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In this interview with Neal Stephenson, talking about the historical basis for his Baroque Cycle series of novels, he makes the remark that
Is there any evidence for this statement? What are other historical examples of persecuted religious minorities who have become financially successful as a result of their persecution?
If there is evidence that the statement is true, then what are the proposed explanations?
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Yes, I think there is lot's of historic evidence (e.g. also from Chinese history), but being persecuted alone certainly does not determine/cause financial success. You e.g. "need" oppressors that drive/allow a minority into professions that oppressors (at the time) despise or neglect yet that can (with skill, hard work, luck, etc.) be turned into financial success over time. IMHO some (even many) persecuted minorities have tended to be financially successful, but to say that all "tended to" is much too strong/general a statement. – Drux Apr 8 '13 at 8:52
Define economic success for a minority, and apply this to actual data on social conditions. For example, the large majority of Jews in Poland prior to WWII lived very precarious lives, while at the same time beeing thought of as financially succesful. I think Graeber in "Debt: the first 5000 years" makea similiar argument about the Jews in medivial England. – mart Apr 8 '13 at 11:03
Christian Church (took them a couple of centuries though). – DVK Apr 8 '13 at 16:16
I agree with _USER_. You need to be able to clearly show a difference between "most successful members of a minority community are financially successful" as opposed to "entire community is financially successful" (e.g look at a mode; or a mean+standard deviation; as opposed to just mean), for any of those examples to be true. – DVK Apr 8 '13 at 16:21
Drux has it backwards, it is often the financially successful minorities who end up persecuted, their religion (or whatever else sets them apart) being used as an excuse. – jwenting Apr 9 '13 at 5:49
6 Answers 6
Is there any evidence for this statement?
No. It is clearly falsifiable and falsified—see the experience of indigenous people in settler societies. (Think Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile).
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And we can mention the gipsy population in eastern europe, they live generally in the lowest living standards in Romania, Hungary, Serbia. – CsBalazsHungary Apr 8 '13 at 9:34
Counterexamples are insufficient to prove/disprove a tendency. OP asked for further examples and for evidence/explanation. – Mark C. Wallace Apr 8 '13 at 10:42
-1 - none of those are persecuted religious minorities which is what Stephenson was talking about. Neither are Gypsies. – DVK Apr 8 '13 at 16:17
_USER_.Wallace A five society counter example overcomes a claim of "often", see NeilStephenson, "if they're not persecuted out of existence, often" – Samuel Russell Apr 8 '13 at 21:26
_USER_ - ah. I didn't realize that the title omitted the word "religious" - I was just reading the body. – DVK Apr 9 '13 at 1:14
Here is a relevant example concerning the Jewish minority in late 19th-century Vienna, as recorded by Peter Gay in Freud: A Life for Our Time:
Many of the immigrants from the miserable villages to the east dressed and spoke and gestured in ways alien and disagreeable to the Viennese; they were too exotic to be familiar and not exotic enough to be charming. They came as peddlers and small shopkeepers, but many of their sons entered callings vulnerable to bigoted criticism and easy slander: banking, or wholesale trading, or journalism. By the 1880s, at lead half of Viennese journalists, physicians, and lawyers where Jews. [Sigmund] Freud at Gymnasium contemplating either a legal or a medical career was being perfectly conventional. That is what many young Jews in Vienna did. Demonstrating their proverbial appetite for learning, they poured into Vienna's educational institutions and, concentrated as they were in a few districts, clustered in a few schools until their classes resembled extended family clans. During the eight years that Freud attended his Gymnasium, between 1865 and 1873, the number of Jewis students there increased from 68 to 300, rising from 44 to 73 percent of the tool school population.
IMO the phenomenon is clearly not restricted to Jews and to followers of the Abrahamic religions alone (as suggested in another answer): To some extent it e.g. also applies to Chinese minorities in countries such as Indonesia (as I know from a friend's family history), to Indians in Africa (V.S. Naipaul's novel A Bend in the River conveys a bit of that), and to Asian-American students excelling in top graduate schools today (let's not forget that their forefathers once were also confined to "persecuted minorities").
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The Chinese minority in Indonesia is the first supporting example that comes to mind. However worldwide it is far more common for oppressed ethnic minorities to be relatively poor due to the legal and social barriers they have to deal with.
I love Neal Stevenson's work (particularly the Baroque Cycle), but like many authors he's got his annoying quirks. In this case he's made the classic error of believing the plural of anecdote is "data".
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Most ethnic minorities are NOT oppressed over religion. – DVK Apr 8 '13 at 16:18
though religion may be used as a spark or excuse for persecution, something that sets those groups apart, makes them "weird", "heretics", etc. – jwenting Apr 9 '13 at 13:41
_USER_ - I'm really confused now. Where did I mention religon in this? – T.E.D. Apr 9 '13 at 13:55
_USER_.E.D. - the OP asked about minorities persecuted for their religion, not persecuted in general (e.g. for ethnic reasons) – DVK Apr 9 '13 at 15:47
_USER_ - Ah. Well, I guess I'm agreeing with you then. However, it is quite common for ethnic minorities to pick up a miniority religon too in order to help keep their cultural identity separate (eg: Christianity in non-Indonesian East Timor), so the waters can get really muddy there. – T.E.D. Apr 9 '13 at 16:17
Yale Professor Amy Chua makes this case for Russian Jews, Yugoslav Croats, Chinese in Southeast Asia and others, in this book
Note, however, that she is also the author of "Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother."
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I think the claim regarding Croatians is as dubious as the claim regarding Western European Jews. Both populations had internal stratification. The Court Jew was emblematic of the misery of the mass of late feudal and early modern Jews in Germany. The mass of Croatians were involved in agricultural Feudalism under which ever house controlled the region. – Samuel Russell Apr 8 '13 at 21:33
Generally I would say "no". The exception of course being the Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which prohibits taking advantage of "brothers" (those with the same faith) by charging interest - this obvious opened up a nisce for minorities of other faiths.
But it's not as clear cut, as - to take Europe - Jews didn't only lend money to Christians, there were also Christians who let money to Jews... the important thing, was not to lend to people of your own faith. Of course since there were fewer Jews in Europe than Christians, the wealth from this where most obviously accumulated among the relatively few Jews.
Minorities were often heavily taxed - both Jews in Christian Europe and non-muslims under Islam. Further more, minorities risked having their whole fortune sieced, being arrested or expelled.
If you look at other minorities - especially non-religious or at least not Jews or Christians - they have not fared well at all.
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I think Stephenson has the cart leading the horse here.
Take the Jews of Western Europe (Jews in Eastern Europe were emphatically not well off). The Jews did not became wealthy because they were persecuted. To a large extent, they became wealthy because they could be bankers (and could loan money, even if not formally bankers) at a time when Christians were forbidden to be, because of the Church's attitude was that usury was sinful. Their subsequent wealth led to further discrimination.
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|leading light (ˈliːdɪŋ)|
|1.||an important or outstanding person, esp in an organization or cause|
|2.||nautical a less common term for range light|
|a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.|
|an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.|
An important or influential individual, as in Jim was a leading light in his community. This expression, alluding to moral guidance, dates from about 1870, but terms such as a shining light have been used for an outstanding person since the first half of the 1500s.

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About Alexander Logie du Toit
Alexander Logie du Toit FRS (14 March 1878 – 25 February 1948) was a South African geologist - an early supporter of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
the most important geologist in the history of South Africa. A field geologist with observational and synthetic powers of the highest rank, early in the twentieth century he embarked upon a twenty year study of the geology of South Africa which produced a series of important books and articles over the later portion of that period. Securing a grant from the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1923, he spent five months in South America familiarizing himself with the geology of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, and comparing this to the units in South Africa; this led the publication of his A Geological Comparison of South America with South Africa in 1927, and the even more celebrated Our Wandering Continents; An Hypothesis of Continental Drifting in 1937. Du Toit had some success in convincing Old World geologists of the possibility of continental drifting but rather less with American observers; it was not until the plate tectonics revolution of the 1960s that the quality of his vision was first fully universally acknowledged.


