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Ah, the intriguing world of canine quirks! One such curious behavior is caching – the act of hiding prized possessions like toys, bones, and even food.
Dogs usually cache due to their ancestral instincts to store food for lean times, as well as to create a sense of security and comfort. In multi-dog households, caching may also occur due to resource guarding or territoriality.
In this article, we'll dig deep into the mysteries of caching behavior in dogs, and help you understand why dogs cache and how to deal with it. So, if you've ever caught Fido burying a treasure in the backyard, read on to discover what's really going on in that furry little head of his!
The Hows and Whys of Dog Caching Behavior
An Age-Old Instinct
Caching behavior in dogs can be traced back to their wild ancestors. Canines in the wild would cache their food to ensure they had a steady supply during lean times.
So, when you see your dog attempting to bury a bone or a treat, they're actually tapping into their ancient instincts!
For some dogs, caching can be a way to create a sense of security and comfort.
By hiding their treasured items, they're ensuring that they'll always have something valuable close at hand – sort of like a canine version of a rainy day fund!
Territoriality and Resource Guarding
In multi-dog households, caching behavior can be a sign of resource guarding or territoriality.
Dogs may hide their toys or food to prevent their canine siblings from getting to them first.
This behavior can also be seen in dogs that have experienced scarcity in the past, such as rescues or dogs with a history of neglect.
How To Deal With Caching Behavior in Dogs
Recognize the Behavior
The first step in addressing caching behavior in dogs is to recognize it for what it is.
If your dog is frequently hiding items or digging holes in the yard, there's a good chance they're caching.
Provide a Safe Space
If your dog is caching due to feelings of insecurity or resource guarding, providing them with a safe space can help.
This might include a designated "cache zone" with a soft bed or blankets, and even a special toy box for their most treasured possessions.
Address Resource Guarding
To tackle resource guarding, you'll need to work on building trust and reinforcing positive behaviors. This can include:
- Ensuring each dog has their own space, toys, and food bowls
- Feeding dogs separately to prevent competition
- Practicing "trading up" by exchanging a lower-value item for a higher-value one
- Working with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist if needed
Redirect the Energy
If caching behavior in dogs is causing problems, such as digging up the yard, try redirecting their energy into more appropriate activities. This can include:
- Providing interactive toys that engage their natural instincts, like puzzle toys or treat-dispensing balls
- Offering supervised chew time with appropriate chew toys or treats
- Engaging your dog in regular exercise and playtime to help burn off excess energy
Why Do Dogs Hide Their Food
Dogs hide their food for several reasons, all rooted in their natural instincts and behaviors.
One primary reason is their ancestral background, where wild canines would cache food to ensure they had a steady supply during times of scarcity. This behavior has been passed down through generations, even though our domesticated dogs have regular access to food.
Another reason dogs hide their food is to create a sense of security and comfort. By stashing away their prized edibles, they're making sure they have a stash of valuable resources available when needed, similar to a rainy day fund.
In households with multiple dogs, hiding food can be a result of resource guarding or territoriality. Dogs may feel the need to protect their food from their canine siblings, especially if they have experienced scarcity in the past or if there's competition for resources. In such cases, dogs hide their food to prevent others from getting to it first.
Dog Air Caching – What Is That?
Dog air caching, also known as "ghost caching" or "phantom caching," is a peculiar behavior in which a dog appears to be hiding an item but is not actually concealing anything. In essence, the dog goes through the motions of caching without physically burying or hiding an object.
This behavior may be observed when a dog picks up an imaginary item, moves to a location, and then proceeds to "hide" the nonexistent object. They may use their nose or paws to mimic the actions of covering the imaginary item, just as they would if they were genuinely caching something.
The exact reasons behind dog air caching are not well understood, but it is believed to be linked to their natural caching instincts. Some theories suggest that air caching could be a form of play or practice for actual caching behaviors. Alternatively, it might be a compulsive behavior stemming from anxiety, boredom, or stress.
To address air caching, dog owners can provide ample mental and physical stimulation through interactive toys, puzzle feeders, and regular exercise. If the behavior becomes excessive or problematic, consulting with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist may be helpful to identify and address the underlying causes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Is caching behavior in dogs a sign of a problem?
Not necessarily. Caching behavior in dogs is a natural instinct, and as long as it's not causing issues, it's generally harmless. However, if it's causing damage or is a result of resource guarding, you'll want to address it.
- Can I train my dog to stop caching?
While you can't completely eliminate caching behavior in dogs, you can manage it by redirecting their energy and providing alternative outlets for their instincts. Working with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist can help you develop a plan tailored to your dog's specific needs.
- Is caching behavior in dogs more common in certain breeds?
Caching behavior in dogs can be seen across all breeds, but it may be more prevalent in certain breeds with strong hunting or working instincts, such as terriers, retrievers, and hounds.
- Should I be worried if my dog is caching food?
Caching food isn't inherently worrisome, but it can be a sign that your dog is feeling insecure or experiencing resource-guarding issues. If you're concerned, consult with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist to address the underlying causes.
Why Do Dogs Cache?
Why do dogs cache and how to deal with it?
Caching is a natural canine instinct that can serve various purposes, from tapping into their wild heritage to providing a sense of security.
By understanding and addressing the reasons behind your dog's caching behavior, you can foster a more harmonious relationship with your furry friend, and ensure their instincts don't turn into problematic habits.
So, keep an eye on your dog's caching habits, provide them with a safe space, and remember – a little understanding goes a long way!
Some of My Favorite Products For Dog Owners
I hope this article has helped you just a bit in everyday life as a dog owner. Being a dog owner for more than 25 years, I've tried many different products with varying success, but these products below are some that I can highly recommend to every dog and their owner without hesitation!
These links are affiliate links, so if you do end up using the links, I will earn a commission. But it's products that I use daily myself, and I have the utmost praise for.
Dog Food: Every dog needs to eat correctly, and finding the best food for your dog can be challenging, as the market is absolutely flooded with products. But since 2015 when the company was founded, I've been using Ollie Petfood. With their product being tailor-made to suit every dog's specific needs, and as my dogs absolutely love the product, I'm pretty sure I've found a product I will continue to use for many years more. If you use my link you can get 50% off your first order.
Dog Training: If you've ever owned a puppy, you know that it requires a lot of training to grow into a well-behaved adult. Brain Training for Dogs has helped me immensely with the mental training part of raising a dog, and it's something I strongly recommend you consider.
Grooming: If you have a dog in your home, you're going to need a brush, and for this, I recommend a Hertzko Self-Cleaning Slicker Brush. For that price, you simply can't beat this brush for everyday grooming.
If you're looking for the most up-to-date recommendations, check out my recommended products section that I've created to help every dog owner!


What Happens When You Exclude A Transaction In QuickBooks?
Can I delete everything in QuickBooks and start over?
Example: URL shows _URL_ change to: _URL_
The next screen will provide a summary of the items to be deleted.
Type the word "YES" once the data gets deleted, then click OK.
Click Wipe Data once your selections are complete..
What does manually added from bank feeds mean?
The transactions that you'll see under For Review tab on the Banking screen are all downloaded from your bank. If these transactions don't exist in your Register, you can add them by clicking Add under ACTION column. On the other hand, if these transactions show in your Register, this means they're manually created.
How do I fix a deleted reconciled transaction in QuickBooks?
Here's how:Click the Gear icon in the upper-right corner and select Audit Log.Look for the deleted transaction and click View.Click the arrow on when it was created and deleted.Take note of the transaction details.Recreate the transaction manually by clicking the Create menu (+).
How do I exclude a transaction in QuickBooks online?
excluding transationsClick the Banking menu from the navigation panel.Go to the Banking tab, click the account you want to use.Tap the For Review tab.Mark the checkbox of the transactions you want to exclude.From the Batch actions drop-down, choose Exclude Selected.The items will be moved to the Excluded section.More items…•
What happens when you delete a transaction in QuickBooks?
When you delete a transaction, you completely erase it from your books. It won't appear anywhere on your reports or in your accounts. You can use your Audit Log to recover some details, but you can't recover the transaction. You can delete any type of transaction in QuickBooks.
Why might a transaction be excluded in bank feeds?
It's located under Batch Actions. Common reasons to exclude transactions: Two transactions in the bank feed are a match against one transaction in the register (in this scenario, you would exclude both items). The transaction(s) is already reconciled in QuickBooks.
What exclude means?
to shut or keep out; prevent the entrance of. to shut out from consideration, privilege, etc.: Employees and their relatives were excluded from participation in the contest. to expel and keep out; thrust out; eject: He was excluded from the club for infractions of the rules.
Can I delete a transaction on my online banking?
From Banking, open the relevant bank account. From Activity tab, select the tick box to the left the transactions you want to delete. A toolbar now appears above the list. … From the toolbar, select the Delete button.
Is there a way to recover deleted invoices in QuickBooks?
Once a transaction (invoice, bills, etc.) is deleted in QuickBooks, we can only "recover" them on your audit log. … To view your audit log, just go to the Gear (at the top right) > Audit Log.
How do you correct reconciliation discrepancies?
How do I clean up old transactions in QuickBooks?
Here's how to manually clear bank transactions in QuickBooks:Go to the Gear icon, then choose Chart of Accounts.Locate the account of the transaction.Select View Register from the Action column.Identify the transaction to clear.Under the reconcile status column, select C for Cleared. … Select Save.
What is an excluded transaction?
When you exclude a transaction, it doesn't appear in any account registers or financial reports. Depending on the type of transaction, this may make it easier or harder for you to reconcile an account.
What is the difference between transfer and add in QuickBooks?
"Add" means you have not created the transaction in QuickBooks Online. "Add" is to basically record the new transaction to the register in QuickBooks. "Transfer" means you make a transfer from one bank account to another bank account (or credit card account).
Where can we view a list of voided and deleted transactions in QuickBooks?
Go to the Gear icon on the top right corner, select Audit Log under Tools menu. Click Filter. Select Transactions. Show field: select "Deleted/Voided Transactions"
What does rule mean in QuickBooks?
QuickBooks Online has an added feature called Rules (or Bank Rules). It saves you time by setting up automatic categorisation of regular recurring transactions even if they are slightly different each month.
Can you see deleted transactions in QuickBooks?
Locate the deleted transaction. (Tip: To easily find deleted transactions, use the browser search Ctrl + F and type "deleted"). Under the History column, select View. All the information needed for the transaction can be found under the Event column.
Which three statements regarding bank rules are true in QuickBooks?
Top AnswerThe correct Statements are :Bank rules can be prioritized.Bank rules can be copied, edited, or deleted.You can automatically add transactions to the register using Bank Rules.Bank rules can be prioritized.Bank rules can be copied, edited, or deleted.More items…
When would you use bank rules in QuickBooks online?


