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The Primary Assembly is a legislative body under the Illuminatian government's Ultrabureau of the Legislative (UBL). The Primary Assembly is the lower legislative body of the legislative ultrabureau's tricameral legislature. The other continent-wide legislative houses include the Ancillary Assembly—the upper house relative to the Primary Assembly, and the Paramount Assembly—which is parallel to the other two houses. Additionally, specific municipalities are represented by Tertiary assemblies.
The Illuminatian Primary Assembly is composed of representatives who are democratically elected by a direct popular vote from geographically-defined electoral districts, very similar to most representative legislative bodies of early Earth. The Primary Assembly has multimember districts, with voters electing three members per representative district using ranked choice voting.
The multimember nature of electoral districts for the Primary Assembly allows for a highly proportional and balanced representation of constituents by a diverse roster of political candidates and elected representatives. The result is a more representative, less polarized legislative body compared to many of the historical political systems of Earth. Generally, this system provides for representation by multiple political parties in each geographic Primary Assembly district. Representatives are free to express support for multiple major and minor political parties, and the political parties as a result can afford to be less polarized toward extreme political viewpoints and less antagonistic toward one another.
The Primary Assembly is the largest of the three legislative bodies based on membership and is one of two bodies of the legislature in which the majority of members are accountable to a constituency from a defined local geographic area.
All Primary Assembly electoral districts in Illuminatia represent an equal number of constituents. Each district is centered on a primary population center, with the outer boundaries of the districts in sparsely-populated areas varying slightly from election to election based on new projected population numbers provided by the Office of Demography. Automated processes for defining district boundaries prioritize the numerical equity of district populations to guarantee equal representation and also prioritize the geographic compactness of the electoral district to ensure an absence of gerrymandering. Thanks to the intelligent nature of the Polling and Balloting Network, electoral districts can be defined with granular borders precise to the individual constituent level. Locations where the selection of electoral district boundaries might form irregularly-shaped borders are handled, when necessary, with randomizing algorithms, which place individuals in adjacent electoral districts on an even and uniform basis. The general geographic shape of most Primary Assembly electoral districts tend to resemble circles or hexagons.
Primary Assembly representatives, like all elected representatives in the Illuminatian government, are unpaid. They receive no salary for their role as representatives. However, they do receive full reimbursement for expenses incurred in the representation of their constituencies—including travel to Voston—as well as communication expenses.
- See article: Legislative process
Illuminatia's Primary Assembly is one of two possible entry points for legislation into the Ultrabureau of the Legislative's (UBL's) lawmaking process. The other legislative house through which legislation may originate is the Paramount Assembly. Legislation proposed by the Primary Assembly must be approved there by a majority vote or other agreed-upon level of majority before being passed on to the Ancillary Assembly—the upper house of the UBL.
Alternatively, legislation can be introduced in and passed unilaterally in the Paramount Assembly without approval of either the Primary or Ancillary assemblies, but only with a supermajority vote in Paramount Assembly exceeding 75%. Failing that, legislation may also pass from the Paramount Assembly with a lesser majority or plurality vote, but can only be approved with a supermajority vote in either the Primary or Ancillary assemblies.
After final approval by the legislative bodies of the UBL using any of the aforementioned channels, accepted legislation is traditionally forwarded to the Ultrabureau of the Executive (UBE) for final approval by Illuminatia's chief executive(s). Legislation approved via the appropriate UBL legislative processes but rejected by the Executive can instead be overcome with approval, jointly, in both the Ultrabureau of the Judiciary and the Ultrabureau of Control. This legislative process elegantly illustrates the effectiveness of both a tricameral legislature as well as the checks and balances afforded by a four-branch government.


International benchmarking with Progress Test Series
The Progress Test Series (PT Series)® for English, maths and science are standardised against the UK school population. Many international schools have asked for an international school standardisation of these assessments. However, we feel that:
 - A single representative international standardisation is difficult due to the diversity of international schools – for example curriculum, geography, number of students with English as Additional Language (EAL) differ between schools.
 - And, more importantly:•Our UK standardisations, based on a diverse student population, have proven to be relevant and reliable for many international schools.
Standard Age Score
The Standard Age Score (SAS) is based on the student's raw score, which is then adjusted for age and scaled to a mean of 100. When comparing SAS scores, a difference of less than 3 points is not usually seen as statistically significant.
In 2018 we carried out benchmarking exercises to compare the scores achieved by thousands of international students globally against the standardisations for CAT4.
We have now also analysed PT Series scores from all our international school customers to provide useful benchmarking for your schools.
Table 1 shows the mean Standardised Age Scores (SAS) for different levels of the PT Series of assessments for English, maths and science.
The distribution of international scores for the PT Series is higher overall for international schools when compared with the UK standardisation profile. Results show that typically international school students tend to score more highly across English, Maths and, in particular, in Science.
Differences highlighted in green are significantly higher for the international sample compared with the UK. The increased size of the differential might be attributed to several factors such as value added by the teaching in these schools or higher aspirational levels.
Table 1: PT Series international benchmarks
 Mean SAS
Progress Test International UK Difference UK v International
English PTE07 105.1 100 +5.1
PTE08 105.7 100 +5.7
PTE09 103.6 100 +3.6
PTE10 101.3 100 +1.3
PTE11 105.6 100 +5.6
PTE12 98.8 100 -1.2
PTE13 101.7 100 +1.7
PTE14 100.6 100 +0.6
Maths PTM07 105.4 100 +5.4
PTM08 103.1 100 +3.1
PTM09 103.8 100 +3.8
PTM10 104.6 100 +4.6
PTM11 101.1 100 +1.1
PTM12 105.6 100 +5.6
PTM13 105.5 100 +5.5
PTM14 109.8 100 +9.8
Science PTS08 111.1 100 +11.1
PTS09 105.1 100 +5.1
PTS10 107.5 100 +7.5
PTS11 104.3 100 +4.3
PTS13 103.9 100 +3.9
PTS14 115.1 100 +15.1
How can schools use the data?
Plan resourcing at a cohort level
Does one year group appear to be significantly below average or less able than your other year groups? Can you provide additional teaching support for this cohort?
Take advantage of the combination reports
Quickly identify students who are under performing by using the automatic combination reports for the PT Series and CAT4 together.
Set realistic but challenging targets
PT Series reports provide a useful range of likely outcomes for each student. Some schools use these as a basis for a discussion with students helping them take ownership of their targets.
Your point of reference
The original UK standardisation is a reliable and valid benchmark for international students. Schools may additionally wish to compare their own data to the findings of this benchmarking exercise to see how their own school results compare those internationally.


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1.2 Unregulated river
This water asset exists in the Canberra region but the volume could not be quantified due to the lack of both data and a suitable quantification approach.
There are five major rivers within the Canberra region: the Cotter, Gudgenby, Molonglo, Queanbeyan and Murrumbidgee rivers. From the perspective of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government's Environment Sustainable Development Directorate all rivers in the ACT operate under an unregulated entitlement system. However, under the principles of the National Water Account the Cotter River downstream of the Corin Reservoir and upstream of the Cotter Reservoir is considered regulated. This distinction is made because ActewAGL have the ability to order and deliver water though a supply system that includes these sections of the Cotter River.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
From recording over a million bugs to discovering that gardens are a haven for earthworm diversity, the successes of one of the largest national citizen science projects, Open Air Laboratories (OPAL), are highlighted in the Community Environment Report published today.
More than half a million people, including the public and community scientists, have taken part in the OPAL project, which is led by Imperial College London and supported by a Big Lottery Fund grant. Partners of the project include the Natural History Museum.
By carrying out nature surveys, people have gathered important biodiversity data, the report highlights, including information from deprived urban areas that have never before been sampled by scientists
OPAL Community Environment Report
Many participants were carrying out nature surveys for the first time and just over half of the surveys were carried out by young people, fulfilling one of the project's aims to inspire a new generation of environmentalists.
The Community Environment Report reveals some of the findings so far from OPAL surveys. In the 5 years that OPAL has been running, over 25,000 sites across England have been mapped via the surveys, which have given scientists plenty of new wildlife data and insights into the condition of many of our green spaces.
Results from the OPAL Soil and earthworm survey found that domestic gardens were hotspots for earthworms, having more worms and an average higher number of species, compared to other habitats such as woodlands. Museum scientists worked with partners to develop an identification guide to British earthworm species, of which there are more than 25. The most widely distributed earthworm recorded was the redhead worm found in most habitats.
The small tortoiseshell butterfly was once common in gardens but its numbers have fallen.
People have recorded over a million invertebrates as part of the OPAL Bugs Count survey, which is conveniently available as an android and iPhone app, the Museum's first. Even in heavily built-up areas, the results showed that soft surfaces such as bare soil, lawns and fallen leaves were the most popular habitats for bugs, demonstrating how important gardens are.
Species such as the tree bumblebee were recorded just as frequently in the towns as in the countryside. However, others like the small tortoiseshell butterfly were more frequent in the countryside.
Lichens have revealed the impact of pollution on the environment through the OPAL Air survey. Lichens with some resistance to pollutants from car exhausts and intensive agriculture were found to thrive on oak trees close to roads with heavy traffic and cultivated fields. Much lower levels of lichens sensitive to pollutants were recorded, even in the countryside.
The first app from the Natural History Museum is for the OPAL Bugs Count survey
Linda Davies, Director of OPAL, Imperial College London, said of OPAL, 'Public participation of this kind is an invaluable helping hand in monitoring local places otherwise not included in most studies.
'OPAL produced free survey packs, field guides and organised training sessions, tours, events, talks and lectures, reaching out to the public across the country both in person and through the OPAL website.'
Big Lottery Fund UK Chair Peter Ainsworth said,'Not only has it provided a significant insight into the biodiversity of the UK, tens of thousands of people from all backgrounds have been given the opportunity to come together and gain a greater understanding of their local environment, improving their skills and well-being through connecting with the world and people around them.'
Environment Minister Lord de Mauley concludes, 'We want more people to enjoy the benefits of nature by giving them the opportunities to connect with it. OPAL has done this and created a valuable legacy for the future.'


