an ILT course to the virtual classroom is to align the virtual training as closely as possible to the in-person training. Thus, you must figure out whether you can repurpose any ILT methods. To help you decide, think about how the method will be implemented in the virtual classroom.
 - How long will it take to deliver the method in the virtual classroom?
 - Is there a way to make it interactive?
 - Will the tools available in the virtual platform enable the instructor to effectively deliver the method?
 - Can you repurpose the speaking points, as written, from the ILT content?
If you can envision how to successfully implement the ILT method in the virtual classroom, then you can repurpose it. However, if you decide that it won't work in a virtual environment, you'll need to come up with an alternative. For instance, if time constraints make using a discussion unwieldy, choose a method that requires less time to deliver in a virtual classroom. Consider using a graphic association lecturette or assigning some reading for participants to do as intersession work. Of importance is choosing a variety of methods to ensure the course is an engaging and interactive experience for learners.
Notice in the sample course audit worksheet (Figure 2) the difference in methods for the task of processing a grocery order. The presentation method for the third subtask, bag groceries, is a lecture in the ILT version, but we chose a discussion for the virtual version of the course. Why? Because lectures can be monotonous and boring. They can be a risky choice for a virtual course, because learners can easily check out and do other things.
Given that, using a discussion over a lecture is a better choice because it involves the learners, engages them, and enables everyone to contribute. In addition, there are different options when it comes to how a discussion unfolds in the virtual classroom—it could take place as one large group or in several smaller groups using breakout rooms.
Making the Switch Figure 2
Step 6: Select a delivery tool
After you've chosen a method, determine which of your available virtual platform tools is best suited to implement it. When choosing a tool, consider how long it will take to deliver the method using that tool. If you are limited to five minutes for a discussion, it may be better to have participants discuss the content using the chat function instead of having each participant respond verbally.
The exciting part is that you have myriad options—this is where your creativity comes into play. Once you know what the platform is capable of, you can start choosing the tools and features that will bring the content to life. Remember: Aim for variety. That ensures you are maximizing participant engagement by having them use different tools throughout the course.
Making the Switch Figure 3
For those who are new to the conversion process, selecting the right tool can seem a bit overwhelming at first. Which tools work best with the methods you've chosen? What should you do if there are constraints regarding the tools available within the platform?
We've taken some of the guesswork out of that by creating Figure 3. Listed vertically along the left side of the chart are the most common presentation and application methods, and the more common tools (across most virtual classroom platforms) are along the top. The dots represent which tools work best for each method.
Every method has at least three different tools that instructors can use to implement it. For example, if the course entails using a demonstration as a presentation method, seven options are available; if a role play is the chosen application method, consider using one of the six listed tool options.
Set yourself up for success with all your conversion projects by taking the time to learn what tools and functionalities are available in your organization's virtual platform. Doing so will help you choose the most appropriate tools to make your methods come alive and help you create an engaging virtual learning experience for your participants. A bonus is that you may convince naysayers that


text:
Definitions of rock:
- noun: pitching dangerously to one side
- noun: a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter
Example: "He threw a rock at me"
- noun: (figurative) someone who is strong and stable and dependable
Example: "He was her rock during the crisis"
- noun: United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (_PHONE_)
- noun: material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust
Example: "That mountain is solid rock"
- noun: hard stick bright-colored stick candy typically peppermint flavored
- noun: a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of Black rhythm-and-blues with White country-and-western
Example: "Rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll."
- verb: move back and forth or sideways
Example: "The ship was rocking"
- verb: cause to move back and forth
Example: "Rock the cradle"
- name: A surname (common: 1 in 12500 families; popularity rank in the U.S.: #1662)
Search for rock at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


International Management, MS
International Management, MS
Students in the MSIM program take a set of core courses and then choose from a variety of elective courses to customize their experiences. These electives are from different fields in the College of Management (finance, management and marketing) and, potentially, from other colleges (economics, political science, international relations, and public policy).
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Each year, the College of Management runs trips abroad to business hubs such as India and China, allowing students to earn course credit while gaining valuable international management experience. The richness and diversity of the program enable students to tailor their elective coursework to their own interests. The comprehensive foundation in team management and strategy provides students with the skills in demand by their prospective employers upon graduation.
Given the overarching management perspective of the program, students from both business and non-business backgrounds will find it a valuable degree for career advancement. A balance between quantitative and qualitative courses provides students with a substantial understanding of how to manage international business.
The full MSIM program consists of 13 courses (39 credits). Students with relevant coursework may be able to waive some core business courses.
The program can be completed full-time or part-time, with classes that meet primarily in the evenings, late afternoons, weekends and online. Scheduling is highly flexible, with most classes meeting once per week.


