Why Desktop Email Still Makes Sense
All the fuss about Gmail's on-and-off outages on Tuesday garnered quite an outcry from net users, enough so you might think everyone but your Aunt Marge is using Gmail's web interface. PC World runs down Six Reasons Desktop E-mail Still Rules. Among those we (admittedly Gmail-positive) can relate to: better filtering and rules, drag-and-drop attachments, and the "Redirect" command. What advantages does your desktop client have over webmail?


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cryptocurrency, bitcoin, ethereum, crypto
As we enter the age where Blockchain Rules The Nation, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has said it will treat Initial Coin Offerings ("ICOs") on a case-by-case basis.
In light of this uncertainty, some token issuers may choose to ignore securities laws and hope to Get Lucky when they get pre-ICO investments. But the SEC is likely to increase its scrutiny of tokens, so you should probably try Doin' It Right and use a Simple Agreement for Future Tokens ("SAFT").
Background: what is a security is and why does it matter? Read this (spoiler alert: more investments are considered securities than you probably think).
Harder, Better, SAFTer, Stronger: What Is A SAFT?
SAFTs are modeled after Y Combinator's Simple Agreement for Future Equity ("SAFE"). A SAFT is an agreement between a utility token issuer and a token purchaser, and is often accompanied by an offering memorandum (which is a standard document used for marketing for VC and hedge fund offerings).
Two important features to note:
How Da Funk Does A SAFT Work?
The crux of a SAFT is the distinction between functional tokens and the right to those tokens once they become functional. It's akin to the difference between buying a house that's already built, and buying the right, before construction has begun, to own a house once it is built.
A SAFT is structured as follows:
The key is that the investors aren't buying tokens; they're buying the right to future tokens.
The SAFT itself (aka, the right to future tokens) is a security. But the tokens that the SAFT is converted into would most likely not be considered securities by the SEC.
The Technologic of Why Pre-Functional Tokens Are Likely Not Securities
The Howey test is used to determine if an investment is a security. The relevant requirement for SAFTs is that a security has a predominant expectation of profit that stems from the essential managerial efforts of others.
If an investor buys a utility token before it has reached functionality, it's likely a security. The purchasers of a pre-functional token "are, by and large, reliant on the efforts of the seller to develop functionality." The token's value would almost certainly be zero if its protocol is not developed to a functional point. Thus, the development team's managerial efforts are essential, and the utility token is likely a security.
If an investor buys the token after it has reached functionality, any managerial (aka, development) efforts by the dev team are likely not essential. Sure, the developers may play a role in any increase in token value. But so will supply and demand, broader blockchain trends, institutional investor sentiment, and so on. Courts have repeatedly held that mere increase in value on a secondary market does not constitute "efforts of others." Thus, a post-functional utility token is likely not a security.
Accredited Investors After All
Because the SAFT itself is a security, it must be registered with the SEC or fit into an exemption. As a result of this, most SAFT investments are generally limited to accredited investors so they can be exempt from registration.
Implications, Around The World
First, SAFTs are a sort of "pre-ICO," akin to angel investing.
Second, SAFTs are not for every day (aka, "retail") investors. SAFTs are typically restricted to the same accredited investors that traditional venture capital, private equity, and hedge funds are. This means SAFTs are more favorable to "centralized" investing, not crypto's promise of decentralization. This is not necessarily bad, though; more investment means more growth, regardless of source.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


certain that a choice is correct without writing some code to test out your hypothesis.
That is why so many players express deep skepticism when they see other players answer questions correctly in 20 seconds that they take over 100 seconds to sort through.
So, yes, by all means, write some code, test out the choices, and learn about the features of PL/SQL in a way that will stick in your brain (the reinforcement of typing out the code will help lots).
Cheers, Steven


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Introduction to Large-Scale Java Platforms
This chapter defines three categories of large-scale Java platforms:
- Category 1: Large number of Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) (100s–1000s of JVMs)
- Category 2: Smaller number of JVMs with large heap sizes
- Category 3: A combination of category 1 consuming data from category 2
In addition, the chapter discusses various trends and outlines technical considerations to help you understand the range of technical issues associated with designing large-scale Java platforms.
Large-Scale Java Platform Categories
Based on field interactions with customers, large-scale Java platforms typically fall into three main categories, as follows:
- Category 1: This category is distinguished by its large number of Java Virtual Machines (JVMs). In this category, hundreds to thousands of JVMs are deployed on the Java platform, and these are typically JVMs that function within a system that might be servicing millions of users. I have seen some customers with as many as 15,000 JVMs. Whenever you are dealing with thousands of JVM instances, you must consider the manageability cost and whether opportunities exist to consolidate the JVM instances.
- Category 2: This category is distinguished by a smaller number of JVMs (usually 1 to 20) but with large heap size (8GB to 256GB or higher). These JVMs usually have in-memory databases deployed on them. In this category, garbage collection (GC) tuning becomes critical, as discussed in later chapters.
- Category 3: The third category is a combination of the first two categories, where perhaps thousands of JVMs run enterprise applications that are consuming data from category 2 types of large JVMs in the back end.
With regard to virtualizing and tuning large-scale Java platforms, four key requirement trends hold true across these three categories:
- Compute-resource consolidation
- JVM consolidation
- Elasticity and flexibility
Let's look at each one of these trends in more detail.


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Pure Water San Diego
The next generation of San Diegans will see the long-term effect of changes to San Diego's water supply, so it especially important to educate local youth about water reuse. Community and school partnerships and youth-specific materials have helped us reach students of all ages. Also be sure to check out our activities (more coming soon!).
We have joined with groups throughout San Diego to educate youth about water purification. Partnership activities include developing lesson plans, giving tours and presentations and developing youth-oriented activities and events.
Videos and Presentations
The kids' versions of the facility video and the tour presentation are geared for 2nd-6th graders.


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The first known representation of Britannia as a female figure sitting on a globe, leaning with one arm on a shield, and grasping a spear in the other hand, is on a Roman coin of Antoninus Pius, who died A.D. 161. The figure reappeared on our copper coin in the reign of Charles II., 1665, and the model was Miss Stewart, afterwards created Duchess of Richmond. The engraver was Philip Roetier, 1665. In 1825 W. Wyon made a new design.
"The King's new medall, where, in little, there is Mrs. Stewart's face,... and a pretty thing it is, that he should choose her face to represent Britannia by," —Pepys' Diary (25 Feb.).
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Britannia from Infoplease:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Model Jar on Stand
These little models represent pointed or roundbottomed containers that Egyptians stored in upright stands. The shapes of the pots suggest that they held water or beer. Models like these examples may have been placed in a temple as symbolic offerings to a god.
This text refers to these objects:'58.128.3; 58.128.2
- Medium: Faience
- Possible Place Made: Abydos, Egypt
- Dates: ca. 3200-2675 B.C.E.
- Dynasty: I Dynasty-II Dynasty
- Period: Naqada III Period-Early Dynastic Period
- Dimensions: 2 9/16 x 13/16 in. (6.5 x 2 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Pre-Dynastic, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor
- Accession Number: 58.128.2
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Model Jar on Stand, ca. 3200-2675 B.C.E. Faience, 2 9/16 x 13/16 in. (6.5 x 2 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 58.128.2. Creative Commons-BY
- Record Completeness: Good (78%)


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Z-Score model is an accurate forecaster of failure up to two years prior to distress. It can be considered the assessment of the distress of industrial corporations.
Altman Z-Score is calculated with this formula:
Z = 1.2X1 + 1.4X2 + 3.3X3 + 0.6X4 + 1.0X5
X1 = working capital/total assets,
X2 = retained earnings/total assets,
X3 = earnings before interest and taxes/total assets,
X4 = market value equity/book value of total liabilities,
X5 = sales/total assets.
The zones of discrimination were as such:
Distress Zones - 1.81< Grey Zones< 2.99 - Safe Zones
Study by Altman found that companies that are in Distress Zone have more than 80% of chances of bankruptcy in two years.
X1: The working capital/Total Assets
ratio is a measure of the net liquid assets of the firm relative to the total capitalization. Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
X2: Retained Earnings
: the RE/TA ratio measures the leverage of a firm. Those firms with high RE, relative to TA, have financed their assets through retention of profits and have not utilized as much debt.
X3, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes/Total Assets
(EBIT/TA): This ratio is a measure of the true productivity of the firms assets, independent of any tax or leverage factors.
X4, Market Value of Equity/Book Value of Total Liabilities (MVE/TL): The measure shows how much the firms assets can decline in value (measured by market value of equity plus debt) before the liabilities exceed the assets and the firm becomes insolvent.
(S/TA): The capital-turnover ratio is a standard financial ratio illustrating the sales generating ability of the firms assets.
Read more about Altman Z-score
and the original research.


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The continuing success of the Hunter Education Program demonstrates the impact of these volunteer efforts. Hunting-related incidents in New Hampshire have decreased from more than 24 per year when the program started in the 1960s to an average of about four per year in the current decade
-- a remarkable figure in light of the fact that about 78,000 people hunt in the state each year.
The number of lost hunters has also dramatically decreased as a result of the program. As recently as the early 1980s, nearly 30 hunters a year became lost or disoriented and required a costly search to be rescued. Thanks in large part to the emphasis on orienteering taught in hunter education, the number of lost hunters requiring a search and rescue mission has averaged just over four per year for the last five years


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tension(redirected from arterial tension)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal.
Related to arterial tension: arterial oxygen tension
1. Physics a force that tends to produce an elongation of a body or structure
2. Physics voltage, electromotive force, or potential difference
3. a device for regulating the tension in a part, string, thread, etc., as in a sewing machine
A pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body; the opposite of compression, which is a pushing, crushing stress.
The condition of a string, wire, or rod that is stretched between two points.
The force exerted by the stretched object on a support.
A device on a textile manufacturing machine or a sewing machine that regulates the tautness and the movement of the thread or the fabric. Also known as tension device.
The state or condition of being pulled or stretched.


