text:
Tom the cat is chasing Jerry the mouse across the surface of a
table 1.5 m above the floor. Jerry steps out of the way at the last
second, and Tom slides off the edge of the table at a speed of 5.7
m/s. Where will Tom strike the floor?
What velocity components will he have just before he hits? (Use a
coordinate system in which up is positive.)
x direction =? m/s
y direction=? m/s


HyunWook Park
I have 'a' stomachache or I have stomachache? Is 'a' necessary before stomachache or headache? If yes, why is it necessary? stomachache is not countable, is it? Thanks a lot for your help in advance! Hyunwook
Jul 3, 2015 8:37 PM
Answers · 7
it is necessary to use the article -- "stomachache" is countable in English. Note that, for medical reasons, it's only possible to have one stomach ache at a time for one person.
July 3, 2015
It isn't strictly necessary. You can say it with or without the 'a'.
July 3, 2015
Stomachache, like headache, is a countable noun in American English. In American English we almost always use a determiner (article, demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun) before count nouns such as these two words. And also before 'upset stomach', which is also commonly used. There is also 'bellyache', but this is informal. In fact, 'bellyache' can be used as a verb, meaning 'to complain.' This is also informal. In British English, it is spelled'stomach ache' and is a mass noun.
July 4, 2015
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Write down your questions and let the native speakers help you!
HyunWook Park
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text: Of the 95 wettest countries in the world, Guinea, Solomon Islands and Sierra Leone are ranked the top three in order of maximum rainfall received on an average in a year, according to the World Statistics Pocket Book and the Statistical Yearbook of the United Nations. The records are for the period _PHONE_. Guinea, also known as the Republic of Guinea, with its capital named Conakry, is in Western Africa receives a monsoon-type of rainfall from June to November. Against the global weighted annual average rainfall of 9.627 cm, Guinea gets 37.84 cm, the Solomon Islands gets 32.90 cm and Sierra Leone gets 29.46 cm. Conakry is the wettest capital in the world and receives rainfall on an average of 134 days each year. India is the ninth wettest country with 21.68 cm of average annual rainfall. The UN World Statistics for 2007 record these figures: Guinea - 37.76 cm, Solomon Islands - 32.9 cm, Sierra Leone - 29.46 cm and India 24.01 cm. Guinea was still top of the list and India retained the ninth position.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


way too much but was determined to get out and have some fun. The accident pushed her tailbone over toward the right, where the bulk of her root energy had shifted to (i.e., the overdoing side) while jamming it up into the sacrum, resulting in swelling and pain in her left sacral area (i.e., frustration). There is no doubt that she was very frustrated from overdoing around the home, and the pattern of her accident revealed exactly this.
Eileen Day McKusick is a researcher, inventor, writer, educator, and practitioner who has been studying the effects of audible acoustic sound on the human body since 1996. She is the originator of a unique sound therapy method called Biofield Tuning (formerly sound balancing) that uses tuning forks to detect and correct distortions and static in the biofield (human energy field/aura). She is the author of the book Tuning the Human Biofield: Healing with Vibrational Sound Therapy. Eileen teaches Biofield Tuning nationally and internationally and speaks at conferences about sound, consciousness, and cosmology. She has an MA in Integrative Education and has currently paused her pursuit of a PhD to write her second book. She continues to pursue research and has partnered with a group of scientists to apply the scientific method to her Biofield Anatomy Hypothesis.
 - Publisher: Healing Arts Press (October 13, 2021)
 - Length: 288 pages
 - ISBN13: 9781644113189


