Borknagar:Abrasion Tide Lyrics
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This song is performed by Borknagar and appears on the album Universal (2010).
We're ensnared by the fate if persistence
As the forces of nature interact
To weather slope and mountain, close and by distance
Creating expanding ventifacts
Running water conducts the erosion
Leading grains of sand in the grind
Empowered by wind,time, and oceans
To wear down soil's rind
A tide that changes primary plains
Even principles positions
A flood that runs untimely through the elements and our veins
Shifting our focus and our definitions
New perspective from a vaster reflection
Thoughts flow like water from a hillock
That's repeatedly rinsed,achieving friction
Releasing knowledge of the rock
An archaic course across the outer core
Seasons transform while remodeling the Solum
Above the altering scenery stars soar
Watching the drama like diffuse phantoms
The land is disintegrated by a power that was ice bound
At the same time fertilized
As our forefather's feet touched a ground
That nature constantly has revised
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build lean muscle mass, and it's going to be very brutal. This is the harder of the two in our opinion.
Steel Mace Complex Technique 2 (Sequence):
The second complex technique we do consists of a sequence of movements, similar to a yoga flow. So it will look like this...
Option 1:
Exercise A: 1 Rep (each side)
Exercise B: 1 Rep (each side)
Exercise C: 1 Rep (each side)
Exercise D: 1 Rep (each side)
Exercise E: 1 Rep (each side)
Repeat the sequence for a total of 10 reps.
Option 2:
Exercise A: 1 Rep (right side)
Exercise B: 1 Rep (right side)
Exercise C: 1 Rep (right side)
Exercise D: 1 Rep (right side)
Exercise E: 1 Rep (right side)
Exercise A: 1 Rep (left side)
Exercise B: 1 Rep (left side)
Exercise C: 1 Rep (left side)
Exercise D: 1 Rep (left side)
Exercise E: 1 Rep (left side)
Option 3:
Exercise A: 1 Rep (left)
Exercise B: 1 Rep (right)
Exercise A: 1 Rep (right)
Exercise B: 1 Rep (left)
Exercise C: 1 Rep (left)
Exercise D: 1 Rep (right)
Exercise C: 1 Rep (right)
Exercise D: 1 Rep (left)
Really, the sequence can be designed however you like, so long as you work both sides evenly.
Aim for 10 total reps (for each exercise in the sequence), so essentially 10 rounds of moving through the entire sequence. This will take anywhere from 2-5+ minutes. Then, rest and repeat for another 3-4 times.
 6 Steel Mace Complex Workouts
 The following steel mace complexes contain both complex techniques mentioned above - series and sequence.
 1. Steel Mace Upper Body Complex
 2. Steel Mace Lower Body Complex
 3. Steel Mace Full Body Complex
 4. Steel Mace Swing Complex
 There are three ways to go about performing an exercise:
 - Slow and controlled. This will work your muscle endurance and coordination (kinesthetic awareness), and it is a great way to burn fat.
 - Explosive movements. Bruce Lee was a big proponent of doing exercises with weights at maximum speed. Try to move through the exercises explosively without sacrificing form. This will work your quickness and, of course, explosive power. It will also get your heart rate up big time so you can burn more fat.
 - Isometrics holds. Hold certain positions for 10 seconds then continue with the sequence/series. This is good for increasing strength. It is also good for muscle endurance, core stability and creating a solid foundation.
 5. Steel Mace Complex with Isometric Holds
 Can you build muscle with steel mace complexes?
 If you are looking to build muscle with steel mace complexes then you need to use a heavier mace.
 What size mace you should use to build muscle will depend on your conditioning level and what kind of exercises you are doing (i.e. upper or lower body focused).
 On average, for those who are well conditioned, if you want to build muscle doing mace complexes, you need to use a heavier mace (15-20LBS for upper body, and 25-30 for lower), and you need to increase the repetitions in the sequence. More time under tension with a heavier weight should allow you to increase muscle mass.
 6. Here is a video of a steel mace complex designed for building muscle.
 This is a 25LB mace and he is wearing a 20LB weighted vest
 Barbell Complex Workouts For Building Muscle:
 If you want to build some serious muscle with complexes, add some barbell complexes into the mix. They are good for building muscle if you use the right amount of weight. Again, it's all about time under tension with the right amount of weight. Even 50% of your 1 rep max will allow you to build muscle. And when it comes to how much weight for barbell complexes, they say to look at your weakest exercise in the complex and base the weight off of that. So if you are doing front squats, stiff legged deadlifts, overhead press and bent over rows, your overhead press will likely be the weakest lift, so use a weight that is challenging for that lift, because if you use a challenging weight for say your stiff-legged deadlift, you obviously won't be able to press it for the right amount of repetitions or even at all.
 The above workout by Paulina consists of 3 complexes, each done for 5 minutes, followed by a 3 minute finisher. The video is 45-minutes because not only does she take you through a 10 minute warm up and a 5 minute cool down, but she also does movement prep before each complex so you know exactly how to perform the exercises before the complex begins. This is why we call it a class and what separates our full length workouts from others.
 Here's a quick breakdown of the main part of the workout:
 Complex #1:
 45 Degree Lunge
 Overload Squat
 Ballistic Curl
 Complex #2:
 Uppercut Lunge
 Single Leg Deadlift
 Complex #3:
 Reverse Lunge
 Spiral Press
 The workout ends with a 3 minute finisher. The finisher is a 360 to Squat challenge. The challenge is simple, just do as many reps as possible in the allotted 3 minute time.
 Best Mace Size for Steel Mace Complexes
 On average, the best mace for steel mace complexes for an average male with good conditioning is a 15lb mace. Four of the workout videos in this article are utilizing a 15lb mace. When working through the long series of movements, it is definitely very challenging with a 15LB mace, especially if you are focusing on creating maximum tension.
 For women, a 10lb mace would be best.
 Use your judgment based on your own conditioning and what body area you are working.
 The most important thing is that you are able to do the exercises with good form, you don't put the mace down during your complex, and it is challenging. So, test out the size. If it's too light, move up in mace weight on the next series. You will figure out what size you should be using quickly.
 Important tips for Steel Mace Complexes
 - Maintain form and technique.
 - Use full range of motion.
 - Make sure you are training both sides evenly.
 - Build a rhythm. It will be challenging at first to remember the sequence complexes, so this will require some mental work while you are doing the complex. You can move slowly through the sequence until it becomes natural. Furthermore, practice the sequence then work this same sequence for a few weeks in a row. This will allow you to save time, rather than trying to create a new sequence every time. For the "series" complexes, it is much easier to keep the rhythm and not miss any specific movements.
 - Stay disciplined and finish what you started.
 - Push yourself to the limit. This type of training is high intensity.
 - Don't do this kind of training every day. Just like HIIT, you should do this around 3 times a week.
 Give these steel mace complex workouts a try and let us know what you think in the comments below. if you have any questions, please feel free to email us.
 Where to buy a steel mace
 If you don't have a steel mace, you can buy one from us online.
 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30-pound maces for sale at SET FOR SET
 Learn More:
 84-page Steel Mace Training e-Guide - Must have for mace beginners.
 How to Flow with a Steel Mace
 Leave a comment
 Comments will be approved before showing up.


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Chemical biology news from across RSC Publishing.
3D biological metal detection
08 May 2008
The water flea is the testbed for a non-destructive 3D imaging method that pinpoints metals in vivo.
Laszlo Vincze, from Ghent University, Belgium, and his colleagues in Belgium, Hungary and Germany have combined x-ray techniques to allow them to detect metal ions and their locations in biological samples - including living systems.
Elementary: x-ray techniques reveal the metal distribution in the water flea Daphnia magna
Vincze explains the techniques' advantages: 'Thanks to the highly penetrating character of x-rays, a sample can be investigated in three dimensions in an essentially non-destructive manner, leaving most - if not all - other analytical techniques behind. Owing to recent advances in x-ray science, imaging of transition metal distributions with micrometre to nanometre spatial resolution and with parts per billion sensitivity is becoming possible.'
Vincze warns that although the techniques are not immediately destructive, there are other issues to consider. 'With biological imaging, the problem of radiation damage is one of the most challenging aspects of future scanning x-ray fluorescence measurements,' he says. Nevertheless, he adds that he can imagine the combined techniques being used in a wide variety of disciplines. 'We expect to see a rapid evolution towards in situ elemental imaging on the nanoscopic scale in various areas, including earth and environmental science, material science, archaeology and functional biology,' he says.
Link to journal article
A combination of synchrotron and laboratory X-ray techniques for studying tissue-specific trace level metal distributions in Daphnia magna
B. De Samber, R. Evens, K. De Schamphelaere, G. Silversmit, B. Masschaele, T. Schoonjans, B. Vekemans, C. R. Janssen, L. Van Hoorebeke, I. Szalóki, F. Vanhaecke, G. Falkenberg and L. Vincze, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2008, 23, 829
Also of interest
Norbert Jakubowski talks to Laura Howes about childhood experiments, element-omics and what he'd like to learn from Einstein.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Calibrated Propensity Scores for Comparative Effectiveness Estimates with Disease Subject to Misclassification
Keywords: comparative effectiveness, propensity score, misclassification error, prostate cancer
Generally, medical decisions are performed in a highly uncertain environment. For example, this is particularly true in the management of prostate cancer due to two issues. First, the instrument by which diagnosis (i.e. biopsy) is made is prone to measurement error. Second, depending on the risk stratum determined by the biopsy, the individual has two or more potential competing treatment strategies from which to choose. However, only one of these treatment strategies (radical prostatectomy) provides an almost error-free severity measure appropriate for prognosis and decision-making. This means that estimates of comparative effectiveness in this setting are done under measurement error which is usually disregarded. Depending on the type of adjustment for the comparison, regression model or propensity scoring, the problem is one of misclassification in covariates or response. Specimens from radical prostatectomy provide the perfect scenario in which methods for handling misclassification can be evaluated empirically. Based on disease severity measured from more than 3,500 radical prostatectomy specimens, we assess the characteristics of the misclassification in disease severity as per biopsy, we build a calibration model to account for this error, and finally estimate the influence of the misclassification error and calibration models on estimates of biochemical recurrence, a marker of disease progression and treatment success.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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STEM | Resource Spotlight
Better Learning Through Game Design
The World Wide Workshop's six-year-old social learning network, Globaloria, is designed to teach science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) skills through hands-on game design and programming.
With Globaloria, students in grades 6 through 12 use Adobe Creative Suite software to design and program games about STEM-related topics, social issues, environmental issues, civics, or music. For example, students created a game called House Fixers 2, where players have to reduce fractions before an animated house collapses, and Tiger Savior, a safari-themed game about the environmental threats facing tigers. Students use Adobe Flash Professional to design and program the games, Adobe Photoshop to design game characters, Adobe Illustrator to create game elements, and Adobe Fireworks to create special effects.
Established in 2006, Globaloria provides a self-paced digital curriculum where students work through the entire game development process from their original idea to finished product. It's available in two implementation models: The school-based program requires 100 to 150 hours, while the after school or summer program is a shorter course that requires 40 to 80 hours to complete. According to Globaloria, educators can integrate the program into core curriculum, subject enrichment, or elective classes to encourage deeper mastery of the subject matter, or they can offer it as a stand-alone technology class.
"Many students who never learned to code before and who never thought of themselves as programmers are delving into coding through their use of Flash in the course of their Globaloria experience," said Idit Harel Caperton, president and founder of the World Wide Workshop, in a prepared statement. "We have built a highly structured, yet user-friendly and playful environment for youth to take their first steps into computer science and software engineering."
Key features of Globaloria include:
- Customizable curriculum;
- 360-degree learning system for students, teachers, and principals;
- STEM content and skill-building;
- Professional development and mentoring; and
- Technical support.
Further information about the program is available on the Globaloria site.
Leila Meyer is a technology writer based in British Columbia. She can be reached at _EMAIL_.


