The Baal wiki last edited by Eirikr on 03/29/13 06:29AM View full history
'Lord' Hadad
As "Ba'al" is a title meaning "Lord" rather than a name, many other deities are referred to as Ba'als along with Hadad, such as Ba'al Zebul. Baal Hadad was a storm god frequently referenced and villainized in the Old Testament as the pagan god of Canaan.
In Megami Tensei
Baal in Famicom Megami Tensei II.
Baal appears frequently as a demon, and to a lesser extent a persona, in the Megami Tensei series, generally depicted in two ways. The first and earliest design in the Famicom Digital Devil Monogatari depicts the god as female, a motif developed subsequently in Megami Tensei II, adding wings and a serpentine body. This design has not been used beyond the Super Famicom era.
The modern Baal design, as seen in Majin Tensei II.
The other, more notable and commonly seen design of Baal first appears in Shin Megami Tensei II, as interpreted by Kazuma Kaneko. It depicts Baal with purple skin whilst grasping a goblet and wearing priestly attire, replete with a headdress adorned with the bull horns standard of his and his father El's iconography. The release of Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers later reused this design but rendered it with a different, darker palette.
As there are innumerable deities from the Levant given the epithet "Baal," it is possible that these two designs actually depict different deities. In the Japanese versions of the games, the female design is most commonly spelled as "バアル" ("baaru") while the helmeted male version is usually spelled "バール" ("bāru"). However, as these spellings can also be found inconsistently labeled, it remains unclear if a distinction was intended between them.
Digital Devil Monogatari: Megami Tensei
Baal in Megami Tensei.
This earliest appearance of Baal in Digital Devil Monogatari: Megami Tensei depicts a female figure brandishing a sword. This Baal is of the Vile race and is encountered in the game's Valhalla dungeon. In the game's Kyuuyaku Megami Tensei remake, this older design would be replaced by the serpentine one from Megami Tensei II.
Digital Devil Monogatari: Megami Tensei II
In Kyuuyaku Megami Tensei (II).
The winged, serpentine Baal first appears in Digital Devil Monogatari: Megami Tensei II and its Kyuuyaku Megami Tensei remake as a level 58 member of the Deity race. Given a supportive slant, this incarnation of the god comes with the healing skills Mediarahan, Diarahan, and Samarecarm.
Shin Megami Tensei
Mega CD SMT's Baal.
Baal appears as one of the demons added to the Mega CD port of Shin Megami Tensei, using the winged serpentine design. Seemingly based on the Megami Tensei II appearance, Mega CD Shin Megami Tensei's Baal is a level 60 member of the Deity race boasting the same skillset from the previous game: Mediarahan, Diarahan, and Samarecarm.
Shin Megami Tensei II / Shin Megami Tensei if...
Baal in Shin Megami Tensei II and if....
Shin Megami Tensei II, the first usage of the male Baal design, ranks the god as a level 58 member of the Deity race. Similarly, he also appears in Shin Megami Tensei if... as a level 71 Deity. These appearances would mark a shift in Baal's skills away from healing and more towards magic skills like Maziodyne, as he sports in later games.
Majin Tensei series
Baal in the first Majin Tensei.
Baal appears in both Majin Tensei strategy games. First, in the initial Majin Tensei title, he is a high-level demon of the Deity clan, using the last instance of the winged serpentine design. In the sequel, Majin Tensei II: Spiral Nemesis, Baal is a demon classified under the unique Soshin "Ancient God" clan, using the updated helmeted male design.
Last Bible series
Last Bible III's Baal.
Baal makes minor appearances as an enemy demon in the Last Bible spinoff series, in both the first Last Bible, later brought to the West as Revelations: The Demon Slayer, and in Megami Tensei Gaiden: Last Bible III, where he appears as a short, elderly man, in contrast to any other design of the god.
Persona series
In Persona, Persona 2: Innocent Sin, and Persona 2: Eternal Punishment, Baal appears as a persona of the Emperor arcana. In the first Persona he is level 55 with majority ice skills, and his name was first translated in Revelations: Persona as "Bard." In both Innocent Sin and Eternal Punishment, he is level 37 and mostly learns water-based skills.
Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers
Baal's sprite from Soul Hackers.
In Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers, Baal is a level 73 Deity with a range of the most powerful elemental attacks the game features, including Mazionga, Maragion, and Mabufula. While Baal can be fused using normal means, he is also part of a special fusion triangle with his fellow Canaanite deities Anat and Mot. Using two-way fusion, combining any two of the gods will result in the third; hence, Baal will result if Anat and Mot are fused.
This version of Baal also appears as a card in Shin Megami Tensei Trading Card: Card Summoner.
Giten Megami Tensei: Tokyo Mokushiroku
Ba'al Hadad in Giten Megami Tensei.
Two demons named Baal appear in the PC-exclusive title Giten Megami Tensei: Tokyo Mokushiroku. The first, Ba'al Hadad, a demon of the Deity race, is the only time in the series that Baal is called by his full name. The second is simply named Baal and is a Tyrant. Giten Megami Tensei's Tyrant race is notable in that it includes many other demons with Baal-derived names such as Bael, Belphegor, Baalberith, and Baalzephon, and also predates Devil Survivor's Bel demon storyline.
Shin Megami Tensei: NINE
Similar to other appearances, Baal is a level 72 Deity in Shin Megami Tensei: NINE, with physical and magic attack skills. It is also the first and only time Baal proper has been rendered in 3D.
Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne
The Demi-fiend encountering Baal Avatar.
Baal appears in Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne as Baal Avatar, the form Chiaki Hayasaka takes when she fully assimilates with the ideology of her Reason, Yosuga: the survival of the fittest. Baal Avatar, of the Deity race, is white and ceramic-looking, with a particuarly large wing-like protrusion, evoking artifacts and figures found of Ba'al Hadad at archaeological sites, particularly sharing a conical-shaped headpiece.
Baal Avatar is encountered as a boss late in the Tower of Kagutsuchi, after Ahriman and Noah, and is flanked by angelic versions of Fallen demons, Ose Hallel and Flauros Hallel ("hallel" meaning "praise" in Hebrew; see also "hallelujah"--"praise to Jah"). Once defeated, the body of Baal Avatar explodes and shatters, like an idol cast down from an altar.
Being Chiaki's sponsor deity, Baal Avatar hews closer to the female winged serpent of earlier games, and incorporates concepts mainly from the demonized, Hebraic interpretations of the "Baal" title used by the Canaanite god and other deities, with one example being its skill called Bael's Bane, an attack which transforms those without curse immunity into flies, suggesting Beelzebub.
Devil Survivor series
Baal makes a cameo appearance in Devil Survivor and Devil Survivor: Overclocked, fused into the design of the grand demon Belberith. Also incorporating other hitherto unseen "Bel" demons from the game's plot such as Belphegor and Bael, Baal's upper torso appears on the lower left side of Belberith's body mass. Difficult to discern on the map sprite, Baal is also almost totally obscured in Belberith's menu profile, making his cameo easy to overlook.
Baal in Devil Survivor 2.
Baal makes a proper appearance in the spinoff series in Devil Survivor 2. He is a unique level 65 Deity and voids fire, ice, and electricity but is weak to wind. He has no starting skills except passive elemental boost skills Fire Amp, Ice Amp, and Elec Amp, which is seemingly a callback to


