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April 10, 2023
Éva Tardos, the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Computer Science and department chair in the Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, has been awarded the Brouwer Medal Award by the Netherlands Mathematical Congress (NMC) for her enduring contributions to the field of discrete mathematics.
In selecting Tardos, the NMC – the main congress of the Royal Dutch Mathematical Society – cited her influential work in combinatorial optimization, approximation algorithms, and algorithmic game theory.
"We are impressed by the many contributions that Éva Tardos has made throughout her career, as a leading researcher shaping the research fields that she is active in," the NMC jury wrote in their announcement. The award is named after Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, a Dutch mathematician and philosopher who is considered one of the great mathematical minds of the 20th century. "Her results have also impacted a broad range of application fields, ranging from operations research to network analysis."
The jury also commended her skills and efforts in being a role model and mentor to a new generation of researchers.
As part of the award, Tardos will present a talk at the NMC's Scientific Days conference on April 12.


What Animals Eat Pumpkins Uk
They will keep going until they reach the seeds, as we all know they love these! What animals eat pumpkins that is so persistent in getting a bite?
PETA has announced the best vegan food of the year Food
Animals have the right idea.
What animals eat pumpkins uk. Eat the pumpkin you left out in your yard with epic music playing. Pumpkins are easy to grow, easy to attain, and easy to add into most any dish. Not only will farm animals play with it, but they will also eat them!
However, this sweet food is susceptible to external insects and bugs that are capable of putting an end to such a rich harvest. Ten of the best pumpkins to grow for eating including the type used to make libby's pumpkin puree. Also, tips on the best eating pumpkins to grow in cooler climates and small gardens.
Squirrels are among the most common animals that might end up feasting on your pumpkins. So we're urging people not to waste them but to feed them to the wildlife in their gardens or perhaps even to their pets. Pumpkins are usually grown in a warm climate and transform from plants to edible vegetables during the summer.
Owners of gerbils can give their pet pumpkin seeds as a healthy treat instead of fattier seeds such as sunflower seeds. More than a few pests like to make a snack of both plants and fruit! We recommend that the pumpkin fed to your small pets is fresh, so do pick up an extra pumpkin that you are not planning to carve!
Call a local farm ahead of time to make sure they will welcome the gift and drop it off. Conkers can be mildly poisonous to many animals, causing sickness if eaten, although some animals can safely consume them, most notably deer and wild boar. More importantly, you should be also aware of how you can protect pumpkins from these animals.
I live up in the mountains in the woods so any wild animal will come a long and have a nice pumpkin evening dinner. Can pigs eat pumpkin « reply #11 on: Garden for wildlife all year.
Pumpkins with blemishes typically are discarded and many pumpkins are broken or damaged during harvest, making them unacceptable for market. Things to do with pumpkins after halloween: Like any other pests that devour ripe pumpkins, woodchucks are notoriously known as an animal that knows no limits.
Animals love eating pumpkins when fall comes around!. With this, it will be good to know what animals eat pumpkin. 31, the market for decorative pumpkins plummets and many pumpkins are just left in the fields.
There's a pumpkin for every garden but not all of them are for eating. Rodents such as mice and rats enjoy nibbling on pumpkins, especially if they're cut open to reveal the soft and delicious fruit. Why not ask the local farm/farmer if he/she would like your old pumpkins for an animal feed!
You can even ask the farmer if you can watch the animals eat the pumpkins with your kids. Small animals such as guinea pigs, rabbits, or chickens love to eat pumpkin. Check out these pictures of all different species of animals from all over the world with one thing in common:
Many local farms will accept donations of pumpkins as a treat for their animals after halloween. "squirrels, foxes, badgers and birds all enjoy them, so people could leave chopped up pumpkin outside in dishes for wild animals to eat if they choose. Birds love all kinds of seeds, pumpkin included, so you could save the seeds and put them in your feeder.
October 29, 2011, 05:54:49 pm » after reading this topic i bought 2 yesterday and cut them in half so all 4 pigs got a go. In states experiencing outbreaks of chronic wasting disease, attracting deer to a pile of pumpkins could lead to disease. Her facebook post in which she shared her idea racked up almost 43.5k.
So we're urging people not to waste them but to feed them to the wildlife in their gardens or perhaps even to their pets. Other rodents may also come to sample your pumpkins, such as squirrels and chipmunks. They take up to five months to grow and are harvested in the uk between october and december.
Most people around the world love their pumpkins, and this is why we are cooking it so often. Common animals that eat pumpkins. They have a strong sense of smell, which is why they can easily find pumpkins.
Yep squirrels are one of those animals that eat pumpkins, whether they are still growing in your pumpkin patch or whether they are freshly carved at your back door. Maisie jordan knows that squirrels love pumpkin and is encouraging people to leave them outdoors as a treat for the animals. Animal garden pests of pumpkins you like pumpkins.
The british hedgehog preservation society suggest hanging your pumpkins in trees to allow birds and squirrels to eat the fruit. Dry them out first by putting them in the oven at 180c/gas 4 for about ten minutes. Wasting pumpkins = wasted time, fertilizer, water, land, and labor altogether.
Pumpkins are a member of the squash family and are believed to have originated in north america. Pumpkins need lots of water to grow (about 44 gallons of water per pound), so throwing them out also creates water waste too! Pumpkins are actually a type of fruit and there are around 500 varieties worldwide, growing in many different shapes and sizes.
Check with your state wildlife agency to confirm recycling your pumpkin outside is permitted: They love a good pumpkin. So does a wide variety of animal pests.
Pumpkins left outside as a decoration are often eaten up by squirrels, deer, and other outdoor animals. Wild hedgehog numbers are in decline, their habitat reduced by commercial and residential development. ( thanks to one of our other bloggers who looked into this!
Like it is a question of my teacher so please answer! Here's how your old halloween pumpkins can help wildlife in glasgow. Some of them gnaw away at the plant, while others like the fruit.
Squirrels, foxes, badgers and birds all enjoy them, so people could leave chopped up pumpkin outside in dishes for wild animals to eat if they choose. If you have a chinchilla as a pet however, the rspca advises that you. Even if you wrap your patch with a secured line of wires, a woodchuck will ignore this and would simply burrow under the wires and pass unscathed.
"people think it's called the horse chestnut because people think horses like to eat the chestnuts, but it's not, because they can be poisonous. If you like pumpkins and have some in your garden, pay attention to the next article from onehowto.com. You can help smaller birds by breaking them up a bit before you put them out.
Pfizer vaccine approved in the uk. Too much insoluble fibre in the diet can also interfere with the proper absorption of certain nutrients and minerals including calcium, zinc and iron and can cause bulky, dry stools or. Pumpkin is becoming more and more popular as a fibre source for pets, especially for those animals that are suffering from a digestive upset such as diarrhoea.
Some garden pests forage by day, while other will visit your pumpkin patch at night.
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Animal pictures of the week 30 October 2009 Elephant
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Instruction fur die Beobachter an den meteorologischen Stationen im Preussichen Staate
Collection Name: Scott Skinner Collection
Creation Year: 1847
Summary: This is a collection of three training documents, instruction for the observers at the meteorological stations in the Prussian state, a how to use equipment and record data. From what we can tell, there are three versions, the first in "old German" which is not dated, the second in 1847, with a commentary by Dr. Wilhelm Malmann, and the third (which appears to be a revision of the other two, dated 1858. Written in German, collected by Hans Snoek.
Type: Document
PDF Files:
Geographic: Germany
Significance: Scientific


Ambush Attack: Eagle Snatches Baby Warthog
Watching eagles hunt is always fascinating. These magnificent predators swoop through the air gracefully, grabbing their unsuspecting prey with long, razor-sharp talons and are capable of hauling away shockingly large prey.
But even smaller, less grandiose moments can be interesting, too.
Recently, a family on safari got to witness one of these encounters when a martial eagle snatched and killed a baby warthog right before their eyes.
Nazeem Mohammed, a 49-year-old trade finance banker had been watching a family of warthogs in South Africa's Kruger National Park when the grizzly scene unfolded.
"At first, just filming the warthog, it appeared to be an uneventful, run-of-the-mill drive. For some reason, I kept filming as the piglets ran from beneath one tree to the next before crossing over the road," Mohammed told "My family and I were completely unaware of the martial eagle who remained hidden until the piglets crossed the road in the open."
True to its nature as an ambush predator, that's when the eagle made its move. Seemingly swooping in out of nowhere, the massive bird grabbed an unlucky piglet and patiently held the squirming prey between its giant claws until it died.
"Only once the eagle hooked its target did I realize just what a remarkable sighting I had just caught! Excitement naturally took over," said Mohammed.
After killing the warthog, the eagle immediately flew to a high perch and didn't return to the ground to feed until several hours later.
Image: Sharp Photography via Wikimedia Commons
With a wingspan ranging from 6 to 8 feet and the larger females weighing up to 14 pounds, martial eagles are the largest eagle species on the African continent. Their size belies astonishing power, too. The birds reportedly have enough power in one foot to break a person's arm and are capable of knocking an adult man of his feet.
The eagles typically hunt while in flight, zeroing in a wide variety of prey from as far as 4 miles away and stooping sharply to grab their targets. But occasionally, they will hunt from a high perch or concealed behind vegetation.
Martial eagles are classified a Vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN and are frequent targets of local farmers due to their habit of preying on livestock and game.
WATCH NEXT: Leopard Hunts Down Warthog


