How to Balance a Traditional Sewing line?
Today I will teach you how to do line balancing in the apparel manufacturing.
You know that a number of operations are involved in making a garment. In bulk garment production, generally a team works on an assembly line (Progressive Bundle system) and each operator does one operation and passes the garment another operator to do next operation. In this way garment reached to end of the line as a completed garment. In the assembly line after some time of the line setting, it is found that at some places in the line, work is started to pile up and few operators sit idle due to unavailability of work.
When this situation happens in the line it is called an imbalanced line. Normally it happens due to two main reasons –
 - variation in work content (time needed to do an operation) in different operations
 - operator's performance level. To meet the production target, maintaining smooth workflow in the line is very important. So it is very important to know basics of quick line balancing.
How to balance an imbalanced line has been explained in the following.
The main job in line balancing is to eliminate or reduce WIP (work in process) at bottleneck operations. To do that you have to know which operations are a bottleneck in the line. Through capacity study and target setting, you will find existing bottlenecks in the line.
Tools required:
i) Stopwatch
ii) Spreadsheet or Calculator
Step 1: Capacity study:
List down all operations (with operator name) as per operation sequence in a paper. Using stopwatch cycle time (time study) for each operation for five consecutive cycles. With average cycle time calculate the hourly capacity of the operators. (i.e. operation cycle time 30 seconds and total allowances are 20% then capacity is 100 pieces per hour). Draw a line graph with per hour capacity data.
Step 2: Target setting:
With the above capacity data set your target output per hour from one line. Normally, it is calculated using following formula (Target per hour= Total no of operators X 60 /garment SAM). Check current hourly operator production report. Draw a straight line with target output data on the line graph.
Step 3: Identification of bottleneck areas:
Now go to the capacity study table and compare each operator's capacity with the target capacity. Each individual operator whose capacity is less than the target output is bottleneck operation for the line. It is impossible to improve imbalanced line's output without improving the output of the bottleneck operations. A bottleneck operation is like a weak link chain.
Step 4: Eliminate bottlenecks from the line: Now to eliminate bottleneck areas use following methods which suit best to your situation but don't jump without trying initial steps.
 1. Club operations where possible. Where there is higher capacity than the target output, give that operator another operation with less work content. Considering machine type and sewing thread colors.
 2. Shuffle operators. Operations that have low work content use low performer there. And where work content is higher use high performers.
 3. Reduce cycle time using work aids and attachments. To assist the operator in handling parts during sewing, positioning cutting and disposing of the finished task, work aids, guides or attachment can be used. Think of that if possible provide the operator work-aids. It will reduce operation cycle time.
 4. Improve workstation layout and improve methods. Most important area for improving output from a particular operation is using best workstation layout and best method of work. There is always a chance that through improving the method of bottleneck operations you can do line balancing.
 5. Add more operators to bottleneck operations. Adding one additional machine in the easy task than others. Before adding one more machine compare the cost-benefits of putting an additional machine into the line. It can be simplified compared to estimating machine productivity in both cases.
 6. Do extra work at bottleneck operations. At lunch break and Tea break when each operator of the line goes for a break, bottleneck operator can continue work to feed next to his operator. Later he can take the break. At the end of the day tell this operator to work for one hour extra to reduce the WIP.
Important things to keep in mind:
Conduct Time Study hourly basis and check the output of each operator. Once you have eliminated one bottleneck, you will find a new bottleneck operation. Follow the same methodology to improve line balancing.
Also Read: How to do Line balancing using Operator Skill History?
0/Post a Comment/Comments


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Patient Workflow Management
The healthcare sector, like so many others, is fast migrating to digital workflows and there is a growing need to streamline processes so that more time and attention can be given to patients.
Ricoh's Patient Workflow Management is a self-service solution that allows healthcare organisations to automate patient registration and check-in processes. Instead of waiting in reception queues, patients can both register and check themselves in at a kiosk when they arrive at the hospital or practice.
This works to dramatically cut down on unnecessary waiting times and helps healthcare practitioners handle appointments more efficiently. At the press of a button, patients can check in for their appointments and doctors are instantly alerted that they have arrived and are waiting.
- Key features & benefits
Ricoh's Patient Workflow Management solution automates the patient registration and check-in process and allows for:
- An improved level of patient care as staff is freed from time-consuming administrative duties
- Reduced waiting time and frustration as patients know what to expect
- Efficient appointment handling using a more accurate identification process
- Greater data accuracy and fewer errors associated with manual data capture
- Improved security and confidentiality as personal information is input by patients themselves

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The House system at Bushey Meads builds on the strong, caring, family atmosphere that exists at the school. Whilst students are very much part of a 'horizontal' year group, they also enjoy 'vertical' house assemblies and special house activities throughout the year alongside students from Years 7 – 13 who are in their house. Student Leadership opportunities are available through the new House system and students are encouraged to become House Representatives, House and Deputy House Captains and be part of the Student Parliament that helps to run the school.
The House system theme is trees and the colours and leaders of the Houses are as follows:
The House system is designed to give a sense of identity and belonging to students within the larger school community. Each student remains in the same House and Tutor Group throughout the whole of his or her school career.
The Houses play an important part in the life of the school. They are the basis for competition in work, sporting events, drama and music. They are also meaningful and important social units in themselves. There are House Assemblies every half term with the older students helping to support the younger students in the same House. The Head of House and Form Tutors strive to develop positive attitudes and self-awareness amongst the students. During the week of House Assemblies we also operate a "vertical tutoring" system.


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Basketball Training – Learn How to Jump Higher In Basketball Training
If you play basketball you probably would love to learn how to jump higher in basketball training. Who wouldn't want to leap up and make those amazing jump shots? It takes a lot of natural ability to have a vertical jump of 40 inches or more, but even athletes without this rare aptitude can learn to harness their own power and improve their vertical jumps.
A great vertical jump requires both leg muscle power and reactive power.
A vertical jump requires two kinds of power; reactive and strength. Developing these two areas is crucial if you are wondering how to jump higher in basketball training. Part of each training session should be devoted to developing your muscle strength and reactive ability. Leg and calf muscles are primarily responsible for your leap, so vertical jump training focuses on developing these areas.
A good program will include leg weight training every other day and concentrate on other areas during the off days. This allows the muscles to heal between workouts and keeps the rest of your body balanced. Weight training for athletes interested in how to jump higher in basketball training is different from the training used for sports like football. Muscle weighs more than other tissues, so your goal is not to do overall body building. The heavier you are the more difficult it can become to jump higher.
The goal is to keep a balance between building your leg strength and any additional weight gain. The second kind of power you need to develop if you wonder how to jump higher in basketball training is your reactive power. Reactive power is connected to the nervous system and controls the rate of speed at which muscles contract. Fast muscle contraction is a key element in a high vertical jump.
How to jump higher in basketball training, focus efficiently on the aspects of your training.
The training exercises that improve reactive power are different from those used to build leg strength. Make certain your workout includes this important power building strategy if you are interested in how to jump higher in basketball training. These two elements work together to improve your jump. Increasing your leg muscles allow you to leap higher and increasing your reactive power gives you the speed to control the direction of your leap. A high jump doesn't accomplish much if you can't control your aim and make the shot.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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|Home | Headlines | New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening|
New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening- 11/27/2012
Materials scientists from The University of Queensland (UQ) are set to revolutionise the fresh fruit industry with a new technology that converts gases into a powder form.
Professor Bhesh Bhandari and PhD student Mr Binh Ho, from UQ's School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, have developed a technology that will dramatically improve the safety, efficiency and effort involved in controlled ripening of fruit.
Compressed ethylene gasis used extensively to control ripen fruit such as bananas, mangoes, avocadoes, citrus and tomatoes that are picked at "commercial maturity," which is a hard green, but mature stage, before ripening has started.
Professor Bhandari said the compressed ethylene gas, which is stored in cylinders, was highly volatile and explosive accidents have occurred in the past. Read more about ths new technology here.


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"Beaker uses a peer-to-peer protocol called Hyperdrive. 'Hyperdrives' are like websites. They store webpages, pictures, media, user data, and so on. Hyperdrives power a lot of Beaker's best features.
Peer-to-peer means that you host data directly from your device.
One fun attribute of peer-to-peer is 'co-hosting.' This is where you help keep a hyperdrive online by storing the data and contributing bandwidth to other users. It happens temporarily when you visit a hyperdrive, but you can turn it on permanently for sites you like."–Beaker Browser


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||Converting CAD Drawings to Product Models
||The fundamental aim of this study is to examine whether it is possible to automatically convert vector-based drawings to product models. The reason for doing this is that the new object-based systems cannot make use of the information stored in CAD drawings, which limits the usability of these systems. Converting paper drawings to vector-format is used today and provides recognition of lines and text, but does not interpret what the shapes represent. A language for describing the geometrical representations that could be processed directly into a recognition program for building elements is missing. It is easier to describe how to recognize a line as a series of dots in a raster image, than it is to describe how a complex symbol of a building element looks like. The approach in this research work has been to test different shape recognition algorithms. The proposed method can be divided into four processes: grouping of geometrical primitives, classifying these groups, interpreting the content and analyzing the relationships between the groups. The algorithms developed here are based on research within related domains, such as pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. The algorithms have been developed in a prototype implementation and were tested with three layer-structured drawings used in practice. The results of the tests show that there are no crucial obstacles to recognizing a large part of the symbols of building elements in a CAD drawing. The requirement is that the recognition system is able to differentiate one from another and be tolerant of errors and variations in the shapes.
|Year of publication:
||Product Model, CAD
Noack, Robert (2001).
Converting CAD Drawings to Product Models. Royal institute of Technology, Department of Construction Management and Economics,Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, Sweden,