50-percent increase is based on absolute values. If A's ownership increases from 20% to 40%, even though his ownership interest has increased by 100% over his previous interest, it is not an absolute 50% increase. If,however, A's ownership increases from 20% to 75%, then A's ownership has increased by 55-percent for purposes of Section 382.
 - The measure of the change is based on value, rather than pure percentage of stock held. This complicates matters greatly, as the value of the corporation must be known at each testing date in order to determine each 5-percent shareholder's share of the total value. For a publicly traded corporation, value can be determined by merely glancing at the stock ticker. But for all other corporations, particularly those that may have multiple classes of stock outstanding with varying liquidation rights, the determination of the total enterprise value — and each 5-percent shareholder's piece of that value on the testing date — often presents the biggest hurdle in measuring whether a Section 382 change has occurred.
 - The 50-percent increase is measured by comparing the percentage of value held by a 5-percent shareholder on a testing date to the lowest percentage owned by the shareholder throughout the testing period. Thus, if during a testing period A's ownership of X Co. goes from 20% to 30%, and then from 30% to 45%, A's increase for the second change is 25% (45% compared to 20%), rather than 15%. Even worse, the cumulative increases of the 5-percent shareholders are not offset by any decreases in interest by a 5-percent shareholder.
Q: Once I've confirmed I have a 50-percent change, what do I do next?
A: Once it has been determined that a Section 382 change has in fact occurred, an annual limitation must be determined on the utilization of the pre-change losses against taxable income. The limitation is generally equal to the long-term tax exempt rate in place during the month of change (issued by the IRS every month) multiplied by the value of the corporation immediately prior to the ownership change. The resulting amount represents the maximum amount of taxable income the corporation may offset in a post-change year with pre-change NOLs.
Example: X Co. underwent a Section 382 change on December 31, 2011. The value of the corporation was $1,000,000 prior to the change, and the long-term tax exempt rate was 5%. Thus, X Co.'s Section 382 limitation is $50,000. If X Co. recognizes $200,000 of taxable income in 2012, it may only use $50,000 of its pre-change NOLs to offset the $200,000 of taxable income.
Q: So I pretty much only need to be worried about big stock sales, right?
A: You weren't listening, were you? A Section 382 change will not always be the result of an obvious 100% sale of a corporation's stock; rather, they often are the end result of creeping changes over a period of time, or even situations where no new shareholders acquire interests in the corporation, but rather an existing shareholder greatly increases his ownership.
Example: A, B, C, and D each own 25% of X Co., a loss corporation. On January 10, 2009, A buys 10% of X Co. stock from D. On March 4, 2009, A buys all of B's stock. Finally, on January 20, 2010, X Co. buys 20% of X Co. stock from C. An ownership change has occurred, because during the testing period ending January 20, 2010, A has increased his ownership in X Co. from 25% to 80%, a 55% increase. A's increase is not offset by B, C, and D's decrease in stock ownership.
Q: I think I understand, thanks to your thoughtful explanation. You clearly deserve a large raise.
A: That's' really not a question, but thank you, I appreciate that. Truth be told, simply understanding that Section 382 exists is half the battle. Many tax advisers miss the issue entirely and utilize an NOL regardless of an underlying ownership change, inviting scrutiny from the IRS. While the hard part — the calculation — doesn't begin until you've identified that your corporate client may be subject to Section 382, by simply undertaking the calculation, you've helped minimize risk for your clients.
[i] If a 5-percent owner is an entity (i.e., a corporation, partnership or trust), the loss corporation is required to look through the entity (and through any higher-tier entity) in order to determine which owners of the entity are indirectly 5-percent shareholders of the loss corporation. It is the ownership of these ultimate 5-percent shareholders, including public groups, that is considered when determining whether a greater than 50 percentage point increase has occurred.
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[Ed note: Burgeoning WS+B tax guru Scott Pintabone stops by to provide this weeks tax season lesson. Scott tackles three related code sections that all tax advisers are aware of, but few fully understand. What follows is an excellent primer to keep close to your desk during the remaining six weeks. Now, on to Scott:]
The number 1245 doesn't just signify retired NFL running back Ricky Williams' total rushing yards in 2001, three years before he decided to live the American dream and turn down millions of dollars, move to Africa, grow a raging beard and smoke enough marijuana to kill an army of Seth Rogens. It's also a very important but oft-misunderstood Code section relating to the sale of business property, along with Sections 1231 and 1250. When disposing of an asset, these provisions are vital to determining the character of the gain or loss on the disposition.
Section 1231
So called "Section 1231 assets" are afforded the best of both worlds when disposed of: Section1231(a)(1) provides that a gain is treated as a long-term capital gain[i], while Section 1231(a)(2) provides that a loss is treated as an ordinary loss. Section 1231 assets are assets used in a trade or business, which are subject to depreciation and held for more than one year, or real property used in a trade or business that is held for greater than one year. Seems pretty simple right? Now the confusion…
When a taxpayer sells Section 1231 property for a gain, if within the last five years the taxpayer recognized Section 1231 losses, they may have to treat the gain as ordinary income. It's a logical result, because since the taxpayer got the benefit of an ordinary loss in the previous year, he should have to "recapture" any previous ordinary losses as ordinary income prior to getting the capital gain treatment normally afforded Section 1231 gains.
To illustrate: if Taxpayer A sells Asset B recognizing an ordinary $30,000 Section 1231 loss in 2009 and then subsequently sells Asset C recognizing a $20,000 Section 1231 gain in 2011, the 2011 gain is characterized as ordinary income to the extent of the non-recaptured Section 1231 loss from 2009, or $20,000. Alternatively, if the 2011 gain were $40,000, the taxpayer would recognize ordinary income of $30,000 (the amount of the ordinary Section 1231 loss from 2009) and $10,000 of long-term capital gain, provided Sections 1245 or 1250 doesn't apply (see below).
Section 1245
Section 1245 comes into play when you sell Section 1231 property (other than real property, which is covered in Section 1250) for a gain. In the simplest terms, Section 1245 requires that a taxpayer characterize the gain on the sale of 1231 property as ordinary income to the extent of any prior depreciation taken on the property.
For example, Taxpayer A purchases Asset B (equipment used in its trade or business) for $50,000 in 2009. Between 2009 and 2011, the taxpayer depreciated the asset by $20,000. In 2011, the taxpayer sells the asset for $40,000, recognizing a gain of $10,000 ($40,000 sale price less the adjusted basis of $30,000). This gain first must be considered under Section 1231. The taxpayer used the property in their trade or business, it is depreciable and was held for greater than one year therefore meeting the definition of Section 1231 property. Section 1245 trumps Section 1231 to convert any gain attributable to prior depreciation into ordinary income, however; because the gain is entirely a result of $20,000 of depreciation taken in prior years as an ordinary deduction, Section 1245 requires that the entire $10,000 gain be classified as ordinary income.
Alternatively, if the asset were sold for $60,000 resulting in a $30,000 gain, the taxpayer would recognize gain under Section 1245 of $20,000 (amount of prior depreciation taken) and a Section 1231 gain of $10,000 ($30,000 total gain less the Section 1245 gain of $20,000), which would be treated as capital gain.
Section 1250
Section 1250 is very similar to Section 1245 but deals with real property. Section 1250 requires that a gain on the sale of real property be treated as ordinary income to the extent of any accelerated depreciation in excess of straight-line that was


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Most of you had created many programs for various purpose. But have you ever thought of some animation in your program..
Here I am going to mention a small tutorial on creating a blinking text effect. It is for pure beginners.
First of all open the Visual Basic using Start>Programs>Microsoft Visual Studio>Visual Basic 6.0.
Then select Standard EXE and click open.
You will get a blank Form.
From the toolbox(in left side), select Command Button and create two buttons in your form(say, Command1 and Command2).
Also, create a Timer in your form(say, Timer1)
Then open the code window(View menu> View Code).
Then write the code as below:
Private Sub Command1_Click() Timer1.Interval = 100 'interval of the timer Timer1.Enabled = True'starting the animation Label1.Caption = "Welcome" 'text to display End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Timer1.Enabled = False'stopping the animation End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Timer1.Enabled = False 'disabling the animation on loading the form End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() If Label1.Visible = True Then 'checking whether it is visible Label1.Visible = False 'if visible then, make it invisible ElseIf Label1.Visible = False Then 'checking whether it is invisible Label1.Visible = True 'if invisible then, make it visible End If End Sub
I had included most of the comments in the code itself. I think you understand my coding. If you have any doubt, please feel free to contact me....
-Akhilesh B Chandran

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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12-hour Clinical Supervisor Training (Initial Training)
Friday, Dec 15, 2017 – Saturday, Dec 16, 2017
8:30am – 4:30pm
Join Robert Rhoton Psy D., LPC, D.A.A.E.T.S. in exploring and developing enhanced general and clinical supervision skills for those independently licensed professionals that currently provide clinical supervision or intend to deliver clinical supervision in compliance with the Arizona Revised Statutes and ADHS requirements. This training utilizes case studies and a collaborative participant discussion format to assure that all points are covered and adequately understood.
Who should attend? Those supervising associate level mental health professionals on their journey to independent licensure.
Arizona Trauma Institute is approved by the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) to grant Continuing education credit for live workshops. ACEP number is 6677. 12 CEU's are awarded for this training.
Rules regarding the need for this 12 hour supervision.
- A licensee who maintains more than one license may apply the same continuing education hours for renewal of each license if the content of the continuing education relates to the scope of practice of each license.
- For each license period, a licensee may report a maximum of:
- Ten clock hours of continuing education for first-time presentations by the licensee that deal with current developments, skills, procedures, or treatments related to the practice of behavioral health. The licensee may claim one clock hour for each hour spent preparing, writing, and presenting information;
- Six clock hours of continuing education for attendance at a Board meeting where the licensee is not:
- A member of the Board,
- The subject of any matter on the agenda, or
- The complainant in any matter that is on the agenda; and
- Ten clock hours of continuing education for service as a Board or ARC member.
- For each license period, a licensee shall report:
- A minimum of three clock hours of continuing education sponsored, approved, or offered by an entity listed in subsection (D) in:
- Behavioral health ethics or mental health law, and
- Cultural competency and diversity; and
- Beginning January 1, 2018, complete a Board-approved tutorial on Board statutes and rules.
- A licensee shall participate in continuing education that relates to the scope of practice of the license held and to maintaining or improving the skill and competency of the licensee. Toe Board has determined that in addition to the continuing education listed in subsections (B) and (C), the following continuing education meets this standard:
The Board has determined that a substance abuse technician, associate substance abuse counselor, or an independent substance abuse counselor shall ensure that at least 20 of the 30 clock hours of continuing education required under R4-6-80l(B) are in the following categories:
- Pharmacology and psychopharmacology,
- Addiction processes,
- Models of substance use disorder and addiction treatment,
- Relapse prevention,
- Interdisciplinary approaches and teams in substance use disorder and addiction treatment,
- Substance use disorder and addiction assessment and diagnostic criteria,
- Appropriate use of substance use disorder and addiction treatment modalities,
- Substance use disorder and addiction as it related to diverse populations,
- Substance use disorder and addiction treatment and prevention,
- Clinical application of current substance use disorder and addiction research, or
- Co-occurring disorders.
Event LocationArizona Trauma Institute, 49 S. Sycamore St. Suite 2
Mesa, AZ, 85202