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History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona
|Laws • History|
|List of measures|
The History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona began when acquired statewide initiative, referendum, and recall rights at the time of statehood in 1912. The first initiative in the state was for women's suffrage. It was a landslide victory, passing by a margin of greater than two to one on Nov. 5, 1912.
Then, in 1914, Arizona saw of 15 qualified initiatives, which held the record until 2006 when 19 initiatives were passed. Four of the 1914 initiatives passed because of the efforts of organized labor. One prohibited blacklisting of union members; a second established an "old age and mothers' pension"; another established a state government contract system, and a fourth limited businesses employment of non-citizens. Lastly, the voters in 1914 passed an initiative that barred the governor and legislature from amending or repealing initiatives.
In response, the legislature tried to pass a constitutional amendment that would make it more difficult to pass initiatives. Because this amendment needed the approval of voters, the Arizona Federation of Labor waged a campaign against the measure. The amendment was narrowly defeated in 1916.
- This chart includes all ballot measures to appear on the Arizona ballot in the year indicated, not just initiated measures. See also Arizona ballot measures.
|Year||Propositions on ballot||How many were approved?||How many were defeated?|
Arizonans owe many of their reforms to John Kromko. Kromko, like most Arizonans, is not a native; he was born near Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1940 and moved to Tucson in the mid-1960s. He was active in protests against the Vietnam War, and in the 1970s and 1980s he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature several times. By night, he was a computer-programming instructor; by day, he was Arizona's "Mr. Initiative."
Kromko's first petition was a referendum drive to stop a Tucson city council ordinance banning topless dancing, arguing for free speech. In 1976 Kromko was among the handful of Arizonans who, in cooperation with the People's Lobby Western Bloc campaign, succeeded in putting on the state ballot an initiative to phase out nuclear power. The initiative lost at the polls, but Kromko's leadership on the issue got him elected to his first term in the legislature.
Repealing the sales tax on food
Once elected, Kromko set his sights on abolishing the sales tax on food, a "regressive" tax that hits the poor hardest. Unsuccessful in the legislature, Kromko launched a statewide initiative petition and got enough signatures to put food tax repeal on the ballot. The legislature, faced with the initiative, acted to repeal the tax.
After the food tax victory, Kromko turned to voter registration reform. Again the legislature was unresponsive, so he launched an initiative petition. He narrowly missed getting enough signatures in 1980, and he failed to win re-election that year.
Undaunted, he revived the voter registration campaign and turned to yet another cause: Medicaid funding. Arizona in 1981 was the only state without Medicaid, since the legislature had refused to appropriate money for the state's share of this federal program.
In 1982, with an initiative petition drive under way and headed for success, the legislature got the message and established a Medicaid program. Kromko and his allies on this issue, the state's churches, were satisfied and dropped their petition drive.
Motor Voter initiative
The voter registration initiative, now under the leadership of Les Miller, a Phoenix attorney, and the state Democratic Party, gained ballot placement and voter approval. In the ensuing four years, this "Motor Voter" initiative increased by over 10 percent the proportion of Arizona's eligible population who were registered to vote.
Late legislative career
Kromko, re-elected to the legislature in 1982, took up his petitions again in 1983 to prevent construction of a freeway in Tucson that would have smashed through several residential neighborhoods. The initiative was merely to make freeway plans subject to voter approval, but Tucson officials, seeing the campaign as the death knell for their freeway plans, blocked its placement on the ballot through various legal technicalities. Kromko and neighborhood activists fighting to save their homes refused to admit defeat. They began a new petition drive in 1984, qualified their measure for the ballot, and won voter approval for it in November 1985.
Arizona's moneyed interests poured funds into a campaign to unseat Kromko in 1986. Kromko not only survived but also fought back by supporting a statewide initiative to limit campaign contributions, sponsored by his colleague in the legislature, Democratic State Representative Reid Ewing of Tucson. Voters passed the measure by a two to one margin.
Kromko's initiative exploits have made him the most effective Democratic political figure, besides former governor Bruce Babbitt, in this perennially Republican-dominated state. And Babbitt owes partial credit for one of his biggest successes - enactment of restrictions on the toxic chemical pollution of drinking water - to Kromko. Early in 1986 Kromko helped organize an environmentalist petition drive for an anti-toxic initiative, while Babbitt negotiated with the legislature for passage of a similar bill. When initiative backers had enough signatures to put their measure on the ballot, the legislature bowed to the pressure and passed Babbitt's bill. Even today, Kromko is still active in politics, writing letters to the editor about immigration policies.
Petition drive problems in 2008
2008 was a tough year for ballot initiatives in Arizona. Nine citizen initiatives filed signatures to qualify for the November 2008 Arizona ballot by the state's July 3 petition drive deadline. In the end, only six of the initiatives were certified, with three initiatives disqualified as a result of an historically high number of problems with flawed petition signatures. When the November vote was held, of the six that qualified for the ballot, only one was approved.,
Criticisms of process
After 19 were proposed in 2006, legislators were worried about "ballot fatigue" or overuse of the initiative system. This led to legislators considering steps to limit or otherwise exert more control over the initiative process. Ironically, any attempt to alter the initiative and referendum process would require an amendment to the state constitution, and thus in itself be put forth as a referendum.
This article is significantly based on an article published by the Initiative & Referendum Institute, and is used with their permission. Their article, in turn, relies on research in David Schmidt's book, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution.
Also portions of this article were taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under the GNU license.
- ↑ Arizona Daily Star, "'Clown' takes some serious initiative", July 20, 2007
- ↑ Arizona Republic, "'Flawed' election petitions face review", September 13, 2008
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, "Citizen initiatives have been kicked off the ballot this year in record numbers, and the problems could go much deeper than invalid signatures", August 21, 2008
- ↑ Legislators seeking more control over initiatives, Arizona Republic, Feb. 13, 2007
- ↑ History of Arizona's initiative
- ↑ Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution Temple University Press, 352 pp., ISBN-10: _PHONE_, October 1991
History of I&R
Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Florida · Idaho · Illinois · Kentucky · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Mexico · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · South Dakota · Utah · Washington · Wyoming
Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum · Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution · Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Homelessness declining in nation's cities, but hunger is on the rise
Homelessness declining in nation's cities
Posted at 11:37 AM, Dec 14, 2016
and last updated 2016-12-14 15:07:59-05
NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- Even though homelessness in America's cities continues to decline, food banks and pantries are still being stretched thin as the number of people seeking emergency food assistance climbs, according to a survey of mayors from 38 of the nation's cities.
The majority, or 63%, of those seeking assistance were families, down from 67% a year ago, the survey found. However, the proportion of people who were employed and in need of food assistance rose sharply -- increasing to 51% from 42%.
The primary cause of hunger, the mayors said: low wages.
"We're looking at the wealth gap. Jobs in our cities are coming back, but they are not paying what they we're paying before the meltdown," said Mick Cornett, mayor of Oklahoma City.
High housing costs and poverty were also major reasons cited by the mayors.
"We're talking about the working poor and we may be looking at people who are sheltered but spending more of their income on housing and seeking food assistance," said Helene Schneider, mayor of Santa Barbara.
The growing number of hungry has put a strain on city food banks and pantries.
Nearly half of cities said they had to reduce the quantity of food an individual or a family could receive per pantry visit or the food received per meal. Due to a lack of resources, 47% of the cities said emergency food facilities had to turn people away altogether, a slight improvement from the 57% who said they had to do so a year prior.
Washington, D.C., estimated that the city was unable to meet nearly 24% of the overall demand for food assistance in 2016. Meanwhile, Des Moines said it could not meet 22% of the demand at its food pantries and kitchens.
One glimmer of hope: The homelessness rate continued to decline.
Approximately two-thirds of the cities surveyed by the Council of Mayors reported decreases in the rate of homelessness from 2009 to 2016. The largest reported decrease was in New York City, with 1,800 fewer homeless people, the report said.
About 5% of homeless people were veterans, the U.S. Conference of Mayors reported. With Durham, North Carolina, and Indianapolis reporting the highest proportion of homeless veterans.
The Council of Mayors stressed that the report on their cities doesn't necessarily reflect national trends, however. Nationally, 7.2% of homeless people are identified as veterans, they said.
A shift in policy away from transitional housing toward more permanent housing since 2009 has helped reduce the numbers of homeless people living in U.S. cities. However, there is more to be done. The mayors reported that even if every one of their cities' shelter beds were filled, more than 34,000 people would still lack shelter.
City officials overwhelmingly said housing assistance and affordable housing were what is needed most to reduce homelessness. They also want better employment and training, and better coordination with mental health and substance abuse services.
With about a month before the inauguration of President-elect Donald Trump, the mayors stressed the need for continued collaboration between federal, state and local governments.
"We look forward to meeting with the president-elect and his cabinet at our upcoming [Conference of Mayors] meeting on January 17th in D.C.," said Mitch Landrieu, mayor of New Orleans. "These are bipartisan issues and we will do everything we can to support these people with a strong federal partnership."


