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Discover the essential terms and concepts of product development with our comprehensive Product Management Dictionary.
Product development is a crucial aspect of product management. It's the process of taking an idea and turning it into a tangible product that meets the needs and expectations of the customers. In this article, we'll explore the key concepts, processes, and methodologies involved in product development, and how they fit into the broader context of product management.
Product development is a critical component of the product management lifecycle. It's the stage where ideas are transformed into products that customers will use. Product development is a collaborative process that involves various stakeholders, such as designers, developers, product managers, and marketers. These stakeholders work together to create a product that meets customer needs and is viable for the business.
Product development is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of the market, customer needs, and business goals. It's not just about creating a product; it's about creating a product that solves a problem for customers and adds value to the business.
The product manager is the person responsible for overseeing the entire product development process. They act as a bridge between the different teams involved in product development, such as designers, developers, and marketers. Product managers are responsible for setting the product vision, defining the product roadmap, and making critical decisions that impact the success of the product. They work closely with stakeholders to ensure that the product development process stays on track, and the product meets the needs of customers.
Product managers need to have a deep understanding of the market, customer needs, and business goals. They need to be able to communicate effectively with different teams and stakeholders and make tough decisions that balance the needs of customers and the business.
Understanding key terms and concepts in product development is essential for anyone looking to develop a successful product. Some of the key terms and concepts to be familiar with are:
The product development process typically consists of several stages, including:
The product development process is iterative, meaning that each stage can involve multiple iterations as the product is refined and improved. It's important to involve stakeholders from different teams and to gather feedback from customers throughout the process to ensure that the product meets their needs and expectations.
Product development is a complex process that involves several stages. Each stage is critical to the success of the product. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the different stages of product development and what each stage entails.
The ideation stage is the first stage of product development. This stage involves generating new product ideas. There are several ways to generate new ideas, including brainstorming, customer feedback, competitive analysis, and internal research. Once the ideas have been generated, the next step is to refine them into concepts that can be developed further. This involves evaluating the technical and financial feasibility of the idea, conducting market research to determine customer needs and preferences, and developing a business plan.
During the ideation stage, it's important to keep an open mind and consider all possibilities. It's also important to involve stakeholders from different areas of the business, such as marketing, engineering, and sales, to ensure that the product meets the needs of all stakeholders.
The feasibility analysis stage is a critical step in product development. This stage involves evaluating the technical and financial viability of the product idea. This includes identifying any technical challenges that need to be addressed and evaluating the cost of developing the product. Market research is also an essential step in product development. This involves gathering information about customer needs, preferences, and behavior, as well as market trends, competitor products, and pricing strategies.
During the feasibility analysis and market research stage, it's important to gather as much information as possible. This information will help to determine whether the product is viable and whether there is a market for the product.
The design stage involves creating a mockup or prototype of the product. This can involve various design tools and techniques, such as wireframing, storyboarding, and user testing. The goal of this stage is to create a product design that meets customer needs and is technically feasible. After the design is finalized, a prototype is developed. This can be a functional or non-functional prototype, depending on the nature of the product.
During the design and prototyping stage, it's important to involve stakeholders and gather feedback. This feedback will help to refine the product design and ensure that the product meets the needs of all stakeholders.
Once the prototype is developed, the product moves into the development stage. This involves building the product based on the final design. This stage can involve many iterations as the development team works to create a product that meets quality standards. Testing is an essential step in product development. This ensures that the product meets quality standards and functions as intended.
During the development and testing stage, it's important to involve stakeholders and gather feedback. This feedback will help to refine the product and ensure that it meets the needs of all stakeholders.
The final stage of product development is the launch stage. This involves introducing the product to the market and creating a marketing strategy to increase customer awareness and sales. Once the product has launched, it's important to evaluate its performance and make any necessary changes to ensure its success. This can involve gathering customer feedback, monitoring sales data, and making incremental improvements to the product.
During the launch and post-launch evaluation stage, it's important to monitor the product closely and make any necessary changes. This will help to ensure the success of the product and the business as a whole.
The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach to product development. It involves following a set of predefined steps to create a product, starting with ideation and ending with launch. Each step must be completed before moving on to the next step. This approach is suitable for projects with clearly defined requirements and predictable outcomes.
Agile development is an iterative and flexible approach to product development. This approach involves breaking the product development process into smaller stages, called sprints. Each sprint is focused on creating a specific feature or functionality of the product. The emphasis is on quick iteration and continuous improvement, which allows for more flexibility in responding to changing customer needs and market trends.
Lean product development is a methodology that emphasizes the elimination of waste in the product development process. This approach focuses on reducing time to market, minimizing costs, and maximizing customer value. The goal is to create a product that meets customer needs with minimum resources and waste.
Design thinking is an approach to product development that emphasizes empathy, ideation, and prototyping. This approach involves gathering feedback from customers and stakeholders, generating new ideas, and creating prototypes to test and refine the product. The focus is on creating products that solve real-world problems and meet customer needs.
Product development is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution. It involves various stakeholders and teams working together to create a product that meets customer needs and is viable for the business. Understanding the key concepts, processes, and methodologies involved in product development is essential for anyone looking to develop successful products. By following these principles, product managers can ensure that their products meet customer needs, are delivered on time, and generate profits for the business.


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The objective of Waseda Law School is to foster legal professionals with specialized legal knowledge, imbue them with the ability to critically examine this knowledge and an expansive, creative way of thinking, and outstanding powers to negotiate and persuade. The school also aims to foster highly aspiring legal professionals who can accurately analyze the legal issues occurring in society with a wide knowledge and sense of human rights, and solve these issues. In other words, the School aims to nurture high-level legal professionals who will be able to lead society. Waseda Law School has continued with the history and achievements made over the many long years since the establishment of the Departments of Law, Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College) in sending out into Japan and the rest of the world many promising human resources with a firm grounding in law. We provide an environment in which diverse individuality can be developed, new horizons are opened up, and excellent legal professionals who can work across the globe in a wide range of areas are fostered.
The Waseda Law School has adopted the following three operational policies.
Making good use of the comprehensive and creative nature of Waseda University, we develop a systematic educational program, cross-university educational environment and student life environment, while at the same time encouraging interaction between a diversity of disciplines, cultures, languages and sets of values, thereby nurturing human resources who are able to make proactive contributions to global society.
The objective of Waseda Law School is to arm students with sophisticated specialist knowledge in jurisprudence, give them the ability to critically examine this knowledge and an expansive, creative way of thinking, and outstanding powers to negotiate and persuade. The School also aims to foster highly aspiring legal professionals who are widely learned, have a sensitive perception of issues, can accurately grasp the essence of the myriad problems that can occur in society, and who aim by appropriately solving these problems to make a contribution to society.
In the first year of the course we aim that students master the basic law subjects, while in the second year we aim to endow them with an expansive comprehension of the basic law subjects and basic skills in practice of law. In the third year we foster within them the ability to apply themselves to cases on basic law subjects, and also offer various workshop programs and subjects on contemporary legal issues. In comprehensive terms, it is a curriculum structure wherein by conducting the basic law subjects on a tiered and systematic basis students go over and gain an understanding of each legal area through a process of repetition, while deepening their output ability for applying the knowledge they have gained in the arena of their own legal practices.
With the educational mission of "academic independence," Waseda University welcomes students from both Japan and overseas who have a certain level of academic attainment, a lively intellectual curiosity, are full of the progressive spirit encapsulated by our ethos, and have a burning desire to study.
Our primary objective here at Waseda Law School is to unearth human resources who will be able to work as superb legal professionals in "the real world." Candidate entrants will be comprehensively evaluated and selected according to not only just their professional knowledge, but also their background, innate gifts and capabilities.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The NAIRU is a key component of potential output and as such critically affects output gap estimates. In May 2014, the European Commission changed its specification of the NAIRU for several countries and lowered its NAIRU estimates in the case of Spain from 26.6% to 20.7% for 2015. To test the dependence of the new NAIRU on unemployment versus structural factors, we run counterfactual simulations applying one-standard deviation shocks to actual unemployment and to the structural variable real unit labor costs. We find that the NAIRU in its new specification is still largely determined by actual unemployment. This calls in question both the interpretation of potential output estimates as barriers to more vigorous inflation-stable economic activity and the accuracy of structural deficit figures.
NAIRU Kalman filter output gap euro area structural deficit


