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What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages? The Answer, and Examples for 8 World Languages
Foreign languages aren't always as foreign as you'd expect.
If you speak Russian, you might be surprised at how much Ukrainian you understand. Or as an English speaker, you might catch the gist of some Scots.
There's a good reason for this: mutual intelligibility.
This is a great boon to travelers and language learners. If you've studied one language, you may very well understand some of another—or have a much easier time learning it.
- What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages?
- The Mutually Intelligible Languages of 8 Popular World Languages
- What You Should Know About Mutually Intelligible Languages
What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages?
Briefly put, mutual intelligibility is when speakers of one language can understand a related language to some degree.
Mutual intelligibility is highly subjective. Between sources, you might find some claiming that two languages are mutually intelligible, while other sources claim those same languages aren't.
Because mutual intelligibility comes in varying degrees, it's hard to determine how much overlap there needs to be for something to be classified as such. This list focuses on common languages widely thought to be at least partially and mutually intelligible.
The Mutually Intelligible Languages of 8 Popular World Languages
Russian is partially mutually intelligible with Ukrainian, Rusyn and Belarusian.
Russian has 85% intelligibility with Rusyn (which has a small number of speakers in Central and Eastern Europe). Russian is also 85% mutually intelligible with Belarusian and Ukrainian in writing. However, Russian is only 74% mutually intelligible with spoken Belarusian and 50% mutually intelligible with spoken Ukrainian.
Russian speakers are also likely to understand some Bulgarian, along with other Slavic languages to a lesser extent.
Scots and English are considered mutually intelligible. Albeit, Scots dialect is far more pronounced than English, and at times, can be unintelligible.
In writing, however, Scots language looks similar to English (albeit with some spelling variations).
French has a reasonable degree of lexical similarity with Italian, Sardinian, Romansh, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, making it partially mutually intelligible with these languages.
French has 89% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% similarity with Sardinian (spoken on the Italian island of Sardinia), 78% similarity with Romansh (spoken in parts of Switzerland) and 75% similarity with Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish.
German is partially mutually intelligible with Yiddish and Dutch.
Because they use different alphabets, German and Yiddish are only mutually intelligible when spoken. Yiddish speakers usually have an easier time understanding German than vice versa, largely because Yiddish has added words from other languages, including Hebrew and Slavic languages, which makes it more difficult for German speakers to understand.
In writing, German is also somewhat mutually intelligible with Dutch. However, Dutch speakers usually understand more German than the reverse because they study German in school.
Italian is partially mutually intelligible with French, Catalan, Sardinian, Spanish, Ladin and Romanian.
It is estimated that there is 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% similarity with Catalan (spoken in Southern Spain), 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Ladin (spoken in Northern Italy) and 77% with Romanian.
Portuguese has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Spanish, Galician, French and Italian.
It has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with Galician (spoken in Northwestern Spain), which is a language that's sort of a cross between Portuguese and Spanish. Portuguese also has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Spanish.
While not usually considered "mutually intelligible," there's also enough similarity between French and Italian that speakers of Portuguese may understand both of these languages.
Spanish has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, Sardinian and French.
Spanish is most mutually intelligible with Galician. It's also highly intelligible with Portuguese in writing, though less so when spoken. The overall lexical similarity between Spanish and Portuguese is estimated to be 89%.
Spanish and Catalan have a lexical similarity of 85%. Spanish is also partially mutually intelligible with Italian, Sardinian and French, with respective lexical similarities of 82%, 76% and 75%.
There are distinct regional variations of Arabic. However, many of these dialects are at least partially mutually intelligible. Rural variations are usually less mutually intelligible.
While common speech from urban areas aren't always mutually intelligible across regions, speakers from these regions can often use a more formal form of Arabic to speak with each other. Additionally, some Arabic speakers may be familiar with Egyptian Arabic through the media, so they may rely on this to bridge any language gaps.
Tunisian Arabic is also considered mutually intelligible with Maltese, particularly with regards to idiomatic expressions.
What You Should Know About Mutually Intelligible Languages
Understanding the connection between mutually intelligible languages, can make it easier to learn an additional language. If you choose to study a language that's mutually intelligible with one you already know, chances are you'll have to put a lot less work in than if you were learning a language from scratch.
If you're learning multiple languages at once, pairing similar languages is a great way to maximize your studying.
Finally, understanding mutual intelligibility gives you helpful insight into the history of a language. Sets of similar languages are the result of shared origin, so knowing a little more about mutual intelligibility can help you understand their origin.
Linguistic distance is the relative degree of difference between languages or dialects. How this is measured varies, but mutual intelligibility and vocabulary overlap, and often play a role in these calculations.
This term is similar to linguistic distance in that it can reflect how similar or different languages are. However, lexical similarity focuses on exclusively overlapping vocabulary to determine similarity between languages.
Mutual intelligibility refers to whether speakers of one language can understand speakers of another language. This understanding can be in spoken or written communication. Mutual intelligibility also occurs in a wide variety of degrees, ranging from none, to partial, to full mutual intelligibility.
Between some languages, there can also be imbalanced mutual intelligibility, known as "asymmetric intelligibility." This occurs when speakers of one language can understand a related language to a greater degree than speakers of the related language can understand the other.
Frequency of exposure is one of the main causes of this. If speakers of one language have more exposure to its related language, they're likely to pick up more of that language.
Traditionally, dialects are regional variations of one main language. Usually, they're at least partially mutually intelligible with the main language they stem from.
That being said, the line between a language and a dialect is often blurred. For instance, Portuguese and Spanish have a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility, but they're technically separate languages.
The Chinese language, on the other hand, is comprised of a number of dialects that aren't always mutually intelligible.
So give these mutually intelligible languages a second look. They have more in common than you might think!


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Mathematical and drug calculation abilities of paramedic students
- Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence to Kathryn Eastwood, Monash University, Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia;
Contributors KE: Study conception, background; collected, collated, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. MB: Discussed core ideas of the study, assisted with study design and data analysis and manuscript writing. BW: Discussed core ideas of the study, assisted with study design and helped to write the manuscript. There were no other contributors to this study.
- Accepted 5 March 2012
- Published Online First 13 April 2012
Aim The objective of this study was to determine if undergraduate paramedics could accurately perform common drug calculations and basic mathematical computations normally required in the workplace.
Method A descriptive paper-based questionnaire collecting demographical data, student attitudes regarding their drug calculation performance, and answers to a series of basic mathematical and drug calculation questions was administered to undergraduate paramedic students.
Results The mean score was 39.5% with only 3.3% of students (n=3) scoring greater than 90%, and 63% (n=58) scoring 50% or less. Conceptual errors made up 48.5%, arithmetical 31.1% and computational 17.4%.
Conclusion This study suggests undergraduate paramedics have deficiencies in performing accurate calculations with conceptual errors indicating a fundamental lack of mathematical understanding.
- Drug dosage calculations
- medication errors
- emergency ambulance systems
Competing interests None.
Ethics approval Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Pore Over vs. Pour Over
[pri-skrip-shuh n] /prɪˈskrɪp ʃən/
 1. a direction, usually written, by the physician to the pharmacist for the preparation and use of a medicine or remedy.
 2. the medicine prescribed:
 Take this prescription three times a day.
an act of prescribing.
that which is prescribed.
 1. Also called positive prescription. a long or immemorial use of some right with respect to a thing so as to give a right to continue such use.
 2. Also called positive prescription. the process of acquiring rights by uninterrupted assertion of the right over a long period of time.
 3. Also called negative prescription. the loss of rights to legal remedy due to the limitation of time within which an action can be taken.
(of drugs) sold only upon medical prescription; ethical.
Compare over-the-counter (def 2).
Origin of prescription
_PHONE_; Middle English < Medieval Latin praescrīptiōn- (stem of praescrīptiō) legal possession (of property), law, order, literally, a writing before, hence, a heading on a document. See prescript, -ion Unabridged
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Examples from the Web for prescription
Contemporary Examples
Historical Examples
British Dictionary definitions for prescription
 1. written instructions from a physician, dentist, etc, to a pharmacist stating the form, dosage strength, etc, of a drug to be issued to a specific patient
 2. the drug or remedy prescribed
(modifier) (of drugs) available legally only with a doctor's prescription
 1. written instructions from an optician specifying the lenses needed to correct defects of vision
 2. (as modifier): prescription glasses
the act of prescribing
something that is prescribed
a long established custom or a claim based on one
 1. the uninterrupted possession of property over a stated period of time, after which a right or title is acquired (positive prescription)
 2. the barring of adverse claims to property, etc, after a specified period of time has elapsed, allowing the possessor to acquire title (negative prescription)
 3. the right or title acquired in either of these ways
Word Origin
C14: from legal Latin praescriptiō an order, prescription; see prescribe
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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Word Origin and History for prescription
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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prescription in Medicine
prescription pre·scrip·tion (prĭ-skrĭp'shən)
 2. A prescribed medicine or other treatment.
 3. An ophthalmologist's or optometrist's written instruction, as for the grinding of corrective lenses.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Difficulty index for prescription
Many English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for prescription
Scrabble Words With Friends


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Date of Award
Honors Bachelor of Arts
Dr. Stacey Dunn and Dr. Serina Al Haddad
Dr. John Houston
Professor Tres Loch
This study aims to understand the industry potential of the mental health mobile tool market and articulate how it intersects with consumer attitudes to determine the viability of digital tools in the mental health space. Themes regarding the prevalence of mental health concerns, the role of technology, and the ethics of integrating technology into mental healthcare can be found throughout the study. Market research was conducted to understand the industry in terms of the Porter's Five Forces framework, recognizing low supplier power, a medium threat of new entry, and a high threat of substitution, competitive rivalry, and buyer power. A survey was conducted to assess consumer attitudes towards digital tools for mental health, which play a significant role in determining the industry's potential to compete with substitutes, gain buyer interest, and stand out against rivals. Utilizing a taxonomy to analyze qualitative results from 201 participants illustrates that key concerns of consumers include privacy, human complexity, validity and danger, and that consumers are most optimistic about the increased accessibility, gained assurance, and ease that digital tools provide. Statistical analyses testing correlations and differences in groups emphasize the importance of recognizing a target audience, tailoring to underrepresented groups, and recognizing the vulnerability of the population at hand when creating a viable mental health mobile tool.
Bejerano, Dar, "Business and Psychological Aspects of Viable Mental Health Digital Tools" (2023). Honors Program Theses. 199.
Available for download on Sunday, May 12, 2024


