Nov 26, 2020 in Law
UV and IR Photography in Forensic
The use of photography is documenting a crime scene or recording an autopsy procedure is increasingly becoming an integral part of forensic investigation processes. Besides witness statements, the physical evidence collected from crime scenes and reposts made by crimes scene investigation, infrared and ultraviolet photography techniques are used to provide a detailed and accurate account that is unalterable. In many criminal cases, photographic evidence is critical for both defense and prosecution counsel. Additionally, photographic evidence is often used to display or reconstruct the nature of crime scenes to crime scene investigators who could not make it to the actual scene. This paper explores the application of infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet (UV) photography in forensics.
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The documentation of physical evidence through forensic photography is one of the integral aspects of crime scene investigations. Ensuing analysis of photographs taken from crime crimes, gunshot wounds, bite marks, trace evidence and autopsy procedures among others often produces clues investigators can use effectively to reconstruct some of the events of an incident under investigations, or yield enough evidence to gain a conviction at trial. Conventional photography documents images in the visible light spectrum, and often records images on digital file or film visible to the human eye. In that regard, traditional photography limits the use of photography in documenting the evidence essential to reconstruct facts of a given case. For several years, forensic photographers have come up with various specialized techniques for documenting critical evidence, especially under challenging situations. Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet (UV) photography can be applied in various scenarios to produce results that are often limited by traditional photographing techniques in the visible light spectrum. The interest behind the exploration of the application of UV and IR photography in forensics pertains to their capability to document injuries due to biochemical and biological changes that arise after injuries. The subsequent subsections explores the application of UV and IR photography in forensics
Read also: "How to Write a Film Review"
UV Photography Application
Photographic accuracy in cases involving bite marks is vital to an investigative process because the bite mark may be the only evidence linking a suspect to the crimes under investigation. For this reason, the push to use superior photographic technique is unavoidable in the investigative process. Ultraviolet radiation has been used to improve the visibility of old wounds, bruising and bite marks has been documented in various studies. Documenting bite marks and bruises through UV photography requires specialized UV components. However, acquiring the necessary ultraviolet forensic photography equipment can be taxing. This implies that the digital camera used for this purpose must either be designed or modified with ultraviolet acquisition in mind. Another important point to highlight regarding UV photography is that better results are influenced by the power of the light source. In other words, there is a need for a more powerful light source for illumination during ultraviolet imaging. In contrast to alternate light imaging (ALI) and IR, ultraviolet images depict the surface disruption of the human skin when the UV imaging technique is used to document bite marks.
Adequate examination of injuries of victims of violence, both deceased and living, is vital for the reconstruction of suspected criminal incident. The use of medical reports by the prosecution counsel on injuries are evidence demands a detailed description and accurate interpretation of the reported injuries. The prosecution counsel faces difficulties, especially when there is lack of visibility of the reported injuries. Difficulties may be due to, for instance, a bruise in a yellow appearance or due to healing of the injury. Additionally, even the most recently caused bruise might also be invisible at the surface of the skin. As an area of interest, improving the visibility of injuries that are often not visible to the naked eye is vital in gaining a detailed and accurate documentation of injuries reported by a victim of violence. To recap, prints or documented images of UV photography appear as regular black and while photos. However, after the development of reflected UV photography film, they can be made into enlargements or slides. The use of UV photography in forensics can greatly improve an investigation by illustrating an outline of a weapon that caused an injury and show history of injuries.
IR Photography Application
The use of infrared-aided photography has been documented, especially in the detection of gunshot residues in fabrics. Accurate photographic recording of a crime scene is an important pillar of any effort into the collections of evidence, especially when it applies to documenting gunshots injuries or fatalities inflicted during crimes of violence. For IR photography, a source of the infrared radiation is mandatory. Many alternative light source systems are equipped with IR components. However, most of the contemporary flash units emit visible, IR and UV light. This makes it possible to apply IR techniques in bother laboratory and field environments. Additionally, advances in photographing technologies has resulted in digital imaging options for forensic photographers in both environments. Infrared photography techniques can be used to examine document forgeries and alternations. Differentiating between visibility identical pigments and inks is characterized by observing any slight difference in the way they absorb or transmit IR radiation. Infrared luminescence and reflected photography is also used to reveal printing and writing under obliterations on important physical documents. Furthermore, illegible worn, aged or charred documents can be rendered legible in IR photographs.
The physical properties of fabrics and the dyes used in the same cloth affects the manner in which IR radiation is absorbed or reflected. Reflected IR can be useful in forensic investigations where there is a need to differentiate between clothing fabrics that are visibly similar in visible light, yet they are actually different. One of the intriguing application of reflected IR photography pertains to the reduction of background on fabric that are either dark or with busy pattern to display the presence of stains. In that regard, substances such as gunshot residues or blood patterns can be revealed in scenarios where conventional photographic techniques are limited. Gunshot residue is also revealed using IR reflected photography. In addition, a fabric with visibly dark or busy pattern is often rendered as a less distracting pattern or a single pattern; hence, revealing any important detail hidden from the unaided eye. Another intriguing application of IR photography relates to the documentation of injuries and biomedical uses. IR energy can penetrate the human skin 3 millimeters deep. In addition, IR energy is absorbed by blood. According to Broux, McCaul and Shimamoto, these aspects are exploited to show details 3 millimeters below the human skin. Reflected IR and reflected UV photographs can be used to show the details below a victims skin surface and details on the surface of the skin respectively. To that end, bite marks can be documented using reflected IR photography. To conclude, forensic applications of reflected infrared photography include biomedical photography, gunshot residue visualization and bloodstain documentation.
Routine application of infrared and ultraviolet photographing techniques in the not only forensic, but also biomedical fields is not new. Forensic photography is essential in documenting crime scenes, autopsy procedures, bite marks, gunshot wounds, weapons and trace evidence. In line with their efficiency in yielding clues for investigators to use in the reconstruction of facts regarding a particular case, UV and IR photography plays a significant role in helping courts establish the whys and how behind cases. Biting and gunshot injuries might be complex; thus, the collection, analysis and interpretation of evidence must the handled with care irrespective of the forensic photographing technique used. Acquiring reproducible and accurate forensic images is that one of the components of an effective crime scene investigation, but an important one. Therefore, a forensic photographer should be able to employ the most effective protocol to yield the best results.
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Clickers Not Charging - Pads Do Not Work or Light Up When Buttons Pressed
Not what you were looking for? Search here.
This article applies to rechargeable ALL In Learning - ALL In Response (AIR) clicker systems where one or more pads stops charging, will not respond, and will not flash any lights when buttons are pressed.
Because of ALL In Learning's revolutionary charging system, AIR clickers should charge enough to register a response within a couple of minutes. When troubleshooting a possible charging problem, you don't have to wait overnight to see if a solution worked!
Problems with an Individual Clicker or Two?
If a pad will not show any lights when buttons are pressed, but all other pads appear to be charging, it may be defective. However, the rate of defective pads is incredibly low, so there could still be a problem with the charger that is not obvious because the other pads still have some charge left in them and this is simply the first to run down.
Troubleshooting a rechargeable pad:
 1. See the instructions below to be sure your charging base is charging correctly, and try charging the pad again. If it is one of the pads in the add-on side-storage rack, try moving it to the middle inside the charging base to see if it will charge better.
 2. Go to the Settings icon (looks like a gear) at the upper right of your ALL In Learning account, and click AIR Tools. Follow the on-screen prompts to diagnose whether the pad is in fact working and if so, get it responding to your receiver unit again.
Problems with Many Clickers at Once?
If all clickers are losing their charge and not recharging, it's likely caused by an issue with the power, the charger, or the adapter. Here are the troubleshooting steps:
 1. Make sure the pads are placed in the charger right-side-up.
 2. Make sure the electrical outlet on the wall has power. Often, users discover their outlet isn't working or has a switch that wasn't turned on. Plug in a lamp to double check the outlet. Try a different outlet altogether. It's surprising how often this is a problem!
 3. Confirm you are using the correct adapter. If another teacher has a system that is working fine, compare adapters with them. You can read the label on the "black box" section of the adapter, and see that it should say "Triad - Model WSU060-1250" or "V-Infinity Class 2 Power Supply - Model EPS060100." The adapter should have an output of 6.0v, and from 1.0A to 1.25A.
 4. With the adapter plugged in, you can lift up the charging station around the adapter plug and see a blue or red light inside.
 This can be a good sign, though it has happened that this light was shining even though the wrong adapter was being used and the pads wouldn't charge until the correct adapter was used.
 5. Can you try swapping your adapter with another teacher that is known to be working and see if it solves the problem? Adapters fail occasionally.
 6. Can you try swapping your charging station with another teacher that is known to be working and see if it solves the problem? This can show whether yours may be defective.
Note: On a full charge pads should give you 250-300 responses.
Need Further Assistance?
If after these steps your pads are not charging and working, please contact technical support for further assistance at, and please include what steps you tried and what you discovered.
Additional keywords: charged Charger Base Recharge adaptor adapter not working recharged
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
In Python is there any way to make a class, then make a second version of that class with identical dat,a but which can be changed, then reverted to be the same as the data in the original class?
So I would make a class with the numbers 1 to 5 as the data in it, then make a second class with the same names for sections (or very similar). Mess around with the numbers in the second class then with one function then reset them to be the same as in the first class.
The only alternative I've found is to make one aggravatingly long class with too many separate pieces of data in it to be readily usable.
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Thanks for your answers, teifion gave the answer I was looking for on msn. My question wasn't clear. Basically though, "Is what you want basically a class that can reset an instance (object) to a set of default values? " yes it was. – leachrode Sep 15 '08 at 16:06
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6 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
A class is a template, it allows you to create a blueprint, you can then have multiple instances of a class each with different numbers, like so.
class dog(object):
 def __init__(self, height, width, lenght):
 self.height = height
 self.width = width
 self.length = length
 def revert(self):
 self.height = 1
 self.width = 2
 self.length = 3
dog1 = dog(5, 6, 7)
dog2 = dog(2, 3, 4)
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Classes don't have values. Objects do. Is what you want basically a class that can reset an instance (object) to a set of default values?
How about just providing a reset method, that resets the properties of your object to whatever is the default?
I think you should simplify your question, or tell us what you really want to do. It's not at all clear.
share|improve this answer
Voted down: In Python, classes DO have attributes (values). Instances also have attributes (values). It's a very important distinction to understand when moving to python from another language. – gahooa Feb 18 '09 at 18:39
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I think you are confused. You should re-check the meaning of "class" and "instance".
I think you are trying to first declare a Instance of a certain Class, and then declare a instance of other Class, use the data from the first one, and then find a way to convert the data in the second instance and use it on the first instance...
I recommend that you use operator overloading to assign the data.
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class ABC(self):
 numbers = [0,1,2,3]
class DEF(ABC):
 def __init__(self):
 self.new_numbers = super(ABC,self).numbers
 def setnums(self, numbers):
 self.new_numbers = numbers
 def getnums(self):
 return self.new_numbers
 def reset(self):
share|improve this answer
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Just FYI, here's an alternate implementation... Probably violates about 15 million pythonic rules, but I publish it per information/observation:
class Resettable(object):
 base_dict = {}
 def reset(self):
 self.__dict__ = self.__class__.base_dict
 def __init__(self):
 self.__dict__ = self.__class__.base_dict.copy()
class SomeClass(Resettable):
 base_dict = {
 'number_one': 1,
 'number_two': 2,
 'number_three': 3,
 'number_four': 4,
 'number_five': 5,
 def __init__(self):
p = SomeClass()
p.number_one = 100
print p.number_one
print p.number_one
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Here's another answer kind of like pobk's; it uses the instance's dict to do the work of saving/resetting variables, but doesn't require you to specify the names of them in your code. You can call save() at any time to save the state of the instance and reset() to reset to that state.
class MyReset:
 def __init__(self, x, y):
 self.x = x
 self.y = y
 def save(self):
 self.saved = self.__dict__.copy()
 def reset(self):
 self.__dict__ = self.saved.copy()
a = MyReset(20, 30)
a.x = 50
print a.x
print a.x
Why do you want to do this? It might not be the best/only way.
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


