text:
Despite a growth in the number of Hispanics in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), recent studies show Latinos are still underrepresented in these critical professions.
To help reverse this situation, the U.S. Army announced today its continued support of Great Minds in STEM (GMiS). GMiS is a leader in promoting STEM careers especially in underserved communities. As part of its efforts, the Army will partner with GMiS at the annual HENAAC conference, Oct. 6-8 in Orlando, Fla., which provides Hispanic youth with information and resources related to education and careers in STEM.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment in STEM occupations will grow by more than 21 percent by 2018, more than double the growth of other occupations. Because Latinos are the fastest growing demographic group, projected to be 25 percent of the U.S. population by 2025, it is critical that Hispanic students are prepared to contribute to the growing demand for a highly skilled STEM workforce.
Organizations such as the Army and Great Minds in STEM provide students with information and resources that support academic achievement and career training. The Army, for example, offers more than $270 million in merit-based ROTC scholarships for youth to complete their college education. Further, the U.S. Military Academy at West Point – rated one of the nation's top undergraduate engineering programs – provides free tuition to all cadets, who then are commissioned as second lieutenants in the Army upon graduation.
STEM-related career opportunities in the Army include civil, chemical and mechanical engineering careers with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) or working with the Army's Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) to create break-through innovations for what soldiers wear, fire, fly or drive. Both USACE and RDECOM also offer civilian career opportunities.


text:
Monash University has launched a new project designed to capture community memories of World War One. The One Hundred Stories are stories that have not been told before. They highlight the experiences of women as well as men, recover the too often forgotten contribution of Indigenous Australians, and emphasise the ongoing cost of war to the community as a whole.
The One Hundred Stories remember not just the men and women who lost their lives but also those who returned to Australia, the gassed, the crippled, the insane, all those irreparably damaged by war. The Great War shaped the world as well as the nation. Its memory belongs to us all.
Please be part of this great project by contributing your ideas and stories of who should be included within the One Hundred Stories.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


chain reaction
A reaction in which one or more reactive reaction _USER_@ (frequently radicals) are continuously regenerated, usually through a repetitive cycle of elementary steps (the '_USER_@ step'). For example, in the chlorination of methane by a radical _USER_@, Cl· is continuously regenerated in the chain _USER_@ steps:
In _USER_@ reactions, reactive intermediates of the same types, generated in successive steps or cycles of steps, differ in _USER_@, as in:
See also:
chain branching
chain transfer
degenerate chain branching
PAC, 1993, 65, 2291. (Nomenclature of kinetic methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page 2293 [Terms] [Paper]
PAC, 1994, 66, 1077. (Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)) on page 1094 [Terms] [Paper]
PAC, 1996, 68, 149. (A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 157 [Terms] [Paper]


text:
The readers find out the origin of Squinty's name. Squinty and his brothers and sisters grow up. Squinty wants to see the world and have some adventures, so he escapes. However, he's caught by the dog.
Source: Barnum, R. (1915). Squinty, the comical pig. New York: Barse and Hopkins.
- Chapter 1: "Squinty and the Dog"
- The readers find out the origin of Squinty's name. Squinty and his brothers and sisters grow up. Squinty wants to see the world and have some adventures, so he escapes. However, he's caught by the dog.
- Chapter 2: "Squinty Runs Away"
- Don, the dog, brings him back to the pen. The pigs continue to live their lives and play. Squinty continues to daydream about the outside world and escapes once again.
- Chapter 3: "Squinty is Lost"
- Squinty manages to escape the farm and the dog. He steals some potatoes, takes a bath, and winds up lost.
- Chapter 4: "Squinty Gets Home"
- Squinty continues to wander lost in a corn field. Squinty's family notices that he's gone, as does the farmer. He sends the dog after Squinty. Squinty returns home.
- Chapter 5: "Squinty and the Boy"
- Squinty's brothers and sisters were glad to see him and he told them of his adventures in getting lost. A boy begs his father to buy Squinty from the farm. The farmer agrees and Squinty is sold to the boy.
- Chapter 6: "Squinty on a Journey"
- The boy and his father return and take Squinty away. Squinty made up his mind that he was looking forward to his long journey.
- Chapter 7: "Squinty Learns a Trick"
- Squinty was taken on a train and finally to a white house where he was given food and water. The Pig family wonders what is happening to Squinty. Squinty learns to jump rope.
- Chapter 8: "Squinty in the Woods"
- Bob, the boy, shows his sisters the tricks he has taught Squinty. Squinty escapes from his pen and wanders into the woods.
- Chapter 9: "Squinty's Balloon Ride"
- Squinty gets lost in the woods and stays the night. He meets a guy in a hot air balloon basket. Squinty takes a ride in a balloon.
- Chapter 10: "Squinty and the Squirrel"
- Squinty takes a ride in an air balloon with the men. They feed him and then he falls asleep. When the balloon lands, Squinty falls out of the basket and tries to run home. On the way he meets a squirrel named Slicko.
- Chapter 11: "Squinty and the Merry Monkey"
- Squinty meets Slicko, the jumping squirrel, and comes to a road full of wagons. He discovers a circus and meets Mappo the monkey, who wants to run away.
- Chapter 12: "Squinty Gets Home Again"
- Squinty and Mappo continued through the woods until Mappo was captured. Squinty continued through the woods until he came to a farm. He recognizes Don's bark and runs to his pen. He is reunited with his family.
Barnum, R. (1915). Squinty, the Comical Pig. (Lit2Go ed.). Retrieved July 01, 2015, from
Barnum, Richard. Squinty, the Comical Pig. Lit2Go Edition. 1915. Web. <>. July 01, 2015.
Richard Barnum, Squinty, the Comical Pig, Li2Go edition, (1915), accessed July 01, 2015,.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Gold 1/4oz bullion coin Czech Lion 2021 stand
Gold 1/4oz bullion coin Czech Lion 2021 stand
Stock state
Within 10 days
Date of issue
January 2021
1970 pcs
13,658 CZK
exempt from VAT
The approximate purchase price of the product is 12,975 CZK. The purchase takes place according to the purchase rules.
Czech Lion 2021
World bullion coins are often dedicated to the national symbols, therefore, the "Czech Lion", which is the first mintage of its kind intended for the Czech market, is not an exception. The weight of the gold coin of the Czech Mint is a quarter of a troy ounce.
The legend of Bruncvík
, a mythical prince who traveled to Africa, where he helped the animal king to fight the dragon, belongs to the most famous stories of how an exotic lion became a symbol of the Czech land. Old chroniclers offer a more plausible explanation. According to them, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa rewarded Prince Vladislaus II. with a royal crown and a new heraldic animal, which replaced the previous eagle in 1158. The lion represented the knight's virtues, strength and courage, which were demonstrated by Vladislaus during the conquest of Milan in the imperial service. And how did the heraldic beast come to its second tail? Heroism played a key role again. King Ottokar I of Bohemia helped Emperor Otto IV. in the fight against the Saxons in 1204, and the Czech lion received a second tail for it, which distinguished it from the beasts of other nations and provided it with a unique prestige. However, medieval writers liked to color their stories, therefore, they are not a reliable source of information. Therefore, the first verifiable Czech lion was a symbol of the Přemyslid dynasty and appears on the equestrian seal of Vladislaus Henry from 1203. Only Ottokar II, the Iron and Golden King, placed the lion on the coat of arms.
All variants of the bullion coin
were reworked in 2021, but the main idea remained. The reverse sides are dominated by the Czech lion in an untraditionally realistic processing with the St. Wenceslas Crown on its head. The obverse sides then bear an eagle on a shield, which is a synthesis of St. Wenceslas, Moravian and Silesian predators. The author of the relief is traditionally the medal maker Asamat Baltaev, DiS. Since the Czech Mint's coins are licensed by a foreign issuer, the island of Niue, their obverse sides bear its necessary attributes - the name and portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, the year of issue 2021 and the nominal value of 10 DOLLARS (NZD).
Invest in a smart, stylish way and
without VAT! In our offer you will also find other variants of the bullion coin "Czech Lion" made of gold and silver. This will allow you to easily regulate how much money you invest in precious metals.
The Czech Mint
has extensive experience with the production of bullion coins. We have been minting "Czech Lion" gold and silver coins since 2017 and they have become popular among investors not only in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, but also in Hungary, Germany, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Canada and the United States. The world's largest online distributor of precious metals has also requested them for its offer. One of the reasons why the Czech Mint's investment (bullion) coins have so quickly joined the ranks of world-famous counterparts (such as the Austrian Wiener Philharmoniker, the Canadian Maple Leaf, South African Krugerrand, the American Eagle, the Chinese Panda or the Australian Kangaroo) is their low emission costs. While investment coins of foreign mints are minted in millions of pieces, the emission limit of coins minted in the Czech Republic is counted in hundreds or thousands. This fact increases the potential for appreciation of investment and adds a collector's dimension. Thanks to the artistic processing, the coin will also serve perfectly as an original and valuable gift - for graduation, wedding, the birth of a child or just for fun…
Collectors set
Nominal value
10 NZD
Author of the obverse
Asamat Baltaev, DiS.
Author of the reverse
Asamat Baltaev, DiS.
Numbered issue
999,9 / 1000
7.78 g
22 mm
Czech Mint


