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Caribbean Water Science Center
PUERTO RICO PROJECTS
USGS IN YOUR STATE
USGS Water Science Centers are located in each state.
Hydrology and Water Quality of the Levittown Lake, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico
Project Number: 2516-E5900
Figure 1. Location of the Levittown Lake in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico, about five miles west of the Bahía de San Juan
Levittown Lake is surrounded by dense populated areas to the north, east, and south, with an extensive vegetated buffer zone that extends by about 6 kilometers west of the lake (fig. 2). The lake is about 5 meters in depth and because of the man-made nature it has a presumably a flat bottom with little relief. The actual lacustrine system is composed of three basic identifiable components: the lake's main water body, the inlet/outlet channel that connects with the sea, and a runoff channel that receives the majority of the urban runoff generated by rainfall.
The lake is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a 1.6-kilometer channel and is surrounded by mangroves and tidal swamps (fig. 1). Although initially intended to be a draining system, the lake may have turned into a functional aquatic ecosystem with an effective trophic chain. With its inlet/outlet channel connecting the lake to the ocean, the Levittown Lake may be operating as a typical coastal lagoon exporting tons of organic matter to the sea supporting the food chain and removing tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Therefore, the Levittown Lake could have become an integral part of the nearby coastal resources and an important ecological oasis and carbon dioxide filter in the middle of a heavily developed and populated zone.
As designed, the Levittown Lake receives urban runoff from developed areas in order to contain the waters and drain them out of the system to avoid flooding of private property. This runoff however is suspected to be contaminated and affecting nearby housing units. Neighboring people have reported noxious conditions and foul odors that affect the quality of life of many families. In addition to the possible human hazard, noxious conditions could be negatively impacting the aquatic ecosystem since the Levittown Lake has become a habitat for many fish and bird species.
Runoff from the Levittown Lake basin is presumed to be contributing with sewage from possible sewer mains and septic tanks overflow, as well as contaminants like metals and oils derived from surrounding ground transportation infrastructure, and urban wastes dumped directly into the lake. During periods of high runoff events, high nutrient loads could enter the lake which can be deleterious to the lake's ecological health and impair the homeostatic capacity of the semi-enclosed coastal resource. In addition, flood tides could be contributing pollutants derived from the nearby Río Hondo and Río Bayamón through the runoff channel (fig. 3).
Figure 3. Location of the Levittown's inlet/outlet and runoff channels.
Although the Levittown Lake could be an important coastal resource in the middle of development, local and Federal authorities, there are no documented scientific data to characterize, manage, and regulate the resource. Therefore, the need to establish the water quality baseline data is necessary.
The objective of this study is to obtain baseline data of the physical, chemical, biological, and bacteriological conditions of the Levittown Lake to define its present characteristics and provide to the stakeholders of the resource a holistic perspective of the area's hydrology and ecological conditions.
The proposed study will encompass the Levittown Lake's main water body, the inlet/outlet, and the runoff channels. Data collection will include monthly measurements of physical, chemical, biological, and bacteriological parameters to define seasonal variability during one year. The study will also include two diel studies to determine community productivity rates, diurnal variation of selected water-quality characteristics, water interchange of the lagoon with the ocean through the outlet channel. The study is proposed to be conducted between October 2009 and September 2011, for a total of two natural years.
Strategy and Approach
The study will include the following field activities:
Table 1 summarizes the physical, biochemical, biological, and chemical parameters to be obtain at sampling stations in the lake. The proposed physical parameters, water quality, nutrients, primary productivity, phytoplankton, sediment, and tidal station locations at Levittown Lake are shown on fig. 4.
This study will provide updated information on the hydrology, morphology, water quality, and biological characteristics of Levittown Lake, and how these interact and affect the aquatic ecosystem. The data will provide stakeholders with a broad overview and understanding of natural processes, which can be used to more effectively manage and monitor the Levittown Lake's watershed and coastal surrounding areas, to protect the reserve and promote habitat utilization.


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Aggies for decades have considered the tree famous. Now, the Texas Forest Service (TFS) agrees that the "Century Tree" in the heart of the Texas A&M University campus warrants "Famous Tree of Texas" designation.
Better known on campus as the "Century Tree," the stately live oak dominates a large section of Texas A&M's Academic Plaza where one of the campus' most identifiable landmark buildings also stands.
No one knows exactly how old the tree is, but consensus is that it dates back to about 1900 — not too long after the 1876 opening of Texas A&M as the state's first public institution of higher learning. Many of its branches have grown so long and become so heavy that they now rest on the ground.
The Century Tree has extra special meaning to hundreds of Aggies who over decades have proposed to their fiancés in the pathway that runs between some of its drooping branches. More often than not, the young man proposing to his bride-to-be is a member of the Corps of Cadets.
The "Famous Tree of Texas" designation is reserved for "an elite group of trees that have 'witnessed exciting times in Texas frontier history' and are alive today," Gretchen Riley, the program's coordinator, said in a letter notifying Texas A&M President R. Bowen Loftin of the campus tree's inclusion in the select list.
Riley, staff forester for the Texas Forest Service, which is a member of The Texas A&M University System, explained that TFS initially included 87 "famous trees" in a book published in 1970.
"Sadly, Texas has lost many of these historic trees to the ravages of time," she noted "Only 56 remain."
The Century Tree is one of only three trees added to the registry in the past 40 years, Riley said. She added it is the only formally designated "Famous Tree of Texas" located in the heart of a campus but pointed out that another, dubbed the "Kissing Oak," is on land owned and utilized by Texas State University in San Marcos.
Riley said photos and information about the trees in the TFS registry can be accessed at _URL_, with a picture of the Century Tree and its story soon to be added.
Although the Century Tree is the only tree on the Texas A&M campus with formal TFS designation, there are scores of others with special meanings to Aggies and family members and friends of deceased former students. Twelve live oaks have been plants along a thoroughfare near the Bonfire Memorial to honor the memories of the 12 Aggies who died as a result of the collapse of the bonfire stack during construction in 1999. Also, the university's main drill field has traditionally been encircled by live oaks planted in memory of the 53 Aggies who died in combat during World War I. They were planted 90 years ago and, in 2008 university personnel replaced 25 that had died over a period of several years.
In all, more than 10,000 trees grace Texas A&M's 5,200-acre campus — one of the largest campuses in the nation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Gibbs phase rule
Until now we have not considered any constraint on the number of phases that can coexist in a system at given values of and. However such constraints exist and are given by the Gibbs phase rule, which we now derive.
Let us consider a system composed of different components and with coexisting phases (which we will label with roman numbers, etc.); from what we have previously stated and must be common to all phases, and all their chemical potentials must be equal. However, in order to specify the composition of the system we need only variables, namely the ratios of the concentrations of the various components with respect to the concentration of a previously chosen component. Therefore the chemical potentials will depend on, and relative concentrations, not necessarily common to all phases. We therefore have:
We therefore have variables and equations; if we want a solution to exist we must have at least as many variables as equations, namely. This means that:
which means that the maximum number of coexisting phases in a system composed of different substances at fixed temperature and pressure is. In particular, we see that for a single-component system we can have at most three coexisting phases for a particular choice of and : this is the triple point that we have already encountered.
Equivalently, we can say that in general the number of independent variables with which we can choose to describe the system at the coexistence of phases is:
called thermodynamic degrees of freedom.


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This Is America?: The Sixties in Lawrence, Kansas
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan | ISBN: _PHONE_ | edition 2004 | PDF | 320 pages | 1,02 mb
In his first book, Monhollon (history, Hood Coll.) examines Lawrence, KS, during the 1960s. Being the home of the University of Kansas guaranteed that Lawrence would see the same type of student activism that other universities experienced during the decade. However, the population of Lawrence itself was socially and politically conservative. Townsfolk supported the Vietnam War and were unsympathetic to the Civil Rights, antiwar, and feminist movements. Confrontations between student activists and the local authorities grew during the late 1960s, climaxing in July 1970 when police shot two men. These deaths led to weeks of shootings and arson, which forced the governor to send in the National Guard to patrol the city. Monhollon uses interviews, newspaper articles, and other archival sources to present this story. Richly detailed and well written, his book gives an excellent account of how a Midwestern town was affected by a troubled period of American history.
|a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
Посетители, находящиеся в группе Гости, не могут оставлять комментарии в данной новости.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on the externally preloaded trunk: variations in motor control and its effect on spine stability.Brown SH, Vera-Garcia FJ, McGill SM.
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
STUDY DESIGN: A repeated measures biomechanical analysis of the effects of abdominal bracing in preparation for a quick release of the loaded trunk. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the ability of individuals to abdominally brace the externally loaded trunk, and assess their success in achieving and enhancing appropriate spine stability. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spine stability requires trunk muscle coactivation, which demands motor control skill that differs across people and situations. The quick release protocol may offer insight into the motor control scheme and subsequent effect on spine stability. METHODS: There were 10 individuals who sat, torso upright, in an apparatus designed to foster a neutral spine position. They were instructed to support a posteriorly directed load to the trunk in either their naturally chosen manner, or by activating the abdominal muscles to 10%, 20%, or 30% of maximum ability. The externally applied load was then quickly released, thereby unloading the participant. Muscle pre-activation patterns, spine stability, and kinematic measures of trunk stiffness were quantified. RESULTS: Participants were able to stabilize their spine effectively by supporting the load in a naturally selected manner. Conscious, voluntary overdriving of this natural pattern often resulted in unbalanced muscular activation schemes and corresponding decreases in stability levels. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in an externally loaded state appear to select a natural muscular activation pattern appropriate to maintain spine stability sufficiently. Conscious adjustments in individual muscles around this natural level may actually decrease the stability margin of safety.


