text:
favorable (Wright1998).
Liquid hot water (LHW)
Much like the steam-explosion process, liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment uses water at elevated temperatures and high pressures to maintain its liquid form in order to promote disintegration and separation of the lignocellulosic matrix. Temperatures can range from 160°C to 240°C over lengths of time ranging from a few minutes up to an hour with temperatures dominating the types of sugar formation and time dominating the amount of sugar formation (Yu et al.2010).
This process has been found to be advantageous from a cost standpoint in that no additives such as acid catalysts are required. Furthermore, expensive reactor systems have not been necessary to use due to the low corrosive nature of this pretreatment technique. Neutralization of degradation products is not needed due to their fractionation and utilization in the liquid fraction. In the same sense, inhibitory products have not been reported to form overwhelmingly in the respective fractions allowing higher yields under specific conditions.
Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)
The ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX) process is another physicochemical process, much like steam explosion pretreatment, in which the biomass material is subjected to liquid anhydrous ammonia under high pressures and moderate temperatures and is then rapidly depressurized. The moderate temperatures (60°C to 100°C) are significantly less than that of the steam explosion process, thus allowing less energy input and overall cost reduction associated with the process (Alizadeh et al.2005, Teymouri et al.2004, Chundawat et al.2007).
There have been extensive literature reviews on this type of pretreatment over the last decade, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of the AFEX process used for different feedstocks (Sun and Cheng2002, Mosier2005). An overview of some of the advantages include lower moisture content, lower formation of sugar degradation products due to moderate conditions, 100% recovery of solid material, and the ability for ammonia to lessen lignin's effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. A smaller number of disadvantages can be seen in the form of higher costs due to recycle and treatment of chemicals that are being used.
Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP)
Ammonia recycle percolation (ARP) has been paired with the AFEX pretreatment process by many authors, but it can have some different characteristics that need to be taken into consideration when looking at different pretreatment options (Kim and Lee2005). In this process, aqueous ammonia of concentration between 5-15% (wt%) is sent through a packed bed reactor containing the biomass feedstock at a rate of about 5 ml/min. The advantage with this process over AFEX is its ability to remove a majority of the lignin (75–85%) and solubilize more than half of the hemicellulose (50–60%) while maintaining high cellulose content (Kim and Lee2005). Primarily, herbaceous biomass has been most treated with this process: 60-80% delignification has been achieved for corn stover and 65–85% delignification for switchgrass (Iyer et al.1996).
Supercritical fluid (SCF) pretreatment
A supercritical fluid is a material which can be either liquid or gas, used in a state above the critical temperature and critical pressure where gases and liquids can coexist. It shows unique properties that are different from those of either gases or liquids under standard conditions-it possesses a liquid like density and exhibits gas-like transport properties of diffusivity and viscosity (King and Srinivas2009). Thus, SCF has the ability to penetrate the crystalline structure of lignocellulosic biomass overcoming the mass transfer limitations encountered in other pretreatments. The lower temperatures used in the process aids in the stability of the sugars and prevents degradation observed in other pretreatments. Kim and Hong2001 investigated supercritical CO2 pretreatment of hardwood (Aspen) and southern yellow pine with varying moisture contents followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. SCF pretreatment showed significant enhancements in sugar yields when compared to thermal pretreatments without supercritical CO2. Alinia and coworkers (2010) investigated the effect of pretreatment of dry and wet wheat straw by supercritical CO2 alone and by a combination of CO2 and steam under different operating conditions (temperature and residence time in the reactors). It was found that a combination of supercritical CO2 and steam gave the best overall yield of sugars.
Biological pretreatment methods
Biological pretreatment uses microorganisms and their enzymes selectively for delignification of lignocellulosic residues and has the advantages of a low-energy demand, minimal waste production and a lack of environmental effects. In biological pretreatment processes, microorganisms such as brown-, whiteand soft-rot fungi are used to degrade lignin and hemicellulose in waste materials Schurz (1978). White-rot basidiomycetes possess the capabilities to attack lignin. Penicillium chrysosporium, for example, has been shown to non-selectively attack lignin and carbohydrate (Anderson and Akin2008). P. chrysosporium has been successfully used for biological pretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation (SSC) and results have shown that the fungus facilitates the conversion into ethanol (Shi et al.,2008). Brown rots mainly attack cellulose, while white and soft rots attack both cellulose and lignin. White-rot fungi are the most effective basidiomycetes for biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials (Fan et al.1987). Other basidiomycetes such as Phlebia radiata, P. floridensis and Daedalea flavida, selectively degrade lignin in wheat straw and are good choices for delignification of lignocellulosic residues (Arora and Chander2002). Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, however, lacks cellulases (cellobiohydrolase activity) but produces manganese peroxide and laccase, and selectively delignifies several different wood species (Ferraz2003). The advantages of biological pretreatment include low energy requirement and mild environmental conditions. However, the rate of hydrolysis in most biological pretreatment processes is very low.
Hydrolysis of pretreated biomass
After pretreatment, the released cellulose and hemicelluloses are hydrolyzed to soluble monomeric sugars (hexoses and pentoses) using cellulases and hemicellulases, respectively. The initial conversion of biomass into sugars is a key bottleneck in the process of biofuel production and new biotechnological solutions are needed to improve their efficiency, which would lower the overall cost of bioethanol production. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been considered key to cost-effective bioethanol in the long run, and the reaction is carried out with mainly cellulase and hemicellulase for cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively. The advantages of using enzyme (cellulase) over acid is to eliminate corrosion problems and lower maintenance costs with mild processing conditions to give high yields.
Despite the fact that some fungal strains have the advantages of being thermostable and producing cellulases, most of these fungal strains do not produce sufficient amounts of one or more lignocellulolytic enzymes required for efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues to fermentable sugars. In addition, plant cell walls are naturally resistant to microbial and enzymatic (fungal and bacterial) deconstruction, collectively known as 'biomass recalcitrance' (Himmel et al.2007). These rate-limiting steps in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues to ethanol remain one of the most significant hurdles to producing economically feasible cellulosic ethanol. Improving fungal hydrolytic activity and finding stable enzymes capable of tolerating extreme conditions has become a priority in many recent studies.
Fungal extracellular cellulases
Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials such as sugarcane bagasse, corncob, rice straw, Prosopis juliflora, Lantana camara, switch grass, saw dust, and forest residues by cellulases for biofuel production is perhaps the most popular application currently being investigated (Kuhad et al.2010, Sukumaran et al.2005). Both bacteria and fungi can produce glucanases (cellulases) that hydrolyze of lignocellulosic materials. These microorganisms can be aerobic or anaerobic and mesophilic or thermophilic. Bacteria belonging to genera of Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Thermomonospora, Ruminococcus, Bacteriodes, Erwinia, Acetovibrio, Microbispora, and Streptomyces are known to produce cellulase (Bisaria1998). Anaerobic bacterial species such as Clostridium phytofermentans, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium hungatei, and Clostridium papyrosolvens produces cellulases with high specific activity (Duff and Murray1996, Bisaria1998). Most commercial glucanases (cellulases) are produced by Trichoderma ressei and β-D-glucosidase is produced from Aspergillus niger (Kaur et al.2007). Fungi known to produce cellulases include Sclerotium rolfsii, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and various species of Trichoderma, Aspergillus


text:
Comparison of the Navy Working Capital Fund and mission funding as applied to Navy shipyards [electronic resource] /
Abstract (Summary)The dramatic political and economic events, both globally and within the United States, during the early 1990s led to significant changes to the Navy shipyard organizational structure. As part of the Navy maintenance regionalization and consolidation program, the financial management system used to manage these commands has been changed. Specifically, the Navy has shifted two of its four shipyards, with authorization to shift the other two in FY07, from the Navy Working Capital Fund to mission funding through direct congressional appropriations. This funding shift has raised questions about the advantages and disadvantages each financial system provides shipyards, the operating differences that occur due to the funding change, and the future financial consequences of funding Navy shipyards using direct appropriations. This thesis identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the Navy Working Capital Fund and the mission funding model in the context of a Navy shipyard environment and determines whether the change in financial structure provides an overall benefit that should be pursued for all shipyards.
School Location:USA - California
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
|Digital Library of the Caribbean||english español français|
|dLOC Home |||About dLOC | Partners | Topical Collections | RSS|
Unearthing St. Augustine's Colonial Heritage is a National Endowment for the Humanities grant-funded project to digitally preserve a collection of hidden and fragile resources related to colonial St. Augustine, consisting of 10,000 maps, drawings, photographs and documents available freely online. Partnering with the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida (UF) to realize this project are the City of St. Augustine departments of Heritage Tourism and the Archaeology Program, the St. Augustine Historical Society, and Government House, which is managed by UF. The project will be a resource for researchers, historians, archaeologists, architects, and historic preservationists, and will help in telling St. Augustine's unique "story" on a global scale.
The Unearthing St. Augustine materials are scattered among four different repositories which have been previously inaccessible to researchers worldwide. Among the important items to be "unearthed," which date from the 16th century to the present, include archival materials from the following:
This project is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the George A. Smathers Libraries at University of Florida.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Board Fundamentals: Executive Director Succession Planning
Develop proactive plans to ensure effective leadership at your organization.
Has your Executive Director announced their retirement? What happens if they suddenly leave? The Executive Director plays a critical role in delivering the mission of your organization.
In this workshop, you'll learn practical steps and gain concrete resources to support your organization to plan proactively for a leadership transition.
Board members and senior non-profit leaders who are hoping to create or improve the succession plan for ED/CEO roles in a mindful and proactive way.
By the end of this workshop, you will be able to:
- Analyze your strategic plan and organizational life cycle to identify the skills and expertise you require from your next Executive Director.
- List the key steps in recruiting and onboarding your next Executive Director.
- Create contingency plans to keep your organization strong in case of a sudden absence of the Executive Director.
- Identify training and development opportunities for your Executive Director and senior staff so they can continue to be successful as requirements change.
- Confidence knowing that your organization is planning for the future.
- Step by step approach to a complicated subject.
- Insights into building an ED succession policy.


