text:
Who is Competent to Contract? State the Position of Contracts with a Minor.
According to Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. The three tests namely, age, soundness and disqualification need to be applied to determine whether a person is competent to contract or not. This is further summarized as follows:
According to Section 3 of the Indian Majority Act, a person is deemed to have attained majority (a) when he completes 18 years or (b) where a guardian of person or property or both has been appointed by a Court of Law,(or where his property has passed under the superintendence of the Court of Wards), lie attains majority on completion of 21 years, According to Section 12 of the Indian Contract Act, A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract, if at the time when he makes it, is capable
- To understand the terms of the contract,
- To form a rational judgement as to its effect upon his interests.
A person may be disqualified from contracting if a person is not capable of both of the above is said to have suffered from unsoundness of mind. Some of the examples of persons having an unsound mind include the following:
- Idiots: A person who is permanently of unsound mind.
- Lunatic: A person who is mentally deranged due to some mental strain or other personal experience but who has some lucid intervals of sound mind.
- Drunken Persons: A sane person who is delirious from fever or who is so drunk that he cannot understand the terms of contract or form a rational judgement as to its effects on his interest.
Position of Agreements with a Minor:
As mentioned above, a minor is not competent to contract therefore, the law acts as the guardian of minors and protects their rights because they are not mature and may not posses the capacity to judge what is good and what is bad for them. Therefore, a minor is not liable for any promises made by him under an agreement.
A contract with or by a minor is absolutely void and the minor therefore cannot bind himself by a contract. It was held by The Privy Council that a minor's agreement is altogether void in the case of Mohan v. Rajkumar. Where Rajkumara minor borrowed from by executing a mortgage of his property in favor of Mohan.
Later on, Rajkumar sued for settling aside the mortgage. According to Section 10 and 11 of the Indian Contract Act it was held that the minor's agreement void and therefore the mortgage were not valid. It was held that the money advanced to minor cannot be recovered because minor's agreement was void.
Fraudulent representation by a minor:
According to Section 30 and 33 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, in case of a fraudulent misrepresentation of his age by the minor inducing the other party to he enter into a contract, the court may provide for the compensation to the other party. As in the case of Khan v. Singh, it was held by the Lahore High Court that, where the contract is set aside, the status quo ante should be restored and the court may direct the minor on equitable grounds restore the money or the property to the other party if the money or property could be traced.
Ratification of a contract by a minor on attaining the age of majority:
A minor's agreement is void-ab-initio therefore, an agreement with a minor cannot be ratified even after he attains majority. In the case of Ramgopal v. Sudhire, it was held that a person gave a promissory note in satisfaction of one executed by him for money borrowed when he was a minor. It was held by the court that the claim under the promissory note could note be enforced because there was no consideration.
Minor's contract jointly with a major person:
The agreement made by a minor jointly with a major person is treated as a void contract vis-a-vis a minor however, which can be enforced against the major person who has jointly promised to perform.
Minor as a partner:
A minor cannot become a partner in a partnership firm. According to Section 30 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932, a minor may with the consent of all the partners for the time being, admitted to the benefits of the partnership. It can also be added that, he can share the profits without incurring any personal liability for losses.
Minor as an agent:
A minor can act as an agent and bind his principal by his acts without incurring any personal liability.
Minor as a shareholder:
As per the provisions of the Indian Contract Act and the Privy Council's decision, a minor cannot become a member of the company. However, a minor can become a shareholder or member of a Company if (a) the shares are fully paid up and (b) the articles of association do not prohibit so.
Minor as an insolvent:
A minor cannot be declared insolvent because he is incapable of contracting debts, that is, he is not competent to contract.


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In this part we would configure chef workstation that we created in Part 1 to provision nodes on the Rackspace cloud provider.
Before we go over details of how to provision a Rackspace VM, lets review the chef terminology so that we have some common vocabulary
- Nodes: Servers, VMs or physical machines or cloud instances.
- Cookbook: A cookbook is a collection of recipes, attributes, and templates that Chef uses to package, distribute, and share configuration details. A chef repository can have many cookbooks and typically a cookbook configures only one service.
- Roles: Roles are a way to group nodes by the function. Each role is associated with a run_list i.e. a set of cookbook/recipies that need to execute in given sequence for configuring the node. Nodes can have multiple roles.
- Environments: In chef different nodes could belong to different environments like dev, stage, prod, etc. Like roles environments also have a run_list.
- Data Bags: Data bags are like cookbook attributes but are used to store sensitive information like passwords, api keys, secrets, etc.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Pitt's Historic Impact
Beware of Mr. Yuk!
"Mr. Yuk is mean. Mr. Yuk is greeeeen." Those were the opening lyrics of a 1971 commercial jingle about the scowling green face that warns children not to consume toxic household chemicals.
That year, due to an alarming number of children's deaths by poisoning in the Pittsburgh area, Pitt founded the Pittsburgh Poison Center (PPC) and introduced Mr. Yuk as a substitute for the traditional skull-and-crossbones symbol, which children were no longer associating with danger. (Among other things, the Jolly Roger, was part of the Pittsburgh Pirates' logo decades before that had become somewhat toxic, at least among local sports fans.) But when children see Mr. Yuk's stuck-out tongue and sickly green color, they understand he is disgusted and sick, and poison is pretty nasty stuff.
Mr. Yuk is now famous, and the PPC took a national leadership role among more than 660 poison centers in 1978. Directed by pharmacist Edward Krenzelok, the PPC and Mr. Yuk have educated and protected millions of children regarding the dangers of poisoning. Each year, the poison center distributes millions of Mr. Yuk stickers designed to be put on bottles of household chemicals and to keep kids out of danger.


