Christmas in Italy: The Befana Tradition
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According to Italian traditions, Befana is an old woman who gives presents throughout the country on the night of January 5, also known as the Epiphany Eve. By giving out gifts, the lady is often compared to Santa Claus.
Many people believe that the name Befana originates from the Feast of Epiphany. Others have the belief that Befana is a descendant of Strenia, a goddess of the Romans. In reality, Befana was not as popular in Italy as it is today. It started in Rome and only spread to other parts of the country during the 20th century.
The majority of Italians believe that Befana visits all the children in Italy on the eve of January 6 and gives them rewards. If the kids have the right character, she gives them candy. Otherwise, Befana gives either dark candy or a lump of coal. In the impoverished regions in Italy, such as Sicily, children get a stick in a stocking instead of coal.
Since the Befana is an excellent housekeeper, people believe that she always sweeps the floor before leaving. Some trust that the sweeping means doing away with the problems of the year. In most cases, the child's family leaves a small amount of food and a glass of wine for the Befana.
Regarding appearance, the general impression is that the Befana is a hag riding a broomstick through the air, donning a soot-covered black shawl since her entry point into houses is the chimney. She always carries a gift hamper containing candy and other presents.
A historical depiction of Befana
The Legend of the Befana
Some Christians believe that the Three Wise Men who gifted baby Jesus in the bible approached the Befana before the birth of Christ. The men asked for directions to the location of Jesus since they had already spotted his star in the sky. Since the Befana was unaware of the location, she offered a one-night shelter to the wise men. On the following day, she refused to go on the search for Jesus, citing busyness as her most significant concern.
Later on, the Befana decided to follow the men in the pursuit of Jesus. The search is still on to date because she could reach the wise men. This explains why the Befana travels around children and gives the good ones candy, while the poor ones get coal, online, and garlic.
Another Christian legend states that the Befana was an ordinary woman with a beloved child whose death caused significant grief. When Jesus was born, the lady went to see her, believing that he was her son. She took gifts to Jesus to make him happy, and as a result, Christ made her the mother of all Italian children.
If anybody sees the Befana, they get a thump from her broomstick because she likes to remain private. The objective of this belief is to keep children asleep during the night.
The last explanation about the origin of the Befana claims that she was cleaning and turned the wise men away when they came looking for Jesus. Later, guilt befell her, and she started looking for Jesus. The broomstick she travels on is for cleaning purposes, while the gift hamper is intended for baby Jesus. Although the Befana is yet to succeed on this mission, she gives gifts to children because all of them have Jesus in them.
The Befana Today
All regions in Italy celebrated the Befana, making it a national icon. However, the practice is held in the highest regard in the Marches, Latium, and Umbria. Urbana is the official home of the lady. A massive festival occurs every year, with up to 50,000 people in attendance. Several people imitate the Befana by swinging from the main tower and enjoying their time with kids.
Italian children usually expect to get coal in their stockings as an indicator of any bad behaviour committed earlier in the year. Three Italian regions are renowned for lively Befana traditions.
Piazza Navona
This is a market in central Rome that sells candy and toys during the time of the Befana festivals. Tourists often flock the area on the midnight of January 6 to confirm the myth that the Befana shows herself at this market through a window.
Urbania is a town located in the Pesaro e Urbino province in the Marches. An annual Befana festival gets held between January 2 and January 6. During the celebrations, locals build the 'house of the Befana' and reserve a mailbox addressed to the lady.
Fornovo di Taro
Here, a national meeting on the Befana gets held on January 5 and 6 yearly.
Rest of the World
In regions outside Italy with a considerable number of Italians, the local community usually observes the Befana celebrations. For example, a Befana choir performs in the Festival of Lights parade at the Kensington Market in Toronto every December. At this time, people wear their Befana costumes and sing songs that wish for the sun's return.
The singers then proceed to give candy to kids, to play the accordion, and sing loudly such that members of the public join the party.
How to Travel to the Befana Festival
For the best possible experience, it is advisable to visit Italy during the Christmas period. Here, you will get a first-hand viewing of the build-up to the ceremony, as well as the feast itself.
If you want to travel to Italy, you need a visa and the necessary supporting documents like a valid passport. However, this is set to change in 2021 after the introduction of the ETIAS permit. So how does ETIAS work? It is a newly formed authorization system that aims to improve the way people get into Europe. It focuses on improving security by using biometric data and scrutinizing the backgrounds of all people willing to travel into Europe by checking their history against Europol and Interpol. More importantly, it lasts for three years, meaning that it does not have to get replaced as frequently as a regular passport.


text: Approaching Carbine manipulation fundamentals from the stand point of human biomechanics, ergonomics and mental processing, the D5 Carbine program is as much about understanding the carbine as it is about understanding yourself and the principles that make you who you are. Developed for beginner, intermediate and advanced shooters, Disruptive Science™ Carbine is designed to give students a template for increasing; mental acuity, focus, dexterity, balance and spatial awareness while performing skill based Carbine manipulations. These same skills have direct application in your daily life and your interactions with the people around you. The D5 Carbine program will not just make you a better shooter. It will help you find performance and understanding in all aspects of your life.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Node:Throw, Next:, Previous:Catch, Up:Exceptions
26.7.3 Throwing Exceptions
The throw primitive is used to throw an exception. One argument, the key, is mandatory, and must be a symbol; it indicates the type of exception that is being thrown. Following the key, throw accepts any number of additional arguments, whose meaning depends on the exception type. The documentation for each possible type of exception should specify the additional arguments that are expected for that kind of exception.
throw key. args Scheme Procedure
scm_throw (key, args) C Function
Invoke the catch form matching key, passing args to the handler.
key is a symbol. It will match catches of the same symbol or of _TAG_.
If there is no handler at all, Guile prints an error and then exits.
When an exception is thrown, it will be caught by the innermost catch expression that applies to the type of the thrown exception; in other words, the innermost catch whose key is _TAG_ or is the same symbol as that used in the throw expression. Once Guile has identified the appropriate catch, it handles the exception by applying that catch expression's handler procedure to the arguments of the throw.
If there is no appropriate catch for a thrown exception, Guile prints an error to the current error port indicating an uncaught exception, and then exits. In practice, it is quite difficult to observe this behaviour, because Guile when used interactively installs a top level catch handler that will catch all exceptions and print an appropriate error message without exiting. For example, this is what happens if you try to throw an unhandled exception in the standard Guile REPL; note that Guile's command loop continues after the error message:
guile> (throw 'badex)
:3:1: In procedure gsubr-apply...
:3:1: unhandled-exception: badex
ABORT: (misc-error)
The default uncaught exception behaviour can be observed by evaluating a throw expression from the shell command line:
$ guile -c "(begin (throw 'badex) (display \"here\\n\"))"
guile: uncaught throw to badex: ()
That Guile exits immediately following the uncaught exception is shown by the absence of any output from the display expression, because Guile never gets to the point of evaluating that expression.


text:
"Racconto Plurale, a modular&multimedia bookshelf dedicated to Canone Letterario Europeo, Â«an essential selection of books and authors, with the aim of creating a formative tool for future young Europeans,â¦Â» in an emotional and aesthetical dialogue between paper support and technological ones.
Books, seemingly outranked by technologic evolution that prefers digital formats, actually continue to stand for memory and culture. Design by Sara Bergando, in collaboration with Mobili in Stile Loro and Marchea, Racconto Plurale aims to collect literary cultural essence of European Union and host stories from the most important authors of continental tradition, in an emotional and aesthetical dialogue between paper support and technological ones, in a space thought to hold and interact multimedia devices. Carrie out during the project âCasa Europa â Euro decennial seen from veneto craftsmenâ through different material and processing, the project would be an expression of their pluralism thanks to itâs flexible and widely customizable structure. Starting from the original circular configuration named âCasaEuropaâ, which reminds metaphorically culture continuity and physically recalls a coin made of 17 parts â the number of countries in the Eurozone -, the modular structure allows different solutions and various combinations.
Using two materials, wood and iron, symbolizes properly the two opposite suggestions: emotional/analog books, rational/digital multimedia. Raw materials and surface processing are environmental friendly thanks to âDesign for Disassemblyâ approach.
The connexions which culture creates between different readers generations and different countries are the most important value among those communicated by this product. Racconto plurale would be an expression of their pluralism, thanks to itâs flexible and continuous structure. The bookshelf wants to keep a strong connections between books and ebook-readers, as between tradition and innovation, as craft and design, besides a constant interaction between opposite spheres."


