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NFPA 407 is the Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing. The standard outlines general requirements for all aviation fueling operations and four individual fuel applications.
General requirements (Chapter 4). These apply to all fueling operations. Outlined in this section is general safety guidelines, fueling equipment requirements and specifications, and fueling operations requirements.
Aviation fueling facilites (Chapter 5). This section addresses requirements for fuel tanks, installation plan review requirements, system components, and acceptance testing criteria. In addition to the requirements listed in this section, fuel tanks must also be installed per the requirements of NFPA 30.
Airport fueling vehicles (Chapter 6). Fuel vehicle manufacturer requirements are outlined in this section. Marking, vehicle operation, and general safety requirements are also stated in this section.
Rooftop heliports (Chapter 7). With a few exceptions, this section largely refers the reader to NFPA 418, Standard for Heliports.
Self-service aircraft fueling (Chapter 8). Provides a short list of requirements for the protection of the user. These include location of emergency fuel shut-off switches, fire protection, informational signage, access control, and fire protection.
For fire inspectors tasked with conducting periodic inspections of these facilities, the minimum requirements can be difficult to pull from the standard. The link below will take you to an NFPA 407 inspection checklist that can be used for guidance during an inspection.
- How to Conduct Aircraft Fuel Servicing Operations
- Rapid Refueling and NFPA 407
- The 4-1-8 on Heliport Design
- How to Store Flammable and Combustible Liquids
|Information: or _EMAIL_.|


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- What is Hamlet and why should I use it instead of Atlantis WG?
- How soon should you apply Hamlet?
- Can Hamlet be used to treat resistant black-grass?
- Should Hamlet be applied with a residual partner?
- Best Nozzles to use for Hamlet
- When to use Hamlet for black-grass control?
- How to use Hamlet?
- Why use Hamlet for grassweed control?
Miles Taylor, Bayer black-grass task force member explains which nozzles are best for Hamlet.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Quick Answer: Is government grant an asset?
Government grants in the form of non-monetary assets, given at a concessional rate, should be accounted for on the basis of their acquisition cost. In case a non-monetary asset is given free of cost, it should be recorded at a nominal value.
What is a government grant in accounting?
Government grants are transfers of resources to an entity by government in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity.
Are grants liabilities?
Grants and government income are usually paid in advance, before you delivered the service or bought the item. If you are unable or unwilling to meet the grant conditions, you have to repay all or part of the grant. This means that the grant should be treated as a liability (much like a bank loan) until spent.
How are grants treated in accounting?
"Government grants should be recognised in the profit and loss account, so that the income is matched with the costs to which they relate." This means that if a grant were received for costs already incurred or to give immediate financial support it should be recognised when receivable.
What type of account is a grant?
A reimbursement grant would be Liability. A Grant that has been given is Income. Exactly; check with the terms of the grant.
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Why do states prefer block grants to categorical grants?
Is a grant income?
Employment grants and recruitment subsidies are of a revenue nature and accordingly are liable to income tax or corporation tax, unless specifically exempted by tax legislation.
What are examples of grants?
Examples of grants by type
 - Community Development Block Grant.
 - Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant.
 - Local Law Enforcement Block Grant.
 - National Institutes of Health for bioscience research.
 - National Science Foundation for physical science research.
How do you manage grant funds?
Tips for Better Grant Management and Best Practices
 1. Put your mission first. Ensure your mission and the grant are a good fit.
 2. Don't wait until the last minute to include your finance department. Grant proposals require a great budget. …
 3. Understand all the costs involved. …
 4. Plan to monitor and track.
30 мар. 2020 г.
Is Deferred income a liability?
How do you account for grant income?
If the grant is for expenditure that you would normally record in the profit and loss account, the grant income is reflected as income in your profit and loss account. Such a grant may be deferred if it relates to specific expenditure which has not yet been incurred.
How is grant revenue recognized?
For example, if you have a cost-reimbursement grant (which is the most common) you would recognize grant revenue equal to the amount of allowable expenses you incurred. If your grant was for a fixed amount then you would recognize revenue under the percentage of completion method.
IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: Are state grants taxable income?
All benefits


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always looking for a reason to get revenge. Example: Jose B. gets mad easily, and always wants to get people back - he's very vindictive.
to hand over or give up. Example: No matter how hard she tried, Ms. Morse could not get Malik to relinquish his cell phone.
believable. Example: None of James' excuses are very credible - I rarely believe what he tells me.
to use flattery or repetition to get someone to do something. Example: Using his cutest smile and puppy-dog eyes, Noel wouldn't stop cajoling Ms. Morse until she gave him an A.
unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others. Example: Kendall is so altruistic that he gave the homeless man his last dollar to get something to eat.
good at understanding another person's situation, feelings, or motives. Example: Kenae is a very empathic young woman; she really understands and cares about her friends.
to give back what you get. Example: The pretty girl smiled at Jahvar. He reciprocated, and soon they were dancing.
to crush as if by trampling. Example: Hakeem's dreams of having a great weekend were squelched as soon as his mother got his progress report.
to mock in a mean way. Example: The teacher could have just told us to study more instead of deriding the whole class and calling us stupid!


Urge Surfing: Riding Out the Craving
urge surfing and meditation
They walked across the sand in the early morning light, surfboards under their arms. They strode into the surf. As the water grew deeper, they stretched out on their boards and paddled out. They turned to face the shore, waiting for a wave. A wave came, and they rode it to shore, feeling the ocean's power beneath them.
Surfing is one of the fastest-growing sports in the world. In 2019, the International Surfing Association estimated that 35 million people worldwide surfed and anticipated that the number would rise. Surfing has captured our imaginations and been the subject or backdrop for many movies and songs. It has also inspired a method called "urge surfing" to "ride out" a craving.
Background of "Urge Surfing"
"Urge surfing" is a type of mini-meditation. The term is ascribed to G. Alan Marlatt, Ph.D., founder and director of the Addictive Behaviors Research Center at the University of Washington.
According to Marlatt's interview in the magazine Inquiring Mind, Marlatt worked with a man who wanted to quit smoking. The man happened to be a surfer, so Marlatt used surfing terminology in conversation with the man. Marlatt explained that urges, like ocean waves, grow bigger and bigger as they near the shore, and then they dissipate. Urges don't last forever, and neither do waves; both dissipate. The smoker was learning to meditate as part of the center's program; Marlatt encouraged him to think of his breath as a surfboard that would enable him to "ride out" the urge. The smoker used the surfing analogy as he worked to ride out the urge to smoke, and after about five weeks, he had stopped smoking completely.
How to Urge Surf
If you want to try urge surfing, remember that it is a form of mindfulness. Urges will pass by themselves, but urge surfing gives you a different way of outlasting the craving.
As you begin to experience an urge for whatever substance or behavior you have given up, imagine that the urge is a wave in the ocean that will start, crest, and subside. Urges generally start small before growing in size or strength and then go away. To practice urge surfing the next time a craving comes up, follow the steps below:
 - Sit quietly and comfortably
 - Observe your breath without trying to change it
 - Notice your thoughts
 - Bring your attention back to your breath without judging, feeding, or fighting your thoughts
 - Notice where the craving affects your body. Where in your body are you experiencing the craving?
 - Bring your attention to an area of the body where you feel the craving and notice what is happening in your body; see if these bodily sensations change as you inhale or exhale
 - Bring your attention to another part of your body where you are feeling the urge and repeat the process
 - Be curious about the urge of craving and how it changes
Why You Should Practice Urge Surfing
Urge surfing is another tool to use in maintaining sobriety. The key to urge surfing is that instead of wishing the craving would go away, trying to suppress the craving, or fighting the urge, you are exploring the urge; you are becoming curious about the urge. You are going into the urge and are interested in the experience. As you study the craving and changes in it over time, you might find that the urge subsides.
In the interview with Marlatt that appeared in Inquiring Mind, he described urges and cravings from a Buddhist perspective. He said that you cannot eliminate urges and cravings. They will happen, and you can find a way of recognizing what's happening inside as you experience the cravings. By "riding the urge out," you can accept the urge without giving in to your cravings.
As you practice urge surfing more, you will find that urges don't last as long. If you fight an urge, however, you are giving it more energy or feeding it. Trying to fight a craving has been likened to trying to stop a wave or a waterfall.
Likewise, we are sometimes told not to think about whatever it is we are craving. The more you try not to think about something, like eating chocolate cake, the more you think about eating chocolate cake.
Consider our surfers from the opening of this post. They didn't fight the wave, and they didn't try to suppress or ignore the wave. Instead, they went with the wave. They used the immense power of the ocean to get them to the shore.
As people go through your journey of recovery, they will need to deal with urges and cravings. "Urge surfing" is another tool to use to maintain sobriety. At Enlightened Solutions, we offer our clients different tools to use as they move forward in their sober lifestyle. We are a co-occurring treatment center, and, as such, we treat not only addictions but also mental health issues that frequently accompany substance abuse. Our programs are rooted in the 12-Step philosophy, and we focus on healing the whole person and treating the addiction. Our treatment modalities include talk therapy and group support. Also, we offer many holistic healing methods, including yoga and meditation, sound therapy, acupuncture and chiropractic work, and equine therapy. We are located on New Jersey's southern shore, and we offer each client an individualized treatment program. If you seek relief from an addiction, please call us at _PHONE_ to find out what we can offer you.


