text:
You have three eggs that are "unbreakable." You believe this claim to be nonsense and would like to test it. You want to see how high the egg's shells can withstand. Because this is in the distant future, you live in a building 1,000,000 stories tall. Because you're not made of time, you'd like to do this as quickly as possible.
What's the best strategy for determining exactly how high you can drop an egg from?
Hint (Highlight to read):
Binary search has a worst case of nearly 250,000, you can do much better than that. You know you're on the right track when your worst case is around 300, you'll know you have it when you're even less than that.
The optimal strategy is not the one that follows. But it is LIKE the one that follows so you should read it over first and understand it.
First: Go to floor 10,000, test, if it breaks the move to the second stage of the strategy, if it doesn't, move up to floor 20,000, repeat.
Second: When you have one broken egg, move down 9,900 floors (to floor X0,100) and tests floors in multiples of 100 until the egg breaks.
Third: When the second egg breaks, move down 99 floors, and test the floors one at a time going up until the egg breaks.
But as it turns out, there is an even more optimal strategy than that. So what can we do to make the worst case better? Well right now there's a worst case penalty imposed whenever you go up floors. You're doing more testing without making the search space smaller.
It relies on triangle and tetrahedral numbers. Triangle numbers are like factorals for addition. 1, 1+2, 1+2+3, etc. They start out as 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21. Tetrahedral numbers is what you get when you add up the triangle numbers in the manner. 1, 1+3, 1+3+6... They start out as 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56...
To solve this let's consider 100 floors with two eggs. Our solution before would have us start at the 10th floor, then go up another 10 every time until the first egg broke. Worst case would be 19 attempts.
Using the formula 1/2(n)(n+1) for triangle numbers. The first triangle number larger than 100 is 14th (105). So we test the 14th floor. If it breaks then we go up 13 floors, then 12. So our worst case scenario is 14 tests. Rather than 19. I'll state that as a fact. The reason why should be obvious to the most casual observer.
So if we know that triangle numbers are the most efficient way to run the second stage in our three egg run, then we know that the first stage should be something similar. So we turn to tetrahedral numbers. Our plan is tetrahedral numbers -> triangle numbers -> natural numbers.
So finally, the solution is:
Phase 1: Using the formula 1/6(n)(n+1)(n+2) for tetrahedral numbers. The first tetrahedral number larger than 1,000,000 is the 181st (1,004,731). So we find the 181st triangle number, which is 16,471, and go to that floor. Test the egg. If it breaks move to phase 2. If it doesn't break, we move up 16,290 floors (this is the 180th triangle number) to floor 32,761. Test the egg. Etc.
Phase 2: Go back down to the last floor successfully tested. Using the formula 1/2(n)(n+1) for triangle numbers, we need to figure out the applicable number of floors to go up based on our search space. The good thing is this time the number will always come out round because of our floor choices in phase one. In fact, if you went up by the nth triangle number the last time, you should go up n floors. So let's say your egg broke on floor 32,761. You go back down to floor 16,471 then up 180 floors, then 179, etc. When your second egg breaks move to phase 3.
Phase 3: Go back down to the last floor successfully tested. Using the formula n for natural numbers (haha), we go up one floor at a time until the egg breaks.
Worst case for this method is 181 drops. Which is much better than the 298 drops for the other method, and way, way better than the 250,001 drops for the binary search.


text:
Kincardine LighthouseKincardine, ON
Built into the bank of the Penetangore River in 1881, the Kincardine lighthouse serviced a busy fishing and local salt shipping industry. This octagonal wooden tower is the only 'downtown' lighthouse on the Bruce Coast. The Kincardine lighthouse stands 24.4 metres (74 feet) tall, and is built above a two-story light keeper's house.
The eight-sided tower rests on a stone foundation. Above the rear-entrance door, the year '1880′ is inscribed in the cornerstone. Barrels of kerosene, used to fuel the lamp, were hoisted up these stairs by the keepers. The tower is capped by a red iron lantern and balcony, painted in the familiar 'lighthouse red'. The first lamp had shutters that rotated by weighted chains to make the light flash. In 1922, the lamp became electrically powered and, today, large lenses rotate around a 500-watt bulb.
- Type of Light:
- Electrically Powered
- 74 ft
- House Type
- Year Built:
Featured Story: "Living in the Lighthouse"
Susan and Jack Westell moved to the Kincardine lighthouse when they were nine and six respectively. Their father Oran was the lighthouse keeper from 1929 – 1955. They moved from just down the road and their dog, Buster, was reluctant to go but eventually they got him to walk down to the lighthouse a little at a time.
During the depression the monthly salary for a lighthouse keeper was $15. Susan remembers receiving 25¢ a week to open and close the blinds in the light room. Her older brother John remembers only receiving 10¢ in his day as blind keeper. The lighthouse was unfurnished when the family moved in so they had to bring furniture with them. In the kitchen they had a coal stove, which was the only source of heat for a long time, and for refrigeration they used an ice box.
- July 1st to Labour Day: 11am to 5pm daily
- _PHONE_, _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Consider a BPSK signal where each bit is represented by a triangular pulse with width T and height A. What is the "energy per bit" for this BPSK pulse with A=1V and T=0.002s? Write your answer to two decimal places.
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Native American Indian language Native Indian cultures What's new on our site today!
|Find Native American ancestors in your family tree|
Language: Opón-Carare was a Cariban language once spoken in Colombia. It may have been most closely related to the Yukpa language. The Opón and Carare people lived in two distinct tribes (which were often at war with each other), and it is not clear whether they spoke dialects of a single language or two separate but related languages. Neither variety has been spoken since the mid-1900's, and few records of them remain.
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text: This European Standard defines a set of reference masses for specifying the requirements for the design, testing, acceptance, marking, delivery and operation of rail vehicles. The reference masses defined in this document are as follows: dead mass; design mass in working order; design mass under normal payload; design mass under exceptional payload; operational mass in working order; operational mass under normal payload; These reference masses are defined with respect to the whole vehicle, but they can also apply to a specific system or component. The specification of values for tolerances applicable to reference masses is not in the scope of this standard. Tolerances can be required by an application standard. Additional loadings due to environmental factors, for example snow and retained or absorbed rainwater, are not in the scope of this European Standard.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Isabella I
In 1469 she married Ferdinand of Aragón (later King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Ferdinand V of Castile). At the death (1474) of her half brother Henry IV of Castile, the succession to Castile was contested between Isabella and Juana la Beltraneja, who was supported by Alfonso V of Portugal. The civil war ended with Isabella's victory in 1479, the year in which Ferdinand became king of Aragón. Isabella and Ferdinand, known as the Catholic kings, ruled Castile and Aragón jointly. Although the union of their crowns was personal rather than institutional, their reign in effect marked the beginning of the unified Spanish kingdom. Isabella's principal aim was to assert royal authority over the lawless Castilian nobility. To this end she revived the medieval hermandad and confiscated the lands of many magnates. She also took over the administration of the holdings of the powerful religious military orders (by making Ferdinand their grand master) and established the Inquisition under royal control. She was a prime mover in the expulsion (1492) of the Jews from Spain, the conquest (1492) of Granada, and the forced conversion of the Moors. She showed foresight in her patronage of Christopher Columbus. The Catholic kings furthered learning and the arts and promoted great building activity. The style of the period is called isabelino after the queen; it combines Gothic, Mudejar, and Renaissance features. Isabella bequeathed Castile to her daughter Joanna, with Ferdinand as regent.
See biographies by I. L. Plunket (1915) and W. T. Walsh (1987); W. H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (3 vol., 1838; abr. ed. 1962); J. H. Mariéjol, The Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella (1892, tr. 1961); R. B. Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire, Vol. II (1918, repr. 1962); J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (1963).
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1. peekaboo
noun. a game played with young children; you hide your face and suddenly reveal it as you say boo!.
 - bopeep
Featured Games
Example sentences of the word peekaboo
1. Noun, singular or mass
For example, a lightweight cardigan can make all of the difference when the sun is playing peekaboo with the clouds, and can be paired with almost any other piece.
2. Adjective
They create a peekaboo effect that lets you showcase special pieces of china or drinkware.


text:
- Evening is defined as the time after sunset and before bedtime, or a later period of a lifetime or career.
- An example of evening is seven o'clock at night.
- An example of evening is the post retirement life of a professional golfer; the evening of his life.
A perfect evening for a romantic meal.
evening definition by Webster's New World
- the last part of the day; close of the day and early part of night; period between sunset or the last meal of the day and bedtime
- in some parts of the South, in rural areas, and in parts of England, the period from noon through sunset and twilight
- the last period, as of life, a career, etc.
- a part of the night spent in a specified way: a musical evening
Origin: Middle English ; from Old English æfnung, verbal noun ; from æfnian, to grow toward evening ; from æfen, evening, akin to German abend, probably ; from Indo-European base an unverified form epi-, an unverified form opi-, after, later (from source Classical Greek epi, Classical Latin ob): basic sense "later part of the day"
evening definition by American Heritage Dictionary
- The period of decreasing daylight between afternoon and night.
- The period between sunset or the evening meal and bedtime: a quiet evening at home.
- A later period or time: in the evening of one's life.
- Chiefly Southern U.S. The time from noon to twilight.
Origin: Middle English, from Old English ǣfnung, from ǣfnian, to become evening, from ǣfen, evening.


