text:
SASFA, the Southern African Light Steel Frame Building Association, recently commissioned the Built Environment Division of the CSIR, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, to conduct a comparative thermal performance analysis for light steel frame housing and masonry housing. The research findings point to the energy efficiency of the light steel frame (LSF) house in terms of a lower need for electricity to power mechanical heating and cooling – to keep the internal temperature within a prescribed comfort range.
SASFA approached the CSIR to carry out the research in order to obtain an objective prediction of the thermal performance of the two different types of houses in the different South African climate zones.
The research looked at a typical 120m² single-storey house comparing a LSF house and a masonry house, both specified to be geometrically identical, with identical orientation. The LSF house complies in all respects to the South African standard SANS 517: Light Steel Frame Building. A masonry house with double leaf external clay brick walls, without any insulation in the walls or ceilings, was used for the base case comparison. The effects of adding (i) 40mm insulation in the ceilings (Brick B), and (ii) similar ceiling insulation as used in LSF buildings (140mm) and 50mm insulation in the external walls (Brick A), were also analysed.
The Built Environment Division used the EcotectTM V 5.6 software to carry out the predictive computer analyses. In order to eliminate the effect of user input data which could influence the outcome, it was decided to use a passive analysis process, that is, without making assumptions regarding the occupancy and usage patterns of the house. The heating effect of lights and appliances was also not taken into account.
The analyses were aimed at determining the number of hours of uncomfortably high or low temperatures in each of the buildings. The houses were considered to be naturally ventilated. The thermal comfort temperature range for naturally ventilated buildings in Pretoria is 17.80C to 28.30C and the adaptive model of thermal comfort was used in calculating the levels of thermal comfort in the two houses.
The electricity needed for heating and cooling each of the houses to thermal comfort levels – ranging from 20oC to 24oC, as recommended by SANS 204 – was also determined.
The major differences between the two types of buildings are the thermal insulation and the thermal mass. The walls in a LSF building have a greater level of thermal insulation but lower thermal mass than masonry buildings. The higher thermal mass in the walls of brick buildings reduces the diurnal internal temperature swings towards the average temperature, which may be too high or too low for comfort.
The results indicate that the LSF house will be warmer than the base case masonry house in summer and in winter. If the hours of discomfort due to high and low temperatures are added together, the LSF house performs somewhat better than the masonry alternative in all locations except Durban, although the advantage is small.
For example, in Pretoria's climate, the indoor temperature of the LSF house was within the thermal comfort range for 74% of the time compared with 71% for the base case masonry house.
However, assuming that the occupants of the houses will make use of electrically powered heating and cooling systems to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures, the analyses indicate that the electricity required to heat the base case brick house to comfortable levels would on average be double that required for the LSF house, ranging from 89% more in Pretoria to 112% more in Bloemfontein. If cooling to comfortable temperatures is required, it would take on average three times more electricity to cool the base case brick house down to thermal comfort levels compared to the LSF house.
The difference in the amount of electricity required to heat or cool the internal spaces can be ascribed to the thermal mass of the masonry building: apart from having to heat the air inside the building, the walls of the masonry building absorb some of the heat, resulting in additional energy consumption. The inverse happens when cooling, when the heavy masonry walls have to be cooled down together with the air inside the building.
When the brick house is insulated, its performance improves. However, in Pretoria's summer climate, for example, while the LSF building will result in more hours of discomfort without heating and cooling than the masonry alternatives, the occupants will have less discomfort in winter, and less discomfort in total.
The CSIR's comparative thermal performance analyses indicate that LSF housing offers greater energy efficiency compared to conventional masonry housing – which means significant savings (between 20% and 90%) of electricity required particularly in respect of heating of residential buildings.
The CSIR research also indicated specific areas where further gains in energy efficiency can be captured for LSF building and SASFA reports that these will be investigated and implemented in the LSF building methodology.
Reference: A predictive comparative thermal performance analysis for light steel frame and masonry residential buildings, T Kumirai and Dr D Conradie, CSIR.


Winterizing Your Outboard Motor
By Brian Gordon; Last updated 3/12/2021
Engine winterizing kit being used on an outboard motor
Engine Winterizing Kit plumbed to flushing adapter on outboard lower unit.
As the boating season draws to a close and Jack Frost begins his trek south, boaters turn to the task of laying up their boats for the winter. This article covers how to protect an outboard motor against corrosion and freeze-related damage during winter storage. The process, referred to as "winterization", consists of some simple tasks that are easily performed by most owners of an outboard-powered boat. These tasks include:
 - Drain the crankcase oil (Four-stroke motors)
 - Install a new oil filter (Four-stroke motors)
 - Filling the crankcase with new oil (Four-stroke motors)
 - Changing the lower unit gear oil
 - Stabilizing the fuel
 - Flushing the outboard with antifreeze
 - Fogging the cylinders
 - Greasing the tilt tube and the pivot tube
 - Protecting against corrosion
Ad for the SONAR online engine parts selector
Try the interactive SONAR parts finder for the engine parts you need.
To accomplish these tasks, you will need the following items:
Drain the crankcase oil. (Four-stroke motors)
The reason you need to change the oil is because contaminants in "dirty" oil can corrode and shorten the life of engine parts during winter storage. Before beginning the oil change process, attach a set of flushing muffs to a garden hose and place them squarely over both sides of the water intake for your motor. Then turn on the water, start the motor and allow it to run a few minutes to warm up the oil. Then, turn off the motor and remove the flushing muffs.
Most four-stroke outboards have an oil sump drain plug located below the crankcase at the back or side of the motor's leg. Unfortunately, changing outboard oil can be a bit messy. While some mechanics opt to remove the oil by sucking it out via the dipstick tube, this process does not get all the oil out. So we suggest you follow the manufacturer's instructions for how to drain the oil and change the oil filter. (Note: Before removing the oil drain plug, be sure to position a catch pan under the motor to catch the oil as it drains out!)
Gallon container of West Marine 10W-40 outboard motor oil
When shopping for outboard motor oil, make sure that the oil you select meets or exceeds the manufacturer's specifications in your owner's manual.
In some cases, the oil drain plug gasket may need to be replaced. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations in this regard. When finished, some cleanup will be necessary—so make sure you have some rags on hand.
Change the oil filter. (Four-stroke motors)
After draining the oil, remove the oil filter. Most of these are of the spin-on type, similar to those on automobile engines. Sometimes, filters that have "taken a set" might require an oil filter wrench for removal. The new filter should be an OEM or equivalent model. Before installing the new filter, lightly coat the O-ring on the filter with motor oil and then screw it on until it is hand tight.
Fill the crankcase with new oil. (Four-stroke motors)
After installing the new oil filter, fill the crankcase with new oil. Check your owner's manual for the viscosity and quantity you need. Make sure the API service level meets or exceeds what the manual specifies as well.
Change the fuel filter.
Now is a good time to change the OEM fuel filter located on the motor. Follow your owner's manual in this regard.
Gear lube pump
Example of a gear lube pump.
Change the lower unit gear oil.
Before beginning, check your owner's manual for the viscosity and quantity of gear oil that your outboard requires. The gear box (located directly forward of the prop) will have a stainless steel, screw-type drain plug at the bottom and a stainless steel screw-type vent plug somewhere above it. To start the process, place your catch pan under the gear box and then remove the bottom plug. Be careful to remove the gasket along with the plug. (Note: Many drain plugs include a magnetic prong to which some metal particles may be attached. Fine particles indicate normal gear wear, but coarse metal chips indicate excessive wear. If in doubt, consult with a service professional.) Once the bottom plug is removed, a small amount of gear oil will begin to drip out. Next, remove the vent plug at the top. Once the top plug is removed, the gear oil should freely flow out the bottom drain hole. As the oil drains out, observe its color and clarity. Gear oil in good condition should be translucent with a greenish cast, whereas a milky appearance indicates that water has made its way into gear box. If this is the case, seek the advice of a service professional.
New gear oil is always pumped upward from the bottom hole until it overflows at the top. The reason it is filled from the bottom up is to eliminate the possibility of trapped air and ensure that the entire gear box casing fills with oil. There are two ways to pump in the oil. For very small outboards, one way is to press the nozzle of a tube of gear oil into the bottom hole and to slowly squeeze the gear oil into the casing until it overflows out the top hole. For larger outboards, the other way is to use a gear oil pump. In either case, when the oil overflows out the top hole, replace the top plug, then remove the pump nozzle from the drain hole and quickly replace the plug. Make sure you don't forget the gaskets!
Pint container of fuel stabilizer
Gasoline fuel stabilizers help to prevent the formation of gum and varnish buildup and protect metal surfaces from corrosion during winter layup.
Stabilize the fuel.
Stabilizing the fuel with products such as Star brite's STA-BIL or Biobor's EB Ethanol Treatment for Gasoline will help to prevent the formation of gum and varnish that can form during winter storage. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for mixing one of these products at the correct ratio into your outboard motor's fuel tank. Next, you need to circulate the stabilized fuel through the entire fuel system. To do this, reattach the flushing muffs, turn on the water, restart the motor and allow it to run for five to ten minutes and then shut it off.
Fog the cylinders while flushing the motor with antifreeze.
To prevent freeze damage, prior to winter storage, many owners simply drain the cooling water out of their outboards. However, while it might seem like "overkill", we recommend flushing your motor with antifreeze. This will prevent residual water from turning into ice and causing damage during a hard freeze. Dosing your motors cylinders with fogging oil prior to winter storage will prevent the formation of rust within the cylinders—which obviously is a good thing!
Aerosol can of fogging oil
Engine fogging oils are typically offered as an easy-to-use spray.
Fogging the cylinders and flushing your outboard with antifreeze can be combined into a single procedure. For twoand four-stroke carbureted motors, after running the motor for five to ten minutes (per the instruction above), shut off the motor, disconnect the garden hose and hook up the winterizing kit to the flushing muffs. Then fill the winterizing kit's tank with antifreeze, which should be of the non-toxic propylene glycol variety. (For more about antifreeze, see Antifreeze 101). Next, remove the cowling to gain access to the air intakes on the front of the engine. (Note: Certain late model outboards have a maintenance valve to which products such as CRC's Engine Stor® Fogging Oil fit via an adapter. Check your owner's manual in this regard.) Next, after opening the valve to the winterizing kit, restart the motor and watch the antifreeze level drop in the tank. You should begin to see antifreeze discharging via the "telltale" of water that exits the motor.
While the engine is running, begin to spray fogging oil into the carburetor(s). This will usually cause lower-horsepower engines to stall, while higher horsepower engines may cough and sputter, but continue running while emitting white smoke. Spray a good amount of fogging oil through the intake and then disconnect the fuel line from the engine, and continue spraying fogging oil into the engine until the engine dies. Usually the motor will run rough and emit white smoke just before it dies. Running the motor until it burns up all of the fuel from the carburetors prevents the formation of varnish deposits from gasoline that would otherwise remain in the carburetor bowl during winter storage.
Fogging Procedure for Outboards with Electronic Fuel Ignition
Just like with the procedure described above, you can fog your EFI motor and at the same time winterize its cooling system with antifreeze. However, the procedure for fogging an EFI-type motor is different—and also little easier compared to carbureted motors. Instead of spraying fogging oil into the cylinders through the carburetor(s) you will need to run the fogging oil directly through the fuel system. This is commonly done by running a fuel line from the motor to a small container of stabilized gasoline into which fogging oil formulated for EFI motors has been mixed. Consult your owner's manual for the correct fogging oil to use. (Important: Do not use fogging oil formulated for carbure