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Static Innox Notes
Turn Any Space into Creative Space with Statically Charged Innox Notes
Static Innox Notes are the new generation notes or Sticky Notes 2.0. They stick on both sides with static electricity to all flat surfaces,which makes them more practical,versatile and long-lasting compared to traditional sticky notes. You can write on them with pencils,pens, markers and the back side is dry erasable.With Innox Notes you can turn any space into creative space!
For Project Planning, Visualizing Ideas, Agile Methods
Innox Notes are an amazing tool for visualizing ideas and projects. The notes can be freely moved and they attach to any dry surface without leaving marks, which means they a great project management tool e.g. for Kanban, Agile, Lean, Scrum as they produce more efficient and productive internal or external meetings, conferences, brainstorming sessions, workshops, training sessions and courses.
For Office, Home, Decoration
Innox Notes have dozens of different uses. You can use them for project planning, seminars, agile methods, workshops and meetings. The notes can also be cut with scissors, which makes them an excellent tool for drawing, crafting and decoration.
1. Static Notes stick better than traditional notes to even surfaces and leave no marks
Innox Notes do not contain glue or adhesives. They stick on both sides with static electricity and full-coverage to the flat surfaces.
2. Cling to Several Smooth and Dry Surfaces
You can attach the static notes on a several different surfaces such as metal, cork board, brick, textiles, leather, paper and stone.
3. Dry Erasable Back Side
The white back side can be written on with water-based marker, wiped clean, and reused.
Innox Notes products are made of a polypropylene film with a special coating on the surface to create a long-lasting static charge. Innox Notes are 100 % recyclable, as they do not contain glue. Thus, the material can be recycled or recovered as energy without emissions!


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In this solution:
- "Availability Zone" as a Failure Domain
- "Availability Zone" as a Cloud Concept
- AZs Based on Host Aggregates
- Attaching Instances to Logical AZs
The term "Availability Zone" has two definitions in Metacloud, and this can cause confusion. It is helpful to know the context for each definition so that you can:
- Understand the purposes and capabilities of Availability Zones (AZs) in each context.
- Troubleshoot and manage AZs in each context.
- Communicate more clearly with Metacloud Support about AZs in each context.
Note: In Metacloud, "Availability Zone" is used differently from Amazon Web Services (AWS), where it refers to an isolated location within a geographical region.
"Availability Zone" as a Failure Domain
In the context of Metacloud physical infrastructure, an AZ is a failure domain, or a physical cluster of machines in your datacenter that host the processes running in your cloud. This includes Metacloud Control Planes (MCPs), Metacloud Hypervisors (MHVs), routers, and switches, as well as external storage devices if your organization uses them.
When Metacloud Support communicates with you about maintaining or troubleshooting AZs in this context, they may refer to them as "clusters" or "environments".
"Availability Zone" as a Cloud Concept
In the context of Metacloud operations, AZs are logical groupings of devices assembled for various purposes. Metacloud administrators can view these groupings in the Metacloud Dashboard or by using the command-line interface (CLI) or Metacloud API.
Internal and Default AZs
Your initial view of your Metacloud environment includes two logical AZs created by the Metacloud Support Team during the build process. Only Support can alter these two AZs in any way:
- The internal AZ, includes the Metacloud Control Planes (MCPs), which handle the scheduling and orchestration functions of your cloud.
- The default AZ contains the Metacloud Hypervisors (MHVs), which run the instances created in your environment. The name of this AZ typically contains three to five letters selected by your organization.
The following screenshot shows these two AZs in a Metacloud Dashboard:
AZs Based on Host Aggregates
Metacloud administrators can add logical AZs, which are actually host aggregates, to your virtual environment. A host aggregate is a unique grouping of MHVs with associated metadata that an administrator can define for various purposes. One application might be to support different device grouping subsets.
For example, your organization could have one host aggregate for instances running Solid State Drive (SSD) storage and another for instances running Hard Disk Drive (HDD) storage. Or you can associate host aggregates with specific flavors or images, depending on their varying capacities or operating systems. Then, users can launch instances based on those flavors or images.
Host aggregates are not visible in Metacloud to non-administrative users; however, administrators can "expose" a host aggregate by labeling it an "Availability Zone," using the Compute service (Nova). For more information, see Creating and Managing Host Aggregates.
The following screenshot shows two host aggregates that have been labeled as AZs and two that have not.
Note: An MHV can be associated with multiple host aggregates, but it can be associated with only one AZ that is based on a host aggregate. As the following screenshot shows, mhv3* and mhv5* are included in two host aggregates that are not tagged as AZs (host_agg_mg_3 and host_agg_mg_4). They are only included in one AZ that is based on a host aggregate, az_mg_2.
As mentioned earlier, your newly delivered cloud includes a default AZ, which contains all the MHVs to be used for hosting instances.
Attaching Instances to Logical AZs
When launching instances, non-administrative users can associate them with the default AZ or any AZs associated with host aggregates. If a user associates an instance with a specific AZ when launching it, that AZ is permanently associated with the record of the instance in the Metacloud database.
If a user selects the option for Any Availability Zone when using the Dashboard to launch an instance, or does not specify an AZ when using the command-line interface (CLI), the Compute service "assigns" the instance to the AZ with the most available hosting resources; however, the instance shows a value of NULL for Availability Zone in the database and is not permanently associated with any AZ.
The following screenshot shows the launching of an instance in the Dashboard with Any Availability Zone selected.
For more information about how host aggregates and AZs work with instances, see Troubleshooting VMs From Deleted Host Aggregates Tagged as AZs.
If you are a Metacloud administrator, and you are reporting issues to Support regarding AZs created with the Compute service, it is helpful to refer to them as "host aggregates" to distinguish them from the default AZ.