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Walker Lake lies within a topographically closed basin in west-central Nevada and is the terminus of the Walker River. Much of the streamflow in the Walker River is diverted for irrigation, which has contributed to a decline in lake-surface altitude of about 150 feet and an increase in dissolved solids from 2,500 to 16,000 milligrams per liter in Walker Lake since 1882. The increase in salinity threatens the fresh-water ecosystem and survival of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, a species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Accurately determining the bathymetry and relations between lake-surface altitude, surface area, and storage volume are part of a study to improve the water budget for Walker Lake. This report describes the updated bathymetry of Walker Lake, a comparison of results from this study and a study by Rush in 1970, and an estimate of the 1882 lake-surface altitude.
Bathymetry was measured using a single-beam echosounder coupled to a differentially-corrected global positioning system. Lake depth was subtracted from the lake-surface altitude to calculate the altitude of the lake bottom. A Lidar (light detection and ranging) survey and high resolution aerial imagery were used to create digital elevation models around Walker Lake. The altitude of the lake bottom and digital elevation models were merged together to create a single map showing land-surface altitude contours delineating areas that are currently or that were submerged by Walker Lake. Surface area and storage volume for lake-surface altitudes of 3,851.5-4,120 feet were calculated with 3-D surface-analysis software.
Walker Lake is oval shaped with a north-south trending long axis. On June 28, 2005, the lake-surface altitude was 3,935.6 feet, maximum depth was 86.3 feet, and the surface area was 32,190 acres. The minimum altitude of the lake bottom from discrete point depths is 3,849.3 feet near the center of Walker Lake. The lake bottom is remarkably smooth except for mounds near the shore and river mouth that could be boulders, tree stumps, logs, or other submerged objects.
The echosounder detected what appeared to be mounds in the deepest parts of Walker Lake, miles from the shore and river mouth. However, side-scan sonar and divers did not confirm the presence of mounds. Anomalies occur in two northwest trending groups in northern and southern Walker Lake. It is hypothesized that some anomalies indicate spring discharge along faults based on tufa-like rocks that were observed and the northwest trend parallel to and in proximity of mapped faults. Also, evaporation measured from Walker Lake is about 50 percent more than the previous estimate, indicating more water is flowing into the lake from sources other than the Walker River. Additional studies need to be done to determine what the anomalies are and whether they are related to the hydrology of Walker Lake.
Most differences in surface area and storage volume between this study and a study by Rush in 1970 were less than 1 percent. The largest differences occur at lake-surface altitudes less than 3,916 feet. In general, relations between lake-surface altitude, surface area, and storage volume from Rush's study and this study are nearly identical throughout most of the range in lake-surface altitude.
The lake-surface altitude in 1882 was estimated to be between 4,080 feet and 4,086 feet with a probable altitude of 4,082 feet. This estimate compares well with two previous estimates of 4,083 feet and 4,086 feet. Researchers believe the historic highstand of Walker Lake occurred in 1868 and estimated the highstand was between 4,089 feet and 4,108 feet. By 1882, Mason Valley was predominantly agricultural. The 7-26 feet decline in lake-surface altitude between 1868 and 1882 could partially be due to irrigation diversions during this time.


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Spatial distribution and clustering of the proportion of disabled individuals by districts in Punjab
Disabilities are globally endemic and will increase with population ageing and ubiquitous prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. The Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement survey conducted in 2019-20 is the only district-level representative survey that provides proportion of disabled individuals. The survey used a standardized and validated six-questions from the 'Washington Group Questions' that identify functional disabilities pertaining to difficulty in the domains of sight, hearing, walking/climbing steps, remembering/ concentrating, self-care (washing/dressing), and communicating/being understood. Disabilities were more common in men in both urban and rural areas of districts.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


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Asked in HDTV
Will 120hz on a LCD TV affect a video signal from your TivoHD or does 120Hz just affect 24 frames per second sources?
A 120Hz television features a frame doubler. Normal television signals have 30 frames each second with each frame made of two fields so there are 60 fields each second. A 120Hz television is thought to eliminate some of the flicker from an image by generating intermediate fields between each of the broadcast fields. Whether or not it improves the image is a matter of opinion. Adding fields introduces small errors in the image and although more fields can be created, never can a frame doubler add information that wasn't in the original signal. The 120Hz feature refers directly to broadcast signals at 60Hz and not to 24 frame material. 24 frame material is derived from film and instead of being made up with two fields, the complete image is produced 24 times each second. A frame doubler will increase the rate to 48 frames per second if it takes the 24 frame material in it's native format. However, film is normally converted to a 60Hz signal using a technique known as 3:2 pulldown. This means that the first film frame will be sampled twice and will create two fields. The next film frame will be sampled 3 times and create three television fields. So, in 1/12 of a second, two film frames generate 5 television fields. If, at any time, the 24 Hz material is converted to 60Hz using 3:2 pulldown, the television will simply double the frame rate to 120 Hz. Indeed, the line doubler may use this technique anyway. The precise methods employed vary from one manufacturer to another so although it is safe to say that a 120Hz television will affect all incoming signals, the way they handle signals will vary. As a final note: European television runs at 50Hz, not 60Hz. Line doublers will convert to 100Hz. Also, 3:2 pulldown is not used in Europe. As the European frame rate is 25 FPS, film is run slightly faster than its normal 24FPS to comply with television standard frame rates. It means that films become 4% shorter on television than in a movie theater.


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Conservative Dictionary Project (R)
- True conservative meaning - Disparaging people or a group of people because of the color of their skin, such as when liberals claim minorities cannot succeed without affirmative action
- False liberal redefinition - The idea that society is the reason minorities cannot get ahead
- True conservative meaning - A reminder to God and Man of God's promise to never flood the entire world again.
- False liberal redefinition - A symbol used by the homosexuals to promote their agenda; alternatively, a product of refraction with no spiritual significance
- True conservative meaning - A liberal government system designed to by pass the free market and distribute goods and services based on bureaucratic whims.
- False liberal redefinition - A way of sharing limited resources.
- Republican form of government
- True conservative meaning - a form of government in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly or through representatives chosen by the people, and in which individuals retain sovereign prerogative over their person, labor, and property
- False liberal redefinition - mobocracy
- True conservative meaning - a just claim or title, whether legal, prescriptive, or moral
- False liberal redefinition - privileges extended by government at its own pleasure, subject to revocation for the alleged collective good

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Maximum Flow
Euler's Buckling Formula
Age 16 to 18
Challenge Level
When you apply a steadily increasing axial load to an initially-straight strut after a while it will start to bend, and then, when a critical load $P$ is reached, it will buckle. You could try it with a matchstick.
Euler showed that at the point of buckling the strut is in a static equilibrium state: like a ball balanced at the top of a slope where the slightest push will cause it to roll down. At each point along the beam the moment due to the bending stiffness and the moment due to the axial force being applied are perfectly in balance, and if you increase the load by just a tiny bit it will break.
Axially-loaded strut
By considering a general position $x$ on the deformed strut, you can derive Euler's basic formula for $P$ by constructing and solving a second order differential equation.
You need to know two new engineering formulae: The moment due to stiffness is $M = B \kappa$, where $B$ is bending stiffness (a property of the beam) and $\kappa$ is curvature. You also need to know that we can approximate $\kappa$ as $-\frac{d^2v}{dx^2}$, where $v$ is displacement in the direction perpendicular to the initial direction of the beam (see Beam Me Up for a derivation of this).


The Best International Schools in Montenegro
International Schools are very popular in Montenegro. Discover Best International Schools in Montenegro.
Why choosing an International School?
Moving abroad with a school-age child and starting a new life in another country can be daunting. Therefore, when moving to another country or city, it would be helpful to know which are the schools that can provide globally recognized and eligible qualifications to your child. Thanks to International Schools and their globally recognized curricula (British, American or International Baccalaureate), your child will get a first-class education in a safe and caring learning environment regardless of the country you are relocating to.
Why choosing a school in Montenegro?
Montenegro is a country blessed with a beautiful sea, rivers, and mountainous landscape. As a latecomer to the industrial revolution, the country has emerged as an ecological wonder whose economy is based primarily on tourism. The cities located on the coast offer visitors the typical Mediterranean climate, with long hot summers and short mild winters, whereas, inland, the country offers a more temperate climate, with abundant rainfall which turns to snow during the winter season. Expats families generally tend to move in Podgorica, where the main NGOs and international or multinational organizations are based. Montenegro health system is a combination of both public and private care, as the country is continually striving to catch up with standards in the rest of Western Europe. Expats will find many international schools offering high-quality education to international students. Check the list below and find the best International Schools in Montenegro!
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The Montgomery blue spruce is almost identical visually to the globe blue spruce, with 'Montgomery' replacing 'Globosa' at the end of the scientific name, Picea pungens. The blue spruce's natural habitat is in the Rocky Mountains, where it can grow to towering heights exceeding 150 feet! These trees are kept under about 60 feet in cultivation, and as a slow-growing dwarf shrub, Montgomery blue spruce does not usually exceed 4 feet tall. In comparison, the globe blue spruce can grow up to 5 feet tall.
Montgomery blue spruce loves southern climates, and while New Jersey is not considered the South, much of the year is similar enough in temperature to make Montgomery blue spruce a viable option for homeowners in the Garden State. It prefers partial to full sun, weekly watering and slightly acidic, well-drained soil.
Did You Know?
Montgomery blue is somewhat drought-tolerant, and does not require pruning – a very low-maintenance spruce!
Other Fun Facts About Montgomery Spruce
- Blue spruce trees are referred to as "conifers" because of their cones and needlelike leaves.
- Blue spruce can withstand temperatures down to 40 degrees Fahrenheit and elevations up to 10,000 feet.
- Montgomery blue spruce is ideal for borders, rock gardens, or as an accent.