How Does Mitosis Result in Tissues and Organs?
Mitosis is the process of cell division which is the mechanism that eukaryotic cells use to replicate themselves. During cell division or mitosis, a cell will make two exact copies of itself before the original cell eventually dies. It is this process that results in the regeneration of parts of the human body such as tissues and organs.
Q&A Related to "How Does Mitosis Result in Tissues and Organs?"
From the division of somatic cells.
Mitosis allows for the division and "bulking" of many cells into
Ah interesting question. As you may know mitosis is the division of somatic (non-sex) cells. Mitosis is needed to build up the bulk of cells that make us up. Upon fertilization of
White Blood Cells< along with the immune system.


text:
Ed Home (text) - TRC Home - sciencelines Index
Fermilab Prairie Project organizers teach volunteers to recognize particular plants and then clip the ripe flower heads for seeds. Fermilab uses the seeds to enrich newer prairie tracts at Fermilab and to share with other prairie restoration projects. Although a mechanical harvest is also done, the public harvest is vital for grassland growth. "With mechanical harvesting, prairie keepers can't get as many of the specialized plants as when the volunteers go out," said Bob Lootens, lead groundskeeper.
"The seed is used to enrich young prairie and help build diversity into the grasslands," Lootens added.
The fall event is becoming increasingly popular, with about 180 people participating last year, including many families and school classes.
Prairies, or native American grasslands, are thriving communities rich with plant and animal life, all interrelating in a complex ecosystem. Tallgrass prairies once blanketed northern Illinois, "The Prairie State." However, during the area's settlement in the 19th century, agriculture consumed all but a tiny remnant of the native grasslands.
Fermilab, the nation's premier high-energy physics laboratory, has a longstanding dedication to restoring the prairie, working for more than 20 years to revive the historical grasslands on its Batavia site. More than 1,000 acres of tallgrass prairie are in various stages of reconstruction, thanks in part to the effort of volunteers who have participated in past seed harvests.
This year's harvest will take place on Saturday, September 28 and Saturday, November 2, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Volunteers are welcome to spend as much or as little time as they wish, and refreshments will be provided.
Persons interested in participating should wear field clothing and gloves, and are encouraged to bring pruning shears and paper grocery bags, if possible. On-site directional signs will direct volunteers to harvest sites.
In case of bad weather on the scheduled dates, please call the Fermilab switchboard at _PHONE_ to see if the harvest is canceled.
For more information, call the Fermilab Public Affairs Office at _PHONE_.
Additional opportunities for participating in harvesting activities are available through the Kane County Forest Preserve District.
These workdays are hosted by the volunteer stewards and the Forest Preserve staff. Participants learn special techniques related to restoration work and enjoy a tour of the site. New volunteers are especialy encouraged and welcome to these workdays.
September 29, 1 p.m. to 4 p.m., Elburn Woods, 45W061 Route 38, Maple Park. Woodland seed harvesting is fun for the whole family. Learn how the seeds will be used for District natural areas restoration projectss.
November 17, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Tekakwitha Woods Barn, 35W076 Villa Maria Road, St. Charles. Harvest Fest! Join this final seed processing and mixing day. Come for a few hours, or spend the day! Food and music add to the celebration of harvesting and preparing the mixes for distribution to the various woodland restoration projects.
Weekly seed harvest outings are also coordinated by Grace Koehler, Volunteer Coordinator. District staff lead outings will be held at different preserves on Wednesdays at 10 am. and Fridays at 1 p.m. Locations vary each week. Call Grace at _PHONE_ to have your name put on a call list for locations the Tuesday prior to the outing day you want to participate. Harvesting begins September 25.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


From BioPerl
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PDoc Bio::Coordinate::Pair
CPAN Bio::Coordinate::Pair
metaCPAN Bio::Coordinate::Pair
See also:
Example usage
Here is an example of how to use the code to 'lift over' features aligned to a contig into a chromosomal coordinate space (i.e. using an AGP file).
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Bio::Location::Simple;
use Bio::Coordinate::Pair;
# Define the contig
my $ctg = Bio::Location::Simple->
 new( -seq_id => 'ctg', -start => 1, -end => 999, -strand => +1 );
# Define the contig's position in the chromosome
my $ctg_on_chr = Bio::Location::Simple->
 new( -seq_id => 'chr', -start => 2001, -end => 2999, -strand => -1 );
# Define the mapping between the two coordinate systems (as an object)
my $agp = Bio::Coordinate::Pair->
 new( -in => $ctg,
 -out => $ctg_on_chr
# Create an example'match' that has contig coordinates
my $match_on_ctg = Bio::Location::Simple->
 new( -seq_id => 'hit', -start => 25, -end => 125, -strand => +1 );
# Convert the match into chromosomal coordinates
my $match_on_chr = $agp->map( $match_on_ctg );
# (and print it)
 ), "\n";
which gives:
chr 2875 2975 -1
'Edge' cases
See the test script (and its results) on the talk page. Here is some commentary on that script:
What we see is that, that part of the feature to'map' that extends beyond the range of the '-in' sequence is (arbitrarily?) mapped to a 'gap' (a Bio::Coordinate::Result::Gap) on *that* sequence in the result (a Bio::Coordinate::Result). This gap has the seq_id and strand of *that* sequence, and that's that.
i.e. The Bio::Coordinate::Pair may define the position of (part of) a contig in a scaffold, and we may wish to'map' some features that are in 'contig coordinates' onto the scaffold to get the same features in'scaffold coordinates'. Any feature falling fully within the contig (or fully within that part of the contig that we specify when creating the Bio::Coordinate::Pair) is'mapped' as a single 'Match' (Bio::Coordinate::Result::Match) within the result.
If, however, feature (in 'contig coordinates') lies outside or across that part of the contig specified when creating the Bio::Coordinate::Pair, then that (part of) the feature is'mapped' as a single 'Gap' (Bio::Coordinate::Result::Gap) in the result. The gap is given in terms of the contig (i.e. it has the contig seq_id and the contig strand).
I'm really not sure of the semantics of this... It makes sense that, if we put half of one contig into one scaffold, for example, that we don't want features from the other half of the contig to be mapped onto the scaffold, but I don't know why we would want those features to turn up as gaps, but there you have it.
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Consulting on electricity production power plants
The services provided in the field of consulting and research on the development and supervising of electricity production power plants are:
1. Operation simulation of electricity production power plants with or without the Renewable Energy Sources power plants penetration.
2. Maximisation of R.E.S. power secure penetration in autonomous electricity systems. Estimation of dynamic security.
3. Design and development of algorithms for the R.E.S. and hybrid power plants penetration simulation in electricity systems under alternative optimization criteria (maximization of annual R.E.S. penetration, optimization of the required investments economic indeces, minimization of the project's life cycle cost etc).
4. Study, dimensioning optimization and operation simulation of electricity production pilot plants (e.g. hydrogen production and storage from R.E.S., combined operation of a R.E.S. power plant and a desalination unit etc).