Cuda E with RC drivetrain
RC E-Bike Drivetrain tutorial
By Warren Beauchamp
RC based e-bike drives trains can be extremely efficient, high powered, and deliver a lot of bang for the buck. Because the RC industry is well established there are a wide range of vendors of products and they enjoy a reasonable price due to the high volumes of production. These systems are not designed for e-bike use, but can be readily adapted.
Note that building an RC e-bike drive train requires basic electronics and mechanical skills and use of a soldering iron. It also involves batteries with extremely high power density. The batteries used are very sensitive to over and under charging, and if damaged can catch fire in a spectacular manner. Also, these types of systems are not good for people looking for an e-bike appliance. These are more for someone looking for an e-bike hotrod.
Basic parts needed to build an RC drivetrain are an RC motor, ESC, servo tester, BEC, throttle, LiPo battery pack, and a gear system to reduce the motor RPM to bike wheel speeds.
Basic Terms
 - RC (radio controlled) - General term for products designed for the RC industry.
 - AC (alternating current) - as opposed to DC (direct current), AC voltage varies up and down around a zero point.
 - V (volts) - Generally the higher the voltage that faster you go. Sort of like how fast water flows through a hose.
 - A (amps) - This is current. Generally the more current you have, the faster you get to the top speed. 1000 milliamps (MA) = 1A
 - W (watts) - This is volts times amps. Usually used to show total power used. 1 kilowatt (KW) = 1000 watts. V * A = W
 - Controller - A device that controls the motor. Simplistically, it takes power from the battery and a signal from the throttle and used that to control how much power is sent to the motor.
RC Motor information
Motor Wiring
Builders of 3 phase brushless RC Motors Motor drivetrains have to pay attention to the motor wiring. RC motors have 6 power wires coming out of them, one set of wires for each group of windings.
These need to be arranged one of two ways, "Delta" or "Wye". Generally Wye (also called "star") is more efficient. Wye has 1.73 times less KV than Delta (slower speed per volts), but 1.73 times more torque. In general it's a good idea to stick with Wye configuration for electric bikes as e-bikes need slower motor speed, higher torque, and high efficiency.
For Wye configuration, the 3 positive wires are tied together, and the 3 negative wires go to the controller. These 3 negative wires are the phase wires, just like in a hub motor.
For Delta, the positive from one set of windings is connected to the negative of the next set. Each connection of positive and negative makes up one phase.
In both configurations, if you connect the ESC to the motor and it spins the wrong way, just reverse two of the phase wires from the ESC.
KV - RC Motors are AC brushless motors and are rated by their KV. KV is the relationship between voltage and motor speed (rpms per volt. Multiply the motor KV times the battery voltage to find the maximum motor RPM. For instance a motor with a KV of 100 would run unloaded at 5000 RPMs at 50V. Note that RPM with the motor under load is around 70% of the unloaded value. This means that the actual max motor speed while being used is about KV * V * 0.7
Windings - One of the main things that controls the KV of a motor is how the copper electro-magnets are wound. For example a 6 x 10 motor has 10 turns of wire on each pole, and 6 wires wound together in parallel onto each pole. A higher number of turns on each pole of the motor means a lower KV, lower RPM, and lower top speed. A lower number of turns on each pole of the motor means a higher KV, higher RPM and higher top speed.
Hall Sensors - Most e-bike specific motors use hall sensors. These are used to tell the controller what position the motor is in, so it knows when to send a pulse to the electro-magnets. RC Motors do not have any hall sensors, so at low RPM they can lose sync easily. Generally with RC bike systems you should pedal to at least 5MPH before the applying the throttle to avoid this issue. It is possible to retrofit hall sensors to RC motors but that will not be discussed here.
RC Motor Sync - For e-bike use, Inexpensive ECSs like Turnigy controllers can lose sync when accelerating under high load, at very low RPM, or at very high RPM. The loss of sync at high RPM sounds like the motor is screeching, and is accompanied by a loss of power. At low RPM it sounds like the motor is stuttering. This should be avoided as it stresses the controller. The Motor itself is also important. To help prevent the loss of sync a high quality motor like Plettenberg or AstroFlight is recommended.
Choosing an RC motor
There are several parameters to look at when choosing an RC motor for your e-bike application. The first is, inrunner or outrunner? With inrunner motors the shaft rotates. This is good for driving chains or belts. With outrunner motors the outside shell rotates. This is good for direct friction to tire drive applications.
Typical E-bike RC motors run at 8,000 to 12,000 RPM with no load. In general this means with a 50V battery pack you will want a KV of 225 or lower. With a motor like this you can use a simple 2 stage gear reduction. You will need to pick a motor that works with the reduction gearing you are using to deliver your chosen top speed at maximum RPM. Higher motor speeds can be used, but the speed reduction gearing becomes complex. RC e-bikers have used motors with much higher RPM with complex multi-stage or planetary gearing like the Neugart PLE units. The advantage of this is that the bike has much better low end torque.
The Astroflight 8120-5T is a 225KV motor. 5T refers to five of turns per coil in the motor. This motor when run at 48V and using a 14:1 gear reduction with a 20" wheel give a top speed of about 30MPH. Because the RC motor doesn't have hall sensors, it is a "pedal first" system. This means you will need to pedal up to about 5 MPH to allow the motor to get to a high enough RPM to sync properly at a high load. After that, whoosh!
Here's an RC Drive Calculator to help you figure out how the tire size, motor KV, battery voltage, and gearing all interact to give you a top speed.
Next you will need to determine how much power you need. RC motors are rated in watts. It takes around 2000 watts (2KW) to get up hills at a decent speed and to go over 20 MPH into a stiff headwind, so that should be the minimum to consider. Anything over 5000 watts is a monster motor and will require a very powerful battery and stronger than standard bicycle drivetrain components. Note that 750 watts is one horsepower.
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
RC Motors controllers (ESCs) are very small and light compared to traditional e-bike controllers, they are also smarter. This is nice because they are small and lightweight, but it's bad because they do not have the ability to shed heat as easily.
The RC controller (ESC) has to figure out the correct timing synchronization for each throttle position and load condition using EMF (electro motive force) feedback. Some RC controllers are better at this than others. Castle Creations controllers are an example of a good controller. Cheaper controllers like Turnigy work fine for aircraft use, as the low RPM / High load conditions of the aircraft environment are not nearly as rigorous as those in an electric bike.
Castle Creations controllers are programmable via USB. You'll need the Castle Creations USB adaptor to connect your PC to it. This will also allow you to download the logged data so you can see pretty graphs of your motor use. Click here for some suggested settings when using the HV160 with the Astro Flight 3210 motor.
RC Controllers are generally do not support voltages higher than 50V (12 LiPo cells in series). The ESCs have heavy power wires going in and three heavy phase wires going out. They also have 3 smaller wires that connect to the throttle circuitry (servo tester).
Note that the ESC throttle wire colors in the schematic above may not match those on your ESC and servo tester, and the little plug can be plugged in two ways. In general, red goes to red and black goes to brown and if you get those right the other one will be right too..
Throttle Electronics
The Throttle for an RC motor is more difficult than a traditional e-bike system because RC ESCs are designed to be throttled by signals from a radio receiver. To make is work with a resistive e-bike throttle you need a "servo tester" and a "battery elimination circuit" (BEC). The BEC converts the 48V from the battery to 5V for the servo tester.


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During January, its first month of operations, Knox Company accumulated the following manufacturing costs: raw materials $4000 on account, factory labor $6000 of which $5200 relates to factory wages payable and $800 relates to payroll taxes payable and utilities payable $2000. Prepare journal entries for each type of manufacturing cost.
In January, Knox Company requisitions raw materials for production as follows: job 1 $900, job 2 $1400, job 3 $700, and general factory use $600. Prepare a summary journal entry to record raw materials used.
Recently Asked Questions
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- Consider a local market for strawberries in California and assume that the supply and demand functions are given by Qd = 15 − 9p Qs = 5 + p. Due to the


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Poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels were formed in y-butyrolactone; the critical polymer concentration for gel formation was 4.5 g per 100 cm 3. Gelation was caused by liquid-liquid phase separation, even if solid-liquid phase separation by crystallization occurred in the late stage of gelation, as shown by the formation of transparent gel, a relatively small enthalpy of gel formation and the existence of two types of crystal structures. In the dried gel films many spherulites connected by tie molecules were observed by scanning electron microscopy; the existence of such tie molecules is likely to make the formation of the gel films possible.
Посилання на статтю:
Thermoreversible gelation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in -butyrolactone solution / Jae Whan Cho* and Ha Yool Song and Sang Yong Kim // Polymer. – 1993. – Vol 34. – P. _PHONE_.


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gobbler (plural gobblers)
- (slang) A turkey.
- One who eats food very quickly, without decorum.
- My dog is such a gobbler: she can empty her food dish in less than a minute.
one who eats quickly
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.


Home | About Us | Contact Us
Rick Scott, Governor
Florida Department of Corrections, Secretary Julie L. Jones
Florida Department of Corrections
Julie L. Jones, Secretary
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding
the Release of an Inmate
 1. How do I find an inmate's release date?
 1. The release date is a complex calculation affected by type of sentence, gaintime, and county jail credit.
 - Florida statute, court decisions, inmate behavior, and program participation may affect release dates.
 - Release dates are continually recalculated until approximately three weeks before the inmate's sentence ends.
 2. The quickest way to find a release date is to visit our website.
 1. Go to the Inmate Population Search and type in the inmate's name or six-digit Department of Corrections number (DC#) and submit the request.
 2. When the list appears with your search results, click on the number in the first column to open the detailed page with the inmate's picture, release date, and other information.
 3. Please remember this database does not show persons on probation or parole, nor if they are in county jail or federal prison.
 1. The release date showing is the release date as of the moment.
 2. The release date may change based upon gaintime awards or forfeitures and court orders--these changes will appear on the website within 24 hours of the award or forfeiture.
 3. Gaintime input for inmates statewide is completed by the 15th of the month following the month the gaintime is earned.
 3. Why does his/her release date change?
 4. The release date changes because the inmate is either earning or losing gaintime, court orders,or case law decisions.
 5. Can you tell me the exact release date of an inmate?
 1. Due to the influence of gaintime on the release date calculation, giving an exact release date is not possible until about 30 days before the inmate's end of sentence. At that time, the release date calculation is set and an anticipated release date is established (unless the inmate forfeits gaintime previously earned).
 2. The Classification Officer at the institution is the best source of this date (see Question 5).
 3. If the release date is outside of the 30 day window, please refer to Question 2, above.
 6. How do I find detailed information about an inmate's release date?
 1. The best source for this information is the Classification Officer at the inmate's facility.
 2. Each facility has a Classification Unit which can be contacted at the address and phone number listed in our Facility Directory.
If you need more information on Inmate Release Dates, then e-mail us at: _EMAIL_.us
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Is My Pet Rat Blind? All You Need To Know (+ Rat Blindness Tests)
Is My Pet Rat Blind? A question often asked by pet rat owners. But if so, how can you determine that? The good news is that there are two reliable ways of finding out if your rat is blind or not, and we will discuss them in a moment, including caring for your rat if they are going blind.
Is my pet rat blind? To determine if your rat is blind, you can conduct a finger test. You can carry out the test when they're focused on something else or in front of their cage. Keep reading to learn about how both tests can be conducted safely. However, the most reliable way to know if your rat is blind is by consulting a vet.
Before we dive into the tests, we must understand how the eyesight of a rat works and what may lead to blindness in rats, then we'll take a look at measures you can adopt if your pet rat is going blind.
Rats do not have good eyesight
Unlike most animals, rats do not have the brightest vision. They lack what is known as 20/20 vision. Therefore, their vision of the world is blurred and hazy.
Since their vision is not optimized to see beyond a few feet, they may not recognize your presence by sight if you're at extreme ends of a big room. However, this is not an indication that their blind but a limitation of their vision.
With that said, you may wonder why they're able to detect your presence when you open the door or make a loud sound. The reason is that they have a heightened sense of hearing, not that they suddenly recovered their vision.
A commonly underlooked fact is that rats are nocturnal animals. Even at close range, they still do not have the best vision. Therefore, before you fret about your pet rat going blind, you must remember that rats do not depend entirely on their vision.
Rats are color blind
Rats do not experience the full range of light frequency, but they can detect ultraviolet light invisible to the human eye.
A rat's vision is black and white mostly, typically with a touch of other colors and most prominently grey. Therefore, a color-based test will fall short of determining a rat's blindness, regardless of how perfect their vision seems to be
Can Rats Go Blind?
Yes, rats can go blind. Compared to other animals, rats may have a higher propensity to go blind since they are not born with excellent vision. There are myths linked to blindness in rats, with an impeccable degree of truth to them. However, the primary cause of rat blindness is poor vision.
Does The Color of a Rat's Eye Matter?
Yes, the color of a rat's eyes matters when it comes to blindness. Rats that do not have red or pink eyes are known to have better vision than those that do. Also, those with red eyes tend to respond quickly to any form of light than their peers do.
Rats with pink and red eyes are said to have a shallow depth of field. Depth of field is a term used in photography to describe the area in view which is in focus.
If you have ever paid close attention to red-eyed rats, you may notice how frequently they shift their heads. The reason for this behavior is so that they can gain focus on objects not present in their limited depth of field. Many believe that the limited vision is the secret behind the red-eyed rat's enhanced nocturnal capabilities.
Sadly, that's far from the truth. It is impossible to see without light, and the red-eyed rats are no exception, especially in low-light areas.
Albino Rats And Blindness
Albino rats have poor vision in low light conditions due to their pink eyes. So we can say their vision is a lot worse than their peers.
According to science, rats with red or pink eyes cannot develop the same number of rod-shaped receptors compared to their peers due to the absence of melanin in their eyes. The cells that develop into the rod-shaped receptors require melanin for development
Since melanin is absent, about 1/3 of their rod cells are malformed, leaving the albino rat with poor vision.
It is sad that albino rats become disabled a few weeks after birth and may not even make it to maturity without going blind or almost blind.
Pink + Red-Eyed Rats Can Suffer From Light Exposure
Determining a pet rat's sensitivity to light may be a cruel experiment. However, we can safely infer that rodents with light-colored eyes will have a hard time exposed to bright light or sunlight because it could damage their fragile eyes.
You can help them by :
 - Placing their cage as far away from bright light as you possibly can.
 - Close the curtains to limit light rays from the sun unless it is a rainy day.
 - A window panel with a darkening effect would be perfect since you can move them around if your rats are constantly changing spaces.
What Else Can Make A Rat Go Blind?
Rats are like humans, so they can go blind for so many reasons. Some of the reasons include:
 - Poor Diet
 - Sickness
 - Congenital Blindness
 - Genetics
Eye infections can also lead to blindness in pet rats. If you notice any changes in their eyes, such as bulging, swelling, or inflammation of surrounding tissue, seek help immediately. Failure to do so may lead to blindness.
Rats can also lose their sight due to play fights. Because of their sharp claws, they may injure one another in the eye, leading to blindness.
 Though you may not be able to protect your pet rat from all the dangers that can lead to blindness, you certainly can ensure that their diet is in check. You may also adopt the use of vitamins made for rats.
Will My Pet Rat See Better At Night?
Rats are nocturnal creatures, but these little rodents are more optimized for smell and hearing than they are seeing. Not that these creatures do not see at night, they just are not visually inclined.
In the wild, they're more likely to flee predators by the sounds they make as they draw closer. Because fewer predators move around at night, it makes sense for them to hunt in the dark.
How To Tell If Your Rat Is Going Blind?
To know if your pet rat is blind, you can try one of these tests. However, nothing beats the services provided by a trained vet because there is no home kit designed to serve this purpose.
Let's get to the tests:
 1. The finger test. To perform the finger test, make sure you wash your hands thoroughly. If you do not wash your hands thoroughly, they may likely respond to the smell of food instead of the sight of your finger. After washing, hold your fingers 3 inches away from the edge of their cage while moving back and forth, staying within their field of vision. The goal here is to see if they can keep track of your moving fingers. If they fail to do so, repeat the test a few more times to rule out blindness. In some cases, rats are just not willing to participate in the tests.
 2. The sneaky finger test. If your rat continues to shake its head in a manner depicting focus, raise your fingers to their side but without making noise. If your pet rat doesn't detect it immediately – chances are, your rat may be going blind.
What To Do If Your Rat Is Blind?
Unlike humans, rats capable of living happily with blindness, but you have a role to play. Ensure not to change their space too often or move things around their cage, as doing this can lead to confusion and distress, which may take them longer to do things their sighted peers would easier.
Final Thoughts
Is my pet rat blind? You got the answer: In summary, there are two ways to know if your pet rat is going blind, you can try the finger test or the sneaky finger test. All of which can or may not be effective in some cases. However, it is refreshing to know that a blind rat can live a long and happy life so long as you are there to support them. If you are still worried your pet rat may be going blind, talk to a vet right away.


