Oldest Human Footprints Outside of Africa Found
By Carl Engelking | February 7, 2014 1:28 pm
Researchers discovered the oldest human footprints outside of Africa in Britain.
View of footprint surface looking north. Credit: Simon Parfitt
Citizens of Britain can now trace their origins several large steps backward in time. Archaeologists recently discovered the oldest set of human footprints outside of Africa along the eastern coast of Britain.
Rough seas last summer in the village of Happisburgh, Norfolk, washed away portions of the shore revealing a set of about 50 footprints. Researchers estimate the prints are between 800,000 and 1 million years old, which is now the oldest evidence of early humans ever found in northern Europe.
Footprints' History
Due to the various sizes of footprints, researchers believe a mixed group of at least five adults and juveniles were walking along mudflats of what was then the Thames River estuary. Based on the size of the prints, researchers believe the group was related to Homo antecessor, or "Pioneer Man," which died off some 800,000 years ago. The group was likely scouting the area for food, and could have been related.
Researchers found 50 footprints from a group of five adults and juveniles.
Prior to the Norfolk find, the oldest human remains found in Britain were a set of tools dating back 700,000 years. Older human evidence tends to be found in southern Europe where researchers, for example, have unearthed 780,000-year-old skull fragments in southern Spain.
The Norfolk find sheds new light on the tenacity and adaptability of northern Europe's earliest human ancestors, Chris Stringer, an archaeologist with the project, told the Associated Press:
A Rare Find
The discovery is significant to our understanding of human origins, but it's also incredibly lucky. Finding preserved footsteps is difficult, given the punishing forces of erosion along seacoasts. Previously, the record for the oldest set of footprints in Britain was 7,500 years old, which pales in comparison to the Norfolk find. The Norfolk team called the Happisburgh prints a "one in a million" find.
Fortunately, archaeologists captured plenty of photographic evidence to study Britain's oldest footprints in May 2013, because what the sea gives it also takes away. Most of the ancient footprints have already disappeared due to erosion. However, researchers are optimistic that the same forces could someday unveil new evidence, as well.
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MORE ABOUT: human origins
 - Wayne
 Where are the dinosaur prints?
 - Astrodwarf
 - Michael Cadotte
 The dinosaur footprints and human footprints were found together along the Mississippi
 - Wayne
 Oh, I forgot about that. I think mama grizzly from Alaska was the one who discovered them. You betcha!
 - SixSixSix
 No those were Texas Republican prints, they only act like dinosaurs.
 - Lee Dwyer
 Are they that evolved?
 - Claudia Gibson
 No, they're only acting!
 - SixSixSix
 Well, pond scum would get insulted, so we have to compare them to extinct life forms.
 - Phinneus
 Of course the dino prints were probably 30-40 million or so years older than the hominind prints. You never really believed Ally Oop and Dino did you? The two species never remotely inhabited the Earth at the same time..
 - Claudia Gibson
 Hahahaha, boy did I need that laugh!
 - Cindy Leah Gordon
 Simply amazing!
 Someone should share this with Ken Ham, then step back because his head will explode!
 - Nátán Ailín Ó Duinn
 were you there to observe???? hmmm???? lol
 - SixSixSix
 Yes. I am older than dirt and fossils. Just ask my kids, they will tell you.
 - StanChaz
 It's not in his "book". Poor boy.
 - kandy830
 a computer. try this FiscalMaze.ℂom
 - nestazhe265
 My Uncle Harrison recently got Infiniti Q50
 - naedrdmk
 A million years ago? Somewhere, a creationist just said, "Dammit!"
 - Claudia Gibson
 I freakin love science!
 - jhnycmltly
 No pyramids?
 - Bear Eggers
 Not only were hominids walking around Britain 800,000 years ago, if you look closely at the picture you can see evidence they using Japanese cameras. Amazing.
 - Lee Dwyer
 Yes I would have lined a clearer photo sobs perhaps a ruler as a scale A lense cover? Really. Maybe it is evidence of prehistoric Japanese tourist footprints! Taking photos of dinosaurs!
 - _URL_ William Stolley
 Obviously wearing some sort of sandal/boot as well; footwear inspired by aliens no doubt.
 - SixSixSix
 Yes, yes. Right after teaching them how to smash with jaw of a wild animal (how 2001 and Cain like, wow science (fiction) and religion (fiction) together!).
 - Texan4Peace
 The first line of the article is misleading; as it states later, these "early humans" are most likely NOT the direct ancestors of any human living today (all of whom are presumably descended from a more recent migration out of Africa, about 70,000 years ago), but rather a line that died out.
 - uncommonsense2010
 I'm not going to argue with you. but the fact is, no matter how much we think we know scientifically. It always gets proven wrong.
 The only thing I can say is use current data / methods (even if flawed) write as many books using those, swear it's all true, make a living pushing whatever current truth there is.
 After all a candle in a glass once filled it with a chemical called Phlogistin that extinguished the flame. THEN later after people were rewarded for those discoveries did we discover it was actually the lack of O2 to oxidize the hydrocarbons.
 Truth is, most science has flaws including evolutionary man. But don't let that stop any of us from trying to make bank off it while people still believe it.
 - _URL_ Peter French
 All science can do is theorize from the evidence available. Until there's new evidence that disproves the theory, it's the best there is. Is that flawed? I don't think so. You might say the existence of a chemical known as Oxygen is just a theory, but it works better than Phlogiston.
 - Phinneus
 One of the problems is that most of the'writers' that
 pen these accounts do not have a clue, and make dumb statements and assertions…and many will now swear by them.
 - Emkay
 come on now…is it Phlogiston, or Phlogistin?
 - Herne Webber
 1) Did H. antecessor interbreed with or evolve into H. neanderthalensis? Because otherwise it would be hard to say we descendants of the Brits have the prior as Ancestors. Possible, but hard. If they did not become or interbreed with Neanderthals, their descendants could also have bred with early modern humans in one of the earliest of those expansions, but, ahem, 'proof, please.'
 2) Okay, did NOBODY think to put down something to fix the prints before they *could* be eroded!?!?!?!? Did ANYBODY take casts? Where were the archaeologists?
 - MsColleen
 They made casts, AND they took extensive high-quality photos. They also mapped the footprints in the same way any modern archaeological dig is mapped.
 - manjeetchaturve
 So many people walked about 8,00,000 years ago. Where are they?
 - Irwell Pete
 They all died
 - manjeetchaturve
 Yeah,but when we die there will be carbon footprints left.
 - Cheffy
 Ha, Ha – good one! How refreshing!
 - Njovu
 Do i see a footprint?? guess it takes a scientist to figure out a footprint from this mesh.
 - WSBK
 Are they sure it wasn't just college kids partying on the beach last summer?
 - Blake Roberts
 Gross! Why didn't they stay on the sidewalks instead of trudging through the mud?
 - StanChaz
 What happened to create/preserve such footprints? And not have them eroded after zillions of years….
 - uncommonsense2010
 There was an early dinosaur called the Hoaxasaurus. It walked everywhere.
 - Cheffy
 Why is this question asked so often??? They did say it was a one in a million kind of find…. Dinosaur footprints have been found in Utah that have since been wiped away by erosion. It may have taken 50 or 100 years, but that's about a day's worth of erosion by the sea for a sandstone outcrop (or metamorphosed sandstone) on a sand beach. Same idea as 15th century ships being unearthed along a coast due to conditions


Indirect evidence for the presence of non-specific anion channels in rabbit mandibular salivary gland acinar cells.
1. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using the fluorescent pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in acini isolated from the rabbit mandibular salivary gland. 2. Stimulation of the acinar cells with acetylcholine (ACh) evoked an intracellular acidosis, the size of which was dependent on the HCO3-concentration in the bathing medium. A half-maximal acidosis was observed at approximately 10 mM-HCO3-. ACh also evoked an acidosis in HCO3(-)-free solutions containing acetate; a half-maximal acidosis was observed at about 10 mM-acetate. 3. Propionate, lactate and butyrate were also able to support the ACh-evoked acidosis to varying extents. In contrast, formate, pyruvate and salicylate did not support the ACh-induced acidosis to any great extent. 4. Acetazolamide greatly reduced the size of the acidosis in HCO3(-)-buffered medium, but had no effect in acetate-buffered medium, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide was due to a specific inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity. 5. The Clchannel blockers diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC, 1 mM) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (0.5 mM) abolished the ACh-evoked acidosis in both HCO3(-) -and acetate-buffered media. 6. The data are consistent with the presence in the acinar cell of relatively non-specific anion channels sensitive to DPC and its derivatives. Such channels, activated on stimulation with ACh, would allow HCO3- and other weak acid ions to leave the cell, leading to the observed acidosis. The existence of such channels, located in the apical membrane, could explain why HCO3- or acetate can sustain fluid secretion in the intact perfused rabbit mandibular gland in the absence of Cl-.[1]
WikiGenes - Universities