The Gold IRA Rollover Versus Transfer is a choice that many investors make but do not fully understand. Gold IRAs allow for different types of investments, and transfers can be done without any reporting requirements. In this blog post, we will present the difference between Gold IRA Rollovers and Transfers in more detail to help you select which one best suits your needs.
Transfers vs. Rollovers: What's the difference?
It is not hard to make a case for switching over to a form of self-directed IRA known as a Gold IRA, which will allow you to include gold and other precious metals within the account.
Anyone concerned about the uncertainty in today's financial systems or occurring uncertainties in world economies is smart to consider acting on their fears.
If you're looking for a retirement plan with choices outside of the norm, then look no further than your Self-Directed IRA. With this account type, investors have access to options like real estate investments and precious metals and more traditional assets such as stocks and bonds.
An IRA transfer is a way to move funds or retirement assets from one account to another. It is possible to move your account between financial institutions without ever having the money show up in any way. Furthermore, this transaction is not reported by the IRS, and you can do it as many times as you want with no limitation on the time frame or the number of transfers allowed.
Your account cannot transfer into an ineligible retirement account type when it comes to IRA transfersfor example. Traditional IRAs cannot be put into a Roth IRA without performing a 'Roth Conversion.'
There are two different things that the IRS calls a rollover.
 - Direct Rollover
 In a direct rollover, funds from qualified retirement plans or employer-sponsored plans that are not an IRA are moved into a Traditional IRA. This means that the funds are sent directly from one provider to another, so you don't see the money before it hits your new account.
 You can move your money from one retirement account to another. It's a lot like a transfer, but it has different paperwork reported to the IRS. You don't need to pay taxes on your funds because you're rolling them back into a retirement account.
 - Indirect Rollover
 An indirect rollover happens when you take money out of one account and put it back into another account, but you do it yourself. For example, if you get a check from your retirement fund and deposit it into your own personal bank account.
 You can then write a check from that account and send it to your new IRA provider for deposit into your account. This is an indirect rollover that must be deposited within 60 days back into a retirement account in order to avoid any taxes being levied by the IRS.
 Indirect rollovers are an opportunity to change investments. If you want to make more than one indirect rollover in a 12-month period, the IRS will not schedule or process them; however, they will still occur if more than one is made in this space of time.
The Mechanics of a Gold IRA Rollover
The simplest way to understand a gold IRA rollover is like an automatic transfer from one retirement plan administrator to the next. Simply fund your new self-directed account by rolling over or transferring money out of your current account into this new one, and you're all set.
Your existing IRA account administrator will simply initiate an electronic transfer of your current funds and/or assets to the new plan's administrator. The present laws in the United States allow you to transfer money from old IRAs and other qualified retirement plans. You are only able to take advantage of this rollover once a year.
Proceeding in this way is easy and clear. You simply select out the company you trust with which you want to work and then begin filling in their paperwork. You submit the form either by email, fax, courier, or U.S. mail to the new IRA administrator firm.
They will then take the proverbial ball to open your new account and obtain the funds from the old IRA account straight with the other custodian administrator. This usually only needs around two weeks or even less for the funds to be effectively moved over from your present administrator to your new custodian.
After the funds are proved to be received and credited by your new IRA account plan administrator, you are ready to discuss with them. You direct them to which precious metals and coins you wish them to buy from the available precious metals complex of gold, silver, palladium, and platinum.
The Particulars of a Gold IRA Transfer
The other way to move your money from the old account to the new account is by directly transferring it yourself.
This is called a 60-Day rollover by the Internal Revenue Service and is described on their official website. It starts by receiving the distribution of money directly in the form of a check that has been paid out. You will need to deposit the money into a new account in 60 days or less. The countdown starts from the moment you actually receive the distribution.
In certain specific cases, the 60-day rollover limitation might be waived if you missed your critical deadline due to a situation outside of your control.
There are three ways to get an exception for this rule:
 - You could simply apply solely for an automatic waiver.
 - You can get a private letter ruling that grants you a waiver, but the application process is $10,000.
 - You might self-certify that you fulfill all the requirements for a waiver and then be audited by tax officials to verify eligibility.
You might qualify for an automatic waiver if all of these things happen to you:
 - The money for your new IRA does not get deposited into your account at the bank. The problem is that there is an error at the bank.
 - You did, in fact, make sure that the financial institution received the funds on time. You also made sure to properly follow all of their requirements for correctly depositing said funds into your account, which should have been observed before the 60-day rollover limit expired.
 - The document would have been completed on time and correctly if the bank had sent the funds to the appropriate account as instructed.
 - The funds will be deposited into your IRA account in less than a year from the start of the 60 day period.
Keep an eye on your deadline if you want to avoid financial penalties. If the transfer is not complete in time or there's a waiver, then funds will become fully taxable and subject to taxes plus a 10% penalty for early withdrawal (unless they were taken out of Roth IRA).
Warning About the Potential Tax Implications of a Transfer
The act of transferring funds from an old IRA to a new account is not as simple as rolling the money over. When you are receiving a distribution either directly or indirectly, there are some potential tax implications that should be examined before making your final decision on what option would work best for you in terms of estimated taxes and penalties due.
This means that if these funds are not meant to be taxed and penalized as they would not be when you finalized the 60-day rollover procedure on time, then you will have to make use of other funds in order to settle the full distribution transfer yourself.
Naturally, the variation that you overlooked would later conform to you on your annual tax return. You can either get a tax refund or credit against the taxes you owe.
The best way to avoid these complications is not to worry about them at all. As long as you have your new IRA account administrator take care of the old one for you, there's nothing to it. That will save money and headaches in no time flat.
Is an IRA Transfer Right For Me?
If you're considering an IRA transfer, your initial consideration should be whether or not it is right for you. One of the major benefits of a transfer is that they are easy and low-hassle because there aren't any limits on how many transfers can take place in a year's time from one account custodian.
However, this convenience does come with some downsides. Namely, suppose someone wants to move their money back quickly after transferring without Warning beforehand. In that case, they will likely have difficulty finding out when deadlines are approaching due to being dependent upon the old custodian's schedule.
If you want better control over your retirement savings but would like them transferred easily between accounts at different institutions (such as banks), then maybe an IRA Transfer may work for you.
Or Should I Roll with an IRA Rollover?
An IRA rollover is a process in which you move your funds from your retirement account to another financial institution. If you need the money fast, this option might be better for you since it's typically faster than an IRA transfer. They also grant you the right to hold the money for 60 days before rolling it back into a retirement account.
The disadvantage is that you are limited to one indirect rollover from an IRA each year. If you close the process within 60 days, it is possible that your funds may be distributed if something goes wrong with your plan.
Some people might want to move some of their retirement money from a traditional account to a Gold IRA because it is safer.
Consequently, before deciding on rolling back into another retirement account, it's important that you do all of your research and understand what kind of options are available specific to your situation. So that there are no surprises later down the line when something doesn't go as planned.
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Stratford sub Castle and the oldest road in Britain
by Kerry O'Connor
Stratford sub Castle lies on one possible route of a possible road that would pre-date it by a thousand years and is, possibly, the oldest road in Britain.
The Icknield (Icenhilde, Icenhylte, Icenilde, Icenhilde, Rykeneld, Hikenilde, Hicknel, Hecknal) Way is a pre Roman and perhaps even pre Iron Age route from (Old) Sarum (and perhaps from Exeter) to East Anglia, the territory of the Iceni who may have given their name to it. A Mid 13th C map (Mathew Paris, Scema Britannie, British Library) shows it running from (Old) Sarum to Bury St Edmunds. A different and later Icknield route appears in 14th C sources and includes a Roman section called Icknield Street. It runs north south in Worcestershire and Warwickshire. Some authors call the Icknield Way the oldest road in Britain, others call it a mediaeval myth erroneously linking shorter probably younger tracks together. The Iceni did trade with the south west so a trade route is possible and where a choice is available ridgeways seem more sensible than valley floors and multiple river crossings.
"It keeps along the edge of Groveley Woods and within sound of the nightingales until it bends down to Salisbury ; once probably it or a higher parallel course went over a ford to Old Sarurn, and evidently it is vastly older than the eighteenth-century mile-stones, (The Icknield Way. Thomas, Edward 1916 pages 20 -21). South west of Old Sarum it may be the same route as the Ackling Dyke to Badbury (Origines Celticae, Guest, Edwin 1883 Vol II page 230)
King Edgar (10th C) introduced "The King's Peace", revived by Edward The Confessor, confirmed by William the Conqueror (both 11th C) whereby offences committed on the four principal roads "Watlinge, Fosse, Hikenilde and Erming" were tried by the King's own officers rather than the local court, before this was extended to all highways (12th C). Breach of the Saxon Pax Regis was a far graver crime than the same act as a breach of the homestead's or church's or manor's or Sheriff's peace. It was a crime against the King. Crimes were originally tried as accused versus injured party, fines then being payable to the injured party. When all crimes became against the King's peace, trials became accused versus Rex and all fines payable to him. These four roads were then privileged places under the King's protection in the 10th to 11th C.
The Icknield Way is unmarked on the ground and on maps around Old Sarum, and forgotten. Elsewhere in the country this and its various alternative routes, the Icknield Street, as part of a seemingly unrelated Icknield Way and an Icknield Way Long Distance path are mapped and marked.
Matthew Paris map of Great Britain.jpg
The Icknield Way from Sarum and Wilton in the west to Norfolk in the east.
Matthew Paris' map of Great Britain, Cotton MS Claudius D VI _PHONE_ British Library.
Glovernia is Gloucester. Diulf is Devizes. Planic is Salisbury Plain. Sarefb is Salisbury. Beneath it in red Wiltefir is Wiltshire. Beneath this and the blue line of Icknield Way, Witu is Wilton. Marleb is Marlborough. Neuwerc is Newark. To its south Bealwar is Bevoir. Notigh is Nottingham. Legrecest is Leicester. Stampf is Stamford. Norhamt is Northampton. Graha is Grantham. Burg is Peterborough. Len is is King's Lyn. North Folk is Norfolk. Spa ud is Spalding. _URL_
Benson & Hatcher Old Sarum 1834 plan.jpg
1834 Plan of Old Sarum, Benson and Hatcher, showing The Icknield "Street" (sic) ©Salisbury Museum
Icknield Street.jpg
The (possible) Icknield Way alongside Hudson's Field, labelled The Icknield Street on map above
Image: KMOC
Webpage added July 2020