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Problem Solving Strategies
When Dealing with Grief
Looking at problem solving strategies may be the last thing you want to do at the moment. However, the death of a loved one can create enormous problems on top of dealing with your grief and loss.
If you have lost your life partner or a significant person in your life you have probably realised that your life has now changed forever. You may be faced with a number of significant problems or issues which are needing resolution.
Firstly there are the many decisions and choices to be made regarding funeral arrangements. The universal questions of how, what, when, where, why, who, can help here. Often this is when a friend or relative will step in and assist. However, if this is going to be you, then you will need to give these issues some thought. The funeral director can help with all the questions that need to be answered regarding funeral arrangements. You are probably the person who has the most intimate knowledge of your loved ones wishes. Use this time to acknowledge their wishes and to be involved in the arrangements for your own need to be part of the funeral process.
Once the funeral is over it is likely that people will disappear just as quickly as they appeared. You may now be on your own to deal with your changed life circumstances. Some issues you may need to address with problem solving skills could be:
- Financial circumstances. Where does this leave you financially? Do you need to make any significant changes? Can you continue as before the death of your loved one?
- Housing: can you stay where you are? Do you have to sell up, down size or move out?
- Employment: Do you need to find employment, change employment or give up work?
Relationship and Emotional Issues
Suddenly relationships have changed and no one is quite sure how to deal with it.
- Have your relationships changed with family, friends or work colleagues? Should they? What do you need to do about this?
- Has your relationship changed with yourself? What do you need to do to support and nurture yourself?
- What plans do you have for today and for your future?
Whatever your circumstances or your problem solving skills, you will be faced with many changes when dealing with grief. Changes consequently create more problems.
Problem Solving Process
Problem solving and decision making can involve any issue or task that you need to complete or resolve. Make sure that it is something that you need to address and not your grief or emotions taking over. For instance if your financial situation is such that you must sell you home or move, then this is what you need to do and you can work on some problem solving strategies to help you. However, unless you actually must make a significant change it is best to wait for a while, let the grief and pain subside a little before you take on huge changes.
Use the following problem solving process to clarify the problems and find appropriate solutions. Write it down and ask someone to go through the process with you.
1. Define the Problem
This is the starting point of the problem solving process and sometimes the toughest one to conquer. Whatever is happening, it must be your problem, not someone else's problem or someone else's fault. OK then these questions may help.
- Answer the what, where, when, why, how and who questions of the current situation. This will tell you exactly where you are now.
- Again answer the what, where, when, why, how and who questions of what you feel should be happening. This will tell you where you want to be.
- If the problem seems to be too big or overwhelming, break it down into smaller chunks and go through each of the above questions for each of the smaller parts of the problem.
- Prioritise and determine which problem needs to be addressed first (those will be the ones that have the most dire consequences if not addressed).
2. Analyse the Problem
An important problem solving skill is analysing the problem. Make sure that you complete this step to ensure that the solutions finally reached will be effective ones.
- Collect as much information as you can about the problem. Again ask the what, where, when, why, how and who questions. This time to determine the extent of the problem and where it is coming from.
- During this process resist the temptation to jump to the solution.
3. Develop a Range of Solutions
- Be creative and have a brainstorm session. Yes, you can do this by yourself however, you can come up with some very good solution ideas if you involve other people.
- Be open to all ideas for solutions. There is often great value in some of the weirdest solution suggestions.
- Sometimes the best solution for the problem at the time is to take no action at all.
4. Decide on a Solution
- Of all the possible options from step 3, now is the time to choose your solutions.
- What is the risk for each solution? How likely is it that the solution will work? What will you do if it does not work?
- What costs and resources are involved in implementing the solutions? Determine what you need to do and what others need to do.
- What is the time frame? When the solutions must be completed.
5. Implement the Solution and Follow Up
Implementation and follow up complete the problem solving process. Make sure that you continue to maintain a written (or electronic) recording of all aspects of the problem solving process.
- Obtain agreement from all involved.
- Establish a task schedule and time frame
- Monitor progress
- Evaluate the outcome (is it working).
Return to Home Page from Problem Solving Strategies


text:
1. floor metal deck roll forming machine with 22kw main power
2. Reliable and stable
3. ISO and CE certification
floor metal deck roll forming machine with 22kw main power
Component of the machine:
1. Roll forming machine include guiding and cutting system.
2. decoiler (Manual or Automatic)
3. PLC control system
4. Hydraulic station
5. Output table (Stacker)
- Suitable raw material: Color steel sheet; Galvanized steel sheet.
- Thickness of the material: 0.8-2.0mm
- Diameter of roller shaft: 76mm
- Capacity of decoiler: 5000Kgs. (can be increased to be 10 tons)
- Forming speed: 10-15m/ min
- Main motor power: 22Kw (Depend on final design)
- Hydraulic station power: 5.5Kw (Depend on final design)
- Controling system: Panasonic PLC & converter.
- Votage: 380V, 3 phase 50Hz (Also depond on customer's requirment)
- The quantity of the roller group: At lest 28 groups (depend on final design)
- Machine dimension: depend on final design.
Decoiling-Feeding-Guiding-Roll forming-Cut to length-Output table


text:
Kinetics of pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids
The kinetics of pathogen destruction were determined during storage of digested and dewatered wastewater treatment biosolids to obtain relationships between temperature and duration of biosolids storage. Biosolids, seeded with Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and Ascaris suum eggs were incubated at 5°, 22°, 38°, and 49.5°C, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions for up to 62 days. Destruction of pathogens in stored biosolids occurred at all temperatures examined; however, rates increased with increasing temperature. There was no significant difference between the destruction of pathogens under aerobic or anaerobic conditions at all temperatures studied. At 50°C, the decay rate of S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and A. suum eggs was estimated to be 1.13, 1.10, 1.54, 0.81, and 0.21 log10 reductions per day, respectively.


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How do I know when my model is complete?
Your model in AIM is likely approaching completion when:
- The Information panel contains a complete list of Information used by your business, and you've used all of that Information in your model.
- There's no smoke (literally) coming out of your model — you've ensured that your model complies with all AIM information processing rules.
- You can reliably explain the model to business stakeholders and they recognize and endorse the model.
- You can reliably create AIM stories in your model and find that the model is sufficiently detailed (not too detailed, not too high level) to enable your narrative.
- You have used the Explore panel to review model attributes, and confirmed that your model tags are complete.
- You have created Shaders to help visualize different aspects of your business, including discrete and cumulative processing time, and have identified areas of focus for digital transformation.
- You can reliably build a worksheet containing project work packages and your model is sufficiently granular to enable overlaying of work packages. You can use this portfolio view to identify areas where multiple projects may be seeking to drive change without being aware of each other.


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Researchers have developed a new protein-based sensor that can detect lanthanides, the rare earth metals used in smartphones and other technologies, in a more efficient and cost-effective way. The sensor changes its fluorescence when it binds to these metals. The protein undergoes a shape change when it binds to lanthanides, which is key for the sensor's fluorescence to "turn on", said the study.
To develop the sensor, the researchers used a protein they recently described and subsequently used to explore the biology of bacteria that use lanthanides.
Rare earth metals are found in varying quantities in smartphones. Neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, terbium, gadolinium and lanthanum are found inside displays and other electronic components of smartphones. These are further re-purposed in making components for cars, airplanes, lasers and even next-generation armour plating.
Researchers develop a new protein-based sensor that can detect lanthanides, the rare earth metals.
"Lanthanides are used in a variety of current technologies, including the screens and electronics of smartphones, batteries of electric cars, satellites, and lasers," said Joseph Cotruvo, Assistant Professor. "These elements are called rare earths, and they include chemical elements of atomic weight 57 to 71 on the periodic table," Cotruvo added.
Extracting rare earths from the environment or from industrial samples, like waste water from mines or coal waste products, is generally very challenging and expensive. They developed a protein-based sensor that can detect tiny amounts of lanthanides in a sample, letting us know if it's worth investing resources to extract these important metals.
China has a monopoly over rare earths, with an annual production of 105,000 metric tonnes. For comparison, its closest competitor, Australia, generates only 20,000 metric tonnes of rare earth metals. Further, China will impose restrictions rare earths production beginning in 2020. The US-China trade war has made matters worse for electronics manufacturers. This has forced them to resort to recycling these metals.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Given a finite set of points $P$, we can think of two meanings for the term "convex hull of $P$:"
 1. The set of convex combinations of points from $P$, $\sum \alpha_i p_i$ s.t. $\sum \alpha_i = 1 \wedge \forall \alpha_i \geq 0$.
 2. The points $P' \subseteq P$ which are "active" in the convex hull; that is, the removal of which changes the set of points from (1).
Question: Is there a standard way to refer specifically to (1) or (2)?
share|improve this question
I have never heard of convex hull as in 2, only as in 1. The points in 2 I would call the extreme points of the convex hull of $P$. – Harald Hanche-Olsen Sep 28 '12 at 14:38
This confusion in terminology is also a peeve of mine. The word "hull" means an exterior, and there's a perfectly good phrase "convex closure" for (1). Nonetheless the use of convex hull to mean (1) predominates except when discussion turns to algorithms for finding the extreme points (2) as a "representation" of the convex hull. – hardmath Sep 28 '12 at 14:43
Indeed, I come from CS, where (2) dominates "convex hull". Funny it's unheard-of in Math :) _USER_ turn your comment into an answer to be accepted. "convex closure" is what I was looking for, which appears to be a known synonym for CH. – user1071136 Sep 28 '12 at 14:55
Same here - research background in computer graphics and computational geometry, only ever heard of it in terms of (2) – fluffy Sep 28 '12 at 15:24
Intrigueing. With interpretation (2) you seem to require the convex hull to be a hull in some everyday sense, but you don't require it to be convex any more :) – Hagen von Eitzen Sep 28 '12 at 15:24
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
I prefer "convex closure" for the collection of all convex combinations (1). The phrase convex hull is slightly more concise, but the etymology of "hull" carries a meaning of the outer covering (as in the hull of a boat or husk of a seed), so it seems a pity to me not to reserve this for what mathematicians instead like to call the "extremal boundary points". It's an important enough algorithmic (computational geometry) topic to deserve a shorter name.
share|improve this answer
If there is a topology involved, too, mathematicians may speak of the "convex hull" and the "closed convex hull". Of course they use these terms even if $P$ is infinite. If they saw "convex closure" they may not know which is would mean. – GEdgar Sep 28 '12 at 15:33
Your Answer


