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To construct a figure similar to the figure P, and equivalent to the figure Q.
Find M, the side of a square equivalent to the figure P, and N, the side of a square equivalent to the figure Q. Let X be a fourth proportional to the three given lines, M, N, AB; upon the side X, homologous to AB,
describe a figure similar to the figure P ; it will also be equivalent to the figure Q.
For, calling Y the figure described upon the side X, we have P : Y :: AB2 : X2; but by construction, AB : X :: M: N, or AB2 : X2 :: M2: N2; hence P Y :: M2: N2. But by construction also, M2=P and N2=Q; therefore P : Y :: P : Q; consequently Y=Q; hence the figure Y is similar to the figure P, and equivalent to the figure Q.
To construct a rectangle equivalent to a given square, and having the sum of its adjacent sides equal to a given line.
Let C be the square, and AB equal to the sum of the sides of the required rectangle.
Upon AB as a diameter, describe a semicircle; draw the line DE parallel to the diameter, at a distance AD from it, equal to the side of the given square C; from the point E, where the parallel cuts the circumference, draw EF perpendicular to the diameter; AF and FB will be the sides of the rectangle required.
For their sum is equal to AB; and their rectangle AF.FB is equivalent to the square of EF, or to the square of AD; hence that rectangle is equivalent to the given square C.
Scholium. To render the problem possible, the distance AD must not exceed the radius; that is, the side of the square C must not exceed the half of the line AB.
To construct a rectangle that shall be equivalent to a given square, and the difference of whose adjacent sides shall be equal to a given line.
Suppose C equal to the given square, and AB the difference of the sides.
Upon the given line AB as a diameter, describe a semicircle: at the extremity of the diameter draw the tangent AD, equal to the side of the square C; through the point D and the centre O draw the secant DF; then will DE and DF be the adjacent sides of the rectangle required.
For, first, the difference of these sides is equal to the diameter EF or AB; secondly, the rectangle DE, DF, is equal to AD2 (Prop. XXX.): hence that rectangle is equivalent to the given square C.
To find the common measure, if there is one, between the diagonal and the side of a square.
Let ABCG be any square whatever, and AC its diagonal.
We must first apply CB upon CA, as often as it may be contained there. For this purpose, let the semicircle DBE be described, from the centre C, with the radius CB. It is evident that CB is contained once in AC, with the remainder AD; the result of the first operation is therefore the quotient 1, with the remainder AD, which latter must now be compared with BC, or its equal AB.
We might here take AF-AD, and actually apply it upon AB ; we should find it to be contained twice with a remainder: but as that remainder, and those which succeed it, con
tinue diminishing, and would soon elude our comparisons by their minuteness, this would be but an imperfect mechanical method, from which G no conclusion could be obtained to determine whether the lines AC, CB, have or have not a common measure. There is a very simple way, however, of avoiding these decreasing lines, A F and obtaining the result, by operating only upon lines which remain always of the same magnitude.
The angle ABC being a right angle, AB is a tangent, and AE a secant drawn from the same point; so that AD: AB :: AB AE (Prop. XXX.). Hence in the second operation, when AD is compared with AB, the ratio of AB to AE may be taken instead of that of AD to AB; now AB, or its equal CD, is contained twice in AE, with the remainder AD; the result of the second operation is therefore the quotient 2 with the remainder AD, which must be compared with AB.
Thus the third operation again consists in comparing AD with AB, and may be reduced in the same manner to the comparison of AB or its equal CD with AE; from which there will again be obtained 2 for the quotient, and AD for the remainder.
Hence, it is evident that the process will never terminate ; and therefore there is no common measure between the diagonal and the side of a square: a truth which was already known by arithmetic, since these two lines are to each other :: √2:1 (Prop. XI. Cor. 4.), but which acquires a greater degree of clearness by the geometrical investigation.
REGULAR POLYGONS, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
A POLYGON, which is at once equilateral and equiangular, is called a regular polygon.
Regular polygons may have any number of sides: the equilateral triangle is one of three sides; the square is one of four.
PROPOSITION I. THEOREM.
Two regular polygons of the same number of sides are similar figures.
Suppose, for example, that ABCDEF, abcdef, are two regular hexagons. The sum of all the angles is the same in both figures,being in each equal to eight right angles (Book I. Prop. XXVI. Cor. 3.). The angle A is the sixth part of that sum; so is the angle a: hence the angles A and a are equal; and for the same reason, the angles B and b, the angles C and c, &c. are equal.
Again, since the polygons are regular, the sides AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal, and likewise the sides ab, bc, cd, &c. (Def.); it is plain that AB ab: BC: bc:: CD: cd, &c.; hence the two figures in question have their angles equal, and their homologous sides proportional; consequently they are similar (Book IV. Def. 1.).
Cor. The perimeters of two regular polygons of the same number of sides, are to each other as their homologous sides, and their surfaces are to each other as the squares of those sides (Book IV. Prop. XXVII.).
Scholium. The angle of a regular polygon, like the angle of an equiangular polygon, is determined by the number of its sides (Book I. Prop. XXVI.).
PROPOSITION II. THEOREM.
Any regular polygon may be inscribed in a circle, and circumscribed about one.
Let ABCDE &c. be a regular polygon describe a circle through the three points A, B, C, the centre being O, and OP the perpendicular let fall from it, to the middle point of BC: draw AO and H OD.
If the quadrilateral OPCD be placed upon the quadrilateral OPBA, they will coincide; for the side OP is common; the angle OPC=OPB, each being a right angle; hence the side PC will apply to its equal PB, and the point C will fall on B: besides, from the nature of the polygon, the angle PCD= PBA; hence CD will take the direction BA; and since CD= BA, the point D will fall on A, and the two quadrilaterals will entirely coincide. The distance OD is therefore equal to AO; and consequently the circle which passes through the three points A, B, C, will also pass through the point D. By the same mode of reasoning, it might be shown, that the circle which passes through the three points B, C, D, will also pass through the point E; and so of all the rest: hence the circle which passes through the points A, B, C, passes also through the vertices of all the angles in the polygon, which is therefore inscribed in this circle,
Again, in reference to this circle, all the sides AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal chords; they are therefore equally distant from the centre (Book III. Prop. VIII.): hence, if from the point O with the distance OP, a circle be described, it will touch the side BC, and all the other sides of the polygon, each in its middle point, and the circle will be inscribed in the polygon, or the polygon described about the circle.
Scholium 1. The point Othe common centre of the inscribed and circumscribed circles, may also be regarded as the centre of the polygon; and upon this principle the angle AOB is called the angle at the centre, being formed by two radii drawn to the extremities of the same side AB.
Since all the chords AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal, all the angles at the centre must evidently be equal likewise; and therefore the value of each will be found by dividing four right angles by the number of sides of the polygon.


text:
prominent medieval shrine to Mary is located at Chartres, an old
French city surrounded by fertile farm country about 50 miles southwest
of Paris. In an ancient crypt under the magnificent 12th century
cathedral, medieval pilgrims honored a prized relic of Mary -- her
tunic -- which tradition said had been brought to Europe from the
east by Charlemagne in the 8th century.
There, too, pilgrims reverenced a holy well, traditionally the burial
site of the region's early Christian martyrs. From all of Europe,
people came to Chartres to be healed and to be renewed in their
faith. The great cathedral, with its vast treasury of sculpture
and stained glass illustrating the Old and New Testaments, is a
visual catechism welcoming all her enter the massive doors. Like
Mary, modern pilgrims are invited to remember and to ponder the
great things God has done for his people.
In this century, thousands of Christian young people from the universities
of France participate each August in a student pilgrimage to the
shrine of Our Lady of Chartres. They walk the old road from Paris
to Chartres like their ancestors did centuries ago.
to Europe as "holy land" in the 11th - 15th centuries
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA)
Definition - What does Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA) mean?
A tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) is a retirement plan for non-profit organizations, such as schools, hospitals, charities, and churches. These organizations can set up a TSA program for their employees so they can save for retirement. When an employee makes a contribution, they get a tax deduction for it. This plan also delays taxes on their investment earnings until the employee retires and starts making withdrawals.
A tax-sheltered annuity is also known as a tax-deferred annuity.
Insuranceopedia explains Tax-Sheltered Annuity (TSA)
A tax-sheltered annuity is the non-profit version of the 401(k). Because of the way the tax code is set up, the non-profit sector had to design a separate program. In practice though, the two retirement plans are nearly identical.
A worker can only use a TSA if their employer offers one. They cannot set up a plan individually. From there, the amount they can contribute every year also depends on how the plan is set up. Some employers also offer a matching contribution to the TSA to give employees more compensation and encourage them to save more.
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An electric epilator is a device that is used to remove unwanted hair from the body. It works by using a rotating set of tweezers to pluck hairs out of the skin. Electric epilators can be used on various parts of the body, including the legs, arms, underarms, and bikini area.
To use an electric epilator, you will need to hold the device against your skin and move it in the direction of hair growth. The epilator will pluck hairs out of the skin as it moves across the surface. It is important to hold the skin taut and to go slowly to ensure that the epilator is effective and that it does not cause discomfort.
Electric epilators can be an effective and long-lasting method of hair removal, as they remove the hair from the root. However, they can be painful to use and may cause irritation or redness. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for the proper use and to take care of your skin after using an electric epilator.
2*600mAh NI-MH rechargeable battery