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Let's return to the statistics question we considered in Part A: Can a person develop skill at playing a game of chance like Push Penny? Note 9
Let's say that a very determined person played 100 rounds of Push Penny with the following results (the number of hits out of four pushes per round):
Note: This is an ordered list (i.e., the first round was three hits out of four pushes, the second was two out of four, and so on).
Do these results suggest that our player has developed skill in playing the game? How might we analyze these data to answer this question? One approach would be to compare these 100 scores to the scores for a player who has no skill -- in other words, a player who is just making "random" pushes.
In order to do this, you must have a description of a random player -- specifically, you need to know the probability that a random push will hit a line.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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We know Muggle parents can have a magical child, but could magical parents have a Muggle child?
Depends what you mean by 'Muggle'.
A Squib is a person with no magical powers born to magical parents. They fall somewhere in between a wizard and a Muggle: while unable to actually perform magic, they can still access the magical world. From the Pottermore fact file:
Humans with little or no magical talent born into wizarding families, who are looked down on by the wizarding world
Appearance: Usually dressed like the rest of wizard-kind
Magic Abilities: Able to access the wizarding world, unlike Muggles, and can use certain magical objects and creatures
We even see a couple of these in the main HP stories: Argus Filch, the unpleasant janitor of Hogwarts, and Arabella Figg, the cat-loving neighbour of the Dursleys. But according to Ron, they're not very common:
A Squib is someone who was born into a wizarding family but hasn't got any magic powers. Kind of the opposite of Muggle-born wizards, but Squibs are quite unusual.
-- Ron Weasley, HP and the Chamber of Secrets
See also Is a Squib a Muggle?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Recent Benchmarking Efforts
Past Benchmarking Efforts
During the development of the Strategic Investment Plans, the NSRP Executive Control Board concluded that a baseline was needed in order to measure performance of the U.S. shipbuilding industry during the period of the program. To establish the baseline, benchmarking of shipyards in the U.S., Europe, Japan and South Korea was conducted. The proven benchmarking method that was used established each shipyard's current competitive position along with an evaluation of the applied technology and practices in key areas against peers in the shipbuilding industry, both foreign and domestic.
NSRP Recomendations for Shipbuilding Industrial Base Investment Fund (based on initial Benchmarking Study below)


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By Christian Haefke and Michael Reiter
In this paper we use information on the cyclical variation of labor market participation to learn about the aggregate labor supply elasticity. For this purpose, we extend the standard labor market matching model to allow for endogenous participation. A model that is calibrated to replicate the variability of unemployment and participation, and the negative correlation of unemployment and GDP, implies an aggregate labor supply elasticity along the extensive margin of around 0.3 for men and 0.5 for women. This is in line with recent micro-econometric estimates.
Another paper that tries to reconcile macro and micro estimates of the labor supply elasticity. The novel approach here is to exploit information about the participation rate.


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WrapperTypes are usually trivial wrappers (i.e. newtypes) that are designed to convey some information to the type system. Non-trivial type synonyms and Type class wrapper are both instances of this. This idiom is also in a synergistic relation to Phantom types, Traits type class, and Simulating dependent types.
1 Usages and examples
One use of Wrapper types is to add Phantom types to a pre-existing (e.g. 3rd party) type.Another example occurs in WxHaskell to handle interfacing to an OO library. The Sub-typing relationship is represented as nested wrapper types, so that
Traits type class and wrapper types often give two different approaches to solving the same problem. For example, if you want to compare two Strings for equality in different ways (mainly case-sensitive and case-insensitive) you can either use a wrapper to adapt String to the Eq class,
newtype CIString = CIString String instance Eq CIString where CIString a == CIString b = map toUpper a == map toUpper b
or you can make a TraitsTypeclass
class MyEq traits a where cmp :: traits -> a -> a -> Bool data CaseSensitive data CaseInsensitive instance MyEq CaseSensitive String where cmp _ = (==) instance MyEq CaseInsensitive String where cmp _ a b = map toUpper a == map toUpper b
As the example illustrates, the two approaches have different trade-offs, but we can also get some of the benefits of both with the following synergy between Phantom types and Traits type class (and perhaps also wrapper types). What we do is store the traits type variable in a phantom type variable (added in this case via a wrapper type) which avoids the need for a Reified type parameter or the construction of a custom class (when the class already exists).
newtype PString a = PString String data CaseSensitive data CaseInsensitive instance Eq (PString CaseSensitive) where PString a = PString b = a == b instance Eq (PString CaseInsensitive) where PString a == PString b = map toUpper a == map toUpper b
This gives us the benefit of only having one type that we can parameterize to different implementations and the benefit of working with pre-existing type classes, it does however require us to provide a phantom type argument.
2 See also
- _URL_ gives a rather involved example that uses this idiom.


Last updateWed, 13 Jan 2021 10am
Back You are here: Inicio Chemistry Projects Carrying molecules into the skin
Carrying molecules into the skin
Scientists at the CSIC are designing advanced lipid systems for skin treatments. In the last experiment, they have obtained chemical maps of skin samples, which show how the lipid molecules enter the inner skin.
 Olga López from the IQAC-CSIC examining one of the obtained spectra. Image: ALBA.When skin is affected by some disorder or disease, an accompanying symptom is the loss of the protective barrier. Therefore, skin is prone to suffer from infections or other complications. On the contrary, in normal conditions, the protective barrier of the skin offers a high level of impermeability, which in turn can be an inconvenience if the goal is to introduce beneficial molecules into the skin.
Scientists at the CSIC's Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC) are designing advanced lipid systems for skin applications. The team, led by Olga López, a scientist at the IQAC-CSIC, have developed several aggregates of lipid molecules with "capacity to pass through the natural channels of the skin, without damaging the tissue, to interact with skin cells and to remain there". These aggregates (or structures), explains Olga López, "have been created to treat the skin and to transport other molecules, either cosmetic or pharmacological, to the specific skin layers that need to be treated.
The scientists have obtained chemical maps of the skin, in which the penetration of molecules can be seen
To find out how these molecular aggregates penetrate the skin, the scientists have performed a 120 hours experiment in the ALBA synchrotron, in the latest beamline created in the facility, MIRAS. This beamline is devoted to infrared spectroscopy and microscopy, and it is a powerful tool for detecting and quantifying molecules and their spatial distribution.
The scientists Olga López, Estitxu Fernandez and Verónica Moner, from IQAC-CSIC, and the responsible of the beamline, Ibraheem Yousef. Image: ALBA.
In this case, the scientists have applied the lipid molecular aggregates on skin samples and, afterwards, they have analyzed transversal sections of the samples in order to see the penetration and distribution of the lipid molecules. The samples of skin were both healthy and non-healthy. They have obtained, then, chemical maps of the skin, in which the penetration of molecules can be seen.
This study will contribute to improving the treatment of skin disorders and could have applicability in the dermatological and cosmetic fields. The results will "enable finding the best aggregates to transport active molecules to the different layers of the skin, and will contribute to the development of safer and more efficient treatments".
This Project is being developed in the frame of the Spanish National Plan of Research and Development (Plan Nacional de I+D).


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2 The Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education The Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) was established on JanuaryIts purpose is to make decisions on general recognition of foreign education, to oversee the quality of Norwegian higher education by means of evaluation, accreditation and approval of quality systems, institutions, and course programs.These tasks should be carried out in such a way that the institutions can use the results to develop their own quality system.NOKUT represents Norway in the ENIC-NARIC network and is the information agency described in the Lisbon Convention on Recognition.
3 Higher educationAll higher education institutions are subject to the authority of the Ministry of Education and Research.Higher education in Norway is mainly offered at state institutions, notably universities.The degrees and titles that each institution can award and their professional and educational programs, as well as the duration and specific requirements concerning breadth and depth are all laid down in the Royal Decree of 11 October 2002 (last revision 21 December 2005).In June 2001, the Norwegian Parliament passed an extensive reform of higher education, the so-called Quality Reform.
5 The main points include a new degree structure: Bachelor, of 3 years' durationMaster of 2 years' duration, and PhD of 3 years' durationA credit system based on ECTS was introduced with 60 credits being equivalent to one year's full-time studyThe possibility for some types of colleges to become universities.The redefinition of governing bodies and management of the institutionsAn increase in student loans/grants
6 Priority is given to the improvement of teaching and assessment And the introduction of mutual and formalized agreements between students and institutionsPriority is given to participation in international programs and exchange agreementsHigher education institutions strive to offer students a period of study abroad as a component of their
7 How to become a teacher in Norway: There are several paths to becoming a teacher in Norway.Placement period: weeksPlacement period: 12 weeks in a company and 12 weeks at schoolPlacement period:14 weeksA four-year general teacher education program at a University CollegeA three-year vocational teacher education program at a University collegeA one-year postgraduate certificate in education at a University
8 Admission to Practical Pedagogic education Teacher-training program based on one of the following types of educational background :craft certificate or completed a three-year vocational upper secondary education,general education, vocational theoretical education and a minimum of two years of professional experienceprofession-oriented bachelor's degree and a minimum of two years of professional experience
9 The curriculum for teacher-training program 60 credits The goals for students' learning is structured in three main areas.Since the study work is centered on practical tasks and situations in the teacher work, it is natural to work against multiple targets simultaneously.
10 3.1 A - The teacher and the student / apprentice Target area includes training in classrooms, workshops and other learning venues.The core tasks are the development and maintenance of a good learning environment and planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating their own teaching and pupils' learning.
11 3.2 B - The teacher and the organization Target area encompasses organizational, leadership and collaboration tasks that are outside of the daily training, but that adds important framework for this.This requires an understanding of the school's / company's goals and distinctiveness as a learning place and workplace.The program will also promote the ability and willingness to further develop organizational culture, organization and management methods.
12 3.3 C - The teacher and community Target area is about the interplay between social development, education of values, discipline / profession and educational practices.The teacher must be able to justify and develop their academic and subjects-/ vocational didactic understanding and pedagogical practices from a social perspective.