The Floating Eye - Exhibition Guide 4A
This is the exhibition guide to The Floating Eye, the Sydney Pavilion for the Inter-City Pavilions Project at the 9th Shanghai Biennale.
Curated by Aaron Seeto, The Floating Eye presented new and existing works from six contemporary Australian artists, Brook Andrew, Shaun Gladwell, Raquel Ormella, Khaled Sabsabi, Shen Shaomin and Bababa International.
Sydney's geography between Asia and the West results in the constant overlaying of different historical and cultural contexts. In presenting the personal accounts generated by individual artists, to mark out the engagements and the discontinuities they experience as they try to negotiate ideas of locality and culture in globalised context, all of the artists in The Floating Eye articulates a specific history of Australia; a feeling of being connected and disconnected simultaneously.
The exhibition encourages an observation of a city's shifting references and influences, how the overlay of time and history and our emotions and sensations of a place, give meaning and form to our shared spaces. As such the contemporary artists in The Floating Eye hold strong connections with Sydney and offer varied perspectives of the city's transforming reality observed though its demographics, environment, history, politics, geography and society.
Together the artists in The Floating Eye presents a framework to illustrate how Sydney, and Australia, considers itself within the region and highlights the layering of histories and diverse social and cultural experiences, which speak to the experience of individuals living in global cities such as Sydney.
The Floating Eye Exhibition Guide
Editor: Aaron Seeto
ISBN: 9780980803525
40 pages
The Floating Eye - Exhibition Guide


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If you are thinking about adding Koi fish to your pond for the first time, here are few tips to ensure they make it to their new home safely.
Upon finding a reputable dealer who has a good selection, take some time to study the livestock and choose wisely:
- The fish should have bright color and its fins should be outstretched. If the fins are folded back, it's not a happy camper and needs treatment.
- The eyes should be clear. Look for any bumps or bruises. Its movement should be smooth and fluid, not jerky.
- Once you've found your new addition, ask the dealer to "bag" it. The store will place the fish in a clear bag with just enough water to cover the fish. Air is more important here, and in some cases they will inject oxygen. Let them know if you have a long ride or if you are by yourself; they can supply you with a box to keep it stable.
- Don't carry the bag on your lap, as that adds heat and raises the temperature of the water. If it's a long, hot ride, the retailer may also supply some ice.
- Upon arriving home, remove the bag from the car and float it on the pond. The temperature of the water in the bag will gradually equalize with the pond in about 15 to 30 minutes.
- Test the water with your hand every so often, and when the temperatures seem relatively the same, release the fish into the pond.
In most cases, the fish will immediately hide somewhere, and will do so for up to several days. Don't be alarmed if you come out a few days later and your new pet is nowhere to be found. One Koi that I added to my pond disappeared for a week; however, it eventually got hungry and decided to join the rest of the gang at feeding time.
Enjoy your Koi!


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The Precambrian Shield, the oldest geological formation on the planet, lies under most of Northern Ontario. The shield was broken into many sections, or 'provinces.' Timmins sits on what is known as the Superior Province.
The history of the Timmins-Porcupine area goes back beyond the early days of the Porcupine mining camps. Archaeological and historical studies done in the area indicate that the first people to settle in the area were the nomadic people of the Shield Archaic culture, whose first record of existence dates back to 5,500 BC. Others from Europe came to the area in the late 1600s. They were explorers and traders who established outposts in the region to capitalize on the fur trade. It has even been postulated that Radisson and Des Grosseillers trapped fur in the area and had an outpost on Nighthawk Lake. The Hudson's Bay Company established several trading posts along major trading routes in the area. The Northwest Company also operated several posts.
Timmins was founded in 1912 and the community was a byproduct of the Porcupine Gold Rush. Situated 680 kilometres north of Toronto, the camp attracted men and women eager to find their fortune and carve a name for themselves in New Ontario. Starting in 1907, the area became home to dozens of prospectors who explored the areas around Porcupine Lake and the Frederick House River.
It was not until the discovery of the Dome Mine in 1909 by Jack Wilson, a member of the Harry Preston crew, that the area became known as an important gold camp. Benny Hollinger and his partner Alex Gillies were not far behind the Wilson party since they later discovered the Hollinger Gold Mine.
Discovered by Alexander Olifant (alias Sandy McIntyre), the McIntyre Mines completed the string of important gold discoveries in the Camp.
Many other gold mines would open up in the area around the Porcupine Camp in the next 60 years. However, no other gold mines discovered to date have ever equalled the importance of the first mines in the Timmins area, called the Big Three.
Most of the people who came to the Porcupine area settled around Porcupine Lake and Dome Mine is situated one mile from the lake. Four miles down the road, around the McIntyre Mine, the hamlet of Schumacher grew, which was named after Frederick Schumacher who was a druggist and supplier of'miracle medicines' in a dry camp. A mile from that site, the town of Timmins, which was in fact the company homes for employees of the Hollinger Mines, came to be. This entire area would form the core of the present City of Timmins, Canada's largest city in area size 3,185 km2.
The arrival of the rail system in 1911 accelerated the growth of the Camp. Until then, the trek to Porcupine was done by canoe and foot from Haileybury. That same year, two days after the first train arrived in the Porcupine, the entire Camp was destroyed in the fire of 1911. Because of the importance of the gold discoveries, very few people abandoned the camp and the area was rebuilt within two months.
The 1920s and 1930s were prosperous years. The Great Depression did not adversely affect the economy of the area. Jobs were available from any of the mines and lumbering facilities and farming also offered opportunities for the residents of the area.
A third important event in the history of the Camp was the decline of the gold mines in the 1950s. Until then, the community had been sheltered from the Great Depression and its effects on the economy. The discovery of base metals in the 1960s resurrected a dying industry and today the city continues to prosper because of numerous additional gold deposits and important zinc, copper, nickel, and silver finds. Secondary industries, such as lumbering, government and business services and tourism have also helped to maintain this growth.
In the 1990s, the City of Timmins became a regional service and distribution centre for Northeastern Ontario. In addition to its business based on natural resources, new areas of manufacturing, high technology and a labour-intensive service industry have emerged. Based on our vast wealth of natural resources, our region enjoys a strong and diversified industrial sector, using the latest technological advances to compete on the world market. The city's key industries include mining and smelting, forestry and manufacturing value-added wood products, metal fabrication, retail, service industries, and tourism.
Its people, resources and strong work ethic provide a favourable climate for investors, and there is confidence in the future of the growing community.
The City of Timmins owes its birthright to the riches of the Canadian Shield. On June 9, 1909, Harry Preston slipped on a rocky knoll and the heels of his boots stripped the moss to reveal a large vein of gold, which later became the Dome Mine. This vein was several hundred feet in length and was 150 feet wide.
In 1912, Noah Timmins founded the town to house the employees of the Hollinger Mine. In 1973, the town amalgamated with its neighbouring townships, and the City of Timmins was born. The City has grown since its inception, with a residential population of approximately 46,500. It services a region of more than 118,000 people it is one of the North's largest regional centres.
Building on its solid, industrial foundation, the City of Timmins offers a variety of natural, cultural and recreational diversions. It is a growing community that welcomes your business and provides ample opportunities. Country music superstar Shania Twain is also proud to call Timmins her hometown.
It's all here, waiting for you! Take a deep breath of fresh, Northern air and get ready to experience the Incredible hospitality of Timmins — the City with a Heart of Gold!


