text:
I. The Plucked String Instruments
The Lute family
or p'i-p'a) - four-stringed lute with 30 frets and pear-shaped
body. The instrumentalist holds the pipa upright and play
with five small plectra attached to each finger of the right
hand. The pipa history can be dated back at least 2000 years
and developed from pentatonic to full scales. This instrument
has extremely wide dynamic range and remarkable expressive
about pipa... )
-a smaller version of pipa with four strings, which sound
similar to mandolin. Liuqin is played with a piece of spectrum,
and is used to be accompany instrument for folk songs and
local opera. However, in recent decades, Composer Wang
Huiran made great contribution to its making and composed
many pieces such that the Liuqin also becomes a soloist instrument.
A long necked lute with three strings without frets. In Chinese,
"san" and "xian" stands for " "three" and "strings", respectively.
The sound-body is made of round wooden box covered with snake
skin, just like erhu. A piece of plectrum is used to play
the instrument. This instrument is often used for accompanying
folk songs and local opera. The sanxian is most popular in
commonly referred to as "Chinese guitar", is an
ancient four-stringed moon-shaped lute with long and straight
neck and various number of frets, dated back at least to Qin
Daynasty (around 200 BC). Ruan is used to be
called "p'i-p'a" (pipa)
or qin-pipa. Since the introduction of the oud-like instrument
through the "silk-road" around 5th century, a new type of
"pipa" with pear-shaped body and bent neck has been
gradually developed into the present form since the Tang Dynasty
(618-917AD), and the name pipa,
which used to be a generic term for all pluck string lutes,
has been specifically given to this newly-developed version,
whereas the old form of pipa with straight-neck and
round body got the name "Ruan", after the name of the grand
master of this instrument, Ruan
Xian who was one of the seven great scholars known as
"Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" in Chinese history of the
3rd century (the Six Dynasties). They were truely good friends
and did spend much time together in arts and wine during one
of the darkest periods in Chinese history. Ruan
Xian and Ji
Kang (master of guqin,
Chinese 7-stringed zither), are most famous for their musical
achievements and the life as true artists. The Ruan is mostly
used for Peking opera, and now also in modern Chinese orchestra.
There are a family of ruan of various size including "Zhong
Ruan" (middle Ruan) and "Da Ruan" (large Ruan) used in the
same sense as viola and cello in western orchestra.
moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four strings, played
with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas. "Yue" stands
for "the moon" in Chinese.
The zither family
- seven-stringed zither without bridges, the most classical
Chinese instrument with over 3000 years of history. The
guqin is often
referred to as the instrument of sages for the purpose of
enriching the heart and elevating human spirit.
(around 600 BC) was a master of this instrument. In the Imperial
China's past, well-educated people of the elite society were
expected to master the four arts, namely, the qin (guqin),
qi (weiqi, which has somehow been known as "Go"
in the West according Japanese pronuciation), shu (Calligraphy),
and hua (painting). Being on top of the four traditional arts,
the guqin has historically been regarded as one of the most
important symbols of Chinese high culture. Unfortunately only
small number of people in China could play the instrument,
because classical musical education of this kind has never
reached general public. Fortunately, the situation has much
been improved in recent decades, there have been a growing
number of guqin players both in and outside China. Since november
2003, Guqin has been registered as one of the master pieces
of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of the humanity by UNESCO
Chinese zither with movable bridges and 16 - 25 strings. In
the same family there are the Japanese koto, the Vietnamese
dan tranh, the Korean kayagum, and the Mongolian
Yagta (more information...
The harp family
II. The Bowed String Instruments:
III. Hammered string instruments
or Er-Hu, a two-stringed fiddle, is one of the most popular Chinese
instruments in the Hu-qin ()
Hu stands for "foreign" or "the northern folk" in Chinese, and
"qin" is a general name for all kinds of string instruments. (more
information about Erhu...).
If we call the "Erhu" Chinese violin, the Zhong-Hu is then the
Chinese viola, where "Zhong" stands for "middle", thus the abbreviated
name for the mid-pitched Erhu. It was developed on the basis of
Erhu in the 1940s. Both the structure and performing skill of
these two kinds of Hu-Qin are quite the same, yet Zhong-Hu has
a deeper-sounding timbre but not as agile. Being more suitable
for singing melodies (particularly some Mongolian melodies), Zhong-Hu
is thus often used as tutti or accompanying instruments, sometimes
for solo too.
Principally used as accompanying instrument for Beijing Opera,
Jing-Hu is another important two-stringed fiddle in the Huqin
family. It was developed in Qin dynasty ( around 1790 ), which
is often called the Hu-Qin. The pitch of Jing-Hu is the highest
among all instruments of the Hu-Qin family. Due to its forceful
and clarion timbre, Jing-Hu is suitable almost exclusively for
Ban-Hu has many other names such as Pang-Hu, Qin-Hu, Hu-Hu and
Da-Xian, etc. It is the leading accompanying instrument for Bang-Zi
and other northern tunes or ballads, particularly for the local
operas in Henan Province, central China. Similar to Jing-Hu, the
timbre of Ban-Hu is clarion and bright, which makes it hard to
join other instruments for tutti. Therefore it's usually for solo,
especially for presenting joyful and passionate moods.
also called High-pitched Erhu or Yue-Hu, is especially designed
for playing Cantonese folk melodies and operas. Gao-Hu is often
used for performing vivid and brisk rhythms, particularly for
higher-pitched tunes that Erhu cannot play. In comparison with
Erhu, Gao-Hu has louder volume yet brighter tones, and thus it
servers both as solo and leading instrument in performing Cantonese
operas and folk melodies.
stringed bowed instrument similar to erhu, however, with a coconut
sound body where Ye means coconut. It is found mostly in South China
four stringed huqin used for accompanying local opera, most commonly
found in the North, such as Sanxi, Shanxi and Neimonggu. It is
one of the three leading instruments (together with dizi, yangqin)
in "Er Ren Tai" of Neimonggu (Inner Mongolia). "Si" stands for
"four" in Chinese. The structure is similar to Erhu except it
has four strings. The horse-hair of the bow is divided into two
group that go between the four strings.
also known as Zhuiqin, is
one of the most popular instruments in Henan and Shandong Provinces,
used for local opera and story-telling. The instrument was invented
toward the end of Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1912) based on the pluck
string Sanxian and bowed string erhu. The striking difference from
Erhu is that Zhuihu has a fretless
fingerboard similar to Sanxian. The use of the bow is similar to
that of erhu. Basically
the instrument is derived from a smaller version of Sanxian performed
with a bow, producing beautiful sounds with a strong local flavour,
capable of imitating a lot of natural sounds such as birds and horse
etc. The playing methods adapt the left hand techniques for the
Sanxian and the bow techniques of erhu.
The Zhuihu is one of the most beautiful instruments of the
huqin family, which has become very popular soon after its invention
in Henan and Shandong.
is derived dirrectly from Zhuihu with few small modifications when
the instrument was introduced to Guangdong Province. The playing
method is the same as Zhuihu.
The Morin Khur or horse-headed violin is a typical Mongolian bowed
instrument with two strings, however, very different from Er-Hu.
The horse hair of the bow doesn't go between the two strings, instead,
the instrument and the way of playing is more similar to cello than
to erhu. The instrument


kids encyclopedia robot
Pyxidanthera brevifolia facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Pyxidanthera brevifolia
Scientific classification
Pyxidanthera barbulata var. brevifolia (Wells) H.E. Ahles
Pyxidanthera brevifolia, the littleleaf pixiemoss or sandhills pyxie-moss, is a plant species known only from North Carolina and South Carolina. It occurs in deep, sandy soil such as sand hills and sandy ridgetops, sometimes in open pine-oak woodlands, at elevations of 50–200 m (160–660 ft).
Pyxidanthera brevifolia is closely related to the more widespread P. barbulata, and some authors have suggested considering the two as a single species. For the moment, though, Flora of North America and the Kew Gardens Plant List both accept P. brevifolia as a distinct species. The two can be distinguished by the leaves. Leaves of P. brevifolia are shorter than those of P. barbulata, rarely more than 4 millimetres (0.16 in) long. They also lack the marginal cilia characteristic of P. barbulata, and are more intensely woolly on the underside.
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Pyxidanthera brevifolia Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


text:
Human rights violations in haiti essay
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The un independent expert on haiti said in 2015 that action to eradicate illiteracy is one of the top human rights priorities in haiti violations include. Related essays on human rights violation the calamitous quake displaced about a quarter of haiti s population human rights. Essay on human rights category: essays conclusion: even today, there are several instances of human rights violation at various places of the world. Humanitarian intervention has been defined as a state's use of military force (publicly stated that its use is for ending the violation of human rights) against. · research essay sample on human rights violations u s policy custom essay writing haiti human rights haitian.
Human rights violations in haiti essay
Essay on human rights ask a question can infringement on sovereignty of a nation-state be permissible for protection of and safeguard against human rights violation. According to its constitution and written laws, haiti meets most international human rights standards in practice, many provisions are not respected. Beyond intractability essays crinfo marking the transition from a classical internal conflict into a 'dirty war,' where human rights violations and not the.
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Human rights violations in haiti essayRated 5/5 based on 10 review

