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Java update hashmap value
java update hashmap value › java-how-to-update-the-value-of-an-existing-key-in-hash. First, create a HashMap and add elements to it −// Create a hash map HashMap hm = new HashMap(); // Put elements to the map [code] Map count = new HashMap(); Character key = new Character('a');, new Interget(1)); if(count.
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#10.3 Java Collection Tutorial: Map and HashMap - Key-Value Pair Entry Find an Online Tutor Now Choose an expert and meet online. Suggested Reading List. It correct marked answer will throw a NullPointerException if key does not exists. If there is no such key mapped, then it returns nullif the implementation supports null value. Attention reader! Java update hashmap value it does, a collision will be handled as efficiently as possible.
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Finally, if you're really interested in how a Map implementation handles a collision, go look at the code. Konstantin Milyutin Konstantin Milyutin If it is "put" on the first increment, the code should look like: if hashmap. There are two possible return of the replace method thus the handling of the returned value is totally different. And here are the method arguments and description for the method replace K key,V oldValue, V newValue. java update hashmap value
1 thoughts on "Java update hashmap value
 1. Chris Clark
 _USER_ study history more, America had private education system, then best in the world including colleges. Until taken over by the state. Also if you believe your taxes are going to the stated purpose you don't read enough of even your local papers. But worst of all is that they convince people that the government is in the jobs creation business. If we allow this to continue we will become China. Charity is voluntary, taxes are force. Riddle me this then, if government control is working why is everything getting worse. Every single IMPOSED social change from the government makes life worse. The constitution spells out what the government can tax Americans on, but congress and presidents keep ever expanding system of wacky programs.
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[Haskell-cafe] Can anyone help me with partition numbers?
whoals (sent by Nabble.com) lists at nabble.com
Thu Nov 24 11:00:24 EST 2005
A partition of a positive integer n is a representation of n as the sum of any number of positive integral parts. For example, there are 7 partitions of the number 5: 1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+2, 1+1+3, 1+2+2, 1+4, 2+3 and 5. Define a function parts which returns the list of distinct partitions of an integer n. For example, parts 4 = [[1,1,1,1],[1,1,2],[1,3],[2,2],[4]].
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text:
- 1 hammer
- something hard and resonant (and inanimate) to bang it on
- 1 clock with a second hand
- 1 measuring tape
- 1 helper
- 1 pair of binoculars
Sound travels at 344 metres per second in air at 20 °C. This is slow enough for noises to be noticeably delayed when heard from even quite a short distance. You can use this effect to measure the speed of sound.
Ask your helper to a hit a wall or a piece of metal repeatedly with the hammer, about twice every second. The exact frequency of the beat doesn't matter; it can be measured later. But the beat should be regular.
Now start walking away, looking back from time to time to watch your helper pounding away as you listen to the sound of their hammering. As the distance increases, the delay after each beat before the sound arrives will become longer and longer.
Eventually the delay...
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Art, mythological art, women of mythology
The Sleep of Venus and Cupid by Constance Mayer
Constance Mayer was a French artist who painted portraits, miniatures, genre works and allegorical themes. Mayer was one of the successful women artists following the French Revolution. She had the opportunity to study with Joseph-Benoît Suvée and Jean-Baptiste Greuze, it explains that she adopted soft brush strokes and that she painted some sentimental scenes like her instructors.
In 1802 she began to study with Pierre-Paul Prud'hon; however, they did not have the typical pupil-master relationship, they were more like peers. After 1804 her works were very influenced by Prud'hon.
The Painting
The Sleep of Venus and Cupid by Constance Mayer (1806)
Venus as the goddess of love and sexuality became a popular subject of art during the Renaissance in Europe; since she was a classical figure for whom nudity was the natural state, it was socially acceptable to depict her unclothed and it was allowed a certain degree of erotic beauty in the depiction too.
This painting is today part of the Wallace Collection (London). It was property of the Empress Josephine at Malmaison before being brought by the fourth Marquess of Hertford in 1856. The Marquess lived in Paris during a very important period of French painting, between the years _PHONE_. Analysing his purchases, in general, they reflected the taste of a regular visitor of the annual Salon.
The torch of Venus by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon
It follows a previous drawing of Prud'hon, however Mayer's style, by that time, was very influenced by her teacher. Here the use of atmospheric sfumato and the profusion of putti is inspired in Corregio and Albani, some of Prud'hon's favourites.
It is the subject of the awakening of love, which in here was complemented by The torch of Venus by Prud'hon as a symbol of 'Constancy in Love'.
As in many other cases of women artists who were associated with better known male artists, some of her works were in a first moment attributed to Prud'hon and until today is not completely clear exactly what was hers and what was his. This confusion is especially due to fact that they collaborated on several works (he sketched and she made the painting). That is the case of this painting in particular, which was initially attributed to Prud'hon.


text:
In Named Data Networking (NDN), packets carry data names instead of source and destination addresses. This paradigm shift leads to a new network forwarding plane: data consumers send Interest packets to request desired data, routers forward Interest packets and maintain the state of all pending Interests, which is then used to guide Data packets back to the consumers.
Maintaining the pending Interest state, together with the two-way Interest and Data exchange, enables NDN routers' forwarding process to measure performance of different paths, quickly detect failures and retry alternative paths.
In this paper we describe an initial design of NDN's forwarding plane and evaluate its data delivery performance under adverse conditions. Our results show that this stateful forwarding plane can successfully circumvent prefix hijackers, avoid failed links, and utilize multiple paths to mitigate congestion. We also compare NDN's performance with that of IP-based solutions to highlight the advantages of a stateful forwarding plane. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The REVEST Program will offer the following program options free of charge
(Including the cost of tuition and books):
Program Training Options:
1) Vocational English for Speakers of Other Languages (VESOL) Program
2) Employability Skills Seminars
3) Vocational Credit Certificate Programs & Continuing Workforce Education Courses
4) Vocational Skills Labs
5) Citizenship, language and civics instruction
Vocational English for Speakers of Other Languages (VESOL) Classes:
- The REVEST Program offers various levels of VESOL.
- All students must take the CASAS test (an English placement test) before registering for classes to determine the appropriate level of instruction.
- Each level of VESOL lasts 16 weeks and includes one week of the Employability Skills Seminar.
- Books are distributed to students free of charge. Students may keep their books if they complete the class. If a student withdraws from class, s/he must return the books to the REVEST Program.
- Each level of VESOL has a CASAS test and a departmental final exam.
- Students completing VESOL Level Three and who are interested in PSAV courses must take the Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE). Students will be informed of test dates and times by their instructors.
Career Technical Education (Formerly PSAV) & Continuing Workforce Education Courses:
The REVEST Program offers a limited number of short-term vocational training programs in high-demand fields. Students who complete the Career Technical Education Program graduate with a Certificate of Completion.
Citizenship Program (CP):
The REVEST Program offers citizenship, English language skills and Civics instruction for lawful permanent residents who reside in Miami-Dade County. Classes meet three times a week for 2 hour sessions. Courses last 16 weeks, Students who successfully complete the course receive a Certificate of Completion.
Back to REVEST Home Page
Back to REVEST English Page


Turning Off or Freezing a Layer in Autocad, what's the difference?
Awhile back, I was training a client on how to prepare his files in Autocad, prior to registering them in his CAFM/IWMS system, ARCHIBUS. My colleague, James Castruccio, introduced me and spoke very highly of my cad expertise to the gentleman I was training. While I was conducting the training, over a GoToMeeting, he was performing other work on the project and just listening in.
There was a point at which I was in the Layer Properties Manager dialog box and James piped up with a question, stating that he had always wondered why we sometimes freeze layers and other times turn them off, and could I educate him as to the differences?
You know, I have been doing this for so long, and have never had to articulate that before, having just sort of internalized the situations in which I would use one over the other.
Reflecting back on the topic, in the past, there were more functionality differences, before computing power and refresh rates, etc caught up to the functions of a full featured CAD program, but, I will try to focus on what is still applicable in more modern releases.
How are Freezing and Turning Off a Layer Similar?
Let's start with the things these two options have in common?
 1. Makes a layer invisible to the user
 2. Control from the Ribbon (Layers Panel of the Home tab)
 3. Control from the Layer Properties Manager
 4. Invoke from the Command Line interface
 1. LAYFRZ
 2. LAYOFF
 5. DWG Compare ignores layers that are Off or Frozen
How are they Different?
LAYOFF - Autocad's memory still holds the geometry
LAYFRZ - Autocad forgets the entities
 - this can speed up panning, zooming and regenerating
 - is ignored by Extents
 - is ignored during Rendering
TIP: When attaching an XREF, it is a good idea to have a dedicated layer for each one. So, you can easily FREEZE the layer and hide all of the external reference's layers, allowing an easy ZE or publish to extents, focusing only on the contents of the drawing you are working in.
LAYON - Does not force a regeneration of the drawing
LAYTHW - Forces a regen
OFF - Can be made the current layer
FROZEN - Cannot be made current
WARNING: When your current layer is turned OFF, any objects you create or insert will immediately become invisible and remain that way, until you turn the layer back on.
FROZEN - Entities are not selectable by any means or methods
OFF - Layers may be selected using the ALL option
WARNING: If you use the ALL option of the SELECT command, and choose to move or erase objects, even the objects on OFF layers will be affected.
OFF - Blocks with multiple layers might still be partially visible, even if the layer the block is inserted on has been turned OFF
FROZEN - Freezing the layer of a block will make all entities invisible
FROZEN - Layers can be frozen by Viewport
OFF - Cannot be controlled independently by VP
Other Layer Controls:
LAYISO invokes the OFF option, not the FROZEN option
LOCK - Unlike freezing or turning off a layer, when you lock a layer, it is still visible, just not able to be manipulated at all
If I have missed any differences or caveats to these to functions, please let me know in the comments.
Oh, and just to prove my street cred as someone who knows her layers, here is a t-shirt that my colleague The CAD Geek had made for me when we went toe to toe as the head of families for AutoCAD Family Feud at AU 2016. Thanks for the great conversation piece, Donnie!


