text:
What is Cubix?
Cubix is a framework for language-parametric program transformation, i.e.: defining a single source-to-source program transformation tool that can be run on multiple languages. In Cubix, you can write transformations with a type signature like "This transformation works for any language that has assignments, loops, and a name-binding analysis," and instantly get separate tools for C, Java, etc. The goal is to radically reduce the cost of building sophisticated whole-program refactoring tools by allowing each tool to be built for a much larger market.
Cubix is based on the idea of incremental parametric syntax, a technique for defining families of representations of programming languages which share common components, and for defining them as a small modification to a pre-existing syntax definition. The name "Cubix" comes from the 2000s television show "Cubix: Robots for Everyone;" in that show, "Cubix" is a robot composed of modular pieces that can be reassembled for many purposes.
The Cubix system itself, and the general incremental parametric syntax approach, is described in the OOPSLA 2018 paper:
- One Tool, Many Languages: Language-Parametric Transformation with Incremental Parametric Syntax*; James Koppel et al
We also recommend reading the following papers to get the necessary background in generic programming to understand Cubix:
- Data Types à la Carte, Wouter Swierstra
- Compositional Data Types, Patrick Bahr and Thomas Hvitved
Transformations in Cubix use our
compstrat library of strategy
combinators. To understand strategy combinators, we recommend the
- The Essence of Strategic Programming, Ralf Lämmel et al
What Cubix is not
Cubix is the world's first framework that can build language-parametric source-to-source transformations. As the first of its kind, it often gets mistaken for a solution to more familiar problems. In particular, it is not:
- A tool for translating one language into another. Cubix allows you to create a single tool that can transform C programs into better C programs and Java programs into better Java programs. It is not designed for building tools that can transform C programs into Java programs. Indeed, much of its power comes from its ability to preserve all the information of the original program.
- A collection of ready-to-use refactoring tools. Thus far, all transformations built on Cubix are tech demos. While a couple are theoretically useful, they have not undergone the amount of UX engineering needed to actually be time-savers.
- A framework for writing multi-language program analyses. Cubix transformations may consume results provided by other analyses, which may be written in either a single-language or multi-language fashion.
- A framework for analysis/transformation of polyglot programs, i.e.: programs (or single source files) written in multiple languages.
However, Cubix's generic-programming capabilities make it a powerful tool for building all kinds of programming tools, even for only one language. We are particularly excited about the potential of extending Cubix to transform polyglot programs.
To build Cubix:
First, download the sub-libraries
git submodule update
Second, build Cubix:
stack build --ghc-options='-O0 -j +RTS -A256m -n2m -RTS'
You may be prompted for your Github credentials to download the third-party frontends.
You are now ready to run Cubix transformations:
stack exec examples-multi java hoist input-files/java/Foo.java
Cubix has many dependencies, several of which are not on Hackage/Stackage, including some forks of Hackage libraries whose changes have not been merged upstream. This makes it more difficult to create a new package which depends on Cubix. For an example of how to do this, see _URL_
Because of performance problems in GHC, the full Cubix will not build with -O1 or -O2. We've tried on a server with 64GB RAM; the server ran out of memory. Instead, use this command:
alias stackfastbuild="stack build --ghc-options='-O0 -j +RTS -A256m -n2m -RTS'"
This builds Cubix in parallel with minimal optimization, and sets the initial GHC heap to larger than usual.
We found the following two minimal sets of compilation flags that mitigate this blowup and make compilation manageable:
1: -fno-cse -fno-full-laziness 2: -fno-specialize -funfolding-creation-threshold=0
If disable everything except CSE and specialise, blow-up still occurs. Remains true with -O1
Adding "--flag cubix:only-one-language" to the build command will turn on a compile flag that disables building support for all languages except Lua, the smallest language. This greatly speeds compilation times, to the point where we are able to compile with -O2. Some of the performance reports in cubix/benchmarks/reports were compiled with this flag.
A Docker image containing the version of Cubix submitted to OOPSLA 2018 along with runs of all the experiments, including the human study, is available from _URL_
Overview of directories (corresponding to the top-level of the zip file, and the /cubix directory on the Docker image):
/stack.yaml # High-level build description /package.yaml # Low-level build description /examples # Example transformations built with Cubix /examples/multi # The main driver for the multi-language transformations /comptrans # Source code for the comptrans library /compstrat # Source code for compstrat, our library for Strategic Programming with Compositional Datatypes /input-files # Small test inputs in each of the 5 languages /scripts # Scripts for running the transformations over compiler test suites
Running the built-in transformations and analyses
Use this command from the "languages" directory (the one that contains "stack.yaml"):
stack exec examples-multi
You will be give the following help:
Usage: examples-multi * examples-multi * Transforms available: debug,id,cfg,elementary-hoist,hoist,tac,testcov,ipt Analyses available: anal-triv-call
Note that only the IPT transformation can be run on multiple files.
It can be faster to run the executable directory, without using
stack exec. On the first author's laptop, this executable is located at
Using the Interprocedural Plumbing Transformation (IPT) Tool
We recommend also using the
rlwrap command to enable command history.
rlwrap stack exec examples-multi java ipt input-files/java/ipt/*.java
In C and Java, you will additionally be prompted for the type of the
parameter to add. Give this type as an AST for
(PrimType IntT), not
Running the language test suites
Cubix comes with scripts for running any semantics-preserving
and Python, in the files
scripts/test_java.rb and similar. To do so:
- Follow the below instructions to install the language tests.
- Each.rb file contains a constant at the top like
JAVA_TESTSpointing to the language implementation and tests directory. Modify these appropriately.
./scripts/test_.rb
These scripts will run the transformation on all tests, run the transformed tests, and report the final pass/fail counts.
For all transformations except
id, they will first run the identity
transformation, and discard any tests that fail. This rules out tests
that trigger bugs in the 3rd party parsers/pretty-printers, most (but
not all) self-referential tests, and tests that the original language
They also come with a special
count_loc parameter that counts the
total lines of code in all relevant tests.
Installing GCC and GCC torture
Note: The C instructions are still being updated.
In some directory:
git clone _URL_ cd gcc # If you want the same revision of gcc-torture as in the paper git reset --hard f72de674726c5d054b9d99b0a4db09dfb52bf494 cd.. mkdir gcc_build cd gcc_build../gcc-mirror/configure make -j8 make install
Installing the K-Java test suite
In some directory:
git clone _URL_ # If you want the same revision as in the paper cd java-semantics git reset --hard c202266304340a2a4be81fa21ee4fe36b3117ee3
In some directory:
The Lua tests
As described in the paper, we had to make several modifications to the Lua test suite to get them to run with Cubix. In particular, we removed several overly self-referential tests, and modified the test suite to report the number of passing/total assertions, rather than aborting the entire suite on the first failure.
These tests are in the
Installing the CPython tests
In some directory:
git clone _URL_ cd cpython git reset --hard 7bd4afec86849a57b48f375a9c4e0c32f0539dad # Only if you want the same revision as in the paper./configure make


What Is Cyclical Structure In Literature?
Is real estate cyclical?
Real estate is considered a cyclical industry because its demand side is impacted by economic cycles, and also because demand has historically outweighed supply.
The typical pattern for the real estate cycle is actually quite simple and straightforward..
What are the 5 parts of narrative structure?
What is the opposite of cyclical?
Antonyms of CYCLICAL opposite, direct, noncyclic, noncyclical, paired.
What is an example of cyclical unemployment?
One concrete example of cyclical unemployment is when an automobile worker is laid off during a recession to cut labor costs. During this downturn, people are buying fewer vehicles, so the manufacturer doesn't need as many workers to meet the demand. … High or low cyclical unemployment is only temporary.
What are some characteristics of something that is cyclical?
The definition of cyclical is something that goes in cycles, or something that occurs in a repeating pattern. The change of seasons each year is an example of something that would be described as cyclical. Cyclic. Tending to rise and fall in line with the fluctuations of the business cycle.
What are the five rules of narrative writing?
By observing these basic ideas, you can improve your narrative essay.Clarity. Complex words and syntax are a hindrance to clarity and should be avoided. … Don't describe each and every one of your own movements. … Avoid the second-person narrative. … To interest the reader, dynamic word choice is key. … Limit references.
What is another name for dynamic?
What is another word for dynamic?energeticvitalvigorousactivelivelypowerfulspiriteddrivingelectricforceful225 more rows
What is cyclical growth?
What's circular plot structure?
A circular plot structure is one in which story nodes are connected to other ones in a circle. … A circular plot structure is defined by the fact that each of the story nodes is connected to only one other story node, yet they must go in the same order in the story.
What are the elements of narrative structure?
Storytelling 101: The 6 Elements of Every Complete NarrativeSetting. The setting is the time and location in which your story takes place. … Characters. A story usually includes a number of characters, each with a different role or purpose. … Plot. The plot is the sequence of events that connect the audience to the protagonist and their ultimate goal. … Conflict. … Theme. … Narrative Arc.
What are the 8 elements of a story?
What does cyclical structure mean?
The structure of Of Mice and Men is cyclical – there is a sense of things happening in a certain order and being repeated. This is reflected in the way that the book starts and ends in the same place – the brush by the Salinas River.
What is circular structure in literature?
CIRCULAR STRUCTURE: A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a "conclusion" that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of …
What is another word for cyclical?
In this page you can discover 12 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for cyclical, like: cyclic, isochronal, isochronous, periodic, periodical, recurrent, like-clockwork, repetition, noncyclic, gradual and business cycle.
What are the most cyclical sectors?
What is circular structure English?
A story that ends in the same place it began is commonly called a circular or cyclical narrative. … Although the narrative's beginnings and ends mirror each other, as do the introduction and conclusion of an essay, the narrative almost never leaves characters or events unchanged.
What are the 7 Elements of Literature?
Is Apple a cyclical stock?
Electronics manufacturers – Makers of high-end smartphones, such as Apple, can be considered cyclical because sales are driven by buyers' discretionary income. Makers of flat-screen TVs or other products, such as Sony, would be in a similar category.
What does cyclical mean?
1a : of, relating to, or being a cycle. b : moving in cycles cyclic time.
What is the difference between cycle and cyclical?
As adjectives the difference between cyclic and cyclical is that cyclic is characterized by, or moving in cycles, or happening at regular intervals while cyclical is recurring at regular intervals.
What is repetitive mean?