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Use
the Readings
Inquiry Question
Historical Context
Reading 1
Reading 2
Table of
Determining the Facts
Reading 3: The Roadside Colossus
Like the examples of roadside architecture presented in this lesson, large roadside sculptures appeared as a reaction to the popularization of the automobile in the early 20th century. Its main function was to attract the attention of passing cars.
Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox
Minnesota's first and best-known example of the "roadside colossus," the statuary grouping of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox, is historically significant for its role in promoting tourism in the northern part of the state.
Located in a vast woodland and lake region, the city of Bemidji played host to a modest tourist trade as early as the 1890s. After the establishment of rail connections in 1898, promoters began developing lakeshore sites for summer cottages and constructing a variety of tourist hotels and resorts, primarily catering to hunters and anglers. Benefiting from the emergence of automobile travel and a state highway system, the Bemidji tourist industry experienced a boom during the 1920s, but suffered with the rest of the economy during the Great Depression.
In 1936, as a means of stimulating, or "boosting," tourism, a number of civic organizations and businesses decided to sponsor a winter carnival that would promote the city's resources for winter sports. The carnival opened on January 14, 1937. Taking its theme from Bemidji's former prominence as a lumbering center, the celebration focused on the mythical figure of Paul Bunyan, a giant lumberjack of formidable endurance and skill who had traveled with the folklore of the lumber camps from New England to Minnesota during the mid-19th century.
The carnival unveiled giant statues of Paul and his blue ox, Babe, to serve as mascots for the festivities. Both statues were designed and built by city residents. They became overnight sensations, garnering a full-page spread in Life magazine. Both were placed in a municipal park overlooking the lake and the city's busiest intersection. Although oversized statues have now become fairly common devices for promoting tourism, Bemidji's Paul and Babe were pioneer efforts in the field.
Paul Bunyan is approximately 18 feet high, measuring about five feet across at the base and about three feet from toe to heel. Babe stands about 10 feet tall, measuring about eight feet across the front hoofs and about 23 feet from nose to tail.
Dinosaur Park
Dinosaur Park is one of the most elaborate examples of roadside sculpture in the state of South Dakota and an excellent example of vernacular public art. Mount Rushmore, about 20 miles southwest of Rapid City, became the site of the great carvings of four American presidents who played a major role in westward expansion. That sculpture was first dedicated in 1930, and by 1935, some 200,000 visitors had visited the unfinished monument. These statistics were not lost on the promoters of Rapid City. Tourism was big business, and the chamber of commerce was eager to make the connection between one successful sculpture and another.
The idea of dinosaurs as the subject of a new sculpture came from Dr. C. C. O'Harra, the president of the South Dakota School of Mines and a paleontologist who was fascinated by the prehistoric dinosaur remains he had found in the Badlands of South Dakota. Others also liked the idea. The creation of concrete dinosaurs hit three nerves in the American aesthetic—a sense of the history of the West, an enjoyment of things larger than life, and a secret pleasure in being frightened. Dinosaur Park, located on a prominent hill above the town, was dedicated on May 22, 1936.
All five of the original dinosaurs were built in identical fashion. The frames are composed of two-inch-diameter black iron pipe set in concrete. Around the central frame, body forms consist of a steel skeleton covered with wire mesh to which the concrete skin is applied. Oral tradition has it that the park's dinosaurs originally were gray, but today they are painted vivid green, with touches of pinkish red. Built to authentic size, the measurements of the five dinosaurs are as follows:
 1. Triceratops—27 feet long, 11 feet high, 40-inch horns
 2. Tyrannosaurus Rex—35 feet long, 16 feet high, 4-foot-long head
 3. Brontosaurus—80 feet long and 28 feet high
 4. Stegosaurus—11 feet long and 7 feet high
 5. Trachodon—33 feet long and 17 feet 6 inches high.
The brontosaurus, the largest of the dinosaurs, is visible for many miles and has become a local landmark.
In The Colossus of Roads, art historian Karal Ann Marling explains the appeal of the awesomely large prehistoric animals in this way: "Humor and fakery create situations that appear 'dangerous, horrible or uncanny' and then disperse the sensation of terror with the sudden realization that the whole thing was a hoax."
Questions for Reading 3
1. Why does roadside sculpture tend to be large?
2. Had you already heard of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox? If not, see if your library has more information.
3. Are your own measurements proportionately the same as Paul Bunyan's—that is, are you six times as tall as the length of your foot?
4. Look up "vernacular" in a dictionary and then define the term "vernacular public art."
5. Reread the quotation from Marling. Can you think of anything else that might make people react this way?
Reading 3 was compiled from Jeffrey A. Hess, "Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox" (Beltrami County, Minnesota) National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1987; and Carolyn Torma, "Dinosaur Park" (Pennington County, South Dakota) National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1990.
Comments or Questions
National Park Service arrowhead with link to NPS website.


text:
I posted this on Less Wrong 10 days ago. At the end, I summarize the answer they gave.
What counts as a hypothesis for Solomonoff induction? The general impression I've gotten in various places is "a hypothesis can be anything (that you could write down)". But I don't think that's quite it. E.g. evidence can be written down but is treated separately. I think a hypothesis is more like a computer program that outputs predictions about what evidence will or will not be observed.
If X and Y are hypotheses, then is "X and Y" a hypothesis? "not X"? "X or Y?" If not, why not, and where can I read a clear explanation of the rules and exclusions for Solomonoff hypotheses?
If using logic operators with hypotheses does yield other hypotheses, then I'm curious about a potential problem. When hypotheses are related, we can consider what their probabilities should be in more than one way. The results should always be consistent.
For example, suppose you have no evidence yet. And suppose X and Y are independent. Then you can calculate the probability of P(X or Y) in terms of the probability of P(X) and P(Y). You can also calculate the probability of all three based on their length (that's the Solomonoff prior). These should always match but I don't think they do.
The non-normalized probability of X is 1/2^len(X).
So you get:
P(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(Y) - 1/2^(len(X)+len(Y))
and we also know:
P(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X or Y)
since the left hand sides are the same, that means the right hand sides should be equal, by simple substitution:
1/2^len(X or Y) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(Y) - 1/2^(len(X)+len(Y))
Which has to hold for any X and Y.
We can select X and Y to be the same length and to minimize compression gains when they're both present, so len(X or Y) should be approximately 2len(X). I'm assuming a basis, or choice of X and Y, such that "or" is very cheap relative to X and Y, hence I approximated it to zero. Then we have:
1/2^2len(X) = 1/2^len(X) + 1/2^len(X) - 1/2^2len(X)
which simplifies to:
1/2^2len(X) = 1/2^len(X)
Which is false (since len(X) isn't 0). And using a different approximation of len(X or Y) like 1.5len(X), 2.5len(X) or even len(X) wouldn't make the math work.
So Solomonoff induction is inconsistent. So I assume there's something I don't know. What? (My best guess so far, mentioned above, is limits on what is a hypothesis.)
Also here's a quick intuitive explanation to help explain what's going on with the math: P(X) is both shorter and less probable than P(X or Y). Think about what you're doing when you craft a hypotheses. You can add bits (length) to a hypothesis to exclude stuff. In that case, more bits (more length) means lower prior probability, and that makes sense, because the hypothesis is compatible with fewer things from the set of all logically possible things. But you can also add bits (length) to a hypothesis to add alternatives. It could be this or that or a third thing. That makes hypotheses longer but more likely rather than less likely. Also, speaking more generally, the Solomonoff prior probabilities are assigned according to length with no regard for consistency amongst themselves, so its unsurprising that they're inconsistent unless the hypotheses are limited in such a way that they have no significant relationships with each other that would have to be consistent, which sounds hard to achieve and I haven't seen any rules specified for achieving that (note that there are other ways to find relationships between hypotheses besides the one I used above, e.g. looking for subsets).
Less Wrong's answer, in my understanding, is that in Solomonoff Induction a "hypothesis" must make positive predictions like "X will happen". Probabilistic positive predictions – assigning probabilities to different specific outcomes – can also work. Saying X or Y will happen is not a valid hypothesis, nor is saying X won't happen.
This is a very standard trick by so-called scholars. They take a regular English word (here "hypothesis") and define it as a technical term with a drastically different meaning. This isn't clearly explained anywhere and lots of people are misled. It's also done with e.g. "heritability".
Solomonoff Induction is just sequence prediction. Take a data sequence as input, then predict the next thing in the sequence via some algorithm. (And do it with all the algorithms and see which do better and are shorter.) It's aspiring to be the oracle in The Fabric of Reality but worse.


