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International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)Article Free Pass
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), former industrial union in the United States and Canada that represented workers in the women's clothing industry. When the ILGWU was formed in 1900, most of its members were Jewish immigrants employed in sweatshops—i.e., small manufacturing establishments that employed workers under unfair and unsanitary conditions. Successful strikes in 1909 and 1910 in New York City by the ILGWU resulted in a "protocol of peace" between the women's clothing industry and labour. The protocol greatly improved conditions for the garment-makers; wages were increased, working hours were reduced, the union was recognized by the clothing manufacturers, and a board of arbitration was established to handle labour-management disputes. David Dubinsky, who later served as the union's president from 1932 to 1966, led a successful battle against a communist attempt to gain control of the ILGWU in the 1920s. When resolutions that would have allowed craft unions to organize the workers in mass-production industries were defeated at the convention of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935, the ILGWU and seven other AFL unions formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO). All eight were expelled from the AFL in 1937. When the CIO became the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1938, the ILGWU withdrew and two years later returned to the AFL.
Under Dubinsky's leadership the union grew from 45,000 members in 1932 to 450,000 in the 1960s. He transformed the ILGWU from a faction-ridden, insolvent regional union into a strong and progressive international organization that succeeded in improving the pay and working conditions of its members. The union was also a founder of the Liberal Party in New York state.
From the 1970s the ILGWU's membership shrank as firms in the United States shifted much of their apparel production to Asia and Latin America to take advantage of lower labour costs. In 1995 the ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union to form a new union, the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees.
What made you want to look up "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Animal Species:Sergeant Baker, Hime purpurissatus Richardson, 1843
The Sergeant Baker is probably named after Governor Phillip's orderly sergeant, William Baker. The species is commonly seen by divers in on the New South Wales coast.
The Sergeant Baker can be recognised by its long tapering body, blotched colouration and its behaviour. The species is commonly observed by divers as it perches on the substrate with its head raised.
Adult males and females are easy to tell apart. Several of the anterior rays of the first dorsal fin are greatly elongated in males, nearly reaching the adipose fin. The elongated dorsal fin rays can be seen in the middle image.
The Sergeant Baker is probably named after Governor Phillip's orderly sergeant, William Baker. Sergeant Baker came to Australia as a Corporal of Marines on the transport ship Charlotte. He was reported to have been a keen fisherman, and possibly the first white settler to have caught this species.
It grows to about 68 cm in length.
This species is endemic to Australia. It is recorded from temperate waters from the central Western Australian coast to southern Queensland.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Distribution by collection data
Feeding and Diet
Dietary items include molluscs, fishes and crustaceans.
It is reported to be a poor to fair table fish.
- Edgar, G.J. 1997. Australian Marine Life: the plants and animals of temperate waters. Reed Books. Pp. 544.
- Glover, C.J.M. in Gomon, M.F., Glover, C.J.M. & R.H. Kuiter (Eds). 1994. The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. State Print, Adelaide. Pp. 992.
- Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180.
- Kuiter, R.H. 1993. Coastal Fishes of South-Eastern Australia. Crawford House Press. Pp. 437.
- Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. New Holland. Pp. 433.
Mark McGrouther, Collection Manager, Ichthyology

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Affected Component: ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Date Published
DEC 19, 2019
TSB Document
This Preliminary Information communication provides information to the technician for the adaptive cruise control or lane keep assist unavailable message in the driver?s information center after the vehicle has been parked in direct sunlight and high ambient temperatures. The cameras electronic control unit?s internal operating temperature range is -40 degrees Celsius to 85 degrees Celsius. If the temperature of the electronic control unit of the camera module exceeds 85 degrees Celsius the image processor will no longer function resulting in adaptive cruise control and lane keep assist to be unavailable until the temperature falls to below the maximum operating temperature range


text: Sub base is the term used to describe the layer immediately beneath the surface of a paved area. Typically the final surface will be made of stone paving, gravel, concrete or bitumen macadam. The sub base layer is beneath this and provides strength and stability to the surface it supports. Laying the final layer of paving on a poorly prepared surface will result in early failure of the pavement surface. Our sub base, or scalpings, consists of a graded blend of particle sized to a maximum of 40mm.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Kitchen Krafts
Make Your Own … Bubbles
(Note: Do this activity outdoors.)
1/4 cup good quality liquid dishwashing detergent4 cups water
large container (for dipping the straw frame)
35″ (89 cm) length of cotton kite string
2 plastic drinking straws 7 3/4″ (19.7 cm) long
 1. 1.
 In a bowl, mix the dishwashing detergent with the water and pour into the container.
 2. 2.
 Thread one end of the string through each straw and tie both ends in a knot.
 3. 3.
 Holding one straw with each hand, form a frame and put it into the solution. As you slowly take it out, a film will form on the frame (see illustration). Hold your arms out in front of you and slowly pull the frame to the side. The air will force the film off and make bubbles. You can change the bubble patterns by the way you move or shake the frame. To close off one large bubble, twist the frame towards you. The bubble will form a sphere and drift away.
Make Your Own … Baking-Soda Clay
2 cups baking soda
1 cup cornstarch
food coloring (optional)
1 1/4 cups water
 1. 1.
 In a saucepan, mix the baking soda with the cornstarch.
 2. 2.
 Stir a few drops of food coloring in the water, if desired, then add it to the mixture and stir. Cook the mixture over medium heat, stirring continuously. When the mixture looks like moist mashed potatoes, remove the pan from the stove.
 3. 3.
 Put the clay on a large plate and cover it with a damp cloth. As soon as the clay is cool enough to handle, knead it until it is smooth. It can be used several weeks if it is stored in a tightly closed plastic bag in the refrigerator.
Make Your Own … Finger Paint
2 cups water
food coloring
1/3 cup cornstarch
1/3 cup warm water
 1. 1.
 In a saucepan, bring 2 cups water and desired coloring to a boil.
 2. 2.
 Put the cornstarch into a small bowl, dissolve it with 1/3 cup warm water, then gradually stir it into the boiling water. Stirring constantly, bring the mixture to a boil again. Then remove the pan from the heat and let it cool.
[photos] Photos by Welden Andersen, posed by models


Authoritative Data Source
Authoritative data source (also referred to as System of Record) is an interesting concept I learned about a while ago and began using immediately. It's the idea that any piece if data (a person's name, email address, phone number, etc.) ideally should be stored in only one place, and if it needs to be duplicated, typically for improved performance, one of the locations should be considered the correct, or authoritative, one.
If stored in more than one location, any workflow which changes that information should update it in the authoritative location and then update it in any secondary locations. Alternatively the workflow could update the authoritative data and then a batch process could update any secondary locations.
As the graphic suggests, this concept helps address item 3, accuracy, of data.


Home / News / News
What is the Difference Between a Lithium Battery Pack and a Ternary Battery?
Jan. 20, 2021
As a 18650 3.7 v Battery Factory, share with you. Lithium battery packs and ternary batteries are all types of lithium batteries, although the raw material management system of the two is still very different, and the main performance characteristics are also different. Lithium iron battery with excellent high temperature characteristics and ternary battery with excellent low temperature characteristics. For safety, lithium is better.
Lithium battery: Lithium battery pack refers to a lithium battery composed of a variety of lithium batteries using lithium batteries as battery cathode materials. This kind of raw material does not contain precious elements like cobalt, which can make the cost of lithium battery rechargeable batteries lower than other lithium batteries. In addition, mineral elements such as phosphorus and iron are rich in resources on the earth, and it is not easy to encounter the problem of insufficient supply of raw materials.
Pansonic Battery
Pansonic Battery
The difference between lithium battery pack and ternary battery:
1. The working voltage service platform of the ammeter lithium battery is the key index value of its specific energy, which determines the basic characteristics and cost of the rechargeable battery. The higher the working voltage, the larger the specific volume; for lithium batteries with the same volume, net weight and ampere hour, the working voltage service platform of the ternary battery is higher than that of the lithium battery rechargeable battery. The high transmission line can reach ampere, and the charging and discharging service platform can reach or Da Amp.
2. Discharge performance. Because of the complicated climate on the earth, from the earth's equator to the poles, from high temperature to extreme freezing, the natural environment of the application of lithium batteries will be very different. However, under different natural temperature environments, the characteristics and hazards of lithium battery packs and ternary batteries are very different. Lithium battery packs tend to be charged and discharged in high-temperature natural environments, and ternary batteries tend to be charged in low-temperature natural environments. Discharge application.
3. Cycle life. Although the service life of the cycle system of lithium battery pack and ternary battery is longer than other types of lithium batteries, but to compare the service life of the cycle system of lithium battery and ternary battery, it can only be said that the service life of lithium battery pack is longer than that of ternary battery. Much longer.
Generally speaking, the cyclic system service life of lithium battery packs is generally above 2000 times, while the cyclic system service life of ternary batteries is generally above 1,000 times. There is a big difference between the two in the cyclic system service life. Lithium batteries of various models and specifications have more or less differences, the biggest difference still depends on the positive battery cathode material. Due to the different constituent materials, there will be differences in the characteristics of lithium batteries at many levels.
Our company also has Pansonic Battery on sale, welcome to contact us.


