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22/24 avenue Général M. BIzot
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Flag frontage sign
Actif Signal makes lighted signs for stores, but also frontage signs called flags, lighted or not.
Flag sign made by Actif SIgnal
Lighted flag frontage sign (LED lighting in chamber) – ParisMade by Actif Signal
Actif Signal uses the same techniques to design, manufacture and install lighted signs made with neon tubes for stores, shops, and decorations for events such as fashion parades.
Flag Frontage Signs: What you should know
When it comes to marketing, exposure is a crucial matter. In order to attract clientele, a great deal of stores and commercial structures use flag signs. What are they and what is their purpose?
A brief history of signs
Lighted signs appeared for the first time in 1910. It is a Frenchman, by the name of Georges Claude, who invented them, but these products were first seen in the United States. Made with neon tubes, these signs were designed to catch the eye of the customer. Visible from afar and illuminated at night, they indicate the existence of the facility and its functions. Since its first appearance, the lighted sign has taken different shapes. In most cases, they can be found as a banner. Parallel to the front of the building, they can be affixed above a showcase or on a door lintel. Then, come the designs that are installed on rooftops, or affixed on the ground. Of course, the neon lighted signs are not to be forgotten.
Over the years, these so-called commercial signs have been reinvented in order to answer public demands and merchant's needs. This is how the flag signs started to develop. Copying the concept of advertisement signs, a flag sign is in the form of a box, single or double sided. It is affixed perpendicularly to the frontage of the building, high up, and helps promoting a store, a place, or a company.
Purpose of the Flag signs
To ensure a business or company's exposure, advertising elements are necessary. Thus, lots of professionals choose a flag design. Whether it's a simple sign, a lighted one or a flag sign, their purpose remains the same. If your premises are located in a busy street, the installation of a sign will catch the eye of the customer, and lead them towards you. It will also inform bystanders on your activities and the services you offer.
When setting up your flag sign, you have to make sure its design is appealing. While standard shapes like rectangles, squares or ovals have proven their effectiveness, a touch of fantasy and originality can also bring a little extra to you frontage. A tailor-made and colorful sign will help you stand out from the competition.
The different flag sign types.
The flag sign comes in different shapes and sizes depending on the customer's demands. Depending on your facility's layout, you can choose a simple or double sided sign. Some shops, like pharmacies or drugstores, usually elect a neon or LED lighted flag sign. Hotels and restaurants often opt for canvas flag signs, which combine metal chambers and canvas. Object-shaped flag signs also exist; for example, opticians choose flag signs shaped like glasses.
Illuminated signs
Because the first goal of a flag sign is to catch the eye of the public, it is advised to make it as visible as possible. The choice of an illuminated sign is then the best option. It has the advantage of capturing the public's attention while ensuring a strong exposure, night and day. Before putting up your lighted flag sign, you can choose, depending on the result you are expecting, between neon and LED
Neon signs.
If you opt for a neon-illuminated flag sign, you will have to choose between glass neon and flexible neon. Glass neon tubes are fluorescent tube, located under or behind a glass plate, and they light up the chamber. Flexible neon, on the other hand, covers what glass tubes can't.
Neon lighted flag signs have plenty of advantages. Amongst the most noticeable, neon can bend to the wishes of the customer. Indeed, these tubes can come in different diameters and are suitable for every mount and every shape. Neon also covers a 360° angle of lighting, which ensures a great exposure at night. It also comes in different colors and generates a strong and homogenous light. But the greatest advantage of the neon lighting lies in its lifespan. If the flag sign is located indoors, the neon can last up to 7 years, even if it is functioning 24/7. If located outdoors, the lighting will last up to 4 years if lit 24/7.
Although Neon has a great lifespan, its cons are not to be taken lightly: It is important to know that this type of installation is very difficult to put up and is very delicate. It is also very demanding in terms of energy. Lastly, a neon sign can cause electric shock in the case of an improper installation.
Neon gives a "neo-retro" look to your sign. The flag signs using neon lighting are designed and tailor-made on Actif Signal's manufacturing site. A neon lighting sign has to be put up by an installer in possession of the required electrical certifications. Actif Signal's installation teams all have the necessary certifications (H0 B0, H1 B1…).
LED signs
If you are not inspired by a neon-lighted flag sign, you can also chose an LED lighted sign. This type of sign will fit any and all of your needs.
If you need a static image, you can opt for a decoration LED flag sign. Made for indoor display, they regroup both displaying screens and decorative signs. They are preferred for advertising or promotional messages. If you want an animated sign, you can choose programmable LED signs. Durable, they are made for outdoor display. They can be set to flash or to display a message, night and day.
As opposed to neon flag signs, LED signs are more reliable. They are also very cost-efficient, and can be lit for up to 100 000 hours (11.5 years) before needing replacement. LED lights are also appreciated for their energy efficiency: as they do not diffuse any UV nor infrared, they are recyclable. An LED flag sign is also durable and safe. Sturdy, it is impact and vibration resistant, and temperature proof. Moreover, it does not present any electrical shock risk, contrary to neon lighting. With LED lighting, you can also choose from a great variety of colors and have a greater lighting power than that of neon light. The Light Emitting Diodes generate a brighter and more intense light that can be seen from farther away. Lastly, an LED flag sign can be programmed to show images or advertising messages. This type of colored animation is still energy efficient, and does not range down the lifespan of the lighting.
As for neon flag signs, LEDs also have cons. Its cost is the most prominent one; LEDs are significantly more expensive than the other lighting systems. However, it is highly compensated by its longevity and energy efficiency. Another major disadvantage of LED signs is its light field: it is less luminous than neon or than a lighted box, and does not propagate light efficiently around the facility.
Visual aspect of the flag signs
Once the decision to opt for a flag frontage sign has been made, you should always keep in mind that it conveys a message while being a guide to the customer. Because it symbolizes the activities and the offers of your business, it should be original.
The flag signs will be made according to the customer's demands. They usually include basic geometrical shapes (square, rectangle, circle…). Very traditional, this option can still have a strong impact if the sign includes colors, images or creative text. The use of LED or neon to illuminate the sign and make it even more visible can certainly be an asset to a business. In some cases, for specialized businesses like pharmacies or opticians, flag signs can come in particular shapes. We can find, in some streets, lighted crosses indicating a pharmacy, or a huge pair of glasses to signal an optician's shop.
Current regulations regarding Flag Frontage Signs.
There are specific regulations regarding flag signs, which were put in place in order to avoid "visual pollution". These norms vary depending on the type of business, the location of the sign and the objective it tries to achieve.
The rules apply mainly to the installation. While setting up a flag sign, we have to ensure that it does not exceed 25cm horizontally over the wall. It is also important that it does not cover more than 15% of the frontage, unless the frontage is larger than 50m², then it can cover it up to 25%. A flag sign cannot be affixed on a balcony or a glass front. Lastly, it has to be exactly as large as 1/10th of the distance from the public road.
Of course, the visual aspect of a lighted flag sign is entirely up to the customer. It is fairly common to find cake-shaped or baguette-like signs for boulangeries and bakeries, or regularly shaped ones with unique artwork for bars, hotels or even travel agency.
Be visible, opt for a flag sign
You are a merchant, a franchise, a pharmacy, a restaurant… chose a lighted flag sign. This type of sign is the ideal signage element and completes your existing signs. If you still hesitate between a neon or LED flag, a rectangular or an oval shape... Contact us, our engineering consultants


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The definition of betwixt is between.(adverb)
When you are in between two things, this is an example of a time when you are betwixt.
See betwixt in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: ME bitwix < OE betwix < be, by + a form related to twegen, twain; -t is unhistoric
See betwixt in American Heritage Dictionary 4
adverb & prep.
Origin: Middle English bitwixt
Origin:, from Old English betwix; see dwoin Indo-European roots.
Learn more about betwixt

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Definitions for playhouseˈpleɪˌhaʊs; -ˌhaʊ zɪz
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
play•houseˈpleɪˌhaʊs; -ˌhaʊ zɪz(n.)(pl.)-hous•es
Ref: theater (def. 1). 1
a small house for children to play in.
Origin of playhouse:
1590–1600; cf. OE pleghūs, as gloss of L theātrumtheater
playhouse, wendy house(noun)
plaything consisting of a small model of a house that children can play inside of
A theater; a venue for performing plays.
A toy house for children to play in; a cubby house or Wendy house.
Origin: play + house
a building used for dramatic exhibitions; a theater
a house for children to play in; a toyhouse


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To quote a whole post..
You can use the "quote" button in the bottom right of any post to quote the whole post.
Or to quote part of a post
1~ highlight the text that you want to quote
2~ copy and paste to your posting text box
3~ ensure that the text you want to quote is still highlighted
4~ press the quote box (looks like a cartoon cloud, it's right besides the link button) at the top of your post text box.
You can simply type QUOTE in brackets as Jon says.
For example, but I'm using the word frog instead of QUOTE so it shows up.
[FROG]words you want to quote[/FROG]
It does work

