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text:
Date of Graduation
Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design
Wildlife and Fisheries Resources
Stuart A. Welsh
Kyle J. Hartman
David I. Wellman
This thesis evaluates population characteristics of yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) in Cheat Lake, West Virginia, and is comprised of two chapters: 1) an introduction and literature review on the biology, ecology, and life history of yellow perch and studies regarding diet growth, and condition and 2) a study examining age and length, summer diet composition, and growth of yellow perch in Cheat Lake, West Virginia. Owing partly to recent mitigation of acidic conditions in the Cheat River watershed, populations of yellow perch and other fishes have increased in Cheat Lake. For this study, I evaluated age and length, summer diet composition, and growth for Cheat Lake yellow perch, providing useful information for management of the fishery. The sample (n=271) included individuals of a wide range of ages (0--9) and sizes (66--320 mm). Gender-specific differences in growth rate were observed beginning at Age-2. Females grew faster and attained larger maximum sizes than males. An information theoretic approach was taken to evaluate the applicability of various growth models. Four candidate models (von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, logistic, and power) were fitted to mean length-at-age data. The von Bertalanffy growth model was selected by AICc as the best approximating model, and data also provided some evidence supporting the Gompertz model. A combination of quantitative methods and multivariate statistics were used to evaluate differences in summer diet composition among Age-0, Age-1, and Age-2+ individuals. Ontogenetic diet shifts were observed. Zooplankton (primarily Copepods) was identified from all Age-0 individuals. Trichoptera and Chironomidae were the most important prey items for Age-1 yellow perch. Fishes were identified among the stomach contents from 41.5% of all Age-2+ individuals. Cheat Lake is one of a few reservoirs in West Virginia that supports a yellow perch fishery, and fishery-independent data from this study represent the first comprehensive assessment of this fishery. Baseline data for management and future stock assessments were provided by this investigation.
Taylor, Nate, "Assessment of Age, Diet, and Growth of Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens) in Cheat Lake, West Virginia" (2013). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 211.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The first rule of Fruit Fly Fight Club: Flies can't talk about Fruit Fly Fight Club. Because they can't talk at all. At least not to humans.
Researchers at Harvard Medical School took a break from studying lobster fighting and shifted their focus to fruit fly fights, and even mutant fruit fly fights.
(Via The Annals of Improbable Research.)
Fruit flies are strange creatures. Or perhaps it's that fruit fly researchers are strange creatures.
One of my cousins was a fruit fly researcher. She took fruit fly testicles and squashed them and then studied them under a microscope, looking for... something... I forget. I think just finding the fruit fly testicles in the first place was accomplishment enough.
Fruit fly researchers like to give their discoveries strange names. Typically, a gene is named after what results when you disable it. For example, a gene without which fruit flies die in two days is named Kenny, after the South Park character.
My favorite: The gene without which fruit flies get drunk really easily is called cheap date. (That last page has several more funny gene names.)
Yes, that's right. Fruit flies get drunk. There's a fruit fly drunk-o-meter, though I forget how it works. But one amusing aspect of fruit fly drunkenness is that just before they finally pass out, there's a big burst of activity.
Strange gene naming has spread beyond the fruit fly world. There is a human gene named sonic hedgehog after the Sega video game character. (It's related to the fruit fly gene "hedgehog", so named because disabling it causes the fly to develop into a ball with spikes.)


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Static-Pressure Probes: Measuring Combustion Draft
January 02, 2013
Looking for a draft in a flue by measuring just the pressure in the flue—with reference to the combustion appliance zone, or CAZ—is a bit like discussing the speed of a moving vehicle without referencing the distance travelled or the time taken to get there. It's interesting, but it doesn't tell the whole story. The velocity of the airflow in a flue can be calculated by knowing the velocity pressure and the density of the air. The velocity pressure is the difference between the total pressure and the static pressure (see "Pitot Tube"). The total pressure is the impact pressure of the flow. The static pressure is exerted uniformly throughout the gas or fluid. The static pressure pushes out against the walls of the flue or duct. Despite the fact that the static pressure is exerted uniformly, to get an accurate draft reading, the probe used must be oriented to eliminate the impact of the total pressure on the static pressure.
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Institute for Advanced Study and its international partners have received a €10 million Synergy Grant from the European Research Council to fund a multidisciplinary study of more than 100 medieval cemeteries located across central and eastern Europe.
The project, HistoGenes, will seek to understand the impact of migrations and mobility on the population of the Carpathian Basin from 400–900 CE, based on an analysis of samples from 6,000 ancient burial sites. HistoGenes will unite historians, archaeologists, geneticists, anthropologists, and specialists in bioinformatics, isotope analysis, and other scientific methods in understanding this key period of European history.
The team's four principal investigators, representing various disciplines, are Patrick Geary of the Institute for Advanced Study, Johannes Krause of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany, Walter Pohl of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Austria, and Tivadar Vida of Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. The research team in the United States includes Krishna Veeramah, a population geneticist at Stony Brook University. Geary and Veeramah had previously led a pilot study that sequenced the genomes of entire ancient cemeteries to examine the relationship between the genetic background of these communities and the archaeological material left behind.
"The size of the grant will make possible an extraordinary advance in both our understanding of Europe's population during a crucial historical period as well as in developing new procedures to integrate natural scientific and humanistic scholarship in a common effort," said Geary, who is a professor emeritus at the Institute's School of Historical Studies. "The early support for our pilot project, provided by the Institute, was crucial in demonstrating the feasibility of these new approaches, and thus paved the way for this award."
The core objectives of the project are to explore the impact of mobility on early medieval populations, refine the methods of archaeogenetic research, and establish a multidisciplinary model for future research. The project fuses together cutting edge techniques in genetic testing with familiar archaeological and textual analysis to examine a half-millennium of migration and settlement in a crossroads region of Eurasia. European Research Council panel members said the project will push the study of human history in new directions.
Geary is a pioneer in applying the genomic revolution to obtain a deeper understanding of history. His most recent project studied the migration of European societies north and south of the Alps through the analysis of ancient DNA in Longobard-era cemeteries in Hungary and in Italy. Geary first joined IAS as a Member in the School of Historical Studies in 1990 and was appointed to the permanent faculty in 2012.
HistoGenes is among 37 research groups to receive funding from the European Research Council as part of its 2019 Synergy Grant competition, which supports the world's top researchers to address complex research problems.


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Fort Fisher is a sand beach marked by a low rocky outcrop.
This is a remnant from an old
Pleistocene headland and is a unique feature of the southern North Carolina coast.
This beach rock, called coquina, is composed of
cemented together with shells.
How do you think this coquina rock outcrop affects sand movements on the nearby beaches?
How is a rocky habitat different from a sandy habitat?
Here is a series of QuickTime Panoramas of the Fort Fisher beach.
Panorama 1 (Interactive) (922 K)
Panorama 2 (631 K)
Panorama 3 (631 K)
These photographs and panoramas were taken at:
33 58' 25 N, 77 54' 51 W
Click on a thumbnail photo to view a full screen image.
©1998, Alec M. Bodzin for the Science Junction, NC State University. All rights reserved.
| Teacher Terminal | Science Junction | NC State University |


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Lesson Plans and Worksheets
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Torque Teacher Resources
Find teacher approved Torque educational resource ideas and activities
Seventh graders determine the center of gravity of an object. They get card stock objects to balance on pencil eraser and a meter stick to balance with same # of weighted string(s) on each side. They get meter stick to balance with 2 weighted strings on 1 side and 1 weighted string on the other.


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Mammoth Cave National Park History
Mammoth Cave National Park was established on July 1, 1941 to preserve the cave system, including Mammoth Cave, the scenic river valleys of the Green and Nolin rivers, and a section of south central Kentucky. This is the longest recorded cave system in the world with more than 350 miles explored and mapped.
The Park was designated a World Heritage Site on October 27, 1981 and became the core area of an International Biosphere Reserve on September 26, 1990. The Park merits this extra protection and special status because of its unique features above and below ground.
Since the first tour of world-famous Mammoth Cave in 1816, Mammoth Cave Hotel has provided the finest southern hospitality for all the Cave visitors looking for accommodations in the Park.


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Definition Virtual Circuit
Virtual Circuit is a connection oriented mean of transporting the data packets virtually by giving an impact of a physical link between the sources and destinations over the packed switched computer networks.
In Virtual Circuits, first of all a pathway is defined and a link is established between the source and required destinations before initializing the transportation call. After establishing the connection, call for sending data is being generated and all data packets are routed and dropped on their destination points on the basis of short addresses stored in those packets along with their data. Virtual Circuits also eliminate the need for storing full unique addresses in those packets as it is a connection oriented approach and it pre-locates all the destinations before initializing the call for data transfer. All the packets are delivered in proper order as path is generated on the basis of data packets placed in a queue.


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Memorial Day has just passed, it's fitting to take a look at one of the oldest facilities in the United States for housing soldiers-Jackson Barracks, in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans on St. Claude Avenue. It's been through a lot since 1833-hell and high water, literally. The old building could tell us some stories about all the military heroes, known and unknown, who served their country there, including some latter-day heroes who helped get New Orleanians out of harm's way during Hurricane Katrina. You can visit the Jackson Barracks Military Museum and see military artifacts dating back 200 years. That trip is easily combined with a visit to the Chalmette Battlefield, part of the Jean Lafitte National Park and Preserve, where you can see the site of the legendary Battle of New Orleans, fought January 8, 1815.
Jackson Barracks, originally known as New Orleans Barracks, was built after the War of 1812. The first militia, consisting of four infantry companies, were housed there in 1837. Built on the river, the original facility had a storehouse, four three-story guard towers, and a prison. It had its own levee, road, railroad, and trolley car tracks. Ulysses S. Grant, George B. McClellan, Robert E. Lee, P. G. T. Beauregard and J.E.B. Stuart, were all in these Barracks before the Civil War, although not all at once. After the Mexican-American War, it became the earliest Public Service Hospital for soldiers in the nation in 1849.


