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The collection represents the archival papers of UCAC from 1940 to the 1980s. UCAC was the first trade union established in Wales in order to serve the needs of Welsh teachers, which would further the aims of the union in the world of Welsh medium teaching in Wales. The archieve includes the papers kept at the Ty'r Cymry centre, Gordon Road, Cardiff while it was the union's headquarters from its foundation in December 1940 until it moved its main office to Aberystwyth in 1983. The archive represents a valuable resource for studying the Welsh language and culture in the twentieth century, and UCAC had a role in the campaign to win legal status for the Welsh language. The union's pioneering role as a national body for Wales means the archive is an important source for its political development in this period, and reflects obvious developments such as the growth of nationalism, establishing the Welsh Office and the post of Secretary of State for Wales. Nevertheless, education in Wales is the main subject of the union's papers, across all aspects from nursery schools to adult education. The collection contains extensive correspondence, minutes of the Annual conference as well as meetings of the National Executive and the Branches. In addition, there are publications in the name of the union, research undertaken by officers and members, records of discussions, speeches and press statements.
UCAC Archive (Undeb Cenedlaethol Athrawon Cymru)
Scope and Content
Administrative / Biographical History
The archive was collected together with Iorwerth Morgan, ex-UCAC General Secretary and transferred by UCAC to Cardiff University, 1999.
The material has been sorted into a number of special classes to reflect the constitutional organisation of the union. First is the Annual Conference (Cynhadledd Flynyddol), _PHONE_. Secondly, the National Executive (Pwyllgor Gwaith), _PHONE_. The third class is the UCAC's Branches (Canghennau), _PHONE_. After the Branches come UCAC's Sections (Adrannau), _PHONE_. The final class is External Bodies (Cyrff Allanol). The correspondence of the National Executive, Branches and Sections contains a lot of letters from External Bodies, so this Section contains many publications of external bodies which were collected by the National Executive in its main office. Each class has its own unique letters or code:
Cyn = y Gynhadledd Flynyddol Cyn = y Gynhadledd Flynyddol Pg = y Pwyllgor Gwaith Pg = y Pwyllgor Gwaith Can/g = y Canghennau Can/g = y Canghennau Adr = yr Adrannau Adr = yr Adrannau All = Cyrff allanol
Conditions Governing Access
Open for consultation.
Compiled by Elizabeth Pengilly and Peter Keelan.
Other Finding Aids
A Handlist of the Collection. An online listing of the Collection is available at: _URL_
Further accruals are expected of documents for the period c._PHONE_.


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HOME | LAWS | ORGANIZATIONS | CASES | LEGISLATION | HEADLINES
Renovations in the New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, public library caused a stir in the local home school community because of a new mural that some home schoolers found offensive.
According to WHTM News, Dawn Gribb, the artist who painted the mural, was trying to "do something to get the kids to go down to the children's room." She painted children running around in a park, each child having the name of a local school on his or her T-shirt. The one student in the painting, who had "home schooled" on his shirt, was a young boy sitting on a bench with a "Wet Paint" sign on it. Gribb says that she was trying to portray a young toddler who couldn't yet read.
Local home schoolers, however, were offended, believing that the mural implied that home schooled children cannot read well. Many called the library or local media to complain.
After the controversy erupted, the New Cumberland Public Library asked Gribb to paint over the offending shirt. The Library Board President, Elizabeth Stone, told WHTM that home schoolers are a big part of the library, and that New Cumberland Library actually arranges special programs just for them.
Home schoolers working together with state organizations and Home School Legal Defense Association have fought legal and cultural discrimination for years. If your family experiences legal difficulties because of your home schooling, please feel free to contact us for assistance.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sister City Policy and Criteria
The Economic Alliance program has provided Markham and its business community with a more diverse presence in the global marketplace, and a growing network of contacts. In particular, the benefits of the program include:
 - A source of contacts for businesses wishing to expand export opportunities
 - An economical promotional vehicle for Markham and Markham businesses in international markets
 - A guarantee of positive/high quality business and government contacts/protocol in partnership communities
 - An opportunity to learn and collect data on competitive global business and government issues of importance to Markham
Based on the experience learned from the economic alliance program, the City of Markham chose to elevate select relationships to a higher level of "twinning" or "sister cities". Whereas the City's Economic Alliance program was founded on the basis of trade and investment attraction potential, it has been recognized that there are also advantages for the City in forging ties to municipalities based on cultural, social, and political interests and affinities. In 1998, Markham Council endorsed a formal "twinning policy" and adopted a set of criteria for forging these new relationships between municipalities.
Twinning/Sister Cities Criteria
Overall factors to take into consideration:
 1. Genuine interest on both sides
 2. Long-term commitment for the relationship
 3. Adequate financial support for exchanges and maintenance of the sister cities relationship
 4. Realistic assessment of what makes a successful sister cities relationship
 5. Look for best results which will capitalize on existing strengths
 6. A desire to learn from and share with a sister city can, in many cases, balance the lack of any similar characteristics with a potential sister city.
Specific categories of factors to take into consideration:
 1. Population
 2. Similar geographic location (e.g., port city, airport, mountains, etc.)
 3. Comparison of key industries
 4. Ethnic and cultural composition
 5. Existing linkages (e.g., universities, businesses, etc.)
 6. Role for City's community organizations in the relationship
Cultural/Civic/Educational (the presence of the following):
 1. Museums, theatres, symphony/orchestra, libraries
 2. Variety of civic organizations
 3. Newspapers, television stations, sports teams, hospitals
 4. Schools, colleges, universities
 1. Similar economic conditions
 2. Level of government bureaucracy
 3. Language/cultural patterns not creating barriers
 4. Market analysis of industries
 5. Investment climate and present investment levels
 6. Branches of banks, factories, airlines present
 7. Number of foreign residents locally
 1. Trade and investment climate
 2. If a port city; port connections
 3. Trade in services (e.g., high-tech, education, business services, etc.)
 4. Trade exchange potential, air links
 5. Active Board of Trade or Chamber of Commerce
 6. Diplomatic presence, Honorary Consuls
 7. Number/flow of tourists
 8. Presence of foreign businesses locally
 9. Local businesses engaged in international activity
 1. Geographic location
 2. History of diplomatic relations
 3. Present degree of cooperation in political, economic, commercial, and cultural fields
At this time, the City of Markham maintains one twinning agreement: that being with the City of Nordlingen, Germany (birthplace of Markham's founder, William Berczy).
Date Signed: October 2001
Twinning/Sister City: City of Nordlingen, Germany
Complementary Content


Court Properly Refused to Submit an All-Inclusive Proportional Responsibility Issue Across Multiple Causes of Action
 Isaacs complains because attorney Schleier was not part of the percentage of responsibility determination made by the jury. Isaacs asserts that the charge should have directed the jury to determine the percentage of responsibility for all parties (including Schleier) in a single, global finding. He argues that all possible recoveries, on whatever basis, must be combined for a gross determination by the jury.
To support that argument, Isaacs relies on the language of the statute, Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 33.003-33.017 (Vernon 1997 & Vernon Supp.2007). Citing no case authority, he correctly posits that the Code attempts to proportion responsibility for tortious acts, so that each individual plaintiff receives the amount due, and each individual defendant pays the amount for which he or she is responsible. Beyond that, however, the language of the statute is the key.
The jury determined the percentages of responsibility for Bishop and Isaacs for fraud. Separate questions asked about other damages caused by Schleier and assessing a percentage of responsibility between Schleier and Bishop on those.
If this issue was preserved,6 the question is whether the statute requires a single jury question to be used to allocate percentage responsibility for all damages alleged in the lawsuit, regardless of whether multiple causes of action or theories of liability are involved.
Isaacs correctly points out that broad-form submission is the preferred method of presentation to the jury. Rule 277 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure explicitly provides that the court "shall, whenever feasible, submit the cause upon broad-form submission." See Tex.R. Civ. P. 277. But broad-form submission is not always feasible. Romero, 166 S.W.3d at 230.7 Indeed, the failure to adequately divide out various forms of damage can itself result in reversible error. Id. at 226-27.8
The preference for broad-form submission must be balanced against the language of Section 33.003(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code:
The trier of fact, as to each cause of action asserted, shall determine the percentage of responsibility ․ for [each claimant, defendant, settling person, and responsible third party who has been joined under Section 33.004] with respect to each person's causing or contributing to cause in any way the harm for which recovery of damages is sought․
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 33.003(a) (emphasis added); see F.F.P. Operating Ptnrs., L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (Tex.2007).
The standard for our review is whether the trial court abused its discretion in deciding how to submit the charge, in light of the presumption in favor of broad-form submission of questions. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990).
The record shows that the trial court attempted to separate the causes of action and their resultant damages and allocate them against the different parties to assure that each section could be separately addressed on appeal. The court's decision is defensible. Damage awards from different causes of action should be separated rather than lumped into a single whole-especially where different, but related, causes of action against different, but related, defendants are involved. Failing to do so, in fact, has been held to be reversible error. See, e.g., Bed, Bath & Beyond v. Urista, 211 S.W.3d 753, 756 (Tex.2006); Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at 388-89; Roberts v. Whitfill, 191 S.W.3d 348, 357 (Tex.App.-Waco 2006, no pet.); First United Bank v. Panhandle Packing & Gasket, Inc., 190 S.W.3d 10, 17 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2005, no pet.); Tex. Indus. v. Vaughan, 919 S.W.2d 798, 804 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, writ denied). Although related, the actions Bishop brought against Schleier were not the same ones brought against Isaacs. Isaacs does not argue now, and did not argue then, that either Isaacs or Schleier would be liable for the damages caused by the other in those alternative causes of action. The trial court carefully separated the damages to avoid overlap, and each defendant was found liable for damages for the particular causes of action asserted against that party.
We find unfounded Isaacs' argument that Section 33.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code absolutely requires a lump submission. The statutory mandate is described as not being discretionary; failing to correctly apply the law is an abuse of discretion. In re Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d 179, 181 (Tex.2003). The statute does not, as Isaacs argues, require damages for all causes of action to be combined in a single unified recovery. The statute explicitly requires proportionate responsibility to be determined as to each cause of action. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 33.003.
While a single submission would be simpler, if it can be done fairly and accurately, here such a submission would not be fair or accurate. Merging damages from different causes of action and then requiring percentages be derived for damages not attributable to all defendants would actively create error. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by deciding not to give a single, unified proportional responsibility charge covering all causes of action.
(2) Denying Rescission to Bishop Was Within the Trial Court's Equitable Discretion
 Bishop argues that fraud-which Bishop did not discover until late in the discovery process-justified rescinding the contract and thus undoing the purchase. Bishop argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Bishop's right to rescind the purchase.
 Rescission is an equitable remedy that operates to extinguish a contract that is legally valid but must be set aside due to fraud, mistake, or for some other reason to avoid unjust enrichment. Martin v. Cadle Co., 133 S.W.3d 897, 903 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, pet. denied); Country Cupboard, Inc. v. Texstar Corp., 570 S.W.2d 70, 73-74 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see Humphrey v. Camelot Retirement Cmty., 893 S.W.2d 55, 59 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ). Rescission of a contract is an equitable remedy used as a substitute for monetary damages when such damages would not be adequate. Scott v. Sebree, 986 S.W.2d 364, 368 (Tex.App.-Austin 1999, pet. denied). Whether to grant rescission lies within the trial court's discretion. See Gentry v. Squires, 188 S.W.3d 396, 410 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2006, no pet.); Barker v. Roelke, 105 S.W.3d 75, 84 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2003, pet. denied); Tex. Capital Secs., Inc. v. Sandefer, 58 S.W.3d 760, 774 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied); Humphrey, 893 S.W.2d at 59; Schenck v. Ebby Halliday Real Estate, Inc., 803 S.W.2d 361, 366 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1990, no writ).
 Bishop sought to rescind the contract based on the jury finding that Isaacs engaged in fraud in connection with the purchase. A contract is subject to avoidance on that ground. Williams v. Glash, 789 S.W.2d 261, 264 (Tex.1990). In such a situation, an allegedly defrauded plaintiff has a choice to make, whether to claim the equitable remedy of rescission for fraud and try to get his or her property back or to affirm the transaction and seek damages. Calstar Props., L.L.C. v. City of Fort Worth, 139 S.W.3d 433, 440 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.); Scott, 986 S.W.2d at 368.
 To be entitled to rescission, a party must show that (1) he or she and the defrauding party are in the status quo (i.e., there are no retained benefits received under the instrument and not restored to the other party) or (2) there are equitable considerations that obviate the need


