text:
|Format||GIS polygon data. (ESRI, MapInfo, others available by request)|
|Price||30p per km2. Subject to number of users, licence fee and data preparation fee.
More information about licensing data.
A parent material is a soil-science name for a weathered rock or deposit from, and within which a soil has formed.
In the UK, parent materials provide the basic foundations and building blocks of the soil, influencing their texture, structure, drainage and chemistry.
Soils are the result of weathering processes that occur on the Earth's surface where the atmosphere meets the geosphere and hydrosphere. We live in this 'critical zone' relying on our soils to grow our food and sustain the biodiversity and health of our environment.
The Soil Parent Material Model details the distribution of physiochemical properties of the weathered and unweathered parent materials of the UK to:
There are two versions of the Soil Parent Material model available:
Contact Digital Data for more information.


What Type of Oil Does a Lawn Mower Take?
Motor Oil Lights
Taking good care of your lawnmower is the first step to having a perfectly working machine for a good long time and a healthier lawn, and it all begins with knowing the right type of oil to use. You might not have changed your lawnmower's oil in a long while, and you are wondering what type of oil to use in your lawnmower so that it will continue to run like new. Depending on the specifications of your lawnmower, you should change the oil after every 20 to 50 hours of usage.
However if you have a small yard, you might only have to change the oil a few times a year. Even though this is not something that is done frequently, it is mandatory that you do it the right way, starting with using a suitable oil for your lawnmower in order to keep it running smoothly.
There are certain types of oil that can be used to operate lawnmowers, but the factors that determine the type of oil to use are the lawnmower's size, type, and capacity. The climate you live in can also make a difference when it is time to adding or replacing oil due to the fact that each lawnmower has a specific temperature range.
 - SAE 30
 - SAE 10W-30
 - VANGUARD 15W-50
SAE 30
The SAE 30 oil is a motor oil that has a viscosity rating of 30, and most motor oils usually have a viscosity rating from 0 to 50. The viscosity of an oil is the measure of how well it pours at a specified temperature. A lower rating signifies a thinner oil, whereas, a higher rating signifies that it is a thicker oil.
Thinner oils work better in cold weather, mostly when trying to start up a car. On the other hand, thicker oils work better at higher temperatures. SAE 30 is a single-grade oil that is thicker than lower grades, and it has a viscosity rating of 30 at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius.
The SAE 30 oil is meant to be used in your small lawnmower. It is not a multi-grade oil that will work well irrespective of the season.
SAE 10W-30
The SAE 10W-30 oil is an oil that has a viscosity rating of 10W at low temperatures (the W stands for winter) and SAE 30 viscosity at high temperatures. These viscosities are relative and standardized numbers; the oil gets thinner when it is hot and not thicker. This is a multi-grade oil that can be used to help protect engines that have a larger temperature swing range.
Multi-grade oils are generally blended oils; the SAE 10W-30 is an example. The 10W part of the oil is associated with the grade of winder oil, and the 30 part of the oil is related to the protection given at hot temperatures.
The Synthetic SAE 5W-30 is an oil that has a viscosity rating of 5W at low temperatures and a viscosity rating of 30 at higher temperatures. As a multi-grade oil, the synthetic SAE 5W-30 is thin enough to flow smoothly at low temperatures and thick enough to work adequately at high temperatures.
A synthetic oil, just like the SAE 5W-30, is an oil that is manufactured in a lab just like a chemical. Semi-synthetic oil is a man-made oil that is blended with natural oils. These semi-synthetic oils and also full synthetic oils are the ones that offer the best protection for your lawnmower; the only downside is that they are very expensive.
The Vanguard 15W-50 oil is an oil that has a viscosity rating of 15W at low temperatures and a viscosity rating of 30 at high temperatures. It is a fully synthetic oil that performs well in different temperatures, and also boasts of reduced oil consumption. Due to its fully synthetic composition, the vanguard 15W-50 offers a high-performance solution, and also has longer life oil when compared to a semi-synthetic oil.
The vanguard oil was manufactured with commercial customers in mind. Even in most of the toughest conditions couples with extensive usage, it has been designed to protect your engine and maximize performance fully.
When to Change Your Lawnmower's Oil?
If you just purchased your lawnmower, then you might need to replace the oil after the first few hours of use. If you have a small engine, then you might need to change the oil after every 25 hours of use, while larger motors can go on for up to 50 hours before you would have to replace the oil.
There are plenty of factors that can raise the frequency of your oil changes, such as severe dust and dirt, frequently mowing wet or muddy grass, rough terrain, or even a hot climate.
All these are conditions that will require your lawnmower to work harder. If your yard is large or if you mow your small yard often ( if you have previously used it for more than 20 hours) then use a dipstick to check your oil level before you use your lawnmower again.
But if you haven't used it for up to 20 hours at the end of a season, then make it a habit to change your oil each spring, before your first use. Additionally, you might want to check your oil filter to see if needs to be cleaned or maybe even changed.
How to Check Your Oil Level?
If you want to check your oil level, then you need to make sure that the engine is cold and on ground level. If you have been using your lawnmower, then you should let it cool for about 10 – 15 minutes before checking to allow the oil to settle.
Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean with a dry cloth, insert the dipstick but do not screw into its seat, then remove it to check the oil level.
Most lawn mowers will have an oil drain plug on the bottom side of the unit. Place a vessel underneath the opening and pull the plug. You may want to use an air compressor to clean the opening and remove any access oil.
With this guide, it should now be a lot easier to know which type of lawnmower oil to use, how to check your oil level, and when to change your lawnmower's oil.


text:
Author(s): Tan Q, Huang GH, Cai YP
Abstract Share this page
Abstract The existing inexact optimization methods based on interval-parameter linear programming can hardly address problems where coefficients in objective functions are subject to dual uncertainties. In this study, a superiority-inferiority-based inexact fuzzy two-stage mixed-integer linear programming (SI-IFTMILP) model was developed for supporting municipal solid waste management under uncertainty. The developed SI-IFTMILP approach is capable of tackling dual uncertainties presented as fuzzy boundary intervals (FuBIs) in not only constraints, but also objective functions. Uncertainties expressed as a combination of intervals and random variables could also be explicitly reflected. An algorithm with high computational efficiency was provided to solve SI-IFTMILP. SI-IFTMILP was then applied to a long-term waste management case to demonstrate its applicability. Useful interval solutions were obtained. SI-IFTMILP could help generate dynamic facility-expansion and waste-allocation plans, as well as provide corrective actions when anticipated waste management plans are violated. It could also greatly reduce system-violation risk and enhance system robustness through examining two sets of penalties resulting from variations in fuzziness and randomness. Moreover, four possible alternative models were formulated to solve the same problem; solutions from them were then compared with those from SI-IFTMILP. The results indicate that SI-IFTMILP could provide more reliable solutions than the alternatives. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article was published in J Environ Manage
and referenced in Industrial Engineering & Management

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Objective: To systematically review data from randomized controlled studies on the effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring (HBPT) versus usual care with respect to improvement of BP control, healthcare resources utilization and costs, patient's quality of life and adverse events.
Methods: Electronic databases were searched for publications in English. The benefit and relative risk (RR) were estimated applying a random-effect model.
Results: Twenty-three randomized controlled trials with a high level of heterogeneity were selected (7037 patients). Compared to usual care, HBPT improved office SBP by 4.71 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.18, 3.24; P < 0.001] and DBP by 2.45 mmHg (3.33, 1.57; P < 0.001). A larger proportion of patients achieved office BP normalization (<140/90 mmHg nondiabetic patients and <130/80 mmHg diabetic patients) in the intervention group [RR: 1.16 (1.04, 1.29); P < 0.001]. HBPT led to a significantly larger prescription of antihypertensive medications [+0.40 (+0.17,+0.62), P < 0.001], but to therapeutic adherence and rate of office consultations similar to usual care. Healthcare costs were significantly (P < 0.001) larger in the HBPT group [+662.92 (+540.81, +785.04) euros per patient], but were similar to those of the usual care when only medical costs were considered [−12.4 (−930.52, +906.23) euros; P = 0.767]. Use of HBPT helped improving the physical component of quality of life [SF-12 or SF-36 questionnaire: +2.78 (+1.15, +4.41) P < 0.001]. No difference was observed in the risk of adverse events [RR: 1.22 (0.86, 1.71); P = 0.111].
Conclusion: HBPT may represent a useful tool to improve hypertension control and associated healthcare outcomes, although it is still more costly compared with usual care.


