What are the types of Dharma?
From the point of view of a restricted meaning, Dharma is of the following types.
1. Samanyadharma (Morality, qualities of the soul)
क्षमासत्यंदमःशौचंदानमिाqन्द्रयसंयमः ।
अहिंसागुरुशुश्रूषातीर्थानुसरणंदया ।।
आर्जवं लोभशून्यत्वंदेवब्राह्मणपूजनम् ।
अनभ्यसूयाचतथाधर्मःसामान्यउच्यते ।।
– Vishnudharmasutra, Adhyaya 2, Sutra 16, 17
Meaning : Samanyadharma includes mercy, truth, control over the mind, purity, offerings, control over the senses, non-violence,service unto the Guru, pilgrimage, compassion, honesty, absence of greed, honouring Deities and Brahmans and not criticising anyone.
2. Varnadharma (Dharma of a class)
Brahman (Priest),Kshatriya (Warrior), Vaishya (Businessman) and Shudra (labourer)are the four classes. Dharma applicable to the respective class is known Varnadharma.
3. Ashramdharma (Dharma according to stages of life)
Brahmacharyashram, Gruhasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sanyasashram are the four ashrams. This is limited to a particular stage of life.
4. Varnashramdharma (Dharma
according to the class and stages of life)
This is applicable to an individual of a particular class in a particular stage of life, for example, a Brahman in the stage of celibacy should use a staff made from the palas (Flame tree) and deerskin for a seat.
5. Gunadharma (Dharma according to the qualities)
This refers to the duty to be performed in accordance with the role one is playing or the position one is occupying, for example, the duty of a King is to nurture his subjects. The attributes of the five cosmic elements are also called gunadharma, for example, the gunadharma of water is coolness, liquidity, to flow from high to low area etc.
6. Apaddharma (Dharma in times of adversity)
This is expressed by the quote 'आपदिकर्तव्योधर्मः ।' which means, the code of Dharma that should be followed during a calamity. In the system of the four classes, each class is assigned duties as per Dharma.'Often due to unforeseen reasons such as Divine and earthly (spiritual or physical) crises, revolutions, famine, forcible migration etc., there is a sudden collapse in the system of classes, and it becomes impossible for people to perform karma prescribed according to their class. This hampers the means of their livelihood.Under such circumstances, according to an arrangement created by the Scriptures as an exception, an individual belonging to one class is allowed to accept the Dharma of the other classes. This arrangement is called Dharma in times of adversity.
7. Shroutadharma, Smartadharma and Shishtadharma
A. Shroutadharma (Shroutachar)
Shruti means the Vedas. Shroutadharma includes worship of Agni (Fire), performing Yadnyas (Sacrificial fires) such as Darshapurnamas and Somyag described in the Shrutis.
B. Smartadharma (Smartachar)
Smartadharma includes the rules and codes of conduct to be adopted by the classes and in the various stages of life as described in the Smrutis.
C. Shishtadharma (Shishtachar)
This incorporates the rules, the knowledge about which is acquired from the behaviour of renowned personalities from the society.
8. Stridharma (Dharma of a woman)
To a woman her husband is her God, companion and seat of refuge. A woman cannot progress spiritually without a husband. Truly, a husband is equivalent to God. A Woman should not listen to her husband and also the elders in the family as well when not following Vedic Dharma and when asking for unwholesome food during sickness.
9. Vyashti and samashti Dharma
Dharma is symptomatic in a dual way – pravrutti (Worldly life) and nivrutti (Renouncing the worldly life). Pravrutti Dharma can be the attribute of a Nation. Here both vyashti(Individual) and samashti(For the sake of society) conditions are given due consideration. This consideration in itself is the relativity. Nivrutti Dharma is related only to vyashti. Hence, non-violence can be the Dharma of vyashti since staying away from day-to-day activities is a major part of spiritual practice therein. But this is not the case with a Nation. In this case, it is all about activities on a day-to-day basis. In such a case, presence of Brahmatej (Radiance of knowledge) and Kshatratej (Radiance of a warrior) are required. As a result, in these activities the non-violence that destroys the Truth is avoided, meaning, in that situation the violence itself becomes non-violence (Dharma) and the activities in which the Truth destroys the non-violence, are to be avoided. While avoiding such activities untruth becomes Truth. – H.H. Kane Maharaj, Narayangaon, District Pune, Maharashtra.
10. Rashtradharma (also known as Samashti Dharma)
The spiritual practice of putting in efforts for the elevation of the Nation is Rashtradharma. Information on Rashtradharma is given in the Holy text by Sanatan Sanstha on the topic of establishing a Divine Kingdom.
Reference : Sanatan's Holy text 'Fundamental analysis of Dharma'
Reproduced with permission from _URL_
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Motion denoising with application to time-lapse photography
Author(s)Rubinstein, Michael; Liu, Ce; Sand, Peter; Durand, Fredo; Freeman, William T.
MetadataShow full item record
Motions can occur over both short and long time scales. We introduce motion denoising, which treats short-term changes as noise, long-term changes as signal, and re-renders a video to reveal the underlying long-term events. We demonstrate motion denoising for time-lapse videos. One of the characteristics of traditional time-lapse imagery is stylized jerkiness, where short-term changes in the scene appear as small and annoying jitters in the video, often obfuscating the underlying temporal events of interest. We apply motion denoising for resynthesizing time-lapse videos showing the long-term evolution of a scene with jerky short-term changes removed. We show that existing filtering approaches are often incapable of achieving this task, and present a novel computational approach to denoise motion without explicit motion analysis. We demonstrate promising experimental results on a set of challenging time-lapse sequences.
DepartmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Rubinstein, Michael, Ce Liu, Peter Sand, Fredo Durand, and William T. Freeman. "Motion Denoising with Application to Time-Lapse Photography." CVPR 2011 (n.d.).
Author's final manuscript

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
From Our 2008 Archives
Corneal Transplants Can Carry Infection Risk
Latest Eyesight News
TUESDAY, Feb. 12 (HealthDay News) -- People who donate corneas are giving the gift of sight, but they may also be passing along a serious infection to the recipients, a new study finds.
This infection, called endophthalmitis, most commonly comes from donors who die in a hospital or had cancer, according to the report in the February issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology. Endophthalmitis is a rare but serious complication of corneal transplant surgery and can result in loss of vision or blindness in the affected eye.
"A national study over a decade showed that serious infection with endophthalmitis, after corneal transplant surgery, is uncommonly reported, but can be caused by a range of microbes, including bacteria and fungi," said study co-author Dr. Kirk R. Wilhelmus, a professor of ophthalmology at Baylor University College of Medicine in Houston. "The chance for infection is higher if eye tissue donations came from decedent donors who died in the hospital or with advanced cancer," he added.
For the study, the researchers used data from a registry that collected information on cases of eye infection after transplants done between 1994 and 2003. Over the 10 years, eye banks distributed 340,174 corneas in the United States and 109,009 in other countries. There were a total of 162 cases of endophthalmitis reported during that time.
The odds that someone was infected by a donor who had been hospitalized were three times greater when compared with a recipient who was not infected. Moreover, getting an infection was substantially more likely if the donor had died from cancer, the researchers found.
Although infections are rare, they do occur, and may be due to infections picked up in the hospital. "Donor tissue can harbor microorganisms that can persist despite antiseptics, sterile procedures, and antibiotics," Wilhelmus said.
Still, corneal transplant surgery is largely a safe and effective procedure, but infection is possible Wilhelmus said. "Eye banking procedures appropriately include quality control procedures for screening potential donors," he said.
To reduce the risk of infection, donors who had blood or other infections are often not allowed to donate corneas. Also, antiseptic tools are used when removing the cornea from the donor and preserving it before transplant.
One expert thinks that because the risk of infection is so small, patients should not fear having corneal transplant surgery.
"The number of infections is very small," said Dr. Joel Sugar, a professor of ophthalmology and visual science at the University of Illinois at Chicago Eye Center and author of an accompanying editorial in the journal. "The Eye Bank Association of America has a very stringent and effective system for reporting such cases."
People who die in hospitals or from cancer make up the largest number of cornea donors, Sugar noted.
"To eliminate those categories for this low-risk event does not make sense. It does highlight, however, the ongoing need to be vigilant in looking for risk factors for infections and doing everything we can to reduce the frequency of infections, even though they are exceedingly small," he said.
Another report in the same issue of the journal concludes that older white people are more likely to develop advanced forms of age-related macular degeneration than black people.
In the study, Dr. Susan B. Bressler, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and colleagues found that whites 65 and older were more likely to have advanced macular degeneration than blacks -- 1.7 percent versus 1.1 percent, respectively.
What's more, a form of macular degeneration called geographic atrophy was more common among whites than blacks -- 1.8 percent compared to 0.3 percent, the researchers found.
"Such data strongly suggest that white individuals are more likely to progress to advanced vision-disabling age-related macular degeneration (certainly to geographic atrophy) than black individuals," Bressler's team concluded. The researchers also suggested that blacks may have a mechanism that protects them from age-related macular degeneration and other eye problems.
SOURCES: Kirk R. Wilhelmus, M.D., Ph.D., professor, ophthalmology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston; Joel Sugar, M.D., professor, ophthalmology and visual science, University of Illinois at Chicago Eye Center; February 2008 Archives of Ophthalmology
Copyright © 2008 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Indicators of Progress
Our progress toward a just and sustainable community creates shifts or changes in four areas:
- Shifts in Collective Identity and Action: Social change has begun when groups are able to impact the political and economic decisions that affect their lives. Collective identity and action demonstrates a community's voice and power. Headwaters looks to organizations to engage community members and deepen and strengthen their involvement in community affairs.
- Shift in Engagement and Sustained Interaction: Lasting change requires having the power and the unified organized force to shift political and social agendas. To demonstrate these shifts Headwaters supports collaborative and collective efforts that unite and expand social agendas.
- Shifts in Institutions and Policy: Progress toward social change can be observed in changes in rules, laws and practices. To bring about social change Headwaters supports efforts to change, reform and transform existing policies and institutions.
- Shift in definitions or framing of issue: Transformative change comes about when our society understands and acts within a new paradigm or worldview. To bring this about, Headwaters supports organizations that are shifting cultural beliefs, norms, traditions and practices that shape political meaning.


