text:
Length: 8.5 - 9.5 mm
The Phymata species are the most commonly encountered Ambush Bugs in eastern North America. Two species are most commonly encountered in the region, Phymata pennsylvanica (shown here) and Phymata americana. The latter differs by having a continuously smooth margin of the connexivum, while P. pennsylvanica has a prominent notch on the fourth segment as seen in the photo at left.
Phymata Ambush Bugs are sit-and-wait predators that are well camouflaged on flower heads. When an insect comes within reach, they are quick to grab it with their massive forelegs. Despite their diminutive size they are seemingly fearless about grabbing bees and other large prey.
Right: Males of Phymata pennsylvanica are typically much smaller than females. They are also darker, though not always this dark. Even in the darkest males the legs and abdomen remain pale.
Punzalan et al. (2008) argue that evolutionarily speaking, darker males have had an advantage in warming more quickly in the sun, enabling them to find females and mate even under chilly conditions.
American Insects site


What is e-NACH & e-Mandate?
Just curious, e-NACH is an abbreviation, right?
Yes, e-NACH stands for Electronic National Automated Clearing House.
Sounds promising, tell me more...
E-NACH and e-Mandate are easier ways for merchants and their buyers to handle all recurring payments like telephone bills, insurance premiums, utility bills, SIPs, school fees etc.
For instance, if you are signing up for an insurance plan through an e-Mandate, you can schedule all your premium payments through a simple online process at the start of the insurance period, instead of manually keeping track and making individual premium payments. No more pesky reminders or late fees!
e-Mandate Screen
So is there a difference between e-NACH & e-Mandate?
They are two different services, both delivering the same result i.e. enabling automated recurring payments. e-NACH is governed by NPCI & covers over 40+ banks while e-Mandates are controlled by individual banks and is currently available across 4-5 banks.
Interesting, so how does the service work?
E-Mandates can be directly set up through a netbanking transaction from merchant websites. In order to do this, a customer would need to complete a one time netbanking transaction authorization after which all subsequent payments will not require customer intervention.
Netbanking is the primary mode for e-Mandates at the moment, with more payment modes to be added in the future.
e-Mandate Screen
This seems similar to ECS (Electronic Clearing System). How is it different?
ECS is an offline process where physical documents have to be filed and checked manually, while e-Mandate is a paperless online process. This has reduced the processing time from 21 to just 2 working days, in most cases.
As a customer is there any eligilibility criteria to apply for the service?
Anyone with an Aadhaar linked bank account at a participating bank is eligible to apply for e-Mandates.
Are there any limits for the number of e-Mandates that can be set up through a single bank account?
No, there is no limit to the number of e-Mandates that can be set up for an account.
What happens in case of insufficient balance in the bank account?
Like any other online transaction, in times of insufficient balance, the payment to the merchant is denied.
How does the payment appear in the bank statement?
Payments will be reflected as NEFT Bank transfers from the customer account to merchant account.
Can I set up e-Mandates or e-NACH as an option for collecting recurring payments from my customers?
Absolutely! e-Mandates are now available for merchants to use. Razorpay Subscriptions is a great way to automate recurring payments using e-Mandates and other payment modes like credit cards.
e-Mandate Screen
That's cool! Tell me more about Razorpay Subscriptions…
Razorpay Subscriptions allows your business to handle all subscription needs like setting up flexible payment schedules, support for multiple billing models and many other value added services.
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text:
Adding an ornamental pepper plant to your garden is a great way to bring a unique splash of color to your landscape. While many peppers are grown with the intention of culinary use, ornamental pepper plants are meant mainly for aesthetic purposes and are not harvested or eaten. When growing ornamental peppers, it's important to understand how to care for them. The more you learn about care and maintenance of ornamental pepper plants, the more likely it is that they'll thrive once you get them in the ground.
Ornamental pepper plants will grow best when placed in the right location. Ideally, you should strive to plant your ornamental peppers in an area that receives direct sunlight for much of the day. While it can be difficult to control temperatures, ornamental pepper plants will thrive between 65 and 75 degrees, although slight variation is generally not considered to be a problem.
Watering an ornamental pepper plant is a crucial part of the growing process. In order to determine how much water your plant needs, stick your finger approximately one inch into the soil. If the soil is dry, it likely needs a small amount of water. Ideally, the soil should be moist but never soaked. If you add too much water, the plant will begin to suffer negative consequences. Water your plant approximately twice per week, keeping an eye on the moisture level on a regular basis.
If you use fertilizer, your pepper plant will be more likely to thrive than if you simply allow it sun and water. Add the fertilizer of your choice to the soil surrounding the pepper plant approximately once per month. For detailed information, refer to the instructions on the fertilizer package. Avoid over-fertilizing your plant, which can lead to a variety of different growing problems.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Main Article Content
In translating hyperboles, the effect of exaggerating something from the source text when translated literally into the target text can cause a strange meaning and less acceptable because the terms are not in accordance with the rules of the target language. This study aimed to analyze the translation strategies used by the translator in translating type of hyperboles and its translation quality in The Shrunken Head Novel. The descriptive qualitative research approach is used as a research design. The results of the study showed that there are two types of hyperboles found in this novel, namely overstatement of numbers and quantity and impossible description. Then, there are three strategies that used by translator to translated types of hyperbole in this novel, namely the sense of the word may be translated non-figuratively, retaining the word in the original but to add the sense of the word and substituting a figurative expression from SL to TL. The analysis on translation quality showed that 212 data of hyperboles (88%) considered as accurate, 207 data (86%) belongs to acceptable and 164 data (68%) are considered as high readability.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
RTET 2013 Syllabus for Level 2, Download RTET Paper 2 Syllabus 2013 (class 6 to 8)
To analyze the paper pattern of RTET it is necessary for the candidates to roll through the syllabus. The Level 2 paper consists of five sections. Child Development and Pedagogy, the first section, weighs 30 marks in total. The paper will contain only objective type questions, 30 questions from this section will be asked. No marks will be deducted for any of the wrong answer.
Language I and Language II are the second and the third sections. These include seven languages which are Hindi, English, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi and Guajarati. Both the sections contribute equally in the paper. There will be 30 questions from each of the above sections, having one mark each.
The fourth section is Mathematics and Science. The subject includes 5 units in all. The first unit is Algebra in which different operations will be performed on numbers. The second chapter is includes problems based on Interest, ratio and proportion and percentage in which birth rate and death rate are calculated. The third unit is the game of figures. It includes geometry of lines and angles, plane figures, the area, surface area and volume based calculations. The next unit contains data figures that basically come under Statistics and Graphs. The fifth and the sixth unit includes the community and the language of mathematics, the problems of teaching, evaluation, nature of math and the rank of math in Curriculum.
Science includes five units too. The first one includes the study of Micro-organisms, Living Being, and the process of Reproduction and Adolescence in animals. The second unit includes the study of Force and Motion, Heat, Light and Sound. The next part of the syllabus includes perusal of Science and Technology throwing some light on our solar system, the structure of matter and chemical substances.
The last subject in the Level 2 RTET examination is the Social Studies. It comprise of reading of History of India, Geography and Civilization in India. A candidate must be good in all the above mentioned subjects to clear the RTET Level 2 examination.
Download Syllabus for RTET Level 2-
L2 Child Development and Pedagogy
L2 Language1 Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi and Gujrati
L2 Language2 Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi and Gujrati
L2 Mathematics and Science
L2 Social Studies