Skip to definition.
Noun: water flea wo-tu(r) flee
 - cyclops
 2. Minute freshwater crustacean having a round body enclosed in a transparent shell; moves about like a flea by means of hairy branched antennae
 - daphnia
Derived forms: water fleas
Type of: branchiopod, branchiopod crustacean, branchiopodan, copepod, copepod crustacean
Part of: genus Cyclops, genus Daphnia
Encyclopedia: Water flea


text:
This Population Health Information Tool (PHIT) dataset is a comprehensive dataset for violent deaths in Massachusetts.
- This page, Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) Data, is offered by
- Population Health Information Tool
- Bureau of Community Health and Prevention
Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) Data
About the Data
The Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System (MAVDRS) collects and links data on all violent deaths within the Commonwealth. It includes detailed information on homicides, suicides, legal intervention deaths, unintentional firearm deaths and deaths of undetermined intent. MAVDRS is an incident-based system and links victims and suspects associated with a given incident in one record. These data can be used to better understand the circumstances and toxicology of homicide and suicide victims by geography.
Data are for deaths occurring in Massachusetts; Massachusetts residents who died out-of-state are excluded from this analysis.
About MAVDRS Data
The system combines information from death certificates, medical examiner records, toxicology reports, police reports and crime laboratory reports. Individually, these sources explain violence only in a narrow context; together, they provide comprehensive answers to the questions that surround violent deaths: who, what, when, where, and, in many cases, why. No other system offers this benefit.
This standardized database is part of the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) developed and funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through Grant _TAG_/CE002606. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Circumstances are factors related to the victim and/or incident and can include information such as mental health status, substance use, and relationship problems. Circumstances provide information on possible contributing factors that may lead to a violent death. A person can have multiple circumstances reported in the data. It is also important to remember that some circumstances are more likely to be known and documented than others, and if a circumstance is not identified, that does not necessarily mean it was not present in the decedent's life.
Data can be used to identify classes of substances for which victims tested positive. A victim can test positive for more than one substance class.
Data are analyzed by ICD-10 code.
Counts may differ from other data presented on homicides and suicides for Massachusetts.
To protect individual privacy, counts less than six have been suppressed with complementary suppression applied.
Continue Exploring PHIT Data
Boston, MA 02108
As a publicly available tool, we highly encourage the use of data included in PHIT. Below is an example of how you can cite this webpage to reference any information you find helpful.
[Insert Title of Webpage Here] (n.d.). Population Health Information Tool, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. [Insert URL]
Help Us Improve Mass.gov with your feedback
Thank you for your website feedback! We will use this information to improve this page.
If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site.


text:
Architect Plans To Build A 30-Story Wooden Skyscraper
First a wooden Starbucks, now a wooden skyscraper.
Vancouver-based architect Michael Green is planning to swap cement and steel for timber, to build a 30-story wooden skyscraper in Vancounver, Canada.
'Tallwood' would be made of large panels of 'laminated strand lumber'—a composite made by gluing together strands of wood.
"We think we can go higher than 30 stories," Green told CNN. "We stopped exploring wood around 100 years ago (with the advent of steel and concrete); now we're looking at a whole new system using timber products."
What made the architects think of using wood as opposed to the de rigueur steel and concrete? The environment.
"The real change came when we started thinking about climate change. Steel and concrete are great, but not environmentally friendly," Green said.
Trees are a renewable resource, and they help to reduce air pollution. Sourcing from sustainably-managed forests could be deemed more environmentally sensitive, according to CNN.
Unlike concrete—which produces about 6-9kg of carbon dioxide for every 10kg of concrete—wood sucks carbon out of the atmosphere.
Wood is also cheaper and less time-consuming to construct.
"For the idea of tall wooden buildings to be viable they have to be cost effective," says Green. "We can show that wood structures are dollar for dollar or cheaper compared to other buildings."
And contrary to popular belief, wood actually is quite fire-resistant.
"It may sound counter-intuitive, but performing well in a fire is something inherent in large pieces of wood, that's why in forest fires the trees that survive are the largest ones," Green said.
It seems as with the advancements in technology, many are going back to nature.


A Paper Presented At the International Conference on Kebbi/Dosso Relationship Held At Dosso, Republic of Niger on 15th - 17th December, 2014.
kamun kifi
The Impacts Of Doss -Kebbi Relationship On Sarkanci In Kebbi
Dr. Musa Fadama Gummi
Email: _EMAIL_
Gsm No. 07065635983
Rabi'u Aliyu Rambo
Email: _EMAIL_
Gsm No.08125507991
It is a well known fact that at one time in history, Kebbi before its rise to become one of the Hausa states, was a territory of the famous Songhai empire which flourished in the fifteenth century. The political dominance of Songhai over kebbi brought about a cordial and beneficial relationship between the people and the socio-political leadership in Kebbi and their neighbours, Dosso. The relationship between the two communities had impacted positively on every facet of life of the people which includes the social, political as well as the economic spheres of human endeavour. It is the intension of this paper to explore the extent of this relationship most especially its impact on the artisanal fishery in Kebbi. This will include the aspects of fishing gear transfer, fishing techniques and some forms of water rituals in Kebbi.
1.0 Introduction
 Kebbi is situated at the north western part of Nigeria. It is blessed with abundant land suitable for the cultivation of rice most especially along the flood plain (fadama) areas of the river kebbi whose major tributaries include the river Rima, and river Sokoto. The flood plain is a stretch of land said to cover an area of about four kilometers wide. Alongside the banks of the river kebbi, abundant fishing grounds exists especially the lakes and ponds that abounds. This water resource has helped greatly in the migration of people into the area of gulbin Kebbi both for the purpose of fishing and the cultivation of rice in the low land and other crops that are mostly grown up land. According to Alkali (1969:45), since the 11th century, there were waves of migrations into Kebbi area most especially of the 'sorko' who first came into Tillberi area before they finally settled down in Kebbi. This migration is said to have continued up to the 15th century.
 The influx of people from Songhai into the area of Kebbi coupled with the political subjugation of Kebbi by Songhai has helped in bringing about a relationship between Kebbi and her neighbour, Dosso. The 19th century Islamic revival efforts of the jihadist under the leadership of Shiek Usman bn Fodio had also paved way for a stronger tie and bond of relationship between not only the people of kebbi and Dosso but also the political leadership of the two kingdoms. In the course of the jihad which saw the rise of hostilities between the jihadists on one hand and Kebbi on the other, the division within the Zarma nation became more manifest as those Zarma of Dosso entered into alliance with the kingdom of kebbi to suppress the activities of the jihadist. The Zarma of Ndounga on the other hand aligned with the jihadists (Alkali: 1969:33). These two alliances had helped greatly in bringing a reasonable number of Zarma people not only into the area of Kebbi but also in the other areas neighbouring the kingdom.
 The zarma people had earlier contact with Sorko such that it became very difficult for a lay man to distinguish between the two. Their settling into kebbi land had immense impacts on the fishing activities of not only the Kebbi people but also the entire Hausa land. It is therefore the wish of this paper to explore the areas of fishing that were influenced by the Kebbi/Dosso alliance.
2.0 Sarkanci Defined
 The word Sarkanci is derived from 'Sorko'. They are professional fishermen of Songhai origin who in the course of searching for more conducive fishing grounds migrated to the area of Tilliberi and then finally settled in Kebbi. They are professional fishermen who also hunt water animals. They intermarried with the Hausa population and became assimilated. Due to their expertise in all aspects of fishing, from the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the craft came to be referred to as 'Sarkanci', while the professional fisherman came to be known as 'Basarke' (Alkali, 1969: 30).
3.0 The Impact of Dosso/Kebbi Relation on Fishing In Kebbi
The relationship that flourished between the kingdoms of Kebbi and Dosso has a number of impacts. This is so because whenever a contact is established between individuals or groups, one is duty bound to be influenced by the other. In most instances, it is the one with superior civilization that will exert impacts on the one with inferior instincts. Let's now turn our attention to those areas in which this alliance turned out to be beneficial in the area of artisanal fishery not only to Kebbi, but also to other parts of Hausa land.
3.1 Substitution of Hausa 'Kamun kifi' with 'Sarkanci'.
 It is quite evident that there were a large number of 'Sorko' and 'Zarma' who settled down in Kebbi kingdom. They inter married with their host community and became assimilated into the society. These people came with a superior civilization, not comparable to what obtained in kebbi. The civilization was not only in the realm of political spheres but also on agriculture and fishing. Prior to the arrival of the 'Sorko', the host communities who were mostly of Hausas do engaged in fishing which was being referred to as 'kamun kifi' in Hausa.
 Realizing the fact that the 'Sorko' displayed outright superiority in terms of the fishing skills, the superiority of the fishing gears they use and even their knowledge of water and high ability of how they manipulate water and the creatures within it, and also their expertise in water rituals most especially supplications in the form of water incantations of various kind, the kabawa came to succumb. Gradually, the Hausa phrase name for fishing, 'kamun kifi' was replaced with 'Sarkanci'. Any Bakabe that is a professional fisherman is now called and being referred to as 'Basarke'. The occupation itself was given a new nomenclature of 'Sarkanci', a derivation from 'sorko'. This undoubtedly happened as a result of the good understanding and cordiality which people of the two kingdoms enjoyed as a result of the alliance they entered into.
3.2 Impacts on Fishing Gears
 Fishing gears refers to the tools and instruments used by the fishermen to enhance their catch. These are in the form of nets, traps, hooks, spears, etc. The Kabawa have a number of fishing gears which they made for their own use prior to the arrival of the 'Sorko' from Songhai. A good example of these was the clap net referred to as 'homa' in Hausa. They also had the seine net which they operate along with the homa (Harris, 1942: 23).
 However, the arrival of the 'Sorko' into the land of Kebbi witnessed the introduction of more sophisticated fishing gears which were brought by them. Because of the efficacy of the introduced fishing gears, they gained wider and total acceptance and usage by the kabawa fishermen. Such fishing equipments that gained acceptance are the 'babban taru. 'ara', 'mamari and 'kamba'.
3. 2.1 The Big Seine Net (Babban Taru)
 Harris (1942:23) has posited that even before the arrival of 'Sorko' in Kebbi, Kabawa employed the use of seine net which was being operated alongside the clap net (Homa). The operetors of the net will drag it towards the fishermen using homa. The fish is frightened and pushed in the direction of clap net users. It is being caught with the use of the clap net. However, the coming of the 'Sorko' into fishing activities in Kebbi witnessed the introduction of a big seine net which is being operated and dragged by fishermen on boats. It was introduced by the Dankanawa whose leader was said to be Magaji Alfa. To date, the descendants of Magaji Alfa hold the title of Magajin Dankanawa who is the head of all fishermen who operate the seine nets (taru) in Argungu. Today, the Dankanawa who are entitled to this office can be found at 'Yarmahauta quaters of Argungu town. The title of Magajin Dankanawa as the leader of the seine net operators is peculiar to Argungu only. In most other parts of Hausa land, the same title is referred to as 'Sarkin Taru'.
3.2.2 The Ara (Basket Trap)
 Ara is a fishing gear that is made in the shape of a bucket using the sticks of certain shrubs like the 'geza'. It is usually operated in the shallow waters of lakes during the dry season. The ara is used to encircle fish when its movement is noticed by the fisherman or when one is certain of where fish lay at the bottom of water. It


