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8.6 Arrays of Arrays
gawk goes beyond standard awk's multidimensional array access and provides true arrays of arrays. Elements of a subarray are referred to by their own indices enclosed in square brackets, just like the elements of the main array. For example, the following creates a two-element subarray at index 1 of the main array a:
a[1][1] = 1
a[1][2] = 2
This simulates a true two-dimensional array. Each subarray element can contain another subarray as a value, which in turn can hold other arrays as well. In this way, you can create arrays of three or more dimensions. The indices can be any awk expressions, including scalars separated by commas (i.e., a regular awk simulated multidimensional subscript). So the following is valid in gawk:
a[1][3][1, "name"] = "barney"
Each subarray and the main array can be of different length. In fact, the elements of an array or its subarray do not all have to have the same type. This means that the main array and any of its subarrays can be nonrectangular, or jagged in structure. You can assign a scalar value to the index 4 of the main array a, even though a[1] is itself an array and not a scalar:
a[4] = "An element in a jagged array"
The terms dimension, row, and column are meaningless when applied to such an array, but we will use "dimension" henceforth to imply the maximum number of indices needed to refer to an existing element. The type of any element that has already been assigned cannot be changed by assigning a value of a different type. You have to first delete the current element, which effectively makes gawk forget about the element at that index:
delete a[4]
a[4][5][6][7] = "An element in a four-dimensional array"
This removes the scalar value from index 4 and then inserts a three-level nested subarray containing a scalar. You can also delete an entire subarray or subarray of subarrays:
delete a[4][5]
a[4][5] = "An element in subarray a[4]"
But recall that you can not delete the main array a and then use it as a scalar.
The built-in functions that take array arguments can also be used with subarrays. For example, the following code fragment uses length() (see String Functions) to determine the number of elements in the main array a and its subarrays:
print length(a), length(a[1]), length(a[1][3])
This results in the following output for our main array a:
2, 3, 1
The 'subscript in array' expression (see Reference to Elements) works similarly for both regular awk-style arrays and arrays of arrays. For example, the tests '1 in a', '3 in a[1]', and '(1, "name") in a[1][3]' all evaluate to one (true) for our array a.
The 'for (item in array)' statement (see Scanning an Array) can be nested to scan all the elements of an array of arrays if it is rectangular in structure. In order to print the contents (scalar values) of a two-dimensional array of arrays (i.e., in which each first-level element is itself an array, not necessarily of the same length), you could use the following code:
for (i in array)
 for (j in array[i])
 print array[i][j]
The isarray() function (see Type Functions) lets you test if an array element is itself an array:
for (i in array) {
 if (isarray(array[i]) {
 for (j in array[i]) {
 print array[i][j]
 print array[i]
If the structure of a jagged array of arrays is known in advance, you can often devise workarounds using control statements. For example, the following code prints the elements of our main array a:
for (i in a) {
 for (j in a[i]) {
 if (j == 3) {
 for (k in a[i][j])
 print a[i][j][k]
 } else
 print a[i][j]
See Walking Arrays, for a user-defined function that "walks" an arbitrarily dimensioned array of arrays.
Recall that a reference to an uninitialized array element yields a value of "", the null string. This has one important implication when you intend to use a subarray as an argument to a function, as illustrated by the following example:
$ gawk 'BEGIN { split("a b c d", b[1]); print b[1][1] }'
error→ gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: split: second argument is not an array
The way to work around this is to first force b[1] to be an array by creating an arbitrary index:
$ gawk 'BEGIN { b[1][1] = ""; split("a b c d", b[1]); print b[1][1] }'
-| a


text:
Image: Flesh fly - Adult
Flesh fly - Family Sarcophagidae
- Richard Major
- © Australian Museum
Flesh flies - Family Sarcophagidae
Flesh flies are stripey-backed or chequered flies, often with bright red eyes. They arrive at corpses slightly later than the pioneer blowflies, but the eggs hatch in the uterus of the female, before she lays them, with the result that the larvae are deposited directly on the body. This allows them to catch up on the blowflies, whose eggs take around 24 hours to hatch.
Adult flesh flies still sometimes find themselves in competition with blowflies, as they fight for the best laying sites. When several flies attempt to lay in the same site, flesh flies can often be observed using their legs to kick other flies that stray too close.
Flesh fly pupae can remain dormant for long periods. Maggots of some Sarcophaga species hibernate as pupae in autumn and do not emerge as adult flies until late spring. Flesh flies often emerge in people's houses after feeding on dead possums in their ceiling.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


An interactive lifesaving story
The project
Aidsfonds wants to enlist the Dutch public in the fight against AIDS, by drawing attention to their approach to find and help children with HIV. Through online interactive storytelling we reach out to the widest possible audience: everyone who wants to make the world a better place. Creating awareness and understanding are the primary goals, generating donations is secondary.
The result
We developed a mobile-first interactive experience to explain the strategy for helping children, showing step-by-step how the Aidsfonds' unique approach makes vulnerable children visible. The story has been split up in bitesize snackable portions with interactions and explanations that allow for delving deeper and understanding more of the strategy. Strong visuals and striking copy make a visceral impact on the viewer, whilst conveying a message of hope.
 - Honoree Lovie Awards
Story scoping
A story can be told in many ways and each topic brings its own challenges in communicating and convincing an audience. Through the course of multiple scoping sessions we searched through all sorts of (visual) storytelling. By picking the perspective of one persona we found the most appealing common thread to tell the story.
split image
Open your eyes
With the concept "Wie weg is, is niet gezien" (loosely translated as: "Out of sight, out of mind"), we make it tangible that finding the children is the first step in helping them. Throughout the story you can virtually open and close your eyes. With your eyes open you can see the results of the Aidsfonds strategy. Close your eyes and you see what happens when we lose the children out of sight.
In order to bring the content closer to the reader, we chose for a parallax storytelling page. By scrolling, moving images are interspersed with texts, bringing a complex and compelling story together in a clear, concise and poignant way.
Fullscreen image
On the page multiple interactives help bring the message closer to home. These fit into the way you are used to using your phone: accept a notification, click away a barrier and scroll through a calendar of medication. By doing this you experience the story in more ways than one and get closer to the content than by simply reading or watching passively.
Up next
Making all sports on-demand
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RoRBook/Basic Truck Requirements
From Rigs of Rods Wiki
Jump to:navigation, search
Note: Tutorials marked red are currently not available!
 1. Introduction
 2. Working Environment
 3. Land-based Vehicles and Basics
 1. Basic Requirements
 2. First Beams/Nodes
 3. Rigidity
 4. Wheels
 5. Engine
 6. Suspension
 7. Steering
 8. Commands
 9. Hooks
 10. Submeshes
 11. Flares
 12. Props
 13. Details
 4. Objects and Texturing
 1. Meshes
 1. Tools
 2. Basic Rules
 2. Materials
 3. Flexbodies
 5. Aircraft and Winged Vehicles
 1. Simple Aircraft
 2. Wings
 3. Fusedrag
 4. Engines
 1. Props
 2. Jets
 6. Nautical Vehicles and Boats
 1. Simple Boats
 2. Engines
 7. Packaging
Basic Vehicle Requirements
There are certain necessities for a truck that you need to have in place in order for it to function within Rigs of Rods. Not including certain sections can yield different results, from making the vehicle explode upon spawning, to its nonappearance in the selection menu, to crashing the game outright. Thus, it is important you get all the necessary sections in order before you go about putting in the optional ones. Read through every section of this because they're all necessary (except the cinecam and cameras sections when dealing with loads/trailers).
File Format
Your vehicle should have a file format/suffix depending on its type. The following table shows the types of vehicle and their formats.
Vehicle Type File Format
Ground Vehicle.truck
Air Vehicle.airplane
Sea Vehicle.boat
Trailer Load.trailer
Other Load.load
Machine/fixed object.fixed
For example, if I'm making a truck for Rigs of Rods, I might call it mytruck.truck, although obviously, what comes before the suffix is entirely up to you.
There are two different places to put your vehicle files.
Vehicles Folder
While editing your vehicle, it is best to put it in the "vehicles" folder ("C:\Documents and Settings\Rigs of Rods\vehicles" on Windows systems). If, for example, one were creating "mytruck.truck", then one would create a folder within the "vehicles" folder called "mytruck". Within this folder, one would place "mytruck.truck" as well as all files associated with it. (meshes, material files, etc.)
Zip Files
When one is preparing to release a vehicle, one ought to transfer it to a zip file. This makes the file more portable and easier to release on the Rigs of Rods Repository. To make a zip file for "mytruck.truck", one would take all the files contained within "mytruck" and place them in a zip archive called "". This zip can then be moved to the "Packs" folder ("C:\Documents and Settings\Rigs of Rods\Packs" on Windows systems).
You should name your vehicle before you go about doing anything else. The title must go on the very first line of the file. For example, if I want my vehicle to be called "My Truck", on Line 1 of my vehicle's file I put My Truck. Type it in as you want it to appear on the menuthere is no special syntax to worry about.
Here, we set our vehicle's mass, the mass of the load nodes and the material to be used on your vehicle. If you're planning on using a mesh, then you can just use "tracks/semi" for the material, but if you're going to use a Submesh Submesh to give your vehicle its appearance, it's a requirement.
;dry mass, cargo mass, material
 10000.0, 1000.0, tracks/semi
The globals section comes before the nodes and beams. The first number, called the "dry mass", in the above example, defines the mass, in kilograms, our vehicle will attempt to be. (each node has a minimum mass of 50kg.) The second number, called the "cargo mass", defines the mass of the nodes whose flag (see RoRBook/First Beams and Nodes#Nodes) is "l". These nodes are also known as the load nodes. The material, as stated above, defines the material and texture that is to be used on the submesh sections of your truck. This part of the globals is not important if you are going to make it fully out of a mesh (or multiple meshes), in which case you may simply use the material "tracks/semi".
This section is not necessary for a trailer or other load (unless you want to be able to get in your trailer or load [to activate custom flares on the trailer, for example]). It is also not necessary in airplanes or boats. In order to get into your vehicle, you will need an engine, so it's necessary for all the other vehicle types. You can find out how to use the engine section here: RoRBook/Engine
Nodes & Beams
You'll need nodes and beams - these are what make up any vehicle you see in-game. See RoRBook/First Beams and Nodes.
Cameras & Cinecam
These two sections are not at all needed if you're making a trailer or other load, unless you need to be able to enter the trailer (for example, to activate custom flares on it).
However, all the other types of vehicle do need these sections.
;centre, rear, left
 0, 1, 2
The above guide image and example should prove quite helpful in creating cameras. The cameras section has to come after the nodes and beam sections, and it consists of 3 numbers. These 3 numbers are nodes that have been defined in the nodes section, and are used to define the position of the vehicle. The pitch and roll indicators (and the similar attitude indicators in aircraft), for example, use these camera nodes to get the orientation of the vehicle. It also, as the name suggests, orients the camera views.
The first node is the centre node, and it must be aligned with both the rear and the left nodes, as is visible in the guide image. The rear node must be behind the centre node, so that if you look at the vehicle from the front, the rear node is hidden by the centre node. The left node should be to the left of the centre node, so that if you look at the vehicle from the right, the left node is hidden by the centre node.
;x, y, z, 8 bindings, spring, damping
0.66, 2.0, 1.8, 75,76,77,78,73,74,53,54, 8000.0, 800.0
The cinecam node is a node suspended with 8 beams used to define the position of the interior/first-person camera of your vehicle. Like the cameras section it must come after the nodes & beam sections.
The first 3 values define the position of the cinecam node, and are fairly self-explanatory. Like the nodes section, these values are in metres.
The next 8 values are nodes. Rigs of Rods will create beams from each of these nodes to your cinecam, in order to hold it in place.
The final 2 values define the spring and the damping factors of the beams that support your camera. The spring factor defines how stiff the beams are - the higher this number, the more stiff your camera is in terms of its position. The damping factor defines the beams' resistance to motion.
Those 2 values are optional, and if you don't include them the values will default to a spring rate of 8000.00 and a damping factor of 800.00.
The End
The final requirement for the file is a simple three-letter word, "end". This is the very last line of your file and simply closes your vehicle file. If you don't have this, Rigs of Rods may crash or have other issues (for example, sometimes the lack of the "end" means that physics will never be calculated upon the vehicle).
About Rigs of Rods
 Rigs of Rods is a unique soft body physics simulator.
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text:
the results, and communicate to other teams. As the results demonstrate, the physical representation of the system modeled with SimMechanics produced a high-fidelity representation of the original BACT system. Plunge and pitch frequencies, as well as the flutter prediction, closely matched experimental results. Rapidly moving from an open-loop analysis to the design of a closed-loop regulatory system demonstrated the practicality of this approach.
The models and examples used in this article are available for download.