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The race and Hispanic origin distribution of the people with the name
2.3% Hispanic origin,
0.0% Asian or Pacific Islander,
10.0% Two or More Races,
and 0.0% American Indian or Alaskan Native.
These figures should be considered only as a rough estimate.
The purpose of this graph is to compare the name's specific race and
Hispanic origin distribution to the distribution
in the general population of the US.
The vertical blue bars represent the race distribution of people that have the name.
The yellow horizontal lines represent the race distribution of the general population.
The amount by which the blue bars extend past the yellow horizontal lines determines
how likely a person with the name will be part of a given race or Hispanic origin group.
On this basis, the people with the name SHALA have a higher likelyhood of being Two or More Races and a lower likelyhood of being Black.
Ethnic and Cultural Name Categories
The first name SHALA is included in the following name categories:


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What EUCYS is about?
The European Union (EU) Contest for Young Scientists, an initiative of the European Commission, was set up to promote the ideals of co-operation and interchange between young scientists. The event is held in a different European city every year. At the end of September 2011 it will take place in Helsinki, Finland.
The young scientists also have the chance to meet others with similar abilities and interests and to be guided by some of the most prominent scientists in Europe. In this way, the Commission seeks to strengthen the efforts made in each participating country to attract young people to careers in science and technology.
The EU Contest gives students the opportunity to compete with the best of their contemporaries at European level. The Contest is the annual showcase of the best of European student scientific achievement and as such attracts widespread media interest.
Who can participate?
Only young scientists who have been designated by their respective national jury can participate in the EU Contest. In each country, the National Organizer is responsible for nominating the projects, and therefore the contestants, which are entered for the EU Contest.
Further information about
The contestants compete on the basis of their work and interviews with the Jury for nine Core Prizes.
- Three First Prizes worth €7000 each
- Three Second Prizes worth €5000 each
- Three Third Prizes worth €3500 each
In addition to this, a limited number of Honorary Awards and Special Donated Prizes are also awarded to the contestants where, in the judgement of the jury, they would benefit from the specific experiences that these prizes offer.
Further information about the prizes
History of EUCYS
EUCYS event was established in 1989. After that it has been in 19 countries and 21 cities. The idea is that the message about youth in science is wide spread and therefore the location is different in every year.
The National Organisers are responsible for selecting projects, submitting applications, and for all communication with the Commission.
Further information about EUCYS National Organiser on Commissions web site.
List of National Organisers on Commissions web site (list is updated yearly by EU Commission).


The 4 important ways on how to enhance your aiming skills
Ever since it was first released the game has many players. They have been playing the game since then and it's having more time. Also in 2012, it was the release of the counter strike global offensive or CSGO. The game has already lost a lot of players and they started playing CSGO. Now the no steam counter strike 1.6 descargar has fewer players. But the game is still being played with thousands of people around the world. If you want the old school players or you want to learn the game.
You can play a warm-up match
You need to sharpen your skills by having a warm-up match before you play the game. In this way, it can help you tune-up for the game and improve your eyes on the targets. Playing the deathmatch can be useful as well. It will help you be better at your aim.
Improve your muscle memory
It is the most common tip that most players will tell you to enhance your aim. You don't need to look at the screen and keep your eyes at the crosshairs all the time. In that way, you can move your crosshairs on the map. So you have your target in sight.
If you have played enough more CS 1.6 you don't need to keep your eyes on the crosshair. You need to develop your muscle memory and once you will see the enemy your crosshair will go towards it. You need to have a smooth, large mouse pad. And to train your hands to move it smoothly so your crosshairs cover the screen.
Train your flick aim
It has two types of aiming theories. The first one is tracking aim. It is where you keep your crosshairs trained on a certain point even though you are moving. The second is the flick aim. It is where you are moving your crosshair fast between the target points. Its movement is to function the muscle memory. The best thing to make it perfect is to change the target slowly and have quick arm movements. You need to move as quickly because your muscle memory is developing.
Using a crouch well
You need to learn how and when will you use the crouch because this can help you with the aim. The crouch is an effective defensive tool. You can use this to your enemies to miss any headshots. It is because there will be half-decent players who always have the crosshair at head height.
Read More


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With all of the different types of film and negatives in the word today, it can be a challenge to determine exactly what type of negatives you have. The chart below should help you to identify some of your odd shaped film that you might be prepping for a negative scanningorder.
|120/220 Negative||-One of the older film formats. Was introduced in 1901 by Kodak.
-Along with its close relative, 220 film, 120 film survives to this day as the only medium format films that are readily available to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts.
|110 Negative||-Developed by Kodak in 1972.
-Smaller version of the 126 slide format, frame measures 13x17mm
|126 Negative||-Developed by Kodak in 1963.
-frame typically measures 26.5×26.5mm.
|16mm Negative||-One of the older film formats.
-Similar to the 16mm film used for home movies.
|APS Negative||-Short for Advanced Photo System, and first produced in 1996.
-Was released just prior to digital cameras taking over, so their use was limited.
|Disc Film||-Easy to spot because negatives are arranged in a unique disc shape.
-introduced by Kodak in 1982.


Aerion BlogTargeted Software Consulting Will Benefit Your Business - Aerion Blog Aerion Blog : Targeted Software Consulting Will Benefit Your Business
Targeted Software Consulting Will Benefit Your Business
How can software applications benefit your business? The possibilities are only limited by the imagination. Organizations may have a rough idea of what they would like software to do, but it is left to the designers and programmers to bring these ideas to reality. And software consultants are the key to connecting business goals with the technology required to implement them.
Software can be designed for many different purposes. A program can be used primarily for input and output, collecting and reporting information using fields and a data structure customized for the desired outcome. Software allows people to communicate with others across the world, whether they might be clients, partners, friends, family, or colleagues. And software makes possible productivity that would have been unheard of 100 years ago.
Software is a long list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Without it, the hardware would be useless. Software can manage data, memory, power, cpu, or any other component of a system. Programmers use computer languages to create software packages that simplify tasks and make them user-friendly.
To take advantage of the seemingly unlimited potential of software applications, businesses will bring in experts in software consulting. Software consultants may design a software application or system from scratch, customize existing software to meet new business requirements, or advise clients on the procurement of "off-the-shelf" software that will meet their needs.
As part of their role in supporting businesses, software consultants may estimate, manage, implement, deploy, or administer software systems or applications. Business objectives are the driving force for these activities. So while there may be many more things that software could do, these functions would represent wasted effort if they do not align with business goals. Software consulting should targeted and scaled to the project at hand.
Consultants may bring various skills and experience to the table. These may be technical skills, but there is also the need for communication and management skills to make the project a success. Aerion Technologies is at the forefront of innovation and can provide the solutions that you are looking for. If you would like more information about software consulting services, please contact us today.


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Six Sigma Key Process Output Variable Overview
Key Process Output Variables are used to measure the effectiveness of projects that are designed to improve business processes.
For example, a project that was undertaken to increase the profit margins on t-shirts by using a cheaper fabric supplier, would evaluate the project's success depending on whether customers continued to buy them, or if sales decreased due to poor customer satisfaction.
The end-goal profit margins, number of sales, and customer complaints are examples of output variables (KPOV), whereas the decision to change suppliers is an example of input variables (KPIV).
This article will look at:
- What Six Sigma KPOVs are
- How to identify them
- The role KPOVs play in DMAIC processes
What are KPOVS
A Key Process Output Variable (KPOV) is an outcome yielded by a process and is defined by Key Process Input Variables (KPIV). Depending on their placement, KPOVs may also become KPIVs for the next stage within a process journey. KPOVs need to measured and tracked to ensure that any Six Sigma led tweaks to KPIVs are generating the right result (i.e. a more positive KPOV).
It is important to remember that KPOVs should be measured before any process improvements are made as this gives a base-line with which to make a comparison.
KPOVs can be summarised as:
- Business processes that produce an output
- Characteristics that have a big impact on efficiency and/or customer satisfaction
- Responsible for lower levels of quality and reliability when allowed to vary too widely
How Are KPOVs Identified?
KPOVs are usually identified by mapping out business processes, usually using the SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output and Customer) method. By identifying these simple variables, you can develop a richer picture of how your business processes interact. For example:
- Supplier – DIY Store
- Input – Buy wood
- Process –Build fence
- Output – Protects pets from wild animals
- Customer - Pets
Through the use of these Six Sigma modelling techniques, it is possible to build up a picture of the various inputs and outputs of a process. By estimating the importance of each characteristic on a scale of 1-10 - where 1 is unimportant and 10 is critically important – businesses can measure the extent to which input variables have an impact and cause an output variable.
The sum of these weighted scores is used to rank the output variables to determine which deserve the most analytical attention. Processes that are more central to a customer's overall experience of doing business with your company will naturally be seen as mo9re important and so will have the largest number of important KPOVs to address and manage.
Six Sigma training can help your team identify the processes that define the way you do business, monitor and analyse them, and then suggest suitable, business-enhancing improvements. By tracking processes, you'll also work towards defining minimum expectations for your business performance and identify the key areas that can be refined and improved.
Compare Six Sigma prices for free with Expert Market
KPOVs and Six Sigma DMAIC Process
Six Sigma methodology follows a rigid roadmap for process improvement and problem solving, which focuses on the stages of DMAIC (define-measure-analyse-improve-control). KPOVs are the focus of the entire process, but central to 2 phases.
- Key aspects of the project 'as is' are measured and applicable data is collected
- KPOVs are defined
- Measurement integrity of KPOV's is confirmed
- Measurement plan is developed and a baseline for performance is established
- Cause-and-effect relationships are verified, ensuring that all factors have been considered.
- Root causes of defects are investigated and the relationship between response variables and control variables is established
- Process capabilities for KPOVs is established
- Relationships between KPOVs and control variables are established
To improve your team's performance today, fill in the form at the top of the page with your business details and we will match you with the suppliers best suited to your needs.
That means bespoke quotes, delivered straight to your phone and helping you to save up to 30% on the associated costs. Now that's a successful Key Process Output.


