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How does the existence of an active historical society make a positive impact on McHenry County? This organization has an enviable 47 year-old track record of educational, entertainment, resource and preservation contributions. Each year county wide school systems bus about 3500 students to the Society's museum in Union.
Educational programs at the museum foster the type of thinking that can see the realities of today as being part of a continuing historical process. Computers, for example, didn't just arrive on the scene. Generations previous to this had their versions of modern technology which they both questioned and ultimately trusted to make their lives and their children's lives easier. If people logically understand that progress is part of a historical process, change may be easier to deal with.
The award-winning (voted best small Institution in Illinois by the Illinois Association of Museums in 1998) McHenry County Historical Society continues to collect and hold among its collection the three dimensional teaching artifacts of human progress. Without any use of tax dollars the Historical Society museum makes this educational contribution.
The museum also provides a family-oriented entertainment and educational destination spot. It uniquely and interactively helps tell the story of this county and its people. No other public facility can make that claim. Museums, like theaters, opera houses, parks, libraries, and golf courses, speak to quality of life issues that ultimately raise our standard of living.
As a resource for local information the McHenry County Historical Society fields an average of 10 to 15 requests each day on property, building and site preservation, family history, business history and object conservation. The Society's local history research library contains photographs; picture post cards; maps; journals; business, club, school and governmental records; standard local history books; biographical files; scrapbooks; newspapers and other documentary materials such as old phone directories and high school yearbooks which provide the answers to all sorts of questions.
In addition, technical books and pamphlets on everything from quilt repair to building restoration plus staff training in conservation, restoration and preservation, provide an invaluable one-stop resource for businesses, public groups and individuals. In 1995 the Society co-produced a 1200 plus page history entitled McHenry County in the Twentieth Century. In 2004 the Society co-published the book Historic Country Schools of McHenry County, Illinois by Society member Robert Frenz. These are all public contributions of the McHenry County Historical Society.
In the field of preservation, it is this organization's philosophy that older historic neighborhoods provide a necessary variety of housing stock in addition to providing a visible tangible accounting of architectural history. Historic downtown districts maintain a building scale that encourages the kind of socialization not found in outlying retail malls that rely on the automobile for access. Downtown revitalization opens possibilities for residential as well as creative commercial use that capitalizes on a municipality's physical uniqueness. One doesn't look at commercial strips to "see" Crystal Lake or Algonquin or McHenry because those stripbusinesses are likely to be uniform in style and content.
This Society spearheaded the efforts at developing a McHenry County Historic Preservation Ordinance in 1990. Most larger municipalities have followed that lead and established similar ordinances. The society also undertook the restoration of the 1843 Gannon log cabin, the 1867 Pringle School, 1886 Seneca Town Hall, the 1895 West Harmony School and a 1950 Modern Tourist Cabin. In 2009 the Society acquired the 1898 Riley Methodist Church. Many of these structures remain on their original sites. Standing as footprints of earlier times, they provide visible evidence of our history. Part of the Society's museum at Union consists of the 1870 native limestone Union School.
Preserving one's community provides its citizenry with a visual collective memory. Ultimately the goal of educational and service organizations like the McHenry County Historical Society is to encourage the appreciation of all aspects of our environment both natural and built. Those individuals who are sensitive to their environment make better citizens. Better citizens vote, they participate in community life and they teach their children by example. Historical Societies have a role to play in that process.
New Board Members
At our Annual Meeting in June 2012, four new individuals joined our Board of Directors.
Pictured here, L to R: Greg Barry, Greenwood Township; Marlene Keenan, McHenry Township; Mary Ott, Nunda Township. Not pictured: Tom Behles, Alden Township.


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Wisconsin soldiers who served in the Black Hawk War (1832)
Wisconsin Muster Rolls from the Black Hawk War, 1832
During the Black Hawk War against the Sauk and Fox Indians, residents of Wisconsin were assembled into local militia, regular U.S. Army troops were deployed from St. Louis, and fighting units of Menominee and Potawatomi warriors were organized under white leadership. The lists linked below show the names of all soldiers in the 18 companies of "Iowa" militia [i.e., Iowa Co, Michigan Territory; present-day southwestern Wisconsin], plus the Menominee and Potawatomie units and one militia company raised at Green Bay. Not included here are soldiers from the militia of other states or in the regular U.S. Army; the Illinois State Archives lists soldiers from that state.
The rosters of 18 companies of Iowa Co. volunteers are listed first, followed by three Menominee and two Potawatomi companies, and finally by the single company of Green Bay militia. Altogether they total about 600 names on 67 pages.
The original muster rolls from which these typed versions were made are in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., misfiled under "Iowa." These lists were created as soldiers mustered out at the end of the conflict; occasional footnotes contain supplemental information from a parallel set of payroll records for each unit. The originals have not been microfilmed, and are published here for the first time. These transcriptions were made by Wisconsin Historical Society genealogical librarian James L. Hansen in 1980. They may be browsed in the left-hand frame of the viewer, and individual names may be searched in the box directly above it.
Territory to Statehood|
The Black Hawk War
Treaty Councils, from Prairie du Chien to Madeline Island
|Creator: ||U.S. General Accounting Office.
|Pub Data: ||Unpublished typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
|Citation: ||"Wisconsin Muster Rolls from the Black Hawk War, 1832." Typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/18/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Singapore Armed Forces
(SAF) has two rank structures
One rank structure is similar to that of other military in other country. One major difference is that the SAF uses a unified rank structure, with identical rank names and insignia throughout the Army
, and Air Force
. For example, traditional Navy ranks such as Ensign
have been replaced with Army-style ranks. Only two exceptions exist to the unified rank structure. Firstly, among the flag officer ranks, the Navy retains the Admiral
ranks. The second exception is for the rank insignia for Private
and Private First Class
among the Air Force, and the Army and Navy.
This structure is subdivided for Officer
, Warrant Officers
, and enlisted men.
The other structure is for the Military Domain Experts Scheme (MDES), which comprises eight ranks (ME1 – ME8).MINDEF
, Personnel under this Scheme are collectively known as Military Experts (MEs).
Unlike most Commonwealth countries, the armed forces of Singapore no longer use British-style rank insignia nor many British rank titles. Company officers are represented by bars, field officers by coats-of-arms and flag and general officers are represented by stars, similar to the systems of the Republic of China
, South Korea
, and (in particular) Indonesia
for example. American influence is obvious in relation to the existence of two Rear Admiral ranks.
The SAF rank structure is largely similar to that of the Singapore Civil......

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This project focuses on the Beothuk groups living within the Exploits River Valley (ERV), and the changes within their society and in their house construction between 1750 and 1829 AD. This follows work carried out by Laurie Mclean who has recently exposed house-pits in the Exploits River Valley previously discovered by Don Locke in the 1960s, but which were believed lost to looting and erosion.
By examining these recently rediscovered sites in detail, this research will improve our knowledge of Beothuk reactions to the arrival of Europeans, which has been of primary interest over the past few years to the public and to the archaeological community.
This request is for a preliminary study of the ERV house-pits, aimed at recording the shape using survey equipment and to test the use of drones to facilitate this process. If drones can be used to locate and record Beothuk house-pit features from photogrammetric models of the landscape the archaeological investigation of the Beothuk settlement of the ERV can be conducted faster, and on a larger scale than previously possible enabling a regionally situated understanding of Beothuk settlement change and population distribution between 1760 and 1820 AD, and ultimately address the following questions.
Do the increasing size of Beothuk House-Pits show a population increase within the Exploits River Valley due to population movement from outside the area or movement by local bands?
Did the Beothuk move into the Exploits River Valley in family groups to form new households or did they move into existing households?