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Atmospheric corrosion of historical organ pipes: The influence of environment and materials
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2008
The corrosion of lead-rich pipes in historical organs in different parts of Europe has been investigated. The influence of the environment and the composition and microstructure of the pipe metal was studied. Pipe Corrosion was documented by visual inspection (boroscope). The corrosion attack and the composition and microstructure of the metal were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD, IC and FAAS. It is shown that the degree of corrosion of the pipes is correlated to the concentration of gaseous acetic and formic acid in the organ. The organic acids are emitted by the wood from which the wind system is built. It is also shown that pipe corrosion decreases with increasing tin content in the range 0-4% (wt). Possible conservation strategies are discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Master Implementation with Picmonic for Nursing RN
The nursing process, known by the acronym ADPIE (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation), is a five-step systematic approach to patient care using the fundamental principles of critical thinking, individualized patient approaches to treatment, goal-oriented tasks, and evidence-based practice recommendations. Implementation is the fourth step of the nursing process. It involves carrying out the nursing interventions outlined in the plan of care. There are three nursing intervention classifications; direct care, indirect care, and community interventions. When implementing the care plan, it is necessary to act in partnership with the patient and family, and reassess the interventions to ensure they are consistent with the standard of practice and research findings, and are still relevant to the patient. It is also important to be organized before performing the nursing action, and to carefully document every nursing intervention. Nurses should familiarize themselves with the nursing interventions that require professional nurses and which can be safely delegated.
Direct Care Interventions
Direct care interventions involve direct interactions with the patient. They include physiological and psychosocial nursing actions. Some examples are medication administration, health education, emotional support.
Indirect Care Interventions
Indirect care interventions involve supporting a patient's health with methods developed away from the patient. They include strengthening the patient's care settings and increasing the effectiveness of direct care. Examples would be collaborating patient care with other healthcare team members, documenting care, making referrals, and managing the patient's environment to ensure safety.
A Community (Public Health) Intervention
A community health intervention aims at improving and protecting the health of the population. Examples include health promotion strategies, disease prevention, community supports.
Partnership with the Patient/Family
Patient and Family
When implementing the care plan, it is essential to include the patient/family. They are your most valuable resource in improving the outcomes of the treatment. They support the nurse in determining new or continuing need for nursing assistance, and any revisions needed in the care plan. Patients are more willing to participate in the care if they have input in the plan.
Performing the Nursing Action
Nurse Performing Nursing Action
Successful implementation of the care plan requires an extraordinary level of planning and efficiency. Some key facts to support the best outcomes include knowing how to perform the nursing action, understanding why the action is being performed and potential adverse responses. The nurse should have all the equipment and supplies ready and should pay special attention to the environment to ensure privacy and safety. And lastly, the nurse should be aware of interventions that can be completed independently or assistance is needed.
Documenting Nursing Care
All nursing interventions must be thoroughly and accurately charted. Documentation allows for proceeding nurses implementing the care plan to identify modifications made in the nursing interventions, the patient's progress towards the goal/outcome, and to have legal evidence of all nursing efforts to implement the plan.
Delegating Nursing Care
Delegating Tasks
Delegation is the transfer of responsibility of a task to another person while the primary nurse retains accountability for the outcome. It is vital for registered nurses to critically distinguish nursing interventions that require registered nurses and ones that can safely be delegated. Interventions should never be attempted beyond an individual's capacity without supervision.
Entering-between Patient and Disease-guy
When identifying parts of the nursing process during an exam, certain keywords or phrases can help determine which part of the nursing process they are asking about. In an implementation question, the word "intervene" is one of these keywords.
Priority Action
List of Priorities and Action-clapper
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TEC@RRC is an innovative program that offers hands-on technology activities and demonstrations for girls and boys aged 11 - 13.
What do we offer?
- Fun, hands-on technology-based activities and educational demonstrations
- Seamless learning in a safe and entertaining atmosphere
- Positive female role models for young women and men
- Curriculum-based content in engineering technology-related disciplines
We want to help young people prepare for future success.
Red River College's Technology Exploration Camps are designed to give middle school students a real taste of various engineering technology-related disciplines.
The TEC@RRC experience is an excellent way for young people to obtain valuable future career information, while discovering new and exciting ways to apply their science and mathematics skills. Participants enjoy seamless learning in a safe and entertaining atmosphere.
We know that women can succeed in technology, too.
Technology careers are equally suited to both women and men. We're working to strengthen the perception that girls can succeed in math and science-related disciplines as well as boys. TEC@RRC employs both female and male instructors to act as positive role models and to demonstrate that technology careers are not gender exclusive.
We understand that each camper has differing interests.
TEC@RRC for 2013 offers one four-day and one five-day camp modules. Each week contains similar activities and allows the opportunity to explore three different disciplines: civil, electrical and mechancial engineering.
- Build a working model of a medieval catapult and learn about mechanical engineering.
- Build a hydraulic lifter.
- Build your own bridge, load it up and learn about structural engineering.
- Build a town model and learn about municipal engineering.
- Have fun with static electricity.
- Experiment with electricity and magnetism
- Learn electrical theory and safety
- Learn to read schematics and build circuits
- Program a robot and guide it through an abstacle course.
General Camp Details
- Camps will run from July 2-5 and July 8-12.
- Camps will run from 9am to 4pm each day at RRC's Notre Dame Campus.
- This is a day camp only – no overnight accommodation is provided.
- There is a Health Centre located on campus.
- Four-day camp costs $132, five-day camp costs $165.
- Weekly fee includes t-shirt, all project supplies, lunch, beverages and snacks.
- A Friday BBQ will be held which parents are invited to attend. Kids will have the opportunity to show their parents what they have created in the week of camp.


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Solar Green Power uses silicic acid – the most available form of silica/silicon - to help build huge stems and strong branches capable of supporting the heaviest fruits and flowers. Silicic acid also improves a plant's immune system - increasing its resistance to pests and diseases, as well as improving nutrient uptake and absorption of CO2.
Solar Green Power contains the most available form of silica - a natural substance found in abundance all over the world and particularly in soil. The form of silica used in Solar Green Power is silicic acid. Silicic acid is vastly superior to potassium silicate, which is used in the majority of silicon/silicate additives. Silica is used naturally by plants to strengthen cell walls, which in turn improves the integrity of their overall structure. This results in fatter stems and stronger branches that are capable of supporting more weight. This improvement in overall structure also helps to secure your plants against attacks from pests and diseases. Bugs find it hard to penetrate plant matter when each individual cell has the protective armour that silicic acid provides.
Silica even assists with the production of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that is vital to the process of photosynthesis. Without adequate chlorophyll, plants will struggle to use the light energy from your lamp to manufacture the sugars that they need for sustained healthy growth from CO2 in the surrounding air and water. With a healthy supply of silica, you will help to ensure that plants always make optimal use of CO2 in the grow area (whether it be supplemented or brought in from outside via your ventilation system), and in turn, help to ensure that the electricity spent on lighting systems is not wasted.
When supplementing with Solar Green Power, plants lose less water through leaves than normal and will have a much greater resistance to drought and adverse environmental changes. Solar Green Power will help to fully exploit the genetic potential of your plants and maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of your set-up.
Solar Green Power can be used for plants grown in any medium and in any type of grow-system. Silica/silicon is generally used all the way through your plants' life cycle, from veg to flower. Stop using it at least one week before harvest, while performing the final flush. Make up your base nutrients as usual, administer at 0.5ml per litre of nutrient solution.
Hydro/Soil: 0.5ml per litre
Foliar fed: 2ml per litre once a week
*Use from week1 until flush


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Mon January 14, 2013
Three WKU Profs Honored for Nature Work
The state Nature Preserves Commission has given three WKU professors its annual award for work that protects biological diversity.
Alfred Meier, Ouida Meier and Scott Grubbs were given this year's Biological Diversity Protection Award for their work creating the Upper Green River Biological Preserve. The preserve is on the banks of the Green River in Hart County.
The Green River is the most important river in Kentucky for the conservation of rare native mussels and fish. It hosts 109 fish species and nearly 60 mussel species. The area is also important for an endangered bat species found on the preserve and as a breeding and migratory habitat for songbirds.
The Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission was created in 1976 to protect the best remaining natural areas of Kentucky.


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SIS Seminar Series: "Digital Devices in Archive Reading Rooms: Assessing Regulations in the TARO Archives." Guest Speaker Dr. U. Karadkar
Join us for a McGill School of Information Studies (SIS) Seminar Series talk on archival device regulations and mobile applications to assist in archival research with guest speaker Dr. Unmil Karadkar, Assistant Professor in the School of Information at The University of Texas at Austin.
Doing research in the archive is the cornerstone of humanities scholarship. To protect their materials and to provide a welcoming environment for scholars, archives establish regulations regarding the use of technological devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and cameras in their reading rooms. Such regulations directly affect the scholars as the devices mediate the nature of their interaction with the source materials in terms of capturing, organizing, note taking, and record keeping for future use of found materials. In this talk, I will present our evaluation of the device use regulations published by thirty archives. This evaluation, along with data from interviews of scholars and archivists, is intended to serve as a basis for developing mobile applications for assisting scholars in their research activities. In this paper we introduce early prototypes of two mobile applications—AMTracker for viewing archive regulations and STARDocMan for capturing documents and adding metadata in the reading rooms.
Unmil Karadkar is a tenure-track Assistant Professor in the School of Information at The University of Texas at Austin. He conducts research at the intersection of human-centered computing, digital collections, and information visualization, bridging the gap between the information needs and goals of a community by augmenting digital collections, designing software to use these collections, and evaluating the impact of the designed software on a community's practices. He collaborates with researchers from diverse areas such as the sciences, humanities, and nursing. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from Texas A&M University.
Everyone welcome. Please arrive early to secure a seat.