text:
College of Science News
PASSY STUDYING THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES OF RARITY IN FRESHWATER SPECIES
A biologist from The University of Texas at Arlington is studying why the populations of some species are more adversely affected than others by various harmful factors in freshwater environments.
Sophia Passy, associate professor of biology, received a two-year, $199,997 grant from the National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology for her project, titled "EAGER: Global assessment of the causes and consequences of commonness and rarity in freshwaters".
Human activity has caused a decline in global biodiversity through resource overexploitation, habitat modification, and introduction of non-native species. When rare species are lost, communities exhibit decreased functionality and provide devalued services to humans, which is an environmental and a socioeconomic problem.
"Although biodiversity loss is global and affects all ecosystems, biodiversity in freshwaters is threatened by much higher extinction rates compared to terrestrial habitats," Passy said. "Therefore, a better understanding of the causes and extent of rarity in freshwaters is urgently needed."
Passy and students in her laboratory are using the species abundance distribution (SAD) – a measure of the relative abundances of common and rare species within a sample or ecological community – to assess species rarity.
"Although the SAD has been investigated for more than 70 years, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that determine the patterns of abundance inequality," Passy said.
In order to address this knowledge gap, Passy and her students are developing a novel framework which predicts the response of the SAD in freshwater habitats along environmental and spatial gradients. They are also investigating how the SAD affects regional biodiversity. The study also will inform decisions for watershed management and biodiversity preservation by explaining the causes of rarity in species targeted for conservation.
First results from this research reveal that in the United States, biodiversity and the SAD of diatom communities — unicellular algae and some of the most important producers in stream ecosystems — are strongly affected by temperature seasonality, with higher seasonality (a higher temperature difference between warm and cold months) contributing to more diverse communities with a more balanced distribution of common and rare species. As temperature seasonality is expected to decrease with global warming due to warming of the cold months, diatom biodiversity is likely to decline and species rarity to increase with potential negative consequences for primary production and maintenance of higher trophic levels.
The project is providing research training for one postdoctoral associate and two graduate students. Katrina Pound, a postdoctoral associate in Passy's lab, is examining what environmental factors constrain the distribution of freshwater species across the contiguous United States. Her research suggests that climate exerts the strongest influence on the distributions of multiple freshwater organismal groups, including diatoms, insects, and fish, surpassing the effects of water chemistry and watershed characteristics. These results indicate that climate change may alter species ranges and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems to a greater extent than other serious anthropogenic impacts, such as water fertilization and pollution.
In collaboration with a team of international researchers, William Budnick, a Ph.D. student in Passy's lab, is investigating how regional biodiversity of diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish, collected from streams in the United States, Canada, and France, is affected by land use. His findings indicate that agricultural land use leads to loss of regional biodiversity across all studied groups of organisms, but the mechanisms driving this process are groupand region-specific, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts.
NSF's EAGER (Early-concept Grants for Exploratory Research) program was designed specifically for innovative research – potentially transformative or exploratory projects that examine new subjects, different methods, or interdisciplinary approaches.
Clay Clark, professor and chair of the UTA Department of Biology, said that Passy's research has the potential to provide scientists with knowledge about why species are abundant in some environments but scarce or nonexistent in others. The project also advances research in global environmental impact, one of the main themes of UTA's Strategic Plan 2020: Bold Solutions | Global Impact.
"Dr. Passy's work could help ecologists learn a great deal about the underlying causes of the distribution of freshwater species abundance and thus allow for more effective methods to protect the biodiversity found in these environments," Clark said.
Passy received an M.S. in Biology (1986) from Sofia University in Bulgaria. She earned a Ph.D. in Ecology from Bowling Green State University in Ohio in 1997 and held postdoctoral positions at the University of Minnesota Medical School and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York before coming to UTA in 2001.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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How could I accurately run a function when the minute changes? Using a setInterval could work if I trigger it right when the minute changes. But I'm worried setInterval could get disrupted by the event-loop in a long-running process and not stay in sync with the clock.
How can I run a function accurately when the minute changes?
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 4 down vote accepted
First off, you should use setInterval for repeating timers, since it (tries to) guarantee periodic execution, i.e. any potential delays will not stack up as they will with repeated setTimeout calls. This will execute your function every minute:
function f() {
 console.log(new Date);
setInterval(f, 60 * 1000);
Now, what we need to do is to start this at the exact right time:
function repeatEvery(func, interval) {
 // Check current time and calculate the delay until next interval
 var now = new Date,
 delay = interval - now % interval;
 function start() {
 // Execute function now...
 //... and every interval
 setInterval(func, interval);
 // Delay execution until it's an even interval
 setTimeout(start, delay);
repeatEvery(f, 60 * 1000);
share|improve this answer
You can try to be as accurate as you can, setting a timeout each X milliseconds and check if the minute has passed and how much time has passed since the last invocation of the function, but that's about it.
You cannot be 100% sure that your function will trigger exactly after 1 minute, because there might be something blocking the event-loop then.
If it's something vital, I suggest using a cronjob or a separate Node.js process specifically for that (so you can make sure the event loop isn't blocked).
share|improve this answer
You may have to read the comment of MMJ within the linked article. – KooiInc May 29 '12 at 8:26
This may be an idea. The maximum deviation should be 1 second. If you want it to be more precise, lower the milliseconds of setTimeout1.
function checkMinutes(){
 var now = new Date().getMinutes();
 if (now > checkMinutes.prevTime){
 // do something
 console.log('nextminute arrived');
 checkMinutes.prevTime = now;
1 But, see also this question, about accuracy of timeouts in javascript
share|improve this answer
If in his application a callback from a previous function gets triggered just before checkChange that callback might take 1-2 seconds (if he needs to process something on the spot), so he cannot be 100% sure, right? – alessioalex May 29 '12 at 8:17
True. That's why I added a footnote. Aside from that: a method taking 1-2 seconds processing time would trigger me to optimize my scripting. – KooiInc May 29 '12 at 8:23
+1 nice simple example.... – ManseUK May 29 '12 at 8:48
My first thought would be to use the Date object to get the current time. This would allow you to set your set interval on the minute with some simple math. Then since your worried about it getting off, every 5-10 min or whatever you think is appropriate, you could recheck the time using a new date object and readjust your set interval accordingly.
This is just my first thought though in the morning I can put up some code(its like 2am here).
share|improve this answer
I've put up a possible solution for you:
/* Usage:
 * coolerInterval( func, interval, triggerOnceEvery);
 * - func : the function to trigger
 * - interval : interval that will adjust itself overtime checking the clock time
 * - triggerOnceEvery : trigger your function once after X adjustments (default to 1)
var coolerInterval = function(func, interval, triggerOnceEvery) {
 var startTime = new Date().getTime(),
 nextTick = startTime,
 count = 0;
 triggerOnceEvery = triggerOnceEvery || 1;
 var internalInterval = function() {
 nextTick += interval;
 if(count == triggerOnceEvery) {
 count = 0;
 setTimeout(internalInterval, nextTick - new Date().getTime());
The following is a sample usage that prints the timestamp once every minute, but the time drift is adjusted every second
coolerInterval(function() {
 console.log( new Date().getTime() );
}, 1000, 60);
It's not perfect, but should be reliable enough. Consider that the user could switch the tab on the browser, or your code could have some other blocking tasks running on the page, so a browser solution will never be perfect, it's up to you (and your requirements) to decide if it's reliable enough or not.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
About the role:
This is a 24 month, replacement role with accompanied terms based in Haiti with a salary of Grade 7 €47,413 - €52,682
You will report to the Regional Director and will line manage all staff in country. We would like you to start in early to mid-December as the current post holder leaves at that time.
You will have overall responsibility for the strategic development and management of the Concern country programme in Haiti. You will ensure the country programme meets objectives as set out in its agreed strategic plan, annual plans and programme proposals. You will also ensure the country programme is in line with Concern Worldwide policies, procedures, organisational strategy, and meets the Core Humanitarian accountability standards. You will lead the Senior Management Team and represent the organisation with government, donors and other international organisations.
You will be responsible for:
Leadership & Strategic Direction:
- Leading the country management team (CMT) and ensuring a participative decision making process.
- Leading by example and supporting the Concern team to achieve organisational outcomes.
- Ensuring staff capacity, organisational structures and programme approaches are fit for purpose and able to effectively deliver strategic organisational goals.
- Engaging with major organisational advocacy issues, providing support and leadership for key Strategic campaigns.
Risk Management & Accountability:
- Ensuring optimal use of financial resources; managed in a transparent and accountable manner, consistent with Concern's and donor policies, systems and procedures, delivering quality results and demonstrating value for money.
- Responding robustly to any suspicions or reports of fraud, code of conduct abuses or other misdemeanours, and adhering to Concern's policy and procedures on investigations.
- Ensuring Concern complies with all relevant national legal and administrative requirements.
- Identifying all risks and implementing mitigating measures in conjunction with the Country Management Team.
- Implementing and reviewing Concerns Core Humanitarian Standards (CHS) Accountability commitments and action plan in Haiti. Ensuring a functioning complaints response mechanism (CRM) across all programmes.
- Establish and maintain an effective safety and security management system to meet agreed standards, including regular updating of the Security Management Plan.
- Ensure all staff are aware of and adhere to the Security Management Plan.
- Effectively and promptly respond to any security incident, keeping the Regional Director as line manager, and other relevant Concern management, fully informed.
Programme Development & Implementation:
- Ensuring adequate financial resources for continual programming in country, through developing/implementing funding strategies, engagement with donors, etc.
- Supporting the Programme Director to ensure programmes are designed, implemented, monitored and evaluated in line with Concern Worldwide policies, incorporating a results-based management approach.
- Enabling an organisational culture that supports effective learning, sharing and continual improvement of programme quality.
Support Systems & People Management:
- Supporting and guiding the Systems and Finance functions to ensure effective and efficient administrative, logistical and financial support is provided to staff of Concern Worldwide.
- Supporting the CFC in budget preparation, revision and monitoring; ensuring that budget holders actively manage their cost centres and prepare accurate budgets in line with the annual plan.
- Ensure that Concern's IT systems provide efficient and effective communication and data management for the organisation, linking with Concern Worldwide systems.
- Supporting and guiding the HR Manager to ensure there are competent and empowered human resources, in a fair, diverse and efficient workplace
- Ensuring the National HR Manual and HR policies are in line with organisational and national legal requirements and all staff are aware of and comply with these.
- Undertaking initiatives to ensure a good working environment and team spirit so Concern is perceived as an employer of choice for national and international staff.
- Ensuring job requisitions are prepared on a timely basis for international positions
- Ensuring staff Performance and Development Review's (PDR) are undertaken for all staff with appropriate training, development and career opportunities identified.
Representation & Networking:
- Creating a strong and visible profile for the organisation, as a leading actor in the fight against poverty and the implementation of resilience programming.
- Communicating information regarding Concern and its programme at National level to Government, Donors and INGOs, alliances and networks across a range of fora.
- Engaging appropriately with the media to ensure that Concern's values and vision and programmes are highlighted.
- Representing Concern Worldwide in strategic national and international meetings;
- Ensuring relationships and formal agreements with the government are maintained and updated.
Your skills and experience will include:
- Relevant post graduate qualification.
- Five years' or more experience in a senior position with an international NGO.
- Excellent English and French, written and spoken.
- Management of diverse and multi-sectoral programmes.
- Previous work in a similar context.
- Management of a diverse team of senior staff.
- Management of systems and finance functions, including knowledge of donor compliance.
- Working with major international donors and securing external donor funding.
- Knowledge and experience of incorporating key approaches across programmes.
- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills and a confidence to engage and represent Concern at public fora, media and donors.
- Delegation, time management and prioritizing skills.
- Computer literate and good knowledge of Word and Excel.
- Empathy with Concern's mission, vision and goals, and our target group.
We would also like:
- You to be flexible and reliable.
- You to be culturally sensitive and empathic to others.
- You to be able to work under pressure and to strict deadlines.
Concern receives a substantial amount of funding from external donors each year. Increasingly donors are introducing requirements whereby future funding is conditional on Concern ensuring that the names of any new employee or volunteer do not appear on terrorism lists generated by the European Union (List of person, groups and entities to which Regulation (EC No. 2580/2001 applies), the US Government (Office of Foreign Assets Control list of specially designated Nationals and Blocked Persons) and the United Nations (Consolidated List). Any offer of employment (either paid or voluntary) with Concern Worldwide will not be made pending a clearance check being conducted on the applicant. For additional information please consult our web site or contact the Human Resource Division in our Head Office.


24 January 2008
Pomegranate Juice & PCOS
PCOS (polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome) is closely linked with diabetes and it is well established that women with uncontrolled PCOS have a much higher risk than the general population of arteriosclerosis, poor blood lipid levels, heart attack and stroke. Pomegranate juice has been shown to have a positive effect on blood lipids. So, should PCOSers run out to get pomegranate juice? It depends.
To evaluate pomegranate juice in tandem with PCOS, we must consider several factors. But before we get to that, let me say categorically that pomegranate juice will not 'fix' PCOS nor will it cause PCOS.
Pomegranate Juice reduces LDL cholesterol
On the pro side, we have good evidence* that whole** pomegranate juice has a beneficial effect on blood lipids, particularly LDL cholesterol, and does so without worsening blood levels in diabetics. There haven't been any significant studies (that I've found) on PCOS and pomegranate juice, so we shall have to use our deductive reasoning. We know that most PCOSers have similar insulin/glucose reactions to diabetics (in fact, it is fairly clear by now PCOS and diabetes are two facets of the same disease process.) Can we say then that PCOSers will also not suffer from worsening blood levels when consuming pomegranate juice? Probably.
Pomegranate juice has a higher GI and calorie count than more common fruit juices
Pomegranate juice could reduce some of the health risks associated with PCOS, but it's not a free ride. There are still calories and whatever we eat has some effect on our blood glucose/insulin (and by association testosterone and other androgens.) Can we reap the benefit without exacerbating the established problems? Yes, with some practical knowledge.
POM wonderful brand (no sugar added) pomegranate juice's glycemic index is 67, the glycemic load for 240ml is 26.8. It's worth noting that 240 ml is about 8 fluid ounces, 2/3 of a can of soda. One should also note that researchers saw a positive effect with a much smaller dose*. A GI of 67 is higher than the GI of apple, orange, grape, or grapefruit juices. This means pomegranate juice alone will have a faster effect on blood sugar than the other juices. But we can mitigate this effect by drinking our pomegranate juice at the same time as we have other low GI foods. For more information on the glycemic index, see their website or buy their brilliant books.
Fast Facts:
 - 240 ml (8 oz) pomegranate juice contains 160 calories. The same amount of orange juice has 110.
 - A therapeutic effect was demonstrated with a much smaller amount of pomegranate juice, 30 ml - which contains only 20 calories.
 - Pomegranate juice's relatively high GI can be mitigated by drinking the smaller amount and combining it with low GI foods.
 - The sugars in natural pomegranate juice were instrumental in the beneficial effect. A 'tablet' made of the polyphenols alone wouldn't be as powerful.
 - One study showed that women with PCOS are twice to four times more likely to have hardened plaque in their arteries (compared with non-PCOSers) and have significantly higher levels of LDL cholesterol. This result has been repeated many times.
* Pomegranate juice (50ml/day for 3 months) reduces oxidative state of macrophages without worsening diabetic parameters in diabetic subjects.
** Pomegranate juice sugar fraction reduces macrophage oxidative state under diabetic parameters - white grape juice sugar fraction did not show similar effects.
Macrophage mediated oxidation of LDL cholesterol and artheriosclerosis.
1 comment:
Anonymous said...
I think the 30ml dose that showed a benefit was of pomegranate juice concentrate. The 8 oz dose that shows benefit is for reconstituted pomegranate juice.


