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The RV awning is an indispensable part of our camping because it creates shade to prevent UV rays and rainwater. The awning is designed from many components including torsion springs. It's one of the most important gears to maintain the device's tension. After few years, the springs can be degraded and cause stagnant problems for the awning when we open it. Hence, we should change them to a new one to prevent damages for your RV awning. In this article, I am going to introduce steps on how to replace the torsion springs:
Prepare Tools And Supplies
Before replacing the torsion springs, you should prepare these items below to achieve a good result:
- 3/18 inches and 1/8 inches drill bits
- 1/8 inches pop rivets
- Step ladder
Steps on How to Replace the Torsion Springs
Remove the Awning from a Coach
If your awning was installed on a coach, you should follow these steps to remove it from your RV before assembling torsion springs.
Step 1: Find a clean and smooth place to start working.
Step 2: Unscrew and remove the ½ inches TEK screws from both sides at the end of the awning fabric. Then, remove the top brackets on the awning rail.
Step 3: Unscrew the brackets to remove the patio feet and extend the adjustable arms.
Step 4: Pull the awning fabric or roller cover away from the awning rail.
Unwinding Torsion Assembly Springs
Step 1: Use a vise grip to clamp into the top casting on the awning. Then, unscrew the ¼-20 x ½ inches hex head screw from the top casting.
Step 2: Pull the top casting away from the main support arm carefully. To let the spring can be unwound, make sure that turn clockwise of the cam lock lever.
Step 3: Wait until the torsion spring can unwind completely. Then, move to the opposite side and repeat Step 1 and Step 2.
How to remove and replace torsion springs
Step 1: The torsion springs should be relieved of its tension before pulling them out. Mark the positions of the end cap and the fabric on the roller tube.
Step 2: Use a drill with a 3/16 inches drill bit to remove two rivets on the torsion assembly and the rivet bodies on the roller tube.
Step 3: Then, pull the torsion assembly away from the roller tube.
Step 4: To reduce the responsibility of the poly rope impacting on the cam lock lever, you should cut off the valance poly rope on the right-hand torsion. In this case, we have two types of roller tubes so you need different ways to cut off the rope:
- Steel roller tube: With this type of roller tube, you should cut the poly rope when pulled toward the valance groove. Remember leaving enough length of the rope to fold it behind the valance groove.
- Aluminum roller: You should cut and leave two inches length of the poly rope. It must be pulled toward the center position and locked in the notch of the roller tube.
Step 5: Install a new torsion spring in the roller tube. Be careful to align the rivet places and the holes in the roller tube.
Step 6: Change the opposite side of the roller tube to trim the poly ropes in the same as the above steps.
Step 7: Use 3/16 x 3/8 inches steel rivets to secure torsion springs.
Rewinding Torsion Assembly Spring
Step 1: Prepare a step ladder if you want to rewind the torsion assembly, which is attached to the coach. Otherwise, if you have extended the awning and locked the opposite side rafter, you can stand on the ground. This step will keep you safe so please performing it.
Step 2: Use a vise grip and clamp it tightly on the top casting.
Step 3: Find the number of turns based on the Torque Chart (indicated as below) and rewind the torsion assembly the same as this number.
|Awning Length (Ft.)||Standard||Heavy Duty|
|Number of turns||Number of turns|
Step 4: Between the end cap and torsion rod will have a hole, so you will need to put a 1/8 inches cotter pin through that hole. This action will reduce the speed of the top casting when installing the awning.
Step 5: Install the awning on a coach.
Those are entire steps on how to replace and install the torsion springs for RV awning. To achieve a good result, you should read them carefully and our instructions step by step.
Did you find these steps helpful for you?
Let us know in this comment below!
Please share them with other campers once you are successful.


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The title pretty much sums it up - but let me give a little bit of background first.
In the p-local stable homotopy category (basically one localizes away the torsion spectra which are not p-torsion) the Morava K-theories are a non-negative integer indexed family of spectra (morally they are residue objects or "homological fibre functors") which classify the thick subcategories of SH^{(fin)_p the p-local stable homotopy category of finite spectra. This classification assigns to each p-local finite spectrum a type (namely the smallest thick subcategory it occurs in).
As far as I know the only definitions of type are directly in this way via the Morava K-theories or in terms of periodic self maps which are still really in terms of Morava K-theory.
Is there a more "constructive" definition of type? For instance can one determine the type of a p-local finite spectrum in terms of how bad the obstruction to it generating the whole of SH^{(fin}}_p is? Really I would be happy with any answer which was somewhat more constructive or to find out that the question is open/ridiculous.
Now let me explain somewhat the motivation for this question and how it came about. One can view the Morava K-theories (as I mentioned above) as residue objects/homological fibre functors (the term homological fibre functor has less algebraic geometry bias and sounds cooler) in the sense that their behaviour is analogous to residue fields of points in the derived category of quasi-coherent modules on a scheme (to be safe one should really take the derived category of O_X-modules with quasi-coherent cohomology) and with \kappa-modules in modular representation theory. Namely they all give tensor functors to some flavour of graded vector space category which classify thick subcategories.
The mod n Moore spectra are 'Koszul objects' which we want to view as analogues of the usual Koszul complexes on a scheme and of Carlson modules in modular rep theory. In other words a Koszul object is a cone on some (possibly graded and maybe also twisted) element of the endomorphism ring of the tensor unit of our category.
Now one can associate some geometry to a biexact tensor product (by biexact tensor product I mean symmetric monoidal structure which is exact in each variable, there are no decency assumptions or extra axioms regarding compatibility with the triangulation required) on an essentially small triangulated category. It is possible to cook up a locally ringed space associated to such a category with tensor product (this is work of Paul Balmer). In the two algebraic cases, derived categories of schemes and stable categories in modular rep theory, one gets (with some mild hypothesis in the algebraic geometry case) back the scheme or recovers the projective support variety. This comes down in some sense to the fact that the Koszul objects determine the topology, or equivalently that they determine the thick subcategories in some sense.
This fails for the stable homotopy category of finite spectra (both globally and p-locally). The mod n Moore spectra are not enough - one needs the Morava K-theories. The locally ringed space one gets is not a scheme (nor an algebraic space). One can then ask if there is some "global" reason that this happens (even though it is not at all a surprise) other than the fact that the Morava K-theories are just there generating subcategories p-locally. This is motivated partially by trying to understand the failure of a certain comparison map to be injective (which I didn't mention - it would be interesting to have a good criterion for its injectivity and I currently only have quite hard to check ones) and to try to get some feel for what properties can cause the associated locally ringed space to fail to be algebraic (one really needs more examples computed for this and I haven't found the time yet unfortunately).
So basically I feel that if there were some definition of type that made clear the failure to be able to reduce the type by taking triangles and suspensions (or something other than just the residue objects being there) it might be quite enlightening. In particular, in general one wouldn't expect to produce an algebraic gadget from a topological triangulated category (in the sense of Schwede ). That is why I mentioned the extension problem as if topologicalness provided some global obstruction to Koszul objects being enough that would be very interesting.
That got very long - I hope it is interesting/useful.
share|cite|improve this question
I am sufficiently interested! Tell us more please, while we wait for an answer... – Peter Arndt Oct 25 '09 at 21:45
I'll edit in some more details later tonight when I get a chance. – Greg Stevenson Oct 26 '09 at 1:47
Would some kind of definition of type in terms of Smith-Toda complexes or generalized Moore spectra be more in line with what you are thinking about? – Tyler Lawson Oct 26 '09 at 11:59
I'll check it out and let you know (I'll also have a look at the orange book). Thanks for the responses. – Greg Stevenson Oct 26 '09 at 23:04
2 Answers 2
My theory on this, which could be wrong, is that if the stable homotopy of the sphere (whatever the words "sphere" and "stable homotopy" mean in your situation) is Noetherian commutative, then type should be determined by prime ideals in the stable homotopy of the sphere.
For example
 1. D(R). Stable homotopy is homology, sphere is R. If R is Noetherian commutative, the type of X is determined by ann H_* X. This is the Hopkins thick subcategory theorem.
 2. Stmod(kG). This one is a little confusing, because stable homotopy is really Tate cohomology, which is never Noetherian. But group cohomology is Noetherian, and Stmod(kG) is just a localization of D(kG). The sphere is k. So we should expect the type of M to be determined by ann [k,M] in D(kG), which is something like the Benson-Carlson-Rickard theorem.
 3. Stable homotopy category. Here the homotopy of the sphere is far, far from Noetherian, so you cannot expect the type to be determined by the homotopy of the sphere. There are "embedded primes"; prime ideals in the category not visible in the homotopy of the sphere. You kill p, and a new prime ideal pops up that was not previously visible.
share|cite|improve this answer
Thanks Mark, this is interesting. I have mostly thought about prime tensor ideals rather than all thick subcategories - in this case one does not need R noetherian for perfect complexes to have the right tensor ideal spectrum (although the direct proof I have reduces to the noetherian case). It is interesting that you point out that annihilators determine type; I can prove that there is a condition on annihilators which guarantees the spectrum lives inside an affine scheme. My probably naive hope is that one can somehow understand this failure explicitly for non-algebraic categories. – Greg Stevenson Nov 14 '09 at 3:15
By applying the thick subcategory theorem you can come up with lots of new definitions of "type", but it is somewhat unsatisfying because the fact that any of them are equivalent is very non-obvious. You can steal several from Ravenel's orange book. These include conditions like conditions on MU-homology or BP-homology of X that lift conditions on the K(n)-homology, or conditions on what kinds of endomorphisms exist in the (center of the) graded endomorphism ring of X, or conditions on the thick subcategory of the p-local stable homotopy category that X generates (it generates all spectra of type >= n), or on the slope of the smallest vanishing line of the Adams spectral sequence computing the homotopy groups of X, etc, etc.
I'm not sure what you mean by the potential factorizations you propose. For example, a spectrum Y of type greater than zero is annihilated by some power of p, and so any map from X factors through a cone X/p^n, and there are further factorizations through cones beyond that. However, to define what I mean by these further cones I need to say something about what a type-n self-map is in the first plane, and I'm not sure how to do that from first principles.
I hope to see more details and if I can say something more specific then I'll try.
share|cite|improve this answer
I wasn't very clear about the factorizations (and I am still not in the edited version but I did include a reference) - but as an example of what I mean the mod 3 Moore spectrum S/3 is killed by 3 so we get for X-> S/3 a factorization via X/3. But even though it is 3 torsion it is not true necessarily that the cone on X/3 -> S/3 is still annihilated by 3 - one needs to take a higher power. This sort of thing can't happen in algebraic categories and I wondered (although sort of doubt) if it could be related. – Greg Stevenson Oct 26 '09 at 10:00
Your Answer


