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History plays role in debate over whether to rename Old Slave Road
By: Sarah Wilson
Nestled in the hilly woods of Wildwood is a road named for its notable black history. Old Slave Road, which dates back to a time in the 19th century when plantation landowners owned black slaves, is little known by many for its historical importance and influences on the existing area.
Since the days of its origin, the area has undergone a natural transition with new homes and residents, yet the street has retained its original name.
But now a few residents have decided it needs to change. Because of its historical significance and the use of the word "slave in the name," some residents felt the name was "inappropriate" and "offensive" in these modern times. Also, because of its name, street signs have been stolen or vandalized where Old Slave Road intersects Wild Horse Creek Road, with costs to the city throughout the years.
So, in the fall of 2012, those residents petitioned for the city of Wildwood to start the process of changing the name.
The question is whether the word "slave" precipitates an insensitive topic that turns heads or simply is an accurate depiction of the area's past.
Karen Fox, the petitioner for the name change, lives on Old Slave Road. She said the road name "is just not the most positive way to communicate the history of the area."
"The reaction from people was usually pretty negative, and it shut people out," Fox said.
So she said residents got together and "agreed that there needs to be a better way."
Fox started doing research on the plantation and found that the developer in 1979 named the road, Old Slave Road.
"And he probably had limited resources and information," Fox said. "He didn't have the names we have now."
Once a deeply eroded road, Old Slave Road was locally known as the "old slave road" and was believed to have been used to reach the plantation owner's home.
In 1837, Reverend Robert Coleman relocated to Missouri from Virginia with his family and 54 slaves to settle a large plantation between Wild Horse Creek and the Missouri River. The family's relatives, the Tylers, came with the Coleman family and brought 52 slaves of their own with them. Each owner purchased land and specialized in hemp production for off-plantation sale.
Coleman died in 1840 and his estate was divided between two of his sons, Robert and William.
Robert acquired the original homestead and operated a similar plantation with 36 slaves. William built a brick mansion and when he died in 1895, divided his acreage among his seven daughters. He gave his house and a 100-acre tract of property to his daughter Nannie, who married Frank Terry and passed the property down to her daughter, Maude. Eventually moving in her husband and his relatives, Maude sold the property in 1952 to Calvin. In 1979, Negley Calvin platted the Spicewood Farms subdivision.
Fox said she found the history of the plantation and its inhabitants fascinating and that renaming the road was a way to "positively commemorate who lived (there)." The trick was choosing the right name, one that honored the area's history and its residents.
"And when you look at all the names in Wildwood, a lot of road names are named after people who lived here," Fox said. "In all the research I've done, I haven't found another road named after a slave."
Choosing the name
Fox said one name that stood out in her research was Elijah Madison, a former slave on the plantation who also served in the Union Army.
It is unknown where Madison was born, but documents show that he was raised on the Coleman plantation.
A slave of Coleman, Madison in 1864 secured his freedom by enlisting in the 68th U.S. Colored Infantry, which formed in March 1864.
Gen. Henry W. Halleck in April ordered the regiment to Memphis to help defend the city. The unit also engaged in battles in Tupelo, Miss., where it successfully fended off Confederate attacks. Then the regiment was ordered to New Orleans and Florida. Later it marched to Alabama to help lay siege to the Confederate stronghold at Fort Blakely. The fort was eventually captured thanks to a network of trenches the 68th had dug, which brought Union troops closer to the fort.
After the war, Madison continued serving in the army until his discharge in 1866. He then returned to the Wildwood area near the Coleman plantation, where he became a successful farmer. He married another former slave, Elizabeth West, and together they had 15 children.
Madison is buried behind the remains of a late 19th-century African-American church and cemetery, known as Mount Pleasant African Baptist Church Cemetery and located along Wild Horse Creek Road.
Coleman's slaves in 1841 built Mount Pleasant, once known as Antioch Baptist Church.
From 1841 until the mid-1860s, slaves owned by the Coleman, Tyler and other families were received or baptized into the church where blacks and whites worshiped together. Eventually a new church building was completed, and by 1869, all the black members met in the Mount Pleasant building and the white members worshiped at the new Antioch Church.
Madison's grave is one of the few marked by headstones benefiting Civil War veterans.
"Elijah lived here until the end of his life," Fox said. "His siblings and descendents also lived here. We just felt like with his name, we really had a strong tie to the entire history of this area and how things changed over the course of when he first was born up until the early 1900s."
Fox said changing the name to reflect the land's history is "a process, and it's moving along."
"We all want to recognize history," Fox said. "So there are different opinions and viewpoints on how to do that. This would be the first road named after an African-American slave in the city of Wildwood and would really recognize the history."
Lynn Martin, chair of Wildwood's Historic Preservation Commission, said a name change would be a "win-win for everyone because I know one of the problems is their street signs keep getting stolen."
But while the name change has support from some citizens it has drawn criticism from others.
Residents who live on Old Slave Road, as well as residents who do not, have voiced their opinions about the name change. However, Martin said it is only the decision of the property owners along the roadway and that other residents have no say in the matter.
"It is not their responsibility, nor their concern, truly," Martin said.
Of trying to get the city involved, Martin said, "That's what they would like to do … make it a city issue and it's not. This is an individual property rights issue and it's a private road."
The property owners maintain the road, however, it is in a platted subdivision, which Martin said is the only reason the issue is coming before the city.
An advocate for the installation of signage that would commemorate the area's history, Martin said she has been fighting for that change since 1999. She said the majority of the Historic Preservation Commission would love to see historical signage.
"People could stop and read the entire history of the area," Martin said.
She reiterated that changing the name of the road would be a "win-win for everybody because (for) the people that are affected by this – it's not they themselves – it's other people that they come in contact with that dislike the name."
The city's ordinance states that the majority of affected property owners can choose to change the name of a road. However, some residents – such as Sally Branson, who also lives on Old Slave Road – are opposed to a name change – and therein lies the struggle.
"Old Slave Road was named after the slaves who worked, lived and died here and are buried in the cemetery, which is directly across the road from our house," Branson said. "I just don't understand what is offensive, and if you don't like the name of the road, why did you buy property on it?
"Charlie (Sally's husband) and I never had any problem with explaining it when someone asked, or when someone was curious about it. We always saw it as an educational possibility and were quick to explain it. "What it always elicited was 'Tell me more.'"
Branson said she always saw the road's name as "a positive rather than a negative."
"So there is tremendous significance to the names here, and having known the Calvins years back, it was very clear that he (Negley) had looked into the history," Branson said. "I have to say we've never had problems with it. Never.
"I've heard it mentioned several times that the name is 'very uncomfortable,' but I don't imagine these slaves were too terribly comfortable for the lives that they had on this earth."
She said Fox "did a pretty remarkable job of fathering all kinds of information," but does not think changing the road to Elijah Madison would do the area's history justice.
"While his history as a slave was absolutely fascinating, and I do not wish to discredit it in any shape or form, he didn't live on the road," Branson said. "He wasn't born here and he's certainly not buried here (in the slave cemetery), and the name of the road is named for the slaves that are buried down there."
Other names that have been suggested are Freedmen, Old Slave Cemetery Road, Madison Valley Lane and Spiceberry Court since Old Slave Road spurs off of Spiceberry Lane.
"Some people think that it should go back to the neighborhood,


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The earliest known photo showing the noxious weed Asparagus fern growing on Lord Howe Island in 1923.
Recent visitor Ian Hutton, Curator from the Lord Howe Island Museum, was pleased to find this photograph showing Asparagus fern growing on the island in 1923. Anecdotally, it had previously been thought that the fern came to the island much later, brought to the island in a bridal bouquet in the 1930s. Declared a noxious weed, the fine-leafed fern is a prime target for the weed eradication programs Friends of Lord Howe Island have run regularly on the island since 1995.
The 1923 photograph was taken by Museum scientist and talented amateur photographer Anthony Musgrave in a year in which (according to the Annual Report for the year) 'On account of a shortage of funds no extended field work has been attempted this year'. Instead, Musgrave and another dedicated young scientist from the Museum, Gilbert Whitley, took a self-funded 'holiday' to Lord Howe Island to collect insects and spiders which they then presented to the Museum.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Truth or Consequences? The Negative Effects of Concealing Who You Really Are on the Job
September 16, 2013
Most people know that hiding something from others can cause internal angst, but new research suggests the consequences go far beyond emotional strife: Having to conceal information about oneself (e.g., sexual orientation) during an interaction disrupts one's intellectual acuity, physical strength, and interpersonal grace—skills and abilities that are critical to workplace success.
"With no federal protection for gays and lesbians in the workplace, our work suggests that the wisdom of non-discrimination laws should be debated not merely through a moral lens, but with an appreciation for the loss of economic productivity that such vulnerabilities produce," says Clayton Critcher, an assistant professor at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business. Critcher, a member of the Haas Marketing Group, conducts research on consumer behavior and social psychology, including questions of self and identity.
Critcher's paper, "The Cost of Keeping it Hidden: Decomposing Concealment Reveals What Makes it Depleting," forthcoming in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, details multiple negative consequences of concealment. Concealment produces deficits because of the difficulty of having to constantly monitor one's speech for secret-revealing content that needs to be edited out, says Critcher, who co-authored the article with Melissa Ferguson of Cornell University.
The researchers conducted four studies, each of which was a variation on a single paradigm. When participants arrived at the study, they learned they would be taking part in an interview. Following a rigged drawing, all participants learned they were assigned to be an interviewee. Another supposed participant—who, in reality, was an actor hired by the researchers—was the interviewer.
Some participants were given special instructions about what they could reveal in the interview. In three of the four studies, some participants were told they should make sure not to reveal their sexual orientation while answering the questions. For example, participants were told that in answering questions, instead of saying "I tend to date men who …," the participants could say, "I tend to date people who …."
After the interview, participants thought they were moving on to an unrelated study. In actuality, this second part of the experiment was related, offering researchers the opportunity to measure whether participants' intellectual, physical, or interpersonal skills were degraded by concealment. The studies revealed a variety of negative effects of concealment.
In one study, participants completed a measure of spatial intelligence that was modeled after military aptitude tests. Participants randomly assigned to conceal their sexual orientation performed 17 percent worse than those who went through the interview without instructions to conceal. In another experiment, participants tasked with hiding their sexual orientation exhibited reduced physical stamina, squeezing an exercise handgrip for 20 percent less time than those in a control condition.
Another study revealed that concealment led people to show less interpersonal restraint. After having to conceal their sexual orientation, participants responded to a "snarky" email from a superior with more anger than politeness. During another test, participants demonstrated poorer performance on a "Stroop task," a commonly used measure of executive cognitive function. In all cases, the willpower necessary to conceal sexual orientation left people with fewer resources to perform well on other tasks.
In some studies, the researchers varied whether the interview questions focused on participants' personal or dating life, or on topics for which one's sexual orientation would never be revealed. Concealment caused similarly sharp declines in both cases. "Environments that explicitly or implicitly encourage people to conceal their sexual orientation—even when employers adopt a 'Don't Ask' policy by not directly inquiring about employees' sexual orientation—may significantly harm workers," says Critcher.
"Establishing a workplace climate that encourages openness by supporting diversity may be one of the easiest ways to enhance workplace productivity."
Topics: Faculty News

