Elisa Lam Reddit Theory explained, Is she died from Tuberculosis in Netflix's Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel
Elima Lam mysterious death case is getting a lot of speculations everyday on social media platforms like she was having Tuberculosis, hallucinating, and even having bipolar disorder. Nobody knows how the 21-year-old Canadian tourist die in the Cecil hotel. What happened to her before getting into the 1000 gallon water tank? Let's find out the reddit TB theory.
Elisa Lam Reddit Theory Explained
Elisa Lam reddit theory suggests that she was a test subject for testing some new Tuberculosis medications because in the 2013 there was a TB outbreak in downtown Los Angeles's Skid Row especially homeless peoples. Also, she go through LAM-ELISA to test for the fatal disease but during her autopsy report nothing was clear if she had TB or not.
Elisa Lam mysterious murder photo
However, this theory also puts light on the fact that the bizarre behavior of Elisa was a side-effect of taking anti-TB medication. Some theorists also suggest in Netflix documentary, Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel that she was fatally silenced because she knew too much at the popular TB Research center of Canada.
Does she died from Tuberculosis?
No! Elisa Lam's autopsy report revealed that she was not having Tuberculosis at the time of her death. Instead, the report determined that she died of accidental drowning but nobody knows how she got herself into the drowning scene. So, how did Elisa Lam die and who found her body in the tank?
What is an ELISA-LAM Test?
The LAM-ELISA test stands for Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). It is used to detect Tuberculosis in children and was carried out in February 2013 while looking for 4,500 carriers of the deadly disease.
Where is Elisa Lam family now?
Elisa Lam's family include her father David Lam, mother Yinna Lam, and her sister Sarah. She was living happily with her family in Vancouver, British Columbia before planning a solo trip to American West Coast and ended up to Los Angeles in the late January 2013.
ELisa Lam death
She was calling home everyday since she reached at the Cecil hotel. But one day, she neither accepted nor rejected a call from her home. This was the day she went missing and parents were unaware of the reason and without wasting time parents reported her missing to the authorities.
On February 2019, her body was found in hotel's water tank on roof and the autopsy report suggested the cause of her death was accidental drowning with bipolar disorder involvement. Then, her family filed a lawsuit on the hotel but that was a tragedy so LA Supreme Court dismissed the case. Today, the family prefers to stay away from the spotlight and no information about their location is revealed in the public.
What do you think about Elisa Lam Reddit Theory, is it correct or not?
Please enter your comment!
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Note: I received a free copy of this product for review purposes. Some links in this review might be affiliate programs, so I'll make some coffee money if you buy. You get it at the normal price though!
Rocket German Review
Reviewed by: The German Project
Rocket German "dashboard" screenshot
Rocket German is an online German course and app from Rocket Languages. It comes in three levels making it suitable for beginner to intermediate German learners.
Rocket German doesn't have quite the same flashy marketing as bigger names like Rosetta Stone, Pimsleur or Fluenz. It's also nowhere near as cute as that Duolingo owl. But you'll see a lot of people talking about it because it seems to offer a whole lot, without costing the earth.
On first glance it can be a bit hard to understand exactly what you're getting with Rocket German: There are podcast-style lessons, a grammar course, and a bunch of other tools for each lesson with a sugar-dusting of gamification, badges, awards and other trinkets.
So how does it actually work?
Let's take a look.
The interactive audio course
The first place you start in Rocket German is with the "Interactive Audio Course".
The Interactive Audio lessons are essentially podcasts. You can listen to them on your computer, download them to a music device, or access them through the app. They're all around 20 minutes long, which is a good length for me: Long enough to learn something, but not so long that it gets dull.
Rocket German interactive audio lesson screenshot
Confession time: In the past I've hurled a lot of criticism at language audio courses for teaching useless stuff at the beginning. Stuff like how to book a hotel room over the phone. Who does that anymore?
But Rocket German teaches you something much more useful: Within the first three interactive audio lessons you've learned how to how to order both tea and coffee in German. Now that's some useful language skills.
The Interactive Audio lessons are structured around a conversation. When the lesson starts, you'll hear a Pretty Intimidating Conversation, and then over the next twenty minutes Lena and Paul will break it down.
Rocket German audio lesson transcript
Part of a conversation from an audio lesson. (The actual lessons are like podcasts, but you also get written transcripts and notes to practice with.)
In these audio lessons you'll do a lot of pronunciation practice (occasionally right down to individual syllables — useful for those really long German words) and you'll learn a bit about how the words work.
Most importantly, you'll learn how to use all those words and constructions in a variety of other ways, so you can quickly start joining in real life conversations.
Update: The Interactive Audio lessons were re-written and re-recorded in 2020 with a new (American) host and two native German speakers. The previous host was a little grating. If you read other reviews that mention an annoying host... they're probably referring to the old versions of the lessons.
Overall I found the audio lessons taught me a surprising amount of useful German in a short space of time. They strike a nice balance between:
 1. Essential and usable German building blocks
 2. Cultural insights
 3. Pronunciation practice
Most importantly, what you get out of these lessons is a whole lot of motivation. Motivation comes from being able to see great results in a short space of time, and that's what these lessons deliver.
They don't necessarily go into a whole lot of depth, but that's where the next course component comes in...
The "language and culture" course
The audio course covers the most essential German you need to survive, and it gets you "functional" fast. But if you want to become fully fluent in German, the audio course isn't going to get you all the way there.
So Rocket German also comes with a more detailed written grammar course that can be used alongside the audio course. (They call it the "language and culture" course, but it's mostly grammar and vocabulary, with a few extra cultural insights included.)
This is more like a traditional-style German course. They cover in greater depth all of the nitty-gritty that the audio course skims over. The explanations are straightforward, and there's a lot of that lovely clear audio built-in, so you can practice hearing and speaking the words.
Rocket German grammar course layout
The "language and culture" lessons go into more depth than the audio course. There's audio and pronunciation practice for almost every audio example.
If you don't like learning all the technical grammar points in these lessons — that's ok. I'd recommend that you just stick to the interactive audio lessons, which are much easier to digest.
Once you start to get a little bit more curious, or you bump up against something you can't figure out, you can come back to these lessons.
(Curiosity is the best fuel for learning!)
Practicing and reinforcing what you've learned
One of my biggest weaknesses when learning a new language is that it's tempting to skip through the material too quickly. I think I understand it, so I move onto the next section. Then it all evaporates from my memory when I need it most.
Rocket German gives you a bunch of tools at the end of every lesson to make sure you've fully mastered every single angle of the material before you move onto the next step.
It tests your listening, your writing, your pronunciation, and your ability to find the right words when you're under pressure!
The tests use a self-rating system (so it's up to you to be honest) and spaced-repetition (so if something is difficult, you'll keep seeing it until it's easy). I've found these exercises challenge me to slow down and really learn the material, and my recall and confidence is better.
One of my favorite tools is the flash card game — simple but effective.
Rocket German flash cards example
Each lesson comes with a corresponding set of flashcards, or you can create your own to focus on words and phrases that you really want to practice.
Testing your pronunciation
If you've ever been afraid to speak your German out loud, for fear that nobody would understand you... you'll like this next feature.
Every single audio example in Rocket German has a voice-recording tool built in, so you can record your pronunciation and see how good it is.
Rocket German pronunciation tool example
In the first example, I got it right. In the second example I said the wrong name. Rocket German uses red text to highlight where you went wrong.
The tool is based on similar voice recognition technology to the technology in your phone that lets you give it voice commands.
The idea is that if you can get it to understand your German... you'll probably be easily understood by an actual German-speaking person. Right?
There are three difficulty levels that are supposed to require more refined pronunciation. In my testing I didn't notice much difference between the levels, but it could simply be that my German pronunciation is sehr gut.
You can try it out on the Rocket German website, about halfway down the page.
Who is Rocket German suitable for?
 - Anyone who needs a fast grasp of some German basics: The Interactive Audio Course is a great introduction. It's fun to listen to, teaches you a surprising amount, and it gives you real, usable German building blocks from very early in the course.
 - Anyone who wants to become fluent: The addition of the "language and culture" lessons means you can dig deeper and learn more grammar and vocabulary. Rocket German comes in three levels so you can go all the way from beginner to advanced.
 - German learners who have trouble getting German to "stick": The testing tools are really useful for locking the material into your memory, and they're fun as well.
 - Anyone taking a German course who wants extra help: The "language and culture" courses and testing tools can be used alongside another course for revision and practice.
The things I really like are...
 - It gives you meaningful results, fast: The course is front-loaded with useful language, so you can actually start using it from day one. This is a lot more motivating than courses that start with grammar basics, and it means you're more likely to stick with it.
 - But it's also includes a really comprehensive grammar course: So that after that initial burst of accomplishment, you can also dig down and learn the finer details of the language. This is a course that just keeps giving.
 - It's good for different learning styles: Rocket German offers different approaches to learning German. You might learn best through tests and games, or through listening to the audio course, or by reading through the lessons. You can pick the strategy that works best for you.
 - But it's not a gimmick: Some language courses are little more than fancy games that make you feel like you're doing well, but don't really help you become fluent in German. Rocket German is, underneath, a rock solid traditional German course with some fun ways of approaching the tried-and-true material. (Yes, there are 16 ways of saying "my" in German. Yes, Rocket German will teach you all of them.)
 - There's an app for iOS and Android so you can do the entire course from your smartphone or tablet.
 - No software to install on a laptop/desktop. It's an online course, so you just go to their website, log in, and it all works. No need to download anything or muck around installing things. It just works.
 - Good bang for buck: At the time of writing this, you can get the first level for under a hundred bucks. That gets you 29 interactive audio lessons, 34