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I followed Mike's solution from my first question:
Roman numeral page numbering
My next question is how to add entries (for the abstract and acknowledgements pages) into the table of contents.
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3 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Assuming that the abstract and acknowledgement contents is typeset using a \chapter*{...}, you could do the following:
This will add a chapter-level (chapter) entry to the table of contents (toc) without a chapter number (\numberline{}).
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While you can manually add an entry to the TOC by \addtocontents or \addcontentsline, the order of commands can be important, especially
 - if you use hyperref, to get the hyperlink above the heading, not below
 - or if you add a section to the TOC, which is done by a macro but several pages long, such as by \listoffigures, \listoftables or \bibliography. A wrong order would add the last page to the TOC
 - use \addtocontents or \addcontentsline before \chapter* of \listof...
 - ensure the required page break before \addtocontents or \addcontentsline
 - for hyperref, add an anchor for the target
If you need that several times, you could define a macro for it.
Regarding the commands:
 - \cleardoublepage ends the page, prints out remaining floats if necessary, and ensures that the following text starts on a right hand page, as chapters in books commonly do, if in twoside mode. \clearpage, in contrast, would start the new page on a left or a right side.
 - \phantomsection is a command of the hyperref package, which creates an anchor at this location, similar to \hypertarge, which can be referred to - \addcontentsline does it implicitely. Without \phantomsection, \addcontentsline would refer to the previous anchor which could be undesired.
The package tocbibind makes putting commonly added chapters/sections (bibliography, TOC, index) to the TOC easier. It's integrated in the memoir class, while KOMA-Script classes support this purpose by class options such as bibliography=totoc.
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You've used \cleardoublepage, \phantomsection - could you be more specific about those two? – Grzegorz Wierzowiecki Feb 1 '12 at 18:47
_USER_ I updated my answer and explained the commands. – Stefan Kottwitz Feb 1 '12 at 19:04
Thank you, it's educative piece of tex code for learning latex :). – Grzegorz Wierzowiecki Feb 1 '12 at 19:11
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Instead of tinkering with \cleardoublepage, \phantomsection, and \addcontentsline, I suggest to
 - use \chapter (the non-starred version) also for the Abstract and Acknowledgements,
 - set the secnumdepth counter to -2 (i.e., no sectioning level is numbered) before the Abstract,
 - resetsecnumdepth to 2 (default for the report class) before the first proper chapter.
Works also with hyperref.
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2}% default for "report" is 2
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Fakahina airport (Fakahina)
Country: French Polynesia
ISO country code: PF
City: Fakahina
Airport name: Fakahina
IATA code: FHZ
Time zone: +10.0 GMT
Height above sea level: 1 meters
The length of the runway: 900 meters
Cheap tickets to Fakahina
Contacts Fakahina airport
Latitude: -15.992222000000
Longitude: -140.164722000000
Hotels near Fakahina airport
To find hotels near Fakahina airport, paste in search form the name of the city of (Fakahina), then select the dates of Check In and Check Out, select the number of guests and click Search.
FHZ airport Fakahina transcript or FHZ which airport?
The name of the airport: Fakahina. The airport is located in the country: French Polynesia. The city location of the airport in Fakahina. IATA airport code Fakahina: FHZ. The IATA airport code is a 3 letter unique identifier, assigned airports world International air transport Association (IATA). ICAO airport code Fakahina: NTKH. The ICAO airport code is a 4 letter unique identifier that is assigned to the airports by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO).
The geographic coordinates of the airport Fakahina.
The latitude at which the airport is located: -15.992222000000, the longitude of airport: -140.164722000000. Geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude define the position of the airport on the earth's surface. To fully define the position of the airport in three-dimensional space, we should also know the third coordinate is the height. The height of the airport above sea level is 1 meters. The airport is located in the time zone: +10.0 GMT. The airline always indicates local time of departure and arrival airport according to the time zones.


A study relating to an authorised medicinal product conducted with the aim of identifying, characterising or quantifying a safety hazard, confirming the safety profile of the medicinal product or measuring the effectiveness of risk management measures (Decree-Law No. 128/2013 of September 5).
A post-authorisation safety study (PASS) can be performed by a marketing authorization holder (MAH) voluntarily or by imposition of the competent authority.
INFARMED, I.P. taking into account the European Commission's guidelines, may force the MAH to conduct a PASS study in the following cases:
1) If there are doubts to the authorized medicinal product risks;
2) If the knowledge about the disease or the clinical methodology indicate that previous efficacy evaluations might have to be revised significantly (D.L.128/ 2013 of September 5, article 26-A).


Why was clemency trending last week?
any language or symbolic system used to discuss, describe, or analyze another language or symbolic system.
Origin of metalanguage
1935-40; meta- + language Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for metalanguage
 - The teachers also seem to believe that metalanguage should be used for learners of all proficiency levels.
 - metalanguage, for example, is a language used to describe another language.
 - The case appears to be that learners learn language as one thing and metalanguage as another.
 - The teaching method relied heavily on explicit instruction and essential metalanguage.
British Dictionary definitions for metalanguage
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
metalanguage in Technology
1. [theorem proving] A language in which proofs are manipulated and tactics are programmed, as opposed to the logic itself (the "object language"). The first ML was the metalanguage for the Edinburgh LCF proof assistant.
2. [logic] A language in which to discuss the truth of statements in another language.
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Few English speakers likely know this word
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Tampa Tribune
3/21/99 -- 1:10 AM
Professor's race writings raise hackles
By MICHAEL FECHTER of The Tampa Tribune
TAMPA - A Florida State professor sides with David Duke in espousing white racial superiority.
Armed with supposed scientific evidence, David Duke is making another political comeback.
Riding shotgun with the former Ku Klux Klan leader is a tenured Florida State University psychologist whose writings contributed to Duke's scientific backing for his claims that black people are genetically inferior to whites. Schools should be resegregated in acknowledgment of this perceived scientific fact, Duke argues in a new autobiography.
That comes in part from Glayde Whitney, the FSU psychologist who wrote the book's foreword and calls it ''a painstakingly documented, academically excellent work of socio-biological-political history that has the potential to raise tremendous controversy and change the very course of history.''
Whitney works primarily with mice not human genetics, but he pulls together statistical data on crime rates and IQ tests to argue blacks are predisposed to violence and are less intelligent than whites.
Whitney writes that he knew penning the foreword to Duke's autobiography, ''My Awakening,'' would generate criticism, citing what he considered an unrelenting smear campaign against Duke.
''His [Duke's] grasp of this area of research is quite remarkable for having a degree in history rather than a doctorate in the biological disciplines,'' Whitney wrote.
Whitney did not respond to calls for comment. In other writing - three articles of Whitney's are posted on Duke's Internet site - he dismisses critics as products of Marxist-fueled political correctness.
That Whitney is employed by a state university - with a salary paid for by taxpayer money and with tenure - galls his most vocal critics. But they don't aim to bury him, just expose his assertions as junk science.
''Don't make him a martyr. There are enough of those out there,'' said Barry Mehler, director of the Institute for the Study of Academic Racism at Ferris State University in Michigan.
Racial theories such as those pushed by Whitney existed a generation ago, but have slowly gained credence in the mainstream, Mehler said. Unchallenged, the theories get woven into political debates on issues such as affirmative action and immigration. ''The Bell Curve,'' a controversial 1995 best-selling book, shows that ideas once considered on the lunatic fringe can now gain traction.
Whitney, who came to FSU in 1970 and now earns $56,026, is supported by a variety of independent and government grants. He received $87,700 from the Pioneer Fund last July to study behavior genetics in human affairs, university records show.
The Pioneer Fund was created in 1937 and has a history of financing genetic research on racial differences.
Whitney has also received $1.1 million from the National Institute on Deafness and Communication disorders since 1990.
His academic standing gives Whitney a patina of legitimacy, said psychologist David Wiesenthal of York University in Toronto, Canada. ''These are not just guys mouthing off in a bar here. They have the potential of using their prestige to further their agenda.''
In fact, Whitney served as president of the Behavior Genetics Association, a national group of researchers, in 1995. But some members called for his resignation after he gave a speech at the end of his term in which he said blacks were predisposed to violence.
''Like it or not,'' Whitney said, ''it is a reasonable scientific hypothesis that some, perhaps much, of the race difference in murder rate is caused by genetic differences in contributory variables such as low intelligence, lack of empathy, aggressive acting out and impulsive lack of foresight.''
''The very high murder rate for Washington, D.C. is simply what one would predict, given knowledge of its population composition.''
Duke's Web page prominently features the speech's text.
Blacks, Whitney said in a meeting last fall, ''were bigger in bone, smaller in brain,'' more aggressive sexually and prone to seek sex with white girls, according to the Intelligence Report, a journal focusing on extremist groups published by the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Ala.
Using that logic, Wiesenthal wonders, would that make white people genetically predisposed toward fraud and embezzlement, since they are disproportionately represented in those crimes?
FSU President Sandy D'Alemberte has read some of Whitney's writing and hasn't ''seen anything I find agreeable.''
But he can't do anything about it. Free speech and academic freedom protect Whitney.
''It would be surprising if you had a university where people didn't have some views that weren't mainstream and offensive,'' D'Alemberte said.
Similar challenges have cropped up at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., where engineering professor Arthur Butz drew attention by posting Holocaust denials on the school's Internet page. Northwestern decided not to interfere with Butz's right of expression.
That right was upheld by a U.S. appellate court in the case of City University of New York Professor Leonard Jeffries. Like Whitney, Jeffries sees a racial intellectual gap as scientific fact. But Jeffries says blacks are superior to whites because of melanin in their skin.
The court ruled CUNY could remove Jeffries from a department chairman's post but could not alter his tenured status.
Whitney also is a member of the Council of Conservative Citizens, a segregationist group labeled as racist by Republican National Committee Chairman Jim Nicholson.
Genetic superiority theories by whites are nothing new and not necessarily worth tremendous anxiety, said William Jones, a religious studies professor who created Florida State's black studies program in 1977.
''You go back and you show that scientific evidence is false. It's not that difficult to do,'' Jones said.
It's just bad science, said University of Florida sociologist Joe Feagin.
The studies touted by Whitney and others like him cobble statistical data with no control groups. IQ tests are better gauges of skill than intelligence, and they don't consider cultural and economic factors, said Feagin, who studies racism.
''I'm a fierce devotee of academic freedom,'' Feagin said, ''brought into the open light of scientific examination and debate. The more you try to suppress ideas such as this, the more people want to buy into them.''