++Mind vs Body in programming Is Dualism the future of programming? I like the RubyLanguage. Yet, I feel strange with the motto "In Ruby everything is an object". On the contrary I believe it is useful to pretend that some "things" are Objects and some other "things" are Values. Maybe I am not a Materialist. Let me explain. + Objects vs Values What is the difference between an Object and a Value? It's like the difference between material things and immaterial ideas. Objects must live in some body/place/container, whereas Values can live in multiple "minds" simultaneously. ++ Objects As I first read in a Grady Booch book a long long time ago, an Object has 3 main characteristics: # an *Identity*. A unique /identifier/ that makes it possible to "reference" a specific unique Object # a *State*, that can be represented using a *Value*. That state/value may or may not change over time # a *Behavior*, that defines how the Object will react when some "method" is invoked. Often the behavior depends on the "class" of the object (the "class" is part of the value). ++ Values Example of values include so called /primitive/ values like integers and floating point numbers, strings, dates. Some languages extend the notion to tables, lists, records, etc. But the notion of *value semantics* goes deeper, it relates to the idea that a value is an "in extenso" description of something (whereas a an object is that something itself). Values exist the way ideas exists, not the way a physical thing exist. Values are... # are *immutable*. They cannot change, they cannot "mutate". That means that the Value's value never changes! If string "ABC" is a value, then "ABD" is a different value. There is no way "ABC" can turn into "ABD". # are intrinsically *unique*. Integer 3 "exists" once only, there are no two integers 3, there never will. Values are neither created nor destroyed, they simply are, always have been and always will be. # are *self-identified*. Ie. the Value's identity is the Value itself. ++ An over simplification? Because Object Oriented languages use objects to represent values, they kind of hide the difference between Objects and Values. Everything becomes an Object. This is presented as an advantage. It is some kind of an "unification", a beautiful simplication. Well... really? Maybe it is an over simplification. I am asking because some of these languages later reintroduce the notion of "value semantics". Sometimes there are two "equality" operators. One for identity equality (are two object identifiers referencing the same object?). Another one for Value equality (are two objects representing the same value?). Some other times there will be a String class for example, and a MutableString class (or a StringBuffer/StringBuilder class maybe). As a result Values become second class citizen. They become a special case among all objects, the Immutable Object case. So, yes one can represent a value using an object, but the ideal/immaterial essence of the value gets lost. Why does this matter? + Only Values are multi-core friendly We are entering a time where parallel processing is becoming increasingly necessary to improve performances. That is why the distinction between Values and Objects is relevant. Values are friendly in a distributed non shared environment: # Values are light and fast. Values are naturaly cacheable. A value's computerized representation can be copied as much as one wants, there will never be a need to synchonize the copies. As a result accessing values is local, hence fast. # Mutable Objects are heavy and slow. Objects need a "home". That is the place where the object is stored. The place is not ubiquitous, it hosts the true and only Object. If there exists local cached proxies, they must be kept in synch with each others somehow, and this is costly. Functional programming, like in ErlangLanguage for example, is a nice thing. But pure functional programming, with no side effects, with only immutable values instead, is... a brutal paradigm shift, at best. Are we going to forget about Object Oriented Programming? I don't think so. ++ The Fertile Paradox of OO Languages Some languages have both "by value" and "by reference" parameter passing schemes. But "Pure" object oriented languages are expected to provide only one mechanism: a "by reference" parameter passing, where references are object identifiers. The difference between "by value" and "by reference" becomes of paramount importance when the caller and the callee live in two different address spaces, maybe on two different computers. Cannotical Object Oriented languages have only "by reference". But, but, at some implementation level they actually pass Values: Object Identifiers. ++ Object Identifiers are Values! That passed Value is the /id/ of an object, a /reference/ to it. That's an added level of indirection. Call it an Oid, a Pointer, call it a Reference, at the end it is a kind of Value (hence immutable, unique, self identified). But these languages deny the existence of such values, claiming that "everything is an object". Maybe "everything is an object" but then what is the reference to an object? Is it an object or a value? That is where there is a paradox: If everything is an object, then what kind of object is a "reference to an object"? The truth is that not everything is an object, because references to objects are not objects, they are Values. ++ Nice consequence As a consequence, a language claiming "In xxxx everything is an object" seems extreme to me. I want something in between, where there are Objects and Values, with a clear understanding about what these two species of data have to offer. That request is legitimate, because Values are not second class citizen. I bet I am not alone. Future languages will provide native support for Objects /and/ Values. Some possibilities include: * *Thing Oriented Programming* would be the Top. In such a programming orientation, Value is the norm and Object the exception, versus the opposite in Object Oriented Programming. * A *Value* base class and mixin. To make it super easy to create objects with value semantics. * An *value* method. It would freeze forever the value of an object, so that further processing can optimize things and treat the object as if it were a value, an immaterial idea versus an material thing. It is the _TAG_ Ruby method. There even exists an evil _TAG_ * A *incarn* method. That would create a *new* mutable object from an idealized value. Is it the _TAG_ Ruby method? * A *value?* method. That tells apart objects from values. Like Ruby _TAG_? maybe? Maybe, probably, some languages already offer these possibilites. I get to find them. ----- Ressources: * B. J. MacLennan. "Values and Objects in Programming Languages." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 17, 12 (December 1982). Page 70-79. * Values in Object systems at Ubilab -- Explains why Values are good. * * * Mutable or immutable? in * Objects and Values – A conceptual model, by Bruno Jouhier ----- + Solution Implementing value semantics in object oriented languages can be tricky. * What does Barbara Liskov have to say about Equality in Java? by Reg Braithwaite * Equals and Hash Code for **Java**, by Manish Hatwalne * Navigating the equality maze of **Ruby**, by Paul Butcher * Reference and value semantics. Part of **C++** FAQ Lite, Marshall Cline ----- Read/add comments Category AboutProgramming, JavaScript Misc. I am getting old. I apparently wrote about this in 2004, _USER_ - _USER_ - _USER_ - a visitor - _USER_ -
Your name maybe:
©2006-2014 Virteal


Why Is Independence Important?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Apr 8, 2020 7:24:06 PM ET
Tim Hall/Cultura/Getty Images
Independent people are able to handle things on their own, and this increases their confidence. On the other hand, lack of independence means relying on others to get things done. Being independent implies having the ability to make decisions. For instance, financial independence brings a sense of freedom by allowing a person to make their own monetary decisions. Emotional independence reduces stress, enhances happiness and helps people handle challenging situations in their lives and make personal decisions.


Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale. Fundamentally consisting of image segmentation, attribution, and classification.
OBIA allows for hierarchical relationship framework development that give successive levels of image objects an association.
Work scheme:
 1. develop rule set;
 2. develop applications;
 3. combine, modify and calibrate rule sets;
 4. process data;
 5. execute and monitor analysis;
 6. review and edit results.
Image segmentation is a partitioning of an image into constituent parts using image attributes such as pixel intensity, spectral values, and/or textural properties. Image segmentation produces an image representation in terms of edges and regions of various shapes and interrelationships.
Segmentation algorithms are based on region growing/merging, simulated annealing, boundary detection, probability-based image segmentation, fractal net evolution approach (FNEA), and more.
In region growing/merging, neighboring pixels or small segments that have similar spectral properties are assumed to belong to the same larger segment and are therefore merged.
Multiresolution segmentation
Once created each image object can be identified and classified based on its attributes which the user can define.
For example:
 1. spatial extent;
 2. linearity;
 3. spectral reflectance;
 4. relationship with Image Object Primitives.
Membership function are used to determine if an object belongs to a class or not. These membership functions are based on fuzzy logic. Where an object can have a probability of belonging to a class – with the probability being in the range 0 to 1 – where 0 is absolutely DOES NOT belong to the class, and 1 is absolutely DOES belong to the class.
The result of classification is a vector or raster layer containing classes classified by user.


el.compileString(str[, options])
Accepts indent as a string in options causing output to be indented using that string, which should contain only whitespace if provided. Unlike the other functions, the compile functions default to performing no global checks, though you can pass in an allowedGlobals table in options to enable it.
Compile an iterator of bytes into a string of Lua (can throw errors)
local lua = fennel.compileStream(strm[, options])
Accepts indent in options as per above.
Compile a data structure (AST) into Lua source code (can throw errors)
The code can be loaded via dostring or other methods. Will error on bad input.
local lua = fennel.compile(ast[, options])
Accepts indent in options as per above.
Get an iterator over the bytes in a string
local stream = fennel.stringStream(str)
Converts an iterator for strings into an iterator over their bytes
Useful for the REPL or reading files in chunks. This will NOT insert newlines or other whitespace between chunks, so be careful when using with io.read(). Returns a second function, clearstream, which will clear the current buffered chunk when called. Useful for implementing a repl.
local bytestream, clearstream = fennel.granulate(chunks)
Converts a stream of bytes to a stream of values
Valuestream gets the next top level value parsed. Returns true in the first return value if a value was read, and returns nil if and end of file was reached without error. Will error on bad input or unexpected end of source.
local valuestream = fennel.parser(strm)
local ok, value = valuestream()
-- Or use in a for loop
for ok, value in valuestream do
 print(ok, value)
source for this site


In this step-by-step guide we show how to connect a data source to the IoT platform from IBM via MQTT using the OPC router as MQTT client.
The IBM Watson-Internet of Things platform is IBM's IoT solution in the Watson system. Devices can be created in the IoT platform. The devices are sent and assigned current data via MQTT. With its various plug-ins for connecting subsystems, the OPC Router is the ideal data provider for devices of the Watson IoT platform. Watson serves as MQTT Broker, which is connected with the MQTT Client Plug-in of the OPC Router.
Connection OPC Router - IBM Watson
MQTT connection of the IBM Watson IoT platform
The connection takes place in following steps, which we explain in detail below.
 1. Setup of the IoT platform in IBM Watson
 2. Configuration of the device
 3. Configuration of the MQTT Client
Setup of the IoT platform
 1. Log in to the IBM Watson interface and navigate to the "Dashboard". Then click "Create" to create a resource:IBM IoT Console Dashboard
 2. Search in the library for "label:lite iot" to find the "Internet of Things Platform". Then select and create:IBM IoT Watson create Ressource
 3. Name (1) and create (2) the newly created IoT platform:IBM IoT Watson Ressource Name
 4. Start the IoT platform afterwards:IBM IoT Watson Ressource Start
Creating a Device
1. After starting the platform, the device overview opens automatically. Select "Create a device" here:
IBM IoT Watson Create Device
2. The new device must be named in the next step. First name the type (1), then the device itself (2) and then continue (3).
IBM IoT Device Name
3. In the next step, meta data for the device can be maintained. It is optional. Continue with "Next":
IBM IoT Device Meta Data
4. In the following security settings, the default settings can be accepted and continued with "Next":
IBM IoT Watson Device Security
5. In the last step, the data are summarized and the device can be created with "Finish":
IBM IoT Watson Finish Device
6. The created device is displayed with its access data for MQTT. These are important for the following MQTT client configuration. Here you can find the organization ID (1), the assigned type name (2), the device ID (3) and the authentication token (4):
IBM IoT Watson Device Information
Configuration of the MQTT Client
In the MQTT Client the device information must be transferred to the MQTT connection configuration. In the OPC Router (other clients are comparable) the data is used as follows:
Broker connection: The organization ID (here 7nahdt) becomes together with "" the broker connection address.
Client ID: The Client ID consists of Organization ID (1), Device Type (2) and Device ID (3). the format is "d::".
Username: The fixed string "use-token-auth" (4) is used as username to indicate that a token is being used.
Password: The password is the authentication token (5) specified in the device information.
OPC Router IBM Watson MQTT Configuration
Example: Temperature transmission to the IoT platform with the OPC Router
In this example, temperature acquisition data is loaded from an SQL database and formatted as JSON and sent to the configured IBM Watson IoT device. The MQTT client integrated in the Watson IoT console displays the received data.
OPC Router IBM Watson Connection
IBM IoT Watson Client
Connect IBM Watson IoT Platform via Drag & Drop!
Connect your production systems graphically with the IBM Watson IoT platform via MQTT with the OPC Router
Request your download and test the MQTT connection