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|The History of Locks Museum|
Other Galleries include:-
Ancient Style Padlocks
Sliding Key Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding action.
Screw Key Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a winding action.
Puzzle or Secret Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding, turning or winding action, but there is no obvious place to insert the key.
Animal Shaped Padlocks
Padlocks whereby the barbs are compresed by a sliding, turning or winding action, but are formed in the shape of an animal.
With the hype about the benefits of without footwear jogging for conditioning the feet along with hip and legs, avoiding accidents, along with enhancing harmony, gait, and healthy posture, Nike Free Run 2Nike has generated a light-weight, very adaptable sneaker to replicate the effects ofwithout running shoes working referred to as the Nike No cost several.Men and women who are looking for some amazing Nike Free Run 2, comfortable, lightweight and highly supportive Nike Free Run 2 running shoes, should definitely consider the Nike Lunarswift+.
Spring Barb Padlocks
The spring barb padlock is a very ancient form of locking mechanism and is capable of an amazing variety of variations. No one knows who or where it was invented but is widespread in the Old World and seems to have its roots in the Middle and Far East regions. It first appears around the 1st or 2nd century BC and spreads to most parts of the Old World. It's also likely that it's one of those inventions that was transmitted via the activities of merchants and trade routes. The question is unlikely to be definitively answered.
The key, whether sliding or turning compresses a number of spring barbs which when locked block the shackle from being withdrawn. As the name suggests the barb, which is made from spring material and attached to the shackle, can be pushed forward through apertures, compressing the spring barbs as it goes and springing apart once locked, thereby preventing withdrawal. The correct key whether sliding or turning style compresses the barbs so that the shackle can be withdrawn back through the apertures and removed. Many locks also contain fixed ward elements as well.
Locks have been found in a variety of metals including cast brass, bronze and iron. Some are assembled by soldering or braising the various parts together whilst others are totally assembled by riveting. Embellishments in the form of decorated brass panels, or symbols add another dimension to the security of the lock
Each region or culture imbedded into their everyday products a certain amount of their own culture or belief system, padlocks by their very nature of keeping possessions safe were subject to design and embellishment features to increase its effectiveness. For example the Chinese Foo Dog, Fu Dog or Lion Dogs is a well-known symbol representing the Chinese guardian lions which in turn had its roots in the Buddhist tradition symbolising majesty and loyalty. They are depicted in pairs and are placed at the entrances to Temples, public buildings and even the home for protection and to ward of negative energies. One, a female with a cub, guarding or looking after the building owner's family and interests, and the other, a male with a ball symbolising the globe and looks after the interests of man and civil order. When used in padlock form, particularly in pairs, they would have also been a powerful psychological deterrent.
Many other animal-shaped padlocks can be found which would convey a subliminal or subconscious message. The fish padlock for instance, popular in China at a very early date. The fish sleeps with its eyes open and therefore the inference is its always watching and on guard, or the elephant indicating strength. Its possible that a prospective purchaser of a padlock would base his decision primarily on his affinity with the deity, or spirit animal that was represented.
Another method adopted was the puzzle or secret padlock. Some with sliding keys others with turning keys and even some with both! However on first inspection no place can be found to insert the key. A secret shutter, panel or flap had first to be moved in such a way as to reveal the key hole. In 1889 a certain Sun Kam Shing patented his puzzle padlock (dated April 1st 1889 number 5556) which featured a secret or concealed keyhole, a feature which had been adopted for centuries!
Not all padlocks were intended to physically protect property. There were in many cultures other purposes for employing a padlock. In the Islamic world for instance, when visiting a shrine a pilgrim would tear of a strip of his clothing and attach it to the shrine grillwork with a padlock thus locking an affirmation, a practice which still continues today. Locksmiths would set up at the entrance making and selling padlocks for this purpose.
Another tradition, relating to women during confinement was the ceremonial application of a special knotted cord with a loop at each end and secured with a padlock. A cleric would chant and at the appropriate moment during the proceedings lock the tiny padlock around the waist of the mother to be. This would not be removed until the ninth month again with ceremony. The females of the family treasured these cords and padlocks, which were handed down from generation to generation.
In China a miniature padlock was traditionally given, particularly to the new-born, as an token of protection and well-being. These miniature padlocks were often made of gold or silver in wealthy families, and were also inscribed with symbols such as a five petal heart shaped blossom of the Prunus fruit trees. Five, being a sacred number, is also known as the Five Blessings or Happiness Blessings. Another motif popular for newly weds was a pair of birds which represent happiness. When used on a padlock the symbolic intention in either case is a wish locked to the individual or couple.
In fact the lock or the key has been used symbolically throughout the ages as a material expression of binding the intangible, providing insight or enlightenment. Take for instance the Papal cross keys to the gates of heaven or keys used in rituals and ceremonies – an aspect of the locksmiths craft that crops up again and again.
In modern times some padlocks carry on the symbolic or sub-conscious aspect such as Squirrel brand with the logo of two squirrels, implying "keeping goods safe until required". Or Chubb's fish logo suggesting it's constantly on guard – could these also have been chosen as a psychological deterrent reinforcing the physical deterrent.
The spring barb padlock is still made today using the age old skills and techniques of a charcoal fire and a boulder as an anvil. As such it is almost impossible to date an example taken out of context and without provenance. Since the Industrial revolution discarded metal was recycled into all sorts of items including locks. One can imagine the Bedouin camped alongside a discarded steam engine gradually reducing the metal parts into a new lease of life. When travelling in the Middle and Far East very often these locks can be found in the more out of the way bazaars and flea markets and are even found without to much difficulty here in the UK, they were originally brought back as souvenirs. Most collectors accept that locks bought today at Bazaars whilst travelling or on holiday abroad may only be a few years old but what is important is that they are made in the traditional style and in the traditional way as generations of locksmiths did before. And in some small way this helps to keep the traditional craft of the locksmith alive.
|Page 1 of 1 Page for Spring-Barb Padlocks|
|Museum Entrance ||Galleries||Forum|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What is the global incidence of sigmoid and cecal volvulus?
Updated: Jul 24, 2020
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Worldwide geographic variations in the incidence of sigmoid volvulus are well described. Much higher frequencies are reported in African, Asian, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and South American countries. In all of these regions, the inhabitants consume a high-fiber diet, which is considered a predisposing factor for the development of sigmoid colon volvulus. In these endemic areas, patients are younger and predominantly male.
In the "volvulus belt" of Africa and the Middle East, nearly 50% of large-bowel obstructions are a result of volvulus, almost exclusively of the sigmoid colon. Cecal volvulus is much less common than sigmoid volvulus, accounting for 10-15% of all cases of volvulus and predominately affecting women in the sixth decade of life.
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Download Body Language apk 1.0.11 free for Android smartphone
Apk file size: 43.0 MB
Molly Moccasins is a new kind of book series encouraging all young adventurers to read, play, think, investigate and imagine in their everyday lives while supporting early learning and literacy development. Within each story, Molly's toes tingle in her special moccasins inspiring adventure and reminding her that, "a curious mind is never bored."
In this story, Molly and her mother prepare for a visit from a dear old friend. She was a school friend of Molly's mother who now lives in Brazil and is bringing her son who does not speak English. Molly tries to learn a few words of Portuguese to help on the play date, but ends up discovering that sometimes body language is all you need to communicate to have a fun-filled afternoon!
This version also includes:
- read aloud functionality
- text highlighting
- interactive picture puzzles
- story related activities
- fun facts
The creators of Molly Moccasins are dedicated to helping children around the globe so, for each story purchased, a story will be given to a child in need—story for story.
Read Aloud. Highlighting.
Molly Moccasins part of our Education and have average installs from 1 to 5. Last Update July 10, 2013. Google play rating is 100.0. Current verison is 1.0.11. Actual size 43.0 MB.


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Dashboard Design for Non-Profit
Small Can Be Big connects donors directly with families and individuals who are on the verge of homelessness. The organization allows donors to choose a family to help and make a donation that is directed to that family. The organization was looking to update its website to provide more information and guidance to donors. In addition, the organization wanted to develop an administration website for managing donors, charities, information on families in need, and write-ups family stories.
I was the only UX specialist working on the development of the administration website. I collaborated with the project manager, lead visual designer, and lead developer. My primary objectives were to understand the goals of the different users who would use the administration website, develop workflows based on their goals, and create wireframes representing the workflows.
- Building an administrative workflow that always gave first preference to the urgent needs of the families.
- Understanding the prevalent complexities in the workflows, and separating goal-based tasks from problem-circumventing workarounds.
- Providing the same, if not similar, interaction experience for multiple user roles; often, an individual assumed various user roles.
- Interviewed various members of the organization to elicit requirements and determine the primary user groups.
- Drew sketches to map workflows for various users and iterated on the workflows with the team.
- Identified prevalent workarounds at various steps in the workflow so that the new design could eliminate them.
- Converted workflow information into paper prototypes for rapid iteration with the team.
- Developed a common information architecture to represent various users.
- Using Omnigraffle, created detailed wireframes that represented user interactions.
Tools and Technology
- Pen and paper to draw workflows and initial wireframes
- Omnigraffle to develop detailed wireframes


Grand Canyon
Grand Canyon, Zhangjiajie 2017
The Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon is a recently developed natural wonderland. It includes mountains, streams, caves, cliffs, and forest. The Grand Canyon covers a total area of over 60 square kilometers and is located near the Wulingyuan Scenic Area, which covers a total area of over 370 square kilometers. Today, the Grand Canyon is a tourist attraction in Zhangjiajie due to the Glass Bridge.
According to local legends, the Grand Canyon has two names: one is Lanchuanxia ('Rotten Ship Gorge'). The waters of the gorge come from the Shenquan Creek and seem to bubble from the rotten boards of a ship. The other is Luanquanxia (Massiv Springs Canyon). This is because there are numerous springs on both sides of the gorge.
The hike in the gorge begins with a long and narrow vertical gap between two mountain cliffs known as the 'A Stripe of Sky'. The difference in altitude between the upper and lower canyons is over 300 meters. In the ravine meanders a spring, along which runs a wooden path. In the last part of the gorge is a small reservoir for the hydroelectric power station. Here you have to take a short boat trip from the Upper Pier to the Down Pier.
Was denkst du?/ What do you think?


