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If you're reading this, chances are you have enjoyed the sense of accomplishment that comes from driving an 8-foot long, mostly steel rod into the earth and connecting a ground wire to it. It's tough work. At the end of the day, you know that your effort was justified because you have installed a system that will protect people from electrical shock, help safeguard expensive electronic equipment, limit neutral-to-ground voltage and satisfy the NEC along the way. There is an increasing awareness in the electrical industry of the benefits of a low-resistance, high-quality grounding system. This article takes a nuts-and-bolts approach to examining one the most commonly installed components: the ground rod.
Copper-bonded, galvanized, and stainless steel ground rods are available in many different sizes. We will not focus on stainless steel rods as their high cost prohibits widespread use. More commonly used are copper-bonded and galvanized steel ground rods. Besides price, what really makes these rods different? Both rods are composed of a steel core with a tensile strength ranging from 58,000 psi for galvanized rods to >90,000 psi for copper-bonded steel rods. From a theoretical standpoint, the higher the tensile strength, the less likely the rod is to "mushroom" or spread when being driven. This is a concern when rods are being coupled or when connections are being made to the top of the rod. Practically speaking, we all know that any ground rod will mushroom if you hit it without using a drive sleeve specifically designed to prevent this. So, the steel used in a copper-bonded rod may give it a slight edge in "driveability," but not enough to classify it as a superior electrode.
The main difference between the two rods is the thickness and type of material used to cover the steel core. Galvanized ground rods are coated with zinc to a thickness of 3.9 mils or.0039 inches. Copper-bonded ground rods are coated with copper to a thickness of 10 mils or.010 inches. It is the thickness and type of material coating that primarily determines the rod's corrosion resistance and service life. In essence, we are comparing zinc to copper and 3.9 mils to 10.0 mils. I think everyone would agree that, regardless of the material, a thicker coating would provide better corrosion protection and, therefore, longer service life.
Perhaps a less intuitive leap is that copper is inherently more resistant to corrosion than zinc. We've all used galvanized steel products and paid a premium for them. Chances are, you didn't have any major corrosion problems with these items. Why should we expect anything different from a galvanized ground rod? The reason is that galvanized ground rods are exposed to the much harsher below-grade environment.
It is an entirely different corrosion ballgame when metals are buried. Aluminum illustrates this point perfectly. Aluminum displays good corrosion resistance above grade. In fact, many boats that are subject to corrosive saltwater are made using aluminum. However, aluminum is prohibited for below-grade use in Article 250 of the NEC due to its lack of corrosion resistance in this environment. While not as drastic as aluminum, galvanized metal experiences a similar drop off in corrosion resistance when placed underground.
Comprehensive direct burial studies done by the National Bureau of Standards showed that 3.9 mils of galvanizing could be expected to provide 10-13 years of protection in most soils. This same study showed that 10 mils of copper could be expected to last more than 40 years in most soil types and is the basis for the 10 mils of copper required for a rod to be UL listed. Furthermore, independent ground rod testing performed by the Navy and the National Electrical Grounding Research Project back up the data gathered by the National Bureau of Standards. Because of these studies, a service life of 10 to 15 years can be assigned to galvanized rods and 40-plus years for 10 mil copper-bonded rods in most soil types.
These results may lead you to believe that copper-bonded rods are better than galvanized rods. Sometimes this is true and sometimes not. I want to emphasize the importance of matching the appropriate ground rod to the application. If the facility being grounded has a life expectancy of less than 15 years, a galvanized ground rod is appropriate and will provide the most cost-effective solution. For installations with a longer service life, copper-bonded ground rods are the best fit. For many years, the copper cold water pipe has served as the primary grounding electrode for commercial & residential grounding.
With non-conductive PVC piping used more extensively these days, the supplemental ground rod is becoming the primary electrode. It only makes sense that it should be required to perform as long as the copper water pipe that came before it. As such, I strongly encourage the use of UL-listed copper-bonded ground rods on new home construction.
Galvanized ground rods
Recently, UL-listed galvanized ground rods have shown up in the market. You may have wondered why now and what does this mean? Underwriters Laboratories had never listed galvanized ground rods in the past and there are no listing requirements for galvanized rods in the existing UL 467 Standard, unlike copper-bonded and stainless steel rods which have clear listing requirements. These rods use the higher tensile strength steel found in copper-bonded rods, which is a plus, but we've already established that as a minor benefit. These galvanized rods have a smaller diameter than non-UL listed galvanized rods requiring special accessories and different exothermic welding equipment.
Most importantly, these rods are coated with the same amount of zinc as their non-UL listed cousins (3.9 mils). Since the coating is the same, there is no increase in service life. So what makes them better? It has been suggested that the UL listing will make the inspector's job easier by allowing them to visually inspect for the UL mark. Inspectors that had trouble qualifying galvanized rods in the past may appreciate this, but I believe this to be a small minority of the dedicated individuals in this profession.
While the initial inspection of the rod serves a purpose, the bigger issue is inspection of the rod 5, 10 or 30 years after it is buried. Who performs this important role? Nobody. UL marks are not helpful once the rod is buried. The long-term performance of the rod is more important than its initial inspection.
The length and diameter of the ground rod not only affect its resistance but also its driving characteristics. Although larger diameter ground rods do not have an appreciably lower ground resistance value, they do have a larger steel core that makes them easier to drive in harder soil by providing extra rigidity. It's probably no coincidence that most rods driven in Canada, with its harder soil, are 3/4 inch in diameter as opposed to 5/8-inch rods which dominate in the United States.
The length of a ground rod plays a much bigger role in its final ground resistance measurement, and it goes without saying that it takes longer to drive a longer ground rod. The NEC and UL require a ground rod to be at least 8 feet in length. This specification was obviously created by engineers that had never driven a ground rod or noticed that most people are not 8' tall. Longer rods are more dangerous to install and bow more when being driven. The more a rod bows or shudders, the less efficient the driving process is. Shorter rods are safer and easier to drive. In fact, I would love to see the industry standardize on using two 4-foot rods and a coupler to achieve the required 8 feet total length. Installations would be faster, easier, and safer not to mention that the logistics of transporting and storing a 4-foot rod are much simpler than longer 8- or 10-foot rods.
Hopefully, this article has given you a little more insight on a product that you use everyday—the ground rod. Not all ground rods are created equal nor are the techniques used to install them. Installing a grounding system is best-done right the first time as it is every expensive to rework, and failure of the grounding system puts people and expensive electronic equipment jeopardy. Understanding the functions of a grounding system and the characteristics of the various components used to implement it will allow the electrical contractor to make educated buying decisions. Exceptional contractors will understand that finding the cheapest way to meet code can end up costing more. EC
REMPE can be reached at _EMAIL_.