When was the military draft started
When was the draft created?
Sept. 16, 1940
When did the military draft start and end?
From 1948 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the armed forces which could not be filled through voluntary means.
Was there a military draft in 1964?
The military draft brought the war to the American home front. During the Vietnam War era, between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. military drafted 2.2 million American men out of an eligible pool of 27 million. Ironically, as the draft continued to fuel the war effort, it also intensified the antiwar cause.
Can you be drafted at age 35?
Who was the first man drafted in WWII?
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, Pub. L. 76–783, 54 Stat. 885, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.
Other short titlesBurke-Wadsworth Selective Training and Service Act Selective Service Act of 1940
Does the draft still exist?
You might be interested: How much does a private in the military make
When was the last person drafted?
June 30, 1973
When was the last US draft?
December 7, 1972
Will there be a draft 2020 military?
Overview. If Congress and the President were to reinstate a military draft, the Selective Service System would conduct a National Draft Lottery to determine the order in which young men would be drafted. For example, if a draft were held in 2020, those men born in 2000 would be considered first.
At what age can you no longer be drafted?
Can the only son be drafted?
Can a 30 year old be drafted?


Classi-Compare of Raster Satellite Images – Before and After
August 13, 2013
For my research on the effect of power outages on fertility , we study a period of extensive power rationing that lasted for almost a whole year and affected most of Latin America, but in particular, it affected Colombia. The key difficult was to determine which areas were exposed to the power-outage and the extent to which this was the case. This is not straightforward, since there does not exist householdor even municipality level consumption data.
But here is how R and Satellite Data can help. In particular, we study the night light series obtained from the Defense Meterological Sattelite Program, which has been discussed by Jeffrey before.
We simply look for abnormal variation in municipality level light-emitting intensity from 1992 to 1993.
Here is some code that generates some Raster-Maps using the package rasterVis, and uses jQuery to generate a fancy before and after comparison to highlight the year-on-year changes in light intensity of 1992 compared to 1993.
###load the raster images
f151 = raster(tif)
f152 = raster(tif)
##crop a smaller window to plot
e = extent(-78,-72,2,8)
_TAG_ = extent(-80,-78,-4.6,-2)
rn= crop(f151, e)
rn2= crop(f152, e)
### do a logarithmic transformation to highlight places that receive not much, but some light.
p <- levelplot(rn, layers=1, margin=FALSE,col.regions = gray(0:100/100))
p + layer(sp.polygons(COLPOB, lwd=.25, linetype=2, col='darkgray'))
p <- levelplot(rn2, layers=1, margin=FALSE,col.regions = gray(0:100/100))
Now with this together, you can create a fancy slider as I have seen on KFOR -- comparing satellite pictures of towns before and after a tornado went through them.
The code is essentially just borrowed from that TV station and it loads the javascript from their server; it is essentially just a clever use of jQuery and is maybe something that could or is already implemented in an R reporting package? Do you know of such a function?
Anyways, all you need is a slider.html page that contains the code referring to the two picture sources; the code is simple:

 .sample1 {width:725px; height:725px;}.sample2 {width:725px; height:725px;}.sample3 {width:725px; height:725px;}

This is how it looks -- I know the stuff is not perfectly aligned, partly because when cropping the picture I made a mistake and could not be bothered with fixing it.
Have fun!
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I'm following a computer vision course and I have this exercise: write a program that, given an hand image, it can recognize if the hand is open, closed, in a punch, or holding an "ok" posture, using only the techniques provided till now (pixel 4/8 connected, connected region, contour finding, holes finding, blob property like centroid, area, perimeter, eccentricity, image moments, image transformation like invert/power/log/gamma correction/contrast stretching, histogram computation and equalization).
I have done it with some basic blob properties(closed hand has a low eccentricity, "ok" has a hole, open hand has a big difference between the area of the inscribed ellipse in the blob and the blob area itself with a low eccentricity).. It seems to work but the first image is a little bit problematic.
I think there could be something more to make a more robust algorithm. Maybe some kind of moment property? Could some blob axis/orientation/extreme points help?
PS test images:
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Are you allowed to use skeletonization? See the relevant Wikipedia article for more ideas. – Emre Jan 9 '13 at 23:03
no is not allowed because it is the content of a future classes! – nkint Jan 11 '13 at 21:46
You could try applying Symbolic Aggregate approXimation to the outer contour of each object. Basically reducing a complex shape to a time-serie and then cluster these in some way. – Ivo Flipse Jan 12 '13 at 13:55
i think i don't have to use any kind of machine learning, just a smart way to combine isses written in the question.. – nkint Jan 12 '13 at 16:00
maybe some morphological feature? – nkint Jan 12 '13 at 16:45
3 Answers 3
You can try looking at Hu invariant moments. They can be constructed from basic moments, and are rotation, scale, reflection, and translation invariant.
Calculate them for a set of training contours first, and then apply them to the test contour.
There are implementations in Matlab and OpenCV, as far as I remember.
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According to the book Programming computer vision with Python an interesting approach is to use dense SIFT (a.k.a. HoG) features on your images, and feed these features to a classifier.
I didn't try it myself, but it seems quite sound as an approach. Furthermore, the inventor of the HoG feature proposes the Flutter app that worked quite well in my tests, and it would be very weird if the inventor didn't use his own features or a close derivative.
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One of my friends did this for his undergraduate thesis. What he basically did was encode properties of each gesture. For example,in the first figure, take a rectangular mask over theportions of the hand. The parts where the skin meets the rectangular mask edge should be noted and marked. Then the relative positions of the larger edge and the smaller edge can be compared.
So for pointing upwards, you will have a smaller edge upwards and larger edge at the wrist.
For pointing sideways, you have a smaller edge at one side and larger edge at the bottom.
The directions at the very least can be covered in this way.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
w3schools says that for height:
auto : The browser calculates the height. This is default
But what does "browser calculates the height" mean? Does it mean it just simply sums up the contained elements' heights? Is this always calculated with the same method for all browser?
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Although nothings wrong in this particular case, in general I'd advise you to stay away from w3schools.com. Much of their information is misleading or incorrect and they often promote poor practices. Mozilla Developer Network is a great resource for web development. – Andy E Oct 27 '11 at 10:01
YOu just reminded me an old practice I used to apply on google: "whatever-key-word MDN" will lust the MDN content search result at the top relevant to your needs. Like :".click MDN" – pencilCake Oct 27 '11 at 10:05
yeah, that's what I do whenever I need to quickly reference something. – Andy E Oct 27 '11 at 10:15
3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
What does it mean browser calculates the height?
It means the browser will make the element's height sufficient to fit its content.
Does it mean it just simply sums up the contained elements heights if they are up on each other?
Nope, it is more complicated than that, but I'm sure that is part of it.
Is this always calculated with the same method for all browsers?
No, there are generally small variances. You should calculate the element's height in JavaScript if you intend to perform calculations based on it, don't assume it will have the same height on all browsers.
share|improve this answer
The CSS 2.1 spec, and the CSS3 Basic Box model spec, have sections on how browsers should calculate heights:
I find it a bit difficult to translate them into what should actually happen though, and I couldn't say if browsers actually follow these descriptions.
share|improve this answer
It summs up: the contained elements, plus the paddings, border and margins. The method for summing should be the same in all browsers, but the size of elements differ.
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... plus collapsed margins. It isn't a trivial calculation. – Álvaro G. Vicario Oct 27 '11 at 10:07
Isn't it minus collapsed margins? And it only worries about things in normal flow. – Quentin Oct 27 '11 at 20:01
Your Answer


