AMPL > >Faqs
Sets and Indexing
Why doesn't AMPL interpret the expression T..1 as I expect?
In general, AMPL interprets a..b as {a, a+1, a+2,..., b-1, b}. Thus when T is greater than one, T..1 is an empty set. To specify the ordered set that goes from T down to 1, write T..1 by -1.
Why does "set S := 50.. 70″ give me a set of only 3 members?
You have declared set S in your model and set S := 50.. 70 in your data. Set expressions are not recognized in AMPL's data mode, however. Instead AMPL tries to recognize 50.. 70 as a space-delimited list of members of S, with the result that it has found three members: the numbers 50 and 70, and the string "..".
To define S to equal 50.. 70 by use of your data file, first declare S in your model by
param begin;
param end > begin;
set S := begin.. end;
Then state in the data file:
param begin := 50;
param end := 70;
Alternatively, it's legal to give set S = 50.. 70 as your declaration of S. This is a less desirable approach, however, because it moves some of the specific data values into the model.
I have declared "set S" and "param b {S}". How do I write an AMPL expression for the arg min of b[i] — that is, the s in S such that b[s] equals the minimum of b[i] over all i in S?
There's no specific arg min operator in AMPL. However, proceeding directly from the definition, you can define the arg min explicitly by a set expression like
{s in S: b[s] = min {i in S} b[i]}
This expression gives a subset of S, however, containing all of the members of S that achieve the minimum. To get just one member representing the arg min, you can define this to be an ordered set,
set b_argmin ordered := {s in S: b[s] = min {i in S} b[i]};
Then first(b_argmin) is guaranteed to be one member of S that minimizes b[i].
As an alternative, you can use AMPL's for and if commands to write a script that loops over S to compute the arg min explicitly:
param bmin;
param imin symbolic in S;
let bmin := Infinity;
for {i in S} {
 if b[i] < bmin then {
 let bmin := b[i];
 let imin := i;
In general this is a slower alternative than defining b_argmin as above. It admits a greater variety of generalizations in complex cases, however.
How can I get AMPL to index over the "power set" consisting of all subsets of a set?
AMPL can index model components by objects (numbers and character strings) but not by sets of objects. Hence you can't model a power set directly. You may be able to get the same effect, however, by constructing a numbered list of subsets.
As an example, suppose that you want to index over all subsets of the set of the first n nonnegative integers. You can declare:
param n integer > 0;
set S := 0.. n - 1;
set SS := 0.. 2**n - 1;
set POW {k in SS} := {i in S: (k div 2**i) mod 2 = 1};
Since there are n members of S, there are 2**n subsets of S. Hence there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the members of the set SS := 0.. 2**n - 1 and the subsets of S. By use of a simple encoding, you can make this correspondence explicit; the indexed collection of sets POW above is declared such that POW[k] is the kth distinct subset of S. (To see the whole power set, type display POW.)
Much the same can be done for an arbitrary ordered set S:
set S ordered;
param n := card {S};
set SS := 0.. (2**n - 1);
set POW {k in SS}
 := {i in S: (k div 2**(ord(i)-1)) mod 2 = 1};
Either way, you can use indexing over POW to get the effect of indexing over the power set. In the following example, each member s of S has a weight Wt[s], and the average "weight" of all members of any subset of S is constrained not to exceed n/2:
var Wt {S} >= 0;
subj to MaxWt {k in SS}:
 sum {i in POW[k]} Wt[i] <= (n / 2) * card(POW[k]);
A more involved example, which represents a traveling salesman problem as an integer program, is provided in tsp.mod. Constraints like this can be useful for studying and testing certain formulations of combinatorial problems, provided that the underlying set (S in our example) is kept to a reasonably small size.
subject to balance0 {j in PROD}:
Why do I get an "invalid subscript discarded" message when I display an AMPL parameter?
Either a data table gave values for the parameter with incorrect subscripts, or the parameter's indexing set changed, causing some previously valid subscripts to become invalid. For example, in the diet.mod + diet.dat example (Figures 2-1 and 2-2) of the AMPL book, values of parameter cost are supplied for all eight members of set FOOD:
ampl: display cost;
cost [*] :=
BEEF 3.19 FISH 2.29 MCH 1.89 SPG 1.99
 CHK 2.59 HAM 2.89 MTL 1.99 TUR 2.49
If you remove the member CHK from FOOD, using for example a let command, then you get a message that cost["CHK"] has also been dropped from the data:
ampl: let FOOD := FOOD diff {"CHK"};
ampl: display cost;
Error executing "display" command:
error processing param cost:
 invalid subscript cost['CHK'] discarded.
cost [*] :=
BEEF 3.19 HAM 2.89 MTL 1.99 TUR 2.49
FISH 2.29 MCH 1.89 SPG 1.99
Since cost["CHK"] has now been dropped, no further error message will appear if you type display cost again.
To avoid error messages of this sort, you can define a more flexible set structure for your model as shown in dietflex.mod and dietflex.dat. The auxiliary set DIET_DROP defaults to empty, so that the problem is solved for all foods; but you can change DIET_DROP to {"CHK"} to solve without member CHK:
ampl: model dietflex.mod;
ampl: data dietflex.dat;
ampl: option show_stats 1;
ampl: solve;
8 variables, all linear
6 constraints, all linear; 47 nonzeros
1 linear objective; 8 nonzeros.
MINOS 5.4: optimal solution found.
13 iterations, objective _PHONE_
ampl: let FOOD_DROP := {"CHK"};
ampl: solve;
7 variables, all linear
6 constraints, all linear; 42 nonzeros
1 linear objective; 7 nonzeros.
MINOS 5.4: optimal solution found.
3 iterations, objective _PHONE_
Changing FOOD_DROP does not affect the set FOOD_ALL, and consequently all of the subscripts in the data remain valid.


text:
Accounting for depreciation by Indian corporates is governed by the provision of Section 123 read with Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 and accounting standards, AS 6 and AS 10. To provide a practical guidance on accounting for depreciation (Schedule II) to preparers and auditors of the financial statements, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has released a guidance note on the same. Major guidance provided by the guidance note are as follows:
(i) Depreciation should be charged on the basis of useful life. Useful life is specified in the Schedule II, but an entity may use different useful life subject to certain disclosures.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


one's front with the arms around the pillow and the head tilted to one side.
 - Starfish (5%) – on one's back with the arms around the pillow.
Stress positions
Stress positions place the human body in such a way that a great amount of weight is placed on just one or two muscles. Forcing prisoners to adopt such positions is a method of ill-treatment used for extracting information or as a punishment, possibly amounting to torture. Such positions also are sometimes used as a punishment for children.
Submissive positions
Submissive positions are often ceremonial and dictated by culture. They may be performed as a mutual sign of respect between equals or as a sign of submission to a higher-ranking individual or to a ceremonial object.
 - Bowing is the lowering of the head and torso towards the person or object of reverence, often briefly. The extent of a bow ranges from a simple head nod to a 90–degree bending at the waist. Though less common in Western cultures, it remains an important sign of respect in many Eastern cultures, and is also used in the ceremonies of various religions.
 - In bowing and scraping, the right hand is placed across the abdomen while the right leg is drawn or "scraped" back during a bow.
 - In Western cultures, it is often considered proper for women to perform a curtsey by bending the knees instead of a bow.
 - Genuflection (or genuflexion) is bending at least one knee to the ground, was from early times a gesture of deep respect for a superior.
 - Kneeling is associated with reverence, submission and obeisance.
 - Prostration is the placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position.
Urination positions
For men, because of the flexible and protruding nature of the penis, it is simple to control the direction of the urine stream. Many men urinate in a standing position although they can also urinate sitting down or squatting.
For women, the urine direction is harder to control. Women most commonly urinate sitting or squatting, depending on the type of toilet. Many women are able to urinate standing, sometimes using a female urination device.
List of human positions Contexts articles: 74
See also
 1. ^ "Position." Dictionary.com, Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 24 October 2007. Reference.com
 2. ^ Fritz Wittels (1995). Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-300-06485-8.
 3. ^ a b G.J. Engelmann (1883). Labor Among Primitive Peoples, St. Louis: J.H. Chambers. pp, 89-93. (Engelmann calls this the knee-hand or knee-elbow position)
 4. ^ Sacomori, Cinara; Fernando Luiz Cardoso (2010). "Sexual initiative and intercourse behavior during pregnancy among Brazilian women: a retrospective study". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 36 (2): 124–136. doi:10.1080/00926230903554503. PMID 20169493.
 5. ^ a b c Hewes, GW (April 1955). "World distribution of certain postural habits". American Anthropologist. 57 (2): 231–44. doi:10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00040. JSTOR 666393.
 6. ^ Dobrzynski, Judith H. (17 October 2004). "An Eye on China's Not So Rich and Famous". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
 7. ^ Abstract "Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing", NIH
 9. ^ Brito, Leonardo Barbosa Barreto de; Ricardo, Djalma Rabelo; Araújo, Denise Sardinha Mendes Soares de; Ramos, Plínio Santos; Myers, Jonathan; Araújo, Claudio Gil Soares de (13 December 2012). "Ability to sit and rise from the floor as a predictor of all-cause mortality". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 21 (7): 892–898. doi:10.1177/2047487312471759. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 23242910.
 10. ^ "The Roman Banquet". The Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
 11. ^ "Reclining". A Virtual Passover. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
 13. ^ "knee-chest position". The Free Dictionary Medical Dictionary.
Further reading
External links