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Apache Solr, an open-source search platform developed by the Apache Software Foundation, has recently been identified as having a vulnerability, known as CVE-2023-50298. This vulnerability, categorized as CWE-200, exposes sensitive information to unauthorized actors. The Apache Solr software, which is widely used for indexing and searching data, allows for powerful and efficient searching capabilities across various types of content.
However, the discovery of CVE-2023-50298 has raised concerns regarding the security of Apache Solr installations. This vulnerability enables an unauthorized actor to gain access to sensitive information that is stored within the Solr index. This information could potentially include personal data, financial records, or any other type of confidential information that has been indexed by the Solr platform.
The exposure of sensitive information to unauthorized actors can have severe consequences for individuals, organizations, and even governments. It can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, or the compromise of sensitive business data. Therefore, it is crucial for Apache Solr users to take immediate action to address this vulnerability and ensure the security of their data.
The Apache Software Foundation has acknowledged the existence of CVE-2023-50298 and has released a security advisory outlining the steps to mitigate the risk. Users are advised to upgrade their Apache Solr installations to the latest version that includes the necessary security patches. Additionally, it is recommended to review and adjust the access controls and permissions to restrict unauthorized access to the Solr index.
Furthermore, organizations should consider implementing additional security measures to prevent future vulnerabilities and protect their sensitive information. This may include regular security audits, penetration testing, and the implementation of intrusion detection systems. By taking proactive steps to enhance the security of their Apache Solr installations, organizations can minimize the risk of exposing sensitive information to unauthorized actors.
In conclusion, the discovery of CVE-2023-50298 in Apache Solr highlights the importance of maintaining robust security measures to protect sensitive information. By staying informed about the latest vulnerabilities and promptly implementing security patches, Apache Solr users can safeguard their data and mitigate the risks associated with unauthorized access. The Apache Software Foundation's ongoing commitment to addressing security vulnerabilities ensures that users can continue to benefit from the powerful search capabilities of Apache Solr while maintaining the highest level of data security.
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NSMC carries out activities of theoretical and experimental researches on radiation transmission in the atmosphere, the algorithm for meteorological satellite data processing as well as the application of meteorological satellite data. These researches have in turn supported the development of NSMC, promoted the meteorological satellite data application in China and also the international cooperation. The main functions of NSMC include:
NSMC has facilities of satellite meteorology research, system design, computer system, satellite, operation control, and operational and service system support. The three ground stations of Beijing, Guangzhou, Urumqi are also under the supervision of NSMC. The ground system consisted of three receiving stations and a data processing center has fulfilled the tasks of data receiving and processing. By using the ground system, NSMC receives and processes meteorological satellite data from both Chinese and foreign satellites. These data have played an important role in the fields of weather forecasting, natural disaster monitoring and national economy. To help weather stations and various users to receive and use the meteorological satellite data directly, the NSMC is engaged in the researches of satellite data receiving and communication techniques and manufacture of both hardware and software for various meteorological satellite data applications systems.
Meteorological satellite operators coordinate their activities on a global scale through participation in the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) which meets once a year. The China Meteorological Administration has participated in the CGMS since 1989. Other members include Japan, Russia, the USA and EUMETSAT. The World Meteorological Organization is also a member, representing the key user community.


Directed by
Ideas for growth
Directed by
Ideas for growth
Money or power? Choosing COVID-19 aid in Kenya
Participants in an experiment comparing demand for cash transfers and electricity subsidies in urban Kenya, overwhelmingly prefer cash given the proliferation of mobile money via platforms like M-PESA and preference for short-term liquidity. Conversely, in rural Kenya, slightly more respondents opted for electricity token transfers given that they face saving constraints with the concern that they might spend money on extraneous items due to social pressure. Electricity consumption increases more with token as compared to cash transfers.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 100 countries introduced aid programmes that lowered the cost of utilities such as electricity, water, transport, and mobile money fees. Economists, however, are divided about what kind of transfers – in-kind or cash – best address the unique challenges of public health crises. Cash transfer programmes are often touted for the flexibility they provide recipients, but in places where the transaction costs of paying for utilities are high – especially during crises – in-kind transfers like electricity transfers could be more effective. In which contexts should policy makers choose each of these different policy options? What would the recipients themselves prefer?
To answer these questions, we surveyed more than 3,000 respondents from May through October of 2020 in urban and rural Kenya, and ran an experiment to compare the demand for cash transfers and electricity subsidies. We sorted respondents into four groups:
 - The first group was offered three prepaid electricity token transfers, each worth US$ 5;
 - The second was given the choice between the same electricity token transfers worth US$ 5 each, and three cash transfers worth US$ 5 each;
 - The third was offered the choice between the same three US$ 5 electricity token transfers, and three cash transfers worth US$ 3.50 each.
 - The fourth group was a control.
We surveyed respondents before and after all three transfers had been made, to measure the impacts of these transfers on a broad range of socioeconomic outcomes.
Recipients overwhelmingly prefer mobile money over pre-paid electricity tokens
Our main finding is that participants overwhelmingly prefer cash, and are willing to accept a substantial discount to receive mobile money rather than an electricity transfer. This is especially true in urban areas, where mobile money is widespread and transaction costs are low: 96% chose cash in the US$ 5 group, while 87% chose cash in the US$ 3.50 group.
Why might respondents prefer cash so strongly over electricity?
 1. Mobile money is widespread in Kenya: 97% of households have an M-PESA account, and 68% live within 1 km of an M-PESA agent. The 2013 launch of Lipa-na-MPESA ('Pay-with-MPESA') facilitated the use of mobile money for commercial transactions, including purchasing electricity tokens from Kenya Power. It helped further integrate mobile money into the economy, charging no fees for transactions below US$ 2 in value. Since mobile money can be converted to electricity at a relatively low cost, this may explain why many respondents chose cash.
 2. Our electricity transfers are large, and may be well above what an average household would choose to spend on electricity. The token transfer of US$ 5 represents 2.9 months of average electricity spending in our sample. While electricity top-ups do not expire in the short term, cash may provide households – who have trouble borrowing – with better short-term liquidity.
Figure 1: Demand for electricity tokens in choice arms
Demand for US$ 1 of electricity expressed in US$ of mobile money. In an equal trade-off, 13.4% and 4.5% of rural and urban respondents, respectively, prefer electricity. Even when US$ 1 worth of electricity costs only US$ 0.70, only 33.7% 17.8% of rural and urban respondents, respectively, choose electricity.
Some recipients prefer electricity tokens over cash
In rural areas, slightly more respondents opted for tokens: 13% chose electricity in the US$ 5 group, while 33% chose it in the US$ 3.50 group. Why is this? First, some respondents face saving constraints, expressing concern that they may spend the money on something else – due to social pressures, for example. Receiving the electricity directly ensures the money is spent on electricity alone. Furthermore, respondents who do not use mobile transactions may need to purchase tokens in-person, and receiving direct electricity transfers allows them to avoid the travel time required to buy tokens from a vendor.
In related work in Ghana, we find that residents of Accra have an even stronger preference for prepaid electricity tokens. This may be due to the lower penetration of mobile money in this context, as well as the higher transaction costs for purchasing electricity. We therefore emphasise the importance of understanding the local context when deciding what aid programme to implement.
Electricity transfers increase electricity consumption significantly more than cash transfers
Electricity transfers significantly increase electricity usage, by around 30 kWh (worth US$ 3) for the rural sample and 43 kWh (worth US$ 4) for the urban sample. We also observe higher metre balances at the endline survey for both groups. On the other hand, being given the choice between US$ 5 cash or US$ 5 in tokens – a group in which 96% of urban respondents chose mobile money – had no effect on electricity usage. Given that electricity is storable and transaction costs for using mobile money to purchase electricity tokens is low, there is no reason for the electricity transfers in the direct token transfer group to generate a larger increase in electricity usage. Instead, mental accounting, or increased attention to electricity usage due to the treatment, might account for increased electricity consumption amongst the token group.
Optimal policy depends on context
Should policy makers give electricity subsidies or cash transfers during an economic crisis? Based on the different preferences of urban and rural respondents, and on comparing these results to a similar survey in Ghana, we argue that the surrounding context of the local mobile money infrastructure and the transaction costs of topping up electricity are crucial. In Kenya, where mobile money is already widely used, and transaction costs for topping up electricity are relatively low even in rural areas, cash transfers are preferred by most recipients. In other contexts, where mobile money is not yet used by the majority of residents, in-kind transfers like electricity subsidies may generate more benefits.
Editor's note: This article is based on this IGC project.
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Plotting expressions is important to visualize data, relationships between variables, and perform analysis. Mathcad plotting allows visualization of variable values, functions, and data points. Included in this demonstration is common calculus techniques such as symbolic or analytic solutions to differentiation or integration. Use the following worksheet to step through example problems related to using trending capabilities and calculus analysis in a Mathcad worksheet.
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet (xmcd)
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet (pdf)
- Mathcad Plotting and Calculus Worksheet Solution (pdf)
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Advanced Revenue Cycle Analytics: An Overview
In a post Meaningful Use era, many people are surprised to learn that they are not alone that their practice continues to use paper superbills. While all certified EHRs are capable of capturing charge data through point and click templates, many practices continue to use paper superbills due to concerns about physician productivity.
#1 – Manual Charge Entry is Expensive and Error Prone
The most obvious revenue cycle problem caused by paper superbills is manual charge entry into the billing or practice management system. Manual data entry typically takes between 2-3 minutes per encounter, which for a large high volume practice can mean several FTEs dedicated only to charge entry. Furthermore, many practices combine the coding and data entry function. This means that revenue cycle staff is splitting their time between data entry work and true coding work which usually leads to less accurate coding and more mistakes.
#2 – Lack of Physician Specific Customization
Another revenue cycle problem caused by the paper superbill is the lack of physician specific customization. The paper superbill is limited by the physician dimensions of an 8.5 x 11 inch piece of paper. Due to the costs of creating and maintaining different versions of the paper superbill, many practices will only have a few different versions of superbill that are designed to accommodate the average physician and the average patient. This means physicians are often writing in descriptions or codes, which slows down both the physician and revenue cycle.
#3 – Low Visibility to Coding Changes and Coder Productivity
The third revenue cycle problem caused by the paper superbill is the lack of transparency into the revenue cycle and coding process. Management does not have visibility into the changes that revenue cycle staff make during charge entry. It is also very difficult to reliably measure and compare revenue cycle staff productivity. Without performance metrics and analytics, it is very difficult for revenue cycle leaders to identify problems and solutions within the revenue cycle process.


