manufacturers via auction and finally to the fur outlet, clocking up thousands of 'fur' miles of transportation energy costs along the way. The total energy consumption of a fur coat is estimated to be at least 15 times that of a synthetic fur. Considerable energy costs are also incurred as a result of the required cold storage during spring/summer months throughout the lifetime of the product.
In addition to the energy costs of transporting the animal pelts and finished fur garments around the globe energy is consumed at every stage of fur production.
Beginning with transporting feed to fur farms or trappers setting and checking their traplines, then shipping the animal pelts to international auctions and on to dressers, dyers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and finally to the consumer, vast amounts of energy are consumed.
In describing the energy input required to run intensive animal farming operations, The Pew Charitable Trusts and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health note in a 2008 report that such systems are "almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels."
Petrol is used by trappers to check their miles of traplines on a regular basis, to remove dead and dying animals and to reset the traps. In many of the highest-trapping states trappers are required to check their traps every day for the 3-4 month duration of the trapping season. They do this using vehicles including trucks, snowmobiles, four-wheelers and even airplanes. And when trapping in inaccessible areas of Alaska, "many gallons of expensive gasoline must be freighted in" simply to operate the snowmobile. Trappers use so much gasoline, in fact, that a steep rise in price per gallon will leads to many trappers reducing how many traps they set or stopping altogether.
To calculate the energy required to operate tanneries, the European Commission states "it is necessary to record the energy consumption for electricity, heat (steam and heating) and compressed air, particularly for the units with highest consumption, such as waste water treatment and drying procedures."
The consumption of energy in the production of fur for fashion does not end once the fur coat has been purchased by a consumer. The Fur Information Council of America urges fur owners to annually store their furs in commercial furriers' vaults in which "air exchange is carefully regulated with temperatures kept below 50 degrees Fahrenheit and a constant humidity level of 50%." The rationale for summer cold storage-summarized by Sandy Parker, a noted analyst and reporter within the fur industry-is that for many fur retailers, this represents "the most lucrative aspect of [the entire fur] business."
In the late 1980s, Higgs Furs in the UK placed a series of advertisements using the headline: 'Environment Friendly Furs by Higgs'. The company claimed that 'furs are completely environmentally friendly'.
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) received a number of complaints challenging this claim including one from Lynx (Respect for Animals' predecessor) which provided ample evidence to show that furs could not realistically be described in this way. The ASA agreed and told Higgs Furs that they should change its advertisement accordingly.
Similarly, in 1992 Dutch group Bont voor Dieren lodged a complaint with the Dutch ASA against fur trade advertisements that described fur as 'ecological' (they also claimed that the welfare of animals on fur factory farms was 'excellent').
Evidence was provided by both sides and an exhaustive procedure undertaken after which, once more, the independent ASA said that fur could no longer be called 'ecological' describing the use of the word in this context as both 'misleading' and 'improper' (it also concluded that the claims over 'excellent' welfare were misleading). The judgement concluded that the Dutch Fur Institute's attempt to take advantage of the public's increasing concern for the environment was 'intolerable'.


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f:RdR≥0 is log-concave if log(f) is concave (and the domain of log(f) is convex).
Theorem: For all σ on the sphere Sd-1 and r∈R, gσ(r) := ∫σ.x=rf(x)dS(x) is a log-concave function of r. (Note: g, as a function of σ and r, is the Radon transform of f.)
Question: does this characterize log-concavity? That is, if gσ(r) is log-concave as a function of r for all σ, is f log-concave?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
If I understand the question correctly, I think the answer is no.
Start with the following : if f is the indicator function of the unit ball, then the function g(r) is strictly log-concave close to 0 (this function does not depend on theta).
Now, let h be the indicator function of the ball of radius r<1. Then f-epsilon.h is never log-concave for any epsilon>0, and its Radon transform (which again is independent of theta) remains log-concave is epsilon is small enough.
(this is especially easy to see in dimension 2, in which case the Radon transforms of both f and h are second-degree polynomials on their support)
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Great! Such a simple example, too. – Darsh Ranjan Oct 23 '09 at 1:28
The following answer exploits a wider context, where non-negative functions $f$, viewed as densities of absolutely continuous measures $f(x)dx$, are replaced by non-negative measures $\mu$. Because a concave function unbounded from above is $\equiv+\infty$, a log-concave measure $\mu$ is naturally an absolutely continuous measure with log-concave density.
Therefore the Lebesgue measure over the $2$-dimensional sphere $S^2$ is not log-concave over ${\mathbb R}^3$. Nevertheless, its Radon transform in a direction $\sigma$ is $$g_\sigma=2\pi\chi_{(-1,1)},$$ which is log-concave for every $\sigma$.
share|improve this answer
I like this example a lot, since a uniform measure on a sphere is far from log-concave. (And apparently I had never computed its Radon transform.) – Darsh Ranjan Sep 15 '10 at 0:18
Your Answer


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By Josy Joseph
Read or Download A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India PDF
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While sociology emerged as a self-discipline within the overdue 19th century, the matter of crowds constituted one in every of its key matters. It was once argued that crowds shook the principles of society and led participants into every kind of irrational behaviour. but crowds weren't simply whatever to be fought on the street, in addition they shaped a battleground over how sociology can be demarcated from similar disciplines, so much particularly psychology.
Slave rebellions were studied in enormous aspect, yet this quantity examines different styles of slave resistance, targeting runaway slaves and the groups a few of them shaped. those essays convey us who the runaways have been, recommend while and the place they went, and who harboured them.
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Extra resources for A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India
A Feast of Vultures: The Hidden Business of Democracy in India by Josy Joseph

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Endowed professorships are established using funding provided by foundations and/or patrons. Endowed professors are usually appointed for a period of five or ten years. After the funding ends, Humboldt-Universität maintains the endowed professorships without external funding. Endowed professors have the same rights and duties as other professors at Humboldt-Universität and do not take orders from the organisations or individuals that fund the professorship.
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Claessens has discovered that the kauri trees in New Zealand prevent landslides. When these enormous conifers reached a certain age, they stabilise areas prone to landslides. This maximises the benefit the trees gain by living far longer than other tree species.
At present the slopes are drained and large concrete structures are placed to prevent the landslides and the associated mud flows. According to Claessens planting kauri trees is a natural and in the longer-term possibly better solution for this problem.
During his doctoral research, the Belgian researcher developed a dynamic landscape model to simulate the distribution of soil due to landslides. For this he studied the landscape, soil and vegetation dynamics in the Waitakere Ranges Regional Park in New Zealand. The model can be used to predict the locations where landslides will occur and researchers can also use it to calculate how rainfall affects the soil.
Waitakere Ranges Regional Park is situated on the North Island of New Zealand. About 1000 years ago this entire island was covered with kauri trees, which can reach a height of 50 metres and grow in the most inhospitable places. The largest kauri tree in New Zeeland is the Tane Mahuta ('king of the forest'). This tree has reached the honourable age of 1500 years, is more than 51 metres high and has a girth of 13.7 metres.
Some of the remaining kauri forests of the island are still inhabited by the original islanders, the Maori's. They use the trees to build canoes and houses. From the mid-19th century onwards, many kauri trees were chopped down by Europeans for the timber trade. This led to the disappearance of most of these colossal conife
Contact: Dr Lieven Claessens
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research

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Blackspotted Rubberlip
Name: Blackspotted Rubberlip
Local name: Farsh
Scientific name: Plectorhinchus gaterinus
Classification: Class: ray-finned fishes; Order: perch-likes; Family: sweetlips (Haemulidae)
Size: It attains a total length of 50 cm.
The Blackspotted Rubberlip occurs in coral and rocky areas, inhabiting depths between 3 m and 55 m. By day, it is usually seen in stationary aggregations, close to reefs, often under coral ledges or near caves. It is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding.
This species is restricted to the Western Indian Ocean, from the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf.
Conservation status:
It has not yet been assessed globally by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In a recent regional assessment for the Arabian Gulf it was classified as Least Concern (LC). The species is mainly caught by handline and traps.
The body is oblong and moderately compressed, with a small, sub-terminal mouth and very thick lips. The dorsal fin has no notch between the spinous and soft portions. The caudal fin is rounded in young, becoming truncate in adults. The body coloration of adults is whitish to pale green dorsally, white ventrally, with numerous small black spots, which progressively become smaller ventrally. The head is dark grey, lighter ventrally, and the lips are bright yellow. Fins are yellow, and the dorsal and caudal fins are densely covered with black spots. Juveniles have three pairs of black stripes on the head and body, which break up into spots at a length of about 12 cm.


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The mission of the Department of Environmental Protection is to protect Bermuda's environment through monitoring, regulation and enforcement, and to promote the sustainable use of the Island's natural resources.
The strategic objectives of the Department are:
To provide direction and management in the formulation and implementation of environmental protection policy.
To provide legislation, policies, standards and enforcement to protect Bermuda's environment.
To conduct research and to monitor environmental quality.