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Here's a quick summary about what I'm trying to do: Let's say I got two layers. One (A) with 10 polygons and one that is more granular with 100 polygons (B). Just to check if the behavior of PostGIS and ArcMap is the same, I would like to select all polygons in B that are under a polygon in A. Since the sum of all polygons of both layer got the same shape, all polygons of B should be selected. If I do that in ArcMap, everything works fine (100 of 100 polygons selected). If I use the following statement in PostGIS, some of the polygons are not in the resultset (about 10%):
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom);
No I want to be more specific. Let's say I'd like to select all Polygons from B that are under a specific polygon from A with a polygon_id = 1. For this I use the following statement:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, (SELECT layer_b.geom WHERE layer_by.polygon_id = '1');
But now, I get a empty resultset and I really don't know why. Could somebody explain me this behavior? Note: I just imported shape files without assigning a special SRID or something like this. I appreciate any help. :)
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
Looks like ST_Contains is the correct function. Two things come to mind that could cause the results you are getting. First, invalid geometries can silently cause all kinds of trouble. Run a query similar to the following on both of your tables:
SELECT gid AS invalid_gid
 FROM layer_a
 WHERE NOT St_IsValid(geom);
Second issue could be that the polygons do not actually have the topological properties that you think they do. Replace St_Contains with St_Intersects and that should help to inform you. Let me know what that yields.
Your second query appears to have typos, but should look more like this:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid
 FROM layer_a, layer_b
 WHERE layer_b.polygon_id = 1
 AND St_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom)
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Hey Scro, I tried it with your statement and rechecked the results from ArcMap and now its looks good. Seems that I had it wrong. I thought ST_Contains would do this job for me, but now it know, that ST_Contains only selects Polygons that are completly in/under the other polygon. And ST_Intersects selects all polygons that intersects with the bigger one. Looks good now. Thank you very much! :] – Chronnie Mar 14 '13 at 12:46
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The 3 Benefits of Coffee for the Skin Around Your Eyes
Regardless of who you are, where you live, or what you do, if you have to wake up early in the morning and spend hours glued to the screen, then you know that it's a miracle to wake up with well-rested eyes.
Tired eyes and dark circles are a problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Tired eyes, puffiness, and dark circles can last for hours on end, well up into the afternoon for many of us. More often than not, we make the situation even worse and cause a lot of damage by applying unhealthy amounts of chemicals on the sensitive skin around our eyes.
Read on as we unravel the mysteries and benefits of an unlikely ally to the skin under your eyes: Coffee!
1 Coffee is a rich source of antioxidants
Coffee is infused with antioxidants that help lighten the dark circles below your eyes. Not only that, these antioxidants have a proven track record in decreasing the puffiness that tends to ruin our mornings. Coffee's anti-inflammatory properties improve the blood circulation around the eyes and help reduce the dark color around them.
Many people resort to artificial products to remove the dark under-eye color. The skin around your eyes is one of the thinnest skin layers of the body, so it is essential to realize that dabbing anything artificial or harsh can cause further puffiness and inflammation.
2 Coffee lowers the fluid buildup
Believe it or not, coffee prevents the fluid buildup under your eyes. If you have a chronic issue with bags under your eyes, then coffee could help.
Coffee is a diuretic, and it generally lowers the buildup of water, thus helping to decrease the visual aspect of puffy eyes in the mornings.
3 Coffee and Collagen production
There is a great debate going on about the impact of coffee on collagen production. You might have come across articles about people putting collagen in their coffee; however, it is generally agreed that coffee slows down collagen production.
Nowadays, many coffee-based products are jam-packed with naturally occurring vitamins that stimulate and increase collagen production on your face.
Wrapping Up!
Coffee is a miraculous thing, but its impacts on the skin are both lauded and criticized. It would not be the most innovative idea to apply ground coffee beans to the delicate skin around your eyes. Ground coffee beans can actually create irritation and prevent the development of collagen if used frequently.
Instead of applying raw coffee to your sensitive skin, consider getting yourself a great organic coffee-based eye cream. Good coffee-based eye creams are made to boost the natural production of collagen and enrich your skin with vitamins.
Look for creams that are packed with vitamins A and E and natural oils like jojoba, almond, or avocado oil that nourish your skin. Ideally, coffee eye creams work best when you do not have to apply more than a pea-sized dab onto your skin to prevent an oily look around your eyes.


text:
At the planning phase of a new or (to be) redesigned Web site, write a description of its subject area/scope.
This step is important:
- to identify the content of the site (e.g. for development, selection and inventory);
- to ensure this Web site is actually required and does not duplicate information already available on another FAO; and
- as a starting point for subsequent steps related to the management of the information and the promotion of the site.
To define the subject scope of the Web site:
1. write a description (a sentence or two) and a list of concepts, topics and terms that best describe all aspects of the subject that the Web site will cover. Put together, they are the vocabulary of the Web site.
2. check the site vocabulary against formal vocabularies: AGROVOC is an FAO standard thesaurus in multiple languages. Use the standard terms and concepts whenever these match ones identified in your Web site.
3. develop a specific list of concepts when the existing vocabularies are insufficient for the Web site.
4. When redesigning a Web site:
- review the current content;
- identify topics and concepts; and
- do Step 2 above.
Why is it important to describe the subject coverage?
A formal vocabulary is the basis of several activities that are performed during the Web site project and after it has been launched:
- avoid duplication of conceptual work: professional vocabularies created by experts provide the correct and current terms for describing a topic domain. Using the standard terms and definitions will aid user comprehension and visibility. Consistency in terminology will give your information credibility.
- lay the foundations for interoperability: a formal definition of the subject scope helps you identify any existing relevant information management standards. These, if adopted from the start, will make your information easier to exchange with relevant systems. For example, if your information is about countries, or to be structured by countries, make sure you use FAO country names and ISO country codes. This will make your information consistent with systems and sites that already exist, and easier to be selected, aggregated and displayed in other relevant systems, like the FAO Country Profiles and Mapping Information System.
- set the criteria for the selection, acquisition and classification of content, whether from the existing site if you are redesigning, or from existing sources if you are building a topic-specific portal, a document area or a specialised search engine.
- re-use, in building and promoting the Web site: the concepts for your Web site can provide topic-based site navigation and provide useful clues for the development of focussed content. Your concepts are the building blocks for optimising the keyword density on the pages to be submitted to external search engines.
- prepare for metadata-based indexing and cataloguing: the description and the concepts (also to be considered as descriptive keywords) can be used for cataloguing your Web site in EIMS. This will result in submitting your site to the Information Finder (which draws from EIMS).


