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Introduction to Db2
Db2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows (LUW) is a database server product developed by IBM. Db2 LUW is the "Common Server" product member of the Db2 family, designed to run on most popular operating systems.
The version numbers in Db2 are non-sequential with v11.1 and 11.5 being the two most recent releases. Specifics of Db2 versions and platforms supported on Delphix are located in the Db2 Compatibility Matrix.
IBM Db2 Authentication
Db2 User and group authentication is managed in a facility external to Db2 LUW, such as the operating system, a domain controller, or a Kerberos security system. This is different from other database management systems (DBMSs), such as Oracle and SQL Server, where user accounts may be defined and authenticated in the database itself, as well as in an external facility such as the operating system.
Any time a user ID and password is explicitly provided to Db2 LUW as part of an instance attachment or database connection request, Db2 attempts to authenticate that user ID and password using this external security facility. If no user ID or password is provided with the request, Db2 implicitly uses the user ID and password that were used to login to the workstation where the request originated. More information on Db2 authentication and authorization is available via IBM documentation.
Delphix Db2 Authentication
Delphix for Db2 requires that the staging and target hosts must already have the necessary users and authentication systems created/installed on them. Delphix will neither create users nor change database passwords as part of the provisioning process.
Db2 Database Level Support
Delphix supports a number of Db2 database-level features. An overview of Db2 database level support is as follows:
- Support for multiple databases linking in a Single Instance, which allows Delphix Engine users to utilize an available instance on the target more efficiently.
- Support for using a customer-supplied directory for the Delphix Plugin, Db2 Mount Points, and Db2 Delphix files and logs.
- Support for the in-memory BLU feature of Db2.
- Support for Kerberos environments.
- Support for VDB provisioning of the same OS version level or one version higher than the source and staging instances.
- Intelligent handling of HADR logs.
High Availability Disaster Recovery (HADR)
The HADR feature of IBM Db2 provides a high availability solution for both partial and complete site failures. It protects against data loss by replicating data changes from a source database, called the primary, to one or more target databases, called the standby.
Delphix HADR Support
HADR replication takes place at a database level, not at the instance level. Therefore, a standby instance can have multiple databases from multiple different primary servers/instances on it. If the instance ID on the Delphix standby is not the same as the instance ID on the primary, the Delphix standby instance ID must have database permissions secadm and dbadm granted to it on the primary database. These permissions and all HADR settings must be implemented on the primary database before you take the backup on the primary database.
All changes that take place at the primary database server are written into log files. The individual log records within the log files are then transmitted to the secondary database server, where the recorded changes are replayed to the local copy of the database. This procedure ensures that the primary and the secondary database servers are in a synchronized state. Using two dedicated TCP/IP communication ports and a heartbeat, the primary and the standby databases track where they are processing currently, the current state of replication, and whether the standby database is up-to-date with the status of the primary database. When a log record is "closed" (still in memory, but has yet to be written to disk on the primary), it is immediately transmitted to the HADR standby database(s). Transmission of the logs to the standbys may also be time-delayed.
Beginning in Db2 v10.1, the HADR feature supports multiple standby databases. This enables an advanced topology where you can deploy HADR in multiple standby mode with up to three standby databases for a single primary. One of the databases is designated as the principal HADR standby database, with the others termed as auxiliary HADR standby databases. As with the standard HADR deployment, both types of HADR standbys are synchronized with the HADR primary database through a direct TCP/IP connection. Furthermore, both types support the reads on standby feature and can be configured for time-delayed log replay. It is possible to issue a forced or unforced takeover on any standby, including the delphix auxiliary standby. However, you should never use the Delphix auxiliary standby as a primary, because this will impact Delphix performance.
Delphix HADR Synchronization
The Delphix for Db2 uses the HADR capability of Db2 to synchronize data from a production Db2 database into a Delphix-controlled Db2 "standby" server. By using this mature and existing Db2 capability, the Delphix Engine is able to ingest data and keep the standby server in sync with only a minimal impact on production. The HADR connection is configured to Super-Asynchronous (SUPERASYNC) mode where log writes are considered successfully transmitted when the log records are sent from the primary database. Because the primary database does not wait for acknowledgments from the standby database, there is no delay on the primary and transactions are considered committed regardless of the state of the replication of that transaction. For further information on Delphix synchronization, see Linking a dSource from a Db2 Database: An Overview.
Database Partitioning Feature
Database Partitioning Feature (DPF) lets you partition your database across multiple servers. Since you can add new machines and spread your database across them, this allows users to scale their database. This means more CPUs, more memory, and more disks from each of the additional machines are available for your database. DPF can be used to manage large databases for a variety of use cases including data warehousing, data mining, online analytical processing (OLAP), or online transaction processing (OLTP) workloads.
DPF enables the user to divide a database into database partitions, a database partition is a part of a database that consists of its own data, indexes, configuration files, and transaction logs. Each database partition can be configured on the different physical server having its own set of computing resources, including CPU and storage. When a query is processed, the request is divided so each database partition processes the rows that it is responsible for. DPF can maintain consistent query performance as the table grows by providing the capability to add more processing power in the form of additional database partitions. This capability is often referred to as providing linear scalability using Db2s shared-nothing architecture.
DPF is an approach to sizing and configuring an entire database system. Please follow the recommended practices for optimal performance, reliability, and capacity growth. Please refer to IBM documentation of DPF for more details in IBM knowledge center.


Evaluating Pain in a Non-Verbal Patient
Last Modified: June 10, 2008
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Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
Is there a scale that can be used to evaluate pain in a patient who is nonverbal or unresponsive and cannot use the traditional number or face scales?
If a patient is nonresponsive, we generally assume that he or she is not responding to pain. As for nonverbal patients, we use a rating of nonverbal indicators and assess if these indicators are present at rest and/or with movement (see below). One point is given for each "yes" response, resulting in a score on a 0-12 scale.
 At Rest With Movement
1. Vocal complaints: Non-verbal
(Expression of pain, not in words, moans, groans, grunts, cries, gasps, sighs)
2. Facial Grimaces/Winces
(Furrowed brow, narrowed eyes, tightened lips, jaw drop, clenched teeth, distorted expressions)
3. Bracing
(Clutching or holding onto side rails, bed, tray table, or affected areas during movement)
4. Restlessness
(Constant or intermittent shifting of position, rocking, intermittent or constant hand motions, inability to keep still)
5. Rubbing
(Massaging the affected area)
6. Vocal complaints: Verbal
(Words expressing discomfort or pain, "ouch", "that hurts", cursing during movement, or exclamations of protest: "stop", "that's enough")
TOTAL SCORE = (0-12)
In ICU patients, the RASS scale is used, which evaluates agitation and sedation.
A good reference is:
Herr, K et al. (2006) Pain Assessment in the Nonverbal Patient: Position Statement with Clinical Practice Recommendations. Pain Management Nursing, Vol 7, No 2 (June): pp 44-52.
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New drywall helps save energy, therefore isn't boring
Drywall may not be the most exciting topic, and I fully accept that. But what this new drywall could do to your power bill might excite you. The new drywall is filled with tiny beads of paraffin that absorb heat during the day, and release it at night. It could be the latest thing in green building technology.
Interested yet? Well…it could very well save a building's energy consumption by 40% so here's the scoop.
Normal drywall is made from gypsum-based plaster. The new drywall will contain the paraffin capsules for almost half the mix. As the building heats up during the day from sunlight, human activity, computers, appliances, etc. the beads of paraffin in the drywall will turn into a liquid state as they absorb the heat inside the building. This helps cool the building.
Conversely, at night when the beads start to return to a solid it releases the stored heat, keeping the building warmer.
The new drywall is a result of experiments at Spain's Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. When scientists ran tests, they found 1.5-inch thick boards made from the new material had five times the thermal capacity than normal drywall at the same thickness.
Incredibly, a six-inch layer of hollow brick masonry was found to have the same capacity of the new drywall. Further, in an area where the material was tested, a temperature range of 68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit could be maintained without using air conditioning.
Given that these tests were done in Spain, can you start to see how these results might show promise for the U.S. market?
While there are some brands of drywall using paraffin already on the market, the mixture is not nearly as high as the ratios used in the testing. The tests just confirm that expanding the limits of the mix can exponentially change the efficiency, and the material is viable as a material to alternatively help keep costs down.
It's nice to know that there are scientists thinking of things like smart walls — they'll help us save on power costs without even having to think about it!
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, via Gizmag
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Attributes of Antigonus emorsa
Antigonus emorsa (R. Felder, 1869)
Identification: Upperside of wings is mostly white with wide dark borders and dark wing bases. Underside is a much paler copy of the upperside, with a dark spot at the lower tip of the wing.
Life History: Flies rapidly.
Flight: All year in Mexico, July-September in southern Arizona.
Caterpillar Hosts: Not reported.
Adult Food: Probably flower nectar.
Habitat: Hot, dry desert canyons.
Range: A rare stray from Mexico to southern Arizona.
Conservation: Not required for a rare stray.
Management Needs: None reported.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
importHTML is a fantastic formula you can use in Google Spreadsheets. Here's Google's support documentation for importHTML:
Syntax: ImportHtml(URL, query, index)
URL is the URL of the HTML page. Either "list" or "table" indicates what type of structure to pull in from the webpage. If it's "list," the function looks for the contents of , , or tags; if it's "table," it just looks for tags. Index is the 1-based index of the table or the list on the source web page. The indices are maintained separately so there might be both a list #1 and a table #1.
Example: =ImportHtml("_URL_ "table";4). This function returns demographic information for the population of India.
Note: The limit on the number of ImportHtml functions per spreadsheet is 50.
What's even better is you can wrap this formula in other formula to get the data in the shape you want. A case in point I was recently asked:
_USER_ is it possible in GS/sheet to use ImportHTML and transpose table data on import into columns if the same source table format?
— jamestoon (_USER_) September 13, 2012
The answer is yes, you can TRANSPOSE a importHTML. Let use the Demographics of India table from the support documentation as an example. To switch columns into rows we can use
This lets us change the way the data is imported from this:
Lets now say we are only interested in the population figures for 1991 and 2001. You could always just import all the data then pull it using a cell reference. Another way of doing this is to wrap our data in a QUERY formula.
The QUERY function is a built-in function that allows you to perform a query over an array of values using the Google Visualization API Query Language.
Anyone used to tinkering with databases will recognise the query language which uses the clauses like SELECT, WHERE, GROUP_BY etc.
There are a couple of ways to query our data for the population of India in 1991 and 2001.
Using LIMIT and OFFSET
- Limit – Limits the number of returned rows.
- Offset – Skips a given number of first rows.
Using these we could use the query
"SELECT * LIMIT 2 OFFSET 4". This selects all the columns (using *) and then limits to 2 results starting from the 4th row. The order of limit/offset is important, using these the other way around won't return any results.
- Select – Selects which columns to return, and in what order. If omitted, all of the table's columns are returned, in their default order.
Because we are using importHTML as our datasource when selecting the columns we need to use the syntax Col1, Col2, Col3 …. So if you just want the year and population our query could be
"SELECT Col1, Col2 LIMIT 2 OFFSET 4"
- Where – Returns only rows that match a condition. If omitted, all rows are returned.
One issue with using limit/offset is if more data is inserted into the source table it might push your results out of the range. A way around this is to include a WHERE clause to only include data on certain conditions. WHERE allows various comparison operators like <=, =, >, multiple conditions ('and', 'or' and 'not') and more complex string comparisons like 'contains'. More information on WHERE conditions here. So if we only wan the population where the year is 1991 or 2001 we can use the query
"SELECT Col1, Col2 where Col1='*1991*' or Col1='*2001*'"
For this last example lets also TRANSPOSE the result and remove the table header:
So there you using the QUERY formula to be more selective on your html import to Google Spreadsheets. Here is a copy of the spreadsheet with all the examples I've used in this post Any questions/clarifications leave a comment.
PS Tony Hirst has also written about Using Google Spreadsheets Like a Database – The QUERY Formula and this is a place if you want some more query examples.
PPS I'm on leave now which is why this post has very little to do with CETIS or OER.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