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Andalucian Matanza – a History
by Gayle Hartley
Steeped in tradition, the annual humane pig sacrifice was carried out in every household in Andalucia up until very recently. It was the most common and economical way to ensure families had a supply of meat throughout the year. Although not for the faint hearted, most Andalucian families still carry out the matanza today. It not only continues to provide meat for the year, but it is a strong Spanish tradition as well known as bull fighting, flamenco and indeed the Serrano Ham, which is the world famous result of this very process.
The matanza is usually carried out during the month of November to take advantage of the cold weather ensuring that the meat products are conserved as best as possible. It also means that families are prepared for the coming winter months.
The days of the matanza traditionally take place during the fiestas of local village saints allowing families to gather together for the occasion. Although the three days over which the matanza happens involves a lot of hard work, families are able to take advantage of their time together and the process is often thought of a fiesta in itself as everyone is together in the home enjoying each others company while they work and of course much eating and drinking takes place along the way.
Nowadays, the actual act of sacrificing the pig has to be carried out in the abattoir under strictly controlled conditions. Only when the vetinary inspectors are satisfied, can the family take their pig home to carry out the rest of the process. In the past however, the whole process took place in the home or on a family plot of land.
Day one of the matanza started very early in the morning with all the family members gathered together usually indulging in a drop or two of local wine to fortify themselves for the task ahead! If required, often people with more experience such as the slaughterer and his assistants would also be present to ensure the act of sacrificing the pig was carried out correctly. The first and often most difficult task was to get the pig up onto the specialist large wooden table. Usually done by the strongest male members of the family, they would hoist the pig up and hold it in place to allow the slaughterer to do his duty. Not an easy task given the size and weight of an animal unwilling to cooperate! The sacrifice was done by the slaughterer "stabbing" the pig in the neck with a large metal spike. This allows the blood to flow from the animal down into a large bowl known as a "lebrillo."
From this point on, little has changed over time and the next stages of the process are still done today as they were in times past.
While the blood is flowing into the bowl one of the female members of the family suitably dressed in an apron, protective hair covering and latex gloves has the dedicated task of stirring the blood continually with her hands. The blood must be kept moving continuously to ensure it does not clot and the most effective way is by hand. Although quite a tedious task, it must be done by someone with experience because if the blood is allowed to clot, it will be wasted and the family will have no black pudding, which is the principal use for the blood.
Eventually after some time, a fine fibre like mesh forms between the hands which is then discarded (probably the only part of the animal not used.) The remaining blood will now stay in its liquid form and is placed in a large pot and kept cool until it is time to make the black pudding (morcilla).
The next task is to move the pig onto a specialist trough "artesa". Nearby a large pot of water would be already boiling and the water is poured over the animal. The skin is removed and the pig is thoroughly cleaned. Once skinned and cleaned, the animal is moved to the coldest part of the house where it is hung and cut lengthwise down the middle and opened up. Next, the intestines are removed and cleaned. In the past this was traditionally done in natural running water such as a spring or a river. The intestines are then emptied and the skin is wiped down with flour, lemon and vinegar on both sides and cleaned off again. Once cleaned, it is placed in tins or pots with pieces of lemon until it is time to make the charcuterie products such as morcilla and chorizo.
The offal is also removed at this point and used, along with the fat of the pig to make the very fortifying traditional "migas matanceras" This is a typical dish eaten during the matanza and is a simple recipe of flour fried in oil or fat along with the offal. It is warming, very filling and quite greasy but perfect for cold days and ideal to soak up all the wine consumed on the first morning!
During the first day, it is custom to prepare the onions and the smell of cooking onions throughout villages indicates that the matanza has begun. For each pig you need 4 "arrobas" of onions (one arroba is about 11.5 kilos) which is an awful lot of onions! Two or three women have the unenviable task of peeling and cutting all those onions. They too start very early as the onions have to be peeled, cut and cooked before the end of the first day. The onions are cooked in a large pot, usually over the fire and stirred with an enormous wooden spoon. It takes a few hours to cook all 46 kilos! Once cooked, the onions are placed in large sacks and hung overnight, this allows all the liquid to drain away in preparation for the black pudding which is made on day two.
The first task on day two is to take the pig apart and separate it into the different cuts; head, ears, shoulders and front legs (paletillas), jamones (hind legs), loin, ribs, spine, trotters and the fat.
While the men busy themselves with their task, the women begin to make the morcilla or black pudding using the onions and blood from day one. The black pudding is a welcome dish eaten at the end of the day full of nuts and spices. Whatever is left can be conserved for later use.
The jamones and paletillas must contain no blood whatsoever. In order to achieve this, a clean cloth is placed over the leg and very strong pressure is applied by pressing down on the cloth with the hands and "squeezing" out any remaining blood. The jamones and paletillas are prepared for curing. Along with the spine and the trotters, they are placed in a small artesa or trough and covered in salt. After two days, the spine and trotters are taken out and the salt shaken off. They are put in the bodega, usually a cellar or cool back room to dry out and there they stay until at least March.
The hams remain in salt for a longer period, usually one day per kilo. The salt is then removed and they are hung in the bodega and left to cure for about twelve to fourteen months.
The ribs are sliced up and mixed with cinnamon and lemon and left for a day or two in pots to marinade. They are then fried in oil and placed in airtight jars for future use.
The loins are conserved in a similar way. Cut into large chunks, they are fried and stored in jars with olive oil. This method of conserving the loin has become a famous local dish known as "lomo do orza", orza being the name of the ceramic pot traditionally used to store the loin.
The third day is reserved for making the charcuterie products of which there are quite a few, chorizo, salchichon, salchicha, butifarras, lenguados, rellenos and sobrasada.
The well known phrase, "The only thing you cannot eat from a pig is its squeak," is very true in the case of the Andalucian Matanza. Nothing is wasted and the products made during this three day fiesta are either eaten during the course or are conserved for use during the coming months.
© Copyright 2006 Orce Serrano Hams

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Pronunciation of Outdraw
English Meaning
To draw out; to extract.
 1. To extract or draw out.
 2. To remove a gun from its holster, and fire it, faster than another.
 3. To attract a larger crowd than.
Malayalam Meaning
 Transliteration ON/OFF | Not Correct/Proper?
പുറമേ - Purame ; ;
Found Wrong Meaning for Outdraw?
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ClayMetrics is new, but it is based on several well-established disciplines. Collection and analysis of clay shooting process and results can yield huge benefits by focusing practice time where it will be most useful. Deriving improved measures and analysis of performance are two more links in the success chain. That's the physical side.
It is generally recognized that top athletes perform at their peak when "in the Zone". First difficulty is recognizing when you are in the zone and when you are not. Second step is learning techniques to get in the Zone on demand and return to it as needed.
ClayMetrics is the scientific study of clay target shooting both physical and mental.
Want to Get Involved?
I don't want your money.
I'm looking to partner with others who take seriously the idea that science can assist them to prove the effectiveness of training, ideas, hardware, software and any other approach to improving your performance. I'm the statistician, I'm the researcher. Our research can be anonymous or not; your choice not mine. Let's talk.
Robert Petersen, Ph.D.
The Scientific Study of Clay Target Shooting


Book Launch: Memoir of a Pilgrimage for Eight, by Philip Adamo
Facebook Live
In the summer of 2017, a group of strangers followed in the footsteps of eight medieval monks, who in 1230 AD traveled north from their priory in France to found three new monasteries in the far reaches of Scotland.
PILGRIMAGE FOR EIGHT is a memoir of that modern-day pilgrimage, told through a historian's eyes. It's a tale of people from diverse backgrounds and cultures undertaking a journey that challenged them physically, emotionally, and spiritually. This newly-created traveling 'family' experienced the joys and trials of communal life and formed deep friendships that would last well beyond their 1300-mile trek.
Phil will discuss the pilgrimage, read excerpts from the book, and answer questions from the audience.


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Observational studies report inverse associations between the use of feather upper bedding (pillow and/or quilt) and asthma symptoms but there is no randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence assessing the role of feather upper bedding as a secondary prevention measure.
To determine whether, among children not using feather upper bedding, a new feather pillow and feather quilt reduces asthma severity among house dust mite (HDM) sensitised children with asthma over a 1-year period compared with standard dust mite avoidance advice, and giving children a new mite-occlusive mattress cover.
The Calvary Hospital in the Australian Capital Territory and the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales.
197 children with HDM sensitisation and moderate to severe asthma.
New upper bedding duck feather pillow and quilt and a mite-occlusive mattress cover (feather) versus standard care and a mite-occlusive mattress cover (standard).
Main outcome measures
The proportion of children reporting four or more episodes of wheeze in the past year; an episode of speech-limiting wheeze; or one or more episodes of sleep disturbance caused by wheezing; and spirometry with challenge testing. Statistical analysis included multiple logistic and linear regression.
No differences between groups were found for primary end points – frequent wheeze (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.83 to 2.76, p=0.17), speech-limiting wheeze (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.48, p=0.35), sleep disturbed because of wheezing (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.13, p=0.61) or for any secondary end points. Secondary analyses indicated the intervention reduced the risk of sleep being disturbed because of wheezing and severe wheeze to a greater extent for children who slept supine.
No differences in respiratory symptoms or lung function were observed 1 year after children with moderate–severe asthma and HDM sensitisation were given a mite-occlusive mattress cover and then received either feather upper bedding (pillow and quilt) or standard bedding care.


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"I've heard there's some sort of underground group": LGBTQ activism on evangelical Christian campuses
Historically, most Evangelical Christians have condemned LGBTQ people, citing Biblical passages establishing heteronormative sex and gender roles. As a result, Evangelical Christian colleges and universities can be difficult places for sexual and/or gender minorities, who face hostility, harassment, and even expulsion. Yet some LGBTQ students may engage in strategic activism, even on religious campuses, as a means of survival and resistance. Drawing from queer and intersectional theoretical frameworks, with an emphasis on the period of emerging adulthood in particular, this qualitative study explored the experiences of 23 LGBTQ young adults ages 18–29 (M = 23.48, SD = 3.32) who attended an Evangelical Christian college, examining their reasons for the types of activism they were engaged in and why, the risks of engagement in activism, and why some students chose not to be activists. Findings indicate that in spite of the risks of being out and visible on campus, students were engaged in numerous forms of activism. Students who were not engaged saw engagement as too risky or did not know about the existence of other queer students. Professionals working with LGBTQ young adults in an Evangelical Christian environment should support them in resisting marginalization and finding community with other LGBTQ young adults and connect them to opportunities to enact social change
Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
activism, Christian, college, evangelical, Lgbtq
Gabriele-Black, Kaitlin A. and Goldberg, Abbie E., ""I've heard there's some sort of underground group": LGBTQ activism on evangelical Christian campuses" (2021). Psychology. 305.