approach.
The replicates used in BRR are set up by repeatedly selecting just one of the two psus per stratum. The selection is not entirely at random – the approach sets up replicates against an orthogonal matrix of 1s and 0s which is designed to give a 'balanced' set of replicates. The balancing is a means of dealing with the interdependence in the replicates because they contain common units.
Jackknife estimation
For jackknife estimation replicates are created by removing one PSU from the dataset at a time and then weighting up the other psus from the same stratum to adjust for the removal. In this way each replicate gives an unbiased estimate of the population mean, and the variance between the replicate means gives an estimate of the true sampling variance. Jackknife estimation is not restricted to a particular sample design so, in that sense, is more flexible than BRR.
Advantages of using replication methods
 - They can adjust properly for InfoButtonpost-stratification and include the uncertainty due to the estimation of nonresponse rates. But the R survey package implements a generalised calibration method that seems to work just as well.
 - Once the replicate weights are calculated they can be distributed with the data set and used by any user. This means that that PSU's do not have to be identified on the data set, which can overcome problems with disclosure.
4.4 The practicalities of replication methods
Replication methods are usually carried out in two stages:
 - Calculate a set of replicate weights from the design features of a survey
 - Use this set of weights to analyse any of the variables in the survey.
These two stages can be quite separate. Once a set of replicate weights are available the analysts don't need to know anything about the design of the survey. All they need to have is the set of weights and some information about what kinds of weights they are (e.g.BRR, Jackknife ) This means that they don't need to know the details of the sampling (e.g. PSUs, STRATA) so disclosure may be less of a problem.
Replicate weights
The idea of a replication method is that the survey analysis can be repeated on modifications of the data and the variability between the different results obtained allows the standard errors of the estimates to be calculated.
Each replication of a survey can be represented by a replicate weight that is calculated for every respondent. For example, for a modification that drops all the respondents in one PSU, one simply sets the weights for all respondents in that PSU to zero.
A complete set of replicate weights can be calculated and these are then distributed along with the survey. All the survey users can then make use of them to calculate the standard errors of their estimates.
How replication methods can allow for InfoButtonpost-stratification
Once a set of replicate weights are calculated, each set of weights can be post-stratified so that the sum of the weights matches the population totals to which the survey is to be matched. When InfoButtonraking, or other more complicated non-response adjustment is used the weights are adjusted so that each set of weights matches both the population totals.Section on non-response gives details.
4.5 How does the design affect standard errors?
Aspects of the design such as weighting clustering, startification and InfoButtonpost-stratification all influence the design effects and design factors and standard errors for surveys. These are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of this site
It is standard practice for large-scale surveys to be published with tables of design factors for key means and percentages, and you could be forgiven for concluding that survey design affects the standard errors for point estimates alone. But in reality survey design affects all survey statistics, including t-tests, chi-squared tests, and regression coefficients. The basic rules are:
 - All statistical tests (and that includes standard t-tests and chi-squared tests) are based on sampling variance and so have a design effect associated with them. It is often the case that the design effect for tests of differences between sub-groups will be smaller than the design effects associated with point estimates, especially if much of the design effect is attributable to clustering of the data. But you should not assume that the design factor is close enough to 1 to be ignorable.
 - For surveys that are weighted because disproportionate stratification has been used, the design factor should be considerably smaller for sub-group estimates where the sub-groups are the same or closely related to the survey strata.
 - For surveys that are clustered, the standard error for a difference between two groups should have a smaller design factor than the design factors for the two groups themselves as long as the sub-groups cut across each cluster. The design factor may still be fairly large however if the survey data is weighted. The same should apply to the design factor for the standard error of a regression co-efficient.
 - The standard errors for regression coefficients have design effects. As with tests for differences these effects will often be smaller than the design effects for means and percentages, but they should not be assumed to be ignorable.
All of the software packages we are illustrating on this web site will calculate the correct survey - adjusted standard errors. In most cases they will also calculate and print design effects for each estimate.
4.6 Chi squared tests for survey data
Adjusted chi-squared tests
Significance tests such as chi-squared tests also need to be adjusted for the
survey design. Methods for this are illustrated in exemplar 2 and in exemplar4. It is based on similiar principles to the approximate method described below. There are several variants of the survey-adjusted test but the one you are most likely to come accross, and considered to be the most useful is the Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square. This (confusingly) is not usually expressed as a chi-squared test statistic, but as an F statistic. But all the packages we are illustrating give the p-values for the test.
Approximate methods using design effects
design factors for key means and percentages. These can give you some indication of the likely design factors for other variables, and a fairly good rule of thumb is that using a design factor close to the top of the range for those published and applying this to simple random sample standard errors will safe-guard you (in the sense that the most likely error you will make will be to over-estimate the standard error rather than to under-estimate it).
In a similar way it is possible to use this'maximum design factor' to adjust statistical tests so that more conservative p-values are generated. For instance a t-statistic (from a t-test) might be divided by the'max deft' and a chi-squared statistic might be divided by the'max design effect', although this is often extremely conservative. If making use of these types of rule of thumb it is worth being aware of a few general principles: (but it is better to use the software we are illlustrating on this website)
You can check this out with exemplar 2 to see if it is true.
4.7 Misspecification effects
Some software packages (e.g. Stata) provide misspecification effects and misspecification factors as well as design effects and design factors (see above for the latter two). They may appear similar and sometimes (but not always) their values will be similar, but they are really quite different concepts.
The differences between the two types of effect are the following
 - Design effects and factors relate to how well your design is performing compared to a design that is a simple random sample with no clustering, no stratification and no weighting.
 - Misspecification effects and factors are the ratios of variances and standard errors of estimates for your design, compared to the wrong answer you would have got if you had ignored all the design features.
 - Design effects and factors are what you need to evaluate the efficiency of a design
 - Misspecification effects and factors give you how a factor for how wrong you would be if you used the variances and standard errors from an analysis that ignored all the design features, compared to a correct analysis.
Of course you would never dream of doing an incorrect analysis, would you? You are learning from this site after all. But you might have to advise someone without access to appropriate software. So are misspecification effects just what you want to tell people if they should worry about all the complications of design-based analysis? Sadly this is not quite true. The reason for this is weighting. Weighting not only changes the variance of estimates, it also can have large effects on the estimates themselves. So an unweighted analysis will be biassed. The MEFFs and MEFFTs don't tell you about biases.
If you had to advise someone without survey software on whether it was safe to proceed the appropriate advice would be to suggest that they use a weighted analysis with weights scaled to add to the sample size (see section 3.1 on scaling of weights). This gives answers that are bias-adjusted and the standard errors are at least approximately correct. The MEFFs and MEFFTs don't give you the comparison with this analysis. Where unequal weighting changes the precision using MEFFTS will give too big an adjustment to the standard errors.
peas project 2004/2005/2006.


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Personal Academic Tutors will play a vital role in supporting students to fulfil their academic potential, feel secure and resilient, in an uncertain, changing and challenging environment. Effective Personal Academic Tutoring will be crucial in maintaining student engagement and a sense of community as students attempt to navigate through unfamiliar and changing learning experiences. Having consistent, frequent contact with a Personal Academic Tutor will also pick up problems quickly and effectively.
In response to the Framework for Educational Resilience 2020/21 and the introduction of weekly group, academic tutorials please see the updated Personal Academic Tutor Gateway module, and the Personal Academic Tutoring section on the Remote Teaching Resource (Canvas login required).
Both resources are for new and experienced Personal Academic Tutors offering advice and guidance in supporting students in a bi-modal learning environment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
March 12, 2022
Adult/Geriatric Drug Therapy 2020 | Updates on Medications in Palliative Care
Adult/Geriatric Drug Therapy 2020
Updates on Medications in Palliative Care
Darrell Owens, DNP, ANP, GNP, ACHPN
Section Head Palliative and Supportive Care, UW Medical Center – Northwest; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine and Nursing, UW
Advanced practice nurse practitioners, especially adult, geriatric and family nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurses, pharmacists and other interested healthcare professionals.
Objectives for Learning Outcomes
At the conclusion of this activity, participants will be better able to:
- Name the three most common symptoms in the palliative care population.
- Identify three commonly used medications and their indications and SE in palliative care.
- Identify three common misconceptions about sx management in palliative care.


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Dedicated to the preservation, restoration and interpretation of the Tavern Museum
Indian King Tavern Museum's more than 270 year-old historic building is New Jersey's first state-owned historic site (1903). It's where New Jersey completed the transition from colony to State passing laws revising election procedures, creating township governments, and setting up state courts. At the Indian King, the assembly passed measures imposing martial law, strengthening the militia, regulating a war economy, and providing emergency support to the Continental Army after its defeat at Brandywine. We know that more might be done with this marvelous space, if we had the resources available. Our mission is to obtain those resources so that more people can benefit from this amazing historical relic.