text:
Central Ohio home sales hit a record high, last month, despite fewer people buying.
Dramatic Inquiry – Introduction
Dramatic inquiry demonstrates how techniques such as role playing, movement, and active listening are used in the classroom to explore complex ideas and problems.
- Dynamic, hands-on, interactive
- Â Hybrid of pretend play, theatrical form, and inquiry-based approaches
- Can be used to teach literature, science, language arts, or social studies
- Â Teacher has to create safe space
- Students slip into the minds of the characters
- Role play goes into just character at time. Dramatic inquiry explores many characters, and how they interact, how themes emerge from the interactions. Students may switch roles.
- Learning authentically, connecting the text to real life
Teacher: Andrea McCallister, 9th grade


text:
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The average Earth surface temperature is 14° C. That's 287 kelvin, or 57.2° F.
As you probably realize, that number is just an average. The Earth's temperature can be much higher or lower than this temperature. In the hottest places of the planet, in the deserts near the equator, the temperature on Earth can get as high as 57.7° C. And then in the coldest place, at the south pole in Antarctica, the temperature can dip down to -89° C.
The reason the average temperature on Earth is so high is because of the atmosphere. This acts like a blanket, trapping infrared radiation close to the planet and warming it up. Without the atmosphere, the temperature on Earth would be more like the Moon, which rises to 116° C in the day, and then dips down to -173° C at night.


text: Investigating Media Discourse explores spoken interactions in the media, drawing on contemporary sources from the English speaking world including chat shows, radio phone-ins and political interviews with leaders such as Tony Blair and George W.Bush. The main theoretical framework used in this work is influenced by Goffman, where each media encounter is viewed as a three-way participation framework involving the broadcaster, interviewee and audience, all of whom shape the interaction. The spoken media interactions are analysed from this viewpoint to illustrate how they are managed, how pseudo-relationships are established and maintained and how 'others' are created. O'Keefe brings together methodologies of discourse analysis, conversation analysis and corpus linguistics allowing the media extracts to be explored from different perspectives whilst providing multiple insights. Investigating Media Discourse will appeal to students and researchers of applied linguistics, english language and media. Anne O'Keeffe is Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at the Department of English Language and Literature, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Ireland.


text:
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and PracticeAuthor: Dennis J. Paustenbach (Editor)
Publisher: Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Publish date: October 2007
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice assembles the expertise of more than fifty authorities from fifteen different fields, forming a comprehensive reference and textbook on risk assessment. Containing two dozen case studies of environmental or human health risk assessments, the text not only presents the theoretical underpinnings of the discipline, but also serves as a complete handbook and "how-to" guide for individuals conducting or interpreting risk assessments. In addition, more than 4,000 published papers and books in the field are cited. Editor Dennis Paustenbach has assembled chapters that present the most current methods for conducting hazard identification, dose-response and exposure assessment, and risk characterization components for risk assessments of any chemical hazard to humans or wildlife (fish, birds, and terrestrials). Topics addressed include hazards posed by: -Air emissions -Radiological hazards -Contaminated soil and foods -Agricultural hazards -Occupational hazards -Consumer products and water -Hazardous waste sites -Contaminated air and water The bringing together of so many of the world's authorities on these topics, plus the comprehensive nature of the text, promises to make Human and Ecological Risk Assessment the text against which others will be measured in the coming years.


text:
The HHVT is a web-based tool that predicts the daily number of emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness across North Carolina. The current version of the tool inputs 5-day National Weather Service (NWS) point forecasts of daily maximum heat index and employs empirical relationships to translate these values into useful information regarding the probability of emergency department visits due to the heat. It is geared towards public health officials and emergency management personnel across the state of North Carolina. The current, updated version of the tool incorporates important feedback gained from community engagements with stakeholders.
The foundation of the tool is previous research that examines vulnerability and exposure to heat-related illness (HRI) in North Carolina. The findings of this work revealed a specific geography to heat-related illness, focused in rural areas of North Carolina and greatest among populations that are exposed to high heat.
Higher rates of HRI occur in eastern North Carolina, particularly in counties in and near the Sandhills (counties include Bladen, Scotland, Robeson, Sampson). HRI incidence rates are significantly lower in and near cities (including Raleigh, Durham, Charlotte, Greensboro, Burlington) and in western North Carolina, where the mountain range results in cooler summer temperatures.
Vulnerability: the degree to which a person (population) is sensitive to, or unable to cope with, negative effects of heat (definition adapted from IPCC).
At Risk: a person (population) that experiences greater exposure to heat.
Emergency Department (ED) Visits: patient visits to an emergency department. An ED specializes in the short-term care of patients who present without a prior appointment. Note: EDs do not include urgent care facilities.
Incidence Rate: the number of new heat-related illness ED visits per the population at risk.
Who's at risk for heat-related illness?
The most vulnerable populations to heat are those with an inability to cool down efficiently in high temperatures. These include older persons (65 years and older) and those under the age of five years old. However, in North Carolina, the most at risk populations are those often exposed to both high temperatures and humidity. These populations are often engaged in outdoor occupations or activities, such as exercise, yard work, or occupational tasks.
Isolated and rural populations are most at risk for HRI, particularly in the Coastal Plain (eastern North Carolina) and Piedmont (middle of North Carolina). These communities are removed from metropolitan locations and include only small towns. Urban populations experience the lowest heat-related illness, but are still vulnerable to high temperatures due to the urban heat island effect, which causes urban locations to be warmer than surrounding rural locations.
Working Age Demographic (15 to 54 years old)
The most at risk population in North Carolina is the 15 to 54 age group. Although these populations are less vulnerable to heat-related illness, they are most at risk due to their increased likelihood of engaging in outdoor activities and occupations. Heat-related illness occurs more frequently in males in the 15 to 54 age group range than in females of the same age range. Within this age group, heat-related illness occurs more often on the weekdays (Monday-Friday) and in the months of June, July, and August.
The 15 to 17 age demographic is the most at risk of demographics under 18 years old. This population is likely to engage in organized sports. Compared to other age groups, this age group experiences higher rates of heat-related illness in August and September with the onset of high school.
Elderly Age Demographic (65 and Older)
Although lower rates of HRI are observed in NC, this population is still vulnerable to HRI if exposed to high heat. Relative to other age demographics, this population experiences higher rates of heat-related illness in June when high summer temperatures are first observed.
Other risk factors for HRI in NC
Other risk factors increase the likelihood of heat-related illness in certain populations. Some of these risk factors include, but are not limited to, living in a mobile home, engaging in labor intensive agriculture or other strenuous outdoor occupations, limited access to air conditioning, low educational attainment, and living below the poverty live.


text:
Saturday 15 June
Japanese noctule (Nyctalus furvus)
Japanese noctule fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Japanese noctule description
The enigmatic Japanese noctule (Nyctalus furvus) is a small, poorly understood species of bat from Japan (2). It belongs to the Vespertilionidae family, a large group of over 308 bat species also known as the vesper bats (3).
Very little information exists on the elusive Japanese noctule, but, like other vesper bats, it has a well-developed tail and minute eyes. The ears are widely separated on the head and possess a tragus. The fur may be golden brown, yellowish-brown or dark brown on the upperparts, and a paler brown on the underparts (4).Top
Japanese noctule biology
The Japanese noctule is an insectivorous species (4). Although little is known of the specific diet of the Japanese noctule, it is likely to be similar to that of closely related bats. Noctule bats (Nyctalus species) are typically fond of beetles, catching them midflight (4) (7), but they may also eat moths, winged ants and other insects (4). Noctule bats typically hunt for prey during flights just before sunrise and in the early evening (4).
Bats in the Vespertilionidae family typically mate in the autumn, prior to hibernation. The sperm remains viable in the oviduct of the female, until the female is aroused from hibernation in early spring, when the female ovulates and fertilisation then occurs (8).
Pregnant females often roost together in large colonies of up to 400 individuals, while the males roost separately (4). Each female bat gives birth between 1 and 3 young in the spring (4), after a gestation period of 70 to 75 days (4). Bats in the Vespertilionidae family can live for up to 30 years (9).Top
Japanese noctule rangeTop
Japanese noctule habitat
The Japanese noctule inhabits primary forest. It typically roosts in tree hollows, although one colony was found in a building (1). The island of Honshu has a mainly subtropical climate, although the northern extremity has snowy winters (6).Top
Japanese noctule status
The Japanese noctule is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Japanese noctule threats
Although accurate information on the Japanese noctule population is lacking, numbers are thought to be in decline (1). This species faces the threat of deforestation for logging, agriculture and conifer plantations, as well as for the general development of infrastructure in the region (1).Top
Japanese noctule conservation
There are no known conservation measures currently in place for the Japanese noctule.Top
Find out more
Find out about bat conservation:Top
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
- The fusion of gametes (male and female reproductive cells) to produce an embryo, which grows into a new individual.
- The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.
- A winter survival strategy characteristic of some mammals in which an animal's metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained. Whilst hibernating, animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer.
- Feeds primarily on insects.
- In female mammals, ovulation is the release of a ripe egg from an ovary (one of the paired reproductive organs).
- Primary forest
- Forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition.
- A soft cartilaginous projection extending in front of the external opening of the ear. In bats, it plays an important role in filtering returning echoes in echolocation.
IUCN Red List (November, 2010)
- Maeda, K. (1972) Growth and development of large noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus Schreber. Mammalia, 36: 269-278.
- Macdonald, D.W. (2001) New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Nowak, R.M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (2005) Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
Maps of the World (November, 2010)
- Allen, G.M. (2004) Bats: Biology, Behaviour and Folklore. Dover Publications, USA.
- Jameson, E.W. and Peeters, H.J. (1988) California Mammals. University of California Press, California.
- Burton, M. and Burton, R. (2002) The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York.
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text:
Electric Power Quality
In the present day deregulated power market electric power quality issues have become great concerns of utilities, end users and manufacturers. Worldwide researches are going on to address those issues. Electric Power Quality has evolved from the researches carried out by the authors.
The key features of the book can be highlighted as follows: the contents focuses, on one hand, different power quality issues, their sources and effects and different related standards, which are required for students, researchers and practising engineers and, on the other hand, measurement techniques for different power quality parameters, the content level is designed in such a way that the concepts of different power quality issues in modern power system are built up first, followed by some existing and new measurement methods. This content should attract the students, researchers and practising engineers, the predominant features are Lucid but concise description of the subject, detailed new measurement techniques and Electric Power Quality is intended for graduate, postgraduate and researchers as well as for professionals in the related fields.
At the end, a chapter has been added which deals with a concept of generation of harmonics in a power system and its components.