How Do Farmers Know If A Chicken Egg Is Fertilized?
Can you decrow a rooster?
I found that hatchets decrow roosters very well.
Some people have a rooster box for their roos to keep them quit.
Even if they crow it is not as loud, you could make one from a tote from wallmart.
Just make sure you put plenty of air holes at the bottom and a few at the top on one side..
Are eggs a chickens period?
Although chickens do not menstruate (and thus their eggs are not "chicken periods" as is sometimes asserted), the cycle of creating and passing much larger eggs relative to their body size and weight is arguably even more physically taxing, especially in modern hens who have been bred to produce such unnaturally high …
Can you eat a fertilized chicken egg?
The answer is yes. It is perfectly okay to eat fertilized eggs. Also, as mentioned in the previous paragraphs, once the fertilized egg is stored inside the fridge, the embryo no longer undergoes any change or development. Rest assured that you can eat your fertilized chicken eggs just fine like the unfertilized ones.
Can 2 roosters live together?
How many fertilized eggs does a hen lay?
The semen can be viable for up to two weeks in the SST, so if a hen is in that productive phase of her life where she is laying 1 egg per day, then the single copulation could produce up to 14 fertile eggs.
How long does a rooster have to be with a hen before the eggs are fertile?
two to three weeksWhen a hen has laid at least two infertile eggs in a row, you can be pretty sure her SSTs are clear of sperm. Many chicken keepers, to assure fertile eggs are from the desired mating, simply put the hen and rooster together, then wait two to three weeks before collecting the eggs for hatching.
Do Roosters have balls?
Rooster Testicles They've got two bean-shaped testes located against their backbone in front of the kidneys. Rooster testicles vary in size based on their age and time of year. If you butcher a rooster in the winter his testicles will be smaller than during the spring mating season, when they swell up considerably.
Do chickens have periods?
Birds, however, don't have a uterus, which means they also have no uterine lining and, of course then, no ritual shedding of this lining. Ergo, they have no period.
Why do supermarket eggs not hatch?
Eggs you buy from a supermarket aren't fertilized, so they will never hatch. … The hen will still lay eggs whether they have been fertilized by the rooster or not. Eggs that have been fertilized will develop into a baby chick and hatch.
Are supermarket eggs Fertilised?
Most eggs sold commercially in the grocery store are from poultry farms and have not been fertilized. … Given the right nutrients, hens will lay eggs with or without having been in the presence of a rooster. For an egg to become fertilized, a hen and rooster must mate prior to the formation and laying of the egg.
Why do chickens run before mating?
A hen runs because she doesn't want to be mated. The rooster doesn't care about what the hen wants; he'll chase her down, hold her down, and mate her whether she wants to or not. Chickens don't think of things in human terms, but if they did, you'd say there was a lot of rape in a chicken flock.
How many times does a rooster need to fertilize a hen?
Does a rooster fertilize every egg?
You don't need a rooster for your hens to lay eggs, as hens will lay just as many eggs whether there's a rooster around or not. However, a rooster is needed to fertilize the eggs to hatch them into baby chicks.
How do you hatch a supermarket egg without an incubator?
How to Give an Egg Heat Without an IncubatorPlace an egg underneath or slightly near a hen inside the nest.The hen will instinctively roll eggs in her nest under her body.Eggs will receive heat naturally and then the hens adopt the hatchling.Place a medium-sized towel in a cardboard shoe box.Set the egg in the middle of the towel.More items…
How does a rooster fertilize the eggs?
The rooster jumps on the hen and breeds her and the egg gets fertilized inside the hen before she lays it. … If there is a rooster with the hen the eggs she lays will be fertile, and if she sits on the fertile eggs for 21 days they will hatch into baby chickens.
Why do roosters die after mating?
These dads die after devoting all their resources and energy to mating, an effort that helps their sperm—and genes—win out. Since the 1970s, scientists have suspected that females synchronize mating so that they wean their young at the same time that insect abundance peaks each year.
Are hens happier with a rooster?


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Register and download the ARCIMBOLDO_LITE binary.
PHASER and SHELXE have to be available on the machine running ARCIMBOLDO. These programs have separate licenses and need to be obtained from their developers if not already installed:
In addition, Python 2.6 or higher must be installed.
Once these requirements are fulfilled, you will need:
The following is an example of a.bor configuration file
[CONNECTION]: distribute_computing: multiprocessing _TAG_: You need to configure the following parameter _TAG_ if you are using the mode local_grid or remote_grid _TAG_: /path/to/setup.bor [GENERAL]: working_directory= /path/to/workdir mtz_path: %(working_directory)s/data.mtz hkl_path: %(working_directory)s/data.hkl [ARCIMBOLDO] name_job: example molecular_weight: f_label: F sigf_label: SIGF number_of_component: 1 fragment_to_search: 2 helix_length: 14 [LOCAL] path_local_phaser: /path/to/local/phaser path_local_shelxe: /path/to/local/phenix
This section defines the connection to remote or local grids if needed. Default in ARCIMBOLDO_LITE is multiprocessing on a single machine. The setup.bor file path is only required if a grid is used (further information).
This section defines paths to the working directory and data files.
This section declares the ARCIMBOLDO_LITE search parameters. For a full list of possible parameters, run ARCIMBOLDO_LITE with -b option
This section contains the absolute paths to the PHASER and SHELXE executables required for single machine use.
ARCIMBOLDO_LITE input.bor >& log &
On the working directory, there is an.html file with an echo of the input parameters, a table with the results and map and trace files from the best solution produced, if possibly solved (CC>25 %).


Fun Facts About Click Languages
Fun Facts About Click Languages
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What's up with click languages? Did you know that "click consonants" are found only in certain African languages? Do you want to learn more about them? Here are 7 interesting facts about these intriguing languages:
"Clicks" Are Found in Only 24-38 Living Languages
Clicks have nonverbal meanings (like indicating disapproval or sympathy) in English and many other languages. But they're only used as consonants in 24 to 38 living languages. Why the uncertainty? Sometimes, it's hard to differentiate between a language and a dialect. Regardless, all of these languages are spoken in Africa. There is also an extinct Aboriginal language from Australia that uses them, but it was never used for day-to-day communication.
The largest language family with clicks is the Khoisan "family." The scare quotes are because linguists no longer believe that all of the languages in this family are actually closely related. Click consonants seem to be the only thing that ties them together.
Click consonants are the defining feature of the Khoisan languages, but neighbouring languages like Zulu and Xhosa also incorporate them. Linguists believe clicks spread to these languages through intermarriage and interaction with the neighbouring San peoples.
One interesting theory about how this may have happened is described here:
In the Zulu and Xhosa cultures (less so in some areas now), certain people are not supposed to say the names of certain other people, or even say things that sound like their names.... what sound could you use that wouldn't make it a different word that might mean something else, and would still make it understandable? The Khoisan wives knew just what to use: clicks.
As Khoisan wives used their native clicks to censor themselves, eventually the clicks became associated with polite/formal speech. From there, they spread to become an integral part of the language.
The Taa or!Xoõ Language Has the Most Consonants of Any Language
The Taa or!Xoõ language has 164 consonants, including more than 100 click sounds! For comparison, English has 24 consonant sounds. French has 22, and Welsh has 31.
To hear what a conversation in !Xoõ sounds like, watch the video below:
"Click languages" may be the oldest languages in the world.
Did the first spoken human language include clicks? Some scientists think so.
Language everywhere is constantly changing, even today. If you don't believe me, go find a teenager and strike up a conversation. So, how can we know what the first-ever human language sounded like? We can't... but we can make an educated guess.
In 2003, Stanford geneticists analyzed mitochondrial DNA from two groups of click speakers: the Ju|'hoansi of the Kalahari desert and the Hadzabe of Tanzania. Both groups are among the most ancient cultures, with mitochondrial DNA that links them to the dawn of humanity. Despite this, they aren't closely related. In fact, the Stanford scientists described them as "on the opposite sides of the root." They've had almost no contact with each other almost since humans became humans.
But both languages have clicks. As the New York Times explained,
Unless each group independently invented click languages at some later time, that finding implies that click languages were spoken by the very ancient population from which the Hadzabe and the Ju|'hoansi descended. "The divergence of those genetic lineages is among the oldest on earth," Dr. Knight said. "So one could certainly make the inference that clicks were present in the mother tongue."
How do you write clicks?
It depends on the language and the type of click in question. In general, Xhosa and other Bantu languages use the Roman letters c, q, and x, either by themselves or in digraphs. Khoisan languages use exclamation points and other symbols based on a vertical bar called a "pipe" to indicate clicks.
So, the "!" in the word!Kung indicates a click, as does the vertical bar in "Ju|'hoansi".
The "click language" in "The Gods Must Be Crazy" is!Kung.
If you've ever watched "The Gods Must Be Crazy" and wondered about the mystery language the tribe in the movie speaks, wonder no longer. It's the Juǀ'hoan dialect of!Kung. The!Kung actor, Nǃxau ǂToma, lived a traditional life before starring in the film. Initially, Nǃxau received less than $2,000 compensation for his role.
After the film grossed over $100 million, the filmmakers eventually gave him an additional $20,000 and a monthly stipend.
Click languages may sound exotic to Western ears. But to native speakers, they are no more unusual than "A is for apple" or "B is for boy." As South African singer and activist, Miriam Makeba says in the recording below,
"Everywhere we go, people often ask me, 'How do you make that noise. It used to offend me because it isn't a noise. It's my language."
We'll leave you with a link to this video of Makeba singing "The Click Song," or, more properly, "Qongqothwane." You'll have to turn the volume all the way up, but it's worth it to hear her break down Xhosa pronunciations.


