Oracle8i Utilities
Release 8.1.5
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SQL*Loader: Conventional and Direct Path Loads
This chapter describes SQL*Loader's conventional and direct path load methods. The following topics are covered:
For an example of loading with using the direct path load method, see Case 6: Loading Using the Direct Path Load Method. The other cases use the conventional path load method.
Data Loading Methods
SQL*Loader provides two methods for loading data:
A conventional path load executes SQL INSERT statement(s) to populate table(s) in an Oracle database. A direct path load eliminates much of the Oracle database overhead by formatting Oracle data blocks and writing the data blocks directly to the database files. A direct load, therefore, does not compete with other users for database resources so it can usually load data at near disk speed. Certain considerations, inherent to this method of access to database files, such as restrictions, security and backup implications, are discussed in this chapter.
Conventional Path Load
Conventional path load (the default) uses the SQL INSERT statement and a bind array buffer to load data into database tables. This method is used by all Oracle tools and applications.
When SQL*Loader performs a conventional path load, it competes equally with all other processes for buffer resources. This can slow the load significantly. Extra overhead is added as SQL commands are generated, passed to Oracle, and executed.
Oracle looks for partially filled blocks and attempts to fill them on each insert. Although appropriate during normal use, this can slow bulk loads dramatically.
Conventional Path Load of a Single Partition
By definition, a conventional path load uses SQL INSERT statements. During a conventional path load of a single partition, SQL*Loader uses the partition-extended syntax of the INSERT statement which has the following form:
The SQL layer of the ORACLE kernel determines if the row being inserted maps to the specified partition. If the row does not map to the partition, the row is rejected, and the loader log file records an appropriate error message.
When to Use a Conventional Path Load
If load speed is most important to you, you should use direct path load because it is faster than conventional path. However, there are certain restrictions on direct path loads that may require you to use a conventional path load. You should use the conventional path in the following situations:
Direct Path Load
Instead of filling a bind array buffer and passing it to Oracle with a SQL INSERT command, a direct path load parses the input data according to the description given in the loader control file, converts the data for each input field to its corresponding Oracle column datatype, and builds a column array structure (an array of pairs).
SQL*Loader then uses the column array structure to format Oracle data blocks and build index keys. The newly formatted database blocks are then written directly to the database (multiple blocks per I/O request using asynchronous writes if the host platform supports asynchronous I/O).
Internally, multiple buffers are used for the formatted blocks. While one buffer is being filled, one or more buffers are being written if asynchronous I/O is available on the host platform. Overlapping computation with I/O increases load performance.
Figure 8-1 shows how conventional and direct path loads perform database writes.
Figure 8-1 Database Writes on Direct Path and Conventional Path
Direct Path Load of a Partitioned or Subpartitioned Table
When loading a partitioned or subpartitioned table, SQL*Loader partitions the rows and maintains indexes (which can also be partitioned). Note that a direct path load of a partitioned or subpartitioned table can be quite resource intensive for tables with many partitions or subpartitions.
Direct Path Load of a Single Partition or Subpartition
When loading a single partition of a partitioned or subpartitioned table, SQL*Loader partitions the rows and rejects any rows which do not map to the partition or subpartition specified in the SQL*Loader control file. Local index partitions which correspond to the data partition or subpartition being loaded are maintained by SQL*Loader. Global indexes are not maintained on single partition or subpartition direct path loads. During a direct path load of a single partition, SQL*Loader uses the partition-extended syntax of the LOAD statement which has the following form:
LOAD INTO TABLE T partition (P) VALUES...
LOAD INTO TABLE T subpartition (P) VALUES...
While loading a partition of a partitioned or subpartition table, DML operations on, and direct path loads of, other partitions in the table are allowed.
Although a direct path load minimizes database processing, several calls to the Oracle server are required at the beginning and end of the load to initialize and finish the load, respectively. Also, certain DML locks are required during load initialization, and are released when the load completes. Note also that during the load the following operations occur: index keys are built and put into a sort, space management routines are used to get new extents when needed and to adjust the high-water mark for a data save point. The high-water mark is described in Data Saves.
Advantages of a Direct Path Load
See Instance Recovery and Direct Path Loads.
When to Use a Direct Path Load
If none of the above restrictions apply, you should use a direct path load when:
Restrictions on Using Direct Path Loads
In addition to the general load conditions described in Conventional Path Load versus Direct Path Load, the following conditions must be satisfied to use the direct path load method:
Note also that the following features are not available with direct path load.
Restrictions on a Direct Path Load of a Single Partition
In addition to the above listed restrictions, loading a single partition has the following restrictions:
Integrity Constraints
All integrity constraints are enforced during direct path loads, although not necessarily at the same time. NOT NULL constraints are enforced during the load. Records that fail these constraints are rejected.
UNIQUE constraints are enforced both during and after the load. A record which violates a UNIQUE constraint is not rejected (the record is not available in memory when the constraint violation is detected.)
Integrity constraints that depend on other rows or tables, such as referential constraints, are disabled before the direct path load and must be re-enabled afterwards. If REENABLE is specified, SQL*Loader can re-enable them automatically at the end of the load. When the constraints are re-enabled, the entire table is checked. Any rows that fail this check are reported in the specified error log. See the section in this chapter calledDirect Loads, Integrity Constraints, and Triggers.
Field Defaults on the Direct Path
DEFAULT column specifications defined in the database are not available when loading on the direct path. Fields for which default values are desired must be specified with the DEFAULTIF clause, described on DEFAULTIF Clause. If a DEFAULTIF clause is not specified, and the field is NULL, then a NULL value is inserted into the database.
Loading into Synonyms
You can load data into a synonym for a table during a the direct path load, but the synonym must point directly to a table. It cannot be a synonym for a view or a synonym for another synonym.
Exact Version Requirement
You can perform a SQL*Loader direct load only be for databases of the same version. For example, you cannot do a SQL*Loader Version 7.1.2 direct path load to load into a Oracle Version 7.1.3 database.
Using Direct Path Load
This section explains you how to use SQL*Loader's direct path load.
Setting Up for Direct Path Loads
To prepare the database for direct path loads, you must run the setup script, CATLDR.SQL to create the necessary views. You need only run this script once for each database you plan to do direct loads to. This script can be run during database installation if you know then that you will be doing direct loads.
Specifying a Direct Path Load
To start SQL*Loader in direct load mode, the parameter DIRECT must be set to TRUE on the command line or in the parameter file, if used, in the format:
See Case 6: Loading Using the Direct Path Load Method for an example.
Building Indexes
During a direct path load, performance is improved by using temporary storage. After each block is formatted, the new index keys are put to a sort (temporary) segment. The old index and the new keys are merged at load finish time to create the new index. The old index, sort (temporary) segment, and new index segment all require storage until the merge is complete. Then the old index and temporary segment are removed.
Note that, during a conventional path load, every time a row is inserted the index is updated. This method does not require temporary storage space, but it does add processing time.
Performance on systems with limited memory can also be improved by using the SINGLEROW option. For more information see SINGLEROW Option.
Note: If, during a direct load, you have specified that the data is to be pre-sorted and the existing index is empty, a temporary segment is not required, and no merge occurs--the keys are put directly into the index. See Maximizing Performance of Direct Path Loads for more information.
When multiple indexes are built, the temporary segments corresponding to each index exist simultaneously, in addition to the old indexes. The new keys are then merged with the old indexes, one index at a time. As each new index is created, the old index and the corresponding temporary segment are removed.
Index Storage Requirements
The formula for calculating the amount of space needed for storing the index itself can be found in the chapter(s) that describe managing database files" in the Oracle8i Administrator's Guide. Remember that two indexes exist until the load is complete: the old index and the new index.
Temporary Segment Storage Requirements
The amount of temporary segment space needed for storing the new index keys


text:
Explore jet set Arachova this winter, and you will feel as if you have landed in the heart of a winter Mykonos. Arachova is a picturesque mountainous village that located on the foot of Mt. Parnassos in southern Greece. It is close enough to Athens to make it the perfect weekend getaway destination. Why not? It is famously known as the most cosmopolitan winter destination in Greece.
What to Do
Delphi is one of the most significant ancient Greek archaeological sites. Surrounded by the lush slopes of Mount Parnassos, this ancient Greek religious sanctuary was dedicated to the god Apollo. According to mythology, Apollo had placed a python or dragon to protect Delphi which was known to the ancients as the center or "navel of the Earth." During 6th century B.C., Delphi was an important religious center and symbol of unity of the ancient Greek world. Read More