Ark Survival Evolved: New Creatures in Genesis Part 2
There are many different creatures in Ark: Survival Evolved, which is also what attracts players. 7 new creatures have also been added to the latest update of Genesis Part 2. Below is an introduction to these creatures.
This creature is quite docile, but if you decide to kill it, it will drop animal skins, raw meat, fur, and keratin. You can find it in Eden along the northern half of the map, and it's easy to find.
This creature uses invisible power to track its prey, but you can still see it because of the faint shimmer around its body and its paw prints behind. If you want to tame the shadowmane, you must find them during the day when they are resting. They are most abundant in the southern half of the Rockwell side of the map.
If you happen to get this creature too close, it will repeatedly bite and attack and call on its siblings to help win the battle. You can tame it by stroking it twice and then feeding it the elements. It is a good vehicle because its saddle has thrusters and lasers.
Tek Stryder
Tek Stryder is a mechanical creature, once it is tamed, you can turn it into anything you want. It is most commonly found on the Eden side of the map, where you should build your base.
Noglin is a strange but interesting creature because it can control the thoughts of other creatures and survivors. You can tame it by letting it control your own tame.
It is a mechanical creature, very similar to a typical Wyvern. It can be tamed, but you must ride it. Tek Wyverns patrols the middle of the map between Eden and Rockwell and can be found near the asteroid.
They are very aggressive creatures. Summoners can only use cheat codes to force taming. It is not the creature you want to annoy, but if you kill it, every creature it summons will die with it.
For more information about Ark: Survival Evolved, please click


text: Angular potentials play an important role in the refinement of protein structures through angle-dependent restraints (e.g., those determined by cross-correlated relaxations, residual dipolar couplings, and hydrogen bonds). Analytic derivatives of such angular potentials with respect to the dihedral angles of proteins would be useful for optimizing such restraints and other types of angular potentials (i.e., such as we are now introducing into protein structure prediction) but have not been described. In this article, analytic derivatives are calculated for four types of angular potentials and integrated with the efficient recursive derivative calculation methods of Gō and coworkers. The formulas are implemented in publicly available software and illustrated by refining a low-resolution protein structure with idealized vector-angle, dipolar-coupling, and hydrogen-bond restraints. The method is now being used routinely to optimize hydrogen-bonding potentials in ROSETTA.


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A non-contact and simple interferometric technique has been used to measure the refractive index variation of gamma irradiated CR-39 polymer samples. Six samples of thickness (750 μm) and dimensions of 1.5 × 3 cm2, have been irradiated with gamma radiation doses in the range from zero to 600 kGy. It is observed that the refractive index increases by increasing the dose and reaches its maximum value at 40 kGy dose, and then starts to decrease again. This means that the gamma radiation deformation in the CR-39 polymer is a chain scission effect. This interferometric technique could make a contribution to recombination and degradation mechanisms on CR-39 polymer. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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10 famous open letters that caught the public's imagination
Open letter
Open letters can be a powerful ways to make a point. Below are some of the most famous
A Dutch dad's heartbreaking open letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin following the death of his daughter Elsemiek de Borst on doomed Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 went viral after touching the hearts of people around the world.
Hans de Borst wrote the letter, below, after Elsemiek was killed with 297 others when the Malaysian Airlines jet was blown out of the sky over Ukraine on July 17, 2014.
Open letters can be extremely effective way of making your ideas known — especially in the modern day, when the potential audience is unlimited thanks to the power of the internet.
But they have been used throughout history to make important points, some of which have changed the world, others of which have hit headlines for other reasons.
Here we look at ten other open letters that have captured the public's imagination — and, in some cases, changed the world.
10 Martin Luther King Jr's letter from Birmingham Jail
This letter, also known as The Negro Is Your Brother, was an open letter written by civil rights hero Martin Luther King Jr to his fellow clergymen from inside Birmingham jail, Alabama, in April 1963.
Luther King had been incarcerated there after taking part in marches against racism and racial segregation in the city.
The letter, written on a newspaper and smuggled out the jail by his lawyers before being published, backed the civil rights movement's nonviolent resistance to racism and said people were morally responsible for breaking laws that were unjust.
The letter told of his hope that "the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away".
It was extensively reprinted and helped change the course of the American civil rights fight and helped end racial segregation and discrimination.
9 USA Boxing to Mike Tyson
This open letter from USA Boxing to Mike Tyson was released in October 2013 to try and stop the former sports star from poaching young talent from the potential squad for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
The letter claimed by signing up their young athletes to professional contracts at a young age Tyson was undermining the US Olympic Boxing Team and taking away vital resources that help the youngsters develop as boxers, teach them values and a moral code, and the skills to continue to work after their boxing careers end.
However, the letter didn't go down well in all corners. ESPN called it "sanctimonious", "righteous" and "indignant".
Tyson also issued his own response calling the letter "erroneous" and accused them of "disrespect" and of using his name for publicity rather than contacting him directly.
8 Sinead O'Connor to Miley Cyrus
Irish singer Sinead O'Connor wrote an open letter to new kid on the block Miley Cyrus after the 20-year-old said her highly-sexual Wrecking Ball video was inspired by Sinead's song Nothing Compares 2 U.
Sinead said she wanted to warn Miley she was being 'pimped' by the music industry.
Furore erupted after the letter was released, with singer of The Dresden Dolls Amanda Palmer responding with her own open letter to Sinead O'Connor saying she was "off target" as Miley was making the decisions to be sexual herself.
Sinead then published a string of hard-hitting follow-up letters to Miley explaining her position.
7 Siegfried Sassoon to British military leadership
Sassoon was an English poet, writer and soldier during the First World War. In 1917 he wrote an open letter to the British military leadership protesting against the continuation of war.
Titled Finished with the War: A Soldier's Declaration, it was published in the Press and read out in the British Parliament — causing a massive hoo-ha.
Some critics said Sassoon had committed treason by encouraging defiance against the military leadership.
In it he said: "I believe that [the war] is being deliberately prolonged by those who have the power to end it.
Shortly afterwards he was deemed mentally ill and sent to a mental institution to be treated for 'shell shock'.
6 Emile Zola to Felix Faure (President of France)
One of the most famous open letters of all time, writer Emile Zola's letter entitled J'Accuse! (I accuse!) was written to then President of France Felix Faure in January 1898.
It accused Faure and his government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army officer, for espionage and treason on questionable evidence.
The letter was published on the front page of French newspaper L'Aurore. It played a big role in shaping public opinion over what is today regarded as a major miscarriage of justice.
Zola fled to England after its publication to avoid being jailed when he was found guilty of libel.
5 Bill Gates' Open Letter to Hobbyists
Gates' open letter to computer hobbyists was written in 1976 — condemning the theft of computer software.
Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft and today the richest man in the world, said hobbyists using software without paying it would harm the computer industry over the long term.
He was prompted to write the letter after people kept copying his firm's Altair BASIC software without him receiving any returns.
Gates said it would put people off investing time and money in developing software in the future — and "stop good software being written".
He said: "As the majority of hobbyists must be aware, most of you steal your software. Hardware must be paid for, but software is something to share. Who cares if the people who worked on it get paid? Is this fair?".
The letter was published in the Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter as well as a string of other magazines.
It prompted a huge debate on how software is developed and sold, paving the way for the computer industry we see today.
4 Mahatma Gandhi's advice to Hitler
Mahatma Gandhi wrote his open letter to Hitler in the build-up to World War II — calling him the "one person in the world who can prevent a war which may reduce humanity to the savage state".
He asked him to follow in his example in deliberately shunning war.
The letter never reached Hitler after the British government intervened — and war broke out less than six weeks later when Germany invaded Poland.
3 Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public
The letter on corpulence, a letter to the public written in booklet form, was penned by undertaker William Banting after he lost weight by switching to a low-carbohydrate diet.
He had been obese when he found out about the diet through a visit do a doctor. The booklet was basically a diet book, which included a plan on how to lose weight like he did.
It also told of other ways he'd tried to lose weight in the past and failed.
The pamphlet became very popular for many years and laid the path for the diet books of today.
2 The family of Emmett Till to Lil' Wayne
Hip-hop star Lil' Wayne was forced to apologise after offending the family of Emmett Till, a 14 year old murdered in Mississippi after allegedly flirting with a white woman, with one of his lyrics.
Wayne likened Till's beating to sex on the remix of Future's song Karate Chop.
The family were so outraged they penned a two-page letter to Wayne accusing him of 'destroying the preservation and legacy of Emmett Till's memory and name'.
It added: "How would you feel if your child was beaten beyond recognition, body mutilated and disfigured, torchered for hours, unnecssarily shot after being BEATEN TO DEATH, lynched in barbed wire weighted down by a 70 pound cotton gin fan and tossed in a river with intent to never be found again?".
Lil wayne was dropped from an advertising campaign with Mountain Dew after fury erupted over the controversy.
The lyric was then removed from the track and Wayne issued an apology, although it was rejected by Emmett Till's relatives.
1 Niels Bohr to the UN
Niels Bohr was one of the the 20th century pre-eminent physicists, winning the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom.
He wrote his open letter to the UN in June 1950, calling for greater international cooperation and monitoring of nuclear energy.
He said that "in placing formidable means of destruction in the hands of man, presented our whole civilization with a most serious challenge".
He called for a centralised committee to be set up to keep tabs on work done on nuclear energy. The letter led to the setting up of the Atomic Energy Agency.
Have you ever written an open letter or read an interesting one? Let us know in the comments section below.
Julian Cheatle
Would love your thoughts, please comment.x


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Giving a voice to all
We strive to make thought-provoking documentaries about the people within our multi-cultural society so we can understand each other better and build stronger relationships.
More than just a production company
New Zealand has more ethnicities than there are countries in the world. We are a multicultural society that over generations is blending this diversity into a unique national identity – a Kiwiness.
We believe in documenting this process as a way of embracing what makes us different whilst highlighting the challenges faced when these same groups undergo culture changes from living together.
The concept of ako
Ako is the reciprocal learning relationship where each person feels their contribution is valued and can participate to their full potential.
The verb akoako
By embracing the principle of ako, we strive to make documentaries shaped by the knowledge of diverse groups so that new knowledge and understandings can grow.