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Necklite – Moldable Neck Brace
- Compact, light, fast and easy to use.
- Cervical stabilization for extrication and rehabilitation
- Large tracheal opening allows for optimal visualization
- Helps reduce lateral movement
- Foldable and moldable before and after application
- X-ray translucent.
- The locking system uses a 5 cm black Velcro strap.
- Just place and close on patient.
- Non-rigid, latex free.
- Dimensions: Width 550 mm – Height 180 mm – Thickness 5 mm
Introducing a moldable emergency neck brace, comprised of a soft aluminum and coated with high density PU foam. These specific design characteristics allow the brace to be folded or rolled for compact storage. This allows for convenient transport in backpacks, kits and narrow pockets. A series of moldable small wings are positioned under the chin in order to conform to each patient's unique features. Once applied to a patient, it becomes rigid and the neck is tightly immobilized. Once in place, the device features an elliptical hole on the backside and a large oval shaped hole on the front side which allows for a tracheotomy. Necklite is X-ray translucent, it allows therefore to submit the patient to X-ray while he wears on the device. CE approved.
A one size fits all moldable cervical stabilization device.


NinjaTrader Chart Basics Part 1
Figuring out how navigate NinjaTrader charts can be tricky at first.
How do I open a chart?
 1. Go to NinjaTrader's Control Center > File > New > Chart
 2. On the Data Series, select the market symbol (also called an instrument) for the chart you wish to open by double clicking your selection in the left pane.
 3. Make sure the symbol is using a contract month that has not yet expired (if not, you will have to add the new contract term through Control Center > Tools > Instrument Manager.
 4. At this point, you may configure additional chart parameters in the right pane.
 5. Click OK and a chart will load.
How do I set up a tick chart?
 1. Continue from the last instruction block.
 2. With a symbol selected in the lower left pane, click the Type setting and select Tick.
 3. Additionally, you will probably want to specify a value other than 150 ticks (the default).
 4. For volatile markets, the lower the value, the quicker (and more detailed) price will plot.
 5. By a comparitive example, a higher tick value of 2500 will wait for each bar to plot 2500 ticks before drawing the next bar (thus taking longer and allowing for easier trading / analysis)
 6. Experiment with the Value setting to find what works best with the markets you trade. Our scalping courses directly specify the best settings to use.
How do I get back to the Data Series window to make adjustments after I open a chart?
 1. Right click the chart (and open space that is not an indicator / drawing tool), and select Data Series.
 After reconfiguring, the chart will reload with the new settings.
How do I get rid of all these entries, stops and profits? They're cluttering up my chart!
 1. Go to the Data Series window, scroll to the bottom of the right pane and under Plot executions, select DoNotPlot.
How can I quickly toggle between a chart's time frames?
 1. In the upper left corner of the chart, second button from the left, time duration values are shown as a drop-down list.
 Note that for non-time based charts (Tick, Volume, Range, etc.), you will have to manually configure settings through the Data Series window.
When I load a chart, I can see that price is moving but the candles are nowhere in sight!
 1. In the upper right corner of the chart, you should see the letter F in a box (we call this the focus button).
 2. Click this button and the chart will automatically move into position at the current price.
 When scrolling through history, the focus button will keep you from having to reposition the axis, as the chart is automatically adjusted.
How do I manually scroll the X or Y axis? There was a large trending day and I want the candle size to remain constant when I look at the history.
 1. Easy enough – hold down the Ctrl key and drag (with the mouse) over the X value labels (time) and the y value labels (price).
 Make sure the mouse is covering these labels while dragging or the chart will just become crunched.
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An investigation into paint ingredients found that limestone, a source of calcium, is
often a key ingredient in paint. Scientists theorize that Blue Jays are eating paint chips
for the calcium. Deborah Jasak and others found that offering eggshells, another good
source of calcium, stopped the paint-chipping behavior.
the Birdscope article was published, more reports came in, and new information
about the relationship between acidic soil and calcium availability in the northeast came
to light. An updated article, published in the January/February 2003 issue of Bird
Watcher's Digest, incorporates the new information and points out that Lab
scientists believe the Blue Jays are stashing away, or caching, calcium for spring.
Scientists theorize that the Blue Jays, especially in the northeast, may cache calcium
before the breeding season because naturally occurring calcium may be in short supply.
As snow covers the ground throughout much of the northeast during
the 2002-2003 winter, we are again hearing numerous reports of Blue Jays eating house
paint. If Blue Jays are chipping the paint on your house, consider offering them
eggshells. You can learn how to provide eggshells safely in our About Birds and Bird
Feeding Section (scroll down the What to Feed Birds
page to the section on grit).
You can learn more about calcium consumption in birds from research
conducted by the Lab in 1997 and 1998, as reported in BirdScope.
Learn more about the Lab's research on acid rain and it's effects on
breeding birds here.


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South Texas Writing Project
Spanish as a Heritage Language
This workshop addressed the issues and challenges of developing and maintaining Spanish as a heritage language in the United States, with a particular focus in our Laredo, Texas community and the border dialect of Spanish. This session was designed in response to the growing need for scholarly material and pedagogy in the teaching of Spanish as a heritage language to Laredo bilingual students in grades K-16. Theoretical principles related to the acquisition and maintenance of Spanish by U.S.-born speakers, community and classroom-based research studies, as well as practice-related suggestions for the teaching of Spanish as a heritage language at the elementary, secondary, and university level were discussed.


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Study of impact of liquid droplets on glass prism surface
Date of Issue2016-05-30
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Droplet impact is a natural, common but complex phenomena that occurs in everyday life. It plays an important role in many and almost any situation where fluids is involved. The study of droplet impact in fluid mechanics has been ongoing for many years, but the behaviours that droplets exhibit are still being discussed extensively. Many research have been done and papers published, but there are still numerous potential areas of study that can be done. This study observes the impact of droplets of water, and five other liquids characterised by their low surface tension. Several equations and models from previous studies will be reviewed and referenced in attempt to fit the behaviours of these liquids to a scale that may or may not be existing. This paper will also show that using images of droplets captured from the side has its limitations. By using a relatively new method to capture images of droplets from the bottom, comparisons can be made and the differences in images from the two views can be identified. With this method, more accurate results and wider range of study in the field of fluid mechanics may be possible. A subproject dealing with hydrophobic spray makes use of this method to observe wetting areas of a coated surface.
DRNTU::Engineering::Mechanical engineering::Fluid mechanics
Final Year Project (FYP)
Nanyang Technological University


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Tractor batteries are an open cell type. This type of battery allows you to add distilled water to each individual cell. In order to add water to the battery, you may have to remove the battery from the tractor to gain access. Once the individual cells are topped off with water, you can then connect the storage device to a regular battery charger. The overall charging time may exceed 12 hours.
Wear safety glasses whenever servicing any type of battery. Small particles can become airborne during the service operation.
Use either a 7/16-inch or half-inch end wrench to remove the negative (-) battery clamp from the battery terminal post, depending on your battery clamp. Turn the wrench in a counter-clockwise direction. Next, loosen and remove the positive (+) clamp from the battery.
Remove the battery from the tractor. Place the battery on a firm surface in a well-ventilated area.
Unscrew and remove the top battery caps from each individual cell. A 12-volt battery will have six caps, and 6-volt batteries will have three caps. Each cell contains a separate charging plate that can hold a charge of 2 volts. The plates are internally connected to give the final battery voltage.
Add distilled water to each separate cell. The water level should be to the bottom plastic ring in each cell.
Clean the terminal battery posts with the steel brush. The posts should have a shiny metallic color.
Connect the battery charger to the battery in the following order. Attach the black clamp to the negative (-) terminal, then secure the red clamp from the battery charger to the positive (+) post on the battery.
Observe the voltage selector switch on the face of the battery charger. Ensure the switch is in the correct voltage position. A 12-volt battery must be charged by 12 volts. A 6-volt battery must have the voltage switch set to the 6-volt charging state. Plug the charger into the wall outlet.
Remove the battery from the charger once the meter on the face of the battery charger reaches "0 amperes." The battery is now fully charged. Place the battery back in the tractor in the reverse order of what was described in step 2.


The Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct has attempted to bring together a variety of resources that will allow administrators, student-athletes, coaches or support groups to engage others in the development of a positive sporting environment for intercollegiate athletics. It is not by accident that sportsmanship has become such a defining value in intercollegiate athletics. The NCAA was founded in an attempt to address unsportsmanlike acts that were costing the loss of student-athlete lives. Today, values such as respect, caring, fairness, civility, honesty, integrity, and responsibility are the focus for the committee.
The NCAA Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct Committee has developed the following definitions for sportsmanship and ethical conduct:
 - Ethical conduct is a set of guiding principles with which each person follows the letter and spirit of the rules. Such conduct reflects a higher standard than law because it includes, among other principles, fundamental values that define sportsmanship.
Sportsmanship is one of 16 defining principles of the Association:
NCAA Bylaw 2.4 The Principles of Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct.
Contained within this section of the website are:


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New Martyrs of Butovo
The Synaxis of the Martyrs of Butovo honors Orthodox faithful who were martyred at the Butovo Shooting Range during Stalin's purges of the mid 1930s.
Seventeen miles south of Moscow, there is a place that is known as the Butovo Shooting Range, which was an execution ground and mass burial site near the village of Butovo, used by the Soviets during Stalin's purges. This site is often referred to as the "Russian Golgotha". Executions took place there on an industrial scale during the Great Terror. On some days they executed 500 people or more. Records show that 20,765 people were executed and buried at Butovo between August 1937 and October 1938, during the peak of Stalin's repressions, of that number, about 1,000 people were known to have been executed because of their Orthodox faith. There is now a church dedicated to the New Martyrs on the site. In 2004, Patriarch Alexei II, and Metropolitan Laurus jointly laid the cornerstone of this Church, which was the first joint liturgical action of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad since the 1920's, and on May 19th, 2007, they consecrated the Church together, two days after the signing of the Act of Canonical Communion, which formally reconciled the two parts of the Russian Church. The Synaxis of the Martyrs of Butovo is celebrated on the 4th Saturday after Pascha.
- ↑ New York Times: Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims, Sophia Kishkovsky, June 8, 2007
- ↑ The New Martyrs of Russia, Mother Sarah, March 2007
- ↑ Dmitry Solovyov, Reuters: Unified Russian church honours Soviet era martyrs, May 19, 2007; see also this account of the consecration of the Church at Butovo, which includes video of the service:Fr. John Whiteford: Moscow Trip, Part 4.


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Performs an animation that fades an item or set of items out of view.
The following video demonstrates the fade in and out animations:
Element or elements being faded out.
An object that completes when the animation is finished.
The hidden parameter of this method can be expressed in several ways:
- As the special value "undefined", which means that the animation has no such target
- As a single object
- As a NodeList (for example, the result of querySelectorAll)
- As an HTMLCollection
If you want to remove an element involved in this animation from the document altogether, doing so before the animation is complete causes the animation to abruptly stop. You should use the Promise to be notified when the animation completes and then remove the element from the document.
Minimum supported client
|Windows 8 [Windows Store apps only]|
Minimum supported server
|Windows Server 2012 [Windows Store apps only]|
Minimum supported phone
|Windows Phone 8.1|


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Definition of bah
interj. - An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt.
The word "bah" uses 3 letters: A B H.
No direct anagrams for bah found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after bah (in bold), or to abh in any order:
c - bach l - blah s - bash t - baht bath u - habu
Shorter words found within bah:
ab ah ba ha
Words formed from any letters in bah, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with bah, words containing bah or words ending with bah
All words formed from bah by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ba ah
Browse words starting with bah by next letter
Previous word in list: bagworms
Next word in list: bahadur
Some random words: moshing


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Are Iceman Blood Cells Really the Oldest?
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
Researchers discovered intact red blood cells in the body of Ötzi the Iceman, a world-famous once-frozen natural mummy found in the Alps in 1991. Livescience called them the "world's oldest blood cells."1 But clear evidence shows that other blood cells hold the real record.
Forensic researchers have gleaned a wealth of information about the Tyrolean Iceman, commonly known as Ötzi. For example, chemical traces show places he had recently been, tiny particles revealed his last meal of red deer and bread, and his boots were likely made by an ancient professional bootmaker. An arrowhead had lodged in his left shoulder, damaging an artery and likely causing his death. Just this year, geneticists sequenced his DNA, finding that modern inhabitants of the Mediterranean's Corsica have the most similar sequences.2
Now, scientists discovered intact red blood cells in tissue samples from a wound that his hand suffered, as well as the arrow wound to the chest. Their research appeared in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, where the authors wrote "It was initially assumed that the blood had disintegrated owing to autolysis within the corpse."2 Autolysis is the process where oxygen, which is especially abundant within oxygen-carrying red blood cells, reacts with and fragments the proteins that comprise cells. Few, if any, expected that red blood cells could have persisted within Ötzi for perhaps thousands of years until today.
What appeared to be red blood cells were probed with two techniques to ensure their identity. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy both clearly confirmed Ötzi's red blood cells, according to the report.3 But in contrast to the news headlines, they do not appear to be the oldest.
In 1992, researchers assigned Ötzi to a European Copper age that occurred after Stone age remains were deposited in that area.4 He probably lived only a few thousand years ago after the post-Flood ice age.5
But red blood cells from even earlier specimens have appeared under paleontologists' microscopes. Totally unexpected, the bone marrow of a T. rex recovered in 1990 from Montana had what appeared to be red blood cells. Their story was recounted in Earth magazine.
The lab filled with murmurs of amazement, for I had focused on something inside the vessels that none of us had ever noticed before: tiny round objects, translucent red with a dark center. Then a colleague took one look at them and shouted, 'You've got red blood cells. You've got red blood cells!'6
Their technical report appeared in Science in 2005.7 Some of the same authors involved in a much larger team described what looked identical to red blood cells found in a hadrosaur bone as "cell-like structures" in Science in 2009.8
Of course, both the T. rex and hadrosaur are widely believed to be tens of millions of years old. Any red blood cells should have long since disintegrated. The Ötzi study even verified that his blood cells had lost much of their integrity by comparing the Raman scans with those of modern blood samples. But not only did the dinosaur bone marrow results show clear pictures of red-colored, round disks inside blood vessels, they also detected hemoglobin.7 Why are these not the rightful record-holders for oldest blood cells?
Since the dinosaur fossils formed as a result of Noah's Flood, which produced the Alps mountain range that Ötzi later walked upon, the dinosaur red blood cells are older than Ötzi's by perhaps a millennium or two. In order to maintain belief in millions of years, those who insist that Ötzi's are the oldest blood cells must ignore the dinosaur data.
- Pappas, S. 'Iceman' Mummy Holds World's Oldest Blood Cells. LiveScience. Posted on livescience.com May 1, 2012, accessed May 4, 2012.
- Keller, A., et al. 2012. New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Nature Communications. 3: 698.
- Janko, M., R. W. Stark, and A. Zink. Preservation of 5300 year old red blood cells in the Iceman. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. Published online before print, May 2, 2012, accessed May 4, 2012.
- Seidler, H., et al. 1992. Some anthropological aspects of the prehistoric Tyrolean ice man. Science. 258 (5081): 455–457.
- Sherwin, F., and B. Thomas. 2010. Understanding Evidence for the Biblical Timescale. Acts & Facts. 39 (4): 16-17.
- Schweitzer, M., and I. Staedter. 1997. The real Jurassic Park. Earth. 55–57.
- Schweitzer, M., et al. 2005. Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307 (5717): _PHONE_.
- Schweitzer, M., et al. 2009. Biomolecular Characterization and Protein Sequences of the Campanian Hadrosaur B. canadensis. Science. 324 (5927): 626-631.
- Wieland, C. 1997. Sensational dinosaur blood report! Creation. 19 (4): 42-43.
Image credit: Samadelli Marco/EURAC. Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society. Adapted for use in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holders.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on June 13, 2012.


Reminder from the Architectural Control Committee (ACC)
Just a few reminders of regulations in the SunBird Community:
1. Golf carts
Vehicles or golf carts are not to be parked on the unpaved portions of any homeowner's lot.
2. Clotheslines
Outside clotheslines or other outside facilities for drying or airing clothes shall not be erected, placed, maintained, or used on premises.
3. Covering vehicles
Covered storage of a vehicle on a driveway or a street is not permitted. Covered storage is allowed in a carport.
4. Windows
Mirrored, aluminum foil, cardboard, paper, etc. cannot be used as window covers.
5. Yard maintenance
Fronts, sides, and backyards should always be free of weeds, dead and dying plants, trees, bushes, and other trash and debris deemed to be a nuisance.
6. Carport and patio clutter
No major appliances, including small refrigerators, can be used or stored in carports and patios. No scooters, bicycles, household items, or household furniture can be stored on front patios, walkways, or carports. All cleaning, garden, and construction equipment cannot be stored if visible to adjacent neighbors and from surrounding streets.