Ayam Cemani
The Indonesian black chicken, this bird has black feathers, skin, meat, bones, and organs. They are hardy and friendly, and lay a large cream to tan colored egg. They are a project breed, so it is not uncommon to get some white or red in the feathers. Our breeders are chosen for their solid black color with metallic green or purple sheen.
A German breed, known for being large and friendly, as well as auto-sexing! Females and males are different colors at hatch and can be easily told apart. Imported in 2011, these birds are known for being exceptional layers of large brown eggs with a pink undertone. They are also very heavy birds, so are perfect as a dual purpose breed.
Swedish Flower Hen
The Swedish Flower is a landrace breed known for varied and unique color patterns. They are large, friendly birds and are good layers of large brown eggs. Our breeders are both crested and uncrested, and produce a variety of colors.
Crested Cream Legbar
A wildly popular auto sexing breed, these birds produce large, light blue eggs, and the chicks can be sexed by color at hatch. These are a medium size bird and are excellent foragers.


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Pay PDA! You can easily pay us and have our services or products without any delay. Select the suitable method and follow the instructions.
Method 1 – Pay PDA through a local bank
Just visit nearest National Saving Bank (NSB in Sri Lanka) and deposit or transfer your payment directly to our account.
- Owner – P D Abeywickrama
- Account Number – 100 53 80 72 73 6
- Branch – Maharagama NSB
Then send us an e-mail or SMS included information below. Or call us and inform.
- Product or Service Name – [example – Game Potha 1.0]
- Payment – [example – Rs. 1500/=]
- Date and Time – [example – 04-feb-2013 3.20pm]
- Paid branch – [example – Kandy]
Method 2 – Pay PDA through the internet
We accept your payments via Internet. PayPal, Master Card, Visa or any type of bank transfers are always acceptable. Just contact us and take the secured web page to pay PDA. Do not type any detail anywhere before accessing our secured web page.
Safety tips for online payments
- Remember that paying by credit card offers greater protection than with other methods.
- Double check all details of your payment before confirming.
- Before entering payment details on a website, ensure that the link is secure, in three ways:
- There should be a padlock symbol in the browser window frame, which appears when you attempt to log in or register. Be sure that the padlock is not on the page itself … this will probably indicate a fraudulent site.
- The web address should begin with 'https://'. The 's' stands for 'secure'.
- If using the latest version of your browser, the address bar or the name of the site owner will turn green.
- When making a payment to an individual use a secure payment site such as PayPal – never transfer the money directly into their bank account.
- Always log out of sites into which you have logged in or registered details. Simply closing your browser is not enough to ensure privacy.
- Keep receipts – electronic or otherwise.
- Check credit card and bank statements carefully after payment to ensure that the correct amount has been debited, and also that no fraud has taken place as a result of the transaction.
- Ensure you have effective and updated antivirus/antispyware software and firewall running before you go online.


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specifics of how the goal is to be satisfied is not described by the goal. This can be described through task decomposition.
Softgoals are similar to (hard) goals except that the criteria for the goal's satisfaction are not clear-cut, it is judged to be sufficiently satisfied from the point of view of the actor. The means to satisfy such goals are described via contribution links from other elements. The notion of softgoal satisfaction is described by the term satisficed meaning sufficiently satisfied. The converse is still described as denied.
The actor wants to accomplish some specific task, performed in a particular way. A description of the specifics of the task may be described by decomposing the task into further sub-elements.
The actor desires the provision of some entity, physical or informational. This type of elements assumes there are no open issues or questions concerning how the entity will be achieved.
A belief is a condition about the world that the actor holds to be true. The actual degree of truth (As indicated by evaluation labels) is influence by contributions from other beliefs. A belief is distinct from a goal in that the actor has no explicit desire to make the specified condition become true. Beliefs can effect other elements in the model via contribution links. Such links can effect other links, saying that this belief effects the effect of an element on another, or can have a direct effect on softgoals.
3.2.3 Means-Ends Links
These links indicate a relationship between an end, and a means for attaining it. The "means" is expressed in the form of a task, since the notion of task embodies how to do something, with the "end" is expressed as a goal. In the graphical notation, the arrowhead points from the means to the end.
3.2.4 Decomposition Links
A task element is linked to its component nodes by decomposition links. A task can be decomposed into four types of elements: a subgoal, a subtask, a resource, and/or a softgoal - corresponding to the four types of elements. The task can be decomposed into one to many of these elements. These elements can also be part of dependency links in Strategic Dependency model(s) when the reasoning goes beyond an actor's boundary.
- Task-Goal Decomposition: Subgoal. In this kind of decomposition it is not specified how the goal is to be achieved, allowing alternatives to be considered.
- Task-Task Decomposition: subtask. When a task is specified as a subcomponent of a (higher) task, this restricts the higher task to that particular course of action.
- Task-Resource Decomposition: resourceFor: The entity represented by the resource is not considered problematic by the actor. The main concern is whether it is available (and from whom, if it is an external dependency).
- Task SoftGoal Decomposition: softgoalFor: When a softgoal is a component in a task decomposition, it serves as a quality goal for that task, and thus guides (or restricts) the selection among alternatives in further decomposition of that and other tasks.
3.2.5 Contribution Links
A positive contribution strong enough to satisfice a softgoal.
Either a make or a help contribution, a positive contribution whose strength is unknown.
A partial positive contribution, not sufficient by itself to satisfice the softgoal.
A contribution to a softgoal whose polarity is unknown.
A negative contribution sufficient enough to deny a softgoal.
Either a break or a hurt contribution, a negative contribution whose strength is unknown.
A partial negative contribution, not sufficient by itself to deny the softgoal.
The parent is satisficed if any of the offspring are satisficed.
The parent is satisficed if all of the offspring are satisficed.
3.2.6 Strategic Rationale Example Model: Buyer Drive E-Commerce from Yu01
4. ReferencesYu01 Yu, Eric. Presentation: Strategic Actor Relationships Modelling with i*, December 13-14, 2001, IRST, Trento, Italy.
Yu95 E. Yu. Modelling Strategic Relationships for Process Reengineering Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. of Computer Science, University of Toronto. 1995.
The evolution of i* syntax, deviating from the original description in Yu95 has occurred over the course of many papers. Such work can be found in the i* Readings Roadmap.


