Is being vegan bad for my teeth?
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Veganism is growing in Australia and sales of vegan-friendly foods have soared over the past five years while beef and lamb sales have stalled and is predicted to start going downhill.
A vegan or vegetarian diet is good for your health. However, if you are a vegan, you need to be careful because your diet could cause your bones, including your teeth, to get weaker.
A study published by The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has found vegetarians are much more likely to suffer from tooth decay, more acidic salivary (spit) pH levels, and lower stimulated saliva flow than non-vegetarians.
A study titled "Oral Implications of the Vegan Diet" assessed 15 subjects who had been on a vegan diet for at least 18 months and compared their oral health with 15 subjects who were on omnivorous diets. The results showed there was a greater incidence of demineralization in the teeth of the vegan group as compared to the omnivores. Saliva pH was also at a preferable level among the omnivores.
While this study is still at an early stage, it suggests that vegans are much more likely to have poorer dental health than non-vegans. So how can a person who is following a vegan or vegetarian diet protect himself or herself from the effects of their diet on their oral health?
Below are some of the main precautions you need to take if you are a vegan.
A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to gum disease and eventually tooth loss. Plants do not provide adequate B12, so you need to consume B12-fortified cereals, yeasts, plant milks, and soy products. However, these may not provide you enough B12, and you may need to take supplements to keep up your oral health. The Vegan Society has helpful information on recommended amounts of supplements.
Remineralisation is a process which happens when essential minerals that support hardened and healthy enamel are resupplied to the tooth after loss caused by acid erosion. Remineralisation is helped through foods such as cheese, meat and milk. Nuts and leafy greens also help to a certain extent.
Non-vegan or vegetarians can supplement through dairy choices. For vegans who do not follow a dairy diet, the best remineralising foods can be supplemented below:
For calcium, which strengthens tooth enamel and builds strong teeth, eat beans and legumes including black-eyed peas and lentils; leafy greens such as broccoli, collard greens, kale, and spinach; almonds; and calcium-added orange juice or vegan milks such as almond, rice, or soy milk.
You can also keep your teeth strong by eating foods that contain potassium, which controls acid levels within your blood. Without this control, excess acid may deplete calcium levels within your bones and teeth. Good vegan sources of potassium include avocadoes, bananas, potatoes, prunes, sweet potatoes, swiss chard, and tomatoes.
For vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium (thus contributing to healthy teeth), good vegan sources are fortified cereal and portabella mushrooms. You can also help your body make vitamin D naturally when you go outside in the sun; just remember to wear sunscreen! You may also wish to consider taking vitamin D or combination calcium/vitamin D supplements.
Phosphorus rebuilds your tooth enamel, and you can get it from vegan foods such as lentils, pumpkin seeds, and soybeans.
The amino acid arginine, which is found in meat, poultry, fish, and dairy helps to prevent cavities and gum disease by breaking down dental plaque. While arginine is found in higher quantities in meat, vegan sources of arginine include chickpeas, lentils, and soybeans, peanuts and pumpkin seeds.
For good oral health, your body needs enough calcium to support healthy teeth and gums. Vegans need to supplement their diet with plenty of plant sources that contain calcium such as almonds, leafy greens and beans as well as fortified vegan milks such as almond, soy and rice.
Continual snacking provides an environment for bacteria to thrive and attack your tooth's enamel. Vegans may be more prone to frequent snacking to meet their body's need for energy.
Vitamin A keeps your mucous membranes healthy and helps prevent dry mouth. Excellent sources of vitamin A are bright orange foods such as apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, pumpkin, and sweet potatoes. Leafy green foods including collard greens, kale, and spinach are also great sources of vitamin A.
Your body heals most easily when you have enough intake of vitamin K. Without enough of this vitamin, you may bleed more easily, and it can take longer to heal after an injury or surgery. You can boost your body's healing processes by eating green vegetables including broccoli, brussels sprouts, collard greens, kale, parsley, and spinach – all great sources of vitamin K.
If you're eating a vegan diet with small amounts of protein and fat, you may find that you need snacks to keep up your energy during the day. Sugary and starchy foods (such as bread, cereal, crackers, muffins, pasta, and rice) can feed the bacteria in your mouth that cause tooth decay. Try instead to choose non-sugary snack foods that will replenish your energy, such as nuts, seeds, tofu, and vegetables.
After you eat, take 20 seconds to rinse your mouth vigorously with water to help eliminate leftover food particles and acid. Floss your teeth daily and brush them twice a day for two minutes each time and schedule regular teeth cleanings and dental check-ups. Your oral health is part of your overall health!
If you are a vegan or vegetarian, you need to be mindful of certain key nutrients that you may need to focus on or supplement in your diet. Following the above tips will help you protect yourself from the effects of your diet and to keep your dental health in tip-top shape!
Want to book a consultation? Call our friendly team on 3390 6100 or email us for more information on General Dentistry or Cosmetic Dentistry. Or click here to book your appointment.
Source: Compiled from websites.
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Someone I know is trying to figure out if the following concepts already have an established name in the literature, and MO is a great place to ask around.
1) Suppose $X$ is a metric space equipped with an associative product and a unit element. Let $m: X \times X \to X$ be the product. Suppose also that $m$ is nonexpansive, i.e. $$ d\big( m(x,x'),m(y,y') \big) \le d\big((x,x'),(y,y')\big) $$ say when $X\times X$ is given the Euclidean metric with respect to the given metric of $X$. Is there a standard name for this type of structure?
2) Let $f : X \to Y$ be a map between metric spaces with the property that for all $x,y \in X$ $$ d(f(x), f(y)) \geq d(x,y). $$ So in a way this is the opposite of a nonexpansive map. Is there a name for such maps?
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2) Expansive. – Bill Johnson Sep 27 '10 at 18:01
2) noncontracting map – Anton Petrunin Sep 28 '10 at 0:06
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How MongoDB balance your data?
migration_steps3We have already studied the chunk concept What is a MongoDB chunk? and also how MongoDB splits it when grows beyond the maximum size established by default Four steps to split a MongoDB chunk. At this post we are going to study the steps that MongoDB follows to balance our cluster.
The first thing we must know is that we choose the data to balance in our shards. So, we decide the collections to divide. You can read at this post Two steps to shard a MongoDB collection how to split a collection.
The balancing process does not disturb the normal cluster work, it is a background process. There is only one migration at a time, per cluster, in order to do not overload it. Therefore, only two shards will be working on (its primaries). If we do not change the by default chunk size, 64MB, this is the maximum amount of data that MongoDB will migrate at a time. This is a size so big so that there will not be too much migrations, and at the same time, it is little in order to do not overload our database.
Balancing round
Any of the mongos can begin a round balancing, but only can be an active one at a time. So, the mongos must check this through the locks collection at the configdb.
Only when the value equals 0 the mongos can begin the balancing round.
Is the cluster balanced?
The mongos checks the number of chunks per shard and decides whether the collection/collections is balanced. At this post What is a MongoDB chunk? I explain how MongoDB determines this. When the collection is not balanced the balancer will move the necessary chunks to get it. When the migration has been finished the mongos will update the locks collection and the round balancer will be finished.
Does the chunk need to be split?
Ok, the collection is not well balanced. The mongos will choose a chunk to move it to another shard. How MongoDB chooses this chunk is studied at this post What is a MongoDB chunk?
Before moving the chunk the mongos asks the shard which owns it (shard FROM) if this is too big and must be split.
The balancing begins
The mongos orders to the shard FROM that begins the transfer, but before beginning this shard makes sure that it is not removing data from a chunk previously migrated.
Please, read this chunk
The shard FROM asks shard TO (shard chunk destination) to read the chosen chunk to been migrated.
The transfer begins
The chunk belongs to shard FROM until the transfer will be finished. Until then, there can be write operations on this chunk that must also be transferred to shard TO.
The transfer ends
The FROM TO (Alex, thanks for your input) shard updates the chunk migration at the config servers.
The transferred data is deleted
The shard FROM begins to delete the data that has been moved.
The cache is refreshed
The mongos refreshes its cache. The remaining mongos will look for this data at the shard FROM and will get an STALE CONFIG EXCEPTION. This will cause them to read the metadata at the config servers for refreshing its cache. The clients will not realize it.
I wish that this post helps you to understand how MongoDB chooses the chunks to move between shards and the steps it follows for balancing the cluster. Please, if you read something wrong or something is omitted do not hesitate to use the comments. We will learn each other.
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Detailed DescriptionA color base is a container of color elements.
The most common use of color base is in the implementation of a pixel, in which case the color elements are channel values. The color base concept, however, can be used in other scenarios. For example, a planar pixel has channels that are not contiguous in memory. Its reference is a proxy class that uses a color base whose elements are channel references. Its iterator uses a color base whose elements are channel iterators.
Generated on Sat May 2 13:50:16 2009 for Generic Image Library by 1.5.6