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Les Fleurs du mal
Les Fleurs du mal (English: The Flowers of Evil) is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire. First published in 1857 (see 1857 in poetry), it was important in the symbolist and modernist movements. The subject matter of these poems deals with themes relating to decadence and eroticism.
The initial publication of the book was arranged in six thematically segregated sections:
- Spleen et Idéal (Spleen and Ideal)
- Tableaux parisiens (Parisian Scenes)
- Le Vin (Wine)
- Fleurs du mal (Flowers of Evil)
- Révolte (Revolt)
- La Mort (Death)
Si le viol, le poison, le poignard, l'incendie,
N'ont pas encore brodé de leurs plaisants dessins
Le canevas banal de nos piteux destins,
C'est que notre âme, hélas! n'est pas assez hardie.
- If rape and poison, dagger and burning,
- Have still not embroidered their pleasant designs
- On the banal canvas of our pitiable destinies,
- It's because our souls, alas, are not bold enough!
The preface concludes with the following malediction:
C'est l'Ennui! —l'œil chargé d'un pleur involontaire,
Il rêve d'échafauds en fumant son houka.
Tu le connais, lecteur, ce monstre délicat,
—Hypocrite lecteur,—mon semblable,—mon frère!
- It's Ennui! — his eye brimming with spontaneous tear
- He dreams of the gallows in the haze of his hookah.
- You know him, reader, this delicate monster,
- Hypocritical reader, my likeness, my brother!
Tableau Parisiens (Parisian Scenes)
Baudelaire's section Tableau Parisiens is considered one of the most formidable criticisms of 19th-century French modernity. This section contains 18 poems, most of which were written during the Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Together, the poems in Tableau Parisiens act as 24 hour cycle of Paris, starting with the second poem Le Soleil (The Sun) and ending with the second to last poem Le Crépuscule du Matin (Morning Crepuscule). The poems featured in this cycle of Paris all deal with the feelings of anonymity and estrangement from a newly modernized city. Baudelaire is critical of the clean and geometric streets of Paris which alienate the unsung anti-heroes of Paris who serve as inspiration for the poet: the beggars, the blind, the industrial worker, the gambler, the prostitute, the old and the victim of imperialism. These characters whom Baudelaire once praised as the backbone of Paris are now eulogized in his nostalgic poems. For Baudelaire, the city has been transformed into an anthill of identical bourgeois that reflect the new identical structures that litter a Paris he once called home but can now no longer recognize.
Literary significance and criticism
The author and the publisher were prosecuted under the regime of the Second Empire as an outrage aux bonnes mœurs (trans. "an insult to public decency"). As a consequence of this prosecution, Baudelaire was fined 300 francs. Six poems from the work were suppressed and the ban on their publication was not lifted in France until 1949. These poems were "Lesbos", "Femmes damnés (À la pâle clarté)" (or "Women Doomed (In the pale glimmer...)"), "Le Léthé" (or "Lethe"), "À celle qui est trop gaie" (or "To Her Who Is Too Gay"), "Les Bijoux" (or "The Jewels"), and " Les "Métamorphoses du Vampire" (or "The Vampire's Metamorphoses"). These were later published in Brussels in a small volume entitled Les Épaves (Jetsam).
On the other hand, upon reading "The Swan" or "Le Cygne" from Les Fleurs du mal, Victor Hugo announced that Baudelaire had created "un nouveau frisson" (a new shudder, a new thrill) in literature.
In the wake of the prosecution a second edition was issued in 1861 which added 32 new poems, removed the six suppressed poems and added a new section entitled Tableaux Parisiens.
A posthumous third edition with a preface by Théophile Gautier and including 14 previously unpublished poems was issued in 1868.
In popular culture
The 2009 manga/2013 anime Aku no Hana was based on Les Fleurs du mal set in modern Japanese society. The main character, Takao Kasuga, steals the gym clothes of his crush, Nanako Saeki, after being inspired by an excerpt from the aforementioned work.
Marilyn Manson released a song entitled "The Flowers of Evil" from his 2012 album Born Villain.
- Chambers, Ross. The Writing of Melancholy: Modes of Opposition in Early French Modernism. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993. Print.
- Thompson, William J. Understanding Les Fleurs Du Mal: Critical Readings. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 1997. Print.
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Les Fleurs du mal|
- Charles Baudelaire—Largest site dedicated to Baudelaire's poems and prose, containing Fleurs du mal, Petit poemes et prose, Fanfarlo and more in French.
- s:fr:Les Fleurs du mal: complete work on French Wikisource
- Les Fleurs du mal: full online text
- Les Fleurs du mal (in French) at Project Gutenberg
- Fleursdumal.org, a collection of the various French editions and accompanying translations in English.


View single post by amhistoryguy
 Posted: Wed Oct 5th, 2005 08:28 pm
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Joined: Wed Sep 7th, 2005
Location: Milwaukee - Wisconsin
Posts: 35
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The lands ceded to the McMullen colony were between the towns of Periube and Connceicao - nearly 500 square miles.
It was later groups of emigrants, led by Charles Nathan, Ballard Dunn, George Barnsley and others, who joined Americans at a place known then as Santa Barbra,in a district of San Palo. In 1904 it was determined that the name of the district should be changed to reflect the original settlers. Santa Barbara was re-named Distrito de Paz de Vila Americana - or simply Americana.
So to answer the question asked, no, the McMullan colony was not the colony known as Americana, although some members of the McMullan colony did move into that colony.
Americana, in San Palo, was founded after the McMullan colony.
Regards, Dave Gorski
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Hey guys! Im new to the forums and just started a programming course in college and im having some difficulties. The exercise is as followed:
The binary logarithm of n (log2n) is the power to which the number 2 to must be raised to obtain the value n. Write a C function that calculates log2 of an unsigned integer n using the following approach: find the most significant set bit in n and return the position of this bit. For example, if n is 17 (0b10001), the function should return 4.
The C function should have the following signature:
int mylog2(unsigned int n)
I'm not sure what to do and what "find the most significant set bit in n and return the position of this bit" means. And also how to I can do this, I certainly dont want u guys to do this for me, but some info on how to do it would be appreciated.
I have asked my teacher for help, but he just said read the goddamn books, but I have and still dont know the steps to solve this. Thanks


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Series GWL Guided Wave Radar Transmitter
Product Announcement from Dwyer Instruments, Inc.
The Series GWL Guided Wave Radar Transmitter for Liquids is a level transmitter providing continuous level indication of liquids. The sensor can output level indication as a continuous measurement reading through its 4 to 20 mA analog output, or it can alter that information into freely adjustable (NC) switching output signals. State-of-the-art Time Domain Reflectometry technology in this transmitter makes for excellent accuracy and stability. Suppression of disturbance signals allows the GWL to measure precisely even when operating close to interfering structures. This series is available with either a rigid or flexible probe depending on the application installation required, as well as a custom probe length. One of the GWL characteristics is virtually no installation restrictions making it ideal for small tanks, tall and narrow nozzles, and various other types of processing and storage applications. The guided wave radar transmitter for liquids features exceptional performance in liquids with low reflectivity such as oils and hydrocarbons, and factory settings can be configured via HART® Communication protocol.
METHOD OF OPERATION
The GWL senses low-energy, high-frequency electromagnetic impulses, produced by the sensor which are transmitted along the probe immersed in the fluid to be measured. When these impulses hit the surface of the liquid, part of the impulse energy is reflected back up the probe to the senor which then utilizes the time difference between the impulses sent and the impulses reflected to determine the fluid level.


Gaussians for those two numbers will overlap nearly everywhere. Large overlap means high confusion. Okay, so the confusion is explained qualitatively by the curves. But what about the reaction times to discriminate among different numerosities? Those can be modeled mathematically by something known as "Welford's formula" (Welford, 1960):
Equation 5.2. Welford's formula for reaction time RT to discriminate among a large (L) and a small (S) numerosity
The reaction time RT in Welford's formula depends on L, the larger of the two numerosities, on S, the smaller of the two, and on some constants, such as a, which is a small initial overhead before a person "warms up" enough to respond to any stimulus. Equation 5.2 should not be construed too literally, however. For instance, if L = S, RT is not defined, or we may say the formula suggests that the person will wait to infinity (because dividing by zero might be thought of as producing infinity); obviously, no person will be stuck forever, like a robot. In general, for large L and S Welford's formula is not very accurate. But, approximately, it's good enough.
Welford's formula, proposed in 1960, is an elaboration of an even older formula, known as the Weber – Fechner law. That's a law stated in the 19th century, and says that if the stimulus has magnitude m, what we sense is not m itself, but a quantity s which is proportional to the logarithm of m, like this: s = k·log(m) (k is again a constant). The logarithm explains how, for example, we can see very well both under the light of a bulb, and under bright sunlight, which is thousands of times brighter than the bulb light in absolute terms.
All these formulas are fine, but they don't tell us what's special in human perception of numerosity, which doesn't occur in other animals.
Well, as usual, human cognition went one step further. Instead of perceiving the magnitude of only explicit discrete quantities (such as dots), we can perceive the magnitude of symbolic quantities as well. For example, human subjects can be asked to discriminate quantities by looking at numerals such as 5 and 6, in their common (Arabic) notation; or, to discriminate among letters, such as e and f, assuming that each letter stands for its ordinal location in the alphabet. In all such cases, the accumulator metaphor and Welford's formula are still valid. This suggests that every comparison of quantities or sizes, however abstract, is governed by the principles for numerosity perception discussed in this section.
The phrase "however abstract", above, is crucial. By means of our numerosity perception we can have a sense of the magnitude of such quantities as:
 - How many times we ate Chinese food within the past year (assuming we don't consume Chinese food on a daily basis, nor that we have some aversion to it).
 - How many times our arms move back-and-forth while brushing our teeth.
 - How many times the word "cognition" appears in this document, and that this number must be larger than the number of occurrences of "fundamental".
For none of the above examples do we have an exact number to report (under normal circumstances), nor have we thought of counting while the events were taking place. Instead, we have a "sense of magnitude", and that's what this principle is about.
That animals can form associations is well known. In fact, this used to be considered the most solid finding in animal psychology in the beginning of the 20th century (cf. Pavlov's experiments with dogs salivating after hearing a bell ringing), and formed the basis of the stimulus–response behaviorist view of cognition. Since then, the behaviorist view has fallen into disrepute in cognitive science (though it still has some avid fans in the domain of biology), because it failed to explain observations in human cognition. Its core idea, however, still appears in cognition, in what is known as "Hebbian learning", according to which, when two neurons are physically close and are activated together, some chemical changes must occur in their structures that signify the fact that the two neurons fired together (Hebb, 1949). Psychologists and cognitive scientists generalized this idea, taking it to mean that whenever two percepts are repeatedly perceived together, the mind forms an association between them, so that one can invoke the other. If they are perceived sequentially, the first will invoke the second, but not vice versa; but if their perception is simultaneous, e.g., as when we repeatedly see two friends appearing together, then the presentation of either one will invoke the concept of the other. (If only one of the friends greets us one day, we are tempted to ask how's the other one doing.) See Figure 6.1 for a well-known example.
Figure 6.1. Which "friend" does Mr. Hardy bring to your mind?
But the example that follows is a "live demonstration" of the fact that animals build associations by co-occurrence. The other day I happened to be in the zoo of Athens, Greece (the Attica Zoological Park), next to the cage of a cockatoo. Cockatoos are parrot-like birds, and, like many parrots, they can learn to "talk". This one, besides being good at talking, was also very fond of being petted. No, not just fond of it, it demanded to be petted by the visitors. I inserted one finger through the metallic grid of its cage, and the bird, delighted, lowered its head, allowing me to caress its neck and body under the wing (which it lifted, so that I could caress it there!). Then when I withdrew my finger and was about to leave, I heard it saying: "Ti kánis?" which in Greek means, "How are you doing?" Wow! — I thought — this bird can talk, too! So I went back and petted it some more. This scenario was repeated twice, and each time the bird said "Ti KAnis?" while I was distancing myself from its cage. The third time, I thought, I should record this. I asked a friend who was with me to pet the bird while I was using my camera to take a movie of it, and when we distanced ourselves, sure enough, the bird blurted out another "Ti kánis?" You can see the movie below:
Why did the bird do that? Well, the "Ti kánis?" effectively meant for the cockatoo: "Come back here! (I want more petting!)" The bird had noted, by trial and chance alone, that whenever it uttered something the visitors who were just leaving would come back with a "Wow!", and pet it some more. The bird probably used this phrase, "Ti kánis?", from the very beginning, and formed an association between its utterance and the coming back of people, which is what it wanted.
In this example we see an amazing ability for an animal, which we usually ascribe to people only. Out of all the events that were taking place while people were distancing themselves from its cage, the bird singled out the one and only event, its uttering of "Ti kánis?", which would effectively bring the people back to it. The first time that this happened, it ought to have happened by chance, for the cockatoo has no way of knowing that something it said would have a felicitous outcome. It simply noticed the co-occurrence, perhaps from the first time; then it repeated it, and got convinced that doing this, results in that. The last repetition which is always a failure (because people do have to leave its cage at some point) did not make it "forget" the association. Our cockatoo reminded me of scientists of older times who tried various medicines to cure a disease, and when they observed that the disease was indeed cured they tried to figure out which chemical it was that did the trick, until they came to an "Aha!"-moment, "It's this substance!" Except that, what we people can sometimes do with the help of consciousness, and sometimes unconsciously, birds and other animals can do unconsciously only.
Note that, so far, Hebbian learning can be seen as merely another application of the pattern-completion principle. However, the sixth principle is about a generalization of Hebbian learning, in which a percept from an entire set can be associated simultaneously with one or more percepts from another set, without anyone telling us explicitly which percept must go with which one. Here is an example:
Suppose you are an infant; you've just started learning your native language, in the automatic and unconscious way all infants do. You are presented with images of the world — things that you see — and words of your language, which, more often than not, are about the things you see, especially when adults speak directly to you. The problem that you have to solve — always automatically and subconsciously — is to figure out which word roughly corresponds to which percept in your visual input. (Let's assume you've reached a stage at which you can identify some individual words.) The difficulty of this problem lies in the fact that there is a multitude of visual percepts every time, and a multitude of linguistic tokens (words, or other morphological pieces, such as plural markers, possessives, person markers, and so on). How do you make a one-percept-to-one-token correspondence when what