I am currently reading the book Mathematics in physics by Michael Stone and Paul Goldbart. In chapter 11, page 421, the authors say that
"Except in pathological cases, the configuration space M of a mechanical system is a manifold."
Are the authors correct? What examples are there of these pathological cases? Are there any physically relevant cases where the configuration space in classical mechanics is not a manifold? And why does configuration space have to be a manifold - what about variables taking on discrete values?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ If the system has a configuration space of discrete values then anything which requires continuity won't apply. Like, for instance, Newton's laws. $\endgroup$ – user107153 Jan 8 '18 at 18:10
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Don't understand either.... What's the author's definition of manifolds? Strictly speaking manifolds should always be finite dimension, right (of course you could generalize to infinite dimension but that's the generalization...)? So even "manifolds" on Hilbert space are not manifolds... $\endgroup$ – Kite.Y Jan 8 '18 at 18:36
 - $\begingroup$ This post (v1) seems to be a list question. $\endgroup$ – Qmechanic Jan 8 '18 at 18:37
Consider a pair of points $P$ and $Q$, say of mass $m>0$, and suppose that they are constrained as follows.
 1. $Q$ stays on the $z$ axis and can freely move along it up to restrictions said below.
 2. $P$ can freely rotate around $z$ and is connected to $Q$ by means of an ideal rod (zero mass) of length $\ell$, and it is also connected to the origin $O$ by means of another ideal rod of length $\ell$.
This is a quite standard idealized mechanical system (I could use it as a starting point for an exercise of my undergraduate course of Analytic Mechanics).
A suitable coordinate system to describe the system is apparently given by the signed distance $Z\in (-2\ell, 2\ell)$ of $Q$ from $O$ along $z$ and an angular coordinate $\theta\in (-\pi,\pi]$ describing the position of $P$ around $z$ in the plane $x,y$.
Well you see that, discarding the extreme points $Z= \pm 2\ell$ (they could be included with a more precise discussion, see the ADDENDUM) a disaster shows up when $Z=0$.
Concerning the set $Z\in (-2\ell, 0)$ and $Z\in (0, +2\ell)$, the space of configurations is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^1$. When $Z=0$ the configuration space (at fixed $Z$) instead of being $\mathbb S^1$, it becomes $\mathbb S^2$ and another set of coordinates should be used.
There are two possibilities: either declaring that the configuration space is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^1$ deliberately ignoring the problem at $Z=0$, or declaring that it is not a ($2$-dimensional) manifold (because each point in the subset at $Z=0$ has a neighborhood that is not diffeomorphic to $\mathbb R^2$), but is made of the union of three manifolds respectively diffeomorphic to $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^1$, $\mathbb S^2$, and $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^1$. In practice, with an imprecise but pictorical description (see the ADDENDUM for a precise description) it is the union of a cylinder and a sphere inside the cylinder, tangent to the cylinder at the equator. This is not a manifold because it is not locally homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^n$ for some fixed $n$ ($2$ in our case).
Generally speaking the space of configuration is almost always a manifold because it is obtained by imposing constraints on a set of $N$ matter points initially described in $\mathbb R^{3N}$. Constrains are determined by a family of $c< 3n$ real-valued functions $f_k = f_k(t,\vec{x}_1,\cdots, \vec{x}_N)$ by imposing that every admissible configuration $\vec{x}_1,\cdots, \vec{x}_N$ at any time $t$ must satisfy $$f_k(t,\vec{x}_1,\cdots, \vec{x}_N) =0\:, \quad k=1,\ldots, c\:. \tag{1}$$ If the functions $f_k$ are smooth and functionally independent, the theorem of regular values proves that (1) defines an embedded submanifold of $\mathbb R \times \mathbb R^{3N}$ of dimension $1+ 3N-c$. Fixing time $t \in \mathbb R$, we have an embedded submanifold of $\mathbb R^{3N}$, of dimension $3N-c$, called space of configurations.
The two conditions of the constraints may be false for some points and it sometimes happens in particular when dealing with constraints like rigidity in some geometrically involved way.
ADDENDUM. If $X,Y, Z$ denote the coordinate set of $Q$ and $x,y,z$ the coordinate set of $P$, both in the whole $\mathbb R^3$ space, the four constraints, corresponding to the set of conditions 1 and 2 above, read
$$f(x,y,z, X,Y,Z)=0\:, \quad g(x,y,z,X,Y, Z)=0\:, \quad h(x,y,z, X,Y,Z)=0, \quad i(x,y,z, X,Y,Z)=0\tag{2}$$ where $$f(x,y,z, X,Y, Z) := x^2+y^2+z^2 -\ell^2\:, \quad g(x,y,z, X,Y,Z) := x^2+y^2+(z-Z)^2 -\ell^2\:, \quad g(x,y,z, X,Y,Z)= X\:, \quad i(x,y,z, X,Y,Z)= Y\:.$$ These constraints are functionally independent if, by definition, their differentials are linearly independent on the set of points $(x,y,z,X,Y, Z)$ where all conditions (2) are valid.
In this case theorem of regular values implies that this set is an embedded submanifold of $\mathbb R^3 \times \mathbb R^3$ with dimension $6-4 =2$. It is clear by direct computations that the four differentials are not linearly independent (because $df=dg$) when $Z=0$. This is the problem with the said system of constraints.
A precise description of the configuration space when including also the points $Z= \pm 2\ell$ is the union of two $2$-spheres in $\mathbb R^4$ that have an equator in common.
 - $\begingroup$ Sorry, I do not know, advanced geometric formulations of classical mechanics are not part of my research field. What I wrote arises from my undergraduate lectures (I teach also Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics though my research field is QM and QFT). $\endgroup$ – Valter Moretti Feb 27 '18 at 10:29
Your Answer


Yoga at Home
What is Infinity Healing?
Creation through Alignment
The Infinity Healing Technique is a powerful modality created by Tarek Bibi that helps us move past challenges and create wonderful life experiences. This technique is based on the framework that your conscious mind is connected to your subconscious mind, your subconscious mind is connected to your higher self, and your higher self is connected to God/Source/Universe. All of these elements help to create your reality.
When the Infinity Healing Technique is applied by a practitioner, you are connected to God/Source/Universe energy through your higher self, and then your higher self decides what to do for you to receive exactly what is for your highest good. This alignment gets activated by consent through your sacred "yes."
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What is Human Design?
Personality and Possibility Assessment System
The Human Design System is a powerful tool to assist in self-knowledge. This system was founded and taught by Ra Uru Hu, and integrates Western astrology, the I-CHING, and the Chakra system, to describe the unique ways our bodies process and generate energy.
A Human Design chart analysis can assist in many levels of personal awareness, including optimal energy management, tips on decision making, and insights on one's life approach. This understanding facilitates deep levels of self love, appreciation, and forgiveness.


text:
When you have an identified dynamic model that describes some aspect of system behavior, you can use that model to forecast future behavior. You can identify such a dynamic model from system data. Or, if you have system data that represents the operation of your machines with time or usage, you can extract condition indicators from that data and track the behavior of the condition indicators with time or usage. You can then identify a model that describes the behavior of the condition indicator, and use that model to predict future values of a condition indicator. If you know, for example, that your system needs repair when some condition indicator exceeds some threshold, you can identify a model of the time evolution of that condition indicator. You can then propagate the model forward in time to determine how long it will be before the condition indicator reaches the threshold value.
Some functions you can use for identification of dynamic models include:
ssest — Estimate a state-space model from
time-domain input-output data or frequency-response data.
nlarx — Model nonlinear behavior using dynamic
nonlinearity estimators such as wavelet networks, tree-partitioning, and sigmoid
You can use functions like
forecast to predict the future behavior of the
identified model. The example
Condition Monitoring and Prognostics Using Vibration Signals uses this approach to
RUL estimation with state estimators such as
works in a similar way. You perform state estimation on some time-varying data, and predict
future state values to determine the time until some state value associated with failure