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Abstract: The anthropological study of value has gained much currency in recent years. This article speaks to the importance of Pentecostal practices in understanding the qualitative aspects of value in Ghana. It demonstrates how practices relating to wealth accumulation and redistribution are in interaction with ethical evaluations about the character of charismatic Christian prophets. The moral evaluation of wealth of certain prophets, and the links perceived between their use of wealth and their character, tell us something about the moral climate in contemporary Ghanaian society, where wealth cannot simply be measured quantitatively (through acquiring riches), but also ought to be assessed qualitatively (discerned through the quality of one's acts).
Excerpt: This chapter is concerned with the relationship between entrepreneurship and religion. It examines the making of Pentecostal churches and pastoral careers as a form of entrepreneurship and discusses what the religious dimension adds to our understanding of how entrepreneurship unfolds in Africa today. The chapter analyzes in particular how striving for and attaining social and economic aspirations can be fulfilled through a pastoral career in Pentecostal churches in Ghana. What is remarkable is that young men and women are able to 'become someone' in society, achieve status, and accumulate wealth through the making of pastoral careers in a general context where the possibilities for social climbing are constrained.
By: Jörg Haustein (SOAS, University of London)
Wariboko's book is an important contribution to the by now substantial array of studies on Nigerian Pentecostalism, and yet it is one of a kind. Instead of providing another historical, political, or socio-economic analysis of the "Pentecostal explosion" in Africa's most populous country, Wariboko seeks to unlock its secrets from within, by producing a philosophical analysis of Nigerian Pentecostal spirituality and theology. His closest conversation partner is Ruth Marshall, whose influence is acknowledged at the outset and implicitly or explicitly engaged throughout the book.
Abstract: Experiential and mediatized, Pentecostal Christianity is one of the most successful cases of contemporary religious globalization. However, it has often grown and expanded transnationally without clear authoritative contours. That is the case in contemporary Ghana, where Pentecostal claims about charismatic empowerment have fed public anxieties concerning the fake and the occult. This article examines how Pentecostalism's dysfunctional circulation is countered within seminaries, or Bible schools, by specific strategies of pastoral training. First, I revisit recent debates on Protestant language ideology in the anthropology of Christianity, and stress Pentecostalism's affinity with notions of flow and saturation of speech by divine presence. Second, I move to data collected in the Anagkazo Bible and Ministry Training Center, and investigate this institution's pedagogical framing of Pentecostalism's otherwise erratic flow of speech and power according to two normative operations: Biblical figuration and the emic notion of transmission as 'impartation'. I conclude by stressing how the metapragmatics of figuration and impartation in Anagkazo requires an understanding of religious circulation that exceeds the dominant scholarly focus on religion-as-mediation.
Abstract: This article seeks to shed light on the relationship between material development and spiritual empowerment among Pentecostal churches in Northern Cameroon. Field studies show that several Pentecostal churches recently have been established in the area, and that they are "negotiating space" in order to find places and areas where they can influence the local community. Due to the strong Muslim control over the economy in the region, the new churches have little focus on prosperity, but the material and developmental discourse focus on entrepreneurship through education and hard work. The article concludes that the relative success achieved by the churches is connected to their focus on global mobility, local flexibility, spiritual authority and human dignity.
Abstract: Beauty pageants in Nigeria have become highly popular spectacles, the crowned winners venerated for their beauty, success and ability to better society through charity. This paper focuses on the Carnival Calabar Queen pageant, highlighting how pageants, at the nexus of gender and the nation, are sites of social reproduction by creating feminine ideals. A divinely inspired initiative of a fervently Pentecostal First Lady, the pageant crowns an ambassador for young women's rights. While the queen must have 'grace and beauty' and be 'ever prayerful', the discussion unravels emic conceptions of feminine beauty, religiosity and respectability. Yet, young women also use pageantry as a 'platform' for success, hoping to challenge the double bind of gender and generation they experience in Nigeria. The discussion pays particular attention to how young women, trying to overcome the insecurities of (urban) Nigerian life, make choices to negotiate individualism with community, and piety with patriarchy. Ethnographically, this paper situates beauty pageants in the region's past and present practices that mould feminine subjectivities. Contributing young women's experiences to recent literature on the temporalities of African youth, the paper's explicit focus on how new subjectivities form through action illuminates important themes regarding agency, resistance and notions of the religious self. In doing so, it furthers current analyses of Pentecostalism, seeking a more nuanced understanding of gender reconfiguration and demonstrating how religious subjects can be formed outside church institutions.
Abstract: This article historicizes the contemporary Pentecostal movement in Nigeria by examining relationships between Nigerian prophets, British missionaries, and American evangelists in the 1930s and 1940s. First, the article challenges assumptions about the genealogy and chronology of Nigerian Pentecostalism by taking a close look at the beginnings of the Christ Apostolic Church. Then, it discusses new evidence which reveals the surprising influence of a marginal American evangelist and renegade British missionary on the church's doctrine. Making use of a wide range of evidence from Nigerian, Welsh, and American archives, the article argues that while the Aladura movement may have had indigenous origins, its development made significant use of foreign support and did so much earlier than has been appreciated by previous studies. The larger significance of this argument is that it shows the mutual constitution of American, British, and Nigerian Pentecostalism; instead of emerging first in the US and UK and then being taken to Africa, Pentecostalism's development across the Atlantic was coeval.
Abstract: This article explores the cultural change generated by Pentecostalism among Liberian refugees in Ghana, who fled from their nation's civil wars to a refugee camp in Ghana's Central Region. Anthropologists of religion have argued that Pentecostal conversions have in large parts become popular because they enable a "break with the past." Liberian converts, as well, seek to distance themselves from a past that is mired in conflict. To this end, they connect to global Pentecostal networks in an attempt to overcome their marginal status. In so doing, many of them reject aspects of their past, which they associate with the Liberian civil wars, for example traditional belief systems, ethnic identity, and the Liberian gerontocracy. Yet, as the ethnographic examples illustrate, this "break with the past" is rarely complete. This study's findings are related to debates on whether anthropology of religion should focus on "continuity" or "discontinuity" in exploring religious conversions. The author argues that the religious experiences of Liberians in exile can only be understood by paying attention to the interplay and tensions between continuity and discontinuity.
Abstract: This paper examines the contextualization of the Jesus story by Ghanaian Christians. It approaches it through the analysis and evaluation of inherent ideas in their songs, sermons and practices that reflect their interpretation of the Christian experience in relation to primal religion and culture, and the Bible. The results show that Ghanaian Christians do not play down the ubiquity of evil in the world. Nonetheless, they see in Jesus Christ the incomparable, victorious Saviour who has made it possible for believers to overcome the evils of this world. Accordingly, they insist that in Christ believers can enjoy "full" and "complete" salvation in every area of life.
Abstract: In August 2010, Côte d'Ivoire commemorated fifty years of independence. Local Pentecostal churches likewise celebrated the jubilee, marking the liberation of slaves after seven times seven years of servitude as promised in Leviticus 25: 8–10. This reading of independence was closely linked to the incumbent president's political project of refondation based on a premillennial understanding of the interrelatedness of past, present and future. In this article, I explore Pentecostal political rhetoric and performances of the past during the jubilee celebrations, and the post-electoral crisis of 2010–2011. Drawing on empirical research into memory at work in Côte d'Ivoire, I question the instrumentalist paradigm used in analysis of religious ways of thinking about the world. By emphasizing performances of the past and collective memory, I explain how being born-again is enacted as politics and how politics are perceived in terms of faith.


text:
Photometric Units of Measurement
The intensity of electric lights is commonly given as so many candlepower, i.e., so many times the intensity of a standard candle. Since an ordinary candle is not a sufficiently accurate standard, the unit of intensity has been defined in various ways. It was originally defined as the luminous intensity in a horizontal direction of a candle of specified size burning at a specified rate. Later the international candle was taken as a standard; not actually a candle, it is defined in terms of the luminous intensity of a specified array of carbon-filament lamps. In 1948 a new candle, about 1.9% smaller than the former unit, was adopted. It is defined as 1/60 of the intensity of one square centimeter of a black body radiator at the temperature at which platinum solidifies (2,046°K). This unit is sometimes called the new international candle; the official name given to it by the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) is candela.
Other quantities of importance in photometry include luminous flux, surface brightness (for a diffuse rather than point source), and surface illumination. Luminous flux is the radiation given off in the visible range of wavelengths by a radiating source. It is measured in lumens, one lumen being equal to the luminous flux per unit solid angle (steradian) emitted by a unit candle. Surface brightness is measured in lamberts, one lambert being equal to an average intensity of 1/π candle per square centimeter of a radiating surface. The intensity of illumination, also called illuminance, is a measure of the degree to which a surface is illuminated and is thus distinguished from the intensity of the light source. Illumination is given in footcandles, i.e., so many times the illumination given by a standard candle at 1 ft. Another unit of illumination is the lux, one lux being equal to one lumen incident per square meter of illuminated surface. One lux equals 0.0929 footcandle.
Sections in this article:


Quick Answer: Why Is Hanging Up On Someone Rude?
What does it mean when you're hung up on someone?
1 : delayed or detained for a time.
2 : anxiously nervous.
3 : having great or excessive interest in or preoccupation with someone or something —usually used with onthey broke up but he's still hung up on herhung up on winning..
Did you just hang up on me meaning?
(someone) hung up on (someone) To "hang up on" someone means to suddenly stop the call while they are talking. People usually do this because they're angry. It's rude to hang up on someone. In the example above, the speaker says that her sister "hung up on" her as a joke.
Is it rude to hang up on cold callers?
If cold calls are defined as unsolicited sales attempts to individuals then hanging up is definitely acceptable. I'll generally say "I'm not interested", then hang up. Anything beyond ending the call leads to more wasted time, as the people calling have a script they must follow.
Why do cold callers hang up?
Robocalls that hang up immediately are usually meant to verify your number. It means that the machine wants to confirm that the number is active and that a real person answered the phone. Those calls will be brief, and often the call gets disconnected as soon as you say hello.
Is hanging up the phone on someone disrespectful?
IF you are on the phone with a FRIEND and you hang up, this is considered rude if the point is to end the conversation abruptly. There's no chance the other person will get the last word if you hang up. … Most people consider it rude because it's similar to just leaving a face-to-face conversation without any warning.
How do you hang up a call without being rude?
Here are a few tips and phrases to help you politely and professionally end phone conversations.Close the door. When it's time to end the conversation, be sure you are not inviting the other person to continue talking. … Use breaks in conversation. … Interrupt politely. … Offer future calls.
What do you do when your husband hangs up on you?
Be consistent, be polite, be kind, draw a line and stick to it. Do not talk to your husband on the phone if he hangs up on you. Tell him first, that it hurts your feelings, that it is disrespectful and ask him not to. Then if he does again, don't talk to him on the phone….
Can the IRS hang up on you?
The IRS uses "courtesy disconnects" to hang up on callers when wait times are long. Yes, you read that correctly: "Courtesy Disconnects" is the official term used by the agency. … Not a joke: When you are on hold with the IRS too long now, they give you a "courtesy disconnect." Click!
Is hanging up on someone rude?
Hanging up on someone is rude, obviously, but more than that, it is passive-aggressive behaviour in order to win, despite not having a cogent argument. It is the ultimate form of dismissal of who you are and what you have to say, usually by someone who is incapable of rational discussion.
Is it immature to hang up on someone?
Personally I only think hanging up on someone is really immature if it's done to avoid discussing a problem that needs to be resolved. It's one thing to end a conversation to clear your mind, but to go out of your way to put off something important is going about things the wrong way.
What's hang up the phone?
2. phrasal verb. If you hang up or you hang up the phone, you end a phone call. If you hang up on someone you are speaking to on the phone, you end the phone call suddenly and unexpectedly, usually because you are angry or upset with the person you are speaking to. Mom hung up the phone.
What does it mean when a girl hangs up on you?
She just wants to know you hearing her. A woman will only hang up on you if you refuse to listen and just keep pushing your own point. She hangs up in frustration. It seems crazy, what she wants is for you to "quieten down, chill out, and think on what she is trying to convey".
How do you know if someone has hung up on you?
The default setting for going to voicemail is usually 4 rings. If they haven't picked up by then it most likely means they couldn't get to their phone in time. If you go straight to voicemail, it might mean they are driving or busy. If you are immediately disconnected after about one second, they blocked you.
Is it rude to hang up without saying bye?
In these instances, someone might hang up without saying "bye," simply as a result of obliviousness and lack-of-thought about it. I doubt it's done to be rude (in the majority of instances, although occasionally, sure it probably happens).
Why do we say hang up the phone?
WHY DO WE "HANG UP" A PHONE? Phones used to have two parts to them, a base and a receiver. In order to end a call, the receiver had to be placed or "hung" on the base.


text:
In mid-2023, the UK's Payment Systems Regulator (PSR) announced a compulsory directive requiring banks and payment firms to promptly reimburse victims of online bank fraud within a five-day timeframe. This new mandate was established specifically to address situations where individuals conducting transactions on behalf of a business inadvertently send money to a bank account manipulated by fraudsters. The reason for this new regulation is that, in recent years, a substantial number of individuals across the globe have experienced the loss of their bank and investment funds due to an unprecedented surge in deceptive online bank transactions targeting British consumers. This type of fraud is commonly referred to as authorized push payment (APP) fraud.
The PSR's new guidelines were based on findings from investigations into consumer behavior and the subsequent responsiveness of payment service providers (PSPs) in addressing payment fraud issues. These were published in an October 2023 report, Authorised Push Payment (APP) Fraud Performance Report, which summarizes three key takeaways for organizations that enable APP:
The rapid adoption of online banking and the proliferation of peer-to-peer payment platforms have significantly simplified tasks such as bill payments, check deposits, and online account balance checks for UK residents. Consider that in 2022, approximately 93% of the adult population in the UK engaged in some form of online banking. The enhanced convenience is helping to drive increased online transactional volume, but it comes with a substantial drawback in the form of APP fraud.
The prevailing reality of life in 2023 revolves around online transactions, a fact underscored by the latest fraud data released by UK Finance. According to the data, a significant 77% of fraudulent APPs originated in the online realm, while an additional 17% were traced back to telecommunications, specifically SMS or phone calls.
Undoubtedly, APP fraud has emerged as a pressing national issue in the UK. In 2022 alone, losses attributable to APP fraud reached a staggering £583 million. Experiencing a 39% surge from the prior year, APP scams now stand out as a predominant fraud threat to British businesses and consumers.
Because instances of APP fraud are on a significant rise, it is a clear signal that regulators are going to put increasing pressure on banks and other financial institutions to implement better fraud protection measures.
APP fraud occurs when fraudsters deceive individuals into initiating a substantial bank transfer. Unlike unauthorized payments, APP fraud makes the victim a participant by actively authorizing and executing the payment, often under false pretenses created by the fraudster.
Like other types of fraud, APP fraud is not manifested through a single scenario. Rather, it involves the interplay of a variety of factors to create a complex web of activity that is challenging to identify and isolate. Characteristics and components of APP fraud include the following:
Fraudsters employ a range of deceptive techniques to trick individuals. This may include instances where they pose as seemingly legitimate entities, including banks, financial institutions, or even trusted service providers. They create convincing narratives or scenarios to gain the victim's trust and convince them to initiate a payment.
As in so many types of fraud, social engineering plays a crucial role in how APP fraud is perpetrated. Fraudsters exploit psychological and emotional triggers to manipulate individuals. This may involve creating a sense of urgency, fear, or trust to prompt the victim to act quickly without questioning the legitimacy of the transaction.
A common APP tactic is impersonating trusted entities such as banks, credit unions, and other types of financial services enterprises. Fraudsters often use sophisticated methods to mimic official communication channels, including emails, phone calls, or even text messages. This impersonation aims to deceive the victim into believing they are interacting with a legitimate institution.
Unlike some other forms of fraud where transactions occur without the victim's consent, APP fraud involves the victim actively authorizing the payment. This authorization is obtained through manipulation, misinformation, or the creation of a false sense of trust.
The actual act of APP fraud typically happens by convincing victims to make substantial transfers of funds. Once the payment is authorized, it is often processed through real-time payment systems, making it difficult or impossible to reverse. This adds to the urgency and impact of the fraud.
APP fraud can manifest in various scenarios, including romance scams, purchase scams, impersonation scams, and investment scams. Each scenario is tailored to exploit specific vulnerabilities or desires of the victim. We go into these different types of scenarios in the section below.
Fraudsters are cagey and attuned to how their tactics are tracked. As a result, those who engage in APP fraud are continually adapting their tactics, staying ahead of prevention measures. As technology advances, so do the methods employed in APP fraud. This necessitates a dynamic and multifaceted approach to counteract the evolving nature of these schemes.
Understanding that APP fraud is multidimensional is important for fraud teams to understand. They must recognize patterns and behaviors that indicate APP-related criminal schemes so that they can implement effective preventive measures and protect against financial losses. This is precisely why the UK's PSR is now demanding more rigorous measures to help banks prioritize identification verification as a critical component for combatting APP fraud.
Clearly, there is a lot of work that goes into creating the right set of actions to make APP fraud a profitable endeavor. But what does it actually look like to the end user? Well, as we now understand, committing APP fraud involves persuading victims to initiate fund transfers, and unlike fraud that involves unauthorized payments, it incorporates a distinct psychological element. APP fraud is ultimately about some semblance of cajoling, confusing, and manipulating victims over extended periods to deceive them.
In a Prove webinar, Fighting APP Fraud and Scams, Chris Parker (Fraud Analytics Product & Threat Lead at NatWest Group) outlined some common forms of social engineering that are the foundation for APP fraud in the UK. These include:
The allure of APP fraud has increased for criminals in recent years, particularly with the introduction of real-time payment systems. In the UK, the inception of Faster Payments in 2008 marked the beginning of the initial wave of these types of scams.
Faster Payments was a pivotal electronic money transfer method in the UK, specifically designed for fast transactions. As a real-time payment system, it emphasized speed and convenience by ensuring that any transferred funds were received in near real-time. Before the advent of Faster Payments, the process of moving funds between bank accounts typically took three days for the process of transfer, clearance, and deposit.
Since the introduction of Faster Payments, real-time payment systems have become almost ubiquitous, with tools like PIX in Brazil, the New Payments Platform in Australia, and the recent launch of FedNow in the U.S., which is managed by the U.S. Federal Reserve Banks.
As a result of all this innovation, real-time payments are now integrated into the lives of almost every consumer, but, regrettably, real-time payments fraud has also become a pervasive issue. It's easy to see how this is a ready-made environment for fraud. Once an individual is deceived into performing a seemingly normal, regular act, there is a whole underpinning of activities that compel them to make a payment under false pretenses to a bank account controlled by the fraudster. The incorporation of real-time payment schemes intensifies the gravity of the situation, as payments processed through these systems become irrevocable. This irreversibility leaves victims helpless once they become aware that they have fallen victim to deception.
Banks and other financial institutions can take a variety of measures to address this issue. The initial emphasis is on verifying the legitimacy of companies and promptly responding to reports of impersonation. This proactive approach is intended to prevent individuals from unwittingly sharing personal information online.
An illustrative example involves instances on platforms like X (such as Twitter) where an account impersonates a legitimate company in response to customer service complaints, attempting to extract personal information. This information could be exploited for fraud or become part of the burgeoning trove of data traded online about individuals. Another prevalent scenario is observed on platforms like Facebook Marketplace, where individuals are induced to prepay for goods without any intention of delivering them. These situations underscore the imperative for online companies to enhance their efforts. This includes not only an increased reliance on AI for cost-effective monitoring but also a commitment to maintaining human oversight. This dual approach is crucial because fraudsters adeptly adapt to the challenges posed by automated systems.
Given the intricate nature of this fraud vector, there isn't a one-size-fits-all solution to completely thwart all APP fraud. Nevertheless, there are several strategies that financial institutions can and should integrate:
First and foremost is education. Highlighted in the "Fighting APP Fraud and Scams in 2022" webinar, Chris Parker underscores the significance of initiatives like the UK's Take 5 campaign. This campaign encourages individuals to pause before parting with their money, considering the risks of fraud. Recognizing that fraudsters excel at creating a sense of urgency, education emphasizes the importance of slowing down before approving any money transfers. However, acknowledging the limitations of education alone, additional technical solutions become imperative.
Financial institutions, both in the UK and globally, can implement a range of technical fixes to combat APP scams. Experts emphasize the need to avoid a generic warning message for every transaction, as users may become desensitized to them. Instead, it is recommended that companies deliver warnings to their users specifically before high-risk transactions occur, ensuring that users pay attention when it matters most.
At Prove, we address the issue through a lens that goes beyond just account access, which we know can be manipulated with relative ease by fraudsters. As a result, we see the problem being about how we bind an identity to the device that a person uses. That presents an actual human-in-the-mix element that cannot be cheated. By establishing a robust identity link, the Prove Auth® passwordless authentication solution facilitates passwordless and OTP-less authentication across mobile apps, web-based platforms