text:
Contents - Previous - Next
This is the old United Nations University website. Visit the new site at _URL_
Changes in food and essential amino acid availability from 1961 to 1992
Group and country data: 1961 versus 1992
The availabilities of food energy (kilocalories per day), total protein, animal protein, cereal protein, and pulse-soya protein (grams per day) are shown in table 13 (see TABLE 13. Comparison of food energy, protein, and essential amino acids (mg/day) between 1961 and 1992 for selected regions and countries). Also shown are the availabilities of essential amino acids (milligrams per day) for developed countries, developing countries, and least developed countries as well as for the three major countries of the Indian subcontinent -Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. These are tabulated for 1961 and 1992, the first and last years of the current FAO/Agrostat data set.
Significant changes took place between 1961 and 1992 in food availability for both the developed and developing country groups. For the developing countries, increases can be seen for food energy (26%), total protein (26%), and animal protein (76%), although pulse-soya protein declined by 35%. The availabilities of the essential amino acids (milligrams per day) all increased, with lysine increasing by 25% from a mean value that was below the estimated need in 1961 to one slightly above the need in 1992. Developed countries also showed increases of 15% to 30% for food energy, total protein, animal protein, and lysine although these all took place from a considerably higher baseline level.
In contrast, however, these increases between 1961 and 1992 did not occur for the poorest countries. For the least developed countries and for Bangladesh, over the same period, changes are almost non-existent, and some nutritional indicators, including lysine even declined. For example, for the least developed countries, animal protein availability in 1961 (9.8 g/day) was greater than in 1992 (8.7 g/day), as was animal protein availability for Bangladesh (7.1 versus 4.8 g/day). In contrast, India and Pakistan both showed increases over this period, especially for food energy, total protein, and animal protein. Legume availability declined by as much as 47% in India, however.
When lysine values are considered, the developed countries showed increases from 5,413 mg/day in 1961 to 6,666 mg/day in 1992, and the developing countries from 2,401 to 3,014 mg/day, while the least developed countries declined from 2,433 to 2,278 ma/day during this same period. Similarly, in Bangladesh lysine availability declined from 2,193 mg/day in 1961 to 1,883 mg/day in 1992, while in India and Pakistan there were modest increases.
In table 14 (see TABLE 14. Comparison of food energy, protein, and essential amino acids (mg/g protein) between 1961 and 1992 for selected regions and countries) these same groups and countries are compared, with the animal, cereal, and pulse-soya protein tabulated as percentages of total protein, and the essential amino acids shown in terms of protein quality as milligrams per gram of protein. Animal protein percentage increased in both developed and developing countries, as well as in India and Pakistan, but declined in the least developed countries and Bangladesh. The increases were uneven but were as high as 40% for developing countries as a group. In contrast, animal protein percentage declined by 8% in the least developed countries and by 27% in Bangladesh.
Pulse-soya protein percentage showed significant declines in almost all groups, with a nearly 50% decline in the developing countries as a group, a 51 % decline in India, and a 63% decline in Pakistan. The proportion of protein from cereals increased in all countries except the developed countries. These changes in dietary patterns are reflections of both wealth and the generally greater availability of cereals.
For lysine expressed as milligrams per gram of protein, only the developed countries were above the FAD/WHO 1991 requirement figures in both 1961 and 1992. The other countries or groups changed little over this period, except for Bangladesh, where lysine fell from 48 to 44 mg/g protein as a result of the lower availability of animal protein.
Countries of South-East Asia: 1961 to 1992
Although for reasons of space, the full tabular data are not presented, the changes in food energy, fat, protein, and lysine (both milligrams per day and milligrams per gram of protein) were evaluated for Bangladesh, India, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand for the period 1961 to 1992 using the FAO/Agrostat database. Protein (grams per day) was categorized as total protein, animal protein, cereal protein, and pulse-soya protein. Lysine values were calculated from these data using the regression equation shown above.
Several patterns of change with time emerge from these data and are illustrated in figures 3 (see FIG. 3 Six-country comparison of total protein availability _PHONE_ ) to 5 for all the above countries except Sri Lanka. Values for all variables can be deduced for Sri Lanka, since they were generally between those for Bangladesh and those for India. The key determinant of dietary modification appears to be changes in economic status of the countries over the years. Wealth (per capita gross national product) significantly correlates with protein availability (quantity and quality) in the diet. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka changed least, and India, Pakistan, and Thailand showed modest increases. In South Korea and Japan the changes were marked. In Japan protein availability was already at a reasonable level in 1961. In South Korea, however, the values in 1961 were quite low, especially for animal protein, and major changes did not really start until the 1970s and then proceeded rapidly.
Total protein and animal protein are major determinants of lysine availability and are illustrated for six countries in figures 3 and 4 (see FIG. 4. Six-country comparison of animal protein availability _PHONE_ ). In both Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (not shown), total daily protein availability remained on the order of 40 to 45 g/day, and animal protein availability averaged only 5 to 10 g/day, with lower values for animal protein in Bangladesh than in Sri Lanka. In South Korea animal protein availability was 6 g/day in 1961, but this had increased to 33 g/day by 1992. Japan, whose total protein availability ranged from 73 to 98 g/day over this period, showed changes in animal protein availability from 24 to 56 g/day. India and Pakistan changed far less, with total protein availability averaging between 50 and 60 g/day for both countries. Animal protein availability ranged between 6 and 10 g/day in India and between 13 and 15 g/day in Pakistan. Although not shown, changes in food energy availability generally were parallel to increases in total protein. Hence Bangladesh and Sri Lanka changed the least and South Korea the most.
For all the countries, the lysine values (milligrams per day and milligrams per gram of protein) parallel the changes in food energy and protein. These changes for lysine (milligrams per day) are graphically illustrated (except for Sri Lanka) in figure 5 (see FIG. 5. Six-country comparison of lysine availability _PHONE_ ). Very distinct differences can be observed. Japan differs from all others in that lysine (milligrams per day), already at a moderately high level in 1961 (4,000 mg/day), increased continuously until 1992 (6,500 mg/day). In contrast, South Korea and Thailand had inadequate lysine values in 1961 (2,300 and 2,200 mg/day), but both had increased by 1992. Thailand increased to a modest extent, but the South Korean diet was providing nearly 4,700 ma/day by 1992.
The other three countries remained almost static over the three decades, with Bangladesh at inadequate levels throughout and even declining. Because of the very high proportion of wheat in the Pakistani diet, the values for Pakistan may have been slightly overestimated by the use of the regression equation and are thus closer to the values for India than they appear from figure 5. The mean values for both these countries approximate requirement estimates, and therefore on statistical grounds many would be at risk in both societies. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka all have lysine values that appear to be marginal or below requirements for the whole period, but South Korea and Thailand, which had inadequate lysine values in the earlier years, have shown significant increases since the early 1980s.
When lysine is considered as milligrams per gram of protein, again only the values for Japan can be considered adequate throughout the whole period. Although the South Korean diet has shown significant changes, from 40 mg/g protein in 1961 to 54 mg/g protein in 1992, protein quality must still be considered marginal. Poorer quality is, however, compensated for by adequate protein quantity. Other countries, especially Bangladesh but also Pakistan and India, average below the estimated needs of 58 mg/g protein.
Changes for Pakistan: Food balance sheet calculations for selected years
Because of future research plans and hence particular concern for the lysine value (in milligrams per day and mill


text:
Moduli and Algebraic Cycles
30 August - 10 December 2021
The aim of this program is to explore central questions related to moduli spaces, algebraic cycles, and enumerative geometry. These are subjects at the very heart of geometry, with origins in the Italian and German schools of algebraic geometry from the 19th century. But they are also closely connected with modern developments such as the mathematics of string theory and the theory of motives. The notions of cycles and moduli are intertwined in many subtle ways, often by means of various cohomology theories for algebraic varieties, or the geometry of period domains. One example is Deligne's theorem about Hodge cycles on abelian varieties, which is perhaps the strongest known result in the direction of the Hodge conjecture, and whose proof uses the moduli theory of abelian varieties. As another example, the recent proof by Charles (and Lieblich-Maulik-Snowden) of the Tate conjecture for K3 surfaces over finite fields passes via the moduli theory of K3 surfaces. We expect some specific focus areas of the program to be tautological classes, logarithmic geometry, moduli spaces of sheaves, hyperkähler manifolds, and rationality questions. Participation in the program is by invitation only.
John Christian Ottem
University of Oslo
KTH Royal Institute of Technology


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Complete algebraic variety
- X × Y → Y
is a closed map, i.e. maps closed sets onto closed sets. (NB Here the cartesian product variety does not carry the product topology, in general; the Zariski topology on it will except in very simple cases have more closed sets.)
The most common example of a complete variety is a projective variety, but there do exist complete and non-projective varieties in dimensions 3 and higher. The first example of a non-projective complete variety was given by Heisuke Hironaka. An affine space of dimension > 0 is not complete.
The morphism taking a complete variety to a point is a proper morphism, in the sense of scheme theory. An intuitive justification of 'complete', in the sense of 'no missing points', can be given on the basis of the valuative criterion of properness, which goes back to Claude Chevalley.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Digital images that do not convey descriptions of their binary image have very little scientific value. The document has methods, in Perl and Ruby, for inserting textual information into image headers.
In today's blog, I show how textual information can be inserted and extracted from a jpeg image, using the Python programming language.
Chris Stromberger has prepared two public domain Python scripts in October, 2004:
These scripts use the exif header space, a popular method used by many manufactureres of digital cameras, to put textual information into the headers of digital images in popular formats, particularly jpeg.
Here is my script, exif.py, that uses both of Chris Stromberger's scripts to insert a description into a jpeg header and then to extract and display the text.
from minimal_exif_writer import MinimalExifWriter
file = open("hamlet.txt", "r")
text = "\nImage annotation date: "
text = text + str(datetime.date.today())
text = text + "\nImage description:\n"
text = text + file.read()
f = MinimalExifWriter('trial.jpg')
f.newCopyright('Dr. Sympatico', addYear = 1)
from minimal_exif_reader import MinimalExifReader
g = MinimalExifReader('trial.jpg')
In this example, I built a string variable holding an image description composed of the contents of a small file (hamlet.txt) containing a few lines of Hamlet's soliloquy. Here is the output of exif.py
Image annotation date: 2008-02-19
To be, or not to be--that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles
And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep--
No more--and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep--
To sleep--perchance to dream: ay,
there's the rub,
2008 Dr. Sympatico
Please back up your original images before using them with this script. Some digital camera manufacturers use a proprietary (non-standard) header that can be corrupted when the exif.py script tries to add data to an expected exif partition.
In June, 2014, my book, entitled Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs: Keys to Understanding and Treating the Common Diseases was published by Elsevier. The book builds the argument that our best chance of curing the common diseases will come from studying and curing the rare diseases.
I urge you to read more about my book. There's a generous preview of the book at the Google Books site. If you like the book, please request your librarian to purchase a copy of this book for your library or reading room.
- Jules J. Berman, Ph.D., M.D. tags: common disease, orphan disease, orphan drugs, rare disease, genetic disease, image descriptors, image header, image specification, python, exif, python scripts, image annotation, metadata