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Categories Interesting
Quick Answer: Buckingham palace address?
What is the official address of Buckingham Palace?
Area Information for Westminster, London, SW1A 1AA. This postcode is the delivery address for Buckingham Palace. This postcode in Westminster is in the London region of England.
What street is Buckingham Palace on?
Buckingham Palace Road is a street in Victoria, London. It runs from the south side of Buckingham Palace towards Chelsea, forming the A3214 road and is dominated by Victoria Station. Buckingham Palace Road.
Buckingham Palace Road in 2008
Southwest end Ebury Bridge Road
How do you address a queen in a letter?
In the body of the letter alternate between 'Your Majesty' and 'Your Majesty's' and 'you' and 'your'. The envelope should be addressed to 'Her Majesty The Queen '. Use 'Your Majesty' for the first time and subsequently 'Ma'am'. This should always rhyme with 'lamb'.
How can I write a letter to Prince Charles?
If you would like to write to Clarence House, please send a letter to: Clarence House, London, SW1A 1BA. Alternatively, you might like to keep up to date on The Prince of Wales, The Duchess of Cornwall and The Royal Family by following us on Twitter or Instagram.
You might be interested: Readers ask: Trump taj mahal now?
How do Royals address each other?
Kings and queens are addresses as "Your Majesty" when speaking to them personally and all other members of the royal family would be addressed as "royal highness." Upon second address, the queen should be called "m'am" and the king "sir." The guidelines for addressing royals when writing to them does differ from the
How can I see the Queen?
What time does Queen Elizabeth go to bed?
The queen reportedly goes to bed around midnight every night.
Is Buckingham Palace free?
Can you go inside Buckingham Palace?
How do you properly address a letter?
Things to Include When Addressing a Formal Letter First line: Full name. Second line: Company name. Third line: Street address. Fourth line: City or town, followed by the state name and zip code. The address should appear under the sender's name and should be aligned to the left.
You might be interested: Question: Climbing eiffel tower?
Does the queen respond to letters?
While Queen Elizabeth can 't actually sit down and answer every letter herself, she does give special instructions to a lady-in-waiting who she designates to respond to the fan mail. Therefore, each letter has a personalized response from the monarch.
How many letters does the Queen receive?
She will often give her response to one of her ladies-in-waiting or her Private Secretaries to send on her behalf. According to the Telegraph, the Queen receives up to 300 letters a day, an impressive amount, along with invitations from Heads of State and other official correspondence from around the world.
How should you address Prince Charles?
For male members of The Royal Family who hold the title His Royal Highness: "Your Royal Highness" on the first occasion and "Sir" thereafter.
What is a lady in waiting to the queen?
A lady-in-waiting is essentially a female personal assistant to a royal woman or high-ranking noblewoman. Because of their high profile job, many Ladies-in-Waiting are considered noblewomen themselves (with a lower ranking than whoever they work for).
How do you address Kate Middleton?
The traditional and only way to write correspondence is via the postal service. When addressing Catherine or William you must use the titles, "Your Royal Highness" or "Dear Madam".
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Most Active Stories
Shots - Health Blog
Thu September 27, 2012
When Doctors Tell Patients They Shouldn't Drive
Originally published on Fri September 28, 2012 2:49 pm
In Ontario, doctors get paid $36.25 each time they warn patients who might be unfit to drive and report them to the provincial transportation department.
Which conditions might pose hazards behind the wheel? There's a checklist on the Ontario report form that offers some of the more common conditions, including alcohol dependence, seizures, dementia and uncontrolled narcolepsy.
So does telling people they're not fit to drive help prevent accidents? It looks plausible, according to results of a study in the latest New England Journal of Medicine.
Researchers at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre found a 45 percent drop in the annual rate of accidents for patients after doctors warned them. The accident rate fell to about 2.73 accidents annually per 1,000 patients from 4.76 annually during a three-year period before the warnings.
There was a downside. The researchers found a significant uptick in treatment for depression in emergency rooms for patients after the warnings. Patients' visits to the doctors who warned them also fell off, suggesting the warning hurt the therapeutic relationship.
The researchers were able to match medical and driving records and follow the patients for years. But the researchers didn't arrange for doctors to randomly give some people warnings and others none. That meant the researchers can't absolutely prove the warnings were responsible for the drop in accidents.
Still, the study concludes that "the reduction in risk was immediate, substantial, and sustained...." And the observed decline in accidents was hard to explain otherwise. "Together, these data suggest that warning patients who are medically unfit to drive may reduce the risk of road crashes," they wrote.
Payment of doctors to warn and report unfit drivers increases the likelihood that will happen. But the study suggests the warnings were linked to a real increase in depression and harm to the doctor–patient relationship, the researchers concluded, while still not reducing driving risks to the same level as the population at large.


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AutoCAD Draftsman - Piping (5-10 yrs)
Job Description :
1. Proficient in Piping and Mechanical drawing using AutoCAD.
2. Good knowledge of basic Piping design, Pipe routing, Pipe sizing, Piping Material Specifications, and Piping layout.
3. Development of Inspection Isometrics referring inspection reports and Inspection sketches to support corrosion monitoring campaigns.
4. Updating of existing Piping isometrics with regards to latest inspection reports.
5. Coordination with team members in timely submission of deliverables.
6. Creating, Updating, and Maintaining Registers such as Piping Asset Register, Master Equipment List, Anomaly registers, etc.
7. Should be proficient in using MS office.


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The IRIS Data Management System (DMS) invites individuals at IRIS member institutions to submit Letters of Interest that outline new data product types and related development plans. Authors of selected data product descriptions will be requested to submit full proposals to acquire funding from the IRIS DMS to support the development of the completed product. This is an excellent opportunity for researchers to put forward unique and useful data product ideas, receive funding for their development, and collaborate with the IRIS Data Management Center (DMC) on their presentation and long term management. Typically derived from raw data, these data products can serve many purposes including as a foundation for future research.
The deadline for submitting Letters of Interest for data product development is April 30, 2013.
The goal of our product development effort is to create data products that complement the raw time series data traditionally managed by the IRIS DMC. The development effort is guided by the IRIS community through the IRIS Data Products Working Group. The DMC currently manages more than a dozen data product types produced either by the community or by the DMC as a result of this relatively new effort. A list of these product types is available at _URL_
The purpose of this call for Letters of Interest is to solicit data product ideas from our community of users. After reviewing all submitted Letters, the selection committee will request selected authors to submit proposals for funding the development of the data product. We anticipate individual development awards to range between $10,000 and $25,000. All products developed under this agreement will ultimately be hosted and managed at the IRIS DMC.
The types of data products that might be proposed include:
- Products which serve as stepping stones to further processing, i.e., pre-processing for more advanced processing. Examples include the calculation of envelope functions and the calculation of receiver functions for data in the DMC archive.
- Visualizations of the data in ways that provide insight to geophysical processes and/or the data set. Examples include the DMC's Event Plot suite and USArray Ground Motion Visualizations.
- The "productization" of research results that are useful to a broad range of the scientific community. For example, a database of shear-wave splitting measurements.
- Educational products that increase accessibility to data and information for students and future researchers.
- Modernization and availability of data sets. For example, the conversion of processed geodetic data to formats readily usable to the seismic research community.
Examples of data product development previously funded include:
- Ambient noise cross correlations for the Western US (M. Ritzwoller, et. al.)
- SeisSound, an audio/visual illustration of seismic frequency and amplitude (D. Kilb)
- Earthquake energy and duration tools, in progress (A. Newman, et al.)
- EMERALD software release, in progress (M. Fouch and J. West)
- Development of XML standard and tools for MT data, in progress (G. Egbert, et al.)
Letters of Interest should include:
- A statement of the impact and range of potential uses for the product type.
- Estimates of the resources required to initially generate the product(s).
- Enough detail to help determine IRIS DMC resources required to manage the product type over an extended period of time.
Letters of Interest should be submitted in electronic form (as MS-Word or PDF) to _EMAIL_ by April 30, 2013. Letters should not exceed two pages in length, with two additional pages allowed for associated figures. Authors will be notified of their selection status by May 10. Selected authors will be requested to submit a proposal for product development due by June 17. Funding for the data product development awards and the data product effort at the IRIS DMC is supported by the USArray component of the NSF's EarthScope program.
Dr. Timothy Ahern
Director of Data Services


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View to Lunga
, across Scotland's "Grey Dog" tidal race.
Tidal race (or tidal rapid) is a natural occurrence whereby a fast moving tide passes through a constriction resulting in the formation of waves, eddies and hazardous currents. The constriction can be a passage where the sides narrow, for example the Gulf of Corryvreckan and the Saltstraumen maelstrom, or an underwater obstruction (a reef or rising seabed), such as is found at the Portland Race.
In extreme cases, such as Skookumchuck Narrows in British Columbia, through which tides can travel at more than 17 knots, very large whirlpools develop, which can be extremely hazardous to navigation.
Notable tidal races


