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The bulk metal foil resistor was first developed by Dr Felix Zandman (who went on to found Vishay) in the early 1960's and is now a mainstream resistor technology. In this post, we compare the performance of bulk metal foil resistor technology with thick film.
Construction Comparison
The bulk metal foil manufacturing process involves attaching a bulk metal foil to a ceramic substrate using an adhesive. A photoetching process is then used to form the resistor pattern. The final step is to adjust the resistor value and tolerance using a laser.
Thick film resistors are manufactured by printing a paste containing a glassy frit carrier, metal oxides and a binder onto a substrate (usually Alumina). The paste is then fired at high temperature. During firing the carrier material burns off, the metal oxides combine to form the resistor film and the glassy frit binder melts to hold the resistor material in place.
Performance Overview
The key parameters to consider when choosing a resistor device are:
The resistor value.
Tolerance – both initial and end of life.
Stability over time.
Voltage co-efficient of resistance (VCR).
Temperature co-efficient of resistance (TCR).
Power handling capability.
ESD immunity.
Size, weight and footprint.
Although custom thick film resistor devices produced by specialist manufacturers can deliver long term stability and tolerances comparable to metal foil devices the stability over time, tolerance, TCR, ESD survivability and noise performance of the foil resistor devices is generally significantly better than standard thick film resistor products.
However, thick film technology offers a greater variety of resistance values, significantly improved power handling capability, improved size per unit resistance (smaller size), improved high frequency performance and significantly lower cost.
The limitations of bulk foil resistor in power applications coupled with their excellent stability, TCR and noise performance means they are better suited to precision applications. In contrast, the low cost and high resistance density of thick film make them more suited to a wide range of general applications, particularly higher power applications. Bulk metal foil resistors often compete more with thin film resistor devices than thick film.
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text: According to a recent NSF news release, a robot named Madeleine has been used to test theories of locomotion in existing and extinct animals. Madeleine swims underwater using four flippers like many extinct animals or with two flippers like modern animals. The scientsts learned that having four flippers doesn't improve the top speed but does increase energy use. This may explain why natural selection favored two flipper animals over four flipper animals like the plesiosaurs. More detailed information on Madeliene and the research results can be found in the paper, Four flippers or two? Tetrapodal swimming with an aquatic robot (PDF format).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Games for Youth Groups1000 Games for Youth Groups
Ball transport on a cling wrap
Time: approx. 3 min., or extend the game
Size of group: playable with a few teammates
Time for preparation: none
Material: Table tennis ball, cling wrap
Game description
Divide the group into several teams each of 5 kids. They are sitting in a line, one behind the other. Now the team leader puts a bucket in front of the first player. Next, the kids unroll a cling wrap above their heads. Another player or the team leader stands behind the last player and put a table tennis ball on top of the cling wrap. The objective for the team is to roll the ball carefully overhead of all players and straight into the bucket. Every time they succeed, they score a point. How many points can you collect in a pre-determined time?
The winner is the team that scores the most points.
[ © ]
Games for youth groups, children's birthday party or community fete.
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Definition of mid-parent in English:
Pronunciation /ˈmɪdˌpɛːrənt/ /ˈmɪdˌpɛːr(ə)nt/
Anthropology Genetics
 - Originally: a hypothetical parent of composite sex whose height is the average of the actual height of the father, and the height of the mother multiplied by the ratio of male to female height in the population. Later: a notional individual having the value of some property or trait equal to the average of the value of each parent.
Late 19th century; earliest use found in Francis Galton (1822–1911), biostatistician, human geneticist, and eugenicist. From mid + parent.


The Quiz
Just the things you ought to know.
With this year's Game approaching, The Indy wants readers as informed as possible about the oldest game in college football. And with The Game being played almost every year since 1875, it is difficult to keep track of all the history, tomfoolery, and revelry that surround the rivalry. So, without further ado, here is a quiz to both test your knowledge and fill in what you may have missed. The Harvard Independent presents nine questions for nine straight wins.
1) Who won last year's Game?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. MIT Pranksters
 4. The Harvard Band
2) How about The Game before that?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. The Tailgaters
 4. Toads
3) Okay, let's get more difficult. Who won The Game in 1968?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Both
 4. Neither
4) Who won the very first Game?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Collegiate School
 4. None of the Above
5) What was the score of the first Game?
 1. 12-7
 2. 4-0
 3. 37-12
 4. 29-29
6) Who scored Harvard's only touchdown in their 21-7 loss in 1955?
 1. a) John F. Kennedy
 2. b) Edward Kennedy
 3. c) Someone who isn't a Kennedy
 4. d) Why would we ask if it weren't a Kennedy?
7) What is the name of the Yale mascot?
 1. Ugly Dan
 2. Handsome Dan
 3. Handsome Dan XVII
 4. Handsome Dan XXX
8) Who did Lee Corso pick in 2014?
 1. Harvard
 2. Yale
 3. Kirk Herbstreit
 4. Handsome Dan XVII
9) Who is going to win in 2015?
 1. Harvard
 2. Harvard
 3. Harvard
 4. Harvard
1) Harvard won last year 31-24, which was their eight straight victory. Notably, it was also the very first time The Game was featured as the Game of the Week for College Gameday, Theoretically, if College Gameday had existed in the late 1890s and early 1900s, Harvard-Yale would have been the Game of the Week more often. Alas
2) Harvard won 34-7 in the Yale Bowl. This was just to rub it in Yale's face.
3) Trick question, the answer in (d) Neither. This game is one of the most famous, with Harvard rallying from a 29-13 deficit with two minutes remaining to tie the game. Famously, another newspaper with either somewhat witty or very dumb copy editors published the headliner: "Harvard Beats Yale 29-29."
4) Harvard won the very first Game, naturally. The answer (c) is actually Yale's original name, when it was simply a small school taught out of some guy's house.
5) The first game ended with Harvard winning 4 goals and 2 touchdowns to 0. Back then, apparently, field goals and touchdowns were kept separately, with the latter not even counting for points. What an odd game.
6) Edward "Ted" Kennedy scored our lone touchdown. The Kennedys always did find a way to score it seems.
7) The correct answer is in fact (c) Handsome Dan XVII. He has been the mascot since 2007, and Yale will replace him with Handsome Dan XVIII just like they did to Handsome Dan XVI. Cruel, cruel school.
8) He picked Yale and was wrong. It is commonly assumed that he picked the inferior school because they have a mascot and we have a color, thus not allowing him to put on our "mascot" head. He could have painted his face.
9) Go Harvard. Roll Crimson.
Sean Frazzette '16 ([email protected]) has no doubts about this year.


text:
DHS in the News
Journalists worldwide write about MEASURE DHS results. The dissemination of DHS, SPA and HIV data is often widely covered by media in survey countries, but journalists also use MEASURE DHS data throughout the year as background information for their stories, or to compare health and development indicators across countries. These data are also used by journalists in the United States and other developed countries, as it is considered the gold standard of population, health and nutrition data. Below are some examples of recent news coverage. Please note: The links below are to websites outside MEASURE DHS.
UNICEF gives to LISGIS
THE INQUIRER (Liberia)
...The Liberia DHS 2012-13 will contribute to addressing this general lack of data on important socio-economic indicators such as health, nutrition, protection, WASH and HIV and AIDS...
Read full article>>


text:
Be Responsible, Secure your Load and Stop Litter!
You can do your part to help prevent litter, accidents and pollution! When using any vehicle or trailer to haul material, take a few minutes to secure the load. You are responsible for it; and it is also the law!
Tips for Securing Loads:
- Tie down items with rope, bungee cords or adjustable straps. Tie large items directly to the vehicle or trailer.
- Cover your load with a sturdy reinforced plastic or canvas tarp.
- Make sure brush and debris are not overhanging vehicle/trailer or dragging on road.
- Put lighter weight items at the bottom of the load, such as empty cardboard boxes
- Don't overload. Keep material level with the top of truck bed or trailer.
- Always double check your load and be aware of it while driving!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