text:
Log In to Anagrammer
Scrabble word: MASSIF
In which Scrabble dictionary does MASSIF exist?
Definitions of MASSIF in dictionaries:
- noun - a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range
- A large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range.
- A large section or block of the earth's crust that is more rigid than the surrounding rock and has been moved or displaced as a unit.
- n - a principal mountain mass
There are 6 letters in MASSIF: A F I M S S
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to MASSIF
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word MASSIF plus a wildcard: MASSIF?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word MASSIF
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for MASSIF
- Iveco massif. Best photos and information of model.
- massif Central Auvergne Region Viaduct de Garabit
- massif fleuri (photo 22) - massif et terrasse sou un autre angle le...
-... Qubecois to get to Le massif whose slopes overlook the St Lawrence
- massif Central (Francia-kzphegysg) trkpe
- FileFrance massif central.jpg - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
- massif central guide voyage massif central Geo.fr
- Fichiermassif des Cerces.JPG - Wikipdia
- massif de Charlevoix
- Ce massif est compos avec les rosiers


Zap!... and your PC's dead
Ex-Navy engineer David Schriner demos his homemade, bargain-basement, computer-killing 'gun.'
WASHINGTON -- With $500 and a trip to the hardware store, saboteurs can build a device capable of remotely disrupting computers, automobiles, medical equipment and nearly anything else dependent on electronics, according to a California engineer who demonstrated a homebrew computer death-ray at the InfowarCon '99 conference here Wednesday.
Former Navy engineer David Schriner showed off an unwieldy device constructed from a parabolic reflector, a horn antenna and two automotive ignition coils, which he aimed at two personal computers about 20 feet away.
When an assistant activated the Rube Goldberg contraption by connecting it to a car battery, the conference room filled with a loud buzzing from the PA system and a PowerPoint presentation on the projection screen flickered and scattered. One of the computers instantly dropped out of its screen saver.
When the device was switched off, both PCs were frozen, and wouldn't respond to keyboard input.
HERF emissions a killer
The effects of High Energy Radio Frequency (HERF) emissions on electronics are well known among engineers, and info-warriors have expressed concern that adversarial nations may someday include computer-killing devices in their arsenals.
Military aircraft are built with hardened electronics designed to survive the electromagnetic pulse created by a nuclear detonation. Schriner theorized that a single nuclear weapon designed specifically for the purpose, "would probably take out all of the electronics on the East Coast."
But Schriner, who has devoted his research to small-scale electronic warfare, said the demonstration was intended as a "wake up call" to show that even low-budget saboteurs can create viable electronic weapons.
Wal-Mart-powered weapon
"We bought the car battery at Wal-Mart yesterday," said Schriner. "It's all stuff you can buy at the hardware store."
The HERF gun is not particularly high-tech, either. The device uses technology dating back to Tesla, essentially pushing a 20 megawatt burst of undisciplined radio noise through an antenna. The energy is enough to interfere with sensitive computer components nearby, creating unpredictable results ranging from minor anomalous behavior, to complete burnout.
Schriner said he's built larger HERF guns capable of crashing computers and disabling automobiles at a range of 100 feet, with a cost as low as $300.
That's going in the script
Jonathan Lemkin, a screenwriter working on an infowar script for Paramount, was particularly impressed with the dramatic display and menacing hardware. "That's definitely going in the movie," he said.
The computers targeted in today's demonstration worked fine after rebooting, and Schriner said permanent damage is uncommon. "But if that happens to be a computer in a tank, or in a piece of medical equipment, how long does it take to reboot?... By that time you could be dead."
Conference organizer and infowar author Winn Schwartau said Wednesday's demonstration validates a threat he first tried to warn Congress about in 1991.
"They asked if I thought they should add HERF guns to the Brady Bill," Schwartau recalls.
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[Haskell-cafe] >> and sequencing [newbie]
jeff p mutjida at gmail.com
Sun Apr 15 20:32:49 EDT 2007
On 4/15/07, David Powers wrote:
> so... this is likely a question based on serious misunderstandings, but can
> anyone help me understand the exact mechanism by which monads enforce
> sequencing?
Monads do not enforce sequencing.
In general, data dependencies enforce sequencing (i.e. if expression x
depends upon expression y then expression y will have to be evaluated
first). Consider:
 let x = case y of Just y' -> f y'
 Nothing -> g
 y = some code
 in more stuff
Here y must be evaluated before x because x needs to look at y in
order to compute.
> Specifically, I'm confused by the >> operator. If I understand
> things properly f a >> g expands to something like:
> f >>= \_ -> g
> What I'm missing is how the expansion of f is ever forced under lazy
> evaluation. Since the result is never used, doesn't it just stay as a
> completely unevaluated thunk?
(>>=) is an overloaded function. Some instances of it will cause f to
be evaluated, others won't. Consider the State monad:
 instance Monad (State s) where
 m >>= k = State $ \s -> case runState m s of
 (a, s') -> runState (k a) s'
Note that (>>=) causes m to be evaluated (up to a pair) before
evaluating k because (>>=) needs to look at the result of m.
An example of a monad in which (>>=) doesn't force evaluation of the
first argument before the second is the Identity monad:
 instance Monad Identity where
 return a = Identity a
 m >>= k = k (runIdentity m)
Note that (>>=) actually forces the evaluation of k before m.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe mailing list


How does one conduct a critical analysis of Claudio in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing?
1 Answer | Add Yours
tamarakh's profile pic
Posted on (Answer #1)
When conducting a critical analysis of a character, we first want to identify the author's main purpose in using the character. Does the author mean to teach the reader/viewer something new, persuade the reader, or just entertain the reader? We would then evaluate whether or not the author accomplished his/her purpose. When doing a critical analysis of a character, rather than of a work as a whole, it can be helpful to first conduct a character analysis.
When conducting a character analysis, we want to probe deeply into the character. We want to consider things such as whether or not the character is ethical. Does the character govern his actions through ethics and make fair and reasonable choices? We can also consider whether or not the character is a wise character or foolish. We can also consider the character's motives for their actions. Other things we can consider in conducting a character analysis are listed in the link below.
When conducting a critical analysis of Claudio through analyzing his character, one of the things we see is that one of Shakespeare's purposes in using Claudio is to show the reader just how much damage a jealous, excessively prideful, and gullible character can do. Claudio's jealous nature is portrayed when he is tricked by Don John, not once, but twice, into doubting the people he loves, such as Don Pedro and Hero. We see Claudio's excessive pride demonstrated in his very rapid decision to publicly shame Hero should he see that she is disloyal, as we see in his lines:
If I see anything to-night why I should not marry her tomorrow, in the congregation where I should wed, there will I shame her. (III.ii.105-108).
Claudio does not stop for one instant to question Don John's honesty, even though he had already been duped by him, nor does he stop to wait for more evidence, but, out of excessive pride, decides that the only way to maintain his pride is to publicly punish and shame Hero. However, Claudio is not all bad. We see that he has a very caring nature, especially through his close friendships with Benedick and Don Pedro, and we see that he has a great capacity to feel remorseful, as we see towards the end of the play.
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How To Create an Actor
Actors represent the main unit of logic in the Actor Model. They are transactional, asynchronous and safe. When you work with actors, you have the following guarantees:
 - A single actor will process a single message at a time. For example, if you call a method in an actor two times, you will not process those calls in parallel, but sequentially.
 - A single actor will process messages in order. For example, if you call two different methods in an actor, messages will be processed in the calling order.
 - Actor failures are isolated. If an actor fails because there is a requirement that is not fulfilled (like not having network connection), the exception will not propagate to all actors, but will be managed by the actor supervisor.
 - Slow actors will not block other actors. If an actor is waiting for a response of a server, or from another actor, it will not block other actors, that will be still processing messages.
The process of creating an actor is quite transparent, and a simple task. Actor types are represented with a protocol they understand. A protocol is a set of messages that an actor can actually handle.
For example, if we have the following protocol:
It means that the actor will only understand the message ping without parameters.
With the following protocol:
It means that the actor can handle both messages, sayHi and sayBye with a single parameter.
To define an Actor protocol, we just need to create a ES6 class that extends Actor.
const { Actor } = require('tarant')
class Person extends Actor {
 sayHi(whom) {
 console.log('Hi', whom)
 sayBye(whom) {
 console.log('Bye', whom)
This Actor type Person will handle two messages with the specified logic (just printing something into the console). To instantiate an actor, we need a running actor system. We are going to create an Actor System with the default configuration:
const { ActorSystem } = require('tarant')
const system = ActorSystem.default()
And to instantiate an actor, we need to call the actorOf method with the Actor protocol that we want to use:
const dante = system.actorOf(Person)
And you can call any method of the actor directly, like any other class:
Actors with initial state
It's common that an actor needs some initial state to work, for example, in our case, we need the person name. Actors can receive any initial state on the constructor, and this state can be passed through actorOf. For example, let's extend our Person protocol to allow having a name.
class Person extends Actor {
 constructor(name) {
 super() = name
 sayHi(whom) {
 console.log(, ': Hi', whom)
 sayBye(whom) {
 console.log(, ': Bye', whom)
When defining the constructor of an Actor, there are two things to consider:
 - You need to call the super() constructor. This is a JavaScript rule and it won't work if we don't do it the first thing in your newly created constructor.
 - super() has a parameter id that is the ID of the actor. Actors are uniquely identified by an ID that you can pass through the super constructor (as in super(theIdIWant)). If we don't specify any ID, tarant will create a random UUID for it.
Now that we have our new redefined protocol, we can create a new actor with a name.
const dante = system.actorOf(Person, ['Dante'])
Now, calling the sayHi method like in the previous example, will show:
> Dante : Hi Martin
How calling an Actor works
It's important to note that calling an actor method is not a synchronous operation. It's completely asynchronous and they always return promises. When you call a method on an actor, the actor will add a new message to it's mailbox, and will be processing messages in the mailbox until it's empty.
You can find more information of the architecture in the architecture page.
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text:
Developing Mobile Apps for Physical Activity in Low Socioeconomic Status Youth
Systems and Industrial Engineering
Objective: The objective of the study was to implement a user-centred approach in the design and development of smartphone game-based applications (SGA) prototypes for PA promotion in adolescents, specifically from low SES families. Aims: (1) Describe the development of smartphone game-based applications to promote physical activity in adolescents from primarily low socioeconomic status households. (2) Determine acceptability of initial prototypes. Methods: This study implemented a user-centred approach including adolescent focus groups (n =3; 14 adolescents), parent interviews (n=7), and idea generation sessions (n=5; 80 participants) to develop and design smartphone applications as a persuasive technology for adolescents. Results: Qualitative data demonstrated that adolescents identified smartphone features that would have the ability to have frequent opportunities for social networking and competition. The majority of parents had favourable perceptions of smartphone games for physical activity promotion. Furthermore, idea generating centred around sports and recreational games. A final set of games were developed into hand drawn and computer generated prototypes. Conclusions: The study provides a framework for how to incorporate a user-centred approach in the design and prototype development of smartphone game-based applications, and indicates the feasibility of continued smartphone game-based applications development and effectiveness testing for promoting physical activity among low socioeconomic adolescents.
Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Blackman, Kacie C.A.; Zoellner, Jamie; McCrickard, D. Scott; and Winchester, Woodrow W. III, "Developing Mobile Apps for Physical Activity in Low Socioeconomic Status Youth" (2016). Faculty Publications. 3726.