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How to safely remove standing water in your El Paso commercial building.
When water damage occurs in a commercial building, the first thing you should do is get rid of any standing water as quickly as you can. After all, the longer water remains in an area, the more harm it can do. But there are a few things you should be aware of regarding securely eliminating standing water in your commercial space before you start scooping up water with your reliable bucket. In this blog post, we'll examine the correct methods for getting rid of standing water and how to keep yourself and your building safe while doing it.
It's critical to examine the problem first things first. You might require specialist equipment to safely and effectively remove the water depending on its quantity and source. For instance, it is advisable to leave the cleanup to commercial janitorial cleaning experts if the water is contaminated (such as sewage water), as they will have the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) and knowledge to remove the water safely.
Turn off the building's main water supply to stop the flow of water if the standing water is the result of a broken pipe before attempting to remove it. In order to prevent any potential electrical hazards, you should also ensure that the gas and electricity to the affected area are shut off.
The most essential factor in water removal is to move promptly. Water can inflict more harm the longer it is allowed to sit. It is essential to remove as much water as possible as quickly as feasible. Using a wet/dry vacuum, a mop and bucket, or even a squeegee are some of the popular instruments used to remove standing water. The ideal method depends on the amount and location of the water.
For deeper water, use a wet/dry vacuum or a submersible pump to swiftly remove it. These equipment pieces are designed to safely remove water from carpets and floors in commercial settings.


3
second = 5
third = asdf
first = 4
second = 5
third = asdf
first = 5
second = 5
third = asdf
Nifty, I know.
Wrapped Subroutines
Aside from currying, it is possible to have fun with subroutines in another manner: by defining a function wrapper that is executed when sub is called. Wrappers basically allow you to write fairly polymorphic/generic functions, and wrap them with a specific functionality using full Perl 6. It's important to note though, that this wrap actually modifies the function itself; it doesn't return you an anonymous function in a Scalar or somesuch (we'll get to this in a sec.)
All Routine's have a.wrap method. It expects one argument of type Code (a block of code, essentially.) This parameter may have the special expressions callsame,callwith, nextsame and nextwith within it. These all call the original Routine, but you may specify different parameters, etc..
pugs> sub wrapexample($a) {
....> say 'in middle; value passed == '~$a;
....> }
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == asdf
pugs> $h = &wrapexample.wrap({say 'beginning'; callwith(42); say 'end';});
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == 42
The id returned by a.wrap method can later be used to.unwrap the method. A call to.wrap replaces the previous routine definition with what you supply as your Code block, and you may have multiple wraps. Therefore, it's wise to get the return value of.wrap so you may unwrap it later:
pugs> &wrapexample.unwrap($h);
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == asdf
(addendum: so far,.wrap doesn't work like above on pugs r16525; ergo, the above is fabricated, but accurate. It is however documented in S06 and will most likely be implemented sometime in the near future [hopefully.])
Well, in this article I roughly covered subroutines in Perl 6. There're quite a few changes, so you need to adjust to them; none are too daring to accept, however. Next round, I think we'll cover Object-orientation in Perl 6, before moving to Grammars and rules.
Dave Rolsky said...
It's tenets, not tenants. Perl 6 is not a building full of people.
riffraff said...
I think a clarification is needed in the text: "if you do not define parameters explicitly, they will be given as read-only (just copies, not a reference) in _USER_:" shouuld be "if you don't define them as read-write". See S06.
In current pugs though, it will work partly:
sub f($a) {$a++} # raise an error
sub f($a is rw) {$a++} _TAG_ as expected
sub f(_USER_) {_USER_++} # does side effect but should not, I believe
Ben said...
Should definitely think about covering macros too at some point. I played around with them on Pugs a few months ago and they were working then so I'm sure they're suitable material for this series.
austin seipp said...
_USER_: It's on the to-do list, so don't worry. :)
Right now I'm thinking of an interlude however, to look at more functional examples of Perl 6. But Macro's are going to be covered at one point or another.
Anonymous said...
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By: Matthew Bivins Rogers
Open the Family Chart as you read along
Other researchers have traced the lineage of the Stearns family back to around 1512, in Stoke, Cambridge, England. It appears the family origins in America begin in the early seventeenth century, when Shubeal Stearns settled in Charleston, Massachusetts.
In 1620 Shubeal begot Charles. Charles married Rebecca (Gibson). In 1658 Charles and Rebecca begot Isaac in Watertown Massachusetts. He married Hannah Becket. Isaac and Hannah begot John, December 20, 1690 in Salem, Massachusetts. He married Martha (Willard). John and Martha begot John Jr, August 7, 1719 in Salem, Massachusetts. He married Rachel (Pettiplace). John and Rachel begot Isaac, November 21, 1757 in Newport, Rhode Island. He married Phebe (Wait). Isaac and Phebe begot Isaac L, around 1778, someplace in Connecticut. Isaac L. first married an unknown women with whom he begot Tompkins Stearns around 1808 in New York State. Isaac L. then married Jane Shaw (Powers) and they begot Joseph L. Stearns, October 3, 1814 in somewhere in Ohio.
Tompkins Stearns married Harriett (Noe) December 29, 1835 in Delaware County, Ohio. The couple had three sons: Josiah A, Philander and Simon.
Joseph L. Stearns, first married Elizabeth (McClain). They had three children: Luther I, Pheba and Sarah Jane. Joseph's second wife was Lucinda Dearman. They had three children: William L, Marry E. and Clara C.
The above text was created from the research of other Stearns descendents. We have not had the time or resources to verify or conduct our own research on the Stearns family before the 1850's. What follows are the results of our research.
Philander Stearns was born in 1839. He was the son of Tompkins and Harriett Stearns. Philander met Hester Ann Eastman in 1858, while he was attending College in Hartsville, Indiana. She was 16 and he was 18 years old. They married the following year, November 26, 1859. Hester's brother Matthew Warren married Philander's cousin Sarah Jane Stearns the same year.
Philander and Hester's first child was born, Hattie S. Stearns, May 23 1860.
In September of 1861 Philander Stearns and Matthew Warren Eastman enlisted in the 33rd Indiana Infantry Co. "I". Philander and Hester's second child Ann M. was born April 1, 1862.
On March 5, 1863 Philander and Matthew were captured along with most of their regiment near Franklin Tennessee, during the Battle of Thompson's Station. The regiment was paroled from Libby Prison two months later in May. Philander and Matthew made their way back home and reenlisted in January of 1864. Philander Francis Rosecrans was Philander and Hester's final child, he was born the following month on February 10.
William A. Hastie was a Music Teacher and Composer in Cincinnati, Ohio. Ann joined the Angels the day after her 41st birthday, April 2, 1903. William joined Ann in Eternal Peace after being struck by an automobile, May 7, 1948.
Philander Francis Rosecrans Stearns was born February 10, 1864. Family legend says he had twelve middle names, in respect to the generals of the Union Army. He passed away four months shy of his 20th birthday, October 17, 1883. His burial certificate from Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati only identifies six initials, "P. F. O. E. R. S. Murdock". The Murdock name likely shows he was adopted by his Mother's second husband, George Murdock. During his lifetime it may have been entertaining to believe he was named after the Union Generals. Certainly the 33rd Indiana Infantry was attached to the Army of the Cumberland which was led by General Rosecrans. The General was for a time one of the more popular Union Generals and well liked by his troops, so it's likely Philander Francis did carry his name as his sisters stated. But the other initials are more likely indications of family names: Philander Francis Orren Eastman Rosecrans Stearns Murdock.
Hester was a hardy woman; while Philander was away at war she continued to maintain the farm. She planted and harvested the wheat and corn and would load it into a wagon and take it to the mill to be ground. On one such trip to the mill a neighbor she didn't particularly care for imposed on her for a ride into town. During the trip the neighbor tried to get fresh with her. So when they came upon a river which needed to be forded, Hester picked the man up and heaved him in. She never had any trouble with him again.
Philander was killed at the battle of New Hope Church in Georgia on May 25, 1864. Later after the War Hester married George A. Murdock and the family moved to Cincinnati Ohio.
Matthew Warren was born August 20, 1840. He married Sarah Jane Stearns, November 6, 1859. Matthew enlisted in September, 1861 in the 33rd Indiana Infantry Co. "I". He was killed at the Battle of Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864.
Sarah Jane Stearns was born June 21, 1841. She was the daughter of Joseph L. and Elizabeth (McClain) Stearns. She married Matthew Warren Eastman, November 6, 1859. Matthew was the brother of Hester Ann Eastman. He enlisted in September, 1861 in the 33rd Indiana Infantry Co. "I" and was killed at the Battle of Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864.
Matthew had only been married to Sarah for 4 1/2 years at the time of his death. Sarah remarried Winfield Richardson, January 3, 1866. She didn't survive to 1870. Careful study of the 1870 and 1880 census shows us two Eastman children who may be orphans of Matthew Warren and Sarah (Stearns) Eastman. Their names were Alta and Joseph M.
Alta Eastman was born in September 1860. After her parents died she was raised by Isaac and Cynthia Stearns. She married Alexander Mills, September 10, 1876. Alexander was 26 and Alta was 16 years old when the couple married. They had three children: Grace, Willard and Warren C.
Joseph M. Eastman was born in 1862. After his parents died, he is shown in the 1870 census living with William and Mary Stearns. Later in the 1880 census he was enumerated as the ward of Alonzo and Phoebe (Stearns) Wilcox. So far we haven't found any record for Joseph after 1880.
Sarah (Stearns) Eastman/Richardson may have left behind a pair of twins fathered by her second husband, Winfield Richardson. The 1870 census shows two Richardson children age three living in the same household as Winfield. The children born in 1867, are a girl named Emma B. and boy named Worthy L. If these are Winfield and Sarah's children, it may that Sarah died while giving birth. However other researchers have recorded Sarah passing through the Gates of Heaven, October 11, 1868.
So far we haven't been able to find any records pertaining to Winfield Richardson or Worthy and Emma after 1870.
Much of the information from this history comes from Uncle Will Hastie's interview of Hester Ann (Eastman) Stearns/Murdock transcribed in the Charles' Hastie Letter and internment certificates from the Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati Ohio. Also notes from Margaret Battcher and Hester (Battcher) Coyne.
The One World Family Tree database at Ancestry.com
As we have stated the research continues and you are encouraged to add your facts, speculations or questions e-mail _EMAIL_