Full employment : définition de Full employment et synonymes de Full employment (anglais)
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définition - Full employment
full employment (n.)
2.Characteristic of a country or region where all job-seekers are provided with work.
full employment
définition (complément)
voir la définition de Wikipedia
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dictionnaire analogique
Full employment
 Economic concept
What most neoclassical economists mean by "full" employment is a rate somewhat less than 100% employment, considering slightly lower levels desirable. Others, such as James Tobin, vehemently disagree, considering full employment as 0% unemployment.[2]
Rates of unemployment substantially above 0% have also been attacked by John Maynard Keynes:
– J.M. Keynes in a pamphlet to support Lloyd George in the 1929 election.
Before Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps, Abba Lerner (Lerner 1951, Chapter 15) developed a version of the NAIRU. Unlike the current view, he saw a range of "full employment" unemployment rates. He distinguished between "high" full employment (the lowest sustainable unemployment under incomes policies) and "low" full employment (the lowest sustainable unemployment rate without these policies).
 Technical terms
 "Ideal" unemployment
An alternative, more normative, definition (used by some labor economists) would see "full employment" as the attainment of the ideal unemployment rate, where the types of unemployment that reflect labor-market inefficiency (such as structural unemployment) do not exist. Only some frictional unemployment would exist, where workers are temporarily searching for new jobs. For example, Lord William Beveridge defined "full employment" as where the number of unemployed workers equaled the number of job vacancies available. He preferred that the economy be kept above that full employment level in order to allow maximum economic production.
 Long run aggregate supply
The concept of full employment has so far been used in conjunction with the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve, where long run potential output is also the full employment level of output. Full employment does not mean that there is 'zero unemployment', but rather that all of the people willing and able to work have jobs at the current wage rate. Full employment is the quantity of labour employed when the labour market is in equilibrium.
The following should be understood in discussions of NAIRU: governments that follow it are attempting to keep unemployment at certain levels (usually over four percent, and as high as ten or more percent) by keeping interest rates high. As interest rates increase, more bankruptcies of individuals and businesses occur, meaning less money to hire staff or purchase goods (the making and distributing of which requires workers, which means jobs). It might also be noted that the main cause of inflation is not high employment, but rather the ability of banks to make money with little to no backing with things of value (commodities such as gold and silver are some examples), thus flooding the market with money and decreasing the value of each dollar already issued in the process, assuming the economy has not kept up to this increase in issued loans. Economists such as Milton Friedman[3] and Dr. Ravi Batra have theorized ways that a modern economy could have low inflation and near full employment (as in close to 100% of those who are not students and are healthy enough to work, and who wish to work at any given point in time), as of yet these have yet to be widely disseminated through the press or introduced by most governments. Paul Martin - former finance minister and past Prime Minister of Canada - once held that full employment could be achieved, yet let go of this idea after gaining power.
Friedman's view has prevailed so that in much of modern macroeconomics, full employment means the lowest level of unemployment that can be sustained given the structure of the economy. Using the terminology first introduced by James Tobin (following the lead of Franco Modigliani), this equals the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) when the real gross domestic product equals potential output. This concept is identical to the "natural" rate but reflects the fact that there is nothing "natural" about an economy.
At this level of unemployment, there is no unemployment above the level of the NAIRU. That is, at full employment there is no cyclical or deficient-demand unemployment. If the unemployment rate stays below this "natural" or "inflation threshold" level for several years, it is posited that inflation will accelerate, i.e. get worse and worse (in the absence of wage and price controls). Similarly, inflation will get better (decelerate) if unemployment rates exceed the NAIRU for a long time. The theory says that inflation does not rise or fall when the unemployment equals the "natural" rate. This is where the term NAIRU is derived.
The level of the NAIRU thus depends on the degree of "supply side" unemployment, i.e., joblessness that can't be abolished by high demand. This includes frictional, structural, and classical unemployment.
 Phillips curve
Ideas associated with the Phillips curve questioned the possibility and value of full employment in a society: this theory suggests that full employment—especially as defined normatively—will be associated with positive inflation. The Phillips curve tells us also that there is no single unemployment number that one can single out as the "full employment" rate. Instead, there is a trade-off between unemployment and inflation: a government might choose to attain a lower unemployment rate but would pay for it with higher inflation rates. In 1968, Milton Friedman, leader of the monetarist school of economics, and Edmund Phelps posited a unique full employment rate of unemployment, what they called the "natural" rate of unemployment. But this is seen not as a normative choice as much as something we are stuck with, even if it is unknown. Rather than trying to attain full employment, Friedman argues that policy-makers should try to keep prices stable (a low or even a zero inflation rate). If this policy is sustained, he suggests that the economy will gravitate to the "natural" rate of unemployment automatically.
 Structural unemployment
 Full employability
Full employability indicates an attempt by government to make people "employable" by both positive means (e.g. training courses) and negative means (e.g. cuts in benefits). It does not necessarily create full employment.
 Technical issues
Worse, the NAIRU doesn't stay the same over time—and can change due to economic policy. For example, some economists argue that British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's anti-inflation policies using persistently high unemployment led to higher structural unemployment and a higher NAIRU.
 United States
The United States was, as a statutory matter, committed to full employment (defined as 3% unemployment for persons 20 and older, 4% for persons aged 16 and over), and the government is, in theory, empowered to effect this goal.[4] The relevant legislation is the Employment Act (1946), initially the "Full Employment Act," later amended in the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act (1978). The 1946 act was passed in the aftermath of World War II, when it was feared that demobilization would result in a depression, as it had following World War I in the Depression of 1920–21, while the 1978 act was passed following the 1973–75 recession and in the midst of continuing high inflation.
However, since the passage of this Act in 1978, the US has, as of 2012 never achieved this level of employment, nor has such a reservoir of public employment been created.
 Job guarantee
Some, particularly Post-Keynesian economists[5][6] have suggested ensuring full employment via a job guarantee program, where those who are unable to find work in the private sector are employed by the government, the stock of thus employed public sector workers fulfilling the same function as the unemployed do in controlling inflation, without the human costs of unemployment.
 See also
 1. ^ Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003), Economics: Principles in action, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall, pp. 335, ISBN 0-13-063085-3, _URL_
 3. ^ "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability", 1948, American Economic Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jun., 1948), pp. 245-264
 6. ^ Wray, L. Randall (Aug 2001), The Endogenous Money Approach, Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, _URL_
 External sources
 - The OECD on measuring the NAIRU
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text:
Scientists used X-Ray fluorescence to discover hidden text written by Archimedes:
"When the X-rays hit an iron atom it emits a characteristic radiation, it glows," says Dr Bergmann. "When you record the glow you can reconstruct an image of all of the iron in the book."
The glowing words are displayed on a computer screen, giving the researchers the first glimpse of the text in nearly 800 years.
"It's like receiving a fax from the 3rd Century BC," said Mr Noel. "It's the most sensational feeling."


text:
3:00 pm to 5:00 pm
Family and Friendship in Early America
Friends and Lovers Friendship and Romance in Mixed-Sex Friendships in the Early American Republic
Cassandra Good, University of Pennsylvania
This paper examines the lines between mixed-sex friendships and romantic relationships in the early American republic. Given the overwhelming cultural focus on marriage and seduction in this era, it was hard for people then—as it is for historians today—to distinguish between friendship and romance. Without prescriptions for how to conduct a heterosocial friendship, men and women had the opportunity to collectively define the emotional and sexual character of a relationship. Through an examination of literary texts and manuscripts, I argue that men and women adapted the sign system of romance to create new, more flexible possibilities for heterosocial relationships.
Founding Fathers/Founders as Fathers: Raising a Natural Aristocracy in Virginia
Lorri Glover, St. Louis University
Thomas Jefferson theorized that in the new American republic a "natural aristocracy" based on talent and achievement would supersede the hereditary power structure of the colonial order. But gender sharply, inviolably bisected this new ethic, both in the rhetoric of revolutionaries and in their households. Gender dictated how the heirs of the founders went about securing a place in the American meritocracy, a lesson that Jefferson assiduously taught his daughters and granddaughters. Using the family papers of Thomas Jefferson, this essay interrogates girl-rearing in the revolutionary age to reveal the intimate and intricate connections between political ideals and family values.
Commentator: Thomas Foster, DePaul University
All papers are pre-circulated electronically to those who plan to attend the seminar in person. For a copy of the paper, e-mail the Scholl Center at _EMAIL_. Please do not request a paper unless you plan to attend.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Definitions for marineməˈrin
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word marine
Princeton's WordNet
 1. Marine, devil dog, leatherneck, shipboard soldier(noun)
 a member of the United States Marine Corps
 2. marine(adj)
 a soldier who serves both on shipboard and on land
 3. marine(adj)
 of or relating to the sea
 "marine explorations"
 4. nautical, maritime, marine(adj)
 relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen
 5. marine(adj)
 "marine barracks"
 6. marine(adj)
 relating to or characteristic of or occurring on or in the sea
 7. marine(adj)
 native to or inhabiting the sea
 "marine plants and animals such as seaweed and whales"
 1. Marine(n.)
 Specifically: A member of the United States Marine Corps, or a similar foreign military force.
 2. Origin: [F. marin a sea solider, marine naval economy, a marine picture, fr. L. marinus. See Marine, a.]
 1. marine(Noun)
 A member of a marine corps.
 He was a marine in World War II.
 2. marine(Noun)
 A marine corps.
 He fought with the Marines in World War II.
 3. marine(Adjective)
 Of, or pertaining to, the sea (marine biology, marine insurance.)
 4. Marine(Adjective)
 Of, or pertaining to, a marine corps.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Marine(adj)
 2. Marine(adj)
 formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea; as, marine deposits
 3. Marine(adj)
 4. Marine(adj)
 5. Marine(adj)
 a picture representing some marine subject
 6. Origin: [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. marin. See Mere a pool.]
 1. Marine
 A Marine is a member of an infantry force that specializes in naval operations such as amphibious assault. In some countries, a marine force is often part of a navy, but can also be under army or independent command. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included providing protection from war while at sea, reflecting the pressed nature of the ships' company and the risk of mutiny. Other tasks would include boarding of vessels during combat or capture of prize ships and providing manpower for raiding ashore in support of the naval objectives. Marine elements would also contribute to the campaign ashore, in support of the military objective. With the industrialization of warfare in the 20th century the scale of landing operations increased; thus brought with it an increased likelihood of opposition and a need for co-ordination of various military elements. Marine forces evolved to specialize in the skills and capabilities required for amphibious warfare.
British National Corpus
 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word'marine' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4398
 2. Adjectives Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word'marine' in Adjectives Frequency: #604
Anagrams of marine »
 1. airmen
 2. Mainer
 3. remain
Translations for marine
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I've always read that normal users should stick with AdobeRGB and not use ProPhoto for the working color space. But why? Does it affect the ability to edit and make sense of color changes?
I ask because Lightroom sends work to Photoshop using ProPhoto (by default) and there are also considerations to not use different color space for image and working. In fact, PictoColor does not work unless the image profile matches the working space.
So, why not set Photoshop to use ProPhoto for its "working space"?


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Inspection Control - Focus on Stamp Warranty
After completing this course, the student should be familiar with the basics and importance of the stamp warranty inspection control. The student should completely understand the procedures required for implementing and maintaining an inspection control program with a stamp warranty focus.
Why Learn about Stamp Warranty?
Aerospace projects consist of complex systems of interdependent components. To ensure that the entire system works properly, it is of utmost importance that all of its components are functional and integrated seamlessly. To guarantee this, it is necessary that the system and its components be inspected at different points throughout the project life. Inspection control and the uses of stamps allows you to keep track of the inspections that different components of the system have undergone. While this course describes the methods used by NASA, for academic payload projects you could adopt simpler versions of the inspection control procedures. The main purpose of proof of inspection is still valid for your project.
- What is Inspection Control?
- Personal Warranty in Inspection Control
- Inspection Control System
- Stamps and Marking Materials
- Stamp Designs
This course's structure is strongly based on NASA's SMA Technical Excellence Program (STEP) - "Inspection Control and Personal Warranty", SMA-QE-WBT-252 and "Inspection", SMA-QE-WBT-251, courses, images and content are courtesy of the NASA STEP program.