text:
The Mystery of the Levitating Train
In this Science upd8 activity students use their understanding of simple circuits, electricity and magnetism to diagnose and fix problems with the running of a magnetic train in a theme park.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF CROWD SOURCED DATA TO MAP COMMUTER POINTS OF INTEREST: A CASE STUDY OF JOHANNESBURG
Modern African cities are faced with various mobility and transportation challenges. In developing smart sustainable cities, city planners need to create a balance between supply and demand for public transportation. Development of multi-mobility mode models has contemporarily received a special interest in smart cities development. Globally, the use of bike sharing services to complete the first kilometre or last kilometre of the trip has been highly received, with commuters using either rail or road mobility modes for the middle section of their trip. Within the developing world context, the use of multi-mobility modes in daily commuting is still new, and little research has been done to guide this. Notwithstanding the influence of uncertainties and fragmentation over demand and supply in public transportation provision. In the South Africa context, various modes of public transportation have been developed which seek to be smart, sustainable and efficient such as the fast train (Gautrain), Bus rapid transport (Rea Vaya and Gaubus) and Bikes sharing platforms (Upcycles), however most of these modes are currently not spatially connected. Hence the researcher sought to develop a stepping stone in planning for future mobility demand. Using an explorative methodology, the authors collected quantitative and spatial data in the form of land-use data and crowd sourced data (from twitter) to map commuter points of interest in and around the city of Johannesburg. The results reveal hot and cold spots in the city. The hot spots reveal areas where commuters frequently travel to, and when overlaid with transportation data, we are able to identify potential locations to develop new transportation hubs as these will overtime become key points of interest.


No, Black Women Aren't Bad at Diet and Exercise
New research published today in the International Journal of Obesity indicates that when it comes to weight loss, metabolic differences between black and white women are at fault for observed differences in the results that the two groups achieve from diet and exercise. Previously, researchers speculated that maybe black women simply weren't trying as hard as their white counterparts ("Maybe they're lazy!" being a more popular guess than "Maybe their bodies use energy differently!" is fucked up).
But now it seems that the problem is that black women have to try harder to get the same results as white women, because black women's bodies metabolize fewer calories when they exercise.
In other words, more efficient energy expenditure means that it takes more driving to run the tank dry. So to speak.
Researchers noted that these findings offer important insight into how doctors should approach weight loss with black women differently than they'd approach it with their white patients, whom were ostensibly not assumed to be lazy by the professionals charged with treating them.


text:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is recommending a new algorithm for authenticating digital data for federal agencies. Called CMAC (cipher-based message authentication code), the algorithm can authenticate the source of digital data, such as messages sent over the Internet, and thus provide assurance that the data have not been modified either intentionally or accidentally.
The main component of CMAC is a block cipher. Within encryption algorithms, block ciphers are used to scramble the data after they are broken down into blocks. In CMAC, the block cipher creates a digital tag that authorized parties can use to verify that the received message has not been altered.
Other authentication mechanisms, such as the hash function message authentication code (HMAC) and digital signatures, have long been available. CMAC is a new option, intended especially for devices in which a block cipher is more readily available than the components of these other mechanisms.
CMAC was submitted to NIST as part of an ongoing public effort to develop and update block cipher-based algorithms, called modes of operation. A team of Japanese scientists, Tetsu Iwata and Kaoru Kurosawa of Ibaraki University, developed CMAC based on an earlier proposal by a team of American scientists, John Black of the University of Nevada, Reno, and Philip Rogaway of the University of California at Davis.
Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication (NIST Special Publication 800-38B) is available at _URL_ It is the third of a series of publications recommending modes of operation to provide confidentiality or authentication for digital data. For more information, see _URL_
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Basics of Core HRMS in Oracle Apps Part6
Basics of Core HRMS in Oracle Apps
Application Programmatic Interface: API is nothing but a logical grouping of PL/SQL packaged procedures and functions, which acts as an interface to the database.
APIs are used extensively in Oracle HRMS. For every insert/update or delete to any of the base tables, an API is available.
APIs are primarily used to validate the data being inserted into the base tables and also for inserting or updating the data on deleting the data from the base tables.
Object Version Number
In Oracle HRMS, every row in the database table has an object version number. When a new row is created, the object version number for the row is 1. When the row is changed, the object version number is incremented by one. When a user queries a record, the object version number is also fetched along with the other information.
Consider, two users A and B query the same record having Object Version Number 1 simultaneously. If user A makes changes to the records and saves the changes, the current object version number (in this case 1) is compared with the object version number of the record in the database (in this case 1). Since, these values are same, the changes are valid and so the changes are saved and the object version number of the record is incremented by 1. It will become 2.
If user B also does changes and tries to save them, the object version number in the database is 2 against the object version number of the record sent to client (in this case 1). Since, the object version numbers are different, it is evident that the record is already changed by another user and so the changes done by user B are not valid as they may override changes done by user A.
The user B will get an error message:"Record has been modified by another user". He/she will have to re-query the record to do the changes.
This is one of the important parameters for an API.
Every API has a number of parameters. Not all parameters are mandatory. Generally, the optional parameters are followed by a default value, e.g. p_email_address in varchar2 default null.
Control Parameters
Control parameters are the mandatory parameters common across all the APIs.
This is one of the control parameters. For insert APIs, p_object_version_number is an OUT parameter. For update APIs, p_object_version_number is an IN OUT parameter.
This is an IN parameter. The parameter decides that the record needs to be saved to the database or not Default value for p_validate is FALSE. If TRUE value is passed, the data is only validated and not saved to the database.
APIs that are used to insert/update/delete the date tracked data have this control parameter. This is a mandatory IN parameter that defines the date from which the current change needs to be applied.
APIs used to update the date tracked data have this control parameter. Valid values for this parameter are: UPDATE, CORRECTION, UPDATE_OVERRIDE and UPDATE_CHANGE_INSERT
APIs used to delete date track data have this control parameter. Valid values for this parameter are: ZAP, DELETE, FUTURE_CHANGE, and DELETE_NEXT_CHANGE
List of Important APIs
Work Structures
SIT stands for Special Information Types.
This is nothing but the Personal Analysis Key Flexfield. This can be used to define any special information that cannot be stored with the help of the main system. Any number of instances can be defined of the Personal Analysis KFF. Each instance is knows as Special Information Type. Each SIT can have up to thirty fields. Each field is a segment of the KFF.
When a new segment combinations is created, the system will first check to see whether that combination already exists in the table before creating a row. If the combination does exist, the system only retrieves the ID of the row it found. The system therefore has to scan through the whole SIT combinations table.
SITs are primarily attached to people. They can also be used with Jobs, Positions, and Activities (in OTA), but with skill meaning (competencies).
EIT stands for Extra Information Types.
EITs are a type of Descriptive Flexfield. When a new segment combinations is created, the row is just inserted into the appropriate table (without checking whether the combination already exists). There is now full scan of the underlying table and so performance shouldn't be affected by the size of the table.
EIT's can be attached to People, Assignment, Job, Position, Location and Organization.
 1. Usually I never comment on blogs but your article is so convincing that I never stop myself to say something about it. You're doing a great job Man learn Oracle SOA Online Training


text:
David Griffiths, Timothy Goddard and Mi Wang: Why has IMS LD not led to the advances which were hoped for?
Cloud created by:
5 October 2011
The publication of the IMS Learning Design (LD) specification in 2003 led to high hopes that the specification would lead to advances both in formalising the description of learning designs and patterns, and also of extending the range of possible learning designs which could be implemented with technological support. Today, however, there is no evidence that it has achieved anything approaching widespread adoption within the education sector. This study seeks to identify the reasons for this, and the lessons which can be learned for future research into learning designs and patterns. We describe how data is currently being gathered in the form of interviews with leading participants in IMS LD research, and how this will be analysed in order to identify hypotheses which can clarify the history of the specification in the form of proposed explanatory mechanisms. The results of this process will be presented at the ASLD workshop. Subsequently an open process will be carried out to contrast these hypotheses with evidence in the existing literature, and to develop conclusions regarding the lessons for future research into learning design and pedagogic patterns.