Residential Project
Initial exploration on Phyton coding and pen plotter production, as the result of change between x and y, visually articulated a seam, where the intersection of variables occur. The seam in this residential project becomes a programmatic and structural stitch as it expands and contracts according to uses such as circulation, utility, and storage. Drawings explore the notion of the seam through the cutline, as it defined the essential threshold that holds the parts together.
Pen Plotter Drawings Unable to perfectly click at the spinal spot, yet inescapably being 'one' these drawings explored notions on figure and field tension where the seam becomes visible as the field is formed.
In between particle and object explores the seam through 3 atmospheric volumes folding into each other, the formation of dense encapsulation on the left, a sequential breathe of upsurge in the middle volume and a compact moil of filling in on the very right.
The Seam
In between surface and solid explores the seam through the giving away of space to the surface, a breathing volume constituted of seams that reveal the pursuit of 'volumizing'.
Long Section
Short Section
Interior Space


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Science Lower MS Bio
Lower Middle School Biology for the Logic Stage leads 5th and 6th grade students through a study of plants, animal life, and the human body by digging deeper into fundamental concepts before high school. Biology for the Logic Stage Student Guide includes all student assignment sheets, sketches, experiment sheets and blank report pages that they will need to complete the year. Each of the student assignment sheets contains the weekly topic, sketch assignment, experiment directions, report options, dates to enter, and memory work.
* Prerequisites: None
* This course includes an optional learning experience.


They resist a 16 bar nominal pressure in water pipes and a 10 bar nominal pressure in gas pipes. In the market, there are electrowelding quick fitting of PN 25 bar. They usually are black or blue for water and black and yellow for gas and they are welded with a tension that varies from 8 to 42 volts according to the model although the most usual tension and which is more used nowadays by the manufacturers is 40 volts. The input of the welding data (voltage and fusion time) in the electrofusion machine, can be performed with manual machines or with machines whose fitting data are registered by reading its bar code through a light pen or scanner.
The welding fittings are provided with labels or magnetic cards in which there are bar codes where all the relevant information of the product appears there like fusion data. We will indicate below some steps to perform the electrofusion.
Step 1: Preparation
During the transport, handling and laying of the PE pipes they could be damaged if it you are not careful enough. It is allowed cuts and lines no higher than 10% of the thickness of the wall in water pipes and 5% in gas pipes. Clean the joining area of the pipe with a cloth or paper towel that doesn't leave dirt.
Step 2: Scrap
To secure a good joint, the area of the surface of the pipe to be welded must be scraped to eliminate impurities, dirt, grease, etc. that could contaminate the welding. The length to be scraped must be marked with a felt tip and it must be used a rotary scraper. For tapping saddles, it can be used a manual scraper.
46bDon't touch the scraped surface!
Step 3: Aligners
The MOST important part of the electrofusion process, is making sure that the pipes have not movement and be aligned during the heating and cooling phases. If the pipe moves during the cooling phase, the formed joint will fail. The aligners help to perform a good joint, avoiding the movement of the pipes.


Interpreting Milk Test Data
Jump to Individual Doe Sheet or CDCB Data
Lab Results
Why does it say "cow" when these are all goats?
Milk test was originally designed for cows and that's the way it remains today. Whether you're testing a goat, sheep, or a camel, all of your paperwork will say "cow".
Ok, so what do all of these numbers mean?
Tell me more about SCC!
Somatic cells are basically anything in the milk that isn't milk. It's usually white blood cells but it can also be bits of tissue. Milk will never be completely free of somatic cells but lower numbers are better. Higher numbers can indicate an injury (kids nursing roughly) or an infection (mastitis). Each goat will have her own "normal" SCC count so you just want to pay attention if her count suddenly spikes. Most of my does are usually between 50 and 300.
What about MUN?
I don't get MUN reports so it doesn't show on my lab results, but it is an option at many labs. MUN stands for "Milk Urea Nitrogen". Nitrogen in urea (found in bodily fluids such as blood and milk) is a result of the breakdown of protein. Anything not absorbed and used by the body will be expelled and can be measured. High MUN levels indicate a goat isn't using all the protein she is being fed. Essentially, it's being wasted and you might want to reevaluate what you are feeding her.
Individual Doe Sheet
Your lab will send your milk test data to your processing center so they can do their magic (algorithms) and estimate how much your does produce between tests. I use Amelicor. Data sheets from other processing centers will look different but should have all the same information. Let's take a closer look at each section!
Top of the Sheet
Test Day and Lactation Data
Bottom of the Sheet
If the goat is registered with ADGA, there is a quick and easy way to access this data! Go to ADGA Genetics and lookup the goat by name or registration number:
Click on "CDCB Data" on the left side of the goat's page:
The first time you use this link you will have to sign up for a free account with CDCB. When that is accomplished, go back to the ADGA Genetics page and click the "CDCB Data" link again.
Let's take a closer look at each section!
Top of the Page
Bottom of the Page
All the data for each lactation! I won't explain what has already been explained above but here is what's different:
© 2016 Puddlehaven


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If you ever find yourself in an Australian forest, don't be surprised if a parrot swears at you. Across Australia, people are reporting that wild parrots are talking to them and that they are not always polite. In fact, some wild birds have learned to speak English and in particular, to use expletives. It is thought that the language skills have been learned from pet birds that escaped from their cages and returned to the wild. The wild birds have picked up the new sounds and have even taught them to their offspring. The result is a weird chorus of English nonsense high in the treetops.
Read by Tina Williamson (Australian accent)
Study the wordsSwears – uses bad language Politecivil, well-mannered Expletivesbad language, vulgar expressions Petdomestic (animal) Skills– abilities The wildthe natural habitat Offspringbabies Weirdstrange Nonsenselanguage with no meaning Treetopsthe highest branches of the trees
Listen on audioboo (and subscribe to i-tunes podcast) here
Do the takeaway test: Wild Parrots Learn to Swear