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Addressing Barriers to DEI in Clinical Research
Breaking down barriers to participation in clinical research has long been a challenge, affecting every aspect of the industry. As the industry works toward a more cohesive, diverse, and inclusive environment for all, Advarra's mission is to invest in understanding and educating the industry on this critical topic. Developing a more inclusive and equitable study and research environment will reap many benefits for the industry and establishes the precedent for future trials as we work toward a more inclusive environment for all.
However, figuring out where to address barriers and create a more inclusive environment is overwhelming. This blog aims to define diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), discuss exclusive trends in recruitment and trial design, and present actionable steps sites can take immediately.
When researchers address the lack of diversity in clinical research and work to improve upon it in their current practice, a common mistake made is not understanding the nuances of DEI efforts, and looking at each concept as a separate entity, rather than understanding how they intertwine. While DEI is made up of individual concepts, every concept is needed to support one another, and it's common for researchers to focus on one or two concepts, rather than all three simultaneously. To further understand how to achieve DEI in research, each concept needs to be defined as such:
- Diversity: making sure everyone is represented
- Equity: being fair to anyone involved
- Inclusion: creating an appropriate environment for all involved
Many researchers attempt to solve the symptoms of the problem, when in reality, addressing the root cause – which is most often tied to a lack of equity – will allow research staff to address and work toward solving DEI-related challenges the industry faces today.
Effectively Recruiting Participants
Throughout the industry, recruitment proves to be a major roadblock at any stage of a protocol. Without the necessary amount of participants enrolled in any study, startup delays, ultimately costing researchers time and money. Each protocol must have appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria; however, researchers still focus on populations most convenient to them and do not evaluate criteria critically for each study. This practice enables researchers to seek out populations they are familiar working with and neglects certain populations because of criteria denying them participation in a trial.
Actionable Steps to Take
Since racism is not individual, it must be addressed at a systemic and structural level. If researchers want to solve recruitment problems for their studies, they need to look at the system as a whole and improve and build upon the current infrastructure. If teams are unsure where to start, these common barriers may be the first place to look at and examine.
Communication is paramount for success, including the clinical research industry. If researchers are not effectively communicating their trials to seek out participants, whether that is through physicians, community leaders, or other forms of advertising, then they will lose out on obtaining a diverse participant population.
An easy way to ensure better communication is to create an action plan moving forward. Build workflows into patient visits so potential participants know there are trials available to them. Understand how staff communicates to participants during visits – both online and in person. Are researchers meeting their participants where they're at in terms of the language they can understand? Are participants coming in for necessary visits, and participating in remote capabilities as well? Consider these as the action plan is formulated and built.
Oftentimes, people will choose to participate in a trial if they know they can trust the process. Building relationships with external stakeholders, such as community leaders, their own providers, or word-of-mouth referrals benefits everyone. It gives researchers an opportunity to spread awareness about a trial, it gives stakeholders the opportunity to help others seek treatment, and it helps potential participants feel reassured if it's coming from a trusted source.
Building trust isn't something research teams should rely on with just external stakeholders; trust needs to be maintained after a participant agrees to take part in the trial. For example, including a diverse staff team who may have a better understanding of participants' backgrounds, allowing them to advocate for them. This effort will greatly aid in establishing trust, recruiting potential participants, and retaining them as the protocol moves throughout each phase.
Effectively Design a Trial
Many times, staff get into the "copy/paste" habit when designing a trial. This is normally done in an attempt to save time by transferring the same requirements from one protocol to the next, especially when dictating the trial's inclusion and exclusion criteria. This method is a direct symptom of a staff's heavy bandwidth, but in reality, every trial needs to be designed individually as each trial is unique from the rest.
Additionally, as humans design trials, we need to acknowledge our own implicit biases at work when creating one. As a trial is shaped, taking extra time to review and understand where an individual's biases may have impacted the design can greatly minimize the risk of creating a non-inclusive trial. As we work together to create a more inclusive and equitable research environment, it's important to understand this process will require intentional and continual learning and unlearning from everyone involved.


[ Data Export ]
Transaction Summary CSV #
A comma-separated value (CSV) file is a text file which can be read by spreadsheet programs to fill in the data in a spreadsheet.
A Transaction Summary CSV file is a bit like some of the main tables of the transaction summary report but in CSV format. It is intended to make auditing easier by allowing the generation of a spreadsheet which can be populated with formulas to check the basic month-to-month operation of Max2 and show up any inconsistencies which should be investigated.
Using the Main WindowReport -> Generate Transaction Summary CSV menu item results in the generation of the report for the 12 months starting with the current month. Therefore, this operation should only be invoked when the currently selected month is a year or more in the past. Typically, the report is generated for a club financial year so is done with the first month of the last complete financial year as the current month.
The output file is created in the database directory with the name YYYY~YY.CSV where YYYY is the year of the first month and YY is the last two digits of the following year.
The basic idea is that the resulting spreadsheet can be used to check that the totals of the balances and changes to the balances for each of the membership classes themselves balance properly.
The first few lines of a file displayed in OpenOffice.org:
For each of the twelve months the CSV file contains three tables: sales, cash received and membership class changes.
Each table has the same data columns; one for each of the membership classes: none, ordinary, temporary, course and trial lesson.
The sales and cash received tables each have rows for each of the sales or cash received headings which apply (have non-zero transactions) in the month. In the case of the sales transactions the rows are further broken down by the application class of the heading: sales, flying, debits and credits.
Unlike in the transaction summary report, the amounts shown directly reflect the changes to the account balances; credits are not shown with the opposite sign to other transactions from this point of view.
The third table for each month contains the transfer of balances between the membership classes, for example, course members with non-zero balances who become full members. For these purposes there is a "virtual" membership class "Deleted" - when an account is deleted it is treated as being moved from its existing membership class to the Deleted class.
In most cases the balance transferred appears twice on the each line: once in the membership class transferred from and once, with the opposite sign, in the class transferred to. The exception is for deleted accounts as there is no column for the "Deleted" virtual membership type.


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The Birdwatcher's Guide to Digital Photography
Look, there's a peregrine falcon! Oh, did you see the hummingbird flit by? If you're a bird enthusiast, you know there's nothing quite as exciting as... Show synopsis Look, there's a peregrine falcon! Oh, did you see the hummingbird flit by? If you're a bird enthusiast, you know there's nothing quite as exciting as observing these amazing creatures in their natural environment. Now you can capture the excitement by taking great bird photographs with "The Birdwatcher's Guide to Digital Photography." This book is written by one of Europe's most successful scenic and natural history photographers, and provides a comprehensive guide that will teach you everything you need to know to take beautiful digital photographs of birds. Also featured are the following. - Explanations of the importance of selecting the right equipment, including different types of cameras, lenses, and camera supports. - Technical aspects of taking photographs in easy-to-understand language accompanied by helpful graphics and pictures. - Birdwatchers are taught how to approach birds, how to bait them, stalk them, and finally, how to take fantastic photographs of our feathered friends in the wild or the backyard.


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UIAccelerometer class lets you register to receive acceleration-related data from the onboard hardware. As a device moves, its hardware reports linear acceleration changes along the primary axes in three-dimensional space. You can use this data to detect both the current orientation of the device (relative to the ground) and any instantaneous changes to that orientation. You might use instantaneous changes as input to a game or to initiate some action in your application.
- iOS 2.0–5.0Deprecated
- Mac Catalyst 13.0–13.0Deprecated
You do not create accelerometer objects directly. Instead, you use the shared
UIAccelerometer object to specify the interval at which you want to receive events and then set its
delegate property. Upon assigning your delegate object, the accelerometer object begins delivering acceleration events to your delegate immediately at the specified interval. Events are always delivered on the main thread of your application.
The maximum frequency for accelerometer updates is based on the available hardware. You can request updates less frequently but cannot request them more frequently than the hardware maximum. Once you assign your delegate, however, updates are delivered regularly at the frequency you requested, whether or not the acceleration data actually changed. Your delegate is responsible for filtering out any unwanted updates and for ensuring that the amount of change is significant enough to warrant taking action.


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Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity and its Convalescence with Dietary Rehabilitation in Undernourished Rural West Bengal Population LC29-LC32
Dr. Analava Mitra,
School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India.
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome involving diabetes is acquiring the eminence of prospective epidemic in India with dramatic rise in rural population prevalence where majority are undernourished and creates significant healthcare burden.
Aim: To investigate the prevalence of the insulin resistance amongst the undernourished rural population, involving children, adolescents and adult volunteers of the West Bengal and the effect of nutritional supplementation in the parameters echoing insulin sensitivity.
Materials and Methods: A prospective interventional study was carried out on 120 volunteers in three age groups; Group 1 (5-12 years), Group 2 (13-18 years) and Group 3 (19-40 years), each with 40 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, under informed consent over six months. Baseline data regarding demography, family history including parental history of diabetes, medical history, physical, activity, anthropometrical status and blood parameters echoing insulin sensitivity were obtained from volunteers. Intervention included daily nutritional supplementation with eggs and banana. After six months of food supplementation, parameters reflecting insulin sensitivity were assessed.
Results: Initial low figures of fasting insulin and blood sugar levels improvised with the nutritional supplementation alongside the absence of wasting in Group 1. HOMA-IR and IRI values of the Group 2 improved from the initial figures (3.19, 2.87) to (2.204, 1.99) and that of Group 3 from (5.0, 4.52) to (4.08, 3.67) respectively over six months (p<.05). Average Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) enhanced from 85.5±9.6 mg/dl to 78.4±7.3 mg/dl and from 90.1±10.2 mg/dl to 84.8±8.4 mg/dl in Group 2 and 3 respectively by the end of the supplementation study (p<.05).
Conclusion: Six months study revealed the existence of insulin resistance and malnourishment in the selected rural population in three groups. Decrement in HOMA-IR, IRI, FBS and serum insulin alongside the improvement in the body mass, in comparison to that of initial values is evocative of restoration of insulin sensitivity with nutrition supplementation.


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The well cut exceptionally attractive yellow agate pyramid is highly polished. This distinctive pyramid appears to be glassy with an inconsistent color as the yellow color is derived from chloride particles, while the highly opaque and vibrant color is due iron oxide. The red spots on the pyramid resemble the colour of blood. The solid dark yellow color and the visible brownish effect itself speak of the quality of the stone used to craft this pyramid. Size – 58 mm.
This yellow agate pyramid stimulates dreaming and is a powerful revitalizer. It boosts courage and assists in acting in the present moment. This yellow agate pyramid calms and revitalizes the mind, dispels confusion and enhances decision-making. It assists the user in adjusting to unaccustomed circumstances. It helps reduce irritability, aggressiveness and impatience.