You are here
Kelvin Thomson unveils population reform plan at Royal Park Protection Group AGM
What a coup for long-time environment and democracy activist, Julianne Bell! Last night in Melbourne at the AGM of the Royal Park Protection Group, federal ALP Member for Wills, Hon Kelvin Thomson announced and detailed his 14 point plan for population reform, which is reproduced at the end of this article.
The plan was well received by an audience composed of the Royal Park Protection Group [RPPG] members of members of other Victorian community groups.
Questions from the audience indicated a high degree of engagement with the topic both on the local and global level.
Lifelong concern for Australia's native animals
After delivering his plan, Kelvin Thomson spoke of his lifelong interest in Australia's unique native fauna, and his concern that it can very easily be extinguished mainly through through loss of habitat and that our compassion should extend to living creatures other than humans. He said that many small species will disappear and not even be noticed by most people however be a loss to bio-diversity all the same.
Thomson also referred to the more iconic example of the koala whose perilous survival has been most recently in the news. He pointed out that there are only as many koalas remaining in the wild as there are additional humans in Australia every few weeks!
Kelvin Thomson expressed his concern that Australians need to leave our continent in as good condition as it was when we found it.
A motion at the end of the meeting was passed unanimously and in support of Kelvin's position which also called for a population summit.
Royal Park Protection Group an appropriate host
It was very appropriate that RPPG host this ground-breaking speech because RPPG was formed to defend 20 ha of Royal Park, in the heart of Melbourne, from being sold off by the Bracks government to Australand (Singapore majority owned) developers for a housing estate which was advertised worldwide to prospective immigrants. After this extraordinary gift of the peoples' land, the Bracks government even gave Australand $80m of tax payers money, purportedly in exchange for 10 days use of the land for the Commonwealth Games. Unable to win against the might of corporations and government, and with little help from Victorian unions, RPPG members went on to form Protectors of Public Land (Vic) and have now led Victorians in organising against the destruction of democracy and public land for commercial interests profiting from politically engineered population growth.
Where to from here? Population Reform - Political Challenges!
Kelvin Thomson will be the guest speaker at a Public meeting run by
Sustainable Population Australia (Victorian branch)
on Sunday November 29th at 3.00pm.
Topic: Population reformPolitical challenges
At: Meeting Room 1 North Melbourne Library 66 Errol St. North Melbourne.
All welcome.
Enquiries to jillq[AT]
Tonight I am releasing for discussion a 14 point plan for population reform.
The first 11 points go to how we can stabilise Australia's population.
2. Cut the skilled migration program to 25,000 per annum.
3. Hold the family reunion program at 50,000 per annum.
4. Increase the refugee program from 13,750 to 20,000 per annum.
6. The revised number of annual permanent arrivals from these programs would be 95,000 - 50,000 family reunion plus 25,000 skilled plus 20,000 refugees. Two more factors need to be considered: the number of people departing permanently from Australia, and the number of people arriving permanently from New Zealand. To reach a net overseas annual migration target of 70,000, the number of automatic places available for New Zealanders needs to be restricted to the number of departures from Australia over and above 25,000. The Trans Tasman Travel Arrangement would be renegotiated to achieve this, splitting available places for New Zealanders equally between skilled migrants and family reunion, and allowing New Zealanders to also apply and compete with other applicants under these normal migration programs.
7. Reduce temporary migration to Australia by restricting sub-class 457 temporary entry visas to medical and health related and professional engineering occupations.
8. Require overseas students to return to their country of origin and complete a two-year cooling off period before being eligible to apply for permanent residence.
9. Abolish the Baby Bonus.
The final three points go to how we can play a role in helping stabilise global population.
12. Increase Australia's aid to meet the United Nations target of 0.7% of Gross National Income with money saved by abolishing Fringe Benefits Tax concessions for company cars, and greater use of off-the-shelf purchases in defence equipment purchases.
14. Put overpopulation on the Agenda for the Copenhagen Climate Change talks.
How have I arrived at this plan?
I have set out the reasons why I believe the world's projected population levels are too high and unsustainable – global warming, food crisis, water shortages, housing affordability, overcrowded cities, transport congestion, fisheries collapse, species extinctions, increasing prices, waste, war and terrorism – in detail in a speech to Parliament on 17 August. [ Editor: This link is broken, but the contents are reproduced below. The broken link was]
If we are going to achieve this outcome, everyone has a role to play. Every country has both the right and the duty to stabilise its own population at a level compatible with its own resources and environment. In equity terms, this is an easier issue to deal with than carbon emissions, where the poorer countries have a legitimate anger that the wealthy countries have had all the fun; wrecked the neighbourhood, and the police have been called in to shut the party down just as poorer countries were starting to arrive.
The equitable approach is for each country to pull its own weight and stabilise its own numbers. Countries should not be asked to do more, or less, than this.
The two most promising ways of achieving population stability around the world are educating girls and women, and the provision of better health services, particularly reproductive health services. These two measures lower the fertility rate. According to the World Vision chief executive Tim Costello, for every extra year a girl stays in school, her fertility decreases. "She has fewer children and more optimism and power", says Tim Costello. Professor Roger Short says that removing the barriers that separate women from the knowledge and technologies they need to manage the size of their family will cause family size to fall, even in poor, illiterate communities. He says conversely, as a result of lost attention to family planning since the 1990s, the population projection for several countries in 2050 has been raised, e.g. Kenya, up from 54 million to 83 million.
There are four things Australia can do to promote this international responsibility. First, in international fora such as the United Nations,
we should promote population stabilisation, better education for girls and women, and improved health services.
Second, we should increase our overseas aid program to meet the United Nations target of 0.7% of Gross National Income. This would involve an increase of $350 million in 2010-11 and a bit over $1 billion in 2011-12. The Government is committed to returning the Budget to surplus, so clearly such an increase would involve finding savings from elsewhere in the Budget – the money has to come from somewhere. One option which has merit in my view is scrapping the $1.5 billion fringe benefit tax concession for company cars, a subsidy from taxpayers which has been criticized by the Australian Conservation Foundation and other groups as damaging to the environment. Another is to trim fat from the defence budget by buying off-the-shelf military equipment rather than engaging in incredibly expensive modification. For example the Air Warfare Destroyer project cost double the initial estimate of $3.5 to $4.5 billion, to be $7.5 billion. So too did the Amphibious Vessel project, initially estimated at $1.5 to $2 billion, and finishing at $3 billion.
This additional money could be channelled into three critical areas – improving education levels, improving health outcomes and reproductive health services, including contraception, and developing renewable energy-based economies which have a path to prosperity that is not linked to increasing greenhouse emissions.
Third, we should put the issue of population stabilisation on the Agenda for the Copenhagen Climate Change talks. Al Gore has listed population increase as one of the three key drivers of climate change, and he is right. It is hard to see how any serious carbon reduction targets can be met while the world's population continues to escalate. Until we address the issue of population, we are fighting global warming with at least one arm tied behind our back. Whilst it is unreasonable to ask developing countries to remain impoverished, it is not unreasonable to ask them to adopt a goal of population stabilisation.
Fourth, we can lead by example, and stabilise our own population.
The reasons why I believe Australia's population needs to be stabilised are also set out in detail in my speech to Parliament on 17 August, which can be accessed at [ editor: Link no longer functional, due to Kelvin's retirement"">]
Population is a function of birth rates, death rates, and migration rates. I am in favour of everyone living as long as possible. That leaves the migration rate and the birth/fertility rate.
Australian population increase over time is set out in the following graph:
Population policy cannot be a long-term side effect of ad-hoc immigration practice (Barry Jones Report, 1994). Immigration policy should be based on population policy.
Australia's population has been skyrocketing in recent years, and the principal reason for this is the dramatic increase in our migration rate. This increase is due to the record high levels of Australia


text:
The holiday season is about family picnics with children running barefoot.
However, some parents insist on their children wearing shoes due to safety concerns.
Prof Ranel Venter from the Department of Sport Science in the Faculty of Education at Stellenbosch University and her colleague Dr Elbé de Villiers collaborated with researchers from the University of Jena and the University of Hamburg looking at children who grew up walking barefoot.
The study was conducted in South Africa and Germany between March 2015 and June 2016 and published recently in the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics.
The study found that young children, who grow up walking barefoot, have better balance and can also jump further than children who wear shoes.
Prof Venter said, "Our research has shown that regular physical activities without shoes may be beneficial for the development of jumping and balance skills, especially in the age of 6–10 years."
Venter said the aim of the research was to evaluate, for the first time, the link between growing up barefoot or wearing shoes and the development of motor performance during childhood and adolescence.
"To our knowledge, no study has examined the potential relationship between regular barefoot activities and motor skill," she said.
Three hundred and eighty-five habitual barefoot and 425 shoe-wearing children between 6 and 18 years were recruited in schools across rural and urban areas in the Western Cape and Northern Germany.
Prof Venter says the two populations were chosen due to their different footwear habits.
"Whereas South African children are generally used to walk barefoot during the day, almost all German children wear shoes during school time and for most of recreational activities."
For the children to be considered habitually barefoot, they had to be barefoot at school and in and around the house or during sports/recreational activities.
Both groups had to participate in physical activity for at least 120 accumulative minutes per week and they had to be free of any orthopaedic, neurological or neuromuscular conditions that may influence motor performance.
Venter says all the children completed balance (walking backwards in a self-selected, comfortable speed over three balance beams of 6, 4.5, and 3cm width), standing long jump and 20m sprint tests.
"Results of these tests show that barefoot children in South Africa's primary schools performed better in balance tests than their German counterparts who never walks barefoot. This may be related to the fact that the feet of South Africa's children is wider and more deformable. Barefoot children were also able to jump further from a standing position that German children. This may be related to the fact that the foot arches of South African children are well developed. Children who are regularly barefoot have higher foot arches than children who never walk barefoot. Their feet are also more flexible and less flat," said Prof Venter.
Venter says that as far as jumping results are concerned, significant effects were found for the age groups 6–10 and 15–18 years.
She also pointed out that fewer differences were observed during adolescence although there are greater jump distances and slower sprint times in barefoot individuals.
Venter said the overall results of their study emphasize the influence on and importance of footwear habits for the development of feet and motor skills during childhood and adolescence.