5 Different Versions Of The Money Plant
The term "money plant" is often used in conversations about keeping and caring for houseplants.
Most popular feng shui items on Amazon
But people don't always refer to the same plant that they know as the money plant.
This is because there are actually a few plants in horticulture that has been marketed and labeled with that attention-grabbing nickname.
Some have this name tagged to it in culture, some have features that are indirectly associated with wealth, and some even don't appear to have anything to do with… anything!
So what are your friends actually referring to?
1) Money tree
It is probably safe to say that the pachira aquatica is recognized in various parts of the world as the money tree.
It's claim to fame is it's unique braided trunk that resembles a friendship band.
The plant is actually coaxed to grow this way by expert cultivators who have practiced doing it for years.
The tree is usually grown at a small size as a houseplant. But can be allowed to grow to quite a considerable size if you allow it to.
They require minimum maintenance and therefore, make the perfect indoor tree plant to have at home.
2) Golden pothos
The golden pothos is actually a very common house plant in various parts of Asia.
They come with various pet names like devil's ivy and silver vine creeper among others.
Their specialty is the ability of it's vines to climb up any structure, totally consuming it.
This is why they are a nightmare for other plants to share a territory in.
It is a species that has such a thirst for life that a single snapped stem can be left in water, and roots will start to grow within a matter of days.
It's claim to the title of money plant originates from it's huge green leaves that are said to remind one of the dollar bill.
3) Jade plantThe jade plant also lay claim to the good luck money plant moniker mainly because of it's leaves like the pothos.
Only this time, it's not that they have broad luxurious leaves. But their leaves are thick and succulent with a shade of green that reminds on of the jade gemstone.
Hold a leaf between your thumb and index finger and you'd feel it for yourself.
As jade has historically been a symbol of wealth and wisdom, it is often placed in homes and business premises to call on wealth luck.
The best part is that they can be pretty small sized. Making them cute and easily manageable.
Also known as crassula, it's one of the favorites among people for desktop plants that would only take up minimum space.
4) Chinese money plant
This is an easy one to add onto this list. And you might be able to guess why.
It's scientific name is pilea peperomioides, and also goes by a string of aliases such as pancake plant and mirror glass.
The Chinese money plant is so named because it's leaves are round in shape, resembling coins.
So "money" metaphorically grows out of the potted plant.
While it is not known to be a difficult plant to maintain, it is not often seen in the wild.
Leading researchers to speculate that this species of plants are picky with the surrounding environment where they can thrive.
5) Gem tree
Gem trees are artificial plants that are usually shaped like a bonsai, made of resin, and filled with gemstones as "leaves".
Sometimes called the wishing tree, they can be quite pricey depending on the types and grades of crystals used.
It's easy to see why they have been given the nick name.
High-end gem trees can be filled with premium grade gemstones.
The idea of the gem tree is to combine the form of a lucky money plant and the power of crystals to bring wealth luck for an owner.
They are best placed in wealth locations.
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Some people notice an increase in feelings of hunger after they start to take vitamins. Although some vitamins may affect hunger in certain situations, these increased feelings of hunger are more likely due to another cause.
Multivitamins and Appetite
Taking a daily multivitamin shouldn't make most people feel hungry. In fact, a study published in the British Journal of Nutrition in May 2008 found that women who took multivitamins had fewer feelings of hunger than those who didn't. So if you start taking a multivitamin regularly and then notice you seem to be hungrier than usual, consider other potential reasons for these increased feelings of hunger.
Health Conditions, Vitamins and Hunger
Although most vitamins won't cause you to feel hungry if you're healthy, people with certain conditions may experience this effect. One of the side effects of certain vitamin deficiencies is a loss of appetite. If you have such a vitamin deficiency and then begin taking vitamins to correct it, you might feel hungrier because you're no longer experiencing a loss of appetite because of the deficiency.
People who lose their appetite due to cancer may experience improvements in appetite with the administration of high doses of vitamin C, according to a study published in the Journal of Korean Medical Science in February 2007. A study published in the journal in vivo in 2011 found that vitamin C improved symptoms of nausea and loss of appetite in people with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
Vitamins Deficiencies Involved
Loss of appetite is a side effect of vitamin B-12 deficiency, which is more common among vegans, chronic alcoholics, people with digestive disorders and those who've had weight-loss surgery.
Folate, like other B-complex vitamins, helps turn the food you eat into energy and is important for a healthy metabolism. A deficiency of folate can cause loss of appetite. A study published in Nutrition in 2014 found that folate supplementation may improve the appetite of preschool children. Among the other B vitamins, thiamine, niacin and biotin deficiencies can also cause lack of appetite.
Vitamin D's effect on appetite is interesting, as both vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D toxicity can cause appetite loss.
A vitamin K deficiency, which is most common in people on certain medications or those who have difficulty absorbing fat, may also lead to loss of appetite.
Some people start taking vitamins in an effort to be healthier; at the same time, they increase their exercise or go on a reduced-calorie diet, either of which could cause them to feel hungry. Check with your doctor to make sure you don't have a more serious medical problem, as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, low blood sugar and Graves' disease can also increase hunger. Certain medications, including antidepressants and corticosteroids, may increase hunger as well.


FundsIndia explains: What is benchmark?
March 21, 2016. Mutual Fund Research Desk
Do you remember back in school, when you went back to your parents with your exam results? If it was a particularly hard paper and you scored 60%, your first line of defence would be to bring up the toughness of the paper. Then you may have backed this up by saying that most of your friends scored lower or that the class topper, who scored 68% wasn't very far off from your own score. You would have called it unfair if your parents didn't listen to your arguments and chastised you for your low marks.
Man with magnifying glass looking for coinsNow think about your large-cap mutual fund that is down 8.7% in the one-year period. Would it now be fair to say it is a bad fund? Like you measured your performance against your classmates, a mutual fund's performance should also be compared to a standard. That standard is called the fund's benchmark.
What is it?
By simple definition, a benchmark is a yardstick or standard against which something can be measured. For a fund, the benchmark is a stock market or bond market index whose returns the fund aims at beating.
For example, if the fund is a large-cap equity fund, it will choose a large-cap index as its benchmark. This can be the Sensex, the Nifty 50, or the BSE 100 or the Nifty 100. An MIP will have the CRISIL MIP Blended index as its benchmark. So taking the above example – the fund that lost 8.7% would be perfectly good if its benchmark lost 11.8%. Because an index is a nothing but a collection of stocks and securities, remember that the benchmark can also incur losses.
Why is it useful?
The benchmark is useful in two ways. The first way is as explained above – it is the standard to which a fund is held and its performance measured. The benchmark gives meaning to a fund's returns. A fund has performed well if it beats its benchmark consistently. A fund's performance will come in by its stock selection and its sector weightage relative to its benchmark.
The second way a benchmark is useful is that it gives an idea of where a fund invests, or the type of portfolio it will have. Consider SBI Bluechip and Franklin India Bluechip. They are both large-cap funds. SBI Bluechip's benchmark is the BSE 100 and the Franklin fund's benchmark is the Sensex. The BSE 100 (which represents the top 100 stocks by market capitalisation) is broader than the Sensex (which represents the top 30 stocks by marketcap).
Thus, Franklin India Bluechip is more constrained in where it can invest and will have much larger stocks in its portfolio than SBI Bluechip. Sometimes, large-cap funds can have even broader benchmarks such as the BSE 200, meaning that the universe of stocks the fund can invest in is that much more. Similarly, Birla Sun Life Dynamic Bond index is benchmarked against the CRISIL Short Term Bond index, suggesting that it will more or less stick to instruments with a short maturity profile.
Note that a fund can and does deviate from its benchmark. It can, for example, have stocks outside the benchmark index or have different sector weights. What the benchmark does is broadly indicate how the fund's portfolio will be.
So next time, don't dismiss the benchmark. Use it!
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text:
3D-printed replica Labrador dog nose improves chemical sniffing
The 3D-printed replica of a female Labrador dog's nose has enabled American researchers to achieve an 18-fold improvement in the accuracy of sniffer devices used to detect explosives and other chemicals.
The 3D-printed nose mimics the way dogs naturally sniff. Conventional artificial noses use suction to draw in the sample of the air, but they don't exhale as dogs do. When the researchers studied natural dog sniffing, they found that the canines actively sample the air in very short intervals. Five times a second, the sniffing dog draws the air in to the receptor cells in its nose.
"The dog is an active aerodynamic sampling system that literally reaches out and grabs odorants," said lead scientist Matthew Staymates, from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (Nist).
"It uses fluid dynamics and entrainment to increase its aerodynamic reach to sample vapours at increasingly large distances."
The researchers then created a 3D-printed replica of the external features of a nose of a female Labrador retriever with the exact same shape, direction and spacing of the nostrils.
By fitting the 3D-printed nose in front of a commercially available explosives detector, the researchers were able to improve the performance of the technology. The dog-like sniffer was four times better than a conventional detector when sniffing a vapour source from a 10cm distance and 18 times better when sniffing from 20cm.
"Applying this bio-inspired design principle could lead to significantly improved vapour samplers for detecting explosives, narcotics, pathogens - even cancer," Staymates said.
"Their incredible air-sampling efficiency is one reason why the dog is such an amazing chemical sampler. It's just a piece of the puzzle. There's lots more to be learned and to emulate as we work to improve the sensitivity, accuracy and speed of trace-detection technology."