How Does Teams Know When You Are Away?
How do you add status to a team?
To set your status message in Teams:Go to your profile pic at the top of Teams and select Set status message to view your options.Type the message that you want to show other people in the box.
Choose when you want the message to stop displaying.Select Done and you're all set..
How long until Microsoft teams shows away?
FYI— if you've been idle for 10 minutes or more, Teams will automatically change your status from Available to Away.
Why does teams keep showing me as away?
any activity. keyboard or mouse activity will set teams to show you as available until there is lack of input for 5 continuous minutes and it will show you as away to everyone even if you set a manual status yourself. Just open a small paperclip and insert it beside the INSERT key in your keyboard.
Can Microsoft teams track your activity?
You can also view Teams activity through reports that are available from the Microsoft 365 admin center. These reports are part of the Microsoft 365 reports in the Microsoft 365 admin center and provide information about user activity and device usage. … Under Select a report, click Microsoft Teams.
How do I stop teams from showing away?
While Teams will automatically change your status when you're busy or away, you can also manually set it.Click your profile picture in the upper right.Click your current status. A status menu appears, with several statuses to choose from.Select a new status.
How do you always be available on a team?
To explicitly set it yourself, go to your profile at the top of Teams, and select one from the list. You can also update your status from the command box. Type /away, /busy, /dnd, /brb, or /available to set your status as Away, Busy, Do not disturb, Be right back, or Available.
How do I change my teams timeout?
To save time, you can alternatively use the command bar on Microsoft Teams to change your status. Enter "/available", "/away", "/dnd" or "/busy" into the command bar and your status will change.
How do you set focusing status on a team?
Focus Time To modify your settings in this regard, click your picture near the upper, right corner of the Teams window and then click Settings. Then click Privacy followed by Manage priority access to open the window shown in Figure 1.
How do teams stay green?
You can force presence by setting it to green. If you do that, it will stay green until you reset or lock computer / machine sleep or reset after 24 hours. That is why there is a reset status option at all.
Does Microsoft teams automatically change status?
Note that Teams will automatically set your status from Available to Away when the Teams app is in the background. … If you're in a meeting or call, Teams will automatically change your status to In a meeting or In a call (Busy) when not set to Do not disturb.
How do I turn off out of office in Microsoft teams?
Click the gear button. Choose Mail> Automatic processing> Automatic replies. Now, tick the option that says Don't send automatic replies. If the issue persists, then remove it and check if it works.


Quick Answer: Who Killed Mozart?
What illness did Mozart die of?
The many modern medical diagnoses explaining Mozart's death include tuberculosis, mercury poisoning, syphilis, rheumatic fever, kidney failure due to chronic glomerulonephritis, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (a syndrome of bruising, arthritis, and abdominal pain, often accompanied by kidney problems), scarlet fever, and ….
Did Mozart die poor?
Mozart was a hedonist who was incapable of saving for bad times. He spent money when he had it and suffered when he did not. However, Mozart's life was not marked by poverty.
Who was the greatest composer of all time?
Ludwig van BeethovenThe German composer and pianist Ludwig van Beethoven is widely regarded as the greatest composer who ever lived.
Who is better Mozart or Beethoven?
Who was Mozart's rival?
Antonio Salieri" In case you are living in Ch'pyangong and missed the news, the Shaffer play is about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his rival Antonio Salieri, and much of it is based on fact. Salieri was the court composer in the Vienna of Mozart's day, internationally famous, a prominent teacher, a man universally respected.
Who killed Mozart due to jealousy?
SalieriThis gripping though somewhat long-winded drama is not a musical, yet it's often underscored with music by the prolific and influential classical composer who died penniless at age 35. Amadeus is a work of imagination based on historical gossip that intensely envious Salieri actually poisoned Mozart.
Was Salieri responsible for the death of Mozart?
Salieri suffered a physical and mental breakdown in the autumn of 1823, was admitted to the Vienna general hospital, and in a deranged state of mind, accused himself of having killed Mozart. Quickly rumors spread throughout Vienna. … In the long run it was not Mozart, but Antonio Salieri who had been poisoned.
Did Mozart and Salieri ever meet?
Weber, Mozart's father-in-law, had heard it by 1803, and cold-shouldered Salieri ever after. And 20 years later it was still doing the rounds; Rossini joked about it when he met Salieri in 1822. … Then, in 1823, Salieri – hospitalised, terminally ill and deranged – is said to have accused himself of poisoning Mozart.
Did Mozart and Beethoven know each other?
Some historians, however, are skeptical that Mozart and Beethoven met at all. … Moreover, Mozart already had a pupil living in his home, the nine-year-old Johann Nepomuk Hummel. While it cannot be determined whether Beethoven actually met Mozart, it is more probable that he heard Mozart play.
At what age did Beethoven die?
56 years (1770–1827)Ludwig van Beethoven/Age at death
Did Mozart know Bach?
Mozart loved Bach's music. He made arrangements for strings of several fugues from The Well-Tempered Clavier and composed original preludes to go with each.
Where is Mozart buried today?
Where was Mozart buried? The trouble all started because after Mozart died (December 5th, 1791), they buried him in a standard, unmarked plot in the St. Marx cemetery (now a park) in Vienna's third district.
Who Poisoned Beethoven?
Andreas WawruchFour months before his death in March 1827, Beethoven began suffering from excessive abdominal swelling, possibly due to cirrhosis. To drain the fluid, his physician, Andreas Wawruch, punctured his abdomen with a needle. Researchers have known since 2005 that Beethoven also suffered from severe lead poisoning.
Where is Mozart buried?
St. Marx Cemetery, Vienna, AustriaWolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Place of burial
What was Beethoven's IQ?
The IQs of 301 Eminent Geniuses according to Cox (1926) along with their Flynn Effect corrections.Alphabetical NameAdult IQIQ with Flynn EffectBayle165143Beaumarchais165143Beethoven165143Bentham18015866 more rows
Did Mozart hate the flute?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (_PHONE_) didn't play the flute, and once suggested he didn't even like it. But as WRTI's Susan Lewis reports, he went on to write music that makes the instrument sing…and dance!
Why did Mozart die at the age of 35 years?
In November 1791 the composer fell ill with a serious disease and died two weeks later at the age of 35. … The death certificate states he died of "severe miliary fever". Exactly which disease led to Mozart's death has been a mystery for the last 200 years.
Who hated Mozart?
SalieriGossip that Salieri hated Mozart or even tried to poison him seems to have originated after Mozart's death in 1791. Though Salieri mourned Mozart at his funeral and even later taught Mozart's son, he was soon linked with ugly accusations that he had caused the composer's demise.
At what age Mozart died?
35 years (1756–1791)Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Age at deathMozart died 225 years ago today. He was only 35. The cause of Mozart's death is a medical question that has endured as long as his music.
Who is older Bach or Mozart?
Bach was born in 1685 and died in 1750. Mozart (1756 –1791) was not even born until after Bach had died. Bach was 50 when he fashioned the Christmas Oratorio. A man at the height of his powers, he had two more decades of fruitful work ahead of him.
Is Mozart deaf?
Beethoven's disability: He was blind… Mozart went deaf though.


text:
to use. To do so, we want a copy of the BeagleBone schematic handy, which can be found in the links here or on the uSD card supplied with the BeagleBone. According to page 3 of the schematics, the USR1 LED is connected to the GPIO1_22 pin (easily found by searching 'USR1' in the pdf), which means pin 22 in the GPIO1 module. Now it's time for a little Python. First we need to import the mmap module, which is not on the BeagleBone by default, but can be installed by running '# opkg install python-mmap', and defining a few addresses:
import time, struct
GPIO1_offset = 0x4804c000
GPIO1_size = 0x4804cfff-GPIO1_offset
GPIO_OE = 0x134
GPIO_SETDATAOUT = 0x194
GPIO_CLEARDATAOUT = 0x190
USR1 = 1<<22
Mapping the entire /dev/mem file would require that over a gigabyte be allocated in Python's heap, so the offset address and size variables are used to keep the mmap as small as possible, in this case just the GPIO1 register. These values are straight out of the memory map in section 2.1 of the Technical Reference Manual. the GPIO_OE, GPIO_SETDATAOUT and GPIO_CLEARDATAOUT addresses are found in section 25.4, which shows the address offsets of each register within the GPIO modules, starting from the base module address. Chapter 25 explains how to use the GPIO registers. All we need to do is set a pin as an output, then set and clear its output state. To do the first, we need the 'output enable' register (GPIO_OE above). Then the GPIO_SETDATAOUT and GPIO_CLEARDATAOUT registers will do the rest. Each one of these registers is 32 bits long, each bit of which corresponding to one of 32 GPIO pins, so for pin 22 we need bit 22, or 1 shifted left 22 places.
Next we need to make the mmap, using the desired size and offset:
mem = mmap(f.fileno(), GPIO1_size, offset=GPIO1_offset)
Now we need to set the pin as an output. I'll do this line by line:
The mmap is addressed byte by byte, so we can't just set a single bit. The easiest thing to do is grab the whole 4-byte register:
We now have 32 bits packed into a string, so to do any sort of bitwise operations with it we must unpack it:
The 'L' tells struct.unpack() to unpack the string into an unsigned long, which will give us the full 32-bit register. The '<' tells it that the string is packed little-endian, or least-significant byte first. The BeagleBone's memory is little-endian, so if we tell this to struct.unpack() it will return the 32 bits in the order they are shown in the reference manual register maps.
We now have the 32-bit integer value of the register, so we can configure the LED as an output by clearing its bit:
Now all that's left to do is to pack it little-endian back into a string and update the mmap:
Now that we know the pin is configured as an output, it's time to get blinking. We could use the GPIO_DATAOUT register to do this, but we would want to preserve the state of all the other bits in it, so we would need to do the same process of unpacking, manipulating then repacking. That's what the SETDATAOUT and CLEARDATAOUT registers are for. Writes to them affect only the pins whose bits are set to 1, making the next step much easier:
# Set it high:
mem[GPIO_SETDATAOUT:GPIO_SETDATAOUT+4] = struct.pack("


text: Explore the ancient land of Nippon. Build a railroad empire in the land of the rising sun. Use your initial investment to build track. Then pick up commodities where they are grown, mined, or manufactured and deliver them to a lucrative place of demand. Complete a delivery and make the money you need to buy larger, faster trains, and expand your railroad empire. Win the game by building the most effective railroad empire. With the countless variations of play provided, Nippon Rails provides a challenging region for the creation of your network. Obstacles are rival tracks and Japan's great mountains, channels, and rivers and restrictive coastline. Capture the can-do spirit of Japan and build an empire. Whether you share Nippon Rails as an evening with friends or as a rainy day activity with your family, you'll always find it captivating. After enjoying this great game, you can explore one of the many other award-winning Empire Builder games, including titles as diverse as China Rails, Australian Rails, and Martian Rails. Nippon Rails is geographically accurate. The game depicts Japan's rivers, plains, and mountains, as well as its natural resources. It's a great way to learn about the geography, business, shipping, and transportation of Japan while having loads of fun with friends or family.