text:
The Place of Face-to-Face Communication in Distributed Work
Type of work: Book Chapter
Categories:ICT & Information Society | Participation & Uses
Most distributed work requires mediated communication, but the appropriate use of mediated, as compared with face-to-face communication, is not well understood. From our ethnographic research on workplace communication, we characterize unique aspects of face-to-face communication. Face to face communication supports touch, shared activities, eating and drinking together, as well as informal interactions and attention management. We argue that these activities are crucial for sustaining the social relationships that make distributed work possible. We contrast these social aspects of communication with the informational aspects emphasized by traditional communication theories, arguing that social linkages are a precondition of information exchange. We also document the disadvantages of face to face communication – that it can be disruptive, expensive and effortful – describing when mediated communication is preferable. We discuss the design of "media ecologies" that balance the advantages and disadvantages of mediated and face to face communication to provide cost-effective solutions for communication in distributed organizations.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Horticultural consultant: job description
Horticultural consultants are responsible for maintaining a careful balance of flora and fauna under constantly changing conditions. Key tasks include:
- developing and maintaining a set of client contacts
- visiting clients on site
- undertaking environmental assessments
- analysing horticultural yields
- designing garden plans/planting layouts
- advising about tree planting schemes
- planning restoration projects
- organising horticultural trials
- making presentations
- writing technical publications, advisory leaflets and reports
- attending conferences
- maintaining an awareness of industry developments
- undertaking research
- maintaining financial and administrative records
- developing, advertising and marketing services.
Variations in workloads relate to seasonal demands – some long and unsocial hours may be necessary during busy periods. Opportunities for promotion into senior consultancy positions are limited – relocation or specialisation is normally required. Many horticultural consultants work on a freelance basis, after many years of experience in other horticultural roles.
- Specialist horticultural consultancies
- Local authorities
- Wildlife or heritage trusts
- Commercial food processing companies
- Packaging and distribution companies
- Horticultural, agricultural or environmental associations
A large number of horticultural consultants are self-employed.
Jobs are advertised by careers services, in local/national newspapers and publications including Opportunities, Horticulture Week, New Scientist, Nature, Farmers Weekly and their online equivalents. Speculative applications are advisable as many posts receive little advertising. Trade directories such as the British Institute of Agricultural Consultants (BIAC) Directory may provide useful contact information.
A degree or higher national diploma (HND) in horticulture, agriculture, soil or earth sciences, environmental science, agricultural engineering or crop/plant science is normally the minimum academic requirement for entry into the profession. A relevant postgraduate qualification may be necessary for some opportunities. Read our article on scientific postgraduate study to explore your different options and visit the science section of TARGETpostgrad for lots more advice.
Prior practical work experience is usually essential as vacancies attract strong competition. A full driving licence is also normally required.
- Commercial awareness
- Problem solving skills
- Analytical skills
- Sales skills
- Organisation and project management skills
- Substantial knowledge of horticultural issues
Next: search graduate jobs and internships
- View our science and research graduate vacancies and internships
- Read our article on how to get a graduate job in science, research and development


text:
What is a rainbow aoakua?
Rainbows are one of the most beautiful and awe-inspiring natural phenomena in the world. They have been a source of fascination for people of all ages since ancient times, and they remain a powerful symbol of hope and optimism.
A rainbow is an optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight passes through water droplets in the atmosphere, creating a spectrum of colors. The colors of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors are caused by different wavelengths of light being refracted by the water droplets at different angles.
Rainbows can be seen after rainstorms or when sunlight hits water droplets in the air from a waterfall or fountain. They can also be seen from an airplane window if there is enough moisture in the air. Rainbows are often seen in rainbows arcs or circular arcs that span across the sky. Some rainbows may even appear to be double rainbows with two arcs side by side.
Rainbows have long been associated with good luck and fortune in many cultures around the world. In many cultures, it is believed that if you catch a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow you will be granted your wildest wishes. In some cultures, it is believed that rainbows are a bridge between heaven and earth or even between humans and gods.
No matter what your beliefs may be about rainbows, they are sure to bring joy to any viewer who gets to witness their beauty firsthand. Whether you're lucky enough to see one after a storm or while admiring a waterfall or fountain, take time to appreciate its beauty before it fades away into memory!
These are the 7 most commonly asked questions about rainbow aoakua.
- What is a rainbow aoakua?
- Where does the rainbow aoakua come from?
- How can I make my own rainbow aoakua?
- What is the meaning behind the rainbow aoakua?
- Is there any symbolism associated with the rainbow aoakua?
- How can I use the rainbow aoakua in my life or practice?
- Are there any traditional uses for the rainbow aoakua?
What is a rainbow aoakua?
A rainbow aoakua is a Hawaiian mythological creature that is said to be half-bird and half-rainbow. It is believed to bring good luck and fortune to those who see it.
Where does the rainbow aoakua come from?
The rainbow aoakua is a traditional Hawaiian legend. According to the legend, the rainbow aoakua is a spirit that lives in the sky and brings rainbows to Earth. The spirit is said to be an ancestor of the Hawaiian people.
How can I make my own rainbow aoakua?
Making your own rainbow aoakua is relatively easy. You will need:
1. A piece of white or light colored fabric (cotton, polyester, silk, etc.)
2. Fabric paint in a variety of colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple)
3. Paintbrushes or sponges for applying the paint
4. An iron and ironing board (optional)
5. A sewing machine or needle and thread (optional)
First, lay out your fabric on a flat surface and begin painting the colors of the rainbow in the order of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Use either paintbrushes or sponges to apply the paint evenly across the fabric. Allow the paint to dry completely before moving on to the next step.
Once all of the colors are dry you can choose to either leave it as is or sew it together using a sewing machine or needle and thread. If you choose to sew it together you can also iron it flat before doing so for best results.
Once your rainbow aoakua is complete you can use it as an accent piece in any room or hang it up as wall art!
What is the meaning behind the rainbow aoakua?
The rainbow aoakua is a symbol of hope, peace, and unity in Hawaiian culture. It is believed to be a reminder of the connection between the physical world and the spiritual realm. It is also seen as a bridge between people and cultures, representing the idea that no matter how different we may be, we are all connected.
Is there any symbolism associated with the rainbow aoakua?
The rainbow aoakua is a symbol of hope and good luck in Hawaiian culture. It is believed to be a sign of protection from bad luck and danger, and it is also seen as a symbol of peace and harmony. The colors of the rainbow are also seen as representing the elements of nature: earth, air, fire, and water.
How can I use the rainbow aoakua in my life or practice?
The rainbow aoakua is a symbol of the Hawaiian spiritual tradition that represents the connection between physical and spiritual realms. It can be used in many ways to bring balance, harmony, and peace into your life or practice.
One way to use the rainbow aoakua is to meditate on its meaning and visualize it as a bridge between two worlds. You can also use it as an invocation or prayer for guidance or protection. Additionally, you can incorporate it into your daily rituals or practices by using its colors to create mandalas or visualizations of balance and harmony. You could also wear jewelry with the symbol as a reminder of its power and meaning. Finally, you could even create art with the symbol as a form of creative expression and exploration.
Are there any traditional uses for the rainbow aoakua?
The rainbow aoakua is a traditional symbol of protection in Hawaiian culture. It is believed to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits. In Hawaii, it is often used as a talisman to protect homes and businesses from harm. It is also seen as a symbol of peace, hope, and unity.


Dog owners in Edinburgh and the Lothians might drive with their beloved pet in the car beside them at least once a week.
But did you know that if your dog isn't restrained properly in the car whilst you are at the wheel, then you run the risk of landing yourself a big fine - and a potentially a driving ban.
By taking unrestrained pets in the car, drivers are putting themselves at risk of potentially deadly distractions.
Rule 57 of the Highway Code states: "When in a vehicle, make sure dogs or other animals are suitably restrained so they cannot distract you while you are driving or injure you, or themselves, if you stop quickly."
While breaking the Highway Code doesn't carry a direct penalty, Edinburgh and Lothians drivers could still be pulled over for driving without due care and attention.
This can result in a maximum fine of £2500 and nine penalty points.
Should the breach of the Highway be extreme, then a compulsory ban and re-test could be enforced.
In the event an unrestrained pet has caused an accident, then an insurer is likely to refuse to pay out.
What to do when driving with a pet in the car
1. Don't allow your pet to ride with its head hanging out of the window, as it's potentially dangerous and can cause injury.
2. Always carry a large water bottle (5 litres minimum) in case your pet overheats and needs to be rapidly cooled in an emergency.
3. Use sun shades on the windows when it is hot or the sun is bright and never leave a pet in a hot car.
4. Don't feed your pet within two hours of starting a long car journey to avoid carsickness.
5. Pack a favourite toy or blanket to give your pet a sense of familiarity.


text:
Papanicolaou's stain is used commonly for cancer screeing
and smear preparations of various bodily secretions.
- Mix 11.25ml of a 10% eosin Y solution into 450ml
of 100% ethanol.
- Mix 2.25ml of a 10% aqueous solution of light green
SF into the solution from step 1.
- Mix 25ml of a 1% bismarck brown solution (in ethanol)
into the solution from step 2.
- Mix 10ml of a 10% aqueous solution of phosphotongstic
acid into the solution from step 3.
- Mix 0.3ml of an aqueous solution of saturated lithium
carbonate into the solution from step 4.


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Fellows Directory
Malcolm Bennett
Malcolm Bennett
Professor Malcolm Bennett FRS
Elected: 2020
Malcolm Bennett is a plant biologist. His research focuses on the 'hidden half of plants,' exploring how roots grow, develop and adapt to their soil environment. His group has characterised many of the regulatory signals, genes and molecular mechanisms that control root growth and developmental responses. Highlights include identifying the first transport protein for the plant hormone auxin termed AUX1 which controls root angle, and elucidating how roots preferentially grow and branch towards water availability using hydrotropic and hydropatterning responses.
Malcolm's team is translating knowledge about genes and signals regulating key root traits such as angle, depth and branching to re-engineer root architecture and improve crop yields. To uncover new root traits determining water and nutrient use efficiency in crops, Malcolm and collaborators have pioneered efforts to non-invasively image roots in soil using X-ray based microCT by creating the Hounsfield Facility, an unique root phenotyping platform integrating robotics, CT scanners and image analysis software.
Malcolm's research has attracted awards including a Wolfson Research Fellowship and election to EMBO, and is ranked in the most highly cited animal and plant biologists.
Professional positions
Professor of Plant Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham
Interest and expertise
Subject groups
 - Microbiology, immunology and developmental biology
 - Developmental biology
 - Organismal biology, evolution and ecology
 - Agricultural and forest science, Plant sciences / botany, Soil science
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AntOSDK tutorial: Developing a simple text editor
AntOS API in a nutshell
AntOS provides an abstract API for application development. The core API contains three main elements: the UI API, the VFS API and the VDB API, as shown in the following graph:
The UI API defines the basic UI elements such as Window, List, Tree, Dialogs, etc, and provides a generic interface for application and dialog UI development. UI design consists two steps: (1) the first step is to layout UI elements using antOS' scheme syntax (in XML format); (2) the second step is to handle user interaction using the coffeescript/ Javascript API.