text: Chinese 李: from a character meaning 'minister'. This was part of the title of Gao Yao, a great-grandson of the legendary emperor Zhuan Xu, who became famous as a minister under the model emperors Yao and Shun in the 23rd century BC; he was the first to introduce laws for the repression of crime. His descendants adopted this part of his title as their surname. The use of this name continued for over a millennium to the twelfth century BC, down to the rule of the last king of the Shang dynasty, the despotic Zhou Xin. Li Zhi, the head of the Li clan at that time, displeased Zhou Xin and was executed, leaving the rest of the clan facing imminent disaster. They fled, and nearly starved to death, surviving only by eating a fruit called mu zi. When the characters for mu and zi are combined, they form the character for plum, pronounced Li. In token of this salvation, the clan changed their name to the current character for li 'plum'. Li is now the most common surname in China. Among the many famous bearers are Lee Kwan Yew, prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990; Lee Teng-hui, president of Taiwan from 1988; Li Peng, prime minister of China from 1988; and Bruce Lee (1941–73), movie actor.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Consumo de alcohol en escolares.
Translated title of the contribution: Alcohol consumption in schoolchildren
C. Ariza Cardenal, M. Nebot Adell
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
BACKGROUND: The onset of alcohol consumption begins very early in the Spanish society; generally, at the school age. The target of this study is to identify the factors that are linked to alcohol use and abuse, at this age. METHODS: A survey was designed and carried out among 1,816 students of 6 schools of Barcelona and Lleida, Spain (97.5% response rate) between 13 and 18 years old included, through a questionnaire filled-in in the classroom. RESULTS: 85.5% had ever consumed alcoholic drinks, 7.3% reported to drink alcohol every day and 39.6% said that they had drunk four or more glasses of an alcoholic beverage at least once. The multivariate analysis showed that smoking habitually, with an odds ratio (OR) of 9.7; having a larger amount of own money to buy alcohol (OR = 1.5); and the expectations that alcohol helps to enjoy and get along with friends (OR = 2.4) were the most important factors identified as associated with problematic alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The study points to several factors related to the habit of smoking, the influence of the environment of schoolchildren and the expectations associated to alcohol consumption are related with the consumption of alcoholic drinks, especially from the beginning in the high school.
Translated title of the contributionAlcohol consumption in schoolchildren
Original languageSpanish
Pages (from-to)481-486
Number of pages6
JournalMedicina clínica
Issue number13
StatePublished - Oct 21 1995
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Medicine(all)
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text:
From the DNR
Water levels on a number of Minnesota lakes and rivers are expected to remain high during the Fourth of July holiday week, so the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is urging boaters to slow down and use caution.
"People should always wear their lifejackets while boating, but especially during times like this," said Tim Smalley, DNR boating safety specialist. "The waters are higher and moving faster than people are accustomed to, and that can create dangerous situations."
Recreational boaters should also be aware that there are high water conditions on the Mississippi, Minnesota and Lower St. Croix rivers resulting in hazardous debris in the water.
"River and lake debris could include trees as well as man-made items. Debris will often float just at or below the surface, so a boat traveling at high speed may not be able avoid it in time. Hitting a deadhead or snag at high speed could result in anything from a broken propeller to a ruined lower unit -- or worse, serious injuries to boat occupants."
Smalley said that during periods of high water on lakes and rivers, boaters also need to slow down and make sure their wakes are small.
Boat owners are legally responsible for their wakes, under both federal and state law.
"During high water on a river, boat waves are not dissipated by the gentle slope of a beach but instead slam directly into the steep face of the bank," explained Scot Johnson, Mississippi River hydrologist for the DNR. "Much of the energy contained in the wave is conveyed to the bank. This contributes to an accelerated rate of bank erosion."
A 1992 Mississippi River study by the DNR near Red Wing showed that during high water, a large wake (25 inches high) from a cruiser or houseboat can be 30 times more destructive then a smaller 5-inch wake.
The Corps of Engineers recently mapped and surveyed eroding river banks on the Upper Mississippi River between Red Wing and St. Louis.
The corps found 240 miles of river bank to be eroding, with a large proportion of the total number of eroding banks in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
Accelerated erosion can result in an increase in suspended sediment as well as a loss of trees and other vegetation into the river.
It also can create safety concerns, damage to boats and other property from deadheads and snags, shoreline property loss, reduction in water quality and damage to fish and wildlife habitat.
Boaters can reduce wave impacts by:
- Limiting boating activity on rivers until water levels return to normal summer conditions.
- Maintaining slow no-wake speeds (less than 5 mph) during high water.
- Staying close to the center line of the river. This will allow some wave energy to be dissipated as it travels through the water.
- If speeds greater than 5 mph are absolutely necessary, accelerate to planing speed as quickly as possible and stay on plane until reaching destination.
- If houseboat or cabin cruiser does not have a planing hull design or adequate horsepower, maintain slow no-wake speeds until water levels return to normal summer conditions.
For more information, boaters can request a free copy of the brochure "Mississippi River Bank Erosion and Boating" from the DNR by calling _PHONE_ or toll-free at _PHONE_.
Computer users also can send an email to _EMAIL_ to ask for the brochure.
Watertown firearms training coming up
Registration for Watertown firearms training will be Saturday, July 28 from 10 a.m. to noon at the Watertown Rod and Gun Club.
Class dates are Aug. 3, 6, 7, 9, and 10 from 6 to 9 p.m., with a field day Saturday, Aug. 11 at 8 a.m.
For additional information, contact Cory at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
Ruffed grouse counts decline
From the DNR
Minnesota's ruffed grouse spring drumming counts were lower than last year across most of the bird's range, according to a survey conducted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
Compared with drumming counts conducted in 2011, 2012 survey results showed an average decline of 24 to 60 percent, to 1.1 drums per stop, in the northeast survey region, which is the core and bulk of grouse range in Minnesota.
Drumming counts in the northwest declined 33 to 73 percent to 0.9 drums per stop.
Drumming counts did not change significantly in the central hardwoods or southeast, which had averages of 0.6 and 0.7 drums per stop, respectively.
"The grouse population is in the declining phase of its 10-year cycle," said Mike Larson, DNR wildlife research group leader and grouse biologist. "The most recent peak in drum counts was during 2009, but hunter harvests remained relatively high through at least 2010."
Ruffed grouse populations, which tend to rise and fall on a 10-year cycle, are surveyed by counting the number of male ruffed grouse heard drumming on established routes throughout the state's forested regions.
This year observers recorded 1.0 drums per stop statewide.
The averages during 2010 and 2011 were 1.5 and 1.7 drums per stop, respectively.
Counts vary from about 0.8 drums per stop during years of low grouse abundance to about 1.9 during years of high abundance.
Drumming counts are an indicator of the ruffed grouse breeding population.
The number of birds present during the fall hunting season also depends upon nesting success and chick survival during the spring and summer.
Minnesota frequently is the nation's top ruffed grouse producer.
On average, 115,000 hunters harvest 545,000 ruffed grouse in Minnesota each year, also making it the state's most popular game bird.
During the peak years of 1971 and 1989, hunters harvested more than 1 million ruffed grouse.
Michigan and Wisconsin, which frequently field more hunters than Minnesota, round out the top three states in ruffed grouse harvest.
One reason for the Minnesota's status as a top grouse producer is an abundance of aspen and other ruffed grouse habitat, much of it located on county, state and national forests, where public hunting is allowed.
An estimated 11.5 million of the state's 16.3 million acres of forest are grouse habitat.
For the past 63 years, DNR biologists have monitored ruffed grouse populations.
This year, DNR staff and cooperators from 15 organizations surveyed 126 routes across the state.
Sharp-tailed grouse counts decrease slightly
Sharp-tailed grouse counts in the northwest survey region decreased approximately 18 percent between 2011 and 2012, Larson said.
Counts in the east-central region declined approximately 33 percent.
Observers look for male sharptails displaying on traditional mating areas, called leks or dancing grounds.
Despite three years of declines, this year's statewide average of 9.2 grouse counted per dancing ground was similar to the long-term average since 1980.
The 2009 average of 13.6 was as high as during any year since 1980.
During the last 25 years, the sharp-tailed grouse index has been as low as seven birds counted per dancing ground.
Overall, sharptail populations appear to have declined over the long term as a result of habitat deterioration.
In recent years, the DNR has increased prescribed burning and shearing that keep trees from overtaking the open brush lands that sharp-tailed grouse need to thrive.
The DNR's 2012 grouse survey report, which contains information on ruffed grouse and sharp-tailed grouse, will be available soon online at _URL_
DNR releases long-term management plan for ruffed grouse
From the DNR
A long-range ruffed grouse habitat and population management plan is now available on the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' (DNR) website at _URL_
"The plan reinforces the state's commitment to ensure the viability of ruffed grouse and their forest habitat, manage grouse as an integral part of Minnesota's forested landscapes, and encourage and promote hunting and observation of ruffed grouse in their natural habitat," said Bob Welsh, DNR wildlife habitat program manager.
An average annual harvest of more than 500,000 birds over the past 25 years places Minnesota as one of the nation's top three ruffed grouse states.
Grouse hunter numbers have traditionally followed cyclic changes in drumming survey indices, but when drumming surveys trended upward recently, hunter numbers did not follow as they had in the past.
The plan includes strategies to reverse that trend by offering improved habitat and access, as well as programs to help new hunters.
The DNR's ruffed grouse management plan was approved earlier this year after public comments on the draft plan were reviewed and considered.
"Now that the plan has been approved, we can continue to implement and accelerate our strategies to maintain great hunting opportunities," said Ted Dick, DNR grouse coordinator. "Those strategies include improved access to hunting land, better information for hunters and education for new hunters, and focused input to the timber planning process that will ensure that grouse habitat needs are well-presented and considered in all forest planning processes."
Minnesota leads the nation in aspen-birch forest type, the preferred habitat of ruffed grouse, and offers more than 11 million