Fast 2D Simulation of Superconductors: A Multiscale Approach
V.M. Rodriguez-Zermeno[1], M.P. Sørensen[1], N.F. Pedersen[2], N. Mijatovic[2], and A.B. Abrahamsen[3]
[1]DTU Mathematics, Lyngby, Denmark
[2]DTU Electrical Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark
[3]Materials Research Division, Risø, DTU, Roskilde, Denmark
This work presents a method to calculate AC losses in thin conductors such as the commercially available second generation superconducting wires through a multiscale meshing technique. The main idea is to use large aspect ratio elements to accurately simulate thin material layers. For a single thin superconductor, several standard test cases are simulated including transport current, externally applied magnetic field and a combination of both. The results are in good agreement with recently published numerical simulations and show even faster time to solution. A couple of examples involving several thin conductors in different circumstances are also shown.


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Two Single-Phase And One Sum of Phases
See MS-18-WNB-Pulse-Option-2N1.pdf for a detailed explanation.
Option 2N1 specifies two single-phase outputs and one sum-of-phases output. Specifically, the pulse output channels P1, P2, and P3 report the following:
- P1 – Phase A positive real energy
- P2 – Phase B positive real energy
- P3 – Positive real energy (sum of all phases: A, B, and C)
The primary application for this model is in cases where you might be monitoring two single-phase branch circuits or one multi-phase (two or three) circuit, but you aren't sure of the mixture of single-phase to multi-phase circuits and don't want to have to pre-order some regular Pulse WattNode models and some with Option P3. With Option 2N1, one WattNode Pulse model can be used for monitoring either two single-phase circuits or one multi-phase circuit, simplifying ordering, stocking, and installation.
As with other Pulse WattNode models and options, each monitoring phase can be connected to the same or different mains phases. For example, you might connect phase A to L1 and phase B to L2. Or, you might connect phase A, B, and C to L1 to monitor three different branches all powered from L1. The only requirement is that all three phases have the same nominal line-to-neutral voltage and that you make sure to match the current transformer (CT) monitored phases to the mains phases (i.e. don't connect phase A to L1, but then put the CT around an L2 conductor or vice versa).
This option is intended for use with wye models of the WattNode meter (those containing "-3Y" in the model number).


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The aim of the studywas to evaluate lung function among patients who underwent Nuss Procedure. The analysis included spirometric evaluation of the lung function before Nuss Procedure, during perioperative period and after removing steel bars from behind the sternum.
Material and methods.The study group involved patients operated on the pectus excavatum in the Department of Thoracic Surgery in Poznań in years 2002-2004. The study group consisted of 44 patients (5 females and 39 males). Aged between 10 to 32 years old, the mean age was 16. The following spirometric parameters were analysed: vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1), FEV1/VC ratio, peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow for 25% (FEF25), 50% (FEF50) and 75% FVC (FEF75).
Results.The values of the FVC, FEV1, FEF25, and FEV1/VC ratio in the study group were significantly higher in the postoperative period in comparison with the preoperative period. There was a statistically significant correlation between the improvement in spirometric parameters after Nuss Procedure and the impairment of spirometric values in preoperative period. There were no statistical differences between the value of initial chest deformation and spirometric parameters improvement. There were also no statistically significant correlations between age, height and weight of the patient in the study group and spirometric values improvement.
Conclusion.There is a statistical improvement in lung function in patients who underwent Nuss Procedure. The improvement in spirometric parameters correlates with the impairment of spirometric values in the preoperative period.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - "Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information".


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Shar-Kali-Sharri was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Naram-sin and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of kings states:
- Then who was king? Who was the king? Irgigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu: four of them ruled for only 3 years
After this, king Dudu ascended, who reigned for 21 years.
See also: Sumerian king list.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


Angling club bailiffs
The role that angling clubs' bailiffs play in looking after our fisheries is vital. Not least for spotting illegal fishing or pollution issues. But did you know many of them are volunteers?
Paying for a day ticket
They're a unique set of volunteer eyes and ears. Every club or organisation with an agreement for fishing rights with us, must provide adequate bailiffing.
There are two sorts of canal angling bailiffs:
1. Water bailiffs
The Environment Agency (EA) and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) employ 'water bailiffs' to enforce the Salmon & Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975 as amended (SAFFA) and various other legislation, such as the Eel regulations 2009 and the Keeping and Introduction of Fish regulations 2015, for which is required a KIFR permit.
Water bailiffs carry warrants and have the same powers of arrest as police. They can enter property, check rod licences and arrest people.
There are currently around 70 full-time EA bailiffs, and it's certainly an opportunity for anyone looking for a career in fisheries.
2. Angling club bailiffs
Angling club bailiffs are legally 'water keepers'. They don't have any special legal powers. However, they do carry out the authority of their employer (although most are actually volunteers), which is the fishery owner or angling club to whom they report. The water keeper has the power to prevent the civil wrong of trespass.
When an angler breaks the fishery rules, such as using a bait or method not allowed as part of the permission granted with their fishing permit, then this makes the offending angler a trespasser in law. That's why the wording used by fishery owners and angling clubs on their permits is important. It allows water keepers to check anglers' permits, tackle and boxes.
What else do angling club bailiffs do?
Fish in distress
Angling club bailiffs are often the first to notice pollution or fish in distress in our waterways. Whether it's a 'light diesel rainbow sheen' or something more serious that has killed or caused distress to fish, the club bailiffs, like any member of the public, should report the matter immediately to the relevant authorities.
 - In England, call the Environment Agency on 0800 807 060
 - In Wales, call Natural Resources Wales on 0300 _PHONE_
Where fish are clearly in distress, please contact us too, as it's also our responsibility to rescue distressed fish on our waterways.
Illegal fishing methods
It's a sad fact of life that there are criminals who fish illegally, perhaps for food or to sell for restocking in return for cash. With the average price of fish for restocking being around £8 per pound, the temptations are self-evident.
Vigilant angling club bailiffs report dozens, if not hundreds, of incidents of illegal 'fixed engines' each year. Water keepers, just like the public at large, should report any illegal fishing to the authorities on the above phone numbers.
Stealing of fish using rod and line
Catching a fish by rod and line and then taking it away from one of our canals, rivers or fisheries is theft. If you see someone stealing fish, report it to the police immediately by calling 101.
Removing non-native fish
However, if a non-native fish species is caught it must not be returned to the water. You'll find more details in our 'Spotted anything fishy from your boat?' blog.
Collecting the pennies
The most familiar role of angling club bailiffs is to check anglers have paid their annual or day membership fees.
Fishing without proper payment is also theft. Although, most clubs who rent water on our waterways will offer day tickets on the bank at between £3 and £6. You can pay the bailiff in cash.
It's the dedicated club bailiff who patrols the waterways day in day out. As a volunteer, the club bailiff may take a little of the money collected as a contribution towards wear and tear of their vehicle. They do it for the love of their club and of the sport of angling, because every little helps when it comes to keeping angling clubs solvent.
Bogus bailiffs
A water bailiff, such as those working for the Environment Agency, will always produce a valid warrant. You have the right to inspect it and you also have the right to ask what powers they are working under. Since water bailiffs are legally classified as constables, it's an offence to impersonate them. The water bailiff will never ask to take money from you on the bank, as you must buy your rod licence before you go fishing and you cannot buy it from a patrolling water bailiff.
The stretches of our water that we control under the Waterway Wanderers scheme are fishable only by buying an annual permit in advance. We don't issue Waterway Wanderers day permits, so you'll never be asked for day permit monies. You will be asked to leave and we may pursue a Theft Act offence.
Bogus angling club bailiffs
If an angling club bailiff is impersonated, this is fraud with an intention to take money or fishing tackle. This is false representation and is an offence under the Fraud Act 2006.
If you're not a club member, angling club bailiffs will ask you to buy a day permit. This is also true if you are fishing from your kayak or boat. Where day permits are not available under club rules, then you should never start fishing unless you are a full club member.
If you're not happy with the identification of the bailiff, or if they don't have any identification on them, speak to a club official. A genuine club bailiff will happily provide you with the contact details of a senior club official, the bogus one will definitely not. If in doubt, never hand over money.
The bailiff may phone the police and request their attendance. However, if you have reasonable doubt about the credentials of the bailiff, then the police officer will understand your position.
Guidance for clubs
Clubs need to make sure their appointed bailiffs/water keepers are issued with appropriate cards with a photo ID and numbering system, to ensure they can be identified easily if there is any doubt. If this can be supported by club-badged clothing then it adds credibility and authority to the bailiff, which will help to achieve compliance without conflict.
Before appointing a club bailiff/water keeper, the club should check for criminal records, DBS checks, etc. The best bailiffs are those that can keep calm under pressure, manage the situation, take details, read the developing situation and stay safe. While selecting the right candidate with the right characteristics is important, clubs also need to provide support for this demanding role. Knowledge about conflict resolution, health and safety, 'the use of force' and taking notes/observations are all essential skills.
As mentioned earlier, the powers of an angling club bailiff/water keeper are very limited. We recommend all clubs read and embed the principles from the Angling Trust's best practice guide for angling club bailiffs.
Voluntary Bailiff Service
The new kids on the block are the Voluntary Bailiff Service (VBS) which is being run by the Angling Trust. This great initiative involves club bailiffs supporting the authorities' own water bailiffs by gathering intelligence and in some cases checking rod licences for compliance.
Find out more about the Voluntary Bailiff Service and how you can apply to get involved.
Last date edited: 15 December 2020


