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I am getting this error when I GetById() on an entity and then set the collection of child entities to my new list which comes from the MVC view.
I don't quite understand this line:
Why would I change the relationship between 2 entities? It should remain the same throughout the lifetime of the whole application.
The code the exception occurs on is simple assigning modified child classes in a collection to the existing parent class. This would hopefully cater for removal of child classes, addition of new ones and modifications. I would have thought Entity Framework handles this.
The lines of code can be distilled to:
var thisParent = _repo.GetById(1);
thisParent.ChildItems = modifiedParent.ChildItems();
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6 Answers 6
up vote 59 down vote accepted
You should delete old child items thisParent.ChildItems one by one manually. Entity Framework doesn't do that for you. It finally cannot decide what you want to do with the old child items - if you want to throw them away or if you want to keep and assign them to other parent entities. You must tell Entity Framework your decision. But one of these two decisions you HAVE to make since the child entities cannot live alone without a reference to any parent in the database (due to the foreign key constraint). That's basically what the exception says.
What I would do if child items could be added, updated and deleted:
public void UpdateEntity(ParentItem parent)
 // Load original parent including the child item collection
 var originalParent = _dbContext.ParentItems
 .Where(p => p.ID == parent.ID)
 .Include(p => p.ChildItems)
 // We assume that the parent is still in the DB and don't check for null
 // Update scalar properties of parent,
 // can be omitted if we don't expect changes of the scalar properties
 var parentEntry = _dbContext.Entry(originalParent);
 foreach (var childItem in parent.ChildItems)
 var originalChildItem = originalParent.ChildItems
 .Where(c => c.ID == childItem.ID && c.ID!= 0)
 // Is original child item with same ID in DB?
 if (originalChildItem!= null)
 // Yes -> Update scalar properties of child item
 var childEntry = _dbContext.Entry(originalChildItem);
 // No -> It's a new child item -> Insert
 childItem.ID = 0;
 // Don't consider the child items we have just added above.
 // (We need to make a copy of the list by using.ToList() because
 // _dbContext.ChildItems.Remove in this loop does not only delete
 // from the context but also from the child collection. Without making
 // the copy we would modify the collection we are just interating
 // through - which is forbidden and would lead to an exception.)
 foreach (var originalChildItem in
 originalParent.ChildItems.Where(c => c.ID!= 0).ToList())
 // Are there child items in the DB which are NOT in the
 // new child item collection anymore?
 if (!parent.ChildItems.Any(c => c.ID == originalChildItem.ID))
 // Yes -> It's a deleted child item -> Delete
Note: This is not tested. It's assuming that the child item collection is of type ICollection. (I usually have IList and then the code looks a bit other.) I've also stripped away all repository abstractions to keep it simple.
I don't know if that is a good solution but I believe that some kind of hard work along these lines must be done to take care of all kinds of changes in the navigation collection. I would be happy as well to see an easier way.
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So what if some are only changed? Does that mean I still have to remove them and add them again? – jaffa Apr 4 '11 at 17:10
_USER_: No, you can also update existing items of course. I've added an example how I would probably update the child collection, see Edit section above. – Slauma Apr 4 '11 at 18:33
_USER_: Lol, if I knew that you are going to modify your answer I would not write my answer... – Ladislav Mrnka Apr 4 '11 at 19:53
_USER_: No, no, I am glad that you wrote your own answer. Now at least I know that it's not complete nonsense and much too complicated what I did above. – Slauma Apr 4 '11 at 20:27
I would add a condition when retrieving the originalChildItem in the foreach:...Where(c => c.ID == childItem.ID && c.ID!= 0) otherwise it will return the newly added children if the childItem.ID == 0. – perfect_element Mar 1 at 17:02
This is a very big problem. What actually happens in your code is this:
 - You load Parent from the database and get an attached entity
 - You replace its child collection with new collection of detached children
 - You save changes but during this operation all children are considered as added becasue EF didn't now about them till this time. So EF tries to set null to foreign key of old children and insert all new children => duplicate rows.
Now the solution really depends on what you want to do and how would you like to do it?
If you are using ASP.NET MVC you can try to use UpdateModel or TryUpdateModel.
If you want just update existing children manually, you can simply do something like:
foreach (var child in modifiedParent.ChildItems)
 context.Entry(child).State = EntityState.Modified;
Attaching is actually not needed (setting the state to Modified will also attach the entity) but I like it because it makes the process more obvious.
If you want to modify existing, delete existing and insert new childs you must do something like:
var parent = context.Parents.GetById(1); // Make sure that childs are loaded as well
foreach(var child in modifiedParent.ChildItems)
 var attachedChild = FindChild(parent, child.Id);
 if (attachedChild!= null)
 // Existing child - apply new values
 // New child
 // Don't insert original object. It will attach whole detached graph
// Now you must delete all entities present in parent.ChildItems but missing
// in modifiedParent.ChildItems
// ToList should make copy of the collection because we can't modify collection
// iterated by foreach
foreach(var child in parent.ChildItems.ToList())
 var detachedChild = FindChild(modifiedParent, child.Id);
 if (detachedChild == null)
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But there is your interesting remark about using.Clone(). Do you have the case in mind that a ChildItem has other sub-child navigation properties? But in that case, wouldn't we want that the whole sub-graph is attached to the context since we would expect that all the sub-childs are new objects if the child itself is new? (Well, might be different from model to model, but let's assume the case that the sub-childs are "dependent" from the child like the childs are dependent from the parent.) – Slauma Apr 4 '11 at 20:35
It would probably require "smart" clone. – Ladislav Mrnka Apr 4 '11 at 20:39
What if you don't want to have a Child's collection in your context? _URL_ – kirsten g Nov 27 '13 at 4:55
I've no idea why the other two answers are so popular!
I believe you were right in assuming the ORM framework should handle it - after all, that is what it promises to deliver. Otherwise your domain model gets corrupted by persistence concerns. NHibernate manages this happily if you setup the cascade settings correctly. In Entity Framework it is also possible, they just expect you to follow better standards when setting up your database model, especially when they have to infer what cascading should be done:
You have to define the parent - child relationship correctly by using an "identifying relationship".
If you do this, Entity Framework knows the child object is identified by the parent, and therefore it must be a "cascade-delete-orphans" situation.
Other than the above, you might need to (from NHibernate experience)
instead of replacing the list entirely.
_USER_'s comment reminded me that detached entities are another part of the overall problem. To solve that, you can take the approach of using a custom model binder that constructs your models by attempting to load it from the context. This blog post shows an example of what I mean.
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Setup as identifying relationship won't help here because the scenario in the question has to deal with detached entities ("my new list which comes from the MVC view"). You still have to load the original children from the DB, find the removed items in that collection based on the detached collection and then remove from the DB. The only difference is that with an identifying relationship you can call parent.ChildItems.Remove instead of _dbContext.ChildItems.Remove. There is still (EF <= 6) no built-in support from EF to avoid lengthy code like the one in the other answers. – Slauma May 7 '13 at 21:39
I understand your point. However, I believe with a custom model binder that loads the entity


text:
The Tomb of Hafez or Hafezieh is referred to a cemetery complex basically erected in memory of Hafez Shirazi. The present buildings are designed by the French architect, André Godard, and built in 1935; but the primary structure was erected in 1452.
The Tomb of Hafez and its associated memorial hall, the Hāfezieh, are two memorial structures erected in the northern edge of Shiraz, Iran, in memory of the celebrated Persian poet Hafez. The open pavilion structures are situated in the Musalla Gardens on the north bank of a seasonal river and house the marble tomb of Hafez. The tomb, its gardens, and the surrounding memorials to other great figures are a focus of tourism in Shiraz.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Huffman coding
Read Also:
 - Huffman encoding
 Huffman coding
 - Huffy
 [huhf-ee] /ˈhʌf i/ adjective, huffier, huffiest. 1. easily offended; touchy. 2. offended; sulky: a huffy mood. 3. snobbish; haughty. adj. "ready to take offense," 1670s, from huff + -y (2). Related: Huffily; huffiness. adjective Angry; petulant; irritable; in a huff: I didn't mean to get huffy (1848+)
 - Hufuf
 [hoo-foof] /hʊˈfuf/ noun 1.. [hoo-foof] /hʊˈfuf/ noun 1. a city in E Saudi Arabia. /hʊˈfuːf/ noun 1. See Al Hufuf /hʊˈfuːf/ noun 1. another name for Al Hufuf
 - Hug
 [huhg] /hʌg/ verb (used with object), hugged, hugging. 1. to clasp tightly in the arms, especially with affection; embrace. 2. to cling firmly or fondly to; cherish: to hug an opinion. 3. to keep close to, as in sailing, walking, or in moving along or alongside of: to hug the shore; to hug the road. […]