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Objectives.Personality traits predict numerous health outcomes, but previous studies have rarely used personality change to predict health.Methods.The current investigation utilized a large national sample of 3,990 participants from the Midlife in the U.S. study (MIDUS) to examine if both personality trait level and personality change longitudinally predict 3 different health outcomes (i.e., self-rated physical health, self-reported blood pressure, and number of days limited at work or home due to physical health reasons) over a 10-year span.Results.Each of the Big Five traits, except openness, predicted self-rated health. Change in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion also predicted self-rated health. Trait levels of conscientiousness and neuroticism level predicted self-reported blood pressure. All trait levels except agreeableness predicted number of work days limited. Only change in conscientiousness predicted the number of work days limited.Discussion.Findings demonstrate that a full understanding of the link between personality and health requires consideration of trait change as well as trait level.
- Longitudinal change


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ERM LLC recently tested the Parrot Bebop 2 small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for photogrammetry and had mixed results. The Bebop 2 is supported by the Pix4D Capture app and sports a very wide angle, or fisheye, lens. A wide angle lens provides more surface coverage in the image compared to an unaltered lens at the same distance to the subject.
This translates into a sUAS's ability to cover a larger area at a certain altitude or to fly lower and still cover the same area compared to a 94° field-of-view camera. Indeed, the Pix4D Capture app shows that the Bebop 2 can cover almost 4x the area of DJI quadcopters at the same altitude. Another benefit can be faster photogrammetry processing because less images with the requisite overlap are needed to cover a particular area. A wide-field of view camera can also potentially create a better Z-estimate because cameras further away from each other can see the same point.
The downside of a wide-angle lens is that the pixels are spread over a larger area, so pixel resolution is reduced, or in other words, the ground sampling distance (GSD) becomes larger. ERM wanted to see if the lower pixel resolution expected from the Bobop 2 could be offset by flying at lower altitude.
ERMs tests revealed that the Bebop 2 could not provide the detail necessary for ERM's NADIR photogrammetry surveys. A NADIR survey at 100 feet (ft) AGL provided a GSD of 23 cm. The Bebop 's fixed camera angle captured too much sky and far-off imaging in the NADIR survey. Approximately 1/2 of the pixels in the image below are unusable for photogrammetry. This issue could be compensated for by flying lower, but ERM seldom finds situations where flying a grid at under 100 feet is safe.
The Bebop 2 provided much better results in a 50 ft AGL circular survey with a GSD 1.58 cm. ERM believes that careful flights close to and around a 3D object could lead to a good model.
Since the majority of ERM's work is with NADIR surveys, we decided to pass on the Bebop 2. Tests with ERM's newest sUAS, a DJI Phantom 4 will be posted soon.


don't know how to, you can easily find someone to help you around it.
When it comes to a tubeless setup, only a few people know how to set them up and repair them. You may be on your own if you suffer a catastrophic tire tear or failure.
A Tube Repair Kit Light
All you need when repairing a flat is a patch kit, tire levels, and, if required, some rubber glue. If the tube is torn, then you'll have to use a spare tube.
You don't have to carry super glue, plugs, a sewing kit, or sealant. For bicycle tourists, tubes are a better option because you won't have to take a bulky tubeless tire repair kit with you.
Expect a Lot More Flats
The biggest problem with tubes is that you can get a flat more quickly. A tiny staple or piece of glass will force you off the trail.
If you ride in deserts, you'll likely ride on thorns and get punctures, a few of them daily. You can invest in puncture protection tires to protect you from the mess.
The drawback with these kinds of tires is that they are heavier and harder to install on the rim. Another option is using a sealant that works like the tubeless sealant. It seals the tube puncture, and you won't have to patch it up.
Handling is Harder with Tubes
You cannot run tubes on low pressure. Traction feels different. This is because not much of the tire makes contact with the ground. Traction is crucial climbing hills and taking corners.
Your tires can slide if you take a very sharp corner on a loose surface. Your tires can also spin out if you pedal too hard. It's for these reasons that many mountain bikers prefer tubeless tires.
Running Under Low Tire Pressure is a No!
If you ride on tubes at a low PSI, you risk suffering snake bites. It happens when you hit an object, and your tire bottom hits the rim. The incident causes two small holes resembling a snake bite.
The only way to prevent this from occurring is to ensure your tube is inflated to capacity. You'll have to run your tires at 10 psi higher when running on tubes.
They'll Make You Ride Slower
Since you cannot run on tubes on low tire pressure, your turns will not be as fast, or you will end up losing control. You can't climb as quickly because your rear wheel risks spinning out.
Riding on tubes also makes acceleration slower because if you push the pedal hard, your rear wheel might spin out.
Tubes are Outdated
If you are the type of cyclist that prefers new things on their bikes, tubes are a bit dated. Most high-end bikes are coming with tubeless-ready wheels and tires.
Most companies are focusing on a tubeless system, and less engineering is focusing on tubed systems. For that one reason, tubes are still heavier.
Should I go Tubeless on My Mountain Bike?
If you ride your bike casually or occasionally, tubeless is not an option that you should consider much. The hassle and cost of setting one up are not worth it. The benefits are not necessary.
However, if you are an avid mountain biker who jumps on the bike every weekend or a serious rider, it would be best to run tubeless tires.
Some cyclists are totally against the idea of running tubeless, but it all depends on your preferences. You might run on tubeless, get a puncture and the sealant fails to seal the holes. However, a biker riding on tubes will patch more punctures than you will in a year.
How much does it cost to shift to tubeless?
It depends on what you have. If your bike came with tubeless-ready wheels and tubeless vale supplied, then you'll only have to buy some sealant which is a few tens of dollars.
If your tires and rims are already tubeless, but you don't have a tubeless valve, you will need to buy a set for about a hundred dollars, and for a fancier and lighter set like Muc-Off, it will cost you a few hundreds.
If your tires are not tubeless-ready, sealants will still work, but you will need much of it. However, if you decide a tubeless tire is a better option, expect to spend about a hundred dollars on a pair of tires, depending on the brand. If you don't have tubeless-ready rims, it's going to cost you more, up to a hundred dollars.
How big can a whole be?
Some small punctures refuse to seal sometimes due to puncture location. There have also been some scenarios where riders run over thorns and barely any air loss on their bikes.
Basically, most thorn holes, regardless of the size, will seal, but don't unstick the thorns from the tire, especially if the thorns are big.


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Country of Origin
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Pakistan
Background: Menstruation is perceived and interpreted differently under different social and cultural norms. There are a number of different practices, conceptions and misconceptions that have been reported in studies conducted in various countries. In Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge related to hygienic and unhygienic practices, discomforts, misconceptions related to nutrition, and restrictions imposed during menstruation. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives to identify the conceptions and misconceptions about menstruation, explore hygienic and unhygienic practices during menstruation along with the sociocultural and religious restrictions imposed, and the discomforts with its management among adolescents who do not attend schools between the ages of 13-19 years, residing in the squatter settlements of urban Karachi. Based on the study outcomes, the community midwives can be used as vectors to disseminate published information related to management of menstruation. Consequently, midwives can contribute in improving the health indicators of the country.
Methodology: The methodology of the study used a qualitative exploratory study design. Three focus group discussions were conducted with 6-8 participants in each group. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with the key informants selected from three focus groups. The participants were non-school going adolescent girls. The data collected were thematically analyzed.
Results: The themes that emerged were; lack of knowledge about menstrual physiology, misconceptions about normal menstrual blood flow; discomforts and mismanagement, unhygienic practices during menstruation, alteration in nutrition, bathing, and socialization in both the religious and social activities.
Conclusion: Adolescent girls held misconceptions and beliefs regarding menstruation and its management. Dissemination of the findings to the health professionals will increase their awareness regarding menstrual management which would be helpful for improved reproductive health of the girls.
Rizvi, N, & Ali, T S. Misconceptions and Mismanagement of Menstruation among Adolescents Girls who do not attend School in Pakistan. Journal of Asian Midwives. 2016;3(1):46–62.