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|informal (US), (Canadian) short for mathematics Brit equivalent: maths|
|an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.|
|a fool or simpleton; ninny.|
in Hinduism, any monastic establishment of world renouncers or sannyasis. The first mathas were founded by the great teacher Shankara in the 8th century CE. Shankara was said to have established four mathas at strategic points in India as bulwarks for Hindu missionary activity and as centres for the 10 religious orders of his group: the Govardhana Matha in Puri on the east coast for the Aranya and Vana orders; the Jyotih Matha, near Badrinath in the Himalayas, for the Giri, Parvata, and Sagara orders; the Sarada Matha in Dvaraka on the west coast for the Tirtha and Asrama orders; and the Srngeri Matha in South India for the Bharati, Puri, and Sarasvati orders. A fifth matha, the Saradapitha in Kancipuram near Madras, arose later.
Learn more about matha with a free trial on Britannica.com.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What Happens When a Loved One Dies in Prison?
What Happens When a Loved One Dies in PrisonFuneral planning isn't a positive experience in the best of circumstances—so when you add a complicated legal or personal situation, things have a way of becoming even more difficult and emotional.
One scenario that few people anticipate having to navigate is how to take care of the deceased when he or she passes away in a government institution like jail. However, this type of situation can and does happen, and there are options for families who wish to reclaim the deceased's body for a personalized burial.
The Death Care Industry and Prison
In many cases, inmates who face a long time in prison—or who are otherwise in a situation in which death has a reasonable chance of occurring while they are incarcerated—make a will or other advance plans for death. Because they are already firmly in the legal system and have had contact with a lawyer, they may have been encouraged to draft a will that indicates where and how their body will be interred.
Popular among these options are programs that allow inmates to donate their bodies to science and other organizations. Because these are a donation program, there is no additional cost to the deceased's family or estate, making it ideal when funeral costs are an issue.
Send Funeral Flowers today
However, the lack of personalization of this type of scenario can be hard on families, which is why it's important to have conversations with your loved ones ahead of time. If you can't afford a funeral after death occurs, you may be able to work out an advance funeral pre-plan with a local funeral home or even discuss alternate options with a lawyer.
Families Getting Involved in the Funeral Planning
Individuals who die while incarcerated can be buried and given a funeral much like any other person who passes away. An immediate family member, spouse, or otherwise authorized person may claim the body and assume responsibility for the costs and process of funeral planning.
If you wish to access your loved one's medical records and personal belongings, and if you want to have a say in how he or she is buried, it's a good idea to notify the authorities that you intend to take over the funeral planning process as soon as you hear of the passing.
If family members are unable to pay for the funeral, the body will be treated according to county regulations. This might mean direct burial or cremation, or even the donation of the body to science. It is important to note that when you sign over the rights of burial to the department of corrections, you typically waive all rights to your say in the funeral plans as well as your access to his or her belongings.
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Keeping you current
DNA From Ancient Latrines Reveal What People Ate Centuries Ago
By digging in ancient toilets, researchers uncovered genetic material that tells of past diets and diseases
Mid 15th-century diners sit down to an elaborate meal in this illustration from an anonymous artist. (Wikimedia commons)
There's treasure to be found in mining excrement. At least, it's treasure to scientists studying the diets, habits and health of people who lived centuries ago.
In a new study, Danish researchers dug up old latrines and sequenced the DNA they found in the ancient poop. The results paint a picture of diets and parasites spanning times and places that range from an ancient fort Qala'at al-Bahrain, near the capital Bahrain in 500 B.C.E. to the river-ringed city of Zwolle in the Netherlands in 1850. The researchers published their results in the journal PLOS One.
The team collected samples of old latrines and soil deposits at eight different archeological sites. They screened the samples for the eggs of parasites, which can last for centuries, and analyzed the DNA in each sample to determine species. They also gleaned the DNA of plants and animals from the samples to determine what people ate.
In some ways, the team found that life centuries ago was unhygienic as might be imagined. Most people probably dealt with intestinal parasites at least once in their life, veterinary scientist and paper co-author Martin Søe, with the University of Copenhagen, tells Angus Chen at NPR. "I think it's fair to say it was very, very common," he says. "In places with low hygienic standards, you still have a lot of whipworm and round worm."
Søe explains that the types of parasites they found could also give insight into the animals people consumed. Parasites that live in fish and pigs but that can also infect humans were a common find, indicating that undercooked or raw pork and fish was a diet staple.
The analysis also identified a handful of parasites that only infect humans such as the giant roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura).
By sequencing the mitochondrial DNA of the parasite eggs, the researchers found that Northern European whipworms from 1000 C.E. to 1700 C.E. were more closely related to worms found in present-day Uganda than to those in present-day China. Findings like this offer "hints about ancient patterns of travel and trade," writes Charles Choi for a blog post at Discover magazine.
Researchers also found parasites that don't infect human but are more commonly found in sheep, horses, dogs, pigs and rats. This suggests the critters all likely lived near the latrines, leading people to dispose of the animal waste in the ancient toilets, Søe tells Choi.
The menagerie of ancient DNA helps paint a picture of life at some of the sites. For example, samples from Gammel Strand—a site in Copenhagen's old harbor—include DNA from herring and cod, horses, cats and rats. The harbor was "[l]ikely a very dirty place by our standards, with a lot of activity from humans and animals," Søe says.
The findings also reveal information about ancient diets. DNA in Danish samples shows that the people probably ate fin whales, roe deer and hares, writes Sarah Sloat for Inverse. The study also delves into the analysis of plant DNA, which included cherries, pears, cabbages, buckwheat and other edible plants. The ancient Danes' waste had an abundance of DNA from hops, showing the people's fondness for beer, whereas the samples from the Netherlands showed people there had a preference for wine.
This isn't the first time that scientists have looked to unappetizing leavings to learn more about the past. Researchers have traced the path of explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark by looking for traces of mercury in the soil. The metallic element was in pills the men took to treat constipation and its presence indicates where the expedition dug latrines and camped. And parasites in a castle latrine in Cyprus attest to the poor health endured by crusaders. But the DNA analysis of the new study offers a uniquely detailed picture of the past.
Together, the new findings offer intriguing hints about ancient life. Following up on some of these leads could lead future researchers to tell us more about ancient people's health and the migrations of our ancestors. As Maanasa Raghavan, a zoologist at Cambridge University who wasn't part of the new study, tells NPR: "Having these datasets will help us look further at how these pathogens evolved over time or how people moved around."
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Black and white is often under-appreciated. You are taking stuff away, after all.
Yes. Colour. Of course. But you are also adding stuff.
Lyndsay in Mono
As advantages of a black and white image, you get:
- Shades of grey. Everything becomes shades of grey. So while in a colour image you may have various little groups of shade, in a colour image, all becomes grey. So you automatically get shades all the way from black to white, if you like.
- Emphasis on texture. Textures, which can be lost in colour photos, are seen clearly in black and white.
- Emphasis on shape. The same is true of shape. You are not drawn to colour, so now the pure shape is what draws you attention.
- Emphasis on light. In the absence of colour, it is all light. You can light dramatically, softly: Light is seen clearly, not as colour, but as light.
- Ability to tweak. You can tweak colours in post (or when using film, by using filters. Like in the example that follows below.
- Ability to create mood. You can add shade. Drama. Even grain, to create an old film look. I do this a lot nowadays.
- Simplicity: it is also easier to shoot. No white balance to worry about.
So today, let me show you just one trick: the above-mentioned ability to selectively change colour.
An original image of a student the other day:
Student in colour
Now converted in Lightroom to "neutral" black and white:
Student in B/W (Neutral)
Now, I used the HSL/Color/B&W tool in the Develop module to selectively increase the brightness of her shirt:
Student in B/W (Light shirt)
But of course I want to de-emphasise the shirt, so her face stands out! Here's the version I prefer, with a darker shirt:
Student in B/W (dark shirt)
Can you see how much more this emphasises the student, while in the original image, the colours stand out instead?
Here is one more example of how colour can distract, and how in the black and white version that distrction disappears.
So: I recommend you try some black and white. (And do it in "post", not in the camera. Otherwise you lose the ability to tweak. You can set your camera to B/W as long as you shoot RAW, so you retain all the information).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A string or rope is cut into two pieces, and then magically restored into one piece!
- One piece of heavy string or thin rope.
- A piece of writing paper.
- A pair of good scissors.
The Cut-and-Restored rope effect is a classic of magic. Prefold a piece of paper before the show so it looks like the paper in Figure 1. When it's time to present the trick, pull out the paper and lay the string in it as shown.
Fold the top of the paper (section A) down, then fold the bottom of the paper (section C) up. Now for the secret move:
When you fold section C up over section A, use your thumb to catch the string as demonstrated in Figure 2. When you prefold the paper before the show be certain that section A is not so long that it will cover the string.
Securely grasp the package as in Figure 3, making sure that the view shown in the diagram is seen only by you.
Cut through the paper, as shown in Figure 4. Cut completely through the paper, dividing it and, presumably, the rope in half. In reality, only the paper is cut in half, the rope is still intact.
Crumple up the paper, and pull the rope out slowly. It is restored into one complete piece! The paper may be examined, and it will be seen to have been cleanly cut into two halves!
Credits: Alex Jones


