46.3403 Attempt-Affirmative defense.
Cite as [A.S.C.A. § 46.3403]
(a) When the actor's conduct would otherwise constitute an attempt under 36.3401 through 46.3404, it is an affirmative defense that he abandoned his effort to commit the crime or otherwise presented its commission, under circumstances manifesting a complete and voluntary renunciation of his criminal purpose. The establishment of the defense does not, however, affect the liability of an accomplice who did not join in that abandonment or prevention. Renunciation of criminal purpose is not voluntary if it is motivated in whole or in part, by circumstances not present or apparent at the inception of the actor's course of conduct, which increase the probability of detection or apprehension or which make more difficult the accomplishment of the criminal purpose. Renunciation is not complete if it is motivated by a decision to postpone the criminal conduct until a more advantageous time or to transfer the criminal effort to another but similar objective or victim.
(b) The defendant has the burden of injecting the issue of renunciation of criminal purpose under 46.3401.
History: 1979, PL 16-43 § 2.
Research Guide: MPC 5.01(4).


The All-Weather Radar That Keeps Your Plane from Landing on Luggage Trolleys
The ASDE-3/AMASS radar system that spotted an errant Jeep on Philadelphia International's runways has one fatal flaw—it thinks raindrops are incoming jets and goes nuts during downpours. The ASDE Model X, however, monitors runways rain or shine.
Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) and its add-on, the Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) are designed to provide automated audio and visual alerts if it detects a potential runway collision when a plane is landing or taking off. In service since 2001—when it was installed at San Francisco International—it does so by predicting the movements of aircraft in relation to ground vehicles. However, the ASDE/AMASS system has to be shut off during storms because it mistakes raindrops for airplanes. This system was offline in 2005 when a passenger jet and cargo plane nearly collided at JFK, during a nighttime storm.
The ASDE-X system, however, is not affected by precipitation. The Model X employs a huge variety of data including surface movement radar, multilateration sensors, Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast sensors, terminal radar, the terminal's own automation system, and transponders affixed to aircraft and service vehicles. The system takes all this data, mashes it together and outputs it to a real-time, color-coded map of the airports runways and taxiways. It keeps tabs on everything moving on the tarmac as well as all aircraft within 5 miles (and in some cases up to 60) of the airport.
The first Model X was installed in 2003 at General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Since then it has been installed in 35 of the nation's busiest transportation hubs including Chicago's O'Hare, Dallas-Ft Worth, JFK International, John Wayne Airport, Dulles International, Sky Harbor in Phoenix. And, since it is built from mostly off-the shelf components, the ASDE-X offers significant cost savings over the ASDE-3/AMASS system. [AMASS Wiki - ASDE-X Wiki - FAA 1 - FAA 2 - FAA 3 - NATCA]


text:
Published by the American Geological Institute
Newsmagazine of the Earth Sciences
When a fine eye for art was not enough, museum curators and scientists sleuthed out the identity of ancient marble statues using oxygen isotopes. But comparing a work of art to its source rock was often hit or miss — few quarries have undergone the extensive fieldwork needed to provide a detailed understanding of the area.
Now, a doctoral student at the University of Georgia has completed the first systematic characterization of the Pentelic marble quarries on Mount Pentelikon in Greece, providing a geographically detailed isotopic database that will help source some of the world's most prized Greek antiquities.
Increasing the resolution of the Pentelic database will have a tremendous effect on the field of marble studies, says Scott Pike, who spoke about his study at the Geological Society of America meeting in November. "Archeologists, art historians and museum curators may be able to probe further into questions concerning trade and commerce, development of aesthetic values and modern forgeries, ancient copies and disassociated fragments."
In fact, Pike's work has already helped to pinpoint the small group of quarries that supplied the source rock for the Elgin Marbles — sculptures that adorned the Parthenon as early as the fifth century B.C. Pike first mapped out all of the existing quarries in the ancient quarry region — studying a 500-meter wide and 1.2-kilometer long stretch up the south slope of Mount Pendeli. He then collected multiple marble samples from all the ancient quarries and analyzed the isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen in the calcite, the primary mineral in marble.
Pike noticed that three neighboring quarries in the upper section of the quarry area have marbles with very high oxygen-18 ratios when compared to samples from all of the other Pentelic quarries, ratios that correlate with the published values of the Elgin marbles. "The data not only confirms that the Elgin marbles are Pentelic, we can now pinpoint the exact quarries from which the marble was extracted," he says.