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


- path - A string, starting with a "/", defining the URI that is expected to be called.
 - request_headers - Headers that are expected along with the request. This argument uses a hash format, such as { "Content-Type" => "application/xml" }. This mock will only trigger if your tests sends a request with identical headers.
 def setup
 _USER_ = { :id => 1, :name => "Matz" }.to_xml(:root => "person")
 ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
 mock.post "/people.xml", {}, _USER_, 201, "Location" => "/people/1.xml"
 def test_get_matz
 person = Person.find(1)
 assert_equal "Matz", person.name
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text:
Washington, D.C. – American Principles Project senior fellow Jane Robbins is co-author of a white paper released today by the Boston-based Pioneer Institute, entitled No Longer a City on a Hill: Massachusetts Degrades Its K-12 History Standards. The paper argues that the 2018 rewrite of the Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework should be rejected in its entirety and the state's 2003 history framework, considered one of the best in the nation, restored.
Robbins released the following statement, stressing the significance of the changes addressed in the paper:
"It's truly a travesty to see the loss of curriculum standards that helped catapult Massachusetts to national leader in education. First the state replaced its excellent English language arts and math standards with Common Core, and now it discards its stellar history standards in favor of progressive propaganda. This white paper aims to address the heart of these issues and suggest a way the state can reclaim its much lauded educational heritage."
Robbins and co-authors Dr. David Randall, director of research at the National Association of Scholars, and Will Fitzhugh, founder of The Concord Review, warn in the paper that the framework rewrite "eviscerates" and "degrades" Massachusetts' excellent history standards in multiple ways. Coherent sequences of history are replaced with incoherent fragments; standards are written in bloated, "unreadable education-school jargon"; a full account of our nation's European past is replaced with "the history of politically correct protest movements"; students are given insufficient time to learn European and American history; and the already developed history MCAS assessment is eliminated and replaced with hollow "expectations" of students.
The Massachusetts rewrite also follows the "action civics" template pushed by progressive educators, minimizing attention to content in favor of "an exercise in progressive educational propaganda and vocational training for how to be a political activist."
Among other recommendations, the report argues that the Massachusetts Board of Elementary and Secondary Education should restore the state's 2003 history framework and the MCAS history assessment. It also urges a return to higher expectations of history students, including reading entire history books and writing serious history papers.
To schedule an interview with Jane Robbins, contact Paul Dupont at _PHONE_ or pdupont@


text:
Explanation of the Sample ELISA Graph on Page 111
- What is the variable in our ELISA?
In our assays, the variable is the concentration of "competitor" rabbit
IgG. Everything else is held constant (or omitted in some controls).
- A standard curve graph (see sketch at right)
has known concentrations of IgG, micrograms/ml, on the X axis (abcissa). Since
the concentration of IgG competitor is increasing, the slope of the curve is negative.
In the standard curve Eric did, 35% inhibition
occurred at 0.65 micrograms rabbit IgG/ml, hence that value on page 111.
- Eric chose 35% inhibition as his "reference level" for the
graph on page 111
because it is about half way between the maximum A450 1.38 ("no
competition" control), and the minimum A450 control 0.56 ("maximum
competitor"). So it is at the point of maximum slope; that is,
maximum sensitivity of the assay to change in
concentration of competitor. The best reference level for any given
plate is half way between the minimum and maximum A450 values
obtained; that is, half-maximal inhibition.
Half way between 1.38 and 0.56
Eric used 35% inhibition, that
is 1.38 - (0.35)(1.38) = 0.90, which is close to
half-way between the maximum and minimum values.
When you graph your ELISA data, you should calculate the A450 that
is half way between your maximum and minimum A450 control values.
This will be the best "reference level" for comparing
your standard curve and unknowns.
- How do we get the unknown concentration from the standard curve?
In Eric's plate, the standard IgG, at known concentrations, gave 35% inhibition
at 0.65 micrograms/ml. So when the unknown is at a dilution that
gives 35% inhibition,
it must also be at 0.65 micrograms/ml. If you think about it, this
should be clear, but if you need help, see page 110 for how to use this
to calculate the concentration of IgG in your unknown from your ELISA results.
- Page 111 does not show the standard curve (which was done in
the same plate). It shows the unknown (normal rabbit serum), with
dilution-fold increasing on the X axis. As dilution-fold
increases, concentration of IgG competitor decreases, so the
slope is positive.
- The 3 data points at the top of page 111
labeled "No competition" are just replicate sets of wells
on the X axis don't mean anything). The horizontal line is the average
value of the 3 averages.
- In order to interpolate from a semi-log plot, you
need to understand what the tick marks mean. For example, in between
dilution-folds of 1000 (1K) and 10,000 (10K), the tick marks mean 2K, 3K, 4K,
5K, 6K, 7K, 8K, and 9K fold-dilutions. Drawing the line between observed
data averages, find where it crosses 35% inhibition, and draw a vertical
line connecting that crossing point to the X axis. There you can read from the
tick marks the approximate fold-dilution that gave half-maximal inhibition.
- Interpolating the curve on page 111 shows that 35% inhibition occurred
at a dilution of 1/7,000. Already, because of the tiny divisions on the
graph, we can't get more significant digits, that is, we can't tell 1/6,500 reliably
by interpolation from 1/7,500. However this source of uncertainty is
smaller than the uncertainty inherent in the ELISA as we are doing it.
- Thus the unknown sample tested on page 111 (normal rabbit serum) had (7,000 times
0.65 micrograms/ml) equals 4.5 milligrams/ml. (Is this a reasonable value?
Textbooks often quote "typical" values of 10-12 mg/ml, so it is within 3-fold
of the textbook value.)
- Error bars on all points are SEM's calculated with the SEM program
available on the lab computers.
(SEM is freeware downloadable from the class home page -- look for
"SEM Free Software Download").
- As you know, +/- twice the SEM is the 95% confidence interval. By
interpolating from +/- twice the SEM bars, you can interpolate
the minimum and maximum dilutions within the 95% confidence
interval that give 35% inhibition. For the graph on page 111,
these were 1/4,000 and 1/10,000.
Using these, you can calculate the 95% confidence interval for
your result. In Eric's result on page 111, normal rabbit serum
contains 4.5 mg IgG/ml with a 95% confidence interval from 2-9
mg/ml. Remember the textbook value of 10-12 mg/ml? So 9 mg/ml
is close enough to that to be perfectly reasonable.


text:
Present danger can occur at anytime throughout the life of a case and must be assessed on a continual basis. A determination must be made if immediate protective actions are necessary to protect a child and the level of intervention required to keep the child safe.
- Assess if present danger exists during any contact with a child to determine if an immediate, significant and clearly observable behavior or situation is actively occurring and is threatening or dangerous to a child.
- When present danger exists, identify and take immediate protective action(s) necessary to create child safety.
- When assessing Present Danger in a Family Assessment Response case. Document present danger and protective actions through the Present Danger Assessment at least once during service delivery.
- In all other programs, document all protective actions taken to manage or control present danger in a FamLink case note using the protective action activity code or through completion of the Present Danger Assessment.
- When children in DCYF care and custody are determined to be in present danger in licensed or unlicensed care, children are removed from that placement. Notify intake per the Intake Process and Response policy.
When Children are In Danger - article
Comparing and Understanding the Differences: Risk of Maltreatment, Present Danger, Impending Danger - article


text:
A product launch takes a strong focus and a great TEAM to make it a reality. Product launch involves various steps which involves understanding customer needs, product design, testing of the product, marketing & advertising to ensure the product reaches its vast audience. A successful product launch provides a sales momentum for the company that can lead to new innovative products. The PACE team is diversified with market leaders that include expertise in Lean 6 Sigma, Sales, Marketing, Purchasing, Quality Systems, Operations Excellence and Manufacturing sites to provide you with design prototypes that can bring your idea's to life.
The principles for a successful product launch include the following:
-Relating Product Capabilities to Market Needs
-Having a clear positioning and messaging tagline
-Setting clear goals for launch
-Having the power of leverage
-Having a realistic launch timeframe
The steps for a successful launch are as follows:
-Design attractive packaging
-Determine the target segment
-Having a unique slogan or timeline
-Know the potential competitors
-Consulting a public relations firm
-Creating a product sheet having the list of product features. This sheet would explain the product to the customers and make it capable for purchase.
-Launching a website of the company
-Placing ads in several media outlets in order to maximize the reach.
-Finally, a press release addressing the media about the product features, company goals behind it and what is the addressed need.