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Around the Block: Dark Forest
Taking the tourist root
Most of Minecraft's overworld is pretty safe during the daytime. Hostile mobs like zombies, skeletons, and spiders need darkness to spawn – and the sun is bright enough to keep them away. But there's one biome that still poses a danger, even in the middle of the day. It's the dark forest.
Dark forests were added to Minecraft in The Update That Changed the World, alongside stained glass, podzol, and pufferfish. Originally they were called "roofed forests", referring to the way that the canopy forms a roof, but then we decided that Dark Forest was a better name.
There are two kinds of dark forest – the first is the normal one, which is the most dangerous. But it's also possible to find a more hilly variant, where steep hills and cliffs break the canopy. These are safer in some ways – the hills allow more sunlight to get in, and more dangerous in others – you don't want to fall off a cliff.
Dark forests are much denser than other forests. The trees grow closer together, and their leaf canopy blocks sunlight from reaching the forest floor. In some places, the foliage is so dense that it gets dark enough for zombies, spiders, and skeletons to crawl out of their lairs and prowl in the daytime.
So why bother venturing inside? Well, there are plenty of resources to collect. A lot of wood, for starters – oak, dark oak, and birch trees will all generate in dark forest biomes, as well as huge red and brown mushrooms, dandelions, poppies, lily of the valley, rose bushes, peonies and lilacs. You'll also find sheep, pigs, chickens, and cows wandering around, drinking from the occasional lake.
But the most compelling reason to visit a dark forest is to find a woodland mansion – huge structures, built by illagers, full of valuable loot. Assaulting a woodland mansion is no joke, they're much more dangerous than their name suggests. But the rewards can be worth it.
If you do choose to invade one, then it might be worth setting up a small base outside a mansion before you venture inside. That way you don't have to run for miles if you succumb to its inhabitants' attacks. But longer stays in a dark forest are not advised – the danger of mobs spawning in the daytime, and the ease of getting lost amongst the trees, make it a poor place to set up home more permanently.
In the real world, a forest that shows no signs of disturbance by humans is called "primary forest" and there isn't very much of it – only about 20 percent of the original forests that existed on Earth before humans remain.
This is a problem because primary forests are extremely valuable – they purify water, generate the oxygen we breathe, store carbon, control flooding, and provide a home for millions of species.
More than half of what's left lies within just three countries – Brazil, Russia, and Canada, and in some parts of the world - like Europe, only about 3% remains. The ones that are left we do have left are increasingly becoming tourist attractions, which brings its own issues.
Minecraft's overworld contains as much forest as you want – and you can always generate a new world if you need to. But unfortunately, we can't do the same for our Earth. So let's try and keep our real-world dark forests safe by leaving them alone.
- Escrito por
- Duncan Geere


text:
An 18mp sensor produces the same size file if it is a full frame sensor or if it is an APS-C sensor. Smaller pixels do not make smaller bits
Write time to your card is based on lots of factors, but the two main ones are processing delay and the slower of card speed and camera write speed.
Processing delay is not as simple as faster processor beats slower processor.... What is the algorithm? Does it take the same time for an iso100 image as an iso 51200 image with lots of processing to correct noise.... Does a 60D run a simple algorithm on a clean picture faster than a 1D X on a noisy picture??? This is why there is no answer to how fast can a digic 5+ process pixels.... The answer varies based on the algorithm used.
Write time is the slower of camera write speed and card speed. I don't know how fast the 1D X write speed is to the card, but you can bet that the published specs were with the fastest card available. Nice and simple...... And wrong! After the image is processed it is stored in high speed memory, which is then dumped to the card. The bottleneck occurs when the read/process/dump to high speed memory occurs faster than you can write to the card.
A 1D X has something like 34 times the processing power of a 60D and we all know how the mighty compact flash beats the tar out of the lowly SDXC cards, yet the 1D X is only able to take 12 frames per second compared to the 5.3 of the 60D....... There are no easy answers here.


text:
Project: Emerging Issues Workshop Partners: Galapagos Governing Council, Galapagos National Park, Charles Darwin Foundation, outside experts Status: Funding being sought
In the future, Galapagos Conservancy envisions bringing together experts from Galapagos and around the world every two years to identify new and emerging issues within or directly affecting the Galapagos Islands.
Within a workshop or symposium setting, partners and participants will include a subset of long-term Galapagos stakeholders. Fields of knowledge that are needed in these workshops include:
various science disciplines
natural resource management
Each workshop will result in a publication with new priority projects defined and potentially developed.


text:
Abingdon Pillars of Theology is a series for the college and seminary classroom designed to help students grasp the basic and necessary facts, influence, and significance of major theologians. Written by noted scholars, these books will outline the context, methodology, organizing principles, primary contributions, and key writings of people who have shaped theology as we know it today.
Dr. Donald Shriver tells us that H. Richard Niebuhr wrote about God in a serious yet joyous exploration. This book summarizes Niebuhr's faith journey as seen through the lens of his major works. While Neibuhr did mean to move his readers to think, struggle, argue, and even pray, he expected nothing less from himself. It is the hope of the author that by reading this book, readers will be better prepared to travel a path of their own.


for the filename suffix, and 1 for the minimum number of digits.
 6. Make a folder named "Frames" and set it to be the output directory.
 7. Select JPEG as the file type, set quality to 100.
 8. Click OK to start extracting frames.
Virtualdub extract frames.gif
Generating the Video
Aligning the Axes
To generate the video, you first need to download the Matlab.m files: File:Swarm plotting files.zip.
Extract the files, and take the Frames folder holding the movie frames and main_log.m generated by the data logger, and put them in the extracted folder which also holds VIDEO_OVERLAY.m
We must now align the plotting axes with the real world axes in the video, so that the position and SCALE will be correct when we overly the figures. To do this, we will use nine equally spaced points arranged in a rectangle centered at the origin. The alignment parameters are saved, so you only need to do this once if you don't move the camera. If need be, you can make a short video clip with marked points on the testbed just for alignment.
To perform the alignment,
 1. Make sure RES is set to the width and height of the resolution of the frames, in pixels (e.g. [width height]).
 2. Go to DOT_X and DOT_Y and set these to the x-axis and y-axis spacing between each of the nine dots in the real world.
 3. Set TEST_OVERLAY_FITTING = 1 and GEN_MOV = 0 and run the script. This will plot a square and nine '+' points in on top of the first frame of the video. Make sure the square is a true square, and not distorted.
 4. Adjust X_OFFSET and Y_OFFSET until the center '+' is lined up with the center dot (the origin of the real world coordinate system).
 5. Adjust SCALE until the other 8 dots are well matched up. SCALE will scale the axis, so increasing SCALE will increase the range of the axis, thus decreasing the unit distance.
 6. The overlay axes should how match the real world axes in the video.
Setting Configurations
If you run the VIDEO_OVERLAY.m script with 'GEN_MOV=0', you can preview what the video will look like, but the video will not be saved.
To generate the video, you need to enter the settings that you want.
 - VIDEO_TIME=TIME_IN_SECONDS: (default = 75) This is the desired video duration in seconds. You must have enough data and video frames to generate the video of this duration.
 - FPS=FRAMES_PER_SECOND (default = 30) This is the frames per second of the video footage.
 - GOAL =GOAL STATISTICS (default = [100 300 160000 40000 40000]) This is an array that contains the goal's initial first moments and second central moments ([x y xx xy yy]). If you change the goal from the command console and the data logger recorded it, these values will be overwritten.
 - COMMR =COMMUNICATION_RADIUS (default = Inf) This is the default communication radius in millimeters. If you change the radius from the command console and the data logger recorded it, this value will be overwritten.
Draw Options
 - DRAW_COMM_LINKS: =1 to draw communication links, =0 otherwise.
 - DRAW_SWARM_ELLIPSE: =1 to draw actual ellipse representing swarm, =0 otherwise.
 - DRAW_GOAL_ELLIPSE: =1 to draw the goal ellipse, =0 otherwise.
 - DRAW_INDIVIDUAL_ESTIMATES: =1 to draw the individual estimates of the swarm of each robot, =0 otherwise.
 - DRAW_ROBOT_MARKER_DOT: =1 to draw colored dots on top of the robots, = 0 otherwise.
 - COMM_LINE_THICKNESS: the thickness of the lines if communication links are drawn.
 - DOT_MARKER_SIZE: the size of dot marker if the dots are drawn.
Generate Movie File
GEN_MOV: =1 to generate and save the movie (could take a long time), =0 for preview only (much faster, but video won't be saved).
Repairing Damaged Videos
Sometimes, the video generated by MATLAB will be damaged. You can try to repair the file by opening it with VirtualDub, selecting Video>Direct Steam Copy, and then File>Save as AVI.
Compressing the Video
There are many ways to compress the video, including using VirtualDub or Quicktime. To compress the video with Quicktime, open the video and select File>Export.
To use VirtualDub, select Video>Full Processing Mode, go to Video>Compression and select the compression you want to use (you must have the codecs installed on your system), and the go to File>Save as AVI.
Personal tools


text:
Announcing the invention of a radical new type of bridge capable of spanning long distances across deep water.
The inventor claims this bridge design will make crossing long expanses of deep water possible. The "Hamilton Deep Water Bridge" will make the construction of bridges across places like the English Channel or the Straits of Messina, etc., practical and economically feasible.
Where now, only ferry transportation connects locations separated by long distance and deep water, this new bridge will make driving safely, between these locations possible. There are many locations around the world where a bridge of this type can be used. One of the unique design features of the bridge are the economical "ocean pressure" foundations which secure the bridge to the ocean floor and support the super structure. This new design will bring bridge construction into the 21st century.
Donald L. Hamilton, Inventor
104 Ramona Ave. Buffalo, NY 14220
"Imagination beyond the cutting edge"