Adhesion force interactions between cyclopentane hydrate and physically and chemically modified surfaces
Zach Aman, E.D. Sloan, A. Sum, C. Koh
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
24 Citations (Scopus)
© the Partner Organisations 2014. Interfacial interactions between liquid-solid and solid-solid phases/surfaces are of fundamental importance to the formation of hydrate deposits in oil and gas pipelines. This work establishes the effect of five categories of physical and chemical modification to steel on clathrate hydrate adhesive force: oleamide, graphite, citric acid ester, nonanedithiol, and Rain-X anti-wetting agent. Hydrate adhesive forces were measured using a micromechanical force apparatus, under both dry and water-wet surface conditions. The results show that the graphite coating reduced hydrate-steel adhesion force by 79%, due to an increase in the water wetting angle from 42 ± 8° to 154 ± 7°. Two chemical surface coatings (nonanedithiol and the citric acid ester) induced rapid hydrate growth in the hydrate particles; nonanedithiol increased hydrate adhesive force by 49% from the baseline, while the citric acid ester coating reduced hydrate adhesion force by 98%. This result suggests that crystal growth may enable a strong adhesive pathway between hydrate and other crystalline structures, however this effect may be negated in cases where water-hydrocarbon interfacial tension is minimised. When a liquid water droplet was placed on the modified steel surfaces, the graphite and citric acid ester became less effective at reducing adhesive force. In pipelines containing a free water phase wetting the steel surface, chemical or physical surface modifications alone may be insufficient to eliminate hydrate deposition risk. In further tests, the citric acid ester reduced hydrate cohesive forces by 50%, suggesting mild activity as a hybrid anti-agglomerant suppressing both hydrate deposition and particle agglomeration. These results demonstrate a new capability to develop polyfunctional surfactants, which simultaneously limit the capability for hydrate particles to aggregate and deposit on the pipeline wall. This journal is
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)25121-25128
JournalPhysical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Issue number45
Publication statusPublished - 2014
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Adhesion force interactions between cyclopentane hydrate and physically and chemically modified surfaces'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
Maribel Moreno MartínezCEIP Salvador Dalí (Villalbilla)
As in the present simple, to make questions using "was" or "were" we only have to write "was/were" at the beginning of the sentence and then the subject:Ex. Were you at school yesterday? Was he with you this morning?
Interrogative Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it?Were we?Were you?Were they?
To form the interrogative form in the past of regular and irregular verbs, we need the auxiliary "did". We write it at the beginning of the sentence. Remember that when we use the auxiliary "did" the main verb in the sentence stays in the infinitive form.Ex. Did he go to school yesterday?
Interrogative Did I run?Did you break? Did he stop? Did she buy? Did it drink?Did we watch?Did you study?Did they see?
Write these sentences inthe interrogative form:1. We were tired yesterday ______________________________2. She broke her leg ______________________________3. John ran for an hour ______________________________4. He danced all night long ______________________________5. The baby clapped his hands ______________________________


F
Ready for the clues? Here they are, in the order they appear in the phishing email
1. The email address associated with the Department of the Treasury is not from a Department of the Treasury internet domain.
2. Tax refunds are not issued under section 501(c)(3). Section 501(c)(3) is the definition of organizations that are tax-exempt on account of being organized and operated for religious, charitable, scientific, and other specific purposes.
3. If a tax refund has been determined, there ought be no need to request it.
4. The acronym IWP makes no sense in the context of the message, and even if one could come up with words that would fit those letters, it is highly unlikely that a message with respect to a tax refund would use the term as an infinitive form of a verb.
5. It is patently absurd to think that a government message sent by email would be written using text messaging shortcuts, as is the case with "If u don't receive."
6. There is no "IRS mailing date shown."
7. The email is purportedly sent by the Department of the Treasury, and thus one would expect a reference to "the original Department of the Treasury mailing date"?
8. The grammar in "If you distribute funds to other organization" suggests that the message writer does not use English as a primary language, and is the sort of error that would not persist in a form letter of the sort that goes through multiple levels of review.
9. Even more incorrect grammar shows up in "If you distribute funds to other organization" because either organization should be in the plural or the word other should be another.
10. The misspelling of "wether" corroborates the thought that this email originates with someone who does not use English as a primary language, and is yet another type of error that would have been caught, as described in #8, above.
11. There is no section 497, so there surely is no section 497(c)(15) and there are no such things as section 497(c)(15) purposes.
12. Yet another misuse of the English language shows up in the phrase "If you distribute fund to individuals."
13. The meaning of the phrase "the maner of section" can be guessed only by making the assumption that the word "selection" was intended but ended up as "section."
14. The word "maner" must come from the same dictionary as does the word "wether" and corroborates the point made in #10, above.
15. If "maner" and "wether" aren't enough to raise suspicions, perhaps "realtionship" does.
16. The URL that shows up under "click here" surely is not a Department of the Treasury or IRS web site.
17. If the notification was sent by the Internal Revenue Service, why is it packaged as a message from the Department of the Treasury?
18. The IRS does not appoint people to be the Director of a Letter.
19. The placement of a period after the word Exempt is yet another grammatical error demonstrating that the email is a deception.
20. Anyone who reads the paper knows that the IRS does not use email to initiate contact with a taxpayer concerning refunds.
Sadly, somewhere someone has clicked on the link in hopes of getting a few dollars, and ended up providing a criminal with sufficient information to permit the criminal to steal the person's identity or to use some other nefarious technique to acquire funds to which the criminal is not entitled. Is it not time to being teaching high school students how to identify phishing emails? Surely that is as important a life skill as are most of the others that are taught in our school systems? Hoping that someone's common sense would be sufficient is asking too much.
So how many clues did you identify?
Monday, March 23, 2009
Tax Concept Spawns Tax Details
Perhaps one of the most frustrating aspects of tax practice is that most clients can understand tax concepts but get lost when they encounter the details. One of the most frustrating aspects of being a tax student is learning how to shift from a concept to the specific provisions implementing that concept. A concept, standing alone, isn't worth much. Without a roadmap for applying it to a specific situation, it remains an abstract idea without force. In all fairness, were it not for the demands of dealing with details, tax practitioners would have fewer clients needing their services, and tax students would have even dimmer prospects of finding a market willing to compensate them for their learning.
An excellent example of concept-turned-statute is H.R. 1586, which passed the House of Representatives on Thursday. This is the legislation that imposes income tax on bonuses at a 90% rate. That's the concept. "Tax those AIG bonuses" was a cry heard throughout the land, even though, as I pointed out in Taxing Bonuses, the tax would do nothing to undo the economic mess created in part by the bonus recipients. The tax passed by the House isn't the 100% tax that was being touted, but a tax scaled back to 90%, presumably to avoid constitutional challenges.
Setting aside the wisdom and efficacy of the tax, what needs to be done to implement the concept of imposing a tax on the bonuses? Let's look at H.R. 1586.
One must begin by identifying those to be taxed. Section 1(a) of the bill applies the tax to any "employee or former employee of a covered TARP recipient." This requires a definition of that phrase. Section 1(c)(1) of the bill defines a "covered TARP recipient" as anyone that fits within one of four possible descriptions. The first is any person who, after December 31, 2007, received "capital infusions under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 which, in the aggregate, exceed $5,000,000,000." The second is the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. The third is any person "who is a member of the same affiliated group" as a person in either of the first two descriptions. The fourth is any partnership "if more than 50 per cent of the capital or profits interests of such partnership are owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons in any of the first three descriptions. In the usual game of defining terms in a definition, the provision defines "affiliated group" as it is "defined in section 1504 …, determined without regard to paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (b)." For terms such as employee, former employee, partnership, capital interest, profits interest, and others that are used elsewhere in the Internal Revenue Code, section 1(d) of the bill provides that they are to be given the same meaning they have when used elsewhere in the Code. I haven't checked, but there are more than a few terms in the Internal Revenue Code that have different meanings for different purposes, so there may be more analysis that must be done before one can determine if the tax would apply.
As written, section 1(a) would apply even if the TARP recipient repaid to the government an amount of money equal to the amount used for the bonus. Considering the purpose of the provision, that would not make sense. Accordingly, section 1(c)(2) of the bill provides for an exception with respect to repayments. It tells us that a person "shall be treated as described in paragraph (1)(A)," that is, subject to the tax, "only if the excess of the aggregate amount of capital infusions described in paragraph (1)(A) with respect to such person over the amounts repaid by such person to the Federal Government with respect to such capital infusions, exceeds $5,000,000,000." In other words, the test isn't whether the capital infusions exceed $5 billion, but whether the NET capital infusions exceed $5 billion. As a practical matter, this means that the bonus recipient does not know whether or not the bonus is taxable at 90 percent until and unless the employer makes a determination that the employee cannot make, namely, the amount of the net capital infusions, and shares that information with the employee. That, of course, is true for determining the tax status of all sorts of benefits provided by employers to employees.
Having identified those who are to be taxed, the next step is to provide for the taxation of the bonus. But before the bonus can be taxed, it needs to be defined. That seems to be a simple proposition, but hang on, it's not. Section 1(b) of the bill begins with a general rule. It defines a TARP bonus for any taxable year, which is what section 1(a) taxes, as the lesser of two amounts. The first amount is the "aggregate disqualified bonus payments received from covered TARP recipients during such taxable year." The second amount is the excess of the taxpayer's adjusted gross income over $250,000, or $125,000 for a married individual filing a separate return. This has the effect of sparing taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes of $250,000 (or $125,000) from being taxed on the bonus at a 90 percent rate. It also has the effect of limiting the portion of the bonus taxed at 90 percent for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income exceeds $250,000 (or $125,000) by a relatively small amount. This makes little sense, and it presupposes that adjusted gross income is a good measure of the taxpayer's relative economic position. That presupposition is questionable because the people receiving these bonuses include people who manipulated financial instruments in ways that suggest they very well may have manipulated their adjusted gross incomes.
The definition of a TARP bonus depends


Saturday, December 30, 2006
Deli @ Little Italy
Little Italy, as the name suggests, is a section of Lower Manhattan where Italian immigrants first settled after arriving in New York City at the turn of the century. Today, the neighborhood has diminished to about half its original size due to the ever expansion of Chinatown, as well as the decrease in the number of new Italian immigrants to the US. Most of the first and second generation Italians who grew up in the area have moved on to other parts of the city or to the suburbs.
What makes Lower Manhattan so interesting is the dynamics of its population over time. Prior to the arrival of Italian immigrants in the 1900s, this area was inhabited mostly by Irish immigrants who came here in the early 1800s. Now, Little Italy is slowly being engulfed by a newer immigrant population, ie. the Chinese.
This photo was taken inside an Italian deli and it shows a big wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese being cut up into smaller pieces. The yellow cubes of cheese on the right are Pecorino Romano and you can see someone walking by with a tray of freshly made canolis.