text:
This book was the chosen book for the Celebration of Reading campaign, 2012
A Dog Named Worthless:
A Hero Is Born Children's Book
for K-6th Grade Humane Education
A Dog Named Worthless: A Hero Is Born
Written and illustrated by Rocky Shepheard
Welcome to Dogs Deserve Better's first Fantasy Action/Adventure Fiction picture book for kids and adults alike! Disney-esque in tone, the book is beautifully illustrated and written by Rocky Shepheard, a long-time supporter and advocate for chained dogs. The book is full color, hardback for better protection and sturdiness, and comes to life on 32 pages.
Worthless is a chained dog who has never lived inside the house. He suffers through cold winters and hot summers only with the help of his two friends—Otto and Sly Fox. His friends plot to free him and they set off on an adventure to look for a new life somewhere where there are no chains.
They search for days in snow and ice until they find a place on the edge of a pond to hunker down for the winter.
But fate intervenes and presents an opportunity for Worthless to finally prove to himself that he is worthy of love and a good home. Will Worthless have the courage to face his fears and become the dog he has always wanted to be?
About Worthless: Worthless was the name of a real dog, he was the reason that Dogs Deserve Better was founded and that's why the book was named after him. Someone actually named their dog Worthless, can you believe that? Read about his rescue here. It was fitting that the winning contest model for the book was another black lab named Maggie, beloved companion of Joe Maringo of SPARRO.
Dan Piraro - Internationally acclaimed cartoonist and creator of Bizarro:
"'A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born' is, like it's title character, anything but worthless. This is an exciting story with a full range of emotions that kids will love and adults will take pause to think about.
The same story that is lovingly illustrated within plays itself out in communities all over the world and the lessons learned from this story are simple but so important. This book will lead readers of all ages to more fully understand the true nature of "man's best friend" with a common-sense, compassionate approach that can change the world for the better."
– Dan Piraro, creator of "Bizarro"
Cia Bruno, Esq. - New York Animal Rights Advocate:
"A masterfully captivating illustrative theme! In A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born, the author skillfully introduces several elements of conflict and resolution that are rich in
opportunity for mutual exploration between parent and child.
The dominant message being that 'all' sentient creatures are worthy of our respect for their needs and existence."
— Cia Bruno, Attorney at law and advocate for all sentient creatures at _URL_
Lorraine Chittock -Photographer and Author:
"Wow. I love it. Finally a book appears which addresses a pressing dog
issue, but doesn't come across as preachy or pandering. From the first
page to the last, the reader is drawn into the troubles of Worthless,
and captivated by a wonderful story juxtaposed with exquisite
paintings. For children this book is a must. For adults, it signifies
hope and the progress being made for the lives of chained dogs all
over the world."
Travel books exploring our unique bond with animals
DDB Founder Tamira Thayne:
"When Rocky presented his idea, I was instantly intrigued by a story that is less about the reality of everyday chaining, and more a fun fiction tale featuring animal friends and foes. I was delighted with his storyline, and even more enamored with his illustrations. I hope that A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born ends up on every dog lover's bookshelf, because that's where it deserves to be!"
– Tamira C. Thayne, founder and CEO of Dogs Deserve Better _URL_
Robin Helfritch Co-founder of Open The Cages Alliance:
"Rocky Shepheard's inspiring and delightful book, "A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born" will warm your heart and leave you smiling. Beautifully illustrated, it tells the tale of "Worthless," a neglected dog who is callously left by his uncaring human "owner" to live his life chained to a rickety wooden box in extreme temperatures. This is, unfortunately, the fate for far too many dogs. Luckily for Worthless, he has good friends, Sly Fox and Otto the Otter. Through teamwork, bravery and a little luck, Worthless's life takes a turn for the better!
This book teaches the importance of compassion, friendship, collaboration, acceptance, and the fact that all deserve freedom from oppression. It is perfect for children and adults of all ages, and the life lessons learned in this book will resonate within all who read it."
– Robin Helfritch
Co-founder, Open the Cages Alliance
Catherine Hedges founder of Dont Bully My Breed, Inc.:
"A New Name for Worthless; A Hero is Born, is a wonderful combination of fantasy and reality, and a reminder that no dog is born "Worthless" but, any dog, in the hands of the wrong person, can be treated as worthless. The book shows children everyone has worth and is a great lesson in self esteem, as well as emphasizing the importance of loyalty and friendship and what can be accomplished when friends work together. It shows the importance of compassion and love and should inspire kids to ask questions about animal cruelty and neglect. It is evident in Shepheard's heartwarming story and stunning illustrations that he is a person with a great heart and one hopes that his message will impact every adult or child who reads it."
– Catherine Hedges
Founder of Dont Bully My Breed, Inc.
Nikki Brown - The UK DOG WHISPERER from Canine Angel:
"'A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born' is just such a delightful book with a really simple yet powerful message about how these creatures that we humans call "Dogs", can teach us all the important lessons of forgiveness, love, devotion, courage, bravery, living in the moment and never holding a grudge.
The story is about how this dog views his world after being chained up to a dog house all his life suffering all weather conditions and being given the name of "Worthless " by his human owner, reminding us all that neglect and cruelty still exists in today's world.
The beautiful illustrations help to ignite your imagination and take you into this dogs world where all he ever wants is the opportunity to show he can be the dog that he was born to be, and show that even though he has been mistreated he can still find it in his heart and soul to forgive, love unconditionally and become man's best friend.
A great read for kids and adults, and every dog owner or potential dog owner needs to have this in their book collection."
– Nikki Brown – The UK DOG WHISPERER – Canine Angel
Leigh-Chantelle -Australian Vegan Activist/Singer Songwriter:
"Worthless the Dog is much more than his namesake. His friends Sly the fox and Otto the sea otter unite to free him from his unbearable life chained to a rickety wooden box, all Worthless has known as a home.
Beautifully illustrated by Rocky Shepheard and written in the first person from Worthless' point of view, A New Name for Worthless: A Hero is Born is a wonderful story of courage, friendship and bravery.
Families can read this wonderful book together and learn lessons in patience, humility, forgiveness and respect, all taught by Worthless the dog.
This is a great resource book for Humane Education released by the not for profit organisation Dogs Deserve Better who believe in respecting, freeing and enhancing the freedom of all chained animals."
Founder of Green Earth Day, _URL_
Viva La Vegan _URL_
Performing Artist _URL_
Veterinarian / Activist Dr. Armaiti May:
"What an inspiration! Engaging as it is educational, this children's book brings to light the little-known problem of dogs being neglected and left to languish on the end of a chain rather than with their family inside the home.
This dog's story of hardship, collaboration with his fellow animal friends, and ultimate freedom from unfair confinement warms the heart. It is beautifully told and fills the reader with empathy for the dog's predicament as well as admiration for his determination to free himself and find a more loving home."
– Armaiti May, DVM
Using age-appropriate messaging,
this book targets the following Humane Education
aspects for coursework and can be used to stimulate discussion
about these issues with students and children:
- Dog Chaining
- Importance of friends
- Working as a team
- Wildlife education
book follows the success of Puddles On The Floor, by Lorena Estep and illustrated by Tamira C. Thayne, and is only the second children's book created specifically for Dogs Deserve Better. It can be bought in package with Puddles at a discounted price, see below for package deals.
book is perfect for family fun reading, and for humane
education from kindergarten-through 6th grades. If
you're a nonprofit who would like to buy wholesale for fundraising
purposes, please call us at _PHONE_ for pricing options.
you'd like DDB to come to