Search for "Indigenous Organizations"
Displaying 1-15 of 15 results
A tumpline is a strap that crosses the head (sometimes the chest) and is used for carrying a pack. In Canada, Indigenous peoples and early settlers used this load-bearing device to carry goods over long distances. Tumplines are still used all over the world, from people in rural communities to modern outdoor outfitters.
A travois, from the French word travail, "to work," was a device used for transportation by the Plains Indigenous peoples. Drawn by horses or dogs, the travois carried people's goods to and from hunting sites and temporary settlements.
Birchbark Canoe
The birchbark canoe was the principal means of water transportation for Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, and later voyageurs, who used it extensively in the fur trade in Canada. Light and maneuverable, birchbark canoes were perfectly adapted to summer travel through the network of shallow streams, ponds, lakes and swift rivers of the Canadian Shield. As the fur trade declined in the 19th century, the canoe became more of a recreational vehicle. Though most canoes are no longer constructed of birchbark, its enduring historical legacy and its popularity as a pleasure craft have made it a Canadian cultural icon.
Parfleche (also parflêche) are containers made of rawhide that were used by a variety of Plains Indigenous peoples to carry their personal belongings during hunting trips or while migrating from one location to another. Rawhide was also used to create drumheads, tipi covers, robes, the soles of moccasins and other belongings. Colourful and beautifully decorated, parfleche is considered as much a piece of art as it was a practical tool.
Medicine Bundles
Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada
Health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada
Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada
Pipelines in Canada
Transportation in the North
Smallpox in Canada
Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.


Marvin Humphrey created CLOWNFISH-57: ---------------------------------------- Summary: Map clownfish.Obj to Go empty interface Key: CLOWNFISH-57 URL: Project: Apache Lucy-Clownfish Issue Type: Improvement Components: Go Reporter: Marvin Humphrey Assignee: Marvin Humphrey Fix For: 0.5.0 Autogenerated bindings for Clownfish subroutines which accept or return clownfish Obj should be mapped to Go's "empty interface" type, 'interface{}'. This sacrifices some type safety, but it is the only way to achieve certain desirable effects. For example, it should be possible for Vector's Push() method to take a Go string, instead of requiring the user to perform a manual conversion to a Clownfish object. Similarly, Vector's Pop() should be able to return a Go string. Functions which need to return an actual clownfish Obj wrapped in a Go struct will need to have hand-coded bindings, but there are fewer of those so converting Obj by default is the better choice. -- This message was sent by Atlassian JIRA (v6.3.4#6332)


text: What distinguishes the World Bank from commercial banks and bilateral aid agencies is its wealth of development knowledge gained through economic and social development projects in the world. However, notwithstanding the efforts of the knowledge centers in consolidating information from the staff, much of the available development information is currently scattered across numerous documents and reports. To retrieve a desired piece of information, the current Knowledge Management System provides users with a powerful Web-based full-text search engine that allows them to perform a key-word search. A problem with the key-word search is that the users should be able to articulate exactly what they want. In addition, as the amount of available information increases, the searches would invariably lead to retrieval of more and more documents and one may need to perform many searches. This paper outlines a case-based approach to enhance the current system and raise its operational impact. This approach establishes a unified framework to represent the development knowledge and provides a better search and browsing mechanism to retrieve relevant and useful information.


Phase plane
From formulasearchengine
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Template:Differential equations
In applied mathematics, in particular the context of nonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds of differential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a two-dimensional case of the general n-dimensional phase space.
The phase plane method refers to graphically determining the existence of limit cycles in the solutions of the differential equation.
The solutions to the differential equation are a family of functions. Graphically, this can be plotted in the phase plane like a two-dimensional vector field. Vectors representing the derivatives of the points with respect to a parameter (say time t), that is (dx/dt, dy/dt), at representative points are drawn. With enough of these arrows in place the system behaviour over the regions of plane in analysis can be visualized and limit cycles can be easily identified.
The entire field is the phase portrait, a particular path taken along a flow line (i.e. a path always tangent to the vectors) is a phase path. The flows in the vector field indicate the time-evolution of the system the differential equation describes.
In this way, phase planes are useful in visualizing the behaviour of physical systems; in particular, of oscillatory systems such as predator-prey models (see Lotka–Volterra equations). In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral out" towards infinity, or reach neutrally stable situations called centres where the path traced out can be either circular, elliptical, or ovoid, or some variant thereof. This is useful in determining if the dynamics are stable or not.[1]
Other examples of oscillatory systems are certain chemical reactions with multiple steps, some of which involve dynamic equilibria rather than reactions that go to completion. In such cases one can model the rise and fall of reactant and product concentration (or mass, or amount of substance) with the correct differential equations and a good understanding of chemical kinetics.[2]
Example of a linear system
A two-dimensional system of linear differential equations can be written in the form:[1]
which can be organized into a matrix equation:
where A is the 2 × 2 coefficient matrix above, and x = (x, y) is a coordinate vector of two independent variables.
Such systems may be solved analytically, for this case by integrating:[3]
although the solutions are implicit functions in x and y, and are difficult to interpret.[1]
Solving using eigenvalues
More commonly they are solved with the coefficients of the right hand side written in matrix form using eigenvalues λ, given by the determinant:
and eigenvectors:
The eigenvalues represent the powers of the exponential components and the eigenvectors are coefficients. If the solutions are written in algebraic form, they express the fundamental multiplicative factor of the exponential term. Due to the nonuniqueness of eigenvectors, every solution arrived at in this way has undetermined constants c1, c2,... cn.
The general solution is:
where λ1 and λ2 are the eigenvalues, and (k1, k2), (k3, k4) are the basic eigenvectors. The constants c1 and c2 account for the nonuniqueness of eigenvectors and are not solvable unless an initial condition is given for the system.
The above determinant leads to the characteristic polynomial:
which is just a quadratic equation of the form:
("tr" denotes trace) and
The explicit solution of the eigenvalues are then given by the quadratic formula:
Eigenvectors and nodes
The eigenvectors and nodes determine the profile of the phase paths, providing a pictorial interpretation of the solution to the dynamical system, as shown next.
Classification of equilibrium points of a linear autonomous system.[1] These profiles also arise for non-linear autonomous systems in linearized approximations.
The phase plane is then first set-up by drawing straight lines representing the two eigenvectors (which represent stable situations where the system either converges towards those lines or diverges away from them). Then the phase plane is plotted by using full lines instead of direction field dashes. The signs of the eigenvalues will tell how the system's phase plane behaves:
 - If the signs are opposite, the intersection of the eigenvectors is a saddle point.
 - If the signs are both positive, the eigenvectors represent stable situations that the system diverges away from, and the intersection is an unstable node.
 - If the signs are both negative, the eigenvectors represent stable situations that the system converges towards, and the intersection is a stable node.
The above can be visualized by recalling the behaviour of exponential terms in differential equation solutions.
Repeated eigenvalues
This example covers only the case for real, separate eigenvalues. Real, repeated eigenvalues require solving the coefficient matrix with an unknown vector and the first eigenvector to generate the second solution of a two-by-two system. However, if the matrix is symmetric, it is possible to use the orthogonal eigenvector to generate the second solution.
Complex eigenvalues
Complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors generate solutions in the form of sines and cosines as well as exponentials. One of the simplicities in this situation is that only one of the eigenvalues and one of the eigenvectors is needed to generate the full solution set for the system.
See also
External links
fr:Méthode du plan de phase pl:Metoda płaszczyzny fazowej ru:Метод фазовой плоскости


biology question #855
Clare Reading, a 54 year old female from Mesa asks on July 17, 2002,
What is the pH of Diet Pepsi? (or cola,generally) and... Does smoking affect the body's pH? If so, does it create an acid or alkaline condition?
viewed 13401 times
the answer
Barry Shell answered on July 17, 2002, A:
The pH of soda pop is mostly determined by the dissolved carbon dioxide which produces carbonic acid. The pH of pop is around 2 or 3.
Different parts of the human body have different pH values. The stomach is about 1, while the normal pH of human blood is about 7.4. It would seem very unlikely that the pH of the body would change much because of smoking. The body has an elaborate system to regulate the pH of the blood and hold it at about 7.4. This is called buffering and our bodies have all sorts of systems to buffer the blood pH. Even if smoking did make a difference, the body would compensate and get the pH back to normal. The only indirect way in which smoking might affect body pH is through damage to the lungs. There are many respiratory diseases that wreak havoc with the body's pH regulation system, and some of these could be caused by a lifetime of smoking. Most of these cause the blood to become more acidic. This of course is compensated in various ways because so many systems within the body require a steady pH of 7.4. But this compensation can lead to other problems in other parts of the body that are compensating, i.e. the kidneys. A good reference source on this is pH of the Blood by Michael J. Bookallil.
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text:
Dr. Diane Davey, Chair of the Continuing Education Oversight Committee presents a webinar on writing, reviewing and approving effective Self-Assessment Modules (SAMs). The material presented may be used as a reference for presenters and Committee members involved in ASC Educational Activities. Most ASC educational activities offer SAM credits, including: Cyto-econferences, eJournal, Case Studies, Annual Scientific Meeting Workshops, Video Microscopy Tutorials, Panel Luncheons and MORE!
SAM Webinar objectives and rationale:
- ASC receives accreditation from ACCME for educational activities. ASC is approved to give Self-Assessment Modules (SAMs) by the American Board of Pathology for Maintenance of Certification. Keeping this accreditation and approval is critical as most cytologists have time-limited certificates.
- Audits of SAMs have shown variable question quality.
- Those subscribing to ASC activities in the future will prefer questions that mirror board-type questions.
- At the end of the SAM webinar, you will be able to write, review, and approve a well-constructed assessment question that is reliable and valid.