grid orientation, give me
which flips round (or regrids) the x,y and z, and ALSO suitably transposes the u,v,w, so it matches the transformed x,y & z.
Either today is a fuzzy Friday for me, or this is not a simple as it may sound.
Hi Loren!,
I have a problem.SO,was going through this post. I still dont have an answer so i post it here.
I have a 2 dimensional matrix which i read from a file.There are multiple files, sigma1, sigma2 and so on,
I read it from the file and assign it to a local variable ( a 3 dimensional matrix) and reassign this another variable, which i intend to use in the actual code. But i have difficulties in indexing. I am sort of confused.
My question, can i use something similar to ## in C to append a number to a variable, for example
MU##1 = MU; %assign matrix MU to MU1;
My code is here anyways
for i =1:N % for each state of nature wi
 for j = 1:M,
 mu = strcat('K:\MU',int2str(i),'.txt');
 sig = strcat('K:\SIGMA',int2str(i),'.txt');
 data_mu = load(mu);
 data_sig = load(sig);
 MU(i,:,j) = data_mu(:,j); % load different columns to 3d ARRAY
 SIGMA(i,:,j) = data_sig(:,j);
MU1 = MU(1,:,:); % load matrix of first dimension.
SIGMA1 = SIGMA(1,:,:);
Ex : sigma = [2 0;0 0.5];
Thanks!


In a Compelling Installation, Lorem Ipsum Puts Russia's History on Full Display
The New York–based creative studio devises a thoughtful, tech-forward exhibition at Platov Airport in Rostov-On-Don, Russia, that recounts the region's rich Cossack history.
In anticipation of the 2018 World Cup, Russia undertook multiple ambitious infrastructure projects, including the construction of an airport in Rostov-On-Don, a picturesque port city near the Ukrainian border. The 530,000-square-foot facility was named Platov International Airport after Cossack leader Count Matvei Ivanovich Platov (1753–1818), the Russian military general who commanded the Don Cossacks in the Napoleonic Wars. A semi-military and self-governed ethnic group, the Cossacks played an important role in the cultural development of Russia and Ukraine. (Today, between 3.5 and 5 million people worldwide self-identify as Cossack.) The Platov Airport also tells its namesake's story through a permanent interactive exhibition designed by New York–based creative studio Lorem Ipsum. Abigail Honor, a partner at the firm, shares how it all came together.
The List's Project Spotlight column features noteworthy projects created by our forward-thinking List members. By going straight to the source—and having the designers demystify the methods behind their designs—we hope to enlighten and inspire our creative audience to further push the boundaries of what is possible in the realm of design.
In mid-2017, Airports of Regions approached us with a brief uniquely tailored to our skills as a creative studio: Tell the story of Platov and the Cossacks with a cutting-edge, media-driven approach fitting for the new airport's forward-thinking and technologically savvy travelers. The exhibition, titled "Platov and his Time," pays tribute to the crucial role that General Platov and his army played in shaping Russia's history. By remaining faithful to historical imagery while incorporating modern display technology, the show fits seamlessly into the airport's distinctly contemporary look and feel. We tried to capture the spirit, struggle, and story of Platov and the Cossacks with five experiential multimedia installations that incorporate interactivity and high-quality video.
We had only five weeks to bring the installation to life, so timing was a major hurdle. Since it was essential that we include historical information that pays homage to Don Cossack culture, we instructed our research team to deliver the content in an engaging, digestible way with minimal text. The exhibition's centerpiece is a cylindrical installation, lined with multiple LED displays, that creates a continuous screen on the interior. Tilted, with one edge almost touching the floor and the other more than eight feet off the ground, it draws visitors into viewing a short film—shot with a drone in 8K resolution—that depicts a day in the life of a Cossack three centuries ago. Visuals of galloping horses and endless plains, captured from a flight along the river Don, are augmented by audio from 16 speakers mounted around the top of the cylinder.
Another challenge was making the exhibition unobtrusive to passersby, but immersive and engaging enough to capture and sustain their attention. The "Battle of Borodino," a 24-foot-long painting derived from a series of 19-century artworks, depicts the battle between the Cossacks and the French. Though captivating at first glance, the painting visually springs to life when seen through a pair of electronic viewfinders that face it. Beyond that, we needed to consider the new space's great scale, heavy traffic, and international audience, as well as predict how people might interact with an installation in the middle of an airport. We ultimately created an experience that transcends language so that travelers of all walks can understand the story.
All Stories


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The White-bordered Copper (Lycaena pavana) is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the Lycaenids or Blues family.
- Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Gaonkar, Harish (1996) Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a threatened mountain system. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
- Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
- Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
- Kunte,Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.