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


In a continuing trend, employers are abandoning on-call scheduling as states and cities continue to pass predictive scheduling laws.
1. What is Predictive Scheduling?
Predictive scheduling laws require employers to give employees adequate notice of when they will work so that they can plan for and around their work shifts. The idea is that, unlike
As we previously shared in this blog, the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division ("WHD") issued an opinion letter in November 2018 changing the Department's position regarding whether and when an employer with tipped employees, such as a restaurant, can pay an employee a tipped wage less than the federal minimum wage.
Earlier today, the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in cases involving the Department of Labor's ("DOL") "80/20 Rule" regarding what is commonly referred to as "sidework" in the restaurant industry. Agreeing with the arguments made by our new colleague Paul DeCamp, among others, the Ninth Circuit issued a decidedly employer-friendly decision. In so doing, it
By Kara Maciel
Our national hospitality practice frequently advises restaurant owners and operators on whether it is legal for employers to pass credit card swipe fees onto employees or even to guests, and the short answer is, yes, in most states. But whether an employer wants to actually pass along this charge and risk alienating
The New York State Department of Labor recently issued a proposed rule which would combine the current wage orders for the restaurant and hotel industries to form a single Minimum Wage Order for the Hospitality Industry. If adopted, the Wage Order would affect requirements related to the minimum wage, tip credits and pooling, customer service charges, allowances, overtime calculations, and other common issues within the restaurant and hotel industries. Additionally, the Wage Order would provide helpful guidance for traditionally ambiguous wage issues such as the handling of service charges and the definition of an employee uniform for purposes of a laundry allowance.
Continue Reading Newly Proposed Wage Order Merges Restaurant and Hotel Industry Wage and Hour Requirements


text:
europaeum and two new related chigger mite species
(Acari: Trombiculidae) from Caucasus
388-405 (2004) (In Russian, English summary).
S U M M A R Y
chigger mite species closely related to Leptotrombidium
europaeum (Daniel et Brelih, 1959) are described from small
mammals collected in Caucasus and Transcaucasia. L. alanicum
sp.n. differs from L. europaeum in having
shorter legs (TaIII = 61—81, Ip = 734—927 versus 72—90, and 855—1017),
shorter scutal and idiosomal setae (Dmin =
30—45, Dmax = 48—67, H = 59, PL = 58 versus
40—52, 54—69, 64, 63), slightly smaller scutum (AP = 25, SD = 47, PW =
89 versus 28, 50, 91), and more numerous idiosomal setae (87 versus
81). L. montanum sp. n. differs
from L. europaeum in having more numerous idiosomal
setae (102 versus 81), longer scutal and idiosomal setae (AM = 61, AL =
44, H = 68, Dmax = 66 versus 56, 41, 64, 62),
thicker legs (TaW = 19 versus 18), and broader scutum (PW = 95 versus
91). Exact identification of both new species is possible only using
classification functions constructed by means of discriminant analysis.
These three Leptotrombidium
species expose sympatric distribution in Daghestan (Eastern Caucasus). L.
alanicum and L. montanum also occurred
together in Krasnodar Territory (Western Caucasus). Each of these
species includes a number of local geographical forms precisely
distinguished from each other. Morphometric differences between L.
alanicum and L. montanum agree with
eco-geographic rules being previously found in chigger mites from other
genera. However, differences between local forms of these species show
other tendencies, directed controversially in part. Therefore it is
probable that interspecific differences in this case correspond to the
variability which took place in the process of speciation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Person:Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln (1)
Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln
d.2 Jun 1258
Facts and Events
Name Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln
Gender Male
Birth[1] 1227 or 1230 Of Lincolnshire, England
Alt Birth? May 1227 Halton, Runcorn, Cheshire, England
Marriage May 1247 Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Englandto Alasia of Saluzzo
Death? 2 Jun 1258
Burial[4] Stanlow Abbey, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, England
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Edmund de Lacy (c._PHONE_) was the son of John de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln. When his father died in 1240 he inherited his father's titles and lands which included Baron of Pontefract, Baron of Halton, Lord of Bowland, and Constable of Chester. As he was a minor his inheritance was held by him in wardship by his mother. Normally his inheritance would have been held in wardship until he reached the age of majority (21). However, Edmund was allowed to succeed his father at only 18 years of age. He was heir to his mother Margaret de Quincy and on her death would have inherited the Earldom of Lincoln that vested in her. (His father had only been Earl by rights of his wife.) As he predeceased his mother he never became the Earl of Lincoln.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
 1. Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
 2. Edmund de Lacy, 2nd Earl of Lincoln, in Lundy, Darryl. The Peerage: A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe.
 3. EDMUND (1230-2 Jun 1258, bur Stanlaw Abbey)., in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families.
 4. Edmund De Lacy, in Find A Grave.
Peerage of England
Ranulf de Blondeville
Fourth creation
John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln
(Fifth creation)
his father
2nd Earl of Lincoln
Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln
his son
Alice Plantagenet, 4th Countess of Lincoln
his grandaughter


text:
The Medieval Art of IlluminationGRADES: 4-8
DURATION: Total - 120 minutes. 60 minute assembly, 45 minute hands-on experience and 15 minute children's presentation.
AVAILABILITY: Year Round
COST: $350 per program
CONTACT: Zoe Alowan, TAP Tour Coordinator _PHONE_
GROUP SIZE: up to 120 sutdents
|Take a journey to medieval times in Europe when one of
the great arts was the making of illuminated manuscripts. Travel to secret monastery
libraries and scriptoria where books were created and hidden away. Learn about the history
about the centers of illumination work, Romanesque art and architecture, the Bayeaux
tapestry, how monks made vellum, ink and paints, and view first hand selected pages from
the Beatus of Liebana, one of the most copied books of its time. the building of the
cathedrals, amazing gargoyles, and the impact of the Crusades will all be discussed.
Beautiful murals and stained glass windows transport students back in time while a storyteller recounts an early recorded tale.
Hands-on learning experiences for students include:
Creating illuminated bookmarks
Writing with quill pens
Acting in a medieval play (in costume)
Sketching their classmates
Creating medieval amulets out of Sculpey


text: Between 2012 and 2017, more than twenty municipalities passed ordinances providing for extended labor protections for their residents like paid sick leave and higher minimum wages. Often these municipalities and their governing bodies have been more liberal and racially diverse than their respective legislatures. In some of the states where municipalities have succeeded in passing this legislation, the state legislature has very quickly preempted those measures with a state law dictating that no city can set a minimum wage higher than the federal standard of $7.25 an hour. These state laws banning cities from raising the working wage constitute intrastate minimum wage preemption. The lawmakers preempting these local reform efforts proffer to justifications for the bills rooted in economics and federalism. However, these preemptive measures raise consequential questions related to the due process of lawmaking and equal protection jurisprudence more generally. This Note applies an intersectional analysis to the ongoing conservative strategy of intrastate minimum wage preemption6 to reveal one example of how such preemptive measures limit progressive change, and especially burden Black women and women of color. Ultimately, this Note identifies two significant phenomena—or "intersections"— that, together, amount to what this Note will call Intersectionality Squared.


HyperDic: inhabitant
English > 1 sense of the word inhabitant:
NOUNperson inhabitant, habitant, dweller, denizen, indwellera person who inhabits a particular place
inhabitant > pronunciation
Soundsihnhhae'bahtahnt; ihnhhae'bihtahnt
Rhymesabandonment... wonderment: 671 rhymes with ahnt...
English > inhabitant: 1 sense > noun 1, person
MeaningA person who inhabits a particular place.
Synonymshabitant, dweller, denizen, indweller
NarrowerAlsatianA native or inhabitant of Alsace
AmericanA native or inhabitant of the United States
AmericanA native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country
Asian, AsiaticA native or inhabitant of Asia
Australian, AussieA native or inhabitant of Australia
AustronesianA native or inhabitant of Austronesia
EuropeanA native or inhabitant of Europe
Galilean, GalilaeanAn inhabitant of Galilee (an epithet of Jesus Christ)
HittiteA member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC
LatinAn inhabitant of ancient Latium
NazareneAn inhabitant of Nazareth
New Zealander, KiwiA native or inhabitant of New... / New Zealand
NorthernerAn inhabitant of the North
NumidianAn inhabitant of ancient Numidia
OccidentalA native inhabitant of the Occident
PhilistineA member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC
PhrygianA native or inhabitant of Phrygia
Trinidadianinhabitant or native of Trinidad
bordererAn inhabitant of a border area (especially the border between Scotland and England)
cottager, cottage dwellersomeone who lives in a cottage
easternerAn inhabitant of an eastern area
islander, island-dwellerAn inhabitant of an island
landlubber, landsman, landmanA person who lives and works on land
liversomeone who lives in a place
marcherAn inhabitant of a border district
plainsmanAn inhabitant of a plains region (especially the Great Plains of North America)
resident, occupant, occupiersomeone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there
tellurian, earthling, earthman, worldlingAn inhabitant of the earth
villagerOne who has lived in a village most of their life
westernerAn inhabitant of a western area
Broaderperson, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soulA human being
Spanishhabitante, habitantes, moradora, morador, residente, vecina, vecino
Catalanhabitant, llatinoamericà, pobladora, poblador, resident, veí, veïna
Verbsinhabitinhabit or live in
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Figure 5.
Chromaticity diagrams of lungfish cone photoreceptor colour space. Calculations were made for juvenile (A, B) and adult (C, D) lungfish, both with (A, C) and without (B, D) the filtering effects of the yellow ellipsoidal and red oil droplet spectral filters in the MWS and LWS cones. The black star in each diagram is the achromatic point. Large spheres/circles are the body colours (brown, orange, red), rocks and sand substrate (grey) and macrophytes (green) shown in Figs. 4B, C. Small circles represent monochromatic loci at 5nm intervals across the lungfish-visible spectrum. Note the increased separation of the object reflectance spectra and the displacement of the monochromatic loci towards the vertices in both juveniles (B) and adults (D) with spectral filters, relative to the situation without the effects of spectral filters. See Fig. 2 for explanation of abbreviations.
Hart et al. BMC Ecology 2008 8:21 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-8-21
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Dissolution of expressive and instrumental voluntary associations: Four key dimensions in explaining organizational change
Dan Sundblom*, Mikko Lagerspetz, Liisi Keedus, Erle Rikmann
*Tämän työn vastaava kirjoittaja
Tutkimustuotos: LehtiartikkeliArtikkeliTieteellinenvertaisarvioitu
8 Lataukset (Pure)
This study inspects the reasons as for why voluntary associations end their activity and dissolveas legal entities. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with formerleaders of 30 organizations in Estonia and Finland. To appreciate the sector's diversity, the analysismakes a distinction between associations with mainly expressive, and those with mainly instrumentalfunctions. Causes for the associations' dissolution fall into four different categories related to (1) theassociation as a social entity, (2) resources, (3) goals and (4) environment. Reasons belonging to thefirst category of internal, social reasons, such as problems of leadership, internal organization andmembership recruitment were the most common ones. However, several reasons often intertwined. Acomparison between associations of different types showed that expressive associations were mostoften threatened by causes in the first category, while they were surprisingly immune to the other ones.Instrumental associations are dependent on other actors and external circumstances, and the reasons fortheir dissolution are likely to be related to problems with resource acquisition, goals or environments.
JulkaisuResearch On Finnish Society
TilaJulkaistu - 18 joulukuuta 2020
OKM-julkaisutyyppiA1 Julkaistu artikkeli, soviteltu