THE DOS AND DON'TS OF Tank-mixing herbicides and fertilizers
Applicators commonly mix nutrients with herbicides to increase efficiency when spraying turf areas. Unfortunately, the wrong combination can result in clogged nozzles, "scum" and precipitates in the tank, or even damaged turf. These are all indications of incompatibility among the materials being mixed. However, you can avoid this scenario if you follow a few basic guidelines.
Tank-mix incompatibility
Incompatibility occurs when one or more components of the mix chemically react, reducing the effectiveness of one or all of the pesticide components. In addition, you may see poor weed control, clogged spray nozzles and precipitates, surface scum, oily drops, gel, excessive foam or clumps in the tank. It is possible, however, that the only effect of the incompatibility will be lack of efficacy. Some materials are so reactive that even if they only come in contact with each other on the leaf surface, they still interact.
Incompatibility can also cause phytotoxicity to turf and ornamentals, which of course is even worse than mere lack of effectiveness.
Let's look at ways to prevent the "incompatibility factor."
The first consideration is the pH of your water source. Well water and city water often contain high amounts of calcium, iron and magnesium. This is commonly known as "hard water." It is not uncommon to see the pH range as high as from 9.6 to 10.4 in these water sources. This can reduce the effectiveness of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) herbicides, but will have minimal or no effect on aqueous herbicides. By contrast, low pH or acidic tank mixes will adversely affect aqueous herbicides.
Besides the water source, fertilizers also can affect the pH of your tank mix. Phosphate fertilizers tend to be acidic, while most commonly used nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea, are alkaline. When they dissolve, the solution can develop a pH of 8.0 to 8.5 and may become even more alkaline over time. Avoid letting tank mixes sit overnight because the pH can change and reduce the effectiveness of the spray mixture.
It is not difficult to check the pH of your tank mix. You can easily do this with pocket pH meters, pH test strips or water test kits that measure pH. A pH of 7.0 is neutral. Generally, anything close to this is acceptable. If pH is a major issue in product performance, it will be noted on the product label. There are several commercial products available that can be used to raise or lower the pH as necessary.
The jar test
The jar test is the most practical method to visually check for incompatibility of a specific herbicide and fertilizer mix. For this test, fill a quart jar with the correct ratio of the materials in the mix. To determine the correct ratio, you must first identify the spray volume per a set ground area (e.g. 1,000 square feet) and the correct rates of the fertilizer and pesticides for that area. Once you determine this information, proportion each material down to the volume of the jar, generally 1 quart.
For example, if the spray volume is 1 gallon per 1,000 square feet and you use a pint of test solution, you would divide the product rates for 1,000 square feet by eight, as there are 8 pints in a gallon. (See "Jar test instructions," above.)
Common sense suggestions
Chemical and fertilizer companies spend millions of dollars researching and developing their products. Detailed, specific information, including mixing instructions, is included on the label. The label in the photo on page 58 includes the following information:
 1. The herbicide is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC);
 2. Mixing instructions with water and agitation requirement;
 3. A Notice that the product may separate if allowed to sit for a prolonged period;
 4. A Notice concerning the use of tank additives that alter the pH; and
 5. Mixing instructions for liquid fertilizers and recommendations for a compatibility jar test.
Notice that the label contains information regarding additives. Sometimes additives are necessary to correct compatibility problems when mixing herbicides with other products. Additives such as surfactants, which reduce surface tension, are already found in many herbicides. For example, if a herbicide is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), it contains emulsifiers that keep it suspended in water. Wettable powders (WP) and flowables (F) often contain surfactants that help prevent herbicide particles clumping together. However, indiscriminate use of additives can negatively affect the herbicide's performance, reducing weed control or injuring turf. Do not underestimate the importance of following the label instructions.
Also included on the label is a telephone number for technical support and safety concerns. As with any pesticide or fertilizer, it is extremely important that the applicator read the entire label and follow the instructions when mixing and spraying the product.
Spray tank considerations
Start with a clean tank. If you clean the tank properly after each spraying, this should not be a problem. However, if the tank is not clean, even the jar test won't help. Vigorously agitate the tank contents while mixing and applying the products. Spray tanks should be equipped with agitators that keep the contents in suspension. I don't usually recommend the "paddle-type" or bypass-line agitators because these can let suspensions settle out. "Jet-type" or "venturi" agitators mounted in the bottom of the tank are better. If you take a break, be sure to leave the agitator running.
Making the application
Even with proper agitation, never start the spray on the desired target. On golf courses, for instance, turn your sprayer on in the rough before spraying the greens. On home lawns, if using a hand-held spray gun, turn it on in the tank before spraying the lawn.
If you have not previously used a product or product mix, apply it to a small test area prior to broadcasting. Overlap your application in some places to determine the margin of safety. Signs of spray ineffectiveness or phytotoxicity should appear after a few days on the test area.
Some "dos and don'ts"
 1. Always follow the correct filling order for products, starting with 50 percent of the water in the tank prior to adding products.
 2. Avoid mixing concentrated products together before mixing in the tank.
 3. Don't mix non-chelated iron sulfate products with amine formulations of certain phenoxy herbicides. This could cause a cottage cheese like precipitate to form. Remember READ THE LABEL, which should make it clear if this is a potential problem.
 4. Don't mix strongly acid materials with strongly alkaline materials. Again, the label should mention it if this is a potential problem.
 5. You should pre-dissolve dry flowable herbicides that are packaged in water-soluble film packets in water prior to adding to fluid fertilizers or nitrogen — these materials can prevent the packet from completely dissolving.
 6. Don't mix potassium fertilizers or other fertilizers that have a high salt load (ionic strength) with emulsifiable concentrates and liquid flowables. This can cause compatibility problems and phytotoxicity.
 7. Ensure that when you apply herbicide/fluid-fertilizer mixtures, you're applying the correct herbicide rate. Sprayer output may not be the same using large quantities of fluid fertilizer as when using water as the carrier. You should recalibrate sprayers for the fertilizer carrier.
Avoiding tank mix problems is primarily a matter of using common sense and reading the label. These two things will help ensure effective applications and save you a lot of aggravation.
David W. Fearis, CGCS, is golf course products marketing consultant for PBI/Gordon Corp. (Kansas City, Mo.).
 1. Pour 1 pint of water into a 1-quart jar.
 2. Add the correct proportion of fertilizer and wetable powders to the water and ensure that the materials are uniformly mixed.
 3. Add aqueous components individually, again ensuring each is mixed uniformly.
 4. Add EC compounds last.
 5. Invert (don't shake) the jar 10 times to mix, and let stand for at least one hour. Inspect for unusual signs such as participates, clumping or layering in the mixture.
It is important to remember that a jar test will only show physical incompatibilities and not phytotoxic incompatibilities. To check for the latter, test by spraying an inconspicuous spot.
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Why ZFC is placed in top of the proof system hierarchy? How it can p-simulate other systems?
share|improve this question
I really would appreciate some definition links to "proof system hierarchy" and "p-simulation". – Hans Stricker Jul 23 '11 at 15:18
_USER_ Stricker, check the Wikipedia pages for "proof complexity" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_complexity) and "propositional proof system" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_proof_system). – Kaveh Aug 2 '11 at 6:19
1 Answer 1
It is an open problem if there is an optimal propositional proof system. Therefore we don't know if ZFC as a propositional proof system is optimal either.
ZFC as propositional proof system can p-simulate any propositional proof system whose soundness (if there is proof for a formula then the formula is true) as a propositional proof system is provable in ZFC. The trick (which I think is due to Steve Cook) is based on the fact that proofs are concrete finite objects, if there is a proof for a formula in a proof system, then ZFC can prove its existence (i.e. ZFC is $\Sigma_1$-complete), combining this with the provability of the soundness we derive the truth of the encoded formula in ZFC. The rest of the argument is translating this first order proof in ZFC to a propositional proof in ZFC as propositional proof system and proving the equivalence of a propositional formula with the formula itself in the proof system. This can be done in $\mathsf{TC^0}$-Frege and any system that contains it. See Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity, 2010 by Cook and Nguyen for the details.
share|improve this answer
Strictly speaking, it's the function $F$ that maps ZFC-proofs of $T$ to $T$* (where $T$ is a tautology) that is the propositional proof system, not ZFC itself. Note also that *the assertion that $F$ is a propositional proof system isn't provable in ZFC itself; you need to assume the soundness of ZFC. This is why people put ZFC at the top; conceivably, there could be "stronger" propositional proof systems $F$ that ZFC can't prove are actually propositional proof systems. But if you think that ZFC represents the outer limit of mathematical knowledge, you might have qualms about such $F$. – Timothy Chow Jul 22 '11 at 22:24
_USER_, there are two equivalent definitions for a pps, one is what you described, the other one is a proof checker program (which the one I found more natural). Yes, strictly speaking, but I didn't want to go into too much details. One can add axioms to obtains a possibly stronger pps, e.g. large cardinal axioms. Note that we don't need the full soundness, we only need a very restricted form of it. In fact, as you know :), some proof complexity theorist conjecture that EF is a plausible candidate for the optimal proof system, in which case ZFC will be just equal to it. – Kaveh Aug 2 '11 at 6:13
Your Answer


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I really like using C/C++ expressions from WinDbg. It's a natural way to extract information from C and C++ applications if you know these programming languages; therefore, I think it's useful to share how to do this.
First, let's talk about poi().
poi() is used to get pointer-sized data. Think about the * operator for C and C++.
Therefore, poi is the best operator to use if you want pointer-sized data.
The double question mark (??) command evaluates and displays the value of an expression according to the C++ expression rules.
Now, let me show you how to get a pointer value using poi() and??.
The single question mark (?) is used to evaluate expressions.
Tip: By using?, you can easily convert a number from hexadecimal to decimal or vice versa. Remember to use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal and 0n for decimal.
Finally, we have the C++ expression parser - @@c++() - that supports all forms of C++ expression syntax, such as:
- Numbers in C++ expressions
- Characters and strings in C++ expressions
- Symbols in C++ expressions. (see WinDbg documentation for details)
- Operators in C++ expressions
- Registers and pseudo-registers in C++ expressions
- Macros in C++ expressions
For more information, you may want to read the Magic Pointers article.
Here you can see scripts that use the??, @@c++() or poi() commands.


Economist Stiglitz wants you to get over your GDP Fetish
We know you go home and stroke that GDP, salivating at the prospect of that magic number turning positive so you can deny all that is wrong with the economy...but Joseph Stiglitz just called you out:
Most governments make a fetish out of it. If you take one message out of our report, make it avoid GDP fetishism. The message is to encourage political leaders away from that.
So many things that are important to individuals are not included in GDP. There needs to be an array of numbers but we need to understand the role of each number. We may not be able to aggregate everything together.
The article cites examples, such as increased consumer debt contributing to GDP but not adding to economic output in reality.
We've pointed out the trade contribution is a net difference, and as a result we have phantom GDP that should be attributed to other national economies, due to outsourcing. We also noted that Q2 2009 GDP wasn't as bad as it could be simply because exports declined less than imports. That said a raw decline in exports implies the U.S. wasn't manufacturing and selling much during Q2 2009.
So, most interesting to note that a Nobel Prize winning economist is pointing to macroeconomic metrics that are not capturing the real economic picture for main street.
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Prof Wool: Firewall Management 201
Lesson 13: Zero-Touch Change Management with Checks and Balances
Firewall Management 201: Lesson 13
In this lesson, Professor Wool highlights the challenges, benefits and trade-offs of utilizing zero-touch automation for security policy change management. He explains how, using conditional logic, its possible to significantly speed up security policy change management while maintaining control and ensuring accuracy throughout the process.