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Definition of Phytolaccaceae
1. Noun. Chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca, Agdestis, Ercilla, Rivina, Trichostigma.
Generic synonyms: Caryophylloid Dicot Family
Group relationships: Caryophyllales, Chenopodiales, Order Caryophyllales, Order-chenopodiales
Member holonyms: Genus Phytolacca, Phytolacca, Agdestis, Genus Agdestis, Ercilla, Genus Ercilla, Genus Rivina, Rivina, Genus Trichostigma, Trichostigma
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Phytolaccaceae Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Phytolaccaceae
Literary usage of Phytolaccaceae
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Addison Brown (1913)
"phytolaccaceae Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. POKEWEED FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire mostly exstipulate..."
2. Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: A Handbook for Laboratories of Pure by Hans Solereder (1908)
"3, t. iii, 1887, p. 238 and pi. i. —Volkens, in Natürl. Pflanzenfam., iii. Teil, Abt. ia, 1893, p. 135. phytolaccaceae...."
3. Scientific and Applied Pharmacognosy: Intended for the Use of Students in by Henry Kraemer (1915)
"phytolaccaceae), a perennial herb (Fig. 85) indigenous to eastern North America, and naturalized in the West Indies and southern Europe...."
4. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Exhibiting a View of the Progressive by Robert Jameson, Sir William Jardine, Henry D Rogers (1838)
"Carpels 1 or 3 or 5 or more (some phytolaccaceae), free from the calyx (exc. some Chenopodiaceae), more or less connate with each other (exc. some..."
Other Resources Relating to: Phytolaccaceae


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Graphing the solution set of all Mars Venus conjunctions in the Davison Chart
Now here's a dandy celestial mechanics problem for you. Given the elliptical orbit position of Mars and Venus in one individual's natal chart, graph the solution set of all possible Mars-Venus positions that will result in Mars-Venus conjunction in the Davison chart.
Sound like absolute gibberish to you? It won't if you are somewhat familiar with astronomy of astrology. You know that the bodies of our solar system orbit the sun according to an eliptical pattern, ergo it is possible to determin their location at any given time. Conversely, it possible to determine the calandar date and time when they will reach precisely these positions. This is just about perfectly predictable, celestial mechanics being what they are.
The Davison Harmonic means chart simply takes the position of two natal chart bodies (his Mars and her Mars) and averages them together. If his Mars is at 180 degrees (00 Libra) and her Mars is 00 degress (00 Aries) together they wind up at 90 degrees (00 Cancer). That's it folks. There is no more magic to it than that. You just add th two positions and divide by two. It's so easy a caveman could do it.
You do the same thing with Venus. You do the same thing with the Sun. You do the same withing Mercury. You do the same thing with Jupiter, etc. This is how Davison chart is made. It's nothing more than the average position of two charts.
Now what about this Mars-Venus conjunction thing? As we have recently learned, according to the principle of synastry, a Mars-Venus conjunction in Davison chart is considered the strongest possible sign of sexual attraction. It doesn't necessarily mean the two of you will ultimately marry or be happy together, but it does signify ultra-massive sexual attraction. More points are awarded for this aspect than any other possible aspect.
Given a fixed location of Venus and Mars, it should be possible to graph a solution set of all possible variable Mars-Venus combinations that will produce a conjunction between Mars and Venus in the Davison chart. Given the various positions in the solution set, it should be possible to calculate a real calandar date when each of these positions actually occured.
Given a graphed solution set, we should be able to compute a set of dates. Given a set of dates, we can apply a date rang to eliminate impossible or undesirable prospects. I doubt you would want to date some one 50 years older or younger than yourself. I doubt you could date someone born in 1809. All crazy dates would need to be filtered out by simply selecting those within an acceptable date range. It's just one SQL statement folks
Select * from VenusConjMars where Birthdate between '' and ''
There you would have it.
Now the real trick is to graph the solution set of all positions that produce a conjunction, and then use celestial mechanics to compute the date. This is where the math turns brutal. I am sure there is one guy in NASA reading this blog right now who is chuckling and laughing "Oh that's so easy a caveman could do it." Yeah, like anything else, it's easy when you know how. I didn't do so well in the complex mathematical modeling class.
Further, a conjunction between Mars and Venus in the Davison chart tells us nothing about the Sun signs. It also tells us relatively little about the Mars and Venus relate to each other between two Natal charts. I can easily imagine a bunch of scenarios where you might line up Cancers and Sagitarrians who have poorly aspected Mars and Venus signs, just because a Davison conjunction occured. The point is simple: A bunch of other comparisons will also be necessary to ferret out a really great candidate.
Want an example? If you read my last blog entry, carefully, you noted that the highest possible score for me is an Aries female born on 4/13/1979. She has a score 532. By no means is Aries considered a good match with Virgo. Now this particular Aries may well be, but wouldn't you prefer to look for a more ideal candidate? Maybe you would and maybe you wouldn't. The question goes to temperment.


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The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio is a measure of how much of a signal is reflected and is a key metric for how effective a waveguide is doing its job. Ideally there would not be any signal reflected, but that is never the case. Discontinuities are the enemy of VSWR. Any mismatch between mating flanges breaks up the perfectly smooth surface. This results in a portion of the signal "bouncing back" on the protruding metal. Additionally, each bend or twist in a waveguide run will slightly increase reflection.
VSWR can be tuned to exhibit less reflection over a specific frequency. This is done by a specialized RF technician who introduces very slight deformations to the outside of a waveguide. This results in little "bumps" on the inside of the waveguide which distort the signal to cancel out the imperfections. This is similar to pressing a fret on a guitar to change the pitch.


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The Design Lab at Design Museum Holon is hosting Oded Ezer, a graphic designer, typographer, and senior lecturer at Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), who will be leading a Hebrew typography workshop for third-year students from HIT's Department of Visual Communications. The workshop will provide the students with tools for original typographic creation based on the principles of the Hebrew letter.
Introduction / Post 1 / Post 2 / Post 3
04.03.13 - The Skeletons Take a Turn, and How Do We Communicate What We've Learned?
Refining the Skeleton
We went over the skeleton extraction assignment to clarify exactly what a skeleton is. The skeleton extends to the middle of the letter, it doesn't have to look like a letter, but traces it precisely in its center. When you do it by hand, it's very easy to be accurate, whereas in the shift to digitizing attention must be paid to changing curves that consequently create a new skeleton that isn't faithful to the original.
A skeleton is not a root. The 'root' of the letter is the concept of the letter as a whole. Take the Hebrew letter Aleph as an example: its root is a diagonal line with two additional lines intersecting it.
Oded shows the development of a letter when the difference is only in the skeleton; the style is identical in all the letters
The Skeletons Take a Turn
Now that we've understood what a skeleton is, we can start playing with it. Each student showed his modulation of the font he researched (the change is consistent in all the letters in the font in order to create a new skeleton which doesn't yet exist, while maintaining the identity of the Hebrew letter). There were some interesting studies and several refreshing suggestions. We understood that the rules, the logic, have to be internalized, and then applied to all the letters.
Daria's assignment, the Next Exit font takes a turn in one of the modulations, when the curve that occurs in the Hebrew letter Zayin takes over all the other letters
Evolution of a Skeleton - A Short History Lesson
While discussing modulations, Oded explains how the evolution of fonts occurs through skeleton changes. As an example he shows us the Narkis Block font (designed by Zvi Narkis in the 1950s), which is based on the shapes of a square, triangle, and circle. The Narkis Tam font is a softer version of Narkis Block.
Asher Oron designed the Oron font in the 1970s as an equivalent to the Latin Univers font. Oron's skeletons are based on the Narkis Tam font, which has undergone straightening. Oron's font modulations were carried out on the Hebrew letters Vav, Yod, and Nun-sofit, which had a curve added on their tip, and on Shin, in which the middle line was detached, thus creating the font's distinctiveness.
Evident in the Erica Sans font (equivalent to the Latin Gill Sans), designed by Yanek Iontef, are the skeleton changes that led to the creation of a new font, and the style character was created by 'truncating' the letters.
In the End, Everything Has To Communicate
Concurrently with gaining an understanding of the letters, their components, and the beginning of making changes to them, the students presented sketches of their ideas for the project of teaching Museum visitors about the skeleton and style of letters.
Daria proposed an idea based on the nostalgic 'Bird in a Cage' optical illusion: on one side of a piece of paper there is a picture of the skeleton of a letter, and on the other a font style, and rapidly spinning the piece of paper creates the optical illusion of a skeleton 'dressed' with style. We discussed how this could be presented in an interesting way to visitors, perhaps with the help of a video, or hanging up numerous pieces of paper for visitors to use and experience for themselves.
Asaf plans to make a huge letter from chocolate that will break according to style parts, and thus teach visitors what each part is. We talked about what the action creates, so that the activity will not merely amount to eating chocolate.
Paula has taken three fonts, which she has divided into parts according to style and skeleton, with each part presented on a transparency, and people can assemble their own letters and learn which style they're using to do so. A question was raised of how to create something that visitors can take home as a souvenir of assembling letters. Perhaps look into using stamps or physical letter parts to make the experience more sensory.
Maayan has started classifying the different fonts according to a conventionality scale. The more 'zany' the style/skeleton, the higher the score it receives. A discussion ensued in which we talked about 'what is normal?' In fact, everything is measured in relation to something that needs to be defined. We came to the conclusion that the argument is in the very assignment, in starting a discussion on what is normal and what is crazy.
Maya proposed an idea based on the 'Jewish nose', namely pictures of people's profiles, and matching each nose with a particular style.
For the next lesson each student will continue working on the modulations he has begun, and dress the new skeleton with the font style from which he embarked. He will also 'dress' the new skeleton with the style of a font that's as dissimilar as possible to his original font.
Written and photographed by Michal Shani
Introduction / Post 1 / Post 2 / Post 3


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Using Peer Modeling to Develop Vocational Skills for Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum
Defiance College will be addressing the lack of authentic work experiences for young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder through the creation of a portable model of vocational training. Prior to the start of the vocational skills program, the Hench Autism Studies Program will complete four critical planning elements: (1) identification of jobs (2) task analysis (3) creation of curriculum (4) job coach training. the Director of the Hench Program will work with various departments on campus to identify jobs available for the students in the on-campus classroom. the jobs will be found in a variety of departments on campus such as the library, food services, athletics and facilities.