The difference between 360 Virtual Tour and Virtual Reality
The difference between 360 Virtual Tour and Virtual Reality
Let's discuss the difference here.
What is virtual tour?
A 360° virtual tour is a digital marketing tool with an actual photography from a number of 360-degree cameras that are stitched together, to appear as a seamless whole. It provides photo or video of given environments such as real estate, hotels, resorts, casinos, education, tourism destinations, restaurant, clubs and more. Viewer can look around within the content created, but doesn't allow to navigate it or control anything beyond the direction you're looking, in 360 you're simply along for the ride. It's mostly about immersive visual experiences.
A 360° virtual tour can be viewed in many ways. You can watch 24/7, 365 days – even when you are closed through any smartphone, tablet, and computer as you scroll through your Facebook feed, using your finger to move around to get the 360 degree perspective.
Let's look at 360° virtual tour:
On the other hand, virtual reality or VR is a lot more immersive than a 360° virtual.
But, what is virtual reality?
In the most basic of explanations, virtual reality is a way to immerse users in an entirely virtual world. You are able to interact with the surroundings and are granted basic freedoms that 360 video simply can't match. Simply put, you can control the experience. It create an alternate world for you and place you inside it.
Let's look at virtual reality, or VR:
To conclude, Virtual Tour and and VR are different technologies and serve their own purposes. Now that you know what are some of their differences and where they stands amongst the current technologies for entertainment and business, go ahead and learn to how to use them.
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The PtChg Command
Command Summary
Inverts a point on the graph screen.
Command Syntax
PtChg x, y
Menu Location
Calculator Compatibility
This command works on all calculators.
Token Size
2 bytes
The PtChg command inverts a point on the graph screen — drawing it if it isn't already there, and erasing it otherwise. It uses point coordinates, which means that the result is determined by window variables: the x-coordinate must be between xmin and xmax, and the y-coordinate must be between ymin and ymax (with (xmin,ymin) being the bottom left and (xmax,ymax) the top right corner).
Unlike pixel commands such as PxlChg, however, PtChg won't give an error if the coordinates happen to be outside these bounds — it simply won't have any effect.
Advanced Uses
PtChg can also be used with two lists of the same size. In that case, it will invert the points for every pair of elements (xlist[n], ylist[n]). This can be used as an alternative to plots (see NewPlot) to plot a set of points.
Related Commands


Encrypting Sensitive Data in a Multi-Region AWS Solution using KMS
Encrypting Sensitive Data in a Multi-Region AWS Solution using KMS
Author: Stephen Gaughan
Keeping Data Safe
Failure of an AWS Region (or of a critical AWS service in a region) is a rare event, but if we want to minimise the risk of disruption to our services, we must architect our services to expect such a failure, using a multi-region architecture. In the unlikely event that a cloud region fails, our service can continue in another region with clients experiencing minimal interruption.
Additionally, we will often need to store personally identifiable information (PII) or other sensitive data which is subject to data security regulations and standards. Our customers have entrusted us with their data, and we can't ever allow their data to get into the wrong hands.
When storing PII (or similarly sensitive data), encryption of individual records or fields is usually required, so that no-one (not even employees) can see the data directly, even if they have access to the database. All access to such data must be authorised, controlled and audited. Therefore, any ability to read the PII directly from a database, backup, or filesystem must be prevented. It must not be possible to decrypt large numbers of records from an entire database en masse.
Hence, the application service that is deemed responsible for this data needs to encrypt the relevant fields before storing them at rest, and decrypt those fields only when they are needed.
AWS Encryption Tools and Services
We can help keep our PII safe by using the AWS Encryption SDK together with KMS.
The Encryption SDK uses the practice of envelope encryption. KMS helps us to safely store our master keys (CMKs), and the Encryption SDK encrypts our data by first asking KMS to generate a data key from one of our CMKs. That data key is used to encrypt a piece of data, and an encrypted copy of that data key is stored alongside the encrypted data.
When we need to decrypt that data, the Encryption SDK asks KMS to first decrypt the data key, and it then uses the decrypted data key to decrypt the actual data. The Encryption SDK makes this process pretty seamless.
So in summary:
 - KMS allows us to manage and protect our CMKs
 - AWS Encryption SDK uses KMS as its master key provider, to generate and decrypt data keys using a chosen CMK
 - AWS Encryption SDK encrypts and decrypts data using our generated data keys
Multi-Region Complexity
AWS KMS is a strictly regional service. It is not possible to move encryption keys between AWS regions, meaning that we can only decrypt a data key by using the KMS in the same region in which it was encrypted.
This means that careful design consideration is needed to make sure that when we replicate such encrypted data between regions, we can actually decrypt our data in each region.
The cleanest multi-region architecture typically has two or more live regions sharing the load. There's no standby infrastructure: all regions are live and receiving traffic. If our service fails in one region, the others will scale up to handle their increased share of the load and our service clients encounter minimal disruption.
To achieve this model, our data must be synchronised across our chosen AWS regions. Updates stored in one region are propagated almost instantly to the databases in the other regions, keeping everything in sync. AWS supports such inter-region replication for most managed data storage services, including DynamoDB and Aurora.
Here's a sample 2-region architecture, with no field-level encryption, using DynamoDB Global Tables to synchronise data between regions in near real-time:
Note: This simplistic diagram includes only the components/services relevant to this example
The web service is running in 2 regions and stores its data in DynamoDB, which is configured to sync automatically between regions. A request from a client can be routed to either region.
But what happens when we want to encrypt data using the Encryption SDK and KMS? We know that data encrypted by KMS in one region can't be decrypted by KMS in another region. This creates an undesirable dependency on one region. This has cost and latency implications (cross-region KMS calls) and, if that region fails, we won't be able to access our encrypted data until that failed region is restored.
Data Key Copies
Fortunately, the envelope encryption of the Encryption SDK allows the storage of multiple encrypted copies of the data key in the meta-data of your encrypted field. The solution is to ask KMS in each chosen region to encrypt a copy of the data key. When we need to decrypt the data in a given region, we can identify the relevant encrypted data key for that region and use that for the decryption process. This means that our data can be decrypted locally in each region using that region's KMS, no matter which region was used to originally encrypt it. And if one AWS region falls over, we can still decrypt our data in another region and our service continues with minimal disruption.
So, our example architecture now looks like this:
When our web service running in the AWS Ireland region needs to encrypt and store some data:
 - The service in the Ireland region will use the Encryption SDK library (embedded in the service) to ask Ireland KMS to generate a new data key from one of our Ireland CMKs. KMS will issue a data key in 2 forms: encrypted and plain text (unencrypted).
 - The Encryption SDK will encrypt the data using the data key.
 - It will also call Virginia KMS to encrypt the data key using one of our Virginia CMKs. The Encryption SDK will then attach the two encrypted data keys to the data and return it to our service which then stores it in DynamoDB.
 - DynamoDB replicates that data to Virginia.
When an instance of our service in our AWS Virginia region reads the encrypted data and needs to decrypt it:
 - The Encryption SDK will first examine the set of encrypted data keys attached to the data, and can identify that one of them was encrypted using Virginia KMS, so that is the preferred data key to use for decryption.
 - The Encryption SDK will call Virginia KMS to decrypt the data key, and we then can use that decrypted data key to decrypt the associated data.
Testing Resilience Against Region Failure
Having implemented our multi-region encryption solution using KMS, we will have introduced a cross-region dependency whenever we need to create a new data key, so we will need to ensure that our service still works well when KMS in another region is not responding.
Disaster resilience testing should involve not only taking our own services off-line in an AWS region, but also simulating failure of any cross-region service dependencies that we may have introduced.
If the KMS service for one of our regions can't be reached, our service must still be able to handle that gracefully, and encrypt new data using the active region(s), albeit now necessarily missing the encrypted data key for the broken region.
So, in our example, if our service in Virginia can't reach Ireland KMS for any reason, it must still be able to encrypt and store the data using just its own KMS.
Of course, when the broken AWS region is restored, we will need a process to read and re-encrypt any data that was stored while the region was down, so that the data has the full complement of region-encrypted data keys and remains as resilient as possible.
Cost Considerations
Generating data keys, and then encrypting them in one or more additional regions has a cost. It is possible to re-use a data key.
Your data security policy may require you to use a unique key to encrypt each field. Or maybe your policy will permit you to re-use a key a certain number of times, or for a certain time period.
The Encryption SDK supports data key caching for this purpose. How many times you use a data key or how long you keep it in memory will be driven by your risk posture.
We hope that this has been useful. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us at Protego


text:
Fetomaternal medicine is a specialty in gynaecology and obstetrics. It involves applying special knowledge and skills to pregnant women who are at risk when giving birth, and to cases where the health of unborn babies is at risk.
Specialists recognise and manage both normal and high-risk births, and carry out high-risk obstetric operations. Fetomaternal medicine also involves giving psychological care to women in labour and knowing how to relieve pain during birth.
Further areas of fetomaternal medicine:
- Identifying malformations and diseases of the foetus, giving expert advice to parents and carrying out pre-natal diagnostic procedures and treatments.
- Providing psychological counselling to pregnant women, conducting preliminary assessments and carrying out abortions after the 14th week of pregnancy.