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St William of York Catholic Primary School
Counting in 10s
Today we are going to practise counting in 10s. Take a look at the lesson on the BBC bitesize page:
Watch the following videos and then have a go at the activity sheets. If you don't have a printer you could practise counting in 10s. Why don't you do a different action for each number you count e.g. jump, clap, nod head etc.
Count in 10s
The Counting by Tens Song | Counting Songs | Scratch Garden
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- to make flat or flatter
- Informal to knock down; make prostrate
- to level to the ground
- to become flat or flatter
- to become prostrate
- to make or become flat or flatter by spreading out
- Aeron. level off (sense ) (at level)
verbflat·tened, flat·ten·ing, flat·tens
- To make flat or flatter.
- To knock down; lay low: The boxer was flattened with one punch.
To become flat or flatter.
(third-person singular simple present flattens, present participle flattening, simple past and past participle flattened)
- To make something flat or flatter.
- As there was a lot of damage, we chose the heavy roller to flatten the pitch.
- Mary would flatten the dough before rolling it into pretzels.
- (reflexive) To press one's body tightly against a surface, such as a wall or floor, especially in order to avoid being seen or harmed.
- To knock down or lay low.
- The prize fighter quickly flattened his challenger.
- (intransitive) To become flat or flatter; to plateau.
- Prices have flattened out.
- (intransitive) To be knocked down or laid low.
- (music) To lower by a semitone.
- To make vapid or insipid; to render stale.
- (computer graphics) To combine (separate layers) into a single image.


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Purpose: This study aimed to describe the periodontal condition of children, adolescents and young Saudi adults and to investigate its relationship with salivary variables and oral hygiene status. Materials and Methods: A sample of 114 children, 99 adolescents and 99 young adults were randomly selected from patients attending dental clinics at the school of dentistry. Clinical examination of oral health status included using WHO Community Periodontal Index and Green and Vermillion oral hygiene index. In addition, salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and microbial flora were measured. Results: A healthy periodontal condition was found in 6.7% of the sample. Calculus was the most frequently encountered periodontal disease. Children had better periodontal condition than adolescents and adults. Males had higher plaque and gingival scores than females. The salivary flow rate and pH were significantly higher in individuals with good periodontal condition. The salivary level of fluoride and buffering capacity was not related to the periodontal condition. Yeast was the only microorganism related to periodontal condition. The relationship between poor periodontal condition and high plaque score was highly significant. Conclusions: Periodontal disease increased with age and was strongly related to salivary flow rate, pH value and yeast level, as well as plaque accumulation. Preventive efforts must be increased in order to achieve the WHO goal for the year 2010 of no more than one sextant showing bleeding or calculus at the age of 15.
Keywords: community periodontal index, microbial flora, oral hygiene, saliva


TEFL.net : TEFL Articles : Teacher Technique : 15 Ways to SHUT UP
15 Ways to SHUT UP
Important and essential techniques to help your students speak more and you speak less.
Written by Thomas Topham for TEFL.net
"Well-timed silence hath more eloquence than speech."
Martin Fraquhar Tupper
As a teacher trainer, one of my ongoing issues in pre-service courses is with teacher-talking-time – how much is coming out of the teacher's mouth, the proportion of time the teacher is talking vs. the students, and how to get this ratio as high as possible in the students' favour.
Whether this is actually something worth striving for is a whole different debate. Let's just take it as a given that less teacher-talk is a good thing, and get on with the list:
1. Don't Echo
Here is a common classroom script:
S1: Bolivia.
S2: The Marshall Islands.
"But how do I work in open class, if I am not supposed to speak?" With the above scenario, the teacher needs to say exactly four words:
 - T writes on WB "Places to Go".
 - T holds WB pen, ready to transcribe. Waits. If nothing is forthcoming…
 - T asks "Where should we go?"… and waits for answers.
2. Wait
3. Don't Answer Right Away
Chances are one of the students knows the answer, if the teacher shuts up. Compare:
S1: Why is that?
S1: Why is that?
S2: I think because, is question…
4. Groupwork Is Better, Always
5. Ask Open-Ended Questions
They require more from the students, and therefore require less talk from you. Compare:
T: Is it a boy, or a girl?
Ss: Girl.
Ss: Yes.
Ss: Yes.
S1: A girl.
T: (continuing to shut up)
S2: She is schoolgirl.
6. Make Use Of Your Written Materials
That's it. OK, it isn't 15, so sue me.
Written by Thomas Topham for TEFL.net
June 2008 | Filed under Teacher Technique
Thomas Topham is a teacher trainer in Sofia, Bulgaria at The Modern Institute.


This is a wooden puzzle. The two parts lock together and you give it to a friend, asking him to unlock and separate the two parts. A friend in Germany made this one. When he handed it to me to solve, I could not until he showed me the secret. This Instructable will not only show how the puzzle is solved, but will also show how you can make these to give as gifts, especially at Christmas.
I have learned through a link by Make! Magazine that this is called a Duallock Cross Puzzle and it was invented by Nobuyuki Yoshigahara.
Step 1: How the parts appear separated
Here you see the two halves of the puzzle separated. Each half has a center notch and a hole below it. Internally, there are two holes in each with a piece of dowel pin that can move freely in each hole. The dowel pins are each a bit longer than the center notch. The center notch is the width of the wood's thickness on the parts. I will use some 3/4 inch clear pine.
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text:
OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL
The Office of the Solicitor General was created by the Statutory Authorization Act of June 22, 1870. The Act states that there shall be an officer learned in the law, to be called the Solicitor General, to assist the Attorney General in the performance of his/her duties.
The mission of OSG is to represent the interests of the United States before the Supreme Court and to oversee appellate and certain other litigation on behalf of the United States in the lower federal and state courts.
The major functions of the OSG are to:
- Conduct, or assign and supervise all Supreme Court cases, including appeals, petitions for and in opposition to certiorari, briefs, and arguments.
- Determine whether, and to what extent, appeals will be taken by the government or whether the government will file a brief amicus curiae in any appellate court.
- Determine when and whether the United States should intervene in any court to defend the constitutionality of an Act of Congress.
- Assist the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, and the Associate Attorney General, as requested, in the development of Department programs and policy.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Troilus and Criseyde is a work of magnificent scope and intimidating breadth. A strategy that I have found effective for addressing the potentially overwhelming pedagogical task of teaching this masterpiece is to ask students to analyze the relationships between genre and character. Through this process, I encourage students to engage in vectored analysis, which I describe as the examination of a text from at least two converging yet separate perspectives. Encouraging students to examine literature from complementary and vectoring perspectives enables them to make the cognitive leap from a static analysis of one issue to a more vibrant exploration of textual interplay. Vectored analysis provides a pedagogical foundation for students of all abilities to approach multigeneric texts and to reach deeper insights about them. In this essay, I demonstrate this approach with Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, but it could be readily reformulated for a range of multigeneric texts.
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Research Article| April 01 2008
Tison Pugh; Vectoring Genre and Character: A Pedagogical Model for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and Other Multigeneric Texts. Pedagogy 1 April 2008; 8 (2): 348–361. doi: _URL_
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Identification of Jiles-Atherton model parameters using genetic algorithms
Type : Article de conférence
Auteur(s) : Mounir AMIR, Mourad ZERGOUG, S. AZZI, Y. BENNEDJOUE
Année : 2013
Domaine : Electronique
Conférence: 3ème Colloque sur l'Inductique (CN'03)
Résumé en PDF : (résumé en pdf)
Fulltext en PDF : (.pdf)
Mots clés : Jiles-Atherton model, hysteresis loops, Identification of parameters, genetic algorithms (GA)
Résumé :
The purpose of this paper is to propose a robust and fast method to estimate the parameters of Jiles-Atherton model of ferromagnetic hysteresis by using genetic algorithms for reconstruction of hysteresis loops. The performance of the method is evaluated by experimental data. Jiles-Atherton model with five parameters describes the hysteresis behavior of ferromagnetic materials. To calculate the model parameters, many researchers use analytical and classical iterative methods, the most often those methods does not converge or give unphysical results. Because the characteristic equations are sensitive to the initial values of iteration and has non-unique solutions, which is caused by nonlinearity of the characteristic equations and the fact that there are more unknown quantities. The optimization by genetic algorithms method allows to avoid local minima and find global roots is then applied to obtain the model parameters. The proposed method overcomes the difficulties of the other techniques which assume zero remanence. It is also robust as it is guaranteed to converge to physical solutions.


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When doing 802.1X authentication, some devices (e.g., Windows 8.1 and 10) requires server authentication, which requires the server (here is the VigorAP) to present the certificate information to the client. Since firmware version 1.1.7, VigorAP supports Certificate Configuration, which can generate the required certificate itself, and use it for 802.1X authentication. This article demonstrates how to generate a certificate and set up 802.1X authentication on VigorAP.
1. Set up correct system time settings at System Maintenance >> Time and Date, because the certificate has a valid period.
2. Create a Certificate: Go to RADIUS Setting >> X509 Trusted CA Certificate Configuration, click Create Root CA.
3. Fill out the information, then click OK.
4. After the Root CA is generated, click View on the certificate to check the Root CA information.
5. Go to Wireless LAN >>Security Settings, choose "WPA2/802.1X" as wireless security mode, then click on "RADIUS Server" to enter RADIUS server information. You may also enable "Use Internal RADIUS Server" to authenticate the client by local user database.
6. If you use the Internal RADIUS server, go to RADIUS Setting >> RADIUS Server Configuration. Enable RADIUS Server and use EAP-TLS for RADIUS EAP Type, then add user profiles.
7. Now, the VigorAP is ready for connections. For Windows clients, choose the VigorAP's SSID to connect to the wireless network. When being prompted for the credentials, type the username and password which configured on VigorAP's RADIUS server settings. clients could also click "Show certificate details" to check the server certificate.