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"Joy to your soul" reads a note next to a newspaper clipping in a scrapbook belonging to Joy McLean Bosfield (_PHONE_), a musician, educator, and entrepreneur who called Washington, DC home between 1962 and 1985. Joy is a consistent theme in two scrapbooks that she donated to the Anacostia Community Museum. Photos, plane tickets, programs, posters, and poetry chronicle a musical career that took her from New Jersey to Broadway, and then around the world in the 1940s and 1950s. Additional materials from later in her career include a long letter to curator Portia James. Her editorial expertise is evident in lyrical and sometimes funny explanations of how elements of her story connect.
Explore Joy McLean Bosfield's scrapbooks, transcribed by Smithsonian digital volunteers. Look for her given name, Joy L. Mearimore, in concert programs from the 1940s, and her first stage name, Joy Merrimore, in the Broadway playbill for Memphis Bound!, in which she played Eulalia. She stars as Joy McLean, first in Great Britain in the late 1940s and early 1950s and then on tour with the international production of Porgy and Bessin the early to mid-1950s. Decades later in the District, she directs her next namesake, the McLean Bosfield Vocal Studios.
Her annotations provide a guide to understanding her life's journey and insight into her skill as an educator and mentor. The Joy McLean Bosfield Papers also include phonograph records and archival materials from later in her career. In a long letter to curator Portia James accompanying her papers, McLean Bosfield's editorial expertise is evident in her lyrical explanation of how elements of her story connect.


load as few drivers
 as possible. Some definite things to EXclude are memory
 managers (HIMEM, EMM386, QEMM, etc.) and network drivers
 (e.g. LSL, IPXODI). DOOM doesn't need the former, and the
 latter will probably conflict with the packet driver. We
 recommend that you prepare an alternate configuration
 (using the multiple configuration facility built into MSDOS; see your DOS manual for details) specifically for
 Internet DOOM with a CONFIG.SYS portion containing only a
 FILES=20 line, and an AUTOEXEC.BAT portion containing
 only the line "prompt=$p$g". Be sure to include the line
 which loads your mouse driver (if you play DOOM using a
 Step 1: Set up the packet driver. If you do not
 already have a suitable packet driver installed on your
 machine, now is the time to install one. Start by
 determining your ethernet card's IRQ setting, it's base
 I/O port setting, and it's memory address setting (if
 any). You should be able to determine this by looking at
 the card itself and consulting the user manual. You'll
 need some if not all of this information, depending upon
 which packet driver you use and/or type of hardware you
 have (for example, some IBM computers with the
 MicroChannel bus can determine the settings on the card
 automatically without you having to supply them on the
 packet driver command line). Unzip the appropriate driver
 from Crynwr Packet Driver collection archive. In our
 example, the packet driver is called SMC_WD.COM. By
 looking at the jumpers on the card and consulting the
 is at segment d800h. For this example, I have chosen to
 use interrupt 60h for the packet driver. Packet drivers
 typically operate on an interrupt in the range of 60h to
 80h inclusive; since nothing else in my sample system
 happens to be using the first available interrupt (INT
 60h), I chose that. Thus, to load my packet driver, I use
 the command line
 SMC_WD 0x60 0x7 0x300 0xd800
 where 0x60 is the packet driver interrupt, 0x7 is the IRQ
 setting on the card, 0x300 is the I/O port base address,
 and 0xd800 is the memory base address (NOTE: all numbers
 are in C-style HEX notation). Don't worry if you don't
 understand what all this stuff means - as long as you use
 the correct numbers, your packet driver should work.
 NOTE: If your PC is currently part of a Novell network
 (e.g. Netware, Netware Lite, Personal Netware) the
 parameters you need can be found in a file called
 NET.CFG, usually located in your \NOVELL, \NWLITE or
 \NWCLIENT subdirectories (along with all the other
 drivers needed by Novell). Add the proper command line to
 the AUTOEXEC.BAT for your iFrag configuration so that the
 packet driver will be loaded automatically whenever you
 boot using the iFrag partition.
 When successfully loaded, the packet driver should
 give a sign on message and report the ethernet address of
 your NIC when you load it. Chances are that if your NIC
 has been functioning properly for other tasks (e.g. as a
 node on a Novell network) then you'll have no problems
 here. If not, or if there are any error or warning
 messages, something is wrong. One possibility is that one
 of the settings on your NIC is in conflict with those of
 another expansion card in your system. No two cards can
 have the same IRQ, I/O port, or memory address settings,
 nor can the memory areas of two cards overlap. Whatever
 the cause, you'll need to find and correct the problem
 before continuing.
 Step 2: Set up a new directory where iFrag and all
 its configuration files will be kept. You can name this
 directory anything you like (I suggest c:\iFrag). UnZIP
 the idoom20.zip file into this new directory, and make it
 the default (chdir to it). We will refer to this
 directory as the "iFrag directory."
 Step 3: Set up your WATTCP.CFG file. Your WATTCP.CFG
 file contains important parameters used by the WATTCP
 TCP/IP kernel built into iFrag. These values MUST be
 entered correctly if you wish to make a connection with
 another DOOM PC. In preparation for this, you'll need
 several bits of information. Contact the network
 administrator for your site and find out the IP address
 for your machine, the IP address for your gateway or
 router, the IP address of at least one Domain Name Server
 local to your site, and your netmask value. The three IP
 addresses will each consist of four groups of digits
 separated by periods. In our example, the machine's IP
 address is, the gateway is, the
 netmask is, and the nameserver address is NOTE: it is important to use the numeric
 have other Internet programs currently installed on your
 machine, such as a Gopher client or the Trumpet
 newsreader, you can probably find the information you
 need in the configuration files used for those programs.
 If the application is based on the Waterloo TCP package,
 it will have it's own WATTCP.CFG, in which case you can
 simply copy it over to your iFrag directory. When you
 have collected all this information, use your favorite
 ASCII text editor to edit the WATTCP.CFG file in your
 iFrag directory. Edit or add the lines beginning with
 my_ip=, gateway=, nameserver=, and netmask=. On our
 example machine, the WATTCP.CFG file looks like this:
 Save the changed file and exit back to DOS.
 Some sites run what is called a BOOTP server. If
 yours is such a site, you can put "BOOTP" on the "my_ip="
 line and leave the other lines out. iFrag can contact the
 BOOTP server and determine all the settings it needs to
 communicate with other machines on the Internet. If your
 site is not running a BOOTP server, then your task is a
 little more difficult (but not impossible!)
 If you know your machine's IP address, but you can't
 determine the other values, you can often get away with
 some educated guesswork. For instance, the gateway for a
 subnet usually has an IP address ending in.1, as is the
 case with our example. Thus, if your IP address is
 xxx.yyy.zzz.www, try setting your gateway's IP address to
 xxx.yyy.zzz.1. As for the subnet mask, a common value for
 this parameter is In some cases, the
 gateway value can be something like xxx.yyy.1.1 with a
 corresponding netmask value of - if one
 doesn't work, it can't hurt to try the other. Finally, if
 you don't know your nameserver's IP address, you can
 probably get by without it for the purposes of DOOM
 playing. Since you'll be specifying IP addresses for all
 of your opponents' machines, a nameserver lookup won't be
 necessary to resolve their addresses.
 Step 4: Test your TCP/IP setup. Reboot your machine
 and select your new iFrag configuration. Next, use your
 network diagnostic programs to test the connection. For
 example, if you are using the WATTCP application suite
 mentioned earlier, unzip the TCPINFO and PING programs
 from the WATTCP apps archive into your iFrag directory.
 At the DOS prompt, type:
 and press the key. If your WATTCP.CFG values are
 set up correctly, and if your packet driver and net
 connection are functional, you'll see a couple of screens
 of information about your system, including your ethernet
 address and the parameters you specified in the
 WATTCP.CFG file.
 If everything looks OK, the next step is to use the
 PING program to attempt to establish contact with your
 subnet gateway. At the DOS prompt, type
 PING
 and press the key. After a brief delay, you
 should see a message telling you that the host is
 responding, as well as the round trip time for PING's
 test packets. If you see the "Timeout" error message,
 then something is wrong with your setup; if your PC is
 unable to reach your gateway, it will be unable to reach
 the rest of the Internet as well, since all network
 packets which


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The Effects of Human Fatigue on Risk at Sea
MetadataShow full item record
- Institutt for marin teknikk
The main purpose of this PhD thesis is to improve the current international knowledge pool regarding the circumstances in which human fatigue develops on board a vessel and its effect on the probability of maritime grounding accidents. The work focuses on personnel on the ship's bridge and maritime groundings, however, the methods developed and the techniques shown are relevant to other type of accidents and crews. The thesis reviews the literature on risk modelling, and presents current available methods for developing socio-technical models. The research identifies current challenges for including organisational and human factors in a risk model. In doing so, important fatigue related factors are identified and quantitative links between fatigue and the probability of groundings are shown. The main contributions of this thesis are: - Providing an overview of knowledge gaps and challenges in modelling human fatigue in risk models - Development of four models for assessing human fatigue at sea A Bayesian network model CREAM model Regression model BORA model - Identification of factors that influence human fatigue - Assessment of maritime transport stakeholder views on human fatigue - Identification of ways to improve collection and reporting of data from accident investigation for the purposes of better assessing the contribution of Human and Organizational Factors (HOF) The classical Newtonian view of the world, where the system is understood by dividing it into smaller parts and assigning causal links, does not embody human behaviour adequately. A more systemic view, where the complexity and interaction between dependent variables are recognised, is a preferable approach. This thesis suggests Bayesian Networking (BN) as a convenient tool for modelling socio-technical systems. BN allows one to take into account the many interactions in complex systems. It also allows reasoning in both directions. The BN model developed in this thesis (Article II) indicates that a bridge management team where at least one member of it is fatigued, has a strong negative effect on the probability of grounding. Although Article II does not claim any "true numbers" for probability of grounding or the probability of any of the fatigue related factors included in the model, the BN model still gives valuable information about the relative changes and relations. Fatigue in bridge personnel increased the probability of grounding with 16%. The marginal probability of having a fatigued bridge management team in a random ship is conservatively calculated to be 23%. The stepwise method for building BN introduced in the thesis is transferable to other transport modes. In short, the method uses accident investigation reports to generate Human and Organizational Factor (HOF) data. The HOFs are then structured using a taxonomy (HFACS in our case) and finally a BN is made. The maritime transport sector (MTS) is concerned about high human fatigue levels among seafarers. High human fatigue levels are linked with raised probabilities of less than adequate human performance, of which the consequences may be great, e.g. groundings, collisions and oil spills. It has not been uncommon that accidents occur when officers are in a fatigued state. Proper psychological functioning of seafarers is crucial for the overall safety and reliability of ships. The research in this thesis indicates that the various stakeholders appreciate the importance of having a non-fatigued crew, however, at the same time their perception is that anti-fatigue measures cost more than they generate in benefits. This report of the stakeholders' belief may be an indication of lack of interest and motivation to implement fatigue reducing measures on board. The belief that fatigue measures are non-effective could have an important part to play. The thesis concludes that the most important fatigue related factors are: Efficiency pressure, LTA (Less than adequate) Manning, Shift scheme of 12 hours on duty followed by 12 hours off, assuming adequate manning (12-12), LTA BRM (Bridge Resource Management) application, LTA Quality control and Variable working conditions. The research conducted in this thesis has been limited to large ships having a minimum of seven crew members (except of article I, where the minimum crew members were set to four) on a voyage lasting at least one day or more. The limitation was used because it was assumed that the circumstances in which fatigue occurring in these ships are basically different from that in other types of ships, for instance fishing vessels or supply ships. The conclusions regarding the effects of fatigue on the probability of grounding can therefore not be generalised without constraints. Different taxonomies and structures exist today for structuring the HOFs. Most taxonomies available are developed with the nuclear or aviation industry in mind. The maritime transport system is different and should therefore have its own specially tailored and reviewed taxonomies of HOFs. This is an important work for the future. The research has also limited itself to looking at fatigue's effect on accidents. Human performance in post -accident events, given a fatigued state has not been looked into. Limiting damage is an important part of an overall risk analysis. Further work should also devolve into that phase, i.e., the influence of HOF in postaccident scenarios.