[squeak-dev] Re: Generators in Smalltalk??
Ralph Boland rpboland at gmail.com
Wed Feb 10 20:04:28 UTC 2010
(Warning, long post)
I do not understand all the commotion over generators.
If a Collection class cannot do what you want, use a Stream.
Take a read only Stream and subclass from it a class called GenMyData.
Inside GenMyData write code that generates the data you
need on the fly and feeds it to the user upon request using
the ReadStream interface.
Perhaps there should be an Abstract class "Generator" that
is a subclass of Stream to provide some generic generator functionality.
What exactly do Python generators provide that my proposal does not?
And is not my interface cleaner?
And more adaptable?
We could generalize this idea to that of a Pipe. A Pipe would be
a generalization (subclass) of a ReadWriteStream. A Pipe can accept
data using the WriteStream interface. The Pipe
can then process the data in some way and then feed the result
to the user upon request using the ReadStream interface.
A pipe is more complicated than a generator because it needs to
be able to block. If data is being fed into it but not being taken out
then eventually it may fill up. Similarly, if data is being removed
from it, then it may run out of data and again need to block.
Blocking may mean a process blocks or it may mean sending a message
to another pipe to send or accept data. I have not worked out the details.
Given how useful pipes are in Linux, I think a Generic Pipe class
would be VERY useful. Of particular use would be operators such
as '<<', '||', '>>', and tee. These operators would provide functionality
similar to what Linux does with pipes.
The '<<' operator would pass the argument (a ReadStream, Generator,
or Pipe) to the receiver which would use it as if it were a ReadStream.
The '>>' operator would pass the argument (a WriteStream or Pipe)
to the receiver which would use it as if it were a WriteStream.
I guess we need another concept here, the reverse of a generator, which accepts
data like a WriteStream, does some processing with the data, and keeps
the result.
Let's call this an Absorber.
The '||' operator (assuming that receiver is a ReadStream, Generator,
or Pipe) requires that the argument to be a WriteStream, Absorber, or Pipe.
The result of the operation is an Absorber, a Generator, or a Pipe depending
upon the classes of the receiver and operand.
If the receiver is a Generator (or ReadStream)
and the argument is an Absorber (or WriteSteam)
then the actual calculation is triggered and the result is an Absorber
(or WriteStream) which holds the final result of the computation.
Actually, whenever the first argument is a Generator (or ReadStream), the
computation could be triggered but it would eventually block if the second
argument is a Pipe.
The Tee class is a generalization (subclass) of class Pipe. it is
instanciated with a
collection argument where the elements of the collection are WriteStreams,
Absorbers, Pipes, or Tees. The Tee class will forward the results of its
computation to each of the elements of the collection.
I suppose there could be the reverse of a Tee, ReverseTee,
which accepts input from any of a collection of ReadStreams, Pipes, or
ReadStreams, Generators, and Pipes have a method tee: aCollection
which creates a Tee instance and connects it to the receiver.
I am sure there are numerous objects that make sense as Generators, Absorbers
and Pipes. For example Random number generators should be Generators.
Wow! Wasn't that insightful!
e.g. An instances of class Prime could be a Generator from which prime numbers
can be fetched. It would store the first 10,000 primes, say,
and generate further primes requested on demand.
e.g. Class PrimeFactors could be instanciated with a number which the instance
factors. The instance would be a Generator from which can be fetched
the factors of the initial number in sorted order.
e.g. An instance of Class Sum could be an Absorber that stores the sum of the
objects (numbers, vectors, matrices, etc.) fed to it.
e.g. An instance of Class TextToLines could be a Pipe which acts like a
WriteSteam of text and a ReadStream of lines of text.
That is, it is fed text one character at a time and
the same text can be fetched from it one line at a time.
Is that is confusing? I think some terminology needs to be standardized
here so we know what we are talking about.
I have always wanted to implement Pipes in Smalltalk but have never found the
time. I think it could be a fun project and VERY useful.
Exercise: Write code in Smalltalk to copy a file to another file assuming the
first file exists and is readable and the second file can be created
and written.
That is, ignore any error possibilities.
Then do the same exercise using a pipe. (Don't implement the '||' operator,
we only want to look at the code to see which is simpler.
You could create an infinite loop by linking a sequence of pipes into a loop.
Is this always a bug?
How would the computation be triggered in this case?
Is the hierarchy all wrong?
Should Absorber and Generator be subclasses of Pipe (i.e. pipes with
some functionality removed?) and ReadStreams and WriteStreams be
subclasses of Generator and Absorber respectively. This is reopening
the controversy of what is the best hierarchy for stream only worse. :-(
Pragmatically speaking, I think Absorbers, Generators, and Pipes, should
have a separate hierarchy than Streams but, of course, share interface.
So whatayaall think?
Frankly I think the biggest problem is that pipes would be altogether too
convenient; they would encourage writing code that is easy to write but
have too high an overhead because of the need to deal with blocking.
That is, pipes require good judgment, or that performance not be an issue.
If your code is too slow and some pipes you are using is the problem then
rewrite that code, perhaps avoiding the pipes.
While I do not have the time to do this project on my own
I could probably spare some time to help out if a group
could form to do this. Besides I am sure other could add much insight.
Note that this project involves more than creating the Abstract classes
Generator, Absorber and Pipe. These three classes would be the
head of Class hierarchies just like Stream is.
I don't know what the subclasses would be though.
Pipe might have a subclass BufferedPipe.
Also, I hasten to point out that many classes would simply implement the
Pipe, Generator, or Absorber interface and not actually be subclasses
of either of these classes.
Interesting question: Are there classes in Squeak that implement the
ReadStream, WriteStream, or ReadWriteStream interfaces now but are not
a subclasses of these classes?
If not, should there be?
That is, are there classes in Squeak that should implement these interfaces?
In the Java world, Pipe, Generator, and Absorber would be Interfaces.
I don't like Java much but Interfaces I liked.
Regards, to those of you still here.
Ralph Boland
Had a wife and kids in Florida, Jack (Nicklaus)
Went out for a "ride" but I couldn't get back
As a ten timer being hunted down
When the wife found out who I was knowing (biblically speaking)
I hit a hydrant and I just kept going (till I hit a tree).
More information about the Squeak-dev mailing list


text:
Our first pet gold fish is oftentimes our last. A crude fact, and perhaps a bit more general than some people would want, but it serves to prove an important point: when it comes to caring for gold fish, we (most of us anyway) don't know squat.
This is due in no small part to the rampant misconception that there is nothing we need to know about gold fish care aside from buying a tank, filling it up, and littering it with some flakes every now and then. There's a lot more to caring for gold fish than the occasional feeding, and failing to recognize that puts our gold fish at serious risk.
How much risk? Well, considering part of the reason why people choose not to buy another gold fish after the first one passed away is because the original died too soon for their taste, you can probably imagine.
So here's a brief guide to caring for gold fish. While most of these instructions may come across as plain good sense, chances are you wouldn't even have taken them into consideration as a novice in fishkeeping.
- If you know anything about caring for gold fish, then you know that the classic image of gold fish in a glass bowl is incredibly misleading. Keeping your gold fish in a bowl will likely lead to stunted growth and restricted movement due to the limited space. Not to mention gold fish excrete a lot of waste. With less space and less water to dilute the waste, your gold fish will be forced to swim and eventually drown in its own toxic filth.
- Your gold fish's filth is also why you must make sure that your fish tank is cleaned on a regular basis. If you got a bigger tank (which you should have if you listened to my advice above), then you probably don't need to clean it everyday. Of course, it's always better to maintain the quality of your tank's water. Consider getting siphons and filters and changing the water on a regular basis.
- No matter how tempting it may be, never run your fingers along your gold fish's scales, and for the love of all that is good and holy, do not pet it! Doing either can cause it to lose the thin, protective layer that guards it against bacteria of all types. Sometimes, caring for gold fish means leaving them well enough alone.
- Set the tank up in a spot where there is a lot of light. Gold fish are known to lose their luster over time without light to keep them aglow.
- Also make sure your tank isn't located where its water could be affected by extreme shifts in temperature. Gold fish are vulnerable to sudden changes in temperature, and could die from the shock of being immersed in significantly colder or warmer water than their bodies have gotten used to. Keep in mind that gold fish are capable of surviving in temperatures between 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. Leaving them in a comfortable and stable environment is one of the secrets to gold fish care.
- Finally, watch what you feed them. Gold fish tend to keep eating long after they were supposed to stop, and some types have even been known to beg long after they've had their fill. A pinch or two of flakes should be enough of a meal for most fish.
These are but a few things to keep in mind when caring for gold fish. With these and with any luck, your first fish will end up to be your last only because it lasted a whole lot longer than you expected it to.


ComFedQuery Test
This test monitors the error statistics in the CCLogging database.
Target of the test : The TP server
Agent deploying the test : An internal agent
Outputs of the test : One set of outputs for every CCLogging database monitored.
Configurable parameters for the test
Parameter Description
Test period
How often should the test be executed
The host for which the test is to be configured.
Refers to the port at which the specified host listens to.
Enter the name of a specific MS SQL instance that is to be monitored. The default value of this parameter is "default". To monitor an MS SQL instance named "CFS", enter this as the value of the Instance parameter.
The IP/host name of the database host.
The port at which the database host listens.
The user name to be used for logging into the database. This user should be authorized to connect to the CCLogging database.
Enter the password for logging into the CClogging database
Confirm Password
Provide a comma-separated list of error message patterns to be monitored in the format, Displayname:messagepattern. Here, the Displayname is just a name that is used to uniquely identify the message pattern, and will be displayed in the monitor interface. The messagepattern is an expression of the form - *expr* or expr or *expr or expr* or *expr1*expr2*... or expr1*expr2, etc. A leading '*' signifies any number of leading characters, while a trailing '*' signifies any number of trailing characters. For example, Error1:*cc_err*,Error2:*login*.
Detailed Diagnosis
To make diagnosis more efficient and accurate, the eG Enterprise system embeds an optional detailed diagnostic capability. With this capability, the eG agents can be configured to run detailed, more elaborate tests as and when specific problems are detected. To enable the detailed diagnosis capability of this test for a particular server, choose the On option against Detailed Diagnosis. To disable the capability, click on the Off option.
The option to selectively enabled/disable the detailed diagnosis capability will be available only if the following conditions are fulfilled:
 - The eG manager license should allow the detailed diagnosis capability
 - Both the bad and normal frequencies configured for the detailed diagnosis measures should not be 0.
Measurements made by the test
Measurement Description Measurement Unit Interpretation
Errors found
Indicates the number of error messages logged into the CCLogging database.
The detailed diagnosis of this measure, if enabled, provides the details of the error messages that were logged into the CCLogging database.