DevFaqDynamicSystemFilesystem - NetBeans Wiki
Can I dynamically change the contents of the System Filesystem at runtime?
Yes. This technique is commonly used in platform applications which require the user to log in, to keep menu contents/toolbar actions/keyboard shortcuts/window definitions hidden until the user is authenticated.
There are two ways to do it. The most obvious way is to programmatically write files to disk at runtime (call FileUtil.getConfigRoot().createFolder(), etc.). This technique is appropriate if you are creating files which should be preserved across restarts (for example, adding folders to the Favorites window). It is completely inappropriate in the case of authentication, or any other case where you do not want the added files to be present after restart. You cannot depend on the application always being shut down normally and having a chance to clean such files up - since they are actually written to disk.
Using Dynamically Added Layers
The alternative is quite simple: Write a subclass of MultiFileSystem. Put it in the default lookup.
At runtime, when you want to add contents to the system filesystem, simply add additional filesystems to your MultiFileSystem. To remove the contents, simply remove those filesystems.
A convenient way to do this is to use XMLFileSystem - this is a filesystem created with exactly the same syntax as normal module XML layer files (see DevFaqModulesLayerFile). The following code loads an XML filesystem, which is in an XML file in the same package as the class, called dynamicContent.xml:
public class DynamicLayerContent extends MultiFileSystem {
 private static DynamicLayerContent INSTANCE;
 public DynamicLayerContent() {
 // will be created on startup, exactly once
 INSTANCE = this;
 setPropagateMasks(true); // permit *_hidden masks to be used
 static boolean hasContent() {
 return INSTANCE.getDelegates().length > 0;
 static void enable() {
 if (!hasContent()) {
 try {
 INSTANCE.setDelegates(new XMLFileSystem(
 } catch (SAXException ex) {
 static void disable() {
In NetBeans 7.2 and later, the above code can be simplified by using Repository.LayerProvider. See its Javadoc for a usage example.
If finer grained control of what is added is needed at runtime, there are two possibilities, using this general approach:
 - If the new layer contents are fixed and known, but perhaps correspond to user roles which may be overlaid together, split up the functionality for each role into a separate XML file (hint: define an enum of roles, where each role can point to an XML file URL, use EnumSet.of() and process that to decide what to enable)
 - Write contents programmatically, but write folders/files to an in-memory filesystem created using FileUtil.createMemoryFileSystem() so the contents disappear on VM exit
_URL_ tries to automate this kind of task.
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text:
Is Quality of Care Better in Canada?
Americans like to think that our healthcare quality is second to none. But how does the United States compare with other countries—particularly with our neighbor to the north: Canada?
A new review of the evidence on quality differences between the U.S. and Canada finds that each country performs better in different quality-related studies. But overall, the bulk of the research gives the edge to Canada, the researchers say. So how can this be?
Making the comparisons in the first place is challenging, according to one of the study's authors, Robert Berenson, MD, an institute fellow at the Urban Institute in Washington, DC. In looking at quality in the U.S., as compared to other countries, including Canada, "We found that the evidence was mixed as to where the U.S. stands on quality," he wrote in his blog.
"There was no objective evidence that the U.S. has the best quality in the world—although personal testimonials of exceptional care in particular circumstances should not be dismissed," Berenson said. "Overall, there is a lot of room for improvement [in the U.S.]."
Here's how it breaks down:
Overuse vs. Underuse. While only a small number of studies have compared the rates of overuse of health services, available evidence suggests that higher rates of certain surgeries and procedures in the United States "put more Americans at risk, in comparison with their counterparts," according to the study.
When the degree of variation among populations receiving particular services is greater than what would be expected, this raises a question on whether there is underuse of certain procedures in countries with relatively low rates or overuse in the countries with relatively high rates?
For example, several industrialized countries' rates of Caesarean sections per 100 live births range from 13.6% to 37.9%, with American rates among the highest. However, the World Health Organization has stated that rates above 15% offer no benefits in terms of population health.
Higher rates of surgery may have both a positive and negative impact of health outcomes, the researchers said. On one hand, the surgery could have positive benefits in terms of life expectancy and morbidity associated with the underlying condition. On the other hand, greater rates of heart surgery may contribute to the higher rates of mortality due to surgical and medical errors in the U.S.
Patient Safety. Problems with patient safety appear more prevalent in the U.S. However, few studies have compared patient safety at an international level. Available evidence, though, suggests that patients could be at greater risk of safety problems in the U.S. than elsewhere, including Canada.
Some international comparisons on mortality related to surgical and medical errors show that the U.S. has relatively high rates, in comparison with other countries. But the rates still could be problematic due to differences in reporting accuracy across countries.
Access Barriers and Uninsurance. Barriers to access that are encountered by those without health insurance raise another dilemma. Close to a fifth of the U.S. population under age 65 is uninsured. The U.S. is one of the few larger countries (with Mexico and Turkey), which have a sizeable share of their population lacking coverage. In Canada, coverage is universal.
- Healthcare Leaders Seek Strategic Sweet Spot
- 3 Reasons Wellness Programs Fail
- CMS Issues Health Insurance Exchange Proposed Rules
- Patients Shoulder Nearly 25% of Medical Bills
- ACOs Widespread, Yet Challenged
- MGMA: Physician Compensation Increasingly Based on Quality Measures
- HFMA: Patient Financial Interaction Guidelines Sharpened
- Data Collaborative Taps Predictive Analytics to Coordinate Care
- Physician Pay Will Soon Depend on Outcomes
- HFMA: Revenue Cycle, Reimbursements Share the Spotlight


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Currently, my best effort has resulted in complexity O(log[n]^2):
int power(x,n)
 int mult=1, temp=x, i=1, j=1;
 while (n>1)
 for (i=1;i<=log[n];i++)
 if (n==1)
 return (mult*temp);
 return (mult);
P.S Thank you funkymushroom for helping me with my bad English :)
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The idea behind implementing this operation in logarithmic time is to use the following (mathematical) equivalences (here n/2 denotes integer division):
x^0 = 1
x^n = (xn/2)2, if n % 2 == 0
x^n = x*(xn/2)2, if n % 2 == 1
This can easily be implemented recursively according to:
int power(int x, int n) {
 if (n == 0) {
 return 1;
 } else {
 int r = power(x, n / 2);
 if (n % 2 == 0) {
 return r * r;
 } else {
 return x * r * r;
An implementation such as this will yield a O[log(n)] complexity since the input (the variable n) is halved in each step of the recursion.
share|improve this answer
Thanks! sorry I cant vote up yet.. – user1026554 Nov 2 '11 at 22:50
What you need is to use repeated squaring. Check this out
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Your Answer