text:
Tooth decay is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. While oral hygiene and dietary choices promote tooth decay, genetics are also a factor in cavity formation. A new study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation reveals that keratins, proteins associated with strong hair, are important for tooth enamel integrity. Maria Morasso and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health found that individuals with mutations in hair keratin genes are prone to cavities. Tooth enamel from individuals with keratin mutations had abnormal structure that resulted in weakness. The results from this study reveal a link between hair disorders and cavity formation.
Hair keratin mutations in tooth enamel increase dental decay risk
NIH/NIAMS, Bethesda, MD, USA
View this article at: http://www.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Clark Paulsen, Division Chief
Long-Term Assignment Travel Expense Claims (TEC)
Long-term assignment (LTA) expenses are limited to those authorized in Chapter 3, Long-Term Assignments.
LTA TEC's should include the first 15 to 30 days of short-term expenses claimed when seeking long-term accommodations.
In addition to the instructions in the In-State TEC's section of this chapter, all travel expense claims (TEC's) for long-term assignment should be checked for the following.
- Claims are identified as "LTA" under purpose of trip.
- One (1) copy of the approved Form FA1350 "Long-Term Assignment Information and Certification of Subsistence Rates" is attached.
- Receipts are required for all long-term accomodations and may
be submitted for reimbursement immediately upon
payment. Acceptable receipts from commercial establishments
must include the following:
- 1. Renter's name.
- 2. Name of the property (if applicable).
- 3. Property address and phone number.
- 4. The amount paid.
- 5. The rental period.
- 6. The landlord or property manager's name and phone number.
- 7. The landlord or property manager's signature.
Copies of cancelled rental checks or lease agreements alone do not meet receipt requirements.
- The Department may request additional information to substantiate a business transaction such as, but not limited to, rental agreement, copies of canceled checks or
any other information deemed reasonable.
- Utility receipts must show the item as paid before reimbursement can be claimed. Noting the check number paid to the utility company on the bill does not meet the
- Furniture rental expenses may not be claimed until an employee's monthly bill indicates it has been paid.
- LTA mileage and business miles to various job sites during the workday must be separated on the TEC from mileage to and from the main job site and mileage to obtain
- Meal expenses cannot be claimed until they have been incurred.
Examples of LTA TEC's
Examples of various LTA expense claims are available by clicking on the following:
- Long-Term Assignment: Short-Term Per Diem
- Long-Term Assignment: $24-$24 Method
- Long-Term Assignment: Rent and Utilities


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Project Identifier
Support multi-language to help different language speakers learn and use hyperledger fabric at the same documentation website.
Rich Zhao,
Technical Working Group China(TWGC) has been working for a long time to translate fabric documentation, so far we found it is the best way to maintain documentation.
Help different language speakers learn fabric in their own language.
Dependent Projects
Hyperledger Fabric documentation is written in English. For those contributors whose native language is not English, they have difficulty contributing to or using hyperledger projects. If the documentation and log messages in software code can be translated into their own native language, it will help build a larger community of contributors and users.
Technical Working Group China has been working for a long time to translate fabric documentation, we use a separate repo to host the documentation but if we can use the same website as the English documentation, it would be more official and convenient for users to use.
Besides, Chinese, we do see other languages are required too.
TWGC has translated about half of fabric v2 documentation with the current solution, it is available at
The solution needs：
 1. documentation manage framework, sphinx which Fabric is using. Fabric English documentation uses Sphinx v1.7 to manage documentation materials, like.rst,.md files, and the structure layout and build to final output format HTML, pdf, ePUB, etc. Sphinx is a documentation framework based on python, we need to upgrade sphinx to version 2 for more compatible. It has been done through
 2. A repo to store documentation material and collaborate among contributors. Fabric English documentation uses the same repo as fabric code, it is okay for other languages to use the same existing repo, but as the documentation doesn't share the update release pace as code, it is better to use a separate repo to host ALL documentation materials. All means do NOT separate other language documentation from English documentation, as others are translated from English. Translators/contributors need to monitor English status.
 3. A translation tool. We prefer Because,
 1. it is free for open source projects. The paid account has a statistics report, but it is fine without reports.
 2. More importantly, it is very collaborative, translators can working simultaneously, translating, reviewing, etc.
 3. It provides a CLI tx, like git, contributors can use tx to pull from/push to transfex
 4. readthedocs account to host the documentation. Fabris is using it, just need to merge other languages into it.
For more detail refer to:
Efforts and Resources
Suggest using a separate repo to host all documentation material.
How To
Reviewed By
 1. Not exactly sure why this is coming to the TSC. This seems to be specifically about translating Fabric documentation to other languages.
 Are you asking Hyperledger to provide something here?
 2. Looking at the history of this page I see that this is nothing new. Ry Jones why did you ask for TSC members to review this? Housekeeping?
 1. Yes, housekeeping. These three proposals were left in unfinished state, or were using the old format with the previous TSC list.
 3. This is a great effort, but I'm not sure that it fits best as a project, which is supposed to be a coding effort.
 Can we find some good way to organize documentation efforts?
 4. After discussing with translation volunteers in TWGC, we decided to use github to maintain fabric document, as github is able to track everyone's contributing.


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Old Canadian Cemeteries: Places of Memory by Jane Irwin, photographed by John de Visser
In her Acknowledgments section, Ms. Irwin notes two reasons why cemeteries are fascinating.
"Cemeteries are set apart from the mundane pressures of our everyday lives, they have an inherent power to provide a brief respite from temporary concerns and a chance to see our own life in a longer perspective."
Her second observation warns that, "Searching out favorite themes…may develop into a kind of addiction," comes too late for this writer, as finding new carvings has turned into a serious hobby, not unlike bird watching.
Luckily, Old Canadian Cemeteries indulges both of these cravings.
Beginning with the chapter, Changing Burial Traditions, one travels from the 7,500 years-old burial cairn in L'Anse Amour in Southern Labrador to the ghost town graveyards in Ancestral Ties to the six Lawson grandchildren at the Old Burying Ground, Halifax to multicultural Ross Bay Cemetery in Exploring Canada's Historic Cemeteries. Eventually, the reader brushes up on Canadian history in National Memory.
Irwin also writes on stone inscriptions, the highlight being the Puzzle Stone in Ontario's Methodist Rushes Cemetery, created in 1865 by Samuel Bean for wives Henrietta and Susanna. It's meant to be read in a circulating, outward pattern.
Ultimately, the best chapter is Old Canadian Cemeteries, A Visual Tour. Here, the photos speak for themselves through various shades of light and weather. They are best reflected in a shot of the Holy Sepulchre cemetery in Ontario, where rows of white, cowled figures silently stand guard over their assigned memorial stones.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Engineering Challenge
On Wednesday 15 May, 11 pupils from Year 9 formed two teams, travelled to the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil and took part in the area Key Stage 3 Engineering Challenge. This trip was offered to pupils who have opted for GCSE DT.
The event set a complicated challenge and required pupils to work together in order to achieve the task. Each team required a manager, construction engineer, electronic engineer, buyer, machine operator and presenter.
The challenge set for each team was to design and build a self-levelling platform to launch aircraft from on board an aircraft carrier operating in high seas. To support this the Royal Navy built a simulator that they could switch on and would pitch and roll just like an aircraft carrier operating in stormy weather.
The picture above shows the simulator in action.
In addition to making the stable platform, teams had to make a launch an aircraft from the platform.
Grace and Will picture trying to figure out how to launch their aircraft.
If that's not a big enough challenge, the team also had to design and make a remote electronic firing mechanism and circuit.
Will, Will and Liam fixing wires into their electronic firing system.
Then came the team presentation and launch demonstration.
Both teams gained a massive amount from their experience and managed to achieve all the individual aspects of the challenge even if, come the launch, wires coming out and stabilization challenges scuppered their success a little.
I am so proud of these Year 9 pupils, they worked hard, formed cohesive teams and were a credit to Test Valley School. The experience has undoubtedly inspired them to the challenges at GCSE DT and I simply can't wait to start teaching them in September.
Written by Mr. Langdown.