Geothermal Energy in Mexico: new plant in Puebla with 50 MW
Mexico ranks third worldwide in geothermal energy generation with 959 megawatts, just behind the United States and the Philippines. In Mexico there are geothermal power plants in Baja California, Coahuila, Puebla, Michoacan and Jalisco.
This year will open the geothermal energy plant Los Sumeros in the state of Puebla, which is a project that has been working for the past year the federation and the state.
In this regard the Secretary Federal Energy (Sener), Jordi Herrera Flores, said that one of the renewable energy resources in Mexico is geothermal energy, and the state of Puebla has the conditions necessary to exploit this resource to generate renewable energy.
Los Sumeros geothermal energy plant will be achieved up to 50 megawatts of power, which is a normal scale in this type of technology, so the state will seek to support more resources to complete the power plant as soon as possible.
It should be noted that geothermal energy is provided by the heat of the earth and is generated through a variety of factors, which, according to federal officials, Puebla has the necessary conditions for obtaining the resource.
By José Santamarta,


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Parenthood is good for your health.
That's one way of looking at the data in a new study that compares death rates among couples with and without children. After examining data on more than 21,276 Danish couples who tried to get pregnant, researchers calculated that women who gave birth to a child were four times more likely to be alive at the end of the study period compared with women who remained childless. The benefit to men was smaller but still significant — those who fathered children were twice as likely to be alive compared with men who remained childless.
The couples in the study all sought treatment for infertility; some of those who didn't get pregnant using in vitro fertilization went on to adopt children. These parents also seemed to get a health boost — the mothers in this group were 33% less likely to die compared with women who never had children, and the adoptive fathers were 45% less likely to die.
Previous studies have found a correlation between parenthood and mortality, with the lowest risk of premature death going to couples with two kids. (Of course, everyone has a 100% risk of death in the long run.) But none of this data prove that raising kids is responsible for a longer life.
The authors of the new study, published Wednesday in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, also noted that these data offer a better look at the link between parenthood and health because all of the parents in the study wanted to become parents — that's why they tried fertility treatments. In other studies, it was possible that childless couples were fundamentally different from parents in ways that influenced their health.
The study also examined the link between parenthood and mental health. It found that couples with their own biological children had the same rates of psychiatric illnesses as childless couples. But mothers and fathers of adopted children saw their risk drop by about half.
Return to the Booster Shots blog.
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At its core, the Assessment package defines a hierarchical container model of a "survey", "questionnaire" or "form". This approach not only follows the precedent of existing work; it also makes excellent sense and no one has come up with a better idea.
We choose the terms Assessment-Sections-Items-Choices over Surveys-Sectdions-Questions-Choices partly to reduce naming clashes during the transition from Survey/Questionnaire packages, but mostly because these terms are more general and thus suit the broader applicability intended for this package.
As is the custom in the OpenACS framework, all RDBMS tables in the package will be prepended with "as_" to prevent further prefent naming clashes. Judicious use of namespaces will also be made in keeping with current OpenACS best practice.
Several of the Metadata entities have direct counterparts in the Data-related partition of the data model. Some standards (notably CDISC) rigorously name all metadata entities with a "_def" suffix and all data entities with a "_data" suffix -- thus "as_item_def" and "as_item_data" tables in our case. We think this is overkill since there are far more metadata entities than data entities and in only a few cases do distinctions between the two become important. In those cases, we will add the "_data" suffix to data entities to make this difference clear.
A final general point (that we revisit for specific entities below): the Assessment package data model exercises the Content Repository (CR) in the OpenACS framework heavily. In fact, this use of the CR for most important entities represents one of the main advances of this package compared to the earlier versions. The decision to use the CR is partly driven by the universal need for versioning and reuse within the functional requirements, and partly by the fact that the CR has become "the Right Way" to build OpenACS systems. Note that one implication of this is that we can't use a couple column names in our derived tables because of naming clashes with columns in cr_items and cr_revisions: title and description. Furthermore we can handle versioning and internationalization through the CR.
Synopsis of The Data Model
Here's a detailed summary view of the entities in the Assessment package. Note that in addition to the partitioning of the entities between Metadata Elements and Collected Data Elements, we identify the various subsystems in the package that perform basic functions.
We discuss the following stuff in detail through the subsequent pages, and we use a sort of "bird's eye view" of this global graphic to keep the schema for each subsystem in perspective while homing in on the relevant detail. Here's a brief introduction to each of these section
Data Modell Graphic


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Flounder, Witch – Iceland
Witch Flounder is a species of flatfish found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In Iceland, Witch Flounder is mostly found along the southern and southwest coasts and is rare in other parts of the country. These flatfish can live up to 30 years and have relatively slow growth rates.
The overall abundance of Witch Flounder in Iceland is at intermediate levels, but the population has declined in recent years and appears to be overfished.
Danish seine nets are mainly used to catch Icelandic Witch Flounder with catches spread evenly throughout the year. There is some bycatch of juvenile fish, but there are measures in place to reduce the bycatch in the fishery.


At a Glance
Sustainability is integrated into a luxury resort's infrastructure and new construction, creating a unique, eco-friendly vacation destination while improving the local ecology and reducing maintenance costs.
Project Description
The redevelopment of the Dorado Beach Resort, a high-end community of over 300 homes and several hotel buildings slated to be renovated or razed, presented an opportunity to improve the property's functionality, reduce operating costs, and build upon the legacy of the resort's original builder, conservationist Laurence S. Rockefeller.
As a member of the design team, Biohabitats examined the potential to enhance the project by implementing a wide range of environmental strategies. These strategies would not only create a more environmentally sensitive travel destination, but transform the way visitors think about sustainable infrastructure.
Biohabitats assessed opportunities for new and ugraded infrastructure plans, including two new hotels and a renovated environmental education center. Biohabitats identified opportunities to improve system functionality, reduce operational and maintenance costs, and provide watershed protection. Concepts were detailed in an Environmental Opportunities Memorandum, which also outlined key principles and tools needed to integrate the concepts into the redevelopment. Key principles included energy efficient design, site drainage improvements, and sustainable wastewater and stormwater management.
Given that water was one of the most valuable long-term resources available to the site, Biohabitats recommended a Water Balance that would consider: beneficial reuse and stormwater harvesting; season-specific and landscape-specific water use; precision; integrated green design; integrated phasing; and flexibility. Biohabitats also provided recommendations for alternative wastewater management and irrigation practices, drainage infrastructure plans and landscape management practices. Specific recommendations included implementation of rain harvesting systems, rain gardens, naturalized swales, and vegetated strips.
Expertise Areas
Climate Change, Coastal, Conservation, Infrastructure, Water
Caribbean Property Group
San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States


Gradient Backgrounds for Fields
To create a gradient background in your Text Fields and Text Areas, you will need to use an online tool to create a gradient.png file and then add it to our style.
Adding Gradient Backgrounds to Fields
 1. First create the gradient background file. You can create a gradient using any tool you would like. The resulting image should be about 4 x 10 pixels. If you would like to use an online tool, go to this website ( Under the first option "design.your backgrounds," select Gradient from the Background-style dropdown menu. Choose the colors for Gradient from and Gradient to dropdowns. The tool will update the sample form so you can see what the gradient will look like in real time.
A Webtool Dialog to Generate a Background Gradient Image
When you have found an appropriate looking gradient, you can click on the blue Your Image button in the right column. Save the image.
 1. Next, save the gradient to your web server. In order to use the gradient image in your DataPages you will need to host the image on your web server so it can be referenced. Upload the image to your server and note the URL because you will need it later.
 2. Next, update your DataPage Style. Navigate to the Styles listing, select the style of your DataPage and click Edit.
 3. Click the Source tab and select the Forms/Details section, Fields option.
 4. Add the following line of CSS code to both the first and second object:
background: url(Gradient URL) repeat-x _TAG_;
Replace "Gradient URL" with the address of the gradient image from step 2.
If your Gradient does not go to white then you will need to replace _TAG_ with the "Gradient to" color from step one.
 1. You can preview the gradient by clicking Preview near the lower right hand corner of the Style wizard. Click Save to save your Style.