text:
Klein Grass, Panicum Coloratum, is a warm season perennial bunchgrass that is planted in the southwestern portion of the United States for hay production and grazing. Klein Grass is a native grass of Africa and was first introduced into the United States in the 1950's.
Klein Grass is grown primarily as a pasture grass but in recent years it has been farmed to make hay in the Imperial Valley area of California. Klein Grass can grow up to 1 meter tall and is a fine stemmed leafy plant. Klein Grass is palatable and nutritious for cattle. When Klein Grass is grown for hay it is typically harvested at a younger stage of growth. Harvesting at a younger stage helps to produce a fine stem, soft and leafy grass hay that is very palatable and nutritious for many types of animals.
Grading for Klein Grass Hay is based on visual inspection where we evaluate the color, leafiness, texture and purity. BVT has three grades of Klein Grass: Premium, #1, and #2.
|Premium||Bright green color with minimal bleach,leafy and soft texturefree of any other grasses or weeds|
|#1||Good green color with 10% bleach maximum,leafy with good texture and free of any grasses or weeds|
|#2||Fair to good color with up to 25% windrow bleach. Can have a harder texture and small amounts of other grass mix.|


Nom Photos
by Hot
Members of the National Puzzlers' League have puzzle pseudonyms, aka "noms". The NPL Web site features a page of nom photos.
Here are instructions on how to post nom photos, should you be moved to do it yourself. You will need to log into the wiki, which requires a password, which you can get from treasurer(at)puzzlers(dot)org.
Before you start, you should reduce the size of the photo file you're uploading, so as to avoid overloading the server. So as to fit on the page, the width of the photo will be set to 320 pixels (landscape) or 240 pixels (portrait). Anything bigger is a waste.
 1. Go to the nom photos page. Click on Edit this Page.
 2. Click on the image icon, above the editing field. (The icon is directly to the left of the smiley face.) A new window opens.
 3. On the navigation pane on the left of the new window, expand krewe, by clicking on the + sign to its left. Then click on noms. That will get you to the right place. If you succeeded, the words :krewe:noms should appear at the top of the window.
 4. Click on Choose File. Find and select the image file in your computer. Enter "nom.jpg" for Upload as. (Use the actual nom -- no quotation marks. Make it all lower-case. If that filename already exists, make it "nom-2.jpg, or something else to distinguish it.)
 5. Click Upload. The image should appear in its alphabetical order position on the list below.
 6. The first line should start with ||, end with ||, and have a || near the middle. (This tells the wiki to have two cells in a table, with the || indicating the vertical lines.) If the right-hand cell does not have an image in it, skip to step 8 to put your own image in it.
 7. If the first line's right hand cell already has an image in it, copy the first line, and paste it at the very top of the page, making this the new first line.
 8. Add the nom references, or change the nom references in the pasted line to the nom in the photo you're uploading -- each nom appears twice. The first mention needs to match exactly the name of the image file you have uploaded, presumably "nom.jpg" or something close. Also enter the location where the photo was taken (if you know it), following the pattern of other photos where the location was indicated. Use 320 for landscape, 240 for portrait.
 9. Go back to the edit window, and click Save. Hopefully, the image is there!
If doing this is too much of a hassle, or if you need help, e-mail me. But really, it's easier than it seems, especially if you compare with solving an Uc rebus.


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Testing and Converting Hexadecimal Data in C
Testing and Converting Hexadecimal Data in C
Recently I was in a situation where I needed to convert hexadecimal data into ASCII text data and I had to pause because I needed to remember how this was done in a low level environment and it was escaping me off the top of my head. I was working close to the metal in a Darwin environment so I had C at my disposal, but I could not for the life of me remember the conversion from hexadecimal to ASCII for a stream of data like 0x6a, 0xdc. So that is the goal for this post, to describe my thought process on how I worked this conversion out and to validate this conversion was correct by writing a test to validate that the conversion process I was using was accurate from an ASCII and from a mathematical perspective.
NOTE: The following blog post assumes a clang / gcc Darwin environment with C and Python available, but there is nothing out of the ordinary about this code in this post so the following code should working in Linux too.
Solving the Problem
In researching the problem I found out that C has a very nice solution to this problem and that was to use sprintf to convert the buffer of hexadecimal data to a char array using the %x formatter tag to signify that we were in fact working with hexadecimal data. This solution then takes the hexadecimal data and writes it to a char array that you have provided to be used in ASCII form. Pretty interesting, and pretty straight forward once I understood the principles of the solution. One thing that had me curious though is that I was testing this solution with data of a specific format in a specific size; what would happen if I all of a sudden had hexadecimal data that took all various shapes and sizes. This seemed like a more real world scenario and something that I needed to test out before I felt better about my solution.
// Value between 0 and 255
unsigned char hexData[SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE] = {0x6a, 0xdc};
char hexSwapArray[4];
for (int i = 0; i < SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE; i += 1) {
 // hexSwapArray contains the original characters and hexData has the
 // current set being formatted as lowercase hexidecimal
 sprintf(hexSwapArray, "%x", hexData[i]);
 printf("char string: %s\n", hexSwapArray);
Testing our Solution
Testing our code
To test my solution of using sprintf, I needed a way to validate that the output I was getting from sprintf was accurate. One way I thought to do this was to manually create an algorithm that converted the decimal form of the hex data into ASCII data so I could then compare the output from sprintf to my hand converted text to see if I had a match. This match would validate that my solution was correct and allow me to continue on with my project with tested code.
To create this test I created a C module using an includable header file. That way if I needed this test to be included anywhere else in the project, it would be portable enough and could be with one single line of code.
To test my sprintf code I wrote a loop that took a buffer of unsigned integer hexadecimal data and looped through it and sent each value to a testing function as an integer decimal value. From here I created three character buffers, one for the reverseBuffer, that we will use to reverse engineer our decimal value, one for the swapBuffer that we will use to swap our hex data into ASCII, and the last for the compareBuffer to compare the reverse engineered value to our sprintf swap buffer to get the results of our tests. The decimal value passed in to the test function is then iterated through with a while loop and the hex characters are generated from the decimal remainder of being divided by 16 with each iteration. Each iteration is added to our reverseBuffer in the while loop and the decimal value is divided lower and lower. The reason this buffer is called a reverseBuffer is because this buffer is actually the ASCII value that is built in reverse, so the for loop underneath the while loop actually then takes the reverseBuffer and builds the compareBuffer. This compare buffer is then used to be validate against our swap buffer to give us the results of our test. The results then validates the usage of sprintf!
The test to validate sprintf is not the most efficient use of memory in the context of C, because 3 buffers are declared with a fixed set of memory, but if were used in a program this may be better served to be dynamically allocated using calloc instead.
 * Our test function manually converts the decimal represented decimalHexValue
 * to a hex value by hand.
 * The hex value is then compared against the output of sprintf to check accuracy
 * and to check if we can assert accuracy on sprintf for converting hex values.
int test_sprintf_hex_data(unsigned int decimalHexValue, int size) {
 // This implementation is fairly wasteful in terms of memory
 // The three char arrays represent an optomistic chunk of memory to prove our test
 // Using an assigned char limit could be dangerous in this situation
 // It might be better to look into dynamically allocation memory using calloc in a running app
 char hexChars[16] = "0123456789abcdef";
 unsigned int decimalValue = decimalHexValue;
 char reverseBuffer[10], swapBuffer[10], compareBuffer[10];
 int whileFlag = 1, index = 0, reverseIndex = 0;
 // Zero out the reverseBuffer and compareBuffer for potential memory issues
 for (int j = 0; j < 10; j += 1) {
 reverseBuffer[j] = 0;
 compareBuffer[j] = 0;
 while(whileFlag) {
 if (decimalValue > 0) {
 reverseBuffer[index] = hexChars[decimalValue % 16];
 index += 1;
 decimalValue = decimalValue / 16;
 } else {
 whileFlag = 0;
 if (index > 0) {
 for (int e = (index-1); e >= 0; e -= 1) {
 compareBuffer[reverseIndex] = reverseBuffer[e];
 reverseIndex += 1;
 } else {
 compareBuffer[reverseIndex] = '0';
 // Print out the swap and compare buffers
 sprintf(swapBuffer, "%x", decimalHexValue);
 printf("swap buffer : %s\n", swapBuffer);
 printf("compare buffer: %s\n", compareBuffer);
 return strcmp(swapBuffer, compareBuffer);
Building our Program
To build this program and testing module I wrote a small Python utility that compiles and builds everything for you using gcc. This is optional, and there certainly are better ways to do this, but I thought it would be easy to use with one command via the command line. This utility cleans up all of the object files, finds all of the.c files and compiles them into.o files and then links them together creating a main binary. This utility does not introspect the actual text of your program code for headers to compile but just directories instead.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Import needed stdlib and other dependencies
from __future__ import print_function
import os, sys, time, subprocess, shutil, datetime
# Iterate through files in this directory and remove all old.o files
for file_item in os.listdir('.'):
 if file_item[-2:] == '.o':
 print("Found.o file: " + file_item)
# Iterate through files in this directory and compile all.c files to.o files
for file_item in os.listdir('.'):
 if file_item[-2:] == '.c':
 print("Found.c file: " + file_item)
 compile_command = "gcc -c " + file_item + " -o " + file_item[:(len(file_item) -2)] + ".o"
# Iterate through files in this directory and capture them in a list
object_files = []
for file_item in os.listdir('.'):
# Iterate through files in this directory and link them together to form a binary
final_command = "gcc "
for object_file in object_files:
 final_command += object_file + " "
final_command += " -o main"
# Build the binary
# Executes the binary
print("PROGRAM OUT: ")
Thank you for reading, the code for this post can be found on my Github page here, and if you have any questions, comment, or concerns, I would love to hear from you!
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Matt Eaton
Long time mobile team lead with a love for network engineering, security, IoT, oss, writing, wireless, and mobile. Avid runner and determined health nut living in the greater Chicagoland area.
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Global K-exponential controllers are constructed for the tracking control problem of nonholonomic systems in chained-form whose reference targets are allowed to converge to a point exponentially. By using a novel transformation and the cascade-design method, the tracking control problem is converted into stabilization problem of two simple subsystems. Then an LMI design approach is developed for stabilizing subsystems. The assumption on the reference signal is much more relaxed than those given in the previous papers.