What Is The Real Definition Of An All-Wheel Sports Car?
The Houghton Mifflin definition of the two-seat rule seems out-of-date. Many sports cars today offer small back seats (sometimes referred to as 2+2 seating) and there is a current movement underway to increase the seating room in models long considered sports cars by most automotive experts.
Insurance companies use their formula in classifying automobiles and often the presence of two doors automatically makes any car a sports car in their eyes. This perspective, of course, is as overly simplistic as the standard dictionary approach to defining a sports car. One can certainly think of any number of two-door vehicles that fall far short of being an actual sports car. Economy cars and even larger two-door vehicles that are not built with power and performance in mind should not qualify as true sports cars.
Some car buffs will refer to high-performance muscle cars and other larger vehicles as sports cars. Others, however, distinguish these vehicles and true sports cars. These individuals will claim that a car can be a sporting car or simply sporty but still fall short of being a true sports car. Thus, regular cars may be outfitted with a sports package and/or accessories to make the car sportier, but may not fit a strict definition of a sports car.
Others will maintain that the distinction between a sports car and any other type of car lies in how the car's suspension and handling are addressed. Technical debates rage over whether various suspension packages qualify as belonging to true sports cars.
Road and Track, a leading automotive publication, summarizes the sports card definition debate with a simple observation: Ask five people the exact definition of a sports car, and you'll likely get five different answers.
There is no clear-cut definition of what is a sports car. The restrictive definitions of the past seem ill-suited to categorize today's diverse automotive offerings and common usage of the term runs contrary to most long-held definitions.
There is, however, a common thought that seems to run through almost all of the outlooks on the meaning of sports cars. If a car is designed with high performance or race-like capabilities in mind, it can probably be safely termed a sports car. Some purists may balk at such a liberal perspective, but alternative definitions fall far short of accurately distinguishing sports cars from regular production models.
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Given a binary tree, Find the Maximum Path Sum between Any Two Leaves
Objective: Given a binary tree, Find the maximum path sum from one leaf node to another.
Input: A binary tree.
- Now we will calculate the max path sum between two leaves node
- So our max path will be either on the left sub tree OR
- Our max path will be either on the right sub tree OR
- Our max path will have some part in left and some part in right and passes through through the root
- Take a variable say, "maxSoFar=0" this will our final result.
- Do postOrder traversal, This will give you result from left and right subtree
- Now at each node calcuate sumCurrent =Max of (result of leftSubtree,result of RightSubtree, result of leftSubtree+result of RightSubtree + Root data)
- if(maxSoFar


Customers Will Remember Your Business If You Can Remember Their Names
By John Tschohl What's the sweetest sound that you can hear? According to recent research studying brain activation, the answer is: your name. A person's name is a precious possession. Remembering a name represents a simple, but powerful customer care skill that people notice and appreciate. Everyone loves hearing their own name! Remembering and recognizing […]


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Beginning in August 2011, most large cruise ships will no longer be able to sail in Antarctica.
The International Maritime Organization this week adopted a ban on using and carrying heavy fuel oil on ships operating in Antarctic waters.
The regulation, which was expected to be adopted, essentially bans cruise ships with more than 500 passengers from sailing in Antarctica, because even though they would agree to use lighter fuels there, the ban on carriage would prove too costly for those vessels.
The largest cruise ships that cruise Antarctic waters can carry more than 2,000 passengers, operated by lines like Princess Cruises and Holland America Line. Those ships do cruise-only trips to Antarctica, not allowing passengers to disembark, but getting close enough for them to see Antarctic land, observe penguins and encounter icebergs.
Cruise operators, represented by the International Association of Antarctica Tourism Operators, support the principles behind the ban, said Steve Wellmeier, IAATO's executive director.
"Largely, it will be the large cruise-only vessels that are affected, rather than the smaller expedition ships that most people think of as Antarctic cruising," Wellmeier said.
According to IAATO, the number of cruise-only passengers that will visit Antarctic waters is expected to fall from 15,531 this past Antarctica season to 6,400 once the ban takes effect.
The smaller ships use light marine gas oil, which is less harmful than many fuels and dissipates quickly in water, posing less environmental damage in the event of a leak.
In 2005, the Antarctic Treaty Parties requested that the IMO restrict use of heavy fuel in Antarctic waters due to the risk of an oil spill in the event of a collision with an iceberg.
Several incidents over the last few years raised concerns about such incidents as sailings increased in popularity, including the sinking of one expedition vessel after colliding with an iceberg.


Joanie Calem
Joanie Calem is a musician, singer/song-writer and teacher. Joanie was born in Seattle, grew up in Boston, and went to Israel as a teenager in 1976, where she studied music, worked, got married, had two children, began singing in pre-schools. Twenty-two years later she moved back to the United States, settling in Columbus, Ohio in 1998. In Columbus, Joanie teaches and performs for audiences of all ages. Her goal is to invite people to share a sense of creating community through singing and playing together.


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Summer Seminar Series
Throughout the summer we hold a weekly seminar series designed to expose REU students to a broad range of topics. Each session lasts 80-120 minutes and is usually subdivided in two, three, or four subtopics. The series consists primarily of four types of topics: lectures on research skills, panels on graduate life, traditional research talks, and REU student presentations. Because this series is scheduled to extend our regular academic-year seminar series, active participation from our faculty and graduate students is a departmental norm, providing another means through which the REU students are exposed to a dynamic, collaborative research environment.
Research Skills Lectures
At the beginning of the summer, the series focuses on interactive lectures about research skills. The main educational goal of these lectures is to expose students to all the major phases of the research process and to teach them to execute each phase effectively. The phases we emphasize are (expected lecturer in parentheses):
- Reading research papers (Mary Shaw)
- Applying a research method (Jonathan Aldrich)
- Formulating contributions and claims (Joshua Sunshine)
- Validating research claims (Jim Herbsleb)
- Writing a research paper (Claire Le Goues)
- Presenting research results (Christian Kästner)
These lectures are often accompanied by short readings and the lessons are emphasized outside of the seminar via direct mentorship within the context of each student's project.
Graduate Life Panels
Three times during the summer we invite Ph.D. students to be on a panel to discuss a specific element of the Ph.D. program:
- Applying to graduate school
- Adjusting to graduate studies and research
- The thesis process
We find that REU students enjoy hearing directly from graduate students, and internalize the lessons because they come from approximate peers. These panels also catalyze further interaction between graduate and REU students.
In the middle of the summer, the faculty, visiting faculty, and graduate students give traditional research talks. We select these talks to ensure that they are diverse in content, of high quality, and inspirational to undergraduates students. We also select for stylistic diversity. For example:
- The most recent faculty hire gives his or her job talk (Claire Le Goues spoke in 2015).
- A senior faculty member gives a keynote-style talk on the history of a field (David Garlan lectured on the history of software architecture in 2015).
- A student gives a tool demonstration or tutorial style talk.
- A junior faculty member talks about emerging work or a research proposal.
- A student gives a traditional conference-style talk about complete research.
The diversity of style exposes students to a wide swath of research life—from faculty job searching to proposing new research—and from idea formation to maturation.


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Being able to store terabytes of data on a hard drive is pretty easy as nowadays, all you need to do is hook up a hard drive to your computer and you can start storing content immediately. But being able to keep that data lasting for longer than several years can be quite a challenge, especially if you regularly use the hard drive. It looks like that will be a thing of the past as a team of researchers have built a hard drive that can reportedly store data for over one million years.
The researchers hail from the University of Twente in the Netherlands and first looked into the theory of how information ages prior to making their amazing discovery. What they found was data needs to be stored in a way where its distinct from other pieces of data. The researchers then proceeded to put their discovery to use by building a disk that would do just that, which resulted in a thin tungsten disk that has a series of fine lines, that has been coated in a protective layer of silicon nitride.
If what the researchers is actually usable by the common everyday person, we'd certainly be interested to see what they think civilizations millions of years in the future should know about us. If I had to make one suggestion, it'd be the invention of the Shake Weight.