Quick Answer: What Is The Best Definition Of An Oligarchy?
What are some examples of oligarchy?
What exactly is an oligarch?
What are characteristics of oligarchy?
Oligarchy, government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt or selfish purposes. Oligarchies in which members of the ruling group are wealthy or exercise their power through their wealth are known as plutocracies.
Is aristocracy and oligarchy the same?
Aristocracy: Aristocracy refers to a power structure where the power is held by the nobility. Oligarchy: Oligarchy refers to a power structure where the power is held by a small group of people.
What is an oligarchy in sociology?
(noun) A type of business or government in which a small elite group holds power; government by the few. (noun) Any group under oligarchic control.
Who holds state power in an oligarchy?
A small group of people holds state power in an oligarchy. Oligarchy refers to a form of the power structure, in which a small group of people holds the power. This small group of people may be differentiated from others by their education, corporate, religious, wealth, nobility, political, and military control.
What is a synonym for oligarchy?
Words related to oligarchy autocracy, oppression, domination, cruelty, authoritarianism, despotism, totalitarianism, coercion, terrorism, absolutism, severity, monocracy, fascism, totality, imperiousness, high-handedness, unreasonableness, reign of terror, peremptoriness.
What are the two types of oligarchy?
What are two types of oligarchies? national and state.
What type of government is a oligarchy?
Oligarchy, meaning "rule of the few", is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control.
Can an oligarchy be like a dictatorship?
An oligarchy can also mean that a few people control the country. … A junta often operates much like a dictatorship, except that several people share power.
How is a leader chosen in an oligarchy?
Answer and Explanation: The leaders of an oligarchy typically are not chosen as one would be in a democracy or a republic, rather they come from a position of wealth and…
Is America a corporatocracy?
Economist Jeffrey Sachs described the United States as a corporatocracy in The Price of Civilization (2011).
What are some advantages to an oligarchic form of government?
One of the main pros of oligarchy is that it puts power in the hands of people who are often experts and can make informed decisions for the populous or company. It therefore is more efficient than every single person being able to make decisions, and can often free up people to focus on their own work or lives.


Anomaly Detection and Early Warning System
ADEWaS is a project funded by Deutsche Telekom Laboratories for developing an early warning system, which detects and failures at their early stages for telecommunication services and infrastructures. Telecommunication services, applications and infrastructure elements create huge amounts of audit trails that, if properly analyzed, carry clues in the form of anomalies. Timely detection and analysis of these anomalies may result in beneficial early warning messages for detection of attacks, failures and misuse.
In this project, the DAI Laboratory realizes a multiagent system (MAS) used to detect anomalies and create warning at early stages.
The ADEWaS MAS has the following major tasks:
 1. Collect data from various sources, e.g. server log files, intrusion detection systems, and transaction system.
 2. Translate the various data formats used by data source into a common format.
 3. Provide a semantic description for the system, data and detection results.
 4. Supply data to anomaly detection approaches. Present detection results, generate warnings and realize alert and notification mechanisms
The ADEWaS MAS is designed to work with a variety of anomaly detection approaches. The project partners Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz implement those ap-proaches. The approaches range from unsupervised, statistical approaches to supervised, machine learning approaches.
The approach developed within ADEWaS project is comprised of different categories of agents. The Data Acquisition agents are distributed among the network, encapsulate data sources and provide the raw data to Data Processing agents. These agents fulfill different tasks such as the annotation of raw data, the conversion to a common format, but also provision and notification mechanisms for other ADEWaS components, such as the detection agents. These agents belong to the category Data Exploitation and provide detec-tion results that can be reviewed and verified with the help the user.
Project Acronym:
Project Title:
Anomaly Detection and Early Warning System
05/01/2010 ⇢ 04/30/2012
Contact person:
Karsten Bsufka
Competence Centers:


Most, if not all, newer hot water tanks come pre-insulated. If you have an older hot water, however, you may find it does not have an insulated shell. If this is the case, installing an insulated jacket to your hot water tank will save you a considerable amount of energy and money.
The principle of the hot water tank is to generate a body of hot water in a short period of time, using your boiler at its most efficient, then storing the water for later use, a bit like boiling your kettle to fill a thermos flask. If the tank is not well insulated, the heat will radiate out and heat everything around it, lowering the temperature of the water within, which in turn will mean the boiler will need to run again to top up the heat. A well insulated tank will keep the water hot for a longer period, therefore reducing the requirement on the boiler.
Back to Basic Measures


Why is ammonia hydrophilic?
Because it is a polar molecule.
A hydrophilic molecule is a term used to describe a molecule that can bond with water, meaning that it is attracted to water molecules.
A water molecule is formed when an oxygen atom to two hydrogen atoms.
The difference in between oxygen, which is very electronegative, and the hydrogen atoms will cause these bonds to be.
The of the water molecule ensures that these polar bonds form a net dipole moment, which has a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.
Ammonia is also a polar molecule, which implies that it too has a net dipole moment. Once again, the hydrogen atoms bonded to the central nitrogen atom will have partial positive charges and the nitrogen will have a partial negative charge.
So, when ammonia is placed in water, the partial positive hydrogens will be attracted to water's partial negative oxygen, and the partial positive hydrogens of the water molecule will be attracted to ammonia's partial negative nitrogen.
This particular interaction allows water and ammonia to form. More specifically, the lone pair of electrons present on the nitrogen will be attracted to one of water's partial positive hydrogen atoms.
So, as a conclusion, ammonia is hydrophilic, or water loving, because it is a.
Leave a Reply


text:
Basic Rat Terrier Information
- Lifespan: 12 - 16 years
- Height: - inches
- Weight: - pounds
Medical Conditions Seen in Rat Terriers
Rat Terrier Traits
- Jogging Partner
- Lap Dog
- Good with Children
- Warm Weather
- Cold Weather
- Grooming Requirements
- Ease of Training
Rat Terrier History
- The rat terrier's ancestors may have included Manchester terriers, smooth fox terriers, and perhaps whippets. Later breeds that may have played a role included the beagle, Italian greyhound, miniature pinscher and Chihuahua.
- Mixes of these breeds came from dogs brought to America by working class immigrants from Britain in the late 1800s.
- Rat terriers were used for both vermin control and for rat pit contests, where men bet on how many rats in a pit a dog could kill in a certain time period. A rat terrier holds the rat killing record of 2501 rats in a seven hour period in an infested barn.
- President Theodore Roosevelt hunted with these dogs and even kept some in the White House. He is credited with naming them rat terriers.
- The Rat terrier has traditionally been viewed as a strain, rather than a breed, of dog, which means that crossing to other breeds and mixes has been permissible throughout most of its history. The modern incarnation of this practice is probably the feist, a strain of small terrier-like hunting dogs used to catch squirrels and other rodents.
- Because it has been bred as a strain with used to hunt game of varied size, the rat terrier comes in a great range of sizes.
- Rat terriers were popular farm dogs by the early 1900s; in fact, although no statistics are available, they were probably among the most popular dogs in America.
- With the advent of pesticides in the 1950s, the rat terrier's popularity as a working vermin hunter declined. By that time, however, the breed had a following because of it attributes as a companion.
- Several breed clubs now exist, but they disagree about what the best course is for the future of the breed.
- The National Rat Terrier Association has maintained breeding records for decades and is opposed to recognition by major kennel clubs.
- The United Kennel Club recognized the rat terrier in 1999.
- The Rat Terrier Club of America is working toward AKC recognition. It is recognized by the AKC Foundation Stock Service, which makes it eligible to compete in many AKC performance events.
Rat Terrier Behavior Concerns
- Makes a loyal and energetic companion.
- Playful and very good with children.
- Somewhat reserved with strangers
- May be cocky and even scrappy with other dogs.
- May not be good with small pets, and is especially ill-advised around rodents.
- Does best with reward-based training involving food or games.
- Eager to please, and learns quickly, but is easily bored and distracted.
- Some may bark a lot.
Rat Terrier Suggested Exercises
- Makes an alert housedog.
- This is a very active and playful dog. A daily walk around the block, coupled with several play sessions, will help meet its exercise needs.
- May not do well in dog parks unless large dogs are segregated from small dogs. Even so, some rat terriers may bully other small dogs.
- Games and tricks provide needed mental exercise.
- Its thin coat and small size makes it vulnerable to chilling.
Rat Terrier Grooming
- Coat is smooth, hard and short.
- Brushing once a week will remove dead hair.
- Shedding is average.
Suggested Rat Terrier Nutritional Needs
- Rat terriers tend to stay in good weight or be slightly overweight.
- Small snacks can cause weight problems in very small dogs.
- Tiny rat terrier puppies should be fed often to prevent hypoglycemia, a serious condition to which very small puppies are prone. Frequent small meals of high protein, fat, and complex carbohydrates may help guard against this condition.
Did you know?
- Grapes and raisins are harmful to dogs.
- Some dog parasites are transferable to humans.