text:
Seasons are not only a symbol of temperature and weather, but also the driving force of the fashion industry. Around the world, seasonal changes have led to consumers' desire for new styles, so brands and designers must constantly come up with new ideas to cater to the ever-changing market. The concept of seasonality affects the entire supply chain, from design, production to sales, and needs to make corresponding adjustments according to seasonal changes.
Seasons are seen in the clothing industry as a source of inspiration and a driver of market demand. Each season gives clothing a specific functional and aesthetic character, prompting designers to create unique styles that are in keeping with the season. From light spring and summer clothes to heavy autumn and winter pieces, seasonal design makes the clothing industry full of change and vitality.
Spring clothing trends
Spring is the time of year when temperatures gradually warm up and the earth comes back to life. The cold winter is gradually passing, and the breath of spring is full of new life and vitality. The warm sun shines on the earth, the breeze blows gently, and the flowers bloom. The climate of spring is usually warm and variable, from fresh and cool in the morning to warm during the day to slightly cool at night.
In such a climate, spring clothing needs to take into account the characteristics of large temperature differences. Light and breathable fabrics become the mainstay to adapt to the warm sunshine during the day and the slightly cool temperature changes at night. Soft colors, such as light blue, fresh green, pink, etc., can be integrated with the natural scenery of spring, bringing fresh and comfortable feeling to the wearer.
The major trends in spring fashion design reflect the fashion industry's sensitivity to seasonal demands. In design, light texture and loose cut become the main elements of spring clothing. Pay attention to design details, such as folds, lace, hollow, etc., to add layers and design sense of clothing. In addition, a variety of styles, including skirts, shorts, short jackets, etc., meet the consumer's diverse dress needs in the spring.
Collections launched by well-known brands in spring often set the trend and inject new vitality into the fashion industry. For example, a brand's spring collection may highlight lightweight fabrics such as cotton, silk, linen, etc., to create clothing that is extremely comfortable. In terms of design, large-area flower patterns or unique embroidery techniques may be added to show the unique style of the brand.
Summer clothing demand
Summer is the time of year when temperatures rise, usually accompanied by high temperatures, humidity and sunny weather. This season presents a unique demand for clothing, and people are looking for comfortable, cool and breathable wearing experiences. In the hot summer, people are more willing to choose light and cool clothing to maintain comfort. In addition, UV radiation also increases, so sun protection becomes an important consideration in summer clothing design.
Summer clothing design has unique characteristics in lightness, breathability and fashion. The choice of fabric becomes crucial, and natural fibers such as cotton, linen, and silk become preferred because of their good breathability and hygroscopic properties. The pursuit of simple and lightweight design, focusing on cutting and pattern, to ensure that the wearer can be comfortable in high temperatures. In terms of color, fresh and bright colors are more easily welcomed and can reflect the relaxed and pleasant atmosphere of summer.
Summer is not only the season of high temperatures, but also the season of vacations and all kinds of fashion activities. Fashion brands usually launch new models in the summer to meet the eager demand for fashion. The holiday season drives demand for holiday-style clothing, such as beach dresses, swimsuits and lightweight vacation suits. Fashion events such as Summer fashion Week also influence the design trend of summer clothing and lead the development of fashion trends.
In summer clothing design, designers need to cleverly balance fashion and functionality to meet the diverse needs of people in the high temperature season. Breathability, coolness and fashion become the key design elements of summer clothing.
Fall Fashion trends
Autumn is the transition period from summer to winter, the temperature gradually becomes cooler, and the temperature difference between day and night gradually increases. This change requires clothing to provide adequate warmth even when the temperature difference between morning and night is large. Autumn is usually accompanied by changeable weather, from sunny to cloudy to showers, so clothing design needs to take these meteorological changes into account.
Autumn clothing tones are often deep, warm colors, such as dark brown, dark red, olive green, reflecting the scenery of leaf change in nature. Designers love to use these colors to create a warm fall look.
In the fall, common fabric choices include wool, cloth, velvet, etc., which provide enough warmth and comfort. Wool coats, cloth coats become the classic choice for autumn, they not only have good thermal performance, but also show a noble and elegant atmosphere.
Due to the changeable autumn weather, the layered overlay became the focus of the design. Sweaters with vests, scarves, long coats, etc., can not only keep warm, but also create a stylish look.
Winter Clothing Challenge
The climate in winter is often cold and changeable. The temperature drops sharply and the weather can become dry, even with snow, rain, or cold winds. These harsh weather conditions pose a serious challenge to clothing, as clothing not only needs to provide adequate warmth, but also needs to be waterproof, windproof and other functions. In such an extreme climate, designers need to think about how to keep clothes fashionable and comfortable while maintaining warmth.
The design needs of winter clothing are not limited to warmth, but also need to consider a variety of elements. First of all, the choice of fabric becomes particularly critical, and it is necessary to choose materials with good heat retention and strong air permeability to ensure that the wearer can stay comfortable in a cold environment. Secondly, the design needs to take into account a variety of wearing scenes, including outdoor activities, office, social, etc., so the fashion design must have diversity and practicality. At the same time, the choice of color and pattern should also fit in with the winter atmosphere, bringing people a sense of warmth while losing a sense of fashion.
In winter clothing design, the balance between warmth and fashion is a key task. The warmth is not only reflected in the selection of fabrics, but also in the cut of the design, the thickness, and the use of accessories. At the same time, the pursuit of fashion also needs to take into account practicality, ensuring that fashion elements do not hinder the thermal effect. How to integrate creative design into functionality is an important consideration in winter clothing design, such as detachable fur collar, multi-layer design, and detail-oriented decoration, etc., are effective means to achieve this balance.
Seasonality has a profound impact on the clothing industry, not only changes in temperature and climate, but also an important driving force for the continuous evolution of the fashion industry. Each season presents a unique atmosphere, providing a rich space for inspiration and creativity in fashion design. Spring focuses on fresh, summer emphasizes cool, autumn pursues warmth, winter ushered in the demand for warmth, this diversity not only meets the actual needs of consumers, but also promotes the continuous innovation of the fashion industry. From short sleeves to down jackets, from beach dresses to sweater coats, the clothing industry shows off endless design possibilities in seasonal changes.
Seasonality also has a significant impact on apparel retail. Retailers need to prepare seasonal inventory in advance to accommodate demand peaks in different seasons. The promotion of seasonal goods has also become an effective means to attract consumers. Overall, flexible response to seasonal demand has become one of the key factors for the success of clothing brands.


I am trying to understand what exactly the flying ice cube effect is, and how it manifests itself in MD simulation.
From what I have read about it, I see that as we run certain forms of velocity-rescaling without scrutiny, they system "freezes" into certain fixed states with a net momentum (like an ice-cube flying in space), instead of jostling around with zero net momentum. The article says:
the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system.
What exactly is a high-frequency energy mode for point particles in space? Why does energy get drained out of them, and go into translation and rotation?
I am thinking of point particles moving in space with some kinetic energy, and with some interaction potential energy $U$. So the Hamiltonian is pretty much: \begin{align}\tag{1} \mathcal{H} &= \mathcal{K}(\mathbf{p})+\mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r}), \\\tag{2} \mathcal{H} &= \frac{1}{2}\sum _i \frac{\mathbf{p}_i^2}{m_i} + \mathcal{U}(\mathbf{r}). \end{align}
If I consistently rescale velocity to reach a certain temperature, why does it lead to a fixed state and the energy of high-frequency modes being drained into low-frequency modes like translation and rotation?
High frequency in this case is 'particles move all independently, with different directions and speed', and low frequency means 'particles can be represented as gradually changing field of speed and direction of particles in the region'. Something like 'frequency in space', how often to change speed and direction as you observe more and more particles.
If your particles are not centered, so that movement of center of mass is not zero, then large movement may take up most of the mantissa of your variables.
For example, big movement is 1000 units, and thermal movement is 1.001 units. Non-centered particle speed is 1001.001. This requires a lot of digits to store, and last digit may be lost in rounding.
The flying ice cube effect is when the kinetic energy leaks into the translations and rotations.
In a constant energy simulation (NVE) this must come at the expense of vibrations, which has the effect of "freezing" the bonds, angles and torsions. Obviously, this is a purely classical effect because even at 0 K a bond will vibrate at the zero-point energy (ZPE).
Here is a breakdown of the types of vibrations:
 - Bond stretches: Highest in energy
 - Bends: Somewhat lower in energy
 - Torsional motions: Lower still
 - "Breathing" modes (very large molecules): Lowest energy
To prevent energy from being leaked into translations and rotations one must be careful in how they prepare initial conditions and remove translation and rotations every so often.
For example, Amber will remove COM translations (and rotations if a non-periodic simulation) every nscm steps. The default is 1000. The manual also says something interesting about Langevin Dynamics which are NVT simulations
For Langevin dynamics, the position of the center-of-mass of the molecule is reset to zero every NSCM steps, but the velocities are not affected Hence there is no change to either the translation or rotational components of the momenta. (Doing anything else would destroy the way in which temperature is regulated in a Langevin dynamics system.)
You can also ensure you don't have translations and rotations by operating in internal coordinates. But that is very non-standard practice. Boltzamann sampled initial conditions from normal modes can be a good way to generate initial conditions as well, but that is restricted to things you can actually calculate normal modes for, which is typically less than a few hundred atoms and probably not worth your time.
Your Answer


Publisher description for Sentimental bodies : sex, gender, and citizenship in the early republic / Bruce Burgett.
Counter Sentimentalism, sex, the construction of the modern body, and the origins of American liberalism all come under scrutiny in this rich discussion of political life in the early republic. Here Bruce Burgett enters into debates over the "public sphere," a concept introduced by Jurgen Habermas that has led theorists to grapple with such polarities as public and private, polity and personality, citizenship and subjection. With the literary public sphere as his primary focus, Burgett sets out to challenge the Enlightenment opposition of reason and sentiment as the fundamental grid for understanding American political culture.
Drawing on texts ranging from George Washington's "Farewell Address" and Charles Brockden Brown's Clara Howard to Hannah Foster's The Coquette and Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Burgett shows that the sentimental literary culture of the period relied on readers' affective, passionate, and embodied responses to fictive characters and situations in order to produce political effects. As such, sentimentalism located readers' bodies both as prepolitical sources of personal authenticity and as public sites of political contestation. Going beyond an account of the public sphere as a realm to which only some have full access, Burgett reveals that the formation of the body and sexual subjectivity is crucial to the very construction of that sphere. By exploring and destabilizing the longstanding distinction between public and private life, this book raises questions central to any democratic political culture.
Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: American literature _PHONE_ History and criticism, Politics and literature United States History 19th century, Politics and literature United States History 18th century, United States Intellectual life _PHONE_, Gender identity in literature, Sentimentalism in literature, Body, Human, in literature, Citizenship in literature, Sex role in literature