Serialization - extended_type_info
C++ Boost
Runtime Interface
The serialization library needs a system like type_info/typeid() to perform the following functions
 1. given a pointer to a type T discover the true type pointed to.
 2. given an "external" key - determine what type of object to create.
The problem with std::type_info
extended_type_info is an implementation of std::type_info functionality with the following features: Exported types are maintained in a global table so that given a string key, the corresponding type can be found. This facility is used by the serialization library in order to construct types serialized through a base class pointer.
Runtime Interface
namespace boost {
namespace serialization {
class extended_type_info
 // this class can't be used as is. It's just the
 // common functionality for all type_info replacement
 // systems. Hence, make these protected
 const char * m_key;
 extended_type_info(const unsigned int type_info_key);
 void key_register(const char *key);
 const char * get_key() const {
 return m_key;
 bool operator<(const extended_type_info &rhs) const;
 bool operator==(const extended_type_info &rhs) const;
 bool operator!=(const extended_type_info &rhs) const {
 return!(operator==(rhs));
 // for plugins
 virtual void * construct(unsigned int count = 0,...) const;
 virtual void destroy(void const * const p) const;
 static const extended_type_info * find(const char *key);
} // namespace serialization
} // namespace boost
Generally, there will be one and only one extended_type_info instance created for each type. However, this is enforced only at the executable module level. That is, if a program includes some shared libraries or DLLS, there may be more than one instance of this class correponding to a particular type. For this reason the comparison functions below can't just compare the addresses of this instance but rather must be programmed to compare the the actual information the instances contain.
extended_type_info(unsigned int type_info_key);
This constructor should be called by all derived classes. The argument should be the particular implementation. For this default implementation base on typeid(), this is the value 1. Each system must have its own integer. This value is used to permit the inter-operability of different typeinfo systems.
void key_register(const char *key);
Assign a unique character string identifier to this extended_type_info instance and add it to the corresponding global trable. This key is used to identify a type accross different instances of the program. In this way, one instance may know what type to create when necessary. For this purpose, it must be the same in all program instances which refer to the same type.
It may sometimes be referred to as a GUID - a Global Unique IDentifier.
const char *get_key() const;
Retrieves the key for extended_type_info instance. If no key has been associated with the instance, then a NULL is returned.
bool operator<(const extended_type_info & rhs) const;
bool operator==(const extended_type_info & rhs) const;
bool operator!=(const extended_type_info & rhs) const;
These functions are used to compare two extended_type_info objects. They a strict total ordering on all instances of this class.
Construct a new instance of the type to which this extended_type_info record corresponds. This function takes variable list of up to 4 arguments of any type. These arguments are passed to the type's constructor at runtime. In order to use the facility, one must declare a type sequence for the constructor arguments. Arguments for this function must match in number and type with those specified when the type was exported. This function permits one to create instances of any exported type given only the exported GUID assigned with BOOST_CLASS_EXPORT. If these types are defined in DLLS or shared libraries. When these modules are loaded at runtime, these constructor can be called until the module is unloaded. These modules are referred to as plugin.
virtual void destroy(void const * const p) const;
Destroy an instance created by the above constructor.
static const extended_type_info * find(const char *key);
Given a character string key or GUID, return the address of a corresponding extended_type_info object.
In order to be used by the serialization library, an implementation of extended_type_info, (referred to as ETI here), must be derived from extended_type_info and also implement the following:
template
static extended_type_info &
static const extended_type_info &
Return a pointer to the instance of extended_type_info which corresponds to type T. Normally these instances are static objects so this just amounts to returning the address of this static object.
template
const extended_type_info *
ETI::get_derived_extended_type_info(const T & t) const;
Return a pointer to the extended_type_info instance that corresponds to the "true type" of the type T. The "true type" is the lowest type in the hierarchy of classes. The type T can always be cast to the "true type" with a static cast. Implemention of this function will vary among type id systems and sometimes will make presumptions about the type T than can be identified with a particular extended_type_info implementation.
bool ETI::less_than(const extended_type_info &rhs) const;
Compare this instance to another one using the same extended_type_info implementation.
The serialization library includes two distinct extended_type_info implementations.
is implemented in terms of the standard typeid(). It presumes that RTTI support is enabled by the compiler.
is implemented in a way that doesn't rely on the existence RTTI. However, if the export facility is to be used to serialize types through base class pointers, those types are required to implement a virtual function with the signature:
virtual const char * get_key();
which returns a unique string the most derived object this class. This function must be virtual in order to implement the functionality required by ETI::get_derived_extended_type_info as described above.
The test program test_no_rtti implements this function in terms of the extended_type_info API above to return the export key associated with the class. This requires that non-abstract types be exported. It also demostrates the inter-operability with between two different implementations of extended_type_info.
© Copyright Robert Ramey 2005. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at _URL_


This article is an interview with former Provisional Irish Republican Army active service volunteer and current Sinn Féin activist and visual artist Danny Devenny. Culled from interviews conducted in Belfast between 1998 and 2000, during the Northern Ireland peace process, Danny Devenny reflects on the role of visual arts in the republican movement and discusses how public images framed the IRA prison struggle, connected republican communities to their history and traditions, and helped lay the groundwork for the successful politicization of Sinn Féin.
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
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A rigging plan is developed every time a heavy load is being lifted. The basic idea behind a rigging plan is to have control and establish safety precautions. It is an important planning process that will identify all hazardous situations that might be encountered during lifting.
Types of Rigging Plans
The first step when conducting a rigging safety plan is to identify the type of lift. There are three major classifications of lifting plans: Critical lifts, ordinary lifts, and pre-engineering lifts. Depending on the type of lift, then the rigging plan will have different concepts under evaluation to determine the steps needed to complete a safe rigging and lifting process.
Rigging and Lifting Plan Components
Once the evaluation process has determined the type of rigging and lifting plan needed, you will need to identify and gather information on the following components:
- The rigging equipment
- Shackles, turnbuckles, and slings being used
- The weight being lifted
- Center of gravity of the load being lifted
- Crane capacity and crane charts
- Height, width, and length of the lift
- Atmospheric and environmental conditions when the process is being performed
- Edges and corners of the load. It is important to evaluate all the geometry of the item being lifted
- Sling angles
- Load angle factor
- Floor loading capacity
- How to rig the load using good rigging practices
- Identify and make sure that the attachment points and load can withstand the forces created by the rigging gear attachment
- Work zone safety
- Evaluate hazards to determine consequences resulting from a collision, upset, or dropping the load
Ordinary lifts are the easiest ones to handle. They will normally require a verbal planning process and preliminary lifting and rigging meetings. Only a minimal documentation and evaluation process is needed, but always being sure that all safety precautions are been taken.
Critical lifts need a more detailed plan before execution. This process will normally require a written procedure and approval process.
These are the most challenging ones to deal with. They will require specific rigging points, lifting procedure and identification of components that will probably need to be managed separately, to avoid problems, and minimize potential issues.
Rigging Plan Execution
Once the plan has been established, you will need to follow it closely to reduce the probability of an accident. It is important to
- Verify all equipment, fixtures, and accessories before starting
- Verify that all equipment has been properly inspected and that such inspections are valid.
- Identify a load manager or a rigging leader. It can be your safety professional or ordinary lifts, assign a designated leader; for critical lifts, assign a person-in-charge (PIC)
- Conduct a pre-use inspection and verify that all components are in good condition.
- Conduct a dummy rigging process following the pre-established rigging plan.
- Be sure to identify and train all workers participating in the process.
- Clear or prepare the area where the load is being placed or moved
- Survey the lift site for hazardous or unsafe conditions
- Clear lift path of obstructions
- Identify the crane operator
- Follow specific instructions/procedures for attachment of the rigging gear to the load. Use proper rigging techniques.
- Stop the job when any potentially unsafe condition is recognized


Tensor Attributes
Each torch.Tensor has a torch.dtype, torch.device, and torch.layout.
class torch.dtype
A torch.dtype is an object that represents the data type of a torch.Tensor. PyTorch has nine different data types:
Data type
Tensor types
32-bit floating point
torch.float32 or torch.float
64-bit floating point
torch.float64 or torch.double
16-bit floating point
torch.float16 or torch.half
8-bit integer (unsigned)
8-bit integer (signed)
16-bit integer (signed)
torch.int16 or torch.short
32-bit integer (signed)
torch.int32 or
64-bit integer (signed)
torch.int64 or torch.long
 - If the type of a scalar operand is of a higher category than tensor operands (where floating > integral > boolean), we promote to a type with sufficient size to hold all scalar operands of that category.
 - If a zero-dimension tensor operand has a higher category than dimensioned operands, we promote to a type with sufficient size and category to hold all zero-dim tensor operands of that category.
 - If there are no higher-category zero-dim operands, we promote to a type with sufficient size and category to hold all dimensioned operands.
Promotion Examples:
>>> int_tensor = torch.ones(1,
# zero-dim tensors
>>> int_zerodim = torch.tensor(1,
>>> torch.add(5, 5).dtype
>>> (int_tensor + 5).dtype
>>> (int_tensor + long_zerodim).dtype
>>> (long_tensor + int_tensor).dtype
>>> (bool_tensor + long_tensor).dtype
>>> (bool_tensor + uint_tensor).dtype
>>> (float_tensor + double_tensor).dtype
>>> (bool_tensor + int_tensor).dtype
# to hold the float.
>>> torch.add(long_tensor, float_tensor).dtype
 - An integral output tensor cannot accept a floating point tensor.
 - A boolean output tensor cannot accept a non-boolean tensor.
Casting Examples:
# allowed:
>>> float_tensor *= double_tensor
>>> float_tensor *= int_tensor
>>> float_tensor *= uint_tensor
>>> float_tensor *= bool_tensor
>>> float_tensor *= double_tensor
>>> int_tensor *= long_tensor
>>> int_tensor *= uint_tensor
>>> uint_tensor *= int_tensor
>>> int_tensor *= float_tensor
>>> bool_tensor *= int_tensor
>>> bool_tensor *= uint_tensor
class torch.device
A torch.Tensor's device can be accessed via the Tensor.device property.
Via a string:
>>> torch.device('cuda:0')
device(type='cuda', index=0)
>>> torch.device('cpu')
Via a string and device ordinal:
>>> torch.device('cuda', 0)
device(type='cuda', index=0)
>>> torch.device('cpu', 0)
device(type='cpu', index=0)
>>> # You can substitute the torch.device with a string
For legacy reasons, a device can be constructed via a single device ordinal, which is treated as a cuda device. This matches Tensor.get_device(), which returns an ordinal for cuda tensors and is not supported for cpu tensors.
>>> torch.device(1)
device(type='cuda', index=1)
class torch.layout
A torch.layout is an object that represents the memory layout of a torch.Tensor. Currently, we support torch.strided (dense Tensors) and have experimental support for torch.sparse_coo (sparse COO Tensors).
>>> x.stride()
(5, 1)
>>> x.t().stride()
(1, 5)
For more information on torch.sparse_coo tensors, see torch.sparse.
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Territorial abbey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The coat of arms of a territorial abbot are distinguished by a green galero with twelve tassels and a gold crozier with a veil attached.
A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a type of particular church within the Roman Catholic Church.
Normally an abbot is the superior of an abbey (a monastery), and exercises authority over a religious family of monks. His authority extends only as far as the monastery's walls, or only to the monks who have taken their vows in his monastery. A territorial abbot - also called an abbot nullius diœceseos, Latin "belonging to no diocese", or abbreviated abbot nullius - functions additionally as the ecclesiastical ordinary for the Catholics and parishes within a defined territory around the monastery, in much the same way a bishop does for a diocese.
The practice arose in part because abbeys served the spiritual needs of Catholics who lived near the monastery, especially in mission territories. The monastery's own chapel was a space of public worship for the laity who had settled nearby, and the monks could also serve as parish clergy in churches near the monastery. The abbot of the monastery, although having received only the priesthood in the sacrament of Holy Orders, was invested with the same administrative authority under canon law as a diocesan bishop for a given territory around the abbey. Thus, with the exception of conferring ordination on priests, the territorial abbot could do almost everything a diocesan bishop would for those under his care, including incardinate (that is, enroll under his jurisdiction) even non-monastic priests and deacons for service in parishes. The territorial abbot, like other abbots and archabbots, had the right to use an episcopal coat of arms and to wear the mitre, the crosier, the ring, and the pectoral cross; if the abbot had been ordained to the episcopacy (very rare), he had the power to ordain his religious who were candidates to the transitional and permanent diaconate and to the priesthood, though they usually had to attend a seminary house of formation located outside the abbot's territory.
Though territorial (like other) abbots are elected by the monks of their abbey, a territorial abbot can only receive the abbatial blessing and be installed under mandate from the pope, just as a bishop cannot be ordained and installed as ordinary of a diocese without such a mandate.
After the Second Vatican Council, more emphasis has been placed on the unique nature of the episcopacy and on the traditional organization of the church into dioceses under bishops. As such, abbeys nullius have been phased out in favor of the erection of new dioceses or the absorption of the territory into an existing diocese. A few ancient abbeys nullius still exist in Europe, and one in Korea.
List of territorial abbeys[edit]
There are 11 remaining territorial abbeys, as listed in the Annuario Pontificio of the Vatican:
In Italy the following abbeys have been united with a diocese:
In other European countries:
 - Cluny (in Burgundy; now united with the Diocese of Autun) is the only one in France. Historically Cluny was the mother house of the Congregation of Cluny as a result of the Cluniac monastic reform of the 11th century, primarily in that it removed many Benedictine abbeys under its jurisdiction from local feudal allegiances (hence establishing their independence) and had new ones founded. It became extremely rich and influential within and beyond the Church.
Historically there have been more, such as
Sources and references[edit]
 1. ^ Cheney, David M. (2007), "Territorial Abbey of Saint Peter-Muenster", Catholic-Hierarchy.org, retrieved 2007-08-17
 2. ^ Catholic-hierarchy.org
External links[edit]