Roskilde Viking Ship Museum – Roskilde, Denmark - Atlas Obscura
Roskilde Viking Ship Museum
Roskilde, Denmark
While most of these majestic sea giants are on display inside, at least one is afloat in the Roskilde Fjord, and just in case you were wondering if dreams really do come true? Yes, they will take you for a boat ride. In fact, they'll even let you steer.
The ships at the Viking Ship Museum in the Danish city of Roskilde may be above the waves now, but until 1962, they were decaying at the bottom of the icy depths in Skuldelev. Known now as the Skuldelev ships, these ancient vessels were five in total: two cargo ships, a long-cargo/fishing ship, and two warships. Products of the 11th century, the ships were determined to be the remains of ships that were sunk deliberately to act as an underwater shield, defending Skuldelev from attacks by sea.
The museum (along with the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo) is a nautical enthusiast's paradise. The five hulking restorations are the main attraction, but the museum is rich with seafaring artifacts and displays, and there is a strong representation of the art of boatbuilding, including an option to buy your very own handmade wooden boat to take home. Due to the heavy focus on building, this particular viking museum is known for having the most skilled crew out there, when it comes to reconstruction.
One of the more exciting offerings in vikingland is the museum's full-day "Learn to Sail a Viking Ship" course. Focusing on practical sailing practices, participants learn the basics for sailing a square sail, a very different experience from today's modern sails, a challenge for both experienced and novice sailors. Along with an opportunity to learn the ropes, the museum also offers a children's museum, a restaurant and cafe, and interactive displays of the three inside boats, the ones not currently afloat on the harbor.
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text:
Application of aqueous primary cholesterol standards for enzymatic assay of cholesterol
Article (Published version)
MetadataShow full item record
Cholesterol standards prepared as aqueous solutions with Triton X-100 are applied to cholesterol determination by enzymatic test-reagents of Radonja-SDK and Behring, based on the CHOD-PAP method. The measured absorbances at 500 nm plotted against the concentrations of cholesterol standards gave calibration curves with the equations: Y(x) = 0.007235 + 0.066450x, r = 0.99991 for SDK and Y(x) = 0.001348 + 0.063463x, r = 0.99968 for the Behring test. The accuracy of cholesterol content determination in each standard is evaluated by comparison of specified standard concentrations (X) against the values calculated by factor 14.7 (N(x) = 0.19396 + 0.95865x, r = 0.99992) and 15.1 (N(x) = 0.019396 + 0.95865x, r = 0.99968) for the SKD and Behring tests, respectively. The comparison of cholesterol values in 40 different sera calculated via calibration curves and by corresponding factor showed a high correlation (r ≥ 0.999). The standards used as a sample gave a high precision of assay (KV ≤ 3.25%...). The aqueous cholesterol standards were stable for 5 months at +4°C.
Source:Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija, 1984, 3, 1-2, 41-45
- Društvo medicinskih biohemičara Srbije i Crne Gore, Beograd i Univerzitet u Beogradu - Farmaceutski fakultet, Beograd


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Banyan Trees, Aloe Masculata, and Taro
- Description: Numerous plants and trees along a path. The two large trees in the background of the photograph are called banyan trees. They can be identified by the long aerial roots hanging from the tops of the tree. The pink flowers to the left along the wall are aloe maculata.
- Keywords: tree, banyan tree, Kampong Garden, aloe masculata, plant, leaf, flower
- TIFF File: A high resolution TIFF of Banyan Trees, Aloe Masculata, and Taro (7.3 Mb) is available for download. This is a very large file suitable for printing. For most on-screen purposes, you should use the image displayed on this page instead of this TIFF.
- Source: Florida Center for Instructional Technology, Exploring Florida: Social Studies Resources
for Students and Teachers (Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, 2009)
- County: Miami-Dade
- Date of Photo: 5/28/2008
- Photographer: Roy Winkelman


text:
A power failure on July 2, which affected two million people from Canada to Mexico, began with an Idaho transmission line that short-circuited when electricity jumped to a tree that had grown too close, investigators say.
The failure in that line, combined with record demands of power during hot weather, led to a ripple effect that cut power to 15 Western states and parts of Canada and Mexico, said Corry Alsberg, a spokeswoman for a group of regional utilities.
Investigators announced their conclusions about the blackout -- which lasted a few hours -- at a closed meeting of the Western Systems Coordinating Council on Friday.
The tree caused the electricity to arc, or flashover, in a remote area about 100 miles east of the Kinport substation in southeastern Idaho. The Idaho line carries 345,000 volts.
The flashover, in combination with several other factors, was enough to trip the first in a series of blackouts. Other factors in the failure included near-record hydropower generation in the Pacific Northwest and California as well as high power transfers on lines between the Pacific Northwest and California.


PFFI Introduces New Cancer Awareness and Prevention Resource
Understand your cancer risk, know the exposures to carcinogens on the job and reduce your risk of occupational cancer with the new IAFF fire fighter cancer awareness and prevention training course.
This new resource, developed in conjunction with the Fire Fighter Cancer Support Network, is designed to help members avoid and decrease individual risk factors for cancer.
In addition to understanding why fire fighters are at increased risk of cancer, this new training will:
 - Describe the most prominent types of cancer that affect fire fighters
 - Identify the top carcinogens in the fire fighting environment
 - Review the major routes of exposure to carcinogens for fire fighters
 - Encourage behavior changes that can reduce the risk of developing cancer
Start the cancer awareness and prevention training course.
Watch this video to learn more about the IAFF's efforts to ensure
our members have a better chance of staying cancer-free.


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QPD sum signal with trapped bead.
These two methods will help me decide which method is more accurate. In my experience when a bead is trapped, the beam through the trap diverges (expands) much faster. So some of the light is not entirely collected by the condenser and there is a reflection loss too because some of the light is going through total internal reflection inside the bead. The two can drop the voltage signal making this method more inaccurate.
Laser power in trap (mW) Vs QPD sum signal:
I took 3 data sets with 1.04 μm(r=520nm) bead sample in water. I put the sample on the tweezers and start recording the sum signal for 1.3 to 4.9 volts in.2 volts increment.
1) 1X gain data set is not useful; a voltage under.1 volt is not registered accurately by DAQ, which makes power-spectrum inaccurate for laser powers below 45mW (AOM RF-signal input 1.5V). See the data in spread sheet.
2) 2X gain is enough for whole range of AOM RF-signal input voltage from 1.4 to 5 Volts. The relationship is linear between the laser powers in the trap Vs QPD sum signal (see the chart).
I took this data set with no bead trapped. Laser power in the trap divided by QPD sum signal gives us a calibration parameter which will help us to calculate the laser power in the trap for data analysis. Data analysis program Secret peeking software_KL written in labview v7.1 needs three calibration parameters (conversion parameters) to determine the force exerted by the trap. These parameters are; detector sensitivity, trap stiffness and laser power from sum. The laser power from sum parameter (mW/mV) calculates the laser power from QPD sum signal. The laser power (mW) and stiffness (pN/nm/W) gives the stiffness at that laser power at which the data was acquired. Now this stiffness and displacement by detector sensitivity (mV/nm) gives the force.
Since the relationship is linear I can average this parameter for all the laser powers, which gives me.0700 (mW/mV) with 2.57% error considering the parameter calculation is done using the laser powers which were measured with different errors. So after doing an error analysis the accuracy of the parameter is 97.4%.
Calibration parameter for laser power for sum signal is.0700±2.57% mW/mV.
3) 3rd data set is taken with a bead trapped with same settings and procedure as 2nd. The purpose of this data set is to decide which method is more accurate. Calibration parameter by this method is.0722 which is only 3.8% different by previous method. If I do error analysis then these two numbers will overlap within the error range, which makes either method correct. But the sum voltage acquired with this method is less for every laser power by 3%. And while doing this experiment I notice a sudden increase in voltage of sum when a second bead falls in the trap, which suggests my notion for beam divergence because of the bead is true. As two bead trapped along the z-axis of light the cone exiting in the case of two beads is smaller in comparison to single bead, so condenser can collect more light, which suggest this method is less accurate because less light is reaching to QPD.
I use Krohn-Hite single-ended input 8-pole low-pass Bessel filters with cutoff at 1.5 kHz for x, y, sum and piezo signal. Even though the filters have cutoff at 1.5 kHz but they affect the power-spectrum generated corner frequency even at 500Hz. I use x-signal from on-track to generate the power-spectrum.
To study this behavior I generate an interferogram of sound with frequency components from 10 to 1600 Hz with whitesoundmain program written in labview V9 and produce it at the output of soundcard of one computer. I feed this sound signal into mic-input of another computer and read the interferogram with Noise investigator and helper program written in labview V9 (I used the same programs and method to study structural resonance of optical setups). See the slide show for more information.
I record the data; when there was no filter between the output and input (signal goes straight from one computer to another) and when there is a filter between (signal goes through the filter before input). The result is as expected: Graph is a power spectrum of input interferogram; without filter (Red curve) it is a square function over 1600Hz, with filter (white curve) frequency starts rolling off after 360Hz. This means with filter on power-spectrum taken at frequencies higher than 360Hz will report false corner frequency (low corner frequency will report low stiffness).
Fix of this problem is simple; remove the filter when doing power-spectrum.
Now we have collected all the essential information about the active components of our setup, it is time to proceed for calibration. Optical tweezers calibration is a tedious task, but it is done only once, if no major changes are made to the optical path or components downstream from the objective.
Optical tweezers calibration schematics in image shows all the parameters and programs I use. To determine the force exerted by the trap I need to know two parameters: Stiffness and displacement.
Calibration of Trap Stiffness
The stiffness of the trap is proportional to the corner frequency of the overdamped trapped free bead's Brownian motion. Basically trap stiffness depends on two parameters: Corner frequency and Stokes drag coefficient. There are multiple ways to determine the trap stiffness but we do it Power-spectrum way.
When a bead is trapped the mechanics of Brownian motion in a harmonic potential can be exploited to determine the stiffness of the trap. We can assume that the trap exerts a linear spring force on the bead. The one-dimensional equation of motion of a trapped bead is that of a damped driven oscillator:
Where x is position of bead, m is the mass of the bead, β=6πηr is the stokes drag coefficient for a sphere of radius r in a fluid of dynamic viscosity η, K is the stiffness along x-axis. and F(t) is the Brownian forcing term, whose power spectrum is white.
I use 520nm radius polystyrene bead which has a mass of 6.24e-13 gm. Also Reynolds number in the experiments is no greater than 10e-2. For this mass I can ignore the first term and rewrite after Fourier transformation (frequency representation):
here Brownian noise have amplitude of:
where kBT is the thermal energy. Square both sides and rearrange:
This is the power-spectrum equation for the bead's motion. This has a Lorentzian roll-off with corner frequency of:
Stiffness depends on the corner frequency fc and drag coefficient. Drag coefficient plays an important role in corner frequency determination, because it is height dependent. If the bead is too close to the surface the drag coefficient will change to Faxen's law:
If the bead is too close to the surface (h<10 times the bead radius) in drag coefficient Faxen's term dominates, and reports a wrong corner frequency (hens wrong stiffness). So when I do power-spectrum I make sure that I am more than 10 times of bead radius away from the surface. This affect can be exploited to determine the height of the bead correctly above the surface. If I know the corner frequency way away from the surface I can calculate it at any height from the surface; for example when bead center is a radius away from the surface the corner frequency would be 1/3. So knowing the corner frequency precisely I can position the bead precisely above the surface. This can help me knowing the trap height above the surface. But just remember the bead center and trap center do not coincide; due to the scattering force the equilibrium position for the bead center is slightly away from the trap center in the z-direction., which can be calibrated and since i am using water immersion objective with correction color i do not have to worry about the focal shift.