Sunday, 18 September 2016
It was never going to work out between me and Wallington. I knew we were doomed from the minute I realised it had once been the home of Charles Edward Trevelyan, the Trevelyan mentioned in the Irish folk song, The Fields of Athenry.
But before I get on to that, I'm going to start by focusing on Wallington itself, because it's a lovely house.
Here are a few factoids:
 - Wallington was owned by the Fenwicks from the 15th century - they were known for being quite fierce and doing frequent battle with the Scots during various Border skirmishes
 - Sir John Fenwick, a favourite of Charles II, was wildly extravagant and had to sell Wallington to Sir William Blackett, a wealthy mine owner, in 1688
 - Sir William built the house that we see today
 - His son, also William, left the place to his nephew, Walter Calverley, on the condition that Walter a) changed his name to Blackett and b) married William's illegitimate daughter, Elizabeth
 - Walter Calverley Blackett died in 1777 and left the place to his nephew, Sir John Trevelyan
 - The Trevelyans were originally from Cornwall, as the name suggests, and for a long time they retained their estates at opposite ends of the country
The Central Hall is very impressive - it was built in 1853 by covering the original open courtyard that the house was built around. The walls are covered in paintings of Northumbrian history, including Bede, Grace Darling, St Cuthbert (of Lindisfarne fame), the Vikings, and Alan Shearer (I might be joking about the last one).
The Drawing Room gives you an example of the warmth of the house - it felt quite homely:
But let me come back to Charles Edward Trevelyan. He inherited Wallington in 1879. It was left to him by his cousin, Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan - Sir Walter was close to Charles' son, George Otto Trevelyan, and that's who Walter had in mind as his eventual successor.
I was doing my usual quick read-up on Wikipedia before I went to Wallington when I noticed this paragraph about Charles Edward:
Trevelyan is referred to in the modern Irish folk song "The Fields of Athenry" about the Great Irish Famine: "Michael, they have taken you away / for you stole Trevelyan's corn / so the young might see the morn / now a prison ship lies waiting in the bay." Because of Trevelyan's policies, the Irish consider him one of the most detested figures in their history, along with Oliver Cromwell, who conquered the country in the 17th century.
Charles Edward Trevelyan
Charles Edward Trevelyan - in the words of the Arctic Monkeys,
perhaps vampire is a bit strong but...
I was stunned. I'm half-Irish and although I'm normally pragmatic about history and our incapacity to change the past, I knew that this visit would be different - it was potentially the answer to the question of why 25% of the Irish population had either died or emigrated between 1846 and 1850.
So I bought the book A Very British Family: The Trevelyans and Their World to get myself fully up to speed. It was written by BBC journalist Laura Trevelyan, the great-great-great granddaughter of CET himself. And now I can tell you about him:
 - Charles Edward Trevelyan was born in 1807
 - He joined the civil service where he was a zealous reformer - he blew the whistle on his superior in India for corruption, and he eventually overhauled the way that the Civil Service recruited its staff - competitive exams replaced the usual 'jobs for toffs' arrangement
 - In 1846, a Relief Commission was created in response to the growing crisis in Ireland, where a potato blight was destroying the population's main source of food - the Commission bought in Indian corn, which was being sold cheaply to those in need
 - The head of the Relief Commission was Charles Edward. However, he had a very strange way of relieving things; on being told that the corn was being bought up too quickly from the depots, and that it wouldn't last until the next potato crop in September, he closed the depots.
 - In July 1846, word reached London that the September potato crop had also been blighted and further disaster loomed. Charles's response? He closed the Relief Commission. In his own words "The only way to prevent people from becoming habitually dependent on government is to bring operations to a close. The uncertainty about the new crop makes it more necessary."
 - In 1847 the potato crop succeeded, but so little had been planted by starving people during a terrible winter that it wasn't enough. In 1848 the crop failed again as badly as before. This time there were no depots or relief commissions - the Poor Law was all that was left.
 - In April 1848 - ie in the middle of soup kitchens being shut down in Ireland while a total of one million people starved to death in a part of the United Kingdom less than 500 miles from London - he was made Sir Charles Trevelyan and awarded £2500. He paid it back following an outcry.
Nearly all of the above comes from Laura Trevelyan's book. She argues that Charles Edward has been personally vilified to an unfair extent and that he cared a lot more than is apparent from some of his more heartless letters, but even so - even she admits that at best he was guilty of a laissez-faire attitude, prevalent among the entire governing class, that people should be self-reliant, when those people had absolutely nothing to rely on.
By the way, you won't find any of this in the Wallington guide book. It says; "He visited Ireland and showed great sympathy for the starving, organising relief...with total integrity. He has been attacked, not always justly, for not having done more to help the victims of the Famine." So make your own mind up about that.
Anyway. The man who believed in people standing on their own two feet, who fought against nepotism in the civil service, ended up returning to India where he conveniently forgot all of his principles and got his son a job as his secretary.
I really do recommend Laura's book, by the way. It's very well written and covers how the other Trevelyans that followed CET were an interesting bunch that occasionally shared his hypocrisy. His grandson, Charles Phillips Trevelyan, decided that Wallington belonged in public ownership and handed it over to the National Trust - but not until he was dead. He continued to live the landed life and decided that his children would be the ones to make the sacrifice. He also had an affair with his secretary and fathered a child with her when he was 72, utterly humiliating his poor wife.
But here's something I love about the Trevelyans; I absolutely love their coat of arms. It's basically a horse having a fabulous time at the seaside:
And I'll tell you something else I loved - THE WALLINGTON SCONE. This was our fourth NT scone of the day, following George Stephenson's Birthplace, Seaton Delaval, and Washington Old Hall, and it was the best one by far. It was light and tasty and well worth battling a few wasps.
Wallington scone
So I recommend Wallington, for its scone and its friendly staff, and I recommend Laura Trevelyan's book as well - it's a fascinating and very honest insight.
Wallington: 5 out of 5
Scone: 5 out of 5
Charles Edward Trevelyan: 0 out of 5
George Stephenson Birthplace
If I ever went on Mastermind, my specialist subject would be Negative TripAdvisor Reviews of NT Properties. It's a niche topic, I grant you, but I love them - the property was shut, my dog wasn't allowed in, it rained etc.
George Stephenson's Birthplace, however, is an exception. It has a small number of negative comments and they all say the same thing; it's hard to find the place and there's only one room open to the public.
George Stephenson's Birthplace
The first of those complaints was debunked early on. "It's REALLY hard to find this place," I warned the Scone Sidekick. "We're probably going to get lost and then you're going to get annoyed with me, but let's definitely not have an argument about it." We had just started having an argument about me saying that we were going to have an argument when we drove around a corner and saw a sign saying 'George Stephenson's Birthplace', so we parked, followed another sign saying 'George Stephenson's Birthplace' and walked along until we found it. And I'm not exactly Sir Ranulph Fiennes when it comes to map-reading, if you know what I mean.
The second complaint is more justified - there is admittedly only one room in the house open to the public. However, George's family only lived in one room, so it is authentic.
George Stephenson Birthplace Interior
However, there's no space for explaining George's achievements, so I learned nothing about him from the property itself. It's probably just as well though, as I subsequently discovered that his life was incredibly sad in places, so


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新しい質量分析技術の法医学領域への応用 Application of New Mass Spectrometric Techniques to Legal Medicine
In the fields of legal medicine and forensic toxicology, numerous drugs and poisons obtained from diverse biological specimens such as whole blood, urine, and hair need to be identified and quantified. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods for analysis of drugs, especially mass spectrometric methods. In this paper, we introduce three methods—surface ionization organic mass spectrometry, a combination of mass spectrometry and cryogenic oven trapping (COT), and laser spray ionization (LSI)—and their application to legal medicine. Gas chromatography/surface ionization organic mass spectrometry is very sensitive in detecting drugs containing tertiary amine residues; for Phencyclidine (PCP), its sensitivity is 20 to 1,000 times higher than that of the conventional electron ionization method. Surface ionization organic mass spectrometry is suitable for compounds containing cyclic tertiary amino side chains. COT in combination with gas chromatography has enabled detection of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with high sensitivity. We have succeeded in quantifying several VOCs, such as chloroform, cyanide, thinner components, ethanol, and general anesthetics in whole blood by COT; COT affords a sensitivity that is 10 to 50 times higher than that of the conventional headspace gas chromatography method. Recently, we succeeded in identifying and quantifying 15 VOCs in human whole blood with the combination of COT and mass spectrometry. LSI is a new ionization method for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We have succeeded in detecting aconitine alkaloids and psychopharmaceuticals using LSI. In the infusion mode, aconitine and haloperidol were ionized with higher efficiency compared to that in the conventional electrospray mode. However, since the signals in the LSI mode are not stable, it is necessary to improve the stability of signals in the LSI mode for applying LSI to forensic toxicology.
- 質量分析 = Mass spectroscopy
質量分析 = Mass spectroscopy 56(3), 131-138, 2008-06-01
The Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan


text:
Washington and Lee law professor Christopher Seaman recently presented his new work, entitled Collaboration and Patentability, at the 4th Annual Mid-Atlantic Patent Law Works-in-Progress (MAPWIP) program. The event was held at American University Washington College of Law on Friday, November 13, 2015.
From the abstract:
Collaboration is a hallmark of modern innovation. Patented inventions are now more likely to be the result of large-scale research projects in private industry or academia involving a multidisciplinary team of collaborators, rather than the lone tinkerer in a garage. The rise of collaborative invention is due to several developments, including increased specialization within scientific disciplines, the prohibitive costs of independent research, and the ability for far-flung researchers to collaborate via the Internet. Although patent law has evolved to facilitate collaborative invention in several important ways, it has lagged in recognizing the shift to team-based innovation in one important respect: the concept of the so-called "person having ordinary skill in the art" (PHOSITA). The PHOSITA plays an important role in determining several key requirements for patentability, including nonobviousness, enablement, and written description. The PHOSITA also is central to determining the scope of a patent's claims, which greatly influences both infringement and invalidity in patent litigation. This Article contends that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the federal courts should account for the rise of collaborative invention by judging patentability from the perspective of a collaborative team, rather than a lone PHOSITA. By doing so, patent law will utilize a more realistic framework for judging patentability, which may raise the bar for some requirements like nonobviousness, but lower them for others like enablement and written description.