Waratahs Waratahs (Telopea speciosissima) Photo: Dianne Page
Woody Pear Woody Pear (Xylomelum pyriforme) Photo: Alan Page
Spring! Time for Waratahs and Woody Pears to step forward.
Both belong to the Proteaceae family -
The Waratah is found from Newcastle to Ulladulla and west to Lithgow - fully covering the Greater Blue Mountains.
The Woody Pear covers a similar area but is also found on the NSW North Coast.
Is it a Waratah or a Woody Pear?
Waratah or Woody Pear? Waratah or Woody Pear? Photo: Alan Page
They're easy to distinguish when they're in bud, flower or fruit - but when regrowing after a bushfire?
Is the plant shown here a Waratah or a Woody Pear?
Both species are 2-3 metre erect shrubs to small trees and regrow from lignotubers after fire.
Their leaves are similar and they're often found near each other.
It's hard to differentiate between them - except for one clear difference.
Woody Pear's leaves are opposite - Waratah's aren't.
This plant is a Woody Pear.
The Waratah (Telopea speciosissima)
Waratah Waratah Photo: Dianne Page
Simply magnificent!
The word "waratah" is Aboriginal for "beautiful", and "Telopea" is Greek for "seen from afar".
Admiring Waratahs in bloom is a highlight of many Blue Mountains bushwalks in spring.
On a walk last year out to Hanging Rock and Baltzer Lookout near Blackheath (Burramoko Trail), I stopped several times and counted the Waratah flower-heads in a 360 degree sweep.
The first time I stopped I counted almost 20, the next time 50 or so. The biggest tally was over 80.
The Waratah is the Floral emblem of NSW.
The Waratah in bud, flower and fruit.
(not the same plant)
Waratah bud Waratah bud (Dianne Page)
Waratah flower Waratah flower (Dianne Page)
Waratah fruit Waratah fruit (Dianne Page)
The Woody Pear (Xylomelum pyriforme)
Woody Pear Woody Pear Photo: Alan Page
The transformation from bud to flower to fruit is truly amazing as the images below show.
The velvety tactile new growth makes you reach out and gently touch its leaves.
The flowers remind you of other members of its family - grevilleas, banksias and hakeas.
The 7cm long pear-shaped fruit completes this unique plant.
Both the Xylomelum and Telopea genus are endemic to Australia.
The Woody Pear in bud, flower and fruit.
(not the same plant)
Woody Pear bud Woody Pear bud (Alan Page)
Woody Pear flower Woody Pear flower (Alan Page)
Woody Pear fruit Woody Pear fruit (Alan Page)