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How Parenthood Can Affect Your Romance
The transition into parenthood is a psychological process and a huge period in a couple's life. For most people, having their first child and becoming a parent is one of the best moments in their life. However, parenthood may affect a couple's romantic relationship. This is because you have to deal with the needs and demands of pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting. According to research, parenthood can affect the marital happiness of a couple either positively or negatively.
Every couple's experience after the birth of their first child is different. For some, the transition to parenthood is smooth and strengthens their relationship. On the other hand, for other couples, it can be tedious and stressful, making them more distant from each other. Becoming a parent also brings more duties and responsibilities, hence couples having less time for each other. According to studies, couples who become parents are less likely to share romantic moments, unlike before they had their first child.
Factors that may affect new parents' romantic relationship.
Factors such as age and how stable you are in life will affect your transition into parenthood. For example, older parents are less likely to become depressed compared to younger parents. This means that parents who are in their early 20s seem to have a harder time, usually as they are struggling to change from adolescents to full-blown adults. At the same time, having their first child; they are learning how to be parents.
Was the Pregnancy Planned?
Another factor that may affect the relationship between partners is whether the pregnancy was planned or not. If the pregnancy was unexpected, the couples will naturally face challenges in keeping their relationship healthy. Experts recommend that couples should agree on the best time to have their first child and share in the pregnancy by talking to each other about how they feel. During pregnancy, couples must discuss their plans and their emotional changes.
Number of Children
Couples who have two or more children tend to experience a huge workload both at home and outside, compared to those who only have one child. Several studies have confirmed that marital quality declines as couples have more children.
Relationship Tips for New Parents
Here are some tips on how new parents can keep their relationship romantic. Other than the tips given below, check out Happymatches for excellent first-date ideas that will help you keep your relationship healthy and romantic.
Get Enough Sleep
For new parents, a baby crying during the night makes sleeping unbearable. Lack of sufficient sleep may result in hostile behavior among couples, which may lead to conflicts and fights. Moreover, studies show that sleep debt results in poor mental performance due to fatigue.
Finding some time to sleep during the day will relax your mind, which makes you more efficient in your day-to-day tasks. Furthermore, a night of good sleep helps you control your emotions, thus avoiding unnecessary conflicts with your partner.
Be Appreciative
With the presence of a newborn who needs attention, along with several roles and responsibilities to undertake, most couples forget to appreciate each other for the little things. Lack of appreciation makes a romantic relationship boring. Despite acquiring added responsibilities as new parents, couples should appreciate each other to make the relationship enjoyable and fun.
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Building a Discord Bot with Python and
In this tutorial, we'll use and Python to build a Discord Chatbot. If you're reading this tutorial, you probably have at least heard of Discord and likely have an existing account. If not, Discord is a VoIP and Chat application that is designed to replace Skype for gamers. The bot we create in this tutorial will be able to join a Discord server and respond to messages sent by people.
If you prefer JavaScript, the next chapter is the same tutorial using NodeJS instead of Python.
You'll find it easier to follow along if you have some Python knowledge and have used Discord or a similar app such as Skype or Telegram before. We won't be covering the very basics of Python, but we will explain each line of code in detail, so if you have any experience with programming, you should be able to follow along.
Overview and requirements
We'll be doing all of our coding through the web IDE and hosting our bot with as well, so you won't need to install any additional software on your machine. For this tutorial you will need to create a Discord account (if you already have one, you can skip this). There are instructions for how to do this in the next section.
In this tutorial, we will be covering: * Creating an application and a bot user in your Discord account * Creating a server on Discord * Adding our bot to our Discord server
Let's get through these admin steps first and then we can get to the fun part of coding our bot.
Creating a bot in Discord and getting a token
You can sign up for a free account over at the Discord register page, and can download one of their desktop or mobile applications from the Discord homepage. You can also use Discord in the browser.
Once you have an account, you'll want to create a Discord application. Visit the Discord developer's page and press the "New application" button, as in the image below.
Image: 1 Creating a new Discord application
Image: 1 Creating a new Discord application
Fill out a name for your bot and select "Create".
The first thing to do on the next page is to note your Client ID, which you'll need to add the bot to the server. You can come back later and get it from this page, or copy it somewhere where you can easily find it later.
Image: 2 Record your Client ID
Image: 2 Record your Client ID
You can also rename the application and provide a description for your bot at this point and press "Save Changes".
You have now created a Discord application. The next step is to add a bot to this application, so head over to the "Bot" tab using the menu on the left and press the "Add Bot" button, as indicated below. Click "Yes, do it" when Discord asks if you're sure about bringing a new bot to life.
Imgage: 3 Adding a bot to our Discord Application
Imgage: 3 Adding a bot to our Discord Application
The last thing we'll need from our bot is a Token. Anyone who has the bot's token can prove that they own the bot, so you'll need to be careful not to share this with anyone. You can get the token by pressing "Click to Reveal Token", or copy it to your clipboard without seeing it by pressing "Copy".
Image: 4 Generating a token for our Discord bot
Image: 4 Generating a token for our Discord bot
Take note of your token or copy it to your clipboard, as we'll need to add it to our code soon.
Creating a Discord server
If you don't have a Discord server to add your bot to, you can create one by either opening the desktop Discord application that you downloaded earlier or returning to the Discord home page in your browser. Press the "+" icon indicated by the exclamation mark, as shown below, to create a server.
Image: 5 Creating a Discord server
Image: 5 Creating a Discord server
Press "Create a server" in the screen that follows, and then give your server a name. Once the server is up and running, you can chat with yourself, or invite some friends to chat with you. Soon we'll invite our bot to chat with us as well.
Adding your Discord bot to your Discord server
Our Discord bot is still just a shell at this stage as we haven't written any code to allow him to do anything, but let's go ahead and add him to our Discord server anyway. To add a bot to your server, you'll need the Client ID from the "General Information" page that we looked at before when we created our ReplBotApplication (ie. the client ID, not the secret bot Token).
Create a URL that looks as follows, but using your Client ID instead of mine at the end:
Visit the URL that you created in your web browser and you'll see a page similar to the following where you can choose which server to add your bot to.
Image: 6 Authorizing our bot to join our server
Image: 6 Authorizing our bot to join our server
Select the server we created in the step before this and hit the "authorize" button. After completing the captcha, you should get an in-app Discord notification telling you that your bot has joined your server.
Now we can get to the fun part of building a brain for our bot!
Creating a Repl and installing our Discord dependencies
The first thing we need to do is create a Python Repl to write the code for our Discord bot. Over at, create a new Repl, choosing "Python" as your language.
We don't need to reinvent the wheel, as there is already a great Python wrapper for the Discord bot API over on GitHub, which makes it a lot faster to get set up with a basic Python discord bot. To use library, we can simply write import discord at the top of will handle installing this dependency when you press the "run" button.
Our bot is nearly ready to go – but we still need to plug in our secret token. This will authorize our code to control our bot.
Setting up authorization for our bot
By default, code is public. This is great as it encourages collaboration and learning, but we need to be careful not to share our secret bot token (which gives anyone who has access to it full control of our bot).
To get around the problem of needing to give our code access to the token while allowing others to access our code but not our token, we'll be using environment variables. On a normal machine, we'd set these directly on our operating system, but using we don't have access to this. allows us to set secret environment variables through a special.env file.
First, we need to create a new file called exactly.env. Select "Add file" in the left pane, as shown in the image below, and name this file.env. It is important not to leave out the. at the beginning.
Image: 7 Create a new file called.env
Image: 7 Create a new file called.env
Open this new file and add a variable to define your bot's secret token (note that this is the second token that we got while setting up the bot – different from the Client ID that we used to add our bot to our server). It should look something like:
You'll need to: * Replace the token (after the = sign) with the token that Discord gave you when creating your own bot. * Be careful about spacing. Unlike in Python, if you put a space on either side of the = in your.env file, these spaces will be part of the variable name or the value, so make sure you don't have any spaces around the = or at the end of the line. * Run the code again. Sometimes you'll need to refresh the whole page to make sure that your environment variables are successfully loaded.
Image: 8 Creating our.env file
Image: 8 Creating our.env file
Let's make a Discord bot that repeats everything we say but in reverse. We can do this in only a few lines of code. In your file, add the following:
import discord
import os
client = discord.Client()
async def on_ready():
 print("I'm in")
async def on_message(message):
 if!= client.user:
token = os.environ.get("DISCORD_BOT_SECRET")
Let's tear this apart line by line to see what it does.
The last two lines get our secret token from the environment variables that we set up earlier and then tell our bot to start up.
Press the big green "Run" button again and you should see your bot reporting a successful channel join in the Repl output.
Image: 9 Seeing our bot join our server
Image: 9 Seeing our bot join our server
Open Discord, and from within the server we created earlier, select your ReplBotApplication from the pane on the right-hand side of the screen.
Image:10 The Repl bot is active.
Once you have selected this, you will be able to send a message (by typing into the box highlighted below) and see your bot respond!
Image:11 Send a message to your bot.
The bot responds each time, reversing the text we enter.
Image:12 Our bot can talk!.
Keeping our bot alive
Your bot can now respond to messages, but only for as long as your Repl is running. If you close your browser tab or shut down your computer, your bot will stop and no longer respond to messages on Discord. will keep your code running after you close the browser tab only if you are running a web server. Because we are using the Python library, our bot doesn't require an explicit web server, but we can