maintenance that emphasize safety, environmental preservation, infrastructure protection, cost-effectiveness and performance."
 - Can chlorides cause corrosion on vehicles?
 Solutions containing chlorides (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride) are hygroscopic in nature, meaning that they attract water molecules that can promote corrosion.
 Calcium chloride and magnesium chloride attract more water than sodium chloride, making them more corrosive in their natural state. Corrosion inhibitors can be added to chloride brines to limit their corrosive effects. Road Guard Plus™ is an inhibited calcium chloride, containing a highly effective organic corrosion inhibitor. Lab tests have shown that inhibited calcium chloride is up to 84% less corrosive than traditional rock salt (sodium chloride).
 Another factor to consider is that increasing freeze-thaw cycles can result in increased corrosion risk unrelated to what chloride is used. Driving outside in -10°C temperatures and parking in a heated garage overnight allows snow and ice to melt, exposing vehicles to moisture and corrosion opportunities. In cases such as this, a corrosion inhibitor is particularly important.
 - Is calcium chloride safe for roads, bridges and infrastructure?
 Calcium chloride itself does not "attack" concrete and asphalt. If the product does what it is supposed to do—melt snow and ice sooner than would happen if untreated—it will create melt water. Because concrete and asphalt are porous, the melt water cannot help but penetrate beneath the surface and potentially cause chips, cracks and potholes as it becomes solid and expands.
 This is a physical process caused by the freeze-thaw cycle, not a chemical process.
 However, freeze-thaw damage can be prevented by using high quality materials and sound construction practices. If concrete is properly cured and sealed to prevent water absorption, it won't experience the same damage as uncured concrete.
 When chloride, oxygen and moisture come together on the surface of unprotected steel reinforcement (rebar) embedded in concrete, corrosion can result. However, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) found calcium chloride to be significantly less corrosive to steel than two types of salt and magnesium chloride. As an inhibited calcium chloride, Road Guard Plus™ is safer for roads and bridges than all uninhibited chloride alternatives.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for people?
 The small amounts of brine spread thinly and used as recommended on roads for anti-icing and de-icing has not been shown to cause any health concerns.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for pets and wildlife?
 When it is applied for anti-icing and de-icing following the recommended application rates, this product presents a very low hazard to animals (and humans).
 Brief contact with inhibited calcium chloride should not cause irritation. After extended exposure to the product, such as after a winter walk, wiping or rinsing your pet's feet should avoid any risk of possible irritation. Pet owners should also be vigilant and stop their pets from drinking puddled winter water which can contain wide-ranging contaminants including dirt, animal waste, road maintenance materials and other pollutants. In any case, inhibited calcium chloride should cause fewer concerns than other traditional chloride solutions used by municipalities.
 Of course, if an animal (or person) ingests a highly concentrated chloride solution or has direct contact or prolonged exposure to it, this can be dangerous and should be treated by a veterinary professional.
 Road Guard Plus™ has a bitter taste that does not attract big game and other wildlife to the road. Fewer animals will be attracted to the roads compared to using rock salt, thus reducing driving hazards.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for the environment?
 Tiger Calcium's products are known industry-wide to be environmentally responsible and are not considered to be hazardous substances. In fact, calcium chloride is commonly used in agribusiness as an additive in animal feed and as a fertilizer for specific soil conditions.
 Road Guard Plus™ is:
 - fully biodegradable
 - less toxic to aquatic life than oil, lignosulfonate and dish soap
 - does not bio-accumulate or have the potential to contaminate the food chain (according to Environment Canada)
 - not a restricted material in transport
 - has minimal impact on water, air, plants and wildlife
 - requires less sand and traditional salt to be used, which benefits the environment and reduces cleanup costs
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for grass and vegetation?
 As long as it is applied correctly, using proper application methods and rates, inhibited calcium chloride should have little to no impact on grass and vegetation near a surface being treated. Tiger Calcium trains users on the appropriate application techniques and quantities for our products.
 However, it is possible for grass and vegetation to be damaged if calcium chloride is over-applied or if it's directly applied in large quantities to grass and vegetation. The same damage would occur with over-application of any chlorides or fertilizers.
 - Do you still have to use salt and sand with this product?
 No, you do not have to use salt and sand with Road Guard Plus™. However, it is safe to do so, and depending on the conditions, it is often recommended. Road Guard Plus™ can also be used to wet the sand before the sand is applied to roads, making it more effective. Ideally, these ingredients should all be used, in proper combination, to support optimal winter roads management.
 - Why would you recommend using this product with salt and sand?
 As explained above, anti-icing is a proactive measure best taken ahead of a snow event. Depending on the duration and intensity of a snow event, snow buildup may still occur. In those cases, plowing—another element of a complete winter road management plan—may still be required, and is much easier to do on treated roads. In instances of unexpected precipitation, or other situations where pre-treatment is impractical, pre-wet sand and salt are good alternatives. Given the wide range of winter weather conditions in most Canadian cities, no single road management solution is ideal at all times.
 When it comes to highway safety, studies show that calcium chloride/salt mixtures achieve bare pavement faster than salt alone at temperatures near -1°C (30°F) in 85% of applications, easing traffic and reducing accidents. Calcium chloride increases the effectiveness of salt, therefore reducing the number of applications necessary during storms and the cost of labour, equipment and materials. Calcium chloride also freeze-proofs abrasives to help them embed in ice and snow, which means that less material is lost to spreader bounce and scattering by vehicle traffic.
 - Why not just use sand for winter road management?
 While sand provides some traction, it does not melt snow or ice and can bounce or scatter off the roads. This results in greater costs for snow removal and road cleanup.
 - Why not just use rock salt?
 Rock salt is selected as an alternative to remove snow and ice from surfaces because it is inexpensive and widely available. However, it has significant downsides.
 Rock salt (sodium chloride) is ineffective as a melting agent when the temperature drops below -10°C—which happens often over the winter season in many North American cities. Furthermore, research shows that, among de-icing products, salt causes the greatest corrosion to steel.
 Grass and other vegetation can be harmed if rock salt de-icer is over-applied on a nearby road surface or if large quantities are directly applied to grass or vegetation.
 - What about this beet mixture I've heard about?
 Beet juice itself does not help melt snow and ice. It can be added to rock salt brines as an inhibitor to reduce corrosion, but it protects against corrosion less effectively than the proprietary inhibition formula of Road Guard Plus™.
 If beet juice finds its way into streams, it can be harmful to aquatic ecosystems, attracting unwanted bacteria. Road Guard Plus™ has been proven to be less toxic than beet by-product mixtures.


text:
- What is Polonium
- Polonium – Properties
- Atomic Mass of Polonium
- Density of Polonium
- Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of Polonium
- First Ionization Energy of Polonium
- Polonium – Melting Point and Boiling Point
- Polonium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Polonium in Periodic Table
What is Polonium
Polonium is a chemical element with atomic number 84 which means there are 84 protons and 84 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Polonium is Po.
Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth.
Polonium – Properties
|Phase at STP||Solid|
|Atomic Mass [amu]||209|
|Density at STP [g/cm3]||9.196|
|Electron Configuration||[Hg] 6p4|
|Possible Oxidation States||+2,4|
|Electron Affinity [kJ/mol]||183.3|
|Electronegativity [Pauling scale]||2|
|1st Ionization Energy [eV]||8.4167|
|Year of Discovery||1898|
|Discoverer||Curie, Marie & Pierre|
|Melting Point [Celsius scale]||254|
|Boiling Point [Celsius scale]||962|
|Thermal Conductivity [W/m K]||—|
|Specific Heat [J/g K]||0.12|
|Heat of Fusion [kJ/mol]||—|
|Heat of Vaporization [kJ/mol]||—|
See also: Properties of Polonium
Atomic Mass of Polonium
Atomic mass of Polonium is 209 u.
Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.
The unit of measure for mass is the atomic mass unit (amu). One atomic mass unit is equal to 1.66 x 10-24 grams. One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol.
For 12C the atomic mass is exactly 12u, since the atomic mass unit is defined from it. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass usually differs and is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 63Cu (29 protons and 34 neutrons) has a mass number of 63 and an isotopic mass in its nuclear ground state is 62.91367 u.
There are two reasons for the difference between mass number and isotopic mass, known as the mass defect:
- The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
- The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 63Cu the atomic mass is less than 63 so this must be the dominant factor.
See also: Mass Number
Density of Polonium
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:
ρ = m/V
In words, the density (ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total volume (V) occupied by that substance. The standard SI unit is kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The Standard English unit is pounds mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft3).
See also: What is Density
See also: Densest Materials of the Earth
Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of Polonium
Electron Affinity of Polonium is 183.3 kJ/mol.
Electronegativity of Polonium is 2.
In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:
the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.
X + e– → X– + energy Affinity = – ∆H
In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.
An atom of Polonium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Polonium.
Po + e– → Po– – ∆H = Affinity = 183.3 kJ/mol
To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. This affinity is known as the first electron affinity and these energies are negative. By convention, the negative sign shows a release of energy. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process. This affinity is known as the second electron affinity and these energies are positive.
Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals
- Metals: Metals like to lose valence electrons to form cations to have a fully stable shell. The electron affinity of metals is lower than that of nonmetals. Mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron.
- Nonmetals: Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity than metals. Nonmetals like to gain electrons to form anions to have a fully stable electron shell. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons. The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.
The electronegativity of Polonium is:
χ = 2
In general, an atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it.
The most electronegative atom, fluorine, is assigned a value of 4.0, and values range down to cesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7.
First Ionization Energy of Polonium
First Ionization Energy of Polonium is 8.4167 eV.
Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.
X + energy → X+ + e−
where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e− is the removed electron.
A Polonium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.
Po + IE → Po+ + e− IE = 8.4167 eV
The ionization energy associated with removal of the first electron is most commonly used. The nth ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the species with a charge of (n-1).
1st ionization energy
X → X+ + e−
2nd ionization energy
X+ → X2+ + e−
3rd ionization energy
X2+ → X3+ + e−
Ionization Energy for different Elements
There is an ionization energy for each successive electron removed. The electrons that circle the nucleus move in fairly well-defined orbits. Some of these electrons are more tightly bound in the atom than others. For example, only 7.38 eV is required to remove the outermost electron from a lead atom, while 88,000 eV is required to remove the innermost electron. Helps to understand reactivity of elements (especially metals, which lose electrons).
In general, the ionization energy increases moving up a group and moving left to right across a period. Moreover:
- Ionization energy is lowest for the alkali metals which have a single electron outside a closed shell.
- Ionization energy increases across a row on the periodic maximum for the noble gases which have closed shells.
For example, sodium requires only 496 kJ/mol or 5.14 eV/atom to ionize it. On the other hand neon, the noble gas, immediately preceding it in the periodic table, requires 2081 kJ/mol or 21.56 eV/atom.
Polonium – Melting Point and Boiling Point
Melting point of Polonium is 254°C.
Boiling point of Polonium is 962°C.
Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point – Saturation
In thermodynamics, the term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given temperature and pressure. The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is called the saturation