text:
Since English is not my native language I can not decide which one of the following two sentences is better.
- We help companies sell more and consumers pay less.
- Helping companies sell more and consumers paying less.
The first is a sentence and is fine.
The second is a phrase but would be better written as either of
depending on who you are helping.
There is no require for a corporate slogan to be a sentence.
At the least, sentence 2 should read Helping companies sell more and consumers pay less.
And it depends on how you are planning to use it. If this is a slogan for something I would use option 2. But then the logo/name of who is helping needs to be very visible for it to have an effect.
As an explanatory/informational sentence, you can use option 1.


text:
Yes, the minimum age to parasail is 6 years old. Participants under the age of 18 must have a parent or guardian sign their liability waiver prior to boarding the vessel. Minimum weight required to parasail is roughly 90 pounds. If the flyer is less than 90 pounds, they will simply fly tandem with someone not to exceed roughly 450 pounds combined weight. Weight requirements may change on any given day due to the wind conditions. Again, safety is number one.
Articles in this section
- Are there any weight restrictions?
- Is there an age requirement?
- Can people go on the boat and watch?
- Is there a price difference if two or three people fly together?
- How do we get into and out of the air?
- What happens if the line breaks?
- Do you have to know how to swim in order to parasail?
- Can I go to Key West for more than one day?
- How do people dress in Key West?
- Will you take me back to my hotel after the tour?


catch fire
Related to catch fire: Halt and Catch Fire
 (kăch, kĕch)
v. caught (kôt), catch·ing, catch·es
c. To stop (oneself) from doing an action: I caught myself before replying.
a. To capture or seize, especially after a chase: The police caught the robber in the next town.
b. To capture or take by trapping, snaring, or some other means: I caught three fish with that lure.
c. To take in and hold or contain: a pond that catches runoff.
b. To become cognizant or aware of suddenly: caught her gazing out the window.
b. To overtake: The driver of the green car caught the leader on the straightaway.
a. To cause to become hooked, entangled, or fastened: caught my hem on the stair.
b. To hold up; delay: was caught in traffic for an hour.
a. To make contact with; strike: The boxer caught his opponent with a left hook.
b. To propel an object so that it hits (something): The center caught the back of the net with a hard shot.
a. To become subject to or to contract, as by exposure to a pathogen: catch a cold.
b. To become affected by or infused with: caught the joyous mood of the festival.
c. To suffer from the receipt of (criticism, for example): caught hell for being late.
a. To perceive suddenly or momentarily: We caught a glimpse of the movie star. I caught a whiff of her perfume.
b. To hear or listen to: caught the news bulletin on the radio; didn't catch the end of your sentence
c. To grasp mentally; apprehend: I don't catch your meaning.
a. To go to see (a performance, for example): caught the midnight show.
b. To get (something required), usually quickly or for a brief period: catch some sleep.
a. To attract and fix; arrest: couldn't catch their attention; caught the teacher's eye.
b. To reproduce or represent effectively: an impressionist who caught the effects of wind and water in his paintings.
11. To deceive: failed to be caught by their fraudulent schemes.
12. Baseball To play (a game) as catcher.
1. To become held, entangled, or fastened: My coat caught in the car door.
2. To act or move so as to hold or grab someone or something: tried to catch at the life preserver.
3. To be communicable or infectious; spread.
4. To become ignited: The fire caught.
5. Baseball To act as catcher.
b. A game of throwing and catching a ball.
a. A quantity that is caught: The catch amounted to 50 fish.
c. Informal A person considered to be an attractive or admirable romantic partner.
5. A choking or stoppage of the breath or voice: a catch in his voice.
6. A snatch; a fragment: could only hear catches of the song.
Phrasal Verbs:
catch on
1. To understand something: These students catch on quickly.
2. To become popular: Skateboarding caught on quickly.
catch out
To detect (another) in wrongdoing or error.
catch up
1. To move fast enough to attain the same progress as another; draw even: caught up to the leader on the last lap of the race.
2. To become equal or on a par with another: finally caught up with his brother in height.
3. To bring an activity to completion or to a state of currentness: catch up on correspondence.
5. To seize or lift suddenly: The wind caught up the umbrella and carried it off.
6. To involve, often unwillingly: was caught up in the scandal.
7. To captivate; enthrall: I was caught up in the mood of the evening.
catch fire
1. To ignite.
2. To become very enthusiastic.
3. To become the subject of great interest and widespread enthusiasm: an idea that caught fire all over the country.
catch it Informal
To receive a punishment or scolding.
catch (one's) breath
To rest so as to be able to continue an activity.
catch (one's) death
To catch a cold or other illness.
catch up with
1. To find or arrest after a period of pursuit: The police finally caught up with him in Omaha.
2. To have unpleasant consequences for, especially after a period of quiescence: mistakes that caught up with him when he ran for president.
catch you later
Informal Used to express good-bye.
[Middle English cacchen, from Old North French cachier, to chase, from Vulgar Latin *captiāre; see chase1.]
catch′a·ble adj.
Synonyms: catch, enmesh, ensnare, entangle, entrap, snare1, trap1
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Verb1.catch fire - start to burn or burst into flames; "Marsh gases ignited suddenly"; "The oily rags combusted spontaneously"
blow out - erupt in an uncontrolled manner; "The oil well blew out"
catch - start burning; "The fire caught"
light up - start to burn with a bright flame; "The coal in the BBQ grill finally lit up"
combust, burn - cause to burn or combust; "The sun burned off the fog"; "We combust coal and other fossil fuels"
يَبْدأ بالأحْتِراق، يَمْسِكُ النار
fara aî loga, kvikna í
ateş almaktutuşmak
(ˈfaiə) noun
4. enthusiasm. with fire in his heart.
5. attack by gunfire. The soldiers were under fire.
fire alarm
ˈfirearm noun
ˈfire-brigade noun
a company of firemen. Call the fire-brigade!
ˈfire-cracker noun
a kind of firework which makes a loud noise.
ˈfire-engine noun
a vehicle carrying firemen and their equipment.
ˈfire-escape noun
ˈfire-extinguisher noun
ˈfire-guard noun
a metal framework placed in front of a fireplace for safety.
ˈfireman noun
ˈfireplace noun
ˈfireproof adjective
ˈfireside noun
ˈfire-station noun
ˈfirewood noun
ˈfirework noun
ˈfiring-squad noun
catch fire
to begin to burn. Dry wood catches fire easily.
on fire
burning. The building is on fire!
open fire (usually with on)
play with fire
under fire
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.
References in classic literature?
"With us two it is for life and death, and I am rather pleased that there is something yet in him that can catch fire on occasion.
At length they rose from the water in their proper forms, but darting such flames of fire from their mouths that we dreaded lest the palace should catch fire. Soon, however, we had much greater cause for alarm, as the genius, having shaken off the princess, flew towards us.
Summary: A man was critically injured when a storm overnight caused his tanker truck to catch fire on the Minyeh-Dinnieh highway, the state-run National News Agency reported Wednesday.


text:
Water bridge (5mm length, 1mm diameter) between two glasses filled with heavy water, under a voltage of 15 kV.
In 1893 Sir William Armstrong reported a remarkable experiment: if a high voltage is established between two wine-glasses filled to the brim with pure water and connected by a cotton thread, a rope of water is formed and remains suspended between the lips of the two glasses. This "water bridge" can subsist for a few seconds even once the thread has been removed.
Recently, a group of physicists from Graz University, Austria succeeded on establishing a bridge (without any thread!) between the two glasses under a voltage of 20 kV. The length of the bridge may reach values larger than 1 cm, its diameter is of the order of a few mm and the lifetime currently exceeds 1 hour. Under the effect of the electrical field, the local temperature increases and reaches 60° C, a temperature sufficient to break the bridge. More...
Voir aussi le fait marquant :
/ See also the IRAMIS highlight:
Maj : 30/08/2011 (1601)


Opportunities to participate in collaborative problem-solving STEM learning activities and tasks are provided throughout the day using an inquiry-based approach facilitated by Okatie educators. Choice empowers students to personalize and own their STEM learning experiences. Science Fair, solar system projects, Math Buddies collaboration across grade levels, and creating solar ovens are just a few examples.
Students in upper grades buddy with students in younger grades building friendships, explaining concepts, and developing problem solving skills. Math Buddies is a nonthreatening practice for older students as they teach mathematical concepts to younger students, using school, manipulatives, and hands-on explorations.
Students create digital or 3-D models of the solar system to demonstrate their understanding of planet positions as well as relative distance and size.
Individual or collaborative student participation in the annual Science Fair provides learning experiences in which students engage in the scientific inquiry; asking questions, developing a hypothesis, testing, and recording trials and revising findings. Students explore concepts in physics, chemistry, and environmental sciences, and carefully explain procedures and findings.
Students in grades 3-5 participate in an engineering design activity during Science Lab. Students learned about blueprints and the importance of details in 2-dimensional diagrams. Students create a 2-dimensional drawing (blueprint) of their new invention including detailed labels so an engineer could build it from their diagrams.
 Students were given a 2-dimensional diagram in which they had to create the 3-dimensional object.


text:
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This lesson will explain what speed is, including the difference between average speed and instantaneous speed, showing how to calculate both. It will also show the common units used to represent speed.
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text:
Jung J, Buisman S, de Haan G
Exp. Hematol. 2016 Aug;44(8):689-95
Hematopoietic stem cells were once considered identical. However, in the mid-1990s, it became apparent that stem cells from a person's early developmental phases are superior to those from adults, and aged stem cells are defective compared with young stem cells. It has since become clear that polycomb group proteins are important regulators of stem cell functioning. Polycomb group proteins are chromatin-associated proteins involved in writing or reading epigenetic histone modifications. Polycomb group proteins are involved in normal blood cell formation, in cancer, and possibly in aging. In this review, we describe how the different phases of hematopoietic stem cells-birth, maintenance, functional decline, derailment, and death-are continuous processes that may be controlled by polycomb group proteins.