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[Originally posted to thefirecollective.org]
After careful study and consideration, our collective, the FIRE Collective, has decided to formally affiliate ourselves with the Kasama Project. Kasama is a communist network in the US dedicated to a revolutionary reconception of communism. Further, we have decided to announce ourselves as a Kasama Collective.
In September of 2009, a group of us in Houston, Texas formed an independent communist collective, The FIRE Collective (standing for Fight Imperialism, Rethink and Experiment).
In both the US and around the world, we saw there was a process of refounding the communist movement that was both deeply necessary and at a beginning. This included a process of reconceiving the communist project, and we wanted to make our own contributions to that process together with our comrades.
We have been engaged in study and struggle for over a year. We've grown in numbers, developed our understanding of revolutionary theory and history, and forged a higher degree of political unity.
Revolution is not only a local exercise. It requires the strategic thinking, study, and coordinated practice of comrades throughout the country (and ultimately the world). The work of reconceiving cannot be confined to a locality, but rather it needs forms that can give expression to its fearless journey to places still unexplored, and questions unsettled. We believe there needs to be a combination of our local contributions to theory and practice with that which is developing on the national plane.
For these reasons, we are excited to join with the work the Kasama network has been engaged in, and contributing to charting an uncharted course to a communist future. Other similar collectives have also started to form as part of Kasama's network, and we look forward to sharing theory and practice, learning from one another as we move.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Neil Wilkin, curator, British Museum
Question: What do you call a Bronze Age coin specialist?
Answer: Flat broke and misspent, for there is no evidence from this period of coins or currency systems, as we know them, in Europe!
And yet… a journey through the Citi Money Gallery begins with a group of Bronze Age objects. Among them are gold objects from the 'Mooghaun hoard' (about 800 BC), a find that has recently been honoured with a place in Fintan O'Toole's 'A History of Ireland in 100 Objects' series, supported by the National Museum of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy.
But why are they in the gallery? Their recent honour gave me the perfect opportunity to explore that question.
The start of our story is bitter-sweet: in March of 1854, workmen in County Clare, Ireland discovered at least 150 finds of what was then described as 'fairy gold', weighing approximately 5kg, mostly consisting of jewellery. The gold must have poured from the small stone chamber it was found in – childhood dreams of gold pots and rainbows come to mind!
It was certainly one of the biggest discoveries of Bronze Age gold ever found in Ireland or even North West Europe. Sadly, accounts tell of hats full of gold being sold for less than their true value to be melted down, forever lost. Only 29 objects survive today.
Around the same time, in Mold, Wales, a separate group of workmen came across another famous find of Bronze Age gold, known as the Mold Gold Cape. Like the Mooghaun Hoard, the cape was also dispersed. But unlike the Mooghaun Hoard, the fragments were not melted down and they were eventually purchased and re-assembled. So, why did the Mooghaun Hoard not receive the same treatment?
Unlike the complex decoration of the unique Mold Gold Cape, most of the Mooghaun finds consisted of many very similar bracelets or armlets with very little decoration. Perhaps they were a way of storing wealth – even an early form of 'currency'? In melting and spending the gold, the modern finders may have been recognising this key quality.
However, there is more to the story. The finds at Mooghaun were made close to (or even within) a lake and close to one of the biggest Bronze Age hillforts in Ireland. This setting is typical of Irish hoards deposited for spiritual and religious reasons, rather than 'banked' for safe-keeping to be returned for later.
The similarity of the objects could also relate to the status of individuals. For while the Mold Gold Cape could only be worn by a single, very important person, the Mooghaun hoard could decorate the bodies of many people at once.
The Mooghaun finds therefore tell us that not all gold was for important individuals and that we can't always separate economics from spiritual beliefs. In that sense, they provide the perfect starting place to the story of the history of money.
The Mooghaun Hoard is object 11 in A History of Ireland in 100 objects


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Unix Power Tools
by Jerry Peek
Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
If you're running a shell script and you press your interrupt key (like CTRL-c), the shell quits right away. That can be a problem if you use temporary files in your script because the sudden exit might leave the temporary files there. The trap command lets you tell the shell what to do before it exits. A trap can be used for a normal exit, too. See Table 1.
Here's a script named zpg that uses a temporary file named /tmp/zpg$$ in a system temporary-file directory. The shell will replace $$ with its process ID number. Because no other process will have the same ID number, that file should have a unique name. The script uncompresses the file named on its command line, then starts the pg file viewer. The script uses traps -- so it will clean up the temporary files, even if the user presses CTRL-c. The script also sets a default exit status of 1 that's reset to 0 if pg quits on its own (without an interrupt).
There are two traps in the script:
The first trap, ending with the number 0, is executed for all shell exits -- normal or interrupted. It runs the command line between the single quotes. In this example, there are two commands separated with a semicolon (;). The first command removes the temporary file (using the -f option, so rm won't give an error message if the file doesn't exist yet). The second command exits with the value stored in the stat shell variable. Look ahead at the rest of the script - $stat will always be 1 unless the pg command quit on its own, in which case stat will be reset to 0. Therefore, this shell script will always return the right exit status -- if it's interrupted before it finishes, it'll return 1; otherwise, 0.
The second trap has the numbers 1 2 15 at the end. These are signal numbers that correspond to different kinds of interrupts. On newer shells, you can use signal names instead of the numbers. There's a short list in Table 1. For a list of all signals, type kill -l (lowercase "L") or see your online signal(3) reference page.
This trap is done on an abnormal exit (like CTRL-c). It prints a message, but it could run any list of commands.
Table 1: Some UNIX Signal Numbers for trap Commands
|Signal Number||Signal Name||Explanation|
|1||HUP||When session disconnected|
|2||INT||Interrupt -- often CTRL-c|
|3||QUIT||Quit -- often CTRL-\|
|15||TERM||From kill command|
Shell scripts don't always have two traps. Look at the nom script for an example.
I usually don't trap signal 3 (QUIT) in scripts that I use myself. That gives me an easy way to abort the script without springing the trap (removing temporary files, etc.). In scripts for general use, though, I usually do trap it.
Also, notice that the echo commands in the script have 1>&2 at the end. That tells the Bourne shell to put the output of the echo command on the standard error instead of the standard output. This is a good idea because it helps to make sure that errors come to your screen instead of being redirected to a file or down a pipe with the other standard output text. (In this particular script, that doesn't matter much because the script is used interactively. But it's a good habit to get into for all of your scripts.)
If your trap runs a series of commands, it's probably neater to call a shell function than a list of commands:


Tustin Water Quality
Tustin Water Quality Report
Tustin Water Quality Report
Contaminants that may be present in source water include:
Columbus Tustin, a Northern California carriage maker, and his partner Nelson Stafford purchased 1,300 acres of what had been the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana for the price of one dollar and fifty cents per acre. Mr. Tustin attempted to create Tustin City, but sales of homesites were slow, and in the early 1870s he ended up giving free lots to anyone who would build a home.
In 1877, Tustin lost out to Santa Ana as the Southern terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and Columbus Tustin died in 1883, a bitterly disappointed man. Nonetheless, with the abundance of water, the community named after him gradually became established as an agricultural center.
In the 1950s, Tustin's growth began in earnest. Freeways, quality schools, and post-war industries attracted thousands of people. The orchards were developed by builders and by 1970 the population had jumped to 32,000.
Growth was a painful process as houses replaced orange groves. Old-timers and newcomers alike had to adapt to each other, cope with new problems and situations, and expand facilities to handle increased patronage. And so tract after tract replaced grove after grove.
With all the development, the next step was annexation to the City. Annexation became the major issue during the period from 1955 to 1965. One of the early annexations to the city was the Tustin Union High School campus. Although the school was built in 1921, it remained outside the city limits until annexation in 1957.
During the 1950s the City increased 220% in size with annexations. The big leap came in the 1960s when the population increased a whopping 1,012%, going from 2,006 to 22,313 population and the land area increased from 434.23 acres to 2,21477, or a 410% increase. Several large annexations greatly increased the city's area between 1971 and 1981.
The Marine Corps Air Station was annexed to Tustin, adding 2,076 acres to the city. A few years later a total of 2,257 acres that had been in the Irvine Ranch agricultural preserve were annexed and have been developed as Tustin Ranch.