Mason Koelm
Mason Koelm, Undergraduate student, International Relations and Criminology, Law, and Justice
Returns Native American artifacts
Hometown: St. Louis, Missouri
Faculty mentor/advisor: Dr. Lara Noldner
What is your degree program and expected graduate date?
- International Relations (B.A.), Criminology, Law, and Justice (B.S.), Museum Studies Certificate, Anthropology Minor. Anticipated graduation in May 2021
Please describe your research: This research project was funded by a federal NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protections and Repatriation Act) grant and sought to identify any NAGPRA items in the UI Office of the State Archaeologists' (OSA) collections that are from sites with mortuary features. The OSA has full inventories of all human remains and associated funerary objects in their possession, but many older collections have not been re-examined for possible unassociated funerary objects and sacred items. I analyzed archival material to determine which objects were included under the terms of NAGPRA, curated spreadsheets which compiled information on such objects, conducted physical inventories, and created graphics for a tribal summit which was postponed due to COVID-19.
In simple terms, why does this research matter? Museums and research collections have long been instruments of colonization. NAGPRA and collaboration between tribes and archaeologists serve as ways to decolonize museums, improve relations, and right historic wrongs.
How soon after starting at the University of Iowa were you able to participate in research? I was a junior when this project began, so about 2 and a half years.
How has being involved in research made you more successful at the University of Iowa? I have been interested in the legal dimension of archaeology since high school. Working at the Office of the State Archaeologist was the first opportunity for me to take what I had read about and apply it to the field, in an extremely meaningful way. It also opened the door to my current work: researching the provenance of African art objects for the Stanley Art Museum.
What are your career goals and/or plans after graduation? After graduating, I will attend law school, where I hope to continue research into cultural heritage law. After that, I would love to work with museums, collections, and nonprofits to act as a liaison on other legal puzzles regarding museums, art, and cultural heritage.
Banner location: online—


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In November, voters in California will vote on Proposition 2, which seeks to increase cage sizes for egg laying hens, pregnant pigs and veal calves. The new regulations, which would go into effect in 2015, would require cages to be large enough to allow these animals to be able to stand up, lie down, turn around and to be able to fully extend their limbs without touching the side of an enclosure or other egg-laying hens.
To show the size of some animals' quarters in large-scale farm operations, Oprah stands with replicas of cages and crates for each animal affected by Proposition 2. In an egg-laying hen cage, five to six hens could be in a single cage. The typical crate for a young male calf being raised for veal has enough room for him to stick his head out. Pregnant pigs—which can weigh more than 500 pounds—are about 5 to 6 feet long, while the cages they live in are about 7 feet long.
Those who support Proposition 2 say these animals have the right to more space during their lives. Opponents of Proposition 2, including farmers and industry representatives, say the new law would drive up costs, put farmers out of business and end the egg industry in California, and deny consumers the right to choose less-expensive food.


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Stone (unit)
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The stone is a unit for measuring mass in the Imperial system. It is equal to fourteen pounds. 160 stone make up a long ton. In the metric system, 1 stone = 6.35029318 kilograms.
The short way of writing stones is st.
Units Grains Drachms Ounces Pounds Stones Quarters Long Hundredweights Long Tons Metric Values
Stones 98,000 3,584 224 14 1 12 18 1160 6.35029318 Kilogrammes
The stone was outlawed in Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1983 and 1985 respectively. However stones and pounds remains the sole unit that all people measure their weight in. The unit flourishes in all non official uses: media, sports &c. Often in American-British boxing matches, the contenders weight is stated in pounds then stones and pounds. The same in horse racing


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What does PDE mean in Mathematics?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand PDE in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Mathematics terminology in particular.
Find a translation for PDE in other languages:
Select another language:
What does PDE mean?
- partial differential equation(noun)
- a differential equation involving a functions of more than one variable


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Forest Service officials want to remind visitors that winter travel conditions on forest roads may be hazardous and people should travel with their personal safety in mind.
During the winter the Forest Service does not plow forest roads and visitors need to be cautious before traveling down a road that is unplowed. If a road has been plowed, visitors should expect large trucks or equipment operating on those roads and be cautious.
For the safety of all, visitors also are asked not to park in front of gates or block roadways while they recreate.
In general, the Forest Service urges people recreating in the winter to prepare for unexpected conditions by dressing warm, having extra food and water, and bringing equipment and supplies such as tire chains, sand and shovels in their car.
People should always let someone else know where they are going and when they plan to return.
And, finally, visitors should remember that being able to communicate to rescuers in an emergency is critical; however, cell phones may not always have service in the backcountry.


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What is a pellet mill?
- The definition
A pellet mill (also called pellet machine, pellet press) is a type of mill or machine which is used to make pellets from powdered materials. A pellet mill is usually consisted of pellet die and rollers. The rotating rollers or the rotating dies force the feedstock trough the die holes to form pellets. (See the picture of how the pellets are produced by a pellet mill).
- The function of a pellet mill
Without any process, biomass from plants can be used to produce alternative fuel for fossil fuels. However the natural biomass with low densities, i.e. 80-150 kg/m3 for herbaceous and 150-200 kg/m3 for woody biomass, limits their application in energy production. Then the densification of these materials are needed to increase the bulk densities. Pelletizing is one of the methods to realize densification.


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Besides the Himalayan salt lamp, Grey salt lamp and other types of lamps, people will love the way Persian Salt Lamp produces the pretty illumination and negative ions. Persia has been long known as a majestic place where high civilization was recorded in the history books. The beauty of Persia and the priceless craftsmanship of the country have been widely praised. Persian is now called Iranian. Despite the recent national conflicts and many other domestic problems, Iran keeps captivating as a beautiful country with superb natural richness.
In addition to the rugs and traditional fabric, Persian Salt Lamp receives massive attention from the world. The Persian true blue rock sea salt is a rare commodity in the world. It is one of the rarest salt with many beneficial efficacies. In addition, Persian salt is one of the oldest salts for various uses.
Table of Contents
What is Persian Salt Lamp? Where do Persian Blue Salt Lamps come from?
The salt is mined in the Garmsar City, Semnan Province, Iran. Semnan province has long been known as one of the main sources of Iran's salt. According to the IRNA, there are 27 salt mines in Garmsar with purity rate of over 98%. One of them is Kouhdasht-e Kohan Salt Mine. That makes the salt even more exotic. The color of Persian salt is purple, blue or greyish blue. That is the result of the light refraction on the crystal salt. That creates a signature of the Persian salt. The color is the effect of extreme pressure in the creation of the salt millions of years ago. The salt contains a large amount of potassium chloride.
The origin of the Persian salt is that clean and pure. Therefore, the world says that Persian salt is the cleanest in the world. The salt comes from the oceans that are dried up approximately 200 million years ago. Thus, the salt does not contain any contamination which will be a healthy Persian Salt Rock Lamp.
Basically, Persian salt is used for foods. The delicious flavor of Persian salt is excellent for fish, meats, and even vegetables. However, the salt chunk has been widely crafted as a salt lamp. The original product of Persian salt lamp will be shipped directly from Semnan Salt mines.
Though the salt lamp is highly praised for the prettiness, there are still some controversies on the lamp. One of the controversies is the origin of the salt chunk. Salt was discovered for the first time between two meteorites fallen positions. The ancient salt was unique with the purple and blue color. With some scientific tests, the salt was dated to 4.56 billion years ago.
That blue color triggers a controversy. Some people state some similarities between the blue Persian salt rock with the salt image taken by NASA. Some theory believes that billions of years ago, a large salt rock flew from the space and landed in Iran. That makes it possible that the Persian salt is formed with the terrestrial materials. However, it still requires further scientific tests.
Persian Salt Lamp Benefits
Of so many interior decors, Salt lamps are recommended for multiple benefits that they offer. We can get the same advantages in Persian salt crystal lamp. Here is the summary of Persian blue salt lamp benefits for our homes and health.
- The negative ion produced by the lamp can purify the air.
- It is easy to get relaxed with the lamp in the room.
- The warm and calming illumination can help people to reduce stresses.
- The component can neutralize electromagnetic radiation.
- The lamp is proven to be effective to cure fatigue.
- Persian salt lamp can help to treat asthma and bronchitis.
- Those who suffer from allergies can use the salt lamp to reduce the symptoms.
- It increases the energy level so people can live more energetic.
- It promotes better sleep.
- The lamp is also believed as a mood booster.
Learn more about Polish Salt Lamp from Poland
Besides those benefits, we can use the lamps as part of therapy. Research checked whether the Persian salt lamp is beneficial to give a great atmosphere for reducing the symptoms of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, research came to some conclusions about the claim. The first conclusion says that there is no study that examines intensely the relations between salt lamps and ADHD patients. Besides, the ions produced by the salt lamps are never used in a clinical device. The salt lamps are beneficial in reducing the symptoms of depressions. Yet, the condition of ADHD is different from a common depression. The Chadd.org concludes that the Persian salt lamp might be beneficial and pleasant but not so helpful as a real ADHD cure and cannot be suggested as a complementary intervention.
What are the Differences Between a Persian Salt Lamp Versus a Himalayan Salt Lamp?
Those two different lamps are originally from two different areas. The cultures of the original places are different as well. So, it is not that hard to find the different features of those two lamps.
It is one of the most noticeable features of the Himalayan salt lamp and Persian salt lamp. The Himalayan salt lamps have light pink, grey, pink to orange hue. Meanwhile, the Persian salt crystal lamp looks a little more dramatic with the purple, fuchsia, magenta to blue colors.
The colors will be a guide for those who are searching for the perfect salt lamps for specific needs. For instance, Himalayan salt lamps are good picks for those who are searching for calmness, creativity, and energy flow. Whereas red-purple and blue lamps of Persian salt will be a great choice for health, confidence, mood, and wealthiness. The different colors on both salt lamps are caused by the minerals and natural conditions such as pressure with which the salt was produced in nature.
Geographically, Iran has abundant salt mines. Yet, the salt can be mined in only small areas in the limited amount as well. Himalayan salt is easier to mine because of the location. Therefore, the Persian salt lamp is rarer compared to the Himalayan lamps. This means that the Persian salt lamp is more expensive than a Himalayan salt lamp. However, the quality is equal.
When we talk about the minerals of salt, we will find that the majority of the mineral will be sodium chloride / NaCl. However, there are other advantageous minerals inside the salt. In Himalayan salt lamps, we can get the benefits of magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Similarly, in Persian salt lamp, we can find a high amount of Sylvinite, a potassium mineral.