Mindfulness for NQTs: Collect the positives
This reinforces other posts which cover aspects of this, however because it isn't only about positive talk or acknowledging the good, it deserves its own post. So yes, collect the positives, every single one along the way. Collect the ones you know for and of yourself and also those that others give you whether you believe them or not. Collect the all. Savour them.
Choose to notice the positives more than you would the negatives or the areas to improve on in terms of yourself and your students. Look outside and notice the positives about the day and your life around you. Be grateful for all there is and all you have and collect the positives as you go along.
Encourage the positive in your students rather than noticing them for any unwanted behaviour as you will see more of the actions you give attention too. Incorporate positivity into the classroom and the lessons, encouraging students to be positive about each other noticing each others qualities rather than mentioning something they are not good at.
Your day will be so much brighter and uplifted through noticing the positives. Through collecting them, you will also have good memories, thoughts or comments to recall in times of need when things aren't going well and you can remind yourself how good you are and how well your teaching and other experiences have gone. This can be a much needed boost throughout your career.
Facebook: Being the Best You Can Be
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So today at work I ran into a strange problem. An application I was writing had a JavaScript file named form.sales.var.js, placed in the same directory as other JS files. However, when the browser tried to load the JS file, the server returned a 500 Internal Server Error page. The Apache log showed the entry:
Syntax error in type map, no ':' in /var/www/...
—followed by the rest of the file path and the file's contents.
I did some research on Google regarding the issue and found that this was likely caused by the filename containing.var., causing Apache to treat it as a type-map. Since it wasn't, a syntax error occurs.
My questions now are:
 1. Why is a.js file being treated as a type-map when the documentation says that type maps are *.var files? Is it just that my web server is misconfigured, or can others test to see if their web servers produce the same errors with files named something.var.something?
 2. Why is there no documentation of this problem, and why is it so rarely reported, even though this behavior seems to have existed since Apache 1.3? It seems like it would be a more common issue.
 3. Are type-maps commonly used? Is there any foreseeable issues with disabling them in Apache?
 4. What is the best way to address this issue (aside from renaming the file and not using any filenames that contain.var.)?
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
That's part of Apache httpd's Content Negotiation. Just remove the handler for type-map for the or of your JavaScript files or remove MultiViews for these directories.
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Would this likely impact compatibility with other software? I'd like to avoid removing default functionality if this is a commonly used feature. And is the behavior of matching "var" anyway in the filename instead of just the extension normal? – Lèse majesté Jul 10 '10 at 12:55
If you don't know if you're using MultiViews, you're probably not. I'd say it's safe to deactivate MultiVews for you. – joschi Jul 10 '10 at 13:52
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text:
Bird Of Paradise Plant Care Pruning – 7 Step By Step Instructions
This article will walk you through pruning the Bird of Paradise plants and will help you to create the best bird of paradise plant care pruning schedule for your bird of paradise plant.
Your plant care can be a challenge for even a seasoned gardener.You'll appreciate this guide whether you're a beginner or an experienced grower. It's a step-by-step, how-to guide for growing the Bird of Paradise, the world's most popular houseplant. This is one of the easiest plants to grow, and it's one of the most rewarding. The key is to provide the plant with enough light, heat, and water, while preventing insects and disease from ruining your efforts.
This beautiful tropical vine has a deep-green foliage, a wide variety of colors, and a beautiful bloom that looks something like a bird's crest. But there's a lot more to this plant than just a beautiful flower. These vines have a history of use by native tribes in Central America, Africa, and Asia, where they were used for food, medicine, and ceremonial purposes.
In this article I'm going to walk you through step by step the process of how to grow Bird of Paradise. We will talk about what you need and what you shouldn't do.
What Is A Bird Of Paradise Plant
A bird of paradise is a type of plant. Birds of paradise are flowering plants, some of which are found in tropical areas. They are one of the world's most popular exotic ornamental plants. The plant is also known for its spectacular flowers, which can range in size from three inches long to over six inches long. There are several different types of birds of paradise. The most famous are the two-headed parrot, whose head is surrounded by a bright red ring. The flower's color is due to a variety of chemicals in its stamen and pistil.
How to Grow a Bird of Paradise
There are many species of bird of paradise plant, which can be grown in your garden. Here are wonderful tips which will help you to keep the plants alive and well:
- -Give them plenty of light
- -Use fertilizer, but don't overdo it
- -Fertilize in spring and again in fall
- -Water regularly and thoroughly
- -Don't over-water
- -Don't water during the heat of summer.
- -Keep the soil moist, but not soggy
- -Avoid direct sunlight on plants
- -Don't expose the plant to drafts
- -Keep the plant at an ideal temperature, not too cold or too hot
Bird Of Paradise Plant Care Pruning – Prune The Bird Of Paradise Plant
When you're pruning a bird of paradise plant, you have to cut off all the new growth while still leaving some. That's why I don't think you can simply hack a few branches off. To get rid of a lot of those new tips, use a sharp knife to cut the plant back by about 15 degrees, then gently push the branch away from you with your hand. Try not to cut the stem and go through it with your sharp tool. Then go around the stem and cut the branch off where it meets the main trunk.
- Here are the 7 steps in this step-by-step guide about bird of paradise plant care pruning:
- Cut back all stems to about 2-3 inches long.
- Do not trim above the first bud.
- Thin out the plant by cutting out several buds at a time.
- Keep your pruners sharp!
- Don't trim right before a rainstorm.
- If you do need to trim a dead stem, wait until it has dried and been in the sun for a day or two before you trim.
- After pruning, give the plant a drink of water (or spray with water) to rehydrate it and then let it dry.
Watering And Feeding Birds Of Paradise
It's not just for show. While these birds are beautiful to look at, they don't provide the same value as a more common houseplant, like a cactus. Birds of paradise plants need to be nurtured in the same way as cacti. They need regular water and care to stay healthy. Like cacti, birds of paradise plants need to be well-rooted. In addition to watering and feeding, the stems also need to be pruned. Pruning removes dead tissue and prevents pests from growing.
Re-potting And Fertilizing Birds Of Paradise Plants
The most important part of any bird of paradise plant is the soil. If you don't give plants enough of what they need, they won't grow, bloom, and be healthy. Your soil must provide a deep substrate of organic matter; a balanced supply of all nutrients that plants need; air space for roots; and water for both the plant and the microorganisms that live in it. In addition, your watering schedule must be well-planned and regularly timed, because the plant needs to be watered as much as possible between 12 hours apart.
Staking, Trimming and Weeding Birds of Paradise Plants
The term "stake" in this context refers to the part of a plant that holds the entire plant together, while "trimming" is simply cutting off the part you don't want. Weeds are simply plants that don't belong in the garden. As you remove them, you'll find that some of them will grow back. Other than that, the only difference between a weed and a plant that's not a weed is that plants have flowers.
So, if you notice some plants which are not suitable for your garden, do the weeding process to leave more space for your bird of paradise plant. Trimming is best done when notice that some of the bird of paradise parts are rotting. However, we already mentioned bird of paradise plant care pruning which is really similar to the trimming process.
Conclusion On Bird of Paradise Plant Care Pruning
To start, you need to decide whether you want to prune the plant once it's established or whether you want to do this right from the beginning. To give the plant its best chance of survival, you should prune in the summer months, after flowering, when the plant is still growing actively. As with any other tree or shrub, the longer it's allowed to grow without being pruned, the bushier it will become, the weaker it will become, and the more susceptible it will be to disease and insect attack. By pruning, you can encourage new growth and stimulate the plant to develop thicker branches and larger leaves. This will improve your chances of attracting butterflies and hummingbirds.
Learn everything you need to know about caring for this beautiful tropical plant and do the bird of paradise plant care pruning process like a true professional gardener.
How do you prune Bird of Paradise?
How do you prune Bird of Paradise? If your plant is producing a lot of leaves but no buds, it might be time to prune. "It's a bit like a person who eats too much," says Tim. "A certain amount of weight gain is necessary, but when the weight is not shed, then pruning is often necessary." In other words, if you have too many leaves, it's time to cut back.
How often should you prune birds of paradise?
It's the ultimate plant question. After all, it can take years before you see any flowers! When it comes to pruning birds of paradise, this answer really depends on your goals for the garden. If your primary goal is to show off a single flower, then it's probably not a good idea to prune them at all. On the other hand, if you want a garden that is lush, robust, and easy to maintain, then you can prune the branches back to a more manageable size each year.
Do you cut off dead Bird of Paradise leaves?
You cut back the old, dead, diseased leaves. But how do you know when those leaves are truly dead? You can't tell just by looking at them, and even if you could, that wouldn't be very good information to base decisions on. So how do you determine which branches are too weak to support the weight of a mature bird? This is where the "test branch" comes into play. If you were planning to cut down a mature tree, you'd cut a branch that was at least five or six inches in diameter. That's the minimum size for a test branch.
Can I cut bird of paradise to the ground?
You can cut the birds of paradise to the ground, but you must be careful that you don't cut to the root of the plant. If you notice that your bird of paradise plant is growing too big you can cut some of the leaves that have grown too much. There is a process which is called "hard-cut" and that means u cut the whole plant to the healthy parts. If you notice that the plant is dry, cut those parts and watch it grow healthier.


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Recently, learning-based image synthesis has enabled to generate high-resolution images, either applying popular adversarial training or a powerful perceptual loss. However, it remains challenging to successfully leverage synthetic data for improving semantic segmentation with additional synthetic images. Therefore, we suggest to generate intermediate convolutional features and propose the first synthesis approach that is catered to such intermediate convolutional features. This allows us to generate new features from label masks and include them successfully into the training procedure in order to improve the performance of semantic segmentation. Experimental results and analysis on two challenging datasets Cityscapes and ADE20K show that our generated feature improves performance on segmentation tasks.
Workshop on Assistive Computer Vision and Robotics at European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV-Workshop)


text:
Map of flight path and driving directions from Boise to Lebanon.
Shortest flight path between Boise Airport (BOI) and Lebanon Municipal Airport (New Hampshire) (LEB).
How far is Lebanon from Boise?
There are several ways to calculate distances between Boise and Lebanon. Here are two common methods:Vincenty's formula (applied above)
- 2177.279 miles
- 3503.992 kilometers
- 1892.004 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 2171.385 miles
- 3494.505 kilometers
- 1886.882 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance – the shortest distance between two points).
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Boise and Lebanon is 2 hours. Lebanon is 2 hours ahead of Boise.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 238 kg (524 pounds).
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Boise (BOI) → Lebanon (LEB).


Economics & Finance
The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History
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The Poverty of Clio challenges the hold that cliometrics — an approach to economic history that employs the analytical tools of economists — has exerted on the study of our economic past. In this provocative book, Francesco Boldizzoni calls for the reconstruction of economic history, one in which history and the social sciences are brought to bear on economics, and not the other way around.
Boldizzoni questions the appeal of economics over history — which he identifies as a distinctly American attitude — exposing its errors and hidden ideologies, and revealing how it fails to explain economic behavior itself. He shows how the misguided reliance on economic reasoning to interpret history has come at the expense of insights from the humanities and has led to a rejection of valuable past historical research. Developing a better alternative to new institutional economics and the rational choice approach, Boldizzoni builds on the extraordinary accomplishments of twentieth-century European historians and social thinkers to offer fresh ideas for the renewal of the field.
Economic history needs to rediscover the true relationship between economy and culture, and promote an authentic alliance with the social sciences, starting with sociology and anthropology. It must resume its dialogue with the humanities, but without shrinking away from theory when constructing its models. The Poverty of Clio demonstrates why history must exert its own creative power on economics.


text: In order to effectively improve the target detection and recognition ability of IR imagers, based on a 320×256 cooled staring focal plane array(FPA) detector, pixel size 30μm×30μm, a mid-wavelength infrared dual field of view zoom system was designed. In this paper, the working wavelength is 3μm～5μm, the temperature range is -40°C~+50°C, this system can realize 200mm and 400mm dual focal length, the F-number is 2, the full field of view of short focal length is 3.44° and long focal length is 1.72° respectively, satisfy 100% cold shield efficiency. A re-imaging refractive system was adopted in this designed optical system consists of main optics and projection components. First of all, the structural selection and the initial parameter calculation were introduced in detail. Secondly, on the basis of variety of the distance and temperature, a focusing lens was presented in this system to adjust to produce a clear image. Last but not the least, to improve image quality and environment adaptability, the analysis of temperature change and narcissus effect were described particularly. The design results prove that at the spatial frequency of 17 lp/mm, the MTF of the optical system is greater than 0.5(the axis MTF of the optical is greater than 0.6), the system can offer a high resolution and excellent images in whole range of the focal length, and it has the advantages of good adaptability, compact structure, high optical transmission and small size.