These questions test your verbal reasoning skills. This includes your testing vocabulary, a logical approach, your ability to determine patterns within words and your ability to manipulate words.
Verbal - "Compound Words"
(path step lollipop)
(girl lady mother)
There are nine possible answer combinations:
path girl
path lady
path mother
step girl
step lady
step mother
lollipop girl
lollipop lady
lollipop mother
You can eliminate options 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 as these do not make words.
There are now two options to choose from:
step mother
lollipop lady
Stepmother is one word, but lollipop lady is two words. Therefore the correct answer is "step" "mother" which is answer options B,E.


text:
Siebel Business Process Designer Administration Guide > For Developers: Understanding How Workflow Processes Are Designed > Building Long-Running Workflow Processes >
Assigning Subprocesses to End Users to Create Collaborative Long-Running Workflows
Using the subprocess step, you can configure workflows that assign interactive subprocess workflows to end users to create collaborative workflow processes. An example of a collaborative workflow is one that includes a requirement for approvals; the route the workflow takes as tasks is a route across multiple users.
Use the Step Recipient field on a subprocess step to create collaborative workflows. Assignment occurs based on the login name, not on the Position or User ID. This login name may be a literal value, it may be held in a process property or a buscomp field, or it may be the result of an expression.
NOTE: The Process Designer cannot validate the data supplied to make sure that it represents a valid login name at design time.
To assign subprocesses to end users
- Create a subprocess step.
- Right-click the subprocess step and choose Show Recipients.
- In the WF Step Recipients applet, set the Recipient Name field to the login name of the assignee (the end user who will be assigned the subprocess).


Beefy Boxes and Bandwidth Generously Provided by pair Networks RobOMonk
good chemistry is complicated,
and a little bit messy -LW
by gods
on Aug 24, 1999 at 22:42 UTC ( #273=perlfunc: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
See the current Perl documentation for ioctl.
ioctl - system-dependent device control system call
Implements the ioctl(2) function. You'll probably have to say
 require ""; # probably in /usr/local/lib/perl/
first to get the correct function definitions. If doesn't exist or doesn't have the correct definitions you'll have to roll your own, based on your C header files such as . (There is a Perl script called h2ph that comes with the Perl kit that may help you in this, but it's nontrivial.) SCALAR will be read and/or written depending on the FUNCTION--a pointer to the string value of SCALAR will be passed as the third argument of the actual ioctl() call. (If SCALAR has no string value but does have a numeric value, that value will be passed rather than a pointer to the string value. To guarantee this to be TRUE, add a 0 to the scalar before using it.) The pack() and unpack() functions are useful for manipulating the values of structures used by ioctl(). The following example sets the erase character to DEL.
 require '';
 $getp = &TIOCGETP;
 die "NO TIOCGETP" if $@ ||!$getp;
 $sgttyb_t = "ccccs"; # 4 chars and a short
 if (ioctl(STDIN,$getp,$sgttyb)) {
 _USER_ = unpack($sgttyb_t,$sgttyb);
 $ary[2] = 127;
 $sgttyb = pack($sgttyb_t,_USER_);
 || die "Can't ioctl: $!";
The return value of ioctl() (and fcntl()) is as follows:
 if OS returns: then Perl returns:
 -1 undefined value
 0 string "0 but true"
 anything else that number
Thus Perl returns TRUE on success and FALSE on failure, yet you can still easily determine the actual value returned by the operating system:
 ($retval = ioctl(...)) || ($retval = -1);
The special string ''0 but true'' is excempt from -w complaints about improper numeric conversions.
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text:
that does not actually exist, of a large group of diverse people, is obviously impossible to do precisely. We acknowledge making a number of assumptions, some stated, some implicit, and some generous to critics of this proof.
Within this context, we aim to demonstrate, through probability calculations, that a large number of open payment channels will be required for each user, thus making the system essentially inoperable at a size of 1,000,000 users.
2. Channels and Hops Required, with No Constraints
Modeling the network as a complex graph of 1,000,000 nodes, we shall examine the probability of reaching a random peer given a certain number of open channels, C, and allowing for a certain number of hops, H.
From the perspective of a user, reaching distant peers through a series of branching channels is similar to tree structure.⁴ The number of leafs grow exponentially and are possible transaction destinations.
To simplify the calculations, we will ignore the possibility that a branch on the tree could link to another branch already on the tree (such as an ancestor or cousin).
This possibility happening would reduce the number of peers found from a purely exponential branching to a slightly lower number. Since we are attempting to prove that a relatively low number of peers would be reached without a large number of channels or hops, and the real number would be even lower, this is a generous assumption (strengthening the proof).
Let n be the number of leafs, defined as C^H. For example, 10 open channels and 6 hops is 10⁶ = 1,000,000.
The probability P for failing to choosing a member of a set |N| with cardinality n by sampling n times, with replacement is:
(In our case, obtaining a desired destination by matching to a leaf.)
We can generalize this with the limiting form:
Since 1/e = 0.3678… then the probability of choosing correctly at least once is (1- (1/e)) = 63.21…%
Having access to any given peer at a rate of only 63.21% is too low to be considered successful for a payment system.
Using a different number of trials can be expressed as:
By taking various exponents of e, we can calculate the corresponding probabilities:
Using a value of 1,000,000 users and the limiting form, we derive the formula:
Using this formula, we can calculate some initial values reaching at least the 80% probability level; however this is not considering other factors not yet discussed:
3. Channels and Hops Required, with a Basic Money Constraint
All hops along the route must have sufficient funds to process any payment they wish to service. This is the money constraint.
Modeling a network of a million users with a wide variety of financial profiles and spending patterns isn't possible to do precisely because there are too many unknown factors.
However, we can make a very general common-sense assumption that many or most users will receive some kind of income at some kind of regular interval, and deposit an allowance of funds into the LN for spending.
Deposited funds will generally be either spent or eventually withdrawn. (We will assume LN is not used as a savings vehicle)
As users spend funds, payment channel availability for routing will degrade, either because a channel closes, or because the funded amount diminishes. When additional funds are deposited, the routing capabilities are revitalized.
We do not have a detailed model of which and how many users are getting paid how much, when, and how often. However, we can aggregate the behavior of the set of users thanks to the law of large numbers, which states that " the average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should be close to the expected value".
The typical consumer cycles consist of receiving income, spending it, and then repeating. We can generalize this behavior as a reverse sawtooth wave:
Visually, it appears as:
Salary payments are represented by spikes, and income is then spent gradually until the next payment.
Integrating the function gives half the value of the period, as expected:
This is also apparent visually as the waves form right triangles cutting out half the area.
The implication is that about half the channels that would be used for routing are invalid. Thus, the number of channels at each hop needs to be doubled.
Our probability formula changes to:
And our table of results becomes:
There is also a huge generous assumption we are making, which is that all users are a useful part of set of routing participants for all other users. In reality, a vastly uneven distribution of wealth would likely put additional and significant constraints on the system.
4. Additional Constraint of Lending
In addition to the burdens of dividing funds and finding routes, we assume that the user also participates in the network by helping others route payments.
This disrupts the user in two ways.
First, it may cause the distribution of the user's personal funds to become unbalanced, diminishing the number of routes available. Over time, this could theoretically average out with money flowing in either direction of any given channel. However, each user would be subject to a large degree of variance at any given time.
The second is that the money used in routing others' payments is unavailable to the user during the time that the route is in use.
We shall generously ignore the first cause of disruption and only attempt to model the second. We'll take the simplistic approach of assuming all users have the same average number of transactions and spending volume, and assume each user participates equally in the routing.
Let us define the following variables:
U: the number of users
H: the number of hops
V: the total network transaction volume during a period of time
v: the transaction volume per user during a period of time
r: the total routed volume per user during a period of time
D: the duration in hours of a time period of measurement
t: average number of transactions per user for time period D
d: the duration in hours of the average route
Since each hop needs to route the entire transaction amount for any transaction in a route that it participates in, the total routed volume for the entire network during a period of time = VH.
Thus, r= VH/U. And since V/U=v, r=Hv.
For example, if v=$1000, the plot appears as:
Let us introduce the concept of dollar-hours to measure routing capacity.
Each user can only spend their own money once, of course. But for purposes of routing others' money, we can think of dollar-hours as the total dollars in their channels, multiplied by the number of hours they available. For example, $1000 sitting unmoved for a week is 168,000 dollar-hours.
We can then calculate a quotient Q, which represents the percentage of available capacity remaining after routing for others:
Q = 1- (d(H-1))/D
Note that v and t do not appear in the equation as they are factored out, but they are implicit in the ratio d/D. The reason for H-1 is that one hop doesn't cost the network anything beyond a user's own transactions (r=Hv).
For example, if the network uses 4 hops, and routes require 4 hours, and the user's balances for routing are based on 168 hours (1 week), then:
Q=1- ((4)*(3))/168 ) = 0.92
Our probability formula is now:
Assuming D=168, and routing time d = 4 hours, we arrive at the following probabilities:
5. Determining Transaction Limitations Based on a Pareto Distribution
It hardly seems necessary to prove that if funds need to be split into small buckets, there would be an enormous negative effect on usability. However, for completeness, we included this section.
We assume most consumer and business spending follows a Pareto distribution in that each user makes a relatively small number of large transactions, several medium-sized transactions, and a larger amount of smaller transactions.
The Pareto probability density function is expressed as:
For the simplest type 1 Pareto curve, this simplifies to:
The distribution does not change by applying constants, but we can better envision the model with some real world values by multiplying the y-values by 1000, so that dollar amounts for big items become substantial, and integrate over a typical set of x values (number of transactions at each dollar value), say 50.
The total sum of transactions = $980. Using a 10% value of $98,
we can solve the equation: 98 = 1000/x² to obtain 3.194 transactions.
Next, we will integrate over the smaller set of transactions to obtain the sum value of the transactions that have amounts that less than the our minimum $98 value:
Since 293.48/980=.299, we can say that only 29.9% of all desired economic activity would be possible if 10 channels were used.
I expect critics to nitpick. I encourage you to do your own critical thinking. Do not forget the generous assumptions we have made to ignore wealth disparity.
Remember, Bitcoin must be decentralized. Be wary of the rationalization of "Centralization is ok as long as the base layer is kept decentralized." That is an insidious trap which allows forcing users off the base layer and into the centralized systems. We must never allow that.
So, is Bitcoin in trouble because second layer solutions may not work? No, not at all. Bitcoin was designed to scale on-chain with simple blocksize increases. It can and will do so, if we allow it.
- Not a new type of address. Simply, a multi-signature address for the purposes of the channel.
- Originally published by Carl S. Sterner in 'Resilience and