Topics: 4 min readtime
Usage-based pricing: How does this work within Fivetran?
Written by Nicolas Beunen
Thursday 11 March, 2021
Fivetran, I've heard the name....
But what does it do?
The classic data integration tools force analysts to predict what insights they can get from a limited data set and then build a resource-intensive workflow around it that is dated and inflexible.
Fivetran changes that all, with its fully automated data pipeline built especially for analysts.
With automation extracting and loading the disparate data directly into your data warehouse, Fivetran provides a faster, better way to centralize all of your data sources so you can quickly model and obtain meaningful insights.
Pay only for the rows you consume
Pricing model of FivetranPricing is based on your Fivetran usage, simple. Consumption is based on the amount of'monthly active rows' within your warehouse. These'monthly active rows' (MARs) are only counted and thus invoiced when a row is updated or inserted in your warehouse.
Pricing scales logarithmically, which simply means, when you replicate more data through Fivetran, you'll see the value of one credit stretched across more rows. The more you use, the more a credit will be worth, the more rows can be inserted and updated per credit.
So to get a decent understanding of how many active rows you have per month, there's a simple calculation you can do:
Example of Fivetran pricing
Total amount of rows in your warehouse X the percentage of updated/new rows in your warehouse.
The resulting number will give you your total amount of monthly active rows. In this example we take into account that 10% of the rows are updated. This is an estimation. In general this percentage is somewhere between 10% and 20%.
The conversion rate of MARs to credits is determined by the consumption table. The more you use, the more a credit will be worth.
There are different pricing models
There a 3 main pricing tiers, that are especially designed to fit most use-cases/companies. In these 3 tiers, credits will be priced differently. You can always upgrade your plan if your usage has outgrown the current plan.
1. Starter - Jumpstart your data initiatives!
The starter platform gives you access to the pre-built connectors and post load transformations to get started with automating data integration to power your business insights.
This model is best fit for companies that have a small handful of web application sources that and don't really need real-time data.
1 Fivetran credit = $1.00
2. Standard - Control business logic and automate integrations
The standard platform unlocks the database connectors for your marketing, ERP, product or other data into your warehouse. This tier also grants access to the API's for programmatic management of your account. You'll also have access to 15-minute syncs for real-time reporting, which you can use to make better decisions.
This model is best fit for the biggest part of companies, as it supports all integration use-cases.
1 Fivetran credit = $1.50
3. Enterprise - Solve the most complex business requirements
The enterprise platform includes all features of the Starter and Standard models, but also includes additional support. By supporting VPN tunneling and having the possibility to use custom user roles, Fivetran can help maintain the internal security & compliance rules. This model also has a industry-unique SLA that guarantees your data access and your access to 5-minute syncs that maintain your business-critical data replication needs.
This model is best fit for companies that have advanced internal security and compliance rules/needs.
1 Fivetran credit = $2.00
So, how can we pay for all this awesomeness?
There are 2 payment options available for Fivetran at this point, monthly or annually:
1. Credit card
Paying via your credit card is definitely the fastest method. All you have to do is input your credit card details in your Fivetran account. That way, on a monthly cadence, your usage will be automatically billed. Of course you have access to detailed reports about billing in your Fivetran account to follow up on everything.
2. Contract
You can also leverage a contract by contacting the Fivetran sales team through Biztory. This method offers more possibilities to explore discounts, get best-practice advice on your use-case and get the highest possible value out of your purchase.
Does this sound like a lot of work or money? It is not.
Let's get in touch, we'll gladly show you how Fivetran will save you time and resources, make your data engineer's life easier and finally provide a stable and scalable solution to data pipelining.
You can always start a free trial, just get in touch with us and we'll hook you up!
Let's Talk!


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Developing in Digital Worlds is a four-year study conducted by the Woolf Fisher Research Centre at the University of Auckland and is funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE). It is the first study in the world to identify links between teaching, family participation and game-based learning to promote educational outcomes and equity. The project started in 2014 and is due for completion by September 2018.
The study is a three-phase project involving early childhood, primary and secondary schools, teachers, students and their parents or caregivers. With youth educational outcomes and equity as its aim, the study will test how to promote achievement and participation in the digital world at school and out-of-school through cognitive and social development. This new knowledge will inform ways to accelerate national achievement through digital environments, in English, maths and science for ages 4-17 years, and in Māori contexts.
The research aims to answer three questions about cognitive and social development in digital environments:
How does participation in the digital world influence children's cognitive and social development?
What skills, knowledge and capabilities do children need to manage, engage and benefit from participating in the digital world?
How can family, educators and society effectively support children's involvement in the digital world?
Who is involved?
The Developing in Digital Worlds study involves teachers, students, parents and whanau. Because one of our core aims is to understand the relationship between learning within digital environments, teaching, and family participation, we are collecting data from a range of people. So far, we have observed teacher lessons, gathered data about student achievement, took samples of student blogs, and collected questionnaire responses from teachers, students, parents and caregivers. The schools that are involved include one 'early adopting' school cluster, and two 'later adopting' school clusters (English and Maori medium). You can meet the researchers and see their profiles in the Project Team section.
Where is the project up to now?
We are currently in Phases Two and Three:
Phase One, which began in July 2015 and was completed in April 2016, profiled the nature of students' cognitive and social development in digital environments. It addressed research questions one and two: how participation in the digital world influences children's cognitive and social development, and what skills or knowledge children need in order to engage in and benefit from participating in the digital world. During this phase, we:
- gathered data about student achievement
- observed teacher lessons
- took samples of student blogs
- collected questionnaires from teachers, students, parents and caregivers
Phase Two continues to test how to promote achievement and participation in the digital world at school and out-of-school through '21st century' cognitive and social skills development. Specifically, it addresses how family, educators and society can effectively support children's involvement in the digital world by examining the variability in levels and trends from Phase One. This phase began in July 2017 and will end in May 2018.
Phase Three is focussed on disseminating the findings of the study to national networks including:
- school boards of trustees
- Communities of Learning (CoLs)
- parent communities
- Manaiakalani Educational Trust
- Manaiakalani Digital Teaching Academy
- Māori and Pasifika advisory groups and community networks
- Ministry of Education
Direct knowledge transfer will also be delivered through initial teacher education and professional development at The University of Auckland. As part of the knowledge transfer process, researchers will polish and package the game-based and assessment tools associated with Phase Two, and include examples of effective use in teaching and parent programmes. Phase Three starts in October 2017 and ends in September 2018.
In sum, through analysis of baseline data, researchers and schools will develop understandings about the relationships between the 21st century skills of interest, digital innovation and the associated outcomes for students. Schools that use the data will then be in a position to self-improve by taking action most likely to result in changes in skills and achievement.


Kids and Youth Making Communities Safer
Start Date
Imagining a World Without Police
SURJ -Toronto invites kids and youth in Grade 4 and up* to be part of a facilitated arts workshop where we can imagine another world together!
We want to know what you think would make your community safer!
Toronto Police Service gets to spend more than a billion dollars each year! Black Lives Matter - Toronto has put out a call to have half of that money be spent on things to help keep people safe and healthy. How would you spend that money to keep your community safe?
Come together with other kids and youth to creatively imagine a world with less police that keeps everyone safe.
What you create will be part of a zine that we'll share with politicians and other people who decide what Toronto's money gets spent on! So let's shape our future together! This activity is inspired by the work of artist and educator Sarah Mangle.
This is a pay what you can workshop. All funds raised will support the work of Latinx, Afro-Latin-America, Abya Yala Education Network (LAEN), who are actively working to get police out of schools across Ontario. Please contribute via e-transfer to [email protected] Question: how can kids help defund the police? Answer: surjto.
*This is the suggested age, but younger kids are welcome to attend with an adult's support.