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DistributionRead full entry
Mantled howler monkeys are found in southern Mexico (the states of Veracruz, Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Tabasco), from Honduras in Central America to Colombia and western Ecuador in South America, and possibly in southern Guatemala where some unconfirmed sightings have been reported (Reid 1997, Cortes-Ortiz et al. 1996). This range includes most forest habitats that lie between sea level and 2500 meters (Reid 1997).
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )


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- Applicants must have successfully completed a bachelor's degree prior to enrollment from an accredited college or university in the United States.
- Students must submit the completed application found online.
- Send one official copy of academic transcripts from all institutions attended.
- Send a written statement of professional goals.
- Two letters of recommendation
Other Important Information
- West Chester University's MS Criminal Justice program provides a high quality advanced education to both full-time and part-time students.
- Prospective Students
- Current Students


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New resource available for Argentine blueberry industry
Researchers are helping fill in the information gap for the relatively new Argentine blueberry industry.
With the aim of bringing Argentine producers, technicians and managers a practical tool to diagnose blueberry diseases, researchers from Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) have developed the Spanish-language book "Diseases in Blueberry Cultivation: A Manual for Recognition."
In a conversation with _URL_, author Silvia Hongn commented that the book is not intended to make up for a scientific void but to fill in the gap of practical tools identify blueberry diseases.
"The research is a result of practical application. The information from the book is based in that spirit," said Hongn from the UNT Department of Plant Pathology in the College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.
The book has over 200 photographs, representing the biotic and abiotic disorders studied by the working group in plantations from Tucumán, Salta, Entre Rios and Buenos Aires.
"Every disease is described with signs and symptoms, which will be useful to the producer or technician. There is also a description of the fungus because the idea was also to collaborate with those diagnostic laboratories," she said.
The researcher explained that blueberry diseases present with different characteristics depending on the area of cultivation.
"We had a lot of information on diseases primarily from various U.S. states, but they were more for guidance. You could not apply that information directly to our problem," she said.
"The disease impact is different from the information we have from there (U.S.). We must bear in mind that development in Tucumán is sustained by incorporating new varieties developed in Georgia and Florida, which in North America were the last areas incorporated into blueberry production.
"We are working with such varieties, patented varieties that have been slowly replacing the varieties we started with in the late 90′s. So we don't have many terms of comparison because the only literature that has some parallels is generated in Georgia and Florida.
"Here diseases have formed that are not described elsewhere in the world where blueberries are cultivated," the researcher explained.
This occurrence stems, in some cases, from the inability to access information relating to certain diseases and in other cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems.
A book with history
Hongn detailed the book's long history. UNT began to study phytosanitary problems during the first Tucumán planting and has continued to comprehensively address the development of diseases.
"We got the first blueberry sample in '98-'99 and at that time, we knew nothing about blueberries or even what the fruit was like. It caught my attention and I paid a lot of attention to the diagnosis and that was received by the producer. So I was invited to run through the first farm in Tucuman," she said.
"There we began to take the first steps, getting involved with the crop. Beginning in 2002, we started to make systematic checks on all farms established in the province and I became enormously involved with the issue because there was so much to be done," she added.
Since then, Hongn has been consistently working on the issue and in that time, producers have shown great interest in the progress made.
"Thanks to the support of producers, we were able to form a collaborative team and work on the area," she said, a fact that added to the personal motivation of the researchers in the field.


About Us
The corporation for the CSS is organized as a non-profit charter in the state of South Carolina and conducts activities primarily within, but not necessarily restricted to the state of South Carolina. The primary purpose of the CSS is to promote the benefits of Polysomnography (PSG) and Sleep Medicine.
The Purposes of the Society
 1. To conduct educational activities relative to the field of Polysomnography;
 2. To promote the highest level of clinical standards for patient care and safety;
 3. To provide a means by which those in the field of Sleep Medicine may communicate;
 4. To locally support and advance a professional identity that is related to both a professional technological function of allied health care generally, as well as to the field of Sleep Medicine specifically.
 5. To manage funds appropriate to the purposes of the Society, and;
 6. To exercise all powers conferred on corporations formed under South Carolina non-profit statutes, including, but not limited to, the power to accept donations of money or property, whether real or personal, or any interest therein, wherever situated.
Click here for the Carolina Sleep Society By-Laws.
We primarily conduct our activities/meetings in the Spring. From time to time, we may alternate the location of the CSS to another city within South Carolina that best serves the CSS members' needs. The Regular Session of our meetings are a 2-day educational opportunity for our members. Continuing Education Credit is provided for those who attend the complete session. CEUs are not distributed per speaker, but are awarded at the end of the Regular Session. The workshops are a recent addition at the request of our members and provide a class or mini-course by qualified instructors. Participants receive additional CEUs at the close of the workshop.


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the volunteers praise and feedback (the psychological equivalent of a salary).
- Use the data volunteers collect.
- Be flexible, open, and realistic with volunteers.
Including these seven basic ingredients in the development of a volunteer monitoring program has produced many success stories across the United States. The latest edition of the National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs (RISG and USEPA, 1994) documents a total of 772 programs currently in operation. The National Directory also provides a list of volunteer organizations around the country engaged in monitoring rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, wetlands, and ground water. The National Directory can be found at _URL_ In addition, EPA's Volunteer Monitoring web site provides information on various monitoring programs as newsletters that contain information on bacterial methods and how they are used by various volunteer groups. This information is currently available at _URL_
A frequent criticism of volunteer monitoring programs is that using the services of volunteers yields data of less certainty than the data obtained when professionals do the job. In general, however, if the seven "basic ingredients" of a successful program are included, data quality should be the same for both groups. Putting this theory to the test for any particular program includes running parallel water sampling tests that compare data collected by professionals those collected by volunteers. Periodic parallel testing serves two purposes. First, it assures the sponsoring agency that volunteers' data are reliable and can be used for the program's purposes. Second, it helps identify areas where the volunteer program can be improved, especially if the results indicate there is a difference in quality between the volunteers' data and the professionals' data.
EPA's volunteer monitoring guide also discusses several other ways to maintain volunteers' interest:
- Sending volunteers regular data reports.
- Keeping volunteers informed about all uses of their data.
- Preparing a regular newsletter.
- Making program officials easily accessible for questions and requests.
- Providing volunteers with educational opportunities.
- Keeping the local media informed of the goals and findings of the monitoring effort.
- Recognizing the efforts of volunteers through certificates, awards, or other means.
- Providing volunteers with opportunities to grow with the program through additional training, learning opportunities, and changing responsibilities.
- RISG and USEPA. 1994. National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs, 4th ed. EPA 841-B-94-001. Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1990. Volunteer Water Monitoring: A Guide for State Managers. EPA 440/4-90-010. U.S. Environmental Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1991. Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 440/4-91-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.


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Agriocnemis argentea facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Silver wisp
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Agriocnemis argentea distribution map.svg
Agriocnemis argentea is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae, commonly known as a silver wisp. It is a small damselfly; the male, when mature, is covered in a white pruinescence. It is endemic to northern Australia where it inhabits both still and flowing waters.
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Agriocnemis argentea Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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Teaching toward a world without war
Elizabeth Gray Vining, 1902–1999
A Philadelphia native and member of Germantown Monthly Meeting, Elizabeth Gray Vining published her first book for young adults at the age of 22, and went on to publish over 60 more in her lifetime. At the age of 42, Elizabeth wrote weekly releases on the activities of AFSC for Quaker papers and other religious publications, when she was selected to be the first woman to tutor the crown prince of Japan.
Her name had been suggested to the education commission by then Executive Secretary Clarence E. Pickett, who had visited Emperor Hirohito and heeded his request for help in finding an American tutor for the crown prince. After listing Elizabeth's many accomplishments in a letter of recommendation, Clarence Pickett added that she was "one of the most lovely and cultured women that I have ever known," but "she would not lift a finger to seek the appointment."
Once chosen, the American press expressed Elizabeth's position as an opportunity to spread the values of American democracy. But she was clear that this was an opportunity to build bridges: "I am not here in Japan as a missionary," she declared. "I will present my views and let my pupil go on from there… I hope I can contribute to the peace and understanding of the world. The emphasis will be on a world without war, and on nations working together for peace."


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The Kingston Women's Medical College, affiliated with Queen's, was established in 1883 and ran until 1894. It was founded after disgruntled male students forced women out of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Kingston, an early incarnation of Queen's Faculty of Medicine.
The college was originally located in the west wing of Kingston City Hall and had a dissecting room just under the old building's dome. It moved to a house at 75 Union Street in 1890. The college folded for lack of students in 1894, as the small number of women studying medicine in Canada were increasingly attracted to medical schools in Toronto and Montreal.
Women were not re-admitted to medical studies at Queen's until 1943.