What Is A Loan Against A Car Title?
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Get the Best Same Day Cash Title Loans In Canada!
January 21, 2020
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Can A Minimum Credit Score Loan Help Improve Your Finances?
March 3, 2020
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What Is A Loan Against A Car Title?
loan against car title
Many times people find themselves in situations wherein they need cash on immediate basis but just can't figure out a way. So this post will be a helpful guide for those who own a car and can make the best use of it apart from just driving it. This post will tell the readers about car equity loans and how you can use your car to obtain short term and long term loans.
Why Is The Title Important For Title Loans?
A loan against a car title is a secured loan in which a car is used as collateral to borrow funds. At Equity Loans Canada, in order to get a title loan you need a clear car title. By clear title we mean there shouldn't be any liens on it. This title acts like a security. One thing is clear that people with clear title can get these loans. So, the question arises, can people with lien on their car title get a quick loan too? You'll get the answer of this question with a lot of clarity in the next part..
What Is A Lien On A Car Title?
When people buy a car on loan from banks or from car dealers, the title of the car gets transferred in the name of the bank or the dealership. It gives them the sole right to possess the title until the loan they have taken is paid in full. Possessing a title means that the lender gets to keep the original copy of the title. All other legal rights are also transferred to the lender. This is done in case the borrower defaults or isn't able to pay the loan back, the lender has the full rights to repossess the car to recover the loan amount from it.
Can You Get A Loan With A Lien On Your Car Title?
The answer is yes. Some lenders out there consider such cases as well. Let's try to understand this with an example. Let's say you have $2,000 loan outstanding to pay to the bank and that bank has marked a lien on your car title for the same. But you want instant cash and your car qualifies for $6,000 instant car collateral loan with a lender. In this scenario, you can ask your new lender to pay out your pending loan to the bank hence clearing the title of the car from the lien. Now the total amount you'll have to pay to the lender as principal will still be $6,000 before any interest of course. And you would get the difference which would be $4,000 to use in whatever way you wish. It's a win-win situation for all parties.
What Are The Requirements For A Loan Against A Car Title?
A car title loan or as it's also called car equity loan is a very simple and secure kind of loan. To get fast cash from Equity Loans Canada all you have to provide is:
 - A vehicle not older than 2010
 - A fully paid off vehicle that has a lien free title
 - Registration papers along with insurance documents (collision included)
 - A Canadian driver's license
 - Proof of permanent residency
 - Proof of legal age
Does a Credit Score Matter?
The point is very simple and clear. If you have a bad credit score and stuck in a money crunch, don't even think of going to a bank for loan. All you are going to get from them is rejection with a bad credit score. Loan against a car title from Equity Loans Canada doesn't consider a credit score at all. Your poor credit history or no credit history has no part in the loan process at all..
So next time if you are in need of quick cash, call us (toll-free) _PHONE_ or fill out our online application to get an estimate today.
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How to Tighten a Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step by step
Ever witnessed your Craftsman lawnmower not mowing properly or leaving patches of uncut grass? A loose drive belt might be the very reason. Luckily, the entire process is relatively easy, and all you'll need for the adjustment is just a socket wrench. If you've never performed self-maintenance on your Craftsman lawnmower before, then don't worry as we dissect this information for you in a step-by-step approach.
How to tighten a drive belt on a Craftsman riding lawnmower, step by step:
 - Step 1: Test the tension in your existing lawnmower drive belt
 - Step 2: Inspect the components on the mower such as the pulleys, belt, spring, and swingarm and check for any damage
 - Step 3: Pull back the clamp holding the cable and tighten it so that the spring attached to it is stretched
 - Step 4: Start the engine and engage the blade lever to check for the belt operation after adjustment
How to Tighten a Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step by step 1
Drive belts are components that connect the engine's transmission shaft to the transaxle pulley and are responsible for the transmission of torque and power to the blades. It is situated underneath the mowing deck in case of riding lawnmowers. The belts usually wear out after continued use. Due to elongation in their tensile cords, drive belts have been known to become loose with time. Most often, the remedy is a replacement. However, in cases when elongation isn't much, you can always adjust the belt tension, and we are looking at that in this article.
The article covers all the steps needed to tighten the drive belt in case of your Craftsman lawnmower. Furthermore, we also provide a brief overview of some frequently asked questions regarding drive belts and lawnmowers. Stay tuned.
Troubleshooting and Adjusting the Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step-by-step:
The steps that need to be followed for fixing the Craftsman lawnmower drive-belt are mentioned below:
- Step 1: Test current drive belt for operation:
Before we dig into it, we first need to see whether the current drive belt is worth tightening or not. Most Craftsman models have a blade engagement lever next to the steering wheel. After the cutting deck is lowered on the ground, the lever engages the blades to make contact with the grass and perform their function.
To see if your current drive belt is loose or not, start your engine and push your throttle lever to the highest. Next, engage the cutting blades by pushing the lever upwards. If you hear the blades' cutting sound right after you push the engagement lever, it indicates that the drive belt has the requisite tension in it and doesn't need any adjustment. However, if you notice that the blades aren't cutting the grass after the very instant you push the lever and give a whirring sound, it means that your drive belt is slipping, thus pointing out the need for adjustment or replacement.
- Step 2: Inspect the mower deck components:
As we've seen, the drive belt is slipping; we need to troubleshoot this for the components located on the mower deck. To do this, lower the deck as much as you can and pull back your blade engagement lever. Then, you need to inspect the following components:
Belt: Make sure that your drive belt is intact and doesn't appear damaged with chunks missing and cracks. If it seems damaged, then you should replace it right away.
Swingarm: The swingarm is a component on the deck where the springs are connected, and a pulley is mounted. The arm is pivoted at one end and free to rotate at the other end. Make sure that the arm is free to rotate. If it is not, drop some oil or a lubricant at the pivoted end, which might have been jammed.
After the above components are functioning correctly, push the lever again to engage the blades.
Spring: The cable that comes from the lever is connected to a spring. Touch the spring to see if it's completely stretched or loose. Also, touch your belt at the same time and notice if it appears loose. If it does, we shall move on towards the next step, adjusting the belt tension.
- Step 3: Tighten the belt by adjusting the cable:
After you've seen your belt loosened up, disengage the blade lever again. You would have noticed the wire that comes from the blade lever and is attached to the springs. On the deck, it is mounted on a bracket.
Loosen the bolts on the bracket is push it back in the direction away from the spring. You now feel that the spring is tightened up.
- Step 4: Test the belt for tension:
After the bracket has been pulled back, start your lawnmower engine at full throttle. Now, push the blade engagement lever upwards and immediately notice the cutting action of the blades. If the blades begin cutting without delay, it means that the belt tension is now optimal. However, If the belt still seems loose enough, it indicates that this method didn't add the required tension, and therefore you should think about replacing the belt.
Related Questions:
1. How to remove and replace the drive belt on a riding lawnmower?
In most cases, tightening the drive belt does not solve the problem, and you often need to replace it altogether with an identical one. The steps for doing that are listed below:
Step 1: Disconnect the spark plug
First, you should turn off the ignition switch and remove the key. Next, you need to pull the mower hood upwards and disconnect the spark plug wire.
Step 2: Disassemble the mower deck
Next, you need to disconnect the entire mower deck from the main body of the lawnmower.
– Step 2.1: Lower the mower deck
As a first step, lower the mower deck on the ground to the lowest position and disengage the blades.
– Step 2.2: Roll the belt off
Roll the belt off the engine pulley and release the belt keepers.
– Step 2.3: Detach the deck
Now, you need to remove all the linkages that connect the mower deck to the upper portion from both sides of the mower deck. To do this, remove the retaining pins and washer supports from the lift link, suspension arm, and rear end bracket on both the left and sides of the mower deck. The deck should now be detached completely.
Step 3: Pull out the old belt
– Step 3.1: Take a picture
Note the routing of the blade belt on the mower deck. We recommend taking a picture to record the layout.
– Step 3.2: Remove the old belt
You might see three pulleys on the deck, namely one idler pulley along with belt keepers and two mandrel pulleys. Remove the old drive belt from the three pulleys.
Step 4: Install the new belt
Loop the new drive belt around the mandrel pulleys and pass it around the idler pulley through the belt keeper. Push the deck back under the mower.
Step 5: Reconnect the mower deck
Reconnect all the removed links such as the lift links, suspension arms, and rear end bracket back onto the mower deck through the retaining pins and washers. Attach the belt back to the engine pulley.
With the mower deck assembled, reconnect the spark plug wire and insert the key in the switch. Start your mower and test the new belt for performance.
2. How long is the drive belt on a Craftsman riding lawnmower?
Drive belts are responsible for transferring power from the engine pulley to movable parts in the mower, such as the blades. Craftsman lawnmower models consist of primary and secondary drive belts. Both belts have a length ranging from 42-55 inches depending on the particular model.
3. Why does the belt keep slipping off the lawnmower?
The drive belt of your lawnmower may come off for various reasons. The exact reasons may depend on the design of your machine. However, some general reasons resulting in this problem are listed below:
– Damaged parts:
The drive belts and idler pulleys may affect the belt operation if they are not in working condition. Moreover, the swing arm should be able to rotate freely about its pivot. You need to check the mower deck's adjustment as well. For normal conditions, the deck's front is generally lower 1/8 to 1/4 inch than the back. A pitch greater than this may cause the belt to keep slipping off.
– Debris Buildup:
The buildup of dirt and dust between the pulley and bracket may also reduce the friction attaching the belt onto the pulley. Make sure that no soil, grass, or sticks are found along the drive belt. This condition is quite imminent under rough operating conditions and low maintenance.
4. What are the two significant forms of drive belts used?
Transmission belts in machine design may be of the V-type or synchronous design. V-belts have a wedge-shaped cross-section. Friction is the only force keeping the belt attached. On the other hand, synchronous belts have a notched profile along their inner circumference, much like gears. They are generally mounted on gears and pinions and are used in timing operations.
Final Comments:
Lawnmower belt maintenance may be one of the most frequently occurring instances, mainly if the mower hasn't been well maintained in the past. We recommend cleaning your lawnmower occasionally and adequately checking the mower deck working components to see if they are