Elevate Averages 2 (Math Game) - Brain Training Games app for iPhone, iOS and Android
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We are a friendly community of brain training games players.
Gameplay and tutorial videos, tips and tricks, discussions:
This is a Elevate math game called Averages.
The intended benefits of playing this game are:
* Learn to quickly and accurately calculate averages
* Better understand costs that vary over time
* Interpret data presented in the news more confidently
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Yearly changes in Market Year Average (MYA) prices since 1973 have not included any years in which corn prices have decreased by more than 40%. In contrast, a price series beginning in 1886 — the first year in which the National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) reported prices — contains three percent of the years in which prices have declined by more than 40%. Using a longer-run price series suggests that corn prices have more downside risk.
Corn Prices and Price Changes
NASS reports MYA prices since 1866 (see Figure 1). MYA prices represent the average of cash prices received by farmers in the United States for corn sold during the marketing year. Since 1866, corn prices have generally risen, containing time periods in which corn price vary substantially around an average. Since World War II, there have been three of these periods. Between World War II up to the early-1970s, corn prices varied around an average price of $1.27 per bushel. Between the early-1970s to the mid-2000s, corn price varied around $2.37 per bushel. Since the mid-2000s, corn prices appear to have reached a new plateau and have averaged $4.37 per bushel. Generally, these periods are separated by structural changes in demand for corn. Predicting when these structural changes will occur is difficult.
Changes in corn prices from year-to-year can be large, as is illustrated in Figure 2. Visual inspection of price changes suggests that price variability is larger pre-World War II than post-World War II. This can be illustrated by the looking at the number of times prices have experienced a 40% decrease. There have been five years in which prices fell more than 40%: 1895, 1920, 1931, 1937, and 1948. Four of the five years occur prior to the beginning of World War II. None of these 40% decreases have occurred during recent times, which are defined here as the period since 1973 when corn prices rose to the $2.37 plateau.
Table 1 provides more quantification of less variability in recent times by showing frequencies of yearly price changes. For the entire time period, 3% of the time prices decrease by 40% or more. The frequency is 5% per-World War II and 2% post-WWII. In recent times, price decreases of 40% or more have not occurred.
Overall, prices changes fall within a tighter range post-World War II. This is illustrated by the frequency of 40% or larger price decreases illustrated above. It is also illustrate by price increases of 60% or more. Over the entire time period, price increase of 60% or more occur 6% of the time (see Table 1). More of these large price increases occur pre-World War II: 9 percent pre-World War II compared to 2% post-World War II.
Summary and Commentary
Use of longer run price series when evaluating price variability suggests that corn prices are more variable than use of a shorter time period. While there are good reasons to believe that the economic structure has changed leading to less variable corn prices, considering a longer-run perspective is important for three reasons:
- Research suggests that most people place more weight on recent time periods, discounting too heavily experience from the more distant past. In this case, more weight may be being placed on the relatively less variable price experience.
- Models were used to predict defaults when making home mortgage loans prior to financial difficulties in home mortgage market. These models under-predicted the chance of default, thereby understating risk. One reason many of these models understated risk is that many of the models used only recent data in predictions, not including data from more distant periods in which defaults were more prevalent. Similarly, not considering the pre-World War II experience could be argued to understate variability.
- A 40% decrease in price is an extreme event that occurs rarely. Estimating these extreme events present difficulties and requires a long time-series. Not being in a recent time-series does not mean that there is no chance that the event will occur.
NASS currently is estimating the 2011 MYA corn price to be $6.20 per bushel. A 40% decrease in price would result in a 2012 MYA price of $3.72 per bushel. The chance of this occurring is greater than zero, the chance that would result by examining price changes since 1973. Its chance of occurring likely is less than the 3% frequency suggested examining prices since 1866. The chance likely is close to a 1 in a 100 year event.
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Little Nightmares 2: The Story Explained
Little Nightmares 2 is an adorably horrifying delight. However, due to the nature of the game, the story isn't exactly straightforward. With no dialogue between any of the characters, you have to piece together the plot from clues seen in the environments. Thankfully, we here at TheGamer are adept at deciphering obtuse narratives. So let's take a look at the story of Little Nightmares 2 and try to figure out exactly what has happened to this disturbing world of disgusting, fleshy, cannibalistic creatures.
(As you might suspect, massive spoiler warning for Little Nightmares 2.)
Little Nightmares stars a young boy with a bag on his head named Mono. Throughout the game, Mono is drawn to television sets that display a transmission of a long hallway that ends at a door with an eyeball symbol. He is able to enter the TVs as if they were portals, but he can never quite reach the door before he's sucked back out to the real world. This will be very important later on.
He starts his adventure by traveling through a trap-infested forest before arriving at a creepy old house. Inside, he finds rotting meat and mannequins that are most likely the taxidermied remains of unlucky humans. He also finds a little girl playing with a music box who is being held hostage in the basement. He frees the girl by smashing the door with an ax, but instead of thanking him, she scurries away as fast as she can.
Mono finds the girl upstairs and the two begin working together in order to survive. They eventually discover the owner of the house who is a violent Hunter wearing a sack over his head. Upon seeing the children trying to escape, he chases after them with a shotgun. The two break into a small shed where a spare shotgun is being stored and shoot The Hunter, which presumably kills him. They find a large, discarded door and use it as a raft to cross a body of water. This takes them to the shores of a place known as The Pale City.
The two enter a school that is surprisingly populated with children. Of course, they're not normal children since this is Little Nightmares. They're actually strange living dolls with porcelain heads known as Bullies. They're all being taught by a woman called The Teacher, who has the bizarre ability to stretch out her neck to absurd lengths like Elastic Man. After the girl is captured by the Bullies, Mono rescues her again and the two barely escape from the school. They walk out into the streets during a heavy rainstorm. It is here that the little girl finds a familiar yellow raincoat and puts it on. So yeah, she's Six from the first game. What a twist!
Mono and Six make it through a dark hospital filled with living mannequins who can only be stopped by light. The two end up in the lower levels where they encounter a huge man called The Doctor. He's a grotesquely bulbous figure who scampers across the ceiling like some sort of spider. After a tense chase, Mono manages to trick The Doctor into entering an incinerator and burns him alive.
At this point, the two have seen a giant spire that's far off in the distance of the city. This is the Signal Tower and it's broadcasting a transmission that warps the bodies and minds of those who watch it. It explains the strange mutations that the characters we've come across have. It also explains the appearance of the hypnotized citizens known as The Viewers, whose faces have been turned into featureless, sunken flesh folds.
Mono has been lured to various TV sets a few times and almost reached the end of the hallway before being pulled away by Six. Mono finally enters one of the TVs and makes it to the end of the hallway. He opens the door with the eyeball on it, which turns out to be a big mistake. This unleashes a ghostly entity known as The Thin Man, who begins to hunt down the children upon his release. While Mono manages to hide from him, Six isn't as lucky and is sucked into the TV. The Thin Man continues to chase Mono until he's finally cornered in the middle of the city. It is here that we find out that Mono possesses similar powers to that of The Thin Man. He is able to use the transmission to defeat The Thin Man, which causes him to vanish. He then enters the Signal Tower to rescue Six once again.
Inside the Signal Tower is a strange, pinkish-purple alternate dimension where gravity and time seem to be distorted. After some searching, Mono finds Six. The only problem is that the Signal Tower has transformed her into a giant, twisted version of herself. This Six is obsessed with a music box that's similar to the one she was playing with when Mono originally saved her. Seeing that this music box is the object behind her transformation, Mono destroys it. Six tries to stop him, but he succeeds and frees her from the influence of the transmission.
The Signal Tower then suddenly begins to fall apart revealing that underneath the building is an overwhelming mass of gooey flesh and eyeballs. The two children run away as a wave of flesh tries to crush them. As a bridge towards the exit begins to crumble, Mono leaps towards a ledge, and Six manages to catch him. However, while she could easily lift him up, Six decides to let him go and Mono falls to the depths of the Signal Tower as Six nonchalantly escapes. She's not a very good friend.
Mono now finds himself stranded at the bottom of the tower. As he walks among the pulsating flesh and eyeballs, he comes across a single wooden chair. He sits down and he suddenly seems to be in a normal-looking room. We then watch a montage of him aging. He grows taller and thinner. He has become The Thin Man.
In the secret ending, we see Six exit through a TV set. As she stands, a glitched, shadow version of herself appears and looks down toward a drawing of the massive ship from the first game, The Maw. We then hear the familiar rumbling of Six's stomach. The events of this game were a prequel to the original Little Nightmares, as it shows the origins of Six's selfish survivalism, her impetus to reach The Maw, and the birth of her constant hunger.
And that's the bizarre tale of Little Nightmares 2. These games are unsettling pieces of art that need to be experienced. Even though you've just read the entirety of the story, it's still worth playing just to see what has come out of the disturbing imagination of Tarsier Studios.
NEXT: Dystopian Visual Novel Dry Drowning Launches For Switch On February 22
 - TheGamer Originals
 - Little Nightmares
 - Little Nightmares II
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Sing Old Rose
Sing Old Rose and burn the bellows. "Old Rose" was the title of a song now unknown; thus, Izaak Walton (_PHONE_) says, "Let's sing Old Rose." Burn the bellows is said to be a schoolboy's perversion of burn libellos. At breaking-up time the boys might say, "Let's sing Old Rose [a popular song], and burn our schoolbooks" (libellos). This does not accord with the words of the well-known catch, which evidently means "throw aside all implements of work."
Now we're met like jovial fellows, Let us do as wise men tell us, Sing Old Rose and burn the bellows.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894