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Boulder Dome concept art
|The following is based on Van Buren and has not been confirmed by canon sources.|
The Boulder Dome is a massive scientific research facility overshadowing the city of Boulder in 2253. It was built as a structure specifically designed to withstand a direct nuclear attack. Surrounding the structure are the blasted remains of the city of Boulder (also see: Boulder), with what's left of it being hazardously contaminated with radiation and toxic waste.
Inside the dome lives a desperate team of scientists that have been infected by a strange disease known as the New Plague. In addition to fighting the disease, they have been trying to keep their ZAX unit from cannibalizing its memory—which contains very important research data on the New Plague—to such an extent that it stops working. Beset by glowing ghouls and a large pack of cannibal primitives, the dome faces extinction.
Before the Great WarEdit
Boulder was long a place where advanced scientific research took place. Supported by money from Denver's industry and an active military presence, Boulder scientists made advances in medicine (bio-med gel was invented here), alternate energy sources, robotics, and even developed a power armor prototype. Construction of the research dome was not considered until the nearby Rocky Mountain Arsenal had a leakage of toxic waste, creating a poisonous cloud that swept through Denver, killing many. In reaction, the military funded a program to create a self-sustaining research dome, making it resistant to a nuclear attack, and having the primary research inside be dedicated to the New Plague. This "city of the future" was to be a prototype for settlements on the moon and other planets.
Then the war with China began. Boulder became a hotbed of political activity, as most of the scientists were naturally suspect of the military. When reports of plague outbreaks in Denver surfaced, many in Boulder feared that an exodus from that city would come here and infect them; they fled north, the scientists staying in a cold sleep stasis deep within the dome. When the war started, and bombs were flying, Cheyenne Mountain (a military facility, home of NORAD) was a primary target. A huge section of the mountains became a great radioactive smoking crater. Coupled with attacks on Denver and the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Boulder was involuntarily included in a triangle of hellish death; yet 170 years later, the dome still stands.
After the WarEdit
170 years later, an NCR scientist named Goddard and his military escort travels through the region, establishing power generators and noting the locations of old-world power facilities. His report to NCR is noticed by Victor Presper, who sends him out again to investigate certain areas in the old America's southwest. After Goddard returns, Presper and a small team of soldiers investigate Boulder dome, finding it in need of repair but containing excellent labs and a fully-functioning ZAX unit. Over the next few years Presper invites or sends scientists and students to the Boulder Dome, where he explains his idea to remake civilization. Those who refuse are put in cold sleep, using technology the original Dome scientists developed to aid space travel. Presper knows he can harness the CODE (Challenge, Opportunity, Discipline, Ethics) technology developed there to convince them to cooperate anyway, but not until he needs to. Not yet known by most people, Presper was one of the scientists who woke up in the Dome after his cold sleep, nearly 70 years after the war.
Four years ago, when things start to fall apart out in NCR, Presper sent out his last team of scientists and grad students. Agnes, a fellow NCR scientist and frequent diplomat from the scientific community to the government, is the leader of the expedition. Using her skills and a "diplomatic immunity" pass she carried, she makes her way to Hoover Dam. Two days later, the NCR Congress building is destroyed, presumably in a conflict with the Brotherhood of Steel.
The destruction of the congressional building is a severe upset to NCR and travel becomes difficult. Only by circuitous routes and careful display of her pass is Agnes' expedition able to reach Hoover Dam a year later. She runs into Goddard, a former colleague (they were both scientific advisers to NCR at one point). Goddard knows Eddie Galenski, a long-haul trucker with an armored vehicle, and together the large group makes its way to Boulder Dome. The group includes Agnes and the grad students, Goddard and his military escort, Galenski, his wife Helen, and their children. Though they lose a few students along the way, they eventually reach Boulder Dome and enter using the passcodes Presper gave them. In a strange accident the scientists and grad students are infected with a form of the New Plague and are forced to quarantine themselves from Goddard's soldiers and the trucker family; after two months trying to fight the disease, the scientists realize that they're stuck with it for now and have to live in protective suits whenever they want to interact with the rest of the Dome population.
As of two years ago, things had stabilized. Everyone had a routine, mainly around constantly repairing problems with the dome (mainly from wear and neglect). There's enough to do that it keeps everyone from going crazy. The scientists worry that the soldiers and truckers might leave them, and if that happens, they're probably doomed. One of the grad students (Paul) discovers the Sleepers in a deep level of the facility – the scientists Presper sent here and put to sleep to help with his new world order. Xian starts her "hikes" and discovers ZAX.
A year ago, the first glowing ghoul showed up on the north end of town, collapsed, and died. The scientists mark the body with radioactive warnings, debate how to dispose of it (like dumping cement on it). Paul finds that ZAX is almost out of storage space at the rate he's going. With no storage space, ZAX won't be able to run the dome and will start doing damage. They need to get other storage media to hold info. (Holodisks/holotapes/holodisk tapes, all the same thing). If no solution, ZAX will have to start cannibalizing his own memory storage, eating Boulder research as he does so.
They start hearing some broadcasts from Denver, but don't answer because they fear being attacked (esp. from diseased people).
8 months before the PC arrives: Two glowing ghouls show up within a three-day period. The soldiers start getting paranoid, thinking they're in ghoul territory. Sgt Larsen, going stir-crazy, wants to take some Rad-Away, find the ghoul colony, and kill them all. Goddard says no, but Agnes suggests he consider it to let them "let off some steam."
6 months ago: Galenski is told they need storage (by now they basically need a "datacan", though holodisks will help stave it off). He makes a run west to find some but fails. While out he runs into a pack of Jackals, kills all but one, and heads home. The lone Jackal runs to his tribe and tells them about the truck, the man, and where he went. The Jackals stop fighting among their own tribes and move out in search of this new food source. Jimmy T the super mutant (found later at Denver) is with them.
Another glowbug shows up. Larsen's team is given RadAway and start doing patrols. Agnes says taking RadAway for too long is dangerous. Larsen realizes that means they won't be giving it to them any more, so he starts exaggerating how many ghouls they find so they can justify getting more RadAway to deal with them.
Jimmy T leaves the Jackals because he knows the Daughter of Hecate probably doesn't want him around and he doesn't want to be a sacrifice.
5 months ago: Jimmy T goes to Helen and Galenski and asks them to ship him south. The soldiers say no, but Helen and Galenski allow it because Jimmy once healed one of their kids when he was sick.
Wagner (the ghoul from Denver) shows up in Boulder, scouting around the outskirts, but is driven off by shots from the soldiers who assume he's a glowbug. Wagner realizes things are hostile toward ghouls here. He scouts further south (and checks out Rocky Mountain Arsenal on the way to Boulder).
A few more Jackals start showing up.
4 months ago: Galenski makes a run to Denver in response to the radio transmissions. Surprised, he finds the salvagers have a lot of good stuff. He trades them ammunition, minor tools, and medical supplies in exchange for dog meat, computer chips, and holodisks. On the way back he faces some Jackals but fails to kill any of them.
Problems continue between the scientists and the soldiers. Larsen and his men succumb to addiction and their addiction is apparent.
3 months ago: Jackals organize in strength in this region. Though they originally try attacking the dome, they quickly realize the truck is an easier target.
2 months ago: Problems with the soldiers get worse. Patrols become erratic. Larsen becomes paranoid. When another ghoul wanders in, the scientists accuse the soldiers of not doing enough, or anything at all. Larsen pulls a gun on a scientist and tells them to surrender their med supplies for "one last patrol." Goddard agrees, and secretly decides to close them outside to starve and die. He only tells Agnes about this "exile"... the others just think they haven't returned.
1 month ago: The soldiers return to find the dome


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This paper discusses the role of grand urban visions in neoliberal urbanism by drawing on ethnographic and other research into the administration of New York City's ex-CEO Mayor, Michael Bloomberg. It argues that such visions illustrate the cultural dimensions and power of neoliberal urbanism, of which Bloomberg's approach to governance and development was an example. It describes the details and development of such visions in the Bloomberg administration, their role in the administration's ambitious development agenda, and the ways in which they affected the politics surrounding this agenda.
- New York
- urban development


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A new concept enhances the capability of photo-thermal absorption measurements with transversal probe beam guiding by overcoming drawbacks such as a lack of sensitivity for materials with low photo-thermal response and/or round substrate geometry. The sandwich concept using the laser-induced deflection technique is introduced and tested for the investigation of highly reflecting (HR) coatings. The idea behind the sandwich concept is based on the decoupling of the optical materials for the pump and probe beams. This is realized by either placing a HR coated rectangular substrate in between two optical (sandwich) plates or attaching a HR coated thin round substrate onto one optical plate. For both configurations, the sandwich concept results in a strong increase in sensitivity for the measurement of HR coatings deposited onto photo-thermally insensitive substrates. Experiments reveal that for a substrate, up to two orders of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity can be achieved.
© 2013 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article


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1.5.4 Prevention and detection of overpayments
18.104.22.168 — To ensure that incorrect payments are minimised, DVA emphasises preventative measures for all dealings with clients by ensuring a framework of procedures, controls and systems. These include:
- undertaking identity checks
- issuing appropriate claim forms to clients, and alerting clients to their obligations and existing detection methods
- verifying critical facts that clients supply
- selectively applying risk-based procedures to ensure resources go to those cases where perceived risk of incorrect payment is greatest
- requiring clients to provide their Tax File Numbers as a condition for receipt of payment
- payments are paid directly into client accounts to reduce the occurrence of fraudulent negotiation of cheques and false claims for duplicate cheques; and
- promoting voluntary compliance by making clients aware of the risks and penalties involved in attempting to fraudulently claim payments.
22.214.171.124 — DVA also has controls in place to detect incorrect payments as soon as possible and correct them promptly. These controls include:
- review programs
DVA undertakes periodical reviews to ensure that pensioners receive their correct entitlements. These reviews are designed to target identified risk groups.
- data matching
Involves comparing client details, including some case Tax File Numbers with records from other Federal and State bodies, to identify declared income and asset changes. All matching programs are monitored by the Privacy Commissioner who ensures that they are in accordance with the Data-matching Program (Assistance and Tax) Act 1990 and Guidelines.
- responding to denunciations
Investigating information provided by members of the public alleging the client is receiving a benefit that they are not entitled to or is providing false or misleading information to the Department.