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Horatio Alger, Jr.
HORATIO ALGER JR:
Copyright (c) 1996 by Bill Roach All rights reserved.
1. Who was Horatio Alger?
Horatio Alger, Jr. was an American author (_PHONE_). Alger
produced the one of the first boys' adventure series. Alger
published over 118 novels in book form. Another 280 novels were
produced in magazines along with more than five hundred short stories.
His young heroes succeed through a mixture of pluck and luck.
They are lucky, in part, because they deserve to be lucky. A
given hero may appear in several books, e.g., "Ragged Dick,"
but the books do not have a common set of characters. Regardless
of their names, the heroes are remarkably similar. Horatio Alger,
Jr. was the oldest of five children of a debt-ridden
New England, Unitarian minister. He was very frail. He
was under weight and undersized, suffered from bronchial asthma, and
near sightedness. Because of his poor health, the family deferred
his introduction to the alphabet and reading until he was six years
old. He started formal school at age 10 and achieved Phi Beta Kappa
at Harvard. He was ranked eighth in a class of 89. He
volunteered for the union army three times and was rejected three
times because of his asthma and small size (just over five feet and
about 120 pounds). Horatio Alger, Jr. taught school or tutored school
children for a good part of his life. His most famous student is
Benjamin Cardozo who went on to be a Supreme Court justice.
2. What has he written?
Horatio Alger wrote mostly juvenile fiction: short stories, serialized
novels, and novels. He also wrote biography, juvenile biography (James
Garfield, Abraham Lincoln, and Daniel Webster), and poetry. He did
someserious writing for adult publications (essays), but he was not
nearlyas successful at that.
The Horatio Alger Society includes lists of his publications and their
various editions for collectors. The most comprehensive list of Alger's
publications is Bob Bennett's_ A Collector's Guide to the Published
Works of Horatio Alger, Jr. (1832 – 1899)_MAD Book Company: Newark,
Many of the books were sold after Alger's death and after the copyrights
had expired so careful records were not kept. Printers frequently
printed unauthorized editions at the same time they printed authorized
editions. The unauthorized editions were sold by the printer with
no fee paid to the publisher.
3. What Alger
organizations have sites on the Net?
Horatio Alger, Jr Resources
Horatio Alger Association (philanthropic organization)
Horatio Alger Educational Programs
Horatio Alger Society (collectors) _URL_
4. What pseudonyms did Alger use?
Arthur Lee Putnam
Charles F. Preston
5. Why is there so little accurate
information about Alger?
Alger's sister Augusta inherited all of his papers. She detroyed
virtually all of his personal papers. In the Victorian era, it was
not unusual for an author or his/her relatives to purge the personal
papers of anything that might be unseemly. To the Victorian mind,
virtually any eccentricity was unseemly. This bowdlerization occurred
to the personal papers of Louisa May Alcott, Sir Richard Francis Burton,
6. Why is there so much disinformation
In 1928 Herbert Mayes published a fraudulent Alger biography entitled:
Alger: A Biography Without a Hero. Mayes even fabricated a diary
for Alger which detailed a life of carousing and womanizing. The
Mayes biography became the basis for the entry in the Dictionary of
American Biography. Mayes did not admit the fraud until 1976. As
late as 1963, an Alger biographer with academic credentials, John
Tebbel, repeated all of the Mayes fabrications, supposedly after verifying
7. What Alger novels are available
on the Net?
8. What movies been made from his books?
- Struggling Upward
- Cast Upon the Breakers
- The Cash Boy
- Joe the Hotel Boy
- Paul Prescott's Charge: A story for boys
- The Errand Boy: or, How Phil Brent Won Success
- A Fancy of Hers
- Driven from Home or Carl Crawford's Experience
- Frank's Campaign or, Farm and Camp
- Paul the Peddler, or, Fortunes of a Young Street Merchant
- Phil the Fiddler
A Disney movie _Newsies_ deals with the 1899 newsboy strike in New
York City. The movie is not based on a Horatio Alger story but it
does depict the life of the newsboys that figured in so many Alger
stories. The informal web site of the movie is referenced on the
Horatio Alger Resources web site. If any movies have been made from
Alger stories, they should have been made between 1900 and 1920 at
the peak of his popularity. They would have been silent movies.
So far none of the FAQ readers have turned up an Horatio Alger silent
movie (or talkie).
9. What are some good
Alger biographies? Some bad ones?
Gary Scarnhorst with Jack Bales, _The Lost Life of Horatio Alger,
Jr._ (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, IN, 1985) Many poor
biographies are based on the 1928 Mayes book mentioned above.
10. What is the relationship between Horatio Alger
stories and the subsequent The Rover Boys, Tom Swift, Hardy Boys,
and Nancy Drew Series?
Horatio Alger worked with a younger writer, Edward Stratemeyer, an
editor at Munsey Magazine. Before his death, Alger's arranged
to have Stratemeyer finish the works that Alger had in progress.
The Alger books "completed" by
- Out for Business
- Falling in with Fortune
- Nelson, the Newsboy
- Young Captain Jack
- Jerry, the Backwoods Boy
- Lost at Sea
- From Farm to Fortune
- The Young Book Agent
- Randy of the River
- Joe, the Hotel Boy
- Ben Logan's Triumph
Stratemeyer was a prolific author and went on to set up the Stratemeyer
Syndicate which was responsible for the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew.
After Stratemeyer's death, the syndicate operated under the leadership
of his daughter Harriet Adams Stratemeyer.
11. What is the formula for an Horatio Alger story?
An adolescent boy with a rural back ground sets off to earn his
livelihood in an urban setting. He triumphs over circumstances
and temptation and starts advancing in his career. At some point,
he will be betrayed or falsely accused by one of his peers. Ultimately,
the hero will be vindicated. While pluck and hard work play a role
in the success of an Alger hero, there is always an older male who
takes on the hero as his protégé. That mentor plays a critical
role in the success of the Alger hero. The Alger hero never takes
revenge on those who mistreated him. He secures what is rightfully
his, but he is never vindictive. Alger heroes never have romantic
interests. As they leave adolescence, these heroes leave his books
except to play the role of mentors for the new generation of Alger
12. What libraries / museums have Horatio Alger archives?
of Congress Simmons
College Archives and Special Collections Northern
Illinois University Library
Founders Library at NIU has acquired a comprehensive collection
of more than 2,000 books and periodicals by and about Horatio Alger,
and the library now is the official repository for the archives
and other papers of the Horatio Alger Society. All materials received
from the Society will be cataloged and made available to interested
parties through computer networks. A complete catalog of Alger's
works will be prepared, and the library will continue to acquire
all Alger-related monographs and dissertations, in addition to mounting
periodic exhibits of the collections and hosting future conventions
of the Society. Stanley
Lieberman Memorial Collection of American Juvenile Literature, Princeton
University University of South
Florida Tampa Campus Library A. Frank Smith,
Jr. Library Center Special
Collections Department - Emory University Popular
Culture Library at Bowling Green State de Grummond Childrens' Literature Collection
at Southern Mississipi
13. What does the Horatio Alger "Strive and Succeed"
philosophy consist of? Are there contemporary versions of it?
There are several elements in the Horatio Alger "Strive and
The Alger success formula seems very like what one finds in _The Autobiography
of Benjamin Franklin_. Alger's code is less pragmatic and more altruitstic
than Poor Richard's. Alger's code imposes significant personal obligations,
but it is not at all individualistic. The Alger code does not seem
to have much in common with those individuals labeled "Horatio
Alger success stories." Some modern conservatives object
to Alger's liberal philosophy. W. S. Ross even provides an example
of an Alger novel (_Struggling Upward_) with all that pernicious liberalism
- hard work
- study (informal rather than formal)
- loyalty to superiors and subordinates
- abstaining from alcohol
- frugal living
- importance of dress and personal grooming
- personal


How we know that this is a piece of fossilized lightning
Lightning struck the Sahara desert about 15,000 years ago, and left a sign of its presence behind. The heat from the lightning reached a little over 1,800C and melted certain elements in the soil until they fused together. This solid form, called a fulgurite, most often shows up in sandy soil, or soil with a lot of… » 2/28/13 12:40pm 2/28/13 12:40pm


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You are hereAengus Angus
An Irish god of love, he was one of the offspring of the promiscuous Dagda, and there are various tales told about his exploits in Irish mythology.
One of the most famed is Aislinge Oenguso (The dream of Angus) from the eighth century. It tells how he had a dream, in which he saw a maiden from the otherworld called Caer Ibormeith. He fell in love with her, and enlisted the help of Bodb to help him find her. The maiden spent one year in human form, and one year in the form of a swan, and it was in this form that he found her at Loch Bel Dracon on Samhain (Halloween), with a group of 149 other maidens also in the guise of swans. Angus shape-shifted into the form of swan, and they circled the lake three times singing enchanting music - so that all the people in the area fell asleep for a period of three days and nights. After this he returned with her to his palace.
He is often seen as a god of youth and beauty.


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In this tutorial, you have a chance to learn how to create a realistic water effect in flash using the mask and some special flash tips and tricks. To create this lesson, you don't have to use A.S.code. You will also learn how to create water shape, how to animate it, convert it into a Movie Clip Symbol and more!
Example: Step 1
Create a new flash document and set frame rate to 13 fps (Frames per Second).Step 2
Import any picture in flash (Ctrl+R), on which you want to apply the water effect.Step 3
While your picture is still selected, press F8 key (Convert to Symbol) to convert it into a Movie Clip.Step 4
Double click on a new made Movie Clip (picture) or choose right click and Edit in Place.Step 5
While your picture is still selected, press F8 key to Convert it into a Graphic symbol.
After that, double click on layer1 to rename its name in mianPicture. Then, click on frame 1, choose right click and Copy Frames.Step 6
Insert a new layer and name it picture. Click on frame 1 and choose right click and Paste Frames.Step 7
Insert a new layer again, and name it waterEffect.Step 8
Take the Rectangle Tool (R), Stroke color must be switched off, under Fill color choose any color and draw a "rectangle" over the picture. Then, take the Selection Tool (V), and do like it is shown on the picture below.
Finally, you'll need to get this:Step 9
Click on frame 10, 20 and 30 of layer waterEffect and press F6 (Keyframe).Step 10
Go back on frame 10, and using the arrows key on the keyboard, move the "effect" a little down. After that click on frame 30, and move the "effect" a little up.Step 11
Select the waterEffect layer, and in Properties Panel under Tween choose Shape.Step 12
Select waterEffect layer and convert it to a mask by right-clicking on the waterEffect layer and selecting Mask.Step 13
Click on frame 30 of layer picture and main_picture and press F5 on the keyboard.
Test your Movie (Ctrl+Enter).
We're done!Download source file (.fla)


baby's private parts are more likely to be bitten by mosquitoes. When the baby cannot tolerate the itching in the private parts, it will be scratched unconsciously, which will eventually lead to genital infections.
From the design of open crotch pants to the advent of its existence, its existence must be justified, so how should the family scientifically wear open crotch pants for their children?
1. Add diapers to the child before putting on the crotch pants
When the child is at an age where he can't control his own urine and urine, it's best for the family to put on diapers for the child. The simultaneous existence of the two is not mutually exclusive, on the contrary, the two are a perfect match. On the one hand, parents can observe the dampness of the diaper in time, so that it can be replaced in time to prevent the growth of bacteria; on the other hand, it can effectively avoid the above-mentioned hazards and protect the health of children's private parts.
2. Put on panties before crotch pants
For children who have already given up diapers, it is appropriate to add a barrier to the outside world in crotch pants, that is, panties. Compared with diapers, panties are more breathable and convenient. When children wear panties in open crotch pants, they can effectively resist external infections and help children establish gender awareness.
In fact, in addition to open crotch pants, there are also the following types of pants on the market that are not suitable for children.
1. Leggings
Many mothers choose leggings for their children in order to shape their children. However, too tight pants can make children feel very uncomfortable, which is specifically reflected in the lack of breathability of this type of pants, and often cause various frictions with the child's skin. In addition to feeling discomfort, children may also cause skin allergies and other health problems.
2. Trousers with zipper
The monotonous styles are often not affirmed by the trend. Fashionable mothers will choose unique clothes for their children, and some trousers are just Will come with a zipper. But similarly, trousers with zippers are not advisable, especially for young boys. Children are active and playful. If they play with the zipper, they may accidentally injure their genitals, or accidentally pinch the skin of the child. In the slightest case, the skin may be injured, or the genitals may be injured, causing irreparable damage.
Taking care of children is very particular. Parents must take care of their children's clothing, food, shelter and transportation, and don't underestimate the harm a pair of pants causes to their children. Parents should start from the safety and comfort of their children, and scientifically arrange clothes for their children to ensure their health and safety.
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Apex Contruct
Apex Construct
Number of Players: 1
Length: Longer than your session
Difficulty: Easy to Hard
Ages: All Ages
Activity Level: Average to Moderate
Additional Notes: This has puzzles and action, the initial tutorial phase takes about 10 or so minutes.
Apex Construct is a story-driven, single player action/adventure made exclusively for VR. Wield an upgradable cyber bow & shield combination to battle enemy robots while exploring a shattered world, gradually realizing what led to the extinction of mankind.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
- Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in two soils amended with distillery yeast
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
- Escola Agrotecn Fed Uberaba
- The possibility of using yeast from alcohol distilleries as a source of nutrients in soil was investigated. The following treatments were used: no fertilization (control), 0.5% (w/w) yeast, 1% (w/w) yeast, and NPK. The decomposition of yeast was monitored for 90 days in two soils. The CO, production and the microbial biomass were increased by art average of 1- to 3-fold by yeast incorporation compared to control. Protease activity also was enhanced 3- to 8-fold in the soils supplemented with yeast compared to control. The phosphatase activities were higher than control only during the first days. While nitrate contents increased in all treatments compared to control, available P only increased in the soils amended with 1%, yeast or NPK by 45-119% and 309-489%, respectively. These results indicate that there exists an excellent potential for the use of yeast in the soil as a source of nitrate and available P for plant nutrition. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Bioresource Technology. Oxford: Elsevier B.V., v. 94, n. 2, p. 159-167, 2004.
- Elsevier B.V.
- distillery yeast
- soil amendment
- CO2 production
- available p
- Acesso restrito
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|25 May 2010|
Take a walk along the coast and help us monitor the effects of climate change and invasive species on the UK's seaweeds.
Seaweeds are easy to find and occur all around the UK coastline. There are a staggering 650 seaweed species in the UK, around 7% of the world's species, and they play a vital role in the functioning of the marine environment.
Scientists think that the effects of climate change and the spread of invasive species are starting to have an effect on where they are found but they need more information to be sure.
This is where you can help. Identify the seaweeds you spot on the UK's coast and tell us what you find. This will help researchers from the British Phycological Society and Natural History Museum to find out what is happening to our seaweeds.
The aim of the Big Seaweed Search is to map the distribution of 12 key kinds of seaweed that can be found around the UK coast. We hope to track how these distributions are changing through time.
You don't need to be an expert as our easy-to-use identification guide should allow everyone, from children to scientists, to take part.
When you get home from carrying out your survey, tell us about the seaweeds you find using our online system, or by posting completed forms to the Museum.
There is no deadline - you can send in records at any time of the year and take part as many times as you like.
Your data will be added to our online interactive map. As we analyse the data, we will post updates on what your records show and how they are being used.