In 1958, nuns and children died in fire at school in Chicago
Judith Bainbridge
The front page of The Greenville News on Dec. 2, 1958
Three nuns and scores of children died when fire swept through Our Lady of the Angels School in northwest Chicago on the afternoon of Dec. 1, 1958. One of the worst school tragedies of the century, the fire, which started in the corner of a basement corridor, climbed rapidly up a staircase to classrooms on the second floor where seventh and eighth graders were taught. The nuns, who belonged to the order of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin, died when they were overcome with smoke while they were trying to lead the children out of the building.
When firemen arrived on the scene, they discovered children crying and hanging out of upper floor windows. Some youngsters escaped by crawling out the doors while others were killed sitting at their desks. Initially concerned that the fire had been an arson attempt because the 40-year old building was solidly built, fire investigators later discovered that two boys had been sneaking a cigarette at a location where oil-soaked rags had been thrown. The perpetrators were not discovered.


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Is there a general rule of what kind of sets it is easier to prove connectedness using path connectedness or regular connectedness?
I understand that path connected $\implies$ connected, but are there situations where it's easier to prove using path connectedness vs. connectedness and vice-versa? One example I know of is that proving that an interval is connected in $\mathbb{R}$ by constructing a function
$\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow [a,b]: \gamma(t)=c+t(d-c), t\in [0,1]$
which is clearly continuous. The connectedness approach is a lot more laborious. So my question is, is there a general rule of what kind of sets it is easier to prove connectedness using path connectedness or regular connectedness?
share|improve this question
Given that connected doesn't imply path connected, I guess you're asking for what spaces these properties are equivalent? – Lepidopterist Mar 9 '12 at 3:54
Couldn't you just prove $[a,b]$ is connected by the same proof that $[0,1]$ is connected? You need to prove $[0,1]$ is connected anyhow to say that path-connected implies connected. Perhaps the most important class of spaces for which connected implies path-connected is manifolds. – Brett Frankel Mar 9 '12 at 4:01
I can use the fact that path connected implies connected without proof in my class. So I was wondering of what were some examples where this might come in handy -- where I am asked to prove some set is connected and use path connectedness instead – Emir Mar 9 '12 at 5:05
_USER_: No, Emir is asking whether there is asking whether there is a good heuristic for deciding which of the two is easier to prove for spaces that are path-connected. – Brian M. Scott Mar 9 '12 at 9:05
1 Answer 1
In my experiences, in metric spaces, path connectedness is usually-not always,but usuallyeasier and gives connectedness easily. In general topological spaces,it's sometimes not so easy to construct paths and the general definition of connectedness is usually more useful.
Interestingly, there are cases of topological spaces where it is fairly easy to prove the space is connected,but difficult to prove it is path connected. For example,the topologist's sine curve is connected but not path connected. How do we derive path connectedness given connectedness? The following theorem answers the question:
Theorem: Let S be a subset of a topological space X. Then if S is connected and locally path connected, then S is path connected.
The proof is somewhat lengthy,but not difficult. (Hint to get you started: Consider a path component S of X. By the definition of local connectedness, S is open in X. But what about the complement of S in X? Since X is locally path connected, there is at least one open set U for every point in the complement of S in X which is connected. So now consider the union of U and S in X.)
Notice the converse is NOT true, although it's easy to erroneously assume it is. The comb space is path connected but NOT locally path connected: _URL_
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Your Answer


This Spanish poem for children is titled Una casa con un sol. It uses familiar, conversational language to describe the way sunlight enters and brightens a house. It is a summer poem with basic vocabulary that Spanish language learners understand.
Una casa con un sol is by the well-known Argentine author and illustrator Douglas Wright. His books are hard to get in the United States, but he generously shares his work on his blog El jardín de Douglas.
There is an illustration to accompany this poem on the blog. The drawing is a good way to engage children with the subject of the poem before they read it. Looking at the picture they can predict what the poem will be about. You can also talk about where the sun comes into their house and how it feels. You will find the drawing here: Spanish poem for kids – Una casa con un sol.
As always, many thanks to Douglas for permission to share his poetry with the readers of Spanish Playground.
 Una casa con un sol
Qué linda que es esta casa
con un sol en la ventana,
no tengo que irlo a buscar,
está ahí, cada mañana.
Qué linda que es esta casa
con un gran sol en la puerta,
él no tiene que llamar,
yo se la dejo abierta.
Qué linda que es esta casa
con esa luz encendida,
el sol de cada mañana,
ésa es la luz de la vida.
 You may also be interested in this post: Poem by Douglas Wright is Wonderful for Children Learning Spanish
Photo Credit: Steve A Johnson via Compfight cc
Teaching My Children Spanish - A Few Observations Now That They Are Older
Printable Spanish Summer Activities List


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As it is well-known, the activation of latent slag in blended cement is implemented by calcium hydroxide (CH, Ca(OH)2) which is the main cause maintaining the high pH value of pore solution.
The activation happens as the break of glass layer of slag particles. However, how does the break take place in detail? Researchers have already proposed a theory to explain the process, which will be discussed in the post. The main composition of glass is SiO2, thus the break of glass layer is actually the break of chemical bond between Si and O (Si-O). In the first step, the bond Si-O is broken by hydroxyl,
Then the other part of broken bond Si-O– further react with water (H2O), as the following reaction equation,
By the second step, hydroxyl is returned. The break of Si-O bond is finished. Therefore, the two steps can be combined into one equation,
From the overall process, it can be seen that hydroxyl acts as activator and is not consumed.
This is the theory which explains the activation of slag by CH in slag blended cement.Share it to: Facebook | Twitter | Google+ | More…
- What is Geopolymer cement?
- The Influence of Slag on the Hydration of Cement
- How much is the bulk density of hydrating (blended) cement paste?
- Sample Preparation for Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (XRD/Rietveld)
- Determining the Amount of Reacted Slag in Blended Cement Using EDTA Method
- Concrete made with slag improves resistance to fire damage
- Does particle size of slag influence its reactivity?
- Published literature data on the reaction degree of slag
- Methods to measure the reaction degree of slag in blended cement
- Factors influence the reaction degree of slag in slag blended cement


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Be a Leader in Developing and Applying Sustainability Practices
Sustainability has been called "the art of doing business in an interconnected world." Often referred to as the "triple bottom line," a sustainable organization is one that creates profits for its owners (or accomplishes its mission as a non-profit) while protecting the environment and improving the lives of those it touches.
This approach is rapidly gaining momentum. Increasingly, sustainability is becoming a vital part of strategy and operations for businesses and nonprofit organizations worldwide. Career options are growing and highly varied. Those who understand and can apply sustainability strategies are poised to develop sustainable practices in manufacturing, distribution, healthcare, consumer packaged goods, retail, agriculture, hospitality, financial services, non-profits, schools, government, and much more.
Antioch University is a pioneer in learner-centered education based on a foundation of advancing social, economic, and environmental justice, including management education centered around sustainability. Make a difference in the world. Advance your knowledge of sustainable systems, environmental sustainability, and diversity and social sustainability to become an effective and innovative leader, decision-maker, and strategist in forward-thinking businesses and non-profit organizations.
Advance your career with a 100% online, graduate-level Management certificate in just 16 weeks!
This degree is offered by AU New England.
Antioch University's Management Certificate in Sustainable Systems is designed for individuals who wish to advance their careers developing, leading, and implementing sustainability initiatives. Earning this Certificate is an effective way to develop a solid understanding of triple bottom line thinking, and how to integrate sustainability practices into organizational strategies and operations.
Students will learn and apply:
- An understanding of foundational scientific laws that govern sustainability in all complex systems, and processes to investigate how such principles apply to business organizational structures and operations.
- A systems approach to understanding earth's physical and biological environment, and how sustainability practices address organizational environmental impact such as energy consumption, resource usage, and waste streams.
- Conceptual models and strategic and behavioral skills to understand the nature of diversity and inclusion, effectively serve as a leader, manager, and team-member, and lead social sustainability.
- The Sustainable Systems Certificate is offered 100% online
- The Certificate consists of three 3-credit courses
- To earn a certificate, students must successfully complete all three required courses, earning a total of 9-credits, during one 16-week semester
- Each course is 100% online
- Students earn graduate-level credit
- Principles of Sustainable Systems (3-credits)
- Earth Systems and Climate Change (3-credits)
- Diversity and Social Sustainability (3-credits)
How to Apply
Please check back for application information
We are currently seeking approval for this certificate to be eligible for federal student loans; please check with Financial Aid for updates.