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Applying visual effects to the desktop - Shoot
, 31 Jul 2003
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This article discusses how an application can apply visual effects to the desktop, by copying desktop contents, applying effects on it and then re-displaying it.
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This article discusses how an application can apply visual effects to the desktop, by copying desktop contents, applying effects on it using GDI functions and then re-displaying it. Additionally this application also demonstrates how to play wav files using Win32 API.
Shoot comes in handy when you are frustrated with your computer and would like to literally shoot the brains out of it. This application when run, converts your mouse pointer to a gun's target finder and wherever you click, it makes a gun shot sound and burns a hole through the desktop. To close the application just hit the escape key.
Like all other windows, the desktop window also has a device context associated with it. The Win32 API GetDCEx(...) can be used to get a handle to this desktop device context. Using this handle, you can copy the desktop window contents to some device context of your application. Then using any combination of GDI operations, various visual effects can be applied to it.
Using the code
We start copying the desktop window in the constructor of the dialog class, since we need to do this before, the window for this application comes up. We first get a handle to the desktop device context and then convert it to a pointer to a CDC object. We also get the screen resolution.
int screenMaxX = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);
int screenMaxY = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);
Then we create a device context in memory that is compatible with the desktop device context.
m_pProcDC = new CDC;
m_pProcDC->CreateCompatibleDC (pDesktopDC);
When a memory device context is created, a 1x1 pixel sized bitmap is selected to it and hence GDI operations on it do not produce the required effect. We circumvent this by creating a bitmap of the same dimension as the desktop and selecting it to the memory device context.
m_pBMP = new CBitmap;
m_pBMP->CreateCompatibleBitmap (pDesktopDC, screenMaxX, screenMaxY);
m_pProcDC->SelectObject (m_pBMP);
The memory device context is now ready for use and we can copy the contents of the desktop device context to it.
 m_pProcDC->BitBlt(0, 0, screenMaxX, screenMaxY, pDesktopDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
Once this is done you can apply any visual effect to the memory device context and then redisplay it.
However in this application we will not apply the visual effect right now. We need to create a bullet mark on the screen when the user clicks. For that we use a bitmap resource named IDB_SHOTMARK which is like a gunshot mark. To use this bitmap, we load it and select it to another device context created in memory.
m_pShotDC = new CDC;
m_pShotBmp = new CBitmap;
m_pShotBmp->LoadBitmap ( IDB_SHOTMARK );
m_pShotDC->SelectObject ( m_pShotBmp );
When we are done with copying desktop contents and loading bitmaps, we are ready to display them.
In the OnInitDialog we make the dialog cover the whole desktop, by giving it the size of the desktop and making it stay always on top using a call to SetWindowPos.
::SetWindowPos( this->GetSafeHwnd(), HWND_TOPMOST, 0, 0,
 GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN), GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN),
We also keep the gun's view finder cursor, which is another resource, ready, by loading it.
HINSTANCE hInstResource = AfxFindResourceHandle (MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_TF),
m_hCursor = ::LoadCursor(hInstResource, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_TF));
In the OnPaint handler we display the desktop window by copying it from the device context in memory where we had stored it previously to the dialog's device context.
CDC *pDC = GetDC();
pDC->BitBlt (0, 0, screenMaxX, screenMaxY, m_pProcDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY );
The only thing that is left is to show the gunshot mark and make the sound, when the user clicks. For this we handle the message WM_LBUTTONDOWN where we copy the contents of the gunshot bitmap loaded in the m_pShotDC device context to the point where the user clicked. We also play the wav file using the PlaySound function. To use this function you need to link the VC98\Lib\WINMM.LIB with your application and include the mmsystem.h header file in your application.
void CShootDlg::OnLButtonDown(UINT nFlags, CPoint point)
 // Show gunshot mark
 CDC *pDC = GetDC();
 pDC->BitBlt (point.x - 10, point.y - 10, 48, 48, m_pShotDC, 0, 0, SRCAND);
 // Play gunshot sound
 ::PlaySound((LPCTSTR)soundFile, NULL,
Points of interest
The project assumes that the winmm.lib is available as..\..\VC98\Lib\WINMM.LIB. So you need to extract the shoot sources in the MyProjects folder or change the relative path before building the application.
The application assumes that the gunshot.wav file is present in the same folder as the executable. If it does not find the wav file, the gunshot sound will not be made.
 - v1.0 - This is the initial version.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
About the Author
Web Developer
United States United States
Comments and Discussions
Generalcapturing the mouse cursor Pinmemberstealth kid1-Nov-04 0:54
Generalerror MFC42D.DLL Pinsusselmic30-Aug-03 12:29
GeneralRe: error MFC42D.DLL Pinmemberabhinaba31-Aug-03 9:51
GeneralRe: error MFC42D.DLL Pinsusselmic1-Sep-03 5:38
GeneralBombs out when I run it Pinmembertufwheels6-Aug-03 11:12
GeneralRe: Bombs out when I run it Pinmemberabhinaba7-Aug-03 21:11
GeneralRe: Bombs out when I run it Pinmembertufwheels23-Aug-03 10:45
GeneralRe: Bombs out when I run it PinmemberPhilippe Lhoste8-Jun-04 1:29
GeneralAnother Way PinmemberSuperEric4-Aug-03 9:45
GeneralRe: Another Way Pinmemberabhinaba4-Aug-03 18:51
GeneralLinkage error. PinmemberWREY2-Aug-03 22:50
GeneralRe: Linkage error. Pinmemberabhinaba3-Aug-03 18:09
GeneralIt's working now!! Thanks!! PinmemberWREY3-Aug-03 21:29
QuestionHow 2 Close IT?!! PinmemberSuperEric2-Aug-03 11:40
AnswerRe: How 2 Close IT?!! PinmemberJohann Gerell2-Aug-03 11:50
GeneralRe: How 2 Close IT?!! PinmemberSuperEric2-Aug-03 20:41
AnswerRe: How 2 Close IT?!! Pinmemberabhinaba3-Aug-03 17:58
GeneralRe: How 2 Close IT?!! PinmemberSuperEric4-Aug-03 9:32
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The centrepiece of the Jewish Heritage Centre's exhibition is our recreated mid 19th century Eastern European rural village. Known as a "shtetl", the village was the centre of Jewish life in Europe and Russia from medieval times until World War II.
The village showcases the rich variety of Jewish festivals and traditions utilising videos and stimulating the senses with hands-on activities.
Come and explore the Scribe's House where parchments and feather quills, scrolls and prayer boxes can all be handled.
See how preparations were made for the Jewish New Year in the Village Shop.
Sit inside a Succah (temporary shelter), or light the Chanukah Menorah (candelabra) in the Candle Store.
Dress up as a villager and take a walk along the cobbled street.
Discover the special ark where the holy Sefer Torah Scrolls (The Bible) are kept in the Village Synagogue and learn how the villagers kept the Sabbath in bygone days in the Village House.
There's something for everyone in our Village Tour and plenty of opportunities to ask questions and handle objects.
Step into the present and see how the kosher dietary laws are kept in our Kosher Discovery Kitchen. With separate areas for dairy and meat visitors can cook up a make believe meaty or milky meal using realistic food props and real cutlery and dishes.
As well as having fun shopping in the Kosher Supermarket shoppers learn how to identify kosher products by identifying labels on packages and looking for kosher "signs". Fill up your shopping basket and pay at the till, but make sure to cook your foods with the correct pots & pans when you unpack your groceries in the kitchen.
In addition to the Kosher Discovery area children can learn about the special foods that Jewish people eat on Passover. Sit down on the giant Seder plate and identify the symbolic foods and why they are eaten. There's a giant onion and boiled egg, lettuce leaves and a chicken bone!
With helpful guides and clear informative posters we welcome all your questions.
"The children were still buzzing on their journey back to school….saying how much they enjoyed it and how much they'd learnt. Absolutely fantastic! "
Rothwell Victoria Junior School
Village 3
Village 4
Village 5
Modern day 8
Village 2
Village 1
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Modern day 1
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The synagoge
© Jewish Heritage Centre for Children
Modern day 1


text:
One of the largest remaining wetland complexes in New Zealand, the lagoon and wetlands provide a vital refuge for rare birds and threatened plants.
One of the largest remaining wetland complexes in New Zealand, the Waituna Lagoon and Awarua Wetlands is hugely important for its biological diversity and cultural values.
The lagoon and the surrounding 20,000 hectares of wetlands area was one of the first in New Zealand to be officially recognised as a wetland of international importance. A 3500 hectare section of the wetlands, known as the Waituna Wetland Scientific Reserve, was listed as part of New Zealand's obligations when signing the Ramsar Wetland Convention; an international convention that promotes the wise or sustainable use of wetlands. The site includes four major wetland types: coastal lagoons, freshwater swamps, extensive peatlands, and estuaries. Each ecosystem is unique and maintained by different ecological processes.
The wetlands provide a vital refuge for rare bird species, including the Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Tūturiwhatu), Marsh Crake (Koitareke), Fernbird (Mātātā) and Australasian Bittern (Matuku). The area is also visited frequently by many different trans-equatorial migrating and wading bird species, attracting rare visitors to New Zealand such as the Siberian Tattler, Greenshank and Sanderling. Most of the migratory waders are present only from October to late March, but some of the more common species are present through the winter as well. Many threatened plants and insects, as well as wildfowl, native fish and trout, also call the area home.
So bring your binoculars and spot rare birds, enjoy the easy walking tracks, explore the margins of the lagoon in a kayak or small boat, or just soak in the amazing and unique sights at this important natural site.
- Free Things to Do
- Outdoor Activities
- Natural Attraction
- Less than half day
- Wildlife Spotting
- Scenic Photo Point
- Scenic Attraction
- Walking & Tramping


text:
The National Institute of Advanced Studies recently evaluated its experience with a programme driven approach to its research and other activities. The Committee set up for the purpose felt that the programme approach had yielded positive results based on the topicality of the research, clear statement of objectives, time-bound nature of activities, and deliverables. It was however also felt that there was inadequate tapping of potential synergies between programmes. This was largely believed to be the result of a weak link between programmes and schools. It was therefore decided to reorganize the schools in a way that generated the required synergies and enabled the programmes to function more effectively.
In keeping with this approach the schools were reorganized. The four schools that now function in NIAS are: School of Social Sciences, School of Humanities, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, and the School of Conflict and Security Studies. The schools consist of a group of programmes in a domain. The Schools are expected to be 'Programme driven' and have a research agenda aiding the programmes in them, as well as promoting trans-disciplinary research within and outside the school. The new organization of schools is expected to build synergy within and across disciplines and promote such interaction more vigorously. The schools are also expected to carry out activities related to the NIAS Courses and outreach activities. PhD scholars are expected to be affiliated to a programme within a school.


Gaussian Formulae
From OrthodoxWiki
Revision as of 18:03, August 29, 2005 by Aleks (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Year indicates the year of interest (AD). The formulae: a = Year mod 4 b = Year mod 7 c = Year mod 19 d = (19c + 15) mod 30 e = (2a + 4b - d + 34) mod 7 f = Int((d + e + 114) / 31) g = ((d + e + 114) mod 31) + 1
f is the month of Pascha. g is the day of Pascha. For example, if f is 3 and g is 27, then Pascha occurs on March 27.
Source: Hieromonk Cassian, A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar Programs using these formulae: Menologion
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text:
Level III-Art Lesson 12: Da Vinci's Clock
Learn to create a collage from shapes inspired by the parts of da Vinci's clock
The lesson is suitable for students in grade 5 through adult.
Art Lesson Description:
We often think of Leonardo da Vinci as a painter. Who hasn't heard of his painting of the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, or the Lady with the Ermine? But da Vinci was more than a painter. In fact he thought of himself first of all as an engineer/inventor, and invented
- The first self-propelled "car,"
- A robot,
- War machines, and
- Several clocks.
The Academy Model Company has converted one of his plans for a clock into a working model, making it easy to study the clock's mechanics. The model makes it easy to imagine what the invention might have looked like if one were using 15th Century materials.
Students will study the parts of the clock, and use them as inspiration to create a collage. In the process they will:
- Collect templates,
- Collect paper with a variety of textures,
- Trace the template shapes onto the papers, cut them out, and
- Glue the shapes into a collage.
In the PowerPoint version, the collage with be finished in monochromatic colors, using paint and oil pastels. In the Video version, the collage is finished with aluminum foil and color media. Students learn techniques to achieve unity in a composition. It's an exciting way to explore collage and create an original composition.
This lesson includes both POWERPOINT and VIDEO versions of the lesson.
List of Supplies for Each Student:
- (This lesson has NO drawing warm-up)
- A piece of cardboard about 11" x 14"
- Acrylic paints (_TAG_)
- Set of brushes (_TAG_)
- 1 set of oil pastels (_TAG_)
- White glue or glue stick (_TAG_)
- 1 scissors
- A collections of geometric shapes to be used for templates
- A collection of papers with different textures to be cut for the collage
- Aluminum foil (video version)
- Colored magic markers (_TAG_) (optional for the video version)
Suggestions for Cross-Curricular Connections:
- Learn why Da Vinci's clock was an important invention.
- Watch the model clock in operation.
- Watch a different da Vinci clock invention as it ticks.
- Da Vinci invented the first alarm clock. Read about it in "Springs and Things" in Leonardo Da Vinci's Life.
- You can also watch a third da Vinci clock in operation.
- Learn about the history of timekeeping devices with this video. (You may find the opening moments controversial, but stay with it for a good summary of clock history).
- Do an experiment with pendulums.
- Find ideas for science projects with pendulums.
- Learn about a 3-pendulum rotary harmonograph.
The Life of Da Vinci
- Read Neo Leo: The Ageless Ideas of Leonardo da Vinci (_TAG_) by Gene Barretta.
- Read Amazing Leonardo da Vinci Inventions: You Can Build Yourself (Build It Yourself) (_TAG_)
- Read "Leonardo Da Vinci as Told to Children" (p. 19 in this UNESCO publication).
- Find several lesson plans about Da Vinci.
- Learn how Da Vinci combined art and science.
- Read some Quick facts about Da Vinci.
- Find 20 things you probably didn't know about Da Vinci.
- Discover more facts about da Vinci.
History: What makes a person like da Vinci a "Renaissance Person?"
Approximate Time to Complete the Art Class:
- Collecting textures: 1-60 minutes (Take your time! This can be a lot of fun.)
- Tracing and cutting shapes: 20 minutes
- Arranging, gluing and painting the collage: 45 minutes
- Total time: 125 minutes