Association of British Scrabble Players
Being Doing Feeling > Motion > Roaming
beachcomb to wander along a beach looking for useful objects.
bogtrotting the practice of wandering round bogs, ascribed to Irishmen.
divagate to wander or stray from a course or subject.
divagation a wandering about or going astray; digression.
errant wandering (noun) a knight errant, a person who is errant
errantly (Adv.) ERRANT, wandering.
errantry roaming around, looking for adventure.
evagation wandering; digression.
extravagate (Arch.) to wander; to exceed reasonable limits.
extravagation the act of extravagating, wandering.
fegary vagary, wandering.
forwander (Arch.) to wander away; to go astray.
gad to wander about idly.
galavant to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan.
galivant to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan.
gallivant to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan.
gander a male goose; (verb) to wander.
itineracy making journeys from place to place.
itinerancy making journeys from place to place.
itinerate to wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc.
locomote to move from place to place.
locomotion an act or the power of moving from place to place.
locomotory relating to locomotion.
noctivagant wandering in the night; (noun) someone who wanders in the night.
noctivagation wandering around at night.
odyssean of or like an odyssey, a long wandering journey.
odyssey (Greek) a long wandering usually marked by many changes of fortune.
peregrinate to wander through.
peregrinator someone who travels about.
peregrinatory of or relating to a peregrinator; wandering.
ramble to wander.
rambler one that rambles.
ratch a ratchet; (verb) to wander, prowl.
raunge (Obs.) to range.
roam to move about without purpose or plan.
roamer one who roams; a wanderer.
rove to roam.
rover one that roves.
rovingly (Adv.) ROVING, wandering.
solivagant wandering alone; (noun) one who wanders alone.
stravage to wander about idly.
stravaig (Scots) to wander aimlessly.
stravaiger (Scots) a wanderer, idler.
strayve (Dial.) to wander aimlessly.
stroam to wander about idly and vacantly.
taiver (Scots) to wander, to rave.
taver (Scots) to wander, rave.
unwandering not wandering.
wander to move about with no destination or purpose.
wanderer one who wanders.
wanderingly (Adv.) WANDERING.


"Indal" Surname
Frequency of "Indal" Surname in the US
2000 US Census
1990 US Census
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Indal" ranked #83,450 in frequency out of 88,799 surnames for which statistics were released from the 1990 Census.
"Indal" Graves on Histopolis
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname "Indal".
Resource Links for "Indal"
Surnames that Sound Like "Indal"
The surname "Indal" has a Soundex code of I534. The following 30 surname(s) may sound similar to "Indal" since they share the same Soundex code.


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In 1953, the Santa Susana Field Laboratory also became a center of excellence for research, development and testing of nuclear energy, non-nuclear liquid metals and alternative energy sources, including solar.
Much of the work conducted on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy at the Energy Technology Engineering Center, or ETEC, involved metallic sodium systems. This research on liquid metals technology was used to support the design and development of nuclear power throughout the U.S.
The Sodium Reactor Experiment was one of the first commercial nuclear power plants to provide electricity to the public, powering the city of Moorpark in 1957. The SRE experienced an accident in 1959 when overheating caused fuel damage in the reactor's core. During the accident, primary power and cooling were maintained, coolant continued to circulate throughout the reactor core and the reactor vessel remained intact, preventing a meltdown. Following the accident, the SRE was repaired and operations continued, without incident, until the end of the project in 1964.
The System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) program was developed to test SNAP nuclear reactors in a simulated space environment. The SNAP10A was the first U.S. reactor to be placed into orbit when it was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1965.
ETEC also supported studies on advanced solar collectors for commercial electricity production, as well as the development of energy conversion processes designed to turn coal into liquid and gas fuels.


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Sometimes you may need to read or accept user input in python. This is a common requirement in applications which require user interaction. There are many ways to do this, most of which require a GUI dialog box. But if your application is a command line based then you can easily accept user input via keyboard using the following commands. In this article, we will look at how to read user input in python via keyboard prompts.
How to Read User Input in Python
Here are the different ways to accept user input in python.
1. Using input()
input() function allows you to accept both string as well as numbers from user input. It accepts the user input text and then parses it to determine if it is a string or number. If the user does not provide a right input, it raises an exception.
# example using input() val = input("Enter input: ") print(val)
When you run the above script, it will look like
Enter input:abc abc
Please note, during execution, when python comes across input() function it will pause the program execution till user submits input. You don't need to enter a string in input function, it is optional. If you don't enter any string, the input function will simply pause execution and wait for user input at that point. Since this might confuse the user, it is advisable to enter a string asking user to enter input.
Also, in python 2.x, whatever user enters, number or alphabets, python will convert it into a appropriate data type. For example, if you enter an integer, it will store it in an int, if you enter a string, it will store it as string variable, if you enter float, then python will store it as floating point variable. Here is an example.
Here is an example.
>>> val=input("enter input:") enter input:123 >>> type(val) >>> val=input("enter input:") enter input:'abc' >>> type(val) >>> val=input("enter input") enter input123.34 >>> type(val)
Also remember to put single/double quotes around alphabets or alphanumeric strings. Otherwise python will throw an error.
>>> val=input("enter input:") enter input:abc Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in val=input("enter input:") File "", line 1, in NameError: name 'abc' is not defined
Please note, since python 3+, whatever you enter as user input for input() function, python will convert it into string and store it. You need to explicitly convert it into the data type (int, float, etc) you want, after receiving user input.
2. Using raw_input
This function is available in python 2.x only. It accepts user input and converts it into string and returns it to the variable, in case we want to store it. Otherwise, it will display the string value in command prompt.
>>> a=raw_input('enter input:') >>> enter input:123 >>> a '123' >>> type(a) >>>
In this article, we have looked at two different ways to accept user input. As mentioned earlier, reading user input is generally part of large applications and scripts in python. input() function allows you to easily accept user input no matter whether it is a number, characters, or strings.


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In this part of the lab, you must write a program in C that prints the temperature at equally spaced points on a triangular plate.
We assume that the triangular plate that is enclosed by the lines x = 0 and y = 0 and x + y =100. Start by sketching this region on a piece of paper. The temperature at a point (x,y) on this plate is given by:
T(x,y) = sin( x + y ) e -(x+y)/100
Your program must:
print the temperature at points spaced 20 units apart in the x-direction (starting at x = 0 ) and 10 units apart in the y-direction (starting at y = 0)
print the temperature to 5 decimal places in a field of width 9
Here is the expected output given the specification provided above:
-0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.73195 -0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.74746 0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
-0.49225 -0.73195 -0.15914 0.38430 0.36347
0.00000 0.74746 0.49946 -0.16728 -0.44658 -0.18628
Note that the first line of output above corresponds to the row y = 100 while the last line corresponds to y = 0.
Write your program in such a way that the separation between points can be changed easily.
You will find the following functions in the library math.h useful:
double sin( double angle ); /* returns the sine of angle */
double exp( double num ); /* returns e^num */
Having some trouble with this problem..anyone have some ideas for a solution?


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Multicultural Studies 245
This course is designed to allow the exploration of several defining historical events affecting diverse cultural groups in South Africa: 1. Prehistory: early man, the Khoi-San, the early Bantu migrations, Shaka Zulu and the formation of the Basotho, Matebele, Xhosa, and Zulu nations. 2. Early Colonialism: Spanish, British and Dutch Colonizers, and the migrations of the Boer-Trekkers and their interactions with indigenous peoples. 3. Later Colonialism: including the importation and exploitation of Indian sugar-cane workers, and their subsequent.integration into the cultural and political fabric of South Africa. 4. The history of Apartheid, journeys and thought of Mandela and Biko and the recent moves towards reconciliation. The integration of these four areas of South African history will serve as the lens through which the 20th century efforts to overcome colonialism, Apartheid, repression, segregated homelands and townships, white fear/white flight, and the movements for freedom and towards a multicultural democracy are viewed.
General South African Resources
Student Website: South African Study Abroad Summer 2003


