text:
Flag of Scotland
The flag of Scotland raises a white Sautoir, a the crux decussata representing the cross of the Christian martyr Saint Andre, owner of the Scotland on a blue bottom. It is often known under the name of Croix of saint André or The Saltire (English saltire). In language Héraldique it is blasonné of azure, with the money saltire.
It is the one of oldest Drapeau X in the world, traditionally dated from the IX|9 e century, and the oldest national flag still of use. According to the legend, the king Oengus II of Pictes (or King Angus ) carried out the Pictes and the Gaëls during a battle against the Angles under the king Aethelstan of East Anglia. King Angus and its men were encircled and it started to request for their delivery. During the night Saint Andre, which had been martyrisé on a diagonal cross, appeared in Angus and ensured it of the victory. The following day a white saltire on a bottom of blue sky appeared on the two sides and encouraga Pictes and Gaëls but made lose confidence with the Angles which were beaten. The cross of Saint Andre became thus the Scottish flag.
A proof of the use of this flag goes back to a few years later. In 1385 the Parlement of Scotland issues that the soldiers Scot must raise the cross of Saint Andre like distinctive sign. The oldest still existing flag and representing only one cross of Saint Andre goes back to 1503: a white cross on a red bottom. Before 1540 the legend of King Angus had been modified to include there the vision of the the crux decussata on a blue sky. Thereafter the cross of Saint Andre under his current form became the national flag of Scotland.
At certain times of the colors as clear as blue sky or as dark as the navy blue (a choice apparently moved by price changes of the dyeings according to the times was used), but the recent versions largely converged towards the official model of the Pantone 300. In 2003 a commission of the Écossais Parliament proposed that the Scottish government adopts this color like standard. It is useful to note that this blue is of a color slightly clearer than Pantone 280 of the Union Jack. The proportions of the flag are not fixed but are generally 5:3 or 3:2, the latter being often preferred. The width of the cross is it of 1/5 the height of the flag.
But the Scot use also the banner, a flag which takes again the drawing of the Scottish ecu, of gold to the lion of mouths surrounded by a treschor also of mouths.
|Random links:||Noës-près-Troyes | Lampourde d' Orient | Villeporcher | The Thirty Million Gladiator (Labiche) | Chogyur Lingpa | Clef_occidentale_de_Summerland|


Linear filters
In the context of signal processing, a filter is a transformation that maps one signal to another. Each signal is a function of time, and the filter is like a black box that receives the one signal as input, and produces another as output. If $ x$ represents an entire signal (over all times), then let $ F(x)$ represent the resulting signal after running it through the filter.
A linear filter is a special kind of filter that satisfies two algebraic properties. The first algebraic property is additivity, which means that if two signals are added and sent through the filter, the result should be the same as if they were each sent through the filter independently, and then the resulting transformed signals were added. Using notation, this is $ F(x + x') = F(x) + F(x')$ for any two signals $ x$ and $ x'$. For example, if two different sounds are sent into the filter, the result should be the same whether they are combined before or after the filtering. This concept will become useful as multiple sinusoids are sent through the filter.
The second algebraic property is homogeneity, which means that if the signal is scaled by a constant factor before being sent though the filter, the result would be the same as if it were scaled by the same factor afterwards. Using notation, this means that $ c F(x) = F(cx)$ for every constant $ c$ and signal $ x$. For example, this means that if we double the sound amplitude, then the output sound from the filter doubles its amplitude as well.
A linear filter generally takes the form
$\displaystyle y[k] = c_0 x[k] + c_1 x[k-1] + c_2 x[k-2] + c_3 x[k-3] + \cdots + c_n x[k-n],$ (11.3)
in which each $ c_i$ is a constant, and $ n + 1$ is the number of samples involved in the filter. One may consider the case in which $ n$ tends to infinity, but it will not be pursued here. Not surprisingly, (11.3) is a linear equation. This particular form is a causal filter because the samples on the left occur no later than the sample $ y[k]$. A non-causal filter would require dependency on future samples, which is reasonable for a recorded signal, but not for live sampling (the future is unpredictable!).
Here are some examples of linear filters (special cases of (11.3)). This one takes a moving average of the last three samples:
$\displaystyle y[k] = \frac{1}{3} x[k] + \frac{1}{3} x[k-1] + \frac{1}{3} x[k-2].$ (11.4)
Alternatively, this is an example of exponential smoothing (also called exponentially weighted moving average):
$\displaystyle y[k] = \frac{1}{2} x[k] + \frac{1}{4} x[k-1] + \frac{1}{8} x[k-2] + \frac{1}{16} x[k-3].$ (11.5)
Steven M LaValle 2020-11-11


text:
Purpose: Energy-discriminating, photon counting detectors (PCDs) are an emerging technology for spectroscopic imaging in CT. Current PCDs suffer from poor spectral separation due to charge sharing effects. We propose the coincidence bin as a mechanism for charge sharing compensation. The coincidence bin simply counts coincidences in the lowest level discriminator (LLD) of adjacent pixels. The estimator uses the coincidence bin as if it were an energy bin to improve material decomposition estimates. Unlike other charge sharing compensation mechanisms, it does not reduce the count rate capability of the detector. We compare the impact of the coincidence at low flux against charge summing. Because charge sharing is often under the LLD threshold, we examined the incremental benefit of lowering the LLD from a standard (30 keV) to reduced threshold (10 keV).
Methods: The interaction of photons with the CdTe substrate was simulated using GEANT4. Separate Monte Carlo simulations are used to model the charge collected in pixels, modeling these pixels as perfect collectors. Noise in material decomposition images was then estimated using the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound. We assumed a 120 kVp spectrum, a 20 cm thickness water background, 5 energy bins equally spaced from the LLD to 110 keV, and used 10,000 noise realizations to calculate the CRLB.
Results: The relative dose efficiency for an iodine material decomposition task is 32%, 54%, and 100% for a 5-bin simulated PCD without charge sharing compensation, with the coincidence bin, and with analog charge summing. When the LLD is reduced from 30 keV to 10 keV, the dose efficiencies change to 36%, 68%, and 98%. Benefits are somewhat less for a water material task.
Conclusion: The coincidence bin is a simple and effective mechanism for charge sharing compensation. With a carefully selected LLD threshold, it can nearly double spectral performance in certain tasks.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Mine Burial Experiments at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory
—Several experiments to measure postimpact burial of seafloor mines by scour and fill have been conducted near the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO, Edgartown, MA). The sedimentary environment at MVCO consists of a series of rippled scour depressions (RSDs), which are large scale bedforms with alternating areas of coarse and fine sand. This allows simultaneous mine burial experiments in both coarse and fine sand under almost identical hydrodynamic forcing conditions. Two preliminary sets of mine scour burial experiments were conducted during winters 2001–2002 in fine sand and 2002–2003 in coarse sand with a single optically instrumented mine in the field of view of a rotary sidescan sonar. From October 2003 to April of 2004, ten instrumented mines were deployed along with several sonar systems to image mine behavior and to characterize bedform and oceanographic processes. In fine sand, the sonar imagery of the mines revealed that large scour pits form around the mines during energetic wave events. Mines fell into their own scour pits, aligned with the dominant wave crests and became level with the ambient seafloor after several energetic wave events. In quiescent periods, after the energetic wave events, the scour pits episodically infilled with mud. After several scour and infilling events, the scour pits were completely filled and a layer of fine sand covered both the mines and the scour pits, leaving no visible evidence of the mines. In the coarse sand, mines were observed to bury until the exposed height above the ripple crests was approximately the same as the large wave orbital ripple height (wavelengths of 50–125 cm and heights of 10–20 cm). A hypothesis for the physical mechanism responsible for this partial burial in the presence of large bedforms is that the mines bury until they present roughly the same hydrodynamic roughness as the orbital-scale bedforms present in coarse sand.
Journal or Conference Title
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
Washington DC, USA
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
P. Traykovski, M. D. Richardson, L. A. Mayer, and J. D. Irish, 'Mine Burial Experiments at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory', IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 150–166, Jan. 2007.


text:
Free Nursery Education Funding Entitlement for 2 year olds
Central Bedfordshire Council gives childcare providers the opportunity to offer 2 year old funding for up to 15 hours for eligible children.
Children will be eligible for the funding the term following their second birthday subject to the funding dates set by Central Bedfordshire Council. These can be found in the Central Bedfordshire Council's local agreement for providers offering Early Years Provision for 2, 3 and 4 year olds.
Funding is available for up to 15 hours of childcare per week for 2 year olds whose families meet one of the following criteria:
- Income Support,
- Income based Jobseekers Allowance,
- Income related Employment and Support Allowance,
- Child Tax Credits or Working Tax Credits and have an annual gross earnings of no more than £16,190,
- The guarantee element of State Pension Credit
- Support under part VI of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
Or they have a two year old child who
- Has a current statement of SEN or an Education, Health Care Plan,
- Receives Disability Living Allowance,
- Has left care through special guardianship or through an adoption or residence order
- Is a looked after Child
Children Centres are responsible for completing applications for 2 year old funding and have details of the eligibility criteria. Any parent who contacts you for 2 year old funding without an eligibility letter should be referred to their local Children's Centre (link opens in new window).
For full information on the guidance for providers please familiarise yourself with the following documents:


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WDPG 3.8 Resource assessment
WDPG 3.8.1G
1To achieve the objective of winding-down in an orderly manner, a firm needs to have adequate financial and non-financial resources to do this and may ask itself a range of questions.
WDPG 3.8.2G
What non-financial resources, such as premises, IT, key employees, external advisors etc., does it need to carry out the steps identified in the operational analysis and for how long might it need them? (See WDPG 3.7 (Operational analysis: what happens during the wind-down process?)) Firms that are part of a larger group may need to consider issues of inter-connectedness, and in particular between regulated and unregulated parts of the group.
WDPG 3.8.3G
If a firm relies on outsourced services, will these services still be available during the wind-down period, or are contingency measures in place? When negotiating outsourcing agreements, firms may wish to consider the possible invocation of their wind-down plan and the impact this would have on the contractual relationship.
WDPG 3.8.4G
If a firm is part of a larger group, and is depending on group resources, would it still have adequate resources to wind down in an orderly manner if the group failed?
WDPG 3.8.5G
This guide does not provide any rule or interpretation in relation to the financial resources requirements applicable to a firm. Rather, it highlights some of the factors which a firm may want to consider in its wind-down planning.
WDPG 3.8.6G
It is important that firms monitor their solvency on a regular basis to ensure they continue to be able to meet their obligations as they fall due. If a firm becomes uncertain of its ability to do so, it may seek professional advice, such as from an auditor or insolvency practitioner to assist.
WDPG 3.8.7G
A firm in wind-down will likely have non-routine cash inflows and outflows, which are best monitored on a daily basis. These will include:
 1. (1)
 inflows, i.e. predicted revenue and other inflows that are likely to be limited after the triggering event and/or if a wind-down decision is made;
 2. (2)
 ordinary outflows, i.e. the cost of maintaining operational premises and systems; and
 3. (3)
 extraordinary outflows associated with winding down, such as extra closure costs, legal fees, professional services and insolvency practitioner fees, redundancy payments, retention payments, pension fund deficits, lease and other termination penalties and the costs of breaking contracts.
WDPG 3.8.8G
A firm might then consider if it would have enough cash or cash-equivalent investments to meet operating expenses and any other obligations during the wind-down period.


text:
I have a bit of a math problem on my hand. I am putting together a little calculator for my home brewing adventures, to calculate potential in alcohol production. I got my formulas, and tested them in google sheets to make sure they were working. I translated them to a small VB program. Everything works… okay… with one minor problem.
If I say, have 1 + 1 ( this is a simplified version of the problem) and run it through my code, I end up with 2. On the excel sheet I also get 2. If I have 1 + 1.1, on the Excel sheet I get 2.1; in program it returns 1. If I have 1+ 1.5, in the excel sheet I get 2.5, in the program I get 2.5
I have everything set to as full a decimal place as possible. What would account for these wierd zones of refusal to update the results?
Code is as Followed:
Private Sub calculateBtn_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles calculateBtn.Click Dim HoneyWeight As Decimal = (CInt(honeyTxt.Text) * 0.453592) * ((CInt(sugarTxt.Text) / 100)) Dim WaterWeight As Decimal = (CInt(waterTxt.Text) * 3.79) + (CInt(honeyTxt.Text) * ((100 - CInt(sugarTxt.Text)) / 100)) Dim TotalWeight As Decimal = (CInt(honeyTxt.Text) * 0.453592) + (CInt(waterTxt.Text) * 3.79) Dim TotalVolume As Decimal = (CInt(waterTxt.Text) * 3.79) + ((CInt(honeyTxt.Text) * 0.453592) * (1 / 1.42)) mustVolTxt.Text = Math.Round(TotalVolume, 2, MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero) Dim BottleYield As Integer = mustVolTxt.Text / (CInt(bottleSizeBx.Text) / 1000) bottleYieldTxt.Text = BottleYield Dim Brix As Decimal = HoneyWeight * 100 / WaterWeight brixTxt.Text = Brix Dim SG As Decimal = (Brix / (258.6 - ((Brix / 258.2) * 227.1))) + 1 sGTxt.Text = SG Dim FG As Decimal = CInt(fGTxt.Text) Dim ABW As Decimal = 76.08 * (SG - FG) / (1.775 - SG) Dim PABV As Integer = ABW / 0.794 PotentiolABVTxt.Text = PABV & "%"
The only math.round I have is when calculating the volume, but that only comes into play well after the other, inaccurate, results.
Thanks in advance


text:
The US-based Agricultural Research Services has devised a method of detecting fecal bacteria in fresh produce, which it claimed could reduce the chances of contamination to zero.
Yud-Ren Chen, an agricultural engineer with the Agricultural Research Service's Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, is leading a group to develop "machine-vision" systems to detect contaminationthe human eye cannot see. The system is aimed at preventing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from tainting apple cider and juices made from apples and other fruits. This particular strain of E. coli infects people who drink contaminated, unpasteurised cider or juices.
Chen is starting with apples, but he expects the system to work with all fruits and fresh produce. His on-line system will eventually direct a camera to take three spectral images of each apple through different colour filters. A computer would then analyse the spectral images to detect the telltale signatures of fecal contamination or fly specks, as well as of fungi, rot or other diseases.
One of Chen's team members, biophysicist Moon Kim, brought his expertise in remote sensing of vegetation to ARS from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. To detect fecal contamination, he is sensing photosynthetic pigments from plants, a turnaround from sensors aboard airplanes or satellites.
Apple packinghouses currently have automated ways of sorting for sizes and colours. When Chen's system is commercialised, it would likely be merged withthose sorting systems, as well as with others in the pipeline.
ARS is the US Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