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1. a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated; used lengthwise for vaulting
Definition categories: man–made, horse
2. a piece of paper money worth one dollar
3. a framework for holding wood that is being sawed
4. mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope)
Sentences with buck as a noun:
- Can I borrow five bucks?
- Corporations will do anything to make a buck.
- The police caught me driving a buck forty on the freeway.
- That skinny guy? C'mon, he can't weigh more than a buck and a quarter.
- pass the buck; the buck stops here
1. to strive with determination
- John is bucking for a promotion
- buck the trend
3. move quickly and violently
4. jump vertically, with legs stiff and back arched
- the yung filly bucked
Sentences with buck as a verb:
- The vice president bucked at the board's latest solution.
- The motor bucked and sputtered before dying completely.
- The plane bucked a strong headwind.
- Our managers have to learn to buck the trend and do the right thing for their employees.
- John is really bucking the odds on that risky business venture. He's doing quite well.


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HA Question: Will Infrared Illuminators Interfere With My Security System's Motion Detector?
Here's an interesting question that comes up from time to time in home automation and home security circles: if I use a security camera with an infrared illuminator, and also use an infrared motion detector (like a PIR sensor) in the same space, will the two interfere?
First off, let's begin with some background on what this question means. Humans (sadly) can't see in the dark. Cameras, though, can. If you've ever watched Cops, Zero Dark Thirty, or pretty much any reality TV show from the late '90s, you're familiar with so-called "night vision" systems. These systems work by using a camera which is sensitive to infrared light. Humans can't see infrared light, but there's usually at least a bit of it out there, even in a space which looks totally dark to us. "Night vision" cameras turn this light into visible light, letting you see in the dark.
Here's the great thing about infrared light, though. Since (again) we can't see it without a special camera, you can flood a space with infrared light, and the space will still appear totally dark to a person. This is what an infrared illuminator does. It's like a giant spotlight, filling a space with light that's invisible to the naked eye. Put a camera in the space, and suddenly the camera can see great, even if people in the space are totally blind.
Understandably, people often use infrared cameras as part of home security systems. Install a camera in your hard, use an infrared illuminator to light up the space, and suddenly you can see the guy crouching in your azalea bush.
Lots of home security cameras now come with infrared illuminators (or IR illuminators for those in the know) built in. You've probably seen these as a ring of faintly-glowing red LEDs around a surveillance camera.
So what's the issue with these illuminators? Well, most home security systems use another infrared tool to detect intruders: infrared motion sensors. These sensors work by reading the "passive" infrared energy (mostly heat) emitted by living beings, just as a night vision camera uses this energy to make those beings visible. Infrared motion sensors usually contain two sensing elements, and a lens which divides incoming infrared light between the elements.
If the level of infrared light hitting one element is higher the the level hitting another, it probably means that something in front of the sensor is moving around. If the two sensing elements are reading the same level, then the infrared light in the whole space in front of the sensor is probably constant, and the sensor infers that nothing is moving around.
Already, you can probably see where the trouble arises when you use infrared illuminators and infrared motion detectors as part of the same home security system. One system is pumping out tons of infrared light, and the other is looking for subtle changes in infrared light.
So do they interfere? The short answer is: sort of. In general, the systems don't totally cancel each other out, and many people do use them together. Remember, an infrared motion detector is looking at changes in infrared light across a scene. Flooding the scene with infrared light doesn't necessarily result in one part of a scene having more light than another; all parts of the scene have move, so there is no contrast in light for the sensor to detect. Infrared illuminators do, however, tend to make infrared motion detectors react slower to movement.
Why? Imagine, for a moment, that you're part of an experiment. Someone tells you that you'll stare at a room, and when the room gets brighter, you should raise your hand. When you first start, the room is dark. The experimenter turns on a light. You raise your hand immediately. Now, imagine that the same room is bathed in sunlight. Again, the experimenter turns on a light. Since the room is so bright to start with, it'll probably take you a lot longer to notice the little bit of extra light that the experimenter has added. You might take a lot longer to raise your hand, or you might miss the subtle change entirely.
The same thing happens when you point an infrared illuminator at an infrared motion detector. When the detector is bathed in infrared light to begin with, it's a lot harder to detect the subtle change in infrared light caused by a person moving in front of the sensor. The sensor might be slower to respond to movement, or if it's a cheap sensor, it may not respond at all.
So if you're trying to use both systems as part of your home security system, what should you do? One obvious solution is to not use both systems together in the same space. But if you really need motion detection and night vision cameras as part of the same security system, you can always use another motion detection technology. The two biggies are microwave and ultrasound systems. Both work by using sound or radio waves, the Doppler effect, and fancy math to detect motion. Both are pricier than infrared motion detectors, but they should work more reliably.
Have a pressing home automation question of your own? Ask it on our Twitter feed!


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Remember the heady days of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing? Napster, Kazaa, and LimeWire are names that conjure up a bygone era of unfettered digital exchange. One of them, Files Over Miles (FOM), stood out for its simplicity and browser-based approach. But what happened to Files over Miles? Where did FOM vanish, and what can its fate tell us about the ever-evolving landscape of file sharing?
We tried to find all the answers in this comprehensive analysis. So, without further ado, let's start reading.
- User preferences for ease of use, security, and convenience are what are driving the evolution of file sharing.
- FOM's story highlights the importance of addressing security concerns and adapting to user preferences in the constantly evolving file-sharing landscape.
A Glimpse of Files Over Miles Glory Days
Launched in 2008, FOM offered a revolutionary way to share files directly between browsers without cumbersome software downloads or centralized servers. Users simply uploaded a file, generated a unique URL, and shared it with anyone. Clicking the URL triggered a direct browser-to-browser transfer, with the sender's computer acting as the temporary intermediary.
This innovation attracted legions, particularly in regions with limited internet access or bandwidth restrictions. FOM's ease of use and decentralized nature resonated with a tech-savvy audience seeking alternatives to traditional file-sharing giants.
The Cracks Begin to Show
However, FOM's success was not without its challenges. Security concerns arose, as the open nature of the platform made it susceptible to malware and malicious file transfers. Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland (German copyright infringement notices) also plagued users, prompting caution and hindering widespread adoption.
Perhaps the biggest hurdle was the rise of cloud storage and streaming services. Platforms like Dropbox and Google Drive offer a more convenient and centralized solution for file storage and sharing. Additionally, streaming services like Spotify and Netflix negated the need for large file downloads altogether.
What Happened to Files Over Miles?
By 2012, FOM's activity had dwindled significantly. The official website shut down, leaving users bewildered and the platform's future uncertain. While rumors of a relaunch swirled, they never materialized, leaving FOM a relic of a bygone era.
Lessons Learned from Files Over Miles's Demise
FOM's demise offers valuable insights into the ever-changing landscape of file sharing.
- Convenience reigns supreme. Users prioritize ease of use and seamless integration over technical prowess. Cloud storage and streaming services addressed this need, rendering FOM's direct transfer method less appealing.
- Security concerns matter: FOM's vulnerability to malware and copyright infringement concerns eroded user trust and ultimately contributed to its downfall.
- Centralization has its advantages. While decentralization was FOM's core strength, it also hampered scalability and hindered content moderation, ultimately proving unsustainable.
Beyond the Ashes: The P2P Spirit Endures
While FOM may be gone, the spirit of P2P lives on. Decentralized protocols like BitTorrent and blockchain-based solutions are pushing the boundaries of file sharing, offering users greater control and privacy. However, the future seems to lie in a hybrid approach, where centralized platforms provide convenience and content curation while decentralized technologies ensure user autonomy and security.
FOM's story serves as a cautionary tale for future innovators in this dynamic landscape. It reminds us that technology must adapt to user needs and evolve with the times. It also underscores the importance of balancing convenience with security and finding that sweet spot between centralized and decentralized models. In the end, the human desire to share information freely and easily remains constant, and it is this fundamental drive that will ultimately shape the future of file sharing, whatever form it may take.
The Future of File Sharing
[Video Credits _USER_]
While FOM faded, the spirit of P2P lives on. Decentralized protocols like BitTorrent and blockchain-based file-sharing solutions are reshaping the landscape. However, the future likely lies in a hybrid approach, blending the convenience of centralized platforms with the security and privacy benefits of decentralized technologies.
A Quick Look at Files Over Miles Journey
Unique Selling Proposition
Browser-based P2P file sharing without software downloads
Security concerns, Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland, rise of cloud storage and streaming services
Pioneered browser-based P2P file sharing highlighted the importance of security, convenience, and hybrid file-sharing models.
Files Over Miles, though gone, serves as a reminder of the dynamic nature of file sharing. Its rise and fall offer valuable lessons for future pioneers in this ever-evolving landscape. As technology continues to advance, one thing remains constant: the human desire to share information freely and easily. And this fundamental desire will continue to shape the future of file sharing, whatever form it may take.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Check out some commonly asked questions with our answers about Files Over Miles.
1. Is Files Over Miles still available?
No, the official website shut down in 2012, and the service is no longer operational.
2. Why did Files Over Miles fail?
A combination of security concerns, Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland, and the rise of more convenient and centralized file-sharing solutions led to FOM's demise.
3. Is P2P dead?
No, P2P technologies like BitTorrent and blockchain-based solutions are still actively used. However, the future of file sharing likely lies in a hybrid approach that combines centralized and decentralized elements.


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It's no surprise that constant stress can make people sick, and now a team of researchers has figured out how.
A study focused on 119 men and women who were taking care of spouses with dementia. The health of the caregivers was compared with that of 106 people of similar ages who were not living under the stress of constant care giving. Blood tests showed that a chemical called Interleukin-6 sharply increased in the blood of the stressed caregivers compared with blood of the others in the test. Previous studies have associated IL-6 with several diseases, including heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, type-2 diabetes and certain cancers.
The study also found the increase in IL-6 can linger in caregivers for as long as three years after a caregiver had ceased that role because of the spouse's death. Of the test group, 78 spouses died during the survey.
This really makes a link to why chronic stress can actually kill people. Researchers explained that people under stress tend to respond by doing things that can increase their levels of IL-6.
For example, they may smoke or overeat; smoking raises IL-6 levels, and the chemical is secreted by fat cells. Stressed people also may not get enough exercise or sleep, they added. Exercise reduces IL-6, they said, and normal sleep helps regulate levels of the chemical.
Thus it clearly points to the need to control stress better.