text: A relatively new type of dimmer that uses high-frequency (typically 40-50 kHz) pulse-width modulation to produce a pure amplitude modulated sine wave output. This is useful for eliminating all filament noise caused by typical phase control dimmers. In addition, since the sine wave dimmer draws current in a sine wave, it does not produce harmonics. It dims many more types of loads than a phase-control dimmer. Down side? At least 3X the cost of a phase control dimmer, and many more parts to potentially go wrong. It has been suggested that Sine Wave Dimmers are "the party the dimmer manufacturers gave, but nobody came", in the USA. Due to cost, and sometimes lack of reliability and poor design in early implementations (even by a well-known manufacturer), market uptake of Sine Wave dimmers in the USA has been minimal.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The impact of disease-causing defects is often not limited to the products of a mutated gene but, thanks to interactions between the molecular components, may also affect other cellular functions, resulting in potential comorbidity effects. By combining information on cellular interactions, disease–gene associations, and population-level disease patterns extracted from Medicare data, we find statistically significant correlations between the underlying structure of cellular networks and disease comorbidity patterns in the human population. Our results indicate that such a combination of population-level data and cellular network information could help build novel hypotheses about disease mechanisms.
cellular networks, population-level statistics
Comorbidity, Diseases, Genes
EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2007 EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
Park, Juyong; Lee, Deok-Sun; Christakis, Nicholas A.; and Barabási, Albert-László, "The impact of cellular networks on disease comorbidity" (2009). Physics Faculty Publications. Paper 109. _URL_
Click button above to open, or right-click to save.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Wednesday, 9 December 2020
Here's how to find out if your home is adulterated or pure.
Without shopkeepers, they have started selling adulterated goods to consumers in a bid to earn maximum money. Milk, tea, sugar, lentils, grains, turmeric, apples, flour, oil and the like are found mixed in every household useful item. That is to say, we do not get pure food even when we have enough money. Now let's see how you can test the milk to see if it is pure or not.
If milk contains detergent mix, why test it. 10 ml. Mix milk and the same amount of water, if it produces foam, understand that detergent has been mixed in it.
In the same way, to test for water contamination in milk, put milk drops on the greasy area. And if water is mixed in it, it will move without leaving any traces. Pure milk will slowly move forward and white spots will remain.Thus, only synthetic milk tastes bad, and if we rub it in the palm of our hand, it starts to lather like soap and when heated, it turns yellow.
Thus milk is considered to be the healthiest drink. It is rich in vitamins, calcium, protein, niacin, phosphorus and potassium. But nowadays there are many varieties of milk mixed in the market. Which is why the healthiest drinks become the most negatively affected drinks. Chemicals also have a detrimental effect on the liver and kidneys. Here are some tips to help you know if your home milk is adulterated or pure.
Detergent in milk
If there is any suspicion of mixing detergent in the milk, pour water over the milk to verify it. If foam occurs in soapy water, understand that the detergent has been mixed.
Detergent damage
Detergent-containing milk contains a large amount of soda. Drinking such milk has a bad effect on the kidneys, liver and hormones and causes damage.
Synthetic milk
Synthetic milk has also become a big question nowadays. So take this milk between your palms and rub it a lot. Understand that milk is synthetic if it looks sticky. As well as heating it makes it a little yellow.
The damage it causes
Urea, laundry soap, sto starch and formaldehyde are mixed to make synthetic milk. Drinking such milk causes food poisoning. Vomiting or diarrhea may occur. As well as the kidneys and liver are also damaged.
Mixing of starch in milk
Put a few drops of iodine tincture or iodine solution in the milk to see if the starch is mixed in the milk. If the milk turns blue, understand that the milk is adulterated.
The damage it causes
Obtaining starch increases the number of elements in milk such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, nitrate fertilizers and neutralizers. In addition to the intestines, kidneys and liver, many other organs are also affected.
Mixing water in milk
Pour a few drops of milk on a piece of plastic or something else. Now tease it a little. If the drops of milk flow past the white line, then understand that the milk is pure. If the drops flow towards the slope, then it is not true.
The damage it causes
Milk becomes very thin due to mixing of water. So that its advantage does not remain the same as before.
More dangerous for children and the elderly
When the livers of children and the elderly are very sensitive, adulterated milk is very harmful to them. It also affects their immune system, making them vulnerable to many diseases.
અહીંથી વાંચો ગુજરાતી રિપોર્ટ
Why be confused?
The price of milk is based on the fat in it, so detergents, urea, ammonia, nitrate fertilizers, starch, sugar, glucose and salt are added to thicken the milk and increase the fat. Mixing all this makes it a little sour which is also mixed with a neutralizer to prevent it. So mixing hydrogen peroxide and formalin does not spoil the milk for several days.
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text: The concept of 'animacy' concerns the fundamental and cognitive question of the extent to which we recognize and express living things as saliently human-like or animal-like. In Animacy and Reference Mutsumi Yamamoto pursues two main objectives: First, to establish a conceptual framework of animacy, and secondly, to explain how the concept of animacy can be reflected in the use of referential expressions. Unlike previous studies on the subject focussing on grammatical manifestations, Animacy and Reference sheds light upon the conceptual properties of animacy itself and its reflection in referential processes. For the research of this study the author focussed on languages that show completely different tendencies. As a result, English and Japanese 'parallel corpora' are analysed yielding salient observations and opening intriguing discussions.


How Deep Should A Pond Be For Koi Fish?
Koi have to be one of the most popular, if not THE most popular species of fish we keep outdoors. A fact that is pretty unsurprising really when you consider their majestic size, bright colors, and absolute confidence around humans. They make fabulous pets that can live for up to 30 years and really make themselves part of the family.
A koi pond should be at least 3-4 feet deep to protect your fish from freezing through winter. This will also to ensure you have enough water volume to cope with all the waste that Koi produce. A minimum of 1000 Gallons in total is a minimum water volume you'll need to keep koi carp.
The chances are that if you are considering keeping Koi you'll need to start from scratch in your preparation for owning them. This includes building them a pond! Few homes, come with a pond already in the garden, and even if there is one, it may not be suitable for Koi. You see, Koi ponds have some specific requirements which the most important of is depth.
koi fish
How Deep Should A Pond Be For Koi?
Koi, when fully grown, are an incredibly large species that can reach up to 24 inches (60 cm) in size. This is easily forgotten when you view or purchase the 3 to 4-inch specimens at your local aquatic store. That means that often pond size and depth for this aquatic giant is underestimated. This can lead to future problems (which we'll cover shortly) with their care.
It is recommended that a Koi pond should be at least 4 feet deep (1.2 meters) with the mantra being 'the deeper the better'. It should also cover an area of at least 8 by 6 foot and hold 1000 gallons of water minimum.
As a rough guide for this size pond, you could house 4 to 5 fully grown Koi. This is based upon using the 10 gallons of water per inch of Koi fish rule. Don't forget though please, to calculate the pond size based on fully grown Koi.
Here is a good pond calculator for you to use.
It would be remiss not to mention at some point, like now, that it is entirely feasible to have a Koi pond that is shallower than four feet. However, this is only the case if you purchase Koi at around 3 to 4 inches in size, and are prepared to give them up when they outgrow the space.
Nonetheless, this is a hot topic for debate as many of the 'given up Koi' end up spending their lives in aquatic stores never finding a new home. A moral and ethical dilemma which we will leave you to decide upon.
garden pond
A stunning koi pond over 4 feet deep
Why Does A Koi Pond Need To Be So Deep?
As already mentioned, briefly, not providing your Koi with a pond that is deep enough will lead to problems in their care and welfare. This is for a number of reasons as follows:
1. Koi are very active
Koi are an active fish that need a lot of space to swim around in. This includes being able to move up and down the water column in order to build up muscle and maintain their streamlined shape. Koi kept in shallow ponds tend to become obese and end up with a rugby ball shaping.
2. Avoid rapid water temperature changes
As cold-water fish whose body temperature matches that of the water they live in, Koi thrive in temperatures between 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F). They are also, perhaps surprisingly, for fish that live in outdoor environments relatively sensitive to temperature fluctuation.
Rapid or sudden change can lead to physical stress. This can result in disease and possibly even death which is certainly something you do not want. By providing depth, and hence more water volume, you can avoid rapid temperature changes. This is because larger water volumes will cool or heat up with far less speed than smaller ones.
3. Deep ponds insulate them from the cold
Sticking with the same theme of temperature, a shallow pond can be incredibly detrimental to your Koi's health and welfare in winter. This is because although they are a cold-blooded species that can withstand lower temperatures, down to 10 °C (50 °F), they will not fare well below this.
In this regard, a deep pond helps, as Koi spend most of their time during winter at the bottom where the deepwater insulates them from the air temperature.
Plus, whilst Koi can tolerate the lower temperatures of winter, they cannot survive being frozen. So, as 6 inches or more depth in your pond can freeze during this time it is not hard to see that in winter the mantra ' the deeper the better' fits even more!
frozen koi pond
Never allow a koi pond to freeze over completely
Are There Any Other Benefits To Having A Deep Koi Pond?
One of the simplest, but most valuable, in many cases, benefits of having a deep pond is that you can achieve the large water capacity Koi require in a relatively small space. Most gardens, after all, will be spacious enough to host a pond with an 8 feet by 6 footprint and a 4 feet depth.
Good water quality is also easier to maintain in a deeper, hence larger water volume, pond. This is due to unwanted chemicals such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate building slower and is easier to control in larger water volumes.
This is especially helpful for those ponds that contain Koi or Goldfish as they are 'dirty fish' that produce a lot of waste.
Finally, but certainly not least in importance, regarding pond depth is the prevention of predators feasting on your beloved Koi. Deep water gives them somewhere to escape and retreat to where birds such as Heron won't be able to reach.
This is particularly relevant in winter when your Koi will be hibernating, sluggish, and easier to catch.
heron eating a fish
Deeper ponds protect your koi from predators like Herons
What Are The Best Options For Building And Creating A Deep Koi Pond?
When it comes to building the ideal Koi pond, there are four main possibilities that will achieve your end goal. These range from the 'easy to install' to the 'it's going to take some work' and also relatively cheap to expensive.
1. A Prefabricated Mould
Made from plastic or fiberglass, prefabricated molds are potentially the most expensive option when it comes to building a pond. However, they are also comparatively one of the easiest to install too. They simply require a hole digging that matches the shape of your mold and 'hey presto' you have a pond.
Prefabricated ponds are also great if you want a pond that has different depths and shelves for plants. Some plants need to be close to the water's surface.
However, many prefabricated moulds are not suitable for Koi ponds as they do not have the required depth and you may need to shop around to find one. The biggest prefabricated one we could find was only 500 Gallons. Far too small for adult koi.
2. A Pond Liner
One of the most cost-efficient options when it comes to building a pond is the pond liner. A pond liner can be made from butyl or vinyl. They are perfect for the Koi pond enthusiast as they can be moulded to any depth hole you choose.
They will, however, need a little more effort than the moulded option would. However, the reward of any shaped pond, as deep as you want, is certainly worth the extra effort.
How Deep Should A Pond Be For Koi Fish? 1
How Deep Should A Pond Be For Koi Fish? 2
3. A Concrete Pond
Absolutely the most expensive of all the options, the concrete pond will definitely require some hard graft to build. However, on the flip side of the coin, they are, for many, the only option too.
They are strong, leakproof, and incredibly long-lasting with added benefits for your Koi that are hard to resist. Carbonate produced in the concrete and grout buffers pH swings in your pond's water.
Concrete ponds also have the added bonus of being able to be any shape, size, and depth you fancy. If you can dig the hole and concrete it, you can have it as a Koi pond. You will need to take care, however, that you do not create any sharp edges or leave the concrete too rough. Sharp and rough areas can injure your Koi.
4. A Children's Pool
There is some debate over whether the use of children's pools as ponds is feasible. Some say that they are a fantastic, inexpensive, and easy to install way of having a Koi pond in your garden. Others state that they are not cost-saving as they are not strong enough and will need replacing after a short while.
Whilst it would be fair to say that both sides of this debate make good points, it would also be apt to add, that the children's pool has a couple of, possibly, major advantages.
Firstly, you can pack up and move this pond fairly easily should you need to. Secondly, it does not require any digging up of your garden. A children's pool will sit, without being intrusive, in any level part of your garden.
Do I Need Any Special Equipment For A Koi Pond?
Technically, no as all ponds being outside