December 13, 2017
Query Components with Apollo
Kureev Alexey
Senior Software Engineer @ Twilio
Enjoy the ride! 🚀
Apollo + Query Components hype rocket!
Anatomy of Query Components
const QUERY = gql'
 query allCities($country: String!) {
 allCities {
class CitiesQuery extends Component {
 render() {
 return this.props.children(;
export default graphql(QUERY, {
 options: ({ country }) => ({ variables: { country } }),
Comparing to the standard approach where you add a graphql wrapper to your higher-order components, query components have a set of advantages:
Once a Query Component is defined, it can be used as any other component in your application:
class MapPicker extends PureComponent {
 render() {
 return (
 //...
 {({ allCities }) => }
 //...
Mutations with Query Components
const MUTATION = gql'
 mutation (name: String!) {
 createProposal(input: $input) { clientMutationId }
class UserMutation extends Component {
 constructor(props, ctx) {
 super(props, ctx);
 this.execute = () => this.executeMutation();
 executeMutation() {
 variables: {
 render() {
 return this.props.children(this.execute);
export default graphql(MUTATION)(UserMutation);
Therefore, you can use this component in a similar way:
class Profile extends PureComponent {
 render() {
 return (
 //...
 {execute =>
 //...
Testing Query Components like a pro 😎
How to test Query Components?
One of the very first things we would like to test is that every Query Component is able to produce variables, required by a query. To ensure that, we check a shape of resulting variables.
Another assertion that we would like to make is about response shape. In other words, we check if given data.x complies with the shape of the mock that was passed to the fake client during initialization.
And the last, but not least: query component should call a function that we pass as a child with the data pulled from Apollo. Altogether, the test suit looks like this:
describe('CitiesQuery component', () => {
 it('renders children with a query result', () => {
 const spy = jest.fn(() => null);
 const config = {
 context: {
 client: makeFakeClient({
 resolveWith: {
 allCities: allCitiesFixture,
 shallow({spy}, config).render();
The very last uncovered function is makeFakeClient. It is a self-written helper that generates an Apollo Client with a fake link:
import { ApolloLink, Observable } from 'apollo-link';
import ApolloClient from 'apollo-client';
function createMockLink(options) {
 return new ApolloLink(() =>
 new Observable((observer) => {
 if (! {{
 data: options.resolveWith,
 } else {
export default options => new ApolloClient({
 link: createMockLink(options).request,
 cache: new InMemoryCache(),
Where to go from here
Don't hesitate to ask questions, challenge this approach and share your ideas about Apollo and GraphQL overall. You can always find me on Twitter or Discord (kureev on _TAG_).
Oh yeah, and last but not least: if you like this or any other of my articles, don't hesitate to become a part of it! Your support is greatly appreciated!
Written by
Kureev Alexey
Stay in our orbit!
Make this article better!
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January 11, 2021
GraphQL Summit Worldwide is back!
by Julia Black


text:
Recently we brought you a piece on the surprisingly simple pieces of art created by playing today's complex video games. Now we're bringing you some pretty complicated art made by a game that's been around since the 1930s — pinball.
Netherlands based graduate student Sam van Doorn brings us a project he's entitiles STYN. He's modified the parts from and old pinball machine to create a visual representation of the game play. Standard flippers control an ink-coated ball that moves based on the gameplay and creates the arcing lines found on the tracing paper placed on the surface.
In a complete turn around from the video game art that becomes simpler when the user mastered the moves, in STYN, van Doorn suggests that when skill comes into play with the pinball machine the more complex the drawings become as the user is able to send the ball along more varied trajectories.
Turning games into physical art seems like a trend that is on the rise. It's anyone's guess as to what we might see next — though I'd like to see if there is a way to capture the intense gameplay of Call of Duty, or even another gaming platform.


Living Through Tough Times; advice from Ronald Fish, Ph.D
on September 07, 2009 at 4:50 AM, updated September 07, 2009 at 8:10 AM
Editor's note: After more than a year of a full-blown recession, it's safe to say this difficult economy, and the troubles that follow, have affected us all. We sought out advice from local people who are experiencing the ripple effects of the economic downturn. They are doctors, counselors and spiritual leaders; most of all they are your neighbors and they're feeling the pinch, too. Here they share some of what they've encountered professionally and their advice for making it through tough times.
This series will continue every day in CNY through Saturday.
Ronald Fish, Ph.D.
Clinical Director of Psychological Healthcare
Ronald Fish, Ph.D. is the clinical director of Psychological Healthcare, which has branches in Syracuse, Liverpool and Baldwinsville.
Ronald Fish has been listening to people's problems for 25 years. Today, as the clinical director of Psychological Healthcare, PLLC, with branches in Syracuse, Liverpool and Baldwinsville, Fish listens to the problems of fellow psychologists as well.
His expertise in family and marriage counseling makes him ideal for advising therapists about individual family cases. In recent meetings with psychologists, Fish has been hearing the same issues. Psychologists are seeing a number of families that have had a loss of jobs, which creates a domino effect on the families' financial and emotional health.
Families have "gone from private insurance to applying for Medicaid or Child Health Plus," Fish said. "(Therapists) have seen a lot of increased tension, so they have families that are seeing kids who have anxiety problems or acting out behavioral problems."
And the problems are getting more serious.
Advice in Tough Times
"They have seen an increase in the number of child protective service referrals," he said
In 2008, New York State Child Protective Services reported the highest number of registered child abuse reports in Onondaga County in seven years, as far back as the online archive goes.
This could be a symptom of the difficult economic times we are living through, Fish says. Added stress can exacerbate natural tendencies to avoid problem-solving or to act out.
"The kids hear the parents talking about money, loss of job or how they're going to pay bills, and the kids' anxiety is ramped up even more because everyone in the house is scared," he said. "If there's a tendency in the family for people to be short-tempered and irritable, then, when there's this added stress, it becomes worse."
Keeping up functional family relationships isn't about suppressing anger or knowing exactly what to say all the time, Fish says. It's about recognizing problems and discussing them.
And if the discussion turns sour, he recommends trying again. And again and again.
Fish's advice:
"What I notice over and over is that when there's an anxiety-producing topic, people will avoid it. They think they're doing everybody a favor by not saying what's on their mind, but then the actions end up being very hurtful... It's not really saving anybody's feelings, it's just avoiding difficult conversations. I think the more we can have these difficult conversations in a respectful way, the more progress we make."
"Most people avoid, or fight about, or they blame, or they bring up the past. All of these are avoidance mechanisms - they create a lot of distraction and make it difficult to talk about what's really going on, what are we really going to do. Usually in every relationship, one person's more likely to save, one person's more likely to spend. There's a tendency for people to go back to the past and for the saver to blame the person who was the spender, or the investor, when maybe in the context of a year or two ago, that person's actions made sense. So one of the recommendations is to not bring up the past...and try to cut through all the avoidance behavior and discuss what's really happening."
"The goal of every marital conflict is to have a discussion to talk about how to resolve the conflict. Maybe the goal of every conflict resolution is to get to the point where you're problem-solving. What do we need to do? Can we set up a savings program? How do we budget? Do we need to get professional services? Do we need credit counseling services to get us out of this jam?... To ask the relevant questions and then to really use our brains and problem solve. What happens with most couples is we only have a limited tolerance for this. Something our spouse says will trigger us and we become reactive. So the goal of all of this is to move past the emotionally reactive part and get to the problem-solving part."
"It's really important for couples or businesses or whoever's trying to have discussions to realize maybe you can only do a certain amount of work or discussion that day. When you find yourself becoming reactive to what the other person is saying, or when you sense that the other person is becoming reactive to you -- in other words, not really hearing you -- then you stop the discussion. And you work it out in advance that it's OK to stop discussion, it's not like an act of spite. It's not the start of another argument. What it really is is, 'OK, we've done what we can today. We've made good progress. We talked about one issue or six issues, whatever it is, we both have hung in there, but we've done what we can today. Let's stop and meet again.'"
"We are going to backslide. Whatever our predilection is, we're going to do that when we get stressed. Try to really be patient and tolerant with our partner, whether it's business partner or life partner, and again and again and again, just try to have these discussions and encourage our spouse to talk to us."


Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Administration Guide
Shared Libraries
A Shared Library provides Java classes that are not private to a single component and is typically shared by more than one JBI Component. For example, the Java EE Service Engine requires the WSDL Shared Library.
You can do the following operations on Shared Libraries. For detailed steps, log on to the Admin Console, navigate to the JBI node, click Shared Libraries and then click Online Help.


text:
Organizing a Science & Engineering Fair (OSEF)
A Graduate Course from MSSEF's Curious Minds Initiative (CMI)
Enroll to earn 1 graduate credit.
OSEF is part of the STEM Certficate in Inquiry from Framingham State University!
August 15 &16, 2013
Provides a framework and guidance for best practices in the logistics of managing a classroom with students working on independent research on different topics, and running a science fair program and building district-based support for it.
Every student deserves the opportunity to experience the joys and challenges of the discovery process – the chance to learn something never before known!
Science Fairs enable students to explore their natural curiosity about the world in the same way that "real" scientists and inventors do.
Science fair programs help students develop essential 21st-century life & career skills: reading, math, writing, critical thinking, ethics, communication and graphic arts.
Receive a special invitation to participate in CMI Educator Day at MIT (May 3, 2013).*
Comments from science fair students:
"Allowed me to go to college"
"I was constructing my future."
Benefits for Teachers and Communities:
INSPIRE STUDENTS & BE PART OF THE DISCOVERY PROCESS! Guiding students through the research process provides teachers with a chance to inspire students to pursue science, technology and engineering studies, and also to become involved in the discovery process themselves.
CONNECT WITH PARENTS & LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY. Local businesses and parent/community organizations can provide resources, knowing that science fair programs offer students critical life skills and a potential pathway to college scholarships.
* CMI Educator Day at MIT | May 3, 2013
Apply for a travel stipend and/or matching support for a substitute teacher!
A special free conference held on Friday during the State Science & Engineering Fair for high school students @ MIT. Highlights include: walking the Exhibition Hall of 300 "Best of the Best" high school student science fair projects in Massachusetts; a seat in the Judge Orientation Program (with ~300 judges from academia and industry); feedback and discussion inquiry and project-based approaches in your teaching practice; and breakfast and lunch!
ENROLL ONLINE in CMI Educator Day!
Fees, Credits and More
Registration Fee: $10
Tuition & Course Materials: $200
Graduate Credit: 1 credit will be available to earn at additional cost of $100.
Yes, provided at no cost.
CMI Educator Day
: FREE with course registration!
More Information: _EMAIL_
Please note that registration fees & graduate credit costs are non-refundable.


Get Travalour for free on Google Play
Heligoland, Germany
About Heligoland
Heligoland is a small German archipelago in the North Sea. It's a somewhat popular destination for one-day ship cruises. It is today a peaceful tourist destination and bird observatory, popular with day-trippers because of its sandy beaches and clean air. It is a square kilometer of island bliss between sky and sea.
Attractions near Heligoland
Hummerbuden0.21km from Heligoland
The Hummerbuden are former sheds and workshops of the fishermen on the North Sea island of Helgoland. After the destruction of World War II and the resettlement of Heligoland in 1952, the lobster booths were designed by the Hamburg architect Georg Wellhausen. The color scheme came from Johannes Ufer. Gable profiles and wooden cladding are typical of his lobster booths. Before the Second World War, lobster scales were inconsistent scales in different places.
Lange Anna1.51km from Heligoland
The Lange Anna is a 47-meter high pier in the extreme northwest of the German North Sea island of Helgoland. It weighs around 25,000 tons, is made of red sandstone, and has an area of 180 m². Short Anna, which is about 50 meters to the east, is less prominent and is connected to the Heligoland Oberland. It is a popular destination for tourists and a landmark for Heligoland.
Lighthouse Alte Weser38.4km from Heligoland
Trischen53.82km from Heligoland
Leuchtturm Amrum58.49km from Heligoland
The Amrum lighthouse is in the south of the German North Sea island of Amrum, about two kilometers west of Wittdün. It belongs to the municipality of Nebel and is one of the landmarks of the island. It is open to the public in the summer months. Also on Amrum are the beacons of Norddorf and Nebel and the disused fire carriers of Wittdün. The Wriakhörn beacon was dismantled in 2016.
Kniepsand58.54km from Heligoland
The Kniepsand, formerly Knipsand is an extremely slow-moving sandbank in the North Sea. It lies west of the Schleswig-Holstein island of Amrum and covers an area of around 10 km². The Föhr-Amrum office specifies the area of Amrum with and without Kniepsand. Since the area is not usually flooded, it is high sand.
Where is Heligoland
Discover more attractions in Schleswig-Holstein, where Heligoland is located
Schleswig-Holstein60 attractions


Salesforce Administrator Roles And Responsibilities
Salesforce is a cloud-based platform that helps a business organisation in managing valuable customer database efficiently. It provides highly automated services that allow the sales team of an enterprise to store and track information pertaining to their current, potential and past customers in relevant Salesforce objects, such as Leads, Accounts, opportunities, contacts etc. The details stored in these objects can be used in providing highly personalised services to the customers and communicating with them through suitable communication channels.
Salesforce makes the process of marketing and sales simpler for the employees by considerably reducing the time and effort they would otherwise put in undertaking all sales-related activities. However, a business would require reliable authorities in charge of the activities pertaining to the platform of Salesforce. A Salesforce Developer would take charge of all the programming that goes behind providing Salesforce development services. A Salesforce Consultant would provide effective solutions and would solve all relevant issues pertaining to the platform of Salesforce. However, the most important designation a Salesforce expert can possess is that of a Salesforce Administrator.
dont miss out iconDon't forget to check out: Salesforce Pardot vs Marketing Cloud: Which Should You Choose?
The Salesforce Administrator job description would be that of the individual who is essentially in charge of ensuring that the platform is run efficiently and managing all the critical business data that is being entered into Salesforce CRM. The role of a Salesforce Administrator essentially revolves around managing the cloud-based ecosystem of Salesforce to ensure that all the business processes are automated and executed seamlessly.
Salesforce administration is not an easy task. An administrator needs to be thorough with every tool and platform pertaining to Salesforce CRM and should be able to leverage the same to an optimum level. Here are some of the most essential Salesforce Administrator responsibilities that should be shouldered by the individual in charge:
A Salesforce Administrator makes sure that all the Salesforce tools are employed correctly and used effectively.
 - A Salesforce Administrator is in charge of conducting periodic checks and suggesting changes that should be made to the platform to improve the execution of business processes.
 - They should work as the key System Administrator responsible for managing dynamic work environment of SFDC ( with multiple users.
 - They are responsible to keep a check on the restrictions set on the accessibility of sensitive business data by the user accounts.
 - They are in charge of managing all the executive functions pertaining to SFDC administration, such as maintaining all records, dashboards, user accounts and all additional conventional tasks in an efficient and timely manner.
 - They are expected to receive and work on the assessment and execution of requests pertaining to the development of Salesforce.
 - They are required to provide extensive training to the new users regarding the use of all necessary Salesforce-related activities for providing business automation and personalised customer services.
 - A Salesforce Administrator serves as a link that connects Salesforce application developers, the business staff and Salesforce users.
 - They are responsible for the creation and maintenance of informative Salesforce reports on a periodic basis.
 They are expected to extract necessary insights from data to advance business revenue.
 - They are responsible for handling all the important technical resources pertaining to sales and entering necessary business data onto the platform of Salesforce CRM.
dont miss out iconCheck out another amazing blog by Ethan here: Salesforce Pardot vs Marketing Cloud: Which Should You Choose?
For a Salesforce Administrator to execute these responsibilities, they need to possess the following skills:
 - They should have unparalleled management skills.
 - They should be proficient in interacting with employees belonging to all levels of a business organisation.
 - They should possess excellent skills for analysing business data.
 - They should possess distinguished data administration and problem-solving skills.
Popular Salesforce Blogs