text:
Join us Thursday, April 22, 2021, at 9 am CDT, 10 am EDT, 3 pm BST, 7:30 pm IST
As an IT leader, you know there is a need to create a future-ready IT talent base, but what is the best approach and what will yield results? Most enterprises currently struggle to create a sustainable workforce strategy.
In this webinar, Everest Group's analysts will discuss the key principles of a holistic IT workforce strategy, and practical considerations to successfully bring it to life.
If you're an executive in a business that develops IT workforce strategies, you will gain valuable insights from our expert analysis, including answers to questions such as:
- Why are current IT talent development initiatives not yielding the desired outcomes?
- What are the foundational elements of an effective IT workforce strategy?
- What are the key considerations and best practices to execute on the strategy?
Who should attend?
This session will help the following leaders evaluate and elevate their IT strategies:
- C-suite leaders across IT and business processes
- Senior IT leaders
- IT HR heads
- IT workforce strategy leaders
- Winning the War for Talent: An Enterprise Guide to Building a Sustainable Workforce Strategy
- Charting the Skilling Journey to Build the IT Services Talent of Tomorrow: Replacing the Commodity IT Services Role Definitions
- The Future of Talent in Quality Assurance
- Talent Readiness for Next-generation IT Services PEAK Matrix™ Assessment 2020: Closing the Demand-Supply Gap
- Digital Transformation | Preparing for the Future of Talent
Chief Research Officer

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Are there still descendants of Aaron serving as priests in Jerusalem?
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Very related and near duplicate:… – HodofHod Apr 3 '13 at 5:53
1 Answer 1
As you are asking on a Judaism site, I assume you want the Jewish belief on the subject...
There are many Jews today who are descended paternally from Aharon the High Priest. How they have that knowledge and whether they can prove it genealogically is another question.
Do they still serve in Jerusalem? Well, the Holy Temple is no more, and it will not be rebuilt until the coming of Moshiach, so they don't serve there.
But there are still many priestly functions that they fulfill, both in Jerusalem, and around the world. The Priestly Blessing and the Redemption of the Firstborn are two examples.
You may wish to read this Wikipedia article's section dealing with the modern day applications of priesthood.
share|improve this answer
You may want to add that Kohanic lineage(even for those who can prove an unbroken patrilineal line) is still in question because of the possibility of disqualifiers having mixed in and so no Kohanim could serve in the Temple today. – Rabbi Michael Tzadok Apr 3 '13 at 7:34
Your Answer


text:
Last Updated on August 3, 2021 by Admin 2
Which of the following primary elements of a tenant defines the MAC address space?
- a contract
- a filter
- a bridge domain
- an EPG
A bridge domain is the primary element of a tenant that defines the Media Access Control (MAC) address space. Bridge domains are logical Layer 2 forwarding configurations within a Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) fabric that use switched virtual interfaces (SVIs) for gateways and can be configured to span multiple physical devices. In this respect, bridge domains are similar to virtual local area networks (VLANs). However, the purpose of a bridge domain is to define the MAC address space and flood domain.
Tenants are containers that can be used to represent organizations, domains, or specific groupings of information. Typically, tenants are configured to ensure that different policy types are isolated from each other, similar to user groups or roles in a role-based access control (RBAC) environment.
An endpoint group (EPG) is a primary element of a tenant; however, an EPG does not define the MAC address space. EPGs are logical groupings of endpoints that provide the same application or components of an application. For example, a collection of Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) servers could be logically grouped into an EPG labeled WEB. EPGs are typically collected within application profiles. EPGs can communicate with other EPGs by using contracts.
A contract is a primary element of a tenant; however, a contract does not define the MAC address space. Contracts are policy objects that define how EPGs communicate with each other. There are three types of contracts that can be applied in an ACI fabric:
– Regular — applies filters to matching traffic and typically follows taboo contracts
– Taboo — denies and logs matching traffic
– Out-of-Band (OOB) – applies to OOB traffic from the management tenant
A filter is a primary element of a tenant; however, a filter does not define the MAC address space. Filters are low-level ACI objects that help define EPG contracts. Filters operate at Layer 2, Layer 3, and Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model.


text:
Induced Changes in the Pattern of Pulmonary Blood Flow in the Rabbit
1. In the normal, unanesthetized rabbit, resting quietly in its normal position, catheterization of the right ventricle (and central veins) altered the distribution of blood throughout the lung in a characteristic manner.
2. Regional pulmonary vasoconstriction, rather than passive changes in vascular caliber or in the flow properties of blood, seemed to be involved.
3. The mechanism for the regional pulmonary vasoconstriction is considered in terms of a neurohumoral pathway, involving afferent pathways from the right heart, connecting channels in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord, and release of a histamine-like substance at the neuro-vascular junctions.
- Received March 18, 1963.
- © 1963 American Heart Association, Inc.


text:
Blitz3D Docs -> 2D - Category -> File -> OpenFile
Parameters:filename$ = any valid path and filename. The returned value is the filehandle which is used by other file handling commands.
Description:This command opens the designated file and prepares it to be updated. The file must exists since this function will not create a new file.
By using FilePos and SeekFile the position within the file that is being read or written can be determined and also changed. This allows a file to be read and updated without having to make a new copy of the file or working through the whole file sequentially. This could be useful if you have created a database file and you want to find and update just a few records within it.
The file handle that is returned is an integer value that the operating system uses to identify which file is to be read and written to and must be passed to the functions such as ReadInt() and WriteInt().
Note extreme care needs to be exercised when updating files that contain strings since these are not fixed in length.
See also: ReadFile, WriteFile, CloseFile, SeekFile.
; Changing part of a file using OpenFile, SeekFile and WriteInt ; Open/create a file to Write fileout = WriteFile("mydata.dat") ; Write the information to the file WriteInt( fileout, 1 ) WriteInt( fileout, 2 ) WriteInt( fileout, 3 ) WriteInt( fileout, 4 ) WriteInt( fileout, 5 ) ; Close the file CloseFile( fileout ) DisplayFile( "The file as originally written", "mydata.dat" ) ; Open the file and change the Third Integer file = OpenFile("mydata.dat") SeekFile( file, 8 ) ; Move to the third integer in the file WriteInt( file, 9999 ) ; Replace the original value with 9999 CloseFile( file ) DisplayFile( "The file after being midified", "mydata.dat" ) WaitKey() ; **** Function Definitions follow **** ; Read the file and print it Function DisplayFile( Tittle$, Filename$ ) Print tittle$ filein = ReadFile( Filename$ ) While Not Eof( filein ) Number = ReadInt( filein ) Print Number Wend CloseFile( filein ) Print End Function
| On OpenFile, it's very important to realize that it opens a file in as well read, as write mode. Therefore it will not work (and thus return 0) when you use it on files from a read-only environment (like CD-ROMS for example).|
If you are going to write a CD-ROM game, then your installer will require to install all files you are about to open with the OpenFile command on your harddrive. All files that are read by "ReadFile" or "LoadImage" or whatever, anything other than "OpenFile" should be loaded fine.
Blitz3D Manual Forum
BlitzPlus Equivalent Command


text:
Study Shows Significant Educational, Psychological Impacts for Displaced Students
April 13, 2006
It has been estimated that up to 100,000 students attending institutions in Louisiana and Mississippi were displaced last fall due to Hurricane Katrina. A recent study by three researchers at Gulf Coast institutions attempts to capture and quantify the evacuation experiences of these students as well as the economic, medical, psychological, and academic impacts. "The Other Diaspora: New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina" gathered information from 7,100 displaced students from Loyola University, the University of New Orleans, and Xavier University. Among the findings:
Mental and Economic Impacts
- More than a quarter (26 percent) had a family member, significant other, or close friend who was missing during or after the hurricane; 9 percent had a family member or close friend who died.
- More than 60 percent of students evacuated or moved to a new residence or shelter twice, and more than a third (36 percent) evacuated three or more times.
- More than half (52 percent) indicated that they were not able to function normally (physically or mentally) for up to two months after the hurricane.
- Almost 85 percent of students experienced financial loss; most students applied for assistance from FEMA (81 percent) and the Red Cross (62 percent). Sixty-nine percent actually received or anticipated receiving money from FEMA, and more than half of those surveyed received or anticipated funds from the Red Cross.
Academic Impacts and University Experiences
- Two-thirds (66 percent) of students reported that no evacuation assistance was provided by their institution.
- A large proportion (74 percent) indicated that their academic performance was "somewhat," "very," or "definitely likely" negatively affected by the hurricane.
- In general, students reported positive experiences at the institutions to which they temporarily transferred for the fall 2005 semester. For example, almost all (94 percent) of students took classes at another university that could be transferred back to their home institution.
The full report provides detail on the students surveyed, their experiences, and insights for the future.
- IRS Releases Final Report on College and University Compliance Project
- NACUBO Seeks Input on Ethics, Fraud, and Controls
- FY13 Implementation Reminder for Independent Institutions
- CAO and CBO Collaborations: Leveraging Institutional Capacity to Impact Effectiveness
August 5-6, 2013
- 2013 Planning and Budgeting Forum
September 16-17, 2013
- WEBCAST: Improve Your NFP Audit and Accounting Guide IQ
Wednesday, June 26, 2013 1:00 PM ET
- ON-DEMAND: The Higher Education Accounting Forum Online
- ON-DEMAND: OD: The Cashless and Paperless Business Office
- ON-DEMAND: Affordable Care Act: Implementation Roadmap for Colleges and Universities
- A Guide to College and University Budgeting: Foundations for Institutional Effectiveness, 4th ed. - by Larry Goldstein
- NACUBO's Guide to Unitizing Investment Pools - by Mary S. Wheeler
- Managing and Collecting Student Accounts and Loans - by David R. Glezerman and Dennis DeSantis