10.1.5. Semantics
Up: C++ Next: C++ Datatypes Previous: Class Member Functions for MPI
The semantics of the member functions constituting the C++ language binding for MPI are specified by the MPI function description itself. Here, we specify the semantics for those portions of the C++ language interface that are not part of the language binding. In this subsection, functions are prototyped using the type MPI:: rather than listing each function for every MPI class; the word can be replaced with any valid MPI class name (e.g., Group), except as noted.
Construction / Destruction The default constructor and destructor are prototyped as follows:
In terms of construction and destruction, opaque MPI user level objects behave like handles. Default constructors for all MPI objects except MPI::Status create corresponding MPI::*_NULL handles. That is, when an MPI object is instantiated, comparing it with its corresponding MPI::*_NULL object will return true. The default constructors do not create new MPI opaque objects. Some classes have a member function Create() for this purpose.
Example In the following code fragment, the test will return true and the message will be sent to cout.
void foo()
 MPI::Intracomm bar;
 if (bar == MPI::COMM_NULL)
 cout << "bar is MPI::COMM_NULL" << endl;
The destructor for each MPI user level object does not invoke the corresponding MPI_*_FREE function (if it exists).
MPI_*_FREE functions are not automatically invoked for the following reasons:
 1. Automatic destruction contradicts the shallow-copy semantics of the MPI classes.
 2. The model put forth in MPI makes memory allocation and deallocation the responsibility of the user, not the implementation.
 3. Calling MPI_*_FREE upon destruction could have unintended side effects, including triggering collective operations (this also affects the copy, assignment, and construction semantics). In the following example, we would want neither foo_comm nor bar_comm to automatically invoke MPI_*_FREE upon exit from the function.
 void example_function()
 MPI::Intracomm foo_comm(MPI::COMM_WORLD), bar_comm;
 bar_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD.Dup();
 // rest of function
( End of rationale.)
Copy / Assignment The copy constructor and assignment operator are prototyped as follows:
MPI::(const MPI::& data)
MPI::& MPI::::operator=(const MPI::& data)
In terms of copying and assignment, opaque MPI user level objects behave like handles. Copy constructors perform handle-based (shallow) copies. MPI::Status objects are exceptions to this rule. These objects perform deep copies for assignment and copy construction.
Advice to implementors.
Each MPI user level object is likely to contain, by value or by reference, implementation-dependent state information. The assignment and copying of MPI object handles may simply copy this value (or reference). ( End of advice to implementors.)
Example Example using assignment operator. In this example, MPI::Intracomm::Dup() is not called for foo_comm. The object foo_comm is simply an alias for MPI::COMM_WORLD. But bar_comm is created with a call to MPI::Intracomm::Dup() and is therefore a different communicator than foo_comm (and thus different from MPI::COMM_WORLD). baz_comm becomes an alias for bar_comm. If one of bar_comm or baz_comm is freed with MPI_COMM_FREE it will be set to MPI::COMM_NULL. The state of the other handle will be undefined --- it will be invalid, but not necessarily set to MPI::COMM_NULL.
 MPI::Intracomm foo_comm, bar_comm, baz_comm;
 foo_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD;
 bar_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD.Dup();
 baz_comm = bar_comm;
The comparison operators are prototyped as follows:
bool MPI::::operator==(const MPI::& data) const
bool MPI::::operator!=(const MPI::& data) const
The member function operator==() returns true only when the handles reference the same internal MPI object, false otherwise. operator!=() returns the boolean complement of operator==(). However, since the Status class is not a handle to an underlying MPI object, it does not make sense to compare Status instances. Therefore, the operator==() and operator!=() functions are not defined on the Status class.
Constants Constants are singleton objects and are declared const. Note that not all globally defined MPI objects are constant. For example, MPI::COMM_WORLD and MPI::COMM_SELF are not const.
Return to MPI-2 Standard Index
Return to MPI 1.1 Standard Index
Return to MPI Forum Home Page
MPI-2.0 of July 18, 1997
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Ironoxide carbohydrate nanoparticles for iron deficiency
Home > Basics >Cross Cutting > Ironoxide carbohydrate nanoparticles for iron deficiency
The application of metallic nanoparticles is being widely investigated for various nanomedicines. They offer the possibility to develop both novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. One of the first products on the market were iron-based nanoparticles for treatment of iron deficiency.
Intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles for the treatment of iron deficiency
Iron deficiency can have many causes such as dysfunction of the iron metabolism, malnutrition or great blood loss after operations. A bodily deficiency state of the trace mineral iron occurs. Men need approx. 9 mg iron per day, women approx. 15mg of iron per day according to the "National Health Service". If the supply of iron cannot be guaranteed by balanced nutrition, food supplements with iron preparations (oral application) are suggested.
Iron deficiency in humans. Adapted from © bilderzwerg /
The ingestion of iron tablets for treating iron deficiency is one possibility. However, a long term application can have side effects such as gastrointestinal disorder, nausea, emesis or constipation [1]. Contrary to oral iron preparations iron can also be administered intravenously. Most of these products are formulations based on iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles. They have the ability to quickly fill up the iron depots in the human body. This is of great importance for patients with critical iron deficiency, i.e. caused by great blood loss, chronic kidney disease or chemotherapy.
Structurally, all iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles are colloidal suspensions, composed of a spherical iron core, surrounded by a carbohydrate shell. Iron nanoparticles have a diameter range between 8-30 nm [2]. As early as 1949 small iron-carbohydrate particles were manufactured as colloidal suspension and used in intravenous iron-carbohydrate compounds.
Today, various types of carbohydrates are being utilised for coating of the iron core. This has led to the development of several products using different carbohydrates coatings. Currently, commercially available intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles include iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, iron sucrose, ferric carboxymaltose, ferumoxytol, and iron isomaltoside. The performance of intravenous iron nanoparticles for enabling the safe correction of iron deficiency is owed to the presence of the carbohydrate shell in these nanomedicines. As a consequence this shell surrounding the iron core is slowing the release of iron, hence preventing iron accumulation in the blood [3]. Excess iron accumulation causes oxidative stresses, which is toxic to cells and can result in tissue injury.
Treatment of iron deficiency with intravenous iron supplementation apparently is superior to oral iron treatment when a faster increase in body iron store is necessary. Nevertheless, some product differences exist regarding the dosage and efficacy of intravenous iron nanoparticles which deserve special consideration. Iron is also an essential nutrient for many bacteria. However, clear information about the relation between intravenous iron therapy and infection are still missing. Additional clinical trials are needed to assure the safety of intravenous iron nanoparticle and for establishing the recommended doses and administration times.
 1. Tolkien, Z., et al. (2015), PloS one, 10(2): e0117383.
 2. Shah, R.B., et al. (2014), International journal of pharmaceutics, 464(1-2): p. 46-52.
 3. Kudasheva, D.S., et al. (2002), Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 98(11): p. _PHONE_.
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Why Is Does Your Tea Gets Cloudy? 3 Possible causes
Do you wonder why your tea gets cloudy or whether it is safe to drink? Read on for some possible explanations and tips for ensuring clear iced tea.
Why Does Your Tea Gets Cloudy
Learn the steps to prevent a cloudy tea
I once brewed a pitcher of sweet tea right after I moved across the country to a new place. It was summertime and I needed something cool and incredibly sweet to drink while unpacking in the heat.
I took it out of the fridge the next morning to pour a glass and was shocked to see the entire pitcher was filled with this odd-looking cloudy iced tea. I'd never had that happen before!
It confused and concerned me. I ended up throwing it out and brewing a whole new pitcher because I wasn't sure if it was safe to drink.
Eventually, I figured out what caused this and I was able to brew ice tea without it going cloudy. Now that I understand what happens when ice tea turns cloudy, I can take steps to prevent it.
Here are the most common culprits for tea cloudiness.
Possible Causes Of Clouding
There are several possible reasons why iced tea gets cloudy, and each one can be easily fixed.
1. Hard Water
This turned out to be what was wrong with the tea in my new place: My tap water came from a well instead of a public water system.
Straight from the tap, the cold water tasted great but was full of minerals like magnesium and calcium.
This type of water is also known as hard water and the minerals that make water hard may dissolve when hot but reform when it's cooled down, showing up the next morning in your pitcher.
Solution: If you have hard water and suspect the minerals are what's clouding up your tea, you have two options.
 - Install a water filtration system in your home. You'll want to call a plumber for this, but it can be worth it to have good quality water available from every tap in your house.
 - Use distilled water for brewing your tea. You can buy it by the gallon at your local grocery store.
2. Unclean Equipment
Another thing that can cause cloudiness in your tea is residue from a previous brewing left on your kitchen tools.
 - Limescale in your kettle can build up and then flake off into your water as it boils.
 - Particles from loose-leaf tea can remain inside an unrinsed teapot.
 - Oils from certain types of tea or coffee can remain on unwashed utensils.
These residues can not only cloud up your brew–they also alter the taste, diminishing flavor and leaving an unpleasant aftertaste.
Solution: If your tea is not only cloudy but the flavor seems off, check the cleanliness of your kitchen equipment. You may find that your electric kettle has developed limescale deposits that are breaking off into your hot water, or that your dishwasher is not cleaning thoroughly.
Always be sure to clean your tea equipment with hot soapy water. You don't want to be drinking from dirty dishes and you definitely don't want to be brewing contaminated tea!
3. Heat Shock
Some of the compounds in tea, especially polyphenols like tannins and theaflavins, oxidize when exposed to an extreme temperature shock such as refrigeration.
Once oxidized, they bond with the caffeine in tea to form particles. While the tea is hot, they are dissolved into the liquid, making them invisible.
The white particles floating in the tea appear once it has cooled down.
A close up of a drink
Let the tea cool to room temperature naturally before adding ice
Solution: If your tea brews nice and clear at first, but when chilled it clouds up, then heat shock is likely to be the culprit. Once you've finished steeping, let the tea cool to room temperature naturally before adding ice.
To clear up a pitcher of tea that has become cloudy after chilling:
 - Remove your container from the refrigerator and add one cup of boiling water per quart of tea. Stir with a long spoon. This will cause the particles to dissolve again, suspending them in the liquid and clearing your tea right up. Pour the tea over ice cubes and serve immediately.
 - Another method to keep heat shock from clouding iced tea is to cold-brew it. Place room temperature water and black tea bags into a glass container for 8 to 10 hours for cold brewing. It can either sit on a sunny porch, making sun tea, or it can be placed in the refrigerator overnight.
The Final Word on Why Your Tea Gets Cloudy
If you're still not sure what is causing your tea to cloud up, here is a recipe for making cloud-proof iced tea that you can't go wrong with.
 1. Boil one quart of distilled water in a very clean pot. If you want sweet tea, add 1 cup of sugar and boil until dissolved.
 2. Turn off the heat. Place 1/2 cup of loose tea leaves or 8 tea bags into the water and cover.
 3. Let it steep for 8 to 10 minutes.
 4. Remove the bags or leaves and recover the pot. Let it sit for a couple of hours until it comes to room temperature.
 5. Pour into glasses filled with ice and serve immediately.
This recipe can be made with both black and green teas and will turn out perfectly clear iced tea every single time. You should never be stuck serving cloudy tea to your guests!
FAQs on Why Your Tea Gets Cloudy
Why is my hot tea cloudy?
While cloudy hot tea isn't as common as iced, it can still happen. The most likely culprit is hard water. Try brewed tea made from distilled water and see if that clears it up.
Is cloudy tea safe to drink?
Yes. If your cloudiness has been caused by hard water or heat shock, it may look unattractive but it will taste just the same and it will be perfectly safe. However, if you notice that the flavor is off as well, this may be caused by equipment that's been improperly cleaned, and you should toss the tea out before cleaning your equipment and brewing a fresh batch.
 - A E Inman is a direct response copywriter and humor blogger. When she's not poking fun at her attempts to start a writing business, she can be found in the tea aisle of her local import store, arguing with strangers over the merits of rare tea varietals. She enjoys writing copy while consuming copious amounts of coffee and gunpowder tea.


Text.XML.HaXml.Combinators is a combinator library for generating, editing, and transforming XML documents in a generic setting.
Text.XML.HaXml.Html.Generate is a small library of functions specifically for generating HTML from XML.
Text.XML.HaXml.Wrappers contains the wrapper processXmlWith, in which input files are parsed as HTML if the filename ends in.html or.htm - otherwise they are parsed as XML.
Usage: import Text.XML.HaXml.Combinators
Note that the combinator library defines the functions elm and txt rather than the expected (elem and text), to avoid a nasty name clash with a Prelude function.


text:
Kilian Liebe: Topological Fundamental Groups
Bachelor thesis presentation
Time: Thu 2022-06-09 11.30 - 12.30
Location: Kräftriket, house 6, room 306
Respondent: Kilian Liebe
This paper will examine a topological invariant known as the topological fundamental group. The first main theorem discussed gives conditions for exactly when the topological fundamental group is discrete, and the second one gives an example of a topological fundamental group which fails to be a topological group.


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The same instructions for JBoss 5.x, 5.1.x and 6.x also apply for JBoss 7.x, with some differences:
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JBoss socket connection bugs
On some Linux distributions, remote deployment may fail with an exception like:
That is a known bug, documented in and the solution presented on that document is to use a cron job as the root user to fix the file when it gets broken.
First, create the correct version of /etc/hosts and save it somewhere, such as /etc/hosts.fixed, and populate it with the following contents (replace myhost with the hostname of your computer, as reported by the hostname command, and the correct IP assignment, as reported by ipconfig):
Important: If possible, enter your hostname with both the "basic" hostname and the fully-qualified domain name.
Next, create a script named /etc/ to replace the /etc/hosts file if Network Manager breaks it:
Finally, setup a cron job to run this script as often as you like. We recommend every couple of minutes.
Once the /etc/hosts file is corrected, restart JBoss AS and run the tests again. Your socket connection error should be gone!
JBoss Maven2 repositories
JBoss has decided to deprecate one of the repositories used in some releases of the Cargo JBoss remote deployer POMs and/or in some of its embedded dependencies. This problem should be solved as JBoss finishes moving its dependencies to the Maven central; but as long as that move is not finished JBoss' repository deprecation makes Maven fail with messages like:
In this case, please define override the JBoss repository by using a mirrorOf declaration in your settings.xml. Example:
Please feel free to complain to JBoss if you feel like this is a bad behaviour:
 - No labels


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When the soil contains iron, it migrates with water to the drain and forms, in contact with the air, an iron hydroxide sludge.
When ferrobacteria is present in the water table, it produces, following the oxidation of iron in contact with air, a gelatinous mass. The result of both is the formation of a viscous deposit on the walls of grooved drains and it is this deposit that is called "ferrous ocher".
The first symptoms caused by iron ocher
The phenomenon of iron ocher is pernicious because it can cause significant damage even before the owner realizes it. Vigilance is also required if there are precursory signs such as:
An abnormally high humidity level in the basement Reddish deposits on the concrete slab of the basements. Deposits of ocher-colored mud in the catch basin
Possible remediation of existing buildings to mitigate iron ocher symptoms varies by location, but may require:
The modification of the slope of the ground Sealing at the junction of concrete wall and concrete slab Installation of cleaning chimneys Drainage under the slab The installation of a waterproof coating The installation of a waterproofing membrane The raising of the slab of the basement Condemnation of the basement