text:
Science may have the solution: a chemical "hydrogel" coating made from chitosan, derived from the shells of crabs and shrimp. Chitosan is already sprayed on lots of other fruits and vegetables to kill bacteria and keep produce fresh. And on Wednesday, Xihong Li of Tianjin University presented data at a meeting of the American Chemical Society showing that it can work to delay banana ripening -- bad news for fruit flies, good news for you.
"We found that by spraying green bananas with a chitosan aerogel, we can keep bananas fresh for up to 12 days," Li said in a statement Wednesday. "Such a coating could be used at home by consumers, in supermarkets or during shipment of bananas."
Like other fruits, bananas don't die when they're picked. They respire through their skin, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Increased respiration means quicker ripening. The chitosan coating used by Li and his colleagues slowed down respiration enough to keep the fruit fresh.
Bananas also release a compound called ethylene, which encourages ripening. So leaving a bunch of bananas in a bag will trap a lot of ethylene gas in there, which makes them ripen faster. Other fruits and vegetables produce ethylene too, so keeping your banana in the same bowl as a bunch of apples will hasten its progress toward gooey oblivion.
Chitosan, with its seafood origin, could possibly pose problems for strict vegetarians and vegans, but it wouldn't be the first food additive that flew under the radar. Shellac, which you might primarily think of as something to polish furniture, is also applied to apples to replace natural waxes lost during the cleaning process. It's also made from a resin secreted by the female lac bug. Starbucks caught flak from its crunchier customers after it was revealed that the coffee giant was using crushed beetle shells to color its strawberry frappuccinos.
Still, if you're not squeamish about animal products, chitosan could be a good way to keep good bananas from going bad.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
There are claims often made that, eg, "An ounce of weight at the rims is like adding 7 ounces of frame weight." This is "common knowledge", but a few of us are skeptical, and our crude attempts at working out the math seem to support that skepticism.
So, let's assume a standard 700C bicycle tire, which has an outside radius of about 36cm, a bike weighing 90Kg with bike and rider, and a tire+tube+rim weighting 950g. With the simplifying assumption that all the wheel mass is at the outer diameter, how much effect does adding a gram of additional weight at the outer diameter have on acceleration, vs adding a gram of weight to the frame+rider?
I asked this question over in the physics Stack Exchange.
share|improve this question
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1 Answer
up vote 7 down vote accepted
The answer I got was 2x -- adding one ounce (or gram) to the wheel at the outer diameter (ie, the tread) is equivalent, in terms of force/energy needed to accelerate, to adding twice that amount to the bike frame.
The answer was a bit involved and takes careful reading to fully understand, but the answer can also be explained with this thought experiment:
If you have a theoretical weightless wheel, fixed to a stationary axle (ie, not rolling on the ground), and you add a mass to its outer diameter, the energy needed to accelerate that added mass to some tangential velocity is the same as the energy that would be needed to accelerate the mass to the same linear velocity (ie, as if it were attached to a weightless bike frame).
But if our theoretical weightless wheel is not fixed on a stationary axle, but is instead attached to our theoretical weightless bike, we are accelerating the mass both tangentially AND linearly so we add the two energy requirements together, meaning it takes 2x the force to achieve the same acceleration and 2x the energy to accelerate to a given speed.
So the answer is 2x (and not 7x or 10x or whatever is often quoted).
share|improve this answer
My favorite theoretical tangent is that the earth is just a big circle (it was proven round some time ago) and at any point you are just riding along a tangent... Since the tangent is FLAT... There are no hills when cycling :) => Just gravity. Thanks for sharing this. – Glenn Gervais Dec 27 '11 at 3:42
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text:
Scenes of the Everglades
Businessman and adventurer Homer Augustus Brinkley produced this film in 1928 after living for several months among the Seminole Indians in the Everglades. He later used the film in a traveling show that featured a live, caged bear and himself dressed as a Seminole. Photographed by William B. Feeland, the film contains some of the earliest moving footage of the Seminole. Beginning with panoramic shots of vegetation, waterways, and abandoned structures, the film includes footage of wildlife, such as an owl, raccoons, water moccasins, alligators, deer, a wild turkey, and...


text:
Add New Features:
Link Each Other
Link the pages or sentences each other.
Specify a page or a sentence as "Each Part", and specify another page or sentence as "Other Part", it will create links for them to link them each other. These links help jump them one another.
Replace Page Title
Using selected paragraph to replace text of page title.
Set page title as selected text.
Content Control - Command Button (Run.vbs File in Page)
Create a content command button to run a.vbs file. Click content command button, it will find the.vbs attach file in current page by file name, and run the.vbs.
- Add: Response the option (radio) group.
- Add: Response the command button.


Hawaii / Tahiti
These two dance styles come from Polynesia. The Polynesian region encompanies a lot of countries, states and cultures.
Two of them – the islands of Hawaii and Tahiti – are generally well known.
Polynesians grow up with their specific dance style and it's still very prominent even in our modern world.
In Hawaii, people dance very gracefully to medium fast or slow music, whereas on Tahiti, we would find much more dynamic movement, originating in male martial arts dances and women picked up that style quite recently.


You've been preparing for your small claims case for a while now. You have all of your bills, receipts, and other papers in order, and you've arranged for your witnesses to be at the trial. It's getting close to the time for the judge of a Missouri small claims court (or "people's court") to make a decision, and you're ready.
Now, instead of relaxing a bit and waiting, why not take some time to get an idea of what happens after the small claims trial is over. What can you do if you win? What if you lose? Whether you're the plaintiff (the person who filed the suit) or the defendant (the person who's being sued), you should know about some of your options.
At the end of the case, after he's seen all the evidence and has listed to each side's arguments, the judge will make a decision in the case, that is, decide who won. The decision is called a judgment. The judge may make the decision:
 - Immediately at the end of the case, and either give each party a copy of the judgment or send it to them in the mail. In Missouri, it's rare for a judge to make a decision immediately
 - After taking some time to think about the case and all of the evidence. This is called taking the case "under consideration" or "under advisement." The court clerk will mail a copy of the decision to each party later. This is very common in Missouri
Technically, the case is over when the judge makes a decision and the decision is entered into the court records by the court clerk. However, while the case may be over, you may still have some work to do, depending on whether either party thinks the judge made a mistake or whether the winner gets paid.
Not Happy about the Judgment?
Win or lose, you may have some options if you don't like the way the case turned out:
This is when you ask a higher court to look at the case because you think the judge made a mistake when he decided the case. In Missouri, either the plaintiff or the defendant may appeal. So, if you're the plaintiff and you won, the defendant may appeal; if you think the judge should have awarded you more money, then you may appeal. The appeal will be decided by the regular circuit court, and it will be a whole new trial of the entire case. And, either party may request a jury trial.
You have to file an appeal within 10 days after the judge decided the case. You do this by filing an Application for Trial de Novo, which is a sworn statement detailing why a judge or jury needs to hear the case. You also have to pay a fee when you file it, and sometimes other costs as well. The circuit court clerk can give you the forms you need to file an appeal as well as explain the current fees.
An appeal can be a complex matter. It's a lot more formal than the small claims trial, more stringent court rules apply, and the court clerk can't give you any help completing forms. It's a good idea to talk to an attorney if you're thinking about appealing.
Relief from Judgment
The plaintiff or the defendant can file a motion for relief from judgment or "motion for relief," which essentially asks the court for a new trial. This is commonly used when the defendant wants the judge to void or "vacate" a default judgment - a judgment for the plaintiff that was entered because the defendant failed to show up for trial. Another common example is when a plaintiff's case was dismissed because he didn't show up for trial. In the motion he'll ask the judge to vacate the dismissal so that he can continue the case against defendant.
To be successful on this type of motion, you need to "show cause," that is, have a good reason that justifies a new trial. Some examples of good cause include:
 - Showing that you were unable to attend the first trial because of an emergency, such as illness
 - You've discovered new evidence that wasn't available when the first trial took place
 - You actually paid the plaintiff's claim or damages before the trial, or the plaintiff released you from liability on the claim
Plaintiff Collects
If you're the plaintiff and you win the case, and the judge orders the defendant to pay all or some of your claim, you need to begin collection efforts if the defendant doesn't pay you as ordered in the judgment. This may include having to appear at one or more hearings and possibly even taking some of the defendant's property and belongings. This can be a long and complicated process that may require the help of an attorney. This all applies, too, if you're the defendant and you won on a counterclaim.
Questions for Your Attorney
 - I sued my former landlord and the judge ordered him to return $800 of my $1,200 security deposit. I think I should have gotten all of it. Should I appeal?
 - I won my small claims case and the defendant said he was going to appeal. Can I challenge or fight his request for an appeal? I don't think he has a good reason for the appeal.
 - Can I file a counterclaim against the plaintiff when I appeal judgment that was entered against me in small claims court?
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Laticauda schistorhynchus)
Jump to: navigation, search
Sea Snake Niue.jpg
Laticauda schystorhyncha in Niue
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Hydrophiidae
Genus: Laticauda
Species: L. schistorhynchus
Binomial name
Laticauda schistorhynchus
(Schneider, 1799)
The katuali or flat-tail sea snake (Laticauda schistorhynchus) is a sea snake, related to the sea krait, found only in the waters of the Pacific Island nation of Niue. It grows up to 1 metre in length, and is highly venomous, making it one of the most dangerous creatures on the planet. It has a fin-like tail, helping it to swim better.[2][3]


text:
opens the specified file, URL, or other target with the associated program on your computer system.
- SystemOpen sends its target to the operating system, which then opens it using its default application for the target type given.
- URLs and URIs must include explicit http:, mailto:, ftp:, etc. prefixes.
- SystemOpen["file"] is essentially equivalent to double-clicking the file icon in your operating system.
- SystemOpen["file"] searches for the specified file in the directories given in $Path.
- SystemOpen["file"] returns $Failed if the specified file does not exist.
New in 7