text:
Closing Event: Lecture by Momoyo Kaijima
We are happy to welcome Momoyo Kaijima here in the HCU Atrium. Momoyo Kaijima founded Atelier Bow-Wow, a Tokyo based firm, in 1992 with Yoshiharu Tsukamoto. Yoichi Tamai joined the studio as partner in 2015. The practice has realised houses, urban interventions and public spaces in Japan, Europe and the United States. Its publications include the Pet Architecture Guide Book, Made in Tokyo, Graphic Anatomy 1 and 2, Behaviorology and the Window Scape Series. All of them are books one should not just read but bring to work – full with methods, tools, theories and discourses to reorganise what's what in Architecture. Thank you for being here.
Hi, this is Momoyo Kaijima – nice to meet you. Today I would like to talk about Atrium Behaviorology. Why behaviorology? The very simple answer is: We live. We have a life, which is to be continued, we are breathing and performing activities. And why the atrium? The atrium has been the space for multiple aspects of life since Roman times.
Today, I think this particular typology was created here to achieve a specific goal for the HafenCity University. However, the summer school's question is: What happens here now? Behaviorology is always about life in different aspects, for example human behaviour – I behave, I breathe, I walk, I study or I sleep and so on. That is the first thing. The second thing is, we have light, wind, many climate issues, temperature, hot or cold, air blows – all these things are always present and these conditions compete and negotiate, like temperature, and also the sunlight coming from the east and west and so on. So - these kind of movements affect space. The third thing is architecture itself. As I mentioned before, the atrium, is a strong typology of space, translated from the roman period. So to understand what this means for us, we have to ask why and how we should or could continue to realise this typology today. This kind of typological aspect – the genealogy of space or the genealogy of architecture – offers a very important discourse or a platform for architecture and urban planning. These three things constitute a frame of study for Behaviorology and we used these three frames together with the students to observe behaviours in the atrium during the summer school.
Before my lecture Dominique and Lisa talked about how the students performed this kind of research and explained how we can record movements. Mostly, different behaviours occur time after time according to different conditions. Consequently we need a method to record how changes occur time after time. One method could be the drawing. Architecture students, architects, artists, urban planners or designers are capable of drawing their ideas. However, by drawing we can represent observations. That's why in our studies [with Architectural Behaviorology] we are producing several drawings. Through making drawings, students can create feedback from the drawings themselves. The drawing tells to ourselves what we observe. We can draw by hand or by thought. Facing drawings, observations and thinking creates a feedback loop, which makes us more conscious about what is important for us, for oneself, the methods and the meanings of space. This kind of loop can be very prolific for a development of our thought.
In the focus of changing patterns of our lives, Behaviorology is related to ethnography. Each area or each specific space is used by a different member or a different citizen or a different group of people. We want to know about a common sense between these people or members. Insights from ethnographies or the application of an ethnographic method will help architects to understand how they can transpose this common behaviour into the design of space. If we want to contribute to a conceptional practice about »common space« we might look at hybrid common spaces and ask what the frame of the common is and what social group is behind these common spaces.
It is very important to think about this kind of relationship between the common and people or society, this kind of relational study, in terms of ethnography. We tried to test this methodology in this atrium.
At the end of the week we installed several kinds of places. During the workshop we found a lot of interesting aspects like sounds. For example this atrium echoes very strongly, because of the hard materials which surround it and several different levels of activities [feeding the sound of the atrium]. The echo announces disturbances or collaborations of different actors. Students transposed the observation of these behaviours into the radio format including the radio station. The delay you are hearing listening to my lecture is a very interesting effect. It is in the same space, yet not in the same time. For me, this is a very interesting affection.
[Showing behaviours on a drawing] This space follows certain time lines. In this case, the people have a table and they eat breakfast on the table. They are very close to these people, but different activities happen. They share some moment. This is also very interesting. The atrium has a lot of light but we don't have any water supply. That is why students use a special machine to water the plants. Where is this special machine now? Leonie [HCU students assistant and related to AStA at HCU] stores it in the AStA offices. I like this machine. This machine is a very important instrument to connect the plants to the people.
Sometimes this atrium gives too much light on sunny days. Sometimes these Banana leaves give beautiful shadows for the people. This kind of relationship happens in the atrium.
Originally, the Atrium is a kind of meeting space, a space enabling exchange, in which different actors like plants, air, light, the smell of food and many more of these kinds of things create a more habitable situation and somehow increase the comfort of the space. One important thing is coffee. Students proposed coffee to go. Very, very simple, just put ground coffee in a coffee machine and, in result, this space suddenly plays a different role. I think it is very important to enable play with different roles in the same space. And coffee produces a very nice smell as well.
We expected to enable this kind of diversity of space as much as possible and as long as possible. Unfortunately, after one week, many of the plants were taken out because of a cleaning procedure and also because of new programs scheduled. The atrium should be open to everything. That's why some of our instruments were taken out of the space. That's why we couldn't continue this experiment until today, unfortunately. But I think this is also an interseting element in the testing condition of our summer school.
This is the end of my lecture, so thank you very much.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The working temperature of optical transceivers affects all the parameters of optical transceivers. If the ambient temperature of the optical transceiver changes, the operating current of the optical transceiver will vary with temperature. At the same time, the parameters of the optical transceivers change, which affects the normal transmission of optical transceivers. Today, we mainly talk about the causes of too high or too low temperature on optical transceivers and its impact.
What Is the Normal Temperature of Optical transceivers?
Because the type and brand of the optical transceiver are complicated, the temperature of modules corresponding to different optical transceiver temperature levels are different and the temperature specifications defined by the supplier are different, whether the temperature of optical transceivers is abnormal or not needs to be considered according to these factors. Before we use the optical transceiver, it is best to check the vendor's definition of the temperature profile of the optical transceiver so as to reduce the number of problems caused by abnormal optical transceiver temperature.
Optical transceiver temperature mainly includes three levels: commercial grade, extended grade, industrial grade. The following is a detailed description of these three temperatures:
|Temperature Grade||Abbreviation||Temperature Range|
|Commercial temperature range||COM||0 ~ + 70 ℃|
|Extended temperature range||EXT||-20 ~ 85 ℃|
|Industrial temperature range||IND||-40 ~ 85 ℃|
Three Reasons That Affect the Temperature of Optical Transceivers
1. The Poor Quality and Workmanship
If you use the optical transceivers with poor quality and workmanship, then the phenomenon of abnormal temperature of the optical transceivers is more common. Because the function of such optical transceivers is instable, heat dissipation is also relatively poor. In order to reduce the temperature anomaly and unnecessary discard, we advise to use the optical transceivers with better function, quality and workmanship.
2. The Harsh Application Environment
Optical transceiver operating environment is in the data center, computer room or interchanger. If the optical transceivers are used in other environments, the change of the ambient temperature will inevitably change the temperature of the optical transceiver, thereby affecting its optical power and optical sensitivity. If the application environment of optical transceivers is harsh, then we advise to select the optical transceivers with industrial temperature or extended temperature.
3. The Use of Second-hand Optical Transceivers
The temperature of new optical transceivers is usually at 0-70 ° C and many second-hand optical transceivers are inaccessible. And the second-hand optical transceivers cannot operate normally in high-temperature or low-temperature conditions. Therefore, we advocate the use of new optical transceivers.
What Are the Impacts of High or Low Temperature on Optical transceivers?
If the optical transceiver temperature is too high or too low, it will affect the function of the optical transceiver and make the communication data appear faulty. The optical transceivers will alarm if its temperature isn't in the normal range. If the optical transceivers are in a bad situation, interchangers will send data continuously. The optical transceivers will not send / receive data from the beginning until it is recovered to normal operation.
1. The Impact of Too High Temperature on Optical Transceivers:
If the operating temperature of optical transceivers is too high, the optical power of optical transceivers will become larger and the receiving signal will be faulty, and even the optical transceiver will be burned. As a result, the optical transceivers cannot work normally. In this case, DDM function should be added. You can select temperature control system for real-time monitoring and compensation to ensure that the optical transceiver extinction ratio and luminous power stable, to ensure the normal operation of the optical communication system.
2. The Impact of Too Low Temperature on Optical Transceivers:
Generally speaking, as long as optical transceivers are not exposed to the harsh environment below 0℃, the temperature will not be too low. It is better not to use the optical transceiver in the condition of too low temperature, as this may cause the function of the optical transceiver to be unstable.
How about the Temperature of Gigalight's Optical Transceivers?
As one of the most top-rated optical transceiver vendors in China, Gigalight complies with the temperature grade standard that the industry requires, and will meet the customer demand for temperature. In addition, all optical transceivers will undergo a high and low temperature burn-in test prior to shipping to test the temperature to ensure the quality of the products.


Quick Answer: Does Gayatri Mantra Work?
Why is Gayatri mantra so powerful?
What is the best time to chant Gayatri Mantra?
Indonesian Hinduism. The Gayatri Mantra forms the first of seven sections of the Trisandhyā Puja (Sanskrit for "three divisions"), a prayer used by the Balinese Hindus and many Hindus in Indonesia. It is uttered three times each day: 6 am at morning, noon, and 6 pm at evening.
Can we chant Gayatri Mantra before sleeping?
– Gayatri Mantra can be chanted from two hours before sunrise to one hour before sunrise and sunset can be done till one hour later. – Do not chant this mantra at night.
How can I impress Lord Shiva by Mantra?
If you want peace of mind and if you want to please Shiva, you can chant the mantra. करचरणकृतं वाक् कायजं कर्मजं वा श्रवणनयनजं वा मानसंवापराधं । विहितं विहितं वा सर्व मेतत् क्षमस्व जय जय करुणाब्धे श्री महादेव शम्भो ॥ If you are looking to meditate upon Shiva, then Shiva Dhyaan Mantra is for you.
How do you pray to Shiva?
Does Gayatri mantra increase intelligence?
Which is most powerful mantra?
How do you chant Gayatri Mantra?
What are the 7 mantras?
What is the power of Gayatri Mantra?
The power of GAYATRI MANTRA was found to be the highest, making it the most potent Hymn of the world. The combination of sound waves at this particular frequency of the Mantra is claimed to capable of developing specific spiritual potentialities.
Can Lord Shiva fulfill our wishes?
Why Gayatri mantra is 108?
To recite a mantra 108 times is said to help bring in harmony with the vibrations of the universe. … Famous mathematicians of Vedic culture saw 108 as some of the completeness of presence.
Is Gayatri mantra cursed?
Originally Answered: Why is Gayatri Mantra locked? Yes It is true curses do exist. The rules are: Mantra should be taken as a deeksha from Siddha Guru.
Is Gayatri mantra really works?
Does Gayatri Mantra fulfill all wishes?
Can I chant Gayatri mantra at night?
Can a girl chant Gayatri Mantra?
Can women chant the Gayatri mantra? Yes. Nowhere is it said that women cannot chant. … The men thought that if ladies chant Gayatri mantra, it will bring them a lot of power; healing power and sankalpa Shakti.
Which mantra is powerful for money?
Lakshmi MantraLakshmi Mantra is synonymously also called Money Mantra. Neel N is the founder of Prophet666.com. These are powerful Hindu Mantras and Yantras for wealth, prosperity and abundance.
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text:
Advanced Python field calculator is one of the numerous tools in Sextante for QGIS. It's extremely powerful but it doesn't use the syntax of QGIS' default field calculator (the one you can access via attribute table). Therefore, here comes a short introduction:
If you want to reproduce this example, I used a dataset of town areas from the new open government data site of Lower Austria.
The upper half of the Advanced Python field calculator is rather self-explanatory but the lower half is where it gets interesting: Code in the global expression section will be executed only once before the calculator starts iterating through all the features of the input layer. Therefore, this is the correct place to import necessary modules or to calculate variables that will be used in subsequent calculations. Code in the formula section will be evaluated for each feature in the input layer. As shown in the following example, this is where we can calculate new values, e.g. the area of the polygons in km²:
As you can see, the feature geometry can be accessed using
If you want to access an existing attribute, that's possible using
Anyway, this is the resulting layer's attribute table including the new areaKM2 field:
Thanks to Victor for pointing me to the documentation of FieldPyculator which Advanced Python field calculator is based on.