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CD Rocket Engine Car
Build this CD Rocket Engine Car and learn how rockets work! This kit includes the supplies you need to build a car with recycled materials and learn about concepts such as Motion and Forces, and understanding the relationship between the two. This project provides opportunities to explore gravity and friction and the effect they have on objects.
This kit aligns with Arizona Learning Standards for Grade 5.
Out of stock
Arizona Learning Standards:
Grade: 5, Physical Science Concept 2: Motion and Forces, understand the relationship between force and motion.
PO 1. Describe the following forces: Gravity and Friction
PO 2. Describe the various effects forces can have on an object (e.g., cause motion, halt motion, change direction of motion.
Supplies Needed For this:
1 (5 by 10 inch) used poster board
4 used CDs
1 (9 inch) balloon
4 CD Spider hubs
2 short straws or one 10 inch or longer straw
2 Lollipop sticks
1 Plastic tube
Clear shipping tape
Blue painters tape (One inch wide)
Ruler, scissors, pencil


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See also: carinatae
- (dated) A taxonomic subclass within the class Aves – Birds having a pronounced keel-like sternum, to which muscles used in flight attach.
- A taxonomic clade within the class Aves – Birds descended from a certain common ancestral type of bird, possibly having a keel-like sternum and other bone-structure characteristics.
- Bird lineage remains particularly unsettled, so the definition and relationships of Carinatae is subject to revision and the name may become disused.
- (subclass): Eukaryota - superkingdom; Animalia - kingdom; Bilateria - subkingdom; Deuterostomia - infrakingdom; Chordata - phylum; Aves - class; Saurornithes - informal group; Ornithothoraces, Ornithurae - clades


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Family: Pieridae, Whites and Sulphurs view all from this family
Description The Great Southern White (Ascia monuste) is a species of butterfly of the Pieridae family in which the sexes differ in that the female can be either light or dark colored. It is found from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, south through tropical America to Argentina. Migratory along the south-eastern coast of the United States, with strays to Maryland, Kansas and Colorado.
The wingspan is 63-86 mm. Adults are on wing all year round in southern Texas, peninsular Florida and along the Gulf Coast.
Ascia monuste is an example of a migrating species which moves in one direction within its life-span and does not return. It breeds in Florida but sometimes migrates along the coast up to 160 kilometers to breed in more suitable areas.
The larvae feed on Brassicaceae (including Cakile maritima, cultivated cabbage and radish and Lepidium species) and plants in the Capparidaceae family, including nasturtium. Adults feed on nectar from various flowers including saltwort, lantana and verbena. It is a sporadic pest of crucifer vegetables in southern Texas.
Dimensions 1 3/4-2 1/4" (44-57 mm).
Habitat Meadows & fields, Shorelines & salt marshes.
Range Florida, Mid-Atlantic, Plains, Texas, Southeast.


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Let $d$ be an integer $\geq 2$, and let $\Omega = \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^d$, $A \subseteq \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^2 $ and $i,j$ integers with $1 \leq i < j \leq d$. If we select an element $(x_1,x_2, \ldots, x_d)$ in $\Omega$ randomly, the probability $p(\Omega,i,j,A)$ that $(x_i,x_j)\in A$ is exactly $\frac{|A|}{4}$.
If $\Omega'$ is a subset ("sample") of $\Omega$, we may similarly define $p(\Omega',i,j,A)$. We say that $\Omega'$ is an efficient substitute for $\Omega$ if $p(\Omega',i,j,A)=p(\Omega,i,j,A)$ for all $i,j$ and $A$.
We denote by $f(d)$ the smallest possible size for an efficient substitute for $\Omega$. We have the trivial bound $f(d) \leq 2^d$ (take $\Omega'=\Omega$) and, for example, $f(3)=4$ (take $\Omega'=\lbrace (x,y,x+y-2xy) |(x,y) \in \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace^2 \rbrace$). What is the value of $f(d)$ in general?
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2 Answers 2
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I like the question. You are actually asking, what is the smallest finite probability space (in size of $\Omega'$) on which one can have $d$ distinct pair-wisely independent (but not necessarily independent) events of probability $\frac{1}{2}$. Just to explain the reformulation: once the $i$-th event is defined to be $$E_{i}=\lbrace\omega\in\Omega'\;|\;\omega(i)=1\rbrace,$$ the "efficient substitute" criterion amounts to $\mathrm{Pr}(E_{i})=\frac{1}{2}$ and $\mathrm{Pr}(E_{i}\cap E_{j})=\frac{1}{4}$ for every $i,j$ with $1\le i,j\le d$ and $i\not=j$. The example for $d=3$ is a well known case of this situation.
Now, every such space satisfies $|\Omega'|=4n$ for some natural $n$ (the reason being obvious). Knowing this, we could ask an inverse question: given a $4n$-set $\Omega'$, what is the maximum size of a family $\mathcal{F}$ of $2n$-subsets of $\Omega'$ such that every two of them have intersection of size $n$. Knowing a precise answer to this, the original problem is solved as well: given a $d$ take the smallest $4n$ such that the maximum size of $\mathcal{F}$ is at least $d$.
There is a paper titled "Pairwise intersections and forbidden configurations". Let me quote from the abstract:
Let $f_{m}(a,b,c,d)$ denote the maximum size of the family $\mathcal{F}$ of subsets of an $m$-element set for which there is no pair of subsets $A,B\in\mathcal{F}$ with $|A\cap B|\ge a$, $|A^{c}\cap B|\ge b$, $|A\cap B^{c}|\ge c$, and $|A^{c}\cap B^{c}|\ge d$.
The count we are looking for is exactly $f_{4n}(n+1,n+1,n+1,n+1)$. Besides other interesting things, the paper gives also asymptotic estimates for this count; one of them gives $\Theta(4n^{2n-1})$ in our case.
Edit: unfortunately, I was too quick with the asymptotic estimate. The paper gives an estimate only for fixed $a,b,c,d$ as $m$ tends to $\infty$.
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You can find a set $\Omega$ with size $O(d)$. Assume for simplicity that $d=2^k-1$ for an integer $k$. Let $y_1,..,y_k$ be binary variables and define $x_j = \sum_i y_i \alpha_i(j)$ where $\alpha_i(j)$ is simply the $i$-th digit of $j$ when represented in binary. (For example, if $n=7$, you'll get $y_1, y_2, y_3, y_1+y_2, y_1+y_3, y_2+y_3, y_1+y_2+y_3$). You can get $2^k-1$ such linear combinations and they're all balanced and independent - that is $Pr(x_i=1)=1/2$ and $Pr(x_i=a,x_j=b)=1/4, \: \forall a,b=0,1$. This will satisfy the condition $p(\Omega,i,j,A) = |A|/4$. When $d=2^k-1$ this gives $f(d)\leq d+1$. For general $d$ (not be a power of two minus one) you should get $f(d) \leq 2d$ taking $d=2^k$ as the worst case.
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A chic clock from plastic waste has been designed to make your home more stylish. A harmonious blend of recycle, design, and simplicity. And the good thing is, this lamp can be made by yourself. Fast and easy!
Create your own wall clock by learning this tutorial and combining it with your creativity. We will be very glad you can make it and upload it on instagram. Tag us at _USER_.id by using hashtag _TAG_.
Let's learn the tutorial.
Tools and Materials :
- High density (HD) plastic / grocery plastic bag (choose your favorite color)
- 3mm plywood
- fabric (you can substitute with paint or paper)
- clockwise & clockwork
- baking paper
- glue (which is friendly for plastic)
1. Cut the plywood the way you want it. For you who make a circle shape, the standard diameter is 28cm, but it's all up to you.
2. Give a hole in the center of the clock with diameter of approximately 6mm using a cutter (you may choose drill if you have, but using cutter is also easy).
3. Take HD plastic, cut the base and the 'ear', then spread the plastic.
4. Pile 2-4 sheets of plastic as thick as desired, then tuck it between the baking paper.
5. Iron the baking paper. Start from the lowest temperature, gradually to the hottest. Make sure both sides of plastic (top and bottom) are well ironed.
6. Take the plastic that has been fused, make sure the size of plastic is still larger than playwood.
7. Stick the fabric on the plywood as you wish. Stick also the backside to center neatly. (you can replace this fabric with paint or other material)
8. Cut one side of the plastic, then stick it also on the plywood with piling on the cloth. Do not forget to tidy up the backside
9. Cover the back side of the plywood with cardboard, paper, cloth, or ironed plastic to make it more presentable.
10. Give a hole in the middle
11. Install clockwork and clockwise
12. Put yarn by slipping it between clockwork and plywood (the easiest way to hang a work, you can use your own way).
Put your own handmade clock at your favorite place. Don't forget to share also to your friend and family how to make it, or ask them to make together.
We can't wait for your great work! Don't forget to tag us _USER_.id at your instagram and use hashtag _USER_
Anything you want to ask, feel free to contact us at _EMAIL_