Toronto, Canada| _PHONE_|
Posted on: April 16th, 2020
Tell our own story through the Tree of Life—- an experiential reflective exercise.
By Jasmine, SSJD Companion.
 Since the last blog post that I wrote about the tree of life, some readers have asked how the tree of life imagery connects with our own storytelling. In this post, I am hoping to present a reflective exercise as part of answering this question. During the pandemic and uncertainties, it is also a good time to reflect and turn our true self to God. I would like to proceed step-by-step as follows.
You will need:
-Colour pencils
-an instrument/music listening devices (optional)
-a heart of openness
 The tree of life is a metaphor of your life in which the different elements on the tree represents your past, present and future. On a piece of paper, you will draw the image step-by-step, with the colours in your own choice, and by the end you will find your own story in your artwork. You might say "I am not an artist, I can't draw." Remember that the visual component is just for yourself to reflect on and express yourself in a creative way. There is no rush in finishing the work.
 Here we are, as we are, and we start from our roots.
1) Roots and Ground
Write down your background. Where are you from? Is there a culture or a community that deeply influenced you in your growth? Do you have a faith background? What are the values that your family of origin brings to you? What are some nutrients that helped you grow when you were a child? What does your ground look like? Is it sandy or hard or fertile? What helps to ground you?
2) Trunk
What are your values? How would you call yourself?
3) Branches
What are your skills and knowledge? What do you know the best?
4) Leaves and canopy
Who are the people you are connected to? How do you know them? How do they shape your canopy? Are there any fallen leaves? Who are the loved ones who have passed away?
5) Fruit, nuts and/or flowers
What are your dreams and hopes for yourself, loved ones, community, and the world? What are some legacies that your loved ones have brought to you?
6) Animals
Are there any animals dwelling or coming close by to your tree of life? Do you like the companions?
7) Storms
What are some events we are surviving or have survived? Are there any damages to your tree? How have you recovered from the storm? What do the animals do when the storm came? What do they do after the storm?
 When you have finished the drawing and reflection, you may find your own soundtrack to your tree of life. Do you think of a song? Or what kind of sound or tune will best describe your tree?
This exercise aims to help us become aware of our connections and meanings in our life. Finding out who we are can be an incredible source of strength when facing uncertainties. If there are any issues raised up during the process, please do not hesitate to reach out for professional help. I pray and wish you well during this season of staying home!
"He is like a tree planted by streams of water,
which yields its fruit in season
and whose leaf does not wither.
Whatever he does prospers." (Psalm 1:3)


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OpenCV HOG Detector: Result Clustering
The final step of the HOG detection process is to cluster the search results.
Here is the result of running the OpenCV HOG detector on a frame with and without result clustering. I've colored the results blue or red based on whether they represent a true positive or a false positive, respectively.
The above searches were performed with a scaling factor of 1.05 (increase the detection window size by 1.05 for each search scale). For the clustering, I used a minimum cluster size of 3 and used the default window overlap method for clustering.
Result clustering has two purposes. The first is to deal with multiple detections of the same person at different scales or at slightly shifted detection windows. Ideally we'd like to have just one detection per person.
The second purpose of result clustering is to reduce false positives. If we perform a dense search of the image, we expect to detect each person multiple times at different scales and possibly with slightly shifted detection windows. If a window is only recognized once, it's more likely to be a false positive that we want to reject.
In the above images, note the false positives towards the bottom right and top left of the image which are effectively eliminated by clustering.
There are also a large number of "body part" recognitions towards the center of the image which end up folded into the true positive recognitions because of the clustering step.
The OpenCV HOG detector supports two different methods of result clustering. The default mode isn't given a name in the OpenCV documentation that I can find, so I'll just call it the "Window Overlap" method. The second mode is called "Mean Shift Grouping".
If you look in objdetect.hpp in the OpenCV source, you'll see that the final argument to HOGDescriptor::detectMultiScale is a parameter 'bool useMeanshiftGrouping = false'. So the HOG detector uses the Window Overlap method by default.
The Window Overlap method simply uses the rule that if two detection windows overlap sufficiently, then they belong to the same cluster. The Mean Shift Grouping method takes a more complex approach which incorporates the detection confidences from the SVM classifier.
I haven't had much luck finding documentation or articles describing how the two clustering methods are implemented in detail, so I've had to resort to inspecting the code to gain some understanding. I'll be referencing the OpenCV source files in my explanations below.
For now, this post just covers the window overlap method, but I hope to dig into the mean shift approach as well.
Window Overlap Method
The following OpenCV files and functions are relevant to the result clustering task.
|**Function / Class**||**Definition**||**Declaration**|
The last step of 'detectMultiScale' is to pass all of the detected windows to the 'groupRectangles' function to perform the clustering.
The last parameter to groupRectangles is epsilon 'eps', which controls how much overlap is required. The default value of 'eps' is set to 0.2 in its declaration (in objdetect.hpp). The OpenCV HOG detector does not modify this 'eps' value.
The 'groupRectangles' function essentially calls down to the 'partition' function to do the clustering. The 'SimilarRects' class defines the metric for determining whether two rectangles belong to the same cluster.
To determine if two rectangular detection windows belong in the same cluster, first a value 'delta' is computed using the following equation, (where epsilon is 0.2):
The rectangles correspond to a single detection if each of these four labeled distances is less than or equal to delta:
Note that if epsilon is smaller, then delta is smaller, and we are requiring more overlap in order to place both rectangles in the same cluster.
In the above illustration, the rectangles are 1 in. x 2in., and are offset by 0.25in. This gives a delta of 0.3in., so these two rectangles are close to the limit of what is considered a match (using the default epsilon).
Note that if the two rectangles are very different sizes, they may not be put in the same cluster, even if they overlap entirely. This situation is handled later in the 'groupRectangles' function.
After calling partition to cluster the rectangles, the 'groupRectangles' function goes through the results and rejects any clusters with <= 'groupThreshold' results. It also computes the average position and dimensions of the rectangle to use as the final results.
Finally, it looks for small rectangles that are encompassed by larger ones and removes the smaller rectangles from the results. Consider the below two rectangles:
To test if rectangle 1 should be removed because it's encompassed by rectangle 2, the 'groupRectangles' function uses the following logic.
First, it defines two deltas:
Then, it filters out rectangle 2 if all of the following hold:
The fifth condition ensures that we don't remove rectangle 1 if it has more cluster members than rectangle 2, or if rectangle 2 has only 3 or fewer cluster members. The number of members in each cluster is a measure of our confidence in the result, so we don't want to filter out a high-confidence result just because it's encompassed by a larger rectangle. Going back to the two images at the top of the post, the woman's leg is preserved as a result (even though it's encompassed by another rectangle) because of the high number of results in that cluster.


MacKenzie-Childs Ceramics
About MacKenzie-Childs Pottery
Each piece created at the MacKenzie-Childs studio is a unique work of functional art, hand formed using traditional techniques, hand trimmed, fired, glazed, decorated and fired again, and sometimes, again. Although handmade pots require meticulous care during the production process, MacKenzie-Childs choose to utilize these methods to ensure that each piece has its own individuality and charm, as diverse as the wild flowers that grace landscape or frost patterns on a window pane – never to be repeated.
Organic materials that are integral to the sedimentary clay body used in the creation of our ceramics guarantee that surprises abound! These materials, when fired in the kilns, can take on a life of their own creating pin holes and white spots that add to the unique character of each piece.
The clay body, glaze, stains, decals and lustres are formulated to ensure that all of pottery collections are completely food safe. While Majolica lines can be used in the dishwasher, microwave and oven, please note that items including decals or metallic lustres require hand washing and should not be used in the microwave or oven to preserve the more delicate finishes used in production of these items.
Each piece of MacKenzie-Childs pottery carries the studio mark and date of manufacture, and each artisan who contributes to a piece stamps his or her initials, adding to its collectability.


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To graduate from EAST University, you must complete all of the following requirements. You must keep track of all artifacts in a Google Doc. When you have completed all of the requirements, submit the artifacts on Google Classroom.
1. Complete TWO tutorials.
2. Independent Application: Create something using the technology or skill on your own. (Not something you created through the tutorial.)
3. Complete the Career Research for your field of study. (Open the Google Doc then go to File--->Make a Copy)
4. Learning Community Involvement: You must create a tutorial/instructional video, host a hands-on workshop or demonstration (in class/lunch/after-school), or write a step-by-step tutorial complete with specific instructions and screenshots.
5. Complete the EAST U Reflection. (Open the Google Doc then go to File--->Make a Copy)


text:
annoying space between an image and table bottom
Anybody got ideas how to eliminate space between the bottom line of an image and the bottom line of a table?
gives unneeded and unexpected thin line between the image and and the bottom of the table, at least in my IE6.
Same phenomenon can be seen when you write text instead of placing an image, and there the extra space suits, but my goal is to place the image at the bottom of the table. Thanks for help


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62.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
- Create vs. insert
Insertion into a GIN index can be slow due to the likelihood of many keys being inserted for each item. So, for bulk insertions into a table it is advisable to drop the GIN index and recreate it after finishing bulk insertion.
As of PostgreSQL 8.4, this advice is less necessary since delayed indexing is used (see Section 62.4.1 for details). But for very large updates it may still be best to drop and recreate the index.
Build time for a GIN index is very sensitive to the
maintenance_work_memsetting; it doesn't pay to skimp on work memory during index creation.
During a series of insertions into an existing GIN index that has
fastupdateenabled, the system will clean up the pending-entry list whenever the list grows larger than
gin_pending_list_limit. To avoid fluctuations in observed response time, it's desirable to have pending-list cleanup occur in the background (i.e., via autovacuum). Foreground cleanup operations can be avoided by increasing
gin_pending_list_limitor making autovacuum more aggressive. However, enlarging the threshold of the cleanup operation means that if a foreground cleanup does occur, it will take even longer.
gin_pending_list_limitcan be overridden for individual GIN indexes by changing storage parameters, which allows each GIN index to have its own cleanup threshold. For example, it's possible to increase the threshold only for the GIN index which can be updated heavily, and decrease it otherwise.
The primary goal of developing GIN indexes was to create support for highly scalable full-text search in Postgres Pro, and there are often situations when a full-text search returns a very large set of results. Moreover, this often happens when the query contains very frequent words, so that the large result set is not even useful. Since reading many tuples from the disk and sorting them could take a lot of time, this is unacceptable for production. (Note that the index search itself is very fast.)
To facilitate controlled execution of such queries, GIN has a configurable soft upper limit on the number of rows returned: the
gin_fuzzy_search_limitconfiguration parameter. It is set to 0 (meaning no limit) by default. If a non-zero limit is set, then the returned set is a subset of the whole result set, chosen at random.
"Soft" means that the actual number of returned results could differ somewhat from the specified limit, depending on the query and the quality of the system's random number generator.
From experience, values in the thousands (e.g., 5000 — 20000) work well.