I was under the impression that work function should be measured in eV or meV but I have read literature stating 'work function resolution of 1-3 eV. Is it right?
In physics, for charged particles (such as electrons) the formula E= eV applies where E is energy, 'e' is the charge on an electron and V is volts (or millivolts).
The work function is the energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a conductor such as a metal. It is an energy and the units are typically 'eV' or alternatively'meV'.
The Kelvin probe actually measures a change in voltage either in volts or millivolts; sometimes this is called a surface potential change. So the difference between work function changes (measured in eV) and surface potential changes (measured in volts) is simply the charge on the electron 'e'. Most scientists and engineers recognise this and use the two terms independently.
You could take the following view: The Kelvin probe reports surface potential changes in mV, calibrating the tip work function and converting the measured voltage value to a sample work function allows you to quote in eV.
In summary, whilst technically correct, the work function resolution should be stated as 1-3 meV.
In addition the work function resolution is a function of the tip size. So for a larger tip (1-2 cm diameter) we will have 0.1 meV resolution. As our new Kelvin probe tip holder (which is an option) allows us to use any tip diameter then in our new literature we are quoting a work function resolution from 0.1 meV, or indeed 100 µeV.
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Often asked: How close to the sidewalk can i build a fence?
How close can you build to a fence?
Fences must not be higher than three metres, or 1.2 metres if the fence is built from masonry. When the lot is adjacent to a residential zone, at least 75 per cent of the part of the fence that is above 1.8 metres in height, must be transparent.
Do I need my neighbors permission to build a fence?
As long as the fence is completely on your property, you can put it up without needing your neighbors permission. If the existing fence is on both your properties, you would need your neighbors permission to take it down.
Can I build a fence next to my neighbors fence?
A general rule (not sure if your neighbors abide to it) is to build the fence 1-2 feet inside your property line. You best option is to ask them to join your new fence to it and get a simple contract to protect yourself. Either that or put up all four sides in your property.
How close to my property line can I build?
1. Side and Rear Yards. Yard structures under six feet in height may be located up to a side or rear property line subject to building code and fire code limitations. Yard structures six feet in height or over shall be located at least three feet from any property line and shall not exceed 12 feet in height.
Can my Neighbour attach things to my fence?
Can my neighbour attach or nail things to my fence? The short answer to this question is, of course, "no". If you own the fence and you have not granted your neighbour permission to do so, they are not allowed to attach or nail things to your fence.
We recommend reading: Readers ask: How can i get free stuff to review?
Can my Neighbour build up to my boundary?
The short answer is "yes, subject to serving a valid notice and following the processes set out in The Party Wall Act. The party wall act only applies to "structures" (ie: a wall with a foundation), it does not apply to timber fences or other screens.
How do you tell if a fence is yours or neighbors?
Determine ownership by occupancy if the fence lies between or directly on the property line. Whoever uses the land up to the fence is considered the owner. If you have grass and mow the area directly up against the fence but your neighbor allows the weeds to grow on his/her side, then you own the fence by occupancy.
When building a fence who gets the good side?
Face the finished side of the fence toward your neighbor
The finished side should face toward your neighbor. Not only is this more polite, but it's the standard. Your property will look a lot nicer with the "goodside facing the outside world. Otherwise, your fence will look like it was installed backward.
What happens if Neighbour refuses to pay for fence?
In most states, adjoining owners must share the cost of the fence. That obligation only occurs if the fence is inadequate or there is no fence. There are exceptions: If one neighbour damages the fence, they have to pay for the entire costs of restoring it.
Can I legally paint my side of Neighbours fence?
If you want to change anything about a fence that legally belongs to your neighbour, you should ask their permission first – even if you're only painting or staining your side of the fence.
We recommend reading: Question: How can i find out if i was adopted?
Who owns the fence between neighbors?
Who owns the dividing fence? In most states, if you and your neighbour are both owner-occupiers, you share equal responsibility for the dividing fence on your land. Generally, that means you pay an equal share of the cost of a 'sufficient' fence. The definition of 'sufficient' differs from state-to-state.
Is it rude to put up a privacy fence?
It is rude to erect a fence in such a way that it extends several inches onto your property. The neighbor will be justified to demand total removal of the fence. The same applies to unruly bushes on your fence that may spread onto the yard of your neighbor.
Can a Neighbours gutter overhangs my property?
It is a well established principle that you own the airspace above your land, so if your neighbour's gutters overhang your land then they may be a trespass, even if you cannot reach them or they don't interfere with the day to day use of your land.
How close can a shed be to a Neighbour's fence?
Within 2 metres of a boundary the maximum height of a shed or any other building is 2.5 metres, but that shed or building can be right up against the boundary. The 3 metre flat roof and 4 metre pitched roof buildings will have to be more than2 metres from the boundary.
How close can a shed be to a neighbor's house?
Any shed must be built at least 2.5m away from the main house. It's advisable to be able to walk round all four sides, or however many you choose. This gives you access for decorating and repair.
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text:
|Join FONZ to receive Smithsonian Zoogoer in your mailbox!|
Sidebar: To Cut or Not to Cut?
Common cuttlefish (Mehgan Murphy/NZP)
Veterinarians prescribed oral antibiotics for a common cuttlefish in 2007 after its right cornea became inflamed. The medication was injected into the cuttlefish's food—a shrimp—daily. Several days later, there was no sign of infection.
Yet the veterinary team also discovered that the cuttlefish had cataracts in both eyes. That raised a tough question: Should the vets operate? The zoo's veterinary team is capable of operating on cuttlefish, which they sedate by putting anesthetic in the water. But surgery always involves some stress and risk for the patient.The veterinarians decided against operating. Cuttlefish cataracts are often a sign of aging, and these creatures rarely make it past the ripe old age of two. So surgery would be an invasive, risky option with little chance of long-term benefits. The animal's quality of life, veterinarians concluded, would be better served by letting nature take its course
If you have a comment about Smithsonian Zoogoer magazine, please email it to us.Smithsonian Zoogoer 40(1) 2011. Copyright 2010 Friends of the National Zoo. All rights reserved.


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- slide 1 of 11
I needed to take screen shots of an iPhone application that I was reviewing. I've done application reviews for years and always downloaded software to do this sort of thing. In searching the app store, I couldn't find anything. So, I went to Google and couldn't believe what I found.
- slide 2 of 11
Snap a Screen Shot
The answer was already in the iPhone. I didn't have to download anything. All you have to do is press and hold the button at the bottom of the iPhone and then press the button at the top of the iPhone for a second. You should hear a snap sound and see the screen flicker.
You have your picture.
- slide 3 of 11
Find Your Screen Shot on the iPhone
Now you can find the photo by doing the following steps:
- Press button to return home.
- Tap Photos icon.
- Select Saved Photos.
That's it. You took your screen shot and it's available.
- slide 5 of 11
Send Your Screen Shot to Your PC
Next: How to send it to your computer. You have several options. The first is email it:
- Select the picture.
- Make sure you see options at the bottom of the picture (see photo below). If you do, skip to step 4.
- Tap the picture for the options at the bottom.
- Tap the first icon.
- Tap Email Photo.
- Send email as you normally do.
- slide 7 of 11
Unfortunately, you can't access these photos through iTunes. So, the other option is to connect your iPhone to your computer. You can do this one of two ways. A pop up window appears when you connect your iPhone to your computer.
- Connect your iPhone to your computer with the USB cable.
- Look for a pop up window that indicates the camera is connected (see next screen shot).
- Click Scanner and Camera Wizard or another option if you prefer.
- Select the images you want to save or follow the directions on the screen.
- slide 9 of 11
The second option is to use Windows Explorer.
- Open Windows Explorer by right-clicking Start > Explore.
- Navigate your way to see all of your folders and drives (see screen shot below).
- Select all files (click the first one, hold the Shift key and select the last one).
- Drag and drop the photos to a folder on your computer.
The photos are on your computer ready for sharing, editing or whatever.
- slide 11 of 11
Screen shots from iPhone by Apple and Microsoft Windows XP by Microsoft.


Why Does Alcohol Make Your Head Spin?
hard times
If you have ever drunk alcohol then you know the feeling. You lie down to sleep after a night of drinking and the room spins making you feel sick. Ever wondered why?
The spins happen because of an odd effect alcohol has on your ears — specifically, on three tiny, fluid-filled structures called the semicircular canals. Inside each of these canals is a fluid called endolymph and a gelationous structure called the cupula, which is filled with cells covered in fine, hair-like stereocilia.
As you move around, the movement of the endolymph lags behind the more solid cupula, distorting and bending it — and those little hairs. When the hairs bend, the electrical signal they send to your brain is altered, helping you to make sense of the rotations your head experiences on each of the three planes the canals sit on — movements up and down, left and right and backward and forward — and keep your balance.
Booze throws this system out of whack. Alcohol thins the blood, and when boozy blood travels to the inner ear, it creates a density difference between the cupula and the fluid in the canals, and distorts the cupula's shape. The little hairs bend and send a signal to your brain that tells it you're rotating when you're really not, and this illusion of motion makes it seem like the room is spinning.
Some of the things that you most want to do when you're good and drunk, like lie down and close your eyes, make the sensation worse, since you don't have any visual or physical cues to counteract the false sense of motion. Looking at a fixed object and keeping your feet planted on the ground can help lessen the effect, but there's no real way to stop it.
Source: Mental Floss
Other Stories From the Web