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Let $d(m)$ denote the number of divisors of $m$ and let $N$ be a large integer. Then we have $$\sum_{n \leq N}\frac{d(n)}{n} \geq \left(\sum_{n \leq \sqrt{N}}\frac{1}{n}\right)^{2} \sim \log^{2}N.$$ What prevents me from doing $$\sum_{n \leq N}\frac{d(n)}{n} \geq \left(\sum_{n \leq N^{1/k}}\frac{1}{n}\right)^{k} \sim \log^{k}N$$ for every integer $k$?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
Let $N=6000$ and $k=4$.
Then $$\sum_{n\le N} \frac{d(n)}{n} = 48._PHONE_...$$ while $$ \left( \sum_{n \le N^{1/4}} \frac{1}{n} \right)^4 = 54.564037875...$$
So your second inequality is not true in general.
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The first inequality is: $d(n)$ (th number of divisors of $n$) is at most the number of factorizations $n=ab$ with $a,b\leq\sqrt{N}$, which is clearly true. However, from the RHS of the (suggested) second inequality you'd get rather the number of factorizations $n=a_1a_2\dots a_k$ with $a_k\leq \sqrt[k]{N}$, and this is in general larger than $d(n)$.
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Dear user, Do you mean "... with $a_k \leq N^{1/k}$..."? Regards, – Matt E Nov 29 '12 at 4:25
_USER_: thanks, corrected – user8268 Nov 29 '12 at 9:39
Your Answer


text:
Have you ever wondered what it looks like when an oven transforms the dough you mixed into flavorful and tasty muffins?
This process is possible thanks to the heat of the oven that gets transferred to the dough and makes it rise and solidify. Heat transfer is an essential process of many real-world applications. It does not necessarily imply that something gets warmer. In fact, heat transfer is essential to remove excessive heat and control temperatures, for example, when cooling down your electronics to avoid overheating and get the best performance.
The heat gets transferred from one system to another, making things heat up or cool down.
In this lesson we will discover what heat transfer is and how it is applied in real-world application.
Here are the accompanying handout slides for the lesson.


text:
Add PinHawk to your Safe Senders List
Manage your Spam Filter
Whether on a MAC or PC use the instructions here to unblock your PinHawk emails. Add to your contacts soit will never go to spam.
Follow the instructions for MicroSoft Office Outlook for MAC or PC here.
Now that Hotmail is Outlook.com, how do I add someone to my safe senders list?
To add an email address to your safe senders list using the Outlook.com user interface, follow the steps below:
- 1. In your Outlook inbox, click the gear icon beside your Profile name.
- 2. Click Mail more settings.
- 3. Under Preventing Junk email, click Safe and blocked senders.
- 4. On the Safe and blocked senders page, click Safe senders.
- 5. On the Safe senders page, under Sender or domain to mark as safe, enter then click "Add to list".
All PinHawk Newsletters are sent from an address that includes the newsletter "name" in the form of an email.Add the email to your contact list following these steps and this avoids the emails from going into spam:
- 1. Select contacts from the options on the left side of the Gmail Inbox.
- 2. Select Create Contact on the top menu.
- 3. Enter in the primary email box.
- 4. Select Save.
For AOL users you can add PinHawk to your contact list and avoid missing a single issue follow these steps:
- 1. Open the PinHawk newsletter in your email
- 2. Click Add Address icon
- 3. Verify the PinHawk information:
- 4. Click "save"
- 1. Click on the Addresses tab in the upper right corner of the Mailbox window
- 2. Click on the New drop-down menu and select New Contact.
- 3. Type in the Screen Name field and click the Save button.


text:
How to use Toxic-waste in a sentence
The environmental impact of the toxic waste is to create a new breed of more savory locust.
A koi pond should be able to stand-alone for hours without danger of quick suffocation or toxic waste build up.
Wind energy is infinite, pollution-free, and does not produce radioactive or toxic waste.
Non-renewable energy sources also use and pollute water supplies, harm plant and animal life, and increase toxic waste production.
Similarly, the game Toxic Waste seems simple enough.Advertisement
Possible environmental factors, such as mercury exposure, lead poisoning, polluted water, living near toxic waste sites, have been studied.
It was his belief that this toxic waste was to be blamed for weight gain.


text:
Secure Schools Begin with Empowered & Trained Staff
In a recent segment of SecurED, hosted by Mike Matranga, CEO of M6 Global Defense, and featuring Marshall Caplan, Senior Security Consultant at M6 Global Defense, the conversation delves extensively into the vital subject of school security. This engaging discussion centers on the reevaluation of priorities within the realm of school safety and security, with a strong emphasis on the pivotal role of prevention in averting tragic events.
- Prevention Over Reaction: The episode stresses that the heart of effective school security lies in a preventive approach. While acknowledging the role of officers on campus, it argues against making them the top priority. Instead, the focus should be on creating a positive school culture, empowering staff, and implementing a behavioral threat assessment process.
- Balancing Law Enforcement and Education: It explores the delicate balance between the roles of law enforcement officers and educators in school security. While officers are there to enforce the law, educators play a crucial part in improving the school's culture and climate. Striking this balance is essential for an effective security strategy.
- Community Trust: The episode underscores the significance of community involvement and trust in school security. Building a proactive approach to safety not only enhances security but also fosters loyalty and trust within the community.
Marshall Caplan is a Senior Security Consultant at M6 Global Defense, bringing extensive expertise in school security and safety. With a background in behavioral health, he is a recognized authority in preventive approaches to school security.


text:
DreamBox Teacher Presents at the Kentucky Center for Mathematics Conference
DreamBox recently presented at the Kentucky Council of Teachers of Mathematics (KCTM) conference in Paris, Kentucky. We were excited to be invited by our friends at the Kentucky Center of Mathematics (KCM) to present at and attend the conference, and it was wonderful to have a chance to meet personally with classroom teachers and Math Intervention Teachers who have been using DreamBox in the classroom. DreamBox has been working closely with KCM to bring DreamBox Learning K-2 Math to classrooms across the state. DreamBox is currently being used by teachers in over 50 Kentucky school.
The Teachers of Mathematics conference was well attended by K-12 teachers and, for the primary grades in particular, by math intervention teachers who work with kindergarten, first grade, second grade, and third grade students in Kentucky. One of DreamBox Learning's Board Certified teachers presented two sessions at the conference. The first presentation was on Best Practices for Incorporating DreamBox Learning K-2 Math Into the Classroom and the second presentation was on Using Virtual Manipulatives to Teach Early Numeracy. We loved hearing directly from teachers how they were incorporating DreamBox into their classes.
Here are a few of the great tips we heard from teachers on how they are using DreamBox in their classrooms:
- Before starting students on DreamBox, teachers are using the DreamBox sample lessons and tutorials as a group to introduce the DreamBox virtual manipulatives and math concepts, as well as to get the class excited about the program. (By the way, any teacher can use our sample lessons for free! Just go to _URL_
- Math intervention teachers love the ability to 'share' the view of their students' progress with those students' homeroom teachers. Students are able to play DreamBox while they're working with the intervention teacher, as well as in their regular classroom during transition times or small group rotations—and the intervention teacher and homeroom teachers can both view student progress reports.
- Teachers love the notifications that DreamBox sends to let them know when a student is struggling with a math concept or lesson. When teachers see a red flag for a student needs assistance they are sitting down with the student to review the concept.
- Teachers are using our full classroom view of overall progress to see at a glance the range of progress for multiple students through the kindergarten, first grade, and second grade curricula. They are then pulling groups of students who are at a similar level of progress for small group activities and lessons.
- The Kentucky teachers we met were excited about the new free DreamBox Teacher Tools, which we introduced at the conference. They were very interested in ideas for how they could use the manipulatives as quick games to get students back in their seats during transition times, as well as how to use the tools and lessons for in depth discussions in class about what strategies different students are using to solve equations. Any teacher can use the free DreamBox Teacher Tools! Just go to _URL_
Latest posts by Casey (see all)
- New! Common Core State Standards Report From DreamBox - August 16, 2011
- Today we Announced the New DreamBox Administrator Dashboard! - March 24, 2011
- What's New with the DreamBox Math Classroom? - August 18, 2010


text:
All tasks inherit the monitoring settings from the device under which they were created. The device defines the monitoring settings, such as: Frequency, monitoring Agent list, Reporting options, Alerting options, and other settings that are specific to different Platforms.
Here are few ways you can create or edit several tasks at once:
- For the ServerView platform the easiest way to set up a few closely related HTTP(S) tasks is to record them using the EveryStep Scripting Tool.
- For UserView platform, as each UserView device contains only script, the best way to modify a complex monitoring script is to load it directly into the EveryStep Scripting Tool using the "Load Device" option:
- For all monitoring platforms, if you need to modify several tasks, it is safest to clone an existing device and then make the necessary changes:


Quick Answer: Can You Have Water With No Oxygen?
Does drinking water have oxygen?
Although water molecules contain an oxygen atom, this oxygen is not what is needed by aquatic organisms living in natural waters.
Can you boil oxygen out of water?
no, boiling water simply converts water into its gaseous state. The gas still has Hydrogen and Oxygen in it. If you want to remove Oxygen from water you have to use electrolysis to break the strong molecular bond between Hydrogen and Oxygen.
Does rain water have oxygen?
The water in a raindrop is one of the cleanest sources of water available. Rainwater can absorb gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere. … Dissolved oxygen is present in all rainwater and surface supplies due to contact with the atmosphere.
How is water depleted oxygen?
The primary cause of oxygen depletion in a water body is from excessive algae and phytoplankton growth driven by high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. … Additionally, as algae and phytoplankton die, the process of decomposition also requires significant amounts of dissolved oxygen.
Can humans breathe liquid oxygen?
Liquid breathing is a form of respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen-rich liquid (such as a perfluorocarbon), rather than breathing air. By selecting a liquid that is capable of holding large amounts of oxygen and CO2, gas exchange can occur.
How can water be split without electricity?
More than 352 thermochemical cycles have been described for water splitting or thermolysis., These cycles promise to produce hydrogen oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. Since all the input energy for such processes is heat, they can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis.
Can we drink water without oxygen?
Without oxygen, those tiny cells would die and your body would stop working. Water is also in lymph (say: limf), a fluid that is part of your immune system, which helps you fight off illness. Water helps keep your temperature normal.
Can you drink anoxic water?
The substance is unsafe at levels greater than 1 part per billion in drinking water (according to the World Health Organization). Consumption of the toxin results in headaches, nausea and vomiting.
Does water provide oxygen?
Air is about 20% oxygen, and so yes, there is dissolved oxygen in the water. This dissolved oxygen is what fish need to respirate, otherwise they would suffocate. So you can say that the water gives off oxygen.
How long does oxygen stay in tap water?
Within half an hour, oxygen levels are reduced – but still higher than before vitalization. If you prefer water with a maximum amount of oxygen, simply turn on the Vitalizer Plus for 20 seconds to re-oxygenate your water each time you pour a drink.
What is the first sign of hypoxia?
What is the largest dead zone in the world?
What happens if oxygen is removed from water?
Water is one third oxygen; without it, the hydrogen turns into gaseous state and expands in volume. The oceans would evaporate and bleed into space. As oxygen disappears from the oceans' water, the hydrogen component becomes an unbound free gas.
What is it called when there is no oxygen in the water?
In ocean and freshwater environments, the term "hypoxia" refers to low or depleted oxygen in a water body. Hypoxia is often associated with the overgrowth of certain species of algae, which can lead to oxygen depletion when they die, sink to the bottom, and decompose.
Would the earth run out of oxygen?
One billion years from now, Earth's atmosphere will contain very little oxygen, making it uninhabitable for complex aerobic life. Today, oxygen makes up around 21 per cent of Earth's atmosphere.
Will we run out of oxygen?
According to the new study, the atmosphere will run out of oxygen in about one billion years. The planet will then resemble the so-called Archaen period about 2.8 billion years ago when there was no oxygen gas on Earth – a time before the so-called Great Oxidation Event.
Is oxygen in water positive or negative?
Oxygen in water is negative because a negative charge, unlike a positive, can be stabilized using ground state ionic resonance structures.


text:
Requesting a Record under the Privacy Act
Minimum Requirements of a PA Request:
- Your Request must be prepared in writing.
- Label your Request "Privacy Act Request" on the request, as well as the envelope.
- Individuals seeking access to records about themselves that are maintained in a PA system of records must sign their request and provide specific identifying data to enable a search for the requested record. Either have a notarized signature or submit an unsworn declaration that states:
If executed without the United States:
"I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature)".
If executed within the United States, its territories, possessions, or commonwealths:
"I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date). (Signature)".
- Identify the specific PA system of records notice for which you seek this information (DON (USN and USMC) SORNS).
- Individuals may authorize the release of all or part of their records to anyone they choose provided they submit a signed authorization to the USNA. Such authorization must specifically state the records to which the individual may have access.
- Individuals may be accompanied by anyone they choose when seeking to review their records. In such instance, the USNA requires the individual to provide a written authorization to allow the record to be discussed in front of the other person.
- Include requester's full name, complete U.S. postal service mailing address, phone number, and email (if you wish electronic responsive documentation).
First Party Requesters will be Granted Access to their Records Under the Provisions of the PA, Unless:
- They did not properly identify the records being sought; did not sign their request; and/or failed to provide sufficient identifying data to locate the requested record(s);
- They are seeking access to information in a system of records that is exempt from disclosure in whole or in part under the provisions of the PA;
- They are seeking access to information that was compiled in anticipation of a civil action or proceeding [i.e.,(d)(5) applies.] The term "civil action or proceeding" includes quasi-judicial and pre–trial judicial proceedings, as well as formal litigation. However, this does not prohibit access to records compiled or used for purposes other than litigation or to records frequently subject to litigation. The information must have been compiled for the primary purpose of litigation to be withheld under 5 U.S.C. §552a (d)(5); or
- They are seeking access to information contained in the system that is currently and properly classified [see 5 U.S.C. §552a (k)(1)].
Submit Your Request
You may submit your request by one of the following methods:
- U.S. Mail:
Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy
Attention: Privacy Act Coordinator
121 Blake Road
Annapolis, MD 21402-1300


Video encyclopedia
Selective soldering
113C - Selective Soldering
ACE KISS 104 Selective Soldering
Selective Soldering Process
Selective Soldering
ERSA VERSAFLOW 4 - Next Generation Selective Soldering System
Selective soldering is the process of selectively soldering components to printed circuit boards and molded modules that could be damaged by the heat of a reflow oven or wave soldering in a traditional surface-mount technology (SMT) or Through-hole technology assembly processes.This usually follows an SMT oven reflow process; parts to be selectively soldered are usually surrounded by parts that have been previously soldered in a surface-mount reflow process, and the selective-solder process must be sufficiently precise to avoid damaging them.
 - Processes


SEL, P. (2018): Resource Recovery from Waste. Business Models for Energy, Nutrient and Water Reuse in Lowand Middle-income Countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge URL [Accessed: 21.02.2020] PDF
Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes
Optimization of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and transportation through source separation becomes one of the major concerns in the MSW management system design, due to the fact that the existing MSW management systems suffer by the high collection and transportation cost. Generally, in a city different waste sources scatter throughout the city in heterogeneous way that increase waste collection and transportation cost in the waste management system. Therefore, a shortest waste collection and transportation strategy can effectively reduce waste collection and transportation cost. In this paper, we propose an optimal MSW collection and transportation scheme that focus on the problem of minimizing the length of each waste collection and transportation route. We first formulize the MSW collection and transportation problem into a mixed integer program. Moreover, we propose a heuristic solution for the waste collection and transportation problem that can provide an optimal way for waste collection and transportation. Extensive simulations and real testbed results show that the proposed solution can significantly improve the MSW performance. Results show that the proposed scheme is able to reduce more than 30% of the total waste collection path length.
DAS, S. and BHATTACHARYYA, B. (2015): Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes. In: Waste Management: Volume 43, 9-18.
Alternative Versions to


text:
Lesson Plan - Get It!
You counted down the days and it's finally here! The video game you have been waiting for was released. At Store A, the game costs $126. At Store B, the game costs $134. Which store has the better buy?
To begin, let's review how to find the place value of a three-digit number.
Look at the number "795."
- The last digit on the right is in the ones place. The number 795 has 5 ones.
- The next digit to the left is in the tens place. The number 795 has 9 groups of ten.
- The next number to the left is in the hundreds place. The number 795 has 7 groups of one hundred.
We can use place value to compare two numbers. Let's use our video game example to find the better buy. Follow these simple steps to compare the two prices:
Step 1: Count the digits.
Step 2: Compare the hundreds place value.
Step 3: Compare the tens place value.
Step 4: Compare the ones place value.
Let's take another look at our example:
Step 1: Count the digits. Both 126 and 134 have 3 digits in the number. They have the same number of digits.
Step 2: Compare the hundreds place value. Both numbers have 100 in the hundreds place value. They have the same value in the hundreds place.
Step 3: Compare the tens place value. The number 126 has 20 in the tens place. The number 134 has 30 in the tens place. 20 is less than 30. So, 126 is smaller than 134.
Therefore, 126 is the smallest number. 134 is the greatest number.
Now you know that $126 is less than $134. You better head over to Store A before all the video games are gone!
Can you think of another time when you might need to compare two numbers? Tell your parent or teacher why comparing two numbers is important.
Then move to the Got It? section for a comparison activity.