Trinidad Buck
Trini Folklore: Buck
Estimated reading time: 2 minutes
The buck (n) an aboriginal Indian native of Guyana. A Guyana Amerindian locally generally refers to the Guarahoon tribe, living in Venezuela and sometimes Guyana. (English buck 'a man, applied to native Indians of South America' probably Dutch bok 'he-goat') Warahoon.
First, the Buck is some of the most powerful people in magic who live on the Venezuelan shore…they are called Warahun. In Trinidad, however, the Warao are called "Warrahoons" or "Guaranos," and various spellings are given for each of these words. These Amerindians from across the sea in the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela. The Warao crossed the delta by canoe not only to trade for tobacco
Buck Folklore
Secondly, as with other folklore in Trinidad and Guyana, a "Buck" is also a little or short man who is kept and used by people to gain monetary success. They are spirits of small stature with sharp teeth and long claws, believed to possess magical powers. This is a common folklore character in Trinidad and Tobago that is often referred to mainly in cases where businesses or persons gain ultimate success in a short amount of time.
The owners of these creatures must provide them with food and shelter to keep them under their control. In exchange, the Buck will perform evil deeds beneficial to its owner and make them very wealthy. Bucks are fed milk and bananas at fixed times and is said to be kept either in a bottle or the attic of the owner's house.
I remember growing up in Arima; people used to say that Maharaj grocery store owners on King Street had a one because their grocery business grew pretty quickly. Folks used to tell the Maharaj's kept the buck hidden in the grocery store.
Other Trinidad folklore characters include: The Phantom, Mama D'Leau, Douen and La Jabless.
In conclusion, the Buck as been stopped by an American exorcist according to the Trinidad Guardian Newspaper.
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French women will now need to be 18 years or older to consent to marry, three years older than previously required by law. The French parliament passed the law as a method of preventing forced marriages, reports Ireland Online, and the French standard is now aligned with other states that belong to the European Union.
Ireland Online also reports that the new law marks the first change to the legal age for marriage age since 1804, when Napoleon enacted his Napoleonic Code. For 200 years, women's age of consent has been 15, while men's has been 18. In addition to the marriage age, the law addresses marital rape and abuse. According to BBC, the French parliament is also passing laws to combat child pornography, female genital mutilation, and sex tourism.
Media Resources: Assemblée Nationale Texte Adopté n. 558; BBC 3/23/06; Ireland Online 3/23/06


Rubble Railway Nuremberg
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rubble Railway Nuremberg
Route of the rubble railway Nuremberg
Gauge : 900 mm ( narrow gauge )
The Trümmerbahn Nürnberg, popularly known as "Trümmer-Express" or "Moll-Bahn", was a rubble railway in Nuremberg. She served after the Second World War to eliminate the war rubble and ran from the old town on the Valznerweiher, the Nazi party rally grounds and the Silver Buck to Fischbach. The narrow-gauge railway had a track width of 900 millimeters and was built from 1946 to 1947 after around 90 percent of the buildings in the old town were destroyed or badly damaged by the air raids on Nuremberg and large quantities of rubble had to be removed. After the largest mountains of rubble in the old town and the eastern southern part of the city had been removed, the railway ceased operations in 1950. Similar systems existed in about three dozen other German cities.
In the city center, the loosely laid tracks often changed as required. The railway initially led eastwards, on the Prinzregentenufer out of the old town, along the Pegnitz, which was also partially buried by bombs, and crossed it at the Wöhrd valley crossing on a specially built iron girder bridge. After the Dürrenhof tunnel, it followed Regensburger Strasse, crossed St. Peter, passed the Nazi party rally grounds to the excavation pit for the defunct German stadium, where the rubble was first dumped. Right next to it was the Silberbuck, a 35-meter-high mountain made of toxic and chemical waste. At the Valznerweiher, a separate depot with a locomotive shed and sidings was built for the vehicles on today's 1. FC Nürnberg site. There the machines were serviced and supplied with water and coal. There were evasions at various points so that counter-trains could pass. When the capacities at the German Stadium were gradually exhausted and no further mountains of rubble that could be seen from afar, such as the Silberbuck or the Föhrenbuck in Maiach, were to be piled up, the route was extended over today's Breslauer Straße to Fischbach. The rubble of the Föhrenbuck comes from other parts of the city and was not delivered by the rubble railway, but transported by trucks and barges on the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal, which at that time was almost completely navigable. Large forest areas were designated around Fischbach, in which the further debris should be spread as evenly and inconspicuously as possible. Therefore, the route of the rubble railway changed there almost daily. When fully expanded, the rubble railway comprised a route network of 17 kilometers and an additional three kilometers of operating routes.
Construction and operation
The Leonhard Moll AG from Munich was commissioned with the construction and operation of the rubble railway, which as one of the market leaders in the production of industrial railways had the corresponding capacities. Initially, the carts were pulled by horses or pushed by hand. The rubble train could transport several dozen cubic meters of rubble per trip. The route was traveled with small steam locomotives that pulled tipping lorries. Up to 18 small steam locomotives from Henschel or Krauss-Maffei with an output of 20 to 75 hp were used. While loaded trains could only travel uphill at walking pace, empty trains reached speeds of up to 40 km / h downhill. In the event of overloading and on the inclines, additional pushing or a second locomotive had to be pre-tensioned. The multiple traction was also necessary because the area after Fischbach from 295 to 345 m above sea level. NN rises constantly. There were several hundred open tilting lorries available. The companies commissioned with the rubble removal used all available wagons, which resulted in a great variety in terms of design, size and year of construction. Usually six to eight loaded wagons were transported by one or two locomotives in Nuremberg. On the return trip, 15 to 20 wagons could be pulled empty and firewood felled in the woods could be taken. In addition to the carts, platform wagons were used to transport beams, iron girders and other bulky material. If it was necessary to transport liquids, existing barrels were lashed.
Debris dump near Fischbach
Except for one derailment, no accidents or operational disruptions worth mentioning have been reported.
In contrast to other major German cities, the loading was carried out only to a small extent by the so-called rubble women. German prisoners of war who were assigned by the Allies were primarily used in Nuremberg. In 1946 the city council also introduced compulsory service that required all 16 to 29 year olds to do 50 hours of clearing work. Loading was mostly done manually or with wheelbarrows via specially built small loading ramps. As far as available, simple conveyor belts and excavators were later used when there was enough space, with material separation taking place. Materials and objects that were still usable were separated on site and recycled elsewhere. The total moved masses were traceably documented and amounted to around ten million tons up to the Silberbuck and probably two to three times more to the forests around Fischbach. The compulsory service was abolished again in 1948 and the work was continued by contracted construction companies.
After the tracks were dismantled in the 1950s, the lines were built over, reforested or otherwise renatured.
In the forest area between Valznerweiher and Fischbach, numerous heaped earth walls of the deposits and the former routes can still be seen today.
Web links
Commons : Trümmerbahn Nürnberg - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Individual evidence
 1. a b Silberbuck, Schuttberg, Kleinbahn
 2. a b c Moll-Bahn - rubble transport to Fischbach
 3. a b Press report Nürnberger Nachrichten of December 24, 2019 p.10
Coordinates: 49 ° 25 '47.9 " N, 11 ° 9' 28.3" E


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Two methods, one is relatively stable, the upper and lower weights and the larger floor area of the sculpture, the iron expansion screw at the bottom, welded by welding and sculpture steel keel can be; the other is not light, the bottom is not the big center of gravity is not very stable. The steel plate and the inner keel should be welded firmly on the ground. The ground should have pre-embedded iron.
The upper part of the steel plate with multiple turning rebars is buried under the concrete and has a deep structure. The layer steel plate is welded firmly, and the stone structure or planting grass is buried outside the foundation to reveal the steel structure outside the sculpture.