Bar Code Scanning in ColorDesigner Plus
ColorDesigner PLUS can use bar codes in the following ways:
 1. Send UPC/EAN code of the paint base to dispenser software, to be scanned there.
 2. Scan UPC/EAN code of the paint base in ColorDesigner PLUS before dispensing.
 3. Scan the bar code on a paint chip to look up the color (instead of typing the color name or color number).
UPC/EAN code handling verifies that the operator has the correct paint base and can size, so it eliminates one cause of mistints. To support UPC/EAN code handling (either of the first two features), the paint line database (Electronic Formula Book or Color Matching Database) must contain the UPC/EAN code for each base-can size combination.
To access a document (PDF) that includes the required Settings in ColorDesigner PLUS as well as configuring a Symbol LS4208 Scanner, click HERE


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Mixing methods : creative collaboration in mobile moviemaking
View fulltext online
Citation:Wagner, Daniel. (2017). Mixing Methods: Creative Collaboration in Mobile Moviemaking. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 3 (2), pp.84-96.
Permanent link to Research Bank record:_URL_
This article is a reflection on creative collaboration and synergy, using a tertiary course in mobile moviemaking to explore ways in which collaborative projects involving people from different creative disciplines can generate creative outcomes that surpass – in both innovative value and aesthetic depth – creative outcomes that might be generated by the individual disciplines on their own. The article will reflect on the processes and outcomes of a collaborative class project within this course, with specific reference to the differences in ideation and making methods used by creators in different disciplines and media. By unpacking the differences between their two creative fields, participants from two different disciplines (Film and Contemporary dance) were able to define common ground through which to conduct a creative collaboration. This paper will contextualise their process, and will suggest a method by which future participants in interdisciplinary creative collaborations may reframe their perceptions of their own diverging disciplinary approaches in order to utilise these differences as strong points upon which to build and solidify their mutual efforts.


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Lageschaar Vaste Planten stands for innovation. We are always looking for new improved plant species to include in our range. We select on plant characteristics like lower or perhaps taller species or a different flower colour. The vitality of the perennials is one of the most important aspects for us. By breeding perennials and applying stringent selection criteria, we optimise the quality of the plants. An example of a new plant species grown by Lageschaar is the Nepeta 'Grol'.
We are continuously thinking up and applying new planting methods and application possibilities. This resulted in the concepts Prairie Garden®, Fleur Dansante® and Fleur Robuste®. These concepts are continuously monitored, improved and supplemented. The prairie planting spade is one of our innovations, as an easy and practical way to process the plants. In this way, we can respond to wishes from the market.
More information? Please contact us!


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3D Video Converter for 3D TV
Do you want to convert 2D video to SBS 3D video so that you can enjoy it on your 3D TV? Then what you need is a 3D video converter. DVDFab Video Converter is a professional 3D video converter for 3D TV that can convert any 2D videos into SBS 3D videos in AVI, MP4, MKV, etc. formats that are supported by 3D TV. The following is a detailed guide to show you how to convert 2D video to SBS 3D with DVDFab Video Converter.
Step 1: Load the source
Run DVDFab 10, go to Converter module and load the 2D video you are going to convert.
Step 2: Choose a 3D profile
Navigate to the profile library on the top left corner of the main interface, choose Format > Video > Filter, check the 3D option and choose a 3D video format you want.
Step 3: Set SBS 3D format
Click the "Advanced Settings" icon, you can go into the Advanced Settings panel. Here you can set the video/audio parameters as well as the 3D type. In "3D Format" part, click the drop down list to choose "Split Screen" (SBS) as the 3D type, and choose the Left/Right or Top/Bottom format according to your 3D TV. After all settings are done, you can go back to the main interface to change the video name, choose the audio tracks and subtitles you want (you can add external subtitles). You can also click the "Editor" icon to edit the video.
Step 4: Select a directory and start the converting process
Click the "folder" icon at the bottom to select a directory to save the output video. And then you can click the "Start" button to start the process of converting 2D video to 3D video that can be played on 3D TV.
Do you also want to find a Blu-ray converter to convert 2D Blu-ray to 3D video that can be watched on 3D TV? Click 2D Blu-ray to 3D Converter to learn more.
① Convert videos from one format to another for compatible devices
② Extract the audio tracks from videos and output as audio files
③ Support all the popular audio & video formats like MP3, MP4, MKV, etc.
④ Support to edit the videos like cropping, trimming, and more
⑤ Support GPU hardware acceleration to convert much faster


text: Na12[(AIO2)12(SiO2)12] • X H2OMolecular Sieve Type 4A, the sodium form of the Type A Crystal structure, is an alkali metal alumino-silicate. Available in powder, pellets, mesh and beads for static dehydration in a closed gas or liquid system. Used in packaging of drugs, electronic components, and perishable chemicals; and as a water scavenger in paint and plastic systems. Type 4A is also used commercially in drying saturated hydrocarbon streams.The sizes of both Mesh and Beads are specified jointly by the screen sizes that the material will pass through and retained by. For example, a 14 x 30 mesh product will pass through a 14 mesh screen, and be retained by a 30 mesh screen. Listed below are the screen openings for some common screen sizes.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Grape (Vitis)
Color of berry skin Blanc
Species Vitis vinifera
Also called See list of synonyms
Origin France
Notable regions Australia, South Africa
Crouchen is a white South African and Australian wine grape variety that originated in the western Pyrenees of France but is now virtually extinct in France due to its high susceptibility to fungal diseases like powdery and downy mildew. The grape is known under a wide variety of synonyms including Clare Riesling and Cape Riesling though it is not related to the well known international variety Riesling.[1] Recent European Union regulation aimed at standardizing wine labelling laws has encouraged wineries to move away from these synonyms but their use still persists.[2]
Records indicate that Crouchen was first shipped from France to the Clare Valley of South Australia in 1850. From there the grape became misidentified as both Semillon and Riesling before eventually being considered by the Australians to be a new variety known as Clare Riesling. In 1976 ampelographer Paul Truel positively identified the vines growing in Australia as the French variety Crouchen.[1]
Wine regions[edit]
In the early 1990s there over 1000 acres (420 hectares) of Crouchen growing throughout Australia but its numbers have been steadily declining over the past few decades.[3] Here is it is primarily used as a blending variety to enhance the aromas of white wines.[1]
It is still widely grown in South Africa, accounting for almost 3% of all of South Africa's vineyards, with more than 7900 acres (3200 ha) planted mostly in the Paarl and Stellenbosch regions.[3] Here the variety is known as Cape Riesling but is often simply called Riesling as opposed to the German wine grape Riesling that is known in South Africa as Weisser or White Riesling. Wine expert Jancis Robinson notes that some examples of Cape Riesling do have the potential to age and improve in the bottle.[1] Oz Clarke notes that some the best examples of Crouchen can be "fairly steely".[3]
Crouchen is also known under the synonyms Basque, Cape Riesling, Cheri Cerratia, Clare Riesling, Cougnet, Crochenta, Crouchen Blanc, Cruchen, Cruchen Blanc, Cruchenta, Cruchenton Blanc, Grand Blanc, Kaapse Riesling, Messanges Blanc, Navarre Blanc, Paarl Riesling, Riesling, Riesling Vert, S. A. Riesling, Sable Blanc, Sales Blanc, Trouchet Blanc, and Zurizerratia.[4]
 1. ^ a b c d J. Robinson Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes pg 53 Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0-19-860098-4
 2. ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia Fifth Edition pg 51 Dorling Kindersley (2011) ISBN 9780756686840
 3. ^ a b c Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 85 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0-15-100714-4
 4. ^ Crouchen, Vitis International Variety Catalogue, accessed 2010-07-14


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SAN FRANCISCO—A lesson plan for the San Francisco Unified School District has been proposed to teachers to help navigate classroom discussions about president-elect Donald Trump. The opening letter to teachers describes Trump as a racist, sexist man that won the election by "pandering to a huge racist and sexist base." The plan was initially written by a SF teacher after the election to help teachers to answer questions of their students following the election results. It has since been sent via email to more than 6,000 school district members by the United Educators of San Francisco (UESF).
Fakhra Shah, a social studies teacher at Mission High School wrote the lesson plan at 2:00 a.m. following the election. She indicated that she had no intentions of the lesson plan spreading throughout the city and that it was the teacher's union that was responsible for the distribution.
"We're calling him out," states Shah, "if he's our president, I have the right to hold him accountable and ask him to take a stance that is anti-hate and anti-racist." In the lesson plan, she states that teacher's have the jurisdictions to set their own "norms" and to prohibit their students from "swearing."
Some of the objectives in the lesson plan include:
- Students expressing their personal experiences with discrimination
- A deeper understanding behind the motivation of Trump supporters
- An American context of racial violence, sexism, etc.
Shah includes resources, lesson plans with sources such as a documentary by Michael Moore, and the focus of creating a learning environment where the youth are not penalized for the way they express themselves in terms of discrimination.
Since the release of this lesson plan, other union members have come forward to express their viewpoints on the matter. Vice President of the Board of Education Shamann Walton is concerned with history repeating itself stating: "In order for us to avoid all of that darkness in all of our too recent history, we cannot sit idly by and pretend that this is not hurtful."
Republicans have revealed antipodal opinions on the matter. Republican National Committee Harmeet Dhillon defined the lesson plan as, "inappropriate propaganda that unfairly demonizes not only the campaign that Donald Trump, the winner, ran, but also all of the people who voted for him."
The UESF posted an explanation of the lesson plan on their website on Friday, November 18 stating: "Following a bitter and divisive presidential campaign, during which our President-elect made a series of racist, sexist, and xenophobic remarks, many of our students have expressed feelings of fear, intimidation, and uncertainty."
In addition to that statement, the UESF also provided support for those who were in favor of Trump writing that students "should be protected from intimidation and fear and their voice should be included in all discussions about the presidential race and the future."
The UESF plans on creating a committee of "rank-and-file educators" to ensure age-appropriate lesson plans synchronously with current events.