text:
One way to personalize your child's learning may be by setting a time limit. This can motivate your child to remain focused while being self-sufficient with their allotted time.
Studies have shown that only 45 minutes a week on ABCmouse can make a significant increase in children's overall learning outcomes.
We encourage you and your child to spend 15 to 20 minutes a day using ABCmouse together until you feel they are ready to utilize ABCmouse independently.
For more information how to set a time limit, please see the following article:


text:
STONY BROOK and NEW YORK, NY– Research that used mitochondrial DNA-based testing to compare the extent of fraudulent labeling of black caviar purchased before and after international protection shows conservation benefits. A team of scientists from the Institute for Conservation Science at Stony Brook University and the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) repeated a market survey of commercially available caviar in the New York City area that was conducted before the protection was put in place, and the results showed nearly a 50 percent decrease in fraudulently labeled caviar.
"Testing the effectiveness of an international conservation agreement: marketplace forensics and CITES caviar trade regulation," published online on July 25 in the journal PLoS ONE, compared the results of two market surveys conducted 10 years apart. The previous market survey conducted during 1995 through 1996, before the listing of the sturgeon by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) came into effect in 1998, revealed that 19 percent of commercially available caviar in the New York City area was mislabeled with respect to species origin. When sampling the same market from 2006 through 2008, fraudulently labeled caviar occurred in 10 percent of the caviar, and only occurred in the samples bought online.
"The results of our analysis suggest that the international trade regulation of sturgeon products due to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species listing is having a positive effect in the marketplace," said Dr. Phaedra Doukakis, lead author, who was a senior research scientist with the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science at Stony Brook University at the time the study was conducted. "CITES is clearly an important tool for regulating trade and serves as an important complement to management in the regions where fishing occurs. More marine and aquatic species could benefit from being listed under the Convention."
Sturgeons and paddlefishes (Order Acipenseriformes), the producers of black caviar, are protected by CITES due to widespread population abundance declines from overfishing, habitat degradation, and illegal trade in caviar. Intentional mislabeling of caviar products can thwart trade regulations and diminish their impact on the conservation of the sturgeon. The conservation status of many sturgeon species has not improved, and has worsened in several cases, since the CITES listing, with most species now listed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because overfishing remains a problem.
"It's encouraging that the extent of illegal trade has diminished in recent years since international trade restrictions have come into force. Consumers can now be highly confident that what's written on the label accurately describes what's in the tin," said Dr. Ellen K. Pikitch, co-author and executive director of the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science and professor at Stony Brook University. "However, preventing the extinction of critically endangered species such as the beluga sturgeon requires a full court press. Importantly, smaller fishing allowances, including bans on fishing in key geographic areas and better enforcement of fishing regulations, are needed to give depleted sturgeon populations a fighting chance to recover."
In addition to demonstrating the conservation benefits of trade regulation for threatened and endangered species, the research results also underscore the utility of such testing for enforcement of these regulations.
"The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of DNA-based methods to identify the species of origin for detection of illegal products in the marketplace," said George Amato, co-author and director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History. "Moreover, these results demonstrate if this type of genetic testing is used by inspection officials in real time, it can help detect and discourage illegal harvesting of threatened and endangered marine species in the geographic regions in which it is occurring."
This research was funded by contributions to the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science from The Pew Charitable Trusts, J.F. Thye, P.R. Thye, and one anonymous donor. Laboratory work was supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History.
The Institute for Ocean Conservation Science at Stony Brook University is dedicated to advancing ocean conservation through science. The Institute transforms real-world policy while pursuing serious science, both of which are essential for ocean health. For more information, go to: _URL_
The American Museum of Natural History, founded in 1869, is one of the world's preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions. The Museum encompasses 45 permanent exhibition halls, including the Rose Center for Earth and Space and the Hayden Planetarium, as well as galleries for temporary exhibitions. Five active research divisions and three cross-disciplinary centers support 200 scientists, whose work draws on a world-class permanent collection of more than 32 million specimens and artifacts, including specialized collections for frozen tissue and genomic and astrophysical data, as well as one of the largest natural history libraries in the Western Hemisphere. Through its Richard Gilder Graduate School, it is the first American museum authorized to grant the Ph.D. degree. In 2012, the Museum will begin offering a pilot Master of Arts in Teaching with a specialization in earth science. Approximately 5 million visitors from around the world came to the Museum last year, and its exhibitions and Space Shows can be seen in venues on five continents. The Museum's website and collection of apps for mobile devices extend its collections, exhibitions, and educational programs to millions more beyond its walls. Visit amnh.org for more information.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


text:
which can be later used for viewing as on-demand smooth streaming contents.
Figure 8 – Client Output and Archive Output
For archive output, you can have the option to save the entire event as a single presentation or create segmented presentations each of which has a fixed duration. This option is useful if you want to publish some early portion of the live event as on-demand contents before the event is finished. If you disable the archive option, server will use temporary files to store data that are needed for client's DVR viewing and automatically delete them after the publishing point is stopped. So you still need to plan your disk space accordingly even if you disable archive option but still allow client DVR.
For client output, you can configure how much DVR window you want to make available to the client. For example, if it's a 2 – 3 hour sports event and you have enough disk space for holding all the content, you can just use the default "Enable DVR for the entire event". Or in another case, say you have a 24x7 always running live channel, you probably want to specify a DVR window limit so that the disk/memory usage is limited on both the server (potentially with archive disabled as well) and the client.
Putting it all together
Ok, so we've gone through all the possible inputs and outputs and their functionalities. Now let's take a look at a IIS Live Smooth Streaming server solution as an example and see how these inputs and outputs work.
Figure 9 – Live Smooth Streaming Server Solution Example
This is a topology that quite some live event deployments were derived from. There are five layers in this diagram: encoder, ingest, origin, distribution and client. The solid lines are the normal data flow path while the dotted lines are the backup/failover paths. First, let's go through each layer and see what their roles in this diagram are:
Encoders take in live source feeds and encode them into smooth streaming formats. Then it uses HTTP POST to send the streams to Ingest servers which as configured with push input streams.
2. Ingest Servers
Ingest servers are mainly for taking in encoder streams and then fanning them out to origin servers. To effectively achieve stream fan-out and redundancy, ingest servers use PUSH output streams to push to multiple (two in this diagram) origin servers simultaneously. Because ingest servers typically don't need to directly serve client requests or save local archives, these two options can be disabled.
3. Origin servers
In this solution, the origin server tier is the one that holds all the information about the live streaming, or a "single point of truth" as we would call. There are multiple origin servers running at the same time to provide scalability and redundancy. It has the capability to directly serve client requests. It can also be the source for distribution servers and synchronize past information with them if needed. To serve distribution servers, origin servers need to have the pull stream output enabled. To serve client requests either directly or indirectly through generic HTTP network which contains HTTP cache/proxy/edge servers, they need to have archive and client output options configured accordingly.
4. Distribution servers
Distribution servers can further scale out the network by offloading archiving and client request serving from the origin server tier. Distribution servers use pull input stream and are configured with multiple origin server URLs for redundancy. Distribution servers don't have to be started at the beginning of the event because they know how to synchronize with origin servers to provide full DVR access to the entire live event. Please refer to the "Pull Input Stream" section above.
Client is not really a tier in the server network. But I'd like to point out that because of the stateless nature of the smooth streaming protocol, the retry/failover logic from the client can happen at the HTTP request level. In another words, for each fragment request, the client is free to use whichever server that's available or provides the best throughput.
In terms of scalability, I think it is pretty obvious how it was achieved in this diagram. Now let's focus on what are the different failover scenarios and how this solution can handle them.
1. Encoder failover
If any one of the primary encoders failed, the connection to the ingest server will be broken. As we discussed in "Push Input Stream" section, the server will keep everything running and expecting new encoder push streams to come in. Once the backup encoder is up and running pushing to the same publishing point using the same "streamID" values, the live stream can continue. From the client's perspective, there will be a brief period of time that the latest live fragments for the broken streams/bitrates are not available. "Live" players that are on those bitrates will try to switch to other bitrates while players on other bitrates will not be affected.
Players in DVR mode will also not be affected since all servers are still capable of serving archived contents even when the live streams are down.
If the bandwidth between the encoders and the ingest servers are big enough, the backup encoders can behave as a hot backup meaning that they can encode and push to the same publishing points at the same time (see "Push Input Stream" section). Then in the encoder failover case, because there is a hot backup, the live stream can continue without any interruption.
2. Ingest failover
In normal condition, primary encoders push to primary ingest server which in turn pushes the same streams to two origin servers simultaneously. If, say, the primary ingest server failed, all connections among primary encoder, primary ingest server and origin servers will be broken. The encoder can detect this failure and starts pushing to the backup ingest server. The backup ingest server is configured exactly the same way as the primary ingest server and it will also in turn pushes the streams to the same origin servers, which will resume the live streams. The client side experience is similar to the encoder failover case.
Another option is to have the primary encoder pushing to both the primary ingest server and the backup ingest server at the same time if the bandwidth is not a concern. In that case, any single ingest server failover will not interrupt the live stream.
3. Origin failover
If one origin server failed, the other ones can serve as its backup immediately because they are all running and have the same data. Another aspect of it is that distribution servers also know where to re-request and retry the stream in the case of origin server failure. You can refer to "Pull Input Stream" section for more detail.
4. Distribution server failover
Just as origin servers, distribution servers are hot backups and can recover from server failure smoothly. This is especially true if the distribution server is used together with ARR (see "Pull Input Stream" section).
5. Client failover
Well, get another one. :)
Sometimes in real world deployment, you may have smart HTTP gateway devices that can automatically reroute HTTP requests to a server farm based on the server health information. In that case, you can just use URLs based on the virtual IP instead of hardcode multiple URLs. This would allow you to change a particular server tier without the need to modify settings in other tiers.
Hopefully by now you've got a better understanding about how input/out streams work in Live Smooth Streaming and how you can build a scalable and robust server solution with those options. Even though the example (as in Figure 9) we walked through is a compelling solution, it's certainly not the only way to build your network. As the team who designed and built the Live Smooth Streaming platform, our goal is to make it powerful and flexible enough to build the best solution you need. Needless to say, there are definitely things that we missed or could further improve, especially considering this is the very first release of this new technology. So please do share your thoughts with us. We would love to hear your feedback and make our platform better for you. Happy smooth streaming!