Dmitry Karasik > Prima-1.37_01 > Prima::VB::CfgMaint
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Prima::VB::CfgMaint - maintains visual builder widget palette configuration.
The module is used by the Visual Builder and cfgmaint programs, to maintain the Visual Builder widget palette. The installed widgets are displayed in main panel of the Visual Builder, and can be maintained by cfgmaint.
The Visual Builder widget palette configuration is contained in two files - the system-wide Prima::VB::Config and the user ~/.prima/vbconfig. The user config file take the precedence when loaded by the Visual Builder. The module can select either configuration by assigning $systemWide boolean property.
The widgets are grouped in pages, which are accessible by names.
New widgets can be added to the palette by calling add_module method, which accepts a perl module file as its first parameter. The module must conform to the VB-loadable format.
This section describes format of a module with VB-loadable widgets.
The module must define a package with same name as the module. In the package, class sub must be declared, that returns an array or paired scalars, where each first item in a pair corresponds to the widget class and the second to a hash, that contains the class loading information, and must contain the following keys:
class STRING
Name of the VB-representation class, which represents the original widget class in the Visual Builder. This is usually a lightweight class, which does not contain all functionality of the original class, but is capable of visually reflecting changes to the class properties.
icon PATH
Sets an image file, where the class icon is contained. PATH provides an extended syntax for indicating a frame index, if the image file is multiframed: the frame index is appended to the path name with : character prefix, for example: "NewWidget::icons.gif:2".
module STRING
Sets the module name, that contains class.
Sets the default palette page where the widget is to be put. The current implementation of the Visual Builder provides four pages: General,Additional,Sliders,Abstract. If the page is not present, new page is automatically created when the widget class is registered.
Sets the module name, that contains the original class.
The reader is urged to explore Prima::VB::examples::Widgety file, which contains an example class Prima::SampleWidget, its VB-representation, and a property lineRoundStyle definition example.
add_module FILE
Reads FILE module and loads all VB-loadable widgets from it.
Returns string declaration of all registered classes in format of classes registration procedure ( see "FORMAT" ).
Loads class and pages information from either a system-wide or a user configuration file. If succeeds, the information is stored in _USER_ and %classes variables ( the old information is lost ) and returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation; _USER_ and %classes content is undefined.
Returns array of page names
Reads information from both system-wide and user configuration files, and merges the information. If succeeds, returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation.
Erases all information about pages and classes.
Writes either the system-wide or the user configuration file. If $backup flag is set to 1, the old file renamed with.bak extension. If succeeds, returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation.
FILES ^, ~/.prima/vbconfig.
Dmitry Karasik, <>.
VB, cfgmaint, Prima::VB::examples::Widgety.
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Model integrated circuit multiplier
Integrated Circuits
The Multiplier block models an integrated circuit multiplier. The block implements the following equation, which defines the voltage applied to the output port:
where X1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1, Z2 are the voltages presented at the input ports, A is the gain, and K is the scale factor.
In a typical multiplication circuit, the output is fed back into input Z1, which results in the following gain (assuming that A is large):
The value of the scale factor K is usually altered by an external resistor bias network. The Multiplier block implements K as an internal gain, and the external bias network is not necessary for system simulation. A typical value for K is 10, with a typical adjustment down to 3.
You can use the Multiplier block to implement a number of other functions, as well as multiplication. Examples include division, squares, and square roots. For example circuits, consult manufacturer datasheets.
The following figure shows the internal model structure of the Multiplier block. It includes the Band-Limited Op-Amp block to model finite bandwidth and slew-rate limiting.
The next figure shows one of the differential subsystem blocks. All three differential subsystem blocks are identical in structure.
Basic Assumptions and Limitations
The Multiplier block has the following limitations:
 - Only differential limiting of the inputs is implemented. You must ensure that the absolute values of the inputs you use keep the actual device operating in its linear region.
 - Output current is such that the integrated circuit is operating in the linear I-V region, which can be approximated by a voltage source plus a series output resistance.
 - Input offset voltage is not modeled, and the input voltage-current relationship is treated as linear within the differential signal voltage range.
Dialog Box and Parameters
Main Tab
Scaling factor, K
The scaling factor K in the equation that defines output voltage. Datasheets sometimes refer to it as the scale factor, or SF. The default value is 10 V.
Gain, A
The gain of the internal operational amplifier, corresponding to the gain A in the equation that defines output voltage. The default value is 3e3.
Inputs Tab
Differential resistance, Rin
Each of the differential inputs is approximated as a linear resistor with value Rin. Set this value to the datasheet value for differential resistance. The default value is 1e7 Ω.
Differential signal voltage range
This value, Vdiff_max, is used to limit the magnitude of each of the three differential input voltages. Set this value to the datasheet value for differential signal voltage range. The default value is 10 V.
Outputs Tab
Output resistance, Rout
The multiplier output stage is modeled as a voltage source plus series resistor inside the Band-Limited Op-Amp block. This parameter specifies the value of this series resistor. The default value is 0.1 Ω.
Minimum output, Vmin
The lower limit of the output voltage. The default value is -11 V.
Maximum output, Vmax
The upper limit of the output voltage. The default value is 11 V.
Maximum slew rate, Vdot
The maximum positive or negative rate of change of output voltage magnitude. The default value is 20 V/μs.
Bandwidth, f
The bandwidth of the Band-Limited Op-Amp block. The default value is 1 MHz.
Initial output voltage, V0
The value of the initial Multiplier block output if the Start simulation from steady-state option is not selected in the Solver block. The default value is 0 V.
The block has six electrical conserving ports that serve as signal input ports and one electrical conserving port that outputs the multiplied signal.
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text:
It is the alkaline refractory products. It is generally produced by the sintered magnesia sand (MgO content 89%~92%) and the chrome ore as the raw material.
The content of Cr2O3 ≥ 8% is called magnesia chrome brick. When the Cr2O3 content no less than 20%,they are called chrome magnesia bricks.
The magnesia chrome brick we are known, commonly refers the magnesia bricks sintered by the light burned magnesia and imported chrome ore, it is also be known as ordinary sintered magnesia chrome brick, magnesia chrome brick in short.
The main crystalline phases of it is magnesite and magnesium-chromium spinel, it is burned at 1600~1800℃ in oxidizing atmosphere, it can also make the unfired brick with the binder such as sodium silicate.
Magnesium-chrome brick is the largest characterized of it is strong resistance to chemical erosion, high refractoriness resistance (fire resistance), high temperature strength, they are suitable for the burning part of the stable rotation thermal condition rotary kiln. But it also have the weaknesses. Such as large coefficient of thermal expansion, poor cold and heat resistance, difficulty in masonry and discomfort in the new production of rotary kiln or frequently running and off kiln.
There also different kinds of magnesia chrome bricks, According to the binding mode, it can be divided into ordinary, directly bonded, re-bonded, semi-re-bonded, etc.
- Commom: Raw material purity is not high, using light burned magnesia, and the sintering temperature at 1550℃.Made directly from magnesia and chrome ore. The strength is low at the high temperature, the slag resistance also not good enough. with the developing of the enhanced smelting technology of non-ferrous metals, the ordinary magnesia chrome brick have phased out.
- Directly bonded: The lower content of impurity SiO2 and CaO in brick. and the sintering temperature also higher at 1700℃.Directly bonded magnesia chrome brick with the characteristic of high melting point minerals, and the high temperature performance, erosion resistance and scouring resistance are all better than ordinary magnesia chrome brick.
- Fused Rebonded: Made by the fused magnesia chrome materials, the much less impurity content, and the higher sintering temperature above 1750℃,Effectively improve the scouring resistance ability.
- Fused Semi-rebond: It made of synthetic raw materials as aggregate, chrome ore concentrate and magnesia as the fine powder has a good thermal shock resistance performance.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The associate in science degree and certificate options in machine technology at Allan
Hancock College will prepare you for a successful career in the machining and manufacturing
The machine technology program at Allan Hancock College progresses from basic to advanced
machining courses. The first course in the program covers all the basic skills of
machine technology. In the advanced classes students apply basic skills to more advanced
machining using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.
As a graduate of the machine technology program students will have mastered the techniques
used in modern machine technology and programming.
Students learn the working properties of metals and use the skills they learn with
machine tools to plan, carry out, and create machined products that meet precise specifications.
In addition to machine lab work, students will learn to read and interpret blueprints
and acquire a mastery of applied mathematics.
As a student you will be trained to work with and understand:
- Basics of tool grinding and cutting theory
- Conventional lathes and milling machines
- Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines
- Mastercam CAD/CAM software
The curriculum at Allan Hancock College is continuosly addressing emerging technologies such as Computer Aided Manufacturing and Design (CAD/CAM) and rapid proto-typing. In
just two years students are trained to become a skilled machinist with the tools necessary begin
a career in the high-tech world of machine technology.
Why choose to become a machinist?
- Opportunities for employment are good for both men and women in manufacturing technology or machining
- Employers continually look for workers with experience in CAD/CAM and CNC programming
- Technical and applied mathematical academic skills in the manufacturing and product
development industries are in demand
- New technologies are continually emerging allowing workers to develop a broad range
According to the Employment Development Department, the median wage in 2009 for Machinists in California is $37,997 annually or $18.26
The hourly wages for Machinists in California vary depending on training and experience.
With the training students receive from the Machine Technology program at Allan Hancock
College students can expect to earn wages of up to $20 an hour.
Industrial Technology Department, Building O
Marna Lombardi, Administrative Secretary
Phone: _PHONE_
Monday-Thursday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Friday, 8 a.m. - 4 p.m.
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Basic Law Enforcement Academy Student
"I chose the academy because it was local and it's one of the best. The academy is a very rigorous program that has demanded the utmost of my physical capability, my time requirements and everything that I'm capable of doing and bringing to the program. It's challenged me, it's challenged my teammates and it will challenge anyone else that decides to join."
Read More »
See us in action
Video: Machine Tech student Lucas has goals to own a machine shop.