CBD oil and pain: 1 - understanding different types of pain
CBD oil and pain: 1 - understanding different types of pain
Now that CBD oil is readily available in South Africa a lot of people are asking the question: 'Can CBD oil help with my pain?' To answer this question we need to take a look at different types of pain.
In order to understand different types of pain, let's start with asking the question, 'why do we have pain?' To answer this question we will look at three pain categories and whether they are necessary to protect the body.
1: Acute physiological pain
- Main defence mechanism of the body - for example if you touch something very hot you will feel pain and quickly pull away from the heat that is causing the pain and this withdrawal reflex prevents any further damage.
-Very important and effective protective function.
- Pain is alerting us to potential or actual damage.
Acute pain
2.) Acute inflammatory pain
Acute inflammatory pain is occurs as an immediate response to trauma.
An example of this type of pain is when you have visited the dentist and received a local anaesthetic for the removal of a tooth. You have no pain during the removal but afterwards you experience pain which increases substantially.
Now we can answer the more complicated question - is acute inflammatory pain still necessary to protect the body? The answer is that sometimes it is and sometimes it isn't. Let's look at the specific tooth removal example:
You are experiencing a lot of pain which is a result of inflammation around the area of the removed tooth. The body responds to trauma or injury (for example caused by the surgical tooth removal) with the creation of an inflammatory response. The aim of this response if to heal the damaged tissue and it always causes pain, but in this case it is not protecting your body from anything. The acute inflammatory pain caused by a surgical tooth removal does not have protective value.
Tooth pain
However, this is not always the case. For example, inflammatory pain is extremely important in terms of protective value when it comes to conditions like acute appendicitis. The severe abdominal pain that accompanies inflammation has served to signal something serious is wrong and protect the body. If there was no pain accompanying the inflammatory process the condition could go unnoticed and the appendix could rupture.
appendicitis surgery acute inflammatory pain appendix
 Another example would be a broken arm. Your body has created inflammation around the broken bone. Movement has the potential to cause harm to nerves, blood vessels or even neighbouring tissues. The pain therefore acts as a defence mechanism because it is telling your body to stop moving so that further damage is not caused.
These examples show that events of protective and non-protective pain accompanying acute inflammation can be experienced.
 3.) Chronic pain
We have now covered acute pain and understand that in many cases acute pain has a protective function. Now let's take a look at chronic pain. A lot of people experience this type of pain. Generally chronic pain is pain which lasts or recurs for more than 3 to 6 months. There are many causes and symptoms of chronic pain which we will take a look at in another blog post.
When pain becomes chronic it has lost its protective and warning functions. For example, nerve damage often causes chronic pain. Let's look at a specific example:
Shingles is a painful rash from the reactivation of the Chickenpox virus. The rash will usually resolve itself and the pain will subside. However, in some people the rash will disappear but the pain can remain for months or even years. These people can experience spontaneous pain and another phenomenon known as allodynia where pain is experienced from something that is ordinarily painless (such as something like a light wind on the skin or running water). This is an excellent example of how chronic pain can have absolutely no protective qualities - gently running water (with a normal temperature) should not ever be considered threatening to the body.
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text:
The State of Washington is a nature lovers dream. The natural scenery in the state is some of the most breath taking and awe-inspiring in the entire United States. Buy bundle of trees and make significant impact on Washington's environment. Gift giving is an act that can show that you are thankful.
Giving is an emotion. It's not logical. Plant trees, give this unique gift and feel sincere gratitude when you give something that elevates happiness and wellbeing of all of us.
Why is it important to plant trees? They prevent erosion of the soil, as well as provide a home for a variety of animals. Of critical importance to humans, they also play a major role in producing the oxygen we breathe and cleaning carbon dioxide out of the air. "Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better." ~ Albert Einstein
With every purchase, you will receive an e-mail with the official My Tree Planet Color Certificate. This e-mail and the attached Certificate will be sent within 24 hours (or sooner) after your purchase. You can also order a physical copy of this Certificate for an additional charge.


Saturday, 5 December 2009
The ampersand is a punctuation mark (&) used to represent the conjunction 'and'.
Alrhough it is a substitute for the word 'and' in any context it is not generally used outside of signs and titles.
It is a ligature formed from an upper or lowercase e conjoined with t which spells et ("and" in Latin).
(In writing and typography the word ligature means a character consisting of two or more letters combined into one.)
 1. You. Are. Amazing! I would never have thought to question where that came from, or what it was! Excellent!
 2. I knew where it came from (et) but I don't think I ever heard the word "ampersand"


green_grrl (green_grrl) wrote in fandom_grammar,
Answer: Abbreviated titles
When is it appropriate to abbreviate titles (Mr., Dr.) and when should they be written out in full?
First, please note that a title directly precedes the person's name. Other uses are merely descriptive nouns and should always be written out.
Incorrect: Somebody ran for a Dr.
Correct: Somebody ran for a doctor.
Correct: Somebody ran for Dr. Fraiser.
Incorrect: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, Mr.
Correct: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, mister.
Correct: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, Mr. Bregman.
Let's look at the rules for titles, with some more examples from Stargate SG-1. There are different rules for when to abbreviate the various categories of what we call titles:
 - Social titles: Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr.
 - Civil and military titles: President, Senator, General, Colonel, etc.
 - Honorifics, or titles with "the": the Honorable, the Reverend
The Chicago Manual of Style is a standard American style guide for formal writing, such as papers and books. According to Chicago, when a civil or military title comes before a full name, it is usually abbreviated. An honorific may be as well.
Jack quickly scanned Kinsey's invitation list:
Rev. Samuel Stevens
Sen. Harry Clarkson
Sen. Alan Graysmith
Rep. Martha Hanley
Hon. David Thornton
When only a last name is given, a civil or military title should be spelled out. When used with "the," "Honorable" and "Reverend" should always be spelled out.
All Jack knew of the Right Reverend Samuel Stevens was that he was popular in conservative circles. His inclusion in a list of Senator Kinsey's band of corrupt insiders was going to need looking into.
Chicago also says that the following social titles are always abbreviated: Mr., Mrs., Messrs., Ms., M., MM. Mme, Mlle, Dr.
Another source of rules on titles comes from formal invitation etiquette, which says that when addressing invitations, all titles other than Mr., Mrs., or Ms. should be spelled out.
General Hammond passed out oversized envelopes of thick white linen paper to each addressee. Colonel Jack O'Neill, Doctor Daniel Jackson, Captain Samantha Carter, Mr. Teal'c. When Doctor Jackson turned over his envelope and saw Catherine Langford and Ernest Littlefield's names on the reverse, General Hammond couldn't help but smile along with him.
What about the second "Doctor Jackson" in the example above? Chicago says that "Dr." is always abbreviated, and this second use was in the narrative, not the invitation address. So why did I spell it out here? In short, fiction writing, narrative and dialogue, does not always adhere to the rules for non-fiction. The main aim of the writer is to pull the reader into the story. Ideals to strive for include:
 - Avoid making the reader trip over your writing. The more your writing meets the reader's expectations, the more easily the reader will get into your story and flow along with it.
 - Write dialogue that allows the reader "hear" your characters speak. By spelling out as much as possible, you signal to the reader exactly what the character is saying.
 - Write narrative appropriate to your point of view (POV). The tighter your narrative is to a particular character's POV, the closer your narrative style should be to dialogue.
In dialogue, if you spell out everything, you give your reader the characters' exact words.
Lieutenant Grogan led the British representative to the IOA into the conference room and introduced him to the base commander: "General George Hammond, sir."
Grogan is pronouncing "jen-er-al" George Hammond, not "jen" George Hammond, and the reader won't have to think twice about it with the title spelled out. This can also give you room to provide more "flavor" for your characters' speech.
"Leftenant Carl Grogan," Chapman mused to the general. "Good man. So far I'm impressed by your people."
An American reader might not remember to mentally read "Lt." with Chapman's British pronunciation. Spelling the title out phonetically (it's properly spelled lieutenant in American and British English despite pronunciation) reminds the reader of his accent.
However, keep in mind reader expectations.
General Hammond gestured to the chairs at the conference table. "I hope you had a good trip, Mister Chapman."
General Hammond gestured to the chairs at the conference table. "I hope you had a good trip, Mr. Chapman."
Because of convention, and the Chicago and invitation rules above, it is very rare to see "Mister" spelled out in written English. It's even more rare to see "Missus"—and "Ms." doesn't actually expand at all. Seeing "Mister Chapman" written out is likely to interrupt the reader's flow by being unusual, while "Mr. Chapman" is likely to be read and mentally translated to the sound "mis-ter" automatically. The reader expects the abbreviation.
When writing your story from a particular character's point of view, your narrative is meant to reflect that character's thoughts, which are somewhat like mental speech.
Jack was starting to realize how important Prof. David Jordan had been in Daniel's life.
Jack was starting to realize how important Professor David Jordan had been in Daniel's life.
Jack is not going to think of the man as "Prof." He would hear the man's full title in his mind, so the spelled out version in the narrative lets the reader more accurately "hear" Jack's thoughts.
If the POV of your story is more objective, or if you are quoting a section of written text—such as the invitation list, above, or a newspaper article—then you may want to revert to Chicago rules.
The title "Doctor" falls between Chicago and invitation rules. The abbreviation "Dr." is common enough—more common than "Capt." or "Prof."—that a reader will probably have no problem mentally translating it quickly. However the reader also is used to seeing the word "doctor" spelled out; it's not an unusual word that would trip up a reader. My personal preference is to spell it out in dialogue to maintain the sound of the character's speech. Whether I spell it out in the narrative depends upon the POV.
Spelling out all titles other than Mr., Mrs., or Ms. in dialogue and narrative is only a recommendation, but it has a logic that works for fiction writers. The only real rule is that once you've decided how you want to deal with titles, keep your style consistent throughout your story.
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text: Background: Physical education (PE) can be considered the centrepiece of school physical literacy (PL) programs, but ineffective lessons or an absence of PE across the public primary school system has raised concern. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation, acceptability and impact of teacher delivery of PE as part of a multicomponent Physical Education Physical Literacy (PEPL) approach, designed to improve classroom teachers' provision of PE and PL opportunities within a cluster of suburban primary schools. Method: Within a pragmatic randomised cluster-based trial with mixed methods, a PEPL coach was appointed to seven schools for one school year, with another seven schools continuing their usual practice as the control group. The coach's role was to support and professionally develop classroom teachers to teach PE and to create opportunities that develop PL inside and outside the school environment. Focusing on Grade 5 teachers, the implementation, acceptability and teacher impact were assessed using direct observations of PE teaching style, a daily log kept by the coach and interviews with principals and teachers. Results: The PEPL coach visited each school on average once a week for the 33 available weeks of the school year. There were several positive effects for teachers and schools. With no classroom teacher initially taking PE or classroom physical activity breaks, all seven teachers regularly introduced a PE lesson and activity breaks into their weekly schedule. PE class instructional time increased (intervention; +4.8 vs. control; −3.5 min/lesson; β = 1.69; SE = 0.76; p =.05), with lessons of greater duration (intervention; +8.6 vs. control +1.9 min/lesson; β = 1.14, SE = 0.58, p =.05) and moderate and vigorous physical activity increased 5.7 min in intervention classes (p <.05). The PEPL coach introduced regular physical activities before and after school and linked the schools with a national sports coaching scheme. Interviews indicated that the PEPL approach was both valued and well-accepted by staff, that classroom teacher confidence to teach PE increased and that principals perceived a shift toward a school 'culture' of physical activity. Conclusions: Well-received by classroom teachers and principals, the PEPL approach resulted in classroom teachers introducing both PE and activity breaks into their weekly teaching program and schools were linked to external sport coaching programs. These effects suggest that the PEPL approach enhanced opportunities for the development of physical literacy in this suburban primary school setting. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12615000066583.