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First Flush Devices - A Review
by Doug Pushard
What is a First Flush? Is there one perfect type of First Flush device? Where do I put a First Flush on my rainwater catchment system?
First Flush or Rain Diverters, as the name implies, flush off the first water of a storm before it enters the storage tank. This is the water that could be the most contaminated by particulates, bird droppings, and other materials laying on the roof. Eliminating these contaminants before they enter into your storage and conveyance system is critical to keeping rainwater clean.
After screening your gutters, a First Flush device is the next line of defense in keeping your system and water clean. This is especially true if the water is used inside the house or where children or those with weakened immune systems may come in contact with the water.
Over the years, numerous articles have been written about First Flush devices and it is still an area of much research. However, it is generally agreed that these devices can improve the quality of the rainwater, lengthen the life of your system components, and reduce overall maintenance. The simple diagram above depicts the theory behind these devices (i.e. draining off first rainfall before it enters the tank).
Below is a summary of some the major articles and resources addressing First Flush devices. These should provide a general reference in evaluating the need for a first flush and the type of device best suited for your unique situation.
Rainwater Harvesting Pty Ltd First Flush website article
This article discusses the wide array of designs and sizes of First Flush devices with pictures of the different designs. According to this article, First Flush devices are a critical component of rainwater harvesting systems. By preventing the first, most contaminated water from the roof they:
- Improve rainwater quality and safety
- Help extend the life of pumps (used to distribute rainwater for use)and internal appliances (such as hot water systems, washing machines, dishwashers, etc)
- Reduce tank maintenance
This article sites a study done in Australia which preliminarily concludes that the quality of the water improves dramatically with the use of First Flush water diverters.
First Flush Device Comparisons - An article by Kenneth Vidacovich published
February 2004, and available on Green Pages compares Constant-Volume Containers and First Flush Devices. This article reviews the effects of rain intensity, the general variability of rainfall intensity and maintenance issues in terms of functionality and possible health concerns. Cost estimates are made in order to compare the costs of two popularly used configurations.
This article provides an excellent overview article with detailed comparison between the two different types of devices with good instructions on how to construct a device. The author of the article is the President of FloTrue, a manufacturer of a First Flush device.
A major point from the article: "Rainfall events "generally" start at a low intensity (i.e. mist or drizzle), and rain intensity is the critical washoff factor; it is likely that a constant-volume container will substantially fill with clean water. Then, when more intense rains begin, debris and contaminates from the roof can undesirably wash into the water storage vessel. This is the major pitfall of constant-volume First Flush devices. First Flush valves can be designed to substantially overcome this pitfall."
The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting - 3rd Edition - is an excellent manual that is recommended reading for anyone interested in rainwater harvesting.
Included in this manual is a chapter on First Flush devices and instructions on how to build a simple low-cost device.
People for Rainwater FAQ from Japan states that according to research done in March - April 1980 on rainwater collected from the roof of an office building in central Tokyo, about 0.19 - 0.39 of an inch (.5 - 1 cm) of rainfall was needed to wash the surface of the roof. Other research, done in August - September 1986, also in central Tokyo, measuring the degree of change in water quality in rainwater collected from a roof after a period of about 11 days of no rain, showed that water quality is generally stable after 0.59 - 0.78 of an inch (1.5 - 2 cm) of rain. In other words, even after a dry spell, only about the first 0.59 of an inch (1.5 cm) of rainwater is affected by pollutants accumulated on the rain-collecting surface.
Effects of First Flush on Rainwater Qualitypublished in May 2006, by the International Rainwater Catchment found that First Flush systems contribute signifcantly to reducing the contaminents that are washed off the roof harvesting area.
According to this article, rainwater users can reduce their risks of disease from contaminated rainwater consumption by regular maintenance and using a well-designed system. A range of pathogens has been found in roof-collected rainwater including Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The likely sources of these pathogens were faecal material deposited by birds, frogs, rodents and possums, and dead animals and insects, either in the gutters or in the water tank itself.
However, detailed event studies undertaken in South East Queensland (SEQ) in Australia have shown that discarding the first.039 of an inch (~1 cm) of runoff with a First Flush device usually does little to substantially reduce the event mean concentration of bacteria and heavy metals entering a rainwater tank during a storm event.
The article also discusses a study by SEQ on first flush devices that highlighted the complexity of roof runoff chemistry. A current research project is underway which is investigating the effect of geographic location (i.e. cities, suburbs, air quality) on bulk contaminant deposition on roofs, the interaction of roofing material and rainfall characteristics on contaminant concentration in the runoff, and the transformation of contaminants that occur in a rainwater tank due to biogeochemical processes.
Rainwater Harvesting Technology Filters and Separatorsby Development Technology Unit of
the School of Engineering,
University of Warwick, covers all the different types of first flush options including: manual, fixed volume, fixed mass and flow rate. Additionally, the article includes the pros and cons of different placements (i.e. at downpipe, in downpipe, etc) of the filter options.
Key highlights from this article: 1) users will usually only spend 5-10% of cost of system on filtering the water, 2) manual systems are usually employed only in very low cost situations, and 3) filtration systems require maintenance and are usually disabled if not easy to maintain.
In summary, First Flush devices can improve the quality of your rainwater, but how much is still under debate. However, all devices that remove impurities and particulates before your water is stored are a good thing. Consequently, regardless of the proven and agreed upon health consequences, cleaning your rainwater will reduce your maintenance and lengthen the life of the system components.
Some general rules of thumb:
- As a general guideline First Flush devices should remove about 10 gallons (37.8 liters) of water per 1,000 square feet (92.9 square meters) of roof/catchment area
- Remember to size for each downspout of the catchment/roof area
- If harvesting rainwater in an area with high pollution (e.g. urban area with poor air quality), an area with lots of dust or other pollution sources, a larger First Flush is required
- First flush devices need to have an easy way to open and maintain. If not, the First Flush will most likely be disabled.
Related Article: Rainwater Harvesting Pty Ltd First Flush website article
Related Article: First Flush Device Comparisons
Related Webpage: The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting - 3rd Edition
Related Webpage: Rainwater Harvesting Technology Filters and Separators
Related Article: Comparing Storage Alternatives
Related Article: Effects of First Flush on Rainwater Quality
Related Article:Comparing Storage Alternatives
Related Service: How To Build a Floating Extractor