- Cobalt-60
 What is Cobalt-60?
 Cobalt-60 is an isotope that emits gamma rays essential to the medical community for cancer treatments, as well as sterilization of medical devices.
 Sterilization Cobalt-60
 Sterilization Cobalt-60 is the first and most widely used type of Cobalt-60. It is employed by the healthcare industry to sterilize medical devices such as sutures, gloves and syringes. This type of Cobalt-60 is typically sourced from nuclear companies like Bruce Power in great quantities. In fact, LSA Cobalt-60 from Bruce Power sterilizes more than 40 per cent of the world's single-use medical devices.
 Medical-grade Cobalt-60
 Medical-grade Cobalt-60 is used worldwide to battle cancer and for radiation therapy for the treatment of complex brain conditions. Bruce Power has recently begun producing this new source of Cobalt, which will ensure doctors and their patients have treatments when they need them, and access to new and innovative machines.
 What is Bruce Power's role in its creation?
 For more than 30 years, the four reactors at Bruce Power's Bruce B generating station have been a reliable Cobalt-60 supply for Nordion, an Ottawa-based company.
 The Cobalt-60 rods are stored in Bruce Power's secondary fuel bay. The harvested rods are suspended on the wall of the fuel bay, about 14 feet below the surface; the water providing employees with shielding from the radioactivity. From the reactivity mechanism deck over the fuel bay, Bruce Power's specialized fuel handlers extract the individual irradiated rods and place them in a shielded flask to be shipped to Nordion's facility.
 Cobalt-60 process
 What can be done with Cobalt?
 Gamma sterilization is a proven process that's highly effective at treating single-use medical devices. With the ability to penetrate products while sealed in its final packaging, gamma sterilization economizes the manufacturing and distribution process, while still ensuring full sterility of the product.
 Sterilization of Combination Devices
 A combination device is a medical device combined with a tissue, pharmaceutical or other component that falls within one or more regulatory standards, such as drug-eluting stents. Sterilization can affect drug and material properties, so sterilization by gamma irradiation is applied to ensure that the combination device's sterility and functionality are maintained.
 Sterilization of Implantable Devices
 Implantable devices include orthopedics (i.e. knees), stents, heart valves and more. Metal and polymers present a challenge to some sterilization modalities. Gamma is highly efficient for sterilization of implantable devices; in fact, the highest percentage of sterilization modalities for orthopedics is gamma. Additionally, many implantable devices are high value and therefore depend on a reliable process to ensure quality control and prevent the potential for lost product due to processing faults.
 Sterilization of Pharmaceuticals
 Sterilization by gamma irradiation is advantageous for a wide range of pharmaceutical products. Due to the high demand in the pharmaceutical industry, gamma has proven itself to be an effective method as indicated by its acceptance in the European Pharmacopeia, and, more recently, drafted into the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Some of the advantages of gamma over other modalities include high penetration power, isothermal character (small temperature rise) and no residues. It also provides a better assurance of product sterility than aseptic processing and lower validation demands.
 Gamma Knife and Cancer Treatment
 One of the technological advancements is the Elekta Gamma Knife? surgery, which uses an innovative tool that allows for non-invasive treatment of brain disorders, which is complex to do through conventional means. Stereotactic Radiosurgery using Cobalt-60 therapy allows doctors to deliver higher doses of radiation to tumours, while limiting damage to the surrounding healthy tissue and organs. For many brain cancers, Cobalt-60 therapy is one of the most precise and advanced forms of radiation treatment available.
 Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a type of radiation therapy used to treat tumours and other abnormalities in the brain. In Gamma Knife radiosurgery, specialized equipment focuses close to 200 tiny beams of radiation on a tumour or other target. Although each beam has very little effect on the healthy brain tissue it passes through, a strong dose of radiation is delivered to the site where all the beams meet.
 Gamma Knife radiosurgery is usually a one-time therapy, completed in a single day.
 Another such way is Xcision's GammaPod, which is a new solution that is designed to provide non-invasive treatments to patients, with the potential to shorten the course of radiotherapy and limit doses to the surrounding healthy tissue, including the whole breast, heart and lungs.
 Insect Sterilization
 Cobalt-60 is the key component of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), a process aimed at eliminating or, at a minimum, suppressing the population of insects that spread disease like Zika virus. In this case it's like a high-tech form of insect birth control for mosquitoes.
 The International Atomic Energy Association has deployed the SIT using gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 to combat the spread of Zika and West Nile viruses, as well as dengue. SIT poses no risk to the environment or to public health and, in fact, is considered one of the most environmentally friendly insect pest control methods ever developed because the insects are not self-replicating and do not become established in the environment.
 Pioneered in the 1950s, SIT involves using gamma irradiation to render sterile insects such as male tse-tse flies, screw-worm flies and other fruit flies, especially in climates that stay warm year-round. After irradiation, large numbers of sterile males are released into the wild, dramatically reducing the number of insects in the next generation. Repeated release can eventually wipe out a population of insects.
 Food Irradiation
 Gamma is also used to disinfect certain food and consumer products such as spices and cosmetics, and eliminate invasive insect pests from tropical produce prior to export to various countries. While some methods leave traces of toxic substances, gamma rays do not. The rays are highly effective at killing micro-organisms and insect pests, yet there is no residue or radioactivity on or in the products and packaging. This means no quarantine is required, and product is immediately available for shipment or use after processing.
 The American Spice Trade Association provides guidance on the use of irradiation as a microbial reduction strategy for spices. In some countries, regulatory requirements and consumer demands are restricting the use of chemical treatments required for export of fruits and vegetables. The growing awareness of the dangers of chemicals that are known carcinogens has led countries to review and, in some cases, suspend their use. These and other drivers have resulted in an increase in irradiation of food products as an alternative to chemical treatments.
 Gamma irradiation is also used to treat meat and produce against micro-organisms such as E. coli and salmonella. Irradiation is for the safety of consumers and neither changes the taste nor the nutrient levels of the food.
 Agriculture and R&D
 Cobalt-60, which is produced in four of Bruce Power's eight nuclear reactors, is used for the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which could be a powerful strategy for controlling the pepper weevil, a devastating pest problem for Ontario pepper farmers. Bruce Power and Nordion have both put forth funding and support for a multi-year study led by University of Guelph Professor Cynthia Scott-Dupree on sterilizing pepper weevils using Cobalt-60. The researchers hope to control pepper weevils, which can burrow into farmed peppers and destroy them from the inside.
 It is very difficult to control these insects when they are hidden inside the pepper, and, in 2016, pepper weevils caused significant damage to the crop in both field and greenhouse production systems.
 Gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 will sterilize the insects before they are released to mate normal, unsterilized pepper weevils in greenhouses. The only pepper weevils released will have all the attributes of normal, unsterilized weevils, except they are sterile. When they mate, the eggs will not be viable, no progeny results and the pest population will decrease.
 This innovative research could improve Ontario's agricultural sector by reducing the impact of pests on produce, while also providing a possible gateway to the future of farming.
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text: 3rd conditionals making excuses.Duration: 10 - 15 minutes.Preparation: Print out this sheet. Aims: Fluency with the target expressions. Repeat the exercise for as many weeks as is necessary to achieve fluency. Procedure: Tell the students that they are going to have to make up excuses using the past conditional. Give them an example and show them how to make the excuse. Teacher: Why didn't you do any homework? Student: I would have done my homework if I had had more time. The students have to come up with an excuse which explains why they did or didn't do a particular thing. Use the examples below or make up your own.


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STEP EIGHT. You can use Canvas table layout to maximize the available space, with the Twitter widget in one column and contextualizing information in the other column. If you are designing for mobile, you can find additional information here: Canvas Columns without Tables.
Canvas Pages are not really a great space in which to design, in large part because you are constrained by the Canvas system content to the left, on the top, and sometimes to the right that you cannot control. You can, however, find ways to make tables work to your advantage if you want to make the most of the limited screen space available.
To get a sense of how that works, compare these two screenshots. Here's a widget pasted into a page:
And here's what it's like to put a widget into a two-column table:
If you want to use a table, you can copy-and-paste this bit of two-column table template code to quickly create a table that works nicely with an embedded Twitter widget. Remember that you need to be in the HTML editor when you paste in this code. You can then shift back into the Rich Content View to do your actual content editing.
TEXT STUFF GOES HERE
IFRAME STUFF GOES HERE
- The valign is important; that is what makes the contents of the table align against the top.
- The non-breaking spaces create a kind of divider column space between the left and right columns.
- You can adjust the width value as needed; the 450 pixel width works nicely for the widgets I usually make at Twitter.
- The iframe stuff was covered in the previous step: Add Twitter widget to Canvas Page.