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CAMBODIAN PALM-LEAF MANUSCRIPTS: Procedures for Conservation
The manuscripts have been largely stabilized by casing and boxing, with an insect repellant inserted in the box. The manuscripts that have been microfilmed are relatively dust-free. Most of the manuscripts appear to be written by incision, and have a strong image. Some are insect-damaged and broken, particularly at the ends.
The following procedures are designed to clean soiled surfaces, strengthen the image, support damaged areas, impart flexibility, and reduce further insect damage.
1. Fumigation. It is important that, as each group of manuscripts is set aside for conservation treatment, they be removed from their boxes and placed in an airtight container for fumigation. To ensure that each cased manuscript is returned to the correct box, the cases and first leaves of each manuscript should be marked in soft pencil with the box number.
The container (a plastic garbage container with lid, for example) should have an appropriate quantity of para-dichlorobenzene covering the base. The manuscripts in their cases may then be stood on end, supported above the level of the para-dichlorobenzene by bricks or stones, but not jammed in too tightly. The lid should be sealed, and the manuscripts left for no less than one week.
By employing more than one "fumigator," it should be possible to arrive at a workable schedule, coordinating fumigation exposure to conservation treatment time.
2. Cleaning. The manuscripts should be removed from the fumigator and the protective cases one at a time. The leaves should be numbered discreetly in the lower right corner with a soft pencil, and the covers and strings carefully removed.
All the leaves should be lightly dusted with a soft dry brush to remove dust and insect parts. If manuscript fragments are loose, they should be set aside in a polyester envelope bearing the leaf number for future attachment.
After the bench surface has been cleaned, a sheet of polyester film is laid onto it, and a stable container of warm (preferably distilled) water and a lint-free cloth (preferably cheese cloth) prepared. The manuscript should be checked to ensure that the writing is incised and not surface-written (a magnifying glass and a raking light are helpful).
The cloth is dampened, and a small area tested to ascertain the stability of the image. If stable, the leaf is carefully cleaned on both sides, and placed between sheets of blotting paper to dry. The polyester film is wiped, and the next leaf cleaned, until all have been treated.
3. Repair and Support. If the manuscript is damaged (by insects or splits, etc.) it must be repaired at this point. A stable adhesive that does not readily mold is a mixture of methylcellulose and Elvace 1864 polyvinylacetate. This is made as follows:
Place one cup (8 ounces, 1/2 pint, 225 ml.) of water (preferably distilled) in a sealable container.
Sprinkle into the water 1 1/2 teaspoons (7.5 ml.) of methylcellulose and stir until completely blended. After approximately one hour, the solution will attain a jelly-like consistency.
Place 1/2 cup (4 ounces, 100 ml.) of water in a container, such as a paper cup or glass.
Mix into it one teaspoon of full strength PVA, and stir vigorously until completely diluted.
Gradually add diluted PVA to the methylcellulose, stirring until fully integrated. It is best to use only about two thirds of the dilute PVA initially, adding the rest if necessary after which it will be the consistency of thick cream.
Allow the mix to stand for one half hour before use. When not in use, keep the lid sealed and, if possible, refrigerate. A small amount of para-dichlorobenzene or thymol may be wrapped in a square of cheesecloth and taped to the inside of the lid to reduce surface molding.
A piece of Tengujo tissue is torn or water-cut to cover the damaged area, and laid onto a small square of polyester film. The tissue is carefully pasted, the tissue laid into place on the palm leaf, and gently rubbed down through the film with a bone folder. The film is removed, and the repair allowed to dry.
If a significant portion of the palm leaf is missing, a piece of Kitakata paper is carefully torn or water-cut to match the missing area, and tipped into place. It is then supported on both sides by the tissue in the manner noted above. Loose fragments are similarly secured in place in this fashion.
An effective variation of this repair technique is the use of tissue coated with a dry fish gelatin solution. With this technique, the tissue is laid dry over the dampened surface of the damaged palm leaf, and pressed into place with a damp cloth until firmly set. The advantage of this method is that repairs dry quickly, adhesive does not have to be prepared, and adhesion is very strong.
4. Oiling. The oiling of the palm leaf imparts a smooth surface and slight increase in flexibility. If the oil is insect-repellant, the leaf has added protection.
The leaf is laid onto polyester film or glass, and a thin coat of cedarwood oil applied to the entire surface on both sides of the leaf. It will be noted that tissue repairs are not released by the oil, but they blend further into the leaf surface.
Each leaf should be air-dried in a constant air current to avoid molding. A useful method is to secure the leaves to a line by a peg or spring clip.
When dry, the surface should be lightly polished with a soft dry cloth, the manuscript restrung, recased, and reboxed. It is important that the case and box be clean and the insect repellant in place before reshelving.
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5 Peer-to-Peer Fundraising Resources for a Winning Strategy
5 min
laptop coffee notebook
In the age where you can watch a movie on your phone and answer the phone on your watch, convenience is the name of the game. To provide a flexible fundraising experience for the modern donor, your nonprofit can leverage peer-to-peer fundraising. Whether you hold a DIY campaign year-round or host time-based campaigns for specific programs, peer-to-peer fundraising campaigns are successful in part, because fundraisers choose how they raise money for your mission.
Additionally, peer-to-peer fundraisers can exponentially increase your reach as your nonprofit taps into the network of your fundraisers' networks. In fact, Classy platform data shows that the typical peer-to-peer fundraising campaign raises more than other campaign types, and drives higher conversion rates than crowdfunding campaigns and donation pages.
To help your team maximize the impact of your peer-to-peer fundraising campaigns, we rounded up our top five peer-to-peer fundraising resources. Use these free resources to create a comprehensive strategy that will help both your team and your fundraisers succeed.
Peer-to-Peer Fundraising Resources
1. Understanding the True Financial Potential of Peer-to-Peer Fundraising
The first step of investing in a peer-to-peer fundraising strategy is getting buy-in to invest the time and money it takes to get your program off the ground.
This white paper dives into peer-to-peer fundraising data and trends from the Classy platform, examples of how nonprofits like Cleveland Clinic and buildOn leverage peer-to-peer, and more.
Download this white paper to equip yourself with all of the data points you'll need to explain the potential return on investment and how peer-to-peer compares to other channels and traditional efforts like direct mail.
Download the White Paper
2. Peer-to-Peer Fundraising Benchmarks Worksheet
peer to peer fundraising benchmark worksheet
A crucial step in creating or updating your peer-to-peer fundraising strategy is having specific, measurable, ambitious/attainable, relevant, time-based (SMART) goals for your team to work towards.
SMART goals can inspire your team to reach new heights and act as the north star for your decisions. If your team is wondering, "Should we reassess our fundraising platform?" then you can start the conversation by asking, "Will this help us reach our peer-to-peer goals?"
Use this interactive worksheet, made with Classy platform data, to benchmark your performance against nonprofits from across the social sector. Once you see how you stack up, you can work more efficiently to not only hit your goals but exceed them.
Gauge Your Team's Performance
3. The Anatomy of a Successful Peer-to-Peer Campaign
Now that leadership is on board and your team has set SMART goals, let's dive into the specifics around how you can leverage peer-to-peer for the most impact. From year-round DIY fundraising where supporters can choose when, where, and how they fundraise, to registration with fundraising events, where event participants will fundraise leading up to an event, there are many options for supporters to get involved.
This guide covers the different types of peer-to-peer campaigns along with best practices, tips, and features that can help your team with the following steps:
 - Design a captivating campaign
 - Monitor engagement
 - Steward fundraisers
 - Capture new audiences
Download the guide below to learn more and find the ideas that best fit your organization's goals.
Peer-to-Peer From A to Z
4. A Guide to Peer-to-Peer Fundraising Emails
peer to peer fundraising emails
We often don't spend much time thinking about the emails that pop up in our inbox, but if you're on the other side of the equation you know how much thought goes into each and every send.
Everything from subject line to list segmentation will impact how successful your email marketing efforts are, and if you're up-leveling your peer-to-peer fundraising efforts, you should be auditing your communications as well.
This comprehensive guide covers the four main elements of sending peer-to-peer emails: segmentation, design, branding, and mechanics. You'll also get email templates, along with examples, that show what it looks like to put these elements into practice.
Engage Fundraisers With Email
5. How to Raise Money for the Causes You Love
p2p fundraiser how to guide
The last, and perhaps most important step of creating a robust peer-to-peer fundraising strategy, is empowering your fundraisers for success. If you want them to have the most impact, enjoy their experience with your nonprofit, and return to fundraise again, then it's up to your team to share the best practices and tools they need to feel empowered and energized to raise money on your behalf.
Share this guide with your first-time fundraisers so they can learn how to mobilize their friends and family in support of your cause. The guide will help them learn how to tap into their social networks, ask for donations with confidence, and even includes checklists so that your fundraisers can define their individual goals, target audiences, and communication strategies.
Empower Your Supporters
Now that you have a bookmark list full of resources to create a comprehensive peer-to-peer fundraising strategy, check out the following blog posts that focus on tangible ways to take your (already successful) peer-to-peer campaigns to the next level.
How does your nonprofit leverage peer-to-peer fundraising? Tell us about your favorite peer-to-peer campaigns in the comments.
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Remote Authentication in SharePoint Online Using Claims-Based Authentication
SharePoint 2010
Summary: Learn how to authenticate against Microsoft SharePoint Online in client applications using the SharePoint client-side object models.
The decision to rely on cloud-based services, such as Microsoft SharePoint Online, is not made lightly and is often hampered by the concern about access to the organization's data for internal needs. In this article, I will address this key concern by providing a framework and sample code for building client applications that can remotely authenticate users against SharePoint Online by using the SharePoint 2010 client-side object model.
Note Note
Although this article focuses on SharePoint Online, the techniques discussed can be applied to any environment where the remote SharePoint 2010 server uses claims-based authentication.
I will review the SharePoint 2010 authentication methods, provide details for some of the operation of SharePoint 2010 with claims-mode authentication, and describe an approach for developing a set of tools to enable remote authentication to the server for use with the client-side object model.
In Office SharePoint Server 2007, there were two authentication types: Windows authentication, which relied upon authentication information being transmitted via HTTP headers, and forms-based authentication. Forms-based authentication used the Microsoft ASP.NET membership and roles engines for managing users and roles (or groups). This was a great improvement in authentication over the 2003 version of the SharePoint technologies, which relied exclusively on Windows authentication. However, it still made it difficult to accomplish many scenarios, such as federated sign-on and single sign-on.
To demonstrate the shortcomings of relying solely on Windows authentication, consider an environment that uses only Windows authentication. In this environment, users whose computers are not joined to the domain, or whose configurations are not set to automatically transmit credentials, are prompted for credentials for each web application they access, and in each program they access it from. So, for example, if there is a SharePoint-based intranet on intranet.contoso.com, and My Sites are located on my.contoso.com, users are prompted twice for credentials. If they open a Microsoft Word document from each site, they are prompted two more times, and two more times for Microsoft Excel. Obviously, this is not the best user experience.
However, if the same network uses forms-based authentication, after users log in to SharePoint, they are not prompted for authentication in other applications such as Word and Excel. But they are prompted for authentication on each of the two web applications.
Federated login systems, such as Windows Live ID, existed, but integrating them into Office SharePoint Server 2007 was difficult. Fundamentally, the forms-based mechanism was designed to authenticate against local users, that is, it was not designed to authenticate identity based on a federated system. SharePoint 2010 addressed this by adding direct support for claims-based authentication. This enables SharePoint 2010 to rely on a third party to authenticate the user, and to provide information about the roles that the user has.
Because computers are designed to accommodate multiple users, authorization has always been a challenge. At first, the operating system validated the user. Then, the operating system told the application who the user was. This was the very first claim, made by the operating system to the application. The essence of this claim was the identity of the user. The operating system had determined who the user was, probably through a password that the user provided. The application did not have to ascertain who the user was; it simply trusted the operating system.
This authentication process worked well until it became necessary for a user to use applications on systems that they were not logged in to. At this point, the application had to perform its own authentication. Applications started with the same approach that operating systems had used—requiring the user's name and password. Authentication works well this way, but it requires that every application validate the user name and password. Maintaining multiple separate authentication databases became problematic, because users would want to use their same user names and passwords across applications.
Creating accounts with the same user name and password is a manageable problem. However, as the concern for security grew, the requirement for users to periodically change their passwords created an unmanageable situation, where the users would find it difficult to keep their passwords synchronized between different applications. Shared authentication mechanisms were developed to solve this problem. Once again, an application could rely upon a third party for authentication of the user.
The most popular approach for a shared authentication database is one that uses the Kerberos protocol. The Kerberos protocol provides mechanisms that enable a user to authenticate against a centralized server and then convey his or her identity through a ticket signed by that server. The advantage of this approach is that the centralized server is the only one that must know the user's password or other identifying information. This works well for providing authentication information, but it relies on a single store for user identities.
Today, some of the users of your application are using identities that you do not control. Consider an organization that provides payroll or retirement plan services for other companies. These organizations may need to accept users who belong to many other companies, and have no requirement to authenticate them individually. They have to know only that the organization that they have a contract with can identify the user. In these cases, the centralized server for authentication does not exist; there is no centralized entity that can validate every user.
Similarly, if you have an extranet website that is designed to work with multiple partners, you may not want to manage user accounts for all of your partners' employees, or even let the partners manage them. Instead, you just want to take the remote server's claim of the user's identity.
This is one of the great features of a claims-based login. Another system, which your system trusts, provides a claim of the user's identity.
There are many standards, such as WS-Federation, WS-Security, and WS-Trust that define how this sort of arrangement should work. WS-Federation is the most relevant because it describes a specific approach for the exchange of federated authentication. SharePoint 2010 implements the WS-Federation standard, as do many other Microsoft and non-Microsoft products. This means that the SharePoint claims implementation can talk to many other systems.
In addition to the authentication information described previously, there is the capability for the infrastructure to make other claims about the user, including profile properties such as name and email address. The claim can also contain the roles, or groups, that a user belongs to. This opens the door for applications, including SharePoint 2010, to use what the claims provider (known as an issuing party) trusts about the user. Then, applications can set authorization to do something to the roles that are conveyed in the claims token.
The ability for a claim to convey more than just simple identity necessitates the requirement to enforce rules about what types of claims an application will accept from a third party. The WS-Trust standard supports the idea that one party may rely on another party, as described previously. In addition, it also allows for a chain of trust, where the application, such as SharePoint 2010, trusts an internal provider such as Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) 2.0, which in turn trusts another party or even multiple other parties. AD FS 2.0 creates its own claims token for SharePoint, based on the information that it received from the issuing party that it trusts. This is particularly useful because AD FS 2.0 is a claims transformation engine. That is, it can change one claim, such as a property, into another claim, such as role membership. AD FS 2.0 can also filter the claims made by a third party, so that the third party cannot pass a claim to the application that a user is an administrator for.
Now that you have learned about the advantages of claims-based authentication, we can examine what actually happens when you work with claims-based security in SharePoint. When using classic authentication, you expect that SharePoint will issue an HTTP status code of 401 at the client, indicating the types of HTTP authentication the server supports. However, in claims mode a more complex interaction occurs. The following is a detailed account of the sequence that SharePoint performs when it is configured for both Windows authentication and Windows Live ID through claims.
 1. The user selects a link on the secured site, and the client transmits the request.
 2. The server responds with an HTTP status code of 302, indicating a temporary redirect. The target page is /_layouts/authenticate.aspx, with a query string parameter of Source that contains the server relative source URL that the user initially requested.
 3. The client requests /_layouts/authenticate.aspx.
 4. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_login/default.aspx with a query string parameter of ReturnUrl that includes the authentication page and its query string.
 5. The client requests the /_login/default.aspx page.
 6. The server responds with a page that prompts the user to select the authentication method. This happens because the server is configured to accept claims from multiple security token services (STSs), including the built-in SharePoint STS and the Windows Live ID STS.
 7. The user selects the appropriate login provider from the drop-down list, and the client posts the response on /_login/default.aspx.
 8. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_trust/default.aspx with a query string parameter of trust with the trust provider that the user selected, a ReturnUrl parameter that includes the authenticate.aspx page, and an additional query string parameter with the source again. Source is still a part of the ReturnUrl parameter.
 9. The client follows the redirect and gets /_trust/default.aspx.
 10. The server