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Monash Law Clinics - Clayton is staffed by law students who conduct legal work on behalf of real clients, all while working in direct collaboration with expert supervisors.
Students also undertake follow-up work such as drafting letters, court documents, negotiating with another party and keeping the client informed about file progress.
Priority is given to those clients least able to access the legal, finance or social welfare system on their own due to financial difficulties, language, literacy or other disadvantage.
Benefits for students:
- Improved graduate employability driven by the skills and knowledge gained through participation.
- Providing all students, regardless of social or economic background, with pathways into the legal profession.
- Increase connection points and enhanced opportunities.
- Build professional networks.
- A deeper understanding and appreciation of the law and its application in the community, government and commercial world.
- Potential to be involved in meaningful and high-profile law reforms.


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The aim of this section of the investigation is to quantify the amount of bio-ethanol that could be produced from the available land within the UK as worked out in the previous section.
To begin this analysis it is nessisary to assess the potential yields of the most suitable crops.
The two main energy crops which would be grown in the United Kingdom to produce bio-ethanol are sugar-beet and wheat crops. Ligno-cellulostic biomass (poplar and willow trees), waste straw and sawdust materials could also be used to produce bio-ethanol. However the technology and the chemical processes involved have not been proven for large-scale bio-ethanol production. For the purposes of this quantitative analysis, it has been assumed that the available land shall be split 50:50 for growing sugar-beet and wheat crops (although in real life this would not be the case).
Assuming that half of the 644,000 hectares of UK setaside land is used to produce bioethanol from wheat then:
Wheat Yield = 322,000 * 8 = 2,576,000 Tonnes per year
Bioethanol Yield From Wheat
Since bioethanol production is already a relatively mature technology, then to calculate the ethanol yield from wheat all that is required is to find what sort of yield levels existing plants achieve. The calculations that follow are based on the production yields of the Bioethanol Galicia Plant in Spain (ref16).
For Each tonne of wheat: 0.336m3 of bioethanol is produced.
From 2,576,000 tonnes of wheat:
Bioethanol Yield = 2,576,000 * 0.336 = 865,536 m3 (683,773 tonnes) per Year
= 865,536,000 Litres of Bioethanol per Year
Sugar Beet Yields
Assuming that the other half of the 644,000 hectares of UK setaside land is used to produce bioethanol from Sugar Beet then:
Sugar Beet Yield = 322,000 * 53 = 17,066,000 Tonnes per year
Bioethanol Yield From Sugar Beet
Similar to Wheat an empirical formula can be used to calculate the bioethanol yield:
For Each tonne of Sugarbeet: 0.108m3 of bioethanol is produced.
From 17,066,000 tonnes of Sugar Beet:
Bioethanol Yield = 17,066,000 * 0.108 = 1,843,128 m3 (1,456,071 tonnes) per Year
= 1,843,128,000 Litres of Bioethanol per Year
The total bioethanol production assuming use of 100% of the set aside land would be 2,708,664,000 Litres. For simplicity this can be rounded to 2.7 billion litres.
In 2002 the UK released for consumption 27.9 billion litres of petrol (ref18). By volume, the bioethanol produced from the set aside land could displace 9.7% of this petrol. This figure however is inaccurate unless the energy content of the fuel is taken into account.
Petrol has an energy content by volume of 31.5 MJ/L. Bioethanol has an energy content by volume of 21.1 MJ/L.
The total energy contained in 27.9 Billion litres of petrol:
= 27.9 billion * 31.5 = 878.85 billon MJ
The total energy contained in 2.7 billion litres of bioethanol:
= 2.7 billion * 21.1 = 56.97 billion MJ
This means that using all the setaside land to produce bioethanol could displace 56.97 billion MJ of the energy contained within the petrol, this is a 6.5% displacement by energy. 56.97 billion MJ of energy equates to 1.809 billion litres of petrol. Therefore 1.809 billion litres is the volume of petrol that would be saved over the year using all the setaside land.
Using all the set aside land to produce Bioethanol assuming a 50:50 split between wheat and sugar beet would result in:
If, for example, a 5% displacement by volume was required then we wouild require:
At this point it is worth noting some of the limitations and assumptions being made. As can be seen from the figures above bioethanol produced from Sugar beet results in a much greater yield, and so it would seem logical to produce bioethanol entirely from this source. There are however many other factors which should be considered. Firstly there is the problem of mono culture. When only one type of crop is grow on the same land for successive years then this crop will become very susceptible to certain pests and diseases as well as causing the depletion of certain minerals in the soil. The net result of these effects is a requirement for increased use of pesticides and fertilizers which due to their production process results in CO2 emissions. Sugar Beet yields are considerably higher than that of wheat and so fertilizer requirements are likely to be higher also, again causing increased emissions.
The best way to address this problem is with crop rotation. This technique of alternating between different crops helps alleviate the problems mentioned. For this reason it is necessary to use at least two different crops for producing bioethanol. If rapeseed, which is the crop used to produce biodiesel, is also added in then this will also help the problem. To gain a good understanding of what crops could be used and in what proportions would require a more detailed study in this area. This is outside the scope of this investigation and so a 50:50 wheat sugar beet ratio was assumed. Details of the limitations for biodiesel can be found here.


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Q: I have a son who is 16 months old and he has been diagnosed as having laryngo malacia.I would like to know more about this condition. He makes a constant sound. Is there any treatment for this condition. Does it hinder his normal growth? How long does this condition last? Please advise
A:Laryngomalacia is a common cause of stridor (the sound made by your child) in infants. The structures above the glottis collapse into the airway lumen on inspiration, producing a coarse sound. This noise begins in the first few weeks after birth and is often increased in the lying down position. It may increase in intensity in some infants during eating, crying or sleeping. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) appears to be strongly related to laryngomalacia. In most patients the disease is self-limiting and should resolve by 18 months of age. Nearly 5% of patients have serious sequelae, such as failure to thrive or episodes of respiratory distress and cyanosis. Medical therapy for GER is helpful in some patients. Rarely, surgical therapy is required for symptom relief.


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U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Federal Energy Management Program
Laboratories for the 21st Century Best Practices Guides
Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) best practices guides outline the design, construction, and operation of specific technologies that contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability. The guides cover actual laboratory implementations, highlighting quantifiable performance goals and methods.
Best management practices are available across the following topics:
Technical bulletins provide information on the design, construction, and operation of specific technologies that contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability in laboratories. Technical bulletins are similar to the best practices guides, but are more narrowly focused on specific implementations.