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Complex Adaptive Socio-Technical Systems – The Role of Socio-Technical Networks in New Product Development
51 Pages Posted: 29 Jan 2014
Date Written: January 15, 2014
New product development (NPD) is challenging, as it involves mastering new technologies by coordinating appropriate resources efficiently and effectively. Established models of NPD focus on structuring, planning and ordering the innovation process but do not account for complexity and organizational responses and strategies in handling day-to-day resource allocation and decision-making.
Our work is theoretically based on ideas from complexity science and NPD procedures. We build on and extend the work on Complex Adaptive System (CAS) and combine it with Socio-Technical System in an innovative approach to analyze, understand and manage NPD complexity by means of network analysis and performance metrics.
This paper contributes to existing literature by introducing a framework of complex adaptive socio-technical systems (CASS). It is intended to (1) consider dependencies between product and individuals, (2) provide indicators to measure complexity, efficiency and effectiveness, (3) explain complex phenomena by identifying patterns, and (4) enable NPD governance.
We demonstrate the applicability of our framework and metrics using comparative longitudinal case studies using novel and unique data from 4 years of meeting minutes and document exchange in the design phase of the NPD process of a large German automobile OEM. Results reveal new measures for addressing operational, social and technical complexity, providing new insights into complex dynamic behavior. From a managerial point of view, contributions of CASS are twofold: First, new possibilities for NPD governance emerge from performance indicators. Second, the extraction of dynamic socio-technical networks supports project-to-project learning.
Keywords: Innovation; Complexity; Socio-technical Systems; Networks; Longitudinal
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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The study of the properties, circulation and distribution of groundwater.
In South Africa the term geohydrology and hydrogeology are used interchangeably. In theory hydrogeology is the study of geology from the perspective of its role and influence in hydrology, while geohydrology is the study of hydrology from the perspective of the influence on geology.
Why is geohydrology important?
Geohydrology allows the understanding, quantification and management of groundwater resources.


very close in spirit. – Artie Prendergast-Smith Mar 11 '11 at 11:19
Can anyone please tell me if there's something wrong with the following reasoning?
Sticking to the notation in the answer above, let $A$ be an ample divisor on $Y$. Then we can write $A \sim \pi^*D - kE$ for some divisor $D$ on $X$. Since $A \cdot l>0$, $\pi^*D \cdot l =0$, and $E \cdot l =-1$ we must have $k>0$. In fact, we can take $k=1$ since for any curve $C$ on $Y$ not contained in $E$, $(\pi^*D-kE)\cdot C \leq (\pi^*D-E)\cdot C$ because $E\cdot C \geq 0$, and we still have $(\pi^*D-E)\cdot l =1$. So take $A \sim \pi^*D -E$ to be our ample divisor on $Y$. By Seshadri's criterion, there exists an $0< \epsilon <1$ such that for any curve $C'$ on $Y$, $A \cdot C' \geq \epsilon ~ m(C')$, where $m(C')=sup_{q \in C'} m_q(C')$ is the multiplicity of the curve.
Now let $C$ be any curve on $X$ and denote by $C'$ its strict transform under the blowup. If $C$ does not pass through the center $p \in X$, then $C' \cong C$ and $C'$ does not meet $E$, so $E \cdot C' =0$. Then $A \cdot C' = \pi^*D \cdot C' = D \cdot C \geq \epsilon ~ m(C') = \epsilon ~ m(C)$.
If $C$ does pass through $p$ with multiplicity $m$, then $E \cdot C' =m$ and we have $A \cdot C' = \pi^*D \cdot C' -E \cdot C' = D \cdot C - m \geq \epsilon ~ m(C')$. But this means that $D \cdot C \geq \epsilon ~ m(C') + m \geq \epsilon ~ m(C)$. Hence $D$ is ample on $X$ by Seshadri's criterion (which still holds on complete non-projective schemes) so $X$ is projective.
The problem is I'm not quite sure where I'm using the smoothness of $X$, since blowing up points on a (singular) non-projective surface will make the blowup projective. (Maybe in the first line where it's assumed that $Pic(Y) \cong Pic(X) \oplus \mathbb Z$.) In any case, the above answer (and this one if it's correct) gives a quick proof of the Chow-Kodaira theorem, which says that any smooth complete algebraic surface must be projective.
I expect the statement to hold for singular complete algebraic varieties in dimension $\geq 3$. That is, if $X$ is any complete algebraic variety of dimension $\geq 3$, then $X$ is projective if and only if $Bl_p(X)$ is projective.
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A shelf cloud is similar to lenticularis cloud, but on a much larger scale. A shelf cloud sometimes forms ahead of a severe, long-lasting thunderstorm such as a mesoscale convective system (MCS), multicell or supercell. Cold downdraft air surges out along the surface and lifts the (usually conditionally stable) warm air ahead of the storm up to condensation level. A smooth shelf-like cloud forms, skirting the thunderstorm. The shelf cloud is usually accompanied by a gustfront and sometimes also a roll cloud.
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Sheepskin is the hide of a sheep, sometimes also called lambskin or lambswool. It is used to produce sheepskin leather products and soft, wool-lined clothing or coverings, including gloves, hats, footstools, automotive seat covers and pelts (sheepskin rugs and seat covers). In particular, lambswool is the principal material used to make ugg boots, footwear traditionally produced in Australia and New Zealand.
The fleece of sheepskin has excellent insulating properties, and it is also resistant to flame and static electricity.
The quality of the skin used in each application depends on several factors, mostly whether the pelt, which is the back of the hide, will be visible or not. Where the pelt is visible, better quality hide with minimal seed will be used.
Seed contamination refers to patches of scar tissue resulting from a healed seed burrow wound during the animal's life. This scar tissue can fall out leaving small holes after the pelt is processed or it can remain in place leaving imperfections in the pelt which cannot be corrected.
In general wool affected by skin diseases is not usable. Other problems include lice infestation, dead wool and regrowth.
Skins are classed, packed and sold in standardized wool lengths:
Cost-effectiveness of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of pressure ulcers in somatic nursing home patients: study protocol for a prospective multi-centre randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN17553857).(Study protocol)(Report)
Jan 07, 2008; Authors: Patriek Mistiaen (corresponding author) ; Wilco Achterberg ; Andre Ament ; Ruud Halfens ; Janneke Huizinga...


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Today's Prayer Times in Saint-Norbert. Did you try the Athan Clock on a TV screen or tablet?
Features of Athan Clock:
- Different designs
- Different Languages
- Adjust prayer time settings
- Add logo, weather, image, text, etc.
- Print prayer times calendar
- And a lot of other features....
It's completely free, so create an account now and discover the possibilities!
Prayer Times in Quran
After the testimony of Faith, Salah (prayer) is the second major pillar of Islam. So Salah is an obligation for every Muslim to perform it on time. Muslims from all across the globe perform Salah five times a day:
Like Ramadan, Hajj and Friday prayer, Salah is also one of the rituals that must be performed within the correct time frame. If a prayer is performed before the prescribed time, the Salah will not be accepted. One must repeat this prayer when the time comes. At the same time, people are disobedient when a prayer is made too late. Allah has ordered us in ayah 103 of Surah 4 to perform the prayers at least (there are some other conditions) within the right time in order to get a prayer accepted!
Calculation Method for the prayer times in Saint-Norbert
The Calculation method for the prayer times in Saint-Norbert is based on the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA). This method is using 15 degrees for Angle of the sun under the horizon (Fajr) and 15 degrees Angle of the sun under the horizon (Isha). Parts of the USA, Canada, Parts of the UK use this method.
The difference between Standard and Hanafi
The only difference is in the Asr prayer. The schools of Shafii, Hanbali, and Maliki use this method and Asr time starts when the shadow of an object is equivalent to its height. In the Hanafi method the Asr prayer time starts when the shadow of an object is twice its height. We use the standard method, so If your local mosque is using the Hanafi method you need to change this at the general prayer times page.
Latitude, Longitude and Time zone of Saint-Norbert
To calculate the prayer times for Saint-Norbert, we need to know the latitude, longitude and the local timezone of Saint-Norbert. We try to detect the longitude, latitude and timezone of your current city or town automatically. If you face any difference in prayer timings according to your current location then please confirm the latitude and longitude first at the general prayer times page. In addition, you can also find a GPS functionality at this page. You can also adjust other settings for the calculation for the prayer times of Saint-Norbert. But please be careful!
Daylight Saving Time
Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the practice of setting the clocks forward one hour from standard time during the summer months (summer time), and back again in the fall (winter time), in order to make better use of natural strong daylight. The prayer times widget is adjusting the daylight savings automatically according to your location.
Are the Prayer Times in Saint-Norbert accurate?
We have explained above what calculation method is used to show the prayer times for Saint-Norbert. However, it is possible that your local mosque is using a different method. If this is the case then we recommend you to follow the prayer times of your local mosque. In addition, we would greatly appreciate it if you take the time to inform us by using the contact form about the differences so we can adjust the prayer times of Saint-Norbert.