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Low morbidity high anterior neck approach for removal of a deep intraglossal foreign body: A case report
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
Introduction and importance: In the era of both new bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulator and long-standing experience with Sistrunk's procedures, it is notable that the literature scarcely describes high anterior neck approaches, tending to focus on transoral removal of intra-glossal foreign bodies. Herein we describe a case of a low morbidity anterior approach for access to an intra-glossal foreign body and discuss the implications. Case presentation: A morbidly obese 73 year old lady presented acutely after inadvertent ingestion of a sewing needle. Initial assessment demonstrated an intraglossal foreign body which subsequently migrated into the deep substance of the tongue. Endoscopic retrieval was attempted but was unsuccessful. A midline transcervical anterior neck incision was made, exposure and midline separation of mylohyoid, and midline dissection of geniohyoid muscles was performed to expose genioglossi muscles and the foreign body removed. The patient recovered well without complication. Clinical discussion: This approach carries low morbidity compared to transoral approaches despite traditional dogma mandating avoidance of open neck approaches. Such approaches have recently been developed for implantation of bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulators. Conclusion: Otolaryngologists should consider midline transcervical approach to retrieve deep intra-glossal foreign bodies, particularly in scenarios where other options may not provide adequate access or may enhance intra-oral morbidity.
Open Access Status
This publication may be available as open access

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How Strong Can A Human Kick?
Can a boxer's punch kill?
So, yes anyone can kill with a punch, a trained boxer has more likelihood of delivering that punch drunk or sober with accuracy and power, but the result depends on a number of factors, including a bit of luck on part of the recipient..
Can a gorilla kill a lion?
How much can a gorilla squat?
Many sites claim that a gorilla can lift anywhere from 4 to 27 times their body weight. But the most common statistic that I can find states a gorilla's strength at 10 times their body weight.
What is the hardest kick?
Shogun Rua shows some brute strength by demonstrating the single hardest strike Sport Science has recorded – 2,749lbs of force. That's one hell of a Muay Thai Kick.
Can a horse kick kill you?
A horse's kick is extremely powerful and can cause severe, even fatal injuries. Many riders have experienced broken bones, deep lacerations from a hoof, and even cardiac arrest if the kick landed on their chest. It is also extremely possible to suffer from head injuries that can be fatal if the impact was extreme.
How hard can a gorilla punch?
Can a human fight off a wolf?
Yes but an exceptional human might prevail. A lot of these wolf attacks even powerful men barelyhold off are probably coy wolves intermediate between true wolves and coyotes in size and power.
Who has the strongest kick in UFC?
UFC heavyweight knockout artist Francis Ngannou made the rounds in January when he earned a score of 129,161 on the UFC's PowerKube, setting a new record for the hardest punch ever recorded at the UFC Performance Institute.
What hurts more a kick or a punch?
Undoubtedly, a kick can hurt more than a punch. While punches are particularly painful, they mostly involve using your muscles to throw your weight as violently as possible into another person. Kicks do involve weight transfer, but they have an added benefit that punches do not.
What is the deadliest punch?
A rabbit punch is a blow to the back of the head or to the base of the skull. It is considered especially dangerous because it can damage the cervical vertebrae and subsequently the spinal cord, which may lead to serious and irreparable spinal cord injury.
What is considered a strong punch?
Generally, there are five components to punching power that must be present for a puncher to be considered truly powerful: lack of arm punching, proper weight shifting, stepping during a punch, pivoting with a punch, and using proper footwork. This body connection requires the development of a strong core.
How hard can I punch?
How strong is a kick?
The strongest kick which is the stepping side kick, is estimated to be 4 times the power of a master overhand right punch. Overhand right is the strongest punch ever known. However you don't need a kick in a fight to end it. A kick is so much harder to use that it's basically never used in a street fight.
What is the most powerful type of kick?
But generally, the spinning side kick is regarded as the most powerful kick. It harnesses a ton of rotational energy and nearly the entire mass of your body to throw a powerful, piercing kick that can tear clean through even the strongest blocks.
Can you hit the heavy bag everyday?
YES, it's true – hitting a punching bag all day might hurt your boxing skills. The main reason why is because over-training on a heavy bag makes it easy for boxers to develop bad habits. … The main purpose of a heavy bag is to increase your punching power.
What animal kicks hardest?
ZebrasZebras may commonly fall prey to fearsome big cat foes like lion and cheetah, but they occasionally get in a pretty serious hit of their own. In fact, zebras have the most powerful kick of any animal on the planet, and like giraffes, they've been known to kill lions with a swift kick to the head.
How strong can a human punch?
The average, untrained person can throw a punch anywhere from 60-85 PSI (Pounds per square inch). But a trained striker can generate quite a bit more force. They strike within the range of 194-336 PSI.


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Reflection at smooth surfaces
Figure 1: reflection at a mirror
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface, such as a mirror, the wave that strikes the surface is called the incident wave, and the one that bounces back is called the reflected wave. An imaginary line perpendicular to the point at which the incident wave strikes the reflecting surface is called the normal, or the perpendicular. The angle between the incident wave and the normal is called the angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected wave and the normal is called the angle of reflection.
If the surface of the medium contacted by the incident wave is smooth and polished,
each reflected wave will be reflected back at the same angle as the incident wave.
The Law of Reflection states:
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
After reflection takes place, however, the waves are approximately 180 degrees out of phase from their initial relationship.


Greek Yogurt: The Healthy Toxic Waste Hazard
 - Michael Briggs, Design & Trend Staff Writer
 - May, 26, 2013, 06:08 PM
(Photo: AP)
(Photo: AP)
Greek yogurt is lauded for its health benefits, but the increasingly popular food item is also reportedly highly dangerous for the environment.
For each ounce of the yogurt, three to four ounces of milk is needed. The remaining substance is called 'acid whey,' which contains about the same acidity as orange juice and can't be dumped because it could enter waterways and destroy aquatic life. The problem the $2 billion Greek yogurt industry is left with is exactly what to do with the acid whey.
While solutions to feed the substance to cows (which one farmer called, "like feeding your cows candy bars - they like it but can't eat too much of it,") and use it in a new infant formula have the ball rolling, the industry is still searching for a more permanent solution.
The recent report in Modern Farmer that detailed the environmental issue involving Greek yogurt further explained how difficult another solution, converting the acid whey into electricity, would be:
The material is heated up and kept in the tank for about 20 days, during which time bacteria break up the organic material-the lactose, in the case of whey-and release gases, including methane. The gas is fed into generators that produce electricity to power the farm and to sell to the local utility for use elsewhere."
According to Packaged Facts, Greek yogurt made up 35% of all yogurt sales in 2012, rising from just 1% in 2007.
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The layout page is primarily designed to be the top-level page of the web UI. The idea is to set up a layout page as the navigation URL for the browser, so the layout page fills the browser window. You then arrange your functional windows within the layout page - a command window, a status line window, etc. This arrangement is similar to banner window in HTML TADS, but IFRAMEs are considerably more flexible; for example, they don't have to tile the main window, and you can size them in the full range of units CSS provides.
Layout windows aren't limited to the top level, though. Since you can put any HTML page within an IFRAME, you can put another layout window within an IFRAME, to further subdivide the space inside the IFRAME.
WebLayoutWindow : WebWindow
If the window already exists, this updates the window with the new layout settings.
'win' is a WebWindow object that will be displayed within the IFRAME. This method automatically loads the HTML resource from the WebWindow into the new IFRAME.
'name' is the name of the window. Each window within a layout must have a distinct name. This allows you to refer to the dimensions of other windows in 'pos' parameters. The name should be alphanumeric.
123 - a number, representing a number of pixels on the display
5em - 5 'em' units, relative to the main BODY font in the window
5en - 5 'en' units in the main BODY font
5ex - 5 'ex' units in the main BODY font
window.width - the width in pixels of the enclosing window
window.height - the height in pixels of the enclosing window
50% - percentage of the width or height of the enclosing window
content.width - the width in pixels of the contents of the frame
content.height - the height in pixels of the contents of the frame
x.left - horizontal coordinate of leftmost edge of window 'x'
x.right - horizontal coordinate of rightmost edge of window 'x'
x.top - vertical coordinate of top edge of window 'x'
x.bottom - vertical coordinate of bottom edge of window 'x'
x.width - width in pixels of window 'x'
x.height - height in pixels of window 'x'
The "window" dimensions refer to the *enclosing* window. If this layout window is the main page of the UI, this is simply the browser window itself. For a layout window nested within another frame, this is the enclosing frame.
Percentage units apply to the enclosing window. When a percentage is used in the 'left' or 'width' slot, it applies to the width of the enclosing window; in the 'top' or 'height' slot, it applies to the height.
The "content" dimensions refer to the contents of the frame we're creating. This is the size of the contents as actually laid out in the browser.
"x.left" and so on refer to the dimensions of other frames *within this same layout window*. 'x' is the name of another window within the same layout, as specified by the 'name' argument given when the window was created.


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A.V.Feschenko, V.A. Moiseev (Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow 117312, Russia)
Operation and parameters of Bunch Shape Monitors, using the coherent transformation of the temporal structure of an analyzed beam into a spatial distribution of low energy secondary electrons emitted from a wire target, is influenced by the beam under study. The electromagnetic field of a bunch disturbs the trajectories and energy of the secondary electrons, resulting in degradation of phase resolution and errors of phase position measurement. This effect has been studied in quasi-static approximation. Another effect is variation of the target potential due to current in the wire target induced by the bunch and due to the wire current compensating the emission of secondary electrons. A transmission line model has been used to estimate the effect. The results of simulations of the above effects for variety of typical parameters of ion linacs are presented and discussed.
Comments or Questions to


text:
When you want to attach a file to a CA Service Catalog request, that filename could exist of diacritic character(s).
To allow diacritic character(s) in a file name, please follow the steps below:
1. Locate the file %USMHOME%/view/conf/ESAPI.properties
2. Open this file in a text editor
3. Search for 'Validator.FileName'. Typically this property is at the bottom of the file.
4. Replace the regular expression as
Some other details/example taken from my local server:
5. Save the file and restart Catalog service. Check the new behavior.