text:
|Nailing and Screwing - Course: Making of Wood Joints. Instruction Examples for Practical Vocational Training|
The present documentation contains six selected instruction examples which serve to apply and consolidate the knowledge and skills of nailing and screwing techniques.
The basic idea of this technique is the making of wood joints, as well as the fastening of mountings on wood by means of nails or screws.
Each of the six selected instruction examples offers different possibilities to make wood joints or fasten mountings by means of nails or screws for holding or securing the parts to be joined.
The following criteria are to be considered:
- kind and extent of load the joint is exposed to
- optical-esthetical appearance
- risk of injury.
The kinds of joints offered in the instruction examples can be practised on other workpieces as well depending on the requirements of the trainee's working range and/or factory.
This could be for example:
- fastening of floor boarding, rear walls of furniture
- assembly of picket fences, batten doors and plank doors, transport boxes
- mounting on furniture and structural wood members, makeshift furniture.
To facilitate the preparation and implementation of the works, the materials, tools, measuring, testing and auxiliary means required for each instruction example are stated.
The work routine mentioned for the individual instruction examples contains the sequence of operations which are necessary for making the nail and/or screw joint.
A work drawing is attached to each example which shows the type and arrangement of the nails or screws as well as the shapes and/or dimensions of the workpiece.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
OL is an abbreviation for:
Find a translation for OL in other languages:
Select another language:
What does OL mean?
- a suffix used in the names of chemical derivatives, representing "alcohol" (glycerol; naphthol; phenol), or sometimes "phenol" or less definitely assignable phenol derivatives (resorcinol).


text:
Friends of Kootenay Blog
Access stories and photos about the natural and human history of Kootenay National Park and Columbia Valley Includes highlights about the Friends of Kootenay National Park activities and programs.
Redwall Fault & Hot Water
The Redwall Fault by Larry Halverson
The iron-rich cliffs of this dramatic park entrance are known as the "Iron Gates". They were formed by intense heat and pressure during the building of the Rockies. It is the best example of fault breccia (shattered and reconsolidated rock) in the Rocky Mountain parks.
The Radium Hot Springs Pools can thank the Redwall Fault for its source of water, which originates from the fault's depths. Normal rain water filters down into the earth's crust continuously. Since the temperature rises one degree Fahrenheit every eighteen meters we go into the earth, the water must percolate down at least 2.5 km below the surface in order to encounter rock that is hot enough to turn it to steam. As the steam is forced to rise, it condenses back to water, and like water everywhere, it follows the path of least resistance. In the case of Radium Hot Springs, the easiest path is through the shattered zone where the rock is broken up.
Radium Hot Springs - A place to take the chill off this time of year.


stay consistent within the lifetime of the parallel_for; the calling $object will see none of them.
As more sophisticated body object types are implemented, they will have functions made for them, depending on what state the support etc.
It's a good idea not to assume that the concurrent containers are deep copying values passed through them unless you do it yourself; the only safe access is to assign an item from the container, and to assign an item back to the container. These operations will do deep copies where required, and pass references where the values came from the same interpreter. There is more discussion of this on threads::tbb::concurrent
This planned API wraps the for_int_array_func body object for a map-like API. The function must be static.
 use threads::tbb;
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 sub Some::Static::Func {
 my $val = shift;
 return $val;
 my _USER_ = $tbb->map_list_func('Some::Static::Func', _USER_);
The grain size for this operation defaults to 1. See threads::tbb::blocked_int for a discussion on what that refers to. It can be overridden by defining a scalar with the same name as the function, eg in the above example:
 $Some::Static::Func = 3; # process 3 items at a time
It does not affect the calling convention; each call to the function named is passed a single item only.
Parallel_reduce is just parallel_for, but with another function to combine results from the array at the end.
To use parallel_reduce via this API, you first create a body function which has two methods.
 # map/reduce
 use threads::tbb;
 tie my _USER_, "threads::tbb::concurrent::array";
 push _USER_, _USER_;
 # get a range for that array. up to 5 at a time.
 my $array_range = threads::tbb::blocked_int->new(0, $_TAG_+1, 5);
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 # make a body object
 my $body = $tbb->reduce_int_array_func(
 sub map_func {
 my $array = shift;
 my $range = shift;
 # code may be executed in another thread.
 # we now have exclusive use of
 # $array->[$range->begin.. $range->end-1]
 my $price = 0;
 for my $i ($range->begin.. $range->end-1) {
 my $val = $array[$i]; # another lazy deep copy
 $price += $val->compute_cost();
 return $price;
 sub reduce_func {
 my ($a, $b) = _USER_;
 return defined $b? $a + $b : $a;
 $tbb->parallel_reduce($array_range, $body);
 say "total is ", $body->result;
Just like map_list_func, this is a convenience wrapper for reduce_int_array_func.
 use threads::tbb;
 my $tbb = threads::tbb->new;
 sub Some::Static::Func {
 my $val = shift;
 return $val;
 sub Some::Static::reduction {
 my ($a, $b) = _USER_;
 my $result = $tbb->map_reduce_list_func(
 'Some::Static::Func', 'Some::Static::reduction',
pipeline / filter _TAG_
This extremely useful API allows you to structure code that performs multiple discrete steps on a continuous stream of data, with worker threads picking up whatever needs doing.
This one could potentially be used to implement a generic multi-processor event loop.
 my $i = 20;
 my $iterator = sub {
 $i-- || undef;
 # deep copied to the sub in this block
 parallel_while($iterator, sub {
 # you can add another iterator to the while block
Each of the iterators added run in the thread context of the interpreter that added them.
Sorting with some scalability. No plan for this yet; it probably also would not scale beyond one processor without naughty cross-thread peeking (see threads::tbb::concurrent)
parallel_scan _TAG_ _TAG_
... an obscure one; see...
Not implemented.
threads::tbb::blocked_int, threads::tbb::concurrent, threads::tbb::concurrent:item, threads::tbb::concurrent::array, threads::tbb::concurrent::hash
threads, threads::lite
Intel Threading Building Blocks: Outfitting C++ for Multi-core Processor Parallelism, By James Reinders. Publisher: O'Reilly Media. Released: July 2007. isbn://978-0-596-51480-8 (print) isbn://978-0-596-15959-7 (ebook).
threads::tbb was written by Sam Vilain
Copyright (c) 2011, OpenParallel. threads::tbb is Free Software; you may use it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
The TBB library itself is GPL-2, with a special exception that you may use it as a part of a free software library without restriction. Whether that implies that use of this library imparts the freedoms granted by the GPL on users receiving copies of software built using this library, or whether using with, say, a GPL-3 library revokes the right to copy the software is left as an exercise for the OSS licensing geek reader.
version 0.04, July 8 2011
 - Fix a dire installation/make bug in Makefile.PL
version 0.03, July 7 2011
 - New convenience wrapper for marking foreign XS object types as safely sharable between threads; see threads::tbb::refcounter.
 - New map_list_func convenience API (wrapper for for_int_array_func); see "map_list_func" in threads::tbb
 - Documentation enhancements
 - Memory leak fixes with containers: they now free their contents when they are freed.
version 0.02, May 10 2011
This version principally adds the corresponding white paper and a couple of minor documentation changes. Hopefully the next version will actually implement some more of the TBB API!
syntax highlighting:


text:
Introduction to Redis
Redis is a key-value database that has very nice features which every computer scientist love it.
Why I love Redis?
- Redis give the data structure like all computer scientist learn in the school such as Set, sorted set, List, and Hash. So you don't need to think in SQL anymore.
- Redis is very fast it can gives you the performance about 50,000 to 100,000 operation per second in basic basic computers (2GHz CPU with 2GB RAM).
- you can install Redis in 2 minutes. (Linux and Windows)
- It's written in ANSI-C so you can easily pick the source code (Yes, it's open source!) and modify the code if you want.
- There are native clients for almost every language (include Python, Ruby and PHP) and Yes, you don't need Thrift.
- You can setup master-slave replication of Redis in 2 minutes.
- Redis has great community lead by Salvatore Sanfilippo. (also check Redis Google group)
- Redis is great for large scale web programming without need of MySQL. (Check Retwis )
- Redis is very easy to learn.
Where should I start the basic?
- First download the source code from Github or Google code.
- Second compile the source code (basically just type./make)
- Download and install your language client if you prefer to work with Redis from your language here is list all language.
- Run Redis server — $./redis-server — (Redis use port # 6379 by default)
- Run Redis client – $./redis-cli – and enter follow commands to see "Hello World!"
1- > set foo bar
2- > get foo
3- > lpush myList world!
4- > lpush myList Hello
5- > lpop myList
6- > lpop myList
In line 1, we set the key name "foo" to the value "bar"
In line 2, we get the value for the key name "foo" so the return value is "bar"
In line 3, we (left) push the value "world!" to the list "myList"
In line 4, we (left) push the value "Hello" to the list "myList"
In line 5, we (left) pop the value from "myList" and the return value is "Hello"
In line 6, we (left) pop the value from "myList" and the return value is "world!"
Now, you get the idea how Redis works, so lets do one real project in Python and Redis.
Can I see Redis in real project?
Yes, In this project I want to design a program that get the RSS from source, then parse the RSS and send the title of each news to Twitter.
What you need to do before start to code?
2- Twitter python library (included in package)
Next: Enter the following code in your favorite text editor and save the file.
import redis,twitter import yahoo.yql def getandset(): ''' Get the weather condition for WOID=_PHONE_ and save in the database''' q = yahoo.yql.YQLQuery().execute('select * from rss where url="_URL_ temp = q["query"]["results"]["item"]["condition"]["temp"] text = q["query"]["results"]["item"]["condition"]["text"] date = q["query"]["results"]["item"]["condition"]["date"] _TAG_ high = q["query"]["results"]["item"]["forecast"]['high'] low = q["query"]["results"]["item"]["forecast"]['low'] r = redis.Redis('localhost') r.set('weather:current:temp', temp) r.set('weather:current:cond', text.lower()) r.set('weather:tomorrow:high', high) r.set('weather:tomorrow:low', low) def post(): API = twitter.Api(username = "YOUR TWITTER USERNAME", password = 'YOUR TWITTER PASSWORD') r = redis.Redis('localhost') temp = r.get('weather:current:temp') cond = r.get('weather:current:cond') tom_high = r.get('weather:tomorrow:high') tom_low = r.get('weather:tomorrow:low') if (temp or cond or tom_high or tom_low): tweet = 'Currently %s F and %s at %s. Tomorrow: high %s F, low: %s F' name = 'West Lafayette' tweet = tweet % (temp, cond, name, tom_high, tom_low) print tweet print "Posting...." API.PostUpdate(tweet) print "Done!" if __name__ == '__main__': getandset() post()


Cornish & Welsh Languages – Are They Similar?
Did you know that the people of Cornwall (the Cornish) once had their own language? Many believe that Cornish is similar to Welsh, so today we will be looking to answer the question:
Is the Cornish Language similar to Welsh?
While Cornish as a spoken or community language is pretty much extinct, a conscious decision was made to revitalise it based on the surviving historical and medieval written texts from Cornwall that used it.
As there were no surviving speakers of the language, modern Cornish is based upon what we have written down and therefore any nuances in pronunciation are unknown.
The Cornish language is known as Kernewek or Kernowek and is broken down into Revived Middle Cornish and Revived Late Cornish based upon the periods in which the texts it is based upon were written.
Unfortunately, the surviving texts are not enough to form a whole, complete language with spelling, grammar and punctuation rounded out, so it is doubtful that Cornish will ever be spoken again.
As a result of the holes in the language, scholars of Kernewek attempted to fill in the blanks with words from Welsh and other Brittonic languages, going some way to explaining the perceived similarity between the two.
These days it is currently possible to study and take exams in Revived Cornish.
The restoration of Kernewek as language is a relatively new thing and is thought to have begun in earnest in 1904 when a scholar named Henry Jenner wrote the Handbook to the Cornish Language.
Since then work has been done to standardise the language and invent new words for modern use, all of which can now be learned again.
Since then, there have been various versions of Cornish, that ultimately resulted in the 2005 creation of the Cornish Language Partnership which promotes the adoption of Cornish and has created (and regulates) the Standard Written Form of Cornish.
The University of Exeter's Institute of Cornish Studies have been working with the Cornish Language Partnership to understand the amount of (and growth of) Cornish speakers and are undertaking a project named Celtic Revival which you can read more about here:
In 2017, the Office of National Statistics published findings that there are over 500 self-declared speakers of Cornish, of which over 400 reside in Cornwall.
Other articles you may find of interest:
Much like Cornish, the Welsh language has also evolved and changed over time and is also identified as having "middle" and "late" versions of the language.
It is believed that the middle and late versions of both Welsh and Cornish evolved and grew together, explaining the similarities between the different languages, and the differences between versions of the same languages.
As Welsh and Cornish are both derived from Brythonic language, many words are the same. For instance: numbers, colours, animals and the weather.
A Welsh speaker with some understanding of Brythonic language would most likely be able to work out and understand Cornish (from whatever period) in much the same way ancient Latin is thought to help people understand European languages.
You could compare Welsh and Cornish the way you might compare Spanish and French. In modern society, Welsh is typically taught in Welsh schools.
Brythonic, Brittonic and British Celtic:
Forming one half of the Celtic language family alongside Gaelic (from Anglo-Saxon origins and consisting of Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic).
British Celtic was thought to have been spoken by the indigenous peoples of Britain here before the invading and occupying Roman soldiers arrived in Britain during the Roman period and influenced much of Cornwall and Wales with their own language and included Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
Of these languages, Welsh and Breton are the most common by far. Cornish, despite enjoying an increase in popularity, still has a tiny number of speakers.
Comparing the languages:
While there are differences in the spelling and sound of each of the Celtic languages, they are often comprised of the same roots as each other, and those with an understanding of all should be able to grasp them quickly.
An excellent example of where you might see this would be in the names of places, some of which are archaic, and some of which are modern.
The word 'name' is another good example of similarities between the languages, as demonstrated below:
 - Irish: ainm
 - Scottish Gaelic: ainm
 - Manx: ennym
 - Breton: anv
 - Cornish: hanow
 - Welsh: enw
The word 'what' is a good example of how different these languages can be:
 - Irish: cen
 - Scottish Gaelic: de
 - Manx: cre
 - Breton: petra
 - Cornish: pyth
 - Welsh: beth
Is the Cornish Language similar to Welsh?
We can see from above that there are many logical reasons as to why Cornish might be seen to be similar to Welsh, but now it is time to look at how and why they became different by examining the history of the languages.
It is thought that Cornish was originally very similar to Welsh, but that the people of Cornwall began to develop their own language in the 7th and 8th centuries, before producing the first written texts in the 9th.
Old Cornish was first discovered scribbled on Latin texts (explaining the Roman connection) and was originally believed to have been Old Breton. These two languages also bear similarities.
However, a scholar by the name of Professor J Loth was able to point out that it was actually Cornish in 1907 (perhaps he had read the 1904 Handbook to Cornish Language by Henry Jenner that we talked about earlier).
Handbook of Cornish language
It is thought to have grown in use and popularity between the 1200s and 1500s as this was when the majority of the surviving texts were written.
The literature from this period is known as Middle Cornish and is mostly made up of plays and sermons, much of which can still be read today.
Late Cornish, which arose in the 1550s and beyond was more mature and included songs along with Cornish translations of the Bible.
As late as 1776, letters were being written in Great Britain in Cornish, referencing other speakers of Cornish thought to have died before the 1800s.
Finding the last speaker of the Cornish Language was the aim of many academics who in the following centuries concluded that John Mann, who died in 1914, was this speaker.
You can read a great deal about this in the Wikipedia entry here:
In 2019, Cornish names are popular for children and pets in Cornwall, and there are a number of Radio and print publications that broadcast in Cornish, including BBC Radio Cornwall.
It is interesting to note that while the Cornish Language uses the English alphabet, it is missing a few characters, see if you can spot them:
In popular culture, the Cornish Language appears in the film and book versions of Legends of the Fall by Jim Harrison.
If you would like to hear what the Cornish Language sounds like, we suggest that you visit Cornwall Council, where staff are encouraged to greet visitors in Cornish.
The Cornwall Council have even employed a Cornish Language Lead to encourage the use and adoption of the language and you can read their strategy and programs here:
So is the Cornish Language similar to Welsh?:
In summary, we can see from the above information that there are several reasons to believe that Welsh and Cornish are similar:
 - They share an alphabet
 - They are part of the same parent language
 - They began the same
However, there are more reasons why they are different:
 - The people of Cornwall clearly felt a need for their own language
 - It is debated if Cornish ever really died out
 - National interest in Cornish remains high
We would suggest that there are more differences than similarities, and it is worth looking at Cornish and Welsh in the same way as you might look at Spanish and French.
Managed by a ThriveWP care plan. ❤
Enjoy Amazing Posts and information about the beautiful place that is cornwall!