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Reformų valdymo problemos.
The problems of managing of public service reforms are analysed in this article. It is mentioned that the public service reforms are necessary to be made constantly and this process differs only in context, size and term of implementation of the reforms. The experience of different countries is examined and the ways how to use this experience in managing the public service reforms in Lithuania are determined. Great attention is paid to the key management issues: the context of the reforms and management dimensions. The role and functions of the lead agency responsible for the reforms implementation and line ministries are discussed as well. The requirements to the personnel especially to the leader of the core group are examined too. It is mentioned that these requirements are different when goals and strategy of any reform is creating if compared them when reforms are implemented. On the basis of the foreign countries experience mentioned above in managing of public service reforms the conclusions and suggestions how to carry out these reforms in Lithuania are formulated.
- Articles / Straipsniai


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- nail (n.)
- Old English negel "metal pin," nægl "fingernail (handnægl), toenail," from Proto-Germanic *naglaz (cf. Old Norse nagl "fingernail," nagli "metal nail;" Old Saxon and Old High German nagel, Old Frisian neil, Middle Dutch naghel, Dutch nagel, German Nagel "fingernail, small metal spike"), from PIE root *(o)nogh "nail" (cf. Greek onyx "claw, fingernail;" Latin unguis "nail, claw;" Old Church Slavonic noga "foot," noguti "nail, claw;" Lithuanian naga "hoof," nagutis "fingernail;" Old Irish ingen, Old Welsh eguin "nail, claw").
The "fingernail" sense seems to be the original one. Nail polish attested from 1891. To bite one's nails as a sign of anxiety is attested from 1570s. Nail-biting is from 1805. Hard as nails is from 1828. To hit the nail on the head "say or do just the right thing" is first recorded 1520s. Phrase on the nail "on the spot, exactly" is from 1590s, of obscure origin; OED says it is not even certain it belongs to this sense of nail.
- nail (v.)
- Old English næglian "to fasten with nails," from Proto-Germanic *ganaglijanan (cf. Old Saxon neglian, Old Norse negla, Old High German negilen, German nageln, Gothic ganagljan "to nail"), from the root of nail (n.). Related: Nailed; nailing. Meaning "to catch, seize" is first recorded 1766, probably from earlier sense "to keep fixed in a certain position" (1610s). Meaning "to succeed in hitting" is from 1886. To nail down "to fix down with nails" is from 1660s.


Loading Paper in Tray 1 and Tray 2
The procedure when loading paper in Tray 1 is used as an example, and the same procedure applies to Tray 2 (optional).
 1. Pull the paper cassette out.
 2. Slide the paper guide to the width of paper to be loaded.
 3. Slide the paper stopper to the length of paper to be loaded.
 4. Fan a stack of paper well, and then align the edges of the paper.
 5. Load paper with the print side face down.
 Do not load paper above the "" mark on the paper guide.
 6. Secure the loaded paper with the paper guide.
 7. Push the paper cassette until it stops.
 8. Press [Device Settings] on the touch panel.
 9. Press [Paper Setup].
 10. Press the tray in which paper is loaded.
 11. Set [Paper Size], [Media Type], and [Media Weight].
 12. Press [Back] until the home screen is displayed.


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Table of Contents
Here you can find ml to grams buttermilk.
No matter if you have been looking for ml in grams buttermilk or ml in g buttermilk, this is the right page for you.
The result of the conversion depends on the exact kind of buttermilk under consideration.
The answer to the question x ml buttermilk is how many grams also varies with the pressure and the temperature.
Read on below to understand everything about milliliters of buttermilk to grams.
Convert mL to Grams Buttermilk
To convert ml to grams buttermilk, besides the volume we have to know the buttermilk's density ρ in g/cm3 or in any other unit.
Here we assume the density to be 1.04 g/cm3, which is the average value for buttermilk.
So, the conversion ml to grams buttermilk is:
- 1 milliliter to grams buttermilk = 1.04 g
- 2 milliliters to grams buttermilk = 2.08 g
- 3 milliliters to grams buttermilk = 3.12 g
- 10 ml to gram buttermilk = 10.4 g
- 50 ml to gram buttermilk = 52 g
- 100 ml to grams buttermilk = 104 g
- 200 ml to grams buttermilk = 208 g
But what about other quantities of buttermilk?
A few lines further up you can calculate the mass equivalent of ml of buttermilk for any volume by using our converter which changes ml to g for buttermilk with a ρ of 1.04 g/ml.
If you have buttermilk with a different density, then simply change the value for ρ accordingly.
Buttermilk mL to Grams
As said before, here we have calculated ml in grams buttermilk using the average density of 1.04 g/cm3 which is equal to 1.04 g/ml.
Make sure to understand that the values above are averages for buttermilk.
If you think our approximation is not precise enough, try to figure out the density of your buttermilk using a search engine if you can't find the information on the packaging.
Depending on the quality or the kind of your buttermilk, as well as other factors explained on our homepage, there can be more or less grams in ml buttermilk.
We have explained all this in detail in our article ml to grams, where you can also find additional information related to milliliter to gram buttermilk such as mass, volume, liter and kilogram.
Besides buttermilk ml to grams, similar conversions on this website include:
This concludes our conversion ml to grams buttermilk.
We hope you like our article and hit the sharing buttons for buttermilk ml to g.
All questions and comments are really appreciated.
Thanks for your visit on mltograms.com!– Article written by Mark


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Snapper, Lane – Hook & line
Lane Snapper are found in the Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina and Bermuda to southern Brazil, and throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region. They reach a maximum size of 60 cm and can live for 19 years.Lane Snapper spawn offshore during summer and can produce hundreds of thousands of eggs.
The abundance of Lane Snapper in the US South Atlantic and Caribbean region is currently unknown. They are caught with a variety of fishing gears including hook and line, which causes little damage to the seafloor and results in little bycatch.
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


Google Analytics Tracking for Adobe Flash
The Google Analytics Tracking for Adobe Flash component makes it easy for you to implement Google Analytics in your Flash-driven content. This component, developed by Adobe Systems, Inc., contains all of the functionality of the Google Analytics Javascript code. The Flash Tracking component is a compiled tracking object native to ActionScript 3, making Analytics implementation intuitive in Flash, and Flex development environments.
Why Use Flash Tracking?
Without the Google Analytics Tracking for Adobe Flash component, tracking Adobe Flash content with Google Analytics involves a number of technical hurdles. First, you must develop a custom interface to ga.js so that your Flash application can execute the appropriate Analytics method, such as trackPageview() or trackEvent(). In addition, you must also anticipate whether your Flash content will have access to the browser Document Object Model (DOM), since tracking fails for those objects where access to the DOM is denied (typically when your content resides on 3rd party sites). This involves understanding how to use the ExternalInterface call in ActionScript 3 to access the browser DOM and to degrade when access is denied.
The Google Analytics for Adobe Flash component simplifies tracking your Flash content and handles DOM access gracefully. It is useful for a number of common tracking purposes in Flash, such as: :
 - an embedded Flash widget on an HTML page
 - a standalone Flex application or Flash-only site hosted on an HTML page
 - a distributed Flex/Flash game or program where the developer has no control over where the widget will be placed
Keep in mind that tracking applications in Flash has some structural variations from tracking website pages. Familiarity with Analytics Tracking is essential to understanding how this plug-in works. You can also view the Design Documentation for this project for detailed information on how the Analytics Tracking model has been ported over for this component.
Supported Development Environments
You can develop Analytics Tracking for Flash in either Adobe Flash or Adobe Flex environments. Each environment requires a different component, which you can download from These components are based on ActionScript 3 and can be set up in one of two ways for each environment:
In Adobe Flash
 - Add and configure a simple component in the component inspector and drag it to the stage.
 - Import the Flash Tracking libraries directly into your library and start coding.
In Adobe Flex
 - Include an MXML component that you configure from am MXML file.
 - Import the Flash Tracking libraries into your script tags/AS3 files.
How Does the Component Work?
In order to use the Flash tracking component in your environment, you either use the visual tools inside Flash, or you set up the tracking object directly in your code. Regardless of whether you are setting up the component visually or via code, you provide the following elements:
 - the web property ID—This is also known as the UA number of your tracking code and looks like UA-xxxxx-yy, where the x's and y's are replaced with the numbers that correspond to your account and view (profile) information for the object you are tracking. See Web Property for more information.
 - the tracking mode—Choose either bridge mode or AS3 mode. This mode determines how your tracking communicates with the Analytics servers and is described in detail below.
 - the debugging mode—No matter which environment or tracking mode you use, you can turn debugging on to validate and test your tracking.
Tracking Modes
Depending upon on how you distribute your Flash content, the Analytics for Flash component communicates to the Analytics servers either by bridging the communication between the Flash content on an existing Analytics tracking installation, or by communicating directly to the Analytics servers. These two modes are called bridge mode and AS3 mode, respectively. Both modes use the same Analytics tracking functionality, and it's easy to switch your Flash application from one mode to the other. In addition to choosing a communication mode for Analytics tracking, you can also use a debug mode to troubleshoot or validate your tracking.
In either mode, allowscriptaccess must equal always in order for campaign tracking to work. This parameter turns on read access to the page's URL and referrer information required by the Flash tracking code. Without allowscriptaccess, the Analytics tracking code degrades gracefully. It still provides most user activity data, but will not confirm to the Google Analytics campaign attribution model.
Bridge Mode
Use this mode if you control both the HTML page and the Flash content. This mode is best if you have already implemented Google Analytics (ga.js) tracking on your website and you want to add tracking to embedded Flash content. The bridge mode simplifies Flash-to-JavaScript communication by providing a unified ActionScript 3 interface to the ga.js code. It provides the connection from the ActionScript 3 calls to the Analytics JavaScript in order to make the tracking work.
The connection to the Google Analytics Tracking Code can be configured through the web property ID parameter in one of two ways:
 - Most common method. The Google Analytics Tracking Code object already exists on your page with its own name, such as pageTracker. In this case, you provide the full DOM reference to the tracking object. For example, if your object is called pageTracker, you would reference that object in your code as window.pageTracker. For example, the following code snippet illustrates how this would be configured using the Adobe Flex environment with ActionScript 3:
 tracker = new GATracker( this, "window.pageTracker", "Bridge", false );
 - Alternate method. If you have not created a page tracking object on your page, you can simply pass in your web property ID, and a JavaScript tracking code object will be created for you. With this method, reference to the base ga.js javascript source file is still required on your HTML page. The following code snippet illustrates how this would be configured using the Adobe Flex environment with ActionScript 3:
 tracker = new GATracker( this, "UA-12345-22", "Bridge", false );
In order for bridge mode to function correctly, ExternalInterface.available must be set to true in your ActionScript 3 code. This also means that allowScriptAccess should be set to always in the HTML page that embeds the Flash content. The following example illustrates HTML code configured for bridge mode:
 id="flex_component" width="800" height="600"