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ReseñaElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.
-Integrates technical and economic analyses of electric energy systems.
-Covers HVDC transmission.
-Addresses renewable generation and the associated control and scheduling problems.
-Analyzes electricity markets, electromagnetic transients, and harmonic load flow.
-Features new sections and updated material throughout the text.
-Includes examples and solved problems.


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Accession Number : AD0662685
Title : THEORETICAL VIBRATION STUDY OF THE BEARING ANALYSIS MACHINE.
Descriptive Note : Research and development rept.,
Corporate Author : NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER ANNAPOLIS MD ANNAPOLIS DIV
Personal Author(s) : Daugherty,Thomas L.
Report Date : DEC 1967
Pagination or Media Count : 51
Abstract : The Bearing Analysis Machine is a tool for the study of bearing-generated vibrations. It is used for Navy quiet bearing inspection and as a research tool. Analysis of two mathematical models determines the theoretical rigid-body, outer-ring response of the test bearing to forcing functions generated by both the machine components and the test bearing. The bearing outer-ring response per pound of forcing function was calculated for a Size 314 bearing under 100-pounds thrust load to illustrate the results for frequencies of 10 to 10,000 hertz. The results indicated greater bearing response to bearing-generated forces than to machine-generated forces. Therefore, for forcing functions of the same order of magnitude, the major contribution to the measured spectrum would result from bearing-generated forces. (Author)
Descriptors : (*BEARINGS, VIBRATION), (*VIBRATION, *TEST EQUIPMENT), NAVAL EQUIPMENT, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, NOISE, FORCE(MECHANICS)
Subject Categories : Machinery and Tools
Test Facilities, Equipment and Methods
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE


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Stomacher 400 circulator
The Stomacher 400 Circulator by Seward is used at the outset of determining the microbial content of environmental samples, food products etc: samples to be tested are homogenised aseptically using the Stomacher, enabling the recovery of microorganisms present deep within the sample as well as those present on the surface. This enables us to obtain more accurate microbial counts since any microbes present are distributed evenly throughout the homogenised sample, avoiding any localised pockets of microbial growth within the sample. Efficient homogenisation of samples is also vital in downstream molecular applications, such as pathogen detection using qPCR or microbial community analysis using genotyping, and next generation sequencing methods.
To know more about the Stomacher 400 Circulator and sample processing, talk to Rosie.


The Dignified Dalmatian
The Dalmatian dog breed is popular because it is the star of Disney's 101 Dalmatians. Aside from that, they are also famed for their spotted coats. The Dalmatian is a sleek and athletic dog breed which has a history that goes back several hundred years. It is as charming in real life as in film and it can go from gallant to goofy to gallant again in an instant. If you love Dalmatians, then read on to know more about its history and characteristics.
There is no clear story about the exact origin of the Dalmatian dog breed but based on the most reliable sources, they originated in the eastern Mediterranean from where they spread to India and over Europe. Its name suggests that it came from Dalmatia, which was a historical region in Croatia, on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. However, researchers have found that this was not the case.
The name Dalmatian came relatively late in their history, around the late 1790s. But there were records of spotted dogs in painting, sketches, and artifacts which were dated well before this time. These dogs were seen beside war chariots and other horse drawn carriages. This is where they received their other name which is "The Carriage Dog".
Dalmatians before were used as dogs of war, guarding the borders of Dalmatia. Even until now, the breed retains a high guarding instinct. They have a strong hunting instinct and they are also excellent exterminator of rats and vermin. Aside from being dogs of war, they were also used as bird dogs, trail hounds, retrievers, or in packs for boar or stag hunting. They have also become successful circus dogs throughout the years because of their dramatic markings and intelligence.
Dalmatians are best known for their role as fire-fighting apparatus escorts and firehouse mascots. Since they are very compatible with horses, they were easily trained to run in front of the carriages, helping clear a paths to quickly guide the horses and firefighters to the fires. They were also kept in the firehouse as deterrence to theft because they are considered to make good watchdogs.
In the present time, most Dalmatians are companions and family members but they still firmly remain as an iconic mascot of the Fire Brigade. In fact, you can still find living examples of this across the country.
Characteristics of a Dalmatian
Average height: 1 foot and 7 inches – 2 feet tall
Average weight: 48 – 55 pounds
Hypoallergenic: No
The Dalmatian belongs to the companion dogs breed group and they can live from 13 to 16 years. Both males and females can grow between 19 and 24 inches tall and can weight from 48 to 55 pounds. But males are generally larger than females. Dalmatians have distinctive coats that are lovely to touch because they are short, satiny, and fine. The top of their heads feel like velvet.
Their coats' base color is white with well-defined dense black or deep brown round spots which vary from dime size to half dollar size which are evenly distributed over the coat. You can also see smaller spots on their legs, head, and tail. But did you know that where their spots came from is a mystery? Yes, because they do not have spots at birth and they only get spots when they grow older. Also, just like human fingerprints, no two Dalmatians have exactly the same pattern of spots.
There are also tricolored Dalmatians such as those with tan markings on the head, neck, chest, leg, or a tail of black or liver spotted dog. However, they are not suited for dog shows but they can still be excellent companion dogs.
Dalmatians are high-energy dogs that do not get tired of exercise. They love attention and have a strong desire to please, making them very easy to train. They are also smart dogs with a sly sense of humor. They are alert and interested with things that goes around them, which makes them excellent watchdogs.
They are also great playmates for older children but not to toddlers and young children because their rambunctious nature and swishing tails might be overwhelming. They are also fine with other dogs and cats around.
Caring for Dalmatians
Since Dalmatians are very active dogs, they will need plenty of exercise. But remember to exercise them on a leash because they are very fast runners with a great deal of stamina. They also thrive with human companionship that's why they need plenty of time with their family. Also try to observe if your Dalmatian is urinating properly because they have unique uric acid metabolism. Make sure to provide them with easy access to fresh water all the time.
Dalmatians are considered as clean dogs and they only have little or no "doggy" odor. Their coats are dirt-repellent as well and it is unusual for them to roll around in the mud. But be aware that they shed all year round. To get the hair off them, make sure to brush their coats weekly using a medium-soft rubber curry brush. If you brush them regularly, there's no need for frequent bathing and three to four times in a year is enough.
Remember to brush your Dalmatian's teeth at least two to three times a week to prevent bad breath and gum disease. Also, trim its nails once or twice a month to avoid painful tears.
When feeding Dalmatians, the recommended daily amount of food a day is 1.5 to 2 cups divided into two meals. This depends on your Dalmatian's size, age, metabolism, build, and activity level.
If you're an active individual who loves running or hiking and you're looking for a wonderful companion, getting a Dalmatian might be a great option for you. Dalmatians are also great as family pets and as watchdogs for your home.


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Hydrofluoric acid is extremely corrosive. Acute exposures are especially hazardous and can result in severe burns or respiratory damage. U. S. manufacturers use hydrofluoric acid to produce fluorocarbons, aluminum and other chemical products. Metal pickling and etching applications are the primary end-uses for hydrofluoric acid in Massachusetts. Hydrofluoric acid use is on the decline in Massachusetts. However, produced as an unintended byproduct, coal-fired power plants are a potential source of public exposure to hydrofluroic acid.
Massachusetts. facilities reported using 640,000 pounds of hydrofluoric acid in 1996. Hydrofluoric acid use in Massachusetts declined slightly, by 5%, between 1990 and 1996.


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CBSE Marking Scheme for Class IX Mathematics 2010-2011
- As per CCE guidelines, the syllabus of Mathematics for class IX has been divided term wise.
- The units specified for each term shall be assessed through both formative and summative assessment.
- In each term, there will be two formative assessments each carrying 10% weightage.
- The summative assessment in the I term will carry 20% weightage and the summative assessment in the II term will carry 40% weightage.
- Listed laboratory activities and projects will necessarily be assessed through formative assessments.
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS IX
|FIRST TERM||MARKS : 80|
|I NUMBER SYSTEM Real Numbers||15|
|II ALGEBRA Polynomials||22|
|III GEOMETRYIntroduction to Euclid's Geometry, Lines & Angles, Triangles||35|
|IV CO ORDINATE GEOMETRY||05|
|V MENSURATIONArea of Triangle – Heron's Formula||03|
|SECOND TERM||MARKS : 80|
|II ALGEBRA (contd)Linear equations in two variables||14|
|III GEOMETRY (contd)Quadrilaterals, Area, Circles, Constructions||35|
|IV MENSURATION (contd) Surface Areas and Volumes||15|
|V STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Statistics, Probability.||16|