Supply Chain News Bites - Only from SCDigest
-March 11, 2010 -
Supply Chain Graphic of the Week: The Supply Chain ROI Probability Curve
 Graphics show the Power of using this Approach to Calculate and Analyze Project ROI
By SCDigest Editorial Staff
The reality of supply chain project ROI is that it is best represented as a probability curve, not as a single number (e.g., expected internal rate of return), as though the single number approach is by far the most commonly used method to calculate and evaluate ROI within the industry.
SCDigest Editor Dan Gilmore's First Thoughts column on this topic argued why probability is inherently a better and more accurate approach (even at the "price" of more complexity). It will often ultimately lead to better investment decisions, both in terms if "go/no go" and how to maximize total expected return by factoring in risk. (See The "Probability of Supply Chain ROI.)
This concept is illustrated in the graphic below. It takes some mental exercise to grasp the concept at first, but with that effort the idea should be clear in the end.
The approach starts in part by estimating the probability of savings or ROI in a number of different aspects of a project (e.g., what is the level of confidence we have that we will achieve this rate of inventory reduction?). Different components of savings and ROI a "Monte Carlo" simulation is run using something as simple as Excel to generate a range of ROI results based on those probabilities.
The result can be something like what is shown in the graphic. The X-axis represents different potential project ROI levels, ranging from negative returns to as much as 125% (this is just a specific example – the real results range would be specific to a given project).
The "expected" ROI is the ROI that occurs the most times in the simulation - or the top of the curve. Logically, returns slightly above or below that number are also seen a high number of times.
The probability of different scenarios can be determined by the "area under the curve for a given range of ROI (easily calculated). The total area under the entire curve would represent 100%. So, in this example, the probability that the project will have at least a positive ROI (the area under the curve to the right of 0%) might be something like 90%.
The probability that the ROI will exceed the corporate hurdle rate (everything to the tight of the red dashed line) might be about 70%.
ROI as Probability Curve
Source: Doug Hubbard, Hubbard Decision Research
This data could also be represented this way as well:
In this view, the potential ROI is divided into 20 ranges (e.g. 10-15%). The height of each range bar indicates its probability of occurrence, with the top probability being achieved by the two ranges that each top out at about 8%. So, if you added up the probability of each range to the right of the red line, it would total the probability that the project will exceed the corporate hurdle rate.
This kind of analytic power is very valuable.
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Dealing with a disability when driving
The practical and theory tests can be nervous and stressful for anyone but when you have a disability like dyslexia, dyspraxia, partial deafness, partial sight, ME or something else it makes learning to the driver that bit more stressful. None of the previous mentioned disabilities will prevent you from learning to drive but the DSA do need to know if you have a disability before you take your driving test.
Dyslexia and dyspraxia ‚ when booking the theory test you can apply for an extended test and depending on the severity of the dyslexia request that an examiner reads the questions. When booking the theory test you need to send a letter on headed paper from your college, school or doctor. The headed letter can be either faxed to 0300 _PHONE_ or sent by post to The Driving Standards AgencyBooking Department, PO Box 381, Manchester M50 3UW, make sure that your full name and address are included. Someone from the DSA will then contact you within 10 days to arrange your theory test if 10 days pass and you haven't heard anything try calling them on 0300 _PHONE_.
With the practical, the DSA will also have to be informed when booking the test because one of the elements of the test is to drive independently for 10 minutes, therefore, the examiner may choose to give you verbal directions instead of telling you to follow signs to avoid confusion.
Partial sight ‚ this can affect your ability to judge distance and can affect your depth perception, depending on which eye is affected it can also cause problems when reversing. When booking the driving test click on the box asking about disability and change the answer to yes then write on the following page in the space provided that you have problems with vision again depending on the severity of the problem they may ask for a note from your doctor.
Partial deafness ‚ When the examiner is giving instruction if you are unable to hear him/her clearly then you may make mistakes or miss stop junctions as you are trying to second guess the instruction. Inform DSA when you book the test so they can make a note on the test sheet for the examiner test also inform the examiner before the test commences. He/she will then give you earlier and louder instruction and may even use his hands to help direct you.
When driving occasionally people forget where left and right are with so much else going on its an easy thing to forget the examiners are aware of this and when informed they will use their hands to point which direction to take as well as give you the verbal direction this makes your life and their life so much easier.
With other disabilities like ME, early-stage MS or anything else you think might affect your ability to drive sure when booking your test you inform the DSA and they make a note of it on the test paper so the examiner is fully aware, it could make all the difference.
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Dolphin Chi
Circle of life, communication, joy and freedom.
Dolphins have long played an important role in human culture due to their intelligence, eagerness to communicate and their essence of pure joy. They represent the binding together of incompatible worlds. Dolphins also incarnate a powerful myth of femininity and are greatly associated with dolphin rider, Aphrodite, who was a Dolphin Goddess. In Greek mythology, Dolphins were considered with welcome since they symbolized a good omen for a smooth voyage. Embodying values such as caring, nurturing, communicating and highly evolved intelligence. Dolphins are an incredibly generous and joyful species. That is why HighChi decided to give away 10% of all profits generated by the Dolphin Chi pendant to, who are committed to saving dolphins and Whales and protecting our oceans. Together we can make a difference. Lets preserve the circle of life.
 Dolphin Chi
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I would like to somehow limit what kind of inputs constructors are allowed to take in an inductive definition. Say I want to say define binary numbers as follows:
Inductive bin : Type :=
 | O : bin
 | D : bin -> bin
 | S : bin -> bin.
The idea here is that D doubles up a nonzero number by adding a zero at the end and S takes a number with zero as the last digit and turns the last digit into a one. This means that the following are legal numbers:
S 0
D (S 0)
D (D (S 0))
while the following would not be:
S (S 0)
D 0
Is there a way to enforce such restrictions in an inductive definition in a clean way?
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add comment
2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
You could define what it means for a bin to be legal with a predicate, and then give a name to the subset of bins that obey that predicate. Then you write functions with Program Definition and Program Fixpoint instead of Definition and Fixpoint. For recursive functions you'll also need a measure to prove the arguments of your functions decrease in size since the functions are not structurally recursive anymore.
Require Import Coq.Program.Program.
Fixpoint Legal (b1 : bin) : Prop :=
 match b1 with
 | O => True
 | D O => False
 | D b2 => Legal b2
 | S (S _) => False
 | S b2 => Legal b2
Definition lbin : Type := {b1 : bin | Legal b1}.
Fixpoint to_un (b1 : bin) : nat :=
 match b1 with
 | O => 0
 | D b2 => to_un b2 + to_un b2
 | S b2 => Coq.Init.Datatypes.S (to_un b2)
Program Definition zer (b1 : lbin) := O.
Program Fixpoint succ (b1 : lbin) {measure (to_un b1)} : lbin :=
But this simply-typed approach would probably be easier.
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This seems more reasonable than the other answer. I was too lazy to write one. You could take a predicate as additional argument, but then writing numbers is annoying. You could just not care and canonicalize when needed. – Ptival Dec 24 '12 at 21:13
add comment
This could be done with inductive-recursive definitions - but unfortunately Coq doesn't support those.
From an object-oriented programming perspective, O, D and S are subtypes of bin, and their constructor types are then definable without resorting to logical predicates, but Coq doesn't support object-oriented programming natively either.
However, Coq does have typeclasses. So what I might do is make bin a typeclass, and make each of the constructors a separate inductive type, each of which has an instance of the bin typeclass. I'm not sure what the method(s) of the typeclass would be though.
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text:
Coconut shells have in modern days been put into different uses ranging from jewelry boxes to flower pots. Coconut shells can also be used as oil burning lamps, since they are easy to get, cheap and Eco friendly, and here is how to make one.
- Hard glue
- cotton string
- two coconuts.
- metallic bottle topProcedure
DIY for Oil burning lamps
- Cut the two coconut using the hacksaw into two halves thus having four halves
- Use the knife to remove the flesh
- Remove all the fibers to a smooth surface using the sand paper.
- hold together the two clean halves using the hard glue.
- make a hole on one side of the half big enough to place the glued shell on to serve as a stand
- using the knife make a hole on the bottle top and put through the string.
- place some oil in the shell and place the string in and close.
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Question by jeremy46 (325)
What is the IRS adoption credit?
Answer by stinkymess (310)
Your income plays a part in the allowable IRS tax credits. You can get credit for adopting a child. The allowable credit is around $12 or $13 thousand dollars.
Answer by egg (30)
An IRS adoption credit is a tax credit offered to adoptive parents to encourage adoption. Qualified expenses include adoption fees, court costs, attorney fees, traveling expenses, etc.
Answer by Chaneygirl (1755)
It is a credit for expenses incurred when adopting an eligle child (under 18 or disabled). It includes legal fees, adoption fees, travel and court costs. It cannot be your spouse's child.
Answer by tamarawilhite (17883)
For adoptions that were completed in 2010, there is a tax credit capped at $13,170. However, this is the maximum per adoption; if your expenses were less, you receive a tax credit to that amount.
Answer by PamelaK (264)
The IRS adoption credit allows you to reduce your taxes owed by a certain amount of the expenses involved in adopting a child.
Answer by hyperkid (470)
Basically an adoption credit is for when you adopt a child you may be able to take out a tax credit (including expenses) for the adopted child. Though it depends on if the adopted child qualifies and the expenses are also quantifiable. The adoption credit is an amount that you subtract from your tax liability.
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potential and energy
Formed in 2017, The Mill's mission is to foster collaborations (on both the individual & organizational levels) with the purpose of developing revolutionary ideas in the arts and humanities. These multi-disciplinary initiatives are coupled with youth education, mentorship, and supportive infrastructure.
The original Arlington gristmill (built in 1764) used the river's potential energy to create product. THE MILL similarly believes in potential and energy. The original buildings serve as a "Hub" for connectivity, but THE MILL's reach is far beyond the local campus.
So - What is THE MILL?
- THE MILL is a safe-space to create new works of theatre, art, dance, music, literature, poetry, architecture, design, television, film, & digital media.
- THE MILL will offer Special Events; Classes; Workshops; Performances of Theater, Music, Art, & Dance; Exhibitions, Concerts, Staged Readings, Screenings, and a Resource/Research Center.
- THE MILL offers the opportunity for established artists to explore their different talents for personal growth.
- THE MILL provides up-and-coming creatives the chance to learn from the best - and from one another. Mentoring is central to the mission of THE MILL. We hope that established artists will take this opportunity to groom the next generation of aspiring creatives – and that the young talented alumni will return to THE MILL in the future – as mentors. With time, the extensive alumni network will enhance and expand opportunities for future generations. Creative legacy and the direct sharing of artistic traditions from generation to generation are fundamental to the philosophy of THE MILL.
- THE MILL fosters creative collaborations and welcomes unexpected combinations. It is a meeting place for conversation and debate.
- THE MILL encourages young creatives to develop key life skills to engage and serve their communities in a positive way. THE MILL builds creative confidence and instills pride of ownership in our youth – with the goal of turning imagination into action. The hopeful outcome is youth retention and increased ingenuity - with the goal of inspiring the entrepreneurial spirit and community empowerment.
- THE MILL is an historic campus, which will grow over time with a keen eye focused on providing the needed infrastructure for the development of future initiatives and innovation. Creative vision cannot be realized without space and tools. Currently under construction is a state-of-the-art sound studio. THE MILL believes in the adaptive re-use of historic buildings. The rehabilitation, restoration, re-invention and transformation of these spaces not only demonstrates imagination and ingenuity, but signals to our youth that taking care of our past is key to a brighter future.
- THE MILL is an opportunity to drive awareness and tourism to the region with a focus on the arts and humanities. Supporting the creative economy and fostering collaborations at the organizational level between cultural institutions for optimal synergy and opportunity is fundamental to the philosophy of THE MILL.
- THE MILL serves as a creative retreat, where artists, musicians, dancers, writers, and historians can pause and refresh – in addition to showcasing their talents.
Education Never Stops
Peter's Brook never stops flowing behind THE MILL. Similarly, THE MILL is a space for lifelong learning.
THE MILL's unique arts education program has four key components:
- Life skills – THE MILL develops initiatives that encourage active listening, open communication, flexibility, the ability to improvise, skills of observation and organization, time-management, teamwork, conflict resolution, and confidence. At THE MILL, we firmly believe that innovation begins when a) a complex challenge is identified, b) the applied constraints are understood and c) inspired solutions are developed. Of course, the ability to articulate the complex challenge, the constraints, and the proposed solution is the final key skill that must be developed for a successful realization of the vision.
- Technical skills – THE MILL recognizes that not everyone will be able to articulate their thoughts in words or share their ideas in pictures. Some great talents are best demonstrated through common trade skills, such as carpentry, sewing, electrical work, welding, lighting, etc. Since the best learning connects technology and the humanities, THE MILL supports the development of these skills, because - while all of these can certainly be applied to theater, film, digital media, costuming, sound recording, etc. - they can also lead to future opportunities in engineering, the sciences and common trades. Not every young artist will desire to pursue a professional career in the arts. Providing our youth with the basic skills and confidence to succeed in their chosen careers is an equally satisfying and very worthy outcome.
- History – THE MILL develops programs that explore art and literature in the context of history – and specifically, how history and current events affect the creative process – and vice versa.
- Mentoring – THE MILL connects artists of different generations and encourages mentoring. There is nothing more palpable than the kinetic energy that occurs when enthusiastic youth get to learn from experienced mentors. There is nothing more fulfilling to mentors than to share their knowledge, hard-earned skills, and legacy with the next generation.