How Medical Affairs Teams Need to Adapt to COVID-19
COVID-19 will cause acute strain on medical affairs in the short term, but longer-term planning is also needed to ensure that teams can remain in the more visible role that customers are demanding, writes Sarah Jarvis.
With the coronavirus now a pandemic, medical affairs leaders are being asked to increase support of patients, physicians and other groups within their own companies. While the role of medical teams in most companies has expanded significantly over the past five to 10 years, this pandemic will put additional critical responsibilities on key roles within medical affairs. In some cases, responsibilities are more numerous, in others they're new and unique. While in the short term this may cause acute strain, longer-term planning is desperately needed across most of the industry to ensure that medical teams can remain in the more visible role that customers are increasingly demanding. Here are the three areas that can provide the most help.
Medical information
If your company hasn't already felt the additional strain on its medical info call center, it's likely coming soon. In a recent global survey of patients and physicians from the market research company M3, keeping people informed is cited as the most effective way to contain the spread of the virus.1 From patients to caregivers to physicians and payers, medical information groups are called on to respond to all sorts of inquiries, whether onor off-label, to educate customers (rather than promoting to them). Companies involved in the response to COVID-19 have likely already experienced a significant increase in inquiries and are in close contact with their corporate communications teams. For many others, the uptick in inquiries has probably just begun. They're fielding questions about access to medicines and off-label uses because of delayed or missed medication. Such interruptions could be caused by supply chain issues, limited access to physicians' offices or, in some cases, concerns about immunosuppression. For example, should cancer or other immunosuppressed patients go into infusion centers for treatment?
In the short term, companies need to ensure that they have enough qualified people to answer questions quickly and effectively. In times of crisis, a delayed response is not acceptable, and the standards for what's considered "delayed" are much stricter. To prepare, consider these key questions:
1. Do you have enough people to respond to inquiries?
2. What's your response time? Typical 24- to 48-hour response times are not likely acceptable now.
3. Do those on the front lines know how to respond? With patients or caregivers, this may take some additional guidance and training, but even beyond fostering a more empathetic approach there will likely be new questions that aren't part of current FAQs: for example, "If I'm on drugs A and B but B isn't available, what should I do?" or "My patient is at high risk for contracting COVID-19, so should I delay, decrease or stop his medication?"
4. Can others help fill current gaps? Bringing field medical MSL roles in for on-call support, especially as their in-person presence is limited right now, could be a win-win situation. Medical directors and other internal roles can help in real time or in preparation by developing new FAQs or standard response letters around hypothesized and real questions. For certain medicines, companies may even consider outreach to FDA, EMA or governmental bodies to create more standardized outreach to physicians and patients with specific guidance.
5. Are there other groups, like corporate communications, patient advocacy or patient access groups-that should centralize responses through medical information teams?
Longer-term, medical affairs groups should rethink how customer engagement works within their organizations. Some organizations have centralized customer engagement roles-such as field medical and medical information teams-under the same leadership, but most don't. We believe that the COVID-19 worldwide response to telemedicine2 will be the catalyst that changes how many consumers approach education and information consumption for good. Medical teams that adapt with new ways of working will succeed. Whether this is with medical information and field medical teams working hand in hand or under the same leadership, it will be vital for these groups to change together to meet customer needs.
Customer engagement via field medical
Companies across the globe are shifting to non-personal engagements. Field medical engagements are inherently different from customer conversations with commercial sales reps. MSLs will schedule 25- to 30-minute meetings with HCPs while reps drop by for less than two minutes on average. We don't yet have data on the impact of COVID-19 and the result on MSL vs. sales rep access. Almost no one is continuing in-person outreach, and there will be decreased access. This will likely be felt disproportionately on the commercial side. We've already seen this play out in recent years3 with sales rep to MSL ratios lowering from 10:1 in 2014 to 8:1 in 2018.
In the short term, MSLs will likely have more time on their hands. How should they best spend that time?
- Support other functions where their expertise can be used. For example, this could include medical information teams, as noted above.
- Shift coverage to support other therapeutic area MSLs. While some therapeutic areas might be called upon less in the short term, others-like MSLs in respiratory-may need much more support. This is a great time to cross-train and upskill across companies with multiple therapy areas.
- Train for soft skills and business acumen. This is a lingering to-do item on the lists of most field medical leaders, but it's always deprioritized because of customer demand. Now might be the time to revisit this goal. How to operate virtually has long been a training need for medical teams. While we're all getting a crash course, it would be smart to invest in how to do it well.
In the long term, find new ways for medical information and field medical teams (along with other non-medical roles) to work together and meet customer needs. Doing so in the ways that customers demand will involve lots of work by a diverse set of cross-functional groups from within medical teams, commercial teams, IT and many others.
Congresses and conferences for data dissemination
Upcoming meetings that have been central to medical and clinical data dissemination and engagement are also being delayed or cancelled. More than 50 national or regional meetings4 have been cancelled or postponed, or they'll go virtual. As a result, companies are taking a hard look at new options for disseminating scientific information.
In the short term, most companies are going to struggle. Few are set up to ensure easy access to new data outside of one-on-one engagement or through conference venues. We need to act quickly to prioritize outreach during escalating asks on the physician community. This will require coordinated efforts. We'll need to ask some tough questions about scientific exchange that will challenge metrics and goals that were put in place before this new reality.
In the long term, companies should rethink their data dissemination strategies on a broader scale. This will require thinking beyond traditional medical communication and publication roles and, ideally, pulling in experts in social media and adult education. Some companies have already started investing in this type of expertise in productive, if non-traditional, ways.
These are just three examples of where medical teams may be asked to quickly step up in the coming weeks. There will be many functions that medical teams will be called on to contribute to, like clinical trial support, advisory boards, etc. Medical teams should take a leadership role in this crisis. They can shape the short-term response that will ensure longer-term requests for more or different resources. Medical teams rising to this occasion will have an incredible impact on customers, caregivers and patients in this difficult time.
Sarah Jarvis is a principal at ZS and global lead on medical affairs consulting.