- As the UK's specialist aviation regulator, this strategy sets out how we propose to contribute to the development of greater understanding and application of Human Factors (HF) knowledge to support Human Performance (HP) in the operational environment. It builds on previous versions; sets out what we want to achieve; lays out our Strategic Objectives; and describes the expected benefits and outcomes.
 Supporting the strategy is the HF Action Plan which provides the detailed programme of work.
 The strategy will be periodically reviewed to ensure that it remains aligned with the European Strategy for HF in Aviation 2012 and other relevant national and international aviation safety plans and programmes. The HF Action Plan will be updated on a biennial basis.
 - The aviation environment is dynamic. It is constantly changing and evolving. How we understand the influences on people's behaviours and actions continues to develop. The aviation industry needs to focus on how to support people to be able to perform their allocated tasks safely in all circumstances.
 In recognition of this, the CAA's HF strategy seeks to move to a more proactive approach towards supporting and developing human performance in aviation. It will seek to understand people's limitations and how their capabilities can enhance safety. Application of human factors knowledge needs to include how people really behave in the operational environment, so that the equipment, processes, procedures and technology can support people to do their best.
 We want to include everyone involved in the aviation system. We will encourage the industry to consider their people earlier in the process because they are an essential element of aviation safety. Our strategy focuses on collaboration, aviation is global and so are the challenges we face. Aviation is a system of systems, it covers multiple interconnected activities, organisations and people.
 Our objectives are:
 - better use of data and information
 - embedding Human Factors assessment within normal oversight activities
 - supporting our inspectors to develop their knowledge and competencies
 - promoting best practices
 - collaborating with our stakeholders and other safety critical industries
 - remaining aligned with international standards
 The CAA cannot do this alone: everyone has their part to play in improving safety outcomes. This is a continuous improvement process aimed at supporting aviation safety developments, not just for today but also for the future.
 Our vision is that everyone involved in civil aviation systematically applies Human Factors knowledge and Human Performance principles to improve aviation safety.
 Human error alone is still often seen as the sole explanation for aviation accidents and incidents. However, to maintain and improve aviation safety, this view needs to be updated. The CAA's vision seeks to work collaboratively with all our industry communities to improve understanding and management of the factors that influence HP. This will be achieved through appropriate risk-based regulation and oversight, as well as safety promotional activities to lead and effect change.
 Lessons need to be learnt not just from reactive information, but from proactively identifying influences on HP. Every incident or accident may be unique but history shows the fundamental reasons frequently repeat themselves. We need to consider the different individual, organisational and operational environments. Advancements in technology and the rapidly changing global aviation environment will also have a significant influence on people and how they perform. By taking an inclusive and systemic approach, the CAA and everyone involved in aviation can support the development of optimal HP, now and in the future.
 The CAA's HF strategy focuses on developing greater awareness and understanding of HF. This will support proactive management of HF influences on HP. It aims to establish a consistent approach towards the understanding and oversight of HP requirements within aviation. Through its strategic objectives, it establishes a framework for the CAA's HF programme, recognising the need for a flexible approach to support the variability of those involved in the aviation industry.
 The strategy is focused on working collaboratively to promote more innovative approaches in assessing and managing HP in the real world. It seeks to proactively support the development of regulatory approaches based on Performance Based Oversight (PBO) and risk assessment.
 Risks to aviation safety are complex and influenced by multiple contributing factors. We need to be able to support and manage people within their operational environment to reduce and mitigate risks. To improve HP there needs to be a deeper understanding of the influences on teams and individuals. These influences include, but are not limited to: organisational, cultural, internal, external, systemic, and personal. Through understanding these influences, we should be able to support the development of practical approaches necessary to support and improve HP.
 To do this, we will be developing our oversight methodologies and developing inspectors' competencies. Supporting the development of oversight approaches will enable the CAA to be better positioned to evaluate the effectiveness of the current safety barriers. It will also allow us to learn from the positive contribution of humans in the aviation system. However, to embed change all those involved will need to demonstrate greater consideration of the influences on people. We should all focus on how to support people so that they can maintain the required level of safety performance for a specific task.
 People have limitations that influence their actions and their level of performance can vary daily. However, they also possess capabilities that support their performance in a positive way. People are flexible, innovative, and resourceful. To understand HP within the aviation environment consideration needs to be given to both human limitations and human capabilities. With HF, we are seeking to understand why people do the things they do. However, HP is focused on understanding how people actually perform their tasks in a real-world environment. It is the contribution of people to the system's performance.
 Aviation safety performance statistics show it remains one of the safest industries in the world. However, to maintain and improve safety outcomes we must continue to develop our approach. We need to understand HP in the current and the future aviation environment. This must be done against the backdrop of the economic pressures on resources faced by all within the industry.
 So, resources must be applied efficiently, in a way that accounts for the different risks and the different influences on individuals and organisations. Early consideration and understanding of HF within change management processes can deliver both safety and business benefits. Early consideration of the end user can ensure that task and technology considers the operational environment to support optimal HP. This prevents expensive redesign requirements or complex work arounds that could impact on safety.
 - Proactive use of data and intelligence
 - Integrated approach
 - Developing inspectors' competencies
 - Demonstrate expected performance
 - Collaborative partnership
 - HF in change management
 - Globally aligned
 There are many published examples of how early consideration of the impact of HF influences increases efficiency, reduces error, supports HP and can provide significant return on investment. These potential benefits, along with the statutory obligation towards safety and the implementation of SMS, provide incentives to seek a deeper understanding of HP within aviation.
 Greater knowledge of systemic influences, as well as individual capabilities and limitations, will enable efficient and effective use of human and organisational resources. Through understanding the influences on people within their own environment, individuals and organisations can support people to perform to the best of their ability in completing a required task. Thus, providing a high level of safety, efficiency and individual engagement.
 Early consideration of people in the design of equipment, technology and the development of procedures, will improve both safety and efficiency. Consideration should also be given to related aspects within the aviation system, such as the different teams that work collaboratively within the system. The interfaces between competing or even conflicting goals, of the individuals or teams involved also needs to be considered to optimise HP. Promotion and awareness of the multiple and variable challenges that people face will reduce the risk of potential mismatch between expected levels of performance and the actual level of performance in the real-world environment.
 To develop this awareness, the CAA's strategy focuses on greater collaboration nationally and internationally. We can also learn from other safety critical industries. These partnerships should realise greater improvements in understanding and applying HP knowledge. In turn, this will enable the CAA to develop and promote a consistent approach toward HF/HP requirements. It will be focused on supporting all our aviation communities and improving regulatory oversight of statutory requirements.
 With this strategy and the resources dedicated to it, the CAA is demonstrating that it remains committed to improving how HF is understood and the impact it has on the behaviours and actions of the people within the system. Our collaborative approach with enable the CAA to remain engaged in influencing European and global approaches to HF/HP.
 The success of this strategy will be measured through evidence of a maturing approach towards HF/HP within UK aviation. This should result in:
 - demonstrably improved levels of HF/HP competence of aviation personnel
 - increased reference to environmental and organisational influences on HP during internal audits and incident investigation
 - routine audit processes include assessment of HP principles associated with the specific task and environment
 - changes in HF incident investigation techniques that examine contributory and systemic issues
 - identification of systemic actions during audits and incident investigation with a reduction of blame towards an individual
 - reduction of audit closure based solely on retraining
 - implementation of proactive assessments of HP aimed at improving the working environment and task development
 - early consideration of the inclusion of HF/HP within risk assessments and change management as well at all stages of the process
 - collaboration and awareness within all areas of the aviation system to develop methods to improve HP
 - changes to processes and procedures to better reflect the operational environment and its influence on people's performance
 - a developing understanding as to how people contribute to developing and maintaining safety in every day operations
 - the development of regulations and guidance material that includes specific HP criteria
 - regulatory oversight approaches that include individual, organisational and environmental HP markers
 - the CAA is recognised as an authority that actively supports, develops and promotes improvements in HF knowledge and HP within the aviation industry.
 The C


text:
's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. She has read Lamarck's work under her own steam and is a "first rate critic".
Letter 7124 – Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [8 February 1870]
In this letter, Darwin seeks Henrietta's editorial help with chapters three and four of Descent of Man. He seeks her "deep criticisms" as well as her help with tone and style.
Letter 7123 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [March 1870]
In this letter Darwin thanks his daughter, Henrietta, for editing a manuscript version of chapter two of Descent, which was on the mental powers of man and lower animals. She has thoroughly mastered Darwin's manuscript; her corrections and suggestions are "excellent" and her transpositions "most just".
Letter 7858 – Darwin to Wallace, A. R., [12 July 1871]
In this letter, Darwin tells Wallace that he will let his family determine the worth of a paper on Mivart. While Henrietta, "who is a great critic", thought the article worth reprinting, Emma was less convinced.
Letter 8089 – Darwin to Litchfield, H. E., [2 December 1871]
In this letter, Darwin sends a chapter on voice from Expression for Henrietta's perusal. Darwin asks Henrietta for corrections as well as input on style and praises her patience.
Letter 8427 – Darwin to Litchfield, H. E., [25 July 1872]
In this letter, Darwin thanks Henrietta for her editorial help with Expression. Her alterations are "all good" and most have been accepted.


text:
[EDIT: my posts in this thread were replies to questions. The questions were later deleted. I don't remember the questions exactly, but their general hist can be inferred from my replies.]
If the hut is at the midpoint of a route, you might put the hut as a child of the route.
More likely, there are multiple routes possible starting from one hut. I'd just make the hut Related to all the adjacent routes. Both Routes and Huts can be children of mountains (and sometimes of Ranges, if they're useful for reaching multiple peaks in a small Range).


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Greater Boston is no longer one of the country's 10 largest metro areas. How did that happen?
Census reports metro Phoenix overtook Boston in population
A view of Boston's Back Bay skyline from a Brookline rooftop.
A view of Boston's Back Bay skyline from a Brookline rooftop.Lane Turner/Globe Staff
Forget the suddenly mediocre football team in Foxborough. Or the latest failed bid for the White House by a Massachusetts pol.
The region has quietly suffered an even bigger dent to its standing. For the first time in decades, if not all of US history, Greater Boston has lost its perch among the top 10 largest US metro areas. Knocked aside by the booming Phoenix metro area.
So much for Hub of the Universe.
According to US Census Bureau data released earlier this year, Boston was the 11th largest metro area in 2019 with nearly 4.9 million people living in a region that includes five counties in Eastern Massachusetts and a swath of southeastern New Hampshire. Boston had been the 10th largest metro area in recent years.
While the region's population has grown by 7 percent since 2010, it hasn't kept pace with hotter metro areas, like Phoenix, which grew by 18 percent during the same period.
Experts cite various explanations. The population of the United States has continued to shift south and west in recent decades. That migration saw Massachusetts lose a congressional seat in 2012, while states like Texas and Florida picked up seats.
Greg Slayden, who has created a web site that documents the history of US metro areas by population, said in an e-mail that there has broadly been a "strong movement of population to cities with vibrant economies, favorable climates, and room for expansion," for at least a half-century.
"Boston has a strong economy based on knowledge workers and renowned educational institutions, but the cold winters and hot summers are a minus to many people," Slayden said. "And, as an old city, it is hemmed in by existing suburban jurisdictions with long histories of land-use policies that make it hard to easily build vast new residential or commercial developments, as can be done in, say, Houston or Phoenix."
It's a far cry from 1680, when the City on a Hill was believed to be the largest community in the colonies, a rank it maintained through at least 1740, according to Slayden's site, or 1790, when Boston was the third largest American city, behind New York and Philadelphia.
Boston proper — not counting the suburbs — has fallen even further on the list of larger cities as it failed to expand its borders as aggressively as some other cities. The latest census data show that it ranked 21st in population, behind cities such as Jacksonville, Fla.; Columbus, Ohio; and Indianapolis, which didn't even exist when Boston patriots were fighting the Revolutionary War.
While Boston's metro area has continued to grow, the growth has been slower since 2017. Some of the factors behind the slow-down are typical for places throughout the US, especially in New England: a combination of rising deaths and falling births due to its aging population, said Susan Strate, a senior program manager for the population estimates program at the UMass Donahue Institute in Hadley. But more people also left the state than moved in from other parts of the country, while international immigration has slowed.
If the trend continues, warned Strate, Greater Boston could even see a population decline, something that has not happened since the 1970s, during another period of slow international immigration.
Thomas Vicino, a political science professor at Northeastern University, said while Greater Boston getting bumped from 10th to 11th is a trivial move, the region's ranking does "highlight some challenges that our region faces" and poses an obvious question: Why is the population growing more rapidly elsewhere? The region, he said, continues to wrestle with familiar and longstanding issues: a high cost of living, a shortage of affordable housing, and — at least before the pandemic — terrible traffic.
"These sorts of issues are bread and butter issues for people when they think about where they're going to live," he said.
The three biggest metro areas — New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago — have remained relatively stagnant in terms of growth in the post-World War II era. Nowadays, more growth is seen in the country's Sun Belt in places like Dallas and, yes, Phoenix.
"That's a function of where the jobs are and where people move," he said.
The good news, he said, is that the Massachusetts capital remains economically competitive and attractive to both people and jobs. The region boasts some of the world's most renowned universities and research hospitals, along with one of the country's biggest biotech hubs.
"It's a moment to reflect on what national trends we see and what we do to keep our region competitive in the future," Vicino said.