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Lobster, Caribbean spiny – Florida
Caribbean Spiny Lobsters grow fast, are highly fecund (very fertile), and can live up to 20 years.
Centered in Florida, fishing pressure on Caribbean Spiny Lobsters in U.S. waters is heavy.
Caribbean Spiny Lobsters in Florida waters exhibit a truncated size structure, meaning that so many have been caught at a young age that the average size of a Spiny Lobster has declined, and commercial catches in recent years have been below the long-term average.
Fishers use traps to catch Caribbean Spiny Lobsters, resulting in minimal bycatch. Concerns exist, however, about the widespread use of undersized Spiny Lobsters, in lieu of other bait, in Spiny Lobster traps, which is illegal.
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


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The FAA Rule Affects Canadians, Too
Wednesday June 20th 2012 - by Daryl MacIntosh
Upcoming FAA Requirements
In May of 2010, the FAA published the final rulemaking to adopt ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) technology as its primary aircraft tracking/locating system. Effective Jan. 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the majority of United States airspace must be equipped with ADS-B Out compliant equipment. Use of ADS–B Out will move air traffic control from a primarily ground-based radar system to a satellite-derived aircraft location system. Benefits to ATC include improved accuracy, wider coverage, better reliability, reduced latency, increased capacity and controller access to more comprehensive aircraft data. The current radar surveillance system that ATC has relied on for more than 50 years has now reached its capacity limits, leading to congestion and delays in some of the busiest U.S. airspace.
ADS-B in Canada
Limited ADS-B service was implemented in Canada on Jan. 15, 2009, bringing surveillance coverage for the first time to 850,000 square kilometres of high level airspace (FL290 to FL410) over Hudson Bay. About 35,000 flights a year use this airspace on routes between North America and Europe or Asia.
One of the most significant benefits ADS-B offers for this airspace is reduced aircraft separation. With appropriately-equipped aircraft, controllers can use five-nautical-mile separation instead of the 80-nautical-mile procedural separation required in non-radar airspace. ATC can handle more aircraft in the same airspace at once and controllers can offer route flexibility and approve altitude-change requests more readily.
Nav Canada expanded its ADS-B coverage over northeastern Canada by an additional 1.9 million square kilometres in 2010, and recently added another 1.3 million square kilometres over the North Atlantic (see p.18). However, the upcoming United States ADS-B requirements will affect many more Canadian aircraft operators than will Nav Canada's ADS-B requirements. Most of us don't need to fly over Hudson Bay, but many of us do regularly fly within U.S. airspace.
ADS-B Out Defined
Automatic: Each aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out will Automatically and continuously transmit its precise position, its velocity (vertically and horizontally), as well as its altitude and other relevant information. The system is always on and requires no pilot action for activation.
Dependent: The overall system is Dependent on each aircraft to transmit accurate data including identification (ICAO 24-bit ID), position, and velocity, together with specific integrity/accuracy quality information.
Surveillance: The system provides ATC with Surveillance capability similar to radar.
Broadcast: Each aircraft will continuously Broadcast the required data. The system does not require interrogation from ATC or from another aircraft.
Out: Although the overall ADS-B system is designed to be bi-directional, only ADS-B Out data capability is becoming mandatory.
ADS-B In capability is a key design feature of the overall ADS-B system, but the FAA did not make this capability mandatory. Many operators will, however, choose to install ADS-B In because of the significantly improved situational awareness the available data will provide to flight crews.
TIS-B (traffic information service-broadcast) and FIS-B (flight information services-broadcast offering weather data, airspace information and other services) are available as free uplinks to any aircraft that carries the correct receiving equipment.
Equipment - Technology Choices
The ADS–B Out capability regulation requires operators to install equipment into each aircraft that will provide a data link to ATC to be used for aircraft surveillance. Operators must choose between two completely different types of equipment required under this rule: a 1090 MHz extended squitter (ES) broadcast link or a universal access transceiver (UAT) broadcast link operating on 978 MHz. In addition to the broadcast link, each aircraft must also be equipped with an approved GPS to provide the required aircraft position source data.
Equipment Choice # 1 - 1090 MHz ES
Equipment certified for this option transmits on 1090 MHz, the same frequency as current transponders. Some Mode S transponders with ES can be certified to meet the latest ADS-B Out requirements. The 1090 MHz ES broadcast link is the internationally agreed-upon standard and is required for aircraft that fly into any other jurisdictions that utilize ADS-B. The final FAA rule requires aircraft flying at and above 18,000 feet MSL [flight level (FL) 180, Class A Airspace] to have ADS–B Out performance capabilities using the 1090 MHz ES broadcast link. This rule also specifies that aircraft flying in designated airspace below 18,000 feet MSL may use either the 1090 MHz ES or the UAT broadcast link. There are two significant disadvantages to the 1090 MHz ES system: (1) A separate 1090 MHz receiver must be installed for ADS-B In capability, as current Mode S transponders do not have ADS-B receiver capability; and (2) The 1090 MHz ES broadcast link does not support FIS–B (weather and related flight information) due to bandwidth limitations.
Equipment Choice # 2 – 978 MHz UAT
The 978 MHz UAT broadcast link utilizes a bi-directional 978 MHz transceiver which supports ADS–B In applications, including traffic information and FIS-B data including weather, temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) and notices to airmen (NOTAMs). The 978 MHz UAT is a proven and mature technology which has provided similar services in Alaska since 2001. The UAT may not be used for ADS-B Out on aircraft that fly above 18,000 feet. The FAA does encourage general aviation (GA) pilots whose aircraft always operate below 18,000 feet to opt for the 978 UAT, in order to minimize frequency congestion on 1090 MHz.
Combined Equipment Choice – 1090 Mhz ES Out with 978 Mhz In
Some operators will undoubtedly choose to install a combination solution utilizing 1090 MHz for ADS-B Out, to satisfy the regulatory requirement for flights above 18,000 feet, and using a 978 MHz UAT for ADS-B In, to benefit from its enhanced data-in capability.
Best Equipped – Best Served
ATC service has traditionally been based on a policy of "first come, first served" but the FAA is now moving towards a new policy of "best equipped, best served." The FAA has explained that this policy change will help to reduce congestion and delays while simultaneously encouraging system users to equip their aircraft earlier than the regulation requires. By providing operational benefits to the early adopters, the FAA hopes they will then have an incentive to accelerate and expand ADS-B equipage to the rest of their fleets. ADS-B is already providing services in South Florida; Louisville, Kentucky; Philadelphia and out over the Gulf of Mexico. The installation of ground stations to serve the rest of the United States is now well underway and is scheduled to be completed by 2013. The system's 794 ground stations should be substantially operational by 2014. The FAA expects most users will equip their aircraft during the five-year period between 2015 and the 2020 deadline.
The expected cost to equip an aircraft with a compliant system is evolving because most avionics manufacturers are currently working to modify and/or re-qualify their products to meet the latest published specifications. For GA aircraft already equipped with a WAAS GPS and a Garmin Mode S transponder, the upgrade to ADS-B Out is a relatively painless and inexpensive transponder upgrade. Most other GA aircraft owners will need to spend at least $6,000 to meet the minimum ADS-B Out requirements. The fully-installed cost for some GA aircraft will be much higher (perhaps $20,000) when the cost of a new WAAS GPS navigator and/or a new multi-function display is factored in.
The cost to equip Part 25 business and commercial aircraft will likely be much greater (perhaps $150,000) due to much higher equipment and certification costs. Typical modifications will include new (or upgraded) mode S transponders and a modified traffic collision avoidance system. Some aircraft will also require a new FMS and many will require significant wiring modifications.
ADS-B is also being adopted by a variety of countries around the world as the new standard for aircraft surveillance. Canadian operators who choose not to equip, because they don't fly to the United States or within other ADS-B airspace, may still be affected by the new U.S. regulations. When it comes time to sell their aircraft, they may find that its value is diminished because it can't fly within the United States. The U.S. ADS-B equipage requirement is real; the deadline is approaching, and it's time for everyone to start paying attention.
Daryl MacIntosh is founder and president of Maxcraft Avionics. Located at the Pitt Meadows Airport, about 35 kilometres east of Vancouver, Maxcraft is one of the largest full-service avionics shops in Canada, and provides professional avionics services to operators of all types of private and commercial aircraft, including piston, turboprops, jets and helicopters. He can be reached at _EMAIL_.
Did you know?
Trans-Canada Air Lines (later to become Air Canada) first had flight attendants in July, 1938. At first, only single women under 26 were selected, and they served small boxed lunches and cups of coffee and lemonade.