His work has also helped document the unique isotopic differences among quarries found along what Norman Herz, the pioneer of the isotopic technique and now an professor emeritus of geology at Georgia, calls "one of the most important quarry sites in classical archeology."
But isotopic analysis is not always a guarantee of a sculpture's origin. A combination of expertise is needed to pinpoint a marble artifact's origin. Sometimes it does take an expert with an eye for marble to tell the difference. Marble at Cape Vathy on the Greek Island of Thasos has an isotopic signature similar to the Pendeli marble, says John Herrmann, curator of ancient art at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The same signature is also found in marble from the island of Naxos. Identifying the different marbles comes down to grain size. Unlike the fine-grain marble of Pendeli, Thasos and Naxos sport coarse-grain marbles.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Survey uncovers Grauer's Swamp-warbler nest
Recent surveys of Africa's Albertine Rift Valley have shed new light on Grauer's Swamp-warbler Bradypterus graueri, a particularly vocal Endangered bird that occurs nowhere else on Earth.
In the past, adult swamp-warblers have been recorded throughout the Rift Valley, in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Rwanda.
Yet breeding and nesting behaviour –two vital facets of information for conservationists working to save the speciesremained largely unknown, until now.
"During our routine surveys of the Kabatwa Swamp in the Volcanoes National Park [in Rwanda], we came across a small cup-shaped nest perched in foliage 35cm from the ground.
The nest was built from Poa leptocrada and other sedges.
To our surprise there were two chicks sitting in the nest," said Claudien Nsabagasani, Ornithological Researcher with Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (DFGFI) and IBA Focal Point for Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda, ACNR (BirdLife in Rwanda).
"We revisited the Swamp-warbler nest daily from then on to acquire information on nesting and feeding behaviour before the chicks fledged a week later."
The photos of the warbler nest are Rwanda's first, shedding important light on the reproductive ecology of the species.
The surveyors, supported by funding from RSPB (BirdLife in the UK) and DFGFI, had been monitoring Grauer's Swamp-warbler over four seasons, starting in July 2006, in the Volcanoes National Park, an Important Bird Area (IBA).
"With threatened species, every nest counts," said Paul Kariuki Ndang'ang'a, the Species Programme Manager at BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat.
Birding in Rwanda: here.
An Endangered Grauer's Swamp Warbler Bradypterus graueri – so far found in the restricted range of swamps of Burundi, Rwanda and eastern part of DRC – was recently mistnetted at one of valley swamps of Kibira National Park called Mwokora. The bird was caught during a field work as part of the BirdLife International/MacArthur Foundation project: here.


text:
Old State Capitol
Delve into the politics and everyday life of the tumultuous 19th-century by touring this National Historic Landmark that served as Kentucky's capitol from 1830 to 1910.
In the galleries of this stately building, witness the changing tastes of 19th-century Kentuckians in "Great Revivals: Kentucky Decorative Arts Treasures
," an exhibition that highlights five stylistic design eras and the commonwealth's treasures from those times. Estimated time: 1 hour.
Visit the re-created 1850s State Law Library
in its original site or debate legislative matters in the re-created 1850s House and Senate chambers
. Estimated time of historical building tour: 1 hour.
All Old State Capitol tours begin at the Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History.
History of the Building
Gideon Shryock, an early Kentucky architect, designed the Old State Capitol when he was only 25 years old. Shryock used architectural symbolism to connect the vigorous frontier state of Kentucky with the ideals of classical Greek democracy. The building, which introduced Greek-Revival architecture to the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, is widely recognized as a beautiful masterpiece of 19th-century American architecture and boasts a self-supporting stone stairway, a light-flooded rotunda and dual legislative chambers.
This was the only pro-Union state capitol occupied by the Confederate army during the Civil War. Plans to swear in a Confederate governor and establish a Confederate state government were ruined by the approach of the Union army just days before the Battle of Perryville in 1862.
In the aftermath of the bitterly contested gubernatorial election in 1899, the state legislature met here in 1900 to decide the winner. An assassin, hiding in an office in the Old Capitol Annex next door, shot the Democratic claimant, William Goebel, as he approached the Capitol. Armed citizens and State Guard soldiers occupied the grounds, and here for a time Kentuckians threatened to fight their own miniature civil war. A plaque marks the site outside the building where Goebel, the only governor in United States history to be assassinated while in office, fell.