text:
SESSION TITLE: Pulmonary Rehabilitation Posters
SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Poster
PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 28, 2015 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM
PURPOSE: Entrainment of the breathing rhythm to that of the rhythm of limb movement during exercise has been shown to reduce oxygen consumption. Pursed-lip breathing (PLB) has also preventable effects against hypoxemia. This study examined the effect of entrained PLB on walking induced hypoxemia in patients with obstructive lung diseases.
METHODS: Ninety patients (77 men, 13 women; mean age, 75.0 ± 8.3 (SD) years) with obstructive lung disease (mean %FEV1; 57.4 ± 22.5% predicted, COPD; 73, BA; 6, Bronchiectasis; 4, CPFE; 7) who were referred to outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation clinic were studied. All patients were in a clinically stable condition. At first, PLB alone, and then, entrained PLB with walking, were instructed by a physiotherapist to the patients. Before and after this instruction, the walking was tested at patient's own rhythm and speed. During the walking test, SpO2 and dyspnea (Borg CR10) were monitored. Patients were advised to stop walking when they had SpO2 less than 88% or severe dyspnea (scale 5 in Borg CR10).
RESULTS: Before the instruction, SpO2 decreased from 95.4 ± 1.5% to 91.0 ± 2.9% (p<0.0001) and CR10 increased from 0.4 ± 0.6 to 2.0 ± 1.7 (p<0.0001) after the walk. After the instruction of PLB alone, the change in SpO2 and dyspnea improved from -4.4 ± 2.1% to -3.1 ± 2.5% (p<0.0001) and 1.9 ± 1.7 to 1.8 ± 1.5. After the instruction of the entrained PLB, further improvements were observed: the changes in SpO2 and dyspnea were 1.9 ± 1.7 % and 1.2 ± 1.3 (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: Entrained PLB possibly prevented walking induced desaturation and dyspnea.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Entrained PLB with walking might be useful as a rehabilitation program to improve patients with walking induced hypoxemia and/or dyspnea.
DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Yuko Sano, Jun Ueki, Naoaki Tamura, Kenichi Obata
No Product/Research Disclosure Information


text:
38th IFF Spring School
Probing the Nanoworld–Microscopies, Scattering and Spectroscopies of the Solid State
12 - 23 March 2007. Jülich. Germany
The IFF Spring School 2007 will address both, advanced experimental techniques and theoretical fundamentals at a graduate student level. Introductory lectures will focus on the structural and electronic properties of the solid state in bulk and in reduced dimensions, and, thus, build the basis for the understanding of prime techniques and major methodical concepts. Supplementary lectures will address basic exitation mechanisms and the interaction of radiation with matter.
More specialized lectures will exemplify a multitude of techniques in electron microscopy, neutron and synchroton scattering in tandem with solid state related applications. Highlighting selected applications will lead the audience from basic methods to the frontiers of current research.
The topics of the lectures cover:
- Scanning Probe Microscopy & Spectroscopy
- Aberration Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Electron Holography & Tomography
- Electron Energie Loss Spectroscopy
- Photoemission Spectroscopy & Microscopy
- Synchrotron Radiation & Neutron Scattering
- X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy & Resonant Scattering
- Magnetic Fluctuations & Lattice Exitations
- Soft Matter Structure & Dynamics


text:
Developing Environmental Knowledge and Skills
An environmental professional is able understand, explain, implement, analyse, develop and lead environmental practice (depending on their experience) in an organisation because they have the right level and breadth of knowledge and can apply it successfully.
Overall the profession has high standards of environmental knowledge. According to an 2012 IEMA survey, more than four out of ﬁve practitioners have a bachelors degree or higher qualiﬁcation.
When looking at prospective environmental courses to build or improve environmental knowledge, it is important to take notice of the units or modules included within the syllabus. Typically, environmentally related courses are split into two categories - management based and technical/science based, and there are some courses that combine both of these.
IEMA recommends programmes and courses that are linked to a professional body. These courses provide a boost to a CV and could make a difference when looking for Graduate positions.
Choosing an IEMA Approved course will provide added reassurance that the programme has been externally assessed. IEMA membership will be awarded on completion of these particular courses. For more details on IEMA Approved Training courses please visit our Training pages.
To aid the decision making process for individuals currently at school or thinking of participating in higher education, please visit the following pages Studying at University and Choosing what to study at school.


Definitions for eccentricityˌɛk sənˈtrɪs ɪ ti, ˌɛk sɛnThis page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word eccentricity
Princeton's WordNet
 1. eccentricity(noun)
 strange and unconventional behavior
 2. eccentricity(noun)
 (geometry) a ratio describing the shape of a conic section; the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis
 "a circle is an ellipse with zero eccentricity"
 3. eccentricity(noun)
 a circularity that has a different center or deviates from a circular path
 1. eccentricity(Noun)
 The quality of being eccentric; any eccentric behaviour.
 2. eccentricity(Noun)
 The ratio, constant for any particular conic section, of the distance of a point from the focus to its distance from the directrix
Webster Dictionary
 1. Eccentricity(noun)
 the state of being eccentric; deviation from the customary line of conduct; oddity
 2. Eccentricity(noun)
 the ratio of the distance between the center and the focus of an ellipse or hyperbola to its semi-transverse axis
 3. Eccentricity(noun)
 the ratio of the distance of the center of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the body round which it revolves to the semi-transverse axis of the orbit
 4. Eccentricity(noun)
 the distance of the center of figure of a body, as of an eccentric, from an axis about which it turns; the throw
 5. Origin: [Cf. F. excentricit.]
 1. Eccentricity
Translations for eccentricity
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text:
Going 3D the Israeli way
Posted By Tania Hershman On October 24, 2004 @ 11:00 pm In | No Comments
HumanEyes 3D creates a stereoscopic photograph by taking the pictures from a single digital camera which has been swept over a scene in continuous mode, and can even create a 3D picture of a complete 360 degree panorama.The virtual world of computers is finally catching up with reality and going three-dimensional, and an Israeli company is pioneering a simple approach to creating 3D content using a regular digital camera.
Until now, anyone who wanted to take a 3D photograph needed many cameras in different positions to take pictures of a scene from various angles. All these views of the scene were then merged to create a stereoscopic image, which means that, just like in real life when we look at something, each eye sees a different image and the brain combines the two to create a three-dimensional picture, without having to wear 3D glasses.
HumanEyes does away with all these cameras. In 2001, the company licensed technology developed by Professor Shmuel Peleg at the Hebrew University for taking 3D images with just one camera. The software that HumanEyes developed, called HumanEyes 3D, creates a stereoscopic photograph by taking the pictures from a single digital camera which has been swept over a scene in continuous mode, or has taken a number of still pictures of the scene. It can even create a 3D picture of a complete 360 degree panorama – something that could never be achieved before with multiple cameras.
Using only one camera, "the software calculates the virtual places where [multiple] cameras would be taking pictures if they existed," HumanEyes CEO and founder Gideon Ben Zvi told ISRAEL21c. The software pretends that there are many cameras photographing the scene, and creates the views that each of these pretend cameras would see, merging them to create a three-dimensional rendering of the scene. HumanEyes also allows the photographer to then create a picture of the scene from a different angle or zoom in on one particular place without having to re-take new photographs.
The resulting picture, which is made up of tiny, one-pixel-wide slices of selected views of the scene, is printed out and a special lenticular plastic sheet put over it so each eye sees a different image, and the viewer sees a 3D picture. Now the image can also be seen on the new 3D monitors, such as those from Sharp, that are just hitting the computer market.
HumanEyes' first application was aimed at graphic artists working in the packaging and advertising markets. One of the first to test the software in 2003 was Coca Cola, which used it to design vending machines with 3D pictures of Coke cans.
Coca Cola reported an average increase in sales of 11 percent from the ten 3D vending machines installed in various locations in Chile. Other customers include Dove soap, which created a 3D point-of-sale advertising campaign; Captain Morgan rum, which used HumanEyes to create 3D adverts on bus shelters in the US; Segafredo, the Italian coffee chain, for an advertising campaign in Italy, and the Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf chain, for 3D storefront displays.
HumanEyes' activity in this graphics market has moved from what Ben Zvi calls "supporting projects" such as working with Coca Cola and Dove soap, to selling its products directly to graphic design and printing companies to create 3D. This is now one division of the company, and a second division has been set up for the newest trend: 3D computer monitors, laptops and other screens, including mobile phones.
Sharp was one of the first to launch a 3D desktop display, and in August 2004, HumanEyes and Sharp announced a partnership to offer everyone who buys a Sharp Actius RD3D display in 2004 a 30-day trial version of HumanEyes 3D Lite software, with the option to upgrade to the full version, to create 3D images with their digital camera to view on the desktop.
Despite the fact that almost four years have passed since HumanEyes was founded, no single-camera "shoot-and-click" 3D competitors have appeared on the scene. One player in the field who is also working with Sharp is the Australian company, DDD (dynamic digital depth). Its software converts existing 2D photos to 3D, but has several limitations: it can only guess the depth of the picture and it doesn't offer panoramic 3D or conversion of a series of pictures from one camera into an image that can be manipulated.
Ben Zvi has a history of successful imaging-related start-ups: He was a founder of the optical character recognition company Ligature and WizCom, the developers of the Quicktionary hand-held translation pen. HumanEyes has raised $5 million to date from, among others, BRM, the Israeli venture capital fund behind the success of firewall inventors Checkpoint; Benny Landa, the founder of digital printing pioneer Indigo and now strategic advisor to Hewlett Packard; and the Van Leer family fund.
HumanEyes, which is based in the High Tech Village of the Hebrew University's Givat Ram campus in Jerusalem, has offices in New York and Osaka, Japan, is now in the enviable position of having enough money in the bank, and doesn't need to raise any more funds.
This money will go towards not only the marketing and sales of current products, but also the adaptation of HumanEyes technology to all the 3D displays..
"Sharp sold 1.8 million 3D mobile phones in Japan in only 2 months," he says. "Everyone is now looking into it. People believe it is going to transform the world of monitors. When color monitors replaced black and white monitors they cost five times more. Today, 3-D monitors cost only 20 percent more to produce than color monitors. The manufacturers believe they are going to replace the standard monitors soon."
Ben Zvi believes it will become something everyone will have to have, even if they don't have a 3D content creation application. "It's like buying a mono radio for your car," he says. "Even though you only listen to news, you want to hear it in stereo."
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Some pickups are "hotter" than others. But what does this mean? Does it mean that these pickups will push an amplifier harder, resulting in more gain and volume? Yes. Does it mean that these pickups will impart a warmer, fuller tone? Generally, yes. But why is this? And how do you make a pickup hotter? And how does DC resistance correlate to "hotness" or output?
Let's consider again how a pickup "picks up" the string vibration and how this is turned into something musical.
Pickups use coils of wire and magnets as their core components. The ferrous guitar strings pass through the magnetic field that exists above the pickup, and as the strings vibrate, they move the magnetic field, while the coil(s) remains stationary. This movement of the magnetic field relative to the stationary coil induces voltage, which is sent to the amp.
If you were to make a device wherein the mobility of the two components was reversed—that is, where the coil moved relative to a stationary magnetic field— then this device would also induce voltage (and would be called a generator).
The voltage that's generated by a pickup is measured in millivolts, and you can increase its strength in several ways:
- Increase the strength of the magnetic field
- Increase the size of the coil by adding more wire wraps to it
- Increase the force with which the string is excited (pluck it harder)
- Increase the content of magnetic material in the strings
- Increase the mass of the strings
If you think of the magnetic field as being able to "grab onto" the strings, then you can see that it would hold on more tightly to a string with a higher iron content, for instance, than it would to a string with a lower iron content. So heavier strings of a given brand, having more iron content (more steel mass) than a lighter set of the same brand of strings, would move the magnetic field to a greater degree when a string is plucked, and would generate more voltage in the process. This is one reason for the difference in tone between heavier strings and lighter strings.
Similarly, if we increase the strength of the pickup's magnetic field, all other things remaining equal, we'll get a higher voltage. And if we add more turns of magnet wire onto the coil, we'll get a higher voltage. In either case, this higher input voltage will drive the amplifier harder, resulting in more gain, and more volume.
There is also a tonal change. As the voltage increases—and again, all other things remaining equal—we'll see more mids and less highs, at least up to a point.
Fender and Gibson are really the two makers who defined what now constitutes 90 percent or more of the pickup market. In the early days of the electric guitar, many designs were tried, as is usually the case with new technologies. But Fender and Gibson came up with enduring form factors: the PAF humbucker, the P-90, the Strat pickup, and the Tele pickup. The majority of guitars currently in production use one or more of these, and the overwhelming majority of replacement pickups being produced derive their form factor and basic architecture from these five designs.
There have been many other influential designs, of course, such as the Gretsch FilterTron (and its DeArmond predecessors), as well as other pickups from Fender and Gibson, such as the Jaguar and Jazzmaster pickups. And of course there are very popular bass pickup designs, such as Fender's Precision Bass and Jazz Bass pickups, as well as various soapbar designs. But when we exclude bass guitars from the discussion, the five designs listed above really define the market.
But because these five pickups all have a different form factor and construction details, they vary considerably. The statement "all other things remaining equal" certainly doesn't apply here.
So, let's look at each in detail. We'll start next month!
Founder, Acme Guitar Works