Edden Hammons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Edden Hammons (born 28 Feb 1875[1] Webster County, West Virginia, died 7 September 1955[2] ) was an American fiddler from West Virginia. He was known for his idiosyncratic style, creativity, and the many (often exaggerated) folkloric tales about him.[3]
Edden Hammons was born to Jesse Hammons and Nancy Hicks on 28 February 1875 at Williams River in Webster County, West Virginia. He was the youngest in a family of seven. His three brothers (Paris, Peter, and Cornelius), as well as his father, played the fiddle. Edden took up the fiddle at an early age, playing on a fiddle made out of a gourd that his father made for him. His family was known for its musicians, woodsmen, and hunters.[3]
Edden progressed in his fiddle playing and soon obtained a store-bought fiddle. There are several different stories about this. In one, a friend of Edden's father asked Edden to play him a tune. Edden took out his gourd-fiddle and played for the man. Afterwards, the man was so impressed that he gave Edden his own fiddle. Another story refers to when a renowned fiddler named Bernard "Burn" Hamrick was playing for a local dance. After he finished playing, Edden's father asked Burn if Edden could play a few tunes on his fiddle. Burn agreed to let Edden play his fiddle, and was so discouraged afterwards by Edden's superior ability that he let him keep the fiddle. Whatever the story may have really been, it is sure that Edden received a nicer fiddle that his original one, and started to become well known as a fiddle player in his area.[3]
In his home, Edden was spoiled and spared from chores and work. These qualities would follow him into his adult life. A popular example among the Hammons family of Edden's distaste of work is shortly after his first marriage in 1892. His wife asked Edden to stop playing the fiddle, get a job, and support a family. Edden was quoted as saying "Pon [sic] my honor, I'll lay my fiddle down for no damn woman".[3] The two separated and were legally divorced in 1897. 10 days after the divorce, Edden married his second wife, Elizabeth Shaffer (despite pleas from Elizabeth's family members for her to not marry Edden). The two raised seven children and remained married until Elizabeth's death in 1954.[3]
Edden's family lived somewhat nomadically, moving from one place to another usually twice a year. Edden still rarely worked during these times. He supported his family through hunting, fishing, farming, moonshining and other odd jobs. His daughter, Emma Hammons, recalls that "[h]e whittled axe handles, he played for dances, different things. He picked up money that way. Ginseng, he'd get money that way. It was against the law but he would kill squirrels, turkeys and sell them, or fish - he always had a couple dollars in his pocket somehow".[3]
Edden continued his fiddle playing throughout his adult life. At this point he was regarded as one of the best fiddlers from West Virginia. He won many fiddle contests. People would visit at odd hours just to hear him play, and on some occasions, people would have him play music over the phone while the neighborhood listened in. Other anecdotes appear from this era, such as how Edden would show up somewhere to play music, and would carry his fiddle in a flour sack (with the flour still inside it). His nephew, Currence, recalls when "[Edden] just walked over to the corner and picked up the flour poke and they all got to looking to what he was getting. He pulled that old fiddle out and flour all over it. He dusted it off, blowed it off, you know. Some of them went to laughing and hollering about that flour. 'Upon my honor,' Edden said, 'that's just as good as the best cases every made,' he said, 'that flour makes her play good.'" [3]
On 7 September 1955, Hammons died of coronary thrombosis at Renick in Pocahontas County, West Virginia.[4] His death record cites his occupation as fiddler.[5]
To this day, Edden Hammons is still a very well respected fiddler. He has recorded many solo fiddle tunes on two compilations of his music.
Although occasionally accompanied by his son, James, Hammons typically played alone. Consequently, he was able to play some tunes in odd time signatures, play certain parts as many times as he found fit, and change the tempo at his will without having to worry about throwing off a band. He was also known for playing several variations of the same melody within a tune, adding a lot of ornamentation, and occasionally tagging on a few extra beats to some parts (such as "Big Fancy").
Edden is one of the few, if not the only, sources of many traditional songs that are popular today. These include "Shaking Off the Acorns", "Sandy Boys", "Big Fancy", and "Old Greasy Coat". His influence is still widespread among old-time fiddlers and other musicians within the old-time genre.
In August 1947, Louis Chappell recorded 52 tunes by Edden Hammons. These were released as two separate LPs. The first was "The Edden Hammons Collection, Volume One", which contained 15 of these recordings. Some of these tunes included "Washington's March", "Shaking Off the Acorns", and "Fine Times At Our House".[3] The second release was a two-disc set called "The Edden Hammons Collection, Volume Two", which contained more recorded songs from the same session. This release contained such tunes as "Birdy", "Jake's Got the Bellyache", and "Big Hoedown". Both of these LP's were released in 1984
 - 1984 - The Edden Hammons Collection, Volume One. Edden Hammons, West Virginia University Press.
 - 1984 - The Edden Hammons Collection, Volume Two. Edden Hammons, West Virginia University Press.
 1. ^ [1]
 2. ^ [2]
 3. ^ a b c d e f g h Cuthbert, John A. (1984) Edden Hammons. In The Edden Hammons Collection Volume Two (pp. 3-25) [CD Liner Notes]. Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia University Press.
 4. ^ [3]
 5. ^ [4]


text:
Definition of Cires
1. cire [n] - See also: cire
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Cires Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Cires
Literary usage of Cires
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Letters on South America: Comprising Travels on the Banks of the Paraná and (1843)
"... Martinez y cires—Don Agustin Saenz and his polacca— Smuggling—The way of endowing brides. THE population of Corrientes, in character and class,..."
2. The Policy Paradox in Africa: Strengthening Links Between Economic Research by Elias Ayuk, Mohamed Ali Marouani (2007)
"To date, about 120 rural economy PhD-holders have been trained through this program and cires gained international recognition in research and training...."
Other Resources Relating to: Cires


Gateway to Languages and Cultures
Basic information
We are looking for a partner class to collaborate with for language exchange and intercultural communications. My students range from Novice L2 Chinese speakers to those without any Chinese langauge background at a public university in the United States of America. They are mostly English native speakers. We are looking for L1 Chinese speakers in a partner class from Chinese speaking regions/countries. We hope to collaborate with the partner class to explore cultural similarities and differences on a range of themes and topics, such as food, transportation, festivals, travel, etc. as well as develop and sharpen students' L2 language so that they can engage in basic conversations with native speakers if they travel to a Chinese-speaking country to study abroad or intern.
Study programme:
Number of students:
Preferred start date of exchange:
Wed, 01/03/2017
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3.The criteria for Performance Excellence for the Malcolm Ba
3.The criteria for Performance Excellence for the Malcolm Baldrige award consist of a hierarchical set of categories, items, and areas to address. Which of the following four is NOT one of them?
Strategic Planning.
Workforce Focus.
Process Management.
Return on Investment.
4. ââ?¬Å"Moments of truthââ?¬Â? are instances when:
new products are launched.
a firm is audited.
a customer comes into contact with an employee.
a new competitor enters the market with higher quality.
5. A personââ?¬â?¢s ability to anticipate, envisions, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a viable future for the organization, and its competitive advantage to the organization in this way.ââ?¬Â? This definition applies to:
Organizational leadership.
Strategic planning.
Strategic leadership.
Long-term planning.
6. The financial statements most frequently provided include all of the following except the:
balance sheet.
income statement.
statement of cash flows.
statement of retained earnings


