text:
Autism Language Program
Two-way Observational Learning
Many children with autism have difficulty learning in a general classroom, due to the distractions, face-to-face interactions, and standard pacing. Two-way Observational Learning introduces an innovative way to use video to teach children with autism essential concepts and ideas. Observational learning typically involves student with autism viewing a prerecorded video where a model teaches specific behaviors and concepts.
In the ALP at Boston Children's Hospital, we have pioneered the use of a two-way observational environment where there is a "live" connection between the learner, who appears on a TV monitor in one room, and an instructor, who appears on a separate TV monitor in another room.
This controlled setting:
- focuses a child's attention to what is happening on the TV screen
- provides the familiar television environment that children with autism enjoy
- provides real-time face-to-face interaction through the TV screen
- takes advantage of video techniques such as highlighting and zooming
- reduces the pressure of face-to-face interactions in the same room
- allows familiar people to interact during the two-way experience
Learners watch the instructor on the monitor while the instructor delivers well-planned instructional activities. The instructor can also monitor the child's performance and give real-time guidance, feedback and reinforcement to ensure that the task is learned correctly.
It is important to note that this setting requires cameras, appropriate recording equipment and flat screen television panels.


text:
Myth or reality: Exploring teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school
Date of Award
Master of Education (M. Ed.)
Institute for Educational Development, Karachi
This qualitative case study was designed to explore the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school. Their understanding of teacher leadership roles were explored in relation to their views, practices and professional roles within the school context. The study was conducted in a school and two female teachers participated in it. The data collection processes involved semi-structured interviews, document analysis and observations inside and outside of the classroom. Their interactions with pedagogy and students inside the classroom and their interactions with parents and colleagues outside the classroom was the focus of observation. The findings indicate the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles within the school context, as leading school activities and colleagues was their ultimate goal. The study found that both the teachers continuously improved their personal, interpersonal and professional capacities while interacting with the context. Teachers were found autonomous in their instructional strategies in their respective classrooms. Teachers' instructional leadership roles and their relationship with students were found to be rooted into their personal beliefs of knowledge, learning and experiences. The study also found that teachers' own outlook of students' behaviour and their beliefs about learning determined their own relationship with students. The two teachers defined teacher leadership in a hierarchical fashion. In this vertical order of leadership, the headteacher and teachers with formal roles such as deputy headteacher, coordinators, alternate coordinators and teachers formed the chain of leaders. In this top-down chain of leadership, classroom teachers were placed at the bottom. The study reveals that the teachers viewed parents' involvement crucial for their children education, but their emphasis on parental involvement was limited only to academic affairs. The study also suggests that the scope of leadership of teachers with formal positions (coordinator) is broader and wider than those who possess less formal positions such as alternate coordinator. In short, the teachers' understanding of teacher leadership is different in terms of its scope, but both the teachers understand teachers as leaders. The school context and teachers' early experiences provided them with motivation and opportunities to develop their capacities as teachers and teacher leaders.
Sharar, T. (2005). Myth or reality: Exploring teachers' understanding of teacher leadership roles in a Pakistani school (Unpublished master's dissertation). Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


update defaults configured on individual Column objects, i.e. those described at Column INSERT/UPDATE Defaults including those configured by the Column.default, Column.onupdate, Column.server_default and Column.server_onupdate parameters, will continue to function normally even if those Column objects are not mapped. This is because in the case of Column.default and Column.onupdate, the Column object is still present on the underlying Table, thus allowing the default functions to take place when the ORM emits an INSERT or UPDATE, and in the case of Column.server_default and Column.server_onupdate, the relational database itself emits these defaults as a server side behavior.
Previous: Mapping Columns and Expressions Next: SQL Expressions as Mapped Attributes


text:
1. a man participant in his own marriage ceremony;
[syn: groom, bridegroom]
2. someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses;
[syn: stableman, stableboy, groom, hostler, ostler]
3. a man who has recently been married;
[syn: groom, bridegroom]
1. educate for a future role or function;
- Example: "He is grooming his son to become his successor"
- Example: "The prince was prepared to become King one day"
- Example: "They trained him to be a warrior"
[syn: prepare, groom, train]
2. give a neat appearance to;
- Example: "groom the dogs"
- Example: "dress the horses"
[syn: dress, groom, curry]
3. care for one's external appearance;
- Example: "He is always well-groomed"
[syn: groom, neaten]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Groom \Groom\, n. [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. --Spenser. [1913 Webster] 2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's department; as, the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole. [1913 Webster] 3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. --Dryden. [1913 Webster] Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king's lodgings and had certain privileges. [1913 Webster]The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Groom \Groom\, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse. [1913 Webster]U.S. Gazetteer (1990):
Groom, TX (city, FIPS 31292) Location: 35.20408 N, 101.10600 W Population (1990): 613 (297 housing units) Area: 2.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 79039Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:
121 Moby Thesaurus words for "groom": adapt, apprentice, bed, bed down, blushing bride, break, break in, breaker, breed, breeder, bride, bridegroom, bridle, brief, bring up, broncobuster, brush, brush up, buckaroo, cattleman, clean up, clear the decks, clear up, coach, condition, cow keeper, cowman, cultivate, curry, currycomb, dairy farmer, dairyman, develop, discipline, drench, dress, drill, equerry, exercise, farrier, feed, fetch up, fettle, fit, fix up, fodder, form, foster, gentle, get ready, grazier, handle, harness, hitch, honeymooner, horseshoer, hostler, house-train, housebreak, improve, lick into shape, litter, make ready, manage, manicure, milk, neaten, newlywed, nurse, nurture, plighted bride, plume, police, police up, practice, preen, prepare, prime, primp, put in trim, put in tune, put to school, raise, rancher, ranchero, ranchman, ready, rear, refresh, rehearse, rub down, saddle, send to school, shape, sheepman, smarten up, spruce, spruce up, stableboy, stableman, stock raiser, stockbreeder, stockkeeper, stockman, straighten up, take in hand, tame, tamer, tend, tidy, tidy up, titivate, train, trainer, trig up, trim, trim up, tutor, war bride, water, yoke

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


School-Safe Puzzle Games
Barbed Wire in a Tree, a picture puzzle
While hiking a wooded trail today, we came across a piece of barbed wire running right through a portion of the tree, about 4 feet above my head. Shot a picture of it, you can see above.
What is the most likely explanation for how it got there?
Answers can be submitted below, will unmask Wednesday!
More picture puzzles. Hidden Object games are very popular right now and while Smart-Kit is working on a custom hidden object game of its own, in the meantime you can check out our free hidden picture puzzles. Many if these hidden challenges come from antique hidden object cards, like Liebig. Or, if you are looking to play games online, Smart-Kit has a large number of excellent smart gamesgames that are great for kids and students looking for some educational entertainment. Parents can rest assured that all our games are kid friendly and good for the brain! Adults wanting some old fashioned fun can play our free daily jigsaw!
7 Comments to "Barbed Wire in a Tree, a picture puzzle"
 1. Mashplum | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 The wire was part of a fence and the tree grew around it. The fence was taken down but the piece of wire was left stuck there.
 2. Hex | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 This link should give an idea:
 3. cheddarmelt | Profile
 The wire was there first, and the tree grew around it.
 4. Shawn | PUZZLE GRANDMASTER | Profile
 Fruits & nuts grow on trees, but barbed wire grows IN trees, usually deciduous hardwoods. Your tree is a rare find, as most free-range wire-producing trees were harvested by the late 1800′s. Sadly, twisted-iron trees now exist only in captivity on large farms. With only ~50 square meters of living space per tree and no international protection groups, their natural nomadic longings go largely unfulfilled. Heartbreakingly, the very barbed wire that is harvested from the trees is used to secure their enclosure; a fence made from the soul of the fenced.
 Such a sad twist of irony.
 5. engjs1960 | Profile
 The tree grew around it.
 6. Falwan | Profile
 Could't see it very clearly..
 Maybe a branch that looks like a barbed wire!
 7. Bobo The Bear | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 Probably, several years back, the tree was part of a property line, and had the barbed wire either wrapped around it or nailed to it. As the tree grew, the tree also grew around, and eventually encased, the barbed wire, in addition to lifting it much higher off the ground.
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text:
Coal in the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale of Cretaceous age has traditionally been mined by underground techniques in the Emery Coal Field in the southern end of Castle Valley in east-central Utah. However, approximately 99 million tons are recoverable by surface mining. Ground water in the Ferron is the sole source of supply for the town of Emery, but the aquifer is essentially untapped outside the Emery area. The Ferron Sandstone Member crops out along the eastern edge of Castle Valley and generally dips 2" to 10" to the northwest beneath the surface. Sandstones in the Ferron are enclosed between relatively impermeable shale in the Tununk and Blue Gate Members of the Mancos Shale. Along the outcrop, the Ferron ranges in thickness from about 80 feet in the northern part of Castle Valley to 850 feet in the southern part. The Ferron also generally thickens in the subsurface downdip from the outcrop. Records from wells and test holes indicate that the full thickness of the Ferron is saturated with water in most areas downdip from the outcrop area. Tests in the Emery area indicate that transmissivity of the Ferron sandstone aquifer ranges from about 200 to 700 feet squared per day where the Ferron is fully saturated. Aquifer transmissivity is greatest near the Paradise Valley-- Joes Valley fault system where permeability has been increased by fracturing. Storage coefficient ranges from about 10^-6 to 10^-3 where the Ferron sandstone aquifer is confined and probably averages 5 x 10^-2 where in is unconfined.
Lines, Gregory C.; Morrissey, Daniel J.; Ryer, Thomas A.; Fuller, Richard H.; and U.S. Geological Survey, "Hydrology of the Ferron Sandstone Aquifer and Effects of Proposed Surface-Coal Mining in Castle Valley, Utah" (1981). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 567.