The 8 Most Unusual & Cutting Edge Inks
The 8 Most Unusual & Cutting Edge Inks
We have scoured the web for the most unusual, random and downright fascinating printing-related articles out there. We start with a playful look at the more frivolous side of ink innovation and swiftly move on to some industry advances that could make a real difference to the environment. Next, we explore how printing is being applied to microelectronics and finish off with a look at a printing application that could change the lives of millions of people in the most dramatic of ways. Who said printing's boring?
1. Edible Ink
Edible Ink
Not a lot of people know this, but if you take a photograph down to the bakery section of your local supermarket, they'll print it onto a birthday cake for you. They don't use traditional printer ink because it's poisonous, not unlike some of the other artificial additives and flavourings found in a supermarket birthday cake. They use edible ink, which is non-toxic, but definitely does not count towards your 5-a-day!
The Californian company Kopykake have created edible ink cartridges (the ink's edible, not the cartridge) that can be used in your home Canon or Epson printer. For the non-paper eaters amongst us, they also sell edible Frosting Sheets to print onto. Kopykake's edible ink cartridges will not clog your printer heads and what's more, they're certified as Kosher.
2. DNA Ink
Great writers never really die; they live on forever in their work. Mr Yoshida, President of Tokyo's Ko-sin Printing, has taken this idea to the next level. He has created a new type of ink that contains the author's genetic footprint, providing an altogether less disturbing alternative to penning a love letter in one's own blood. DNA is extracted painlessly from a human (or animal) hair or nail, and then mixed with ordinary ink to create DNA-enriched ink: the ultimate in vanity press.
The DNA doesn't alter the ink's appearance, but through scientific analysis it's possible to extract genetic information from any material printed in this way. DNA-enriched ink has already been used to add a personal touch to several self-published autobiographies. Perhaps in the future, this technology could be used to authenticate genuine works of art, or even store the genetic makeup of endangered species in books and leaflets, so that one day they can be resurrected, post extinction, a la Jurassic Park. Or perhaps, that's a little too far-fetched!
3. Disappearing Ink
Disappearing Ink
The Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) created the PC, inkjet printing, Ethernet networking and the mouse, only to have these creations 'stolen' by other companies. PARC has now developed a new product, 'disappearing ink', which it believes will prove just as revolutionary. Let's hope they can take all of the credit this time.
Disappearing ink is something of a misnomer: there's actually no ink involved in the process. Instead, paper is coated with photosensitive chemicals that darken when exposed to UV light produced by a special printer. Whatever is printed onto the page fades away after 24 hours. If the paper needs to be re-used more quickly, the printer can erase the paper's image instantly. This photosensitive paper can be used an infinite number of times, so long as it doesn't become crumpled or torn, saving energy, money and the environment in the process.
4. Eco Ink
Eco Ink
The Big Print, a printing company in Seattle, have become one of the first to trial a new eco friendly type of ink that, unlike traditional petroleum-based inks, is both renewable and biodegradable. This 'eco ink' is made from ethyl lactate, which is derived from corn, a renewable resource that is available in abundance in the USA.
The large format printing industry creates massive amounts of waste. The Big Print alone produce 1 million square feet of material each year. The use of eco friendly ink is a huge step towards making the industry more sustainable and environmentally friendly. The Big Print, which currently uses the corn-based ink in 10% of their printed output, maintains that its use does not affect print quality. Despite it being more expensive at present, they are investing in new machinery so that they can use even more of the ink in the near future.
5. Nanoink
Californian company, Nanosolar, make solar cells: devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are currently building the world's largest solar cell factory in San Jose, which covers an area of 140,000 square feet. They have created an ingenious type of ink that makes it possible to print the CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) semiconductor of a high-performance solar cell, making mass production quicker and easier.
The nanoink contains the CIGS semiconductor material, which consists of four elements in exactly the right atomic ratios. The mix of nanoparticles in the ink locks in these ratios so that they are correct, wherever the ink is deposited. Rolls of semi-conductors can be printed at a time onto a metal foil substrate.
6. Silver Nanoparticle Ink
Silver Nanoparticle Ink
A research team at the University of Illinois have developed a new type of silver-based ink, made from silver nanoparticles, which can be used to create microelectrodes that carry signals between circuit elements. These unique printed microelectrodes can be stretched and bent repeatedly with little change in their electrical properties. The university team has managed to print silver microelectrodes with minimum widths of just 2 microns.
To produce printed features, the team uses a highly concentrated silver ink that's forced out through a tapered cylindrical nozzle attached to a micropositioning stage. The ink's bonded by being heated to a temperature of 150°C, low enough for flexible, organic substrates to be used. Because the process uses minimal contact pressure, it can bond silver features onto extremely delicate devices.
7. Gold 'Fountain Pen' Ink
Gold Fountain Pen Ink
A Swiss-US research team has devised a method, known as the 'fountain pen', for depositing gold nanoparticle ink stripes as thin as 5 microns. The stripes are solidified by illumination with an argon laser. Fascinatingly, the stripes' elctrical properties can be customised by changing the laser's power and scanning speed, providing an exciting new way of creating miniature resistors and conductive tracks for flexible electronics. At present, inkjet printing can create stripes no thinner than 50 microns.
The 'fountain pen' is a pulled glass pipette that's placed 2 microns above a glass substrate. The ink inside contains gold particles (2-4 nm in diameter) in toluene, a clear, water-insoluble liquid. The laser is beamed from underneath the substrate, directly below the pipette, onto the newly printed structure.
8. Bio Ink
Bio Ink
Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania have used a type of inkjet printer to simultaneously grow different tissues from the stem cells of mice. The inkjet device shoots various 'bio ink' patterns of growth factor proteins onto stem cells. By using different print heads and patterns, the stem cells can be directed to become different types of tissues.
The team has already managed to grow muscle and bone in the same dish, the first time more than one type of tissue has been grown from a single population of stem cells. They are now investigating 'bio ink' patterns that will grow other tissues found in the human body.
The researchers hope that this technology can one-day be used to repair various tissues at the same time. This will be of particular benefit to those who suffer from joint problems and other conditions that damage cartilage, bone, muscle and fat simultaneously.
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Memory used by the current session
Use only in the MuPAD Notebook Interface.
This functionality does not run in MATLAB.
bytes() returns the current memory consumption.
bytes returns the following three numbers:
 - The number of bytes used logically; this is the amount of memory which is actually used for storing MuPAD® data.
 - The number of bytes physically allocated by the memory management; this is the amount of memory MuPAD has allocated from the operating system. The difference between the physical and the logical bytes is the amount of memory which has already been reserved for future calculations.
 - The maximum number of bytes ever allocated from the operating system during the current session. This value never decreases, not even on a call to reset.
Example 1
In a freshly started MuPAD session, bytes may return the following data on the memory consumption of the session:
Each computation increases the memory usage:
sin(PI): bytes()
solve(x-1=0, x): bytes()
Return Values
Sequence of three integers.
See Also
MuPAD Functions
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text: Aims. We analyse the distribution of matter around the progenitor star of gamma-ray burst GRB 021004 and the properties of its host galaxy with high-resolution echelle and near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods. Observations were taken by the 8.2 m Very Large Telescope with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle spectrograph (UVES) and the Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (ISAAC) between 10 and 14 h after the onset of the event. Results. We report the first detection of emission lines from a GRB host galaxy in the near-infrared, detecting Ha and the [O III] doublet. These allow us to independently measure the systemic redshift (z = 2.3304 +/- 0.0005), which is not contaminated by absorption as the Lya line is, and infer the host galaxy properties. From the visual echelle spectroscopy, we find several absorption-line groups spanning a range of about 3000 km s-1 in velocity relative to the redshift of the host galaxy. The absorption profiles are very complex with both velocity-broadened components extending over several 100 km s-1 and narrow lines with velocity widths of only 20 km s-1. By analogy with QSO absorption line studies, the relative velocities, widths, and degrees of ionization of the lines ( linelocking, ionization-velocity correlation ) show that the progenitor had both an extremely strong radiation field and several distinct mass-loss phases (winds). Conclusions. These results are consistent with GRB progenitors being massive stars, such as luminous blue variables (LBVs) or Wolf-Rayet stars, providing a detailed picture of the spatial and velocity structure of the GRB progenitor star at the time of explosion. The host galaxy is a prolific star-forming galaxy with a SFR of 40 M.