State-by-State Reach of Child Nutrition Policies
Good nutrition helps children grow up healthy and can prevent diseases, including obesity. But during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, millions of families nationwide are food insecure—unable to afford enough food to support a healthy life. Several federal policies aim to make healthy foods accessible and affordable to children and adults nationwide, and states play a big role in how these policies are implemented. Use the map below to explore state-by-state data about child food insecurity, and how federal nutrition programs can support better child nutrition. Choose a state and a policy to get started, and compare policies across states.
Explore Data
Child Food Insecurity Rate What percentage of children lack consistent access to enough food to support a healthy life?


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During the early 1900's the first commercial asparagus plantings in the state of Victoria were grown by Thomas Roxburgh - a shipping agent by trade - on a 300 acre farm in the town of Vervale. By the 1930's the major commercial asparagus production area in Victoria was the nearby Koo Wee Rup and Dalmore area. Soon after, this area was to become the largest asparagus producing area in Australia.
Victoria has a range of soils and climates suitable for asparagus production, including those in Koo Wee Rup, East Gippsland and Lindenow in southern Victoria, Rochester and Myrtleford in north-east Victoria, and in the Mildura and Swan Hill districts of north-west Victoria.
As a result, Victoria has a longer growing season for asparagus than most other production areas in the world. The asparagus season in Victoria also complements that of other states of Australia and helps provide a continuous supply of product. Much of the plantings in Australia are of the California hybrid UC157 because it produces a premium spear of uniform size, length and overall appearance. However, additional varieties are grown in specific regions, such as Mary Washington in southern Victoria and Ida Lea in North-West Victoria.
Victoria is the leading state in Australia for the production and export of fresh asparagus, producing 95% of the national asparagus crop with a Gross Value of 95% of $41.42 m (ABS: Agriculture 2007-08).


Guernsey French/The Death of Guernsey French
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Jump to: navigation, search
Guernesiais was the chief language of the island until the 1800s, with trade and tourists making the adoption of English essential. Yet this was still chiefly in the capital and main port St Peter Port - outside, Guernesiais dominated homes and local markets.
A study undertaken in 1926 indicated that this was mostly still the case - there were few speakers in the trading towns St Peter Port and St Sampsons, but dominated in the south and west.[1]
In the 30s and 40s, there were many who could still not speak English, and during the German occupation Guernesiais was used to communicate when in fear of being overheard. However, 1940 also saw the evacuation of the majority of the island's children to England - and when they returned in 1945, the old language was unfamiliar to them. The loss of the language to this new generation was significant in determining its downfall.
Increased contact with the outside world required for modernity came increasingly at the price of language. Tourism gradually became a major industry, and media from outside the islands made English increasingly prevalant.
Today, it is estimated that less than 2% of the population speak Guernsey French.
 1.


Evolutionary Speciation as Thermodynamic Process
Cambrian Explosion was a Hot Event
Interesting if you think of life as a thermodynamic process, of increasing complexity of energy efficient bodies, which diffuse energy/heat in some formulaic evolutionary way.
Explains why the Cambrian explosion occurred, ie why a supermassive evolutionary speciation occurred.
Same reason why speciation is greatest along the equator.
One impetus for Organism evolution is thermodynamics.
This makes sense anyway.
It's like, the same reason why hot water freezes faster than cold water, ie Mpemba effect.
Crystallization seems to be encouraged by vibrations, like the molecules wiggle into place faster, and arrange into lattice structures more quickly, thus dissipating heat more efficiently.
I feel like it's somehow someway linked to evolutionary processes. Since like water is like super abundant on earth and some of the hottest and most humid areas on earth of greatest speciation.
So let's say you had two large containers filled with an fraction of water, with temperature sensors in the water, as well as temp and humidity sensors in the upper container filled with air, both in closed systems, with heat exchangers at the bottom to facilitate freezing.
One container began at 35° and the other at 100°. And you began freezing.
Monitor the rate it took to freeze the water, as well as air temp and air humidity.
Should probably also have something like a magnetic mixer in each container to reduce temperature differential within the bodies of water as much as possible. And maybe have heat exchangers on all sides not just the bottom
My friends say they are extremely confident that the one starting at 35 degrees would freeze before the one at 100 degrees and I think their rates of temperature decrease would be approach equivalence as you tightened the experimental controls
But, I think the magnetic mixer would screw it up, because it would distort the crystallization process, if we assume that. crystallization facilitated more efficient energy dissipation
On another note, thermodynamic processes also may explain why massive advances of complexity occurred with every technological advance which allowed humanity to harness energy more efficiently, ie agricultural revolution, scientific revolution, industrial revolution, leveraging oil, computer and digital revolution, etc.
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Disk I/O on AIX Hosts
Dear All,
We are facing a slowness on one of the applications during the stress testing. On the analysis, we found that the maximum contribution is from disk I/O.
How to interpret the disk I/O on the host?
What could be the reason behind a huge disk I/O?
Hello _USER_ ,
based on the screenshot it looks you are looking at method hotspots. There are two important points here for an interpretation of the results:
 - be sure to have a large sample of the relevant stack frames (it shows the number). If it's low (low is below 100), it's likely not very precise, but it depends on various conditions.
 - Disk IO typically means the application is using either disk operations or even some network operations that may be represented as disk io (I've seen such cases with jdbc drivers)
In other words - the code was waiting for input from a disk. You will need to look for the hotspots classes and methods in Method hotspots view to figure out what is really going on.
TEMPEST a.s., Slovakia, Dynatrace Master Partner
Hello _USER_
Thank you for your comments.
The following is one of the stress tests for a few minutes and below is the behavior of Disk I/O.
The following are the top hotspots.
Wherever is the high Disk I/O, there I see the following message in the PurePaths?
It's load test - it's fine you see purepaths errors and it's expected.
The hotspots are obvious, the code is getting file information (attributes/last modifications). You will need to browse the code to identify it. You will need to understand what the application should do and maybe the application is inefficiently doing some operations on filesystem. It's not possible to tell from the the screenshot you pasted, but definitely it's filesystem operations. It's for example possible there are just many files and the code is looping through them.
TEMPEST a.s., Slovakia, Dynatrace Master Partner
Hello _USER_
I shared the source code with the developers. How do you see the below-highligted method using enormous Disk I/O?
This is a screenshot from a single PurePath in Code-Level tab. Here it only shows "instrumentation points". Thus this is not visible here and you can only see the GAP.
You must look the calling code in the method hotspots. Either for this single PurePath or for a set of requests. If you have enough samples in the method hotspots, you can clearly see the stackframes and the class/method responsible for the issue.
TEMPEST a.s., Slovakia, Dynatrace Master Partner


When const doesn't mean const
 Delphi Comments Off on When const doesn't mean const
Mar 202015
Consider this code:
procedure SplitAt(const _Input: string; _Position: integer; out _Head, _Tail: string);
 _Head := Copy(_Input, 1, _Position-1);
 _Tail := Copy(_Input, _Position);
It's meant to split a given string into two parts at the given position.
Nothing fancy, really, isn't it?
Now, consider this call to the procedure above:
 s1: string;
 s2: string;
 s1 := 'hello world';
 SplitAt(s1, 5, s1, s2);
 WriteLn('s1: "', s1, '"');
 WriteLn('s2: "', s2, '"');
Which output do you expect?
The output I got certainly wasn't what I expected:
s1: ""
s2: ""
I took me a while to understand what happened:
It has been brought to my attention, that the following explanation is wrong:
The compiler passes the parameters right to left, so the first parameter it passes is s2, then s1, then 5 and last s1 again as the input. Since the two rightmost parameters are *out* parameters it clears them before passing them, so s1 is already an empty string when it gets passed as input.
What actually happens is that regardless of the order in which the parameters are passed clearing of the out parameters happens. This clears s1 and it doesn't matter whether it was already passed as Input or not since strings in Delphi are always passed as pointers.
Not quite what I would have expected. It doesn't help to remove the const modifier either.
 Posted by on 2015-03-20 at 15:55


text:
Bradley name meaning, origin, and more
Bradley is an English boy's or girl's name meaning: "broad wood clearing". The name Bradley is derived from Old English brad 'broad' and leah 'wood, clearing'.
How to pronounce Bradley: BRAD-lee
#247 (for a boy)
- Nickname for Bradley:
- Middle name for Bradley:
Posts with the name Bradley:


Economics Tuition – Video by Economics Focus
This e-learning video developed by JC Economics Tutor Simon Ng of Economics Focus is for the chapter of Foreign Exchange, focusing on the application of foreign exchange rate policy to achieve economic stability. The question also demands students to conduct an evaluation of the foreign exchange (forex) policy in achieving the above tasks in relation to other policies.
To what extent is the policy of gradual appreciation of the Singapore Dollar (SGD) always a desirable approach to maintain economic stability in Singapore? [25]
Analysis of The Question
For this question, the requirement of the question is to be able to understand that low inflation and unemployment are two main aims the Singapore government uses to attain sustainable economic growth, while explaining the policy of exchange rate management policy in its usefulness in achieving these aims.
Critically analyse the disadvantages of exchange rate system in achieving economics stability.
Source of Information
Part of knowledge needed for this question:
 - Explain what are price stability and low unemployment
 - Explain the exchange rate system in achieving low inflation
 - Explain, with aid of a diagram, the concept of sustainable growth
 - Explain the benefits of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore
 - Explain the potential limitations of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore


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This is a follow-up question to What differentiates great music from good? I'm referring to singers who have some minimum standard here - those who can hit the notes, etc.
Given two singers in a singing competition, what makes one singer win the competition over the other? For example, here's Idina Menzel and Lea Salonga singing "Defying Gravity". Can we objectively say one singer is better than the other? If so, how? If not, what's the point of singing competitions?
Richard's answer to the linked question makes sense for composers, but it doesn't seem to apply to singers. For example presumably Idina Menzel and Lea Salonga don't influence each other. They might influence fans who try to imitate them, but not each other. Innovation doesn't seem to work either, since they are both faced with the same music. A composer could write a innovative piece of music, but a singer presumably can't innovate on the song someone else has written without changing it.


text: School health centers can play a key role in school-wide wellness efforts. Five schools in Oakland are taking deliberate steps to reduce obesity and create an educational environment that promotes healthy eating, physical activity, and wellness. These model site-based wellness policies and practices are supported by the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation's Oakland Wellness Champions Initiative. Read more.


Sir Isaac Newton's life rendered as KML
Italian boffins suggest "georeferenced" lives of notable people
Forget biographies in conventional books. Forget e-books too, while you're at it. A pair of Italian boffins have mashed up the idea of "Georeferences" and an ancient Roman form of travel guide called itineraria to create Keyhole Markup Language (KML) tours of a notable person's life.
A.C. Sparavigna and R. Marazzato, both of the Politecnico di Torino in Italy, proposed the idea on ArXiv a few weeks ago.
The pair have since published a work-in-progress life of Newtown as KML.
ACME Mapper is the pair's weapon of choice, as it uses Google Maps and creates data in a format that is easy to annotate with details of a subject's life. That annotation, the pair feel, makes for a great educational tool.
"In our opinion, the most important feature of KML is the possibility of implementing a comprehensive virtual tour, based on a movie and the use of balloons, which can be run on Google Earth," the pair write. "We proposed these virtual tours to describe the lives of famous persons for teaching purposes."
The Newton KML file does not offer the most elegant or comprehensive experience imaginable, but Sparavigna and Marazzato promise an updated version soon. ®
Sponsored: Go beyond APM with real-time IT operations analytics


text:
A stream is a sequence of bytes. In the NTFS file system, streams contain the data that is written to a file, and that gives more information about a file than attributes and properties. For example, you can create a stream that contains search keywords, or the identity of the user account that creates a file.
Each stream that is associated with a file has its own allocation size, actual size, and valid data length:
- The allocation size is the amount of disk space that is reserved for a stream.
- The actual size is the number of bytes that are being used by a caller.
- The valid data length (VDL) is the number of bytes that are initialized from the allocation size for the stream.
Each stream also maintains its own state for compression, encryption, and sparseness. The FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE attribute on the file is set in the dwFileAttributes member of the WIN32_FIND_DATA structure returned from the FindFirstFile, FindFirstFileEx, and FindNextFile functions if any of the streams have ever been sparse. GetFileAttributes, GetFileAttributesEx, GetFileAttributesTransacted, GetFileInformationByHandle, and GetFileInformationByHandleEx return the sparse state of the default data stream if no stream is specified.
There are no file times associated with a stream. The file times for a file are updated when any stream in a file is updated.
Opportunistic locks are maintained per stream. Sharing modes are also maintained per stream. When delete access is requested on a file, the operating system checks for delete access on all open streams in a file. If another process has opened a stream without the FILE_SHARE_DELETE permission, you cannot open the file for delete access.
If a file being copied has a data stream and the network redirector is used, the file can only be copied if the client has both the read permission and the read attributes permission.
When specified from the Windows shell command line, the full name of a stream is "filename:stream name:stream type", as in the following example: "myfile.dat:stream1:$DATA".
Any characters that are legal for a file name are also legal for the stream name, including spaces. For more information, see Naming a File. The stream type (also called an attribute type code) is internal to the NTFS file system. Users therefore can't create new stream types, but they can open existing NTFS file system types. Stream type specifier values always start with the dollar sign ($) symbol. See below for a list of stream types.
By default, the default data stream is unnamed. To fully specify the default data stream, use "filename::$DATA", where $DATA is the stream type. This is the equivalent of "filename". You can create a named stream in the file using the file naming conventions. Note that "$DATA" is a legal stream name. For example, the full name of a stream named "$DATA" on a file named "sample" would be "sample:$DATA:$DATA". If you created a stream named "bar" on the same file its full name would be "sample:bar:$DATA".
When creating and working with files that have one-character names, prefix the file name with period followed by a backslash (.\) or use a fully qualified path name. The reason to do this is that Windows treats one-character file names as drive letters. When a drive letter is specified with a relative path, a colon separates the drive letter from the path. When there is an ambiguity about whether a one-character name is a drive letter or a file name, Windows assumes it is a a drive letter if the string following the colon is a valid path, even if the drive letter is invalid.
Following is the list of NTFS stream types, also called attribute type codes. Some of the stream types are internal to NTFS and their format is undocumented.
|::$ATTRIBUTE_LIST||Contains a list of all attributes that make up the file and identifies where each attribute is located.|
|::$BITMAP||A bitmap used by indexes to manage the b-tree free space for a directory. The b-tree is managed in 4 KB chunks (regardless of cluster size) and this is used to manage the allocation of these chunks. This stream type is present on every directory.|
|::$DATA||Data stream. The default data stream has no name. Data streams can be enumerated using the FindFirstStreamW and FindNextStreamW functions.|
|::$EA||Contains Extended Attributes data. Files with an $EA stream type may not contain a $REPARSE_POINT stream type.|
|::$EA_INFORMATION||Contains support information about the Extended Attributes.|
|::$FILE_NAME||The name of the file, in Unicode characters. This includes the short name of the file as well as any hard links.|
|::$INDEX_ALLOCATION||The stream type of a directory. Used to implement filename allocation for large directories. This stream represents the directory itself and contains all of the data of the directory. Changes to streams of this type are logged to the NTFS change journal. The default stream name of an $INDEX_ALLOCATION stream type is $I30 so "DirName", "DirName::$INDEX_ALLOCATION", and "DirName:$I30:$INDEX_ALLOCATION" are all equivalent.|
|::$INDEX_ROOT||This stream represents root of the b-tree of an index. This stream type is present on every directory.|
|::$LOGGED_UTILITY_STREAM||Similar to ::$DATA but operations are logged to the NTFS change journal. Used by EFS and Transactional NTFS (TxF). The ":StreamName:$StreamType" pair for EFS is ":$EFS:$LOGGED_UTILITY_STREAM" and for TxF is ":$TXF_DATA:$LOGGED_UTILITY_STREAM".|
|::$OBJECT_ID||An 16-byte ID used to identify the file for the link-tracking service.|
|::$REPARSE_POINT||The reparse point data. Files with a $REPARSE_POINT stream type may not contain an $EA stream type.|
Build date: 4/16/2013