Proton Satria P2424 Engine Error Code
When you check Proton Satria car engine light came on code P2424 the reason should be. However Proton manufacturer may have a different definition for the P2424 OBD-II Diagnostic Powertrain (P) Trouble Code. So you should chech it on our car models.
P2424 Proton Satria Code Clear
P2424 Code Reason
Proton Satria P2424 OBD-II Diagnostic Powertrain (P) Trouble Code Description
P2424 HC Adsorption Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold Bank 2 so you have to check ODB-II Engine Error Code list.
Reason For Proton Satria P2424 Code
The reason of Proton Satria P2424 OBD-II Engine Error Code is P2424 HC Adsorption Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold Bank 2.
If your P2424 Proton Satria check engine light is illuminated, it's best to take it in for diagnostic testing, which can feel like a hassle. Because while the lights vary in appearance from vehicle to vehicle, all have the same basic meaning: There's a problem with the car's emissions system. The on-board diagnostics system and engine control unit are in charge of monitoring a bunch of different P2424 Proton Satria, and if they get a reading that's a little out of whack, up pops the check engine light.
Proton Satria P2424 Possible Solution :
What does fault code P2424 mean for Proton Satria?
What does a diagnostic reading P2424 mean for Proton Satria?
How to fix OBD2 Code P2424 for Proton Satria?
What do we know about P2424 code for Proton Satria?


Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits - various helpers for Gtk2::TreeView
 use Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits;
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::toggle_expand_row ($treeview, $path)
Toggle the row at $path between expanded or collapsed. $path is a Gtk2::TreePath.
This is a simple combination of check row_expanded then either expand_row or collapse_row. It's handy for making a toggle in the style of the Space key (toggle-cursor-row), but say on a button press rather than the cursor row.
See examples/ in the Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits sources for a complete program using this under a row-activate signal.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::remove_selected_rows ($treeview)
Remove the currently selected rows of $treeview from the underlying TreeModel. If nothing is selected then do nothing.
Rows are removed using $model->remove() as per Gtk2::ListStore or Gtk2::TreeStore. The model doesn't have to be a ListStore or TreeStore, only something with a compatible remove() method.
Currently this is implemented by tracking rows to be removed using a Gtk2::TreeRowReference on each and removing them one by one. This isn't fast, but is safe against additional changes to the model or the selection during the removals.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::scroll_cursor_to_path ($treeview, $path)
Move the TreeView cursor to $path, expanding and scrolling if necessary to ensure the row is then visible.
This function is a combination of expand_row(), set_cursor() and scroll_to_cell(), except the scroll is skipped if $path is already fully visible. Avoiding a scroll is good because it avoids content jumping around when merely moving to different nearby rows.
When a scroll is done the row is centred in the $treeview window. If the row is bigger than the window then it's positioned at the start of the window.
As of Gtk 2.12.12, if a TreeView is in fixed-height-mode and the last row is unexpanded then a scroll_cursor_to_path() to a sub-row of it doesn't scroll correctly. It expands, moves the cursor, but the scroll goes only to that last parent row, not the intended sub-row. Believe this is a bug in Gtk.
Gtk2::TreeView, Gtk2::Ex::WidgetBits


Eliminating smart: does the state need educated people? | Khodorkovsky Blog
April 3, 2021
Is it easier to manage smart or stupid people? Depends on your goal!
Russia recently adopted amendments to its education law. What do they mean? Are they designed to help the state protect people from fake news or to get rid of smart and educated?
Russian officials are known for their nonsense speeches often shown directly on state TV. They could be easily fired but it's not happening. Instead the state is creating paranoid laws which make access to education much more difficult.
The government seemingly doesn't want or need educated people. Why do smart people pose danger to Russian authorities? Let's find out with Mikhail Khodorkovsky!
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text:
Sociology of Depression - Effects of CultureRashmi Nemade, Ph.D., edited by Kathryn Patricelli, MA
Sociologists study how people get along together in groups. They study culture, social groups and how they affect individuals. The sociology of depression looks at the cultural context in which people live. It also looks at the social stresses that people encounter as a part of life. The sociological aspects of depression are both influenced by and also influence the other biological and psychological aspects of people's lives.
The Effects of Culture
Culture and the ethnic group that people come from are important aspects of health and illness. A new branch of medicine, known as ethnomedicine, focuses on the role of culture, perception, and context in shaping someone's physical and mental health.
Previously, it was thought that depression primarily affected people in developed "Western" nations and that other cultures did not suffer from this condition. Ethnomedical studies suggest that this idea may have more to do cultural perceptions of what symptoms become labeled as a depressive disorder. It also has to do with how occurrences of depression are recorded for statistical purposes and how depression is thought of within particular cultures.
For example, in India, a wide range of distress disorders are categorized as depressive disorders. But in Japan, the very idea of mental illness is unacceptable and few people will admit to having it. Without knowing this, someone might conclude that Indian people have very high rates of depression. They might also think that people from Japan rarely develop this condition. Even within the United States, the numbers of people experiencing depressive disorders can be influenced by cultural context. For example, black women have lower rates of depression than white women. In addition, recent immigrants to the U.S. tend to have lower rates of depression than others who are presumably more "Western" in attitudes and behavior.
Ethnomedical research suggests that cultural differences in focusing on oneself and one's place within the social group are linked to the amount of depression that occurs. Some of this difference comes from the individualistic vs. collectivistic orientation of a particular culture. In Western cultures, individuals are ideally viewed as independent, separate people striving for individual achievement and success. In contrast, other cultures view the family or society as being of more importance than the individual. Many times, personal happiness is sacrificed for the good of the larger group in such cultures. Very little thought is given to particular individuals within such cultures. For example, in traditional Asian cultures it is common for one member of the family to work hard and share a paycheck with the entire extended family. Some authors suggest that because people from collectivistic cultures are not encouraged to place much importance on personal gratification, they do not spend time feeling frustrated about their failure to achieve personal success. As a result, the lack of focus on the self can lead to a decrease or absence of the development of depressive disorders.
Our rules about our specific responsibilities and obligations (to ourselves, to others, and to the institutions we live with) are also shaped by our culture. For example, a person who comes from a culture where family obligations are demanding and required may feel restricted, powerless and limited. On the other hand, a person from the same culture may view family obligations as a way to feel needed, useful and competent. Feelings and thoughts concerning powerlessness and usefulness shape people's self-concept and mood.
Some cultures have rigid gender roles that define expected behavior. Men's lives exist primarily outside the home, while women's roles are specifically in the home. In these cultures, women may not even leave their homes unless escorted by a male family member and men may never enter the kitchen. If someone from this type of culture encounters a social stressor which forces a change in roles or a challenge to this typical set-up (such as the death of a spouse), this stress can cause this person to become depressed. For instance, if a husband (from a culture with rigid gender roles) loses a wife, he will not know how to care for his children's day to day needs such as feeding, bathing, etc. Similarly, if a wife loses her husband, she will not know how to provide financial support for her family and additionally, may be prevented from even trying. Both people may start to think of themselves as worthless or useless if they cannot meet the needs of their children.
Cultural identity often influences the degree to which a particular individual shows physical symptoms of depression. In other words, some cultures are more comfortable reporting depressive symptoms that are physical in nature rather than mental. For example, many Chinese people with depression complain of bodily discomfort, feelings of inner pressure, and symptoms of pain, dizziness, and fatigue. Similarly, Japanese individuals with depression often complain of stomach, headache, and neck pain symptoms. Even within Western countries where depressive disorders are more "acceptable", researchers have theorized that some chronic conditions (chronic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) may be more physical forms of a mood disorder rather than actual physical problems. Some researchers have even suggested that fibromyalgia (a condition characterized by widespread pain, tenderness, and fatigue) should be characterized as a "depressive disorder spectrum ". At the same time, it is important to note that the depressive disorder may result from the condition of fibromyalgia.
Some cultures may view symptoms of depression as normal emotional responses to particular life events. For example, some cultures may expect the grief process to last longer than the roughly one-year period which is acceptable in the West. Individuals from these cultures might find it odd that a Western psychologist would think that two years spent mourning for a lost spouse was a sign of a mental health problem.
Still other cultures may recognize that symptoms of depression are problematic. However, the causes that they believe for these symptoms happening doesn't make sense to people from other cultures. For instance, patients may reject explanations for symptoms that are commonly acceptable to clinicians in favor of ones that are accepted within the patient's culture. For instance, a patient from China seen in a Western country might reject the idea that a chemical imbalance in the brain is causing symptoms of depression. Instead, they might accept an explanation in terms of energy flows or similar concepts drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. These patients may respond best to mental health professionals who are able to use culturally-sensitive language to describe the cause of symptoms and related suffering.
Cultural differences in help-seeking behavior may influence the treatment of depression. For example, non-Western individuals frequently use practitioners from their own culture for treatment of "illness" and Western-trained physicians for treating "disease". If emotional disturbances are not considered within the area of disease, people with depression might not seek out mental health care for depressive symptoms. It is more socially acceptable to have a depressive disorder in Western societies, and more people from these cultures are willing to seek help. In contrast, mental illness is often more stigmatized in other cultures. As a result, people and their families may deny mental illness out of shame of being identified as "crazy". Others may find the label "major depressive disorder" morally unacceptable, shameful, and meaningless. Treatment for depressive disorders may be actively resisted by someone who comes out of this sort of culture.
Cultures also vary in the degree to which they rely on or incorporate complementary and alternative medicine practices such as herbs, meditation, yoga, or other approaches into their prescribed treatments for depression. Individuals from some traditional cultures may reject Western antidepressant medications while embracing prescriptions for herbs, acupuncture or exercise.
A person's cultural background can also influence their biological makeup. People from different parts of the world have different patterns of genes and, often, different patterns of disease to which they are vulnerable. These genetic differences can influence whether people get depression when stressed. People's genetic background can also influence their response to antidepressant medications.
Suicide in Japan - Andrew Grimes JCP, JSCCP, M. Sci. Pth. - Nov 19th 2009
Western media reports on suicide and mental health care in Japan rarely get it right. I am a psychologist and psychotherapist working in Japan for over 20 years and so like all of my colleagues in the mental health care field here share with them the view that copycat suicides have a lot more to do with press and media copy than western misconceptions about relatively more group oriented societies in Asia.
I would like to put forward a perspective on some of the main reasons behind the unacceptably high suicide Japan from Japan and so will limit my comments to what I know about here in Japan but would first like to suggest that western media reports on suicide rates in Asian countries should try harder to get away from the tendency to orientalize the serious and preventable problem of increased suicide rates here over the last 10 years by reverting to stereotypical ideas of Asian people in general. People here do not wake up one day and say, "Hey, let's commit suicide today because I hear it is all the rage in Shanghai and Tokyo and the word is that even the Changs and Suzukis are doing it!" In other words Asians are real people too and not lemmings and it is more than every before the time the world wide media puts aside its mystical cliches, anciently outdated and jaded misconceptions on the hundreds of thousands of men and women who take their own lives every year in Japan and other countries throughout Asia.
Mental health professionals in Japan have long known that the reason for the unnecessarily high suicide rate in Japan is due to unemployment, bankruptcies, and the increasing levels of stress on businessmen and other salaried workers who have suffered enormous hardship in Japan since the bursting of the stock market bubble here that peaked around 1997. Until that year Japan had an annual suicide of rate figures between 22,000 and 24,000 each year. Following the bursting of the stock market and the long term