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When you use LINE regularly, cached data and data from your chats start to build up. This data can cause the app to run slowly, so we recommend deleting it on a regular basis.
To delete the LINE app's cached data:
1. Tap the Home tab > Settings > Chats.
2. Tap Delete data > Cached data.
3. Tap Delete selected data > Delete data.
Note: You can also choose to delete photos, voice messages, and files that were sent in your chats.
To delete data from individual chats:
1. On the Chats tab, tap the chat you want to delete data from.
2. Tap the menu icon at the top of the chat screen.
3. Tap Other settings > Delete data.
4. Tap Delete selected data > Delete data.
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Lam·bert \ˈläm-ˌbert\ (audio pronunciation) Johann Heinrich (1728–1777),
German mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Largely self-educated, Lambert investigated geometry and astronomy, doing so by means of instruments which he himself designed and built. He also made significant contributions to the knowledge of heat and light. In 1760 he demonstrated for the first time how to measure quantitatively the intensity of light. The cgs unit of measurement for light intensity, the lambert, is named in his honor.


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Each article is divided into two parts—the head and the body. The
body can be divided into a signature part and a text part. The variable
that says what is to be considered a signature is
gnus-signature-separator. This is normally the standard
'^-- $' as mandated by son-of-RFC 1036. However, many people use
non-standard signature separators, so this variable can also be a list
of regular expressions to be tested, one by one. (Searches are done
from the end of the body towards the beginning.) One likely value is:
(setq gnus-signature-separator '("^-- $" ; The standard "^-- *$" ; A common mangling "^-------*$" ; Many people just use a looong ; line of dashes. Shame! "^ *--------*$" ; Double-shame! "^________*$" ; Underscores are also popular "^========*$")) ; Pervert!
The more permissive you are, the more likely it is that you'll get false positives.
gnus-signature-limit provides a limit to what is considered a
signature when displaying articles.
nil, there is no signature in the buffer.
This variable can also be a list where the elements may be of the types listed above. Here's an example:
(setq gnus-signature-limit '(200.0 "^---*Forwarded article"))
This means that if there are more than 200 lines after the signature separator, or the text after the signature separator is matched by the regular expression '^---*Forwarded article', then it isn't a signature after all.


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Yerba mansa is a California native, occurring in Southern California along seeps, stream edges and wet meadows, particularly where the soil is alkaline.
It has light green leaves which form rosettes of foliage about 6" tall. The plant spreads by sending out long runners in the same way as strawberries. In moist alkaline soils, large colonies of plants are soon formed.
In late spring, curious cones of flowers are produced which stand about 3-4" above the foliage. Each "cone" is, in fact, a tight collection of masses of tiny greenish flowers.
Although yerba mansa thrives in soils with a high pH, it's very tolerant of neutral and slightly acidic soils. It is also quite tolerant of infrequent watering and fairly dry soils, although it does look better with an ample supply of water.
Yerba mansa is tolerant of full sun in cool coastal conditions. However, it prefers light shade.
Yerba mansa will probably survive occasional winter temperatures down to 20°F. In the nursery, it has survived twelve consecutive nights of 22°F.
Yerba mansa works well in seasonal containers with other moisture-loving plants such as horsetail, gray rush (Juncus patens) and seep monkey flower (Mimulus guttatus). It also works well as a marginal plant alongside water features.


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Interactive Hematology App
The interactive hematology app was developed by Shauna C. Anderson Young, PhD, and Keila B. Poulsen, BS, MLS(ASCP)CM, H, SH. The atlas is designed especially for medical laboratory technicians or medical laboratory science students. It is also a great tool for students in nursing, nurse practitioner, and physician assistant programs and as a study guide for medical students or residents.
The high-quality images provide a study guide for the following areas:
- Red blood cell maturation
- Red blood cell abnormalities
- White blood cell maturation
- White blood cell abnormalities
- Megakaryocyte maturation
- Megakaryocyte/Platelet abnormalities
- Cells of the reticuloendothelial system
It is recommended that Anderson's Atlas of Hematology (second edition) be used in combination with the app. After a basic knowledge of cell morphology has been accomplished, interactive quizzes can be developed to confirm mastery.
Funding for this application was provided by a grant from the College of Life Sciences at Brigham Young University. It was developed by the Life Sciences Web Team. Technical problems or other comments can be submitted by email to _EMAIL_.
Due to discontinued funding, the app is no longer being maintained on the iOS and Google Play app store. However, a web-only version continues to be available to current BYU Students.


Dirt road
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cattle on a dirt road in Paraguay.
A dirt road is an unpaved road made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material. Dirt roads are suitable for vehicles; a narrower path for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a dirt track—the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads, laterite roads, murram roads and macadamized roads.)
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, they are known as dry-weather roads.
Dirt road in Switzerland for agricultural use.
Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the People's Republic of China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.
Driving on dirt roads[edit]
Detail of a dry, loamy road.
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road. In addition to the hazards already mentioned, and potholes, ruts and ridges, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
 - sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank if not shielded
 - stones skipping up hitting the car body, lights or windshields when two vehicles pass each other
 - dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility
 - 'washboard' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicle systems such as suspension and steering
 - Skidding (loss of traction) on mud after rain.
Dirt road in Brazil
A dirt road showing a heavy amount of washboarding damage
This is an 1880's photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park Neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.
Laterite and murram roads[edit]
In Africa parts of Asia, and parts of America, laterite soils are used to build dirt roads. However laterite, called murram in East Africa, varies considerably to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for four-wheel drive vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like sun-dried bricks.
See also[edit]


Apples Green - Chemical Free
Apples Green - Chemical Free
Regular price $7.50
Chemical Free*
Juicy and chemical free Green Apples. Green Apples, as the name suggests, have an even, bright green skin, sometimes greenish-yellow with a round-conical shape. Compared with their Red Sisters, Green Apples have an acidic flavour with just a hint of sweetness. Green apples are juicy, crispy-crunchy and off course, delicious!
Commonly eaten raw, they are also good for smoothies, sauces, slaws, baking, stewing, dehydrated or cooking in recipes that require an acidic apple variety. The green apple makes for a perfect snack or can be, thinly sliced throughout salads, used in curries, sauces or baked in cakes, whole baked and stuffed for a warm winter treat.
Delicious combinations include, green apple and peanut butter, green apple and blue cheese, green apple and sandwich/wrap and of course green apples in pies, crumbles, cakes and pastries.
Green Apples are usually available all year round.
Green Apples are a great source of Vitamins (A and C), nutrients, dietary fibre and naturally low in fat and sugar, and no cholesterol, they are also a good source of potassium.
The antioxidants and flavonoids in apples help prevent respiratory disease, while the fibre helps with digestion and reduces the risk of developing diabetes.
Pick apples unblemished, unbruised end with thick skin, bruised or cut apples will oxidate and discolour quite quickly.
Store apples in your refrigerator in the crisper. Be mindful that they are odour-absorbent, so keep them away from onions, potatoes, and other strong-flavoured items. Apples can also be dehydrated (with cinnamon sprinkled on top) and stored in a Ziplock bag!
You don't need to cut them until you're ready to eat them. Keep them whole as you store them.
If you are going to consume your apples quickly you can store them outside of the fridge. Just make sure to keep apples away from other produce, as apples release ethylene gas that speeds up the ripening of other produce. Therefore it is important to keep your apples separated from each other and from other fruits and vegetables
To avoid contact between them, you can wrap them in brown paper bags individually and stack them in your fridge.
Apples can be frozen. Simply wash, peel, core and slice apples, removing any brown spots. Add ascorbic acid to prevent them from browning. Place in a freezer-safe plastic bag, removing as much air as possible. Then freeze!