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If you're applying for a Norway Schengen visa, you may need to provide a flight reservation for visa application as part of your application. A flight reservation is a temporary booking or holds on a flight itinerary that demonstrates your intended travel plans. You need it to show proof of onward or return travel to visa officers.
In this article, we'll discuss some tips on how to reserve a Schengen visa dummy ticket for your Norway Schengen visa application.
A Bit About Norway
Norway is a country located in Northern Europe, known for its breathtaking natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and high standard of living. Norway houses stunning fjords, majestic mountains, and the mesmerizing phenomenon of the Northern Lights.
Norway is a member of the Schengen Area, which is a group of 26 European countries that have abolished border controls, allowing for seamless travel across their territories. This makes Norway an attractive destination for tourists and travelers.
In addition to its natural attractions, Norway has a strong economy and high standard of living. The country has a well-developed welfare system, providing its residents with access to quality education, healthcare, and social benefits. Norway also has a progressive environmental policies, focusing on sustainability and renewable energy.
The culture of Norway is rich and diverse, with a strong emphasis on traditions and folklore. Norwegian literature, music, and art are celebrated globally for their unique expressions and influences from the country's history and mythology. The country's friendly and welcoming people, known as Norwegians, are known for their hospitality and inclusivity towards visitors.
In summary, Norway is a captivating country with its stunning natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, high standard of living, and progressive policies. It offers a diverse range of experiences for travelers, making it a popular destination for tourists and explorers alike.
What Is Flight Reservation For Visa?
Flight reservation for visa application is the process of reserving a flight itinerary or booking a flight ticket without actually purchasing it, solely for the purpose of visa application. Likewise, it involves obtaining a confirmation or reservation of a flight from an airline or a travel agency, which provides proof of intended travel for visa application purposes.
Moreover, flight reservation for visa application is a common requirement for many countries when applying for a visa, especially for Schengen visas or other types of tourist or visitor visas. It serves as evidence of a planned trip, including the proposed dates of travel, destination, and duration of stay, which helps visa officials assess the applicant's travel plans and intentions.
Additionally, the flight reservation for visa application typically includes details such as the flight itinerary, including departure and arrival dates, flight numbers, and the traveler's name. It is important to note that flight reservations are not actual tickets and do not guarantee a confirmed booking or seat on a flight.
Therefore, obtaining a flight reservation for visa application usually involves contacting an airline or a travel agency and providing the necessary details for the intended travel. Some airlines or travel agencies may charge a nominal fee for providing a flight reservation, while others may offer it for free.
Hence, it is advisable to check with the airline or travel agency about their specific procedures and requirements for flight reservation for visa application.
In conclusion, flight reservation for visa application is the process of obtaining a temporary flight itinerary or confirmation without purchasing an actual ticket, used as proof of intended travel for visa application purposes. It is a common requirement for many countries and can be obtained from airlines or travel agencies, providing important documentation to support visa applications.
Tips To Get Flight Reservation For Norway Schengen Visa Application
Here are some tips to get a flight reservation for a Norway Schengen visa application:
- Contact an airline or travel agency: Research and identify airlines or travel agencies that provide flight reservation services. You can contact them directly through their website, customer service, or visit their physical location.
- Provide accurate details: Ensure that you provide accurate details about your intended travel, including the proposed dates of travel, destination, and duration of stay. This information will be used to create your dummy flight booking.
- Be prepared with necessary information: Have all the necessary information handy, such as your passport details, personal information, and travel itinerary, as this will be required to create the flight reservation.
- Inquire about fees and charges: Some airlines or travel agencies may charge a nominal fee for providing a flight reservation, while others may offer it for free. Inquire about any fees or charges upfront to avoid surprises later.
- Confirm reservation validity: Check the validity period of the flight reservation, as some countries may require it to be valid for a certain duration, usually until the visa application decision is made.
- Ask for a confirmation: Request for a confirmation or proof of the flight reservation, such as an email or printed document, which you can submit along with your visa application as proof of intended travel.
- Follow up and confirm: After obtaining the flight reservation, double-check the details for accuracy, and follow up with the airline or travel agency to confirm that the reservation has been made and is valid.


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Table of Contents
The OPC DataHub can log data to any ODBC compliant database or text file.
With this feature of the DataHub you can:
Log data to any ODBC-compliant database, such as MS Access, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and many more
Log data to an ODBC database (or soon, text file) from any other data source connected to the DataHub.
Log to existing database tables, or create new tables as necessary.
To write data from a database into the OPC DataHub, please refer to Tutorial 3: Writing data from a database to the DataHub in the DataHub ODBC Scripting manual.
The OPC DataHub's ODBC Data Logging interface provides an easy way to connect to a DSN, create or select a table, assign data point properties to table columns, and assign a trigger and conditions for logging points. The fastest way to learn how to use the interface is by watching the web-site video or by using the Quick Start.
In general, a database is a collection of information. Computerized databases store data in tables, which are accessed through a database management system or DBMS, such as SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, etc. All of these are capable of storing data in related, linked tables, which taken together are called a relational database. Most modern computerized databases are relational databases.
A database table is a logical grouping of related data, organized by the common attributes or characteristics of individual data items. Each column or field in the table contains a particular attribute, and is of one particular data type. Typical data types include boolean, string, numeric, date/time, etc. Each row or record in the table contains a complete set of every data value related to a single item.
For example, a table containing data from the OPC DataHub might have columns (fields) for a point name, value, timestamp, and quality. Each row (record) would show the various data values logged for that point at different times:
A different kind of table might have one column for a timestamp, and then additional columns containing the values of different DataHub points logged at each time, like this:
A database table may require each row (or record) to be uniquely identified. This is commonly done through a key column, whose main and (sometimes only) purpose is to provide a unique identifying value to the row. Most DBMSs allow this value to be assigned manually by the database user, or automatically through an auto-incrementing counter or other mechanism. It is possible for a table to have multiple key columns, but some funtions in the OPC DataHub will only write to tables with a single key column. For more information about configuring database tables with the OPC DataHub, please refer to Section 6.4, "Configuring a Database Table"
Connecting to a database is done through the DBMS, which normally offers two possibilities: native drivers and ODBC (Open Database Connectivity). Native drivers are inconvenient to use because each requires its own programming interface. ODBC, on the other hand, specifies a standardized, common interface that is available from almost every database vendor, including SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, and many, many more. The OPC DataHub uses ODBC to connect to databases.
ODBC supports communication with a DBMS locally or across a network, using an ODBC driver. Every ODBC-compliant DBMS provides an ODBC driver, which needs to be installed on the user's machine. For example, there is an ODBC driver for MS Access, for SQL Server, for MySQL, and so on.
You can use the Windows ODBC Data Source Administrator to configure a connection between the ODBC driver and the specific database you want to work with. That configuration is called the Data Source Name, or DSN. For example, the OPC DataHub references the DSN and uses the configured connection for the ODBC driver to connect to the database.
Configuring the DSN is straightforward, varying slightly depending on the ODBC driver you are working with. Usually you need to select an ODBC driver, create a name for the DSN, and select a database. Other information, such as a login name or password may be required or optional. For more information, please refer to Section 6.3, "Setting up the DSN (Data Source Name)"
Once connected to a database, any queries (requests) to retrieve, modify, add, or delete data must be made through a language. The most popular database query language is SQL (Structured Query Language), pronounced "sequel" or "ess-kyu-el". Created in the 1960s, this language has become a widely-used standard supported by most DBMSs, although there are some minor variations in certain commands offered.
The OPC DataHub uses SQL to write to and read from databases. When you configure the Data Logging interface to write DataHub point values, under the hood the commands used are written in SQL. The DataHub scripts also use SQL commands to write and read data. For example, the following line from the ODBCTutorial3.g script uses an SQL SELECT command to pull all of the data from a database table.
result =.conn.QueryToClass (.tableclass, string ("select * from ",.tablename));
The SELECT command is often used with the FROM and WHERE operators, in queries such as this:
SELECT data_element_1 FROM table_1 WHERE data_element_1 > 32 and data_element_1 < 212;
The syntax of SQL is fairly simple, and there are many books and online tutorials that can help you learn. The information presented here about SQL, ODBC, and databases in general should be enough to get started logging data with the OPC DataHub.
Copyright © _PHONE_ by Cogent Real-Time Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Practical PHP Testing Patterns: Assertion Message
· Web Dev Zone
In the previous article of this series, we saw how assertions are the key to self-validating tests. Even if an assertion's result is only a pass/fail value, programmers and testers find very handy to associate to the fail value some kind of additional information about the failure, to allow easier debugging without insertion of var_dump() and similar statements into the code.
As I showed you in the previous article's code sample, assertions are useful the most when they fail, and in case they do, they should explain what happened so that a correction can be made quickly. An assertion that passes does not do anything; an assertion that fails shows an error.
Whata happens when tests are failing
The typical scenario is that of a large test suite, with hundreds or thousands of tests. At the time of a commit to the source code repository (or of a push if we're talking about git), the whole test suite must be green. Even if only one tests is red, the test suite is regarded as red.
Sometimes, a regression is introduced by a programming error or an unforeseen scenario, and the output of the test suite becomes something like this:
[12:30:02][giorgio@Desmond:~/txt/articles]$ phpunit assertionmessage.php
PHPUnit 3.5.5 by Sebastian Bergmann.
Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.75Mb
There were 4 failures:
1) AssertionMessagesTest::testAsserTrue
The object is not an Iterator.
Failed asserting that is true.
2) AssertionMessagesTest::testAssertEquals
The square root of 17 is not 4 but 4.1231056256177.
Failed asserting that matches expected .
3) AssertionMessagesTest::testAssertContainsFailsWithCustomMessage
The array does not contain 4.
Failed asserting that an array contains .
4) AssertionMessagesTest::testAssertContains
Failed asserting that an array contains .
Tests: 4, Assertions: 4, Failures: 4.
The green tests are not noisy (which would be a smell), since they are not interesting at the moment. The red tests, which our focus is on, are shown with all the associated information. Along with the test name, the line of interest, and the kind of problem (failure/error), the assertion message is shown.
How to write a meaningful message
An assertion message can be passed as an argument of the assertion method, to be used in case of failure. Writing good assertion messages is an art, but before diving into some code to show you some messages I wrote, we can see how assertion messages are categorized in literature:
 - Assertion-Identifying Message: includes information on which of the assertions in the same method caused the failure. This information can be for example the name of the checked variables. It's good to understand at a glance which assertion failed, but PHPUnit shows you the line of the test method that caused the failure, so it's not strictly necessary to include this kind of messages.
 - Expectation-Describing Message: tells us what should have happened, but did not according to the data passed to the assertion method.
 - Argument-Describing Message: when using assertions which are not very smart, like assertFalse() or assertTrue(), a failure would tell us by default only something like False was passed to assertTrue(). Adding an Argument-Describing Message will tell us instead The predicate on the set containing all red cars was false instead of true.
Watch the test fail
I can never say it enoug: when you write your tests, watch them fail (this mean also that each test should be written in advance with regard to the code it exercises, following the discipline of Test-Driven Development).
This practice is not only useful for avoiding false positives, which are rare anyway, but to show at least for once the assertion message. You can check that when the test fails, the error message is meaningful and the test does not cause a Fatal Error. Watch your test fail to ensure that when they'll fail due to a regression in the future, you will be pleased by how fast you'll learn what's wrong.
The code sample shows how to use PHPUnit's assertion methods with the $message optional argument. Any time you use basic methods like assertTrue(), a message is mandatory. The need for $message is inversely proportional to the specificity of the assertion: for example when assertContains() fails, PHPUnit has already valuable information in the the method itself to produce a readable error message.
Note that the usage of "" (double quotes) enables fast composition of error messages via variable substitution.
class AssertionMessagesTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
public function testAsserTrue()
$object = null;
// back in PHPUnit 3.4 where we did not have assertInstanceOf()
$this->assertTrue($object instanceof Iterator, 'The object is not an Iterator.');
public function testAssertEquals()
$expected = 4;
$square = 17;
$result = sqrt($square);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result, "The square root of $square is not $expected but $result.");
public function testAssertContainsFailsWithCustomMessage()
$array = array(1, 2, 3);
$testElement = 4;
$this->assertContains($testElement, $array, "The array does not contain $testElement.");
* This Assertion Message would be enough. It will even be better in some cases,
* since PHPUnit would display nicely $testElement even if it was not "castable"
* to a string (an object or array).
public function testAssertContains()
$array = array(1, 2, 3);
$testElement = 4;
$this->assertContains($testElement, $array);
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How to Pluck a Chicken
Howard Shooter/Dorling Kindersley RF/Getty Images
Raising chickens yourself in the back yard, or buying them direct and intact from the farmer, is one way to guarantee you're getting an immaculately fresh bird. Unfortunately, it also means you'll need to pluck and clean the chicken before you cook it. This isn't especially difficult but it is a messy process, best performed outdoors. If you're doing several birds at once an outdoor cooker is helpful, but a pot of hot water from your stove is sufficient for one or two.
Select a pot large enough to hold a chicken and a gallon or two of water, as well. Heat the water on the stovetop, or on an outdoor cooker, until it reaches a temperature of 125 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Bring the pot outdoors, if you've heated it on the stovetop.
Pull on a pair of thick rubber gloves. Lift the chicken by its feet, and immerse it in the hot water.
Hold the chicken underneath the surface of the hot water with a stick, or a long wooden spoon. Swirl it a few times around the pot, to make sure the hot water penetrates the feathers and reaches the bird's entire skin.
Remove the chicken from the water after 30 to 60 seconds, and lay it on a clean tarpaulin or plastic bag. Pull away feathers by the handful, starting at the wings where they're harder to pluck and will come away more easily when warm. Hold the bird so its feathers are pointing in your direction and then pluck away from your body, so you're pulling the feathers at a sharp angle to their natural direction.
Continue until you've removed all the feathers. You might opt to simply cut away the bird's wingtips with shears or a sharp knife, rather than trying to pluck them. Some birds will have a number of small, quill-like pinfeathers. Remove these with a pair of pliers, or scorch them off with a torch.