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View Full Version : Neutron Stars have charge...waa?
2008-May-24, 01:54 AM
Pardon me if this has already been asked, but since neutrons don't have charges, how can a neutron star have a magnetic field?
The composition of a neutron star is known only via theory, and theoretical details are not complete. However, a neutron star is believed to contain not only neutrons but also quarks, electrons, protrons, and nuclei of elements heavier than hydrogen, so there is plenty of charge present to account for a magnetic field. For more details, Google "neutron star" and go to "Structure" in the Wikikpedia article.
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Applying to college or getting your first job is a right of passage for most youth and young adults. LGBTQIA youth and young adults (and their families) have extra things to consider when making these big decisions. Below are some considerations, while this is not an exhaustive list, I hope you will find some helpful resources.
College Bound Youth
Considering what colleges to apply to and ultimately where you attend is a big decision, but factoring in which college is LGBTQIA inclusive, and has protection policies for LGBTQIA students could be the difference between success or failure for some youth. The Campus Pride Index, (, is a great starting place in sorting out which colleges could be a good match. Information regarding inclusivity, financial assistance options, and how to find LGBTQIA inclusive college fairs are among the information provided.
Other questions and things to consider during your college search:
 - Is housing provided based on identified gender, or is there an option for non-gender based housing
 - Are gender neutral restroom available, if needed
 - How does the school handle students wanting to use their preferred name
 - Are there LGBTQIA inclusive heath care options available
 - Are there clubs and organizations that are welcoming, and accepting
 - What are the campus safety efforts, is there crime data available
 - What mental health services are offered to students
 - How will I pay for or finance college, the HRC (Human Rights Campaign) has a LGBTQIA scholarship database: Here
College and University Staff operate under FERPA, Family Education Rights Privacy Act. FERPA protects your privacy. If you decide to disclose your sexual orientation or gender identity to a school staff, they cannot share that information unless:
 - The student or parent (for individuals under 18) has signed a release of information; for the purpose of post-secondary education students under 18 are not required to have information released to their parents once they have begun attending classes
 - A health or safety emergency, disclosure is needed to protect the health or safety of the student or another individual
 - A court order or subpoena
As Always, check with your school regarding your specific situation and to discuss how they implement FERPA policies.
Entering the Workforce
Whether you are seeking your first job, entering your chosen career, or searching for a new job or career path considering an employers inclusion policies and procedures is critical. There are currently no widespread employment protections for LGBTQIA individuals in the United States. Missouri does not include Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity in its non-discrimination policy, which can be found here: Missouri Labor ( Federally, the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) has ruled that Sexual orientation and gender identity fall under the umbrella of sex discrimination laws, meaning you are able to file a complaint with the EEOC for gender identity or sexual orientation based discrimination.
Starting the job search off by seeking out companies and corporations that are LGBTQIA inclusive can be a good way to go. A great starting point to understanding laws, and non-discrimination policies, is the Gen EQ guide put out by the Human Rights Campaign, click here for PDF.


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- Branch-and-Bound-Methode (3) (remove)
- On the benefits of using NP-hard problems in Branch & Bound (2008)
- We present a Brand-and-Bound (B&B) method using combinatorial bounds for solving makespan minimization problems with sequence dependent setup costs. As an application we present a laser source sharing problem arising in car manufacturing.
- Exploiting combinatorial relaxations to solve a routing & scheduling problem in car body manufacturing (2010)
- Motivated by the laser sharing problem (LSP) in car body manufacturing, we define the new general routing and scheduling problem (RSP). In the RSP, multiple servers have to visit and process jobs; renewable resources are shared among them. The goal is to find a makespan-minimal scheduled dispatch. We present complexity results as well as a branch-and-bound algorithm for the RSP. This is the first algorithm that is able to solve the LSP for industrially relevant problem scales.
- How to avoid collisions in scheduling industrial robots? (2010)
- In modern production facilities industrial robots play an important role. When two ore more of them are moving in the same area, care must be taken to avoid collisions between them. Due to expensive equipment costs our approach to handle this is very conservative: Each critical area is modeled as a shared resource where only one robot is allowed to use it at a time. We studied collision avoidance in the context of arc welding robots in car manufacture industry. Here another shared resource comes into place. When using laser welding technology every robot needs to be connected to a laser source supplying it with the necessary energy. Each laser source can be connected to up to six robots but serve only one at a time. An instance of the problem consists of a set of robots, a set of welding task, a number of laser sources, a distance table, collision information and a production cycle time. The goal is to design robot tours covering all task and schedule them resource conflict free such that the makespan does not exceed the cycle time. We propose a general model for integrated routing and scheduling including collision avoidance as well as a branch-and-bound algorithm for it. Computational results on data generated with the robot simulation software KuKa Sim Pro are also provided showing that our algorithm outperforms standard mixed-integer models for our application.


Professional Process of Soybean Oil Production
Soybean Oil Production
There are two methods of soybean oil production, one is mechanical way, which is a traditional method that use screw press machine to squeeze oil out from seeds and kernels; the other way is chemical method that extract oil with solvents. Both two oil production methods have advantages and disadvantages. The previous one is natural and healthy but the oil yield is much lower, however, oil yield of the solvent extraction method is much more higher. You can choose one according to the capacity and your oil making needs, or you can use the two together.
Soybean Oil Production Process
soya bean oil production process
Cleaning Section of Soybean Oil Production: The soybeans are first cleaned, dried and dehulled prior to oil extraction. The soybean hulls needs to be removed because they absorb oil and give a lower yield. This de-hulling is done by cracking the soybeans and a mechanical separation of the hulls and cracked soybeans. Magnets are used to separate any iron from the soybeans.
The soybeans are also heated to about 75°C to coagulate the soy proteins to make the oil extraction easier.
Extraction Section of Soybean Oil Production: First the soybeans are cut in flakes which are put in a percolation extractors and immerged with a solvent, normally hexane. Counterflow is used as extraction system because it gives the highest yield. After removing the hexane, the extracted flakes only contain about 1% of soybean oil and is used as livestock meal or to produce food products such as soy protein. The hexane is separated from the soybean oil in evaporators. The evaporated hexane is recovered and returned to the extraction process. The hexane free crude soybean oil is then further purified.
Solvent Extraction Workshop View:
solvent extractor of the plant
Purification Section of Soybean Oil Production: The crude soybean oil still contains many oil-insoluble and oil-soluble impurities that needs to be removed. The oil-insoluble material are removed with filtration and the soluble materials is removed with different processes including degumming (removing of phosphatides), oil refining (washing with alkaline solution to remove free fatty acids, colorants, insoluble matter and gums) and bleaching (with activated earth or activated carbon to remove colour and other impurities.
Refining Workshop View
soybean oil refining workshop
Hydrogenation Section of Soybean Oil Production (optional): This process will increase the stability of the soybean oil and will make it less liquid. However, this process will create more saturated fats and will reduce the favorable unsaturated fats. In addition, transfats are produced which can cause hearth problems. Hydrogenated soybean oil is used in foods that require more solid fat such as margarines.
What is Soybean Oil?
soya bean oil
Soybean oil can be considered a healthy oil, provided that it's not been hydrogenated and provided that it's certified organic. The bottom line with soy oil—and with all components of your diet—is that it is important to determine what's best matched for your individual health needs and cooking plan and then insisting on the highest quality food to meet those needs.


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True 3D Display Using Laser Plasma in the Air
|This display device uses the plasma emission phenomenon near the focal point of focused laser light. By controlling the position of the focal point in the x, y, and z axes, it displays real 3D images constructed by dot arrays in the air.|
This is the first successful attempt to use laser plasma to display "true 3D images" in a space where there is nothing but air.
Make laser-produced characters or images for information, amusement, emergency information, or advertising in the sky.
Laser-produced plasma in the air is used to creates dots that are assembled into true 3D images floating in space.
kimura (at) burton-jp.com
The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology


Paper £10 notes will go out of circulation at midnight today, Thursday, March 1.
This means you will no longer be able to spend them in stores, or receive them as change from retailers.
The paper tenner featuring Charles Darwin was issued on November 7, 2000, and has been in co-circulation along with the polymer £10 note since September last year.
Find out what you can do if you cannot spend or bank your notes in time.
What happens if I don't spend or bank my paper tenners before midnight?
You can still cash your notes at the bank before midnight, and some will accept them for an extended period after the date has passed.
However, check with your bank if they will extend the deadline, the dates will differ.
You can exchange notes which have been withdrawn from circulation, in person or by post, to the Bank of England, see more information here.
If you are exchanging large amounts, you may be asked to provide identification, such as a passport or driving licence.
Why was the paper note replaced?
The polymer tenner entered circulation on September, 14 2017. It features Jane Austen on it, and came one year after the polymer £5 note was released.
Production of the note began in August last year, and in three years time it will be followed by a new polymer £20 note which will feature the British painter JMW Turner.
The Bank of England printed 10 billion of the polymer tenners. The material is a thin, flexible plastic which is environmentally friendly, in comparison to paper, due to its durability.
Polymer notes are believed to have a lower carbon footprint than paper ones, according to The Carbon Trust.
The carbon footprint of a £10 polymer banknote is 8 per cent lower than a £10 paper one.
What are the design features of the polymer £10 note?
Denomination numeral
The large number 10 and £ symbol in the top-left hand corner of the front of the note help you easily see its value. There is also a slightly smaller number 10 in the top-right corner.
For the partially sighted, it has a densely coloured orange diamond on the front.
Unique numbering
A unique serial number is printed horizontally and vertically on the back of the note. The horizontal numbers is in the bottom right corner. It is made up of multi-coloured letters and numbers, which increase in height from left to right. The vertical number runs down the left-hand side and the numbers and letters are the same height and colour.
Copyright symbol
The international copyright symbol is included on the front and the back of the £10 note, around the edge of the watermark area.