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Finally the new version of the Realbook preset is here.
There are important news that will make editing the book faster and that will make the result more realistic.
Below are the news summarized in a few cryptic words:
- Quick System for Inserting and Deleting pages
- Realistic Random Distribution System
- New Cover Textures System
- Pages with Thickness
- Parametric Headband
- Adjustable position of the pages
- Landing option for closed and opened pages
- Global Scale Function
- Cover Bend Dimension
- Several Adds and Corrections
Take a look at the videos below to learn more.
If you need a book with a curved spine on the hard cover, just add an FFD deformer as a child of the Cover Base object and deform it. Don't forget to increase the number of X Segments of the Cover Base object.
If you need a book with a custom pages, for example with rounded corners or with thickness and so on, just follow these steps:
Go to the Layer Manager and make the hidden layer visible.
Create your own geometry for the page (with rounded corner, with thickness, …) and make it child of the Piano geometry. Adjust the position and the dimension (depend on your poligon).
3. Now disable the Piano geometry.
4. Return on the Layer Manager and hide the layer again.
5. Duplicate the page.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
If we fix a locally profinite group $G$, we note $R(G)$ the category of smooth representations of $G$, $\mathcal{E}$ the set of equivalence classes of $R(G)$, and finaly $Irr(G)$ the set of irreducible equivalence calasses. I recall that the theorem of Cantor-Bernstein says : If $E$ and $F$ two sets. If there is an injection from $E$ to $F$ and an injection from $F$ to $E$, then there is a bijection between $E$ and $F$. This enables us to define an ordering relation in the set of equipotence classes of sets : If $E$ and $F$ two sets, we note $E\leq F$ if $E$ injects in $F$.
Similarly, we define a relation $\leq$ in $\mathcal{E}$, but in general is not an ordering relation, I think that is an ordering relation if $R(G)$ is semisimple (for example, for compact locally profinite group).
If $L$ a non empty subset of $Irr(G)$, we define a $L$-minimal representation as a smooth representation $\pi$ of $G$ such that :
1) For every $\sigma\in L$, $\sigma \leq \pi$.
2) For every $\tau \in R(G)$, if $\sigma\leq\tau$ for every $\sigma\in L$, then $\pi\leq\tau$.
I ask the following questions:
Q1) An $L$-minimal representation exits?
Q2) unicity?
Q3) If $\pi$ an $L$-minimal (if there exist) representation, $dim\mathbf{Hom}_{G}(\sigma,\pi)$, where $\sigma\in L$, is minimal?
I'm interested of this question for the set $L_{k}$ of equivalence classes of irreducible supercuspidal representation of $PGL(n,F)$ with conductor=$k$.
share|improve this question
I am not sure what $L_k$ is. So can you please give a definition. I would expect this to be a finite set, so why can you not take $\pi$ as the direct sum of $\sigma$'s? – Marc Palm Feb 27 '12 at 15:36
I mean $L_k$ is finite, since I guess you induce $GL(n, o / \p^k)$ reps there or something similar, which has only finitely many isos of reps anyway. – Marc Palm Feb 27 '12 at 15:39
How do you define your relation $\leq$? – Joël Feb 27 '12 at 18:36
I defined the set $L_{k}$ as follows : If $\pi$ is a generic irreducible representation of $GL(n,F)$, the theorem of Jaquet & Piateski-Chapiro & Shalika says : there is a positive integer $k$ such that the representation $\pi$ admits a non zero vector fixed by the compact open subgroup $\Gamma_{k}$ defined by : – Rajkarov Feb 28 '12 at 4:50
$$\Gamma_{k}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc|c} \mathcal{O}_{F}^{\times}&\mathcal{O}_{F}&\cdots&\mathcal{O}_{F}&\mathcal{O}_{F}{}\\ \mathcal{O}_{F}&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots\\ \vdots&{}&\ddots&\mathcal{O}_{F}&\vdots{}\\ \mathcal{O}_{F}&\cdots&\mathcal{O}_{F}&\mathcal{O}_{F}^{\times}&\mathcal{O}_{F}{}\\ \hline \mathcal{P}_{F}^{k}& \cdots & \cdots &\mathcal{P}_{F}^{k}&\mathcal{O}_{F}^{\times}\\ \end{array}\right)$$ – Rajkarov Feb 28 '12 at 4:53
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Here are some observations, too long for a comment:
1) Note that cuspidal irreducible representation are compactly induced
$\sigma = c-ind_K^G \tau = Ind_K^G \tau$
2) You have the second adjointness theorem (proposition on pg. 20 Bushnell-Henniart "Local Langlands for GL(2)".)
$Hom_G( c-ind_K^G \tau, \pi) = Hom_K( \tau, Res_K \pi)$
3) Silberger PGL(2) over the $p$ adics assect that $Res_K \pi$ is essentially $Ind_{B(o)}^{GL(2, o)} 1$ except for a finite dimensional part. I expect this to be true for $GL(n)$.
Hence classify the $\tau$ needed for $L_k$ ( I am not sure what your definition is here). $Res_K \pi$ has been described for cuspidal $\pi$ (Bushnell-Kutzko).
In fact, I think that the supercuspidal representation form a semisimple category, so there the question might really reduce to something trivial, very much like for profinite groups. (profinite groups are actually exactly the compact locally profinite groups;)
share|improve this answer
Your group has compact center (in fact trivial center). So supercuspidal representation indeed form a semi-simple category, as pm said (see _URL_ pg. 22-25, 36).
Your Set $L_k$ is finite set of irreducible representations. So the representation that you are looking for is the direct sum of all the representations in $L_k$
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More precisely, this comes from the fact that (since the center is compact) supercuspidal representations are projective and injective objects of the category of smooth representations. – Paul Broussous Feb 28 '12 at 7:55
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1.5 Ultrasound and Tissue
Ultrasound is marked by a number of properties when it passes through tissue. Reflection occurs on border surfaces between tissues with different wave propagation properties (such as fat, muscle, and blood). The degree of reflection depends on the magnitude of this difference. The remaining ultrasound energy may either penetrate deeper or be absorbed by the tissue. Usually the ultrasound wave hits several different reflector surfaces. Interaction with tissue causes the ultrasound energy to diminish and become weaker as it penetrates deeper. This is also known as attenuation and is similar to sound that becomes fainter when one moves further away from it. You will read more about attenuation when we discuss 2D imaging and artifacts.
As border zones are usually marked by more or less irregular surfaces, the ultrasound waves are scattered in all directions. This allows some of the reflected ultrasound waves to return to the transducer and be used to generate an image.
|Attenuation||Attenuation is the energy loss of the ultrasound wave as it passes through tissue. This energy loss is caused by reflection/scatter and absorption.|