text:
All points are locations. The connections between the points have a specific weight. Not all connections are bidirectional (a dot marks a start travel point). When Calculate is pressed, all routes from the selected location are calculated. When a route is selected in the listbox, the shortest route is visually shown by coloring the start dots red.
In this example, the shortest route from 0 to 4 is going through location 2, 1 and then 4.
Dijkstra was a Dutch computer scientist who invented a fast and simple way to calculate the shortest path between two points. Many examples I have found on the Internet implement that algorithm but none of them have done it in an Object Oriented way. So I thought of making my own.
Information about Dijkstra can be found here.
Using the Code
The code contains two Project classes:
GUI: Shows the information visually
- To add locations, click on the 'Add Location' button and then click on the map where you want to add locations.
- To add routes, click on the 'Add Location' button to deactivate the add location, then click on a start location, then click on a end location. The weight of the route can be configured on top.
RouteEngine: Calculates the route
I will only go into details about the
RouteEngine. How the UI is handled is not so important for this article but if you need information about it, you can always ask.
Connection: This class holds the information about the connection between two dots. This is a one directional connection from A (the startpoint is visually shown with a dot) to B with a specific weight attached.
Location: Just a location (for example 1).
RouteEngine: This class will calculate all routes from one given
Route: This class holds the information about a route between two points (generated with the
The most simple class. It only holds a name to display.
This class contains two
Location objects and a
public Connection(Location a, Location b, int weight)
this._a = a;
this._b = b;
this._weight = weight;
This class contains a route. It has only a list of connections and the total weight. This class is generated by the route engine.
This is the class that drives the component. The algorithm is as follows:
- Set the
startPosition as active
- Set the total weight to all routes to infinite
- Iterate through all connections of the active position and store their weight if their weight is smaller than their current weight
- Set the active position as used
- Set the nearest point (on whatever location) that isn't used as active
- Repeat 3, 4, 5 until all positions are used
The following method will perform all these steps (and some extra checking and thinking). The
Dictionary returned is a list of destination locations and the corresponding route to each destination location.
Location _locationToProcess = null;
foreach (Location _location in _shortestLocations)
if (_shortestPaths[_location].Cost == int.MaxValue)
_locationToProcess = _location;
var _selectedConnections = from c in _connections
where c.A == _locationToProcess
foreach (Connection conn in _selectedConnections)
if (_shortestPaths[conn.B].Cost > conn.Weight + _shortestPaths[conn.A].Cost)
_shortestPaths[conn.B].Cost = conn.Weight + _shortestPaths[conn.A].Cost;
- 24 December, 2007: First release


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Im trying to follow this tutorial here
And it says
Compress this layer to a very thins strip
What does that mean and how do I do it?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
In this case, "compressing the layer" means to ignore the aspect ratio and make it thinner, but not narrower.
Select the layer, hit Ctrl+T and drag using the mouse.
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text:
|Home | History | Products||Find our products | Contact|
The favorable climate of l'Ile d'Orléans advantageously lends itself to the culture of red fruits. The proximity of the river moderates the climate by delaying the first freezing of autumn and last spring freezing. The grounds of the Orleans type (slightly argillaceous loam) and the sunning due to the convex shape of the island support the culture of these fruits.
The shadbush bay.
This fruit grow in a wild condition in the fields and at the entrance of the leafy trees woods. The shadbushes grow in grounds of various well drained types. Also known under the name of small savages pears, the shadberry was consumed fresh or used for the production of jams.
|2013 | Les Saveurs de l'Isle d'Orléans||
Réalisation : Optima Communication Design
Corrections et traduction : Marie-Claude Lavoie


In parliament, a voice vote is a method of election or voting where a group voting is done orally on a topic or motion.
The simplest and the quickest method of a voting, voice vote is used in deliberative assemblies such as the legislatures. The Chairman of the assembly puts the question to the and it is open to voting and debates. The in favour ones and the against ones are asked to indicate their opinion. The chairman then makes an estimation of the total on either side and declares the result as such.
Also Read: IAS Sagayam Wiki: Here's the Inspiring Journey of U. Sagayam to Boost Your UPSC Preparation
Disadvantages of Voice Vote
In close contests, this is the kind of voting system used when the difference in the number of votes are expected to be large. The actual drawback is that the votes are typically only estimated and never counted with a sound meter. Having said that, it becomes apparent that the most likely disadvantage is that it is inaccurate, provided that the speaker concludes what the opinion of the house is, on the basis of which side is considered louder and enhanced.
The Speaker or Chairman often has a favourite spot or is from the ruling party, thus it always uses voice vote to rule whatever the government wants to be ruled. But, in the case of Rajya Sabha, if the ruling party does not have its majority, the voice vote can be called and put to action. This method however can be considered one reason to be on its side, even though the maximum criteria pronounces not to.
Instances of Voice Vote
Historically speaking, the presiding officer's observation shall be seen in favour of the Government, due to the assumption that the ruling party will have a majority in the same.
However, some of the many instances of Indian Parliament, when Voice Vote was used are as briefed below:
 1. On 14th March 2018 Lok Sabha passed an appropriation bill and finance bill by the use of a voice vote.
 2. On 12th March 2015 Lok Sabha passed the Insurance Law( then Amendment) bill, 2015. Earlier the Lok Sabha passed the bill, and subsequently, Rajya Sabha put this bill to a voice vote and finally passed. The bill, now law, proposes to increase the FDI limit in local insurers from 26% to 49% as of now.
 3. The voice vote was also used in formation of the 29th state, Telangana of India.
 4. In November 2014, when Bharatiya Janata Party won the majority in the State legislative assembly in Maharashtra and then was questioned by the opposition like Shivsena and INC.
 5. On 30th April, Lok Sabha passed the 2015 Finance Bill via voice vote
 6. On 14th March, Lok Sabha passed the 2018 Finance and Appropriation bill by a voice vote.
Division Vote
Dividing votes is a method of diving and recording votes for a healthy voting session and to check if the parliament still has the support of the government. From the time of the use of the Automatic Recording machine, this method has not been used and has been obsolete for the last two decades.
A motion is a binary question flung in the Parliament, for votes to be cast by the MPs. And division is used to record how each MP voted on the motion. There can be three ways of holding a DIvision Vote:
 1. By operating on the Automatic Recorder.
 2. By distribution of "Yes" and "No" slips in the Lok Sabha.
 3. By checking which members are going into lobbies.
Voice Vote as a Constitutional Subterfuge
There were so many issues that constituted the voice vote:
 1. The Karnataka Prevention of Slaughter and Prevention of Cattle Bill, passed by the State's Legislative Council.
 2. The constitutional assessment of the practice of restoring to voice vote.
Also Read: Can IPS Get Home Cadre? How to Get Home Cadre in IPS?
How the Bill Passed?
Furthermore, there had been a law that was passed by the Lok Sabha in spite of the lack of a majority on its side. Division vote on the real casted vote is the actual practice and the opposition had demanded the same. But, the presiding officer instead just passed the bill by voice vote without division.
Why is it so Notable?
These same processes were also followed to pass the controversial farm laws in September 2020. And even here the government had a lack of majority votes to pass the bill. But, again instead of a division vote, a voice vote seemed to suffice by the Deputy Speaker of the house.
Voice vote is a very commonly used terminology to test the political knowledge of UPSC aspirants. If you have any doubts concerning these, feel free to check out UPSC Pathshala for total UPSC preparation. Enjoy!
What is Voice Vote? The Nitty-Gritty of the Parliamentary System
Article Name
A commonly used voting system used in the parliamentary houses. Did you know these are many controversies related to a voice vote and these are common topics for UPSC aspirants? Click here to know more.
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UPSC Pathshala
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text:
Loading DLLs Explicitly in Delphi 6
Although loading DLLs implicitly is convenient, it isn't always the most desired method. Suppose you have a DLL that contains many routines. If it's likely that your application will never call any of the DLL's routines, it would be a waste of memory to load the DLL every time your application runs. This is especially true when using multiple DLLs with one application. Another example is when using DLLs as large objects: a standard list of functions that are implemented by multiple DLLs but do slightly different things, such as printer drivers and file format readers. In this situation, it would be beneficial to load the DLL when specifically requested to do so by the application. This is referred to as explicitly loading a DLL.