text:
The gentle grasping and manipulation of objects in dense un-structured environments, such as the agricultural, food processing, or home environments constitute a formidable challenge for robotic systems. Knowledge regarding wrist poses (wrist positions and orientations) that may lead to successful grasps is especially important in such environments for both gripper design and online grasp planning. Graspability maps store grasp quality grades at different wrist poses in object-centered coordinates. Previously graspability maps were derived based on object models in a lengthy, offline process and thus had limited usability. We have developed geometry-based grasp quality measures related to classical grasp quality measures, which can be determined directly from a 3D point cloud. This facilitates embedding agent perception capabilities within the grasp quality determination. Additionally by scanning the object's surface for finger contact points rather than scanning the volume of the bounding box about the object, and by using parallel computation, graspability map computation-time is considerably reduced, facilitating online computation of multiple measures. We validate the developed measures in a physical environment, show that computation-time can be reduced by more than 90% with very low reduction in map quality, and show the applicability of the developed methods for both simple and complex objects.
- Graspability map
- Robotic manipulators


text:
Physics307L:Winter Break Lab Fest/chargemass
In this lab, you can estimate the ratio of the charge to the mass of an electron. However, the instrument is dying a bit, and even when it's working, the estimate is only within a factor of 2 or so. So, we should probably not do the careful measurements of the radius of the circle for this lab, but rather should just explore the cool effects of an electron beam traveling through dilute helium gas, in the presence of a magnetic field. Some principles:
- Electrons are negatively charged
- Moving, charged particles feel a force perpendicular to their direction of motion when traveling in a magnetic field.
- Thus they travel in helical / circular paths!
- The moving electrons will cause the helium to glow. This is similar to the glowing tubes in the Balmer series, and also similar to fluorescent light bulbs.
- Discuss safety first!
- Make sure everything is wired correctly (see manual or student reports)
- Explore how changing the accelerating electric field and the magnetic field change the circle size.
- Explore making helical beam paths by rotating the bulb.
- How does changing the polarity of connections (switching plus and minus) change things?
- Gold's Lab Manual (Professor Gold's lab manual from 2006 and prior.)


text:
This 20 chemical elements freeform puzzle supports vocabulary acquisition and consolidation needed for Periodic Table of Elements in academic science-chemisty. Puzzles support brain health, enable connections between and among multiple curricula, and helps develop problem solving strategies as a transferable skill. Grades 9-12 science curriculum for classrooms and home schoolers.
Freeform crossword puzzle supports multiple learning environments: distance learning, hybrid classrooms (in-class and virtual learning) and in-class learning environments. Available in PDF (print) and Google Apps versions.


text:
- To accelerate the time it takes to transform your vision into reality
- Leverage experts' education, experience and contacts
- Saves you time – experts have 10,000 hours invested in their expertise
- Saves you money – experts continually invest in educating themselves
- The BIG reason most people don't consider is – hiring an expert saves your reputation – experts try many ways to accomplish their goals, they experience many failures in the process so you can save your reputation by learning from their mistakes and successes!
1. Review their history
2. Testimonials from previous clients
3. Education – do they stay current in their area of expertise?
4. Organizations they belong to and their roles in those organizations – do they take leadership roles or admin roles, how involved are they? Are they over extended?
5. Blogs, Articles, and Social Sharing they have written
6. Watch their videos
7. Their frequently asked questions
8. Their Photo gallery – who do they know?
9. Do they collaborate with other experts - create solutions
10. Interact with the expert before hiring them
- Engage with them via their blogs and social media
- Converse on an online chat, phone, or email
- Skype video call
- Face to face interview
- Check their references
- Interview candidate – explain what you want to accomplish, give a dead line and ask them to explain to you what they understand your needs to be
- Ask for a written proposal
- Payments in increments – when accomplish milestones
- Engage and review regularly – 30 days, 90 days, etc. depending on project/event
1. Hire your brother-in-law
2. Many people tell others their idea and they say great – I'll help you – well if you both don't have any experience it will take a long time to implement
3. Get discouraged
4. When you tell others your ideas many small thinkers will laugh at you and tell you that you are crazy – many people give up before they get started
5. Ever give up – remember it's not how many ideas you start to implement – it is how many you finish that count!
You can't always be an expert, you can't always know an expert but you can always hire an expert.
Content from: _URL_


French movie 'Cuties' fails as a social commentary, Netflix needs to take it down
The movie 'Cuties' (French: Mignonnes) is a 2020 French comedy-drama that showcases young girls, aged 11, engaging in acts and dance forms that hypersexualises them.
While the context of the movie tries to take a coming of age stance that shows a young girl grappling with personal challenges versus a changing digital culture and reclaiming her childhood at the end of the movie, it fails in its treatment of this context.
From the first few minutes of the movie it builds a world where young girls are shown to be engaging in sexual conversations and actions. These are not showcased as curious explorations that children at different ages may have but as actions that are serving the needs of the world around them.
Fifty eight minutes into the movie the lead child actress is shown twerking for two men who manage a facility the girls had entered without making the requisite payments, one of the men is shown to be checking the girl out and enjoying her actions.
The movie also makes us think about the number of child artists who have had to audition for these roles and the acts they have had to perform towards this selection.
While the intent behind the making of the movie may have been positive, the treatment of the movie making process, the final scenes that the audience views, as well as the basic content of the movie itself places children in an unsafe sexualised environment and subjects the artists of the movie to possible consumption of the movie in an unsafe manner.
The filmmakers and Netflix have stated that the intent of the movie was to throw light on and criticize the hypersexualisation of young children, especially young girls. However, the lens through which the movie is made is often predatory and does not adequately relay this critique to the audience.
There are multiple petitions on that are urging Netflix to take the movie off its platform. We are urging to combine the power of these petitions to get Netflix to take action and remove the movie from its platform. You can add your voice to this movement by signing one of the petitions.
Title Image Credits: UAE 24×7
Written by: Vandita Morarka (Consultant, Digital Marketing and Communications)


widgets are placed inside a Ext JS window using the code:
 var win = new Ext.Window({
 title : 'RGIIT',
 width : 500,
 border : 'false',
 height : 100,
 id : 'win',
 name : 'win',
 bodyStyle : 'background-color:_TAG_;padding: 10px',
 autoScroll : true,
 items: [{
 items: [
 buttonAlign : 'right', // buttons aligned to the right
 buttons :[{
 text :'save',
 handler : getName
 text : 'Cancel'
To do this as soon as user request to retrieve the name we call the handler associated with the save button. The selected Enrollment Number is sent back to server side using AJAX request with the help of following code written in handler.
function getName (btn)
 url :'showStudentInfo.htm',
 method : 'POST',
 params: {
 rollNumber : rollNumbers.getValue()
 scope : this
To retrieve the selected Enrollment Number at the server side we will do something like this
String enrollmentNumber = request.getParameter("rollNumber");
Note that parameter in function getParameter is the value sent by AJAX request. Now only task remaining is to fetch value again from DB using MyBatis and send it back to client side. To do this we again call a function in defined in StudentInfoDAO name getName() which will look like
public String getName(String rollNumber) throws PersistenceException {
 SqlSession session = sf.openSession();
 try {
 ArrayList getName = (ArrayList)session.selectList("com.batch2k7.model.SimpleMappers.getName");
 if (getName == null) {
 return getName.get(0).getName();
 } finally {
We invoke this function like this:
if (rollNumber!= null) {
 StudentInfoDAO studDao = new StudentInfoDAO(sf);
 String name = studDao.getName(rollNumber);
Now we can again send name back to client side using the method I describe earlier in this tutorial and display it to user using a MessageBox
When user click on save button, an AJAX request is sent back to server as I described earlier, value is fetched from DB ans sent back to client side. To display it use the code in handler of save button
Go to top.


text:
Baths of Agrippa
The Baths of Agrippa (Thermae Agrippae) were a structure of ancient Rome, built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the first of the great thermae constructed in the city. In their first form, constructed at the same time as the Pantheon and on axis with it, as a balaneion (βαλανεῖον), they were apparently a hot-air bath with a cold plunge, not unlike a sauna. With the completion of the Aqua Virgo, the aqueduct completed by Agrippa in 19 BC, the baths were supplied with water and became regular thermae, with a large ornamental pool (Stagnum Agrippae) attached. Agrippa furnished his baths with decorations that may have been executed in glazed tiles and with works of art: the Apoxyomenos of Lysippus stood outside. He left the baths to the citizens of Rome at his death, 12 BC.
The Baths of Agrippa were damaged by fire in AD 80 (Cassius Dio, lxvi.24), but were restored and enlarged; they were thronged in the times of Martial, and enlarged under Hadrian and later emperors. Sidonius Apollonaris mentions that the Baths of Agrippa were still being used in the fifth century.
In the seventh century the structure (no longer in use) was being mined for its building materials, but much of the Baths were still standing in the sixteenth century, when the ruins were drawn by Baldassare Peruzzi and Andrea Palladio, among others.
See also
- (LacusCurtius website) Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (London: Oxford University Press) 1929. See also note by William Thayer.
|This article about an Italian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an Ancient Roman building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
ORION 3 / Delta III
The Orion 3 broadcast video and data communications satellite was placed into a lower-than-expected orbit after its launch May 4, 1999, on a Boeing Delta III rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. During the flight, the second stage completed its first burn as planned, and the engine restarted for the second burn, but immediately stopped. The second burn lasted less than 1 second versus the planned 2 minutes and 47 seconds. While this burn stopped prematurely, subsequent events continued as programmed including spacecraft separation. The Orion 3 was manufactured by Hughes Space & Communications of El Segundo, Calif.