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The new BONElike Skulls are made of a new material that allows an absolutely natural reproduction of even finest anatomical structures of the human skull for the first time. Bones made of 3B BONElike look real, have an absolutely natural feel and almost exactly the weight of a natural bone. By combining one transparent and one bony skull half this is the first model to allow teachers, especially those of human anatomy, a topographical juxtaposition of the structures that cannot be seen in other skull versions.
The right, transparent skull half allows the study of important anatomical details, such as the location of the paranasal sinuses. Therefore, in combination with the left, bony skull half, a direct transfer of the otherwise invisible structures becomes easy and uncomplicated. The transparency of the jaw in this skull allows an exceptional view onto the periodontal pockets and roots. The teeth from the skull are removable for detailed studies. In addition, the external masticator muscles (masseter and temporal muscles) are represented on the bony skull half. To demonstrate masticator movement, the lower jaw in the skull is mounted flexibly. These features also make the skull especially valuable for dentists.
The skull can be disassembled into both halves of the skullcap and base of skull, the nasal septum, the complete mandible and both masticator muscles. This replica is a valuable addition to any study of the human anatomy.


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Widget Graphic Board
Formerly known as Ghostscript View (GSView)
The Widget Graphic Board is a widget class implemented by the front-end and which
handles part of the interaction with the user. More specifically, it offers
following features :
- It displays the contents of a Ghostscript device (which is accessed as a
pixmap in shared memory).
- It handles the mouse movements and displays cross hairs if needed.
- It displays and handles grips on top of the Ghostscript output.
- It displays and handles scrollers to navigate in the view. The scrollers
are optional and they are defined by their offset and visible ratio.
The WidgetGraphicBoard class supports the OPiGUISyn
interface, which allows it to communicate directly with the GUISyn
library. It has therefore direct access to the GUI variables and get all the
information needed for its configuration.
The variable associated with WidgetGraphicBoard
is in fact a record, which
contains following fields :
- "device" : Ghostscript
- "x-offset" and "y-offset" :
offsets for the horizontal and vertical scrollers. The offset is expressed
by an integer in the 0..999999 range, where 0
means left/bottom and 999999 means
- "x-ratio" and "y-ratio" :
visibility ratios for the horizontal and vertical scrollers. A ratio of 100
means that the scroller is inactive, since the full range is visible; a
missing ratio means that the scroller should not be displayed. The ratio is
expressed by an integer in the 0..100 range.
- "x-step-inc" and "y-step-inc" :
amount by which a scroller advances when an arrow is clicked.
- "x-page-inc" and "y-page-inc" :
amount by which a scroller advances when a page arrow is clicked (or an
equivalent scrolling function is activated).


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Saturday, February 20, 2010: 11:30 AM-1:00 PM
Room 5B (San Diego Convention Center)For the first time, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NBC News are partnering to offer specialized instruction for scientists and engineers in the use of hand-held camera technology and techniques. Participants will emerge with enhanced expertise in the communication of science research. Knowledge of digital journalism is significant because journalists are storytellers who sift through information and make the crucial distinction between fact and opinion. By integrating audio and video into their stories, journalists enhance the depth, impact, and credibility of news. In some cases, entire narratives can be explored, and entire worlds accessed, with only the use of audio and visual cues. This workshop will equip scientists and engineers with similar skills to share their research in an effective and compelling manner.
Marian Porges, NBC News and New York Film Academy Journalism Program
See more of: Sponsored Workshops


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- Was Ruku evolved by the direct order from Allah [ie in the time of the Prophet (Sm)]?
- When was it added to Quran?
- Who was/were the pioneered?
- Why was it added?
A ruku'in the quran is a small section that is grouped up based on the meaning of the ayat that are grouped.
An example of a ruku would be the first 7 ayat of surat baqarah.
The origin of this did not begin during the time of the prophet, in fact it is not even recognized worldwide, hence the reason for people misunderstanding your question.
Organizing the quran in ruku' started in south asia, when people began disecting the quran into sections to prepare for taraweeh in ramadan. they seperated it into 540 section to read in each raka' of the month, hence the name "ruku'." this beame a guide for people leading prayer to know how many ayat to say, instead of just guessing.
it is not known when exactly this tradition started, but it still used today by color coding certain quran's sections.


Common objection 2: I'm not good at X. I can't do Y. I'm not a Z person
November 22, 2012 by Joshua
in Blog, Leadership, Tips
[This post is part of a series on internal objections and blocks and how to overcome them. If you don't see a Table of Contents to the left, click here to view the series, where you'll get more value than reading just this post.]
People usually state this objection as a statement like these.
I'm just not a leader.
Leaders are born, not made and I wasn't born a leader.
I've tried losing weight a million times. I'm just not a gym person.
I'm no good at math.
Too many to list. The above statements suggest a few.
Underlying belief
The underlying belief to these statements is that
Existing or past patterns can't change.
Describing how things are says how they have to be.
When you point out to people how the way they say things affect their beliefs, how they see the world, and how they behave, they often point out how they're right or they're just pointing out facts. They act like you must have your head in the sand to object.
Alternative belief
How you say things affects how you believe them. Describing something as static may make it sound more static that it is. But likewise, describing it as dynamic or that you'd like it to change may be equally right but motivate change.
Stating how you want things to happen can help them happen that way.
Alternative strategy
I propose using different language to describe things you don't like or want to change.
Grounding how you view the world on rightness or a single perspective misses the point. You want to improve your life, not find collections of facts. You can say things in different ways to motivate yourself in different ways.
Rephrasing helps. The word "yet" helps a lot.
Starting with adding one word to this post's title's examples, then moving to more changes to the examples above
I'm not good at X yet.
I can't do Y yet.
I'm not a Z person yet.
I haven't learned to lead yet.
I'm not a leader yet.
Some people say leaders are born, not made, but maybe not.
I've tried losing weight a million times. As long as someone somewhere found a way to get and stay fit, I bet I can too.
Some people love gyms. I'm going to find something there to love. Or maybe team sports or solo sports. I'll find something.
If anyone can learn math, I can too.
People dwell in rightness or wrongness. You probably readily recognize when others act self-righteously with you and don't like it. You may not notice when you act self-righteously with them or yourself, but it rarely helps.
If you want to lead yourself or others, I suggest you'll do better to focus on what works first.
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Start New Discussion within our Software Development Community
I would like to seek help from all experts in VB.NET (VB Language) regarding copying file from source folder to destination folder.
I have a files named YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.txt. Now i want to build a small project to copy those file to destination folder. The project should work in following manner:
 1. Check Computer Date
 2. Look for the file in destination folder similar to computer date and then copy that file to destination folder. For example:
 Let say Computer Date is 26/12/2012. When the program starts, it should check the computer date and then look for the file named 20121226*.txt. If the file is present then it should start copying else it should give a message saying the file does not exists.
 3. It should create log file storing the copy information.
Can any one help me how to have above feature in my project.
Till now how far you wrote code for this? You want someone to write code for you?
That is not a question, that is a specification. As stated above, show what you have tried and described what is giving you problems.
For the date use the Date.Today() function.
To take the date from the format dd/mm/yyyy and put it in the form ddmmyyyy you will need to build a new string like this Date.Today.Day & Date.Today.Month & Date.Today.Year
To check if a file exists you need to use the System.IO.File.Exists(path) function
Hope this helps. Should be enough to complete your task


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Paper and paper board
In most areas where forest covers exceed the area devoted for agriculture, the forest resources obtained play a major role in the export market. This is especially true in case of Portugal which is located in the south western part of the European continent where the forest resources comprise about 10% of the exports. One of the foremost products obtained from the Portuguese forests are paper and paperboard. The forest cover in Portugal occupies about 38% of the total land area and a major part is comprised of timber and eucalyptus cultivations which are the primary raw materials for the paper and paperboard industries. Paperboard is usually thicker than paper and is used in the form of huge boxes or cartons which are necessary as packages and also in order to carry heavy weights around. In Portugal, paper and paperboard are among the foremost forest resources which are exported and various industries and mills have been set up in order to season the products before making it available for export. In the recent past, huge tracts of forest area have been lost in Portugal due to forest fires which adversely affected the production of paperboard as domestic production failed to meet the demands.
Statistics reveal that since 1997 the paper and paperboard industry had shown an upward rise in the production graph. In the years that followed production was slackened due to improper forest management and natural hazards. However, since 2003, the production level has increased again and between 2003 and 2004, there has been recorded a total 4% increase in sales. This is due to the expansion of the export market. Along with the countries of the European Union which constituted its primary exports like France, Germany and Spain, at present the Middle East, Asia, America and Oceania too have engaged in importing Portuguese paperboards as well which has positively boosted the market.


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DescriptionThe creativity of the past: Tradition as a standard and resource in folk art This papers explores the role of tradition in creative production taking folk art as a case study. It is argued that traditions are formed by a system of representations and practices trasmitted from generation to generaton but also constituted for artisans and lay audiences by a social representation of what is 'traditional'. Creativity in the context of craft is shaped both by representations from the past and representations of the past since its meaning is related most often to the idea of mastery, of using tradition in ways that both continue and 'take it forward'. Examples of creative production in the artistic craft of Easter egg decoration in Romanian communities will be offered to illustrate the use of tradition in creative work both as a standard against which new creations are evaluated and a resource, a pool of representations artisans draw from in an effort to advance their craft. In the end an image of Easter egg decoration emerges as a 'neo-tradition', continuously reconstructed in action and representation.
|Period||27 Jun 2012|


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Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries By Bridglal Pachai
The Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries is a comprehensive account of the African Nova Scotian struggle to build a vital community in the face of racial discrimination. Originally published in two volumes as Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land, this illustrated edition has been extensively updated and includes a new chapter tracing the experiences of Nova Scotia's black community into the twenty-first century. Author Bridglal Pachai profiles the individuals and organizations that fought for equality in education, business, politics, religion, and the arts, and carved a path for tomorrow's leaders. Covering more than four hundred years of a people's history, heritage, and culture, The Nova Scotia Black Experience Through the Centuries is a powerful record, indispensable to any study of the province's history.