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As mentioned in the admission control family, multiple features on multiple layers check to there is enough unused reserved memory available. This article is a part of a short series of articles on how memory is being claimed and provided as reserved memory; other articles will be posted throughout the week.
I've published two articles that describes memory reservation at the VM level and the resource pool level. These two sources are an excellent way to refresh your memory (no pun intended) on the reservation construct:
- Impact of memory reservation (VM-level)
- Resource pool memory reservations
"Unclaimed" reserved memory?
If a memory reservation is configured on a child object (virtual machine or resource pool) admission control checks if there is enough reserved memory available. Which memory can be claimed for reserved memory? And how about the host-level memory and cluster level memory? Let's dissect the cluster tree of resource providers and resource consumers and start with a bottom-up approach.
Host-level to DRS cluster
Both the host and DRS cluster are resource providers to the resource consumers i.e. resource pools and virtual machines. When a host is made a member of a DRS cluster, all its available memory resources are placed at the DRS disposal. The available memory of a host is the memory that is left after the VMkernel claimed host memory. The DRS cluster, also called the root resource pool, reserves this remaining memory.
As the DRS cluster reserves this memory per host, all the memory aggregated inside the root resource pool and is actually designated as reserved memory. However to prevent confusion, this reserved memory is labeled as unused reserved memory in the vSphere Client user interface and as such provided to the child resource pools and child virtual machines.At the Resource Allocation Tab of the cluster, the Total memory capacity of the cluster is listed as well as the reserved capacity. The Available capacity is the result of Total capacity – Reserved capacity. Note that if HA is configured the amount of resources reserved for failover is automatically added to the reserved capacity.
Child resource pools
Resource pools allow for hierarchical partitioning of the cluster, but they always span the entire cluster. Resource pools draw resources from the root resource pool and do not pick and select resources from a specific hosts. The root resource pool functions as an abstraction layer. When configuring a reservation on resource pool level the specified amount of memory is claimed by that specific resource pool and cannot be allocated by other resource pools.
Note that the claim of reserved resources by the resource pool is done immediately during the creation of the resource pool. It does not matter if there are running virtual machine inside the resource pools or not. The total configured memory is withdrawn from the root resource pool and thus unavailable for other resource pools. Please keep this in mind when sizing resources pools.
The next article will expand on virtual machines inside a resource pool.


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So we have added a special JP4 mode that bypasses the Demosaic in the FPGA and provides an image with pixels in each 16x16 macroblock that are rearranged to separate Bayer colors in individual 8x8 blocks, then encoded as monochrome. Demosaic will be applied during post-processing on the host PC. This section describe different algorithms and implementations used to provide this functionality.
- compression speed improvement - possibility to obtain more high quality image (near to RAW) - drasticaly lowering data size
Image decodingJP4 format can be easy manipulated by Matlab
1. Read image
I=imread('hdr02.jp4'); %read JP4 file like JPEG,or online grab image from http like this: I=imread('_URL_ cam: I=imread('http://cam_ip/bimg'); %get online buffered image from cam
I=I(:,:,1); %strip color data2. Remove block grouping
II=deblock16x16(I); %deblock image
%file deblock16x16.m function y=deblock16x16(I) y0=uint8(zeros(size(I))); for x=1:16:size(I,1) for y=1:16:size(I,2) blk16=I(x:x+15,y:y+15); for dx=0:7 for dy=0:7 y0(x+2*dx,y+2*dy) = blk16(dx+1,dy+1); y0(x+2*dx+1,y+2*dy) = blk16(dx+9,dy+1); y0(x+2*dx,y+2*dy+1) = blk16(dx+1,dy+9); y0(x+2*dx+1,y+2*dy+1) = blk16(dx+9,dy+9); end end end end y=y0;
2. Demosaic image (Decode from Bayer CFA (Color Filter Array) encoded image)
3. Show image
JP4 stream can be decoded by mplayer. Use [this patch] for glue libdc1394 and MPlayer-1.0rc2 video filter frontend. Or download win32 binaries from sourceforge.
usage example: mplayer.exe test.avi -vf demosaic=deblock=1:method=7
Debayer (Demosaic) algorithm variants provided by libdc1394: - Nearest Neighbor : OpenCV library - Bilinear : OpenCV library - HQLinear : High-Quality Linear Interpolation For Demosaicing Of Bayer-Patterned Color Images, by Henrique S. Malvar, Li-wei He, and Ross Cutler, in Proceedings of the ICASSP'04 Conference. - Edge Sense II : Laroche, Claude A. "Apparatus and method for adaptively interpolating a full color image utilizing chrominance gradients" U.S. Patent 5,373,322. Based on the code found on the website _URL_ Converted to C and adapted to all four elementary patterns. - Downsample : "Known to the Ancients" - Simple : Implemented from the information found in the manual of Allied Vision Technologies (AVT) cameras. - VNG : Variable Number of Gradients, a method described in _URL_ Sources import from DCRAW by Frederic Devernay. DCRAW is a RAW converter program by Dave Coffin. URL: _URL_ - AHD : Adaptive Homogeneity-Directed Demosaicing Algorithm, by K. Hirakawa and T.W. Parks, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 14, Nr. 3, March 2005, pp. 360 - 369.
Bayer pattern look like this
Some sensors have possibility to set independed scale to G1 and G2. Considering that the accessible optics does not give the full permission of a sensor resolution, it can be used for increase in a dynamic range of a image sensor.


Enhance Citizen Services
Offer Communications Options to Empower Citizens and Reduce Costs
Today's empowered citizens expect the same level of service from their government that they receive from private-sector organizations such as retailers and financial institutions. They want 24-hour access to information and services, through the communications channel and device of their choice.
Collaborative technology empowers citizens and government by offering convenient, flexible access to important resources. It helps citizens complete tasks, solve problems, and participate in government. It also allows governments to support interand intra-departmental interaction, as well as improve communication with citizens.
How to Empower Citizens through Collaboration
 - Improve call center efficiency by virtualizing the contact center. This can help increase the number of contacts per agent, reduce wait time and call abandon rate, and support a single-number strategy.
 - Reduce service costs by automating calls or parts of calls, using interactive voice response (IVR) and speech recognition. This can reduce the cost of service, and possibly improve service, since automation provides 24-hour access to information.
 - Expand and enhance interactions by adding new communication channels, such as web, video, and social media. This provides citizens and businesses with an expanded, enhanced collaboration experience, while potentially alleviating existing accessibility concerns.
 - Solve problems faster by providing call center agents with the tools to access the right information at the right time within their workflow. This also improves teamwork to shorten resolution time, scale expertise, and transfer knowledge.
Learn what other customers have achieved
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The magpie lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) is a passerine that lives in Australia, New Guinea and Timor.
It is also sometimes called the mudlark, the Murray magpie, the piping shrike or the peewee.
Magpie larks build unusual bowl-shaped mud nests that are very sturdy.
A magpie lark is usually between about 10 and about 12 inches long.
Magpie lark
It has black and white feathers and a white bill. Its black and white coloring causes it to resemble a magpie superficially.
The male magpie lark's face is black, with a white stripe over the eye, while the female's face is completely white.
Magpie lark's are at home in almost all habitats, except for rainforests and extremely dry deserts.
They can be found in urban areas.
Magpie larks are carnivorous. They spend most of their time on the ground, where they hunt for invertebrates, including insects and worms.
They also eat freshwater snails, which carry a parasitic liver fluke that infects sheep and cattle. Because of this, farmers hold the magpie lark in high regard.
Magpie larks that live in forests prefer to live in areas where there is open space in which they can forage.
In the winter, large flocks of magpie larks congregate together.
During the spring, pairs stake out nesting territories.
Magpie larks will defend their territories aggressively. A pair will defend their territory together. They will attack birds much larger than themselves.
Mud Nests
Both the male and female magpie lark build the nest, which is a deep open bowl of mud that is strengthened with hair, feathers and grease. It is placed high on a horizontal branch.
Magpie larks prefer to build their nests near water, where they can find mud.
The magpie lark's nest is one of the most solidly constructed of all bird nests. Only torrential rains can wash it away.
A clutch contains 3 to 5 eggs.
Both parents incubate the eggs.
The pair will often sit next to each other on the nest and sing a duet together.
One member of the pair will sing a note, and then the other will respond about half a second later. Each bird produces about one note per second, so the two voices overlap. This singing is used to keep other nesting pairs away.