Evaluation of Methods for Sentence and Lexical Alignment of Brazilian Portuguese and English Parallel Texts
Helena de Medeiros CaseliAline Maria da Paz SilvaMaria das Graças Volpe Nunes
Parallel texts, i.e., texts in one language and their translations to other languages, are very useful nowadays for many applications such as machine translation and multilingual information retrieval. If these texts are aligned in a sentence or lexical level their relevance increases considerably. In this paper we describe some experiments that have being carried out with Brazilian Portuguese and English parallel texts by the use of well known alignment methods: five methods for sentence alignment and two methods for lexical alignment. Some linguistic resources were built for these tasks and they are also described here. The results have shown that sentence alignment methods achieved 85.89% to 100% precision and word alignment methods, 51.84% to 95.61% on corpora from different genres.
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1. Engineering
 2. Computer Science
 3. here is the declaration of a struct for the nodes...
Question: here is the declaration of a struct for the nodes...
Question details
Here is the declaration of a struct for the nodes in a singly-linked list: typedef struct intnode int value; struct intnode next; } intnode_t; A function named remove odds takes one argument, a pointer to a linked list in which 0 or more nodes contain odd integers: intnode t remove odds (intnode t *head); The function removes all the nodes containing odd integers from the linked list. The remaining nodes (the ones containing even integers) must remain in the same order that they appear in original linked list. The function returns a pointer to the first node in the modified linked list. For example, suppose variable my_list points to this linked list: my_list 2 and remove_odds is called this w mylistremove_odds (my_list); After remove odds returns, the modified list looks like this: my list remove_odds should return an empty linked list if it passed an empty linked list or if all the nodes contain odd integers. Your remove odds function can call functions from the C standard library (see the crib sheet at the end of this question paper); however, it cannot call any of the linked list functions that were developed in lectures and labs. No marks will be awarded for a solution that allocates new nodes or copies values from one node to another Marks wil be deducted for code that performs more traversals of the linked list than are necessary
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Driving forces for ammonia fluxes over mixed forest subjected to high deposition loads
Johan Neirynck, A. S Kowalski, A Carrara, R Ceulemans
 Research output: Contribution to journalA1: Web of Science-article
 2 Downloads (Pure)
 Ammonia exchange was measured over a mixed suburban forest near a rural area. An average net ammonia flux of -90 ng m-2 s-1 was measured with corresponding concentration ([NH3]) and deposition velocity of 4.1±6.5 µg m-3 and 3.0±4.6 cm s-1, respectively. Subdivision into categories of day/nighttime, wind sector and canopy wetness helped explain fluxes and concentrations. Net fluxes were approximately double for the wind sector exposed to high ammonia levels and during the day. To a certain extent, fluxes (F)followed the maximum flux permitted by turbulent transfer (Fmax), which was the highest for a dry canopy. When expressed as relative deposition flux (F/Fmaxx), a wetted canopy seemed to be a more efficient sink than a dry one, especially at nighttime (20–80% increase compared to dry canopy).
 Of the net fluxes, 14% represented emission. Emission fluxes occurred mainly during daytime and were important in magnitude for the high [NH3] wind sector. Emission episodes generally occurred at low ammonia concentrations although high concentrations during dry, warm episodes were also associated with emission events.
 The lower deposition efficiency and higher canopy resistance (Rc) at high ammonia levels and at night were indicative of the reduced capacity for leaf surface to retain ammonia, especially when the canopy was dry. It was found that relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) strongly codetermined the sink strength of the canopy. A warm and humid atmosphere favoured ammonia uptake while conditions with low RH and T impeded rapid canopy uptake, especially at high ammonia levels. Strong interactions between RH and T with the (NH3/SO2) molar ratio occurred for certain categories of canopy wetness and day/nighttime. Canopy uptake was further optimized when this ratio was maintained within a certain range.
 Original languageEnglish
 JournalAtmospheric Environment
 Issue number28
 Pages (from-to)5013-5024
 Number of pages12
 Publication statusPublished - 2005
 Thematic list
 - Environment
 - Eutrophication
 EWI Biomedical sciences
 - B002-biophysics
 - atmospheric exchange
 Dive into the research topics of 'Driving forces for ammonia fluxes over mixed forest subjected to high deposition loads'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Uit Kust Wiki
Versie door Daphnisd op 1 jul 2009 om 16:37
Bioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of a certain chemical into the living tissue of an organism from its environment. This accumulation may result from direct absorption from the environment or from ingestion of food particles. Bioaccumulation is one of the factors used to asses the environmental hazard of a chemical. Chemicals with a higher tendancy towards bioaccumulation form a greater hazard.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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We're proud to say that since 2015, IVHQ is the first and only certified B Corp volunteer travel provider.
IVHQ is also the only volunteer travel company to be a member of the Volunteer Groups Alliance (VGA), which is aligned with the United Nations and its 2030 agenda for sustainable development.
 What is a B Corporation?
The B Corp movement is all about identifying and recognizing ethical organizations that work toward reduced inequality, lower levels of poverty, a healthier environment, stronger communities, and the creation of more high quality jobs with dignity and purpose.
How did IVHQ become a B Corp?
As a certified 'B Corp', International Volunteer HQ and Intern Abroad HQ have undergone a robust assessment on the company's impact on its workers, customers, community and environment.
But it doesn't end there. B Corp is a long-term commitment, and the process continues with a challenging annual recertification process.
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Using business as a force for good
We believe that business should be contributing positively towards society. That's why we only offer ethical volunteer programs that are locally run. Locals determine the focus of the volunteering, because they understand the community need surrounding each project. This ensures volunteers are contributing to projects that genuinely benefit from their support.
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text:
1. Launching ASDM
Now you can launch the Cisco ASDM with the Cisco ASDM Launcher.
Step1. Click [OK.] Leave the username and password fields empty. The Security warning appears.Step2. Click [Continue].Step3. Click [Cancel]. The main ASDM window appears.MEMO: At step3, you are prompted to provide the IP address of the ASA Firepower module. You can later set the module IP address to the correct IP address using the Startup Wizard.
2. Launching Startup Wizard
After launching ASDM, use the Startup Wizard to perform initial configuration.
Step1. Click [Startup Wizard] from the [Wizards] menu bar.Step2. Click [Modify existing configuration].
Step3. Click [Next].Step4. Click [Next]. You can enter the host name and the domain name of the ASA.Step5. Select the appropriate option. Configure the outside interface of the ASA. If you use the ASA "behind" the existing router, select [Use DHCP] in most cases. If you use the ASA "instead of" the existing router, follow the configuration of the router.
Step6. Click [Next].Step7. Click [Next].Caution: To the inside interfaces, you must assign the range of IP addresses different from the range assigned to the outside interface. For example, if the outside range is 192.168.1.x, the inside range should be 192.168.10.x, and so on. You can change the range by selecting an interface and clicking [Edit].
Step8. Click [Next]. You can specify static routes if your network has multiple routers.Step9. Click [Next]. The ASA can act as a DHCP server and provide IP addresses to the hosts on your inside network.MEMO: To connect to the free and fast Cisco Umbrella global net – work DNS service, enter the "184.108.40.206" in the [DNS Server 1] field and the "220.127.116.11" in the [DNS Server 2] field.
Step10. Click [Use Port Address Translation (PAT)]. Select [Use Port Address Translation (PAT)] to share a single external IP address for devices on the inside interface. Select [Use Network Address Translation (NAT)] to share several external IP address for devices on the inside interface.
Step11. Click [Next].Step12. Click [Next]. You can specify the addresses of all hosts or networks, which are allowed to access the ASA using HTTPS/ASDM, SSH or Telnet.Step13. Enter the IP address for the ASA Firepower module. For example, the "192.168.1.2" works with the default configuration.
Step14. Enter the IP address of the Default Gateway. For example, the "192.168.1.1" works with the default configuration.
Step15. Click [Next].Step16. Click [Next]. The ASA can be remotely managed from an Auto Update Server. This includes automatic updating the ASA configuration, ASA image, ASDM image as needed.Step17. Click [Finish]. You have completed the Startup Wizard. To send your changes to the ASA, click [Finish]. If you want to modify any of the data, click [Back].
3. Connecting Switch to ASA
After completing the Startup Wizard, exit the ASDM and disconnect the Ethernet cable from your PC. Then, follow these steps to connect your switch to the ASA. Make sure that nothing is connected to the switch, its settings are configured to use DHCP, and the first Ethernet cable is still connected between the ASA and your WAN device.
4. Install Licenses
Now you can access to the ASA Firepower module with the Cisco ASDM. Relaunch the Cisco ASDM and install the licenses. The Control and Protection licenses are provided by default and the Product Authorization Key (PAK) is included on a printout in your box. If you ordered additional licenses, you should have PAKs for those licenses in your email.
Step1. Launch ASDM and Click [Configuration].
MEMO: The Cisco ASA with Firepower Services ship with a base license for Application Visibility and Control (AVC). Optional subscriptions for Next-Generation IPS (NGIPS), Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP), and URL Filtering (URL) can be added to the base configuration for advanced functionality.
- AVC: Supports more than 3,000 application-layer and risk-based controls that can launch tailored intrusion prevention system (IPS) threat detection policies to optimize security effectiveness.
- NGIPS: Provides highly effective threat prevention and full contextual awareness of users, infrastructure, applications, and content to detect multifactor threats and automate defense response.
- AMP: Delivers inline network protection against sophisticated malware and Cisco Threat Grid sandboxing.
- URL: Adds the capability to filter more than 280 million top-level domains by risk level and more than 82 categories.
Step2. Click [ASA FirePOWER Configuration].Step3. Click [Licenses].Step4. Copy [License Key] text and get the license from the licensing portal (see the MEMO in the next page).
The example of the License Key is 72:78:DA:6E:D9:93:35.Step5. Paste the license activation key into [License] box.
Step6. Click [Verify License].
Step7. Click [Submit License].Step8. If you have additional licenses, click [Add New License] and repeat the steps 5 to 7.MEMO: You can get the license (license activation key) from the licensing portal.
- Go to _URL_
- Enter the PAKs separated by commas in the Get New Licenses field, and click Fulfill.
- You will be asked for the License Key and email address among other fields.
- Copy the resulting license activation key from either the website display or from the zip file attached to the licensing email that the system automatically delivers.