I am always looking for new ways of producing sound and music. As part of my recent search I stumbled upon a fun and powerful program called TidalCycles. It is a text based program that runs alongside a Supercollider quark called SuperDirt an is made for live coding. This means that the sounds and effects are processed with SCsynth but the programming is done elsewhere. TidalCycles uses Haskell as its main language, however, it is very easy to pick up the basics and get started.
TidalCycles works via loops. This can be thought of as 1 cycle per second is one loop per second. The loop is always the same duration so as more sounds get put in the sequence they happen faster. Here is a little code that shows the basics of making a sound.
d1 sound "bd"
This code plays a bass drum sound once per cycle on d1 (dirt 1). d1 is kind of In TidalCycles the d stands for dirt but it is really like saying play a sound on voice 1. There are 9 possible voices.
To double the beat the code would change to
d1 sound "bd*2"
and says play the bass drum sample twice per cycle.
d1 sound "bd/2"
will play the bass drum sound once every 2 cycles or twice as slow. This is all very easy little 1 liners. The following example shows something a little more complex.
d1 $ every (irand 4) (fast 10) $ every (irand 10) (fast (irand 2)) $ sound
"[808bd*2 bd*9 [808bd*10 bd*17 ]] [808bd*5 [sn sn*6 [bd*3 bd*6] sn*134 ] sn cp*9]"
To break down this example
Every random amount of cycles will trigger the rhythm to be played 10 times faster. In this case it will randomly select between 1 cycle and 4 cycles. Every random 10 times the rhythm will be played either at normal speed or twice as fast.
For this sequence there are 2 steps. The first one is [808bd*2 bd*9 [808bd*10 bd*17 ]] while the second is [808bd*5 [sn sn*6 [bd*3 bd*6] sn*134 ] sn cp*9].
The first step can be broken down into 3 smaller steps and on the third step there are 2 smaller steps because of the []. If we disregard the *n part of the sounds and turn it into [808bd bd [808bd bd]] The rhythm is kind of like a triplet with [8th 8th [16th 16th]].
In the second main step "[808bd*5 [sn sn*6 [bd*3 bd*6] sn*134 ] sn cp*9]" disregarding the *n again there are 4 steps with the second step having a nested rhythm. In terms of rhythmical notation this collection would be kind of like 16th [32nd 32nd [64th 64th] 32nd] 16th 16th.
When we add the *n after the sample the rhythm technical remains the same in terms of sound groupings, however, because of the fast repetition of the samples, the timbre changes. On top of that the randomized speed quickly changes the overall speed of the cycle adding more unpredictability.
Note: While I tried to write what the rhythmical duration is, the way that TidalCycles makes all the samples fit into one cycle makes the rhythm when trying to dictate a little wobbly. The main point is that TidalCycle scales the sounds faster and slower to make everything fit. As someone who likes finding odd ways of generating rhythm TidalCycles approach to rhythm opens up some possibilities that I have not thought about before.
If you want me to write about something involving TidalCycles please email me and I will try my best. Also, if you enjoy reading my posts, reading my research, looking and listening to my music and photography please consider donating to my gofundme on my main bio page.
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3.12 Article Caching
If you have an extremely slow NNTP connection, you may consider turning article caching on. Each article will then be stored locally under your home directory. As you may surmise, this could potentially use huge amounts of disk space, as well as eat up all your inodes so fast it will make your head swim. In vodka.
Used carefully, though, it could be just an easier way to save articles.
To turn caching on, set gnus-use-cache to t. By default, all articles ticked or marked as dormant will then be copied over to your local cache (gnus-cache-directory). Whether this cache is flat or hierarchical is controlled by the gnus-use-long-file-name variable, as usual.
When re-selecting a ticked or dormant article, it will be fetched from the cache instead of from the server. As articles in your cache will never expire, this might serve as a method of saving articles while still keeping them where they belong. Just mark all articles you want to save as dormant, and don't worry.
When an article is marked as read, is it removed from the cache.
The entering/removal of articles from the cache is controlled by the gnus-cache-enter-articles and gnus-cache-remove-articles variables. Both are lists of symbols. The first is (ticked dormant) by default, meaning that ticked and dormant articles will be put in the cache. The latter is (read) by default, meaning that articles marked as read are removed from the cache. Possibly symbols in these two lists are ticked, dormant, unread and read.
So where does the massive article-fetching and storing come into the picture? The gnus-jog-cache command will go through all subscribed newsgroups, request all unread articles, score them, and store them in the cache. You should only ever, ever ever ever, use this command if 1) your connection to the NNTP server is really, really, really slow and 2) you have a really, really, really huge disk. Seriously. One way to cut down on the number of articles downloaded is to score unwanted articles down and have them marked as read. They will not then be downloaded by this command.
It is likely that you do not want caching on all groups. For instance, if your nnml mail is located under your home directory, it makes no sense to cache it somewhere else under your home directory. Unless you feel that it's neat to use twice as much space.
To limit the caching, you could set gnus-cacheable-groups to a regexp of groups to cache, '^nntp' for instance, or set the gnus-uncacheable-groups regexp to '^nnml', for instance. Both variables are nil by default. If a group matches both variables, the group is not cached.
The cache stores information on what articles it contains in its active file (gnus-cache-active-file). If this file (or any other parts of the cache) becomes all messed up for some reason or other, Gnus offers two functions that will try to set things right. M-x gnus-cache-generate-nov-databases will (re)build all the NOV files, and gnus-cache-generate-active will (re)generate the active file.
gnus-cache-move-cache will move your whole gnus-cache-directory to some other location. You get asked to where, isn't that cool?


text:
Collins Field Guide to the Birds of South America: Non-Passerines: From rheas to woodpeckers
The only field guide to illustrate and describe every non-passerine species of bird in South America, this superbly illustrated field guide to the birds of South America covers all the non-passerines (Divers to Woodpeckers). All plumages for each species are illustrated, including males, females and juveniles. Featuring 1,273 species, the text gives information on key identification features, habitat, and songs and calls. The 156 colour plates appear opposite their relevant text for quick and easy reference and include all field identifiable species, including subspecies and colour morphs. Distribution maps are included, showing where each species can be found and how common it is, to further aid identification.
Vew all titles in Americas: Central & South America combined with South America (GEN)
View other products from the same publisher


text:
- For additional meanings of "Corridor", please see Corridor.
Corridors located within starships and space stations have typically served as pathways or passageways to various stations or quarters, and as lengthy hallways through which one might access various rooms.
In order to maximize the use of space aboard Starfleet vessels, the corridor system was designed to provide more than simply access from room to room. Several safety and survival features were built into the walls and ceilings, as were running lights to indicate whenever the starship was operating under alert status.
Corridors on board Starfleet vessels were usually of two types: radial (those which run outward, pointing toward the outer hull) and concentric (those which lie in rings, interconnecting the radial corridors). The angled surfaces of each concealed different support structures.
Radial corridors were angled on either side. Their walls concealed a variety of supply lines and conduction systems, data networks, and power trunks. These systems were accessible by the removal of the snap-locked panels which cover them, and all were marked. The ship's concentric corridors housed personnel support systems. In each corridor segment, an emergency survival compartment existed which provides atmosphere, food and communications for one crew member; this provision was to be used should sudden decompression of the ship interior occur due to hull damage of life support failure.
Corridors on board starships of the Constitution-class had been exceptionally wide on vessels on the original configuration. With the refit of the class came an extensive redesign of the corridors. The corridors were now color-coded for identification of deck level. The panels of those on Deck 5, which housed the crew quarters of most of the ship's officers, were covered by a layer of red padding to help protect against injury during any unlikely sudden ship movement. Most corridors on board were colored silver. Those within the engineering hull appeared blue due to different lighting arrangements within that section of the ship. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture)
In the alternate reality, corridors were white with circular walls and black floors. Hallways that connected the more liveable parts of the ship with engineering and the shuttlebay used those rooms' pipes and boilers as impromptu walls and ceilings. (Star Trek)
Starships of the Galaxy-class featured wide and comfortable corridors similar in arrangement to starships of the Constitution-class: concentric corridors echoed the shape of the primary hull and were interconnected with radial corridors. The latter were similar in design to those on board Constitution-class starships; the concentric corridors of the Galaxy-class, however, were more wide and allowed crew and guests direct computer-access through panels mounted against either wall of the corridors. This allowed users to be directed to their destination of choice. (TNG: "Encounter at Farpoint")
In 2364, on board the Galaxy-class starship USS Enterprise-D Dr. Beverly Crusher looked for, but failed to find, Lieutenant J.G. Geordi La Forge in a corridor when he fled sickbay while being treated for a mysterious illness. (TNG: "The Naked Now")
Corridors on board starships of the Intrepid-class were all identical in concentric design. Provisions were concealed behind panels, but the ship's corridors lacked any form of padding to protect crew against injury.
In 2371, on board the Intrepid-class starship USS Voyager, Lieutenants Commander Tuvok and Chakotay took advantage of their relative seclusion in one of the ship's corridors to discuss, and air their disagreements regarding, a conflict between B'Elanna Torres and Lieutenant Joe Carey. (VOY: "Parallax")
The lower maintenance decks such as deck 15, not used as often as much of the rest of the ship, were noticeably less well-lit, and thinner, allowing less room for people to pass. (VOY: "Good Shepherd")
A gallery of other Starfleet corridor designs:
Corridors on board starships and space stations of the Cardassian Union reflect the Cardassian preference of balance, angles, and hard metallic surfaces and dark colors. Cardassians believe in honesty in design and wish to see the columns and beams that make up a structure rather than disguising them with cosmetic treatment. Corridors on board the former Cardassian space station Deep Space 9 reflected this design philosophy in being darker and harsher than those on board starships and space stations of the Federation Starfleet.
- Although corridor matte paintings had previously appeared in several of the films, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was the first television spin-off to make regular use of them in its corridor sets. They can be seen at the ends of the primary DS9 corridor set (a necessity because the curve of these corridors was much gentler than the corridor had been on the Enterprise-D set, a move intended as a subtle reminder of the station's scale). These paintings were distinguished by having slightly different colors from the practical set, and were "disguised" by a raised section divider.
- Of all the Star Trek spinoffs, the Cardassian corridors were actually the smallest corridor complex built for any spinoff series. There was a section of curved corridor bookended by the matte paintings, which included the wardroom/senior officers' quarters set, which carried on the tradition of having wild walls which could be brought in or removed as needed to portray different rooms. The perpendicular corridor that ended in a T-junction included two complete junior officer/guest quarters sets, each also a modular room which could be adjusted as needed to reflect the needs of the episode. When needed, the wall at the end of that T-junction was rolled aside and the cargo bay vertical door moved into place. These corridors were separate from the docking-ring corridor seen outside many a docking port.
- Both the original series and TNG had regularly featured scenes involving conversations during walks through the corridors, and while this was occasionally done in the curved corridor set, scenes with longer dialogue were typically shot on the much larger Promenade set, as those scenes need not be "faked" (a necessity when a lengthy conversation required actors to walk a longer distance than was possible on set; this practice was used extensively on TNG and can be spotted when actors walk past the turbolift alcove, only to have a cut and see them coming around the corner near sickbay; the corridor complex for the USS Voyager was redesigned to reduce this problem).
In 2373, Nog and Jake Sisko confronted Kai Winn Adami within one of Deep Space 9's corridors over her suspected role in acquiring a Willie Mays rookie year baseball card from an auction. (DS9: "In the Cards")
Interiors on board starships of the Romulan Star Empire are spartan and functional. Thus corridors on board Romulan vessels are wide, allowing quick and unrestricted access throughout the ship. Computer panels were provided throughout ship corridors, mounted against both sides of the wall, allowing easy access to ship systems. (DS9: "Improbable Cause")
Background information Edit
Throughout various episodes of the Star Trek franchise, starship and space station corridors have occasionally served as the sites of plot developments and action scenes enhancing the narratives.
The corridors of the USS Enterprise-A as seen in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country were retouched from the USS Enterprise-D corridors with a more metallic finish, which were in turn repainted from the original Enterprise's metallic appearance, which the sets were originally built for as part of pre-production of Star Trek: Phase II in the late seventies. These versatile sets represented dozens of starship interiors before being taken down in 1994 after Star Trek Generations, over 15 years after their screen debut in Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
The interior sets for the The Next Generation Enterprise were built over those that had been constructed for The Motion Picture. However, in order to reflect the advancements that had been made by the twenty-fourth century, according to Herman Zimmerman, who served as production designer on the show's first season, "Gene [Roddenberry] wanted softer colors, he wanted carpets on the floors, he wanted space to swing your arms. [...] It was a much more comfortable, user-friendly ship than we had seen before [...]" The corridors were only cosmetically upgraded compared to those that had served The Motion Picture. "One of the really brilliant things about Hal Michaelson's design of the corridors," recalls Zimmerman, "was the aluminum panels, which could be popped off, and behind which you find just about anything. You could find vital equipment, you could find stores, you could find a lifeboat, whatever the particular episode needed just by saying, 'We've never seen this part of the corridor before, and this is what its function is'."
All the while, the design team had to avoid being compared to a hotel. According to Zimmerman, the Enterprise-D had been called the "Hyatt Regency in space". The design team chose to avoid squareness to doors and windows. "They're all rounded, some more than others," says Zimmerman. "Everything is made of metal, of course, but its hard edge has been softened by the lines of the openings and the beam structure that we live inside, that contains us within the skin of the vessel."
The corridor sets for the Intrepid class starship Voyager were designed and constructed under the supervision of Production Designer Richard James. According to Wendy Drapanas, scenic artist on Star Trek: Voyager, the corridor sets which had served Star Trek: The Next Generation were extended, "so we have a longer 'walking, talking' corridor area for filming as opposed to the Enterprise. We don't have to fake it as much on Voyager as we did the corridor shots on the Enterprise. This gives the ship a longer look. Richard James also gave it more of the gray look, which