text: Firms are increasingly opening up their innovation efforts to allow users to tap into the benefits they can offer, such as mobile data service (MDS) innovation on iOS and Google Android platforms. For this purpose, platforms typically provide toolkits to facilitate user participation, aiming to create an ecosystem for sustainable innovation. However, with the barriers to user innovation and attrition of existing innovators, it could be challenging for firms to attract and sustain users' MDS innovation. With the possible benefits from user innovation, and considering the challenges faced, firms need to understand how to influence potential user innovators to take part and to encourage extant user innovators to innovate again. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research and understanding of what drives users' intentions to innovate services and the differences in the antecedents of such intention between potential and actual user innovators. Further, although prior studies have suggested that toolkits can support user innovation, little research has theorized and empirically tested their influence. Motivated thus, this study proposes a model based on (1) user innovation theory to explain the antecedents (including toolkit support) of user MDS innovation intention and (2) construal level theory to explain the differential effects of the antecedents for actual and potential user innovators. We tested the model through survey data from potential and actual MDS user innovators on Google Android and iOS platforms. We find that trend leadership and anticipated extrinsic reward influence both potential and actual user innovators' intentions to innovate. However, anticipated recognition and toolkit support affect only actual user innovators, while anticipated enjoyment affects only potential user innovators. Interestingly, toolkit support strengthens the influence of anticipated enjoyment for actual user innovators but weakens its influence for potential user innovators. Further, potential user innovators value anticipated extrinsic rewards less than actual innovators do. The implications for research and practice are discussed.


text: Peter Allan Rice was born in Toronto, but spent most of his childhood years living in rural locations within or around the great Canadian Shield. The early influence of playing and exploring among the rocks, water, and trees were to have a strong influence on his art in later years. Peter's love for artistic interpretation led him to obtain a degree in Visual Arts at Guelph University in 1977. Here, he was able to study and experiment with all varieties of artistic expression in his search for his ideal medium. That search ended with stained glass. Peter began to create his own unique images of the pines and waterways that had been a big part of his life while growing up. Peter's earlier pieces were created on a two-dimensional plane depicting sweeping skies, and wind blown pines. His desire to grow and explore the sculptural possibilities of stained glass, resulted in Peter's angling of sections of glass to create three-dimensional effects. He began to place glass pine trees apart from the flat background, so they became a silhouetted image. Peter's strong desire to create a technique he could truly call his own, led him to the development of his present technique. Peter takes great care in his selection of glass and gives his attention to the smallest detail. As the changing light passes through his glass sculptures, the beauty of a misty Muskoka morning, the pristine freshness of snow covered pines, or an Algonquin landscape ablaze in autumn's glory, can be fully enjoyed and appreciated time and again.


Pear-shaped nuclei discovery challenges time travel hopes
By Kenneth Macdonald
BBC Scotland Science Correspondent
image copyrightCERN
image captionThe pear shape was first discovered in the nucleus of the isotope Radium-224
Scottish-based scientists have discovered that the nuclei of some atoms are not symmetrical.
The finding challenges some of the fundamental concepts of physics.
It could explain why there is more matter than antimatter - but it may also end hopes of time travel.
The Universe has a fundamental problem. Why is there so much stuff in it?
Think back to the Big Bang. That's a bit of a stretch, admittedly. It was getting on for 14 billion years ago.
The Big Bang is the prevailing theory about how everything we know began. The theory states that the Bang created equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
image copyrightCERN
image captionDr Scheck will lead a team carrying our further wort at the ISOLDE facility at CERN
And that's where the Universe's problem begins.
You might expect those equal amounts of matter and antimatter to have cancelled each other out. Their masses would have been transformed into energy, leaving something akin to a warm glow and nothing else.
But as I'm sure you've noticed, that hasn't happened. Everything around us consists of matter: my keyboard, your home, the planet on which we stand, interstellar dust, other galaxies.
Where is all the antimatter?
Scientists at the University of the West of Scotland (UWS) think they can point to the reason. Although it could mean the textbooks will need a rewrite.
Most of the fundamental theories of physics are based on symmetry. That symmetry dictates, among other things, that the nuclei of atoms can be one of just three shapes: spherical, discus or rugby ball.
But Dr Marcus Scheck at UWS and Professor Peter A Butler of the University of Liverpool have discovered a fourth form of nucleus.
It's pear-shaped.
They first discovered the pear shape in the nucleus of the isotope Radium-224. It was part of an international effort that also involved researchers from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Finland, Switzerland, Spain, Poland and Sweden.
image captionDr Who may be interested in the findings and its implications for time travel
The finding has since been confirmed in a second study, this time of the nucleus of Barium-144. The study also involved Dr Scheck and was led by Ching-Yen Yu from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
Dr Scheck says the pear shape shouldn't be there, according to the currently-accepted model of physics.
He says: "Further, the protons enrich in the bump of the pear and create a specific charge distribution in the nucleus.
Direction in time
In other words, a pear-shaped nucleus points to why our Universe contains so much more matter than antimatter.
But that's not all it points to.
So time travel would appear to be a non-starter.
Dr Scheck will now lead a team to repeat the experiment. They'll be doing it at the Isotope Separator On Line Detector (ISOLDE) facility at CERN in Switzerland.
ISOLDE can produce Barium-144 nuclei in huge amounts. That will come in handy because the initial measurements suggested the nuclei were even more pear shaped than had been expected.
The research gives us a deeper insight into where - and why - we are.
Although if time really can only travel in one direction, it's bad news for Doctor Who.
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Build Your Own Dictionary
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 1. Function: noun
 Definition: someone who insists on eating chocolate with everything else
 Example Sentence: The chocolatarian put chocolate between her french fries.
 1. Function: verb
 Example Sentence: I chocolatatized my hot chocolate.
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: especially yummy chocolate
 Word History: My friend always wants a chocolatay!
 Example Sentence: I love chocolatay!
 1. Function: verb
 Definition: to dip something in chocolate
 Example Sentence: I just chocolatized a strawberry.
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: the study of chocolate
 Example Sentence: Chocolology is not yet studied around the world.
 1. Function: noun
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: an extreme desire for chocolate
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: having a craving for chocolate
 2. Function: adjective
 Definition: being in the mood for hot chocolate
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a person who is crazy for chocolates
 Word History: chocolate + fanatic
 Example Sentence: She's a choconatic. She'll always eat the chocolate stuff first.
 Submitted by: Anonymous from Phillipines on 01/01/2008 09:03
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: being a mix of chocolate and vanilla
 Example Sentence: My Dad bought a choconilla birthday cake for me.
 Submitted by: Stephen from Minnesota, USA on 07/10/2013 01:18
 2. Function: noun
 Definition: a combination of chocolate and vanilla flavors in something
 Example Sentence: I like to mix chocolate and vanilla ice cream together to make choconilla.
 Submitted by: Megan from NC, USA on 03/05/2008 07:52


text:
Hypertext Help with LaTeX
The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
- file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
(list of tables).
- text is the information to be written.
See also Table of Contents
Return to the LaTeX Table of Contents
Revised: Sheldon Green, 28 Jun 1995.