text:
Pulp and Paper
|Pulp and Paper merit badge|
|BSA Advancement ID:|
|Latest pamphlet revision:||2006|
Merit badge requirements
- 1. Tell the history of papermaking. Describe the part paper products play in our society and economy.
- 2. List the trees that are the major sources of papermaking fibers. Then discuss what other uses are made of the trees and of the forestland owned by the pulp and paper industry. Describe the ways the industry plants, grows, and harvests trees. Explain how the industry manages its forests so that the supply of trees keeps pace with the demand, and tell about one way the industry has incorporated a sustainable forestry concept. Give two ways the papermaking industry has addressed pollution.
- 3. Describe two ways of getting fibers from wood, and explain the major differences. Tell why some pulps are bleached, and describe this process.
- 4. Describe how paper is made. Discuss how paper is recycled. Make a sheet of paper by hand.
- 5. Explain what coated paper is and why it is coated. Describe the major uses for different kinds of coated paper. Describe one other way that paper is changed by chemical or mechanical means to make new uses possible?
- 6. Make a list of 15 pulp or paper products found in your home. Share examples of 10 such products with your counselor.
- 7. With your parent's and counselor's approval, do ONE of the following:
- a. Visit a pulp mill. Describe how the mill converts wood to cellulose fibers.
- b. Visit a paper mill and get a sample of the paper made there. Describe the processes used for making this paper. Tell how it will be used.
- c. Visit a container plant or box plant. Describe how the plant's products are made.
- d. Visit a recycled paper collection or sorting facility. Describe the operations there.
- e. Using books, magazines, your local library, the Internet (with your parent's permission), and any other suitable research tool, find out how paper products are developed. Find out what role research and development play in the papermaking industry. Share what you learn with your counselor.
- 8. Find out about three career opportunities in the papermaking industry that interest you. Pick one and find out the education, training, and experience required for this profession. Discuss this with your counselor, and explain why this profession might interest you.
Source: 2007 Boy Scout Requirements (33215)
1. This badge is one of the elective merit badges of the William T. Hornaday Awards for Boy Scouts.
Help with these requirements
Mr. R's Pulp and Paper An online module for earning the badge.


FreeKB - PHP preg_split (split a string)
PHP - preg_split (split a string)
If you are not familiar with arrays, check out our Getting Started article.
The preg_split function will split a string into an array. For example, let's say you have a variable that contains fruit.
$fruit="apple banana orange pear";
When you echo $fruit, the following will be displayed.
apple banana orange pear
$fruit can be split into an array. In this example, values are split where there is white space [\s]+.
$array = preg_split('/[\s]+/', $fruit);
When you echo $array, just the word "Array" will be displayed.
This happens because each item in the array is now associated with a numeric identifier. In this example, the mapping between the items in the array is:
 - $array[0] = apple
 - $array[1] = banana
 - $array[2] = orange
 - $array[3] = pear
Echoing each item can be used to print each item in the array.
echo $array[0];
echo $array[1];
echo $array[2];
echo $array[3];
apple banana orange pear
Foreach loop
A foreach loop can be used to loop through the items in the array.
foreach ($array as $value) {
 echo $value;
The output of the foreach loop will be:
apple banana orange pear
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text:
Keywords: [ Kernel Methods ] [ change point analysis ] [ nonparametric ]
We study the change point problem that considers alterations in the conditional distribution of an inferential target on a set of covariates. This paired data scenario is in contrast to the standard setting where a sequentially observed variable is analyzed for potential changes in the marginal distribution. We propose new methodology for solving this problem, by starting from a simpler task that analyzes changes in conditional expectation, and generalizing the tools developed for that task to conditional distributions. Large sample properties of the proposed statistics are derived. In empirical studies, we illustrate the performance of the proposed method against baselines adapted from existing tools. Two real data applications are presented to demonstrate its potential.


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ID2D1RenderTarget::EndDraw method
Ends drawing operations on the render target and indicates the current error state and associated tags.
virtual HRESULT EndDraw(
 [out, optional] D2D1_TAG *tag1 = NULL,
 [out, optional] D2D1_TAG *tag2 = NULL
) = 0;
tag1 [out, optional]
Type: D2D1_TAG*
When this method returns, contains the tag for drawing operations that caused errors or 0 if there were no errors. This parameter is passed uninitialized.
tag2 [out, optional]
Type: D2D1_TAG*
Return value
If the method succeeds, it returns S_OK. Otherwise, it returns an HRESULT error code and sets tag1 and tag2 to the tags that were active when the error occurred.
Drawing operations can only be issued between a BeginDraw and EndDraw call.
BeginDraw and EndDraw are use to indicate that a render target is in use by the Direct2D system. Different implementations of ID2D1RenderTarget might behave differently when BeginDraw is called. An ID2D1BitmapRenderTarget may be locked between BeginDraw/EndDraw calls, a DXGI surface render target might be acquired on BeginDraw and released on EndDraw, while an ID2D1HwndRenderTarget may begin batching at BeginDraw and may present on EndDraw, for example.
The BeginDraw method must be called before rendering operations can be called, though state-setting and state-retrieval operations can be performed even outside of BeginDraw/EndDraw.
After BeginDraw is called, a render target will normally build up a batch of rendering commands, but defer processing of these commands until either an internal buffer is full, the Flush method is called, or until EndDraw is called. The EndDraw method causes any batched drawing operations to complete, and then returns an HRESULT indicating the success of the operations and, optionally, the tag state of the render target at the time the error occurred. The EndDraw method always succeeds: it should not be called twice even if a previous EndDraw resulted in a failing HRESULT.
If EndDraw is called without a matched call to BeginDraw, it returns an error indicating that BeginDraw must be called before EndDraw. Calling BeginDraw twice on a render target puts the target into an error state where nothing further is drawn, and returns an appropriate HRESULT and error information when EndDraw is called.
The following example uses an ID2D1HwndRenderTarget to draw text to a window. For the complete example, see the "Hello, World" Sample Application.
// Called whenever the application needs to display the client
// window. This method writes "Hello, World"
// Note that this function will automatically discard device-specific
// resources if the Direct3D device disappears during function
// invocation, and will recreate the resources the next time it's
// invoked.
HRESULT DemoApp::OnRender()
 HRESULT hr;
 hr = CreateDeviceResources();
 if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
 static const WCHAR sc_helloWorld[] = L"Hello, World!";
 // Retrieve the size of the render target.
 D2D1_SIZE_F renderTargetSize = m_pRenderTarget->GetSize();
 ARRAYSIZE(sc_helloWorld) - 1,
 D2D1::RectF(0, 0, renderTargetSize.width, renderTargetSize.height),
 hr = m_pRenderTarget->EndDraw();
 if (hr == D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)
 hr = S_OK;
 return hr;
Minimum supported client
Windows 7, Windows Vista with SP2 and Platform Update for Windows Vista [desktop apps | Windows Store apps]
Minimum supported server
Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008 with SP2 and Platform Update for Windows Server 2008 [desktop apps | Windows Store apps]
See also