Delta g prime equation
What does Delta G Prime mean?
We define ΔG' (pronounced "delta G naught prime") as the free energy change of a reaction under "standard conditions" which are defined as: All reactants and products are at an initial concentration of 1.0M. Pressure of 1.0 atm. Temperature is 25°C.
What is Delta G equal to?
ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(P) Where P is the reaction quotient, the ratio of products to reactants at some state. It is equal to K if the system has reached equilibrium.
What is the relationship between ∆ G and ∆ G?
∆G is the change of Gibbs (free) energy for a system and ∆G° is the Gibbs energy change for a system under standard conditions (1 atm, 298K). On an energy diagram, ∆G can be represented as: Where ∆G is the difference in the energy between reactants and products.
What is the difference between Delta G and Delta G degree?
You are right, the difference between the two is that delta G naught is at standard conditions. The reason Professor Lavelle emphasized it is because delta G naught is always the same because it is referring to when the reactants/products are at standard temperature/pressure.
What happens when Delta G is 0?
Unfavorable reactions have Delta G values that are positive (also called endergonic reactions). When the Delta G for a reaction is zero, a reaction is said to be at equilibrium. Equilibrium does NOT mean equal concentrations. If the Delta G is zero, there is no net change in A and B, as the system is at equilibrium.
What happens when G 0?
When Δ G = 0 Delta text G=0 ΔG=0delta, start text, G, end text, equals, 0, the system is in equilibrium and the concentrations of the products and reactants will remain constant.
What if Delta G is negative?
Reactions that have a negative ∆G release free energy and are called exergonic reactions. A negative ∆G means that the reactants, or initial state, have more free energy than the products, or final state. Exergonic reactions are also called spontaneous reactions, because they can occur without the addition of energy.
Is Delta G 0 spontaneous?
Delta G is the symbol for spontaneity, and there are two factors which can affect it, enthalpy and entropy. When delta G > 0 – It's a non-spontaneous reaction. When delta G < 0 – It's a spontaneous reaction. When delta G = 0 – It's at equilibrium.
What does Delta G tell us?
The free energy change of a reaction (delta G) can tell us whether or not a reaction occurs spontaneously. Reactions that occur spontaneously have a negative delta G value, and such reactions are called exergonic. When a system is at equilibrium where no net change occurs, then delta G is zero.
What is a value of g?
What is small G and capital G?
Capital (G) is a universal gravitation law. (6.67×10^-11 n. and small (g) is acceleration of gravity of the each (9.8m/s^2).
Does Delta G depend on concentration?
Well, concentration figures in the expression of free energy inside Q (reaction quotient). Any change on the initial concentrations of the reactants or products will change Q and therefore, affecting ΔG.
Is Delta G standard 0 at equilibrium?
If delta G standard is zero, the system is at equilibrium at standard conditions. This time the rate of the forward and reverse reaction is the same, and the system is at equilibrium. There is no tendency for the reaction to go in either direction. When delta G standard equals Zero, the reaction is at Equilibrium.
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Stdev equation
How do you calculate Stdev? To calculate the standard deviation of those numbers:Work out the Mean (the simple average of the numbers)Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result.Then work out the mean of those squared differences.Take the square root of that and we are done! What formula does Excel use for […]
Newtons 2nd law equation
What does Newton's second law equation mean? For a constant mass m, Newton's second law looks like: F = m * (V1 – V0) / (t1 – t0) The change in velocity divided by the change in time is the definition of the acceleration a. The second law then reduces to the more familiar product […]


What is the purpose of Willa Cather's dedication to My Antonia?
Expert Answers
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
The dedication to My Antonia reads:
TO CARRIE AND IRENE MINER In memory of affections old and true
Optima dies... prima fugit VIRGIL
Writers usually choose to dedicate books to people who have had significant influence on their personal or artistic lives. A dedication can be a mark of gratitude or admiration.
The quotation from Virgil, "Optima dies prima fugit" or "the best days are the first to flee" (or "the most fleeting"; cf. Horace, "Eheu, Postume, fugace, fugace"), suggests that the novel is about memories of an idyllic past which has disappeared. This fits the theme that the prarie communities of Cather's choildhood have disappeared, and moreover she herself is no longer the innocent rural child of her past. The narrator's journey to the past echoes this theme, in that Antonia is grown and married, and he cannot retrieve the relationship or circumstances of his past.
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Give one example to show that friction due to air is much smaller than friction due to liquid.Please answer. It is urgent.
Dear student,
Moving solid object is very easy in air than in liquid. As liquid provide more resistance. Moving a solid object through air is much easier than moving through water because of the fact that water has a greater density and a higher viscosity.
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The Pied Piper of Hamelin
In the town of Hamelin, the rich and greedy live like kings and queens while the poor and sick scavenge rubbish tips for scraps. A lame orphan boy tells the classic tale of how a plague of rats take over the town and how a fantastic piper offers to rid Hamelin of its rats for a single gold coin, then lures away the town's children when the greedy mayor breaks his word. Masterfully weaving contemporary social and environmental themes into a gripping tale, and celebrating it with breathtaking illustrations, former British Children's Laureate Michael Morpurgo and illustrator Emma Chichester Clark team up to create a compelling new take on this timeless story.
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Home Blog 10 Facts On Why Listening To Music While Riding A Motorcycle Beneficial
10 Facts On Why Listening To Music While Riding A Motorcycle Beneficial
by Bethann E. Danley
Music While Riding A Motorcycle Are Beneficial
We all that one song, which when we listen, makes any significant problem in life look small. Listening to music is one of the proven ways to bring stress levels down.
While many people think like a reputable blogger for headphones and as what we believe this blogger has his own motorcycle too! this website (Iron Horse Trading) says that listening to music while riding a motorcycle or driving a car is risky, we would like to tell you; it isn't.
The research mentioned that chances of getting into an accident at 20 percent lower while listening to music while riding a motorcycle. It improves creativity and helps concentrate better.
High level of physical activity saves you from clinical depression later in life. E-Bikes are the best option to exercise outdoors, in the open greenery, in the park, and on the nation – congested roads. Applying outside helps to reduce your tension, confusion, anger, and depression.
And listening to music while you ride your bike and go to work or even go out on an adventure is something you'll love.
Top 10 reasons for listening to music while riding a bike is a good idea
riding with earbuds
Here are ten proven facts that encourage you to listen to music while riding a motorcycle:
1. Better alertness when you listen to music
all your senses are heightened because it has a positive effect on your brain. You are more alert to what's going on around you, without being too aware of it. Multitasking becomes easier your conscious mind is focused on the road, while your subconscious mind is busy finding something attractive.
2. Faster reaction time you ride your motorcycle on one route
it becomes muscle memory, and your focus reduces. It is natural and happens to anyone. If a speeding truck or car comes your way, you won't be very attentive. However, if you are listening to music, your subconscious mind is vigilant, so you react to a threat faster and take the necessary action.
3. Improved mental stability
Let's say, there's a car in front of your motorcycle and it isn't moving ahead. On any other casual day, you'd keep honking unless it runs but when you are listening to music, your reaction is going to be a little different. If the car isn't running, you'll want to get down and check if there's something wrong with the driver. That's the calming effect music has on your mind.
4. Soothing effective you are in a bad mood
leave it to your favorite genre of music to change it. Music generally has a soothing effect on you, which helps you to relax and let go of the negative or angry emotions and feelings. If you are feeling uncomfortable while riding your motorcycle because the weather is too hot and humid, listen to music and it won't be as bad.
5. Reduce environmental noise pollution
Listening to the loud sound of vehicles and their horns can be intimidating if you are a new driver. It can get you stressed, which can make things a lot worse. When you listen to music, this noise is replaced with songs that you love. You are aware of somewhere honking, but at least, it is a lot lower.
6. Better mood while going on a motorcycle ride is fun
it can get stressful if there is traffic the entire ride. Long wait at the signal and closed roads along with the truck can put you in a bad mood, which will ruin your trip and you will carry that mood for the rest of the day. Listening to music will make you a better judge of the situation, so you don't unnecessarily spoil your mood because of others.
7. No boring long rides
Long, dreamy rides with friends are enjoyable but traveling alone, especially for work can be boring. You know it well that nothing good is going to come out of procrastination. While talking to someone through the best earbuds for motorcycle is not the safest option, listening to your favorite playlist is.
8. Improved social status
Let's say you are on a road trip with this motorcycle group you found a few days ago. You don't know anyone but also don't know how to approach them. You would've definitely heard that music brings people together. Play the songs you like on your motorcycle's stereo system and you'll start making friends.
9. A boost in creativity you are working on a creative project but can't think of how going forward with it
go on a ride on your motorcycle while listening to music to clear up your mind. Take a couple of rides and you'll get the idea and if you still can't think of anything, just relax because the best ideas come to the mind during the most unexpected situations.
10. Reflection of their personal music lovers
it is essential to express their personality. Also, others can tell a lot about your character depending on the genre of music you play. For example, you are playing pop music, your co-riders will think you are a cheery person. Playing angry or sad music reflects that you are upset and trying to let go off the anger.
Additionally, you build on your leg muscles like quadriceps muscles, hamstrings, calf muscles, hip flexors, Gluteus Maximus, and plantarflexion of the foot and dorsiflexion of the foot.
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What is coworking?
Coworking refers to people working together in a shared space, often with different projects or companies.
Similar to coliving, coworking is enabled by pooling resources between people to create workspace that is both productive and less expensive for all, without making the sacrifices made by people who work from home or cafes.
Book a stay at Outsite today.