Your Environmental Data On Arduino Iot Cloud
About the project
Group all the information collected by a MKR WiFi 1010 + MKR ENV Shield in a single, web-based dashboard.
Project info
Items used in this project
Hardware components
Arduino Mkr1000 Arduino Mkr1000 x 1
Mkr Env Shield Mkr Env Shield x 1
Software apps and online services
Arduino IoT cloud Arduino IoT cloud
The story
By making this project you will learn how to read the data from the various sensors available on the ENV Shield, and you also learn how to visualize data on the widgets available in the Arduino Cloud.
What you need
The project requires an Arduino MKR WiFi 1010, the MKR ENV Shield, a battery pack (or other mean of powering the boards) and an account on Arduino IoT Cloud:
 - The core of the project is the Arduino MKR WiFi 1010. This board handles computation and communication thanks to its SAMD21 microcontroller and the on-board NINA-W10 module, capable of WiFi and BLE;
 - The battery pack is connected to the MKR WiFi 1010 and is used to power the device when an alternative power supply is not available;
 - The MKR ENV Shield is an Arduino MKR shield which featuring environmental sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, light and UV.
 - Access credentials are needed to connect to the WiFi network.
The hardware configuration is relatively simple: it only requires the MKR WiFi 1010, a MKR ENV Shield and a battery pack.
MKR WiFi 1010 with MKR ENV Shield and a battery
MKR WiFi 1010 with MKR Shield and a battery
Align the MKR WiFi 1010 and ENV shield making sure that the labeled pin connectors are matching
Carefully plug the MKR ENV Shield in the MKR WiFi 1010 connector
The battery pack should be plugged into the designated connector on the MKR WiFi 1010:
Code structure
There's two main parts to the code required by this project: the skeleton template generated by Arduino IoT Cloud APIs to display data received from the MKR WiFi board and the Arduino MKRENV library which allows us to read values measured by all its sensors:
 - Our Arduino IoT Cloud Thing will be configured to hold six properties which will represent all the measurements acquired by the MKR WiFi 1010 and sent over a secure connection.
 - The Arduino sketch is first auto generated by IoT Cloud and handles connection to the Internet as well as data transfer between our Thing and the board, we'll then add the Arduino MKRENV library to manage the ENV Shield sensors.
The first code section is used to include the libraries required by our application. The thingProperties.h includes all the WiFi connection functionalities and cloud connection management; the only information required from the user are the credentials necessary to establish a connection with a WiFi network (SSID and PASSWORD).
Arduino IoT Cloud authenticates the connected device using a key stored inside the board's crypto-chip during the Getting Started process, guaranteeing data transmission over a secure channel.
The Arduino_MKRENV library includes all that is needed to read values measured by each sensor on the MKR ENV shield.
 1. _TAG_ "thingProperties.h"
 2. _TAG_
As usual, the setup section allows us to initialize all the objects used by the sketch, including Arduino IoT Cloud and its properties. ArduinoCloud.begin() makes sure that our board is prepared to connect and exchange data with the Dashboard:
 1. void setup() {
 2. // Initialize Serial and wait for port to open:
 3. Serial.begin(9600);
 4. // This delay gives the chance to wait for a Serial Monitor without blocking if none is found
 5. delay(1500);
 6. // Defined in thingProperties.h
 7. initProperties();
 8. // Connect to Arduino IoT Cloud
 9. ArduinoCloud.begin(ArduinoIoTPreferredConnection);
 10. /*
 11. The following function allows you to obtain more information
 12. related to the state of network and IoT Cloud connection and errors
 13. the higher number the more granular information you'll get.
 14. The default is 0 (only errors).
 15. Maximum is 4
 16. */
 17. setDebugMessageLevel(2);
 18. ArduinoCloud.printDebugInfo();
 19. if (!ENV.begin()) {
 20. Serial.println("Failed to initialize MKR ENV shield!");
 21. while(1);
 22. }
 23. }
The last bit of code is the loop where we query each sensor on the MKR ENV Shield. After each reading the sketch updates the properties variables and thanks to ArduinoCloud.begin() data is synced with the cloud:
 1. void loop() {
 2. ArduinoCloud.update();
 3. // Your code here
 4. humidity = int(ENV.readHumidity());
 5. lux = int(ENV.readIlluminance());
 6. pressure = int(ENV.readPressure());
 7. temperature = int(ENV.readTemperature());
 8. uva = int(ENV.readUVA());
 9. uvb = int(ENV.readUVB());
 10. uvi = int(ENV.readUVIndex());
 11. delay(1000);
 12. }
How to set up and use
Connect all the parts together, then connect your MKR WiFi 1010 to the computer and log onto your Arduino Cloud account.
You need to follow the procedure explained in the Arduino Cloud Getting Started and create the properties as specified in the following table, remembering that each name is case sensitive:
These are the values to use in each widget using the form that pops up every time you add a new widget
Each time you add a new widget you are required to fill a form like the one below.
Follow the table above to fill in all propertiess details
If you filled each property correctly, you should end up with something like this:
This is the list of widgets used by this project
When all the properties are created, click on the button edit code. You will be redirected to the Arduino Create Web Editor where you'll replace the main sketch in the first tab with the following code:
 1. /*
 2. Sketch generated by the Arduino IoT Cloud Thing "env_shield"
 4. Arduino IoT Cloud Properties description
 5. The following variables are automatically generated and updated when changes are made to the Thing properties
 6. int humidity;
 7. int lux;
 8. int pressure;
 9. int temperature;
 10. int uva;
 11. int uvb;
 12. int uvi;
 13. Properties which are marked as READ/WRITE in the Cloud Thing will also have functions
 14. which are called when their values are changed from the Dashboard.
 15. These functions are generated with the Thing and added at the end of this sketch.
 16. */
 17. _TAG_ "thingProperties.h"
 18. _TAG_
 19. void setup() {
 20. // Initialize serial and wait for port to open:
 21. Serial.begin(9600);
 23. delay(1500);
 24. // Defined in thingProperties.h
 25. initProperties();
 26. // Connect to Arduino IoT Cloud
 27. ArduinoCloud.begin(ArduinoIoTPreferredConnection);
 28. /*
 29. The following function allows you to obtain more information
 30. related to the state of network and IoT Cloud connection and errors
 31. the higher number the more granular information you'll get.
 32. The default is 0 (only errors).
 33. Maximum is 4
 34. */
 35. setDebugMessageLevel(4);
 36. ArduinoCloud.printDebugInfo();
 37. if (!ENV.begin()) {
 38. Serial.println("Failed to initialize MKR ENV shield!");
 39. while(1);
 40. }
 41. }
 42. void loop() {
 43. ArduinoCloud.update();
 44. // Your code here
 45. humidity = int(ENV.readHumidity());
 46. lux = int(ENV.readIlluminance());
 47. pressure = int(ENV.readPressure());
 48. temperature = int(ENV.readTemperature());
 49. uva = int(ENV.readUVA());
 50. uvb = int(ENV.readUVB());
 51. uvi = int(ENV.readUVIndex());
 52. delay(1000);
 53. }
 54. void onHumidityChange() {
 55. // Do something
 56. }
 57. void onLuxChange() {
 58. // Do something
 59. }
 60. void onPressureChange() {
 61. // Do something
 62. }
 63. void onTemperatureChange() {
 64. // Do something
 65


text:
The Genie® Heated Pressure Regulator is a single stage pressure regulator with a self-limiting block heater designed specifically for use in gas analyzer sample conditioning systems. Its stainless steel housing contains a piston style sensing element, increasing reliability and eliminating the chance for diaphragm rupture.
The self-limiting block heater is powered utilizing a direct power connection and prevents condensation from occurring during the pressure reduction stage as a result of Joule-Thomson cooling or low operating/ambient temperature conditions. Preventing condensation of the sample gas during pressure reduction has many benefits such as: reducing regulator freeze-ups, preserving sample integrity, and minimizing analyzer down time and maintenance costs. Since the heater does not require a controller or a specific mounting orientation, the GHR™ can be easily mounted in compact enclosures.
Competitive heated or vaporizing regulators rarely preheat the sample gas. If they do preheat, then the heat transfer is often insufficient. The GHR™ provides two stages of heating (pre & post pressure reduction) to ensure sufficient heat transfer throughout the pressure reduction process. This makes the GHR™ the most effective regulator on the market for preventing condensation during pressure reduction.
- Prevents condensation of the sample gas, preserving sample integrity
- Reduces regulator freeze-ups
- Minimizes analyzer down time and maintenance cost
- Self-limiting heater prevents temperature overload
- Easy to install and mount in compact enclosures
- 316 Stainless Steel housing
- Piston style sensor element
- Two stage heating technology providing highly efficient heat transfer
- CRN approved
- Heater can be supplied to meet American NEC (CSA/NRTL/FM/UL), IEC, ATEX, and GOST standards


text:
The Chinaberry, known scientifically as Melia azedarach, is commonly cited as an invasive plant. Native to the temperate, tropical parts of Asia such as China, India, Japan and Papua New Guinea, the tree is known for its rapid growth rate and poisonous berry-like fruits. Left untended, a single Chinaberry can quickly grow into a thicket that chokes the life from surrounding native vegetation. The trunk of the Chinaberry is thin and soft, so felling the tree and applying an glyphosate-based herbicide to the remaining stump is the most effective means of removal.
Don your gloves and safety goggles to protect yourself from any loose shards of Chinaberry trunk. Ensure that any yard decorations, chairs or other sensitive plants are moved away from the tree.
Power on your electric saw. Grasp it firmly with both hands and bring the blade against the trunk of the Chinaberry. Apply steady pressure to the saw as the blade chews through the trunk of the tree.
Continue pushing the blade of the saw through toward the opposite side of of the trunk. Stop sawing just before the blade passes completely through the trunk, allowing the tree to fall under its own weight. Anticipate the tree's fall and position yourself accordingly. When finished, a stump of 2 to 3 feet in height should remain.
Fit the boring bit into the head of your electric drill. Drill a circle of five holes into the top of the stump, and five holes around the base of the stump.
Pour the glyphosate herbicide into each of the holes. As the strength of herbicides varies, refer to the instructions on your specific container. On most herbicides, a list of stump sizes and recommended dosage amounts will be printed.
Allow the herbicide to wither the stump for one to two weeks. During this time, the Chinaberry stump will become dry, flaky and grey.
Contact your city regarding the removal and disposal of stumps. Depending on the size of the Chinaberry stump, city officials may come to perform a removal for you. If the stump is small, you will be able to dig it out yourself with a shovel or excavate it with a stump grinder tool.
Things You Will Need
- Safety goggles
- Electric saw
- Electric drill
- One-inch boring bit
- Glyphosate herbicide
- Shovel (optional)
- Stump grinder (optional)
- Herbicides can be found at your local home improvement or garden supply store.
- Verify the use of herbicides with a city official before applying it to your Chinaberry stump.
- If you prefer a hand tool over a power saw, use an axe or handsaw to fell the tree, but expect to take a considerably longer time for the job.
- Use extreme caution when felling the Chinaberry tree. Do not use your saw near children, pets or other bystanders.
- Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images


text:
Raymond Aschheim, Carlos Castro Perelman, Klee Irwin (2016)
Inspired by the Hilbert-Polya proposal to prove the Riemann Hypothesis we have studied the Schroedinger QM equation involving a highly non-trivial potential, and whose self-adjoint Hamiltonian operator has for its energy spectrum one which approaches the imaginary parts of the zeta zeroes only in the asymptotic (very large N) region. The ordinates lambdan are the positive imaginary parts of the nontrivial zeta zeros in the critical line : sn = 1/2 + i lambdan. The latter results are consistent with the validity of the Bohr-Sommerfeld semi-classical quantization condition. It is shown how one may modify the parameters which define the potential, and fine tune its values, such that the energy spectrum of the (modified) Hamiltonian matches not only the first two zeroes but the other consecutive zeroes. The highly non-trivial functional form of the potential is found via the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization formula using the full-fledged Riemann-von Mangoldt counting formula ($without$ any truncations) for the number N (E) of zeroes in the critical strip with imaginary part greater than 0 and less than or equal to E.