text:
The wood thrush has lost 43 percent of its population over the past 40 years, making it a species of conservation concern. As with other species in decline, the main culprit seems to be the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats, largely due to development. Ongoing research at the University of Delaware compares the breeding success of wood thrushes at a university woodland preserve and in a nearby neighborhood.
Roth discovered that loss of habitat hasn't deterred the remaining wood thrushes from summering in Delaware. However, many must try to breed in less than desirable conditions; in the 1980s, Roth studied a sizable population of wood thrushes in the wooded Newark neighborhood of Arbour Park. These birds had the usual two to three nests with three to four eggs per year, but raised significantly fewer young than wood thrushes breeding in the UD Woods, located just two miles away. And, unlike the thrushes at the UD Woods, few of the banded adults in Arbour Park returned there the next year, which was more likely an indication of bird dissatisfaction than mortality.
"UD Woods' leaf litter fosters excellent food resources, such as larval and adult insects, earthworms and millipedes. And on the edge of the woods, the birds can forage for berries from spicebush, elderberry and other shrubs," notes Roth. "A suburban neighborhood often doesn't provide such an abundant food supply, much less native trees and shrubs for nesting and shade."
While many nests were lost to predation at Arbour Park, the nests there also were more frequently parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird. It lays its eggs in the nests of wood thrushes and some other song birds, often removing a host's egg for each one laid. The unwitting host incubates the cowbird eggs and feeds the cowbird chicks along with her own. The negative effect on wood thrushes is the loss of eggs.
"Cowbirds are more apt to parasitize nests in small forest fragments, wooded neighborhoods and other edge habitats created by humans than in deep deciduous forests, where the wood thrush thrives," says Roth. "Don't blame the cowbirds; we created the favorable conditions for them."


text:
A group of researchers from Japan has examined how the hold position of a red blood cell affects its mechanical characteristics in tensile tests.
The tensile test is the most fundamental type of mechanical test in material science to understand mechanical properties of material of interest. Although the tensile test has also been used in cellular mechanics, large variations were found in experimental data unlike metallic materials. Conventionally, the variations were attributed to sample-to-sample variations as is common in biological studies. Yet the researchers, who have been engaged in tensile tests of cells for many years, experienced difficulties in controlling the hold position of cells under a microscope using a needle and a micropipette, and hypothesized that differences in the hold position yielded the experimental errors.
The researchers reproduced the tensile test of a red blood cell in silico using a particle method that describes the motion of fluid and the structure as the collective behavior of particles. This method allows a fluid-structure interaction analysis with ease compared to other numerical methods such as finite element methods.
The results show significant varitions in the deformed geometry of the red blood cell during the tensile test, as well as variations in strain distribution. Of the hold patterns examined, with an applied strain of 0.8, the misaligned stretch increased the maximum of the first principal strain by 65-85% in comparison to the aligned stretch.
Although it would be ideal to precisely align the hold position with the stretch to gain correct data, this represents a significant practical challenge. A take-home message of this study is that, for the interpretationof RBC tensile test results, we should always bear in mind that tensile test data are significantly affected by the hold position.
Masanori Nakamura & Yoshihiro Ujihara
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saitama University, Japan


text:
Brain Networks Supporting Execution of Mathematical Skills versus Acquisition of New Mathematical Competence
Date of Original Version
Abstract or Description
This fMRI study examines how students extend their mathematical competence. Students solved a set of algebra-like problems. These problems included Regular Problems that have a known solution technique and Exception Problems that but did not have a known technique. Two distinct networks of activity were uncovered. There was a Cognitive Network that was mainly active during the solution of problems and showed little difference between Regular Problems and Exception Problems. There was also a Metacognitive Network that was more engaged during a reflection period after the solution and was much more engaged for Exception Problems than Regular Problems. The Cognitive Network overlaps with prefrontal and parietal regions identified in the ACT-R theory of algebra problem solving and regions identified in the triple-code theory as involved in basic mathematical cognition. The Metacognitive Network included angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and anterior prefrontal regions. This network is mainly engaged by the need to modify the solution procedure and not by the difficulty of the problem. Only the Metacognitive Network decreased with practice on the Exception Problems. Activity in the Cognitive Network during the solution of an Exception Problem predicted both success on that problem and future mastery. Activity in the angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus during feedback on errors predicted future mastery.
Public Library of Science PLoS ONE, 7, 12.


text:
The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in India with funding from the Laudes Foundation has been supporting an organic cotton farming programme in three districts of the Nimar Region in Madhya Pradesh where cotton is a major crop and a key source of income for the predominant tribal communities.
In this context, the Aga Khan Foundation commissioned us to conduct a longitudinal study (collecting data from 2021, 2022 and 2023 cropping cycles) to:
- Assess the comparative impact of organic and conventional cotton farming, in terms of farm incomes, cotton productivity, environmental impact (water, soil, carbon emissions) and the overall quality of life of cotton farming families in Madhya Pradesh's Nimar region
- Identify the key determinants of cotton productivity (e.g., seed quality, access to irrigation, soil type/ soil health, access to other inputs) and the contribution of these key determinants to the productivity of organic cotton and conventional cotton.
For this study, we have been using a 'follow-up longitudinal design (panel survey)' along with mixed-method data collection approach (quantitative: face to face interviews and qualitative: in-depth interviews and focused group discussions) following sequential explanatory design of data collection. Our detailed scope of work includes:
- Finalisation of the three farming cohorts for data collection across the three years (2021, 2022, 2023)
- Finalisation of the indicators and the process for collecting data for each of these indicators
- Mapping of primary and secondary data collection sources
- Comparative analysis of BT and non-BT cotton farms with respect to pesticide and chemical fertiliser consumption, water use, labour requirement, cotton productivity and incomes earned from cotton
- Comparative analysis of organic and BT cotton plots on soil
- Co-relation assessment and analysis of trends in cotton and other crop production and productivity across the years covering all seasons based on farmers' practices
- Identification of key determinants of cotton and contribution of these key determinants to the productivity of organic cotton and conventional cotton.


text:
scala> df.rdd.getNumPartitions res6: Int = 8 scala> df.coalesce(1).rdd.getNumPartitions res7: Int = 1 scala> df.coalesce(1).explain(extended = true) == Parsed Logical Plan == Repartition 1, false +- LocalRelation [value#1] == Analyzed Logical Plan == value: int Repartition 1, false +- LocalRelation [value#1] == Optimized Logical Plan == Repartition 1, false +- LocalRelation [value#1] == Physical Plan == Coalesce 1 +- LocalTableScan [value#1]
CoalesceExec represents Repartition logical operator at execution (when shuffle was disabled — see BasicOperators execution planning strategy). When executed, it executes the input
child and calls coalesce on the result RDD (with
Please note that since physical operators present themselves without the suffix Exec,
CoalesceExec is the
Coalesce in the Physical Plan section in the following example:
output collection of Attribute matches the
CoalesceExec is about changing the number of partitions not the internal representation).