How much is 31 acres?
Convert 31 acres. How big is 31 acres? What is 31 acres in other units? Convert acres, hectares, square cm, ft, in, km, meters, mi, and yards. To calculate, enter your desired inputs, then click calculate. Some units are rounded since conversions between metric and imperial can be messy.
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IST regularly receives questions regarding property changes which occur in spring materials during simple stress relieving treatments. For example, a recent IST training course attendee wanted to know why stainless steel spring wire behaved differently than music wire. He knew that the outside diameter of music wire springs decreased when heat treated, while the outside diameter increased when stainless steel springs are heat treated. He had also been told to use the same value of the torsional modulus (G) for music wire both before and after heat treatment, but to use a different value of G for stainless steel after heat treatment.
To understand the mechanism causing the increase in outside diameter for stainless steel springs on stress relieving, the metallurgy of the wire drawing process needs to be considered. When stainless steel spring wire is drawn, the microstructure of the rod stock material is austenite, but in every die a little of the austenite is mechanically transformed to martensite as a consequence of the cold reduction. After several reductions in area, the wire will acquire the tensile strength required for springs, and the microstructure will be a mixture of austenite and martensite (it is the latter constituent in the microstructure that makes stainless steel spring wire slightly magnetic).
The spring manufacturer then coils the wire into springs, and thereby imparts a residual stress at the inside surface of the coil. When the spring is heat treated, some more of the austenite will transform to martensite, and the transformation will occur most at the position where the residual stress is at a maximum. A volume expansion is associated with this transformation, and the overall outcome is that the spring diameter becomes larger.
It might be expected that thus microstructural change would be visible on optical metallography but that is not IST's experience. Although the percentage of austenite and martensite could be determined by X-ray methods, the percentages of each that would equate to satisfactory/unsatisfactory spring performance is not known, so there is no point in using these expensive test methods.
It is also the change in the percentage of martensite in the microstructure that causes the moduli (E and G) of stainless steel wire to increase after heat treatment, as the stiffness of martensite is greater than that of austenite. This explains why 316 stainless steel spring wire has a lower modulus than 302, which itself is lower than 631 (17/7PH) – the last having the greatest percentage martensite – but all three grades have a microstructure which is referred to as "austenitic." It should also be noted that, if the springmaker makes springs with a small coiling ratio (index), there will be more residual stress and consequently more transformation during heat treatment. The small index spring will have a higher modulus than similar springs, made from the same wire, with larger index.
There is very good guidance about the expected change in the G modulus included in the appendix to the European specification for stainless steel spring wire, EN 10270-3. The values published in this specification are approximate, and depend upon a number of factors. However, IST strongly recommends use of the values in this standard as the best available, and good enough for spring design purposes.
In another training course several delegates were convinced that both their music wire and silicon chromium alloy wire springs would have different microstructures before and after heat treatment, and they wanted to know how this change could be recognized. Their company had the facilities to examine microstructures and one of their automotive customers requested use of the CQI-9 quality procedure. This procedure covers stress relieving of springs, and demands that the metallographic structure produced be examined. However, these delegates were surprised to hear that optical metallography would show the microstructure of music wire, silicon chromium and 302 stainless steel to be exactly the same both before and after heat treatment. For this simple reason, it is IST's opinion that the CQI-9 quality procedure should not be applied to stress relieving. The procedure is appropriate for spring manufacturers who carry out hardening and tempering or austempering heat treatments, where a significant change in microstructure occurs.
Mark Hayes is technical advisor to the Institute of Spring Technology (IST) in Sheffield, England. He is also the principal trainer for the spring training courses that the Institute offers globally. Readers are encouraged to contact IST with comments about this cautionary tale, and with subjects that they would like to be addressed in future tales, by email _EMAIL_.


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This is a common task. We have a list of dates and we want to get the corresponding weekdays. We can use the WEEKDAY() function to get it and the result will be like this:
On column A we have our dates and on column B, using the WEEKDAY() function we get the number corresponding to the weekday. But this is not a good way of displaying the weekday, we would like it to display it as the name of the weekday, not a number, right? There are numerous ways that we can change that. I'm going to show you two of them.
The first, and simplest way, is to format column B with a custom format. For that, just select the values on column B and right-click to select Format Cells and on the Number tab, choose the Custom Category and insert Type as dddd. This will give the names of the weekdays like "Sunday". If you insert a type ddd it will show you the names like "Sun".
This is how it will look like after the formatting:
Another way you could do this is using the CHOOSE() function with a formula like this on cell B2 and then copy down:
The result will be the same. This last method is just to show you that there are lots of ways of doing the same thing in Excel.


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Any forming process that converts stored energy to plastic deformation in less than a few milliseconds is considered a high-velocity or impulse forming process. This chapter discusses the operating principles, equipment, and applications of the most common high-rate forming processes, including high-velocity hydroforming, high-velocity mechanical forming, and electromagnetic or energy-based forming.
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The Differences Between a Comforter and a Blanket – Our Definitive Guide
Comfortable sleeping is essential for getting a good night's rest. If you frequently wake up in the night feeling too hot or too cold, you may need to switch up your bedding to better suit your needs.
Various factors like climate, age, medical conditions, and snoozing alone versus alongside a partner could affect how comfortable you feel under a comforter versus a blanket.
Generally, comforters will be warmer than blankets because their filling provides additional insulation, as blankets are typically only made with a single layer.
Below we'll detail the variations between a comforter versus a blanket and how to know which is best for your needs.
How Many Layers Do You Need?
If you get chilly easily in the night or wake up cold and uncomfortable, you may need a warmer cover on your bed. Comforters filled with down feathers or alternative down are known for their warmth, as they hold additional loft (fluffiness) between the outer fabrics. While down comforters are thick, they are typically lightweight, allowing you to layer up if necessary without feeling heavily weighed down.
Get More Info: Top Rated Comforters
Waking up hot and sweaty is an awful feeling in the middle of the night; if this is a frequent issue, single-layer blankets might be a better option for you to prevent overheating.
Illustration of a Man Looking at a Different Types of Blankets in His Closet
Differences Between Blankets and Comforters
A comforter is made with insulation between two layers of fabric, and a blanket is made of a single layer. However, the aspects detailed below are worth considering.
Comforters are commonly filled with natural down like goose or duck feathers or alternative-fill including cotton, polyester, wool, or silk. Natural down can be incredibly comfortable and warm, but alternative down could offer just as much warmth and loft for people concerned about animal welfare.
View Our Guide: Best Down Alternative Comforters
A blanket is a single layer of fabric. These are great for warm sleepers who prefer less insulation, but still excellent for layering during colder nights. Further, layering could be a good idea for individuals who experience hot flashes, so you can go to bed warm and toss off layers in the night as needed.
Warmth Level
Natural duck and goose feathers are well known for their insulation capabilities, so if you run cold and enjoy being bundled up warm at night, a down-filled comforter should be an excellent choice.
Blankets are great if you prefer a cover with less warmth, as a single layer of fabric won't hold as much insulation as a down fill. Additionally, blankets work well when you anticipate the temperature changing throughout the night and need to peel off layers as needed.
Illustration of a Woman Sitting on a Bed With a Throw Blanket Over Her Back
Climates with more significant temperature changes between the summer and winter months mean you'll likely need a change in bedding to accommodate the weather, so you'll need to find storage in the off-season.
Storing down comforters could be a challenge as they have significantly more loft than a blanket. If you're concerned about space, you could opt for blankets instead, layering them as needed. Single-layer covers should store nicely as they'll typically easier to fold and fit into smaller spaces.
Looking after your covers with care is wise to ensure longevity. Before washing a comforter or blanket, be sure to read the label for instructions on washing your product. Down-filled comforters may require dry cleaning or gentle cycles to protect the soft fill.
Blankets are often made of more robust fabrics but may still require particular washing depending on the label in order to be carefully laundered.
Illustration of a Man Putting Stuff in the Washing Machine
Resistance to Dust Mites
Unfortunately, the filling in comforters that works so well for retaining warmth could also trap dust, making it an excellent breeding ground for dust mites. Individuals with allergies might experience irritation, such as sneezing, coughing, or a runny nose after dozing under a fluffy comforter.
The woven fabric that blankets are made of can help prevent dust particles from sneaking inside. If you do use a comforter, putting it inside a zippered cover and following proper washing and care instructions could help protect it from dust mites.
Depending on what fabrics are used in a comforter or blanket, the prices vary considerably. Comforters can cost anywhere from $50 to a couple of hundred dollars due to high-end materials and delicate filling.
Blankets are generally more affordable than comforters because the construction is often simple and the fabrics less expensive. When looking for a moderately priced cover, layering a couple of blankets could provide a good option that shouldn't break your budget.
Illustration of Giving Money for Mattress
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a comforter blanket?
A comforter blanket is a fluffier, thicker blanket with an alternative filling for insulation. This middle insulation should work to keep you extra warm without using natural feathers.
When choosing a product, if you're seeking a soft, luxurious feel, microfiber is an excellent material that provides an affordable option. Microfiber has high breathability, meaning you shouldn't overheat, and the material is naturally wrinkle-resistant. Further, the fabric offers a substantial value as it's made with strong fibers that should last a considerable amount of time.
Additionally, some comforter blankets are reversible, making them great for kids if they enjoy changing up their bedding. Though these covers tend to have a higher loft than regular blankets, they definitely lean more toward the blanket category than comforters.
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text:
ser = serial.Serial(
ser.write("hello" + "\n")
the above sample code best describes how to write or read from a serial port using python - pyserial library. This is not the best of the solutions available out there but def simple (probably the simplest :) ). you could do more digging into the serial library too if you would like.
Like I always say happy scripting!!!