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The market environment for the pharmaceutical industry is in a state of constant change, making it more challenging than ever to foster long-term relationships with important customers. What's required is a more systematic approach to KAM. Raf Onclin and Jens-Christian Oelker explain how companies can often unlock significant revenue potential and address the challenges of a dynamic and increasingly competitive marketplace.
Increasing pressure on healthcare systems is leading to the professionalization of purchasing approaches on the customer side. With specialty business growing in importance for manufacturers and spill-over effects from secondary care impacting primary care, effective key account management (KAM) is essential, particularly as a means of addressing marketplace challenges and maximizing business opportunities. By running a key account excellence program, assessing their current KAM approaches, identifying potential improvement areas, and implementing changes, they will be able to drive impact and sustain growth.
Current market dynamics call for effective key account management
The market environment for pharmaceutical companies is in constant flux. Increasing cost pressure and consolidation are now a common occurrence in many countries. Smaller customer accounts are strengthening their buying power by joining group purchasing organizations and healthcare providers and payers are investing in professionalizing their purchasing processes. In response to EU procurement guidelines, tendering and contracting are becoming widespread practices.
This dynamic market environment presents three challenges for the pharmaceutical companies in managing their key accounts:
- No clear direction on where to go: Without structured guidance and proper intelligence, key account managers may miss information on important customers or lose sight of business opportunities. Not prioritizing most attractive key accounts or overlooking important stakeholders can hinder business growth
- No clear ownership: Key account excellence is not always on top of the management agenda. Allocating responsibility and assigning ownership and decision making is not always clearly defined, particularly when sales teams deal with products across several business units. As such, it may not be clear what authority individual key account managers have, requiring them to seek approval or consensus and slowing down decision-making
- No clear guidance on what to do: Not all pharmaceutical companies have well-defined account development strategies - many lack account development planning and appropriate KAM toolboxes to support execution. Objectives are rarely set on a per-account or per-segment basis. As a result, monitoring and incentivization efforts are often ineffective
Five measures to improve key account management
Before launching any improvement initiative, companies should assess the strengths and weaknesses of their current approach as well as the specifics of the market segments in scope. Initiatives that incorporate one or more of the following five measures can often lead to considerable improvements with a significant revenue impact.
- Achieve transparency over your key accounts and provide efficient data access
First, collect data on all relevant key accounts in order to identify their stakeholders, understand their current business situation and challenges, and determine their decision-making processes. Then, use this data to segment the key accounts and prioritize them. KAMs need to have easy access to account data to be able to properly design offers and manage interactions with customers. Due to market dynamics, data needs to be continually collected and updated, while segmentation should be reviewed on a regular basis.
- Define an account strategy and perform account development planning
Setting strategic objectives for key account business will support alignment and coordination between all relevant stakeholder groups and serves as the basis for determining resource requirements. Account development planning should aim to improve the performance of individual accounts and that of your company as a whole. To improve quality and impact, define key performance indicators (KPIs) to help monitor progress and achievements.
- Optimize your offer design to address key accounts' needs
Every key account is different and has specific requirements. Significant revenue potential can be unlocked by following a tailored rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Use account profiles and development plans to create individualized offers for each key account.
- Ensure appropriate KAM governance
Key account management requires senior management support. Within individual KAM teams, roles and responsibilities must be clearly defined to ensure smooth workflows. Key account managers should have a specific level of authority to be able to make decisions about the offering. Alternatively, an approval framework can be developed to handle offers efficiently.
- Develop KAM infrastructure and provide comprehensive training
The role of a key account manager is shifting from a purely sales-oriented position to that of a business partner for key accounts. Key account managers increasingly develop business models with the customer, sell products by demonstrating their value, and ensure products and services are optimally used within the customers' organizations. Successfully carrying out these tasks involves hiring the right people and training them accordingly. Continuous competency development is needed in order to tackle the complexities and demands of this role. In addition to properly training the workforce, using the appropriate support tools can be valuable in KAM. For example, a CRM system can support teams by improving coordination if more than one person is in contact with a key account.
Similar to links in a chain, a company's key account management is only as strong as its weakest part. A compromise on any of the five elements can result in a loss of effectiveness of your key account management and a loss of business opportunities.
Boosting revenue and profits in Life Sciences. Our experts share comprehensive solutions for the complex marketing, sales, and pricing challenges faced by healthcare players. Read our latest newsletter issue and subscribe here.


IAEA awards fellowships to 100 female students in nuclear
The International Atomic Energy Agency has awarded fellowships to the first group of 100 female students from around the world under a new initiative to help close the gender gap in nuclear science and technology.
The Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Program, named after the pioneering physicist, was launched by IAEA Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi in March to support women pursuing nuclear-related careers.
Critical Look
Melodrama trumps science in Radioactive portrayal of Marie Curie
Marie Curie has been quoted as saying, "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood." We can only wish that the creators of Radioactive, a feature-length biopic released on Amazon Prime Video on July 24, had increased their own understanding of the applications of nuclear technology before making the film. While celebrating Curie as an uncompromising woman of science, they present a curious mix of respect and fear, explicitly linking radiation and nuclear technology to death and destruction.
The Mother of Radiation: Marie Curie
Marie CurieThe start of Marie Curie's story isn't like most of the other scientists that had made a name for themselves throughout history, mostly because she was a grown woman by the start of the 20th century. But she was the first woman to do a lot of things, including getting a Ph.D. from a university in France, and winning a Nobel Prize. She was also the first person ever to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields of science. To say she pushed the societal and scientific boundaries of her era is an understatement.
National Nuclear Science Week 2018 Kicks Off


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A set or class is "larger" than another set or class if the first set is of "higher power" than the second set, that is, if there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the entire second set and a subset of the first, but no such correspondence between the entire first set and a subset of the second.
What follows is a representation of Georg Cantor's proof, as filtered through the axiom system of Paul Bernays. Please notice that the entire proof derives from more mundane axioms of set theory without requiring more controversial ones like the Axiom of Choice.
If you don't understand the notation follow this link.
Given a set a, consider a one-to-one correspondence F between a and a class C of subsets of a. We must prove there is a subset of a which cannot belong to C, meaning there is no possible one-to-one correspondence (or even a merely surjective mapping) between a and the class of all subsets of a (which we'll call Π(a)).
This subset, call it t, is a ∩ {x|x ∉ F(x)}.
 - t ⊆ a. The intersection of a with anything is always a subset of a.
 - By our definition of t, c ∈ t <-> c ∈ a & c ∉ F(c)
 - which means (c ∈ a & t = F(c)) -> (c ∈ t <-> c ∉ t)
 - so, c ∈ t -> t!= F(c) This is what we wanted to prove. t is not in C = Δ2F because it cannot be the image in F for any subset of a!
Because of you can never have a one-to-one correspondence between a and Π(a), you can always construct a class of subsets of a which has higher power than a.
When you accept the potency axiom, the class Π(a) is represented by the set π(a), and so you must conclude that there exist sets (such as π(a)) which are of higher power than a.
The famous diagonal argument of Cantor demonstrates a special (perhaps "clearer"?) case of the proof, one which specifically denies the existence of a one-to-one corespondence between the integers and the reals. t is the generalization of the number created by taking a "diagonal" through the digit representations of the real numbers in the attempted one-to-one correspondence.
Another rendition of Georg Cantor's proof with more modern notations.
Proof by contradiction