Readers ask: How To Slow Cook Beans?
How long do you cook beans in the crockpot on low?
Cook on low for 6 to 8 hours: Cover the pot and cook on low for 6 to 8 hours. If this is your first time cooking beans or you're cooking an unfamiliar kind of bean, begin checking the beans after 5 hours and then every 30 minutes until they are cooked to your liking. Beans generally finish cooking in 6 to 8 hours.
How do I cook beans in 30 minutes?
What do I do if my beans are too hard?
Beans that have been stored for over 12 months or in unfavorable conditions may never soften. Hard water may also cause hard beans. If the cooked beans still seem tough, add a 1/4 teaspoon sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) for each pound of beans to increase tenderness.
Do you have to soak black beans before slow cooker?
Black beans, as you may remember from this Black Bean Soup post, never need to be (and in fact maybe shouldn't be) soaked, regardless of how you cook them: slow cooker, Dutch oven, pressure cooker. Add aromatics, such as an onion, garlic, a bay leaf, all of which will impart the beans with good flavor.
Is it safe to cook beans in slow cooker?
Do Not Cook Dry Beans in Your Slow Cooker It's low and slow, cook -it-all-day technique makes it a perfect vessel for turning tough ingredients into tender deliciousness. But research now suggests that one tough ingredient shouldn't be cooked in the slow cooker at all — beans.
You might be interested: How To Cook Pot Roast In The Oven?
Can I cook dried beans in a slow cooker?
Put 2 cups dried beans into the slow cooker crock and soak overnight in cold water, enough to cover by several inches. Turn cooker to HIGH and cook beans until they're tender and cooked through, about 3-4 hours for soaked beans. (You can also cook the soaked beans on low, which would take about twice as long.)
What to put in beans to prevent gas?
Method 1: Baking soda To cut down on the gassy properties, you can add a little baking soda to your recipe. The baking soda helps break down some of the beans ' natural gas – making sugars.
Should beans be cooked covered or uncovered?
Your beans will be creamy. When we tested both methods, we found the beans with the lid cooked about 15 minutes faster, but the flavor of the beans cooked with the lid off was much better. This is because the liquid reduced more, creating a more flavorful bean broth that coated the beans. Takeaway: Leave the lid off.
Does putting a potato in beans reduce gas?
She put in a whole potato in the pot as well while boiling them supposedly for the purpose of "absorbing" the gas from the beans. The result is that the beans are supposed to make you less gassy but if you eat the potato you'll get super gassy.
Why are my beans still hard after cooking?
The main reason for beans that are still hard after cooking is the quality of the beans. Drying beans preserves them for a long time, but not forever. And make sure to cover them with plenty of water, as beans above the level of the water will take longer to get soft. Even in a pressure cooker.
You might be interested: How Long To Cook Pork Chops At 375?
Why won't my beans get soft?
2 Answers. There are three primary reasons why dried beans do not soften despite extensive cooking time: 1) they are old; 2) hard water; or 3) the presence of an acid. If you don't think your beans are old, then perhaps your water is the problem. Beans cooked in hard water will never soften properly.
How do you make beans soft quickly?
Quick Soak. This is the fastest method. In a large pot, add 6 cups of water for each pound (2 cups) of dry beans. Heat to boiling; boil for 2–3 minutes. Remove from heat, cover and soak for at least 1 hour.
Are black beans toxic?
All legumes, including black beans, contain a compound called phytohemagglutinin, which can be toxic in high amounts. However, the amount of phytohemagglutinin in black beans is typically much lower than the levels in kidney beans, and reports of toxicity have not been linked to this type of bean.
How many cups is 1 lb of black beans?
1 pound dry beans = about 2 cups.
Does slow cooking beans remove lectins?
Cooking with wet, high-heat methods like boiling, stewing, or soaking can deactivate most lectins. However, undercooked or raw beans simmered at low heat or cooked in a slow cooker will not remove all lectins because the heat is not high enough to help break down the enzymes.
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text:
When filling your gas can to refuel outdoor power equipment, are you paying attention to the ethanol level in the gas you are pumping? Do you know that some ethanol-containing fuel can damage your small engine and may be illegal to use in small engines like outdoor power equipment?
OPEI on the Dangers of Ethanol Gas to Small Engines
Don't worry, you are not alone. According to a Harris Interactive study conducted for the Outdoor Power Equipment Institute (OPEI), nearly three-guards of American adults are "not at all sure" if it is illegal to put high-level ethanol gas (anything more than 10 percent) in their small engines such as those in boats, mowers, chain saws, snow mobiles, generators and more.
That's why the OPEI recently announced a new ethanol education and awareness campaign, "Look Before You Pump" to help educate consumers about the ill-effects of high-level ethanol containing gas. The visual to be displayed at pumps is a visible and simple reminder to consumer to make sure that they aren't using anything more than a 10 percent ethanol fuel in their small engines. The goal is to remind consumers that the gas they put in their car may not be right for their small engines.
3 Tips to Avoid Engine Damage from Fuel
To avoid engine damage that ethanol gas can cause to your small engines consider the following:
- Never use any fuel higher than 10 percent ethanol in your small engines
- Even with a 10 percent ethanol gas, use a fuel stabilizer to counteract any damage it can cause, especially if your equipment will be sitting idle for long periods of time
- Consider canned-fuel products to guarantee that your outdoor power equipment will remain fee of damage caused by ethanol containing gas


Origins of Measurement Equipment
I have been tasked with writing an essay on height gauges to include (obviously) the invention of. The farthest back I can trace it is to a German company catalog from 1905 (which, at least, tells me it was invented before this).
While Vernier invented a scale for use he did not invent a height gauge (or calipers for that matter).
Any information would be appreciated.


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To develop an application with SYMPHONY, you need to first understand how the source files are organized. Note that in this chapter, all path names are given Unix-style. When you unpack the SYMPHONY source distribution, you will notice at the root level a number of files associated with the automatic configuration system, as well as a number of subdirectories, each of which corresponds to a library used by SYMPHONY for some specific functionality. The files associated with SYMPHONY itself are located in the SYMPHONY subdirectory. Within the SYMPHONY subdirectory are a number of other subdirectories, including one called src containing the source files for SYMPHONY itself.
Also in the main SYMPHONY/ subdirectory, there is a subdirectory called Applications/ (see Sections 184.108.40.206 and 2.2.4) for instructions on building the applications). The Applications/ subdirectory contains the source code for a number of sample applications developed with SYMPHONY, as well as function stubs for developing a custom application using SYMPHONY's callbacks. The subdirectory SYMPHONY/Applications/USER contains the files needed for implementing the callbacks and is a template for developing an application. In this directory and its subdirectories, which mirror the subdirectories of SYMPHONY itself, each file contains function stubs that can be filled in to create a new custom application. There is a separate subdirectory for each module--master ( Master/), tree management ( TreeManager/), cut generation ( CutGen/), cut management ( CutPool/), and node processing ( LP/). Within each subdirectory, there is a file, initially called USER/*/user_*.c, where * is the name of the module. The primary thing that you, as the user, need to understand to build a custom application is how to fill in these stubs. That is what the second part of this chapter is about. Before describing that, however, we will discuss how to build your application.