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Manitoba Church Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: Manitoba, Church Records, _PHONE_.
Title in the Language of the Record
Manitoba, Registres de l'Église, _PHONE_
This collection contains baptisms, marriages, deaths and other records from some Catholic, Lutheran, and Unitarian parishes in Manitoba.
Church Records began in Canada in the 1620s in Quebec with French Catholic Records. These early records were kept according to a 16th-century French law. English-language church records begin in 1749 in Nova Scotia with Church of England records. Canada had French citizens until 1763, so most Protestant records begin much later.
For a list of records by localities, document type and dates currently published in this collection, select the Browse.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
- "Manitoba, Church Records, _PHONE_." Images. FamilySearch. _URL_ : accessed 2013.
These birth records may contain the following information:
- When born
- Full name
- Name and maiden name of mother
- Name and surname of father
- Occupation of Father
- When baptized
These marriage records may contain the following information:
- Name of Groom and Bride
- Groom's place of birth
- Groom's Occupation
- Full name of parents
- Residence when married
- Place of Birth
- Maiden name of bride with parents
- Names of witnesses
- Date and place of marriage
- By whom married
- License or Ban
- Place of birth of father
These death records may contain the following information:
- Name of deceased
- Date and place of death
- Age at death
- Place of birth
- Cause of death
- Name of Physician
- Date of funeral service
- Signature of Clergyman or Minister
How to Use the Record
To search for birth records in this collection, it would be helpful if you knew the following information:
- Name of parents
- Approximate year of birth
- Place of birth
To search for marriage records in this collection, it would be helpful if you knew the following information:
- Name of bride or groom
- Approximate year of marriage
- Place of marriage
To search for death records in this collection, it would be helpful if you knew the following information:
- Name of deceased
- Approximate year of death
- Place of death
Search the Collection
To search the collection you will need to follow this series of links:
⇒Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒Select the "Place" category
⇒Select the "Name of Denomination and Parish" category
⇒Select the "Record Type and Year Range" category which will take you to the images.
Look at each image comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
Unable to Find Your Ancestor?
- Search for nicknames and various spellings of the name
- Search in the index for the name of your ancestor
- Look for the father's name and the mother's name in the index
- Sometimes church records were kept in the church and sometimes in the home of the minister. The records may still be at the church, with the present minister, at a local historical or genealogical society, or they may have been deposited in an archive of the denomination.
- It may be necessary to look at the records of all the churches near your ancestor's home to locate your ancestor's church records.
For Help Reading These Records
These records are in French. For help with reading the records, see the following wiki articles:
General Information About These Records
Church records (registres paroissiaux) are excellent sources for accurate names, dates, and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Many people who lived in Canada were recorded in church records.
Church records were kept at the local parish of the church. A parish is a local congregation that may include many villages. Your ancestor may have lived in a village and belonged to a parish in a nearby larger town.
Be aware that some of these records may be in French.
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
| We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Records. |
Please follow these guidelines as you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
|This citation example isn't from this collection. You can help by replacing this example with a citation for a record found in this collection.|
"Argentina, Buenos Aires, Catholic Church Records, _PHONE_," images, FamilySearch (_URL_: accessed 28 February, 2012), La Plata > San Ponciano > Matrimonios _PHONE_ > image 71 of 389 images, Artemio Avendano and Clemtina Peralta, 1884; citing Parroquia de San Ponciano en la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Matrimonios. San Ponciano, La Plata.