inbound airline is responsible for ticketing the inadmissible passenger to whatever place advised by the authorities. It should obtain payment in the following order:
 1. If the passenger already has an outbound ticket (on any carrier) to the place specified by the authorities, then that ticket may be used immediately. Any restrictions preventing immediate use of the ticket (such as minimum stay, change fees, restriction to a specific airline, etc) should be ignored. The ticket should be revalidated (changed) by the final inbound airline and imprinted with the words "RESTRICTIONS WAIVED DUE TO INAD" in the endorsements box (to explain the situation to other carriers).
 2. If there are unflown flight coupons remaining on the inbound ticket, the final inbound airline may appropriate these flight coupons and use their value towards payment of a new outbound ticket. (Again, the ticketing airline may disregard any endorsements or restrictions on those coupons.) The word "INAD" must be appended to the passenger's name on the new ticket.
 3. If the passenger does not have a return ticket or the value of the unflown coupons does not cover the transportation costs, then the final inbound carrier is responsible for collecting the fare due for the outbound journey from the passenger.
 4. If the final inbound carrier is unable to collect the fare due for the outbound journey from the passenger, that carrier is still responsible for issuing the outbound ticket. The cost of the outbound ticket is shared between all the carriers who offered carriage on the continuous journey from the point of origin on the ticket (or the last stopover, if there was one), to the place where entry was refused. The sharing is pro-rated by mileage, so the final carrier won't pay much if it just operated a short leg on a much longer itinerary.
 5. However, if the final inbound carrier was technically incapable of issuing the onward ticket, then another inbound carrier may issue it instead; but the final inbound carrier is then responsible to the ticketing carrier for the full transportation cost (it isn't shared).
 - 3
 +1 for a well-researched and comprehensive answer. Of course, none of that precludes the carrier from recovering any costs or fines from the passenger if the contract of carriage permits that. – Zach Lipton Aug 24 '17 at 17:41
 - Just to clarify, for future readers who were confused like I was: "inbound" here refers to the airline/flight that brought the passenger to the point where entry was refused. "Outbound" refers to the transportation leaving that location. – Michael Seifert May 18 '20 at 13:32
ICAO Annex 9 chapter 5 covers removal. Entries 5.10 and 5.11:
5.10 When a person is found inadmissible and is returned to the aircraft operator for transport away from the territory of the State, the aircraft operator shall not be precluded from recovering from such person any transportation costs involved in his removal. 5.11 The aircraft operator shall remove the inadmissible person to: a) the point where he commenced his journey; or b) to any place where he is admissible.
PDF download
If you are refused entry and came by air, the airline that brought you there has to take you back. Depending on the local law, it might also be fined if you did not have a visa and it failed to check. The airline might try to recover the funds from you later but nobody is paying for a ticket.
If you are refused entry on a land border, nobody will pay for a ticket either, you are just unable to enter the country and left stranded wherever you are. In some cases, when the control does not happen at the border itself but further inland (either on board a train or at a station), I have seen people forced to take a train in the other direction but I don't know what the rules were.
If for some reason you can't return where you came from (say you don't have the right to reenter the country you just left), the only thing left is to deport you somewhere else. Reasonable countries will at least try to deport you to a country from which you are a citizen. In that case, the country that wants to deport you pays for your ticket (and if necessary those of your police escort). Again, it might also impose a fine and try to recover money from you later but I suspect that most countries don't bother as many people who are deported will have very little money to begin with or come from countries where effective means to recover a fine are non-existent.
So in a nutshell, the country that sent you away or the airline that transported you might try to recover some money from you later on but it really does not matter if you have any at the moment you are denied entry. Either the airline will take care of the transport directly or it will be paid by the state removing you.
 - 6
 You'd be surprised where you can get deported to. Decades ago my uncle overstayed a US tourist visa for years then came to visit Canada. The Canadians felt he would overstay here too. He didn't want to go back to the US since they would be alerted, and didn't much want to go to the UK where he was a citizen. It took a few days living in the nasty motel they use as immigration detention (I remember the doors had no latches or knobs) but he got deported to Bermuda in the end. Never came back to Canada or the US. – Kate Gregory Jan 25 '14 at 14:52
 - _USER_ Well, I am not really "surprised", I know much worse (citizens deported by mistake, people deported against their will to a third country with which they have nothing to do, people deported to a third country in the knowledge that the local police would somehow "deal" with them, etc.), that's why I added "reasonable". – Relaxed Jan 25 '14 at 15:50
 - yes, this would be a good surprise. He was able to negotiate with both Canada and Bermuda to end up somewhere he wasn't going to be "taken care of" for overstaying the US visitor visa, and didn't have to deal with whatever he left the UK about. He did go back to the UK eventually, on his own terms. – Kate Gregory Jan 25 '14 at 16:30
 - 1
 Just for the sake of correctness: Being denied entry and being deported from a country are (usually) two completely different issues. The question has nothing to do with deportation and Kate, your uncle was not deported from Canada, at least not if you describe the situation correctly. But even if he was "just" denied entry: If he didn't want to go where he came from (or probably more correctly: he wouldn't be let into the US again after overstaying his previous visa) and he didn't want to go to his home country, is it really a nasty surprise that he was sent somewhere else? – Tor-Einar Jarnbjo Jan 26 '14 at 0:42
 - 3
 A friend of mine (US citizen) got denied entry in London, coming via air from Morocco. They simply told him, he has got 24 hours to book a flight to where ever he wants, otherwise they will send him back to where he came from (Morocco) at his cost. Not sure how they would have enforced this though. – Phil Jan 27 '14 at 11:52


Print Document
How to create a python virtual environment
Version 01
Release Date 01 Jan 2021
Type SAP Documents
Status Released
1. Install Python and set Environment variable for python
2. Run the following command to create a virtual environment with the same version as the global python implementation.
python3 -m venv tutorial-env
Option 02:
If multiple versions of python installed, then python version can be entered while creating new virtual environment.
python36 -m venv tutorial-env
This is assuming python 3.6 is installed and Home path is set in environment variable.
Option 3 :
If python version is installed and home variable is not set then, then navigate to the path where python is installed and run the following command.
python3 -m venv <>
How to identify where python is installed.?
Table of contents
Technical Documents
Configuration Guide
External Reference
SAP Note
SDN Links
Sample Code


text:
Three recently decided cases discuss the retroactive application of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 to pre-1952 claims—Carl Marks & Co. v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Jackson v. People's Republic of China, and Slade v. United States of Mexico. These cases have conclusively established that the FSIA is not to be applied retroactively to pre-1952 events—i.e., to claims arising prior to the issuance of the Tate Letter. They do not resolve the issue of retroactive application of the FSIA to post-1952 events, however, and this issue is currently engulfed in confusion. This Comment attempts to resolve this confusion and propose a solution to the retroactivity problem. Section II delineates the retroactivity issue, while Section III discusses the history of sovereign immunity and describes the FSIA in detail. Section IV outlines the sources of confusion in the area of FSIA retroactivity and identifies four basic principles which may be applied to circumvent the confusion. Finally, Section V proposes a retroactivity solution arrived at through the application of these principles.
Michael E. Jansen,
FSIA Retroactivity Subsequent to the Issuance of the Tate Letter: A Proposed
Solution to the Confusion,
Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus.


text:
I am trying to do a classification exercise on email docs (strings containing words).
I defined the distance function as following:
def distance(wordset1, wordset2):
if len(wordset1) < len(wordset2):
return len(wordset2) - len(wordset1)
elif len(wordset1) > len(wordset2):
return len(wordset1) - len(wordset2)
elif len(wordset1) == len(wordset2):
You didn't mention the type of
wordset2. I'll assume they are both
You defined your distance as the word counting and got a bad score. It's obvious text length is not a good dissimilarity measure: two emails with different sizes can talk about the same thing, while two emails of same size be talking about completely different things.
So, as suggested above, you could try and check for SIMILAR WORDS instead:
import numpy as np def distance(wordset1, wordset2): wordset1 = set(wordset1.split()) wordset2 = set(wordset2.split()) common_words = wordset1 & wordset2 if common_words: return 1 / len(common_words) else: # They don't share any word. They are infinitely different. return np.inf
The problem with that is that two big emails are more likely to share words than two small ones, and this metric would favor those, making them "more similar to each other" in comparison to the small ones. How do we solve this? Well, we normalize the metric somehow:
import numpy as np def distance(wordset1, wordset2): wordset1 = set(wordset1.split()) wordset2 = set(wordset2.split()) common_words = wordset1 & wordset2 if common_words: # The distance, normalized by the total # number of different words in the emails. return 1 / len(common_words) / (len(wordset1 | wordset2)) else: # They don't share any word. They are infinitely different. return np.inf
This seems cool, but completely ignores the FREQUENCY of the words. To account for this, we can use the Bag-of-words model. That is, create a list of all possible words and histogram their appearance in each document. Let's use CountVectorizer implementation from scikit-learn to make our job eaiser:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer def distance(wordset1, wordset2): model = CountVectorizer() X = model.fit_transform([wordset1, wordset2]).toarray() # uses Euclidean distance between bags. return np.linalg.norm(X - X)
But now consider two pairs of emails. The emails in the first pair are composed by perfectly written English, full of "small" words (e.g.
that) necessary for it to be grammatically correct. The emails in the second pair are different: only containing the keywords, it's extremely dry. You see, chances are the first pair will be more similar than the second one. That happens because we are currently accounting for all words the same, while we should be prioritizing the MEANINGFUL words in each text. To do that, let's use term frequency–inverse document frequency. Luckly, there's a very similar implementation in scikit-learn:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer def distance(wordset1, wordset2): model = TfidfVectorizer() X = model.fit_transform([wordset1, wordset2]).toarray() similarity_matrix = X.dot(X.T) # The dissimilarity between samples wordset1 and wordset2. return 1-similarity_matrix[0, 1]
Read more about this in this question. Also, duplicate?
You should now have a fairly good accuracy. Try it out. If it's still not as good as you want, then we have to go deeper... (get it? Because... Deep-learning). The first thing is that we need either a dataset to train over or an already trained model. That's required because networks have many parameters that MUST be adjusted in order to provide useful transformations.
What's been missing so far is UNDERSTANDING. We histogrammed the words, striping them from any context or meaning. Instead, let's keep them where they are and try to recognize blocks of patterns. How can this be done?
Let's use Keras to simply our lives. It should look something like this:
#... imports and params definitions model = Sequential([ Embedding(max_features, embedding_dims, input_length=maxlen, dropout=0.2), Convolution1D(nb_filter=nb_filter, filter_length=filter_length, border_mode='valid', activation='relu', subsample_length=1), MaxPooling1D(pool_length=model.output_shape), Flatten(), Dense(256, activation='relu'), ]) #... train or load model weights. def distance(wordset1, wordset2): global model # X =... # Embed both emails. X = sequence.pad_sequences(X, maxlen=maxlen) y = model.predict(X) # Euclidean distance between emails. return np.linalg.norm(y-y)
There's a practical example on sentence processing which you can check Keras github repo. Also, someone solves this exact same problem using a siamese recurrent network in this stackoverflow question.
Well, I hope this gives you some direction. :-)