Why you should never let your pet into your bed
And a few other pet hygiene faux pas...
dog bed sleep
Stella StellaGetty Images
How often do you wash your pet? According to a new survey, for a third of British cat and dog owners, the answer is never.
The research by Animalfriends.co.uk also discovered that a quarter of owners don't wash their pets' food and water bowls on a regular basis. And, perhaps more surprisingly, they found that 18% of owners let their animals eat food from family plates, with 32% finding pet hairs in their meals.
The results, found from a poll of 2,000 cat or dog owners, also showed that nearly half of Brits (46%) are happy to let their pet share a bed with them. This is not only unhygienic but potentially harmful to our health.
Animals can carry and spread stomach bugs like salmonella, and can infect us with parasites, fungal infections, tapeworm, roundworm and some superbugs.
The US-based Centers for Disease Control has summarised the dangers of sharing a bed with your dog. The lead author of their report Bruno Chomel, a professor at the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, says that people who sleep with their pets can acquire so-called zoonotic diseases (meaning diseases that come from other animals).
But there is one part of the country which is a worse offender than any other in terms of pet hygiene. This is Chelmsford, where 46% of owners admitted to never washing their pets and 12% claim they've been told their house'smells of dog'.
'Many people will only remember to wash their pet's bedding if it's visibly dirty or smells, however, as pointed out in our survey, many pet owners get used to the smell of their animals,' Westley Pearson, managing director from Animalfriends.co.uk said. 'It's advisable to wash your pet's beds as often as you change your own bedding.
'As for your pet's food bowls, these should be washed daily to keep the germs at bay to protect both you and your pet. You wouldn't eat your dinner on a dirty plate, so why should your dog?'
We are sure that you take the bast care of your family pets but, when it comes to hygiene, there's no harm in a gentle reminder for those who perhaps let things slip.
(All images from Getty)
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In times of grief, organizing a funeral can pose a significant challenge, both emotionally and financially. If you happen to be in California, specifically Los Angeles, you might ask, "how much is a funeral in California?" In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of expenses associated with funerals in the Golden State, with a special emphasis on Los Angeles.
How Much is a Funeral in California
Funeral Expenses in California
Funeral costs exhibit notable variations based on multiple factors, including location, service type, and individual preferences. On average, a funeral in California typically ranges from $7,000 to $12,000 or more. This comprehensive figure encompasses crucial elements like the acquisition of a casket, embalming services, and professional fees. Although, there are services like direct cremation that can be much less expensive, and take much less planning.
Geographic Considerations: California's elevated cost of living often reflects in funeral expenses. Major urban centers like Los Angeles often feature higher funeral costs compared to rural areas.
Funeral Services in Los Angeles
As one of the largest and most densely populated cities in the United States, Los Angeles has its unique considerations when it comes to funeral expenses.
- Funeral Homes in Los Angeles: The city boasts a range of funeral homes, each offering diverse services and pricing structures. Some funeral homes cater to specific cultural or religious needs, which can influence costs. For instance, regions with a higher concentration of cultural communities may have distinct pricing models.
- Cemetery Expenses: The choice of cemetery can substantially affect overall funeral costs. In Los Angeles, numerous cemeteries have their own pricing structures. Some may offer scenic views, while others carry historical significance. These factors can impact the overall cost.
Los Angeles Funeral Costs
When looking into funeral expenses in Los Angeles, you may come across related topics that provide detailed information:
- Los Angeles Funeral Homes: Different funeral homes in Los Angeles offer varying services and pricing. Thorough research and comparisons are essential to find an option that aligns with your needs and budget.
- Los Angeles Cremation Services: Cremation, an alternative to traditional burial, may involve different cost dynamics. Los Angeles has numerous cremation providers; researching their pricing can aid informed decision-making.
- Los Angeles Burial Expenses: If you opt for burial, understanding the costs associated with acquiring a cemetery plot in Los Angeles is crucial. Costs can vary depending on location and cemetery.
Factors Impacting Funeral Costs in California
- Individual choices play a significant role in funeral expenses. Whether you opt for a traditional burial, cremation, or an eco-conscious burial can affect overall costs. Additionally, decisions regarding the choice of casket, funeral service arrangements, and memorial items can contribute to expenses.
Location and Cemetery Selection:
- As mentioned earlier, location and the choice of cemetery can significantly influence costs. In Los Angeles, renowned cemeteries may command higher prices due to their prestige and limited availability.
- Funeral expenses encompass various fees, including professional services, transportation, and permits. Comprehensive inquiry about potential expenses during funeral planning is essential to prevent unexpected financial burdens.
Funeral Planning in Los Angeles & California
To alleviate the financial burden of a funeral, consider pre-planning or pre-paying for arrangements. Many Los Angeles funeral homes (including Clarity) offer pre-planning options that allow you to lock in today's prices, ensuring your preferences are met when the time comes.
Cultural and Personalized Funerals in California
Los Angeles is known for its cultural diversity, and this diversity often leads to personalized and unique funeral ceremonies that celebrate an individual's life in various ways. Different communities may have distinct funeral customs and preferences, which can influence the type of service and associated costs.
- Cultural Traditions: Various cultural communities in Los Angeles have their own ways of honoring and remembering the deceased. These traditions can range from music and dance performances to specific rituals or ceremonies. It's important to work with a funeral home that can accommodate these cultural preferences.
- Personalized Farewells: Many families in Los Angeles choose to create highly personalized and meaningful funeral services. These might include storytelling sessions, memorial videos, or the display of cherished items that reflect the person's life and passions. While these personalized services can be touching, they may involve additional costs, so it's crucial to plan accordingly.
- Green Burial Options: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in eco-friendly or green burial options. Los Angeles offers several green burial grounds where individuals can be interred in a more environmentally conscious manner. These options often come with lower costs compared to traditional burials, and they can be embraced by people from all walks of life.
In California, including Los Angeles, funeral costs can exhibit considerable diversity. Understanding the factors influencing these costs, such as location, personal choices, and cemetery selection, is vital when making decisions during a challenging time. Thorough research and proactive planning can help you navigate the process more smoothly and ensure a dignified farewell for you or your loved ones without undue financial strain.
Remember that while this guide offers valuable insights, consulting with local Los Angeles funeral homes is advisable to obtain precise pricing tailored to your specific requirements. The wide array of funeral customs and personalization options in Los Angeles underscores the importance of celebrating an individual's life in a meaningful and respectful manner, reflective of their unique journey.
Additional Insights on Planning and Coping
Planning a funeral involves not only financial considerations but also emotional ones. Coping with grief and honoring your loved one's memory are essential aspects of the process.
- Grief Support: In addition to funeral planning, it's important to seek grief support. Many communities in Los Angeles offer grief counseling and support groups to help individuals and families navigate the challenging emotional journey.
- Memorialization: Creating lasting memorials, such as engraved plaques or commemorative trees, can provide solace and a sense of connection with the departed. These memorialization options can be discussed with funeral directors to add a personal touch to the farewell.
- Legal and Administrative Assistance: Funeral arrangements often involve paperwork and legal formalities. Consider seeking legal and administrative guidance to ensure that all necessary documents are filed correctly and promptly.
- Financial Planning: Beyond the immediate funeral expenses, it's important to evaluate the broader financial implications of a loved one's passing. Consult with financial advisors to understand how the loss might affect your financial situation and to make necessary adjustments.
- Emotional Well-Being: The grieving process is unique to each individual, and it's essential to prioritize your emotional well-being. Los Angeles offers a wealth of resources, including grief therapists, support hotlines, and mindfulness practices, to help you cope with loss.
- Celebration of Life: Consider organizing a separate celebration of life event in addition to the funeral. This gathering can be more informal and focused on celebrating the person's life, sharing memories, and finding solace in the support of friends and family.
- Legacy Preservation: Explore ways to preserve the legacy of your loved one. This could involve digitizing old photos, recording their life story, or creating a memorial website or social media page where friends and family can share memories and stories.
- Continuing Bonds: It's common to feel a continued connection with the departed long after their passing. Allow yourself the space to maintain a continuing bond through rituals, conversations, and remembrance activities.
- Estate Planning: If your loved one had specific wishes or assets that need to be managed, consult with estate planning professionals to ensure a smooth transition and distribution of assets.
- Support Networks: Lean on your support network. Friends and family can be a tremendous source of comfort during these trying times. Sharing your feelings and memories can help process grief together.
In conclusion, planning a funeral in California, particularly in Los Angeles, is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses financial considerations, cultural nuances, and emotional aspects. While this comprehensive guide provides valuable information on funeral costs and related topics, it's crucial to remember that the grieving process is a deeply personal journey. Seek support from various resources available in Los Angeles, from grief counseling to legal assistance, to help you navigate this challenging period.
Ultimately, the goal is to honor your loved one's memory in a way that feels meaningful and respectful, acknowledging their unique life journey and the impact they had on those they left behind. As you embark on this journey, remember that you are not alone, and there are numerous resources and compassionate individuals in Los Angeles who are ready to provide guidance and support every step of the way.


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Simple technique appears to be safe and effective, review suggests
By Robert Preidt
MONDAY, Oct. 15 (HealthDay News) -- A technique called the "mother's kiss" is a safe and effective way to remove foreign objects from the nostrils of young children, according to British researchers.
In the mother's kiss, a child's mother or other trusted adult covers the child's mouth with their mouth to form a seal, blocks the clear nostril with their finger, and then blows into the child's mouth. The pressure from the breath may expel the object in the blocked nostril.
Before using it, the adult should explain the technique to the child so that he or she is not frightened. If the first attempt is unsuccessful, the technique can be tried several times, according to a review published in the current issue of the CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
For their report, researchers in Australia and the United Kingdom examined eight case studies in which the mother's kiss was used on children aged 1 to 8 years.
"The mother's kiss appears to be a safe and effective technique for first-line treatment in the removal of a foreign body from the nasal cavity," Dr. Stephanie Cook, of the Buxted Medical Centre in England, and colleagues concluded. "In addition, it may prevent the need for general anesthesia in some cases."
Further research is needed to compare various positive-pressure techniques and test how effective they are in different situations where objects are in various locations and have spent different lengths of time in the nasal passages, the researchers noted in a journal news release.
The U.S. National Library of Medicine has more about foreign objects in the nose.
SOURCE: CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal), news release, Oct. 15, 2012
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved. URL:_URL_


Blog | healing | get over the wounds of life | counselling
coaching torontoDA
Healing Wounds in Life
Margit Cathrine Moller
In the realm of physical wound, it is called cicatrisation, is an intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. It is a wonderful reminder that the human body has the innate capacity to heal itself.
But if the body can do that, how much more the mind and the soul? The soul has a natural capacity to heal and yet we do not tap this gift. The mind has a natural capacity to heal and yet we do not often experience this.
It is because most of us do not know the workings of the mind and the soul. And how these aspects of the self can bring integration and transformation.
What are the essential ingredients of healing?
1. An acknowledgment of the wound. Yes, some people go through life in a state of Denial. They don't own and acknowledge that they have been abused or traumatized. Without this ownership, no healing happens.
2. A desire for healing. It has to be a deep desire to be healed.
3. A belief that healing will happen. In the Catholic tradition, a prayer is said before communion: Lord, I am not worthy but only say the word and I SHALL BE HEALED. Such is the power of faith.
4. An experience of a good process that facilitates healing. This may include counseling, therapy, spiritual healing and others. Professionals are trained to make healing happen. They seek ways to help a person go explore the mind and the soul in order to tap our natural healing capacity.