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Challenges associated with dividing cryptocurrency in a divorce
Cryptocurrency, or digital currency used to buy goods and services, is becoming increasingly common in Maryland divorce cases. Diving cryptocurrency in a divorce may prove complicated in comparison to splitting up other types of assets. Many former couples dealing with cryptocurrency may need to enlist the aid of someone with particular knowledge in this area.
Per CNBC, an estimated 20 million Americans now own cryptocurrency. What are some of the hurdles associated with handling and dividing cryptocurrency in a divorce?
Determining value
Cryptocurrency is volatile, meaning it may have a particular value one day and then that value may plunge or inflate the following day. This presents challenges for divorce attorneys who are trying to place a value on it and divide it accordingly.
Assessing tax implications
There may also be tax implications associated with dividing cryptocurrency in a divorce. Divorcing parties may run into trouble if one of them did not report cryptocurrency income to the IRS on taxes. This is a common problem among those who owned cryptocurrency before tax forms relating to it underwent regular distribution. Parties may also run into capital gains issues relating to cryptocurrency, depending on circumstances.
Transferring ownership
A third cryptocurrency-related complication that may arise during divorce involves how one party transfers cryptocurrency to the other. The process involved in transferring cryptocurrency is often complex, and some of the options for doing so involve a certain level of risk. In some cases, doing so may require the help of a financial professional.
As ownership of cryptocurrency becomes more commonplace, cryptocurrency-related divorce issues may continue to arise.


Finishing: The Science of Ironing
finishing science of ironing
ABOVE: An overview of three ironers operating in a plant that processes primarily hospitality goods.
Keeping ironers optimized from a utilization and maintenance perspective is the best way to realize an ROI from a textile finishing line. As we review the science behind the ironing process, a simple model (Figure 1: Ironing Pie®) is used to depict the four major variables that dictate capability. This article will explain the science behind these components. Although brief, this description of the "Ironing Pie" is an important concept to understand. It is critical that laundry operators understand the relationship between each piece, so that they can properly establish formulas for processing linens in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
the ironing pieThe four Ironing Pie components; temperature, moisture content, pressure and time are shown as equals only as a point of reference. Equal and balanced distribution of the four elements is not the case in a true ironing application.
Heat inarguably has the single-most direct impact on an ironer's ability to press fabric. Heat as a variable must be valued as the chest surface working temperature. The most common temperature range is from 325°–365°F ([162°–185°C] ideal operating range based on the heat source and the melt points of various blended materials). The most common form of ironer heat energy is steam, given that most laundry facilities already have boilers and the capacity to support the steam demands of the ironer (it should be noted that steam boilers run more efficiently when they have the proper load placed on them). Steam ironers tend to operate in the 325°–340°F (162-171°C) range, while thermal fluid heated units can operate at higher temperatures. Variations in chest temperatures during production can result in poor ironed quality with damp/wet items exiting the ironer, while prolonged exposure to extreme high temperatures can damage items.
This magnifies the importance of having a consistent moisture content in the linens as they are presented to the finishing lines. By doing so, established formulas will provide consistent quality and production output.
When establishing formula operating temperatures, it's recommended to consult your linen provider for guidance on how to properly care for your items. Knowing the items' maximum recommended exposure for temperature is always an important point to consider. The most common configuration is to operate the ironer as hot as possible and adjust line speed to control an item's exposure to heat.
Once an ironer's maximum operating temperature is established, any reduction in chest-surface temperatures will increase the time required for the items to be under pressure, resulting in slower line speeds. To offset operating at a slower line speed, other pieces of the Ironing Pie must be addressed. You can reduce the items' moisture content by increasing your extraction times, or extraction time under pressure (depending on how the linens are washed in conventional washer/ extractors, or if they are processed in batch tunnels). Additionally, you can positively influence line speeds to address higher moisture content by adding additional rolls/surface area to your ironer.
Moisture Content is a key component in the Ironing Pie. It starts as a weighted comparison of a linen's ability to retain moisture after undergoing processing through a press or washer/extractor cycle. This is achieved by weighing dry linens before being washed and again after the linens have been processed as delivered to the finishing line ready for ironing. Moisture content can then be calculated by following the formula below:
ironing news story
It's recommended that items contain 30%-40% moisture content before ironing. Adhering to this guideline will help ensure a quality ironed finish, while minimizing linen damage. It's true that a reduction in an item's moisture content is directly related to increased processing line speed under temperature as noted above. But fully dried items should not be processed through an ironer. Attempting to achieve lower extraction percentages might not be practical as a scale of diminishing returns will occur with no value added. Every site is different and each needs to qualify its own capabilities for this measure. When a site is having issues controlling moisture content, pre-conditioning loads in a dryer is another process that operators can consider. What's important is to develop a process of producing repeatable moisture content for items processed on the front end of the finishing line. Items exiting the ironer should maintain 2-3% moisture content, as this will allow smooth folds and preserve the life of the fibers, while reducing the creation of lint and static electricity. Items ironed fully dry without moisture retention present are prone to fiber damage, excessive accumulation of lint and the creation of high levels of static electricity. Increased front-end item moisture content will increase the amount of time required for an item to be under pressure, resulting in slower line speeds, which decreases throughput. To offset the impact of slower line speeds, increasing chest temperature and the contact area under pressure will help restore line speed. When chest temperature is operating at the highest potential for output, preconditioning select items has the potential to reduce moisture content, inversely restoring an ironing line's capability for throughput. It should be noted that discharging items with elevated moisture content will typically result in poor fold quality, folding equipment jams and unplanned operational downtime. Also, it can present a hygienic liability as mold can grow on damp linens that are stored or packaged for shipment to the end user.
The Ironing Pie defines pressure as the location where the padded roll applies pressure onto a sheet against a deep chest simultaneously. There are two components to pressure: The first is the surface area under pressure, which is dictated by the size of the roll utilized and the number or rolls with which the ironer is configured. The other pressure variable is the applied surface physical force between an ironer roll and its respective chest surface. The first pressure variable is established at the time of equipment purchase, often within the customer bid specification, which defines specific site-configuration factors and performance throughput. Ironer OEMs are best suited to provide guidance in sizing an ironer, since each manufacturer will understand the impact and limitation regarding the contact area under pressure and how their ironer will perform. It's debatable whether the use of this term might have been over-marketed. Simply put, an operator should look at the size of the ironing surface as a linear value and not the accumulative total area of square inches/centimeters. It's necessary to understand that the impact of the contact area under pressure is fixed to the number and size of rolls utilized. It is not recommended to leverage this value as the single qualifier for ironer performance, or to justify the purchase of similar-sized twoor three-roll ironers. Many additional factors require consideration (e.g., chest type, construction, design, number of rolls and size of rolls all need to be part of the selection process). Make sure to use all factored inputs to correctly define ironing needs. A good up-front purchasing decision establishes a flatwork line return on investment for years to come.
The Ironing Pie defines time as three different variables. The duration of time for each variable is site-specific and all are impacted by the factors identified in the Ironing Pie. They include:
 - Start Up Time
 - Production Time Under Pressure
 - Cool Down Time
Key input factors specific to ironer time are desired operating temperature, items processed, moisture content and contact pressures.
START UP TIME is the duration of time required to raise the temperature of the ironer from its current static or ambient temperature up to "hot" wax-ready operating temperature. This segment of time is directly dependent on the type of ironer, specifically its heat source with respect to starting chest temperatures. During this time most laundries will execute a wax procedure and will replace any missing guide ribbons so that when complete, the ironer is production ready.
PRODUCTION TIME UNDER PRESSURE is the segment of time when the ironer is hot at operational temperature and available to run flatwork production. This is when equipment utilization becomes a measurable, and where an ROI can be verified while looking for opportunities for improvement. A good approach is to tune the ironer line speed for sustainable site operations that is item-specific for predictable, repeatable results. During the utilization review, note all identified shortcomings. Some can be resolved as tuning opportunities, while others may be fixed constraints requiring a more complex series of solutions. A good objective should be to keep the ironer chest covered with items and processing with minimal gaps. Items should exit the ironer with 2%-3% moisture retention to prevent static electricity, producing a quality ironed, wrinkle-free appearance. Avoid attempting to configure line speeds to operate beyond the slowest piece of equipment or at full boiler capacity. Some cushion is required to absorb momentary changes in the plantoperating environment. Time under pressure is the amount of time that the ironer roll is pressing items into a hot chest. This value has a direct relationship to the amount of fixed contact area under pressure. The longer this linear contact pressure distance is, the less time under pressure is required to iron. Other factors that can impact time under pressure are fabrics. For example, 100% cotton will require more time under pressure than a cotton/poly blend or microfiber.
COOL DOWN TIME is the time period to lower the temperature of the ironer from operating speeds down to cooler "touchsafe" temperatures. It's obvious that cool down times will be affected by operating temperature and the type of medium used to heat the ironer, as well as the size of the ironer itself. Even if your daily operations never fully shut down laundry boilers, it's important to qualify the time required to cool the system for servicing the unit and restarting.