If Drakeford wants to stop independence, his arguments should deal in facts – not fantasy
08 Apr 2021 4 minutes Read
YesCymru picture by Lluniau Lleucu. Mark Drakeford. Picture by the Welsh Government.
John Ball, former lecturer in economics at Swansea University
One of the interesting consequences of the growing support for independence is that the previously sleepy UK media is showing finally noticing the movement, the latest being the Financial Times.
I do not know how many members of the Senedd bother with the FT, but one who clearly does is the First Minister, using the paper once again to bend the truth when asked about independence.
Presumably, his contribution was intended to impress the readers of this worthy business newspaper. But what he succeeded in doing was emphasising his economic illiteracy.
According to the newspaper he "told the Financial Times that Wales could never have secured so many Covid-19 vaccines as a small independent nation, and also questioned how the country could have its own currency, given the 160-mile long border with England was crossed by hundreds of thousands of people each day".
There's quite a lot of obfuscation packed into a short paragraph so let us unpick them one at a time.
The answer to what currency an independent Wales would use is, of course, the pound. There is no reason why, in an independent state, the pound could not continue to be used.
There are different systems; the first and obvious is a Currency Union, such a currency union based on the pound already exists. There is a nine-member sterling currency union and although most of its members are not sovereign states, they are to a greater or lesser extent self-governing. Indeed, in many ways Wales is already a member of this union.
In the absence of a currency union Sterlingisation – the use of the pound without the consent of the Bank of England – would be an alternative and is seen by any economists as the way forward.
Support for sterlingisation (in Scotland but applies equally to Wales) has come from two important sources. Lord Mervyn King, former Governor of the Bank of England has pointed out that there is no reason why Scotland could not continue to use the pound within such a scheme. The think tank Adam Smith Institute has suggested that sterlingisation not only allows continued use of the pound but would stimulate the economy.
The use of non-domestic currency is in fact quite common – many countries have such an arrangement. There are (other than sterling) nine currency unions, nine countries or dependencies outside the Eurozone use the Euro, eleven countries the US dollar, seven share the East Caribbean Dollar, nine the West African Franc and five the Central African Franc.
The 19 countries currently using the Euro do not have a domestic currency. In a lesson for Wales, the five fastest-growing economies in Europe (the three Baltic States, Slovenia and Slovakia) use the Euro which is clearly not their domestic currency.
In a further astonishingly uninformed view of the facts, Drakeford added that as a small independent nation, Wales could never have secured enough Covid vaccines.
He has forgotten that Astra Zeneca vaccine is produced in Wrexham, or perhaps in his restless enthusiasm to disparage independence, he has forgotten that Wrexham is in Wales.
But it also ignores the evidence on vaccine availability and distribution by the small nations of Europe is exemplary.
By January Sweden had already accessed 20million doses and Norway 5 million. In addition to their domestic responsibilities, both nations immediately ensured that doses would be available to poorer countries in the world. The UK has not.
Ireland had no problems accessing 5.5 million doses and has immunised over a third of the population; has as Finland. Malta has immunised over a half and Denmark will have immunised the entire population by the end of June. Not bad going for small nations unable to access the vaccine.
The First Minister does not seem to have a grasp of mathematics either. His final claim in the Financial Times interview was that the 160-mile-long border with England is apparently a hurdle to independence.
Finland has two borders, each over 1000 miles long so one wonders how they manage.
Apparently, the border with England is crossed by "hundreds of thousands each day." Given that the entire population of East Wales is just over 600 thousand, these hundreds of thousands probably explain why Cardiff, Newport and Wrexham are entirely empty of people between nine and five.
The First Minister may indeed not be a supporter of independence, but can we please have facts and not fantasy?
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30 July 2013
Manchurian Candidate: The Secret Government Project to Control Global Politics
Manchurian Candidate Definition
The term Manchurian Candidate derives from a 1959 novel by Richard Condon titled "The Manchurian Candidate." Condon portrays a platoon of American soldiers during the Korean War who are sent to Manchuria (Northeast China), where they captured, brainwashed, and given alter personalities programmed to assassinate key individuals and overthrow the US government. As a result, the term Manchurian Candidate now signifies a person who has had their personality split into "alters" which commit murder or other acts without conscious knowledge of what they've done.
The CIA has declassified over 18,000 pages of documents on extensive mind control programs carried out since the early 1950s. These documents prove that the government developed a Manchurian Candidate program which was quite real. Through the Freedom of Information Act, you can order these documents in the form of three CDs directly from the US government for only $30. You can also find extensive quotes on the creation of Manchurian Candidates from the most revealing of these documents with links for verification at this link.
Excerpts Proving Creation of Manchurian Candidates
Below is a sample of just two of these declassified documents and one scientific article depicting the Manchurian Candidate program. These excerpts are taken from the excellent mind control summary at this link. These documents and quotes show that the riveting book and film Manchurian Candidate are more fact than fiction. First, a declassified CIA document dated Jan. 7, 1953 describes the experimental creation of alter personalities in two 19-year-old girls:
To see an online copy of the declassified CIA document with the quote above, click here. A second document dated Feb. 10, 1954 describes an experiment on creating unsuspecting assassins:
"Miss [deleted] was instructed (having previously expressed a fear of firearms) that she would use every method at her disposal to awaken miss [deleted] (now in a deep hypnotic sleep). Failing this, she would pick up a pistol and fire it at Miss [deleted]. She was instructed that her rage would be so great that she would not hesitate to 'kill' [deleted]. Miss [deleted] carried out these suggestions including firing the (unloaded) gun at [deleted], and then proceeded to fall into a deep sleep. After proper suggestions were made, both were awakened. Miss [deleted] expressed absolute denial that the foregoing sequence had happened." (CIA Mori ID 190691)
To see an online copy of this second declassified CIA document with the quote above, click here. In a 1971 Science Digest article, Dr. G.H. Estabrooks states:
"By the 1920's clinical hypnotists learned to split certain individuals into multiple personalities like Jeckyl-Hydes. During WWII, I worked this technique with a Marine lieutenant I'll call Jones. I split his personality into Jones A and Jones B. Jones A, once a 'normal' working Marine, became entirely different. He talked communist doctrine and meant it. He was welcomed enthusiastically by communist cells, and was deliberately given a dishonorable discharge. Jones B was the deeper personality, knew all the thoughts of Jones A, and was 'imprinted' to say nothing during conscious phases. All I had to do was hypnotize him, get in touch with Jones B, and I had a pipeline straight into the Communist camp." (Science Digest, April 1971, pp. 44-50)
To read the full article, click here. These are just three of the many disturbing experiments which reveal severe abuse of power on unsuspecting citizens for over 50 years now. To read excerpts from many other declassified documents proving the development of a sophisticated Manchurian Candidate program, click here.
The 18,000 pages of released documents released are only the tip of the iceberg. The CIA still refuses to release many thousands of pages. And millions of pages of secret documents on the program were destroyed by order of CIA Director Richard Helms in 1973 when he was tipped off that there was going to be a Congressional investigation into the CIA's mind control activities.
More Valuable Information on Manchurian Candidates
For more on these and other eye-opening facts, see the two-page mind control summary at this link. Or go straight to the 10-page summary filled with verifiable information at this link. Both have dozens of footnotes listing reliable sources for verification, including links to the original declassified government documents. For an excellent documentary on Manchurian Candidates, mind control, and more by the History Channel, click here.
To understand why these facts aren't getting extensive media coverage, and for ideas on what we can do about it, go to If these facts were reported in headline news where they belong, caring citizens would be astounded and demand to know more. This has not happened, which is why we feel compelled to provide them here.
The entire website is designed both to provide a concise, reliable introduction to incredibly important information that is being hidden from us, and to inspire us to work together for a better world. You can help to build a brighter future by educating yourself on these vital issues, and by forwarding this message to your friends and colleagues and asking them to do the same.
As we spread this news across the land, public pressure will eventually force the media to cover these critical topics. Then we will begin to see many positive changes to prevent these kinds of abuses from ever happening again. Thank you for caring. Together we can and will build a better world for ourselves and our children.
This message is available online at
28 July 2013
We are still living under the spell of British colonialism, the great damage inflicted by this form of colonialism has not reached its end yet, people suffer all over the world and this great instability in some areas we forgot almost what it is due to, as if it were some kind of inevitable destiny that we had to endure, look a little deeper under the skin of things and you will find Great Britain standing behind many of the actual miseries of the world, it is enough that it is behind the creation of Israel and the creation of USA and the partition of India, all these great master pieces are Great Britain's creations, the unsolvable problem of Palestine where daily dozens of people either are killed or arrested or abused or exiled or besieged or God knows what, humiliation, death and torture and torture and death and humiliation and incarceration, this is the Israeli symphony that is to be performed everyday by the off spring of United Kingdom.
Look at Gaza, look what they did to Gaza and what they are doing and how the population, or what was left from it after the assault, has become homeless, exposed and threatened, and what about the partition of India, of mother India? Here the devil had whispered in the ear of the English king and the English viceroy to spread the most hateful thing as the best way to cure India from its longing to independence and freedom and this thing is religious conflict between the two monotheistic religions: Hinduism and Islam, between Ishvara and Allah, between the Veda and the Koran.
Millions of victims paid their life and were exiled and displaced and killed because Great Britain did not want to grant India its independence except at the great expense of its integrity and unity, and wanted also this blood bath to continue in both countries, this conflict between the two religions nurtured and maintained by political ambitions on both sides has ended up in strong feelings of hatred that Hindus and Muslims harbor for each other, and do you know who is this person the Hindu or the Pakistani hates? This person is not some alien coming from another planet, no, this person is the neighbor and the friend and the brother and the relative and the mate, he is one's own self.
Not only Great Britain has caused this ailment but the world order is catering to it and Israel has entered the conflict seeking the favors of India against Pakistan, this is how this unjustified hatred has been exploited unfortunately by the state of Israel where Israel (God forbids) identified itself with India having to deal with a Muslim foe that is Palestine. By their clumsy policy of associating with Pakistan, the Arabs had lost India to their enemies and have not gained Pakistan who had instead chose to be affiliated to KSA. Thus Israel exploited the situation to its advantage causing more harm to India and to the bond that always joined India to Palestine.
God forbids! India is the land of mercy and forgiveness, the mother of all, God forbids that it will ever cater to something as evil as the Zionist state, and how is it that Muslims are threatening Israel when Israelbacked by the wicked British crownusurped the land of the Palestinians after slaughtering them? The place of merciful India is beside the victimized Palestinians, and all these wrong notions that Israel is spreading around by picturing the Palestinians as terrorist Muslims should be straightened out and India should recover her role of mother to all, all people and all religions are sworn enemy to all injustices. Down with partition, long live United India, long live mother earth of two hearts Palestine and India.
26 July 2013
David Headley, an agent of the American government, planned the Mumbai attacks of 2008, and other such terror attacks.
 Headley seems to have worked closely with elements of both the Indian and Pakistani security services.
 Headley has been linked to the 2007 attack on the Samjhauta Express train in India.
 Mumbai area anti-terror police chief Hemant K