text:
The city of Holtville, or Holton as it was first called, was founded by W.F. Holt and incorporated in 1908. Holt was a banker from Missouri who moved to the west for health reasons. Mr. Holt had a vision of what the mperial Valley would become, and in the process he was the first to envision a town east of the Alamo River.
In 1903, the city of Holtville was born. Construction of the new town was slow in the beginning because of a town policy which only allowed brick construction. On June 20, 1908 the city of Holtville was incorporated. The city of was designed so that businesses faced Holt Park, which formed a town square. Holt Park is the focus for the city of Holtville which boasted large, lush shade trees, and the City Hall building which is a two story structure that was built in the center of the Park. There have been several changes in Holt Park but it still remains the gem of the city. At one time, the Park even had a monkey cage and a fish pond. However, what remains today is a time capsule which is to be opened in the year 2015. The Time Capsule Opening is scheduled for July 2026
Fire has been a major tragedy to the city of Holtville.
In the 60's, the Holtville Unified School District, which consisted of a 2-story structure, was destroyed by a fire. A theater that once graced Main Street was also destroyed by fire in the 1970's. The Business District was also destroyed by fire in the 1980's.


text:
The banker horse is a breed of feral horse that can be found in the Outer Banks area of North Carolina. This breed is a descendant of the Spanish horse and the foundation stock is thought to have been brought to the America's during the 16th century. It is thought that these horses may have become feral after surviving shipwrecks or after being abandoned during exploration or settlement expeditions. Although these horses roam free, they are not true wild horses because they are descended from domestic horses.
The banker horse is relatively small in stature, reaching a height between 13 to 14.3 hands and a weight between 800 to 1,000 pounds. It comes in a variety of colors including bay, brown, chestnut, and dun. Individuals of this breed have broad foreheads and oval shaped cannon bones, which is indicative of strength. It is known for its docile and friendly temperament and is easy to maintain. Bankers can be adopted and used as mounts for children and pleasure riding.
The population of banker horses, which has been assessed to be about four hundred, resides on a few islands in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, where vegetation and water sources are limited. This is thought to be a factor in the small stature of the breed, although domestic bankers that feed on manufactured horse food tend to be only slightly larger. Because water is not often available, it depends upon its food to retain much of its moisture. It has been seen digging holes in order to hold rain water and reach water under the ground, which are its other main sources of water intake, but in hard times it will resort to drinking sea water.
The National Park Service, which helps manage the banker horse population, has expressed concern about the breed's impact on the health of the islands in inhabits. Studies have shown that it does not damage native plant life by consuming it but rather by trampling certain species and the greatest harm to other animal species comes from their presence near the nesting sites of sea turtles and birds.
Despite the fact that the banker horse is not native to the islands, it is allowed to remain and is managed by several organizations. The herd on Ocracoke Island is managed by confinement in an area that contains 180 acres, which protects them from major roadways and protects the rest of the island from over grazing. The herd on Shackleford is jointly managed by the National Park Service and by various other organizations, like the Foundation for Shackleford Horses. On this island, the population is managed by careful adoptions and by administering a contraceptive vaccine. Management on this island also consists of testing for the deadly disease equine infectious anemia and moving horses into separate herds on different islands.
The herd on Currituck Banks was once endangered by its close proximity to humans, but it has now been placed in a protected area of 1,800 acres. This herd is managed by the adoptions of fillies, yearlings, and geldings. The population residing in the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve in the Rachel Carson area may have been brought there by people using the area for their livestock or they may have traveled there from neighboring islands. These horses are managed by the state, who prevent over population using a birth control program.
Image Caption: Five of the wild Spanish Mustangs in Corolla, North Carolina. Credit: Kevincollins123/Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)


How to Negotiate a Car Lease [Understanding the Terminology]
Leasing a car can be an excellent option for some people, but it's important you understand the language, terms and other details about it before jumping into it.
A car lease is very similar to renting it. You use it for a certain amount of time or miles, and you pay the car company for the time you have the car. At no point do you own the vehicle.
The difference between renting and leasing is that with leasing you are only paying for the depreciation cost of the car, rather than a percentage of the actual car.
All dealers have set terms that are used in the lease. But what terms are flexible? What affects the price of your lease? And, how can you negotiate to get a better deal?
Dealers might use fancy terms to try and confuse you, but don't let that scare you.
We are here to help you be well-informed about how to negotiate a car lease.
Understanding the Terminology
couple talking to car salesman
One of the most important things when thinking about leasing a car is to understand all of the terms.
Some of the language might seem confusing and could be misleading if you do not fully understand it.
We've broken down 11 common terms that might be thrown around that you should fully understand before agreeing to anything.
1. Gross Capitalized Cost
This is the cost of the vehicle you will be leasing, think of it as the selling cost or the sticker cost of the car.
This price is used to help calculate your monthly payments for your new leased car.
Make sure to compare the gross capital cost number to the MSRP (Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price) of the vehicle you are looking to lease.
If the gross capital cost number is lower than the MSRP number you are most likely getting a good deal.
2. Cap Cost Reduction
The cap cost reduction refers to anything that brings down the price for the capital cost. Say you have another car you want to trade-in
3. Net Capitalized Cost
The net capital cost is the gross capital cost minus any discounts the dealer offers and any cash you put towards a downpayment.
4. Residual Value
The amount your car will be worth at the end of your lease. This is an estimated professional guess.
5. Rent Charge
First of all, the rent charge has nothing to do with renting.
This is just a fancy way of saying the total amount of money you will owe towards your leased vehicle. This can also be referred to as a finance fee or money factor.
The rent charge is determined after a money factor is calculated. You can think of the money factor as an interest rate that is dictated by your credit score. The higher your credit score, the lower your money factor will be.
Rent Charge = (Net Cap Cost + Residual) X Money Factor
6. Acquisition Fee
An acquisition fee is basically just an additional administrative fee covering the costs to create the lease. This does not include registration or taxes due on a new vehicle.
7. Closed-end Lease
A closed-end lease allows the lessee to buy out the vehicle at the end of the lease term. The value of the buyout is determined at the beginning of the lease, so there are no surprise costs at the end of the lease term.
8. Buyout Price
This is the amount you will pay at the end of your lease term if you decide you want to buy the car.
9. Purchase Option Fee
This would be the processing fee if you decided to buy the car at the end of the lease term that is tacked on to the final bill.
10. Disposition Fee
This is a fee for the dealer to prep the car for resale if you don't want to buy the car at the end of the lease.
There could also be an additional fee if you go over the mileage or there are damages on the interior or exterior of the car that need to be fixed before it can be put back on the market.
11. Due at Signing
This is the total amount of money you will be paying for your car lease. Typically, this includes your down payment, first month payment and, if required, a security deposit.
Know What the Car is Worth
Now that you are familiar with the terms, you need to know how to negotiate the best deal on your lease.
Just like when you go in to buy a car, you shouldn't pay the sticker price.
The price of the car is negotiable.
Do your research and find out what the price of the car is, or what it should be. You should never pay more than the average price for the car. You can find out the average price of your car at Kelly Blue Book.
Choose a car that is on the lot. Dealers are typically more willing to give you a good deal on a car to get it off of the lot than on one they will have to order.
What is the Best Deal?
When you are looking for the best lease deal, you need to know what you are looking for and just because the deal seems good doesn't mean it is the best car.
A good, reliable car is the most important factor.
Be open to different car models and years. You may find better deals on cars that were not necessarily the car you originally had in mind.
It's also important to consider a car that has a high residual value.
Know What is Negotiable
Understanding what is negotiable is also crucial before going in to chat about a car lease. There are several things that can be negotiated to help you get the best deal.
Interest Rate
The interest rate, also called "the money factor" and is negotiable to an extent.
The interest rate is what determines the cost of your monthly finance fee.
Also, remember that the better your credit score is, the lower your interest rate will be. Focus on finding ways to increase your credit score before you go in to negotiate a car lease.
Related: How To Build Credit (For Complete Newbies)
Lease Deals and Price Reductions
You can reduce your car price (also called capitalized, or cap cost) upfront by doing these few things.
Do you have a car you can trade in? This will help reduce the cost of the car. Try to get the highest price you can when you trade-in the car.
If you are unsure of what you should get for your trade-in, you can look it up at Edmunds.
If you don't feel like you are getting a good offer for your trade-in, you may want to consider selling it yourself and putting the cash down as a down payment on your lease, which will also help reduce the cap cost of a leased vehicle.
Dealer Offers
Shop around at different dealers and see if they have any special offers that will reduce the price of the car.
Let the dealers know you are doing so and this might entice them to give you their best price just to lock in your business.
Lease Deals
Manufacturers will often offer Lease Deals that will lower payments all around.
Lease deals tend to only benefit individuals with high credit scores, making it even more important to focus on keeping a high credit score before you consider leasing a vehicle.
You can typically find lease deals in November and December for the year-end closeouts and then again in May and June when the dealerships are competing for business.
Note, all lease deals are subjective by location.
Best Price Program
Check out US News Best Price Program for the best price in your area. They help you find the best deals and lowest cap cost on vehicles near you.
Simply plug in the make and model of the car along with your zip code and you can see what is available.
Estimated Expected Mileage
Understand how many miles you realistically put on a vehicle each month. If you currently own a car, start to track your monthly mileage and then calculate out your yearly mileage usage. Make sure to give yourself a buffer.
Going over your mile limit can be very costly on a lease.
It's typical for a lease agreement to have a per-mile cost of 15 to 25 cents for every mile that you go over the cap. If you need to increase your mileage cap, negotiate this in the beginning.
If you can't get a lease that will accommodate the number of miles you intend to drive the car, then leasing may not be the right option for you.
You may want to consider buying a car instead.
Lower Buyout
If you think you may want to buy your car at the end of the lease, try to negotiate that price now. You won't be able to negotiate that after the fact.
Even if you don't think you will wind up buying the car, at least have a good option to consider when the time comes.
Add Ons
Add-ons can be sneaky. Make sure you are fully aware of what add-ons will be tacked on to a lease. Add-ons may include things like warranties, paint protection and key protection.
Regular Maintenance
Know before you sign the lease whether regular service visits are included in the lease or if you have to pay for those out of pocket.
This is determined by the dealer and can also be a costly add-on if you are expected to pay for it.
Understand What isn't Negotiable
It's important to understand what you can't negotiate so you focus on trying to reduce the price on things that are negotiable.
Most of the fees below are set and it isn't worth your time even trying to negotiate. Some of these fees aren't even set by the dealership so they will not be able to assist in any reduction.
Residual Value
The residual value, one of the biggest factors to determine the cost of your lease and is non-negotiable. These values are determined by organizations like Auto Lease Guide and are dictated by