text:
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARID RANGELANDS
Location: Range Management Research
Title: Using hydrogel filled, embedded tubes to sustain grass transplants for arid land restoration
Submitted to: Journal of Arid Environments
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: January 15, 2010
Publication Date: May 10, 2010
Citation: Lucero, M.E., Dreesen, D.R., Vanleeuwen, D.M. 2010. Using hydrogel filled, embedded tubes to sustain grass transplants for arid land restoration. Journal of Arid Environments. 74:987-990.
Interpretive Summary: Grass restoration on remote arid range sites is difficult when precipitation is lacking and water must be transported to the site. Though established, well-adapted plant species should be able to survive on these sites, natural precipitation is rarely sufficient to ensure establishment of new, young plants. Hydrogels formed of various starch or acrylic polymers can retain large volumes of plant available water. In this study, we examined the utility of hydrogel filled embedded watering tubes for irrigation of grass transplants. The embedded tubes store water near the plant roots, reducing loss through seepage or evaporation. In the greenhouse, transplants grew to mature plants on less than 1 L of water. Plants irrigated with starch hydrogels consumed the most water but also exhibited the most growth and reproductive potential. Variations in pot styles had only minor effects on plant growth and water loss from tubes. In the field trial, heavy precipitation throughout the growing season resulted in high transplant survival for both treatments, with no significant differences in observed cover. This study suggests embedded tubes filled with properly hydrated, commercially available hydrogels will be useful for remote site restoration of grasses like Bouteloua eriopoda.
Grass restoration on remote arid rangelands may require irrigation to stimulate seedling establishment. However, irrigation on undeveloped sites is costly. In this study, the survival, growth, and development of Bouteloua eriopoda seedlings irrigated with either starchor acrylic-based hydrogels contained in one of three styles of embedded watering tubes were evaluated in a greenhouse trial. A field trial evaluated differences in transplant survival and cover between treatments consisting of embedded watering tubes with or without acrylic hydrogels. Greenhouse transplants grew 146 days on less than 1 L of water. Plants irrigated with starch hydrogels consumed the most water but also exhibited the most growth and reproductive potential. Variations in pot styles had only minor effects on plant growth and water loss from tubes. In the field trial, unusually heavy growing season precipitation resulted in high transplant survival for both treatments, with no significant differences in observed cover. Results of greenhouse studies demonstrate potential for hydrogel filled embedded tubes to sustain grass transplants through establishment. Maximal hydration of acrylic gels is recommended to ensure plant availability of bound water.


text:
Cato Perkins was a Huntingdonian Methodist preacher. The Huntingdonian church he founded in Sierra Leone is one of the only remaining churches of that faith remaining in the world today. He was ordained in 1786 by John Marrant as a traveling preacher of the faith. Marrant chose Perkins to lead the Nova Scotia Huntingdonians in Marrant's absence.
In 1790 Perkins took on the duty of chief pastor to black Huntingdonians in Nova Scotia. He was appointed by Marrant as he left for England, and carried it out after his death.
At the time of the Sierra Leone exodus almost Cato Perkins' entire congregation went to Sierra Leone. His congregation was perhaps one quarter of the Christian population of Nova Scotia who left for Sierra Leone. Perkins continued to preach while in Sierra Leone and also was involved in organizing missions to the native African populations.
During the rebellion of the Nova Scotians against the white English leaders at Sierra Leone almost all of the Huntingdonian population supported the rebels. Perkins was nominated by the blacks to travel to England with their petition of grievances. To avoid being suspected by the Colony's administration, it seems that Perkins probably had to risk passage on a slave ship. Unfortunately for him, his petition was rejected.
Perkins died in Sierra Leone in 1805. However, even to this day a Huntingdonian society exists in Sierra Leone, evidence of the success of Perkins' missionary efforts.


text: The impact of drought on tree water use was investigated in remnant forest in the Liverpool Plains NSW. Tree water use was measured using commercial sap flow testers from December 2002 to September 2004 which corresponded with a period of drought and a period of higher rainfall. Understorey evapotranspiration and soil moisture were also measured. Water use of the stand of trees was a larger proportion of annual total rainfall (87%) during the drought period than during the post-drought period (50% water use) when rainfall was higher. Understorey water use was about 20% of rainfall, suggesting that the understorey evapotranspiration component of the water balance can make a significant contribution to water use and the availability of water for groundwater recharge. The results indicate that the remnant forest was able to survive during the drought because of deep roots. The findings also demonstrate the valuable role forests play in maintaining the hydrological balance and in ameliorating the development of dryland salinity in agricultural areas (A).


text:
It is a conical shaped structure built of boulders, roughly 230 feet in diameter, 30 feet high and weighing an estimated 60,000-tons, 40 feet underwater in the Sea of Galilee. And archaeologists have no idea what it is. Based on the build up of sediment, it is between 2,000 and 12,000 years old, which is too wide a range to help identify it. It's not even clear if the structure was built on land when the sea levels were lower, or if it was constructed underwater. The structure was located in 2003 by sonar scan. Now ten years later, researchers from the Israel Antiquities Authority are mounted an expedition to attempt to learn more about the unexpected mound of boulders, which they speculate could have been a burial site, a place of worship or even a fish nursery.
Archaeologists said the only way they can properly assess the structure is through an underwater excavation, a painstakingly slow process that can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. And if an excavation were to take place, archaeologists said they believed it would be the first in the Sea of Galilee, an ancient lake that boasts historical remnants spanning thousands of years and is the setting of many Bible scenes….
Much of the researchers' limited knowledge about this structure comes from the sonar scan a decade ago. Initial dives shortly after that revealed a few details. In an article in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology published earlier this year, Nadel and fellow researchers disclosed it was asymmetrical, made of basalt boulders and that "fish teem around the structure and between its blocks."


text:
Origami Effect by Andrew Mayne
Item Number: DA5977
Instantly turn a slip of paper into the origami shape of the animal a person is visualizing in their mind. Turn a borrowed bill into a butterfly. Tear up a newspaper and produce an animated origami rabbit. Andrew Mayne presents The Origami Effect; powerful, visual magic that lets you give form to thoughts.
The Origami Effect: A spectator thinks of an animal from a list of over 40 different origami shapes and you change the Post-It-Note into the animal instantly before their eyes.
The Recycled Rabbit: Tear a sheet of newspaper to pieces and then restore it into an origami rabbit that can't sit still. Great for kids and grown-ups alike. Takes only minutes to prepare.
Psychic Origami: Borrow a dollar from a spectator and change it into the animal they're visualizing in their mind. Includes multiple presentations.
Wineglass Origami: A devious way to change a borrowed bill into an origami shape right under your spectator's noses.
The Origami Effect is a one-on-one teach in style DVD. You'll learn different handling techniques as well as Andrew's extremely practical and deceptive method for forcing words and images.
Running Time Approximately: 65mins