text:
Breeding Timing in Cats
Breeding Timing to Maximize Fertility in Cats
Breeding timing refers to a technique that may be utilized to ensure conception in cats by the purposeful timing of insemination during the estrus (heat) period. A fertile female cat is referred to as a queen.
Symptoms and Types
In order to maximize the odds of conception with properly timed breeding, it is best to pin-point, as close as possible, the day of ovulation for the queen. Symptoms of estrus in the queen are evident by her rubbing against objects, being vocal (much more than usual), and an interest shown by the male cat. However, timing of breeding is less critical with cats and ultimately depends on the amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) released, which is triggered via stimulation of the queen's vagina and cervix.
Breeding timing and related fertility-maximizing techniques may be utilized for a number of reasons. This may be deemed necessary if there is an apparent failure to achieve conception in the queen.
For cats, the most reliable method of determining the ovulation cycle is by progesterone testing.
A hormone that is created at the time of pregnancy
The process of the maturation and release of eggs
The period that an animal is pregnant in which the fetus develops from conception to birth
The time period in which a female is receptive to male attention
Ovarian Tumors in Cats
There are three kinds cat ovarian tumors: epithelial tumors (skin/tissue), germ cell...
Reproductive Genetic Abnormalities in Cats
Sexual development disorders in cats can occur due to errors in the genetic coding,...


text:
Presentation on theme: "Mary Davis, DrPH, MSPH; NC Institute for Public Health Kristin Adams, Ph.D., CHES; Indiana State Department of Health."— Presentation transcript:
Mary Davis, DrPH, MSPH; NC Institute for Public Health Kristin Adams, Ph.D., CHES; Indiana State Department of Health
Performance Measurement Definitions Performance measurement is the "regular collection and reporting of data to track work produced and results achieved" Performance measure is "the specific quantitative representation of capacity, process, or outcome deemed relevant to the assessment of performance" Performance measurement is NOT punishment
Monitoring the results of performance review against PHAB Standards and Program Evaluation Monitoring Indicators and Outcomes
Dr. Mary Davis is a Senior Investigator at the NC Institute for Public Health and Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Behavior, both part of the UNC, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Since Dr. Davis conducts public health systems and services research and program evaluations using participatory approaches; specialty areas are accreditation, quality improvement, and public health partnerships. Her experiences in these areas have been shaped by participating in the Multi-State Learning Collaborative, evaluation of the NC Local Health Department Accreditation program, and working with the NNPHI and CDC to evaluation the National Public Health Improvement Initiative. Dr. Davis earned her doctorate from the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health and her masters in science in public health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Dr. Kristin Adams is the Director of the Office of Public Health Performance Management at the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH). She oversees agency performance management, quality improvement, and future public health accreditation efforts. She was the Principal Investigator in Indiana for the Multi-State Learning Collaborative grant. She is currently the Principal Investigator for the National Public Health Improvement Initiative cooperative agreement from CDC. Prior to joining ISDH, Dr. Adams worked for a national non-profit agency focusing on program evaluation and training for health programs targeted toward girls and young women. Dr. Adams has taught numerous health education courses and has presented at national and international conferences. Dr. Adams holds a BS and MA in School Health Education from Indiana State University, a Ph.D. in Health Education from Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and is a Certified Health Education Specialist.
Performance Measurement: Nuts and Bolts Basics Mary V. Davis, DrPH, MSPH Open Forum for Quality Improvement November 20, 2013
Outline What is a performance measure? Where are performance measures in a performance management system? What should be in place before establishing measures? What's a system of work? What are the characteristics of a useful process measure? How do you go about establishing useful process measures?
What is a Performance Measure? Performance Measurement is regular collection and reporting of data to track work produced and results achieved. Performance Measure is quantitative representation of –Capacity –Process –Outcome
Where are Performance Measures in a Performance Management System? YOU ARE HERE!
Standards and Measures: PHAB Example Standard 9.1: Use a performance management system to monitor achievement of organizational objectives. –Measure 9.1.2 A Implement a performance management system. –Use a process to determine and report on achievement of goals, objectives, and measures set by the performance management system.
Quality Improvement Projects and Process Improvement Opportunities Results and Customer, Stakeholder, Partner Feedback Vision Mission and Values Goals and Objectives Strategies Strategic Planning Performance Measures and Operational Indicators Operational/ Business Plans Performance Monitoring and Analysis Performance Monitoring and Analysis ImprovementOpportunities ImprovementOpportunities Washington State Department of Health Example: Results help to inform the planning process
Line of Sight Framework Restaurant inspections conducted and reports produced restaurants achieving acceptable sanitation grades can post grades Public uses restaurants with acceptable sanitation grades Reduction in food-borne illnesses and disease outbreaks Work Process Measure Process Outcome Short term Outcome Long term outcome
What is a System of Work? Factory: How? Widget: What? Customers: Who? Outcomes: Why?
Widgets Are Things Are Deliverables Can be Counted Are Specific
Common Public Health Agency Widgets Environmental Permits, Notices of Violations Rules and regulations Vaccinations Epidemiology Reports Infrastructure –Filled Vacancies –Contracts
What Widgets Do You Produce? Take a minute: write down 5 widgets you produce What examples do you have to share?
Measures: General Considerations Measures reveal our values Measures drive behavior Measures can inspire us Measures can help us learn
Useful Measures: Specifics Meaningful Focused on customer needs Accurate Valid Reliable Responsive Functional Credible Simple enough to be understood Available Abuse-Proof Cost effective to collect and report Comparable data over time
SMART Measures Specific Measurable Aggressive Results-Oriented Time-bound
Developing Measures Talk with customers and those involved in the process Identify which process measures –Are of value to customers and producers –Will drive behavior –Will inspire –Will promote learning Determine how process measures fit into other measurement processes in the agency (performance standards, strategic plan)
What to Include in a Measure Statement of the Measure Target (population, process) Numerator and denominator Target goal Who will collect the information
What to Include in a Measure Form or tool to collect information How often data will be collected Who will conduct data analysis How often will the data be reported
Data Description Form Performance measure: Target population: Numerator: Denominator: Which are you using—a target or benchmark? What is the target/benchmark? SMART objective: Source of data: Who will collect the information? How often will the data be analyzed? How often, by what mechanism and who reports these data and analysis? Baseline measurement data and date(s): Definitions, such as accuracy and validity, and other comments: MarMason Consulting
Resources "We Don't Make Widgets" Ken Miller Turning Point Resources: Guidebook for Performance Measurement Marni Mason tools and presentations Washington State Department of Health QI Plan
Thank You! Mary V. Davis, DrPH, MSPH _EMAIL_
Ask a series of questions: ◦ Who is your customer ◦ What do they care about ◦ What is the purpose of your funding/mission/vision of the program area ◦ Does this goal and objective tie to the strategic plan Does your program have a role in the key priorities of the agency ◦ Can you measure it Is it meaningful???
Several areas of resources to determine measures: ◦ State law/code ◦ Program requirements ◦ Healthy People 2020 ◦ Historical data of the program ◦ Benchmarks by national groups (i.e., March of Dimes)
Develop the key outcome measure ◦ Decrease Smoking Rates ◦ Decrease Obesity Rates ◦ Increase Immunization Rates ◦ Decrease the late payment fees Identify key activities to get you to making a change in the measure ◦ Increase number of people receiving coaching from quitline ◦ Increase the complete streets communities throughout the state ◦ Reminder recalls--% of those who become compliant due to the reminder notice ◦ Decrease invoice wait time; increase invoice processing time
Ensure your epidemiologists are involved Ensure the experts to the program are involved If you are doing a "data pull" ensure the IT/database manager is involved Involve Executive Leadership Do a "mass" education campaign