text:
A Laser-based Time Calibration System
for the MEG II Timing Counter
We have developed a new laser-based time calibration system for the MEG II timing counter dedicated to timing measurement of positrons. The detector requires precise timing alignment between 500 scintillation counters. In this study, we present the calibration system which can directly measure the time offset of each counter relative to the laser-synchronized pulse. We thoroughly tested all the optical components and the uncertainty of this method is estimated to be 24 ps. In 2017, we installed the full system into the MEG II environment and performed a commissioning run. This method shows excellent stability and consistency with another method. The proposed system provides a precise timing alignment for SiPM-based timing detectors. It also has potential in areas such as TOF-PET.
Lepton flavor violating decays are powerful tools to search for new physics beyond the standard model. The MEG II experiment at Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Switzerland will search for one of these decays,, with a sensitivity of improving the existing limit of almost an order of magnitude. The sensitivity of MEG, the first phase of the experiment, was limited by the detector performance. The beam intensity was reduced to satisfy the requirements of stable operation of the detectors. Therefore, in order to make full use of the available beam intensity of, we developed new detectors with resolutions in energy, position, and timing improved by a factor of two. In particular, good time resolution plays an important role to reduce the dominant background that depends quadratically on the beam intensity. The pixelated Timing Counter (pTC), one of the key detectors in MEG II, is dedicated to the measurement of the positron timing. Its design is based on a new approach to improve the time resolution: the multiple hit scheme. The pTC consists of 512 scintillation counters (Fig. 1) and is divided into two equal sectors: one placed upstream the MEG II target and the other downstream. Each counter, with a size of 40 (50) 120 5 mm, consists of a fast plastic scintillator (SAINT-GOBAIN, BC422) read out by six series-connected silicon photomultipliers (SiPM, AdvanSiD, ASD-NUV3S-P High-Gain, 3 3 mm, 50 50 m, V24 V) at both short ends. Signal positrons hit 9 counters on overage and the total time resolution is expected to improve with the number of hit counters. This approach enables us to achieve a time resolution of 35 ps, two times better than in MEG. Exploiting the multiple hit scheme requires a precise relative time calibration between counters, which is a challenging task. We have developed a new time calibration method using a pulsed laser and commercially available optical components. This method measures directly the time offsets for the timing alignment.
Ii Overview of the laser-based time calibration system
The laser-based time calibration system is shown in Fig. 2. The laser pulse ("Laser controller" and "Laser head") is split into each scintillation counter simultaneously via several optical components: a mode scrambler, optical splitters, and optical fibers. The laser device is produced by Hamamatsu with a part number of PLP-10 and has the following features: wavelength: 401 nm, pulse duration: 60(typical)–100(max) ps, peak power: 200 mW. The mode scrambler produced by OPTO SCIENCE, INC. stabilizes transmission mode in a fiber. The optical switch produced by LEONI switches light paths. Optical splitters divide the input light into several channels. 1 to 2 splitter is produced by OZ OPTICS and the others are produced by Lightel Technologies Inc. We use multimode and graded index fibers with a core diameter of 50 m and a cladding diameter of 125 m. There are produced by OZ OPTICS (for 2.5 m) and Lightel Technologies Inc. (for 10 m). The selection of these items was based on a detailed study presented in. To get enough laser power for each counter, one-eighth of counters () are illuminated at one data taking. The time offset of each counter is measured relative to laser-synchronized pulse. We have developed a new method to fix an optical fiber into the scintillator: a small hole with a diameter of 2.5 mm and with a depth of 1 mm is drilled into the bottom long side of the scintillator and a polycarbonate screw (at the bottom in Fig. 1), which has a fiber-shaped hole inside, fixes the optical fiber together with the black support bar made of ABS resin. Slow control tasks such as monitoring temperatures, controlling the laser, and switching the optical switch are performed based on the Midas Slow Control System developed at PSI and TRIUMF.
Iii Research and development
We focused on the following items in research and development of the laser calibration system.
Iii-a Fiber insertion method
Firstly, we confirmed that the hole in the scintillator does not degrade the time resolution. Then we considered whether we should put optical grease inside the hole expecting better optical contact. However, it turned out that the time offset depends on the amount of the grease. The amount of grease during the assembly could not be reproduced satisfactorily. Therefore, we decided not to use optical grease. We checked the reproducibility: the fiber was inserted and the time offset was measured repeatedly. The reproducibility of the time offset is highly satisfying (3.8 ps in standard deviation). The stability was also confirmed during the commissioning phase (Sect. IV).
Iii-B Temperature dependence
Time offset of all optical components depends significantly on temperature. We measured the temperature coefficient of the whole system to be 7.61.5 ps/C. The main contribution was from the "SYNC signal" cable (RG174/U) in Fig. (a)a; we will replace it with another cable with a smaller temperature coefficient (FSJ1-50A) before the engineering run in 2018. In addition, the temperature in the detector area is expected to be stabilized within 1 C, thus the temperature effect on the time offset will be negligible.
Iii-C Mass test
All optical components including 600 fibers and 80 splitters, were tested before installation. Particularly the optical length in the optical splitter has a large difference among different production batches. However, it does not affect the performance because this difference of optical length up to counter are subtracted from the time offset.
Iii-D Uncertainty of the system
Finally, the uncertainty of the laser calibration is calculated to be 24 ps by summing up all the contributions which can affect the time offset such as transit time variation inside the SiPMs, reproducibility of fiber insertion method, and statistical uncertainty in the mass test. A detailed study of the mass test and an estimation of the uncertainty are presented in.
Iv Commissioning and performance
In 2016 one-fourth of the system was operated and we reported the result in. In 2017 we finished the construction and the assembly of the pTC and then we installed it into the MEG II experimental area at PSI to operate it under the MEG II beam (7). Data with positrons from Michel decay () were collected for two weeks and the detector was operated for two months. The time offset calculated with this method was stable enough over time (2.5 ps in standard deviation for one month). As shown in Fig. 3, this method was compared with another calibration method, which uses positron tracks, and they are in good agreement within 50 ps.
We have developed the laser-based time calibration system for the MEG II pTC with an uncertainty of 24 ps. The time offset calculated with this method is stable enough for the detector operation. In addition, the consistency of the time offset was checked with another method. Laser-based methods for TOF detectors in the past were commisioned only for plastic scintillator detectors with photomultiplier tube read-out; however, SiPM read-out enables us to design more compact and flexible timing detectors and the rapid development of SiPM technology suggests that scintillation detector with SiPM read-out will be extensively used in a wide variety of applications. Therefore, laser-based time calibration methods are expected to become more and more widespread. Furthermore, this method is precise enough to be compatible with the multiple hit scheme. It also has potential in areas such as Time-Of-Flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). The full engineering run of the MEG II experiment will start in 2019 followed by the physics run, searching for the lepton flavor violating muon decay.
- A.M. Baldini, et al., "The design of the MEG II experiment", Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78: 380, arXiv:1801.04688
- Y. Uchiyama, et al., "30-ps Time Resolution with Segmented Scintillation Counter for MEG II", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 845:507–510, 2017.
- R. Bertoni, et al., "A laser diode based system for calibration of fast time-of-flight detectors". J. Instrum., 11(05):P05024, 2016.
- MIDAS website: midas.triumf.ca
- M. Rossella, et al., "Design and test of the calibration system of the MEGII Pixelated timing Counter", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A,