specify that a given parameter must match a specific regular expression, this can be done with "regex" spec key. For example: validate( _USER_, { foo => { regex => qr/^\d+$/ } } ); The value of the "regex" key may be either a string or a pre-compiled regex created via C. If the value being checked against a regex is undefined, the regex is explicitly checked against the empty string ('') instead, in order to avoid "Use of uninitialized value" warnings. The C module on CPAN is an excellent source of regular expressions suitable for validating input. =head2 Callback Validation If none of the above are enough, it is possible to pass in one or more callbacks to validate the parameter. The callback will be given the B of the parameter as its first argument. Its second argument will be all the parameters, as a reference to either a hash or array. Callbacks are specified as hash reference. The key is an id for the callback (used in error messages) and the value is a subroutine reference, such as: validate( _USER_, { foo => { callbacks => {'smaller than a breadbox' => sub { shift() < $breadbox }, 'green or blue' => sub { $_[0] eq 'green' || $_[0] eq 'blue' } } } ); validate( _USER_, { foo => { callbacks => { 'bigger than baz' => sub { $_[0] > $_[1]->{baz} } } } } ); =head2 Untainting If you want values untainted, set the "untaint" key in a spec hashref to a true value, like this: my %p = validate( _USER_, { foo => { type => SCALAR, untaint => 1 }, bar => { type => ARRAYREF } } ); This will untaint the "foo" parameter if the parameters are valid. Note that untainting is only done if I are valid. Also, only the return values are untainted, not the original values passed into the validation function. Asking for untainting of a reference value will not do anything, as C will only attempt to untaint the reference itself. =head2 Mandatory/Optional Revisited If you want to specify something such as type or interface, plus the fact that a parameter can be optional, do this: validate( _USER_, { foo => { type => SCALAR }, bar => { type => ARRAYREF, optional => 1 } } ); or this for positional parameters: validate_pos( _USER_, { type => SCALAR }, { type => ARRAYREF, optional => 1 } ); By default, parameters are assumed to be mandatory unless specified as optional. =head2 Dependencies It also possible to specify that a given optional parameter depends on the presence of one or more other optional parameters. validate( _USER_, { cc_number => { type => SCALAR, optional => 1, depends => [ 'cc_expiration', 'cc_holder_name' ], }, cc_expiration { type => SCALAR, optional => 1 }, cc_holder_name { type => SCALAR, optional => 1 }, } ); In this case, "cc_number", "cc_expiration", and "cc_holder_name" are all optional. However, if "cc_number" is provided, then "cc_expiration" and "cc_holder_name" must be provided as well. This allows you to group together sets of parameters that all must be provided together. The C version of dependencies is slightly different, in that you can only depend on one other parameter. Also, if for example, the second parameter 2 depends on the fourth parameter, then it implies a dependency on the third parameter as well. This is because if the fourth parameter is required, then the user must also provide a third parameter so that there can be four parameters in total. C will die if you try to depend on a parameter not declared as part of your parameter specification. =head2 Specifying defaults If the C or C functions are called in a list context, they will return a hash or containing the original parameters plus defaults as indicated by the validation spec. If the function is not called in a list context, providing a default in the validation spec still indicates that the parameter is optional. The hash or array returned from the function will always be a copy of the original parameters, in order to leave C<_USER_> untouched for the calling function. Simple examples of defaults would be: my %p = validate( _USER_, { foo => 1, bar => { default => 99 } } ); my _USER_ = validate_pos( _USER_, 1, { default => 99 } ); In scalar context, a hash reference or array reference will be returned, as appropriate. =head1 USAGE NOTES =head2 Validation failure By default, when validation fails C calls C. This can be overridden by setting the C option, which is described in the L<"GLOBAL" OPTIONS|"GLOBAL" OPTIONS> section. =head2 Method calls When using this module to validate the parameters passed to a method call, you will probably want to remove the class/object from the parameter list B calling C or C. If your method expects named parameters, then this is necessary for the C function to actually work, otherwise C<_USER_> will not be usable as a hash, because it will first have your object (or class) B by a set of keys and values. Thus the idiomatic usage of C in a method call will look something like this: sub method { my $self = shift; my %params = validate( _USER_, { foo => 1, bar => { type => ARRAYREF }, } ); } =head2 Speeding Up Validation In most cases, the validation spec will remain the same for each call to a subroutine. In that case, you can speed up validation by defining the validation spec just once, rather than on each call to the subroutine: my %spec = (... ); sub foo { my %params = validate( _USER_, \%spec ); } You can also use the C feature to do this: use feature'state'; sub foo { state $spec = {... }; my %params = validate( _USER_, $spec ); } =head1 "GLOBAL" OPTIONS Because the API for the C and C functions does not make it possible to specify any options other than the validation spec, it is possible to set some options as pseudo-'globals'. These allow you to specify such things as whether or not the validation of named parameters should be case sensitive, for one example. These options are called pseudo-'globals' because these settings are B. In other words, if I am in package C and I call C, those options are only in effect when I call C from package C. While this is quite different from how most other modules operate, I feel that this is necessary in able to make it possible for one module/application to use Params::Validate while still using other modules that also use Params::Validate, perhaps with different options set. The downside to this is that if you are writing an app with a standard calling style for all functions, and your app has ten modules, B>. You could of course write a module that all your modules use which uses various trickery to do this when imported. =head2 Options =over 4 =item * normalize_keys => $callback This option is only relevant when dealing with named parameters. This callback will be used to transform the hash keys of both the parameters and the parameter spec when C or C are called. Any alterations made by this callback will be reflected in the parameter hash that is returned by the validation function. For example: sub foo { return validate_with( params => \_USER_, spec => { foo => { type => SCALAR } }, normalize_keys => sub { my $k = shift; $k =~ s/^-//; return uc $k }, ); } %p = foo( foo => 20 ); # $p{FOO} is now 20 %p = foo( -fOo => 50 ); # $p{FOO} is now 50 The callback must return a defined value. If a callback is given then the deprecated "ignore_case" and "strip_leading" options are ignored. =item * allow_extra => $boolean If true, then the validation routine will allow extra parameters not named in the validation specification. In the case of positional parameters, this allows an unlimited number of maximum parameters (though a minimum may still be set). Defaults to false. =item * on_fail => $callback If given, this callback will be called whenever a validation check fails. It will be called with a single parameter, which will be a string describing the failure. This is useful if you wish to have this module throw exceptions as objects rather than as strings, for example. This callback is expected to C internally. If it does not, the validation will proceed onwards, with unpredictable results. The default is to simply use the Carp module's C function. =item * stack_skip => $number This tells Params::Validate how many stack frames to skip when finding a subroutine name to use in error messages. By default, it looks one frame back, at the immediate caller to C or C. If this option is set, then the given number of frames are skipped instead. =item * ignore_case => $boolean DEPRECATED This is only relevant when dealing with named parameters. If it is true, then the validation code will ignore the case of parameter names. Defaults to false. =item * strip_leading => $characters DEPRECATED This too is only relevant when dealing with named parameters. If this is given then any parameters starting with these characters will be considered equivalent to parameters without them entirely. For example, if this is specified as '-', then C<-foo> and C would be considered


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The term duration refers to the length of time over which the subjective effects of a psychoactive compound manifest themselves. This can be further broken down into (1) total duration (2) onset (3) come up (4) peak (5) offset and (6) after effects. Depending upon the substance consumed, each of these occurs in a separate and continuous fashion.
These are listed and described as follows:
The total duration of a substance can be defined as the amount of time it takes for the effects of a substance to completely wear off into sobriety, starting from the moment the substance is first administered.
The onset phase can be defined as the period until the very first changes in perception (i.e. "first alerts") are able to be detected.
The "come up" phase can be defined as the period between the first noticeable changes in perception and the point of highest subjective intensity. This is colloquially known as "coming up."
The peak phase can be defined as period of time in which the intensity of the substance's effects are at its height.
The offset phase can be defined as the amount of time in between the conclusion of the peak and shifting into a sober state. This is colloquially referred to as "coming down."
The after effects can be defined as any residual effects which may remain after the experience has reached its conclusion. This is colloquially known as a "hangover" or an "afterglow" depending on the substance and usage. It should be noted that the after effects of the substances listed on this site are not included as part of the total duration.


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Compliance with data protection laws using Hippocratic Database active enforcement and auditing
by C. M. Johnson, T. W. A. Grandison
Governments worldwide are enacting data protection laws that restrict the disclosure and processing of personal information. These laws impose administrative and financial burdens on companies that manage personal information and may hinder the legitimate and valuable sharing and analysis of this information. In this paper we describe an integrated set of technologies, known as the Hippocratic Database (HDB), which enables compliance with security and privacy regulations without impeding the legitimate flow of information. HDB's Control Center allows companies to specify fine-grained disclosure policies based on the role of the user, the purpose of the access, the intended recipient, and other disclosure conditions. Its Active Enforcement component transparently enforces these policies by transforming user queries in a middleware layer to ensure that the database returns only policy-compliant information. HDB's Compliance Auditing system efficiently tracks all database accesses and allows auditors to formulate precise audit queries to monitor compliance with privacy and security policies. In this paper, we outline the basic architecture of the HDB solution, discuss the advantages of our approach, and illustrate the features of each component with practical compliance scenarios from the financial services industry.


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I designed a kernel function (to be used within SVM) which has the expression $tr(AB)$ in it. For efficient implementation of this, I was wondering if I could write $tr(AB)$ as an inner product: $\phi(A)^T \phi(B)$? What is the function $\phi()$?
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I'm not sure I understand your question (it would help if you eliminated or explained your jargon), but the obvious optimization is that you don't explicitly need to compute AB: tr(AB) is the sum of A_{ij}*B_{ji} over all pairs i,j. You can do this with a single pass over your matrices. – Darsh Ranjan Jan 14 '10 at 9:25
_USER_ you beat me by 3 minutes! I can explain some of the terminology. Imagine you have data in $\mathbb{R}^d$ (here it seems to be in $\mathbb{R}^{d\times d}$??) but want to work with it in $\mathbb{R}^D$, which you can accomplish by passing everything through a mapping $\Phi$. If $D \gg d$, this can be expensive. But in some cases your algorithm need only compute inner products $\langle \Phi(a), \Phi(b)\rangle$, in which case there may be a functin $k(\cdot,\cdot)$ which computes the same thing but with much less work than the explicit mapping. this is called the 'kernel trick'. – Matus Telgarsky Jan 14 '10 at 9:34
Note that you don't really need the explicit mapping $\phi$. What you want is a kernel $k(A, B)$ which has the property that $k(A, B) = \phi(A)^T \phi(B)$. Generally, you compute the kernel directly, instead of calculating the mapping and computing the dot product -- that's why it's called kernel 'trick'. In your case, it seems you want the kernel to be $k(A, B) = tr(AB)$. So it seems you want to know how to compute the trace efficiently, rather than what the mapping is. – user3035 Jan 14 '10 at 10:02
The non-efficiency-related part of this question is basic linear algebra: tr(AB) is an inner product on the space of nxn matrices and so you can find isometric isomorphisms from M_{nxn} to R^{n^2}. Any of these will do for the map phi. I do not know whether or not any of these will improve the efficiency in calculating the trace, but I doubt it. – Andrew Stacey Jan 14 '10 at 10:20
Sorry for being ambiguous. I know that I can implement $k(A,B)$ directly and avoid needing $\phi()$. But it would be nice if I have $\phi()$ because then, I can use a regular linear SVM on my $\phi()$ mapped vectors. This is much simpler and faster compared to implementing $k(A,B)$ and plugging it into SVM. – andinos Jan 14 '10 at 21:39
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Matus is right. But if the matrices $A$, and $B$ have certain properties like being symmetric, or diagonal, then simply just vectorizing the matrices and taking their inner product would be equal to the $tr(AB)$.
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If $A,B$ are arbitrary $n\times n$ matrices, by definition of trace, $\textrm{tr}(AB) = \sum_{i,j} A_{ij}B_{ji}$. This is $O(n^2)$, but just reading the entries of $A$ is $\Omega(n^2)$. Without any special structure on $A,B$, you probably can't do better.
If $A,B$ are (column) vectors, you probably mean the outer product $\textrm{tr}(AB^T) = \sum_i A_i B_i$.
Edit: andinos clarified to say he wants to know about the implicit mapping of the kernel function. Well I have bad news: It does not exist!! The proof works by showing there exist matrices $A,B$ such that the corresponding kernel matrix is not positive semi-definite. To finish, apply Mercer's theorem.
In particular, set $A = \left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & 1 \\\\ -1 & 1\end{array}\right)$ and $B = A^T = \left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & -1 \\\\ 1 & 1\end{array}\right)$. Therefore $\textrm{tr}(AB) = \textrm{tr}(AA^T) = 4$, and $\textrm{tr}(BA)$ is identical. On the other hand, $\textrm{tr}(AA) = \textrm{tr}(BB) = 0$. therefore, the kernel matrix $K$ is $\left(\begin{array}{cc}0 & 4 \\\\ 4 & 0\end{array}\right)$. Set $x = \left(\begin{array}{c} 1 \\\\ -1\end{array}\right)$, and observe that $x^T K x = -8 < 0$, and therefore $K$ is not PSD, so the kernel $k(A,B) = \textrm{tr}(AB)$ is not PSD.
On the other hand! If you had instead defined your kernel to be $k'(A,B) = \textrm{tr}(AB^T)$, notice that $k'(A,B) = \sum_{i,j}A_{ij}B_{ij} = \Phi(A)^T\Phi(B)$ where $\Phi$ simply takes its input matrix and outputs it as a column vector.
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Sherri MacKay, Joanna Henderson, Carol Root, Diane Warling, K.B. Gilbert and Janice Johnstone
The Arson Prevention Program for Children (TAPP-C)
is an intervention program to reduce fire setting and other fire involvement, and promote fire safety, among children from two to 16 years of age. This guide provides a conceptual framework and useful techniques for mental health providers working with children, teens and their families.
The TAPP-C manual is divided into four main parts: Part 1 explains the program; Part 2 consists of caregiver modules; Part 3 consists of child modules; and Part 4 gives information about special issues, such as dealing with adolescents and children living in group homes or residential facilities.
Each of the caregiver and child modules includes:
- background information for the clinician
- psychoeducational content about the session theme to convey to the client in-session and home practice exercises
- suggestions and opportunities to help families review session content and work through exercises together
- worksheets to photocopy
- ISBN 978-0-88868-444-8 • 212 pages • spiral-bound
- $29.95 • published 2004 • product code PG116