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Species group: Geckos
Scientific name: Lygodactylus angularis
Range/Habitat: The Angulated Dwarf Gecko is a species of gecko native to southern Zaire and Tanzania. The Zairean subspecies is Lygodactylus angularis grzimek, and the Tanzanian subspecies is Lygodactylus angularis heeneni.Lygodactylus is a genus of diurnal geckos with approximately 60 species. They are commonly referred to as "Dwarf Geckos".
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Random Mountains in India generator
The generator is a tool to generate random Mountains in India. A mountain usually in the form of a peak. it stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, is a large landform. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill.
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The eleventh century saw the first return to monumental stone sculpture in Europe since the end of the Roman Empire nearly six hundred years previously.
It was a time of widespread church construction and it coincided with the great age of European pilgrimage culture. A close association was formed between the roads to Compostela and the development of the style of building and sculpture known as the Romanesque.
Churches were not merely practical structures but buildings of immense symbolic significance.
In the Romanesque period this symbolic nature extended itself into the sculpture which filled the strategic points of the church. Great theophanic visions filled the space above the entrance.
The space inside the building had allegorical significance and the stone carved imagery contained a complex iconography derived from a variety of sources and which today is often difficult to decipher. The sculpture of the pilgrimage roads to Santiago de Compostela contains a repeated reference to the Book of Revelation and other Apocalyptic Biblical writing which speaks of a strong obsession with eschatological ideas and a preoccupation with the coming of the End of the World.


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In this exercise, various calculations of the electronic band structure of a one-dimensional crystal are performed with the Kronig-Penney (KP) model. This model has an analytical solution and therefore allows for simple calculations. More realistic models always require extensive numeric calculations, often on the fastest computers available. The electronic band structure is directly related to many macroscopic properties of the material and therefore of large interest. Nowadays, hypothetical (nonexistent) materials are often investigated by band structure calculations – and if they show attractive properties, researchers try to prepare these materials experimentally. The KP model is a strongly simplified one-dimensional quantum mechanical model of a crystal. Despite of the simplifications, the electronic band structure obtained from this model shares many features with band structures that result from more sophisticated models.
The exercise will enable you to learn the following:
1. Understand the concept of energy bands and energy gaps, their variations as a function of the size of the periodic potentials and energy
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Difference Between Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship
Ocean Liner vs Cruise Ship
Ships have been around since the Neolithic Period. In fishing and hunting, early man used canoes made from hollowed tree logs. The Egyptians were the first to use wooden planks in ships which allowed them to build larger and sturdier ships, paving the way for world navigation.
Ships were primarily made for the military and for commerce. Today, ships are not only used by the armed forces of most countries but are also vital for world trade and commerce. There are also ships that are used to transport passengers from one place to another. These are called ocean liners.
An ocean liner is used for transoceanic travel and has a regular route. Since it is meant for long-distance sea travel, it is equipped with a large storage area and fuel capacity. It is built strongly to enable it to withstand even the most unfavorable weather conditions.
It is not only intended to carry people but also to carry cargo and mail. It is designed for a maximum number of passengers and cargo capacity, faster speed, and it is stronger and has a much higher standard than a cruise ship.
A cruise ship is a passenger ship intended for travel and pleasure. People travel by cruise ships when they are on vacation, usually getting on it at a certain port, stopping by at several other ports then returning back to their port of origin.
It has a slower speed but has many fine features such as; restaurants, bars, nightclubs, spas, fitness centers, shops, theaters, cinemas, gyms, tennis or basketball courts, video arcades, and indoor or outdoor swimming pools. It functions like a hotel with additional staff aside from the crew.
Some cruise ships are former ocean liners which were also used during World War II to transport soldiers and used as hospitals for wounded soldiers. This is the reason why most cruise ships have diminished sea worthiness than ocean liners.
Today, both cruise ships and ocean liners are competing for passengers who want to experience pleasure while travelling at sea.
1.Both an ocean liner and a cruise ship are used for long-distance sea travel, but cruise ships are meant for passengers only while ocean liners are also used to carry cargo and mail among other things.
2.A cruise ship has a regular route and usually returns its passengers back to the port where they came from while an ocean liner usually lets off passengers to their various destinations.
3.An ocean liner travels faster, is built stronger, and has a higher standard while a cruise ship has a slower speed and does not have a large cargo capacity like an ocean liner.
4.A cruise ship has more amenities resembling a hotel with features such as; bars, restaurants, sports facilities, shops, and spas while an ocean liner may or may not have any of these features.
5.An ocean liner usually travels to places that are farther away, taking several weeks or even months before it can reach its destination while a cruise ship takes a much shorter time.
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Evaluating the uncertainty of life cycle assessments : estimating the greenhouse gas emissions for Fischer-Tropsch fuels
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Environmental regulations have historically been focused on individual emission points, facilities, or industrial sectors. However, recent and emerging regulations for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as those contained in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 have introduced the concept of product life cycle limits on the emissions of transportation fuels. Thus, a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) of the transportation fuel must be completed where all emissions from field to the vehicle's fuel tank and from tank to the vehicle's exhaust must be assessed. However, although there have been extensive analysis of the GHG emissions associated with transportation fuels, there are substantial uncertainties associated with these estimates that can be attributed to poor data quality, inconsistent methodological choices, and model uncertainties, among others. This thesis evaluates the uncertainties present in LCA through the case study of fuel production using Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis of fuels derived from coal and biomass. Specifically, GHG emission estimates for F-T synthesis process scenarios are presented and the uncertainties in the estimates are discussed. Overall uncertainties in GHG emissions due to changes in the details of the process configurations in the F-T process can be up to 11%. This finding suggests that the details of fuel refining conditions will need to be specified in determining whether fuels meet GHG emission requirements, complicating the implementation of life cycle GHG regulations.


60 Faces of NCSY
Rabbi Dovid Bashevkin
Director of Education
Nominated and written by an Anonymous Intern
Rabbi Dovid Bashevkin, also known as the style consultant for NCSY, can be recognized as the Education Director for NCSY. I had the opportunity to meet Dovid as his intern for the past two summers. It's strange to think how lucky I was to be able to intern for someone so invested in the personal development and growth of teenagers around the world. Dovid spends most of his day learning Torah and deciphering the best way to convey it to teenagers so they develop a love of Torah and a desire to strive to know more Torah.
The coolest part about interning for the education department was the opportunity it granted me to develop my Torah learning and to grow my skills and breadth of knowledge. From the first day in the office, Dovid invested his time in educating me how to properly educate others, and ensuring my personal growth. He consistently sent me material, and pushed me to expand my Torah learning. I vividly remember a day in the office he sent me a few articles in Hebrew written by Rav Hutner and asked me to read, understand, and write a piece on them so others could learn it on their own. I had never learned in such a way, and I did not think I would be able to do it, but with Dovid's push, help, and belief in me, I spent several hours and finally cracked the meaning of the text. When I presented my work to Dovid, he imbued in me such a feeling of accomplishment and confidence that could not be matched by any other accomplishment. In short, he allowed me to push my potential to the fullest and accomplish.
Dovid's guidance was not confined to the four walls of his office or the six weeks of the summer. He kept in contact with me, constantly invested in my growth and professional development. When going through a personal struggle, he guided and advised me.
Dovid has inspired me to never shortchange myself in my Torah learning and Jewish education. He has helped me believe in myself and showed me what being a mentor for someone really means. Combined with his unbeatable knowledge of music, Dovid is one that I know will continue to push the limits in inspiring and educating the Jewish future.


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Sustainable research progress in many if not all scientific disciplines critically depends on the existence of robust specialized databases that integrate and structure all available experimental information in the respective fields. The need for such reference databases is especially critical for nanomaterials used in cancer research given both the growing significance of nanomedicine and the significant diversity of shapes, sizes, and properties. Similar challenges exist in processing, storing, and exploiting medical images, which are increasingly used for in vivo characterization of nanoparticles and to study the effects of nanomaterials used in imaging agents or as therapeutics. The need in accumulating, storing and sharing information in the cancer nanotechnology field has led to the establishment of two major research databases, the Nanomaterial Registry (NR) that includes data on nanoparticle characterization and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) that includes data on nanoparticles used in imaging studies. Building off the previous work of research groups involved in the development of these major data repositories, we propose a collaborative development of the Electronic Nanobook (ENB) as a major research tool for scientists working in cancer research that extensively use nanomaterials and collect and deposit medical images. These two fields are chosen due to their significance to cancer research and the commonality of technical problems related to data collection, curation, organization, deposition, modeling, and dissemination. ENB will possess substantially expanded quality and usability of data, affiliated knowledge discovery tools for exploring and modeling the unique data toward designing novel and safe drugs (nanomaterials) using the wisdom of models.
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Initials of a Signer Archives - Notary Blog - Signing Tips, Marketing Tips, General Notary Advice -
October 21, 2013
Can you notarize someone's initials?
Can you notarize someone's initials?
It is fun to read all of the various notary questions that people have. But, a notary may only legally notarize a signature of a living person who appears before the notary public.
However, it is common for signers to be required (not required by the notary, but required by the document custodian or lender or other entity) to initial all of the pages of a Deed of Trust, Power of Attorney or perhaps a Note. There are other documents that are often initialed as well. It is never a legal requirement to initial a document, but it might be a business requirement for certain financial or business entities just to make sure that pages are not swapped after the notarization.
Initialing pages of a longer document is more of a "best practice" to deter fraud. It is harder to swap a page if there is an initial on it. However, Title companies are known to forge the initials of a signer just to save time — if the signer forgot to. Imagine that documents went to a borrower's house, and the borrower signed the documents, and had them Fedexed back to the lender. If the borrower forgot an initial, it is a huge pain to bring those documents back. It is easier to commit forgery of an initial even though that is a serious crime!
Getting back to the main point of this article, no, a notary cannot notarize someone's initials.
You might also like:
The 30 point course's guide to initialing
Why do I have to sign with my middle initial?
Tutorial on initialing