How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
How does Linear Discriminant Analysis work?
This recipe explains how Linear Discriminant Analysis work
Recipe Objective
Linear Discriminant Analysis is a classifier with a linear decision boundary, generated by fitting class conditional densities to the data and using Bayes' rule. It fits a Gaussian density to each class, assuming that all classes share the same covariance matrix.
So this recipe is a short example on how does Linear Discriminant Analysis work. Let's get started.
Step 1 - Import the library
from sklearn import datasets from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
Let's pause and look at these imports. We have exported train_test_split which helps in randomly breaking the datset in two parts. Here sklearn.dataset is used to import one classification based model dataset. Also, we have exported LinearDiscriminantAnalysis to build our model.
Step 2 - Setup the Data
X,y=load_iris(return_X_y=True) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.25)
Here, we have used load_iris function to import our dataset in two list form (X and y) and therefore kept return_X_y to be True. Further with have broken down the dataset into 2 parts, train and test with ratio 3:4.
Now our dataset is ready.
Step 3 - Building the model
model = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis()
We have simply built a classification model with LinearDiscriminantAnalysis with default values.
Step 4 - Fit the model and predict for test set, y_train) y_pred= model.predict(X_test)
Here we have simply fit used fit function to fit our model on X_train and y_train. Now, we are predicting the values of X_test using our built model.
Step 5 - Printing the accuracy
print(model.score(X_train,y_train)) print(model.score(X_test,y_test))
Here we have calculated accuracy score using score function for both our train and test set.
Step 6 - Lets look at our dataset now
Once we run the above code snippet, we will see:
Clearly, the model built for the given datset is efficient on any unknown set.
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Below are the 10 primary benefits of using the Magic Link handwriting programme in both primary and secondary schools:
 1. School curriculum
The Magic Link Handwriting Programme can be used in both primary and secondary schools. This programme can be integrated into the school curriculum so the whole school can learn neat, cursive, joined-up handwriting. The non joined-up (pre-cursive) programme is for 5-year-olds, in year 1 and the cursive (joined-up) programme is for 6-18 years.
2. Whole class or groups
The programme can be used with a whole class as it can be incorporated as part of a classroom activity. Alternatively, it can be used with small groups of children, or individually with pupils who are finding particular difficulty with the letter and word formation. It is perfect for pupils of all ages including those in primary schools as well as secondary schools.
2. Colour-coded worksheets
The bright, worksheets use clear colour -coding and each vowel has its own colour. This is a motivator, which also improves reading and spelling. No further teaching resource is required.
colour coded worksheets
3. Handwriting intervention
The programme can be used with small handwriting intervention groups within the classroom or as specific tutorial lessons.
4. No teacher training
No teacher training is required; teachers, special educational needs coordinator (SENcos) or teaching assistants are simply required to supervise the children to ensure that the pupils are following the steps correctly. This makes the programme very easy to use as there is little scope for error.
5. Simple font
The Magic Link font makes learning how to write correctly a simple and achievable task. There are no confusing lead-in (entry) strokes. This font has been designed to promote speed and result in smooth, flowing joined up handwriting.
The simple magic link font
6. Multi-sensory
The Magic Link Programme incorporates a multi-sensory approach. The lively music, auditory instructions and visual tips are clearly presented and makes learning fun and interesting.
 7. Incremental Progression of Handwriting Strokes
The act of forming letters requires many steps. The steps in the Magic Link programme follow motoric incremental movements of handwriting, which are required to complete an action resulting in higher levels of motor planning. At the end of every steps, the learnt words are incorporated into 'silly sentences' to reinforce the motor movement and make handwriting practise fun.
Letters with arrows
 8. Perfect for all pupils
The Magic Link Handwriting Programme is perfect for all pupils including children with SEN i.e dyslexia, dyspraxia, have Asperger's syndrome, hypermobile and left and right handers. All pupils follow the pre-recorded video lessons to learn the correct formation of letters, words and sentences.
 9. Highly structured
This highly structured programme starts at the basic level and progresses through vowels and vowel combinations. All pupils are fully aware from the start, that at the end of 30 steps they will achieve neat, cursive writing.
10. Certificate of Achievement
For primary school children, a "Certificate of Achievement" provides an extra motivator. This can be given at the end of the programme or awarded in assembly and reward their new skill to make them feel proud and confident.
Benefits of using the Magic Link Handwriting Programme in school


Disposable Hygiene Products Supplying Oem& Odm Service Surplier
TEL : +86 _PHONE_ Email: _EMAIL_
The application of adult nursing pads in surgery
by：Moosee 2021-03-13
Adult nursing pad is a disposable sanitary product made of PE film, non-woven fabric, fluff pulp, polymer and other materials. Adult nursing pads can reduce the occurrence of hypothermia in surgical patients, and at the same time reduce the frequency of moving patients. The vital signs are significantly smoother than those of patients with repeated turnings, and the patient feels comfortable. So what are the applications of adult nursing pads in surgery? Let me introduce to you.
1. Before operation: Lay two 90*60cm2 adult nursing pads on the stretcher to isolate the patient's body from direct contact with the stretcher. Depending on the patient's condition, use the patient's own translation or two-person transfer method to move the patient. Move it to the stretcher and cover with the quilt. The general principle of handling is to move lightly, shorten the distance, and save energy. During transportation, keep warm.
2. Intraoperative: Intraoperative disinfectant and various rinsing fluids overflow, the nursing pad can quickly absorb, keep the surface dry, avoid the irritation of the wet bed sheet to the patient's skin, and reduce the loss of skin heat conduction.
3. After operation: Place the scoop stretcher on the flat car, and spread two nursing pads on the stretcher flat, with a nursing pad in the middle corresponding to the patient's waist and hips. After being transported to the ward, the nurses and nurses lift the scoop stretcher to the patient's bed, disassemble the stretcher, check whether the adult nursing pad is flat, and cover the patient with a quilt to prevent loss of body temperature. During the entire transportation process, pay attention to observe the patient's vital signs, lip color, and whether there is any chills.
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text:
Thanks for the graphic illustration
Sometimes I just can't resist my brain dumps, sorry
a parser doesn't know yet where it's output will go,
Yep, exactly my motivation for this issue: Since a parser can't and shouldn't know the various sinks, he must at least know the contract of their common interface that every sink obeys. If you can't setup such a common denominator among the sinks, it's all lost with interchangable output formats.
some feature that might be acceptable for one Sink may lead to errors in others
Of course the output formats created by sinks will have different requirements/restrictions, but every sink should
a) either fully support an event that is defined as part of the Sink API
b) or at least gracefully ignore an event it can't handle
such that users get a (best-effort) output regardless of the selected sink. It is the responsibility of the sink implementor to shield parsers from the details of its realized output format. IMHO, a sink should never ever fail with an exception if the input event is valid according to the Sink API.
Only a Sink knows what output is legal for its format, a Parser should therefore never insert anything that was not explicitly there in the original input format.
Anchor events are part of the Sink API, so a parser has to my understanding always the right to push this event into a sink, regardless whether the event is driven by explicit user input or by implicit convention. It is the sink's responsibility to handle this defined event, whether it support anchors or not.
Regarding the issue of unique anchor names: This is merely another aspect that needs to be added to the javadoc of the Sink API. If you define that anchor names must be unique within a document then
- a conforming parser is responsible for providing this uniqueness
- a sink has all right to fail if a non-conforming parser outputs two anchor events with the same name
I consider it a fundamental design flaw if an input format defines implicit anchors for section titles.
I am fine with your arguments against implicit anchors. However, then I still don't understand why sinks are allowed to output implicit anchors for sections. If we consider such anchors as problematic, nobody should be allowed to create them. An implicit anchor is an implicit anchor, regardless whether the parser of the sink created it, isn't it?
For example, if we consider the SiteRenderingSite to be one of those specialized sinks that may output implicit anchors to the XHTML pages, people could start using these auto-links to cross-reference to those sections from external documents (of the same site). Now this a dangerous because as soon as the users wants to output his nicely linked HTML website into a PDF book, he will find all the auto-links not working anymore because the PdfSink doesn't create implicit anchors like the SiteRenderingSink.
We have modified the original apt format
From SVN logs I see this was created after the last deployment of the doxia site (2007-11-06). If it doesn't cause any harm to the overall site, it would be cool to have this doc online. For example, the APT Reference still reads "Section titles are implicitly defined anchors." which does not apply to the version of Doxia used by the Site Plugin, IIRC.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Acadia National Park
|Nearest city||Bar Harbor, Maine|
|Area||47,400 acres (192 km²)|
|Date of Establishment||February 26, 1919|
|Governing Body||National Park Service|
|IUCN category||II (National Park)|
Acadia National Park is a United States National Park, located primarily on Mount Desert Island off the Atlantic coast of Maine. The park is administered by the National Park Service. The area includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes. In addition to Mount Desert Island, the park comprises much of the Isle au Haut, a small island to the southwest of Mount Desert Island. A portion of Schoodic Peninsula on the mainland is also part of the park. In total, Acadia National Park consists of 30,300 acres on Mount Desert Island, 2,728 acres (11 km²) on Isle au Haut and 2,266 acres (9.2 km²) on the Schoodic Peninsula.
The park was created as Sieur de Monts National Monument on January 19, 1916. On February 26, 1919, it became a national park, with the name Lafayette National Park in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, an influential French supporter of the American Revolution. The park's name was changed to Acadia National Park in 1929.
The town of Bar Harbor is located on the northeast corner of the island. Cadillac Mountain on the eastern side of the island is a famous tourist destination because it is one of the first places in the United States to see the sunrise. Miles of scenic carriage roads were originally built by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. with great sensitivity to the trees and contours of the land.
- "Discover Acadia National Park: A Guide to Hiking, Biking, and Paddling" by Jerry Monkman et al., Appalachian Mountain Club; ISBN _PHONE_; May 2000
- "Acadia Revealed" by Jay Kaiser et al., Papyrus Travel Guides; ISBN _PHONE_; July 2000
- Official website
- Acadia National Park Page
- Guide to Acadia National Park on Compassmonkey.com
- Acadia National Park Pictures
- Photos of Acadia National Park - Terra Galleria
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Near Side and Off Side.
Left side and right side. Near wheel means that to the coachmans left hand; and near horse (in a pair) means that to the left hand of the driver. In a four-in-hand the two horses on the left side of the coachman are the near wheeler and the near leader. Those on the right hand side of the coachman are off horses. This, which seems an anomaly, arose when the driver walked beside his team. The teamster always walks with his right arm nearest the horse, and therefore, in a pair of horses, the horse on the left side is nearer than the one on his right.
Thus, 2 is the near wheeler and 1 the near leader, 4 is the off wheeler and 3 the off leader.