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What is the difference between a DC motor
and an AC motor?
1. First, DC motors use DC power as the power source, but AC motors use AC power as the power source.
2. In terms of structure, the principle of a DC motor is relatively simple, but the structure is complex, which is not easy to maintain; while the principle of an AC motor is complex, but the structure is relatively simple, and it is easier to maintain than a DC motor.
3. The DC motor introduces current into the rotor armature through brushes and commutators, so that the rotor is forced to rotate in the stator magnetic field. The AC motor (using a common AC asynchronous motor as an example) passes AC power into the stator windings, which generates a rotating magnetic field in the stator and rotor air gap, and the rotating magnetic field generates an induced current in the rotor windings, which in turn makes the rotor in the stator magnetic field. Forced to rotate.
4. DC motor speed regulation is simple, but the use occasions are limited. AC motor speed regulation is relatively complicated, but it is widely used due to the use of AC power.


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The Refugee Education Special Interest Group (SIG) is a group of people from the community, higher education, vocational education and school sectors who have an interest in supporting educational opportunities for students from refugee backgrounds.
- Create greater collaboration and networks between institutions, practitioners and providers to achieve better outcomes for students from refugee backgrounds
- Share 'best practice' initiatives, research, interventions, programs and support mechanisms across Australia
- Share information about pathways into higher education available to students from refugee backgrounds and other culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) students
- Advocate with and on behalf of students from refugee backgrounds on issues that affect their ability to access, engage in and transition out of higher education
- Host quarterly teleconference meetings with representatives of the different stakeholder groups (universities, community organisations, students, schools, and Vocational Education and Training providers) across Australia (state/territory, metropolitan, regional/rural)
- Hold an annual face-to-face meeting (symposium or conference) to create new and strengthen or consolidate existing partnerships
- Hold symposia in different states and territories to share good practice, research findings and advocacy
The schedule of teleconferences is not yet updated.
This is a list of academic and other resources on supporting people from refugee backgrounds in further education. It is compiled on the free reference management software Zotero.


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Common Names: American giant millipede, North American millipede, worm millipede, iron worm
In general, bodies of millipedes are long and cylindrical, with many segments that are covered by a cuticle consisting of three layers. Two pairs of legs per segment. Length up to 4 inches. Colors are red/orange and black/brown.
Found in forests and agricultural areas in the soil-litter layer interface under rocks, boards, dead trees, and piles of moist dead leaves. They are also found in urban and suburban areas.


Eared dove
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eared Dove
In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Zenaida
Species: Z. auriculata
Binomial name
Zenaida auriculata
(Marc Athanese Parfait Oeillet Des Murs, 1847)
The Eared Dove, Zenaida auriculata, is a New World tropical dove. It is seen throughout South America from Colombia to southern Argentina and Chile, and on the offshore islands from the Grenadines southwards. It appears to be partly migratory, but it may only be when it needs more food. When it lays its eggs, it builds a small stick nest several meters up in a tree.[1]
It is a close relative of the North American Mourning Dove.
References[change | change source]
 1. Cisneros-Heredia (2006)


CE Type:
# of CE's:
PRIVATEInvited participants only
This intermediate two day training is the initial process for therapists to learn to provide the Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention(CFTSI Model). Trainees will receive didactics, engage in role plays and group discussions in order to be the model. Training will continue with 6 months of twice monthly consultation calls and trainees using the CFTSI and presenting during those calls.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this two-day presentation, the participnat will be able to:
Day 1:
 1. Describe the rationale for early interventions to prevent PTSD
 2. Discuss the outcomes of the randomized effectiveness trial
 3. Discuss that CFTSI is also an assessment and engagement strategy
 4. Discuss the importance of meeting with the caregiver in the first session
 5. Describe the procedures for Sessions 1 and 2
Day 2:
 1. Practice the coping skill modules
 2. Identify how to select skill modules
 3. Discuss how to increase communication between caregivers and their child
 4. Describe how to enhance emotional support by the caregiver towards their children
 5. Discuss the CFTSI protocol
Intended Audience:
This intermediate level workshop is designed for clinicians working in agencies that belong to the PACTS network and that work with children and youth during the peri-traumatic period.
Instructional Level:
Completion Requirements:
Participants must attend entire 2-day presentation and complete a course evaluation in order to receive credits


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Excel TRIM Function
The Excel TRIM function removes all extra spaces from text string and only keeps single spaces between words.
Text (Required): The text you want to remove extra spaces from.
Return Value
The text with extra spaces removed
Function Notes
 - The TRIM function can only remove the 7-bit ASCII space character (value 32) from text;
 - The TRIM function can't remove the non-breaking space character (value 160) which is commonly used in Web pages as the HTML entity;
Example 1: Remove extra spaces from text and only keep single spaces between words
If you want to remove spaces such as leading, trailing and extra spaces from a cell, please do as follows.
Select a blank cell, copy the below formula into it to get the result. Keep selecting the result cell, drag the Fill Handle to apply the formula to other cells.
Example 2: Remove extra spaces and line breaks from text
The TRIM function can't remove the non-breaking space character from cell. If you want to remove both the extra spaces and line breaks from text at the same time. Please apply the below formula.
Select a blank cell, copy the below formula into it to get the result. You can see extra spaces and non-breaking character are removed at once.
Related Functions
Excel SUBSTITUTE function
The Excel SUBSTITUTE function replaces text or characters within a text string with another text or characters..
Excel TEXTJOIN Function
The Excel TEXTJOIN function joins multiple values from a row, column or a range of cells with specific delimiter.
Excel TEXT Function
The TEXT function converts a value to text with a specified format in Excel.
Excel UPPER Function
The Excel UPPER function converts all letters of a given text to uppercase.
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||Higher-Dimensional general Jacobi identities I
It was shown by the author [International Journal of Theoretical Physics 36 (1997), _PHONE_] in synthetic differential geometry that what is called the general Jacobi identity obtaining in microcubes underlies the Jacobi identity of vector fields. It is well known in the theory of Lie algebras that a plethora of higher-dimensional generalizations of the Jacobi identity hold, though it is usually established not as a direct derivation from the axioms of Lie algebras but by making an appeal to the so-called Poincar\'e-Birkhoff-Witt theorem. The general Jacobi identity was rediscovered by Kirill Mackenzie in the second decade of this century [Geometric Methods in Physics, 357-366, Birkh\"auser/Springer 2013]. The principal objective in this paper is to investigate a four-dimensional generalization of the general Jacobi identity in detail. In a subsequent paper we will propose a uniform method for establishing a bevy of higher-dimensional generalizations of the Jacobi identity under a single umbrella.
[v1] A four-dimensional generalization of the general Jacobi identity[v2] タイトル変更


Flag of Nepal
The Nepal flag became official on December 16, 1962. The flag is an odd shape: it's the only national flag in the world that is not a square or rectangle. The left side of the flag is straight and there are two points on the right side, almost like two right triangles on top of one another.
The flag's blue border stands for peace. The red background of the flag is the same color as Nepal's national flower, the rhododendron.
There are two white pictures inside the Nepal flag: one a crescent moon, representing the royal house, and the other a sun, members of the Rana family who served as prime ministers of Nepal until 1961. Today, however, the sun and the moon are also said to symbolize the hope that Nepal will last as long as these two aspects of nature.
In the Hindu religion, however, the Nepalese flag has much deeper meaning. Both the sun and the moon and the red and the blue colors on the flag create a balance. The sun, a symbol of fire, provides heat necessary for life, creating nourishment for all living beings. The sun is linked to ancient Vedic rituals, the twelve months, and the twelve zodiac signs. The moon, in turn, is the symbol of Elixir, which is believed to give eternal life.
In many religions, including Hinduism, rituals are performed with lunar cycles. Many Hindus see the sun as the center of the planets in our solar system and the moon as the center of the asteroids; similarly, they view the sun as a symbol of the soul and the moon as a symbol of the heart.
The colors in the flag also create a balance. The red symbolizes closeness and heat, while the blue symbolizes distance and coolness. Red signifies fire and blood, and the blue creates balance by signifying the sky and sea. Many Hindus think of red as a color of bravery, love, energy, and good luck, and they think of blue as a color of wisdom, peace, and calmness.
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- Pitchers have been deceiving batters with tricks and cheats since baseball began.
- Typical cheating tactics include scuffing the ball and putting foreign substances on it.
- Current rules forbid tampering with the baseball at all.
When Tampa Bay Ray's relief pitcher Joel Peralta was ejected from a game last week because there was pine tar on his mitt, he joined a century-long list of Major League baseball pitchers who have done whatever they needed to do to get the upper hand.
From spitballs to scuffed balls, pitchers have been cheating as long as there have been rules.
Whether Peralta's technique actually gave him any edge, though, is up for debate. No one has ever studied the effects of pine tar on the flight of a baseball. And so far, nothing egregious has shown up in Peralta's pitching stats to suggest that his cheating techniques have given him a leg up.
Still, rules are rules, and they exist for a reason. Theoretically, putting any kind of foreign substance on a ball could make it move erratically, confusing and possibly even endangering batters.
"Not being allowed to doctor the ball seems like a sensible rule to me," said Alan Nathan, a physicist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, and an expert on the physics of baseball. "You can affect the trajectory of the baseball by doctoring it."
There are two main ways to fiddle with a ball, Nathan said. The first is to add lubrication to reduce friction between the ball and the pitcher's fingers. That, in turn, diminishes the throw's natural backspin, making the ball drop more quickly than a normal fastball would. This is what makes the spitball so infamous.
The second category of messing with a baseball is to roughen up its smooth surfaces. Whether scuffed with an emery board or gouged with a fingernail, compromised balls tend to break in the direction of the scratched side.
In the early days of baseball, pitchers were free to do whatever they wanted -- and they did, said Dave Baldwin, a retired Major League baseball pitcher and author of the baseball memoir "Snake Jazz." Tricks included putting licorice on the ball to make it darker and harder for batters to see, sticking pins in the ball, or smudging substances on one side to make the wobble or move strangely.
Then, in 1920, Yankees pitcher Carl Mays threw an extraordinarily hard submarine pitch, which rose from ground level, struck Cleveland Indians batter Ray Chapman in the head, and killed him. Chapman didn't react to the pitch at all. It appeared that he didn't even see it coming.
Chapman's death led to a swift and dramatic shift in the rules of baseball. Pitchers could no longer put foreign substances on the ball or their hands other than rosin, which is an approved powder that helps make sweaty hands less slippery. And when balls got dirty during play, umpires replaced them.
Instead of putting a halt to the cheating, though, the new rules only drove pitchers to get sneakier about their tricks. In the 1960s and 70s, when Baldwin was playing, pitchers used Vaseline to lubricate balls until K-Y Jelly came on the market and became the baseball-moistener of choice. The water-based lubricant evaporated during flight, making it almost impossible for umps to detect.
Other times, pitchers coated the ball with talcum powder, which was white and -- unlike baby powder -- odorless. The powder would fly off in flight, and it could make balls sink more quickly than expected. Pitchers might hide small bits of emery board on their belts or under their caps to sneak on a scuff mark or two. Even today, catchers may intentionally throw a ball that bounces right before a game begins, hoping the umpires won't notice.
Pitchers aren't the only ones who try to cheat, Baldwin added. Batters are notorious for putting cork or metal rods in their bats to change their weight or flexibility. And, because doctored bats are harder to detect than doctored balls, he suspects that batters cheat more often than pitchers do.
To work around the ever-watchful eyes of umpires and TV cameras, modern-day pitchers have turned instead to more innovative forms of pitching. Throws like the split-finger fastball -- which suddenly drops when it reaches the batter -- or the knuckleball, which spins less than a typical ball, are perfectly legal, but they can keep a batter guessing.
As for Peralta's pine-tar trick, the pitcher's motivation remains a mystery.
"Pine tar is very easy to detect," Baldwin said. "It just doesn't make any sense why any pitcher would try to use that."