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Question: What are the connected components of the familiar spaces of functions between two (let's say compact and smooth, for simplicity) manifolds $M$ and $N$?
Specifically, I'm thinking of the Hölder spaces $\mathcal{C}^{k,\alpha}(M, N)$ and the Sobolev spaces $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$.
Some comments:
 1. For a smooth function $f:M\to N$, it seems clear that, at least, all continuous functions homotopic to $f$ will be connected to it.
 2. This question is inspired by the discussion of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ in McDuff-Salamon's book on $J$-holomorphic curves. There it's stated as an offhand remark that the connected components of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ (in the case of $M$ oriented & two-dimensional; I'm not sure if this makes a difference) are the completions of the sets {$f:M\to N \text{ smooth}: f_*[M]=A$}, for $A\in H_{\dim M}(N)$.
 3. If the McD-S factoid is true, there should exist sequences of smooth not-all-mutually-homotopic functions which converge in $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$. (This isn't too counterintuitive, since $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ presumably contains functions which aren't continuous, & so don't themselves have a homotopy class). Can someone give me an example of this phenomenon?
Please feel free to re-tag -- I can't think of anything really appropriate.
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I'm going to guess that $k$ and $p$ were chosen large enough so that $W^{k,p}\subset C^r$ for some $r\ge 0$, (by Sobolev), so that $W^{k,p}$ maps in the same path component are continuous and homotopic. – Paul May 1 '10 at 21:04
Ah, of course you're right -- I forgot about the Sobolev estimates. In that case, should the McD-S remark about "connected components" be interpreted as meaning "unions of connected components"? – macbeth May 1 '10 at 21:32
I think if you use the methods Dylan and Dan mention below you get that $\pi_0(W^{k,p})=\pi_0(C^r)=\pi_0(C^\infy)$. I don't know a good reference to this, but you could check Palais' book called "foundations of global non-linear analysis". Hirsch's book has results that relate $C^r$ and $C^\infty$ for all $r$, so maybe that and Sobolev embedding does the trick. – Paul May 2 '10 at 14:53
Two remarks: first, homology classes of smooth mappings $M\to N$ do not usually determine homotopy classes, though they do, by the Hurewicz theorem, when $M=S^2$ and $N$ is simply connected (maybe that's what you mean about "unions of connected components"?). Second, life on the not-quite-continuous Sobolev borderline (e.g. $W^2_1$ on a surface) is very precarious, both for analysts and topologists. – Tim Perutz May 2 '10 at 14:57
Thanks to all for useful comments. _USER_, yes, that is what I mean: since intuition (supported by the discussion here) is that the connected components are homotopy equivalence classes, and since homology doesn't determine homotopy, it should be false that the connected components are the homology classes. (But perfectly true that homology classes are unions of connected components.) I am feeling happy that here there be no pathology-dragons. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 15:46
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Any continuous map from M to N is homotopic to a smooth map, and if two smooth maps are homotopic, then they are also smoothly homotopic. (More generally, two homotopic functions are homotopic through a homotopy that is smooth except at the endpoints.) The proof involves convolving with Gaussians, and is standard; I think you can find it in Milnor's Topology from a Differentiable Viewpoint, for instance. (It's also appeard on mathoverflow before, but I couldn't find it just now.) The hard issues for smooth vs. continuous functions arise only once you start demanding the maps be injective.
I can't say more about McDuff and Salomon without more context for the quote.
share|improve this answer
Thanks. This certainly serves as a proof of my Comment 1: if two functions are homotopic, then in any sensible topology they are in the same connected component. Paul's remark deals with my questions about the converse: if two functions are in the same connected component of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$, then there is a continuous function $F:[0,1]\to \mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$ connecting them, and by the Sobolev inequality $||f||_{\mathcal{C}^{0,\mu}}\leq ||f||_{\mathcal{W}^{k,p}}$ (for $kp>\dim M$ and $\mu:=k-np$) this function yields a homotopy. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 8:13
The McDuff-Salamon remark is in J-holomorphic curves and symplectic topology, top of page 45 in the 2004 edition. They are interested in the Banach manifold $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$ (for $M$ a Riemann surface) because they are about to show that a subset of it -- those maps which are J-holomorphic -- is a finite-dimensional submanifold. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 8:22
Now I see it, and I agree with you: it should say "$\mathcal{B}^{k,p}$ is a union of components of $W^{k,p}". – Dylan Thurston May 2 '10 at 15:16
This got too long for a comment to Dylan's answer.
I like the discussion of these ideas in John Lee's book Introduction to Differentiable manifolds (the relevant part isn't in the google preview). He refers to these approximation results as the Whitney Approximation Theorem, and deduces them from the tubular neighborhood theorem and the Whitney Embedding Theorem. Interestingly, he doesn't use convolution.
Here's a sketch: start with a continuous map from $f:M\to N$, and embed N in R^n. First Lee proves that there's smooth map $g: M\to R^n$ close to f (inside a tubular neighborhood of N, say) and then he uses the projection from the tubular neighborhood back to N to get his approximation to f. Note that since balls in $R^n$ are convex, once g is sufficiently close to f there's a linear homotopy linking them, which lies entirely inside the tubular neighborhood.
To produce g, the rough idea is that near any point x in M, the constant function with value f(x) is a "good enough" approximation to f. This gives an open cover of M, and there's a finite subcover, with a subordinate partition of unity $\phi_i$. The approximation to f is now gotten by averaging these constant functions using the partition of unity: $g(x) = \sum \phi_i (x) f(x_i)$.
Lee explains how to modify this in the case where f is already smooth on some closed subset, and you want to leave it unchanged there. (That allows you to approximate homotopies.)
share|improve this answer
Nice, I didn't know that proof. – Dylan Thurston May 2 '10 at 15:18
For the Sobolev case, I think _URL_ may be helpful [together with the references therein].
share|improve this answer
Awesome! (Short summary: for $kp\leq \dim M$, the connected components can be very strange.) – macbeth May 4 '10 at 22:10
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text:
In Australia, the Easter...Bilby?
SYDNEY (Reuters) - The Easter Bunny's days as a furry seasonal icon may be numbered in Australia, as conservationists Down Under move to replace it with the Easter Bilby.
The bilby is a rare marsupial that has long ears, a long muzzle, silky fur and a pouch like a kangaroo. Males grow to about the same size as a rabbit.
But the animal is in trouble. Only some 600 are estimated to remain in the wild, and its habitat is being steadily eaten away by rabbits, which were introduced to Australia.
As a result, Mike Drinkwater, who looks after bilbies at a Sydney wildlife park, would like to make the Easter Bunny a thing of the past.
"Number one, rabbits are a pest in Australia. Secondly, the bilby has these lovely, endearing rabbit-like qualities," he said.
"Thirdly, the bilby is a beautiful, iconic native animal that is struggling. It is endangered, so it's important that we do all we can to support that."
Chocolate stores around Australia are displaying Easter Bilbies in their windows. The largest Australian-owned chocolate factory, Darrell Lea - which sponsors bilby breeding programs - questioned why anybody would want to buy an Easter Bunny when they could have an Easter Bilby instead.
The campaign appears to be catching on. Some schools have replaced their Easter bunnies with bilbies for annual egg hunts.
"Given that the bilbies have suffered so greatly due to the introduction of rabbits, it's directly linked to a very important conservation and education message," Drinkwater said.
(Reporting by Reuters Television; editing by Elaine Lies)
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Minh Quang Chau*
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh city, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
*Corresponding Author Email: _EMAIL_
When machining a 3D surface with a variable curved profile, we will have to use a ball-end milling cutter. With this type of cutter, depending on the position of the tool's contact with the machining surface, the size and direction of the cutting force, cutting speed, cutting temperature, etc. will be different. The cutting speed varies from maximum to zero at the tip, so in the vicinity of the workpiece material is not cut but destroyed by deformation. This causes the deformation of the cutting tool to constantly change, greatly affecting the machining accuracy as well as the surface quality of the part. This error is a big problem for mechanical manufacturers because there are no specific studies so that they can make appropriate adjustments to the process of compiling the processing program. Therefore, there should be further studies on deformation of cutting tools. The research method is to use mathematical tools and calculation software to establish the relationship between shear force, surface roughness, transform the cutting tool's position with technological parameters and machining surface geometry parameters. The paper focuses on building the cutting section model when milling 3D surfaces with the ball-end milling cutters. Simultaneously assess the parameters of cutting force and machining surface error when milling the 3D surface with a milling cutter.