Temporal variation of phytoplankton assemblage in estuarine waters: implication of cyclone Phailin
Physical forcing of cyclonic phenomenon on water quality often exerts stress on marine and estuarine ecosystems due to their unpredictability. The post-cyclonic changes in phytoplankton biomass have been reported in the Bay of Bengal. In addition, cyclones also intensify physical processes resulting in entrainment of nutrient-rich water from deeper depths into surface leading to regional phytoplankton blooms.
Original Source


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Robustness of Spin-Chain State-Transfer Schemes
Joachim Stolze, Gonzalo A. Álvarez, Omar Osenda, Analia Zwick
in Quantum State Transfer and Network Engineering, edited by G. M. Nikolopoulos and I. Jex (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014), pp. 149–182.
Spin chains are linear arrangements of qubits (spin-1/2 objects) with interactions between nearest or more distant neighbors. They have been considered for quantum information transfer between subunits of a quantum information processing device at short or intermediate distances. The most frequently studied task is the transfer of a single-qubit state. Several protocols have been developed to achieve this goal, broadly divisible into two classes, fully-engineered and boundary-controlled spin chains. We discuss state transfer induced by the natural dynamics of these two classes of systems, and the influence of deviations from the ideal system configuration, that is, manufacturing errors in the nearest-neighbor spin couplings. The fidelity of state transfer depends on the chain length and the disorder strength. We observe a power-law scaling of the fidelity deficit, i.e. the deviation from perfect transfer. Boundary-controlled chains can provide excellent fidelity under suitable circumstances and are potentially less difficult to manufacture and control than fully-engineered chains. We also review other existing theoretical work on the robustness of quantum state transfer as well as proposals for experimental implementation.


The Russellville Police Department was not always a Police Department. The City of Russellville was incorporated in 1870 and officially recognized as a town. The city grew in large part to the railroad and coal mining industry in the 1800's. The center of the mining was in the City of Dover area. The coal would be transported to Russellville to be shipped by train. Dover was the original county seat but due to the importance of the railroad and expanding population of Russellville the county seat was moved to Russellville.
During this time the first Russellville law enforcement officer entered the scene. This first officer was referred to as the "The City Marshall". The position was an elected post and a one-man job. The City Marshall was responsible for 'controlling the criminal element, collecting fines or writs, to suppress all riots and disturbances and breaches of peace.' The original method of payment at the time was based on your job performance. The Marshall received as payment $0.75 for each warrant served, criminal taken to jail, summoning each jury before the mayor, and $0.25 for summoning each witness, and $0.50 for mileage in serving.
The transition from a City Marshall service to a Police service date is unknown at this time. However, we do know that there was a Russellville Police Force in 1941. In 1941 the Russellville Police Department consisted of three officers. The Police Chief at the time was Chief Cecil McCarley and he had a 24-year tenure as the Chief of Police. He retired in 1964 and the department had increased in size to an eight-man department.
The department slowly grew through the 70's and 80's in response to the expanding Russellville city limits. In 1982, the police department was a sixteen-man department with two detectives and dispatch center with dispatchers.
The current department now employs 57 sworn full-time officers and a support staff of 6 civilians. The department is housed at 115 West H Street, Russellville, AR and is excited about the future of the City and its potential growth. The department will rise to meet the needs of the citizens of Russellville and continue the time-honored tradition of "Serving Our Community."
RPD History 1RPD History 2


5 Powerful Personal Statement Openings of Fellowship Winners
May 17, 2016 • Views -
Personal statement tipsBy ProFellow Founder, Dr. Vicki Johnson
A personal statement for a fellowship or graduate school application is your opportunity to express to the selection committee who you are and why you are a great candidate for the program. In particular, an eye-grabbing lead sentence or opening paragraph is your most important tool for maintaining the reader's attention. Here are some examples of powerful personal statement openings of winners of highly competitive fellowships.
 1. "My parents are acupuncturists who made the long trip from their tiny cluster of villages in Guangzhou, China, to the quaint suburbs of Northern California, two years before I was born."
By a winner of a Fulbright English Teaching Assistantship (ETA) in Macau. The applicant draws the reader to something memorable – her parents' unique vocation – paving the way for an interesting story about her childhood and interest in working abroad.
 1. "Every morning at 10:00 a.m. I come face to face with the power of language to free; it happens in a classroom. The students I teach at Seattle Central Community College come from night work in an industrial bakery, from a Vietnamese refugee camp, from a 9-to-5 job in a car wash, or from the day care center where they've left their children."
By a graduate fellowship applicant to the University of Washington. This opening paragraph begins to tell a story that reflects on the applicant's work with a diverse community.
 1. "My grandparents have touched many lives: former drug addicts, refugees, neighbors, and my own. They have an uncommon ability to build relationships; they are a paradigm of service— where service is more than what you do and is also defined by who you are."
By a winner of the Fulbright U.S. Student Grant. The lyrical nature of this stand-alone opening paragraph exhibits an advanced ability to use both words and punctuation to express the applicant's personal values and how they originated.
 1. "Thirty years ago, my dad boarded a one-way flight to the U.S. Unlike the people he left behind, he was coming to a new country filled with educational opportunities his homeland could not provide. He was not limited by his place of birth."
By a successful applicant to Teach for America. Immediately, the applicant has built a framework to describe his interest in education and equal opportunity, and his personal experience as a child of an American immigrant.
 1. "In the sixth grade, I took a test to see if I was leftor right-brained. To my elementary eyes, the result of that quiz would be the truth from on high—a resolute word that would define the man to come as either analytic or artistic."
By a Marshall Scholar to the U.K. The applicant masterfully opens with a story to describe the early beginnings of his intellectual curiosity, a key characteristic that the selection committee seeks in applicants.
A common aspect of these opening statements is their ability to draw the reader in to a unique and memorable story that begins to describe why the applicant is applying to the fellowship. You can identify more personal statement samples like these online by Googling "personal statement example pdf" with the name of the fellowship.
Seeking funding for graduate school? Get our free Directory of Fully Funded Graduate Programs and Full Funding Awards listing more than 500+ fully funded PhD and master's program.
Dr. Vicki Johnson Headshot
Dr. Vicki Johnson is Founder and CEO of ProFellow, the world's leading online resource for professional and academic fellowships. She is a four-time fellow, top Ph.D. scholar, Fulbright recipient and an award-winning social entrepreneur. She is the Creator and Director of Fully Funded, an award-winning online course and mentorship program for graduate school applicants seeking to find and win full funding.
© Victoria Johnson / ProFellow, LLC 2016, all rights reserved.
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Worried about toy safety during the holidays? Mass. Eye and Ear specialists offer some tips to avoid eye and ENT injuries.
Myles Standish sailed across the Atlantic in 1620 and joined the first Thanksgiving dinner in Plymouth in 1621. Seven generations later, another Myles Standish (1851–1928) became an ophthalmologist at Mass. Eye and Ear.
Tom Maholchic was just 25-years-old when a loud event brought on hyperacusis with pain, a debilitating condition in which everyday noises are agony.
Mass. Eye and Ear researchers have found that elderly people with hearing loss can triple their understanding of words in noisy situations by training on a custom audiomotor game.
CEO of Halen Brands and a trustee of Mass. Eye and Ear, Jason Cohen was diagnosed with tinnitus (ringing in the ears) after a bad fall while skiing. He relies on endless support from his family and his doctors, and hopes to help Mass. Eye and Ear make a difference one day.


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- 1 Do women have a harder time making decisions?
- 2 Does gender affect decision-making?
- 3 Why are women better at decision-making?
- 4 Who is the best decision maker men or women?
- 5 What are men's decisions?
- 6 How does making good decisions influence unequal power in relationships?
- 7 Who should make decisions in a family?
- 8 How does gender affect consumer decision-making?
- 9 Are females more indecisive than males?
- 10 What are the decision-making skills?
Do women have a harder time making decisions?
Rather than falling apart, women bring unique strengths to decision-making. Women tend to become risk-alert under stress and go for the smaller wins that are more guaranteed.
Does gender affect decision-making?
Research has demonstrated gender differences in the decision-making process, showing that women make more disadvantageous risk decisions than men. Moreover, women greatly fearing negative evaluation seemed to make more disadvantageous risk decisions compared with other groups.
Why are women better at decision-making?
Women's abilities to make fair decisions when competing interests are at stake make them better corporate leaders, researchers have found. A survey of more than 600 board directors showed that women are more likely to consider the rights of others and to take a cooperative approach to decision-making.
Who is the best decision maker men or women?
Studies also show that society sees men as being more decisive. However, scientific research shows that men and women struggle with decision-making equally. The only difference I found was during the teenage years – teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys.
What are men's decisions?
Women make decisions on a more emotional level, whereas men approach decisionmaking with facts and data. Once a consumer recognizes the need for a certain product or service, information needs to be gathered and processed to evaluate alternatives.
How does making good decisions influence unequal power in relationships?
Good decisions make a good influence in balancing the unequal power relationships. The decisions will be much effective and reliable than the rest others. Unhealthy pattern of relations will be changed in accordance with the situation.
Who should make decisions in a family?
This approach allows family decisions to occur as a result of the will of the person in the family with the most status and/or authority. For example, in some traditional families, decision making may be vested in the father. The other members of the family are thus guided by what he says is right.
How does gender affect consumer decision-making?
Gender is the major factor out of all the other factors that affects consumer purchasing behaviour. When gender differs, the perception of consuming the product is different as well. Men and women tend to have different choices while shopping because of the difference in their upbringing and socialization.
Are females more indecisive than males?
Men are more decisive than women, according to a new survey. According to the research, 60% of men say they make decisions and stick to them compared to 44% of women. Just over a quarter of men (27%) say they are indecisive while 42% of women say find it hard to make a decision.
What are the decision-making skills?
Examples of decision-making skills
- Emotional Intelligence.
- Time management.