Google Updates The Nest Hub With New Sleep Sensing Soli Technology
Google has just announced its 2nd-generation Nest Hub that will further improve its technology and add Sleep Sensing to track and help our sleeping patterns.
The next-gen Nest Hub will retain much of its look and thick bezel to retain its real-life photo frame look. It will be available in Chalk (White), Charcoal (Black), Sand (Pink) and a new Mist (Blue) colour.
What's unique about the Nest Hub has always been its technology. The new Nest Hub consists of a machine learning chip that lets your common Assistant commands be processed much faster locally, has an all-new improved sound system with 50% more bass and a third far-field microphone. Another addition is also the hidden Soli radar chip that helps you to play/pause media by just tapping in the air. There is also a wave gesture to snooze alarms.
The Sleep Sensing powered by the Soli technology uses sensors to analyze your sleep based on your movement, breathing and other sleep occurrences such as coughing, snoring, or temperature changes. Behind the Soli technology isn't a camera that can see you visually, what it does is generate movement graphs to determine and analyze those sleep patterns you have daily. These results can be deleted easily in the morning.
Simply check-in with Google in the morning by asking "Hey Google, how did I sleep?" or tap the "Sleep Summary" button for the entire breakdown of your sleep. There are also weekly summaries to check your breathes per minute, snoring or cough data. Google will then analyze these data and suggest recommendations for you to improve your sleep.
So if you're always worried about bad sleeping patterns, perhaps this might be a good investment that you can consider, because sleep is forever important.
The new Nest Hub is available for pre-order for only US$99.99 on the Google Store and will launch officially on 30 March.
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text:
ANTi-History in design research:
New applications and interpretations
In the postcolonial era, contemporary poststructuralist paradigm shift has provided alternative views of the past as well, especially in terms of new interpretations of regional histories and understanding of cultural contexts. One fairly novel strategy in this respect is ANTi-History, which is an approach to the study of the past drawing on the actor-network theory (ANT). The objective is to offer diverse readings of the largely Euro-America centralized history writing by revealing accounts that have earlier been overlooked. Contrary to the negative connotation of 'anti', ANTi-History does not, however, negate the significance of history, but aims to pluralize historical narratives. The view is based on Foucauldian poststructuralism and comprehension of the present as it relates to the past. In other words, ANTi-History focuses on the present, while seeking alternate connotations and (de)constructions of past events, particularly in relation to sociopolitical actants and actions. This links ANTi-History to the concept of Applied History, according to which presentday problems can be solved by knowledge of the past. As to design research, substitute readings of history are particularly relevant in the postcolonial contexts, in which 'place making' as part of recreating regional identities is the main concern and further related to Critical Regionalism. Hence, this paper examines the interrelationship between ANTi-History, Critical Regionalism, and decolonialization within the discourse on the design of built environment. To clarify ANTi-History as a theoretical framework in architectural research, a single-case study on the Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in New Caledonia is given as an example, in order to offer new interpretations of its architecture and design actions in one postcolonial context. Consequently, the paper argues that applications of this paradigm to precedent studies both in the education of architecture and in the practice-based research can be pertinent in the future praxis.


text:
To launch a rocket with a neighbor, you should meet the following requirements:
1. You should be neighbours in the game.
2. Both of you should have a launch pad and Mission Control Center of the same kind.
3. Both of you should have the four completed collections for a launch of this rocket.
4. One of you should start a launch, and the other one should choose the friend in the launch start window. To do that, one should charge the collection, press Start, choose the neighbor in the appearing window by tapping on the avatar of the player, and press Join.
Then you will prepare for a launch together by gathering the necessary items.
Have more questions? Submit a request


Angus Australia
Contractural arachnodactyly (CA)
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CA) also known as 'Fawn calf syndrome' was first identified in Victoria in 1998.
The condition causes development defects within the calves, which are typically born alive, with most surviving to maturity. CA calves appear visibly abnormal with restricted movement caused by reduced elasticity of the connective tissue. Calves will display restricted movement within their front legs, their hind legs will be set back behind them (hyperextension) and will display an upward arching of their spine.
The visible symptoms of the condition become increasingly difficult to detect as the animal grows and the ability for these features to improve over time, is an important characteristic of diagnosing the condition.
CA is controlled by a simple recessive mutation.
Further reading
American Angus Association NSW DPI


Why the World Needs a More Healthy Gourmet Food Guide
Gourmet food is becoming increasingly popular.
With its variety and variety of ingredients, from fresh fruit and vegetables to seafood and meat, it's become a staple in most of the world's countries.
But what is it about a meal that can make it so special?
The answer is food and its combination of ingredients.
We all know how delicious a steak tastes when it's done properly, but it's not just a matter of taste alone.
The cooking process also plays a big role in the overall taste of a meal.
Food is the key to flavor, but not all foods have the same taste.
To find out what foods taste best together, we decided to go grocery shopping for some delicious options.
What makes a good burger?
The burger we ate was made from a local beef, which means it was sourced from a family-owned business, which is important for us to know because many burgers come from other family farms.
The quality of the meat is also important because it makes a difference in how a burger tastes.
Our burgers were served with a salad that was made by the local farmers market.
At the same time, the meat was grilled, and it also had a salad.
The quality of each item mattered too.
What we ended up with was a delicious burger, that was rich and flavorful, and was good enough to share with our friends and family.
So, how does a good gourmet meal compare to one that is served at a restaurant?
The best gourmet burgers are made with locally sourced ingredients, which are typically sourced from local producers.
They are also made using a range of techniques and techniques to make them as high quality as possible.
We also tested a selection of other gourmet foods.
The results showed that a good vegetarian gourmet burger is good enough for the table, but a good meat gourmet lunch is good for the home.
What are some tips for making a good meal at home?
Use the best ingredients you can.
A good burger can be made from anything, including fresh fruit, vegetables, and seafood.
But make sure you choose your favorite items from the ingredients list.
Also, choose the right ingredients and seasonings, like pepper, herbs, spices, and seasoning for each ingredient.
For example, a good hamburger patty should be marinated in fresh tomato sauce, and grilled.
But a good steak sandwich should be grilled, with the patty cut into slices, then seasoned with herbs and spices.
It's important to use the right toppings and spices, like cumin, chili powder, salt, and garlic powder, for a perfect burger.


best way = probably the only way: start at the first row, record the value, see if the value in the second row is higher, then the 3rd, and repeat until you get to the end of the column. When the value you're looking at exceeds the value stored, update the value stored and where you found the new value.


WORLD on Campus
Search WORLD on campus
Entertainment & the Arts | November 30, 2012
By ear
Entertainment & the Arts
Music from centuries past finds a devotee in blind Gordon College violinist
Albano Berberi (Courtesy photo)
Dr. Michael Monroe watched Albano Berberi tune a harpsichord that had languished in storage until the student's arrival at Gordon College. Berberi's passion for centuries old music and the instruments that produce it intrigued the professor. And Berberi's ability to navigate the labyrinthine innards of the arcane keyboard, despite being blind, inspired him.
Born with Leber Congenital Amarosis, Berberi, 22, has been blind from birth although he has some light and general color perception. And as is often the case when one sense is incapacitated, another over compensates for the loss.
Berberi's hearing is deftly acute. And it enables him to do things most people might think impossible for someone who cannot see. He is adept at playing video games, having discovered characters' actions have corresponding audio cues. But his ability to learn music by ear goes beyond the natural talent he shares with many musicians. His professors describe his ability as "intuitive."
Berberi transferred to Gordon College in Wenham, Mass., after a difficult semester at Wheaton College in Norton, Mass., left him on academic probation at the end of 2009. Remembering Gordon's aggressive recruiting campaign, Berberi contacted the school at the end of the winter break. Five days later he was enrolled, and three days after arriving on campus, he received his audio books. His new roommate, also blind, knew the campus well and introduced Berberi to his new surroundings.
"I had a string of good luck that made me wonder if it was luck or divine intervention," Berberi said.
Berberi arrived at Gordon, an evangelical Christian college, in the spring of 2010 seeking a music performance degree. After coming to campus, Berberi "rediscovered Christianity" and now appreciates the role faith plays in campus life. It creates a sense of community he had not experienced anywhere else. Instructors, who understand music as a gift from God, encourage students to explore their musicality, finding the best way to give back to God what he has created. The artistic freedom in that ethos offered relief from the intense pressure he felt at Wheaton and has nurtured his lifelong affinity for music, Berberi said.
Although blind, Berberi has played a musical instrument longer than he can remember. When his family still lived in Albania, 6-month-old Berberi began playing the keyboard. It wasn't Mozart, but his father told him he played the notes sequentially. At 18 months, he reproduced the music demonstration tape that came with the keyboard.
When he was a year old, the family moved to Greece, where he continued playing keyboard until his kindergarten teacher decided to introduced him to another instrument. They first tried the recorder during a trip to a music conservatory. But he found it "rather boring," and the two continued their tour of the facility in search of an instrument to pique his interest. A musician taking a break from rehearsals handed the young boy his violin. The instrument, built for an adult not a 5-year-old, hardly nestled under his chin. But it proved a perfect fit.
"It can be the sweetest thing or angry," Berberi said. "It's just a very expressive instrument."
Berberi uses his musical talents to express what one professor called the "ambiguity and beauty of the art." In addition to his skills as a violinist, Berberi has a passion for the harpsichord. Gordon had three idle instruments before Berberi learned of their existence. As a result of a deal brokered with the music department, one now sits in Berberi's room in exchange for his skills in maintaining and tuning it.
The harpsichord, a precursor to the piano that rose and fell in popularity between 1450 and 1800, pairs nicely with the 200-year-old violin Berberi procured in a trade with a former professor. The antique gets its organic resonance from sheep-gut strings instead of the contemporary steel, he said.
Berberi's love of Baroque music makes sense of his appreciation for the older instruments and the sounds they produce. He reproduces that sound in the music he composes and records. One ensemble piece is a multi-track recording featuring Berberi performing all of the parts.
"If you had told me it was a piece by Haydn, I would have believed it," Monroe said recalling one of Berberi's compositions. Playing his own music as a soloist negates the necessity for a conductor, but performing with an orchestra requires direction Berberi cannot see. He depends on the rhythm of the music and the skill of violinists beside him to learn the music and anticipate the conductor's cues.
"I'm a conductor's worst nightmare because, I guess, I don't need them," he quipped.
But his goal as a musician does not depend on a conductor. Berberi hopes to share his passion for Baroque music and the instruments on which it was originally played. He dreams of creating a small ensemble to travel the world and introduce audiences to "historically informed performance."
Before he can step out onto the international stage, Berberi realizes he has some difficult lessons to learn. Following graduation in May, Berberi plans to attend a school for the blind to better prepare him for an independent life. After that, he hopes to move to one of the world's most challenging environments - New York City and The Juilliard School.
Berberi's violin instructor, Dr. Susan Kim, said he found his niche in the Baroque genre and it may be to his advantage when he applies to Juilliard. The music conservatory recently developed a post-graduate degree program in historically informed performance. As a Julliard graduate, Kim admits to having some anxiety for her student. The world-renowned school is hyper-competitive and "cut-throat."
No matter where Berberi ends up next, Kim hopes he finds a place to use his gift of music to bless others.
"I know God has a certain place in mind for him," she said.