What might cause a rhythmic, wavy baseline?
Last Updated: 11/19/2014
The most common causes of a rhythmic or wavy baseline are related to the pumping system. Typically, your pump will have two pistons and seals. If one is more worn than the other, this can cause flow and pressure variations in a very rhythmic pattern, which will also be seen by the detector. You can confirm a pump seal problem by varying the flow rate; the frequency (in time) of the baseline fluctuations should increase/decrease proportionally to an increase/decrease in the flow rate if the pump seals are worn. The solution is to replace the pump seals.
If you have a multiple pump system (binary, ternary, or quaternary), the problem may also be a function of insufficient mixing or of a malfunctioning proportioning valve.
Finally, another possibility may be the detector itself, though fluctuations would not tend to be rhythmic. Again, varying the flow-rate as mentioned above can confirm pumps are the issue, but if adjustment of flow does not have an effect on the baseline fluctuation, the detector itself (e.g. aging lamp if UV) could be the cause.


The Enchanted Planet Earth
There is a planet where plants plan world domination. Where beasts are good, and trees live for thousands of years, collecting memories in their bark. This enchanted place is Earth.
This book has 10 stories, and 10 maps. They may sound or look like they are out of a fairy-tale, but they are real, true maps of our planet. The Enchanted Planet Earth is a children's non-fiction book that also engages adults. Through magical maps it teaches about nature, oceans and the history of continents. The stories also provide a context where adults and kids can discuss the environmental issues and how people's actions affect nature. Through narratives the book explains the real processes that change our planet and make the Earth habitable.
FINLAND: Kustantamo S&S (orig.)
What Is Water?
Illustrated by Satu Kontinen
What Is Water? is an eye-opening non-fiction book for the whole family about the most important substance in the world. It examines water from four different perspectives: The Planet, Nature, The Human and The Dive. By popularizing physics, geography and history, for example, we get to know over 60 ways in which water is connected with life on Earth.
Rights sold:
FINLAND, Myllylahti (orig. publisher)
RUSSIA, KompasGuide
What Is the Night?
Illustrated by Satu Kontinen
A bedtime book of fictional and factual stories for knowledge-hungry kids and a literary tonic for insomniacs or those afraid of the dark.
This dark and mysterious book tells gentle stories about darkness and sleep. Divided into four parts, What is the Night? draws narratives from disciplines including astronomy, nocturnal nature, the physiology of sleep, and dreams, ending with an epilogue of multilingual good night wishes.
Over four, beautifully-illustrated chapters What is the Night? spins a captivating tale of true facts interspersed with myths and legends, explaining how the moon gets its glow, to the Ancient myths of how the night was created. This is the perfect bedtime book to read to others, both old and young, or oneself.
Rights sold:
FINLAND, Myllylahti (orig. publisher)
RUSSIA, KompasGuide
Mo-ko-ma-ki! What A Feeling!
Much of our lives – whether we are kids or grown-ups – boil down to how successfully we recognize and control our emotions. Children as young as 2 are able to recognize a feeling by the other person's expression, and at the age of 3 children can already identify their own feelings and comfort a sad person. In What A Feeling! the Mokomakis experience the full scale of the most common feelings. Can you tell what they are? And how do you feel? The little owls provide help and clues along the way. Oh, and there is a puzzle to solve, too.. The Book starts as a new Mokomaki trilogy: the following books will deal with colors (What A Color!) and forms (What A Form!)
Can you find my baby fox? It seems to have gone missing.
Ten little animals – or Mokomakis – have become separated from their mothers, and it's your job to figure out where they are. The book offers plenty of visual fun, loads of details and a lot to discover, either on your own or with a parent. Previously published as a board book, the first of three Mo-ko-ma-ki! books is now available in a new and improved paperback edition.
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CHINA, Bei Jing Northark
FRANCE, Sarbacane
TAIWAN, Grimm Press
Mo-ko-ma-ki! Who Was It?
Can you quickly figure out, before the Mokomakis do, which one of them has played a trick? The zebra's stripes have gone missing, someone makes faces at the giraffe, the little fox's rowan berries have been eaten…and who woke the little lion up? The third Mokomaki book is aimed at all the little detectives out there. It provides plenty of visual fun (and about a hundred little owls to count), loads of details and a lot to discover, either on your own or with a parent.
Rights sold:
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text: Divorce and marital instability are commonplace, but how do happy marriages become unhappy? How do marriages develop and change? In this book, leading researchers present recent research and theory that addresses these questions. Unlike previous books on marriage, which tend to focus on simply describing the differences between happy and unhappy couples, this book focuses on how marital dysfunction develops among newlywed couples. This information will be valuable as programs are devised to prevent marital discord and instability.


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Landmark data published on successful NTCD-M3 gut colonisation after fidaxomicin administration
Brighton, United Kingdom – 4 April 2023 – Destiny Pharma (AIM: DEST), a clinical stage innovative biotechnology company focused on the development of novel medicines that can prevent life-threatening infections, today announces that data generated from a C. difficile infection (CDI) model study on the ability of M3 (NTCD-M3), a non-toxigenic C. difficile strain, to successfully colonise the gut following administration of fidaxomicin has been peer-reviewed and published in Microbiology Spectrum
As previously reported, a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients suffering CDI demonstrated that administration of NTCD-M3 shortly after the use of antibiotics to treat the initial infection, successfully reduced recurrence of CDI from 30% in placebo to 5% in treated patients. Patients had received either vancomycin or metronidazole to treat the initial toxic C. difficile infection before receiving NTCD-M3 treatment. Since the end of this trial, fidaxomicin, a new antibiotic, has been added to US clinical guidelines for treating CDI. It is known that fidaxomicin, and especially its active metabolite3, reside within the gut for longer, potentially inhibiting colonisation by bacteria such as NTCD-M3. This landmark publication from research completed by the Microbiology Research Laboratory at the Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital in the US, has addressed this question by monitoring the colonisation of NTCD-M3 in an established and highly translatable CDI model following administration of fidaxomicin.
In summary, the paper concludes that NTCD-M3 is able to effectively and fully colonise the gut following fidaxomicin administration, indicating that NTCD-M3 would be effective in patients receiving this antibiotic, as well as older antibiotics, such as vancomycin and metronidazole.
Dr Bill Love, Chief Scientific Officer of Destiny Pharma, said: "This publication, authored by leading US CDI expert Dr Stuart Johnson, is a landmark for NTCD-M3, as the use of fidaxomicin is growing and it has recently been recommended by guidelines as the first choice for treatment of CDI in the US. This demonstration of successful and complete colonisation of the gut by NTCD-M3 post‑fidaxomicin, confirms that this groundbreaking live biotherapeutics product can be used alongside all currently recommended antibiotics in the treatment of this serious hospital infection."
 Gerding et al. Administration of Spores of Nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile Strain M3 for Prevention of Recurrent C difficile Infection A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA May 5, 2015 Volume 313, Number 17
 Johnson, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults. 73(5), pp.e1029–e1044.
3 Shue YK et al Safety, Tolerance, and Pharmacokinetic Studies of OPT-80 in Healthy Volunteers following Single and Multiple Oral doses Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:1391-5. Stool drug levels well above MIC of C difficile at 5 days post single dose of 200 or 300 mg.