How to make pear preserves
how to make pear preservesHow to make pear preserves is one of the questions asked by a person who have tasted a delicious and yummy pear preserve. Strawberry jam or grape jelly is tasty and delicious but pear preserves has a unique delicious taste that you will love. If you want to have a change in your morning toast, try to know how to make pear preserves. Pear fruit contain antioxidants and has no fat, which is rich in vitamins A, vitamins B1, vitamins B2, vitamin C, niacin and other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron and potassium. There are two popular types of pears, the bell shaped European pears and the apple crisp Asian pears. During late summer and fall, pears are in their best quality. Pears soften at once when left at room temperature, so refrigerate them especially when they are ripe. Unripe pears can be just left in a cool dry place until it ripens. Some add commercial acid to prevent it also from discoloration.
In how to make pear preserves you must know all the tips, guidelines and techniques in order for you to have a good pear preserves. So before you start, you should know things such as pectin powder or liquid, lemon juice, sugar, ascorbic acid, artificial sweeteners and glass or plastic freezer containers for you to make a good pear preserve. Here below is a simple and easy recipe on how to make a pear preserves:
 1. Gather all ingredients. You will need 5 lbs of pears and 5 lbs of sugar.
 2. Wash, peel, core and slice your pears to desired size.
 3. Put your sliced pears in a large cooking pot.
 4. Pour in the sugar on top of your sliced pears. Mix them slightly. Allow mixture to rest overnight.
 5. Boil the pear mixture until it reaches its boiling point and turn down heat to medium.
 6. Wait till the pears turn light golden brown and the syrup thickens. Stir mixture as often.
 7. When the pears has its translucent appearance, immediately turn down the heat for it is done.
 8. Place pear preserve in a sterilized jar and seal them for longer shelf life.
There are ways you can do with your pear preserves; it can be an additional ingredient to give more flavour in your food or can be added to foods like cakes. Homemade pear preserves are much healthier than jellies bought in a supermarket, that's why it is best tried with crackers, on toast and on pancakes too. Go now and collect your best pears at home and make a delicious and healthy pear preserves, for now you know how to make pear preserves for your family and friends.
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Send Me My Free Canning And Preserving Food Email Course Today!
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text:
If you've used any jQuery plugins in your time – and lord knows I used to live on jQuery plugins – then you've probably seen the example code tell you to wrap your plugin calls in a
$(window).load() but do you know what they are or how they're different? Most people are very familiar with
$(document).ready() but not a lot of love is given to
Say hello to
The jQuery docs for
$(document).ready() say it best:
A page can't be manipulated safely until the document is "ready".
But what does "ready" mean? In the context of the
$(document).ready() function, "ready" means that the DOM (Document Object Model – the browser's internal model of the markup on the page) is ready or fully constructed. Page rendering happens quickly to us but when it comes to code being executed on the page you always want to make sure that the DOM elements you are targeting with jQuery actually exist and are fully loaded (parents, children, and siblings). If you try to fire off a transition or a fade in/fade out on page load without wrapping it in a
$(document).ready() solves is also one of the reasons that loading all JS after all of your HTML and before the closing
 tag is a recommended best practice.
Have you ever seen code like this and wondered what it's doing:
1 2 3
$(document).ready()? It's actually right there. New jQuery developers aren't familiar with this shorthand which is equivalent to wrapping a function in
$(document).ready() like this code:
1 2 3
Wrapping your jQuery in
$() has the same effect as
$(window).load() function is similar to
$(document).ready() but goes slightly further. Instead of waiting for just the DOM to be ready,
$(window).load() won't fire until the entire page has finished loading. This means stylesheets, images, and any resources that are referenced immediately but may not have completed downloading by the time the DOM is ready.
Image sliders are pretty much the most popular jQuery plugin type there is and it's a perfect example of where
$(window).load() comes in handy. Let's say you have a series of images that will scroll in a slider automatically on page load. Let's go further and say that you want the user to be able to take in and read and text contained in those images (text in images is bad form but there are some cases where it's sort of acceptable) and/or viewing each image in order is important to understanding your page.
In a situation like the one described above the
 tags may be on the page and the DOM may be fully loaded and ready but you don't want to fire off any scripts to start timing and moving those images in your slider until every image in the set is finished downloading. If you wrap your code in
$(window).load() then you can fire off your slider safe in the knowledge that it won't start sliding before all the images have loaded, potentially showing users blank or half loaded slides and making the images appear out of order and without context.
So there you have it. The difference between