text:
Forests and other natural resources are crucial to the livelihoods of millions of poor people worldwide. But just how important are forests for poverty alleviation? To what extent do forests help lift people out of poverty, or are they mainly useful as gap-fillers and safety nets preventing extreme hardship? How do different management regimes and policies affect the benefits poor people derive from forests? By answering these questions, PEN can provide well-researched advice for enhancing the way natural resource and poverty-related policies and projects are designed and implemented.
No one would claim forests are the ultimate panacea for poverty. But they play an important role for millions of people by providing a safety net during economic downturns, by supporting current consumption and sometimes by being a direct pathway out of poverty.
PEN aims to fill the gap in knowledge through the systematic collection of socio-economic data in a variety of tropical ecosystems, using similar data definitions and methodologies. This will make PEN the world's first global comparative and quantitative review of the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation.
PEN also represents a new and innovative way of doing research. The core of PEN is the individual field studies, in most cases done by PhD students. The best field studies are often done as part of a PhD thesis. At the same time the value-added of the individual studies can be substantially enhanced by using standardized definitions and methods, which permit comparative analysis. Thus, in addition to their own specific research questions and methodologies, each PhD student/researcher will contribute to the common data set on forests and poverty.


text:
An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the French Nanteuil family come from? What is the French Nanteuil family crest and coat of arms? When did the Nanteuil family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Nanteuil family history?
Spelling variations of this family name include: Nantel, Nantauil, Le Nantel, Le Nanteuil, Nanteuil, Le Nantauil, De Nantel, De Nanteuil and many more.
First found in Ile-de-France where they held a family seat in the seigneurie of Haudoin. This region of France is notable for the inclusion of Paris as its main urban center and extends to the north and east.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Nanteuil research. Another 122 words(9 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Nanteuil History in all our PDF Extended History products.
More information is included under the topic Early Nanteuil Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were: Louis Nantel who settled in Quebec in 1668 from Picardy.
The Nanteuil Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Nanteuil Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 21 October 2010 at 14:17.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


text:
21 March 2022
Will Internal 3D Rendering Help Space Planning in Retail Stores?
High stakes and fierce competition in the retail industry make it the proverbial 'dog eat Pedigreed dog' world. Retail stores and the spaces they showcase have long been influential in merchandise sales and customer satisfaction, making it imperative to utilise space optimally for an attractive store layout. Photorealistic, carefully crafted 3D internal rendering accurately represents the interior of a retail space before construction commences.
The benefits and application of retail space planning is continuously evolving. Attractive store displays attract customers, enticing them to experience the merchandise and subtly encouraging them to buy. To accentuate and emphasise the merchandise, retailers need to use retail space wisely.
What are the benefits of space planning?
When retail space planning is carefully carried out, it leads to the following benefits:
- Displays will attract more customers.
- Stockouts and operational costs can be minimised.
- Inventory productivity improves.
- Financial performance and profits are increased.
- Retailers can drive top line sales.
- Overall returns on investments improve.
Traditional space planning process is also dependent on the needs of local customers. Other factors include maintaining the same brand features of chain stores while trying to create a unique identity for each store. Store-specific plans can be created when enough data has been collected.
Using Space Allocation Tools
It is possible today to use space allocation tools to determine effective locations for merchandise, lighting and other fixtures. By analysing product placement, usage and performance, merchandise can be placed in strategic locations. Retail space planning can be helped by:
- Using CAD drawings with precise dimensions to view exact floor plans
- Assigning the appropriate square footage for each product
- Preparing detailed planograms to find the right balance of available space and merchandise
- Considering detailed fixture and component dimensions
- Showcasing the retail space in an internal 3D rendered image
It is essential to get an accurate idea of a design or layout for retail applications to be successful.
How does 3D internal rendering help?
- Retailers can test designs before construction begins, saving time and money.
- Designers can see how and what makes the best use of the retail space.
- Furniture and amenities can be viewed in lifelike lighting, to get the best idea of what the plans will look like.
- Architectural rendering can help streamline work across multiple stakeholders while maintaining project vision.
- 3D renderings provide a realistic sense of place and energy.
- Interior renderings allow designers to convey different ideas accurately.
- Clients will have a clear understanding of what to expect.
- Interior renderings ensure that escape routes, fire safety elements (fire escapes and like) and location of staff rooms and storage space can be clearly recognised.
- Potential security vulnerabilities are easier to determine when viewing a building as it will appear in real life.
Maximising Wall Space
One of the ways to effectively design retail space involves optimising wall space, regardless of the floor plan. Limited wall spaces can be maximised using gridwalls, twin slot shelving and slatwalls.
- Gridwall panels are used to create corner displays and displays against a flat wall with shelves, baskets, hooks, etc.
- They can be used as freestanding displays with a gondola stand or legs.
- The industrial look of the mesh panels are used effectively in fashion stores and DIY stores.
Twin Slot Systems
- Panels called uprights are positioned next to each other on walls and accessories can be slotted on them.
- They have a minimalist appearance and are used in fashion clothing stores, boutiques and homeware stores.
- Shelves and back bars slot easily in and out of uprights without any additional fixing, making them easy to install and update.
- Slatwall panels are of various sizes and colours, helping designers match them to the store's design.
- They are useful for displaying bulky merchandise vertically.
- Slatwall accessories slot into grooved panels and are easy to remove.
- They're great used to display accessories and shoes.
These elements can be viewed, modified and improved by viewing them accurately represented, with the correct textures and dimensions, in internal 3D rendered images. Retail design companies can provide high-quality computer-generated images (CGI), retail design drawings, retail BIM modelling, 3D visualisation and other 3D rendering services to help space planning in retail stores.
XS CAD has valuable experience providing 3D visualisation and 3D rendering services for large global retailers and retail store design companies. Our range of services include retail space planning, retail design drawings, 3D rendered images, retail BIM modelling and computer-generated images (CGI). We have proven to be a preferred 3D rendering services provider, due to the high quality of our 3D modelling and 3D walk-throughs, created by using Revit, 3ds Max, V-Ray, Adobe Photoshop and After Effects, Illustrator and BIM Collaboration Pro for cloud collaboration.


text: Seating at the Academy of Music is located on four levels, with each level further divided into separate designations or sections. The Parquet is the ground floor level of the building, and is divided into four designations: Orchestra Pit, Parquet, Parquet Boxes, and Parquet Circle. The Orchestra Pit is located immediately in front of the stage, and can have up to four rows of seating (AAA-DDD). Behind this is the Parquet section, with four rows of double letters (AA-EE) and eighteen rows of single letters (A-S, excluding I). Each row is divided into three sections. The left section is numbered using odd numbers staring with 1 on the center-left aisle, and ascending. The right section is numbered using even numbers starting with 2 on the center-right aisle, and ascending. The center section is numbered beginning with 101 on the center-right aisle and ascending consecutively to the center-left aisle. Parquet Boxes surround the Parquet section in a horseshoe shape, and are numbered clockwise from 5-30. Some boxes have four seats, some six, with each seat numbered individually within the box. Immediately behind the Parquet Boxes, and also in a horseshoe shape, is the Parquet Circle. This is divided by entry ways into nine sections, labeled clockwise from A-I. Seating in the center section, E, is numbed beginning with 101 on its right aisle and ascending consecutively to 114 on its left aisle. Sections A-D are numbered using even numbers starting with 2 on the left aisle of D, and ascending as they approach the stage. Sections F-I are numbered using odd numbers starting with 1 on the right aisle of F, and ascending as they approach the stage. The Balcony, located on the second level of the house and above the Parquet Circle, is divided into three sections. The front of the balcony in sections C-G consists of box seats, numbered clockwise from 31-42. Some boxes have four seats, some six, with each seat numbered individually within the box. The front in sections A-B, H-I is called the balcony loge, and is labeled with two rows of double letters (AA-BB). Immediately behind these is the regular balcony section, labeled in the same fashion as the Parquet Circle. The second and third balconies are known as the Family Circle and Amphitheater respectively. They both follow the same numbering scheme as the Parquet Circle.


Cover Image
close this bookBetter Farming Series 21. Wet Paddy or Swamp Rice (FAO, 1977, 40 p.)
close this folderTaking care of the rice field
View the documentWeeding
View the documentFlooding and draining
View the documentApplying fertilizers
View the documentProtecting the rice from pests
30. Why must weeds be removed?
Weeds take mineral salts out of the soil, so the rice cannot use them and will be undernourished. Weeds get in the way of harvesting. Weeds prevent the rice from growing and tillering well.
What does tillering mean? We say the rice tillers when It develop several stems on the same plant. The buds at the bottom of the stem develop and make new stems.
After tillering, each grain you have sown will have several stems, and every stem makes a panicle (or head) of rice. But weeds prevent tillering.
Why must weeds be removed
31. When to weed.
If you have flooded your field before transplanting, no weeds will have grown. But when you transplant, you drain the water away, and then the weeds can grow.
Weed 2 weeks after transplanting. Pull the weeds out by hand.
Later more weeds will have grown. You must weed again.
Every time when weeds have grown, you must pull them out.
This means a lot of work, but costs no money. Rice grows much better in a field without weeds, and you will get a much bigger yield.


text:
- One of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia.
- An abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve.
- When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips)
due to hypocalcaemia (ie from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves.


text:
...The usual justification for trying to make all professors researchers is the argument that teaching and research are inextricably linked, to an extent that the first cannot be done well in the absence of the second. This argument is a strange one. Its proponents - usually academicians, trained in scientific method and the rules of logical inference - offer it with unbounded conviction, passion, and a total absence of evidence. They argue that only researchers are aware of recent developments in their field, so that courses taught by nonresearchers must be irrelevant or obsolete. They add that nonresearchers whom students rate as good teachers must be merely "entertainers," providing style without substance. When challenged to produce some evidence for the linkage between research and teaching, they name professors they know who have both admirable research records and teaching awards, which is like claiming that you can only be a world-class organist if you practice medicine in Africa and pointing to Albert Schweitzer to prove it.
In this essay I want to take a closer look at the purported linkage between teaching and academic research, to see how it stands up to the tests of common sense and educational research. I will argue that it stands up to neither....
* * *
Hat tip: Guru, whose post has another interesting quote from Partha Dasgupta about "why university teachers are expected to be researchers." [Dasgupta's book is not available online, though].