text:
Foreign Bank Entry and Business Volatility: Evidence from U.S. States and Other Countries
40 Pages Posted: 16 May 2003 Last revised: 2 Nov 2010
Date Written: May 2003
Theory suggests that bank integration (financial integration generally) can magnify or dampen the business cycles, depending on the importance of shocks to firm collateral versus shocks to the banking sector. In this paper, we show empirically that bank integration across U.S. states over the late 1970s and 1980 dampened economic volatility within states. Internationally, however, we find that foreign bank integration, which advanced widely during the 1990s, has been either unrelated to volatility of firm investment spending or positively related to that volatility. The results suggest the possibility that business spending may become more volatile as countries open their banking sectors to foreign entry.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


text:
Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has grown into a specialization informed by research and professional guidelines. This series presents up-to-date information on the most important and frequently conducted forms of FMHA. The 19 topical volumes address best approaches to practice for particular types of evaluation in the criminal, civil, and juvenile/family areas. Each volume contains a thorough discussion of the relevant legal and psychological concepts, followed by a step-by-step description of the assessment process from preparing for the evaluation to writing the report and testifying in court. Volumes include the following helpful features: - Boxes that zero in on important information for use in evaluations - Tips for best practice and cautions against common pitfalls - Highlighting of relevant case law and statutes - Separate list of assessment tools for easy reference - Helpful glossary of key terms for the particular topic In making recommendations for best practice, authors consider empirical support, legal relevance, and consistency with ethical and professional standards. These volumes offer invaluable guidance for anyone involved in conducting or using forensic evaluations. This volume focuses on evaluating the determination of disability status in the workplace. The reader is walked through every aspect of the evaluation, beginning with an introduction to the nature and legal meaning of disability. The authors offer evidence-based practice recommendations and a helpful overview of issues specific to evaluations for social security, worker's compensation, and other disability benefit programs.
- Publication Date:
- 25 / 05 / 2011


Third Army Traffic Map. June 1918.
The logistical complexity behind the front line is visualised in this Third Army road traffic map of 1918.
Bold lines highlight the main roads for the use of motor vehicles and animals, whilst dotted lines denote single track roads, arrows giving the direction of travel. Exceptions are provided for officers and messengers, and animals are prohibited from being exercised on any roads.
Supply lines had failed during the Somme offensive of 1916, and a civilian, Sir Eric Geddes, was drafted in to improve British Expeditionary Force transport arrangements. By 1918 an efficient system of moving supplies, men and ammunition as quickly as possible to the front, and casualties and information away from it, had developed.
At the time of this map, the German Spring Offensive struck at the front in the bottom right corner of the map. In such circumstances the speed of logistics could be the difference between success and failure.
Full title
Third Army Traffic Map. June 1918.
Held by
British Library
Usage terms
Public Domain
Maps C.14.g.36.
Mapping the First World War
Mapping the First World War
The Great War: _PHONE_
The Great War 1914 to 1918


text:
Over the past few weeks I've been working in an Excel file that contains many worksheets. Switching back and forth between worksheets using the scroll buttons has been nothing less than annoying. Then I remembered the hand dandy feature of Excel that lets you see a list of all worksheets. All you need to do is right one of the scroll buttons and a list of worksheets appear. Selecting one of the worksheets takes you right to that tab.
Now not everyone who opens the spreadsheet knows about this feature. When you share an Excel file with others, it would be nice if it could include a table of contents or index of worksheets. It is possible to do in Excel but requires a few steps.
- Open your Excel file.
- Insert a new worksheet at the beginning of the workbook. To do this, right click the first worksheet and click Insert. Select worksheet and click OK.
- Right click the new worksheet and click Rename. Type Index as the name and press Enter.
- Click the Tools menu, point to Macros, and click Visual Basic Editor.
- Click the Index worksheet and from the View menu click Code.
- Paste the following code in:
Private Sub Worksheet_Activate()
Dim wSheet As Worksheet
Dim l As Long
l = 1
.Cells(1, 1) = "INDEX"
.Cells(1, 1).Name = "Index"
For Each wSheet In Worksheets
If wSheet.Name <> Me.Name Then
l = l + 1
.Range("A1").Name = "Start_" & wSheet.Index
.Hyperlinks.Add Anchor:=.Range("A1″), Address:="", _
SubAddress:="Index", TextToDisplay:="Back to Index"
Me.Hyperlinks.Add Anchor:=Me.Cells(l, 1), Address:="", _
SubAddress:="Start_" & wSheet.Index, TextToDisplay:=wSheet.Name
Click the top right X to get back to Excel, and then save the Excel workbook.
When you reopen the workbook, the index should be listed with links to all the worksheets.


text:
In reading Nancy Duarte's HBR Guide to Persuasive Presentations, Duarte refers to messages having STAR moments. The acronym STAR referring to "Something They Always Remember."
When preparing and delivering talks to young adult and teenage audiences, this piece of advice is even more crucial. Whether the STAR quality is an unforgettable visual, a story, or even a token they take home, it is vitally important for the "stickiness" of your message.
Recently, we did a message called "What's in Your Box?" where we focused on all of the various "stuff" that each of us carries around inside our little "box" and try to keep hidden from others. The message closed with James 5:16 (confess your sins and pray for each other) and the students were encouraged to come to the front, grab a small box, and find someone to open their box to and share what is hidden inside (sin, failure, mistakes, suffering, etc). Afterward, the students took their boxes home and were encouraged to put them in a prominent place in their room where they would be reminded to continue to live their lives "open" with one another.
Whereas many students (and most adults for that matter) walk away from a message and forget what they have heard fifteen minutes later, you want to leave them with something they will never forget. Not only will it reinforce the principle or scripture that you are trying to teach, but will be a STAR that they (or the Holy Spirit) can draw upon months, years, or even decades later.
Matt Maiberger is the High School Pastor at Southeast Christian Church. This is his first guest post of hopefully many more to come.


text:
The current situation in many areas of Syria has led Mosaic Syria to search for alternative solutions to provide education to students deprived of basic education. This vision materialized in the form of an education project "Anamel" which started in 2012. The aim of "Anamel" education project is to enable students to go back to school and obtain the opportunity to build their future, through establishing many schools in different areas in Syria.
"Anamel" means 'fingertips' in the Arabic language that represent the idea that the future of Syria can be 'drawn by the fingertips and achievements of its students'. "Anamel" education project is playing a significant role in the future development of many children and in creating employment opportunities for the local teachers in many areas.
Hidden costs of accessing education are plenty. Transportation costs, books, uniforms, daily pocket money that discourages a large number of families living in poverty to send their children to school. Additionally, the majority of the country's schools has been destroyed or being used as shelters for the displaced people, and many teachers are unable to teach. Therefore, there was, and still is, an urgent need to provide emergency education to these students who are unable to pursue their studies and access education.


text:
Military engineer Henry Martyn Robert authored the best known and most widely used book on parliamentary law - Robert's Rules of Order.
Robert served as an engineer in the army from 1867 to 1871. He worked on the defense of Washington, Philadelphia, and the New England Coast during the Civil War and was president of the Board of Engineers from 1895 to 1901. After having difficulty leading a meeting at church one day he declared that he would learn about parliamentary procedure before going back. That resulted in the Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies loosely based on the procedures used in the US House of Representatives.
Read Robert's Rules of Order.


You are here
Sport and SDGs case study: European Football for Development Network
Copyrights: EFDN [EFDN Youth Exchange Bremen]
Sport and SDGs case study: European Football for Development Network
EFDN showcases and actively contributes to the implementation of the SDGs.
How does your organisation work toward achieving the SDGs?
EFDN showcases the SDGs: Visibility, explanations and advertisement on our communications channels (social media, website, newsletters, brochures, etc.)
EFDN vehicles the Global Goals: Offer and share knowledge/ good practices/ insights of SDGs' integration process into the organisation's management on the annual conferences as well as on the Online Platform.
EFDN actively contributes to the implementation of the SDGs: Partnerships discussions with the UNDP and the ILO to engage in a common long-term project.
Which specific goals do you target?
EFDN integrates Goal 3 in its daily activities by promoting sports and in particular football across Europe.
Goal 4-5-8-9-10-11 are challenged through our multiple Youth/Staff Exchanges and our Study Visits. Goal 17 refers to the creations of new opportunities and collaborations joining us, our members, our partners and all other interested sport organisations or universities into European Programmes. This is one of EFDN's core occupations accordingly to its Network missions in the CSR -football industry.
What changes have you made to your work since the SDGs were introduced in January 2016?
Since the publication, EFDN felt responsible and decided to promote the SDG's to its members, partners and associated organisations. EFDN consequently connects its activities to specific Global Goals, to make stakeholders aware of the SDGs' meaning, importance and outcomes.
Additionally, our members have been inspired by the SDGs too, and develop extremely interesting projects in line with specific local needs of their communities.
How is your organisation measuring progress?
We are monitoring and evaluating our programmes on a continual basis. Collecting quantitative (pre-/post-tests) and qualitative (interviews/ case studies) data allows EFDN to get direct feedback. These mix-methods produce objective acknowledgments of the programmes: positive and improvable aspects, outcomes and their impacts on community and individuals.
Moreover, EFDN collaborates with Substance which reinforces the quality of our reporting activities. Finally, this ensemble can be associated with an overall contribution and progress towards the sustainable development.
Article type
HMJ Rovers
Friday, July 13, 2018 - 13:57
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text:
PRE-TREATMENT FOR COATING
cleanLASER has the technology needed when preparing surfaces prior coatings that removes virtually any kind of contamination from metal surfaces, including oxides, grease, oil, chlorides and many other organic and inorganic residues.
Laser surface preparation prepares surfaces without the problems related to conventional methods. Traditional surface preparation, such as abrasive blasting, solvent or chemical cleaning can leave harmful contaminants and residues on the surface that reduce coating bond strength while creating secondary waste. A laser cleaned surface is truly CLEAN with no clean-up required and not secondary waste to dispose.
- Cleaning and pre-treatment using laser light is abrasive ana consumable media-free
- Ideal preparation of metal parts
- High cleaning rates
- Laser cleaning produces surfaces with excellent bond strength quality for coating durability and corrosion resistance.
- Laser technology is ideally suited for flat or curved surface and parts with certain limitation for highly complex 3D geometries as well as elastomeric materials and plastics


text: World Day for Animals in Laboratories (also known as World Lab Animal Day) is observed on 24 April. The surrounding week has come to be known as "World Week for Animals in Laboratories". The National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) describe the day as an "international day for commemoration" for animals in laboratories. This Day was established in 1979 by the British NAVS and since then also has attracted attention from scientific groups defending rights of animals in research. Today the event is marked by demonstrations and protests by groups opposed to the use of animals in research. The term "laboratory animal" appeared at the end of XIX century due to the rapid development of experimental biology and medicine. Today laboratory animals are used for modeling pathological processes and testing drugs, cosmetics, cigarettes, food additives, household chemicals. Every year hundreds of mice, rabbits, monkeys and dogs are killed in laboratories. Moreover, animals are used in training of future doctors and veterinarians. That is why the World Day of Laboratory Animals was founded to draw global attention to this problem.