text:
[ A.K.A SEKMINËS – Seventh Sunday after Easter
In Lithuania and in neighboring countries, traditions of Pentecost are
related with the end of sowing and the start of summer labors. This is
a spring gathering and shepherds' holiday. The most distinctive feature
of Pentecost is nature worship. The power of nature was attributed to young,
green birch trees. It was believed that the birch tree can pass her vitality
to the soil, to animals, protect from illness and all evils. On the eve
of Pentecost, village girls dispersed in fields and woods in search of
flowers and greenery that were used to make wreaths. Young men picked branches
off birch trees, which they placed around doors, gates, inside porches
and in living rooms. Wreaths and bunches of flowers decorated the entire
house. Tables were covered with linen tablecloths, garden paths were sprinkled
with sand and greens. It was believed that the souls of the dead, while
visiting homes on Pentecost, rested on birch tree branches. Shepherds decorated
cows with birch wreaths, to keep them calm and together, be good milkers
and to please the mistress of the house so she would be kind and generous
throughout the year.
The writer, B.Buraèas described this tradition of decorating
the herds in his writings, saying that on the night before Pentecost, shepherds
returning home with the herd dressed the animals with birch and marsh marigold
wreaths. They even tied birch branches to cattle horns.
In some regions women placed a piece of bread in a white linen kerchief,
tied it with three double birch branches and tied this kerchief to their
apron sash believing this to be a protection from snake bites. Whipping
with bathing birchrods in bathhouses was believed to chase all ailments
out of the body. On Pentecost morning, the master of the house whipped
his cows to make them more active while grazing in the fields.
When Christianity came to Lithuania, churches began blessing grasses.
Then on this holiday, churches were decorated with birch trees and other
greenery. People arrived in church carrying bunches of greenery, which
were blessed. These blessed greens were set on fire and their smoke was
used to incense dying persons, new buildings and storm clouds. It was believed
that smoke from Pentecost greens had the power to chase away evil spirits,
protect buildings and send storm clouds away. Wayside crosses and ritual
tables were also decorated with Pentecost greenery.
J.Balys wrote in " Lithuanian Calendar Holidays" how plants are used
in charmings. First of all, many wreaths were twined and each one was given
a man's name. The largest wreath was given the name of the girl who wanted
to know the name chosen name. The wreaths are thrown into the well or into
the pond in the evening, so as not to be seen by anyone. Early in the morning
the girl went to see if her wreath was beside the largest wreath. If it
was, she would marry him.
Before Pentecost one must twine a large wreath of cornflowers with
three branches of rue in it. Before evening this wreath is placed on the
girl's head and fastened to the hair so it would not fall off. He, who
in a dream removes this wreath, will be the one too take away her virginity.
N.Gimbutas in " Baltic Mythology", wrote that there was tradition
to go to the woods on Pentecost. A birch tree was picked out, decorated
and taken into the village. About hundred years ago this was an important
ritual which involved the entire community.
On this holiday there are fire and water glorification rituals. The
church on Pentecost blessed fire and water. In many regions holy water
was sprinkled on grain seeds, so that they would sprout fast and that birds
would not peck at the grain. Sprinkling with holy water was meant to keep
insects away from the crops and keep ponds and rivers safe from drownings.
To keep horses well and give them shinny coats, their food was also sprinkled
with holy water.
After Pentecost, according to the folk calendar, it was safe to swim
in rivers and lakes, especially if these bodies of water were close to
churches, they were blessed by the priests to protect the swimmers from
drownings. Country folk poured holy water into their wells and ponds for
Pentecost is one bright day in the shepherds' year. This day was begun
by the blare of the herdsman's trumpet before sunrise, awakening the shepherds.
That day, every shepherd planned to take his herd out at the earliest and
play his small horn. Each shepherd made his own small horn for Pentecost
from osier or alder wood and added a hollow cow's horn to give it a better
As the animals were leaving the barn, they were incensed with burning,
dried herbs by the mistress of the house. The herd grazed until noon, then
the shepherds decorated the entire herd and themselves and returned to
the village singing and playing their horns. Then the feasting began, hosted
by the head herdsman.
Shepherds' outings were organized on Pentecost, called shepherds' omelet,
[ a.k.a. pautienë ]. In some regions shepherds stopped at homesteads
in the morning to pick up prepared foods, while in others they asked for
eggs, flour, butter, milk and salt so that they could bake their own omelet.
In Dzûkija the following greeting was voiced, " happy Pentecost,
spent happily and peacefully with horses neighing and cows mooing. I was
sent to you by the oxen for bread, for milk by the cows, by sheep for flour,
by hogs for bacon and fat, by the motley hens for eggs, by the rooster
for pancakes and by the shepherds for money". If some households gave nothing,
the returning herd was decorated with nettle wreaths and brooms tied to
the cows' horns, so that everyone would know about the stinginess of that
household.. However, most homeowners were generous because they knew that
by not giving the cows' milk would be decreased.
After collecting all he goodies, the shepherds went to feast, picnic
in the woods. After the omelet was baked, the shepherds went into the forest,
climbed a tree and called out to wolves and bears to come and have breakfast
with them, saying, " if you do not come out now, you will never come out
during the coming year". This is an ancient prayer, an incantation.
In some regions of the Highlands [ a.k.a. Aukðtaitija ], shepherds
were allowed to sleep in while the herding in the morning was carried out
by girls. They herded out very early, before the larks awakened. Hearing
the larks, village lads came out playing reed and pan pipes. They also
brought food, lit bonfires. The important ritual was made up of a game
called " Arrange a Wedding". The prettiest girl was chosen to play the
bride and a lad was chosen to play the groom, while other girls dressed
as bridesmaids. After the wedding rites, the newlyweds were taken to bed
in a granary, a tent made of tree branches. After that came their awakening
and the end of the wedding ritual games. People in ancient times believed
that peoples' sexual love and fertility stimulate earth's productivity.
On the second day of Pentecost, the hired hands together with the owner's
sons carried on in the same manner as the shepherds. They provided drinks
and music while maidens prepared the food. The maidens walked along fields
of grain, singing songs with magical meanings:
You osier, clover,
Green bush, clover,
How tall you grew, clover,
At the first gate, clover,
The sun rose, clover,
At the second gate, clover,
The moon trundled, clover,
At the third gate, clover,
The maiden walked, clover.
Entire families visited the rye fields. Checked both theirs' and neighbors'
fields and shared farming advice. In some regions, hired hands brewed beer
before Pentecost so that they could treat the owners after their walks
in the grain fields. Everyone gathers to eat and drink, while the young
people sing and dance.
Girls had separate amusements. They sat in a nice spot on a hill, twined
wreaths, cast lots, told tales, sang and walked around grain fields.
When Christianity spread throughout Lithuania, priests turned these
ancient walkings around grain fields into blessings of the grain fields.
People gathered in one farmstead upon the priests' arrival and went together
to bless the grain fields. Feasting took place after the blessing.
This tradition disappeared at the beginning of 20th
century, when villages broke up into individual farms.


MIT scientists study spider web structure by translating it into music
April 15, 2021 by No Comments
Now you can walk through a virtual spider web, using VR headset and controllers to interact with a web sonification model.
A spider weaving its intricate web is a bit like a person composing a song, at least in the eyes of MIT materials engineer Markus Buehler, whose research involves translating web structure into musical melodies. Together with his collaborators, he has devised a way for humans to "enter" a 3D spider web and explore its structure both visually and aurally via a virtual reality setup. Buehler described the ongoing project during a talk at the (virtual) meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) this week.
The work may one day lead to a means of rudimentary communication with spiders in their own "language" of web vibrations, such as when they stretch a strand of silk while building a web or when the strands vibrate in response to a gust of wind or to the presence of trapped prey. "The spider lives in an environment of vibrating strings," Buehler said during an online press conference. "They don't see very well, so they sense their world through vibrations, which have different frequencies."
As we've reported previously, several years ago, Buehler led a team of MIT scientists that mapped the molecular structure of proteins in spider silk threads onto musical theory to produce the "sound" of silk in hopes of establishing a radical new way to create designer proteins. The hierarchical elements of music composition (pitch, range, dynamics, tempo) are analogous to the hierarchical elements of a protein structure. Much like how music has a limited number of notes and chords and uses different combinations to compose music, proteins have a limited number of building blocks (20 amino acids) that can combine in any number of ways to create novel protein structures with unique properties.
That work inspired a sonification art exhibit, "Spider's Canvas," in Paris in 2018. Artist Tomas Saraceno worked with MIT engineers to create an interactive harp-like instrument inspired by the web of a Cyrtophora citricola spider, with each strand in the "web" tuned to a different note. To create the harp, the team scanned a spider web with a laser to capture the 2D cross-sections and then reconstructed that 3D network with computer algorithms. Next they assigned specific frequencies to the web strands to serve as musical notes. Combine those notes in various patterns in the web's 3D structure and you can generate melodies.
"The sounds are very complex, and they don't sound like conventionally tuned instruments, because of course a spider does not use the same tuning system we do in musical creation," said Buehler. "Rather, the spider has tuned the web to their own idea of how the web should be tuned as the optimal sensor, an optimal prey-catching apparatus. It's quite haunting in its sounds—unusual, but quite beautiful."
In 2019, Buehler's team subsequently developed an even more advanced system of making music out of a protein structure—and then converting it back to create novel proteins never before seen in nature. They assigned each amino acid a tone based on its natural resonant frequency—actually more akin to a chord, since amino acids vibrate at several overlapping frequencies. The different 3D structures of the molecules determined the duration of each tone.
Enlarge / Cross-sectional images (shown in different colors) of a spider web were combined into this 3D image and translated into music.
Isabelle Su and Markus Buehler
Since there are 20 amino acids, this produced a 20-tone scale. The team also developed a free Android app, called the Amino Acid Synthesizer, so users can create their own protein "compositions" from the sounds of amino acids. And last year, Buehler's lab applied the same approach to model the vibrational properties of the spike protein responsible for the high contagion rate of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Buehler's presentation at the ACS meeting focused primarily on the virtual reality environment that allows the user to enter a virtual spider web and wander through its structure The idea is that one might be able to pick up more interesting structural features by combining both vision and hearing, since it gives the user a much richer sensory experience of the spider web.
While most people are familiar with two-dimensional spider webs, according to Buehler, most spiders actually build three-dimensional cobwebs, and it was those structures he was most interested in exploring through sound. He thinks of spiders as "autonomous 3D printers," constructing their webs without any supportive scaffolding, unlike manmade 3D printing processes. "So we have a material that is created or spun by the spider in real time with a very low energy consumption, creating these very complex structures in three-dimensional space," Buehler said.
Some of the MIT experiments involved scanning a spider web as it was being constructed, translating each stage into music so the team could study the process in audible form. "We can create a harp for each construction state, so you can begin to see how the spider harp actually changes during the construction, almost like a living musical instrument," said Buehler. The researchers were also able to virtually study how the web's sound changes in response to different mechanical forces, such as stretching a particular strand and increasing the tension until the strand breaks, producing a snapping sound.
The ultimate aim is to learn to create similar synthetic spiderwebs and other structures that mimic the spider's process. "We're interested in changing the overall paradigm of how we think about materials," said Buehler. "A spider is able to sense the integrity of the web through the vibrations. If it's damaged, they can repair it. They have a whole different relationship to the structure they built; they are actually a part of it." He imagines future manmade structures, such as bridges, designed with a similar built-in repair mechanism. "You wouldn't build something and wait for it to break, but continuously repair it," he said. "It would become a living organism."
Spiders use their webs to catch prey, but they also use them to collect sensory information via the vibrations of the various strand and as a means of communication, tapping the web to produce vibrational patterns. In other experiments, Buehler et al. recorded the various web vibrations as the spiders went about different activities: constructing their webs or sending courtship signals, for example. They designed a special machine-learning algorithm to distinguish between the various sounds, since the frequencies pretty much all sound alike to human ears.
"Now we're trying to generate synthetic signals to basically speak the language of the spider," Buehler said. "If we expose them to certain patterns of rhythms or vibrations, can we affect what they do, and can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really exciting ideas."
Spider web sonification during construction, first premiered at Saraceno's OnAir exhibition, Paris, 2018.
Listing image by Isabelle Su and Markus Buehler
Source link