text: Background: Colon cancer is the second most common cancer in developed countries. Activated plateletsplay a key role in inflammation and atherothrombosis, with mean platelet volume (MPV) is an early markerof platelet activation. The aim of the study was to clarify the relevance of MPV in patients with colon cancer.Materials and Methods: We measured MPV levels in 128 patients with colon cancer before and after surgery,and 128 controls matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. The odds ratios (ORs) and95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colon cancer were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysesacross MPV quartiles. Results: Patients with colon cancer had higher MPV compared with controls. Surgicaltumor resection resulted in a significant decrease in MPV levels (11.4 fL vs 10.7 fL; p<0.001). A positive correlationbetween MPV and tumor-nodule-metastases (TNM) stage was found. Furthermore, after adjusting for other riskfactors, the ORs (95%CIs) for colon cancer according to MPV quartiles were 1.000, 2.238 (1.014-4.943), 3.410(1.528-7.613), and 5.379 (2.372-12.198), respectively. Conclusions: The findings show that patients with coloncancer have higher MPV levels compared with controls, and these are reduced after surgery. In addition, MPVwas found to be independently associated with the presence of colon cancer. Further studies are warranted toassess the utility of MPV as a novel diagnostic screening tool for colon cancer.


text:
extend_rectype_net : string * ('a * 'b * thm) -> unit
Extends internal store of distinctness and injectivity theorems for a new
HOL Light maintains several data structures based on the current set of
distinctness and injectivity theorems for the inductive data type so far
defined. A call extend_rectype_net ("tyname",(_,_,rth)) where rth is the
recursion theorem for the type as returned as the second item from
define_type, extend these structures for a new type. Two arguments are
ignored just for regularity with some other internal data structures.
- FAILURE CONDITIONS
Never fails, even if the theorem is malformed.
This function is called automatically by define_type, and normally users will
not need to invoke it explicitly.
- SEE ALSO
basic_rectype_net, define_type, distinctness_store, injectivity_store.


text: Energy from Waste (EfW) projects require complex value chains to operate effectively. To identify business partners, plant operators need to network with organisations whose strategic objectives are aligned with their own. Supplier organisations need to work out where they fit in the value chain. Our aim is to support people in identifying potential business partners, based on their organisation's interpretation of value. Value for an organisation should reflect its strategy and may be interpreted using key priorities and KPIs (key performance indicators). KPIs may comprise any or all of knowledge, operational, economic, social and convenience indicators. This paper presents an ontology for modelling and prioritising connections within the business environment, and in the process provides means for defining value and mapping these to corresponding KPIs. The ontology is used to guide the design of a visual representation of the environment to aid partner search.


text: Google Earth (GE) and related open geospatial technologies have changed both the accessibility of and audience for geospatial information dramatically. Through data rich applications with easy to use interfaces, these technologies bring personalized geospatial information directly to the nonspecialist. When coupled with open geospatial data standards, such as Web Map Services (WMS), Web Features Services (WFS), and GeoRSS, the resulting web-based technologies have the potential to assimilate heterogeneous data from distributed sources rapidly enough to support timecritical activities such as crisis response. Although the ability to view and interact with data in these environments is important, this functionality alone is not sufficient for the demands of crisis response activity. For example, GE's standard version currently lacks geoanalysis capabilities such as geographic buffering and topology functions. In this paper, we present development of the "Google Earth Dashboard" (GED), a web-based interface powered by open geospatial standards and designed for supplementing and enhancing the geospatial capabilities of GE. The GED allows users to create custom maps through WMS layer addition to GE and perform traditional GIS analysis functions. Utility of the GED is presented in a usecase scenario where GIS operations implemented to work with GE are applied to support crisis management activities. The GED represents an important first step towards combining the ubiquity of GE and geospatial standards into an easy-to-use, data rich, geo-analytically powerful environment that can support crisis management activity.


Software › visualization
10x Genomics
Chromium Single Cell Gene Expression
What is Loupe Browser?
Loupe Browser is a desktop application that provides interactive visualization functionality to analyze data from different 10x Genomics solutions. Loupe Browser allows you to easily interrogate different views of your 10x data to quickly gain insights into the underlying biology. Loupe is named for a jeweler's loupe, which is used to magnify and inspect the details of precious gemstones.
Loupe Browser supports the analysis of the following types of data:
Chromium Platform
Visium Platform
To use Loupe Browser, open any.cloupe file generated by the Cell Ranger analysis software. The Cell Ranger.cloupe file is embedded with the following information:
Once your data is in Loupe Browser, you can rapidly explore and gain insights from the data without the need to do any programming.
Loupe Browser Single Cell Gene Expression Tutorials
Loupe Browser provides many powerful analysis capabilities. To learn how to use Loupe Browser to analyze your gene expression data, review the following tutorials.
Loupe Browser is built to accelerate the following applications:
To walk through the features and uses of Loupe Browser, start the tutorial.


Sign up ×
Typical PHP socket functionality is synchronous, and halts the thread when waiting for incoming connections and data. (eg. socket_read and socket_listen)
How do I do the same asynchronously? so I can respond to data in a data received event, instead of polling for data, etc.
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 16 down vote accepted
Yup, that's what socket_set_nonblock() is for. Your socket interaction code will need to be written differently, taking into account the special meanings that error codes 11, EWOULDBLOCK, and 115, EINPROGRESS, assume.
Here's some somewhat-fictionalized sample code from a PHP sync socket polling loop, as requested:
$buf = '';
$done = false;
do {
 $chunk = socket_read($sock, 4096);
 if($chunk === false) {
 $error = socket_last_error($sock);
 if($error!= 11 && $error!= 115) {
 my_error_handler(socket_strerror($error), $error);
 $done = true;
 } elseif($chunk == '') {
 $done = true;
 } else {
 $buf.= $chunk;
} while(true);
share|improve this answer
What do you mean by differently? Can you show me any code samples of asynchronous data received events? – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 12:06
So this is synchronous, but non-blocking? Then what exactly does non-blocking mean? – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 17:54
No, it is asynchronous, and polling-based. The code is from a larger polling mechanism. PHP has no support for interrupt/signal driven socket I/O events like you're asking for, as far as I know. You achieve async communications by using operations that do not wait for completion but return immediately, with an indicative error code, if the operation isn't ready. Like reads on a non-blocking socket. There are lots of tutorials on async socket use in C that will go into lots of detail abou this; PHP's support is just a layer over the standard C stuff. – chaos Sep 16 '09 at 18:02
Its Aug/2012. Do you think the approach is updated/improved in the way OP wanted it? – Aug 1 '12 at 15:55 No. – chaos Aug 1 '12 at 19:45
You will need to execute your script and issue stream_select to check weither there is any data to receive. Process and send data back.
share|improve this answer
The term "asynchronous" is often misused in network programming. For I/O, asynchronous is often just used as another word for non-blocking. This means that the process is able to continue before a call on the network api has completed transmission.
For process execution in general, asynchronous means that multiple instructions are able to be computed at once (concurrently.)
In other words, asynchronous I/O is not truly asynchronous unless multiple threads are used to allow multiple reads/write/accepts to occur concurrently - all sockets will sill have to wait on a synchronous non-blocking call if it has data to be read/written or will otherwise not block, and reading/writing a large file can still take seconds or even minutes if not interrupted. Note that this would require a perfect flow between the client and server or TCP itself will interrupt the transmission. For example, a server sending faster than a client can download would cause a block on a write.
So from a strict point of view PHP is not able to perform asynchronous networking, only non-blocking. In short, the progression of the process will stop while the network call is able to usefully read/write etc. However, the process will then continue when the call is not able to usefully read/write or would otherwise block. In a truly asynchronous system the process will continue regardless, and the read/write will be done in a different thread. Note that blocking I/O can still be done asynchronously if done in a different thread.
Moreover, PHP is not able to do event driven I/O without installing an extension that supports it. You will otherwise need to do some form of polling in order to do non-blocking I/O in PHP. The code from Chaos would be a functional non-blocking read example if it used socket_select.
With that said, the select function will still allow true non-blocking behavior in PHP. In C, polling services have a performance loss over event driven, so I'm sure that it would be the same for PHP. But this loss is in the nanoseconds-microseconds depending on the amount of sockets, where the time saved from a non-blocking call is typically milliseconds, or even seconds if the call is made to wait.
share|improve this answer
AFAIK PHP is strictly singlethreaded, which means you can't do this asynchronously, because Script execution is always linear.
It's been a while since i have done this, but as far as i recall, you can only open the socket, and have the script continue execution upon receiving data.
share|improve this answer
Even chaos's code sample seems to corroborate this fact. – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 12:20
PHP provides stream_select for async socket operations, analogous to posix select(). – karunski Sep 16 '09 at 12:42
select() is synchronous: it just lets you know whether a socket is ready for reading/writing. You still call it from a single thread, and block on the select() call instead of the read() or write(). – Matt Connolly Nov 13 '12 at 2:32
Your Answer