text:
Keeper of Gil's Vault wrote:Shourai, you still haven't convinced me though. According to the quote, when a true Heroic Spirit cannot be found, a Bourei is used to act as a substitute. This seems to be the basis of "amalgamated" heroic spirits such as True Assassin, where all the different masked individuals are the Hassan. However, this only indicates that the individual summoned is not the true hero, it does not dictate that the individual summoned is not a Heroic Spirit at all.
What I meant is that, each True Assassin summoned is still a Heroic Spirit, but just that he/she is not the true Hassan (the legend considers Hassan to be one person, which is not true). If this statement does not hold, then each individual assassin is not considered a Heroic Spirit, thus none of them are placed in the Throne of Heroes. Saying the individual assassins are just wandering wraiths does not make much sense to me.
But they ARE wraiths. Assassin is the only class which is composed of wraiths instead of true Eirei. True Heroic Spirits will NOT be summoned as someone else, or in this sense, as an actor to fill the role, as they already have their identities firmly rooted on the legend.
Fuyuki wrote:If a hero in a legend doesn't actually exist, then a wraith with similar abilities or one that shares the same general idea/concept/title is used as the basis for the heroic spirit or one of the many candidates for that heroic spirit.
Since all the 19 individuals who referred themselves as "Hassan-i-Sabbah" have discarded their former identities
as a human (and hero, in a sense) by adopting the name "Hassan", they were no longer considered as Heroic Spirits
. Or at least, genuine Heroic Spirits. They are now just "actors" who play the role of "Old Man of The Mountain".
In the case that there is no certain historical truth that a hero does exist in the past, there will be just "role" in the Throne of Heroes. And the person summoned to fill that "role" of Heroic Spirit is a wraith without identity, whose life was closest to or mostly resembled the "role" in question.


text:
The Unit Test as a Fitness Function
Extreme Programming is a concept pioneered by Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham which has gained worldwide acceptance. It is an agile software methodology that espouses fundamental goals and how best to achieve them. The precepts of XP are as follows:
-- Kent Beck, author of "Extreme Programming Explained"
Genetic programming is a model of programming which uses the ideas (and some of the terminology) of biological evolution to handle a complex problem. Of a number of possible programs (usually small program functions within a larger application), the most effective programs survive and compete or crossbreed with other programs to continually approach closer to the needed solution. Genetic programming can be viewed as an extension of the Genetic Algorithm, a model for testing and selecting the best choice among a set of results. Genetic programming goes a step farther and makes the program or "function" the unit that is tested. Two approaches are used to select the successful program - crossbreeding and the tournament or competition approach. A difficult part of using genetic programming is determining the fitness function, the degree to which a program is helping to arrive at the desired goal. A simple example of a genetic programming fitness function would be devising a program to fire a gun. The distance by which the bullet misses its target would determine the fitness function.
The commonality in these two definitions are 'unit test' and 'program' so it seems natural to consider the unit test as a fitness function and hence XP a natural methodology to advance GP.
So Genetic Programming is a Genetic Algorithm performed on a parse tree of executable program code. The fitness is determined by how well the code solves a problem. In XGP, the problem is expressed as a unit test. The unit test is the fitness function. The problems that can be solved are any problem that is solvable by the set of functions in the system, in this case anything solvable by most programming languages.
XGP is a concept that grew from discussions involving Ward Cunningham, Jonathan Groff, and Arthur Copeland.
Essentially, GP is a form of optimization toward the goal of converging upon a'solution', using optimization processes borrowed from an old model built by a power higher and smarter than we. They can, at times, be erratic yet predicable in their inevitable march toward a goal. Part of the optimization is using a 'fitness function' to select the best candidates from a 'population' of 'individuals'. In our case the 'fitness function' is built as a unit test for a specific piece of code functionality, and we converge on the solution to those tests. The Individuals have 'chromosomes' composed of functions and terminals in a parse tree that represent an executable piece of code in the framework.
During reproduction, branches of code from the chromosomes are crossed such that they do not violate programmatic structural integrity and new code is produced. Code that passes the units tests are given varying degrees of fitness by the test. In this way the 'optimum' solution is converged upon. In reality it tends to be highly specific to the unit test, thus enforcing the design methodology espoused in XP.
To initially start the operation we take what we know about the test, the return type and the argument types or variable types, and we use those to randomly populate the starting population with all possible functions for that type. We then inject the variables. Using that set we converge on the return type, and the variables, constants, and return types of functions guide through structural integrity. In the end the code is structurally complete. Execution and check of results in unit test fitness functions, along with exception fitness reduction function, allows us to produce a final raw fitness, which, using a standardization formula, is rolled into the final fitness for that individual. The proportionally fittest individuals are selected from the population to reproduce and the next generation begins.
Write a complete unit test and the code evolves to solve it. Since humans don't write code quickly or easily, it seems like a good job for a computer. All we organics have to do is figure out how to write unit tests correctly.
In contrast to something like bridge engineering, construction of code is but a fraction of the cost of a project. Regardless, it is the adherence to the philosophy of building complete units tests and allowing them to enforce design that is the truly powerful aspect of XP and XGP.
A discussion of Extreme Programming can be found at:
A Genetic Programming FAQ can be found at:


text:
By Mindy Kay Bricker
Wednesday, June 15, 2005
A Czech initiative to study schoolbooks for gender bias wrapped up late last year. Activists see the government effort as a step in the right direction. Seventh in a series on women and education.
PRAGUE, Czech Republic (WOMENSENEWS)--When Petr Havlik, head chair of the Gender Studies Department at Charles University in Prague, started looking at third-grade math schoolbooks he came up with a text book case of discouraging role modeling for girls.
One set of math problems, for instance, was accompanied by eight illustrations. In each picture a girl was shown either not knowing the answer or giving the wrong answer. The boy, in every case, corrected her.
"The general expectation in the country is that girls do not know math," he said. "People don't notice because they take it to be the way it is."
Last November, the country's Education Ministry completed a $2,000 study of gender treatments in text books for primary school students, who in the Czech system are all those between 5 and 15.
The ministry found that many of the books had insufficiencies when it came to gender equality, Michaela Lagronova, the ministry's spokesperson, told Women's eNews in an e-mail.
"More often the textbooks present boys as explorers and leaders and on the contrary, girls are presented rather as "family care-takers" or those who have a less important life role," Lagronova wrote.
Although these problems were not considered egregious enough for the government to pull the books out of schools, the government expects to redress them in new editions.
The old texts may also be phased out as part of the country's rolling review process, which looks at every text six years after its introduction.
In 2002 the country, which formally joined the European Union in May 2004, announced a plan to educate teachers about avoiding gender stereotypes that might "predetermine men and women to perform particular occupations."
Jana Valdrova, a gender linguist and German teacher at the Pedagogical Faculty in Ceske Budejovice, co-authored a methodical handbook on the evaluation of gender correctness in schoolbooks for teachers and publishers to use in analyzing their text books.
"We explain why the gender stereotypes can limit equal chances of men and women, and we advise how to distinguish stereotypes and avoid incorrect teaching books," she said.
Czech women are 53 percent of those who are unemployed, according to government statistics. Among the employee group with the highest salaries--legislators and senior managers--women in 2001 earned 55 percent of the salary of a man performing comparable work.
Since the fall of communism in 1989 and the Czech-Slovak split in 1993, the country has been updating its text books for political and geographical purposes. Gender, however, has only been addressed more recently and with considerable public reluctance.
When the Education Ministry announced in 2002 its intention to use a $2,000 grant to pursue an analysis of gender stereotypes in textbooks, the news drew widespread derision. Newspapers lampooned it in political cartoons and comments such as "this is what the Ministry has money for?" were posted on the Web site of the Gender Studies Institute, a Prague-based advocacy center for women's rights.
Havlik said that while democracy might be expected to be more positive for women than communism in the Czech Republic, it has been the contrary. "While some people are more free, there are those who are freer, those being men," he said.
Valdrova, the gender linguist, said that Czech German language text books "constantly repeat the 'daily regime' theme."
"It is accompanied by images of a woman who wakes up early, makes breakfast for everyone, takes the children to nursery school, goes to work, then goes shopping, cooks dinner, cares for the children and in the evening falls asleep in an armchair in front of the television, which is showing a soccer match that her husband selected and is enjoying thoroughly," Valdrova said. "The picture is supposed to be humorous. But depicting a woman as a mother and housekeeper without a partner, as a submissive wife--she couldn't even choose the TV show--is undignified."
This situation, said Valdrova, is a far cry from what's going on in Germany, where federal and state programs require schools to look at gender issues in general as well as specific problems, such as low female participation in science.
"In neighboring Germany, just one incorrect illustration is enough for a teaching aid to be pulled from the schools and that's the way it should be," Valdrova said. "Otherwise, half the population is subject to being treated in an undignified manner." A few years ago, in the German state of Baden-Wurttemberg, a "More Girls in Science Courses" project was launched that raised teachers' awareness of girls in science and that was designed to increase the representation of girls and women in curricula and textbooks.
In the Czech Republic, the kinks remain to be worked out for the ministry's new project, said Valdrova. She said that while gender courses and seminars have been offered to teachers, they are not part of their systematic continuing education.
In a phone interview, the ministry's Lagronova said the gender topic will be included in more projects in the future.
"We are aware of the importance of this problem to both pedagogic reality and international research," she said.
Mindy Kay Bricker is a freelancer living in Prague.
By Mindy Kay Bricker
By Dinah A. Spritzer
By Mindy Kay Bricker
By Jennifer Friedlin