Product of Inertia
Product of inertia
The product of inertia of area A relative to the indicated XY rectangular axes is IXY = ∫ xy dA (see illustration). The product of inertia of the mass contained in volume V relative to the XY axes is IXY = ∫ xyρ dV—similarly for IYZ and IZX.
Product of inertia of an areaenlarge picture
Product of inertia of an area
Relative to principal axes of inertia, the product of inertia of a figure is zero. If a figure is mirror symmetrical about a YZ plane, IZX = IXY = 0. See Moment of inertia
Product of Inertia
a quantity that characterizes the mass distribution in a body or mechanical system. Products of inertia are the sums of the products formed by multiplying the mass mk of each point of the body or system by the product of two of the coordinates xk, yk, zk of the point
Ixy = ∑ mkxkyk
Iyz = ∑ mkykzk
Izx = ∑ mkzkxk
The values of the products of inertia depend on the orientations of the coordinate axes. For every point of the body or system, there exist at least three mutually perpendicular axes, called the principal axes of inertia, for which the products of inertia are equal to zero.
The concept of the product of inertia plays an important role in the study of the rotational motion of bodies. The magnitudes of the pressure forces on the bearings on which the axial shaft of a body rotates depend on the values of the products of inertia. The pressures will be minimal—that is, equal to the static pressures—if the axis of rotation is a principal axis of inertia that passes through the center of mass of the body.
product of inertia
[′prä·dəkt əv i′nər·shə]
Relative to two rectangular axes, the sum of the products formed by multiplying the mass (or, sometimes, the area) of each element of a figure by the product of the coordinates corresponding to those axes.
References in periodicals archive?
Accordingly, a full component of inertia matrix which consists of moment of inertia (MOI) and product of inertia (POI) elements needs to be considered.
Section properties that are automatically calculated include area, perimeter, moments of inertia, product of inertia, polar moments of inertia, distance of neutral axis from extremes, radius of gyration, and section moduli.
Possibly a too cautious pragmatism, the product of inertia, impedes my ready acceptance" Indeed.
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text:
CHIPS Questions and Answers
Why is it important to study diffuse emission in the CHIPS wavelength band?
The CHIPS band contains the significant majority of the radiated
power from diffuse hot interstellar plasma in its most probable
temperature range. Although X-ray and UV studies can detect plasma
at greater distances and map it with better angular resolution,
extrapolation of such measurements to a total plasma luminosity will be
fraught with significant uncertainty until spectroscopic observations
of diffuse emission are carried out in the CHIPS band.
Can observations with CHIPS disentangle all of the cooling mechanisms
that might be taking place in the local interstellar medium?
The various cooling mechanisms make observationally distinct predictions
for the emission in the CHIPS band. In combination with observations of
emission and absorption features at other wavelengths, CHIPS data will be
extremely helpful in disentangling these processes.
CHIPS will do an excellent job of constraining the electron temperature
through measurement of collisionally excited line emission.
Determination of the electron temperature is a crucial step in
understanding the cooling process.
Do current observational limits in the CHIPS band set interesting
constraints on the physical properties of plasma in the local bubble?
No. Current observational limits were set using instruments with
limited spectral resolution and many are well above the expected
emission-line fluxes. The marginal detection in 18 million seconds of
EUVE observations in regions where the soft X-rays are bright does
indicate that diffuse emission is present in our band.
What if the foreground absorption column is higher than you have estimated?
With nominal assumption, the bright iron emission lines will be
detected at 20 to 50 in each sky resel.
A higher absorption would reduce the line flux, but, barring some
wholly unexpected distribution of the local neutral material,
absorption will reduce the EUV emission to undetectable levels
in only a limited number of viewing directions.
The CHIANTI CIE plasma model predicts
somewhat brighter peak iron line fluxes than the Raymond & Smith
code used in our analysis.
Select one of the following for more information:
MISSION - EDUCATION
CHIPS Bibliography -
CHIPS Q&A -
For more information about CHIPS please send an e-mail to Dr. Mark Hurwitz. If you have questions about or problems with this web page, please send an e-mail to the webmaster.
University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory
7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
CHIPS Project Manager: _PHONE_