What's the difference between these 'falses' (שקר and שוא?), how does one distinguish them from one another?
Or are these kind of testimonies and utterings the same?
Short answer
שֶׁקֶר and שָׁוְא are partially synonymous. שֶׁקֶר is a lie. שָׁוְא carries multiple related meanings - lie, false, null, nothing, for nothing, vain etc.
 - עֵד שָׁקֶר - Loosely "Liar witness", synonymous to עֵד שָׁוְא.
 - שֵׁמַע שָׁוְא - Seems to mean either "Liar witness" or "False witness".
Long answer
Pronounced "Shav". Can be translated to:
I found the word 204 times in the Bible, and the meaning varies according to the context.
Pronounced "Sheker".
שֶׁקֶר is a lie, שקרן is a liar, שבועת שקר is perjury (literally - "lie oath").
There word appears 391 times in the bible. It seems that most of the times it carries the meaning of a plain lie.
| improve this answer | |
 - thank you, P.s. I thought there might be a little nuance between the form of the lie or falsehood presented by each word. First I was thinking of something like Falsity vs Lie. But it seems to be more subtle. One שקר seems to be about twisting the truth, leaving out parts of truth, or just telling parts of truth etc. which simply sum up means lying. But the other seem to be more a kind of lie made out of thin air, without a base or proper arguments; they are vain, null, made up and false. What do you think? – Levi Dec 31 '16 at 21:15
 - 1
 Welcome to the site Adam. Thanks for the answer. Note that questions about the Hebrew language are of-topic here. This question is only on topic inasmuch as it asks about the definition of Biblical phrases and laws. To answer such a question, authoritative sources should be cited; not just modern Hebrew equivalents. Consider learning more about the site from this short Beginners' Guide: meta.judaism.stackexchange.com/a/3887/8775. – mevaqesh Jan 1 '17 at 0:44
 - _USER_ - Thanks for the clarification, will certainly do. – Adam Matan Jan 1 '17 at 6:22
 - _USER_ I think you got it right. – Adam Matan Jan 1 '17 at 6:23
The Gemara in Shavuos 21a says
מיתיבי אי זו היא שבועת שוא נשבע לשנות את הידוע לאדם שבועת שקר נשבע להחליף אימא נשבע ומחליף
What is a שבועת שוא? That is to change what is known to man. [What is a] שבועת שקר? Someone who makes an oath to change. Rather say, he makes an oath and changed.
Rashi says:
נשבע להחליף - לשנות את האמת בשבועתו היינו לשעבר כגון אכלתי ולא אכל לא אכלתי ואכל:
אימא נשבע ומחליף - נשבע לעשות ואחר כך החליף את דברו ולא עשה או שלא לעשות ועשה:
Makes and oath to change - to change the truth with his oath about the past. For example, [he says] 'I ate', but he didn't eat. 'I didn't eat' [but] he did.
Rather say makes an oath and changes - He makes an oath to do something and then changes his words and doesn't do. Or [he makes an oath] not to do [something] and he does.
The Malbim explains שוא
שגדר השוא בדיוק הוא דבר שאין בו ממש שנדע לכל שאין ממש בדבריו
The parameter of שוא exactly is something that has no substance, that it is known to all there is no substance to his words.
And he explains שקר
ששקר הוא היפך המציאות
That שקר is the opposite of the reality.
שקר would be something that has some benefit or substance to it in some facet, whether the speaker gains something by the lie, or the lie could possibly be true or is true in some facet. שוא lacks any sort of benefit or substance to it.
| improve this answer | |
According to the Etymological Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew based on the commentaries of Samson Raphael Hirsch by Mattityahu Clark, the root שוא means to lack value and content (e.g. vanity; taking G-d's Name in vain), whilst the root שקר means to lie deliberately or to express falsehood.
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d20 LogoSystem Reference Document v3.5
Psionic Classes
pictpictAlignment: Any.
Hit Die: d4.
Class Skills
The psion's class skills (and the key ability for each skill) are Concentration* (Con), Craft (Int), Knowledge (all skills, taken individually)* (Int), Profession (Wis), and Psicraft* (Int). In addition, a psion gains access to additional class skills based on his discipline:
Seer (Clairsentience): Gather Information (Cha), Listen (Wis), and Spot (Wis).
Shaper (Metacreativity): Bluff (Cha), Disguise (Cha), and Use Psionic Device* (Cha).
Kineticist (Psychokinesis): Autohypnosis* (Wis), Disable Device (Dex), and Intimidate (Cha).
Egoist (Psychometabolism): Autohypnosis* (Wis), Balance (Dex) and Heal (Wis).
Nomad (Psychoportation): Climb (Str), Jump (Str), Ride (Dex), Survival (Wis), and Swim (Str).
Telepath (Telepathy): Bluff (Cha), Diplomacy (Cha), Gather Information (Cha), and Sense Motive (Wis).
*New skill or expanded use of existing skill.
Skill Points at Each Additional Level: 2 + Int modifier.
Table: The Psion
Attack Bonus
SpecialPower Points/Day
Powers KnownMaximum Power Level Known
1st+0+0+0+2Bonus feat, discipline
5th+2+1+1+4Bonus feat
10th+5+3+3+7Bonus feat
15th+7/+2+5+5+9Bonus feat
20th+10/+5+6+6+12Bonus feat
Class Features
All the following are class features of the psion.
Choose the powers known from the psion power list, or from the list of powers of your chosen discipline. You cannot choose powers from restricted discipline lists other than your own discipline list. You can choose powers from disciplines other than your own if they are not on a restricted discipline list. (Exception: The feats Expanded Knowledge and Epic Expanded Knowledge do allow a psion to learn powers from the lists of other disciplines or even other classes.) A psion can manifest any power that has a power point cost equal to or lower than his manifester level.
The Difficulty Class for saving throws against psion powers is 10 + the power's level + the psion's Intelligence modifier. Maximum Power Level Known: A psion begins play with the ability to learn 1st-level powers. As he attains higher levels, a psion may gain the ability to master more complex powers.
A psicrystal is a fragment of a psionic character's personality, brought into physical form and a semblance of life (via the Psicrystal Affinity feat). A psicrystal appears as a crystalline construct about the size of a human hand.
Because it is an extension of its creator's personality, a character's psicrystal is in some ways a part of him. That's why, for example, a psionic character can manifest a personal range power on his psicrystal even though normally he can manifest such a power only on himself.
A psicrystal is treated as a construct for the purposes of all effects that depend on its type.
A psicrystal grants special abilities to its owner, as shown on the Psicrystal Special Abilities table below. In addition, a psicrystal has a personality (being a fragment of the owner's personality), which gives its owner a bonus on certain types of checks or saving throws, as given on the Psicrystal Personalities table below. These special abilities and bonuses apply only when the owner and the psicrystal are within 1 mile of each other.
Psicrystal abilities are based on the owner's levels in psionic classes. Levels from other classes do not count toward the owner's level for purposes of psicrystal abilities.
A psicrystal can speak one language of its owner's choice (so long as it is a language the owner knows). A psicrystal can understand all other languages known by its owner, but cannot speak them. This is a supernatural ability.
Psicrystal Basics: Use the statistics for a psicrystal, but make the following changes.
Saving Throws: A psicrystal uses its owner's base saving throw bonuses and ability modifiers on saves, though it doesn't enjoy any other bonuses its owner might have (from magic items or feats, for example).
Abilities: When its self-propulsion ability is not activated, a psicrystal has no Strength score and no Dexterity score.
Skills: A psicrystal has the same skill ranks as its owner, except that it has a minimum of 4 ranks each in Spot, Listen, Move Silently, and Search. (Even if its owner has no ranks in these skills, a psicrystal has 4 ranks in each.) A psicrystal uses its own ability modifiers on skill checks.
Psicrystal Special Abilities
Owner LevelNatural
Armor Adj.
Int Adj.
Alertness, improved evasion, personality, self-propulsion, share powers, sighted, telepathic link
Deliver touch powers
Telepathic speech
Power resistance
Sight link
Channel power
Psicrystal Ability Descriptions: All psicrystals have special abilities (or impart abilities to their owners) depending on the level of the owner, as shown on the table above. The abilities on the table are cumulative.
Natural Armor Adj. (Ex): This number noted here is an improvement to the psicrystal's natural armor bonus (normally 0). It represents a psicrystal's preternatural durability.
Intelligence Adj. (Ex): Add this value to the psicrystal's Intelligence score. Psicrystals are as smart as people (though not necessarily as smart as smart people).
Alertness (Ex): The presence of a psicrystal sharpens its master's senses. While a psicrystal is within arm's reach (adjacent to or in the same square as its owner), its owner gains the Alertness feat.
Improved Evasion (Ex): If a psicrystal is subjected to an attack that normally allows a Reflex saving throw for half damage, it takes no damage if it makes a successful saving throw and half damage even if the saving throw fails.
Personality (Ex): Every psicrystal has a personality. See Psicrystal Personality, below.
Self-Propulsion (Su): As a standard action, its owner can will a psicrystal to form spidery, ectoplasmic legs that grant the psicrystal a land speed of 30 feet and a climb speed of 20 feet. The legs fade into nothingness after one day (or sooner, if the owner desires).
Share Powers (Su): At the owner's option, he can have any power (but not any psi-like ability) he manifests on himself also affect his psicrystal. The psicrystal must be within 5 feet of him at the time of the manifestation to receive the benefit. If the power has a duration other than instantaneous, it stops affecting the psicrystal if it moves farther than 5 feet away, and will not affect the psicrystal again, even if it returns to its owner before the duration expires.
Additionally, the owner can manifest a power with a target of "You" on his psicrystal (as a touch range power) instead of on himself. The owner and psicrystal cannot share powers if the powers normally do not affect creatures of the psicrystal's type (construct).
Sighted (Ex): Although it has no physical sensory organs, a psicrystal can telepathically sense its environment as well as a creature with normal vision and hearing. Darkness (even supernatural darkness) is irrelevant, as are areas of supernatural silence, though a psicrystal still can't discern invisible or ethereal beings. A psicrystal's sighted range is 40 feet.
Telepathic Link (Su): The owner has a telepathic link with his psicrystal out to a distance of up to 1 mile. The owner cannot see through the psicrystal's senses, but the two of them can communicate telepathically as if the psicrystal were the target of a mindlink power manifested by the owner. For instance, a psicrystal placed in a distant room could relay the activities occurring in that room.
Because of the telepathic link between a psicrystal and its owner, the owner has the same connection to an item or place that the psicrystal does. For instance, if his psicrystal has seen a room, the owner can teleport into that room as if he has seen it too.
Deliver Touch Powers (Su): If the owner is 3rd level or higher, his psicrystal can deliver touch powers for him. If the owner and psicrystal are in contact at the time the owner manifests a touch power, he can designate his psicrystal as the "toucher." The psicrystal can then deliver the touch power just as the owner could. As usual, if the owner manifests another power before the touch is delivered, the touch power dissipates.
Telepathic Speech (Ex): If the owner is 5th level or higher, the psicrystal