Replaced by the New Capitol in South Frankfort early in the 20th century, the building has served as the home of the Kentucky Historical Society since 1920. The subject of extensive restoration work since the early 1970s, the Old State Capitol looks today much as it did in the 1850s.
Old State Capitol
300 West Broadway
Frankfort, KY 40601
Tours of the Old State Capitol
Available March 9 - Dec. 14, 2013:
All tours begin at the Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History.
Wednesdays: 3 p.m.
Thursdays: 3 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.
Fridays: 3 p.m.
Saturdays: 10:30 a.m., noon, 1:30 p.m. and 3 p.m.
Hours and Admission
Plan a Field Trip
Calendar of Events
Old State Capitol Packet - Fourth and Fifth Grades


text:
An academic Olympiad examination is conducted every year in New Delhi at school level for competitive examination on the basis of school syllabus that is conducted through various organizations. The basic objective of this examination is to identify a child's capability and real potential to survive in this highly competitive world. This is why the exam is conducted every year to judge the IQ level of the candidates on certain respective subjects. Students can also seek the help of online tuitions for cracking this exam.
How giving an Olympiad examination can improve your child career?
The basic objective behind conducting the OLMPIAD examination by SOF (Science Olympiad Foundation) is to build the strong aptitude ability among the young learners of India. Again to encourage the learning of the students in Science, computers, Mathematics, English and general knowledge this examination is conducted every year by SOF.
There are several other benefits also associated with this examination. So, let's explore them one after the other to get better insights about it.
- Test the understanding and the concepts of the students:-
SOF by conducting this exam tries to build a strong foundation of the young learners on various concepts that they are learning in schools syllabus. Better to say that in order to enhance a strong grasp on the fundamental concepts of the subjects this examination is conducted. The questions of the OLYMPIADS are basically application driven not just to test the knowledge of the students in certain concepts but also on the understanding the application of the concepts at the same time.
- Improves the problem solving and analytical skills of the students:-
Basically, Olympiads intend to test the skills of the learners on certain parameters like observation capability, classification skills, predictability, problem solving, identifying, analytical thinking ability, reading, writing and many more. One of the basic aims of this exam is to upgrade the spatial ability of the young learners in our country.
- Build up new confidence among the students:-
After cracking this exam students will get clarity on their concepts which will help them to upgrade their thought process or better to say their lateral thinking ability. This will instill new confidence among the students to take up any new challenges very easily.
- Upgrades the academic performance of the students as well:-
Student's academic performance also gets a new hike of improvement. The reason being all their skills have already being sharpen and all the concepts has become very clear to them. Their thinking and analytical ability has also get's improved so they can easily solve the critical problems very easily. Hence there is an automatic rise in their performance level as far as their academics is concerned. Today, online tuitions are also available for the students who are preparing for the Olympiad examinations.
Your child will get complete guidance and training for cracking the OLYMPIADS examination from our highly qualified teachers of the country if you register yourself in Gurusiksha. We will ensure that your students get the best guidance from our end. For the bright future of your child you can trust the online mentorship of Gurusiksha.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Analysis of a use-after-free Vulnerability in Adobe Acrobat Reader DC
By Sergi Martinez
This post analyses CVE-2020-9715, a use-after-free vulnerability affecting several versions of the Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Acrobat Reader products. The vulnerability was discovered by Mark Vincent Yason, who reported it to the Zero Day Initiative (ZDI) disclosure program.
This research was inspired by a detailed blog post by ZDI that analyzed the vulnerability. The exploitation broadly follows the steps outlined in the ZDI blog post, but describes the vulnerability and exploitation steps in more detail.
A use-after-free vulnerability affects the data ESObject cache within the EScript.api module of Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. Although objects may be added to the cache using keys with ANSI or Unicode strings, objects are evicted from the cache by keys that contain only Unicode strings. This enables an attacker to cause a data ESObject to be freed, but its pointer to remain intact in the object cache entry. When the same JavaScript object is later accessed, its cache entry is found despite the corresponding data ESObject having been freed. This leads to a use-after-free condition. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to achieve code execution by enticing a user to open a crafted PDF file.
The vulnerability analysis that follows is based on Adobe Acrobat Reader DC version 2020.009.20063 running on Windows 10 64-bit.
Before we dive into the vulnerability, we need to understand how embedded JavaScript is handled by Adobe Reader.