text:
What is deep frying?
Deep frying involves plunging food into hot oil at a temperature of 160-190°C, in effect boiling in oil to produce a deep-fried quality. The food remains moist on the inside, and thanks to the good heat transfer properties of the hot oil, the cooking process is very fast.
When food is placed in the hot oil, rapid surface heating takes place. This leads to a quick change in the form of the surface proteins, which in turn allows only a limited flow of water from the product being deep fried.
Since the surface is quickly sealed and liquid flow from the inside is limited by these changes, moisture inside the food stays largely in place. Successful deep frying produces food which is crispy on the outside and cooked right through on the inside.
How is quality achieved?
For good quality you need to use:
- A fat/oil specially intended for deep frying
- The right temperature and timing for the particular food
- Good equipment, soundly maintained
If the above conditions are met, the oil for deep frying will be preserved for as long as possible. Poor quality oil for deep frying naturally results in a poor end product.
Ideal temperature for:
French fries - 180°C
Fish - 160-170°C
Croquettes - 170-180°C
Doughnuts, etc. - 160°C
Four factors that affect the ageing of deep frying fats/oils:
Oxygen, light, heat and catalysts.
Oxygen in the air makes deep frying oils turn rancid
Ultraviolet light helps the oxygen in the air to break down the oil. You can mitigate this effect by putting a lid over the fat during a pause in the cooking. You should also cover the oil when the deep fryer is turned off.
The rate of oxidation increases as the temperature rises. If the temperature rises by 10°C, the break down speed is doubled.
For example: A temperature increase from 180°C to 190°C means that the oil will be broken down at twice the rate.
Materials which, although not consumed themselves, break down the oil more quickly.
- Copper and brass
- Salt (never salt food over the hot oil)
- Food remains (filter the oil at least once per day to remove any food remains)
- Poor cleaning
- Old and new oils should not be mixed together (since the old might already be oxidised, the new oil will be broken down very quickly).
Be aware also that water escaping from the frying food has a negative effect on the oil (known as hydrolysis), in which the water breaks down the oil into free fatty acids. These produce a rancid smell and taste. They also lower the smoking and combustion temperature of the oil.
When should I change my deep fat frying oil?
- if it smokes at a low temperature
- if it smells and/or tastes bad
- if it has darkened appreciably
- if it forms a froth
- if it has thickened up
A good rule of thumb is:
A fresh oil for deep fat frying behaves like sparkling mineral water when opened. It bubbles up, then the froth subsides. Old oil behaves more like beer: the froth is fine and takes a long time to disperse.
What fat/oil should I use for deep frying?
There are three types of deep frying fat/oil
- Semi-solid. In this case, PREP Supreme is a good choice.
- Liquid, ideal for "normal" deep frying, such as potatoes. PREP Ultra is recommended.
- Solid, suitable for all kinds of deep frying, especially when many of the foodstuffs to be fried are "fat-destroyers", such as breaded products, doughnuts and other confectionery. Used widely by bakers and confectioners. We recommend our Fritex 35.
Good practice: summary
- Deep fry at the correct temperature
- Don't fry too much at a time: it causes the temperature to sink and the product to become limp or dry.
- If you have fried fish in the oil, you can expect any French fries fried in the same oil to acquire a fishy taste. Ideally you should use different oils for different products.
- Never salt food over the oil
- Clean the fryer every day
- Put on the lid and lower the temperature when using infrequently
- Filter the oil at the end of the day an place in the refrigerator.


the way light is cast in 3D.
In this case, Unity 4 supports adding shadows to objects in the scene, which can make a 3D environment look more colorful, and more realistic.
There will also be a "Shadow Map" setting that enables the use of a light source, but the developer should be careful to use this setting carefully.
Unity uses a shader called the "Saturated Shader" to render the shadows.
When the developer chooses this option, the game renders the shadows as a solid color.
The color of light is then used to blend the shadows together, creating a realistic effect.
To change the color or transparency of the shadows, the shader also needs to be used.
This shader is called the Shadow Map.
This option lets the developer control the intensity of the shadow effect.
Unity's "Lightness" setting can be a bit of a pain, especially if you have a lot of light sources.
To control the lighting in a scene, the "Color Temperature" setting determines how the light behaves.
The higher the value, the more intense the light is.
For example, if you want to make the lighting more intense, you could set the "Temperature" setting to 100.
Unity shows a few different options when you look at the scene graph.
There may be multiple lights in the same scene, or light sources can be in different positions in the image.
The "Rotation Angle" setting adjusts the position of the lights.
This may help to give the illusion of depth and scale to the scene by setting the "Position" setting so that the lights are in the center of the scene and the camera is at a distance of 0.0.
Unity 6.0 brings this option into the game, and also brings in a new "Shadow Depth" setting in the "Rigid Light" and "Saturation" options.
These options make the light sources more rigid.
When you use the "Radial Light" setting (shown in the screenshot below), the light source will be slightly farther away than the shadows are from it.
This helps to give a more realistic effect when lighting is set too high.
When using the "Ambient Light" option, you may see a shadow of the object cast onto the ground and into the sky.
This creates an illusion of a shadow cast from the ground to the ground, which adds depth to the background of the image as well.
Unity offers two other options for adjusting the lighting, which are "Ambiance" and the "Brightness".
Ambiance is a value that adjusts the brightness of the ambient light.
For the Ambiance setting, it is set to 0.5, which makes the light appear
When Visuals Are Not Enough: Visuals Must Be More Than Just Colors and Textures
Visuals are the most important part of a good UX.
They define what's onscreen and are used to highlight the best and most relevant elements.
But even if your user wants to be entertained, they might not want to spend hours looking at a page that is only visually engaging.
Here's why.
Visuals have been shown to be more than just colors and textures.
They also help users interact with your site.
In this article, we'll explore the best tools for visualizing your user's experience and show you some tips for how to make visuals more than simply color and text. Read More.


text:
The website, Testsquad.org, undertook the job of determining the differences between performance testing and stress testing. It described performance testing as testing performed to figure out how quickly one aspect of a system performed under a given workload or source. The purpose of such testing was to ensure that the system runs according to the required response time performance specifications and to determine system time thresholds and bottlenecks. Performance testers were responsible for creating a workload that matched the production environment.
TestSquad.org described stress testing as testing done to figure out the stability of a system. Testing involved going above and beyond normal operational capacity, such as piling on loads that might cause a crash in an effort to exhaust hardware resources. This testing was done to make the system stronger and better able to handle tough workloads or various attacks.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
IM for Teaching Unit IV, Socialization,
in Introduction to Sociology
Prepared by Caroline H. Persell August 2008
The social construction of the self can be illustrated well with the film, Nova: Secret of the Wild Child. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film and an in-class exercise that helps to explore conceptions of the self is "The Twenty Statements Test." There is an Instructors' Manual for using a free textbook chapter available on "Socialization" that explores the contexts of socialization, the content and processes of socialization, the possible results of socialization, and socialization through the life course.
There is a Gender Socialization Lab/Fieldtrip exercise and a Lesson Plan for it. To help students understand the power of social norms in shaping their conduct, they could do the simulation, "Breaking a Social Norm," which has a Lesson Plan. To see how advertisers try to manage and manipulate the formation of social norms, students could view the film, "Merchants of Cool," on-line. There is a Lesson Plan for using the film. Students could take Robert E. Wood's Virtual Tour C, "Social Interaction and Socialization".