Circular polarization explained
Antennas come in different shapes and sizes. But why do they?
Why on earth would you use the antenna on the left when the antenna on the right has the same gain and radiation pattern? (read about gain and radiation pattern here)
The answer is polarization.
"Normal" antennas, the ones you see everyday on rooftops, routers and antenna towers are linear polarized. Meaning that they radiate in only one plane, either vertically or horizontally.
Vertically polarized
Horizontally polarized
Whenever you take a linear polarized antenna and turn it 90° it changes it's polarization. If it's inline with the horizon it's horizontally polarized, hence the name.
The trouble is that when a vertically polarized antenna tires to communicate with a horizontally polarized antenna (this is called cross-polarization), and vice versa, you get a 30dB loss in signal strength (which is a lot!).
Linear polarized antennas are very cheap and easy to manufacture and they work well enough in everyday applications. In normal applications, the problem with cross-polarization is nearly non-existent. It's not very likely that your car or house will turn 90° onto its side, giving you problems with loss of radioor TV-signals. Even if that happened, you would have bigger problems than cross-polarization issues.
But while flying FPV we constantly change the orientation of the antenna. In every turn, loop or roll of your aircraft, the polarization is shifted and you loose the image for a short while.
This is where circular polarization comes into the picture.
Instead of transmitting in just one plane a curricular polarized antenna transmits in both planes at once, with a 90° phase shift between the two planes. The signal in this case would not look like a sine-wave transmitted by the linear polarized antennas but rather like a corkscrew.
Right hand polarized
Right hand polarized
Circular polarization comes in two variations as well, Right hand polarized andLeft hand polarized. If these two tries to talk to each other there would be a 30dB loss.
However if circular polarized antenna and a linear polarized antenna tries to talk to each other, there is only a 3dB loss regardless of the orientation of the two antennas. This means that you can fly the plane in any orientation without loosing signal, which would seem to be a very good solution for FPV-fliers. But it gets even better.
The true power of the circular polarized antennas are released when you use two circular antennas with the same polarization. Here is why:
Whenever the signal bounces on something it gets distorted. The receiver receives both the good (un-bounced) and the bad (bounced) signals, which leads to a really bad image. It can be as little as a small color change or as bad as huge bars, black and white and barely viewable image. This phenomenon is called multipath interference.
Multipath interference
Multipath interference is by far the worst enemy when it comes to getting a reliable, solid video link. The amount of interference is depending on how you position your gear as well as the objects and terrain around you, so you can only avoid it to a certain extent.
Now this is where circular polarization really sweeps the floor with linear polarization. When a right hand polarized signal bounces on an object, it changes it's polarization to left hand (and vice versa)! And what happens when a right hand polarized antenna tries to receive a left hand polarized signal? That's right, there is a 30dB loss!
This means that multipath interference can be greatly reduced (or even eliminated) by using circular polarized antennas, as you will only receive the good (un-bounced) signals that haven't changed polarization (bounced). This will not only lead to a better picture, it also leads to a longer usable range on your video system.
Why then aren't circular polarized antennas used all the time on everything? That's because they are expensive and much more complex to make. They are also bulkier. But, in my opinion, this is a small price to pay for a lot better video quality in our specific application.
Helical directional CP Antenna —–Cloverleaf Omnidirectional CP antenna
So, how do you make these circular polarized antennas? Look out for the upcoming guide, and you'll get the know-how too!
3 thoughts on "Circular polarization explained
 - Make sure you are using different channels on the 1.3 band. one can use 8 and The other can use 9 fx. other than that, make to pairs of CP antennas, one right hand polarized, and the other pair left hand polarized. that way you will get little to none interferrence 🙂
 1. Hello David,
 I have been wondering if you will be selling copies of your ground station as a kit? When I saw it on FliteTest the first time I thought it looked great to have and use one for myself. It looks wicked
Leave a Reply


text:
Child Safety Harness
A Child Safety Harness is designed for toddlers, allowing them the freedom to be a child but with a lot less worry for you.
Safety harnesses (also known as toddler leashes) help parents better control over busy toddlers, while still allowing them to explore the world on their own terms but within safe boundaries.
- Fully adjustable, easy to put on your child and easy to use while on-the-go
- Combine comfort with style with a range of various fun colors and designs
- Perfect for twins and triplets too, and ideal for all outings!
- Manufactured with SABS-approved materials.
- Printed design may differ slightly from the pictures


Building physics in modular construction
Outstanding properties
Building physics properties for modular buildings are easily the equal of those offered by conventionally constructed buildings. Fire prevention and sound and thermal insulation meet the prescribed or desired levels in system assembly, ensuring that modular buildings meet the standards valid in each country or region.
Fire prevention
The country-specific requirements and standards for fire prevention, such as DIN 4102, for example, are met in standardised ALHO modular buildings, and fire prevention classes between F30 and F120 can be reached. The results are repeatedly confirmed by ongoing in-house fire tests and by independent reports from reputable fire prevention institutions.
Thermal insulation
When it comes to thermal insulation, ALHO modular buildings naturally meet all the requirements of the relevant country-specific standards with a correspondingly high level of component insulation. Renewable energies such as solar power, photovoltaics or combined power-heat systems can also be integrated into modular buildings without any problems.
Sound insulation
ALHO modular buildings provide very good sound insulation as an integral component of the system. The double-shell wall and ceiling system means that the relevant sound insulation requirements can easily be met. Generally, the sound insulation values measured in the completed modular building are actually much better than the values required by law, both between the storeys and between different rooms on the same level.


text:
Note: Traffic counts cover various street segments and are provided for informational purposes only. All data should be verified with the appropriate Traffic Operations staff at _PHONE_, and/or verified in the field, prior to use. The last comprehensive counts were conducted in 1997. Some street segments are more current as the date indicates. The City of Eureka uses a 1.4% per year growth rate as a rule of thumb.
Current volumes can be adjusted to future volumes with the Growth Factor. To calculate a growth factor based on a growth rate over several years, use the following formula:
GF = (1+r)^Y = Growth Factor
r = Growth Rate
Y = Number of years
For example the growth factor for 1.4% growth over 8 years is:
GF = (1 + 0.014) ^ 8 = 1.118
A street segment showing a traffic count of 1000 in 1997 would be adjusted as follows:
Adjusted volume = 1000 x 1.118 (GF) = 1118
Click here for Traffic Counts.


text:
- The meaning of midterm elections
After his party received a drubbing in 1982, Ronald Reagan went on to a landslide victory in 1984. Bill Clinton shifted to the center after the disastrous 1994 midterms and became a popular two-term president. Midmorning looks at the lessons past presidents have learned from midterm elections.9:06 a.m.
Ron Elving: Senior Washington editor for NPR.
Russell Riley: Associate professor of history at the University of Virginia and chair of the Miller Center's Presidential Oral History program.
William Doyle: Author of "Inside the Oval Office: The White House Tapes from FDR to Clinton."
- How music can affect perception
This political season, candidates' ads have used music to frighten, inspire, and motivate voters to get out to the polls. Music can do a lot more to communicate a message in TV, films, and other multimedia. Midmorning's experts explain how.10:06 a.m.
Joel Dodson: Director of broadcast production at Olson, a Minneapolis advertising agency.
Scott Lipscomb: Professor of music education in the University of Minnesota's School of Music. He studies the role of music in multimedia.
You can follow Kerri Miller on Twitter at _USER_
Download each day's Midmorning to your computer or portable MP3 player. Each hour addresses a different topic. To receive both hours every day, you need to subscribe to both hour one and hour two.
Subscribe directly with iTunes:
You can also copy and paste these URLs into your podcast software:


text:
In this method a chemical adjusting the pH value of waste water is added. This chemical then decreases the amount of odor to the desired level in the sewer pipe. With the right dosage corrosion can also be diminished.
Liquid oxidation and coagulation substances are suitable for the removal of odor, hydrogen sulfide and BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), and for sludge processing. This method requires a chemical feeder, electricity and adding the needed chemicals on a regular basis. The chemicals are provided in 45 kg dishes or 1200 kg containers.
In addition to odor removal, this method is ideal for the prevention of corrosion and erosion of the metal and concrete surfaces in the sewer pipe. The method decreases odor in the target from a distance of 5-10 km.