Dodonaea viscosa
Sticky Hop Bush
Family: Sapindaceae
Dodonaea viscosa, the Sticky Hop Bush, is a tall multi-stemmed shrub reaching a height of four metres. The leaves are linear, sticky with a margin that may be entire, slightly wavy and slightly toothed.
Male and female flowers are held on different plants. The male flowers are insignificant whilst the females develop into 3-winged capsules. If fertilised a hard-coated seed is held at the base of each wing. If not fertilised the capsules develop but without seeds.
Spring is the flowering period. At this time, although they are insignificant, the male flowers sometimes attract honey bees in large numbers.
Dodonaea viscosa is separated into seven sub species. Although the subspecies have some botanical differences, horticulturally they are similar.
D. viscosa is a widespread species and is found throughout Australia including Lord Howe Island.
D. viscosa was used by Aboriginal people to treat toothache, cuts and stingray stings. Dodonaeas were also used by early settlers to make beer (hence the common name).
In the garden
The Sticky Hop Bush has attractive foliage and fruits. In fact many Hop Bushes have horticultural potential but unfortunately very few species are in general cultivation.
Propagate from seed or cuttings. Seed should be soaked in boiling water before sowing. We have found that cuttings take root rapidly. Propagating cuttings from female plants will ensure that you will have the attractive capsules.
Other information
The genus is named after Rembert Dodoens, a 16th century Flemish botanist.
By Warren and Gloria Sheather


text:
Union learning has an impact on everything that unions stand for. It can help improve Heath and Safety, equality of opportunity, job security and pay.
Trade unions can play a major role in making sure members have the skills needed to compete in the jobs of the future. Many of our future economic challenges, such as digitalisation and automation, can be addressed through learning and skills.
The Wales TUC has led the way in union learning for over 20 years. We support our affiliated unions and their Wales Union Learning Fund (WULF) projects. These learning projects range from Essential Skills and reading to plumbing and make-up artist qualifications. Because they work through unions and the workplace, WULF projects find learners which other funds can't reach. They support those who need help the most.
The Wales TUC is currently campaigning to make learning and skills part of making Wales a 'Fair Work Nation'. By supporting members with their learning we improve their job prospects and they gain the skills they need. But there are also wider benefits - WULF can create a more skilled workforce and improve the economy.
Watch our video about WULF to find out more.
Union Learning Reps (ULRs) are the invaluable asset that helps unions reach learners. Together with WULF they can support a range of learning opportunities including digital literacy, bespoke professional courses and help during career or organisational change. Within their workplace a ULR will:
raise awareness about the value of learning
help organise courses
support and encourage members to take part in learning
promote equality and health and wellbeing through learning
If you are interested in becoming a Union Learning Rep talk to your branch secretary.


MCL Blood Cell Atlas
Dohle Body
-Inclusion bodies that represent the remnants of free ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
-Single or multiple, blue, grayish-blue, or greenish inclusions.
-Found in the cytoplasm of PMNs, bands or metamyelocytes.
-Often seen with toxic granulation and vacuoles.
Dohle Body : 1000X


text:
Fatty food imports, such as mutton flaps and turkey tails – waste products from affluent countries – are a cause of obesity in the Pacific and have been criticised in the NZ Medical Journal.
Report – By Rose Rees-Owen
Alma Hayes returned from her two-week holiday in Samoa, refreshed and rejuvenated. She talks of beautiful sunsets on tranquil beaches and delicious and fresh produce.
"You can't get much fresher than going out to the banana tree and whacking off a bunch for breakfast," she says. However, Hayes stayed in fales with breakfast and dinner included.
There is a paradox between what tourists such as Hayes experience and what many local Samoans eat – supermarkets and markets in Samoa frequently sell imported fatty, mutton flaps, turkey tails and unsafe to eat eggs.
An article titled "New Zealand's impact on health in the South Pacific: Scope for improvement?" in the New Zealand Medical Journal has warned "excess consumption of imported food, especially imported fatty meats, has a causative relationship with endemic obesity in the Pacific".
According to Islands Business, the most relevant survey on obesity in Samoa was done by STEP in 2002, and claims that 85.2 percent of the population in Samoa is obese.
The magazine also cites figures saying that 81.1 percent of men are obese or overweight and 89.8 percent of women are obese or overweight.
Critics condemn "clean, green" New Zealand for contributing to these statistics.
Mutton flaps are fatty scraps of sheep meat. They contain 27.4 gm of fat per 100 gm and New Zealand is a major exporter.
The Medical Journal article says: "From July 2006 to July 2007, NZ$73 million of sheep meat was exported to the Pacific Islands, constituting New Zealand's largest export good to the Pacific."
Co-author of the article in the NZ Medical Journal and associate public health professor at the University of Otago, Dr Nick Wilson, wrote: "I think it is really disgraceful for a wealthy country like New Zealand to export such unhealthy food.
"What is the point of giving Pacific countries development assistance on one hand – and then spreading heart disease epidemics via our hazardous exports on the other."
Another fatty meat regularly sold in Samoa is turkey tails.
They are imported from the United States of America and contain an even higher fat content than mutton flaps.
"Turkey tails top the fat content chart with 32 grams of fat per 100 grams," reports Islands Business.
Jason Garman, media and communications adviser for Oxfam New Zealand, says turkey tails have poor nutritional values.
"They are the fattiest part of the turkey. Most Americans don't even know they exist and wouldn't consider eating them."
So why are Samoans and the wider Pacific allowing these nutrition imports?
Dr Roman Grynberg, a Pacific authority on trade, says the reason is simple – many Pacific Islanders are poor "and these foods are cheap".
"Local healthy foods such as fresh fish, vegetables and root crops are much more expensive," he says.
Edwin Tamasese, a domestic egg farmer in Samoa, is saddened by the quality of eggs imported from the US.
Since March, imported eggs have been forced to put a use-by-date on their products but Tamasese laments that this has not changed much for domestic egg farmers.
"Importers are putting a 60-day sell by date on the cartons instead of the 30-day sell by date that California uses."
This means that when eggs are close to expiring in California, the US can dump them on Samoa, and recover some of their losses.
The major health risk due to the eggs being in the market place for 30 extra days is the presence of Salmonella enteritidus in American poultry.
"With the increased selling time there is a much higher probability of deadly bacteria within the eggs," says Tamasese.
The cheap, imported eggs have intruded heavily on the business of domestic egg farmers.
Tamasese says that the imported eggs have created an "uneven playing field".
The imbalance is responsible for the closure of 13 out of 15 farms on the island, and the remaining two are under severe pressure.
"Domestic producers now only supply approximately 10 – 15 per cent of the market," says Tamasese.
Documentary on diet
Mark Dolan's controversial documentary, The World's Fattest Families and Me, was broadcast recently.
Dolan journeyed to Tonga where he met Towa, 222 kg, and his daughter Sia, 133kg.
The documentary touched many when Dolan took Sia to the supermarket, and showed Sia the nutritional value in the fatty mutton flaps.
He told Sia New Zealanders did not eat this.
"This is the bit that they throw away," he said. Sia broke down in tears.
The documentary exposed that there are no food export regulations in place.
Sue Kedgely, Green Party MP and spokesperson for food, health and wellbeing, said: "New Zealand has a hands-off free trade approach to trade, and government seems to stand back and allow exporters to more or less do what they want."
Commercial interests take priority over the health of poor nations, such as Samoa.
"Trade is not neutral, it can have devastating effects on nations but trade occurs in a context where poverty in our region is endemic and power is used by our neighbours to further their own commercial interests," says Dr Grynberg.
Dr Grynberg also comments that mutton flaps would be processed into pet food in New Zealand, and by exporting the flaps cheap to the Pacific, suppliers can sell their product at a higher price to humans.
Nick Braxton, advocacy and research coordinator of Oxfam New Zealand, says the Samoan government is trying to ban turkey tails from being imported because of their poor nutritional value.
But because turkey tails are a waste product in the United States, and are generating profit, the US is opposing the ban.
The NZ Medical Journal says that Fiji banned mutton flap imports in 2000 and New Zealand responded by threatening to refer the issue to the World Trade Organisation because it goes against the policy of free trade between the two nations.
However, the threat was later dropped and the ban stands.
Dr Grynberg believes that it is an issue of giving the masses what they want, and that is the reason why the government has not taken action.
"Any Pacific Islands government that heavily taxes these products or bans them will suffer the ire of the working poor at the elections and so the issue is largely avoided." Dr Grynberg said.
Rose Rees-Owen is a Postgraduate Diploma in Communication Studies student on the Asia-Pacific Journalism course at AUT University.