text:
Hands on activityThe English designer William Morris was influenced by Indian patterns when he designed this block printed cotton fabric in 1883. Other British designers used Indian patterns, such as 'Paisley'. Using factories, British cloth makers were able to make cheaper fabrics and sell it in India in Victorian times. Indian weavers spun, wove and decorated their cloth in their own homes and this made it more expensive, so many of them went out of business. Have a look at the images below. They show some designs, cloth printing and the blocks used to print cloths.
You would need to print with your block thousands of time to decorate a large piece of cloth by hand. You can make a printing block using a potato - it's much easier to carve than wood!
You will need:
a big potato
paper for your pattern
a small knife with a pointed end or a scalpel
fabric paints or dyes - use indigo, turmeric or henna if you want to make authentic Indian colours
paper plates for mixing colours
1. Cut your potato in half and leave it to dry for a few hours. If you want, you can slice off the edges to make a square, which will be easier to line up when you print. You can also use a polystyrene ceiling tile, with the pattern drawn into it. You can buy real wood printing blocks in some Indian shops if you want to print from wood.
2. Design your printing block pattern on thin white paper, filling in the areas to be cut out. Remember to make the pattern no larger than the potato. Cut the paper 1 centimetre bigger than the design.
3. Tape your paper design onto the dry potato.
4. Get an adult to help with this part. Using the sharp knife or scalpel, cut out your design.
5. Mix your dyes or fabric paints on the paper plate. If you are using an Indian dye such as turmeric make it into quite a thick paste.
6. Paint the dye onto your potato block, or press the block into the dye on the plate.
7. Practice printing the block on some scrap paper before you try it on the fabric.
8. Print the pattern onto the fabric. It looks best when you print repeated patterns, or try different colours next to each other. Keep the patterns in line using a long ruler.
9. Leave the fabric to dry.
Need some inspiration?
Have a look at the some Victorian paisley patterns.
You can have a go at a block printing activity in this Museum Open Learning Initiative activity.
Wooden blocks are available ready made from Parrotfish.
Have a look at some William Morris designs and download some wallpaper.


Overcoming Fears of Traveling with Autism
Overcoming Fears of Traveling with Autism
Nervous to Travel?
Do you worry about traveling with your child who has autism?
Maybe you're thinking, My child can barely handle being in a local public space, let alone somewhere far away.
Don't worry…you're definitely not alone. I was in the same place when my kids were young. I was hesitant to take the leap into a major, week-long vacation.
Here's me:
What if my kids have a terrible time? What if we spend all of this time and money but our trip ends up a disaster? What if….? What if…?
I realized that this kind of irrational, excessive worry lead me feeling locked up in a self-made prison of fear. If you ruminate on the "what ifs" and never take the leap into the wider world, you'll never experience true joy.
But it doesn't have to be that way! You can learn to overcome those fears about traveling with special needs.
Did you know…?
A "worry experiment" was conducted to see if what people were afraid of actually came true.
What 85% of test subjects worried about actually never came true! And with the remaining 15% whose worries came true, they realized they misperceived or exaggerated their problems. They viewed those "bad events" as a good life lesson in becoming better problem-solvers and less worriers.
When I catch myself worrying too much, I often reflect upon the self-fulfilling prophesy phenomenon:
Did I make something come true just because I was afraid of it to begin with? Did my kids sense my apprehensions and then react to my behavior with their own fears?
For some families, though, the sense of fear is founded on something that has happened over and over again.
Like running away from home. Like being attracted to water but unable to swim. Like harming oneself and others in the family during a meltdown.
THAT is their REALITY.
Overcoming Fears of Traveling with Autism: Important Tips
You probably know the "Serenity Prayer." It is often used in AA for recovering addicts. But in case you don't know it or need a reminder, here is my interpretation:
Grant me the serenity of mind to accept what can't be changed; the courage to change what can be changed, and wisdom to know the difference.
This little bit of truth has gotten me through some pretty "rough seas" in my life, especially when coming to terms with both of my children's diagnosis of autism. Maybe you feel the same.
It's good to be reminded of that in every facet of life…even when taking major vacations or little getaways.
Learn what CAN be changed
 1. Is there something YOU can change before planning a trip? Maybe it's an adjustment of expectations of what a vacation means to you. Or your expectations of your child. Or maybe you can assess the things you need to do to prepare your child for the trip. Or…maybe it's identifying the root of your fears and understanding how they can managed. Simply adopting a "let's have fun no matter what" attitude goes a long way!
 1. Are there things that YOUR CHILD can change before a trip? Is there something you can work on a home to prepare your child for a trip? Recruit the help of people who know and care about your child. Rely on their expertise to draft social stories for the trip, for example. And remember, if you plan a trip a year or more in advance, just know that your child WILL mature in a way you may not quite see yet!
 1. What can YOUR VACATION DESTINATION do for your family? Are there certain days that are better to visit than others? If the accommodations needed for your child don't appear on listed on the website, give them a call. Maybe they can provide those things simply because you ASKED! And don't forget you can rely on a travel agent (like yours truly) to give you advice about certain destinations.
Learn what CAN'T be changed
Autism therapies are designed to alleviate meltdowns or sensory overload or language difficulties. They help the child, the parents, teachers and others who interact with your child in various ways.
But can they actually "cure" autism?
Personally, I don't believe that is possible to ever change the genetic predisposition of a person with autism. But, I'm not getting into THAT debate…
I bring that up to say that it's important to recognize that despite good effort, some issues related to your loved one's autism may not change.
At least at the present moment.
Some therapies may not produce desired results. Some environments may not be conducive to making your child feel safe or you feel at ease. Forcing massive change on your child in order to go on that dream vacation may just not be prudent.
Certain vacation destinations will be more accommodating than others. Some hotels and theme parks are more "autism friendly" than others. Camping is an experience that may require some brief experimentation before an "all-in" investment in equipment.
If your destination does not provide what you need, bring it from home. For example, try out eloping technology at home first to see how it works with your child before using it on vacation.
It helps to know not only how "adaptable" your child is to different environments but also how flexible certain destinations are to the needs of your child.
Wisdom to know the difference
How do you know exactly what you can change and what you cannot?
I recommend talking to other parents with autistic kids.
Pick their brains: Where did they travel? How was the experience? What did they do to plan for their trip? What accommodations did they create at home versus need at the destination?
Their experiences may spark inspiration. Their advice will give you direction and encouragement. While their experiences are their experiences, you can still glean some nugget of insight to help make better decisions.
You can always start a conversation with me! Now that my kids are nearly adults I have become a little wiser along the way. I can never pay back those who helped me through this journey when I started. But I can "pay it forward" to others!
Think "happy thoughts" to overcome your fears
I was just stubborn enough to make sure we traveled as a family despite the fears. I adopted the "do or die" attitude whenever we went somewhere…to the children's museum, to the outdoor historical park, the movies, to the local playground, to the amusement rides at the county fair, etc.
While my kids were young we weaned them into travel experiences. We took mini-vacations or local staycations so they got used to different routines and environments. They developed the skill of "adaptability". Slowly we overcame our fears of traveling considering their special needs.
But after a while, I learned to just "let go" and "jump all in". I was SO ready to behold the castle at Walt Disney World! After a year of watching park planning videos, so were my kids. They were just as excited as I was. And the trip ended up blowing my worries out of the water!
Overcoming Fears of Traveling with Autism through "life lessons"
Will you be part of that 85% that worries over nothing? Or are you that 15% in which what you worry about happens, but the experience made you or your child a better person?
Failure will happen. But you, your child and family will come out braver and stronger than before. If those "big, bad worries" happen on your trip…well, consider it a valuable life lesson.
The more you travel the more you'll reach those "mountain top" experiences of achievement (maybe even accomplish those skills your child been working on for months in therapy).
I have NEVER regretted the time traveling with my autistic kids, not even when they had meltdowns and I was at my wits-end.
I recommend viewing any trip outside the home as an adventure to explore the world and learn new and fascinating things. Life is a journey filled with experiential learning.
Consider making your vacation decisions and planning in light of the wisdom of the "serenity prayer".
And…a joyful, positive attitude goes a long way!
If you need someone to rely on for special needs travel guidance, please consider me. I would love to help you! Just click on this link for a free travel consultation!