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Abstract: Zn2+ was used as template with paraffin as dispersant agent,formaldehyde as pre-crosslinking agent,and epichlorohydrin as crosslinking agent to prepare a imprinted chitosan polymer. The structure of the polymer was characterized by X ray diffractometer (XRD). The dosage of the polymer and the influence of temperature on the adsorption of Zn2+ were studied. Studies on the kinetics of the adsorption of Zn2+ by the imprinted polymer and the isothermal adsorption properties were also performed. The result showed that the regularity of the chitosan crystals was broken in the preparation of the imprinted polymer,adding a large amount of coordination group which enlarged adsorption capacity. Meanwhile the polymer acquired a highly selective adsorption capacity to Zn2+,and the separation factor of Zn2+,Cd2+,Mg2+,Mn2+ were all greater than 1.5. The imprinted polymer adsorbed the Zn2+ rapidly,and the whole adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well,t/Qt=8.1744+2.0186t and the correlation coefficient was 0.998. The calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity was satisfactory compared with the experiment data. The adsorption process at a constant temperature fitted the Langmuir equation of isothermal adsorption:Ce/Qe=1.3297+0.02701Ce and the maximum adsorption capacity was 37.023 mmol/g. The adsorption mainly proceeded in the form of monolayer.
Template and target information: zinc ion, Zn(II)
Author keywords: chitosan, imprinting, adsorption, Zn2+, kinetics


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Last Updated: Tuesday - 01/04/2011
February 19, 2001
School district to launch native education project
WESTERN CATHOLIC REPORTER
EDMONTON — Aboriginal students have a hard time adapting to city schools, a situation that often translates into low academic achievement, a high dropout rate and low self-esteem.
Statistics show aboriginal students are struggling in the school system. Their high school graduation rate is about 52 per cent in Alberta compared to 72 per cent for non-aboriginal students.
What makes it even harder for aboriginal students is that the curriculum doesn't reflect their cultural heritage.
That's all about to change as Edmonton Catholic Schools plans to address the problem with the help of a $1.6 million grant from Alberta Learning.
The purpose of the ambitious project is to help aboriginal students achieve higher success, said Bob Steele, division principal in aboriginal education.
"What we are trying to do is work on ways that all our schools can be more effective in working with aboriginal students."
The two-year pilot project and research study, beginning in September, will find ways to increase academic achievement among aboriginal students and lower their almost 50 per cent high school dropout rate, explained native education consultant Louise Breland.
"The idea is to make schools more responsive to the needs of aboriginal students."
A study conducted last year shows aboriginal parents and students want a better kindergarten to Grade 12 school program but they don't necessarily want a segregated school, noted Steele.
"About 90 per cent of aboriginal parents and students want to be able to go to their neighbourhood school with their friends and do well."
Six Edmonton Catholic schools, including elementary, junior high and high schools, will be picked for the project from about 15 that have expressed interest in participating. The final cut will be made in mid-March.
Grant money will be used to train teachers and staff in cultural awareness so they become more sensitive to aboriginal students' needs and make them feel more welcome in the schools.
Liaison workers will be hired to work closely with families and increase their involvement in the school life. "Parents want to feel that they can come to school and feel welcomed and wanted there too," Steele said.
Libraries will carry books by aboriginal authors and all classes will include aboriginal culture so students can see themselves reflected in the curriculum.
"For me, this is very much an issue of social justice and it's about time we had the financial support to tackle it," Breland said.
Steele said the project's research study component will be shared with schools across Alberta.
"I guess what the research will do is tell us what works and what doesn't when it comes to having this group of students come to school and do well and feel good about it."
There are about 1,500 aboriginal students in the Edmonton Catholic school system.
Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 -- Western Catholic Reporter
Our mission: To serve our readers by bringing the Gospel to bear on current issues in the Church and in secular culture through accurate news coverage and reflective commentary.


slightest prerequisites for the manifestation of allergy to this fruit, you should first consult with a competent doctor( allergist).
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Can a nursing mother plum?
Maternity changes the life of a woman, change also affects the diet. Some foods have to be excluded, some, on the contrary, enter into the diet. The use of fruits should be given special attention, as they can cause allergic reactions in the baby. Given the rich vitamin, mineral composition, these fruits are recommended for women during pregnancy, but nursing should be careful.
Plum during breastfeeding is permissible in the form of complementary foods at 8 or 9 months of life of the child - its flesh can be added to cereals, mashed potatoes. Compotes from this fruit can also be given to children. It is because of the laxative effect that vigilance should be exercised; however, if the infant suffers from constipation, his mother is even recommended to eat several green leaves. Again, everything should be in moderation, the main thing is not to overdo it, so as not to provoke diarrhea.
The fruit consumed must be of exceptionally good quality, without the presence of pests or suspicious spots on the skin. There should also be a discount for the age of the child: the younger the child, the less should be the portion of fruits for his mother. It is best to start with one fruit, while looking at the reaction of the child, his health. If rnklod is introduced into the diet for the first time, then along with it you should not use any new, still untested products. This is necessary in order to understand the correct reaction to a plum.
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Plum during pregnancy
The nutrition of a woman during pregnancy is the most important factor influencing the health of the unborn child. Is it possible to use these fruits while waiting for the baby? The answer is positive, since this fruit contains a large number of useful components, which was written above. Firstly, it improves the bowels( an important factor for pregnant women), secondly, it contains iodine, potassium, iron, vitamins, which are simply necessary for the normal development of the fetus. The presence of vitamin E is especially valuable, since in this case it works to strengthen the vessels of the placenta, reduces the risk of its detachment.
Folic acid contained in rencode suppresses toxicosis( or significantly reduces them).Iodine has a positive effect on the formation of the skeleton of the child, as well as on the function of the brain. Iron fights against anemia, and potassium helps to normalize the water-salt metabolism, thereby exerting a beneficial effect on the kidneys. These blue-violet fruits are an excellent natural antioxidant, have a cleansing effect on the body of a woman and her future baby. Summarizing all the above, we can safely say that the green leaf is a natural, tasty, useful fruit for future moms.
The basic rules of caution are:
 1. Only healthy, high-quality fruits can be consumed;
 2. Ripe or not ripe fruit - taboo;
 3. Exclude overdose - no more than 150 g of fruit per day is allowed;
 4. You should thoroughly wash the fruit before use, and it is better to pour it with boiling water;
 5. If there are complaints of rheumatism, it is better to exclude this fruit from the diet;
 6. Diabetes mellitus or overweight( obesity) - taboo;
As an additional recommendation, it is worth noting that it is most useful to use fresh fruit, since after heat treatment some of the useful components are partially lost.
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Plum stones - the benefits and harm, which is more
Sometimes it happens that a child swallows a bone while eating, what to do in such situations? It is not recommended to immediately raise a panic, but it is not worth letting this situation happen to chance. The bone, whatever one may say, is a foreign object, especially the greenstone bone has pointed edges. With a favorable outcome, it should leave the body in a natural way, but it will never be superfluous to consult a doctor as soon as possible. The first thing to do is to track the child's behavior and well-being, to track how he goes to the toilet.
You need to sound the alarm if a child swallows a bone from a plum. The following symptoms are observed:
 - presence of blood in feces;
 - persistent vomiting;
 - complaints of abdominal pain;
 - inability to swallow( presence of a bone in the esophagus);
 - baby began to choke( bone in the trachea).
The main danger for the gastrointestinal tract is represented by sharp edges, large bone sizes. To assess the incident, to predict the further movement of a foreign object can only be a competent doctor.
You shouldn't start "helping" a child with laxatives or vomiting-inducing drugs - you can only make things worse. You also do not need to give the baby a bread crust, so that it supposedly pushed the bone away - this advice only works if the fish bones are swallowed and stuck, but not always.
It is not recommended to drink plenty of food or eat food, if you feel normal - wait a while, watch the stool. There are worsening - urgently to the doctor! If 24 hours after ingestion, the bone still has not left, consult your doctor.
Remember that the danger poses not only its sharp corners, but also poisonous hydrocyanic acid, which is able to stand out from the bone when in contact with gastric juices.
Summing up, it can be affirmatively stated that this fruit is not only a delicious juicy delicacy, but also a source of useful, health-improving components. I hope that this article will help you learn more about how amazing the fruit is the plum, the harm and benefit of which should be known not only to every gardener, but also to just a lover of these sweet fruits.
And now some good mood:
Useful properties of walnut in folk and official medicine
Useful properties of walnut in folk and official medicineGarden
Walnuts are revered since ancient times as a symbol of intellectuality, since their cores have a winding surface that resembles the structure of the brain! Useful properties of walnut - you can t...
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Plum - harm and benefits, advice, answers to questions
Plum - harm and benefits, advice, answers to questionsGarden
Read More
Watering trees in the fall or how to prepare the garden for wintering
Watering trees in the fall or how to prepare the garden for winteringGarden
Water-charging irrigation of trees in the fall garden is necessary - this truth, I think, does not have to be particularly proved by experienced gardeners, especially in our Kuban. Over the summe...
Read More