What are the Risks of Yield Farming?
an image of a person holding a phone with crypto graphs and a laptop with the same - the Risks of Yield Farming
In several of our recent articles, we have discussed yield farming. I published the yield farming guide and then created a tutorial on how to do yield farming on Ubeswap. As explained in those articles, it is quite profitable. However, there are several risks of yield farming.
Any investment that offers medium to high rewards has risks, and yield farming is no different. That is why in this article, I will show you the risks of yield farming and liquidity mining so you are clear on what you're going into before you proceed.
If you don't know what yield farming is, click on any of the two links above to find out. I recommend you click on the first one and read through it before proceeding to the second.
What are the Risks of DeFi Yield Farming?
Here are the risks associated with yield farming:
 1. Risk of Impermanent Loss
 2. DeFi Smart Contract Risk
 3. Unfairness
 4. Risk of Scam
 5. Gas Fees
 6. Bugs in the Code
 7. Price Risks
 8. Strategy Risk
Risk of Impermanent Loss
Impermanent loss is one of the biggest risks of yield farming.
When farming yields on your assets, you add liquidity in pairs of equivalent value; if you add one ETH in an ETH/USDC pair and 1ETH is 2000 USDC, you must add 1ETH and 2000 USDC.
Suppose the value of ETH falls to 1000 USDC, the coins in the entire liquidity pool shifts to make up for that. When you have a huge loss in any of the coins in the pool in such situations, you can end up with an impermanent loss where you get a lower value than what you put in when you withdraw your liquidity.
The profit from farming yields on your cryptocurrency assets sometimes make up for the loss, but it doesn't always. Given the volatility of cryptocurrencies, you can be faced with this risk any time the value of a cryptocurrency drops. However, it only happens when the difference in value drops a lot.
DeFi Smart Contract Risk
Smart contracts control yield farming and DeFi. One bug in the smart contracts can cause the price of a token to drop to zero. A malicious hacker can exploit that bug to manipulate the project for any possibility, including losing all your cryptocurrency assets in the pools affected. To mitigate this risk, confirm that the smart contract has been audited.
Yield farming pools are controlled to a large extent by the founders and wealthier investors. That puts yield farmers with small funds at risk because if a wealthier investor takes out a large chunk of their investments, it can affect the platform.
One good example of this is what happened with Sushiswap. It fell quickly because the founder, Chef Nomi, removed his liquidity which ran in millions from the SUSHI/ETH pool. That caused a 73% crash in the price of SUSHI tokens which, of course, affected anyone holding the coin, including yield farmers.
Risk of Scam
When considering yield farming pools and applications to use, you need to be careful. Anyone can create an app for yield farming if they have the necessary skills. You must ensure that you are not using an app that isn't properly vetted or the owners aren't known.
Even then, you might still fall to this risk. The reason is that you get higher rewards from new protocols and applications; anyone that jumps on such in the first few weeks of launch can make a lot. When such things are new, you can't get reviews or comments from actual users.
You can still check online for comments because, in most cases, there would be some publicity about the app before they launch any liquidity pool. So, check GitHub, Twitter, and Reddit to see if there are negative comments.
Gas Fees
Gas fees on Ethereum are high – this is one fact that no one can debate. This is a problem for DeFi yield farming, especially for investors with smaller funds; wealthier participants might not mind.
When a lot of people take advantage of a yield farming opportunity and lock a lot of cryptocurrency in DeFi, gas fees skyrocket. In 2020, this was a big issue where gas fees reached over 100x more than usual due to yield farming activities on Uniswap.
When such happens, those with fewer funds would realize it's costly to withdraw their earnings and might end up losing money if they try. If they choose to leave the cryptocurrency in the pool, any other risks, such as impermanent loss and liquidation risks, can lead to a loss. Ethereum 2.0 with layer two scaling aims to solve this problem.
Bugs in the Code
Every app has bugs. Even when the developers do their best to ensure they don't, they can miss some of these things. For most top applications, such bugs don't cause much impact most of the time, but sometimes they can be serious. A malicious actor can exploit such issues to their advantage, making all investors in the yield farming pool lose their money.
Price Risks
This risk is not particular to farming yields on your cryptocurrency assets; it can happen to any crypto investor. As long as you hold crypto, you are liable to the risk of losing your money. Price changes happen a lot in the market. If the value of the coins in the pair you provide liquidity for lose value, you would lose some of your money,
There is also the aspect of the token. Some yield farming platforms offer their token as part of the rewards to yield farmers. If the value of the token falls, what you expect as returns for your investment reduces.
To give a clear picture of the above, here's this example. When farming yields on your assets in Ubeswap, you get UBE. If UBE was $5 when you invested but a few weeks later, it is $1, what you get in fiat is way different from what you expected at the time of your investment.
Strategy Risk
When doing yield farming, your strategy matters. You have to decide on what kind of pair to invest in. A hot pool today wouldn't be hot in a few weeks from now.
Here's the thing: if a pool provides 2000% returns which usually happens at launch, in a few weeks, that can drop to 300% because more money would have been pooled in by then. People would find out about that pool and invest, and as more people invest, the returns would reduce.
Although yield farming can be passive, you need to monitor your investment periodically, follow crypto news and us (subscribe for email updates), so you can pool out of a pool and invest in a better one when you need to.
You also look at the market's volatility as that can affect your capital and returns. If you weren't sure about a coin but invested only because of the high returns and the value is falling fast, you might decide to pool your investments in another pool.
Yield farming can be long term, so you shouldn't have to jump from pool to pool. Strategize wisely, and you will enjoy the returns from your crypto assets.
That is it for the risks associated with pulling your cryptocurrency in a yield farm. You can grow your cryptocurrency assets, whether Bitcoin, ethereum, Celo, and other cryptocurrencies in the blockchain. It's a great way to grow your cryptocurrency rather than leaving it to sit in an exchange or wallet.
I hope you take the suggestions in this article to mitigate your risks, so you earn more than you lose most of the time. Bear in mind that every good investment has risks; you just need to know how to mitigate them to reduce their impact.
If you have any questions or need help, click on this link for consulting with me. You can also subscribe using the form below to get updates whenever valuable posts like this are published.
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Two people decide to find the height of a tree. They position themselves 25 feet apart in line with, and on the same side of the tree. If they find that the angles of elevation from the ground where they are standing to the top of the tree are 65 degrees and 44 degrees respectively then how tall is the tree?
Get this answer with Chegg Study


text:
Acoustic analysis of speech signals is a noninvasive technique that has been proved to be an effective tool for the objective support of vocal and voice disease screening. In the present study acoustic analysis of sustained vowels is considered. A simplek-means nearest neighbor classifier is designed to test the efficacy of a harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) measure and the critical-band energy spectrum of the voiced speech signal as tools for the detection of laryngeal pathologies. It groups the given voice signal sample into pathologic and normal. The voiced speech signal is decomposed into harmonic and noise components using an iterative signal extrapolation algorithm. The HNRs at four different frequency bands are estimated and used as features. Voiced speech is also filtered with 21 critical-bandpass filters that mimic the human auditory neurons. Normalized energies of these filter outputs are used as another set of features. The results obtained have shown that the HNR and the critical-band energy spectrum can be used to correlate laryngeal pathology and voice alteration, using previously classified voice samples. This method could be an additional acoustic indicator that supplements the clinical diagnostic features for voice evaluation.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Signal Processing
- Hardware and Architecture
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


text: The history of Baja California has been closely tied to the exploitation of pearls since the 16th century. Using rudimentary diving techniques for most of this era, European and Mexican entrepreneurs recovered vast amounts of fine, dark pearls from this region. However, years of overfishing inevitably led to decades when the oyster beds were all but barren. Introduction of the diving suit in the 19th century extended the depth of the beds that could be fished, but overexploitation continued largely unchecked. Cultivation of the pearl oyster Pinctadamazatlanica by Gaston Vives, between 1903 and 1914, greatly slowed exhaustion of the natural stock. His company, CCCP, represented the world's first large-scale cultivation of pearl oysters, and many of Vives's discoveries are used today in renewed pearl-oyster cultivation and pearl-culturing activities in Baja California.


text:
You can achieve the requirement of using max() function in the data mapping having XSL transformer: "XALAN".
Following are the high-level steps that need to follow to use max() function in Data mapping:
1. Go to the Add Namespace option, under Namespace in Actions Menu in Data Mapper applet.
2. Now, simply copy the below-mentioned namespace in the text input area and click Ok button to add the namespace to XSL permanently.
' xmlns:math="_URL_ '
3. After adding the namespace, you can use the Max function by writing the below statement in the textual rule ( or wherever you want to use ).
' math:max(XPath of element) '
For example: If you want to find out the maximum age from records then simply write it as, math:max(/Root/Record/Age).
Note: The Max function is used for a node having the data type of number or string. The maximum is the result of converting the string value of the first node in this sorted list to a number using the number function
If the node-set is empty, or if the result of converting the string values of any of the nodes to a number is NaN, then NaN is returned.


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Please help me understand the sentence
I have this sentence from a game:
From what I can tell it says something like:
"If the demon king's last words spread throughout the world, people would continue living in fear [can't make much sense of the last part]"
Can anyone help me with this? Please explain the way the words in the second part of the sentence are connected and the forms used there - I'm especially interested in grammar.
For learning: Japanese
Base language: English
Category: Language
 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.
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 Best Answer - Chosen by the Asker
 Your translation is almost perfect! If I add some explanations from a point of grammar, 「～ねばならない」 means "have to ~" or "must ~". So the phrase:「暮らしていかねばならない」 can be divided into these two parts:「暮らしていく」+「～ねばならない」. So the second sentence means "people will/would (still) have to continue to live in fear. "
 I hope you have a great time with a Japanese RPG!
 I'm not a native speaker, and they probably know better than I do, but another way to think about is to look at the grammatical construction for "must":
 Basically, for "must not do X" you use "if you do X, it won't come to anything (good)":
 "X-eba naranai" or "X-eba ikenai". The -eba form is one of the conditionals.
 For "must do X", you use a double negation and negate X as well, as in "if you don't do X, it won't come to anything".
 If you negate "iku", you get "ikanai", and the conditional is "ikanakereba", as Shuntaro-san has already said. That's why ku changes to ka. The vowel a followed by n already indicates the negation, so shortening it to "ikan(aker)eba" doesn't loose any important information: both the negation and the conditional indicators are still clearly recognizable.
 If you want to learn more about Japanese grammar, I can only recommend reading all of I found it incredibly helpful.
 Submit your answer
 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.