How to remove an element from a list by index
How do I remove an element from a list by index in Python?
I found the list.remove method, but say I want to remove the last element, how do I do this? It seems like the default remove searches the list, but I don't want any search to be performed.
1/20/2020 10:01:46 AM
Accepted Answer
Use del and specify the index of the element you want to delete:
>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> del a[-1]
>>> a
Also supports slices:
>>> del a[2:4]
>>> a
[0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Here is the section from the tutorial.
6/5/2018 3:18:39 AM
You probably want pop:
# now a is ['a', 'c', 'd']
By default, pop without any arguments removes the last item:
# now a is ['a', 'b', 'c']
Like others mentioned pop and del are the efficient ways to remove an item of given index. Yet just for the sake of completion (since the same thing can be done via many ways in Python):
Using slices (this does not do in place removal of item from original list):
(Also this will be the least efficient method when working with Python list, but this could be useful (but not efficient, I reiterate) when working with user defined objects that do not support pop, yet do define a __getitem__ ):
>>> index = 3 # Only positive index
>>> a = a[:index] + a[index+1 :]
# a is now [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]
Note: Please note that this method does not modify the list in place like pop and del. It instead makes two copies of lists (one from the start until the index but without it (a[:index]) and one after the index till the last element (a[index+1:])) and creates a new list object by adding both. This is then reassigned to the list variable (a). The old list object is hence dereferenced and hence garbage collected (provided the original list object is not referenced by any variable other than a).
This makes this method very inefficient and it can also produce undesirable side effects (especially when other variables point to the original list object which remains un-modified).
Thanks to _USER_ for pointing this out...
This Stack Overflow answer explains the concept of slicing.
Also note that this works only with positive indices.
While using with objects, the __getitem__ method must have been defined and more importantly the __add__ method must have been defined to return an object containing items from both the operands.
In essence, this works with any object whose class definition is like:
class foo(object):
 def __init__(self, items):
 self.items = items
 def __getitem__(self, index):
 return foo(self.items[index])
 def __add__(self, right):
 return foo( self.items + right.items )
This works with list which defines __getitem__ and __add__ methods.
Comparison of the three ways in terms of efficiency:
Assume the following is predefined:
a = range(10)
index = 3
The del object[index] method:
By far the most efficient method. It works will all objects that define a __del__ method.
The disassembly is as follows:
def del_method():
 global a
 global index
 del a[index]
 10 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (a)
 3 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (index)
 6 DELETE_SUBSCR # This is the line that deletes the item
 7 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
pop method:
It is less efficient than the del method and is used when you need to get the deleted item.
def pop_method():
 global a
 global index
 17 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (a)
 3 LOAD_ATTR 1 (pop)
 6 LOAD_GLOBAL 2 (index)
 9 CALL_FUNCTION 1
 12 POP_TOP
 13 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
 16 RETURN_VALUE
The slice and add method.
The least efficient.
def slice_method():
 global a
 global index
 24 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (a)
 3 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (index)
 6 SLICE+2
 7 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (a)
 10 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (index)
 13 LOAD_CONST 1 (1)
 16 BINARY_ADD
 17 SLICE+1
 18 BINARY_ADD
 19 STORE_GLOBAL 0 (a)
 22 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
 25 RETURN_VALUE
Note: In all three disassembles ignore the last two lines which basically are return None. Also the first two lines are loading the global values a and index.
pop is also useful to remove and keep an item from a list. Where del actually trashes the item.
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> p = x.pop(1)
>>> p
If you want to remove the specific position element in a list, like the 2th, 3th and 7th. you can't use
del my_list[2]
del my_list[3]
del my_list[7]
Since after you delete the second element, the third element you delete actually is the fourth element in the original list. You can filter the 2th, 3th and 7th element in the original list and get a new list, like below:
new list = [j for i, j in enumerate(my_list) if i not in [2, 3, 7]]
This depends on what you want to do.
If you want to return the element you removed, use pop():
>>> l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> l.pop(2)
>>> l
[1, 2, 4, 5]
However, if you just want to delete an element, use del:
>>> del l[2]
>>> l
[1, 2, 4, 5]
Additionally, del allows you to use slices (e.g. del[2:]).
Licensed under: CC-BY-SA with attribution
Not affiliated with: Stack Overflow
Email: [email protected]


text:
First Aid Treatment for a Respiratory Infection
If you suspect that your snake has a respiratory infection, the first thing to do is to raise the temperature of the environment slightly. This will induce an immediate immune response in the snake and will help start to fight the infection. If the snake usually is housed in a busy part of the house, move it to somewhere quieter and if it usually lives with others, isolate it in its own environment. Give it plenty of warm, dry bedding and monitor it carefully. A good rule of thumb is to treat a snake with a respiratory infection as you would treat yourself; make it warm, quiet and comfortable.
When to call in the Vet to a Respiratory Infection in a Snake
Given the treatment outlined, most snakes will start to show an improvement quite quickly. If it doesn't, then a specialist vet should be consulted and the snake will need antibiotics. The vet will probably take swabs to make sure what bacteria are causing the infection. While these grow in the laboratory, the vet will prescribe a wide spectrum antibiotic to get the treatment under way. If the snake is prone to repeated infections, or this particular respiratory infection proves hard to shift, it may be necessary to take a blood sample. This will tell if the snake has any more serious underlying problems, which, if untreated, could compromise the internal organs. In some cases the antibiotics have to be injected over a long period to make sure that the offending bacteria has been wiped out. Inhalation therapy is also used sometimes; this depends on it being possible in the environment situation available to your snake and can be a very long term procedure.
Preventing Respiratory Infections in Snakes
Snakes need to be kept in the right environment for their needs. Proper nutrition is essential as is monitoring their general day to day health. Bad care in the snake's environment; allowing them to stay in unhygienic bedding for example, or keeping them too hot or too cold can stress them, making them more susceptible to all kinds of diseases, not just respiratory infections. Some snakes cannot stand stress from a loud environment. Obviously you have bought a snake as a pet, but apart from other considerations one of the most important is whether your snake is gregarious and will enjoy handling, or whether it would be happier in a quiet environment with no noise or bustle. Snakes are as different as people and it is important to match the snake to where it will be living. But above all, cleanliness and vigilance is the best way to keep your snake in the peak of condition and more able to fight off all infections, including respiratory ones.


text:
"To turn the tables" is a figure of speech
meaning "to put someone else in the predicament that we have been occupying, or a into a similar one."
The term arose during the early 1600s, and seems to have been a reference to a card or board game in which a player, when at a disadvantage, might reverse the position of the board and thereby shift the disadvantage fo his opponent.
A similar possibility holds that the original sense of the expression might be the same as we now mean by "duplicate", as in the game duplicate bridge, wherein after a series of hands of cards had been played, the table was turned and the same series of hands was replayed, each player holding the hand previously held by an opponent.
There's another interesting theory that proposes that the expression is derived from an ancient fad in Roman men of purchasing costly tables. When a wife was chided for an expensive purchase of her own, then, she would "turn the tables" by reminding him of his extravagance.


What are edge cities?
Some articles on edge cities, cities, edge:
Satellite Town - Satellite Cities Versus Other Types of Settlement - Edge Cities
... Satellite cities differ from edge cities, which are suburbs with large employment bases and cultural offerings, in that satellite cities must have a true... Conceptually, both satellite cities and some types of edge city could be (and once were) self-sufficient communities outside of their larger metropolitan areas, but have become interconnected due to the... However, while edge cities may have their own government and share many characteristics with satellite cities, they are much more physically integrated with the core city and...
Famous quotes containing the words cities and/or edge:
 Lord, how long?
 Bible: Hebrew Isaiah, 6:11.
 Asking how long will the chastisement of the people last. God replies, "Until the cities be wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be utterly desolate, and the Lord have removed man far away, and there be a great forsaking in the midst of the land."
 —D.H. (David Herbert)


text:
hol kept his interest in religion very private and it only became more widely recognised after he died.
- Does knowing he was religious change our understanding of him as an artist? In what way?
- Why might he have felt the need to keep this part of his life so hidden?
Text has been used by many artists to convey powerful messages, including religious ones like Andy Warhol's.
Find a statement that means something personal to you and think of how you could turn it into a work of art. This might be by using a certain type of text, adopting a bold graphic or hand-drawn font style, or experimenting with different media to creaye your text piece.
Explore text-based artworks from Tate's collection in the slideshow above to get some inspiration.


This week's word: REBARBATIVE
Not one of the nice words, rebarbative means unattractive, objectionable, annoying, repellant. It comes to us directly from the French rebarbatif, meaning literally to "face each other, beard to beard." That derives in turn from barbe, "beard," all going back to the Latin barba. We get barb and barber from the same source.
To understand how facing each other, beard to beard, came to signify something repellant, think of the related verb, to beard, to confront someone boldly or challenge. Beard and rebarbative are literally in-your-face words, with the disagreeableness inherent in such a situation.
Example: Though they had once been friendly, Edmund Wilson and Vladimir Nabokov fell out over Wilson's review of Nabokov's translation of Puskhin and thereafter exchanged rebarbative remarks in the pages of the New York Review of Books.
From last week: Tim contributed a memorable comment on last week's word, nonage: "What comes between nonage and dotage? Midage?"


- Slide
 Process optimization
 Improve the environment, traffic flows and your service levels.
The Netherlands is evolving into a single metropolitan area. This has implications for water and energy supplies, the free flow of traffic and CO2 emissions. These challenges can only be met if citizens, public authorities and companies work together and optimize the potential of technology.
Process optimization - Fiber optic Real-time monitoring and control
You can remotely control bridges, locks, power stations and other assets by connecting them to Eurofiber's fiber-optic network. Central control enables you to monitor all your assets more effectively and shorten response times. This enhances safety and improves operating efficiency.
Collecting big data
Digitizing the data generated by your assets allows you to collect large volumes of data at any given moment. These data can be used to optimize your processes and improve your service levels. We have been deploying fiber to various assets since 2009.


text:
Since a topic can have multiple audiences, you can include multiple audience elements. For each audience you specify, you can identify the high-level task they are trying to accomplish with the _USER_ attribute, and the level of experience expected with the _USER_ attribute. The element can be used to provide a more detailed definition of values used throughout the map or topic on the _USER_ attribute.
Many of the attributes on the element have enumerated values, which can be restricted by using constraints or extended by using associated attributes. For instance, the _USER_ attribute can be used to extend the audience type enumeration.
See appendix for information about this element in OASIS document type shells.
For a command reference topic for experienced programmers, the following might be an appropriate indication of that audience:
The following attributes are available on this element: Universal attribute group and the attributes defined below.
- Indicates the kind of person for whom the content of the topic is intended. Note that this differs from the _USER_ attribute on many other DITA elements. Beginning with DITA 1.2, values in this attribute are not limited to a small number of choices; the following values were used in DITA 1.0 and DITA 1.1, and are still provided as sample values: user, purchaser, administrator, programmer, executive, services, other, and -dita-use-conref-target.
- Indicates an alternate audience type, when the type is not available in the _USER_ attribute value list. This value is used as the user-provided audience when the _USER_ attribute value is set to "other."
- Indicates the high-level task the audience for the topic is trying to accomplish. Different audiences might read the same topic in terms of different high-level tasks; for example, an administrator might read the topic while administering, while a programmer might read the same topic while customizing. Beginning with DITA 1.2, values in this attribute are not limited to a small number of choices; the following values were used in DITA 1.0 and DITA 1.1, and are still provided as sample values: installing, customizing, administering, programming, using, maintaining, troubleshooting, evaluating, planning, migrating, other, and -dita-use-conref-target.
- If the _USER_ attribute value is "other" the value of this attribute is used to identify a kind of job other than the default ones provided by the _USER_ attribute.
- Indicates the level of experience the audience is assumed to possess. Different audiences might have different experience levels with respect to the same topic; for example, a topic might require general knowledge from a programmer, but expert knowledge from a user. Beginning with DITA 1.2, values in this attribute are not limited to a small number of choices; the following values were used in DITA 1.0 and DITA 1.1, and are still provided as sample values: novice, general, expert, and -dita-use-conref-target.