text:
Making Missouri Green
The people who plant the seeds and package the bundles have changed. Buildings have expanded and changed colors. Yet through its existence, the role of the George O. White State Forest Nursery has remained the same. Since 1935, the nursery, located in Texas County, approximately three miles northwest of Licking, has provided millions of trees to Missouri landowners and forest industries for conservation planting.
This year, the nursery is celebrating 50 years of tree production under the Missouri Department of Conservation. The Conservation Department took over the nursery from the United States Forest Service in 1947 and distributed its first crop of seedlings in 1948.
In 1934, the Forest Service designated national forests in Missouri. Thousands of acres were in need of reforestation after indiscriminate logging and wildfires wiped out much of Missouri's forests. George O. White, a Forest Service forester, selected the original 40-acre site for the nursery in 1934. He chose the site because it was centrally located within the national forests and the soil looked good for growing shortleaf pine trees. The Forest Service purchased the acreage in 1935 for $1,430. White later became Missouri's first state forester in 1936.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Work Projects Administration workers, employed by the Forest Service, constructed a home for the head nurseryman, a shop and warehouse, a deep well and a cold storage building. Workers also built two barracks, where they slept, plus a kitchen and mess hall.
Robert Miller, a native of Warsaw, went to work in 1935 at the CCC Camp, earning $1 a day. After a 1934 drought, Miller helped install the first overhead water lines on 27 acres of the nursery. "In those days, you lived in barracks with 200 men and sowed the seeds with a spade," Miller says.
The nursery continued operation until 1942, when World War II disrupted funds for reforestation. The irrigation system was dismantled and shipped to California as a part of the war effort to establish rubber plantations. The Forest Service leased the nursery grounds to a Licking farmer for crop production and shipped many nursery workers, including Miller, to Sullivan, to work at the Meramec State Nursery.
The Forest Service reopened the nursery in 1947, growing primarily shortleaf pine trees on a small portion of the 15 acres of seedbed space. In August of that same year, the Conservation Department signed a 25-year permit with the Forest Service


understand how this attack works we must define some terms beforehand.
Un-Coordinated Choice Model: An uncoordinated choice model is a model where all the participants don't have the incentive to work with one another. The participants may form groups but at no time is the group big enough to become a majority.
Coordinated choice model: This is a model where all the participants coordinate because of a common incentive.
Now it is assumed that the blockchain is an uncoordinated model, but what if there is an incentive for the miners to do an action which goes against the integrity of the blockchain? What if there is a bribe involved to make the miners take a particular action? This is where the bribing attacker model comes in.
What is the bribing attacker model?
Imagine an uncoordinated model. Now, what if an attacker enters the system and incentivizes the miners to coordinate with each other after giving them a bribe? This new model is called a bribing attacker model. In order to successfully bribe the system, the attacker must have two resources:
 - Budget: The total amount of money that the attacker has that they are willing to pay to make the miners take a particular action.
 - Cost: The price that the miner actually ends up paying.
However, if an attacker does decide to attack the blockchain, we arrive in an interesting conundrum… and this is where the "p + epsilon attack" comes in. For reference check out this table:
What is CryptoeconomicsThe Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: Vitalik Buterin Presentation.
Imagine a simple game such as an election. If the people vote for a particular person if they vote the same way everyone is voting, then they get a payoff but otherwise, they don't. Now imagine, that a briber enters the system and lays down this condition to an individual. If you vote AND the others don't vote, then you will get a payoff of "P + ε". The usual payoff AND an extra bribe of ε on top of that.
So now, the payoff matrix looks like this:
What is CryptoeconomicsThe Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: Vitalik Buterin Presentation.
Now imagine this scenario, everyone involved in this game gets to know that if they vote anyway, then there is a chance that they may get a payoff, but if they don't vote then there is a 50-50 chance of them getting a payoff.
What do you think the players will do then? Of course, they are going to vote to get a guaranteed payoff. Now, this is where things get interesting. As can be seen in the matrix, the briber only has to pay the bribe "ε" when only person votes while the others don't. However, in this situation, since everyone is voting, the Nash equilibrium shifts to:
What is CryptoeconomicsThe Ultimate Beginners Guide
That's right, the briber didn't even need to pay the bribe!
So, let's approach this problem from the POV of the briber:
 - Convince the group to vote a particular way.
 - Achieve the goal without even having to pay the bribe.
It is a huge win-win scenario for the briber and this has heavy implication on the blockchain especially in a proof-of-work system. Let's check out our old hypothetical blockchain again:
What is CryptoeconomicsThe Ultimate Beginners Guide
Suppose the briber really wants the chain to hardfork and declares that a group of miner who opts to join the new chain will get a bribe of ε, this will incentivize the entire miner community to coordinate and join the new chain. Obviously the bribe has to be extremely high for something like this to happen, but as we have seen in the briber attacker model above, the attacker won't even need to pay the said amount. According to Vitalik Buterin, this is one of the biggest problems of the proof of work system, its vulnerability to the P + epsilon attack.
The solution lies in proof of stake.
The solution to this form of incentive driven attack lies in proof of stake. In this system, the miners have to put up a portion of their personal fortune and invest it in future blocks. As an economic system, this is much better because the punishment in it is way more severe. Instead of having their rights taken and getting away with a "tap to their knuckles", miners now face the very real possibility of their stake and fortune being taken away.
So, how does this help in preventing P + epsilon attacks? Put yourselves in a miner's shoes. You have a part of your fortune invested inside a block which is to be added in the main chain. Now a briber comes and tells you that you can get an extra payoff if you make your block join the main chain. BUT, if the chain doesn't get approved then there is a huge risk of you losing all the money that you have invested in the block. Plus, as the P + Epsilon attack states, you won't even get the extra payoff from the bribe. For a miner, once that they have invested a stake, it is a no brainer for them to continue in the main chain and not to get involved in any malicious activities.
Cryptoeconomics: Conclusion
So as you can see, cryptography and economics have combined in a very beautiful and intricate manner to create the blockchain technology. The growth that it has experienced over the last few years is staggering and it is only going to get better and more widely used.
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text:
This graph displays Child-Parent information for class id 3X6 Model number M3x6.10652
The central, doubly circled model is the child model. The remaining models are its 'parent' models. The child model can be derived from parent models by the addition of one or more reactions. Arrows point from the child model to parent models. Parent models are either open ovals, to indicate non-bistable configurations, or filled ovals, which are bistable. The link from the child model leads to additional information about the model. The links from the parent models traverse the graph.


Features Of Disposable Paper Bowl
 - The current paper bowl is still a kind of container, but the original design intention is to pay more attention to its environmental protection, so its barrier performance is worse than that of plastic bowls or foamed vinyl bowls. Of course, this problem has also been improved by adding coating, compounding, and other processes. Because paper bowls are made from materials that are relatively safe and environmentally friendly, compared to plastic bowls, disposable paper bowl is more comfortable for people to use and easier to pack.
 In fact, one sentence to summarize the characteristics of disposable paper bowls is that they are safe and hygienic, convenient and lightweight, and can be used in public places, restaurants, restaurants, and other places. Although disposable paper bowls are very useful, we still need to pay attention to whether there is valid information on the packaging that is standard by the manufacturer, such as production date, product implementation standards, and so on.
 Finally, disposable paper bowls and disposable wooden tableware are items that are easy to carry, and they are all environmentally friendly. How to choose depends on what you need.


Question: What Is A Full Boil?
Do little bubbles count as boiling?
Bubbles and Boiling Do bubbles automatically mean water is boiling.
Technically, boiling water means it has reached a temperature of 212 F and it's steaming.
Bubbles can form well before this temperature point, as low as 160 F..
Does boiling water with a lid boil faster?
Can you over boil eggs?
The more you overboil an egg, the more iron sulfide is made, and the more green you'll see on the yolks. Most recipes for boiled eggs recommend putting the eggs under cold water as soon as they're cooked to cool them off quickly, and keep the residual heat from over-cooking them.
What does a rapid boil look like?
Rapid simmer – Going from medium to medium-high heat now. There's more aggressive bubbling in the water but the bubbles are still relatively small. Rolling boil – At high heat now. There's lots of big bubbles rolling over across the entire surface of the pot.
How long does it take for a rolling boil?
It usually takes me about 45 minutes to get ~7 gallons boiling. I use a 32 quart kettle that is large enough for me to cover 2 of the stove burners. So you might try that, see if you can position it so that you can get flame from 2 burners on it….
What temperature is a rolling boil?
212°F: Full rolling boil.
What are the stages of a boil?
Is a rolling boil hotter than a simmer?
In a simmer, you have a very thin layer of 100°C water at the very bottom of the pot. In a rolling boil, you're putting so much heat into the pot that all of the water may be 100°C. … A tall pot of water will have a longer temperature gradient than a pot with only a small amount of water.
Whats the difference between fast boil and rapid boil?
Boiling: When bubbles form at the bottom of the pot and then rise to break the surface. Rapid boil: Bringing water to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Bubbles are breaking quickly and vigorously. … Slow boil: Bringing water to 205 degrees Fahrenheit.
What is a full rolling boil?
How do you make a rolling boil?
Fill the pot with tap water and put it over high heat on the stove. After big bubbles (not small ones at the sides of the pot) appear in the center of the pot — they should roll over each other, thus the name — set a timer for one minute. Turn off the heat after one minute.
Is it rolling boil or roiling boil?
Does water boil faster with salt?
How long does it take for 3 cups of water to boil?
So, about 2 minutes per cup of water. (I always measure the water by cup when adding to the tea kettle, because I like my tea to have a consistent strength.) The general rule seems to hold with an open sauce pan as well. I often have to boil one cup of water for a recipe; it takes two minutes.
What is the difference between a boil and a rolling boil?
A rolling boil is the highest, hottest cooking level possible, while a gentle boil, also known as a simmer, is a more moderate cooking level. Both rolling boils and gentle boils are moist-heat cooking methods, where the food is submerged in the cooking liquid.


text: Nanoindentation is used to explore the variation of mechanical properties associated with the dehydration process in sodium saccharin dihydrate. Upon indenting using a Berkovich tip, (011) and (101) faces exhibit explicit mechanical anisotropy that is consistent with the underlying crystal structure and intermolecular interactions. For freshly grown crystals, (011) is stiffer than (101) by 14%, while (101) is harder than (011) by 8%. Being a heavily hydrated system, the measured mechanical responses contain information pertinent to the fluidity associated with lattice water. Indentation on (011) with a sharp cube-corner tip induces a fluid flow; this observation is uncommon in molecular crystals. The crystals effloresce over a period of time with the generation of a more compact crystal structure and consequently increasing H and E.


text:
In the cherry blossom's shadeby Kobayashi Issa
English version by Robert Hass
Original Language Japanese
In the cherry blossom's shade
there's no such thing
as a stranger.
|-- from The Enlightened Heart: An Anthology of Sacred Poetry, by Stephen Mitchell|
In Japanese Zen poetry, spring blossoms, particularly cherry blossoms, are often used as symbols for the simple, natural, unfolding springtime of enlightenment.
Understanding this, the rest of the poem opens up.
In the "shade" or, you might say, beneath the canopy of enlightenment, there is no longer any sense of separation. Nothing and no one is foreign to you. There is no such thing as a stranger.