Beachworld FAQ
BEACHWORLD - Bio Spheres
Basic Instructions.
 1- You must give your biosphere natural or artificial light each day to allow the vital
processes to take place. Neon, flourescent lights, ordinary light bulbs or even better,
Bio Spheres - Beachworlds lamps (which can be purchased from either the us selling our products
or through Globus direct) are all okay to use. It is important to ensure the lights do not
make the spheres warm.
There is no scientific formula dictating the exact amount of light per day the Beachworlds
need to remain healthy. If your home is very dark, we suggest five to six hours artificial
light per day. If your home gets plenty of natural daylight then this is probably all the
Beachworld needs. It is important to remember that if the shrimps are very orange/red
and are resting on the coral, walking on the pebbles or swimming around slowly,
whatever you are doing is perfect!
 2- NEVER expose your biosphere to direct sunlight. Placing your biosphere on a
window sill is fine providing it does not get direct sunlight.
 3- For the first month, check your biosphere daily. Ensure your shrimps have an
orange/red hue and are calm. They should be resting on the pebbles or coral. If your
shrimps are almost transparent and are racing around the sphere, this probably indicates
that they are getting too much or too little light. To rectify this problem, place the
biosphere elsewhere within your home until you find the perfect place.
 4- If you have been using artificial light to maintain your Beachworld and are going
away for more than two days, either give it to a friend to care for or use a timer light.
 5- During the summer place your Beachworld in a controlled temperature area
between 13° and 27° C. In extreme conditions place your biosphere in a sink with water
to cool it down. You can also call GLOBUS Customer Service for advice on:
0039 0182 559 495.
 Do not:
 - Place your BW in direct sunlight
 - Shake your BW
 - Place your BW outside
 - Place your BW in a room where the temperature goes above 27° or below 13°.
Light Exposure
Bulb Distance
40 Watt 15 cm.
60 Watt 25 cm.
100 Watt 30 cm.
Neon Distance
Up to 30 Watt 40 cm.
More than 30 Watt 65 cm.
Sunlight Lamp GLOBUS
Distance between 5 and 10 cm.
 Our planet is a closed system in which living organisms thrive: a biosphere
where nothing enters or exists except sunlight. Your BW is a miniature biosphere,
encapsulating the fundamental workings of our own Earth.
 Inside your BW, shrimps are sustained in a marine environment. You do not
have to feed the shrimps or change their water. It's the perfect pet! Nothing enters or
leaves the container, such as food, air, water or waste. The only elements required are
light and heat. The light causes the micro algae to produce the oxygen and food for the
shrimps, which in turn produce carbon dioxide and nutrients for the algae to grow.
 The BW gives us the opportunity to bring the beach indoors! The BW was created
by a space station engineer and two of the original Biosphere2 crew members. The two
Biosphere2 researchers lived and worked for two years inside the large sealed ecosystem
in Arizona without leaving the structure. The glass and steel sealed building covers 3,15
acres and contains several different environments including a rain forrest, savanna,
desert, marsh and ocean. Columbia University manages Biosphere2, where scientists
research the global changes that take place.
 The creators of the BW have completed a ten day space experiment on the U.S. Shuttle
and twice have done a four month experiment on board the Russian Space Station MIR
with sealed closed ecosystems similar to that of the BW.
 The residents of your BW are shrimps that are found only on certain Pacific
Ocean's islands. These shrimps inhabit the inland pools that are found in lava rock. Deep
red layers of algae line the walls of these pools, along with other types of macro algae.
The shrimps does not eat the algae, but rather maintains it, eating the micro algae and
bacteria that grows on the layers of algae. They are literally the gardeners of their
environment, maintaining the balance within the pools, keeping them clean so that the
large algae can thrive.
 In your BW you can see the shrimps grazing and grooming themselves and even
carrying the odd piece of sand! If the shrimps are disturbed they tend to temporarily
loose their bright red colour in an attempt to blend in with their background. Once they
have settled they will return to their original state.
 Unlike their natural habitat, there are no predators in the BW, so the life span of the
shrimps can be extremely long - up to10 years. They usually do not produce offspring in
the BW as they like dark, secluded places in which to breed. The BW are too small to
sustain an increasing number of shrimps, therefore we do not provide a breeding place.
The BW is expected to live 3 years, but they have been known to live for as long as 12
 There is also algae in your BW, in order to help keep the water clean and provide
oxygen for the shrimps.
 Setting up your BeachWorld
 STEP 1: Take the BeachWorld immediately out of its box. Be sure that the
BeachWorld is positioned the right side up. Very gently vibrate your Beachworld to free
any shrimps that might be trapped under the sand during transportation.
 STEP 2: Inspect your BW after you have taken it out of the box. Your BW might
be a little cloudy for the first day or two. This will clear up.
 STEP 3: Place your BW in a location that receives enough light. Never allow
your BW to receive direct sunlight. The room temperature needs to be between 13° and
 STEP 4: Watch your BW closely during the first month to make sure it is in an
appropriate location. Lighting is the primary consideration as long as the temperature
remains within the ranges quoted in Step 3. The BW thrives in natural or fluorescent
light. If there is too much light, algae will grow prolifically on the glass (however the
shrimps will love it!). Whenever you change the location of your BW, check it every few
days for several weeks to make sure that the location is appropriate.
 STEP 5: Fill out your BW's registration card within 30 days and send it along
with proof of purchase to Globus Scientific at the address below.
On receipt of your registration card Globus will send you a guarantee/ replacement
voucher for use in the unlikely event that your Beachworld dies.
 Algae on the glass. A small amount of algae on the glass is good as indicates that
the BW is getting ample light. However, if it becomes unsightly place the BW in an area
that receives slightly less light. The algae often clears up within a few days to a couple of
weeks. If it is very stubborn and does not recede in its new location after couple of weeks
move it to a slightly darker location yet, or use the attached magnet to clean smoothly the
 Milky water. This is a sign of bacteria in the water. if this occurs put the BW in a
well lit location for several days until the water clears up (but not in the direct sunlight).
 Dead shrimps. Over several years the shrimps will die of natural causes. If you
see several dead shrimps within your BW sometime within the first week of your having
the BW this might indicate a problem during transportation. If a shrimp dies and the BW
is crystal clear, there is no algae on the glass or on any of the shells in the sand, then you
probably need to give the BW a little more light. Never shake the BW as this could harm
the shrimps, and even kill them.
Through the process of photosynthesis, the algae provides the shrimps with the oxygen
they need to live.
 Swimming skeletons. Inside the ecosystem you may find small transparent
objects (skeletons) that look like shrimps, but which move rather slowly and irregularly.
These are the discarded skins of the shrimps. The shrimps changing their skin is another
proof of the animals' good state of health.
In the unlikely event that the majority of the shrimps die within one year of the purchase
date, you can return the product to GLOBUS UK for a replacement on condition that it
had not been subjected to modification or misuse and that all the instructions regarding
the care of your Beachworld have been observed. You MUST send the Beachworld
guarantee card to validate your claim.
Your Beachworld will be replaced using the replacement voucher provided the customer
returns the


Let me explain. I have created a custom component, when editing the element and saving it once, I would like to display next to the alias the sef frontend link to this element. Here is a screenshot to explain :
I haven't coded anything yet because I'm not sure how to do it?
I'm assuming that since you're asking about SEF URLs for your component that you've already built your own custom router (as SEF URLs for a custom component are dependent upon that). If not then you can follow the example described in _URL_ and following tutorial steps.
If you've done that then outputting an SEF URL on the admin backend is similar to how you create an SEF URL on the front end using JRoute::_ and passing the various parameters such as your component (option), id of your item, Itemid of the menuitem, etc. Except that on the admin side you should use
use Joomla\CMS\Router\Route;
$url = Route::link("site", "index.php?option=com_example&view=showitem&id=14);
See Joomla Route link for the API definition and URLs in Joomla for a description of how to use these functions.
Note that the link method is available only since Joomla 3.9, so if you're working on a version which predates that then it's rather more tricky, as you have to hack your way into the Joomla core code, but not impossible.
Also just be aware that the SEF URL may differ depending upon the Itemid of the menuitem which you pass to the link function and how you've built your custom router.
 - OK, thank you, your answer gave me the right direction. – Laurent Jan 20 at 14:07
Your Answer