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EU: Candles - product safety labels EN 15494-07 updated to EU 15494-19
EN 15494 has been updated to 2019 version in Nov. This standard specifies safety information for burning indoor candles and includes requirements on how safety information will be displayed.
EN 15494:2019 includes the following significant changes in comparison to EN 15494:2007:
1. Clause 3 Terms and definitions have been inserted;
2. The purpose and layout of product safety labels have been elaborated with more detail;
3. Clause 4.2 the background colour of the general warning sign does not need to be yellow;
4. Clause 4.3 Some degree of modification is permitted when cultural differences or special application formats (e.g. candle shape/type) need to be considered, provided the original meaning is retained and comprehension of the safety information is maintained;
5. Clause 4.3 a minimum height of the supplementary safety symbols has been fixed at 5 mm;
6. Clause 4.4 a clear allocation of which supplementary safety information is mandatory or appropriate for which type of candle, based on a risk assessment, has been made, see below table;
7. Options for candles with a limited space for the label have been introduced;
Clause 4.4 If the space is limited, the optional supplementary safety information can be placed elsewhere, e.g. on the backside of a peel-off label or the inner sides of a fold-out label, together with the mandatory supplementary safety information repeated, there shall be clear indication where to find this additional safety information. The option to provide safety information with an instruction leaflet has been removed;
8. Some additional optional supplementary safety information added for specific candles (e.g. tea lights, votive candles, etc.);
9. The examples of product safety labels layout on candle fire safety have been improved and complemented.
Borderline have been removed, see example below in Annex B:
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Middle East and Africa


text: The Kongo language, or Kikongo, is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people living in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Angola. It is a tonal language and formed the base for Kituba, a Bantu creole and lingua franca throughout much of west central Africa. It was spoken by many of those who were taken from the region and sold as slaves in the Americas. For this reason, while Kongo still is spoken in the above-mentioned countries, creolized forms of the language are found in ritual speech of African-derived religions in Brazil, Jamaica, Cuba and especially Hispanola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). It is also one of the sources of the Gullah people's language and the Palenquero creole in Colombia. The vast majority of present-day speakers live in Africa. There are roughly seven million native speakers of Kongo, with perhaps two million more who use it as a second language.


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Mar 06, 2013— read in full
How did Bronze Age soldiers fight? How did they build their houses? Experimental archaeology has the answers!
Have you ever wondered how archaeologists can describe the way an ancient people made or used a particular artefact? The answer lies in what is called experimental archaeology which involves the re-creation and testing of physical artefacts, such as making an old bow and arrow to see how it would have been used. A number of prehistoric buildings, for example, have been rebuilt to allow archaeologists to study the techniques of building and the processes of decay.
Proving a point
One of the most famous experiments to date is Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition. Heyerdahl's theory concerned the colonisation of parts of Polynesia. Polynesia is a collection of islands situated between New Zealand and South America. Most archaeologists at the time believed that Polynesian people had come from Southeast Asia, but Heyerdahl believed that the people came from America, despite the journey from America being longer and more difficult.
To give his theory some credibility, Heyerdahl decided to experiment. Records showed that in 1526, a Spanish expedition had encountered a large balsa raft far out into the sea. The Spaniards had made a very detailed description of the craft. In 1950, Heyerdahl constructed a raft using the same basic materials and set-up. His craft made the 6900-km journey from the western coast of South America to the Tuamotu Islands. Some of the superficial features such as the cabin and masts were destroyed by the waves, but most of the cargo and all of the crew made it safely. This experiment didn't change everyone's thinking on the origin of the inhabitants of Polynesia, but it showed that it was possible.
Leather vs metal
One of the oddest experiments concerned shields. In 1963 two swords, a metal shield and a leather shield were made to resemble as closely as possible Late Bronze Age English weapons. Then two respectable archaeologists each equipped himself with one of the shields and a sword and started fighting. Fortunately it was a very short fight as the metal shield was cut and slashed into pieces by the first blows while the leather shield stood repeated heavy blows. The conclusion was that the metal shields were not suitable for actual physical conflict. Who said archaeology was boring?


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What is a Programmable Logic Device?
A PLD, or programmable logic device, is an electronic component that is used in order to build digital circuits that are reprogrammable. A programmable logic device does not have a defined function once manufactured, unlike a logic gate and has to be programmed before it can be used.
Types of Programmable Logic Devices
There are several different kinds of programmable logic devices at Future Electronics. We stock many of the most common types categorized by several parameters including Programmable Type, Number of I/O Lines, Supply Voltage, Memory Density, System Gates, Packaging Type and many other parameters specific to the type of programmable logic device. Our parametric filters will allow you to refine your search results according to the required specifications.
Programmable Logic Devices from Future Electronics
Future Electronics has a wide range of programmable logic devices from several manufacturers. Once you decide if you need a CPLD, FPGA, FPGA Configuration or Mixed Signal programmable logic device, you will be able to choose from their technical attributes and your search results will be narrowed to match your specific programmable logic device application needs.
We deal with Lattice Semiconductor, Microsemi, Cypress and Atmel Corporation as manufacturers. You can easily refine your programmable logic device product search results by clicking your preferred programmable logic device brand from the list of manufacturers below.
Applications for Programmable Logic Devices:
There are many applications that use programmable logic devices including:
- Aerospace and defence
- Consumer electronics
- Distributed monetary systems
Choosing the Right Programmable Logic Device:
With the FutureElectronics.com parametric search, when looking for the right programmable logic devices, you can filter the results by category. We carry the following categories of programmable logic devices:
- FPGA Configuration
- Mixed Signal
Once you choose the programmable logic device category, you can narrow them down by various attributes: by Number of I/O Lines, Programmable Type, Supply Voltage, System Gates and Memory Density, to name a few. You will be able to find the right FPGA, FPGA Configuration, Mixed Signal or CPLD programmable logic device by using these filters.
Programmable Logic Devices in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities
If the quantity of programmable logic devices required is less than a full reel, we offer to our customers several of our programmable logic devices in tray and tube quantities that will help you avoid unneeded surplus.
Future Electronics also offers its clients a unique bonded inventory program designed to eliminate potential problems that may arise from an unpredictable supply of products that could contain raw metals and products with erratic or long lead times. Talk with your nearest Future Electronics branch and find out more on how you can avoid possible shortages.