The field of law is diverse and unique on many levels. There are many laws and regulations in every state that everyone needs to obey with intent to keep order in the society. One of the legal principles in the field of business law is the principle of vicarious liability. Interestingly, vicarious liability represents liability that may be assigned to a person who did not cause any harm, but who is legally connected in any way to the wrongdoer. The principle of vicarious liability had always occupied a rather strange place in the practice of the common law. The principle is also known to be part of a doctrine that evolved over years, and it will be explained in the remainder of the paper (Faure, 2009).
Usually, vicarious liability is imposed on the second person for crimes that the first person might have committed even if the second person had no connection with the crimes that occurred. While the origins of vicarious liability are not well documented, it has been used in the common law for a few centuries. The comprehensive explanation of vicarious liability can demonstrate why it is mainly applied to the employee-employer relationship. The justification for the doctrine of vicarious liability is rationally elucidated in the relationship between an employee and employer. The employer is obligated and, thus, liable for the employee from the moment the employment contract was signed by both parties. Therefore, the responsibility for the employee's actions is of prime importance and can at times be costly for the company. Therefore, if someone tries to examine the employee-employer relationship, it will become evident that the promised contract must be fair and make sense for both parties accordingly. If an act of negligence occurs unintentionally, then the employer will take responsibility since even the most cautious people can sometimes commit mistakes. There are also cases when the intentional type of misconduct is covered with vicarious liability if actions that occurred can be categorized as an honest presentation of the contract. In any other cases, legal liability for intentional negligence will be omitted because it does not seem rational for an employer to compensate for events which could have been controlled (Q.L.R.C., 1995).
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A variety of reasons have been forwarded to explain and justify the principle of vicarious liability. One ethical concept for explaining the doctrine of vicarious liability is the idea that an employer can better increase the legal costs related to the case by having the necessary insurance or increasing the prices. Secondly, the infliction of liability should lead the employer to the provision of better safety conditions for people working in their company. Thus, it was always believed that the principle of vicarious liability has its roots rather in social norms and justice than in any concise and easily explainable legal principles. Thirdly, the employer should cover any losses caused by employees because they make profit from their activities; otherwise, there would not be a need to have employees.
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When exploring the doctrine of vicarious liability from a legal point of view, it is important to note three simple prerequisites to ascribe liability to an employer. The first requirement is to understand whether the tort was carried out by an employee. Afterwards, it is crucial to demonstrate the relationship between the boss and the employee. Lastly, it is crucial that the tort happened during the legal employment of a person who committed it. If one wants to identify vicarious liability, then it is essential to be able to identify the employee because the legal definition of an employee may be quite dubious at times. Thus, liability will begin to differ when one establishes what kind of employee is hired. When an independent contractor is hired, it is important to identify the exact terms of the contract and insure that both parties understand how they are categorized under the contract. The difference is that the contractor will usually provide service and assume liability for the job, while employee's activities will be the responsibility of the employer (Neyers, 2005).
Another legal aspect of the doctrine is the ground rules that establish what constitutes a course of employment. Since this question depends on individual cases, it is quite difficult to establish under the common law what represents a course of employment. The course of employment includes the actual time during which the employee is on the premises of the employer, including the cases of recreational events organized for business reasons. Therefore, any action authorized by the employer for the purpose of executing an event for the business, whether legal or illegal, is considered under the course of employment and becomes liability of the employer (Schwartz, 1996).
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In the modern law, it is considered that the concept of vicarious liability is not applied to the criminal law. The argument consists of the general principle that a person who planned and executed a crime should take responsibility. The concept of having one person liable for the wrongdoings of someone else is not applied in criminal law today. In the modern world, the concept of vicarious liability is mostly applied in cases that affect the welfare of people and do not involve imprisonment. The main goal of utilizing the doctrine is to protect public interests as well as impose the creation of harsher rules and closer supervision by employers (Simons, 2008).
The concept of vicarious liability represents a remedy for victims of abuse in the workplace to have fair treatment from employers under the principle of justice and good conscience. Thus, the distinction between intentional and unintentional wrongdoing in the course of employment will increase the effectiveness of applying the concept of vicarious liability to the advantage of the employee and employer accordingly.
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My book Disaster Robotics (MIT Press, Kindle, and iBook) covers structural inspection, documents 16 cases where robots have been used for structural inspection after disasters (the majority by CRASAR, but I've documented all cases I can find reported through April 2013) and has criteria for choosing what robot, what the different work envelopes are, lots of tables/figures per modality, and failure taxonomy and rates.
Here's a quick guide to structural inspection in Disaster Robotics
– Chi1 defines structural inspection tasks versus recon and other tasks identified for disaster robotics.
– Ch2 list of robots used for what incident, formal failure taxonomy; this gives an overview of the 16 cases where robots have been used for structural inspection
– Ch3 use of ground robots for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 5 cases where UGVs used for structural inspection, formulas for how to size a robot for an inspection task and a set of design spaces, gaps
– Ch4 use of UAVs for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 7 cases where UAVs have been used for structural inspection, choice of rotorcraft versus fixed wing, conops, human-robot ratio and safety, issues with lots of GPS, gaps
– Ch5 use of marine vehicles for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 4 cases where UMVs have been used for structural inspection, the need to inspect upstream not just the bridge substructure, choice of AUV, ROV, UMV, gaps
– Ch6 how to conduct fieldwork and data analysis, using structural inspection as an example


How Can An Attorney Help With Partnership Disputes?
A partnership disputes attorney can help partners who have a limited liability company (LLC) with disputes with one another to find creative ways to arrive at an agreement. The conflict between business partners can adversely impact daily business operations and can be very damaging to both the business and the individual's financial future. In the vast majority of cases, business owners will eventually resolve their differences but some will drag on for years before they come to some sort of resolution. In fact, many business owners who find themselves in this situation will often go to great lengths to avoid reaching an agreement that satisfies their needs.
Unfortunately, this is the case because the vast majority of conflicts are the result of a misunderstanding on the part of one or more partners. In most cases, business owners fail to communicate with one another clearly so as to create an awareness of their true feelings about the matter. They may also fail to acknowledge their partner's objections to their actions or ideas. They may also fail to recognize that their partner's point of view is not necessarily shared by all members of their company. This lack of communication can result in a misunderstanding on the part of partners, which in turn can lead to conflict.
Some common mistakes that commonly lead to conflicts include not communicating in a clear and timely manner. This can cause problems for both parties since the delay in communication can create confusion about what to do next. Communication is critical if you want to reduce the amount of frustration and the cost associated with resolving conflict in business.
Sometimes, both partners fail to recognize the difference between what they consider a fair share and what is actually fair to each other. There are times when two people work together to create a joint venture and at times, they both have a right to some say in how that venture is run. In most cases, when there are several members in a company that jointly operate a joint venture, each person has a right to have a say in the way things are conducted. However, when it comes to resolving the conflict, the rights of each partner may become blurred.
You should not allow the disagreements to get out of hand so as to prevent a possible resolution from taking place. If you are unable to resolve the differences between the two partners, you may need to seek legal counsel to help you through the process. To avoid the costly legal costs of a lawsuit, you may want to hire a licensed attorney who will represent your case with expertise in such matters as the Partnership Dispute Resolution Act (PDRA) and law.
The Partnership Dispute Resolution Act (PDRA) was enacted to protect the interests of both partners in a business, which is why it is important to choose a professional to represent you. Because the PDRA was created by Congress, it is statutory law. It can be used to enforce the rights of business owners to settle their disputes without having to go to trial. Your attorney can help you determine which statute of limitations applies to your case and then can advise you on the best course of action to take.
Your attorney can provide you with a list of applicable statutes of limitations, which will explain the time period within which you must resolve your conflict. Although it is always good practice to resolve disputes within this timeframe, it is always better to hire an attorney who specializes in PDRA cases to help you resolve any potential conflicts that may arise.
If you are not certain about what kind of outcome you should expect, it is always best to hire an attorney who has experience in PDRA cases. The PDRA requires that partners in a business must be able to resolve their disputes in court with an impartial third party. If you do not feel confident that you can resolve your dispute in court, you may wish to hire an attorney to help you resolve the matter out of court. In either scenario, your attorney can help you reach a resolution to your partnership dispute that satisfies all parties involved.
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Can you give any pointers for Strengthen (or Weaken) Questions?
Did you really think I'd say no?
Strengthen and Weaken questions are two sides of a coin. In both instances, we will answer by appeal to the assumption of the argument. You cannot strengthen an argument on this test by showing that the evidence on offer is true. We will correctly stipulate the truth of all the evidence (we have to. In a world where the facts are in question, how can we ever hope to reason properly together? See the US Congress for illustration). So, if the validity of the evidence is not in question, how can we make the argument stronger or weaker?
We can do so because the argument has assumed something. So, to make the argument stronger, we'll assert that the necessary assumption is true. To weaken it, we'll deny the truth of the assumption.
Consider an example: If an argument begins by saying that Mechanical Engineering majors are astonishingly physically attractive as a group, and that therefore, they must be a successful dating population, then that argument is flawed, because it has assumed a connection between attractiveness and success in dating.
So, to strengthen that conclusion, indicate that physical attractive does matter in dating. Say something like "Typically, the more attractive a person is, the more likely it is she'll be able to get a date." This doesn't prove that the conclusion is true, but it does make it more likely - and that's what we were asked to do.
To weaken this conclusion, attack the assumption: Say something like "Recent studies have indicated that physical attractiveness is a much less important consideration in dating than financial acumen." In this way, you're denying the strength of the connection between attractiveness and dating. This doesn't prove the conclusion is false, but it makes it less likely. That was its job.