text:
Like most grep tools, PowerGREP is primarily designed to work with plain text files. Unlike many grep tools, PowerGREP can convert many popular file formats into plain text for searching. The original software is not needed for any of these formats. You can search through Microsoft Word documents, for example, even if you don't have Word or Office installed.
- Plain text files. Such files include text documents, source code, HTML files, XML files, comma-delimited data files (CSV), SQL queries, etc. PowerGREP supports various text encodings (Windows code pages, ISO-8859, Unicode, ECBDIC, KOI8, etc.) and line break styles (DOS/Windows, UNIX/Linux, Mac).
- Binary files. These files are not human-readable without the proper software. With PowerGREP, you can search through binary files for text or hexadecimal data.
- Adobe Acrobat documents (PDF files)
- Microsoft Word documents (DOC and DOCX files)
- OpenOffice documents, spreadsheets, etc. (.odf and other files)
- Microsoft Write (WRI files)
- WordPerfect documents (WP files)
- XML Paper Specification (XPS and OXPS)
- Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (XLS and XLSX files)
- Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets (.wks and.wk1 files)
- Quattro Pro spreadsheets (.wq1,.wq2 and.wkq files)
- Audio file meta tags (ID3, APE, FLAC, Vorbis, MP4, WAV, and WMA)
- Image file tags (EXIF in JPEG, TIFF, and PSD files)
- Rich Text Format (RTF files)
- HyperText Markup Language (HTML files)
- Microsoft Outlook email (PST, OST, and MSG files)
- MIME and UUencode email (MBOX and EML files)
- CorelDRAW meta data (CDR files)
- AceText collections (ATC files)
- Windows shell links (shortcuts stored as LNK files)
- HTML Help (CHM files)
- ZIP, 7-zip, RAR, and many other archives are handled transparently. PowerGREP treats them like folders, unless you disable the option to search through archives.
- IFilter support allows PowerGREP to search through any file that Windows Search can handle.
"The first thing I tried [after upgrading to PowerGREP 5] was a find-and-replace within an MS Word document. It worked perfectly in a Hebrew right-to-left document! For me this is the most dramatic, long-awaited achievement, allowing, at last, a decent find-and-replace feature to replace [MS Word's] nonsensical "wild card" built-in feature. Many thanks, again, for a fantastic, must-have product!"
— Motti Teicher
9 September 2016, Israel
"If the only thing I ever did with PowerGREP was grep help PDFs and CHMs, I'd find my PowerGREP license worth the cost. I'll put a folder full of hardlinks to every local resource I have and GREP it for answers—wonderful tool. PowerGREP makes me feel like I can do an SQL query on my personal, unorganized data, wherever it is, and actually find what I need."
— Clay Cundick
31 December 2016, Utah, USA


The raincoat is a type of waterproof jacket that protects us from rain. I guess most people wonder about what are raincoats made of. Raincoat jacket specially made of water-resistant fabric and other materials. But before discussing the materials of raincoats you must know when and who invented this? Charles Macintosh in 1836 invented this mixing rubber with fabric and it was the first modern raincoat. But now there are various types of raincoats with different colors available in the market. For kids multiple colors of raincoats also accessible in the market.
The answers to those questions how are raincoats made and what is a raincoat made out of provided with all details. So carefully read this article to know the real facts about making raincoats.
_TAG_ Out What Are Raincoats Made Of:
With the basic fabric materials, the raincoat made of but if those products do not contain water-resistant properties then the researchers add water-resistant products. Here are some materials that need to make raincoats:
1. Nylon:
Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer and looks like silky material. This material is not so much expensive and long-lasting material. Most of the companies in the market prefer nylon for its long-lasting and low cost. For its synthetic polymer, silkiness, and easy folding, many people choose this for the monsoon season and summer season. For its lightweight, you can easily convey when tripping.
2. Fabric Cotton:
The first raincoat was made with fabric cotton. But the raincoat of this material is so heavy to use and also not usable for the kids. Now fabric cotton made raincoat not so much available in the market. Oilcloths of this material are available in the market.
3. Gore-Tex:
Gore-Tex is a waterproof fabric and breathable material. It is usable for all-weather for its lightweight. Gore-Tex was first invented in 1969. It is extremely different from other products and people use this for its comfort. Many raincoat-making companies are using this fabric. It is perfect for an outdoor campaign and trekking.
4. Vinyl Fabric:
Vinyl fabric is made of chlorine and natural gas (ethylene). It is strong plastic materials and mainly used for a raincoat, outdoor tablecloths, and other products. Vinyl fabric is used to forming the raincoats of kids. This material is not too much costly. Various raincoat maker companies prefer this for multiple color options, water revolting, and easy to clean.
5. Wool:
Though wool does not provide waterproof quality in winter place it gives warmth. Making with water-resistant woolen coat provides extra durable and it is mainly used in the fashion garments and military men.
There are also other items that need in making raincoats like belts, buttons, lining, thread, trip, zippers, and seam tape. In the market various types of stylish fashionable raincoats like Waxed jackets, Sou'wester, Gannex, Anorak, Oilskin, Inverness cape, Mino, Driza-Bone, Poncho, etc available.
In the end, I want to say something very important talks, before buying raincoats check colors, durable system, stylish, water-resistance quality, etc those are suits for you. After reading this content the query about what are raincoats made of is now clear to the readers.
Also read: Dress Ideas For 50-year-old Women


Scaling of DFT calculations with system size
Tags: DFT
As I made clear in my previous tutorial blog, I think that it is important for people using DFT codes to understand some of the internal mechanics. This blog will deal with another technical issue: scaling of the problem with system size.
Why should this matter? Pragmatically, it is important to know both how long your simulation is likely to take before starting in on it and how large a computational resource you may need. This will also determine whether you can ask certain questions in your simulations: if they will require unreasonable timescales or computer resources[1] then a different study should be designed. There are two key resources: total run time, and memory required. I will discuss run time below; the memory required in general scales with the square of the system size.
The overall scaling of standard DFT codes is often given as \(N^{3}\), where \(N\) is some measure of system size (whether number of atoms, number of bands or number of basis functions). In plane wave codes, the basis set increases with unit cell volume independently of number of atoms or bands, and this affects the amount of vacuum that is used in surface or molecular studies. However, the simple form of scaling is the only factor: the pre-factor is important, as is the quantity that scales.
Prefactors will determine the system size at which cubic scaling will become dominant: if the cubic scaling operation has a very small cost compared to a quadratic or linear scaling operation, it will only become significant with large system sizes. This is one reason why linear scaling DFT codes are not more widely used: the pre-factor, at the moment, is rather large. The question of what scales contributes to the pre-factor: to stay with the plane wave example, the number of plane waves is much larger than the number of bands, so an operation that scales as \(N_{bands} \times N_{PW}\) will be much cheaper than one that scales as \(N_{PW} \times N_{PW}\).
The total energy in DFT is often found by adding different contributions, and these scale differently. The Hartree energy, along with the local pseudopotential energy and the exchange-correlation energy, is found as an integral of a potential with a charge density, and scales linearly with the system size. The kinetic energy requires an integral for each band, and so scales as \(N_{bands} \times N_{PW}\) (we can substitute the number of points on a real-space grid for the number of plane waves if this is how the integral is performed), though this has a small pre-factor.
The most expensive part of the energy is the non-local pseudopotential energy, which also scales as \(N_{bands} \times N_{PW}\), but has a larger pre-factor. It is more efficient to evaluate this energy using non-local projector functions in real-space than in reciprocal space, but it is still a high cost. In plane wave codes, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) are also expensive: they scale as \(N_{bands} \times N_{PW} ln N_{PW}\) when all wavefunctions are transformed. Fortunately, they are highly optimised on modern computers; they do, however, involve communication between all processes on a parallel machine, which limits their scaling with number of processes[2].
The cubic scaling that limits DFT approaches actually comes from the requirement to orthogonalise the eigenstates to each other (in a code which optimises the wavefunctions rather than diagonalising the Hamiltonian—which also scales with the cube of the matrix size). This operation cannot be avoided, but does have a small pre-factor, so only becomes significant at large system sizes.
One factor which actually improves scaling is the Brillouin zone sampling. All of the operations described above have to be performed at each k-point, giving a prefactor of \(N_k\) to each cost. As we go to larger system sizes the Brillouin zone sampling required reduces, and the net cost of a simulation scales more slowly than might be expected. However, once truly large systems have been reached, this factor goes to one and cubic scaling dominates.
It is important, therefore, to build up an understanding of how long different calculations will take to run with small simulations, before embarking on a larger simulation. It is also important to realise that parallel scaling is not perfect, and the speed-up gained from increasing the number of processes will be lower than linear (though the memory requirements per process will improve). I should also note that it is possible to achieve linear scaling of computational cost (both in time and memory), and to go to millions of atoms[3].
[1] It is important to remember that time on high-performance computing (HPC) resources is often restricted and awarded through grants, so needs to be used wisely.
[2] Since modern CPUs are multi-core and even run more threads than there are cores, it makes most sense to refer to the number of processes running than the number of CPUs/cores.
[3] J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22 074207 (2010) DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/22/7/074207
This entry was posted in tutorials on 2015/10/23.