text:
Robots that can mimic the exact brush strokes of master painters or calligraphers could recreate their work, a Japanese researcher said Tuesday.
"We have been able to teach this robot to successfully copy the brush strokes of a master of calligraphy," said Seiichiro Katsura, an associate professor of system design engineering at Keio University.
A perfect copy of a work by long-dead artists such as Monet or Picasso is not possible, as the robot needs a living model to imitate, applying the same pressure and making the same gestures, Katsura said.
But the technology could be used in complex surgery or mechanics.
"In Japan, where the population is quickly ageing, there are fears that valuable skills may not be handed down to younger generations," said Katsura.
The robot was on display at Asia's biggest tech fair—the Combined Exhibition of Advanced Technologies (CEATEC) exhibition—which opened on Tuesday at Makuhari, near Tokyo.
Explore further: Smartphones control smart homes at Asia tech fair


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|Spend the time||outdoors|
Pen or Pencil
Most active at dusk and dawn, the "peent" call of the Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) was once a familiar sound in cities and towns throughout New Hampshire, where they nest on flat, peastone gravel roofs and feed on insects attracted to city lights. In recent years, rubber and PVC have largely replaced peastone roofing, and nesting nighthawks have disappeared from many New Hampshire towns; in the few towns where they remain (including Keene!), their numbers have dramatically declined.
In partnership with New Hampshire Audubon and in efforts to conserve this state-threatened species, AVEO coordinates volunteer nighthawk surveys on summer evenings in Keene.


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The Sports Program ensures that nonresident professional athletes file California returns and the correct California source income is reported by those who file returns voluntarily.
For questions or comments e-mail : WSCS.GEN
Subject Line: Sports Team
Frequently Asked Questions
- Why does the state need a Sports Program?
- How do team sport nonresident professional athletes determine their California source income?
- What is the "duty day" method?
- What about the various bonuses the athletes get such as performance and signing bonuses?
- What about the taxes I have to pay to other states or countries?
1. Why does the state need a Sports Program?
The Sports Program exists to help nonresident professional athlete taxpayers determine their California source income.
2. How do team sport nonresident professional athletes determine their California source income?
In order to determine the California source income of a nonresident team sport athlete, the "duty day" method should be used.
3. What is the duty day method?
A "duty day" is defined as "any day services are performed under the contract from the beginning of an official preseason activity until the last game played". The "duty days" in California are then divided by the total "duty days" to create a ratio. This ratio is then multiplied by the total compensation. This then is deemed to be the California source income.
4. What about the various bonuses the athletes get such as performance and signing bonuses?
Performance bonuses should be included in the income to be allocated within and without California if any of the conditions to receive the bonus were met or partially met while performing services in California. The signing bonus issue is dealt with on a case by case basis with an examination of the wording of the contract. If services must be performed to receive or keep the signing bonuses and if any of those services are performed or partially performed in California, then the signing bonus should be included in the compensation to be allocated within and without California.
5. What about the taxes I have to pay to other states or countries?
California does have reciprocal agreements with the other states to allow credit against the tax liability. The availability of these credits depends upon your state of residence. You should see your tax professional regarding this issue. California does not allow credit for taxes paid to foreign countries.


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Through analysis and visualization of existing data sources such as the US Census data, Neighborhood Indicators provide information to contextualize factors impacting the West Philly Promise Neighborhood. This may include neighborhood context such as housing, safety, and the demographic characteristics of residents. We also summarize between—and within—neighborhood information about population-level outcomes such as education and health, with the added purpose of detecting any change over time as a result of Promise Neighborhood or other programs. The data snapshots created by our team help to achieve the above purposes but are created to share with community-based organizations and leaders to advance their own community programming and advocacy goals.
If you want access to the data used to create the briefs or the dashboard, please fill out a brief survey.
Click on the links below each brief if you would like to download the graphics for a grant or report.


ICAD second call
 CALL FOR PAPERS
 ICAD '94
 International Conference on Auditory Display
 Santa Fe, New Mexico
 Dates: November 7-9, 1994
 Sponsored by
 Santa Fe Institute
 Continuing the work of the successful ICAD '92 meeting, ICAD '94 will
 be held November 7-9, 1994 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. ICAD is a
 monitor systems, and provide enhanced user interfaces for computers
 auditory displays, and the array of perception, technology, and
 application areas that these encompass. ICAD '94 will be a singleaffiliation requirements.
 Papers are solicited on any aspects of Auditory Display. Topic areas
 include, but are not limited to:
 - Auditory exploration of data via sonification (data-controlled
 sound) and audification (audible playback of data samples)
 - Real-time monitoring of multivariate data
 - Sound in immersive interfaces (Virtual Reality) and Teleoperation
 - Perceptual issues in Auditory Display
 - Sound in generalized computer interfaces
 - Technologies supporting Auditory Display creation
 - Data handling and sound synthesis for Auditory Display systems
 - Applications of Auditory Display
 Both short and long papers may be submitted. Long papers are not to
 exceed 10 single spaced, single sided pages, and short papers are not
 to exceed 5 pages. Authors may state their preference for a long or
 short presentation, but the final decision is up to the Steering
 In order to facilitate the blind review process, the following
 submission guidelines must be strictly adhered to:
 1. Submit 6 copies of the complete paper to
 Santa Fe Institute
 1660 Old Pecos Trail, Suite A
 Santa Fe, NM 87051
 2. Include a single cover sheet which contains
 - the paper title
 - the full names, affiliations, complete addresses, phone and
 FAX numbers, and e-mail addresses of the authors
 - a 100- to 150-word abstract
 - a list of up to five keywords
 3. Author names and addresses are NOT to appear in the body of the
 paper and self-reference should be in the third person to avoid
 compromising anonymity.
 | |
 | IMPORTANT DATES |
 | |
 | Manuscript submission 1 Apr 1994 |
 | |
 | Notification of review decisions 15 Jul 1994 |
 | |
 | Camera-ready copy 2 Dec 1994 |
 | |
 ICAD '94 will also include informal sessions where preliminary
 or speculative material and descriptions or demonstrations of
 hardware and software may be presented. Send one copy of your
 poster session paper or a description of your demonstration to
 the address above by 15 July 1993.
 Gregory Kramer, CLARITY, SFI
 Steven Frysinger, AT&T
 Gregory Kramer, CLARITY, SFI
 Stuart Smith, University of Massachusetts
 Elizabeth Wenzel, NASA Ames Research Center
 James Ballas, Naval Research Laboratory
 Nat Durlach, MIT
 Steven Frysinger, AT&T
 William Gaver, RANK Xerox EuroPARC
 Gregory Kramer, CLARITY, SFI
 Elizabeth Mynatt, Georgia Institute of Technology
 Carla Scaletti, CERL, University of Illinois, Symbolic Sound Corp.
 Julius Smith, CCRMA, Stanford University
 Stuart Smith, University of Massachusetts
 Elizabeth Wenzel, NASA Ames Research Center
 Sheila Williams, University of Sheffield
 The focus of the Santa Fe Institute is research on complex systems.
 This work encompasses an extraordinary range of topics normally
 studied in seemingly disparate fields. Natural systems displaying
 complex adaptive behavior range upwards from DNA through cells and
 evolutionary systems to human societies. The dynamics of complex
 systems are difficult to comprehend and even more difficult to
 communicate. Data visualization--and more recently data
 sonification--are emerging as crucial tools for the comprehension
 and communication of complex systems data.
 Santa Fe is a small, picturesque city located at an altitude of 7,000
 feet in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. A town of 55,000 people,
 it is renowned for its beauty, art, culture, museums, and restaurants.
 Snow in November is probable and ski resorts will likely be open.
 Address general inquiries to the Conference Chair:
 Gregory Kramer
 Nelson Lane
 Garrison, NY 10524
 Tel. _PHONE_
 FAX _PHONE_