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Questions for the Angels
Dear Trudy and Barbara,
Here are two questions I have for the angels.
1. Why are people allergic to animals especially cats when we are supposed to love all things? People who are allergic cannot pick up or touch cats, which seem unloving. Can we get rid of this allergy?
2. I know you've spoken about numbers, but what about colors? Within the last week I've had two people tell me their sisters' favorite color was purple and also found out my friend's favorite color is purple. I know when we hear comments repeatedly, especially within such a short time it is suppose to mean something. Is the color purple symbolic for something?
And thank you so much for the newsletters. It's the one communication I get that always uplifts me.
From the Angels:
1. Being a human often has its physical drawbacks. Allergies are such a thing. There are many metaphysical reasons for them. Sometimes they are caused by a past-life memory, a sensitivity, or an imbalance. Whatever it is, loving has nothing to do with it. If you are allergic to something, it doesnít mean you canít love it, it means you canít eat, handle, or surround yourself with the essence of the allergen. Why not try to surround your pet with loving thoughts and ask it why you are allergic to it. That might teach you many things. Also, you can get rid of allergies, if you change your body patterns and how your thoughts relate to that particular problem. (B&T suggest: We suggest you go to the website _URL_ and read about that technique. It has worked for many in our family.)
2. Colors are as interesting as numbers. Find a book on Chakras and what the colors mean for different energy points in your body. Those colors will often coincide with what your favorite color is in some way. Purple is the color of the crown charka and indicates spiritual connection.


text: A catch of fish is sorted and prepared in the foreground on the harbour quay. This bustle of human activity, captured with a few brushstrokes and echoed in a fishing boat on the right, contrasts with the relative calm of the harbour and open sea beyond. The dawn sky punctuated by the masts of fishing boats dominates the scene. Turner used the blue paper to great effect, conveying the colourful transition from night to day. This drawing may have been made during the mid 1820s when Turner first began to use blue paper.


text: Engine knock is characteristic of an uncontrolled combustion process and can cause engine damage. That is prevented by a knock sensor, a noise sensor near the engine. It senses knock and transmits information to the electronic engine management control unit. This influences process control in the engine, for example timing and fuel injection until knock is eliminated. Knock is frequently caused by fuel that does not comply with the required minimum quality.


text:
- The orbiter structure
is divided into several major sections and is constructed mostly
- Consists of the upper
and lower fuselage, houses the crew compartment.
- The three-level crew
compartment includes the flight deck, middeck, and equipment bay.
- The middeck airlock
is large enough to accommodate two suited astronauts at once.
Forward Fuselage and Crew Compartment Windows
- The orbiter has 11 windows.
- An aerodynamic lifting
surface that provides conventional lift and control for the orbiter.
- Forms the payload bay
area, interfaces with the forward fuselage, aft fuselage and wings.
Payload Bay Doors
- Are opened shortly after
orbital insertion to provide for vehicle heat dissipation.
- Consists of an outer
shell, thrust structure and internal secondary structure.
Orbital Maneuvering System/Reaction Control System Pods
- Attached to the aft
fuselage, house the OMS/RCS propulsion components.
- Thermally shields the
main engines during entry, provides pitch control trim during
- Consists of a structural
fin surface, a rudder, a tip and a lower trailing edge.


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The basic goal in the conservation of vegetation is to rescue and display all the extant vestiges of the camp. Exceptionally salient aspects include maintaining the special arrangement of trees that was used to camouflage the mass killing facilities, in the form of green rows and groups of trees, and even woods.
The conservation of vegetation at the site involves work including
- care for trees and bushes, including historically valuable trees
- care for grassy areas
- weed removal.
In total, the boundaries of the Museum include an area of 191 hectares 9724 m², of which 171 hectares 6146m² comprise the Birkenau site, and 20 hectares 3588m² the Auschwitz I site. The great extent of the grounds means that work is carried out by both Museum employees and outside companies.


text:
Say What You Mean
Lesson created by Heidi Alexandra Pollard using
Video from TED-Ed YouTube Channel
Long, fancy words designed to show off your intelligence and vocabulary are all very well, but they aren't always the best words. In this short, playful video Terin Izil explains why simple, punchy language is often the clearest way to convey a message. At Leading Value we believe in the power of words - clear, plain words. Say what you mean and mean what you say!
Words pour out of our mouths each day as our thoughts, opinions, and beliefs are freely expressed. Words have tremendous power - speak kind words only


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Q1. How is Resource Sharing done among Processes?
Ans. In general, a process will need certain resources (CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices) to accomplish its task. When a process creates a subprocess, that subprocess may be able to obtain its resources directly from the operating system, or it may be constrained to a subset of the resources among its children, or it may be able to share some resources (such as memory or files) among several of its children. Restricting a child process to a subset of the parent's resources prevents any process from overloading the system by creating too many subprocesses.


text:
The GPA for a class of ten females and seven males are recorded. The mean GPA of females is 3.07 and the standard deviation is 0.53. The mean GPA for males is also 3.07 and the standard deviation is 0.68. What is standard the deviation for all students?
Attempt to solution:
Guys l am stuck here. It seems like l am in a vicious cycle. What should l do?


Last week, Chileans traded nearly $300 million in bitcoin through The surge in OTC trading shows that the global economic situation has changed greatly.
1. Large scale adoption is in progress
According to the data, the OTC bitcoin trade in Chile has increased sharply since the end of 2016. Although it fluctuates a lot, it shows a sharp upward trend. The week ending February 8 was the largest BTC trading volume so far, and given the recovery of the overall encryption market, it is reasonable to assume that this growth will continue.
For a long time, the popularity of bitcoin in South America has been growing due to the history of inflation and government corruption in this field.
The data shows that Chile's growing OTC market is not an example, and similar trends can be seen in every country in this field.
Bitcoin and cryptocurrency are becoming major economic forces in South America and other regions
Central exchanges in South America are also showing signs of growth. Trading gateways such as foxbit and Mercado bitcoin are proliferating. With the launch of latamex, coin security has recently entered this field.
2. Bitcoin and cryptocurrency become the main economic forces
In the period of economic crisis, with citizens turning to blockchain and cryptocurrency assets, people have made a lot of efforts to popularize cryptocurrency in underdeveloped countries.
However, the fact is that cryptocurrency is also popular in stable developing countries. For example, Chile has experienced stable economic growth and low inflation for more than 30 years.
Other factors suggest that citizens of countries such as Chile are being drawn into cryptocurrency, and the fact that these countries may rely heavily on remittances is an economic activity that cryptocurrency quickly takes over.
Similarly, a large part of the South American population has no or insufficient bank accounts. Therefore, blockchain assets can provide financial services that cannot be provided by traditional financial systems.
It is worth noting that cryptocurrency services at point of sale (POS) are rapidly entering Latin America. For example, pundix soon plans to install thousands of XPOS devices in stores in South America, and other POS companies such as kappture and Cielo also have big plans for this market.
It turns out that in South America and other regions, the overall growth of cryptocurrency adoption proves that significant changes are taking place in the global economy.
Politicians and regulators who have so far chosen to abolish blockchain reform are facing an embarrassing situation and can only come forward to solve it. As cryptocurrencies become more available and user-friendly, the number of records currently used and traded seems to be just the tip of the iceberg.
Responsible editor; zl
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Given two fixed nonintersecting circles (shown here in red and blue), a Steiner chain is a sequence of circles, each tangent to the two given circles and each tangent to their neighboring circles in the sequence. When the chain is closed, the first and last circles in the chain are also tangent to each other. If a closed chain can be found for a given pair of circles, then infinitely many such chains can be found—use the rotation slider. Also, regardless of whether the chain is open or closed, the centers of circles of the chain lie on an ellipse, shown in green.
By manipulating the "rotation" slider, you can see different Steiner chains for the given red and blue circles, demonstrating Steiner's porism, which states that infinitely many such chains exist. By deselecting the "closed chain" checkbox, you can then adjust the radius of the red circle and create open chains. You can try to find the appropriately sized inner circle to create a closed chain for practice. When the inner circle radius is 0, the inner circle becomes a point and the Steiner chain becomes a closed chain of two circles.


text:
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
anthropological work in Ituri Forest
...of Africa; 1873). Stanley was the first to cross the forest from west to east, following essentially the same route as the present Kisangani-to-Bunia road. In the 1930s the Jesuit missionary Paul Schebesta undertook the first anthropological studies of the people of the Ituri. Since then, many aspects of the behaviour, ecology, and growth and demography of the Bambuti and their villager...
What made you want to look up "Paul Schebesta"? Please share what surprised you most...


Physical forces when cornering
There's more to tyre design than you might think. Engineers need to consider safety, fuel efficiency, wear and tear and performance - while being fully aware of all the forces that affect handling.
What is cornering force?
One important tyre dynamic is cornering force. As its name suggests, cornering force is the lateral force that's generated by your tyres every time they turn. This force is equivalent to the centrifugal force that would, if unchallenged, send the vehicle off course. The cornering force counters the centrifugal force, giving the tyres the power to grip the road through the turn.
You will notice that tyres change shape when cornering. This distortion of the tread blocks happens when the steering angle generates the right amount of front and rear lateral force. Cornering force to the left will generate a tyre slip to the right.
What affects cornering force?
 - Speed: The higher the speed, the higher the cornering force. That's why it's important to fit tyres with the speed rating recommended by your vehicle's manufacturer.
 - Weight: The higher the weight, the higher the cornering force. Make sure you don't overload your vehicle and have tyres with the proper load range or load index. See your vehicle manual for more information.
 - Road conditions: Cornering force is affected by bad weather. Snow and ice, in particular, can cause tyres to slide when turning – especially when driven at speed. All-weather and winter tyres are designed to reduce this risk.
 - Tyre width, size and pressure: These are clearly related to the contact area between tyre tread and the road. The bigger the contact area, the more cornering force the tyres can provide.
What tyres have the best cornering force?
Tyres with a low-profile design and a sticky tread compound have the best cornering force. They're often described by drivers as being responsive, making them ideal for perfomance cars such as sport cars and sedans. Their tread patterns grip the road tightly, particularly during high-speed cornering manouevres.
What is the safest way to drive round corners?
The faster you take a corner, the more pressure you put on your tyres. If you push them too far, you will skid and lose control. As well as slowing down, you need to take bends as smoothly as possible. One way to do this is to 'straighten' the bend slightly using the full width of your lane to create the widest possible arc. However, it is important that you don't cross the central line unless it's legal to do so and you have a full view of what's coming towards you.
As you approach the bend, look in your rear-view mirror and slow down to a safe speed. While your tyres are still facing straight ahead, change down to a lower gear. This gives you the option to accelerate as you leave the bend.
Steer smoothly into the curve and gently put your foot on the accelerator as you pass the apex of the curve. Avoid braking on a bend if at all possible. Your tyres are already dealing with numerous forces when cornering and braking can upset the balance, causing you to skid.
Uniroyal. A brand of Continental.*