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Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
Overview The Home for the Moral Reform of Destitute Colored Children, an Orthodox Quaker charity which provided shelter and education for black children, was organized in 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Home was incorporated in 1860. By the end of the 19th century, the organization's primary function was providing financial support for other educational and shelter programs for black youths, including The Shelter (Association for the Care of Colored Orphans). This bound volume contains the...


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The Museum of HP Calculators
The American astronauts calculated critical course-correction maneuvers on their HP-65 programmable hand-held during the rendezvous of the U.S. and Russian spacecraft.
Twenty-four minutes before the rendezvous in space, when the Apollo and Soyuz were 12 miles apart, the American astronauts corrected their course to place their spacecraft into the same orbit as the Russian craft. Twelve minutes later, they made a second positioning maneuver just prior to braking, and coasted in to linkup.
In both cases, the Apollo astronauts made the course-correction calculations on their HP-65. Had the on-board computer failed, the spacecraft not being in communication with ground stations at the time, the HP-65 would have been the only way to make all the critical calculations. Using complex programs of nearly 1000 steps written by NASA scientists and pre-recorded on magnetic program cards, the astronauts made the calculations automatically, quickly, and with ten-digit accuracy.
The HP-65 also served as a backup for Apollo's on-board computer for two earlier maneuvers. Its answers provided a confidence-boosting double-check on the coelliptic (85 mile) maneuver, and the terminal phase initiation (22 mile) maneuver, which placed Apollo on an intercept trajectory with the Russian craft.
Periodically throughout their joint mission, the Apollo astronauts also used the HP-65 to calculate how to point a high-gain antenna precisely at an orbiting satellite to assure the best possible ground communications.
The first fully programmable hand-held calculator, the HP-65 automatically steps through lengthy or repetitive calculations. This advanced instrument relieves the user of the need to remember and execute the correct sequence of keystrokes, using programs recorded 100 steps at a time on tiny magnetic cards. Each program consists of any combination of the calculator's 51 key-stroke functions with branching, logical comparison, and conditional skip instructions.


Buying a new house? See how the position of the sun might affect it
Are you looking to buy a house or build a new one? When choosing a home it is important to know where the sun will be at different times of the day and year, and when different parts of the house or garden will be light or shaded. You will typically only be visiting a property for a small number of viewings before you commit. How do you know where the sun might be at different times and on different days?
Our Sun Position app can help you with this. It shows the solar path on your camera view for different times of the day and throughout the year so that you can see when the sun will shine on different parts of the property and when it will be obstructed by nearby objects causing shade.
Below is a list of things to check when viewing:
 1. Where will the sun rise throughout the year? Ideally you wouldn't want bedrooms to be facing this direction as you will be woken by the morning sun. However this would be a good location for kitchen or breakfast rooms.
 2. In which direction will the sun set? If you like sitting in the garden after work are there any parts of the garden which will get some late afternoon sun or will it all be in shade?
 3. On which part of the house will the sun shine in the winter? This will indicate which parts of the house will be warmer at this time of year. These locations are better for rooms that you use a lot such as living areas.
 4. Where will the sun shine in the summer? Which will parts of the house will be hotter in the afternoon? These areas would be better for locating rooms that you don't use a lot such as bathrooms.
 5. Which side of the house will get the least sun? The cooler parts of the house are best for bedrooms, particularly in warmer climates.
 6. How often will the garden get the sun throughout the year? Will it be mostly in shade? This will influence both what you can grow in the garden and how you use it.
 7. If you are thinking of installing solar energy – is the roof angled to get direct sunlight?
To help with answering these questions you can download our Sun Position app from Google Play.


Meanwhile in Russia: Self-learning Robot Escapes for 45 Minutes
Meanwhile in Russia: Self-learning Robot Escapes for 45 Minutes
In the recent frenzy of questionable robotic motives, a Russian self-learning robot escaped a training compound before engineers were able to bring it back home.
Artificially intelligent (AI) robots have demonstrated some incredibly peculiar traits between Microsoft's AI bot turning into a racist-human-hating robot in 24 hours and DARPA announcing their plan for a 132-foot "stalker" warship to hunt the seas for enemies. Whatever the case may be, the age of robotic automation has begun.
Similar to the outpour in AI robots, the Promobot has made recent news after escaping a training ground. On Tuesday, June 14, Engineers at the Promobot headquarters were carrying out tests where the robot was "taught" how to navigate around objects on the premise to better optimize and coordinate the robot's AI system. Following the tests, a robotic engineer left the testing grounds and forgot to close the gates behind him. The robot, who had not turned off quietly followed the engineer outside the text field, driving over fifty meters, and then entered a roadway where its unplanned excursion came to an end due to dead batteries. It was then discovered over 40 minutes later that the robot was missing, and engineers soon after discovered the robot in the middle of the road, holding up traffic.
promobot2People stood by the robot, taking pictures [Image Source: Promobot]
"The robot was learning automatic movement algorithms on the testing ground, these functions will feature in the latest version of the Promobot"
Oleg Kivokurtsev, co-founder of the robot's maker, tells news agency,
"Our engineer drove onto the testing ground and forgot to close the gates. So the robot escaped and went on his little adventure"
The robot caused a traffic jam of pedestrians and cars, but not necessarily because of its positioning. As people passed by, they took to their phones to record the ordeal as children stopped to try and play with the robot.
As a result of the excursion and the engineer forgetting about the gates, reprimands were made by the police and the testing facility was forced to relocate. However, engineers are taking the experience in a positive light as the robot did not crash into any people or cars, and did not cause any damage, making them feel quite accomplished.
promobot3Police came by to investigate the incident [Image SourcePromobot]
The robot is still undergoing tests as a marketing robot to provide all kinds of services to customers, as well as advertising. More information can be found at the Promobot website. While some say the incident was caused by the robots intentions to escape the "robot prison", others believe the ordeal was set up as a publicity stunt.
promobotPolice came by to investigate the incident [Image SourcePromobot]
SEE ALSO: Farminators: Robots to replace Humans in Agriculture
Written by Maverick Baker
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text:
In Building a Bug Out Bag Part I we discussed why building a Bug Out Bag is important and what type of bag to select. In Part II we discussed the Transportation Items to consider, in Part III we explored Water preparedness, and in Part IV we explored Food preparedness for your Bug Out Bag. Today we'll discuss Shelter, Clothing and Protection from the Elements preparedness considerations for building a Bug Out Bag. Remember, this is your last ditch, carry on your back, walk away from trouble Bug Out Bag…not what you hope you can get to your bug out location if your car, SUV, or bugout ultralight makes it.
Today we add another article in our Top 10 series…this time it's the Top 10 Preparedness Uses of Baking Soda
Baking Sodais composed of pure sodium bicarbonate. This common leavening agent is added to baked goods which causes them to rise due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles. Baking Soda reacts chemically to help neutralize and regulate pH in substances that are to alkaline or acidic. Baking Soda differs from Baking Powder in that Baking Powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, an acidifying agent and a drying agent.
Sodium bicarbonate, also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate is a naturally occurring compound but can also be produced using the solvay process.
Andrew's Note: Today we present another lesson from our Military Pedagogy series. This discussion, from FM 21-76, the U.S. Army Survival Manual [Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited] is on the importance of fire in cold weather survival situations.
Fire is especially important in cold weather. It not only provides a means to prepare food, but also to get warm and to melt snow or ice for water. It also provides you with a significant psychological boost by making you feel a little more secure in your situation. Use the techniques described in Chapter 7 to build and light your fire. If you are in enemy territory, remember that the smoke, smell, and light from your fire may reveal your location. Light reflects from surrounding trees or rocks, making even indirect light a source of danger. Smoke tends to go straight up in cold, calm weather, making it a beacon during the day, but helping to conceal the smell at night. In warmer weather, especially in a wooded area, smoke tends to hug the ground, making it less visible in the day, but making its odor spread. If you are in enemy territory, cut low tree boughs rather than the entire tree for firewood. Fallen trees are easily seen from the air.
All wood will burn, but some types of wood create more smoke than others. For instance, coniferous trees that contain resin and tar create more and darker smoke than deciduous trees.
There are few materials to use for fuel in the high mountainous regions of the arctic. You may find some grasses and moss, but very little. The lower the elevation, the more fuel available. You may find some scrub willow and small, stunted spruce trees above the tree line. On sea ice, fuels are seemingly nonexistent. Driftwood or fats may be the only fuels available to a survivor on the barren coastlines in the arctic and subarctic regions.
Abundant fuels within the tree line are–
Dried moss, grass, and scrub willow are other materials you can use for fuel. These are usually plentiful near streams in tundras (open, treeless plains). By bundling or twisting grasses or other scrub vegetation to form a large, solid mass, you will have a slower burning, more productive fuel.
If fuel or oil is available from a wrecked vehicle or downed aircraft, use it for fuel. Leave the fuel in the tank for storage, drawing on the supply only as you need it. Oil congeals in extremely cold temperatures, therefore, drain it from the vehicle or aircraft while still warm if there is no danger of explosion or fire. If you have no container, let the oil drain onto the snow or ice. Scoop up the fuel as you need it.
CAUTION: Do not expose flesh to petroleum, oil, and lubricants in extremely cold temperatures. The liquid state of these products is deceptive in that it can cause frostbite.
Some plastic products, such as MRE spoons, helmet visors, visor housings, and foam rubber will ignite quickly from a burning match. They will also burn long enough to help start a fire. For example, a plastic spoon will burn for about 10 minutes. In cold weather regions, there are some hazards in using fires, whether to keep warm or to cook. For example–
In general, a small fire and some type of stove is the best combination for cooking purposes. A hobo stove (Figure 15-7) is particularly suitable to the arctic. It is easy to make out of a tin can, and it conserves fuel. A bed of hot coals provides the best cooking heat. Coals from a crisscross fire will settle uniformly. Make this type of fire by crisscrossing the firewood. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire.
For heating purposes, a single candle provides enough heat to warm an enclosed shelter. A small fire about the size of a man's hand is ideal for use in enemy territory. It requires very little fuel, yet it generates considerable warmth and is hot enough to warm liquids.
Andrew's Note: Today we present another lesson from our Military Pedagogy series. This discussion, from FM 21-76, the U.S. Army Survival Manual [Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited] is on Cold Weather Survival Shelters.
Your environment and the equipment you carry with you will determine the type of shelter you can build. You can build shelters in wooded areas, open country, and barren areas. Wooded areas usually provide the best location, while barren areas have only snow as building material. Wooded areas provide timber for shelter construction, wood for fire, concealment from observation, and protection from the wind.
Note: In extreme cold, do not use metal, such as an aircraft fuselage, for shelter. The metal will conduct away from the shelter what little heat you can generate. Continue reading
I was having a beer the other day with a prepper buddy and the conversation turned to what types of shelter are best to carry in a bug out bag… and that's when the discussion turned to the poncho hooch also known as the poncho shelter. The poncho hooch is basically a tarp shelter made from a poncho, and a little cordage. Building a poncho hooch is easy so let's look at a few alternatives: Continue reading
Here's something that doesn't weigh a thing to add to your Get Home Bag or Bug Out Bag… a little knowledge about how to build a Dakota Fire Pit. While a fireless camp is the least likely to be observed there may be times when a fire is absolutely necessary…water purification by boiling (when you have no other methods available) or to avoid hypothermia are two possibilities that come to mind. Such situations call for a Dakota Fire Pit also known as the Dakota Fire Hole… the next most clandestine camp to a fireless camp.
Essentially the Dakota Fire Pit is a fire pit with a separate tunnel built to supply airflow directly to the fuel. By keeping the fire below ground you reduce the light signature of the fire significantly and are able to get by with a much smaller fire than you would need above ground to accomplish the same cooking tasks.
Here are some additional hints to make your Dakota Fire Hole easier to build and less likely to be seen: Continue reading
Sometimes preparedness is about seeing the potential alternate uses of everyday items, sometimes preparedness is about keeping the 'end' in mind while dealing with the 'ways' and the 'means.' These were the inspirations for this periodic column on Prepography called… It's Not This It's That (INTIT):