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How to Adjust Columns Using the Columns Dialog Box in Word 2007
Once you create columns in your Word 2007 document, you can adjust their width and the space between them using the Columns dialog box. To find this dialog box, go to the Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab of the Ribbon. Then click the Columns button and select More Columns from the drop-down menu.
Here are some points to ponder when working with columns:
You can make specific column adjustments in the Width and Spacing area of the dialog box.
If you want a line between the columns of text, put a check in the Line Between box. (Note: There's no attractiveness guarantee for the line.)
The space between columns is the gutter. Word sets the width of the gutter at 0.5 — half an inch. This amount of white space is pleasing to the eye without being too much of a good thing.
Use the Preview window to get an idea of what the heck you're doing.The Columns dialog box.
The built-in Word feature that you can adjust or disable to automatically correct what Word (or you) considers an error.
Allowing an application to automatically correct what it considers errors, such as spelling and capitalization.
Common line art shapes (such as squares, pointing arrows, and speech bubbles) that are available to be inserted into a Word document for decoration or illustration.
A portion of text that is selected in a document; this can range from a single character to the entire document. By marking off text as a block, you can perform certain actions, or use various Word commands, that affect only the text in that block. You can also copy or move the block of text.
A line that is added above, below, or to either side of a paragraph. A border is useful for setting a block of text apart from surrounding text.
Images, both line art and pictures, available in Microsoft Word for a user to place in documents.
A collection of clip art images, both line art and pictures, that a user is free to use in Microsoft Word documents.
A formatting command that ends one column of text and continues that text in another column.
The Word tool that allows you to embed, hide, and read Comments as a reviewing tool.
The window that appears on the left side of the screen where you review Comments.
The feature in Word 2007 with which you can compare changes in one document against another document.
To make an image smaller by eliminating some of the content, much like cutting an image with a pair of scissors.
The part of a fraction that appears after or below the line. For example, in the fraction, 3/64, 64 is the denominator.
One of the five views in Word 2007. This is the most simple and streamlined view.
A specially formatted letter that appears at the beginning of a paragraph. Word offers two styles of drop caps. The first, and most common, begins the paragraph with a large letter that spills down into the text, displacing the first few lines of the paragraph. The second style places the large first letter in the margin adjacent to the paragraph.
In Mail Merge, an individual piece of information in a record, such as first name, last name, date, address, and phone number. Fields are what make a mail-merged document appear customized.
A placeholder in a Word document that holds variable data (such as a date, or an index tag). Field codes show in gray; toggle their view by pressing Alt+F9.
Text that appears at the bottom of a document page. A footer has its own special area and contains special text, such as the page number, document title, author's name, and date.
The white space between columns of text in a document. Word sets the default width of gutters at ½ inch, although you can change this amount.
Pressing Enter (PC) or Return (Mac) to insert a paragraph symbol and create a new paragraph.
Text that appears at the top of a document page. A header has its own special area and contains special text, such as the document title, author's name, date, and page number.
To adjust horizontal spacing so that text is aligned evenly along both the left and right margins. Justifying text creates a smooth edge on both sides.
Creating a special hyphen in Word that will not allow hyphenated words (such as disability-only services) to break at the end of a line (dis-ability-only services).
A special template file where Word stores all the settings for any new document you create. In Word, all documents are based on the Normal document template.
The part of a fraction that appears before or above the line. For example, in the fraction, 3/64, 3 is the numerator.
The built-in feature of Word where you can search for help about Word.
A number that indicates a position in a series, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so on. Ordinals are one of the main reasons for using superscripts.
One of the five views in Word 2007. In this view, you can see how the document will print according to its page breaks.
The feature in Word that you can open to see how your document will look after printing.
Checking a document for errors, especially spelling, grammar, and layout.
The feature in Word 2007 with which you can assign or restrict editing rights to a document.
A text box that highlights a quote from the document in which it appears.
A collection of thumbnail presets that you can apply to text. You can use these styles to quickly format your document.
1. (noun) In Mail Merge, a collection of information about a person, organization, or event. A record consists of fields, which are individual pieces of information, such as first name, last name, date, address, and phone number. 2. (verb) To set down in permanent form, such as through writing.
The search pane that opens on the right side of the screen when you right-click a word with a wavy red or green underline and then choose Look Up from the menu that appears.
A panel of tabs representing different functional areas in Word. Each tab contains command buttons and icons, organized into related groups. A new feature of Word 2007, the Ribbon replaces the menus and toolbars from earlier versions of Word.
Typically, a block of supplementary material placed in a text box in a document.
A Microsoft Word feature that lets you add several different types of useful diagrams to your document. The idea behind SmartArt diagrams is to represent a bullet list as a diagram of interconnected shapes.
Manually inserting a new line without creating a new paragraph. On a PC keyboard, the shortcut is Shift+Enter.
A feature in many applications that checks spelling (and often grammar) against a built-in dictionary.
1. (noun) A collection of formatting commands that can be applied to text to make a document look more consistent and attractive. 2. (verb) To make consistent with a formatting convention by applying a certain style.
Words that have similar meanings, such as pink and rosy.
A special type of document file used as the basis for formatting new documents.
A special type of shape designed to place text on your Microsoft Word document without regard to the normal page margins.
The way text is arranged in relation to a picture or image in a document.
An option for arranging text around an image in a document, such as In Line with Text, Behind Text, In Front of Text, or Tight.
The built-in Word feature that offers synonyms and antonyms.
The feature in Word with which you can monitor who adds and deletes what from a document. You can hide Track Changes but still have them enabled.
Abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator. Used in common speech to mean a Web address, such as _URL_.
Faint or faded words or images that appear in a document behind the text. One common example is a Confidential watermark placed diagonally across the page.
A collection of preformatted watermark options in Word.
A Microsoft Word feature that takes ordinary text and transforms it into a preformatted (and often rather artistic) design.
A collection displaying Microsoft Word's many WordArt options.


text:
Films and Video
Viewing and discussion programs that present documentary or independent films related to the Building Common Ground themes, followed by a facilitated discussion can bring audiences together to explore meaningful issues and understand and relate to each other.
The following video galleries contain an array of viewing materials that range from video shorts to full-length documentary films. Libraries are encourage to incorporate video content into their program plans to create multi-media elements to Building Common Ground series.
Libraries may use the provocative video shorts provided as added texture to book discussions or context setting for facilitated discussions; the weighty feature length Forgiveness documentaries as a centerpiece for additional multi-format programming, and other video content, such as Krista Tippet's TED talk as springboards to larger discussions of community issues. Libraries are encouraged to explore the wealth of film and video content recommended in the Video Galleries to create their multiformat Building Common Ground program series.


[Let's Study: Fantasy AGE by Green Ronin] Part 3: Basic Rules
Posted: August 5, 2015 by pointyman2000 in Fantasy AGE, Let's Study, Roleplaying Games
Tags:,,
Now that we've gotten the character creation out of the way, we turn our focus today to the basic rules of the game.
Before we get to talking about how to roll for tests in the Fantasy AGE system, let's talk about dice first. Fantasy AGE relies exclusively on six-sided dice.
The normal ability test is a 3d6 + Ability roll. However, its important to remember that you need to roll two dice of the same color, and a third die of another color. This differently colored die is called the Stunt Die, and is used to generate Stunt Points, determine degrees of success, or break ties.
Whenever you make an ability and roll doubles, you generate Stunt Points equal to the face value of the Stunt Die. These are then spent on special maneuvers. These are often Combat Stunts, though Spell, Roleplaying and Exploration stunts exist too.
Difficulties for Fantasy AGE range from 7 (Routine) to 21 (Nigh Impossible) with most tests being 11 (Average) or Challenging (13).
On a successful roll, you can determine how well your character did by checking the Stunt Die. A result of 1 means you barely succeeded while a 6 is a flawless success.
Fantasy AGE sticks to the basics here, introducing the concept of "Action time" to get new RPG players into the idea of turn-based combat.
Initiative is handled in standard fashion, with Dexterity (Initiative) ability test. For ties, the Stunt Die value acts as a tie breaker. Doubles don't do anything here, so no Stunt Points are generated.
Initiative is resolved from the highest Initiative roll down to the lowest, with lesser NPCs acting in groups. Initiative is only rolled once and remains the same throughout the fight.
Actions in Fantasy AGE are divided into Major and Minor Actions. During a turn, a character may perform 1 Major and 1 Minor action, or 2 Minor Actions. These can be performed in any sequence.
Major actions include: All-Out Attack, Charge, Defend, Heal, Melee Attack, Ranged Attack and Run.
Healing consumes bandages and allows a character to make a TN 11 Intelligence (healing) test to recover Health equal to the Stunt Die + the healer's Intelligence. A character cannot benefit from another Heal action until additional damage is taken.
Minor actions are: Activate, Aim, Guard Up, Move, Prepare, Press the Attack, Ready, Stand Firm.
Guard up allows the player to add a +1 or +2 to the character's Defense until the end of the round. The trade off is that they suffer the same value as a penalty to all actions they make for the rest of the round as well.
Press the Attack allows you to pursue a target opponent if they choose to move away in their next turn.
Stand Firm allows the character to try and resist any and all effort to move them from where they stand.
In addition to Major and Minor Actions, two other actions are considered to be Variable, as they can be Major or Minor depending on circumstances. These are the Cast and Reload actions.
Now that we've gone over the basics of actions, Combat is the next section covered. Combat is pretty straightforward in Fantasy AGE, as it usually relies on Ability Tests with Accuracy or Fighting vs the target's Defense as the TN.
Damage is resolved by rolling the weapon's damage rating and adding the attacking character's Strength Ability. This value is reduced by the opponent's armor.
This is where the magic happens. During a successful attack roll, if the player rolls doubles, they generate a number of Stunt Points equal to the value of the Stunt Die.
The Stunt Points must be used right away, and a stunt can only be performed once per round with the exception of the Skirmish Stunt.
The Combat Stunt list is pretty extensive, with 15 different stunts to choose from, costing anywhere from 1 to 5 SP each to execute. The Stunts range from anything from free movement, to free reloads, bonus damage, bonuses to tests and inflicting status effects on your target.
The Combat section also takes some time to talk about special rules regarding special cases. Grenades are given a few minor rules, and a special Stunt to go with it. Mounted combat considerations are provided with some bonuses to fighting mounted against opponents on foot and Flight is given some attention in the form of special Minor and Major actions.
Healing in Fantasy AGE is pretty straightforward. The Heal action was discussed earlier, but there are other options for healing, such as taking a 5-minute rest after combat, where a character recovers 5 + Constitution + Level of Health.
Another option is getting some sleep, which recovers 10 + Constitution + Level.
Finally, there's magical healing from the Healing Arcana (which we'll tackle later on in the Magic section of the Let's Study series.)
I'm really liking how Fantasy AGE is written with new players in mind. The rules are clear, and easy to comprehend, and there are enough examples to guide a new player through it without raising too many questions.
The Stunts are an interesting implementation of special maneuvers found in other games, and each time someone rolls doubles becomes a highlight in every encounter as the character suddenly does something above and beyond the usual "I hit, you hit" exchange.
Next up, we'll take a look at the Chapter of Character Options, which deals with Ability Focuses and Talents.
The Fantasy AGE Basic Rulebook is available in PDF format from DriveThruRPG for only $15.99 or roughly Php 720.
This Let's Study series made possible by Patreon. If you'd like to help me secure more titles to cover in detail, please consider becoming a patron!
 1. th3muser says:
 Fantastic! am thinking of picking this one up sometime. Trying to find a fantasy system that is a little less book keeping heavy than WFRP3.
 2. Cecil says:
 What does it mean to roll doubles here? Any two dice or only the same colored dice?
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This paper focuses on road sign classification for creating accurate and up-to-date inventories of traffic signs, which is important for road safety and maintenance. This is a challenging multi-class classification task, as a large number of different sign types exist which only differ in minor details. Moreover, changes in viewpoint, capturing conditions and partial occlusions result in large intra-class variations. Ideally, road sign classification systems should be robust against these variations, while having an acceptable computational load. This paper presents a classification approach based on the popular Bag Of Words (BOW) framework, which we optimize towards the best trade-off between performance and execution time. We analyze the performance aspects of PCA-based dimensionality reduction, soft and hard assignment for BOW codebook matching and the codebook size. Furthermore, we provide an efficient implementation scheme. We compare these techniques to design a fast and accurate BOW-based classification scheme. This approach allows for the selection of a fast but accurate classification methodology. This BOW approach is compared against structural classification, and we show that their combination outperforms both individual methods. This combination, exploiting both BOW and structural information, attains high classification scores (96.25% to 98%) on our challenging real-world datasets.
|Title of host publication||Proceedings of the 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 24-28 August 2014, Stockholm, Sweden|
|Place of Publication||Piscataway|
|Publisher||Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|
|Publication status||Published - 2014|