Five charts that show Manchester is a city of the future
Manchester has all the attributes a city needs to thrive in the knowledge economy.
In this short, visual article we present five charts that show why Manchester is such a rich, vibrant and economically prosperous city. Our view is that the ingredients of connectivity, culture, talent, scale and scientific heritage make the city well-equipped to thrive in the coming years and decades.
Manchester's cultural and scientific heritage
Before we look forward, let's reflect on the past. Manchester has been a hub of creativity and innovation for centuries.
1653 - The UK's first free public library built.
1783 - Richard Arkwright set up the first mill to use steam power.
1803 - John Dalton's atomic theory.
1830 - The world's first passenger railways started operating.
1850 - The first law in thermo-dynamics was discovered by James Prescott Joule.
1853 - John Benjamin Dancer invented micro-photography and microfilms.
1896 - The first purpose built industrial estate was created at Trafford Park.
1908 - The first British plane was designed and flown by A V Roe.
1917 - Ernest Rutherford discovered how to split the atom.
1948 - The first computer with a stored program and memory was developed.
2005 - First 3D printer of human tissue developed.
2010 - Scientists awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on Graphene.
2016 - The first UK city to be awarded the prestigious accolade of European City of Science.
A magnet for talent
Access to talented and creative people is to modern business what access to coal and iron ore was to steel-making. Large agglomerations of highly skilled people are therefore critical to a city's prospects. Manchester has over 100,000 students across four universities, producing 28,000 graduates a year. 51 per cent of students choose to remain in the city.
Number of full-time students and number of students who remain in city after graduation
Source: HESA, Liberty Living. Shaded areas denote graduates retained
The clusters that drive Manchester's growth
Being part of a cluster provides companies with easier access to information and technology, while providing efficiencies in sourcing inputs such as labour. This enables a city's firms to be more productive. Manchester was consistently identified as having one of the top three largest sectoral agglomerations in the UK by the government (2017).
Illustrative map of key clusters which drive central Manchester's economy
Source: Aviva Investors
The UK's largest regional city economy
Agglomeration benefits exist when firms and people locate near one another as co-location makes the exchange of goods and ideas easier and cheaper. The larger the agglomeration, the greater the benefits. Greater Manchester has a population of 2.7 million and the deepest pool of highly skilled labour in centres outside of London. The area has access to more commuters than any regional conurbation in the country: seven million people live within an hour's drive of the city centre.
Average commuter distance using a car to the centre of Manchester
Source: OpenStreetMaps, Aviva Investors
Globally renowned as a city of culture
Manchester is home to two of the world's richest football clubs, bringing the city to the attention of a global audience. It is also famous for its vibrant musical heritage – from the Bee Gees to Joy Division, Happy Mondays to Harry Styles – and the Manchester International Festival, a cutting-edge arts event. These cultural attractions are part of the reason why the city is the third most popular among tourists to the UK.
The most listened to bands from Greater Manchester on Spotify and Deezer
Source: Spotify, Deezer, as at February 13, 2020
A highly connected city region
Good connectivity within a city provides access to larger labour pools and facilitates density. More than 5.6 million journeys are made across Greater Manchester's transport network each day.
Greater Manchester accessibility levels by area
Source: Transport for Greater Manchester 2019
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At first glance, the Museum's stunning Nautilus Cup looks like an impractical way to drink. Tankards and beakers, which are also on display in the Museum's Gallery #2, make sensible drinking vessels. In comparison the nautilus cup, a chambered nautilus shell mounted with elaborate metal work, perhaps could function as a drinking vessel, but seems more convincing as an aesthetic object.
Because it is gorgeous.
Would anyone use this stunning object to serve beverages? If not, why would anyone have this kind of odd-shaped cup? What did it mean?
In directly combing man's art with God's nature, a nautilus cup was the type of treasure that would have been housed in a Renaissance Wunderkammer.
Wunderkammer were privately-owned collections that are considered the predecessor of the modern museum. German for "room of wonder" or "cabinet of curiosities," Wunderkammer developed in mid-16th-century Europe and celebrated man-made arts and also natural arts, with minerals, ivory, ostrich eggs, coconut shells, nautilus shells, and other exotic objects.
The Museum's own American Galleries on the Lower Level are installed as a type of Wunderkammer.
Some noblemen commissioned pieces of furniture that displayed smaller collections of specimens. One example is the Augsburg Cabinet, which you can explore in this interactive site by the J. Paul Getty Museum.
You can see the creative blending of nature and art below, in the 1655 print of the cabinet of curiosities compiled by Ole Worm, a Danish physician and scholar. (The term "cabinet" was originally used in the way we use the word "room.")The Renaissance and Baroque period was the Age of Exploration in Western Europe, when things from foreign lands held great fascination and spurned the imagination. Shells from the chambered nautilus are a perfect example, since they come from a sea creature that lives in the Pacific and Indian oceans. (The people of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean use nautilus shells as every day drinking cups.) When the outer skin is removed, the shell shines magically, and when cut in half, the construction is mysteriously mathematical. The shells, in fact, were believed to have special powers and reflect the order of the universe.
To enhance a prized shell, a goldsmith would add stunning and protective mounts of gilt bronze, copper, silver, and precious and semiprecious gems.
Other examples of Nautilus Cups are in the British Museum (which has a turtle base just like Milwaukee's); The Royal Collection; the Los Angeles County of Museum of Art; the Hermitage; the Victoria and Albert Museum; the Art Institute of Chicago; and the Baltimore Museum of Art.
As the shells come from the sea (the word nautilus itself comes from the word for "boat" or "sailor" in Greek), it is appropriate that the figures on the Milwaukee Art Museum's mount relate to water, including gods from the Classical past so important during the Renaissance.
See the shells, sea monsters, turtles, and snails:
From the top we have Poseidon, god of water (missing his trident) astride a sea-monster with glowing red jeweled eyes. Together they ride a wave up over the curve of the pink shell, a great aesthetic combination of form and subject matter.
Below, a charming snail sits at the center of the shell. In the lower part of the shell a tritoness (a sea goddess very much like a mermaid) blows her conch shell.
The stem of the cup is a figure of Hercules, leaning on his club and wearing his lion skin cloak, who struggles to hold up the cup while balancing on another marine creature, the turtle. The turtle's head, legs, and tail even move!
Nautilus cups were often used in still life paintings because they were exotic and beautiful. The 17th-century Dutch artist Willem Kalf (1622-193) used a nautilus cup in a number of his still life paintings. In his 1662 Still-Life with a Nautilus Cup in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum of Art, Kalf depicted a nautilus cup with other highly esteemed objects such as a Chinese Ming bowl, a wine glass, and a Persian carpet. The combination of metal and shell allowed the artist to experiment with light and shadow, challenging him with metallic reflections and translucent materials. The shell itself appears to be the body of the fantastic sea monster—which, in fact, is the Biblical whale that swallowed Jonah. You can just make out the figure of Jonah trying to avoid the teeth, almost as if he is going to dive into the nautilus for safety.
Today, there is the environmental concern that the chambered nautilus is disappearing due to over-harvesting. Because of its shiny surface, the shell is used in jewelry and other ornamentation, and fisherman are killing them at great rates to fill the demand.
The fascination with the nautilus has not waned in the past 500 years!
The next time you are in the Milwaukee Art Museum galleries, take a moment to look at the Nautilus Cup in person. The lighting makes the shell glow from the inside—and it is easy to think that it really is magical!
Catherine Sawinski is the Assistant Curator of Earlier European Art. When not handling the day-to-day running of the European art department and the Museum's Fine Arts Society, she researches the collection of Ancient and European artwork before 1900.


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What is the logic of the numbers on color tubes?
It is more and more common to want to regrow hair color in the comfort of your home? Before jumping into a color choice, it is important to understand the numbering of professional coloring creams.
Before choosing a new color (destination) it is essential that you determine your natural color level (starting point). We suggest you validate your natural level with a hairdressing professional. A poorly rated level results in an approximate formulation that will not give you satisfaction.
Then, you should know that the shade of a color is described by its level and its reflections.
Ex: The European standard mainly uses numbers 6,75 or 6.75 or 6/75 or the American standard which favors using letters like 6BR depending on the product manufacturers.
1 / The level
The level is always represented by a number the first of the series placed before the point, the comma or the slash. In our example the 6 of 6/75 cold chocolate (dark blonde / brown mahogany)... represents the pitch.
Level is the unit used in the hair industry to display the degree of saturation of pigments in a color. Level 1 (black) being the darkest and level 10 (very very light blond) the lightest.
Here are the levels (ex: 6/75 dark blonde / brown mahogany)
1 = Black
2 = Brown
3 = Dark brown
4 = Brown
5 = Light brown
6 = Dark blonde
7 = blond
8 = light blonde
9 = Very light blonde
10 = Very very light blonde
This level scale is universal and allows 3 things to be determined:
 - the initial natural or colored level
 - the desired color level
 - the tone level of a coloring tube
2 / The reflections
The numbers corresponding to the reflection(s) are presented after the period, the comma or the slash, in our example the 75 of 6/75. These numbers are used to determine the warmth or cool shade of the color.
Here are the highlights (ex: 6/75 dark blonde / brown mahogany)
 - the 6 indicates the level of the pitch that will be obtained,
 - the first number / 7.. (brown) following the "point, comma or slash" determines the intensity of the main reflection which will be the most dominant.
 - the second number /..5 following the / 7.. specifies the secondary reflection which will offer a more sophisticated effect to the reflection by adding light, intensity or depth.
N = 0 = natural
A = 1 = ashy, cold
V = 2 = iridescent and or cold purple (secondary reflection)
G = 3 = golden, hot
C = 4 = copper, hot
M = 5 = mahogany, cold
R = 6 = red, hot
B = 7 = brown, hot / cold (main reflection)
We invite you to always validate the description of any letter present on the tubes to ensure that you make the right choice.
Numbers aren't the only way companies are careful to identify their tube colors. The description of the color shade is always present on each tube and packaging.
Ex: 6/75 = dark blonde / brown mahogany
Before choosing a new range of shades, we suggest that you carry out a colorimetry test to validate which shades best match your skin tone. A poorly chosen reflection will have the effect of offering a tired or even pale complexion.
N.B: this information is subject to reservation and includes generalities which may vary from one company to another, we invite you to validate the description of the numbering always present on the tube or packaging.
Coiffure à rabais becomes


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Blegoš, at 1563 m high, represents the highest peak of the Škofja Loka Hills. Here the upper border of the forest is extremely low, hardly reaching a height of 1500 m. Blegoš is well known for its fauna and flora.
A carpet of rhododendrons spreads above the forest, where in between clustered bunches of mountain knapweed grow, and mountain orchids thrive on the grassy turf. There are so many that Blegoš could be called the mountain of orchids. The concrete fortifications of the Rupnik line at the top of Blegoš date back to before the Second World War. At that time Blegoš was one of the major strongholds in the military system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against Italy.


text:
Gary Feld has this story by Lewis Jaffe:
One of his slides started out as a question. "If there are five frogs on a log and four decide to jump off, how many frogs remain on the log." Of course – the instinctive answer of "one" is wrong. Five frogs actually remain on the log, as deciding to jump and jumping are different things.
In an entrepreneurial context, intentionality is important, but results are what really matter. Lewis reinforced this in a memorable way – as the point he was making is "just because you decide, doesn't mean you do." He stressed that one of the main problems he sees early in his tenure as CEO of a company that is failing is paralysis – everyone has ideas about what to do, but no one is willing or able to do them.
Remember – just because a frog decides to jump, doesn't mean he will. Be careful not to confuse intentionality with results in your business (or your life.)