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Difference Between Two Timestamps
Easy, right? Perhaps not as straightforward as you'd think.
Method #1: use EXTRACT
extract(day from (x-y))*24*60*60 + extract(hour from (x-y))*60*60 + extract(minute from (x-y))*60 + extract(second from (x-y))
Method #2: use CAST
( CAST( x AS DATE ) - CAST( y AS DATE ) ) * 86400
The difference? Method #2 is faster (my tests indicate faster by a factor of 3), but does not include fractional seconds. Method #1 is a bit slower, but includes fractions of a second. See the SO link for details.


Difference Between A Men's Hairdresser and A Barber
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Fancy haircuts and hairstyles have been around for as long as recorded history. Razors can be traced back to 3500 BC, the Bronze Age, and the popularity of barbers was seen to soar in the mid-twentieth century. No one will deny the fact that they don't require a haircut, whether its men or women. We all require haircut to look good, to look decent and that's why we need those specialists who can cut our hairs as per our preference and style. Thus, we require the services of hairdressers and barbers frequently. Especially men, as their hair grows fast and thus to look decent they have to regularly have a haircut. But there is a thing, there is a hell lot of confusion when it comes to differentiating between a men's hairdresser and a barber. Now, we have heard both terms but there is a catch, they both are different. They both are involved with haircutting and haircare, but modernization and other factors have made it more complex terms and thus to get a clear picture, it is important to have a differentiation sorted out so that one can get clear about both of them. But before we forward with the differentiation part, let's understand what hairdresser and barber really are.
A person who has special training for cutting, styling, and washing their client's hairs is called a hairdresser. Hairdresser is not gendered specific, a male, as well as a female, can perform the task. It is used as a universal term that can be applied to a person whose occupation is to give new styles to their client's hair and to cut and maintain them. Hairdresser is also used as a synonym for hairstylist and they work in salons, parlors, fashion events and movie sets. They are not restricted to just cutting and styling hairs, but they also perform the task of coloring, washing, shampooing and other hair related treatments to their clients.
Those who possess the skill sets and who are trained for cutting a men's hair are known as barbers. The word barber is extensively used to describe an expert who specializes in the grooming of men which includes, shaving, trimming of beard, and maintaining mustaches. If we look upon the history of the professionals called barbers then it goes back to ancient times, as men required grooming.
Points of Difference between a Men's Hairdresser and Men's Barber:
Barber is an older term than that of a hairdresser.
 - If we have looked upon on the work of both, barbers and hairdressers perform the same task and that is to cut hairs, but the only significant difference between them is that the barber cuts only men's hair.
 - Barber's profession is to look after the grooming needs of men which includes haircutting, trimming, shaving, beard, and mustache cutting. Whereas a hairdresser can be associated with a unisex job, as they work for both the men and the women and they specialize in grooming need of both.
 - A hairdresser is also called as a hairstylist and to acquire the skills they have the license of a barber as well as cosmetology.
 - When we talk about the training part, barbers and hairdressers, undergo the altogether different set of training. Barbers trains especially for grooming needs and hairstyles of men.
Author Bio:
Justin Jersey is a journalist, stylist and blogger. He is an aesthetician by heart who often writes about Home, Art, Fashion, decorating and DIY ideas. He loves sparking creativity and giving them ideas for their own spaces.
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Tag Archives: Body weight
Odes to obesity
"Odes to obesity: Images of overweight men and women in commercial sound recordings—A discography" by William L. Schurk and B. Lee Cooper (Popular music and society XXXIV/2 [2011] pp. 237–246) explores more than 200 commercial sound recordings that address obesity themes in lyrics and song titles.
The introductory text examines gluttonous dietary patterns and food addictions among endomorphs. It also traces socially inflicted and self-ascribed references to individuals of hefty stature. Finally, it probes assertions of personal affection and social rejection based upon excessive body weight.
The discography features recordings that address fat themes that were released over the past eight decades as either singles (45 or 78 rpm records) or as songs compiled in albums (33⅓ rpm records) or on compact discs. A brief bibliography of articles and books that address either physical or lyrical obesity concludes the study.
Below, Queen analyzes the concept of Fat bottomed girls.
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Filed under Humor, Popular music, Resources


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The Aurora Collection returns to the Natural History Museum
A world-class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds has been loaned to the Natural History Museum by diamond collectors Alan Bronstein and Harry Rodman. The Aurora Collection comprises 267.45 carats of exceptionally rare stones, from the 12 colour varieties, and reveals an enchanting spectrum from emerald green to blood red.
'Gems like these were not meant to be imprisoned in a dark vault for the momentary pleasure of a few eyes,' said Alan Bronstein, co-owner of the Aurora Collection. 'The true value of a collection is sharing it with as many people who are interested to experience nature's diversity of expression. It's thrilling to think that the collection will be seen by the 3.6 million visitors that come to the Natural History Museum each year.'
Coloured, so called 'fancy', diamonds have become more desirable than ever. Coloured stones were recently worn by actresses Halle Berry and Scarlett Johansson. Fancy diamonds are very rare: only one in every 10,000 gem-quality diamonds is coloured. The colour in diamonds results from tiny amounts of elements other than carbon, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure.
'Each coloured diamond tells its own story, giving us insight not only into its formation but also to the deep earth processes that took place when the gem was formed,' said Alan Hart, Curator of Minerals at the Natural History Museum. 'For example, yellow diamonds are due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure and green diamonds owe their colour to natural radiation damage, It's an amazing opportunity to be able to display this unique collection of exceptionally rare gems at the Museum.'
The Aurora Collection was displayed for the first time in Europe in 2005 as part of the Natural History Museum's Diamonds exhibition. This stunning collection of diamonds is now on display at the end of the Museum's Minerals and Meteorites gallery. The display highlights a little-known property shared by coloured and white diamonds - some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra-violet light.
The Natural History Museum has secured £150,000 of funding, from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)/ Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, to transform the space that contains the Aurora collection into a dazzling gem gallery. Redevelopment plans are currently being made and the gallery is set to be finished in December 2007.
Notes for editors
Winner of the 2006 Independent award for the UK's favourite museum, gallery or heritage attraction at the Museum and Heritage Awards for Excellence, the Natural History Museum is also a world-leading science research centre. Through its collections and scientific expertise, the Museum is helping to conserve the extraordinary richness and diversity of the natural world with groundbreaking projects in 68 countries.
Venue: Natural History Museum
Opening hours: Monday to Saturday 10.00-17.50, Sunday 11.00-17.50
Visitor enquiries: _PHONE_ 5000 Monday-Friday, _PHONE_ 5011 Saturday and Sunday


Logging into the Zapiens App is very easy, just follow these steps:
 1. Click on "Login"
 2. Write your username or email
 3. Accept the "Terms and Conditions"
 4. Click on "Next"
 5. Enter your password
 6. Click on "Verify"
Note: We advise against using your device's autocomplete option to enter your username, email and password, as it sometimes introduces blank spaces that cause credential errors.
If this is your first time accessing the App, Zap, our Artificial Intelligence, will welcome you and offer you two options:
I'd rather explore:
 1. Click on the "I'd rather explore" button to exit Zap and explore the App by yourself
Tell me more:
 1. Click on the "Tell me more" button to continue with Zap and explore the App with its help
Check out our articles Login or Create an account and Message "Wrong Credentials".
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How do you remember a name??? - Programmers Heaven
Howdy, Stranger!
How do you remember a name???
Eeehzzzz People,
i'm making an Flash game and i want People to enter a name at the beginning of the game...
And the later on in the gam they see that name,
HOW the heck do you do that in flash???
Allrighty thanxxxx
 - KnightKnight Posts: 34Member
 Its Simple.
 First create a text window and select Text options to input.
 Then you type in a variable name.
 Then you create a new text window anywhere in your flash game.
 and select the Text options to Dynamic Text.
 Then type in the variable name.
 A sample? (Open this in flash)
 - ajoyajoy Posts: 17Member
 hey there,
 1.first declare a variable which will contain your name
 2. when a user enters a name it gets stored into the variable
 3. when you call the movie in which you wnat to display the name you pass the value of this variable into the movie
 hope this works
 tell me if you need a fla file with a simple example
Sign In or Register to comment.