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The gas detection camera technique has a wide range of potential uses in the electrical distribution and chemical industries, all of which have positive benefits for the owner of the plant. It is an accepted Alternate Work Practice in the Method 21 leak detection procedure and has clear time, safety and cost benefits over the conventional VOC meter or sniffer method. Although limited to a certain extent by environmental conditions, the camera has proven many times that it can identify leaks at some distance thereby reducing the cost of surveys by removing the requirement to provide access to every potential leak path and permitting surveys to be completed on energized electrical equipment.
The long wave gas detection camera is particularly suited to the following industries:
Electrical Utility – A large amount of the equipment used in the distribution of high voltage electrical power uses Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) as an insulating gas. This allows the equipment to be more compact and protected from the elements inside substations. The long wave gas detection camera is extremely sensitive to SF6.
Petrochemical – The industries that make hydrocarbon substances using base feedstocks from the oil refining processes either by conversion processes or further separation that is not normally carried out at an oil refinery. Some of the chemicals used or made in these industries have good visibility using the long wave gas detection camera.
Chemical – The production of non-hydrocarbon or inorganic chemicals from base feed stocks. These are often a mixture of batch and continuous processes that yield very high purity products. The long wave gas detection camera has a good response to some chemicals found in this sector of industry.
Service Providers – Increasingly companies are contracting out services for leak detection and repair (LDAR). LDAR service providers currently using non-imaging gas detection methods will see a dramatic improvement in productivity and gas detection capability using a gas detection camera.
The primary market for the long wave gas detection camera to date is the electrical distribution industry and specifically the detection of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). SF6 is used extensively in the electrical distribution industry as an insulating gas in high voltage switchgear and transformers. It is a potent greenhouse gas with a 'global warming potential' (GWP) of 23,900 and an atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years. The GWP means that a release of 1kg of SF6 into the atmosphere has the same impact as a release of 23,900 kg or 23.9 tons of CO2. To put this in perspective a company that purchases 1 ton per year of SF6 as top-up gas is releasing 1 ton per year through leaks. This is the equivalent of 23,900 tons of CO2. To produce this amount of CO2 you would have to drive an average sized car just over 149 million miles (239 million km). That's the equivalent of driving 311 times to the moon and back or 5964 times round the equator! Conversely, a company that reduces its emission of SF6 to the atmosphere by using a gas detection camera to locate and fix leaks is improving the environment by the same amount as taking 11,950 average cars off the road.
Typical SF6 Filled Substation Equipment
Leak paths found on electrical distribution equipment are fewer than in the process industries. The most common are flanges, bushings, bursting discs and valve stems. Leaks may be due to poor installation, disturbance during planned maintenance or failure of the sealing parts due to age.
The long wave gas detection camera has proved to be highly effective at detecting very small leaks. The pressures used in switchgear and transformers are relatively low which results in very small leak rates. In addition, the operating temperature of the equipment is generally close to ambient. The result is a low thermal contrast between the leak and the background. Despite this, the camera is capable of detecting leaks as small as 0.25 kg/year and has had success in both indoor and outdoor substations. As with the mid wave camera, the long wave camera is effective at some distance which not only removes the requirement to provide access to all potential leak paths it also permits leak surveys to be completed when the equipment is energized.
The applications for the long wave gas detection camera in these industries are very similar to the applications for the mid wave gas detection camera in the petrochemical industries but the reasons for the surveys may be slightly different. In the petrochemical industry the main drivers for leak detection surveys are the protection of the environment, reduction in lost product and the elimination of potentially flammable leaks. These priorities also apply in the chemical industries but the chemical compounds visible with the long wave gas detection camera are generally more toxic. Protection of personnel may therefore become an additional reason for performing leak detection surveys.
Vent pipes on a petrochemical plant
The long wave camera is also ideal for detecting several refrigerant gases. These include gases that are used for domestic and commercial refrigeration and automotive air conditioning. The gas camera is most effective when used at the manufacturing stage for these items rather than the maintenance stage. New product design testing and production sample testing can lead to reduced failure rates improving reliability of the finished product and reducing the emission of potentially harmful gases to the atmosphere.
Co-workers identify the location of a gas leak
Governments are becoming more aware of the risk posed to the environment by release of SF6. There is a general increase worldwide in the use of gas filled substation equipment and no alternative substance is currently known or used. Consequently, they are providing a combination of reward and punishment for the reduction of losses and the release of gas respectively. Some governments are enforcing reduction in SF6 release by means of fines; some are advocating encouraging the reduction of leaks by giving financial incentives such as tax breaks for demonstrated reduction in consumption. The cost of SF6 is also increasing which further increases the financial motivation to eliminate leaks.
The long wave gas detection camera has a detector response of 10-11 µm which is further spectrally adapted to approximately 10.5 µm by use of a cooled filter. This makes this particular model of camera most responsive to Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) as well as many gases used in the chemical industry and several common refrigerant gases. The camera can detect many gases but it has been laboratory tested against 8 which are:
SF6 leak from a high voltage insulator
In addition to the laboratory tested gases there are 18 additional gases that the camera is known to detect. These are:


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Runglish, Rublish, Ringlish, Ruglish or Russlish (Russian: рунглийский язык or рунглиш, rungliyskiy yazyk or runglish), is a Russian–English macaronic language. The term "runglish" was popularized in 2000 as a name for one of the languages aboard the International Space Station. Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalyov said: "We say jokingly that we communicate in 'Runglish,' a mixture of Russian and English languages, so that when we are short of words in one language we can use the other, because all the crew members speak both languages well." NASA has since begun listing Runglish as one of the on-board languages.[1] Although less widespread than other pidgins and creoles, such as Tok Pisin, Runglish is spoken in a number of English-Russian communities, most notably the Russian-speaking community of Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, New York.[2]
In literature[edit]
Some notable novels have foreshadowed the development of Runglish. A small subplot in Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2010: Odyssey Two concerned the crew of a Russo-American spaceship, who attempted to break down boredom with a Stamp Out Russlish!! campaign. As the story went, both crews were fully fluent in each other's languages, to the point that they found themselves crossing over languages in mid-conversation, or even simply speaking the other language even when there was no-one who had it as their native tongue present. Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange has a famous form of Runglish called Nadsat. (See: Concordance: A Clockwork Orange)
Official resistance[edit]
The Russian government declared 2007 to be the "Year of the Russian Language". It has been claimed that this was in part to give support to what is seen as proper Russian against such influences as the spread of English and Runglish.[3] However, Yuri Prokhorov, the head of the Russian State Institute of Foreign Languages, stated that "Young people always develop fashionable ways of communicating. (But) it is Russian words used incorrectly that damages the purity of the language, not the introduction of foreign words."[3]
 - Appointments: Аппойнтменты (Appointmyenti)[2]
 - Iced Coffee: Аисд кофе (Aysd kofe)[2]
 - Would you like that sliced or in one piece?: Вам наслайсовать или писом? (Vam naslaysovat' ili pisom?)[4]
 - Driving upstate on the highways: Драйвуем в апстейт по хайвеям (Draivuyem v apsteit po haiveyam)[5]
 - Sliced Cheese: Слайсающий чиз (Slaysayushiy chiz)[5]
 - To merge branches: Смержить бранчи (Smerzhit' branchi)[2]
 1. ^ "The Expedition One Crew".
 2. ^ a b c d Feuer, Alan (14 June 2005). "For the Thirsty Runglish Speaker: Try an Ized Cyawfeh". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
 3. ^ a b Blomfield, Adrian (12 September 2007). "English invades Russian language". London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
 4. ^ Klepach, I. "Наши люди в Америке (Our people in America)". Mainbruecke (in Russian). Retrieved 14 September 2010.
 5. ^ a b Mariupolsky, Konstantine (26 May 2005). "The inevitable birth of Runlgish – When Russian and English merge". Voices that must be heard. New York Community Media Alliance. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
 1. ^ Блог Ruglish -


Program-Transformation.Org: The Program Transformation Wiki
TXL: Tree Transformation Language
Homepage: _URL_
The TreeRewriting language TXL (developed by JamesCordy at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada) supports the definition of transformation rules on first-order terms of a given context-free grammar. Rules not only specify a rewrite, but also the strategy for applying it. Strategies are chosen from a small set of implicit top-down search strategies augmented with explicit scoped application of parameterized subrules in the style of a first-order functional language.
TXL is programming language and rapid prototyping system specifically designed to support the specification and rapid implementation of source analysis and transformation tasks of all kinds. TXL has been used to process over four and a half billion lines of source code in commercial Year 2000 automated maintenance systems, and provides the reverse engineering capabilities of commercial software engineering systems such as Embarcadero Describe(tm).
The TXL language is a hybrid functional / rule-based programming language with unification, implied iteration and deep pattern match. Each TXL program has two components:
 - A description of the structures to be transformed, specified as an EBNF grammar in ambiguous context-free form
 - A rooted set of structural rewriting rules, specified by example using pattern/replacement pairs.
As a programming language TXL is unique in that it is has a pure functional superstructure that provides scoping, abstraction, parameterization and recursion, over Prolog-like structural rewriting rules providing pattern search, unification and implicit iteration. The formal semantics and implementation of TXL are based on formal tree rewriting, but the trees are largely hidden from the user due to the by-example style of rule specification.
CategorySystem | TransformationSystems | Contributions by EelcoVisser JamesCordy


if there were more than four or five instances of container loss in the whole Western Hemisphere in any given year.
Containers vary in size, shape and integrity. Gary North of Matson puts the value of a dry box at $4,000 to $5,000, while refrigerated containers could cost as much as $30,000. A typical container might carry material valued at $50,000 to $1 million or even more, depending on type of cargo. While most containers are airtight, some have vent holes or similar openings.
Edit Module


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Design Note #16
Today's jet engines are a marvel of fuel efficiency. Keeping those engines operating at their peak performance requires constant maintenance. Turbofan roundness plays a critical role in jet engine performance.
Under typical use, jet engine component parts exhibit wear due to airborne sand and dust particles. These particles can erode an engine's performance in surprisingly few operational hours. Frequent maintenance keeps an engine in peak condition. The ability to measure the roundness of the component parts of a jet engine assembly is critical to the unit's fuel efficiency.
Using precision contact methods, OTEC performed the hardware design of a multi-channel roundness measuring device. Creating an architecture which supports an unlimited number of roundness channels, OTEC's circuitry is capable of detecting roundness deviations of ten Microns or less in objects up to nine feet in diameter.
OTEC has performed many industrial instrumentation designs. Severe environmental stress and demanding performance is a typical requirement for OTEC's instrumentation designs. Whether it's vacuum, pressure, temperature, radiation, ionization, X-Ray detection, smoke detection, proximity, moisture, hydrocarbon, fuel combustion, or roundness—we've done it all. Contact OTEC today and let us perform an industrial instrumentation design for you too.