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Broward County (FL) Public Schools have developed lesson plans to address cultural relevancy in classroom instruction. A student body needs reflective images, stories and lessons to build skills and leadership. Take a look at the Haitian Culture Curriculum for grades K – 5.
News: "The Human Rights Archive at Duke University's Rubenstein Library and the estate of broadcaster Jean Dominique have announced a partnership to preserve the broadcast archives of the journalist's iconic Radio Haiti station. From the 1960s to 2002, Radio Haiti was that country's first independent radio station, promoting democratic freedoms, speaking out against human rights […]


View Full Version : echo function variable
03-30-2007, 04:55 PM
I'm trying to learn more about functions, how they work, etc, and have a quick, hopefully easy question.
How do you possibly echo a specific variable from function? In experimenting, I tried the below simple code, but no luck with it.
function lets_learn(){
$a = 'variable_a';
$b = 'variable_b';
$a = lets_learn($a);
$b = lets_learn($b);
echo $b;
03-30-2007, 05:09 PM
Can only return 1 variable from a function (from what I've experienced anyway). This is what you'll have to do.
function lets_learn($which){
if($which == 'a'){
$var = 'variable_a';
$var = 'variable_b';
return $var;
echo lets_learn('a');
If you want to show variable_b, then change the letter a to b
echo lets_learn('b');
03-30-2007, 05:11 PM
I'm not sure what you are trying to learn but try this one. :)
function lets_learn($b) {
$a = 'variable_a';
echo $a;
return ($b);
$b = lets_learn('variable_b');
echo $b;
03-30-2007, 05:51 PM
You can return as many variables you want. Just put them in an array and return them all :D, then echo the one you want.
function lets_learn(){
$learn = array();
$learn['a'] = 'variable_a';
$learn['b'] = 'variable_b';
return $learn;
$learn = lets_learn();
echo $learn['b'];
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About air quality
This page gives a brief introduction to the information available about air quality.
Pollutants Within Local Air Quality Management
Benzene: The main sources of benzene in North Lincolnshire are exhaust emissions from road traffic, industrial emissions from the two refineries at Killingholme and the Corus and Koppers operations in Scunthorpe. North Lincolnshire Council carried out a in the Killingholme and Scunthorpe areas in 2004. The benzene objective was not breached during that monitoring.
Detailed assessment of benzene [PDF]
1,3 Butadiene: The main industrial sources of 1,3 butadiene in North Lincolnshire are the two refineries at Killingholme. Road traffic is also a contributor. North Lincolnshire Council carried out a detailed assessment for 1,3 butadiene in the Killingholme area in 2006. Results showed that the 1,3 butadiene objective was not being breached.
Detailed assessment of 1,3 Butadiene [PDF]
Carbon Monoxide: The introduction of catalytic converters has reduced carbon monoxide emissions from road traffic. The other source of this pollutant in North Lincolnshire is from local industry, such as the steelworks in Scunthorpe. Monitoring for carbon monoxide was carried out at the Scunthorpe Town (on Rowland Road) site during 2005. The carbon monoxide objective was not breached during the monitoring.
Lead: The introduction of unleaded petrol has reduced lead emissions from road traffic. The most significant source in North Lincolnshire is the steelworks site in Scunthorpe. As a result of the Updating and Screening Assessment in 2006, North Lincolnshire Council carried out a detailed assessment for lead in the Scunthorpe area. Results of lead monitoring carried out during 2006 and 2007 showed that the objective was not being breached.
Detailed assessment of Lead [PDF]
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): The main sources of NO2 in North Lincolnshire are road traffic and industrial combustion processes. North Lincolnshire Council currently operates 36 diffusion tubes and five automatic analysers monitoring for NO2. As a result of the Updating and Screening Assessment in 2006, North Lincolnshire Council carried out a detailed assessment for nitrogen dioxide. Monitoring has shown that objectives for nitrogen dioxide have not been breached during the monitoring period.
Detailed assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide [PDF]
PM10: PM10 originates from a variety of sources including industry, road traffic and natural sources such as soil dust and sea salt. North Lincolnshire Council has declared an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) in the Scunthorpe area for a breach of the daily air quality objective, for a map of the AQMA please see the AQMA section. A draft Action Plan [PDF] has been produced.
Sulphur dioxide: Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is currently monitored automatically at three locations in North Lincolnshire. The primary source of SO2 is from industrial combustion processes. The sulphur dioxide objectives have not been breached in North Lincolnshire since monitoring began in 1997.
Pollutants Outside Local Air Quality Management
Monitoring for Ozone is not currently carried out in North Lincolnshire, as ozone is not studied in detail by Local Authorities. This is because the formation of ozone occurs away from the sources of the pollutants that generate it. Therefore it is considered at a national (and international) level.
Monitoring for Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is carried out at one site in Scunthorpe, using two machines for a co-location study. See Defra's UK-AIR website, for results dating back to 1999. The European standard (compliance date end of 2012) has not been breached at the Scunthorpe Town site since 2003. However, the UK strategic target value recommended by the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (compliance date end of 2010) has been breached every year since 1999.


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The development of digitally recorded speech audiometry materials in Mandarin Chinese has been limited to date. High quality materials proliferate in the English language and have been developed for other languages such as Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, French, Italian, Polish, and Russian. The aims of this study were to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and equate words and word lists in Mandarin Chinese to use for speech reception threshold testing and for speech discrimination testing. The words that were evaluated were chosen from a Chinese frequency usage dictionary. One native male and one native female talker recorded the words onto a compact disc. These words were then evaluated on 20 normally-hearing subjects, all of whom were natives of mainland China. Following the tests, the words and word lists were analyzed using logistic regression. For speech reception threshold testing, 24 Mandarin Chinese trisyllabic words with steep psychometric function slopes were selected. Their intensities were adjusted to match the mean subject pure-tone average of 3.0 dB HL. The mean slopes for these selected male and female trisyllabic words were 11.3 %/dB and 12.1 %/dB, respectively. For the speech discrimination testing, the 200 bisyllabic words with the steepest logistic regression slopes were divided among four psychometrically equivalent lists of 50 words each and eight half-lists of 25 words each. The intensity of each word list was digitally adjusted so that the threshold of each list was equal to the midpoint between the mean thresholds of the male and female half-lists. All lists were homogeneous with respect to audibility and psychometric function slope. Digital recordings of the psychometrically equivalent word lists are included on a compact disc.
College and Department
David O. McKay School of Education; Communication Disorders
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Jennings, Lara-Jill, "Psychometrically Equivalent Digital Recordings for Speech Audiometry Testing in Mandarin Chinese: Standard Mandarin Dialect" (2005). All Theses and Dissertations. 713.
speech audiometry, speech reception threshold, SRT, speech discrimination, Chinese, Standard Mandarin, bisyllabic, trisyllabic, digital, digitally recorded


text:
I learn about CUBE and ROLLUP function today and I found it really usefull for generating reports. Let me give you one example where we can use ROLLUP and CUBE. Lets say you are developing the E-Commerce application and administrator wants the report which shows products purchased by all user group by product and buyer. You will say that's really easy and can write the query as shown below,
Fig – (1) Group By clause.
Which will returns the result as shown below,
Fig – (2) Result of GROUP BY clause
However what if you want result as display below,
Fig – (3) Desire result
Here ROLLUP and CUBE comes into the picture and help us. The above result is generated using ROLLUP. ROLLUP adds new row for each column used in GROUP BY clause. First have a look at the query and then we will discuss more,
Fig – (4) Query for output shown in fig – 3
As you can see in query we have used ROLLUP after GROUP BY clause. Here ROLLUP has added new row at line 3,5 and 6 in fig 3. If you have used only one columns in GROUP BY clause then only row will have been added. The new clause in query is GROUPING. GROUPING clause add new column in result set. The value in new column can either be 0 or 1. If the new row is added by the ROLLUP or CUBE then the value of GROUPING column is 1 else 0.
In fig – 3 we have total price by user name, wow lets assume you want the total price by item name also. Here you have to use CUBE as shown below,
Fig – (5) CUBE clause
Fig – (6) Result of CUBE
Happy Programming!!!!