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Tech Tip 02
Line Reactors Stop Adjustable Frequency Drive Trip-Outs
- Adjustable Frequency Drives Shut Down for No Apparent Reason.
- Drive Diagnostics Report Overvoltage Condition.
- Failures Often Occur About the Same Time Each Day.
- Capacitor Switching Transients.
- Drives Too Small Compared to Available Short Circuit Capacity.
- Install Line Reactors or Isolation Transformers Ahead of the Drive.
- Use Less Sensitive Drives.
A manufacturing facility installed new adjustable frequency drives to improve production. Unfortunately, the new drives started tripping off line for no apparent reason. This often happened on clear days with no visible power interruptions or other problems. Only the new drives experienced the problem.
As the problem continued, the plant electrician noticed the tripouts often occurred about the same time each day. Furthermore, the electrician checked the drive diagnostics and always found an overvoltage indication.
Examination of the situation revealed the customer was served from a 12.47kV distribution feeder which had switched capacitors for voltage and var control. Also, the drive horsepower ratings were very small compared to the short circuit capacity available at the drive terminals. Testing confirmed that the drives would trip off almost every time a certain capacitor was switched on.
A capacitor creates a momentary short circuit at the instant it is energized. Current surges into the capacitor and line voltage collapses for a few millionths of a second. As the current surge declines, it causes a ringing transient with overshoot on the peak voltage. Since the dc bus voltage is a function of the peak voltage, the overshoot causes the dc bus voltage to exceed the overvoltage setting which results in the drive tripping off line.
The solution in this application was to install a properly sized line reactor in the plant's electrical supply to the drive. The reactor's high impedance to the transient cuts the voltage overshoot and lowers inrush current to the drive. (Isolation transformers also do this, but they cost more.) Experience has shown that a 3% impedance reactor is effective at protecting against nuisance tripping. In order to achieve the 3% impedance, it is necessary to specify the voltage and horsepower or KVA rating for the drive it is to be installed on. Voltage recordings below show the overshoot reduction achieved by the installation of reactors. This transient reduction was enough to prevent the drives from tripping.
Figure 1: Voltage on the Source Side of the Reactor
Figure 2: Voltage on the Load Side of the Reactor
This also shows that all drives are not created equal. Many drives in the plant survived capacitor switching with no problems. Careful selection of new drives helps prevent production outages from normal utility operations.
The information and diagrams presented herein are for general educational purposes only, and should not be relied upon as instructions for customer self-wiring. Customers should at all times seek the assistance of qualified electricians or utility personnel for all wiring projects.


Alexis Econie
Position title: Graduate Project Assistant
Alexis Econie is a graduate student of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her work is centered around the intersections of labor and environmental justice, focusing specifically on low-road labor practices in the US recycling industry. Alexis has previously written on the linkages between green industry and temporary staffing services; her current research explores the labor rights and environmental justice movements in the US to demonstrate the value of co-constructing environmental and labor regulation to realize a just and flourishing green economy.
Econie CV 9-2020


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In this article, we describe three life-changing patient cases demonstrating high-quality and timely care they received in their communities, thanks to the Show-Me ECHO project. Early autism diagnosis, a potentially deadly tumor manifesting as a benign-looking rash, a recalcitrant case of hepatitis C: rural and underserved Missourians now have access to state-of-the-art care through their local providers receiving interdisciplinary telementoring on evidence based practices.
Becevic M, Wallach E, Sheets LR, et al. Accelerating Care Through ECHO: Case Examples from the Field. Mo Med. 2020;117(3):235-240.


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Hello I need help to solve this question using excel solver in 2 hours please. Bonus if completed on time.
A Family farm owns 5 plots of land, each of 20 acres, for a total of 100 acres. The available crops are soybeans. corn and oats. The members of the farm can produce a total of 3500 work hours worth of labor towards the crops. Crop workhours net income soybean 25 175 corn 55 300 oats 20 120 A) solve the problem of finding the maximum net annual cash income using a binary linear programming model. Be sure to assign and identify all variables and each constraint. B) the family is considering reconfiguring into one plot of 100 acres. How much money should the farmers be willing to spend for each increased flexibility in crop allocation?


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U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII. Women affected by pregnancy or related conditions must be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees who are similar in their ability or inability to work.
An employer cannot refuse to hire a woman because of her pregnancy related condition as long as she is able to perform the major functions of her job. An employer cannot refuse to hire her because of its prejudices against pregnant workers or because of the prejudices of co-workers, clients, or customers. The PDA also forbids discrimination based on pregnancy when it comes to any other aspect of employment, including pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, firing, and any other term or condition of employment.
An employer may not single out pregnancy related conditions for medical clearance procedures that are not required of employees who are similar in their ability or inability to work. For example, if an employer requires its employees to submit a doctor's statement concerning their inability to work before granting leave or paying sick benefits, the employer may require employees affected by pregnancy related conditions to do the same.
Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs. If an employee has been absent from work as a result of a pregnancy related condition and recovers, her employer may not require her to remain on leave until the baby's birth. Nor may an employer have a rule that prohibits an employee from returning to work for a predetermined length of time after childbirth.
Under the PDA, an employer that allows temporarily disabled employees to take disability leave or leave without pay must allow an employee who is temporarily disabled due to pregnancy to do the same. Employers must hold open a job for a pregnancy related absence the same length of time that jobs are held open for employees on sick or temporary disability leave.
Further, under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993, enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor, a new parent (including foster and adoptive parents) may be eligible for 12 weeks of leave (unpaid, or paid if the employee has earned or accrued it) that may be used for care of the new child. To be eligible, the employee must have worked for the employer for 12 months prior to taking the leave and the employer must have a specified number of employees. For more information please see: _URL_
If an employee is temporarily unable to perform her job due to pregnancy, the employer must treat her the same as any other temporarily disabled employee; for example, by providing light duty, modified tasks, alternative assignments, disability leave, or leave without pay.
Additionally, impairments resulting from pregnancy (for example, gestational diabetes) may be disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). An employer may have to provide a reasonable accommodation for a disability related to pregnancy, absent undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense). For example, an employer may be required to provide modified duties for an employee with a 20-pound lifting restriction stemming from pregnancy related sciatica, absent undue hardship. The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 makes it much easier to show that a medical condition is a covered disability. For more information about the ADA, see _URL_ For information about the ADA Amendments Act, see _URL_
Any health insurance provided by an employer must cover expenses for pregnancy related conditions on the same basis as expenses for other medical conditions. The PDA specifies, however, that insurance coverage for expenses arising from abortion is not required, except where the life of the mother is endangered or medical complications arise from an abortion.
Pregnancy related expenses should be reimbursed in the same manner as those incurred for other medical conditions, whether payment is on a fixed basis or a percentage of reasonable and customary charge basis. The amounts payable by the insurance provider can be limited only to the same extent as costs for other conditions. No additional or larger deductible can be imposed.
Under Title VII, benefits can be denied for medical costs arising from an existing pregnancy if a health insurance plan excludes benefit payments for pre-existing conditions. Other laws, however, may apply to the coverage of pre-existing conditions.
Employers must provide the same level of health benefits for spouses of male employees as they do for spouses of female employees.
If an employer provides any benefits to workers on medical leave, the employer must provide the same benefits for those on medical leave for pregnancy related conditions.
Employees with pregnancy related disabilities must be treated the same as other temporarily disabled employees for accrual and crediting of seniority, vacation calculation, pay increases, and temporary disability benefits.


Stylish Vector Flower
Learn how to create stylish vector/line flower with Illustrator Blend Tool. This Adobe Illustrator tutorial is great for creating background and large print illustration.
Download Source File
Required: Illustrator 8+
1. Flower Petal
Create two stroke paths: one yellow and one blue.
2. Blend Options
Go to Object > Blend > Blend Options and set it to Specified Steps = 10. Specified Steps basically tells how many step to blend from 1 object to another.
blend options
Now select the 2 petal paths, go to Object > Blend > Make or press Ctrl + Alt + B and you should get something looks like the image shown below.
3. Duplicate More Petals
Duplicate more petals to form the flower by Copy & Paste or Alt + Drag.
more petals
4. Stem
Create a stem by using the same Blend technique as in the previous step. Here I set the Specified Steps = 8.
5. Leaf
The leaf is formed by 2 parts, top and bottom. I use Specified Steps = 5 here.
6. Put Them Together
Now put them together to create a beautiful flower.
full flower
7. Right Long Leaf
Create a long leaf with Blend step = 3.
right long leaf
8. Left Long Leaf
Repeat the previous step to create the left long leaf.
left leaf
Your final image should looks like the image shown below:
Play around with the stroke color, stroke weight, Blend step, Transparency and you might get unexpected nice result. Here is a sample I did in Photoshop, with different Blend Mode, Multiply and Darken. This image style is good for creating website header, banner, wallpaper, background, large print, etc.