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Posted by ESC on April 21, 2003
The Word of the Day for April 20, 2003, is:
kith \KITH\ noun
: familiar friends, neighbors, or relatives
Friends and family are important to Jared, so he makes a point of keeping in touch with kith and kin even when his schedule gets hectic.
Did you know?
"Kith" has had many meanings over the years. In its earliest uses it referred to knowledge of something, but that meaning died out in the 1400s. Another sense, "one's native land," had come and gone by the early 1500s. The sense "friends, fellow countrymen, or neighbors" developed by the 1300s, a time when the word was also used as a synonym of "kinsfolk." That last sense got "kith" into hot water after people began using the word in the alliterative phrase "kith and kin." Over the
years, usage commentators have complained that "kith" means the same thing as "kin," so "kith and kin" is redundant. Clearly, they have overlooked some other historical definitions, but if you want to avoid redundancy charges, be sure to include friends
as well as relatives among your "kith and kin."
To subscribe to the html version of Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day, featuring audio pronunciations, interactive surveys, and more:


Grange in Borrowdale
Grange in Borrowdale
Grange is a lovely village at the head of Borrowdale, popular as a centre for walking and outdoor activities. Nearby is the natural feature known as the Bowder Stone, a huge boulder tipped up on one end.
Grange, more often called 'Grange in Borrowdale', is at the entrance to the 'Jaws of Borrowdale', where the valley narrows, bounded on either side by Castle Crag and Grange Fell. The village is entered over a picturesque double-arched bridge, built in 1675.
The origins of Grange go back to at least the early medieval period. In 1209 Alice de Rumelli sold estates here to the monks of Furness Abbey. The monks cleared the land and established an outlying farm, or grange, in the valley.
The monk's grange gave its name to the hamlet that grew up at the northern end of the valley. The monks harvested oats, barley, and rye, and produced charcoal, but their main focus was wool. They established trade routes, leading packhorses east and south over the surrounding fells.
Most of the picturesque cluster of cottages are built of grey local stone, but one building stands out from the rest for its whitewashed walls. This is the parish church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity and built in 1861 by Miss Margaret Heathcote so that villagers did not have to make the long trek up the valley to the parish church.
Miss Heathcote was notoriously hard to please, and went through 7 curates in just 11 years! There is also a small Methodist church, built nearby in 1878.
Though it seems small and remote, Grange has royal connections. In 1910 Princess Louise, sister of King Edward VII, wanted to create a suitable memorial to her brother on his death. She bought Grange Fell and erected a memorial stone to the king on top of the fell.
Princess Louise also officially presided at the opening ceremony for Brandlehow Wood. one of the first properties purchased by the National Trust. Another very local celebrity was author Hugh Walpole, who lived at Brackenburn, just a mile from Grange, between 1924 and 1941.
Like so much of the Lake District, Grange is a centre for walking. At almost any time of year the village is crammed with walkers, and in the summer it can be very difficult to drive through the narrow lanes through the village. Parking is very much a haphazard business, especially on sunny summer days.
But with those caveats, it's worth repeating just what a fantastically scenic area this is; the village is absurdly pretty, in an area that writer Alfred Wainwright called one of the prettiest square miles in Cumbria. And he's right.
Because the village is so popular as a walking centre there are a wide variety of bed and breakfasts and self-catering options, and the Lodore Hotel is just a short distance away on the main road from Keswick.


When food costs at the York County Prison spiked by more than 50 percent last month, county officials suspected something wasn't kosher.
It turns out, they say, the problem was too much kosher -- food, that is.
Kosher food is food that meets the strict standards of Jewish dietary law. The law prohibits adherents from eating certain types of animals, directs how some animals are slaughtered and prescribes how some foods should be prepared and consumed.
Is kosher food better-tasting?
Some York County Prison inmates apparently think so -- at least they find it more appealing than the non-kosher menu on certain days.
Prison officials say they're suspicious of an increase in the number of inmates requesting kosher meals, especially because some of those prisoners specified a different religious affiliation when they entered the prison.
The big tip-off, they say, are the "flip-floppers." Those are the "converts" who suddenly aren't so Jewish on days when the regular meals are more to their liking.
Certified kosher meals, which are pre-packaged and delivered to the prison, are nearly four times the cost of meals made in house, and prison officials say they can't afford anyone gaming the system.
From now on, prisoners who are being served kosher meals and ask to return to non-kosher will be permitted, but those who later ask to return to kosher meals will be denied.
It's a logical reaction, but in practice it will likely be dicey determining who's scamming a meal and who, perhaps, is simply not as devout as others of the Jewish faith.
After all, everyone is entitled to their religious beliefs and the prison is obliged to accommodate them. Who are prison officials to judge what's in an inmate's heart and whether he or she is entitled to accommodations?
Prisoners denied kosher meals can file a complaint and request a hearing, at which time they'll be asked to provide proof of their religious affiliation, such as a statement from a rabbi.
But suppose one of them can't. That doesn't mean they aren't Jewish and don't try to follow kosher rules. It just means they can't prove it to the satisfaction of prison officials.
And will inmates of other faiths have to prove their affiliation before they receive any accommodations?
County officials are wading into very murky waters with this one.
They might be better off trying to find ways to bring down the costs of kosher meals, such as preparing them in house, and make sure they're on par with the non-kosher offerings.
That's better than unjustly denying anyone the right to practice his or her religion.


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Apogee Engineering Senior Scheduler, Hanscom AFB, MA in United States
2016 SBA Prime Contractor of the Year, Region VIII
Apogee Engineering is seeking a Senior Scheduler supporting AFLCMC in Hanscom AFB, MA. Apogee is a growing provider of research, engineering, development, operations, financial and administrative expertise across an array of federal government organizations such as the Department of Defense, NASA, Department of Interior, NASA, and the Department of Transportation.
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Manage project tasks including scheduling, cost, estimating, document control, procurement, and risk management.
- Provide project management level support for systems integration and planning requirements for all related programs including special projects, weapon systems, and related functional branches.
- Provide advisory assistance and input for strategic and integration planning for all programs.
- Support the full spectrum of all interrelated programs including development and research activities.
- Provide advisory and draft documentation support to integrate logistics, engineering, and test activities for the development and maintenance of all project schedules.
- Utilize knowledge of cost, schedule and technical performance reporting requirements defined by the DoD, Earned Value Management System (EVMS) to review and analyze Contractor EVMS reporting as applied to project schedules and project schedule reporting.
- Assess the mechanical integrity of project schedule logic, links, and constraints utilizing the DCMA 14-Point Schedule Health Assessment to develop an objective analysis of project schedules, including assessment of schedule leads, lags, relationship types, float, and durations, Critical Path, Critical Path Length Index and Baseline Execution Index.
- Utilize knowledge of program and project management as defined by DoD Integrated Master Plan (IMP) and IMS Preparation and Use Guide; AFLCMC Process Guide A105, Government Schedule Development Fundamentals; AFLCMC Process Guide A106, Schedule Management Fundamentals; and AFLCMC Process Guide A107, Schedule Analysis Basics to provide advisory assistance to the customer in their function of reviewing and approving IMP and IMS information.
- Utilize knowledge of risk identification, analysis, and mitigation planning/implementation as defined by the Joint Integrated Product Team (IPT) Risk Management Plan (RMP), AFLCMC Process Guide A102, Risk and Issue Management to provide proactive risk assessment of potential program cost growth, schedule, integration and performance risks.
- Assist in creating and maintaining program schedules in Microsoft Project, to include a critical path
- Review, edit, and explain the schedules received by various interrelated projects and summarize the differences and effects the various schedules have upon each other and affect the different timelines.
- Assess and analyze schedules and make recommendations to the program manager regarding the realism of the schedule and any anomalies/conflicts across various schedules.
- Assist in creating and maintaining the division official calendar in SharePoint to be used for staff meetings and ensure major events are included in the organizational calendar.
- Active Secret Clearance Required
- Bachelor's degree and have a minimum of 8 years filed relevant experience.
- 4+ years of relevant MS Project Scheduling experience must have been performed on DoD programs/projects
Apogee Engineering, LLC is an affirmative action employer and that age 40 and over, color, disability, gender identity, genetic information, military or veteran status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or any other applicable status protected by state or local law, are not taken into account in any employment decision. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer.


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Akada enables you to send emails to parents, students, or staff. Additionally, you can email a class, a specific group of classes, or group codes. Emails can be sent using the main studio email address or from your user email address. You can email receipts, statements, confirmations, as well as several other reports. We'll talk more about emailing those things in other articles. Here we will discuss sending a typical mass email.
- From the home page "email" from the middle of the screen.
- Choose which address to send your email from by click "school" or "user" at the top of the page.
- To select recipients, click the Bcc* button or the "select recipients" link at the top.
- On the Select Recipients screen, select who the email is going to (accounts, students, classes, etc.)
- Select the status of the recipients (active, inactive, both, prospects, etc.)
- Choose a Last Name filter if you desire.
- Click Search, and the Search Results Screen will load.
- From this choose who will be receiving the email (you can select all using the blue link on the left of the screen).**
- When emailing accounts, you can click the pink buttons to include parent 1, 2, or both.
- Click Add Recipients.
- This will prompt a pop-up confirming the number of recipients and total emails.
- Close the pop-up and click the Return to Message button to prepare your email.
- Once you're back on the send email screen, if you wish to add more recipients (students or staff, for example), repeat the steps above.
*We strongly encourage sending group emails as Blind Courtesy Copies to protect the security of your customers' email addresses.
**To choose only specific recipients from the list click to highlight the first recipient. Then press and hold your Control key (command key for Mac users). While holding the control key, click on the other recipients you wish to include.
Attaching a File:
- From the send email screen, click the attach file button at the bottom of the screen.
- From the following pop-up, click the choose file button.
- Find the attachment from your computer and click open.
- Click the Attach File button.
Save for Later – When typing an email that you regularly send (an answer to common questions, for example), you can save that email in your Akada database to use in the future. Enter the subject line and your email message and then click the "Save email" button at the bottom of the screen. The email title will match the subject line.
Load Saved Email – To retrieve a previously saved email, click the "Load Saved Email" button. It will load the title of the email as the subject line and the text into the body field.
Add Signature – On your email setup page, you may create an email signature for each user. To add that signature to an email, click the Add Signature button at the top of the screen.