text:
|Region||Biscay, into Álava and Gipuzkoa|
|Dialects||Western, Eastern, Alavese (extinct)|
It is named as Western in the Basque dialects' classification drawn up by linguist Koldo Zuazo, since it is not only spoken in Biscay but also extends slightly into the northern fringes of Alava and deeper in the western part of Gipuzkoa. The dialect's territory bears great similarity to that of the Caristii tribe, as described by Roman authors.
While it is treated as stylish to write in Biscayan and the dialect is still spoken generally in about half of Biscay and some other municipalities, it suffers from the double pressure of Unified Basque and Spanish.
In the words of Georges Lacombe, because of the special features of this dialect, Euskera could well be divided into two groups of dialects: Biscayan and the rest. He argued that this dialect was so different from the rest, that the isoglosses separating it from the adjacent dialects (Gipuzkoan or central) are so close to each other that form a clear line; that is, the phonetic-phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical features of Biscayan coincide geographically to the point of creating a distinctively clear and defined dialectical border.
Because of these differences both with the rest of the Basque dialects and also with Standard Basque or Batua, and respecting their corresponding uses, the Euskaltzaindia has produced a Model for Written Biscayan (in Basque: Bizkaieraren idatzizko ereduaren finkapenak), a set of rules mainly focused on morphosyntax. The official use of the dialects of Euskera is regulated through Regulation 137 of the Euskaltzaindia, according to which the use of Batua should be limited to the fields of communication, administration and teaching.
Since 1997 and according to the new dialectical classification realized by Koldo Zuazo, author of "Euskalkiak. Herriaren lekukoak" (Elkar, 2004), the name given to Biscayan is the Western Dialect, due to its use not being limited to the province of Biscay, but with users in some Gipuzkoan regions such as Debagoiena (mainly) and Debabarrena, and also some Alavan municipalities such as Aramaio (Aramayona) and Legutio (Villarreal).
According to study by Yrizar, this dialect was spoken in the seventies by around 200,000 people, with the number of estimated speakers approaching 300,000 by the eighties. In 1991 16% of the population of this province could speak Basque, and data gathered in 2001 data 22% of the total 1.122.710 Biscayans (i.e. 247,000) could speak and write in Basque. However, this data is only illustrative, as there is no record of how many of the Basque speakers spoke Biscayan specifically and it does not take into account Biscayan speakers in Gipuzkoan territory (Bergara, Leintz Gatzaga, Mondragon, Oñati, etc.)
Subdialects and VariationsEdit
Biscayan is not a homogeneous dialect, it has two subdialects and eight main variations.
- Dialectal variation around the border between the Western and Eastern subdialects. The territory includes: Busturialdea, Otxandio and Villarreal.
- Dialectal variation happens the border between the Western dialect (Biscayan) and the Central dialect (Gipuzkoan). The territory includes: Elgoibar, Deba, Mendaro and Mutriku.
Geography and HistoryEdit
The borders of Biscayan match those of the pre-Roman tribe of the Caristii, which is probably not a coincidence. Biscay was formerly included, along with Alava and the Valley of Amezcoa, within the ecclesiastical circumscription of Calahorra, which explains the wide influence of Biscayan (or Western Dialect) in the language of these regions. This does not mean Alavan dialect (nowadays extinct) would have had the same features as the Biscayan, but rather some common characteristics with a personality of its own.
Some features of Biscayan as perceived by other dialect speakers may be summed up as follows:
- The verb root "eutsi" used for the dative auxiliary verb (NOR-NORI-NORK), e.g. "dosku"/"deusku" vs. "digu".
- Auxiliary verb forms "dot - dok - dozu" most of the times, as opposed to general Basque "dut".
- Convergence of sibilants: z /s̻/, x /ʃ/ and s /s̺/ > x/ʃ/; tz /ts̻/, tx /tʃ/ and ts /ts̺/ > tz /ts̻/.
- Clusters -itz generally turned into -tx, e.g. "gaitza" > "gatxa".
- The conspicuous absence of past tense 3rd person mark z- at the beginning of auxiliary verbs, e.g. "eban" vs. "zuen".
- Assimilation in vowel clusters at the end of the noun phrase, notably -ea > -ie/i and -oa > -ue/u.
- v-Ñ-v ending words, as opposed to the Beterri Gipuzkoan v-Y-v: konstituziño vs konstituziyo, standard Basque konstituzio.
- In spelling, it has no h and it has -iñand -illwhere standard Basque has -inand -il-.
Biscayan dialect has a very rich lexicon, with vocabulary varying from region to region, and from town to town. For example, while gura (to want) and txarto (bad) are two words widely used in Biscayan, some Biscayan speaker might use nahi (for to want) and gaizki (for bad), which are generally used in other dialects. One of the current main experts in local vocabulary is Iñaki Gaminde, who in the last years has extensively researched and published on this subject.
- Bizkaia Irratia: FM 96.7
- Arrakala Irratia: FM 106 (Lekeitio).
- Arrate Irratia: FM 87.7 (Eibar).
- Irratia Arrasate irratia: FM 107.7 (Debagoiena).
- Bilbo Hiria Irratia: FM 96.0 (Bilbao).
- Itsuki Irratia: FM 107.3 (Bermeo).
- Matrallako Irratixa: FM 102.8 (Eibar).
- Radixu Irratia: FM 105.5 (Ondarroa).
- Tas-Tas: FM 95 (Bilbao).
- Goiena: Debagoiena
- Aikor: Txorierri.
- Anboto: Durangaldea.
- Bagabiz Aldizkaria: Gernika.
- Barren: Elgoibar.
- Begitu: Arratia.
- Berton: Bilbao.
- Bizkaie: Txurdinaga, Bilbao.
- Drogetenitturri: Ermua.
- Eta kitto!: Eibar.
- Kalaputxi: Mutriku.
- Pil-pilean: Soraluze.
- Prest!: Deusto, Bilbao.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Biscayan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Alavan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Or in the unified form of this same dialect, Bizkaiko euskerea; other used names are euskera, euzkera, euskala, euskiera, uskera, according to the General Basque Dictionary.
- Zuazo, Koldo. "Clasificación actual de los dialectos". hiru.eus. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- "El Dialecto Bizkaino". hiru.eus. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
En el estudio llevado a cabo por Yrizar en 1970, el bizkaino era hablado por unos 200.000 hablantes.
- Zuazo, Koldo (2015). "Euskalkiak - Ezaugarriak". euskalkiak.eus. University of the Basque Country. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- Amuriza, Xabier. "Bizkaierazko gitxieneko hiztegia - "Vocabulario básico del vizcaíno" (PDF). mendebalde.com. Bizka


Enoch Bartlett
American merchant
Enoch Bartlett (1779–1860) was a farmer from Dorchester, Massachusetts.
He bought Thomas Brewer's farm in Roxbury. This farm had a field of pear trees, which he named after himself, as he did not know the fruit already had a name.
In 1828 a new batch of pear trees arrived from England, and it was realised that the Bartlett pear was the same as the Williams pear, but by this time the name had stuck, and is still the commonest name for this type of pear in Canada and the United States.


pygraphblas is a Python wrapper around the GraphBLAS API.
pygraphblas requires the
library. Once you have these installed, pygraphblas can be installed
python install
An installation script for Ubuntu 18.04 is provided in the file.
pygraphblas is distributed as two different docker images on Docker
. The "minimal" image, containing only the library and
ipython and can be run with the command:
docker run --rm -it graphblas/pygraphblas-minimal ipython
You can run a "full" Jupyter notebook server
with docker and try the example Notebooks use the command:
docker run --rm -it graphblas/pygraphblas-notebook
Open up the URL printed on your terminal screen, typically something
liker and see the
following Notebooks:
To run the tests checkout pygraphblas and use:
$./
pygraphblas is a python extension that bridges The GraphBLAS
with the Python
programming language. It uses the
CFFI library to wrap the low
level GraphBLAS API and provides high level Matrix and Vector Python
types that make GraphBLAS simple and easy.
GraphBLAS is a sparse linear algebra API optimized for processing
graphs encoded as sparse matrices and vectors. In addition to common
real/integer matrix algebra operations, GraphBLAS supports over a
thousand different Semiring
algebra operations, that can be used as basic building blocks to
implement a wide variety of graph algorithms. See
from Wikipedia for some specific examples.
pygraphblas leverages the expertise in the field of sparse matrix
programming by The GraphBLAS Forum and uses
API implementation. SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS is brought to us by the work
of Dr. Tim Davis,
professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at
Texas A&M University. News and
can provide
you with a lot more background information, in addition to the
references below.
While it is my goal to make it so that pygraphblas works with any
GraphBLAS implementation, it currently only works with SuiteSparse.
SuiteSparse is currently the only realistically usable GraphBLAS
implementation, and additionally it provides several "extension"
features and pre-packaged objects that are very useful for
pygraphblas. If there is a GraphBLAS implementation you would like to
see support for in pygraphblas, please consider creating an issue for
it for discussion and/or sending me a pull request.
Introduction to Graphs and Matrices
GraphBLAS uses matrices and Linear Algebra to represent graphs, as
described in this mathmatical introduction to
by Dr. Jeremy Kepner head and founder
of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing
There are two useful matrix representations of graphs: Adjacency
Incidence Matrices.
For this introduction we will focus on the adjacency type as they are
simpler, but the same ideas apply to both, both are suported by
GraphBLAS and pygraphblas, and it is easy to switch back and forth
between them.
On the left is a graph, and on the right, the adjacency matrix that
represents it. The matrix has a row and column for every node in the
graph. If there is an edge going from node A to B, then there will be
a value present in the intersection of As row with Bs column. How it
differs from many other matrix representations is that the matrix is
sparse, nothing is stored in computer memory where there are unused
Sparsity is important because one practical problem with
matrix-encoding graphs is that most real-world graphs tend to be
sparse, as above, only 7 of 36 possible elements have a value. Those
that have values tend to be scattered randomly across the matrix
(for "typical" graphs), so dense linear algebra libraries like BLAS or
numpy do not encode or operate on them efficiently, as the relevant
data is mostly empty memory with actual data elements spaced far
apart. This wastes memory and CPU resources, and defeats CPU caching
For example, suppose a fictional social network has 1 billion users,
and each user has about 100 friends, which means there are about 100
billion (1e+11) connections in the graph. A dense matrix large enough
to hold this graph would need (1 billion)^2 or
(1,000,000,000,000,000,000), a "quintillion" elements, but only 1e+11
of them would have meaningful values, leaving only 0.0000001th of the
matrix being utilized.
By using a sparse matrix instead of dense, only the elements used are
actually stored in memory. The parts of the matrix with no value are
interpreted, but not necessarily stored, as an identity value, which
may or may not be the actual number zero, but possibly other values
like positive or negative infinity depending on the particular
semiring operations applied to the matrix.
Semirings encapsulate different algebraic operations and identities
that can be used to multiply matrices and vectors. Anyone who has
multiplied matrices has used at least one Semiring before, typically
referred to as "plus_times". This is the common operation of
multiplying two matrices containing real numbers, the corresponding row
and column entries are multipled and the results are summed for the
final value.


text:
A couple. Two people one thinks should date, or likes that they do/did. Usually combines the two names to make a ship name
, i.e.:John+Karen=Jaren. Usually the boy's name goes first, however it is used. It can combine the last names to such as peazer+payne=payzer. A rare form of a ship name is one name inside another, such as louis+eleanor=elounor(i don't ship it). A ship is the couple. To ship something is to suppourt the ship. Shipping is when you create ships. Ships are most commonly used in fandoms
or with celebrities, but are also used for people you know. Also commonly used for fictional characters.