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Please have a look at the doc for the Kernel module - _URL_
Unlike Java, Ruby is not limited to Classes as containers of implementations. Modules act as wonderful containers which can be mixed into other classes. When a module is mixed into another class, all its instance methods become instance methods of those class. Since the Kernel module is mixed into the Object class, its methods are therefore available in all Ruby classes.
Please read the following:
- Ruby access control
- Common misunderstanding and clarification about access controls in Ruby
With the risk of duplication, I have to say this:
private in Ruby is not the same as in C++ or Java. Subclasses of a class can call private methods declared in their superclass. In fact, you can call private method of any class using
:send. The only difference between private and protected methods is that private methods can't be called with explicit receivers.
Even the last rule has an exception. If your private method is something like
age=, it can (and has to be) called with
self. Funny, isn't it? :)
UPDATE: (to explain the gist):
talk method which you wrote in your code above is being called on the
main object which is the context for all Ruby programs. It's not being called on the Test class which is why it's not working for your second gist.
In the gist that I have provided,
talk is a private class method which is why it gets executed at the time of class definition. In the same gist, the
talk2 method is an instance method and can only be called from within instance methods. Your example gist didn't work because you were trying to invoke an instance method at the time of defining the class.


A sexy bra is compared to as best friend to women because it is the first layer of clothing to skin. If you are a woman who focuses on your appearance, you shouldn't ignore the appeal of your breasts. And wearing a sexy bra is really a fundamental step of the usb ports. Why should women wear bras? What are the benefits that people can get from putting them on? Many women may have thought of this kind of question before. It is not an arduous question to respond to actually. And all women can realize how helpful the bra is from the daily wearing experience.
1. Wearing a bra enables women to relocate more comfortably freely. Wearing a bra can help to eliminate the along shocks that bodies of females suffer from walking, doing sports and also other fierce movements by holding of the breast tissue. All sides' force might be balanced around of the breast tissue when a woman placed on a fitting bra. If one side of breasts is dispersed beneath a force, a bra will give you a good protection on their behalf closely, then women can take proper different occasions comfortably. Moreover, your skin layer around breasts of ladies is very sensitive, particularly the skin round the nipples. Wearing a bra is additionally effective to prevent the intense friction to your skin of ladies from the clothing they may be wearing directly.
2. Wearing a bra keeps a nice shape for women to draw in the men. When a woman wears a bra, her feminine elegance could be shown completely. Curvaceous beauty from women can attract men's attention and praise on their behalf naturally. Can you visualize that there is nothing to pushup the beautiful chests just like a sexy bra? What will be the biggest difference between a man and the female then?
3. Wearing a bra make women stay healthy and also be away from breast illness. When women support their breasts with bras, the circulation of the chest gets smooth. It also helps in order to avoid the blocking of breast the circulation of blood. In this way, the growth and resistance of of the breast tissue can be strengthened. So wearing a bra is really important for the fitness of breasts.
4. Wearing a bra can stay away from the sagging of breasts too. Wearing a bra is likely to accumulate fat deposits and raise the elasticity to your skin of ladies so that breasts of which can take care of the shape and grow gathered and firm. It is recognized to all that gravity will bring about breasts droop. As time goes by, the drooping is are often more and more serious. Want to improve this example? Sexy bras might have their great contribution to women.


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The Banishing Charm is a spell used to send an object away from the caster. The spell with the opposite effect is the Summoning Charm.
 Effects and Limitations
The Banishing Charm is a fairly difficult spell to cast and is not taught until students' fourth year at Hogwarts. The class has to read three extra books in preparation for lessons on the Summoning Charm which they learnt first.
Assuming the spell works in a similar way to the Summing Charm, it requires the caster to concentrate on the object as well as to speak the incantation. If the witch or wizard isn't concentrating enough the spell wont work and objects either wont move at all or will give up partway through.
It takes practice for the spell to send the object in the direction that the user wants it to go.
 Uses in the books
 Fourth Book
Harry Potter was taught the Banishing Charm in Charms Class by Professor Flitwick. They were taught using cushions rather than trying to banish objects around them, as solid objects flying around was something of a safety hazard. Unfortunately Neville Longbottom's aim was so bad that he kept hitting Flitwick with the banishing spells and sent him flying around the classroom, rather than the cushions. Hermione Granger and Harry Potter were both able to cast the spell properly however, and send the cushions into the box they were meant to be aiming at. Ron Weasley was less accurate and knocked Parvati Patil's hat off with one cushion, sent another into a chandelier and yet another out of the window.
 Additional Canon
In the video game Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the incantation for the Banishing Charm is "Depulso".


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and time. Its simply a waiting game.
"Reducing the surface tension of the cooling water is a last resort as it adds impurities to the cooling loop, but it is highly effective for removing smaller micro bubbles. Surface tension can be reduced by adding one or two drops of chemical safe dish soap. The concentration of the soap is very low, and can be reduced by dilution with fresh distilled water at a later point."
How to tell when the water needs replacing?
Using a device known as a EC meter or TDS meter (Electrical conductivity & Total dissolved solids) we can test the cooling fluids conductivity and the ppm (parts per million) of the dissolved solids.
By monitoring this value at the time of filling and the rate of change we can calculate when the water will require changing. Fresh distilled water will have an ec close to 0


and B3LYP / 6-31G ++ (d, p), I got negative values of Fukui indexes.
 There are sites and papers such as, J. Melin, P. W. Ayers, J V Ortiz, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111, 10017, [164], that accept the validity of negative Fukui functions.
 Is there validity in these Fukui negative values?
 thank you
 39. Favero Reisdorfer Paula
 Dear Prof.
 I use natural populational NBO and B3LYP / 6-31G ++ (d, p) to calculate the Fukui índices and I got negative values.
 Is there validity in these Fukui negative values?
 thank you
 - Yes there is! You are getting atoms depleted of electron density after the change of charge. I like to interpret them as disfavorable sites for molecular attacks.
 I hope this helps
 40. Dear prof,
 First I would like to appreciate the useful information that you provide in this website. I have still ambiguity about Which value from output file we have to select to put in as PA(N+1), PA(N), and PA(N-1) to calculate Fukui Functions?
 I personally believe that,It is in "Summary of Natural Population Analysis" that has core,valence,Rydberg and we should get the total value and subtract it from natural charges of each atom. however, someone in linkedin explained "You can use the *Total* column in the NPA summary section of the output for the population as is." Could you please confirm which approach is correct?
 41. Dear Prof,
 I calculated the fukui indices (f+) for a sulfonyl chloride and got the highest values not for the expected sulfur atom but for the two adjacent oxygens. Somehow, this makes sense since I would expect that the electron will be accepted by the sulfur but will be then located on the oxygens after all due to the electronegativity. However, isn't that a problematic case in sense of the interpretation: f+=electrophilicity? The oxygens of sulfonylchlorides are surely not electrophilic. Thank you in advance for your answer.
 Best wishes,
 - Hello Adriano,
 Calculation of Fukui indices is always done under certain risks such as the one you have observed which is counterintuitive to your chemistry knowledge.
 First, I'd like to ask what level of theory are you using. I assume you are using the same basis set for all the atoms in the molecule, but maybe the polarization scheme you are using is not right.
 On the other hand, I'd like to ask what population analysis are you using. I hope it's not Mulliken's or that could be the source of the problem.
 The third observation is that even when your interpretation seems right it is also a bit ad hoc, since Fukui can't tell you where the electron density will go after equilibrium but rather which are the atoms most perturbed by the inclusion of an extra electron.
 Last, did you optimize both structures? remember only the first one should be optimized (your reference state).
 I hope this helps!
 - Dear Prof.,
 thank you for your fast reply. I'm using m062x, 6-31+(d,p) and npa for the population analysis (for every atom the same). I optimized only the reference structure and used this optimized structure to calculate the population of the reference state and the N+1 species.
 Is it right to assume that the increase in electron density after a nucleophilic attack is somehow correlated to the AO-coefficients of the LUMO in the molecule referred to those found in the HOMO?
 thank you again and best wishes,
 - That is an interesting question, Adriano! To be honest with you I don't know if such correlation exists but it would be a good idea to check for it since it sounds reasonable. However, I'm inclined to think it only works for calculations in which you don't have polarizable atoms with too many basis functions or your correlation would be biased.
 It is worth considering. Let me know how it went!
 43. Dear sir, I want caliculate Fukui indices for flavone, how to caliculate? we have Gaussian09 software.
 44. Deepika Kathuria
 Can I use NBO charges for the calculation of NBO?
 45. Deepika Kathuria
 The next thing I would like to know for taking charges for N+1 and N-1 species do I have to optimise these species. Or directly i can optimise the molecule and then consider the single point state of N+1 and N-1 species?
 - Do not optimize the N-1 nor the N+1 states! The Fukui index is a response coefficient to the change in particles at a given state or PES. Optimizing this stated changes the PES and therefore your conclusions would have no correlation.
 46. Dear Professor,
 Is it possible to calculate Fukui indices for an anionic complex (charged negatively)?
 if, yes what would be the cationic and neutral states?
 Thanks in advance,
 Benoit De Lafort
 - Dear Benoit,
 It is perfectly possible. Now the anion (say it's charge is -1) is your reference state now the f+ is calculated with -2 charge and the f- with zero charge.
 I hope this helps!
 47. Dear Professor,
 Thank you so much for your kind help.
 48. I quite like reading through a post that can make people
 49. Thanks for the description about Fukui indices. I came here as I read an article where Fucui indices were used to describe the reactivity. Hopefully, in future if Ill use them, your blog would help me.
 50. Hello Sir,
 I have optimised a cationic species having N electrons at the B3LYP/6-311G**(d, p) level of theory using Gaussian 09 program. The charge and multiplicity was 0 and 2 respectively and performed NBO analysis. We calculated Fukui function (fk+), to know the most electrophilic site in that cationic species. For doing so, we changed the charge = -1 and multiplicity = 1 for the N+1 system on the same optimised geometry. And finally, used the formula given below to calculate the fukui function:
 fk+ = qk(N+1)-qk(N)
 where qk is taken as the natural charge obtained on atom k after NBO analysis.
 For N+1 system
 Natural —
 Atom No Charge
 C 1 -0.08527
 C 2 0.15819
 For N system
 Atom No Charge
 C 1 -0.02604
 C 2 0.08278
 F1+ = 6.08527-6.02604 = 0.05923
 F1+ = 5.84181-5.91722 = -0.07541
 This is how we had calculated fukui function. I need to know wether we have calculated it correct or not because I am really confused about qk.
 - Hello,
 There are some inconsistencies in your procedure.
 First, you claim that your molecule of interest is a cationic species but the charge you use is 0. This is a mistake, if you have a cationic species as a reference state (the N state) then you should use charge = 1 multiplicity = 2 (assuming this is an organic molecule); Therefore the N+1 state (to which you have added an electron) would have charge = 0 and multiplicity = 1 (This second calculation should be performed at the optimized geometry of the N state without further optimization).
 Now, the qk values in the equations written in the post are not charges but atomic populations, which only differ with charges in the value of Z the nuclear charge; from what I see you included Z = 6 to compensate.
 So, in short, the use of the fk expressions is appropriate but your numbers are incorrect due to the inconsistency of charges in the N and the N+1 states.
 I hope this helps. Have a nice day
 51. Hello Sir,
 If I am using charge = 1 and multiplicity = 2 for the reference cationic state (N), then link died and server message #2070 displayed on the screen. In gauss view, if we kept charge = 1 then system self took multiplicity = 1 and output file is generated with normal termination. I want to know this is correct or not, actually the results obtained are quite satisfactory. The NPA charges are calculated and fukui calculation displayed desired results.
 52. Thank you for instant reply.
 53. Good review! Is it possible to run a comparative Fukui indexes study between two molecules where just one atom changes (i.e acyl chloride vs. acyl fluoride) to explain and rationalize which one is more electrophilic?
 - Thank you Carlos!
 I was going to reply that I don't think that is a formal comparison since the number of electrons is different, but then again you may compare population changes in the C atom bearing the halogen and see how it changes. So, yes