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Collision Tomography: Physical Properties of Possible Progenitors of the Andromeda Stellar Stream
Miki, Yohei, Mori, Masao, & Rich, R. Michael
To unveil a progenitor of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream, we investigate the interaction between an accreting satellite galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy using an N-body simulation. We perform a comprehensive exploration of the properties of the progenitor dwarf galaxy, using 247 models of varying mass, mass distribution, and size. We show that the binding energy of the progenitor is the crucial parameter in reproducing the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream and the shell-like structures surrounding the Andromeda Galaxy. As a result of the simulations, the progenitor must satisfy a simple scaling relation between the core radius, the total mass and the tidal radius. Using this relation, we successfully constrain the physical properties of the progenitors to have masses ranging from 5× \10\$^8$\M\$_☉ $ to 5× \10\$^9$\M\$_☉ $ and central surface densities around \10\$^3$ \M\$_☉ $ \\pc\\$^-2$. A detailed comparison between our result and the nearby observed galaxies indicates that possible progenitors of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream include a dwarf elliptical galaxy, a dwarf irregular galaxy, and a small spiral galaxy.


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Testing is vital to the development process. It improves the quality of code and reduces maintenance, saving both time and money. But testing is sometimes neglected since there are few established resources and standards when it comes to testing modern Angular web applications.
Testing Angular Applications is an example-rich, hands-on guide that gives the real-world techniques needed to thoroughly test all parts of Angular applications. The book starts with an introduction to Angular, TypeScript, testing fundamentals, and the testing frameworks and tools used in the book. Next, it explains how to set-up an Angular environment, including TypeScript and the Angular dependencies. The reader will then create their first component. The second part of the book focuses on the most important concepts of Angular, such as testing components, directives, pipes, services, and routing. This book will allow readers to confidently write unit and end-to-end tests for Angular applications and TypeScript.


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Primary Advisor/Dissertation Chair
Secondary Advisor/Reader One
The purpose of this research study was to answer the research question: How does integrating STEMthemed environmental investigations in the middle school classroom impact environmental literacy? In order to understand the various aspects of this research question, a literature review was conducted for the topics of middle school learners, STEM learning and environmental literacy. The study utilized a mixed methods approach and 131, 7th grade students participated in the study; students took the Middle School Environmental Literacy Survey (MSELS) as a pretest and posttest. Between these surveys, students participated in four learning investigations that applied STEM learning, environmental problems, inquirybased and projectbased learning strategies. The four week study period illustrated that students enjoyed learning about environmental problems using the learning strategies, including STEM, inquiry and projectbased learning, and the study's MSELS scores compared well to national data trends for environmental literacy. Middle school students in this study, outscored national 6th and 8th graders, and scored comparatively well to national 7th grade students that participate in exemplary schoolwide environmental education programs. Furthermore, 7th graders in this study scored high in the area of Cognitive Skills which included issue identification, issue analysis and action planning which could be contributed to their participation in an integrated STEM program at the study's school. In addition, MSELS scores highlighted the disconnect between students' knowledge about the environment, their intention to act positively towards the environment, and their actual, measured followthrough on these positive behaviors. Major findings from this study included the importance of having some sort of statewide measurement for the environmental literacy benchmarks that are already in place for this target audience, and the general positiveness towards learning using the environment, STEM, inquiry and projectbased learning.
Action Research, Interview, Observation, Survey
Heitkamp, Megan Alece, "The Impacts Of Classroom Stem¬-Themed Environmental Investigations On Middle School Environmental Literacy" (2016). School of Education Student Capstone Theses and Dissertations. 4225.


Women CEOs Share Defining Traits, Report Says
Meg Whitman, CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise (center), is just one of a handful of CEO of global companies, compared to hundreds of male CEOs.
Women CEOs face a longer, more difficult climb to the top, and they are more likely to come from STEM and finance backgrounds, new research suggests.
Those are some of the findings in a study by the Korn Ferry Institute, which conducted one-on-one interviews with 57 women CEOs to learn about their experiences, competencies, traits and what drives them.
Of the women surveyed, 41 are CEOs of Fortune 1000 companies and 16 run large privately held companies. Researchers point out that only 6% of Fortune 1000 companies are women, and there have been only 94 women CEOs ever in the Fortune 500.
The Rockefeller Foundation supported the Korn Ferry research as part of its 100×25 initiative, which aims to reach at least 100 Fortune 500 women CEOs by 2025.
The study found that the same defining traits and competencies emerged time and time again in the interviews with the CEOs—risk-taking, resilience, agility and managing ambiguity.
"There's a need to tap into the highly consistent traits and drivers of the 57 women in their organizations and make sure they get matched," says Jane Stevenson, Korn Ferry's Global Leader for CEO succession, who led the research initiative.
Among the findings, the women CEOs were an average of four years older than their male counterparts and worked in a slightly higher number of roles, functions, companies and industries.
Researchers found that the women shared backgrounds in STEM and finance that helped them establish a higher level of credibility that they could broaden into leadership.
"Roles in STEM and finance helped them get closer to the core of the business," says Evelyn Orr, Chief Operating Officer of the Korn Ferry Institute and a leader of the research initiative.
Another finding was that the women initially didn't set their sights on becoming CEO, despite their evident potential. Two-thirds of the women said they never considered the possibility of becoming CEO until a boss or mentor encouraged them.
"It was not just what they knew or who they knew, but also who knew what they knew," Stevenson says.
Researchers hope the study will create a roadmap for women building careers and companies looking for CEO material. The research concludes:
Women need training as business executives, not just as leaders. "Men tend to be trained in business. Women tend to be trained, but they miss some of those core first steps that are hard to recover," Stevenson says.
Women also need a sponsor who can help them advance—meaning a person within their organization who keys in on their talents and has the ability to open doors.
Companies need to be able to identify women in their organizations who possess common CEO traits and make sure these women are placed in executive positions.
"We can look early on and find potential people who have what it takes to run the company. That's an exciting finding," Orr says.


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The Aslan base their calendar and timekeeping
units on the period of Kusyu
(the Aslan homeworld) around Tyeyo, its star.
The Aslan year is the ftahea, 212.2 eakhau (Aslan days) long. A
is 319.98 standard days in
length; an eakhau is 36 hours long. Each eakhau has a unique
name; for convenience they are numbered from one to 212 and referred to
by number. To every fifth ftahea, a 213th eakhau is added to keep
the calendar in sync with Kusyu.
The Aslan also divide their ftahea into three raohfokh (seasons):
Aihros, Tralrea, and Ktaho. Aihros (Beginning) is the equivalent
of spring: the mating season for many animals and the time when annual
plant life grows from see. Tralrea (Growth) is the long season of
mild weather on Kusyu; it is the growing season (although in
this sense it referes to the growing of herd animals) and lasts 100
eakheau. Ktaho (Harvest) is the hunting season; it is short (only
30 eakheau) and a traditional time of Aslan hunts.
The Aslan calendar began counting time when the first Tlaukhu was
established. The data of 3658 corresponds to the Imperial date of 1120.
An Aslan date is stated in the same format as an Imperial date. A
three-digit eakhau number is followed by a hyphen and a four-digit
ftahea number. For proper identification in the Imperium, the
date is usually followed by the word Aslan. For example, _PHONE_
Aslan is the 201st day of the 3644th year of the Aslan calender; it is
equivalent to _PHONE_.
The planet Kusyu has only minimal axial tilt and orbital
eccentricity. there is little inthe way of astronomical cause for
seasons on the world, and the Aslan calendar has no seasons because
there is so little in its climate to cause them.


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Safety Benefits of Proper Bonding and Grounding
A proper bonding and grounding system using grounding shoes will not reduce
the chances of a lightning strike on your boat. It will, however, reduce the possibility
of severe hull damage and electrical shock potential. A proper bonding and
grounding system will help provide a direct, controlled high-capacity path for lightning
Enhances Electronic Performance
SSB and HAM radio transmitters rely upon a proper size ground to operate to their
designed capacity. A grounding shoe helps provide a large solid surface (the water
surrounding your boat) to "push off" from. This is technically known as "counterpoise",
and the other necessary half of your antenna system.
The bronze material also serves as the next sacrificial metal on
the galvanic scale after your zincs, providing another buffer against corrosion
of stainless steel parts.