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I am trying to do this by setting up the transparency of the layer, but the markers seem unaffected by this change.
Any ideas?
share|improve this question
Depending on what effect you are looking for. Possibly one workaround is to make other layers transparent and move your point layer down in the TOC. I have never seen anything like this other than a hollow symbol with no fill. – Brad Nesom Dec 30 '10 at 14:27
2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The best way to import symbols in a map document is to use EMF format. This will maintain the vectors, allow resizing in ArcMap without loss of quality. Since there is no "background" to a vector drawing, it will appear correctly transparent in ArcMap.
Alternately, you can make the bitmap marker method work by filling the "transparent" background portions of your symbol with a key colour that does not appear elsewhere in your image be aware that using bitmap markers may adversely affect output quality.
share|improve this answer
Is the EMF format the only image format in Layout that supports transparency still (Mid-2012)? – Roy Jun 1 '12 at 17:48
You are going to the marker layer's properties Display tab and changing the transparency, correct? As I'm guessing you know this is the main way to change the transparency of any layer, including marker symbols. If that doesn't work, I wonder if you don't have have some kind of read-only problem. May be worth trying to copy that layer and paste it in as a new layer and try to change the transparency on the new copied layer.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
. The symptoms vary from person to person but include headaches, edginess and lethargy.
Ways to cut down
To cut down, reduce your caffeine intake gradually over a period of about two weeks so your body is not prompted to produce any withdrawal symptom. Try using a smaller measure of instant or ground coffee with the same amount of water. With tea, the longer it is left to brew the more caffeine it contains. Alternatively, stick to same strength, but replace every other cup with a herbal tea, fruit juice or plain water. If it is the taste that you miss then try the decaffeinated versions of coffee, tea and cola.
Suggested Supplements to be taken
- SuperSoy Powder – To help combat stress, the body ward off infection, to inhibit cancer-promoting enzymes.
- Caps Adrenal Plus – This formulation helps the adrenal glands overcome the inhibiting factors of stress and perform at their peak level.
- Fenugreek – To improve your physical body state.
Note: Before purchase any of these supplements, it is best to consult your doctor if you have any existing health problems.


Red-crested pochard
Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina)
The Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) is a duck from the family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans (Anatidae).
Species name
Dutch name:
English name:
Red-crested pochard
German name:
French name:
Nette rousse
Scientific name:
Netta rufina
Scientific classification
Has a rounded orange head, red bill and black breast. The flanks are white, the back brown, and the tail black. Eclipse males are like females but with red bills.
Is mainly a pale brown, with a darker back and crown and a whitish face.
Looks similar to the females but have multicolor bellies and Young males look like eclipse adult drakes.
Standard Measurements
Body Length (cm):
The male (drake) of the Red-crested pochard measures approximately 48-64 centimeters. The female measures approximately 48-64 centimeters.
Body Weight (grams):
The male will weight about _PHONE_ gram. The female will weight about _PHONE_ gram.
The nest is never far from water, occasionally on matted reeds in water. The nest is a small depression lined with grass, leaves, rushes, and down. Cup formed by turning movements of body.
The female Red-crested pochard usually lays from 8-12 pale green eggs and incubates them for 26-28 days.
Artificial incubating:
Bird banding:
Recommended closed leg band ring size for the Red-crested pochard is 11 mm.
The leg band ring can only be applied on a young duck at around 12-14 days old.
Suggested: Left leg = Female, Right leg = Male
Rearing food:
Lundi Micro Regular
Lundi Micro Regular
Lundi Micro Regular
Maintenance food:
Lundi Regular
Lundi Regular
Lundi Regular
Lundi Regular
Lundi Regular
Lundi Premium
Lundi Premium
Lundi Premium
Lundi Premium
Lundi Premium
Europese soort
Photos of the Red-crested pochard


Is there a way that I can use the same monitor with both my desktop and notebook computers, without constantly switching cables?KVM Switch
You need a KVM switch (KVM stands for keyboard, video, monitor). This lets you hook a single keyboard, monitor, and mouse up to multiple PCs and notebooks. The actual computers can run simultaneously, while the monitor displays only what's running on the selected computer; the mouse and keyboard control the selected system.
A button on the front of the KVM lets you toggle between systems. In your case, you wanted the monitor to extend the amount of data displayed on your notebook. That's no problem, as long as your notebook supports dual displays.D-Link DKVM-2
KVM switches are particularly useful in server rooms, where dozens of servers can be hooked into one KVM. For your purposes, though, a personal KVM switch is perfect. A good place to start is with a D-Link DKVM-2 ($49 direct), which can handle two PCs. (Similar switches are available from companies such as Avocent, Belkin, and Linksys.) The DKVM-2 comes with two PS/2 mouse ports and two PS/2 keyboard ports. As with most switches, the cables cost extra, so make sure you buy the shortest cables you can. Six-foot cables are about $15 each.
If you're using a notebook with only one PS/2 connector, you may want to use a docking station with two connectors. (D-Link Systems Inc., )
—Richard Fisco, Technical Director


Re: Adoption of the Typed Array Specification
From: Chris Marrin
Date: Wed, 19 May 2010 10:07:46 -0700
Cc: _EMAIL_
Message-Id:
To: _EMAIL_
On May 18, 2010, at 6:12 PM, Allen Wirfs-Brock wrote:
>> From: Kenneth Russell [_EMAIL_]
>> Out of curiosity what are the implications of the word "buffer"?
> The usage isn't absolute, but the term "buffer" is often used to for areas of memory that hold transient data. Often data that is being moved from one place or representation to another. See, for example, the definitions at _URL_ and _URL_
> In the TypedArray proposal, ArrayBuffers are not necessarily used in such a transient manner. They can be used to implement such buffers, but they may also be used to implement other storage use cases. Such usage decisions are really in the domain of the application design, not the core library design. To me, that raises a flag about the use of the term "Buffer" in that context.
I disagree with this assessment. The "transient" nature of buffers is not universal. One of your own citations define it as:
 A reserved segment of memory used to hold data while it is being processed
That's a very good description of what ArrayBuffer is. I also don't think we need to avoid "Array", especially if we keep the "Typed" prefix. TypedArrays are very much like the Array object, except that the data is typed. Perhaps we could use TypedArrayBuffer as the buffer object. That would match better with the base class of TypedArray, which specializes into Int8Array, etc. It seems like a rational naming for a family of objects.
We will never have the "perfect" name. We need something authors understand after reading the spec. The rest is just bikeshedding.
> The use of "Array" also seems inappropriate. In the TypedArrayProposal, ArrayBuffer isn't even used exclusively as the backing store for view objects that provide Array-like access. It is also used as the backing store for DataView that provides heterogeneous data access. In addition, ArrayBuffer (as currently spec'ed) doesn't directly provide any JavaScript array-like behaviors, so use of "Array" in its name also seems misleading for that reason.
> That's why I would generally prefer an application and access neutral name such as Blob, BinaryData, ByteBlob, etc.
I dislike the term Blob, especially since the File API is using that term to mean a different object type. The name DataView is arguable since it doesn't match the conventions used in any of the other objects in this family, even though it is just a TypedArray that has API for heterogenous types. I have other opinions about DataView and how it is defined, but that is for another conversation.
Received on Wednesday, 19 May 2010 17:08:19 UTC


Question: Why Is Taking A Stand Better Than Winning?
What is more important than winning?
Participation is more important than just winning.
Which counts more taking a stand or winning essay?
In conclusion, taking a stand counts more than winning.
What does it mean to take a stand on an issue?
take a stand on (something) To hold, assume, or express a very strong or adamant position on some issue. It's time for Congress to finally take a stand on this issue!
Why is it important to stand up for what you believe in?
What does taking a stand mean?
What does standing up for what you believe in mean?
1. (stand up for someone/something) to defend someone or something that is being criticized or attacked. You've got to stand up for what you believe in. stand up for yourself: I learned how to stand up for myself early on in life.
How important is winning?
A win is an easy self-confidence boost, which is a big deal for many young athletes. Furthermore, winning is validation. A win says that the game has been played the right way and that practice paid off. … Also, winning connects good feelings with the sport, which can give your young athlete the drive to keep going.
Why is taking a stand Important?
The more you stand up for your beliefs, the more self-respect you will develop. … Doing the right thing or standing up for your beliefs may not be easy, but when you do, you know that you'll be able to look yourself in the mirror and feel good about yourself.
How do you stand up for your beliefs?
How To Stand Up For Your BeliefsStand by them no matter what.Be willing to make sacrifices.Write them down after you identify them.Figure out ways to make them work in your everyday life.Line up your goals with your beliefs.Don't let others walk all over you and your beliefs.Love yourself for the way you are.Never doubt yourself and your abilities.
Is it take a stand or take a stance?
"Make a stand" means "Hold firm against something or someone." "Take a stance" means "adopt a position," meaning a philosophical or political position. Someone who "makes a stand" is doing something a lot stronger and more active than someone who "takes a stance."
What does take a stab mean?
Definition of take/make a stab at : to try (doing something) She took/made a stab at solving the problem.
How do I stand up for what I value?
Do You Stand Up for What You Truly Value?Live their values.Hold themselves responsible and accountable to their values every day.Create a culture that reflects their values.Think bigger and better than they already do and differently than they have before.Welcome and actually listen to dissenting voices—not just the ones who affirm what you already believe.More items…•
What does standing up for your rights mean?
Description. Standing up for your rights starts with knowing that you have the same rights as everyone else. It then means responding to situations where those rights are being compromised. … Know that you can call upon others to help you defend your rights.
Is winning the most important thing in sports?
Is winning the only thing that is important?
Vince Lombardi's statement that "winning is the only thing that matters in sport", is one of the truths that are inherent in the world of sports. Lombardi's statement also affects coaches, owners, and managers. … They too place winning as their number one concern.