U2 song scientifically proven to be most effective in the world for helping young children get off to sleep
ONE OF U2's most iconic tracks has been identified as the perfect song for parents to play when trying to get any young children off to sleep.
Released back in February 1992, One topped the singles chart in Ireland and has regularly featured on lists of the world's greatest songs ever since.
However, if you were to play it to a young child, the chances are they would start to drift off. That's according to new research conducted by kid's bed specialist Cuckooland.
Researchers from Durham University analysed Spotify data linked to some 4,500 songs that regularly featured on lullaby playlists created on the music streaming service.
Annaliese Grimaud, a researcher at the Music & Science Lab at Durham University said:
"The function of a lullaby is to soothe a baby and put them to sleep, so common features we would expect to see in lullabies would be, a slow(ish) tempo, relatively quiet dynamics, simple rhythm pattern - potentially one that imitates a rocking movement - a simple melody that's easier to memorise and easier to sing, predictability achieved by repetitive phrases and verses, and a high pitch due to the connotations that mothers/females usually sing lullabies."
The study concluded that U2's One contains all the properties of the "perfect lullaby".
All of which contrasts much of the meaning behind the track, which is anything but idyllic.
The Edge, meanwhile, described as a "bitter, twisted, vitriolic conversation between two people who've been through some nasty, heavy stuff".
Not exactly the stuff of lullabies then.


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Plan the design for your article and create it in Apple News Format.
- Apple News Format
- Apple News API
When you create an article in Apple News Format, you start by creating a JSON document file. The file contains code that specifies the layout for your article, provides the content, and customizes the look. The file is processed and rendered as an article in Apple News. The following figure shows the basic tasks associated with creating an article.
articledocument file. All article document files must have the name
articleStart by adding the ArticleDocument object and its required properties, or download this sample file. You can use any text editor to edit the code in your
articlefile. See Choose a Text Editor. Create a unique folder to hold the
articlefile and any other files you'll be publishing with this article, such as image files.
Plan the layout of your article. Decide how many layout columns your design will need. See Planning the Layout for Your Article.
Add components that contain your article's content. The content of your article—the text, photos, and other information—is contained in an array of components in your
articlefile. Each component has a specific function—for example, a title, a caption, body text, or a video. For an overview of the different kinds of components you can have in your article, see Components; to learn how to add components, see Adding Components.
Add the metadata for your article. See Metadata.
Once your article is finished, you can publish it to Apple News. See Create an Article.


text: Gene expression differences between divergent lineages caused by modification of cis regulatory elements are thought to be important in evolution. We assayed genome-wide cis and trans regulatory differences between maize and its wild progenitor, teosinte, using deep RNA sequencing in F1 hybrid and parent inbred lines for three tissue types (ear, leaf and stem). Pervasive regulatory variation was observed with approximately 70% of ∼17,000 genes showing evidence of regulatory divergence between maize and teosinte. However, many fewer genes (1,079 genes) show consistent cis differences with all sampled maize and teosinte lines. For ∼70% of these 1,079 genes, the cis differences are specific to a single tissue. The number of genes with cis regulatory differences is greatest for ear tissue, which underwent a drastic transformation in form during domestication. As expected from the domestication bottleneck, maize possesses less cis regulatory variation than teosinte with this deficit greatest for genes showing maize-teosinte cis regulatory divergence, suggesting selection on cis regulatory differences during domestication. Consistent with selection on cis regulatory elements, genes with cis effects correlated strongly with genes under positive selection during maize domestication and improvement, while genes with trans regulatory effects did not. We observed a directional bias such that genes with cis differences showed higher expression of the maize allele more often than the teosinte allele, suggesting domestication favored up-regulation of gene expression. Finally, this work documents the cis and trans regulatory changes between maize and teosinte in over 17,000 genes for three tissues.


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Board of Governors' Award for Excellence in Teaching
The winner receives a citation and a one-time stipend of $12,500. One recipient is selected by each of the 16 constituent institutions of the UNC system. Letter of Recommendation required.Submit a Nomination
- Any tenured faculty member who has taught at UNC-Chapel Hill for at least seven years is eligible. This includes faculty members in Academic Affairs, Health Affairs, and professional schools.
- Nominees must be teaching undergraduates in the academic year in which they are selected.
- Recipients must have demonstrated excellent or exceptional undergraduate teaching over a sustained period of time, and nominations should document that record.
- Nominees must be teaching in the academic year in which they are nominated.
- Faculty members may receive this award only once. Check the list of previous winners to be sure.
The committee screens nominations and selects several finalists, who are asked to submit a portfolio for review. The portfolio includes, but is not limited to, the following:
- A current curriculum vitae
- A statement articulating the nominee's teaching philosophy and methods used to achieve educational goals. This statement may include contributions the nominee has made to the intellectual environment at UNC-Chapel Hill and any special or innovative methods they employ.
- Copies of syllabi and other relevant course materials from three courses the nominee has taught and samples of materials from other teaching and learning activities
- A summary of student ratings of courses and other educational experiences that have been evaluated in the previous two years
- Copies of any peer teaching observations
- Names of two or three colleagues and up to five former students of the nominee from whom the selection committee may request evaluations. Nominees are also asked to provide class rolls so current students may be contacted.
The committee may also collect additional data or materials about the nominees' teaching, including videotapes, classroom observation by committee members, and telephone interviews with alumni and current students. The committee will forward its recommendations to the Chancellor.


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The ancient rustic town of Mangalore is the chief port of the state of Karnataka that was a renowned port in the south of India as early as the 6th century. Even in the present times this is a bustling commercial centre and the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada.
The name Mangalore is derived from a famous deity here of the Mangaladevi Temple. Ancient folklore says that a princess Parimala from Kerala who married Matsyendranath, the founder of Nath tradition was brought to Mangalore and was later renamed Mangaladevi and converted to the Nath sect. Following her death, a temple was built here in her honour called the Mangaladevi Temple. Mangalore is the anglicized version of 'Mangalooru' made up of two words 'Mangala' and 'ooru' meaning Mangala's abode.


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At the Conservatorium van Amsterdam, we believe that a safe and supportive environment is fundamental to academic and creative excellence. The well-being of our students, faculty, and staff is our top priority, which is why we have an array of policies and support systems in place to foster a culture of mutual respect, integrity, and security.
We stand by the core principles of security, empathy, and mutual respect, drawing from the broader policies upheld by the Amsterdam University of the Arts (AHK). Any form of undesirable behavior, including harassment, intimidation, abuse, and transgressive behavior, is unacceptable. We are committed to providing an atmosphere that aligns with who we aspire to be—a community of artists and scholars thriving in a healthy, respectful, and cooperative environment.
In addition to these measures, we ensure that every student has a student coach available for any questions or concerns they may have. Regular conversations with these coaches help us monitor the well-being of our students continuously.
We have a comprehensive Code of Conduct that outlines the expectations and values that govern interpersonal interactions within our institution. This code serves as a framework for what is considered acceptable behavior and guides the resolution of any complaints that may arise.
For students and employees who nevertheless encounter (sexual) harassment or other unacceptable behavior or have witnessed this, there are several confidential advisers inside and outside the school with whom you can discuss the problem confidentially. In addition to our confidential advisers, students have access to a Student Counsellor and School Psychologist for psychological support. Periodic internal surveys and workshops also aim to proactively address concerns and gather insights into the work and study climate.
Students and staff of the Conservatorium van Amsterdam can find extensive information and a list of confidential advisers on MyAHK (only accessible to students and staff).