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Ledger account form presents the details of each transaction that belongs to various ledger types such as assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues, etc. by providing information like transaction date, particulars, debit, credit, and balance amount. They provide ledger accounting information for a particular period. They enable to know the balance due from a customer. They help in preparing various account statements like income, profit, and loss, etc. To know more about Account Forms one can search Google using accounting expense forms and blank accounting forms.
Blank Ledger Account Form
This blank ledger account form presents the account number, date of the transaction, particulars of the transaction, post reference, debit, credit, and balance. One can take a printout of this ledger and use them easily.
Personal Ledger Account Form
This personal ledger account form presents the company name, address, current account number, and registration number. It provides the list of ledger entries like date and serial number, particulars of debit or credit transactions, transaction number and date, debit or credit amount and balance amount.
General Ledger Account Form
This general ledger account form presents the details of drawings, purchases, GST input tax credits and sales transaction details. It also presents the account receivable details like drawings, purchases, debit, credit and balance details. It also presents post from purchase journal, cash payments, and cash receipts journals.
General Ledger Balance Sheet Accounting Reconciliation Form
This general ledger balance sheet account reconciliation form presents the campus name, the month of the report, account name, account code, fund number, ending balances, detailed listing of adjustments along with explanation and amount.
Sales Ledger Account Form
This sales ledger accounting form presents various questions on the sales day book, cash book, general ledger, sales ledger, purchase day book, purchase returns book, cash payments book and purchase ledger.
What to Include in Ledger Account Form?
Ledger account form contains all the details and information about various accounting transactions that took place for any business. They include information about the transaction; cash or bank, the transaction date, purpose and narration of the transaction, whether the transaction is debited or credited to the account, the account balance. They include the above information for each ledger type like asset, expense, liability, etc. They also include transactions belongs to cash book, day book, purchases, sales as well as returns from purchases. They also contain a posting reference for each transaction.
What are The Benefits of Ledger Account Form?
Some of the benefits of ledger account form are –
- They help in preparing trial balance by providing accounting details with high accuracy
- They enable to prepare final accounts and helps in preparing profit and loss account as well as balance sheet
- They help to post transactions to different ledger accounts easily using double entry system
- They enable to know the status of each account quickly
- They provide statistical information about accounts
- They provide details of each transaction including narration and transaction date
- They help to build financial statements like balance sheet, profit, and loss, etc.
- They enable to sort various accounts into respective ledgers
There are enormous varieties of ledger account forms available on the internet and one can download the suitable one according to their accounting needs. They come in printer friendly formats like word or PDF documents and are easy to customize as well. These forms are highly dependable and valuable for any business firm to perform accounting process.
7 Claim Accounting Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
10 Accounting Request Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
7 Credit Accounting Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
8 Accounting Registration Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
7 Change in Accounting Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
9 General Accounting Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
6 Health Accounting Forms – Free Downloadable Samples, Examples and Formats
Types of Accounting Forms?
20+ Accounting Forms in PDF
7+ Business Accounting Form Samples
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What are Accounting Forms?
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Definition of Iso-
1. Prefix. equal ¹
2. Prefix. (chemistry) forms terms relating to isomers ¹
3. Prefix. (physics) forms terms relating to isotopes ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Medical Definition of Iso-
1. A prefix that means equal or like.
2. A prefix indicating isomer of (isomerism); e.g., isocyanate vs. cyanate.
3. A prefix designating sameness with respect to species; in recent years, the meaning has shifted to sameness with respect to genetic constitution of individuals.
Origin: G. Isos, equal
(20 Jun 2000)
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Penrose advocatenkantoor in Amsterdam
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The board resolution of a Dutch company
 / News / The board resolution of a Dutch company
Mensen rond te tafel waar krijtstrepen directies aangeven
The board resolution of a Dutch company
This legal blog provides information about board resolutions of a Dutch company (BV): when do the laws of the Netherlands require a formal corporate decision and how is it taken?
Corporate decision making in the Netherlands
From our Dutch company law practice it has become clear that concluding a board resolution by Dutch companies raises questions. This mostly concerns the Dutch limited liability company (the BV) and Dutch public limited liability company (the NV, similar to the similar to the Anglo-Saxon Plc or Inc).
The legal requirements under Dutch law regarding executive board decisions are not always clear, even to Dutch lawyers. Also the reasons why such resolutions should best be concluded, are not always evident. But for Dutch corporate governance and director liability purposes, it is quite important that board members and their advisors understand the rules and that the best practices in the Netherlands are adhered to. For this reason, we have written this blog and we include a template board resolution under Dutch law (link provided below).
This blog addresses questions such as: what is a board resolution and how is it concluded for a Dutch legal entity. Which officers of a Dutch company play a role in the decision making process? In which events is a formal resolution obligated under the laws of the Netherlands and when is it advisable. What are the legal consequences when a formal decision has not been taken or not taken correctly?
What is a board resolution under Dutch law?
A board resolution is a resolution of the board of directors of a Dutch company, generally a Dutch limited liability company (Dutch acronym: BV) but it is essentially the same for all Dutch legal entities. The (executive) board consists of people or legal entities who have been appointed upon or incorporation or later by means of a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders of the BV. The decision of the board as a corporate body constitutes a board resolution and not the decision of a single board member. Such corporate decision can be taken in a physical meeting, but also through a phone or video call. An alternative can be that the board resolution is concluded 'outside a meeting', i.e. a written resolution that is concluded by all the board members.
Why is a board resolution for a Dutch company necessary?
Under Dutch company law, board members have a collective responsibility for the management of a company. To achieve the corporate purpose of the company, the executive board will devise a corporate strategy that translates to the numerous decisions that a company at the top lever, i.e. the board, will make. A formal decision of the management or executive board may simply be required by Dutch corporate law, the Articles of Association or director's regulations / bylaws. Board resolutions also serve the purpose of explaining how the board is taking responsibility for achieving its tasks. Also with respect to accountability and (warding of) director's liability under the laws of the Netherlands, board resolutions are essential for the corporate household.
When is a board resolution mandatory under Dutch law?
Under the corporate laws of the Netherlands, only few occasions exist when an executive board decision is actually required. This is for instance the case for resolutions that require the approval of the non-executive board (also called the supervisory board in the Netherlands) or of the works council. Also, the Articles of Association of a Dutch company, board regulations, governance codes and market practice may require that a (written) board decision is taken. In any case, the principle of better being safe than sorry applies here: a board of directors will generally reduce the possibility of director's liability when its resolutions are well documented. In practice, this is generally not done at all or not properly and this is the source of (too) many conflicts in the Netherlands between -especiallythe board and the shareholders.
How to conclude a board resolution of a Dutch company?
Dutch company law and the Articles of Association of the BV provide how a board resolution should be taken. Some corporate matters will require the involvement and approval of the general meeting of shareholders, the works council and / or the supervisory board.
Each board member can cast one vote. Also, a decision by the executive board needs to meet the principle of fairness and equitability and its needs to be the 'fruit of sufficient deliberation'. This means that board members can not be excluded from the decision making process.
That said, this is different for directors who have a personal interest that conflicts with the corporate interest. Such management board members may not partake in the decision making process nor in the voting, unless the Articles of Association of the Dutch company stipulate otherwise. A board resolution does not need to be in writing, unless on the basis of the Articles or a shareholders agreement. We deem it advisable to always conclude written board decisions.
Minutes of a board meeting of a Dutch company should include the date and location of the board meeting, an attendee list, the method of voting and a clear description of what has been decided. It is sensible that the board minutes also provide context relating the decision making.
If the formal rules are not adhered to, a board resolution may be annulled or declared null and void. In order to prevent this, we refer to our template board resolution for a Dutch company (download).
Can a Dutch court overrule or annul a board decision?
A board resolution can have far reaching consequences for a Dutch enterprise and the parties involved. As an example, the board may decide to replace its workforce by self-employed staff. This has happened in the Netherlands with IT driven food delivery services. For this reason, Dutch law provides that corporate decisions need to be reached diligently after weighing the relevant interests. A board decision that has not been concluded according to the formal rules may be declared null and void by a Dutch court of law. Also, a resolution of the management board can be scrutinized by the enterprise chamber of the Amsterdam court, which is a specialized court for Dutch corporate law matters.
A board resolution that contravenes directly with Dutch company law or with the company's Articles of Association is null and void. A Dutch corporate lawyer would consider it non-existent and, thus, the company can not execute such a decision and nobody can enforce it. An example of a resolution that Is null and void is when the articles of incorporation stipulate an increased majority of votes and such majority is not met. Such decision is deemed not be taken.
A board decision that is not concluded in accordance with certain formalities is not null and void by operation of law, but in can be declared null and void by a ruling of a Dutch court upon the request of an interested party, including the board. Until such court ruling, the decision of the board is valid. An example is a resolution that is not in accordance with board regulations / bylaws. The possibility to challenge a board decision of the executive / management board of a company in the Netherlands lapses after one year.
If there are good reasons to doubt the actions or inactions of a management board, there is the possibility to test the policies of the board before the enterprise chamber with the Amsterdam court through the so-called inquiry procedure. A court appointed specialist may scrutinize the policy and actions of the board and the court may suspend or annul the execution of board resolutions.
Checklist and template for board resolution of a Dutch company
We have drafted a template for a board resolution of a company in the Netherlands. The example board decision in can be accessed through this link. We also recommend using the following checklist to conclude a proper board resolution under Dutch corporate law:
 1. Who are the board members who have been appointed by the general meeting of shareholders? Which board members need to be involved in the relevant decision making process?
 2. Does the corporate resolution need the (prior) approval of the shareholders meeting or the supervisory board / non-executive board?
 3. Is there a member of the board who has a conflict of interest regarding the proposed resolution? If yes, how is this being dealt with since as a principle such board member may not partake in the decision making process? Check the Articles of Association and the board regulations on this point.
 4. Has the management board received specific instructions from the supervisory board or the shareholders meeting regarding the subject that is being decided on?
 5. Does the works council has an advisory or information right regarding the resolution's topic?
 6. Did the board weigh the relevant interests and have the interests of the company been taken into account?
 7. Make sure that proper minutes of the board meeting are being made that reflect both the resolutions and the relevant considerations of the board.
Corporate lawyer Amsterdam
The corporate attorneys of Penrose in Amsterdam are happy to assist with Dutch corporate household matters including board resolutions. Please feel free to contact Thomas Schutte or Hans Klaver if you have any questions about corporate resolutions of a Dutch company.
Penrose law firm in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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To study decomposition reactions.
What is a decomposition reaction?
Decomposition is a type of chemical reaction. It is defined as the reaction in which a single compound splits into two or more simple substances under suitable conditions. It is just the opposite of the combination reaction.
In a combination reaction, a substance is formed as a result of chemical combination, while in a decomposition reaction, the substance breaks into new substances.
For example: The digestion of food in our body is accompanied by a number of decomposition reactions. The major constituents of our food such as carbohydrates, fats proteins, etc., decompose to form a number of simpler substances. These substances further react, releasing large amounts of energy, which keeps our body working.
The general equation that describes a decomposition reaction is:
Types of Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions can be classified into three types:
- Thermal decomposition reaction
- Electrolytic decomposition reaction
- Photo decomposition reaction
Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a single substance breaks into two or more simple substances when heated. The reaction is usually endothermic because heat is required to break the bonds present in the substance.
Photo decomposition is a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down into simple substances by exposure to light (photons).
Why are decomposition reactions mostly endothermic in nature?
Most decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity. Absorption of energy causes the breaking of the bonds present in the reacting substance which decomposes to give the product.
- Students understand the characteristics of a decomposition reaction & different types of such reactions.
- Students identify the compounds that may give a decomposition reaction.
- Students acquire skills to perform a decomposition reaction in the lab.
- Students will be able to distinguish a decomposition reaction from a given set of chemical reactions.
Let's discuss the decomposition reaction of ferrous sulphate crystals by the action of heat.