BEA Logo BEA WebLogic Server Release 6.1
 BEA Home | Events | Solutions | Partners | Products | Services | Download | Developer Center | WebSUPPORT
 WebLogic Server Doc Home | Security | Previous Topic | Next Topic | Contents | View as PDF
Security Fundamentals
This section describes the following concepts behind WebLogic Server security:
Resources are entities that are accessible from WebLogic Server, such as events, servlets, JDBC connection pools, JMS destinations, JNDI contexts, connections, sockets, files, and enterprise applications and resources, such as databases.
For each resource you want to protect in WebLogic Server, you must specify the following:
For more information, see Managing Security.
Security Realms
A security realm is a logical grouping of Users, Groups, and ACLs. A WebLogic Server resource is protected under only one security realm and by a single ACL in that security realm. A User must be defined in a security realm in order to access any resources belonging to that realm. When a User attempts to access a particular WebLogic Server resource, WebLogic Server tries to authenticate and authorize the User by checking the ACL and permissions assigned the User in the relevant realm. Figure 2-1 illustrates how realms work in WebLogic Server.
Figure 2-1 Users, Groups, and ACLs in a WebLogic Server Realm
The default security realm in WebLogic Server is the File realm. When WebLogic Server is started, the File realm creates User, Group, and ACL objects from properties defined through the Administration Console in WebLogic Server and stored in the file.
Note: The File realm is designed for use with 10,000 or fewer users. If you have more that 10,000 users, we recommend using an alternate security realm.
WebLogic Server also provides support for developers who want or must accommodate special security situations. WebLogic Server allows you to use a security realm other than the File realm by installing an alternate security realm or by writing your own customized security realm. Alternate security realms can support some or all of the authentication and authorization operations WebLogic Server requires of a realm.
There are two possible realm configurations:
Note: If you choose to use an alternate security realm or a custom security realm, you must configure the Caching realm.
In the default scenario, a client request arrives at the WebLogic Server through the Caching realm. The Caching realm forwards the request to the File realm for authorization and authentication. When it receives the results of the realm lookups (whether successful or unsuccessful), the Caching realm stores these results. It maintains separate caches for User, Group, permission, ACL, and authentication look ups. You can selectively enable each type of cache, set the number of objects cached, and specify the number of seconds a cached object is valid. Effectively, the Caching realm makes the authentication and authorization process faster and more efficient.
If you use an alternate security realm or a custom security realm, the Caching realm evaluates the client request, delegates it to the appropriate security realm, and caches the results to make the next lookup faster. For example, you may be using an alternate security realm that supports only authentication operations. When a client request is received by WebLogic Server, the Caching realm contacts the alternate security realm for authentication, and then the File realm for authorization.
Figure 2-2 illustrates how alternate security realms, the Caching realm, and the File realm work together to authenticate and authorize users in a WebLogic Server environment.
Figure 2-2 Alternate Security Realms, the Caching Realm, and the File Realm in WebLogic Server
WebLogic Server provides the following alternate security realms:
For more information, see the following sections in Managing Security:
Users are entities that use WebLogic Server, such as application end users, client applications, and even other WebLogic Servers.
When a user wants to access WebLogic Server, it presents a username and a credential (either a password or a digital certificate) through programmatic means to WebLogic Server. If WebLogic Server can prove the identity of the User based on that username and credential, WebLogic Server associates the User with a thread that executes code on behalf of the User. Before the thread begins executing code, however, WebLogic Server checks pertinent ACLs to make sure the User has the required permissions to continue.
When defining a User in a WebLogic Server realm, you also define a password for that User. In the past, usernames and passwords were stored in clear text in a WebLogic Server security realm. Now WebLogic Server hashes all passwords. When WebLogic Server receives a client request, the password presented by the client is hashed and WebLogic Server compares it to the already hashed password for matching.
For more information, see the following sections in Managing Security:
Groups are logically ordered sets of Users. Managing Groups is more efficient than managing large numbers of Users individually. For example, an administrator may specify permissions for 50 users at one time by specifying a Group. Usually, Group members have something in common. For example, a company may separate their sales staff into two Groups, Sales Representatives and Sales Managers, because staff members have different levels of access to WebLogic Server resources depending on their job descriptions.
WebLogic Server can be configured to assign Users to Groups. Each Group shares a common set of permissions that govern its member users' access to resources. You can mix Group names and User names whenever a list of Users is permitted.
A person can be defined as both an individual User and a Group member. Individual access permissions override any Group member access permissions. WebLogic Server evaluates each user by first looking for a Group, and testing whether the user is a member of the Group, and then looking for the User in the list of defined Users.
For more information, see the "Defining Groups" topic in Managing Security.
ACLs and Permissions
Permissions represent privileges required to access resources. A system administrator protects resources by creating lists of Users and Groups that have the permissions required to access those resources. Such lists are called access control lists (ACLs). ACLs and the functions for which they grant permission are resource-specific. For example, Users with the proper permissions may read, write, send, and/or receive files, load servlets, and link to libraries.
An ACL file is composed of AclEntries, each of which contains a set of permissions for a particular User or Group.
WebLogic Server uses the JavaSoft ACL standard, distributed with the Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.1, to extend the security framework of Java and make it practical for use at the enterprise level. The WebLogic Server implementation of ACLs is based on the package. Because ACLs in WebLogic Server are based on an open-standard, you are not tied to a proprietary solution.
You can set permissions on the following WebLogic Server resources:
Note: Access to EJBs and Web applications is not controlled through ACLs. Rather, security elements in deployment descriptors are used to define access to a particular EJB or Web application.
For more information, see the "Defining ACLs" section in Managing Security.
For information about EJB security, see Programming WebLogic Enterprise JavaBeans.
For more information about Web application security, see Assembling and Configuring Web Applications.
SSL Protocol
The SSL protocol offers security to applications connected through a network. Specifically, the SSL protocol provides the following:
When the SSL protocol is used, the target always authenticates itself to the initiator. Optionally, if the target requests it, the initiator can authenticate itself to the target. Encryption makes data transmitted over the network intelligible only to the intended recipient. An SSL connection begins with a handshake during which the applications exchange digital certificates, agree on the encryption algorithms to be used, and generate the encryption keys to be used for the remainder of the session.
The SSL protocol provides the following security features:
If you are using a Web browser to communicate with WebLogic Server, you can use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with SSL (HTTPS) to secure network communications.
The SSL protocol is tunneled over an IP-based protocol. Tunneling means that each SSL record is encapsulated and packaged with the headers needed to send the record over another protocol. The use of SSL is signified in the protocol scheme of the URL used to specify the location of WebLogic Server.
WebLogic Server is available with exportableor domestic-strength SSL.
The standard WebLogic Server distribution supports exportable-strength SSL only. The domestic version is available, by request only from your BEA sales representative. Since the United States Government relaxed restrictions on exporting encryption software in early 2000, the domestic version of WebLogic Server can be used in most countries.
During installation, you are prompted to choose which strength of the SSL protocol you want to use.We recommend the domestic WebLogic Server distribution because it allows stronger encryption. If you generate a Certificate Signature Request (CSR) using the exportable WebLogic Server distribution, you cannot support high-strength connections and you cannot authenticate clients that present domestic-strength certificates.
The implementation of the SSL protocol provided by WebLogic Server is a pure-Java implementation. A native library provides faster performance for some SSL operations on the Solaris, Windows NT, and IBM AIX platforms. You can request the use of these native Java libraries for the SSL protocol through the Administration Console.
For more information, see the "Configuring the SSL Protocol" section in Managing Security.
Authentication Mechanisms
WebLogic Server users must be authenticated whenever they request access to a protected WebLogic Server resource. For this reason, each user is required to provide a credential (a username