xBlazingStar94x (Level 11)
Wooo, watching Akira :D
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Death Note (Opinion)
So considering i am a big fan of the death note series, i decided for my first proper blog i would write up my opinion of the series.
To start with, if nobody is aware of this anime, i will tell you the basic just of what the series is about. The 'death note' is a notebook that allows you to kill anybody you like just by writing their name into the notebook whilst picturing the face of the person. The death note has several rules to it these include:
 1. it will happen.
 1. The notebook shall become the property of the human world, once it touches the ground of (arrives in) the human world.
 1. The owner of the note can recognize the image and voice of the original owner, i.e. a God of death/Shinigami.
 1. The human who uses the notebook can neither go to Heaven nor Hell.
 1. The human who touches the Death Note can recognize the image and voice of its original owner, a Shinigami, even if the human is not the owner of the note.
 1. Gods of Death, the original owners of the Death Note, do not do, in principle, anything which will help or prevent the deaths in the note.
 1. A Shinigami has no obligation to completely explain how to use the note or rules which will apply to the human who owns it unless asked.
 1. A Shinigami can extend their own life by putting a name on their own note, but humans cannot.
 1. A person can shorten his/her own life by using the note.
 1. The human who becomes the owner of the Death Note can, in exchange of half his/her remaining life, get the eyes of the Shinigami which will enable him/her to see a human's name and remaining life span when looking through them.
 1. A god of death cannot be killed even if stabbed in his heart with a knife or shot in the head with a gun. However, there are ways to kill a Shinigami, which are not generally known to the Shinigami.
 1. The specific scope of the condition for death is not known to the Shinigami, either. So, you must examine and find out.
These are not all the rules but the main and you get the idea of what the death note does.
So it all begins when a shinigami (god of death) named 'ryuk' drops his notebook into the 'human world' A young high school student, Light Yagami, finds the notebook on the floor and decides to kill off all criminals and become a 'god' of the 'new world' by getting rid of all evil. It later becomes battle to the death between the two greatest minds the world has between L and Light.
What is good about this anime is that you could take a side of either L, a very talented detective, or Light. L doesn't believe all criminals should be killed and works with police to stop light or aka 'Kira'.
I don't want to go into the entire series and say what i thought was best but i want to say what i thought about the death of L. After L dies, the anime seems to die a bit. I wouldn't mind if he died at the end of the series with Light but bringing Near into it was just like a smaller, younger version of L and i didn't like him at all really.
What i wanted to ask in this post, to the fans of death note, is what you think the ending should of been like. So an alternative ending? Or do you actually like the ending how it was, if so why do you think that?
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text:
Okay, so I'm having some trouble with this topic. If a question asks you to show that a set is a subspace (or not a subspace), do you show the following:
The set is not empty
The set is closed under vector addition, i.e.
The set is closed under scalar multiplication, i.e.
1) Show that the set
is not a subspace of
Would I do the following:
Therefore, it does not contain the vector, hence not a subspace in


text:
Large-scale Research on Engineering Design in Secondary Classrooms: Big Learner Data Using Energy3D Computer-Aided Design Through a five-year collaborative project, the Concord Consortium and PurdueUniversity are applying a data-intensive approach to study one of the most fundamental researchtopics in learning sciences: "How do secondary students learn and apply science concepts inengineering design processes?" We have collected more 2GB of structured data from secondaryschool students in Indiana and Massachusetts through automatic, unobtrusive logging of studentdesign processes enabled by a unique CAD tool that supports the design of energy-efficientbuildings using Earth science and physical science concepts. Data includes fine-grainedinformation of student actions, experimentation results, electronic notes, and design artifacts.These process data are used to reconstruct the entire learning trajectory of each individualstudent with high resolution. Our research evaluates how these learning analytics applied to theseprocess data can be the computational counterparts of traditional performance assessmentmethods. Combining these process data with pre/post-tests and demographic data, we haveinvestigated the common patterns of student design behaviors and how they are associated withlearning outcomes with a specific focus on how students deepen their understanding of scienceconcepts involved in engineering design projects and how often and deeply students usescientific experimentation to make a design choice. So far we completed two small-scale studiesin Massachusetts and one study in Indiana using classroom observations and expert evaluations.We are collecting data with student interviews to validate metrics. Some key findings are…evidence that suggests that for science learning to occur, design projects used in classroomsshould (1) allow and emphasize trade-off analysis and include time and resources forexperimenting and data gathering; (2) provide instructional scaffolding and formative feedbackto guide student design.
Engineering education, Engineering design, secondary education, CAD, computer aided design
Date of this Version
Purzer, S., & Adams, R., & Goldstein, M. H., & Douglas, K. A. (2015, June), Large-scale Research on Engineering Design in Secondary Classrooms: Big Learner Data Using Energy3D Computer-Aided Design Paper presented at 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington. 10.18260/p.24391


MMP seat allocation calculator
Calculator shows parties that are registered for the 2014 General Election.
Enter your virtual elections results
Follow these easy steps:
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 2. Type the number of Party Votes or the percentage of Party Votes you want to give each party
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Python secure coding
Scan bundles two python scanners:
 - custom scanner that use AST and CFG to perform advanced security analysis. This scanner currently outperforms all other open-source SAST tools for python
 - bandit - a basic AST based linter
Custom scanner rules
 - OWASP top 10 rules
 - Security best practices for frameworks such as Flask, Django, aiohttp, pymongo and so on. Full list is provided below.
Python frameworks
 - Django
 - Flask
 - Jinja2
 - CherryPy
 - Quart
 - Pyramid
 - web2py
 - Turbogears
 - Masonite
 - Bottle
 - Falcon
 - Sanic
 - FastAPI
 - Starlette
 - Tornado
 - Pylons
 - aiohttp
 - Kore
 - SQLAlchemy
 - Pony ORM
 - PyMongo
 - MySQL
 - Azure CosmosDB
 - Pandas
 - Tensorflow
 - Jupyter
 - PyTorch
Bandit rules
Following are some of the security checks performed and a description of remediation techniques and correct usages for certain modules.
B301: pickle
Pickle and modules that wrap it can be unsafe when used to deserialize untrusted data, possible security issue.
ID Name Calls Severity
B301 pickle - pickle.loads Medium
- pickle.load
- pickle.Unpickler
- cPickle.loads
- cPickle.load
- cPickle.Unpickler
- dill.loads
- dill.load
- dill.Unpickler
- shelve.DbfilenameShelf
Many common libraries that are often used for reading configuration files and deserializing objects are very dangerous because they can allow execution of arbitrary code. By default, libraries such as PyYAML and pickle do not provide strong separation of data and code, and thus allow code to be embedded inside the input.
Often the input to these libraries is untrusted or only partially trusted. These unsafe inputs can come from configuration files or be provided via REST APIs. For example, we often use YAML for configuration files but YAML files can also contain embedded Python code. This may provide an attacker with a method to execute code.
Many, but not all, of these libraries, offer safe interfaces that disable features that enable code execution. You always want to use the safe functions to load input. Often the obvious function to use is not the safe one and we should check the documentation for libraries not covered here.
We often use YAML, pickle, or eval to load data into our Python programs, but this is dangerous. PyYAML has a safe way to load code, but pickle and eval do not.
yaml.load is the obvious function to use but it is dangerous:
import yaml
import pickle
conf_str = '''
key: 'value'
conf = yaml.load(conf_str)
Using pickle or cPickle with untrusted input can result in arbitrary code execution.
import pickle
import cPickle
user_input = "cos\nsystem\n(S'cat /etc/passwd'\ntR.'\ntR."
cPickle.loads(user_input) # results in code execution
pickle.loads(user_input) # results in code execution
Similarly eval and exec are difficult to use safely with input that comes from an untrusted source.
user_input = "os.system('cat /etc/passwd')"
eval(user_input) # execute python expressions
user_input = "import os; os.system('cat /etc/passwd')"
exec(user_input) # execute _any_ python code
Here we use PyYAMLs safe YAML loading function:
import yaml
conf_str = '''
- key: 'value'
- key: 'value'
conf = yaml.safe_load(conf_str)
There is no safe alternative for pickle.load. However in most cases using pickle for serialization of data objects is something that can be avoided altogether.
B302: marshal
Deserialization with the marshal module is possibly dangerous.
ID Name Calls Severity
B302 marshal - marshal.load Medium
- marshal.loads
B303: md5
Use of insecure MD2, MD4, MD5, or SHA1 hash function.
ID Name Calls Severity
B303 md5 - hashlib.md5 Medium
- hashlib.sha1
- cryptography.hazmat.primitives
- cryptography.hazmat.primitives
B304 - B305: ciphers and modes
Use of insecure cipher or cipher mode. Replace with a known secure cipher such as AES.
ID Name Calls Severity
B304 ciphers - High
- cryptography.hazmat.primitives
- cryptography.hazmat.primitives
- cryptography.hazmat.primitives
B305 cipher_modes - cryptography.hazmat.primitives Medium
B306: mktemp_q
Use of insecure and deprecated function (mktemp).
ID Name Calls Severity
B306 mktemp_q - tempfile.mktemp Medium
Often we want to create temporary files to save data that we can't hold in memory or to pass to external programs that must read from a file. The obvious way to do this is to generate a unique file name in a common system temporary directory such as /tmp, but doing so correctly is harder than it seems. Safely creating a temporary file or directory means following a number of rules (see the references for more details). We should never do this ourselves but use the correct existing library function. We also must take care to cleanup our temporary files even in the face of errors.
If we don't take all these precautions we open ourselves up to a number of dangerous security problems. Malicious users that can predict the file name and write to directory containing the temporary file can effectively hijack the temporary file by creating a symlink with the name of the temporary file before the program creates the file itself. This allows a malicious user to supply malicious data or cause actions by the program to affect attacker chosen files. The references have more extensive descriptions of potential dangers.
Most programming lanuages provide functions to create temporary files. However, some of these functions are unsafe and should not be used. We need to be careful to use the safe functions.
Despite the safer temporary file creation APIs we must still be aware of where we are creating tempory files. Generally, temporary files should always be created on the local filesystem. Many remote filesystems (for example, NFSv2) do not support the open flags needed to safely create temporary files.
Use Avoid
tempfile.TemporaryFile tempfile.mktemp
tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile open
Creating temporary files with predictable paths leaves them open to time of check, time of use attacks (TOCTOU). Given the following code snippet an attacker might pre-emptively place a file at the specified location.
import os
import tempfile
# This will most certainly put you at risk
tmp = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), filename)
if not os.path.exists(tmp):
 with open(tmp, "w") file:
There is also an insecure method within the Python standard library that cannot be used in a secure way to create temporary file creation.
import os
import tempfile
open(tempfile.mktemp(), "w")
Finally there are many ways we could try to create a secure filename that will not be secure and is easily predictable.
filename = "{}/{}.tmp".format(tempfile.gettempdir(), os.getpid())
open(filename, "w")
The Python standard library provides a number of secure ways to create temporary files and directories. The following are examples of how you can use them.
Creating files:
import os
import tempfile
# Use the TemporaryFile context manager for easy clean-up
with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as tmp:
 # Do stuff with tmp
# Clean up a NamedTemporaryFile on your own
# delete=True means the file will be deleted on close
tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=True)
 # do stuff with temp
 tmp.close() # deletes the file
# Handle opening the file yourself. This makes clean-up
# more complex as you must watch out for exceptions
fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp()
 with os.fdopen(fd, 'w') as tmp:
 # do stuff with temp file
We can also safely create a temporary directory and create temporary files inside it. We need to set the umask before creating the file to ensure the permissions on the file only allow the creator read and write access.
import os
import tempfile
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
predictable_filename ='myfile'
# Ensure the file is read/write by the creator only
saved_umask = os.umask(0077)
path = os.path.join(tmpdir, predictable_filename)
print path
 with open(path, "w") as tmp:
except IOError as e:
 print 'IOError'
B309: httpsconnection
Use of HTTPSConnection on older versions of Python prior to 2.7.9 and 3.4.3 do not provide security, see
ID Name Calls Severity
B309 httpsconnection - httplib.HTTPSConnection Medium
- http.client.HTTPSConnection
- six.moves.http_client
When developing a module that makes secure HTTPS connections, use a library that verifies certificates. Many such libraries also provide an option to ignore certificate verification failures. These options should be exposed to the OpenStack deployer to choose their level of risk.
Although the title of this guideline calls out HTTPS, verifying the identity of the hosts you are connecting to applies to most protocols (SSH, LDAPS, etc).
import requests
requests.get('', verify=False)
The example above uses verify=False to bypass the check of the certificate received against those in the CA trust store.
It is important to note that modules such as httplib within