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Brewer's rice
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Brewer's rice is a term applied to rice, usually short-grain varieties, that has been damaged in the milling process. This makes it aesthetically less desirable for use as food, but does not otherwise affect its chemical properties. As a result, these damaged rice grains are often sold to brewers for use as a brewery adjunct.


text:
v.: to dismantle or otherwise redistribute the composite parts of a whole, as with an automobile, motorcycle, or computer system, according to the respective practical or monetary value of each.
n./adj.: used to denote or describe an item whose original purpose or function as a whole is no longer viable, but whose constituent parts retain some individual practical or monetary value, as with a "yard out" motorcycle (often hyphenated: "yard-out"), also called a "parts machine".
Context: The parting out of automobiles, motorcycles, electronic computer systems, industrial and agricultural machinery, electrical appliances, medical apparatuses, nautical and aeronautical equipment and other mechanical devices and instrumentation is done as an economical and, incidentally, ecological means of recycling (see recycle) and reusing various components that may otherwise be more expensive or difficult to obtain.
See also: part out; part it out; dismantle; parts queen, junk wagon.
"Patrick had me yard out a Zenith carburetor from a Triumph Tigress as the British were up to no good."


Polychrome cylinder vessel with procession of animals walking on hind legs, including monkey, jaguar, and coatmundi.
Cylinder Vessel
Maya culture, Petén region, Guatemala, Pre-Columbian
700 - 800
A procession of three animals moves across this colorful vase: a monkey, a jaguar, and a coatmundi (similar to a raccoon). Certain characteristics identify them as supernatural creatures rather than actual animals, including the red scarf knotted around each animal's neck, patterns on the jaguar's front and rear paws and its blood-shot eyes, and the monkey's long ear. The Maya buried cylinder vessels in tombs, served food and drink in them, and used them during rituals.


text:
In future military operations, aircraft and submarines may be able to stay in contact by firing up the laser comm. Researchers have devised a new way to communicate with submarines by using high-energy laser beams to create bubbles of steam in the water, which then pop in little explosions that generate a 220-decibel pulse of sound. By controlling the frequency of explosions, researchers could make a kind of underwater Morse code.
According to a press release from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, one of the peculiar effects of high-intensity laser beams is that they can actually focus themselves when passing through some materials, like water. As the laser focuses, it rips electrons off water molecules, which then become superheated and create a powerful "pop". Because different colours of light travel at markedly different speeds underwater, the precise location where different colours focus together could be manipulated by the suitable design of a many-coloured input pulse [BBC News].
Researchers also noted that the laser beam could travel "many hundreds of meters through air" before generating its acoustic effects in the water. This would allow a aircraft high above the sea to fire a laser downwards, generating sound pulses which could be received by underwater telephone gear aboard a submerged submarine [The Register]. This could be of great use to the navy, since submarines currently have to surface for most forms of communication, leaving them more vulnerable to detection and attack.
80beats: Laser Transistors Could Usher in Super-Fast "Photonic" Computers
80beats: "Laser Avenger" Shoots Down Unmanned Plane in a Test of Future Weaponry
80beats: Military Tests New Missile Defense System: Lasers Mounted on Jumbo Jets
Image: Naval Research Laboratory


text:
A new anti-bullying program combats an ever increasing issue among Utah schoolchildren: bullied because of body-size issues, either being overweight or underweight, a University of Utah study released Sunday concluded.
Maya Miyairi, a College of Health doctorate-candidate student, said that a survey found a 7 percent decrease in reports of students being bullied after the new, eight-week anti-bullying program.
Miyairi said that now is more important than ever for kids to understand body-image and racial issues related to bullying, citing a recent suicide by a Taylorsville teen.
Family members said David Phan, who shot himself in front of peers two months ago, could not deal with the bullying and the burden of being a gay Asian student in a school they believe did not support him.
Miyairi created the new anti-bullying program specifically to address these issues.
"It's important for [students] to understand the media messages and how our society views men and women," Miyairi said Sunday. "Those students were not too young to be educated aboutÂ treating everyone equally regardless of appearance, color of skin, or body size."
The new program met with applause from other counseling professionals. Miyairi conducted the new program at the beginning of the school year at Albion Middle School in Sandy.
"Middle school is such a difficult time for most students and weight-body image concerns make this time even more challenging," said Albion counselor Cathy Nelson in an email. "This program's goals were to address weight-related bullying and to empower students with the confidence that they are beautiful just the way they are. This is a message that all students need, and need often."
At the beginning of the program, 41 percent of students reported experiencing bullying, while 34 percent did so after the two-month program.
Moises Prospero, a Utah research consultant on criminal and social justice issues with a doctorate in social work, said many students take their messages about the body from the media.
"People don't remember how many factors are related to body images and the role models being pushed upon our children," said Prospero, who was a mentor of Miyairi. "The social norm has been females anorexic looking and males extremely muscular, but now we're seeing some of the men being extremely thin."
"The message is it's your fault if you're overweight or underweight because we're an individualistic culture," Prospero said. "But we've taken away PE, there are preservatives in food, and we have these extreme views of what is the look of health â¦ rather than the mental health of the individual. Maya's intervention is trying to address those issues."
Miyairi, who is finishing up her research for a doctorate in health promotion and education, said her program highlights the gap between what children know about bullying and how they actually behave in school around peers.
"We're educating the kids that this is not acceptable and to become leaders for others," Miyairi said. "We want to teach empathy as a core value. We tell the students: Next year, new students will come here and copy what you do now."
Miyairi, who came to Utah from her native Japan, said a significant component of her program includes healthy communication skills.
"We role-play," she said. "The students are shy at first but then they get into it. They learn how to express their emotions in healthy ways."
Albion Middle School does not have more of a bullying issue than other schools, Miyairi said, but school officials were open to her conducting her research an openness that is not always easy to find.
Albion Middle School has other anti-bullying programs: anti-bullying lessons, Internet safety/cyber-bullying lessons, and anti-bullying video clips delivered through home-room classes. Â
"We are so fortunate to be able to partner with Maya and the University of Utah to provide this intervention program for our students," Nelson said. "With only two counselors for 900 students, it's wonderful to take advantage of as many resources as possible to address the needs of our students."
Before pursuing her doctorate, Miyairi worked for four years at Avalon Hills in Logan, where she helped treat those with eating disorders.
"I'm hoping more school districts and researchers can work together," said Miyairi, who will get her doctorate sometime this summer. "My next plan is to expand this project to educateÂ parents, teachers and school administrators. If we create a nonjudgmental environment in the community, I believe bullying incidents will be reduced."Â
People in need of help with bullying or other issues can call 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or the Utah CrisisLine _PHONE_.
New anti-bullying program
As part of her University of Utah doctorate thesis, Maya Miyairi created a two-month anti-bullying program designed to address issues not often found in such programs: ideal-body image, body esteem and racial issues, among others.
Her study at a Utah middle school measured students' perceptions on teasing as well as bullying experiences, which decreased by 7 percent after the program. The new anti-bullying program had the following schedule.
Week 1: Introduction and ground rules.
Week 2: Helping students claiming their strengths.
Week 3: Core values such as empathy.
Week 4: How the media manipulates ideal-body images.
Week 5: Media literacy and how it stigmatizes weight.
Week 6 & 7: Role playing to foster healthy communication.
Week 8: Students finishing by creating bullying-awareness posters.


text:
Potassium channels support anion secretion in porcine vas deferens epithelial cells
Epithelial cells lining the vas deferens modify the luminal contents to which sperm are exposed in response to neuroendocrine, autocrine and lumicrine transmitters. The role and identity of vas deferens epithelial potassium channels that provide the correct luminal environment for sperm maturation and delivery have not yet been determined. Cultures of vas deferens epithelial cells isolated from adult pigs were employed to investigate contributions of
selected ion channels to net flux. A two-pore potassium channel, TASK-2, was identified on the apical membrane of cultured primary porcine vas deferens epithelial cells (1°PVD). Bupivacaine,
a known TASK-2 inhibitor, when added to the apical bathing solution, inhibited forskolinstimulated short circuit current, Isc, in a concentration dependent manner with a maximum inhibition of 72 ± 6% and an IC50 of 7.4 ± 2.2 µM. Apical exposure of 1°PVD cells to quinidine, lidocaine, and clofilium (other known TASK-2 blockers) inhibited forskolin-stimulated Isc in a
concentration dependent manner. Fitting a modified Michalis-Menten function to the data revealed IC50 values of 274 µM, 531 µM, and 925 µM, respectively. Riluzole, a two-pore potassium channel activator, stimulated bupivacaine-sensitive Isc, further confirming the contribution of TASK-2 to net ion flux. Western blotting demonstrated the presence of TASK-2
immunoreactivity in 1°PVD cell lysates, while immunocytochemistry demonstrated apical localization of the targeted epitope in virtually all cells lining native porcine vas deferens. These results suggest that TASK-2 likely plays a role in vas deferens epithelial ion transport that may
account for the reportedly high concentration of potassium in the male reproductive duct lumen.
TASK-2 likely contributes to male fertility as an integral member of the regulated transport processes that account for the luminal environment to which sperm are exposed.
School:Kansas State University
School Location:USA - Kansas
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:vas deferens epithelia task 2 kcnk5 porcine potassium channels male reproductive tract biology animal physiology 0433 veterinary science 0778 biophysics general 0786
Date of Publication:01/01/2009