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Recently the question of whether lawyers have a general ethical obligation to serve a gatekeeping function has been raised in a number of legal contexts. The reaction of the practicing bar has generally been unenthusiastic. While the assertion that a gatekeeping function should be applicable to all attorneys is a relatively modern stance, such an obligation has historically been acknowledged to various degrees in several practice areas, including federal income taxation. This Article examines the gatekeeping question—and how the practicing bar should react to it—through an examination of the gatekeeping role historically asserted as applicable to tax lawyers, including how modern pressures (e.g., literalist statutory interpretation, profit maximization law firm models, changing business and societal ethical norms) have altered that historically asserted ethical norm. This Article then suggests avenues for combating modern trends in the tax field in order to strengthen and reestablish the historic balance in a tax lawyer's planning role (e.g., using intentional conflicts of interest to create a "divide and conquer" dynamic between clients and attorneys in aggressive transactions, emphasizing the ethical training of tax attorneys, clarifying the proper approach for statutory interpretation in the tax context, creating disincentives for a legal race to the bottom among attorneys competing for business, highlighting the importance of individual trendsetters, and channeling the competitive pressures in the legal marketplace in the government's favor). This Article concludes by suggesting that the practicing bar should take lessons from the tax gatekeeping example in its future reactions to gatekeeping initiatives in other legal arenas and accept gatekeeping as a generally applicable ethical norm.
Am I My Brother's Keeper? A Tax Law Perspective on the Challenge of Balancing Gatekeeping Obligations and Zealous Advocacy in the Legal Profession,
Loy. U. Chi. L. J.
Available at: _URL_


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- Published on Monday, 10 September 2012 09:16
- Written by Ed Holtgraver
Sub-arctic climates experience temperatures from 100° F (38° C) in the summer to –60° F (–51° C) in the winter (Figure 1). While there is nothing spectacular about the high end of the range, the low end impacts the functionality of pneumatic actuators.
WHAT CAN HAPPEN
There is never a good time for an actuator to fail, but a failure when the temperature is at 60 below or when a blizzard limits capacity for transporting repair parts could be especially troublesome. Careful selection of valve actuation is critical.
When considering safety integrity, one assesses what might cause failure in a product. To illustrate, let's begin with an off-the-shelf pneumatic actuator intended for normal service and then consider what may fail if applied at –60° F (–51° C). Our basic parameters are as follows:
- The actuator housing is steel.
- The drive shaft is a precipitation-hardened stainless steel.
- The seals are buna.
- The shaft bushings are Nylon 6.
With these parameters in mind, at –60° F (–51° C):
The steel housing has become brittle. It is not necessarily weaker, but a sudden impact or an imperfection that would have no effect on the metal when ductile, could result in a sudden fracture at these sub-zero temperatures because the temperature is below the brittle transition temperature of steel. The question "will it fail at –60° F?" cannot be answered without knowing if there will be sudden impact loading, but possibility of failure has increased there.
A normally ductile metal will yield before fracture while a brittle metal will fracture without yield (Figure 2).
The precipitation-hardened shaft material has also become brittle and may fracture given an impact load. If, for example, the driven valve resists opening and then breaks free, the resulting sudden impact may cause the actuator shaft to fail.
The shaft material will have contracted at a rate of 9.4 by 10–6 per inch of diameter per degree F, while the Nylon 6 bushings will contract at a rate of 44.2 x 10–6 per inch per degree F. If the original gap between the bushing bore and the shaft surface was.002 inches and if the shaft diameter was 3 inches, then 130° F (54° C) temperature change from 70° F (21° C) to –60° F (–51° C) would contract the shaft diameter to 2.996 inches and the 3.002 inches diameter bushing bore to 2.985 inches, causing binding and failure.
The buna seals have turned to stone. Their normal resiliency, which allows flowing into and sealing leak paths, is gone. The seals cannot flex and leakage will occur at all seal points resulting again in actuator failure.
Failure of the example standard actuator is a certainty in this case. While there is nothing in the above example that is not obvious to every designer and user, the solution to avoid failure is to apply what we know.
For example, metals that have a brittle transition temperature that falls within the range of possible application temperatures should not be used unless absolutely no impact loads can occur. Examples of suitable metals are 300 series stainless steel and aluminum—neither has brittle transition temperature. Because of its greater strength, stainless steel may be the best choice for larger actuators.
Figures 3 and 4 show a simplistic representative impact test performed on a notched steel bar. One end was locked in a vice, and a hammer blow served to provide an impact. At room temperature, the hammer blow bent the specimen, but there was no fracture.
Figures 5 and 6 show an identical specimen that was brought to a temperature of –60° F. (An interesting side note is that the air cans used to clean a keyboard, when turned over, emit a liquid that has a measured temperature of –60° F, which proved convenient for testing.)
If at all possible, where there is close fit between moving parts, select materials having the same coefficients of thermal expansion/contraction (Figure 7).
Select seal materials that retain adequate resiliency at the lowest temperatures to be encountered. Additionally, eliminate every possible seal via basic design. A seal that is removed by design cannot fail. Figure 8 shows a simple drop test where a bar is dropped against an O-ring at both room temperature and at –60° F. Basic buna, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), Viton and silicone O-rings were tested. All except Viton showed excellent "bounce" at room temperature but only silicone retained resiliency and bounce at –60° F. Suppliers show low-temperature options for each of these elastomers, but in-house testing is recommended.
Designers and users who read this may respond: "We've used essentially standard actuators and all we did was select a seal material that remained resilient at the low temperatures." This article is not stating such a combination will fail, only that it may fail—the steel plates of the Titanic may not have fractured if it had not hit the iceberg, and not all World War II Liberty ships cracked in half. But by considering the above suggestions, the supplier can greatly reduce the risk of failure.
Users, as well as designers, have responsibilities regarding pneumatic actuators under extreme cold conditions.
First, and most obvious, users should shelter the actuator from weather extremes where possible. Second, users must assure a dry air supply, at least 15° F (–9° C) below the lowest temperature that may be experienced since ice plays havoc with air flow and mechanical motion. Finally, users should assess the recommended actuator and whether all possible precautions have been incorporated by the supplier.
Clearly, pneumatic actuators can perform their intended functions despite having to operate in extreme temperatures. However, they need to be designed and manufactured properly, and users need to take responsibility to keep them functioning correctly.


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Temperatures of about 20 000°K with ion densities ranging from 1017 to 1018 cm−3 have been produced in helium by means of explosive‐driven shocks. Helium was used because of its relatively simple structure, but this choice eliminated usual shock methods because of the high sound speed and high ionization potential. Shock waves having sufficient strength and planarity were obtained by reflecting against a glass plate initially strong shock waves produced by high explosives. Equilibrium calculations based on smear camera velocities of accurately plane shocks were used to determine the state of the gas behind the reflected shock wave.
The light emitted consisted of a continuum on which were superimposed shifted and broadened lines of the normal helium spectrum and forbidden lines as well. Time‐resolved spectrograms showed evidence of a measurable relaxation time at the shock front but no evidence of significant radiative cooling of the gas behind the shock.
Under the conditions of these experiments, it was demonstrated that a quantitative prediction of the behavior of the helium states with principal quantum numbers 2, 3, and 4 requires consideration of the effects of electrons as well as ions.


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The "historic" simulation line represents the long-term climate response a river might have according to the hydrologic model. If the hydrologic forecast is for near-normal conditions, the "conditional" simulation curve will be similar to the historic simulation curve. If the streamflow forecast is for wetter than normal conditions, the conditional simulation curve will be above the historic curve. Likewise, if the streamflow forecast is for drier than normal conditions, the conditional simulation curve will be below the historic curve.
The slope of the simulation curve indicate the amount of uncertainty associated with a forecast. The flatter the line, the more confident the forecast. The steeper the line, the less confident the forecast.
NOAA's National Weather Service produces such plots as part of the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service.