Voice of America
United States radio network
Select Citation Style
Thank you for your feedback
External Websites
Britannica Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
1942 - 1953
Related People:
Paul J. Flory Willis Conover
Voice of America (VOA), radio broadcasting network of the U.S. government, a unit of the United States Information Agency (USIA). Its first broadcast, in German, took place on February 24, 1942, and was intended to counter Nazi propaganda among the German people. By the time World War II ended, the VOA was broadcasting 3,200 programs in 40 languages every week. It became part of the USIA when that agency was established in 1953.
The VOA's function is to promote understanding of the United States and to spread American values. During the Cold War it concentrated its message on the communist countries of eastern and central Europe. Its daily broadcasts include news reports, stories and discussions on American political and cultural events, and editorials setting forth U.S. government policy. The VOA produces and broadcasts radio programs in English and foreign languages and operates broadcasting and relay stations to transmit them.


text:
Date: August 1938
Creator: Fox, Raymond E.
Description: In this exposition, the writer has attempted to give a clear idea of the origin, organization, and curricua of the three types of schools of the Mexican public educational system. The information was gathered from first-hand knowledge, from careful study and analysis or publications of the department of Education, visits to schools, Interviews with school pen, and from various earler works on the subject of Mexican education.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


Tag: Sheep
Explore the Great Outdoors With the Help of Our Nonfiction Wildlife Picks!
Today, we'll be recommending five of the best wildlife nonfiction books to give your motivation to explore the natural world!
5. 'The Animal Dialogues' by Craig Childs
Image via Amazon
The Animal Dialogues by Craig Childs is a thrilling book about the author Craig Childs and his various encounters with grizzly bears, sharks, porcupines, elks, bighorn sheep, and many others. Captured with chilling, intimate descriptions and wry humor, this book is a must read for wildlife fans who want to see tons of varied encounters with dozens of different creatures.
4. 'Field Guide to the natural world of New York City' by Leslie Day
Image Via Amazon
Field Guide to the Natural World of New York City by Leslie Day showcases the wild world of a place you'd not normally think to look at for diverse wildlife: New York City! The book explores three islands full of different kinds of wildlife at its three rich islands: Manhattan, Long Island, and Staten Island. Written by a real life naturalist, this book sheds light on the real wild side of New York with tips of identifying different animals, plants, and more among the urban sprawl.
3. 'Unlikely Friendships' by Jennifer s. Holland
Image via Amazon
Unlikely Friendships documents one heartwarming tale after another of animals who, with nothing else in common, bond in the most unexpected ways. A cat and a bird. A mare and a fawn. An elephant and a sheep. A snake and a hamster. The well-documented stories of Koko the gorilla and All Ball the kitten; and the hippo Owen and the tortoise Mzee. And almost inexplicable stories of predators befriending prey—an Indian leopard slips into a village every night to sleep with a calf. A lionness mothers a baby oryx.
Ms. Holland narrates the details and arc of each story, and also offers insights into why—how the young leopard, probably motherless, sought maternal comfort with the calf, and how a baby oryx inspired the same mothering instinct in the lionness. Or, in the story of Kizzy, a nervous retired Greyhound, and Murphy, a red tabby, how cats and dogs actually understand each other's body language. Your heart will expand at seeing this unlikely friendships come to life.
2. 'Wild Justice' by Marc Bekoff
Image via Amazon
Wild Justice by Marc Bekoff tells about the morality animals. Are animals capable of complex emotions such as a understanding of justice?
With this book, the author answers yes and showcases many examples to support their argument: a female Gorilla who mourned the death of her beloved child, a rat who refused to push a lever for food when he saw doing so electrocuted his friend, or a wild elephant who paused to care for a younger one after it was injured. This book shows us that, whether we like it or not, animals are more like us than we think.
1. 'Winter World' by Bernd Heinrich
Image via Amazon
Winter World by Bernd Heinrich is all about how animals survive the harsh winters and the process of hibernation. From flying squirrels to grizzly bears, and from torpid turtles to insects with antifreeze, the animal kingdom relies on some staggering evolutionary innovations to survive winter.
Unlike their human counterparts, who must alter the environment to accommodate physical limitations, animals are adaptable to an amazing range of conditions. Examining everything from food sources in the extremely barren winter land-scape to the chemical composition that allows certain creatures to survive, Heinrich's Winter World awakens the largely undiscovered mysteries by which nature sustains herself through winter's harsh, cruel exigencies.
Featured Image Via Amazon


text:
Satellite Antarctica Expedition 2005-2006
About the Expedition
Satellite Antarctica Expedition 2005-2006 - 'SAE 05-06' took place
at the end of 2005 - the beginning of 2006 within the framework of the
'Image of the
Day' project performed by the Brockmann
The purpose of the expedition was:
To make the presented data uniform the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection was used having the following parameters:
The scale is: one pixel - 1000 m
along the Latitude of Intersection (75°S) for the year 2006, and 1000
÷ 1500 m for December, 2005.
The source of the toponymic data and Antarctica maps: USGS.
The operations were performed by
the participants of the expedition.
We ask you to acknowledge Brockmann Consult when using the materials presented on this page.


text:
Teledentistry and its use in dental education.
Teledentistry is a relatively new field that combines telecommunication technology and dental care. Most dentists and dental educators are unaware that teledentistry can be used not only for increased access to dental care, but also for advanced dental education. TYPE OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors describe teledentistry as it is applied worldwide, as well as its uses in education. Teledentistry in education can be divided into two main categories: self-instruction and interactive videoconferencing. Both of these methods have been used in several studies and countries.
Version: za2963e q8zae q8zb6 q8zc3 q8zdf q8ze3 q8zff q8zg7


Alien Species
Hemes Arbora
Revision as of 23:56, April 7, 2012 by Dantescifi (Talk | contribs)
6,857pages on
this wiki
Hemes Arbora
Universe Star Wars Universe
Homeworld Carrivar
Sapience Level Sapient
The Hemes Arbora are a sapient, spacefaring species that originated on the planet Carrivar. At some point in their past and thanks to unknown reasons, they would be witnessed performing a stellar migration from their home star to other areas of the Unknown Regions, eventually reaching the planet Osseriton by way of Umaren'k. They ultimately influenced a significant part of Umaren'k'sa culture due to their colony on their homeworld.
Essentially an unknown race, the only known reference documents regarding their species were found to be in possession of the Chiss Expeditionary Library.
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The legendary Jacques Cousteau taught him about oceanography at the U.S. Naval Academy more than 40 years ago. Now, professor Mark Edwards of the Morrison School of Management and Agribusiness at Arizona State University (ASU) would surely be making his late mentor proud with a new "top science book of the year" award for his work on how algae can revolutionize food and fuel.
"Algae is very nutritious, delicious, sustainable and affordable," said Edwards, whose book Green Algae Strategy: End Oil Imports and Engineer Sustainable Food and Fuels recently received an Independent Publisher (IPPY) Book Awards Gold Medal.
"You can process algae into flour so it tastes great, and then use it for just about anything you would make out of soybeans, corn, wheat, or any other grain," Edwards said.
"You can also grow algae on very large water-based farms about 30 times faster than you can grow land-based crops, and you can harvest about half of the new growth daily. The result is double the protein value of land crops that would take an entire season to produce."
Instead of using freshwater, fossil fuels, and pesticides, Edwards says algae can grow using renewable sunshine, carbon dioxide, and wastewater or reclaimed water. This saves money, natural resources, and farmland which makes algae an appealing sustainable source for food.
The book summarizes algae research around the world, including an ASU project on converting algae into fuel.
"Oil from algae can be used to fuel diesel engines, cars, or jet planes," Edwards said. "When oil is pressed out of algae, the remaining material can be used for animal feed and food products."
Judges chose the book from more than 4,300 entries.


text:
How will students develop programming skills while improving core teamwork skills in the classroom?
What does Merge do?
Merge is a flipped classroom learning environment that uses daily collaborative challenge labs to teach students to apply the programming concepts they learned for homework the night before. In addition to cementing their mastery of the curriculum, Merge teaches students to work together towards a common goal in a well-structured development process.
The integration of an AGILE workflow was important to the concept because it gives high-school aged teens the vocabulary and knowledge to contribute to software teams without needing to learn lots of jargon– theoretically, they could contribute to an open source project on Github as soon as they've mastered the concepts of programming, having already learned the software development process.
Each day in class, students complete a coding challenge in teams. This challenge is broken up into discrete phases, which enables students to stay on track and organized throughout each step of the project.
Merge's brand is based on three values: it is rigorous, intuitive, and crafted. The color palette is intentional and simple, and the typography is clean and out-of-the-way. Even the logo is designed to impart Merge's central feature: a collaborative process that makes learning to code easy and fun.
Producing a Video
The final deliverable for the project was a product walkthrough video. This video required its own set of processes and procedures as well, so I've included some of my process work from this phase of the project, including storyboarding and asset creation.