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To look at the photos, open the Java Applet Index page.
Note: It will open in a separate window. Arrange your browser windows so that the applet and the student page can be easily viewed.
Here are some things to notice on the applet:
- display of x (in pixels)
- display of y (in pixels)
To get an idea of how this will work, select one of the faces.
Here are some questions to think about:
Looking at the x-coordinates
Looking at the y-coordinates
- Click on the left side of the mouth. What value is x?
- Click on the right side of the mouth. What value is x?
- What is the difference between the two values of x?
- Click on left side of the mouth. What value is y?
- Click on the right side of the mouth. What value is y?
- What is the difference between the two values of y?
To determine the distance in pixels of the resting mouth, should you pay more attention to the change in the x-coordinate or the y-coordinate? Can you explain why?
Now that you have the idea of how to find measurements in pixels. Find the lengths of the resting mouth and the smiling mouth for each person.
Using the data that we have, let's calculate the percentage increase. Need help in knowing how to do that? Check the Dr. Math links below.
Generalize the method that you used to find the lengths between points located on the face. Write the steps needed to calculate the percentage increase between the resting and smiling mouth.
Use your own photograph and see how much wider your smile is!


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Brian D. Ziebart, Andrew Maas, J.Andrew Bagnell, Anind K. Dey
In our research, we view human behavior as a structured sequence of context-sensitive decisions. We develop a conditional probabilistic model for predicting human decisions given the contextual situation. Our approach employs the principle of maximum entropy within the Markov Decision Process framework. Modeling human behavior is reduced to recovering a context-sensitive utility function that explains demonstrated behavior within the probabilistic model. In this work, we review the development of our probabilistic model (Ziebart et al. 2008a) and the results of its application to modeling the context-sensitive route preferences of drivers (Ziebart et al. 2008b). We additionally expand the approach's applicability to domains with stochastic dynamics, present preliminary experiments on modeling time-usage, and discuss remaining challenges for applying our approach to other human behavior modeling problems.


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A comparison between Finite Element and Waveguide Finite Element Methods for the simulation of tire/road interaction
Konferensbidrag (offentliggjort, men ej förlagsutgivet), 2013
Due to increasing road utilization and tightening regulations, an increasing effort is made by the tire and automotive industries for accurate modeling of tire/road noise. It is well known that finite element (FE) based methods describing the vibration response of a rolling tire are computationally expensive while analytical models do not offer the necessary accuracy in the structural description of the tire. The recently proposed waveguide finite element (WFE) method combines the detailed description of a discretized tire cross section with a computationally efficient wave approach in the circumferential direction. The method has been successfully applied for tire dynamics and rolling noise simulations. An important aspect for the modeling of rolling noise is an accurate description of the road induced excitation. Both the high frequency vibration field and the lower frequency or quasi-static contact area need to be accurately captured. In this work we compare FE and WFE models of a tire in terms of traditional NVH properties such as mobility and modal frequencies, and in term of contact behavior such as footprint shape and structural stiffness. This way the potential of the WFE method for the modeling of both the excitation and the response of a rolling tire is critically examined.


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出版社：Bayard Presse Asia
Created in 1979, chickaDEE satisfies the 6- to 9-year-old's insatiable thirst for knowledge and appetite for humour. chickaDEE acknowledges the growing independence of primary-aged children and fosters their curiosity about the world around them. In every monthly issue, chickaDEE includes interactive stories, puzzles, animal features, and science experiments to educate and entertain readers.
The cover story is to give an idea to children about how is food lost or wasted, and teach readers about how the different kinds of foods can last for, and explore the methods to reduce the food waste.


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Washington, Mar 19 : When it comes to recognising positive emotions like sensual pleasure, relief and achievement, there exists a strong cultural divide, according to researchers at University College London''s psychology department.
The scientists studied a range of non-verbal emotional vocalizations, such as screams and laughs, in two very different cultural groups.
They compared the responses of Westerners to those of the remote and culturally isolated semi-nomadic Himba people of Namibia.
And it was found that both groups recognised vocalizations expressing the six basic emotions - anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.
This indicated that they, like facial expressions, are universally evolved functions.
However, when an additional set of positive emotions was introduced - achievement, sensual pleasure and relief - they were only reliably recognized by the Western subjects.
These newly discovered cultural variations suggested that the vocalization of some positive emotions might be learned socially, rather than representing products of evolution.
Describing the experiment as ''fascinating'' in her review, F1000 Faculty Member Argye Hills, of Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, said that the study "highlights the importance of considering a range of positive emotions in cross-cultural research."
The study has been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. (ANI)


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- 1. Two-way H-bridge motor drive, can drive two DC motors or one 4-wire two-phase stepper motor at the same time
- 2. Module supply voltage 2V-10V
- 3. Signal input voltage is 1.8-7V
- 4. Single working current 2.5A, low standby current (less than 0.1uA)
- 5. Built-in anti-common state conduction circuit, when the input terminal is suspended, the motor will not malfunction
- 6. Built-in overheat protection circuit (TSD) with hysteresis effect, no need to worry about motor stall
- 7. Product size: 31 x 32 x 5mm (length, width and height), small size, suitable for assembly and vehicle
- 8. Mounting hole diameter: 2 mm.
- 9. Weight: 11g
- 1. The inverted positive and negative power will cause damage to the circuit.
- 2 The output is cut to ground or short-circuit output, and the motor position, the chip protects the heat, but at the voltage close to or greater than 10 V and the maximum current is greater than 2.5A the situation can also cause burned chip
- T here may be 0- 2 Cm error due to M Annual measurement Thank you for your understanding!
- 1 x Stepper Motor Driver MX1919 2.5A Controller Board Dual Channel H-Bridge


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prof. dr. ir. Thas Olivier
Data integration at an earlier stage helps to extract important information, improving the efficiency of early drug development
In the early drug development, chemists typically screen 20 to 50 related compounds for their on-target effect using bio-assays. Researchers often use QSAR methods for discovering relations between bioactivity and the chemical structure of the compounds, trying to find solutions on to how to modify the compounds for further activity improvement. Only in later stages of drug development the compounds are screened for toxicity. The QSTAR consortium (_URL_) aims to add transcriptomics data to the process. We develop methods for data integration of chemical structures, bio-activity and gene expression. This allows for early detection of potential toxic effects. The new methods may also aid chemists with their decisions on how to change the chemical structure of compounds.
Data-integration of several data sources helps to extract important information, improving the efficiency of early drug development.


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Development of an Algorithm for Prediction of Onset of Hemodynamic Instability in Humans
Hemorrhagic shock is typically identified by the degree of hypotension that develops as a result of blood loss and remains a leading cause of death on the battlefield as well as worldwide.
Monitoring for the onset of circulatory shock in a wounded soldier on the battlefield is typically performed by measurement of arterial blood pressure (mean, systolic, diastolic), arterial oxygen saturation (oximetry), or simple auscultation of the pulse (rate and character).
Shock is typically recognized by non-specific signs and subjective symptoms such as: cold clammy skin, pallor, weak thready pulse, unstable vital signs, and diminished mentation. Unfortunately, these signs are imprecise, subjective, and inconsistent.
Therefore, a definition based on the absence or presence of hypotension can be misleading since it does not represent the underlying problem of or the solution to hemorrhagic shock.
The resulting challenge is that shock is easily diagnosed in late stages when therapy is ineffective while early diagnosis is difficult because shock is first recognized by imprecise signs and subjective symptoms.
|Study Design:||Observational Model: Case-Only
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:||Development of an Algorithm for Prediction of Onset of Hemodynamic Instability in Humans|
- provide information on physiologic status [ Time Frame: 5 to 60 seconds. ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Study Start Date:||December 2011|
|Study Completion Date:||December 2011|
|Primary Completion Date:||December 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
The near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy (NIR-DOS) developed at the Beckman Laser Institute,UC Irvine, has ability to analyzes tissue regions deeper below the skin surface and reports on larger tissue volumes in muscle and brain.
The FDPM DOS instrument generates harmless amounts of low-level non-ionizing NIR ligh. The DOS probe will be applied to the selected sites with standard of care procedure. The measurement will be repeated several times to monitor the physiology. The monitoring will continue intermittently during the period of the experiment.
|United States, California|
|Beckman Laser Institute,University of California, Irvine|
|Irvine, California, United States, 92612|
|Principal Investigator:||Matthew Brenner, M.D||Beckman Laser Institute University of California Irvine|


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data During a hailstorm, hailstones with an average mass of 2g and a speed of 15m/s fall vertically down and strike a winshield angled at 45 degrees and bounce off at the same speed horizontally. The area of the window is.5m2 What is the average pressure they exert on the window? 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution So far this is what i've worked out: Pressure = Force/Area Force = ma but since there is no loss in velocity then that means that a=0 and the stones exert no force on the window?