Take the 2-minute tour ×
When dealing with moduli spaces of, say connections or metrics, I am using the notions of Frechet spaces/manifolds/groups. I have become familiar with Banach manifolds (I think), but Frechet manifolds less so. In my studies, we want to apply the Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems, which work on Banach spaces, but apparently fail for Frechet spaces (and as a result we pass to Sobolev completions).
Why does it fail (intuitively), or why should I expect it to fail? What is the hinge that allows it to work for Banach but not Frechet? Do I have to do a lot more to get an analogous result in the land of Frechet? This should also help me see the differences between a Banach and Frechet manifold, because right now it seems subtle.
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I don't know if this helps, but one side effect of this is that submersions of Fréchet manifolds are defined not in terms of surjective maps of tangent spaces, but in terms of surjective - in fact split surjective - maps of charts. I image the fact not all onto maps of Fréchet spaces are (continuously!) split has a key part in this. – David Roberts Jun 29 '13 at 3:48
_USER_ Not all onto maps of Banach spaces are continuously split either. The quotient map $\ell^\infty \to \ell^\infty/c_0$ is not split, for example. – Loop Space Jun 29 '13 at 20:56
Ok strike that last comment then. (I've revealed my almost total ignorance of functional analysis, I hang my head in shame) – David Roberts Jun 29 '13 at 23:11
7 Answers 7
up vote 20 down vote accepted
The usual proof of the inverse function theorem in the setting of Banach spaces uses the Banach fixed point theorem. We cannot make sense of the Banach fixed point theorem in a Fréchet space, since a Fréchet space is merely metrizable: there is no preferred choice of metric. I do not know exactly how crucial the Banach fixed point theorem actually is for proving the inverse function theorem in Banach spaces. Hopefully someone can come along and explain whether this is really the "hinge" that makes the inverse function theorem work.
Since you say IFT "apparently" fails for Fréchet spaces, I'm guessing you haven't seen a counterexample. Let $C^\infty[-1,1]$ denote the Fréchet space of smooth real-valued functions on $[-1,1]$. Consider the smooth map $$P: C^\infty[-1,1] \longrightarrow C^\infty[-1,1],$$ $$f \mapsto f - xff'.$$ Now $$DP(f)g = g - xgf' - xfg',$$ so $DP(0) = I$. Since $P(0) = 0$, if the inverse function theorem holds then $P$ should be invertible in some neighborhood of $f = 0$, with $P^{-1}(0) = 0$. To see that this is not true, consider the family of functions $$g_n(x) = \frac{1}{n} + \frac{x^n}{n!}.$$ Now $g_n \longrightarrow 0$ in $C^\infty[-1,1]$, but we claim that $g_n$ is not in the image of $P$ for any $n$. To see this, write the power series expansion $$f(x) = a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots.$$ Then we have $$Pf(x) = a_0 + (1 - a_0)a_1 x + (a_2 - a_1^2 - 2a_0a_2)x^2 + (a_3 - 3a_1a_2 - 3a_0a_3)x^3 + \cdots.$$ Suppose $Pf(x) = g_n(x)$. Then $a_0 = \tfrac{1}{n}$, and an inductive argument shows that $a_1 = a_2 = \cdots = a_{n-1} = 0$, giving $$Pf(x) = \frac{1}{n} + (1 - na_0)a_nx^n + \cdots.$$ The order $n$ term is then zero, contradicting the fact that $Pf(x) = g_n(x)$. Hence $g_n$ does not lie in the image of $P$ for any $n$. Since $P(0) = 0$, $DP(0) = I$ is invertible, and $g_n \longrightarrow 0$, this provides a counterexample to the inverse function theorem.
The generalization of the inverse function theorem to Fréchet spaces is the Nash-Moser theorem. You need some much better conditions on the map $f$ you want to invert in this case: First, $f$ must be invertible in a neighborhood, not just at a single point. Second, the Fréchet spaces involved and $f$ must satisfy the technical condition of "tameness." Finally, the inverses of $f$ in the neighborhood of interest must also be tame. There are counterexamples to show that each of these extra conditions is necessary.
For an overview of the Nash-Moser theorem, see Hamilton's The inverse function theorem of Nash and Moser.
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Could you say how this example change for $C^1[-1,1]$? That is a Banach space after all. – Igor Khavkine Jun 29 '13 at 10:23
Then the target space is $C^0$, and the differential is no longer invertible (it is inclusion). – BS. Jun 29 '13 at 11:12
@ Henry T. Horton: To me, your argument only could show that the image under $P$ of the subset of analytic functions in $C^\infty([{-1},1])$ does not contain a neighbourhood of zero. – TaQ Jun 29 '13 at 14:11
The simplest counterexample: $C^\infty(\mathbb R)$ with compact $C^\infty$-topology. $F(f)= e^f$ has $DF(f)g = e^f.g$ which is invertible everywhere. But the image of $F$ is not open, it consists of all positive functions, whereas any nonempty open set of $C^\infty$ functions is controlled only on a compact subset of $\mathbb R$ and thus contains functions which are negative far off.
The intuition for an IFT to hold is: You have to generate enough Banach space situation around your equation by using special circumstances like a priori estimates for elliptic PDE's and smoothing operators that you can use Banach's fixed point theorem.
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It's worth pointing out that the same thing can be said about $C^0(\mathbb{R})$ with the compact-open topology. The Fréchet-ness of this space comes from the non-compactness of the domain $\mathbb{R}$ rather than from considering infinite differentiability. – Igor Khavkine Jun 29 '13 at 10:25
To my knowledge, the example of Peter Michor is essentially already in a classical article of James Eels, possibly "A setting for global analysis", Bulletin AMS 72 (5): 751–807. 1966. – TaQ Jun 29 '13 at 14:21
One point that seems important to me is the very definition of differential. To write a first-order Taylor formula $$\varphi(v+h) = \varphi(v)+D\varphi(v)\cdot h + o(h)$$ you have to define what $o(h)$ means, that is to be able to measure vectors uniformly over the space. In a Fréchet space, you cannot do that or rather, you can do that in too many different ways, so you define $D\varphi(v)$ by restricting to one-dimensional ones. But clearly for many differential calculus theorems, including local inversion, you would need uniformity in the $o(h)$.
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Originally I thought I understood this, but can you briefly clarify "you can measure vectors uniformly over the space in too many different ways"? – Chris Gerig Jun 30 '13 at 3:08
Assume your topology is derived from some metric $d$. Then $d^{1/2}$ is still a metric, with the same balls as before, in particular it induces the same topology. But now the quantitative meaning of $o(h)$ is not the same as before. This kind of manipulation of the metric is possible because we did not ask for positive homogeneity, contrary to Banach spaces. – Benoît Kloeckner Jun 30 '13 at 10:25
A natural (and perhaps surprising at first sight) source of counter-examples to IFT are the Fréchet-Lie groups of diffeomorphisms of smooth closed manifolds, and the exponential map from vector fields to diffeomorphisms (both smooth).
Even in the


Applied Astrology
We are born and exist under an established astrological pattern. Can we transform the energies that determine our life?
Relationships and Love - Prosperity and Abundance - Magnetism - Studies - Health and Vitality - Power – Karma.
Adriana Workman creates a program that involves individual classes where she works on a specific theme in each session. The program includes: conscious creation and movement of energy, breathing techniques, exercises based on light, guided meditations, introspection, body movements, etc.
The purpose of these exercises is to unblock, release, activate, settle, and/or transmute the energies associated a particular aspect, and to allow a fuller and more self-conscious life.