text:
Possible Sandro Botticelli Fresco
Painting Found in Ruined Hungarian Castle.
06/10/2007 - A restoration project in Esztergom,
Hungary has resulted in a surprise possible attribution of a
painting to Early Italian
Renaissance painter Sandro
Botticelli. While restorations have been ongoing since 2000
on the four-piece mural, it is only in recent weeks that art
historians have recognized the hand of Sandro Botticelli in the
one of the fresco paintings.
One of the 4
fresco painting, ca.
hereto see our fine art
The mural paintings were commissioned to decorate the castle
chapel by Janos Vitez, Archbishop of Esztergom. To paint the
frescoes, Vitez employed the school of Fra Filippo
Lippi to whom Sandro Botticelli was apprenticed. The
images depict the four medieval virtues, a common theme of the
Apparent in the fresco painting to even a casual observer
is the flowing red hair characteristic of Sandro Botticelli's
Simonetta Vespucci, who died in 1476, but who Botticelli
continued to paint for the remainder of his career.
Janos Vitez was a Hungarian Humanist
who was born around 1400 and reigned as archbishop in Hungary
from 1465 to 1472.
Brenda Harness, Art Historian
For more information on Italian
Renaissance Art and book recommendations, click


CNTK 106 Tutorial – Time Series prediction with LSTM using C#
The blog post is divided into several sub-sections:
 1. Simulated data part
 2. LSTM Network
 3. Model training and evaluation
Data generation
 1. generateWaveDataset()
 ////fill data
 //split data on training and testing part
 var a = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];
 var b = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];
 b[l - timeShift] = xsin[l];
 //make arrays of data
 var row = new float[timeSteps];
 row[j] = a[i + j];
 //create features row
 //label row
 //split data into train, validation and test data set
 retVal.Add("features", xxx);
 retVal.Add("label", yyy);
 return retVal;
Network modeling
The description above can be illustrated on the following picture:
 //creating LSTM cell for each input variable
 Function LSTMFunction = LSTMPComponentWithSelfStabilization(
 new int[] { LSTMDim },
 new int[] { cellDim },
 Function lastCell = CNTKLib.SequenceLast(LSTMFunction);
 //implement drop out for 10%
 var dropOut = CNTKLib.Dropout(lastCell,0.2, 1);
 //create last dense layer before output
 return outputLayer;
Training the network
 var lst = new List();
 return lst.ToArray();
 size = mMSize;
 var x = asBatch(X, i, size);
 var y = asBatch(Y, i, size);
 yield return (x, y);
Key Insight
// build the model
// prepare for training
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble learningRatePerSample = new TrainingParameterScheduleDouble(0.0005, 1);
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble momentumTimeConstant = CNTKLib.MomentumAsTimeConstantSchedule(256);
//create trainer
// train the model
 //get the next minibatch amount of data
 //Combine variables and data in to Dictionary for the training
 batchData.Add(feature, xValues);
 batchData.Add(label, yValues);
 //train minibarch data
 trainer.TrainMinibatch(batchData, device);
 if (this.InvokeRequired)
 new Action(() =>
 //output training process
 //output training process
Model Evaluation
 textBox3.Text = iteration.ToString();
 textBox4.Text = trainer.PreviousMinibatchLossAverage().ToString();
 progressBar1.Value = iteration;
 reportOnGraphs(trainer, model, iteration, device);
 currentModelEvaluation(trainer, model, i, device);
 currentModelTest(trainer, model, i, device);
15 thoughts on "CNTK 106 Tutorial – Time Series prediction with LSTM using C#
 1. Pingback: CNTK C# LSTM Examples – program faq
 2. The example has as input a single feature, but what should I do if I have two features? Should I set hiDim to 2? How the data for the input should be sorted? This guide is really really helpful, many thanks…
 - Actually the example uses 5 features, because the sine function (time series data) is transformed into data frame with 5 features and one label.
 First the sin wawe function is generated for 10 000 values. Those 10 000 values are transformed into data frame with 5 features and one label.
 For example: let w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,…, w10000 represent sin values. The data frame with 5 features is generated on the following way.
 feature1, feature2, feature3, feature4, feature5, label
 w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6,
 w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7,
 . w9999, w10000
 On this way we got data frame with 6 columns (5 features and one label ) and 9994 rows.
 So the answer:
 Feature dimension=5
 Label dimension = 1.
 Since label dimension is 1- this is typical regression problem.
 Hope this help.
 - Many thanks for the clarification, what should I do if instead of one I had two input signals (ie one sine wave and one square wave) to predict a single output value?
 - Right, you have typical multi-variant time series case. So the previous case is repeated two times.
 Say we have two time series:
 ts1: w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,…, w10000
 ts2: r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6,r7,…, r10000
 and want to build one network model with 10 features (5+5) each and two labels (1+1)
 Two time series are tranformed into data frame like the following:
 feature1, feature2, feature3, …., feature9, feature10, label1, label2
 w1, r1, w2, r2, w3, r3, w4, r4, w5, r5, w6, r6
 w1,r2,w3, r3, w4, r4, w5, r5,w6,r6, w7,r7
 So the answer:
 Feature dimension=10
 Label dimension = 2
 3. Great explanation, many thanks. I'm training and it seems to work. I don't want to take advantage of your kindness, but…. If I understand correctly, the two output values (labels) should be set equal and the dense layer uses these two results to generate a more precise value? Is it right to leave the number of hidden lstm layers equal to 1? Also what do you suggest to do if in some cases I have a missing value (feature) in the sequence?
 4. Pingback: CNTK C# LSTM Examples – ioloiip
 5. Great explanation and easy to understand for beginners.
 If there is a C# project that we can download so that without confusing in environment setup.
 Thank you indeed for your consideration and reply
 - I am sorry that I lose the description as a source code attached.
 Additional note that if your compiler required C# 7, you will need to install
 in your NutGet.
 6. Hello,
 Thanks for this great article. I took the code from your link above opened and run it. Sadly, in button1_Click(…) the call of
 Task.Run(() => train(…));
 runs to nowhere. A breakpoint at start of private void train(…) won't be reached.
 VS 2019 with.NET Framework 4.7.1 and
 Any ideas?
 Thanks in advance
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text:
In Kenya, there are an estimated 1.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS. Nyanza Province, in western Kenya, has been the most severely affected; it has the highest prevalence in the country at 14.9% compared to 7.1% countrywide.
FACES works collaboratively with the Kenya Ministry of Health and other local partners to support and strengthen local capacity for quality HIV prevention, care, and treatment services in Nyanza province and Nairobi. FACES works to provide family-centered, comprehensive, compassionate care, and build the foundation for long-term, sustainable treatment.
FACES is a University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) collaborative partnership. It was funded in September 2004 by the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Learn more about FACES' Health and Support services, Education and Training programs, and Community Building initiatives.


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We've already seen a few questions about toilet hygiene but these styles of questions/myths more or less assume that toilet seats are the bottom of the hygienic barrel. Is this true?
To wit, I have personally heard the following places and objects compared to toilet seats in such a way as to lower the perceived hygienic status of the objects. If toilet seats aren't really that bad, than the usefulness of these comparisons is questionable.
- kitchen countertops,
- floors or walking around with bare feet,
- and so on.
With the goal of providing a baseline for toilet seat hygiene, how germy is the typical seat? How does this compare with regards to a typical standard of cleanliness?
To fit this topic into less subjective terms, here are three potential phrasings of the question:
- Compared with all other surfaces in a typical private residence, is a toilet seat above or below the average measure of hygienic quality?
- Compared with other publicly accessible surfaces, is a toilet seat in a public restaurant above or below the average hygienic quality?
- And the kicker: How do public gas station toilet seats fare against other gas station surfaces?