Adobe Reader has a built-in JavaScript engine based on Mozilla's SpiderMonkey. Embedded JavaScript code in PDF files is processed and executed by the EScript.api module in Adobe Reader.
The Adobe Reader JavaScript engine uses several types of objects including ESObjects and JSObjects. ESObjects are internal to the EScript.api module and contain a pointer to the classical JavaScript objects, JSObjects.
Several kinds of ESObjects exist and among them is the data ESObject, which is a type of object used to represent embedded files and data streams. data ESObjects are uniquely identified by a key (referred to as cache_key in this post) that contains:
 - A pointer to a PDDoc object, which is an object that represents the PDF document.
 - The name of the data ESObject that is an ANSI or Unicode string containing the name of the embedded file.
References to data ESObjects are stored in a cache indexed by cache_key. When a new data ESObject is constructed with a certain name, a cache_key object is constructed with that name and is used to search the cache for the presence of the data ESObject that matches the name. If the search is a cache hit, a pointer to the data ESObject is returned. Otherwise, a new data ESObject is created and stored in the cache, and a pointer to it is returned.
The vulnerability occurs due to a mismatch in the encoding of the name string during the construction of cache_key used in the insertion and deletion phases in the lifecycle of a data ESObject. When a data ESObject is created and added to the cache, the name used in the cache_key retains the original encoding (ANSI or Unicode) found in the PDF document.
When a data ESObject is deleted from the cache, the name used in the cache_key is always encoded in Unicode. This leads to a condition where cache entries for data ESObject with ANSI names are never purged from cache; instead the cache entries retain pointers to freed data ESObjects indefinitely.
If an ANSI data ESObject is thus freed, and the code tries to create a new data ESObject with a matching name (e.g., when JavaScript code deletes this.dataObjects[0] and then accesses this.dataObjects[0]), a cache hit occurs but the pointer returned is the pointer to the ANSI-named data ESObject that was previously freed. This leads to an exploitable use-after-free condition.
Code Analysis
Lets take a look at how these objects are represented under the hood, and examine where the bug exists. Code listings show decompiled C code; source code is not available in the affected product. Structure definitions, function names, etc. are obtained by reverse engineering and may not accurately reflect those defined in the source code.
Structure Definitions
The cache mechanism is implemented with the use of a variant of Binary Search Trees. A pointer to the cache is kept in a global variable at EScript+0x273AAC, which points to a structure (named here as esobject_cache_st) defined as follows:
typedef struct esobject_cache_st {
 bst_node *root_node;
 int *node_count;
 void *unkonw;
} esobject_cache;
typedef struct bst_node_st {
 bst_node *left;
 bst_node *parent;
 bst_node *right;
 int node_type;
 cache_key *key;
 void *esobject;
} bst_node;
A pointer to the cache_key structure is stored within each node in the cache. The cache_key structure is defined as follows:
typedef struct cache_key_st {
 void *pddoc;
 ESString *name;
} cache_key;
The cache_key structure contains the name of the embedded file in the form of an ESString structure, which is defined as follows:
typedef struct esstring_st {
 int type;
 char *buffer;
 int len;
 int max_capacity;
 void *unknown1;
 void *unknown2;
} ESString;
In the structure above, the buffer member is a pointer to the string encoded in the format specified in the type member (1 for ANSI, 2 for Unicode). Its length is defined by the len member and the maximum capacity of the buffer is indicated by max_capacity. In Unicode ESString objects the buffer encoding is UTF-16 with Byte Order Mark (BOM).
Comparing Cache Keys
Any operation that requires traversing the tree require a key comparison function. This function is implemented at EScript+0x90770 and its code is listed below.
bool is_key_greater(cache_key *key1, cache_key *key2)
 ESString *data_object_name_from_cache;
 ESString *data_object_name;
 if ( a1->pddoc!= key->pddoc )
 return a1->pddoc < (unsigned int)key->pddoc;
 name2 = key2->name;
 name1 = key1->name;
 return esstrings_compare(&name1, &name2);
The function first checks whether the keys belong to the same PDF document [1]. If they belong to the same PDF document then it proceeds to compare the names of the keys, which are ESString objects.