Crioda, King of West Saxons
Crioda, King of West Saxons's Geni Profile
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Also Known As: "Crioda", "Creoda of the Gewissae"
Birthplace: Wessex, England
Death: Died in Wessex, England
Immediate Family:
Son of Cerdic, King of the West Saxons and N.N Queen of Wessex
Husband of Unknown Wife
Father of Cynric, King of Wessex; Cwichelm, Prince Of Wessex and Crida, Prince of Wessex
Managed by: Ray
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About Crioda, King of West Saxons
Creoda of Wessex (b. c. 493) is a shadowy figure in early Wessex history, mentioned only in the regnal list in the preface of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle. There he is stated to have been the son of Cerdic and father to Cynric.
 1. ID: I179794
 2. Name: King Creoda [@ <^>v] de Wessex
 3. Sex: M
 4. Birth: 510
 5. Death: 559
Father: King Cerdic [@ <^>v] de Wessex b: 492
Marriage 1 Spouse Unknown
 1. Has Children King Cynric [@ <^>v] de Wessex b: 528
Some authorities question Creoda's insertion as a generation between Cerdic and Cynric.
reoda of Wessex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Whether or not Creola was a son of Cerdic and father of Cynric is notcertain. From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Winchester Manuscript,Cynric is listed as the son of Cerdic. However the Abingdon andWorcester Manuscripts have Creola as the son of Cerdic and father ofCynric. Creola is included here to allow for the possibility that hewas the son of Cerdic
 Bestaan van deze persoon is niet bewezen. Volgens overlevering is zijn zoon Cynric eigenlijk de directe zoon van Cerdic (de vader van Creoda).
Creoda was a co-Ruler of West Saxons, before 534. Creoda isn't mentioned by every authority, but Royalty For Commoners does include him. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 does too, by omission. However, in fairness, even the Anglo-Saxon Chronical skips Creoda. However, if one examines the ages, the Creoda generation does make sense.
"By some accounts he also reigned jointly (519-534) with his grandfather (or father?), Cerdic, founder of Wessex." -------------------- Born Wessex, England 493. -------------------- There is an unsolved mystery surrounding the name of Creoda (also Cretta or Crida). The name of Creoda is a highly rare name - in fact, only four times the name 'Creoda', in its' various spellings, is mentioned during the 600 years history of Anglo-Saxons, and the place names connected somehow to the name of Creoda are few, and are located not far from the city of Cirencester:
1) Creoda, King of Mercians, who claimed to be descendant of Icel, and alleged first King of Mercia.
2) Certain 'Creoda' King of West Saxons appears in some ancient regnal lists, but about whom nothing is known.
3) Cretta who appears in the list of the ancestors, or possibly Kings, of Aldfrith,ill-fated and the only known King of Lindsey.
4) Certain Crida, who is once mentioned is 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' 593:
'Ceawiln, Cwichelm and Crida perished…'.
All the variations: Critta,Crida and Creoda are almost certainly,the different spellings of the same name, and at least three of the above mentioned persons (Creoda of Mercia, Critta of Lindsey and, of course, Crida of 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle') are known to have died about the same time - about the end of the sixth century, so they probably, or even almost certainly were the same person.
A number of different explanations were made, but the most probable theory relays to the name of Creoda's alleged father Venta. 'Venta' is not a name, either British or English, but a name of a place: Venta, or in Roman: 'Caistor-next-Norwich', a place in Norfolk, which might have been a residence of unknown East Anglian Kings, if in the late 5th or in 6th century East Anglia, before it's history was beginning to be recorded, was devided into two Kingdoms (see: Kingdom of East Anglia).
This Creoda might have been the King of Northern East Anglia, and who was expelled in or before the year 571, when East Anglian King Wuffa annexed Norfolk and expelled its' ruler, after what event English led by Creoda moved westwords, were he created (at least he is listed as the first King of these Kingdoms) the Kingdoms of Lindsey and Mercia, probably in this order. It is also plausible, that Creoda himself was the King of the whole Kingdom of East Anlgia, whom Wuffa, son of Wehha, whom the posterity made the first,or one of the firts,legitimate ruler of East Angles, expelled from his domains, but it is unprobabe, since there is no mention of such King of East Anglia in any existent regnal lists or ancient historical writings or documents.The exact date of Creoda's death is given in 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' 593, according to which he 'perished' along with Ceawlin, King of Wessex (what may eliminate the possibility, that this Creoda might also have been a sole King of West Saxons, though he might have been a joint ruler with this Ceawlin - nothing is known about this West Saxon Creoda who appears in some ancient regnal lists as King of West Saxons - it probably was, if he ever existed, another 'Creoda') and Cwichhelm (probably some local West Saxon lord).
According to the Mercian traditions and genealogies, the name of Creoda's father was 'Cynewald' and although nothing, except his name, is known about him, this is the most plausible version, since the name 'Cynewald' is a real English name, of, probably, an existing person. In old West Saxon regnal list were Creoda's name appears as King of Wessex, his father is unnamed and unknown.
Creoda from Lindsey left issue: son named Cueldgils,who might have been the next King of Lindsey, but of whom nothing is known.The Mercian Creoda left another son, named Pybba or Pypba, who appeared is some old Mercian regnal lists, and who later became a King of Mercia.
-------------------- Cerdic was allegedly the first King of Anglo-Saxon Wessex from 519 to 534, cited by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the founder of the Kingdom of Wessex and ancestor of all its subsequent kings.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cerdic landed in Hampshire in 495 with his son Cynric in five ships. He is said to have fought a Brittonic king named Natanleod at Netley Marsh in Hampshire and killed him thirteen years later (in 508) and to have fought at Cerdicesleag (Charford, Cerdic's Ford[1]) in 519, after which he became first king of Wessex. The conquest of the Isle of Wight is also mentioned among his campaigns, and it was later given to his kinsmen, Stuf and Wihtgar (who had supposedly arrived with the West Saxons in 514). Cerdic died in 534 and was succeeded by his son Cynric.
Kings and Queens of Britain, Grevill Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, (Wordsworth Editions Ltd. 1999), p. 12.
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Saville Assessment
An international occupational psychology consultancy now part of Willis Towers Watson.
About Saville Assessment (a Willis Towers Watson company)
Founded by Peter Saville, co-foudner of SHL, Saville Assessment is an international occupational psychology consultancy. They are also a large player in test publishing of psychometric tests - which are used by companies large or small around the world. They personality questionnaires are particularly popular, as both these and their tests are known for their thorough research - making them well validated.
Formerly known as Saville Consulting, they rebranded themselves under the new name of Saville Assessment.
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Our practice test packs are suitable for preparing for Saville Assessment tests. Our practice tests come with solutions included.
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Saville Assessment provide psychometric ability tests at most levels of position, and are known for their particular specification request. These tests include numerlca, verbal, abstract, mechanical and error checking. Given that Saville Assessment was founded under Peter Saville who also founded SHL, the tests are very similar. Saville Assesssment has tests with strong validity. We give a list here of the most commonly used Saville Assessment aptitude tests:
 - Verbal aptitude: Verbal reasoning tests will test your ability to understand and make logical deductions based on verbal/written data. Verbal psychometric tests used in selection usually take the form of a written passage followed by a series of questions with possible True, False or Cannot Say responses.
 - Numerical aptitude: The maths required in a numerical psychometric test is determined by the difficulty of GCSE level. The part required from you, is to interpret and figure out what calculation is required from the question, and under pressure of time. The topics are generally relevant to the workplace, meaning that the questions can be similar, and therefore realistic, to the role you are being recruited for.
 - Diagrammatic aptitude: Diagrammatic aptitude, oftentimes called inductive or abstract reasoning, involves noticing patterns as operations and applying them to diagrammatic situations. A candidate will typically be provided with a key and a set of diagrams and must fill in a missing operation in the sequence.
 - Error checking aptitude: Candidates will be provided with two sets of transposed data, with one set containing errors. These errors must be successfully identified by the candidate. Candidates will then be assessed on their ability to check and identify verbal, numerical and coding errors.
 - Spatial aptitude: Spatial aptitude is the ability to apply spatial judgement and visualise objects from multiple angles. These tests will assess candidates' ability to solve rotational and transformation problems, visualise objects and notice inconsistencies. This ability may be tested for positions requiring technical ability such as science and engineering.
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Saville Asssessment publish one of the most psychometrically valid personality questionnaires on the market, the Saville Wave ®. Their personality questionnaires assess personality and behavioural preferences in the workplace, and they generate a profile based on the self-reported data from the candidate themselves. These can be used to assess whether your personality is a good fit for the role being considered. Saville questionnaires include:
 - Wave ® Professional Styles: This 40 minute personality questionnaire gives an in-depth assessment of candidates' personality in the work place, providing a detailed report based on that profile, including strengths, areas for development and recommended culture-orientation fit.
 - Wave ® Focus Styles: The Focus styles is a shorter, 13 minute questionnaire, featuring the same questions as the professional styles, with the same objectives but with less questionnaire items.
Preparing for Saville Assessment psychometric tests
Saville Assessment have a dedicated webpage for test takers: Saville AssessmentThe company you are applying to should also be able to explain more about the test you will have to take.
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AssessmentDay and its products are not affiliated with Saville Assessment (formerly Saville Consulting) or Willis Towers Watson. Our practice tests are for candidates to prepare for Saville Assessment tests; we do not sell tests for employers to select candidates.