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Rural property numbering
Rural properties are identified using a standard numbering system called RAPID - Rural Address Property Identification. The major benefit of RAPID numbering is that it saves time locating properties and occupants - especially for emergency services (ambulance, fire service, police).
How RAPID works
Properties are given a unique number based on their distance along a road from its start point or intersection with another road.
The number given to a property is calculated by multiplying the number of kilometres that property is from the start point of the road by 100.
Numbers of the right side of the road are even, those on the left side are odd.
Ongoing maintenance
Ongoing maintenance and replacement of the numbers are your responsibility. You should also control roadside vegetation so that the number remains clearly visible to passing vehicles.
If you have any questions about maintenance or position of RAPID numbers please contact us via email.
If you are subdividing, a new RAPID number will only be required for any new entrance ways created and will only be issued upon request. The existing entrance way will retain the current RAPID number and new numbers will be allocated to any new lots utilising the existing entrance way. This is because the RAPID number is based on a measured distance along a road.
Apply for or replace a RAPID number
Numbers are allocated on request where a formed entrance exists, and are usually triggered by a building consent application. Alternatively you may apply for or request a replacement RAPID number by completing the online application form.
Place your RAPID plate close to your driveway, on a letterbox, gatepost or fence facing the road.
It's not possible to change the number on request, as it reflects the distance along the road. We cannot change the number without compromising the integrity of the numbering system.
Properties on a state highway
State highway roads in the Hastings District may also have a local name for a portion of the road e.g. Korokipo Rd, Links Rd etc. The numbering works the same way and retains continuity along the entire section of the state highway within the district.
Can my stockyard or packing shed have a RAPID number?
Yes. Council is able to provide a RAPID number to any property as long as it has a formed entrance.
Hastings District Council - Copyright © 2021 Hastings District Council
Disclaimers and Copyright
© Hastings District Council - / +64 6 _PHONE_ /


text:
Нашли опечатку? Выделите ее мышкой и нажмите Ctrl+Enter
Название: Solution of Ornstein-Zernike equation for wall-particle distribution function
Авторы: L. Blum, G. Stell
The Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) equation is considered for the wall-particle distribution functiong 0(x) in the case of a flat, impenetrable wall atx = 0 and a fluid of hard-core particles whose centers are constrained by the wall to occupy the semiinfinite spacex >/2, where is the particle diameter. A solution is given in terms of the wall-particle direct correlation function c0(x) forx >/2, the bulk-fluid direct correlation function cB (t), and pB, the average bulk density. Explicit formulas for the contact surface density, total excess surface density, and the Laplace transform of the fluid density near the wall are given. For mean spherical type approximations, c0 (x) forx >/2 and cB (t) are both prescribed functions; for this case, a closed-form solution is obtained. An example is discussed and additional equations that enable one to go beyond the approximations considered above are introduced.


Millennials and Hospitality
The Redefinition of Service
This booklet, created by Oracle Hospitality is a comprehensive guide about millenials' traveling characteristics, habits and trends. It covers subjects such as:
 - What they demand?
 - How to interact with millenials?
 - How do they use mobile technology?
 - How to they use their smartphones in a hotel setting?
 - And How can hospitality operators improve their use of technology?
Information in the booklet is also backed by statistical data and analysis. Opportunities revealed by the collected data are also pointed out.


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Private Residence Relief (PRR) – Why is it so important?
Private Residence Relief (PRR) is an extremely important relief. It is the reason that when individuals sell their home that they can receive 100% tax relief and therefore pay no capital gains tax, assuming they lived in the property the whole time, have not lived elsewhere or used the property for business purposes.
For properties with large gardens and grounds, it should be noted that PRR only covers a permitted area of 0.5 hectares and therefore PRR may not cover the whole gardens and grounds of the property.
Periods of absence
Periods of absence can restrict amounts of PRR available, where the property is not being used as a main residence, but there are periods which can still be exempt if you are away from the property for one of the reasons below:
- The final 9 months is treated as deemed occupation. This is extended to 36 months if the owner moves to a care home or is disabled.
- If there is a gap of less than two years between buying a property and moving in, then PRR can be claimed provided it was due to construction, decoration, renovation or due to a delay in selling your previous home and no one else lived in the property during that period.
- If you intended on living in the home but were prevented from doing so due to living in job related accommodation (for example, armed forces, living in vicarage, etc), PRR can be claimed for the period of intention.
There are also periods that can be claimed provided you live in the property both before and after the following:
- Any period of absence less than 3 years (or less than 3 years when combined)
- Periods working abroad.
- Prevented from residing in home due to place of work or any condition imposed by employer.
For individuals with second residences, only one property can be treated as the main residence. It is possible to make an election to nominate one of the properties as your main residence and therefore this will be the property that receives PRR. If no election is made the main residence will be based on facts relating to the properties.
Married couples can only have one main residence, but there is a useful spousal exemption which enables changes in ownership without triggering CGT. However, Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) may be triggered in transferring from sole to joint ownership and it's always best to seek advice before making these changes.
As can be seen in the above, there are key areas that should be factored into any decision to sell a property. If selling a former residence which doesn't qualify for full PRR and there is CGT to pay, then a CGT return and payment of the CGT liability will both be due within 60 days of completion.
For more information, please contact your local Perrys branch.


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Provided by: freewnn-cserver_1.1.1~a021+cvs20130302-4_amd64
catod - To convert the text format of a dictionary to binary format.
catod [-s maxword ] [-R] [-r] [-e] [-S] [-U] [-P dicpasswd ] [-p frepasswd ] [-h cixingfile ] outfilename
This command converts a dictionary from text format into binary format. outfilename is the name of the binary format dictionary. If outfilename is not given, the output will be passed to the standard output device(stdout). The input file may be piped in by using the "<" command. For example, catod basic.dic < basic.u "basic.dic" here is the output binary format dictionary, while the "basic.u" is the input text format dictionary. If the input text dictionary is not given, the input will be taken from the standard input(stdin). To end the input via standard input, press ^D.
-s maxword To specify the maximum number of words. Default is 70000. -R To create a dictionary for both forward and reverse conversion. (Default). -r To create a reverse format dictionary only for reverse conversion. -e If the Hanzi inside the text dictionary contains characters such as space and tab, they will be compacted to special format. (Default). -S To create a static dictionary. -U To create a dynamic dictionary. -P dicpasswd To specify the password for the dictionary. If "-N" is used instead, the password of the dictionary will be set to "*". -p frepasswd To specify the password for the usage frequency file. If "-n" is used instead, the password of the frequency file will be set to "*". -h cixingfile To specify the Cixing definition file.
1. The parts in [ ] are options. They may be omitted. 2. The Pinyin and Zhuyin dictionary has the same format. 3. For details of the dictionary structure, refer to cWnn manual. 13 May 1992 CATOD(1)


The Question:
There are two world capitals named for American presidents. One is Washington D.C., but what is the other?
The Answer:
The other capital city named after a U.S. president is Monrovia, the capital city of the African country Liberia.
Monrovia was founded in 1822 during the term of President James Monroe. A port city located at the mouth of the St. Paul River, Monrovia was established by the American Colonization Society as a haven for freed black slaves from America. The ACS thought that the deportation of blacks would be the answer to America's slavery problem.
The country was originally called Monrovia, but switched to the Free and Independent Republic of Liberia in 1847.
Incidentally there are four U.S. capitals named after presidents: Jackson, Miss., Lincoln, Neb., Jefferson City, Mo. and Madison, Wis.
—The Fact Monster


This paper presents a coordinated primal-dual interior point (PDIP) method for solving structured convex linear and quadratic programs (LP-QP) in a distributed manner. The considered class of problems represents a multi-agent setting, where the aggregated cost is to be minimized while respecting coupling constraints as well as local constraints of the agents. Unlike fully distributed methods, a central agent is utilized, which coordinates the Newton steps taken within the interior-point algorithm. In practical PDIP implementations, predictor-corrector variants are widely used, due to their very fast convergence. We show that in the coordinated case, a naive implementation of a PDIP with predictor-corrector scheme introduces extra communication steps between local and central agents. We propose a decentralized predictor-corrector scheme that uses a non-uniform perturbation on the complementary slackness condition, which is able to reduce the number of communication steps while preserving fast convergence of the original methods. We analyse the general framework of PDIP methods with non-uniform perturbations and provide convergence and complexity results, that directly apply to the proposed coordinated PDIP with decentralized predictorcorrector scheme.


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var myString = "Hello Thur!";
//This is how you would access a property
var myProperty = myString.property;
//This is how you would access a function
var myFunctionResult = myString.function(argument1, argument2);
As you can see, the most important part to accessing string properties and functions is to first create them. In this case, myString was our guinea pig.
What's a String Property?
A property is just some basic information about the object. For example, a string object has a length property which stores the number of characters in the string.
What's a String Function?
The string's functions are useful for finding out more about your string. For example, the string function split lets you take a string and chop it into pieces whenever characters that you supply, appear.
It is important to note that these functions do not actually change the string itself. Rather, they return new strings that you can store for use elsewhere. In our example, we stored the result of our make-believe function into myFunctionResult.
String Functions and Properties
Found Something Wrong in this Lesson?
Report a Bug or Comment on This Lesson - Your input is what keeps Tizag improving with time!