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Oracle 11g – Virtual Columns – to publish derived column values without storing them. And more…
Oracle 11g introduces Virtual Columns. "What do we need Virtual Columns for, aren't real ones more useful?" you might wonder. And what are they to begin with?
A virtual column is a construct that looks like a column when you describe or query a table, when you inspect meta-data, when you define indexes and constraints (except for primary key constraints). If it walks and talks like a Column, doesn't that mean that it is a column? Well, normal columns actually store values. Virtual Columns do not! All they store is their definition. And when indexed, they have values – their expression evaluated – stored in the index. Note: virtual columns can not be set in insert and update statement – no surprise there!
If you are familiar with the concept of Function Based Indexes, you may have seen something that is very close to the Virtual Column (see _URL_ and especially the section One more thing…) – Virtual Columns seem to be little more than the exposure of the the system generated column for a Function Based Index-es.
Virtual Columns are useful in those situations where values derived from the real column values are frequently required, yet would be a denormalization in the data design when implemented as real column. In the EMP table, this applies for example to INCOME (the sum of SAL and COMM), HIREYEAR (the year component of the HIREDATE). Using Virtual Columns will reduce the need for Views to provide derived column values.
Jonathan Lewis (_URL_ ) suggests another good use for Virtual Columns: so we could have the benefit of correct statistics for commonly used expressions without the need to create the index. [ One of the commonest root causes of errors in the calculations made by the Cost Based Optimizer is the use of incorrect data types (e.g. dates stored as numbers). In the past I have occasionally been able to work around such problems by creating "function-based indexes" - which I prefer to call "indexes involving virtual columns".
But if you don't really need (or want) to create new indexes it's a nasty maintenance overhead simply to get improved statistics. With a little luck the 11g implementation will allow us to add virtual columns to existing 3rd party tables in a way that doesn't affect any bad code in the application but allows predicates involving functions to be rewritten by the optimizer as predicates against virtual columns.]
You can use all columns (but not virtual columns) in the table on which the Virtual Column is defined. You can include function calls in the Virtual Column definition, either standard SQL functions or deterministic user defined functions. You can build an index – and therefore also a Unique Constraint – on Virtual Columns.
The easiest example around:
alter table emp ADD (income AS (sal + nvl(comm,0))) /
Here we add a new column INCOME to the EMP table, specifying it as a VIRTUAL COLUMN through the use of AS (column expression).
This column is henceforth available in USER_TAB_COLUMNS, DESC EMP and all queries against EMP.
SQL> desc emp Name Type ------------------------------- EMPNO NUMBER(4) ENAME VARCHAR2(10) JOB VARCHAR2(9) MGR NUMBER(4) HIREDATE DATE SAL NUMBER(7,2) COMM NUMBER(7,2) DEPTNO NUMBER(2) INCOME NUMBER SQL> select empno 2, ename 3, sal 4, comm 5, income 6 from emp 7 / EMPNO ENAME SAL COMM INCOME ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 7369 SMITH _PHONE_ ALLEN _PHONE_ 7521 WARD _PHONE_ 7566 JONES 2975 2975 7654 MARTIN _PHONE_ 2650 7698 BLAKE 2850 2850 7782 CLARK 2450 2450 7839 KING 5000 5000 7844 TURNER 1500 0 _PHONE_ ADAMS _PHONE_ 7900 JAMES _PHONE_ MILLER _PHONE_ 7788 SCOTT 3750 3750 7902 FORD 3000 3000 14 rows selected.
Updating the salary column automatically'refreshes' the Virtual Column. Well, querying the Virtual Column after the update renders a freshly calculated result:
SQL> update emp 2 set sal = sal * 1.25 3 where ename = 'MARTIN' 4 / 1 row updated. SQL> SQL> select empno 2, ename 3, sal 4, comm 5, income 6 from emp 7 where ename = 'MARTIN' 8 / EMPNO ENAME SAL COMM INCOME ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 7654 MARTIN 1562.5 _PHONE_.5 1 row selected.
Virtual Columns and Constraints
Perhaps somewhat surprising, Virtual Columns can be used in Check Constraints (Foreign Keys – like Unique and Primary Keys – are also supported.). See here an example:
alter table emp add constraint emp_income_ck check ( income < 8000) / update emp set sal = sal * 2 / update emp * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.EMP_INCOME_CK) violated
This Check Constraint is enforced whenever INCOME is changed – which is never. Or at least, never directly. However, indirectly is INCOME changed whenever any of the columns in the INCOME Virtual Column Expression changes – SAL and COMM – and for any of those columns, changes will trigger validation of the Check Constraint.
Being able to use a Virtual Column in a Check Constraint means that indirectly we can use user defined functions in Check Constraints! Something check constraints themselves do not allow.
alter table emp ADD (sal_ck AS (income_check(deptno,sal))) / alter table emp add constraint emp_sal_ck check ( sal_ck = 'Y') / prompt this check constraint is almost: income_check(sal, deptno) ='Y', written in a round about way
However, this function is somewhat restricted: the function must be deterministic and it cannot select from table EMP – as it will run into the Mutating Table problem. I thought to resolve that issue by turning the constraint into a deferred one – one that is enforced only at commit time, when the statement is complete and the table is no longer mutating. However, for some reason that does not seem to work. What does work is adding a PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION to the function definition. Unfortunately, that means that function cannot see the changes made in the transaction that triggers the check constraint.
rem even deferred check constraints on virtual columns will immediately call the user defined function alter table emp add constraint emp_sal_ck check ( sal_ck = 'Y') INITIALLY DEFERRED DEFERRABLE / update emp set sal = 7000 where sal = 5000 / SQL> update emp set sal = sal+1 2 / update emp set sal = sal+1 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-04091: table SCOTT.EMP is mutating, trigger/function may not see it ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.INCOME_CHECK", line 10
Foreign Key on Virtual Column
Suppose we have a reorganization of the DEPT table: Departments 10-25 are in one table – DEPT_US – and other Departments are in table DEPT_ROTW. This means that we can no longer define a Foreign Key on DEPTNO. However, we can create virtual columns DEPTNO_US and DEPTNO_ROTW like this: case when deptno<= 30 then deptno end and case when deptno> 30 then deptno end and then define foreign keys to DEPT_US and DEPTNO_ROTW on those two virtual columns. I know, it is an odd scenario, but one easily pictured and therefore helpful to illustrate the concept.
create table dept_us as select * from dept where deptno<25 / alter table dept_us add constraint dept_us_pk primary key (deptno) / create table dept_rotw as select * from dept where deptno>25 / alter table dept_rotw add constraint dept_rotw_pk primary key (deptno) / alter table emp add (deptno_us as (case when deptno<25 then deptno end)) / alter table emp add (deptno_rotw as (case when deptno>25 then deptno end)) / alter table emp add constraint emp_deptno_us_fk foreign key (deptno_us) references dept_us (deptno) / alter table emp add constraint emp_deptno_rotw_fk foreign key (deptno_rotw) references dept_rotw (deptno) / update emp set deptno = 40 where deptno = 20 / delete from dept_rotw where deptno = 40 /
Another far fetched example is the implementation of a business rule that states: we do not want to hire employees in years that we not already have people hired in. One wonders how you can hire people in the past, but it is just an example of what foreign keys on virtual columns can be used for.
First we create a Materialized View with the values of years in which we have hired employees. Then we define a Unique Key – referencable by a foreign key – on this Materialized View. Then we define a Virtual Column HIREYEAR on Table EMP


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English for Police
As a police officer you have one of the most important jobs in the world: to serve and protect the people. While you are fighting crime and handling emergencies you probably come across many English speakers. Some may commit crimes, while others may be victims of crime. In both cases, you need to ask and answer questions in English. Your job may also require you to speak to English witnesses. Time can be a key factor in solving a crime or saving a life. You cannot always wait for an interpreter. These pages will help you learn vocabulary and phrases that will be useful when you encounter English speakers. Do the exercises and take the quizzes to test your knowledge and understanding.
In English the word police is an uncountable noun. We therefore treat it as plural and say, for example: The Police are coming. The words policeman or policewoman are countable, so can be singular or plural, for example: The policeman is asking questions. Three policewomen are coming.


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The Biology of Coffee & Chocolate
Department of Evolution, Ecology, & Organismal Biology
The Ohio State University
Tuesday, March 4, 2008
Dr. Bradley will introduce the biology and history of cultivation of these famous staples of our culture; two forest-understory plants, one from Africa (coffee) and the other from tropical America (chocolate). He will explain the conservation implications of their production.
This Science Cafe will also consider the following questions:
- Why are people so obsessed with the varieties of coffee and chocolate?
- Are these differences really significant?
- What are the health consequences, good and bad of consumption of these two foods?
- What evidence is there for physiological and/or psychotropic effects of consumption?
Here are audio recordings of this science cafe:


Step 6: Mount the Servos, Battery, and Arduino
Picture of Mount the Servos, Battery, and Arduino
Zip ties are used to mount the various electronic components.
The motors were attached to the mounting plate first by using some rubber cement (optional) to keep them in place, and wrapping and tightening them as much as possible with the zip ties.
Note that most of the ties thread through the space between the mounting plate and the shoe. As my zip ties weren't long enough in some areas, I combined two together. After the servos were in place, I trimmed down the ties.
Beneath the motors, the battery case is mounted in much the same way, power switch outward.
Finally, the Arduino board can be attached. The holes line up with zip ties on both side, and is held in place by screws attached to them.
Before attaching the Motor shield, some modifications must be made.


Increasing tree canopy and green cover across Greater Sydney and increasing the proportion of homes in urban areas within 10 minutes' walk of quality green, open and public space are among the New South Wales premier's new priorities. Cities around Australia have similar goals. In our latest study, we asked if more of any green space will do? Or does the type of green space matter for our mental health? Our results suggest the type of green space does matter. Adults with 30% or more of their neighborhood covered in some form of tree canopy had 31% lower odds of developing psychological distress. The same amount of tree cover was linked to 33% lower odds of developing fair to poor general health. We also found poorer mental and general health among adults in areas with higher percentages of bare grass nearby, but there's likely more to that than meets the eye. How did we do the research? Our research involved tracking changes in health over an average of about six years, for around 46,000 adults aged 45 years or older, living in Sydney, Newcastle, or Wollongong. We examined health in relation to different types of green space available […]
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Do you know how to quickly convert your anilox rolls linescreen and volume values between metric and imperial unit measurements?
cm³/m² = BCM/in² x 1,55 (*)
BCM/in² = cm³/m² ÷ 1,55
(*) 1,54899999999999 rounded to 1,55
l/cm = lpi ÷ 2,54
lpi = l/cm x 2,54
BCM/in² = Billion Cubic Microns per square inch
cm³/m² = cubic centimeters per square meter
lpi = lines per inch
l/cm = lines per centimeter
Abbreviations and habits:
Volume in imperial expression (BCM/in²) is usually indicated only with the acronym BCM.
Volume in metric expression (cm³/m²) is also indicated as cc/m², or just cc, or -less properlyas grams/m² or even just (and still inproperly) grams, referring to the weight of the dry ink that was transferred, but that's a different thing.