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Fixing the enum in C#
Let's put that superclass through its paces with a few NUnit tests. First off, EnumBase provides a Name() method that returns a string version of the element name:
 class EnumTests
 [Test] public void TestName()
 { Assert.AreEqual("FIRST", TestEnum.FIRST.Name() );
 Assert.AreEqual("SECOND", TestEnum.SECOND.Name() );
A ToString() does the same thing, but ToString() might be overridden in the subclass and Name cannot be overridden, so it's more reliable:
 [Test] public void TestToString()
 { Assert.AreEqual("FIRST", TestEnum.FIRST.ToString());
 Assert.AreEqual("SECOND", TestEnum.SECOND.ToString());
The Enum also provides a way to convert a string to an enum element, which is convenient when you're doing things like reading configuration files that use enum values. This conversion is done with a static ValueOf(string) method:
 [Test] public void TestValueOf()
 { Assert.AreEqual(TestEnum.FIRST, TestEnum.ValueOf("FIRST"));
 Assert.AreEqual(TestEnum.SECOND, TestEnum.ValueOf("SECOND"));
 // test that an exception is thrown if the argument isn't an enum element:
 Assert.Throws( ()=>TestEnum.ValueOf("Can't Exist") );
We sometimes need to be able to use the enum as an array index, so an Ordinal() method (that returns a unique integer value for each enum element) is provided for that purpose. Ordinal values start at 0, and are assigned in declaration order:
 public void TestOrdinals()
 { Assert.AreEqual( 0, TestEnum.FieldOne.Ordinal() );
 Assert.AreEqual( 1, TestEnum.FiledTwo.Ordinal() );
Finally, we need to be able to enumerate across the enum elements. TestEnum.Values() returns an IEnumerable collection of the elements, so a foreach statement works as expected:
 [Test] public void TestValues()
 { ICollection values = new List();
 foreach( var element in TestEnum.Values() )
 Assert.AreEqual(2, values.Count);
The only thing that's missing is a way to do a switch. The Ordinal() method isn't useful for that because the case values have to be constants, so it's not really a solvable problem. In a pinch, you can simulate a switch with a sequence of if/else statements that don't have that restriction.
Implementing EnumBase
The real work is all in the EnumBase class, so let's look at that (This class is in the same listings file as the eariler NUnit tests). Starting at the top with a few field declarations:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Tools
 public class EnumBase where T:EnumBase
 private string fieldName; // = null;
 private int myOrdinal = -1;
 private static readonly Lazy> enumElements = // don't change this name!
 new Lazy>
 ( ()=>
 IDictionary dict = new Dictionary();
 FieldInfo[] theFields =
 typeof(T).GetFields( BindingFlags.Static
 | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
 foreach( var item in theFields )
 if( item.IsInitOnly ) // it's readonly. Alread checked for static public with BindingFlags
 var theValue = (T) item.GetValue(null);
 if (theValue.GetType() == typeof (T)) // want an exact match. Don't use "as" or "is"
 dict.Add(item.Name, theValue);
 return new ReadOnlyDictionary(dict);
The field name and the ordinal are self-explanatory. Bear in mind that this class defines the fields and methods of each enum element, so every element carries around it's own field name and ordinal value. We'll look at how they're initialized shortly.
The enumElements field requires quite a bit more explanation. First, I'm using the IReadOnlyDictionary interface and ReadOnlyDictionary class. These are new to.NET, and aren't available if you're using Visual Studio 10. I've provided versions in the listings file in case you need them (simple wrappers around Dictionary that throw exceptions if you try to modify the contents).
The main issue is the use of a Lazy. This class just wraps a reference to another class. It calls the lambda that's passed in as an argument the first time you access enumElments.Value, returning a reference to the encapsulated object. Think of the lambda as a kind of factory method: The factory is invoked at first access to create the object. The factory method is fully thread safe, so you don't have to worry about two threads accessing Value simultaneously.
The enumElements dictionary holds all the enum elements and is indexed by the name of the element represented as a string. The problem that the Lazy is solving is order of initialization. enumElements is a superclass field, but it holds a list of objects that are created by the subclass. C# does define an order of initialization, but it turns out that this order is not always honored by debuggers. The best solution is to hold off on initializing the list until after all construction (both superand subclass, both static and instance) is completed. The object must be completely initialized, of course, when we call a method that accesses enumElements, so that's a safe time to initialize.
Looking at the actual initialization code, I'm getting the names of the enum elements out of the subclass using the magic of introspection. The code is simplified, considerably, by the generic argument T, which represents the subclass. Taking IDictionary dict = new Dictionary(); as an example. Given
 class MyEnum : EnumBase
 public static readonly MyEnum MEMBER = new MyEnum();
T will represent the class MyEnum, so the dictionary is effectively a Dictionary. Without using generics, the superclass's work would be much more difficult.
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text:
Pre-recruitment medical examination
The employer has to organise the pre-recruitment medical examinations when hiring employees. It is to ensure that the employees are physically fit and able to fulfill the contract of employment.
The pre-recruitment medical examination is a compulsory medical examination.
The French labor code, article R 4624-10 states that :
This medical examination concerns every employee, whatever the length of his employment contract. This examination takes place not later than the end of the trial period. But in case of strengthened medical supervision, the pre-recruitment medical examination does take place before the employee starts working for the enterprise.
The pre-recruitment medical examination includes :
- A questioning to know personal and family medical history, workstations occupied in the past (what risks was the employee exposed to).
- A physical examination
- Tests such as :
- Eye test
- Urinary examinations
- Lung function test
- Hearing test
- The occupational physician can also prescribe other tests according to the occupational risks observed within the company : blood test, urine cytology, etc
Labor code, article R 4624-11, defines the objectives of this examination :
1° to be sure the worker is physically fit to perform the work for which he would be recruited,
2 to propose modifications of the workstation, if it is necessary,
3° to know if the employee has a dangerous illness for the other workers,
4° to inform the worker about risks at the workstation, which health surveillance will be necessary,
5° and how he can protect from this hazards.
A report is filed by the occupational physician after each medical examination. The doctor has to give his opinion : the employee is fit or unfit to work, a workstation layout is necessary, etc
One copy of this certificate is given to the employer and the other is for the employee. Usually the occupational physician keep a copy too in the medical record of occupational health.
Time spent on the medical examination and on prescribed tests is taken on working time or is compensated and tranport costs too.


How Do Rabbits Sleep?
Some rabbits sleep with their eyes open. You will only know they are asleep by the lack of nose twitching, or the twitching of the body. Others sleep with their eyes closed, in an almost comatose state.
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how do rabbits sleep
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae
Rabbits are herbivorous mammals of the Family Leporidae, which also includes hares. There are about 20 different rabbit species, in 7 genera. They live on nearly all continents, except Antarctica.
Other matches:
Q&A Related to "How Do Rabbits Sleep"
Although their behavior in the evening may appear as though they skip sleep entirely, it is normal for rabbits to take their rest in the daylight hours. Rabbits are crepuscular -
rabbits should have a wooden box that they can run into. put some newspaper inside and make sure it's flat,then put some hay in.you can swap paper for wood shavings but it's easyer
Rabbits are generally awake in the early morning, sleep all afternoon, wake up
I also had a pet bunny, he lived in my room. I did catch him sleeping. I was sleeping on my floor one night and I realized I was awake so I did not move a muscle, I very slowly opened
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Rabbits normally sleep with their eyes open. It is therefore hard to tell whether they are sleeping or not. Rabbits mostly sleep during the day and they are always...
Rabbits do not always sleep with their eyes closed. This in turn makes it impossible to tell if they are sleeping or not. However, other rabbits will close their...
Rabbits sleep for about 8.4 hours a day. They are nocturnal animals therefore they sleep during the day. Some sleep with their eyes open thus making it hard to...


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Kiss That World Podcast | Sustainability + Conservation + Environmentalism
Oct 30, 2018
Carter Brooks is a climate artist, philosopher, and philosopher of climate art. And how does one become a philosopher of climate art? For Carter the journey started with math, he was a whiz in high school and even wrote his own program for solitaire. He went to Yale for his undergrad and worked for several years before being struck by the immediacy and enormity of the climate crisis and went back to school for his masters. He knew this problem could not be solved in his lifetime, and after grieving reevaluated everything that he thought was important.


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1898 HOME > Lt. Henry H. Whitney
Lt. Henry H. Whitney
In May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the Fourth Artillery was sent to the island on a reconnaisance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence. The mission was almost a disaster when newspapers leaked his identity, but he posed as a crew member in the furnace-room of the merchant ship and evaded detection by a boarding party of Spanish officers. He provided maps and information on the Spanish military presence by posing as a British merchant marine officer, and reported that the Spanish forces were few in number and poorly equipped.


_USER_ { author = {Goodarzi, M. and Mohammadi, P.}, title = {Comparative Analysis on Thermal Performance of Different Natural-draft Dry Cooling Towers under Crosswind Condition}, journal = {AUT Journal of Mechanical Engineering}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {39-48}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Amirkabir University of Technology}, issn = {2588-2945}, eissn = {2588-2937}, doi = {10.22060/mej.2017.12314.5310}, abstract = {This article aims to study the thermal performances of four different natural draft coolingtowers under crosswind condition. The windbreakers and the oblique exit plane have been simultaneouslyincluded in the structure of the new cooling tower. A finite volume method using SIMPLE algorithm wasused to simulate the flow field around each cooling tower. The thermal performance of the new geometryhas been compared with those of others for the generally investigated wind velocity profile for 10 m/s,and also two uniform wind velocities for 3 and 7 m/s. The cooling capacity of the cooling tower utilizingwindbreakers and the oblique exit plane was predicted as 98.3% of the design value in the presence ofgenerally studied wind velocity profile of 10 m/s, while that of the cooling tower utilizing windbreakerswas predicted as 93.5%. Of course, the percentage of the thermal improvements of the different restoringstrategies are sensitive to the profile of an approaching wind. The uniform wind velocity decreases thethermal efficiency of the cooling tower more than the distributed one, while the restoring strategies usingwindbreakers provide a higher percentage of thermal improvements in the presence of uniform windvelocity.}, keywords = {Cooling Tower,Crosswind,Windbreaker,Oblique exit plane,Cooling efficiency}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ }


text:
|Illustration 1: High pressure descaling of a
|Illustration 2: High pressure descaling of steel|
Because the interface bond between the scale and the steel surface can be very different a proper descaling nozzle setup is of major importance to reach best descaling results. The setup of a descaling system includes nozzle parameters and the nozzle arrangement. Both have a major influence on the descaling factors, hence the descaling performances (illustration 2). The impact with which the descaling water impinges on the surface is the main criteria to measure the efficiency of a descaling nozzle; this is given in N/mm2.