Can Sea Turtles Breathe Underwater?
Can Sea Turtles Breathe Underwater? Sea turtles cannot breathe underwater and need to come to the surface for air. They can hold their breath underwater for as long as 4-7 hours if they are resting or sleeping.
How do sea turtles hold their breath for so long? seeking jellyfish for prey. Since they are cold-blooded, sea turtles have a slow metabolic rate. This slowed metabolism allows them to stay submerged for long periods of time. The hibernating turtles breathe without surfacing by absorbing dissolved oxygen through their skin and cloaca.
Can you drown a turtle? Yes, absolutely. Although turtles can remain underwater for long periods of time, they cannot breathe underwater. Under the right circumstances, turtles can drown.
How long can sea turtles sleep underwater without taking a breath? Sea turtles can hold their breath for several hours, depending on their level of activity. If they are sleeping, they can remain underwater for several hours. In cold water during winter, when they are effectively hibernating, they can hold their breath for up to 7 hours. This involves very little movement.
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Can Sea Turtles Breathe Underwater – Related Questions
How do sea turtles breathe air?
Just like other reptiles, sea turtles have lungs. They have a slightly different structure than mammalian lungs, but work just as well when it comes to exchanging gases (oxygen and carbondioxide). The lungs are located right under the carapace and the vertebral column.
Do turtles poop out of their mouths?
Can turtles poop out of their mouths
What animal can hold breath for 6 days?
Why do turtles sleep with their head out?
If you notice your pet turtle sleeping with its limbs out, it's generally nothing to worry about and simply indicates that your turtle is attempting to absorb heat. The most important thing is to maintain a temperature of 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit within your pet's aquarium, and to monitor the oxygen level carefully.
Why do turtles scream?
The sound is caused from the turtle blowing the air out of its lungs so it has room inside the shell for the head and neck. If something startles the turtle and he moves the head in quickly, they all make this sound. They can also make this sound when they try to pee or poop.
Should you cut your turtle's nails?
In fact, at most you only need to trim the turtle's nails twice per year. Most turtle owners trim their turtles' nails just once a year. If the turtle's nails/claws are overgrown, it's easy to notice. Apart from trimming the nails, you might as well consider trimming the beak in addition, if you have a tortoise.
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Which animal can hold its breath the longest?
sea turtles
Can a baby turtle drown?
Yes, baby turtles can drown, just like adult turtles. The chances of baby turtles drowning are a little more than that of adult turtles because of their weak bodies and inexperience. The primary reason for baby turtles to drown is the basking dock. Also, baby turtles can drown if you have a large tank with deep water.
Do sea turtles yawn underwater?
How long can a sea turtle stay out of water?
Do sea turtles bite?
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How long can a sea turtle live?
What animal poops out of mouth?
Can turtle pee kill you?
Do turtles fart?
Tortoises and turtles do fart! Farts can range in size and sound just like humans. They will probably not be as loud but they can be just as pungent. The tortoises' diet contributes to their farts as well as the amount of gas build-up they experience during the day.
What animal can hold its breath for 40 minutes?
Sloths don't do well on the ground, as their weak hind legs mean they have to pull themselves along. However, their strong long arms make them excellent swimmers. They can even hold their breath for up to 40 minutes!
Which animal can stay underwater for 30 minutes?
Head-lice are quite pesky little pests and have extremely small lungs. However they can hold their breath underwater for an amazing THIRTY MINUTES.


(616b) Pseudo-Extrapolation Algorithm for General Equation of State Model
Xu, G., Invensys/SimSci-Esscor
Equation of state (EOS), such as general cubic EOS, may have root reduction situation where multiple compressibility roots (three for cubic EOS in general) reduce to single root. Such situation may cause non-smoothness issue on the solution path when Newton-Raphson type of solver is applied to phase equilibrium calculation. Same situation may also end up with trivial K-value, which would cause convergence failure or issue wrong solution.
Introduced here is a pseudo-extrapolation algorithm for general cubic EOS based on the original (true) cubic curve itself. Advantages can be expected including smoothness and reliability. The new extrapolation algorithm also ensures that by convergence, all real (non-zero flow) phases will have their compressibility roots landed on the original cubic curve.
Comparison with existing pseudo extrapolation techniques such as Mathias et. al., 1982, had also been illustrated to show that the new pseudo-extrapolation algorithm provides much natural smooth transition between the true and pseudo values of compressibility roots, which in general reduced the calculation cost other extrapolation technique requires.


text:
RAPID EXCAVATION OF ROCK WITH SMALL CHARGES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of designing and testing the elements of a small-charge blasting system that will eliminate, or reduce to acceptable levels, most of the undesirable features of current underground drill and blast systems, that is, (1) air blast, (2) ground vibrations, (3) flying fragments, (4) overbreak and fracture of surrounding rock, and (5) the cyclic nature of drill and blast operations. The experimentation was conducted in tunnels in granite, and the results indicated that the basic technical concepts of the project were achieved. The next step is to design, construct, and test a prototype machine.
University of Missouri, RollaRock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center
Rolla, MO United States 65409
Bureau of MinesC Street Between 18th and 19th Streets, NW
Washington, DC United States 20241
- Clark, G B
- Rollins, R R
- Publication Date: 1976-11
- Pagination: 121 p.
- TRT Terms: Blast loads; Detonation; Earth movements (Geophysics); Excavation; Explosives; Mining; Presplitting (Blasting); Tunneling
- Uncontrolled Terms: Fragmentation
- Old TRIS Terms: Detonators; Earth movement; Excavation technology; Explosive charges; Underground mining
- Subject Areas: Bridges and other structures; Railroads;
- Accession Number: 00166259
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: BuMines-OFR-98-77 Final Rpt.
- Contract Numbers: H0252052
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Sep 20 1977 12:00AM


Sister Natalie Rossi: Let yourself be tickled by God's humor
I don't think God tickled them yet.
Beloved -- hurry.
St. Teresa of Avila
I remember listening to symphonies and enjoying the tuba -- a funny, obscure instrument that tickles my soul. In the symphony of life, do we go around missing the tickles -- the joys, the laughs?
Do we forget what it means to be tickled, and go around masquerading in a shell of boredom?
In the Navajo tradition, the first laugh of a child is celebrated with a feast given by the person who caused the laugh. The Navajos are a people of peace and harmony. Even with all of the tragedies in their lives, they laugh at themselves and others. They have stories about a trickster, the Coyote, who goes around making people laugh with his antics. They enjoy a hearty laugh even at your expense, but they try to live peaceful lives.
Laughter bellows forth from children who survived the typhoon in Cebu in the Philippines, just by seeing themselves on a picture. All of the people I passed in the Philippines smiled and were so welcoming, even as they waited for water to wash their clothes or lay their children down on blankets on the sidewalk to sleep.
The Philippine people have been through so much: wars, floods, typhoons, volcanos, etc. How can people have so much inner hope and peace? Has God tickled them?
What do we need in our society, our culture to be tickled? Can we become aware of the touch of God in all living and nonliving things? Can we see in all creation and all of the universe, silly happenings? Do we just keep our heads buried in the mundane things of life?
God is a God of fun, laughter. Look! He created so many funny animals -- anteaters, monkeys -- you and I.
God does have a sense of humor. Somehow we forgot that we are created in God's image. So where is our joy? Perhaps, we need to go through the world and let ourselves be tickled.
Reflections is a column by religious leaders in the region. Sister Natalie Rossi is a member of the Sisters of Mercy and a leadership team councilor for their New York, Pennsylvania, Pacific West Community.