Layer and trigger issues
I have a layer (intro layer) with 3 characters with a trigger for each that sends them to separate layers (i.e. character 1 layer, character 2 layer, etc). Each character layer then sends them back to the intro layer when the layer timeline ends. After all 3 characters have been clicked and the character layers viewed I want a trigger to send it to intro layer2. The character layers can also be viewed in any order. How can I do this?
2 Replies
Kevin Thorn
Hi Jennifer,
First, when you say "Intro Layer" are you referring to the base layer - the slide itself?
To achieve this you would probably take advantage of a few variables. If you're not comfortable with variables, don't worry...they're not that bad.
Here's one way to set it up. In order to indicate a user has visited each of the characters you may want to add some sort of visual cue.
 1. Add something like a 'checkmark' to the Visited State of each Character.
 2. Set the base slide properties to "Resume Saved State."
 3. On each of the character layers, set a trigger to Hide This Layer when timeline ends. This will go back to base slide.
 4. Since the user clicked a character it is now in a visited state. So when step #3 completes and hides that layer, the added checkmark to that character should now be visible - Visited.
To jump to your second intro layer, you can add a fourth layer to this slide or jump to a new slide altogether.
 1. Set a Slide Trigger on base slide that Jumps To Slide # - or - Show Layer [fourth layer] > when > character1 AND character2 AND character3 are in a Visited state.
Caution here on that last trigger because it will auto jump to that fourth layer or slide 'before' seeing that final character's Visited state - checkmark. You might want to consider adding a button to the base slide set to Hidden initially. Then change the state of that button when all three character's Visited states are present. Then add a trigger to that button that shows the fourth layer or jumps to the next slide.
Good luck and hope this helps!
Jennifer Jefts
Hi Kevin,
The "intro layer" is not the base layer. I have base layer that I don't want involved in this interaction - it is a created lightbox interaction. i haven't had a chance to try your scenario, but it will it work since the intro layer is not the base layer?


text:
A properly formed film plays a vital role in the quality of coatings. This book provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of film formation, from application to coatings technology, including the underpinning scientific principles.
Mischke enables the reader to gain an understanding of all aspects of film formation: basic coating concepts, the scientific principles of film formation, and practical aspects of the application of coatings. This approach enables those without an advanced scientific background to fully understand the principles that underlie film formation. It also provides invaluable best-practice guidance in the formulation of perfect coatings that meet the highest standards of quality and durability.
Film Formation in Modern Paint Systems provides an essential guide for novices, students and professionals wanting to deepen their theoretical knowledge and practical understanding. It is also an invaluable reference for experts, providing troubleshooting and scientific information for a wide range of problems and challenges.
In addition to the fundamentals and techniques of film formation, this book covers the polymer and physico-chemical aspects of film formation in detail.
Mischke is one of Europe's most active coatings educators, and his approach to this subject matter enables readers who lack an academic background in chemistry to understand the more specialized content of the later chapters without a prior background in academic science. Peter Mischke also offers a wealth of practical insights, techniques and rules-of-thumb derived from his extensive professional and training experience.
- Holistic overview on film formation covering all aspects from theoretical background to application.
- Extremely efficient access to the process of film formation.
- Institutional Credibility: Author is one of Europe's most active coatings educators
Coatings professionals in a wide range of industry sectors: consumer goods, automotive, construction products, etc; students.
Introduction; Application; Wetting of substrates, flow; Physical principles of drying and curing; General basics of film formation: polymers and polymer types, definitions, solvents, diffusion, chemical kinetics, etc.; Physical drying; Oxidative drying; Curing of wet paints; Film formation of powder coatings; Polymersiation
- No. of pages:
- © Vincentz 2010
- 25th February 2010
- Hardcover ISBN:


Sunburnt Aloe Vera Plant from Too Much Sun – Signs + Fixes
One of the most overlooked habits most people growing an aloe vera plant do is letting it bathe in the scorching sun for more extended periods. While the sun is essential for the healthy growth of aloe, too much of it can burn its leaves. Like any other houseplant, an aloe is sensitive to sudden temperature changes and negligence.
Signs for a sunburnt aloe vera plant
A healthy aloe vera should be fleshy, firm, and green. However, determine if your aloe's leaves are wilting or changing color due to overwatering, pests and diseases, potting shock, or too much sun because the symptoms are almost similar. If you suspect that sun scorch is the problem, watch out for the signs.
Here are the signs of a sunburnt aloe plant:
Burn spots on the leaves
Sunburnt aloe plants have burn spots that may appear darkish brown, greyish or black depending on how much of the sun's intensity it has received. Some spots may protrude on the surface of the leaves.
If you notice this symptom, it's time you removed it away from the sun.
Brown leaf tips
The green-colouring matter should be evenly distributed from the base to the tip of the leaf. A sign of brown to fading green signifies sunburn. It's the plant's way of crying for help, prompting you to make a few adjustments.
Even browning of leaves
While browning leaves may be a sign of overwatering or pests and diseases, sunburn can also cause. It's easy to know if the latter is the culprit, mainly if you haven't watered your plant for a while and you're sure that pests or diseases haven't attacked it.
For the first few days, the aloe plant's leaves will start turning yellow but will quickly progress into a darker shade to indicate that the leaves are losing too much water due to sunburn.
Total soil dryness
Take note that soil gets drier during summer and winter. If the soil in your garden or pot is visibly drier than the rest of the days, chances are there is no moisture left in the soil for the plant to feed on.
Therefore, water the roots through the soil at least twice a month during the summer months because the high temperatures increase water loss through leaves and even evaporation from the soil in the pot. The plant doesn't need too much watering during winter.
Droopy and wilting leaves
Aloe vera leaves might lose moisture causing them to become droopy when exposed to too much sunlight. At this point, your succulent is thirsty and if you don't provide water, it will show signs of drooping leaves (wilting) then die if the lack of water is prolonged.
However, sometimes wilting or droopiness of the plant can be caused by other reasons such as the plant being top-heavy, too much moisture, pests, and diseases. Overwatering in aloe vera plants is in most cases the major cause of drooping leaves and not due to sunburn.
Can an aloe plant recover from sunburn?
An aloe can recover from sunburn if you move the plant to a shaded area and water it lightly. Remove the affected leaves and leave the healthy ones to acclimate. If the plant is in a pot, place it in a room that only receives bright indirect light.
Here are a few tips to help your sunburnt aloe recover faster:
 - Since the soil in the pot is dry, add just enough water to make it moist instead of making it too wet. Too much water can lead to root rot that can also kill the succulent.
 - Keep an eye on it for three to four days.
 - If the adjustments fail to revive the scorched aloe, move it to another room until you see positive changes.
For aloes planted in gardens, consider mounting a shade-like structure to it. For example, you can construct the shade using four wooden sticks and dried grass. Dip the sticks into the soil so that it forms a wall-like structure. Use three extra posts to support the dried grass. Now mount the dried grass on top of the four sticks.
Alternatively, you can uproot the plant and re-plant it in a pot using a fresh potting mix. Finally, place the pot in an area with shade.
How to Revive a Sunburnt Aloe Plant
Now that you've known the symptoms of a sunburnt aloe plant, it's time to revive it. The trick to save your aloe plant is to remove anything that increases its chances of wilting due to sunburn.
Here's how to revive a sunburnt aloe plant:
1. Move the pot away from direct sunlight
Assuming your aloe vera plant got sunburns because the pot was in a room allowing direct sunlight, simply move the pot somewhere with indirect sunlight. Ensure the new area receives as little sunlight as possible.
For example, move the plant from an east-facing window to a south facing window, or any window that receives few hours of indirect sunlight. With time, you should see some improvement.
2. Water the succulent to keep the root zone moist
A sunburnt aloe vera plant signifies thirst. That means you have to water it from the roots by placing it in a bowl of water. Leave it there for two to three days. On the third day, you should see the brown leaves turning green again.
From here, you can re-pot it and place it in a room receiving indirect sunlight.
3. Adjust the watering frequency with the seasons
If previously you were used to watering your aloe once a month, it would be best to readjust the watering pattern to two to three week to prevent aloe leaves from being sunburnt during summer.
Slightly increasing the amount of water will help revive the sunburn on your aloe vera plant as soon as the signs start to appear and also while they are still reversible.
4. Cut off the sunburnt leaves
Unfortunately, not all leaves will recover or fade into a tan no matter what you do. If your plant is burnt beyond measure, your only option is to cut off the damaged leaves.
But if they are showing signs of improvement, you can trim them. Use a sharp knife or clippers to avoid damaging the entire leaf structure.
How to prevent aloe plant from sunburn
It's important to note that aloe can survive harsh weather conditions, but that doesn't mean it's immune to the side effects of sunburns. Whether you are a beginner in planting aloes or a professional gardening enthusiast, learning how to prevent an aloe plant from sunburn can save you from heartaches in the future.
The secret is to allow your aloe vera to build up to stronger sun exposure slowly. Let it acclimate to different light settings than they are in.
Prevention of sunburns also involves getting your plant to harden off. This works by placing it outside for full shade for five to six days, then slowly introducing it to two to three hours of the morning sun.
Avoid the afternoon sun as much as you can then from there, increase your plant's sun exposure to over two to three weeks.
Suppose you notice your aloe is struggling with symptoms like browning or wilting away, then there might be other underlying causes other than sun scorch. If the leaves appear mushier and brown than before, your plant could be low on moisture because water should reach the tips last.
You're probably thinking of overwatering as a last resort when in the real sense, you could be doing more harm than good. Consider changing the soil and pot and repeat the process. If it still doesn't revive, it's time to start over with a new plant.
One of the perks that come with planting aloe vera is its resilient nature. It's the reason it grows even in the harshest conditions. However, no matter how tolerant your plant may be, learn from your mistakes. Your watering pattern should neither be obsessive or negligent. Only ensure the plant receives adequate water and sunlight so that you can reap the benefits of having it as a houseplant.
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Alaska's Denali National Park recently witnessed the killing of a hiker by a grizzly bear. Apparently, this incident is the first of its kind in the park's history, meaning that although accidents involving bears have occurred in the past, this is the first time when a man ends up losing his life. Sources
claim that the hiker – whose name has not yet been disclosed by authorities – set out to explore the wilderness all by himself, and having come across a grizzly bear decided to spend some time photographing it.
Because the hiker got too close to the animal, the latter decided to fight back. Apparently, the bear did not display any signs of aggressive behavior prior to the attack.
Following this incident, a male grizzly bear thought to have been responsible for killing the hiker was shot dead by park authorities.
An analysis of the bear's stomach is soon to follow, and hopefully this will prove whether or not the animal killed by rangers was in fact the one responsible for the hiker's losing his life in this brutal manner.
A somewhat similar incident occurred this past weekend in a German zoo, when a woman was killed by a tiger
which was trying to make an escape.
In case you wish to know what to do if you find yourself in a similar situation, you can watch the video here


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Hoverboard Safety Tips For Kidsadmin
Hoverboards or Segway scooter has been the "buzzword" for quite a while now, and with Christmas just around the corner, it is practical to assume that hoverboards will be a preferred gift choice for most parents. That's why, we put forth hoverboard safety tips for kids so that they stay safe and enjoy a truly joyful experience this holiday season.
Here are some safety tips and precautions to avoid accidents.
Especially for kids under the age of 12, pick up a model with maximum speed of 10 mph or less. If your kid is below 8 years, and she or he has mastered self balancing scooter, choose a model with 5 to 6 mph speed range. Tire type – choose tires made of either plastic or rubber – each having its advantages.
If your kids ride hoverboard or you are planning on gifting them one, make sure that you:
- Buy a good quality hoverboard from a reputed vendor
- Ensure that only high quality li-ion batteries are used (All our products use standard Li-Ion batteries. So you don't have to worry about exploding batteries)
- Charge it away from combustible devises.
- Do not let kids ride hoverboard on busy roads
- Have your kids wear safety gears, put on a skateboard helmet, knee and elbow pads, wrist guards, etc.
- Ensure that the battery is aptly charged before the next use
Segway PT precautions
When kids ride Segway PT, it is best to:
- Always wear right fitting helmet
- Ask your kid to begin with "Turtle' mode, low-speed mode for starters
- Instruct kids not to push Segway PT limits, like continue to ride when Stick Shake Warning is shown or by continuing to lean forward when you get a Speed Limiter Alert, or riding on steep slopes and very slippery surfaces.
- Accompany kids or teach them how to ride, stop and take turns while they ride for the first time until they get the knack of it.
The best way to ensure safety is by continuous supervision so that extra risks are not taken at the time of riding
Is Segway safe for kids?
The Segway is engineered as a safe, environmentally-friendly transport, but many people, including both adults and kids ride it for fun. Although, a vast number of parents buy this electronic vehicle as toy for their children, Segway PT is not meant for kids to ride.
It is clearly instructed in the instruction manual that the weight of the rider should be at least 45.35 kilo grams for all the models of balance boards from Segway. According to average weight chart, kids aging 13 years and above are fit to ride the vehicle.
And of course, always supervise kids so that they don't take extra risks while riding and also ensure that they stay away from traffic and slopes.
Know where to ride without being penalized
As far as riding a hoverboards is concerned, different states, establishments, cities and localities have different regulations and laws. Find out first if you are allowed to ride this eco-friendly vehicle, before you even buy one.


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We have Lotus Notes based application, which is accessed by several users. We communicate with our users by using mailboxes which reside on Domino server. With mailboxes migrating from Lotus notes to Microsoft exchange. What are possible ways to continue communications categories mentioned below:
1) Send normal email containing attachment to users. - Is it possible to send email from lotusscript when mailbox resides on microsoft exchange server? Any other solution.
2) Send email with buttons to approve or reject - How will it be done through Lotus notes when mailbox is microsoft exchange? In case we do not migrate mailbox however our clients access outlook mailbox is it still possible to send email containing approval buttons etc?
3) Agents look up mailbox regularly to receive communication from backend - Is it possible to access Microsoft exchange mailbox from Lotus notes so that we can process incoming emails? Any other solution?
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1) You first need to setup your Notes Domain to be able to forward to an Exchange domain. Microsoft provides some help here: _URL_
As you migrate users, you'll change their person documents to point to "Other Internet Mail", and include their Exchange email address, so the Notes environment knows how to reach them. Up to this point, this is something a Notes Administrator would handle if you have one at your company.
After that, you can send to any Notes user normally from LotusScript. Attachments go through fine.
2) Approval buttons are not feasible because they require some level of interactivity to be sent back to Notes. When you send an email from Notes to Exchange, you're sending it over SMTP and usually in an HTML format. It's the same as if you send an email from Notes to someone across the globe - as soon as it leaves the Notes domain, the email is converted to a MIME-based email and Notes-specific buttons, embedded objects, etc won't be converted.
As an alternative, you could send a link to the Notes database and have the users click that first, then open up the database to approve. That's very easy if your Notes database is on Domino and accessible via a browser. If it's a database that requires the Notes client, and you're on Windows, you can programmatically create links to the documents using the Notes:// URL scheme, which can easily be sent in an email.
3) This is a "it depends" answer. What are you trying to accomplish? If you're reacting to emails sent from an application, you could perhaps send two emails - one to a user, one to the database within Lotus Notes that needs to run an action. Or, you can set up rules from Exchange that send emails to Notes to trigger actions. If you absolutely must react to emails sent to Exchange, you should look into using Rules in Outlook/Exchange, and perhaps VBA to gain finer control of what actions occur.
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A Myth Explaining Why Parrots Are Different Colours
A myth submitted to the site by Megan Coles
A long time ago in Greece every animal was colourful except for the parrot. The parrots were dull and boring. The parrots hated being like this because nobody liked them. The parrots were fed up with this and wished the other animals would be nice to them.
One day something amazing happened ………
It started to rain, the animal were fascinated by this as they had never seen a single drop of rain in their whole life. The sun was still shining and the air was still warm, the animals were very confused.
A couple of hours later an elephant saw the colours: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. He trumpeted and every one looked at him. The elephant pointed his truck at the pretty colours in the sky. All the other animals were shocked. What were all the pretty colours in the sky?
The animals went over to the parrots to ask what all the pretty colours were in the sky as they were most intelligent of them all.
It was a rainbow of course.
A couple of minutes later there was a popping sound and colours were flying off in every direction. One spark landed on a parrot and the parrot turned red blue and yellow.
This started to happen on all the parrots. The only thing that was different about all the parrots was that they were all different colours.
That is why parrots are beautiful and colourful today.