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Aspirations is a welcoming dance and theatre school based in Crosby where we aim to ensure that your child achieves his/her potential as a valued member of the school.
We believe in the concept of lifelong learning and the notion that both adults and children learn new things every day. We maintain that learning should be a rewarding and enjoyable experience for everyone: it should be fun. We believe that appropriate teaching and learning experiences help children to lead happy and rewarding lives.
We believe that people learn best in different ways. At our school we aim to provide a rich and varied learning environment that allows pupils to develop their skills and abilities to their full potential.
Real learning can only take place in a well-ordered and caring school like Aspirations. That is why we emphasise good behaviour, full attendance, appropriate appearance, hard work, a positive attitude and concern for others.


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ABSTRACT: We have investigated a diastereoselective self-replicating system based on a cycloaddition of a fulvene derivative and a maleimide using a two-pronged approach of combining NMR spectroscopy with computational modelling. Two diastereomers are formed with identical rates in the absence of replication. When replication is enabled, one diastereomer takes over the resources as a "selfish" autocatalyst, while exploiting the competitor as a weak "altruist", resulting in a diastereoselectivity of 16:1. We applied 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques supported by ab initio chemical shifts as well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the structure and dynamics of the underlying network. This powerful combination allowed us to decipher the energetic and structural rationale behind the observed behaviour, while static computational methods currently used in the field did not.
Chemistry 01/2011; 17(2):468-80. · 5.93 Impact Factor


Zoom Radar
Zoom Radar
Instructions for use:
1. Select "hybrid" view for most realistic imagery
2. Use the "zoom in" feature while keeping your location centered on the map
3. Choose between Radar and Clouds for radar or satellite imagery
4. Click on any temperature reading to see detailed information for that location
5. Use the simple video controls to animate the imagery


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Free Surface Tank Filling CFD Simulation
This animation, created by Caedium Professional, shows a transient multiphase CFD simulation of water filling a tank that is initially filled with air. The free surface is shown as blue for the air-side surface and red for the water-side surface. Each frame of the animation was automatically rendered by POV-Ray (a ray-tracer) through Caedium.
Try CFD Yourself
Are you ready for a 30-day free trial of Caedium Professional?
For such a simple geometry it is worth the extra effort to produce a multi-block hexahedra mesh. This means constraining the geometry during construction to be volumes with 6 faces. Once complete the multiple volumes can then be connected at common faces to form a continuous flow domain.
With a constrained multi-block topology the meshing can then produce hexahedra cells. Typically hexahedra are more accurate for CFD simulations compared to other element shapes.
Rather than post process a huge amount of flow data (there were 600 frames in the movie) after the simulation was finished to create the movie, Caedium simultaneously initiated each frame render in POV-Ray while the simulation was running.
For comparison a native (non-ray traced) render of the same frame is shown below:
Checkout Caedium tutorials on:
- Multi-block topology construction at "Water Tank"
- Movie creation for a tank filling simulation at "Transient Water and Air Flow in a Tank"
See "POV-Ray" for instructions on using it to render movie frames in Caedium.
Recent blog posts
- Perfect Gifts for CFDers
- Intuition and Fluid Dynamics
- Turbulence Model Selection
- Double Diffusers and F-Ducts Explained
- Fluid Dynamics News: Hydraulic Capsule Pipelines and Fish Farming Sea Cages
- Symmetry for CFD to the Rescue
- Amazing 3D Maze Solved by CFD
- Amazing CFD
- In Search of The Remaining 20 in The Pareto 80-20 Rule
- Never Settle For Facets


How to prepare the house for Autumn
How to prepare the house for Autumn
In a few weeks, Australia will welcome the season of ripeness and maturity, Autumn. The vibrant season full of a bright colour like orange, brown and red which means you need to get ready to welcome all of the fallen leaves onto the garden and roof, not to mention all of the rubbish piling up during the Winter.
While most of the affected part of the house is external but there's still a chance that the season could affect the internal part, one of them is the ceiling. Therefore, we have prepared guidance on how to prepare the house for Autumn.
1. Check the roofing condition
During the winter, the rain intensity increased which means the roofing has been working hard to keep everyone inside safe. However, there's still a chance that the roofing sustains certain damage which you are not aware of. Therefore, a simple inspection needed by climbing up and check any sign of damage, if there's any, you can note the exact location and get the professional help to fix it.
2. Clean the gutters
While doing the roof inspection, don't forget to look at the condition of the gutters which obviously has working hard as well during the winter. Twigs, leaves and any other debris could possibly be stuck there and could be a hindrance for the gutters flow. Therefore, clean it by using a pressured water host or a small rake to prevent major issue ever happening to the gutters.
3. Reinforce the insulation and ventilation system
The insulation and ventilation system are another part that likely sustains damage during the winter. Damp makes it easier for the insulation to sustain damage and strong winds could possibly damage the ventilation system. Therefore, these two should be back in top form before the Autumn coming.
4. Repair the water damaged ceiling
Roofing and ceiling are connected which means if the roofing sustains damage, there's a possibility the leak will damage the ceiling as well causing a sagging or wet on some parts of the ceiling. This situation needs immediate attention because it could lead to a collapsed ceiling and endanger everyone's safety. Therefore, a quick call to a reliable ceiling repairs Perth company like Perth Ceiling Repairs will get the job done ASAP.
5. Hire a skip bin
There's no denying that during Autumn, the backyard or garden area will be quite a mess with a piling of fallen leaves, twigs and any other debris. That's why hiring a skip bin from a reliable provider will make it easier for you to organize all of the rubbish in one place, a skip bin hire. Additionally, this skip bin provider will prioritize recycling method when managing the rubbish which means all of the green waste will go to the local compose centre.
Thank you for reading and hopefully, this article can help you in preparing the house for Autumn. Feel free to share it.


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Living SustainablyIssue 3 - Oct 2006
Who Cares about the environment in 2006? is a survey of NSW people's environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.
The survey tracks changes and identify trends with respect to what NSW people think about environmental issues, the effects of government policies and programs and the ongoing impact of education, training, business, community activities, education campaigns and media reporting.
The survey forms part of the DEC Social Research Series and is conducted every three years since 1994.
Survey findings will be available online from November in the Education Resources > Scientific & Social Research section at environment.nsw.gov.au.
> More information
Contact Lynne McLoughlin in Community Education on (02) 8837 6045.


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Now that's what we call progress!
The Australian Council for Educational leaders applauds recent commentary on tracking academic progress rather than solely focusing on static achievement data at a single point in time. (Achievement matters but what about tracking learning progress. The Age, 27.01.15)
Tracking student progress data provides insight into student learning and the success of teaching strategies and programs.
Overemphasis on static achievement data misses the opportunity to celebrate the quality of teaching and learning in classrooms across Australia.
Quoting from research that investigated the link between student growth in literacy learning and the teacher's use of classroom strategies, Associate Professor Stephen Humphry from UWA says, "Progress data spanning two or more time points is the best source of information by which to gauge the extent of learning and the impact of specific factors".
The research, titled In Teacher's Hands, conducted by Edith Cowan University and the UWA in over 200 classrooms, provided a clear picture that teachers can make a big difference to student learning.
This difference is not necessarily evident when only static achievement data is used to measure performance.
Many factors impact on achievement at a given point in time. It is virtually impossible to obtain clear evidence of teacher impact based on static achievement data. Although progress is also affected by many factors, progress data can provide a better indication of the impact of a teacher than static achievement data.
Tracking student progress, as suggested in the original article, provides opportunity to recognize and celebrate successful learning and teaching.
The Australian Council for Educational Leaders (ACEL) gives access to worldclass empirical research along with the practical support to achieve excellence in leadership in the education sector.
Click here to download the PDF for the above
Click here to access index of Media Releases