text:
Piccadilly Circus is a busy London intersection and popular meeting place. It lies between the neighborhoods of St. James (south) and Soho (north) in the borough of Westminster. The crossroads was formed in 1819 by the crossing of Piccadilly with Regent Street. The circus lost its circular form in 1886 with the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue. As a traffic hub and neon-lit gathering place, Piccadilly Circus attracts visitors from throughout the world, many of whom sprawl on the steps of its stone island, which is crowned by the 1893 aluminum statue of Eros. The intersection's first electric advertisements appeared in 1910, and from 1923 giant electric billboards were set up on the facade of the London Pavilion (then a theatre). Many of the surrounding buildings were redeveloped to house retail shops in the 1980s. The name Piccadilly arises from a tailor named Robert Baker, who owned a shop on the Strand, in the late 16th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling piccadills (also called picadils), that were then in fashion.
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EncoderFallback Class
Namespace: System.Text
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public abstract class EncoderFallback
The EncoderFallback type exposes the following members.
Protected methodEncoderFallbackInitializes a new instance of the EncoderFallback class.
Public propertyStatic memberExceptionFallbackGets an object that throws an exception when an input character cannot be encoded.
Public propertyMaxCharCountWhen overridden in a derived class, gets the maximum number of characters the current EncoderFallback object can return.
Public propertyStatic memberReplacementFallbackGets an object that outputs a substitute string in place of an input character that cannot be encoded.
Public methodCreateFallbackBufferWhen overridden in a derived class, initializes a new instance of the EncoderFallbackBuffer class.
An encoding maps a Unicode character to an encoded sequence of bytes. A particular encoding is represented by a type that is derived from the Encoding class. Specifically, a character is encoded to a byte sequence by calling the encoding type's Encoding.GetBytes method, and the byte sequence is decoded to a character array or a string by calling the Encoding.GetChars or Encoding.GetString method.
An encoding operation can fail if the input character cannot be represented by the encoding. For example, an ASCIIEncoding object cannot encode a character whose Unicode code point value is outside the range U+0000 to U+007F.
When an encoding conversion cannot be performed, the.NET Framework provides a failure-handling mechanism called a fallback. Your application can use predefined.NET Framework encoder fallbacks, or it can create a custom encoder fallback derived from the EncoderFallback and EncoderFallbackBuffer classes.
EncoderFallback and EncoderFallbackBuffer are the base classes for all encoding fallback handlers in the.NET Framework. They support the following three kinds of fallback handling mechanisms:
 - Best-fit fallback, which maps valid Unicode characters that cannot be encoded to an approximate equivalent. For example, a best-fit fallback handler for the ASCIIEncoding class might map Æ (U+00C6) to AE (U+0041 + U+0045). A best-fit fallback handler might also be implemented to transliterate one alphabet (such as Cyrillic) to another (such as Latin or Roman). The.NET Framework does not provide any public best-fit fallback implementations.
 - Replacement fallback, which replaces each character that cannot be encoded with a predefined string. The.NET Framework provides a predefined replacement fallback handler. The EncoderReplacementFallback class replaces each byte sequence that cannot be decoded with a question mark character ("?", or U+003F) or a REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (U+FFFD). You can customize the replacement string by specifying a substitute in the call to the EncoderReplacementFallback.EncoderReplacementFallback(String) constructor. After the substitute string is emitted, the encoding operation continues converting the remainder of the input.
 - Exception fallback, which throws an exception when a character cannot be encoded. The.NET Framework provides a predefined exception fallback handler. The EncoderExceptionFallback class throws an EncoderFallbackException when an invalid character is encountered, and the encoding operation terminates.
If you choose to implement a custom solution, you must override the following abstract members of the EncoderFallback class:
 - The CreateFallbackBuffer method, which returns a class instance derived from EncoderFallbackBuffer. Depending on the type of fallback handler that you are developing, the EncoderFallbackBuffer implementation is responsible for performing the mapping or replacement, or for throwing the exception.
 - The MaxCharCount property, which returns the maximum number of characters that the fallback implementation can return. For an exception fallback handler, its value should be zero.
For more information about encoding, decoding, and fallback strategies, see Character Encoding in the.NET Framework.
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text:
ACT OF SETTLEMENT (1781)
The Act of Settlement 1781 was passed by the British Parliament on 5th July 1781 to remove the defects of Regulating Act of 1773. The key provision of this Act was to demarcate the relations between the Supreme Court and the Governor General in Council. This Act is popularly known as " The Amending Act of 1781" or "Declaratory Act of 1781".
The basic and fundamental aim of this Act was to establish a new system of Courts to remove the grievances against the Supreme Court and the failure of the Regulating Act's aim of controlling administration through Judiciary.
The conflict between the Supreme Court and Supreme Council reached its apex during _PHONE_. Then, the Supreme Council filed a petition against the improper working of supreme court in Bengal. Similar petition was filed by various zamindars, company's servants and so on. The Parliament, therefore, appointed a Committee (Touchet) to enquire into this matter and report as quickly as possible. Then the Committee submitted its report and as a result the Parliament passed the Act of Settlement in 1781.
Reasons for passing of Act of Settlement 1781:-
- Though the Regulating Act of 1773, brought a major change in the Government's system, but there were certain loopholes which this act failed to achieve. Those loopholes were further fulfilled by the "Act of Settlement 1781"
- Some issues arose with the Administration of Warren Hastings, which led to a lot of discontent and criticisms amongst people. Some of the examples of such issues are :- Patna Case, Cossijurah Case, Nand Kumar Case and so on.
- There was a huge rift between the Supreme Court and Governor-General in Council which imbalanced the Administration to a certain extent.
- Agitation by the people since there was an interference by the Government in personal laws of the communities.
Aim of the Act of Settlement 1781:-
- To indemnify the Governor-General and the Officers of the Council who acted under their orders in undue resistance made to the process of the Supreme Court.
- To remove the doubts and difficulties of the Regulating Act and the Charter which basically created divisions between the Government and Court.
- To provide assistance to the Government of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa so that the revenue can be collected with certainty at any point of time.
- To protect the Rights, Usages, and Privileges of the Indigenous people.
Features of the Act of Settlement 1781
- The Governor-General and Council were exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for the acts done in official way.
- It excluded the matters related to revenue from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
- It even exempted the servants of the company from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for their Official actions.
- It provided that the Supreme Court should have the Jurisdiction over all the Inhabitants. It also asked the Court to administer the personal law of the "Defendants".
- It laid down that the appeals from the Provincial Courts could be taken to the Governor-General-In Council but not to the Supreme Court.
- It basically empowered the Governor-General-In-Council to frame Rules and Regulations for the Provincial Courts and Councils.
The above saying proves, that the "Act of settlement 1781" was the first attempt in India towards the Separation of the Executive from the Judiciary by defining the respective areas of Jurisdiction.
The "Act of Settlement 1781" tried to reconcile the differences and misunderstandings between the Supreme Court and Supreme Council to ensure the harmony in the working of these two vital organs of the Government System. So now let's look at some more provisions of this act.
They are as follows :-
- This Act provided that the Governor-General and Council were completely immune from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for the orders passed or Act done by them in public.
- The Supreme Court had no Jurisdiction in the matters concerning the collection of revenue.
- The Jurisdiction of the "Supreme Court" was precisely defined in this Act. Section 9 of the Act of Settlement provided that the person who had any interest or control over lands and rents into the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were immune from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
- This Act provided that the person who were employed in company or under the Governor General were excluded from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in matters relating to Inheritance, Succession, Contracts except wrong Trespasses.
- This Act provided that no action can be taken against any Judicial Officer in the Supreme Court for any act done by him/her in exercise of his/her Judicial functions.
- The British Parliament for the very first time gave recognition to the Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction of the Provincial Courts which were Independently existing. (Under this Act)
- This Act specified that the Civil and Religious Usages of the Natives and their Ancient Rites must be Protected, Preserved and Safeguarded.
- The framing of Rules and Regulations for conducting Civil Suits and Criminal Trials were only possible due to this Act, since it empowered the Governor-General and the Council for the same.
Landmark case :-
In Bampton V. Petumber Mullick Case, the dispute arose regarding the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over Indians regarding a part of land which was partly situated in Calcutta and partly outside it. "Section 17" of the Act of Settlement explicitly provides that the Supreme Court shall have Jurisdiction over all the Indigenous people of Calcutta.
Later it was found that the Supreme Court shall have the power and Jurisdiction over the Indigenous people of Calcutta but their cases relating to Inheritance, Succession, Rent, Goods and so on shall be decided with their Personal law i.e Hindu law for Hindus and Mohammedan law for Muslims.
Though this Act benefitted a large section of the people but still there were certain impacts of it on the society.
- This Act completely favoured the Council and gave them a Superior authority over the Judiciary.
- The Executives were strongly Strengthened to ensure that the Britishers were able to maintain their hold on the Indian Empire.
- It was the very first attempt to basically Separate Executive branch of Government from Judiciary.
Though this Act failed to remove the flaws of the Regulating Act of 1773 but it proved to be of a great support in bringing the changes to the system of the Administration and Justice.
Author: Shreya Kaul,
STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY MP (2020-25)


Instructions for a Graco DuoGlider Stroller
The DuoGlider is a double stroller designed and sold by Graco 1. The DuoGlider can accommodate up to two Graco SnugRide or Graco SafeSeat infant car seats 1. Both of the stroller seats are equipped with removable canopy and snack tray. The stroller must first be assembled before it can be used. It's important to learn the proper instructions to ensure safety and make sure that proper locking mechanisms are installed.
Open the stroller by unlatching the secure hook on the side of the unit. Push the footrest down into vertical position. Turn the stroller upside down to install the basket and wheels.
Align the stroller basket with the two basket bars. Push the basket firmly onto the back of the stroller. Snap the securing straps over the bar and onto the basket to ensure that the basket stays in place.
Align the front wheels with the front feet of the stroller. Push the wheel firmly in place. Pull down on the wheel to ensure it is secured; do this for both front wheels. The two larger wheels go on the back, and the two smaller wheels go on the front.
Recline the back seat, pull up on the recline lever and pull back. Insert the brake bar on the back two feet of the stroller; the brake levers should be facing away from the stroller. Slide the back wheels onto the brake bar. Use a hammer to secure the wheel in place with the axle cap.
Flip the stroller back to normal operating position. Snap the snack tray on the front seat and, if desired, one on the back seat. The stroller is now ready for use.
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text:
Penn Physics Professor Finds Light under the Sea
Penn Physics and Astronomy Assistant Professor Alison Sweeney's research on undersea biooptics may have implications for solar energy and the development of biofuels. As reported on the SASFrontiers website, Sweeney's research indicates that proteins in mollusc shells, called reflectins, help propagate solar energy underwater to optimize photosynthesis in algae colonies. Reflectins also enable squids to change their own reflective qualities, and enable them to camouflage themselves in brighter or darker waters.
You cna read about Dr. Sweeney's research in SASFrontiers.
Earlier: Alison Sweeney wins Bartholomew Award.