The Veiled Virgin
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The Veiled Virgin
Veiled virgin 400.jpg
Artist Giovanni Strazza
Year year unknown
Type Carrara Marble
Dimensions 48 cm (19 in)
Location Presentation Convent, St. John's
The Veiled Virgin is a Carrara marble statue carved in Rome by Italian sculptor Giovanni Strazza, depicting the bust of a veiled Blessed Virgin Mary. The exact date of the statue's completion is unknown.
The statue was transported to Newfoundland in 1856, as recorded on December 4 in the diary of Bishop John Thomas Mullock:
The Veiled Virgin was then kept at the Episcopal Palace next to the Roman Catholic Cathedral in St. John's until 1862, when Bishop Mullock presented it to Mother Mary Magdalene O'Shaughnessy, the Superior of Presentation Convent. The bust has since remained under the care of Presentation Sisters, in Cathedral Square, St. John's.
Italian nationalism was on the rise in the mid-19th century. Strazza's Veiled Virgin is a prime example of the Italian nationalist art movement called Risorgimento. The image of the veiled woman was intended to symbolize Italy just as Britannia symbolized Britain, Hibernia symbolized Ireland, and Lady Liberty symbolized the United States. Pietro Rossi and Raffaelle Monti were the most important Italian contemporaries of Strazza who also sculpted veiled women.


11-18 The Mandalorian LED wall
[Image above] The television series "The Mandalorian" uses a novel LED wall to create backgrounds for the show, overcoming some of the challenges faced by green-screen compositing. Credit: Insider, YouTube
I am not one of those people who signed up for Disney+ when it launched last year, but I have many friends who did. And based on their social media posts, the biggest takeaway from the new streaming service is Baby Yoda.
Technically, this character from the Star Wars television series "The Mandalorian" is called The Child, but fans quickly nicknamed the creature Baby Yoda because it is the same species as Yoda from the original Star Wars film franchise. (The true name of this species is unknown.)
This month, the popularity of Baby Yoda dropped substantially with the release of season 2 (one does not simply eat the eggs of an endangered species). But another aspect of "The Mandalorian" continues to impress fans—the novel technology used to generate backgrounds in the show.
Chroma key compositing and the drawbacks of green screens
When traveling to location for a film is not possible, producers typically rely on a visual-effects and post-production technique called chroma key compositing to create backgrounds.
Chroma key compositing involves layering two images or video streams together based on color hues. A key color or color range is made transparent, and then it is replaced with content from other film or digital material.
The technique was initially developed in the 1930s using solid blue screens (blue was the key color that would be made transparent). Since the 1990s, however, green screens became more common.
Chroma key compositing is now a well-established technique in the film industry, but there still exists some challenges that come with it. In particular, colored light often reflects off the solid-colored screen and "spills" onto the subject, requiring removal during post-production. The color of the screen also generally cannot be used anywhere else in the shot, which places some limits on set and costume designers. And because of the limitations in rendering computer graphic content, movements of the camera are often restricted to a dolly track or a few preselected shots for which the content, such as lighting, is already prepared.
The cutting-edge background technology used in "The Mandalorian", though, solves all of these problems.
LED screens offer seamless movie backgrounds
Instead of chroma key compositing, "The Mandalorian" relied on an innovative virtual production workflow called ILM StageCraft, or the Volume.
The Volume is a giant LED wall that comprises 1,326 individual LED screens of a 2.84-mm pixel pitch. It is 20 feet tall, 270 degrees around, and 75 feet wide (180 feet in circumference). It includes an LED video ceiling set on top; only the floor of the Volume does not contain LEDs.
Compared to chroma key compositing—and other backor front-screen projection technologies—the Volume allows for a dynamic shooting environment that can automatically adjust to a camera's movement, so the background appears natural in terms of both positioning and lighting. This ability also negates the problem of light "spill" that must be removed during post-production because all reflected light from the screen matches the desired environment. And because no key color is being reserved for removal later, there are no limits on colors for set and costume design.
An American Cinematographer article explains that the idea for the Volume stemmed from work on the Star Wars movie "Rogue One" in 2016. For that movie, a large cylindrical LED wall was built for use in the space battle landings and cockpit sequences. That wall was used purely for lighting purposes, but advances in LED technology since that movie came out allowed for the Volume to leverage new panels and push the envelope on real-time, in-camera visual effects.
Of course, filmmakers have used LED walls on smaller scales for years. But "'The Mandalorian' is the first real demonstration of what's possible using this technology," a TechCrunch article says.
The video below providers a closer look at the LED wall technology, which we'll likely see much more of across the film industry in the near future.
Credit: Insider, YouTube


text:
- z) * F(x, y, z) + (z) * F(x, y, z - t) ) / (t)Now each function call takes twice as long to calculate, but since you're probably not going to use this cycling technique in real time, it probably doesn't matter.
Consider the graph of a noise function F(x, y, z) for some fixed x and y. The problem is, you want F(0) = F(t) and there is no guarantee that will be the case with any old x, y, and t. Actually, since any given x and y should have no influence on the repeating aspect of the animation, we can for all practical purposes throw them out while we're developing our repeating function, and consider the simplified case of a one-dimensional noise function F(z).
We need to take this function and change it into one where it is guaranteed that F(0) = F(t). Here's an expanded view of our noise function showing its behavior from -t to t:
Now we define a new function F'(z) that behaves like F(z) when z is near zero, but behaves like F(z - t) when z is near t. If you think about it, you see that F'(0) = F(0), and that F'(t) = F(t - t) = F(0). We can do this with a simple linear interpolation by considering a linear function which is equal to F(z) at 0, and equal to F(z - t) at t.
High school algebra tells us that this linear function has a slope of
(rise) / (run) = (F(z - t) - F(z)) / (t - 0) = (F(z - t) - F(z)) / tand an intercept of F(z). Now we set up F' as this linear interpolation operating on z:
F'(z) = slope(z) + interceptWhich is basically the same as the function given above. If you look at F' next to F, you can see that the function does indeed repeat in that F'(0) = F'(t). Also notice that the peaks just to the right of F'(0) are the same as the peaks just to the right of F'(0), and that the peaks just to the left of F'(t) are virtually identical to the peaks just to the left of F(0).
= ( (F(z - t) - F(z)) / t )(z) + F(z)
= ( ( (z) * F(z - t) - (z) * F(z) ) / t ) + F(z)
= ( ( (z) * F(z - t) - (z) * F(z) ) / t ) + (t / t) * F(z)
= ( (z) * F(z - t) - (z) * F(z) + (t) * F(z)) / (t)
= ( (z) * F(z - t) + (t-z) * F(z) ) / (t)
= ( (t-z) * F(z) + (z) * F(z - t) ) / (t)
If you had a little calculus and too much free time, you could prove that this looping (and the tiling in the next section) is truly seamless: not only does F(0) = F'(t), but all their derivatives should match up as well. Which means that no one should be able to tell where the repeat actually happens.
Ftileable(x, y) = (A pattern should be emerging here, so it shouldn't surprise you that you'll need evaluate a weighted sum of 8 calls to the noise function if you want to have a repeating animation that tiles in the x and y dimenstions. I'm not going to write it out here out of space considerations, and also because it should be evident what the sum will be.
F(x, y) * (w - x) * (h - y) +
F(x - w, y) * (x) * (h - y) +
F(x - w, y - h) * (x) * (y) +
F(x, y - h) * (w - x) * (y)
) / (wh)


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The bracketing breakdown: An exploration of risk tolerance in broad and narrow choice frames
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The field of decision making has largely focused on the influence of contextual factors on risk tolerance. Much work has focused on how the problem itself is presented, in hopes of understanding the circumstances under which individuals may be helped in areas of long-term investment and planning through encouragement of greater risk tolerance. Specifically, when making financial decisions, it has been suggested that by presenting individual decisions in groups (Gneezy & Potters, 1997), or by presenting feedback less frequently (Thaler et al, 1997), participants are able to process individual problems in a holistic manner, which encourages risk tolerance when deciding. This literature has typically made claims that these effects are dependent on how the problem is presented. However, evidence for the benefits of "broadly bracketed" problems often relies as much on the presentation of aggregated outcomes as it relies on the grouping of problems. The purpose of this thesis was to further examine whether bracketing effects might be attributable to manipulations of problem framing or outcome framing. In addition, it has been suggested that perhaps individuals who differ in processing styles might respond differentially to framing effects in general (Frederick, 2005). That is, perhaps individuals who are more intuitive decision makers might be more susceptible to context-based changes, and so might show larger framing effects. Deliberative decision makers, on the other hand, might overcome these framing effects by reflecting on, or actively "reframing", the problem. A secondary purpose of this thesis was thus to investigate individual differences in the magnitude of the bracketing effect on risk tolerance. In Experiment 1, problem and outcome bracketing were examined in the domain of discrete choices, while in Experiment 2, bracketing was examined with continuous iv investments. Results suggest that when investment opportunities are identical, problem framing encourages long-term risk tolerance. However, when choices are somewhat different from one another, as is often the case in real-world investment situations, outcome information is critical to encouraging long-term risk tolerance. Together, results suggest a critical reevaluation of the bracketing hypothesis and its application to long-term investment.
Cite this work
Ester Moher (2009). The bracketing breakdown: An exploration of risk tolerance in broad and narrow choice frames. UWSpace. _URL_