View Full Version : Query about Selection example in the Redbook
08-22-2003, 06:24 AM
Dear All,
U can access the Redbook Chapter 12 (Selection) online at: _URL_
The selection example 12-2 has following code:
glPushMatrix ();
glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity ();
glOrtho (0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode (GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity ();
//code for drawing objects
glPopMatrix ();
glFlush ();
My question is: If both GL_PROJECTION and GL_MODELVIEW are loaded with identity matrix
why the code is inside a glPush and glPop Matrix pair
Hope this question is understandable,
- Chetan
08-22-2003, 08:38 AM
As I can see from the code PushMatrix and PopMatrix contains modelview matrix. MatrixMode(PROJECTION) is called after PushMatrix so that means that the last was MODELVIEW. Doesn't matter both of matrices are cleared. The modelview matrix is staying the same after PopMatrix when it was before PushMatrix.


2. Earlier working women in India were not given any kind of alimony or maintenance but with the change in time and subsequent amendments in the law, alimony or maintenance are provided to a working wife under certain circumstances. 3. When we say a working woman, we consider someone who is economically independent and financially able to satisfy her needs but sometimes in cases of married working women they do not earn enough to satisfy their necessities and partially depend on their husbands. These women are eligible to claim a certain amount of alimony. 4. The main reason behind maintenance to a working wife is that a wife faces many problems after leaving her matrimonial home and is dep
No Maintenance For Earning Wife Supreme Court


text:
OLMOS CREEK (UVALDE COUNTY)
OLMOS CREEK (Uvalde County). Olmos Creek rises (at 29°08' N, 100°04' W) in far southwestern Uvalde County two miles southeast of Dabney and runs south for twelve miles to its mouth (at 29°01' N, 100°04' W) on Muela Creek, fourteen miles northwest of La Pryor in northwestern Zavala County. The creek name is Spanish for "elm trees." The stream rises in flat to gently sloping terrain with local depressions or sinkholes; the land here is surfaced by very shallow to shallow and stony clays and loams that support scrub brush and grasses. The creek continues through low-rolling hills and prairie with deeper clayey and loamy soils that support chaparral, some mesquite, and grasses. Toward the mouth of Olmos Creek the terrain becomes low relief, surfaced by deep loams and clays that support pecans and other hardwoods and various grasses.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."OLMOS CREEK (UVALDE COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


seals of yeovil borough
Common seals of Yeovil
Examples of Portreeve's Seal 1815 and Borough Seal 1877
Yeovil was officially designated as a Borough in 1854 and at left is an example of the Seal of the Borough of Yeovil used by the Corporation. It is from a document in my collection dated 1877 and is based on the original fourteenth century town seal used by the town's Lord and his Portreeve.
The main shield depicts Saint John the Baptist, standing beneath an arch with trees either side. He is holding a shield with a representation of the Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God.
The seal is a device for making an impression in wax, or other medium, and is also the impression thus made. The purpose was to authenticate the document.
The sealing process is essentially that of a mould, with the final image represented on the device for making the impression by a mirror-image design, incised in sunken relief, or intaglio. The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal matrix or die; the imprint it creates as the seal impression.
The seal impression in this photograph measures three inches (75mm) across and is reproduced here almost actual size (depending on your screen resolution). Impressed into red candle wax, it was placed on a bright green silk square attached to the vellum (calfskin) document.
The Portreeve's Seal photographed below, is from a document of 1815.
From my collection


text:
Finding aid prepared by Amanda M. Reeve
Willard Rouse Jillson
Geology of the Mintonville Dome
University of Kentucky Special Collections
Arranged by material type.
Collection is open to researchers by appointment.
62M78 : [identification of item], Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome, 1962, University of Kentucky Special Collections.
0.23 Cubic feet
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book.
Willard Rouse Jillson (May 28, 1890 – October 4, 1975) was a Kentucky historian academic, and geologist who authored numerous books on Kentucky politicians and geology matters pertaining to the State. Jillson taught geology in Lexington at the University of Kentucky in 1918 and later at Transylvania University in 1947. He served in various government positions, notably as Kentucky State Geologist and director of the Sixth Kentucky Geological Survey. He died in 1975 and was buried in the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky.
"Willard Rouse Jillson." Wikiepdiea: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 18 January 2011. Web 5 April 2011.
The Willard Rouse Jillson Geology of the Mintonville Dome collection contains the proofs and rough draft typescript of this book. The proofs and typescript are annotated by the author. The book was printed by the Roberts Printing Company in Frankfort Kentucky, 1962. This book discusses the location of the Dome, the field work done while at the Dome, and other geological surveying done of the Dome.


An extremely important aspect of any web application is validation. Validation is the process of ensuring that data coming from the outside world is correct for the purpose of our application.
Validation will ensure any data entered by the user is valid and will prevent bugs creeping in due to invalid data.
It also allows us to define and implement important rules around how the business operates and how the application should reflect and respect those rules.
In today's tutorial we are going to be looking at validation in Ruby on Rails, how it works and how to define and implement validation rules in your projects.
Why is validation important?
As I mentioned in the introduction, validation is extremely important for a whole host of reasons.
Your application will need to accept data from the outside world. No matter how you structure your application or your user interface, data entered by users will always have mistakes, be invalid or even malicious.
Validation helps protect your application against invalid data by allowing you to define certain rules around what should be accepted and what should be rejected.
Whenever data is entered that does not meet the requirements of these validation rules your application will automatically reject it to prevent it from entering the application.
Where does validation happen in Ruby on Rails?
Typically in an application there will be multiple methods of validation in one form or another.
However the majority of the validation rules of a Ruby on Rails application will occur within the models.
Ruby on Rails' Active Record models have a number of helper methods that allow you to define all sorts of complex and intricate rules around what data should be accepted as part of that model.
What is an example of validation?
So hopefully the importance and location of validation within a Ruby on Rails application should be clear.
Now lets look at an example of validation.
Imagine we have an Article model as part of the blog application we are building. Every blog article should have a title and so we can write a validation rule that defines this requirement:
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :title, presence: true
The Article model inherits from ActiveRecord::Base and so we automatically have access to the parent methods.
In the example above we are defining a validation rule that states the :title property should be present.
We can see this in action by booting up the Rails console:
bin/rails c
Now if we attempt to create a new 'Article' without a 'title' and then we call the 'valid?' method, we should be returned 'false':
=> false
Next, if we try to create a new Article whilst passing a title, the valid? method should return true:
Article.create(title: "My first blog post").valid?
=> true
Getting validation errors
Whenever a validation rule has not been satisfied an appropriate error message will be set on the model object.
Back in the console run, the following line:
article =
When we call the valid? method on the article object, it should return false:
=> false
We can get access to the error messages by calling the messages method on the errors collection:
=> {:title=>["can't be blank"]}
If you wanted to only get the errors for a particle attribute of the model, you can pass the appropriate symbol to the errors collection:
=> ["can't be blank"]
What types of validation are available?
Ruby on Rails has a number of default validation helpers that enable you to define your validation requirements directly inside of your model.
These helpers cover the majority of common validation requirements that you will typically find in a web application.
Each validation helper also accepts a :message or :on option.
The :message option allows you to define a custom validation message that will be placed in the errors collection if the rule in not satisfied. If you don't specify a :message option the default message for that rule will be used:
validates :title, presence: true, message: "You need to include a title"
The :on option allows you to specify which action this rule should be run on. By default Rails will run each validation rule on both create and update, however you can specify that any rule should only be run on one action with the following format:
validates :title, presence: true, on: :create
Rails comes with a lot of validation helpers that cover the vast majority of the validation scenarios you will require. Take a look at the Validation guide for a list of all of the available helpers.
Validation is an extremely important aspect of a modern web application, but fortunately Rails makes it a breeze to define and enforce those rules.
In today's tutorial we have looked at defining validation rules on the model. Your application will likely have important business rules that should always be enforced. For example, articles should always have titles.
However, certain validation rules should not sit in the model. You will usually find that models that attract a lot of responsibility will end up in a tangle of validation rules for specific circumstances.
We will be looking at dealing with this problem in next week's tutorial!


text:
Fundamentals With Elements of AlgebraAuthor:
Pub Date: 2002
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Summary: This student-friendly and non-traditional text provides a solid foundation in algebra concepts before introducing signed numbers, helping to build student confidence. Conversational so that students will actually read it, yet mathematically accurate, this text helps students overcome their fear and dislike of mathematics, develops critical thinking and decision-making skills, and prepares them for subsequent courses.
- Used $39.00
- New $183.36