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Since September 2017, the IPO has published a suite of new tools for students and lecturers in further and higher education. The new resources aim to develop a greater understanding on IP with students and how IP impacts on their future careers.
IP Tutor and IP Tutor Plus
The IP Tutor tools, developed by the IPO, CIPA, CiTMA, lecturers and industry professionals, provides information on IP.
IP Tutor Plus is a resource for university lecturers to deliver IP lectures. There are four modules; creative, humanities, STEM and law, business and accounting subject areas.
These free resources include:
- PowerPoint slides
- lecture notes
- case studies
- wider discussion points
IP Tutor Plus compliments the existing IP Tutor resource. IP Tutor introduces and develops a student's understanding of what IP is and how it works.
IP Tutor Plus helps lecturers engage their students to develop their understanding of managing and exploiting IP, and the relevance for their future academic studies or careers.
IP for Research
Created for PhD students and researchers to develop a greater understanding of how IP can maximise the impact of their research. The IP for Research resource includes:
- 6 quick guides on commercialising IP
- an IP workshop
- an IP skills lens
The Intellectual Asset Management Guide for Universities and Lambert Toolkit support the setting of IP strategies within universities, and the management of effective collaborations between universities and businesses.
Resources for further education
Before students reach university, the
Future Innovators Toolkit provides level 3 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) teachers with the resources they need to introduce IP at any point in the curriculum.
For further information on the suite of IP for Education tools, please contact the Innovation Policy Team.


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Choroidal Structure of CSC on OCT Image
Sonoda, Shozo Kagoshima University
Sakamoto, Taiji Kagoshima University
Kuroiwa, Nobuhiro Kagoshima University
Arimura, Noboru Kagoshima University
Kawano, Hiroki Kagoshima University
Yoshihara, Naoya Kagoshima University
Yamashita, Takehiro Kagoshima University
Uchino, Eisuke Kagoshima University
Kinoshita, Takamasa Tokushima University
To determine the structural changes of the choroid in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).
A retrospective comparative study was performed at two academic institutions. Forty eyes with CSC, their fellow eyes, and 40 eyes of age-matched controls were studied. Subfoveal cross sectional EDI-OCT images were recorded, and the hypo reflective and hyperreflective areas of the inner and outer choroid in the EDI-OCT images were separately measured. The images were analyzed by a binarization method to determine the sizes of the hyporeflective and hyperreflective areas.
In the inner choroid, the hyperreflective area was significantly larger in the CSC eyes (35,640±10,229 μm2) than the fellow eyes (22,908±8,522 μm2) and the control eyes (20,630±8,128 μm2; P<0.01 vs control for both, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). In the outer choroid, the hyporeflective area was significantly larger in the CSC eyes (446,549 ±121,214 μm2) than the control eyes (235,680±97,352 μm2, P<0.01). The average ratio of the hyporeflective area to the total choroidal area was smaller in the CSC eyes (67.0%) than the fellow eyes (76.5%) and the control eyes (76.7%) in the inner choroid (P<0.01, both). However, the ratio was larger in the CSC eyes (75.2%) and fellow eyes (71.7%) than in the control eyes (64.7%) in the outer choroid (P<0.01, both).
The larger hyperreflective area in the inner choroid is related to the inflammation and edema of the stroma of the choroid in the acute stage of CSC. The larger hyporeflective areas in the outer choroid is due to a dilatation of the vascular lumens of the larger blood vessels. These are the essential characteristics of eyes with CSC regardless of the onset.
Copyright: © 2016 Sonoda et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
|DOI (Published Version)|
|URL ( Publisher's Version )|
pone_11_6_e0157190.pdf 2.94 MB


What is a Kahawai?
Debra Durkee
Debra Durkee
Kahawai is a popular and desirable target for fishermen.
Kahawai is a popular and desirable target for fishermen.
The kahawai is a saltwater fish native to the waters around Australia and New Zealand. Dwelling in the pelagic zone of the ocean, it is fished commercially throughout its native waters. It is a highly desirable target for fishermen, as it contains high levels of nutrients like omega-3 and presents a challenge in the sport.
Colors vary among green, blue, and purple, although most kahawai have a silvery, pale underbelly that camouflages it to fish that swim beneath. The back and sides may be solid, spotted, or sport dark patches. The majority of the fish weigh between 4.4 pounds (2 kg) and 8.8 pounds (4 kg), although larger individuals are not unheard of. Sizes also vary, and many mature at longer than 12 inches (about 30 cm). Smaller ones are known as kopapa.
While the native waters of the kahawai are the saltwater oceans, the fish do venture into freshwater lakes and rivers that empty into the larger oceans. There, these carnivorous fish hunt prey such as eels and other freshwater fish, although they do not remain in these waters for long. Typically, a kahawai will feed on small saltwater fish, shrimp, and even small squid. The most common places to find large schools are in the estuaries and bays where freshwater and saltwater meet. Schools typically remain fairly close to the surface of the water, making the fish easy to see from above.
The kahawai is a popular target among fly fishermen, and is a challenge to land as it will fight from the moment it is hooked. In addition to being a desirable fish in itself, the kahawai is usually found in large schools closer to the surface than other types of fish. As a predator, it will often travel in schools that follow other groups of fish that it might prey upon; this often serves as a marker for fly fishermen looking for a spot with a variety of fish available. The kahawai is also a favorite food of kingfishers, and flocks of these colorful seabirds can often point the way toward schools of fish.
Also known as the Australian salmon even though it is not a member of the salmon family, the fish travel in schools usually made up of individuals in the same size range. Fishermen have found schools that remain in the same place for weeks at a time, although with frequent fishing, instances of these stationary schools are dwindling. As the kahawai is such a popular fish for sport and commercial fishermen, numbers have declined in some areas.
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 Kahawai is a popular and desirable target for fishermen.


Safety net
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about physical safety nets. For the socioeconomic usage, see Social safety net.
A safety net over a roadway to protect cars during overhead cable replacement
A safety net is a net to protect people from injury after falling from heights by limiting the distance they fall, and deflecting to dissipate the impact energy. The term also refers to devices for arresting falling or flying objects for the safety of people beyond or below the net. Safety netting as a safety device was first innovated by Joseph Strauss during the Golden Gate Bridge construction _PHONE_ where Strauss mandated the installation of a moveable net to prevent construction employees from falling to certain death into the unforgiving waters. It saved lives but unfortunately in 1937 due to a platform collapsing onto the net it could not hold the load and the net failed under stress and ten men lost their lives with only two surviving. This prompted the formation of a club called the Half Way to Hell Club.
Often, a safety net for catching fallen workers is known as a "personnel net," while one used to catch falling objects is called a "debris net."
Firefighters once used a device called a Life net which allowed people in burning buildings to jump to safety.
Safety nets can be used in construction, building maintenance, entertainment, or other industries.
External links[edit]


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In Egypt, a lack of understanding of developmental disabilities means that children with Cerebral Palsy, Autism, Down Syndrome and other special needs are often kept at home and their education is ignored. For families in rural areas of Egypt who have a child with a mental disability, there are few resources available to support them with bringing up their child. Special needs also carries negative stigma, and parents can often feel isolated and unsure of what their child needs.
The Menara ("Lighthouse") Centre, located in Menouf in the Nile Delta, offers a safe and cheerful environment for 50 special needs children to learn and gain life skills. While providing both teaching and physical therapy for the students, the school also works to inform the parents of how to care for their children and realise their full potential.
- Academic education
- Integration in the community
- Speech therapy
- Vocational training
- Educating parents
- Raising awareness in the wider society