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Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jan;31(1):87-91.
How do physicians and nurses spend their time in the emergency department?
Author information
 - 1Summer Research Program, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
To determine how emergency physicians and nurses spend their time on emergency department activities.
An observational time-and-motion study was performed at a 36-bed ED with annual census of 84,000 in a central city teaching hospital sponsoring an emergency medicine residency program. Participants were emergency medicine faculty physicians, secondand third-year emergency medicine resident physicians, and emergency nurses. A single investigator followed individual health care providers for 180-minute periods and recorded time spent on various activities, type and number of activities, and distance walked. Activities were categorized as direct patient care (eg. history and physical examination), indirect patient care (eg. charting), or non-patient care (eg. break time).
On average, subjects spent 32% of their time on direct patient care, 47% on indirect patient care, and 21% on non-patient care Faculty physicians, residents, and emergency nurses differed in the time spent on these three categories of activities. Although the overall time spent on direct patient care activities was not significantly different, emergency nurses spent more of their time (2.2%) providing comfort measures (a subcategory of direct patient care) than did faculty physicians (.05%) or resident physicians (.03%). Emergency nurses spent 38.9% of their time performing indirect care, whereas faculty physicians spent 51.3% and resident physicians 53.7%. Resident physicians spent more time charting than did faculty physicians or emergency nurses (21.4%, 11.9%, and 6.9%, respectively). Emergency nurses spent more time on personal activities than did physicians, and faculty physicians walked less than either emergency nurses or resident physicians.
Emergency physicians and nurses spent almost half of their time on indirect patient care. Physicians spent significantly more time on indirect patient care activities and significantly less time on personal activities than did nurses.
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Lift JSON has some pretty advanced syntax for looking for specific things in the JSON returned. In my case, I want an object that has all of the data from the response, with types so that way other parts of code can use the response. It's pretty easy to do this with Lift JSON. First, we have to define a "case class" that will represent the data. A case class is a class in Scala that can easily be used for pattern matching.
That represents all of the parameters returned from the JSON. If you have a field that may or may not be in the response, specify the type as Option[Type].
Now let's parse the response string as JSON and convert it in to a list of Repo instances.
Line 2 is really important, if you're using the extract method to convert JSON in to a case class you need this or else you'll get an error when compiling saying "could not find implicit value for parameter formats". Line 3 calls the Lift JSON parse function, which will return a JValue. Since the Github response for this particular request is an array of objects, to loop through these we'll need to get a list of these objects. Line 6 does this, rspList is List[JObject]. Finally, on line 7, we're looping through each object (a JObject), and converting it in to an instance of the case class Repo using the extract method. The code after yield gets run for each JObject in rspList. rspRepos now contains a list of Repos for all of my Github code repositories.
So that's it. It's a lot to explain for something seemingly simple, and this took me a while to really get the hang of it. But now that you know how to use Dispatch and Lift JSON you can do some really powerful stuff.
If you want to see this in action, see my GithubApi Scala class:
Thursday, November 10, 2011
Code highlighting on Blogger
Want to post code snippets on your blogs? It's very easy with the SyntaxHighligher project.
Go in to your blog settings, click Design, then click Edit HTML. In the box below, right before the tag, insert the following code:


text: Drawing on the middle chapters from the first edition of J. Barkley Rosser's seminal work, From Catastrophe to Chaos, this book presents an unusual perspective on economics and economic analysis. Current economic theory largely depends upon assuming that the world is fundamentally continuous. However, an increasing amount of economic research has been done using approaches that allow for discontinuities such as catastrophe theory, chaos theory, synergetics, and fractal geometry. The spread of such approaches across a variety of disciplines of thought has constituted a virtual intellectual revolution in recent years. This book reviews the applications of these approaches in various subdisciplines of economics and draws upon past economic thinkers to develop an integrated view of economics as a whole from the perspective of inherent discontinuity.


Setting up a Razor environment
Razor relies on a PXE environment to boot the Razor microkernel. You must set up your PXE environment before you can successfully provision with Razor.
There are two ways to enable PXE boot:
 - (Recommended) Integrate Razor with the DHCP solution of the system being provisioned.
 - Rely on UEFI to directly load the.ipxe file that's required to boot the Razor microkernel.
Because it's difficult to guarantee that all of your hardware is UEFI-enabled, configuring DHCP is the preferred method for setting up a Razor environment.
Set up a Razor environment
Set up a PXE environment using the DHCP and TFTP service of your choice.
Before you begin
You must have Puppet Enterprise installed.
This workflow describes a sample setup using dnsmasq. Dnsmasq is not intended for production environments; however, you can use a similar workflow to set up DHCP and TFTP with more robust solutions.
Install and configure dnsmasq DHCP-TFTP service
Install dnsmasq to manage communication between nodes and the Razor server. When a node boots, dnsmasq forwards the booted node to the Razor service.
 1. Use YUM to install dnsmasq: yum install dnsmasq
 2. If it doesn't already exist, create the directory /var/lib/tftpboot.
 3. Change the permissions for the TFTP boot directory: chmod 655 /var/lib/tftpboot.
Temporarily disable SELinux
You must temporarily disable SELinux in order to enable PXE boot. Alternatively, you could craft an enforcement rule for SELinux that enables PXE boot but doesn't completely disable SELinux.
 1. In the file /etc/sysconfig/selinux, set SELINUX=disabled.
 2. Restart the computer.
Edit dnsmasq.conf to enable DHCP
You must specify a DHCP range to enable communication with your DHCP server.
Tip: For more complex setups, it might be helpful to indicate a range name, for example: dhcp-range=range1,,,24h dhcp-range=range2,,,48h.
Edit /etc/dnsmasq.confto specify a DHCP range.
For example, for an IP range from - with a 24-hour lease, your file resembles:
# Uncomment this to enable the integrated DHCP server, you need
# to supply the range of addresses available for lease and optionally
# a lease time. If you have more than one network, you must
# service.
Edit the dnsmasq configuration file to enable PXE boot
Use dnsmasq to enable PXE booting on nodes.
 1. At the bottom of the /etc/dnsmasq.conf file, add: conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d
 2. Write and exit the file.
 3. Create the file /etc/dnsmasq.d/razor and add configuration information.
 For example, for dnsmasq 2.45:
 # iPXE sets option 175, mark it for network IPXEBOOT
 # TFTP setup
 4. Enable dnsmasq on boot: chkconfig dnsmasq on
 5. Start the dnsmasq service: service dnsmasq start


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How do I record a sound to PCM format and replay it from there?
share|improve this question
Check documentation – XiaoChuan Yu Jun 13 '13 at 15:09
1 Answer 1
to record:
AudioRecorder recorder =, isMono);
short[] pCM = new float[1024]; // 1024 samples
recorder.readSamples(pCM, 0, pCM.length);
to play back:
AudioDevice device =, isMono);
device.writeSamples(pCM, 0, pCM.length);
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text: With the growing popularity of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the improvement of safety for UAV operations has become increasingly important. In this paper, a landing trajectory optimization scheme is proposed to generate reference landing trajectories for a fixed-wing UAV with accidental engine failure. For a specific landing objective, two types of landing trajectory optimization algorithms are investigated: i) trajectory optimization algorithm with nonlinear UAV dynamics, and ii) trajectory optimization algorithm with linearized UAV dynamics. An initialization procedure that generates an initial guess is introduced to accelerate the convergence of the optimization algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified in a high-fidelity UAV simulation environment, where the optimized landing trajectories are tracked by a UAV equipped with an L1 adaptive altitude controller in both the offline and online modes.