Google Makes Creating Maps Easier For Developers, Adds GeoJSON Support To JavaScript API
Google Maps is announcing a small update today that makes life a bit easier for developers who want to use the service by adding GeoJSON support to its JavaScript API.
GeoJSON is an open-source data format that has found widespread adoption in the last few years and is quickly becoming something of an informal industry standard.
The Google Maps JavaScript API currently supports a number of formats, including KML and GeoRSS, and allows developers to render data from Google Fusion Tables. GeoJSON support, however, makes it even easier to pull in geo-referenced data into maps. Developers can easily pull data from third-party sources like the USGS or Google Maps Engine and show it on their maps. All they have to do to make this work is insert a single line of code into their applications.
To make all of this work, Google has also added a new data layer to its API.
Because GeoJSON can hold information beyond just the location, developers can also add data like store hours, the current speed of a river and other information to the data layer. Thanks to this, they can then apply styling to their maps to, for example, show recent earthquakes as circles and scale them according to their magnitude. Using the new data layer, developers can then also make the map change appearance dynamically and add event handlers to allow users to interact with the data on their maps.
For the most part, this is easier than the previous methods Google offered, so chances are developers will adopt this new feature pretty quickly.


Browse Cases
Showing 1-1 of 1 results
Trinidadians and Tobagonians strike for higher wages and labor justice, _PHONE_
Trinidad and Tobago
Time period
1919 to 1921
Economic Justice
National/Ethnic Identity
Total points
7 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Kira Kern 10/03/2011
Following the end of World War I, Trinidadians faced unfair labor policies and low wages. They also dealt with inflation and racism. Unhappy Trinidadians formed the Trinidad Workingmen's Association (TWA) in response to the problems they faced. The TWA advocated for the working class in Trinidad and agitated for higher wages.


The Perfect Fit
SERIES 25 Episode 36
John gives tips on assessing and working with microclimates
"Microclimates are small-scale areas that differ from the broader, general climate around them," says John, "and this garden in the Melbourne suburb of Balwyn is the perfect spot to show how a garden can be designed to work seamlessly with the seasons by identifying, creating and harnessing the various microclimates."
The 600 square metre north-facing garden is designed to be a wonderland. John says it contains an eclectic mix of plants, chosen for both their flower colour and for their foliage. It also tries to balances recreation and pleasure in equal measure. But the key element is that it's enveloped in greenery, creating a lot of shaded areas.
Whilst gardeners can control, to a degree, the placement of plants in the garden, most of the time it's the house which creates most of the shading.
John explains that during spring and autumn, the sun slants in at around 52 degrees in Melbourne. For a 7-metre house, that results in a 5-metre strip of shade at midday on the southern side of the house.
As the sun rises during the summer it reaches a 75 degree slant, creating only a 2-metre belt of shade and exposing the rest of the garden to the sun's hot rays.
But in winter, the sun drops right down in the sky to 28 degrees. This means a 7-metre high house gives 10 metres of shade - the greater part of the garden.
Gardeners need to understand these changing environments to create plantings that cope with the variable sun and shade - and also place our recreational sites so they also are in either sun or shade, depending upon what's needed.
One plant that adapts well to shifting light is the Hellebore (Helleborus orientalis). Deciduous woodland is its native habitat, where it uses the light of winter and spring to flower and to develop its new foliage. When that deciduous woodland creates shade later in the summer, the Hellebore becomes more or less dormant. In other words, it's an opportunistic plant, using light when it's available.
Microclimates can also be used to ripen fruit. For example, an espaliered lemon hedge facing east still gets light from the north-east all morning until midday - so the lemons do very well. In the same climate, fruit grown on the west side of a fence where the plants get hot, late-afternoon sun much of the fruit will cook where it grows.
On the opposite side of the garden, John points out the plants that have been added to create shade and a cool microclimate. They include Cliveas (Clivea miniata) and Hydrangea quercifolia (Oak-leaf Hydrangea).
A west-facing wall in the same zone has also been cooled by the use of Creeping Fig (Ficus pumila) grown over the wall. This prevents any reflected heat coming from the wall. This means that even in a west-facing area it's cool enough to grow plants like Azaleas and Hellebores.
In the centre of the garden a pool, paving and lots of sun make it an ideal spot for vegetables in raised beds. The light-coloured paving creates plenty of reflected heat, which encourages plants like the ground-covering Euphorbia rigida or Silver Spurge to thrive. Even heat-lovers like False Red Agave (Beschorneria yuccoides) can survive in chilly Melbourne.
"As a garden designer," says John, "I think it's really important to take microclimates into consideration right at the beginning of your design. This allows you to create a garden that suits you and your needs. More than that, it allows you to understand the different planting opportunities you have and how to grow your plants in the places that best suit them. And that's half the battle of growing a beautiful garden."


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[Transcribed information mainly from the early 1820s]"BROMPTON, a parish in the wapentake and liberty of Allertonshire. At some point between 1822 and 1890 Brompton Chapelry became a parish in its own right, having previously been a Chapelry of Northallerton."
[Description(s) edited mainly from various 19th century sources by Colin Hinson. ©2010]
- Transcript of the entry of "professions and trades" in the Bulmers Directory of 1890. of the North Riding.
- There is further information about this parish from the Bulmer's 1890 History and Directory of the North Riding.
- Ask for a calculation of the distance from Brompton to another place.
You can see maps centred on OS grid reference SE375964 (Lat/Lon: 54.361751, -1.424418), Brompton which are provided by:
- Google Maps
- StreetMap (Current Ordnance Survey maps)
- Bing (was Multimap)
- Old Maps Online (Other old maps.)
- National Library of Scotland (Old Ordnance Survey maps)
- Vision of Britain (Click "Historical units & statistics" for administrative areas.)
- English Jurisdictions in 1851 (Unfortunately the LDS have removed the facility to enable us to specify a starting location, you will need to search yourself on their map.)
- Magic (Geographic information) (Click + on map if it doesn't show)
- GeoHack (Links to on-line maps and location specific services.)


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The Benanti winery was founded in 1988 by Giuseppe Benanti, a pharmaceutical entrepreneur from Catania who decided to turn his family's long standing traditional passion into an ambitious and challenging new venture. Wine had been produced by the family for several generations, mostly for private consumption, until Giuseppe finally decided to establish the winery with the aim of preserving the unique terroir of Etna's volcanic slopes, whilst cherishing and developing the indigenous Etnean varieties.
The winery is now run by Giuseppe's two sons Antonio and Salvino who have continued the original aim to respect the varietal characteristics of the Etnean varieties, by adopting and maintaining a very traditional approach and philosophy. Describing their wines as 'slow wines', the brothers ensure nothing is rushed in Benanti winemaking; they are committed to producing only high quality wines from vineyards located on different slopes of Mount Etna, so as to highlight the uniqueness of the many different terroirs within the Etna DOC region. The family now owns vineyards in different DOC areas to the north, south, and east of the Etnean massif allowing them to produce an intriguing range of wines from the indigenous varieties Nerello Mascalese, Nerello Cappuccio, Carricante and Minnella.
The area provides a unique microclimate due partly to the proximity to the sea, partly to the volcanic soil and also to the cone-shaped surface of the slopes which provide excellent exposure to the sun. The sea breezes and the altitude ensure the grapes are cooled in what would otherwise be a very hot climate, and therefore the ripening process reaches its full potential but, crucially, without being rushed.
Benanti is considered both an iconic producer and a pioneer that has set a very high standard and has certainly inspired other wineries. With a history of 22 harvest seasons on Etna, Benanti has worked every day with an ever-increasing passion to perfect the presentation of Etna both as a land and a community, and its native grape varieties.


text:
French cement producers plan to increase the use of alternative fuels from 44 % of the fuel mix to 50 %, by 2025. To support this initiative, they aim, in collaboration with construction and recycling trade organisations, to double the amount of wood waste used in the energy supply of cement plants. The part of the wood demolition waste that is not recovered but simply landfilled as there is no recycling option, represents 500 ktpa. French cement producers plan to increase energy substitution by using 90 ktpa of those. In this context, a Green Deal has been signed by the French Ministry for Environment, the French Ministry for Industry, and the project stakholders.
Main activity field:
- Development of biomass use in cement industry;
- Reduction of fossil fuel consumption;
- Reduction of CO2 emissions;
- Reduction of landfilling.