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Royal Navy surface fleet
of the British Armed Forces
|History and future|
The Surface Fleet is the name given to the collection of surface vessels (as opposed to submarines or aircraft) of the Royal Navy. At present it consists of two flotillas based at Portsmouth and Devonport, both on the south coast of England, and a flotilla based at the Clyde Naval Base at Faslane in Scotland.
The Surface Fleet consists of a wide variety of vessels, ranging from aircraft carriers to mine countermeasures vessels to offshore patrol vessels, but the backbone of the fleet consists of destroyers (type 42 and type 45) and frigates (type 23).
The surface fleet has recently been engaged in numerous operations in the North and South Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Northern Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, where the Cyprus Squadron is based. Closer to home, the surface fleet also conducts Fishery Protection Patrols in UK waters, in a formal agreement with DEFRA. The Fishery Protection Squadron is the largest front line squadron in the Royal Navy.
 See also
|This United Kingdom navy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Nehemiah Blakiston was Governor of the Maryland colony from 1691 through 1692. He became Governor as the 2nd Leader of a group known as the Protestant Associators, succeeding John Coode, who has taken control of the state following the Glorious Revolution in England. Blakiston was succeeded by the first Governor with an official royal appointment, Lionel Copley. He was related to Nathaniel Blakiston.
|This article about a Maryland politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Graph Labelings and Continuous Factors of Dynamical Systems
Stephen M. Shea
A labeling of a graph is a function from the vertex set of the graph to some finite set. Certain dynamical systems (such as topological Markov shifts) can be defined by directed graphs. In these instances, a labeling of the graph defines a continuous, shift-commuting factor of the dynamical system. We find sufficient conditions on the labeling to imply classification results for the factor dynamical system. We define the topological entropy of a (directed or undirected) graph and its labelings in a way that is analogous to the definition of topological entropy for a shift space in symbolic dynamics. We show, for example, if $G$ is a perfect graph, all proper $\chi(G)$-colorings of $G$ have the same entropy, where $\chi(G)$ is the chromatic number of $G$.
distinguishing labeling; entropy; finitary isomorphism; graph coloring; graph entropy; topological entropy
Full Text: PDF


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Lots of questions are being raised about food's carbon footprint, that's why the Louis Bonduelle Foundation suggests you take a look at which vegetables are in season in which hemisphere at certain times of the year.
How can you eat sustainably?
Growing vegetables out of season consumes a lot of energy because you grow them in artificial conditions and need resources (like heat, water and nutrients). The carbon footprint is the same if not greater than when you transport food.
Cucumbers can be naturally grown in the northern hemisphere from March to June, whereas you'll find them more easily in the southern hemisphere from October through December. Always choose seasonal vegetables, wherever you live, depending on the month!
Sustainable consumption means striking the right balance between your needs and your food choices.
Watch those 4 animations to discover some examples of seasonal vegetables for different times of the year and where to find them!


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In California, the CCEECE is committed to taking steps to address this issue, especially as it applies to leadership in our field of Early Care and Education (ECE). We have selected 15 Directors, Director Mentors and Mentor Teachers for the CCEECE Equity Leaders Fellowship in Early Care and Education. This fellowship is designed to help prepare the next generation of ECE supervisors and administrators serving children 0-5 and their families. Our hope is to disrupt the status quo to ensure that the ECE leadership across the state reflects the diverse population of children birth to five years of age and their families.
Goal of the Emerging Leaders Fellowship:
- To develop deep understanding of racial inequities, systemic disparities and the impact of structural, institutional, interpersonal and personal forms of oppression on children, families and communities and the workforce serving them;
- To consider and to act to eradicate inequitable policies and practices
- To prepare participants in both management and leadership skills and dispositions through in-depth, inquiry-based learning.
If you are a member, please follow the link to Live Binder for materials. If you have forgotten your Access Key, please email _EMAIL_.


There are two GIS facilities that are associated with CFS. The first is the GIS and Remote Sensing Lab that is housed by the Department of Geography in 323 Farrah Hall. This lab is maintained by Dr. Luoheng Han and houses several different types of computers, digitizing boards, printers, and GIS/Remote Sensing software. (Follow the appropriate link for a complete listing and description).
The GIS/Imaging Lab for Aquatic Biology is housed in rooms 1085A and 1085C in the Bevill Building. This lab is maintained by Dr. G. Milton Ward. Choose the following links to see the description for each lab as set up by the department housing the facility.


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Alice Donaldson (Fannin) Daniel
Submitted by: Sarah Daniel Rinehart, daughter, from information received from her mother and other family members ad various historical sources.
Alice Fannin was born in August of 1902 in the Choctaw Nation town of Skulllyville. Her parents were Elijah Fannin and Johnanna Ainsworth. Alice's sister were Adaline, Pauline, Fredrica, Georgina, Kyle, Madeline, and Faye. Her only brother, Henry, was already married, and had a daughter just six months before Alice was born. Mella Belle and Alice grew up together.
Elijah Watson Fannin was born and educated in Ontario, Canada. He met and married Johnanna Ainsworth when he came to Skullyville in 1877 to be with his parents, H.W. Fannin and Adaline Watson. Dr. Henry W. Fannin practiced among the Choctaws and when he was also the Postmaster, Skullyville was renamed Oak Lodge. Alice's grandparents moved to Hackett, Arkansas in 1881 where Dr. Fannin practiced until his death in 1904.
Alice's family lived in Skullyville from 1888 until Oklahoma Statehood in 1907. All the Fannin children except Alice went to school at the Oak Lodge School house located near the Skullyville Indian Cemetery. Alice started school in Spiro where the school building was in the same block with the Fannin home.
Growing up in Spiro, Alice and her sister Faye played dolls. The had names for the dolls as well as for each other. Alice's play name was Mrs. Jones. Faye called her that even after they grew up. When Alice was seven years, her mother took her down by he Methodist Church corner where there were no trees so she could get a clear view of Halley's Comet. The family owned a horse named Bissie that Alice liked to ride even though the horse would hold her breath when Alice tried to put the saddle on her.
When Alice was in the 6th grade, she met Durward Daniel, her future husband. They went steady for the next six years, then married after they graduated in 1921. Alice and Durward had only one child, Sarah Alice, who was born in 1924.
Durward and Alice were active in the Spiro Methodist Church. She was a pianist, Sunday School teacher and member of the Missionary Society. One of the stained glass windows in that church is a memorial to Alice's parents, Mr. And Mrs. E.W. Fannin. Sarah remembers attending her mothers Sunday School classes, then afterwards at the service, playing with the cardboard Garrtett Snuff fans during the sermon. When revivals were held in the summertime, chairs were placed on the lawn back of the to take advantage of the cooler night air for the services.
Durward worked at Spiro State Bank, then for the Oklahoma Tax Commission. The family lived McAlester during Sarah's senior year in high school. They moved back to Spiro after Sarah enrolled in Oklahoma college of women in the fall of 1941. Durward worked for the County Clerk in Poteau, then moved there to work in the Central National Bank. Alice and Durward became active in the Methodist Church there, and in club work and civic affairs. Sarah graduated in 1945 and married in 1946 and moved to Norman with her husband Frank Rinehart.
Alice and Durward celebrated their 50th Wedding Anniversary with a gala reception in the basement of the First United Methodist Church of Poteau on September 18, 1971. Durward retired three months later, just short of his 70th birthday. During the next twenty years of their retirement, they continued their support of the Methodist church and a loving relationship with their three grandchildren: Dan, Alice, and Fred; and their four grandsons: Royce and Alan Sisac, and Brian and Michael Rinehart.
Alice Fannin Daniel as the last surviving member of the Fannins when she passed away in July of 1993. Her husband of 72 years died three months later. Sarah and Frank celebrated their 50th Wedding Anniversary in 1996, in Grand Junction, Colorado with all their family in attendance.
Alice Donaldson Fannin was Choctaw Original Enrollee. Her name is listed on the official roll as "Allice" Fannin.


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Includes Four Blank Write-and-Wipe Cards
- Perfect for White Board Instruction
- Appropriate for grades 7 and up.
Designed to teach the most common nomenclature systems used in chemistry today, this set of 140 magnetic cards will stick to almost all whiteboards and chalkboards. Each card represents the most common cations and anions found in chemistry, including polyatomic ions and multiple-valency elements. Mix and match these cards to lead your class in a group chemical naming lesson, or allow students to use individually to determine naming compounds and balance equations. Includes four blank write-and-wipe cards to insert unique chemical names, and a detailed teacher guide with lesson outlines and student worksheets.


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The most colorful fruit of the plant kingdom
Buenos Aires, September 10, 2012
A dazzling fruit of the African forest was declared as the most colorful among biological species known to science so far.
Small 'pearls', spherical, metallic blue, are the fruit of a plant called Pollia Condensata, grown in Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique, where they are used as decoration.
Its cells reflect different colors that give a "pointillist aspect", the technique used by the Impressionists that through a series of points represents a solid color.
Through sophisticated microscopes, the scientists could see the iridescent skin of the fruit, which means that it changes color depending on the angle at which it is observed, has no blue pigment.
Its intense color comes from the interaction of light with small strands of cellulose fibers as stacked layers of helices within the cell walls of the fruit skin.
The distance between these layers vary slightly from cell to cell – alter the color reflected from each point and gives a stunning "pixelated".