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Part of twisted.python View Source
These are methods which you can register pre-call and post-call external functions to augment their functionality. People familiar with more esoteric languages may think of these as "method combinations".
This could be used to add optional preconditions, user-extensible callbacks (a-la emacs) or a thread-safety mechanism.
The four exported calls are:
All have the signature (class, methodName, callable), and the callable they take must always have the signature (instance, *args, **kw) unless the particular signature of the method they hook is known.
Hooks should typically not throw exceptions, however, no effort will be made by this module to prevent them from doing so. Pre-hooks will always be called, but post-hooks will only be called if the pre-hooks do not raise any exceptions (they will still be called if the main method raises an exception). The return values and exception status of the main method will be propogated (assuming none of the hooks raise an exception). Hooks will be executed in the order in which they are added.
|Class||HookError||An error which will fire when an invariant is violated.|
|Function||addPre||hook.addPre(klass, name, func) -> None|
|Function||addPost||hook.addPost(klass, name, func) -> None|
|Function||removePre||hook.removePre(klass, name, func) -> None|
|Function||removePost||hook.removePre(klass, name, func) -> None|
|Function||PRE||(private) munging to turn a method name into a pre-hook-method-name|
|Function||POST||(private) munging to turn a method name into a post-hook-method-name|
|Function||ORIG||(private) munging to turn a method name into an 'original' identifier|
|Function||_XXX||String manipulation garbage.|
|Function||_addHook||(private) adds a hook to a method on a class|
|Function||_removeHook||(private) removes a hook from a method on a class|
|Function||_enhook||(private) causes a certain method name to be hooked on a class|
|Function||_dehook||(private) causes a certain method name no longer to be hooked on a class|
Add a function to be called before the method klass.name is invoked.
Add a function to be called after the method klass.name is invoked.
Remove a function (previously registered with addPre) so that it is no longer executed before klass.name.
Remove a function (previously registered with addPost) so that it is no longer executed after klass.name.


Skip to definition.
Adjective: alloyed 'a,loyd
 1. (used of metals) debased by mixture with an inferior element
 2. (used of metals) blended to obtain a desired property
Verb: alloy 'a,loy
 1. (metallurgy) lower in value by increasing the base-metal content
 - debase
 2. (metallurgy) make an alloy of
See also: blended, impure
Type of: blend, coalesce, combine, commingle, conflate, devalue, flux, fuse, immix, meld, merge, mix
Encyclopedia: Alloyed
Alloy, West Virginia


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HMMH conducted a Greenhouse Gas Emission analysis for two projects in Massachusetts in support of the Environmental Impact Report submittals. The analysis was conducted to address the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) recent Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Policy. The MEPA GHG Policy requires all applicable projects to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide generated by the project. Both Projects were large, mixed-use development projects near public transportation infrastructure incorporating a wide array of sustainable design elements.
The GHG analysis consisted of estimating direct emissions from combustion sources: indirect emissions associated with the electrical and gas demands from the buildings along with transportation emissions generated by the project. As part of the analyses, HMMH evaluated the proposed sustainability measures for direct and indirect sources and their effect on the Projects total GHG emissions for the three operating alternatives. Examples of the types of sustainable elements evaluated were energy efficiency in the boilers and HVAC systems, high-efficiency lighting, green building roofs, window shading, and traffic demand mitigation measures.
The analyses showed that implementation of all the proposed sustainable design elements in order to meet LEED standards resulted in a reduction of GHG emissions compared to designing the Project to a minimum code-compliant condition.


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Hanging Cable as Rotational Vibration Absorberby Ollie L. Vance,
James H. Woodward,
Serial Information: Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 1976, Vol. 102, Issue 2, Pg. 377-382
Document Type: Journal Paper
Many basic textbooks present an analysis of free vibration of a uniform cable hanging in a gravitational field. An extension to illustrate the effects of a concentrated tip mass is given in Ref. 3. The purpose of this note is twofold: 1. To investigate the free vibration of the rigid body-cable system. 2. to show how a uniform hanging cable can be used as a dynamic absorber for a rigid body constrained to rotate about a fixed axis containing its mass center and subjected to sinusoidal moment disturbances.
Subject Headings: Cables | Vibration | Rotation | Rigid body dynamics | Moment (mechanics)
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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If you would like to receive continuing education credits such as PDH or CM, please make sure to complete this evaluation form once you've watched the entire video so that we have a record of your attendance.
What are the job, residential development and market rent outcomes of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Streetcar Transit (SCT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)?
LRT, SCR and BRT investments are spreading rapidly across the country but there is scant evidence of their effect on where people work and live, and effects on market rents as an indicator of value. This webinar will summarize several years of NITC-sponsored research into development outcomes associated with these transit investments.
The webinar will be led by NITC researcher Arthur C. Nelson who was the principal investigator of two projects: Do TODs Make a Difference? and National Study of Bus Rapid Transit Development Outcomes. Using a common database and analytic methods applied to 11 LRT systems, 8 BRT systems, and 3 SCT systems, Nelson will summarize key findings relating to:
- The extent to which these transit systems shifted job and population patterns,
- How these systems are shaping the real estate rental market for office, retail and apartment developments,
- Their influence on job attractiveness by wage categories, and,
- The spatial interactions between transit and land use patterns.
This webinar will also raise questions for future research.
Arthur C. Nelson is Professor of Planning and Real Estate Development at the University of Arizona where he is also Professor of Geography and Regional Development. His research interests include the economic development and demographic outcomes associated with transit, metropolitan-scale urban form, how changing economics and demographics will reshape metropolitan America, and comparative metropolitan governance structures. He is the author of Reshaping Metropolitan America and Foundations of Real Estate Development Finance: A Guide for Public-Private Partnerships.


Trustable Communication Between Mathematics Systems
Jacques Carette, William M. Farmer, Jérémie Wajs
This paper presents a rigorous, unified framework for facilitating communication between mathematics systems. A mathematics system is given one or more interfaces which offer deductive and computational services to other mathematics systems. To achieve communication between systems, a client interface is linked to a server interface by an asymmetric connection consisting of a pair of translations. Answers to requests are trustable in the sense that they are correct provided a small set of prescribed conditions are satisfied. The framework is robust with respect to interface extension and can process requests for abstract services, where the server interface is not fully specified.


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Fair Trade - National
For the third year in a row, together, we have exceeded our goals for the National Valentine's Day of Action.
This year's goal: Educate 3,500 children and youth about Fair Trade by Valentine's Day, using Global Exchange's Fair Trade curriculum, providing students with a deep learning experience about Fair Trade, starting many families on a lifetime of interest and involvement in the Fair Trade movement.
And now…the numbers are in!
The results: Educators taught the curriculum to 3,870 students in the US; participants were spread over 22 states, from Kentucky to Washington State and Nebraska to Maine. Some educators from outside the US also reported in that they taught an additional 207 students about Fair Trade in the UK, Australia, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Moreover, social justice clubs at one high school used Global Exchange's curriculum and pooled their resources to create a brochure that they distributed to 1,800 students at their school with Fair Trade chocolate minis.
Grand total: 5,877 youth educated about Fair Trade as part of the National Valentine's Day of Action
(Because not all classrooms report their participation, the actual numbers are probably higher.)
THANK YOU to all of you who helped make the National Valentine's Day of Action a huge success by referring teachers to the curriculum and teaching about Fair Trade in your classrooms!
Please be part of educating even more students next year, by telling educators about the curriculum today! The curriculum can be downloaded at _URL_
|_URL_||Unsubscribe from this list|


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Producing clean, safe drinking water for customers
The City of Minneapolis puts tap water through hundreds of tests a day. This is to ensure that the water that reaches your faucet is clean and safe.
- The quality of water is assured and controlled through the various stages of treatment by plant and laboratory tests.
- An average of 500 chemical, physical, and bacteriological examinations are done each and every day. That's 182,500 tests a year!
- Our computer system allows continuous monitoring of our water quality and distribution, so our staff can respond quickly if a situation arises.
Results of these tests are made public every year in our annual water quality reports. To read these reports, go to our main water works page.
Last updated Sep. 27, 2011


Dating and courtship in the philippines sex dating in rock island washington
Courtship always has marriage as its direct goal...Dating, a more modern approach, begins when either the man or the woman initiates a more-than-friends relationship with the other, and then they conduct that relationship outside of any oversight or authority. Christian minister Patricia Bootsma delineates this distinction, writing that in contrast to the modern conception of dating, in "courtship, time together in groups with family or friends is encouraged, and there is oversight by and accountability to parents or mentors".Courtship is used by a number of theorists to explain gendering processes and sexual identity.Scientific research into courtship began in the 1980s after which time academic researchers started to generate theories about modern dating practices and norms.Unlike what is regularly seen in other societies, it takes a far more subdued and indirect approach.It is complex in that it involves stages, and it is considered normal for courtship to last a year or longer.
dating and courtship in the philippines-11dating and courtship in the philippines-75dating and courtship in the philippines-17dating and courtship in the philippines-40
During courtship, a couple get to know each other and decide if there will be an engagement or other such agreement.In some societies, the parents or community propose potential partners, and then allow limited dating to determine whether the parties are suited.In Japan, there is a such type of courtship called Omiai, with similar practices called "Xiangqin" (相親) in the Greater China Area.The average duration of courtship varies considerably throughout the world.Furthermore, there is vast individual variation between couples.
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Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element on the planet and has 3 main functions that relate to plant growth. As a soil conditioner; long-chain silicon polymers, that are not bioactive, help bind soil particles to reduce leaching and increase aeration. As a bioregulator; bioactive silicon aids growth whilst a plant is under conditions of stress. As a structural component; bioactive silicon is accumulated within plants, increasing the strength and resilience of cell walls.
As a fertiliser, silicon exists in different forms, with each form varying in terms of its characteristics and availability to plants. Silicon must be in the form of monosilicic acid in order to ensure that it is freely accessible to plants, for immediate uptake and utilisation.
Our unique and advanced iNHiB™ technology
results in the formulation of a stable, bioactive monosilicic acid within our products. This bioactive silicon
is immediately available to be laid down within plants, thus enhancing their natural defences. Extensive research by the University of Hertfordshire has demonstrated how iNHiB™-formulated silicon works in practice
. Treated plants show an increase in cuticle thickness, leaf hair strength, length and density, along with the formation of phytoliths. These enhanced characteristics make a plant more resilient
and less vulnerable
to pests and disease attack.