You are currently viewing Freewheel vs Cassette – How To Choose A Freewheel Or Cassette For Your Bike?
Are you deciding on a bike for your commute? Have you thought about what kind of drivetrain it has? Freewheel vs cassette is two different types of transmissions that many commuters think about when they are shopping. A freewheel has one gear and can be used on any terrain, while cassettes come in many different gears that are better suited for specific terrains. You need a product that will enhance riding performance and not cause any problems down the line. The freewheel vs cassette debate can be an intense one, so we have put together this side-by-side comparison to help you decide which option makes sense for your needs!
The difference between Freewheel and Cassette Bikes:-
What Are They?
Freewheel:-The Freewheel is a new type of bike hub that replaces the traditional cassette. It is designed to be more durable, lighter weight, and easier to maintain than a cassette. And because it doesn't have any gears or cogs, it's also quieter and smoother-running. It's also called a freehub because there's no need to pedal backward before changing gears like other bikes with derailleur systems. This means that riders can change gears without pedaling backward or even stopping at all!
If you're looking for an upgrade on your current bike – or want something different – then give the Freewheel a try.
Cassette:- The cassette is a type of bicycle hub gear that consists of two or three sprockets and an enclosed chain. It's been around for over 100 years and was initially designed to be more durable than the freewheel. But with advances in technology, we now know that this isn't always true.
Freewheel:-The Freewheel is a lightweight wheel made up of aluminium that's easy to install on any bike frame with quick-release axles. It also has an integrated hub gear system that makes it easier to pedal up hills or go faster when needed.
Cassette:- The cassette can be installed on any bike frame but doesn't have the same gearing options as the freewheel does. It's also heavier than a freewheel because it includes gears in its design, whereas the freewheel doesn't need them since it has an integrated hub gear system built-in.
Freewheel:-If you're looking for durability in your bike, then Freewheel will be your best bet! With its high-quality materials and construction methods, this type of hub offers superior performance over time.
Cassette:-The cassette requires more maintenance than the freewheel as it contains moving parts like cogs and chains; therefore, it tends to be less durable than Freewheel.
Freewheel:-Freewheels don't require any tools to change gear ratios but tend to be more expensive than cassettes.
Cassette:-Cassettes are cheaper than freewheels but can be challenging to maintain because they require tools to change gear ratios though some models come with an internal gear hub.
Freewheel:-Freewheels offer fewer gearing options, so they are best suited for riders who only need one set of low gears. They are more popular than cassettes because they allow riders to coast without pedaling while retaining control over steering and braking. They also have less friction than cassettes, making them easier on your bike's drivetrain components like chains, sprockets, derailleurs, and chainrings.
Cassette:-It has the ability to provide multiple gearing options without changing sprockets or chainset components; this makes them ideal for riders who need lots of low gears when climbing hills or tackling rough terrain like gravel roads or trails where there may not be many opportunities for coasting downhills on flat ground as well as those who want high gears for fast descents on smooth surfaces such as tarmac roads with few steep inclines.
Freewheel vs Cassette
Freewheel:-If you're looking for an easy-to-maintain bike with less upkeep, then we recommend going with the freewheel option! You won't have any trouble with your gears wearing out as long as you take care of them properly and make sure they get cleaned regularly.
Cassette:-There are many more options available with cassettes, including 7-, 9-, 10-speed versions. They require more maintenance because they use external cogs on the wheel hub, which can get dirty from dirt or water splashing up from the ground during riding.
Bottom Line
The cassette and freewheel are two different types of drivetrain systems that have been used on bicycles since the late 1800s. They both offer pros and cons, but which one is right for you? The aforementioned comparison will let you make an easy decision. If you ride your bike on rough terrain, then a cassette may be best because they have stronger teeth than freewheels; but if you live in an area where roads are smooth, then a freewheel might work better. They don't require any maintenance as cassettes do.
So if you're looking for something lightweight that's easy to maintain, go with a freewheel; if you want something heavier duty that offers more range of gearing options, then go with a cassette!
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1.How should I use Freewheel and Cassette?
If you want to ride at high speeds or use your bike as a commuter vehicle, then a cassette is better for you because it will give you more options with gearing choices. A freewheel would be best if all of your ridings are done at lower speeds or if you're using your bike primarily for recreational purposes like mountain biking or touring around town on weekends.
Q2. What kind of cassette do I need for my bike?
Cassettes come in different sizes and gear ranges. The size you need depends on the riding you plan to do, where you live, how steep your hills are, and what level of rider you are. For example, if you're a casual rider who rides primarily flat terrain with few or no big hills, then a 7-speed cassette will be perfect for your needs. If you ride in hilly areas or have an aggressive riding style (racing or mountain biking), then we recommend an 11-speed cassette


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A special "Thank You" to those who attended "A Taste of Ethiopia," January 26, 2020.
The Corvallis Sister Cities Association-Gondar Council is so thankful to the many friends and members who attended this recent Sunday evening. Your many years of continuous support have made it possible to continue the work in our sister city, Gondar, Ethiopia. In addition, a special acknowledgement also goes out to the many student volunteers who helped serve our guests during this evening of friendships, food and culture. Lastly, a standing ovation goes out to our two cooks, Yodit "Judy" Tadesse and Ligaya DiCosino.
Our Current Mission:
Citizens and city officials from both Corvallis and Gondar have worked jointly to identify mutual goals, which have formed the basis for the Corvallis Sister Cities Association-Gondar's (CSCA-Gondar) work plan. To date, efforts have focused on the following:
- Access to clean drinking water through drilling of wells.
- Restoration and rehabilitation of Gondar's watershed area with extensive tree planting.
- Establishment of a revolving loan program in a rural kebele to provide more opportunities for income generation by the residents.
- Development of a culture of readers with partial funding in a 3-year librarian and literacy training program serving 46 schools in Gondar.
- Improvement in children's learning through usage of classroom materials and professional development of teachers.
- Computer literacy for faculty and students with the creation of a computer classroom, installation of computers, and internet access.
We invite you to learn more about our activities and to become involved with our efforts!
Our Most Recent Work:


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The town of Rathkeale is situated about 14 miles from Limerick City, on the N21 that runs from Limerick to Tralee. Together with the town of Newcastlewest, it is one of the two main centres in the west of the diocese. The importance of Rathkeale as a centre can be traced back to the foundation of an Augustinian priory in the town in 1289. Its location on the river Deel added to its influence in the area. The arrival of the Palatines also contributed to the development of Rathkeale.
The Palatines were Lutheran refugees who fled from the Rhenish Palatinate of Germany due to an invasion by the French. They came to the area in 1708-09 under the patronage of Lord Southwell. Approximately twelve hundred Palatines came to settle in the area and their new ideas in farming were a large contributing factor to the development of the town. Rathkeale was also a major market town for the area and held seven fairs throughout the year.
The name Rathkeale comes from the Irish 'Ráth Caola' and it is believed to be derived from Ráth gCaeli, which means "the fort of the Caeli" or "the Rath of Caola". The Caeli were a Celtic tribe who came from this area of Limerick. The parish of Rathkeale is made up of the old parishes of Rathnasaire and Kilcoleman.
The Earls of Desmond used Rathkeale as a base. Castle Matrix was the principal stronghold of the Desmonds in the area and was built in or around 1410 by the Fitzgeralds of Desmond. In October 1580, two famous visitors came to stay at Castle Matrix. They were the poets Edmund Spenser and Walter Raleigh.
Sir Nicholas Malby burned the town of Rathkeale in 1579 after he defeated the forces of John, Earl of Desmond. John and his forces fled to Rathkeale from Manister where Malby had earlier defeated the Irish.
Captain Walter Raleigh ambushed the Irish, who were about to plunder what was left of the English camp once the troops had left. He received the freedom of the town in 1580, as a reward. Raleigh also repaired the castles at Rathkeale (Desmond's) and Matrix. The lands of the Munster Geraldines were in the main divided up amongst Spenser, Raleigh and Edmund Southwell. Raleigh gave some 'Virginia Tubers' as a present to Southwell. Southwell planted the tubers in the land around Castle Matrix and, in 1610, the crop was distributed throughout the province of Munster.
In 1654 Cromwell fixed the town as the place for the election of the counties of Limerick, Cork and Kerry for his parliament. However, Cromwell changed his mind on this point when the town refused to supply his army with sufficient provisions of food.
In the past church appointments were sometimes challenged by the local gentry. In 1748 the parish priest Fr. James Moore died. Henry Southwell lead opposition to the appointment of a number of priests by Dr. Lacy and finally the position of parish priest was successfully held by David Bourke who lived in the parish until his death in 1762.
In 1846 a hoard of coin was discovered in Rathkeale. These
coins were minted during the reign of Edward III (_PHONE_). It is believed
that the coins may have been part of the spoils of the O'Briens victory at
Monasteranenagh in 1370.
The present church in the town is dedicated to St Mary. J.J. McCarthy of Dublin designed the church in a Gothic-revival style during James O'Shea's term as parish priest from 1864 to 1877. However, Fr O'Shea died in 1877 and did not get to see the spire. The tower and spire of the church were completed in 1881 by Archdeacon Halpin, who dedicated them to the memory of his predecessor James O'Shea. The church bell was installed in 1882. The architect of the church, J. J. McCarthy, was also the architect of the church of SS Peter and Paul in Kilmallock, which was built in 1878.
A large marble plaque by the right side door mentions all the donors and their donations to the church. The Magnor family donated the site of the church and the graveyard. Patrick Hartigan and his family donated the Stations of the Cross to the church in 1874.
There are three plaques in the church, one of which commemorates Dean Costello's 70 years as a priest, while the other two are in memory of two former parish priests of Rathkeale; William Molony who died on November 7th 1901 and Archdeacon Halpin who was parish priest from 1877 until his death in 1884, aged 74. At the back of the church on the right there is a mosaic of the Angel Gabriel that was given to the church by General and Mrs. Lloyd of Beechmount. The mosaic was given in memory of their only child T. H. Eyre who was a Captain of the Coldstream Guards. Eyre was killed at Brakeenlaagte; Transvaal, South Africa during the Boer War on October 31st 1901, aged 30.
Inside the church on the left there is a shrine to Jesus on the Cross. A three-sectioned stained glass window was erected in 1973 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the opening of Rathkeale church. The three sections depict (from left to right) the keys of Heaven, the Holy Spirit and the Body and Bread.
The next stained glass window is also in three sections and depicts the Queen of Heaven, Jesus and an Apostle, and the dove of peace/the Holy Spirit. Underneath the window a plaque asks people to pray for Nora McMahon and her family.
Another stained glass window shows scenes from the Rosary, which shows the Assumption of Mary into Heaven and the Resurrection of Jesus from the tomb in the left panel. The middle panel depicts Jesus on the mountain with Elijah and Moses and Pentecost Sunday. The right panel shows Mary, Queen of Heaven and the Ascension into Heaven. The inscription under the window asks that people pray for Minnie Madigan and her relatives.
Over the Confessional on the left-hand side, there is a large stained glass window that was the gift of a number of families in the parish. Again the stained glass window is divided into three sections. The left section has three levels which depict (from the top) St Matthew and St Mark, St John the Baptist and St Augustine and St Ambrose. The middle section shows St Dominic, St Patrick and St Liguori while the right section depicts St Luke and St John, St Helen and St Jerome and St Gregory.
Near this stained glass window, there are two plaques. The first plaque tells us that Patrick Hartigan and family gave the Stations of the Cross in 1874. There is also a plaque to Dean Canon Costello PP who was a Dean from 1964 until 1989 when he resigned both titles. The plaque also states that Dean Canon Costello celebrated 70 years as a priest on June 20 1995. Dean Costello died on June 17 1996. Over the plaque there is a picture of the Sacred Heart.
There is an altar to Sacred Heart at the top left of the church. Over the altar of the Sacred Heart, there is a stained glass window of Mary, Jesus and Joseph. To the left of the altar there is a stained glass window of the Annunciation and the Sacred Heart appearing to St Margaret Mary.
At the top of the church on the right there is an altar to the Virgin Mary. Also in the church there is an Adoration chapel. At the back of this small chapel there is a stained glass window of the Lamb of God that is to the memory of Dean Thomas Costello PP.
The High Altar depicts the Angel Gabriel visiting Mary, the crowning of Mary and the Nativity. There are a number of stained glass windows in the apse which are (from left to right) St Paula, St Jeanne de Chantal, St Marcella, St Charles Borromeo, the Immaculate Conception, St Thomas Aquinas, St Winifred, St Francis Xavier and St Margaret. Viscount Southwell donated this window
Murals underneath these stained glass windows depict a number of saints: St James the Great, St Francis, St Philip Nero, St Maria of Pisa, St John, St Anne, St Catherine, the Lamb of God with a flag, St David, St Susanna, St Thomas, St Mary Magdalene, St Robert, St Elizabeth and St Charles Borroma. This mosaic work was at the bequest of W. J. Hayes.
There are small stained glass windows to the right of the altar. They depict the Virgin Mary, St James the Greater, St Munchin and St George. Fr James O'Shea PP of Rathkeale donated these windows. There is a small stained glass window of an angel on either side of the altar.
The stained glass windows above the choir gallery show Christ the King in the small centre window with underneath (from left to right) St Patrick, St Bridget, St Bertha the Abbess and St William the abbot. Lord Emly, William Maunsell, donated the window in 1873.
On the right hand side of the church there is a stained glass window showing three scenes from Moses