The ESString comparison function (implemented at EScript+0x45B07) is listed below.
bool esstrings_compare(ESString **name1, ESString **name2)
 ESString *type1;
 ESString *type2;
 bool v4;
 type1 = get_ESString_type(*name1);
 type2 = get_ESString_type(*name2);
 if ( type1 == type2 )
 v4 = (sub_23845B5E(*name1, *name2) & 0x8000u)!= 0;
 v4 = (int)type1 < (int)type2;
 return v4;
Relevant to this vulnerability is that at [2] there is a check that compares the ESString types. If they differ, the result of the function is true if type1 is less than type2. For example, when comparing two keys with the same name of different types where type1 is ANSI (1) and type2 is Unicode (2), the esstrings_compare function returns true.
When performing a lookup in the data ESObject cache, the function that implements it (EScript+0x90476) considers keys with the same name but different ESString types as different.
Deleting Cache Entries
When a data ESObject is freed, the corresponding cache entry that stores a pointer to the object is also freed. The ESObject deletion is implemented in the function at EScript+0x907B0, which is listed below.
__int16 delete_object(int a1)
 int v1;
 ESString *v2;
 wchar_t *v3;
 wchar_t *v4;
 esobject_cache_struct *cache_ptr;
 cache_key key;
 int v8[3];
 int v9;
 v1 = sub_23858B70(a1);
 v2 = (ESString *)sub_23844B00(a1, "DataObject");
 v3 = (wchar_t *)v2;
 if ( v1 )
 if (!v2 )
 return 1;
 v4 = (wchar_t *)get_dataobject_name(v2);
 v8[0] = (int)v4;
 v9 = 0;
 key.doc = v1;
 sub_23877D42(&, (ESString **)v8);
 LOBYTE(v9) = 1;
 cache_ptr = initialize_data_esobject_cache(global_cache_ptr);
 remove_key_from_cache(cache_ptr, &key);
 LOBYTE(v9) = 2;
 if ( )
 sub_23845AAE((wchar_t *);
 v9 = 3;
 if ( v4 )
 v9 = -1;
 if ( v3 )
 return 1;
The call at [1] returns a pointer to an ESString object used to create the cache_key object. This is passed to the function that removes cache nodes matching the


text:
Date of this Version
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing forage particle length (FPL) and the inclusion of cottonseed hulls (CSH) on intake, digestibility, chewing activity, and milk production of cows in early lactation. Sixteen multiparous cows averaging 17 ± 3 d in milk and 677 ± 58 kg BW were assigned to one of four 4 × 4 Latin squares. One square contained ruminally cannulated cows to evaluate effects of treatment on rumen fermentation and function. During each of the 23-d periods, cows were offered one of four total mixed rations that differed in particle length (long or short corn silage) and CSH inclusion rate (0 or 8% DM). Dietary treatments were: long no CSH (LGNH), long with CSH (LGH), short no CSH (SHNH), and short with CSH (SHH). Total physically effective NDF content, measured as percentage of NDF greater than 1.18 mm, was similar across diets, but mean particle length decreased with reducing FPL and inclusion of CSH. Dry matter intake was not significantly affected by FPL but was significantly increased with the inclusion of CSH. Decreasing FPL and the inclusion of CSH significantly increased neutral detergent fiber intake. Total chewing activity expressed as minutes per day was unaffected by FPL and the inclusion of CSH. Both eating and ruminating efficiency expressed as minutes per kilogram of neutral detergent fiber intake increased with increasing FPL and decreased with the inclusion of CSH. Milk production did not differ across treatments, but the inclusion of CSH significantly increased percent and yield of milk protein. Reducing FPL tended to reduce percentage milk fat but not yield. Mean ruminal pH was not affected by FPL but was highest on diets containing CSH, even though no treatment effects were observed on total VFA, acetate, or propionate concentration. These results indicate that corn silage FPL is a poor predictor of total chewing time and rumen pH but is useful in understanding factors affecting feeding behavior. In addition, the inclusion of CSH, resulted in increased rumination and mean rumen pH even though effects on VFA concentration were not observed.


text:
This should be moved to themes.tiki.org
Note: This info seems out of date for Tiki 15. Check themes.tiki.org for up to date info.
Table of contents
- Customizing Themes
- How to create a custom theme
- Theme file locations
- How to modify template (.tpl) files
- The layout of Tiki
- Overriding templates
- Multiple themes with a common custom template set
- Overriding global special-purpose CSS files
- Theme Options
- Overriding icons
For an overview of existing themes, see themes.
- The application layout (basic structure)
- The presentation of elements in the layout (style)
- Pick a name for the theme. Check the styles directory to make sure there's not an existing theme with the same name.