text:
Forums · General English Grammar & Vocabulary, Listening & Speaking · General English Grammar Questions
Below are the definitions from online dictionaries. It looks like an excerpt is a formal quote, am I right?
excerpt ( ) n. A passage or segment taken from a longer work, such as a literary or musical composition, a document, or a film.
quote v., quoted, quoting, quotes. v.tr. To repeat or copy the words of (another), usually with acknowledgment of the source.
Informal. A quotation
Thanks in advance.
Excerpts are generally longer quotes, and as your definition says, come from written or scripted pieces; quotes needn't.
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Since there was slavery in the Americas between their discovery and 1856, do we know of any Jewish slave-owners there who observed slavery-related laws of Judaism?
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Great question. You are not the first one to have wondered about it. There seems to be little information addressing this question directly, but check out this book, in which it is at least a minor concern of the author to point out that upstanding Jews may have been slave owners under the law in the Western Hemisphere. – WAF Jul 22 '11 at 14:56
Are there specific laws you are wondering about? – Gershon Gold Jul 22 '11 at 15:38
For that matter, I wonder if there were any Christian American slave-owners who explicitly observed the Torah's laws for slavery. – Isaac Moses Jul 22 '11 at 19:11
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was contrary to the Torah (Devarim 23:15-16). – Daniel ben Noach Jul 24 '11 at 7:29
We know that the laws of an Eved Ivri would not apply to African slaves in America. I doubt any slaves went through a half conversion to become an Eved Knani. What's left is a plain slave to whom, IINM, apply only the laws of the state (Dina D'Malchuta). IMHO the question needs to be a bit more focused. – David Perlman Jul 25 '11 at 11:11
3 Answers 3
From a conversation with Eli Faber (A professor of history at John Jay College in New York and author of Jews, Slaves and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight):
The only thing I have encountered is a description of how, in Jamaica, the Jewish slave owner gave his slaves all of Saturday (Shabbat) as well as Sunday off. This was very significant because in Jamaica (I believe unlike in the eventual US), slaves were permitted to work parcels of land and sell the produce at markets. Accordingly, the slaves of Jews were able to plant more, sell more, and earn more money than those owned by non-Jews, who gave their slaves only half a day off on Saturdays, as well as Sundays. For my reference to this, as well as the source in which I found it, see the book I wrote, "Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight," page 62. Jews in Jamaica thus adhered to the Biblical prescription that slaves, servants, etc., were to be able to rest on Saturdays, too; see the fourth of the Ten Commandments ("Exodus," chapter 20). The owners in Jamaica clearly adhered to this Biblical command---though the slaves reportedly chose to work on Shabbat.
Based on his extensive research into the matter, I think we can conclude that this was the extent that Jewish slave owners observed slave-related commandments in the Americas.
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I wonder if this qualifies as a slave law or a Sabbath law. – user6591 Oct 2 at 15:08
My rav says he heard (can't remember from where) that many of the black Jews in B"SD America are descended from manumitted 'avdei kena'anim. I think there was a Moroccan Jew by the name of Lewi (Levy?) who lived in the southern part of the USA then & they may be his freed slaves (there were Jewish slave owners in N. Carolina as well). These dinim are from M. Yevamoth. Jews are NOT allowed to own stam slaves. A gentile slave can have a trial period w/a potential Jewish owner for 30 days, but he must then decide if he wants to leave his gentile master & convert into a kena'ani slave who will then be obligated in the same dinim that Jewish women are obligated (kashruth, shabbath, etc.). If he opts in, his giyur is done in such a way that he will not be able to speak just before, during & after his immersion so that he doesn't announce that his giyur is not for 'avduth, but for complete Yahaduth (in such a case, he'd be a full geir & NOT a slave, but he'd OWE his value as a slave to his former master & there is such an incident as that in M. Yevamoth in Bavel). A 'evedh kena'ani's slavery is a tiqun for him. R. Eli'ezer holds for giyur in general MILAH is enough. If a gentile wished to convert, performed milah, but DIED before his immersion, then he's buried in a Jewish cemetery. Who, then, is more "Jewish?" Such a man or an 'evedh kena'ani (who we say is NOT exactly Jewish!)?
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Welcome to the site. Answers should generally be sourced. Otherwise they can be presented as comments. Once you have 50 rep. points you will be able to comment. – mevaqesh Oct 3 at 0:50
Slavery related laws that I'm aware of, refer to Jewish slaves.
There are two types of slavery regarding Jewish slaves. One is when one kidnaps a person and enslaves him. I just happened to read in this week's parsha Ki Seitzei 24:7 "If a man is found kidnaping a person of his brethren among the children of Israel, and he enslaves him and sells him, that kidnaper shall die, and you shall remove the evil from your midst."
The other is in Parshat Mishpatim when a man is in debt and pays off the debt through slavery. That is where all the slavery laws I know of are listed. Regarding how to treat him, how and when to release him etc. Does not have relevance to slavery in Americas.
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the Torah says if a slave runs away You are NOT to return him to his owners – Chalutzhanal Sep 11 '11 at 23:58
when the original questioner asked about slavery-related laws, i'm assuming he meant releasing after 6 years, giving him a pillow, letting him marry etc... jewish slaves... i don't recall what youre saying being in the Torah. Which parsha is that in? Is it referring to an Eved Ivri? or non jewish slaves? – shoshana Sep 13 '11 at 23:43
It's true that there are fewer laws in the Torah about non-Jewish slaves, but they're there; they include Ex. 21:20-21 (capital punishment for beating one's slave to death), 21:26-27 (the slave goes free if his master knocks out his eye or tooth - halachah explains that this also includes various other body parts), and the one that Chalutzhanal is referring to, which is in Deut. 23:16-17. Aside from all of these, there is the halachic requirement to have one's non-Jewish slave undergo a quasi-conversion and accept some of the mitzvos (see David Perlman's comment on the question). – Alex Sep 14 '11 at 2:22
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text:
Sketchpad Resources || Main CIGS Page
Dirichlet Regions for Three Points:
The loci of circle intersections trace the boundaries of three Dirichlet regions, each containing one of the points A, B, C. The Dirichlet region containing A, for example, is the set of points P which are closer to A than to any of the other points B or C. It follows that the boundary between two Dirichlet regions is the set where distances to two of the points A, B, C are equal and less than the third distance. Finally, the corner or vertex is the point where the 3 distances to A, B, and C are equal. We recognize this as the circumcenter of triangle ABC. Since the circles have the same radius. The points on the circles have the same distances to the corresponding centers, so the intersection points of two circles are equidistant from two of the three points A, B, C.
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Honda GHX50 Motorized Bike Engine Review
HONDA GXH50 is a motorized bicycle engine model manufactured by one of the worlds leading engine manufacturer Honda. It starts up very easily with a nice sound and causes very little vibrations as compared to other models. It has a wide range of operation, operating between 4000 to 8000 rotations per minute (rpm). It has a good centrifugal mechanical governor to maintain a safe operating rpm and the engine also an idling speed which can be brought up or down to achieve the desired performance.
- The GHX50 is fuel efficient with a high turnout operation. HONDA GXH50 uses precision camshaft complete with 15.88 mm (5/8") shat design with OHV (overhead valve) for elevated efficiency and maximum fuel transfer. Its torque has a high compression ratio of about 8:1.
- The engine operates with very little vibrations which is possible due to the quality engineered components with a ball bearing supported shaft for stability.
-Honda GHX50 produces a smooth sound and it is generally very quiet. It has a large multi chamber exhaust system with advanced air intake system. It is also made of lesser materials making it lightweight and therefore minimizes noise.
-Easy maintenance practices as the critical parts are accessible with large fuel tank. The instructions that come with the package are also very simple to follow.
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- Honda GXH50 is an Air cooled 4-Stroke Overhead valve type of an engine.
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- It has Float type carburetor and transistorized magnets ignition system.
- Uses recoil start system.
- Uses centrifugal mechanical governor system.
- Uses unleaded 86 octane or higher rank fuel.


How to build a suitable wear-resistant floor, consider these aspects!
Three steps to success for wear-resistant flooring
1. Choose the most suitable material to formulate accurate and detailed specifications
2. Invite experienced and skilled workers
Failure to ensure these two elements will inevitably lead to a decline in quality requirements, and ultimately reduce the performance and durability of the ground.
warehouse floor 2
The correct choice of floor materials can only be made after a detailed understanding of the requirements of the floor. We will refine the ground requirements below to avoid economic losses caused by mistakes or neglect.
Design life:
How long is the life of the factory, 2 or 20 years? The final ground must be selected based on the expected life span or the expected maintenance-free period.
Construction method:
At what stage of the construction process will the ground system be put into construction? Is the main structure of the building in place? Answer these questions to understand how the ground system will be constructed. There are two main construction methods: integral pouring or surface pouring.
Overall pouring:
This method uses a dry sprinkling process to form a whole concrete floor, which is then grinding and polished with a concrete floor grinder. These dry sprinklers can only be used immediately after pouring the concrete floor, and cannot be used on the existing ground.
Surface pouring:
This method is applied to the ready-made ground by scraping or paving. This is a commonly used method, using a concrete floor scarifying machine to roughen or leveling the ground to make the adhesive achieve the best bonding effect. The effect of using epoxy resin binder containing concrete is better and the safety factor is further increased.
For the required floor coating, its thickness must be considered. Especially for existing buildings, increasing the thickness of the ground will cause threshold problems. In new construction, a gap should be reserved for the thickness of the coating.
Structural load:
The static and dynamic loads generated during construction, renovation and maintenance must be considered. On the one hand, the ground system must be able to withstand these requirements, and on the other hand, the base-level carrying capacity should also be taken into consideration. Generally speaking, the minimum design value of the compressive strength of the base layer is 25Mpa.
Traffic and mechanical wear:
The shock and wear caused by traffic must be considered. Wear is usually concentrated in local areas. The frequency, type and location of wear must be considered.
Chemical leakage:
List all the types of chemicals that may leak in the area, pay attention to their concentration, temperature, and the possibility of mixing on the ground. Consider the actions that may be taken when a leak occurs, whether these leaks are cleared immediately or stay for a long time, whether their corrosiveness increases with evaporation, etc.
Is slip resistance an important consideration? The appearance of the ground and the problem of slip resistance can be changed through the troweling process. However, in many occasions, especially in wet places, non-slip footwear is provided for all workers to improve the anti-slip effect.
Many modern industries, such as medicine, cosmetics, food, beverages, chemicals and electronics industries, have high requirements for hygiene. These developing industries require clean indoor conditions. The floor must be free of cracks or sharp corners, completely dust-free, easy to clean, and must meet other industrial requirements, such as resistance to chemical corrosion and mechanical wear.
Anti-cracking ability:
This is related to structural loads, especially dynamic loads. What impact will factory or traffic vibration have on the ground? In some special areas of the building structure, such as the production area of the ground floor and the middle floor. How important is it to prevent cracking?
Thermal shock may be the main reason for the premature failure of the ground. Therefore, not only the temperature generated by the product itself and the production process during mechanical operation, but also the temperature of the adjacent area must be considered. Special attention should be paid to areas near extremely cold or heat sources, such as cold storage or blast furnace areas.
Beautiful colors:
An attractive and pleasant environment helps to increase production efficiency and improve labor relations, although lighting can also work in this regard. Color helps to quickly identify dangerous areas such as truck aisles, wet areas or chemicals Area.
Easy to clean:
For a ground system, if the cleaning agent is not considered in advance, especially those enterprises with high hygiene requirements. In most cases, this cleaning agent will corrode the floor more than the production process.
Therefore, it is very important to formulate cleaning specifications, determine the frequency of cleaning and the cleaning agents used and their concentrations. Careful consideration should be given to using floor varnishes or sealants to facilitate cleaning and improve durability, while maintaining the beauty of the floor.
When considering the ground drainage system, the final ground situation should be considered at the same time. Due to the combination of different building materials, it is especially prone to cracking and leakage.
Many companies are increasingly calling for anti-static ground. The anti-static ground prevents electronic interference from sensitive electronic settings, and also prevents spark discharge and explosion caused by static electricity accumulation. This increases the possibility of static electricity generation on the assembly line where the production speed is increasing and the degree of automation is constantly increasing, and the anti-static requirements are even more important.
Repair and maintenance:
In any production plant, normal ground wear is inevitable. When choosing a ground system, this kind of wear should be allowed. Pay special attention to this when choosing special colors or special surface layers, because future repairs are difficult to keep consistent with the original.
Since collisions cause losses to the ground, the extent and frequency of collisions should be confirmed. Consider the falling height of the object. The final ground should be able to withstand collisions. For areas that cannot meet this requirement, local protective measures, such as the use of steel plates, should be considered.
2. Invite experienced and skilled workers
If you have a limited budget
1. Refer to the practice of industrial sealing and wear-resistant floor on this website
2. Choose the right concrete floor grinding polishing machines, scarifying machine and grinding polishing pad, cutters etc.
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Definitions for safety factor
safety factor, factor of safety(noun)
the ratio of the breaking stress of a structure to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary use
The ratio of the maximum stress or load which something can withstand to the stress or load which it was designed to withstand under normal operation.
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"safety factor." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 24 May 2013. .