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WindTracker and WindLogger comparison / difference
LeWL WindLogger Vs WindTracker
Logic Energy's WindLogger (LeWL) and WindTracker are compact, self-contained and robust loggers both designed for wind data collection and recording. They are used for small scale wind turbine site assessment up to around 15 metres hub height. The devices are broadly similar in function, but differ in terms of:
- Wind data calculation and manipulation
- Wind data recording and presentation
The WindLogger can be configured for different recording intervals and anemometers, and gives a complete timestamped data set for use in analysis software. The WindLogger comes with simple report and analysis software and spreadsheet, but other analysis software can also be used.
The main features are:
- Recording intervals of 1 minute or 10 minutes.
- Records data for 2 anemometers (speed) and 1 wind vane (direction).
- Time-stamped data for each interval includes average, maximum, and standard deviation of wind speed; average wind direction; and internal temperature.
- Data stored on SD memory card in standard CSV data file, suitable for import into spreadsheet or wind analysis software.
- Logger comes with SD card, and contains setup software, user guide and analysis tools.
- Logger can be configured from PC using a setup utility or serial port terminal.
The WindTracker is a simple but effective wind data logger that requires very little setup and allows you to generate a wind data report with minimum effort.
The main features are:
- Measures speed and direction for 1 anemometer and 1 wind vane.
- Continuously samples speed/direction. Updates internal statistics each hour.
- Writes current data to SD memory card on demand (insert the card to get new data). Each wind report contains a summary of the site wind profile for the entire monitoring period.
- Wind data summary is stored in a compact file that can be uploaded to the wind report generator on the Logic Energy website to create a graphical wind report.
- Wind report data includes:
- Average wind speed.
- Wind Speed Frequency Distribution – shows how often the wind speed wind reaches specific values (12 speed bands/bins from 2 to 13+ m/s).
- Average wind direction for each wind speed band (based on 16 direction bins).
- WindTracker comes with SD memory card and contains instructions. SD card is just used to configure the device and collect wind data, and should not be permanently left in the device.
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Working With Multiple Documents
Don Bradbury takes a look at some things you can do using batch processing
Many common applications will let you open more than one file at a time. Having multiple files open can facilitate several common operations, not least when you want to transfer data from one file to another without having to pop the relevant items into a multi-clip buffer such as Clipmate, and paste each clip into the other file.
Say you have two Word documents; the first contains many items that you need in the second, and to save typing them all in again, you simply want to transfer the selected items over to the other file.
First, open Word, then select the File/Open dialogue from its menus in the usual way, point to the first filename and click to select it. Hold down the Ctrl key, point to the second file, and click on that. Select Open and two copies of Word will start, each containing one of your two files. Reduce the size of the word processor's window in each example, and adjust the two windows until one fills the top half of the screen and the second fills the lower half.
Copy or Move
Now you can mark any paragraphs, sentences, or parts thereof in one file and simply drag them to the relevant position in the other file's window. That will move each item.
If you want to preserve the first file in its initial form, you have the choice of either copying (as opposed to moving) each item, by holding down the Ctrl key while you drag them, or clicking on 'No' when you exit the file and are asked if you want to resave that file. Click on 'Yes' when you exit the second file if you want to save the modifications.
You can do much the same sort of thing in Excel or other spreadsheet.s Remember, in this case you are moving or copying to cells rather than lines. You may have one spreadsheet that is a template for others that are to be created later and need to build on the template.
Carefully mark the areas that are to be common to both worksheets before dragging each of them in turn. To be certain of preserving the integrity of the template, you could mark it as read-only so that no changes can be made inadvertently. You can do that by finding the file in Windows Explorer, right clicking on it, selecting Properties and then the General tab, and checking the read-only box. If, later, you need to modify the template itself, then undo the read-only attribute.
When it comes to printing several files, batch processing can save you a lot of PC attendance. Simply locate the files to be printed (in the File/Open dialogue or Windows Explorer), mark them as described, make sure the printer has plenty of paper and ink, and click on Print. While that is progressed automatically, take a well deserved break.


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paintings can be very complex to deal with. Bark reacts to change in relative humidity and natural binders break down over time requiring consolidation (remedial work to prevent peeling paint and ensure the paint is stuck down on the bark). Treatments vary because natural ochres often react differently to the consolidant adhesives used as a binder. This can cause colour change and staining to the painting.
Some of the paint on this work has been extensively worn down, while the remaining paint is partially stable. Therefore, a consolidant will be applied in selected areas where the paint appears to be lifting or crumbling – a very delicate, time-consuming process.
Display of bark paintings is relatively straightforward, but requires care and sensitivity to minimise the risk of further damage.


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Tip of the Day
Language: C++
Expertise: Beginner
Aug 14, 2000
Differences in Execution Flow
Why would a program not yield any errors, and yet not run on one system, while resulting in a perfect run (unchanged) on another system? Specifically, a switch statement was completely ignored on my system, yet functioned accurately on my professor's.
Yes, it's possible to have the same program behave differently on different machines. There could be many reasons for this. For example, if the program is implicitly linked with certain runtime libraries (or DLL's) that are not identical on both machines, the same program can exhibit different behavior when it executes on different machines.
Likewise, certain applications access environment variables that might differ from one machine to another. An example of such a variable can be "IP_ADDRESS" or even USER. Since the values of these variables can be different on each machine, the result of a conditional statement that checks their values can also differ.
Finally, the code can be run by different users, who have different privileges. These privileges can affect the program's execution flow, too. Suppose the program tries to read a file. If a user with insufficient privileges attempts to execute the program from her account, the program will not be able to open the file, while a user with sufficient privileges can execute the program and have it open that file successfully.
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text: Using eBPF to detect malicious events on Cloud Native environments continues to rise because it provides a wide range of options to monitor for suspicious runtime execution, network connections, and file access. However, detecting sensitive data patterns, like social security or credit card numbers in encrypted L7 network traffic has traditionally been done in user space. By leveraging in-kernel HTTP visibility and kTLS, we now have the ability to paint a complete security picture and monitor sensitive data flows between Kubernetes workloads, even if they are encrypted. Using Tetragon, this talk will demonstrate how eBPF can be applied to solve the technical challenge of decrypting TLS traffic by using kTLS and showcase how Security Teams can detect sensitive data patterns, like social security numbers or exploit signatures in encrypted L7 traffic. By using eBPF, this solution avoids operational complexity, overhead, and is fully transparent to the application as well as the CNI.


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Suppose two people are trying to quit smoking. They both want a cigarette, but they wish they didn't want a cigarette. So there is a difference between what they want and what they metawant. Now, suppose one of the two people smokes a cigarette. Does that mean that the person who smoked had less willpower?
If somebody does not do something that they have a first order desire to do and a second order desire to abstain from, this could be viewed as an example of willpower. However, we do not know how strong their first order desire was. In the above example, perhaps the person who smoked had a much stronger first order desire to smoke, but they both had an equal second order desire to not smoke. Did the smoker really have less willpower?
Denote by W (for 'want') the level of first order desire that a person has to take some action. Denote by MW (for 'metawant') the level of second order desire to not take the action. We could roughly think of the decision to take the action or not as determined by whether MW>W.
What we observe is whether the person took the action, i.e., whether MW exceeded W. But we do not observe MW and W.
If the person who successfully quit smoking, or if the skinny person who doesn't overeat, brags about superior willpower, it seems to me that they are inferring (assuming) something about other people's MW and W, even though they only observed whether MW exceeded W.


name: pesca version: 4.0.1 synopsis: Proof Editor for Sequent Calculus description: Pesca is a program that helps in the construction of proofs in sequent calculus. It works both as a proof editor and as an automatic theorem prover. Proofs constructed in Pesca can both be seen on the terminal and printed into LaTeX files.. The user of Pesca can choose among different versions of classical and intuitionistic proposition and predicate calculi, and extend them by systems of nonlogical axioms. The implementation of Pesca is written in the functional programming language Haskell. category: Theorem Provers, Compilers/Interpreters license: GPL license-file: LICENSE author: Aarne Ranta maintainer: Aarne Ranta homepage: build-depends: base>3, process build-type: Simple data-files: README, doc/geometry, doc/lattices, doc/manual.tex, doc/proof.sty tested-with: GHC==6.8.2 executable: pesca main-is: Editor.hs hs-source-dirs: src other-modules: Axioms, Calculi, Interaction, Natural, PrelSequent, PSequent, PrSequent, Sequent ghc-options: -Wall ghc-prof-options: -prof -auto-all