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How to Install a Hanging Mirror on a Door
Installing a hanging mirror on a door is a little different from hanging one on a wall. Hollow doors are not strong or dense enough to hold mounting screws, but you can support the mirror from the top of the door. With solid doors, a more traditional approach with screws should hold an average mirror. Extremely heavy mirrors are not suitable for hanging on a door, as the weight can cause the door to sag on its hinges.
Holllow Door Installation
 1. Use Over the Door Mirror Hooks
 2. Slip an over-the-door hanging hook over the top edge of the door, advises Mirror Coop.
 3. Attach the Wire to the Hook
 4. Hang the wire on the back of the mirror over the hook on the door. If the back of the mirror has a pair of D rings and no wire, string picture hanging wire between the two rings and twist the ends of the wire together until the wire is taut and secure.
 5. Stick the Bumper to the Door
 6. Peel the backing off a felt or rubber bumper and stick it to the door behind the mirror, toward the bottom edge of the mirror. It should be high enough behind the mirror not to show, but low enough to protect the mirror from bouncing against the door.
Solid Door Installation
 1. Position the Mirror
 2. Hold the mirror against the door where you want it to hang, with the back side facing out.
 3. Mark the Position
 4. Make a pencil mark on the door at the top of the mirror and at the left and right sides of the mirror.
 5. Take Your Measurements
 6. Measure the mirror from the top edge down to one D ring on the back. If the D rings have picture hanging wire strung between them, remove it.
 7. Measure down from the mark you made on the door for the top of the mirror to the location of the D ring, using the measurement you took in Step 3. Mark the door again at that location.
 8. Use a Level
 9. Place a 4-foot level horizontally against the door, aligning the upper edge of the level with the pencil mark you made for the D ring. Adjust the level, centering the bubble. OOK by Hillman recommends tracing the edge of the level onto the door with a pencil.
 10. Place the level vertically on the door and align the edge with the pencil mark you made for the left side of the mirror. Adjust the level until the bubble is centered, denoting that the line is plumb or vertically straight. Trace the edge of the level with a pencil until it intersects the level horizontal line. Repeat to make a vertical line on the right side.
 11. Take Your Second Set of Measurements
 12. Measure the mirror from the left side straight across to the center of the closest D ring. This measurement denotes where the left mounting screw goes.
 13. Measure across the horizontal line from the spot where the left vertical line intersects it, and mark the spot where the left mounting screw goes, using the measurement you took in Step 8. Repeat for the mounting screw on the right-hand side.
 14. Drill Pilot Holes
 15. Drill pilot holes into the door to a depth of approximately 3/4 inch at the mounting screw marks. Use a power drill and a drill bit that is slightly smaller than the diameter of the screw shank.
 16. Install Wood Screws
 17. Insert a 1-inch, coarse-thread wood screw into the door at each pilot hole using a Phillips head screwdriver. Leave the screw head raised up from the surface of the door approximately 1/8 inch.
 18. Finish Installing the Mirror
 19. Hang mirror on door by lowering the mirror onto the screws until the D rings catch the screws.
 20. Things You Will Need
 - Over-the-door-style hanging hook or wreath hanger
 - Picture-hanging wire (optional)
 - Adhesive-backed felt or silicone bumpers
 - Pencil
 - Measuring tape
 - 4-foot level
 - Power drill
 - Small-diameter drill bit set
 - 1-inch coarse-thread wood screws
 - Phillips head screwdriver
 Some mirrors have hanging mechanisms such as ribbons or cords that are only decorative and not intended to bear the weight of the mirror. Follow the manufacturer's mounting instructions, and use special hardware when recommended or provided.


text:
Milton-Smith, M. D. (2010). A Brave New World: Life in the Global Metropolis. MediAsia: The Asian Conference on Media.
In the new millennium, digital artists are questioning the nature of human existence within the global metropolis. As a case example, digital artist Marnix de Nijs' uses interactive, responsive and cinematic media to explore notions of alienation, diaspora, flux and dislocation within urban contexts. His installations examine globalisation's affects – and in doing so – provide new ways for us to respond to its 'brave new worlds'. In this paper I will present digital media as a unique mode of expression, borne of globalisation's zeitgeist and uniquely situated to articulate its human impacts. Most critically, I will explore how interactive digital installations can re-imagine human life within the global metropolis.
Published in Full, Global City, Digital Technology, Digital Art, Globalisation, Globalization


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How to make pasta fregola sarda
fregola cookedHow to make pasta fregola sarda: When we first opened The Big Dream Factory for business, it was journey into the ancient art of pasta making and we are by no means the experts. Along the way we have found and made many different types of pasta not normally seen at the supermarkets across America. Many of our pasta shapes are readily found in Italy but what would you know … not so pasta fregola sarda!
Anna who has arrived from Italy, is putting us through out pasta paces and is introducing us to the more obscure pasta. We are so excited to be able to bring you pasta fregola sarda because not only is it little known in America, it is little known in Italy too.
cutting the pasta fregola sarda
So what is pasta fregola sarda? Despite its appearance, 'fregula' (which is it's original name) is not a grain, but an ancient form of pasta from the island of Sardinia, where it has been popular since Ligurian navigators imported it from North Africa in the Middle Ages. It has been suggested that the word 'fregula' (or fregola) derives from the Latin word 'fricare', meaning 'to chop up', 'little fragment', 'crumb'. The durum semolina is traditionally formed by hand using the same method for making couscous. However, unlike couscous, the fregola is toasted. As it browns, it dries giving the fregola the appearance of tiny grains, it also imparts a wonderful nutty, wheaty flavour.
drying fregola sarda
Fregola remains a staple in the Sardinian kitchen and is commercially produced. Here at The Big Dream Factory we make them completely from scratch. Since we have experience in making our own couscous from scratch and by hand, we decided that it would be better for us to create fregula using one of our small pasta machines. VOILA!!
fregola cooked
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With a little bit of work, one can show that $\mathbb{CP}^n$ and $\mathbb{RP}^n\times\mathbb{RP}^n$ have the same Stiefel-Whitney numbers, so by a theorem of Thom, they are (unorientedly) cobordant.
Is there an explicit description of a cobordism between them?
I know the answer for $n = 1$: it reduces to finding a cobordism between $S^2$ and $S^1\times S^1$ (take a solid ball and remove a solid torus from the interior, or take a solid torus and remove a solid ball from the interior).
An explicit cobordism is given by Stong:
R. E. Stong, A Cobordism, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 35, No. 2 (Oct. 1972), pp. 584-586
I do like the short title "A Cobordism".
The construction is as follows:
Write $\mathbb{CP}^n$ with homogeneous coordinates $[z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n]$ and consider the space $$W=(\mathbb{CP}^n\times [0,1])/\sim,$$ where $([z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n],1)\sim([\bar{z_0},\bar{z_1},\dots,\bar{z_n}],1)$ if $|z_0^2+z_1^2\dots +z_n^2|\leq\frac{3}{5}$. Then Stong takes a page to prove that $W$ is the desired cobordism.
But one should also read the note: enter image description here enter image description here
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Spartan Lifestyle: Ways To Live Like A Spartan In Modern World
Jan 5 2020 By Aayushma B.
Spartan lifestyle and values
Spartan lifestyle and values
Sparta was an ancient city in Greece from the 750 to around 3rd Century BCE. Spartan lifestyles and values have been glorified all around the world. Located in the ancient grounds of Laconia in Greece, Spartan people built an empire. There are many claims that life in the ancient city wasn't as good as we think it was. The constitution of Sparta believed in slaves and killing them in order to avoid uprisings. An average man spent their whole life training to be a warrior. Even at that time, the Spartan mentality was very different from the rest of the world. An antique idol of Sparta Warrior
However, there are many principles which made the civilization successful for centuries. The Spartan men and women lived a lifestyle that kept them safe from the world outside. Currently, some people want to be away from the technological world that has made us materialistic. Spartan lifestyle and mentality will instill values different from the modern world.
There are many things that we can learn from these warrior men which can keep us content. You might not be able to follow all their principles as it would be absurd in the modern world to even think of some, but you can adopt the good ones.
The 12 things you must do in order to live your life like a spartan soldier are given below:
1. Minimalism in Spartan Lifestyle:
Spartan lifestyle and values
To this date, you will find thousands of people trying to adopt a minimalistic lifestyle. People have become so spoilt with all the possession that it is almost impossible to survive without them. So, adopting this spartan mentality might be helpful in case you are one of them.
From a very young age, Spartan soldiers were taught to be happy with very little in life. Some might even consider it ruthless keeping a child from their basic needs. But as a Spartan soldier, this was the way of life. Today, people need thousands of things just to go by a single day. This was completely opposite as per the Spartan values. The only piece of clothing that the children could get was a robe.
2. Spartan Diet:
Today, you can order something online that will reach your doorsteps in a few minutes. However, in ancient Sparta, you had to basically earn everything that you ate. From the training period, men were trained to feed themselves. They used to eat whatever they could steal or earn. They had to work hard to be able to feed themselves.
Whatever they ate was healthier compared to the greasy food items that we find today. You have to feed your body protein and veggies that are essential to help you build muscles. However, you didn't feed yourself excessively because that would make you fat and slow.
3. Physique:
Spartan Mentality
The ancient Spartan soldiers had ripped bodies from all the training that they had to undergo. So, if your goal is to develop a Spartan lifestyle and value, you'd better start working on your physical training. The Spartans soldiers used to have lean muscles that enabled them to fight with others, physically and mentally.
4. Spartan Psyche and Mentality:
An average Spartan man had to train himself mentally as well as physically. Only being strong didn't help them all the time. The Spartan soldier lived a lifestyle that required constant fight for survival and had to value whatever they would earn. They would have to steal from people without being caught, otherwise, they would be punished. Such activities made them instinctive.
5. The goal or purpose of Spartan Education:
In modern society, the primary thing for the people mostly become feeding themselves and gather as much wealth as possible. But the Spartan lifestyle and values teach you to follow a goal completely different. If you want to live like a Spartan soldier, you must dedicate your life to serve a particular place or person. Having personal materialistic goals isn't the purpose of a Spartan soldier.
6. Waking Up:
Spartan Mentality
If you are someone who wakes up after 5 snoozes of your alarm, then we have something bad for y0u. Waking up early was one of the very essential lifestyles and values in the Spartan mentality. You will need to start using your time much more efficiently and most importantly, you must wake up early.
7. Training:
Spartan Mentality
Whether you want to grow up to become an army, fighter, engineer or even a doctor, you must follow some Spartans rules and regulations. in order to lead a spartan lifestyle, you will have to train yourself much harder.
The training period in the Spartan lifestyle goes until you die. So, you need to give yourself time to learn and grow. Whatever career you pursue, you need to be able to give it all you have got. Giving up will never be an option.
8. Working in a Team:
Spartan lifestyle and values
As a Spartan, you had to fight in a team. The Spartans army used to form a wall by sticking onto each other during the war that hardly let anyone else pass through. If someone gets injured during the war, the other Spartan soldier used to come and take their place, and they would continue to move forward. So, if you want to work like a Spartan, you will have to learn to work in a team as well.
9. Intellect in Spartan Lifestyle and Value:
Spartan lifestyle and values
As we mentioned above, being strong wasn't enough for the Spartan soldiers. Also, they needed to think smartly. So, sharpening your intellect is extremely important if you want to develop a spartan mentality.
Also, read: 8 Cryptic Texts That Nobody Has Been Able to Decipher Yet
10. Practise Abstinence:
Spartans never involved themselves in any activity that would not result in either making them stronger or smarter. So, they believed all the other activities such as sex and drinking would lead them to get distracted from their values and training. Therefore, if you align your lifestyle by the values the Spartan society, you might have to restrain yourself from such things.
11. Fight Your Way Out:
Spartan lifestyle and values
The Spartan mentality was to do anything they had to for survival. So, you need to be ready to fight through all the tough moments in life. If you didn't, you get killed. If you also want to live that way, you will have to learn to fight with toff situations in life.
12. Discipline in Spartan Lifestyle:
Finally, this has to be one of the most important values you need to live by in a Spartan lifestyle. From the young age of seven, the kids were taught to take care of themselves. They were all taught to fulfill their purpose of becoming ready for the battle.
At present, even if this might not be your goal, whatever goal you have in mind, you need to establish a strong discipline in yourself. Every principle mentioned above will not be possible without considering the disciplined lifestyle that the Spartan's value.
Related Article: 9 Biggest Ancient Civilizations That Disappeared Without A Trace
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Why do dogs bite their paws?
I have a female 4year old boxer. She bites her paws all the time. I need to know why she bites her paws?
Asked by Member 538050 on Nov 28th 2007 in Health & Wellness
 - This question is closed.
Best Answer
Not all dogs bite their paws. A little nibble now and then could be a common, normal itch. But if the chewing or licking is excessive then there is definitely some other cause.
The most common causes for foot chewing include allergies or boredom/stress.
What is she eating? Check the label for some common allergens such as corn or high amounts of grains, artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors. You may also want to try switching food brands completely and choose a formula with a different meat source and a different grain source than what you are currently using. Or try grain free food, home cooking, or a raw diet. Take treats into consideration as well.
To determine whether it is stress or boredom, look at her daily routine. Is she home alone a lot? Does she have a job? Is she well socialized and adaptable to new situations? Consider games or activities to stimulate her mind. This could be an organized sport and training, at home thinking games, or at home trick training.
Gio answered on Nov 29th.
Other Answers
Kaiden *aka BOO*, PAWS
My first reaction would be to say that they itch. However, I am learning that it can be something more like fleas. *They bite at their paws for a variety of reasons. The 2 most common are as follows:
1. Allergies/irritants which have caused irritation between the toes or on the pads.
2. Full anal glands.
Either case have it checked out..
Kaiden *aka BOO*, PAWS answered on 11/28/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer
I've heard of several dogs who bite at their paws when they are stressed, much like a nervous tic. Has there been any changes in her life lately (a move to a new house, new baby, less walks, less people home, someone moved out?) If so, I would suggest trying to deflect her attention from the paws, perhaps giving her a toy each time she goes for her paw? I'm not an expert, but after getting a check up at the vet, I would look into possible stressors.
take care!
Rudy answered on 11/29/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer
I would have it checked, but I would beleive it to be allergies. If she licks at them to a point where they start getting discolored then I would lean more toward allergies than anything
Member 521584 answered on 11/29/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer


text:
Myth: If my basement doesn't have a ceiling, it will not be assessed as finished.
FACT: This old assessment myth has been around for over 40 years and is simply not true. Basement finish is assessed based on the components that are present (wall covering, floor covering, partitions, etc). No single component, such as a finished ceiling, makes a basement finished.
Myth: Farm outbuildings that are painted green are exempt.
FACT: This is another assessment myth heard across Iowa. It is not true.
Myth: My home is in an area that is zoned commercial and therefore it is assessed as commercial property.
FACT: Zoning classification deals with uses permitted within that area. Assessment classification are tied to the actual use of the property. Generally, a residential dwelling on a residential lot will be assessed as residential property. An exception to this would be a dwelling that is used for a commercial purpose, such as an office.
Myth: The assessor sets tax rates.
FACT: The assessor deals only with assessed value. Tax rates are set by local and state governing bodies. The rates are used in conjunction with assessed values to calculate property taxes. Tax revenues are then used to provide services (schools, fire protection, etc.) necessary to a community.


New Light Shed on French Wartime Honour for British Chemist
14 March 2008
For two centuries, mystery has surrounded pioneering British scientist Humphry Davy's perilous wartime journey to France to collect a medal awarded by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Now the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) has uncovered a letter shedding new light on Napoleon's decision to honour the chemist, despite being locked in combat with Britain at the time. The RSC is appealing for help in discovering what happened to Davy's medal, which is missing.
It reported the impossibility of getting through the British naval blockade to inform Davy that Napoleon wanted to give him an award for services to science. The official wrote that the Emperor's award was intended to "promote and share scientific knowledge" but the hostilities meant delivering the notification letter would have to be postponed.
Davy, who was born in Penzance, Cornwall, in 1778, eventually received word of the honour and travelled to Paris to collect his medal five years later.
In 1813, when the Napoleonic Wars were still under way, he undertook a dangerous voyage across the Channel accompanied by his wife Jane and his scientific assistant, Michael Faraday. It is presumed that the trio were arrested after stepping off a ship carrying prisoners-of-war from Plymouth to Morlaix in Brittany, according to the RSC.
They were only released when word was received approving their trip to Paris, where they met Napoleon's wife Marie Louise but not the Emperor himself.
Davy spent a total of two years travelling in Europe, in the course of which he identified iodine as an element for the first time.
The current French Ambassador to Britain was said to be "amazed" on being told about the discovery of the Delambre letter in a Paris archive and of Davy's journey to receive the medal.
RSC chief executive Dr Richard Pike said it was an "adventure story from which a mystery still hangs".
"The enlightened and advanced attitude of the French science community at that time, and the vision shown by Napoleon, is very special and should be acknowledged now, even if the thanks come 200 years after the event," he said.
"The generosity displayed by France during a bitter and protracted war is an example of the principle of international access to scientific progress.
"Two centuries to the day, science continues to cross borders to spread knowledge and learning.
"It would be wonderful if we were able to find evidence of how and when Davy finally heard of the French tribute and, of course, discovery of the Napoleon medal would add dramatically to the British scientific heritage.
"The letter and medal are missing pieces of a very intriguing puzzle."
Davy, who was knighted in 1812 and made a baronet in 1818, pioneered electrochemistry but is perhaps best known for inventing the Davy safety lamp for miners.
Letter to Humphry Davy
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سال انتشار: ۱۳۹۰
محل انتشار: اولین کنفرانس ملی دانش پژوهان کامپیوتر و فناوری اطلاعات
تعداد صفحات: ۸
abdolsattar vakili – Aq Qala Center, Islamic Azad University
mohammad abdollahi azgomi – Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Computer Engineering
eshagh jorjani – Aq Qala Center, Islamic Azad University, Department of Finance and Accounting,
In this paper, we present a new approach to model the computer system security based on GeneralizedStochastic Petri Nets (GSPN) and Game Theory. Attack against a system is dependent on attacker's maliciousehavior. An attack at least has two essential elements. First, the attacker must decide to choose which attack action is carried out. Second, he tries to accomplish the chosen attack action. Using GSPN, we can model the attackers' decisions. Henceforth, we calculate attacker's decision probabilities using Game Theory, especially, Zero-Sum StaticGame model. By application of the decision probabilities on GSPN model that are calculated by game model, we can carry out quantitative security evaluation of the model using tools such as Mobius and calculate operational measures like Mean Time to Availability Compromise and Mean Time to Integrity Compromise. Finally, a case study has been modeled and evaluated using the method proposed in this paper.


text:
A thump on your window usually means that a bird has crashed into the glass, sometimes stunning, injuring or even killing itself in the process.
Birds fly into windows for several reasons. Mostly, they don't see the glass as a solid barrier. Or a bird that sees its reflection in the window may think it can fly to where the "other" bird is.
Houseplants hanging inside windows may give a bird the illusion that it can fly into the plants.
To reduce the hazards windows pose for birds:
Attach black silhouettes of flying hawks or strips of opaque tape or flagging to windows to make the glass visible to birds.
Install screens or lightweight netting in front of windows as a cushion if birds fly into it.
Put up an owl statue or other raptor statue close to the problem-causing window.
Keep your blinds or curtains closed or partially closed.
Move houseplants away from windows, as these attract birds.
Move bird feeders either away from windows (20 feet or more) or closer to windows (three feet or closer) to help prevent injuries.-- Homes & Gardens of the Northwest staff
If you want to automatically receive a free daily homes and gardens tip, sign up at OregonLive.com's newsletters subscription site.