Every 15 Minutes
Crash Scene
De Zainae Roberts, Reporter
Firefighters on the scene at the crash simulation
Firefighters on the scene at the crash simulation
Every 15 minutes is a program created to spread awareness to teens of underage drinking and driving. It offers a real-life experience without the real-life risks. Students were chosen to participate in a crash simulation to portray an actual car crash. On March 3, 2016 certain juniors and seniors who attended Cesar Chavez High School pretended to have died in a DUI accident. The crash simulation was open to the juniors and seniors to view.
"I feel that this experience did convey an actual collision caused by drunk driving. I also feel that it did effect many students greatly to see how it happens and what could happen," said Briana Perez.
The scenario was some students got a hold of alcohol for a party. They became intoxicated and later got in Elijah Torres' car. The crash simulation showed his car collided with a sober car. To make the scene even more realistic they had firefighters, police, and a helicopter.
"I enjoyed how realistic it was to have an actual car crash," Briana Perez, senior, said, "and what and how it happens when it was a drunk driver that caused the car crash and how they had all the actual police, ambulances, highway patrol, the car to take the dead people, and helicopter to transport severely injured people."
The purpose of the crash scene is to physically show and stress to students that the decision to consume alcohol can affect more people than just the one who drinks. Also that DUI accidents are serious and can have a big emotional effect on the people involved,their families,and even observers of the crash.
"I learned in this experience to be aware of my actions when driving and who I get in the car with. Also that alcohol and driving should never be mixed," Briana Perez, an interviewed spectator, said. "The crash did have an emotional impact on me because it can happen to anyone."


Math Forum - Problem of the Week
Marabyn usually takes a bus home from school. The weather today is beautiful and the bus is traveling so slowly that she decides to get off and just walk the rest of the way home. She'd like to walk at least 10 minutes but she doesn't want to walk more than 2 kilometers to her home which is 9 kilometers from school.
Using the tools in the Java applet, select a distance for Marabyn to have traveled in the bus and to use as the start of her walk by moving the slider, and choose a walking time from the pull-down menu.
Open Java Applet
 1. How far (distance) can Marabyn travel on the bus if she wants to walk at least 10 minutes but not more than 2 kilometers to get home? How long (time) will she walk?
 2. List two more bus-travel distances and walking times that also get Marabyn home.
 3. Write an equation that uses Marabyn's walking speed of 0.1 km/min and the variables "t" for walking time and "d" for bus-travel distance to express the distance of Marabyn's journey home.
© _PHONE_ The Math Forum


text:
Keywords and Phrases
Ceramic Paste Extrusion; Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication; Modeling And Analysis; Numerical Simulation; Paste Solidification
"During the freeze-form extrusion fabrication process, both the extrusion and freezing processes are complex due to the aqueous-based ceramic pastes' non-Newtonian behavior, large latent heat of the water contained in the paste, and the small temperature difference between the ambient and the paste. In this study, the steady-state relationship between plunger velocity and extrusion force is developed based on a modified Herschel-Bulkley viscosity model and the Navier-Stokes equations, and the dynamic response of the extrusion force is described by a first-order nonlinear equation when plunger velocity is taken as an input. It is shown that the extrusion response time depends on the amount of air inside the extruder and the magnitude of the extrusion force. Air bubble release and pre-loading are then analyzed based on the developed constitutive model. The freezing process is modeled by a simplified one-dimensional heat transfer model and a lumped method. As the layer number increases, the paste freezing time increases and finally reaches a steady state. A non-dimensional analytical solution for the freezing time of parts with large numbers of layers was obtained using the lumped method. The effects of both non-dimensional and dimensional factors on the critical freezing time were studied. The critical freezing time is the time when the steady-state freezing time equals the total time between layers, which is the sum of the deposition time for the current layer and the dwell time between the current and next layers. A series of simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the predictive capabilities of the constitutive model for the extrusion force and the critical freezing time for parts with large numbers of layers. Good agreements between the simulation and experimental results were obtained."--Abstract, page iii.
Landers, Robert G.
Leu, M. C. (Ming-Chuan)
Isaac, Kakkattukuzhy M.
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
xv, 105 pages
© 2016 Mingyang Li, All rights reserved.
Dissertation - Open Access
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Ceramic materials -- Extrusion
Solid freeform fabrication
Electronic OCLC #
Li, Mingyang, "Modeling, analysis, and simulation for aqueous-based ceramic pastes in freeze-form extrusion fabrication process" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 2481.


BU versus Proof
At the show this weekend, we had a gentleman looking for a XXVI Olympiad Tennis Commemorative Dollar. When asked which he wanted, BU or Proof, he was not sure and wanted to know the difference.
First, let's talk about the difference between BU and Proof. BU is short for uncirculated (brilliant uncirculated) coins.
One might ask, well, commemoratives are not released to the public so why aren't they all uncirculated?
That's true. Even though commemoratives are legal tender, they do not get circulated. Their value is much higher for their collectability rather than their worth as spendable coinage.
But, the difference in uncirculated and proof – at least in the 1995/1996 timeframes when these coins were minted – shows in how the mint struck the coins. Uncirculated coins in that timeframe were minted and treated like the coins for circulation, but they were packaged in protective coin holders before being sold. Thus, they were "uncirculated" meaning they weren't bagged with other coins with the associated nicks and scrapes from the coins rubbing together. Plus, they did not get the fingerprints and handling that circulated coins would have.
On the other hand, the US Mint explains, "United States proof coins are produced from carefully selected planchets, or coin blanks, that have been burnished to a high luster. The polished blanks, which are carefully handled to minimize scratches and abrasions, are struck on specially adapted coining presses. Each coin is struck at least twice to bring forth the most minute detail with remarkable clarity."
Thus, the proof coins are "prettier" in that they have a mirror-like shine for the background and a very detailed design. Though, the uncirculated coins are nice, they don't have the clarity of the proof.
OK, that helps, but why is the Tennis BU – which you say is less attractive – much more expensive than the proof Tennis coin?
The short answer is supply and demand. Let's look at the population charts for the XXVI Olympiad commemorative coins. The population numbers are to the nearest 500.
XXVI Olympiad Commemortive Coin Populations
Now, let's look at the coins' values as of early April. These values are no longer current but are sufficient for illustration purposes.
XXVI Olympiad Commemortive Coin Values
Isn't it interesting that the high bars in the population chart are almost always the low bars in the values chart? That's called supply and demand. When supply is sufficient to meet (and/or exceed) all of the demand, then the values are lower.
If the mintages are lower such that supply cannot satisfy all of the demand, then the values per coin go up. And, since the Mint does not make these coins any more, the supply does not increase to meet the demand.
But, you will also notice that some of the large population variations between the Unc and Proof coins do not equate to such a large difference in their values (for example, 1995 Baseball Half and 1995 Gymnastics Dollar).
In some cases the collectors' interests impact the market value. If people are not looking for those specific coins, the demand does not exceed the supply and the market rate does not go up as dramatically.
Of course, this multivariate equation includes the metal content of the coins as well. Sometimes the metal impacts more than others such as when silver climbs.
To many, they're happy just to collect, but if you are a collector also looking at longer term value think about their beauty, their grade, the way they're made, their population numbers and their metal content.
But, most of all, have fun!