So far I have been breaking the word into nara (नर) + Ayana (आयन) = home of nara (jiva). But lately I have realized I couldn't break it this way because to make it nArAyaNa (नारायण), nAra (नार) is needed instead of nara (नर). So what is the correct etymology of nArAyaNa? Was I correct anyhow?
 - NAra+ayana=Water+Home means who rest in water. – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 6:21
 - Monier-Williams translates NAra as water. – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 6:34
 - 1
 नार + आयन makes नारायण (न becomes ण with र as per Sanskrit rules). So Narayana = home of water, or one whose surroundings are water. – user14995 Apr 26 '18 at 6:41
I quote the following from the book Manusmriti:
He thought deeply, for he wished to emit various sorts of creatures from his own body; first he emitted the waters, and then he emitted his semen in them. That semen became the golden egg as bright as the sun with his thousand rays; Brahma himself, the grandfather of all people, was born in that egg. 'The waters are born of man' so it is said; indeed the waters are the children of the primordial man. And since they were his resting place in ancient time, there he is traditionally known as Narayana ('Resting on those born of man').
Narayana means resting on those born of man. Water is born of man. Therefore Narayana means resting on water.
The actual verse from Manusmriti:
Verse 1.10 [Meaning of the term 'Nārāyaṇa']
आपो नारा इति प्रोक्ता आपो वै नरसूनवः ।
ता यदस्यायनं पूर्वं तेन नारायणः स्मृतः ॥ १० ॥
āpo nārā iti proktā āpo vai narasūnavaḥ |
tā yadasyāyanaṃ pūrvaṃ tena nārāyaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ || 10 ||
Water is called 'nara,' — water being the offspring of nara; since water was the first thing created by (or, the original residence of) that being, he is, on that account, described as 'nārāyaṇa.' — (10)
Narayana consists of two words as Naara+Ayana. Naara means water and Ayana means home. It is mentioned in Mahabharata, Vana Parva, SECTION CLXXXVIII.
3 आपॊ नारा इति परॊक्ताः संज्ञा नाम कृतं मया
तेन नारायणॊ ऽसम्य उक्तॊ मम तद धययनं सदा
In ancient times I called the waters by the name of Nara; and because the waters have ever been my ayana or home, therefore have I been called Narayana (the water-homed).
There is website Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, that breaks the above shloka and give word by word meaning.
āpo nārā iti proktāḥ saṃjñānāma kṛtaṃ mayā / (3.1)
ap [n.p.m.] nāra [n.p.m.] iti [indecl.] pravac [PPP] saṃjñā [comp.]-nāman [n.s.n.] kṛ [PPP] mad [i.s.a.]
tena nārāyaṇo'smyukto mama taddhyayanaṃ sadā // (3.2)
tad [i.s.n.] nārāyaṇa [n.s.m.] as [1. sg. Ind. Pr.]-vac [PPP] mad [g./o.s.a.] tad [n.s.n.]-hi [indecl.]-ayana [n.s.n.] sadā [indecl.]
 - Is there any subtle meaning available? Maybe philosophical. Why jala tattva here? Is there any specific reason? Et al. –  Apr 26 '18 at 7:32
 - 1
 _USER_. Mahabharata says: "Water was created by (the Rishi) Nara, and it formed his corpus; therefore do we hear it styled as Nara. And because it formed his Ayana (resting-place) therefore is he known as Narayana." – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 8:53
You are correct -- in order to split nArayaNa, you cannot to nara + ayana. One of the correct split is na+ara+ayana. What doe this means? The word 'ara' means flaw (dOSha). When you have 'na' prefix it renders as 'absence of flaw'. Thus, the tatva which is 'ayana' (meaning aashraya/adobe) for flawlessness is called nArayaNa. Hence the philosophical doctrine of nArayaNa/vishNu being dOShavarjittaM (flawlessness) is core concept in Madhva's doctrine. There is a book by Sri.Jalahalli Sreenivasa Tirtha called 'nArayaNa shabdArtha' where some 76 different meanings for 'nArayaNa' word is expounded. Please read if you find a chance.
 - Nara means wind one who stays with wind – Prasanna R Jan 19 '19 at 5:05
 - Nara means Lakshmi one who stays with Lakshmi always – Prasanna R Jan 19 '19 at 5:06
The Aryans didn't know the ocean where they started from - Central Asia. There are even some disputes whether "Samudra" means ocean. At any rate Narayana is absent from Rig Veda.
"ayana" doesn't mean resting place - the word for resting place is "ayatana".
"Narayana" is a Dravidian loan word into Sanskrit - the Dravidians were sea-faring from way back. Also in modern North India, "narayana" has changed to "narain" - showing that it is of a derivation that was strange to descendant of Vedic Aryans.
In the Tamil language, spoken in Tamil Nadu, the word tannir, which is tan (cool) plus nir (water) means cool water. In other Dravidian languages, spoken in south India, the word for water is nira, niru, or nir. But in Sanskrit, the language in which the early scriptures, the Vedas, were written, the words for water are apa or jala, which are completely different. Consequently, one might look to a Dravidian source for the origins of the story of Narayana on the waters.
Also in Tamil, the word ay means to lie down or to go to sleep, and the syllable an is a grammatical masculine ending; this gives the meaning for Narayana as "he lies down or sleeps on the waters."
It would seem to make sense that the south of India, bordered on all sides by the ocean, might be the source of this evocative story of Narayana, who rises from the waters to re-create the world, after the mahapralaya, or great destruction.
 - 3
 People come up with such nonsense etymology all the time, go to quora and search for a person named "ravi sivan" who keeps coming up with such hair splitting etymology acc to him whole Sanskrit is derived from Tamil acc to him. Linguists are shook. – Anisha Apr 26 '18 at 15:45
 - Which words are Indo-European and which words are Dravidian can be usually discerned by how they sound and what happens to them in Hindi. "Hiranya" goes back to Indo-iranian bur "kashipu" is not Aryan and thats why modern day north-indians have to make a special effort to say "hiranyakashipu" instead of what sounds more natural to them "hiranyakashyap". – S K Apr 26 '18 at 15:52
 - 3
 There are no Aryans and Dravidians. Dravida itself is Sanskrit word Dravya + vida (place surrounded by water, which is attribute). This was debunked _URL_ – The Destroyer Apr 26 '18 at 16:43
 - your citation is from 2009. Much water has flown under the bridge since then. It was fairly clear from looking at people like Raj Kapoor, most Pakistani Panjabis et al - but now with affluence, nutrition, exercise etc - that upper caste North Indians are of Caucasian origin is beyond doubt


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A toolkit developed as part of a formative evaluation by the UNICEF Regional Office of young people's participation in the CEE/CIS region in 2005. It includes an overview of ethical issues and guidance on using 15 different evaluation tools/options with children, plus icebreakers and energizers to use in group activities.
This provides guidance in terms of some basic ethical principles. Respect for persons refers to a competent individual's right to self-determination. Beneficence refers to an investigator's obligation to protect participants from harm and maximize possible benefits. Justice refers to an obligation to ensure that the benefits and burdens of the activity are equitably distributed.
Acinonyx Cervidae Hircus: Child-Led Evaluation of the Building Skills for Life programme in CambodiaResourceExample2015
Okiko in pursuit of a snail: Child-Led Evaluation of the Building Skills for Life programme in KenyaResourceExample2015
This is a short report and toolkit that was put together by Nicola Sansom, CEO of S.A.L.V.E. International, as part of her Clore Social Leadership Fellowship practical research, to help to explore some ideas and just a few impact assessment tools that could be adapted for different contexts to help organisations that work with street-connected children and young people to measure their impact.


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Kings Park Wildflowers
Title: Kings Park Wildflowers
Broadcast: August 13th 2016
Presenter: Trevor Cochrane
The southwest corner of Western Australia is recognized internationally as a biodiversity hotspot. The plants that have evolved here over the hundreds of thousands of years are completely unique.
- The plants grown here have adapted to a very harsh, dry climate. They get about 800mm rainfall per year, which is all in a 12-week period. This tends to flush the nutrients through the soil meaning most nutrients are derived from organic material such as leaf litter and rock minerals.
- Kangaroo Paw is a classic example of a beautiful Native and is found in backyards across the world. Much breeding has been done to develop many different types, colours and sizes.
- Trevor shows us the Dwarf Kangaroo Paw (Cat Paws), the Evergreen Perennial, the Black Kangaroo Paw and the Mangles Kangaroo Paw. They all have come common traits and hate to be waterlogged.
- Everlastings are also one of Trevor's favourites. The perfect time to plant these is in Autumn and there is a stunning display north of Perth. If you can't travel north you can always enjoy them at Kings Park.


Latest News
Lines are open
Mon/Fri: 8.30am - 6pm
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Warning after dog chews disinfectant bottle
Tuesday May 10th 2016
Pet owners have been urged to keep dangerous chemicals out of the reach of animals after a dog chewed a bottle of disinfectant. Vets managed to save Ruby the Jack Russell after tiny quantities of a household detergent came into contact with her face.
Luckily, Ruby's Poole-based owner Gary James saw the incident and washed her face in water straight away. The 11-year-old pooch seemed OK until the next morning, when she had to be taken to Bournemouth's PDSA Pet Hospital for urgent attention.
Ruby was experiencing breathing difficulties, a swollen tongue, bad dehydration and foaming at the mouth. Vets put her on pain relief medication and a drip, with the total cost of the treatment coming in at more than £500.
Half a day later evidence of chemical burns appeared and Ruby started producing a discharge from her mouth and nose and began to suffer from ulcerated eyes. Her mouth and nose became inflamed and she grew weaker as each day went by.
Vets considered putting her to sleep. Emily Sharp, a PDSA vet, called the dog's five-day ordeal horrific. She is urging pet owners to make sure that dangerous chemicals are well out of the reach of their animals.
Copyright Press Association 2016


text:
Muralidharan Azhakesan1, John Christopher Ponnaian2, Indhuja Vaikundarajan3, Clemmency Baus4
To find the association between admission mean platelet volume in patients presenting with acute STEMI and mortality and to compare this index among diabetics and non-diabetics presenting with acute STEMI among patients admitted to Kanyakumari Government Medical College Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2015.
A cross sectional study was carried out among 100 patients admitted to the ICCU with Acute Myocardial Infarction who underwent thrombolysis. Information about their glycaemic status, TIMI score, KILLIP class, Mean platelet Volume was collected.
Mean Platelet Volume was higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetics (9.94 fl for diabetics and 9.06 fl for non-diabetics). Patients who presented with higher TIMI score and KILLIP class had higher MPV values. Mortality was also higher for patients who presented with higher mean platelet volumes. Mortality was also higher for diabetics compared to non-diabetics (38% for diabetics and 8% for non-diabetics).
Diabetic patients presenting with MI had higher Mean Platelet Volume than non-diabetics confirming the hypothesis that platelets are large and hyperactive in diabetics. Higher mean platelet volume was associated with higher inpatient and one-month mortality indicating that it can be used as a prognostic marker in acute coronary events.


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Why is there no reactionary international theory?
MacKay, Joseph; LaRoche, Christopher David
Why is there no reactionary international theory? International relations has long drawn on a range of traditions in political thought. However, no current, or even recent, major school of international-relations theory embraces reactionary doctrine. This is more surprising than some might assume. Reaction was once common in the field and is now increasingly common in world politics. In this note, we define reaction and show that no active and influential school of international-relations...[Show more]
CollectionsANU Research Publications
Date published: 2018-06
Type: Journal article
Source: International Studies Quarterly
DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqx083
Access Rights: Open Access
File Description SizeFormat Image
MacKay and LaRoche Why Is There 2018.pdf285.4 kBAdobe PDFThumbnail


text:
Handling cash in a garage
A contextualised set of Functional Maths tasks for Motor Vehicle students. Includes:
- Counting up money and making up floats
- Adding up prices and working out change
- Extracting information from a table
An alternative version of this worksheet is also available (Handling cash in a salon).
Both worksheets are linked to the "Working with Decimals" lesson plan and PPT by Charlotte Gustar (listed under See also below).