How to get random rows from SQL Server Table - SQL Server / TSQL Tutorial Part 117
You are working as SQL Server developer. You are asked to provide sample random data from dbo.Customer table. You might asked to provide random 100 rows or some percent of total data from table. What query you will use to provide required output?
In previous post, we learnt how to get top n rows from table. We can either provide row count or percent of records we want to get from a table by using TOP in our select query.
We can use the same Top clause but as we are asked to provide the random records, we need to sort them randomly first. We can use newid() function in order by clause to sort them randomly.
Let's create dbo.Customer table with some sample data.
Create table dbo.Customer
 (Id int,
 FName VARCHAR(50),
 LName VARCHAR(50),
 CountryShortName CHAR(2))
insert into dbo.Customer
Values (
1) use NewID ( ) in Order by to get random records
Let's say if we are interested to get 3 random records from dbo.Customer table, we can use below query.
Select top 3 * From dbo.Customer
order by NEWID()
How to get Random records from SQL Server Table - SQL Server / TSQL Tutorial
you can also use percent if you like as shown below
Select top 30 percent * From dbo.Customer
order by NEWID()
How to get random records from SQL Server table by using Top Percent with NewID() - SQL Server / TSQL Tutorial
As per Microsoft Books Online "TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM returns an approximate percentage of rows and generates a random value for each physical 8-KB page in the table. Based on the random value for a page and the percentage specified in the query, a page is either included in the sample or excluded. Each page that is included returns all rows in the sample result set".
From here you can understand that if you have small table with few pages, you might not want to use TableSample as it will include or exclude the entire page. With few records in table, you might want to use method 1 and for large tables you can use TableSample.
If I would run below query on my dbo.Customer table, Sometime I will get no records and when get the records, it will return all the records as they are placed on single page.
Select * From dbo.Customer tablesample (30 percent)
You can also use Rows you want with table sample as shown below. The rows returned can vary. you can limit them by using top n in select query.
Select * From dbo.Customer tablesample (2 rows)
When I executed above query on dbo.Customer table with total of 6 rows. It either returned me no rows or all six of them.
If you want to limit, you can use below query. Once again, I will suggest to use TableSample with big table where you have data on multiple data pages.
Select top 2 * From dbo.Customer tablesample (2 rows)


Plunge (Credit: Ian Watkinson, distributed via
GD Geodynamics Emile Argand Conferences on Alpine Geological Studies
EGU logo
European Geosciences Union
Division on Geodynamics
Emile Argand Conferences on Alpine Geological Studies
Emile Argand was a Swiss geologist who specialized in tectonics and mountain building processes. Based on his studies of the Alps and global tectonics, including the Himalayas, Argand developed the concept of mobilism. Much of Argand's work has been confirmed by modern plate tectonics, though the timing and mechanism proposed by his famous contemporary, Alfred Wegener, have been shown to be invalid.
The Alpine workshop is held every two years to further interdisciplinary research on Alpine-type orogens. It promotes the discussion of new data and interpretations based on studies addressing the structural, tectonic, metamorphic and sedimentary evolution of the Alps and adjacent Mediterranean Alpine-type orogens in an informal and friendly atmosphere.
Increasingly the community became aware of the fact that it is necessary to see the Alps as part of a larger system of Circum-Mediterranean orogens that form a continuous, but highly curved and extremely mobile orogenic system.
Past meetings


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Deploying proxies in the UI
All organizations in Apigee Edge, by default, have two environments: test and prod. The naming is arbitrary. These environments are merely designed to provide you with one area to work on and test API changes, and another area where APIs are exposed to apps.
Deployment options
You can deploy multiple revisions of an API. It's common to have a revision in prod while another revision is in test as it's being tested or developed. As long as the API proxy base path stays the same, each environment can only have one deployed revision of an API. For example, you could have revision 1 deployed in test and revision 20 deployed in prod. You can view deployment of all revisions on the Overview page of the API proxy editor.
When you create a new revision of an API proxy without changing its base path, then deploy it to an environment in which it's already deployed, the previous version is undeployed and the new revision is deployed in its place. Note that deployment through the management UI might impact inbound calls. To handle and transition inbound calls more gracefully during deployment, use the management API. See the section on seamless deployment in Deploy API proxies using the management API.
However, Edge supports multiple deployments of a proxy in a single environment as long as the base path is different across revisions. That procedure is covered in this topic.
The following sections show you how to deploy API proxies in the management UI.
Deploying and undeploying an API revision
To deploy (or undeploy) an API proxy in the management UI:
 1. In the API proxy editor, select the revision you want to deploy.
 2. Click Deployment > {environment} and respond to the confirmation dialog.
 If the API proxy base path is the same as another deployed revision in that environment, the former revision is undeployed and the new revision is deployed in its place.
 For deploying multiple revisions in the same environment, see the next section.
You can also undeploy a revision by performing the previous steps on an already deployed revision, indicated by a green dot next to the environment name.
Deploying multiple revisions in the same environment
You can deploy multiple revisions of an API proxy in a single environment by changing the proxy's base path, saving the proxy as a new revision, and deploying the new revision.
For example, this is a great way to create multiple versions of an API proxy by specifying /v1, /v2, /v3, etc. in the base path. You could deploy all of those revisions to a single environment (such as test). Each proxy could be completely different, with different flows, policies, and configurations, and you could make API calls to each in the test environment.
To create and deploy a new API proxy revision by changing the base path
 1. Go to the Develop page. In the Navigator, select one of the Proxy Endpoint flows (such as the default item or PreFlow).
 2. Change the value of the element.
 3. Select Project > Save as New Revision.
 At this point, you can make any flow, policy, or other configuration changes you want to the API proxy and click Save.
 4. Deploy the new revision by selecting Deployment > {environment}.
On the Overview page, you can see your multiple revisions, all with different base paths, deployed to the same environment.
Help or comments?


Using the built-in powercfg.exe applet you can create a report that will show where your Microsoft Windows 7 PC is using the most energy.
With growing interest in curbing global warming, reducing carbon footprints, and developing green technology, the power consumption of a personal computer is not a trivial matter. And if your PC happens to be a notebook, the amount of power consumed has a direct relationship to battery life. Minimizing power consumption will maximize battery life.
But how do you know how much power your PC is consuming? How do you troubleshoot the problematic power-draining functions?
Well, with Microsoft Windows 7, you can use a small applet called the Power Configuration Utility. Run from the command line with the right switch, it will create a detailed file that thoroughly examines power usage on your personal computer. Here is how it works.
Create the report
To create your energy report, you will need to type a specific instruction on an elevated administrator-rights command line. Click the Start Menu button and type cmd in the search box as shown in Figure A. The first application shown should be the command-line executable file. Right-click on that file name.
Figure A
Type cmd in the search box.
That right-click will reveal an additional menu where you can select to run the command-line executable in the administrator mode, as you can see in Figure B.
Figure B
Run cmd.exe as administrator.
Once inside the command-line box, type this command and hit the Enter key (Figure C):
powercfg -energy
Figure C
Type the energy report command.
The computer will take about 60 seconds to run the tests (Figure D) and create the report (Figure E).
Figure D
First tests are run.
Figure E
Then the report is created.
Exit out of the command-line box and start Windows Explorer. Navigate to the Windows\System32 folder (Figure F) and look for a file named energy-report.html.
Figure F
Find energy-report.html.
When you open the report, you will find Analysis Results broken down into Errors, Warnings, and Information. For example, under the Errors category on my test machine (Figure G), you can see where I have modified the power settings to prevent display dimming. The analysis suggests I switch to a different setting to save power.
Figure G
This is the power consumption analysis.
Bottom line
The Energy Report created using this method will give you a starting point for troubleshooting excessive power consumption, but how you apply what it tells you will vary depending on personal preferences and usage patterns. And while making some small modifications to your PC power profile will not necessarily save the Earth from doom, it couldn't hurt.
Editor's Picks


Wave Arts Tube Saturator review
 - $150
A circuit modelled tube preamp
TODO alt text
Our Verdict
Tube Saturator's stunning sound makes a convincing argument for circuit modelling being the future of analogue emulation.
 - Cutting-edge software design. Great enhancing effect. Provides limiting when pushed hard. Natural-sounding EQ. Automatic gain when using Drive knob.
 - High CPU hit.
Buying options
Wave Arts' previous output has comprised high-quality mixing, mastering and restoration plug-ins, but its latest, Tube Saturator, finds the company in analogue emulation territory.
Mimicking popular 12AX7-based tube preamp designs, it also includes three-band Baxandall-style EQ, a 'fat' mode for extra grit, and 64-bit internal processing. To achieve all this, Wave Arts has used circuit modelling (on which more later), resulting in a considerable CPU hit.
Although pretty basic to look at, plenty of thought has gone into Tube Saturator's features. First up, the Baxandall EQ has been used because it delivers natural-sounding high and low shelves that are more like gentle slopes than shelves, similar to the tone controls on a hi-fi. There's also a peaking mid band, which is broad and, again, sounds natural.
All frequencies are fixed (100Hz and 1kHz transition frequencies for the shelves and 800Hz centre for the peak) and the gain's range is +/-12dB. Also significant is that the EQ sits before the preamp, enabling it to influence which frequencies are driven.
The 'fat' control modifies the bias of the first triode amplifier, resulting in increased gain and saturation. Finally, increasing the drive increases input gain and reduces output gain, and there's a manual output gain control, if needed.
In use
With completely flat settings, we found that Tube Saturator had no discernible effect, but on cranking up the controls the interrelated nature of things became more apparent. Even with the Drive at zero, switching on the EQ circuit has a subtle effect on the low-end, thinning things out a little. The EQ itself is very pleasing and although the high and low shelves are great for sweetening, we were particularly impressed by the mid-range and its ability to musically boost or cut that often congested area around 800Hz.
Changes are subtle until you crank the Drive up to 4, beyond which there's more obvious even harmonic content. For held sounds, this is perceived as increased higher frequencies. For impulse sounds, such as kicks and snares, this starts out having an enhancing effect, but as you push things further, the saturation limits the peaks, eventually sounding slightly compressed.
Combining EQ and drive can be fun and although the EQ isn't of the parametric variety, we found it possible to sculpt individual sounds quite well. Finally, Tube Saturator is great for treating stereo sounds, such as drum busses and overall mixes, adding even harmonic enhancement and, if pushed, some limiting.
Circuit modelling
Wave Arts' prototype versions of Tube Saturator used typical emulation methods, effectively joining the individual processing functions required. However, this didn't properly represent the interrelatedness of the twin triode preamp design, which led the company to pursue component-level circuit simulation. This uses a set of non-linear differential equations to calculate specific node points in the circuit at each sampling period.
This is very CPU-intensive, and not only that, but the CPU hit is proportional to the number of nodes cubed, so a more complex circuit with twice as many nodes would equate to eight times the CPU hit!
We found that a mono instance of Tube Saturator running at 44.1kHz registered just under a third on the CPU meter for one core of an Intel Mac 3GHz CPU. However, using a stereo instance doubles that, and higher sampling frequencies will multiply it further, so remember that 'freeze' button!
Initially, we were a little sceptical of such a 'boutique', purist plug-in, but we'll admit to being won over by Tube Saturator's wonderful sound. It's ideal for a range of sound-sculpting and mastering jobs and the results demonstrate just how good analogue emulations can be using the circuit-modelling methodology. And if you have a powerful computer, the CPU hit isn't really so debilitating.
Our audio demo features Tube Saturator at work on:
1. Synth bass: gradually increasing drive to maximum, switch in fat mode then reduce drive back to zero. Next, EQ with high, mid and low bands gradual boost then cut. EQ and drive combined to produce a nice enhanced bass sound.
2. Snare drum and kick drum: snare then kick, trying various EQ and drive settings.
3. Drum kit mix: trying various drive and EQ settings to produce a sweetened kit sound.
Only with Computer Music 224