text:
Five years ago I bought this little book to teach the expression:
How long does it take to do something?
The book is definitely focused on children's everyday life and suggests them to consider the amount of time they need to do things like zipping up a jacket, going to school by bike, filling in a bucket with sand, taking their shoes off, washing the dog etc.
My students find it quite entertaining, so I wanted to keep thinking about time. I came out with these actions that anybody can time inside any classroom:
- How long does it take to jump 20 times?
- How long does it take to say the English alphabet?
- How long does it take to say "I can speak English" 10 times?
- How long does it take to pile up all your books?
- How long does it take to take everything out of your schoolbag and then put it back in?
I'm sure you can think about many other enjoyable things to do and time.
Let the children write down the questions and the answers, it'll help consolidate them in their minds.
Finally encourage them to think of their own.


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WiFi tracking is a fantastic way for businesses to gather customer data and improve their marketing strategies. However, even if this data collection offers many benefits for businesses, it must be done with awareness and the right tools.
In this article, you will learn the ins and outs of WiFi tracking, including the legal considerations businesses must consider when using this technology. You will also discover how to use WiFi tracking to improve your marketing results.
What Is WiFi Tracking and How Does It Work?
WiFi tracking is not a technology in and of itself. It is a set of tools and approaches that businesses can use to collect data from customers' devices as they connect to their internet network. This technology works by tracking devices' Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. These unique identifiers allow businesses to recognize when a device connects to a network. Once a device has connected, businesses can use WiFi tracking to collect a wide range of data.
Businesses can then use this data to gain insights into customer behavior and preferences to improve operations. Furthermore, data can inform and enhance the results of any marketing strategy.
What Types of Businesses Must Take Advantage of WiFi Tracking?
While businesses of all types and sizes can benefit from WiFi tracking, some industries may find it particularly useful:
- Retail stores
- Shopping malls
- Coffee shops
Generally speaking, all businesses can collect data about their users' internet usage. However, data collection does not necessarily need to be covert.
For example, a restaurant might collect emails through its captive portal to email marketing campaigns.
In short, through data collection, businesses can gain insights into improving their operations and stop guessing.
The Benefits and Drawback of WiFi Tracking for Marketing Purposes.
While WiFi tracking can provide businesses with valuable insights into customer behavior and preferences. It is important to consider this technology's benefits and drawbacks.
The main benefit of WiFi tracking for your marketing result is gaining insights into customer behavior and preferences. This can help you create effective marketing campaigns and enhance the customer experience. However, there are also potential drawbacks to consider. One concern is the potential for invasion of privacy.
Some customers may feel uncomfortable with a business collecting data through WiFi. This is why you must ensure that collection happens ethically and complies with relevant regulations.
Despite these potential drawbacks, the benefits of tracking for marketing purposes are significant, and you should take advantage of it.
Can WiFi Track Websites Visited? Yes, But…
Can the WiFi track websites visited? Well, it can.
When a user connects to a guest WiFi network of a business, it is possible to monitor its online activity. However, sometimes a user might conceal his behavior online, and it might be hard to track.
For example, with the growing awareness of the risks posed by public WiFi, more people are using VPNs to protect their data and privacy. When a user is using a VPN, it might be extremely hard for a common person to track a user's online behavior. However, some marketing platforms can still collect data and generalize the behavior of users connected to a specific network.
Can Incognito Be Tracked by WIFI? Here Is the Truth
When it comes to WiFi tracking, there are many misconceptions. Another common question is, "Can incognito be tracked by WiFi?". Unfortunately, the answer is no.
When a user enters private browsing mode, the browser does not store data such as cookies or browsing history. However, this mode does not prevent other parties, including WiFi tracking tools, from collecting data. The device will still communicate with the network; thus, the software can collect data.
If you care about being private, the simplest solution is to use a VPN. However, it can create some friction while navigating websites. Instead, if you seek maximum privacy, the best option is to use Tor and browse with a compatible browser.
WiFi Tracking Data: What Data Should Businesses Collect?
When collecting data through WiFi tracking, businesses have access to a wealth of information. Ultimately, the data types businesses have to collect will depend on their specific goals. However, here are the most common:
- Location data - WiFi tracking can give businesses insights into where customers spend time within their physical location.
- Browsing history - By tracking the websites that customers visit while on their network, businesses can gain insights into their interests and preferences.
- Demographic information - This data type is extremely important because it can help businesses identify customers and preferences. Then, they can use data to create clusters of users and identify multiple customers profile.
- Frequency of visits - By tracking how often customers visit their location, businesses can gain insights into customer loyalty and engagement.
However, notice that collecting data and analyzing data are two different things. Likewise, analyzing data and implementing strategic actions are different steps in the process of improving your results. Let's talk about all this.
Analyzing WiFi Tracking Data: How To Interpret Information
Analyzing WiFi tracking data involves several key steps that you can take to gain insights into customer behavior and preferences. However, just like collection, it is important to consider your goals even when interpreting data.
You have first to identify patterns and trends. You want to determine which products or services are popular, which are the most visited areas of the venue, and more. If you further segment the data by factors such as age, gender, or other psychographic marketing traits, you can identify specific customer groups. This data will be the basis of specific marketing campaigns.
Another useful practice is to check how data changes over time. By comparing data over a useful timeframe, businesses can identify what is working and what is not. Then, they can adapt to the emerging trends.
2 Ways Businesses Can Use WiFi Tracking Data To Improve Their Marketing Strategies.
Once you have collected and analyzed your WiFi tracking data, there are several ways you can use them. You might apply your new understanding to create a more resonating message. Or else, you can create better advertising or a more apt location for your typical customers.
Generally speaking, there are two main areas where businesses can use the data collected:
- Customer Experience
- Marketing initiatives
Let's explore both of them.
WiFi Tracking Usecase #1: Improve the Overall Customer Experience
By leveraging the insights gained, you can better understand your customers and enhance the customer experience in various ways.
For example, a retail store might use WiFi tracking data to understand which products are popular and which store areas are most frequently visited. This information can help to optimize the layout and create a more enjoyable shopping experience for customers.
In addition to optimizing operations, WiFi tracking data can help personalize the customer experience. For example, a hotel might use WiFi to gain insights into guest preferences and offer personalized recommendations or services.
Ultimately, you can improve your business at its core with a data-driven approach. This will enhance customer loyalty, drive repeat business, and increase revenue.
WiFi Tracking Usecase #2: Engage With Your Customers With Marketing Initiatives
By leveraging the insights gained from WiFi tracking data, you can create marketing campaigns more likely to resonate with your customers.
For example, a cafè owner might use the new insights to develop better social media ideas for the coffee shop. This will allow the owner to create better messaging and get more interactions.
Similarly, a restaurant might use tracking data to get more reviews. Certain WiFi marketing software allows businesses to send prompts when a user spends time connected to the internet. By tracking the time spent while connected, the owner can optimize the prompt and send it when it is more likely to receive a review.
The point is that data collected through WiFi can improve any marketing strategy. Therefore, the mistake is not collecting data at all.
Legal Considerations of WiFi Tracking: Don't Skip This
If reading this article makes you consider implementing WiFi tracking in your business, then read this.
From a legal perspective, you must ensure that your tracking complies with the laws and regulations of your jurisdiction. For example, in Europe, businesses must comply with the GDPR. In most cases, you must be transparent about how you intend to use the data. Provide customers with clear information about what data you collect and how you store them.
Be sure to create informative and comprehensive WiFi terms and conditions for your users. Make them evident in your captive portal and prevent access to the internet without accepting them.
WiFi Tracker Devices and Tracking With WiFi Are Not the Same
These two terms often get confused, so it is better to clarify their differences.
A WiFi tracker device is a tool that allows users to view and analyze the wireless networks in their area. They provide information about available WiFi networks, signal strength, and other details to assess the state of the networks in their area.
Professionals use these trackers to troubleshoot network issues or optimize WiFi connections. These tools can also be useful to assess congestion and interference in a particular WiFi frequency range. WiFi tracking, instead, is the set of tools and mechanisms that allow users to track internet use by users. While a tracker device can provide particular information about internet usage, it adds no value for general tracking purposes.
WiFi Location Tracking
WiFi location tracking is a specific type of data collection that aims to track a user's location or behavior in a specific area. For example, large airports utilize WiFi location tracking to optimize queue management at security checkpoints and boarding gates.
However, even small businesses can take advantage of it. With this type of tracking, businesses can gain a deeper understanding of customer traffic patterns, dwell times, and movement within their physical locations. It can also help adjust staffing levels to ensure enough service during busy periods and avoid overstaffing during slower times.
This type of WiFi tracking can also enable businesses to deliver personalized marketing messages or offers based on a customer's real-time location within their premises. For instance, a retailer in a mall can send tailored promotions to customers walking nearby the shop.
The Future of WiFi Tracking and Its Potential Impact on the Marketing Industry.
WiFi tracking and social WiFi hotspot have already significantly impacted the marketing industry, but their potential for the