text:
5: Steel House
Background: Artist and architect Robert Bruno has been at work on his steel home since 1974. Bruno has said that he wants the shape of the structure to be somewhere between animal and machine.
Why Its Unique: Most homes have an initial skeleton that is built upon throughout the construction process, but Bruno has approached this home like a sculpture, building it on the fly and making constant modifications. Koliopoulos points out that the four legs and cantilevered design minimize the structures impact by not disrupting the earth as much as a typical home design would have. Estimated weight of the structure is 110 tons.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The feature in question is the notation for anonymous functions: the underscore. It seems that in Scala
_(just underscore) is the abbreviation for the identity function
f => f
((_:Integer).intValue)is the abbreviation for
((x:Integer) => x.intValue)
(x => Integer.valueOf(x))
anObject.method(_ ~ xxx ~ yyy)is the abbreviation of
anObject.method(f => f ~ xxx ~ yyy)
Let us briefly review the Montagovian semantics of natural languages. A declarative sentence such as
(1) John saw Mary.denotes a proposition, which is true just in case a person denoted by the name John indeed saw a person denoted by the name Mary. We can write the proposition as a formula in the Simple Theory of Types (STT):
(2) see mary johnwhere
johnare individuals (of the type
e) who go by the names Mary and John, respectively;
see, the meaning of the transitive verb 'see', is a function symbol of the type
e -> e -> t. Here
tis the type of propositions. (In Church's STT, the type
iand the type
o. For some reason, Montague renamed the types).
Let us consider a sentence
(3) It was Mary who John saw.or, simpler
(4) Mary, John saw.We'd like to write a logical formula representing the meaning of (4). We would like our semantics to be compositional: the meaning of a sentence should be composed from the meaning of its parts. Thus, we have to determine the meaning of the part ''John saw.'' A transitive verb requires two arguments: first an object, then a subject. The phrase ''John saw'' seems to be missing an object. To handle such phrases -- verb phrases (VP) missing a component -- linguists have introduced a so-called 'trace', often written as an underscore. The trace is assumed silent (not pronounced). Thus the sentence (4) is to be written
(4') Mary, John saw _.
The sentences with traces are common. Examples include raised questions and relative clauses:
(5) Who did John see _. (6) I know whom John saw _. (7) The person John saw _ ran away.Some theories of quantifier scope use trace to explain how a quantifier word such as 'someone' influences the meaning of -- 'takes scope over' -- the entire sentence. This so-called 'quantifier raising' posits that a sentence such as
Alice thinks someone left.should be analyzed as if it were
someone (Alice thinks _ left).
It seems like a good idea to take the meaning of ''John saw _'' to be
(8) fun x -> see x johnThe meaning of (4') then can be composed from the meaning of its components as
(9) (fun x -> see x john) maryA beta-reduction then gives us (2). Chomsky might say that the transformation from the surface form of the utterance (4') to the logical, hidden form (2) involves a movement of Mary into the position occupied by the trace.
We now face the question of the meaning of trace and using that meaning to compositionally derive (8) from ''John saw _.'' We observe that ''John saw _'' looks like ''John saw Mary'' with ''Mary'' taken out. Therefore, ''John saw _'' is a context, a term with a hole; trace denotes the hole. Continuations are the meanings of contexts. Since ''John saw _'' is a sub-phrase of the larger sentence (4'), our context is partial -- or delimited, -- with a delimited continuation as its meaning. A delimited continuation can be captured by a delimited control operator
reset (see (shift (fun k -> k)) john)indeed reduces to
fun x -> see x johnTherefore, we may take the meaning of trace to be
(shift (fun (k -> k)). To type that expression, we need shift with the answer-type modification.
The topic of delimited control in natural languages is discussed in great detail by Chung-chieh Shan in a book chapter ''Linguistic Side Effects.'' He analyzes more complex sentences, for example:
(10) Who _ saw his mother?
A pronoun could be treated like a trace. The sentence (10) hence exhibits three components with side-effect: the question word, the trace, and the pronoun. Chung-chieh Shan explains their interactions.
Coming back to Scala, it seems that
_ is the trace and the expression boundary is a reset.
It is remarkable that natural and programming languages can inform each other. Consciously or not, Scala seems like the best example of such mutual development.
We describe the relationship between the surface form of a sentence
and its meaning as two non-trivial but mechanical interpretations of
the same (hidden) abstract form. Our approach, in the tradition of
abstract categorial grammar (ACG), deals with several languages: The
A is the language of abstract form; the language
I is the
language in which we write a compositional interpreter of
produces a term in a language
T. The language
A is simply-typed
lambda-calculus with constants.
A syntactic interpretation
Isyn gives a surface form for a sentence
Tsyn is a set of strings or utterances. This
interpretation is responsible for word order, case marking,
subject-verb agreement, etc. Therefore,
A is abstracted from these
A can be determined from
Tsyn by parsing. If
the abstract language is simple -- that is, its constants have types
of low order -- parsing is tractable. This is the case for our ACGs.
A semantic interpretation
Isem computes the meaning of
A as a logical
Tsem is thus the language of predicate logic.
deals with quantifiers, pronouns, question words and
their interactions. Our
Isem interpreter is non-trivial:
it may fail. Although we may parse a sentence to an
abstract form, we may fail to compute any meaning for it, if the
sentence just 'doesn't make sense'. Our
Isem is not a regular
lambda-calculus: it expresses computational effects such as mutation
and continuations, and it is not normalizable. The interpreter
Isem :: A -> Tsem may be represented as a composition of two
I1 :: A -> T1 and
I2 :: T1 -> Tsem for some
T1. A complex transformation may be assembled
from simpler steps.
The computational effects let us express in a modular fashion the interaction of a phrase with its context, and analyze different scopes of quantifiers and scoping islands.
Abstract Categorial Grammar (ACG) is a grammar formalism based on typed lambda-calculus. The syntactic side of ACGs -- parsing algorithms, generative power and other formal-language--theoretical properties -- is under active investigation. ACGs can also elegantly model syntax-semantics interface and compute truth conditions. This semantic side of ACGs has received much less attention.
We describe a generalization of ACGs that lets us give the standard dynamic-logic account of anaphora and analyze quantifier strength, quantifier ambiguity and scope islands. Most of these ACG analyses have not been possible before; prior ACG analyzes of quantifier ambiguity required type lifting, hence higher-order ACGs with very high parsing complexity.
Our generalization to ACG affects only the mapping from abstract language to semantics. We retain all ACG benefits of parsing from the surface form. By avoiding type lifting we keep the order of the abstract signature low, so that parsing remains tractable.
The generalization relies on 'applicative functors', which extend function applications. The fact that applicative functors compose lets us take the full advantage of modularity and compositionality of ACGs. We assemble the semantic mapping from separate, independently developed components responsible for a single phenomenon such as anaphora, coordination, universal or indefinite operator. We have implemented the generalized ACGs in a 'semantic calculator', which is the ordinary Haskell interpreter. The calculator lets us write grammar derivations in a linguist-readable form and see their yields, types and truth conditions. We easily extend fragments with more lexical items and operators, and experiment with different semantic-mapping assemblies.
The definition of the Abstract language and its mapping to the surface 'syntax'
We define Abstract for a small fragment, later extended with sentence conjunction, anaphora and quantifiers.
The language of meaning: First-order predicate logic
We also lift the logic through an applicative.
The syntax-semantic interface
We demonstrate the interface for the small fragment, and its modular extension for sentence conjunction, dynamic logic, and two levels of quantification. We illustrate the successive, multi-stage re-writing of Abstract into the meaning.
Standard CPS and State Applicatives, which could have been defined in the standard applicative library
Abstract Categorial Grammars (ACG) represent syntax-semantic interface by regarding the surface and logical forms as two different interpretations of an abstract form. All three forms are represented in ACG uniformly, as closed (normal) terms in typed linear lambda-calculus over a signature defining base types, constants and the type assignments to the constants. An interpretation of one, abstract calculus, in another, object calculus is formalized in a lexicon, which is a homomorphic, typing preserving map of constants and types of the abstract calculus into terms and types of the object calculus.
Strictly speaking, the mapping of an abstract term
tA to an object term includes not only the mapping of constants of
tA as specified by the lexicon, but also the normalization


text:
SYNOPSIShist2workspace [option] input.xml
DESCRIPTIONhist2workspace is a utility to create RooFit/RooStats workspace from histograms
OPTIONS-standard_form default model, which creates an extended PDF that interpolates between RooHistFuncs. This is much faster for models with many bins and uses significantly less memory.
-number_counting_form this was the original model in 5.28 (without patches). It uses a Poisson for each bin of the histogram. This can become slow and memory intensive when there are many bins.
Prepare working areaThe ROOT release ships with a script prepareHistFactory in the $ROOTSYS/bin directory that prepares a working area. It creates a results/, data/, and config/ directory. It also copies the HistFactorySchema.dtd and example XML files into the config/ directory. Additionally, it copies a root file into the data/ directory for use with the examples.
HistFactorySchema.dtdThis file is located in $ROOTSYS/etc/ specifies the XML schema. It is typically placed in the config/ directory of a working area together with the top-level XML file and the individual channel XML files. The user should not modify this file.
The HistFactorySchema.dtd is commented to specify exactly the meaning of the various options.
Top-Level XML File(see for example $ROOTSYS/tutorials/histfactory/example.xml) This file is edited by the user. It specifies
- A top level 'Combination' that is composed of:
- several 'Channels', which are described in separate XML files.
- several 'Measurements' (corresponding to a full fit of the model) each of which specifies
- a name for this measurement to be used in tables and files
- what is the luminosity associated to the measurement in picobarns
- which bins of the histogram should be used
- what is the relative uncertainty on the luminosity
- what is (are) the parameter(s) of interest that will be measured
- which parameters should be fixed/floating (eg. nuisance parameters)
- which type of constriants are desired - Gaussian by default
- Gamma, LogNormal, and Uniform are also supported
- if the tool should export the model only and skip the default fit
Channel XML Files(see for example $ROOTSYS/tutorials/histfactory/example_channel.xml) This file is edited by the user. It specifies for each channel
- observed data
- if absent the tool will use the expectation, which is useful for expected sensitivity
- several 'Samples' (eg. signal, bkg1, bkg2,...), each of which has:
- a name
- if the sample is normalized by theory (eg N = L*sigma) or not (eg. data driven)
- a nominal expectation histogram
- a named 'Normalization Factor' (which can be fixed or allowed to float in a fit)
- several 'Overall Systematics' in normalization with:
- a name
- +/- 1 sigma variations (eg. 1.05 and 0.95 for a 5% uncertainty)
- several 'Histogram Systematics' in shape with:
- a name (which can be shared with the OverallSyst if correlated)
- +/- 1 sigma variational histograms
- Kyle Cranmer, Akira Shibata, and Dominique Tardif
COPYRIGHTThis library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA


text:
In today's world people want instant gratification, or stimulation,..... Anyway, it leads to many kung fu sifus (i.e., teachers or instructors) getting asked, "What if...." questions, like "What if someone tries to take you to the ground?" or "What if someone throws this or that type of… Continue reading Avoiding the "What If" Question: Learn to Ask Your Kung Fu Sifu Good Questions
Someone asks: I've heard that Wing Chun practitioners practice something called chi sau. What is that? What is it good for? Chi Sau (also spelled chi sao) literally translates as "sticky hands". It's traditionally been termed this due to the connected bridge which begins the exercise's rolling hands (poon sau). It's also been identified (or… Continue reading What is Chi Sau?