Skip to definition.
Noun: Sir Francis Bacon
 1. English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (_PHONE_)
 - Bacon, Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, 1st Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans
Type of: national leader, philosopher, solon, statesman
Encyclopedia: Sir Francis Bacon


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Developing Functional Classification and Retention Schedules
Every good records management program is built on two crucial components: a functional classification system and a retention schedule. Both are critical if you want to get all the benefits of good records management.
Creating and implementing them is a challenge for many organisations though, because the process can be resource intensive. That's where DATAFILE comes in. Our consultants have extensive experience developing functional classification systems and retention schedules across all industries and verticals.
This is a system which allows you to properly organise your records based on what your business does. This helps with everything from managing risk and compliance to improving access and collaboration, as well as reducing unnecessary duplication of documents.
Creating the right system means taking a holistic view of your RM program with respect to your business activities and the records, both paper and electronic, that support them.
Here's a quick overview of DATAFILE's process for creating a functional classification system:
- Interview staff and review existing material to learn more about the organisation and the information it creates
- Identify and name unique business activities
- Group activities together based on functions
- Apply the resulting functional classification system to every piece of information that is created
Records Retention Schedules
The challenge when it comes to creating a retention schedule, whether you are using electronic records, paper records, or a hybrid of the two, lies in creating a schedule that covers all the regulatory and legal requirements, and then applying it to all your RM functions. This can be very time consuming, and requires deep records management knowledge, especially if you need to apply it to RM software or an electronic content management system.
Here's a quick overview of our approach to creating a retention schedule:
- Start with extensive research into the relevant legal requirements
- Evaluate legal citations and operational requirements
- Apply retention periods to activities identified in your functional classification system
- Map the resulting retention schedule to the classification system, which allows us to identify all your records
- Comprehensive programs are simultaneously developed outlining everything from:
- Duplication and dispersal requirements
- Storage and access restrictions
- Eventual destruction of records as outlined by a retention schedule


Order of Calatrava
Order of Calatrava, in full Military Order of Calatrava, Spanish Orden Militar de Calatrava, major military and religious order in Spain. The order was originated in 1158 when King Sancho III of Castile ceded the fortress of Calatrava to Raymond, abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Fitero, with instructions to defend it against the Moors. The order of knights and monks who defended the fort was formally recognized by the pope in 1164, and it became closely affiliated with the Cistercian abbey of Morimond in 1187.


Streaming Analytics
Streaming Analytics #
Event Time and Watermarks #
Introduction #
Flink explicitly supports three different notions of time:
 - event time: the time when an event occurred, as recorded by the device producing (or storing) the event
 - ingestion time: a timestamp recorded by Flink at the moment it ingests the event
 - processing time: the time when a specific operator in your pipeline is processing the event
For reproducible results, e.g., when computing the maximum price a stock reached during the first hour of trading on a given day, you should use event time. In this way the result won't depend on when the calculation is performed. This kind of real-time application is sometimes performed using processing time, but then the results are determined by the events that happen to be processed during that hour, rather than the events that occurred then. Computing analytics based on processing time causes inconsistencies, and makes it difficult to re-analyze historic data or test new implementations.
Working with Event Time #
If you want to use event time, you will also need to supply a Timestamp Extractor and Watermark Generator that Flink will use to track the progress of event time. This will be covered in the section below on Working with Watermarks, but first we should explain what watermarks are.
Watermarks #
Let's work through a simple example that will show why watermarks are needed, and how they work.
In this example you have a stream of timestamped events that arrive somewhat out of order, as shown below. The numbers shown are timestamps that indicate when these events actually occurred. The first event to arrive happened at time 4, and it is followed by an event that happened earlier, at time 2, and so on:
··· 23 19 22 24 21 14 17 13 12 15 9 11 7 2 4 →
Now imagine that you are trying create a stream sorter. This is meant to be an application that processes each event from a stream as it arrives, and emits a new stream containing the same events, but ordered by their timestamps.
Some observations:
(1) The first element your stream sorter sees is the 4, but you can't just immediately release it as the first element of the sorted stream. It may have arrived out of order, and an earlier event might yet arrive. In fact, you have the benefit of some god-like knowledge of this stream's future, and you can see that your stream sorter should wait at least until the 2 arrives before producing any results.
Some buffering, and some delay, is necessary.
(2) If you do this wrong, you could end up waiting forever. First the sorter saw an event from time 4, and then an event from time 2. Will an event with a timestamp less than 2 ever arrive? Maybe. Maybe not. You could wait forever and never see a 1.
Eventually you have to be courageous and emit the 2 as the start of the sorted stream.
(3) What you need then is some sort of policy that defines when, for any given timestamped event, to stop waiting for the arrival of earlier events.
This is precisely what watermarks do — they define when to stop waiting for earlier events.
Event time processing in Flink depends on watermark generators that insert special timestamped elements into the stream, called watermarks. A watermark for time t is an assertion that the stream is (probably) now complete up through time t.
When should this stream sorter stop waiting, and push out the 2 to start the sorted stream? When a watermark arrives with a timestamp of 2, or greater.
(4) You might imagine different policies for deciding how to generate watermarks.
Each event arrives after some delay, and these delays vary, so some events are delayed more than others. One simple approach is to assume that these delays are bounded by some maximum delay. Flink refers to this strategy as bounded-out-of-orderness watermarking. It is easy to imagine more complex approaches to watermarking, but for most applications a fixed delay works well enough.
Latency vs. Completeness #
Another way to think about watermarks is that they give you, the developer of a streaming application, control over the tradeoff between latency and completeness. Unlike in batch processing, where one has the luxury of being able to have complete knowledge of the input before producing any results, with streaming you must eventually stop waiting to see more of the input, and produce some sort of result.
You can either configure your watermarking aggressively, with a short bounded delay, and thereby take the risk of producing results with rather incomplete knowledge of the input – i.e., a possibly wrong result, produced quickly. Or you can wait longer, and produce results that take advantage of having more complete knowledge of the input stream(s).
It is also possible to implement hybrid solutions that produce initial results quickly, and then supply updates to those results as additional (late) data is processed. This is a good approach for some applications.
Lateness #
Lateness is defined relative to the watermarks. A Watermark(t) asserts that the stream is complete up through time t; any event following this watermark whose timestamp is ≤ t is late.
Working with Watermarks #
In order to perform event-time-based event processing, Flink needs to know the time associated with each event, and it also needs the stream to include watermarks.
The Taxi data sources used in the hands-on exercises take care of these details for you. But in your own applications you will have to take care of this yourself, which is usually done by implementing a class that extracts the timestamps from the events, and generates watermarks on demand. The easiest way to do this is by using a WatermarkStrategy:
DataStream stream =...
WatermarkStrategy strategy = WatermarkStrategy
 .withTimestampAssigner((event, timestamp) -> event.timestamp);
DataStream withTimestampsAndWatermarks =
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Windows #
Flink features very expressive window semantics.
In this section you will learn:
 - how windows are used to compute aggregates on unbounded streams,
 - which types of windows Flink supports, and
 - how to implement a DataStream program with a windowed aggregation
Introduction #
It is natural when doing stream processing to want to compute aggregated analytics on bounded subsets of the streams in order to answer questions like these:
 - number of page views per minute
 - number of sessions per user per week
 - maximum temperature per sensor per minute
Computing windowed analytics with Flink depends on two principal abstractions: Window Assigners that assign events to windows (creating new window objects as necessary), and Window Functions that are applied to the events assigned to a window.
Flink's windowing API also has notions of Triggers, which determine when to call the window function, and Evictors, which can remove elements collected in a window.
In its basic form, you apply windowing to a keyed stream like this:
 .keyBy()
 .window()
 .reduce|aggregate|process();
You can also use windowing with non-keyed streams, but keep in mind that in this case, the processing will not be done in parallel:
 .windowAll()
Window Assigners #
Flink has several built-in types of window assigners, which are illustrated below:
Window assigners
Some examples of what these window assigners might be used for, and how to specify them:
 - Tumbling time windows
 - page views per minute
 - TumblingEventTimeWindows.of(Time.minutes(1))
 - Sliding time windows
 - page views per minute computed every 10 seconds
 - SlidingEventTimeWindows.of(Time.minutes(1), Time.seconds(10))
 - Session windows
 - page views per session, where sessions are defined by a gap of at least 30 minutes between sessions
 - EventTimeSessionWindows.withGap(Time.minutes(30))
Durations can be specified using one of Time.milliseconds(n), Time.seconds(n), Time.minutes(n), Time.hours(n), and Time.days(n).
The time-based window assigners (including session windows) come in both event time and processing time flavors. There are significant tradeoffs between these two types of time windows. With processing time windowing you have to accept these limitations:
 - can not correctly process historic data,
 - can not correctly handle out-of-order data,
 - results will be non-deterministic,
but with the advantage of lower latency.
When working with count-based windows, keep in mind that these windows will not fire until a batch is complete. There's no option to time-out and process a partial window, though you could implement that behavior yourself with a custom Trigger.
A global window assigner assigns every event (with the same key) to the same global window. This is only useful if you are going to do your own custom windowing, with a custom Trigger. In many cases where this might seem useful you will be better off using a ProcessFunction as described in another section.
Window Functions #
You have three basic options for how to process the contents of your windows:
 1. as a batch, using a ProcessWindowFunction that will be passed an Iterable with the window's contents;
 2. incrementally, with a ReduceFunction or an AggregateFunction that is called as each event is assigned to the window;
 3. or with a combination of the two, wherein the pre-aggregated results of a ReduceFunction or an AggregateFunction are supplied to a ProcessWindowFunction when the window is triggered.
Here are examples of approaches 1 and 3. Each implementation


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Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a thin and strong string?
It is difficult to hold a school bag having a thin strap because the pressure on the shoulders is quite large. This is because the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area on which the force acts. The smaller is the surface area; the larger will be the pressure on the surface. In the case of a thin strap, the contact surface area is very small. Hence, the pressure exerted on the shoulder is very large.
- Thrust and Pressure - Pressure in Fluids


text:
Working paper Open Access
This paper proposes a theory of pricing consistent with two well-documented patterns: customers care about fairness, and firms take these concerns into account when they set prices. The theory assumes that customers find a price unfair when it carries a high markup over cost, and that customers dislike unfair prices. Since markups are not observable, customers must extract them from prices. The theory assumes that customers infer less than rationally: when a price rises after an increase in marginal cost, customers partially misattribute the higher price to a higher markup—which they find unfair. Firms anticipate this response and trim their price increases, which reduces the passthrough of marginal costs into prices below one: prices are somewhat rigid. Embedded in a New Keynesian model—as a replacement of Calvo pricing—our theory produces monetary nonneutrality. When monetary policy loosens and inflation rises, customers misperceive markups as higher and feel unfairly treated; firms mitigate the perceived unfairness of prices by reducing their markups, which in general equilibrium leads to higher output.