Puddle Ducks
Sutton Coldfield
Baby swimmers love swimming for life! Puddle Ducks is a fun and friendly swimming programme offering unique baby swimming, toddler swimming and child swimming classes through franchises across the UK.
Babies and children can join our swimming classes at any age from birth; developing from water babies to confident swimmers without even realising they are learning to swim. By engaging each child's abilities and natural affinity with water, Puddle Ducks offer simple steps to a lifetime love of swimming. Children learn lifesaving, swimming and underwater skills and are often able to swim 10 metres or more before they start school.
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Haptics effects in Qt
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This article shows how to provide haptic feedback to users (either through vibration or audio) using the Qt Feedback API. This could be used in games or UIs to improve the user experience.
Reasons: hamishwillee (02 Mar 2012)
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Created: lpvalente (23 Nov 2010)
Last edited: hamishwillee (11 Oct 2012)
Before we start
First of all, it's important to understand the concept of actuators. An actuator is a device responsible for providing tactile feedback. It's like a tiny motor that produces a physical effect to a command sent by our application.
The Feedback API abstract those devices through the QFeedbackActuator class. Those devices are identified by the id() and have a name(). Please see QFeedbackActuator for the complete documentation.
The actuators are capable of providing different effects. For example, on the Nokia N8 the actuator named "Touch" is capable of providing feedback when the user touches the screen. The actuator named "Vibra" is the one that works when producing vibration (like the one that occurs when the phone is ringing). To know which actuators exists in the device, the API provides this method:
QList list = QFeedbackActuator::actuators () ;
With that list in hand you are able to query which actuators you can use.
Making it vibrate
Now we're going to show how to make the phone vibrate. The API provides a class named QFeedbackHapticsEffect that abstract the concept of "feedback effect".
How it works
The effect is composed of three parts: start, middle, and end. The start part is called "attack", and the end part is called "fade". The API provides methods to configure all those parts. The end result is that the total time the effect lasts is "attack" + main part + "fade". Let's see an example:
QfeedbackHapticsEffect effect;
effect.setIntensity (0.5);
effect.setDuration (1000);
This piece of code configures the effect to last for 1 second (1000 ms) and have an intensity of 50%. The intensity is a number between 0.0 and 1.0, with this last value meaning "full intensity". The method start() starts playing the effect, and stop() is used to stop playing it.
What about the actuators?
The device plays the effect using one of its actuators. In the example, it uses the "default actuator". In the N8, this happens to be the "Touch" actuator. So, how can we make the device vibrate? We need to change the actuator!
// get the actuator list
// get the Vibra
QFeedbackActuator * vibra = 0;
foreach (QFeedbackActuator * a, list)
if (a->name() == "Vibra")
vibra = a;
// if vibra is not found, you device does not have it
if (vibra == 0)
// handle error
// let's change the actuator
effect.setActuator (vibra);
And that's it.
How about the other parts of the effect?
Use the following methods from QFeedbackHapticsEffect to change the other two parts of the effect. By default their duration is zero milliseconds.
 - void setAttackIntensity (qreal intensity)
 - void setAttackTime (int msecs)
 - void setFadeIntensity (qreal intensity)
 - void setFadeTime (int msecs)
Short example
Our example uses this user interface:
Haptics effects in qt fig 1.jpg
It has two button and a plain text box.
Here's our Widget.h file:
_TAG_ WIDGET_H
_TAG_ WIDGET_H
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace QtMobility;
namespace Ui {
class Widget;
class Widget : public QWidget
explicit Widget(QWidget *parent = 0);
void put(const QString & msg);
public slots:
void startClicked();
void stopClicked();
Ui::Widget *ui;
QFeedbackHapticsEffect rumble;
_TAG_ // WIDGET_H
We need to include the files for the actuator and feedback effect. The classes of Qt Mobility are under the QtMobility namespace. We are declaring it in the file for convenience. The public slots are connected to the button events. The put() method is a convenience method to print text in the text box.
Now here is the implementation file:
_TAG_ "widget.h"
_TAG_ "ui_widget.h"
// convinience method to print text
void Widget::put(const QString & msg)
Widget::Widget(QWidget *parent) :
ui(new Ui::Widget)
// connect signals and slots
// here we list which actuators are there on the phone
put (QString ("num actuators: %1").arg(list.count()));
QFeedbackActuator* vibra = 0;
// now we pick the vibra actuator
foreach (QFeedbackActuator* a, list)
put (a->name());
if (a->name() == "Vibra")
vibra = a;
if (vibra == 0)
put ("vibra not found");
delete ui;
void Widget::startClicked()
void Widget::stopClicked()
Finally, here's the.pro file:
QT += core gui
TARGET = FeedbackDemo
SOURCES += main.cpp\
HEADERS += widget.h
FORMS += widget.ui
CONFIG += mobility
MOBILITY = feedback
symbian {
TARGET.UID3 = 0xeb02a514
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What is the difference between Wallet Synchronization and Daemon Synchronization, in case of using either of local node or remote node?
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Daemon status is how synced it's blockchain is. Wallet status is how many blocks are scanned.
A daemon syncs blocks, a wallet scans blocks for incoming transfers.
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The Wisconsin Center for Environmental Education supports environmental science (ES) education to enhance the environmental literacy of Wisconsin's students and teachers.
Environmental Science Teaching Licensure
An environmental science teaching license ensures educators meet state requirements and have the necessary background to teach environmental science courses. Holding an environmental science licensure makes teachers more marketable and provides options for expanding existing curriculum. There are several options for obtaining an environmental science license in Wisconsin as a preservice or inservice educator. Learn more
Wisconsin Environmental Science Course Framework
The Wisconsin Environmental Science Course Framework outlines an ideal year-long high school environmental science course. Topics in the framework are prioritized to help in planning courses of varied length. The framework is not intended to serve as a curriculum but to provide a consistent foundation upon which environmental science courses in Wisconsin can be developed. The framework should be modified to meet each individual teacher's needs.
Environmental Science Digital Resource Library
The digital resource library contains materials that can be used to teach the topics, concepts, and subconcepts in the Environmental Science Course Framework. Resources include activities; assessment strategies; labs; websites; and video, field trip, and guest speaker suggestions. Items in the library were contributed by Wisconsin teachers and can be modified to meet individual classroom needs.
Environmental Science Textbook List
This list identifies environmental science textbooks distributed by various publishers. The WCEE EE Resources Library
has copies of most of the books available for review, either in person by visiting the library in Stevens Point or through the Wisconsin Library System Delivery Network.
Environmental Science Lab Manuals and Other Books
This list identifies environmental science books distributed by various publishers. The WCEE EE Resources Library
has copies of several of the books available for review, either in person by visiting the library in Stevens Point or through the Wisconsin Library System Delivery Network.
Advanced Placement Environmental Science Course Information
Advanced placement (AP) courses are approved through The College Board
. The College Board AP ES website
features many useful resources including an AP ES topic outline, sample exam questions, and a course description.
Online Environmental Science Courses/Resources
This list contains descriptions of online ES courses and resources with links to the associated websites.
403 LRC – UWSP
Stevens Point, WI 54481


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Oil is moved from the well head to the refinery by two methods. The first is to store the crude at the well head in factory constructed tanks or use pipelines to bring the oil straight from wellheads to the refinery. Almost all productive oil fields use pipelines. There are thousands and thousands of 2" pipelines crisscrossing hundreds of miles of oil fields across the country. And all of these pipelines need to be tested.
Unfortunately, the system used most often for testing oil pipelines is costly, time-intensive and unable to provide much useful information. Based on 100 year-old technology using dead weights, volumetric pipeline testing is the source of problems in a number of ways:
- Time: Pipelines only make money when they are moving product, but pipelines must be shut down for 4 or 5 days in order to be tested with dead weights. And that's only if you don't find a leak!
- Accuracy: Dead weight testing requires two different types of technology: determining whether or not there is a leak and locating the leak. They test the pipeline in large 20 mile sections. When they detect a leak in a section, they then split the section in half find out which half the leak is in then contenue splitting the line till it is small enough to dig up the final section.!
- Cost: It costs tens of thousands of dollars to conduct the initial test, which will not even tell you where to find the leak. As they conduct more tests to find the leak, the costs continue to go up. And this doesn't even count the cost of shutting down production for days at a time!
- Evaluation: Using the dead weight system, testers are unable to predict future risk. They can tell you whether or not there is an actual leak at the time of the test. They can tell you how big that leak is once they find it. But they cannot tell you which parts of the pipeline are high risk areas for potential future leaks.
- Pressure: Dead weight testing requires the pipeline to be tested at 150% of the working pressure. The idea is to try and break the pipeline at any weak point. You have to run water through the pipeline, because if you run the test using oil and find a leak, it could cause additional environmental damage.
- Variables: There are a lot of variables that have to be considered when running these tests. For example, temperature fluctuations can provide faulty test results.
So, what ends up happening?
Once every five years, you use an overly complex and costly testing system that does not even help you plan for the future. With thousands of miles of pipes to monitor, it is easy for leaks to go undetected at some point during the five year interval, and these leaks often lead to major spills with major clean-up costs.
In what other industry are companies across the board willing to take such a monumental risk with their most valued asset? You may think the old volumetric pipeline testing is your only option. Luckily, it isn't.
Learn more about what you can do to protect your pipelines and your product.


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A lot of the Irish Workhouses fell into ruin or were burned down in the years after the Famine, but one of the few remaining can be found in the town of Carrick-on-Shannon.
Today, it operates as a geriatric hospital called St.Patrick's and this year, from the 3rd-5th of May, it will revisit the haunting past of its workhouse days by offering 30 self-sponsored participants the chance to stay overnight in the rooms of the original whitewashed attic as part of The Famine Attic Experience.
Between the years of 1845 and 1854, a devastating two million people were forced to emigrate from Ireland in search of a better life. For those that remained, the last resort was to enter a Workhouse but with the onset of the Famine, entire families had no other choice but to do so.
The Irish Workhouse Centre in Portumna, Co. Galway writes that, as an inmate of a workhouse, individuals would be packed into crowded sleeping places with straw beds and ragged coverings with only a tub for urination. Disease was rampant and deaths were so frequent that corpses were carried away on special carts every day only to be thrown into mass graves on the grounds of the workhouse
The Famine Attic Experience will be commemorated with a 'Survivors Cairn' and a Society of Friends (Quaker) themed supper afterwards.