In a recent survey by United Educators, it is clear that more colleges and universities than ever are implementing ERM as a way to prepare for and respond to risks and opportunities. Preparation for one of the most significant risks to these institutions, unfortunately, is not as prominent. Reputational risk is emerging as a top risk for colleges and universities due to its increasing likelihood, quickness to spread, and the high impact such a risk can have on an institution. This article assesses ERM practices at colleges and universities, describes reputational risk factors, and provides the best practices for identifying, prioritizing, and mitigating reputational risks.
ERM in Higher Education
Higher education institutions have historically been slow to adopt ERM policies and practices. However, over the past few years this has changed with 70% of institutions reporting a formal ERM process and structure in place in 2017. Board integration in the ERM process is also reportedly increasing as 69% of surveyed institutions in 2017 say that they are discussing institutional risk to the full board. Though this increase is promising, much of the responsibility of discussing risk is still falling on the audit committee with only 14% of institutions having board risk committees.
When addressing who is responsible for leading ERM within these institutions, the responses vary. Approximately 40% of respondents believe the responsibility falls on the CFO or the Chief Administrative officer and another 19% believe the responsibility falls on one of these two and is shared with another senior leader. Assigning responsibility for ERM and reputational risk is task that should be taken with great consideration as university leadership is highly scrutinized and individuals in these roles often are connected to the root causes of reputational risk events.
Reputational Risk in Higher Education
The top four reputational risks in the past three years are identified, and described by their risk factors, in descending order.
 1. Campus Climate
 1. Diversity and inclusion of student body
 2. Diversity and inclusion of senior management
 3. Controversial speakers
 2. Sexual Assault/Title IX
 1. Prevention and response to student-on-student sexual assault
 2. Title IX compliance
 3. Academic Programs
 1. Quality and integrity of academic programs
 2. Quality of students and faculty
 3. Faculty conduct
 4. Integrity of researchers and federal grant administrations
 4. Student Behavior
 1. Greek organizations
 2. Campus safety
 3. Student mental health
 4. Inclusion of international students
Going forward, the top three reputational risks of the future were identified as:
 1. Business Model
 2. Sexual Assault/Title IX
 3. Campus Climate
Interestingly, the top reputational risk that institutions believe they face in the future is sustaining the business model of universities and colleges. High tuition, large tuition discounts, and diminishing state support are all factors that test the viability of the current business model.
Managing Reputational Risks in Higher Education
When managing reputational risks, it is essential to take guidance from the ERM framework, especially the governance and culture aspects. To successfully manage their reputational risks, higher education institutions must build their governance and culture to set the tone at the top, engage leaders in risk management, enforce accountability, and demonstrate desired behaviors surrounding reputational risk. Identifying, assessing, and managing reputational risks can help ensure that when reputational risk events occur, the impact is less devastating.
Institutions can take steps to promote the identification of reputational risks by allocating resources and developing capabilities relating to the specific management of these risks. The connection between managing reputational risk and high performing institutions is a key indicator that spending energy and resources on reputational risks is more than worth the costs. High performing institutions are more likely to have a formal ERM process and structure, to proactively manage reputational risk, to know when a reputational risk event has occurred, and have a better understanding of reputational risk outcomes. However, despite this preparedness, only 57% of high performing institutions believe that they can withstand a major reputational risk event.
Best Practices for Managing Reputational Risks
There are seven key practices to best manage reputational risks.
 1. Understand the institution's current reputation through social media mentions and rankings in guidebooks.
 2. Assess the culture of the institution and make clear the mission and values of the institution.
 3. Assigned ownership of the institution's reputational risks and create specific line of communication between leaders.
 4. Consider the institution's programs, people, or areas that are highly esteemed and perceived to be above the rules.
 5. Obtain a collection of all risks and understand how non-reputational risks may affect reputational risks.
 6. Communicate the risk portfolio and mitigation plans with the Board on a regular basis, conveying the resilience of the institution should a risk event occur.
 7. Create and maintain a risk monitoring system to proactively identify potential risk events.
While colleges and universities are making progress in terms of establishing ERM policies and practices, there is still a gap in the preparedness of institutions and the probability of reputational risk events occurring. Even more concerning is the devastating impact that reputational risk events have on institutions. To improve their preparedness for such events, and promote long-term success, institutions should move toward governance, culture, and practices that help identify, prioritize, and manage reputational risks.
Link: United Educators "ERM and Reputational Risk: More Talk Than Action?"
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ERM Enterprise Risk Management Initiative 2019-02-21


text: Background: Running has become a very popular mode for exercise in the United States. Unfortunately, many runners become injured as they train for long distance races. Developing a pre-training screen that predicts running injury would be beneficial. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a select pre-training screen consisting of great toe extension, lower extremity reaches and thoracic spine mobility is associated with development of injury in runners training for a long distance race. Subjects: Twenty-two runners were recruited and qualified for the study. Seven runners were lost to attritionresulting in 15 runners (11 females, 4 males) between the ages of 21-45 who were training for either a half or full marathon that participated in the study. Methods: Demographic data including age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from all participants. In addition, great toe extension, combined thoracic rotation and sidebending, and multiplane lower extremity reaches were measured on runners prior to beginning their 12-week training program for a half or full marathon race. Each runner was asked to log their weekly training mileage and record any injury that may have occurred during the 12 weeks. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each outcome measure. Independent t-tests were calculated for the three outcome measures between injured and non-injured groups. Alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Eleven of the fifteen runners did not incur injury during their training. Four of the fifteen experienced some type of lower extremity injury during their training. There was no statistically significant difference in the injured versus non-injured runners with regards to the outcome measures. However of interest, the injured runners were all females, slightly older (35.23 years), and had higher body mass (28.44).


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Leslie Curry was born in November 1922 in Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. He received the standard grammar school education and at the age of 18 volunteered for the Royal Navy and served in Egypt and Normandy. After the war he attended Kings College at the University of Durham, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in geography and economics in 1949. Two years later he received a masters' degree in geography from Johns Hopkins University while he was a Fulbright Scholar. He worked as an economist at the United Nations and then at Charles Warren Thornthwaite's Laboratory of Climatology in Seabrook, New Jersey. His doctoral degree in geography was awarded from the University of Auckland in New Zealand in 1959.
While at the University of Auckland, he was employed as Lecturer from _PHONE_. He then accepted a position as Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Maryland (_PHONE_). In 1964, he moved to the University of Toronto as Associate Professor in the Department of Geography. He moved up the ranks to full Professor in 1965. He was appointed Professor Emeritus following his retirement in 1985. Following his retirement he moved with his second wife, Caryl Pines Curry, to Annapolis, Maryland
In analyzing his body of work, Prof. Curry is described as a "modeler, using stochastic analysis to delve deeply into processes, especially economic, that produce the patters and flows of the world."
Prof. Curry was the recipient of the Canadian Association of Geographers' Award for Scholarly Distinction in 1977 and the first professor from the University of Toronto to receive the International Geographical Union's prestigious Lauréat d'Honneur 2000. The IGU citation describes him as " ' a scholar who by way of his contributions in climatology, economic geography and spatial analysis has challenged established lines of thinking and provided valuable new insights into the ways whereby human behavior shapes the world we live in. Professor Curry's theoretical studies in economic geography, especially studies that draw upon the mathematics of probability theory and the concepts of physical systems analysis, have been unmatched in their originality and rigor and have established his international reputation as one of the leading theoreticians in the discipline.' "
He died at his home in Annapolis, Maryland on January 12, 2009.
"In memoriam: Professor Emeritus Leslie Curry" by Dave Unwin. Published online by the Quantitative Methods Research Group (QMRG). Royal Geographical Society. 2009/04/13.


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Although makeup makes us look and feel pretty, it also clogs the pores. Our skin is covered in pores and these pores are what allow us to sweat and produce sebum. [ Sebumis a natural moisturizer and waxy lubricant that our body produces in order to help protect and rid the skin of dead skin cells and other unwanted irritants.] When we fall asleep in makeup it blocks the sebum production and causes a buildup, which in turn causes skin to breakout. Have you ever went to sleep in makeup and then woke up with a pimple on your face? If so, that's because of clogged pores.
If you won't to prevent waking up with unwanted pimples then I suggest you remove your makeup before going to bed. There are a number of ways to remove makeup before bed. The best is cleansing your skin, using a toner, and then moisturizing, BUT if you just don't feel like taking all those steps then choose one of the following:
- facial wipe
- make-up remover
- cold cream
Remember sleeping in makeup can cause: irritation to skin, an allergic reaction, and infection (if eye makeup is left on.)