Take the 2-minute tour ×
If $(m, 10) = 1$, choose $b$ so that $10 b \equiv 1 \pmod m$. Then $n \equiv 0 \pmod m$ if and only if $n' + ba_0 \equiv 0 \pmod m$, where $a_0$ is the unit's digit of $n$, and $n'=(n-a_0)/10$. First generalize this and tell me how to extend this theorem to general divisibility tests of other numbers by a single formula or method or procedure.
share|improve this question
What are n' and $a_0$? – user7530 Oct 4 '11 at 7:23
I suspect that $a_0$ is the last (one's) digit of $n$ and that $n'=(n-a_0)/10$, the number that you get when you erase the last digit of $n$; is that correct? – Brian M. Scott Oct 4 '11 at 7:49
_USER_ M. Scott! Your suspected one is very right. The last digit is $a_0$. – gandhi Oct 4 '11 at 8:09
Edited to include Brian's interpretations. – Gerry Myerson Oct 4 '11 at 12:11
add comment
2 Answers
I suppose a generalization would be, if $\gcd(m,r)=1$, choose $b$ so that $rb\equiv1\pmod m$. Then $n\equiv0\pmod m$ if and only if $n'+ba_0\equiv0\pmod m$, where $a_0$ is the unit's digit of $n$ when $n$ is written in base $r$, and $n'=(n-a_0)/r$.
share|improve this answer
Can you go little further from your consideration. – gandhi Oct 4 '11 at 17:49
Can you be a little more specific in your request? – Gerry Myerson Oct 4 '11 at 21:44
add comment
HINT $\ $ In radix $\rm\:d:\ \ n'\:d + a_0 \equiv 0\ \iff n' + a_0/d \equiv 0\pmod{m}\ \:$ when $\rm\:\ (d,m) = 1\:. $
This amounts to "simplifying" an equation by cancelling some unit factor $\rm\:d\:.\:$ Because $\rm\:d\:$ is a unit (i.e. invertible), this is an invertible transformation, i.e. $\rm\:d\:x\equiv d\:y\iff\ x\equiv y\:.$ One encounters such simplifications (or normalizations) quite frequently, e.g. normalizing polynomial equations to be monic, i.e. scaling them so that the leading coefficient $= 1\:.$
share|improve this answer
Good. Thank you sir. – gandhi Oct 4 '11 at 17:48
add comment
Your Answer


text:
The basic arrangement for cross-laced spokes is thus:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - (HSR * cos(SAA)))^2 + HFO^2 - (HSR * cos(SAA))^2 ]
For radial (straight) spokes, the formula is simpler:
Spoke Length = sqrt[ (RRSP - HSR)^2 + HFO^2 ]
- RRSP (Rim Radius plus Spoke Penetration) is half of the Effective Rim Diameter given by the manufacturer plus 2mm for the spoke's penetration into the nipple
- HSR (Hub Spoke Radius) is the radius from the hub center to the outermost edge of the spoke holes on the hub
- SAA (Spoke Anchor Angle) is the angle of from the hub spoke hole to rim hole that the spoke goes to. It depends upon the lacing pattern and which individual spoke you are calculating for.
- HFO (Hub Flange Offset) is the distance from the hub's flange to the lateral center of the wheel, based upon the dish of the wheel. For a front wheel, this will be the same on each side, but for a rear wheel, which has a dish to accommodate the rear gears, this is different for each side since the hub's own lateral center is different from the wheel's lateral center.
I'll credit this page for the formula; it also has more detail.
There are also a bunch of calculators online, the easiest of which is probably Damon Rinard's spocalc spreadsheet. Other calculators:
As usual, Sheldon Brown has a great page on wheel building and you can learn more about the math from the above mentioned book.


text:
Datura discolor – Desert Thorn-apple
Scientific Name: Datura discolor
Common Name: Desert Thorn-apple
Growth Habit: Herb/Forb
Arizona Native Status: Native
Habitat: Desert. It grows in desert washes, along roadsides, in drainage ditches, and in other disturbed areas with loose soil.
Flower Color: White
Flowering Season: Summer
Height: To 2 feet (61 cm) tall, but usually less
Description: The showy flowers are nocturnal and open around sundown. The flowers are tubular, up to 6 1/3 inches (16 cm) long, held erect (not drooping), and have a glabrous corolla with short lobe tips and a distinctive purple-streaked throat. The flowers are followed by spiny, drooping, minutely hairy, rounded fruits that contain black seeds. The fruit is initially green, but it dries to a brown color. The leaves are green, alternate, broadly oval-shaped, and coarsely toothed.
No other Datura species found here has purple streaks in the floral tube.
Allergenic – Skin contact with the sap may cause contact dermatitis in susceptible persons.
Poisonous – The plants are poisonous and contain toxic tropane alkaloids.
Kingdom: Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Family: Solanaceae – Potato family
Genus: Datura L. – jimsonweed
Species: Datura discolor Bernh. – desert thorn-apple
More About This Plant


text:
Translation of upstream in Spanish:
- río or corriente arribatwo miles upstream (from here)a dos millas río arriba (de aquí)to swim upstreamnadar río arriba or contra la corrienteExample sentences
- In the August sunshine the salmon battle their way upstream against the fast flowing creek.
- Lava flowing into waterways could create a hazard in the rivers upstream and enough ash would be carried by the wind to endanger aircraft and communities in the wind's direction.
- When the medieval bridge was replaced with New London Bridge in 1831, the river could flow freely further upstream.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Human dimension is essential for dashboards - During the Heliview BI conference in January Ensior consultant Ton Nagelhout gave a presentation on "Dashboarding and the human dimension".
He stressed the importance of the human perspective in the design of dashboards. From other disciplines than BI he showed interesting and sometimes surprising clues. He showed how human psychology affects the success of a dashboard.
Click here to see this presentation or a white paper on this theme to download.


text:
Gardening Articles: Flowers :: Annuals
Gardening Improves Health of Older Adults
by Charlie Nardozzi
Its widely known that regular exercise contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases associated with aging and helps maintain an independent lifestyle. While many seniors find regular exercise boring and inconvenient, gardening is a popular leisure activity of this population. Researchers at Kansas State University wanted to see if gardening alone can supply the recommended amount and intensity of exercise needed for seniors to stay healthy.
Researchers randomly recruited seniors from Manhattan, Kansas, and investigated the exercise intensity of nine different garden tasks: gripping, stooping, lifting, stretching, walking, standing, kneeling, sitting, and squatting. They regularly measured heart rate, oxygen usage, energy expenditure, bone density, and hand strength.
Results indicated that the nine gardening tasks gave seniors low to moderate physical activity and met the recommended 30 minutes of daily moderate physical activity. Participation in gardening was found to be a predictor for leading a physically active lifestyle and for high life satisfaction in older adults.
For more information on this study, go to: Kansas State University.


Bird Control Ayrshire, Glasgow & Surrounding Areas.
bird control ayrshire glasgow lanarkshire renfrewshire
The Pest Experts Ayrshire are Scotland's Trusted Bird Control Specialists.
Birds can be considered pests when they occupy an area frequented by people where they become a nuisance and even a health hazard.
It's hard to miss the signs of bird infestations; they often make a mess of vehicles and buildings with their droppings, damage roof tiles, clog gutters and attract other unwanted pests such as beetles and fleas.
Occasionally, they even attack people who they view as a threat to their young during the breeding season. But overall, they are very much a hygiene risk to your environment, by causing food poisoning and spreading germs such as E. Coli and Salmonella.
So when you first notice the signs of a bird infestation it would be wise to tackle this urgently.
You can protect your building and environment from birds by covering any holes or openings around the building and making sure there are no flat spaces where birds could build a nest. Also, avoid leaving rubbish bins laying outside un-emptied for too long.
For immediate assistance with your bird problem, call the bird control experts on 07949 280 633 or send us an email.
For more info about the other pests we deal with, follow these links:
The Pest Experts Ayrshire
104 Burnbank Rd
Tel: 07949 280 633


Documentary explores the history of time travel and its place in pop culture
Would you rather go forward or back?
Lisa Granshaw
Published Sep 21, 2014 Updated May 30, 2021, 1:29 pm CDT
We often wonder about the possibilities of time travel, but why does it inspire us? And how likely is it that we might ever be able to test out theories of time travel ourselves instead of just consuming them in pop culture?
Featured Video Hide
A Brief History of Time Travel, a new documentary looking for funding on Kickstarter, is hoping to explore all these things. The film was created by a team of women who may not have scientific backgrounds in the subject but share a personal interest in time travel. Director Gisella Bustillos was inspired to explore why people are so obsessed with time travel after watching the movie La Jetée. She later met Dani Creech, the documentary's editor, and Wanda Bertram, the documentary's producer, at some film events where they discovered a common love of sci-fi.
Advertisement Hide
"The bulk of our theoretical physics education has definitely happened on the film—we interviewed some brilliant scientists, like Ed Farhi and Seth Shostak, but we're filmmakers first," Bertram told the Daily Dot. "Our fan loyalties are all over the place! Gisella is a huge fan of Star Trek: Voyager, Dani's a serious Whovian (we had to have one on crew!), and I go for the noir-ish ones like Looper."
The crew traveled around the country and spent two years interviewing a wide range of people to get their thoughts on time travel, including Bill Nye, cryobiologist Chana Phaedra, and Double Fine Productions founder Tim Schafer. As they traveled the country speaking with various people, the crew found themselves sometimes surprised by what they discovered.
Advertisement Hide
"It's fascinating to hear about scientific research that seems to be getting us closer to actual time travel, like the theoretical experiment that might solve the grandfather paradox," Bertram said. "But it's also mindblowing to learn how time travel stories are connected to our perception of free will and physicality, which sounds like it should take a back seat to the 'Is it possible?' question, but is actually very connected to that question. Interviewing people on the street challenged our assumptions too. We'd ask silly questions like, 'Would you rather go forward or back?' and the vast majority of people wanted to go to the past, which surprised us. We three all want to go to the future!"
In the documentary, people will learn if time travel to the future or past is more likely possible, when humans first started thinking about time travel, and much more. Now that filming is complete, the crew is turning to Kickstarter for help getting through their post-production phase. The funds will pay for hiring additional crew like an animator and editor, and paying for archival footage and copyright material.
Advertisement Hide
"Choosing Kickstarter had a lot to do with the supportive fan base we developed during production—an overwhelming number of people we've met have been really excited and offered their help to the point where we can do really gorgeous post-production on an efficient budget," Bertram said. "Community-based fundraising is something we really believe in, and we want the community of time travel fans to grow!"
The crowdfunding campaign ends on Oct. 17.
Photos courtesy of Wanda Bertram
Share this article
*First Published: Sep 21, 2014, 11:00 am CDT