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New additions to the collections of the Government and Heritage Library:
Revolutionary Patriots of Worcester and Somerset Counties Maryland, _PHONE_, by Henry Peden. A research tool for locating Worcester and Somerset County residents who served in the military, rendered material aid to the army or navy, tok the Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity, served in an office or on a town, county or state committee, or in some way contributed and supported the fight for freedom in the Revolutionary War.
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution with Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which is Added a Brief Survey of the Condition and Prospects of Colored Americans, by William Nell. This reprint of the original publication from 1855 highlights the service of African Americans in the Revolutionary War and includes an introduction by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
These items will be available to researchers at the Government and Heritage Library or may be borrowed through an interlibrary loan request at your local public library. To view other new library acquisitions, click here.


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Little is currently known about the variations in the muscular band around the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc) region, and so the aim of the current study was to describe in anatomic terms the morphologic patterns of the lateral muscular bands of the OOc. Sixty-one hemifaces from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (34 males, 27 females; age range, 45-85 years; mean age, 62.6 years; 28 bilateral and 5 unilateral) were dissected to reveal the anatomic features of the region around the OOc. The lateral muscular band originating from the superficial temporal fascia lateral to the OOc was observed in 54.1% of cases. It terminated at the zygomatic arch region in 17 cases (type A, 27.9%), at the cheek region in 11 cases (type B, 18%), and at the angle of the mouth in 5 cases (type C, 8.2%). When the linear length from the lateral canthus to the tragion was set as 100, the length from the lateral canthus to the lateral edge of OOc was 34.0 (male, 34.1; female, 33.7), and the length between the lateral edge of OOc and the lateral muscular bands of OOc was 6.4 (male, 6.5; female, 6.2). The results of this study suggest that the lateral muscular bands of the OOc may play a significant role in facial animation and dimple formation. In addition, these data provide an index of suggested regions to be injected in patients with periorbital rhytides.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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Daring Bird-Man Soars At 10,000 Ft. On Homemade Wings (May, 1935)
Daring Bird-Man Soars At 10,000 Ft. On Homemade Wings
FOR three years Clem Sohn, parachute jumper of Lansing, Michigan, dreamed of the time when man might go aloft and soar like a bird. Recently his dream became a reality.
Clad with foot-webbing and home-made wings of airplane canvas, he bailed out of a ship at an altitude of 12,000 feet. During the first 2,000 feet of his fall, he kept his wings folded at his side while he tested his leg-webbing. Slowly, he opened his wings to check his descent, and for more than a minute he banked, looped, climbed and zoomed to right and left. At 6,000 feet he pulled the rip cord of his parachute and floated back to earth.
While aviation authorities who witnessed the stunt failed to see any practical value in man's new "conquest of the air," Sohn was already at work designing bigger wings and planning future aerial maneuvers.


Mentors are volunteers who build a relationship of unconditional caring and friendship to help refugee teens learn independent living and social skills. As positive role models, mentors share their knowledge and experience to help the youth adjust to differences they experience in the United States. Mentors also help them explore educational and career choices.


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In light of the increase in coyote activity around the community and the loss of multiple neighbors' pets, we want to share some recommendations and information from the City of Austin.
- ALWAYS be present with small dogs and cats while outside.
- Small pets are not safe when left unattended, especially at night.
- Outdoor cats are not safe, at night or during the day, but make a point of bringing them indoors at night.
- The city encourages hazing coyotes when seen during the day.
- Do not take photos of the coyotes, unless you are going to haze immediately after. Taking photos without hazing will just encourage the coyote's behavior.
- Hazing will encourage the coyotes to avoid contact with people and pets.
- You can haze with you voice, a whistle, air horn, waving your arms, stomping, or throwing rocks if needed. This gives the coyotes a negative consequence and makes them feel unsafe.
- Smells from food, garbage, and/or compost will draw the interest of coyotes.
- Remember, coyotes are opportunistic, so they will take advantage of whatever food source is available.
For more information, visit _URL_


When Joint Disease Is Eligible for Disability Benefits
Joint pain is typically not enough to receive SSDI benefits. You usually must demonstrate that your joint pain is a disability which has interfered in your daily life. Sometimes you may need to show that your fine motor skills have been affected by joint pain or that you have encountered difficulties walking. While the Social Security Administration does not list specific causes of joint pain, it does offer indications about the severity of your symptoms. Your joint pain generally needs to be accompanied by stiffness, limited motion or deformity. You are usually more likely to qualify for SSDI if your condition meets the requirements of the SSA.
There are many ways you can apply for disability benefits. According to the Social Security Administration, you can typically apply over the phone or online. If you are unsure about whether or not your joint pain qualifies for benefits, you may want to peruse an information kit which can answer some of your questions about the required information and documents. It is recommended that you apply for disability benefits when you realize that you are unable to work because of your joint pain.
When you apply for disability benefits, you typically need to show that your disability is medically documented. This means that you cannot file a claim because you have had severe joint pain. Instead, you generally must show X-rays and other images which show how your joints have been affected by a degenerative condition. More information about SSDI eligibility and application processes is available on our webpage.


closer to what we want. Now, C_{\infty} \setminus\bigcup_{n\in\Bbb{Z}^{+}} C_n contains only those functions which have a root in K.
We will call the functions in C_{\lambda} \subset C^{1}(K,\Bbb{R}) functions with maximal growth rate \lambda. This is a natural moduli for functions when we are studying stuff whose (maximal) grow rate depends linearly on the current amount of stuff. Of course populations of living things fall in the class of things for which this is true. from the proofs above, we know that if f\in C_\lambda, then it's graph lives in the cone defined by exponentials. More precisely
If a(f) = \lambda then for x < x_0, \frac{f(x_0)}{e^{\lambda x_0)}}e^{\lambda x} \leq f(x) \leq \frac{f(x_0)}{e^{-\lambda x_0)}}e^{-\lambda x} and for x > x_0 we have \frac{f(x_0)}{e^{-\lambda x_0)}}e^{-\lambda x} \leq f(x) \leq \frac{f(x_0)}{e^{\lambda x_0)}}e^{\lambda x}.
(Exercise) Prove this. Hint: use the first proof where instead of 2\lambda you use \alpha\lambda and let \alpha\downarrow 1.
(Remark) Notice that Equation (10) and \lambda < \infty implies that scaling a function in C_\lambda by any non-zero scalar yields another function in C_\lambda. As a result, we might choose to consider only
F \equiv f\in c_\lambda\text{ such that }f(0) = 1
F \equiv \{\text{ functions whose minimum value on }K\text{ is }1\}.
In both cases we end up with subsets that generate C_\lambda when we take all multiples of those functions by nonzero real numbers.
(Exercise) If we move to high dimensional domains, how wild can the compact set K be and still get these results? It must clearly be connected, so in \Bbb{R}^1 we are already completely general with our K above.
Moving back to Equation (1), we can look for generalizations: for example, will this result hold when f:\Bbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \Bbb{R}^{m}? How about when f maps from one Banach space to another? How about the case in which f is merely Lipschitz?
Lets begin with f:\Bbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \Bbb{R}^{m}.
In this case, the appropriate version of Equation (1) is
||Df(x)|| \leq \lambda ||f(x)|| (11)
where ||Df(x)|| denotes the operator norm of the derivative Df(x) and ||f(x)|| is the euclidean norm of f(x) in \Bbb{R}^m.
Notice that
D\ln(||f(x)||) = \frac{1}{||f(x)||}\left(\frac{f(x)}{||f(x)||}\right)^{t}Df(x) (12)
where \left(\frac{f(x)}{||f(x)||}\right)^{t} is an m dimensional row vector and Df(x) is an n\text{ by }m dimensional matrix. (Thus the gradient vector is the transpose of the resulting n dimensional row vector.) Now we can use this to get the result.
Let \gamma(s) be the arclength parameterized line segment that starts at x_0 and ends at x_1 the The above equation tells us that
\int_{\gamma} D\ln(||f(x(s))||) ds = \int_{\gamma} \frac{1}{||f(x)||}\left(\frac{f(x)}{||f(x)||}\right)^{t}Df(x) \leq \int_{\gamma} \frac{||Df(x(s))||}{||f(x))||} ds. (13)
Thus, we can conclude that
\ln(||f(x_1)||) - \ln(||f(x_0)||) \leq \lambda ||x_1 - x_0||
which implies that
-\lambda ||x_1 - x_2|| \leq \ln\left(\frac{||f(x_1)||}{||f(x_0)||}\right) \leq \lambda ||x_1 - x_0||
and we can proceed as we did in the second proof of the problem in the case that f:\Bbb{R}\rightarrow \Bbb{R}. We end up with the following result
If ||Df(x)|| \leq \lambda ||f(x)|| and ||f(x)|| \neq 0 \text{ for all } x\in B(x*,r)\subset\Bbb{R}^n, then
e^{-\lambda ||x - x*||} \leq \frac{||f(x)||}{||f(x*)||} \leq e^{\lambda ||x - x*||}
for all x\in B(x*,r).
(Exercise) Show that this result implies that if f(x) = 0 anywhere, it equals 0 everywhere.
(Exercise) Show that this is implies the one dimensional result we proved above (the first theorem we proved above).
(Exercise) Our proof of the result for the case f:\Bbb{R}^n\rightarrow\Bbb{R}^m can be carried over to the case of f:B_1 \rightarrow B_2 where B_1\text{ and }B_2 are Banach Spaces — carry out those steps!
We come now to the question of what we can say when we are less restrictive with the constraints on differentiability. We consider the case in which f:\Bbb{R}^n\rightarrow\Bbb{R}^m is Lipschitz. The complication here is that while we know that f is differentiable almost everywhere, it might not be differentiable anywhere on the line segment from x_0 to x_1.
Consider a cylinder C_{x_0}^{x_1}(1), with radius 1 and axis equal to the segment from x_0\text{ to }x_1. Let E = C_{x_0}^{x_1}(1) \cap \{x| Df(x)\text{ exists }\}. Since f is differentiable almost everywhere, we have that \mathcal{L}^n( C_{x_0}^{x_1}(1)\setminus E) = 0. Therefore almost every segment L generated by the intersection of a line parallel to the cylinder axis and the cylinder, intersects E in a set of length ||x_1 - x_0||. We can therefore choose a sequence of such segments converging to [x_0,x_1].
Since Df exists \mathcal{H}^1 almost everywhere on the segments [x_0^k, x_1^k] and f is continuous everywhere, we can integrate the derivatives to get:
-\lambda ||x_1^k - x_0^k|| \leq \ln\left(\frac{||f(x_1^k)||}{||f(x_0^k)||}\right) \leq \lambda ||x_1^k - x_0^k||.
And because f is continuous we get that
-\lambda ||x_1 - x_0|| \leq \ln\left(\frac{||f(x_1)||}{||f(x_0)||}\right) \leq \lambda ||x_1- x_0||.
so that we end up with the same result that we had for differentiable functions.
There are other directions to take this.
From the perspective of geometric objects, the ratio \frac{||Df||}{||f||} is a bit funky — for example, if f(x) = volume of a set E(x)\subset \Bbb{R}^n = \mathcal{L}^n(E(x)), where x can be thought of as the center of the set, we have that Df will be a vectorfield \eta times \mathcal{H}^{n-1} restricted to the \partial E(x). Thus, ||Df|| will be an n-1-dimensional quantity and f a n-dimensional quantity. We would usually expect there to be exponents, as in the case of the Poincare ineqaulity, making the ratio non-dimensional.
On the other hand, one can see this ratio as a sort of measure of reciprocal length of the objects we are dealing with. From the perspective, this result seems to say that no matter what you do, you cannot get to objects with no volume from objects with non-zero volume without getting small (i.e. without the reciprocal length diverging). This is not profound. On the other hand, that ratio is precisely what is important for certain physical/biolgical processes. So this quantity being bounded has consequences in those contexts.
This does