text:
This blog was originally posted here: Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Also, check out our Windows Runtime (WinRT) sponsored section.
Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Windows 8 Metro development leverages WinRT; and, in WinRT, there are new namespaces – and namespace constriction in the.Net Framework. What you think you know, you may not.
MSDN: In some cases, a type that you used in a.NET Framework desktop app doesn't exist within the.NET APIs for Metro style apps. Instead, you can use a type from the Windows Runtime. For example, the System. IO. IsolatedStorage. IsolatedStorageSettings class isn't included in the.NET APIs for Metro style apps, but the Windows.Storage.ApplicationDataContainer class provides similar behavior for storing app settings. Examples of common changes you might have to make are included in the section Converting your existing.NET Framework code.
Read Isolated Storage
Every Metro application has three folders. A Local folder, a Roaming folder and a Temp folder. Each is accessed the same way. Local is meant to store assets in a local, application-specific folder.
MSDN: You can access files in the local app data store using the "ms-appdata:///local/" protocol. To access files in the app package, use Windows. ApplicationModel. Package. Current. InstalledLocation.
To request that Windows index your app data for search, create a folder named "indexed" under this folder and store the files that you want indexed there. Windows indexes the file content and metadata (properties) in this "indexed" folder and all its subfolders.
Roaming is meant to store assets that should be synchronized with any other desktop where the current user has the same application installed.
MSDN: The sync engine has restrictions on the file name conventions that you must follow to ensure the items in the roaming folder can roam. Be sure that your file and folder names do not contain leading whitespace. The sync engine may limit the total size of settings and files that can roam. You can access files in the roaming app data store using the "ms-appdata:///roaming/" protocol.
Temp is a throw-away location that will be cleaned, potentially, every time the application is launched.
MSDN: You can access files in the temporary app data store using the "ms-appdata:///temp/" protocol.
Here's how you use them:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating the core functionality of writing and reading to Isolated Storage. You might notice that there is no mention of Isolated Storage in the code or namespaces (like there is in the Windows Phone API). Just know that all of this takes place in Isolated Storage, and for the same reason – to compartmentalize your application and it's ability to break the user's machine.
Read Project Files
Here's a fun one. What if you have a resource (a file) in your project that you want to read? Lots of time this is for sample data or settings or something. It could be an XML file, a JSON file, or something else. Can you do it? Of course.
Add the file to your project. Note: since this is your file, you will need to deal with the type. Somewhere else you can learn how to deserialize JSON and XML.
Change your file's Build Action to Content. And, change Copy to Output Directory to Copy Always. This will ensure the file itself ships with your application. If it doesn't, you wont have a file to read!
Read your project file like this:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating how to read a file that is included in your project's folder structure. The two most important parts is the unique path and Installed Location folder. Pay close attention. The correct path will include your project name (mine is Metro.Helpers.Tests).
Read Local files w/a Picker
Here's a great one. You want to read a file in the Documents Library? Let the user select the file using a picker, and take it from there! Let's do it.
Just Do It
There's nothing special you have to do in order to use a file picker. No changes to the AppXManifest, I mean. The reason is, using a File Picker puts the user in charge. Only the user can pick a file. And so, the picker itself is sort of its own Capabilities declaration and consent.
Get the code here.
In the code above we initialize the FileOpenPicker (just like we have always done in.Net). We invoke the picker using PickSingleFileAsync() where we get a StorageFile (just like all the techniques above) and we go from there. I added a MessageBox (aka MessageDialog) to show some details. Clearly in your application you will do something else.
Read Local files w/o a Picker
What if you want to read a file without using the File Picker. Can you do that? You bet. But, it takes more effort because you need to update your applications AppXManifest to request the Document Library Access capability.
But wait there's more.
See that red X on the Capabilities tab title? That tells you that something is not right. The manifest designer is pretty cool. What's left?
You also need to update your AppXManifest by declaring what file type(s) you want to access. Then, even with access to the folders, you only have access to a limited set of file types. (in case you wondered *.* is not allowed)
Note: Accessing the file system without user interaction is dangerous for the user. These extra steps are not meant to make your life (the developer) easier. It is meant to make the user's experience easier and more safe.
So, in my case I will only want access to TXT files. The Declarations tab can be complex – to learn more about it, look here. I set a new file type (.txt) and let it role from there.
When the user installs your application, they will be promoted to consent to the capabilities your application requests. Its capabilities are constrained by the manifest. And, your app's capabilities are reviewed by Microsoft store curators.
Now, get that file!
You have probably noticed with all the samples in this article that I have to write and read in order to have a reliable test. This one is no different. This will create the HelloWorld.txt file and read it. For added fun, I also will delete the file at the end of the method so your folder is not polluted.
Get the code here.
The only reason the code above works is because we have declared the capability to read TXT files from the Documents Library folder in the AppXManifest file. Reading the file is easy because, once you get it, it's just a simple WinRT StorageFile.
Pretty simple really, eh?
Some Interesting StorageFile Methods
I might take a moment to talk about StorageFolder, too. One of the most common requests I get is to iterate files and folders on user's system. You really can't – if what you mean is to start at c:\. Try to iterate through c:\ and you get this:
You can, however, iterate the files in a Library (Documents, Photos, Music, Videos, and even Home Group) folder – if you have requested this capability in the manifest. It is important to note that the files returned for a folder will be automatically filtered to the file types you declare in your manifest. (Did I already mention *.* cannot be declared?) Let me restate that as a developer you have intentional restrictions like this that ultimately improve the user's experience and safety.
Read those files people. Whatever your reason, they are there for you to get them. Yes, the sandbox of a Metro application prevents access to files and resources outside user's Libraries. But in about 2 seconds you can appreciate this decision. We are approaching a brave new world.
Now, should your application REQUIRE such access (that is otherwise restricted), you might consider the choice between desktop and metro applications – or consider a clever alternative; we all know you are a clever developer, keen at problem solving. You can do it!
Best of luck!
Jerry Nixon is a Microsoft Developer Evangelist in Colorado. He has been developing and designing on the Microsoft platform for 15 years. He speaks at universities, events and groups on Kinect, XAML, Windows Phone, and Windows 8. Most of Jerry's days are spent teaching his three daughters Star Trek character backstories and episode plots.


Toss 'em or Keep 'em? What To Do With Harsh Open-Ended Comments in 360-Degree Feedback?
December 21, 2016 by Sandra Mashihi
"A pleasant illusion is better than a harsh reality."
-Christian Nevell Bovee
Open-ended comments have some clear benefits and disadvantages. Participants generally find comments from open-ended questions useful and a great way of clarifying the sometimes confusing quantitative scores (e.g., when rater agreement is low but average scores are moderate or moderately high).
Open-ended comments do have some potential downsides. For one thing, they take more time to complete and require more effort on the part of raters to make them more behavioral and useful. At the same time, open-ended comments might also reveal raters, diminishing anonymity in the feedback process, where the participant is likely to identify who said what.
One of the biggest disadvantages of open-ended comments is the negative impact it can have on the participant.Open-ended comments can create strong emotional reactions that can interfere with the acceptance of feedback and lead to diminished engagement and productivity. For example, Smither and Walker (2004)1 analyzed the impact of upward feedback ratings, as well as open-ended comments, over a one-year period for 176 managers. They found that those who received a small number of unfavorable, behaviorally-based comments improved more than other managers, but those who received a large number relative to positive comments significantly declined in performance more than other managers.
Coach's Critique:
They say that some things are better left unsaid….. I couldn't agree with this statement more. It is common for raters to take advantage of being provided with open-ended questions by stating their opinion about the participant in an overly critical way, either intentionally or unintentionally. This can lead to hurt feelings, diminishment in confidence, and a decreased motivation to change on the part of the participant.
The challenge is to collect as much honest and useful information as possible, while keeping the participants emotional reactions in tact! So, what do consultants or coaches do when they have reviewed a 360-degree feedback that consists of overly critical open-ended comments? Do they toss 'em? Or, do they keep 'em?
This is obviously a difficult question to answer, as it is essentially a judgement call on the part of the coach. In my experience, if a feedback comment is not behavioral AND specific, it does not need to be included. If there is something negative to be said about someone, then perhaps it does NOT need to be mentioned. A rater might say, "No body respects or listens to Joe's presentations! He is clumsy and boring!". Well, here is what I would do….I would ask one question…does the quantitative portion of the 360 results cover development opportunities for presentation skills. If so, I would take this comment OUT. Not only would keeping such a comment emotionally hurt the participant and decrease chances of behavioral change, but it could motivate him to try to identify the rater that made the comment…this could inevitably lead to tremendous resentment and animosity.
So, generally, when comments are highly critical, it might be a good idea to delete the comment or modify it in a way that participant might feel more comfortable to receive.
What has been your experience with harsh and unnecessary open-ended comments? Would you toss 'em or keep 'em?
 1. Smither & Walker, A.G. (2004). Are the characteristics of narrative comments related to improvement in multi-rater feedback ratings over time? Personnel Psychology, 89, 575-581. []
Posted in 360 Degree Feedback
If You Enjoyed This Post...
 1. Sandra–you have effectively raised the major points for and against leaving raw comments in 360 feedback. They usually help explain otherwise confusing quantitative scores and provide a richer, deeper feedback report. However, harsh or punitive comments can bring out the worst in the person being rated, including a desire for payback.
 On our FULLVIEW Feedback InventoryTM, which has 14 places to make comments, we leave every word the raters write. This means that the person being rated sees the whole continuum of verbiage, from the effusive, honey-sweet to the curt, bitter comments.
 The introductory narrative in our FULLVIEW report reminds readers that, no matter what raters said or how low their ratings were, their feedback is a gift of their time and energy. We suggest that people value that rater time and energy, and state that it's better to know the degree to which raters think they walk on water or suck water, than to not know.
 We have found that those receiving the ratings and comments usually put them into perspective, and then move on to creating a development plan. Sometimes, like a new coaching client of mine, they get stuck for a week or two and need additional help to process the hurt and disappointment they feel.
 I am on the side of showing them the true comments and ratings, and then helping them come to grips with the data.
 2. […] feedback and lead to diminished engagement and productivity. For example, Smither and Walker (2004)1 analyzed the impact of upward feedback ratings, as well as open-ended comments, over a one-year […]
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When we watch movies, we pay attention to specific parts of the scene and focus on different actors and look at certain things on the screen. Most of what we see is influenced by what the directors want us to see, our attentions are easy to grab after all. So what if you showed the same movie to computers? What would they see? How would the movies look to them?
Benjamin Grosser created a computational system to reveal what computers see in movies. He wrote software using vision algorithms and artificial intelligence routines to give "the system some degree of agency, allowing it to decide what it watches and what it does not". The vision of the computer is reflected in temporal sketches, the sketching is synced with the movie's audio. Grosser asks:
The movies the computers 'watched' are 2001: A Space Odyssey, American Beauty, Inception, Taxi Driver, The Matrix, and Annie Hall. Grosser's project, which was found by Laughing Squid, shows the difference between how tightly wound the focus is in certain scenes of 2001 and how messy action sequences of Inception can get.
I'd love to see these computer watching habits superimposed on the movie scenes and how they compare to human watching habits too. Though it is interesting to watch the movie play out with simple lines. You can see the individual scenes here.
What computers see when they watch movies
What computers see when they watch movies
What computers see when they watch movies
The Matrix
What computers see when they watch movies
American Beauty