ERU submitted to the RootChain contract. When URB submitted, the operator must execute the **Rebase** process and submit NRB whose parent block is the submitted URB.![](_URL_ *Fig 7 : UAF diagram 1* Block#1 is currently in finalized state, and the root chain is submitted up to NRB#5. Suppose that NRB#3 is in the withheld state by the operator and DA problem has occurred. Users can then safely exit the child chain by submitting URB#2 and generating a fork until NRB#3 is finalized. The parent block of the submitted URB must be Block#1, which is the last finalized block as shown in *Fig 7*. In this process, the user submitting the URB should reflect requests contained in previously submitted ORBs. However, newly submitted EROs should not be included in the URB. ![](_URL_ *Fig 8 : UAF diagram 2* When a URB is submitted and a fork occurs, the operator must execute the **Rebase** process to continue the chain. As shown in *Fig 8*, the operator must submit NRB#3'and NRB#4' with the same $transactionRoot$ as NRB#3 and NRB#5 submitted previously. That is, all transactions that were included in the previous NRB should be included in the new NRB'. In addition, NRB#3' and NRB#4' should be on the basis of URB#2. ### Mass URB To submit URB, 'prepareToSubmitURB' function should be called in the RootChain contract. However, if DA problem occurs, users may call 'prepareToSubmitURB' function concurrently to submit URB. In this case, the first user to send a transaction calling 'prepareToSubmitURB' is entitled to submit the URB. Since URB to be submitted is a block containing ERUs submitted to the RootChain contract, the transactions to be included have already been determined before submission. Therefore, this decision for submission right for URB does not matter because the exit request being processed is the same as which user is entitled. ### Extension of chain head Submission of URB does not always create a fork. If a URB is submitted before a previous URB has been finalized, submission of the URB is considered to extend the chain head, not the fork. Therefore, subsequent URB must be a child block of the previous URB. In this case, of course, the operator must also execute rebase process based on the newly extended chain head. if URB is submitted after a previously submitted URB has been finalized, subsequent URBs are considered as the fork rather than extension of the chain head. Therefore, the parent block of the submitted URB shall be of the last finalized block. After submission of the corresponding URB, the operator must execute rebase process. ![](_URL_ *Fig 9 : Extension of chain head* Let's take a closer look at the case of extending the chain head in *Fig 9*. URB#3 was submitted sequentially after submission of URB#2. In this case, the state of URB#3 must be calculated based on URB#2. Therefore, although URB is newly submitted, it does not create the fork based on Block#1, but extends the head of the blockchain containing URB#2. The operator must rebase all existing blocks based on the newly extended URB#3. ### Invalid URB![](_URL_ *Fig 10 : Invalid URB* *Fig 10* shows the process when stateRoot of the submitted URB is not valid so the request has challenged. In the figure, URB#3 is submitted by another user based on URB#2 and NRB#3' and NRB#4' in which the operator rebased are submitted. In this situation, the challenge to URB#2 succeeded. This means that all descendant blocks including URB#2 and having URB#2 as an ancestor block are no longer valid. In the case of a penalty for a challenge, the submitters who submitted the URB#2 and another URB with an invalid URB as an ancestor block will be penalized. Operators are not penalized even if they rebase based on invalid URBs. When submitting a computation challenge for a URB, the challenger must submit a new stateRoot, transactionRoot, and receiptRoot for the URB and its descendant URBs. Also, as with the rebase process, the new transactionRoot must be the same as the transactionRoot of the URB being challenged. In other words, the challenger challenges URB#2 and submits URB#2'and URB#3' at the same time. After the challenge, the operator must rebase the existing NRBs following URB#3'. ### Data availability of URB URB cannot be the target of Data withholding attack. The reason is as follows: Since the parent block of the URB is always a finalized block and the transactions included in the URB are exposed to the RootChain contract, anyone can know about the correct stateRoot of the URB. ## Cost mechanism against Infinite fork attack ### Infinite fork attack In the case of DA problem, user-activated fork method can make anyone exit safely by submitting URB based on last finalized block. But there is a fatal weakness here, the Infinite fork attack using the rebase process. A malicious user can endlessly block the finalization of a block by continuously submitting URBs, regardless of the DA problem. This is because, at the moment when the URB is submitted, the existing unfinalized NRBs must be rebased, which requires placing a new challenge period in the corresponding blocks. ### Dynamic cost mechanism We have introduced a dynamic cost mechanism for user-activated fork to prevent such attacks. The design objectives of the cost mechanism are as follows. **1. If the submission of URB is close to the probability that it is an attack by malicious users, the cost should be high. And if it is close to the probability that it is an escape from a problem, the cost should be set low. 2. The number of URB commits that generate Rebase should be minimized.** DA problem is hard to tackle because it is very difficult to determine whether DA problem actually occurred in the child chain. Therefore, in Plasma EVM, we need to approach the DA problem in terms of probabilities, as described in the first principle. There is also a possibility that there was still no real DA problem, even if there were a lot of users who thought that the URB should be commited because of DA problem. Therefore, as specified in the second principle, URB commits should be minimized in all circumstances to ensure sustainable operation of child chain. ### DA probability The first principle is a very valid rule in itself, but there is a limit that we can apply it only if we know the probability. In other words, how accurate the probability can be is the key point in this cost mechanism design. What is the best material for calculating the probability? We said earlier that we leave the judgment of the DA to the individual users. If an independent individual makes one's own judgment on DA matters, it is the individual's judgment that is most relevant to the probability of DA problems. That is, the greater the number of users who believe that there is the DA problem, the greater the likelihood of DA occurrence. On the contrary, if there are fewer users who believe there is DA problem, chances are high that there were no problems with the Child Chain. Therefore, we will design a model that estimates the probability of a DA issue and adjusts the costs for the URB and ERU accordingly through user's judgments about DA problems, i.e. **the number of ERUs**. Of course, the assumption that all of the accounts submitted the ERU would be independent is very naive. Because of that, an additional cost should be charged for the ERU as well. If an attacker is to make a favorable condition for submission of URB using a number of accounts, one must also pay a full cost for ERUs. There will be of no use to do this attack. ### Cost function Let's discuss what types of cost functions should be derived to meet the principles outlined above as much as possible. To satisfy the first principle, the higher the number of ERUs in the URB, the lower the URB's submission costs and the cost of the ERB. In addition, to meet the second principle, it would be desirable to increase the extent of the decreasing cost as the number of ERUs increases. **$C_{URB}$ : Cost for submitting URB $C_{ERU}$ : Cost for Exit by ERU $N_{ERU}$ : The number of ERUs in URB** As defined above, a cost function meeting the above conditions may be like below. ![](_URL_ *Fig 11 : Cost function of submitting URB* The costs of submitting the URB are as shown above. As $N_{ERU}$(the number of ERUs in the URB


text:
A total order on a set is a way of ordering its elements to say that some elements precede others, with the understanding that any two elements can be compared one way or the other.
A toset is a set equipped with a total order.
The category of finite nonempty totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called, the simplex category.
The category of all finite totally ordered sets and order-preserving maps is called, the augmented simplex category.
A linear order is much like a total order, except that it is based on an irreflexive relation.
Using excluded middle, one can move between linear orders and total orders using negation; that is, the negation of a total order is a linear order and vice versa. Actually one usually swaps the order too, as follows:
One often sees defined as but ; this is equivalent, but doesn't show the duality explicitly. Similarly, one often sees defined as or ; this is not even equivalent constructively, although it is classically.
In classical mathematics, the distinction between total orders and linear orders is merely a terminological technicality, which is not always observed; more precisely, there is a natural bijection between the set of total orders on a given set and the set of linear orders on, and one distinguishes them by their notation. In constructive mathematics, however, they are irreducibly different.
For more, including why linear orders are more often useful in constructive mathematics, see linear order.