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The Guardians of Karma by Mohan Vizhakat
The Guardians of Karma (edition 2013)
by Mohan Vizhakat
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Title:The Guardians of Karma
Authors:Mohan Vizhakat
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Tags:Indian mythology, ancient civilizations, atlantis, spirituality, free will, science fiction, extra terrestrial, aliens alternative history, shiva, nagas
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The ancient Indian epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana describe of a prehistoric age which was far more advanced from technological, sociological and spiritual perspectives when compared to many millennia that followed - till the advent of 20th century. We are often fascinated and surprised by the level of sophistication of these mythological records in terms of their complexity and philosophical insights. Some parts of these epics seem almost like science fiction, even by contemporary standards.
Is it possible that many of the ancient myths within these epics do have some elements of truth behind them? Maybe an advanced civilisation with ethnic groups like Devas, Daityas, Rakshas, Manavs etc did exist during our distant past? May be the Lokas, Talas and other exotic places where they lived were actually the geographical land masses that used to exist during the ice age? Perhaps some of the legendary events described in our scriptures were interpretations of real incidents, gleaned from fragmentary cultural memories of a prehistoric era? Maybe there is a common lineage to the ancient legends of many cultures across the world? For example, is the Indian legend about the free-floating triple cities of Tripura and Greek one about Atlantis, both reconstructions of the same event?
Earth had been within the grip of ice-age for a major part of human existence on the planet. During the prehistoric times, with the sea levels much lower than today, there were numerous large islands all across the tropics. The average global temperature being much lesser than today, these large archipelagos had salubrious weather and fertile terrain conditions ideal for sustaining abundant life. Ice covered substantial portions of the mainland continents, but the lush green tropical islands might have served as the cradle for early human settlements to develop and prosper into advanced civilizations.
The fact that very little is known about human history before 5000 BCE needn't preclude anything. Perhaps all the major archaeological evidence of this era was lost during a cataclysmic worldwide deluge or pralay that the scriptures describe of? Even going by the scientific analysis, it is safe to infer that towards the end of ice age, the rising sea water levels triggered by melting icecaps had inundated and eventually submerged many of the tropical islands below the ocean surface as we see it today.
From the fictional context of this book, the period towards the end of ice age marked the decline of the 'first wave' of advanced human civilizations on earth - which might have even rivalled the 'second wave' that we're experiencing now, in terms of sociological, spiritual and technological sophistication. If it could have happened within the realm of possibility, then shouldn't it also warn us about the fragility of our current civilisation? After all the human intellect and body form was no different then, when compared to now so many millennia later.
The book The Guardians of Karma is themed during prehistoric times beyond the mists of vedic India - the forgotten era of the 'first wave' civilisations. It is presented as an action packed mythological fantasy cum science fiction and takes the readers through the fabulous cities of Amaravati, Atalantpuri, and other exotic places like the underground caverns inhabited by elusive Nagas near Mount Kailash. The story also unfolds the philosophy of Karma within the backdrop of love, passion, greed, war, tragedy and spirituality that characterised these ancient times.
Dev Lok and Daityan Empire are the two advanced nations based out of large tropical archipelagos. For a long time the steadily rising of sea water levels had been brewing a crisis – particularly for the Daityas. A war for the control of remaining arable land seems imminent but Dev Lok and their allies like Bharat, Gandharv and Yaksha kingdoms stand little chance against the Empire's military might.
The warrior monk Hara becomes the sole hope of Dev Lok to prevent defeat and abject subjugation. However before he can help them, Hara must undertake the ultimate journey of spirituality to pass beyond the barrier of death itself and engage with the astral personae of Lord Rudra - one of three extra-terrestrial progenitors of humanity.
Would Hara be able to check the Daityan aggression in time to correct the course of Krama? Would he be able to wield the viman 'Pinaka' against the central seat of Daityan power – the indestructible citadels of Tripura? Is he the one who would glorify the name of Lord Shiva as Tripurantaka – the mighty destroyer of Tripura?
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In class tomorrow I would like to have a discussion on a lack of diversity in the profession of architecture and reflect on challenges to achieving this.
As a point of reference, we can refer to this AIA 2016 study: _URL_
This paragraph is taken from the summary:
"Industry data show that, while improving, women and people of color are underrepresented in the field of architecture. In 2015, industry membership organizations worked together to create a study examining what architects believe is causing this underrepresentation, how significant they feel it is, and offering suggestions of what could be done to address it. The result was the study, Diversity in the Profession of Architecture." p. 3.
We will talk about this tomorrow and post a reflection during class. You are welcome to post a reflection in advance if you like.
See you tomorrow.
Prof. Montgomery


text:
Let's say that you are given a SQL table called "Compare" (the schema is shown below) with only one column called "Numbers".
Write a SQL query that will return the maximum value from the "Numbers" column, without using a SQL aggregate like MAX or MIN.
This problem is difficult because you are forced to think outside the box, and use whatever SQL you know to solve a problem without using the most obvious solution (doing a "select MAX…" from the table).
Probably the best way to start breaking this problem down is by creating a sample table with some actual data that matches the schema given. Here is a sample table to start out with:
The value that we want to extract from the table above is 90, since it is the maximum value in the table. How can we extract this value from the table in a creative way (it will have to be creative since we can't use the max or min aggregates)? Well, what are the properties of the highest number (90 in our example)? We could say that there are no numbers larger than 90 – that doesn't sound very promising in terms of solving this problem.
We could also say that 90 is the only number that does not have a number that is greater than it. If we can somehow return every value that does not have a value greater than it then we would only be returning 90. This would solve the problem. So, we should try to design a SQL statement that would return every number that does not have another number greater than it. Sounds fun right?
Let's start out simple by figuring out which numbers do have any numbers greater than themselves. This is an easier query. We can start by joining the Compare table with itself – this is called a self join, which you can read more about here in case you are not familiar with self joins: Example of self join in SQL.
Using a self join, we can create all the possible pairs for which each value in one column is greater than the corresponding value in the other column. This is exactly what the following query does:
SELECT Smaller.Numbers, Larger.Numbers FROM Compare as Larger JOIN Compare AS Smaller ON Smaller.Numbers < Larger.Numbers
Now, let's use the sample table we created, and we end up with this table after running the query above:
Now we have every value in the "Smaller" column except the largest value of 90. This means that all we have to do is find the value that is not in the Smaller column (but is in the Compare table), and that will give us the maximum value. We can easily do this using the NOT IN operator in SQL.
But before we do that we have to change the query above so that it only selects the "Smaller" column - because that is the only column we are interested in. So, we can simply change our query above to this in order to get the "Smaller" column:
SELECT Smaller.Numbers FROM Compare as Larger JOIN Compare AS Smaller ON Smaller.Numbers < Larger.Numbers
Now, all we have to do is apply the NOT IN operator to find the max value.
This will give us what we want - the maximum value. But there is one small problem with the SQL above - if the maximum value is repeated in the Compare table then it will return that value twice. We can prevent that by simply using the DISTINCT keyword. So, here's what the query looks like now:
And there we have our final answer. Of course, some of you may be saying that there is a much simpler solution to this problem. And you would be correct. Here is a simpler answer to the problem using the SQL Top clause along with the SQL Order By clause - this is what it would look like in SQL Server:
select TOP 1 -- select the very top entry in result set Numbers from Compare order by Numbers DESC
And since MySQL does not have a TOP clause this is what it would look like in MySQL using just ORDER BY and LIMIT :
select Numbers from Compare order by Numbers DESC - order in descending order LIMIT 1 --retrieve only one value
So, even though there are a couple of much simpler answers it is nice to know the more complicated answer using a self join so that you can impress your interviewer with your knowledge.
FOLLOW Varoon Sahgal, Author of ProgrammerInterviewon


text:
GRASS GIS, commonly referred to as GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System), is a free and open source Geographic Information System (GIS) software suite used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics and maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization.
GRASS GIS has limited support for Parallel GRASS jobs. Also some script examples of running several GRASS jobs in parallel are available. PyGRASS includes also ParallelModuleQueue for parallel computing, see our example about that.
If you want to use GRASS GUI, you should connect to taito-shell using -X connection or NoMachine for Windows users.
First load appropriate module. There are three options for that:
1) If you want to use GRASS GUI, you can open GRASS from NoMachine's Fluxbox menu (right-click to open): Applications -> Taito-shell -> GIS -> GRASS-GIS. This loads in the background the same modules as option 2.
2) If you want to use GRASS as stand-alone or with Python, use geo-env, which includes Python with GIS packages, GDAL, QGIS and LasTools. It does not include GRASS GIS directly, but GRASS can be easily added like this:
module load geo-env grass
3) If you want to use GRASS GIS with R, without GRASS GUI, use rspatial-env,which includes R, GDAL, GRASS and SagaGIS.
module load rspatial-env
Both of the xx-env modules unload all previously loaded modules, so they should be loaded first, if you need to load also some other modules.
* SagaGIS and GRASS GIS use different versions of wxwidgets library, which is used for the GUI. So if you would like to use both GUIs please open two sessions to Taito-shell.
Then for starting the GRASS GUI:
It is possible to also use GRASS functionality via command-line, shell scripts or Python code, see GRASS manual for details.


text:
Edmund Spenser (c. _PHONE_) is known for his moral allegory The Faerie Queene to Elizabeth I, of which six books survive (three published in 1590 and three in 1596).
Other books include The Shepheard's Calendar 1579, Astrophel 1586, the love sonnets Amoretti and the Epithalamion 1595.
Born in London and educated at Cambridge, in 1580 he became secretary to the Lord Deputy in Ireland, and at Kilcolman Castle completed the first three books of The Faerie Queene (Elizabeth I being the "Faerie Queene").
In 1598 Kilcolman Castle was burned down by rebels, and Spenser with his family narrowly escaped. He died in London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Why is Edmund Spenser famous?
Edmund Spenser was a English poet, who has been called the "poet's poet" because of his rich imagery and command of versification.