How to Safely Increase the Replication Factor
Topic: What can happen when you increase RF
Audience: Scylla administrators
When a Replication Factor (RF) is increased the data consistency is effectively dropped by the difference of the RF_new value and the RF_old value for all pre-existing data. Consistency will only be restored after running a repair.
When one increases an RF, one should consider that the pre-existing data will not be streamed to new replicas (a common misconception).
As a result, in order to make sure that you can keep on reading the old data with the same level of consistency, increase the read Consistency Level (CL) according to the following formula:
CL_new = CL_old + RF_new - RF_old
After you run a repair, you can decrease the CL. If RF has only been changed in a particular Data Center (DC) only the nodes in that DC have to be repaired.
In this example your five node cluster RF is 3 and your CL is TWO. You want to increase your RF from 3 to 5.
 1. Increase the read CL by a RF_new - RF_old value. Following the example the RF_new is 5 and the RF_old is 3 so, 5-3 =2. You need to increase the CL by 2. As the CL is currently TWO, increasing it more would be QUORUM, but QUORUM would not be high enough. For now, increase it to ALL.
 2. Change the RF to RF_new. In this example, you would increase the RF to 5.
 3. Repair all tables of the corresponding keyspace. If RF has only been changed in a particular Data Center (DC), only the DC nodes have to be repaired.
 4. Restore the reads CL to the originally intended value. For this example, QUORUM.
If you do not follow the procedure above you may start reading stale or null data after increasing the RF.


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Is there a result in the spirit of Bertrand-Chebyshev which talks about the existence of prime powers between n and 2n (or 3n or something like that) for n large?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
It follows from the prime number theorem that for fixed $k$, provided $n$ is sufficiently large, there is a prime $p$ such that $p^k$ is between $n$ and $2n$. Does this answer your question?
share|improve this answer
Thank you very much for your quick answer. Yes, it answers the question, and it goes to show the power of the PNT. – Chebolu Apr 27 '11 at 16:01
I wonder if there is an elementary proof of this without using PNT, like Erdős' proof of Bertrand's Postulate? – Tony Huynh Apr 27 '11 at 17:24
Actually there is a power of 2. It goes to show the power of binary arithmetic... : write 2n in binary and write zeroes after the initial one.
share|improve this answer
In other words, if $2^{k - 1}$ is the largest power of 2 less than n, then $n \leq 2^k < 2n$? – Ryan Reich Apr 27 '11 at 18:14
Yes, you said it. – Charles Matthews Apr 27 '11 at 18:43
For fixed $k$, the existence of a prime power $p^k$ between $n$ and $2n$ is (asymptotically) equivalent to the existence of a prime $p$ between $m$ and $\sqrt[k]{2} m$ where $m = \sqrt[k]{n}$. Bachraoui gives an elementary proof here that there exists a prime between $m$ and $\frac{3}{2} m$ for sufficiently large $m$.
I remember reading on MO that it is known that similar elementary proofs exist for showing the existence of primes between $m$ and $(1 + \epsilon) m$ for any $\epsilon > 0$ and, furthermore, that the existence of these proofs itself depends on the PNT. However, I can't track down where I read this.
share|improve this answer
Possibly it is this question you have in mind: mathoverflow.net/questions/53498/nontrivial-circular-arguments – quid Apr 27 '11 at 19:00
Yes, that's the one. – Qiaochu Yuan Apr 27 '11 at 20:11
Your Answer


text:
French West Africa. French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin), and Niger.
What countries did France colonize in Africa?
By the early years of the twentieth century the French held most of what would come to be their colonial territory in West Africa (including present day Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Ivory Coast and Niger).
Does France have any colonies?
France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century but lost most of its possessions following its defeat in the Seven Years' War. … France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, concentrating chiefly in Africa as well as Indochina and the South Pacific.
Does France still have power in Africa?
As of 2021, France retains the largest military presence in Africa of any former colonial power. The French presence has been complicated by other expanding spheres of influence in Africa such as those of Russia and China.
Does Africa pay taxes to France?
Did you know many African countries continue to pay colonial tax to France since their independence till today! … However, the amount estimated by France was so big that the reimbursement of the so called "colonial debt" was close to 40% of the country budget in 1963.
How Does France still colonize Africa?
As of 2021, France still retains the largest military presence in Africa of any former colonial power. France maintains a tight stranglehold in Francophone Africa, both to serve its interests and maintain a last bastion of imperial prestige.
How many colonies did France have in Africa?
French West Africa (French: Afrique-Occidentale française, AOF) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger.
How much of Africa did France colonize?
During the Colonial period in Africa, the British and the French colonized more than 95% of the continent.
Was Morocco a French colony?
1912 – Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Treaty of Fez, administered by a French Resident-General. Spain continues to operate its coastal protectorate. The sultan has a largely figurehead role.
Is Africa still colonized?
There are two African countries never colonized: Liberia and Ethiopia. Yes, these African countries never colonized. But we live in 2020; this colonialism is still going on in some African countries. … Today, Somalia, one of the African countries colonized by France, is divided among Britain, France, and Italy.
Does France still hold colonies?
So to an extent, France doesn't have territories in the same way as other countries. France is just a single country, which happens to be scattered all over the world. The non-European parts of France are collectively called the Départements et Territoires D'outre-mer or, the Departments and Territories Overseas.
Why did France want Africa?
Before Africa was founded as a country, it was invaded by France in 1843. France wanted many of that natural resources in Africa that they attacked and tried to contain them.
Which country is a richest in Africa?
Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, and Kenya followed, establishing the five wealthier markets in the continent.
Total private wealth in Africa as of 2020, by country (in billion U.S. dollars)
|Characteristic||Wealth in billion U.S. dollars|
Why French colonies are poor?
French apparently led more of an extractive campaign in their colonies, settling less and therefore developping the public institutions less, leading to weaker institutions in the present day. Institutions much needed for democracy, political and economical stability etc…
Was Nigeria ever a French colony?
Nigeria became a British protectorate in 1901. The period of British rule lasted until 1960, when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule three years later, after a bloody coup d'état.


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Our infrastructure acts like the layers of an onion. One infrastructure grid is designed with multiple layers, each built one on top of the other. The result is the most efficient infrastructure grid in the world.
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The same proprietary software used to design your city of the future is also used to manage your city of the future. As all the elements work together in harmony, one platform can be used to monitor all activity within the system. Sophisticated AI algorithms will monitor performance and adjust as required to ensure optimal efficiency of the infrastructure. When faults are detected, back-up systems are engaged and key maintenance personnel are alerted automatically, without the need for human intervention. To oversee this process, our on-site Operaion & Maintenance teams safeguard the system's resilience.
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We have developed a proprietary, AI-powered Grid Design Software. Instead of painstakingly designing an infrastructure grid piece by piece, checking and rechecking that nothing has been missed, our system allows clients to input the variables of their communities, such as population size, type, terrain information, etc., from which our system will generate a blue print for an efficient and zero-waste infrastructure grid.
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text:
DEXTER - Dexter Regional High School received a Science and Math Improvement Grant from the Toshiba America Foundation in New York City in the amount of $10,000 for a project entitled "Portal Research Project". The project was created by Ms. Regina Herrick, the classroom teacher.
The mission of the Toshiba America Foundation is to contribute to the quality of science and mathematics education in U.S. communities by investing in projects designed by classroom teachers to improve instruction in their own classrooms.
Each year, Toshiba America Foundation selects 100 to 150 of the most interesting classroom projects in grades K-12 for grant recognition. Teachers from throughout the United States apply by submitting a project idea and lesson plan. Winners are selected based on the quality of the project idea and its potential for increasing student learning of some aspect of the regular K-12 science or math curriculum at their school.
Over the years, teachers and students have used the grants to make the classroom experience both exciting and instructive. Funded projects have included alternative energy experiments including solar cars and a bio-diesel school bus, studies in the science of sound and the creation of handmade musical instruments and a project to study and curtail local air pollution, just to name a few. K-12 science and math teachers in public and nonprofit schools are invited to apply.
For more information visit _URL_ or call _PHONE_.
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