%A Gómez-Zaldívar, Manuel %A Fonseca, Felipe J %A Mosqueda, Marco T. %A Gómez-Zaldívar, Fernando %D 2020 %T Spillover effects of economic complexity on the per capita GDP growth rates of Mexican states, _PHONE_ %K %X The opening up of the Mexican economy completely transformed the growth dynamics of the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country's various states, with a clear tendency towards growth being concentrated in specific regions. In this study, we quantify the indirect or spillover effect of economic complexity on growth based on the following two facts: i) economic complexity is an important factor in explaining GDP growth rates, and ii) there is a clear regional pattern in the states' economic complexity, i.e., the economic complexity variable shows a positive spatial autocorrelation. Our results provide two insights: first, that the estimated positive spillover effect of complexity on growth is not negligible, particularly for states in the north of the country, whose own economic complexity is as important as that of their neighbors. In contrast, the spillover effect in southern states is negative. Being located next to states with low levels of economic complexity has a significant negative externality that almost overrides the positive effect of a state's own level of complexity. Our findings lead us to conclude that spillover effects may have played a more important role in explaining the diverse pattern of growth between northern and southern Mexico than previously thought. %U _URL_ %J Estudios de Economía %0 Journal Article %P 221-243%V 47 %N 2 %@ 0718-5286 %8 2020-10-21


I would like to know if there are any good practices for modeling Roles in ontologies. I am particularly interested by modeling roles that changes over time (CEO Role during a period of time). Also it is very common to model roles as properties and roles as classes. What are the best practices to pick one or the other approach? How can we relate both?
Thanks in advance
asked 13 Dec '12, 13:59
fellahst's gravatar image
accept rate: 11%
edited 14 Dec '12, 18:30
The pattern Time indexed person role from the Ontology Design Patterns might help you. Similar pattern is used in the Organization Ontology to express changes of roles through time, see this example.
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answered 16 Dec '12, 13:17
jindrichm's gravatar image
accept rate: 35%
You may be interested in the participation schema _URL_
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answered 16 Dec '12, 12:17
brinxmat's gravatar image
accept rate: 15%
I made some research on this topic the last couple of days and I realized that my question was a pretty tough one to answer. I wanted to share with you my findings, in the hope that the readers will produce better ontologies in the future.
The best papers I have found on the subject of properly modeling roles in ontologies are:
OntoClean is a methodology for validating the ontological adequacy of taxonomic relationships. It is based on highly general ontological notions drawn from philosophy, like essence, identity, and unity, which are used to characterize relevant aspects of the intended meaning of the properties, classes, and relations that make up an ontology. These aspects are represented by formal metaproperties, which impose several constraints on the taxonomic structure of an ontology. The analysis of these constraints helps in evaluating and validating the choices made.
These last two papers were the best I could find on this topic and the model presented seems to be very solid and has been used for building the ontology editor Hozo.
Existing ontology tools such as Topbraid, Protege do not have any formal model built-in to properly model roles in ontologies and techniques like Ontoclean to validate the quality of the ontologies. Addition of such techniques would be a great improvement, that would lead to the production of better and more reusable ontologies. Too many ontologies produced today are poor qualities because the tools do not implement best practices in ontology modeling.
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answered 16 Dec '12, 16:29
fellahst's gravatar image
accept rate: 11%
edited 16 Dec '12, 16:33
Good pointers (esp OntoClean which presents a useful set of guidelines), though I somewhat disagree with your last paragraph. While additional tool support is of course always useful and can make things easier, ultimately, proper modeling of an ontology is the ontology egineer's job, and conversely, if it's not done right, the engineer's fault, not the tool's.
(16 Dec '12, 19:46) Jeen Broekstra ♦ Jeen%20Broekstra's gravatar image
The question of whether to model some characteristic as a class or a property is a very common one. It does not only apply to roles, but to any sort of characteristic of an individual you can think of. In general, I'd say that a good rule of thumb is to think about whether the characteristic you're modeling is intrinsic to the individual: if the characteristic were to change, would we still consider the individual the same individual? If the answer to that question is yes, it is not intrinsic, and this makes it a good candidate for modeling it as a property. If the answer is no, it makes it a good candidate for modeling as a class.
This may sound straightforward but it often is not clear cut. Example: in a domain about cars, we may want to say things about red cars and blue cars. Should the color be a (sub)class (:RedCar and :BlueCar), or a property (:Car :hasColor :Color)? The answer IMO depends on whether you consider colors intrinsic to the item being modeled. If, in your domain, you wanted to cater for the fact that cars can be spray-painted a different color, then modeling as a property makes more sense. If, however, in your domain you consider the color a uniquely defining characteristic, then modeling as a class may make more sense (as an aside, another reason to choose properties over classes is that you may not always know the color of each individual, and dealing with that kind of missing information is often easier when it's expressed as a property).
In the case of roles, I'd say that modeling as a property generally makes more sense, especially if, as in your case, you anticipate them changing over time.
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answered 16 Dec '12, 15:12
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Jeen Broekstra ♦
accept rate: 37%
Not sure how your comment relates to my question.
(19 Dec '12, 23:09) fellahst fellahst's gravatar image
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Maya Bernstein, Director of Education and Leadership Initiatives at UpStart Bay Area, discusses her vision of Jewish Education for the 21st Century, one which encourages the development of "Jewish educational activism". She describes how hevruta learning can be a model for how this type of ethical education can proceed.
She suggests that the process of Hevruta learning can inform and enhance the Jewish ethical activist classroom in the following ways:
- Responsibility for the Other
- Ideas are Multi-faceted and Complex
- Deliberate Partnering – Paving the Way for Critical Relationships
- Cultivation of Compassionate Listening
- Movement between Intellectual Discussion & Personal Contemplation
- Nature of the Educational Relationship
"Hevruta is a powerful tool in facilitating the movement from study to action, and thereby helping Jewish wisdom stay relevant and agile in today's world. Jewish education can contribute invaluably to the challenge of striving to define and create an ethical global community. In our Jewish educational environments, we must ensure that we train the next generation to engage in this process, armed with a set of values, texts, and tools unique to our tradition. The philosophical methodology behind hevruta learning to create ethical educational environments should be considered as one vehicle to help ensure that the Jewish education our children receive is one that will stay with them for a lifetime, and inspire and challenge how they behave as human beings in this world."


text: Louisville Slugger Instructoswing batting tees were developed to help batters of all ages and skill levels practice and learn how to swing a bat correctly so as to produce line drives, hard ground balls, and fly balls that carry. The "New and Improved" angle adjustment feature and tee placements are designed to work with all the major hitting philosophies being taught today. The Instructoswing can be used by either right or left handed batters. The angle and height adjustment features were created so the player can practice the proper swing path by choosing a downward, level, or upward path to the ball from basicly any pitch height. The patented rubber-coated good habit bars help prevent casting, chopping, or uppercutting by supplying instant feedback to the batter on bad swings.


Grand Canal dAlsace
Grand Canal d'Alsace, English Great Alsace CanalGrand Canal d'Alsace at Breisach, Ger.Norbert Blauwaterway along the Rhine River, in eastern France, designed in 1922. The first section, at Kembs, opened in 1932, and three more pairs of locks were built between 1952 and 1959. The canal is now 50 km (30 miles) long and runs between Basel, Switz., and Breisach, Ger. It was built to improve navigation of the Rhine (hindered by shallows and a rapid current) and thus to increase traffic upstream from Strasbourg. Electricity is generated at the locks, the largest of each pair being 185 by 23 metres (600 by 75 feet).


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Doorway from Abbey of Notre-Dame at Nevers
Seated Virgin and Child
Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events.
This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 001
According to tradition, the monastery of Moutiers-Saint-Jean was founded by the first Christian kings of France, Clovis I and his son Clothar I. They are almost certainly depicted in the standing figures presenting their charters, now installed in the embrasures on either side of the portal. The small seated figures in the flanking niches represent biblical personages believed to prefigure or foretell Christ's Crucifixion. The tympanum above the doorway depicts Christ crowning the Virgin as the Queen of Heaven. This portal, probably from the north aisle of the cloister, would have led from the monastic precinct into the abbey church. The portal suffered severe damage during the sixteenth-century Wars of Religion; the heads of the two kings may have been repaired in the seventeenth century.
From the abbey of Moutiers-Saint-Jean, near Dijon, FranceMlle. Cambillarc, Moutiers-St.-Jean, France ; Jean Peslier, Vézelay, France ; [ Brummer Gallery, Paris and New York (sold 1932)]
© 2000–2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.


text:
Sabbatical or a sabbatical (from Latin sabbaticus, from Greek sabbatikos, from Hebrew shabbat, i.e., Sabbath, literally a "ceasing") is a rest from work, or a break, often lasting from two months to a year. The concept of sabbatical has a source in shmita, described several places in the Bible (Leviticus 25, for example, where there is a commandment to desist from working the fields in the seventh year). In the strict sense, therefore, a sabbatical lasts a year.
The main Bible passage for sabbatical concepts is Genesis 2:2-3, in which God rested (literally, "ceased" from his labour) after creating the universe, and it is applied to people (Jew and Gentile, slave and free) and even to beasts of burden in one of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11, reaffirmed in Deuteronomy 5:12-15).
In recent times, "sabbatical" has come to mean any extended absence in the career of an individual in order to achieve something. In the modern sense, one takes sabbatical typically to fulfill some goal, e.g., writing a book or travelling extensively for research. Some universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, and/or academics offer the opportunity to qualify for paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called sabbatical leave. Some companies offer unpaid sabbatical for people wanting to take career breaks; this is a growing trend in the United Kingdom, with 20% of companies having a career break policy, and a further 10% considering introducing one.
In British and Irish students' unions, particularly in higher education institutions, students can be elected to become sabbatical officers of their students' union, either taking a year out of their study (in the academic year following their election) or remaining at the institution for a year following completion of study. Sabbatical officers are usually provided with a living allowance or stipend.
See also
- Confederation of British Industry survey, 2005.
- Eells, Walter C. "The Origin and Early History of Sabbatical Leave." Bulletin, American Association of University Professors, XLVIII (1962), 253-256.
- Zahorski, K.J (1994). The Sabbatical Mentor: A Practical Guide to Successful Sabbaticals. Anker Publishing.
- Gap year travel guide from Wikivoyage


text:
Polina Golland, PhD
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
PI in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Title: Learning to Read X-Ray: Applications to Heart Failure Monitoring
Abstract: We propose and demonstrate a novel approach to training image classification models based on large collections of images with limited labels. We take advantage of availability of radiology reports to construct joint multimodal embedding that serves as a basis for classification. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach in application to assessment of pulmonary edema severity in congestive heart failure that motivated the development of the method.