Object Identification In Selenium
Object Identification In Selenium:
Object identification is a very crucial part of any automation effort be it in QTP, selenium or any other tool for that matter. So it makes it very important for each one of the automation folks around to be able to identify the objects used in the automation effort
Identifying Objects is Selenium (WebDriver) is pretty simple if you are working on an application built on Firefox, but it gets very tricky if you are working on IE application. So it would be best to master the object identification techniques.
If you have used the Selenium IDE for any recording you would have noticed that there are multiple ways of identifying an object. By default the Selenium IDE tries to recognize the object by the ID or name attribute. Selenium IDE identifies the objects by the attributes mentioned in the order below
Object identification is very important part of automation activity. So the automation people should be able to identify the objects for automation purpose.
For identifying these objects Selenium uses a concept of 'Locators'. These locators are used to identify the objects which are mostly used while automating the test cases using Selenium.
Locators: There are number of locators present. These are among them.
 - ID
 - Name
 - Link Text
 - CSS Selector
 Tag and ID
 Tag and class
 Tag and attribute
 Tag, class, and attribute
 Inner text
 - DOM (Document Object Model)
 dom: index
 - XPath
For testing different applications i.e. Application Under Test (AUT), we need to identify the object it is made of. All applications either it is Web Application or Desktop Application; it is consisting of different objects like below:
 - Button
 - Text Box
 - Link
 - Drop Down
 - Radio Button
 - List Box
 - Slider
Finding an element and confirming the expected result requires locators. Through locator, In Document Object Mode (DOM) i.e. webpage, we uniquely identify the object. The 'By' class is used in WebDriver to locate the elements.
o identify the objects such as Links, Buttons, Edit boxes, Drop downs, etc on the application Selenium uses a concept called "Locators". There are around 8 different types of locators. Out of them, I will be explaining only four as they are widely used while automating the test cases using Selenium.
1. id = id – By default Selenium IDE takes "id" as Locator Every Web Page will be having some HTML Source code. This can be viewed using "View –> Page Source / View source" on the browser. In the following picture we can see "id" attribute of a HTML tag is used as a locator to identify an object.
2. name = name (Second locator) We will do the following steps to understand how exactly Selenium identifies the objects
3. xpath = xpathExpression. Xpath is used as a Locator to identify an object. This is an expression which is formed by combining various HTML tags. For example: //a[contains(text(),'VRL travels')], //div[_USER_='shortcuts']/span/span[2]/a/span
4. link=link text (in HTML source we can located this using "href" tag)
Here XPath and CSS are the most widely used locators.
It is very easy to identify the object of the application which is built on Firefox but same on the other way if that application is made on IE browser then it is pretty difficult to identify the object.
There are different tools available to identify the objects on different browsers like Firefox/Chrome/IE etc.
If we are using Selenium IDE there are different ways to identifying the objects. By default Selenium identify the object using 'ID' or 'Name'.
Here I have taken the example of 'Flipkart' home page. Here for search text box on Flipkart home page the recording is done through Selenium IDE. We can see here the order of identification of text box via different locators as above.
We can see the code of above recording. For each locator the code will look like as below:
1. driver.findElement(By.id("fk-top-search-box")).click();
2 driver.findElement(By.name("q")).click();
3. driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("_TAG_-top-search-box")).click();
4. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[_USER_='fk-top-search-box']")).click();
5. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form[_USER_='fk-header-search-form']/div/div/div/input")).click();
6. driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form/div/div/div/input")).click();
6 Tools to Help You with Object Recognition
Using one the six tools
 1. Firefox – Selenium IDE
 2. Firefox – Firebug
 3. Firefox – Firepath
 4. Google Chrome Developer Tools
 5. IE Developer tool bar
 6. fire-ie-selenium
 7. XPath Checker
 8. Fire Finder


text:
In this paper, we discuss the development of a generic suite of simulation models that can be parameterised to show the performance of general hospitals in England with respect to waiting times. The models can be parameterised to suit particular hospitals using both nationally available data and data collected at each hospital. The models are intended to allow hospital managers to experiment with different approaches to performance improvement and also regulators to assess the likely performance of hospitals. The aim is to add quantitative insights to the qualitative debate in which policy is often formed
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.


text:
Meet nail enamel with a dramatically short drying time!
The 21st IFSCC Congress 2000, Berlin
Congress Award (Poster Award)
Super-Rapid Drying "Dip-in-Water" Nail Enamel
Change in thinking led to innovative nail enamel that dries in just 45 seconds by immersion in water!
Have you experienced the stress of redoing nail enamel on your fingers or toes because you accidentally hit or touched something while it was drying? Women have various demands for nail enamels, including long-lasting, lustrous finish, color and the look on nails—but quick to dry beats them all. This award-winning technology incorporates a novel idea for quick drying. The change in thinking resulted in a major contribution to this technology. Generally, nail enamels are made of a coating material to solidify, solvent to dissolve the coating material, and a colorant for color as main components. When applied on the nail, the solvent vaporizes and causes the coating material to form a membrane and solidify, which we call "drying".
However, this award-wining technology changed the perspective from evaporating the solvent to its quick removal. We developed a method of removing the solvent by immersing it in water and allowing the solvent to dissolve instantly. This technology shortened the drying time to 45 seconds.
What's the technology?
It took a year to generate the idea. Further difficulties at the development stage! Discovery of instantly drying substances with a shift from vaporizing to removing with water!
The key point in this award-winning technique was to remove the solvent with water. Therefore, the first difficulty was in discovering solvents to dissolve the water-insoluble coating material. There were no compatible substances previously used in cosmetics; we spent a year discovering the appropriate substances from ingredients in every area possible. And, there were further difficulties. The solvents we managed to discover were soluble in water, but the coating material had poor stability after the instant removal of solvent compared to its gradual vaporization, resulting in whitening and exfoliation. This was the start of many days of investigation. In addition to safety, consideration was required for the environment as the product is immersed in water. Furthermore, since it becomes unusable in places without water, we needed a product that would vaporize and dry over the same time as traditional nail enamels.
As a result of resolving these problems, we finally developed nail enamel that dries when immersed in water. This technology was applied to Shiseido S Aqua Dry Nail in November 2000 and has been used in many products such as Kesho Wakusei. In addition, the findings on coating and solvents cultivated in this research have been used in the development of other products including lipstick and mascara.


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Is there any general idea of what percentage of loan words come from which languages? I always thought the majority of them came from English, but I keep seeing more and more that originated in Germany and Portugal.
share|improve this question
When you say "loan words", I'm assuming words from the west within the last century? Otherwise, if you include Chinese, then the breakdown is going to be more than half Chinese. – Jesse Good Sep 27 '12 at 2:04
I suspect "Welcome to Japanese" has a breakdown of how many words came from what language. But rather than a mere pie chart, I'd love to see how many words came from which languages broken down by when they were imported. – Andrew Grimm Sep 27 '12 at 2:53
_USER_ What I mean is words that are written using katakana, not kanji. Is that what you meant? – LucasTizma Sep 27 '12 at 4:00
You could count this in a number of ways but if the there is no immediately available stat (which I doubt), then possibly the easiest meaningful approach would be to take a JLPT N1 +N2 textbook, find the chapters on loanwords, list them up, allocate language of origin and a percentage there-on to each language: On the assumption that these lists comprise the most commonly used loanwords and in turn, a high %age of the time that a Japanese speaker uses a loan word it is one of this population, you should be able to calculate a conservatively accurate analysis of loanwords by language of origin. – Tim Sep 27 '12 at 4:44
I like this question and would love to have a good answer. If you could incorporate your comment into the body of the question, we might be lucky enough that the question stays open and gets answered. – Earthliŋ Sep 27 '12 at 10:03
2 Answers 2
up vote 9 down vote accepted
This puts English derived words at something like 80% of foreign origin words (this would exclude 漢語{かんご}). It also has some lists of words separated by origin (leaving out English-derived words).
Let's assume for a moment that this list is in some way representative of non-English derived katakana loanwords. A rough calculation suggests that the most common origin is French (~26%), followed by German (~20%), Portuguese (~11%), Dutch (~9%), Latin (~9%), Italian (~8%), and Russian (~7%), Korean (~5%).
This list also marks the period at which words were introduced. What if we only include words marked as Meiji period or earlier? That cuts the list down to less than half size. Unsurprisingly, Portuguese and Dutch feature heavily:
Portuguese (~25%), Dutch (~20%), Korean (~12%), French (~11%), German (~11%), Ainu (~6%), Greek (~5%).
I've included the words listed for Korean and Ainu in the statistics although I would think that this word list isn't at all reflective of the actual relationship between Japanese and these languages. For the European languages, however, Portuguese and Dutch early on and words from French and German becoming more prominent later makes perfect sense from a historical perspective.
share|improve this answer
Page 12 of "Welcome to Japanese", by Kenneth Henshall with Junji Kawai, says that 45% of words are native Japanese, 45% are Chinese, 8% are English, and 2% are other. It mentions Portuguese and German as examples of other languages that have contributed words to Japanese.
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protected by snailboat Mar 13 '13 at 17:06
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