Ecclesiastical vestment
Contributed by: The Australian Museum of Clothing and Textiles
Front of Roman Chasuble Back of Roman Chasuble Detail of mould and stain damage on lining Detail of damage on back, near cross Front detail, showing damage and fabric use Inside front, showing flood water damage Inside front, detail of damage Detail of embroidery, centre back Fabric rot, darning and discolouration Dye transfer on inside front Mould and dye discolouration
[Collapse all]
Object information
Significance statement
The object itself shows some signs that it may have been made during a time of want by resourceful local women who sewed for the church. Traditionally eccesiastical dress would be made by an specialist Eccesiastical tailor most probably in a major city. It is difficult to determine but the quality of embriodery of the IHS ( a symbol of Jesus Christ) on the centre back suggests a professional quality. The chasuble may have had a matching set of items including a stole, chalice veil, burse and maniples. Perhaps these were lost to time or destroyed in the flood.The chasuble is one of many items of eccessiastical dress worn by the priests of the cathederal, probably from a communal wardrobe. Therefore it is difficult to say who it was made for or worn by.
The 1955 Maitland Flood is considered an extrememly significant event in the history of the Lower Hunter. It is still within living history and many local people speak of the effect it had on their lives as well as show the evidence in photographs. It was also one of the first natural disasters to be broadcast to the country on television. The local people speak of the aftermath of this disaster, the clean up, the mud, the dirt, the mould, and the want to get rid of it. Often in the aftermath of disasters, items made from paper and cloth are considered too difficult to deal with and are simply thrown away. Fortunately for this item, the rescuer saw it for what is was, possibly eccesiastical dress, and considered it worthy to be saved and conserved. The garment, how and where is was found and the fact is was saved at all make this item significant.
Author: Justine Malinowski, 01/07/2014.
A 'Roman' or 'Fiddleback' style chasuble. The garment is lined front and back. The lining is a golden chintzed cotton. The outer front panel has been pieced together for a wine red damask fabric and same colour plain heavy cotton weave fabric and is the traditional 'Roman' or 'fiddleback' shape i.e shaped like a violin back. The way in which it has been panelled suggests that the maker did not have a lot of fabric to work with. It could have been made for an older garment, perhaps'mend and make do'? The back is made from a long flat, shoulder width panel. It has been made from the wine red plain heavy weave cotton. The outline of the Cross has been created with a decorative floral woven braid, with mitered corners. The initals "IHS" are in the centre of the Cross and a decorative floral design fills the rest of the cross. The design has been created in machined chain stitch in a number of tonal colours. Two different widths of woven braid are used, they are both of the same woven design. The design resembles a twisted thorny vine with evenly spaced open petaled flowers. One is 13mm and the other is 25mm wide. The narrow braid is stitched flat around the outside edge of the garment and the 25mm braid is used to create the cross and edge the front and back neckline. The braid is used on the front panel in a rectangle and across the shoulders. On the inside front line there is a long length of cotton tape that is used to fasten the garment to the body around the chest and under the arms. Garment is extrememly water damaged with colour/dye 'run' evident on the lining. Lining is also mould stained. Garment is extremely worn around the neck line, suggesting high usage.
Link to further information about this object
History and Provenance
Do you have any stories or community information associated with this?
The garment was found in the debri of the Pro-Cathederal catholic church after the 1955 flood. The item was given to a member of the Maitland Repertory Society, who washed and cleaned it as much as possible. The item was then given to Mrs. Nell Pyle, the Repertory's wardrobe mistress, and it was stored until donated to the museum in 2005.
How does this garment relate to the wider historical context?
The 1955 Flood had the most devastating effect on the landscape, commerce and lives of the residents of Maitland and its surrounding areas. The flood was by far the largest and most destructive in the 20th Century. As with all natural disasters, it is cleaning up that is the hardest thing to face. In the case of a flood it is the effect of the water and what is carried along with it that deters people from trying to save a variety of items, in particular textile items. People believe they are beyond salvage and repair and will often throw them out. They are small (and seemingly insignificant) and would carry mould and mildew etc. As is the case of the chasuble, there has been significant water damage in two forms, dye colour transfer and mould damage, both of which are irreparable.
Make do and mendafter a close study of the garment, I feel that the garment was made in a time of want. The pieced together nature of the front panel and a simple cotton lining. The decorative braids fortunately compensate for the makeshift nature of the garment.
This garment has been exhibited
This garment was included in 'In our Area'- an exhibition organised by The Australian Museum of Clothing and Textiles, East Maitland which featured textile items and garments significant to the history of Maitland and Lower Hunter Valley area.
 1. Place of origin:
 Maitland, New South Wales, Australia
 2. Owned by:
 Roman Catholic Pro-Cathederal Maitland. Presumed to be owned by the church as part of their Ecclesiatic wardrobe, used by the Reverend at the time.
 3. Worn by:
 Various priests at the Cathederal.
 4. Occasion(s):
 Chasuables are worn as part of the Ecclesiatic wardrobe. Red is worn to celebrate Masses of the Holy Spirit.
 5. Place:
 Roman Catholic Pro-Cathederal, Maitland, closed 1989, due to earthquake damage.
 6. Made by:
 Possibly made by local women of the parish.
Trimmings / Decoration
The 13mm wide braid is stitched flat around the outside edge of the garment. The 25mm wide braid is used to form the cross on the back and edge the neck line front and back. The braid is used on the front panel in a rectangle and across the shoulders.
Garment has two different widths of woven braid. The design of the braids are the same. A 13mm wide braid and a 25mm wide braid.
Fibre / Weave
The age and use of the garment indicates that the fibre of the fabric is cotton. The garment has sustained significant water and fungal damage, with a lot of dye transfer, this also helps to indicate a natural cellulose fibre probably cotton. The are three fabrics used. The outer garment features a thick weft, plain woven fabric and a damask fabric with a decorative woven tile and floral design. The lining fabric is a plain weave and appears to have been chintzed.
 1. Natural dye
 2. Synthetic dye
Machine sewing has been used to piece the fabric and garment pieces together. The braid has been hand stitched on.
 1. Hand sewn
 2. Machine sewn
 3. Knitted
 4. Other
A number of pieces have to used to make up the centre front panel and the two sides panels that make the front. The cutter has matched the pattern of the damask in each panel.
 1. Bias
 2. Straight
Not technically a fastening, but a cotton tape is hand stitch inside the front neck line to tie the garment to the body under the arms, around the chest.
 1. Hook and eye
 2. Lacing
 3. Buttons
 4. Zip
 5. Drawstring
Chest 390 mm
Front neck to hem 710 mm
Back neck to hem 1000 mm
Neck to sleeve head 145 mm
Cross back 945 mm
Convert to inches
This type of garment'sits' on the body. It is un fitted. Therefore measurements relate to area of the body the garment would sit on. The 'neck to sleeve head' measurement is the shoulder width.
Dress Themes
While the use of the Roman style chasuble has always been closely related to the Tridentine Liturgy, it can be worn for Novus Ordo liturgies as well. The reason it was always connected to the Tridentine Rite was since the priest's back was always to the people, it was the back of the chasuble that was decorated in some way. In this case it is the IHS


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Author: Natasha Howes | Category: Fatima, The Apparitions, The Children, The Facts, The Message, The Prophesies, The Secrets | Tags: Apparitions of Fatima, Children of Fatima, fatima, Pope John Paul II, Prophecy, Prophecy of Fatima, Second Secret of Fatima, Secret of Fatima, Seers of Fatima, Third Secret of Fatima, Virgin Mary
The Second Secret of Fatima
The Second Secret of Fatima is the first of 2 prophesies of catastrophic world events revealed to three shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal in 1917. The Second Secret promised the end of the First World War, and portended a second worse war, and the spread of Communism from Russia.
The Second Secret of Fatima also contained a Peace Plan, a series of specific instructions given by the Virgin Mary to the Children of Fatima, of how people could earn a period of peace for the world by preventing the war and the spread of the Communist dogma.
To see the actual text of the Second Secret of Fatima, Keep reading!
To Explore explanations and lesser known facts, Read ON.
19 Jan 2014


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You can use your computer to calculate data for your business reports, expenses and other needs. The Windows operating system includes a native Calculator app that offers more than just basic functionality. You can use the app to track history and copy that information into a text document in Notepad. You'll have to manually copy and paste the history to the text file, but it provides a handy way to keep track of long calculations for later reference.
1. Turn on your computer and wait for Windows to fully boot.
2. Click the "Start" menu. Type "Calculator" in the search box and click the application when it appears in the search results.
3. Click "View" and select "History." Alternatively, press the "Ctrl" + "H" keys simultaneously to enable history tracking.
4. Use the calculator in the customary manner, typing in numbers and expressions on your computer's numeric keypad. The history tracking for your calculations appears near the top of the calculator window.
5. Click "Edit" on the Calculator toolbar. Select "History" and then click "Copy History."
6. Click the Windows "Start" menu and type "notepad" in the search box. Click "Notepad" when it appears in the search results.
7. Press "Ctrl" + "V" to paste the calculation history into the text file. Click "File" and "Save As." Specify a name for the file and click the "Save" button. Your calculations are saved.
8. Click "File" and select "Print." On the pop-up dialogue box, choose a printer and click the "Print" button. The calculations print onto paper, similar to the way a receipt prints on a business calculator.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images


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The Softools platform has some features and functionality which helps the administrators of a site be compliant with some of the GDPR regulations around processing and controlling of personal data.
The article linked to below allows a site administrator to specify a sign up message which ALL users have to accept before using the platform. Upon sign up, the User profile of that user stores a record of exactly when the messages was accepted, and what the content of the messages was at the time (as the message may change).
Personal Identifiable Information
Change Log (Activity Stream) User Profile data
All changes to record data are recorded in the activity stream, which stores for reference the user (first and last name) who made the change and the new value of the field which was changed.
Under GDPR legislation, a user may request that their name is removed from this history if they leave the company.
Simply altering a retired User's last name can aid with this:
When the user profile is changed so that the first name and last name changes, those new details are shown in the history (activity stream). These changes are never lost, as a record of changes to data is always kept as an audit. So an example of the activity stream data (accessed through the history menu option) within a record, shows the following:
After changing my user profile last name from "Theobald" to "Anonymous", the history screen now shows:
Note: The 'Activity' information will reflect the changes with immediate effect, however a log out and in is required for 'Created By' and 'Modified By' to also reflect these changes.


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Explore / Articles
Giovanni-Battista Belzoni (_PHONE_)
Giovanni-Battista Belzoni was an Italian explorer and archaeologist, born in Padua (Padova). In 1803 he was working in England as a circus strong man, and exhibiting models of hydraulic engines. In 1815 he went to Cairo to try and sell his hydraulic engines to Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, and within two years had begun a new career, excavating Egyptian tombs and temples. He worked as an agent for the British Consul, Henry Salt, and helped him to amass his first collection, sold to the British Museum in 1823.
From Thebes he obtained the colossal sculpture of the head of Ramesses II ('the Younger Memnon') for The British Museum. He also discovered the tomb of Sety I in the nearby Valley of Kings, which contained the king's magnificent alabaster sarcophagus.
Belzoni explored Elephantine (Jazirat Aswan) and the Temple of Edfu (Idfu). In 1818 he became the first person in modern times to enter the pyramid of Khafre at Giza. He was also one of the first Europeans to visit the oasis of Siwa, and he identified the ruins of Berenice on the Red Sea.
He returned to England in 1819 and published a two-volume account, Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries Within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs and Excavations, in Egypt and Nubia... (1820).
Belzoni's methods were crude by modern standards. He disregarded many items that did not interest him and must have damaged much in pursuit of his goal. However, although he has been accused of 'pillage' he was no worse than his contemporaries.