What Are Loan Proceeds?
After you apply for a loan, you may not receive the entire amount straight away and may receive a little less than the amount you applied for.
Understanding the workings of a loan may help you make better financial decisions.
What Are Loan Proceeds?
Loan proceeds are the amount that a lender dispatches to the borrower after paying off any closing fees, like origination or processing fees. It is the net loan amount available to the borrower as part of the loan. It is the amount that the borrower owes to the lender, plus any interest due on the money.
Some of the common fees and expenditures of a loan that the borrower should keep an eye on include:
 1. Origination Fee: The origination fee is what lenders charge borrowers for processing or originating a loan. It can be anywhere between 0.5% to 5% of the loan amount. The origination fee is negotiable, though it may result in higher interest rates for the borrower.
 2. Underwriting Fee: The underwriting fee is the fees that the lender charges for assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower. This is to make sure that the borrower will be able to pay off the loan that they receive.
 3. Broker Fee: This is the fee that the broker or the agent charges for his services in securing the loan for the borrower. It is a percentage of the amount of the loan.
 4. Taxes: Taxes are mostly payable in cases of loans obtained for a property.
 5. Property and Title Insurance: These are insurances payable by the borrower to ensure that they have the right to the title deed and claims to damages to the property. They protect both the lender and the borrower.
Borrowers should read in detail the terms and conditions of the loan so that they are aware of the actual loan amount that they will be eligible for. Loan proceeds can have certain limitations on how they may be used, which will be outlined in the contract. For instance, the loan proceeds from a student loan may only be used to buy textbooks only and not pay for extra-curricular activities.
What Are Mortgage Loan Proceeds?
A mortgage loan application can take anywhere from a month to two months to get processed. After the pre-processing is complete, the amount that is dispatched to the borrower forms the mortgage loan proceeds that are available for the homeowners' use. It is disbursed from the mortgagor's cash escrow. It is the loan that is then owed by the borrower to the lender and forms the principal balance of the loan.
What Does Deposit Loan Proceeds Mean?
What Are Proceeds In Finance?
Proceeds refer to all the costs that are available after a sale or transaction. It is a form of revenue generated after a successful contract. If a number of units are sold, the total proceeds are the number of units sold multiplied by the price of one unit. Proceeds can be categorized as gross proceeds or net proceeds.
Gross proceeds are the proceeds available to the seller before any deductions. It is the price decided for the transaction. Gross proceeds include the price of production, such as material costs, labor costs, cost of machinery, and also includes the costs involved with selling the product, such as middlemen fees, the cost of making the contract, and possibly even marketing and advertising costs. Gross proceeds are thus the total cost of the product.
Net proceeds are the proceeds that the seller receives after subtracting off all the underlying costs associated with the transaction. For instance, if you sell your house for $500,000 and your real estate agent charges a commission of 5%, the net proceeds available to you will be $475,000. This is the money you will actually receive from selling the house. In some instances, taxes and costs of processing the contract are also subtracted from the gross proceeds to get the net proceeds.
In the case of a loan, proceeds refer to the net amount available to the borrower after the lender has subtracted the overhead costs of the loan from the total loan amount.
Loan Proceeds Meaning Accounting
In accounting, loan proceeds are especially important in bookkeeping. Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions as part of business dealings. It helps in showing where a business is doing well and what areas may need improvement. To calculate the loan proceeds, the accounting department will carry out a calculation that goes something like this:
Step 1: Make a note of how much loan is being given and at what rate.
Step 2: Calculate the expenses you incurred to give the loan. For instance, the various underlying costs like underwriting fee and origination fee, etc. These costs are usually a percentage of the loan.
Step 3: Calculate how much of the loan is payable in these costs.
Step 4: Subtract the costs from the loan approved to get the loan proceeds.
An example of loan proceeds in accounting is covered in the following section.
Loan Proceeds Example
Loan proceeds are applicable in a number of different instances.
For instance, you apply for a mortgage loan of $100,000. Your lender may charge a 2% origination fee and 1% in underwriting. The borrower will receive $97,000. He or she will have to pay back the amount in loan proceeds plus the interest rates.
Similarly, a borrower may apply for $20,000 in student loans. After the loan processing is complete, the borrower may receive only a total of $18,000 – the net proceeds available after all the overhead charges are paid off.
Calculating loan proceeds can follow the example below:
Step 1: A personal loan of $50,000 is approved for Person A.
Step 2: The lender has the following costs associated with the loan
 - Origination fee 1%
 - Underwriting fee 1%
 - Broker fee 2%
 - Total fees = 4%
Step 3: Amount of loan payable in costs = 4% of $50,000
 = $2,000.
Step 4: Amount of loan payable in loan proceeds = $50,000 – $2,000
 = $48,000.
Loan proceeds are the net amount of a loan payable to the borrower. They may be made directly available for the borrower or could be sent to a third party to be kept in escrow and to be disbursed at regular intervals. Borrowers should go through the terms and conditions of the loan to get a better understanding of how much loan they will actually receive.
Charles Bains
Charles Bains
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Identifying the Sound Event Recognition using Machine learning And Artificial Intelligence
The analysis of sound information is extremely useful in a variety of applications such as multimedia information retrieval, audio surveillance, audio tagging, and forensic investigations. The analysis of an audio clip is performed in order to detect sound events. Applications of this technology include security systems, smart vehicle navigation and noise pollution monitoring. Sound Event Recognition (SER) is the focus of this research proposal. As compared to long-duration audio scenes, sound events have a short duration of about 100 to 500 milliseconds. A machine-learning model is being trained and tested in this paper, which can be incorporated in an automated data collection process. In this experiment, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Random Forest were compared.


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For all districts
Sudden death in goats
FIRST PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER 1981
By Dr T. R. Thomas, district veterinary officer, Melbourne
Goats are not a particularly hardy species of animals in the higher rainfall areas of southern Australia. They can die quickly from a number of diseases. Any sudden death in a herd should be diagnosed so that measures can be taken to prevent further deaths.
The term "sudden death" is used to describe deaths that occur within 24 hours of signs of sickness occurring. Within this period of illness, whether goats that become sick are noticed before they die will depend on how often and how closely the herd is inspected. Where sudden deaths occur the Department of Agriculture should be notified so that a diagnosis can be made.
Anthrax is a rare cause of death of animals in Victoria. Most farm animals including goats are susceptible. It can occur in outbreaks causing serious losses.
Anthrax should be suspected in animals that die suddenly and show a blood discharge from the mouth, nose or anus. The carcases should not be moved.
The disease is transmissible to man.
The agnote "Anthrax and the farmer" describes this disease in detail in both animals and humans.
2. Clostridial diseases
The clostridial diseases are a major cause of sudden death in goats. The topic is fully covered in the agnote "Clostridia) diseases of goats".
3. Parasite infestations causing sudden death
(a) Acute liver fluke disease
Goats can die suddenly of acute liver fluke disease in the late summer. A post-mortem shows extensive liver damage.
(b) Acute worm infestation
Large numbers of Haemonchus contortus (Barber's pole worm) in the fourth stomach will cause sudden deaths usually in spring and autumn. This worm sucks blood and causes a fatal anaemia which, in goats observed before death, may cause pale mucous membranes and a collection of fluid swelling under the lower jaw. These signs may not be seen when deaths occur suddenly.
The small brown stomach worm (Ostertagia species), the small stomach worm (Trichostrongylus axes) and hair worms of the small intestine (Cooperia species and Trichostrongylus species) can cause sudden death if numbers are large enough. Hair worms are only 5-10 mm long, as fine as a hair, and can easily be missed on postmortem even when present in tens of thousands.
4. Metabolic diseases
Grass tetany and milk fever do not appear to be major diseases of goats. However, "transport tetany" and "capture myopathy" cause sudden deaths in goats.
Losses of feral goats transported long distances are commonly from 10 to 25%. The stress of capture and transport, changes in the routine of feeding and watering and change in climate will quickly cause any concurrent disease to become important. Goats that have travelled may die of induced enterotoxaemia, pregnancy toxaemia and transit tetany.
"Capture myopathy" is a muscular degeneration that occurs in wild animals including feral goats. It is not fatal immediately, it causes death by kidney malfunction later in life.
To reduce these losses, goats should be vaccinated with clostridial vaccine and drenched for parasites two weeks before transport. Dietary changes should be as gradual as possible and stress in transport reduced.
Most acute poisonings of goats are due to toxic plants and insecticides. Poisoning by other chemical agents such as lead and arsenic are uncommon.
Plants that will most commonly poison goats are azalea, rhododendron and oleander. Oleander is an extremely toxic plant which if eaten causes gastro-enteritis, paralysis and death from heart failure.
Azalea and rhododendron cause gastro-enteritis with salivation, abdominal pain and death.
Deaths in goats from insecticides occur when these compounds are not used according to the manufacturers' recommendations, and particularly when they are used excessively. Poisoning may occur when insecticide is accidentally swallowed. Usually there are nervous signs, such as over-excitement, muscular jerking and an inability to stand or walk properly.
Salivation is common and urine and faeces are passed more frequently. There are signs of abdominal pain. Eventually the goat goes into convulsions and dies.
Rat poison may be eaten by goats because it is often incorporated with grain. If large quantities are consumed death can be rapid.
Where poisoning is suspected, veterinary assistance should be sought immediately. There are specific antidotes for most insecticides. Consult the label for directions regarding first aid.
Great care should be taken with any poisonous substance. Since many are attractive to goats, uncontrolled access to them should not be allowed.
Mastitis is common in goats but is not always a cause of sudden death. Mastitis can be hyper-acute or may be so mild as to go unnoticed.
Details of the recognition, treatment, control and prevention of mastitis in goats, can be found in the agnote "Mastitis of goats".
Bloat occurs when goats consume large amounts of lush green leguminous feed such as lucerne and clovers. Bloat can also occur on lucerne hay.
In bloat the food mixture in the rumen or the first stomach forms a foam that the goat cannot belch away. As a result the gases formed by digestion build up. The rumen quickly fills with gas and the animal becomes distressed as pressure from the distended rumen increases. The abdomen is very swollen, and this swelling appears on the animal's left side. Death can occur quickly from failure of respiration and heart action as a result of pressure on the diaphragm.
If the goat is standing and there are no suitable stock medicines available it can be drenched with 60-120cc of either peanut, maize or safflower cooking oil. Oil will break up the foam and allow the gas to escape. After drenching, it may be necessary to massage the rumen or roll the goat over to spread the oil about among the contents inside the rumen.
If the goat is down, death may be close and quick action is usually needed. The goat should be stabbed with a clean sharp instrument or knife in the left flank behind the ribs so as to pass into the rumen. Allow the gas to escape fairly slowly, rather than in one or two seconds as this in itself may be fatal.
This is a life-saving procedure and any resulting infection can be attended to later by a veterinarian. Oil that is used for drenching affected goats can then be poured or squirted into the rumen via the wound created to release the gas.
There are commercially manufactured stock medicines on the market for bloat treatment, which are superior in action to household cooking oils; where bloat in goats is likely, owners should have these stock medicines on hand in the event of an emergency.
Where goats are grazing on lush legumes, access to roughage in the form of hay or dry pasture should always be provided. The bloating potential of pastures varies enormously. Some pastures may cause bloat in 30 minutes. Others may cause it after 24 hours.
The rule is to increase grazing time gradually, and watch for swelling of the abdomen, particularly during periods of lush pasture growth or when a change in the routine of the herd may cause a variation from the usual pattern of intake of food and water. The time spent grazing legumes must be strictly controlled.
8. Cerebrocortical necrosis (C.C.N.)
This disease is also known as Polioencephalomalacia (P.E.M.) or "Stargazing".
Vitamin B, (thiamine) is essential in goats to allow glucose to move via the blood to the brain. If thiamine is lacking in the diet or destroyed by substances in certain plants (such as bracken fern and nardoo fern) signs of C.C.N. can appear. Goats "stargaze", twitch muscles, then go into convulsions and die. Early in the course of the disease animals may appear blind, wander aimlessly or stand motionless. Thiamine given at this stage will often effect a complete recovery. If the goat has gone down and cannot stand without assistance, there is little advantage gained from treatment.
Diets that have a high molasses content can also predispose to this condition.
© 1981 Vic. Dept. Ag.