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Examples of Student Research
Results 1 - 10 of 21 matches
Natural Disaster Risk at Home part of Example
Students analyze the natural disaster threat and potential mitigation techniques of their (family) home.
West Texas: Guadalupe Mountains, Carlsbad Caverns, Big Bend part of NAGT:Teaching Resources:Teaching in the Field:Field Trip Collection
Neil Haywood, Kevin Hefferean University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point Geology/Geography 393: Field Trip - Southwestern USA Intended Audience: Geology and Geography undergraduate students Location: Guadalupe...
SEM/EDS Beach Sands part of Example
Students pose a question that can be answered using the SEM and sand they have previously collected from beach profiles.
Petrology in the Field and Laboratory part of Example
In this multi-week project, students collect samples in the field, analyze them using various tools and instruments, then present their results and interpretations.
Family Economy of 19th-Century Industrial Workers part of Example
This activity teaches students how to formulate research questions and perform empirical analysis. Students analyse family budgets from late 19th-century industrial workers.
Economics Senior Thesis part of Example
Research on Economics of Population part of Example
Research paper on the economics of population using international census data.
Taking-Risks While Driving: Are there Sex Differences part of Example
Students carry out a naturalistic observation study in order to test the hypothesis that there are sex differences in risk-taking. Students collect and analyze data and prepare APA style research report.
Who Gets Help: A Field Experiment? part of Example
Students carry out a field experiment in order to test the hypothesis that able bodied individuals receive less help than those perceived to have an injury. Students collect and analyze data and write an APA style research report.
Research Paper in Introductory Econometrics part of Example


JHOVE - JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment
1 Introduction
Identification, validation, and characterization actions are frequently necessary during routine operation of digital repositories and for digital preservation activities. These actions are performed by modules. The output from JHOVE is controlled by output handlers. JHOVE uses an extensible plug-in architecture; it can be configured at the time of its invocation to include whatever specific format modules and output handlers that are desired. The initial release of JHOVE includes modules for arbitrary byte streams, ASCII and UTF-8 encoded text, GIF, JPEG2000, and JPEG, and TIFF images, AIFF and WAVE audio, PDF, HTML, and XML; and text and XML output handlers.
2 Use Cases
Potential use cases for JHOVE include:
 1. Identification
 1. "I have an object; what format is it?"
 2. Validation
 1. "I have an object that purports to of format F; is it?"
 2. "I have an object of format F; does it meet profile P of F?"
 3. "I have an object of format F and external metadata about F in schema S; are they consistent?"
 3. Characterization
 1. "I have an object of format F; what are its salient properties (given in schema S)?"
In terms of the OAIS Reference Model [ISO/IEC 14721], JHOVE can be integrated into repository workflows with respect to Submission Information Package (SIP) creation and ingest validation.
3 Architecture
JHOVE is designed as a layered architecture with an API (with well-defined, public interfaces) invoked by a thin application layer for a stand-alone, command line tool, applicable for batch and interactive operation. The API can be used on its own to create other compatible tools.
5 Implementation
JHOVE is implemented as a Java application, written to conform to J2SE 1.4, using the Sun SDK 1.4.1. JHOVE should be usable on any Unix, Windows, or OS X platform with an appropriate J2SE installation.
JHOVE can be invoked with two interfaces:
 1. A command-line interface
 2. A Swing-based GUI interface
6 Tutorial
A tutorial on how to use JHOVE is available.
7 Standard Modules
The following standard modules are available:
 1. AIFF-hul: Audio Interchange File Format
 2. ASCII-hul: ASCII-encoded text
 3. BYTESTREAM: Arbitrary bytestreams (always well-formed and valid)
 4. GIF-hul: Graphics Exchange Format (GIF)
 5. HTML-hul: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 6. JPEG-hul: Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) raster images
 7. JPEG2000-hul: JPEG 2000
 8. PDF-hul: Page Description Format (PDF)
 9. TIFF-hul: Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) raster images
 10. UTF8-hul: UTF-8 encoded text [Unicode]
 11. WAVE: Audio for Windows [WAVE, WAVEFORMAT]
 12. XML-hul: Extensible Markup Language (XML)
8 License
JHOVE is made available by JSTOR and the President and Fellows of Harvard College under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
Note that previous versions of JHOVE were released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Development of JHOVE was funded in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through a grant to JSTOR for the recently launched Electronic-Archiving Initiative.
The JHOVE logo is based on a manipulated three-color filter image of Jupiter and its moon Ganymede (P-20945C, Voyager 1-9, January 31, 1979) produced by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory from images taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft on January 24, 1979. The original image and caption are made available from NASA by the National Space Science Data Center.
Copyright 2003-2009 by JSTOR and the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission.
Last updated 2009-02-25


Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)
Definition of 'Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)'
The Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH) is an economic theory that pertains to the spending and saving habits of people over the course of a lifetime. The concept was developed by Franco Modigliani and his student Richard Brumberg. LCH presumes that individuals base consumption on a constant percentage of their anticipated life income. An example supporting the hypothesis is that people save for retirement while they are earning a regular income (rather than spending it all when it is earned).
Investopedia explains 'Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH)'
The Life Cycle Hypothesis concludes that the average propensity to consume is greater in both young and aging individuals, since they are borrowing against future income (in the case of young individuals) or using savings (as with aging or retired individuals). Middle-aged people, on the other hand, have a greater propensity to save and a lower propensity to consume, enhanced by a typically higher income.
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I came across the following exercise in Spivak's book: Suppose that you have a function $f$ such that $f'(x) \ge M > 0$, for any $x \in [0,1]$. I would like to show that there is an interval of length $1/4$ contained in $[0,1]$, on which $|f(x)| \ge M/4$.
My feeling is that this can be shown using the Mean Value Theorem: Applying this yields, for any $x \in (0,1]$, that $$ \frac{f(x) - f(0)}{x-0} \ge M. $$ However, I don't see how to proceed from here, as I don't have a lower bound for $f(0)$.
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Here's a proof that doesn't use the MVT. (Well, perhaps indirectly.) Suppose to the contrary no interval of length 1/4 satisfies the property. Hence, there must be a $t_0 \in [0,\frac{1}{4}]$ so that $|f(t_0)| < \frac{M}{4}$. We then have $\frac{-M}{4} \leq f(t_0)$, from which we obtain the inequality $$f(t + t_0) \geq Mt + f(t_0) \geq M\bigg(t - \frac{1}{4}\bigg).$$ We now see that if $t \geq \frac{1}{2}$, then $f(t + t_0) \geq \frac{M}{4}$. But $t_0 + \frac{1}{2} \leq \frac{3}{4}$, and so $f(x) \geq \frac{M}{4}$ on the interval $[t_0 + \frac{1}{2},1] \supset [\frac{3}{4},1]$.
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Nice answer, thanks! :) – somebody Oct 23 '12 at 4:58
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Towards a technological university: A design approach to knowledge creation
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Irish economic strategies, in line with broader global strategies, aim to promote innovation and knowledge creation. The past notion that knowledge was a learned entity which stopped and was repeated as needed no longer fits. It is considered that in order to develop innovative fluid thinking and new knowledge creation, the focus shifts from the actual knowledge to the competencies and skills that the practice and application of the knowledge brings. In direct response to this, the Irish Higher Education system is witnessing a period of transition. As part of this transition, some of the Institutes of Technology (IOTs) will merge to become Technological Universities (TUs). The TU focus will extend beyond teaching and learning towards innovation and knowledge creation. The Irish design education sector is innovation focussed and is based on a tradition of practice oriented learning. This thesis aims to position the role of practice oriented learning in the context of innovation and knowledge creation within Irish design education. The approach may now be of value as a process in knowledge creation in other disciplines, as they transition to the emergent Irish TU model. In order to achieve this the overall research area was refined and broken down into the following research questions: 1. What is the strategy behind the focus on knowledge creation and innovation within the transitioning higher education system? 2. How is knowledge created within design education? 3. What role does practice oriented learning play in achieving knowledge creation? 4. How can the value of practice oriented learning benefit an emerging TU culture? Design research is based upon the ability to identify and implement the most appropriate approach to data collection and the analysis of collected material. The 'research through design' approach was the selected methodology for the project. Research through design presumes an interpretative understanding of the material or data being collected. It works when there is an openness and readiness to engage in new or surprising situations in the course of research. This methodology has a focus on synthesising information to form creative insights. The approach was selected as it does not pursue verification or falsification, but rather an interactive interpretative dialogue with the design situation (Frayling, 1993). This is appropriate when the research seeks to uncover strategy as opposed to gathering facts or data, we seek instead to make meaning of the data. One approach to synthesising information involves deep interaction with the data through visual mapping. This approach was selected on the basis that visual mapping would provide a means to deal with the complexity of considering three key areas of research namely; policy, industry and education. The visual mapping enables us to see how and when policy, industry and education interact to arrive at today's strategy for the emerging TU's. This involves decision making throughout the project based on analysis and findings to provide direction. Whilst this method provides a clear rationale for the project direction there is still an amount of subjective interpretation. In order to provide further rigour to this method, a pragmatic approach was taken to test findings through field research using interviews, observations and workshops. In addition to this, peer review and publications were carried out throughout the project. The peer reviews acted as a test bed for the latest thinking in this research area from an international context. The findings to date indicate the strategy behind the transitioning Irish Higher education system is to promote knowledge creation as opposed to the traditional knowledge consumption. This is being driven by economic demands in response to the global shift from production based economy to knowledge based economy. The economic demands are both national and International and strive for innovation through knowledge creation. The thesis defines knowledge creation within design education as a specific process of tacit and explicit knowledge exchanges that occur within a shared space or context. Tacit knowledge is explored as informal knowledge based on experiences, insights and intuition. The findings show that tacit knowledge is produced through practice oriented learning approach used in Irish design education. This approach, used by design may be of value to other disciplines as existing structures transition towards the emerging model of TU with the aim of promoting knowledge creation.
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Awareness Call to New Poultry Keepers
by 5m Editor
1 June 2010, at 6:14am
On the countryside programme, 'Landward', aired in Scotland on BBC2 last Friday (28 May) at 7.00pm, a feature looked at the significant increase in the number of households looking to keep their own poultry.
NFU Scotland and the programme makes the point that the welfare of the stock must take priority and those contemplating such a move should undergo appropriate training in keeping poultry and ensure they have veterinary support.
NFU Scotland's Communications Director, Bob Carruth, said: "There is a danger that people get caught up in the whole wave of producing your own food without giving serious thought to all that is involved in properly looking after your hens and chickens. There is a big difference between growing a few carrots and lettuce to actually keeping and looking after livestock. "These birds are not pets or fashion items and I am glad the programme points potential bird-keepers towards the need for appropriate training in how to look after the hens and that veterinary advice should be available. Both are essential to the health and welfare of the birds.
"We would also encourage those keeping hens in their gardens or backyards to register their birds with the authorities. Diseases, such as avian influenza and Newcastle Disease, pose huge health risks to wild birds, small flocks and commercial poultry stocks. In the event of any outbreak, it is in everyone's interests that we know where all birds are being kept and I would urge any new flock owners to sign up to the Poultry Register."