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SUMMARY: Critical issues in emergency management after a seismic event are assessing the functionality of the main infrastructures (hospitals, road network, etc.) and deciding on their usability just after the mainshock. The use of a pure analytical tool to assess the aftershock risk of a structure can be contrasted with the limited time available to make a decision about the usability of a structure. For this reason, this paper presents a method for evaluating post-earthquake bridge practicability based on a rational combination of information derived from numerical analyses and in situ inspections. In particular, we propose an effective tool to speed up the decision-making process involved in evaluating the seismic risk of mainshock-damaged bridges in the context of aftershocks. The risk is calculated by combining the aftershock hazard using the Omori law and the fragility curves of the structure, which are calculated using the regression analysis of a sample of results obtained with data randomly generated by the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique and updated based on the results of in situ inspection. Different decision criteria regarding the practicability of bridges are discussed, and a new criterion is proposed. This tool was applied to an old highway RC viaduct. There are two main findings, including the high sensitivity to Bayesian updating (especially when the damage predicted by numerical analysis does not match the real damage) and the criteria used to decide when re-open bridges to traffic. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|Titolo:||Aftershock risk assessment and the decision to open traffic on bridges|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2013|
|Citazione:||Alessandri, S., Giannini, R., & Paolacci, F. (2013). Aftershock risk assessment and the decision to open traffic on bridges. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, 42(15), 2255-2275.|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


text:
Bazodee Connection 2006: In Conversation with Dr. Roz
Mas Camp ended each day in a meeting where issues such as racism and domestic abuse were candidly discussed. A psychologist and Executive Director of 'Dr. Roz's Healing Place', a women's shelter in Scarborough, Dr. Roz's informed perspectives underscored not only the nature of these blights but, more importantly, how such problems are factors in everyone's lives.
Racial harmony and anti-violence were the driving philosophies behind Bazodee Connection. These same ideals were also exemplified in Dr. Roz's richly decorated Queen costume, an incandescent vision of cultural unity and affirmative thought.
Submitted by mandy on Wed, 12/10/2008 - 17:15.
Current Exhibit Selector
MODERN THEATRE IN CONTEXT is an interactive chronology. It includes facts and commentary about plays and performances, as well as biographies, information about genres and movements, headlines and news items illustrating Political, Artistic and Scientific developments through each decade.


In trying to implement a client, I am wondering what is the most efficient approach to figure out if you are on a fork.
Let's say you pick a peer at random and go through IBD using the headers-first approach. After reaching the tip of the chain, what is the most efficient way to check whether this is the longest chain?
I'm guessing you have to ask your peers what their best header is, and based on the response and some heuristic, decide whether you are on the longest chain or not. Is this simply done via getheaders? What is the heuristic? And what do you do if you find out you're on a fork?
Pointers to the relevant code in bitcoin or btcd would also be appreciated.
EDIT: In case this isn't obvious, I'm not asking whether it can know with certaintiy that it is on the longest chain (it can't), but rather what is the best effort attempt to remain on the longest chain at all times.
First of all, finding the longest chain is not the goal, but the chain with the most accumulated proof-of-work [1]
Now, finding the most-work chain is the entire goal of the full node. The whole meaning of its existence is finding the most-work chain, and so you can pick almost any line out of the networking and validation modules of the code and explain it in those terms.
To be a bit more specific:
 - The full node connects to at least 8 peers. More recent versions connect to 2 extra peers in 'blocks only' mode. Peers are chosen to be as diverse as possible (by IP subnet or AS map). If a new block has not been added within a certain timeout (I think it's 40 minutes) Bitcoin Core adds one more outgoing peer.
 - The full node sends a getheaders request to each peer and keeps track of the best block each peer knows about.
 - If a peer has a valid block header with greater accumulated work than our current tip, we ask it for the corresponding blocks. If those blocks are valid, it becomes our new chain tip. A reorganization may or may not be necessary to get to that state.
If you understand conceptually how headers-first sync works, the function FindNextBlocksToDownload() is the next step. This is where the node decides if a peer has headers with greater work than its current chain tip, and requests those blocks from that peer.
So all we can do is connect to a lot of peers and assume that at least one of them knows about the most-work chain. This makes peer discovery and choosing which peers to connect to of critical importance.
 - Thanks, this is really helpful. Looking at FindNextBlocksToDownload, the part I'm still trying to understand is: if after finishing your header sync, a peer gives you headers you've never seen, and which don't connect to your chain, how are you going to judge whether they have more accumulated work? – cloudhead Aug 25 '20 at 20:46
 - 1
 Since we can not verify "orphan" headers, we do not request those blocks. The getheaders message includes something called a locator that the receiving peer uses to determine where their chain connects to your chain, and sends you headers from that point: en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_documentation#getheaders – pinhead Aug 25 '20 at 20:55
 - 1
 I see, so peers will end up sending chains that connect, by using the locators.. makes sense! – cloudhead Aug 25 '20 at 21:00
Your Answer


text:
Who are We?
The Story Sailboat is an independent bookmobile on the water that sails the San Francisco Bay area and Sacramento Delta setting a course that promotes literacy and libraries. We distribute thousands of books and install many small, easily accessible libraries through our Guerrilla Library and Book Seeding Campaigns. We want to remind people that reading is one of the most fundamental influences on in a person's life and we do this through promoting reading and libraries.
Did you know that it's estimated that 30 million people who are over 16 in the United States can't read past an elementary school level? Literacy is absolutely essential for an individual to understand information in the information age. Without basic literacy skills a person will have trouble with fully comprehending math, technology, science, and other basic subjects. A person can't apply for a job, full out an application, or use computers to further their careers. If we are to eradicate poverty at home, it begins with our workforce having a grasp on literacy skills. We want to remind people that Literacy and our library system that supports adult and child literacy is intensely important to the success of our country and improvement of ourselves.
What Is a Guerrilla Library?
A Guerrilla library is part social service and part street art installation. It can be any repurposed box, shelf space, nook, or cranny that holds books for the public to take and enjoy – for free. Discovering a library in an unexpected or repurposed space adds to excitement. There have been many versions of this in quite a few cities across the country and the world. We want to bring as many of these installations to the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento Delta as we can.
What is Book Seeding?
Bookseeding involves placing books in widely populated or highly trafficked areas – like subways, bus stops, coffee shops and parks. Within these books we've placed information about the importance of literacy and libraries. Not only will people find something to read and inspire them, but they will also learn about why reading is important. Book Seeding and Guerrilla Libraries let people serendipitously find something that inspires them, encouraging them to re-engage with their love of reading and libraries.
Why do it by Sailboat?
Sailing is the world's oldest green energy powered transportation. The entire Bay Area and Sacramento Delta are accessible by our little 22 foot Sailboat and the majority of the population in this area lives within a few miles of the coastline. Our boat has taken us all over the bay and has allowed us to access some otherwise hard to reach coastal communities. Our boat has taken us all over the bay and through some fairly heavy wind and weather without any trouble. In the same way, we believe that reading and literacy can help everyone weather life's tempests and come out on top.
You Can Follow Us Along the Journey
We invite you to follow along in our journey here on our website as we promote libraries and literacy throughout the Bay. We also have a page on Facebook and you can follow our more personal journeys on Twitter as PC Sweeney and Joey Elle.


Citrix SD-WAN
Protocol preference
Protocol preference is a Citrix SD-WAN specific feature, which is similar to router administrative distance.
When Citrix SD-WAN learns a route prefix through virtual paths, OSPF protocol, or BGP protocol, at the same time, it follows the following default preference order.
 - OSPF -150
 - BGP - 100
 - SD-WAN - 250
The protocol with the highest preference order is the most preferred. The route using the protocol with the highest protocol preference value
You can also choose to use the BGP protocol over the OSPF protocol by setting the protocol preference value, while configuring BGP or OSPF protocol. You can specify a preference in the range 100–200.
The protocol precedence information is local to the Citrix SD-WAN appliance and is not advertised to peer network elements.
Localized image
Protocol preference
In this article


text:
C++ concepts: MoveConstructible (since C++11)
Specifies that an instance of the type can be move-constructed (moved). This means that type has move semantics: that is, can transfer its internal state to a new instance of the same type potentially minimizing the overhead.
The type must meet
CopyConstructible requirements and/or implement the following functions:
Type::Type( Type&& other );
Type::Type( const Type&& other );
|(One of the variants is sufficient)|
Move constructor: constructs an instance of a type with the contents of
other. The internal state of
other is unspecified after the move. However, it must still be valid, that is, no invariants of the type are broken.
The following expressions must have the specified effects:
|Type a = rv;|| |
|Type(rv);|| a temporary object of type |
 See also
| checks if a type has a move constructor |


text:
Making Money: The Philosophy of Crisis Capitalism
In Making Money, Ole Bjerg turns these questions into a matter of philosophical rather than economic analysis. Using the thinking of Slavoj Žižek, while still engaging with mainstream economic literature, the book provides a genuinely philosophical theory of money. This theory is unfolded in reflections on the nature of monetary phenomenon such as financial markets, banks, debt, credit, derivatives, gold, risk, value, price, interests, and arbitrage. The analysis of money is put into an historical context by suggesting that the current financial turbulence and debt crisis are symptoms that we live in the age of post-credit capitalism. By bridging the fields of economics and contemporary philosophy, Bjerg's work engages in a productive form of intellectual arbitrage.


text: Form is emptiness; emptiness is form. Form is non other than emptiness as emptiness is non other than form. What is emptiness? What is form? Is an empty cup thoroughly empty? If so how could it be empty if it's full of emptiness? A cup can only be fully emptied when it emptyed of it own emptiness.


Associations to the word «Mao»
MAO, noun. The ma'oma'o, Gymnomyza samoensis, a large passerine bird native to Samoa.
MAO, proper noun. A common surname, from Mandarin, usually referring to Mao Zedong.
MAO JACKET, noun. Mao suit
MAO SUIT, noun. A type of jacket popularized in China in the 20th century, with two breast pockets and two waist pockets.
Dictionary definition
MAO, noun. An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin).
MAO, noun. Chinese communist leader (_PHONE_).
Wise words