text:
- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Sorry \Sor"ry\, a. [Compar. Sorrier; superl. Sorriest.] [OE. sory, sary, AS. s[=a]rig, fr. s[=a]r, n., sore. See Sore, n. & a. The original sense was, painful; hence, miserable, sad.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good; pained for some evil; feeling regret; -- now generally used to express light grief or affliction, but formerly often used to express deeper feeling. "I am sorry for my sins." --Piers Plowman. [1913 Webster] Ye were made sorry after a godly manner. --2 Cor. vii. 9. [1913 Webster] I am sorry for thee, friend; 't is the duke's pleasure. --Shak. [1913 Webster] She entered, were he lief or sorry. --Spenser. [1913 Webster] 2. Melancholy; dismal; gloomy; mournful. --Spenser. [1913 Webster] All full of chirking was this sorry place. --Chaucer. [1913 Webster] 3. Poor; mean; worthless; as, a sorry excuse. "With sorry grace." --Chaucer. [1913 Webster] Cheeks of sorry grain will serve. --Milton. [1913 Webster] Good fruit will sometimes grow on a sorry tree. --Sir W. Scott. [1913 Webster] Syn: Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined; melancholy; dismal; poor; mean; pitiful. [1913 Webster]


text:
This paper offers a critical evaluation of the notion of collective voice, advanced by Freeman and Medoff (1984) in their pioneering contribution What Do Unions Do? It takes note of theoretical and empirical work supportive of/consistent with the collective voice/institutional response model, and tracks some development of the model. Equally, although much criticism of What Do Unions Do? has been wide of the mark, there are critical areas in which the model is deficient. These lacunae include, but are not restricted to, the lingering imprecision of collective voice; the problem of bargaining power which calls into question the distinction between collective voice/institutional response and the monopoly face of unionism; the over-emphasis upon worker dissatisfaction; and, relatedly, the neglect of individual voice. The bottom line is that the notion of union voice is urgently in need of restatement if it is to continue to shape research into the economic consequences of unions.
unions collective/individual voice institutional response public goods contract enforcement high performance work practices


History Timeline Template
Document Sample
History Timeline Template Powered By Docstoc
 Computer History Timeline
Purpose: To produce a timeline of computer history that identifies the evolution of computers
 1. Click on the PowerPoint template provided on the calendar. Choose to SAVE the
 powerpoint to your folder. Save as Timeline. REMEMBER…SAVE not OPEN.
 2. Using the Internet, research the history of computers. Locate a minimum of 20 events
 in the evolution of computers.
 3. Use the provided PowerPoint template, create a timeline of events that display the
 evolution of computers. Begin with Charles Babbage in 1823 and continue until
 present day.
 4. Identify each date with the date and a description of the event tied to that date.
 5. Include 10 pictures on your timeline.
 6. Add a textbox in the upper right corner of your timeline that includes your name, date,
 and period.
 7. Add a title using Word Art!
 8. Additional elements may be added to your timeline to add visual appeal and originality.
 9. Save your project as timeline. Print Preview to make sure that all information fits on the
 screen. Check your document for spelling and grammar errors.
Description: History Timeline Template document sample


text:
Teacher Performance Appraisal for Experienced Teacher – APS003
Reviewed/Revised: September 2015
The Waterloo Catholic District School Board believes the primary aim of a staff appraisal process is to ensure the professional growth of each of its teachers through recognition of professional achievement and positive contributions to the system. To assist experienced teachers in the successful achievement of their goals the Board is committed to the use of the Performance Appraisal of Experienced Teachers (2007) issued by the Ministry of Education.
Evaluation within the Board is based on the following assumptions:
- Educators within the system are competent.
- Educators want to increase their professional effectiveness.
- Educators wish to be involved in a co-operative evaluation process as part of a professional learning community.
The performance appraisal system for an experienced teacher applies to members of teachers' bargaining units as defined in Part X.1 of the Education Act and temporary teachers. It is not applicable to teachers new to the profession as of 2006, occasional teachers, continuing education teachers, supervisory officers, administrators, or instructors in teacher-training institutions.


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capsized kayak
File photo credit: Wikimedia commons
by Hevina Kaur
Now that you've mastered the right way to use a kayak paddle and how to stop a kayak and turn a kayak, it's time to learn something more advanced. Every seasoned kayaker will experience capsizing one day. It's an essential part of the experience, whether you do it on purpose or for fun, you have to try capsizing at least once to really complete your kayaking experience and to prepare yourself.
The easiest way to recover your kayak after capsizing is employing a technique called the Eskimo Roll.
1. If your kayak is going to fully capsize, you will need to anticipate it. Before you're completely submerged you need to bring your paddle parallel the kayak, rolling your wrist forward.
2. As the kayak is upside down, turn the paddle and reach out to grab the water, bringing your paddle up near the surface of the water.
3. Use your hips to allow you to flip the kayak back upright. This is the most important part. Your arms are not the key part of allowing you to turn back up. They only help position the paddle. Your hips are the ones doing the work here.
While you are underwater, you need to throw your hips to the right and to the left, almost as if you are wiggling in your seat. This is the momentum that is going to allow your kayak to turn back upright.
After this, you should have already recovered your capsized kayak. You need to practise this move a couple times before you can truly master it. It is essential to know this move when you're out kayaking because you never know when you might capsize and you will need to put these skills to test. Safety is truly of utmost importance when you're out at in the open sea.
Falling out of your seat while capsizing
What happens if you fall out of your seat when you capsize though? That requires a different set of skills.
1. Firstly, you will have to return your kayak into an upright position. Simply reach under your kayak and grab on to both sides of the cockpit rim to push it over and flip it upright.
2. Once your kayak is upright, you'll have to reach across to the opposite side of it and simply pull your whole body up and onto the kayak, as if you were getting out of a swimming pool.
3. Now that you're on the kayak again, you need to position yourself back into your sitting position by flipping your body over and sliding yourself back into your seat.
And there you have it, you now know how to get back onto your kayak once you've capsized whether be it while still in the kayak or if you fell out of the kayak.
At the end of the day, you need to be careful when you do this because waters can be rather unpredictable. Although recovering from a capsized kayak can be quite fun to practise, never ever do it without the supervision of your instructor. If you happen to accidentally capsize, make sure you keep calm because nothing will impede a kayak recovery more than someone who is panicking.
Singapore Sports Council location map
3 Stadium Drive, Singapore 397630


text:
Ecology, Environment and Conservation Business
Welcome to VerticalNews!
We're a pay-per-view site for premium content. If you'd like to purchase this article, it's only $3.00.
Natural Resource Modeling
New natural resource modeling study findings recently were published by researchers at University of Foggia
March 13th, 2010
"In this paper, we propose a model describing the commercial exploitation of a common renewable resource by a population of strategically interacting agents. Players can cooperate or compete; cooperators maximize the payoff of their group while defectors maximize their own profit," scientists in Foggia, Italy report.
"The partition of the players into two groups, defectors and cooperators, results from the players' choices, so it is not predetermined. This partition is decided as a Nash equilibrium of a static game. It is shown that different types of players can exist in an equilibrium; more precisely, depending on the parameter values such as resource stock, cost, and so...
Click here for more articles from Natural Resource Modeling
Source: Ecology, Environment and Conservation Business (2010-03-13)


Domino Daze
What makes a moving object move faster? What makes it slow down or stop? The answer is "a force." You have been investigating how forces affect objects. In this activity, you can observe how a force can cause dominoes to move.
Four dominos standing on end.
Set up four dominoes on end in a row. Ask a family member to apply a gentle force to the first domino. Observe how the force is transferred, one domino at a time, to the other dominoes. This is called a chain reaction. Set up longer chains of dominoes, in straight lines and in curves. Set up chains where the dominoes are different distances apart. With the help of your family member, keep track of how long it takes each chain to fall.
When a force was applied to the first domino, how was that force transferred to the other dominoes? Did the length of a domino chain affect the length of the chain reaction? How did curves in the domino chain affect the chain reaction?


text:
Experts your comments on my approach:Rule testedParallelism (ellipsis)
equally likely.... as -> wrong
as likely......as -> correct
So a,b,c - out
d -> as likely that.... as current one-> from parallelism point need THAT
correct option E:
Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are the current one.
as they are (to exceed) the current (speed limit).
"to exceed" is implied in the second half of the sentence. This is a case of ellipsis in comparison. In this some words omitted from the sentence to make it more concise. Both noun and verb can be omitted. The omitted words should be present in the first part of the sentence in the same form.
Jim's pen is brighter than Alex's (pen). - Correct! ("pen" is implies)
Jim is smarter than Alex (is). - Correct! ("is" is implied)
The omission of a noun for concision is straightforward. Just make sure that the 2 nouns in the sentence can be logically compared. But there are certain exceptions when you are deciding
whether to include a verb in the second half of the sentence.Tense Shift
If the verb tense changes from the first to the second half of the sentence, then the verb must not be omitted in the second half.
· You look more beautiful think year than last year. - Incorrect
· You look more beautiful this year than you did last year.- CorrectMeaning AmbiguityDo not omit the verb if doing so will make the sentence's meaning ambiguous.
I love my dog more than my friend. - Incorrect
Here, the intended meaning could be that I love my dog more than I love my friend, OR
that I love my dog more than my friend does. Since the omission of the verb in the second half of the sentence distorts the meaning, this sentence is incorrect on the GMAT.
I love my dog more than I love my friend.- Correct!
I love my dog more than my friend does.- Correct!
Coming to the option D and E
Option D makes a parallelism error. If we simplify, we get the following structures:
D. Drivers will be
as likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit
as the current one (speed limit)Comparing a clause with a noun phrase.
E. Drivers will be
as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit
as they are (to exceed )
the current one (speed limit)
Comparing two clauses.
As for the use of "that", both "likely that" and "likely to" are correct.
'Likely that' is correct.
It's likely that+ clause
Likely is often used with it
as a subject
For example: It's likely that I'll be late.
The other usage is with infinitive
be likely to+ infinitive
For example: I'm likely to be late.
Hope this helps!
For more info on GMAT and MBA, follow us on _USER_
Watch a 3-part Video Strategy series by CrackVerbal Founder & GMAT Expert Arun Jagannathan - _URL_ g-part-one