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The Cultural Production of a Pharmaceutical Market: The Making of ADHD
The pharmaceutical industry has grown into a global market worth nearly $1 trillion. How are we to make sense of this sudden upsurge? As I argue, the rising demand for pharmaceuticals must be contextualized within a culture of consumption, where health practices are yoked to individuals' purchasing habits. Through a case study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavior-controlling drugs affecting six million children in the United States, this analysis shows how discourses of prevention and the quick fix originated in the school, family, and medical establishment; shape consumer demand; and are employed effectively in pharmaceutical advertising. This article concludes that the demand for pills is constructed by entangled discourses that induce new ways of relating to health and illness.


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The Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation between the USSR and the Republic of India was signed on the morning of August 9, 1971 in Delhi.
Relations between India and Russia are rooted in history, they are characterized by mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation. This strategic partnership has successfully passed the test of time and always receives the support of the peoples of both countries," the embassy said.
The signing of the agreement was a major milestone in the relations between the two countries. The parties have established truly partnership relations " based on the principles of respect for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the other side, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit."
"This document consolidated the long-term experience of relations between the two countries, outlined the fundamental principles that guide them, the main areas, directions and goals of cooperation," the diplomatic mission noted.
And so far, the relationship is built on trust, respect and common goals. And they are equally important for both sides


Bronze Duke of Edinburgh Practice Expedition April 2018
The Bellshill Academy Bronze Duke of Edinburgh group recently completed their first overnight expedition to Strathyre in Stirling. The group successfully navigated from Kilmahog to Balquhidder, working as a team to read the map and navigate using a compass. The group also worked on their expedition aim to track their steps and use the outdoors to increase their fitness. The school group of S6 pupils were also joined by a group of pupils from S3-4 who are completing their Duke of Edinburgh award via the local youth group in the Orbiston area of Bellshill. Both groups had an enjoyable expedition and worked hard to learn the skills they will need to pass their final expedition. The pupils are now focusing on their exams and will complete their final expedition to Auchengillan at the start of June.


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Incarnation of the Divine: I forgot, is Christmas a Religious Holiday?
The commercialization of Christmas and the Christian religious focus on Easter can often overshadow the important religious meaning of Christmas. The Easter idea of resurrection is well-known and powerful. Less well known but also powerful is the Christmas idea of the Incarnation, the birth of the divine in human form which can be inspiring as well as problematic. This worship service will explore what the idea of the incarnation of the divine can mean to us today from our Unitarian Universalist perspective.


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Iranian researchers from Yazd University produced a biosensor that is able to determine fetus sex in a short period of time.
The sensor has high selectivity and sensitivity and can be produced at a low cost. Efforts were made in the designing of the sensor to use high performance nanoparticle and preferably an appropriate production method.
Common old methods for sex determination such as anatomic methods require high-tech devices, and errors are sometimes observed in the results. PCR molecular determination methods do not have appropriate sensitivity, and moreover, these methods are very time consuming and expensive. The researchers have presented a method in this research, which can determine the fetus sex at early stages of the fetus formation at very low concentrations of DNA (even at picomolar scale).
The electrochemical method was used in this research to produce gold nanoparticle. The reason for this choice can be explained by the advantages of this method such as the simplicity of the method in comparison with chemical method, high rate in the production of nanoparticle, the lack of contamination of the nanoparticle with chemicals, and the ability to control the size of nanoparticle only by controlling the current and potential.
Carbon paste electrode was firstly produced for the production of the sensor. The surface of the electrode was next coated with gold nanoparticles through cyclic voltammetry method. Then, DNA chain was connected to the nanoparticles. To this end, a solution of thiolated DNA was prepared with optimum concentration, and the electrodes were put in the solution for a determined period of time. The production of DNA chain in the solution was carried out by using specific enzyme in order not to use the time-consuming PCR method.
Results of the research have been published in Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 443, issue 2, December 2013, pp. 132-138.


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Implementing a Command
The Command object is responsible for formulating a request and passing it on to the data source. If results are returned, the Command object is responsible for returning results as a DataReader, a scalar value, or as parameters.
To implement a Command object, create a class that implements IDbCommand. Implement the ExecuteReader method to return a resultset (or multiple resultsets) as a DataReader, the ExecuteScalar method to return a result as a scalar value, and the ExecuteNonQuery method to process a command at the data source that does not return a resultset but may return parameters.
The following topics contain sample code for an implementation of a Command object.
For a sample Visual Basic implementation:
For a sample C# implementation:


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It's true: travel does broaden the mind and enrich our lives with new experiences. Whether you're a college student abroad or a tourist on holiday, you can reap the educational benefits of travel, according to a study forthcoming in the Journal of Travel Research:
Empirical evidence about the educational outcomes of travel is scattered across many fields of study. This paper reviews the literature on the educational benefits of travel, beginning with the literature on study abroad. Learning outcomes have been found from the travel portion of the study experience, and some research has found that out-of-class experiences were the most impactful portion of study abroad. Personal growth, increase in life skills, and knowledge also result from independent international travel, as well as "objectiveless" travel. A few studies have focused on adults and seniors, but the research primarily has focused on young adults and college students. After a review of the literature, numerous suggestions for future study are provided, including a focus on the educational outcomes of domestic travel, youth travel, and determining which travel experiences result in the most learning benefits.
The paper, "The Educational Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review" by Matthew J. Stone and James F. Petrick of Texas A&M University, is now available online in the Journal of Travel Research. Sign up for e-alerts to be notified about new articles and issues of JTR.


Heartbeat Plugin
Component: ServiceControl Heartbeats
NuGet Package ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat (2.x)
Target NServiceBus Version: 6.x
The following documentation describes deprecated packages ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb5.Heartbeat and ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat. To learn about the replacement package see NServiceBus.Heartbeat. To learn how to upgrade consult the upgrade guide.
The Heartbeat plugin enables endpoint health monitoring in ServicePulse. It sends heartbeat messages from the endpoint to the ServiceControl queue. These messages are sent every 10 seconds (by default).
An endpoint that is marked for monitoring (by ServicePulse) will be expected to send a heartbeat message within the specified time interval. As long as a monitored endpoint sends heartbeat messages, it is marked as "active". Marking an endpoint as active means it is able to properly and periodically send messages using the endpoint-defined transport.
Note that even if an endpoint is able to send heartbeat messages and it is marked as "active", other failures may occur within the endpoint and its host that may prevent it from performing as expected. For example, the endpoint may not be able to process incoming messages, or it may be able to send messages to the ServiceControl queue but not to another queue. To monitor and get alerts for such cases, develop a custom check using the CustomChecks plugin.
If a heartbeat message is not received by ServiceControl from an endpoint, that endpoint is marked as "inactive".
An inactive endpoint indicates that there is a failure in the communication path between ServiceControl and the monitored endpoint. For example, such failures may be caused by a failure of the endpoint itself, a communication failure in the transport, or when ServiceControl is unable to receive and process the heartbeat messages sent by the endpoint.
It is essential to deploy this plugin to the endpoint in production for ServicePulse to be able to monitor the endpoint.
Deprecated NuGet Packages
The following Heartbeat plugin packages have been deprecated and unlisted. If using one of these versions replace package references to use NServiceBus.Heartbeat.
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Heartbeat
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb5.Heartbeat
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat
ServiceControl Queue
Plugins send messages using the defined endpoint transport to ServiceControl. The plugin must be configured with the location of the ServiceControl input queue. This queue is created during the installation of ServiceControl. The queue name is based on the ServiceControl instance name which is visible in the ServiceControl Management utility.
Service Control Instance Name
Configure the ServiceControl queue via code:
var endpointConfiguration = new EndpointConfiguration("myendpoint");
 serviceControlQueue: "ServiceControl_Queue");
Configure the ServiceControl queue via config:

Heartbeat Interval
ServiceControl heartbeats are sent, by the plugin, at a predefined interval of 10 seconds. The interval value can be overridden on a per endpoint basis adding the following application setting to the endpoint configuration file:


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The term "inspiration porn", coined by Disability Activist Stella Young, or "feel-good" Disability moments has been floating around the internet and disability community for a while. It continues to be a reoccurring problem that spreads a narrative of worthiness and objectification.
Inspiration porn occurs when the story is based solely on the person being disabled and existing.
The question is, what is it about inspiration porn that we love so much causing us to like, share, and comment on?
What is it about a person overcoming some perceived obstacle and considering them worthy of the title "an inspiration"?
Why do we consider some people inspirational and others not?
When we start asking ourselves these questions, we start to peel back the reason we like inspiration porn or feel-good stories, and it isn't about the person being perceived to be inspirational.
Inspiration porn is designed to give non-disabled people feelings of gratitude about their own lives as they watch, read, or listen to stories about how endearing or helpful others are being to a person with disabilities. They may feel relief that their life is better because they don't have a disability, or it may motivate them, because if a person with disabilities can do it, they can too.
The content we are often exposed to gives the illusion that people with disabilities are innocent and upbeat while overcoming their obstacles and that all disabilities are evident, despite many disabilities that are not. This is problematic, because people with disabilities are often compared to each other about what makes a "good" disabled person. Consequently, if the disabled person doesn't perform the way non-disabled people expect them to, they are considered to be ungrateful for the support or help they are given.
Inspiration porn is harmful in the sense that it instills the notion that people with disabilities can overcome their disability, it pities the disability experience, and guilts non-disabled people to do better. It centres on the idea that people with disabilities are suffering and have hardships that are all consuming. Meanwhile, in most cases, this is not true, and the reality is that society is often what creates these challenges. It projects harmful stereotypes and often goes viral through social media exposing the feel-good story about how people engaged with the person with an evident disability.
When inspiration porn occurs, it's often made without the person's knowledge. There is no evident conversation that takes place with the person with disabilities, there is no privacy, no consent, and no feelings are considered in this exchange. The person with the disability does not benefit, but the person who is helping, supporting, and sharing does. The non-disabled person is considered compassionate, empathetic, a hero, role-model, or leader. This reduces people with disabilities down to objects or props, rather than human beings.
Inspiration or feel-good stories about disability does not change the narrative for people with disabilities' right to be parents, have relationships, sex, marriage, education, work, and autonomy. It does not dismantle physical, medical, informational, and attitudinal barriers, and it does not provide the person with a disability with accessibility or inclusion.
There are some people who argue that inspiration porn or feel-good stories provide awareness or the much-needed representation of disabled people in media. The problem is not the stories themselves but the reactions, how the person with a disability is portrayed, and – as mentioned before – if privacy and consent were respected. Furthermore, the focus is usually not on the person with the disability, but on the parent, partner, the person supporting or helping's experience with the person with a disability.
Now with this knowledge in mind, it is important to be self-reflective and avoid spreading more misinformation and inspiration porn. Consider these questions when you come across feel-good stories or stories with people with disabilities in them:
- Is the person with a disability telling their own story or is someone speaking for them?
- Is this video or photo shared with the person with a disability's consent and was their privacy respected?
- If someone is overcoming a disability, were the barriers and circumstances mentioned?
- Question whether the video, photo, story, article, podcast, etc. portrays people with disabilities as a burden, needing to be cured, are inspirational just for being disabled, or guilts non-disabled people into doing more or better.
- Consider the source of information and if people with disabilities consider it a reputable source.
*Please note: the picture above has descriptive alt text that we wrote, but is only usable for screen readers as it is a featured image.


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Thuja occidentalis 'Nigra,' also called Dark American Arborvitae, is a low-maintenance evergreen shrub that grows 15 to 30 feet tall and 5 to 10 feet wide. Thuja occidentalis is often grown for use as screens or hedges. The shrub grows in a pyramid shape with dark green leaves and the females produce cones. The Thuja occidentalis is native to eastern Canada and northeastern America, and it grows well in USDA Zones 3 through 7, so it's hardy down to about -35 degrees Fahrenheit.
Plant in full sunlight in well-drained but moist, loamy, deep soil. Thuja occidentalis shrubs love moisture.
Water your Thuja occidentalis once per week or more frequently during periods of drought or hot temperatures, especially when young. Mature, more established shrubs are more tolerant of dry conditions.
Shear the shrub to shape it and maintain its size. Prune the shrub lightly in early spring to get rid of tips with winter damage. Use hedging shears to make straight cuts on the sides and top of the Thuja occidentalis in late June or early July.
Protect the shrub against high winds, heavy snowfalls and ice. Plant your Thuja occidentalis in a protected area and cover it with blankets when an ice storm threatens. Remove heavy snow from the shrub to prevent branches from breaking.


Quick Answer: How Does Wax Recording Work?
Does black vinyl sound better?
Only white should sound worse.
The white substance used to due the record can cause random pops (rumor has it that it is a kind of chalk).
Other vinyl – colored or clear can be dead-quiet.
so a colored vinyl record with no black in it may actually sound better right out of the wrapper than a black one..
What is a wax record?
The wax record simply put is a hollow cylinder made from wax that, when put into a phonograph or graphophone machine it allows you to record sound and reproduce that same sound.
Why is vinyl called wax?
This was electroplated to make the metal parts to stamp finished records. Hence, for almost the first 50 years of recorded sound, including cylinders, wax was the media that took the original sound waves. Therefore the term "wax" came into popular use as slang for a record.
Is Vinyl A plastic?
Vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or PVC), is the world's most versatile plastic, used to make everything from food wrap to auto body parts. Vinyl is composed of two simple building blocks: chlorine, based on common salt, and ethylene, from crude oil.
Is a record player worth it?
It's mainly worth it if you're going to listen to stuff on vinyl. There's no point in making the investment if it's going to sit and collect dust. If you feel drawn to vinyl, then absolutely. It's mainly worth it if you're going to listen to stuff on vinyl.
When were wax cylinders used?
The Edison Phonograph Company was formed on October 8, 1887, to market Edison's machine. He introduced the Improved Phonograph by May of 1888, shortly followed by the Perfected Phonograph. The first wax cylinders Edison used were white and made of ceresin, beeswax, and stearic wax.
What were records originally made of?
Why is vinyl used for records?
Why is it that vinyl records are generally black? PVC (polyvinyl chloride), the material that vinyl records are made of, is clear in its natural form, allowing records to be manufactured in just about any color imaginable.
Does vinyl actually sound better?
Vinyl is far more high-quality. No audio data is lost when pressing a record. It sounds just as great as the producer or band intended. There's another, far superior reason why vinyl is better than lossy digital formats.
Is my record a 33 or 45?
12″ records that are albums (>20 minutes per side) are 33, 12″ records that are singles may be 33 if they are from the US or 45 if they are from Europe. 10″ records are usually 33, but there may be 45 as well.
How long does a gramophone needle last?
Most manufacturers recommend changing your stylus at around 1000 hours of record playing time. So if you're using your turntable for an hour or so per day on average, ideally you should be changing the stylus every couple of years.
How do gramophones work?
Like other record players, gramophones read the sound with a small needle which fits into the groove in the record. That needle is attached to a diaphragm, which in turn is attached to a horn. … These vibrations are transmitted to the diaphragm, which itself vibrates, creating sound.
Are 78s worth anything?
"The early blues material from the '20s and '30s is the hottest material of all," Mr. Tefteller said in a phone interview. He said that on average a rare jazz 78 might sell for $1,500 to $5,000, whereas sales for a comparable blues record would start at $5,000.
What was the first song ever recorded on the phonograph?
Au Clair de la Lune.On April 9, 1860, Scott recorded a snippet of the French folk song "Au Clair de la Lune."
Who invented wax cylinders?
Thomas EdisonPhonograph cylinder/InventorsEdison had introduced wax cylinders that played for nominally 4 minutes (instead of the usual 2) in 1909 under the Amberol brand. They were made from a harder (and more easily breakable) form of wax to withstand the smaller stylus used to play them.
What is the best record player to buy?
The best record player for 2021CNET's Editor's Choice. Fluance RT82. See at Amazon.Best value around $100. Audio Technica AT-LP60X. $119 at Amazon.Best record player under $500. Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO. $499 at Audio Advice.Best record player under $1,000. Rega Planar 3. $945 at Audio Advice.Best mainstream model under $300. Crosley C10A. See at Amazon.Feb 8, 2021
Why is tinfoil a poor medium for recorded sound?
The recordings could be played only a few times before the indentations made by the sound on the tinfoil were so flattened down as to be unplayable. … It was changes in the physical medium itself that would ultimately exert the most long-lasting effects on the evolution of American sound recording history.
How does a vinyl record work?
Vinyl record players are electromagnetic devices that change sound vibrations into electrical signals. When a record spins, it creates sound vibrations that get converted into electrical signals. … Electric amps vibrate and feed the resulting sound into speakers, which amplify it and make it louder.
What is another name for vinyl?
What is another word for vinyl?PVCpolychloroethylenepolyvinyl chloridepolyvinylpoly(1-chloroethene)[1]
What's the difference between a turntable and a record player?
What Is A Turntable? In its basest form, a turntable is simply a major component of a record player. … But turntable also refers to a standalone unit you can purchase. In this sense of the word, a turntable is similar to a record player, except it does not come with built-in speakers or an amplifier.
What replaced records?
In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4 1⁄2 minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile.


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The Clio Project: Thinking Like an Historian
The project's high-need southeast Wyoming districts serve a largely rural and growing migrant population in a geographic area of more than 16,000 square miles, so one goal is to define a professional development model that meets the needs of rural schools. Activities will include two 4-week instructional modules and two document-based question workshops during the school year; in the summer, teachers will be involved in a 10-day field excursion and a 1-week curriculum workshop, during which they will develop lesson plans. Teachers can participate in a single year of the program, then choose to continue for an additional year or two; the cadre will include approximately 40 teachers each year, some new and some continuing. As they learn to think like historians, teachers will study decisions and actions of specific people—government and military leaders, soldiers, tribal leaders, businessmen and everyday citizens—whose choices changed the outcome of history. Strategies will include historical inquiry skills, with a significant focus on document-based questioning, and strategies to help students develop critical reading, thinking and writing skills. The Center for History and New Media will lead training on teaching history in the digital age, introducing digital research libraries and multimedia technologies. Graduate credits will be available for completion of certain activities. Teams of teachers will collaborate to produce and implement classroom curricula; these and other materials (e.g., hands-on simulations, games, how-to seminars, distance learning materials) will be available to other teachers through a Web site and participant-led peer workshops.


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The mind itself, and eder single or multiclass state of consciousness humans find themselves in, is integral to mental health and wellbeing, therefore, there is a focus on the mind and consciousness as it relates to psychology, psychotherapy, and the pursuit of happiness. There is much that is unseen or still unknown in our world, yet as time progresses, more is being discovered in the field of science, so this has formed another part of the singles hannover kostenlos pursued by the website.
The universe has fascinated man for eons, so astronomy, cosmology and UFO's are included in the categories.
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It was felt that a place was eder single or multiclass that brought together divergent interests such as politics and government, economics and banking, technology, and the impact this has had on the Earth's climate and ecosystems. The founders believe in objectivity, supported by research and reference material where appropriate, and as a result, information shared on the website strives to be balanced and unbiased, but informative.
It is hoped the reader will leave the website having gained further knowledge about a subject of their interest.
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