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Feb 26, 2016 / Haseeb Jamal -
5 Travel Myths You Need to Stop Believing Right Now
Feb 26, 2016 / Haseeb Jamal -
Canal Comes Alive with Lighted Boat Parade.
Calculation, Effects & Applications of Hydraulic Jump
By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Feb 14, 2017 / Definition, Fluid Mechanics
In order to describe the super critical flow and sub critical flow, there is need to define the Froude number. Froude number can be defined as the velocity divided by the square root of gravitational constant multiplied by the depth. It is dimensionless quantity.
F = V/ vG x D
Where V is velocity of water, D is depth of flow of water and G is gravitational constant. Froude number is an indicator of resistance of object moving in the water. If the Froude number is less than 1, then the flow of water is said to be as the sub critical flow. While if the Froude number is greater than 1, then the flow of water is said to be as the super critical flow. If it is equal to 1, then flow is said to be as the critical flow. As sub critical flow of water is reflection of slow moving deep water. On the other hand super critical flow is indicator of fast moving shallow water. Super critical flow is unstable form of flow whiles the sub critical is stable one
Now move toward the hydraulic jump, it can be defined as rise in the level of water when the water transforms its super critical form into the sub critical one i.e. from unstable state to the stable one. This phenomenon can be observed on spillways of the dam. As it's the nature of water to gain its stability after it is being unstable. The place where hydraulic jump occurs, a lot of energy is dissipated in the form of heat energy. We can say that hydraulic jump is dissipator of extra energy of water. This phenomenon is usually used in spillways of the dam to reduce the erosive power of super critical flow. Otherwise it will affect the dam structure.
Calculation of hydraulic jump:
Height of hydraulic jump can be calculated by the formula:
Y2 - Y1
Hydraulic Jump
Where Y1 is depth of flow on the sub critical side, while Y2 is depth of flow after the hydraulic jump. It can be illustrated with the help of diagram.
We can say that Y1 is depth at the state of stable sub critical while on the other hand Y2 is the height of the flow after the hydraulic jump.Y1 can be calculated easily. While Y2 can be calculated by the formula:
Y1/2 + vY12/4 + 2Y1 x V12/g
Effect of Hydraulic Jump
It is very common in the field of hydraulics to use hydraulic jump. It is used to perform different functions. Some of the effects of the hydraulic jump are as under:
 - Actually the hydraulic jump usually acts as the energy dissipator. It clears the surplus energy of water.
 - Due to the hydraulic jump, many noticeable able disturbances are created in the flowing water like eddies, reverse flow.
 - Usually when the hydraulic jump takes place, the considerable amount of air is trapped in the water. That air can be helpful in removing the wastes in the streams that are causing pollution.
 - Hydraulic jump also make the work of different hydraulic structures, effective like weirs, notches and flumes etc.
Applications of Hydraulic Jump:
 1. Usually hydraulic jump reverses the flow of water. This phenomenon can be used to mix chemicals for water purification.
 2. Hydraulic jump usually maintains the high water level on the down stream side. This high water level can be used for irrigation purposes.
 3. Hydraulic jump can be used to remove the air from water supply and sewage lines to prevent the air locking.
 4. It prevents the scouring action on the down stream side of the dam structure.
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text: When a PT stands close to you or holds onto your hips when you walk so you don't fall, that's called guarding. PTs don't like it when their patient falls, that means a lot of paperwork and paperwork sucks. So I had dinner with my friend tonight and she uses a walker when she walks. Her dad follows closely behind her when she's walking. He was guarding(holding) her on the shoulder. Wrong. When you're guarding someone when they walk, you hold the hips, or keep your hands close to the hips. Not at the waist, at the hips. At the hips you can control the motion of the entire body. If you're holding onto the shoulders and their legs go out from under them, down they go. But if you're holding at the hips you can prevent the fall, usually. When guarding on stairs you should always be below the patient. If the person is going down the stairs you should be in front of them going down backwards – ready to catch them if they fall. If the person is going up stairs you should be behind them – ready to catch them if they fall.


text:
- Census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations crossing provincial boundaries
There is one census metropolitan area (Ottawa - Gatineau) and three census agglomerations (Campbellton, Hawkesbury and Lloydminster) that cross provincial boundaries. The data for their respective provincial parts are included with the appropriate census metropolitan area or census agglomeration, with data for the census metropolitan area or census agglomeration within the province of the provincial part that contributes the majority of the population to the area. For example, Ottawa - Gatineau can be found in Ontario, Campbellton in New Brunswick, Hawkesbury in Ontario and Lloydminster in Alberta.
- TOTAL - ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL IDENTITY POPULATION
This is a grouping of the total population into non-Aboriginal or Aboriginal population, with Aboriginal persons further divided into Aboriginal groups, based on their responses to three questions on the 2006 Census form.
- TOTAL ABORIGINAL IDENTITY POPULATION
Included in the Aboriginal identity population are those persons who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian, Métis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or a Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.
- NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN SINGLE RESPONSE
Users should be aware that the counts for this item are more affected than most by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements. The extent of the impact will depend on the geographic area under study. In 2006, a total of 22 Indian reserves and Indian settlements were incompletely enumerated by the census. The populations of these 22 communities are not included in the census counts.
- ABORIGINAL RESPONSES NOT INCLUDED ELSEWHERE
Includes those who identified themselves as Registered Indians and/or band members without identifying themselves as North American Indian, Métis or Inuit in the Aboriginal identity question.
Data quality note(s)
- Data quality index showing, for the short census questionnaire (100% data), a global non response rate higher than or equal to 5% but lower than 10%.
- Data quality index showing, for the long census questionnaire (20% sample data), a global non response rate higher than or equal to 5% but lower than 10%.
- 2001 adjusted count; most of these are the result of boundary changes.


text:
After finding the infrared photographs last week of a cat with hot feet, I started thinking about the temperature of body extremities in cats. You see, there is a "cool" example of how the environment can change what an animal looks like and it involves cats (although the same phenomena is also found in rabbits and mice.)
Ever seen a Siamese cat? These cats are light colored with darker feet, ears and noses. It turns out their color is due to a mutation in the gene that produces brown color (the protein melanin), called the Tyrosinase gene. At normal body temperatures the coat color of an animal with the Siamese variation is light. At slightly lower temperatures, such as occur on the animal's extremities, the normal dark brown pigments are produced. Conventional wisdom says when a Siamese cat is raised in a cold climate, such as Northern Canada, it will have more extensive brown on its legs, tail, nose and ears than a Siamese raised at the equator.
Now go back and look at the infrared photograph of the cat at the infrared zoo. Are the extremities cooler? Seems to be a contradiction here. Any ideas why? Where do you think this Siamese cat in this picture from Wikimedia Commons was raised?


text:
Translation of congenial in Spanish:
- [person] simpático, agradable a congenial atmosphere un ambiente agradable y en el que uno se siente a gustoExample sentences
- The reason he had the respect of such a wide range of his younger peers was the quality of his poetry - not just his congenial personality.
- It's always the case when you get a bunch of bloggers in the room: as a rule they are the smartest, most congenial people you could hope to meet.
- A congenial man with a neatly trimmed white beard, he's a classic civic booster who loves to extol his hometown's virtues.
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Sherry is produced in an area of chalky soil known as albariza lying between the towns of Puerto de Santa María, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, and Jerez de la Frontera in Cádiz province. It is from Jerez that sherry takes its English name. Sherries, made from grape varieties including Palomino and Pedro Ximénez, are drunk worldwide as an aperitif, and in Spain as an accompaniment to