text:
A team of researchers led by the University of Colorado Boulder has discovered the first prehistoric bronze artifact made from a cast ever found in Alaska, a small, buckle-like object found in an ancient Eskimo dwelling and which likely originated in East Asia.
The artifact consists of two parts -- a rectangular bar, connected to an apparently broken circular ring, said CU-Boulder Research Associate John Hoffecker, who is leading the excavation project. The object, about 2 inches by 1 inch and less than 1 inch thick, was found in August by a team excavating a roughly 1,000-year-old house that had been dug into the side of a beach ridge by early Inupiat Eskimos at Cape Espenberg on the Seward Peninsula, which lies within the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.
Both sections of the artifact are beveled on one side and concave on the other side, indicating it was manufactured in a mold, said Hoffecker, a fellow at CU-Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. A small piece of leather found wrapped around the rectangular bar by the research team yielded a radiocarbon date of roughly A.D. 600, which does not necessarily indicate the age of the object, he said.
"I was totally astonished," said Hoffecker. "The object appears to be older than the house we were excavating by at least a few hundred years."
Hoffecker and his CU-Boulder colleague Owen Mason said the bronze object resembles a belt buckle and may have been used as part of a harness or horse ornament prior to its arrival in Alaska. While they speculated the Inupiat Eskimos could have used the artifact as a clasp for human clothing or perhaps as part of a shaman's regalia, its function on both continents still remains a puzzle, they said.
Since bronze metallurgy from Alaska is unknown, the artifact likely was produced in East Asia and reflects long-distance trade from production centers in either Korea, China, Manchuria or southern Siberia, according to Mason. It conceivably could have been traded from the steppe region of southern Siberia, said Hoffecker, where people began casting bronze several thousand years ago.
Alternatively, some of the earliest Inupiat Eskimos in northwest Alaska -- the direct ancestors of modern Eskimos thought to have migrated into Alaska from adjacent Siberia some 1,500 years ago -- might have brought the object with them from the other side of the Bering Strait. "It was possibly valuable enough so that people hung onto it for generations, passing it down through families," said Mason, an INSTAAR affiliate and co-investigator on the Cape Espenberg excavations.
The Seward Peninsula is a prominent, arrowhead-shaped land mass that abuts the Bering Strait separating Alaska from Siberia. The peninsula was part of the Bering Land Bridge linking Asia and North America during the last ice age when sea level had dropped dramatically, and may have been used by early peoples as a corridor to migrate from Asia into the New World some 14,000 years ago.
The artifact was discovered in August by University of California, Davis, doctoral student Jeremy Foin under 3 feet of sediment near an entryway to a house at Cape Espenberg. Other project members included Chris Darwent of UC Davis, Claire Alix of the University of Paris, Nancy Bigelow of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Max Friesen of the University of Toronto and Gina Hernandez of the National Park Service.
"The shape of the object immediately caught my eye," said Foin, who spotted the soil-covered artifact in an archaeological sifting screen. "After I saw that it clearly had been cast in a mold, my first thought was disbelief, quickly followed by the realization that I had found something of potentially great significance."
The CU-led excavations are part of a National Science Foundation-funded project designed to study human response to climate change at Cape Espenberg from A.D. 800 to A.D. 1400, a critical period of cultural change in the western Arctic, said Mason. Of particular interest are temperature and environmental changes that may be related to Earth's Medieval Warm Period that lasted from about A.D. 950 to 1250.
"That particular time period is thought by some to be an analog of what is happening to our environment now as Earth's temperatures are rising," said Mason. "One of our goals is to find out how these people adapted to a changing climate through their subsistence activities."
The Cape Espenberg beach ridges, wave-swept deposits made of sand and sediment running parallel to the shoreline that were deposited over centuries, often are capped by blowing sand to form high dunes. The Cape Espenberg dwellings were dug into the dunes and shored up with driftwood and occasional whale bones.
The team is examining the timing and formation of the beach ridges as well as the contents of peat and pond sediment cores to help them reconstruct the sea-level history and the changing environment faced by Cape Espenberg's settlers. Information on past climates also is contained in driftwood tree rings, and the team is working with INSTAAR affiliate Scott Elias, a University of London professor and expert on beetle fossils, who is helping the team reconstruct past temperatures at Cape Espenberg.
While the hunting of bowhead whales was a way of life for Inupiat Eskimos at Barrow and Point Hope in northwestern Alaska 1,000 years ago, it is still not clear if the Cape Espenberg people were whaling, said Mason. While whale baleen -- a strong, flexible material found in the mouths of whales that acts as a food filter -- and a variety of whale bones have been found during excavations there, the sea offshore is extremely shallow and some distance from modern whale migration routes. However, there is evidence of fishing and seal and caribou hunting by the group, he said.
The Inupiat Eskimos are believed to have occupied Cape Espenberg from about A.D. 1000 until the mid-1800s, said Hoffecker. They are part of the indigenous Eskimo culture that lives in Earth's circumpolar regions like Alaska, Siberia and Canada.
The Cape Espenberg site has yielded a treasure trove of several thousand artifacts, including sealing harpoons, fishing spears and lures, a copper needle, slate knives, antler arrow points, a shovel made from a walrus scapula, a beaver incisor pendant, ceramics, and even toy bows and toy harpoons. The bronze artifact unearthed in August is currently under study by prehistoric metallurgical expert and Purdue University Assistant Professor H. Kory Cooper.
Explore further: Fossil brain teaser: New study reveals patterns of dinosaur brain development


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If you visit Stanton Airfield (SYN) in southeast Minnesota, you may think you've stepped back in time.
The airport, created in 1942 to provide primary flight training for Carleton College students preparing for military enlistment, has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The privately owned, public use airport, once known as Carleton Airport, still has grass runways and a World War II-era wooden and concrete hangar.
The airport, which is 30 miles southeast of Minneapolis, is one of the busiest glider ports in the Midwest, according to Tom Rent, airport director.
"We have about 2,000 glider flights in the summer," he says. "The fact the airport was never modernized, such as having the runways paved, makes us unique. We are one of the last privately owned, public use airports left in Minnesota."
After the war the college leased the airport to Malcolm and Margaret Manuel, who eventually bought the property. The Manuels owned the 160 acres until 1990, when they sold it to the newly formed Stanton Sport Aviation Corp., of which Rent is a member.
"When we bought the property, it became our intent to protect the airport from encroachment and to maintain it as a place to have fun," he says.
Rent said that the listing on the National Register of Historic Places makes the airport part of the national parks system. Corporation members hope that information about the airport will start showing up on tourism and recreational literature.


Wednesday, April 6, 2016
A to Z of Grave New World 2016: E is for Elsie
E is for Elsie the Ohio River Monster.
Sightings of Elsie go back to the Iroquois long before european settlers found the area and have always been especially prominent within several miles either direction of what is now Cincinnati, OH and Newport, KY. Elsie is believed to be a corrupted version of a an Iroquois word meaning "sprit serpent". She was officially added to the National Cryptid Repository in 1961 and was given special protected status in 1968, after several drunken mobsters in Newport unloaded two tommy guns at her.
Elsie has been positively identified as a neoplesiosaur, a fairly common cryptid species that is extremely long lived and indigenous to lakes and rivers all over the world, including Loch Ness in Scotland and Lake Champlain in the Northeastern U.S.
Cryptozoologists, still have numerous unanswered questions about the creatures, especially their ability to disappear, sometimes for decades. Dr. Ashon Lagat of Kenya has been studying the creatures for over thirty years and claims to have consulted a redcap named Tumult who says that the creatures have several spiritual qualities to them and that they transcend humanly's understanding of animals, in the much same way sasquatches do. While Dr. Lagat does not fully embrace Tumult's information, he has not ruled it out.
Meanwhile, on a clear day, keep your eyes out for Elsie.
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Marvel Monday: Wolverine for Godbound


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Inspiring the next generation of food scientists
Europe's food industry is constantly evolving and adapting — so much so, that it has become one of the most important and dynamic industrial sectors. EU research plays a key role too, with a focus on consumer perceptions and attitudes towards food and nutrition, as well as innovation through advanced technologies in traditional food production, food quality and better understanding of the environmental impact of food. It is estimated that food, together with drinks, has created an industry with a combined annual turnover in excess of EUR 900 billion — this is the single largest manufacturing sector in the EU in terms of turnover, value addition and employment. Indeed, in times of serious unemployment growth in the EU, the food industry is able to maintain jobs, and this adds to the social dimension of the industry. But it's an area that calls for further research and development, which is why emphasis has been placed on inspiring the next generation of scientists and technologists to explore a career in food.
This is the objective behind an EU-funded support action called TRACK_FAST, which is helping to define the development of a relatively new science. The TRACK_FAST consortium is focused on ensuring the continuation of the EU's food industry leadership in the global economy, by promoting a higher degree of innovation and competitiveness in the food sector. However, there are challenges: a growing and ageing population; environmental, social and operational sustainability; and ensuring consumer trust and behaviour. So the food and drink industry needs to find ways of staying ahead in a competitive global economy. To do this, innovation has to be applied on a daily basis, via a motivated and well-trained workforce within the industry.
To understand more about the challenges and ways of addressing them, TRACK_FAST conducted a Europe-wide survey aimed at 3,000 professionals. In one particular questionnaire covering 281 food companies, it was observed that only 50 % of the employees working as food scientists and technologists had a degree in food science, technology or engineering. In addition, it was found that 10 % of trained food scientists and technologists employed in Europe did not have a university degree. The most typical education of the remaining professionals was related to fields such as agriculture, chemical engineering, nutrition and environment engineering.
The questionnaires revealed that 85 % of the food industry professionals worked in the areas of quality and safety management and production, and in the areas of research, development and consumer/marketing studies.
These represent important areas of activity within the food and drink professionals; they are enabling TRACK_FAST to focus future efforts on identifying relevant skills.
But it's not their only area of focus. A forthcoming event in Brussels will bring together food industry representatives, training and higher education institutions, and policymakers to outline recommendations for the future.
The Open Symposium with presentation of the main results of the TRACK_FAST project on 29 January. Topics covered will include; the skills needed in the industry, the continual professional development portfolio for the food and drink professional, suggestions for actions to attract motivated students, and the role of the different stakeholders in defining the future of the sector and the people working within. The results of a Pan-European survey to more than 3,000 professionals will also be showcased.
Participation is open to any interested stakeholder.