- For this example, we're going to create a theme called screensite.
- Using the theme name you chose in the first step, create a.css file in the styles directory. If you are using an existing theme as the base for the new theme, copy that theme's CSS file and rename it. Alternatively, you can start with the CSS file at _URL_ which contains (hopefully all, but at least) most of the current CSS selectors along with placeholder properties.
- If your theme needs more radical changes than can be accomplished with CSS alone, then custom templates may be necessary. In this case, using your new theme name, create a sub-directory in the templates/styles directory.
- For example, create templates/styles/screensite. Having custom, theme-specific template files is not encouraged, because this makes updating your Tiki installation more difficult, as the files will probably need to be updated to stay in sync with the default versions.
- Copy the default or other theme's template file(s) needing to be modified to your new theme directory.
- See _URL_ for more information.
At this point, your new theme has been created! If you go to User Preferences and check the drop-down menu for Theme, you'll find your theme listed (e.g., screensite.css). Of course, if existing-theme files were used as the base and no editing was done yet, your new theme will look just the same as the theme you based it on.
See also Theme layout schema.
The specific template files will differ based on which pre-existing theme you choose, but some of the commonly used files are:
- tiki.tpl: the main template defining the layout of the whole application
- tiki-show_page.tpl: this displays wiki content in the center of the page (replaces $mid_data in tiki.tpl). Similarly, there are other templates with names reflecting their purpose, such as tiki-view_blog_post.tpl. These generally match the names of the PHP file in the URL when the section is being viewed.
- error.tpl: used to display errors in Tiki versions prior to 2.0.
- header.tpl: contains the HTML head section.
- tiki-site_header.tpl: "Look and Feel" page heading
- tiki-top_bar.tpl: varies according to theme, but may contain top navigation bar, etc.
- tiki-bot_bar.tpl: bottom icons, credits, etc.
- the template files with names like tiki-print.tpl are used for printable representation of objects so you usually don't want to change them.
As you can see, it easy easy to modify the layout of the whole tiki application by just changing the stylesheet or possibly a template file or two.
As we saw above, the template files for a custom theme live in a directory named something like templates/styles/screensite. Theme-specific versions of default template subdirectory files live just one directory below there, in templates and its subdirectories, notably:
This technique works on files in the subdirectories, too. E.g., to change the application menu in your theme, copy the file mod-application_menu.tpl from
When creating a theme you can override any template file. You just need to put a modified template file in the directory templates/styles/screensite or its subdirectory, as appropriate.
(A theme name with one of these characters.- has special behavior. See below 'To have multiple.css with only one templates set'.)
For example, if we wanted to modify the forum listing in our screensite theme, and wanted to modify it more extremely than can be done with CSS, we'd copy the file tiki-forums.tpl from
Then we'd edit then new, moved copy of the file.
Tiki will substitute whatever is in your custom theme directory for the same template files in the default directories.
W3C provides tutorials and other tools for learning CSS principles: _URL_
- Start with the stylesheet shown at _URL_ for a theme that uses the *litecss layout method (common in Tiki 2 and default in Tiki 3), or choose an existing theme and find its CSS file in the styles directory. Please note that the CSS files are not in the templates directory tree. In a default Tiki installation, there are two directories named styles under the Tiki root:
- styles (for CSS files)
- templates/styles (for the custom-theme sub-directories, into which you put template files--as we just did above)
- Copy the CSS file, rename it as your new theme name, and keep it in the styles directory with all the other CSS files. For example, screensite.css.
- Edit it to produce a style for your theme--selecting things like fonts, background colors and the behavior of hypertext links.
- If you wish to add images to your CSS style, it's best to create a subdirectory for them beneath the styles directory--giving it your theme's name.
- For example, styles/screensite
Theme options provide for variations of a theme, for example, changing colors, column widths or other details. A theme's option CSS files, if it has them, are in the styles/themename/options folder. These files can be named anything, but only one (or none) is active at any given moment, and will override the main CSS rules.
The icon file must be in styles/your_style directory
For instance if you want to overwrite pics/icons/module.png and pics/icons/omodule.png(the two icons used for module flipping), put the images to be used in styles/your_domain/your_style/pics/icons.
- your_domain is only to be used if you are in a multitiki setting.
- your_style is a substring of your current style - if you current style is my_look-2009.css, your_style must be my_look (the part after the hyphen is considered a variant).