HUNG KINGS' COMMEMORATION DAY - Back to The Roots of Our Cultural Values
On Saturday morning March 27, CIS students have visited the Hung Kings Temple at the History Ethnic and Cultural Park (district 9) with over 30 students and teachers from the Saturday Vietnamese Program onboard. Following the Hung Kings Temple, impressive performance, and others, students have been able to engage in a valuable learning experience. During the journey to the Hung Kings Temple, the students had the opportunity to participate in various activities and engage in a valuable learning experience.
Students were listening to a presentation at Hung King Temple
Here, they were able to expand their understanding of their origin as well as learn about the great contributions of the Hung Kings, accompanied by informative lectures. Also, there is an enormous artwork depicting the material and spiritual life of the residents in Van Lang's era, and 33 stones representing the 33 islands of the Truong Sa archipelago, which is a reminder of the awareness of the sea and island sovereignty.
Designing historical Hung Vuong period attire
Following the impressive performance, students soon got to shaping "bánh giày", which are round, white glutinous rice cakes, to recreate the traditional scene of hand pounding rice in the exploration of the 2875-258 BC Van Lang lifestyle
Students glutinous with rice and make bánh giày
Finish cooking of the Hung Vuong dynasty
The succeeding culture-themed games, including Cheraw dance and tug of war, kept spirits high until the end. By allowing students to interact with a part of Vietnam's history, these activities boosted their appreciation for Vietnamese tradition and culture, specifically during the Hung Vuong period.
Cheraw dance
"I can feel the value of Vietnamese history and our country's soul through each unique painting and ancient artifacts. That's what I want to learn and cultivate. I will bring my filial spirit to discover Vietnamese people's cultural values and beauty wherever I go to continue enriching my understanding. It is also luggage for me to bring in my future journey to a new horizon." (Minh Anh, Grade 11)
 At the end of the trip, students took a photo together
All journeys leave behind an unforgettable trace, and those aiming to instigate experience and newfound knowledge surrounding cultural values especially so. This occasion brings meaning and memorable experiences, particularly the students in grade 11 of CIS.
Related posts


text:
Pasting multiple values to Writeback table with editable on row level setting enabled.
When trying to paste multiple values on a cell having editable if -setting on row level, Writeback table raises error "Pasting values in combination with Editable if on a row level is not supported". When developing a sales forecasting app in august pasting multiple values to multiple cells with the setting was still possible. Please make it possible to paste multiple values with the setting on possible again, as the preventation cripples apps depending on the setting.
Pasting multiple values should skip cells, that are not editable, for example, if Writeback table has columns a, b, c and d, with all columns using the editable if on row level enabled, with editing of column c being disabled on row 2, should pasting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
in column a1 result in
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 8


text: The question that Bill Wylie-Kellermann failed to directly ask and answer in "An Assault on Local Democracy" (June 2012) is, why are some Michigan cities and school districts under the direction of an emergency manager? Certain cities/school districts have an emergency manager not because of their racial makeup, but because their elected officials were either unwilling or unable to make the difficult decisions to ensure the financial viability of the entities they were elected to govern. The City of Detroit was headed for bankruptcy. Without massive state aid and intervention, it would have run out of money and been unable to pay its employees or creditors. The Pontiac School District was more than $24 million in debt. All of the other political entities mentioned in the article were in similar dire financial straits. The emergency manager act was an attempt by the state to prevent cities and school districts from declaring bankruptcy, a move that would have dire economic consequences for the entire state.


text: A Boulder could be defined as, too large for a person to move alone. WE reference a boulder as about 20 inches and larger. Smaller material is usually just called mini boulders, or head size product. Boulders can be round, angular or cubed. Our materials is usually price by weight.


text:
A lot has been written on the internet on how to create a single-instance application in C#. The proposed implementations fall into three categories:
- Check if a process with the same name is already running (using GetProcessesByName). This is plain wrong because it needs administrator privileges. Furthermore it will not work if there is another process that happens to have the same name as your process.
- Using the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace (as explained here). This probably works OK (I have never done this), but it feels a bit wrong. Note that this approach is promoted in the book 'Windows Forms 2.0 Programming'.
- Using a Mutex.
Personally I think that the last approach is best, but there are some details that you need to get correct if you want to rely on this. This is the pattern that I propose:
The pattern is applied to a Winforms application, but of course it can be applied to any type of application.
For those who don't know what a mutex is: it is a Windows kernel-object that can be used for synchronization between threads and processes. The proposed pattern tries to create a mutex with a certain name and checks if this mutex already existed. If it did, this means that our process was already started.
Here are the details that are important:
- The mutex must be declared static, because we have to make sure that the garbage collector will never dispose it.
- The name of the mutex should contain a GUID, which ensures that no other application uses the same name. If you don't know how to create a GUID, click here.
- The mutex is local, which means that every user that is logged on can create his own instance. If you don't want this, simply ommit the 'Local\\'.
- The mutex contains the name of the application. As a general guideline, I think that named kernel objects should have a descriptive name. This makes it easier when debugging problems: using tools such as SysInternal's WinObj, you can look at the state of all the kernel objects. If your object has a proper name this will be much simpler.


Responsive and productive
Besides gestures and smart tools, MyScript Interactive Ink proposes you responsive and productive tools.
MyScript Interactive Ink enables interactive content, either handwritten or typeset, to reflow and tune to the view size.
Changing your device orientation or switching device triggers this reflow. MyScript Interactive Ink might modify block dimensions or update ink size and arrangement when necessary.
Digital content ready to use in your digital workflow
In addition, you can create a full ready-to-use digital document from your ink, empowering your productivity. MyScript Interactive Ink lets you structure your content in several areas. Each one has a specific and dedicated purpose: Text, Math, Diagram, Raw content or Drawing.
So, MyScript Interactive Ink offers you a container hosting a collection of items as a dynamic and responsive stream of contents.
Furthermore, you can manipulate each of them using touch gestures. You can move and resize blocks, making the formating an easy task.
Once you have finished your editing, you can export your content in a format compatible with your digital workflow such as docx or html. MyScript Interactive Ink thus makes your ink immediatly available for reuse into your digital workflow.


text:
Sorry, we do not have enough data to show an influence graph for this author.
- Full text PDF available (0)
Journals and Conferences
Summary form only given. The divergent gas-puff z-pinch has been devised for the realization of an efficient point radiation source of X-rays. Because of the axial inhomogeneity introduced at the initiation of discharge, the plasma converges to a small region, and the efficient energy input is obtained compared to the conventional z pinch.The experiment was… (More)


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In January 2019, the AI4EU consortium was established to build the first European Artificial Intelligence On-Demand Platform and Ecosystem with the support of the European Commission under the H2020 programme. The activities of the AI4EU project include: - The creation and support of a large European ecosystem spanning the 28 countries to facilitate collaboration between all Europeans actors in AI (scientists, entrepreneurs, SMEs, Industries, funding organizations, citizens…); - The design of a European AI on-Demand Platform to support this ecosystem and share AI resources produced in European projects, including high-level services, expertise in AI research and innovation, AI components and datasets, high-powered computing resources and access to seed funding for innovative projects using the platform; - The implementation of industry-led pilots through the AI4EU platform, which demonstrates the capabilities of the platform to enable real applications and foster innovation; - Research activities in five key interconnected AI scientific areas (Explainable AI, Physical AI,Verifiable AI, Collaborative AI, Integrative AI), which arise from the application of AI in real-world scenarios; - The funding of SMEs and start-ups benefitting from AI resources available on the platform (cascade funding plan of €3m) to solve AI challenges and promote new solutions with AI; - The creation of a European Ethical Observatory to ensure that European AI projects adhere to high ethical, legal, and socio-economical standards; - The production of a comprehensive Strategic Research Innovation Agenda for Europe - The establishment of an AI4EU Foundation that will ensure a handover of the platform in a sustainable structure that supports the European AI community in the long run.
Recent posts:
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text:
The evolution of a ZENFORM requires that the Protector has enough skill points which are spent to allow the evoluton to occur. ZENFORMS branch their evolution based on their stats, which are attack, defense and and speed meaning each ZENFORM has the protential to become powerful attackers, strong defenders or swift speedsters.
ZENFORMS have five stages of evolution. The Newborn can progress to Child, Adolescent, Adult and finally to the Grand stage. When evolving a zenform the rank will change, a little bar with stars on it as you can see in battle. The color the bar is shows what stage of evolution a zenform is, newborn is clear, child is green, adolescent is blue, adult is red, but grand is currently unknown.
The Child stage is the second in the evolutionary chain of ZENFORMS. What Child form a Newborn takes relies on its highest Physical Stat. Evolving a ZENFORM to the Child stage costs 1000 SP.
Child stage ZENFORMS evolve into one of four Adolescents depending on their current form and highest physical stat(s) not represented by their form. Evolving a ZENFORM to the Adolescent stage costs 2500 SP.
The Adult stage is dependent on the highest Elemental Stat of the Adolescent. Each Adolescent has four Adult variants.
The method for reaching the Grand stage is largely unknown - only the very best Protectors have discovered it.Yay!