Hon'ble Minister for Women and Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi laid a foundation of Sakhi Suraksha Advanced DNA Forensic Laboratory in the campus of Central Forensic Science Lab, Chandigarh today. Speaking at the event, the Minister said that forensic analysis plays a critical role in criminal investigation and the Advanced Lab will contribute to addressing the gap in forensic DNA analysis of pending sexual assault cases in the country. The Minister added that the lab is being set up as a model forensic lab and would be replicated in other parts of the country.
In sexual assault cases, the ideal time frame to complete the examination and submission of the report is 90 days. Furthermore, it is important that the biological crime exhibit is stored and preserved in a scientific manner so as to make any examination/reporting meaningful. However, presently such a storage/preservation capacity is around 200 cases in CFSL, Chandigarh.
Sexual Assault and Homicide Unit
Paternity Unit
Human Identification Unit
Mitochondrial Unit
Background: Forensic science plays a vital role in the criminal justice delivery system by providing investigators with scientifically based information through the analysis of physical evidence. With increasing reports of crime against women such as sexual assault, foeticide, homicide etc. there is an increasing demand for better scientific analysis of physical evidence. Scrutiny by Hon'ble courts demands more admissible, accurate and powerful forensic proof for human individualization.
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Lift Requirements for Flats and Tower Blocks
A helpful guide on specifying lifts for multi-storey housing developments, from fire fighting lifts to refurbishing existing lifts in a block of flats, the choices are endless, so read on to find out what the options and considerations are...
Tower block lifts – a fascinating history
Multi-storey housing developments were generally restricted to seven storeys before the days of elevators. Wealthy people lived on the ground floor and the poorest people lived on the top floor and so had to climb the most stairs. Social standing reversed with the advent of lifts, the penthouse being reserved for the wealthiest occupants.
High-rise housing became the order of the day post-war and many of these developments still exist, refurbished, today. Adding lifts to communal areas were key in the development of modern high rise buildings as without them moving to high floors by staircases would have been too arduous. Today, lifts continue to play an important part in a growing requirement for public and private housing.
When does a modern housing development require a lift?
For managed housing over two floors or more, to ensure the housing is suitable for all occupants, including people with restricted mobility, a vertical lift should be provided. If there are thirty or more individual units (flats) above the ground floor of the building then two lifts to support access to into flats should always be considered. This is particularly important in larger blocks of flats where a lift being out-of-action can cause serious disruption to residents. As a lift company with over 150 years experience, Stannah would always recommend the installation of at least two lifts as best practice for multi-storey housing developments.
What types of lifts for housing developments might be applicable?
Every passenger lift and platform lift we manufacture and supply to the housing sector has the latest standards and will accommodate a person using a wheelchair, a parent and child with a buggy or several standing people.
Platform lifts can be supplied and installed in low-rise housing, where they are to be used infrequently by a small number of people, and increasingly as an individual solution in a private dwelling.
Part M of the Building Regulations recommends passenger lifts should always be a first choice. For taller or larger residential buildings, one or more passenger lifts should play the main role in moving people vertically, typically these are 8 person or larger in line with building regulations and the people moving requirements.
As part of this, the type of passenger lift requires careful consideration, for example some lifts may also be used for fire fighting and evacuation purposes.
There is also rise in the installation of goods lifts, used to aid underground storage of bikes/bins in residential buildings - driven by a desire for Local Authorities to outline how waste is handled in their areas by waste management plans.
Specifying passenger lifts for multi-storey residential housing
Below are some of the key questions to enable you to decide which type of passenger lift you require:
1. How many lifts and in what configuration do you require?
Design guidelines recommend two lifts for any building in accordance with BS8300 - Design of an accessible and inclusive built environment - Part 2: Buildings — Code of practice, this helps to enable access provision for all in the event to downtime due to servicing and maintenance or in the unlikely event of a lift failure. Depending on the number of floors this may mean there is also a requirement for one of the lifts to be a fire-fighting lift.
2. Do you require a vandal resistant finish?
Lifts should reflect the building they are situated in. For some housing projects there is a more robust requirement, in these circumstances vandal-resistant finishes or vandal resistant lifts can play their part. There are two categories of vandal resistant lifts that are covered by the British Standard EN81-71: Vandal resistant lifts. This standard defines the testing methodology and the classification of lifts in terms of vandal resistance.
For any lift requiring a vandal resistant element, be it category 1 or category 2 primarily the lift has more vandal resistant elements than a traditional passenger lift. These elements include (but are not limited to) the following: vandal resistant and reinforced car and landing doors, finishing the lift car in vandal-resistant heavy-duty stainless steel cladding patterns such as 5WL, leather or linen, vandal resistant lighting and car roofs built to resist more than 150kg, IP54 push buttons, vandal resistant displays and car operating panels.
Vandal resistant lifts category 2 provide twice as much effort to control crushing, shearing, cutting, trapping, impact hazard, electrical and thermal hazard in a lift where there may be occurrences of vandal resistance than a category 1 lift.
Passenger Lifts vandal resistant
For example at St John's Hill Peabody Housing Estate the lifts have been specified to match the heavy duty demand of this environment, with the nine 8-person lifts are fitted with higher-grade stainless steel lift cars and Dewhurst push-button controls and mix of Cat 1 and Cat 2 vandal resistant lifts (image above).
3. Do you require a luxury or bespoke finish?
Alternatively, do you require bespoke finishes and car sizes for a high-end housing project to ensure the lift properly reflects the investment of interior design? Here a luxury or bespoke finish, either in the form of a bare lift car clad to match the rest of the building, or glass, marble or wood-effect, helps add to overall sale value.
Here the specifying consideration is ensuring your chose finish conforms with fire resistance guidelines. It's worth noting that a heavy floor or wall finish can affect the lifting weight of the passenger lift car, e.g. marble floor so it's always worth discussing this with your chosen lift supplier and the early planning stages of a project.
Below is an example of jade-green gloss perspex panels and carpeted floors, flowing through from the landings to ensure the lift interior reflects thdevelopment's design aesthetic at King Edward VII private housing project (shown below).
Bespoke lift for private housing
4. Do you require a fire fighting lift?
As a default, all new passenger lifts are equipped to conform to British Standard EN81-73: Behaviour of lifts in the event of fire. This standard means the lift is connected to the fire alarm system and in the event of a fire the lift travels to the ground floor, the doors remain open and no further calls are taken. This enables all passengers of the lift to evacuate the building and fire fighters to ensure there is no one trapped in the lift car.
This is very different to a fire fighting lift. Fire fighting lifts are lifts designed to have additional protection, with controls that enable it to be used under the direct control of the fire and rescue service in fighting a fire. For housing, a fire fighting lift is required if the building has a floor more than 18m above, or more than 10m below fire service vehicle access level.
British Standard EN81-72 compliant firefighter lifts feature trap doors and ladders for rescue operations, additionally electrical components in the shaft and on the car are protected against splashing water. Fire fighting lifts have very specific safety requirements and the presence of fire fighting controls within a lift does not necessarily mean that it is a fire fighting lift.
In some circumstances a fire fighting lift may be provided as part of a management plan for evacuating people, in such cases, the lift installation may need to be appropriately located, protected and also contain a number of safety features that are intended to ensure that the lift remains usable for evacuation purposes during the fire.
5. Are you planning to use the lift as part of your evacuation plans?
In general, it isn't appropriate to use lifts when there is a fire in the building because there's always the danger of people being trapped in a lift that has become immobilised due to the fire, hence why the British Standard EN81-73 is in place.
However, in some circumstances, a lift can be provided as part of a management plan for evacuating people and studies have shown they can cut evacuation times by up to 40%. Guidance on the design and use of evacuation lifts is given in BS EN81-76: Evacuation of disabled persons using lifts and where a fire fighting lift has been provided, this can be utilised as part of a management plan for evacuating disabled people.
6. Do you require a lift to aid the transportation of waste?
There is a rise in the installation of goods lifts, used to aid underground storage of bikes/bins in residential buildings. Local council guidelines for waste management often state the goods lift must be large enough to accommodate a person as well as at least one waste container, this is where an attended goods lift or passenger and goods lifts can play a part.
Your chosen lift supplier will be able to advise you of all the types of lifts available for your building based on the questions above - helping you to create the perfect passenger lift specification after careful analysis of your building users, frequency of travel and budget.
passenger lift range
Looking to incorporate a lift into your project?
To enable easy specification and see if a lift can fit in your project why not visit our technical area, where there's a wealth of product information, specifications, CAD blocks and more.
Stannah Lifts Downloads Area
How can we help?
Whatever the lift requirement, we can be certain that the pressure for more housing will increase with our population and the solution found vertically, increasing the requirement for lifts. We will continue to meet the needs for accessibility for everyone in the entire built environment, with housing at the forefront of our market areas.
We work in both private and public housing, forming strong relationships with leading contractors for design and build tenders, working with architects and clients in traditional procurement routes, and liaising directly with Housing Associations to provide lifts based on the needs of the tenants.
Additionally our


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There are two special kinds of model deployments on Baseten: development and production. Both development and production deployments have different features from other published deployments to match their role in the model lifecycle.
|Feature||Development deployment||Production deployment||Other published deployments|
|API: Deployment ID||☑||☑||☑|
|API: Model ID||-||☑||-|
|Scale to zero||☑||☑||☑|
What is a development deployment?
A development deployment is designed to make it easier for you to iterate on your model in an environment that closely matches production. As such, development deployments have three special properties:
- Development deployments have live reload so you can patch changes onto the model server while it runs.
- Development deployments don't have access to full autoscaling. They have a maximum of one replica and always scale to zero when not in use.
- Development deployments do not guarantee zero-downtime updates. A development deployment may be updated at any time, which may cause active requests to fail.
Live reload lets you use the Truss CLI to patch changes onto your running model server rather than waiting for an entirely new deployment.
Truss user guide
Learn how to use the Truss CLI to develop your model with live reload
What is a production deployment?
A production deployment is the main deployment of your model designated for production use.
When promoting from development to production, there are a few changes:
- The production deployment uses the production endpoint rather than the development endpoint.
- The production deployment has full access to autoscaling.
- Changes made to the development deployment do not affect the production deployment. Promoting a new deployment to production is the only way to update the production deployment.
A production deployment is fairly similar to any other published deployment, with two differences:
- A production deployment can be called using the production endpoint.
- A production deployment cannot be deleted (unless you delete the entire model).
Promoting to production
Any active deployment can be promoted to production.
Promoting the development deployment to production
Promoting the development deployment to production triggers a three-step process:
- A new deployment is created, with a new deployment ID. It is not yet the production deployment.
- The new deployment is allocated resources and started up.
- Once active, the new deployment becomes the production deployment, replacing any existing production deployment.
- If there was no existing production deployment, the new deployment is created with standard autoscaling settings.
- If there was an existing production deployment, the new deployment is created with the same autoscaling settings as the existing production deployment. The former production deployment is demoted but keeps its ID, autoscaling settings, and activity status.
Promoting the development deployment to production does not change the development deployment's ID, autoscaling settings, or activity status. You can continue to iterate on the development deployment with live reload.
Promoting another published deployment to production
When promoting an already published deployment to production, keep the following in mind:
- A published deployment keeps its deployment ID and autoscaling settings when being promoted to production (unlike development deployments).
- If the deployment is scaled to zero, it stays scaled to zero when promoted. You can manually wake the model before promoting it.
- If the deployment is inactive, you must activate it and wait for it to start up before promoting it to production.
The previous production deployment keeps its deployment ID, autoscaling settings, and activity status and joins other deployments in the deployment list.
Any active deployment, including the production deployment, can be deactivated.
- Deactivated deployments remain visible in the model dashboard.
- Deactivated deployments do not consume model resources.
- Requests to a deactivated deployment's endpoints will result in a 404 error.
- A deactivated deployment can be manually activated at any time from the model dashboard.
If you're regularly activating or deactivating deployments in response to traffic, consider using autoscaling with scale to zero instead.
Any deployment of a model can be deleted except the production deployment. To delete the production deployment, first promote a different deployment to production (or delete the entire model).
- Deleted deployments are removed from the model dashboard but will appear in your billing and usage dashboard.
- Deleted deployments do not consume model resources.
- Requests to a deleted deployment's endpoints will result in a 404 error.
- Deleting a deployment is a permanent action and cannot be undone.
If you aren't completely certain about deleting a deployment, consider deactivating it instead until you're ready to delete.