Lauren Jauregui and Chika Are the Role Models They Never Had
Lauren Jauregui and Chika Are the Role Models They Never Had
Story by Stephanie Smith-Strickland / Photography by Bryan Huynh
One of pop stardom's most fascinating elements is its historical acceptance of metamorphosis as a natural part of any artist's career arc. In fact, it has arguably been a requirement of the model. From Madonna to Lady Gaga to Katy Perry or even Miley Cyrus, it's easy to isolate and identify distinctive eras. Often, these transformations happen in conjunction with shifting trends in popular music and, even at times, changing schools of thought.
In the past, such choices rarely read as a point of critique for audiences determined to separate an artist's musical persona from their personal politics. But the onset of the hyper-connected internet generation, and with it, a more native understanding of the importance of diversity and representation, has lead to conversation around what it means to co-opt marginalized identities as costumes. This has often been a by-product of these artistic rebrands. We saw it in Miley Cyrus' Bangerz era; Katy Perry's Bon Appetit era (and before that the arguably queer trivializing single "I Kissed a Girl"); and Madonna's Vogue era, which appropriated a creation of the Black and Latino LGBTQ community without ever truly providing context or substantial credit.
The heightened visibility of non-cis, non-hetero and non-white acts has also been instrumental in creating greater accountability, but also opening dialogues about the realities of existing in a space where lived experiences as a marginalized person are frequently commodified with no benefit to the communities of inspiration. For 23-year-old Lauren Jauregui, recognizing that she has been on both sides of this coin has been part of an internal process of learning and unlearning that she's recently started to communicate in her music.
Clothing: Area, Jewelry: Keren Wolf
Born to Cuban immigrants in Miami, the singer entered the public consciousness through Fifth Harmony, which eventually dissolved as all its members went solo. In 2016, the same year the group parted ways, Jauregui revealed that she was bisexual — a part of herself she felt she had to conceal in order to have a successful career, but also to avoid rocking the boat in her deeply Catholic Cuban-American community.
Unfortunately, the singer's revelation wasn't entirely a celebratory victory lap of striking out on her own and finally getting to live authentically. Jauregui was outed on social media after a photo of her kissing another woman began circulating. She took it as an opportunity to pen an open letter that not only communicated the harm of outing, but also acknowledged the fluid nature of sexual identity and the privilege of being a white-passing Latinx person in her chosen industry.
Having parted ways with the group that once defined her musical trajectory and embraced the parts of herself she once kept hidden, Jauregui's solo offerings are an exploration of a new state of liberation. Her first official single, "Lento" was released March of this year and sets the singer's svelte, honeyed rasp over a sexy mid-tempo beat from reggaeton producer and former collaborator Tainy. Flowing between Spanish and English with ease, Jauregui becomes one with the night, all while silkily dismissing any overtures of negativity, over-familiarity or possessiveness to effectively center autonomy at the heart of the irresistible dance track. Her latest release, "50ft," features an accompanying music video shot with family and close friends while in quarantine in her hometown of Miami. The markedly more down-tempo tune revisits the same themes of choosing self and growing away from situations and relationships that breed negativity or discomfort.
Over the course of an hour-long conversation with friend and industry peer, Nigerian-American musician Chika — whose own path to self-discovery has bloomed in conjunction with her music — Jauregui opened up about her journey to embracing queerness, mental health and learning to listen and be an ally.
Chika: First of all, I'm just going to go ahead and ask a holistic question: How are you? How are you feeling? Where is your head at? The world is crazy right now.
Lauren Jauregui: Things are quite overwhelming. We are all experiencing what's happening in the world at large, and in our country at large, but then, you know, that doesn't take away all of the personal and interpersonal shifts going on. I think I'm overwhelmed, but I'm blessed and I'm so aware of that.
Chika: I can fully understand that. I, too, am overwhelmed. I think everyone who experiences intersection in the world, they can identify with the feeling of being overwhelmed right now. I'm trying to remain hopeful and trying to celebrate small wins that happen while continuing to fight for what's important.
I've seen that you're super active and super vocal. You have been before it was trending and before it became, "Oh my god, the world's on fire." A. I commend you and B. I just wanted to know — I clearly know that it stems from a place of empathy and also a place of experience and knowing what certain discrimination looks like — but what actually keeps that fire burning? Because we're tired. We can just put it out there. Everyone knows everyone is tired. What reinvigorates you? What reinvigorates me is seeing all the stories and knowing this can't continue.
Lauren: I feel like I speak for a lot of people on the planet right now when I say it's always been in me. This understanding, this vision of a world beyond the world that we grew up in, and beyond the world our parents were susceptive to. That fire has been in my heart for a long while and it's kind of just been stoked at different times by meeting different people and hearing different stories. Like you said, the stories that are just so available to us and so constant. I think I'm in a constant state of heartbreak, you know what I mean? I'm an empath as a gift, and I feel the whole world and I feel it to the point where I cry every day... not to make it about me at all, because it's the way that I'm able to feel what everyone is going through on a collective level.
Chika: I don't want you to think that it's selfish to be able to note how it personally affects you, because it's so not selfish. If there weren't people in the world who were empaths, nobody would care beyond the surface level. Most of us have sympathy, but empathy is something that runs a lot deeper, and being an empath means having that section of your heart completely dilated and wide open so that when things like social injustices happen, or when it's time to actually get up and fight, empaths are the ones who kind of keep everyone else going.
Lauren: Thank you, I receive that and I appreciate that a lot. Sometimes I do get caught up thinking about, "Oh shit, am I making this about me?" Obviously I do not want to be centered in these conversations, especially being that I'm a white-presenting celebrity. I might be Latinx, but I am white-looking. I feel sometimes voices get centered in spaces that aren't necessarily their spaces to dominate.
But then, like you said, I'm very passionate. I believe in the divinity of each sentient being. I see myself when I look into people's eyes, no matter who they are. That's what drives me: Every time I see a new hashtag, or a new name, or a new face, or a new picture. And again, I want to make it clear that this has been happening. Ever since I became aware of the disparity of experiences in America, I've tried to keep this line of knowing my place in the situation, but also being adamant about amplifying and being an ally. I'm imperfect so I'm constantly treading that energy of not knowing how many mistakes I've made in my past. We're all unlearning right now. Even people who are part of communities that are hurt are having to unlearn certain things.
Clothing: Area, Jewelry: Keren Wolf
Chika: Exactly. We're saying Black Lives Matter, which they do, and that's a sentiment I think everyone should be able to agree on without any qualifiers or putting a "too" afterward or anything like that, but one thing I've seen in our community is that a lot of people have had to unlearn and relearn rhetoric around being queer and Black, and what that means about how Black queer lives matter within the community.
How many trans women are being murdered, not even just by police, but in our community itself? One thing I saw that I thought was incredibly moving is the sentiment that there is no reform without healing. So even in those little small intricacies of you acknowledging the things that you've probably said to hurt other people is important. I know I've said some wild shit. I'm 23 and I'm lucky to be getting wiser as the days go on, but I'm sure I had a reckless ass mouth. There are things that I never took as importantly as I should have. And then you see how many of us are dying and going missing and being completely thrown to the wolves and you realize unlearning is really urgent.
In your process of learning and unlearning, how have you navigated finding resources without putting the labor on others, but then also leaning in or having others do the labor of teaching when it makes sense?
Lauren: To be honest I've been blessed to have a lot of Black femmes in my life who have taught me


text:
Quick Read: Using Worked examples to support novice learners
10 October 2019
Worked examples are a tool commonly used in a range of subjects including Maths & Science to support novice learners. By studying worked examples alongside the completion of traditional practice problems, learners are exposed to the problem solving process as well as frequently applied techniques.
A well constructed worked example:
- Helps reduce extraneous cognitive load on learners
- Aids learners in assimilating new knowledge into their existing understanding
- Is especially useful for novices during the early stages of learning a concept
- Highlights common steps taken when solving problems
As learners become more capable these benefits reduce and worked examples can begin to hinder learners. As with many types of scaffolding and support, worked examples should be faded out as needed.


Become a STF groups member
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ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಲು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ
How to become a STF groups member
You can request to become a member of STF group for your subject, by entering information in this google form. Within a week, you will be added to the group.
How to become a whatsapp, hike, telegram (phone based groups) member
See information in this document about existing phone based groups in Karnataka, if you want to join a group, please send a SMS to the admin of the whatsapp/ hike / telegram phone based groups (Please DO NOT send a email to the STF mailing groups), with following informationYour full name, name of school / institution, subject taught by you, name of District / Taluka, Cell phone number and email id
Whatsapp / Hike / Telegram group admin members should fill up information about their group here. However, membership of the phone groups depends on the admin of the group. Some groups may not want to allow open entry to others. However the STF mailing groups are open to all teachers in Karnataka.
Mailing tips for a STF member
 1. The group is an academic space. Hence all mails should have some academic concern. Purely personal mails, mails which do not have any connection to academic issues, should not be sent to the forum
 2. If you want to write to only one person, who has sent the mail, do not send to the groups, send only to the person. For example, if you want to join a whatsapp group, please reply only to the person who has sent the mail for forming the group. If you select REPLY, it will go to the groups. Hence remove that, and copy paste the person's email id.
 3. Give a meaningful subject line. Just saying 'Hi' etc can be avoided. If the subject line gives a good idea of the contents, then we can decide whether to read that email or not. If the topic does not interest us, we may chose not to read it, or to read it later. For example if you want some information on Formative Assessment (FA) and you reply to a mail saying "Please add to groups" no one may see your mail. Giving correct subject line helps all the people to determine whether they want to open a mail or not. A CBZ teacher may decide not to open a mail which says "Direct common tangent Geogebra file"
 4. If you are attaching a file, give the file a meaningful name. Names like 'doc1.odt' or 'harish.odt' are meaningless. File name should suggest what the file is about, e.g. 'Congruent triangles.ggb'. If you are attaching a file, give a description of the attachment in the mail itself.
 5. End every mail with your name, school name and taluka name. You can also add your cell number. This can be done automatically in gmail, by selecting the'signature' option under'settings'
 6. The volume of STF Mails tends to be quite high. You may want to separate STF mails from your other mails. In such as case you can set a 'filter' in your Gmail or in your Thunderbird mail client to move all STF Mails to a separate folder so that your Inbox is free to receive other mails
 7. Use search option in your Googlegroups to search for the resource you want. For example if you want Work plan, you should first search in your STF googlegroups - all the mails with "work plan" will be displayed for you. After seeing all those, if you still want to send a mail for Work Plan you can send. Of course, for this to work, we must use correct subject line.
 8. In case you feel any teacher is sending many mails in which you do not have an interest, you can set a 'filter' to move 'all mails received from that email id to another folder so that it does not come in your inbox. By using 'filters' feature, we can reduce spending time on mails which we do not want to read and focusing on mails we want to. Thus using these technical features of email, we can reduce the load of emails in our Inbox.
 9. Email is a more complete communication than SMS and Whatsapp and hence can be more useful. Please use it like how you would write a letter, with details. In your sms or Whatsapp, there is a character limit - Not so for email. You can attach many kinds of files, you can't do it on sms. If you have a good resource you want to share with other teachers, it is better to share with STF google groups, in addition to sharing on WhatsApp, because more teachers can access it. Similarly, if you are a Whatsapp admin, share useful discussions back with the forum - more teachers will benefit.
We will publish on a google document the names and admins of various Whatsapp groups; so please visit this page before you decide to start a group/ want to join a group.
Email guidelines for all members
This section discussions guidelines for considering which mails are good for the forum and which are not. This should be seen as a draft framework for discussions amongst STF teachers.
 1. Celebrate - these are excellent emails that all of us love to receive. Some good resource made by a teacher or accessed and shared. Some very thought provoking ideas relating to teaching learning. Some wise comments on a troubling social issue. Since the objective of the STF is to provide opportunities for teachers for peer learning, sharing, most of the types of mails mentioned in section above would come in this category, as follows
 1. Core academic issues for the subject, such as discussion of a topic from the text book
 2. Broader issues relating to the subject - such as history of mathematics, famous scientists, writers etc
 3. Still broader issues relating to education, which may not be restricted to the subject itself. For example, environmental pollution, life skills etc
 4. Still broader social issues such as elections, national calamities. For a teacher, it is not sufficient to simply be maths and science teachers alone. Discussion on broader issues can also contribute to our development as humane teachers and active citizens. Basically, the purpose of the forum is to broaden, deepen the knowledge and understanding of the teacher, not only as a subject teacher, but as for the larger role of a concerned citizen, tasked with the responsibility of preparing responsible citizens, hence needing to have wider/larger and informed perspectives on a wide variety of issues/areas.
 2. Accept - most mails may not be brilliant or wise, but still are informative, or share the thoughts and ideas of a teacher.
 1. We need to have a broad interpretation of the teaching profession. We must have deep subject knowledge. We must also have good teaching skills. However, beyond both, as teacher, we are concerned citizens and also responsible to create responsible citizens. This means teachers must be concerned with a wide range of educational as well as social issues. For e.g. is a discussion on eve teasing relevant to STF. If we think that life skills are important part of the curriculum for all subjects, then of course this is relevant. Similarly since NCF suggests taking a multi-disciplinary approach to teaching, different subjects need to be integrated for the learner. This means that any subject teacher can be, should be and even must be interested in other subjects as well. A topic like 'water' can be discussed from maths, science, social science, language (perhaps all subjects!!) perspectives.
 2. Sometimes we may feel that a mail is not really useful, in such cases we can ask ourselves - is the teacher intending to be negative or disruptive? Is the teacher repeatedly sending blank or meaningless or irrelevant mails. Many teachers are joining the forum all the time, and these new teachers will need sometime to adjust to the group norms. During this time they may send irrelevant mails. We should gently and firmly guide them that the purpose of the STF is professional development of teachers through sharing and discussions and irrelevant mails add to the load of reading. However if a teacher repeatedly sends meaningless mails, then the group manager can put such a teacher under'moderation', so that mails from that teacher need to be approved before coming on the list. In case you think any teacher is repeatedly sending irrelevant mails, please send a mail to with your feedback.
 3. It is be felt that purely administrative matters, such as teacher transfers, formats of maintaining registers etc. are not discussed in the STF forum. However, occasional sharing of circulars, orders may be useful to alert teachers and hence may be seen as useful. Issues like mutual transfers, which can be large in volume, can be moved to discussion forums where only interested teachers can record their requests and see other teachers requests. All other teachers who do not need information on mutual transfers, need not see that information.
 3. Reject / Disallow - Rude or offensive mails must not be allowed. Differences of opinion is to be expected in a such a diverse group of teachers from across an entire state, however, this does not entitle us to be rude or offensive. We must make our points/submissions politely and