Double Dutch
Previous Page
Double Dutch : Phrases
Nonsense - a language one cannot understand.
The English used to hold the Dutch in very low regard, on account of the hostilities between their two countries in the 17th century. As a consequence of the previous antagonism, there are numerous English phrases which portray Dutch items in a poor light:
Dutch comfort = cold comfort
Dutch concert = pandemonium
Dutch courage = the courage of drink
Dutch crossing = crossing the street slant wise
Dutch treat = each pays for their own expenses
Going Dutch = sharing the bill
That 'coiled up against the sun' appendage is now defunct, but appears frequently in early citations of the phrase.
An earlier reference to the difficulty in the understanding of Dutch by English speakers comes from Dibdin's Poor Jack, 1789:
"Why 'twas just all as one as High Dutch."
Phrases Index
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23 Proven Health Benefits of Cilantro
Proven Health Benefits of Cilantro that you need know. Who doesnt know cilantro? Maybe we are more familiar with coriander seed but do you know that coriander and cilantro come from same plant. Cilantro or the leaves of Corriandum sativum plant that also known as chinese parsley. Cilantro is used in preparation of dish and it is usually consumed raw. Cilantro mostly use in salad, salsa or other American and South East Asian dish.
You can find chopped cilantro in Mexican salad, guacamole or salsa with tomatoes and also if you notice Indian dish like chutney and dal also use this fresh herb as ingredients or garnish. Just like the seed, coriander leaves or cilantro is also use in medication especially in Ayurvedic and other traditional medication. Cilantro served many potential benefits that really useful for your body.
Nutritional Value of Cilantro:
Cilantro has an amazing nutritional value. This herb is loaded with vitamins A, K and C, minerals, such as iron, calcium and magnesium, and has more antioxidants than most fruits and vegetables. Then, check the benefits of Cilantro for health:
Benefits of Cilantro to Lowers Cholesterol Levels: The acids present in Cilantro, like linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are very effective in reducing cholesterol levels in the blood.
They also reduce the level of bad LDL cholesterol deposition along the inner walls of the arteries and veins, which can lead to serious cardiovascular issues like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. More importantly, this herb helps to raise the levels of healthy HDL cholesterol, which works as a preventative line of defense against a number of dangerous conditions.,
Benefits of Cilantro for Regulates Blood Pressure: Consuming Cilantro has been shown to positively reduce blood pressure in many patients suffering from hypertension. It enhances the interaction of calcium ions and acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter in the peripheral and central nervous system, and relaxes blood vessel tension; thereby reducing the chances of a number of cardiovascular conditions, including heart attacks and strokes.
Benefits of Cilantro to Cardiovascular Health: Cilantro herb is cholesterol free but rich in antioxidants, essential oils, vitamins and dietary fibre which help in lowering LDL or bad cholesterol and increasing HDL or good cholesterol levels. Thus, it is beneficial for cardiovascular health. It also helps dissolve cholesterol build up in the arteries, thus helping those suffering from atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Benefits of Cilantro to Prevents Anemia: It is high in iron content, which directly helps people who suffer from anemia. Low iron content in the blood can result in shortness of breath, heart palpitations, extreme fatigue, and a decrease in cognitive functions. Iron also benefits proper functioning of other organ systems, increases energy and strength, and promotes bone health.
Benefits of Cilantro to Improves Bone Health: As a rich source of calcium, Cilantro is of great value for people who want to protect the integrity of their bones. Calcium and other essential minerals found in Cilantro are integral components of bone regrowth and durability, as well as in the prevention of osteoporosis.
Adding even a small amount of Cilantro to your diet can help keep your bones healthy and strong for years to come. Calcium is particularly present in the center leaves of Cilantro, so aim for that part of the plant if bone health is your focus!
Benefits of Cilantro for Prevents Menstrual Disorders: Cilantro is a natural stimulant, and it regulates proper secretion from the endocrine glands, and this hormonal impact means that it helps regulate proper menstrual cycles and reduces the associated pain during a woman's period.
Benefits of Cilantro to Aids in Weight Loss: This herb is great for obese people as it helps in the reduction of fats and therefore, aids in weight loss.
Benefits of Cilantro to Prevent Cancer: Cilantro cointains Vitamin-C which is a powerful natural antioxidant. In 100 g serving of cilantro leaves provide 30% of RDA (Recomended Daily Allowance) levels of vitamin-C. Vitamin C is not only the antioxidant which contained by cilantro but it is rich of flavonoids like, quercetin, kaempferol, rhamnetin and epigenin which are also antioxidants.
Benefits of Cilantro to Protecting liver: Due the detoxification effect of cilantro, it makes this herb as one ingredients in food which can protect the liver from excessive work. As we know before that liver is part of body which play important role in detoxification.
Benefits of Cilantro for Improve Oral health: Antibacterial effects of cilantro also has awesome effect to fights against bacteria in mouth and improve the oral health in result. The citronelol, a kind of atsiri oil which contained in cilantro is a good antiseptic which can cure mouth alcer.
This natural oils is also used in natural toothpaste to remove bad breath and resulting fresh odor from the mouth. Even before the invention of toothpaste, people used to chew cilantro to keep oral health.
Benefits of Cilantro to Good for Oily Skin: Cilantro can absorb excess oil from your face. If you have an oily skin, you can apply cilantro juice on your face and wash off after an hour.
Benefits of Cilantro to Treat Alzheimer: Most of herbal plants are really best medication to treat Alzheimer. Alzheimer is one of the symptoms of brain degradation and it is nightmare for people especially in old ages. The components of cilantro especially Vitamin K has an important role to limit the brain damage.
Benefits of Cilantro to Reduce anxiety: Cilantro has been shown to have anti-anxiety effects to the body and magnesium which contained in cilantro is known to has calming nerves effect. Cilantro does not only calming the nerves but it also calm the muscle and act as sedative which help to relieve anxiety and reduce the effect of strees that harmful for body. The vitamin B in cilantro also served as mind calmer together with magnesium.
Benefits of Cilantro to Anti-inflammatory Effects: Cilantro possesses powerful anti-inflammatory capacities which can alleviate inflammatory conditions like arthritis as well as reduce minor swelling. It also prevents conjunctivitis.
Benefits of Cilantro to Helps our urinary tract to stave off infections: Anti-bacterial in cilantro removes pathogenic bacteria inside urinary tract and fight against infection. Cilantro also acts as a natural diuretic and studied shown that cilantro significantly can boost body immune system and protect kidney from infections.
Benefits of Cilantro to As Expectorant in Cough treatment: Having problem with throat and cough, you can simply take the benefits of cilantro. The expectorant component in cilantro can reduce cough and throat problem. Just make some tonic from cilantro mixed with honey and lime, drink the tonic once a day it will get rid of your cough away.
Benefits of Cilantro to Controls Diabetes: Due to the stimulating effect of coriander on the endocrine glands, the secretion of insulin is increased from the pancreas which subsequently increases the insulin level in the blood.
This regulates the proper assimilation and absorption of sugar and the resulting drops in the sugar level in the blood. This property is extremely beneficial for patients who suffer from diabetes and other related conditions, in order to lower their chances of dangerous spikes and drops in their blood sugar levels and to ensure other normal metabolic functions as well.,
Benefits of Cilantro for Eye Care: Cilantro is loaded with antioxidants, vitamin A, vitamin C, and minerals like phosphorous, all of which prevent vision disorders, macular degeneration, and reduce strain and stress on the eyes. There is also beta-carotene in the leaves, which prevents a number of other diseases that affect the eye and can even reverse the effects of vision degradation in aging patients.
Benefits of Cilantro to Prevent kidney stones: By eating cilantro we can prevent kidney stone and maintain healthy kidney. Some heavy components inside food or beverages is harmful for our body if they accumulated in body for long time and it can cause kidney damage which later can cause kidney stone. Cilantro is a natural cleaner of the kidney and let the kidney work best.
Benefits of Cilantro to Diarrhea: Some essential oil components in Cilantro leaves, such as Borneol dan Linalool, help our digestive system to perform better. It also increases our heart and stomach function.
Those two substances are effective for healing dairrhoea because the components such as Cineole, Borneol, Limonene, Alpha-pinene and beta-phelandrene have anti bacteria effect. Coriander leaves is also useful for preventing nausea and vomit.
Benefits of Cilantro to Preventing Insomnia: The content of fitonutrien and another substance in coriander leaves can balance the chemical substance in our body. These will make our nerves relax and bring us to deep sleep.
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Data archiving
Some improvements and bug fixes were made to the observing data tracking and archiving system. One of the main advantages is that it can be started from anywhere, e.g., DVD production can be started from the Residencia before going to the telescope, and everything can be ready by the time you arrive at the telescope. Some more improvements of the archiving system are planned (reprinting of covers, burning more than one night to one DVD, dealing with shared nights, etc)
At the sea-level office a mass data storage system has been set-up to copy all the data from the archive (CDs and DVDs). As a first step this will be the more modern MEF format data, where the plan is to convert older data to a more modern format before saving it. Software is being written to make the process of copying the data from the disks as easy as possible. In the long run the storage system can act as online archive and be integrated with a Virtual Observing system.
Thomas Augusteijn 2010-05-27


text:
A wireless bus for stacked chips was developed by "utilizing inductive coupling among them. This paper discusses inductor layout optimization and transceiver circuit design. The inductive coupling is analyzed by a simple equivalent circuit model, parameters of which are extracted by a magnetic field model based on the Biot-Savart law. Given communication distance, transmit power, data rate, and SNR budget, inductor layout size is minimized. Two receiver circuits, signal sensitive and yet noise immune, are designed for inductive nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) signaling where no signal is transmitted when data remains the same. A test chip was fabricated in 0.35-μm CMOS technology. Accuracy of the models is verified. Bit-error rate is investigated for various inductor layouts and communication distance. The maximum data rate is 1.25 Gb/s/channel. Power dissipation is 43 m W in the transmitter and 2.6 mW in the receiver at 3.3 V. If chip thickness is reduced to 30 μm in 90-nm device generation, power dissipation will be 1 mW/channel or bandwidth will be 1 Tb/s/mm2.
- High bandwidth
- Low power
- Wireless bus
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