Why the London Government Pays the Queen An Axe, a Knife, 6 Horseshoes and 61 Nails Every Year
Every October at the Royal Courts of Justice in London, a bizarre ritual is carried out. That's when an axe, a knife, six horseshoes and precisely 61 nails are given to the Queen's treasurer as taxes on two pieces of property that came into the crown's possession in 1211 and 1235. The two parcels have been part of the crown's holdings for so long that no one knows exactly where they are. The tax rate on them, however, hasn't changed for centuries. One piece of property, known simply as The Moors, is quite far from London in Shropshire, England. Rent for this is a knife and an axe. The second piece of property is near the Royal Courts of Justice in London. The rent on this property was and still is six horseshoes and 61 nails. The yearly ceremony is rarely reported upon and not heavily attended by the public. Still, it's a centuries-old ceremony that has been in place for English monarchs.


MCQs on Organizational change – Leading and managing change
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In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes.
MCQs on Organizational change
MCQs on Organizational change
In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes. Here on MCQs.CLUB we have written easy and understandable Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) on organizational change that fully cover Practice Test Questions on What is organizational change? Definition and examples, meaning, types, levels, organizational change management, organizational change management and implementing change in an organization with change management strategies, process of organisational change, these also cover MCQs on change management culture. These mcq on organizational change with answers is a complete guide to organizational change and are also useful for business management exams, competitive exams and business management exams.
 1. In order to respond effectively to opportunities and threats, the organisation may need to make changes to its current products, markets or processes. The environment can act as a trigger for change in organisations.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. The exact triggers for change will depend on the context of an organisation and its industry. Identify from the following that could act as change triggers:
 1. Arrival of new entrants into the market, or mergers/acquisitions between existing competitors in the industry.
 2. Changes in level or intensity of competition (prompting a need to gain or protect market share).
 3. New laws or regulations affecting an industry; or changes in government legislation more generally.
 4. All of the above
 1. One useful way of prioritising change triggers – and strategic uncertainties more generally – is in relation to their impact and immediacy. The impact (importance) of a strategic uncertainty is related to:
 1. The extent to which it involves trends or events that will impact the organization
 2. The importance to the organisation of the business units or products affected by the uncertainty/trigger
 3. The number of business units or products potentially affected by the uncertainty; i.e. the scale of the impact on the organization
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. Once it has identified the opportunities and threats present in its environment, an organisation has to decide how to respond to them, and which of them need to be given the highest priority.
 2. The organisation's response to opportunities and threats could then act as trigger for organisational change.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. It is very hard to ignore the impact of change on contemporary businesses. Implementing and managing change is often an integral part of strategy implementation.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. Change management can be defined as 'the continuous process of aligning an organisation with its marketplace and doing it more responsively and effectively than competitors'.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. For an organisation to respond to the need for change, it needs a way of planning for, and implementing changes. Organisations may need to make strategic changes for lots of different reasons. For example:
 1. Dealing with changes in the global economy and global markets
 2. Allowing an organisation to grow, either organically or through mergers or acquisition
 3. Restructuring or reorganising the business
 4. Implementing new technologies and business processes
 5. All of the above
 1. Change processes usually begin with a change 'trigger' which can either be external to the organisation or can be internal.
 1. True
 2. False
 1. External Triggers for organization change include:
 1. Changes in the economic cycle (for example, an economic downturn)
 2. New laws or regulations affecting the industry
 3. Stiffer competition from rivals or from new entrants
 4. All of the above
 1. Internal Triggers for organization change include:
 1. A new organisation structure which prompts changes to job responsibilities
 2. Implementation of new technologies or working practices
 3. Relocation of the business to different city or country
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. Internally generated change is likely to be managed more proactively, creatively and effectively than externally generated change.
 2. For internal change the organisation can control the nature and timing of the change in a way it cannot do when it has to react to external triggers.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Which of the following is correct?
 1. A consequence of the delegation and discretion allowed to local managers is that senior management at the top of the firm begin to feel a loss of control – a crisis of control.
 2. A successful escape from the crisis of red tape results in a growth of 'interpersonal collaboration'.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Changes may be required to help an organisation overcome a decline in performance. There are a number of factors which may contribute to organisational decline such as:
 1. High cost structures, leading to a decline in competitiveness compared with rivals.
 2. Overtrading, leading to excess pressure on the organisation's cash flow.
 3. Too much diversification, causing a business to move away from, and neglect, its core business.
 4. All of the above
 1. Change can occur at the different levels within an organization such as:
 1. Individuals (involves changing their skills, values, attitudes and behaviours)
 2. Structures and systems (involve changing the formal and informal organisational structures in place)
 3. Organisational climate (involves changing the way people relate to each other in an organisation)
 4. All of the above
 1. Successful change management requires more than simply recognising a change trigger and acting on it. Successful exploitation of a change situation requires:
 1. Knowledge of the circumstances surrounding a situation
 2. Understanding of the interactions in that situation
 3. Awareness of the potential impact of the variables associated with the situation
 4. All of the above
 1. A framework for change might be:
 - Recognition – Identify the problem that needs to be rectified
 - Diagnosis – Break down the problem into component parts
 - Solution – Analyse possible alternatives, select preferred solution and apply preferred solution
 1. The above formula is correct
 2. The above formula is incorrect
 1. According to Lewin steps in organisational change are:
 1. unfreeze
 2. change (or move)
 3. freeze or refreeze
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct for "Unfreeze" stage of change?
 1. The unfreeze stage involves making people within an organisation ready to change, making them aware of the need (trigger) for change, and creating a readiness to change among the workforce.
 2. A key part of this stage is weakening the restraining forces that are resisting change, and strengthening the driving forces that are promoting change.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. Approaches to the unfreeze stage include:
 1. Physically removing individuals from their accustomed routines, sources of information and social relationships.
 2. Consulting team members about proposed changes.
 3. Confronting team members' perceptions and emotions about change. Failure to recognise and deal with emotions only leads to later problems.
 4. All of the above
 1. Which of the following is correct for "Change (or 'move')" stage of change?
 1. The change (or 'move') stage involves learning new concepts and new meanings for existing concepts.
 2. It is important that an organisation encourages the participation and involvement of its staff in this phase so that they do not feel alienated by the change process.
 3. The change (or 'move') stage involves learning new concepts and new meanings for existing concepts. This is the transition stage, by which an organisation moves from its current state to its future state.
 4. All of the above
 1. Change (or 'move') stage is facilitated by:
 1. Identification – encouraging individuals to identify with role models from whom they can learn new behaviour patterns.
 2. Internalisation – placing individuals in a situation in which new behaviours are required for success, so that they have to develop coping behaviours.
 3. Both A&B
 4. None
 1. The refreeze stage involves internalising new concepts and meanings. It focuses on stabilising (refreezing) the new state of affairs, by setting policies to embed new behaviours, and establishing new standards.
 1. The above statement is correct
 2. The above statement is incorrect
 1.


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This week, NILU welcomed the partners from the Polish GIOS, Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, to Kjeller.
Over the course of three days, NILU researchers from several departments have shared insights and experiences that contribute to the ongoing collaborative project "Strengthening of atmospheric deposition assessment in Poland based on Norwegian experience".
Of particular interest to the Polish partners was how NILU carries out monitoring and assessment of the deposition of air pollution in Norway and Europe. In addition, a comprehensive tour of NILU's chemical laboratories as well as an exclusive visit to the Birkenes Observatory in Agder were included in the program (see picture above).
The first day of the visit began with a presentation of NILU by Deputy CEO Ole-Anders Braathen. Among other things, the EBAS database was highlighted as a valuable international resource that is openly accessible to all.
Furthermore, project manager Barbara Toczko (pictured below) gave a summary of the activities in the project:
- Developing the concept of revision and optimization of deposition measurements in Poland (NILU lead: Wenche Aas, ATMOS)
- Developing the concept of launching the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) system for deposition measure (NILU lead: Helene Lunder Halvorsen, MILK)
- Developing the guidance document on assessment of atmospheric deposition, including a proposal of the most suitable deposition modeling technique (NILU lead: Joana Soares, IMPACT)
- Visualisation and making available of atmospheric deposition data via the web site "Air Quality" CIEP (NILU lead: Rune Åvar Ødegaard, DIGITAL)
- Procurement of deposition measurement instruments
- Project management and promotion activities (see _URL_
We look forward to continuing the collaboration!