text:
Location: Palo Alto, California
Type: Full Time
Castilleja is a dynamic, diverse, and intentional educational community for students in grades 6–12 that believes in the power of women learning and women leading. Founded in 1907, Castilleja fulfills its mission to educate young women to become confident thinkers and compassionate leaders with a sense of purpose to effect change in the world. Every member of the Castilleja community is responsible for fostering an equitable, respectful, and just community. We value building and sustaining authentic relationships and work together to create a collaborative learning and working environment. We are dedicated to a program that is responsive to students' needs and identities and demonstrates a commitment to antiracist values and pedagogy.
THE MIDDLE SCHOOL ATHLETIC DIRECTOR and FITNESS TEACHER
The Athletics Department seeks an educational leader to be the Middle School Athletic Director and Fitness Teacher. This position will support and grow the athletic program, inspire and engage our students in an outstanding athletic experience as well as work closely with other fitness teachers to provide a quality full physical education curriculum. This role will oversee an afterschool sports program that prepares students for lifelong engagement in physical activity and a healthy lifestyle.
The Middle School Athletic Director reports to the Athletic Director and the Middle School Division Head and works closely with other Fitness teachers and the Wellness Department, as well as grade level colleagues. The primary duties include:
- Leads and strengthens a Middle School athletics program that advances the mission of the school.
- Assists in the recruitment, supervision and evaluation of coaches (adult and student) for all MS team sports.
- Ensures that student athletes have access to the equipment, facilities and uniforms they need to compete safely.
- Coordinates with league officials to schedule home and away games for all MS teams.
- Ensures compliance with MS WBAL league policies and regulations.
- Arranges transportation to and from off-site practices and competitions.
- Develops, sustains, and facilitates relationships with nearby facilities.
- Fostering and organizing team social opportunities at collegiate athletic events.
- Collaborates with MS class deans and co-curricular directors to support student-athletes with an athletics program that complements the academic and ethical values of the Middle School.
- Communicate regularly with the Head of the Middle School.
- Assist the Director of Athletics with the organization of an annual banquet that honors our athletes.
- Assists the Director of Athletics with the athletic department's budget.
- Supervises or monitors all MS athletics hosted events and support teams during competitions away from Castilleja.
- Encourages broad participation and engagement in all MS sports.
- Coordinates team rosters, schedule practices and assign facility use.
- Communicates with the Maintenance Department to ensure facilities are maintained and appropriately prepared for use.
- Promotes effective communication between coaches and athletes, and parents.
- Coaches a team during at least one season.
- Assigns, manages and maintains uniforms.
- Other duties as assigned by either the Head of School, Head of Middle School, or Director of Athletics.
- Coach one after school team each season and fitness classes during the school day.
What we are looking for in an Middle School Athletic Director:
- Enthusiasm for engaging middle school girls in athletics.
- Exceptional administrative and communication skills.
- Experience coaching a variety of sports and activities.
- Bachelor's degree in a relevant field.
- Create and/or complement curriculum that meets student needs and identities
- Teach the fundamentals of various sports throughout the school year; leading up to playing games in a controlled environment.
- Emphasize student teamwork and sportsmanship
- Support a classroom environment of collaboration and community
- Bachelor's degree in a relevant field of study
- At least three years of experience in teaching PE and/or coaching Middle School or Upper School Students.
- Experience in and enthusiasm for teaching and coaching Middle School students.
- Demonstrated ability to develop and adapt pedagogy, curriculum, and assessments for students with a range of skill levels and learning styles.
- Commitment to helping girls think independently and develop confidence in their own abilities.
- Excellent collaboration and communication skills.
- Be able to model inclusive behavior in whether on the field or in the classroom.
- Proficiency with technology (google suites, schoology).
Compensation and Benefits:
- Comprehensive Health Benefit Plans
- Superior TIAA Retirement matching
- Castilleja uses a competitive salary scale which takes into account experience, education and skill level. The salary for this position ranges from $82,700 to $142,500.
Connections working at Castilleja
Castilleja School is a non-sectarian independent college preparatory school for young women located in the San Francisco Bay Area near Stanford University and in the heart of Silicon Valley. Founded in 1907 by Stanford University graduate Mary Ishbel Lockey, the school has an enrollment of girls in grades six through twelve, and has a long-standing reputation for the excellence of its academic program. Castilleja educates young women by fostering their intellectual, physical, creative, and emotional growth through an exemplary college preparatory experience within a diverse and supportive community.


text:
Introduction: This research article presents the results of the application of 62 indicators of transparency and access to public information to two Ecuadorian television corporations. Methods: The study uses a purpose-created panel of indicators divided into five blocks, following the method developed by the Infoparticipa project, for the analysis of the websites of Ecuavisa and TC Televisión. The results of the evaluation of the level of transparency of these corporations is available in the Infometro section of the online platform _URL_. Results: The selected media companies are not very transparent: the lowest scores were obtained in the identification of senior executives and the management of collective resources, while the highest scores were obtained in the area of information for participation. Discussion and conclusions: These types of organisations do not comply with the indicators of access to public information and transparency, despite having a broad regulatory development. These corporations do not disclose basic data and the information they do publish is often unclear, insufficient and inaccessible.
|Translated title of the contribution||Transparency and public information in Ecuadorian television corporations: The case of Ecuavisa and TC Televisión|
|Number of pages||26|
|Journal||Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social|
|Publication status||Published - 2018|


Statistical Genetics | List of High Impact Articles | PPts | Journals | Videos
About Statistical Genetics
Statistical genetics is a scientific field concerned with the development and application of statistical methods for drawing inferences from genetic data. It is most commonly used in the context of human genetics. Statistical genetics is the study of genetic variation and it is concerned with the analysis of genetic data. Statisticians play an important role in the analysis and the design of genetic studies. Statistical genetics overlaps with fields such as biomathematics, bioinformatics, biology, epidemiology, genetics, etc. People in the department have worked and are working on methods in linkage analysis, allelic association tests, gene statement array data analysis, sequence analysis, comparative genomics, phylogenetic tree reconstruction, etc.
High Impact List of Articles
Relavant Topics


text:
3.24.1 Repr Objects
Repr instances provide several members which can be used to
provide size limits for the representations of different object types,
and methods which format specific object types.
Depth limit on the creation of recursive representations. The
default is 6.
- Limits on the number of entries represented for the named object
type. The default for maxdict is 4, for the others,
Maximum number of characters in the representation for a long
integer. Digits are dropped from the middle. The default is
Limit on the number of characters in the representation of the
string. Note that the ''normal'' representation of the string is
used as the character source: if escape sequences are needed in the
representation, these may be mangled when the representation is
shortened. The default is 30.
This limit is used to control the size of object types for which no
specific formatting method is available on the Repr object.
It is applied in a similar manner as maxstring. The
default is 20.
- repr (obj)
The equivalent to the built-in repr() that uses the
formatting imposed by the instance.
- repr1 (obj, level)
Recursive implementation used by repr(). This uses the
type of obj to determine which formatting method to call,
passing it obj and level. The type-specific methods
should call repr1() to perform recursive formatting, with
level - 1 for the value of level in the recursive
- repr_type (obj, level)
Formatting methods for specific types are implemented as methods
with a name based on the type name. In the method name, type
is replaced by
Dispatch to these methods is handled by repr1().
Type-specific methods which need to recursively format a value
should call "self.repr1(subobj, level - 1)".
Send comments on this document to _EMAIL_.


text:
Documentary sheds light on local civil rights activist Anne Braden
Anne Braden preferred not to talk much about herself. Part of this was modesty, but mostly she was just far too busy devoting time to her tireless life's mission of civil rights and social justice.
Fortunately for those who did not know Braden, she opened herself up in the last years of her life to detail her amazing journey, from a privileged childhood in the segregated South to a legacy as one of the most important white leaders of the civil rights movement.
Mimi Pickering — who with Ann Lewis directed the Appalshop documentary "Anne Braden: Southern Patriot," which has its Louisville premier Sunday — says Braden shared her life story with students, historians and the filmmakers in order to make such a path accessible for those who followed her.
"She was seeing that by telling her story, it was really a way to engage new generations and new communities in the history that she had been involved in," Pickering tells LEO. "That her story could be a lens to these events and help to inspire people to keep on the fight."
In 2004, Pickering and Lewis began interviewing and filming Braden, who died in 2006 at the age of 81. Though the duo was unable to film as much as they'd hoped, fellow filmmakers generously donated additional Braden interviews, which are supplemented with archival footage from the many social justice movements to which she was devoted.
The result is a film that shows the life of an unapologetic radical activist in an ugly time and place in American history — someone who sought to make those with privilege confront injustice around them, regardless of whether they wanted to hear such uncomfortable truths.
Anne Braden moved from Alabama — where she was raised and later worked as a newspaper reporter — to Louisville in 1947, hoping to escape the ugly segregation and racial hatred of the South. But what she found in Louisville was not much better, with segregated housing and some hospitals not taking black patients.
After she and her husband Carl, a fellow journalist and activist, immersed themselves in the labor and desegregation movement, the events of 1954 made them national figures — or from the perspective of the U.S. government and many whites in the South, dangerous public enemies.
The Bradens bought a home in a Shively suburb for the family of Andrew and Charlotte Wade, African-Americans who had been unable to purchase a house in the all-white neighborhood. What followed from the Wades' angry white neighbors were bricks and bullets through their windows, a burning cross on their lawn, and, ultimately, a dynamite explosion that occurred while they were out.
While the bombers were never caught, the Bradens and five of their white friends were charged with sedition. In the era of McCarthyism and the Red Scare, they were accused of engineering a communist plot to segregate the neighborhood, even planting the bomb, and supposedly "exposed" as owning Russian and Marxist books. Carl Braden was convicted and sentenced to 15 years, and though the Supreme Court exonerated him eight months later, the Bradens were blacklisted for many years.
While Pickering notes that the story of Anne Braden usually ends there, the film delves into the wealth of important work she did over the next 50 years. Braden edited the Southern Patriot, a vital newsletter documenting civil rights struggles, and organized white supporters of the movement under the Southern Conference Education Fund.
One such effort — organizing poor whites in Appalachian Kentucky — earned her a spot on Gov. Louie Nunn's platform (to run her out of Kentucky) and yet another wildly unconstitutional arrest and charge of sedition.
Much of the film focuses on her work for racial equality in Louisville, where she lived the rest of her life. Some scenes of protests during the 1975 battles surrounding school integration and busing — with a crowd of white people chanting vile racial slurs — are a shocking reminder of just how contentious the struggle was in this city.
The film also details the many civil rights leaders Anne Braden mentored and inspired, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Louisville movement icons Mattie Jones and Bob Cunningham.
"We were just really honored to be able to tell her story, to know her for the time that we did know her," Pickering says. "And we just hope that she can provide an example of a role model and inspiration for new generations of organizers, activists and citizens."