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Forgive me for asking something that is probably explained elsewhere, but I am having trouble designing a data model in Cassandra.
I am storing transactions. These transactions each have a source (user), a timestamp, and some associated keywords. I need to be able to find transactions given the source and a date range and (optional) keywords. Cassandra is attractive because I need to store billions of transactions.
I have been unable to find a resource that explains how to do this type of thing. My initial thoughts involve having a few CFs - a transaction CF, a keyword_transaction CF, a source_transaction CF, and possible a day_transaction CF (or something similar). This would make it very straight forward to find transactions based on any one of the above items, but it doesn't seem like it will let me search on all of the above items.
Any thoughts?
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Start by thinking your query and then to your data model. Read here and here as this help when you plan for your data model.
cf : transactions
rowkey : source/uuid (suggestion)
 cn : source
 cv : UTF8
 cn : keyword
 cv : UTF8
 cn : date
 cv : DateType
 cn : time
 cv : DateType
cf : keywords
rowkey : keyword
 cn : source
 cv : UTF8
where you will have a standard column family called transactions and a few column name (cn) and its corresponding column value (cv). Each of these transaction are identify by the rowkey. Another standard column family is the keywords where the rowkey would be the keyword.
You can search by source, timestamp or keyword but you do need to index them for the query to work. For example with the above suggestion data structure, you can do these:
 - get all transaction where source is equal to ''
 get transactions where source = ''
 - get all transaction where source is equal to '' and your date > ''
 get transactions where source = '' and date > '';
 - get all transaction for date x
 get transactions where date = '';
 - get all source name based on keyword
 get keywords['keyword'];
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Spectrophobia: Difference between revisions
how is this distinct?
(how is this distinct?)
'''Spectrophobia''' (derived from [[Latin]]: ''spectrum'', n. specio, an appearance, form, image of a thing; an apparition, spectre) or '''catoptrophobia''' (from Greek κάτοπτρον ''kátoptron'', "mirror") is a kind of [[specific phobia]] involving an abnormal and persistent fear of [[mirror]]s, and an anxiety about seeing one's own face reflected in them.{{cite book |last1=Ferenczi |first1=Sandor |title=Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis |date=1994 |publisher=Karnac Books |isbn=9781855750869 |url=_URL_ |accessdate=28 August 2019 |language=en}} It is sometimes related to the fear of [[ghosts]] or the undead.{{cn|date=August 2019}}
This phobia is distinct from eisoptrophobia,{{how?|date=August 2019}} which is the [[Fear processing in the brain|fear]] of one's own reflection.
Sufferers of spectrophobia can fear the breaking of a mirror bringing extreme bad luck.{{cn|date=August 2019}} They can fear the thought of something frightening jumping out of the mirror or seeing something disturbing inside of it next to their own reflection when looking directly at it.{{cn|date=August 2019}} Others fear that it is a link to the preternatural world or a gateway into another world, and may fear being pulled into the mirror by some preternatural force.{{cn|date=August 2019}} Some also fear their own reflection in the darkness, as it can appear distorted in strange ways or their reflection may frighten them.{{cn|date=August 2019}}


text: The development of mammaries in humans is unique among mammals. During puberty, the breasts of human females enlarge, and no other mammal exhibits similar development before pregnancy and lactation. This phenotype is fixed among humans, evolving some time after our lineage separated from chimpanzees and bonobos, and anthropologists have offered many competing hypotheses about the selective advantage of human breasts. In female mammals, mammary development occurs across several stages: fetal development, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and post-lactation. We hypothesize that in humans the development of the mammary ductal system during puberty also causes the surrounding tissue to permanently enlarge, producing the unique human phenotype. We have examined the molecular evolution of genes related to mammary development in order to identify candidate genes related to the pubertal enlargement of human breasts. Here we report our progress and discuss the difficulties of studying a non-pathogenic complex phenotype in humans.


text:
The state papers are the correspondence and papers of the ministers of the Crown during the early modern period. For the first time individuals and personalities emerge from obscurity and we are able to go behind the scenes of government and explore motives, policy-making, and ideas. The state papers are the backbone of early modern records transforming the historians' approach to this lively period. The talk begins with an overview of the state papers, followed by their use over time, and how the State Papers Office was run. The podcast ends with a summary of finding aids available, including what is accessible on State Papers Online.
Dr Adrian Ailes is a principal records specialist in early modern records and is particularly interested in local history, the gentry, heraldry and seals. Dr Katy Mair is an early modern records specialist whose research interests include the Jacobites, the history of reading, and the religious culture of women. Her doctorate examined the correspondence of the 16th century gentlewoman Lady Anne Bacon, and focused particularly on her unpublished letters to her sons, Anthony and Francis Bacon.
Please note there is a brief dip in the sound quality at approximately 29 minutes due to a recording error.