text:
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) collection of personally identifiable information was hacked 54 times between Jan. 1, 2015, and Dec. 1, 2016, according to an Inspector General (IG) report released last week.
The IG found that FDIC didn't complete key breach investigation activities and didn't notify affected individuals in a timely manner, it didn't document key assessments and decisions, it needs to strengthen controls over its data breach management team, and it didn't track and report key breach response metrics.
"In fulfilling its mission of insuring deposits, supervising insured financial institutions, and resolving the failure of insured financial institutions, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) collects and manages considerable amounts of personally identifiable information (PII)," the IG report said. "Implementing proper controls to safeguard this information and respond to breaches when they occur is critically important to maintaining stability and public confidence in the nation's financial system and protecting consumers from financial harm."
FDIC collects PII about its employees, contractors, and the customers of failed institutions. This information includes names, home addresses, telephone numbers, Social Security numbers, driver's license numbers, Employee Identification Numbers (EIN), and dates and places of birth. FDIC also collects information related to education, finances, medical histories, criminal histories, and employment histories.
FDIC breach response process includes eight stages: establish incident response capabilities in the event of a breach, detect breaches through security scans, report known and suspected breaches to the FDIC Help Desk/Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT), collect facts about the incident and notify internal and external resources, analyze the risk and determine a course of action, notify affected individuals in a timely manner, prepare an incident close-out report, and leverage lessons learned to improve the security process.
However, during the 18 out of 54 breaches that the IG investigated, FDIC didn't notify affected individuals in a timely manner, clearly explain its rationale for determining the risk levels of a breach, effectively oversee data breach management team members, or use performance metrics to measure and assess the effectiveness of key breach response processes. In the examples provided by the IG, it took FDIC 145 to 215 days to notify affected individuals of the breach.
The IG found that the staffing to support breach response activities wasn't sufficient and the employees didn't receive adequate training.
The IG recommended that the CIO:
- Allocate the appropriate level of FDIC resources to ensure that the FDIC can effectively meet its obligations with respect to breach response activities.
- Establish a procedure that requires the FDIC to explain its rationale, in written form, justifying the overall impact levels assigned to breaches.
- Establish a charter for the data breach management team that defines its purpose, scope, responsibilities, membership, governance structure, and operations.
- Develop and use a process for briefing the data breach management team on the final findings of breach investigations and the actions taken in response to recommendations to resolve breach events.
- Provide specialized training for data breach management team members that includes tabletop exercises to ensure they fully understand their roles and responsibilities.
- Establish, track, and report metrics to assess the performance of breach response activities.
- Coordinate with the FDIC chairman to update the chief privacy officer designation to reflect organizational changes made since 2005.


text:
In almost all countries, the responsibility for regulating drugs belongs to government. However, depending on national circumstances, the government may delegate certain regulatory activities to the private sector, such as consumer groups, expert or interested groups, professional associations or industry associations.
Within government, the division of drug regulation responsibilities will vary from country to country, depending on national conditions. Some examples are given in Box 2.
Box 2. Assignment of Drug Regulation Responsibilities in Three Countries Zimbabwe
The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe is an independent body with the capacity to sue and be sued. The Authority is accountable to the Minister of Health and Child Welfare but managed by an executive committee that has legal powers and which is independent in its decision-making. Drug regulatory decision-making is centralized and is the responsibility of the Authority. The Authority has the power to collect and use fees, or to raise other money and assets. It can also employ its own staff.
In Tunisia, the authority responsible for drug regulatory affairs (Direction de la Pharmacie et du Medicament (DPM)) is organized as a department of the Ministry of Health, under the supervision of the Director-General of Health. Other semi-autonomous units supervised by the Director-General of Health, and that are involved in drug regulatory affairs, include the Laboratoire National de Controle de Médicament, the Institute Pasteur, the Direction de l'Inspection Pharmaceutique, the Laboratoire Nationale de Controle and the National Pharmacovigilance Centre. DPM supervises the administrative work and coordinates the activities of all the units involved in drug regulation.
In India, responsibility for drug regulation is divided between the federal government and the country's 31 states. Each state has its own drug control organization (responsible for quality control of drugs) and a licensing system covering the manufacture, sale and distribution of drugs. Each state employs drug inspectors as the first line of enforcement and the state authorities issue WHO-type certificates. Federal authorities are responsible for developing standards for drugs, quality control of imported drugs, coordination of state activities, provision of expert advice to ensure consistency in enforcement, and control of manufacture of vaccines, sera and blood products. Four port offices under the federal authority regulate imports.
The examples in Box 2 show that no standard formula exists for organizing drug regulation. Rather, when planning drug regulation, countries should consider all options open to them, and choose the most appropriate structure. Such a structure should provide: independence in decision-making, financial and administrative autonomy (including in appointment of staff) and, accountability to the highest government body responsible for health and the general public. In countries where the government is also the owner of pharmaceutical industries and import-export companies, drug regulation responsibilities must be separated from management of those companies, if conflict of interest is to be avoided.
If several agencies or divisions or departments are involved in drug regulation, care should also be taken to ensure appropriate distribution of responsibilities, duties, functions and powers between the different bodies. This should be done in accordance with the drug legislation or written terms of reference. There should also be written terms of reference that describe the linkages between the various bodies. Also, as far as possible, related activities should be grouped together since they will require a high degree of coordination and will need to be carried out by personnel of similar training and experience. Tasks should be divided so that no supervisor carries an excessively heavy load. Functions that need to be centralized should be carried out at central level and a mandatory reporting system between the different levels should be operated. A planning, monitoring, evaluation and reporting system should be built into the regulatory hierarchy so that implementation of drug regulation can be assessed, shortcomings and the reasons for them identified, and timely decisions to correct them taken.
Agencies, such as consumer unions, professional associations and industry associations, that are involved in drug regulation but who do not form part of government drug regulation, should also be required to operate in accordance with written terms of reference or an established code of practice, in line with national drug legislation. Their role, responsibilities, and powers with respect to drug regulation must be clearly defined.


text:
Use canned Actions for frequent replies
Respond to repetitive support queries faster by inserting canned responses in ticket replies, without spending time typing manual replies. HappyFox allows you to create a repository of Canned Actions, which can be used for ticket reply or private note.
Applicable Plans: ✔ Mighty ✔ Fantastic ✔ Enterprise ✔ Enterprise Plus
Canned Actions has two functions:
Auto-fills a predefined response with dynamic placeholders (Merge Fields).
Performs changes to ticket properties such as status, priority, assignee etc.
Note: Both the functions mentioned above are optional towards defining a Canned Action. For example, Canned Actions can be customized to do ticket property changes without inserting any message.
Go to Automate >> Canned Actions.
Note: Page visibility is governed by a permission "Manage Canned Actions". If you are not able to see this page, contact your administrator.
Manage Canned Actions:
In this page, in addition to viewing existing/creating new canned actions, you may
- Export all Canned Actions to CSV/Excel.
- Edit, Clone or Delete Canned Actions through more actions.
Create a New Canned Action:
- Click Create a Canned Action.
- Enter the content of the message that will be added on applying the Canned Action. Adding message as part of a Canned Action is optional.
- Choose the ticket properties that need to change and set appropriate values.
- Enter name and description for the Canned Action. Choose applicable categories and define if the Canned Action will be publicly available.
- Click Finish Creating a Canned Action
Using Merge fields in Canned Actions message:
You can add merge-fields to your canned action message and have them replaced in real-time while adding a canned action to a ticket reply or a private note.
Currently, Merge Fields for canned actions will not work when used along with Bulk Actions.
View/Modify Existing Canned Actions:
- Click on the desired Canned Action to view/edit in the Canned Actions page.
- Find all the information about that Canned Action in the "Quick Preview".
- Click "Edit" to edit the Canned Action information.
- Click "Clone" to create a similar Canned Action.
- Click "Delete" to delete the Canned Action.
Add Canned Action to a Ticket Reply/Private Note:
- Go to Ticket Details page of any ticket.
- Make sure Canned Actions are defined for the ticket's associated category.
- Click "Reply" or "Private Note".
- Select the desired Canned Actions from the list of Canned Actions inside the editor.
- Confirm your changes to text and send a reply.
To know how Canned Actions work in HappyFox Classic, refer to the document attached.


text:
In a November 2012 UK study by a team of veteran CM/SM researchers of 12 cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari-like malformation, they found that all of these conditions increased over time: syrinx width, height of the foramen magnum, length of cerebellar herniation, and caudal cranial fossa volume. The increase in the volume of the cranial fossa may be due to resorption of the supraoccipital bone as syringomyelia progresses. They conclude: "We hypothesise that active resorption of the supraoccipital bone occurs due to pressure from the cerebellum. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and variable natural clinical progression of CM and syringomyelia in CKCS."
Details at _URL_