Table Of Contents
Recommendations for Developing a Project Stored in a Source Code Control Repository
Last Modified: April 10, 2020
Because graphical code interacts differently with source code control systems than text-based code does, follow NI's recommendations for developing a project stored in a source code control (SCC) repository.
The following information uses examples from Subversion (SVN) and Git. However, you can apply these concepts when interacting with any source code control system.
Recommendation Details
Create modular code within the project.
Modularity is a software design technique where units of code are collected together into logical and functional groups called modules.
Modularity reduces the likelihood that changes to one module of code will introduce unexpected changes to another module of code.
To build modularity into your project, create VIs and subVIs that handle specific, limited tasks. Use applications and libraries (.gcomp) when you want to group files together to perform a cohesive set of tasks.
In team-based development environments, modular code helps create logical divisions of work between developers.
Avoid making simultaneous changes in a VI.
The likelihood of broken code increases when multiple developers modify the same VI simultaneously. Merge conflicts are possible when developers submit conflicting changes in a VI.
If you use modular design techniques in the project, you can assign modules to individual developers on your team to reduce the likelihood that multiple developers will modify a VI simultaneously.
Some source code control systems allow you to lock files when you check them out. Use this feature to prevent others from modifying a VI while you have it checked out.
If you cannot avoid simultaneous development of VIs in a project, use NI Compare to view differences between two versions of a VI, then manually combine the differences between each version.
If you make changes to source files in the project, communicate with other developers on your team.
Modifications you make to source files in the project can produce changes to the project file as well as other files. Communicating with your team when you make changes helps other developers to quickly identify conflicts with their work.
Using a collaboration tool can help streamline communication on a development team.
Some collaboration tools, as well as some source code control systems, can auto-generate emails when changes to the repository occur.
Configure the project directory in the centralized repository to ignore submissions to the following project sub-folders:
 - Builds
 -.cache
Changes within these sub-directories do not affect the functionality of source code in the project.
In SVN, apply the svn:ignore property to the sub-directories.
In Git, list the sub-directories in the.gitignore file.
Perform code reviews before submitting code to the central repository.
Code reviews improve the quality of the code in your project and preserve the integrity of your source code as it changes during project development.
Consider implementing a tiered review framework on your development team. For example:
 - Peer reviews verify that the submission does not contain defects.
 - Owner reviews verify that the submission adheres to architectural guidelines.
As a code reviewer, you can use NI Compare to compare two versions of a project file or VI.
Create a Package Dependencies (.sls) document and keep it up to date during project development.
When you include a Package Dependencies (.sls) document in the project, developers can update this file as they create code, then other developers can use it to keep their development systems in sync.
For VIs, disable the auto-merge utility in your source code control system.
The underlying source of a VI file is XML-based text. When merging two versions of a VI, the auto-merge utility might combine lines of text from each version in a way that corrupts the VI and prevents the VI from opening.
If using the auto-merge utility on a VI breaks code, you may need to revert the VI to an older version to recover your code.
Minimize occurrences of renaming and moving files.
When you rename or move a file, SCC systems delete the file and create a new file with the new name or location you provide. This operation erases any version history of the file with its previous name or location. Other developers could introduce a breaking change when they submit files that use the old name.
You might encounter this behavior when you move a VI file to an application or library.
Recently Viewed Topics


text:
Study Cycle: 2
Lecturer(s): izr. prof. dr. Habinc Mateja
A student may pass the practical training anytime during the academic year, but it is expectable to pass it during the summer break, when the demand for work in institutions is increased and when the majority of summer research camps are being organized.
The most frequent kinds of feildwork practical training are:
- Fieldwork research; archive work; documentary practical training in various institutions, associations, societies, etc.; which, in their regulary activities need knowledge and skills from the field of ethnology and cultural anthropology. In most cases it is practical training in museums, conservation and heritage institutions, and other cultural, educational and other non-profit institutions and non-governmental organizations, as well as economy establishments in general.
- Fieldwork research workshop (any kind of organized ethnographic fieldwork; summer trainings, summer schools and other kinds of organized project and voluntary work activities at home or abroad). Fieldwork projects and summer schools organized at the department as supplement to regular curricula may be recognized as working activities for practical training.
- Practical training related to project and research of the departmental staff, which can not be provided within foreseen regular teaching hours and lectures, seminars and practical classes, and are confirmed by the head of the department, are organized as additional workload.


This Jewish Coney Island "Incubator Doctor" Saved Thousands of Premature Babies
If you were born poor and premature in early 20th-century New York City, your chances for survival were slim. Few American hospitals had incubators, and the mortality rate for preemies was staggering.
A young Jewish entrepreneur masquerading as a doctor stepped in to fill that gap. Born Michael Cohen in a small town called Krotoszyn in what is now Poland, the heavily accented immigrant convinced parents and top physicians around New York City to entrust newborn feeble infants to his care—all the way out at the southern tip of Brooklyn. Under the clamoring crowds who flocked to Coney Island for freak shows and ocean-side entertainment, over 6,500 infants thrived under the care of a man calling himself Dr. Martin Couney.
And remarkably, the families did not have to spend a dime on their babies' care—all expenses were covered by entree fees.
But every part of the identity of the so-called "incubator doctor" was fictional, it turns out, including his title. Nonetheless, as detailed in Miracle at Coney Island: How a Sideshow Doctor Saved Thousands of Babies and Transformed American Medicine, this life-saving miracle man fooled doctors and families alike—all the while saving lives and contributing enormously to neonatal medical knowledge.
Photo: Beth Allen (the pictured baby) and the Coney Island History Project
Recommended from JTA


Personal tools
Generic number type
From HaskellWiki
Revision as of 16:11, 20 June 2007 by Byorgey (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
1 Problem
Can I have a generic numeric data type in Haskell which covers
Answer: In principle you can define a type like
data GenericNumber =
 Integer Integer
 | Rational Rational
 | Double Double
and define appropriate instances for
class et. al.
That is, when using
s you will encounter exactly the problems
type would also negate the type safety that strongly typed numbers provide, putting the burden back on the programmer to make sure they are using numbers in a type-safe way. This can lead to subtle and hard-to-find bugs, for example, if some code ends up comparing two floating-point values for equality (usually a bad idea) without the programmer realizing it.
2 Solutions
2.1 average
average xs = sum xs / fromIntegral (length xs)
and you may prefer
average :: [GenericNumber] -> GenericNumber
average xs = sum xs / genericNumberLength xs
with an appropriate implementation of
. However, there is already
and you can write
average xs = sum xs / genericLength xs
2.2 ratios
You find it easy to write
1 / 3 :: Rational
but uncomfortable that
1 / floor pi :: Rational
does not work.
The first example works, because the numeric literals
are interpreted as rationals itself. The second example fails, because
always returns an
number type, where
is not an instance. You should use
instead. This constructs a fraction out of two integers:
1 % 3 :: Rational
1 % floor pi :: Rational
2.3 isSquare
It may seem irksome that
is required in the function
With a
type, one could instead write
isSquare :: GenericNumber -> Bool
isSquare n = (floor. sqrt $ n) ^ 2 == n
but there is a subtle problem here: if the input happens to be represented internally by a non-integral type, this function will probably not work properly. This could be fixed by wrapping all occurrences of
by calls to
, but that's no easier (and less type-safe) than just including the call to
in the first place. The point is that by using
here, all opportunities for the type checker to warn you of problems is lost; now you, the programmer, must ensure that the underlying numeric types are always used correctly, which is made even harder by the fact that you can't inspect them.
3 See also