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So, what would be the best approach to design relationship in a table when I have this setup:
Let's say I have tblFile that holds file path's to different files. and then I have bundles that can contain any amount of files.
So, my current structure is as follows:
How do I avoid creating tblBundle in this case (Because it doesn't need to contain any additonal information. But I still want it to be a key. And what would be a naming convention for "BundleId" column if I remove 2nd database)
If you do not need the one-column table, you do not have to create it. When the key is surrogate (i.e. have no meaning outside your data model) there is nothing wrong with having a non-primary key that does not reference other tables. You can index the column if you need faster access by
There are advantages to having a table, though: you can make a foreign key with cascading delete, so deleting a row from the bundle table would automatically delete all its children rows.


Oscar-winning director Steve McQueen has thrown his support behind demands for planned anti-slavery laws to be toughened up and extra protections to be included to stop victims being turned into criminals.
MPs and peers have warned that the Government's draft Modern Slavery Bill, which includes measures that will see human traffickers given maximum life terms, does not go far enough and parts "need a rewrite" so the criminal offences are simplified to ensure there are more convictions.
Victims must also be put at the heart of the legislation, with provisions that shield them from prosecution for crimes they were forced to commit while enslaved, the Joint Committee on the Draft Modern Slavery Bill said.
McQueen, whose 12 Years A Slave won best picture at the Oscars, said Britain can be "justifiably proud" of its anti-slavery tradition that stretches back to campaigners such as William Wilberforce and the Quakers.
In a statement released by the committee, he added: "The authors of this report can honourably stand in that tradition. They have listened to the evidence and considered it with great care. Their recommendations are humane and principled.
"I warmly commend this report and pay tribute to the members of the committee who have produced it. Their work has honoured Parliament and the country."
The committee said estimates about the scale of modern slavery, which includes sex trafficking as well as forced criminal activity and labour, vary widely but it is believed there are thousands of victims of sexual exploitation in the UK.
Victims include British schoolchildren groomed, abducted and forced to have sex and people who are trafficked and enslaved once they are here, it added.
The MPs and peers called for the creation of six offences - slavery of children and adults, child exploitation, exploitation, child trafficking, trafficking, and facilitating the commission of an offence of modern slavery - in the Bill.
They also pushed for l egislation on supply chains to ensure that firms can "no longer turn a blind eye to exploitation occurring in their names" and urged the Government to take the lead by " eradicating modern slavery from its own supply chains".


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Definition of Papilla, cancer of
Papilla, cancer of: Cancer of a structure called the papilla or ampulla of Vater, a small muscle located at the junction where the common bile duct (carrying bile from the liver and secretions from the pancreas) empties into the duodenum (upper small intestine).
Because of its location, this cancer can cause obstruction of the common bile duct and prevent bile from flowing into the intestine and out of the body. The chemicals usually eliminated from the body in bile -- in particular, bilirubin -- accumulate in the blood and cause jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) and itching. The stool becomes light-colored and the urine dark-colored since the accumulating bilirubin (which is yellow to dark brown) is eliminated in the urine instead of the stool.
The treatment is surgical removal of the cancer. There is no effective chemotherapy for ampullary cancer.
The cause of ampullary carcinoma is unknown. Fortunately, it is rather rare.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
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Code covered by the BSD License
Highlights from
Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas Toolbox
image thumbnail
Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas Toolbox
06 Feb 2004 (Updated )
Companion Software
% gain2h.m - gain of 2D array of non-identical linear antennas with Hallen currents
% Usage: [ge,gh,th] = gain2h(L,d,I,N,ph0)
% [ge,gh,th] = gain2h(L,d,I,N) (equivalent to ph0=0)
% L = antenna lengths in wavelengths, L = [L1,L2,...,LK]
% d = [x,y] or [x] locations of the K antennas, d must be Kx2 or Kx1 or 1xK
% I = matrix of antenna currents, I is (2M+1)xK, see notes
% N = number of azimuthal and polar angles over [0,2*pi]
% ph0 = azimuthal direction for E-plane pattern (in degrees)
% ge,gh = E-plane/H-plane gains at (N+1) polar or azimuthal angles over [0,2*pi]
% th = (N+1) equally-spaced polar or azimuthal angles over [0,2*pi] in radians
% notes: the columns of I = [I1,I2,...,IK] are the currents on the K antennas,
% evaluated at the equally-spaced points z(m)=m*Dz, m=-M:M, where h=L/2,
% and subject to the constraint that I(M,:)=I(-M,:)=0. The m-th current
% sample on the p-th antenna is Ip(m) = I(m,p).
% The current matrix I must be obtained from HALLEN3 or HALLEN4, as follows:
% I = hallen3(L,a,d,V,M) or I = hallen4(L,a,d,V,M)
% d is the matrix of the [x,y] locations of the antennas and is Kx2, that is,
% d = [x1,y1; x2,y2;...; xK,yK]. If the antennas are along the x-axis then
% d is the vector of x-coordinates only and can be entered either as a column
% or row vector, d=[x1,x2,...,xK]
% E-plane gain is evaluated at phi = ph0 for 0 <= theta <= 2*pi. The range
% [0,pi] corresponds to the forward ph0-direction and the range [pi,2*pi] to the
% backward (ph0+pi)-direction. The E-plane gain must be plotted with DBP2 or ABP2.
% H-plane gain is evaluated at theta = pi/2 for 0 <= phi <= 2*pi and must be
% plotted with DBZ2 or ABZ2.
% see also GAIN and GAIN2 (which assumes sinusoidal currents)
% S. J. Orfanidis - 1999 -
if nargin==0, help gain2h; return; end
if nargin==4, ph0=0; end
K = length(L);
if max(size(d))~=K,
 error('d must have size Kx2 or Kx1 or 1xK');
if min(size(d))==1,
 d = [d(:),zeros(K,1)]; % make d into [x,y] pairs
ph0 = ph0*pi/180;
th = 0 : 2*pi/N : 2*pi;
for i=1:N+1,
 ge(i) = U(L,d,I,th(i),ph0);
 gh(i) = U(L,d,I,pi/2,th(i)); % here th is the azimuthal angle
ge = ge/max(ge);
gh = gh/max(gh);
function G = U(L,d,I,th,phi) % radiation intensity U(th,phi)
k = 2*pi;
[N,K] = size(I);
M = (N-1)/2;
Dz = L(:)/N; % K-dim column vector of z-spacings
kx = k*sin(th)*cos(phi); % (-th,phi) equivalent to (th,phi+pi)
ky = k*sin(th)*sin(phi); % if 0


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The Adult Content Detection function classifies the documents as adult or noadult based on their context. It can be used to detect whether a document contains content unsuitable for minors.
The Commercial Detection function labels the documents as commercial or non-commercial based on their keywords and expressions. It can be used to detect whether a website is commercial or not.
The Educational Detection function classifies the documents as educational or non-educational based on their context. It can be used to detect whether a website is educational or not.
The Gender Detection function identifies if a particular document is written-by or targets-to a man or a woman based on the context, the words and the idioms found in the text.
The Language Detection function identifies the natural language of the given document based on its words and context. This classifier is able to detect 96 different languages.
The Spam Detection function labels documents as spam or nospam by taking into account their context. It can be used to filter out spam emails and comments.
# Introduction What does your API do? Get the virality score of your picture on socail media. # Overview Things that the developers should know about The API accepts the input parameters as form-data. Response will be in JSON as shown below:...