text:
A Commercial Lease Application is a legally-binding document that is filled out by a prospective tenant who wishes to use the property for business purposes. The application is used by the landlord to obtain information about the potential renter and use the information given for background checks and credit checks. The application aids the landlord in the process of deciding who to rent their commercial property to. It is also used as a protection against false claims that a landlord chose an applicant for improper or discriminatory reasons. While a landlord can customize the application, it is important that some key information is included.
The application will generally ask for information such as:
- If the potential tenant is a corporation, a partnership, or an individual
- The business' name, address and phone number
- Federal Tax ID number
- With the application, landlords will often request at least 2 years previous tax information. This includes the last 2 annual reports and corporate tax return if the potential client is a corporation. If the prospective tenant is a partnership or an individual the landlord will request the tax returns from at least the last 2 years.
- A description of the intended use of the property
- Current and/or previous landlord's name, address, and phone number
- The number of parking spaces that will be needed
- The number of employees and projected number of future employees
- A Bank reference, including the name of the bank and account number
- Two or more credit references
- And if there will be any hazardous materials and approximate amounts


text:
To avoid image piracy risks, the exposure to image URLs must be restricted so that only thumbnailed or watermarked images can be obtained. To do this, you can enable source image protection.
After enabling the source image protection, you cannot access images in the following two ways:
- Access directly with an OSS address:
- Request thumbnails with processing parameters:
You can only access images in style mode:
- Access through URL parameters
- Access through separators
- The preceding rules only apply to anonymous accesses to public-read files. After enabling the source image protection, you can obtain source images using a signature-based method.
- The source image protection is designed for protecting image files, and the suffixes of the image files to be protected must be set. For example, if.jpg files are set for source image protection, you can still directly access the source images of.png files.
You can configure the access rules in the Image Processing module of the bucket in the console. Access rules
Configure access rules
- In the left-side bucket list of the OSS console, click the bucket for which you want to set the source image protection.
- Click the Image Processing tab to locate the Access Settings button. See the following figure:
- Click Access Settings to open the Access Settings dialog box, as shown in the following figure:
In the Settings dialog box, perform the following settings:
- Enable source image protection: After enabling the source image protection, you can only access the image file by passing in the stylename or using a signature-based method. Direct accesses to the OSS source file or accesses by passing in image parameters and modifying the image style are not allowed.
- Set the suffixes of the image files for source image protection.
- Customize separators.
- Once you set the needed options, click OK to finish setting the source image protection.


›› Convert kilogram/milliliter to kilogram/gallon [US]
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How many kilogram/ml in 1 kilograms/US gallon? The answer is 0.000264172051242.
We assume you are converting between kilogram/milliliter and kilogram/gallon [US].
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
kilogram/ml or kilograms/US gallon
1 kilogram/cubic meter is equal to 1.0E-6 kilogram/ml, or 0._PHONE_ kilograms/US gallon.
Use this page to learn how to convert between kilograms/millilitre and kilograms/US gallon.
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text:
Regression model for leaf area estimation in Ficus carica L.
Leaf area (LA) is an important parameter to elucidate the relationship between plant growth and environment. LA can be measured by direct or indirect methods. In the current experiment, a LA estimation model was developed for common fig (Ficus carica L.) using linear measurements of leaf length (L) and leaf width (W). Leaves from six F. carica cultivars: 'Calabrese Nero', Cipressotto', 'Columbro Nero', Natalina', 'Papa', and San Mango' were used to calibrate the model. Regression analysis of LA vs. L and W revealed several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual F. carica leaves. A linear model having L and W as independent variables provided the most accurate estimate: highest R2 (›0.95), smallest mean square errors (MSE), smallest prediction sum of squares (PRESS), and a PRESS value reasonably close to the error sum of squares (SSE). However, this model required double time for leaf measurement. The model having W as independent variable exhibited also a high accuracy and precision in estimating individual F. carica LA. We preferred this model because of its simplicity and convenience, as it only involves one variable. Model validation was carried out using an independent data set coming from another F. carica cultivar ('Dottato Bianco'). Correlation coefficients showed a strong relationship between predicted and observed leaf area with an underestimation of 6.6%. This model can be reliably adopted without recalibration to estimate LA of F. carica cultivars, non-destructively.
Giaccone, M., Pannico, A., Scognamiglio, P., Rivera, C.M., Cirillo, C., Rouphael, Y., De Pascale, S. and Basile, B. 2017. Regression model for leaf area estimation in Ficus carica L.. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1173:163-168
leaf area estimation, fig, model calibration, model validation, non-destructive measurement