text:
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text:
Orange Roughy are a long-lived, late maturing species with relatively low fecundity (fertility). They can live to be more than 100 years old and don't mature until they're in their late 20's.
After being heavily fished over the last 30 years, abundance is less than 30% of the estimated virgin biomass for most populations. Caught exclusively by deep-sea trawling, habitat damage is substantial in fished areas, including sensitive habitats on seamounts.
Fishery management has closed some areas to bottom trawling; however, slow-growing species like coral will take decades to recover fully. Bycatch of finfish is low to moderate because fisheries target large Orange Roughy aggregations (large groups).
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


text:
HapYak allows you to add text blurbs and doodles on top of a YouTube or Vimeo video.
As a writing task for students, I created a Play List of YouTube videos that do not include any spoken dialogue. One of my favorite places to search for videos for writing tasks is the Vancouver Film School.
The writing task was to provide narrated blurbs for the videos. Since present progressive is one of the current themes, some of the sentences needed to be written in present progressive. I created an example of what I expect from the students. Even though the videos are short (they have a minute and a half to three minutes) – I am still going to have them work in a small group to achieve higher quality finished products.
The pre-writing task will be watching the video and writing down potentially important words they need to define. One of the videos is about an opposum – and that is not a word I actually expect my students to know in Spanish. Verbs have to be defined in the infinitive. After the pre-writing phase, students will collaborate on a GoogleDoc to narrate the story. The story should be a mix of present and present progressive. They should include time stamps in with the sentences they write, which will make the next portion easier.
On HapYak you click add video and you only have to copy the video URL. The finished sentences will be copy and pasted from the GoogleDoc to the appropriate time in the video. Once they are finished, they should submit the HapYak video URL on Edmodo so everyone in the class can view the finished product.


text:
Students will use the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial quarter to learn about Commander Perry and the International Peace Memorial.
Read the March Coin of the Month to learn about Commander Perry and the International Peace Memorial. As a class, discuss unique features of this memorial. Record the student responses on chart paper.
Using available online and classroom resources, have the students research details of the International Peace Memorial, accomplishments of Commander Perry, and key events of the Battle of Lake Erie. Invite the students to work in groups and use a graphic organizer to illustrate and record their findings. Have the students create a script highlighting an aspect of their research, then perform their script as a park ranger might deliver a living history demonstration (in character for the period).
Make a Connection
Do you know that we have a collection of lesson plans based on the America the Beautiful Quarters® Program for educators and students to enjoy? Lesson plans for grades K through 12 are available online for free. Be sure to use this program to explore the rich history of our national sites with your students.
Content Related Links


Go Through This Blog Before Purchasing a Pulley Lagging Rubber Sheet!!
A pulley lagging rubber sheet is a special layer of material that is attached to the shell of a conveyor pulley.
One of the primary functions for which many people choose to buy a pulley lagging sheet is because it provides, what many consider to be the best protection to the shell of a conveyor pulley.
It does so by dispensing excess friction, damage due to friction, and also water.
Currently, as a result of the sudden increase in the demand, manufacturers have started producing different types of pulley lagging sheets.
However, the main 2 kinds are:
· Rubber lagging (including grooved rubber lagging)
· Ceramic lagging
Each of these three main variants of pulley lagging has different specifications and purposes for which they are used, and needless to say, they have a lot of purposes.
But before discussing them in detail, let's first have a quick look at the significance of these sheets!
What is the significance of this kind of rubber sheets?
Slippage of a conveyor belt, if and when it happens can cause severe damage to both the drive pulley and the belt as well.
Repairing of such damages is not only ridiculously expensive, but they also require a lot of time in order to become fully functional again.
Thus, a business organization can lose a huge chunk of cash mainly as a result of this downtime.
For, a conveyor belt to function properly, one has to make sure that they do not have any trace of dust or leakage along the sides of the conveyor belt (one of the main reasons why a conveyor belt skirting rubber is used).
Not only that, but you also have to be sure that the belt has a good enough traction along with the drive pulley so that no incident of slippage ever occurs.
However, the main thing that affects the life span of any conveyor system is whether or not it has been sufficiently equipped for the purpose for which it is intended to be used.
This is because they have to function under many inconvenient conditions, like sludge and rain, which might cause slippage as a result of the friction between the belt and pulleys.
But these mishaps can easily be avoided by using a pulley lagging rubber sheet which is usually produced using special rubber compounds and provides some of the best water shedding performance along with excellent prevention against material build-up.
Guess that removes all questions related to the significance of these rubber products!!
Now, let's come back to discussing the different types of rubber pulley lagging, shall we?
 1. Rubber Pulley Lagging
This is one of the most popular amongst all other pulley lagging.
This is mainly because they are made up of a softer material that offers outstanding traction and also gives excellent protection against wear and tear.
They also provide protection to the pulley shell, and the conveyor belt also experiences a higher rate of friction.
What are the advantages of using these products?
One of the most crucial advantages of using a rubber pulley is that that can be given any shape and grooved into any pattern that you want.
This option gives this pulley lagging sheet optimum flexibility as per the purpose for which you intend to use them.
Yet another advantage, from the view of the consumer, is that these sheets are extremely affordable so that anyone can purchase them.
Are there any drawbacks?
There is only challenge that these products seem unable to overcome, and that is the fact that they have a limited operational life and therefore, needs to be replaced on a regular basis.
 2. Ceramic pulley lagging
This one is also an extremely common type of pulley lagging and has seen a tremendous rise in popularity.
What are the advantages of using this product?
Ceramic is preferred by many because of the fact that it is more hard and resilient than rubber.
It is also highly durable and can, therefore, withstand harsh conditions and resist any kind of abrasive material.
They are generally available in two types – smooth or dimpled, and both of them offer increased friction, grip, reduction in slippage etc.
And what about the drawbacks?
Probably the only issue that plagues the mind of consumers is that ceramic itself is extremely brittle and fragile.
Not only that they are also highly prone to formation of cracks, especially if anything gets caught between the belt and lagging.
In Conclusion…
If you are really serious about providing the best protection for a conveyor belt, look no further than buying a quality pulley lagging sheet.