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The MA920 probe is a food grade probe for use with the MW101 or MW102 PRO pH meters.
The Milwaukee food grade probe is specifically designed for the pH analysis of semisolid foods such as processed meats, soft cheeses, soups, sauces, and sushi rice.
Top features include:
The open junction design reduces clogging from suspended solids and proteins found in food and dairy products for a more stable pH measurement and reduced maintenance.
CONICAL GLASS TIP
The conical shaped tip design allows for penetration into solids, semi solids, and emulsions for the direct measurement of pH in a variety of food products.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a food grade plastic that is resistant to most chemicals and solvents used for disinfection in the food sector, including chlorine (bleach).
USE AND CARE
pH meters usually start performing poorly because of problems with the probe. The two parts of the pH probe that cause problems are the glass sensing bulb and the reference junction.
The glass bulb loses sensitivity with use and will eventually fail. This is true of all pH probes.
The reference junction is a small hole that allows the meter to compare the sample to a reference. The reading is generated based on the electrical difference between the sample and reference. If the junction hole gets clogged, the pH probe will no longer function.
You can extend the life of your pH electrode in the following ways.
The pH probe needs to be kept hydrated. Long periods of dry storage will damage the sensitivity of the probe. Allowing the probe to dry out may also result in the junction hole getting clogged.
Storing in pH probe storage solution or pH calibration buffers will help address both these issues. Do not store in tap water and DI water. This will damage the sensitivity of the probe.
The best way to store the probe is with the probe's cap filled with storage solution or calibration buffer and the cap tightened to prevent leakage. It is also recommended that to store the electrode upright to further reduce the potential for leakage.
Residue from the sample can impact the sensitivity of the sensing bulb and clog the junction. This is especially true if the sample has a lot of organic material. We recommend regularly soaking your electrode in cleaning solution.
The pH sensing bulbs become less sensitive over time so make sure that you are calibrating regularly to keep your PRO pH meter accurate. Also, calibrate after cleaning or a long period of storage.
- pH Range: 0 -12
- Temperature Range: -5 - 40 C / 23 - 104 F
- Body Material: PVDF
- Reference Electrolyte: Viscolene Gel
- Reference Type: Singe, Ag / AgCl
- Reference Junction: Open
- Max Pressure: 0.1 bar
- Tip Shape: Conic
- Diameter: 0.24 inches
- Body Length / Overall Length: 2.95 / 5.1 inches
- Cable length: Coaxil, 3.3 feet
- Connection: BNC
Made in ITALY


Wisdom From The Talmud - Lesson 2
Sandy Kress
Wisdom From The Talmud - Lesson 2 Plan
On Love - part 2
I. Re-cap and Introduction
II. Gems of Wisdom
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Part A
Ilfa pointed out a contradiction between two verses: It says, Abundant in Kindness" and then it says, and in Truth." How can this be? {How can God be kind and at the same time rigorously adhere to the truth?} {He reconciled the two:} At first {He judges with} the Attribute of Truth, but in the end, with Kindness.
R. Huna noted a similar contradiction: It says, God is just in all His ways," indicating that God's judgment is based on strict justice, – but the verse concludes, and kind in all His deeds," implying that He judges mercifully (Psalms 145:17). How can God be just and kind at the same time? – At first He rules in justice, but in the end {when He sees that the world cannot exist under strict justice (Rashi)} He rules with kindness.
Rosh Hashanah 17b
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Questions On Part A
 1. How can God be both just and kind? How can we be?
2. What obstacles do we have to overcome to be both?
3. Can we be both at the same time? Illustrate.
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Part B
R' Elazar said: Greater is one who performs charity (tzedakah) than one who offers any of the sacrifices, for it says, Doing what is right (tzedakah) or just is preferable to God than an offering." Proverbs 21:3
R' Elazar also said: Acts of kindness are greater than charity, for it says, Sow charity for yourselves, and you will reap according to kindness." Hosea 10:12
R' Elazar said furthermore: If a person does charity and justice, it is as if he had filled the whole world with kindness, for it says, If a person loves righteousness and justice, then the kindness of God fills the earth." Psalms 33:5
Sukkah 49b
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Questions On Part B
1. How could charity be considered more important than prayer or other offerings to God?
2. In what ways might acts of kindness be considered more important than charity?
3. Can you think of ways in which we can blend righteousness, kindness, and charity in our actions?
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Part C
Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha (the High Priest) said: Once, on Yom Kippur, I entered the innermost part of the Sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, to offer incense and saw Akatriel Y-h, the Lord of Hosts, seated on a high and exalted throne.
He said to me: Yishmael, My son, bless Me."
I said to Him: May it be Your will that Your mercy overcome Your anger, and that Your mercy should dominate all Your other attributes, so that You conduct Yourself with Your children with mercy, and deal with them beyond the letter of the law."
And God nodded to me with His head and accepted the blessing.
This event teaches us that you should not take the blessing of an ordinary person lightly.
Berachot 7a
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Questions On Part C
1. What do you make of the fact that God asked the Priest to bless Him?
2. And what do you make of the blessing he made? Why do you think God accepted it (rather than perhaps being offended)?
3. How do you understand the stated lesson?
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Part D
So Eli (the priest) thought she was drunk. Eli said to her, 'How long will you be drunk? Put away your wine.'
And Hannah replied, 'Oh no, my lord! I am a woman sorrowful in spirit. I have drunk no wine or any other strong drink, but rather have been pouring out my soul before God. Do not take your maidservant for a worthless woman; I have only been speaking all this time out of my great anguish and distress.'
Then go in peace,' said Eli. 'And may the God of Israel grant you what you have asked of Him.'"
I Samuel 1:13-17; Berachot 31a-b
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Questions On Part D
1. Why might Eli have thought Hannah drunk? Why do you think he chastised her?
2. What was Hannah's response? What does it teach us?
3. Why are we taught that Eli tells her to go in peace and wishes for God to grant her what she's asked?
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Part E
There were some robbers in the neighborhood of Rabbi Meir who caused him a great deal of trouble. Rabbi Meir prayed that they should die.
His wife Beruriah said to him: What do you have in mind with this prayer? Why do you pray they should die? Is it because it says, 'May chataim disappear?' It does not say chotim, sinners; it says chataim, sins!"
And what's more," she said, look at the end of the verse. There it says, 'and the wicked will be no more.' Once the sins will disappear, there will be no more wicked men! Rather pray for them that they should repent, and there will be no more wicked men."
Rabbi Meir did pray for them, and they repented.
Berachot 10a
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Questions On Part E
1. Upon what sort of teaching might the Rabbi have thought the robbers should die?
2. Explain how his wife's use of Hebrew gets her to a different and better wisdom?
3. How does this wisdom align with other teaching you've experienced?
Wisdom From The Talmud - 2
Wrap-up and Take-aways.
Wisdom From The Talmud - Lesson 2
Home Page> < Wisdom from the Talmud Menu > < Top of Page >


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In Hidden Dimensions, the player controls a base capable of launching ships, deploying structures and performing actions. Ships, structures and actions are represented by a deck of cards.
Structures are your main source of energy, which is needed to play ships or perform actions. Ships can both defend your base or attack the ships or base of your opponent. Actions provide you with various ways of harming your opponent, defending yourself, modifying your ships and much more.As players starts the game for the first time, they' ll be presented with a very short introduction in their first battle, additional and more detailed instructions are available in-game. A series of achievements allow the player to unlock an additional 160 cards, bringing the total number of unique cards in the game to 232, divided over 8 sets (one for each of the alien races in Hidden Dimensions) and an extra set of relic and artifact cards. The game features a semi-random deck generator, capable of generating thousands of unique decks built around the races their prime strategies. Premade decks are available and additional ones become unlocked through achievements. Times played:
4,3 MbAuthor: FabivsGenre: RPG
8 years and 58 days ago.


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Life rafts are an important safety requirement on ships. In their absence, marine fatalities could occur which otherwise could have been prevented. Ships, large boats, and other marine vessels incorporate the usage of life rafts, making them indispensable in the nature of marine vessel operations.
Like any equipment, even life rafts require periodic servicing and maintenance.
- Constant usage during drills or previous emergencies can render the life raft weather worn which could cause problems at the time of emergencies.
- The inflation system of the raft could have problems and the lack of the same could pose problems during exigency situations.
- There are a few necessary instrumentations that are stored in the life rafts for using as and when the situation arises. The lack of workability of these equipments necessitates life raft servicing.
Life raft repair services do not just mean repairing and servicing the rafts. They include proper prior inspection and monitoring carried out by qualified technicians. Generally, the inspection of the rafts for any problems or damage is prescribed to be carried annually. A regular yearly monitoring of the life raft ensures longevity of its usage for a considerable span of time.
However, the professionals in-charge of the life raft maintenance operations need to possess a few requirements that would certify them to be proficient to carry out the required maintenance work. These requirements can be specified as follows:
- The technicians need to have a certification allowing them to carry out the repairing operation. The validity of the aforesaid certificate however, is only for a period of three years. Therefore it becomes a primary requirement to ensure that a technician's certification of life raft servicing is valid for the current time period.
- The service centre needs to be as per the appropriate marine industry standards. The absence of a certified service centre would make the repairing services redundant and cause a person to incur further damages and problems.
- The service centre for life rafts needs to be chosen as per the stipulations of the authority sanctioning the usage of the rafts. In case of any discrepancy between the raft sanctioning body and the life rafts servicing centres, there could be unwanted problems for a person getting the necessary repairs carried out.
- Thorough inspection of the external case of the life raft is carried out followed an equally thorough inspection of the raft
- The inflation of the raft with respect to pressure, its maximum inflation capacity, the toughness of the raft material and the stitches is thoroughly monitored and recorded
- Instrumentations and gadgets stored in the raft are monitored for their date of expiry. A very important gadget necessitating a careful and meticulous monitoring is the cylinders used for the purpose of the raft-inflating gas.
- Following the completion of the monitoring, the technicians have to follow the standard protocol while re-folding the life rafts. The prescribed protocols differ as per the requirements of the makers of the rafts and a strict adhering to the re-folding aspect needs to be maintained.
- Rafts as per USCG and SOLAS standards mandatorily require a ten-yearly servicing inspection a few specific areas that raft owners need to comply with. In addition to these servicing requirements, the owners of USCG and SOLAS standard rafts also need to carry out a five-yearly servicing inspection for the overall system of gas inflation of the rafts.
- Following the completion of the life raft repair services, the required certifications are issued to the owners while records of the monitoring carried are meticulously maintained. These processes ensure a complete transparency in the procedure, which helps to avoid complications.
There are many authentic and established service centres where life raft repair services are carried out. These service centres state their standards of carrying out the life raft repairing operations leaving no doubt about their authenticity to a person.
From China's famous makers,Shanghai Star,Youlong,Haining,Huahai,Huayan,the liferaft were sold to the whold world by Chinese trader.Ijin is one of them.There are 6 persons type,10 persons type,25 persons type,35 persons type,etc with CCS,DNV,LR,EC certificate,satisfied with requirement of SOLAS.Ijin can supply throw overboard liferaft,davit launched liferaft,defence liferaft,and so on.Not only liferaft,Ijin Marine is also providing lifeboat,anchor,anchor chain,steel wire rope,mooring rope,rubber fender,etc.Contact us now for more information:_EMAIL_