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have researched this topic a bit. One site suggested that prodigal is having reformed after being wasteful, while profligate is still engaging in such behavior.
However on studying the origin of the words, I found that this might not be correct. The parable of the prodigal son was the first reference of prodigal (from the resources I came across), and the parable is also referred to as the parable of the profligate father. Seems like prodigal is related to immorality somehow.
And studying the etymology of profligate, it seems to be linked to downfall.
What exactly is the difference between the two?
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
Profligate has a semantic center of gravity that leans more towards general licentiousness and moral degeneracy, whereas Prodigal is more tightly focused, pertaining specifically to extravagance and wastefulness.
You could validly use profligate as an alternative to prodigal, but there are many times when prodigal would not be appropriate to use in place of profligate.
share|improve this answer
But according to this parable I am referring to, it was the son who was morally degenerate and called prodigal. The father, on the other hand, turned wasteful because of his love for the son, and was called profligate. – tanvi Jul 3 '12 at 16:48
The story is referred to as the prodigal son merely because he wasted his inheritance, not because of his riotous living. It was his prodigality that led to his destitution and eventual return home. If he had been morally profligate and frugal, he would have never returned home and there would be no story. This story is also referred to as the Parable of the Prodigal Father. I have never heard of it referred to as the tale of the Profligate Father -- do you have examples of that? – Tolerance72 Jul 3 '12 at 20:00
Here is the link where i read about the profligate father. onemansweb.org/theology/gospel-of-luke-2010/… – tanvi Jul 4 '12 at 5:08
Thanks for the link, Tanvi. That helps put your question in context. On that page, the author actually reveals that he was not using the "immoral" meaning of profligate, but the "squandering" meaning, when he says: "Technically, there is not much difference between prodigal and profligate. If I bring up my Thesaurus in Ms Word, the meaning for prodigal is given as wasteful, and profligate is given as a synonym." He goes on to explain how the father is wasteful, and squanders his own wealth (and also the other sons' inheritances) by lavishing it upon the son who was insufficiently repentant. – Tolerance72 Jul 4 '12 at 6:00
So that means the story has actually helped attenuate the difference between the two words(as it is not stressing upon the moral degeneracy of the son)! – tanvi Jul 4 '12 at 16:22
Hmm, I've never heard this story referred to as either "The Prodigal Father" or "The Profligate Father". I've always heard it as, "The Prodigal Son". I just did a Yahoo search and found references to "Prodigal Father", but they all seem to be more like twists on the interpretation rather than serious descriptions. Of course it may be that different denominations call it different things.
In any case, I just re-read the story and the point is that the son was wasteful and irresponsible, not that he was necessarily immoral in a more general sense. There's just one reference to immorality, and that's when his older brother is criticizing him and says to the father that he has "devoured your livlihood with harlots", which is not necessarily to be taken literally; it might be intended to be a hyperbolic criticism.
And by the way, I've long found it curious that it is called "The Prodigal Son". Read the story in context: it's not about the prodigal son; it's about the older brother. The story is addressed to people who criticized Jesus for associating with the disreputable. He replies with several stories which make the point that it is proper to celebrate when the disreputable are helped, and mean-spirited to begrudge such a celebration because you didn't get similar help, when you didn't need help to begin with. The point isn't that the father forgave the prodigal son and welcomed him back. The point is that his older brother didn't.
share|improve this answer
Excellent point, how the main lesson of the story relates to (what seems at first glance to be) a relatively minor character. – J.R. Jul 4 '12 at 0:30
I so not see that the word immoral necessarily means sexually immoral. It just means contrary to the accepted moral code. Irresponsibility and wastefulness should be rightly condemned as immoral, in my nannying opinion. – Barry Brown Jul 4 '12 at 6:07
According to a Catholic priest in a sermon a few years back, the key lesson of the story is that the father has such a high capacity for love. – Ward Jul 4 '12 at 6:08
As an aside, note that 'prodigious', from 'prodigy', means'marvellous or enormous'. An area of possible confusion. – Barry Brown Jul 4 '12 at 6:11
_USER_ I didn't mean to imply that "immorality" necessarily refers to sex. That's what I meant by "immoral in a more general sense", i.e. immoral in a sense OTHER THAN being wasteful. If wastefulness is immoral and not just foolish. Anyway, we're supposed to be talking about language and not morals. – Jay Jul 5 '12 at 7:31
Could the father in "the parable of the lost son" really be profligate, even in offering love? "Abandoned to vice or vicious indulgence; recklessly licentious or debauched," the Shorter Oxford says; "broken down in morals or decency" (from Latin "to dash to the ground"): Webster's Second. And Dr. Johnson, cited in SOED:
Profligate in their lives, and licentious in their compositions.
Whereas being prodigal is a minor sin in comparison, "wastefully lavish","lavish in the bestowal of things" SOED. Webster's gives it as
One who spends or gives prodigally; a spendthrift; a squanderer; often a repentant waster like the prodigal son; as, to receive the prodigal with joy. Noble prodigals of life. Archbishop Trench.
In the very effective retelling in the Prokofiev/Kochno/Balanchine ballet, the son, after being fleeced by revelers and a siren, crawls back on his hands and knees to the father, who is remote and unbending and only at the last minute will he give his blessing. In the original parable the father sees the son coming from a distance and runs to meet him, to the extreme disapproval of the older brother.
Incidentally the Greek word πορνῶν that the brother utters, usually translated as prostitute or harlot, is catamite in the first entries of Liddell & Scott, becoming genderless in NT usage - bringing to mind perhaps Nietzsche's quip about God's Greek language skills.
share|improve this answer
According to MW, both the word profligate and prodigal both have, at their root, the idea of wasteful extravagance:
Profligate: "wildly extravagant."
Prodigal: <1> characterized by profuse or wasteful expenditure : lavish;
<2> recklessly spendthrift
It is only by extension (and, I imagine, by their connection to the biblical story) that these words have taken on the secondary meaning of "dissipation and licentiousness". Based on these root meanings, both the son and his father (in the parable of the Prodigal) can rightly be designated by these terms -- the son, because of the way he spent all his earnings; and the father, because of the way he extravagantly bestowed love and forgiveness on his son at his return.
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text:
the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
- Digital Communication. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2005. ISBN 978-0-07059117-2. _URL_
- Bit Calculator – a tool providing conversions between bit, byte, kilobit, kilobyte, megabit, megabyte, gigabit, gigabyte
- BitXByteConverter – a tool for computing file sizes, storage capacity, and digital information in various units
Original source: _URL_ Read more


text:
In a Post-Truth culture, objective facts are less influential in shaping opinion. Instead, appeals to emotion and personal belief become the major governing factors. How does this impact youth ministry? How do we elevate Scripture as true and relevant? Join the YMI team as we explore Youth Ministry in a Post-Truth Culture.
Event: Youth Ministry Institute Youth Leadership Conference
Location: Johnson Ferry Baptist Church, 955 Johnson Ferry Rd, Marietta, GA 30068


Conduction Error: What is conduction error?
Conduction error is a fault in a temperature sensor reading when heat is conducted along the temperature sensor body. The most common reason for conduction error is inadequate immersion into the application.
There are a number of ways to mitigate conduction error which are discussed here: Conduction Error in Temperature Sensors


text:
How to find and break external links in Excel?
In Excel, we usually create some external links for some purposes, however, after finishing the specific purpose, you may want to find and break all the external links. Here I introduce you the tricks to quickly find and break external links.
You maybe interested in this utility:
- Reuse Anything: Add the most used or complex formulas, charts and anything else to your favorites, and quickly reuse them in the future.
- More than 20 text features: Extract Number from Text String; Extract or Remove Part of Texts; Convert Numbers and Currencies to English Words.
- Merge Tools: Multiple Workbooks and Sheets into One; Merge Multiple Cells/Rows/Columns Without Losing Data; Merge Duplicate Rows and Sum.
- Split Tools: Split Data into Multiple Sheets Based on Value; One Workbook to Multiple Excel, PDF or CSV Files; One Column to Multiple Columns.
- Paste Skipping Hidden/Filtered Rows; Count And Sum by Background Color; Send Personalized Emails to Multiple Recipients in Bulk.
- Super Filter: Create advanced filter schemes and apply to any sheets; Sort by week, day, frequency and more; Filter by bold, formulas, comment...
- More than 300 powerful features; Works with Office 2007-2019 and 365; Supports all languages; Easy deploying in your enterprise or organization.
If you want to find and break external links, you can apply Edit Link function.
1. Click Data > Edit Links. See screenshot:
2. In the Edit Links dialog, select a workbook that you want to break the external links, and then click Break Link. See screenshot:
3. In the popping out warning dialog box, please click the Break Links button. See screenshot:
4. Then repeat step 2 to break all external links from the whole workbook. After removing all external links, please close the Edit Links dialog box.
With above method, you will break all the external links from the same workbook, but in sometimes, you may want to break some of the external links from different worksheets, in this case, you can use Kutools for Excel's Find and Break Broken Links function to solve.
|Kutools for Excel, with more than 300 handy functions, makes your jobs more easier.|
After free installing Kutools for Excel, please do as below:
1. Click Kutools > Link > Find and Break Broken Links. See screenshot:
2. In the Find and Break Broken Links dialog, you can see all the external links are list in the dialog, and check the links you want to break and then click Break link to break all the checked links.
1. In the Find and Break Broken Links dialog, you can filter links based on linked worksheet by selecting the sheet name from the Filter dropdown list.
2. You also can view the cell in actual time when you click the link in the Find and Break Broken Links dialog after checking View cell option.
- How to split date and time from a cell to two cells in Excel?
- How to quickly add hours/minutes/second to date and time in Excel?
- How to convert hyperlinks to plain texts in Excel?


text:
U bent hier
A plot of one's own
Gender relations and irrigated land allocation policies in Burkina Faso
This report presents the findings of a case study carried out in the Dakiri irrigation system in Burkina Faso in 1995. This study explored the effects of the allocation of plots to both men and women, by comparing the households in which only men are plot-holders with those in which both men and women have access to irrigated plots. The findings of the study in Dakiri show that both the productivity of land and the productivity of labor are higher in irrigation systems where both men and women have plots. Income of women increases sharply, while the proportion of labor contributed by women to men's plots is virtually the same.


text:
Date of this Version
Advances in Water Resources 23 (2000) 483-492
The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) is applied to solve the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) in heterogeneous porous media coupled with either linear or nonlinear sorption and decay. When both sorption and decay are linear, analytical solutions are obtained using the GITT for one-dimensional ADEs with spatially and temporally variable flow and dispersion coefficient and arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. When either sorption or decay is nonlinear the solutions to ADEs with the GITT are hybrid analytical-numerical. In both linear and nonlinear cases, the forward and inverse integral transforms for the problems described in the paper are apparent and straightforward. Some illustrative examples with linear sorption and decay are presented to demonstrate the application and check the accuracy of the derived analytical solutions. The derived hybrid analytical-numerical solutions are checked against a numerical approach and demonstratively applied to a nonlinear transport example, which simulates a simplified system of iron oxide bioreduction with nonlinear sorption and nonlinear reaction kinetics.


text: In information technology, a repository (pronounced ree-PAHZ-ih-tor-i) is a central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage. The term is from the Latin repositorium, a vessel or chamber in which things can be placed, and it can mean a place where things are collected. Depending on how the term is used, a repository may be directly accessible to users or may be a place from which specific databases, files, or documents are obtained for further relocation or distribution in a network. A repository may be just the aggregation of data itself into some accessible place of storage or it may also imply some ability to selectively extract data. Related terms are data warehouse and data mining.