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Return to Dynamic SQL or How do I SELECT TOP _USER_ records?
Dynamic SQL or How do I SELECT TOP _USER_ records?
Written by Bill Graziano on 01 August 2000
Ben writes "I'm trying to create a stored procedure where I can send "sp_GetTopRecordSet 25" and it will return a recordset of the top 25 records of my query, like: "SELECT TOP _USER_ * FROM MyTable ORDER BY DateColumn" Now, why won't this work?"
Well Ben, you've discovered a weird quirk of SQL Server: it's very picky about where it allows variables in queries. Another question posted after yours asked why you couldn't put a whole WHERE clause in a variable (Select * from table where = _USER_). The SQL Server parser just won't let you. I'll cover both these questions here.
The easiest answer is to use the SET ROWCOUNT statement. This statement stops processing after a certain number of rows have been processed. It works for SELECT, UPDATE and INSERT. In your case the syntax would look something like this:
declare _USER_ int
set _USER_ = 25
set rowcount _USER_
select * from MyTable Order by DateColumn
set rowcount 0
Always remember to use SET ROWCOUNT 0 to turn off the row limiter. You can the SQL Server Books Online for further details on this command. There really isn't much more to it though. Micrsoft suggests using the TOP command whenever possible.
So how would you use the TOP in this case? Glad you asked. Easy, just make the whole SQL statement a variable. In this case, your query is:
declare _USER_ varchar(1000), _USER_ int
select _USER_ = 25
select _USER_ ='select top'+ convert(varchar, _USER_) +'* from MyTable Order by DateColumn'
Execute (_USER_)
The EXECUTE statement will run any valid SQL statement that you pass it. You can use this to dynamically generate SQL statements at run time. Keep in mind that SQL Server is providing no syntax checks of this statement until it actually runs so be very careful.
You can also use this approach to solve the problem from above with the dynamic WHERE clause. Just put your whole query into the a variable. You can build the query as you go based on the user input.


text:
Dogs encourage 'low-risk' exercise in pregnant womenFeb 16, 11:40 am
Washington, Feb 16 (ANI)): Pregnant women who owned dogs are approximately 50 percent more likely to achieve the recommended 30 minutes of exercise a day through high levels of brisk walking than those without dogs, according to a new study.
Scientists suggest that as it is a low-risk exercise, walking a dog could form part of a broader strategy to improve the health of pregnant women.
The study of more than 11,000 pregnant women was conducted by the University of Liverpool in partnership with Mars Petcare.
Previous studies have shown that maternal obesity and large weight gain during pregnancy has adverse outcomes for mother and child. Studies show, for example, that obesity in pregnant women can result in difficult births and may also have implications for future obesity in the child.
As a result, pregnant women, and those contemplating pregnancy, are advised to contact health professionals to manage their weight and exercise.Recommended exercise during pregnancy includes walking, hiking, jogging and swimming, but many women prefer walking as their primary means of exercise.
In the first study to investigate whether dog walking could help promote exercise in pregnant women, researchers anticipate the findings could be of value to health experts who offer advice on maintaining general fitness and healthy eating habits during pregnancy.
"Although the higher physical activity levels of adult dog owners has already been demonstrated in the US and Australia, this is the first study of its kind to examine whether the effects also apply to pregnant women," said Dr Carri Westgarth, from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health.
"By not managing their weight and exercise, pregnant women risk unnecessary weight gain, as well as a difficult labour or weight problems for the child in later life.
"We found that owning one or more dogs was associated with pregnant women taking part in brisk walking on a regular basis, helping them to achieve the recommended 150 minutes of activity a week. Findings suggest that ownership of a dog provides some motivation to go for a walk, even during pregnancy.
"Dog walking alone cannot reduce the numbers of obese pregnant women, however, and we found no association between the weight of women with dogs compared to those without them. We also found that some pregnant women with dogs didn't go out walking. This means that we need to look at how promotion of dog walking could be integrated into a wider strategy, which includes advice on healthy eating, to encourage exercise during pregnancy and reduce weight gain.
"We now need to investigate why some people do not take up the health enhancing opportunity to walk their dogs regularly, and what barriers and motivators there are to walking. We also need to find out how factors such as the type of dog many affect the intensity of physical activity; for example whether owners with large dogs walk more briskly, compared to owners with small dogs. This will help us identify the advice health professionals could recommend to pregnant women for dog walking activity," he explained.
Dr Sandra McCune, Research Programme Manager at Mars Petcare, added: "Mars Petcare at WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition undertake a variety of research into benefits of pet ownership. We believe that owning a pet, and taking care of it properly, is hugely positive for the mental and physical wellbeing of the owner. This research shows that dog walking can form part of a healthy lifestyle for pregnant women, who may otherwise find it difficult to meet their exercise objectives."(ANI)
- Exposure to high pollution levels during pregnancy may double risk of having autistic kids
- Regular use of talcum powder ups risk of ovarian cancer by 24pc
- Exposure to traffic-related pollution early in life linked to childhood asthma
- Why people find it easier to lose 2-4 pounds rather than 3 pounds?
- Potential 'genetic driver' behind male heart disease identified
- Infections up risk of mood disorders
- 'Smoking alcohol' trend more dangerous than downing a glass or two
- Short-term antidepressant use, stress, high-fat diet leads to long-term weight gain
- Obese adolescents at higher risk of hearing loss
- Waking hours' quality determines how quickly you doze off


Question: How To Make Video Play Automatically In Powerpoint?
Why is my video not playing automatically in PowerPoint?
If the PowerPoint video is not playing automatically, then chances are that you could have set some other playback option for it. In this case, you can go to its Playback settings and change the autoplay feature. Step 1. Just open the file in PowerPoint and click on the video that is not playing automatically.
How do I get multiple videos to play automatically in PowerPoint?
PowerPoint Tutorial: How To Play Video Over Multiple Slides
 1. Click on the drop-down arrow next to the video in the animations pane, and select effect options.
 2. In the effect tab, now you can see the Stop Playing section. By default, 'after current slide' will be selected.
 3. Change this option to 'after', and select the number of slides you want the video to play over.
How do I make my presentation play continuously?
You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Watch Google Play Movies On Youtube?
Can you record video on PowerPoint?
Can you play two videos at once in PowerPoint?
Setting video to play "Automatically" in the ribbon sets the videos to play "After previous" by default( ie one after the other.) Open the Animation pane from ANIMATION tab and set both to "With previous" see if that helps.
How do I open two videos at the same time in PowerPoint?
OK, to solve this problem what you do is the following: load your first video and select the option that causes it to start automatically. Load the second video (or animation) and select this one to start on click. Now, when you run your presentation, click on the 2nd video as soon as the slide opens.
What are the steps to customize a slide show?
Create a custom show
 1. Open the presentation that you want to use to create a custom show.
 2. On the Slide Show tab, under Play Slide Show, click Custom Shows, and then click Edit Custom Shows.
 3. Click New.
 4. Under Slides in presentation, click the slides that you want to include in the custom show, and then click Add.
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text:
Hanging around playing video games may sound like fun, but it is also part of a University of the Fraser Valley research project focused on kids with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.
UFV has been running FAST Club, an after-school motor-skills program for children with FASD for the past three years. New this year is an after-school video game program called BrainGamers Club. Both projects have a mission of helping children tap into their inner strengths with regards to their motor skills and gaming skills, and investigating whether the impacts of these activities cross over into other areas. FAST Club is almost full for this year, but there is still room for more children in the winter session of the new BrainGamers Club, which runs for 24 sessions, twice a week from January until April.
"A typical approach to treating children with FASD involves focusing on their weaknesses. We do assessments and target their best areas and give them choices about what skills they want to improve upon," says Dr. Chris Bertram, UFV Kinesiology program head and one of the project researchers. "We have seen positive changes in other brain functions after participating in our FAST club."
The researchers are now looking for more children with an FASD diagnosis to participate in BrainGamers, the new neurofeedback video game program. The BrainGamers project is based at the UFV Abbotsford campus. Some help with transportation may be available.
BrainGamers participants will be playing specially developed video games while their brainwaves are measured through a cap they will wear.
"If the brain area we're focusing on becomes overactive or underactive, the visual appearance of the screen will change. The only way the child will be able to fix the screen will be by altering the electrical output of the brain. We're hoping that over time if the brain patterns change, we'll see some positive behavioural outcomes, as has been the case in studies of children with other developmental disabilities," says Bertram.
While the kinesiologists and other scientists involved in the program are interested in research outcomes, for the participating children, it's just plain fun.
"There are very few programs offered just for kids with an FASD diagnosis," says Alison Pritchard-Orr, another member of the UFV research team. "This is a university-run project where the children get to work with enthusiastic university students who also enjoy the program. It's a definite plus for them to get this kind of attention. And the activities they do are based on their strengths and specifically tailored to them."
Through these projects, UFV is connected to two multi-university partner Centres of Excellence: NeuroDevNet, which focuses on Autism, Cerebral Palsy, and FASD and has received $30 million in federal funding, and GRAND, a group focused on graphics animation and new media development in connection with Canadian research investigating the potential uses of video games for diagnosis and treatment of childhood brain disorders.
To find out more about these opportunities for children with FASD, contact:
- Project Director : Alison Pritchard Orr at _PHONE_ (loc.4755) or email: _EMAIL_ or
- Program Coordinator: Dorothy Henneveld at _PHONE_ (loc. 4113) email: _EMAIL_
Or check the UFV FASTclub website.
Media contact: Anne Russell