Take the 2-minute tour ×
It's been said that incandescent light bulbs lifetime has exponential distribution. As I understand, this means a 10,000 hours time-to-failure has the same probability no matter how long the light bulb was used until now (i.e. the "memorylessness" property).
On the other hand, Wikipedia says that "(a light bulb's) Lifetime is approximately proportional to $V^{−16}$". Doesn't this mean that if the lifetime is 10,000 hours and 5,000 hours have passed, failure in 10,000 hours is less likely than in 5,000 hours?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I would not expect light bulbs to have an exponential distribution, as there is a wear out mechanism involved-evaporation of the filament material. The Wikipedia statement that the lifetime is proportional to $V^{-16}$ is for steady state conditions. Higher voltage leads to higher operating temperature, which leads to increased evaporation. "Long-life" bulbs have cooler filaments, as you can see because they generate less (and redder) light for the same power consumption. All this ignores the stresses generated in on/off cycles, and the fact that the power when the bulb is turned on is much higher than steady state due to the lower resistance at lower temperature.
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ANNEX 5: formulae for calculating optimal allocation of survey effort among strata.
Optimal allocation formulae
Buckland et al. (1993; chapter 7.2.3) provide formulae for optimal sample allocation for line transect surveys. They assume
 1. the squared coefficient of variation of total count in a stratum, is inversely proportional to expected total count, E(n), and that this relationship is the same in all strata. Put another way, var(n) is proportional to E(n).
 2. the squared coefficient of variation of effective strip width, is also inversely proportional to E(n), and that this relationship is the same in all strata.
 3. effective strip width,is the same over strata, but is estimated separately in each stratum (so that the estimates,
, are independent).
Given that
where is the estimate of density in stratum v, is the total count in stratum v and is the estimate of effective strip width for stratum v. Under the above assumptions,
where L is total line length, and Av is the area of stratum v.K is a constant, given by
where and.
For fixed L, is minimized when
where is the ratio of sample effort in stratum v divided by total sample effort.
Since we will be systematically placing sample locations on a grid, a useful quantity is the optimal relative density of sample locations in a stratum. This is given by
where is the density in the reference stratum (usually the one with the highest density).
We originally considered stratifying both by density and by ease of access (i.e., by cost of sampling). In this case, Lagrange multipliers can be used to show that, under the same assumptions as outlined for (3), the optimal allocation is
where Cv is the cost of visiting a sample unit in stratum v. (Since the formula is scale-invariant, it does not matter how Cv is measured.)
Assumption 1, above, implies the relationship - i.e. that total count forms an overdispersed Poisson distribution. This has been found to apply to a wide variety of wildlife abundance studies (Buckland et al. 1993). However, other relationships are possible. For example, one may suspect that counts follow negative binomial distribution, leading to. In an analysis of elephant dung recce-transect data from the Gamba, Walsh et al (2001) tested three related models. They did not work directly with n or e, so the results are not exactly comparable with those presented here. However, they found that a "Taylor's power law" relationship of the form was the best fit to their data, with for their data.
The optimal allocation equation (5) can be further generalized to allow for any of the above forms for var(n). Assume. Assumptions 2 and 3 are as before. Again using Lagrange multipliers, it can be shown that
where l is the survey effort per unit length of line at a sample location and is the Lagrange multiplier. In general, (3) and (4) no longer hold; however when b4 is in the plausible range of 1 - 2, the optima should not be too far from these. (This statement needs to be confirmed, using simulation!) Specifically, when b4 = 2 (as in, for example, the negative binomial distribution), the first term of (6) disappears, leaving the optima of (3) and (4). (Trivially, (3) and (4) also hold when b4 = 0 or 1.)
Assumption 2 is a mild one, given that is likely to make up only a small proportion of the total variance of the final density estimate, for any feasible extensive program. At the three pilot sites, made up between 5% and 14% of (Thomas and Buckland, unpublished). Assumption 3 is unrealistic, but again violation of it is unlikely to have much affect on the optimal allocation. Buckland et al. (1993) show that if this assumption is moderated, to assume that a commonis estimated across strata, then the optimal allocation falls somewhere between (3) and
Given that will make up a small proportion of the total CV, whether pooled by stratum or not, we expect the optimal allocation to be much closer to (3) than (7).
Trend sensitivity formulae
Walsh and White (1999) provide a simple method for assessing the sensitivity of a survey program to detect a chance in abundance between two time points. Their method assumes that the difference between density estimates is normally distributed, that the coefficient of variation of density is the same in the two years, and that the test for trend is being performed at =0.05. Under these circumstances, the percent change in abundance detectable is given by
Optimal allocation
Here, we use the pilot data to estimate b1 and b2, from (2), and therefore the optimal allocations, from pilot survey data.
We first examine the assumption that ("Model 1"). Unfortunately, with only 3 pilot sites, it is difficult to adequately judge the fit of the data. Table 1 gives the data, and Figure 1 shows a scatterplot of against n for the pilot sites, with a fitted linear regression line constrained to go through the origin. A plausible alternative distribution for var(n) is negative binomal, which implies the relationship ("Model 2", the dashed line in Figure 1). With so few data, it is not possible to distinguish between the alternatives: Figure 2a), using nt appears to favour Model 1, while Figure 2b), using nc, appears to favour the Model 2.
It would be informative to combine this pilot data with those of Walsh et al (2001) to form a combined analysis. Meanwhile, as both Model 1 and Model 2 produce the same optima (see above), we will proceed as if Model 1 is the correct model. Choosing the incorrect model will, however, affect the predicted variances.
Buckland et al. (1993; section 6.3.2) give two methods for estimating b1 under Model 1:
where kv is the number of sample locations at site v (v = 1, 2, 3), and, and
From the pilot data, the two estimates are 7.34 and 9.21 for transect data, and 25.6 and 29.4 for the combined data.
Estimates of b2v are given in Table 2 - they are not at all similar between sites, but as stated earlier this is unlikely to affect the optimization. These site estimates can be combined to form a common estimate in a similar way to the b1vs in equation 9. The combined estimates are b2t = 0.54 and b2t = 2.06.
An estimate of, pooled in a similar way, is 2.25m. (One could argue that this estimate should be weighted by n rather than k). The estimates of K, using the estimate of b1 from equation 5, are therefore Kt = 8.87 and Kc = 31.11.
The optimal allocation, calculated according to (3) and (4), is shown in Table 3. The expected variance at differing sampling intensities, and predicted trend sensitivity is presented in the text.
Table 1. Total count and estimated count variances from the pilot sites. Total count for transect data alone, nt, (after truncation at 4m) and total combined adjusted count, nc are shown. k is the number of sample locations at each site; line lengths per site are 1km for transect data alone and 4km for the combined adjusted count. For more information about how these were calculated, see Thomas and Buckland (unpublished).
Table 2. Estimates of the constant for each site, using either nt or nc.
Table 3. Optimal allocation of effort to each stratum, using equations (3) and (4). is the proportion of effort to allocate to each stratum, and is the relative density of sample locations in the two strata, relative to the Medium/High stratum.
Area (km2)
D (ele/km2)
879 544
MIKE sites
127 855
44 749
2 405 352
ANNEX 6: accessibility of survey sites in central africa
An initial map showing accessibility is given in the following figure (figure 1). The survey region has been divided into three strata – accessible, difficult to access and not accessible. Areas that are not accessible are excluded from the survey programme altogether. Here, we will assume that accessible sites take on average 1 week to reach (total travel time, not including the 1 week surveying at the site), and difficult to access sites take 3 weeks travel time. This means that total survey time including the 1 week surveying at each site is 2 weeks for accessible sites and 4 for inaccessible.
When the whole study area cannot be surveyed in a given year, we propose that survey blocks be assembled. These would be large contiguous areas (at least 50,000 km 2) where accessibility is not precluded from any area of the survey block. These areas would also contain a wide range of conditions within the range of elephant occurrence, including projected high and low-density zones, and both protected and unprotected areas. The survey blocks would then constitute the study area. Figure 2 gives an example of three selected survey blocks in the Central African Forest region and figure 3 gives


text:
Type of Ships(1)
Our presentation intends to describe all
types of ships by explaining their characteristic features and
through the use of illustrations. It dwells mainly on troop ships
because they constitute the world's merchant fleet and contribute
largely to world trade and transportation. Below you will find
the classification of ships:
Civil ships This
major group is divided into types and subtypes depending on what
the ship is going to be used for.
- their purpose is to carry freight and passengers
a) freighters (also cargo
ships)- As the name suggests, this category includes ships carrying
both dry (general-cargo and specialized ships) and liquid cargo.
Heavy-cargo ships -
designed to carry cranes, oil drills, machinery for factories
and power stations, equipment for heavy industry and other cargo
weighing _PHONE_ t.
Cattleships - as the name
implies, these ships transport cattle.


In Joėl Sunglasses we choose carefully the materials that are used for our frames in order to minimize any negative impact on the environment. We love our customers, this is why we ensure that our products are eco-friendly and don't cause any harm to people, animals and nature!
We use environmentally friendly plant based and recycled materials like sustainable wood, cellulose acetate and recycled acetate, recycled metal and stainless steel. Our frames are free of plastic or other harmful for the environment materials.
Wood is the most sustainable natural material that can be used to create sunglasses. Our wooden sunglasses are made from sustainable sources, mainly from ebony wood, walnut wood and sandal wood. After their life cycle, wooden products can be recycled or upcycled and used to create other products. Wooden products are the answer to protecting our environmental health. Studies have shown that wood offers lower gas emissions, less water pollution, less air pollution and lower volumes of solid waste.
The primary raw materials used to make acetate are natural cotton and wood fibers acquired from different types of plants. Cellulose acetate in particular is a natural and renewable material that decomposes over time and provides an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics. It is biodegradable and due to the fact that no chemicals are needed for the production, acetate sunglasses do not trigger any allergies and protect the people wearing it.
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel is 100% recyclable. As it is not coated with any toxic materials it does't produce toxic run offs. It has a minimal impact on the environment and its life impact reduces significantly as it is used and recycled. Stainless steel does not breed bacteria easily and it is really easy to be cleaned. This is of high importance since a pair of sunglasses is going to be in contact with your face. Stainless steel is deemed as a green product. It doesn't remain in the environment and doesn't pose any threats to nature,people and animals.
Recycled Metal & Steel
Metals can be recycled and reused in the creation of another product. This cycle allows the metal to remain a permanently accessible material through recycling. Each time a metal or steel product is recycled into a new product the properties of the metals are retained. As a result, this cycle can take place an infinite amount of time with little to no change to the inherent properties of the metal. This fact makes metals and especially steel and aluminium efficient and sustainable materials. For the record, aluminium is one of the most widely recycled materials and through the recycling process it saves 95% of the energy that it would cost to produce new aluminium!
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text:
Graphite electrode is used as a conductive material in electric arc furnace smelting, and its consumption is proportional to the consumption of electric power. Electric Arc Furnaces are among the most important aggregates in steel production today. So, to understand a graphite electrode, first you must understand what an electric arc furnace is.
What Is An Electric Arc Furnace?
An electric arc furnace is an electric furnace that smelts ore and metal at a high temperature generated by an electrode arc. When the gas discharge forms an arc, the energy is concentrated, and the arc temperature is above 3000℃. For smelting metals, electric arc furnace has greater flexibility than other steelmaking furnaces, and can effectively remove impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. The furnace temperature is easy to control, and the equipment has a small footprint, which is suitable for the melting of high-quality alloy steel.
Graphite Electrode Consumption Mechanism in Electric Furnace Steelmaking Process
Graphite electrode is used as a conductive material in electric arc furnace smelting, and its consumption is proportional to the consumption of electric power. Modern electric arc furnace steelmaking uses electric energy and chemical energy as thermal energy to achieve the purpose of four (P, C, O, S), two (gas, impurity), and second (temperature, composition) in the steel making process. The performance of the graphite electrode is mainly reflected in the user whether it is applicable and consumed, and the consumption of the electrode is directly related to its own quality. The consumption of graphite electrodes in electric arc furnace smelting mainly consists of the following parts.
1. Consumption of graphite electrode ends and outer circular surfaces in an electric furnace
The arc generated by the graphite electrode in the electric arc furnace is divided into long, medium and short arcs, and the melting charge and the temperature rise depend on the arc power. The arc length is proportional to the secondary voltage and inversely proportional to the secondary current and the rate of temperature rise. In order to improve the smelting speed and greatly shorten the smelting time, the high chemical energy operation of forced oxygen blowing is adopted, which puts higher requirements on the oxidation resistance and thermal shock resistance of the graphite electrode.
2. Residue consumption of graphite electrode produced during smelting
Residual consumption refers to the non-productive consumption part of the smelting process in which the lowermost electrode falls into the furnace and becomes the final waste. The generation of the residue is not only related to the intrinsic quality of the joint and the electrode, but also has a direct relationship with the magnetic card in the distribution of the cloth in the furnace, the atmosphere in the furnace and the operation of the power transmission.
3. The surface of the electrode is oxidized and peeled off with the consumption of opening and falling blocks.
In normal smelting production, if the surface of the graphite electrode is uneven or accompanied by flaking and falling off, there is a problem of carbonation in the molten steel.
4. Direct loss caused by fracture of graphite electrode during smelting
It is a common phenomenon that graphite electrodes are broken in all electric furnace smelting, and it is also the most important factor affecting consumption. It is normal for continuous consumption and occasional breaks in a complex environment, but continuous breaks are not normal. The reason is related to many factors. The overall view can be divided into: artificial break and mechanical break. The artificial break mainly includes: bumping and scratching during lifting, improper connection or improper method, improper sliding in the flat holder, poor hardness of hard collision or transmission control.