Question by Rajesh27 (20)
What do you feed to a baby rabbit?
Answer by cpxi (191)
A newborn baby rabbit should have its mother's milk. After weaning, it should have alfalfa and fresh produce such as kale.
Answer by cmunch (97)
Surprisingly enough, should be Kitten Milk or "Kitten Milk Replacer". You can get this at most every pet store or at veterinarian offices. Do not feed them any more than two times per day. Typically they should actually only be fed once per day, but the milk is just a replacement for the baby rabbit's mother's milk. So be careful.
Answer by tmstp6207 (43)
If the baby bunny is less than 4 weeks old, you can find kitten milk replacers at petstores or a vet. After 4 weeks old, they can be weaned.
Answer by cristiana (44)
give them milk powder MILUMIL 2, you prepare the recipe and give them a seringe (no needle of course) you take turns with his hands and put in his mouth the blunt plastic tip of the syringe and push the syringe plunger slightly and steadily Give them three times a day and gradually increase the ratio (milk to be warm)
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Synonyms Card Sort
Synonyms Card Sort
This card sort activity is intended for practice identifying pairs of synonyms. The five sets of cards contain 14 cards each. The student may work on the card sort
independently or with a partner.
*Note that there is often more than one synonym for a given word. Students should choose the best match from the cards provided.
Included in this material
 - 5 sets of synonym cards (7 pairs of synonyms per set), with card set number labeled on each card
 - Answer key
 - Recording sheet
Words Used in the Sorts
Set 1
: amazing/remarkable, boring/tiresome, crazy/foolish, happy/delighted, like/enjoy, quiet/calm, speak/talk
Set 2: assist/aid, beautiful/attractive, certain/sure, change/alter, interesting/fascinating, look/watch, love/adore
Set 3: emphasize/accentuate, excellent/superior, finish/complete, main/primary, new/recent, pleasant/agreeable, small/miniature
Set 4: basic/essential, choose/select, distant/remote, imagine/ponder, make/produce, perfect/flawless, regular/routine
Set 5: available/accessible, create/establish, describe/depict, discover/explore, distribute/disburse, equivalent/tantamount, severe/harsh
Using the Card Sorts
Before use, print, laminate, and cut the cards to be used.
1. Set out the heading card for the set being used (ex: Synonyms Set 1).
2. Choose a card and place it on the work surface. Take a second card and decide if it is
a synonym for the card already out. If so, place it next to the synonym. If not, place
the card below to create a column.
3. Continue until all cards are sorted, creating pairs of synonyms. If a child is unsure of
the meaning of a word, encourage the use of a dictionary (or thesaurus).
4. Check work with the answer key.
5. Record work in a language notebook or on the included recording sheet.
Extension Activity
If desired, have students do an extension after completing the card sort. To check their
understanding, have them write an additional synonym for several of the pairs of
synonyms matched, if possible. Have thesauruses available for use as resources!
Purchase this material now through TeachersPayTeachers or Teachers Notebook!
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A Day in the Life
We received a suggestion to write a post about what a typical day looks like for Zack and me.So what does our typical day look like? Honestly, our schedule varies every day. Some days we find ourselves buried in language learning activities, others meeting friends and local partners in the city, and others doing practical office type work. But most days include a blend of a lot of different things.
So here is a glimpse at what a typical weekday might look like while we are not taking language classes (maybe I'll do another post once we're back in language school)…
6:25: Jenn wakes up, packs the boys' lunches, gets breakfast going
7:00: Zack and the boys get up, get dressed
7:20: breakfast, devotions, prayer
8:00: boys walk to the bus station
8:00: watch the news (great language practice!)
9:00: work out
9:30: emails, office work
10:30: clean up, language learning time
12:00: this can vary: lunch, time in the city, appointments, errands, work stuff
2:50: leave to pick up the boys from school
3:15: back home, snacks, homework
From here, it can go a lot of different directions. Sometimes we have to eat dinner at 4:00 or 4:30 because of football practice, appointments in the city, or house church. Sometimes we relax a little, eat dinner later, and then do something as a family (play cards, read a chapter from a book, play Wii, watch a TV show, etc). The boys typically go to bed at 8:00 (Daniel) and 9:00 (William).
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text:
One of the things we'll often try to do is reduce the number of database queries. In Django, this is most often done by using the
select_related queryset method, which does a join to the related objects, thus returning the data from those, and then automatically creates the instances for those objects.
This works great if you have a foreign key relationship (for instance, you are fetching Employee objects, and you also want to fetch the Company for which they work).
Tt does not work if you are following the reverse of a foreign key, or a many-to-many relation. You can't
select_related to get all of the employee's locations at which she can work, for instance. In order to get around this, Django also provides a
prefetch_related queryset method, that will do a second query and fetch all of the related objects for all of the objects in the initial queryset. This is evaluated at the same time as the initial queryset, so works pretty well during pagination, for example.
But, we don't always want all of the objects: sometimes we might only want the most recent related object. Perhaps we have a queryset of Employee objects, and we want their most recent EmploymentPeriod. If we just want one field from that object (their start date, for instance), then we can do that using a subquery:
employment_start = EmploymentPeriod.objects.filter( employee=OuterRef('pk'), ).order_by('-start').values('start')[:1] employees = Employee.objects.filter( company=company, ).annotate( start_date=Subquery(employment_start) )
We can go a little bit further, and limit to only those currently employed (that is, they have no termination date, or their termination date is in the future).
employment_start = EmploymentPeriod.objects.filter( employee=OuterRef('pk'), ).filter( models.Q(finish__isnull=True) | models.Q(finish__gte=datetime.date.today()) ).order_by('-start').values('start')[:1] employees = Employee.objects.filter( company=company, ).filter( # New Django 3.0 feature alert! Exists(employment_start) ).annotate( start_date=Subquery(employment_start) )
We could rewrite this to remove the OR, perhaps by using a DateRange annotation and using an overlap: but we'd want to ensure there was an index on the table that postgres would be able to use. Alternatively, if we stored our employment period using a date range instead of a pair of date fields, but that makes some of the other queries around this a bit more complicated.
But this does not help us if we want to get the whole related object. We could try to use a
Prefetch object to obtain this:
Employee.objects.filter( company=company, ).prefetch(models.Prefetch( 'employment_periods', queryset=EmploymentPeriod.objects.order_by('-start')[:1], to_attr='current_employment_periods', ))
But this will not work: because the filtering to the employee's own employment periods is not applied until after the slice. We could do the ordering, and then just select the first one as the current employment period, but we would then still be returning a bunch of objects when we only need at most one.
It would be excellent if we could force django to join to a subquery (because then we could use
select_related), however that's not currently possible (or likely in the short term). Instead, we can turn our
EmploymentPeriod into a JSON object in tha database, and then turn that JSON object into an instance of our target model.
class ToJSONB(Subquery): template = '(SELECT to_jsonb("row") FROM (%(subquery)s) "row")' output_field = JSONField() current_employment_period = EmploymentPeriod.objects.filter( employee=OuterRef('pk') ).order_by('-start')[:1] employees = Employee.objects.filter( company=company ).annotate( current_employment_period=ToJSONB(current_employment_period) )
This gets us part of the way, as it turns our employment period into a JSON object. Let's try turning that JSON object into an instance:
class EmployeeQuerySet(models.query.QuerySet): def with_current_employment_period(self): current_employment_period = EmploymentPeriod.objects.filter( employee=OuterRef('pk') ).order_by('-start')[:1] return self.annotate( current_employment_period=ToJSONB(current_employment_period) ) class Employee(models.Model): # field definitions... objects = EmployeeQuerySet.as_manager() _USER_ def current_employment_period(self): return getattr(self, '_current_employment_period', None) _USER_.setter def current_employment_period(self, value): if value: self._current_employment_period = EmploymentPeriod(**value)
And now we can query and include the current employment period (as an instance), without having to have an extra query:
>>> Employee.objects.with_current_employment_period().current_employment_period
To improve this further, we could allow assigning an
EmploymentPeriod object to the value (instead of just the dict), and if that is the case, we could write that value to the database, but that's probably going to play havoc with constraints that would prevent overlaps.