Python Connection to MongoDB
MongoDB is one of the most popular NoSQL databases, which allows developers to easily work with the stored data. This tutorial provides an example of connection to the MongoDB server from your Python application.
1. In our case we have an environment with Python and MongoDB containers inside (you can create such one at any time), but this instruction is suitable for the remote servers as well.Python MongoDB environment
2. Connect your compute node via CirrusGrid SSH Gate.Jelastic SSH Gate
3. Install a MongoDB driver for Python using the command below:
pip install pymongo
install MongoDb driver for Python
4. Set up a simple script to check your DB server connection. For that use any preferable text editor and create a file with the .py extension (e.g. vim
from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient("mongodb://{user}:{password}@{host}:{port}")
db = client.{database}
try: db.command("serverStatus")
except Exception as e: print(e)
else: print("You are connected!")
Just adjust the connection string with a relevant date, which can be gained from email for your MongoDB node:
 - {user} – username to log into database with
 - {password} – password for the appropriate user
 - {host} – link to your MongoDB container
 - {port} – port to be used for connection (use the default one – 27017)
 - {database} – database to be accessed (e.g. the default admin one)
MongoDB connection script
This script will connect to the specified database server and will try to get its status. If any error occurs in the process, its description will be printed; otherwise, just a "You are connected!" string will be displayed.
5. So, execute code in the file by running the appropriate command:
run DB connection script
The "You are connected!" string ensures, that application was able to connect the DB server successfully, so you can start managing database node by extending code with other operations.
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text:
Mississippi State University
Date of Degree
Graduate Thesis - Open Access
Master of Science
James Worth Bagley College of Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
This research presents a hybrid algorithm that combines List Scheduling (LS) with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for constructing non-preemptive schedules for soft real-time parallel applications represented as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). The execution time requirements of the applications' tasks are assumed to be stochastic and are represented as probability distribution functions. The performance in terms of schedule lengths for three different genetic representation schemes are evaluated and compared for a number of different DAGs. The approaches presented in this research produce shorter schedules than HLFET, a popular LS approach for all of the sample problems. Of the three genetic representation schemes investigated, PosCT, the technique that allows the GA to learn which tasks to delay in order to allow other tasks to complete produced the shortest schedules for a majority of the sample DAGs.
Bugde, Amit, "A Study Of Genetic Representation Schemes For Scheduling Soft Real-Time Systems" (2006). Theses and Dissertations. 278.


text:
Application to Request Registration as a Beneficiary
What does it mean to be a MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet beneficiary?
The MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet programme is a unique fundraising tool which is already being used by over 8 000 schools, charities and welfare groups (our "beneficiaries"). We provide these registered beneficiaries with the opportunity to use the MySchool programme in order to raise supplementary annuity income for their organisations. This tool includes our management of the programme infrastructure, logistics, payment processing and allocation, card issuing, client service, query management, and reporting tools. We also provide the registered beneficiaries with various resources, such as customised application forms, website content and advice on how to use the programme to raise monthly sustainable funds through the programme.
It is up to the beneficiary to use these tools to raise funds and incorporate it into their fundraising plan.
How much money do beneficiaries make? How do they ensure the programme is a success?
It is the beneficiary's responsibility to use the tools we have provided to their benefit. MySchool does not manage the individual beneficiary's fundraising efforts. Therefore the amount of funds raised through the programme is dependent on various factors. We can learn a lot from beneficiaries who use the programme to raise substantial amounts of funds each month.
Those registered beneficiaries that are currently successfully using the programme have:
- A dedicated fundraising champion who manages all fundraising activities - including the MySchool Fundraising programme.
- At least 1000 active MySchool supporters - who use their cards frequently (on a monthly basis) at the various MySchool partners.
- Supporters located in MySchool partner service areas (i.e the supporters are willing and able to support the organisation at local partners, and our national partners).
- A fundraising and communications plan. They communicate with their supporters on a regular basis, through their various communication channels, to keep them updated on where to swipe their MySchool card, the funds raised and how these funds are used - they also remember to say "thank you" to their supporters!
- Events where they sign up new supporters and ensure their current supporters keep supporting them.
- A MySchool information page on their website, linked to MySchool on social media platforms, and have marketing material to show potential supporters and encourage them that they can be nominated as a beneficiary.
What is the difference between a School, Village and Planet Beneficiary?
There is only one MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet card, which gives you access to support up to three Beneficiaries. Our Beneficiaries are all classified as one of the following:
- MySchool Beneficiaries: registered schools.
- MyVillage Beneficiaries: charities that helps communities and individuals (adults and children).
- MyPlanet beneficiaries: organisations that focus on the improvement and protection of the environment and animals.
How to become a MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet Beneficiary
- Make sure you qualify for an organisation to qualify for registration as a MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet Beneficiary, it must be either:
- a school that is registered with the Department of Education; or
- a non-profit organisation (NPO) or a public benefit organisation (PBO) that is registered as an NPO or a PBO with the South African Revenue Services; and must focus on:
- uplifting people with physical or mental disabilities, orphans or the vulnerable; or
- uplifting people through education or social development; or
- protecting the environment; or
- protecting animals; or
Your organisation cannot qualify as a Beneficiary if it is:
- a charity promoting religion (this includes institutions such as churches, mosques and temples);
- a charity promoting a specific political group or orientation;
- a charity promoting specific social activism issues or views;
- a sports club or association;
- an interest or hobby group; or
- a profit-making company.
Individuals cannot qualify as Beneficiary.
2. Send us the correct documents
Send us the following documents (by email only) so that we may process your application to be a Beneficiary:
- the completed MySchool MyVillage MyPlanet Beneficiary Application Form containing your full details and your signature indicating that you agree with our Terms and Conditions;
- a copy of your organisation's letterhead;
- a copy of your organisation's VAT registration form (if VAT registered);
- a short (no more than 300 words) description of what your organisation does;
- a marketing plan setting out how you intend to manage your status as a Beneficiary. The marketing plan must include:
- how many SUPPORTERS you currently have;
- how you stay in contact with them; and
- how you plan to increase the number of Supporters you currently have.
3. Wait for us to contact you
We will review your application based on the criteria we have determined, at our sole discretion. The application review process takes 8 / 10 weeks from the time that we receive the completed application. Failure to submit the required details and supporting documentation will result in your application not being reviewed and your application being declined. We will contact you to let you know whether your application has been successful and to confirm the next steps.