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The work proposed here is based on new developments in the field of grating-based interferometers allowing to obtain a signature of the bone microstructure from their scattering signal. The obtained information is thus fundamentally different from classical medical imaging methods; this method was identified as extremely relevant for the diagnosis of bone diseases implying structural changes like osteoporosis, which is the main target of this study. The brilliance of the BRIX – and later SPECTRE – source will ensure the success of the technique as preliminary experiments at large scale synchrotron facilities could demonstrate.
The development of an osteoporosis diagnosis tool based on grating-based dark-field imaging implies both theoretical and pre-clinical studies. First an appropriate mathematical framework needs to be developed in order to reconstruct the relevant bone structural information from their scattering signal (à la CT). Secondly, pre-clinical studies must be performed in order to develop a quantitative analysis tool for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. In this frame several trials on clinically relevant samples will be performed and the effect of the micro-structural changes between healthy and pathological samples on the dark field signal will be quantitatively and systematically investigated using BRIX.
A systematic comparison with gold standard methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and histology will be performed. A complete simulation tool of the dark field signal formation in bones will also be developed. High-resolution CT measurement of the samples used as input to the simulation tool will enable a direct cross checking of the experimental and simulation results, thus allowing for a refinement of the measurement method.


Available in OroCRM Available in OroCommerce
Configure Workflow Steps, Transitions, and Attributes in the Back-Office
Each process or action applied to a record is called a workflow transition. On the interface, transitions are usually initiated when a user clicks the corresponding button or icon. There are two types of transitions:
 - Transitions that take a user from one state to another and connect to each step in the workflow.
 - Self-transitions that do not change steps in the workflow.
Every workflow has the Start transition that launches the workflow.
A transition can be defined as soon as there is at least one step besides Start. However, it is often simpler to define all workflow steps and then all the transitions between them.
Attributes are characteristics of the record. For example, a ZIP code and a street name are attributes of an address. In the course of each transition, you can change some attributes of the processed record.
A workflow may have configuration parameters (also known as variables). For example, the Alternative Checkout workflow includes reviewing of an order by an authorized person. This is usually required only for orders exceeding a certain amount, so the workflow's configuration parameter enables you to set an order subtotal limit that triggers the alternative checkout.
If enabled (see the section below), the workflow widget displays the process steps defined in workflow configuration on the record view page. Multiple workflow widgets can be displayed for one record at the same time.


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Survey of Energy Resources 2007
Geothermal Country Notes
Poland has substantial resources of geothermal energy, but not at high temperatures. The available resource ranges from reservoir temperatures of 30°C to 130°C at depths of 1 to 4 km.
Although thermal water has been used for balneological purposes for many centuries, development of geothermal power for heating has only taken place during the past 15 years or so. Both the Strategy of Renewable Energy Resources Development which came into effect in 2000 and Polish membership of the European Union in 2004 have helped to encourage the growth of renewable energy use in general, but greater promotion of geothermal energy is needed.
Three heating plants were installed in the period _PHONE_ in the Podhale region (near Zakopane), in Pyrzyce (near Szczecin) and in Mszczonów (near Skierniewice). Two further heating plants came into operation in 2001 (Uniejow) and 2002 (Slomniki). Some of the geothermal units work in conjunction with heat pumps and/or fossil-fuelled boilers.
Geothermal water is mainly used for heating purposes. The bulk of the capacity installed for direct heating is utilised for district heating, with much smaller amounts for bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, fish farming and wood drying. The number of ground-source heat pumps has grown steadily and capacity now stands at about 53 MWt.
At the present time it is not foreseen that geothermal heat will be utilised for traditional electricity generation. However, there is an interest in studying binary plants which would be based on 90+°C water.


Inserting new nodes into a binary search tree is easy. To start out, we work the same way as in a search, traversing the tree from the top down, as if we were searching for the item that we're inserting. If we find one, the item is already in the tree, and we need not insert it again. But if the new item is not in the tree, eventually we "fall off" the bottom of the tree. At this point we graft the new item as a child of the node that we last examined.
An example is in order. Consider this binary search tree:
[Click here for plain-text rendering]
Suppose that we wish to insert a new item, 7, into the tree. 7 is greater than 5, so examine 5's right child, 8. 7 is less than 8, so examine 8's left child, 6. 7 is greater than 6, but 6 has no right child. So, make 7 the right child of 6:
[Click here for plain-text rendering]
We cast this in a form compatible with the abstract description as follows:
32. =
void **
bst_probe (struct bst_table *tree, void *item)
{ struct bst_node *p, *q; /* Current node in search and its parent. */ int dir; /* Side of q on which p is located. */ struct bst_node *n; /* Newly inserted node. */ assert (tree!= NULL && item!= NULL); for (q = NULL, p = tree->bst_root; p!= NULL; q = p, p = p->bst_link[dir])
 { int cmp = tree->bst_compare (item, p->bst_data, tree->bst_param); if (cmp == 0) return &p->bst_data; dir = cmp > 0; } n = tree->bst_alloc->libavl_malloc (tree->bst_alloc, sizeof *p); if (n == NULL) return NULL; tree->bst_count++; n->bst_link[0] = n->bst_link[1] = NULL; n->bst_data = item; if (q!= NULL) q->bst_link[dir] = n; else
 tree->bst_root = n; return &n->bst_data; }
This code is included in 29.
See also: [Knuth 1998b], algorithm 6.2.2T; [Cormen 1990], section 13.3; [Bentley 2000], section 13.3; [Sedgewick 1998], program 12.7.
1. Explain the expression p = (struct bst_node *) &tree->bst_root. Suggest an alternative. [answer]
2. Rewrite bst_probe() to use only a single local variable of type struct bst_node **. [answer]
3. Suppose we want to make a new copy of an existing binary search tree, preserving the original tree's shape, by inserting items into a new, currently empty tree. What constraints are there on the order of item insertion? [answer]
4. Write a function that calls a provided bst_item_func for each node in a provided BST in an order suitable for reproducing the original BST, as discussed in Exercise 3. [answer]


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Hazardous weather can occur at any time of the year. During the winter, the potential for icing, heavy snowfall, and power outages exist even in Las Cruces, New Mexico. During the spring, high winds are common. In the summer, extreme heat, thunderstorms, flashfloods, and tornados are all possible. In the fall, the potential for thunderstorms and hail are still high.
To help the campus community prepare for hazardous weather, NMSU has taken a number of steps. The first measure is to become a Storm Ready university, one of less than 50 in the nation. This shows the dedication of the university in helping the community be aware of, and prepared for, hazardous weather.
The NMSU Emergency Dispatch Center monitors weather information from the National Weather Service and other sources continually. If hazardous weather warnings and watches are issued, the dispatchers help determine the potential impact to NMSU and put out warnings as appropriate.
In most cases, seasonal warning information is distributed by NMSU Police once or twice in order to help people prepare for the upcoming season. Then, as severe warnings and watches are issued, additional notices are distributed as appropriate to the campus community. In the event of immediately life-threatening warnings (such as a tornado), NMSU may also activate the Emergency Notification System and the outdoor sirens.


Secret Behind The Jewish Question Circumcision Trauma Based Mind Control
Roger Dommergue (full name Roger Dommergue Polacco de Menasce; b. 1923), is a French speaking Jewish professor, philosopher, and essayist, known for his writings concerning alternative medicine and his Holocaust scepticism.
Dommergue is a critic of contemporary claims concerning the Holocaust, Hitler, and National socialist Germany. He is especially critical of the claim that the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust was six million, as he claims that there were not even this number of Jews living in Germany or occupied Europe.
Dommergue is a critic of brit milah, claiming that infant circumcision performed on the 8th day after birth constitutes an infantile trauma and negatively affects hormone development, as Dommergue claims that the 8th day after birth is the beginning of the first puberty which lasts for 21 days thereafter. He claims that the endocrinologist Dr. Jean Gautier has given evidence of this.


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John Rose Macduff
Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895)
Quotes reported in Josiah Hotchkiss Gilbert, Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers (1895).
- Character is the product of daily, hourly actions, and words, and thoughts; daily forgivenesses, unselfishness, kindnesses, sympathies, charities, sacrifices for the good of others, struggles against temptation, submissiveness under trial. Oh, it is these, like the blending colors in a picture, or the blending notes of music, which constitute the man.
- P. 46.
- All Christ's public acts were consecrated by prayer, — His baptism, His transfiguration, His miracles, His agony, His death. He breathed away His spirit in prayer. " His last breath," says Philip Henry, "was praying breath."
- P. 66.
- Faith does not first ask what the bread is made of, but eats it. It does not analyze the components of the living stream, but with joy draws water from the " wells of salvation."
- P. 230.
- Seek to mingle gentleness in all your rebukes; bear with the infirmities of others; make allowance for constitutional frailties; never say harsh things, if kind things will do as well.
- P. 256.
- Even when the shadows of trial are falling around us, let us "pass through the cloud" with the sustaining motive— "All my wish, O God, is to please and glorify Thee!"
- P. 283.
- If, like Jacob, you trust God in little things, He may answer you by great things.
- P. 601.