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Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed Facts
Human population: 61,086 (2009 estimate)
Primary land uses: industrial (43%), residential (39%)
Mean annual discharge: tidally influenced reach with more than 2,000 cubic feet per second of freshwater
Salmon species currently present:
Chinook, coho, chum, pink, sockeye, steelhead, coastal cutthroat trout, bull trout
Why is the Duwamish Estuary Important to Salmon?
The Duwamish estuary plays a key role in the life history of salmon. Young fish migrate from freshwater streams and the river higher in the watershed to the estuary. In the estuary, they feed and their bodies adapt to salt water. Estuary habitat is particularly important for Chinook salmon, which are listed as "threatened" under the federal Endangered Species Act.
Subwatershed Salmon Habitat Overview
The Duwamish River is that portion of the Green River downstream of the historic confluence with the Black River. It consists of the river between River Mile 0 and River Mile 11. The entire stretch of the river is influenced by tides.
The map at right shows the Duwamish Estuary subwatershed. View a map showing this subwatershed in relation to the rest of the watershed.The Duwamish used to be a larger and longer river. Prior to 1916, it was defined at its upper point by the joining of the Black River and the White River at what is today Fort Dent Park in Tukwila. The Black River drained Lake Washington and also was fed by the Cedar River. The White River flowed from the slopes of Mt. Rainier and met the Green River in modern-day Auburn. From the junction of the Black and the White, the Duwamish meandered 15 miles to reach Elliott Bay, where it spread out in large estuary characterized by mud flats, marshes, and swamps. Since the area the Duwamish then drained was three times larger than it is today -- about 1600 square miles versus 500 square miles -- the river carried much more water, sediment, and large woody debris into Elliott Bay than it does now.
In the last 150 years, the Duwamish has been transformed more than any other part of the watershed. Over 97% of the historic estuarine mudflats, marshes, and forested streamside swamps have been eliminated by channel straightening, draining, dredging, and filling. All of the tidal swamps bordering the Duwamish were filled by 1940. The straightening of the river and filling in of the winding channel reduced its length by four miles. The remaining shortened channel suffers from polluted sediments along with on-going contamination due to stormwater discharges. So severe is the contamination that the lower five miles of the estuary has been declared a federal "Superfund" site, a designation given to the most contaminated sites in the country.
Currently all salmon species migrate, rear, and acclimate in this transitional area between river and marine waters. Juvenile Chinook and chum salmon are most dependent on this type of habitat. Small numbers of char (bull trout/Dolly Varden char) have been documented as using this reach.
There are numerous small and medium sized tributary streams that drain into the Duwamish. All have experienced significant development that in turn has made many of them inaccessible and inhospitable for salmon. Many of these stream basins have high levels of impervious surfaces (pavement, roofs) that have degraded and altered the historic hydrologic regime. Stream flows are too high when it rains and too low when it doesn't. Most of the small patches of remaining marginal habitat are disconnected and heavily impacted by stormwater-associated flows and poor water quality. Functional riparian areas have been eliminated or fragmented to a few undeveloped areas often in the high gradient reaches associated where the creeks cascade down the valley walls. The potential salmonid production of these creeks is expected to continue to be limited due to current land use practices.
Where the Fish Are in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Fish distribution maps show where anadromous salmon and trout have been found or should be present.
Problems on the Mainstem Duwamish
- Urban and industrial land use practices that have:
- Dredged, channelized, and filled 97 percent of the estuarine mudflats, marshes, and forested riparian swamps that formerly characterized the estuary;
- Simplified the remaining channel and severely reduced riparian function; and
- Polluted the remnant, shortened channel with stormwater and wastewater effluent.
Problems on Tributary Streams
- Development that is:
- Creating fish passage barriers;
- Leaving small patches of disconnected marginal habitat;
- Altering hydrology and channel stability due to stormwater-associated flows; and
- Reducing water quality.
Additional information on the quality of habitat along the Duwamish River and use by salmonids is available in the following reports:
- 2005 Juvenile Chinook Duwamish River Studies (May 2006) (Adobe Acrobat 4.5 MB)
- Lower Green River Baseline Habitat Survey Report (January 2004) - includes the Duwamish from River Mile 5.7 (just south of Turning Basin #3) to River Mile 11.2 (Fort Dent Park)
- Lower Duwamish Inventory Report (May 2004)(Adobe Acrobat 6.1 MB) - includes the Duwamish from Elliott Bay to River Mile 5.7 (just south of Turning Basin #3)
Habitat historically found in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed (Adobe Acrobat 1.5 MB) has been researched to inform decisions about future restoration.
Water quality information on the Duwamish is available in two reports:
More recent water quality data are available at the King County stream monitoring page.
Project Solutions to These ProblemsProjects funded by the Salmon Recovery Funding Board and other grantors are listed here. The projects listed below are only a few of the various projects of governments and volunteer groups in this subwatershed.
- North Wind's Weir (Site 1) on the Duwamish in Tukwila
- Habitat Inventory and Utilization Assessment of the Lower Green, Duwamish, and Nearshore Subwatersheds
- Duwamish Gardens Acquisition and Restoration in Tukwila
- Riverton Flap Gate Removal in Tukwila
Information on the status of individual projects also is tracked on the state's Lead Entity Habitat Work Schedule.
Local Governments in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Follow the external links to learn more about these communities and what they are doing to improve habitat for salmon.
Other Organizations/Efforts in the Duwamish Estuary Subwatershed
Lower Duwamish Superfund Site - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The lower (northern) five miles of the Duwamish have been listed as a "Superfund" site under federal law. This is because of high levels of pollutants in the sediments of the river. These pollutants pose a risk to human health and aquatic creatures such as fish. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Washington State Department of Ecology are in charge of cleanup of the site. This web page lists a variety of both technical and reader-friendly documents to help explain the problems and the process that EPA and Ecology are using to figure out how to solve them.
Lower Duwamish Waterway Source Control Investigation - Washington State Department of Ecology
The state Department of Ecology is leading the efforts to control sources of sediment pollution in the Lower Duwamish Waterway in cooperation with the City of Seattle, the Port of Seattle, King County, the City of Tukwila, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source control is the process of finding and controlling releases of pollution to waterway sediments to prepare for cleanup and prevent sediment recontamination.
Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition
The Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition is an alliance of community, environmental, and small business groups affected by on-going pollution and cleanup plans for the Duwamish River under the federal "Superfund" law. The Coalition helps people learn about and get involved in decisions regarding cleanup. Activities include tours of the river.
Lower Duwamish Waterway Group
The Lower Duwamish Waterway Group (LDWG) is a public-private partnership working together to address environmental concerns and issues in the Lower Duwamish. Its primary focus is cleanup up polluted sediments in the river as part of the federal "Superfund" listing of the Lower Duwamish. The four LDWG partners are City of Seattle, Port of Seattle, King County, and the Boeing Company.
King County Duwamish Waterway Programs
King County is working on a variety of programs to clean up and help restore the Duwamish. This page lists some of the recent clean up accomplishments by King County, the City of Seattle, Port of Seattle, and other partners. A related page on Duwamish community events lists opportunities to learn about and help the river.
Port of Seattle
The Port of Seattle manages large areas of the waterfront on Elliott Bay and the Duwamish. The natural areas of these properties are managed to provide fish and wildlife habitat as well as public access to water. In addition, piers and other shoreline facilities are designed and operated to minimize harmful impacts to salmon and other aquatic resources. In