text:
|apothecaries' weight||medical dictionary|
An obsolescent system of weights based upon the weight of a grain of wheat. Has been used for centuries in weighing medicines and precious metals (Troy measure). Some drugs which have been available for long periods are still often designated as grains (e.g., 5 grains of aspirin, 1/2 grain of codeine, 1/100 grain nitroglycerin). This weight system has been largely superseded by the metric system (based on grams). One grain is the equivalent of 64.8 milligrams. One scruple contains 20 grains; one dram contains 60 grains; one apothecary ounce contains 8 drams (480 grains); one apothecary pound contains 12 ounces (5760 grains).
(05 Mar 2000)
|Bookmark with:||word visualiser||Go and visit our forums|


text:
Understanding matchmaking in FUT is a key issue. In an earlier article, we confirmed that FUT seasons matches you against opponents with similar skills, in effect what is known as ELO matchmaking. Based on those findings, an intriguing question came up: If our opponents are as skilled as ourselves, then how come that some players win 60 % of their matches, while others only win 20 %? In this article, we try to come up with a qualified guess to answer that question.
To confirm that that FUT seasons uses ELO matchmaking, we used our dataset covering 218 random players and their 10 latest opponents. For each of these ~2,200 players, we calculated a skill rating consisting of win ratio, best completed division and goal difference per match. In the chart below, we plotted each of our 218 base players, having the "average skill level of the player's 10 latest opponents" as the Y-coordinate and the base player's own skill level as the X-coordinate.
The chart confirms the existence of a relationship (correlation) between the player's own rating and the average ratings of his 10 latest opponents. Speaking statistics, this implies that you are more likely to come up against an opponent who is on par with you skill-wise than the opposite.
To further support his conclusion, take a look at the two charts below, where we have created random matches within the same player population that forms the basis of the actual data set used above.
- Yellow chart: We matched players completely randomly. For each base player, we picked 10 random opponents within the full population of 3200 opponents.
- Red chart: We picked three, random opponents per match and chose the the opponent's whose skill rating came closest to the skill rating of our base player's own skill rating.
It is clearly visible is that the red chart comes significantly closer to the actual matchmaking results (the blue chart above) than the yellow chart.
The flat S
Although the game has a preference for opponents with similar skill levels, not all players have the same probability of getting matched against an opponent who is below and above them in terms of skill.
When we look at the lowest rated players (to the far left), their average opponents are somewhat superior, whereas the average opponents of the better players to the right were slightly inferior to the players themselves. If we draw a trend line (red) through the data set, we see a "flat S"-shaped curve rather than the straight, 45 degree line, which we would have seen if everyone's average opponents had the same rating as themselves.
How come, that bad players on average get opponents who are slightly superior to themselves, whereas good players get opponents who are slightly inferior to themselves?
The bell shaped curve
Less successful players get a higher percentage of superior opponents, while more successful players get a higher percentage of inferior opponents than the average player. Our best candidate for an explanation for that has to do with the way, players are distributed skill-wise.
As would have been the case if we were measuring height, shoe size or intelligence, the majority of players are average skilled with a small minority having extraordinarily good skills and an approximately similar sized group having extraordinarily poor skills. In statistical terms, we call this a normal distribution. When plotted into a chart, it shows up as a bell shaped curve. Below, I have plotted two different, skill-related stats: Win-ratio (orange) and the combined Skill rating (blue).
The consequence of this distribution is that players with different skill profiles face different probabilities of pulling superior and inferior opponents.
If we for a second forget about ELO matchmaking and assume that matchmaking is completely random, a player with a win ratio of 30 % would have 97 % chance of pulling an opponent with a higher win ratio, whereas a player with a win ratio of 35 % would have 14 % chance of pulling an opponent with a lower win ratio.
The fact that FUT uses ELO matchmaking doesn't change the basic fact that you only can get matched against opponents who (a) have decent connectivity to you and (b) are searching for a match at the same time. Hence, at the end of the day, the matchmaking algoritm will have to pick the best available match in terms of ELO ranking among the alternatives available at the given time.
Even though the game will pick the best available match, the best available match for a bad player is more likely to be a superior player than an inferior player, which probably is why our blue curve has it's flat S-shape.
The number of alternatives available
You might have noticed that even though our ELO simulation (the red chart) had some resemblance with the actual matchmaking results (the blue chart), the curves weren't exactly the same: The red curve appears "tighter packed", which translated into human language means that our simulation is too effective in finding opponents with a similar skill level when compared to what is possible in the real world.
Considering that approximately 5,000 FIFA matches are started every minute, one might have expected a success rate when looking for similarly skilled opponents. So, how come that the actual matchmaking results appear as random as they do?
We can come up with minimum three, possible reasons.
- One is that our ELO rating system isn't the same system that EA is using, meaning that our assessment of the players' skill levels is somewhat off. In essence, we don't know how accurate our skill ranking system is. Hence, although the actual matches appear more random through the binoculars that we build for ourselves, we don't know whether they appear equally random through EA's presumably even more accurate binoculars.
- The second possibility is statistical accuracy. After all, we calculate the average opponent's skill level based on just 10 opponents. The inevitable consequence is that we will have more outliers, as just one odd opponent will skew the average considerably.
- The third possible reason is that the game, in spite of the large number of matches being started, perhaps doesn't have that many alternatives available when trying to find a match due to connectivity restrictions. Below, we ran the same simulation with 3 respectively 2 opponent alternatives per match. It is clearly visible that the more alternatives available, the more even matches will you get. The resemblance between the actual matchmaking (the blue curve) and the simulation with only two alternatives available is clearly bigger than when we allow the simulation to chose between three opponents.


text:
Courtney, R., Cohen, M., Reece, J., Comparison of the Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) and the Hi Lo Breathing Assessment in determining a simulated breathing pattern, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 2009, 12(3) 86-91
Altered breathing pattern is an aspect of dysfunctional breathing but few standardised techniques exist to evaluate it. This study investigates a technique for evaluating and quantifying breathing pattern, called the Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) and compares it to measures performed with Respiratory Induction Plethysmography (RIP). About 12 subjects altered their breathing and posture while 2 examiners assessed their breathing using the MARM. Simultaneous measurements with RIP were taken. Inter-examiner agreement and agreement between MARM and RIP were assessed. The ability of the measurement methods to differentiate between diverse breathing and postural patterns was compared. High levels of agreement between examiners were found with the MARM for measures of the upper rib cage relative to lower rib cage/abdomen motion during breathing but not for measures of volume. The measures of upper rib cage dominance during breathing correlated with similar measures obtained from RIP. Both RIP and MARM measures methods were able to differentiate between abdominal and thoracic breathing patterns, but only MARM was able to differentiate between breathing changes occurring as result of slumped versus erect sitting posture. This study suggests that the MARM is a reliable clinical tool for assessing breathing pattern.


hrm 531 human capital management select a company that has violated an hr law 1
Employment Strategy
HRM/531: Human Capital ManagementTop of Form
Select a company that has violated an HR law.
Imagine that you are a HR manager within that organization. You have been tasked with developing a training to help prevent future violations of the HR law.
Compile research and information to include in your training.
Address the following in 700 to 1,050 words from your research:
 - Summarize the situation. The situation is described with enough detail to clearly communicate the problem. A cited source is used demonstrating the importance of resolving the issue.
 - Discuss the law's requirements. Include information regarding what the law does, how it is executed, and the execution gaps of your selected organization. The law being violated is clearly identified and cited details are provided about what the law does, how it should be executed, and the execution gaps to the current organization.
 - Recommend steps that organizational leadership should take in order to avoid challenges such as this one from happening in the future. Detailed remedial steps and training objectives are thoroughly identified based on the prior two sections.
Cite your outside sources with APA formatting. (at least 3 References)Bottom of Form


text:
Try This at Home: Fish Out of Water
A persistence of vision illusion occurs when several discrete images are quickly flashed before the eye. These individual images are melded together by the eye and the brain to form a continuous image. This is the same sort of illusion that makes movies and cartoons appear as moving images.
What You Need
- 2 index cards
- Crayons or markers
- Clear tape
- 1 pencil
What To Do
Make sure you have an adult with you to supervise this experiment.
Draw and color a fishbowl, without any fish in it, on one index card.
Draw and color a fish, without a fishbowl or water, on the other index card. Make sure that the fish is the right size, and in the right place on the index card, to fit inside of the fishbowl.
Place the index cards back to back, so that both drawings are showing and are right-side up, and tape the top and sides of the cards together.
Stick the pencil in between the cards so that it is perpendicular to the bottom of the cards. Tape the pencil to the cards in this position.
Make a hypothesis! The fish and the bowl are not together. By spinning them quickly, do you think the fish will ever appear in the bowl?
Spin the cards by rolling the pencil in between both hands quickly. Do you see the fish in the bowl?
As you spin the pencil, each index card will flash before your eyes. The cells in the back of your eye, on the retina, will retain this image for just a little longer than you actually see it. The next image will flash so your cells will see this image as well. Your brain helps to combine the two images into one image; the fish looks like itís inside the fishbowl! You can also do this experiment using two different images, such as a bird in a tree or a puppy in a window. Similarly, many discrete images flash before your eyes when you watch television or go to a movie. The combination of your eyes and your brain work to form the images into one continuous image.
All humans are born colorblind–our color-seeing cells don't start working until we are 4 months old.