Contact Us Today : _PHONE_
Gang Crimes
Gang Allegations and Gang Charges are not just like any other criminal charge. Let me say that again, Gang Allegations and Gang Charges are not the same as any other criminal charge.
Did you know that gang charges and gang enhancements might not even require you to be a gang member? So long as you are accused of promoting, facilitating, or assisting a gang member in the commission of certain crimes, even a non-gang member can be charged under California's STEP Act!
In 1988, California enacted the STEP ACT, which fundamentally changed prosecution for the participation in criminal street gangs and committing certain crimes for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with criminal street gangs.
California Gang Statutes include California Penal Code sections 186.22 et. seq. In these prosecutions, the normal rules of trial do not always apply. For instance, in order to establish that the group constitutes a criminal street gang, the prosecution must show it is an organization of 3 or more persons, with a common identifying color or symbol, that engages in a pattern of criminal activity. What does that mean to you? Well, it means the jury is going to get to hear a whole lot of stuff that probably has nothing to do with you. They will introduce evidence of gang membership and how long they've been documenting a certain group, sometimes stretching back 20 years or more. They will introduce "predicate crimes" to establish a pattern of criminal activity. And these usually won't be the bar fight someone had where both people got bruised up and went home. No, no no. They will introduce murders if possible, violent acts, and the kinds of acts that would reinforce the jury's fear of gangs and no doubt the primal urge to protect society no matter the cost. You yourself don't have to have even participated in these offenses. They may have nothing to do with you and predate any allegations by years and involve people you never met. Such prejudicial testimony would be unthinkable in other criminal trials, but remember, for the prosecution, you have gang charges, and therefore they are usually at their most aggressive.
Until Recently, gang cops could testify to case-specific hearsay in addition to generalized gang information. But the U.S. v. Sanchez said no more. Under Sanchez and its progeny, case-specific hearsay is out, though other forms of hearsay may still be related to the jury, like the gang cop's recitation of "gang culture" that he learned in some law enforcement seminar for a few hours or through debriefs. You need an attorney who is experienced in distinguishing what case specific hearsay is, what is and is not admissible, the special rules governing gang cases (such as the use of field identification cards, booking questions, mere membership and the First Amendment) and familiar with gangs enough to call this out for what it really is.
The rules around prosecution for gang charges and gang allegations is constantly changing and has seen some fairly large upheavals in the past year. You need an attorney who monitors these changes and stays up to date on the ever changing courtroom landscape when it comes to gang charges and gang enhancements.
Amber Gordon has worked with people accused of gang offenses and subject to gang enhancements since 2013. She has undertaken the study of different gangs, gang structure, and gang culture through publicly available materials. She has stayed active in the courtroom defending accused gang members of crimes like multiple homicide, attempted murder, attempted murder of police officers, burglary, robbery, car theft, gun sales, narcotics distribution. She has fought county jails to eliminate gang segregation and police abuse against alleged gang members.
"Amber Gordon is one of the best gang attorneys I've worked with."
--Dr. Jesse De La Cruz, gang expert


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ICM Pharma FOOT AND BODY POWDER is an antifungal, antiseptic deodorant with cooling menthol for active people in army, sports, worksite and outdoor activities.
Talcum powder, Boric acid, Camphor and Menthol.
ICM Body and Foot Powder contains ingredients which:
- Effectively absorb body and foot perspiration
- Kill bacteria, treat and prevent common fungal infections such as Athletes Foot and Ringworm
- Keep body and feet dry, comfortable and eliminate unpleasant odour.


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Date of Award
Religious and Theological Studies
Carrie Doehring, Ph.D.
Fear, Hope, Narrative, Pastoral, Theology, Trauma
Contemporary therapeutic circles utilize the concept of anxiety to describe a variety of disorders. Emotional reductionism is a detriment to the therapeutic community and the persons seeking its help. This dissertation proposes that attention to the emotion of fear clarifies our categorization of particular disorders and challenges emotional reductionism. I propose that the emotion of fear, through its theological relationship to hope, is useful in therapeutic practice for persons who experience trauma and PTSD.
I explore the differences between fear and anxiety by deconstructing anxiety. Through this process, I develop four categories which help the emotion of fear stand independent of anxiety in therapy. Temporality, behaviors, antidote and objects are categories which distinguish fear from anxiety. Together, they provide the impetus to explore the emotion of fear.
Understanding the emotion of fear requires an examination of its neurophysiological embodiment. This includes the brain structures responsible for fear production, its defensive behaviors and the evolutionary retention of fear. Dual inheritance evolutionary theory posits that we evolved physically and culturally, helping us understand the inescapability of fear and the unique threats humans fear. The threats humans react to develop through subjective interpretations of experience. Sometimes threats, through their presence in our memories and imaginations, inhibit a person's ability to live out a preferred identity and experience hope.
Understanding fear as embodied and subjective is important. Process theology provides a religious framework through which fear can be interpreted. In this framework, fear is developed as an adaptive human response. Moreover, fear is useful to the divine-human relationship, revealing an undercurrent of hope. In the context of the divine-human relationship fear is understood as an initial aim which protects a person from a threat, but also preserves them for novel future relationships.
Utilizing a "double-listening" stance, a therapist hears the traumatic narrative and counternarratives of resistance and resilience. These counternarratives express an orientation towards hopeful futures wherein persons thrive through living out a preferred identity. A therapeutic practice incorporating the emotion of fear will utilize the themes of survival, coping and thriving to enable persons to place their traumatic narrative within their meaning systems.
Whitehead, Jason C., "Constructing a Neuroscientific Pastoral Theology of Fear and Hope" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 952.
Received from ProQuest
Jason C. Whitehead
Pastoral Counseling, Counseling Psychology, Theology


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Weekly Pivot Points, monthly Fibonacci retracements, multi-frame highs and lows and an uncountable amount of averages allow us to give this level the name of "The Wall".
Crypto Technical Confluences Indicator
preferred brokers in your location
What are the Technical Confluences?
The TCI (Technical Confluences Indicator) is a tool to locate and point out those price levels where there is a congestion of indicators, moving averages, Fibonacci levels, Pivot Points, etc. Knowing where these congestion points are located is very useful for the trader, and can be used as a basis for different strategies.
HOW TO READ THE CHART?
Confluence of technical levels
This tool assigns a certain amount of "weight" to each indicator, and this "weight" can influence
The tool detects and draws those price levels in which the confluences of indicators and key levels are recorded. Blank lines represent areas where the price can move without technical resistance. The levels with the highest assigned weight of resistance are drawn with the darker colour, this colour being degraded as the influence of the maximum levels decreases.
You can see which indicators are within each price level by placing the cursor on the level. The explanation uses a code that indicates:
- Recent maximums and minimums
- Round numbers. Round numbers have a psychological effect on traders, so we assign the finished price levels at 0, 00 and 000 some degree of resistance.
- Short-term highs and lows
- Pivot Points
- Bollinger bands
- Fibonacci retracements
HOW TO USE IT?
With the TCI tool, you can easily locate areas where the price can find a support zone or resistance zone and make trading decisions. If you are a short-term trader, you will find entry points for counter-trend strategies and hunt a few points each time. If you are a mediumand long-term trader, this tool will allow you to know in advance the price levels in which a medium / long-term trend can stop your travel and rest, where to undo positions or
The length of the bars of the TCI tool is determined by the weight assigned by the algorithm at each price level. The longest bar in a confluence indicates the level of the price segment where the highest level of confluence of the segment is located. In case of similar levels in the same price range, the maximum length will be assigned to that bar with more accumulated indicators.


text:
Yeast and Lactose
Country: United States
Date: February 2006
Why wont yeast react to lactose?
All biochemical processes require enyzmes that allow them to occur at
useful rates. Yeast don't have the genes that code for the production of
lactases, or enzymes that allow them to break down lactose.
Click here to return to the Molecular Biology Archives
Update: June 2012


text:
If you want to improve your peak, it is critical to prevent the issues that can stunt your progress. Undertaking so, will aid you to squeeze out the important HGH or human progress hormone that your pituitary gland secretes hence supporting you to realize your optimum peak likely. It is ineffective to do the issues that can aid to improve peak if you are also undertaking the issues that can stunt your progress. For instance, Having loads of protein foodstuff which aids to improve your peak and at the very same time eating as well a lot carbohydrate foodstuff is totally ineffective simply because those two have reverse results on the generation of HGH.
So what are the aspects that can stunt your progress? Here are some of the aspects that will stunt your peak, make confident to prevent these issues if you want to grow taller normally. Let's start with "Lack of Slumber".
Lack of Slumber:
We know how critical the "slumber" is when it comes to our progress and progress. Our pituitary gland generates the major quantity of HGH during slumber so its just make feeling that "Lack of Slumber" will definitely prevent you from rising taller simply because it only signifies depriving your system of a big quantity of the HGH it generates. So, make confident that you are acquiring at minimum 8 hours of slumber each night.
Also Considerably Carbohydrate:
When I was a baby, I keep in mind my mother and father usually advised me "Try to eat far more rice if you want to grow taller quickly" but unidentified to me and my mother and father at that time, as well a lot carbohydrates really stunts individual's peak. Though, it give us whole lot of energy, as well a lot of it has stunting effect simply because it raises the insulin levels in our system. Surge of insulin tends to swap off the GH generation. This is the cause why Asian nations around the world that usually have as well a lot carbohydrate in their diet like rice and corn have these types of a brief common peak compare to other nations around the world.
Cigarette Cigarette smoking:
Cigarette Cigarette smoking is also one particular detail that end your peak from escalating. When you are using tobacco the amount of oxygen in your blood decreases when at the very same time the destructive substances that cigarette generates like the carbon monoxide boosts. We know how critical the oxygen is when it comes to our health. Carbon monoxide robs your brain, muscle mass and system tissue of oxygen poorly impacting the health and of course our body's progress. Apart from its stunting effect, cigarette using tobacco can also lead emphysema, lung cancer, and hearth illness. So if you are using tobacco, superior end it now prior to it potential customers to these diseases.
Ingesting Soda is also one particular detail that can also prevent you from rising taller. Carbonated drinks deplete calcium in our bone. And aside from that, soda also incorporates loads of phosphorous that poorly impacts your body's calcium absorption. So getting calcium dietary supplements when consuming soda isn't going to aid. It is like you are not getting calcium at all. We know how critical the calcium to our bone's progress. So continue to be absent from carbonated drinks if you want to grow taller normally.
Source by Denz Pogi