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British International SchoolTuraida Street 1, Piņķi, Babītes municipality
The school is located in the territory of 1,5 ha. Institution has several sports and playing fields as well as 76 parking places. Works consisted of new 2-storey 32 classroom school, with fully equipped art studio, music, science classrooms, modern computer class and a canteen. Project allows further extension of the building.
New school is one of eight prestigious British King's College schools in the World. For 45 years already, with an excellency they have been working in the United Kingdom's education system as well as out of it. Latvian British School is the first this level United Kingdom's education institution in Latvia. The school ensures studies in various levels – starting from pre-primary school (3 years old) until the end of high school (18 years old). Study process is provided by a team of teachers from the United Kingdom. School is intended to be for 200 students.
- SIA "ESPI"
- Name of the project:
- British International School
- Type of construction:
- Education, culture, sports buildings
- SIA „ER. ARCH" Egils Raņķis
- SIA "Diānas Zalānes projekta birojs"
- Description of work:
- New building
- Turaida Street 1, Piņķi, Babītes municipality
- Beginning of project:
- Completion year:
- Characteristic feature:
- Total area: 3 400,33 m2


Can I Teach In NJ Without A Certificate?
How long does it take to get a teaching certificate in NJ?
Provisional teachers must earn two Effective or Highly Effective summative ratings over a three-year period in order to qualify for a standard certificate, and complete 34 weeks of mentored teaching.
Provisional teachers must also undergo a final stage of formal instruction..
What is the easiest state to get a teaching license?
Is being a teacher worth it?
How much does it cost to get an alternative teaching certificate?
-Program costs $4,000 – $5,000, depending on the state. Students can pay 10% of the program costs upfront and the rest after completing the program. -Coursework is online. Students have 6 months to complete 7 instructional courses and must pass exams with each course.
What age do most teachers retire?
Can you teach in Georgia without a certificate?
Can you be a teacher without certification?
As mentioned above, having a non-education degree will not prevent you from becoming a teacher. … If you want to teach in the public school system (either as an elementary or high-school subject teacher), however, you will need a teaching license or teaching credential.
What is the hardest state to become a teacher?
What types of teachers get paid the most?
What state has the lowest teacher salary?
How do I get certified to teach in NJ?
New Jersey Teachers Licensing Application ProcessProof of clearance from criminal history background check.Official transcripts showing proof of bachelor's degree.Proof of teacher program completion at an approved teacher preparation school.Completed application for teaching certification.More items…


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May 25, 2008 Children with autism and ADHD may soon get anxiety relief from a novel "deep-pressure" vest developed by Brian Mullen at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The vest, which can also be used for adults with mental illness, delivers a "portable hug" called deep pressure touch stimulation (DPTS).
"People with developmental disorders and mental illness are often overwhelmed in everyday environments such as school and the workplace, and solutions available to families and mental health professionals are limited," says Mullen, a doctoral student of mechanical engineering. "This is an alternative therapy that can safely and discreetly provide the treatment they need to function in mainstream society."
To market the vest, Mullen has created a concept business called Therapeutic Systems, which recently won the $50,000 grand prize in the UMass Amherst Technology Innovation Challenge, a competition for the best entrepreneurial technology business plan produced by students, recent alumni and faculty advisors on campus.
Occupational therapists working with children suffering from autism, ADHD and sensory processing disorders have observed that DPTS can increase attention to tasks and reduce anxiety and harmful behaviors by providing different sensory stimuli. DPTS is also part of a growing trend to improve the lives of adults with mental illness by using touch, sound and aroma to influence alertness, attention and their ability to adapt to their surroundings.
Eight clinical studies of the effectiveness and safety of existing weighted blankets and vests that deliver DPTS were conducted by Mullen and his advisor Sundar Krishnamurty, a professor of mechanical and industrial engineering at UMass Amherst. Mullen used that data to design a prototype system for applying DPTS that can be inserted into any commercial vest or jacket with a lining. Initial results of a study with students at UMass Amherst who did not have autism or ADHD showed that participants preferred Mullen's prototype vest, which applies pressure that feels like a firm hug or swaddling, over the current gold standard weighted vest.
Mullen's prototype has several advantages over weighted or elastic garments and toys currently used to apply DPTS in hospitals and schools. "Existing methods provide limited control over the amount of pressure applied and require some oversight by a caregiver," says Mullen. "Their use is also limited because of the lack of literature documenting their safety, and their tendency to make the user stand out in a crowd."
Therapeutic Systems is also starting the initial phase of designing a DPTS blanket to aid with resting and falling asleep. "Falling asleep has been found to be a major problem for many people with mental illness," says Mullen, who adds that an estimated 65 percent of Americans are losing sleep due to stress."
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You can use 'to do' in almost every English sentence to emphasize the main verb in a sentence. The meaning of the main verb gets stronger or shows contrast by using 'to do'. This grammatical structure is called the emphatic do in English. For a full overview of what this is and how to form it, click here.
Emphatic Do Exercise 3
You can find the exercise below:
Complete the following sentences by using the emphatic do and the verb in brackets.
1.I (to like – present) beer.
2.We (to have – present) a dog.
3.She (to watch – present) TV sometimes.
4.They (to like – present) rice pudding.
5.I (to eat – past) a large pizza all by myself.
6.It (to escape – past) from its cage.
7.He (to use – present) his airpods a lot.
8.Yes, I (to break – past) my arm.
9.They (to listen – present) to the radio.
10.The teacher (to scream – past) at us.


text:
This Activity is meant for Boy Scouts.
Assortment of items that can be stacked, tied, wrapped together to form a sculpture.
Or, poles, sticks, and rope to make a structure.
Divide items up so each patrol has a fair assortment.
- Your Goal is to build a meaningful, interesting sculpture.
- You have up to eight minutes to plan what you are going to create and how you will do it. You may NOT TOUCH the items.
- When you are ready, or when time is up, you will then have 10 minutes to build your sculpture. Once the items are touched, you CAN NOT TALK.
- When the sculptures are finished, you will present your sculpture to the group and explain its deep meaning.
Did you do your part to the best of your abilities?
How did your patrol interact in planning?
How well did your patrol work together?
Was style of leadership was used?


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Category: Pond Plants
The Red Scarf lotus is a tea cup lotus plant that is very smaller in size compared to the typical hardy lotus plant. This plant has hardy zones of four or higher or less than four with winter protections. The plant has crimson blooms that are reddish pink in color with white centers. Its petals are narrow and located next to the pod giving it a unique look. The flowers open in the mid morning and close in the mid afternoon. Individual flowers can last for three days before their petals can fall.
Newly planted Red Scarf lotus do not always flower during their first year. Full flowering can occur during the early summer season with sunny and warm conditions. The plant can grow up to six inches across, with its leaves growing to ten to twelve inches wide. The Red Scarf lotus plant as a free flowering plant, also produces blooms during its first seasons. It has round bluish green leaves that float on waters. It can grow up to three to four feet tall. This plant can establish well in medium to large ponds.
The unique Red Scarf lotus can performs well when planted in a small to medium sized pond..It can do well in a container since it can be well establish with or without a pond. The plant can be planted in a huge container with a capacity of at least two gallons container. It can do well when planted in a no-hole container. It is considered a true bowl lotus as it can do so well in containers.
The Red Scarf lotus plant can look great in garden beds due to its cupped shaped blossoms in addition to the uniqueness in the flower colors. It is a hardy plant which can tolerate sunny and warm conditions. However, for the plant to establish well, it requires full sun. This type of plant, when planted in a container, can fail to establish if the soil in the container is not well drained. It is important to note that this plant can fail to re-grow if it is placed in cold water as it can return into dormant state.