text:
There are two types of repeating tasks.
These tasks repeat every time, whether you complete them or not.
For example, Bob wants to be reminded to pay the rent (on his waterfront apartment, which costs far too much, but the view is great!). So, he adds a task and sets it to repeat 'Every Week'.
Examples of ways you can repeat 'Every' are:
|Every Monday and Wednesday|
|Every 2 weeks|
|Every 6 months|
|Every month on the 4th|
|Every month on the 3rd Tuesday|
|Every month on the last Monday|
|Every month on the 2nd last Friday|
|Every week until 1/1/2007|
|Every week for 20 times|
These tasks only repeat after you've completed them. For example, you might enter a task to 'Clean the fridge'. After you've completed that task, you might want to be reminded 'After 3 months' that it's time to clean the fridge again.
Examples of ways you can repeat 'After' are:
|After 5 days|
|After a week|
|After 6 months|
|After a year|
Task properties behave a bit differently between tasks set to repeat 'Every...' and those set to repeat 'After...'.
Tasks that repeat 'Every' create a task series: task properties and notes are common across all instances of the task.
Tasks that repeat 'After' work a bit differently: these do not create a task series, but rather create a new, independent task each time a task is generated. Task properties are copied from the previous instance. Each 'after' task has its own properties and notes, and isn't tied to other tasks. Additionally, notes are not copied from previous instances.
Still need help? Contact a human


system with different solar radiation intensity. That velocity of the air in the system increases as we can see from the figure when solar radiation varies from 400 to 1000 W/m2 and the maximum velocity lies at chimney inlet. For the solar radiation intensity of 400,600 and 800W/m2, the maximum velocity inside the chimney is 13.2, 14.1 and 15.7m/s respectively.
 Fig. 5 Velocity distribution of SCPP with a) I=400 W/m2 and b) I=600W/m2 c) I=800W/m2 d) I=1000 W/m2 solar radiation intensity
 The maximum chimney inlet velocity without turbine is around 16.5 m/s as solar radiation intensity is 1000W/m2. So we can say that solar radiation plays a great role for the velocity of the flowing fluid by increasing the temperature under the collector which by turn increases the density difference by creating buoyancy force so that pressure difference is generated.
 Fig.6 Comparison of the Surface temperature profile of Soil and Gravel as thermal storage layer under the collector with radiation intensity 800 W/m2.
 The energy transfer mechanism inside the heat storage layer is highly influenced by the conductivity and capacity of flowing fluid on the heat storage layer. For the distribution of temperature inside the gravel is significantly affected by the mechanisms of radiation and convection; so there is a notable difference between Soil and Gravel as simulated above.
A Numerical computation has been performed on the commercially available finite volume code, Ansys Fluent. The effects of thermal storage have been incorporated in the model. The computed performance of SCPP with Soil, Water, and Gravel as a thermal storage show that the water as a thermal storage reduces the fluctuation of the power over a period of 24 hrs. For same radiation intensity, the surface temperature of gravel is found higher which generates the higher velocity of air inside the chimney which generates more output power. Thus, the use of thermal storage enhances the performance of SCPP and avails power for 24 hrs.
 1. Haaf W, Friedrich K,Mayr G Schlaich J. Solar chimneys part I: Principle and construction of pilot plant in Manzanares. Int J suastain Energy 2(1), 3-20 (1983)
 2. Haaf W. Solar chimneys Part II: Ppreliminary tset result from the Manzanares pilot plant. Int J sol Energy 2(2), 141-61(1984)
 3. Bernardes M. Dos S, Vob A, Weinrebe G. Thermal and technical analyses of solar chimneys. Sol Energy 75(6),511-24(2003)
 4. Pretorius J, Kroger D. Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance. Sol Energy 80(5), 535-44 (2006)
 5. Bernardes M, Dos S, Backstrom T, Kroger D. Analsis of some available transfer coefficient applicable to solar chimney power plant collectors. Sol Energy 83, 264-75(2009)
 6. Zhou X, Wang F, Ochieng R. A review of solar chimney power technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(8), 2315-38 (2010)
 7. 7. Koonsrisuk A, Chitsomboon T. Mathematical modeling of solar chimney power plants. Energy (51), 314-22 (2013)
 8. 8. Guo P, Li J, Wang Y. Annual performance analysis of solar chimney power plant in sinkiang, China. Energy Convers Manag (87), 392-9(2014)
 9. Pastohr H, Kornadt O, Gurlebeck K. Numerical and analytical calculation of the temperature and flow field in the upwind power plant, Int. J. Energy Res. 28(2004) 495-510
 10. Xinping Z, Jiakuan Y, Bo X, Guoxiang H, Fang X, Analysis of chimney height for solar chimney power plant Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 178185
 11. Schlaich J, Bergermann R, Schiel W, Weinrebe G. Design of commercial solar updraft tower system utilization of solar induced convective flows for power generation. J Sol Energy T ASME
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Optimal Control Theory for Undergraduates
AbstractDynamic optimization is widely used in financial economics, macroeconomics and resource economics. This is accounting for some tension between the undergraduate and graduate teaching of economics because most undergraduate programs still concentrate on static economic analysis. This paper shows how, with the help of the Microsoft Excel Solver tool, the principles of dynamic economics can be taught to students with minimal knowledge of calculus. As it is assumed that the reader has no prior knowledge of optimal control theory, some attention is paid to the main concepts of dynamic optimization.
Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics in its series Economics Discussion / Working Papers with number 05-07.
Length: 35 pages
Date of creation: Jan 2005
Date of revision:
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Phone: (08) 9380 2918
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More information through EDIRC
Optimal Control Theory; Economic Education; Microsoft Excel;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- A22 - General Economics and Teaching - - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics - - - Undergraduate
- C61 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
- D91 - Microeconomics - - Intertemporal Choice and Growth - - - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
- D92 - Microeconomics - - Intertemporal Choice and Growth - - - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Financing, Investment, and Capacity
- Q00 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General - - - General
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-ALL-2006-06-03 (All new papers)
- NEP-CMP-2006-06-03 (Computational Economics)
- NEP-EDU-2006-06-03 (Education)
Please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Dorfman, Robert, 1969. "An Economic Interpretation of Optimal Control Theory," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 59(5), pages 817-31, December.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Brendan Doran).
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


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The Bloch sphere is a generic picture describing the coherent dynamics of coupled classical or quantum-mechanical two-level systems under the control of electromagnetic fields1,2. It is commonly applied to systems such as spin ensembles3, atoms4, quantum dots5 and superconducting circuits6. The underlying Bloch equations7 describe the state evolution of the two-level system and allow the characterization of both energy and phase relaxation processes3,8,9. Here we realize a classical nanomechanical two-level system2 driven by radiofrequency signals. It is based on the two orthogonal fundamental flexural modes of a high-quality-factor nanostring resonator that are strongly coupled by dielectric gradient fields10. Full Bloch sphere control is demonstrated by means of Rabi11, Ramsey12 and Hahn echo13 experiments. Furthermore, we determine the energy relaxation time T1and phase relaxation times T2 and T2*, and find them all to be equal. Thus decoherence is dominated by energy relaxation, implying that not only T1 but also T2 can be increased by engineering larger mechanical quality factors.
Whereas the dynamics of semiclassical two-level systems under the influence of a pulsed external electromagnetic field was observed decades ago in many-spin NMR experiments, a completely classical analogue remained elusive for a long time. Such a classical two-mode system can for example be created using two optical cavity modes14 or mechanical resonators. Only recently, several approaches were employed to achieve purely mechanical resonant coupling either between separate resonators15,16,17 or different modes of the same resonator10,18 in the classical regime. So far, the pulsed coherent control of the system was prevented by weak coupling, low quality factors or the lack of a sufficiently strong and fast tuning mechanism.
We present the successful implementation of a purely mechanical, classical two-level system, consisting of the two coupled fundamental flexural modes of a nanomechanical resonator with coherent time-domain control (see also the experiments independently performed using parametric coupling19 instead of the linear coupling employed here). To this end, we use a 250 nm wide and 100 nm thick, strongly stressed20 silicon nitride string resonator with a length of 50 μm dielectrically coupled to a pair of electrodes used for detection21 as well as actuation and tuning22. The two fundamental flexural modes of the mechanical resonator oscillating in the out-of-plane and in-plane direction (Fig. 1a) are linearly coupled by cross-derivatives of the strong inhomogeneous electric field generated between the electrodes (see the Supplementary Information of ref. 10 for a theoretical analysis). A constant d.c. voltage of −15 V is employed to dielectrically tune the system close to the resulting avoided crossing, while the signals generated by an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) enable time-resolved control in the vicinity of the avoided crossing (Fig. 1b,c). Both voltages are added, combined with the radiofrequency actuation at a bias-tee, and applied to one electrode. The other electrode is connected to a 3.6 GHz microstrip cavity, enabling heterodyne detection of the string deflection21 after addition of a microwave bypass capacitor at the first electrode22. These components, as well as the mechanical resonator, are placed in a vacuum of ≤10−4 mbar and the system is cooled to 10.00±0.02 K to improve the temperature stability as well as the cavity quality factor. The microwave cavity is interfaced to the readout with a single coaxial cable and a circulator.
When the system is driven by an external white-noise source and the AWG output voltage is swept, the avoided crossing of the two modes shown in Fig. 1c can be mapped out, exhibiting a frequency splitting Ω = 24,249±4 Hz. With a quality factor Q = f/Δf≈2×105 and a linewidth of Δf≈40 Hz at the resonance frequency f, the system is clearly in the strong coupling regime of Δf≪Ω. For all measurements discussed in the following, a radiofrequency drive of −59 dBm at 7.539 MHz, resonantly actuating the string at an AWG voltage of 0 V, is applied, which initializes the system in its in-plane mode (Fig. 1c, black circle). A 1 ms long, adiabatic voltage ramp up to 2.82 V brings the state to the point of minimal frequency splitting Ω between the coupled modes. Here, the system dynamics is described by two normal modes, hybrid states formed by the in-phase and out-of-phase combinations of the fundamental flexural modes. The adiabatic ramp thus transforms all the energy of the in-plane mode into the lower hybrid state, such that the classical two-level system2, consisting of the two hybrid modes, is prepared in its lower state. As the drive frequency remains constant (Fig. 1c, dashed line), the string is no longer actuated and its energy is slowly decaying.
Now, the AWG is used to apply a continuous pump tone with frequency Ω to the drive electrodes which starts Rabi oscillations3,11 between the lower and upper state, as shown in Fig. 2. They can be measured directly by monitoring the time evolution of the output power spectrum at the frequency of one of the hybrid modes, here shown for the upper state at 7.6028 MHz, and measured with a bandwidth of 10 kHz. All time-resolved measurements are averaged over 20 (Rabi oscillations and T1 measurement) or 10 pulse sequences (Ramsey fringes and Hahn echo). For a drive amplitude of 100 mV (half peak-to-peak) we find a Rabi frequency of 8.3 kHz (Supplementary Section SIIA). These strong Rabi oscillations demonstrate that the transition between the two hybrid modes forms a classical two-level system, in contrast to the modes themselves, which can be modelled as highly populated harmonic oscillators.
In principle, the decay of these oscillations is governed by both energy relaxation, characterized by a rate 1/T1, and phase decoherence, characterized by 1/T2 or 1/T2*, where T2*≤T2 includes reversible processes caused by slow fluctuations or spatial inhomogeneity of the coupling. For clarity, we use these well-known phenomenological constants in the same way as, for example, in spin systems3, as discussed in detail in Supplementary Section SI.
The exponential decay of a state's energy defines T1. The corresponding measurement is shown in Fig. 3 for both the lower and upper state: the system is once again prepared in the lower hybrid state. To reach the upper state, a subsequent π-pulse is applied, thus performing one half of a Rabi cycle, which transfers the system to the upper state (Supplementary Section SII for details on the frequency and amplitude calibration of the applied pulses). The exponential decay is then measured directly with a spectrum analyser at a bandwidth of 3 kHz, exhibiting different relaxation times T1,l = 4.83±0.1 ms and T1,u = 4.02±0.1 ms for the lower and upper mode, respectively. They correspond to the spectrally measured quality factors. Previously, it has been shown that, at maximum coupling, the two hybrid modes should have the same quality factor and thus T1 time10. However, both modes are affected by dielectric damping22 (Supplementary Section SIB), leading to the observed difference.
To measure the T2* time, a π/2-pulse is used after the preparation in the lower state to bring the system into a superposition state between the lower and upper hybrid modes. The frequency of the pulse is detuned to Ω+500 Hz, leading to a slow precession of the state vector around the z axis of the Bloch sphere3,12. As a result, a second π/2-pulse after time τ does not always bring the system into the upper state, but a slow oscillation, the so-called Ramsey fringes, is observed when the delay τ between the two pulses is varied and the z-projection of the state vector is measured after the second pulse, as shown in Fig. 4. The decay constant of this oscillation is T2*, whereas the decay of the mean value can be interpreted as an effective T1 of both modes. The fit in Fig. 4b results in T2* = 4.44±0.1 ms and T1 = 4.31±0.1 ms. The energy relaxation time of the superposition state T1 is identical to the reciprocal rate average of the two hybrid modes
as the mechanical energy oscillates between the two modes with frequency Ω (Supplementary Movie).
By including an additional π-pulse at τ/2 into the Ramsey pulse scheme and replacing the final π/2-pulse by a 3π/2-pulse to once again rotate to the upper state (Fig. 5), the T2 time can be measured in a Hahn echo experiment3,13. The 180°rotation flips the state vector in the x y-plane of the Bloch sphere, thus reversing the effects of a fluctuating or inhomogeneous coupling strength Ω in the second delay interval of τ/2 and thereby cancelling their contribution. The frequency of the pulses is once again exactly Ω, as all three pulses need to be applied exactly around the same axis. The resulting decay curve represents T2, for which a value of T2 = 4.35±0.1 ms can be extracted from the fit in Fig. 5b.
The good agreement between T2