text:
Your company is planning an expansionbuilding a new process unit or constructing an entire new plant. Regardless of the scope, the facility staff will specify project requirements, complete the process design, and, ultimately, operate and maintain the equipment. As the project takes shape, project engineers will talk with process engineers about the facilitys water systems. But project engineers and process engineers have different responsibilities, and sometimes they dont speak the same language.
Bridging the gap
Here are some ways to bridge the gap between these two groups:
Define the design basis. In water treatment, the design basis describes the range of sustained operating conditions; these are not startup, shutdown or transient conditions. The design basis should include:
Worst case raw water quality; it should reflect seasonal, drought and flood conditions
Range of flowrates, pressures and water temperatures throughout the pretreatment system
Predicted effluent quality from each pretreatment unit that reflect the effects of aging of consumables, e.g., the projected permeate quality from three-year-old reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (per the manufacturers specification).
The best information sources to construct the design basis are plant personnel who have experience operating the utility water systems. Current and former utility process engineers and service representatives from the water-treatment vendor can also provide good information. The water authority for the local watershed, or the industrial or potable water supply, is an excellent source of historical raw water quality.
For example, the Delaware River Basin Authority, a joint state agency, maintains a historical record of selected water quality parameters from numerous monitoring sites on its website. Obtaining water quality information for well water is more difficult. Your water-treatment supplier may have information from wells at nearby plants that can serve as a first approximation for your design basis.
Understand the total cost of ownership. Project engineers are responsible for accurately estimating the capital costs for equipment. But typically they do not evaluate or assign a relative ranking for the operating cost or complexity. Process engineers can assist with the qualitative analysis of the cost and site-specific complexity.
A good example is choosing between a batch-process technology (ion exchange) and a continuous-process technology (RO) to meet varying demands for treated water. Ion-exchange units operate in a batch mode and require frequent idle time for regeneration. Conversely, RO units must run continuously for reliable operation. Choosing RO units for a highly variable flow demand requires either a treated-water storage tank with a sufficiently large working capacity or a complex operating scheme to sequence units for in-service and idle conditions. Idling RO units is not a best practices, it irreversibly compromises the performance and service life of the membranes.
Properly analyze trade-offs. Selection of alternative technologies always involves a judgment of intangible attributes. For example, cold-lime softening creates a larger waste stream than polymer clarification, but the reduction in total hardness in cold-lime-softened water has benefits: smaller downstream ion-exchange equipment and/or a reduction of wastewater (concentrate) from the downstream RO unit. Project engineers should identify and analyze cases for several alternative technologies to understand these trade-offs.
Dont forget about integration issues. Project engineers in existing plants sometimes focus too narrowly on the plot planhow to fit the new equipment into an existing facility, ignoring other issues such as integration of controls, dual-train operating considerations, and man-machine interface issues.
For example, installing a cold-lime softener in parallel with a polymer clarifier and mixing their effluent streams will require pretreatment of the lime-softened water with acid or carbon dioxide prior to mixing to prevent scaling of the blended-water transfer line from post-precipitation.1
Environmental issues. Most environmental issues create constraints for production and wastewater quality; however, occasionally, there are exceptions. Some plants on the lower Mississippi River are allowed to discharge blowdown from cold-lime softeners directly into their outfall to the river, eliminating the cost and constraint of managing this waste stream and changing the balance of trade-offs with alternative technologies.
The discussion continues. Project and process engineerings vet operability issues and new technology before finalizing a water treatment system designs. HP
1 Post-precipitation is the result of excess lime reacting with the calcium hardness and precipitating calcium carbonate in situ.
|The author |
Loraine A. Huchler is president of MarTech Systems, Inc., a consulting firm that provides technical advisory services to manage risk and optimize energy and water-related systems including steam, cooling and wastewater in refineries and petrochemical plants. She holds a BS degree in chemical engineering, along with professional engineering licenses in New Jersey and Maryland, and is a certified management consultant. She can be reached at _EMAIL_.


text:
Research Article - Biomedical Research (2017) Volume 28, Issue 14
Observation of clinical effect of aspirin combined with oxiracetam in vascular cognitive impairment
Objective: This paper aims to discuss the clinical effect of aspirin combined with oxiracetam in vascular cognitive impairment.
Method: A total of 100 vascular cognitive impairment patients who were treated in hospitals from Apr 2016-2017 were collected and divided randomly into observation (n=50) and control groups (n=50). The control group was treated with aspirin, whereas the observation group was treated with aspirin combined with oxiracetam. The scores of cognitive impairment grade (MMSE) and activities of daily living (ADL) of the two groups before and after the treatment were observed.
Results: After a four-week treatment, the total clinical rate of the observation group was 90.0%, which was significantly higher than that (68.0%) of the control group (P<0.05). Before the treatment, the ADL and MMSE of the two groups had no statistical significant difference (P<0.05). After a four-week treatment, the ADL score of the observation group was 30.64 ± 2.67, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (39.11 ± 3.63). The MMSE score of the observation group was 24.32 ± 2.24, which was significantly higher than that (20.14 ± 2.15) of the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Aspirin therapy combined with oxiracetam can enhance the activities of daily living, relieve hypomnesia, and significantly increase the total clinical effects of vascular cognitive impairment patients.Author(s): Zhi-Long Yang, Jian Wu, Kai-Hua Jiang, Shi-Ying Sheng, Xuan Dong


Data Blocks «Prev
Database Module summary
This module discussed how to store data in data blocks for best access by setting the right number of freelists, and proper values for PCTFREE and PCTUSED. The main points of this module include:
 1. Oracle databases generally perform faster with large blocksizes, especially index accesses.
 2. Large blocks mean that more RAM storage must be available in the db_block_buffers.
 3. Space is reserved on blocks by using the PCTFREE table parameter.
 4. Only one table or index type may inhabit a data block.
 5. The first data block of a table or index is called the segment header.
 6. The segment header contains control information about free blocks, extents, and high water marks.
 7. The high water mark for a table gives the highest blocks that have been used to store rows.
 8. The high water mark can only be lowered by a table reorganization.
 9. Full-table scans will always read up to the high water mark, even if the space is completely empty.
 10. The PCTUSED parameter should be set to a low value for high performance.
 11. The PCTFREE parameter should be set so that chained rows occur infrequently.
 12. An index may warrant rebuilding if it has spawned to more than 4 levels, if the block gets per access is greater than 5, of where there are many deleted leaf rows.
Test with Large Volumes of Data
As described earlier in this module, objects within the database function differently after they have been used for some time. For example, a table's pctfree and pctused settings may make it likely that blocks will be only half-used or rows will be chained. Each of these scenarios causes performance problems that will only be seen after the application has been used for some time.


by Diana Filer
 1. May 8th this year is the 73rd anniversary of VE Day: WWII victory in Europe.
 2. Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system.
 3. A barn find is a classic car or motorcycle found in derelict condition, often in old run-down buildings such as barns.
 4. Agatha Christie's 'The Mousetrap' is in its 68th year of continuous performances in London.
 5. The world's youngest billionaire at the age of 24 is Perenna Kei Hoi-Ting of Hong Kong. Her estimated net worth is $1.3 billiion.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
Remembrance Sunday see Remembrance Day.
remerge combined form of merge.
remigration combined form of migration.
remilitarization combined form of militarization.
remilitarize combined form of militarize.
reminder something that causes a person to remember something.
remindful having in mind or remembering. [2 definitions]
reminisce to recall past experiences, often with fondness or pleasure.
reminiscence the act of recalling usu. pleasant experiences or events of the past. [3 definitions]
reminiscent having qualities or characteristics that remind one of someone or something (usu. fol. by of). [2 definitions]
remiss careless or negligent, esp. in the performance of one's duty. [2 definitions]
remissible capable of being forgiven.
remission an act or instance of remitting. [4 definitions]
remit to send (money) to someone or some place. [8 definitions]
remittal an act or instance of remitting; remission.
remittance money that is sent to someone or some place, usu. in payment. [2 definitions]
remittance man a man who lives abroad, as, formerly, in a British colony, supported mostly by remittances from home.
remittent marked by a temporary lessening or abatement in intensity or severity, as a fever or illness.
remix combined form of mix.
remnant a quantity, piece, or part that is left over or remains. [4 definitions]


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The Power of Signage in Commercial Real Estate
Commercial real estate relies on signage in a variety of ways. Signs point potential investors and business owners toward an available commercial listing. They indicate which real estate agents or developers to contact to check out the property. They also provide specs showing potential buyers what the property has to offer. Utilizing eye-catching signage in real estate sets your property apart from others, making it a quicker sell.
Let's break down how to use signage in commercial real estate. We'll discuss how a sign affects curb appeal, the types of real estate signs that are used, and tips for creating effective real estate signage.
The Importance of Signage Placement
Commercial real estate is all about "location, location, location". Effective signage can help create a strong first impression of the property, showcase its unique features, and communicate important details such as availability and pricing. Additionally, it can be used within a property to help direct visitors, label spaces and showcase tenants and occupants.
Well-designed and strategically placed signs can help capture the attention of passersby and draw them to the property, increasing the chances of generating leads and ultimately closing a deal. Signage can also help establish the property's brand and identity, making it easier for potential tenants or buyers to remember and recognize it in the future. You may display signage in the following locations to attract attention:
- Lobby or common space
- Parking garages
- Rooftop or exterior walls
- Windows facing busy streets
Types of Real Estate Signs
There are many different types of commercial real estate signage. Below are some of the most common types:
- Building Identification Signs: These signs are used to identify the name of the building and its tenants. They can be located at the entrance of the building or mounted on the building exterior.
- Window Graphics: Window graphics are used to display logos, messages, or promotions on the windows of a business. They can be applied to the interior or exterior of the window and come in a variety of materials, such as vinyl, perforated film, or static cling.
- Banners: Banners are temporary signs that can be used to promote events, sales, or other time-sensitive messages. They are typically made from vinyl or mesh material and can be hung on buildings or freestanding frames.
- Directional Signs: These signs are used to direct customers to a specific location within a property, such as a parking lot or entrance.
- Project Signs: Project signs are temporary signs that are used to promote a development or construction project. They often include renderings or artist impressions of the finished project and can be placed on the project site or nearby.
To be most effective, signs should always be posted in easy to spot locations and should be designed in such a way that they're readable from the street and sidewalks. Prominent placement is important, as is use of contrasting colors and legible fonts.
Tips for Designing Effective Real Estate Signs
Below are a few tips for designing effective real estate signs.
- Size and Placement: Consider where the sign will be placed when choosing the size of the sign. The farther away from the street or sidewalk the sign will be placed, the larger it will need to be in order to get noticed.
- Color Selection: Contrasting colors are easier to see in a variety of lighting conditions. Be sure to use contrasting colors that look good together – avoid using colors that clash.
- Text and Font Choices: Sans serif fonts are often easier to read than serif fonts. The more straightforward the font, the better. Avoid use of fonts with curly letters or fanciful shapes.
- Imagery and Graphics: Imagery and graphics can help attract attention to a sign. Use images carefully and stick to use of simple graphics to avoid cluttering the sign
The Benefits of Using Professional Printing and Signage Services
Although commercial real estate signage may sound easy to design, many struggle to create signs that are easy to read and useful to the audience that would be paying attention to them. The best way to ensure that your sign is as effective as possible is to work with a professional printing and signage service to get your sign designed, printed, and installed.
Bishop Image Group has done it all, from commercial real estate signage and high rise signage plastered across a building to storefront signage intended to drive customers through your front door. Contact us today to request a free quote on your real estate signage. We're here to help!