text:
|Several Heritage Parks
are scattered about Ireland. By
providing reconstructs of early Irish
settlements, Heritage Parks can help visitors put
the historic sites they visit in Ireland in to
their proper context. If you find the history of
Ireland fascinating, you will want to plan to
include at least one of the Heritage Parks
in your visit.
Few Heritage Parks of Ireland:
Above: A reconstructed Crannog at the
||Sometimes, Heritage Parks are
constructed next to Castles, as is the case with
the Craggaunowen Center and the Bunratty Folk
Park. In almost all cases Heritage Parks embrace
the Natural settings in which they reside.
Craggunowen Center and the National Heritage Park
tend to focus on early Irish settlements. The
Bunratty Folk Park focus is on history that is
more recent and includes among its offerings a
complete reconstruction of a village from the
Photo Above taken at The Craggunowen Center.
Photo Right - an
early thatched hut at the Bunratty Folk Park
Left - an interior view of an early cottage at
the Bunratty Folk Park. In these early Irish
homes, the family gained access to the second
floor bedroom by a ladder.
Irish Holidays and the regular tourist season,
visitors to the Heritage Parks will often find
historic reenactments in progress. Clothed in
period costumes, interpreters demonstrate the
craft and daily life commensurate with the era
associated with the reconstruction.


text:
Find a word
Dictionary definition for:
1. (n) a course of conduct; "the path of virtue" "we went our separate ways" "our paths in life led us apart" "genius usually follows a revolutionary path"
2. (n) a way especially designed for a particular use
3. (n) an established line of travel or access
4. (n) a line or route along which something travels or moves; "the hurricane demolished houses in its path" "the track of an animal" "the course of the river"
WordNet 2.1 Copyright Princeton University. All rights reserved.


Hi, I would be happy to know as to what would be the equivalents for the following 4 tags that are part of weblogic-ra.xml (weblogic specific deployment descriptor for resource adapters). weblogic has what is known as a principal map for security: (provides a mechanism to define appropriate resource-principal values for resuorce adapter and EIS authorization processing, based upon the known WebLogic runtime initiating run time initiating-principal. This map allows for hte specification of a defined set of initiaitng principals and the corresponding resource principal's username and password that should be used when allocating managed connections and connection handles) This has subtags that are, and. (identifies a configuration property name and value that corresponds to an ra.xml config-entry element with the corresponding config-property-name. At deployment time, all values present in a map-config-property specification will be set on the ManagedConnectionFactory. Weblogic has the following tags that are extra as the parameters for connection pooling: (identifies the max number of additional managed connections which the server attempts to obtain during resizing of the maintained connection pool) (indicates whether or not the connection pool should have unused managed connection reclaimed as a means to control system resources) two more related tags are and If anybody can tell me as to how I port a RA with a weblogic-ra.xml that has the above tags, i.e. what tags should I add to geronimo to get the same functionality, that'd be great.... Thanks in advance, Sai


text:
What is Turf Toe?
Turf toe is a sports injury that can occur while playing soccer, baseball or football. Typically, the joint located at the big toe's base gets hurt if the toe is jammed forcefully into the turf or if it is bent backward. Turf toe is so called because it usually occurs while playing on artificial turf or grass. This condition can cause great pain and dislocation of the big toe. Over time, the injured joint can become vulnerable to arthritis because of stiffness and reduced flexibility. In case turf toe does not heal completely, the athlete's athletic skills can be diminished and the injury can become chronic.
Causes of Turf Toe
- Playing sports on artificial turf or grass.
- Wearing improper shoes while playing. For example, if the shoe is too flexible, the forefoot can become overextended resulting in turf toe.
Diagnosis of Turf Toe
Diagnosis is straightforward and the doctor will check the symptoms and physically examine the affected toe joint. He/she may order x-rays to rule out other conditions like arthritis or fracture. Sometimes, imaging tests like MRI, CT scan or a bone scan may be required.
Symptoms of Turf Toe
- Swelling, pain and limited joint movement
- Injury gradually worsens over the next 24 hours
- Sometimes a "pop" sensation is felt at the joint
Treatment for Turf Toe
- To reduce inflammation and swelling, RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) treatment is recommended
- You can take anti-inflammatory medicines for relief
- Give plenty of rest to the affected toe joint to enable it to heal properly
- You can use a cast or special boot to immobilize the injured foot
- Crutches may have to be used to avoid putting weight on the affected joint
- Though surgery is only the last option, it may be required in severe cases or if a bone spur develops in the foot.
- The pain may take a couple of weeks to subside. To rehabilitate the joint, physical therapy exercises are required to restore conditioning, strength and range of motion to the affected toe.
How to Prevent Turf Toe
Many professional football players wear shoes that have a steel plate or tape their toes to prevent this injury. It is essential to wear shoes with stiff soles to prevent turf toe. You can also ask your doctor about specially designed inserts that can help you.
For more information on the condition of turf toe, please watch this video:


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In conjunction with the Philippines Autism Consciousness Week, the proposed event was conducted based on the partnership built between government agencies and civil society organizations in the Southeast Asia and Japan. The event aimed to build a basis of dynamic exchange between Southeast Asia, particularly countries in the Mekong sub-region, and Japan about autism and recreation, leisure and sports as the first attempt in this area.
Over 400 participants from the Mekong countries and Japan enjoyed the opportunities for the human exchange. They gained knowledge and experience of the Philippines in terms of recreation, leisure and sports in the autism context. The participants also learned the outcome and impact of the movement at the national level through the Angel's walk for Autism. All the partners recapped the findings and lessons learned and, all the activities conducted were reviewed to make sure that knowledge and experience gained from the Philippines would be available in the Mekong countries.


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Language and Communication
In Asian Literature...
Language and communication, how do you translate and decode it?
Language and communication is different in every place you may visit. Some places may have the same languages but their communication ways may be different. Like here in America we say things that others in another place that speaks English may think is rude or something completely different. Plus things someone says in French may translate to something completely different in English or Spanish.
Asian Literature and Language??
Asia's main language is Mandarin. So that means they read and write that, and thats different than what we Americans read and write. So their literature could potentially be translated and decoded differently than what they wrote. They could write a whole book on peace but it could be translated into something about war or even food.
South East Asia - Culture Quest - April 20th, 2011 11.30 A.M.
This video shows the culture of Asia and it also gives you a chance to listen to one of many songs from Asia.
Honoring Asian literature in what authors write.
Asian literature might honor and challenge cultural traditions because its where they come from and their lifestyle.
12 Girls Band 女子十二乐坊 Cloudy Sky in HD


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Certain plastic food containers have gotten a bad wrap for leaching toxic chemicals into food and water. And now it appears dog toys made of certain materials are along for the ride.
According to Discovery News, The worst offenders appear to be plastic fetching batons, called "bumpers," which are used to teach dogs how to retrieve.
The news was released on the heels of a conference held by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
To test for the chemicals, the researchers created simulated dog saliva, then simulated chewing by squeezing purchased bumpers and dog toys with stainless steel salad tongs. Some bumpers and toys were also weathered outside to determine if older toys gave off more chemicals.
"We found that the aging or weathering the toys increased concentrations of BPA and phthalates," Smith said. "The toys had lower concentrations of phthalates than the bumpers, so that's good news. But they also had some other chemicals that mimicked estrogen. We need to find out what those are."
Science has already shown that plastic products can in fact leach chemical components that are harmful to living things. Researchers will perform more tests to determine the threat these toys may have and how much actually enters a dog.
In the meantime, pet owners may want to re-think their purchase decisions. Especially with holiday giving right around the corner.