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- 45% of seniors admitted to Canadian hospitals are malnourished. These seniors stay 2-7 days longer in hospital and cost the health system 60% more than well-nourished seniors.
- Canadian adults with diabetes are 2 times more likely to see a family physician and 3 times more likely to be hospitalized and for longer periods
Primary Care Dietitians Make a Difference. A dietitian can help your patients. How? Click here to find out.
What can Dietitians in Primary Health Care do? Click here to find out.
Canadian Malnutrition Force 2016 video:
How does Therapeutic Meals helps address the malnutrition crisis?
Providing a continuation of nutrition care from hospital to home prevents re-admission to institutionalized care. Appropriate nutrition care helps seniors healing at home, prevents worsening of symptoms associated with medical conditions, and prevents falling incidents by increasing strength and balance. Appropriate nutrition care includes prescribed diets such as modified textured meals: pureed, minced, cut up, finger foods and blended meals, or therapeutic diets to manage chronic disease such as: renal, diabetic, low sodium diets. Providing these specialized meals alone is not enough. Seniors and children of seniors need to adapt to the new lifestyle. Nutrition therapy supports this critical transition by providing education and support. Our dietitian provides the nutrition therapy by:
- Assessing nutritional needs
- Planning the meals, preparing the therapeutic diet or diet texture modified meals, and providing supplements or feeding support tools.
- Implements the nutrition intervention by delivering the meals at home.
- Evaluates if the nutrition intervention is meeting needs by following up.
Benefits of decreasing malnutrition in elderly population and those managing chronic disease:
- Decrease visits to family physician office
- Decrease fall risk
- Decrease risk for (re) admission to acute care
- Delay need for institutionalized care
- Lowers care giver burden of family members
Who is Therapeutic Meals for:
Patients/clients living alone with identified need for meal support
Patients/client with dysphagia or chewing difficulties
Patients/clients with decreased appetite or limited ability to cook for self/family
Patients/clients with a recent hospitalization recovering at home
People who are managing a chronic disease and associated symptoms:
- Diabetes Mellitus Type I and II,
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF),
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Renal Failure (RF)
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Consider referring your client or patient to Therapeutic Meals' Registered Dietitian.
Request a nutrition assessment by completing the contact box below.


Press Releases
With Budget Talks Underway, Klobuchar Outlines Economic Priorities in JEC Hearing with Jason Furman, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors
Klobuchar calls for renewed commitment to bipartisanship in promoting responsible budget solutions, deficit reduction; urges critical investments in workforce training, export promotion and infrastructure
Nov 13 2013
WASHINGTON, D.C. - U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), Vice Chair of the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee (JEC), outlined her economic priorities going into the Senate's budget discussions during a hearing today with Jason Furman, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA). Klobuchar called for an end to the political brinksmanship that led to the government shutdown in October, stressing the need for bipartisan solutions to boost the economy and promote job creation while laying the groundwork for sustainable growth and deficit reduction.
"Today's hearing was a good opportunity to discuss some of the immediate actions we can take to boost our economy in the short term while laying a stronger foundation for growth in the long term," Klobuchar said. "We need to pass commonsense legislation like the Farm Bill and immigration reform, and also focus on boosting exports, improving workforce training, and strengthening our infrastructure."
Throughout the hearing, Klobuchar highlighted several immediate actions Congress could take to strengthen the economy and spur job creation, such as passing a five-year Farm Bill and the Senate-passed comprehensive immigration reform legislation, which would reduce the deficit by $160 billion in the first ten years. She also emphasized the need for a responsible plan to reduce the deficit while upholding critical investments in areas like workforce training, export promotion and infrastructure improvements.
Klobuchar also used today's hearing to stress the importance of bipartisanship in crafting a long-term budget plan. In September, she released a report showing that political brinksmanship surrounding the debt ceiling dealt a heavy blow to the U.S. economy.
In her role as JEC Vice Chair, Klobuchar has worked to find bipartisan solutions that strengthen the economy by promoting innovation, entrepreneurship and exports while responsibly reducing the deficit. During the government shutdown, Klobuchar was part of the bipartisan group of 14 Senators that worked together to craft the bipartisan framework to reopen the government and ensure our country paid its bills.
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of the Global Properties from the job schedule or command name use the /A parameter. Here is an example:
/A ServerName:8="(local)" DatabaseName:8="pubs"
This tip reviewed various methods for debugging and promoting DTS packages. To promote a DTS package, all you need to do is save the DTS package to the production server. There are several options to use when you want to debug stored procedures. You can masquerade the production server name by creating an alias; export your package to a bas file and use the VB 6.0 IDE when rich debugging is called for; use the Dynamic Properties task with an INI file to configure a large number of properties at run time; or use Global Properties when working with a small number of properties or when you want your DTS packages self contained.
About the author: Hilary Cotter has been involved in IT for more than 20 years as a Web and database consultant. Microsoft first awarded Cotter the Microsoft SQL Server MVP award in 2001. Cotter received his bachelor of applied science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Toronto and subsequently studied both economics at the University of Calgary and computer science at UC Berkeley. He is the author of a book on SQL Server transactional replication and is currently working on books on merge replication and Microsoft search technologies.


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Effect of Tai Chi for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis in elderly adults: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Osteoporosis (OP) has been defined as a degenerative bone disease characterised by low bone mass and microstructural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragility and an increased risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spine and wrist. Exercise has been shown to benefit the maintenance of bone health and improvement of muscle strength, balance and coordination, thereby reducing the risk of falls and fractures. However, prior findings regarding the optimal types and regimens of exercise for treating low bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly people are not consistent. As an important component of traditional Chinese Qigong exercises, Tai Chi (TC) is an ancient art and science of healthcare derived from the martial arts. The objective of this study is to attempt to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing studies on TC exercise as an intervention for the prevention or treatment of OP in elderly adults and to draw more useful conclusions regarding the safety and the effectiveness of TC in preventing or treating OP.


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Given a undirected graph, the task is to complete the method isCyclic() to detect if there is a cycle in the undirected graph or not.
The first line of the input contains an integer 'T' denoting the number of test cases. Then 'T' testcases follow. Each testcase consists of two lines. Description of testcases are as follows: The First line of each testcase contains two integers 'N' and 'M' which denotes the no of vertices and no of edges respectively. The Second line of each test case contains 'M' space separated pairs u and v denoting that there is a bidirectional edge from u to v.
The method should return 1 if there is a cycle else it should return 0.
Since this is a functional problem you don't have to worry about input, you just have to complete the function isCyclic.
1 <= T <= 100
1 <= N,M <= 100
0 <= u,v <= N-1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 2 2 3
0 1 2 3 3 4 4 2
Testcase 1: In above first test case there is a graph with 2 vertices and 2 edges the first edge is from 0 to 1 and other edge is from 0 to 0.
Testcase 2: In the second test case there is a graph with 3 vertices and 3 edges from 0 to 1, 1 to 2 and 2 to 3.
If you have purchased any course from GeeksforGeeks then please ask your doubt on course discussion forum. You will get quick replies from GFG Moderators there.


From Dwarf Fortress Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
÷ Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω ÷
= = Ω
= Ω
= = Ω
= Ω
÷ Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω ÷
- or -
Wikipedia article
This article is about an older version of DF.
Bronze is a manufactured metal that does not occur naturally. Bronze bars can be used to make reasonable weapons and armor that are 75% effective compared to iron. Bronze can also be used to make furniture and other objects at a metalsmith's forge.
Bronze cannot be smelted from a single ore; it must be smelted using one of the following recipes:
Bronze has a value of 5 and uses the same ingredients as fine pewter (which also has a value of 5). If you find yourself short of tin, use this metal to make your objects of art instead of using fine pewter.
Another advantage of bronze is that, from ores, it only requires 1 fuel to smelt 2 bars of bronze. This is the best fuel:product ratio of any weapon-grade metal in the game*. This can be key in the early game, or on fuel-scarce maps, and/or if time is a critical factor.
(* of silver, copper, bronze, bismuth bronze, iron or steel.)
See Also:[edit]


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A Contrastive Lexicology of Greeting and Food Terms of English and Ogu Language: Its Pedagogical Implications
Keywords:lexical variations, lexical difficulties, structural semantics, contrastive analysis, second language (L2).
This paper is a contrastive study of two semantic fields of English and Ogu language namely greeting terms and food terms with the aim of identifying how lexical variations in the two semantic fields affect the learning of English by Ogu second language (L2) learner. The paper observed that the internal differentiation of human societies is reflected in the two languages, and responsible for some learning difficulties of Ogu English learner, especially in the lexis, which is considered as more culturally generated. The theoretical framework for the study is anchored on structural semantics, Sapir-whorf hypothesis and contrastive analysis principles. Twenty (20) subjects, who are Ogu/English bilinguals were purposively selected and interviewed with specific questions from the two semantic fields under study. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural and geographical realities of each speech community accounts for their vocabulary and naming of words. The paper thus recommended proper understanding of the learner's culture for proper translation of texts, design appropriate module for teaching and learning English, and a practical classroom approach to learning of second language vocabulary as some of the ways of resolving the learning problems confronted by Ogu learners of English.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Taofeek Olanrewaju Alabi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


The Methods Behind the "Oil-Slick" Craze
What is Oil Slick?
The "oil-slick" finish is achieved with the application of a iridescent titanium coating. This coating displays different shades of green, yellow, blue, and purple. The oil-slick finish can only be achieved using high-cost machinery and extensive manufacturing processes. The oil slick finish will never fade away on parts with the exception of the braking surface of the oil slick brake rotors. The braking surface makes contact with the brake pads inhibiting the color change but the rest of the brake rotor will always remain oil slick! The finish will never fade away because it is an anodized titanium layer applied to the part which is extremely durable against the elements due to its material properties.
How is it Made?
The titanium oxide layer on the surface is transparent and of varying thickness, so part of the light bounces off the top of the titanium oxide coating and part bounces off the bottom, causing thin film interference.
Thin Film Interference
Titanium is applied to the alloy part with a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) process.
Next, the coloration is done by anodizing the titanium to varying thicknesses by controlling the immersion depth, time and voltage applied.
Aluminum Anodization Bath
 The specific manufacturing processes to achieve the "oil-slick" finish is not readily available to the general public. Engineers and scientists have invested years of research into developing this process.
Example Parts