3 car accident
What are the 3 collisions in an accident?
Motor vehicle crash involves three types of collisions : vehicle collision, human collision, and internal collision. Being aware of the three collisions and understanding the dangers allows occupants to understand where and how their injuries occur.
Who is at fault in a multi car accident?
Vehicles that are pushed into the vehicle in front by the car behind and who have no control over the collision will not be at fault. Generally, the first vehicle behind them that failed to stop and caused the chain of collisions will be at fault for the entire accident.
Who pays in a 3 car pile up?
When there is a pile – up of three or more vehicles, a car will still be at fault for rear-ending another vehicle unless it was also rear-ended from behind. So in the first scenario above, the first car that started the rear-end collision could be held liable for all cars in front of it that were impacted.
Who is at fault in fender bender?
What type of collision is a car crash?
Some of the kinetic energy is converted into sound, heat, and deformation of the objects. A high speed car collision is an inelastic collision.
What are the 3 types of collisions?
There are three different kinds of collisions, however, elastic, inelastic, and completely inelastic. Just to restate, momentum is conserved in all three kinds of collisions.
You might be interested: Bay bridge truck accident
How does car insurance decide who is at fault?
The evidence you provide to your insurer will be assessed to decide liability. To further check the accuracy of your information, the car insurance company will look into police accounts and incident reports, and determine the atfault party under the law.
What is the biggest car crash in history?
1. November 3, 2002 – Los Angeles, California Interstate 710. The largest multicar wreck in the United States occurred on November 3, 2002 approximately 25 miles south of Los Angeles, California on Interstate 10, and involved 216 vehicles, and caused 41 injuries.
How does insurance work if you get rear ended?
You can make a claim for the damage caused to your vehicle in a rear end accident from the at fault party. The at fault party is liable to compensate you whether or not they are insured for third party property damage. If they are insured they have the option of making a claim with their insurer.
Are you always at fault in a rear end collision?
The tailing driver is usually — but not always — at fault for a rear – end accident. There is a pretty well-known presumption that rear – end car accidents are always the fault of the driver who rear ended the car in front. This is not always the case.
What happens when an accident is 50 50?
If liability is agreed on a 50 / 50 basis, it means that you and the other side have both accepted 50 % responsibility for the accident. You will receive 50 % of the overall value of your claim* from the other side's insurance company.
You might be interested: Bergen county car accident lawyer
Does a fender bender count as an accident?
Why should you never admit fault in a car accident?
That makes it almost impossible for you to recover any damages from the accident. When you admit fault, you are placing yourself at risk for having a personal injury lawsuit filed against you, especially if the other driver uses the statement you made to the police.
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text:
Designed for pets, the $2,000 "JooZoo" bauble responds to pet behaviors by playing MP3s. So why the big price tag? Because it's covered in diamonds and gold.
According to the company, the play system enhances your pet's physical health and relieves stress through automatic content responding to various pet behaviors. For example, when you leave your pet at home alone or while your pet travels in a vehicle, the JooZoo encourages physical movement or increases blood flow rate by sound wave stimulation.
Alternately, you could use your vocal chords to produce the phonemes "GUD DAHG" and initiate vibrations in the dogs head with light, repetitive downward strokes. For free.


Vocabulary Thursdays (with Joanna): Affect vs. Effect
Confused by the difference between affect and effect?
Affect is a verb. It means to influence.
Effect is a noun. It means the result.
Compare these two examples:
Stress can negatively affect your sleep.
Lack of sleep is a negative effect of stress.
Now you try it:
 1. How much you exercise can have an _ ( affect / effect ) on your overall health.
 2. A lack of exercise can negatively _ ( affect / effect ) your health.
ANSWER KEY: 1. effect; 2. affect
Joanna Rodzen-Hickey
Joanna Rodzen-Hickey has been an ESL teacher and consultant for nearly 20 years. She has taught English at numerous universities and community colleges in New Jersey and currently teaches at the Hackettstown High School in Hackettstown, NJ.
Vocabulary Thursdays (with Joanna): Normalization vs. Normality
Let's practice!
1. One of the impacts of COVID-19 has been the _______ ( normalization / normality ) of working from home.
2. We eagerly await a return of pre-pandemic _______ ( normalization / normality ).
ANSWER KEY: 1. normalization; 2. normality


text:
- pages 1,2: Q&A about the Space story
- page 3: story WordSearch
- page 4: Connect the sentence to the right picture
- page 5: Unscramble the words from the story
- page 6: Rewrite the passage from the story in the correct order
- page 7: Cross out the wrong sentence
- page 8: Put the words in order to rewrite the sentences from the story
- page 9: Colouring reward!
NOTE: you will need the printable space story to complete the worksheets.
The Arabic Seeds' quality for you:
- Arabic sentences that can be re-used in real life.
- Arabic text with the vowels and more space between the Arabic letters.
- 2 versions included in the printable PDF: Arabic-only & Arabic-English.
- Illustrated with our own hand-drawn illustrations and designed with a professional design software.
- The worksheets go with our other space resources to enhance the learning and acquire the language.
About each File (Arabic-only & Arabic/English):
- 13-pages PDF (letter-sized),
- 9 Worksheet Pages
- Answer Key provided
- Resource included in UNIT 9
- Access to Videos related to the unit printables to listen to the right pronunciation and speak Arabic.
- Members can ask questions and ask us to correct their child work if needed.
Not a member? Read more about the membership subscription here.


text:
- Girl Names
What does the baby name Rihana mean? Learn about what Rihana means, its history & origin, popularity in our random name database, pronunciation, similar names, nicknames & spelling variations.
Rihana - Name Meaning, Origin & Popularity
- Spelling of Rihana
- R-I-H-A-N-A, is a 6-letter female given name.
- Meaning of Rihana
- Handful of sweet basil, sweet basil.
- Origin of Rihana
- Arabic Names
- Similar Names, Nicknames, & Spelling Variations of Rihana
- Popularity of Rihana
- Rihana currently has no likes. Be the first to like this name.


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In this never-before-released archival lecture from 1974, anthropologist Margaret Mead discusses the lives of women from prehistoric through modern times.
The Leakey Foundation is 50 years old this year, and we're celebrating this milestone by sharing rare, previously unreleased lectures from the Foundation's archive. These talks are like a time capsule that lets you hear from scientists in their own words and in their own voices – as they were making the discoveries that made them famous.
The third lecture in this "From the Archive" series is by Margaret Mead, the world famous cultural anthropologist and author.
Margaret Mead was born in 1901, and she had a long and distinguished career as an anthropologist. She served as president of the American Anthropological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among other academic appointments, she was a curator of anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where she worked from 1926 until her death in 1978. After her death, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. This award is the highest civilian honor given by the United States government.
The citation on her award said – "Margaret Mead was both a student of civilization and an exemplar of it. To a public of millions, she brought the central insight of cultural anthropology: That varying cultural patterns express an underlying human unity. She mastered her discipline, but she also transcended it. Intrepid, independent, plain-spoken, fearless, she remains a model for the young and a teacher from whom all may learn."
Margaret Mead's Leakey Foundation lecture entitled "Women – Primitive and Modern" was recorded in Pasadena, California, in 1974.