InRebus Blog
 1. John XXII, Pope of Rome, at the request of King Edward II granted this bull to the University of Cambridge. It seems to be qute similar to the document that the Vatican has on display.
 2. Most famous quote attributed to Cicero does not exist in his works. Yes, the one that says that a room without books is like a body without a soul.
 3. This phrase is actually a magic spell, supposed to alleviate pain and suffering caused by torture. Well, maybe. Maybe not. The Latin language is the one being tortured here, because the original phrase looked like this (a little piece of Medieval poetry)


Study finds frequently checking text messages can mean fewer friends. What do you think? (with poll)
Richard Alleyne, LDT
A text message is sent on a mobile phone.
Constantly checking for messages is an addiction which like other drugs can ruin personal relationships, according to researchers.
The addiction can also prove extremely annoying to those around them.
He said that getting hooked on a mobile phone is similar to other addictions, such as compulsive buying.
The study is the first to investigate the role that materialism plays in mobile phone addiction. The researchers said that materialism affected many decisions made by consumers, including their choice and use of mobile phones.
They said the study was driven by a belief that because mobile phone use had become so common it was important to have a better understanding of what drove such technological addictions.
The study for the Journal of Behavioural Addictions used data from 191 business students and two universities, as mobiles are used by about 90 per cent of students for "more than just a utilitarian purpose", Dr Roberts said. The ability to access mobile phones at any time and their ever-expanding functions make their use or overuse more likely, it was found.
Dr Roberts said: "At first glance, one might have the tendency to dismiss such aberrant mobile phone use as merely youthful nonsense - a passing fad.
"But an emerging body of literature has given increasing credence to cell phone (mobile phone) addiction and similar behavioural addictions."
The addiction has even been given a slightly tongue-in-cheek name - nomophobia. The term was created by British researchers in 2008 to identify people who experience anxiety when without access to mobile technology.
A previous study showed that young people were so addicted to their mobile phones that it felt like they had lost a limb when they were without them.
The Daily Telegraph


text:
Researchers transformed a leaf skeleton into iron carbide
Nature's fine structures are also suitable for technical applications because they exist in a numerous variety of forms, they usually display high mechanical stability and, due to their large surfaces, they provide suitable templates for catalysts and electrodes. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam have succeeded in converting the filigree skeleton of a leaf into iron carbide by using a very simple method.
Materials scientists are interested in metal carbides because they are magnetic, conduct electricity and can withstand both high temperatures and mechanical stress. However, due to the stability of the material, researchers weren't able to shape it into a specific form. The Potsdam-based chemists have solved this problem by dipping the leaf skeleton of leaves from a rubber tree into an iron acetate solution. They then air-dried the soaked skeleton at 40 degrees Celsius before treating it with nitrogen gas and heating it to 700 degrees Celsius.
"The structure was conserved down to the last detail", said Zoe Schnepp, who carried out the experiment. "The skeleton provides both the basis for the form and the carbon for the reaction. As a result, we can convert the organic substance in just one step. This is what distinguishes our method from other techniques which also use biological forms as templates for inorganic structures."
When heated, the iron acetate in the leaf skeleton is converted into iron oxide, which is then reduced by the carbon in the leaf skeleton to iron carbide. Researchers have been producing metal oxides on the basis of natural materials like leaves for some time now.
"One team has already succeeded in generating silicon carbide from pre-treated natural materials", said Schnepp. "We've now developed this process even further."
To test whether the leaf was fully converted into iron carbide, the researchers hung it in an electrolytic cell as an anode. Oxygen from the cell bubbled at the leaf and hydrogen bubbles rose at the cathode. "The experiment confirms that most of the leaf was converted into iron carbide. Apart from that, it only contains a bit of carbon," says Zoe Schnepp. The researchers also used a permanent magnet to demonstrate that the leaf had acquired the magnetic characteristics of the iron carbide.
The new method should function with all natural carbonaceous materials. "We would now like to test it on other materials", said Schnepp. "What is important about this study is that it shows how we can exploit nature's formal variety to produce wafer-thin metal carbide structures in one simple step."
You can find more information in the paper they published: "Biotemplating of Metal Carbide Microstructures: The Magnetic Leaf".


text:
Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico
This report develops comparative knowledge for reforms in teacher and school management policies in the context of an OECD member country: Mexico. Mexico's education outcomes can be improved by enhancing the effectiveness of its schools. The standards gap between the performance of students in Mexico and other OECD countries can only be reduced if schools become good at what they do. This report looks at key issues and challenges faced by the Mexican education system and provides policy recommendations on school management, leadership and teacher policies. These recommendations have been developed by considering the outcomes, quality and standards of education and schools in Mexico in terms of what is known internationally about effective schools, and by adapting this knowledge to the Mexican context.
The report has two audiences: It aims to support the Mexican government and key actors in the education system to develop long-term vision and policy in the areas of school management, school leadership, social participation, selection and recruitment of teachers, teacher education, professional development, and evaluation policies in Mexico. At the same time, it provides valuable knowledge in education policy development and implementation useful for other OECD member and partner countries that are in the process of reforming their education systems.
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Conditions for success in education reform.
Chapter 2: Working towards education improvement in Mexico
Chapter 3: Teacher career paths: consolidating a quality profession
Chapter 4: Improving school effectiveness in Mexico: the role of leadership, management and social participation.
Chapter 5: Strategies to improve schools in Mexico: guidance on implementation..
Annex A: Authors Biographies.
How to obtain this publication
Readers can access the full version of Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico choosing from the following options:
Subscribers and readers at subscribing institutions can access the online edition via iLibrary
Non-subscribers can purchase the PDF e-book and/or paper copy via our Online Bookshop.
Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico This video presents some of the OECD recommendations to Mexico to improve the quality of education in Mexican schools.
This video was created with the help of the Federal Administration for Educational Services of the Federal District. All images were filmed in the educational centres where legal authorization for this purpose was granted.


text:
Margin of Safety (MOS)
In break-even analysis, margin of safety is the extent by which actual or projected sales exceed the break-even sales. It may be calculated simply as the difference between actual or projected sales and the break-even sales. However, it is best to calculate margin of safety in the form of a ratio. Thus we have the following two formulas to calculate margin of safety:
|MOS = Budgeted Sales − Break-even Sales|
|MOS =||Budgeted Sales − Break-even Sales|
Margin of Safety can be expressed both in terms of sales units and currency units.
The margin of safety is a measure of risk. It represents the amount of drop in sales which a company can tolerate. Higher the margin of safety, the more the company can withstand fluctuations in sales. A drop in sales greater than margin of safety will cause net loss for the period.
Use the following information to calculate margin of safety:
|Sales Price per Unit||$40|
|Variable Cost per Unit||$32|
|Total Fixed Cost||$7,000|
|Breakeven Sales Units||= $7,000 ÷ ($40 - $32)||= 875|
|Budgeted Sales Units||= $40,000 ÷ $40||= 1,000|
|Margin of Safety||= (1000 − 875) ÷ 1,000||= 12.5%|
Written by Irfanullah Jan and last revised on


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This question is a derivative of a previous question: Source control - How to version resources that are shared across projects
I have a project that contains code that is consumed by many other projects. Specifically, one folder in this parent project has been branched to dependent child projects.
We have since made changes in the parent project and checked them in. In Source Control Explorer, I right click on the branched folder in the parent project and select "Merge", intending to push the changes to a dependent project. I select the child project as a destination and then select "Latest Version". The wizard informs me "There are no changes to merge."
From my perspective, this isn't true, since the recently updated files are clearly different.
Is there a fundamental misunderstanding of the merge process in TFS here? What do I need to do differently?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 17 down vote accepted
The TFS merge engine relies almost entirely on history, not file contents. This makes it efficient for very large trees, and flexible for tasks like safely cherry-picking changes -- but it also makes answering your question difficult.
The first step is to understand the diagnostic commands tf history, tf merges, and tf merge /candidate. Here is a good introduction:
If you are new to branching & merging in TFS then your history is probably not very complex. I think it's likely you'll find your answer with one quick call to tf merges. However, tracing merge history can become extremely convoluted in the general case, so if you have trouble feel free to post back with more details.
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Go to one specific file you know has changed in your "parent" project. Try merging just that file. Don't check anything in; just see what happens.
Something to watch for: The merge tools will not include files that have been added after you branch. You have to branch new files explicitly before you can merge any further changes. If a file is added to both parent and child folders without using a branch operation, the merge tools don't treat them as versions of the same file (and you can't merge changes between them).
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Corrections: * Newly added files do not have a merge relationship with other branches until they're themselves branched = TRUE. (note: can be a "branch, delete") * The workaround is to merge the specific file = FALSE. Won't work. Correct answer is to merge a parent that does have a relationship. * Files added to both branches in parallel will not merge = FIXED IN 2008. See #1-2 from… - but note that if the contents don't match, you're stuck with a version conflict that has no "base" info; merging will be a pain. – Richard Berg Jun 11 '09 at 23:22
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