First Landing Site Workshop for the 2020 Mars Rover Mission
Dear Colleagues:
You are invited to participate in the First Landing Site Workshop for the 2020 rover mission to Mars. The workshop will be held during the week of May 12-16, 2014, in the Washington, DC, area (exact dates and venue TBD).
An Overview of Workshop Objectives:
The purpose of the first 2020 Landing Site Workshop will be to: 1) begin to identify and evaluate potential landing sites best suited to achieving science objectives of the 2020 Rover Mission within the constraints imposed by engineering requirements, planetary protection requirements, and the necessity of ensuring a safe landing; and 2) provide input to NASA and the 2020 Project at JPL on the relative importance of including any enhanced EDL capabilities on the mission. The desired product of this workshop is: 1) a list of all known sites that meet the threshold criteria; 2) for those sites, an assessment of what landing capability is required (four choices: MSL-only, MSL + Range Trigger, MSL + Range Trigger + Terrain Relative Navigation, unknown or TBD); and 3) for each category of landing capability, a ranking of the sites using the qualifying geological criteria. At the end of this workshop we should have a good idea of a) how many sites exist in each category, b) how much "better" are the sites that require landing enhancements, and c) insight to where we need to invest additional energy in site characterization.
A NASA-appointed Landing Site Steering Committee will use the results of the first workshop as the basis for establishing a list of potential landing sites for study. Community consensus with respect to high priority sites will also be solicited. It is expected that candidate sites will be ranked (high, medium, low priority) based on presentations made at the workshop and that these rankings will be used to guide imaging priorities of the sites after the workshop. The goal will be to build up robust image data sets while orbital assets are still operating for as many high priority sites as possible, thereby enabling comprehensive discussion of relative science merits and safety at subsequent workshops.
Mission Science Objectives:
The Mars 2020 rover mission will explore the geology of a once habitable site, seek signs of past life, fill a returnable cache with the most compelling samples, and demonstrate technology for future human exploration of Mars. As described in the Mars 2020 Announcement of Opportunity (AO;{C49E4810-6DE9-9509-E896-EBC006101A9E}&path=open/) and Science Definition Team (SDT) report (Mustard et al., 2013; found at, these goals include deciphering the geological history of the landing site and determining whether past environmental conditions were favorable for microbial life and for preserving signs of life, had it existed. The search for signs of past life would combine: 1) use of the rover instruments on Mars for visual, mineralogical and chemical analysis down to a microscopic scale to identify candidate features that may have been formed by past life; with 2) collection and packaging of carefully selected samples for possible return to Earth by a future mission, thereby enabling a broad range of investigations and more definitive analysis by laboratories on Earth. The mission would also demonstrate technologies for advancing toward human missions to Mars.
The AO for 2020 investigations lists four objectives, with the first three considered the threshold objectives for the mission. Achieving the objectives requires both orbital and ground observations and the first three objectives have strong synergy, as they are linked by the need to decipher the geological processes and history of an "astrobiologically relevant ancient environment", a place once capable of either supporting life as we know it, or sustaining pre-biological processes leading to an origin of life.
A. Characterize the processes that formed and modified the geologic record within a field exploration area on Mars selected for evidence of an astrobiologically-relevant ancient environment and geologic diversity.
B. Perform the following astrobiologically-relevant investigations on the geologic materials at the landing site:
1. Determine the habitability of an ancient environment.
2. For ancient environments interpreted to have been habitable, search for materials with high biosignature preservation potential.
3. Search for potential evidence of past life using the observations regarding habitability and preservation as a guide.
C. Assemble a returnable cache of samples for possible future return to Earth.
1.Obtain samples that are scientifically selected, for which the field context is documented, that contain the most promising samples identified in Objective B and that represent the geologic diversity of the field site.
2. Ensure compliance with future needs in the areas of planetary protection and engineering so that the cache could be returned in the future if NASA chooses to do so.
D. Contribute to the preparation for human exploration of Mars by making significant progress towards filling at least one major Strategic Knowledge Gap (SKG). The highest priority SKG measurements that are synergistic with Mars 2020 science objectives and compatible with the mission concept are (in priority order):
1. Demonstration of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) technologies to enable propellant and consumable oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere for future exploration missions.
2. Characterization of atmospheric dust size and morphology to understands its effects on the operation of surface systems and human health.
3. Surface weather measurements to validate global atmospheric models
Additional details for the Mars 2020 mission can be found at and The latter includes additional details on threshold geological and potential qualifying geological criteria, details on the engineering constraints, enhanced EDL capabilities, planetary protection guidelines and information required for potential landing sites. A summary of NASA's Mars exploration strategy is at and additional information can be viewed at Web tools for visualizing and analyzing relevant Mars data are available at, which also includes a web based GIS interface for relevant Mars data. Finally, a specific 2020 Mars Rover version of JMars has been developed that has areas that meet the engineering constraints, suitably sized ellipses for placing landing sites, and shows existing image data is available at along with tutorials.
Mission Engineering Constraints:
Because the ability to ensure a successful landing for the Mars 2020 mission is paramount, consideration of landing sites must include comprehensive assessment of limitations imposed by mission engineering constraints. Although these constraints continue to be established and refined, a description of preliminary values related to allowable locations, elevation, and surface properties can be found at and a summary follows.
The Mars 2020 rover will use the successful, as-applied Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) system to reach the surface of Mars. Hence, the constraints imposed by this EDL system on the MSL site selection effort are broadly similar to those for the 2020 mission (e.g., a 25 km by 20 km landing ellipse, access to latitudes between 300N and 300S, details on all constraints can be found at and in Grant et al., 2011 and Golombek et al., 2012). An important difference, however, relates to an allowable elevation for the landing site of +0.5 km (with respect to the MOLA geoid) due to the higher atmospheric density expected at the season the 2020 rover arrives at Mars.
The SDT report (see Mustard et al., 2013) also describes several possible enhanced EDL capabilities that could be included in 2020 and might grant access to somewhat smaller landing ellipses and/or ellipses characterized by increased topography relative to what was acceptable for the MSL EDL system (as flown). These capabilities include: Range Trigger and Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN). Proposers are urged to review these capabilities in Mustard et al. (2013), but Range Trigger could enable a smaller ellipse on order of 18 km by 14 km and TRN could enable some hazards up to ~300 m across to be avoided within the ellipse. Proposers should consider whether the addition of one or more would potentially enhance or enable consideration of their candidate site.
It is expected that all candidate sites for the 2020 mission will be vetted by the science community at a first workshop tentatively scheduled for the week of May 12-16, 2014, in the Washington, D.C. area. Proposed targets should be chosen that will help strengthen the science rationale of the sites as well as assist in evaluating the nature and distribution of potential hazards to landing that can inform the desire for any enhanced EDL capability.
All persons planning to participate in the workshop should review the science, engineering, and planetary protection constraints carefully, as only those landing sites that meet these constraints will be accepted for presentation at the workshop.
How to participate:
All members of the scientific community are encouraged to participate in this important activity. Persons wishing to make a presentation at the workshop are urged to carefully review the mission science objectives and engineering constraints at and
Most of the workshop will be devoted to submitted papers describing: (1) the overall types of sites for Mars 2020 based on associated scientific and programmatic rationale and suitability for safe landing and roving; and (2) individual landing sites on Mars and their scientific merit and safety. Talks advocating an individual site must summarize the science merits and demonstrate that the proposed location satisfies the mission science and engineering requirements. A clear statement of the rationale for continued consideration as a possible landing site should also be included. A program will be prepared from the submitted abstracts and will be posted along with logistical information in April, 2014.
Persons wishing to participate should submit the proposed title for their talk that includes the candidate site and a list of authors by March 31st 2014 to both


text:
Something I have only come to realise recently, but which may have been obvious to many, is that when a boat is on a reach, the optimal angle of the sail to the wind is always the same and it is only the angle of the boat to the sail that alters:
Because the sail is acting like a wing when on a reach, the "lift", or propulsive force from the wind is at 90 degrees to the sail.
As you can see from the diagram, when the boat is on a close reach, it approaches 90 degrees to the propulsive force of the sail, at which point it stops moving forward.
On the other hand, when the boat is between a beam reach and a broad reach, the hull of the boat is travelling more or less in the same direction as the propulsive force, which is why that is the fastest point of sail.
This is consistent with JollyGreen's diagram, which suggests that if the optimal angle of a sail to the wind is 45 degrees, then the fastest point of sail is at a right angle to that - 135 degrees.
I drew the above diagram, so don't assume it came from an authority on sailing.


Average Weather Data for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Monthly Averages
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Monthly high in °F: 40° 44° 53° 64° 74° 83° 87° 85° 78° 67° 56° 45°
Average Monthly low in °F: 26° 28° 34° 44° 54° 64° 69° 68° 60° 48° 39° 30°
Yearly Averages
What's The Average High Temp in Philadelphia? 64.7 °F
What's the Average Low in Philadelphia? 47 °F
What's the Average Temperature in Philadelphia? 55.85 °F
How Many Inches of Rain per year does Philadelphia get? 41.45 inches
How Many Rainy Days a year are there in Philadelphia? N/A
How Much Sunshine each year is there in Philadelphia (in hours)? N/A
How much, if any, snow falls each year in Philadelphia? 23 inches
Philadelphia Temperature and Rain Graphs
Average high in °F
Average low in °F
Average precipitation in inches


text:
- A desire, longing, or strong inclination for a specific thing.
- An expression of a desire, longing, or strong inclination; a petition.
- Something desired or longed for.
, wish·es verb, transitive
- To long for; want. See Synonyms at desire.
- To entertain or express wishes for; bid: He wished her good night.
- To call or invoke upon: I wish them luck.
- To order or entreat: I wish you to go.
- To impose or force; foist: They wished a hard job on her.
- To have or feel a desire: wish for the moon.
- To express a wish.
Origin: Middle English wissh
Origin:, from wisshen, to wish
Origin:, from Old English wȳscan; see wen-1 in Indo-European roots
Related Forms:Usage Note: Wish
is widely used as a polite substitute for want
with infinitives: Do you wish to sit at a table on the terrace? Anyone who wishes to may leave now.
This usage is appropriate for formal style, where it is natural to treat the desires of others with exaggerated deference. The corresponding use of wish
with a noun-phrase object is less frequent: Anyone who wishes an aisle seat should see an attendant.
Both usages are likely to sound stilted in informal style, however, and want
may be substituted for wish.
- A traditional rule requires the use of were
rather than was
in a contrary-to-fact statement that follows wish: I wish I were (not was) lighter on my feet.
While many people continue to insist on upholding this rule, the indicative was
in such clauses can be found in the works of many well-known writers. See Usage Notes at if