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To gossip or talk idly.
- n. Gossip; idle talk.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. An obsolete or dialectal form of clover.
- To climb.
- To talk idly or foolishly; talk much and at random.
- n. An idle story.
- n. plural Idle talk; gossip.
- n. A shortened form of claviger.
- n. Scotland gossip, chit-chat
- v. to gossip or chit-chat
- n. UK, Scotland, dialect frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chatter
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. talk socially without exchanging too much information
- Perhaps of Celtic origin. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"A Missouri voter in reply to a comment from claver"
"While claver [clover] blooms white o'er the ley [pasture]"
"Everybody will ken the right wye o 'it, and will claver and gossip, when they wad 'a be better to mind their ain affairs, an' let ither folk alane."
"And he would rather claver with a daft quean they call Diana"
"For everything I did was a fault except just I would be sitting at home with my old mother, and so I just fell in wi 'McGilp, and left the lassies to claver among themsel's for a year or two, for they will have too many cantrips for a simple man."
"Belle's wean might be "a tinker's brat" in whispered corners in byres and hay-sheds, where the wenches could claver out of hearing, but the"
"Thomas took her by the weak side, and usually arrested her "light-horse gallop of clish ma-claver" by some specious story of ghost or hobgoblin adventures, with which he had been detained."
"The craik amang the claver hay, [corn-crake, clover]"
"An 'ye claver sic' nonsense when ye're daft, what would ye say when ye're sane?"
"Hoots wi 'y'r giddy claver," said he, before I had spoken a word; and walking off, he sat down at some distance."
These user-created lists contain the word 'claver'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
Hecko, words! I'm so happy I've found you. I want to keep you all and never want to lose you again. I hope you like it here.
Selections from Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure and Preposterous Words by Josefa Heifetz Byrne (University Books, 1974). Definitions in the comments when not available elsewhere.
this is a list of words that i wish i could remember to use in my everyday vocabulary, of course, in order to sound really cool; like, movie cool.
Looking for tweets for claver.


text:
A pentagram was an ancient symbol of the occult. It was usually represented by a five-pointed star encircled by a continuous ring. This could be displayed one point upwards, or two points upwards, depending on its use.
Spock drew a pentagram, which he referred to a "mystic symbol", as he attempted to toy with the art of magic. While standing inside the pentagram, he successfully moved a Vulcan chess piece with his newfound "powers."


Welcome to the official BlackBerry Support Community Forums.
inside custom component
Java Development
TextBoxField revisited
by Developer on 07-29-2010 12:20 PM - edited on 09-20-2010 05:01 PM by Retired (11,880 Views)
This article was written as a follow-up to an old article in the BlackBerry® developers journal. I decided to retain the old class name so that people getting advice from someone remembering the old one will be able to find this. I have fixed some problems with that code as well.
Problem Definition
These days, wherever you look, there are input forms. Many fields in those forms are multi-line text entry boxes.
(Another common element is a one-line entry field either limited in size such as a phone number or horizontally scrollable to accommodate longer inputs such as a street address or an e-mail subject line. I have addressed the latter in another article - "Sample code - scrollable one-line text input field")
Those multi-line text entry boxes are already quite standard. Most of them:
 1. Have well-defined size
 2. Have some border around them
 3. Word-wrap at the right boundary
 4. Scroll vertically to enable navigating back and forth through a long text
If we look at text entry classes on BlackBerry devices (my personal favorite is EditField, though even TextField is advanced enough) we will see that they already provide word wrap. We just need to add the other three features. Let's think how we achieve that.
 - Well-defined size
We need some way of specifying the width and height of the field. I prefer doing that in the constructor, just like you specify style bit such as USE_ALL_WIDTH or FIELD_HCENTER in the constructor of the built-in classes. Thus, we need a constructor which will accept the desired width and height
 - Border
For those fortunate enough who have to support only newer phones with net.rim.device.api.ui.decor package, this part is extremely easy. At my work, I still have to support BlackBerry® Device Software 4.2.1; thus I will write somewhat lower-level code. Don't worry - it's only a few lines. Graphics.drawRect() to the rescue!
 - Vertical Scroll
That's easy: VerticalFieldManager(VERTICAL_SCROLL) is the universally accepted tool to achieve exactly that.
Let me show you the code and explain the key points:
public class TextBoxField extends Manager {
 int managerWidth;
 int managerHeight;
 private VerticalFieldManager vfm = new VerticalFieldManager(VERTICAL_SCROLL | VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR | USE_ALL_WIDTH | USE_ALL_HEIGHT);
 private EditField editField = new EditField("", "", EditField.DEFAULT_MAXCHARS, FOCUSABLE);
 TextBoxField(int width, int height, long style) {
 managerWidth = width;
 managerHeight = height;
 TextBoxField(int width, int height) {
 this(width, height, 0L);
 public String getText() {
 return editField.getText();
 public int getPreferredWidth() {
 return managerWidth;
 public int getPreferredHeight() {
 return managerHeight;
 protected void sublayout(int w, int h) {
 if (managerWidth == 0) {
 managerWidth = w;
 if (managerHeight == 0) {
 managerHeight = h;
 int actWidth = Math.min(managerWidth, w);
 int actHeight = Math.min(managerHeight, h);
 layoutChild(vfm, actWidth - 2, actHeight - 2); // Leave room for border
 setPositionChild(vfm, 1, 1); // again, careful not to stomp over the border
 setExtent(actWidth, actHeight);
 protected void paint(Graphics g) {
 int prevColor = g.getColor();
 g.drawRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); // draws border
1. extends Manager (rather than VerticalFieldManager):
 we don't need a specialized container such as a VerticalFieldManager. We provide sublayout ourselves, as well as getPreferredWidth / getPreferredHeight.
 This is my personal preference, but I think the inner (scrolling) Manager should use all the width and height you give it. If you ever start beautifying this gadget with various background colors and so on, it will feel weird when the field is still short.
3. Use of Math.min to determine your Field's actual size:
 sublayout's parameters - w and h - tell you your Field's maximum available visual area. Honor those maximums!
4. Making room for the border:
 we lay out our inner VerticalFieldManager with smaller values than we use for the whole field (notice those "-2" in layoutChild call). This is because we reserve 2 pixels (1 on each side) for the border. We also position it (notice setPositionChild call) with the same restrictions in mind.
5. Saving and restoring your Graphics color (holds true for background color as well when you use one):
 You want something of a specific color? Fine - but don't forget to change that color back to its original value once you're done using it. Otherwise you might see all kinds of graphical artifacts which will be difficult to explain!
I hope this little piece of code is useful for you.
by Developer on 08-09-2010 10:27 AM
I suggested this article to some people in the support forums. One of the uses I didn't anticipate was to have a scrollable read-only programmatically changeable field (think event log or a chat window). There needs to be a possibility to make the field READONLY or even NON_FOCUSABLE, as well as the ability to setText or append some text. Here is a possible TextBoxField(int, int, long) constructor change (we then don't create the editField until we get to this constructor and determine what style does it need to have):
 TextBoxField(int width, int height, long style) {
 long innerStyle = style & (READONLY | FOCUSABLE_MASK); // at least
 managerWidth = width;
 managerHeight = height;
 editField = new EditField("", "", EditField.DEFAULT_MAXCHARS, innerStyle);
setText and append might look like this:
public void append(String addedText) {
 String newText = editField.getText() + addedText;
public void setText(String newText) {
See that "setCursorPosition"? This is a matter of style, but I have a feeling that after adding a text (like sending a new chat message) the user would expect to see that part of text on the screen immediately, not after stepping in there and scrolling down.
by Developer on 08-20-2010 05:51 PM
After some pondering I found how to properly change the border color on focus changes (there was such a question in the forums). Unfortunately, onUnfocus() on editField doesn't work - somehow a field is never aware of it losing focus if the focus shifts outside of its Manager.
The solution would be to:
1) Declare that this class implements FocusChangeListener :
public class TextBoxField extends Manager implements FocusChangeListener {
2) set this as a focus change listener on editField - like this:
3) add some member called, say, borderColor, and set the color to that value instead of Color.BLACK before drawRect() inside paint(). Initialize to unfocused state. I used Color.BLUE for unfocused and Color.RED for focused
4) implement focusChanged to change that color and cause a repaint:
 public void focusChanged(Field field, int eventType) {
 if (field == editField) {
 switch (eventType) {
 borderColor = Color.RED;
 case FOCUS_LOST:
 borderColor = Color.BLUE;
Well, you get the idea. Nothing special, but might be nice at times.
by Developer on 10-03-2011 02:09 PM
I'm having difficulty is making the Vertical Scroll bar arrows visible when using this code. Any idea why the up and down arrow are not visible in this code? Yes, I've modified the code a bit but not getting a reason why it is not working. May I request you to put some screenshot of how originially it looks at your end when you coded it?
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text:
The Roaring Twenties
learn everything there is to know about the 1920s.
Speakeasies were places where people whent to secretly drink during the prohibition. The prohibition was a law that made alcohol illegal.
In the twenties women became more independent and started to take risks. They began to dress less and drink more. They showed more skin and went out to more parties, these women were called flappers.
Ku Klux Klan
In the twenties America was segragated between blacks and whites. There was there was a horrible group of racists that when around hanging blacks and burning down there houses. They called themselves the KKK or the Ku Klux Klan.