text:
The Spice Mix Super Computer was a part of the Abandon Normal Devices in Manchester, England this weekend. The AND festival commissioned the Center for Genomic Gastronomy to create a new work inside a traveling caravan and this is what we made:
The Centre for Genomic Gastronomy had deigned a exciting new culinary commission, the Spice Mix Super-Computer! The Spice Mix Super-Computer is a massive mobile food machine, which allows users to create, print and taste a unique blend of spices from millions of possible combinations. First, plug into the bespoke Olfactory Synthesizer to combine and compare smells from our database of international spices. Then, choose your favorite spices and watch the computer process and interpret your selection. After the food-printing is complete, take your customized container of spice to the BetaTaster™ food counter and share your recipe and experience, and take home your spice mix to share with others.
Spices as Social Media
Spices are one of the oldest forms of long distance communication on the planet, but we do not usually treat them as information that can be combined and disseminated as a form of human-to-human communication. Digital technology has created opportunities for individuals to mix and share images and sounds across great distances, but not flavors and smells. This project assembles spices from all over the globe, allowing individuals to customize, mix and spread smell and taste messages with other humans.
The Spice Mix Super-Computer is designed to record and store every possible spice combination, analyzing user preferences and patterns along the way. We hope this data will begin to reveal the underlying structures and the role of spices in the agri-eco-culinary system. Are combinations of spices strange attractors, naturally aligning, or can we open our mouths and minds to novel combinations of smell, taste and chemical reaction?
Spices Change Minds
But be careful: spices are dead and dried plant corpses with the substantial power to direct and regulate human activity. Many spices come from poisonous plants, and have powerful physical and mental effects on humans. If you are mixed up with spices how do you know they are not using you to achieve their dark designs? Might a heretofore untasted spice combination unlock a door to unexpected culinary experiences and states of consciousness? There are not enough BetaTasters™ on the planet asking these questions. The Spice Mix Super Computer can help.


text:
Clad means to have bonded a metal surface with another metal.(verb)
An example of clad is to bond stainless steel over aluminum to make an attractive cooking pot that evenly conducts the heat.
The definition of clad is dressed or covered in.(adjective)
An example of clad used as an adjective is the phrase pine clad forest.
See clad in Webster's New World College Dictionary
See clad in American Heritage Dictionary 4
transitive verb clad clad, clad·ding, clads
Origin: Back-formation from cladding.
Learn more about clad


text:
Forney High School
In Forney ISD, we are committed to ensuring that our students graduate high school _TAG_ through post-secondary opportunities in College, Career, or Military.
Forney High is a Capturing Kids Hearts campus. We believe that in order for students to learn, we must first have strong relationships with each individual. At FHS, our teachers and staff greet every student every day because "if you have a child's heart, you have their mind."
Teachers and students work together to develop Social Contracts, which outline how we are expected to treat one another. As part of Capturing Kids Hearts, we also give affirmations to students and teach them how to affirm one another as well. Students have opportunities to share good things and to learn about their classmates. Students learn to self-manage their behaviors and learning environment.


Admission rules are managed with the oaradmissionrule command. See the usage or man page of the command.
The code of the admission rules is executed within oarsub at submission time. Many internal variables are available, making the mechanism very powerful… and dangerous. Hence the administrator must be very careful when playing with admission rules.
Example 1: avoid the ugly SQL error warning which appear in case of a typo in the oarsub -l syntax
The following admission rule can be added, which check the syntax for valid resource propoerties
# Check the validity of the resource request (-l option of oarsub) to avoid SQL ugly message
# The following variable lists the valid resource properties that the user can use
# See the output of the 'oarproperty -l' command for the list of available properties.
# Only properties which defines the implicit resource hierarchy need to be listed.
my _USER_=("host","cpu","core","thread");
foreach my $group (@$ref_resource_list) {
 foreach my $subgroup (@$group) {
 foreach my $moldable (@$subgroup) {
 foreach my $resource (@{$moldable->{resources}}) {
 while (my ($k,$v) = each(%$resource)) {
 if ($k eq "resource" and not grep (/^$v$/, ("nodes", "resource_id", _USER_))) {
 warn "Admission Rule ERROR : Unknown resource property \"$v\"\n";
 exit 1;
Example 2: enforce a minimum number of hosts in job
I'm looking for an admission rule that would reject job requests if the user ask for less than N hosts. E.g:
$ oarsub -l host=2 -I
would fail if I configure N=3.
I have a very limited set of properties configured:
$ oarproperty -l
You could inspect what resources are requested by looking at the the oarsub command line in an admission rule, using the $initial_request_string variable.
However, this could be very tricky to handle any request case.
You could also use the $ref_resource_list variable, which is a reference to the structure containing the result of the parsing of the resource request. That structure is complex, since it must store information such as the resources hierarchy, moldable jobs, properties, etc. See the code for the admission rule below:
my $min_resources = 5; # N=5
my $error = 0;
foreach my $group (@$ref_resource_list) {
 foreach my $subgroup (@$group) {
 foreach my $moldable (@$subgroup) {
 if ($k eq "resource" and ($v ne "network_address" or $v ne "host")) {
 warn "requesting resource of type $v is not allowed, use nodes or host\n";
 $error = 1;
 } elsif ($k eq "value" and $v < $min_resources) {
 warn "requesting less than $min_resources nodes is not allowed, you requested $v\n";
 $error = 1;
 exit 1 if $error;
Example 3: managing 2 compute nodes generations in the same cluster
After upgrading the cluster with new nodes, we need a rule to:
 1. send the interactive sessions on the old nodes as a default
 2. send the passive sessions on the new nodes as a default
 3. avoid mixing old and new nodes for parallel jobs as a default
 4. users are allowed to override this behavior via setting a property in their request.
First we need to add a property. We called it "cluster" and it is an integer (the year of the node installation): 2011 or 2016
$ oarproperty -a cluster
Nodes kareline-0-x (old one) are inserted in the OAR database with:
oarnodesetting -a -h 'kareline-0-0-p host='kareline-0-0' .... -p "cluster=2011"
Nodes kareline-1-x (new one) are inserted in the OAR database with:
oarnodesetting -a -h 'kareline-1-0-p host='kareline-1-0' .... -p "cluster=2016"
Then we add a rule to match our requirements, based on this property:
my $cluster;
if ($jobType eq "INTERACTIVE") {
 print "[DEBUG] Interactive job";
 $cluster =2011;
} else {
 print "[DEBUG] Passive job";
 $cluster =2016;
if (index($jobproperties, 'cluster') == -1) {
 print " without cluster (".$jobproperties.")";
 if ($jobproperties ne ""){
 $jobproperties = "($jobproperties) AND cluster = '".$cluster."'";
 } else {
 $jobproperties = "cluster = '".$cluster."'";
 print "\n $jobproperties \n";
(You can remove the "print" lines used to check what the rule is doing)
This rule is written in a text file: regle.oar and added ro oar with:
oaradmissionrules -n -r./regle.oar
Example 4: limit access to a queue, based on usernames set in a file
# Title : limit access to the challenge queue to authorized usersqueue
if ($queue_name eq "challenge"){
 open(FILE, "< $ENV{HOME}/challenge.users") || die("[ADMISSION RULE] Challenge user list is empty");
 my $authorized = 0;
 while (){
 if (m/^\s*$user\s*$/m){
 $authorized = 1;
 if($authorized ne 1){
 die("[ADMISSION RULE] $user is not authorized to submit in challenge queue\n");
Example 5: give a more privilege to the owners of nodes
Give a more privilege to the owners of nodes (e.g. people who payed for the nodes) to submit, by restricting others to besteffort jobs:
 - non-owners compete on the resources according to the scheduling policy of the besteffort queue ;
 - but owners can get jobs running, just like if those jobs did not exist (i.e. besteffort jobs are killed whenever non besteffort jobs require the same resources).
 - First add a property to resources: dedicated=NO or dedicated=team_name for nodes owned by each team.
 - Then add an admission rule which describes the team list with regard to unix users and groups.
 - Non-besteffort jobs will automatically bound to resources set with dedicated=NO, except for members of one or more of the defined teams, whose jobs are automatically directed to the union of their dedicated resources (dedicated=team_of_the_user) and the dedicated=NO resources.
 - Besteffort jobs do not have constraints: they are scheduled on any resources with the property besteffort=YES (usually all nodes).
# Description : set dedicated property for exceptional usages
my _USER_;
my %serpico_project = ( 'dedicated' =>'serpico', 'groups' => ['serpico', 'e-serpico' ], 'users' => [] );
my %neurinfo_project = ( 'dedicated' => 'neurinfo', 'groups' => ['visages'], 'users' => [] );
my %fluminance_project = ( 'dedicated' => 'user1', 'groups' => [], 'users' => ['user1'] );
push(_USER_, \%serpico_project);
push(_USER_, \%neurinfo_project);
push(_USER_, \%fluminance_project);
my $jobaddedprop = "\( dedicated='NO'" ;
# original : IGRIDA admission rule
# modified : nef @ Inria Sophia
if (!(grep(/^besteffort/, @{$type_list}))) {
 # Any user can run besteffort jobs on any resource :
 # no additional verification, no modification
 # Search for projects to which the user belongs
 foreach my $project (_USER_) {
 my _USER_;
 foreach (@{$project->{'groups'}}) {
 my $gr;
 (undef,undef,undef, $gr) = getgrnam($_);
 my _USER_ = split(/\s+/,$gr);
 push(_USER_, _USER_);
 push(_USER_, @{$project->{'users'}});
 my %h = map { $_ => 1 } _USER_;
 if ( $h{$user} eq 1 ) {
 $jobaddedprop.= " OR dedicated=\'$project->{'dedicated'}\'";
 } else {
 if ((grep(/dedicated(\s+|)=(\s+|)'$project->{'dedicated'}\'/, $jobproperties))) {
 die("[ADMISSION RULE] $project->{'dedicated'} dedicated nodes are only available for best-effort jobs.\n");
 $jobaddedprop.= " \)";
 # Always need to limit request to permitted nodes
 if ($queue_name ne "admin") {
 if (grep(/\S/, $jobproperties)) {
 $jobproperties = "($jobproperties) AND $jobaddedprop";
 } else {
 $jobproperties = "$jobproperties $jobaddedprop";
 print("[ADMISSION RULE] Automatically add constraint to go on nodes permitted for the user.\n");
That set up:
 - For a user of team'serpico' : $ oarsub -I