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The development of accurate digital measurement of instantaneous powerduring a pump stroke has made possible a very quick and detailed analysis ofthe efficiency of the pumping system. The efficiency is then used as thebenchmark for determining whether a complete well performance analysis iswarranted from the standpoint of making best use of personnel and economicresources to increase oil production.
In addition, power measurement provides direct information about liftingcost per barrel of fluid and barrel of oil produced, electrical and mechanicalloading of the prime mover, peak power demand, power factor and minimumrequired ratings. These results give operating personnel information regardingpotential problems and give to management a complete picture of thedistribution of pumping costs.
The power measurements are also converted, by the software, to instantaneoustorque and presented as continuous torque curves for the upstroke anddownstroke. This allows determination of the existing level of counterbalanceand provides the most rapid and accurate method for counterbalance adjustmentto achieve lower torque loading on the gear box and reduced energy utilization.One of the principal advantages of this balancing method is that counterbalanceadjustment can be made without need for an accurate description of the pumpingunit's geometry which is often unknown or inaccurate. The effect ofcounterweight displacement on torque and power is observed immediately byrepeating the power measurement after relocating the counterweights.
This paper presents a series of case studies showing the Application ofpower measurement to a variety of pumping systems and components, includingconventional, Mark II, Rotaflexunits and high efficiency motors.


All About SAP BDC | Batch Data Communication
This tutorial will cover the following topics-
 1. Introduction to BDC.
 2. Method of Batch Input.
 3. Batch Data Procedures.
 4. Writing BDC programs.
 5. Creating Batch input Session.
 6. Batch Input Recording.
Lets Begin!
Introduction to Batch input
Batch input is typically used to transfer data from non-R/3 systems to R/3 systems or to transfer data between R/3 systems.
It is a data transfer technique that allows you to transfer datasets automatically to screens belonging to transactions, and thus to an SAP system. Batch input is controlled by a batch input session.
Batch input session
Groups a series of transaction calls together with input data and user actions. A batch input session can be used to execute a dialog transaction in batch input, where some or all the screens are processed by the session. Batch input sessions are stored in the database as database tables and can be used within a program as internal tables when accessing transactions.
Points to note
 - BDI works by carrying out normal SAP transactions just as a user would but it execute the transaction automatically.All the screen validations and business logic validation will be done while using Batch Data Input.
 - It is suitable for entering large amount of data.
 - No manual interaction is required
Methods of Batch Input
SAP provide two basic methods for transferring legacy data in to the R/3 System.
 1. Classical Batch Input method.
 2. Call Transaction Method.
Classical Batch Input method
In this method an ABAP/4 program reads the external data to the SAP System and stores in a batch input session.
After creating the session, you can run the session to execute the SAP transaction in it.
This method uses the function modules BDC_ OPEN, BDC_INSERT and BDC_CLOSE
Batch Input Session can be process in 3 ways
 1. In the foreground
 2. In the background
 3. During processing, with error display
You should process batch input sessions in the foreground or using the error display if you want to test the data transfer.
If you want to execute the data transfer or test its performance, you should process the sessions in the background.
Points to note about Classical Batch Input method
 - Asynchronous processing
 - Transfer data for multiple transactions.
 - Synchronous database update.
 - A batch input process log is generated for each session.
 - Session cannot be generated in parallel.
Call Transaction Method.
In this method ABAP/4 program uses CALL TRANSACTION USING statement to run an SAP transaction.
Entire batch input process takes place online in the program
Points to Note:
 - Faster processing of data
 - Synchronous processing
 - Transfer data for a single transaction.
 - No batch input processing log is generated.
Batch Input Procedures
You will typically observe the following sequence of steps to develop Batch Input for your organization
 1. Analysis of the legacy data. Determine how the data to be transferred is to be mapped in to the SAP Structure. Also take note of necessary data type or data length conversions.
 2. Generate SAP data structures for using in export programs.
 3. Export the data in to a sequential file. Note that character format is required by predefined SAP batch input programs.
 4. If the SAP supplied BDC programs are not used, code your own batch input program. Choose an appropriate batch input method according to the situation.
 5. Process the data and add it to the SAP System.
 6. Analyze the process log. For the CALL TRANSACTION method, where no proper log is created, use the messages collected by your program.
 7. From the results of the process analysis, correct and reprocess the erroneous data.
Writing BDC program
You may observe the following process to write your BDC program
 1. Analyze the transaction(s) to process batch input data.
 2. Decide on the batch input method to use.
 3. Read data from a sequential file
 4. Perform data conversion or error checking.
 5. Storing the data in the batch input structure,BDCDATA.
 6. Generate a batch input session for classical batch input,or process the data directly with CALL TRANSACTION USING statement.
Batch Input Data Structure
Declaration of batch input data structure
DATA : BEGIN OF < bdc table>
OCCURS .
DATA:END OF .
Field name Type Length Description
PROGRAM CHAR 8 Module pool
DYNPRO NUMC 4 Dynpro number
DYNBEGIN CHAR 1 Starting a dynpro
FNAM CHAR 35 Field name
FVAL CHAR 80 Field value
The order of fields within the data for a particular screen is not of any significance
Points to Note
 - While populating the BDC Data make sure that you take into consideration the user settings. This is specially relevant for filling fields which involves numbers ( Like quantity, amount ). It is the user setting which decides on what is the grouping character for numbers E.g.: A number fifty thousand can be written as 50,000.00 or 50.000,00 based on the user setting.
 - Condense the FVAL field for amount and quantity fields so that they are left aligned.
 - Note that all the fields that you are populating through BDC should be treated as character type fields while populating the BDC Data table.
 - In some screens when you are populating values in a table control using BDC you have to note how many number of rows are present on a default size of the screen and code for as many rows. If you have to populate more rows then you have to code for "Page down" functionality as you would do when you are populating the table control manually.
 - Number of lines that would appear in the above scenario will differ based on the screen size that the user uses. So always code for standard screen size and make your BDC work always in standard screen size irrespective of what the user keeps his screen size as.
Creating Batch Input Session
 1. Open the batch input session session using function module BDC_OPEN_GROUP.
 2. For each transaction in the session:
 - Fill the BDCDATA with values for all screens and fields processed in the transaction.
 - Transfer the transaction to the session with BDC_INSERT.
 3. Close the batch input session with BDC_CLOSE_GROUP
Batch Input Recorder
Batch input recorder (System > Services > Batch input > Recorder) records transactions which are manually entered and creates a batch input session which can be executed later using SM35.
 - Begin the batch input recorder by selecting the Recording pushbutton from the batch input initial screen.
 - The recording name is a user defined name and can match the batch input session name which can be created from the recording.
 - Enter a SAP transaction and begin posting the transaction.
 - After you have completed posting a SAP transaction you either choose Get Transaction and Save to end the recording or Next Transaction and post another transaction.
 - Once you have saved the recording you can create a batch input session from the recording and/or generate a batch input program from the recording.
 - The batch input session you created can now be analyzed just like any other batch input session.
 - The program which is generated by the function of the batch input recorder is a powerful tool for the data interface programmer. It provides a solid base which can then be altered according to customer requirements.
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