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What French name of a certain small pasty cake was inspired by on the one hand a famous fairy tale, and on the other hand a little "general" performing at Amsterdam in an American circus touring Europe?
#96967. Asked by Flem-ish. (Jun 25 08 2:05 PM)
Tompoes or Tompouce.|
Named after Tom Thumb- a traditional hero in English folklore who is no bigger than his father's thumb. Tiny thumb-sized heroes are a common theme in world folklore. The most famous examples are Hans Christian Andersen's Thumbelina and the Brothers Grimm's Thumbling and its sequel Thumbling as Journeyman (or Thumbling's Travels).
These later stories may be an earlier version of Tom Thumb as they contain many similar situations (minus the Arthurian elements).
General Tom Thumb was the stage name of Charles Sherwood Stratton (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883), a little person who achieved great fame under circus pioneer P.T. Barnum.
This the connection you were referencing?
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Crashed UFOs: The Bolivian Affair
Regardless of whether or not UFOs really have crashed to Earth, there can be no doubt that mentioning the words "crashed" and "UFO" in the same sentence inevitably brings the controversial Roswell, New Mexico affair of July 1947 to mind. But, there are numerous other cases on file that could, perhaps, be termed the "little brothers" of Roswell. And even though, as people may know from my Body Snatchers in the Desert book, I'm not a particularly big fan of crashed UFO cases, there are some that even I still find very intriguing, including the following…
The genesis of the affair in question appeared to come from a U.S. Department of State telegram transmitted from the American Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, to the U.S. Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., on 15 May 1978. Captioned Report of Fallen Space Object, it detailed strange events then afoot in Bolivia.
It began: "The Bolivian newspapers carried this morning an article concerning an unidentified object that apparently recently fell from the sky. The object was discovered near the Bolivian city of Bermejo and was described as egg-shaped, metal and about four meters in diameter. The Bolivian Air Force plans to investigate to determine what the object might be and from where it came. I have expressed our interest and willingness to help. They will advise."
The author of the report added, with some significance: "Request the department check with appropriate agencies to see if they can shed some light on what this object might be. The general region has had more than its share of reports of UFOs the past week. Request a reply ASAP."
The Department of State was not the only branch of government that took an interest in the case, as a CIA report – also of 15 May 1978 – makes abundantly clear:
"Many people in this part of the country claim they saw an object which resembled a soccer ball falling behind the mountains on the Argentine-Bolivian border, causing an explosion that shook the earth. This took place on May 6. Around that time some people in San Luis and Mendoza provinces reported seeing a flying saucer squadron flying in formation."
The CIA continued: "The news from Salta confirms that the artificial satellite fell on Taire Mountain in Bolivia, where it has already been located by authorities. The same sources said that the area where the artificial satellite fell has been declared an emergency zone by the Bolivian Government."
Dated 16 May 1978 and titled Reports Conflict on Details of Fallen Object, a second CIA document reads thus:
"We have received another phone call from our audience requesting confirmation of reports that an unidentified object fell on Bolivian territory near the Argentine border. We can only say that the Argentine and Uruguayan radio stations are reporting on this even more frequently, saying that Bolivian authorities have urgently requested assistance from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in order to determine the nature of that which crashed on a hill in Bolivian territory."
And the story progressed like this, said the CIA: "Just a few minutes ago Radio El Espectador of Montevideo announced that there was uncertainty as to the truth of these reports. Argentine sources indicated that the border with Bolivia had been closed but that it might soon be reopened. They also reported that an unidentified object had fallen on Bolivian soil near the Argentine border and that local Bolivian authorities had requested aid from the central government, which, in turn, had sought assistance from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration to investigate the case."
Then things got even more curious, as the CIA made very clear: "A La Paz newspaper said today that there is great interest in learning about the nature of the fallen object, adding that local authorities for security reasons had cordoned off 200 km around the spot where the object fell. The object is said to be a mechanical device with a diameter of almost 4 meters which has already been brought to Tarija. There is interest in determining the accuracy of these reports which have spread quickly throughout the continent, particularly in Bolivia and its neighboring countries. Is it a satellite, a meteorite, or a false alarm?"
A perusal of the files of both the CIA and the Department of State reveals that on 18 May 1978 the U.S. Embassy in La Paz again forwarded a telegram to the Secretary of State, Washington, DC. Classified Secret, the telegram disclosed the following:
"Preliminary information provided has been checked with appropriate government agencies. No direct correlation with known space objects that may have re-entered the Earth's atmosphere near May 6 can be made; however, we are continuing to examine any possibilities. Your attention is invited to State Airgram A-6343, July 26, 1973 which provides background information and guidance for dealing with space objects that have been found. In particular any information pertaining to the pre-impact observations, direction of trajectory, number of objects observed, time of impact and a detailed description including any markings would be helpful."
Six days later a communication was transmitted from the U.S. Defense Attaché Office in La Paz to a variety of U.S. military and government agencies, including NORAD, the U.S. Air Force, and the Department of State. Its contents make for intriguing reading:
"This office has tried to verify the stories put forth in the local press. The Chief of Staff of the Bolivian Air Force told DATT/AIRA this date that planes from the BAF have flown over the area where the object was supposed to have landed and in their search they drew a blank. Additionally, DATT/AIRA talked this date with the Commander of the Bolivian army and he informed DATT that the army's search party directed to go into the area to find the object had found nothing. The army has concluded that there may or not be an object [sic], but to date nothing has been found."
So what exactly did occur on that fateful day back in May 1978? While the available U.S. Government records certainly point towards the probability that something out of the ordinary occurred, they also raise more questions.
The CIA's report of 15 May 1978 clearly stated that the object had fallen to earth on Taire Mountain, Bolivia, and had "already been located by authorities." Furthermore, on the following day, the CIA learned that the object had "been brought to Tarija." In contrast, the Bolivian Army and Air Force advised the U.S. Defense Attaché Office that their search for the mystery object had drawn a blank and nothing was found. Was the CIA misinformed, or were the Bolivians keeping the Department of State in the dark? Regardless, of the answers to those questions, the story does not end there.
Tantalizing information sand rumors suggest that the object may have recovered by U.S. authorities, and that both the CIA and NASA played key roles in the case. In June 1979 the crashed UFO researcher/author Leonard Stringfield was contacted by an Argentinean investigator, Nicholas Ojeda, who had some interesting data to impart with regard to the crash. According to Ojeda: "There is a report of a group of investigators who vanished mysteriously in the area. I really think something big happened in Salta. NASA investigated, but there was no news of it. I have to tell you that in La Paz, Bolivia, a huge Hercules C-130 carried 'something' from the area where the UFO crashed."
In addition, Stringfield's research led to a disclosure that a CIA source known to the researcher Bob Barry confirmed that the C-130 flight took place and that he was aboard the aircraft. "No comment" was the reply that Barry received when the issue of the aircraft's cargo was raised.
Unfortunately, the available evidence still does not answer that crucial question: What was it that crashed at Bermejo, Bolivia in May 1978? It seems unlikely that the object was a meteorite, primarily because of the description given in the Department of State's telegram of 15 May: "The object was…egg-shaped, metal and about four meters in diameter."
What of the possibility that the object had been a man-made satellite or rocket-booster? Again, that theory was thrown into doubt by the Department of State's Secret telegram of 18 May, which clearly stated that, "No direct correlation with known space objects that may have entered the Earth's atmosphere near May 6 can be made."
Moreover, what of the statement of the CIA that, "people in San Luis and Mendoza provinces reported seeing a flying saucer squadron flying in formation;" and the Department of State's revelation that, "the general region has had more than its share of reports of UFOs the past week?"
Faced with this overwhelming body of official evidence, we might be wise to give serious thought to this odd-but-intriguing affair. UFO, satellite, rocket-booster, or something else? Time may one day tell. Or, as with Roswell, the story may become just another ufological Jack the Ripper – a decades-old saga filled with countless theories, but – due to the long passage of time – one with no hard evidence to support any of those same theories. We'll see…maybe…


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Automatic Allocation of Sudoku Squares [Page 10 of 15])
Often there are a lot of 'easy' Sudoku squares to solve and it can be tedious just to work through them all one by one. Sudoku Dragon offers an automatic allocation command to scan the Sudoku grid and find one square that is easy to solve and allocate it for you. It will only locate squares that have only one possible allocation using the only choice, single possibility, or the only square rules, it will not solve squares requiring more detailed analysis. [You can select whether automatic allocation should just the 'only choice' rule using the Options screen].
In this partially completed puzzle there are 20 squares that can be solved using Automatic Allocation leaving only five that need more carefully study. The command is available from the toolbar, menu and the F12 function key. Any squares that have been solved automatically are marked with a special 'cog' icon in the list of square allocations at the side.
3 must be allocated in square Dd because it is the only unallocated square in the central region Dd. Sudoku Dragon can allocate this easy square automatically by pressing the F12 key.
Sometime later solving the same puzzle there are only a few squares left. If you consider square Hi, in column i only 3 and 7 are possible but the 3 in row H means that 3 is not actually possible, so this leaves 7 as the only possibility left for Hi so Sudoku Dragon can allocate this 'easy' square automatically for you.
You will find automatic allocation useful to mop up the last few 'easy squares' at the end solving a puzzle.
Copyright © 2005-2013 Sudoku Dragon


text: Clinical supervisors have important, but perhaps poorly understood, roles involving quality assessment and improvement, and datekeeping. Supervisors provide evaluation and certification of trainees attesting to their qualifications to continue in their training and performance as mental health service providers. However, bias in supervisory evaluations is a pervasive problem as a training issue in professional psychology. Supervisors (n = 62) at APA-accredited clinical psychology internships estimated rates of leniency, central tendency, and strictness bias among supervisors in general and their own bias in evaluations and letters of reference. The implications of bias in supervisory evaluation are discussed. Potential steps to limit supervisors' bias and increase accountability are recommended.