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With three double centuries showing a strong aerobic base, I deemed the time ripe to begin anaerobic and power training on Old La Honda.
These ascents were intended to be just at or above lactate threshold, a goal the quadriceps confirmed grumpily.
My max HR is 172, so 150 bpm (first ascent) is 86% of max, and 155 bpm (3rd ascent) is 90% of max HR. But as I get in peak shape, HR does not like to go above 92% of max unless it's quite hot, or the effort is extreme.
Observe how ascent (gray triangle) is all but a dead-straight line: since the grade varies, a straight-line rate of ascent indicates a disciplined effort to maintain a consistent power output even as the grade varies significantly (no backing off as the grade mellows), which thus results in a near constant rate of ascent.
Frictional forces are low at low speeds (8.98, 9.26, 9.48 mph here), so a consistent power output regardless of changes in grade relates directly to a consistent rate of ascent.
Mouse over to see ascents #1, #2, #3. These are "negative intervals" meaning that each successive effort is at a lower time. Weight vs watts vs time analysis.


FUL Foods sets a new standard for sustainability and nutrition with carbon negative microalgae-based food ingredients
Our current food system takes its toll on the environment, bearing responsibility for around 25% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. What if the food and drinks we consume would in fact benefit our environment and health?
FUL Foods has developed a trademarked sustainable ingredient through a proprietary biorefinery of microalgae, which require no arable land for production and are more efficient in capturing CO2 than trees. FUL Foods' first flagship product "FUL" is a light, refreshing beverage bursting with natural nutrition, plant-based protein, and immune boosting properties.
FUL Foods helps a new generation of consumers to reduce their carbon footprint whilst improving their health and satisfying their cravings.


[Nameplate] A Few Clouds ~ 93°F
Feels like: 103°F
Sunday, Aug. 2, 2015
Game and Fish discusses doe limit
Thursday, August 14, 2003
There seems to be some confusion over the number of does that may be taken during the upcoming deer season in Arkansas. A few hunters are asking about the implications of the one-doe limit in regard to special Arkansas Game and Fish Commission wildlife management area hunts.
The statewide doe bag limit is one. Even though a WMA and a Deer Zone are separate zones and may have different harvest restrictions, hunters cannot kill more than one doe combined, AGFC Wildlife Assistant Chief Doyle Shook said. "If you have already killed a doe by archery before a WMA hunt or before the zone doe-quota permit is valid, you cannot kill a doe during the WMA permit hunt, nor can you use the zone doe-quota permit."
Here's an example for hunters: If a hunter has killed a doe with a bow on Oct. 1 and he has a zone doe-quota permit for Deer Zone 11 or a WMA permit such as the one used at Fort Chaffee (which allows a hunter to take a doe or either sex), he is not allowed to take another doe because he has killed a doe during the archery season. No more than one doe can be taken in an individual's bag limit.
Another example: If a hunter kills a doe by a zone doe-quota permit and has a permit for a later either-sex WMA hunt, the hunter will have to buck-only hunt because he has filled his doe bag limit.
Statewide, the season bag limit is three deer. A season bag limit may contain two legal bucks and one doe. Hunters must obey zone and WMA restrictions and may hunt in different zones and WMAs as long as the statewide season bag limit is not exceeded.
In zones 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 11, the bag limit is the same (two legal bucks and one doe) but before taking a doe a hunter must have a zone doe-quota permit. Zone doe-quota permits are not valid on WMAs that lie within the boundaries of zones 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 11. The bag limit for archery is the same as the statewide limit. A zone doe-quota permit is not required to take a doe unless a hunter is in zones 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 11 when a firearms deer season is open.
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Stop hand.png
~ The Library Ghost in the video game.
~ The Library Ghost after her book bats are destroyed by the ghostbusters.
The Library Ghost (aka The Grey Lady, Gray Lady, Librarian Ghost) was a supporting antagonist in Ghostbusters, and a supporting antagonist in Ghostbusters: The Game.
She was the ghost of librarian Eleanor Twitty and the very first ghost that the Ghostbusters encountered. She appears to be a very odd reader as she likes to stack books up in the air. A team of three paranormal scientists managed to destroy her shield and trap Eleanor, but then some realize that it was to easy to the point it seem to them that she wanted them to have it.
She was portrayed by Ruth Oliver.
Early Life
Eleanor Twitty was born before the 1920s, and became the head librarian of the New York Public Library in New York. According to the newspaper article that Winston Zeddemore researches in 1991, Eleanor was seduced by Edmund Hoover, who was also known as "The Collector" and was a rare book collector. Eleanor was unaware that Hoover was using her to get rare books, including the Gozerian Codex.
When Eleanor realized this, she broke off their relationship and their engagement, but he murdered her in a secret section of the library that was constructed by Ivo Shandor. In 1924, Eleanor was the fifth woman to go missing under mysterious circumstances, and Hoover was caught and hanged before declaring that he would return as Azetlor the Destroyer. Eleanor became a spirit and was cited to be seen by 1924, and she continued to roam the library.
In 1984, the Library Ghost was disturbing the library, and later scared the librarian Alice in the opening of the film. Ray Stanz, Egon Spengler and Peter Venkman, three paranormal scientists, were brought to investigate the disturbance. The three came into contact with the Library Ghost, and when Ray told the group to "get her", she changed into her frightening form and scared them away. It's assumed that Twitty continued to roam the public library, and it's hinted that the Ghostbusters attempted to capture her before 1991.
Ghostbusters: The Video Game
In 1991, The Ghostbusters hear of a ghost outbreak happening at the library while going to the Museum, an decided to settle the score and capture the Grey Lady. The outbreak of ghosts also happened because of a paranormal wave caused by Shandor's descendent, and the mandala nodes in New York.
Ray, Egon, Winston and the new recruit go the library, and come across the Grey Lady after fighting ghosts that could manifest books to attack them. Winston goes to the archives and gives the others information on the Grey Lady's past, and tells them of The Collector and the Gozerian Codex. The information shocks Ray, who has held a grudge against Twitty for scaring them in 1984.
The Ghostbusters continue to look for the Grey Lady, and she is seen reading books, looking over books, and shushing the group when they speak. However, she shows her irritation towards the group by separating them, manifesting books to attack them, and screams "Quiet" to the Rookie when he is separated from Egon and Ray. The Library Ghost takes them deeper into the library, and they found her to an unground room reading the codex, and apparently shows how she was killed when the book attacks her. The Grey Lady allows the Rookie to take the codex, and quietly disappears, causing Ray to believe that she has passed over after they have taken the book, and has let go of her hatred for them.
However, she returns and changes into her "scary form" to fight the Ghostbusters, but is easily defeated and trapped after the group destroy Gozerian books that she was using to generate an energy shield. Ray realizes that the battle was too easy to the point that it seemed that she wanted them to have the codex, and a portal to an alternate dimension appears. Egon reveals the portal is a result of the energy produced from their battle with Twitty, and has caused a dimensional rip.
Ray, Egon and the Rookie go through the dimension, battling other ghosts, and surmise that Twitty did this to lead them to The Collector, who has become Azetlor. Also, Egon and Ray realize that Ilyssa Selwyn is connected to the paranormal events that have happen recently, notably the hotel, the return of Stay Puff, and the ghosts at the library. The Ghostbusters return to the library, but where the membrane of the dimension is still part, and defeat The Collector. After returning to the public library and reuniting with Winston, the group see a Mandala node, seeing one of them closing.
Though Egon and Ray were correct that Twitty allowed them to take the book, but it's possible that she wanted them to defeat The Collector to get her revenge. That being said, she also could have done so presuming that the Ghosbusters and The Collector would die fighting each other. Towards the last act of the video game, Ivo unleashes the Ghostbusters' containment unit to get an alternate energy source, thus releasing every ghost the group had trapped. It's assumed that the Grey Lady escaped, and returned to the public library, went onto the afterlife, or wasn't in the containment unit.
 - She was meant to have an iconic "Quiet!" line, which originated from the artist Berni Wrightson, but it was deleted for a roar in the film. In the video game, the Library Ghost is heard screaming the line.
 GhostbustersTitle.png Villains
Video Games