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ESRC provides guidance on:
Postgraduate research collaboration
When postgraduate students, non-academic organisations and partners work together, they learn about each other's expertise, share knowledge and get an appreciation of different professional cultures.
The postgraduate collaboration section gives information and guidance on a range of collaboration opportunity ideas, and case study examples of students' experiences.
Make an impact with your research
These resources will help you maximise the impact of your research:
- the impact toolkit has guidance on topics including commercialising your research and effective media relations
- the LSE impact blog is a hub for researchers, students and anyone else who wants to maximise the real-world impact of their academic work.
More resources for PhD students
Use these resources to develop as you study:
- Vitae helps with the personal, professional and career development of postgraduate researchers and research staff
- Sense about Science helps people to make sense of science and evidence
- The Thesis Whisperer is a blog about doing a thesis and about how to find a job when you graduate
- innovative workshop plans for creative engagement are available from Ketso
- other sources of postgraduate funding.
Careers advice for post-graduates
Get help to develop your career and find the right job:
- University and College Union has a range of resources and information about continuing professional development
- jobs.ac.uk lists academic jobs and information about how you can find a job
- Prospects has advice and information to support graduates and postgraduates.
Last updated: 25 November 2022


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CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION creates a new text search configuration. A text search configuration specifies a text search parser that can divide a string into tokens, plus dictionaries that can be used to determine which tokens are of interest for searching.
If only the parser is specified, then the new text search configuration initially has no mappings from token types to dictionaries, and therefore will ignore all words. Subsequent ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION commands must be used to create mappings to make the configuration useful. Alternatively, an existing text search configuration can be copied.
If a schema name is given then the text search configuration is created in the specified schema. Otherwise it is created in the current schema.
The user who defines a text search configuration becomes its owner.
Refer to Chapter 12 for further information.
The name of the text search configuration to be created. The name can be schema-qualified.
The name of the text search parser to use for this configuration.
The name of an existing text search configuration to copy.
The PARSER and COPY options are mutually exclusive, because when an existing configuration is copied, its parser selection is copied too.


$ 0.00
Iron Glycinate
$ 18.16
Iron bis-glycinate is a well-studied, 100% fully-reacted, patented form of iron exclusively from Albion Laboratories®. The amino acid glycine is actually one of the two starting materials the body uses to synthesize hemoglobin. Therefore, Iron Glycinate contributes two key factors. This form of iron has higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, less food reactivity, less food interactions and has a longer shelf life than any other common form of iron.
- Supplements Inadequate Dietary Intake of Iron
- Supports Increased Requirement for Iron
- Supports Healthy Ferritin and Hemoglobin Levels
Does Not Contain


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For more than 100 years miniature ocean liners, paddle steamers and battleships captured the imagination of generations of children, creating a sense of adventure and excitement. At a time when Britain was the worlds great industrial and maritime power toy boats were as fascinating to children as computer games are today.
In May 2010 the National Maritime Museum
(NMM) launches Toy Boats. The exhibition features over 100 toys, games, catalogues and photographs to reveal how the craze for all things maritime drove toy companies to make toy boats of every size and description.
The exhibition explores the range of toy boats made by European manufacturers from 1850 to 1950, a period marked by rapid advances in maritime technology. As nations raced each other to build bigger and better ships, toy makers were swift to exploit the publicity and follow-up with toys that captured the spirit of these famous vessels. The methods used in toy-boat propulsion varied from twisted rubber bands and clockwork springs to fired-up burners producing steam, and early batteries. The show traces these developments through toy boats made by celebrated toy makers in Europe including Gerbrüder Bing, Marklin, Radiguet, Bassett-Lowke, Hornby and Sutcliffe.
Late 19th-century town planning introduced new parks with decorative ponds and fountains, which gave children a space to play with toy boats. This, along with the increase in family seaside holidays, created an appeal which inspired toy makers to compete in creating finer and more sophisticated ships, which also appealed to adults as collectors curios. Germany was the market leader and famous for quality tin toys which were exported around the world. Gerbrüder Bing, the worlds largest toy company, employed over 5000 people in its Nuremberg factory. France was Germanys biggest competitor with companies such as Radiguet renowned for making elegant beautifully finished vessels.
The exhibition looks at the way toy boats were marketed through advertising, packaging and catalogues. The advent of department stores, and their use of large plate-glass shop fronts, offered a new way to showcase merchandise and entice customers.
Archive film footage shows Ron McCrindell, a toy boat enthusiast who has amassed one of the finest collections in the UK, sharing his passion for these miniature vessels.
Kristian Martin, curator of the exhibition said: These miniature boats are a glimpse into a bygone era when every town had a boating lake and children learnt about Britain as a maritime nation through toy boats. They also tell of a rapidly changing world and the developments in technology in childrens toys.'


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Fazilat Hojaji is a PhD student in software engineering at University of Isfahan, Iran. Her current research interests include model execution, tracing of executable models, and dynamic analysis. She has received the B.Sc in Software Engineering from Isfahan University of Technology and M.Sc. in Information Technology Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. She is currently the head of development management department of Isfahan Municipality IT organization.
Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is a development paradigm that aims at coping with the complexity of systems by separating concerns using models. A model is a representation of a particular aspect of a system, and is defined using a Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML). A subclass of DSMLs aim at supporting the execution of models, namely executable Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (xDSMLs). An xDSML includes execution semantics that manipulate the concepts of the considered domain. To ensure that an executable model is correct with regard to its intended behavior, dynamic Verification and Validation (V&V) techniques are used to verify the behavior of software systems early in the design process. Yet, existing V&V techniques mainly rely on execution traces to model and analyze the behavior of executable models. An execution trace is a sequence containing all the relevant information about an execution overtime. Traces, however, tend to be overwhelmingly large, making it difficult to analyze the recorded behavior. There exist trace metamodels to represent execution traces, but most of them suffer from scalability problems. Furthermore, existing model execution tracing approaches rely on their own custom trace formats, hindering interoperability and sharing of data among various trace analysis tools. The goal of this thesis is to fill this gap and provide a common trace exchange format for traces, designing scalable trace representations that enables the construction and manipulation of execution traces, obtained from executable models. The first contribution of this thesis comprises a systematic mapping study on existing approaches for tracing executable models. With this study, we aim at identifying and classifying the existing approaches, thereby assessing the state of the art in this area, as well as pointing to promising directions for further research in this area. The second contribution consists in a generic compact trace representation format called Compact Trace Metamodel (CTM) that enables the construction and manipulation of execution traces, obtained from executable models. Compared to existing trace metamodels, the results show significant reduction around 59% in memory and 95% disk consumption. Also, the performance overhead required to the CTM trace construction is small enough around 10% that makes it practically applicable. Moreover, CTM offers a common structure, which allows interoperability between existing trace analysis tools.


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Purification requires the separation of compounds and distillation is a common purification process based on the difference in boiling points between individual components in a mixture. Simply put things that boil at a lower temperature are boiled off while higher boiling point compounds remain behind. As heat and/or vacuum are applied the compounds which have the lowest boiling points are vaporized and flow to the condenser where they are condensed back into a liquid and collected. As the temperature is raised the next set of compounds with a higher boiling point distill after and are condensed, collected in a new receiver flask and so on until the target compound is distilled or is left behind in the boiling flask.
When distilling cannabis extracts the order of compounds are as follows:
(temperatures assume ~100 millitorr and are only a rough estimate)
- Solvents <50°C
- Water 50-70°C
- Terpenes 130-170°C
- Flavonoids 170-200°C
- Cannabinoids 200-240°C
When a sample needs to be separated from its components, we might simply assume that the distillation process would provide the individual components in pure form. No distillation can produce this magic. Components in a sample will exert a vapor pressure at temperatures well below their boiling point. A boiling point is merely the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere surrounding the liquid. It is not an absolute figure and should be considered a range that is maximum at this temperature.
The greater the difference in boiling points between the components in a sample the greater the separation or purification from the resulting distillation. If the difference in boiling points is small then much of the unwanted components will be co-distilled along with the target fraction and must be distilled multiple times to achieve the desired purity. The task of separation usually dictates the type of apparatus required.