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- Cut a square or rectangular shaped cardboard for the ground.
- Use markers to color the runway and ground.
- Make two large rectangular towers with square roofs, using construction paper.
- Make one long rectangular building.
- Glue the long building in the middle of the two towers.
- Using cardboard, cut out a long rectangle, a large isosceles triangle, and a small isosceles triangle; these will become the plane's body and wings.
- Draw and cut out a tail for the plane. It will be a quadrilateral (a four-sided shape); choose angles you like.
- To assemble the plane, cut two slices in the center of the long rectangular.
Slide the large triangle inside the first slot, and the smaller triangle in the second. Use glue to keep them in place. These are the wings of the plane.
- Finally, glue the plane's tail to the rear top of the plane.
- Don't glue the plane to the board so you can play with it and make it fly!
This math craft was created in January 2004 by Victor B., grade 5,
- One of your towers could be three-sided with a triangle-shaped roof, as in the photo. Or what about a 5- or 6-sided tower?
- You might try cutting out a few different tails to see which looks best, before gluing.
- Can you design a helicopter out of polygons?
- A cardboard airplane won't fly far! Make some paper airplanes, too. Try different designs and paper thicknesses and test how well they fly. What polygons do you see in the folded paper airplanes?
- See Number City or Little Village of Shapes for other ideas on making buildings from construction paper.
Philip G. Vroom Elementary School, Ms. Geis's class, Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S.


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During the cold winter months, dried, chapped, and cracked lips are a common concern for all. If you've wondered if you can put vaseline on your lips, you're right, it can be your best bet when that happens as it works as a thick moisturizing agent that smooths your lips and eliminates dryness and chapping. Also, you are usually advised not to use products like lipsticks or glosses since they can worsen the problem. While Vaseline may be the most widely used lip balm, does it really work? Keep reading to learn more.
In This Article
Is Vaseline Good For Chapped Lips?
Vaseline is basically petroleum jelly, a type of occlusive moisturizer that helps lock the moisture in your skin (1). Unlike humectants that acquire water from the air, Vaseline works by forming a protective barrier on the lips to prevent moisture loss. This means that it does not add any moisture to your lips but seals in the existing moisture, making ti an effective lip therapy product. Therefore, if your lips are chapped and need moisture, applying Vaseline first will not do you much good since there is not enough moisture for it to lock in (2).
Vaseline is good for lips. It is a safe and gentle way to retain moisture in your lips and keep them protected. It strengthens the skin barrier and helps deal with extreme dryness and irritation (3). You can include it in your daily skin care regimen and use it in combination with other moisturizing products to prevent your lips from chapping. It also improves lip nourishment. Additionally, it may even speed up lip healing.
Bianca, a blogger, shared her experience of using Vaseline to keep her lips healthy in her personal blog. She said, " My lips instantly feel hydrated, moisturized, smooth and soft not only when applied but even after it wears off, my lips still feel nourished (i)."
Dr. Anna Chacon, MD, FAAD, says, "You may make your chapped lips worse if you only lick them before applying Vaseline, as lips don't retain water very well."
However, you must also remember that Vaseline is produced by a refining process that uses potentially harmful chemicals. Also, it is obtained from petroleum using a drilling technique that is harmful to the environment. It is a complicated product and needs thorough analysis before you decide to buy it.
Slathering Vaseline on your chapped lips is not a great way to use it. Learn the best way to use this chapped lip remedy in the next section.
How To Use Vaseline On Lips
When your lips dry out and turn flaky, you should avoid licking or picking the flaky skin. Here's what you need to do to improve lip care:
- Exfoliate your lips to buff away the dead skin and flakes. You can make your own exfoliating scrub with sugar and natural lip emollients such as cocoa butter.
- Moisturize your lips with a soothing moisturizer or lip balm containing hyaluronic acid and ceramides to prevent irritation and further chapping. You can also use a natural moisturizer, such as shea butter, coconut oil, cocoa butter, etc., to moisturize dry lips.
- Finally, apply a coating of Vaseline to lock the moisture in and retain the softness and smoothness of your lips. It can be used as a lip conditioner or a lip salve.
Note: Do not exfoliate your lips daily. You can use a mild exfoliant to scrub away dirt, dead skin, and impurities from your lips 2 to 3 times a week.
While Vaseline is great for locking the moisture in your lips, you need to take some precautions as it can cause some side effects. Check them out below.
Side Effects Of Vaseline On Lips
Some side effects of Vaseline include:
- Adverse Reaction
Petroleum-based products may cause adverse reactions like redness and irritation if you have sensitive skin. Therefore, always perform a patch test on your arm before using Vaseline on your sensitive skin.
Petroleum jelly may cause a fungal or bacterial infection if you don't maintain proper hygiene before using it. Its sticky texture may trap fungi or bacteria that you then apply and spread around your lips. So, make sure that you keep your jar of Vaseline clean and in a hygienic place. Also, make sure that you wash your hands and cleanse and dry your lips properly before applying it to your chapped lips.
- Aspiration Pneumonia
Please consult your doctor before using Vaseline around the nose or the mouth area, especially for children. Accidentally inhaling Vaseline can lead to aspiration pneumonia (4).
- Clogged Pores
Vaseline is comedogenic, which means it can clog pores. When you use it on your lips, there are chances that the pores around your mouth can get clogged up and unclean over time. Therefore, cleanse your lips thoroughly before using Vaseline.There have been concerns regarding the potential carcinogenic effects of petroleum jelly, which are mostly related to its manufacturing process. However, Vaseline and other commercially available petroleum jelly are refined and purified to remove any carcinogenic material.
Now, let's answer the question that is on everyone's mind.
Is Vaseline Better Than Chapstick?
You can use a chapstick infused with sunscreen (SPF) on your lips to keep them hydrated and moisturized and then top up with Vaseline to prevent the moisture from escaping. The main differences between chapstick and Vaseline are:
- Chapsticks can be flavored and fragranced, whereas Vaseline is odorless, tasteless, and colorless.
- Vaseline contains petroleum jelly with a bit of scent to lock in the moisture, whereas chapsticks are made with moisture-infusing ingredients that help in healing dry lips.
- Chapsticks are only made for lips, whereas Vaseline can also be used on other body parts (like knees and elbows) to get rid of dryness.
So, should you use chapstick or Vaseline for lip maintenance? Both! Chapstick moisturizes dry lips, and Vaseline helps in sealing the moisture in and keeping the skin barrier intact. While you can get away with using just chapstick, there is no point in using Vaseline without applying chapstick first.
Chapped lips can be annoying and even painful. Learn how to prevent your lips from chapping in the next section.
How To Prevent Chapped Lips
Some of the things you can do to prevent chapped lips are:
- Do not breathe from your mouth. Mouth breathing emits warm air over your lips that can lead to dryness and chapping.
- Do not keep licking your lips when they are dry. People find it almost irresistible, but your saliva can worsen the dryness and leave your lips even more chapped and flaky.
- Avoid touching your lips repeatedly when they are dry and chapped. This can transfer germs onto their surface and cause an infection.
- Drink plenty of water to keep your body, skin, and lips hydrated.
- During winters, use a humidifier in your room to maintain optimum humidity. Lack of moisture in the air causes skin dryness due to trans-epidermal water loss.
- Stay away from lip products like lip softeners or lip ointments that contain artificial dyes and fragrances as they can lead to dryness and allergic reactions. Also, products containing preservatives and harsh substances like sulfates and parabens are best avoided as they strip away the natural oils from your lips and leave them dehydrated.
- Use a lip moisturizer or balm with SPF since excessive sun exposure can also cause dryness.
- Ingredients such as menthol, cinnamon, salicylic acid, and alcohol can irritate the skin and make it dry and flaky. Avoid them in your lip products.
- Exfoliation is the key. It helps eliminate dirt and impurities to smoothen the skin.
Besides following these tips, you can also avoid certain ingredients that can dry out your lips and use others that can heal them. Check them out below.
Ingredients To Avoid That May Dry Out Your Lips
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, these are some of the worst offenders on the list (5):
- Artificial flavors and fragrances
- Octinoxate or oxybenzone
- Propyl gallate
- Salicylic acid
Ingredients That Can Heal Dry Lips
These are some of the best ingredients to combat lip dryness (5):
- Mineral oils
- Castor oil
- Shea butter
- Cocoa butter
- Zinc oxide and titanium oxide
- White petroleum jelly
- Hemp seed oil
Infographic: Does Vaseline Work Well For The Lips?
Do you also find yourself worrying about dry, chapped, and cracked lips during the winter months? Well, your ideal solution probably is Vaseline, which can smoothen your lips and reduce dryness and chapping. But how good is Vaseline really for lips? Does it have any side effects? To learn more, consider checking out the infographic below.
Using Vaseline for lips is not new. People have been using it for years to prevent cracked and chapped lips during the winter season. However, applying Vaseline first will not do any good to your lips as it only helps lock in the existing moisture. To prevent chapping, you may have to use it with other moisturizing products like a lip balm, chapstick, or lip mask. You can follow the steps discussed in the article to know the best way to use Vaseline on your lips.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it okay to keep Vaseline on my lips overnight?
Yes. Keeping Vaseline on the lips overnight will moisturize and soften them.
Can Vaseline make