A guitar string is vibrating in its fundamental mode, with nodes at each end. The length of the segment of the string that is free to vibrate is 0.388m. The maximum transverse acceleration of a point at the middle of the segment is 8300 m/s2 and the maximum transverse velocity is 3.00 m/s.
Find amplitude of standing wave? in meters
What is the wave speed for the transverse traveling waves on this string? in m/s


king yau king yau - 7 months ago 20
C# Question
Why my BMP image is bigger than the original after reducing its width and height?
In my project, i have to resize the image and then save it to a folder. However, i got a problem which some image will be bigger than the orginal's file size.
resize method:
public Image reduce(Image sourceImage, string size)
double percent = Convert.ToDouble(size) / 100;
int width = (int)(sourceImage.Width * percent);
int height = (int)(sourceImage.Height *percent );
var resized = new Bitmap(original, width, height);
return resized;
//the code to get the image is omitted (in my testing, bmp format is fixed, however, other image formats are required)
//to test the size of original image
oImage.Save(Path.Combine(oImagepath), System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Bmp);
Image nImage = resizeClass.reduce(oImage,"95");
nImage.Save(Path.Combine(nImagepath), System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Bmp);
 - The first saving of the image: 1920*1080, fileSize: 6076KB
 - The second saving of the image: 1824*1026, fileSize: 7311KB <= it should be less than 6076KB
The Bit depth of original image is 24 which resized is 32. Is the problem here?
Based on your provided Code, i've made an ExtensionMethod you might want to use:
public static class ImageExtensions {
 public static System.Drawing.Image Reduce(this System.Drawing.Image sourceImage, double size) {
 var percent = size / 100;
 var width = (int)(sourceImage.Width * percent);
 var height = (int)(sourceImage.Height * percent);
 Bitmap targetBmp;
 using (var newBmp = new Bitmap(sourceImage, width, height))
 targetBmp = newBmp.Clone(new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height), sourceImage.PixelFormat);
 return targetBmp;
 var nImage = new Bitmap(@"PathToImage").Reduce(50); //Percentage here
 nImage.Save(@"PathToNewImage", ImageFormat.Jpeg); //Change Compression as you need
Please note, that this is now automaticly determinating, where the new Image has its x = 0 and y = 0. Also i've replaced the string-percentage with a double one.
As others in the comments mentioned, you have to use the same or even lower PixelFormat as the SourceImage. Also, setting the right/best image-extension on the Save-Method reduces the FileSize
Hope this helps


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Operations Supervisor (2nd Shift)
Company: YRC Worldwide
Location: Cincinnati
Posted on: June 12, 2021
Job Description:
The Operations Supervisor will effectively direct and manage all activities related to drivers and dockworkers at End of Line facilities. Utilize resources to move freight in the safest and most cost effective manner to meet or exceed customer expectations.
* Develop daily delivery plan utilizing equipment, manpower, and other resources to ensure effective and efficient operations and that work assignments are completed properly. * Supervises all activities of drivers and dockworkers responsible for efficient loading/unloading of trailers along with productive pick-up and delivery of freight at customer locations. * Ensure necessary resources of labor, equipment and time are available to all employees to allow maximum productivity of operations staff. * Ensure load quality, timelines, and work efficiency goals are met. * Recruit, develop and retain qualified personnel to ensure effective operations in support of company's mission and goals. Responsible for the selection, training, motivation and discipline of terminal employees. * Conduct performance reviews and focus on development and career planning. * Communicates company safety program, trains, and enforces safety rules and compliance with all government regulations. * Administer safety programs which encourage a safe work environment and focus on prevention of accidents and injuries. * Ensure compliance with government, company, and local labor regulations, policies, and procedures.
* High Levels of Integrity and Trust - Adheres to moral, ethical, and professional standards, regulations, and organizational policies; keeps commitments to promised actions. * Composed in Extreme Pressure Situations - Maintaining stable performance under pressure or opposition (e.g., experiencing time pressure, conflict, or job ambiguity); handling stress in a manner that is acceptable to others and to the organization. * Prioritizes Key Tasks - Identifies more critical and less critical activities and tasks; adjusts priorities when appropriate. * Focused on Customers - Ensuring that the internal or external customer's perspective is a driving force behind strategic priorities, business decisions, organizational processes, and individual activities; crafting and implementing service practices that meet customers' and own organization's needs; promoting and operationalizing customer service as a value. * Effective Planner - Plans work for team and self to create efficiencies. * Great at Motivating Others - Motivating increased employee effort by communicating a compelling view of the organization's purpose and its future state in a way that helps others understand the importance of their contributions and feel how outcomes will be different when progress is achieved. * Effective Time Management - Effectively managing one's time and resources to ensure that work is completed efficiently. * Perseveres Through Difficult Times - Demonstrates an understanding of own emotional triggers, strengths, and development needs as well as the impact of own behavior on others. * Highly Effective Communication Skills - Conveying information and ideas clearly and concisely to individuals or groups in an engaging manner that helps them understand and retain the message; listening actively to others. * Skilled Problem Solver - Has operational capacity that allows an understanding and ability to work through the challenges of the position. * Goal Oriented - ambitious in nature, working to better the team as a whole by exceeding key metrics. * Delegates Effectively - Identifying and leveraging opportunities to accelerate results and build capability by assigning tasks and decision-making responsibilities to individuals or teams with clear boundaries, expectations, support, and follow-up. * Develops Subordinates - Planning and supporting the development of individuals' knowledge, skills, and abilities so that they can fulfill current or future job responsibilities more effectively. * Action Oriented - Ability to learn quickly and apply learning when decisions need to be made and work is being accomplished.
* High school diploma or equivalent. * Experience in the transportation industry with a deep knowledge of operations and logistics. * Effective organizational, planning and prioritization skills. * Effective verbal, written and interpersonal communication skills. * Demonstrated Leadership and supervisory capabilities. * Must be flexible, willing to work any schedule, including weekends and holidays, in all types of weather.
* Bachelor's degree in transportation, business, engineering or related area. * Knowledge of local applicable collective bargaining agreements. * Knowledge of company policies and procedures. * Safety/OSHA knowledge or certifications. * Forklift certified.
Keywords: YRC Worldwide, Cincinnati, Operations Supervisor (2nd Shift), Other, Cincinnati, Ohio
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text:
A NEW Monash University study aims to tackle rural obesity in young women.Monash University women's health researcher Cate Lombard is leading the study, which is set to focus on preventing weight gain rather than treating obesity.
The large-scale research is targeting 900 women aged between 18 and 50 living in 42 small rural communities across Victoria.
And will focus on participants changing their lifestyle and developing a low-cost program that helps women avoid putting on weight.
It's estimated 60 per cent of Australian women are overweight and those in their 20s and 30s are gaining weight faster than other age groups.
"They are often unaware that their yearly weight gain is having a major impact on their health," Dr Lombard said.
"Young women living in rural communities may be at an even higher risk."
Participants will attend a healthy lifestyle information session held locally and report on progress in two years.
Those interested in participating can email _EMAIL_.


text:
The Rockdale Early Learning Initiative is designed to support the optimal development of young children and their families through provision of a wide range of experiences that promote literacy, social/emotional development, cognitive skills, physical development and creativity in an enriched and supportive learning environment for children ages 0-5. The Early Learning Initiative ensures that parents and early learning providers in Rockdale County are connected to appropriate, available community support and resources, and every child enters school ready to learn.
Early learning programs in Rockdale County strive to ensure that:
- Children will be healthy, well-nourished and meet developmental milestones.
- Children (0-5) will receive developmental screenings for early indicators of school readiness.
- Children (0-5) with identified special needs will be offered appropriate intervention services at an earlier age.
- Children (age 4) will participate in a Pre-K or quality early learning program by September 1 each year.
- Pre-K children will experience seamless transitions from early childhood settings to Rockdale County Public Schools.
- Parents and early learning providers will be knowledgeable of child development stages and positive parenting skills, thus becoming better teachers and advocates for children.
- Children will be in safe and stable families.
For more information contact:
Shauna Miller, Early Learning Center Coordinator
Rockdale Career Academy, 1064 Culpepper Drive, Conyers, GA 30094


text:
Using the osql Utility
Topic last updated -- January 2004
The osql utility is a Microsoft® Win32® command prompt utility for ad hoc, interactive execution of Transact-SQL statements and scripts.
The osql utility is typically used in these ways:
- Users interactively enter Transact-SQL statements in a manner similar to working on the command prompt. The results are displayed in the command prompt window.
- Users submit an osql job either specifying a single Transact-SQL statement to execute or pointing the utility to a text file that contains Transact-SQL statements to execute. The output is usually directed to a text file, but it also can be displayed in the command prompt window.
To use osql interactively or to build script files to be run using osql, users must understand Transact-SQL. The following sections of SQL Server Books Online document building Transact-SQL statements:
|Accessing and Changing Relational Data Overview||Documents how to build Transact-SQL statements from individual syntax elements and to build multiple Transact-SQL statements into batches or scripts.|
|Creating and Maintaining Databases Overview||Documents how to use Transact-SQL statements to create databases and all the data objects in a database. Also documents some database maintenance functions.|
|Administering SQL Server Overview||Documents the administration tasks that can be performed on instances of SQL Server and SQL Server databases. The topic for each administration task indicates any Transact-SQL statement that can be used to perform the task.|
|Transact-SQL Overview||This is the start of the Transact-SQL Reference, which documents the full syntax of every Transact-SQL statement.|
Comparing the osql and isql Utilities
The osql utility uses the ODBC database application programming interface (API). It is a replacement for the isql command prompt utility based on the DB-Library API. Both utilities are provided with Microsoft SQL Server™ 2000. The DB-Library API remains at a SQL Server 6.5 level; therefore, applications that depend on DB-Library, such as isql, do not support some SQL Server 2000 features. For example, isql cannot access columns defined with the ntext data type and truncates any char, varchar, nchar, or nvarchar columns longer than 255 bytes. It also cannot retrieve results as XML documents. Except for these limitations in isql, both osql and isql support the same features. For more information about features not supported by isql, see Connecting Early Version Clients to SQL Server 2000.