text:
Tuesday 18 June
Ceylon birdwing (Troides darsius)
Ceylon birdwing fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Ceylon birdwing description
The Ceylon birdwing is one of the largest butterflies of Sri Lanka (2). Like most other Troides birdwings, the male is adorned with bright golden-yellow markings on the hindwings, which contrast starkly with the velvety black forewings and interjecting black veins (2). The female is larger than the male, and has a different arrangement of yellow markings on the hindwing, and pale stripes on the forewing (2) (3).
- Troides helena darsius. Top
- Pupa of a butterfly.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Stage in an animal's lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.
- An abrupt physical change from the larval to the adult form.
- The process of becoming a pupa, the stage of an insect's development, when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis.
- CITES (January, 2006)
- Sunday Observer: Nature's jewels at Sinharaja (July, 2006)
- Haugum, J. and Low, A.M. (1985) A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg.
- Troides darsius (July, 2006)
- The World of Birdwing Butterflies (July, 2006)
- Yen, S.H. and Yang, P.S. (2001) Illustrated Identification Guide to Insects Protected by the CITES and Wildlife Conservation Law of Taiwan. R.O.C. Council of Agriculture, Taiwan.
- Tree of Life Web Project (July, 2006)
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Ceylon birdwing biology
The Ceylon birdwing is most active during the morning and early afternoon (3) (5). The butterfly feeds on the nectar of flowers such as Hibiscus, Poinciana (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) and Bougainvillea (3), and the larvae found on the leaves of Aristolochia plants (3) (6).
Orange-yellow eggs are laid singly on the young leaves and shoots of the Aristolochia food plants, which are then voraciously devoured by the young caterpillars after hatching (3) (6). Feeding upon these plants also serves as a defensive mechanism as they contain certain chemicals that make the caterpillars toxic and therefore unpalatable to most predators (7). The caterpillars eventually pupate and undergo metamorphosis into adult butterflies, and maintain these toxic chemicals in their tissues into adulthood (7). The chrysalis of this species is dark brownish-yellow, or greenish-yellow in some individuals, and its leaf-like appearance helps camouflage it amongst the vegetation from potential predators (3). Troides birdwings typically pupate on the twigs or stems of plants close to the larval food plant or on the food plant itself (3).Top
Ceylon birdwing rangeTop
Ceylon birdwing habitat
Occasionally observed in lowland cities (5), this species survives today mainly in its primary habitat of thinly wooded mountain forests, throughout the island with the exception of the far north (4). The Ceylon birdwing has been recorded from sea-level up to an elevation of 2,000 metres, but is now less frequently seen in the lowlands (5).Top
Ceylon birdwing status
Listed on Appendix II of CITES (1).Top
Ceylon birdwing threats
The principal threat to Troides butterflies is deforestation (6). The Ceylon birdwing is under considerable pressure from an expanding and encroaching human population, and from habitat destruction associated with human development (4).Top
Ceylon birdwing conservation
The Ceylon birdwing is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored (1). However, more needs to be done to help preserve its fragile habitat, including the Aristolochia food plants on which the larvae rely, if the long-term future of this stunning native butterfly is to be safeguarded (6).Top
Authenticated (05/08/08) by John Tennent, Scientific Associate, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London.Top
More »Related species
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text:
5.9 Reference List Markup
Many sections include a list of references to module documentation
or external documents. These lists are created using the
\seealso environment. This environment defines some
additional macros to support creating reference entries in a
The \seealso environment is typically placed in a section
just before any sub-sections. This is done to ensure that
reference links related to the section are not hidden in a
subsection in the hypertext renditions of the documentation.
This environment creates a ''See also:'' heading and defines the
markup used to describe individual references.
For each of the following macros, why should be one or more
complete sentences, starting with a capital letter (unless it
starts with an identifier, which should not be modified), and
ending with the apropriate punctuation.
These macros are only defined within the content of the
Refer to another module. why should be a brief
explanation of why the reference may be interesting. The module
name is given in name, with the link key given in
key if necessary. In the HTML and PDF conversions, the
module name will be a hyperlink to the referred-to module.
Note: The module must be documented in the same
document (the corresponding \declaremodule is required).
Refer to an Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP). number
should be the official number assigned by the PEP Editor,
title should be the human-readable title of the PEP as
found in the official copy of the document, and why should
explain what's interesting about the PEP. This should be used
to refer the reader to PEPs which specify interfaces or language
features relevant to the material in the annotated section of the
Refer to an IETF Request for Comments (RFC). Otherwise very
similar to \seepep. This should be used
to refer the reader to PEPs which specify protocols or data
formats relevant to the material in the annotated section of the
Add arbitrary text text to the ''See also:'' list. This
can be used to refer to off-line materials or on-line materials
using the \url macro. This should consist of one or more
Add a reference to an external document named title. If
url is given, the title is made a hyperlink in the HTML
version of the documentation, and displayed below the title in
the typeset versions of the documentation.
References to specific on-line resources should be given using
the \seeurl macro. No title is associated with the
reference, but the why text may include a title marked
using the \citetitle macro.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.


text:
We consider a tactical data network with limited bandwidth, in which each agent is tracking objects and may have value for receiving data from other agents. The agents are self-interested and would prefer to receive data than share data. Each agent has private information about the quality of its data and can misreport this quality and degrade or otherwise decline to share its data. The problem is one of interdependent value mechanism design because the value to one agent for the broadcast of data on an object depends on the quality of the data, which is privately known to the sender. A recent two-stage mechanism due to Mezzetti (2004) can be modified to our setting. Our mechanism achieves efficient bandwidth allocation and provides incentive compatibility by conditioning payments on the realized value for data shared between agents.
- interdependent values,
- mechanism design,
- sensor networks
Available at: _URL_


text:
This report discusses the design and implementation of an OFDM modem for a simplex communication between two PCs over a frequency selective channel. First a brief introduction is
provided by explaining the backrground and the speci?cation of the project. Then the report
deals with the system model. Each block of the OFDM system is described (IFFT/FFT, cyclic
pre?x, modulation/demodulation, channel estimation, bit loading). In the following section, the
system architecture is analysed. The transmission protocol, as well as the
are explained in details. Then, the DSP implementation is discussed. Finally, the results are
provided in the last chapter.


Medical research safeguarded in Europe
The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the leading pan-European association representing medical oncology professionals, has welcomed the adoption of the Clinical Trials Regulation by the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, which enters into force today June 16, 2014).
The new clinical trial framework acknowledges the importance of using data stored for a clinical trial beyond the end of the study itself, for research purposes. Practically speaking, the Regulation states that when a patient gives his/her consent for a clinical trial, he/she can easily give a one-time consent for data to be used beyond the trial, for the purpose of medical research, still with the possibility to withdraw it at any time[1].
"The adoption of the Clinical Trials Regulation by the EU represents an important milestone according to ESMO, in support of our efforts to safeguard medical research in Europe," said Paolo G. Casali, ESMO Public Policy Committee Chair. "ESMO is keen on protecting and furthering medical research in Europe, and the EU has given a clear signal that they support medical research, including oncology research and care, whilst fully respecting the right of the patient to privacy and confidentiality."
The Regulation, which will now become law in all 28 EU Member States, provides a harmonised framework for conducting clinical trials: it introduces strong transparency of clinical trial data through the publication of all studies into a single website. Furthermore, whilst maintaining the central role of ethical committees, it streamlines the application process, adding strict timelines for approval by Member States, and creating a single portal that reduces the bureaucratic burden on researchers, particularly for multi-country clinical trials.
"The lengthy procedure of starting a clinical trial until the inclusion of the first patient has been known to the scientific community for a long time," said Christoph Zielinski, ESMO Board member responsible for relations with cooperative research groups. The magnitude of the problem has increased when international cooperative groups have introduced large clinical trials across European countries where regulations are different, leading to non-uniform trial execution. "The new Regulation should facilitate the performance of clinical trials in Europe, synchronising national regulations into a supranational strategy."
"The novel Clinical Trials Regulation represents Europe's unique chance of overcoming the old directive to make Europe competitive, attractive and visionary in conducting the fundamental clinical trials necessary for our fight against cancer," said Christian Dittrich, Coordinator of the ESMO Faculty for Principles of Clinical Trials and Systemic Therapy. "It is equipped to ensure that medical research will be able to continue in a smooth manner, for the ultimate benefit of patients."
"The new Regulation includes many topics that patients have been advocating for," said Jan Geissler, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Advocates Network. "Patients need more progress in research to develop new, effective and safe therapies at a faster pace, and with the new Regulation European cancer research will become more patient-centric." "The concept of a one-time consent is an essential component of successful medical research," said Rolf A. Stahel, ESMO President. "Its inclusion in the new Clinical Trials Regulation is a welcomed recognition of its importance for the medical community at large, like other crucial aspects that ESMO is relentlessly acting on to secure a trouble-free research environment for medical oncology in Europe."
ESMO collaborates closely with many European organisations, in a constant effort to support medical oncology. For the new Clinical Trials Regulation, EORTC has been at the frontline of a collective effort with ESMO, allowing us to continue to represent our members on key issues in our role as the leading medical oncology society in Europe.
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
 1. Present participle of gob.
gobbing (plural gobbings)
 1. (mining) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal; gob stuff.
 (Can we find and add a quotation of Brande & C. to this entry?)
 2. The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.


text:
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how Lean Six Sigma (LSS) may help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 within health care environments. The goals of this study were to understand the current knowledge of LSS and COVID-19 through a systematic review of the current literature, identify the gap in the current knowledge of LSS in COVID-19 mitigation within health care environments and define the principles of LSS, within organizational resilience that support a health care organization's ability to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.
Design/methodology/approach: A narrative literature review was conducted to identify relevant research. A total of 21 subject matter experts (SMEs) meeting the inclusion criteria were approached through a guided interview process. Content analysis was conducted to describe how LSS principles contribute to supporting health care organizations operating in the era of COVID-19.
Findings: Study results report that personal safety is the primary subject, followed by supporting dimensions of process redesign, and telemedicine. LSS topics that directly relate to COVID-19 are in four thematic areas: tools, applications, benefits and challenges. Particular areas of application, techniques, challenges and benefits are identified and discussed that could be applied proactively and reactively, to organizational and supply chain resilience to recover from COVID-19.
Research limitations/implications: There were a number of limitations to the generalizability of this work. The sample size was small and purposeful, thus, external validity of the study results are not determined. The SMEs in this study have not implemented the practices noted in the results at the time of the study, and knowledge of results is limited to the study aims.
Originality/value: This study of LSS principles and COVID-19 has implications for practitioners and offers specific guidance for areas of health care adoption of LSS techniques and tools that benefit patient safety, challenges for the user to be mindful of and potential benefits in resilience of operations in the era of COVID-19.
- Health care
- Lean six sigma
- Organizational resilience
- Supply chain resilience
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Strategy and Management
- Management Science and Operations Research
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering


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Marvel Universe
Apocalypse Beast
Marvel Universe
Real Name
Beast of Armageddon, Father Beast, Walking Apocalypse
Place of Birth
First Appearance
Fantastic Four/Iron Man: Big in Japan #3 (2006)
Fantastic Four/Iron Man: Big in Japan #4 (2006)
After a giant egg arrived on Earth from space, a being later called the Apocalypse Beast hatched from it. The huge newborn creature found and fed on strange egg-shaped organic material, which somehow reacted with the Beast's system and rendered it unconscious. The Deviants, an offshoot of humanity created by the Celestials, used this opportunity to send the weakened creature into another dimension. Afterwards, they genetically engineered a race of beings known as the Moloids and apparently spliced the organic material into the Moloids' genetic makeup should the Apocalypse Beast return. The Moloids were located on an island (later dubbed Monster Island, linked to Subterranea), where the Deviants left machinery that the Moloids would one day know how to use upon the Beast's return.
Recently, Tokyo Giant Monster Museum and Expo Center curator Dr. Yamane, the son of a cultist who worshipped the beast, began a process to return the Beast to Earth. Many of earth's giant monsters (including Deviant mutates, the ancient dragon Grogg and the Atlantean creature Giganto, as well as the science-created lizard monster Droom) sensed the Beast's impending return and went berserk, rampaging through Tokyo before being stopped by the Fantastic Four and Iron Man (who had been touring the museum). Grogg calmed the rest of the monsters and led them away after Mr. Fantastic promised the heroes would stop the Apocalypse Beast. The heroes and Yamane traveled to the North Pole, where they discovered an organic structure in which Shadow Men from the Kaa dimension prepared for the Beast's arrival. Yamane betrayed the heroes, using himself as a key to let the Beast rip through the dimensional barrier. Emerging from its prison, it destroyed the structure before stepping on Yamane. Fully grown now, the Beast instinctively made its way to Monster Island, crossing the whole of Japan in just a few steps, as it sensed the Moloids' DNA was also infused with part of the monster. As the heroes and the Moloids' human master Mole Man tried to stop the monster, the Moloids stopped serving their usual leader and began to prepare for the Beast's arrival. Mr. Fantastic attempted to decipher ancient Deviant paintings regarding the Beast while Iron Man and Invisible Woman entered the creature's system and battled giant antibodies. Just as Mr. Fantastic realized that Monster Island was effectively designed to replicate the functions of a giant syringe, the Beast arrived at the island. The Moloids and heroes activated the Deviants' long-abandoned machines, and many Moloids injected themselves into the Beast's body. Inside the Moloids attacked the Beast's immune system, killing the Beast and turning its body inside out before being launched into space.
In at least one future reality (Earth-6034), by the year 12425 AD, the Moloids who inhabited the Beast's body used it as a floating planet. They created a new civilization for themselves until they finally depleted the resources found in the Beast's body. With only two Moloids and their newborn son left alive, the parents opted to launch the son, Noah, into space as their world died around them, in order to let him find his own place in the universe.
Contributors: Mickeys4life


text:
George Siemon is an organic pioneer and the co-founder and former CEO of CROPP/Organic Valley. In September 2022, George was one of the recipients of the 2022 Honorary Recognition Award from the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. The Honorary Recognition Award recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to their professions, their communities and the university. Tune in to learn more about:
- George's path into organic farming;
- His involvement in pioneering organic standards for livestock;
- How organics has proven that it can feed the world;
- How a stable price helped organic family farms;
- About alternative ownership models, like co-ops and trust ownerships;
- The art of governance and why it is important that we learn how to work and get along together.


text:
What is acacia?
The name acacia is given to a group of hundreds of different trees and shrubs. Acacia trees are known for their ___LEAVES___. They ___ARE_DIVIDED___ into many small leaflets. This makes them look feathery or fernlike.
Acacias have small, often fragrant, yellow or white flowers. Acacias have different ways of protecting themselves. Their leafstalks may have sharp thorns which keep animals from ___EATING___ the branches.
In the 1400s and early 1500s, the Aztec people controlled a vast empire in the area that is now central and southern Mexico. The Aztec ruled ___THEIR___ empire from the great capital, Tenochtitlán. It ___WAS_LOCATED___ on the site of what is now Mexico City.


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Newtons Gravity Glass is a sand-filled hourglass suspended in a liquid-filled glass cylinder. The Gravity glass is an awesome desk-topper and a question-generating educational tool. When the cylinder is flipped, the sand within the hourglass moves down while the hourglass itself floats up.
Newton's three laws of motion relate the forces acting on a body to its motion. The first is the law of inertia, it states that 'every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force'. The second is commonly stated as 'force equals mass times acceleration', or F = ma. The third and final law is commonly known as 'to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'.
 5 Minute Blue
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text:
Xyce is an open source, SPICE-compatible analog circuit simulator developed by Sandia National Laboratories. It supports large-scale parallel computing platforms. As a consequence Xyce is capable of solving extremely large circuits.
Xyce can generate output files in multiple formats. BeSpice Wave reads the default file format (*.prn), CSV files (*.csv) and CSD files (*.csd). However these files are text based. This makes them human-readable but reading them by software is relatively slow.
Therefore BeSpice Wave is a lot faster when reading binary raw files (*.raw). These files are generated by Xyce when the command-line option -r is added. BeSpice Wave accesses these files like a database. That means the curve list is read very quickly and the corresponding data is parsed only when it is required. All data is re-read from file when the file changes in an ongoing simulation.
The evaluation version that is available from our downloads page reads *.prn files, *.csv files and *.raw files generated by Xyce.


text:
A function call terminates if it returns to its caller or throws an exception. A function call does not terminate if it goes into an infinite loop, halts execution of the program (gracefully or not), or jumps in such a way that it does not return or throw an exception that could be caught by its caller.
Taking termination into account, we can model a C++ function by
a nontotal relation from proper pre-states to post-states.
A state is proper if it is not
(see section 2.8.2 Formal Model of States);
bottom represents infinite looping and other kinds of
A pre-state may or may not be related to a post-state by the relation
specified in a Larch/C++ specification,
and if it is related to a post-state, that post-state could be
(A pre-state that is not related to a post-state value is one for which
execution is "refused" [Nelson89] [Hesselink92].
Such relations cannot be implemented in C++, but are useful for purposes
of program refinement.)
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Lincoln Heights: What Happened to the Black Wall Street of Cincinnati?
By Jordann Sadler '18, Perspectives Section Editor
The Village of Lincoln Heights, which for most of its history has been majority black and today is still 95% African-American, went from being the "first African American self-governing community north of the Mason-Dixon line" to becoming a deprecating 'hood'. Lincoln Heights was founded in the 1920s as a suburb for Black homeowners. In 1946, it was incorporated as a village. Before the 1970s, Lincoln Height's population was around 6,000. The town's population rapidly decreased. For the past seven years, Lincoln Height's population has been relatively constant at 3,000 people, only fluctuating slightly. So, what happened to this once self-sustainable village? Red-lining. Not only is the African-American community suffering, but the poor, white community of Lockland also under the same pressure.
Just south of Lincoln Heights is the Village of Lockland. The village is 64% White and 29% African-American. During their prime and prosperous times, Lockland and Lincoln Heights were in competition with each other. Lockland, plotted in 1828 by Nicholas Longworth and Lewis Howell, thrived as it was located on the Miami-Erie Canal. The Canal was replaced during the I-75 highway construction in 1940. As a result, both Lockland and Lincoln Heights went into a state of disarray. Go on Mangham Dr. and you can see GE's Christmas lights from Taco Bell and Wendy's.
West of Lockland is Wyoming: a considerably nicer, more-organized town. Going down Wyoming Ave and passing the Wyoming Fine Arts center are a set of train tracks separating Lockland from Wyoming. The first thing you see when you cross the train tracks from Wyoming is an abandoned gas station to your right and a small fountain to your left. Farther along the road, there are abandoned buildings (which still have signs of a deserted businesses), a weave and hair shop, a bar, and a small African market/convenient store similar to a 7/11.
Cross the train tracks leaving Lockland you see a sign reading 'Wyoming', small cafés, a florist, and other community businesses. As I said before, the Wyoming Fine Arts center is also near these tracks.
Wyoming has a non-white population of 12.7%. Taken from the Wyoming, Ohio website, the Median Home Value in Wyoming is about $280,000 with the median family income being $108,000. Meanwhile, the Median Household income in Lincoln Heights is around $25,500. The relatively expensive costs of Wyoming housing make it impossible for families in both Lockland and Lincoln Heights to afford nicer living spaces. Why are its neighbors struggling? And why aren't there measures to help the neighboring places? The red-lining is not only in housing, culture, and location, but in education too.
According to the 2000 Census, 96.6% of the Wyoming population are high school graduates or higher, 68% have a bachelor degree or higher. Also, according to the 2000 Census, 82.9% of the Lincoln Heights population are high school graduates or higher. Many did not go farther than an associate's degree, as only 5.6% have a bachelor degree or higher. Lincoln Heights does not have its own high school—Princeton is the next middle school and high school. Evendale, Glendale, Heritage Hill, Sharonville, Springdale, Stewart, Woodlawn, Lincoln Heights—these places/villages have neither a middle nor a high school. All the students go to Princeton. Wyoming has an elementary school, a middle school and, of course, a high school. Lockland, having a better opportunity, also has PreK-12 schools, but they are not up to par with the nationally ranked Wyoming schools.
Want to go to Wyoming High School, ranked #2 public school in Ohio behind Walnut Hills and ahead of Indian Hill High School? Want to go a ranked #95 high school in the nation? "To be eligible for enrollment, you must reside within the school district boundaries and demonstrate proof of residence as outlined in the online registration process." Almost all public high schools today require proof of residency. Only a small handful of public high schools in Ohio have Open Enrollment. All this does is restrict students from reaching their full potential. A student who is accelerating in Lockland High School who wants to go to a better, more rigorous school such as Wyoming must either move (which is nearly impossible, due to the vast difference in home costs) or suffer through a school that does not cater to their needs. The cycle of neglect results in a population of students who mature into this world with a lack of education, leadership, encouragement, determination, progress and academic knowledge. Students in these situations must work ten times as hard to achieve their dreams. This destitution can lead to them making bad choices: drugs, dropping out, criminal activity. Stereotypes and racial profiling are created this way. It is the biggest burden to put on the African-American youth (and students of color in general), who already have a foot in the grave for having a different skin color. Now a whole generation, a whole culture must catch up before trying to further develop itself. The sadder underlying theme of this whole situation, is that these poor communities did have the ambition, the knowledge, and the leadership until taken away by higher forces.
Our black wall street was taken away from us. Disregarding whether one supports a black-owned community or not, it is still sickening to see the deprived state of Lincoln Heights today compared to what it used to be. Although, Lincoln Heights wasn't burned to the ground like Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, red-lining and racial separation certainly devastated what was once a prosperous community.
Sources Used: ; ; ; ; ; google maps ; ; ;