text:
The news is full of ideas about how to control your carbon footprint, but recent studies in neuroscience suggest that your emotional footprint plays a bigger role in what you really leave behind.
Whatever your mood, it's contagious! See the smiling face of a loved one, and you smile inside too. Step onto a subway train full of tired, anxious commuters, and you're instantly on edge. Whether your brain is in stress or in joy, that mood radiates outward, either inspiring others with your compassion, authenticity and joy or contributing to their emotional pollution and ramping up their stress levels. Whether it is stress or joy, your emotional state travels from brain to brain and person to person and lives inside others even after you are gone.
This transfer of moods happens through special nerve cells in the brain called mirror neurons. Interestingly, this a throwback to our ancestors needing to know instantly if a person was friend or foe—if a stranger approached with a brain set on fighting and anger, your ancestor would feel the same. Without the ability to sense the intentions of others, they were in grave danger. So these mirror neurons actually download the mood of one person into the brains of others.
But your mood swings are more than contagious—that great mood and that sour one actually change the brains of those around you. All of your moods, emotions and reactions are based on the interaction of neurons that come together in specific ways to send messages to the brain. These neural networks are the wiring of the emotional brain. New wires can be created by the transfer of moods, and once the wire is laid, it can easily be triggered again and again—without the influence of the person who originally passed that emotion on. So you're shaping the wires in those around you on a daily basis—either strengthening the wires that promote joy or bolstering those that cause stress. And your wires live on in the brains of your children, and their children, which is why passing on that state of spiritual connection and compassion is vitally important for your future.
The new era of social responsibility is emotional. If you're stuck in stress, you spread emotional pollution and the extremes of action and emotion that threaten the planet.
How to leave a positive emotional footprint
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text:
Note: I have now updated this with the latest roadmaps for 10.15 release. A further article will follow on 11 October explaining more about these.
When you upgrade to macOS 10.15 Catalina, your boot volume will effectively be split into two. Assuming it's the standard internal storage, your existing boot volume will be renamed to Macintosh HD – Data, and a new read-only system volume created and given the name Macintosh HD. However, when your Mac starts up in Catalina, you won't see the Data volume, as it's hidden inside the System volume, in what Apple refers to as a Volume Group.
Although new to macOS, this scheme is already in use in iOS, and specifies the read-only system volume as having the role APFS_VOL_ROLE_SYSTEM, and the writeable user volume has the role APFS_VOL_ROLE_DATA. In that, the volume with the System role is normally mounted at the root /, and that containing both user and mutable system data is then mounted in /System/Volumes and accessed from there using several firmlinks.
In this scheme, inode numbers are allocated relative to the root, so the files and directories of both volumes share the same volume inode and number space. Thus you can't distinguish where an item is located by checking its volume inode. Furthermore, absolute URL paths are given from the root directory /, so they too don't reveal which of the volumes in the volume group an item is stored on.
Inode numbers do make it easy to identify firmlinks: just like hard links, the two directories forming the firmlink have identical inode numbers, although as they are directories and APFS doesn't support directory hard links, they can only be firmlinks.
A bootable Catalina APFS container normally contains at least five APFS volumes:
- the read-only system volume, by default on the internal disk named Macintosh HD, which forms the root of the boot file system,
- the writable data volume, by default on the internal disk named Macintosh HD – Data, which is normally hidden from view at /System/Volumes and accessed via firmlinks,
- Preboot, a small volume of around 40-50 MB,
- Recovery, the Recovery Volume, of around 500 MB,
- VM, containing virtual memory caches, which is upwards of 20 KB depending on use.
Firmlinks are similar in some respects to traditional symbolic links, but are only made between folders, work in both directions, and with a little added magic effectively merge the contents of two linked folders. For example, the /Users directory on the read-only system volume contains some directories in /Shared. As /Users is a firmlink, the directories there are merged with those in the /Users/Shared directory on the writable (Data) volume.
A similar trick applies to the /Applications directory: user applications are installed in the Applications directory on the writable volume; SIP-protected Apple apps are installed in /System/Applications, which resides on the read-only system volume. When you browse the top-level Applications folder in the Finder, you'll see the combination of both sets of apps, with user apps linked in using a firmlink between the two volumes. Further details about volume groups and the file system magic in Catalina is in this Carbon Copy Cloner KB article.
Layout of standard folders and files on the System volume is shown in this roadmap:
available here as a PDF: CatalinaSysR
If you want the previous version, for late beta releases, here it is in PDF: CatalinaSys
Layout of standard folders and files on the Data volume is shown in this roadmap:
available here as a PDF: CatalinaDataR
If you want the previous version, for late beta releases, here it is in PDF: CatalineData
The current list of firmlinks taken from /usr/share/firmlinks is:
/Applications <-> Applications
/Library <-> Library
/System/Library/Caches <-> System/Library/Caches
/System/Library/Assets <-> System/Library/Assets
/System/Library/PreinstalledAssets <-> System/Library/PreinstalledAssets
/System/Library/AssetsV2 <-> System/Library/AssetsV2
/System/Library/PreinstalledAssetsV2 <-> System/Library/PreinstalledAssetsV2
/System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Library <-> System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Library
/System/Library/Speech <-> System/Library/Speech
/Users <-> Users
/Volumes <-> Volumes
/cores <-> cores
/opt <-> opt
/private <-> private
/usr/local <-> usr/local
/usr/libexec/cups <-> usr/libexec/cups
/usr/share/snmp <-> usr/share/snmp
in each case shown as the system volume path and the Data volume path which are firmlinked. These haven't changed since late betas.
One valuable trick for always using the right path in Terminal is to locate the folder or file in a Finder window, and drag and drop that into the command line. macOS then magically performs any path conversions for you. You may also find my utility Precize useful, as it gives paths, inode numbers, and a great deal more.
For details of the roles and purposes of these folders, and those within the Home folder, please refer back to the previous article detailing the volume layout of macOS 10.14 Mojave.
Details given here are based on exploration of the file system of Catalina 10.15 first full release.
Amended 1535 UTC 10 October 2019 for the release version.


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I don't like the $\xi$ symbol that mathpazo comes with, so I want to go back to Computer Modern for that symbol alone. How can I do this?
share|improve this question
You should follow the instructions listed in Importing a Single Symbol From a Different Font. – Werner Oct 5 '12 at 22:41
I looked at that question, but I'm not sure how to find what number the \xi symbol is in the letters symbols – Zvpunry Oct 5 '12 at 22:43
1 Answer 1
up vote 10 down vote accepted
The code is in fontmath.ltx:
To make the change you want, you can fetch the CM definition of letters and change it into
and then
share|improve this answer
Worked! Thanks for the help – Zvpunry Oct 5 '12 at 22:58
when i use \DeclareSymbolFont{CMlargesymbols}{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n} \DeclareMathSymbol{\sum}{\mathop}{CMlargesymbols}{"50}, it results an error: "Command '\sum' already defined". how can i change the sum symbol? – smh Dec 7 '12 at 10:03
_USER_ I don't get this error; please, open a new question, with a link to this one, adding a minimal example producing the error. – egreg Dec 7 '12 at 12:13
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USGS Banner
Project ID:2006OK64B
Title: Decision Support System for Long Term Planning of Rural and Urban Water Supply System Costs in Oklahoma
Project Type: Research
Start Date: 03/01/2006
End Date: 02/28/2007
Congressional District: 1, 2
Focus Categories: Water Supply, Management and Planning, Methods
Keywords: Drinking water, Water treatment, regionalization
Principal Investigator: Stoecker, Arthur (Oklahoma State University)
Federal Funds: $25,000
Non-Federal Matching Funds: $50,064
Abstract: This study will develop an economic Decision Support System (DSS) to provide a tool how to meet regional water needs at least cost. Some work has been done on the concept of regionalization in Oklahoma to date, but this work has been fragmented with a short-term planning horizon, and less than comprehensive in its viewpoint. This study will provide an instrument to evauate the long-term needs for water treatment, distribution and srorage by taking into account aging of current assests, construction costs, supplies and expected population growth. Parts of Oklahoma are experiencing rapid economic development and population growth over the next fifty years. Water managers need to make long-term planning decisions today about how, when, and if to finance future water infrastructure investments. Much of the increased economic development and population expansion are occurring near large cities which are expanding outward toward small towns and areas served by small municipal systems or Rural Water Districts (RWDs). Three major issues will shape the future of Oklahoma's rural water supply, treatment, storage and distribution capabilities. The issues are: 1) population growth; 2) aging infrastructure of rural water districts and their ability to meet water quality standards, storage and distribution, and; 3) finding alternatives for diminishing supplies of water. Smaller towns and RWDs must decide whether to individually invest to expand to meet projected future demands of water or to align themselves with regional water supply systems. At the same time rights to available supplies of surface and groundwater are becoming more limited due to population and economic growth. The specific objectives of the proposed project are: Identify potential supplies potable water sources in a selected study area of Oklahoma; determine the optimal number, location, size, and construction date for drinking water treatment plants to meet projected water needs at least cost; determine the optimal route, size, and construction date for pipelines linking any centralized treatment plants with towns or rural water districts, and; determine the optimal size, type, location, and time of distribution system modifications that will allow a water utility to meet its projected demands within their service areas at least cost. The methods for achieving the objectives are: 1. Determine location, capacity, and condition of existing water treatment plants for each city, town, or RWD in the study area. This will be accomplished by meeting with managers and observation of treatment plants in the region. The debt structure of RWDs will also be collected; 2. Use capital budgeting to determine cost of constructing new water treatment plants of various sizes, increasing capacity of existing plants, constructing pipe lines, and pump stations. 3. Determine the minimum cost infrastructure within RWDs or municipalities so to meet future demands for water in selected areas. Existing models will be used for RWDs that have developed plans. Districts without such models, EPANET will be used to determine the feasibility and operating cost of providing water to meet their water demands. Non-linear or Dynamic Programming methods will be used to determine cost minimizing investments.
Progress/Completion Report, PDF
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Maintained by: John Schefter
Last Updated: Thursday, January 03, 2008
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text:
The National Park Service has approved a plan to protect vegetation in Rock Creek Park by reducing the deer population, the agency announced Wednesday.
The plan, approved May 1, will use lethal and non-lethal methods, such as sharpshooters and birth control. Park officials said it is needed to protect and restore vegetation in the park because the deer population continues to grow.
In the 1960s, park officials recorded four sightings of white-tailed deer in the park, according to a news release. In 2011, officials said they recorded 80 deer per square mile. Rock Creek is about 4 square miles.
Park officials said they will continue their existing program of monitoring the deer population and protecting plants and landscaping with fencing. But they will also use sharpshooters and a capture and euthanize program to reduce the deer herd.
Sharpshooting will occur primarily at night during late fall and winter.
Sterilization and other birth control methods will be used to maintain the reduced herd.
The plan will be used to guide deer management in the park for the next 15 years, park superintendent Tara Morrison said in a news release.
More details can be found at the National Park Service's website.