text:
Figure 3: k1 and E95
Now, let's discuss about the relationship between E95 and the k1 factor. The k1 factor indicates the difficulty of the lithography process; it is determined by the target design rule, numerical aperture (NA), and laser exposure wavelength according to the following formula:
k1 = Design Rule * NA of Lithography Tool/Laser Exposure Wavelength
In general, to achieve a higher yield in the mass-production process of semiconductors, k1 is set to near 0.4 while the NA and laser exposure wavelength of the lithography tool are determined based on the set k1 value. However, as the target design rule continues to become finer, the k1 value needs to be reduced to near 0.3 due to the NA limit of the lithography tool and the difficulty in shortening of the exposure wavelength. For example, achieving 90 nm in a KrF process or 65 nm in an ArF process requires reduction of the k1 value. From the viewpoint of cost, reducing k1 allows use of the laser with a fairly low NA and longer wavelength, thus reducing the equipment cost to subsequently lowering the manufacturing cost of semiconductor devices. Use of a KrF laser instead of an ArF laser for the 90-nm technology node is a typical example of this trend.
On the other hand, reducing the k1 value may cause the yield to be lowered because it limits the process margin. To enhance the yield, the resolution needs to be increased by improving the reticle while immersion lithography technology needs to be introduced to increase the NA of lithography tool in pseudo manner.
E95 makes a great contribution to reduction of the k1 factor. Figure 3 shows the upper limit required for each k1 factor. As this figure indicates, a narrower E95 is required as the k1 factor becomes smaller. The reason is that a smaller distribution of spectrums is required to reduce the impact of the chromatic aberration generated in a lithography tool as the target design rule becomes smaller. For example, the maximum E95 was approx. 1.8 pm for the target design rule of 150 nm in a KrF process with a k1 factor of 0.4. On the other hand, the E95 must be reduced to 0.8 pm for the target design rule of 90 nm in a KrF process with a k1 factor of 0.3 to reduce the impact of chromatic aberration for better resolution. The E95 corresponding to each k1 factor shown in figure 3 becomes the requirement for achieving the resolution required for imaging the target design pattern.
Figure 4: Impact of E95 Stability on CD Uniformit
For the generation with a k1 factor of 0.4 or more, it was considered that there was no problem if the E95 varies within its set upper limit. As the k1 factor becomes smaller than 0.4, however, fluctuation of the E95 directly impacts on the CD.
Figure 4 shows the estimated variance of the CD (variance per 1 pm) caused by fluctuation of the E95 for each k1 factor. While it varies slightly depending on the illumination condition and the characteristics of the photoresist used, it plots an almost average result. The data shown in this figure indicates that the CD varies by 7 to 8 nm as the E95 varies only 1 pm even if the k1 factor becomes 0.3 for the KrF process. This variation is four times greater than that for the KrF process with the k1 factor of 0.4. For the ArF process, meanwhile, it has been confirmed that the variation produces an impact twice as large as that for the KrF process. That is, if the k1 factor is reduced to 0.3 for the ArF process, the CD will vary 14 to 16 nm. Such a CD error at this level cannot be ignored, and represents a big difficulty. Therefore, it is apparent that improvement of the stabilization of the E95 is a big challenge for the next-generation lithography process.
As proved in this survey, the E95 produces an especially large impact on isolated lines but a small impact on dense lines. That is, bias generated in a pattern with a mixture of isolated and dense lines is closely related to the E95. This will be studied in detail in the following lectures.
We have discussed the factor that causes fluctuation of the E95, and have quantitatively indicated the impact of the E95 upon the CD. The next lecture will introduce a technology for stabilizing the E95, which is developed by Gigaphoton to stabilize the CD.


Hapee Blog
Why Poor Hygiene Was a Virtue in the Medieval Era
Guest Post by Ravi Saraogi
What if I told you that poor hygiene in Western countries was an important reason for them being wealthier than Asian countries during the medieval era (circa 1400 – 1800). Sounds quirky right? But this is indeed true.
Medieval Europe: Human excreta was collected in pots and thrown into the street Source: _URL_
Really? How is this possible?
Prior to the Industrial Revolution (circa _PHONE_), civilization was subject to the Malthusian Trap. This trap worked in two ways. Every time efficiency growth outstripped the growth in population, birth rate would increase. This would lead to per capita income remaining constant as the extra income generated out of growth in efficiency had more mouths to feed. Similarly, every time efficiency growth lagged the growth in population, population would fall. This is because the fall in efficiency growth would lead the income to be insufficient to support the growth in population. Again, per capital income would remain constant in this case too as the income fall was accompanied by a fall in population.
So, under the Malthusian Trap, there are three ways in which per capital income can be increased,
 - Higher growth in efficiency
 - Lower birth rate
 - Higher death rate
Before the Industrial Revolution, growth in efficiency was very slow, so option (1) is out. That leaves us with lower birth rate or higher death rate. With this background, we can answer the question – why was there a positive link between poor hygiene and higher incomes prior to the Industrial Revolution? Simple, poor hygiene lead to higher death rates.
But how do we know hygiene in Western countries was poorer than Asian countries?
Gregory Clark, in his book 'A Farewell to Alms' devotes a nice section on this. For instance, he mentions that,
Another factor favoring high living standards for Europeans compared to Asians is that throughout the preindustrial era Europeans were—by modern standards and also those of preindustrial China and Japan—a filthy people, living in dirt and squalor. The low standards of personal and community hygiene are everywhere apparent in preindustrial Europe. Indeed the travel diaries of European visitors to Japan in the years 1543–1811 frequently stressed the extreme cleanliness of the country by contemporary European standards." [1]
Particularly interesting is Clark quoting in his book an extract from a certain Samuel Pepys' diary in October 1660, "Going down to my cellar... I put my feet into a great heap of turds (lumps of excrement), by which I find that Mr. Turner's house of office is full and comes into my cellar.[2] It appears that overflowing faeces matter from your neighbour's house was not a big deal in medieval England!
Medieval Europe: People used to pee and poo in pots kept under their beds. Source: _URL_
Furthermore, "In contrast in China and Japan human waste, urine as well as feces, was a valuable property which householders sold to farmers, and which various groups competed for the right to collect. Waste was not dumped into cesspits, sewers, and streams, contaminating water supplies. Instead in cities such as eighteenth-century Osaka contractors found it profitable even to provide public containers on street corners in order to profit from the waste deposits." [3]
People changed clothes only occasionally: King James VI of Scotland went months at a time without changing his clothes. Source: _URL_
This is apart from other poor hygiene habits in medieval Europe like rarely taking baths and only occasionally changing clothes. Asians were apparently way more hygienic. "… in Japan bathing in hot water was popular and frequent. The Chinese also bathed whenever possible, and they employed plenty of soap. The Japanese washed their hands after urinating or defecating, and they kept privies clean.
Showers and tubs were rarely found in the home. When people did bathe, it was usually in a common area where hundreds of others had bathed. Source: _URL_
Unfortunately, the rules of the Malthusian Trap was such that better hygiene and sanitation led to a lower death rate in Asian countries and they were "punished" as meagre incomes had to support larger populations.
So, should we infer that to become wealthy, countries should neglect sanitation and hygiene? Absolutely not. Luckily, the positive relationship between poor hygiene and per capita income during the Malthusian era broke down during the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution and the Escape from the Malthusian Trap
Something happened in England during the Industrial Revolution (circa _PHONE_). The rate of growth in efficiency multiplied by leaps and bounds. No longer was birth and date rates an important determinant of per capita income. Take a look at the graph below:
Source: Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 2013, From the Malthusian Trap to the Industrial Revolution, Mises Circle Feature
For most of human history, per capita income was broadly constant. As highlighted earlier, this was because any gain in efficiency which resulted in additional income was just about enough to feed the growth in population, so that income per head remained more or less constant. But around 1800, things changed in Western countries when the growth in efficiency far outstripped the growth in population, leading to a sharp increase in per capita income.
Which is to say that post 1800s, efficiency became the central determinant of per capita income. No longer do birth and death rates play any significant role in influencing per capital income. With this, the "advantage" that unhygienic countries had over hygienic countries is gone. All countries now have the right incentives to push for better hygiene and sanitation facilities.
Aren't we glad?
[1] Clark, Gregory (2005), A Farwell to Arms, Chapter 5, p105-108
[2] Ibid.
[1] Ibid.
Hapee Commode celebrated World Toilet Day in Chennai with children
On the occasion of the World Toilet Day (WTD), the Hapee Commode organized a two-day fun workshop for underprivileged children in a slum colony in Chennai. The workshop was held on consecutive Saturdays in November 2015 in a public hall in the colony to make the children understand the importance of hygiene, particularly the need for washing hands before eating and after using the toilet, through modules in the form of engaging games and practical exercises. The workshop was a great learning experience for the participants as well as the facilitators.
A child uses the tippytap to wash hands
On the first day of the workshop, we built a tippy-tap – a makeshift hand-wash – for the children who don't have access to tap water. Before the children could experiment with the tippy-tap, we played with glitter to make them understand how germs pass from one hand to the other when they shake hands with one another. After that we went to the backyard to wash our hands. Children were brimming with happiness and excitement as they waited patiently in a queue to wash their hands. We spoke about Gandhiji and how he felt that sanitation was more important than political independence. We sang the national anthem to instil a sense of patriotism in them, telling them that sanitation was an integral part of national pride.
Children working on their drawings
The second day was even more interesting as we conducted a painting competition for the children. It was a rainy day in Chennai and so we chose rain as the theme. First, we asked them to name the things they associated with monsoons. They said dirt, unhygienic condition, water logging, umbrella etc. A few them shouted 'bajji,' crispy vegetable fries eaten on rainy days. Once we felt that the children had enough ideas to work on, we asked them to draw and paint about the monsoon. It was amazing to watch their sudden transformation. The boisterous kids got into pin-drop silence as they started sketching their thoughts on the canvas and drawing umbrellas, homes, toddlers, clouds, flowers, trees, water, love, etc…Once they were done, we put up all their paintings so that they would remember this special day of their lives.
A game visualized and created by Triple O Studio
The closing of the workshop was marked by another interesting game for the kids…Triple O Studio, a design and architecture firm, had decorated the backyard, hanging mugs on trees and ropes. We formed teams of kids – one team for each colour of mugs – and gave them balls to be dropped in the mugs meant for their respective team. The team which managed to drop the maximum number of balls in 60 seconds would be the winner. This game was electrifying as children jumped up and down the trees to try and win! At the end, we gave away the mugs to all the kids for use at home.
Monsoon Paintings by the kids
The two-day workshop brought out the best in me as I learned a lot from the energetic and enthusiastic kids. I also realized that children do not need tutoring – especially when it came to inculcating in them a sense of sanitation and hygiene. They just need an enabling environment to learn and adapt. All the children were