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floor exerciseArticle Free Pass
floor exercise, gymnastics event in which movements are performed on the floor in an area 12 metres (40 feet) square. This area is covered by some type of cloth or mat, usually with some cushioning. No other apparatus is used. Men's routines are 50 to 70 seconds in duration. The type of exercise required is a series of movements combining elements of flexibility, strength, jumps, holding of poses, and balance, as well as other maneuvers. The whole routine must be performed with rhythm and harmony, and the gymnast must move in different directions, using a major portion of the allotted area.
The exercise usually starts and finishes with a series of tumbling movements, such as a handspring or a cartwheel with a half-turn (roundoff), continuing with handsprings and somersaults (in the air), either backward or forward. Between start and finish, balances are held on one leg, handstands are achieved by placing the hands on the floor and kicking to a standing position, and movements resembling ballet, tumbling movements, and jumps are interposed.
The women's event is similar to the men's, except that it is performed to music and lasts 70 to 90 seconds. The floor exercise was introduced as an individual Olympic medal sport for men in 1936 and for women in 1952.
What made you want to look up "floor exercise"? Please share what surprised you most...


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What is ceramic coating? Simply put, ceramic coating is a protective finish that is specifically designed to be applied to metals that are exposed to high temperatures. The coating acts as an insulation barrier between metal parts and excessive heat, corrosive gasses, road salts and chemicals. The coating prevents thermal fatigue, rust, oxidation, and heat build up, which weakens and often ruins metal components.
Your engine compartment gets hot. Most road-going engines operate somewhere around 200 degrees. Performance engines can reach temperatures well above that. By ceramic coating high temperature engine parts, you help reduce the overall temperature of your engine bay. This reduction of heat not only helps your engine run better, it reduces the costs accrued from replacing parts damaged by heat like spark plug wires and plastic housings.
Most commonly, you see ceramic coatings on exhaust headers, high performance brakes, turbos and other various engine parts. This is in large part due to the coating's ability to reduce the overall temperature gain which causes thermal cycling. Thermal cycling is when metal cycles through two temperature extremes. The cycling of temperatures cause the metal to fatigue and crack.
Depending on your application, we will choose the proper ceramic coating for your application. Ceramic coatings can protect up to 2500 degrees.


Contributory Value of Farm Buildings
Contributory Value of Farm Buildings
Bins 2017julyblog 002 74985eb187e3c
While new construction costs can be estimated from local contractors, determining the value of existing buildings is much more difficult. The tough question is how much are the old buildings worth? To determine value we need to think about what the building was designed for, whether it is still useful for that original intended use, or if it could possibly be used for something else. Each type of building has unique considerations when making these assessments.
A grain bin is an easy one. It is designed to store grain. Is it large enough that a producer would still want to use it? Does it have aeration fans or drying fans? Does it have unload augers? Once some of these questions are answered then the condition of the bin is looked at to see if there are maintenance issues that need to be fixed.
A study was conducted of many improved farm sales. The study indicated the grain bins contributed $0.20 to $0.80 per bushel. This is a large range in value. The newer, larger bins contributed the most value while smaller, older bins were at the low end of the range. Small bins without unload augers or aeration fans did not contribute any value to the farm sales, even if they were in use.
Machine sheds can be difficult. With modern farm equipment getting larger year after year, the size of the building is an important factor. Is the building tall enough to accommodate a combine or large piece of tillage equipment? Are the height and width of the door large enough for the equipment? Once these factors are determined, the condition of the building can be considered.
A similar study as the grain bins was conducted of machine sheds and resulted in a range from $0.50 to over $4.00 per square foot. The size of the buildings and the door opening size are important factors in the values. Machine sheds with a concrete floor are typically near the high end of the range.
Auction Calendar


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Transfer Credit Policies
Transfer Credit Policies
A. General policies regarding all transfer students
- The registrar evaluates all requests for transfer credit.
- Transfer credit is only awarded for high-school level courses.
- No more than 1.0 credit will be recorded on the student transcript for each course, even if the course is taken in different schools.
- Transfer credits are accepted for all courses on transcripts from public high schools.
- Students pursuing a diploma from Whitmore School are required to complete at least 4.5 credits at Whitmore School, regardless of how many credits are transferred. These credits must include 2 core course credits* from 2 different subject areas..5 credit of Test Prep and 2 additional elective or core course credits. *Core course subjects are English, Math, Science and Social Studies.
- Whitmore School may accept credits from non-accredited schools when validated by one or more of the following procedures:
- A review of the student's academic record
- An analysis of the sending school's curriculum
- A review of a Homeschool Association portfolio of student work
- An assessment of scholastic performance
- No more than 8.0 total credits per year will be recorded on the student transcript once the student has enrolled at Whitmore School. This includes a combination of credits earned at Whitmore School and other schools.
B. Policies regarding students with course credit from public high schools and other accredited sources
CompuHigh/Whitmore School recognizes accreditation from:
CITA – Commission on International and Trans-regional Accreditation
NCA – North Central Association
SACS – Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
WASC – Western Association of Schools and Colleges
NEASC – New England Association of Schools and Colleges
MSA – Middle States Association
NCPSANational Council of Private School Accreditation
IB – International Baccalaureate
GAC – Georgia Accrediting Commission
- Transfer credits are accepted for all courses on transcripts from public high schools or high schools accredited by one of the above-listed organizations.
- Credits are transferred with the letter grade awarded by the previous high school.
- Transferred credits will count toward the total number of credits required by CompuHigh / Whitmore School, but may not fulfill specific course requirements for graduation.
C. Policies regarding students with course credit from students transferring from high schools outside of the USA
- Transcripts from outside the USA must be translated into English and include a course-by-course USA credit equivalent and grade equivalent.
- When specific core course credit is not indicated on a transcript, or more than seven courses are completed in one year, Whitmore School may award 1 credit for English, native language and mathematics, and.5 credit for other courses.
- Non-native English speakers may be required to take a TOEFL examination in order to determine course placement.
- Non-native English speakers are required to enroll in the Diploma PLUS Program.
D. Policies regarding students with course credit from non-accredited homeschool program not affiliated with a homeschool association
- At the discretion of the Registrar, some credits may be transferred when validated. However, the following additional limitations may apply to non-affiliated homeschool credits:
- Transfer credit may be awarded in English courses if the student earns a passing grade in the next sequential English course from Whitmore School.
- Transfer credit may be awarded in mathematics courses if the student earns a passing grade in the next sequential mathematics course from Whitmore School.
- Transfer credit may be awarded in Science and Social Studies upon taking and passing an assessment of scholastic performance in the subject.
- Transfer credits are recorded with a grade of "Pass;" no letter grade will be recorded.