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What is Patient-centered Outcomes Research (PCOR)?
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research (PCOR) helps people and their caregivers communicate and make informed healthcare decisions, allowing their voices to be heard in assessing the value of healthcare options. This research answers patient-centered questions, such as:
- "Given my personal characteristics, conditions, and preferences, what should I expect will happen to me?"
- "What are my options, and what are the potential benefits and harms of those options?"
- "What can I do to improve the outcomes that are most important to me?"
- "How can clinicians and the care delivery systems they work in help me make the best decisions about my health and health care?"
To answer these questions, PCOR:
- Assesses the benefits and harms of preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, palliative, or health delivery system interventions to inform decision making, highlighting comparisons and outcomes that matter to people;
- Is inclusive of an individual's preferences, autonomy, and needs, focusing on outcomes that people notice and care about such as survival, function, symptoms, and health-related quality of life;
- Incorporates a wide variety of settings and diversity of participants to address individual differences and barriers to implementation and dissemination; and
- Investigates (or may investigate) optimizing outcomes while addressing burden to individuals, availability of services, technology, and personnel, and other stakeholder perspectives.
(from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, _URL_
What is Community-Engaged Research (CER)?
There is a growing recognition that traditional research approaches, while appropriate for many research questions, have failed to solve complex health disparities. Health problems exist within the context of people's lives, and the explanations will likely be found in the messy complexity of real life. A community-engaged research approach can enable researchers to conduct research and produce results which may be directly translated to improve human health.
Community-engaged research is a framework or approach for conducting research, not a methodology in and of itself. It is characterized by the principles that guide the research (see Principles of Community-Engaged Research) and the relationships between the communities and academic researchers. Community-engaged research requires partnership development, cooperation and negotiation, and commitment to addressing local health issues. Keep in mind that community engagement exists on a continuum, with much variation in the strength and intensity of the community-academic collaboration. This varies by research objective, project, participants, community history and local politics, among others. Each partnership will develop its own way of working together. At the core of all community-engaged research, however, is the understanding that the community will be involved in a meaningful way.
(from the Office for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of South Carolina, _URL_


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Maryland's 42.2% Waste Diversion Rate
The recycling rate plus the source reduction (SR) credit make up the waste diversion rate. Through the efforts of its citizens, businesses and government agencies, Maryland achieved a statewide waste diversion rate of 42.2% in calendar year (CY) 2020. The 42.2% waste diversion rate was composed of a 38.2% Maryland Recycling Act (MRA) recycling rate and a 4.0% SR credit. This exceeds the requirements of the MRA and the 40% waste diversion goal targeted for 2005. Figure 1 provides a historical breakdown of Maryland's waste diversion rate.
Maryland's 38.2% Recycling Rate
In CY 2020, Maryland residents and businesses recycled 38.2 percent ((MRA recycling tonnage + resource recovery facility credit) ÷
(MRA recycling tonnage + MRA waste disposed)) of the municipal solid waste generated. The resource recovery facility (RRF) credit is provided under the MRA in Environment Article, §9-1703(d),
Annotated Code of Maryland. The provision specifies that a 5% recycling credit applies to each county that "achieves a reduction of at least 5 percent in the volume of its waste through the utilization of one or more resource recovery facilities in operation as of January 1, 1988." To encourage more recycling, states across the country are seeking new ways (e.g., Single Stream Recycling, Pay-As-You-Throw Programs, etc.) to ensure that recycling continues to gain in popularity as a waste management option. Many states, including Maryland, are investigating new commodities to bring into the recycling stream, while continuing to promote the benefits of recycling.
summarizes the recycling tonnages since 1992 and Figure 3 categorizes the total MRA tons recycled by material in CY 2020. Compostables, and paper materials constituted the largest portion of materials recycled (miscellaneous materials are comprised of multiple materials, the largest being municipal incinerator ash at over 62% of the total miscellaneous materials).
MDE encourages the recycling of all materials because of the environmental and economic benefits that recycling provides. The 2020 County Commodity Chart details recycling and waste diversion rates for each of Maryland's
jurisdictions. Business and local governments continue to seek recycling opportunities above and beyond those that apply toward the MRA rate. In fact, nearly 2.9 million tons of other Non-MRA materials were reported as being recycled in 2020. The Recycling of Non-MRA Materials in Tons table offers a breakdown by category of the amount of Non-MRA materials reported recycled in 2020. For a complete overview on how solid waste is managed in Maryland, please refer to the annual Solid Waste Management and Diversion report.
Maryland's 4.0% Source Reduction Credit
In 2020, eleven Counties were able to add from 1% to 5% to their waste diversion rate by emphasizing SR activities as a waste reduction strategy, see Source Reduction Credit Summary 2020. They accomplished this utilizing Internet resources, demonstration sites (i.e., backyard food waste and yard waste composting), and publications on reuse practices and yard waste reduction. A complete list of SR activities and a breakdown of Maryland SR activities is available in the "Source Reduction" section.
Non-profit groups are partnering with government to increase awareness of source reduction and reuse opportunities for materials such as linens, pet supplies, medical equipment, clothing and computers. The partnering provides businesses information on how to improve their bottom line through recycling and SR. As counties learn from their successful colleagues, even more SR programs are expected.
Maryland Department of the Environment
Land Management Administration
Waste Diversion and Utilization Program
1800 Washington Blvd., Suite 610
Baltimore, MD 21230-1719
Email - Request for Information