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Christopher McIntosh (PPE, 1962)
Gardens of the Gods is an invitation to look at and create gardens in a new way—or rather a very old way that has been widely forgotten. Its theme is the garden as a sacred space, an outdoor temple carrying an intentional message: religious, mystical, poetic or philosophical. Christopher McIntosh reveals the basic elements of the visual language used to convey meaning in a garden: its form and proportions; the decorative features in it; and the plants with their symbolic or mythological associations. He gives examples of motifs most frequently used and most pregnant with meaning, such as labyrinths, grottoes, fountains, monoliths and sacred groves. The reader is then taken on a fascinating tour of the great gardening traditions of different periods and regions. These include the gardens of China with their moon gates and immortal rocks, the Zen gardens of Japan, the paradise gardens of Islam, those of Renaissance Italy, the landscaped parks of England, and some striking modern examples of symbolic gardens, such as the Tarot Garden of the sculptress Niki de Saint Phalle in Italy.
For more information about Gardens of the Gods please click here.
Registered Charity Number: _PHONE_


I'll Know It When I See It
Viewing drawings is the most basic feature of document management packages. More nonCAD users, such as those in technical publications or purchasing, need to find drawings, examine them for detail, and possibly plot them out. In its simplest form, a viewer lets people only look at drawings to extract information.
Documents must be in a database before authorized users can view them. Most viewers and document systems are based on widely used databases. This information is typically called metadata, or data about company information, such as which computer holds drawings for a particular project, which computer stores the specs for a project, and which computers have memos and communications for the job. With this setup, the user need not know where the file is stored to view it.
For those faced with managing a mountain of paper drawings, one expert suggests dividing the pile into active and inactive stacks and scanning only the most recent or active drawings. Most viewing packages also include features for checking out and returning drawings. Check-out lets users view, and with proper credentials, print drawings.
PDM Systems
Guiding the Workflow
Workflow managers make sure documents such as drawings, approval forms, and memos get to the right people at the right time. They provide a framework so the tools that designers use, such as CAD or view-redline capability, are more easily plugged in. That means a document-management package must support a wide range of file formats from word processing, spread sheets, and raster formats such as.tiff and.gif.
Workgroup managers differ from full-blown PDM systems in that workgroup-level solutions can be assembled and working in 120 days or less while a company-wide PDM system can take years.


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More about the process of custom jewelry design
Learn about custom jewelry design
View expamples of recent custom design projects
Learn how to order your custom made jewelry
Get started now by getting a custom jewelry quote
Custom Jewelry Design Frequently Asked Questions
For years custom designed jewelry has been created using old world techniques dating as far back as the 1800's. Until recently, almost all-custom designed jewelry was created using these methods. The introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) has changed all that and in it's wake ushered in a whole new universe of possibilities. Designs that were never thought possible can be made to the highest quality standards.
Before learning about the benefits of 3D-CAD you'll need to know more about the custom jewelry design process. Most jewelry is made using a method called lost wax casting. A skilled artisan/jeweler hand carves a jewelry prototype out of jewelers wax using small scalpels and knives. This wax prototype also known as a "model" is placed in a flask and plaster called "investment" is poured all around the model. Once the investment hardens an exact impression of the model is formed inside of the flask. The wax model is burned out of the flask leaving a cavity of the jewelry design.
Next the molten metal is injected in the flask mold using vacuum or centrifugal casting. When the metal cools and hardens the investment is broken away revealing the un-finished jewelry casting. This casting is filed, polished and prepped for assembly, which may include setting the gemstones or welding other precious metal parts to the casting.
The process of hand carving the wax prototype has always been the accepted process for creating custom jewelry. The problem with this process is that the human hand can't be as precise as a computer-aided machine when carving the model. Precision equates to more design possibilities and much higher quality jewelry production. In the end you'll have a product that looks crisper and won't be prone to stone loss or breakage.
Computer Aided Design is a sophisticated modeling process using advanced software to plot coordinates for mechanical drawings. These drawings can be exported to various types of prototyping machines called CNC mills or growing machines. CNC mills cut-away material from a block of wax to make the jewelry model. The growing machines layer material from side to side much like a printer to build the model. The precision of these models exceeds what any human could do while hand carving the jewelry model. Design possibilities become limitless because the 3D-CAD software enables the designer to create parts and design elements that aren't possible using outmoded tools and methods.
Another benefit of 3D-CAD jewelry design is the ability to see a computer rendering before the final completion of the jewelry. In old methods the jeweler would create crude counter sketches of your concept and the rest would be left to your imagination. Now the designs that the jeweler creates in 3D-CAD can be rendered to photo-realistic images for you to view before making your final decisions.
We invite you to share your ideas with us. We are happy to provide a quote for the creation of your dream jewelry, whether it is an elegant custom engagement ring or a fine piece of custom men's jewelry Use our Custom Jewelry Design Quote page to provide the details and your contact information.We will reply within 24-48 hours.


Abyaneh, also known as Red village (because of its red soil and houses) is a historic village in the central district of Natanz in Isfahan province of Iran, 70 kilometers southeast of Kashan and It is 2,500 meters above sea-level.
The word 'Abyaneh' has been borrowed from the word "Viona" meaning Willowy. It is one of the oldest human settlements in Iran's dessert.
Abyaneh History
During the Arabs invasion of Persia in the 7th century, many followers of the Zoroastrian religion ran from their own houses and fled to the surrounding mountains or deserts to escape forced conversion to Islam.
The village extends along a river. Although the village itself is situated on high grounds, in the past three castles were built to protect the people from enemies. Furthermore, the configuration of the village protects it from strong wind and flood.
The oldest building in Abyaneh is Harpak Zoroastrian Fire Temple, which was built during the Achaemenid period (550-330 BC).
Abyaneh Attractions
Abyaneh Village
as a matter of fact This fire temple used to be an important religious temple for its majority Zoroastrian inhabitants until Islam was fully accepted by the locals. But its golden period was during the Safavid dynasty.
Unique features
Abyaneh is like a living anthropological and architectural museum. It presents an interesting model of adaptation to the environment.
Similar to other mountainous villages of Iran, such as Masouleh or Uraman Takht, Abyaneh has stepped architecture with the roof of each house is the courtyard of the one above it but Abyaneh has kept its traditional architecture, culture, ceremonies, clothing, language, etc.
that is why this historical village is on the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Abyaneh locals
Abyaneh Local People
Abyaneh has a compact texture with steep and narrow alleys. Located on the slope of the mountain, Timbers, clay, and straw are used for building roofs.
In addition the walls and Houses, built from red mud bricks which are impressive. The houses have been built facing towards the east to get the maximum sunshine.
The simplicity of the houses and people presents a picture of life in rural Iran. For example, a single room may be used as a sitting room, a dining room, a guest room, and a bedroom. The rooms used in cold seasons are architecturally different from those used in warm seasons.
To provide lighting for all parts of the house, there are several small windows around the walls. The size of the rooms, doors, and windows all indicate the simplicity of life in this ancient village.
Abyaneh Architecture
A stunning aspect of Abyaneh's architecture is that the houses are similar in appearance. Most of the doors have two knockers, are wooden and built in traditional styles.
There are beautiful designs, Quranic verses or poems and sometimes names of the owners and mason carved on the doors. These poems show a good picture of the old Iranian culture.
Many facades date back to the Safavid dynasty. There are small sitting places that provide places for passers-by or residents to rest for a while.
Most of the houses in Abyaneh have balconies that protrude into the alleyways and designed with colorful flowers.
One of the most eye-catching designs of most ancient wooden doors in Iran is the door knockers.
Each house usually has a pair of doors, which are equipped with different door knockers. One of them has a long shape, while the other one has a round shape.
What's the difference, you may ask? there is an interesting story behind that! Traditionally, the round-shaped door knockers are strictly for female use, on the other hand, the long shaped door knockers are for male use.
Ancient Village of Iran
Abyaneh Local Custom
In fact these two-door knockers have different sounds, which gives a clue to the owner whether a male or a female knocks the door. A female house owner answers the door if the caller is a female and vice versa. If there are no men in the house, then the woman can be prepared and wear a hijab if a male is behind that door.
The local language of the people of Abyaneh is Parthian Pahlavi. They are extremely committed to honoring their traditions. No matter how well educated a local might be, he or she wears traditional Abyaneh costume on coming back to the village.
Traditional Outfit in Abyaneh
Abyaneh Red Village
Abyaneh Red Village
Their traditional clothes are examples of styles of great antiquity. A woman from Abyaneh has inherited her wedding dress from her grandmother.
likewise women typically wear a white long scarf that covers the shoulders and upper trunk which has a flowered pattern named Charghad and an under-knee skirt and men a very loose pair of pants with a coat.
These people strongly maintain this traditional costume.
Although this village is small in size, it has many untold stories inside the minds of its locals and there are many mysterious things to be explored by the visitors who love discovering and exploring new things about the past.
Finally, all of these factors make this village worth a visit by any tourist visiting Iran without a doubt.
Harpark Fire Temple
Hinza (Anahita) Temple
Abyaneh Castles
Jameh Mosque
Porzaleh Mosque
Hajatgah Mosque
Imamzade Isa (Jesus) and Yahya (John)
Abyaneh Anthropology Museum
Wall Decorative Pendants
Traditional Clothes
Silver ornaments
Decorations made of wild rue seeds
Carpet Weaving
Traditional Cuisine
Dried Fruits
Fruit Leather
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Address: Qasrdasht st. Shiraz
Mobile: +989173020393
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Iran Tour and Travel Company
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The fputcsv() function formats a line as CSV and writes it to an open file.
This function returns the length of the written string, or FALSE on failure.
|file||Required. Specifies the open file to write to|
|fields||Required. Specifies which array to get the data from|
|separator||Optional. A character that specifies the field separator. Default is comma (, )|
|enclosure||Optional. A character that specifies the field enclosure character. Default is "|
Tip: Also see the fgetcsv() function.
The CSV file will look like this after the code above has been executed:
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WI.A. Science Connections: Students in Wisconsin will understand that there are unifying themes: systems, order, organization, and interactions; evidence, models, and explanations; constancy, change, and measurement; evolution, equilibrium, and energy; form and function among scientific disciplines.
A.8.8. Use the themes of evolution, equilibrium, and energy to predict future events or changes in the natural world.
WI.D. Physical Science: Students in Wisconsin will demonstrate an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of matter, the forms and properties of energy, and the ways in which matter and energy interact.
D.8.3. Properties and Changes of Properties in Matter: Understand how chemical interactions and behaviors lead to new substances with different properties.
D.8.4. Properties and Changes of Properties in Matter: While conducting investigations, use the science themes to develop explanations of physical and chemical interactions and energy exchanges.
D.8.7. Motions and Forces: While conducting investigations of common physical and chemical interactions occurring in the laboratory and the outside world, use commonly accepted definitions of energy and the idea of energy conservation.
D.8.9. Transfer of Energy: Explain the behaviors of various forms of energy by using the models of energy transmission, both in the laboratory and in real-life situations in the outside world.