text:
An accurate weighing system for crimping and dry-rolling machines
The innovative Kelvin Cave on-board weighing system for crimping and dry-rolling machines takes the guesswork out of the tonnage being processed allowing accurate application of preservatives and a reliable measurement of crop yield.
The system comprises three integrated load cells; one each in a pair of independently levelling hydraulic rear jack legs and one on the drawbar. These are linked to a computer unit that can be located in the tractor cab and interfaced by a series of push buttons and an LCD screen. Set-up and operation is both quick and simple:
- Machine is hydraulically jacked and levelled.
- Tare weight of the unladen machine is recorded and the system zeroed.
- The hopper is filled and a micro-switch on the grain door triggers the computer as the first of the grain is delivered to the rollers. Loss in weight from the hopper is detected by the load cells and output from the elevator calculated in kilos per second.
The key strength of the system lies in the fact that it is not necessary to suspend operation while the hopper is replenished. As soon as any gain in weight as grain is tipped into the hopper is detected, the computer suspends real-time output monitoring and calculates the average output over the previous corresponding period. Once it detects that no further weight is being added to the hopper it adds the weight to the last recorded figure and the system reverts to real-time calculations once again.
This means an entire batch of grain can be processed without interruption.
Exhaustive trialling across a range of cereals has shown consistent accuracy to within ±1% of actual weighbridge checks. Batch data can be stored in the computer and recalled at any time or downloaded for permanent logging.
The weighing system has been developed jointly between Kelvin Cave Ltd and weighing equipment specialist Griffiths Elder and employs proven technology throughout.
It is available for retrofit on certain machines and as an affordable option on all new models.


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I thought about the following problem, probably it already appears in mathematical literature.
Definition 1:
Operator $\unrhd$, is binary operation, defined for natural numbers as follows: To every $n,m$ naturals, $n\unrhd m$ is first comes $n$ and then comes $m$.
Example: if $n=56$, $m=67$, then $n\unrhd m = 5667$
Definition 2:
Primes $p_k$ and $p_s$ will called brothers, if $p_k \unrhd p_s$ or $p_s \unrhd p_k$ are primes.
Example: $p_1=2$ and $p_2=3$ are brothers, as $2 \unrhd 3=23$ is prime.
Prove that there is infinite brothers numbers.
share|improve this question
I suspect this is beyond reach. If we could prove there are infinitely many primes $p$ such that $10p+3$ is prime, we'd have it, but this is beyond what's currently known. – Gerry Myerson Feb 15 '13 at 2:18
The first thing I thought was to attack this problem (mow an open one) by contradiction: suppose that there are finite brothers numbers. Let $A$ be such set. Now, there is a maximal length of brothers number in $A$, suppose that $\text{length $\{p_i \unrhd p_j\}$}=k$. Now - a problem. Sorry, if it sounds stupid. :) – Salech Alhasov Feb 15 '13 at 2:53
_USER_ I agree this seems just out of reach, but we can prove that for infinitely many prime pairs $(p,q)$, the numbers $10p+q$, $100p+q$, $1000p+q$, $10000p+q$ are simultaneously prime. The catch, of course, is that we don't know how to prove this for bounded $q$! – Erick Wong Feb 15 '13 at 4:32
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1 Answer
Just to slightly elaborate on Gerry's answer given in the comment, notice that your question relies heavily on the way numbers are presented (in particular you seem to assume numbers are written in decimal notation and your binary operation is not on numbers but rather on numbers expressed in binary form). In stark contrast is the property Gerry mentions is beyond current reach does not depend on any particular notation for expressing numbers. In this case the former subsumes the latter. It is important to realize when a conjecture, or any statement, about numbers relies on the way numbers are written. It is somewhat unnatural to wonder about properties of numbers that are dependent on the way numbers are written, since then it is not so much a property of numbers but rather a combination of a number theoretic property and a typographical property. But aside from sporadic results here and there, who cares about the particularities of how numbers are written? For computations it could be relevant but not really for deep number theoretic results. So not only is your question probably not in the mainstream literature, it is also not likely to get there.
share|improve this answer
It would be most interesting to find a pair of primes that are brothers in one base but not in another. Among $2$, $3$, $5$, and $7$, I think the brothers in base ten are also brothers in binary, although not always in the same order. – Todd Wilcox Feb 15 '13 at 4:00
Well, not all questions dependent on a particular base lie outside of the mainstream. There is the recent breakthrough of Mauduit and Rivat on the distribution of the sums of digits of primes (answering a question posed by no less than Gelfond). So most of the time these seem like useless questions, but once in a while the number theoretic machinery becomes powerful enough to overcome their apparent arbitrariness, and it's truly a sight to behold. – Erick Wong Feb 15 '13 at 4:12
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White Wolf Wiki
Arcanos (WTO)
8,762pages on
this wiki
The arts of the dead, Arcanoi are secret spiritual abilities that can either be taught or acquired through experience. Generally, the higher the level of the Arcanos that you wish to learn, the more difficult it will be to learn, the more powerful it will be, and the higher it will cost to activate.
Markings Edit
Excessive use of one or more Arcanoi skills will undoubtedly result in the marking of his or her corpus with traces of those powers. Such markings and traces cannot be removed by any sort of cosmetic alteration. If a wraith frequently uses more than one Arcanos, than the markings of all used Arcanoi will be visible.
Usage Edit
In order to activate an Arcanos, a wraith must normally spend Pathos, the energy of emotion. To use an arcanos toward a particular end, one must roll dice to acquire the success rating of the Arcanos, and the attribute it is being used in concert with. For usage in the Skinlands, one must also contend with/roll against the rating of the Shroud, usually 9 except on rare occasions such as visits to graveyards, usage of seances or ouija boards, the stroke of midnight, Friday the 13th, Halloween, or other special holidays or traditions regarding the decesased.
Notes on names Edit
Users of Arcanoi are traditionally referred to by the name of the Guild that the Arcanos once belonged to, even though the Guilds themselves have long since disappeared from the respectable parts of wraith society. For example, a wraith with Argos is always called a Harbinger, even if they have never actually been a member of or even heard of the Harbinger Guild. Likewise, a user of Embody is always called a Proctor, a user of Flux is always called an Alchemist, and so on. Wraiths with multiple Arcanoi can be referred to by any of the names of Arcanoi they possess, though it usually defaults to their strongest ability.
The Primary Arcanoi Edit
Accepted Arcanoi Edit
Forbidden Arcanoi Edit
Alternate Arcanoi Edit
Dark ArcanoiEdit
The Dark Arcanoi are primarily used by Spectres, and occasionally by trained wraiths such as Doomslayers.
The following appear in WTO: Dark Reflections: Spectres Bullet-pdf Bullet-nip
The following appear in WTO: Doomslayers: Into the Labyrinth Bullet-pdf Bullet-nip
The Risen Arcanoi Edit
These abilities can only be used by Risen, or wraiths who have managed to return to their old bodies. They can be found in The Risen.
The Jade Arcanoi Edit
These are the Arcanoi of the wraiths of the Yellow Springs. They can be found in Dark Kingdom of Jade.
Miscellaneous Arcanoi Edit
Connection with Spheres Edit
Some have speculated as to the connection between the innate abilities of Wraiths to exhibit Arcanoi, and those similar abilities of Mages to manipulate reality through Spheres. Perhaps there is a connection. In a similar vein, some have connected the strength of the Shroud with the idea of Paradox, in that the general consensus of sleeper minds can prevent Spheres and Arcanoi from succeeding. Some have called this Mage-Wraith crossover mechanic "The Oppositional Aura."
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