Archive for August 13, 2010
inseparable phrasal verb: go by
The phrasal verb for this week is "go by". It is inseparable which means that the object (either a noun or a pronoun) will come after the word "by". It has three meanings in English.
1. to use as a name (usually a shorter form of someone's real name). For example:
My name is Michael, but usually I just go by Mike.
My friend Takahiro goes by the name Taka with his foreign friends.
2. for someone to believe something that someone else tells them (often used in the negative). For example:
I never go by what a salesperson in a store tells me. They'll say anything to make a sale.
If I were you, I wouldn't go by anything Ian tells you. He tells a lot of lies.
3. to let a chance pass. For example:
My father let his chance for success go by, and now he's very unhappy.
I have a great opportunity to make some money, and I can't let it go by.
In the case of the last definition, "go by" is intransitive which means that there is no object in the sentence.
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text:
Sandblasting is a term for the procedure of smoothing, forming and cleaning a hard surface by constraining strong particles over the surface at high speeds. Truly the material utilized for sandblasting was sand. Right now numerous other better materials have been created to rough impact, for example, smashed glass, glass globules, aluminum oxide and steel shot/coarseness.
240 credit hours (45 days)
Mr. Raja Muhammad Akbar
Middle or Matriculate
15,000 PKR ($300)
Desire Learning Objective
This course will help you to:
- Abrade metal surfaces or hard-composition objects to eliminate adhering scale, paint, sand, tar, rust, grease and dirt.
- Utilize abrasive-blasting to impart specified finish.
- Protect specified areas of objects from abrading action by masking them.
- Load parts on shelves in enclosed rooms, into tumbling barrels, or into cabinets.
- Turns valves on equipment to adjust pressure and composition of abrasive mixture
flowing through nozzle or into tumbling barrel.
- May be designated by type of equipment or abrasive used as Cabinet-Abrasive Shot blaster.
- Starts equipment that directs blast or flow of abrasive-laden compressed air, gas, or liquid over surface of parts.
- Manually directs nozzle over surface of large parts or inserts arms through glovefitted cabinet openings and manipulates small parts under nozzle for specified interval.
- May examine finished parts to make sure conformance to requisites.
We impart knowledge and Practical Training in following way:
Ethics, discipline, motivation, health and safety training: Half an hour daily (10%)
Theoretical knowledge: One (01) hour daily (25%)
Hands on Training: Six (06) hour daily (65%)


History of the Site
Named after its original owner and operator, Thomas Ryan, Ryan's Mart opened on July 1, 1856. It came to be after a city ordinance banned slave auctions around the Old Exchange Building, previously Charleston's busiest slave trading destination. It was later sold to local slave trader Ziba Oakes, at which point it became known as "the Mart." It operated for seven years, closing in 1863 when Union bombardment forced its evacuation and closure. Slave trading continued in other parts of Charleston until February 1865, when the city was reclaimed by the U. S. Army.
The Old Slave Mart Museum is located at the site of Ryan's Mart, Charleston's most prominent location for public slave auctions on the eve of the American Civil War.
Ryan's Mart was a four-building complex that stretched from Chalmers Street to Queen Street. The Old Slave Mart Museum is housed in the Mart's last remaining structure, which served as a salesroom and showroom. During its years of operation, Ryan's Mart also included a kitchen, an infirmary, a four-story jail where enslaved people were confined prior to sale, and a large enclosed lot used as a slave pen.
After the Civil War, former property that made up the Mart was broken up and served a variety of roles, including as tenement housing for local African Americans. In 1938, Miriam B. Wilson opened the Old Slave Mart Museum in the former salesroom building at Chalmers. Privately owned for its first fifty years, the museum was acquired in 1988 by the City of Charleston, who renovated and reopened it in 2007.


text:
In 2018, Mayflower Primary School became the designated school for students with hearing loss. The school adopts a co-teaching model where a mainstream teacher and a specialised teacher jointly plan, coordinate, and deliver instruction to a diverse group of students. The co-teaching model promotes the inclusion of students with hearing loss to access the national curriculum within a regular education classroom.
At Mayflower Primary, Singapore Sign Language is used to support instruction for pupils with hearing loss. This will come via specialised teachers from the Singapore Association for the Deaf, who will co-teach the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science. An Educational Interpreter will support in the teaching of non-examinable subjects such as physical education, art and music.
For enrolment and registration enquiries, kindly contact the Deaf Education Department under the Singapore Association for the Deaf at _EMAIL_.


text:
New Guide Offers African American Families Help to Cope with Crises
African American parents now have an important new resource to help them support their children in times of stress or crisis. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI) have developed an Activity Book for African American Families: Helping Children Cope with Crisis.
The Activity Book for African American Families was developed by the African American Parents' Project, a collaboration between families, professional organizations, and leaders of national African American organizations, to provide African American families and communities with activities and resources to comfort their children in times of crisis. The project, begun shortly after the September 11th terrorist attacks, is designed to help African American families console their children who may become frightened by repeated media coverage of terrorism, war, and violence, and instill in them a sense of safety.
"Parents have the most important job in the world one that is even more challenging and more difficult when children try to make sense of reports of violence and heightened threat alerts in the media," said Duane Alexander, M.D., director of the NICHD. "This activity book is designed to empower families to address everyday hardships and also to strengthen families for times of major crisis."
In developing this booklet, the NICHD and the NBCDI listened to parents' concerns and suggestions about what they needed to help their children cope with crisis situations. A number of African American organizations provided their expertise and assistance in developing the workbook and are committed to helping promote it.
"This project has a deep meaning for our community because many African American families live with daily violence and other issues," said Evelyn Moore, president of NBCDI. "These daily struggles are compounded by war and the threat of terrorism, which have a great impact on our children. During this time of renewal and new resolutions, we encourage families to spend some time doing the activities together."
The book's activities are designed to work well with children ages 12 and under by helping parents communicate with their children to strengthen the family and help children feel safe. In addition, the activities help parents talk with children about emotions to find ways to express thoughts and feelings that might be hard to say out loud. By talking about these things, families can begin to deal with feelings in positive, constructive ways. The activities also highlight important values, such as family, honesty, and spirituality, which can strengthen children from within.
Many of the activities tap into children's creativity drawing, coloring, singing, gardening which encourage children to let others know what's going on inside them in a safe, controlled way. Other activities encourage parents and children to read a poem or a story, or listen to a song as a way of refocusing children's attention on calming thoughts.
The Activity Book contains specific advice for parents about how to:
- Encourage their child to feel hopeful about the future
- Listen to their child
- Comfort their child
- Help their child feel good about him or herself
- Help their child feel safe
- Give their child information that is appropriate for her/his age
- Make a plan with their child for emergencies
- Share their faith with their child
Among the organizations that provided advice to the NICHD and the NBCDI on this project are: 100 Black Men of America, Inc.; Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; American Psychiatric Association; Congress of National Black Churches, Inc.; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.; Jack and Jill of America, Inc; National Association of Black Social Workers; National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc.; and the National Medical Association.
The Activity Book for African American Families is free and can be ordered through the NICHD Web site, _URL_ or by calling the NICHD Information Resource Center at _PHONE_ or via e-mail at _EMAIL_. Information on Helping Children Cope with Crisis is also available on the National Black Child Development Institute Web site at _URL_.
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, _URL_, or from the NICHD Clearinghouse, _PHONE_; e-mail _EMAIL_.
The National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI), founded in 1970, exists to improve and protect the quality of life of African-American children, children of color, and their families. NBCDI programs and initiatives reflect our commitment to young people. For more information, contact NBCDI by phone _PHONE_, visit our Web site _URL_, or email _EMAIL_.