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Jakarta Post
Digital donations - new potential to accelerate philanthropy
 - Oscar Casalderrey and Kevin Prathama
Jakarta / Sat, March 6, 2021 / 01:08 am
Digital donations - new potential to accelerate philanthropy Paying donation: 'Zakat' (alms) commitee member serves a man paying alms at istiqlal mosque in Jakarta. (The Jakarta Post/Seto Wardhana)
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted 10 years of progress made towards eradicating poverty, increasing health standards, and improving access to education. At the same time however, philanthropy and digital donations have become increasingly important in addressing pressing needs and contributing to the achievement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many Indonesians have been expressing their generosity and supporting each other. The 2018 World Giving Index has acknowledged Indonesians as among the most generous countries in the world. With lockdowns and physical distancing restrictions in place during the pandemic, many have chosen to make their donations via online platforms to show their support and solidarity.
To understand trends in digital donations during the COVID-19 pandemic, Kopernik and GoPay collaborated on research with 1,319 respondents across 29 Indonesian provinces. The research, which is the first comprehensive research to map the digital donation ecosystem in Indonesia, shows that overall donations, both conventional and digital, increased in value by 20 percent during the pandemic, while the average value per digital donation increased by 72 percent during the same period.
The research found that millennials (age 24-39 years old) as the most frequent donors among the surveyed population, making 1.5 donations on average per month, while Gen-X (age 40-55 years old) made donations with the highest monetary value. During the pandemic, health and social issues became increasingly popular causes for people to contribute to, accounting for 27 percent and 28 percent of total donations respectively.
The pandemic has shed light on the potential of digital donations to mobilize people, particularly the younger generations who tend to be more tech-savvy, to take part in collaborative actions to support urgent needs. Unlike conventional donations, digital fundraising initiatives which typically spread through social media can reach a much larger audience transcending geographic and time boundaries to raise funds quickly for emergency needs.
With technological advancements, people can easily make donations using mobile apps and digital donation platforms from wherever they are, without the hassle of going out. People also have the freedom to choose their preferred donation amount when using digital payment systems.
The key players in the digital donation ecosystem recognize the growing trend of online donations. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), one of the key stakeholders benefiting from these developments, have been shifting their strategies to incorporate digital donations as a key source of their funding. Kitabisa - one of the top digital donation platforms reported a 25-fold increase in the number of NGO fundraising campaigns over the past four years. The NGOs we spoke with reported that setting up online donation campaigns and promoting them through social media has been relatively easy and impactful, especially for emergency responses.
Religious institutions managing zakat (Islamic charitable contributions) for decades, such as Amil Zakat Institutions (LAZ), reported that the value of digital donations received, has been doubling each year, for the past five years. In Indonesia. According to the Outlook Zakat Indonesia 2020, the total potential value of zakat donations from Indonesia's Muslim citizens has been calculated at Rp 233 trillion (US$16.6 billion), while the current amount of zakat donations is estimated to be around Rp 8 trillion or 3.4 percent of the total potential. This indicates a big opportunity for digital donations to support religious institutions to make it easier for people to donate by digitizing their zakat collections.
Public figures and influencers, with significant numbers of online supporters, also show an increasing interest in setting up campaigns on crowdfunding platforms and mobilizing their followers to support a range of causes. Collaborations between crowdfunding platforms and influencers and public figures could be a strategic opportunity to increase online donations for worthwhile campaigns.
The Indonesian government has also acknowledged the contribution of digital donations in boosting collaborative efforts to support charities. To support the growth of the online donation sector, the government plans to regulate the digital donations ecosystem to improve its credibility and transparency in order to gain people's trust when making contributions.
Despite the growing trend of digital donations, the research found that 24 percent of respondents are still reluctant to make a digital donation. The main reasons stated were a lack of knowledge about digital donation platforms and a lack of transparency on how the donation will be used. However, most respondents stated that they would be willing to make a digital donation if they knew where the money would be allocated.
As digital donations become more common in gathering collective support among society, those active in the digital donation ecosystem will need to ensure their credibility and transparency in fundraising and ensure that donations are allocated correctly to those in need in order to build and maintain trust amongst the public. For crowdfunding platforms, improving user experience and adding more features such as auto-debit to support recurring donations could help in growing the donor-base.
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, digital donations could play an important role in contributing to Indonesia's recovery from the pandemic and get back on track to achieving sustainable development.
Oscar Casalderrey and Kevin Prathama are respectively the senior director and associate manager of Last Mile Consulting at Kopernik, a research and development (R&D) lab for social and environmental challenges.


text:
Calculations with different methods
- 1733.255 miles
- 2789.403 kilometers
- 1506.157 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 1728.763 miles
- 2782.174 kilometers
- 1502.254 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).
Estimated flight time from Midway International Airport (MDW) to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport (SEA) is 3 hours 46 minutes.
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Chicago and Seattle is 2 hours. Seattle is 2 hours behind Chicago.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 204 kg (449 pounds).
Chicago to Seattle flight map.
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Chicago (MDW) → Seattle (SEA).


There are innumerable terms and words of the English language that arouse our curiosity, one of them is undoubtedly the meaning of Unlapsed . But you are calm, because in we will tell you what Unlapsed means.
Unlapsed is a word from the English language, born from the direct negation of the word "Lapsed", whose meaning is expired , Worn or expired . Also this word is used to name an old member of some religion.
The word Unlapsed is rarely used in its source language, with Unexpired being the most common way that English speakers refer to the terms "Not expired" or "Valid"
The meaning of Unlapsed can go beyond what we think, not only referring to something that has not expired, but also to something that prevails in a mystical way. A notable example is the prevalence of the immortal soul, "Unlapsed Soul" in English.
Due to its nature we can use this word in various ways, therefore we will quote some examples of the word Unlapsed.
 - Well, my driver license is unlapsed, sir – Well, my driver's license has not expired, sir.
 - My baby has still an unlapsed live – My baby still has a life without passing.
 - my feelings for you are unlapsed – my feelings for you are still intact.
Other meanings that may be of interest:


text:
At first glance, this surprising object could almost be mistaken for an impressive piece of skeleton from a whale or something similarly enormous. In actual fact, it is an extremely rare preserved example of a late 15th/early 16th-century German jousting saddle, which was used in the form of joust known as the 'Gestech im hohen Zeug'. The saddle supported knights in a standing position rather than seating them on the back of the horse.
The saddle consists of a large wooden shield, forked for the horse's back. Behind this barrier projects a seat made up of a central bar with a ring on either side. The rider would insert their legs through the rings, so that they were secured and protected by the shield. The knight would thus be anchored firmly into a standing position from which to joust, although the rigid stance must have increased the potential for serious injury if he received a forceful blow.
Mounting was probably quite difficult; John Hewitt speculated in 1858 that 'Into a saddle of this kind the knight must have crept from the back of the horse'! The saddle is covered in rawhide and still retains some traces of paint. It is one of only a very small handful known to survive.
Blogger: Natasha Roberts, Curatorial Assistant


text:
Michigan Jewry During Depression and War
June 20 - September 23, 2012
The Great Depression and World War II had significant impact on every American during that era. American Jews had a unique experience. While many enjoyed success and popularity, they were also aware that anti-Semitism was an ever-present threat. The rise of Nazi Germany and the horrors of the Holocaust were further sources of stress.
Uneasy Years: Michigan Jewry During Depression and War explores the dilemmas and successes of Michigan Jews during the decades of the 1930s and 1940s. The exhibit's photographs explore how Jews, many of whom were recent immigrants or refugees, adjusted to American life, made it through the Great Depression, and participated in the American war effort.
A series of oral history interviews with members of the Kalamazoo Jewish community brings a local dimension to the exhibit. Artifacts reflecting local religious observances will also be on display.
This traveling exhibit was made possible with financial support from the Congregation Shaarey Zedek of East Lansing, Michigan State University Jewish Studies Program, Michigan State University Museum, the Michigan Humanities Council, the Ben Teitle Foundation, the Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs, and private donors.


text:
Stochastic Collocatation for Correlated Inputs (2015)
Wednesday, March 25, 2015
Stochastic Collocation (SC) has been studied and used in different disciplines for Uncertainty Quantification (UQ). The method consists of computing a set of appropriate points, called collocation points, and then using Lagrange interpolation to construct the probability density function (pdf) of the quantity of interest (QoI). The collocation points are usually chosen as Gauss quadrature points, i.e., the roots of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the pdf of the uncertain inputs. If the mathematical model has more than one stochastic parameter, the multidimensional set of points is usually build using the tensor product of the roots of the onedimensional orthogonal polynomials. As a result of that, for multidimensional problems the same set of collocation points is used for both correlated and uncorrelated inputs. In this work, we propose to compute an alternative set of points for correlated inputs. The set will be derived using the orthogonal polynomials for correlated inputs that we developed in a previous work. As these polynomials are not unique, we will obtain multiple sets of collocations points for each input pdf. The aim of this paper is to study the differences between those sets of points and to find and optimal one.


Dissecting: Composite Cylinder Parts
Dissecting: Composite Cylinder Parts
One of the frequent questions we are asked at Aburi is "what are the composite cylinder parts?". Today we have decided to answer all you need to know about the fibreglass cylinders components.
The short answer is: the cylinder has 3 parts, the cylinder itself (or belly), the valve and the casing. No Secret!
However, this usually would not satisfy our most meticulous customers. Therefore a composite cylinder is made of the following parts:
1) The in liner: Is a blow moulded HDPE container to hold the liquid gas inside
2) The pressure vessel: Made out of glass fibre winding with Epoxy, helically wound on the inner bottle. Together this provides the ultimate strength to the cylinder.
Fibre winding with a bonding Epoxy is the most crucial part of the composite cylinders. They are crucial because the winding has a direct impact on the strength of the cylinder as also bursting pressure.
3) The Bung Housing: To make it suitable to use valves
There are two types of bung housing being used by the main manufacturers in the composite cylinder business
 - Brass Bung Housing: Are lighter in nature (by weight) and also are lighter on use. Being brass, a softer material cannot take higher torque.
 - Steel Bung Housing: Steel Bung are heavier and due to their hardness can take higher torque.
Due to the different types of valves being used by gas distributors, steel bung housing is preferable. As Brass Bung is a softer material, the max torqueing possible is about 120 Nm and gas distributors have to use a valve that is non-standard. Some manufactures prefer this to retain the customers, however, this results in a logistic issue of carrying not only two different valves, but also educating the online worker at the gas filling station to take notice and use the correct valve for the right cylinder, which could result in a problem, if the incorrect valve is used.
4) Outer casing: The ergonomically designed casing's basic function is to ensure that the pressure vessel is safe guarded from severe drops, and to prevent direct exposure to metal objects that can result in the fibre wound container to get flaws, and for ease of carrying and handling.
Finally, the aesthetics are decided between the buyer and seller. The buyer usually is a gas distributor and the seller is the composite cylinder manufacturer. Normally, the gas distributor would only need to brand the cylinder with the company's colours, logo and contact details.
We hope you enjoyed the blogpost and to learn more about this great product, composite LPG cylinder, click here!