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Dictionaries tell us that the interjection/exclamation hallelujah is pronounced ˌhælɪˈluːjə (or -lə-). However, this is a word probably more often sung than spoken, and we all know that in singing strange things happen to pronunciation.
From the point of view of English, hallelujah is a strange word anyway. Apart from foreign proper names, it is the only word in which the spelling corresponds to the pronunciation j (palatal semivowel). It has an alternative form, alleluia, which comes to us via Greek rather than direct from Hebrew and lacks this spelling oddity.
In the choir I belong to we are already gearing up for our Christmas show, and one of the works we will be performing is Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, which is why I am thinking about this word. (The title itself is phonetically interesting, since it normally undergoes so-called stress shift to ˈHallelujah ˈChorus, in accordance with the usual rule.)
One thing that happens in singing is that vowels that would be weak in ordinary speech tend to become strong. So the second syllable of hallelujah is sung with eɪ (or an italianate monophthongal e), the final syllable with ɑː (or a).
The other thing that happens is that suprasegmental features (length, stress) have to be modified to fit in with the music. In Handel's masterpiece we mostly get the usual (ˈ)halleˈlujah, but sometimes the special stressing halˈleluˈjah. In the fragment below, from the score as adapted for male voices only, you can see that at one point, while the tenor 1s and the basses are singing reigneth and the baritones have rapid normally-stressed hallelujahs, the tenor 2s stress the le syllable.It all sounds magnificent. If you're in or near London, do come and hear us in December.


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How we work
National Sea Grant Office
NOAA's National Sea Grant Office (NSGO) administers funding to the Sea Grant colleges throughout the nation and oversees several national funding competitions. They also facilitate both the Department of Commerce designation of Sea Grant College Programs and the Sea Grant program assessment process.
National Sea Grant Advisory Board
The National Sea Grant Advisory Board (NSGAB) is the National Sea Grant College Program's Federal Advisory Committee (FAC). The Board advises NOAA and the National Sea Grant College Program on strategies to address the Nation's highest priorities in terms of the understanding, assessment, development, management utilization and conservation of ocean, coastal and Great Lakes resources.
Sea Grant Association
The Sea Grant Association (SGA) is the non-profit organization made up of the 34 Sea Grant program directors as well as several network leaders that gives a formal and collective voice to the university-based partners of the program.
Sea Grant uses a three-tiered approach to achieving its mission:
- Research: to expand knowledge and answer critical questions
- Education: to train a coastal and marine workforce
- Extension: to connect science to those who can use it
Identifying and addressing the needs of coastal communities
Every four years, the National Sea Grant College Program taps into its vast network of scientists, engagement professionals, stakeholders, and federal partners to identify and address the needs of coastal communities around the country.
A strategic plan is developed by representatives from the Sea Grant Network to produce high-quality science and inform management of coastal resources in ways that balance human use with environmental health.
The strategic planning process identifies core values and focus areas that drive efforts to address the priorities established by coastal communities.
Sea Grant Authorizing Legislation & Regulations
Environmental Compliance, NEPA
Sea Grant, in partnership with NOAA Research and NOAA Fisheries, has prepared a Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) to serve as a framework to analyze the potential impacts on the natural and human (social and economic) environment from aquaculture research and development projects funded by federal financial assistance award programs, including the anticipated environmental impacts of current and future related initiatives and decisions. Related documentation can be found in the list below.


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- PPI-PACE is an online tool developed by eTrenchless Group Inc. that follows the design procedures in well-established
and accepted water standards (ANSI/AWWA C150/151, ANSI/AWWA C900, ANSI/AWWA C901, ANSI/AWWA C905, ANSI/AWWA C906,
- Per the recent AWWA and ANSI approvals of AWWA C906-15, the Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) of PE4710 is 1000 psi.
- Users can change the default values per project requirements.
- For Recurring Surge, PPI-PACE defaults to 4 fps for design velocity; the software allows for a 4-8 fps range.
- For Occasional Surge, PPI-PACE defaults to 8 fps for design velocity; the software allows for a 5-15 fps range.
- For Working Pressure, PPI-PACE defaults to 70 psi - which is the average working pressure in the US. The minimum allowable value in PPI-PACE is 40 psi.
- For Anticipated Recurring Surges, PPI-PACE defaults to 55 cycles (the minimum) per day per AWWA C900-07 and AWWA C905-10 (Appendix B/Design Example); this results in about 1 million cycles for a 50-year design life and about 2 million cycles for a 100-year design life. It was recommended by one consultant to design for 3.5 million cycles or 96 cycles per day at a 100-year design life. The minimum allowable value in PPI-PACE is the default 55 cycles/day.
- For Temperature, PPI-PACE defaults to 57°F which is the average water temperature in the US; the software allows 40-100°F; consult the manufacturer for other temperatures.
- For Minimum Design Life, PPI-PACE defaults to 100 years; the software allows a minimum recommended design life of 50 years.
- For Help, refer to Resistance of PE4710 Piping to Pressure Surge Events in Force Main Applications, PP XVI, Barcelona, 2012 and to UK Water Industry IGN 4-37-02 Design Against Surge and Fatigue Conditions for Thermoplastic Pipes
- The definition of pressure rating and pressure class differ between the implemented standards (AWWA C900, AWWA C905, AWWA C906, ASTM F714, ASTM D2241). The calculations on this site, provided by eTrenchless Inc., provide an unbiased interpretation of these standards so that an equivalent comparison of pipe materials can be conducted.
- Temperature derating factors for PE pipe in AWWA-M55 are limited to 100°F with a reference to manufacturers literature for temperatures greater than 100°F. ASTM F714 (PE) and AWWA-M23 (PVC) publishes temperature derating factors up to 140°F but these higher temperatures are not included in this design tool.
The design fatigue life for PVC is determined using the calculation method stated in AWWA C900 and C905 Appendix B using a 2:1 design factor. Data from tests with PE 4710 pipe are consistent with the UKWIR and Marshall/Brogden reports; see above reference and link to PP XVI Barcelona, 2012. For PE the design fatigue life is determined using fatigue curves provided in Marshall, G.P., Brogden, S: Final report of Pipeline Innovation Contract to UKWIR, 1997 using a 2:1 design factor.
For additional information on fatigue life and flow velocities see the Jana Laboratories report here. The design fatigue life of Ductile Iron (DI) pipe is not shown in PPI-PACE since these calculations are not available or referenced in the DI AWWA Standards or Manuals.
- Pressure rating should be reduced for systems operating under special or unusual conditions or where the pipe transports fluids that are known to have some degrading effect on the properties of polyethylene or where specified in Codes or Regulations or by the authority having jurisdiction. Water is the assumed transport fluid on PPI-PACE.
- Occasional transients caused by emergency pump and valve operations are usually severe. The system should be designed to withstand positive and negative pressures caused by these emergency operations. Water column separation may occur if the negative pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid. Rejoining of the separated water column typically results in a large pressure rise, which will possibly damage the pipe system. Whenever possible, water column separation should be avoided
- These are preliminary calculations for product comparison only, not for final design. Qualified professionals should be contracted to consider all aspects of the design for pressure pipe design.
For more information contact _EMAIL_


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Adding the Data Flow Task Programmatically
Updated: 17 November 2008
Business Intelligence Development Studio includes a task called the Data Flow task, which is represented by the Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Pipeline.Wrapper namespace in the object model. The Data Flow task is a specialized, high-performance task, dedicated to transforming and moving data during package execution. Like other tasks, the Data Flow task is wrapped by the TaskHost object, and from the perspective of the run-time engine, this task is just another task in the package. However, the data flow contains additional objects called data flow components. These components are the components that make data move from a source to a destination, sometimes through a transformation. The components define both the direction of movement and how data is transformed. Configuring the Data Flow task involves adding components to the task, and then connecting them to establish the flow of data and achieve the intended transformation.
There are three types of components within a Data Flow task: Data Flow Sources, Data Flow Transformations, and Data Flow Destinations, shown in that order within the SSIS Designer toolbox. These types are also referred to more simply as sources, transformations, or destinations. As implied by the names, data flows from a source to a transformation, and then to a destination. This is a simplistic description of the data flow to illustrate the concept, but the Data Flow task is flexible and powerful enough to handle multiple sources, and to connect together many transformations that send output to multiple destinations.
The Data Flow task is added to a package the same way other tasks are added. After the task has been added, it is configured by adding components to the data flow task, and configuring and connecting components in the task.
The following code sample shows how to add a Data Flow task to a package. This example requires a reference to the assemblies Microsoft.SqlServer.PipelineHost, Microsoft.SqlServer.DTSPipelineWrap, and Microsoft.SqlServer.ManagedDTS.
using System;
using Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Runtime;
using Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Pipeline;
using Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Pipeline.Wrapper;
namespace Microsoft.SqlServer.Dts.Samples
 class Program
 static void Main(string[] args)
 Package p = new Package();
 Executable e = p.Executables.Add("DTS.Pipeline.1");
 TaskHost thMainPipe = e as TaskHost;
 MainPipe dataFlowTask = thMainPipe.InnerObject as MainPipe;
Change History
Release History
17 November 2008
Changed content:
 - Added the assembly, Microsoft.SqlServer.ManagedDTS, to the list of required assemblies for the code sample.
17 July 2006
Changed content:
 - Replaced code examples with longer samples.
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In October 1948, Eagle1 reported the results of a study conducted in a Naval activity which showed that 100,000 to 250,000 units of penicillin by mouth, taken after exposure to venereal disease, would reduce the incidence of gonorrhea by 85 per cent or more. Following the publication of this report came strong pressure for general adoption of this measure. A second study conducted in the Navy2 indicated that the prophylactic effect of orally administered penicillin on gonorrhea diminished fairly rapidly with the increase of time between exposure and ingestion of the penicillin. After an elapsed time averaging fifteen hours between exposure and prophylaxis, the efficacy of the measure apparently dropped to less than 50 per cent.
The Navy does not contemplate general adoption of this prophylactic measure against venereal disease. First, the method will presumably not protect against chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum or granuloma inguinale, diseases which are of