How to Email Multiple Files Using a ZIP File
Sending lots of files over email is much easier with a ZIP file
What to Know
 - Select the files you want to send, right-click one of them, and Send to > Compressed (zipped) folder.
 - Name the file, as prompted.
 - Email the ZIP file as you would any other file.
This article describes how to make and send ZIP files in Windows.
How to Create and Send ZIP files
 1. Select the files and/or folders you want to compress. They'll become highlighted to show that they've been selected. Right-click one of the selected items and go to Send to > Compressed (zipped) folder.
 To include files in different locations in the same ZIP file, include just one to start with. Then, drag and drop the rest of the files into the ZIP file. You can drop them in one at a time or several at once.
 2. Name the file something descriptive so that the recipient understands at a glance what the folder contains. For example, if the ZIP file holds vacation images, name it something like Vacation Pics 2021, not something obscure such as the files you wanted or photos.
 Screenshot showing how to rename a ZIP file in Windows 10
 Renaming a ZIP File in Windows 10.
 To rename the file, right-click the ZIP file and choose Rename.
 3. Attach and send the file in your email client just as you would any other file.
 For example, in
 1. Click New message or Reply, whichever's appropriate.
 2. Click the paperclip (attachment) button at the bottom of the message.
 3. Select Browse this computer.
 4. Click the ZIP file you created.
 5. Click Open > Attach as a copy.
You also can use third-party programs such as 7-Zip, PeaZip, and Keka to make and send ZIP files.
If the ZIP file is too large to send over email, upload it to OneDrive first and then send the recipient a link to download it.
About ZIP Files
ZIP files are much like folders, except they act like files. You can put all the files you want to send into this special file, and your email client will treat it as any other file. In this way, only one file (the ZIP file) is sent. When the recipient receives your email, they can open the ZIP file to see all the files and folders you sent within it.
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text:
CREDIBILITY AND SEARCH ENGINES. THE EFFECTS OF SOURCE REPUTATION, NEUTRALITY AND SOCIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SELECTION OF SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS
AbstractThis paper examines factors influencing the selection of search engine results. Scholars argue that to avoid getting exposed to wrong or even harmful information, credibility evaluation of online content becomes a "core component" for the recipients. We therefore analyze whether credibility attributions are also able to influence recipients' selection decisions. We compare the effects of the search results' position on the SERP to those of three credibility cues (source reputation, message neutrality, and social recommendations). The results of our study (n = 247) suggest a secondary role of credibility in selection processes. Most people rely on the given ranking: the higher the result is ranked, the more likely it is selected. An additional effect is only found for reputation, showing that high reputation results are more likely to be selected. This would mean that either search engine users might not be aware that the assessment of the quality of information should be a core concern to them and seem to trust the given ranking rather uncritically, or that they indeed assess the credibility of information sources very well, but that this assessment is guided largely by their imaginary of search engines as providing the best results on top.
How to Cite
Unkel, J., & Haas, A. (2015). CREDIBILITY AND SEARCH ENGINES. THE EFFECTS OF SOURCE REPUTATION, NEUTRALITY AND SOCIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SELECTION OF SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research, 5. _URL_


CW complex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An n-dimensional closed cell is the image of an n-dimensional closed ball under an attaching map. For example, a simplex is a closed cell, and more generally, a convex polytope is a closed cell. An n-dimensional open cell is a topological space that is homeomorphic to the n-dimensional open ball. A 0-dimensional open (and closed) cell is a singleton space. Closure-finite means that each closed cell is covered by a finite union of open cells.
A CW complex is a Hausdorff space X together with a partition of X into open cells (of perhaps varying dimension) that satisfies two additional properties:
Relative CW complexes[edit]
Roughly speaking, a relative CW complex differs from a CW complex in that we allow it to have one extra building block which does not necessarily possess a cellular structure. This extra-block can be treated as a (-1)-dimensional cell in the former definition.[1][2][3]
Inductive definition of CW complexes[edit]
A CW complex is often constructed by defining its skeleta inductively. Begin by taking the 0-skeleton to be a discrete space. Next, attach 1-cells to the 0-skeleton. Here, each 1-cell begins as a closed 1-ball and is attached to the 0-skeleton via some (continuous) map from the boundary of the 1-ball, that is, from the 0-sphere. Each point of can be identified with its image in the 0-skeleton under the aforementioned map; this is an equivalence relation. The 1-skeleton is then defined to be the identification space obtained from the union of the 0-skeleton and 1-cells under this equivalence relation.
In general, given the (n − 1)-skeleton, the n-skeleton is formed by attaching n-cells to it. Each n-cell begins as a closed n-ball and is attached to the (n − 1)-skeleton via some continuous map from the boundary of the n-ball, that is, from the (n − 1)-sphere. Each point of can be identified with its image in the (n − 1)-skeleton under the aforementioned map; this is again an equivalence relation. The restriction of the attaching map to the inside of the ball, i.e. to the open n-disk, is required to be a homeomorphism onto its image. The n-skeleton is then defined to be the identification space obtained from the union of the (n − 1)-skeleton and n-cells under this equivalence relation.
Up to isomorphism every n-dimensional complex can be obtained from its (n − 1)-skeleton in this sense, and thus every finite-dimensional CW complex can be built up by the process above. This is true even for infinite-dimensional complexes, with the understanding that the result of the infinite process is the direct limit of the skeleta: a set is closed in X if and only if it meets each skeleton in a closed set.
 - The standard CW structure on the real numbers has 0-skeleton the integers and as 1-cells the intervals. Similarly, the standard CW structure on has cubical cells that are products of the 0 and 1-cells from. This is the standard cubic lattice cell structure on.
 - A polyhedron is naturally a CW complex.
 - A graph is a 1-dimensional CW complex. Trivalent graphs can be considered as generic 1-dimensional CW complexes. Specifically, if X is a 1-dimensional CW complex, the attaching map for a 1-cell is a map from a two-point space to X,. This map can be perturbed to be disjoint from the 0-skeleton of X if and only if and are not 0-valence vertices of X.
 - An infinite-dimensional Hilbert space is not a CW complex: it is a Baire space and therefore cannot be written as a countable union of n-skeletons, each of which being a closed set with empty interior. This argument extends to many other infinite-dimensional spaces.
 - The terminology for a generic 2-dimensional CW complex is a shadow.[4]
 - The n-dimensional sphere admits a CW structure with two cells, one 0-cell and one n-cell. Here the n-cell is attached by the constant mapping from to 0-cell. There is a popular alternative cell decomposition, since the equatorial inclusion has complement two balls: the upper and lower hemi-spheres. Inductively, this gives a CW decomposition with two cells in every dimension k such that.
 - The n-dimensional real projective space admits a CW structure with one cell in each dimension.
 - Grassmannian manifolds admit a CW structure called Schubert cells.
 - Differentiable manifolds, algebraic and projective varieties have the homotopy-type of CW complexes.
 - The one-point compactification of a cusped hyperbolic manifold has a canonical CW decomposition with only one 0-cell (the compactification point) called the Epstein-Penner Decomposition. Such cell decompositions are frequently called ideal polyhedral decompositions and are used in popular computer software, such as SnapPea.
 - The space has the homotopy-type of a CW complex (it is contractible) but it does not admit a CW decomposition, since it is not locally contractible.
 - The Hawaiian earring is an example of a topological space that does not have the homotopy-type of a CW complex.
Homology and cohomology of CW complexes[edit]
Singular homology and cohomology of CW complexes is readily computable via cellular homology. Moreover, in the category of CW complexes and cellular maps, cellular homology can be interpreted as a homology theory. To compute an extraordinary (co)homology theory for a CW complex, the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence is the analogue of cellular homology.
Some examples:
 - For the sphere, take the cell decomposition with two cells: a single 0-cell and a single n-cell. The cellular homology chain complex and homology are given by:
since all the differentials are zero.
Alternatively, if we use the equatorial decomposition with two cells in every dimension and the differentials are matrices of the form. This gives the same homology computation above, as the chain complex is exact at all terms except and.
 - For we get similarly
Both of the above examples are particularly simple because the homology is determined by the number of cells—i.e.: the cellular attaching maps have no role in these computations. This is a very special phenomenon and is not indicative of the general case.
Modification of CW structures[edit]
There is a technique, developed by Whitehead, for replacing a CW complex with a homotopy-equivalent CW complex which has a simpler CW decomposition.
Consider, for example, an arbitrary CW complex. Its 1-skeleton can be fairly complicated, being an arbitrary graph. Now consider a maximal forest F in this graph. Since it is a collection of trees, and trees are contractible, consider the space where the equivalence relation is generated by if they are contained in a common tree in the maximal forest F. The quotient map is a homotopy equivalence. Moreover, naturally inherits a CW structure, with cells corresponding to the cells of which are not contained in F. In particular, the 1-skeleton of is a disjoint union of wedges of circles.
Another way of stating the above is that a connected CW complex can be replaced by a homotopy-equivalent CW complex whose 0-skeleton consists of a single point.
Consider climbing up the connectivity ladder—assume X is a simply-connected CW complex whose 0-skeleton consists of a point. Can we, through suitable modifications, replace X by a homotopy-equivalent CW complex where consists of a single point? The answer is yes. The first step is to observe that and the attaching maps to construct from form a group presentation. The Tietze theorem for group presentations states that there is a sequence of moves we can perform to reduce this group presentation to the trivial presentation of the trivial group. There are two Tietze moves:
1) Adding/removing a generator. Adding a generator, from the perspective of the CW decomposition consists of adding a 1-cell and a 2-cell whose attaching map consists of the new 1-cell and the remainder of the attaching map is in. If we let be the corresponding CW complex then there is a homotopy-equivalence given by sliding the new 2-cell into X.
2) Adding/removing a relation. The act of adding a relation is similar, only one is replacing X by where the new 3-cell has an attaching map that consists of the new 2-cell and remainder mapping into. A similar slide gives a homotopy-equivalence.
If a CW complex X is n-connected one can find a homotopy-equivalent CW complex whose n-skeleton consists of a single point. The argument for is similar to the case, only one replaces Tietze moves for the fundamental group presentation by elementary matrix operations for the presentation matrices for (using the presentation matrices coming from cellular homology. i.e.: one can similarly realize elementary matrix operations by a sequence of addition/removal of cells or suitable homotopies of the attaching maps.
'The' homotopy category[edit]
The homotopy category of CW complexes is, in the opinion of some experts, the best if not the only candidate for the homotopy category (for technical reasons the version for pointed spaces is actually used).[5]