appliancekit-ng /
William Pitcock 8689f1b
William Pitcock b714bd2
William Pitcock 8689f1b
William Pitcock b714bd2
# Appliance Definition Language specification
ADL is an abstract parse-tree expressed in JSON. Each node in the tree has a mandatory
'operation' property. All other fields in the nodes are sub-properties.
A tree node looks like this:
{"operation": "runcmd", "chroot": true, "command": ["/bin/true"]}
We use [Jinja2]( as a preprocessor. This provides a useful macro
language, which we have built a framework around. The rest of this document concerns the
macro system and operations.
'base.spec' defines a root of an ADL parse tree, as well as some hooks for various phases
which may be reimplemented downstream by users of 'base.spec'. Almost all ADL files should
derive from 'base.spec', which is declared by doing the following:
{% extends "base.spec" %}
## Operations
There are various operations which are implemented by the interpreter. They are:
* **runcmd**: Run a command inside or outside of a chroot. Takes two parameters, **chroot**
 which is a boolean, and **command** which contains the arguments and command name.
* **render_template**: Renders a template and installs it to a location in the guest filesystem.
* **noop**: Skips this node in the parse tree.
## Phases
There are various phases which are implemented by 'base.spec'. This allows for ADL files
built ontop of the framework provided by 'base.spec' to weave only certain parse tree
nodes into the final parse tree representation based on what the end-user wants to do.
These phases are encapsulated inside '{% block %}' constructs.
The phases are:
* **bootstrap**: Commands to get an initial system installed. Things like 'debootstrap' and
 'pacstrap'. Perhaps ugly hacks involving rpm2cpio, but we will probably ship a helper script
 for that.
* **packages**: Commands to install user specified packages or otherwise optional packages that
 are not needed in the system when it's done with the **bootstrap** phase, but would be needed
 to bring the system up on a hypervisor or under bare metal.
* **configuration**: Commands to set up the configuration of the appliance based on the 'config'
* **custom**: Any special commands that the specfile may wish to provide. Also could have additional
 phases here.
* **cleanup**: Cleans up any changes done to the guest filesystem during **bootstrap**.
* **xentweaks**: Tweaks some config files for running under Xen, such as '/etc/inittab'.


text:
Rita Colwell, Public Health Champion, Wins Stockholm Prize
Dr. Rita Cowell. Photo courtesy of University of Maryland.
Rita Colwell, Ph.D., distinguished professor from the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University's Bloomberg School of Public Health in the United States, has been named the 2010 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate.
Colwell's pioneering research on the prevention of waterborne infectious diseases has helped protect the health and lives of millions.
Colwell, 76, is widely recognized as one of this century's most influential voices in science, technology, and policy associated with water and health. She has made exceptional contributions to control the spread of cholera, a waterborne pathogen that infects 3 to 5 million people and leads to an estimated 120,000 deaths each year. Through her groundbreaking research, innovations and decades of scientific leadership, she has defined our current understanding of the ecology of infectious diseases and developed the use of advanced technologies to halt their spread. Her work has established the basis for environmental and infectious disease risk assessment used around the world.
"Dr. Rita Colwell's numerous seminal contributions toward solving the world's water and water-related public health problems, particularly her work to prevent the spread of cholera, is of utmost global importance," noted the Stockholm Water Prize Nominating Committee in its citation.
Colwell has shown that certain bacteria, including the causative agent for cholera, can be present in natural environments in a dormant stage that could revert to an infectious state under the proper conditions. As a result of her work, scientists are now able to link changes in the natural environment to the spread of disease. Colwell was the first scientist to research the impacts of climate change on the spread of infectious diseases. She has also developed models to track and predict disease outbreaks, using remote sensing technology and satellite models.
H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden will formally present Dr. Colwell with the 2010 Stockholm Water Prize on September 9 during the 2010 World Water Week in Stockholm. The Stockholm Water Prize is a global award presented annually by the Stockholm International Water Institute. The Stockholm Water Prize Laureate receives US$150,000 and a crystal sculpture specially designed by Orrefors.


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Former Jailhouse Lawyer Bobby Battle Dies at Age 80
by Monte McCoin
Former prisoner Bobby Battle, an Oklahoma City native with a sixth-grade education who filed a lawsuit that ultimately led to historic reforms and the desegregation of Oklahoma prisons, died on December 25, 2017 at the age of 80.
"He must have just had native intelligence, one of those people who was educated even though they have poor formal education," attorney Stephen Jones recalled. "Bobby just taught himself about federal civil rights and prison reform and the cases and went forward."
In 1970, Battle was housed for two months in the "dungeon," a subbasement area at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary, after he filed a complaint with the warden about a 275-pound guard who beat a much smaller fellow prisoner. His experience led him to research and prepare a 1972 lawsuit that would continue making its way through the courts for nearly 30 years and become the most expensive prison litigation in state history.
That suit launched an FBI probe in 1974 that found understaffing, inadequate medical facilities, inadequate access to legal materials, racial segregation and discrimination, and unconstitutional limits on legal mail. The case was ultimately certified as a class-action after four other prisoners joined in, and the Department of Justice intervened. Over the years, courts ordered far-reaching reforms in Oklahoma's prison system until, on January 26, 2001, U.S. District Court Judge Michael Burrage granted a motion to terminate the case under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. See: Battle v. Anderson, U.S.D.C. (E.D. Okla.), Case No. 72-cv-95.
While incarcerated, Battle became a civil rights activist and created an organization behind bars called the Committee Against Prison Exploitation. Following his release in 1987 he hosted a radio program, the "Bobby Battle Forum," which helped connect callers with available community social services and advocated for voting rights for former prisoners. He called his experience in prison "Knucklehead College," and often spoke with others who had been incarcerated. He was buried in his hometown of Oklahoma City.
"Bobby is an unsung hero. He had the guts to stand up and do the right thing," Jones stated.
Many of the improved prison conditions that prisoners take for granted were achieved through hard-fought litigation by activist prisoners in the 1970s and 80s. Battle was one of them, and he helped effect reforms in Oklahoma prisons that continue today.
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Masking Data prior to SQL 2016
I was recently asked by a friend of mine what would be the best way to mask data in SQL Server. Now you may be aware that dynamic data masking was introduced in Microsoft SQL server version 2016. However for older versions of SQL server there are primarily just a few variations of same approach when it comes to masking data. The most common and easiest way to achieve this is just script out the data in a view and expose the view to end users or obfuscate the data while being fetched by a procedure.
Before we can talk about masking data it is important to understand when to mask data versus when to encrypt it. Typically you would mask information where you need to validate a portion of the information without accessing it completely. Example of this would be to mask the digits of the credit card so that you can verify the last 4 digits. At the same time you would still encrypt the CVV number. Another example would be masking email ID but encrypting the password for a log in. In either case the lines between went to masking and encrypting are blurring with recent advances. Encryption has a significantly higher overhead compared to masking. Therefore for high volume transactions masking is often considered advantageous over encryption. However this decision is often dictated by sensitivity and criticality of the data itself and therefore even though you might have high volume transactions there are scenarios where you would consider encryption over masking. Personally my preference is always refer encryption as masking is never foolproof. Having said that neither is encryption however in terms of effort, encryption will last longer than masking. Now let's get into the different approaches with regard to masking.
To start off let's explore permissions. One way that you can prevent unwanted access to sensitive information is by explicitly denying select permission on the column. This way non permissioned accounts when trying to access the column would encounter an error and therefore prevent access entirely. In the event access to this column is required, permissions are elevated within an application role. However this approach isn't technically masking it is purely denying access to a column until an elevated privilege has been obtained. The below script demonstrates an example of this approach. Having said that let's move on to actual masking.
Create table MaskMyData
id int identity(1,1),
Customername varchar(100)
insert into MaskMyData
select 'Jayanth' UNION ALL
select 'James' UNION ALL
select 'Jayesh'
GRANT SELECT ON [dbo].[MaskMyData] ([id]) TO [NoAccess]
select * from MaskMyData
select id from MaskMyData
One of the easiest way to mask data is to add logic within the body of views or procedures to explicitly mask columns as part of the output. This approach prevents access by restricting the amount of information that will be presented as the output of the view or the procedure. This approach only works in scenarios where all data access is conducted using the specific view or procedure. Another limitation of this approach is the fact that it is much easier to implement during the early stages of development. At this stage you have much more control over how the data access is actually performed rather than trying to build it retrospectively. The below example demonstrate how to achieve this effect.
CREATE VIEW MaskCustomers
SELECT id, left(CustomerName, 2)+'XXXXXXX' as CustomerName
FROM MaskMyData
select * from MaskCustomers
In scenarios where you're trying to implement masking retrospectively it is probably easier to expose the data as a computed column rather than via a view. The idea being that the table is already in use within multiple pieces of code and for a fairly large application it might be difficult to identify all the moving parts and retrospectively fix them. In such cases you can create a function that will mask the data and then refer that function within a computed column followed by renaming the computed column as needed. This way all table that access the data continues to remain as is including column names. However due to the use of the scalar function to individually mask data coming from each row there might be a performance implication for highly transactional systems. This needs to be taken into account when designing the system. An example of this approach is shown below.
Create function dbo.Masker (_USER_ varchar(100))
Returns VARCHAR(100)
declare _USER_ varchar(100)
set _USER_= LEFT(_USER_,2)
RETURN _USER_
ADD MasedCName as dbo.Masker(Customername)
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text:
Klas Robert Elias Fries, 1914
Medium - Maximum
This member of the Passifloraceae
was given this name by Klas Robert Elias Fries in 1914. It is found in Zambia, growing in a well drained soil with
some water and some too lots of sun. The caudex can grow to twelve centimetres in diameter, the
to 60 centimetres in height.
The name Adenia
is derived from aden, meaning gland, and pertains to the glands
found on leaves of most of the species.
The species name means "bearing a