Quick Answer: Do Quarterbacks Lift Weights?
Is 225 bench press good?
How long do football players workout a day?
What muscles make you throw a football farther?
Muscles Involved in Throwing These muscles include the pectoralis major and the rotator cuff muscles. Other muscles involved are those of the upper arm, the triceps and biceps; the muscles of the forearm and wrist; and the latissimus dorsi to a lesser extent.
Who has the weakest arm in the NFL?
Matt CasselMatt Cassel. The weakest arm among the starting NFL quarterbacks belongs to Kansas City Chiefs' passer Matt Cassel.
How do football players get big?
What muscles do quarterbacks use?
Football Quarterback – Core Strength: Not only does a football quarterback need a strong upper body for throwing and sustaining hard hits but he must also have a strong core. The back, abs, hips, and glutes are essential for a football quarterbacks durability as well as throwing velocity and speed.
Does Aaron Rodgers lift weights?
Poli says of Rodgers, "his strength is already off the chats." He estimates that Rodgers can bench press over 300 pounds.
Why do QBS lift their leg?
Some teams have a center look between his legs and then they go off the foot. So all the leg-raising is snap count in the shotgun when you're on the road." Quarterbacks also lift their legs to signal for a player to go in motion.
How often do football players lift weights?
On both the college and professional levels, most teams have at least two lifting regimens a week during the season. NFL players are weighed weekly to make sure they maintain their ideal playing weight, and pumping iron is a key component to ensure their hard-earned muscles aren't wasting away.
Should quarterbacks bench press?
When it comes to strength training, you might not think that one of the quarterback's most essential lifts would be the bench press exercise. However, it is absolutely essential for them to do some form of bench press because the improved development of the chest muscles will protect the collar bone and the sternum.


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Storyboard Pro supports two types of fields for storing and breaking up your project's script:
- The Script field is a field in the Storyboard view in which you can type, or import, your entire project's script. A Storyboard Pro project has only one Script field.
- Caption fields are special text fields for storing information such as dialogue, actions, scene information, scrubbing information and any other type of relevant information for each of your storyboard's panels. Each panel in your project has its own caption fields, and each field is used for a different type of information. The types of caption fields used by your project can be customized.
You can write or import your project's script into the Script field of the Storyboard view, which is a single text field for your entire project:
Then, you can fill up the caption fields for each panel in your storyboard using the Panel view. The Panel view allows you to view and edit the content of the caption fields for the currently selected panel.


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Economic Participation and Employment for People with Disability
The National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) commissioned us to research what helps people with disability find and keep a job.
The research focused on employment support for people with:
- intellectual disability
- psychosocial disability.
What did the research involve?
We worked in partnership with the University of New South Wales and Brotherhood of St Laurence to carry out this research.
The research included four separate parts:
- An evidence review of how employment programs are described.
- A systematic review of national and international RCTS of employment programs to find out which programs work best.
- Identification of current employment programs in Australia and interviews with academics and senior government and non-government staff working in employment for people with disability.
- Mapping the evidence.
The review found 14 different types of employment programs that help people with disability find and keep a job. These were grouped into three categories:
- Supply side: programs designed to build the skills of an individual looking for work so they become (more) ready and able to find a job. These types of programs can also provide support employers to employ a person with disability.
- Demand side: programs designed to create work opportunities for people with disability.
- Bridging: programs that match a person with disability to appropriate work opportunities and provide support to both the person and their employer to access and maintain that employment
Some employment programs may sit in more than one category.
Most of the research related to building the capacity of people with disability or the employer for people with psychosocial disability. And, most of the supply-side activities were vocational programs which teach a person with disability work-related skills that prepare them to find and keep a job.
The review found many programs that were successful in helping people find a job.
Employment support for people with psychosocial disability
Most evidence of benefit was found in Individualised Placement Support, a program for people with psychosocial disability. Individualised Placement Support combines vocational training and employment support with mental health support.
The evidence suggests that Individualised Placement Support works best when extra support is provided. Extra support may include:
- Career advice that builds a person's knowledge of job opportunities and looking for work. This is sometimes called a Job Coach.
- Career mentoring that helps people with psychosocial disability to find a job and feel positive about work.
- Online support for young people with psychosocial disability to progress towards a work or study goal.
Employment support for people with autism
For young people with autism, there was some evidence that showed programs that integrate 'work training' into a person's final years of school can help improve work readiness.
Employment support for people with intellectual disability
We did not find any research trials focused on employment programs for people with intellectual disability.
Other employment programs and approaches that show promise
The evidence review also identified some programs that show promise for people with autism, intellectual disability or psychosocial disability. Combination supply, demand and bridging approaches may also be valuable in helping participants find and keep a job.
- Vocational programs that are integrated into workplaces and provide training and skill development relevant to the job. Ongoing support to both the person with a disability and the employer.
- Social enterprises that focus on building skills of people with disability to help them enter the mainstream job market. They provide structured training and paid employment, and help people to join the workforce through work experience or work placement.
- Customised employment, which involves working with the person with an intellectual disability and the employer to create jobs that are best matched to the skills and goals of the person. These programs focus on how a person's strengths and interests may benefit an employer. They are becoming more common in Australia but haven't been evaluated as yet.
We need to continue working with people with disability, employers, government departments and other stakeholders to generate high quality evidence and foster best practice.
Improving employment outcomes needs a combination of supply, demand and bridging approaches. This may include:
- Building the capacity of people with disability to find work and the capacity of employers to match or create job opportunities.
- Ensuring programs are guided by principles that put the person at the centre.
- Having inclusive workplaces designed together by employers and people with disability.
- Promoting programs where people learn the job skills they need in their workplace, rather than training people in another setting.
- Offering flexible working conditions that consider the changing needs of people with a psychosocial disability.
- Offering opportunity for service providers to share with each other about what works.
The Economic Participation and Employment project was funded by the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA). The research was conducted by researchers at the Disability and Health Unit within the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne, the Brotherhood of St Laurence and the University of New South Wales Public Service Research Group.
The Summary Report brings together the findings from each of the research parts.
The Plain Language Summary is available on the NDIS website
The Technical reports below provide a detailed account of the methods and findings.
- Kavanagh A, Brown D, Dickinson H, Mallett S, Marck C & Weld-Blundell I (2021). Evidence review: strategies to increase employment and economic participation for people with a cognitive disability – Summary Report. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne.
- Kavanagh A, Brown D, Dickinson H, Mallett S, Marck C & Weld-Blundell I (2021). Evidence review: strategies to increase employment and economic participation for people with a cognitive disability – Plain Language Summary. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne.
- Weld-Blundell I, Shields M, Davy L, Dickinson H, Kavanagh A & Marck CH (2021). Interventions for employment participation in people with autism, intellectual disability, and/or psychosocial disability: a systematic literature review. Melbourne: University of Melbourne and UNSW Canberra.
- a) Brown D & Mallett S (2021). Environmental Scan Part 1: Current research and evaluation to promote economic participation of people with disability. Melbourne: Brotherhood of St Laurence.
b) Mallett S, Brown D & Finnis J (2021). Environmental Scan Part 2: Views of experts on effective employment interventions for people with disability. Melbourne: Brotherhood of St Laurence.
School Research Themes
For further information about this research, please contact the research group leader.
MDHS Research library
Explore by researcher, school, project or topic.


text: Antibodies to streptococcal extracellular products were detected in rabbit sera by passive hemagglutination tests as early as 1 week after intravenous injection of live group A streptococci (strain C203S). Using these antibodies in immunoadsorbent columns, the authors prepared an antigenic fraction from crude concentrates of cellular products. The specific activity of this fraction in sensitizing glutaraldehyde treated erythrocytes for passive hemagglutination tests and in absorbing passive hemagglutination antibodies from immune sera was increased by 80 fold and at least 24 fold, respectively, as compared with crude extracellular products. The fraction has been found to contain at least three serologically active antigens, which are of considerable interest because: they gave rise to early and consistent immune responses both in humans and in experimental animals; they appear so far to be produced only by beta hemolytic streptococci; and antibodies to these antigens were present in high titers in patients with acute rheumatic fever. The data suggest that passive hemagglutination antigens may be distinct from those extracellular enzymes and hemolysins ordinarily employed in streptococcal serological studies.