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Research England's second iteration of new and enhanced KEF dashboards, passes another major milestone as it builds on positive feedback on the first version.
Knowledge Exchange Framework (KEF) is already regarded positively in higher education, improving the status of knowledge exchange, driving strategic and evolved approaches, and helping to improve data. It is also generally regarded as a sound approach, with new features introduced today.
These new features provide even better public information on the rich and diverse ways English universities continue to engage with society and our economy, locally, nationally, and internationally.
KEF2 uses updated data and an evolved methodology to examine the performance of English higher education providers (HEPs) from a variety of different perspectives.
New features for KEF2 further demonstrate that regardless of the type of activity that a university may specialise or excel in, this is reflected in their final results.
KEF2 provides a more accurate picture of how universities perform across the sector while preserving the considered and tested model developed alongside the sector.
The new dashboards are available on the KEF's interactive website.
Delivering economic and social impact
Building on the successes of the first iteration of the KEF, KEF2 continues to demonstrate the range of valuable activities universities conduct with external partners across seven perspectives. These perspectives include:
- public and community engagement
- working with partners ranging from big businesses to small local firms
- how they commercialise home-grown research.
It also demonstrates the diversity of universities that support the government's key national and global priorities through these activities.
The KEF is recognised by the government as 'valuable to capture contributions to economic growth, such as place and civic contributions' and plays an important part in driving forward these agendas.
David Sweeney CBE, Executive Chair of Research England, said:
Knowledge exchange is integral to the mission and purpose of our universities, and its importance in contributing to societal and economic prosperity is strongly supported by the government.
Today's new version of the KEF takes further forward the vision and potential of KE activity, providing richer evidence to demonstrate universities' strengths in different areas when set alongside their peers.
This technical evolution of the first iteration of KEF dashboards includes:
- an evolved methodology
- updates to the current metrics
- enhanced presentation of the results.
These changes were designed following a deep-dive review of the first iteration with the sector to further improve the robustness of the results. KEF1 dashboards were published in March 2021.
For the first time, KEF2 includes university activity conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic.
It takes into account the KEF's underlying data and insights from the UCI Policy Evidence Unit at the University of Cambridge. And its results highlight the remarkable resilience of the English higher education sector during a period of disruption and instability.
In particular, activity levels have been maintained across a breadth of KE in order to support the UK's economic and societal recovery from the pandemic.
In KEF2, encouraging signs of growing success are emerging particularly in the perspectives for intellectual property and commercialisation and research partnerships.
The core principles underpinning KEF2 however remain largely unchanged, drawing on the successes of the first iteration as a novel framework in KE.
Significantly, the KEF compares institutions on a like-for-like basis, with similar institutions being grouped together with their peers in 'KE clusters'.
This is a fair and balanced approach that avoids making unhelpful comparisons between incomparable institutions.
Clustering has been instrumental in demonstrating the value of universities of all sizes and specialisms and their contributions to the UK economy.
KEF results are determined by taking data covering a wide range of a university's activities and using this to form a series of metrics.
These then go into seven perspectives, and updated for the second iteration, a university receives a quintile score for each perspective displayed in relation to the average for its cluster.
The KEF website continues to show the detailed, qualitative information submitted by HEPs for the first iteration about how they build community engagement and promote growth in their local areas.
For more information about the KEF, including about clusters, perspectives and metrics, please take a look at the technical notes on the KEF website.
The majority of the data that form the metrics of the KEF continues to comes from the long-standing HESA Higher Education Business and Community Interaction survey, supported by:
- narratives provided by the institutions for the first iteration that inform the local growth and regeneration, and public and community engagement perspectives
- data provided by Innovate UK
- data provided by Elsevier.
All institutions in receipt of a Research England Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF) allocation in 2021 to 2022 are included in the exercise.
Some institutions who were eligible for HEIF but did not meet the threshold for an allocation have still elected to participate in the KEF. The clusters are not ranked, and the KEF is not a league table.
Research England will continue to develop future iterations of the KEF annually. The KEF is not currently used to inform funding.
Top image: Credit: PeopleImages, iStock, Getty Images Plus via Getty Images


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The three antennas on the Dutch-Chinese radio telescope, which is currently located behind the moon, have been unfolded. This was officially announced today by the Dutch team. The Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer (NCLE) hung in space waiting for over a year. This was longer than initially planned, as the accompanying communications satellite had to assist a Chinese lunar lander for a longer time.
The Chinese satellite was previously mainly seen as a communications satellite. However, the Chinese moon mission has by now achieved its primary goals. Consequently, the Chinese have redefined the satellite to be a radio observatory. As such, the Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer is the first Dutch-Chinese space observatory for radio astronomy.
Marc Klein Wolt, Managing Director of theRadboud Radio Laband leader of the Dutch team, is happy: "Our contribution to the Chinese Chang'e 4 mission has now increased tremendously. We have the opportunity to perform our observations during the fourteen-day-long night behind the moon, which is much longer than was originally the idea. The moon night is ours, now. "
The unfolding of one of the three antennas. This series of three photographs was taken during the unfolding of an antenna on the QueQiao satellite, which is located behind the moon at around 450 thousand kilometers from Earth. The antenna is the black-and-white rod pointed away from the camera. The gilded cube is the casing in which the antenna has waited to be unfolded for 18 months. © Marc Klein Wolt / Radboud University
Last week, Klein Wolt went to China with engineer Eric Bertels from the antenna manufacturer ISISpace to prepare the unfolding of the antennas. Bertels: "The launch eighteen months agowas already extremely thrilling, of course, but we had no hand in it. Now that our own instrument was concerned, things were rather different. "
Albert-Jan Boonstra of ASTRON is pleased to see that the antennas have been unfolded after three years of hard work: "This is a unique demonstration of technology that paves the way for future radio instruments in space."
Heino Falckeof Radboud University and scientific leader of the Dutch-Chinese radio telescope can barely wait to get his hands on the first measurements. "We are finally in business and have a radio-astronomy instrument of Dutch origin in space. The team has worked incredibly hard, and the first data will reveal how well the instrument truly performs. "
The longer stay behind the moon most probably did have an effect on the antennas. At first, the antennas unfolded smoothly, but as the process progressed, it became increasingly difficult. The team therefore decided to collect data first and perhaps unfold the antennas further at a later point in time. With these shorter antennas, the instrument is sensitive to signals from around 800 million years after the Big Bang. Once unfolded to their full length, they will be able to capture signals from just after the Big Bang.
Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer
TheNetherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer(NCLE) is a prototype radio telescope built to record weak radio signals from a period just following the Big Bang, called the Dark Ages. These signals are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere, which is why the telescope was placed on a satellite and brought to a location behind the moon. With this satellite, called QueQiao, the China National Space Administration (CNSA) has been navigating a lunar lander that has been driving around the back of the moon since early 2019. The Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer was developed in the Netherlands by Radboud University (Nijmegen), ASTRON (Dwingeloo) and the ISISpace company (Delft), with support from the Netherlands Space Office.
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