Photo: Elish Majumder / HEED
From: Footsteps 76
Photo: Richard Hanson / Tearfund
Photo: Richard Hanson / Tearfund
When dealing with money on behalf of others, accountability is crucial. The people given responsibility to manage the money need to be able to show that they are being good stewards of what is entrusted to them. It is important that they are protected from being tempted to use the money for their own purposes.
People given responsibility for a sum of money include staff in the finance department of an NGO, a church treasurer, a treasurer of a village development committee, credit and savings group or water committee, and so on. The most commonly used term is 'treasurer'.
It is important that those who give responsibility to the treasurer set up accountability mechanisms. The treasurer is usually directly accountable to representatives of the group that holds the fund. This could be NGO leadership or church leaders. In turn, this group is accountable to the people who donated the money and the people who benefit from the initiatives it is spent on.
In many countries there are laws that encourage good financial accountability, but the laws are not always obeyed. With smaller amounts of money it can be easy for accountability to be ignored. Yet financial accountability mechanisms can be easy to set up. This article explores the principles of financial accountability and some practical steps that can be taken to ensure good financial management.
Key principles
A budget is essential. A budget is a plan of how much income is expected during a given period of time (usually a year) and how the money will be used. Without a budget, the treasurer will not know how to spend the money. A budget shows how much the treasurer is allowed to spend and what it should be spent on. This budget should be agreed by representatives of the group. In an NGO or church, this could be the leadership team or governing body. In community groups, the budget may be agreed by all members of the group if the group is small.
Accurate and complete records of all financial transactions are needed to show how money has been used. Financial transactions include income (money coming in), expenditure (money going out) and money that is loaned or borrowed. These should be recorded at the time of receipt or payment to avoid confusion later on. At the end of the year, financial transactions should match the amount budgeted, unless any changes have been approved by the wider group.
These protect assets, protect treasurers, deter theft and help detect errors in the accounting records. One example is ensuring that financial administration tasks are carried out by more than one person to reduce error or fraud (intentional misuse of funds). Another example is having someone other than the treasurer check that the accounting records are regularly maintained and are added up correctly.
Reports help others to monitor progress against budget. They are used by the treasurer to show that he or she has used the money well. Reports are used by the wider group to hold the treasurer accountable. Reports are also useful when raising money and reporting back to donors.
Key activities
Money and records of financial transactions should be kept in a secure place. Cash should be kept in a locked cupboard or safe and only a few named people should have access to the key. This protects the treasurer because the more people there are who can access the funds, the harder it is to keep track of them, or ensure accurate records.
All cash transactions should be recorded in a cash book so the treasurer knows how much cash is in the cash box at any one time. Cash that is not needed for immediate spending commitments should be taken to the bank as soon as possible and a receipt should be obtained. A bank account specifically for the fund should be set up. Keeping the money in someone's personal bank account should be avoided.
Supporting documentation should be produced for every transfer of money and should be kept in a secure place. This protects the treasurer as it means that he or she can produce evidence and details of transactions. Types of supporting documentation include invoices, receipts, an accounts book and bank statements. Receipts should be signed, stamped or produced on official stationery, showing the dates, value and type of transaction. An accounts book contains information about all the transfers of money that are made.
It is not easy to record income from the church offertory or voluntary cash donations. In these cases, the total income after a church service or fundraising day should be counted and documented. One or two people should be assigned to help the treasurer count the cash to confirm the amount collected. Each of those people should keep the others accountable to ensure that none of them steals any of the money.
A system should be set in place where payments need to be authorised by more than one person. This reduces the opportunity to commit fraud. For example, a bank account could be set up where two signatures are needed on cheques.
The treasurer should be provided with a budget that reflects the objectives of the group. Those who hold the treasurer accountable should check the accounts regularly, such as every month. If the treasurer overspends or spends the money on things that are not included in the budget, he or she can be held accountable. Likewise, questions could be asked if the treasurer spends less than budgeted as this could mean that the group's objectives might not be met.
NGOs and churches with a large income should have their financial records audited every year by an independent accountant. The auditor checks all the records and will be able to identify any incomplete accounting or financial mismanagement.
Article compiled by Rachel Blackman.
A simple worksheet to record income and expenditure
This worksheet could be copied and used by a treasurer to record income and expenditure.
Where the treasurer oversees a number of projects, a separate worksheet could be used for each project.
For larger or more complex funds, such as those that involve loans, more complex bookkeeping methods should be used and training should be provided for the treasurer.
Day Month From To Description Income Expenses Balance
1 3 Starting balance 170.00
4 3 Congre-gation Offertory 50.00 220.00
10 3 Smart Cars Hire of mini-bus for youth camp 20.00 200.00
10 3 Fuel Station Fuel for mini-bus 10.00 190.00
11 3 Congre-gation Offertory 33.00 223.00
13 3 National electricity Quarterly electricity bill 30.00 193.00
18 3 Congre-gation Offertory 70.00 263.00
21 3 D & A Building Supplies New church door 15.00 248.00
25 3 Congre-gation Offertory 46.00 294.00
30 3 Pastor Philip Wages 100.00 194.00
30 3 Mary Banda (Youth worker) Wages 75.00 119.00
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From New World Encyclopedia
The term potash has more than one meaning. In a narrow sense, it refers to the salt potassium carbonate (K2CO3). In a broader sense, it is a generic term for various water-soluble potassium salts that may be mined or manufactured.[1]
Potash has been used since antiquity in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, and soap. Today, potash (in the form of potassium oxide) is used mainly as a fertilizer.
The name is derived by combining the English words pot and ash, referring to its discovery in the water-soluble fraction of wood ash. The element potassium was named after the word potash.
Various meanings
The term has become somewhat ambiguous due to the substitution in fertilizers of cheaper potassium salts, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium oxide (K2O), to which the same common name is now sometimes also applied. In addition, potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly called caustic potash, an additional source of confusion.
Various chemical compounds containing potassium have the word potash in their traditional names, as noted in the table below.
Traditional Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula
potash fertilizer potassium oxide K2O
caustic potash or potash lye potassium hydroxide KOH
carbonate of potash, salts of tartar, or pearlash potassium carbonate K2CO3
chlorate of potash potassium chlorate KClO3
muriate of potash potassium chloride KCl
nitrate of potash or saltpeter potassium nitrate KNO3
sulfate of potash potassium sulfate K2SO4
Historical production
Prior to the twentieth century, potash was one of the most important chemicals in the industrialized West. Extracted from the ashes of broadleaved trees, it was produced primarily in the forested areas of Europe, Russia, and North America. The first U.S. patent was issued in 1790 to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement in making "Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process."
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, potash production provided North American settlers a way to obtain badly needed cash and credit as they cleared their wooded land for crops. To make full use of their land, excess wood, including stumps, needed to be disposed. The easiest way to accomplish this was to burn any wood not needed for fuel or construction. Ashes from hardwood trees were used to produce lye (potassium hydroxide), which was in turn used to make soap or boiled down to produce potash.
Hardwood could generate ashes at the rate of 60 to 100 bushels per acre (500 to 900 cubic meters per square kilometer (m³/km²)). In 1790, ashes could be sold for $3.25 to $6.25 per acre ($800 to $1500/km²) in rural New York State—nearly the same rate as hiring a laborer to clear the same area.
The refined potash was in increasing demand in Europe for use in the production of glass and ceramic goods. American hardwoods, besides being more abundant, are said to have provided a higher yield of quality potash than European wood. In some parts, potash receipts became a common form of currency. Some settlers found potash production to be quite lucrative. Unfortunately, this approach to generating fast cash increased the pace of deforestation, adversely affecting the wildlife and ecosystems of those areas.
Current production
Today, 14 countries produce most of the world's supply of potash, by mining and manufacturing processes. The main supply comes from Saskatchewan, Canada, and additional supplies are generated in Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and Jordan. Among them, Israel and Jordan use solar evaporation pans at the Dead Sea to produce carnallite from which potassium chloride is produced.
Northeastern Thailand's Udon Thani province has also been identified as one of the world's richest potash reserves and could potentially become a major exporter of the mineral. Mining of this area, however, has been delayed by public opposition. Many villagers who live directly above the proposed mine site have expressed concerns about adverse effects such as land subsidence and salinization of groundwater and soil. These effects would threaten the economic stability of local communities that rely primarily on rice farming for survival.
See also
 1. Potash USGS Minerals Information. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
External links
All links retrieved June 13, 2019.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $A$ be a noncommutative finitely generated algebra with a finitely generated set of relations. Moreover, assume that $A$ is finite dimensional as a vector space.
What I want to know is, can Mathematica (or any other package) be used to find the dimension of $A$ given only the generators of $A$ and the generators of the set of relations? Or, even better, can Mathematica (or any other package) be used to find a basis of $A$ given only the generators of $A$ and the generators of the set of relations?
Basic examples would be particularily helpful.
share|improve this question
I use GAP (gap-system.org) and the non-commutative Gröbner basis package gbnp (mathdox.org/products/gbnp). You will find examples in the manual. – Leandro Vendramin Feb 2 '12 at 16:16
I used to use Steve Linton's Vector Enumeration but this is now deprecated. – Bruce Westbury Feb 2 '12 at 16:18
Not really related, but still: mathoverflow.net/questions/85400/… – Alexander Chervov Feb 2 '12 at 17:48
If you know A to be a basic algebra then this can be done in Magma. magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/magma/handbook/text/898 Magma may also be able to do more general types of algebra, have a look at the Algebras section of the handbook. There is an online calculator if you don't have institutional access to Magma but it is limited to computations taking at most a minute. – Matthew Towers Feb 2 '12 at 18:46
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
As it was mentioned in my comment, you can use GAP and the noncommutative Gröbner bases package gbnp, written by Arjeh M. Cohen and Jan Willem Knopper.
Here you have an example:
Assume that you want to compute the dimension and a basis for the algebra $A$ with generators $a,b,c$ and relations $a^2 =b^2=c^2=0$, $ab + ca + bc = 0$ and $ba + cb + ac = 0$.
(This algebra is related to Schubert calculus and it was first discovered by Fomin and Kirillov, see MR1667680 (2001a:05152).)
gap> LoadPackage("gbnp");
Loading GBNP 0.9.5 (Non-commutative Gröbner bases)
by A.M. Cohen (_URL_ and
 D.A.H. Gijsbers (_EMAIL_).
gap> A := FreeAssociativeAlgebraWithOne(Rationals, "a", "b", "c");;
gap> a := A.a;;
gap> b := A.b;;
gap> c := A.c;;
gap> rels := [a^2, b^2, c^2, a*b+c*a+b*c, b*a+c*b+a*c];;
gap> K := GP2NPList(rels);;
gap> G := SGrobner(K);;
gap> Display(DimQA(G,3));
gap> PrintNPList(BaseQA(G, 3, 0));
Here is the complete reference related to this algebra:
Fomin, Sergey; Kirillov, Anatol N. Quadratic algebras, Dunkl elements, and Schubert calculus. Advances in geometry, 147--182, Progr. Math., 172, Birkhäuser Boston, Boston, MA, 1999. MR1667680 (2001a:05152).)
share|improve this answer
Great. That looks like just what I want! But I'm having installing the package. On the package page it says: %%%%%%%%%%%%%% unpack GBNP-1.0.1.tar.gz in the pkg subdirectory of your GAP installation (or in the pkg subdirectory of any other GAP root directory, for example one added with the -l argument) with the following command: tar -xvzf GBNP-1.0.1.tar.gz. %%%%%%%%%%%% I typed this into GAP and got an error. What/Where is the pkg subdirectory? – Mihail Matrix Feb 4 '12 at 19:02
Where have you installed GAP? Usually the GAP package directory is gap4r4/pkg/. – Leandro Vendramin Feb 4 '12 at 19:27
_USER_, do you know if there is a way to do this sort of thing in GAP when the algebra is defined over a field of rational functions? – MTS Feb 25 at 0:24
_USER_, Maybe not, but I am not sure. What about Magma? – Leandro Vendramin Feb 25 at 6:53
Your Answer