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Project: Historical Bremen, The History of Bremen as a Computer Model
The "Historical Bremen" project is a series of computer models that represent a replica of the city of Bremen at different time periods. With this project, ANYMOTION has expanded its field of expertise to include historical reconstructions. These computer-generated models project detailed images of history into the present. With the support of experts (including Mr. Günther Garbrecht), AnyMotion collected historical facts and turned them into computer models, which in turn serve as the basis for graphics, videos and multimedia products.
The "Historical Bremen" project was launched at the end of 2001 and has since been further developed through continuous supplementary work.
Pictures and videos from the project have already been used in several projects.
AnyMotion has created a modern website for the project, in which you can explore the old Bremen in several centuries in virtual 360 ° panoramic tours. Learn more at:
Overview of AnyMotion services:
- Projekt „Time Guide / City Guide"
In the course of expanding UMTS applications, a program was developed for the PDA by the Bremen agency i2dm. On a given route the user is guided on a historical route through the city. He has the possibility to view the build state of 300 or 500 years ago.
- Project "The History of Bremen, The Film"
Elaborate renderings and spectacular camera rides illustrate to the viewer the history of Bremen. The constructional development of Bremen is being followed over 5 centuries.
- Projekt „Hansestadt"
The subject of e-learning is also becoming more and more interesting for the mediation of historical knowledge. Hansestadt is a classic computer game in which the player has to perform several tasks. During this time, he becomes acquainted with numerous important events. The game is set in the 16th century in the time of Johann Dove.
- Creation of virtual 360 ° Panorma tours for the website ( 1800 n.Chr. / 1600 n.Chr. / 1400 n.Chr. / 1000 n.Chr. / 900 n.Chr. )


English to Bangla Meaning :: something
কিছু, কিছুটা, একটা-কিছু, একটা-কোন, কোন কিছু, কোন বস্তুকোনো কিছু, কোনো বস্তুএকটা-কিছু, একটা-কোন, কোন বস্তু
Something :
- কিছুকিছু
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Show English Meaning
Pronoun(1) a thing that is unspecified or unknown.(2) used in various expressions indicating that a description or amount being stated is not exact.
Adverb(1) used for emphasis with a following adjective functioning as an adverb.(2) to some extent; somewhat.
Show Examples
(1) grassland totaling something over three hundred acres(2) a wry look, something between amusement and regret(3) It must hurt something terrible.(4) that'll give her something to think about(5) well, that's something, anyway(6) If you want us to stop thinking of you that way, you could try going and being successful at something.(7) The biker then stopped and made several hand gestures and shouted something at me.(8) It was something that we were all terribly proud to be able to be associated with.(9) I'll go mad without something to do(10) there's something in what he said(11) he did something or other in the Civil Service(12) When you wait at the dentist's they at least provide you with something to read.(13) It filled him with a conviction that there is something terribly wrong with this world.(14) it's something of a mystery to me(15) it'll take something around ├ö├®┬╝1500(16) there were something like fifty applications
Related Words
(1) something else ::
(2) something like that ::
এরকম কিছু
(3) say something ::
কিছু বল
(4) something new ::
নতুন কিছু
(5) something like ::
কিছুটা এইরকম
(6) or something ::
অথবা অন্যকিছু
(7) something like this ::
এটার মতো কিছু
(8) something in the way ::
কিছু আসতেছে
(9) something to drink ::
কিছু পান করতে
1. something ::
2. any ::
3. somewhat ::
4. some ::
5. aught ::
কোন বস্তু
Different Forms
something, somethings
Word Example from TV Shows
Why else? Because he promised me
something I can\'t live without.
Why else? Because he promised me SOMETHING I can't live without.
Westworld Season 3, Episode 8
You are obviously angry with me
about something,
You are obviously angry with me about SOMETHING,
Breaking Bad Season 2, Episode 4
- Pick another game.
- Why don\'t we do something athletic?
- Pick another game. - Why don't we do SOMETHING athletic?
The Big Bang Theory Season 6, Episode 4
So, does this mean
I am a master of something now?
So, does this mean I am a master of SOMETHING now?
Game of Thrones Season 4, Episode 6
Damn, Ricky.
Leave something for the coroner.
Damn, Ricky. Leave SOMETHING for the coroner.
Breaking Bad Season 2, Episode 1
English to Bangla Dictionary: something
Meaning and definitions of something, translation in Bangla language for something with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of something in Bangla and in English language.
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In short and simple steps, we will show you how to check and download your DELIVERY REPORTS on _URL_
1. Log in to _URL_
2. Click REPORTS on the menu bar
3. Click DELIVERY REPORTS (DLR)
4. Search for the message using the following criteria.
a. Select the COLUMN: Service (Text or Call), Status, Mobile & Sender.
b. Enter the Search criteria eg Mobile number
c. DATE: by adjusting the calendar.
HOW TO DOWNLOAD DELIVERY REPORTS
1. Click REPORTS.
2. Then click DLR Downloads.
3. Enter the SENDER ID of the message,
4. Select the Date the message was sent
5. Click the Download button.
6. Wait for the download to be complete. i.e Download status will change from Queue to Completed.
7. Click the Download button at the right hand side of Completed.


Logicport overview
As promised earlier, the Near Future Laboratory has published an overview of the Logicport Logic Analyzer. They're using the Playstation 2 analysis as an example. The Logicport uses "interpreters" to define protocols. It has I2C/TWI, SPI, RS232, and CAN 2.0A/2.0B, but you can build your own interpreter based on these. You can specify bit order and the format you want the data in. Slave interpreters can be used for specific tasks: with the PS2 they were used to just show the fifth byte, which is the actual button press.
"Triggers" are used to signal specific activity. On the PS2, one was attached to the falling signal on the slave select line. This event means the master is about to start sending data.
The final area worth exploring is "measurements". These can be frequency or arbitrary time intervals between events. The Logicport has multiple ground connections to eliminate noise from the signal and you'll have to play with sample rate and logic level to get things running smooth. It's nice to see how-tos written from the perspective of someone just getting started with the tool.
4 thoughts on "Logicport overview
 1. Using this would have been a lot easier than turning PICs into SPI-to-serial converters, which is what we did to research our ps2 interface guide: _URL_
 For people looking to emulate a PS2 controller, we recorded the first 600 or so bytes of handshaking between a PS2 and various controllers (dual shock, guitar hero, Chinese knock off–worked about the same as the official DS). The recordings are available in a spreadsheet at the bottom of the guide, as well as a circuit diagram and source code. It's surprising how much handshaking goes on considering that only a few commands are necessary to setup a controller to use all the analog values (including button pressures) and vibration motors.
 2. OK, seriously — can we stop with the all-lower-case stuff? I had to parse the phrase "It has I2C/TWI, SPI, RS232, and CAN 2.0A/2.0B" about 10 times before I realized that "can" was an acronym.
 At the very least, can somebody point me in the direction of a guide on user styles to let me turn off the lower-casing renderer?
 3. _USER_:
 I don't know much about creating user stylesheets, but the actual CSS contents you want are "* {text-transform:none}".
 I'm working on a greasemonkey script to do it for you. It works in the Firebug console but for some reason Greasemonkey isn't running it.
 If the Hackaday leadership is reading… seriously, this is ridiculous. Why would you want to make your blog hard to read, particularly in such an acronym-heavy area as this?
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Eric L. Klein,
Legal Administrative Assistant:Juanita Jones
Outside the Office
Eric's life outside the law mostly involves building furniture, playing the occasional game of chess, and singing Disney songs with his daughter. Additionally, throughout his career, Eric has worked consistently to maintain side jobs as a teacher in some form. For many years, he was a Professorial Lecturer in Law at The George Washington University Law School, teaching appellate and trial advocacy. He also taught chess to elementary and middle school students at the KIPP AIM Academy and served on the Advisory Board of Chess Challenge in D.C.; a nonprofit focused on academic achievement through chess instruction. Before that, Eric taught and tutored high school students in English and math during college and law school.