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Consider a function $w(i)$, $i \in \mathbb{N}$, defined recursively by:
$w(0)=w(1)=1$, and
$w(i)={i}^{n}-\sum_{j=1}^{i-1}{i \choose j}w(j)$ for $i>1$.
Is it possible to write $w(i)$ out explicitly as a function of $i$ (i.e., with only $i$ on the right hand side), for $i>1$?
In general, given a recursively defined total computable function say, $f(n)$, is it always possible, in principle, to write out $f(n)$ explicitly as a function of $n$, for $n$ large enough? I suspect it's impossible. If so, what is the real reason that prevents us from doing so?
Another well known example that comes to my mind is:
$f(0)=f(1)=c$, and
where we can choose some value of $c \in (0,1)$ so that the trajectory of $f(i)$ becomes chaotic in $(0,1)$. If we could really express any recursively defined total computable function explicitly, then we could write out the chaotic trajectory in a finite, flat and non-dynamic formula, which seems strange to me. (or can we?)
Edit: Thank you very much for all the answers. They are really helpful.
_USER_: Is the recursive formation essential when the resulting recursive function doesn't grow faster than it's component functions ${g}_{i}$ (in your notation)? i.e., is it true that given ${g}_{i}$ and recursive function $f$ defined on them, as long as $f$ doesn't grow faster than the fastest of ${g}_{i}$, the recursive formation can be dispensed with?
_USER_: By " is not possible to come up with a completely explicit form for every computable function, in some fixed signature", did you mean to write out the functions symbolically using finite, fixed set of symbols? In _USER_'s interpretation, he didn't distinguish between we being able to symbolically write out exponential functions as, say ${2}^{n}$, and just taking the recursive function on multiplication as another "known" basic function ${g}_{i}$. Of course, one may just dismiss ${2}^{n}$ as a "shorthand" for the whole recursive formation, but I do feel they are not quite the same ("${2}^{n}$" is closer to what I had in mind by "explicit". I'd like to know if the distinction makes any sense in any sense).
Another question I have concerns about this "...because then by enumerating all possible forms we would get a numbering ϕ as in the theorem" But just because we can write a completely explicit form for each computable function doesn't mean we can enumerate these forms effectively, does it? If we can't, this does not contradict the theorem. Can you be more specific about this? Thanks!
share|cite|improve this question
Define "write explicitly". – Emil Jeřábek Dec 16 '11 at 14:27
Define "math philosophy". – François G. Dorais Dec 16 '11 at 16:30
_USER_: I'm not sure whether your comment was directed to the OP or to me, but here is one:. Specifically, the definition of math philosophy is not "anything that looks like mathematics, but is formulated too vaguely to be a rigorous mathematical question", contrary to popular belief. – Emil Jeřábek Dec 16 '11 at 16:53
In response to your _USER_: It is not the case that slow-growing functions can always be expressed without recursion. It is simply easier to prove that fast-growing functions cannot be so expressed. In response to your _USER_: I think that introducing a notation like $2^n$ and introducing a basic function like $Exp(2,n)$ is mathematically equivalent. We think of exponentiation as being explicit because we use it so often. – Will Sawin Dec 20 '11 at 0:06
In response to your final thing: If I give you a closed-form formula, you should be able to tell if it denotes a function, and what function it denotes. You can enumerate all formulas, by enumerating all strings of texting and crossing out the ones that aren't formulas for something. – Will Sawin Dec 20 '11 at 0:06
4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
The class of primitive recursive functions is the smallest class of functions containing the basic primitive recursive functions (zero, successor, projection) and closed under the two operations:
 - composition: if $h$ and $g_1,\ldots,g_k$ are primitive recursive, so is the function $$\vec x\mapsto h(g_1(\vec x),g_2(\vec x),\ldots,g_k(\vec x)).$$
 - primitive recursion: if $h$ and $g$ are primitive recursive, then so is the function $f$ defined by $$f(0,\vec x)=h(\vec x),$$ $$f(n+1,\vec x)=g(n,\vec x, f(n,\vec x)).$$
This class is extremely robust and includes all of the functions that you mention in your question (but it falls short of the class of all Turing computable functions). I interpret your question as being about the extent to which we might hope to eliminate the recursion scheme, and still arrive at the same class of functions.
One easy observation, of course, is that we cannot simply eliminate the recursion scheme as is and still get all primitive recursive functions. For example, even if we add addition and multiplication as basic functions, then the composition scheme will remain inside the class of polynomial functions. But we can easily define the exponential function $n\mapsto 2^n$ by recursion over that class, and this does not have polynomial growth.
More generally, let us consider whether we might add finitely many additional, powerful primitive recursive functions $g_1,\ldots,g_k$ as basic, and then close only under composition. This interpretation of the question would be: can we arrange that this class is closed under definition by recursion? In other words, is every function definable by recursion using those functions and their compositions already expressible as a term in the language using only those functions (that is, as a composition)?
The answer to this more general version of the question is still no. For any finitely many primitive recursive functions $g_1,\ldots,g_k$, the closure of it under composition is strictly smaller than the closure of it under composition and definition by recursion. Specifically, there will be a primitive recursive function $f$, defined by one or more recursions over those $g_i$ and the usual basic functions, which has a higher growth rate than any individual term in those functions. This can be proved by using a high enough level function $A_n$ of the Ackermann function, because whenever a collection of functions is dominated by $A_n$, then all terms in those functions are dominated by $A_{n+1}$.
share|cite|improve this answer
_USER_:Thank you. But more interestingly, can every "slow-growing" recursive function be expressed without recursion, as asked in my edit? According to Will's comment they can't. But is there an example of such? – user16033 Dec 21 '11 at 1:53
No, that is too much. Sets can code a lot of information about fast-growing functions, but their characteristic functions are bounded and hence slow-growing. Thus, the use of fast growth in my answer was just an easy way to prove that the classes are different; but there should be no reason to expect that the smaller class has all the slow-growing or indeed, even all the bounded growth functions of the big class. – Joel David Hamkins Dec 21 '11 at 2:09
With regard to the general question, I defer to Joel Hamkins's answer. For your specific function, though, the first few cases give
$$\begin{align} w(2) &= 2^n - 2 \\\ w(3) &= 3^n -3\cdot 2^n + 3\\\ w(4) &= 4^n - 4\cdot 3^n + 6\cdot 2^n - 4\\\ w(5) &= 5^n - 5\cdot 4^n + 10\cdot 3^n - 10\cdot 2^n + 5 \end{align}$$
This suggests the explicit formula (where by "explicit" I just mean that the function $w$ doesn't appear on the right hand side)
$$w(i) = \sum_{j=0}^{i-1} (-1)^j(i-j)^n{i \choose j}$$
which I suspect (without taking time to verify) can be proved by straightforward induction.
A minor additional note: The OP's second example does not have chaotic trajectories. Because the coefficient 5 is greater than 4, the typical trajectory quickly escapes the unit interval and henceforth heads for $-\infty$.
Added 12/19/11: An elementary mathoverflow question that was opened and closed yesterday made me realize there's an interpretation for the function $w(i)$ that makes it easy to see the equivalence of the OP's recursive formula and the


text:
Notes help you document important Bill information. Create new ones with the Add Note function in Bill History.
Step 1. From the Bill Page, click 'Bill History'
Step 2. Click 'Add Note'
The number in parentheses on the Bill History tab indicates the number of Notes for the bill.
Step 3. Type your note, then click 'Add'
Step 4. To edit a note, click the 'Pencil' icon
Clicking the Speech Bubble icon reveals the full note.
Notes can only be edited within one hour of their creation. The 'Pencil' icon won't appear after that time.
Got it? Good!


_USER_{Muller2007dimensions, abstract = {The importance of knowledge and innovation in modern economies justifies the in-creasing interest that scholars are taking in studying knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The objective of this paper is to track the evolution of the key dimen-sions on which scholars have based their analyses through a literature review. More specifically, three main issues are addressed: (1) how KIBS are defined in the litera-ture; (2) how KIBS have been investigated empirically by researchers; and (3) how the analysis of KIBS has evolved over time. As a major assumption, the analysis catego-rises the research topic into three key conceptual dimensions: (i) knowledge; (ii) inno-vation and (iii) spatial proximity. The major hypothesis is that the way KIBS are seen, studied and perceived by the research community resolutely changed over time and that this evolution can be tracked by observing modifications in the key dimensions associated with the analysis of KIBS.}, address = {Karlsruhe}, author = {Emmanuel Muller and David Doloreux}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {330; KIBS; Knowledge; Innovation; spatial proximity}, language = {eng}, note = {urn:nbn:de:0011-n-549957}, number = {U1/2007}, publisher = {Fraunhofer ISI}, title = {The key dimensions of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) analysis: a decade of evolution}, type = {Arbeitspapiere Unternehmen und Region}, url = {_URL_ year = {2007} }