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- This course covers the common scope of New General Ledger Accounting valid for SAP ERP and SAP S/4HANA systems. Achieving this fundamental knowledge is a valuable preparation step for project members who are used to classic GL (in SAP ERP) and who have to get ready for SAP S/4HANA implementations (both for system conversion projects as well as new implementations).
- Please verify which of our two alternative course offerings on New General Ledger Accounting fits your needs: - AC210 'New General Ledger Accounting (in SAP ERP)' is the right course for those who want to learn how to implement and use New General Ledger in an SAP ERP system. - AC211 'New General Ledger Accounting (in SAP ERP) for SAP S/4HANA Adopters' also uses an SAP ERP system with activated New GL (for figures, demos, exercises) but only includes topics that are still relevant in an SAP S/4HANA system. Due to the changed data structure in Accounting in SAP S/4HANA, some topics of AC210 are excluded in AC211. Topics omitted include extended data structure in SAP ERP, real-time COFI integration, and planning options in New GL.
- Please note that this course is for learners unfamiliar with New Gener Ledger Accounting. It is not a 'delta training' for learners who want to learn the differences in accounting with SAP S/4HANA.
- This course will prepare you to:
- Understand the features and logic of new General Ledger Accounting
- Activate and use Document Splitting
- Understand and operate the ledger solution (within new G/L in SAP ERP) on basis of manual postings
- Clearing Provisions based on the function Clearing Specific to Ledger Groups.
- Understand, how Profit Center Accounting (Actual postings) is mapped within the new General Ledger Accounting
- Explain and use new Asset Accounting
- Outline the new Architecture of Accounting in SAP S/4HANA (without system demonstrations and exercises)
- Application Consultant
- Good knowledge of using classic GL accounting
Course based on software release
- SAP EHP7 for SAP ERP 6.0
- Introduction to New General Ledger Accounting
- Outlining the Functionality of New General Ledger Accounting
- Parallel Accounting
- Explaining the Ledger Approach in New General Ledger Accounting
- Using the Segment Characteristic
- Defining Ledger Groups
- Posting Manually to a Ledger Group
- Clearing Provision Open Items Using New General Ledger Accounting
- Document Splitting
- Explaining the configuration of Document Splittingo
- Analyzing FI documents with activated Document Splitting
- Profit Center Accounting
- Integrating Profit Center Accounting (actual postings) with New General Ledger Accounting
- New Asset Accounting
- Explaining the Functionality and Architecture of New Asset Accounting
- Configuring New Asset Accounting
- Using New Asset Accounting
- Activating New Asset Accounting
- New Architecture of Accounting in SAP S/4HANA
- Describing the new Data Structure in SAP S/4HANA
- Managing Ledgers in SAP S/4HANA
- This course is a good preparation for S4F01 'Financial Accounting in SAP S/4HANA for SAP ERP FI Professionals (Delta)'.


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An ultra-flexible grouping system
The DemoS grouping unit offers the possibility to freely arrange containers by defining spacings both in the running direction and crosswise. This allows to simply create any grouping in order to meet all production needs.
A simple and efficient way to feed downstream equipments
Once prepared, groupings are delivered on a belt with a very precise positioning.
This belt can directly feed :
- a gripping head for direct case packing in one move,
- the lapping station of a shrink-wrapper,
- a wrap around case packer.
Optimum protection of your containers
The DemoS grouping unit uses comb-shaped guides instead of conventional bar guides. This system ensures a smooth and positive guiding, without friction and without having one container ever pushing another one.
It allows an efficient mechanization of unstable containers with maximum protection of the containers themselves as well as of their labels.
Suitable for high outputs and multiple formats
The DemoS grouping unit can manage up to 100 rows per minute and thus reach an output of 50 000 bph.
A quick set-up process and container turning option at machine's infeed also allow the DemoS grouping unit to manage multiple formats.


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This paper aimed to investigate conditions for pit initiation on type 304 stainless steel under MgCl2 solution layer in atmospheric environment using a CCD camera system and a surface potential measurement equipment. A droplet of dilute MgCl2 solution was put on the specimen. The specimen was set in the chamber with a relative humidity of 33% in order to make the droplet dry into the layer. The CCD camera system was employed to observe the change in the shape of the droplet and in the specimen surface during the drying process. In addition, the surface potential measurement equipment was applied for monitoring the surface potential of the specimen with the layer. When the droplet of dilute solution became thin and saturated, pitting corrosion occurred and the surface potential rapidly lowered. By contrast, thick and saturated layer did not induce pitting corrosion and the surface potential indicated the relatively low and steady. Therefore, it was revealed that the atmospheric corrosion occurred on the steel under saturated MgCl2 solution layer whose thickness less than 0.2 mm.
|ジャーナル||Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals|
|出版ステータス||Published - 2017|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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Castell Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Castell Name Meaning
English: variant spelling of Castle. Manx: from a short form of the Old Norse personal name Ásketill, composed of the elements áss 'god' + ketill 'kettle'. Catalan: topographic name from Catalan castell 'castle', a derivative of Late Latin castellum 'castle' (a diminutive of Latin castrum 'fort', 'Roman walled city'). Compare Spanish Castillo and Occitan (southern French) Castel. Probably an altered spelling of German Kastel.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Castel, Castello, Casteel, Castelo, Cassell, Axtell, Haskell, Cattell


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Note: The design of the notehead may vary depending on the music font selected (Leland, Emmentaler, Gonville, Bravura, MuseJazz, Petaluma). Those in the palette are displayed as half notes in Bravura font.
MuseScore supports a range of notehead styles:
- Normal: A standard notehead.
- Crosshead (Ghost note): Used in percussion notation to represent cymbals. It also indicates muted and/or percussive effects in stringed instruments such as the guitar.
- Diamond: Used to indicate harmonic notes in instruments such as the guitar, violin etc.
- Slash: Used to notate rhythms (e.g. guitar strums).
- Triangle up/down: Used in percussion notation.
- Shape notes: Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti.
- Circle cross: Used in percussion notation.
- Circled noteheads
- Slashed notehead: A notehead with an oblique line through it.
- Plus noteheads
- Alt. Brevis: Used in early music notation.
- Brackets (Parentheses): applied around an existing note (or accidental).
Change notehead group
To change the shape of one or more noteheads in the score, use one of the following:
- Select one or more notes and click a notehead in a palette (double-click in versions prior to 3.4).
- Drag a notehead from a palette onto a note in the score.
- Select one or more notes and change the notehead in the Inspector, using the drop-down list under Note → Head group (not supported for drum staves).
Change notehead type
Occasionally you may need to change the apparent duration of a notehead—i.e. notehead type—without altering its actual, underlying duration:
- Select one or more notes.
- Choose one of the following options from the Inspector under Note → Head type:
- Auto: Automatic, i.e. apparent duration = actual duration.
- Whole: Whole notehead, regardless of actual duration.
- Half: Half notehead, regardless of actual duration.
- Quarter: Quarter notehead, regardless of actual duration.
- Breve: Breve notehead, regardless of actual duration.
When two notes in different voices, but of the same written pitch, fall on the same beat, one of two things may happen:
- The notes may share the same notehead.
- The notes may be offset: i.e. arranged side by side.
MuseScore uses the following rules:
- Notes with stems in the same direction do not share noteheads.
- Dotted notes do not share noteheads with undotted notes.
- Black notes do not share noteheads with white notes.
- Whole notes never share noteheads.
Note: If two unison notes occur in the same voice they are always offset.
Change offset noteheads to shared
To turn offset noteheads in opposite voices into shared noteheads :
- Make the smaller-value notehead invisible by selecting it and using the keyboard shortcut V (or unchecking the "Visible" option in the Inspector).
In a small minority of cases (where the smaller value note is dotted) this workaround is not applicable, so use the following alternative:
- Select the smaller value notehead and, in the "Note" section of the Inspector, change "Head type" to match that of the larger value note in the opposite voice.
Examples of notehead sharing
In the first example below, the notes of voices 1 and 2 share noteheads by default, because they are all black, undotted notes:
By contrast, in the next example, white notes cannot share noteheads with black notes, so are offset to the right:
To create a shared notehead, change the black eighth note's head type to match that of the white note or, pre-3.5, make it invisible (as explained above):
Remove duplicate fret marks
In certain cases, a shared notehead, when pasted to a tablature staff, may result in two separate fret marks on adjacent strings. To correct this, make any extraneous tablature notes invisible by selecting them and using the keyboard shortcut V (or by unchecking the "visible" option in the Inspector).


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Medications and Drugs
Brand Names: Qualaquin
Generic Name: quinine (Pronunciation: KWYE nine)
What is quinine (Qualaquin)?
Quinine is used to treat malaria, a disease caused by parasites. Parasites that cause malaria typically enter the body through the bite of a mosquito. Malaria is common in areas such as Africa, South America, and Southern Asia.
Quinine will not treat severe forms of malaria, and it should not be taken to prevent malaria. Quinine also should not be taken to treat or prevent night-time leg cramps.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has banned the sale of all non-approved brands of quinine. As of December 2006, Qualaquin is the only brand of quinine that is approved by the FDA.
Quinine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
What are the possible side effects of quinine (Qualaquin)?
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Stop using quinine and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
Less serious side effects may include:
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
What is the most important information I should know about quinine (Qualaquin)?
You should not take quinine if you have a heart rhythm disorder called Long QT syndrome, G-6-PD (an enzyme deficiency), a blood clotting disorder, myasthenia gravis, or optic neuritis (inflammation of the nerves in your eyes).
Some people have used quinine to treat leg cramps, but this is not an FDA-approved use. Using this medication improperly or without the advice of a doctor can result in serious side effects or death. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has banned the sale of all non-approved brands of quinine. Do not purchase quinine on the Internet or from vendors outside of the United States.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
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