- The new icon images must be the same pixel size as the ones specified by the template (les icons doivent avoir la meme taille que celle specifiee dans le template) (default: 16x16).
Since you can change the CSS file and you can override any template your themes can make your Tiki site look like anything you want. The only limit is your imagination.


text:
You can authenticate a Zuora v2 element instance in one of two ways:
- Basic authentication, where you supply the user name and password of the Zuora user.
- Custom, where you provide the Client ID and Client Secret of the OAuth client associated with the user. See the instructions below to create an OAuth client.
Create an OAuth Client
To use the Custom authentication workflow, you must create an OAuth Client for a user and record the Client ID and Client Secret.
To create an OAuth client:
- Log in to your account at Zuora.
- Click your username at the top right and navigate to Administration Manage Users.
- In the OAuth Clients section, enter a name for the OAuth client.
- Click Create.
Record the Client ID and Client Secret.Note: Make sure that you capture the secret because you cannot access it again.


Floris and Blancheflour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Floris and Blancheflour is the name of a popular romantic story that was told in the Middle Ages in many different vernacular languages and versions.[1] It first appears in Europe around 1160 in "aristocratic" French. Roughly between the period 1200 and 1350 it was one of the most popular of all the romantic plots.
The story of Floris and Blancheflour[edit]
The following synopsis is from the original Old French "aristocratic" version (Floire et Blancheflor) of the late 12th century.
Aristocratic French version[edit]
Felix, King of Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), on one of his ventures into Galicia in northwestern Spain attacks a band of Christian pilgrims en route on the Way of St James to the famous medieval pilgrimage shrine of Santiago de Compostela. Among the pilgrims are a French knight and his recently widowed daughter, who has chosen to dedicate the rest of her life to the sanctuary. The knight is killed, and his daughter is taken prisoner to Naples, where she is made lady-in-waiting to Felix's wife. Both women are pregnant, and the children are born on the same day, Palm Sunday: Floris to the Muslim Queen, and Blanchefleur to her lady-in-waiting.
Floris ("belonging to the flower") and Blanchefleur ("white flower") are raised together at the court and grow close. King Felix fears his son may desire to marry the "pagan" girl and decides that she must be killed. However, he cannot bring himself to do the act and instead sends Floris away to school, then sells Blanchefleur to merchants traveling on the way to Cairo (called Babylon in the story), where she is then sold to the emir. Felix constructs an elaborate tomb for Blanchefleur and tells Floris she has died. Floris's reaction is so severe that Felix tells him the truth. Distraught but encouraged she is still alive, Floris sets out to find her.
Floris eventually arrives outside Cairo where he meets the bridge warden named Daire who tells him about the emir's tower of maidens. Each year the emir selects a new bride from his tower and kills his old wife. Rumour has it that Blanchefleur is soon to be his next chosen bride. To gain access to the tower, Daire advises Floris to play chess with the tower watchman, returning all winnings to him until the watchman is forced to return the favor by allowing him entrance to the tower. Floris outplays the watchmen at chess, and according to plan, Floris is smuggled in to the tower in a basket of flowers, but is mistakenly placed in the room of Blanchefleur's friend Claris. Claris arranges a reunion between the two, but they are discovered two weeks later by the emir.
The emir holds off killing them on the spot until he holds a council of advisers. So impressed are the advisers at the willingness of the young lovers to die for one another that they persuade the emir to spare their lives. Floris is then knighted, he and Blanchefleur are married, and Claris marries the emir (who promises Claris she will be his last and only wife, forever). Soon after, news of Felix's death reaches Cairo and Floris and Blanchefleur depart for home where they inherit the kingdom, embrace Christianity, and convert their subjects as well.
High Middle English version[edit]
The poem tells of the troubles of the two eponymous lovers. Blancheflour ("white flower") is a Christian princess abducted by Saracens and raised with the pagan prince Flores ("belonging to the flower"). The two fall in love and separate. Blancheflour gives Flores a ring that will reflect her state, so that it will tarnish if she is in danger.
Blancheflour is in a different caliphate from Flores, and there she is accused falsely and sent as a slave to a Tower of Maidens. The Emir has within his garden a "Tree of Love" that determines a new wife for him every year. Its flower will fall on the destined maiden from the harem, and yet he can also magically manipulate the tree to cast its flower upon a favorite. He has decided to make it fall on Blancheflour, for she is the loveliest virgin in the harem. Flores, knowing that Blancheflour is about to be taken by the Emir as a wife, comes to rescue her from her peril. The reunited lovers are found in bed (though they were chastely together) by the Emir the next morning. When he hears their whole tale of chaste love and long promises to one another, he demands proof of her virginity by having her put her hands in a water that will stain if she has been with a man. She is proven pure, he pardons both lovers, and all is well.