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The Island Private School of Limassol in Cyprus opened for the first 500 students in September 2022, and is now looking for competent, experienced and, above all, passionate Extracurricular Primary Teacher to join the team for the current academic year and continue in 2023-2024.
We are also in the process of planning our new school campus on a beautiful 50,000 m2 site to be completed approximately by end of 2025, that will include kindergartens, elementary and high schools, an international boarding school, and accommodation for teachers. This is a great opportunity to join a growing school on the cusp of a major turning point.
Cyprus regulations require applicants to have a university degree in education recognised by KYSATS and the ability to pass a background check.
- Planning and preparing educational activities: Extracurricular teachers in primary education should be able to design and plan activities that are age-appropriate and engaging for children. They should create lesson plans that align with the curriculum and ensure that they have all the necessary materials and resources to facilitate the activities.
- Lead learning activities: Activities to be based on best practice PYP learning both individually and in groups
- Facilitating learning: Extracurricular teachers should lead activities that promote children's learning and development. They should encourage children to participate and engage in activities and facilitate discussions that encourage critical thinking.
- Supervising children: Extracurricular teachers are responsible for ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the children in their care. They should maintain a safe and secure environment and supervise children to ensure that they are following the rules and behaving appropriately.
- Communicating with parents: Extracurricular teachers should regularly communicate with parents and keep them informed about their child's progress. They should be available to answer questions and provide feedback to parents about their child's learning and development.
- Creating a positive classroom environment: Extracurricular teachers should create a welcoming and positive classroom environment that promotes learning and engagement. They should foster a sense of community among the children and create a space that is conducive to learning.
- Continuing professional development: Extracurricular teachers should continuously seek to improve their teaching practice by engaging in professional development activities. They should attend workshops, training sessions, and other professional development opportunities to keep their skills and knowledge up-to-date.
- Learn and develop PYP childhood learning and teaching strategies and approaches.
- Participate in collaborative planning and add to PYP planners.
- Support children in personal hygiene and wellbeing routines.
- Maintain confidentiality about children's learning, development and care at all times.
- Monitor and ensure that students follow established routines and procedures.
- Collaborate with other team teachers (class and co-teachers) to ensure a seamless transition between activities and programs.
- Attend staff meetings, professional development sessions, and training as required.
- Follow all relevant policies and procedures regarding safety, child protection, and health and safety.
- Bachelor's degree in Education, Pedagogical is a must. Additional degrees would be considered an advantage.
- Professional Educator Diploma or other teacher qualification if available (e.g. QTS, PGCE).
- Has fluent English level C1.
- Familiar with technology use in teaching and learning.
- Is compassionate and attentive to students; knows how children learn and can support their learning.
- Remember how to be curious and awed by the world around.
- Can create and improvise and has a desire to co-create a child-centred curriculum and bring it to life.
- Has a mild allergy to sitting at the desk and strictly following the prescribed curriculum.
- A unique opportunity for a career in a fast-growing polysystemic school
- Competitive remuneration package based on qualifications and experience
- Modern & Professional Work Environment
- Optional participation in the Company's Group Medical Scheme
- Opportunities to learn and develop yourself
Position Working Days/hours:
Monday to Friday, 10-18 or 14-18
Applications must include a brief statement (no longer than a page) describing the key features of your philosophy of education and approach to working with young people. Please indicate clearly in your application how your experience and expertise might align with the expectations we have highlighted.
Safeguarding: At The Island Private School of Limassol, we follow safer recruitment practices and we are committed to the Safeguarding of our students. As such this post is subject to reference and police checks.
GDPR: Applicants should note that based on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), all applications/CVs are kept in our database based on the consent period each candidate applied for. In case you have forwarded us your CV in the past and you are interested in this position, please apply again


Mary McGregor Pomeroy
Fictional Character
Southern Victory
POD: September 10, 1862
Appearance(s): American Front
Drive to the East
Type of Appearance: Direct (POV from The Center Cannot Hold onward)
Nationality: Canada
Date of Birth: c. 1907
Date of Death: 1942
Cause of Death: Execution by firing squad
Occupation: Housewife, Terrorist
Parents: Arthur and Maude McGregor
Spouse: Mort Pomeroy
Children: Alec Pomeroy
Relatives: Alexander McGregor (brother), Julia McGregor (sister)
Mary McGregor Pomeroy (1907?[1]-1942) was a Canadian nationalist and terrorist operating out of the town of Rosenfeld, Manitoba. She was the daughter of Arthur McGregor, himself an insurgent. For several years leading up the Second Great War, Pomeroy was an effective thorn in the side of the Americans occupying her country.
Mary's strong anti-American sentiment was already present when the U.S. invaded Manitoba early in the Great War. After the execution of her brother, Alexander, Mary, although a child, was increasingly outspoken about her hatred for the US. Her father turned to terrorism in the aftermath of his son's death. He was killed with his own bomb by American General George Armstrong Custer, the target of McGregor's assassination attempt.
Mary lionised both her father and brother for their efforts. Shortly after her father's death, Mary discovered Arthur's bomb-making tools, and began taking her own steps into terrorism. She bombed the Rosenfeld general store in town, which was owned by an American. She derailed an American train near Coulee, the next town to the west of Rosenfeld. She successfully framed Wilf Rokeby, whom had grown suspicious of her.
Mary's greatest act of terrorism came when she sent a mail bomb to Jonathan Moss and succeeded in killing Moss's wife, Laura and their newborn daughter, Dorothy.
Pomeroy was finally captured in 1942, partly due to information gleaned from the falsely imprisoned Rokeby. Refusing a plea bargain which would have given her life imprisonment, she was executed, becoming a "martyr" for the Canadian rebel cause. She was survived by her husband Mort and their son Alec, both of whom became involved in the Canadian insurgency after her execution.


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Located just north of the present City Hall, the
natural spring-fed Collect Pond was the main source of fresh water
for New York City until the Croton Aqueduct system was opened.
The African American burial ground was adjacent
to Collect Pond, along with the city armory and a tannery. Gunpowder,
animal slaughter, and burial sites must not have made for a pleasant
A canal was built to drain the now fetid pond,
and that canal later was paved over to form Canal Street. On early
maps of the city, such as the Montresor map of 1767, one can see
the low marshy ground, which demanded drainage.
John Fitch is said to have tested his steam
engine in Collect Pond in 1793, and there are numerous commemorative
maps attesting to his experiments, which predated the work of Robert


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Look up incident in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For the Wikipedia noticeboard, see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
Incident may refer to:
A property of a graph (mathematics) (see also glossary of graph theory),
Incident (festival), a cultural festival of The National Institute of Technology in Surathkal, Karnataka, India,
Incident (Scientology), a concept in Scientology,
Incident ray, a ray of light that strikes a surface,
Nuclear incident; an irregularity with a nuclear installation not classified as a nuclear accident,
Road traffic incident, when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.,
The Incident may refer to:
Incident, a 1948 film noir,
The Incident, a 1967 film,
The Incident (conspiracy), an event in British history that took place in 1641,
The Incident (Lost), the season finale of the fifth season of Lost,
The Incident (album), a 2009 album release by the band Porcupine Tree


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An Ancient Industrial Secret
Through Moses, God commanded the Israelites to dye the tassels on the corners of their garments blue. The secret to making this blue dye appears to have been lost about 500 years after the birth of Christ.
The Hebrew description of the blue that the Israelites were to use on their garments refers to what we today call hyacinthine purple. Researchers searched for the original process for making the dye using clues from the Bible, the Talmud and ancient trade records. Ancient references to the dye go back at least 3,600 years. While the ancients knew how to make this dye, we moderns don't.
Once researchers identified the correct color, they began to search for its origin. The Talmud says that the dye must be made from the uncontaminated extract from a shellfish. Eventually scientists discovered a species of shellfish, the Murex, that produces the raw material for exactly the color described in the Bible. Their final challenge was to perfect the dyeing method, which one researcher called one of the great industrial secrets of the ancient world.
In our modern technological age, it's good to be reminded that we are not the only generation to develop sophisticated industrial secrets. This broader perspective helps us to understand claims that ancient man was not so primitive as some today might imagine.