Maps of World
Current, Credible, Consistent
World Map / Rwanda Map / Rwanda Independence Day
Rwanda Independence Day
1.When is the Independence Day of Rwanda celebrated?
Rwanda, located in eastern Africa, won its independence from Belgium on July 1, 1962. Since then this day has been observed as its Independence Day in the nation.
2. How is the Independence Day celebrated
The Independence Day is a national holiday in Rwanda. This year Rwanda will celebrate the golden jubilee of its independence as it completes 50 years of its independence on July 1st. While there are many activities planned to mark this special day, Rwanda will be hosting programs of national awareness including the international conference with the theme, Governance and Democracy: an African Perspective, and a health outreach program for poor and destitute, which is being conducted by the Rwanda Defence Forces.
 3. Why is the Independence Day Significant?
Rwanda saw the first European presence, when German Count Von Goetzen visited the country in 1894. However, it was not until 1897 that Germans began establishing their control over Rwanda, and the Kingdom of Burundi to the South. The colony later came to be known as Ruanda-Urundi.
For many years the Germans ruled the country indirectly through the Tutsi King (Tutsi was the elite class consisting mostly of aristocracy). The other major ethnic group was Hutu, who were the working class, primarily farmers.
Like other imperial powers first the Germans, and then the Belgians, who occupied the region around 1916, stirred the ethnic and social differences between the two groups. These differences eventually triggered the ethnic violence in 1959, which led to ouster of Tutsi monarchy in what is present-day Rwanda.
In 1961, in a referendum supervised by the United Nation, Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (PARMEHUTU) won an overwhelming majority. The party came to form an interim government, and was granted internal autonomy in January 1962.
Rwanda soon won its complete independence on July 1, 1962 through UN resolution that ended the trusteeship of Belgium (at the end of World War II Ruanda-Urundi had become a United Nation trust territory under Belgian administrative authority at the end of Second World War).
4.What does the national flag represent?
The present flag of Rwanda, which was adopted in 2001, replaces the flag that was adopted in 1961 just before its independence in 1962. The old flag was replaced because of its association with the genocide of 1994.
The new flag comprises of three horizontal bands: topmost is blue, middle is yellow, and lowermost is green. While green and yellow are of equal width, the blue strip is of double size of those two. On top right corner is the sun emitting 24 rays. It is symbolic of unity, new hope and light that clears ignorance and spreads enlightenment.
The blue strip signifies contentment and peace, the yellow symbolizes economic growth, and the green denotes prosperity and progress as the country moves forward.
5.Who wrote the national anthem of Rwanda?
The national anthem of Rwanda, 'Rwanda Nziza', which was adopted in 2001, replaced Rwanda Rwacu, the earlier national anthem which was adopted in 1962. The lyrics of present anthem have been written by Faustin Murigo, and its music was composed by Jean-Bosco Hashakaiman.
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Object Detection Tutorial¶
This tutorial will walk you through the features related to object detection that ChainerCV supports.
We assume that readers have a basic understanding of Chainer framework (e.g. understand
For users new to Chainer, please first read Introduction to Chainer.
In ChainerCV, we define the object detection task as a problem of, given an image, bounding box based localization and categorization of objects. ChainerCV supports the task by providing the following features:
- Detection Link
- Training script for various detection models
Here is a short example that conducts inference and visualizes output.
Please download an image from a link below, and name it as
# In the rest of the tutorial, we assume that the 'plt' # is imported before every code snippet. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from chainercv.datasets import voc_bbox_label_names from chainercv.links import SSD300 from chainercv.utils import read_image from chainercv.visualizations import vis_bbox # Read an RGB image and return it in CHW format. img = read_image('sample.jpg') model = SSD300(pretrained_model='voc0712') bboxes, labels, scores = model.predict([img]) vis_bbox(img, bboxes, labels, scores, label_names=voc_bbox_label_names) plt.show()
Bounding boxes in ChainerCV¶
Bounding boxes in an image are represented as a two-dimensional array of shape \((R, 4)\),
where \(R\) is the number of bounding boxes and the second axis corresponds to the coordinates of bounding boxes.
The coordinates are ordered in the array by
(y_min, x_min, y_max, x_max), where
(y_min, x_min) and
(y_max, x_max) are the
(y, x) coordinates of the top left and the bottom right vertices.
Notice that ChainerCV orders coordinates in
yx order, which is the opposite of the convention used by other libraries such as OpenCV.
This convention is adopted because it is more consistent with the memory order of an image that follows row-column order.
dtype of bounding box array is
Here is an example with a simple toy data.
from chainercv.visualizations import vis_bbox import numpy as np img = np.zeros((3, 224, 224), dtype=np.float32) # We call a variable/array of bounding boxes as 'bbox' throughout the library bbox = np.array([[10, 10, 20, 40], [150, 150, 200, 200]], dtype=np.float32) vis_bbox(img, bbox) plt.show()
In this example, two bounding boxes are displayed on top of a black image.
vis_bbox() is a utility function that visualizes
bounding boxes and an image together.
Bounding Box Dataset¶
ChainerCV supports dataset loaders, which can be used to easily index examples with list-like interfaces.
Dataset classes whose names end with
BboxDataset contain annotations of where objects locate in an image and which categories they are assigned to.
These datasets can be indexed to return a tuple of an image, bounding boxes and labels.
The labels are stored in an
np.int32 array of shape \((R,)\). Each element corresponds to a label of an object in the corresponding bounding box.
A mapping between an integer label and a category differs between datasets.
This mapping can be obtained from objects whose names end with
label_names, such as
These mappings become helpful when bounding boxes need to be visualized with label names.
In the next example, the interface of
BboxDataset and the functionality of
vis_bbox() to visualize label names are illustrated.
from chainercv.datasets import VOCBboxDataset from chainercv.datasets import voc_bbox_label_names from chainercv.visualizations import vis_bbox dataset = VOCBboxDataset(year='2012') img, bbox, label = dataset print(bbox.shape) # (2, 4) print(label.shape) # (2,) vis_bbox(img, bbox, label, label_names=voc_bbox_label_names) plt.show()
Note that the example downloads VOC 2012 dataset at runtime when it is used for the first time on the machine.
ChainerCV provides functionalities that make evaluating detection links easy. They are provided at two levels: evaluator extensions and evaluation functions.
Evaluator extensions such as
DetectionVOCEvaluator inherit from
Evaluator, and have similar interface.
They are initialized by taking an iterator and a network that carries out prediction with method
When this class is called (i.e.
DetectionVOCEvaluator), several actions are taken.
First, it iterates over a dataset based on an iterator.
Second, the network makes prediction using the images collected from the dataset.
Last, an evaluation function is called with the ground truth annotations and the prediction results.
In contrast to evaluators that hide details,
evaluation functions such as
are provided for those who need a finer level of control.
These functions take the ground truth annotations and prediction results as arguments
and return measured performance.
Here is a simple example that uses a detection evaluator.
from chainer.iterators import SerialIterator from chainer.datasets import SubDataset from chainercv.datasets import VOCBboxDataset from chainercv.datasets import voc_bbox_label_names from chainercv.extensions import DetectionVOCEvaluator from chainercv.links import SSD300 # Only use subset of dataset so that evaluation finishes quickly. dataset = VOCBboxDataset(year='2007', split='test') dataset = dataset[:6] it = SerialIterator(dataset, 2, repeat=False, shuffle=False) model = SSD300(pretrained_model='voc0712') evaluator = DetectionVOCEvaluator(it, model, label_names=voc_bbox_label_names) # result is a dictionary of evaluation scores. Print it and check it. result = evaluator()
|[Ren15]||Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, Jian Sun. Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. NIPS 2015.|
|[Liu16]||Wei Liu, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Christian Szegedy, Scott Reed, Cheng-Yang Fu, Alexander C. Berg. SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector. ECCV 2016.|


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This computer learned how to make Mario levels by watching YouTube
This computer learnt how to make Mario levels from YouTube
Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have built a computer that can design videogame levels after watching footage of those games on YouTube. The first test? Mario, of course.
The system ignores the playable character and instead looks at the other elements on screen - pipes, coins, blocks and enemies. From that, it establishes rules - like how pipes in Mario games tend to come out of the ground, and the maximum width that a jump can be. It also looks at which sections players spend the most time on.
"An initial evaluation of our approach indicates an ability to produce level sections that are both playable and close to the original without hand coding any design criteria," said Matthew Guzdial, lead researcher on the project.
Mamma mia!
After watching 17 samples of gameplay, the system was able to output 151 different level sections, and 334 once the constraints were slackened a little. The resulting chunks can be glued together into a level and easily ported into a game engine.
Mark Riedl, who also worked on the system, said that by applying the technique across several games of the same genre, the rules of that genre could be established and entire games created algorithmically. In short, the next hit mobile game might not be designed by humans at all.
The details of the research have been published online.


text:
Abandoned mineshafts could be used to heat Glasgow
by James Morgan
15 February 2013
In certain cases, it will be necessary to dig up streets in order to install new pipes and cables. I think that working out how to do this will prove to be the biggest challenge. However, a lot of our work is likely to be carried out in conjunction with new developments in which a centralised heat-pumping system will distribute water around houses and offices.
Experts from Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) believe that disused coal mines could help to solve the problem of fuel poverty within Scotland's largest city. The researchers, whose work is being partly funded by ScottishPower Ltd, suspect that the warm water contained within Glasgow's abandoned mineshafts can be used to heat roads, pavements and homes.
This might sound too good to be true, but Glasgow wouldn't be the first city in the world to adopt such an approach. Hamburgers and Stockholmers already enjoy similar systems that take advantage of the geothermal energy beneath their feet. If the team – led by Project Director Dr Nick Hytiris, Senior Lecturer at GCU's School of Engineering and Built Environment – concludes that Glasgow is a suitable candidate for such a system, it has been calculated that the subterranean water supply could provide heating for approximately 40 per cent of the city's population.
To find out more about the benefits that might result from this network of almost-forgotten mineshafts, I spoke to GCU's Bjørn Aaen, a participating researcher and former technical advisor to Glasgow City Council. I began by asking how he and his colleagues plan to identify reservoirs with the potential to fuel this under-street heating system.
"We will begin by studying the maps that have already been developed by Glasgow City Council and the British Geological Survey (BGS)," Aaen replied. "These 3D models are really detailed representations of subterranean Glasgow, and they show that there are reservoirs of water stored within the city's old mine workings. The trick will be to identify the best reservoirs to use. Utilising very shallow mine workings, for instance, could cause problems relating to instability. Having said that, any water that we draw from reservoirs will be pumped back again, so there should be very little overall change in volume.
"Even so, it might be more sensible to choose reservoirs that exist at a depth of about 50m or so," he continued. "At these levels, the temperature doesn't tend to vary with the seasons. You don't have to go very deep into the ground to find water with a temperature that remains stable all year round."
Of course, assuming that Aaen and his colleagues do find a sufficient number of reservoirs to make this project economically viable, it still remains for them to pump the warm water to the places in which it is needed. I asked how difficult it would be to integrate such a system within Glasgow's already bustling underground infrastructure.
"To some extent, this depends on the distance that the water has to travel," Aaen explained. "In certain cases, it will be necessary to dig up streets in order to install new pipes and cables. I think that working out how to do this will prove to be the biggest challenge. However, a lot of our work is likely to be carried out in conjunction with new developments in which a centralised heat-pumping system will distribute water around houses and offices. For example, we are going to be working in the Clyde Gateway Regeneration area; the largest regeneration area in Scotland. As we will be starting from scratch, installing geothermal heating systems will cause very little disruption. Naturally, we will do our best to avoid digging anything up without good reason."
In the United Kingdom, a household is said to be in fuel poverty if – in addition to meeting the costs of utilities such as lighting, appliances, cooking and water heating – it spends more than 10 per cent of its income on maintaining a satisfactory heating regime.1 During recent years, energy prices have risen at a faster rate than the average income in Glasgow, leading to higher levels of fuel poverty across the city. Indeed, according to the 2008 Scottish House Condition Survey, 25 per cent of Glaswegian households are 'fuel poor'.2
In light of such statistics, I asked Aaen about the extent to which this initiative will provide heating for domestic purposes? How many people could benefit from Glasgow's geothermal energy resource?
"It has been calculated that during a 100-year period, up to 40 per cent of Glasgow's heating needs could be met by this energy resource," he replied. "It has the potential to make fuel costs more affordable for huge numbers of people. Moreover, there is existing evidence to this effect. The residents of Glenalmond Street have had this system installed for over a decade now. Whilst I am only talking about 17 houses – it is quite a small setup – the residents have reported that their heating bills have dropped to approximately £150 per year. Heating homes in this way is much cheaper than using gas or electricity."
Finally, I asked Aaen whether other UK cities are likely to follow suit if he and his colleagues find Glasgow to be a suitable host for this expansive geothermal heating infrastructure. As he explained, locations across the home nations could take advantage of their mining heritages.
"There are numerous towns and cities that exist above old mine workings similar to those that can be found beneath Glasgow," Aaen concluded. "Places across Central Scotland, England and Wales could certainly benefit from the same type of technology. After all, the remnants of mining past are spread widely across the UK and beyond."
1 'Topic guide to: Fuel Poverty', UK National Statistics
2 'Fuel poverty', Understanding Glasgow: The Glasgow Indicators Project