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Adding white space around your images can make it easier for the PDF Maker to properly tag your documents for accessibility when it does the conversion from Microsoft Word to the PDF document format.One way to add white space is by placing your cursor immediately after each image and adding a few carriage returns. However, a better way to add the white space is to use the Paragraph Styles built into Microsoft Word.
Adding alternative text will make the images in your Adobe Acrobat documents more accessible to people who have visual disabilities. However, when you use a decorative image, the image does not any valuable information. To ensure that this kind of image is skipped by a screen reader, you should mark it up as a background object.
Adding alternate (alt) text to your images will make your Microsoft Word documents more accessible to people who have visual impairments. This will also make any PDF documents created from your Microsoft Word documents more accessible as well.
The alt text is a description of the image that can be read to someone who has a visual impairment by screen reader software.
The key to creating a more accessible PDF document is to begin with a good source document in your word processing program. The five tips presented in this tutorial will allow you to create more accessible PDFs by adding accessibility features to your Microsoft Word documents before they are exported to the PDF format.
There is currently no way to add alternative text to images in a document created with Microsoft Office 2008 for the Mac. However, you can take advantage of the fact that the Mac has the ability to print to a PDF document as a built-in feature of the operating system. You can then use Adobe Acrobat to add the alternative text to the images in your PDF document.
While it may not be the best way to create a web page, many people only use Microsoft Word as their primary web authoring software. If you only have access to Microsoft Word as your web authoring software, you should make sure you add alt text to the images in your Word documents. Adding alt text to the images will ensure that these images can be properly described to screen reader users when they access the web pages created with Microsoft Word on a web browser.
Dreamweaver's preferences include a setting that will remind you to add alt text to each image as you add it to a web page.
The Web Developer Toolbar is a free add-on for the Firefox web browser. It can be downloaded from _URL_. A version of this toolbar is also available for the Chrome web browser from Google. This tutorial will show you how to use the Web Developer Toolbar to check the images on your web pages for appropriate alternative text.
Dreamweaver is one of the most popular web authoring tools used by web designers. This tutorial will show you how to add alt text to images in Dreamweaver.
The first principle of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) requires us to create content that is perceivable to people who have sensory disabilities. This includes people who are blind or visually impaired. One way to accommodate people with visual disabilities is to provide alternative text for the images used on your website.


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Convert 953mm to inches, 953mm to inches conversion, 953mm to inches calculator, 953mm to inches converter, easy way to convert 953mm to inches, 953mm equals how many inches, you can use our calculator to convert 953mm to inches fast
The Millimeter is the SI (metric) unit of length, the current International System of Units (SI) definition of the Millimeter officially recognized by the International Committee for weights and Measures is (D1)". The inch is the international unit of length of exactly 25.4 Millimeter. It is the unit of length in imperial,
The answer is: 953mm= 37.5197 inches
Mm to inches formula:
It is easy to use and write metric units correctly if you know how the system works. It is simple and logical and consists of units and prefixes.
Example: you want to convert 10mm to inches
According to formula —> 10mm= 0.393701Inches
Inches to Millimeter Formula:
1 inches (in) = 25.4 Millimeters (mm)
Example: you want to convert 20 inches to Millimeters
According to the formula—>
20×25.4 = 1000
Mm to Inches (in) Converter and Calculations:
You can use our converter to convert 953mm to inches
Conversion is a multi-step process that involves multiplication or division by a numerical factor, selection of the correct number of significant digits, and rounding. The following sections are intended as a guide through this multi-step process.
Benefits of our calculator:
The activities of everyday life have always been affected either directly or indirectly by measures and conversions:
1- Convert mm to inches
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SI system has many benefits:
1- Only one unit for each quantity
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Now you can have an answer to all of your questions:
1- Convert 953mm to inches
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3- How to convert 953mm to inches?
4- How much is 953mm in inches
5- 953mm converted to inches
6- 953mm conversion to inches
7- How many is 953mm in inches
8- 953mm is equal to how many inches
9- What is 953mm in inches?


Position, Orientation and Coordinate Transformations
To represent the relative pose (position and orientation) of one rigid body with respect to another, coordinate frames are attached to each body. Then the geometric relationship between these two coordinate frames is specified.
The position of the origin of one frame with respect to another frame can be described with a translation vector (3x1):
\[\begin{split}\boldsymbol{t} = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]
The orientation of one coordinate frame relative to another frame can be described with a rotation matrix (3x3):
\[\begin{split}\boldsymbol{R} = \begin{bmatrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & r_{13} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & r_{23} \\ r_{31} & r_{32} & r_{33} \\ \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]
A homogeneous transformation matrix (4x4) can simultaneously represent the position and orientation of one coordinate frame relative to another:
\[\begin{split}\boldsymbol{H} = \begin{bmatrix} \boldsymbol{R} & \boldsymbol{t}\\ 0 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & r_{13} & x\\ r_{21} & r_{22} & r_{23} & y\\ r_{31} & r_{32} & r_{33} & z\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]
A rigid body possesses at most three rotational degrees of freedom. This means that an arbitrary rigid body orientation can be represented using only three independent quantities. One such minimal representation of orientation is the roll-pitch-yaw representation, defined by roll (\(\phi\)), pitch (\(\theta\)), and yaw (\(\psi\)) angles:
\[\boldsymbol{R}(\phi, \theta, \psi)\]
The advantages of roll-pitch-yaw representation is that it requires only three values. These values are also geometrically easy to understand compared to other representations. The disadvantages are:
 - The values are not continuous.
 - The final orientation depends on:
 - The order of the rotations.
 - Whether the rotations are applied about moving axes (intrinsic rotations) or fixed axes (extrinsic rotations).
The roll-pitch-yaw representation is common among robot vendors. However, not all assume the same convention, and understanding the convention, i.e. order of rotations and whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic, is necessary for converting roll-pitch-yaw angles to other representations.
Axis-Angle / Rotation Vector
Axis-angle representation describes the following:
 - A rotation by a unit vector (\(\boldsymbol{u}\)) indicating the axis of rotation direction.
 - An angle (\(\theta\)) describing the magnitude of rotation about the axis.
There are four parameters in total. To minimize the number of parameters, it is common to multiply each element of the unit vector with the angle, the result of which is the rotation vector (\(\boldsymbol{r}\)):
\[\boldsymbol{r} = \begin{bmatrix} r_x & r_y & r_z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} u_x \theta & u_y \theta & u_z \theta \end{bmatrix}\]
The advantage of the axis-angle representation over roll-pitch-yaw angles is that it is free from continuity and rotational sequence issues. However, it is hard to match between the physical orientation and the numerical values of the rotation vector. Another disadvantage is that it is impossible to apply the rotation directly on a 3D point; doing this requires conversion to a different representation.
Unit Quaternion
Unit quaternions represent a simple but robust method to encode the axis-angle representation with four parameters.
\[\boldsymbol{q} = \begin{bmatrix} q_{w} & q_{x} & q_{y} & q_{z} \end{bmatrix}\]
Unit quaternions are considered to be the best method of representing orientation between two coordinate frames. This is because they are more compact, more numerically stable, and more efficient than rotation matrices. Compared to roll-pitch-yaw representation, unit quaternions do not suffer from gimbal lock (impossibility to uniquely represent orientation), and unlike axis-angle representation, they can be directly applied to 3D points.
Coordinate Transformations
Any coordinate transformation of a rigid body in 3D can be described with a rotation and a translation. For example, a point (or a point cloud) can be transformed from one coordinate frame to another coordinate frame. This can be performed with a rotation matrix and a translation vector:
\[p_{1} = \boldsymbol{R} p_{0} + \boldsymbol{t}\]
The same can be done with a homogeneous transformation matrix describing the pose between the two frames:
\[p_{1} = \boldsymbol{H} p_{0}\]


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The Venturi assembly is responsible for cycling water through the entire softener, making this an essential part to maintain. We recommend peforming this quick cleaning once a year.
Cleaning the Venturi
1.Take the top cover off your unit by unhooking the 2 clips in back of the cover. Place the cover to the back or side of the unit, being careful not to disconnect any wires.
2.Bypass the water softener by pushing the handle in on the back of your unit. This will stop water from coming in or out of the softener while you work:
3. Locate the Venturi hanging off the left-hand side of softener head. The venturi is a gray plastic base with a white cone cap (pictured below).
4. Unscrew the cone cap and take out all seven (7) internal pieces, so you are left with just the empty gray housing. Make sure to keep these pieces in order!
5. Clean the internal parts with warm, soapy water. Feel free to use a paper clip or similar tool to clear any debris from the two black circular flow plugs, as they both have a small hole in the center.
6. Reassemble the internal parts using the exploded view (pictured below). *Please note that some parts have numbers or letters printed on them – these should face UP when reassembling.
7. Return the top cover to the unit and pull the bypass back out.