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The fuel pump is a crucial component in any vehicle's fuel system, which delivers gasoline to the engine. Unfortunately, like all parts, it can wear out over time and require replacement, which can come at a cost.
On average, fuel pump replacement cost range from $1,134 to $1,301, which varies on make and model, location, and the type of fuel pump needed. Some signs indicating fuel pump replacement are loss of power, decreased fuel efficiency, and more.
In this Dbd guide, we have included all the information on the signs indicating the fuel pump replacement and fuel pump replacement price. To find out all the new fuel pump prices, we consulted with professional mechanics.
What is a fuel pump?
A fuel pump is a component of a car's fuel system that pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. Its primary function is to provide fuel at the right pressure to the engine's fuel injector.
After that, it sprays the fuel into the engine cylinders for combustion. Here are some important points to keep in mind:
- The fuel pump supplies fuel from the fuel tank to the engine.
- The fuel pump ensures fuel is delivered at the correct pressure for efficient combustion.
- A malfunctioning fuel pump can cause issues with the engine's tune-up. It leads to poor performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
- The fuel pump works along with the fuel injector to provide the right amount of fuel to the engine for combustion.
- If the fuel pump fails, the fuel pressure in the fuel system may drop, causing the engine to stall or not start at all.
How much does a fuel pump replacement cost?
When it comes to car maintenance, fuel pump repair or replacement is a task that may need to be done. The cost of fuel pump replacement varies depending on several factors, such as the car's make and model, location, and the type of fuel pump needed.
In the United States, the average cost of fuel pump replacement expenses ranges from $1,134 to $1,301.
The cost may increase if the car requires a high-performance fuel pump or if the fuel pump is difficult to access, which can add labor costs.
Additionally, if the faulty fuel pump has caused damage to the fuel injectors or fuel lines, the replacement cost may increase. In some cases, a fuel system flush may also be necessary, adding to the overall cost.
When it comes to replacing a fuel pump, labor costs are a significant factor to consider, which range from $165 to $208.
The job typically takes a few hours, and the mechanic's hourly rate will depend on their experience level. The location of the repair shop also determines the hourly rate.
Fuel pumps are available in different types in the market, including mechanical, electrical, and turbine pumps. The cost of these pumps varies based on their features, brand, and quality. On average, the fuel pump parts range from $970 to $1,093.
When buying parts for your vehicle, there are two main options. OEM fuel pump is produced by the same manufacturer that made the parts for your vehicle when it was originally built.
These parts are typically more expensive, but they are guaranteed to be of high quality and designed specifically for your vehicle. Ford, "Fuel Pumps, … Continue reading
Aftermarket fuel pump, on the other hand, is made by third-party manufacturers and is often cheaper. While they may not be the same quality as OEM parts, they can be a good option for those on a budget.
When should you replace the fuel pump?
If you own a car, it is important to know the signs of a failing fuel pump.
If the pump fails, your car won't start or might stall while driving. Here, let us discuss the signs that indicate a failing fuel pump and when you should consider replacing it:
Difficulty starting the engine
A failing fuel pump can cause your car to have difficulty starting. If you have trouble starting your car or it takes several tries to get the engine going, it could be a sign that the fuel pump is failing.
When the fuel pump fails, your car engine may sputter or hesitate while accelerating. This is because the engine is not getting enough fuel to operate smoothly.
Loss of power
A failing fuel pump can also cause a loss of power while driving. Your car may not be able to accelerate properly or maintain a steady speed, especially when going uphill.
Fuel filter clogging
A clogged fuel filter can cause your fuel pump to work harder, leading to premature failure. If you notice a decrease in engine performance, it could be due to a clogged fuel filter.
Noisy fuel pump
If you hear a whining or humming noise coming from the gas tank, it could be due to a failing fuel pump. This noise may increase in volume as the car accelerates, indicating a more severe problem.
Electric fuel pumps are silent
Unlike mechanical fuel pumps, electric fuel pumps are typically quiet when they operate. If you notice a loud humming or whining sound coming from your fuel pump, it could be a sign that it is failing.
Decreased fuel efficiency
If you notice a decrease in fuel efficiency, it could be due to a clogged fuel filter or a failing fuel pump. A fuel pump that is struggling to supply fuel to the engine can cause the car to use more gas than usual, resulting in decreased fuel efficiency.
If you experience any of these signs, you should have your car inspected by a mechanic. They may recommend an engine tune-up or suggest replacing the fuel pump or fuel injector.
It is important to replace a failing fuel pump as soon as possible to avoid further damage to your car engine. In general, fuel pumps should be replaced every 100,000 miles, but this can vary depending on the make and model of your car.
- Find out everything about Honda Tune Up Cost with our guide.
- Check this guide to know everything about wheel bearing replacement cost.
- Check this guide on Hyundai Check Engine Light – here.
- Find out everything about Dodge Check Engine Light with our guide.
- If your Volkswagen Check Engine Light is on, check our guide for steps to fix it.
How often do fuel pumps need to be replaced?
Fuel pumps typically need to be replaced every 100,000 miles. However, the lifespan of a fuel pump can vary depending on the make and model of the car and the quality of the fuel being used.
Can a failing fuel pump cause other engine problems?
Yes, a failing fuel pump can cause other engine problems. A lack of fuel delivery to the engine can result in engine misfires, loss of power, and other performance issues, leading to costly repairs if left untreated.
Can I replace my own fuel pump, or do I need a mechanic?
Replacing a fuel pump can be a complex and potentially dangerous process, as it involves working with fuel and electrical systems.
It's recommended to have a trained mechanic replace the fuel pump to ensure the job is done safely and correctly.
Are there any ways to extend the lifespan of a fuel pump?
Yes, there are ways to extend the lifespan of a fuel pump. Regular maintenance of the fuel system, including replacing the fuel filter and keeping the fuel tank at least a quarter full, can help prevent premature wear and tear on the fuel pump.
Does the cost of a fuel pump replacement vary by car make and model?
Yes, the cost of a fuel pump replacement can vary depending on the make and model of the car.
Some cars may require more expensive parts or a more complex installation process, resulting in a higher cost for the replacement.
In conclusion, the bad fuel pump replacement cost can vary depending on the make and model of the car, the cost of the replacement part, and the labor required for the installation.
We hope this Dbd guide on the cost of replacing the fuel pump was helpful.
About the author
DbdPost Staff is a team of writers and editors working hard to ensure that all information on our site is as accurate, comprehensive, and trustworthy as possible. Our goal is always to create the most comprehensive resource directly from experts for our readers on any topic.


The Mesa College Humanities Institute serves as an internal vehicle for cultural, interdisciplinary, and Mesa College community priorities. All institute activities are intended to increase student engagement, recruitment, and retention.
1. Cultural Enrichment:
To offer lectures, seminars, concerts, plays and interaction with scholars and creative artists.
2. Curriculum Enhancement:
To enhance curriculum connections that will enrich students' educational experiences.
3. Staff Development:
To provide opportunities for interdisciplinary collaborations.
4. Outreach/Partnerships:
To foster relationships with community including working with K-12 schools and promoting community partnerships with Arts, Sciences, Historical and/or Cultural organizations.
5. Global Awareness:
To offer programs intended to promote global awareness and multicultural understanding.
6. Annual Campus-Wide Events:
To annually encourage and support a tradition of representing multicultural voices from diverse communities. Annual Mesa College events include: Women's History Month, Black History Month, Annual Chicano Latino Heritage Celebration, Asian Pacific American Heritage Celebration, Annual Languages Department Conference, Social Sciences Occasional Lectures Series, Annual César E. Chávez Celebration, Native American Heritage Month, and the Annual Festival of Colors.


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This details about a scenario in Dynamics CRM 2013 with an import of an organisation failing due to duplicate user names.
There are at least two trusted Domains (e.g. Domain1 and Domain2). Once in a while it may become necessary that a user is moved into a new Domain (e.g. for a new Job). In this case the user domain1\username is disabled in domain1 and created as domain2\username in domain2. Please note that both times the very same username is taken for that user. As a consequence, the same will be done in CRM: domain1\username will be disabled and a new user domain2\username will be enabled.
You would import the org with these two duplicate usernames (one is disabled) and log on to CRM 2013 after this Import
The users are unable to log on to CRM.
These error messages are thrown:
Error message 1: "Business Management Error" "The user ID associated with the current record is not valid".
Error message 2: "No Microsoft Dynamics CRM user exists with the specified domain name and user ID".
In the import log you may find these warnings:
Warning| The following mappings were not valid because these crm users are mapped to AD users that are mapped multiple times: (Domain1\username, Domain2\username),
When CRM maps the user to AD user, the disabled user will show up before the active user in the list most of the times. When that occurs, we will always map to the disabled user instead of the active user.
When CRM moves on to the next mapping, which is the Domain2\username, this fails because AD account Domain2\username is already mapped to the disabled CRM user account that was previously mapped to Domain1\username, and we cannot have a valid AD account mapped to multiple CRM users in one organization.
This is working as design as this part of the code is also used elsewhere.
1) Do not create a separate new CRM user but remap the AD Account of existing user
You may correct the problem also later on in this way:
1. Create two dummy users in AD: domain2\Dummy1 and domain2\Dummy2
2. Map active CRM user Testuser to dummy domain2\Dummy1
3. Enable the disabled user entry in CRM
4. Map this CRM user to domain2\Dummy2
5. Disable this user again
6. Map the active CRM user (beneath 2) back to the "real" ADUser"
2) The best option is to create a mapping file and maintain that file for this and any other affected organizations. You can get a good start on the mapping file simply by selecting the records from the SystemUserBase table and then altering the results as needed. This will ensure definitive mapping for the user accounts. Also, once the mapping file is created, using it during the import process is nearly as simple as using Automatic Mapping.
Note: Always ensure you have a recent backup of the CRM database before any changes in SQL.
In order to create a mapping file via SQL select from System user base, you may go through these steps:
1. Create and Copy the XML file to the CRM Server that you will be importing the Organization from:
2. Open the XML file and update the line so that the old and new values are correctly populated for the NETBIOS domain names.
3. Run the following script against the SystemUserBase table in the ORG_MSCRM database. This will select all active users.
DECLARE _USER_ varchar(20)
-- _USER_ variable should be updated to reflect the new domain name.
SET _USER_ = 'NewDomainName'
Select '' from [SystemUserBase] where IsDisabled = 0
4. Copy all of the results and paste into the UserMappingFileBase.xml file in between the MappingConfiguration tags.
5. Save the XML file and use it during the Import Org process.
EMEA Dynamics CRM Support Team
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Hockerton Housing Project
The Hockerton Housing Project (HHP) is the UK's first earth sheltered, self-sufficient ecological housing development. The residents of the five houses generate their own clean energy, harvest their own water and recycle waste materials causing minimal pollution or carbon dioxide emissions. The houses are amongst the most energy efficient, purpose-built dwellings in Europe. The houses are the focus of a holistic way of living, which combines the production of organic foods, low intensity fish farming, promotion of wildlife, and the planting of thousands of trees.
The project was conceived in the early 1990's. It took two years to complete the planning agreement with the local authority and a further two years to build the homes and facilities.
Over the years the project has established itself as an exemplar of sustainable development. As a result of this, it has developed a range of services through the creation of a small on-site business. This workers' co-operative provides a level of employment for its members, whilst promoting sustainable development. Its activities include running guided tours, workshops, talks, consultancy and, soon to be launched, a match-making service.
Although each family has their own home, the community share food growing, site maintenance, managing the facilities and a common sustainable business.