Night tide.png
General Information
Species 1/2 Totanium
1/2 T'zun Army
Body Humanoid Water Jackal
Powers and Abilities
Abilities Hydrokinesis
Water Absorption
Water Projection
Water Generation
Enhanced Strength
Enhanced Durability
Space Survivability
Weaknesses Extreme Heat Vulnerability
Extreme Cold Vulnerability
Powers Limited (by armour)
Hight-tide is the Biomnitrix's fusion of Totanium and T'zun Army DNA from the planet Kubran 11 and the T'zeen Nebula. He is a free use fusion alien. Hightide and Nighthowler are also free use.
Night-tide looks like a fusion between Nighthowler and Hightide. He is a humanoid construct of water with a jackal-like head and sheet metal armour covering his upper torso. His feet form puddles surrounded by a thin mist.
It is unknown whether Night-tide is actually living water, living armour, or both.
Powers and Abilities
Night-tide is made mostly of water, and therefore has some shape-shifting ability albeit limited by his armour. He can increase his body mass by absorbing water from external sources.
He can freely manipulate water up two twice his current mass at any given point that is outside his body. He can pull this water towards himself to absorb it and increase his mass, or he can use it as a weapon. Naturally this ability is reliant on his environment. His ability to finely manipulate this water is much stronger than Hightide's alone.
He can project pressurised water blasts either from his mouth, hands, or feet. However, unlike Hightide, this water is generated internally and does not diminish his body mass unless he blasts the water faster than he can replenish it.
He can survive in the vacuum of space, providing it is not too cold too freeze him and is not too warm to boil him. His armour also gives him highly enhanced durability.
His mobility is greatly reduced when he is frozen, albeit he can still move to some small degree.
He becomes immobile of the water making up his body is evaporated, however it does not kill him.
The water parts of his body seems to be able to feel pain, giving him a pain threshold.
His armour is vulnerable to attacks (like Biosovortian attacks) that magnetise him. He seems to also be vulnerable to attacks from Galvanic Mechamorphs.
Night-tide is a free use alien, feel free to use him in your own series. He can be used alongside Hightide and Nighthowler.
Aaronbill3's Alien Arsenal!
Swamp Swarmer - Bone Wraith - Terralifter
Home Worlds


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Yes - of course it does. Without "random" in front choice is an attribute with no object. I didn't actually do it, but thats what would happen - "choice is not defined blahblah" Is that the same as saying its not a "global namespace"?
I'd have to consult a reference book to be 100% sure. I'm not certain how a pure object oriented language treats namespaces compared to a procedural language (ie, C++ is both procedural and OOP - I need to do a review
For example, In C++ you explicitly state your namespaces - in 99% of cases students do this by adding a line 'using namespace std;' (std = standard) near the top of their file, which is frowned upon with most real projects. By doing this they don't have to put the namespace std in front of functions defined in std.
cout << "hello" << endl; //prints hello
std::cout << "hello" << std::endl; //prints hello
Now say you have a special cout function that prints ascii numbers instead of the letters to the console. You can define a namespace in your file called Manta and do this....
Manta::cout << "hello" << std::endl; //prints 90 88 96 96 99 (just guessing the ascii values)
In practice, namespaces are used in procedural languages to avoid name clashes. When a project gets large enough, you start running out of good descriptive variable names, so it is better to create seperate namespaces and reuse these descriptive names instead of resorting to complicated naming gyrations.
"It looks to me like random might be a static class with static methods, hence, no need to instantiate anything. "
Yes - a very good way to say it. How come the texts don't say that?
Got me - maybe I should write a book.
This is just what I think is happening... I'd have to consult python.org to be sure.
Do Java and C++ have Modules? Please describe or give a definition to me for that.
No. Java has the following....
packages - groups of related classes form a package.
example: javax.swing is the package for the swing classes
example: java.lang contains the core classes of the Java language
classes - you know what these are....
Math is a class containing fields and methods related to math
JButton is a class for instantiating a button in swing
And you can create your own packages.... there are a few rules for doing this.
In C++, which supports both procedural and OOP, the main library is called the STL - standard template library, which uses the namespace std like I showed you above. Instead of using a package, C++ has a keyword called friend - imo, friends are the most unfriendly thing I've seen in any language and I much prefer Java's use of packages.
My language class didn't cover Python - C++, Java, Ada, LISP, Fortran, Prolog, Cobol and some others - here is what one of the tutorials says...
You can use a module to organize a number of Python definitions in a single file. A package is a way to organize a number of modules together as a unit. Python packages can also contain other packages.
So Python has both modules and packages where it looks like a module is a related to group of classes and functions, and a package is a related group of modules and other packages. Here is a link that I think will explain it in detail.... I plan on reading it later tonight.


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I also wonder how somebody would watch his cows, while not constantly remembering them. In daydreaming the cows would get simply lost. The cowherd is simply more relexed as the cows would no more damage the fruits. Still he is watching them to get not lost.
That seems to be a possibility, but I don't read MN 19 as suggesting that the task goes beyond preventing the cows from nibbling the harvest. The imagery in MN 19 looks to me to be pointing to just one task. That task having been completed, I don't think the sutta suggests that there is a further task to do in preventing the loss of the cows.
An extended description of fourth right effort in Samvarappadhana sutta involves keeping the attention on certain perceptual image (nimitta) or selective recognition (sanna):
katamañca bhikkhave anurakkhaṇappadhānaṃ? Idha bhikkhave bhikkhu uppannaṃ bhaddakaṃ samādhinimittaṃ anurakkhati aṭṭhikasaññaṃ pulavakasaññaṃ vinīlakasaññaṃ vipubbakasaññaṃ vicchiddakasaññaṃ uddhumātakasaññaṃ. Idaṃ vuccati bhikkhave anurakkhaṇappadhānaṃ.
_URL_ ggo-p.html
Pls forgive my clumsy and hyper-literal translation of AN 4.14 above –
And what, O monks, is the effort to guard/protect? Here, O monks, a monk guards the arisen good "sign of concentration" – the perception of bones, the perception of the worm-infested (corpse), the perception of the blue-black (corpse), the perception of the festering (corpse), the perception of the punctured (corpse), the perception of the swollen (corpse). This, O monks, is called the effort to guard/protect.
It might not be the "recognition" or "apperception" function of sañña at work here, but rather, the imagination/conceptualisation at work. Of the 6 adjectives applied to a corpse in this sutta, 3 (uddhumātakaṃ vinīlakaṃ vipubbakajātaṃ) are shared with MN 10's discussion on cemetery contemplations. In MN 10, the optative passeyya is used to indicate a hypothetical sort of "sight", which the meditator then applies/upasaṃharati to his own body; this suggests adhivacanasamphassa, rather than the more direct paṭighasamphassa at work.
The other connection to satipaṭṭhāna in AN 4.14, lies in its reference to samādhinimitta, which MN 44 would define as the 4 satipaṭṭhānas. As I mentioned in my earlier post, the verb upasaṃharati certainly allows for a more discursive and recollective stance, but I do not know how the more subtle pajānāti (discerns) or sampajānakārī (applies awareness) requires recollection.
That being said, my own interpretation would require that even the effort to protect in terms of "just knowing" is mediated by a sankhāra. What does not seem apparent is whether or not one needs to deliberately recall such an instruction, or whether the sankhāra works automatically. After all, SN 12.25 makes clear that not all sankhāras arise sampajana. Kamma can also be done asampajana (unconsciously). No distinction is drawn between good kamma or bad kamma in terms of their potential to be asampajana.
Which brings me to your query -
How could the Bodhisatta steadily see and discern two kind of thoughts, and apply proper efforts, if he didn't maintain the remembrance of what he was doing?
This is an absolutely legitimate point, and it appears from the suttas that the application of the 4 Right Efforts will certainly require one to constantly recall and remember to "do" something at a fairly "coarse" level. But, this still cannot explain whether recollection and "doing" still has much of a role, when the defilements have reached a fairly untroublesome level, such that one simply pajānāti/knows that they are present or absent. This is in fact brought to the fore in the Satipaṭṭhāna suttas' instructions to dhammesu dhammānupassī pañcasu nīvaraṇesu (practise dhammānupassanā with reference to the 5 Hindrances). The "bare awareness" refrain of ñāṇamattā patissatimattā is also applied to the 5 Hindrances, which suggests that one could take a very stable and neutral stance when facing the Hindrances.


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Binghamton University researchers awarded grant to cool microchips
Three Binghamton University faculty will work with researchers from GE Research and a New Mexico firm on a $7.2 million, three-year project to solve a problem that has dogged computer chip makers for decades — heat.
For the electronics industry, the University's work may lead to great improvements in how heat generated by microelectronic circuitry is conducted by finding defects in current materials and creating new materials that work better.
Mechanical engineers Bahgat Sammakia and Gary Lehmann, and chemist Wayne Jones and the other partners will share in a $3.5 million grant from the Advanced Technology Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. GE will contribute $3.7 million to the project.
The group's task is to develop and test new nanoengineered materials that will yield a 10-fold improvement in the thermal conductivity of materials that play a critical role in the cooling of computer chips. Binghamton University's share of the award will amount to $850,000.
The grant is another step in putting the University in the thick of a race to develop new materials and new technology that will not only make computer chips smaller, faster and more efficient. The new GE project will further Jones' and Sammakia's work on the synthesis and study of the fundamental properties of conductivity in nanomaterials.
Jones will provide the atomic level chemical analysis and manipulation of materials developed in collaboration with GE and prepared by Superior MicroPowders of Albuquerque, N.M. Sammakia and Lehmann will concentrate on developing and testing mathematical models that support the theory.
Sandeep Tonapi, who earned his master's and doctoral degrees from Binghamton University where he worked with Sammakia, is a member of the GE research team.
The challenge for the three comes from working with materials defined at the atomic level and measured in nanometers — best described as 1/50,000th of the size of a human hair. The real challenge is in performing accurate measurements on a micro or bulk scale and on the nano scale.
To test the commercial applications, Lehman will develop an apparatus to conduct measurements of heat flow through a 10-100 micron-thick material layer. Math models, based on the nano-scale heat transport, will be used to correlate the measured response with the materials structure.
The work will benefit from the recent acquisition of an atomic force and scanning tunneling microscope as the result of a National Science Foundation grant to Jones and C.J. Zong in the chemistry department. The devices allow imaging of individual molecules on surfaces such as circuit boards.
The problem to be solved by this project might be illustrated best by comparing the surface of a circuit board to a plaster wall. Even where a wall may appear smooth to the human eye there are ripples and gaps in the surface. On the circuit board these sub-microscopic gaps trap heat generated by layers of diodes and transistors, limiting their effectiveness. Developing a more efficient material to fill in the gaps represents a high-stakes market, estimated at $205 million worldwide in 2000.
Sammakia said creating the ideal material might involve manipulating the shape of the individual atoms to improve their ability to fill the smallest gaps and to improve conductivity. The two possibilities the research team will study are spherical shapes and cylindrical shapes. The modeling will help determine which shape is more efficient and model structures synthesized in the lab will help verify these observations.