but add Location (latitude, longitude) for each node. Then use arrows for connectors to show the "direction" of water flow (which node flows into which node). WPF uses XAML and not sure if this one can be implemented using XAML.
 20. vote
 Thanks for the codes. Ewald Bleiziffer said in his post he's actually done it. I'm hoping he'll provide a link to his work. If not, I'll try and adapt your code–with citations for your work, of course.
 21. vote
 Hi Bradley,
 first of all thank you for posting this helpful work.
 I want to use it for displaying a network diagram.
 To do this I need to add some extra functionality. First I want to add a text to each node, the name of the node. Have you made something similar before or have an idea how to do this?
 The second part is to add a ToolTip to each node. The problem where I stuck here, is that I need the absolute Position of each node to compare it with the current cursor position.
 Is there a way to get the current absolute position of each node?
 - vote
 Adding text to nodes is quite simple; just create a subclass of Node and override the DrawNode method.
 In order implement a ToolTip, you will need an additional method for determining if there is a node under the mouse pointer, e.g.:
 public Node HitTest(Point location, Rectangle bounds) {
 Point center = new Point(bounds.X + (bounds.Width / 2), bounds.Y + (bounds.Height / 2));
 // determine the scaling factor
 Rectangle logicalBounds = GetDiagramBounds();
 double scale = 1;
 if (logicalBounds.Width > logicalBounds.Height) {
 if (logicalBounds.Width!= 0) scale = (double)Math.Min(bounds.Width, bounds.Height) / (double)logicalBounds.Width;
 else {
 if (logicalBounds.Height!= 0) scale = (double)Math.Min(bounds.Width, bounds.Height) / (double)logicalBounds.Height;
 // then draw all of the nodes
 foreach (Node node in mNodes) {
 Point destination = ScalePoint(node.Location, scale);
 Size nodeSize = node.Size;
 Rectangle nodeBounds = new Rectangle(center.X + destination.X - (nodeSize.Width / 2), center.Y + destination.Y - (nodeSize.Height / 2), nodeSize.Width, nodeSize.Height);
 if (nodeBounds.Contains(location)) return node;
 return null;
 Note that the above assumes 'location' is relative to 'bounds' and that these are the same dimensions that are passed to the Draw() method. You can call the HitTest() method from the handlers for the mouse events on your form (or whichever control you draw the diagram on). The method will return a Node if there is one at the specified location, otherwise it will return null.
 - vote
 Hi Bradley,
 thank you for this very helpful answer.
 Now I managed to do all the things I wanted to do.
 Really nice work you have done here and good starting point to draw diagrams.
 Thank you again for posting this solution.
 22. vote
 Hi Bradley,
 Could you provide us how to add text to node, i did it as you reply to Markus ( via overriding the drawnode method, but it redraw the network again
 - vote
 Hi Xander,
 The code below provides a very basic example of how to draw text on a node. Note that the text is not taken into consideration when positioning the nodes – to do this, you would also need to override the Size property.
 public class TextNode : SpotNode {
 public string Text { get; set; }
 public TextNode(string text, Color color)
 : base(color) {
 Text = text?? String.Empty;
 public override void DrawNode(Graphics graphics, Rectangle bounds) {
 base.DrawNode(graphics, bounds);
 graphics.DrawString(Text, SystemFonts.DefaultFont, Fill, new PointF(bounds.Right + 3, bounds.Top));
 23. Pingback: Building a Better Tag Cloud | Brad Smith's Coding Blog
 24. vote
 Hi,
 I am porting this code portion into c++.
 I have one doubt regarding this bearing angle calculation.
 Simply finding the bearing angle is ok.
 But why do some other calculation depending on the the difference between x and difference between y?
 Please help me.
 - vote
 The 'tanh' function only works for values in the range (-1, 1) so the part of the code you're referring to keeps the input within those bounds. It checks whether the distance in the X direction is smaller than the distance in the Y direction and, if so, swaps the values and calculates the complement of the angle instead – this needs to be corrected before the method returns.
 I later discovered that if you replace the 'tanh' function with 'atan2', you do not need to perform this correction, i.e.
 private double GetBearingAngle(Point start, Point end) {
 Point half = new Point(start.X + ((end.X - start.X) / 2), start.Y + ((end.Y - start.Y) / 2));
 double diffX = (double)(half.X - start.X);
 double diffY = (double)(half.Y - start.Y);
 if (diffY!= 0)
 return Math.Atan2(diffY, diffX) * (180.0 / Math.PI);
 return (diffX < 0)? 180.0 : 0.0; }
 25. vote
 Thank you for posting the code – amazing work :).
 I have for you a question – I notice that the number of nodes is always random – can I have a way to make a large number of nodes(like 338)?
 I also need to make a minimal intersections of the graph edges – Do you have idea how to do that?
 Thank you for help – and again, nice job.
 - vote
 The example app I included with the code is just for demonstration purposes – when you use the classes in your own app, you can create as many or as few nodes as you like.
 Generally speaking, the interaction between the forces should inherently act to limit the number of intersections – but depending on the topology of the diagram, you might still get a few. Often, the easiest way to deal with this is to just re-run the layout algorithm until you get something you are happy with – or run it a finite number of times and evaluate the best solution; it's quite straightforward to check for intersecting lines in code.
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text:
I understand that in Israel the secular New Year is referred to as "Yom Sylvester." Where does this name come from?
The Aish Rabbi Replies:
In 46 BCE the Roman emperor Julius Caesar made adjustments to the Roman calendar, including beginning the new year on January 1 rather than in March. (He egocentrically decreed that the calendar should henceforth be called the "Julian" calendar.)
In practical terms, all cultures celebrate the new year according to their particular calendar and the Romans were no different. When the Roman Empire became the Holy Roman Empire under Constantine, at his mother Helena's behest, the Christian world carried on the custom of celebrating the Roman new year.
In many European countries this day was named after Saint Sylvester. There have been three popes named Sylvester (who later became Saints), but the one after whom the day is named is Sylvester I (314-335). Christianity grew under his rule and it is believed that he died on December 31. In addition, during his rule it was believed that he had been swallowed by the Leviathan sea monster and that the monster would return in the year 1000 to destroy and kill. When it did not, people were relieved and they celebrated.
As you see, there is nothing remotely Jewish about "Sylvester Day." So why is it celebrated in Israel?
Israeli society flows according to the Jewish calendar. Schools and businesses are closed on Shabbat, and the whole country shuts down on Jewish holidays like Yom Kippur. For that reason the secular/Christian new year has little significance. Yet when some ultra-secularists discovered that most of the world holds a "New Years party," they didn't want to feel left out.
Yet they couldn't call it "New Years" because that title was already taken by Rosh Hashana. So the name Sylvester was adopted in its stead.


text:
Gulliver's Travels Questions Part III, Chapters 1-3: How does Gulliver get to Laputa?
1.How does Gulliver get to Laputa?
2. How does Laputa differ from a normal country?
3. How do the people differ from those in most countries?
4. What unusual kind of servants do the better-off Laputans have?
5. What is unusual about Laputan food and clothing?