My Book
'How to have a garden you love that fits beautifully into your lifestyle.'
Book by Garden Designer, Sally Tierney BSc(Hons), MSGD. of Yorkshire Garden Designer.
The Garden Equation consists of three steps which, if used and applied correctly, will give you all the information you need to make the right choices to create or adapt the ideal garden for you and what is going on in your life at that time. Hopefully, by the end of this book, you will be thinking about the garden as an integral and essential part of your immediate living space which is just as important to you as a room in your house.
Chapters Include:
 1. What Is Preventing Your Garden Being a Delight
 2. Know What You Want
 3. Identifying the Growing Conditions in Your Garden and Why They Are Important
 4. Maintenace Considerations
 5. Where To Get Ideas and Inspiration From
 6. What To Do If Your Garden Is Becoming A Burden
 7. What To Do If Your Garden Is Already Out of Control
 8. The Next Steps: How To Translate The Ideas and Pretty Pictures Into Reality
 9. How To Keep The Garden In Tune With Your Lifestyle In The Future
Get in touch today, call 01904 623 343
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Anxiety, hyperactivity, sleep problems – these are very common concerns parents have about their children and that affect the entire family's wellbeing. A parent can only be as relaxed as the least unruffled child in the family.
Something so simple, taking a relaxing bath, can now be considered an evidence-based lifestyle prescription. A recent randomised, controlled, cross-over study from Japan has found that the benefits of a hot bath for just 10 minutes a day improves both physical and emotional aspects of quality of life.
In today's high-paced society, L-theanine has a crucial role to play in the clinical management of stress, relaxation, cognition and sleep.


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Knowledge for effective conservation includes knowledge about organisms, knowledge about the environment and knowledge about humans. In this broadcast, we will more clearly define this human aspect, which includes the application of social psychology, economics, political science, - communications and more. In part one of the session, the presenters will introduce the theory and practical application of this social aspect to our conservation work. We will also introduce you to the recently created Branch of Human Dimensions at the Natural Resource Program Center. Part two - is an interactive round table discussion, with the host and viewers asking the panel specific questions about their experience linking the human dimension with conservation. - - Objectives: Upon completion of this series, you will be able to: - · Define the Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Conservation; - · Identify examples of the application of the Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Conservation in the US Fish and Wildlife Service; and - · Locate Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Conservation resources for use in further research and application.
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MVCC, or Multi-Version Concurrency Control, is the technology that PostgreSQL uses to avoid unnecessary locking. If you have ever used another SQL capable DBMS, such as MySQL or Access, you have probably noticed that there are times when a reader has to wait for access to information in the database. The waiting is caused by people who are writing to the database. In short, the reader is blocked by writers who are updating records.
By using MVCC, PostgreSQL avoids this problem entirely. MVCC is considered better than row-level locking because a reader is never blocked by a writer. Instead, PostgreSQL keeps track of all transactions performed by the database users. PostgreSQL is then able to manage the records without causing people to wait for records to become available.


Science project
Measuring The Wind
This project encourages the student to look for correlations between wind speed, temperature, and time of day in order to come up with an explanation about the origin of wind.
The goal is to have the student use the scientific method to reach a conclusion about the relationship between wind speed, temperature and time of day.
What is the relationship between temperature, time of day, and the wind?
 - Materials to construct the anemometer (five Dixie cups, two straws, a pin, scissors, a paper punch, a stapler), a thermometer, pencil and paper, and a calculator.
 - Materials can be found at home (or a Wal-Mart-type store)
 1. Measure the wind speed everyday in a location that is often windy for three weeks. Make the measurement in the morning, at mid-day, and at dusk.
 2. Record the temperature each time you make a measurement.
 3. Calculate the average wind speed and temperature for each time of day you made the measurement.
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Science at the LibraryMay 21
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 These are free activities and recommended for elementary age children. Families are encouraged to attend.
The Dancing Earth and Moon
Why does the moon revolve around Earth.Learn the reason why and what early people thought the moon was doing as it was moving around the Earth.


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Karapan Sapi, Indonesian Traditional Bull Racing
Karapan sapi is a bull racing festival held in a small island of Madura, Indonesia. It is an ancient tradition still widely celebrated by the Maduran. It is also a main tourist attraction on the island. This article will discuss the history, the rule of the game and also the controversy sorrounding this unusual sport.
Instead of the more common horse racing, the people of Madura Island, Indonesia prefer to ride bull in a race. This folk sport is a popular tourist attraction. People from around the world come to this small island to witness this unusual sport. Karapan sapi, literally means the race of the bulls, brings plenty of excitement on the island. This highly-valued tradition also plays fundamental part in the life of the local people.
The Island of Madura
Madura is a rustic island located just across the Madura Strait to the northeast of Java Island. The island is famous for its natural beauty, salt commodities, exotic dishes, traditional colorful fabric, distinct culture and its people's emotional characters. The island is inhabited by more than five thousand people, mostly farmers. Following the completion of a bridge across Madura Strait, the island has now become more accessible than ever. One of the most celebrated festivals on the island is the "karapan sapi" or bull racing. Besides its cultural importance, the event significantly supports the economy of the island.
Image credit
History of bull racing
Bull racing in Madura Island had its root well laid centuries ago. It is one of the oldest native sports in the world. The game was originally conducted on rice fields. It was designed as a fun way to plow rice field and prove the strengths of the animals. Karapan sapi was further popularized by Prince Kantadur from local kingdom of Sumenep in the 13th century. In the 1930s the Dutch ruler started to organize and promote the sport all over the island and in nearby East Java Province.
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The Maduran takes this race seriously. Decades ago, Maduran living outside the island will readily take a long journey home only to attend karapan sapi festival. Originally the sport was held during plowing season as the racing bulls were actually racing on paddy field and literally plowing the field. Now it was more often held in post-harvest time, usually in the months of July to October. The winners of minor races will compete for Presidential Trophy in Pamekasan, the island's capital city in late September or early October.
The bull
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The bulls employed in the race are reddish or creamy brown, humped-neck, long-tailed, fleshy and have short horns. The species raised on Madura Island is considered better than its Javan cousin. The best racing bulls come from Sapudi Island, an islet near Madura Island. They are fed with high quality grass, corn leaves, honey, eggs and special mixture of secret herbs to make their necks and muscles strong. One bull needs more than forty eggs a day. The bull is also given regular massage. Raising a strong and fast racing bull is an expensive business for Maduran farmer. The cost of raising a single bull can reach 300 US dollar a month. It is a huge amount compared to the potential prize money. For the owner of the bull, the cost is a fair exchange for the respect and glory that he will get when his bull wins the race.
The rule of the game
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A day before the race, the bulls are cleaned, combed, decorated in rich clothing and flowery ribbons. Sheltered with colorful parasols, the bulls parade through the town's major street. Each bull is accompanied by a group of musicians busily playing their flutes and drums. Besides the musician, a group of handlers and supporters also faithfully march behind the bull. When traditional percussion orchestra called saronen begins to play, the riders or local school children will dance a traditional "Pecot Dance". "Pecot" is the local word for whip. When the race is about to begin, the bulls are stripped off their fine costumes. They are then dressed in practical racing attire.
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Two bulls are hitched together to a plow-like contraption. A rider, usually a young boy called jockey perches on the contraption. The contraption on which the jockey stands is actually only a simple piece of sled. Once the flag drops, the jockey starts jabbing the bulls in a rump with sharpened bamboo while trying as hard as he can to keep his balance and clinging on for dear life. The bulls run for one hundred meters like crazy, partly because of the pains. On the average, one pair of bull can finish the distance in less than 10 seconds. The first bull whose forelegs cross the finish line first wins the race and the owner takes all the praise. In most circumstances, it is the jury who decide which one is the winner. The race is conducted in a series of elimination heats.
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The bull runs slower than horse but riding it in such a way is no less dangerous. Furthermore, the bulls are running in pain and rage. Should a jockey fall; he will surely suffer serious injury. Frequently, after crossing the finish line, a raging bull continues running and chasing after spectators standing around the finish line. To avoid any unwanted incidents, a particular person called "tukang nyandak" will try to catch and hold the still-running bull.
The controversy
The sport, fun as it is, also draws controversy. Some animal activists have raised their concern in respect of the animal welfare. The bulls do not enjoy the race as much as the people. The bamboo sticks held by the jockey hit them in their most tender regions. Occasionally (and illegally) the jockey use iron spikes instead of bamboo stick to jab the bulls, thus causing more pain to them. Due to fierce competition and the sum of money at stake, some jockeys sometimes do heartless things to make the bulls run faster such as dabbing the animal's eyes with chilies or hot balm, scratching the bull's bottom using sharp nails just before the race and then put on hot balm or chilies on the wounds. As if those were not enough, the bulls are forced to drink traditional liquor called "arak". The jockeys believe that the more uncomfortable the bull is, the faster it will run. It is a painful sport for the bulls. Indonesian government had forbidden these practices, but so far, they are still occurring. In addition; the game invites local people, mostly farmers to bet. Not infrequently a farmer loses his months of earning on their favorite bulls. Apart from the negative side of karapan sapi, its role in enlivening the island's economy is unquestionable.
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Comments (11)
Thank you Yovita for this. Voted. Thanks for support.
Ranked #3 in Popular Culture
Never seen this before, have seen ostrich racing, not quite the same of course, An interesting read.
Nice post! Very interesting and informative. Thanks
Interesting and impressive share. thanks
very interesting article
Ranked #10 in Popular Culture
Yes indeed very interesting, getting to know Indonesian culture from your expertise, well done.
You have done a superlative job in this article.thank you.
Glad you pointed out the cruelty involved too. Better regulations and harsh fines for those who are cruel should be in place.
interesting tradition..we also have a similar festival about bull racing
WoW! A real stopper....enjoyed every bit of this artlce. In Nigeria here, am aware of the camel race nd horse race among the hausa which attracts thousands of tourists. I believe in cultural heritage, however, this animals shold not be treated with cruelty. Thanks for this contribution.
Sounds interesting!