Are Super-Foods destroying Our Planet? Costa Rica's Pineapple is on the List!
 - Pineapple production has increased by nearly 300 per cent since 2000 in Costa Rica
 - Superfoods put strain on developing countries keeping up with the demand
 - Increasing foodie trends are destroying pine forests and millions of hectors of land
 - Water resources are unable to fulfill the extreme expansion, leading to severe droughts
In recent years, the word "superfood" has become such a marketable label and almost guarantee's certain foods, (awarded this most pretentious title) to fly off the shelves at inflatable prices. Health gurus touting the benefits of the likes of avocados or quinoa for example, not only have increased the demand, but contributed to the in-explainable droughts and destruction of forests. But aside from the environmental damage, these "foodies" nutrition's are flown thousands of miles to reach the supermarkets, with little thought to the misery of farm workers, paid a pittance in the poorer countries trying to keep up with the latest demand.
But what happens when a certain "superfoods" fall out of favor? Or who takes the blame when drinking water becomes so contaminated with pesticides, the damage caused is irreversible? These are just a couple of questions to ask, but how many more forests have to be destroyed or land cultivated beyond soil quality, to wake us all up to fact that these "superfoods" are destroying our planet?
Here are some of the worse culprits in recent times…..
Beloved for its "good fats" and mainly produced by Mexico, the ever-increasing demand of the avocado has led to an unacceptable level in the destruction of pine forests. With farmers rapidly expanding their orchards to keep up with boom in the market, little consideration has been given environmentally. Not only have precious trees been wiped out, but like many fruits, the avocado requires a huge amount of water which is now linked to severe droughts. Chile, Mexico and California have all suffered from water shortages and resort to the drainage of rivers, thereby depriving people of drinking water.
In South America, each acre of avocado trees require a million gallons of water per year and since the fruit has been labelled the new "superfood", land has been swallowed up from 9,000 acres in 1993 to a whopping 71,000 acres in 2014.
Pronounced 'keen-wah', quinoa in one of the latest food trends to be awarded the "superfood" label with its high content of protein (up to 18 per cent). Unlike other grains, it appeals to vegetarians and those on gluten-free diets, but quinoa comes with a huge price-tag.
Farmers in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru are now opting to exclusively grow quinoa, but having abandoned the traditional methods of rotating crops and failing to restore soil fertility, they go on to destroy more and more precious land for a fast buck.
And since the grain has become so popular in the Western World, the natives have been deprived of their own food source due to its rocketing value. Once a staple part of their diets, they are now turning to cheaper Western junk food, increasing all the health connotations this poor nutrition is associated with.
In the past couple of years, coconut has been hailed as the optimal body hydrator, although there is little evidence that the health benefits outweigh a simple glass of water. Claims are also questionable that its antibacterial and antiviral properties are digested differently to other saturated fats and with little to prove otherwise by the experts. But none-the-less the popularity has grown to such an extent that the United Kingdom alone now spends 100 million pounds a year on coconut products.
This intense popularity has led to more and more trees planted with each one only having a certain productive life-span. Soil becomes rapidly infertile, so to keep up with the demand, fertilizers and pesticides are used to a detrimental effect of the drinking water.
Few Coconut brands carry the 'Fair Trade' stamp of approval with so many poor producing countries such as Indonesia, India, the Philippines and indeed Costa Rica, left vulnerable with lowly paid workers from the pressures of the big exporters.
Costa Rica is one of the world's biggest producers of the pineapple with this nutritious fruit having seen a recent revival thanks to the health food fanatics from around the globe. Jammed packed with vitamins and minerals, this latest increase in demand for the pineapple has grown by nearly 300 per cent since year 2000.
Farming of the pineapple relies heavily on a huge amount of pesticides and fertilizers which has contaminated the groundwater so badly, the government has had to supply tankers for drinking water in certain regions of the country.
In addition, workers are hired only in season and fired immediately afterwards. Non of them dare to protest against the poor pay and working conditions for the fear of being blacklisted of employment again.
Nor are the public informed that although the successive governments have tried to reduce the pesticide use, the contamination of drinking water is producing more and more ill health issues. Skin diseases, respiratory problems, gastric illnesses, nervous system disorders and birth defects have all been reported to be on the increase, with scientists warning the problems are only worsening since the rapid expansion in production.
A boom in sales for the soybean, particularly within the vegetarian market and a huge sway towards soy milk as an alternative to cow's, have both had a detrimental effect to the ecosystems across Latin America. Soybeans are used for tofu (another foodie trend) along with the oil touted for its nutritional source of omega-3 and high levels of poly and monounsaturated fats, have all but contributed to a massive increase in demand.
However, huge swathes of land are required to make the soybean productions profitable and as a result, the Latin Americas are now suffering from extreme deforestation. In recent times, almost four million hectors of the Amazon, the Gran Chaco and Atlantic Forests have been destroyed each year. And until a new "superfood" takes the soybean's place, this destruction is all set to continue with devastating consequences.
Whilst other recent "miracle" foods have been targeted such as the water-demanding almond and the land-guzzling cacao, what truly are the benefits to the body as opposed to the not-so-popular, yet sustainable fruits and vegetables?
Given that the humble carrot reduces cholesterol, which in turn prevents heart attacks, wards off certain cancers, improves vision and reduces the signs of premature aging; one can only ask, is our planets destruction really necessary for these so-called on-trend "superfoods"?
Does an organic apple a day with its immune boosting vitamin C and soluble fibre not have just as much nutritional value as the pesticidal abused pineapple? Interestingly, were the carrot and apple suddenly to become popular by the health guru's, would they too not become a farming issue? Certainly the prices would go up and who's to say the food industry alone haven't got a hand in deciding what's going to become the next "superfood"? Are they possibly conspiring with governments, health experts and the media to populate a flagging food group to regenerate sales?
One excellent new trend on the other hand and which hopefully continues to make headway, is the growing popularity of seeking out locally sourced produce. Markets are starting to thrive again with more and more people educating themselves in the fundamental aspects of food production. Stepping back in time is perhaps the most valuable way to go, not only for our own health and well-being, but to enable our planet to repair itself from the ravages of mankind.
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Used today for: railway Paris metro line #13 demodulation
ModemB is a stand-alone DSP board with 2 analog input channels (from 10kHz to 150kHz), a RS485 serial link, 16 configurable digital inputs/outputs and one analog output. This electronic board is used in the station of Paris metro line #13 as a demodulator for the magnetic coupling communication with trains, to control the platform screen doors. ModemB is suitable for all applications requiring the computing power of a DSP and involving analog signals in the chosen frequency range (from 10kHz to 150kHz).
In the context of the installation of platform screen doors in some lines, the Paris metro company RATP needed on-board / wayside communication systems with safety critical transmission ranges. ClearSy has studied, developed and installed such communication systems for lines #1 and #13, using the magnetic coupling principle which allows a guaranteed transmission range, impossible otherwise.
The magnetic coupling transmissions require specific modulation / demodulation techniques. The electronic board "ModemB" developed by ClearSy provides the necessary computing power for such robust modulation / demodulation algorithms, suitable for the railway environment with high perturbation levels. In the 13 stations of the Paris metro line #13 that are fitted with platform screen doors, the platform doors open and close thanks to orders from the trains transmitted using ModemB (2 ModemB boards per station).
The ModemB electronic board is designed to be suitable for any autonomous modulation / demodulation application requiring high computing power, or more generally for all similar applications. ModemB is equipped with carefully chosen components to match the widest application needs (see our datasheet below).
Figure 1 : ModemB(metro line 13 version, without SD card)
Please consult our PDF datasheet: ModemB
- Processor: floating point DSP Texas Instruments TMS320C6713B, 200 MHz
- 1600/1200 MIPS/MFLOPS
- Internal memory / cache : 264Ko
- SDRAM 32Mo
- Flash (application progam) 4Mo
- 2 analog input channels, filtered and isolated
- Inputs via on-chip transformers (RM8 core, ratio to be adapted), with symmetrical inversed second stages (noise cancellation)
- Amplification / filtering using operational amplifiers (gain 0 to 2)
- 2 analog to digital converters TI ADS1601 16-Bit 1.25MSPS
- Input signals 10kHz to 150kHz, range -1.5v +1.5v
- 1 amplified analog output
- Digital to analog converterDAC8830
- Up to 8v, 23mA, from 10kHz to 150kHz
- 1 embedded SD card reader
- 1 serial link RS422/RS485 up to 115200 bauds
- 16 configurable digital inputs/outputs
- Each one of the 16 channels can be configured as input or output separatedly
- Maximum 3.3Vpp / 30kHz (input or output)
- 16 optocouplersfor inputs
- 4 state LEDs controlled by program (front panel)
- 2 LEDs for liveliness (on board)
- Connectors: back connector male DIN 41612 96 contacts, JTAG connector 7×2 j20 male
- Size 100x160mm 3U
- Power supply 9 to 25v DC
- Testedfor climatic / vibrations / EMCaccording to French railways standards (wayside equipment).
- Programming : PC tools TI eXpressDSP (Code Composer Studio), real-time debug via JTAG (using Spectrum Digital XDS510 probe), SDS Flashburn for flash programming
- Sample program delivered: test program using all functionalities (converting analog signals received on 2 input channels into RS485 messages, digital output control). Applications programs may be derived from this sample.
ModemBhas been produced in small amounts to equip stations in Paris metro line #13.
Please contact ClearSy for extra information:
Please email to _EMAIL_, use the "contact" menu on our website
or phone (33) 4 42 37 12 70.
- Expertise on M-FSK and M-PSK data transmission
- Study of the performances of demodulation
- Matlab simulation
- Measurements of sounds and electrical disturbances
- Software development
- DSP/BIOS coding in C and ASM
- Hardware development
- Placing&Routing, Manufacture
- Lab and ground tests and measurements
- Sound tests
- Limitation tests