The Bomb Flower is a small blue plant that grows next to lava pools. They only grow on smooth stone or netherrack with lava adjacent to the block they're planted on. The plant itself can be harvested by breaking a fully grown Bomb Flower with a pair of shears.
Upon being punched, the flower will drop a small blue Bomb, which will consequently detonate. If you place water nearby before the bomb detonates, it will deactivate the bomb and allow you to pick it up, but the water will destroy the plants. This is a useful method of obtaining the bomb required to craft the Bomb Bag. Mining the block underneath the plant with cause the bomb to activate, and will destroy the plant. You can also make the bomb drop by hitting it with a magic boomerang, which will start the fuse but will not move the bomb. If a bomb detonates close enough to a fully grown bomb flower, it will activate the bombs from the flower too, and they will explode almost instantly.
After the Bomb Bag is obtained, you can harvest bombs by simply left clicking the activated bomb while holding the bag.
If you place a block on top of the bomb flower, it will break the plant and the bomb will activate. Same goes for covering up the lava source the bomb flower is connected to. You can't even place a non-solid block such as a slab or glass over the source, so be careful!
 - Fully grown bomb flowers seem to disappear (only visibly; the physical "block" is still there) as soon as you place the crosshairs over it, making harvesting difficult.. (Turn off/Hide NEI "Highlight tips" to fix this.
 - The Bomb Flower was inspired by the Legend of Zelda.


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Speech Communication BA / BS Degree
The University of Texas at Tyler offers a diverse selection of courses toward the bachelor of arts/bachelor of science degree with a major in speech communication. The speech communication minor also is offered.
In UT Tyler speech communication courses, you will gain knowledge and skills in:
- Public Speaking
- Interpersonal Communication
- Small Group Communication
- Communication Theory
- Rhetorical Theory and Criticism
Speech communication as practiced in all areas of the program is a humanistic field which calls for dynamic personal involvement of study and practice.
Students focus on communication through spoken language and nonverbal messages, creating and testing their ideas, developing individual abilities and gaining confidence and competence in varying communication settings. The skills acquired are applicable to almost every aspect of your private and professional life.
UT Tyler speech communication majors may choose a concentration in public advocacy, organizational communication or general speech communication.


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The European Parliament adopts three new reports on gender equality
The European Parliament adopted yesterday three reports on gender equality:
- The EU Strategy for Gender Equality: "Parliament welcomes the positive measures included in the EU's new Gender Equality Strategy but calls for additional actions and specific and binding targets.
In their report adopted by 464 votes in favour, 119 against and 93 abstentions on Thursday, MEPs describe the Commission's 2020-2025 Gender Equality Strategy as ambitious but regret that it is sometimes too vague and lacks defined targets to be reached by 2025 and clear monitoring tools."
- The gender perspective in the Covid-19 crisis and post-crisis period: MEPs examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and proposed measures to protect women's rights and enhance gender equality during and after the crisis. In a report adopted by 485 votes in favour, 86 against and 108 abstentions on Thursday, MEPs stress the need for a gender-sensitive response to all aspects of the COVID-19 crisis in order to enhance gender equality and to protect women's rights during the pandemic and post-pandemic period.
- Closing the digital gender gap: women's participation in the digital economy: "It is necessary to encourage women's participation in technical and high-level jobs by overcoming educational barriers from an early stage, say MEPs. In a non-legislative report adopted on Thursday by 598 votes in favour, 45 against and 40 abstentions, MEPs call on the Commission to address the serious gender gap within the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector, via concrete measures and appropriate funding aimed at increasing the participation and digital inclusion of women and girls."


text:
Maintenance and operations management for power plants
is not easy, but it must be performed. Failure to properly care for these massive machines could lead to catastrophic accidents that will cost lives. It is important to understand some of the basics that go into the maintenance of this complex machinery.
Power generation plants have different components. Some are large, capable of producing large amounts of electricity. Others are small and have a variety of complex parts. The smallest ones are operated by individual workers in a highly contained environment, so they require fewer maintenance services. Large power plants usually operate in a larger space,
so they must use more efficient engines and other components for less costly maintenance.
It is important for maintenance activities to be scheduled as regularly as possible. Scheduling maintenance and other activities will allow the workers to focus on their tasks with little interruption. Scheduling maintenance is essential to the operation of the power plant. Power stations generate electricity for millions of customers daily. If something is damaged or fails, the immediate impact on the company's finances will be significant. Maintaining a regular schedule with regular maintenance and repairs will prevent the premature failure of expensive equipment or machinery and prevent the loss of revenue for the company.
There are several reasons why maintenance is so important for power plants. The biggest reason is to reduce the risk of an overload failure or fire. When there is too much electricity produced or too much heat generated, something must be done to regulate the amount of electricity being produced and used. Overloading and overload failures
are common occurrences that have the potential to cause massive losses. A new power plant operator can greatly reduce the chances of these types of failures by ensuring that the maintenance required is completed as scheduled.
Many companies perform their own maintenance activities and schedule routine maintenance visits. However, for power plants, it is important to have a dedicated maintenance person or crew watch over the equipment in order to make sure that everything is properly maintained. Having someone else take care of this responsibility, allows a company to focus on other aspects of their operation and maintain their plants at a high level. Scheduling maintenance activities on a regular basis will also help the personnel administering the safety mechanisms take a day off without worrying about how their machinery is performing. Having a maintenance man to take care of all necessary equipment allows for safety procedures to be performed without delay when something does go wrong.
Some companies choose to hire a professional maintenance company. This can be helpful, but there are also many advantages of scheduling regular maintenance activities on your own. One of the best benefits of maintaining the equipment on your own is that it will reduce the amount of safety measures you need to take. It is impossible to completely eliminate safety risks
, but reducing the number of safety measures you need to take will lower the chance of something going wrong. For a variety of reasons, some power plant operations are designed so that something does go wrong, but regular maintenance activities reduce the amount of stress caused by power plant accidents.
Another benefit of having your power plants regularly inspected and maintained is that it reduces the cost of your electricity generation. It is not uncommon for power plants to experience outages, which lead to significant decreases in the amount of electricity produced. Having your plants inspected and maintained on a regular basis will not only allow you to increase the amount of electricity your plants produce, but will also reduce the amount of money you spend to provide power for your community. The cost of generating electricity through electricity has significantly decreased in recent years, which makes the cost of generating electricity through coal-fired power plants even more expensive.
Keeping your power plants in top condition also allows for you to benefit from federal funding. In many instances, if your facility operates at a high efficiency, you may be eligible for federal funding. In most cases, you will need to demonstrate that your facility meets or exceeds the energy efficiency guidelines set forth by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. When you apply for federal grant money, you will need to provide proof that your facility meets all of the guidelines. If you want to learn more about what you can do to maintain your facility, talk to your local or state power plants licensing division.