Thousands gather for Invasion Day rallies across Australia
People in major cities across Australia have gathered outside to attend Invasion Day rallies. The 26 January public holiday marks the date the British fleet sailed into Sydney Harbour in 1788 to start a penal colony, viewing the land as unoccupied despite encountering settlements. For many Indigenous Australians and a growing number of non-Indigenous Australians, the day marks 'Invasion Day'. Chants of 'Black Lives Matter' and 'always was, always will be Aboriginal land' rang out during most rallies across the country.
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Study Guide
Go West Lyrics
(Go west) Life is peaceful there
(Go west) In the open air
Quick Thought
"Go West" is about a utopian dream, not far in basic concept from the visions of poets like Walt Whitman (to whom all of America was a potential utopia) or Percy Shelley.
Deep Thought
Unfortunately, the rhyme and rhythm is a little less brilliant in "Go West" than in something like Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind." This might be because "Go West" was written by the same poetic geniuses who wrote the lyrics to the song "Y.M.C.A." ("It's fun to stay at the Y-M-C-A.")
In other words, we think it's probably safe to assert that, although disco has several assets, clever wording isn't one of them. The clichés associated with the topic of utopia make it even easier to shirk serious writing on the subject.
(Together) We will love the beach
(Together) We will learn and teach
Quick Thought
This pleasantly elementary couplet is actually a reference to the gay utopia once imagined to await men in the faraway land of San Francisco.
Deep Thought
San Francisco had beaches, sailors, and free love; in the late 1960s and the 1970s, one of the rallying cries of the gay community (emerging from decades of closeted secrecy) was the cry to "go west" to California.
The Village People wrote this lyric as a playfully innocent take on the glory and greatness of an imagined gay promised land. Because the song never makes overt mention of anything gay, lines like this were something of an inside joke with gay audiences.
(Go west) This is our destiny (aah)
Quick Thought
The idea that the west is a "destiny" draws on the racially and religiously charged ideal known as Manifest Destiny.
Deep Thought
In the early 1800s, European colonists developed a belief that they were destined by God to rule the entire land now known as the United States, "from sea to shining sea." This belief, called Manifest Destiny, drove the violent and bloody assault on Native-American communities by the U.S. government.
It also drove government policies that granted western lands to white settlers to encourage them to settle there. Some people believed that coast-to-coast dominance was the God-given right of the settlers, which served as a justification for violent land grabs. Although the song isn't really about Manifest Destiny, this line certainly seems to reference it.


An Odd Boston Common Monument
Usually, in public places, especially those with a lot of history, monuments often commemorate an important person or event: the Lincoln Memorial, various war memorials, and so on. The Boston Common is no different, with several large memorials featured prominently. And then there's this odd looking gravestone-like monument just kinda off to the side of the Common (nearest to Beacon Street), which I had never noticed until a couple of weeks ago:
What this all about? Well:
Using the Google, we learn the following about the Oneida Football Club of Boston:
The Oneida Football Club, founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1862, was the first organized team to play any kind of football in the United States. The game played by the club, known as the "Boston game", was an informal local variant that predated the codification of rules for soccer, rugby, or American football. The team, which consisted of graduates of Boston's elite preparatory schools, played on Boston Common from 1862–1865, during which time they reportedly never lost a game or even gave up a single point.
Thousands of years from now, archaeologists are going to go nuts trying to figure out the significance of this.
This entry was posted in Boston, Football. Bookmark the permalink.


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Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What sill I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"
What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．A method to assist in making complex decisions.
B．A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions.
C．Research on how people make decisions.
D．Differences between long-range and short-range decision making.


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Who knew GCSE revision involved the use of so many acronyms? This week Pauline Hills, an English teacher and author of our Romeo and Juliet titles, talks about the importance of PAF for GCSE English revision.
PAF stands for purpose, audience and format. That's why something is written, who it's written for and how it's written.
For months your teacher will have been discussing the terms purpose, audience and format with you, encouraging you to write for yourself in different formats such as letters, speeches or newspaper reports and teaching you the conventions of these formats. You will be familiar with the different purposes for writing through the writing triplets: argue, persuade advise; inform, explain, describe; analyse, review, comment; and explore, imagine, entertain and you'll have had the chance to write for these purposes – you may even have produced coursework for one of these purposes.
You'll have been taught to think about your audience – the person or people you are writing for – and whether it's appropriate to adopt a formal or informal tone for your piece. For example, you wouldn't speak to the headmaster in quite the same way that you'd speak to your best friends, would you? So, it's easy to see why it's important to take your audience into consideration when you're planning your writing.
Having practised all of these things in class, in the English exam you'll get to apply them not only in the writing tasks, but in the reading tasks as well. An informed response to a reading task will show that you understand the writer's purpose and how they achieve that purpose, taking the audience into consideration within the conventions of the format they are using.
So, when you're planning your English revision remember PAF – purpose, audience and format.
Image: Felipe Trucco @ Flickr:cc


Command List
Plays a sound, video, or other supported file type.
SoundPlay, Filename [, wait]
The name of the file to be played, which is assumed to be in %A_WorkingDir% if an absolute path isn't specified.
To produce standard system sounds, specify an asterisk followed by a number as shown below. Note: the wait parameter has no effect in this mode.
*-1: Simple beep. If the sound card is not available, the sound is generated using the speaker.
*16: Hand (stop/error)
*32: Question
*48: Exclamation
*64: Asterisk (info)
If omitted, the script's current thread will move on to the next commmand(s) while the file is playing. To avoid this, specify 1 or the word WAIT, which causes the current thread to wait until the file is finished playing before continuing. Even while waiting, new threads can be launched via hotkey, custom menu item, or timer.
Known limitation: If the WAIT parameter is omitted, the OS might consider the playing file to be "in use" until the script closes or until another file is played (even a nonexistent file).
All Windows OSes should be able to play.wav files. However, other files (.mp3,.avi, etc.) might not be playable if the right codecs or features aren't installed on the OS.
If a file is playing and the current script plays a second file, the first file will be stopped so that the second one can play. On some systems, certain file types might stop playing even when an entirely separate script plays a new file.
To stop a file that is currently playing, use SoundPlay on a nonexistent filename as in this example: SoundPlay, Nonexistent.avi
If the script is exited, any currently-playing file that it started will stop.
SoundBeep, SoundGet, SoundSet, SoundGetWaveVolume, SoundSetWaveVolume, MsgBox, Threads
SoundPlay, %A_WinDir%\Media\ding.wav
SoundPlay *-1 ; Simple beep. If the sound card is not available, the sound is generated using the speaker.
Homepage | Command List


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Grade Range: 4-10
Resource Type(s): Web Link
Date Posted: 8/7/2009
This online exhibition, produced by the Tenement Museum, allows students to play the role of an immigrant to New York City in the early twentieth century. Students will learn about the immigration experience by creating an indentity and making decisions about making a living and making a living in the Lower East Side. Video clips of an an actress playing the role of an immigrant add context and give students helpful advice. Panoramic photographs of rooms in a tenement apartment give students a unique perspective into the lives of immigrants in the early twentieth century. This website was a 2009 Museums and the Web Best of the Web Award nominee.
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)


SingingCat 0
SingingCat Module Development
The SingingCat Modules are entirely open-source. The components you may modify are:
 1. The Firmware on the module
 2. The Bootloader of the module
 3. The Firmware of the Wireless-chip
Most developers probably want to modify the application on the module. With this you can (for example):
and, if you are prepared to dive deeper into the code, you can modify pretty much every aspect of the module.
This section explains how you set up the development environment.
 1. Setup the IDE:
 We recommend "codeblocks" - a powerful IDE for C-Development. a preconfigured project file is within the git directory. You may download codeblocks from here:
 (Of course emacs or vi work just as well, if you prefer)
 2. Try it: open the file src-app/userhooks.c add "led_on(LED_BLUE);" to on_startup();
 3. Hit "build" in codeblocks (or make on the command line)
 4. verify you have a main1.bin in the directory "dist/firmware"
 5. Done - you have build the code....
If you want to flash this to modules, please read more here
Step 1: Opening the box


balpha bfishplat
These fragments of a child's riddle or conundrum-type alphabet plate were found in Structure 5. A complete example of this plate is seen at right. The riddle on this plate reads "WHY IS THIS GEOMETRICAL FISHING?" The answer is "BECAUSE IT IS A TRIANGLE." This plate was manufactured in England and most likely dates from the mid-19th century (Riley 1991: 82-83; Lindsay and Lindsay 1998: 136).
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Wilkes-Barre Academy offers a peer tutoring program allowing peer volunteers to assist other students in subjects where help is needed. Tutoring may be requested by the teacher or parent, however final approval must be by the classroom teacher.
Peer tutoring is an educational approach that joins students from grades K to 4 who are tutored by older students from grades 5 to 8. Our goal is to develop skills and confidence in the subject area where help is needed.
The research literature on peer tutoring is extensive and international studies have clearly shown that peer interaction is conducive to a host of important early achievements, such as:
- children's understanding of fairness
- their self-esteem
- their proclivities toward sharing and kindness
- their acquisition of role-taking and communication skills
- their development of creative and critical thinking.
Research literature also shows that the gains for tutors often outdistance those of the students receiving assistance. These gains result from reworking what the tutors know in order to make it understandable to their students.
The benefits of peer tutoring include:
- development of reading, writing skills and language development
- development of social behaviors, interpersonal and communication skills
- improvements in self-esteem
- opportunities for leadership and social responsibility
- gaining a heightened sensitivity to younger student's needs and concerns


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Tsarina Alexandra was the wife of Czar Nicholas II. She lived from June 6, 1872 to July 16, 1918.
When World War I broke out, Nicholas moved to the front lines and left Alexandra in charge of Russia. Alexandra was distracted from ruling the country, however, when her son, Alexis developed a hemophilia. The only one who was able to help Alexis was a peasant-turned-monk named Rasputin. Alexandra increasingly relied on Rasputin, who took advantage of her trust by granting postitions to his friends and causing everyone to fear him. Alexandra's misrule set the stage for the collapse of the imperial government in the March Revolution. In 1918, the Czarina and her husband and children were shot and hacked to death by communists who were led by Yakov Yurovsky.