Diplomatic mission
From Conservapedia
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A diplomatic mission is a group of people appointed by one nation to represent the nation in a second nation or in an international organization. Under international law, the members of a diplomatic mission have special rights, such as diplomatic immunity, which is freedom from arrest, and freedom from paying taxes in the second country. When two countries establish formal diplomatic relations, each country will send one or more diplomatic missions to the other. The main, permanent diplomatic mission in each country is called an embassy and its leader is called an ambassador.
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CRAFT: File Folder Story
Before class: Make copies of Reproducible 10e.
The children may need more than one page if they usethe same character more than once in their file folder story.
- Give each child a copy of "File Folder Story" and an unused file folder.
*You could also use two pieces of construction paper, cardstock, or regular paper taped together.
o Make a title page for the story on the front cover of the file folder.
o On the inside of the file folder, make 4 different scenes:
1. Peter and John see the man lying on the cot and heal him.
2. Peter and John tell the crowd how the man was healed.
3. The leaders put Peter and John in prison.
4. The leaders let Peter and John go because the crowd had seen the miracle and wanted them released.
o On the back of the file folder, write our Bible verse: "As for us, we can't stop speaking about what we have seen and heard." Acts 4:20
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I used to trail run with a friend who is an urban planner. As part of her devious plan to get me to run further before I was too tired and bored, she'd tell me about the various considerations that go into the zoning and construction in a town. There were also a lot of shenanigans with local politics that provided a juicy distraction.
Although my friend would disagree, layouts for a high voltage PCB design have some similarities to complex urban planning. In addition to all the other considerations that go into a PCB design, a high voltage PCB also needs a layout that can control and optimize field strength across the board to provide the best performance and lifetime protection in your final product.
Isolate high voltage areas
The same way that a town creates zoning areas and restricts what land can be used for, you want to group your high voltage circuitry together to minimize the impact it will have on the rest of your board. By partitioning high voltage areas from low voltage areas, you can decrease the risk of arcing on your board.
One way to physically isolate high voltage areas is to add an insert around them. When you lay out the board, be sure to include a slot that will be routered out where you'd place the insert. Talk to your manufacturer to be sure this is feasible, and to find out what size tolerance they have for the slot.
Since you are placing the slot near the highest voltage region of your board, overvoltage conditions are likely. Proto Express recommends that you design the slot to survive repeated arcing. The minimum slot width should provide adequate protection at the highest voltage expected on the board. By adding a little margin to the slot size, you can ensure the PCB will stay undamaged even if the edges of the slot carbonize during corona or arcing. This is important because the resistance of the PCB material drops along the edges that suffer arc damage.
During manufacturing, the slot will be routered like any other feature or via on the board. Then you can place an inert insulator material into the slot to form a vertical barrier. For lower voltages, you can use PCB material, but at higher voltages, you'll want something like polyester or Teflon. The inserts can be held in place with clips, glue, or by designing the shape of the slot and insert to lock in place.
Partitioning a high voltage PCB is important to provide a gradual decrease of voltage across the board.
Decrease voltage across the board gradually
After you've isolated the highest voltage regions on the board, you should still lay out the rest of the board in "zones" that let you step the voltage down gradually. By placing circuitry that operates at lower potential around the main conductors, you can redistribute the electric field. The lower field strength over an area lessens the potential for corona and arcing.
Voltage floating rings, or field grating rings, can also be used to manage the field distribution of high voltage pcb designs. They can serve as a termination or be coupled to resistors and/or capacitors, depending on the AC/DC characteristics of the high voltage source that your design will protect. These are pretty advanced design components. If you're considering using them, it is worth diving deep into their literature.
Isolate noise sources
If there's a single universal rule of PCB design it's to either use short traces or isolate your noise sources. This is still the case with high voltage PCB designs. Just like you don't want to live next to a loud manufacturing plant, you don't want signal or power supply noise to reign-free on your board. If noise couples through parasitic capacitance on the board or in the insulation, it can easily propagate to very sensitive areas of the board.
You should minimize interconnects on your Printed Circuit Board. Using fewer interconnects reduces the opportunities for transient generation in your design. It will also minimize the propagation of high voltage across the board. Like noise, any transients or unexpectedly high voltage areas can damage sensitive components or reduce performance.
PCB interconnects make it easier for the electric field to propagate across the board, which is highly undesirable.
Use design checks
Make sure your PCB design tool has a thorough design rules checker. That checker is the urban planner of your board, making sure that spacing and positioning throughout the design and assembly of your board are up to spec. All cables, connectors, and components can affect the performance of any board, but a high voltage product poses a particular risk to itself and users if the design goes awry.
Looking for great design layout software for getting started? Look no further than Altium. Design rules checking can be automated and performed in real time, saving you a tremendous amount of work in the small tweaks that are needed to get the board just right, especially for high voltage!
Have a question about high voltage PCB design? Contact an expert at Altium.
Check out Altium Designer® in action...
Powerful PCB Design
About the AuthorVisit Website More Content by Altium Designer


To burn or not to burn
Two distinct weather patterns frequently vex the Yakima Valley in terms of leaving air pollution lingering, though the problem is more prevalent in the Upper Valley than the Lower Valley.
Unless you frequent the internet, it can be awfully challenging during this time of year to keep up with burn ban declarations in the Lower Valley.
Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority is responsible for declaring burn bans. It does so based on 24-hour a day monitoring of tiny air particulates, as well as weather conditions and forecasts from Pendleton.
Yakima County is a particularly challenging area, according to Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority's Dave Caprile.
"Our weather conditions are such that we frequently have to weather conditions that produce the same effect. A high pressure system pushes pressure down and holds our surface air in this valley, or bowl, that we live in," Caprile explained. "Until (it) weakens or lifts, there is a continued level of pollution and it begins to build a thicker mass down toward the ground."
Stable air mass is the other weather condition that holds pollution in the air. With a stable air mass, Caprile said, "There is no wind to move it around, no ventilation to dilute or move it."
The Yakima Valley has a long history of wood burning, Caprile said, and it's due in part to the fact that wood's readily available, whether it's orchard wood or tamarack wood from the forest.
"The problem is kind of an insidious thing that has grown over time: there's too many of us now," Caprile said.
Caprile noted there is usually more ventilation in the Lower Valley than the Upper Valley.
The biggest problem in the winter are the particulates created by unburned wood. It may sound like those particulates have a mass to them, but they're very small, so small that Caprile said it would take 15 or so wood particulates to create the diameter of a strand of air. The particulates can get down in the air sacs of the lungs, leading to breathing trouble.
When it comes to air pollution in the valley, Caprile said it's a "saw-tooth' effect. People burn wood, weather produces stagnation keeping pollution down and improperly ventilated, creating a burn ban. A burn ban is declared, particulate contribution from wood burning decreases, weather improves, and, Caprile said, "People burn, burn, burn."
Burn bans then are declared off and on throughout the colder months.
"It's all health-based, really," he said. If air quality begins to deteriorate, Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority has five color categories to determine approximate health impacts.
When it's green, all is well in terms of particulates. When it starts to deteriorate, the color code switches to yellow, which means it poses a moderate health risk. When it moves to orange, that means the air is unhealthy for those with existing health conditions. The next color is red, meaning the air is unhealthy. Rarely does Yakima County reach the last two stages: very unhealthy (purple) and hazardous (maroon).
When asked why Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority doesn't just declare burn ban status for a period of time when weather is traditionally stagnant, Caprile said, "It's really not fair to tell people they can't use their $3,000 to $4,000 (wood-burning) device."
In the past couple of years, Caprile said notification through the media has improved, though sometimes toward the end of the colder season readers become disenchanted with the "same old news," so it might be easy to miss a burn ban declaration in this area.
For that very reason, Caprile recommends those who have a computer to frequent Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority's website: _URL_. For those who do not have a computer, Caprile suggests checking the current burn status by taking the time to call _PHONE_, and pressing 1.
Caprile said it's his organization's job to "watch, guard and protect air quality."
Caprile said it's not easy, but Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority is committed to educating people and even dispersing grant funding so Yakima County residents with wood burning as the primary source of heat can replace uncertified fireplace and wood stove inserts.
Since the clean air agency began dispersing the grant funds, roughly 1,000 wood stoves in Yakima County have been switched out to cleaner burning devices.
Caprile said his organization expects to be able to provide rebates and even full-replacement costs next year for those who qualify, and those who are interested need to call now. For more information, call Michelle at Yakima Regional Clean Air Authority, _PHONE_, ext. 100.
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A digital ear thermometer is a handheld device that measures an individual's body temperature via a short probe which is inserted into his ear canal. Advocates of the digital ear thermometer hold that the device is noninvasive, works quickly, is hygienic, and is safer to use than mercury thermometers. Many health experts question the value of the digital ear thermometer, however, arguing that it is difficult to properly place and thus prone to false readings, and that it is not safe for use in infants. Additionally, digital ear thermometers tend to be more expensive than the more accurate digital oral thermometers.
Usually, a digital ear thermometer consists of a tube-shaped, plastic body which is held in the fist and a short probe which protrudes from the top of the body. Once this probe has been inserted into the ear, a "trigger" on the thermometer's body is pressed. After a period of a few seconds to a minute, depending on the thermometer model, a digital screen on the body displays a temperature reading.
Advocates of the digital ear thermometer hold that the device has several advantages. First of all, it is less invasive than rectal and oral thermometers, potentially making a child more likely to cooperate when his temperature must be taken. Secondly, the fastest models can provide a temperature reading in a matter of seconds. Additionally, many models can be fitted with disposable plastic probe covers, adding a hygienic element to these devices. Further, digital ear thermometers lack the safety hazards of glass thermometers, which, when broken, can leak mercury.
Many health experts question the value of the digital ear thermometer, however. First of all, these experts argue, it can be difficult to properly position an ear thermometer within the ear canal. Improper positioning as well as the presence of excessive wax in the ear can cause an ear thermometer to provide a false reading, which can in turn lead a caregiver to underor over-estimate the severity of an individual's fever. Additionally, the size of most digital ear thermometers' probes can potentially cause injury to infants' ears.
Furthermore, most digital ear thermometer models tend to be slightly or even significantly more expensive than digital oral thermometers. While this difference in cost may lead some consumers to assume that digital ear thermometers are superior to digital oral ones, many health experts advise that oral thermometers are actually more accurate. In addition, a large proportion of health experts argue that taking the temperature rectally provides the truest reading, especially in infants.