the geocentric watch concept is the creation of designer geoffry cooper. the idea for this exposed wristwatch is inspired by the motion of the planets orbiting around the sun. the watch face is composed of two rings which are always in motion. the time is told by seeing where the two inner rings are located in respect to the outside ring. the inner most ring is used to represent seconds while the middle ring signifies minutes. the watch has a simple white plastic band that highlights the exposed inner workings of the watch on the face.
geoffry cooper: geocentric watch


text: Drawing diagrams with PlantUML is fun and easy. We use text to describe the diagram and the we get a graphical representation. Especially in combination with Asciidoctor with PlantUML integration we have a winning combination to write technical documentation. Because our text is transformed into a graphical format like PNG we don't have much influence on the layout. There are options to indicate positions of elements, but we can also use the length of lines to influence the position of elements.


text:
Countering the 'deadliest of foes': public houses of the Central Control Board and the State Management Scheme, 1916-73
Author(s): Clare Howard
At the height of the war in 1916, the excessive consumption of alcohol amongst workers was considered to be having a debilitating effect on the war effort, forcing the Government to take control of public houses in selected areas of the country. In order to discourage insobriety and poor behaviour, which in turn led to high rates of absenteeism at the factories, these public houses were remodelled or reconstructed and became models of the new improved inns, influencing public house design across the country. This report, which forms part of wider national projects looking at 20th-century (post-1918) public houses, presents the results of an assessment covering a selection of public houses remodelled or reconstructed under the auspices of the Central Control Board for Liquor Traffic (CCB), later the State Management Scheme (SMS), between 1916 and 1971. It is intended that the report provide further information and raise awareness of the significance of this vulnerable building type, as well as some of the conservation issues facing pubs generally.
- Report Number:
- Research Report
- Building Recording Standing Building Building Investigation First World War Post-War Second World War Assessment Inter-War Public House


text: The Sally Lightfoot crab, sometimes called the red rock crab, is a common sight on rocky beaches on the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines of the Americas, from Florida down to Brazil. Adults, which have carapace widths of around 5-8 centimeters, are generally bright red, brown, or orange with various patterns, while young Sally Lightfoot crabs are darker-colored. Sally Lightfoot crabs spend most of their time hiding away in rock crevices, but when they come out to feed they move with the remarkable agility and speed that give them their common name. While they feed, powerful waves often crash over them, but they are able to withstand these by flattening themselves against rocks and holding on tightly. Although these crabs mainly eat red and green algae, they will eat practically anything they can get, including mussels, barnacles, other crabs, young sea turtles, dead fish. The sketch is direct to watercolor without ink. Holbein and Daniel Smith watercolors in a Stillman and Birn sketchbook.


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Rudin asked me to maximize $$\int^{1}_{-1}x^{3}g(x)dx$$ under the restraint that $$\int^{1}_{-1}g(x)=\int^{1}_{-1}xg(x)dx=\int^{1}_{-1}x^{2}g(x)dx=0$$
This is clearly a Hilbert space problem need to use orthogonal relations. I computed $x^{3}$'s coefficients under the $L^{2}$ inner product and it turns out $x^{3}=\frac{3}{5}x^{2}+c$, with $c$ being orthogonal to $\{1,x,x^{2}\}$. But how does this help to find $g$?
A related question I also do not know how to solve is to find the minimum of $$\int^{\infty}_{0}|x^{3}-a-bx-cx^{2}|^{2}e^{-x}dx$$And it is not clear to me what the linearly independent underlying set is - $\{1,x,x^{2},e^{-x/2}\}$?
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I finally had some ideas, we just need to normalize $c$ to get $g$. – Bombyx mori Dec 29 '12 at 3:01
Hint for the second one: $e^{-x}$ is the weight function in the inner product. Also, do you know about Laguerre polynomials and/or Gram-Schmidt with respect to a weighted inner product? – JohnD Dec 29 '12 at 3:10
No I don't. I have to sleep now but really grateful for the hint. – Bombyx mori Dec 29 '12 at 3:15
Would it be possible to include a more detailed sketch of your steps to answering the first question. For example the phrase you "computed x^3's L2 inner product seems odd to me, since an inner product is usually defined over two functions. I assume it means \int x^3 x^3 dx?. I am looking at solving a related question. For example what if you swapped the x^2 and the x^3 in the problem statement, would the method above still hold. I haven't seen these Hilbert Space theorems used for maximization before. Do you have any references that can be found online? (also _USER_) – MHH Jun 30 at 3:05
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Hopefully you can recognize the second question as an application of what is sometimes called the "best approximation theorem" or "orthogonal projection theorem" in a Hilbert space. I'll show one approach, but there are others that people can chime in on.
If $\{\varphi_i(x)\}$ forms a complete orthonormal family on an interval $I$, with respect to the weight function $w(x)$, i.e., $$\langle \varphi_i,\varphi_j\rangle_w:=\int_I \varphi_i(x)\varphi_j(x)w(x)\,dx=\begin{cases} 0, &i\not=j,\\ 1, &i=j,\end{cases}$$ and we want to approximate $f\in L^2_w(I)$ as $$f(x)\approx\sum_{i=1}^n c_i \varphi_i(x), \quad x\in I,$$ then the "best" choice for the coefficients $c_i$ in the sense of minimizing the weighted $L^2$ norm of the error, $$\left\|f(x)-\sum_{i=1}^n c_i \varphi_i(x)\right\|_{L^2_w(I)},$$ is simply $c_i=\langle f,\varphi_i\rangle_w$, $i=1,\dots,n$.
To bring this to bear on your problem, the weight on the inner product is $e^{-x}$, $I=[0,\infty)$, $f(x)=x^3$, and we want to minimize the weighted $L^2_w(I)$ error when using the approximation $$x^3\approx a+bx+cx^2=\sum_{i=0}^2 c_i L_i(x),$$ where $L_i(x)$ denotes the $i$th Laguerre polynomial.
Since $L_0(x)=1$, $L_1(x)=1-x$, and $L_2(x)={1\over 2}(2-4x+x^2)$, from the best approximation theorem above, \begin{align} c_0&=\langle x^3,L_0\rangle_w=\int_0^\infty x^3 e^{-x}\,dx=6,\\ c_1&=\langle x^3,L_1\rangle_w=\int_0^\infty x^3(1-x)e^{-x}\,dx=-18,\\ c_2&=\langle x^3,L_2\rangle_w=\int_0^\infty x^3\cdot{1\over 2}(2-4x+x^2)e^{-x}\,dx=18, \end{align} which results in $$a=c_0+c_1+c_2=6, \quad b=-c_1-2c_2=-18, \quad c={c_2\over 2}=9.$$
Of course, if we want to let Mathematica do the work for us, it can:
Mathematica graphics
but where's the fun in that? ;-)
Hope that helps.
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Why was clemency trending last week?
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700-Kilometer Megaflash Sets New Lightning World Record
Lightning over Porto Alegre, Brazil. Thiago B Trevisan/Shutterstock
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has confirmed a phenomenal lightning strike that split the sky in Brazil in 2018 has set the new world record for the longest lightning bolt.
Reaching 709 kilometers (440 miles) long – about the distance from New York to Charleston, WV – the "world's greatest extent for a single lightning flash" was recorded on October 31, 2018, in southern Brazil, the WMO's Committee on Weather and Climate Extremes announced.
That wasn't the only flashy record-breaker the UN's weather agency announced though. The record for the longest duration of a lightning flash got smashed too, thanks to a 16.7-second-long "megaflash" that occurred over northern Argentina on March 4, 2019.
Both new records have wiped the floor with the previous record-holders by more than double. The previous distance record was 321 kilometers (199 miles) recorded in Oklahoma in 2007, and the duration record was a mere 7.74 seconds over Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, in August 2012.
"These are extraordinary records from single lightning flash events," said Professor Randall Cerveny, chief rapporteur of Weather and Climate Extremes for WMO, and co-author of the study confirming these findings in Geophysical Research Letters. "Environmental extremes are living measurements of what nature is capable, as well as scientific progress in being able to make such assessments. It is likely that even greater extremes still exist, and that we will be able to observe them as lightning detection technology improves."
Satellite image of record extent of lightning flash, Brazil, October 31, 2018. WMO
Previously, lightning was tracked using data from ground-based sensors called Lightning Mapping Array networks, which detect radio waves. However, lightning scientists acknowledged there was an upper limit to the scale of lightning that could be traced using these, and tracking more extreme lightning would require a scale-up of the technology.
In 2016, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) launched the world's first lightning-mapping satellite to operate in geostationary orbit, tracking Earth's weather from 36,000 kilometers (22,300 miles) above us. This means that not only can we monitor Earth's weather 24/7, but as increased lightning activity is usually a good indicator of tropical cyclones and thunderstorms, forecasters now get a more accurate idea of what's coming.
It was this lightning-mapping tool, operating on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), that recorded the two new records.
Satellite image of record duration of a lightning flash, Argentina, March 4, 2019. WMO
There are many different types of lightning. Lightning always accompanies thunder and they both happen at the same time, but as light travels faster you often see the lightning before you hear the thunder. Most lightning starts within a thunder cloud and then either stays in the cloud or travels through air, either to another cloud or to eventually hit the ground. Both record-breaking flashes occurred from cloud to cloud, without touching the ground, but why were they so powerful?
There are two hotspots in the Americas where mesoscale convection systems – thunderstorms that combine into large clusters, or "superstorms" – form: the Great Plains in North America and La Plata basin in South America. These superstorms occur on a scale that allows for extraordinary megaflashes. Now that we have the technology to monitor and observe these megaflashes, it's highly unlikely these new records will stand for long though.
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