1. Given to speculation; contemplative. The mind of man being by nature speculative. (hooker)
2. Involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; not established by demonstration.
3. Of or pertaining to vision; also, prying; inquisitive; curious.
4. Of or pertaining to speculation in land, goods, shares, etc.; as, a speculative dealer or enterprise. The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business. (A. Smith) Speculatively, Speculativeness.
Origin: Cf. F. Speculatif, L. Speculativus.
Retrieved from "_URL_
First | Previous (Specular image) | Next (Speculum) | Last


text:
Question by Alexis: chemistry reaction problem?? about mass? please help! thanks!?
An experiment that led to the formation of the new field of organic chemistry involved the synthesis of urea, CN2H4O, by the controlled reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) CN2H4O(s) + H2O(l)
What is the mass of urea when ammonia is reacted with 100. g of carbon dioxide?
Answer by jreut
Use dimensional analysis and stoichiometry:
100 g CO2 x 1 mole CO2 / 44 g CO2 x 1 mol urea / 1 mole CO2 x 60 g urea / 1 mole urea =
100/44*60= 136. grams of urea produced.
The first term, 100 g CO2, is your starting amount.
The second fraction, 1 mol CO2 / 44 g CO2, is a conversion factor that equals 1, since there are 44 g CO2 in a mole of CO2.
The third fraction is the stoichiometric ratio in the chemical equation: for every one mole of CO2 consumed, 1 mol of urea is formed.
The fourth fraction is the conversion factor back to grams.
Add your own answer in the comments!
- Installing Virtue OLED Board & Laser Eyes in Dye DM9 Paintball Gun
- Bridging Digital and Physical Worlds With SixthSense
- Official Angry Birds 3 Star Walkthrough Theme 3 Levels 1-5
- HTC Schubert
- Sketching Out a Future for the Stylus


text: This is a MyPlate Food Sort activity for K-3 or can be used as a review for grades 3-8. Students will sort the food cards into the correct food group. This can be used as a station activity or as a whole class activity. This activity can be used to meet NC Healthful Living Essential Standards K.NPA.1.1, 1.NPA.1.1, 2.NPA.1.1. Please rate after you download. Thanks.


text:
Model CB-08-P - Single Bar Sickle Mower
Aim of the cutting process: green feed plants can be cut to precisely the size you want; harvesting can be completed with minimum loss and optimum speed. This is how the sickle moves to perform the cutting. During this process, the working length is 76.2 mm for long guard and 50.8 mm for short guard. The machine's cutting can change according to different types of plants. The guards have been hot forged. Even if the Baran sickle bar mower with its modern and well-designed construction, is used for many years,it still guarantees perfect performance. The Baran sickle bar mower is a three-point linkage mower attached to the lower links and to the upper link bracket of the tractor. An efficient cut can be applied for cutting lentils, chickpeas, trefoil and meadow with this machine. It offers the following advantages:
- Cleaner cutting and the crop doesn't get broken by this machine. The machinery mows the crops without spoiling.
- Feed plant doesn't get dirty with this machine.
- An automatic system prevents failures occurring if some unexpected hits happen during the cuting process. It Works without vibration.
- The machinery works with high capacity and at high speed.


text:
Act on the Openness of Government Activities
What documents are governed by the act?
The authorities whose documents are governed by the Act include for example:
- state administrative authorities and other state agencies and institutions,
- courts of law as well as
- municipal authorities.
The Act also applies to State enterprises, such as the Forest Administration.
In addition, the Act is applied to documents in the possession of private parties performing public tasks and exercising public authority. These include for example
- work pension institutions,
- a forest ranger and
- insurance companies in matters relating to statutory insurance.
The Act applies to both documents delivered to an authority and those prepared by an authority. The former can be for example different letters and applications. Documents prepared by an authority, on the other hand, include for example decisions and statements. Certain documents of minor importance relating to internal activities of an authority are excluded from the scope of application of the Act.
A document means not only traditional documents on paper but also electronic messages stored by means of automatic data processing as well as microfilmed documents.
Requesting access to a document
An authority assists in finding information
A document is requested from the authority in possession of the document. The authorities are under an obligation to assist those requesting information to find it, for example to identify the document desired. Various diaries and indexes can be used in the identification.
The person requesting access need not identify himself or provide reasons for his request. When considering whether to grant access to a document to be kept secret, an authority may, however, need information on the grounds for the request. For example a party has the right of access also to certain secret documents. Access to secret documents may be granted also for research purposes.
Access to the contents of a documents shall be granted in the manner requested unless this would unreasonably inconvenience the activity of the authority. Access to computerised decision registers is usually granted in electronic form if so requested. Most often the information is given orally or as a copy of the document.
An authority shall consider a request for a document without delay. Access to a document shall be granted as soon as possible and in any event within one month from receipt of the request. If the number of documents requested is large or if the request otherwise requires an irregular amount of work from the authority, access shall be granted at the latest within two months from the receipt of the request.
What if the decision is negative?
A decision refusing access to a document shall contain the reasons for the refusal. The decision shall thus indicate the reasons for the secrecy of the document requested. If the request has been made in writing, the negative decision shall also be given in writing.
If access to a document has been refused, the person may request that the official refer the matter to be decided by an authority, in practice usually by his superior.
Appeal to a decision made by an authority is usually made to an Administrative Court. The decision is accompanied by further instructions on appeal.
What charges are collected?
Oral information of course costs nothing nor the inspection of an official document in the premises of the authority.
Documents delivered on paper or electronically are, on the other hand, subject to charges. Information on the charges is available from the authority that has the document.
The right to access to information
The starting point is openness
Under the Act, access to a document is the main principle and secrecy is an exception. Access may thus not be restricted without a lawful reason or more than necessary for the interest being protected.
The right of a party to access is more extensive than that of others.
A party, or the person whose interest or right is concerned, has a right of access to official documents that may have influenced the consideration of his/her matter. This right is more extensive than usually, because a party has the right of access also to secret documents.
Some documents are, however, excluded from this access. For example at a trial the address information of the witnesses or the injured party may be kept secret for reasons of security. Nor does a party participating in an open tender arranged by an authority have access to the technical or business secrets of another tenderer.
Good governance includes the right of a party to learn of a decision made in his/her matter directly from the authority and not through the media.
Restrictions on access
Access to preparatory information
Access to preparatory documents is extended. For example different accounts and the State budget proposal will be in the public domain earlier than before.
However, access to information in documents may, under the Act, be restricted on the basis that the handling of the matter has not yet been completed.
The Act obliges the authorities the have available information on legislation under preparation and on other pending matters of general importance.
Under the Constitution, documents may be kept secret only where provided by an Act.. The most central provisions on secrecy are contained in the Act on the Openness of Government Activities.
These provisions protect important public and private interests, which include:
- international relations,
- the prevention and prosecution of crimes,
- security arrangements, preparations for emergency conditions,
- State security,
- income, financial, monetary and currency policy,
- the credibility and functioning of financial and capital markets,
- protection of natural values,
- efficiency of inspection and supervisory tasks of the authorities,
- protection of the confidentiality of information,
- public economic interests,
- private economic interests,
- the interests of research and development as well as of education,
- the security of asylum seekers as well as the protection of privacy.
If a document contains only some secret information, access is granted to the public part by covering the parts to be kept secret.
Publications and brochures
Because the right of access to official documents is a basic right, the authorities shall promote its implementation. The authorities shall produce data material describing their activities, such as publications, brochures and statistics as well as information on their socially significant decisions.
The authorities shall also ensure that documents pertinent to their activities are easily accessible for example in data networks and libraries.
The Act also imposes on the authorities the obligation to inform the public of their activities.
Did you find the information referred to at the beginning? The Zoning Department of your home municipality has information on zoning. Information on taxation is available at the Tax Office. Before the elections, you can ask the Municipal Office about where to cast your vote in advance.
In the Internet, the site for information is the portal for public sector services in Finland _URL_


Posted on August 28, 2020 By Rabbi Yisroel Belsky ztl | Series: | Level:
My daughter in 7th grade has a report to do for English. The teacher said the students have to type it on the computer, and that the parents shouldn't type it for them. I surmise that the reason they want it typed on the computer is for readability, and the reason they don't want the parents to type it is so that the parents don't write the actual contents of the report for the students. My daughter wrote the report in long hand. She is an extremely slow typist, and it would take her 5 hours to type it, which is time hard to find considering how much other work she has. Can I type part of all of it for her, and does she have to be totally honest with her teacher about it if I do?
Perhaps the reason the teacher wants them to type it is in order that the kids should have typing experience. Sometimes the English teacher is in cahoots with the typing teacher. I think it is worthwhile to call up the teacher. It's also not a good idea to tell your child that you have a reason why you want to conceal something from her teacher. Then the child will understand that this is an acceptable way to act in life. The teacher will say, "Did you type it?" and your daughter will say, "Yes", which is not true. It is worthwhile to call the teacher and explain that it may take five hours for your daughter to type the entire report, and ask if it would be possible for you to type part or most of it for her. The teacher will probably say, "Of course you can." But it is not at all a good idea for your daughter to be involved in deceiving the teacher. A child should never be involved in deceiving a teacher
A friend who works in a furniture gemach (an organization that lends to those in need) called my wife, and said someone wants to contribute a couch, but the gemach has no one to pick it up and no place to store it. The person at the gemach said that we would be helping them if we picked it up and kept it, and that optionally we can pay whatever we want. How do we figure out how much to pay for it? Should it be based on the true value of the couch, or on our ability to pay? Should we have it evaluated by a person who knows couches?
Subscribe to Honesty and receive this class via e- mail.
Honesty Archives
Honesty, Copyright © 2002 by Rabbi Yisroel Belsky Shli"ta and