Integral Theory and Project Management–the Concept of A Holon (tenet #1)
1. Introduction
In his magnum opus Sex, Ecology, and Spirituality, Ken Wilber lays out the 20 fundamental tenets that he postulates for holons, which are entities that are at once a) wholes that are composed of parts, and b) parts that comprise larger wholes. This concept of a holon is fruitful in that it bridges the divide in the history of philosophy between theories that postulate the primacy of the many vs. those that postulates the primacy of the one.
Ken Wilber, in his book A Brief Theory of Everything explicates the 20 tenets of holons in a format that is easier to read and understand, meant for people who are looking for an introduction to his other philosophical works. In this post, I go through the first of these 20 tenets regarding the concept of a holon, and show how it can be applied to the practice of project management.
So it may seem like arcane philosophical discourse at first, but it has very important real-world consequences, and that is why I am interested in studying it in depth, as a kind of philosophical underpinning to project management.
1. Tenet #1: Reality is Composed of Whole/Parts, or "Holons"
A familiar example to explain this concept is that of a cell. It is composed of organelles, so it is a whole which contains parts or components. But a cell is of course a part of a larger whole, such as an organ of the body. A project's objectives are broken down into components called work packages, so a project contains parts or components as well. However, a project is also a part of a larger whole called a program (a series of related projects which share certain resources).
Likewise, a program is part of a larger whole called a portfolio (a series of programs which share certain business goals). And a portfolio is part of the business operations of an organization.
So going from smaller to larger, you have
work packages (deliverables) → project → program → portfolio → organization
The implication for a project manager is that you have to be able to change your focus to look both "downward" and "upward", if by "downward" we mean from the scope of the project as a whole to the details of its smallest components, the work packages which produce the deliverables of the project, and if by "upward" we mean from the project as a part of a larger program, which in turn may be part of a larger portfolio, all undertaken by the organization.
As a project manager, you have to on a regular basis transmit the status of your project as a whole, and sometimes include the details of some of its components (particularly if there are problems pertaining to them), to the larger organizational units within the company starting with the program manager.
These perspectives sometimes create a tension, an example of which I illustrate below.
As a project manager, your goal is to achieve a schedule performance index of 1.00 (meaning the project is being completed by the deadline) and a cost performance index of 1.00 (meaning the project is being achieved within the budget allotted to it). Ideally, you would like to have a schedule and a cost performance index greater than 1.00, which would mean you are coming in UNDER budget and BEFORE the deadline.
But what happens if, say, you get a schedule and a cost performance index of 2.00? That would mean that it took the project took only half the time you were allotted and it only half as much as the budget you were allotted. That would make you look like a real hero to the program manager, right? Well, perhaps, but the program manager, remember, has OTHER projects to be concerned about as well. If you completed the project using only half the resources you were allotted, then that means that, from the program manager's point of view, half the resources that you didn't use were locked up in your project unable to be used by any other project. That, from his standpoint, would be a waste of resources that could have been used productively elsewhere in his or her program.
So this example shows that you have to be sensitive not just to the many parts which you, like an orchestra conductor, weave into the symphony of activity called a project, but you must be sensitive to the various organizational units of which your project is merely a part.
Let's consider the stakeholders you must deal with on a project. Stakeholders can be broken out into categories that also can be explained using the concept of a holon. A project manager might have to deal with stakeholders who are a) internal to the project and internal to the organization (the project team, for example), b) external to the project and internal to the organization (the management sponsor of the project), or c) external to the project and external to the organization (suppliers, customers, regulatory agencies, etc.). Thus a project manager is dealing with a series of nested entities which he or she must take into account when running the project. This is one reason why I was attracted to integral theory, because it elucidates these hierarchical relationships you must often contend with. The other reason is that it facilitates the understanding of different perspectives, which is also necessary when you deal with many different types of stakeholders from each of the three categories mentioned above.
Next week I will discuss the second tenet of the concept of a holon, and its implication for project management.
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Re: What is a Greek Sentence?
From: Micheal Palmer (
Date: Wed Jun 04 1997 - 01:00:54 EDT
>Can anyone provide a rigorous definition of a Koine Greek sentence
>exclusively in terms
>sentence to a clause
>in terms of syntax.
>you are looking
>indicators mark
Part One:
A hellenistic Greek sentence is a set of interrelated clauses. This set may
have only one member, or many. One or more of the member clauses may be
eliptical if the discourse context provides the necessary constituents to
complete them. A sentence which contains only one clause may also be
eliptical if the same condition is met.
Part Two:
"Interrelated" in Part One must be understood in a tightly constrained way.
The clauses must be interconnected either 1) by the use of complementizers
(such as OTI) or conjunctions (such as KAI, DE, and hINA), or 2) by some of
the member clauses taking a non-finite form (infinitives or participles) as
modifiers of, or constituents of another clause. Of course, both of these
strategies may be used in the same sentence. (Given the regular use of
asyndeton in the NT, you might also want to allow for a null conjunction,
allowing adjoining clauses with strong thematic overlap to constitute a
single sentence even if no complementizer, conjunction, or non-finite verb
form is present. This position is somewhat debateable, though. Why not just
call these 'closely related sentences' rather than trying to make them
asyndetic clauses of the same sentence?)
Well, this is a rough-and-ready definition which will almost certainly
prove inadequate in some texts, but it works for the vast majority.
Micheal W. Palmer
Religion & Philosophy
Meredith College
Visit the Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway at


text:
A small story behind the reason for this question.
In Russian, just as in English, many fundamental words are a combination of two basic ones. The verb "forgot" is "zabil" in Russian. It is formed by "za" - in this case most likely in the meaning of "after" - and "bil" - literally "was" or "I am in the past". If you put them together, it forms a logical structure of "after the way I was".
In English we have "forget/forgot". As it happens in Russian, it is formed by "for" and "get" in different tenses. What meaning do these two words logically take (if any), to be righteously forming the word that logically means "to lose something that was known"?


text:
CONDUCTING AN ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT
Now that your hotel Environmental Policy is in place and the hotel's Environmental Team has been established, it is time to take action. But before any action is decided upon it is important to understand the problems you face. Below you will learn what an Environmental Audit is, what to audit, where to look for problems, and how to measure and record those problems.
An Environmental Audit is a systematic, documented, periodic and objective process that assesses an organization's activities and services in relation to :
- Assessing compliance with relevant statutory and internal requirements
- Facilitating management control of environmental practices
- Promoting good environmental management
- Maintaining credibility with the public
- Raising staff awareness and enforcing commitment to departmental environmental policy
- Exploring improvement opportunities
- Establishing the performance baseline for developing an Environmental Management System (EMS)
To understand as many of the environmental impacts of the hotel building and
operation and quantify a benchmark to measure progress.
1. Obtain committment from the directorate level and communicate the purpose of the Environmental Audit to all personel in the organization.
2. Define the scope of the Environmental Audit including a list of all sites that are to be audited. Identify the objective of the audit and what areas of the organization the audit should include or disclude.
3. The Environmental Audit should encompass the following:
- Material management, savings and alternatives
- Energy management and savings
- Water management and economy of use
- Waste generation, management and disposal
- Noise reduction, evaluation and control
(internal and external)
- Air emissions and indoor air quality
- Environmental emergency prevention and preparedness
- Transportation and travelling practices
- Staff awareness, participation and training in environmental issues
- Environmental information publicity
- Public enquiry and complaints response
- Environmental management system set up, suitability and performance
- Building environmental performance
4. Examine and document all potential environmental impacts.
Below is a flowchart provided by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department depicting all the steps of conducting and Environmental Audit.
Figure 1: Flowchart depicting Environmental Audit process.
Now that you understand how to conduct an Environmental Audit you can
direct your environmental team to conduct an audit. For more information please see the links to related resources on the right side menu or in the references section below.
1. Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, What is an Environmental Audit?, 2002.