Bug#561615: ITP: mingus -- advanced music theory and notation package
Package: wnpp
Severity: wishlist
Owner: Alessio Treglia
* Package name : mingus
 Version :
 Upstream Author : Bart Spaans
* URL : _URL_
* License : GPL
 Programming Lang: Python
 Description : advanced music theory and notation package
 mingus is an advanced music theory and notation package
 for Python with MIDI playback support. It can be used to play
 around with music theory, to build editors, educational tools and
 other applications that need to process and/or play music.
 It can also be used to create sheet music with LilyPond
 and do automated musicological analysis on chords, scales and
 harmonic progressions.
 The MIDI package can save and load MIDI files, and -last but not leastprovides a general purpose sequencer for all the containers and a
 FluidSynth sequencer subclass. This allows you to play all your data
 structures straight from Python in just a couple of lines. Most of the
 icky timing and MIDI code has been abstracted away for you, leaving a
 clean, relatively simple API.
 Lastly, the extra package includes a LilyPond exporter which can be used
 to create sheet music in PDF, PNG and postscript. It also offers ASCII
 tablature and MusicXML exporting and a sound analysis module which can
 recognize notes and melody in raw audio data.
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Tay Nguyen grave statues may be history
Read the original news
VietnamPlus English - 41 month(s) ago 3 readings
Charnel -house statues – part of the unique cultural identity of the Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands) ethnic groups, are likely to disappear, experts warn.
It is said that the statues were used at the grave-leaving ceremony – the last farewell of the living before seeing off the dead to the other world. Usually, at each grave-leaving ceremony, tens or even hundreds of statues were carved.
Cemeteries of a huge number of wooden statues are usually located in forest, so it is imaginable that visitors think they are lost in between the worlds of reality and spirits.
Doctor Ngo Van Doanh, an expert in Tay Nguyen culture, visited the cemeteries in the Tay Nguyen region, a labyrinth of wooden statues with different figures.
"Usually there is a couple of male and female statues by the door of each charnelhouse, the statue of a pregnant woman by the side, and seated statues of new-born babies in the house's corners," Doanh said.
"These statues spell out the cycle of birth: conception, pregnancy, then deliverance. The statues do not present specific people, they are universal."
However, they are dwindling.
Many cemeteries in Dak Lak province, for example, that were once a complex of statues have now decreased in size due to thieves.
Noticeably, tens of statues at a cemetery in Buon Don district disappeared in one night recently.
"Previously, hundreds of people in the area could carve charnel house statues. Unfortunately, only a handful of people in my village and ones nearby can, and they all are quite old now," said patriarch Ma H'trinh of Buon Don district's Yang Lanh village.
"Of course, a number of young people in the area can whittle statues of this kind. Yet their statues are carved so carefully but without a soul," he said.
Doanh agreed, saying that charnelhouse statues used to be carved with primitive tools such as axes and knives, thus revealing the character's miens. Nowadays, craftsmen make the statues look like real people, but the original and artistic value of the statues is lost.
Truong Bi, deputy head of Dak Lak's Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism and expert in Tay Nguyen culture, lamented: "The philosophy of human life and the cycle of birth is also lost".
"New statues do not appear to be 'deep in thought' and plainly-carved like the traditional ones; they resemble servants of death," Bi said.
The other reason behind the gradual vanishing of charnel house statues was the decreased number of carvers and the increased scarcity of carving tools, he added.
"The number of people able to carve traditional statues is getting smaller and smaller because the younger generation shows no interest in the craft."
Furthermore, cemented and concrete graves were replacing more traditional charnel houses, Bi said. /.
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Earth Talk: How much pollution do motorcycles generate?
Earth Talk
Dear EarthTalk: How much pollution do motorcycles generate? Are there efforts to make them more eco-friendly? --Matt Lackore, Rochester, MN
Motorcycles typically get about double the gas mileage of even the most fuel-efficient cars-but that doesn't mean they are green. Despite getting 60-70 miles per gallon, motorcycles are not subject to the same rigorous emissions standards as cars and light duty trucks, even though they spew up to 15 times more pollution per mile, mostly in the form of smog-causing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
Increasingly stringent regulations in Europe and the U.S. have forced automakers to make their engines cleaner, but motorcycle manufacturers have not been held to such high standards and have therefore been slow to implement similar advances. According to the European Commission, motorcycles-despite only accounting for about three percent of total traffic volume in Europe-are expected to generate as much as 14 percent of that continent's total hydrocarbon emissions by 2010.
And in 2005, the United Nations' World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, which works internationally to set vehicle emissions standards, issued a new set of motorcycle emissions testing guidelines that will make it easier for manufacturers to design more green-friendly motorcycles.
Contacts: California's "New Standards for On-Road Motorcycles," _URL_ EPA's Motorcycle Emissions Info, _URL_ Honda Motorcycles, _URL_ Intelligent Energy, _URL_.
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text:
A woonerf (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋoːn.ɛrf]) is a living street where pedestrians and cyclists have legal priority over motorists as implemented in the Netherlands and in Flanders. Techniques include shared space, traffic calming, and low speed limits. Under Article 44 of the Dutch traffic code, motorised traffic in a woonerf or "recreation area" is restricted to walking pace.
The word literally translates as "living yard".
Since the invention of automobiles, cities have been predominantly constructed to accommodate the use of automobiles.
In 1999 the Netherlands had over 6000 woonerven.
In 2006 it was reported that people Hesselterbrink were disillusioned about how the woonerf principle had become another traffic engineering measure that "entailed precious little more than signs and uniform standards". They have now encompassed the shared space principles as a way of rethinking the woonerf. They are reported to "now know that car drivers should become residents. Eye contact and human interaction are more effective means to achieve and maintain attractive and safe areas than signs and rules".
- Road Traffic Signs and Regulations in the Netherlands Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, June 2006 Accessed (Accessed 07/02/2007)
- MacPhee, Ian. "Is Vancouver ready for pedestrian priority streets?". re:place Magazine. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- "Woonerf revisited – The Emmen pilot in Shared Space". Shared Space. 2006.
- Home Zones briefing sheet, Robert Huxford, Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, 135, 45-46, February, 1999
- _URL_ Missing or empty
- _URL_ Missing or empty


G. Stanley Hall
G. Stanley Hall
Present on Stanley Hall. Stanley Hall is a name known in the filed of Psychology.
Presentations should 20 minutes and include a power point presentation with either handouts. The following rubric should be followed:
1. Provide historical information regarding theorist.
2. Describe the theory that the individual developed/ research conducted.
3. Compare/ contract the theory to other competing theories during that time frame.
Last Updated on February 11, 2019 by EssayPro


text:
Application Note: Automated Extraction of DNA from Various Food Samples
6 November 2018
Quality food and its impact on health is becoming more important to costumers. This aspect together with food scandals of the recent past push the food industry to make their products more transparent. One important issue is the origin of raw materials. This point touches topics like the use of materials derived from genetically modified organisms as well as the use of the correct materials indicated on the list of ingredients. An effective method to investigate the origin of materials and genetic background of ingredients in processed food are technologies based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), as these methods are very sensitive. In order to use PCR-based technologies for the analysis of food, a certain amount and quality of DNA is required. Some sample materials (e.g. plant samples, processed food) contain significant levels of inhibitors, which inhibit PCR-based downstream applications and therefore interfere with analysis.


text:
COUNTIES:BOUNDARIES FORMED BY RIVERS -- RIVERS: CHANGING COURSE OF, AS AFFECTING COUNTY BOUNDARY
A sudden change in the course of a river which forms the boundary between counties does not change the boundary to conform to the new course of the river.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
May 6, 1957
Honorable George W. Sibbald
Prosecuting Attorney of Cowlitz County
Cowlitz County Court House
Kelso, Washington Cite as: AGO 57-58 No. 57
Attention: Mr. Richard L. Norman, Deputy
By letter of April 15, 1957, previously acknowledged, you have requested the opinion of this office concerning the location of the boundary between Clark and Cowlitz counties. We quote from your letter:
"Several years ago when primary state highway No. 1 (U.S. 99) was constructed, the Lewis River was diverted and a horseshoe bend was left high and dry. This diversion involves approximately 65 acres of land and a few home sites. Said property, before the diversion, was considered part of Clark County and is on Clark County assessment rolls. Our county commissioners feel that since the course of the Lewis River was moved that said property is now properly within the boundaries of Cowlitz County and should be on Cowlitz County's assessment rolls."
Your question may be paraphrased as follows:
[[Orig. Op. Page 2]]
Is there any legal basis for the institution of an action by Cowlitz county to establish the boundary between Cowlitz and Clark counties along the present course of the Lewis River?
We answer in the negative.
The common law rule with regard to changes in the course of a river that forms a boundary of a piece of land is stated as follows in Hirt v. Entus, 37 Wn. (2d) 418, quoting fromHarper v. Holston, 119 Wash. 436:
"'... when grants of land border on running water, and the course of the stream is changed by that process known as accretion‑-that is to say, the gradual washing away on the one side and the gradual building up on the other‑-the owner's boundary changes with the changing course of the stream....
"'On the other hand, it is equally the rule that, when a stream which is a boundary, from any cause, suddenly abandons its old channel and creates a new one, or suddenly washes from one of its banks a considerable body of land and deposits it on the opposite bank, the boundary does not change with changed course of the stream, but remains as it was before. This sudden and rapid change is termed in law an avulsion, and differs from an accretion in that the one is violent and visible, while the other is gradual, and perceptible only after a lapse of time.'..."
Although our Washington cases dealing with this question have been concerned only with privately-owned property, rather than county boundaries as created by statute, this common law rule has been consistently applied by other courts in cases involving shifting river courses forming boundaries between counties. See, for example,Blair v. U. S. (Okla.), 32 F. (2d) 130;Witt v. Willis, (Ky.), 85 S.W. 223; Fitzsimmons v. Cassity (La.), 172 So. 824; Randolph v. Moberly Hunting & Fishing Club (Mo.), 15 S.W. (2d) 834;Nothstine v. Feldmann (Mo.), 8 S.W. (2d) [[Orig. Op. Page 3]] 912;Jacobs v. Stoner (Mo.), 7 S.W. (2d) 698; andState v. Huffman (Mo.), 2 S.W. (2d) 582.
It is our opinion that the facts as you have related them present a clear case of avulsion, and that therefore the boundary between Clark and Cowlitz counties continues to exist, so far as the disputed 65 acres are concerned, along the course that the Lewis River followed prior to the construction of primary state highway No. 1.
We trust this opinion will be of assistance to you.
Very truly yours,
JOHN J. O'CONNELL
DAVID S. BLACK
Assistant Attorney General