Definitions for half-life-ˌlaɪvz
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word half-life
Princeton's WordNet
 1. half life, half-life(noun)
 1. Half-life(n.)
 the time it takes for one-half of a substance decaying in a first-order reaction to be destroyed. For radioactive substances, it is the time required for one-half of the initial amount of the radioactive isotope to decay. The half-lifeis a measure of the rate of the reaction being observed. For processes that are true first-order processes, such as radioactive decay, the half-life is independent of the quantity of material present, and it is thus a constant. The time it takes for one-half the remaining quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay will be the same regardless of how far the decay process has advanced. Some chemical reactions are also first order, and may be characterized as having a half-life. However, for chemical reactions the half-life will depend upon temperature and in some cases other environmental conditions, whereas for radioactive isotopes the rate of decay is largely independent of the environment.
 1. half-life(Noun)
 2. half-life(Noun)
 In a chemical reaction, the time required for the concentration of a reactant to fall from a chosen value to half that value.
 1. Half-life
 Half-life is the time required for a quantity to fall to half its value as measured at the beginning of the time period. In physics, it is typically used to describe a property of radioactive decay, but may be used to describe any quantity which follows an exponential decay. The original term, dating to Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the principle in 1907, was "half-life period", which was shortened to "half-life" in the early 1950s. Half-life is used to describe a quantity undergoing exponential decay, and is constant over the lifetime of the decaying quantity. It is a characteristic unit for the exponential decay equation. The term "half-life" may generically be used to refer to any period of time in which a quantity falls by half, even if the decay is not exponential. For a general introduction and description of exponential decay, see exponential decay. For a general introduction and description of non-exponential decay, see rate law. The converse of half-life is doubling time. The table on the right shows the reduction of a quantity in terms of the number of half-lives elapsed.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
 1. Half-Life
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
 1. half-life
 The time required for the activity of a given radioactive species to decrease to half of its initial value due to radioactive decay. The half-life is a characteristic property of each radioactive species and is independent of its amount or condition. The effective half-life of a given isotope is the time in which the quantity in the body will decrease to half as a result of both radioactive decay and biological elimination.
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- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg2794] Infinity
- From: CHAN MUN CHOONG
- Date: Sun, 17 Dec 1995 02:07:57 -0500
Can someone please tell me how the symbol Infinity in Mathematica is
actually represented in the computer?
When we use Infinity in Integrate, what value does it take?
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Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe
Around three quarters of Europeans live in cities. Most of Europe's wealth is generated in cities, and urban areas are particularly at risk due to climate change. Europe should seize the opportunity of improving quality of life while adapting to climate change in cities, according to a report from the European Environment Agency (EEA). The report also warns that delaying adaptation will be much more costly in the long-term.


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Besides the types of mountain and hills, what can you look for when selecting a property in a locality with prosperity and posterity in mind?
You should make close observation on the quality of soil that make up the land in the vicinity of the neighborhood.
In Feng Shui, the natural environment we lived in provides us with life giving energy known as qi. It is the life force that sustains all living things on earth. From the highest peak of the mountain, qi flows along the natural contours of the land and makes it way down the valleys where water is located. It is carried by the wind and gathers at the boundary of water.
When you are looking for a suitable property to make your home, you should observe whether there is any mountain or hill around the area. If there is and it is lush with vegetation, you can tap into the qi that is strong and vitalizing.
But if you would like to know what types of qi is available in the area, you can start by looking at what is below the ground. Qi flows on top and below the ground. Earth is a natural conductor of qi and naturally you can determine the types of qi it carries from observing the soil. The secret is in the color of the soil. To do this, you need to dig about 2 feet into the ground. First, pay attention to the texture of the soil. If it is soft and loamy (with a mixture of clay, sand and some decayed vegetable matter), it indicates positive qi and therefore good quality. Whereas if the soil tends to be rocky and pebbly (with mostly stones), it is not conducive for positive qi to take root. Secondly, by examining the soil's natural color, we can determine the types of qi it contains. Based on Feng Shui concept, there are five elemental phases of qi namely, wood, fire, earth, metal and water. Each element takes on a color.
The following is a general guide as to what each color means in relation to the soil:-
Green colored soil denotes wood qi and is associated with nobility, benevolence and growth
Red or purple colored soil denotes fire qi and is associated with passion and spirituality
Yellowish colored soil denotes earth qi and is associated with wealth and stability
Pale white colored soil denotes metal qi and is associated with power and authority
Black colored soil denotes water qi and is associated with intelligence and traveling.
For more of such articles, you can visit proactive-qi.com and bazidestiny.yolasite.com which offers free reading of your birth chart based on Chinese Four Pillars of Destiny (Ba Zi).


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It has been a while since I did a video, and I was feeling the itch! This week it's a short and sweet instructional on how to draw bubbles in water using Copic markers.
If you want to practice along, I used:
- Copic markers: BG10, BG34, B00, B02, G12, and later BG70
- Colorless Blender (any brand will work, using Copic Ciao 0 here)
- White Gelly Roll pen
To begin, create a watery background for the bubbles. I used a wash of BG10, with a mix of BG34, B00, B02, and G12 around the edges and faded in (BG34, B00, and B02 are the darkest colors near the bottom edges). I used BG70 instead of the colorless blender to smooth everything out and add just a hint more color.
To start the bubbles, use the colorless blender to draw a circle on the background color. Place the tip of the blender in the center of the circle to begin saturating the paper with the clear ink. This will push the other colors out of the way on the paper, pushing the watery colors to the edges of the circle. This creates an "edge" to the circle that forms the body of the bubble.
Create more bubbles in different sizes. To make very tiny bubbles, place the tip of the colorless blender on the paper without moving it, then lift it away. Allow the spot to dry, then repeat a few more times. This will gradually provide enough blender to create the bubble without it spreading and expanding too much.
Finally, using the white Gelly Roll, begin adding spots of light on the bubbles. Establish a light source; the surface of the bubble closest to the light source will have a crisp shine on it (I use dots, but you can have circular reflections, square reflections, etc. depending on what is creating the light in your image).
The light would then shine through the bubble and diffuse on the opposite interior wall of the bubble, so the next step is to create a diffused light along the bubble opposite of the crisp shine.
You can use your finger when the Gelly Roll marks are fresh to remove a little of the white if your bubbles are more toward the background or are more hidden.
And that's it! Easy bubbles! I love how these turn out, and I hope this method works for you, too!
Thanks for watching!


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"Tactical" is also an Army adverb describing things that are done in the field on exercises or in combat, as opposed to strategic things that are done at long distance or for organizations higher up the food chain than the corps. It can be a term of praise; someone who always knows what to do and when in the field will be referred to as "fucking tactical" or in extreme cases, "fucking hardcore tactical", although one usually only heard that in reference to Rangers, Green Beanies, and other species of snake-eaters.
As applied to ASA units, tactical indicates units that are either in direct support of maneuver units (for example, the 340th ASA Company (Regimental Support) assigned to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment) or general support of such units, such as the 331st ASA Company (Ops Forward). These units would receive tasking from the division G-2 staff or regimental S-2. Strategic units, such as Field Station Berlin, received tasking from NSA at Fort Meade and were generally uninterested in tactical intelligence.