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Au Sable River
A world-famous trout stream, the Au Sable River runs about 80 miles from near Grayling to Lake Huron. Along the river's eastward flow, Consumers Energy operates six hydroelectric dams: Mio, Alcona, Loud, Five Channels, Cooke and Foote.
The hydros were built between 1911 and 1924. Together, they can generate 41,000 kilowatts of electricity, enough to power a community of about 20,500 people.
How it Works
When Consumers Energy pioneered the development of hydroelectric power along the Au Sable, the land was ravaged by decades of logging. Between the mid-1920s and the 1950s, Consumers Energy planted millions of pine trees along the river to stabilize the banks for the six dams. The Au Sable (the name means "River of Sand") now provides excellent fishing, recreation and wildlife viewing from Grayling to Oscoda.
Most of the river frontage is Huron National Forest land managed by the U.S. Forest Service or land owned by Consumers Energy. Consumers Energy owns about 3,500 acres and leases much of its property to public or private operators of boat rental companies, swimming areas or campgrounds.
Aspen, oak, maple, pine, balsam, spruce and cedar trees provide shelter and food for deer, wild turkey, ruffled grouse, snowshoe hares and other animals. Bald eagles nest along the river.
Portages are available at each Consumers Energy hydro, to allow recreation-seekers to canoe down the winding river or float on an inner tube. In fact, canoeing has become so popular, the Au Sable hosts an annual canoe marathon.
The Au Sable River hydroelectric projects are also included as "watchable wildlife" viewing areas in Michigan's Wildlife Viewing Guide. Consumers Energy works with the USDA Forest Service and other entities to build and maintain these areas and assist in providing viewing opportunities.
Wildlife habitat efforts on the Au Sable River were first certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council in 1999.
Consumers Energy manages hundreds of acres of wildlife habitat around its six hydroelectric dams along the Au Sable. In addition to meeting all of its licensing requirements, the company manages important wildlife initiatives at its Au Sable facilities, including programs that monitor bald eagles and ongoing efforts to reintroduce the familiar trumpeter swan.
The company helped reintroduce 14 native trumpeter swans to the area in _PHONE_. During December 2003, the Iosco Audubon Society counted 138 trumpeter swans on Consumers' Alcona, Cooke and Foote reservoirs.
The company also maintains nesting structures for wood ducks, purple martin colonies, bluebirds and ospreys along the Au Sable.
With a capacity of 4,900 kilowatts, the hydro was built between 1914-16 and is the company's hydro furthest upstream (west) on the Au Sable River.
Named after the nearby city, Mio was the first hydroelectric plant to use a conduit or under-sluice spillway. Before this, all dams had included a massive above-ground concrete spillway that typically included a system of gates to pass excess flows. The under-sluice spillway was built into the powerhouse foundation and eliminated the need for the above-ground structure. The under-sluice spillway was invented and patented by William W. Tefft, a Consumers civil engineer and vice president.
Tefft's innovation reduced tailwater erosion during spill operation, increased the plant's power production and reduced construction expense. It was refined and used at subsequent Consumers' projects at Alcona Hydro on the Au Sable River, at Hodenpyl Hydro on the Manistee River and at Hardy Hydro on the Muskegon River.
Oscoda County Park is the perfect place for scenic views of the Mio dam and watching bald eagles soar above the forest, with 153 campsites in a quiet forest setting on the Mio Hydro pond.
Capable of producing 8,000 kilowatts, the hydro was originally named for a nearby road called Bamfield. Work began on Bamfield Dam in 1917, but the project stalled due to unstable sand and World War I. Construction resumed in 1923, and Alcona Hydro, named after the county where it is located, began commercial operation in 1924.
Alcona Park, on the Alcona Hydro pond, is an 1,100 acre outdoor paradise with more than 450 campsites and many special features.
Capable of producing 4,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1913. It is named for Edward Loud, who had done extensive lumber business along the Au Sable and bought up most of the cut over Au Sable lands between 1900-06, then later partnered with company founder William Foote and others to build the Au Sable hydros.
Five Channels Hydro
Capable of producing 6,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1912. This hydro is named for the nearby location on the Au Sable River where there were once five distinct river channels. The site of the workers' camp built to support construction of the dam was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 2002. It is an early American example of incorporating worker safety and health provisions into construction site living, drawing heavily on lessons learned in the building of the Panama Canal.
With an original capacity of 9,000 kilowatts, the hydro began generating electricity in December 1911, making it the first of the six Au Sable River hydros. Cooke is named for banker Andrew Cooke, who helped secure financing for the project.
Cooke Hydro was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on Aug. 2, 1996. The honor recognizes the hydro's transmission of 140,000 volts, 125 miles to Flint, establishing a world record. Innovations included three-legged windmill-like towers that supported the transmission line and advances in insulator design. Cooke Hydro is also part of the River Road Scenic Byway and listed in the National Scenic Byways Program.
Lumberman's Monument, a 14-foot bronze statue dedicated to Michigan lumbermen, is the centerpiece of a major Forest service visitor Center located on the Cooke Hydro pond. The site features interpretive displays, along with a panoramic overlook and staircase leading down to the pond.
With a capacity of 9,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1918. It is located 9 miles upstream from Lake Huron and is named for William A. Foote, the founder of Consumers Power, which later became Consumers Energy.
In 1896, Foote took a side trip from Kalamazoo to Allegan, where he conceived the idea of a hydroelectric plant along the Kalamazoo River. In Foote's mind, that plant and others would power the industrial centers throughout the state.
The Au Sable River Queen on the Foote Hydro pond offers an unique paddlewheel boat cruise that combines spectacular scenery with the history and lore of the Au Sable.
Old Orchard Park on the Foote Hydro pond, operated by Oscoda Township, is a popular destination with 500 campsites and many amenities.


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The conversation transcript will now download as a.txt file.
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Images, attachment, GIFs, articles and apps will be labelled as text in the file, like [GIF] and [Article - article name], for example.
Note: You can't export multiple conversation transcripts from your workspace but you can use our API to do so using our Conversations API.
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On this page:
Triggered Source Water Monitoring
Also called triggered source sampling, triggered source water monitoring tests the untreated source water (from a well or spring) for coliform bacteria when "triggered." The trigger is a positive (present) result from a routine coliform sample in the distribution system. Groundwater systems that disinfect are subject to the triggered monitoring requirement under the Groundwater Rule unless
they are implementing the GWR compliance monitoring option
. The triggered samples must be incorporated into the water system's coliform sampling plan.
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Triggered Source Water Monitoring
- Updates to the Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Systems (PDF; Summer 2009 Pipeline newsletter, page 7)
- Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Public Water Systems Serving Up to 1,000 Persons: fillable MS Word -orPDF
Note: There is no template for systems with populations over 1,000 people. For those sized systems, add into the coliform sampling plan that the triggered samples at the well(s) or spring(s) are also required, in addition to the repeat distribution samples.
- Representative Triggered Source Water Monitoring Plans: Systems with large distributions or multiple pressure zones may request to take triggered source samples only at those sources contributing to the location where the routine coliform distribution sample was positive. Prior approval of a representative triggered source water monitoring plan is required. Below are some helpful resources for developing such plans:
Source Assessment Monitoring
In the Groundwater Rule, source assessment monitoring refers to ongoing, periodic sampling of the source water that is not triggered by another test result. There are two types of source assessment monitoring:
- Annual Source Assessment Monitoring: The Groundwater Rule requires at least one "raw" untreated water sample from each source per year from all water systems that disinfect the water in any way - either with oxidizing agents (e.g., chlorine) or ultraviolet light. (A triggered source sample can meet this requirement for that calendar year.)
- Monthly Source Assessment Monitoring: Groundwater sources that are determined to be at higher risk of fecal contamination are required to collect monthly source samples for twelve months (or only during the months of operation for seasonal systems or sources) to determine whether any fecal contamination exists. Drinking Water Services will notify water systems individually if monthly source assessment monitoring is required.
Additional or Confirmation Monitoring
After one E. coli
-positive result from the source, a system must take five additional source samples within 24 hours to confirm fecal contamination, unless the system pursues corrective action immediately (with regulator approval).
GWR Compliance Monitoring
In lieu of triggered monitoring, a groundwater system that provides 4-log (99.99%) inactivation or removal of viruses can pursue the compliance monitoring option to meet Groundwater Rule requirements (GWR compliance monitoring). This option is only available to systems that: a) Drinking Water Services hydrogeologists determine do not need source reconstruction; and b) demonstrate that they achieve 4-log virus treatment before the first user. If approved, the water system will be assigned a minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained and monitored at the entry point.


Updates from Göteborg (Gothenburg)
Updates from Göteborg (Gothenburg)
In the Gothenburg project, PI Kristina Lindström has her primary focus on public space governance and how events are used as a strategic tool to fulfill societal goals of a more inclusive city. Gothenburg has a long history as a "city of events" and, as a consequence, extensive areas in the city centre are designed to meet the needs of the local event industry. However, Gothenburg is also a city suffering from segregation of marginalized groups and consequently a key challenge is how events in public space and publicly funded events can contribute to a more inclusive society. A local event industry extensively owned by the municipality calls for strategies proving societal values beyond short-term growth, which is often the case in event and tourism development.
Governance is one of the most significant influences on how events develop and eventually become a facilitator of spatial sustainable development. However, events in the urban public space is a complex governance phenomenon, cutting across several domains of governance; institutional structures, policymaking processes and underlying diverse power structures.
The complex, yet crucial, nature of governance of urban public space in the face of eventification and festivalization of the city and, other related topics were discussed when the Festspace Gothenburg project met with the innovation project "Evenemangspiloter", a pilot project with the purpose of using existing resources (e.g. public space) in innovative ways in order to prevent marginalization of residents and increase inclusion through events. Two of the stakeholders involved in "Evenemangspiloter" are Got Event and Equal City, both organizations within the municipality of Gothenburg. Got Event operates several of the city's arenas and Equal City is a long-term initiative aimed at making the city an equal city. So far, "Evenemangspiloter" has developed co-creative methods to ensure broad representations of residents in the development of alternative inclusive event strategies. One example of upcoming activity is participatory observations at events with the purpose of understanding the nature of exclusion in the event context.
It became evident "Evenemangspiloter" can offer a valuable local and inter-sectoral platform for the Festspace Gothenburg project and further, that Festspace can add research-based knowledge and benchmark opportunities to "Evenemangspiloter".
Some examples of public event spaces in the city centre of Gothenburg heavily debated in the face of increased demand for sustainability: the Ullevi Arena (above),
and Heden (below), the main arena area of the Gothia Cup, the World's largest youth soccer tournament.
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