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Audit Terminal Server (RDSH) Configuration
XIA Configuration Server automatically documents and audits your Terminal Server (Remote Desktop Session Host) configuration on Windows Server 2003 to Windows Server 2012 R2 including general settings, connections (terminals), connection (session) broker and RemoteApp applications configuration.
Below are a few examples of how XIA Configuration's Terminal Server capability can be used to benefit your organisation:
- Locate which user accounts are permitted to connect to a Remote Desktop Host.
- Locate where RemoteApp applications are being hosted.
- Ensure that all Terminal Servers within a farm are configured identically.
All of XIA Configuration Server's features are supported when documenting Terminal Server configuration, including version control, production of professional documentation, reporting, change tracking and XML output.
Terminal Server Documentation - Sample PDF Output
An example document produced by XIA Configuration Server can be viewed by clicking the image below:
Terminal Server documentation sample PDF output (click to open)
- Windows Server 2012 R2
- Windows Server 2012
- Windows Server 2008 R2
- Windows Server 2008
- Windows Server 2003 R2
- Windows Server 2003
Information documented by XIA Configuration Server
Find our more about the Terminal Server information documented by XIA Configuration Server below:
Terminal Server Settings
A Terminal Server (known as Remote Desktop Session Host (RD Session Host) server on Windows 2008 and above) is a server that hosts Windows-based programs or the full Windows desktop for Remote Desktop Services clients. Users can connect to a Terminal Server to run programs, to save files, and to use network resources on that server. Users can access an RD Session Host server by using Remote Desktop Connection or on Windows 2008 and above by using RemoteApp.
XIA Configuration Server audits the following Terminal Server settings:
- Delete temporary folders on exit
- Active Desktop
- Licensing Name
- Licensing Description
- License Servers
- Operating System Name
- Permission Compatibility
- Remote Desktop Users
- Restrict each user to a single session
- Use temporary folders per session
Connection (Session) Broker
Remote Desktop Connection Broker (known as Terminal Services Session Broker in versions of Windows prior to Windows 2008 R2) provides several functions: Allows users to reconnect to their existing sessions in a load-balanced Remote Desktop or Terminal
Services Session Host server farm. This prevents a user with a disconnected session from being
connected to a different server in the farm and starting a new session; Enables you to evenly distribute the session load among Remote Desktop Session Host servers; In Windows 2008 and above provides users access to virtual desktops hosted on Remote Desktop Virtualization Host servers and to RemoteApp programs.
XIA Configuration Server documents the following connection broker information:
- Server Name
- Cluster Name
- Load Balancing Participation
- Load Balancing Weight
XIA Configuration Server provides the following information about connections:
- General Settings
- Logon Settings
- Session Settings
- Environment Settings
- Remote Control
- Client Settings
- Network Adapter
RemoteApp Applications (Windows 2008 and above)
RemoteApp is a technology available from Windows 2008 that enables you to make programs that are
accessed remotely through Remote Desktop Services appear as if they are running on the end user's
local computer. Instead of being presented to the user in the desktop of the Remote Desktop Session Host server, the
RemoteApp program is integrated with the client's desktop. The RemoteApp program runs in its own
window, can be dragged between multiple monitors, and has its own entry in the taskbar.
XIA Configuration Server audits the following RemoteApp applications information:
- Command-line arguments
- Icon File
- Virtual Path
- Path Exists
- RDP File Contents
- RemoteApp program is available through Web Access
- Restrict to specified domain users and domain groups (Windows 2008 R2 only)
XIA Configuration Server automatically detects Terminal Server relationships including the host machine and RemoteApps
Find out more about XIA Configuration Server, request a free trial, or buy online.
Back to all capabilities >


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Celtic field is a popular name for the traces of early (prehistoric) agricultural field systems found in North-West Europe, e.g. Belgium, Britain, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands. The name was given by O.G.S. Crawford. They are sometimes preserved in areas where industrial farming has not been adopted and can date from any time from the Early Bronze Age (c. 1800 BC) until the early medieval period. They can be preserved as earthworks or soil marks.
They are characterised by their proximity to other ancient features such as enclosures, sunken lanes and farmsteads and are divided into a patchwork quilt of square plots rarely more than 2,000 m² in area although larger examples are known (e.g. Dorset and Wiltshire). Their small size implies that each was cultivated by one individual of family.
Lynchets, evidence of early ploughing can often be seen at the upper and lower ends. Large scale Roman agriculture replaced them in lowland Britain and they are more common in less accessible regions such as the West Country.
|This article relating to archaeology in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This agriculture article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
Here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.


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Definition of an exothermic reaction, the role of energy and examples of exothermic reactions.
A presentation on exothermic versus endothermic reactions based on bond breaking and bond forming.
Reviews the definition and examples of exothermic reactions.
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
Explore what happens to the energy of reactions.


text:
In 10 years, 86% of students will study more efficiently with tablets
OpenColleges, an online educator based in Australia, has created a new infographic on schools of the future. Entitled "Components of a 21st Century Classroom" the graphic depicts tidbits on information that predict the educational experience in the future.
In this scenario, the following facts emerge for education in 10 years:
- 86% of students will believe they study more efficiently with tablets.
- 6 in 10 students have used a digital text book
-59% of students would like to use their own mobile devices for learning.
See more in the graphic:
Components of a 21st Century Classroom - An infographic by the team at Open Colleges


text:
Fish Use Clever Mating Trick [LiveScience 2007-11-15]
Some fish are able to get sex by faking out the females. Now scientists have found a gene that helps them do so.
The fish, known as cichlids, are maternal mouthbrooders???the female scoops up eggs in her mouth after she lays them. While collecting her eggs, the female may mistake the yellow, oval-shaped markings on a male's fin as one of her own eggs and approaches the male. Once she gets close enough to his anal fin, he then squirts sperm into her egg-filled mouth.
This form of mating 'trickery' works so well that more than 80 percent of cichlid species evolved the fake egg markings.
Researchers at the University of Germany identified the gene associated with the egg-like markings by observing how the gene was expressed in distantly related species, where such spots developed on the pectoral fins rather than the anal fins.
The researchers published their findings in the online open access journal BMC Biology.
"The two kinds of independently evolved egg-dummies serve as a model system to test whether the same genetic pathways are involved in the morphogenesis of both types of dummies," the authors write.


Photo from auction catalog.
A Newport Mercury account in 1949 provides the story of the end of the renown Glen Farm herds. The entire herd of 89 cows were dispersed in one auction for over $36,000. The herd, one of the oldest in Rhode Island, had been established in 1889 by H.A.C. Taylor and had been continued by his son Moses. Moses Taylor's wife, Edith Taylor Nicholson had continued the herd, but she made the decision to sell in 1949.
Glen Farm Guernseys were known for high quality breeding and an outstanding record for being disease free. The original stock came from the Island of Guernsey, but the Taylors continued to selectively breed and improve their herds.
Among the buyers at the auction were Francis Taylor, the grandson of Glen Farm's founder. Francis, who is listed as being from Seekonk, bought a cow (Frolic of the Glen) and a calf (Gold of the Glen). Local buyers were former Governor William H. Vanderbilt who purchased four of the better known cows for his Massachusetts farm, Hugh D. Auchincloss (Jacqueline Kennedy's stepfather), and Mervin Briggs (who had Fairholm Dairy in Portsmouth). Most of the herd went to Pennsylvania and Delaware.
The week before the cattle auction, Edith Taylor Nicholson disposed of all the Glen Farm sheep and some years before the bred horses had been dispersed as well. After the auction there was still cattle on Glen Farm. Sixty head of Angus beef cattle were still being bred in the last years of the farm.


text:
Skip to Main Content
In a sensor-aided cognitive radio network, collaborating battery-powered sensors are deployed to aid the network in cooperative spectrum sensing. These sensors consume energy for spectrum sensing and therefore deplete their life-time, thus we study the key issue in minimizing the sensing energy consumed by such group of collaborating sensors. The IEEE P802.22 standard specifies spectrum sensing accuracy by the detection and false alarm probabilities, hence we address the energy minimization problem under this detection accuracy constraint. Firstly, we derive the bounds for the number of sensors to simultaneously guarantee the thresholds for high detection probability and low false alarm probability. With these bounds, we then formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal sensing interval and the optimal number of sensor that minimize the energy consumption. Thirdly, the approximated analytical solutions are derived to solve the optimization accurately and efficiently in polynomial time. Finally, numerical results show that the minimized energy is significantly lower than the energy consumed by a group of randomly selected sensors. The mean absolute error of the approximated optimal sensing interval compared with the exact value is less than 4% and 8% under good and bad SNR conditions, respectively. The approximated optimal number of sensors is shown to be very close to the exact number.