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Minnesota Department of Transportation EnvironMentor Systems
This project developed a comprehensive, multimedia "expert system" on CD-ROM that enables novices and professionals to become knowledgeable and successful in selecting appropriate plants for challenging roadside sites and landscapes in Minnesota. This interactive system helps educate users to avoid common, costly, and hazardous mistakes in landscaping. It saves time, money, and resources in making informed decisions that contribute to improved success and more sustainable landscape systems. The database correlates 650 woody and herbaceous plants with up to 49 distinct fields of query information, multiple color photos of each plant's distinguishing characteristics, and Minnesota range maps for native woody plants. The project team formed numerous collaborations and partnerships to develop this product while ensuring cost-effectiveness and the opportunity to make future project development self-sustaining. The efforts of this group and the use of this "expert system" have influenced improved transportation and the general landscaping plant selection, restoration, and management in Minnesota.
Minnesota Department of Transportation
EnvironMentor Systems Michael Max


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Commonly available airless spray equipment systems can be powered by a variety of means and are offered in a wide range of sizes and performance capabilities.
- Hand held cordless electric airless spray guns battery powered.
- Hand held electric airless spray guns mains powered.
- Hydraulic diaphragm mains electric or petrol powered airless spray pump equipment.
- Mains electric powered reciprocating piston airless spray pump equipment.
- Petrol engine powered reciprocating piston airless spray equipment with electric clutches.
- Hydraulic powered airless piston pumps using either electric motors or petrol powered motors to provide hydraulic power.
- Pneumatic compressed air driven reciprocating airless piston pump equipment.
Airless spray systems in any of the above categories atomise fluid or liquid including paints and coatings by forcing the fluid through a small nozzle or orifice at high pressure. As the liquid passes through the small nozzle or airless spray tip at high pressure the liquid is atomised into a fine spray. The effect is similar to restricting the flow of water from a standard garden hose by placing your finger over the end of the hose and restricting the flow of water until the water becomes a spray of water.
Never place fingers or any other body part near any outlet on an airless spray unit as the extremely high pressure can cause serious injury.
- Cordless Airless
- Diaphragm Airless
- Electric Airless
- Hand Held Airless Sprayer
- Hydraulic Airless
- Petrol Airless
- Piston Airless
- Pneumatic Airless


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The AJP will offer a fresh approach that respects flying foxes and bats for their intrinsic worth and will help provide and maintain their basic needs, instead of seeing them as 'pests'.
1. To address misinformation focusing on bats as dangerous pests to be culled or relocated. A positive image should be promoted focusing on bats' irreplaceable ecological benefits.
2. To outlaw the killing of flying foxes including by landholders for damage mitigation (whether deliberately by shooting and electrocution or from being entangled in nets).
3. To increase flying fox habitat.
4. To require the use of wildlife friendly netting or other non-harmful alternatives to protect orchards where flying foxes are a problem.
5. To ban the use of barbed wire and electrified fencing in rural residential areas where they are a hazard to flying foxes and bats as well as to birds, kangaroos, gliders, possums, wallabies and people.


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Can oral submucous fibrosis be cured?
If the disease is detected at a very early stage, cessation of the habit is sufficient. Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Moderate-to-severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Medical treatment is symptomatic and predominantly aimed at improving mouth movements.
Is oral submucous fibrosis reversible?
Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Moderate oral submucous fibrosis is reversible with cessation of habit and mouth opening exercise.
How do you treat oral submucous fibrosis at home?
OSMF treatment in AyurvedaYou can use Triphala Kashayam or Yashtimadhu Kashayam to rinse twice a day. To reduce the burning sensation, drink a glass of aloe vera juice once a day. Take Triphala churna or Avipattikar churna with warm water at bedtime, if you have constipation.
How do you get rid of fibrosis in the mouth?
In case the Fibrosis has progressed then surgical procedures are necessary to combat it. Surgical procedures include submucosal injections and mucosal grafting. Aggressive treatment is essential to defeating OSMF before it becomes irreversible.
How do you know if you have oral submucous fibrosis?
Symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis include the following :
- Progressive inability to open the mouth (trismus) due to oral fibrosis and scarring.
- Oral pain and a burning sensation upon consumption of spicy foodstuffs.
- Increased salivation.
- Change of gustatory sensation.
- Hearing loss due to stenosis of the eustachian tubes.
Can you live with fibrosis?
The average life expectancy of patients with pulmonary fibrosis is three to five years after diagnosis. However, early detection of the disease is key to slowing progression, and conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can impact disease prognosis.
How is oral submucous fibrosis diagnosed?
Currently, oral biopsy for hematoxylin and eosin provides the most definitive diagnosis and is crucial because of the association of oral submucous fibrosis with oral cancer. Some authorities have reported benefit with immunohistochemical techniques such as Masson trichrome staining when pathology involved muscle.
How can I improve my mouth opening?
Step 1: Put your thumb on your top teeth in the middle of your jaw. Step 2: Put the index finger of your other hand on your bottom teeth in the middle of your jaw. Step 3: Open your mouth as wide as possible, using your fingers to give extra resistance. Hold this stretch for five to 10 seconds.
Does smoking causes OSMF?
We found that tobacco was strongly associated with both OSMF and leukoplakia. This study showed that the risk of OSMF at each exposure level of tobacco was stronger than that of leukoplakia.
Is oral submucous fibrosis painful?
Symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis include the following : Progressive inability to open the mouth (trismus) due to oral fibrosis and scarring. Oral pain and a burning sensation upon consumption of spicy foodstuffs.
Does smoking cause OSMF?
What is the medical treatment for oral submucous fibrosis?
Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Moderate-to-severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible. Medical treatment is symptomatic and predominantly aimed at improving mouth movements. Treatment strategies are described below. [ 4]
How is IFN gamma used to treat oral submucous fibrosis?
This plays a role in the treatment of patients with oral submucous fibrosis because of its immunoregulatory effect. IFN-gamma is a known antifibrotic cytokine.
How often to take pentoxifylline for oral submucous fibrosis?
In a pilot study, 14 test subjects with advanced oral submucous fibrosis given pentoxifylline at 400 mg 3 times daily were compared to 15 ageand sex-matched diseased control subjects.
What is the interincisal distance of oral submucous fibrosis?
Patients having an interincisal distance above 35 mm are included in this group. It refers to those OSF patients who have an interincisal distance between 26 and 36 mm. It includes moderately advanced cases where the interincisal distance of the patients is from 15 to 26 mm.


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Asagi are fully scaled, nonmetallic fish with a long history, but because they closely resemble Magoi (the wild black carp). Some hobbyists see them as unrefined, dull, and not proper koi at all. Certainly they are an acquired taste, far removed from the brilliantly tri colored modern Showa or the flashy koi grouped in Hikariutsuri. But their quiet elegance serves as a counterpart to their more exotic pond mates and they also have the potential to grow very large.
Asagi have a long, yet simple history. The Asagi Magoi, one of the three recognized types of Magoi, is said to be the forerunner of all modern koi breeds. About 160 years ago, two mutants koi types arose from this proto-koi, namely the Konjo and the Narumi Asagi. Although instrumental in the development of Matsuba koi, the dark Konjo Asagi were not seen as having any value, and were kept mostly for food stock. However, Narumi Asagi have gone on to become one half of a recognized judging variety - the other being their Doitsu counterparts, or Shusui.
The Bekko Koi Fish is usually a white fish with black markings. The Bekko has also been known to be red, or yellow with black markings. The white Bekko is known as the Shiro Bekko Koi, the yellow is known as the Aka Bekko, and the red is known as the Ki Bekko. The Japanese translation means "tortoise shell." The Bekko is commonly mistaken for the Utsuri Koi Fish.
The Doitsu Koi Fish is a variation of the Sanke Koi. The Doitsu is a scale less version of the fish. Commonly the Doitsu is red, black and white. The Doitsu was created by cross breeding several types of German Carp.
The Gin Matsuba Koi Fish is a metallic looking fish. It is normally a silver or red hue. The Gin Matsuba is part of the Hikary family. The Japanese translation is "pine cone."
The GinRin Kohaku Koi Fish is part of the Kohaku family. The GinRin is normally white with red shiny scales. The Japanese translation is silver (white metallic) and red.
The Goromo Koi Fish is very similar to the standard Kohaku Koi, except instead of having the standard red patches, the edges of the scales normally have a black or blue hue to them. The breed of fish is a hybrid of the Kohaku and the Asagi Koi Fish. The breed came about in the 1950s.
Kikokuryu are the metallic version of Kumonryu. Where the Kumonryu has muted, matte white and soft, deep black, the Kikokuryu has a metallic platinum-white and a glossy, lacquer-black.
Kikokuryu originated from a crossing of Kumonryu and Platinum Ogon brood stock.
What To Look For: Similar to Kumonryu, the pattern of any single Kikokuryu will change completely many times throughout it\'s lifespan. For this reason, body conformation and the quality of the colors themselves (but not the pattern) should be the first things considered when choosing a Kikokuryu.
Be aware that if you buy a Kikokuryu solely for the pattern that it displays at the time of purchase, it is likely to change to a completely different pattern within a few months, if not sooner.
You Save: $300.00
You Save: $300.00