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Community Assessments (Rates)
MWRA is a "wholesaler" to its member communities.
MWRA's charges ("community assessments ") typically represent about 45% of the amount that communities bill their customers. The proportion varies considerably among communities.
MWRA WATER AND SEWER RATE METHODOLOGY
How MWRA sets water and sewer assessments to for communities:
In setting water rates, MWRA first identifies through its budgeting process the total amount of revenue that must be raised to run the water system. Charges are calculated using a flat rate per million gallons – $3,032.39 for FY2013 – times the metered water use by a community in the last full calendar year.
Sewer charges are computed on a proportional allocation basis utilizing total flow, contributing population and census population for each community. The total amount of required revenue for the sewer system is allocated either to operating costs or capital costs. Operating costs are allocated to each community based on the average of the prior three calendar years' total flow, with adjustments for strength of flow.
Capital costs, including debt service, are allocated to each community based on a combination of (1) average of the prior three years' peak month wastewater flow and average concentrations of total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand; (2) the proportion of the population of the community that is served by the local sewer system; and (3) the proportion of the community's U.S. census population to the total census population in the sewer system.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR BILL
If you live in an MWRA community, your water and sewer bills come from from your local water and/or sewer department. If you have questions or concerns about your water/sewer bill, you should contact your local water/sewer department. Click here for links to local departments.
PDF files on this site require Adobe Acrobat Reader® (free download).
Updated February 13, 2013


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The Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development (MPSI) works to improve the development, health and well-being of infants, children, youth, and their families across the lifespan, through research, education and outreach.
Our mission is to:
Conduct research focusing on urban populations at increased risk due to community, environmental, biomedical, psychosocial and other challenges
Translate research into policy and practice that directly improve the lives of urban children and families
Promote interdisciplinary research in developmental sciences across Wayne State University – bridging schools, departments, disciplines and individuals
Provide challenging undergraduate, graduate and post-doctoral research training in child and family development
Engage the community through public outreach, professional development, publications, and educational activities for the common good
The Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute Graduate Student Organization (MPSI GSO) is a formal student organization registered with and recognized by Wayne State University. GSO's bylaws, established in 2015, state that the organization's purpose is:
To represent the interests of Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute (MPSI) trainees and fellows to the MPSI faculty
To provide a conduit for exchange of information between the MPSI faculty and the MPSI trainees and fellows
To invite and host at least one speaker during the academic year who has been identified by the MPSI GSO members
To contribute to and create new opportunities for participating in the intellectual activities of MPSI
"The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future in life."
MPSI Graduate Student Organization
Supporting the development of collaborative
& interdisciplinary research
What is MPSI?
What is the MPSI GSO?
What exactly do MPSI students DO?
We present at conferences
We publish in scientific journals
We learn from distinguished research mentors
We have FUN!
The transformative learning experiences at Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute are designed to help students grow both in and out of the classroom. Established in Detroit in 1920 as the Merrill-Palmer School, today's Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute remains dedicated to improving the well-being of children and families. Our passionate and skilled students are making an impact on the world. Explore this site to learn more about our exciting research.


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When you need to position a set of components together, it is helpful to combine the components into a group. Components within a group always retain their relative positions when the group is moved, and cannot be positioned independently. To create a group, follow these steps:
1. Select the components you wish to group. (See Selecting Components.) You can also select existing groups. Note: Selection Containers cannot be grouped.
2. Right-click any selected component, and choose 'Group' from the context menu.
This creates a new Container component to contain the selected components. The components within a Container remain fully functional, and you can adjust the component settings and properties in the usual manner.
A Container component contains only individual components, not other Container components. Therefore, if you group together two existing groups, the existing Containers are deleted, and a single new Container is created to contain all of the individual components from the two preexisting groups.


SSAS - multidimensional | Cube actions exercise | Drill through - Excel pivot table
Software ==> SSAS - multidimensional (21 exercises)
Version ==> SSAS 2008 R2 and later
Topic ==> Cube actions (2 exercises)
Level ==> Harder than average
The aim of this exercise is to create a drill-through action for an Excel pivot table based on a cube:
SSAS Analysis Services exercise - Cube actions (image 1)
We should be able to double-click on a cell or choose the menu option shown above to get this to work
Create a new cube (with associated dimensions) or open an existing one. Make sure that you have two measures visible, giving:
 - sales (this is probably called Value); and
 - the number of rows from the transactions fact table.
Create an action allowing you to drill-through, but only where the number of rows from the transactions fact table is more than 10.
Set a condition for the action to be something like: [Measures].[NumberRows]>10
Browse your cube and check that your action works.
Now create an Excel connection to your cube, and use this to create a pivot table.
Does the drill-through work in Excel? Or does it produce an error message like this?
SSAS Analysis Services exercise - Cube actions (image 2)
The start of the error message you may see
See if you can solve this (we can't!). You may find a good place to start.
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How Long Do 2032 Batteries Last in Storage?
IntroductionWhen it comes to storing 2032 batteries, it's important to know how long they can last without being used. Whether you're stocking up for future use or simply want to ensure your batteries are still functional when you need them, understanding their shelf life is essential. In this article, we'll explore how long 2032 batteries can last in storage and provide some tips for maximizing their lifespan.
Factors Affecting Shelf Life
Battery QualityThe quality of the 2032 batteries you purchase can significantly impact their shelf life. Higher quality batteries are often designed to have a longer storage life, so it's important to invest in reputable brands to ensure they remain functional for as long as possible.
Storage ConditionsHow you store your 2032 batteries can also affect their longevity. It's best to keep them in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Exposure to heat and humidity can reduce the shelf life of the batteries, so proper storage is key to maximizing their lifespan.
Initial ChargeThe initial charge of the 2032 batteries at the time of purchase can also impact their shelf life. If they were already partially discharged when you bought them, their storage life may be shorter compared to fully charged batteries.
Typical Shelf LifeOn average, 2032 batteries can last anywhere from 3 to 10 years in storage, depending on the factors mentioned above. Higher quality batteries stored under optimal conditions can potentially last closer to the 10-year mark, while lower quality batteries or those exposed to poor storage conditions may only last a few years.
Tips for Maximizing Shelf Life
Invest in Quality BatteriesTo ensure your 2032 batteries have a longer shelf life, it's best to invest in high-quality brands known for their durability and longevity.
Proper StorageAs mentioned earlier, storing your batteries in a cool, dry place away from extreme temperatures and sunlight can help maximize their shelf life.
Check Expiration DatesBefore purchasing 2032 batteries, check for expiration dates to ensure you're getting the freshest possible stock. This can help guarantee that the batteries have the longest possible shelf life before use.
Keep Them ChargedIf possible, periodically check and recharge stored 2032 batteries to maintain their charge and prevent them from fully discharging over time.
Dispose of Old BatteriesIf you come across old 2032 batteries that have been sitting in storage for an extended period, it's best to dispose of them and replace them with fresh ones to ensure reliable performance.
In conclusion, 2032 batteries can last anywhere from 3 to 10 years in storage, depending on various factors such as battery quality, storage conditions, and initial charge. By investing in quality batteries, storing them properly, and periodically checking their charge, you can maximize their shelf life and ensure they remain functional when you need them.


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|d18O is a proxy for precipitation and is correlated to changes over the past 3,100 years in solar activity [shown by the d14C proxy]|
Abstract: Paleorecords are key for evaluating the long-term patterns and controls of drought. We analyzed calcite in annually laminated sediments from a Minnesota lake for oxygen-isotopic composition (δ18O). The δ18O [precipitation proxy] record of the past ∼3100 years reveals that droughts of greater severity and duration than during the 20th century occurred repeatedly, especially prior to 300 AD. Drought variability was anomalously low during the 20th century; ∼90% of the variability values during the last 3100 years were greater than the 20th-century average. δ18O [the precipitation proxy] is strongly correlated with the index of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) during the past 100 years, and periodicities of the late-Holocene δ18O record are similar to those of the PDO. Furthermore, time series of δ18O and atmospheric Δ14C [the solar activity proxy] are generally coherent after 700 AD. Both the Pacific climate and solar irradiance probably played a role in drought occurrence, but their effects were non-stationary through the late Holocene.