The Student Ranking per Attendance ranks students according to their attendance during a specific period. At the top of your dashboard, click the module access icon > Academics > Examination > Reports center > Student Ranking per Attendance.
 1. Select the batch, date range and then click the View button. Click on a column header to sort the information.
 1. In the top right, click the PDF report button to generate a PDF report or click the CSV report button to generate a CSV report.
For more information, watch this-


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A dynamo is a mechanism for converting flow energy to magnetic energy. The magnetic fields of most stars and galaxies are probably sustained by dynamos. The flow energy has an ordered component - the large scale differential rotation, and a turbulent component. Both are important.
The solar dynamo, and some stellar dynamos, are cyclic in time, with the cycle period of the solar dynamo being 22 years, and other cycles being observed on many different stars. One way to study stellar dynamos is through numerical simulations. The accompanying figure shows a "magnetic wreath" prodiced by one of Ben Brown's dynamo simulations. The magnetic field is stretched by rotation into a ring in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. Eventually we would like to understand the relationship between stellar rotation, luminosity, and the length and vigor of its magnetic cycles.
Dynamos can also be studied in the laboratory. There are two dynamo experiments at UW-Madison. The Madison Dynamo Experiment is a ball of liquid sodium that can be mechanically stirred. The Madison Plasma Dynamo Experiment will be a ball of plasma that can be used to to study a host of dynamo problems, inlcuding some related to the growth of magnetic fields in the early universe.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
For given $n,\ell\in\mathbb N_0$, I am interested in studying the following recursion relation for some $\mu\in\mathbb R$: $$\sqrt{-1} \tfrac{j(\ell-j+1)(n-j+1)(n+j+1)}{2(2j-1)(2j+1)} a_{j-1} - \tfrac {j(j+1)}2 a_j - \sqrt{-1} \tfrac{(j+1)(\ell+j+2)}2 a_{j+1} = \mu a_j,$$ for $j\ge0$, assuming $a_{-1}=0$.
The trivial solution is $a_j=0,\ \forall j\in\mathbb N_0$. The value of $a_0$ determines the entire sequence, no matter what is $\mu$.
Since this three term recurrence relation is given by matrix valued spherical functions of the symmetric pair $(\mathrm{SO }(4),\mathrm{SO }(3) )$ one expects to be solvable by a set of orthogonal polynomials on a finite discrete set, for some $\mu$.
Does anybody recognize this expression or know any family of polynomials solving this?
From already thank you very much.
share|improve this question
Does the $i$ here denote the square root of $-1$? Also, could you show a few examples for at least one pair of indices $n$ and $\ell$? It would help to know how you want the recursion to start -- otherwise, $a_j=0$ for all $j$ would seem to suffice. – Barry Cipra Sep 7 '12 at 20:07
Why in particular is this recursion interesting? – Per Alexandersson Sep 7 '12 at 21:36
Can anything be said from the differential equation for the generating function? (I'm guessing it's 4th order.) – Pavel Safronov Sep 8 '12 at 22:57
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Racah are involved
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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The anatomy of a vector illustration has an exact,
finite pattern. There are only so many parts to it.
It is summarized below:
|An ILLUSTRATION is composed of vector
||OBJECTS each having one
||PATHS which are composed
||LINE SEGMENTS having
||ANCHOR POINTS at each end
ANCHOR POINTS fall into two categories:
1. Those having CONTROL HANDLES and
2. Those having NO CONTROL HANDLES
Line segments with points having control handles are
Line segments with points having no control handles
An ANCHOR POINT can have either:
1. ONE CONTROL HANDLE or
2. TWO CONTROL HANDLES
There is really only ONE handle
per SIDE of a point because points between consecutive
line segments are shared.
Points with both handles in line with each other are
called SMOOTH POINTS. All other points (except for the
specialized ones - "symmetrical node" and
"connector point") are generally referred
to as CORNER POINTS.
Objects have stroke and fill properties. Stroke (or
outline) properties apply to the path of an object and
fill properties apply to the area enclosed by the path.
Objects may be:
1. Grouped or
2. Formed into Composite Paths or
3. Combined into new objects
Paths are either:
1. Open or
The whole purpose of this was to drive home the point
that there is an anatomy to a vector illustration. It
has an exact pattern. It is finite. It is simple and
all vector illustrations from the simple to complex
will reveal this pattern.
Here To Continue...


text:
Seeing and imagining the "same" objects in unilateral neglect the only significant left–right difference in accuracy stemmed from neglect patients. Seeing and imagining are different in the brain tags: can be thought of as "seeing with the dissociation between visual attention and visual mental. Generally it is easy to tell the difference between what you are actually seeing and imagining, but how does this happen when you see something. What is medical diagnostic imaging and radiology along with traditional x-ray or radiology (see history of medical difference between outpatient. Seeing vs transparency: what's the difference one of these friends did not know the difference between seeing 3 thoughts on " seeing vs transparency. We can be aware of 'seeing' an image listening to or imagining pitch this test revealed no significant differences between the groups in terms of their. Fantasy-prone personality most of us can tell the difference between and whether the fantasist can tell the difference between, say, seeing and.
Transsexual differences caught they found significant differences between male and female brains deoni expects to see differences developing in the. Significant major findings were: • a kendall coefficient of concordance of 74 was obtained between the results of x-ray analysis and the results of cfi analysis. New ways of seeing of labour arose out of "natural" differences between individuals it is a short but significant step from "this job is mine and. Learn the difference between mri, ct and x-ray scans understand the difference between these medical imaging scans and how they guide (see lung scan image to. Imagining social justice within a communicative framework seeing social justice as power differences between social classes. The difference between looking and seeing in "cathedral," the act of looking is related to physical vision, but the act of seeing requires a deeper level of engagement.
The distinction between lipoma and well-differentiated liposarcoma, however, is a frequent diagnostic dilemma lipoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor in which the lesion closely resembles normal fat the resemblance is so great that the fat within a lipoma cannot be distinguished histologically from normal fat however, there are biochemical and. Frequently asked questions about cte seeing stars, sensitivity to light or noise (ad), significant differences exist. This page will calculate the z-ratio for the significance of the difference between two independent proportions, p a and p bfor the notation used here, n a and n b represent the total numbers of observations in two independent samples, a and b k a and k b represent the numbers of observations within each sample that are of particular. The following graph outlines the differences between mammography, medical infrared imaging (thermography) 10 times more significant than any family history of.
68 ga-dotatoc versus 68 ga-dotatate pet/ct in functional imaging of neuroendocrine significant difference between either imaging functional imaging. This difference in magnetic properties leads to small differences in the mr signal of blood depending on the degree of oxygenation since blood oxygenation varies according to the levels of neural activity these differences can be used to detect brain activity this form of mri is known as blood oxygenation level dependent (bold) imaging. The researchers manipulated the model, changing the size of the brow ridge and seeing what happened when they applied different bite pressures they found that the brow ridge was much bigger than it needed to be if its purpose was just to connect the eye sockets with the brain case, and that it didn't seem to protect the skull from the force of biting.
The team found a few structural differences between there was significant overlap between or the diffusion tensor imaging data, between 23% and 53% of. What's the difference between mri and x-ray while mri and x-ray are both imaging techniques for organs of the body mri vs x-ray. Visually imagining a cat is seeing nothing too) play a significant role in visual mental imagery between current conceptions of mental imagery and.
Since there is a difference between being while there are significant differences between these three one is doing is imagining seeing oneself. Remembering and imagining: there was no significant difference in neural activity there are likely to be differences between imagining extended. Imagining accomplishments from differing visual and from differing visual and temporal perspectives there were no significant differences in ga. Statistics calculator will compare two percentages to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between seeing your ad in the last. The simple answer is that t2 weighted imaging makes structures with lots of water appear bright and t1 weighted imaging makes water dark and structures containing fat comparatively bright basic t1 weighted imaging is useful for assessing structures that are high in fat or structures that are near water filled structures, such as joints, that.


%0 Conference Paper %B SimBuild 2006 %D 2006 %T Evaluation of Demand Shifting Strategies with Thermal Mass in Two Large Commercial Buildings %A Peng Xu %K demand response and distributed energy resources center %K demand response research center %K demand shifting (pre-cooling) %X
Building thermal mass can be used to reduce the peak cooling load. For example, in summer, the building mass can be pre-cooled during non-peak hours in order to reduce the cooling load in the peak hours. As a result, the cooling load is shifted in time and the peak demand is reduced. The building mass can be cooled most effectively during unoccupied hours because it is possible to relax the comfort constraints.While the benefits of demand shift are certain, different thermal mass discharge strategies result in different cooling load reduction and savings. The goal of an optimized discharge strategy is to maximize the thermal mass discharge and minimize the possibility of rebounds before the shed period ends. A series of filed tests were carefully planned and conducted in two commercial buildings in Northern California to investigate the effects of various precooling and demand shed strategies. Field tests demonstrated the potential of cooling load reduction in peak hours and importance of discharge strategies to avoid rebounds. EnergyPlus simulation models were constructed and calibrated to investigate different kind of recovery strategies. The results indicate the value of pre-cooling in maximizing the electrical shed in the on-peak period. The results also indicate that the dynamics of the shed need to be managed in order to avoid discharging the thermal capacity of the building too quickly, resulting in high cooling load and electric demand before the end of the shed period. An exponential trajectory for the zone set-point during the discharge period yielded good results and is recommended for practical implementation.
%B SimBuild 2006 %I MIT %C Cambridge, MA %G eng %2 LBNL-2907E %4
August 2-4, 2006
Demand Response Research Center