text:
Learn about this topic in these articles:
development by Curtiss
The addition of a retractable landing wheel gear to a float seaplane or flying boat, also accomplished by Curtiss, created the amphibian aircraft capable of operating from land runways or water. A post-World War II development was the pantobase, or all-base, airplane incorporating devices for operating from water or from a variety of unprepared surfaces such as snow, ice, mud, and sod.
...takeoff from or landing in water. These include floatplanes, which are fitted with pontoons for operation on water; flying boats, in which the fuselage also serves as a hull for water travel; and amphibians, which are equipped to land on and take off from both land and water.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
We are trying to solve what we perceive as a problem with the behavior of our Samba server. Please understand we are not claiming this is a bug in Samba. It is simply different from the behavior we want.
Our Samba server is version 3.5.4 (release 68.el6) and runs under CentOS 6.0 (x86_64). We happen to use Active Directory (AD) to authenticate, but I'm not convinced this behavior is specific to AD.
What follows is a generalized statement of the undesirable behavior, with the context provided first as a sequence of events:
 1. A CIFS client establishes (and maintains) a connection to a CIFS share on our Samba server.
 2. After that connection has been established, a configuration change is made (examples provided as bullets below) which we think should immediately revoke the CIFS client's access to the connected CIFS share. For example:
 - The Active Directory user is deleted from the domain (via the Active Directory Administrative Center on the domain controller).
 - The Active Directory user is removed from the CIFS share's list of permitted users (on the Samba server host).
 - The CIFS share is deleted (on the Samba server host).
Here's the undesirable behavior. As long as the CIFS client maintains the existing connection to the CIFS share, access to that share is not revoked. That is, the user continues to have the same access to the share as they did when the connection was first established. FWIW, we believe this behavior is by design.
The desired behavior is for access to be revoked as soon as "the configuration change" pertinent to access rights is finalized. Disconnecting the affected client session(s) is acceptable and appropriate, but disconnecting other sessions is undesirable.
I would like to get your ideas toward an approach that will yield the desired behavior. Perhaps this is as simple as changing our Samba server's configuration; we have not found any configuration parameters that appear relevant to this behavior. It appears the art of detecting that access has been revoked is the most difficult part of all this.
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1 Answer 1
I'm pretty sure this isn't possible at the moment, at least not using the functionality built into Samba itself.
A workaround could be something like a cronjob which regularly checks that all the smbd processes on a machine are from valid users, by parsing the output of the smbstatus utility to check what users are logged on and what processes are serving them, and verifying those processes against the users in AD. You can then use that information to kill any processes for users who are no longer valid.
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Quant Quiz for IBPS Clerk MAINS 2021| 23 Feb 2021
Quant Quiz for IBPS Clerk MAINS 2021
Q1. Time taken by car A to cover distance from point X to point Y is 6½ hrs including ½ hour of stoppage. B also started from point X and stopped 90 km earlier from point Y after travelling for 6½ hrs. Had they started from same point and at same time, the difference between their distance covered in 7.5 minutes will be 2.5 km. Find the distance between two cars, if they start a race for the distance which is twice the distance between X and Y, assuming that both cars stops when one of the car finish the race.
1. 360 km
2. 240 km
3. 180 km
4. 300 km
5. 280 km
Q2. A person bought some mobiles and he sold 60% of them at the profit of 3.5% & sold rest of them at the rate of Rs. 6,660 each. In this transaction, he earned an overall profit% of 6.5%. Find the SP (in Rs.) of each mobile which were sold at 3.5% profit.
1. Rs 6210
2. Rs 7230
3. Rs 5830
4. Rs 5760
5. Rs 5466
Q3. Tank 1 can be filled by pipe A alone in 7.5 min, while total time taken by pipe B to fill & to empty the same tank is 25 min and the efficiency of pipe B during time of filling and empty is same. Pipe A was opened for 12 minutes alone in tank 2. Then pipe B alone for 12 minutes. Remaining of tank 2 was filled by pipe C in 18 minutes. Find the time taken by pipe C to fill 80% of tank 1, if the ratio of volume of tank 1 to tank 2 is 1 : 4.
1. 12.5 minutes
2. 13.5 minutes
3. 8.5 minutes
4. 8 minutes
5. 10 minutes
Q4. A person 'A', invested 37½% of his savings in scheme XYZ, while B invested 62½% of his savings in the same scheme. If B invested 50% of his remaining savings in scheme PQR, and A thought to invest double of the amount invested by B in PQR scheme then find what percent of A's remaining savings after investment in XYZ, A should invest in PQR. Given that amount invested by B in XYZ is twice the amount invested by A in same scheme.
1. 80%
2. 68%
3. 64%
4. 72%
5. 60%
Q5. Two trains A and B with their length difference 17 m cross each other in 2.6 seconds while running in opposite direction. Train A crosses train B in 13 seconds while they are running in same direction. If train A takes 2 seconds to cross a pole, then find the sum of speed of both the trains, assuming that train B is longer than train A.
Direction (6 -10): Bar-graph shows the percentage distribution of distance covered in upstream and downstream by Rahul on different dates.
Table given below shows the speed of current in km/hr on different dates.
Q6. If time taken by Rahul to swim upstream on 1st August. is 61 1/3 hr more than time taken by him to swim downstream on same date, then find the speed of Rahul in still water?
1. 16 km/hr
2. 30 km/hr
3. 25 km/hr
4. 20 km/hr
5. None of these
Q7. If speed of Rahul in still water on 2nd Aug. is 8 km/hr and speed of Rahul in still water on 3rd Aug. is 25% more than his speed on 2nd Aug. and time taken by him to travel upstream on 2nd August is 166 2/3% more than time taken by him to travel downstream on same date, then find the seven times of the speed of current on 2nd Aug.?
1. 8 km/hr
2. 6 km/hr
3. 4 km/hr
4. None of these
5. 2 km/hr
Q8. Speed of current on 4th Aug. is 50% of downstream speed of Rahul on 5th August, then time to cover 128 km upstream on 4th Aug. is? [Given that time of Rahul to cover upstream distance on 5th August is 80 hr and assuming that speed of Rahul in still water is same on both days]
Q9. If ratio of speed of current on 2nd August to 4th August is 2 : 3 & speed of Rahul on both days are same and time in upstream on 4th August. is 24 times the time taken in downstream on 2th August then find the speed of Rahul in still water if speed of current on 3rd August is 50% of speed of current on 2nd Aug.(approximately)?
1. 21 km/h
2. 23km/h
3. None of these
4. 25km/h
5. 20km/h
Q10. A can do a task in 18 days, B can do the same task in 24 days and C can destroy the whole work in 36 days. If A & B work for first x days together after C also joined them, remaining work complete in (x + 24/5) days. Find how many days all three worked together?
Q1. Ans(2)
Q2. Ans(1)
Q3. Ans(5)
Q4. Ans(4)
Q5. Ans(4)
Q6. Ans(4)
Q7. Ans(1)
Q8. Ans(3)
Q9. Ans(5)
Q10. Ans(5)
Quant Topic Wise
How to Access on App:-
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Computer Awareness Capsule 2.O Get PDF here
AATMA-NIRBHAR SeriesStatic Awareness Practice Ebook PDF Click Here
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Freebase Commons Common /common
 - M89SR sniper rifle is a gas operated semi-automatic sniper rifle, produced by Technical Equipment International, an Israeli company based in Tel Aviv. The M89SR was first introduced as the Sardius M36 Sniper Weapon System in the 1980s. The rifle is based on the American M14 rifle in bullpup configuration, and uses the same 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. It was intended to replace the M14, though Sardius were unable to secure financing. When Sardius went out of business, Technical Consulting International obtained the licence to produce the M36. They made some adjustments, such as adding a new carbon fiber stock, and it was renamed the M89SR. The rifle was used by the Israel Defense Forces, in urban warfare and on the battlefield. The rifle is much shorter than an assault rifle even with a sound suppressor attached, making it easy to conceal. It is also relatively light, and is more accurate than other sniper rifles. Only a small number were used, in the undercover unit Sayeret Duvdevan. It was more successful abroad, and was sold to some special forces units.


text:
Locate the Touch ID sensor
The Touch ID sensor is located in the upper-right corner of your keyboard.
To set up and use Touch ID on a Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, you need a Mac computer with Apple silicon and macOS Big Sur 11.4 or later.
To use the built-in Touch ID on a Mac laptop computer with Touch ID, just set up Touch ID in System Settings (Or System Preferences) > Touch ID & Password.
Try these steps
Try using Touch ID after each step:
- Make sure that you have the latest version of macOS.
- Make sure that your fingers and the Touch ID sensor are clean and dry.* Use a clean, lint-free cloth to wipe off any dirt or debris on the Touch ID sensor.
- Your finger should cover the Touch ID sensor completely. While Touch ID is scanning, you shouldn't tap too quickly or move your finger around.
- Choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), click Users & Groups, then click the lock to make changes. Click Login Options, then make sure that Automatic login is off.
- Choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), click Touch ID & Password, then turn on the setting to use Touch ID to unlock your Mac.
- Try to add a different fingerprint. Choose Apple menu > System Settings (Or System Preferences), click Touch ID & Password, then click Add Fingerprint.
- For Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, turn your keyboard off and on, then connect your keyboard to your Mac with the USB to Lightning cable. After you turn Magic Keyboard off then on, Touch ID may be unavailable for up to 10 seconds.
- Restart your Mac.
If you need to enter your password
The first time you log in after you turn on, restart, or log out of your Mac, you must log in by entering your password manually. After that, you can use Touch ID to log in.
Additionally, you might need to enter your password instead of using Touch ID in these situations:
- Your fingerprint isn't recognized five times in a row
- You haven't unlocked your device in more than 48 hours
- You're trying to change settings in the Touch ID & Password pane of System Preferences
* Moisture, lotions, sweat, oils, cuts, or dry skin might affect fingerprint recognition. Certain activities can also temporarily affect fingerprint recognition, including exercising, showering, swimming, cooking, or other conditions or changes that affect your fingerprint.


text:
A NEW form of liquid crystal which behaves like rubber could one day be used to make components and to manipulate light in a new generation of optoelectronic circuits, which use light instead of electricity to communicate. At a conference held by the American Physical Society in St Louis last week, a West German researcher unveiled a new material that could be as important to the development of optoelectronics as silicon was to the growth of electronics.,
Telecommunications companies currently use components known as waveguides to direct and switch light in optical circuits. However, waveguides are expensive because they need to be made to very precise standards. Heino Finkelmann, a researcher at the University of Freiburg in West Germany, has devised a way to make waveguides as simply and as cheaply as record companies press records.
Waveguides channel light in integrated circuits in the same way that a pipe directs...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Human trafficking resource for high schools
Our human trafficking resource has been created specifically for high school students in New Zealand. The resource provides an overview of human rights, human trafficking and modern day slavery. It has been designed to comply with level five curriculum requirements for social sciences in New Zealand, including the following achievement objectives:
- Understand how cultural interaction impacts on cultures and societies.
- Understand that people move between places and how this has consequences for the people and the places.
- Understand how people define and seek human rights.
The goal is to have this resource taught at all schools in New Zealand. We encourage people to learn about human trafficking, download a human trafficking resource, meet with the school principal or a dean of social sciences at a school in their community and advocate for this resource being taught in year 9 and 10 social science classes.
What to do with the high school resource on human trafficking
- Download and print the resource from our website
- Organise a meeting with the principal of head of department ("HOD") for social sciences in a school you are connected to or that is in your community
- At the meeting, give the principal/HOD the resource and tell him/her WHY it is essential that human trafficking is taught in schools
- Organise a follow-up meeting with the principal/HOD two weeks later to see whether the resource is being implemented
- Email us at _EMAIL_ and let us know how things went so we can improve it and get it more widely dispersed