text:
Community College Initiative Program
The Community College Initiative (CCI) Program is a U.S. Department of State sponsored program that provides participants from underserved areas and underrepresented groups with a one-year, non-degree academic program at a U.S. community college. The program is designed to build participants' technical skills in applied fields, enhance their leadership capabilities and strengthen their English language proficiency. The program also provides opportunities for professional internships, service learning and cultural exchange through community engagement activities. CCI exchange participants contribute to their U.S. host communities by helping U.S. community colleges internationalize their campuses. After completing the program, participants return home with a deeper understanding of U.S. culture and new skills to help them contribute to the growth and development of their countries. The CCI Program is administered by Northern Virginia Community College on behalf of the Community College Consortium, of which Bunker Hill Community College (BHCC) is a partner institution since 2013.
- Provide a quality academic program at U.S. community colleges to build technical skills, enhance leadership capabilities and strengthen English language proficiency of the participants.
- Provide opportunities to engage in civil society through professional internships, service learning and community engagement activities.
- Allow participants to return home with new skills and expertise to help them contribute to the economic growth and development of their country.
- Promote cross-cultural understanding and building partnerships with U.S. institutions and its citizens.
- Since 2013, 11 countries have been represented in BHCC's CCI Program: Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, South Africa and Turkey.
- A total of 72 students have participated in the BHCC's CCI Program since 2013.
- BHCC's CCI Program participants have conducted over 12,000 hours of volunteer service.
Academic Pathways include Certificates in:
- Early Childhood Education
- Energy and Sustainability Management
- Fire and Safety Management
- Computer Support Specialist
- Administrative Support Specialist
Examples of Volunteer Opportunities
- Rosie's Place
- American Red Cross
- Helping Hands
- Smile Project
- Boston Equality
- National Diabetes Association
- American Cancer Society
- City Year
- New England Aquarium
Examples of Internship Opportunities
- American Red Cross
- City of Chelsea
- Tenant's Development Corporation
- Commission on Affairs of the Elderly
- Elizabeth Peabody House
The Community College Initiative (CCI) Program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S. Government and administered by Northern Virginia Community College on behalf of the Community College Consortium.


Residual Stress
Residual stresses are locked-in stresses within a metal object, even though the object is free of external forces. These stresses are the result of one region of the metal being constrained by adjacent regions from expanding, contracting, or releasing elastic strains. Residual stresses can be tensile or compressive. In fact, tensile and compressive residual stresses co-exist within a component.
See metallurgy courses & webinars
Need help with a failure analysis?
Causes of residual stress
Residual stresses arise whenever a component is stressed beyond its elastic limit and plastic deformation occurs. Plastic deformation occurs when the stress exceeds a metal's yield strength (discussed in Tensile Testing). This can be as a result of…
 - Non-uniform plastic deformation during mechanical processing, such as that during rolling, forming operations (bending or drawing), machining, and mechanical surface treatments (shot peening and roller burnishing).
 - Phase transformations during cooling from elevated temperatures
 - Non-uniform plastic deformation during heating or cooling
 - Heterogeneity of a chemical or crystallographic order (nitriding or case hardening)
 - Various surface treatments (enameling, electroplating PVD and CVD coating)
This article discusses the first three causes.
Residual stress due to temperature variations
In parts cooled from elevated temperatures, residual stresses are caused by temperature variations in the metal during cooling. Cooling from elevated temperatures occurs during heat treating and welding.
Temperature variations in a metal during cooling from an elevated temperature result in localized variations of the amount of thermal contraction. Thermal contraction develops non-uniform stress due to different rates of cooling experienced by the surface and interior of the metal. During cooling, the outer portion of a component cools first and that portion of the metal contracts, compressing the hotter inner metal. As the inner portion of the component cools, the metal tries to contract, but is constrained by the already cooled outer portion. Consequently, the inner portion will have a residual tensile stress and the outer portion of the component will have a residual compressive stress.
Residual stress due to phase transformation
A phase transformation is a change in the metallurgical phases present in an alloy. For example, the transformation from austenite to martensite in steel during through hardening is a phase transformation.
Residual stresses that arise during a phase transformation are due to the volume difference between the newly forming and initial metallurgical phases. The volume difference causes expansion or contraction of the metal.
For phase transformations that occur during cooling from an elevated temperature, such as in steel, the outer portions of the metal cool first and undergo the phase transformation first. If the volume of the new phase is different from the volume of the initial phase, then the transformed volume of metal will change as the new phase forms. As the interior of the metal cools it will also try to increase or decrease in volume. However, the volume change of the metal interior will be constrained by the cooler outer layer of metal that has already transformed.
When the volume of the new phase is larger than the volume of the initial phase, the center portion of the component will be under compression and the surface will be under tension. When the volume of the new phase is less than the volume of the initial phase, the center portion of the component will be under tension and the portion of the metal at and near the surface will be under compression.
For example, during through hardening of steel during a quench, austenite transforms to martensite, with the martensite having a volume that is about 4% greater than austenite. During the quench, the steel at the surface transforms to martensite first since the surface cools the fastest. As the metal at the interior continues to cool, it transforms to martensite. However, its volume expansion is restricted by the hardened, cooler surface layer. This restraint causes the interior to be under compression and the outer surface under tension (see Metallurgy of Steel Through Hardening).
In some conditions, the volume changes can produce residual stresses large enough to cause plastic deformation, leading to component warping or distortion. With severe quenching the quenching stresses can be so large that they cause cracking.
Residual stresses caused by mechanical treatment
Residual stresses also arise when plastic deformation is non-uniform through the cross-section of an item being deformed such as during bending, drawing, rolling, and extruding. When a metal undergoes plastic deformation, a portion of the deformation is elastic (discussed in Tensile Testing). After the load causing the deformation is removed, the metal tries to recover the elastic portion of the deformation. However, the elastic recovery is incomplete because it is opposed by the adjacent plastically deformed material.
Consider a metal item that has been bent. Regions adjacent to the bend will have been only elastically deformed, and this region will try to recover, a phenomenon known as springback. After removing the external force, the regions which have been bent prevent the adjacent regions from undergoing complete elastic recovery to the non-deformed condition. These regions are left in a state of residual tension and the regions which were plastically deformed are in a state of residual compression.
In general, the sign of the residual stress produced by non-uniform deformation will be opposite the sign of the plastic deformation which produced the residual stress.
See metallurgy courses & webinars
Need help with a failure analysis?
Effects of residual stress
Residual stresses can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on whether the stress is tensile or compressive. Tensile residual stresses can be large enough to cause component distortion or cracking. Also, fatigue and stress corrosion cracking require the presence of tensile stresses. Because residual stresses are algebraically summed with applied stresses, surface residual tensile stresses combined with an applied tensile stress can reduce the reliability of components. In fact, a residual tensile stress is sometime sufficient to cause stress corrosion cracking.
Surface residual compressive stresses are generally helpful because they reduce the effects of applied tensile stresses. In most cases, surface compressive stresses contribute to the improvement of fatigue strength and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Controlling residual stress
Controlling the type and magnitude of residual stress is important for applications in which components will be exposed to fatigue or stress corrosion cracking conditions or if the residual stresses are large enough to cause component deformation or cracking. This can be achieved through mechanical treatment, stress relief heat treatment, control of heat treating processes, and alloy selection.
Mechanical treatments such as shot peening, light cold rolling, stretching, and small amounts of compressing are used to intentionally induce a compressive residual stress at the surface of a component.
Because metal yield strength decreases as its temperature increases, metals can be stress relieved by heating to a temperature where the yield strength of the metal is the same or less than the magnitude of the residual stress. At this temperature, the metal can undergo microscopic plastic deformation, thus releasing at least a portion of the residual stress. After stress relieving, the maximum residual stress that can remain is equal to the yield strength of the material at the stress-relieving temperature.
From a component processing perspective, residual stresses can be minimized by using reduced cooling rates to reduce temperature variations and allow for phase transformations to occur more uniformly throughout a component's cross-section. Also, alloys can be selected that alloy for slower cooling rates to be used, while still getting the desired phase transformations to occur. For example, for carbon steel components to be through hardened, low-alloy carbon steels enable the use of slower cooling rates compared to plain carbon steels.
Measuring residual stresses
X-ray diffraction is used for measuring residual stress nondestructively. With this technique, strains in the metal's atomic crystal lattice are measured, and the residual stresses are then calculated based on the strain measurements.
 - G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
 - Krauss, Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, ASM International, 2005.
 - I.C. Noyan and J.B. Cohen, Residual Stress Measurement by Diffraction and Interpretation, Springer-Verlag, 1987.
 Sam Bloodgood, VP Process Improvement, Hydraforce, Inc.
 Tom Parkman, Plant Manager, Simonds International.
 Andy Jacobs, Staff Engineer, DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc.
 Paul Flury B/E Aerospace
 Jim Marks, Magellan Corporation
 Mark Winter, Abbey Forged Products
Have more questions? Email or call _PHONE_
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The Cats (William Lawes)
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Editor: Gordon J. Callon (submitted 1999-11-12). Copyright: Personal
Edition notes:
General Information
Title: The Cats
Composer: William Lawes
Number of voices: 3vv Voicings: SSB or STB
Genre: SecularGlee
Language: English
Instruments: Basso continuo
First published:
External websites:
Original text and translations
English.png English text
The cats as other creatures do
use to swagger, and make love too.
And in the dark and coldest night,
These Jeffry Lyons use to fight;
Then they cry, "mew", "puss",
but the cruel'st battle far,
was lately fought at Temble bar,
upon the tiles o'the house there;
Where Bolo Sir Bore Cat was heard to swear:
"The slave that courts my puss shall die."
To whom Sir Sharp Nail gives the lie.
Then they cry, "mew", "puss"
And so they fiercely both sides join,
asking, "who shall die tear that coat and mine?"
"Though and I", thus they cry, "mew",
still they cry, "mew".