Fraunhofer LBF Optimizes Vibrations with Artificial Intelligence
CAE News |
The solution space becomes very large and different vibration engineering measures interact with each other, which can lead to unexpected effects. The Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF therefore develops new methods for the vibration engineering optimization of complex systems. They are based on evolutionary algorithms and allow a fast and automated solution finding. They are based on an expandable library with different passive, semi-active and active measures, which can also be used in combination.
More Information:


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An air bubble of volume 21 cm3 is at the bottom of a lake 40 m deep where the temperature is 3.0°C. The bubble rises to the surface, which is at a temperature of 25°C. Take the temperature of the bubble to be the same as that of the surrounding water. What is the volume of the bubble just as it reaches the surface?
Answer in cm^3


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Three shift registers are illustrated above. The outermost moves by discrete jumps, it is in one state for an entire second before jumping into the next state. The middle register moves continously from second to second, occupying fractional second states. The innermost shift register is a quantum shift register. It is a representation of the continuous motion by a combination of orthonormal basis functions located at the integer second points. The areas of the circles in the quantum shift register show the magnitude of the basis contribution, and the colors of the circles show the relative magnitude of the real (red) and imaginary (blue) basis contributions.
The Quantum Classical Shift Register is Copyright © 2009 by Roger E Critchlow Jr, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. All rights reserved. Permission granted for reproduction for personal or educational use.


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Clear Sky ChartAstronomy-Weather Map
This page is sponsored.
Cursor shows location of the Tucson Clear Sky Chart.
Animate this Image
Why check these maps?
The colored blocks on the clear sky charts show the forecast from these maps for the location of the chart. But the colored bock doesnt show you how nearby very different weather could be. Look at these maps to see if a colored block on the chart corresponds to a tiny clear hole surrounded by clouds or a large clear area. The larger the area of the same color under the cross hair, the higher the accuracy of the forecast..
Why isnt there a single forecast map for observing conditions?
The observation of fine detail seen in telescopes on planets or the moon requires good seeing but can still be good during poor transparency. Visiblity of galaxies and nebulae in telescopes, or the milky way with the un-aided eye, requires good transparency but isn't much affected by seeing. All astronomical observations require a low percentage of cloud cover or clear skies. Humidity, Wind, and Temperature won't determine if you can observe, but they might affect how comfortable you are or how much your telescope will shake or dew up. Many factors affecting observing means many maps.
Copyright 2022 A.Danko
Geek: quad 3, type W, offset 50, run 12, rootdate 20220117 /Geek


17.5.2 Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client
In addition to the central configuration file, a cluster may also be controlled through a command-line interface available through the management client ndb_mgm. This is the primary administrative interface to a running cluster.
Commands for the event logs are given in Section 17.5.6, "Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster"; commands for creating backups and restoring from them are provided in Section 17.5.3, "Online Backup of MySQL Cluster".
The management client has the following basic commands. In the listing that follows, node_id denotes either a database node ID or the keyword ALL, which indicates that the command should be applied to all of the cluster's data nodes.


syntax if variable includes more less specific string of text - search 4 some magic
Hello folks!!
I'm searching for a magical symbol I guess... The issue is following:
I'm trying to assign certain string of text a specific value in new variable. Imagine a situation when I am searching that string of text in eg. people's opinions on whatever and my task is to separate those ones who used a specific swear word, in this case it's (let's say) "pencil". That's not problem though. The issue is (and that's what's important) that my task is to separate people who used various forms of this word in this way - "pxcil" while x can be any letter or number (for the sake of argument I wanna get rid of people who say "poncil" or "ppncil" or whatever).
Yeah, I know of order counting however this ain't the case to use it.
So, to sum it up my question is following: is there some sort of symbol or whatever to use in command such as:
if char.index(opinion_final, "p#ncil")>0 opinion_filtered=1.
Could you please help me in this quest or at least state that you're 1000% of no such magical symbol?
Thanx in advance...


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A Kid's Guide to Arab American History: More Than 50 Activities
Chicago Review Press
Publication date: January 2013
Digital Book format: PDF (Adobe DRM)
You save: $3.00 (21%)
Many Americans, educators included, mistakenly believe all Arabs share the same culture, language, and religion, and have only recently begun immigrating to the United States. A Kid's Guide to Arab American History dispels these and other stereotypes and provides a contemporary as well as historical look at the people and experiences that have shaped Arab American culture. Each chapter focuses on a different group of Arab Americans including those of Lebanese, Syrian, Palestinian, Jordanian, Egyptian, Iraqi, and Yemeni descent and features more than 50 fun activities that highlight their distinct arts, games, clothing, and food. Kids will love dancing the dabke, constructing a derbekke drum, playing a game of senet, making hummus, creating an arabesque design, and crafting an Egyptian-style cuff bracelet. Along the way they will learn to count in Kurdish, pick up a few Syrian words for family members, learn a Yemeni saying, and speak a little Iraqi. Short biographies of notable Arab Americans, including actor and philanthropist Danny Thomas, singer Paula Abdul, artist Helen Zughaib, and activist Ralph Nader, demonstrate a wide variety of careers and contributions.


How do electronics know what battery percentage they have?
How do electronics know what battery percentage they have?
In: Technology
Voltaje is like the amount of water you have in a tank. If at the bottom of that tank there is a hole the water will start flowing through it and the pressure the water is flowing with depend on the amount of water on the tank, the more water the more pressure you just need to set a sensor (count how much water is flowing per second/time) at the hole to measure the pressure and you will know how much water there is left.
Edit: and voltaje is the amount of energy you have on a battery
Most batteries have a different output (voltage) based on how full they are.
For example in a lipo battery (common hobby bats) a charged 1 cell battery will output 4.2 volts, and its "dead" when it reaches 3.0 volts. So around 3.6v would be 50% charged.
However you can overcharge and over discharge these batteries, but doing that may result in a bad time that usually involves fire and toxic smoke.
It's an estimate. A clever one based on lots of calculations, but it's still an estimate.
Imagine you have a dumb battery cell, and it outputs at a voltage. Say, 5V. That's the only thing you can measure from a battery, is what the voltage is (temperature is also measured for protection against overcharging and overheating). You run your device, and it works fine until the battery gets to 3.9V, at which point it starts misbehaving, and there's a potential to damage the device or lose data.
So, the calculation is then done as follows:
Voltage 5V = Battery 100%
Voltage 4.5V = Battery 50%
Voltage 4V = Battery 0%
Why not 3.9V? Well, some margin is left between 4V and 3.9V for you to find a charger whilst the battery keeps things like the clock and other volatile things going. It also helps prevent against things like the phone requiring more juice than the charger can provide during start-up, so that it doesn't flake out whilst you're switching it on, things like that.
Basically, it's a calibration based on trial and error. Battery calculations are also nowadays self-calibrating, which is why your laptop is able to tell you that it needs a new battery (and why Apple were fined for manipulating phones based on battery stats).
In short there are two ways, sometimes combined.
1) Measure the battery voltage and compare this against a graph that you obtained through calibration. This will tell you at what voltage, what the battery SOC (State-of-Charge) is. This will not be a linear relation. (being halfway between two extremes does not imply being half charged). Generally this is the *least* accurate way to measure, but it isn't affected by long-term errors.
2) You measure the current going in and out of the battery. You know how much energy a battery will hold if full. Current can describe how much energy escapes the battery every second. Therefore if you measure half the energy has left, the battery is half full. This method is affected by errors over long periods of time, but is much more accurate on shorter periods.
There is another way for batteries with flat voltage curve and devices with known consumption curve (for example device that transmit something every n seconds and sleep rest of the time).
You calculate your average day (for example) current consumption and your battery life expectancy and then you subtract your day consumption every day and project your percentage.
Batteries have a maximum and minimum voltage. The processor reads the voltage and you can use a formula to calculate the percentage left till minimum voltage.
Or in more advanced cases you count the actual energy units going in and out of the battery, these are known as coulomb counters.
[Here is a good chat on the subject.](
I actually work with batteries for a living. A basic concept with any batteries is "nominal voltage". Say you have a 12V car battery; A fully charged car battery isnt actually 12V but more like 12.6V. If a car battery is at 12V or below its essentially "dead". Lower voltages than the nominal 12V would mean something severe happened to the battery, like a dry cell, or cold damage.
The same goes for phones and many electronics. Many rechargeable lithium ion batteries have 3.7V nominal voltage. This means a fully charged battery will naturally be a small bit higher. So a 3.7V nominal battery at 3.8V would tell me it has a bit of charge on it still.
If anyone has any questions feel free to ask, ill try to answer the best i can!


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Estonia Has Least Polluted Urban Air in the World27 September 2011
Levels of fine airborne particles in Estonia's urban areas are the lowest in the world, a comparative table published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 26 September reveals. The Indian Ocean island nation Mauritius ranked second while Canada landed in third place, according to the WHO data.
The report looked at two different particle sizes: those with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) and those smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10).
In Estonia, PM2.5 was registered at 5.4 micrograms per cubic meter of air, while PM10 was at 11 micrograms per cubic meter of air.
The highest concentration of particles was registered in Mongolia, where PM2.5 peaked at 63 and PM10 at 279 micrograms per cubic meter of air.
According to WHO, each year over two million people around the world die due to the inhalation of fine particulate matter. The WHO ranking list contained results of urban outdoor air pollution monitoring from almost 1 100 cities with a population of at least 100 000. Air pollution in Estonia was measured only in Tallinn and the data dates back to 2008.
Estonian Public Broadcasting


text:
Distribution Line Fires
Burning utility poles may cause downed power lines. Follow these precautions:
- If possible, de-energize lines before extinguishing a pole fire. Only apply extinguishing agents to an energized pole under your incident commander's direction. These agents may include dry chemical or water fog spray using the 30/30/100 rule.
- Do not use water around a utility pole unless the incident commander directs you to do so.
- If transformers are burning, be alert for explosions, smoke hazards and oil releases. Even when the fire is put out, there may still be oil present and power lines may still be energized.
- Create a safety perimeter, and keep bystanders at least 50 feet away. Maintain this perimeter until utility personnel confirms that the lines are de-energized and oil cleanup is complete.