RMORSA Part 3: Risk Appetite and Tolerance Statement
0 September 6, 2017 at 3:32 pm by
Risk appetite and toleranceThe third step in the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (RMORSA) is the implementation of a risk appetite and tolerance statement. This step is meant to set boundaries on how much risk your organization is prepared to accept in the pursuit of its strategic objectives.
Once your organization has documented your risk appetite (and received the board's approval), the question becomes: How do you measure whether your organization is adhering to it? The answer is to implement risk tolerances.
While risk appetite is a higher-level statement that broadly considers the levels of risk that management deems acceptable, risk tolerances set acceptable levels of variation around risk. For example, a company that says it does not accept risks that could result in a significant loss of its revenue base is expressing appetite. When the same company says that it does with to accept risks that would cause revenue from its top 10 customers to decline by more than 1%, it is expressing a tolerance.
Why Set Tolerance Levels?
Operating within risk tolerances provides management greater assurance that the company remains within its risk appetite, which in turn provides a higher degree of comfort that the organization will achieve its objectives.
The second step of RMORSA, risk identification and prioritization, outlines a risk assessment process for your organization that provides quantitative language for risk-based decision making. This standardized scale allows you to discuss the resulting assessment indexes to determine a uniform tolerance throughout the organization. It may not be possible to set accurate tolerances until risk intelligence has been collected over a period of time, but eventually you'll be able to prioritize resources to the risks with the highest variation.
Align with Strategic Goals
To learn more about implementing risk appetite and tolerance in your business, download our complimentary eBook "5 Steps Towards an Actionable Risk Appetite."


text:
NEBOSH Certificate in Fire Safety
Via our Sister Company – JNC Safety Services Ltd we offer the NEBOSH Certificate in Fire Safety.
The certificate is globally recongised and designed for anyone who has fire safety responsibilities in small to medium sized organisations. Upon achievement you will have the knowledge, skills and understanding to help prevent fires from happening, carry out effective fire risk assessments and minimise fire impact.
The NEBOSH Fire Certificate is a Level 6 qualification which is accredited and credit rated by the Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA). Holders of the certificate are able to apply to the International Institue of Risk and Safety Management for Associate Member (AIIRSM).
There are no entry requirements for this qualification. Please note that it is important that delegates studying the certificate have a suitable standard of English language. See link below for further syllabus details:
- Element 1 – Managing fire safety
- Element 2 – Principles of fire and explosion
- Element 3 – Fuel, oxygen and ignition sources and control measures
- Element 4 – Fire protection of buildings
- Element 5 – Safety of people in the event of fire
- Element 6 – Fire safety risk assessment
- Understand the management of health and safety
- Manage fire safety protocols
- Understand the principles of fires and explosions
- Identify the causes and preventions of fires and explosions
- Identify and implement fire prevention and protection in buildings
- Manage the safety of people in the event of a fire
- Conduct/complete a fire safety risk assessment
- Promote a positive fire safety culture
Course Delivery and Duration:
This course is delivered by either classroom based learning or via self led distance learning. Duration of the classroom course is 5 days. For self led distance learning JNC recommends spending between 40 – 60 hours on the course. The assessment for the certificate consists of an open-book examination (OBE) and a practical risk assessment project. Fees below include one sitting of the examination.
Classroom: £850.00 plus VAT per person (fee includes study book and materials, tutor led course away from the workplace, lunch and refreshments, study with fellow professionals, one sitting of examination)
Distance Learning (Self Led): £650.00 plus VAT per person (fee includes study book, access to learning platform for learning materials, one sitting of examination when you are ready, complete the course in your own time)


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[Timer API]
 TimerHandle_t xTimerCreate
 ( const char * const pcTimerName,
 const TickType_t xTimerPeriod,
 const UBaseType_t uxAutoReload,
 void * const pvTimerID,
 TimerCallbackFunction_t pxCallbackFunction );
Creates a new software timer instance and returns a handle by which the timer can be referenced.
For this RTOS API function to be available:
 1. configUSE_TIMERS and configSUPPORT_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION must both be set to 1 in FreeRTOSConfig.h (configSUPPORT_DYNAMIC_ALLOCATION can also be left undefined, in which case it will default to 1).
 2. The FreeRTOS/Source/timers.c C source file must be included in the build.
Each software timer requires a small amount of RAM that is used to hold the timer's state. If a timer is created using xTimerCreate() then this RAM is automatically allocated from the FreeRTOS heap. If a software timer is created using xTimerCreateStatic() then the RAM is provided by the application writer, which requires an additional parameter, but allows the RAM to be statically allocated at compile time. See the Static Vs Dynamic allocation page for more information.
pcTimerName A human readable text name that is assigned to the timer. This is done purely to assist debugging. The RTOS kernel itself only ever references a timer by its handle, and never by its name.
xTimerPeriod The period of the timer. The period is specified in ticks, and the macro pdMS_TO_TICKS() can be used to convert a time specified in milliseconds to a time specified in ticks. For example, if the timer must expire after 100 ticks, then simply set xTimerPeriod to 100. Alternatively, if the timer must expire after 500ms, then set xTimerPeriod to pdMS_TO_TICKS( 500 ). pdMS_TO_TICKS() can only be used if configTICK_RATE_HZ is less than or equal to 1000.
uxAutoReload If uxAutoReload is set to pdTRUE, then the timer will expire repeatedly with a frequency set by the xTimerPeriod parameter. If uxAutoReload is set to pdFALSE, then the timer will be a one-shot and enter the dormant state after it expires.
pvTimerID An identifier that is assigned to the timer being created. Typically this would be used in the timer callback function to identify which timer expired when the same callback function is assigned to more than one timer, or together with the vTimerSetTimerID() and pvTimerGetTimerID() API functions to save a value between calls to the timer's callback function.
pxCallbackFunction The function to call when the timer expires. Callback functions must have the prototype defined by TimerCallbackFunction_t, which is:
void vCallbackFunction( TimerHandle_t xTimer );
If the timer is created successfully then a handle to the newly created timer is returned. If the timer cannot be created because either there is insufficient FreeRTOS heap remaining to allocate the timer structures, or the timer period was set to 0, then NULL is returned.
Example usage:
 _TAG_ NUM_TIMERS 5
 /* An array to hold handles to the created timers. */
 TimerHandle_t xTimers[ NUM_TIMERS ];
 /* Define a callback function that will be used by multiple timer
 instances. The callback function does nothing but count the number
 of times the associated timer expires, and stop the timer once the
 timer has expired 10 times. The count is saved as the ID of the
 timer. */
 void vTimerCallback( TimerHandle_t xTimer )
 const uint32_t ulMaxExpiryCountBeforeStopping = 10;
 uint32_t ulCount;
 /* Optionally do something if the pxTimer parameter is NULL. */
 configASSERT( pxTimer );
 /* The number of times this timer has expired is saved as the
 timer's ID. Obtain the count. */
 ulCount = ( uint32_t ) pvTimerGetTimerID( xTimer );
 /* Increment the count, then test to see if the timer has expired
 ulMaxExpiryCountBeforeStopping yet. */
 /* If the timer has expired 10 times then stop it from running. */
 if( ulCount >= ulMaxExpiryCountBeforeStopping )
 /* Do not use a block time if calling a timer API function
 from a timer callback function, as doing so could cause a
 deadlock! */
 xTimerStop( pxTimer, 0 );
 /* Store the incremented count back into the timer's ID field
 so it can be read back again the next time this software timer
 expires. */
 vTimerSetTimerID( xTimer, ( void * ) ulCount );
 void main( void )
 long x;
 /* Create then start some timers. Starting the timers before
 the RTOS scheduler has been started means the timers will start
 running immediately that the RTOS scheduler starts. */
 for( x = 0; x < NUM_TIMERS; x++ )
 xTimers[ x ] = xTimerCreate
 ( /* Just a text name, not used by the RTOS
 kernel. */
 /* The timer period in ticks, must be
 greater than 0. */
 ( 100 * x ) + 100,
 /* The timers will auto-reload themselves
 when they expire. */
 /* The ID is used to store a count of the
 number of times the timer has expired, which
 is initialised to 0. */
 ( void * ) 0,
 /* Each timer calls the same callback when
 it expires. */
 if( xTimers[ x ] == NULL )
 /* The timer was not created. */
 /* Start the timer. No block time is specified, and
 even if one was it would be ignored because the RTOS
 scheduler has not yet been started. */
 if( xTimerStart( xTimers[ x ], 0 )!= pdPASS )
 /* The timer could not be set into the Active
 state. */
 /*...
 Create tasks here.
 ... */
 /* Starting the RTOS scheduler will start the timers running
 as they have already been set into the active state. */
 /* Should not reach here. */
 for( ;; );
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