How to Remove Stickers from a
Did you just buy a new laptop or other device, only to find it covered in unattractive stickers?. Time to remove those stickers and free your hardware from its role as a traveling advertisement.
1. Make sure this laptop isn't too old. The stickers will dry up, and over time, the glue backing will separate from the printed material. If you decide to remove the stickers, do it quickly. The stickers are not going to stay fresh for more than a year or two, depending upon its quality. If your laptop is a relic, skip to the very last step to use a chemical removal method.
2. Decide which stickers to remove. Some stickers are useful, such as OEM licensing stickers that will be void when removed. Others may contain serial numbers, service tags, support information, or systems specifications. Commonly removed stickers include ones promoting the Windows operating system (ie: "Designed for Windows XP" and "Windows Vista Capable"), as well as Intel and AMD CPU stickers.nhl stickers
3. Remember to do this slowly. If you rush it and try to pull the whole thing off at once, you run the risk of tearing the sticker or separating the glue backing.
4. Start from the edges. Use your fingernails or a non-abrasive abrasive putty knife. Be careful not to scratch or damage any plastic or aluminum surfaces in the process.
5. Pull the sticker up slowly from the edge you just started. Try to pull it up using an angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Never bend the sticker back further than a 90 degree angle, as this will promote the separation of the glue backing and printed material.
6. Clean the surface. Some sticker residue may be rubbed off easily, while some require additional help. As always, avoid scratching the surface.
First, try rubbing off the remaining residue by hand. Many forms of glue, even when mixed with a little paper, will curl up onto itself when moved over a surface.
Second, if rubbing doesn't help, try using duct tape or other very sticky tape to remove the remaining residue. Break or cut off a piece of tape, apply it to the surface, then remove it or, if possible, simply rub the sticky surface of the tape over the residue. Repeat this until all of the residue has been removed, and attached to the tape instead.
Third, apply a small amount of cooking oil, such as canola or olive oils to the adhesive with a paper towel. Allow the oil to sit on the adhesive for site 2-5 minutes. The adhesive should now easily scrape off with your finger or a soft plastic tool. Using window cleaner, such as Windex, and a clean paper towel clean the remaining oil and adhesive off.
Fourth, if all previous attempts fail, use chemicals. A popular and extremely useful method is to use a citric-acid based cleaner such as "Goo-Gone". These types of cleaners will not harm metal or harder plastics, but may dry the surface of softer plastics, leaving a white, frosted appearance. Test this on a small, hidden area first. Another liquid to try is alcohol (try spraying a small amount of your deodorant or perfume, if that is handy). Aerosol furniture polish, like Old English, can be very effective. Another is WD-40 which won't hurt the surface and can be cleaned off the computer's surface with a dish rag and a little soap.
7. A product called "Odor Assassin" (Lemon-Lime Scent) that is available at most "dollar" and discount stores will dissolve most adhesives instantly and can be removed with a clean cotton face cloth.
 - If your laptop sticker has one or more rounded corners, start peeling it from a rounded corner. If you come to an area where it starts to separate, start over from another edge.
 - Patience conquers all stickers. Always go slow and steady on sticker removal. If it's not working and you're getting frustrated, leave it for another day when you have more patience.
 - Try to use tools that won't damage your laptop. Your fingernails, erasers, plastic putty knives, plastic guitar picks, no-stick spatula/pancake flipper, and even tweezers (used carefully) will pose the smallest threat to your laptop's surfaces.
 - Heat from a laptop increases the bond of some glue backings over time. This bond may etch into painted surfaces or even stain some plastics and brushed aluminum.
 - Don't remove any stickers with OEM license information, as it will void some OEM licenses.
 - Sharp or hard objects will damage laptop surfaces if used to scrape off stickers. car art stickers
 - Avoid spilling any liquid into the cracks or exposed area of a laptop, such as the keyboard. Some liquid is conductive and may cause electrical shorts.
 - Before following this process, ensure that the laptop power is turned off, and unplugged from any electrical source. If possible, remove the laptop battery from the case as well.
Things You'll Need
 - Tweezers for stickers that are difficult to start.
 - Cleaning solution such as alcohol or "Goo-Gone".
 - Paper towels, napkins, or rags to use with the cleaning solution.
 - Tape, such as duct tape, to help remove residue.


Designing Purposeful Organizations in a rapidly changing world in 7 weeks
We live in a world that is evolving rapidly. Employers are already recruiting for jobs that will require skills that are not yet
known to them, let alone to those working in education to prepare their future workforce. In this workshop, we will examine a simple
but robust framework for understanding the changes and challenges we face. We will also examine how the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) can be used to inform strategic scenario planning and how organizations are able to align
everything they do to an inspiring purpose that supports the needs of humanity and the world we inhabit.
 1. Take and apply a framework for purposeful alignment
 2. Use the UN SDGs in scenario planning
 3. Explain the role of leadership in changing the world
 4. Create the conditions for success in any venture: purpose; vision; engagement; structure; character; results; success and human talent


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The present study employs the life history method, which is a collaborative venture between the researchers and four Informants, to tell the stories of the beginning teachers' role management action within theories of context. Informed by literature on teacher professionalization and professional socialization, we found that two first year teachers were caught In a tension of external performance-oriented appraisal and internal appraisal of self-worth. Another two beginners in their second year of teaching faced a tension of defining their professional self-identity when they were obliged to work against the grain in terms of making their pedagogical decisions. These beginners employed role management strategies ranging from situational adjustment to strategic redefinition to cope with the tension. The strategies were found to have different Impact on the their development as a teaching professional. When these role management strategies were analysed in the beginners' biographical, the schools' structural and the wider socio-historical contexts, we have better understanding of the conditions which contribute to the beginning teachers' employment of role management strategies that are conducive to desirable professional development.
|Publication status||Published - Jul 2004|
CitationChoi, P. L., & Tang, S. Y. F. (2004, July). Understanding the tension of beginning teachers' professional lives: Stories of action within theories of context. Paper presented at the International Council on Education for Teaching (ICET) World Assembly 2004: Teachers as learners: Building communities for professional development, Hong Kong, China.
- Teacher Education
- Teacher Education and Professional Development


Brazilian labour market amidst Coronavirus pandemic: Impact and way forward
Workers sit idle in front of Copacabana Palace, a hotel in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, facing Copacabana beach
By Dr Ian Prates*
The impact of the Coronavirus pandemic is diverse and every nation is combating it in its own fashion. It is important to note that the policy measures implemented during the pandemic are strongly related to the state of the economy before the pandemic. The state of the Brazilian labour market amid the pandemic cannot be seen in isolation from the pre-Covid times. Its story seen through the Gini Coefficient shows that in the 1980s to 1990s there was a period of great instability. As we entered the 21st century, there has been a significant decline in the Gini Coefficient. This hints at the improved labour market policies seen in the trend of formalization and a real increase in the minimum wage. But the 2014-2016 recession marks a reversal in the equalizing trend that Brazil had been on. In 2017, unemployment rose to 13.7% and the declining informality rate started increasing in 2016.
The household income, that has been rising steadily from the mid 2000's, has been strongly affected by the 2015-16 crisis, with a small recover after 2018. The coefficient of household income per capita follows a similar trend of increasing inequality from 2015 but a small decline in 2019. These suggest that the economy was on a recovery path since 2018. Having said that, the lives of the poorest 20% was downcast. While, between 2012-2014 the poorest ones increased their income relative to the richer ones, in 2015-2018, there was a significant drop in the income of the poor as compared to the richer.
The mercantilisation of social policies is one of the main reasons of the escalating inequality. The total budget of the Bolsa Família cash transfer program declined since 2014 and so did the number of families who were beneficiaries of the program – about 1.5 million families were excluded from the program. Additionally, the average benefit reduced in this period. At a time of crisis when the poorest were affected disproportionately, policies that hurt the affected section were implemented in the place of a recovery policy. During the time of the economic crisis, the government also decided to make the unemployment insurance coverage rules stricter causing an overall decline in the unemployment insurance coverage rate.
It is in such a setting that the pandemic hit Brazil, a moment when the bottom half of the population was in distress. Though the economic crisis had disappeared in 2018-2019, the lower half did not experience the same.
In the course of the pandemic, only 49.7% of the working-age population was in employment. Due to lockdown policies, labourers had to leave the labour market; about 10 million workers left the labour force during the pandemic. Although they were not officially considered unemployed, they were economically inactive and were outside the labour force. The improvement over the years in the size of the labour force reversed and in the second quarter of 2020, Brazil returned to the level it was before 2012. An additional 15.7% of the labour force chose to not seek employment due to the pandemic. The true expanded measure of unemployment stood at 27.7%.
The two important policy measures to fight the pandemic with regard to the labour market were the "Emergency Basic Income" and "Emergency Benefit for Preserving Employment and Income". The first was the Emergency Basic Income, the biggest welfare programme in Brazilian history, through which congress guaranteed income to the informal, unemployed, and poor families. The potential beneficiaries (over 60 million) received $110 as a cash transfer in the first three months and $55 in the next three months. Secondly, about 11 million beneficiaries in the formal labour market were benefited through the complementary benefit paid by the government to avoid lay-off of workers through the Emergency Benefit for Preserving Employment and Income.
The Emergency Basic Income policy was way too far from compensating for the negative effect of income lost due to unemployment. However, if it were not for the policy, the real income of the poorest families would not have improved. Since the value of the benefit was above the poverty line, those on the bottom 20% of the income distribution line were able to receive more income than they had before the pandemic. This change is temporary and the cause of joy to many will vanish as the new year begins. Brazil will be plunged into a new bitter reality where millions will be thrown into poverty. Brazil is bereft of the luxury to gradually reduce the value of the benefit because the public debt will overshoot 100% of the GDP, thus breaching the standard it set in 2016 to control rising debt.
Furthermore, the impact of the pandemic on the labour market has made racial and gender inequality evident. Blacks accounted for about two-thirds of those who lost their job, and more women were unemployed than men. Of the women who did not seek employment during the pandemic, 16.7% did so because of having to devote their time to care activities at home.
Moreover, the pandemic not only increased the existing inequality, but it also created new ones. One such is the rise in the digital and telework inequality. Only 10% of the people in Brazil worked from home. Analyzing the data across occupations shows that before the pandemic those who worked from home were mostly non-professionals like tailors, salesperson and bakers. Post the pandemic, professionals who previously did not work from home as much like lawyers, teachers, engineers, were the ones who worked mostly from home. This sheds light on the inequality that technology creates in jobs and reiterates that the future would also be shaped by the way digital inequalities are distributed among the Brazilian labour force.
There is a disproportionate effect between social groups and the way forward must take this element into consideration when redefining the social security system. The immediate future is bleak with regard to how the welfare scheme will be amended and then would follow a different scenario with greater crisis to face if the economy does not recover through other means.
*Researcher, Brazilian Centre of Analysis and Planning. Theses are excerpts from the lecture by Dr Dr Ian Prates at the Impact and Policy Research Institute (IMPRI), New Delhi.
Acknowledgements: Dr Arjun Kumar, Director, IMPRI; Gby Atee, Research Intern, IMPRI and undergraduate student from Ashoka University
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