The story contains elements of both older heroic sagas and romance. Unlike the usually bloody and martial Romances earlier in the period (e.g. Havelok the Dane), this Romance is, indeed, romantic. The older original "aristocratic" version does not contain knightly combat but the "popular" French version that would come later does contain some elements. The story contains themes of conflict between paganism and Christianity. Additionally, unlike other Romances, each section of the story is dependent strictly upon the previous section, so this poem has a linear plot. The poem also emphasizes the power of romantic love (rather than courtly love or divine favor) over force of arms to preserve life and ensure a good end.
The Middle English version of the poem derives from an Old French "aristocratic" version (Floire et Blancheflor) of the tale. The story has analogs in Indian literature, particularly the Jatakas of the early fifth century. Many of the details, such as the Tower of Maidens (i.e. harem), eunuch guards, and the odalisques derive from material carried to the west via The Arabian Nights. The tale could be originally French, or possibly of Oriental origins, or a synthesis of motifs.
Boccaccio wrote a version of the same tale in his "Filocolo", in 1336, while he was in Naples. The tale has been a popular subject for later retellings, and it was treated by Swedish poet Oskar Levertin in the romantic ballad "Flores och Blanzeflor" in the collection Legender och visor (Legends and Songs) in 1891.
Vernacular versions[edit]
Not a complete list.
Its continuing popularity is demonstrated by an allusion to it in the romance Emaré, where Floris and Blancheflour are one of the pairs of lovers embrodiered on a robe, along with Tristan and Isolt, and Amadas and Idoine.[2]
In music[edit]
"Blanziflor [Blancheflour] et Helena" is one of the songs in Carl Orff's scenic cantata Carmina Burana.
 1. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p184 New York Burt Franklin,1963
 2. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p187-8 New York Burt Franklin,1963


text:
Radiobiology Research Team
Our Research Focus
The Radiobiology Research Team performs research on the effects of ionizing and
non-ionizing radiation on living systems, identifies radiation hazards in the aviation
environment, and studies methods of protection from such hazards.
The CARI-6 computer program, developed at the FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute,
calculates the effective dose of galactic cosmic radiation received by an individual (based on
an anthropomorphic phantom) on an aircraft flying the shortest route (a geodesic) between any
two airports in the world. The program takes into account changes in altitude and geographic
location during the course of a flight, as derived from the flight profile entered by the user.
- How CARI-6 Works
- Information on the latest version of CARI-6
- Download the latest version of CARI-6 (7 July 2004)
- How CARI-6M works and differs from CARI-6
- Information on the latest version of CARI-6M
- Download the latest version of CARI-6M (3 December 2001)


Administration | Cycling in Christchurch
Weather of Belgium
Belgium Weather / September 6, 2018
When you think of a European summer, you usually think of long, hot days on the French, Italian or Spanish coasts, not sheltering under an umbrella in the centre of Brussels.
With high rainfall, harsh winters and very average summers, Belgium has a bad reputation for its weather and deservedly so.
Wet Summers
Belgium has an annual average rainfall of 820 mm (32 in) that is fairly evenly distributed through the year, with a slight increase in the summer months. On average, they get around 200 days of rainfall each year. This is more than both Paris and London, both of which are renowned for their grey and drizzly days. This makes an umbrella or waterproof jacket essential items for any trip to Belgium.
The dampness can also make it feel much colder than it is, so even if you have dressed appropriately for the forecasted temperature it's probably a good idea to throw on an extra layer or two just in case.
The daily and monthly temperature variations are quite small, so unlike other European countries that oscillate between freezing cold and scorching hot, Belgium tends to go from mild winters to only-slightly-warmer summers. Average daily temperatures range from 3 degrees celcius in January to 18 degrees celcius in July.
Even at the height of summer, the temperature rarely exceeds 22 degrees celcius. Warm and sunny weather is not constant during summer and it is almost a surprise when the sun does come out. If you're lucky enough to get a few consecutive days of sunshine, be prepared for the locals to talk about nothing else. But even on warmer days, the evenings can still turn quite cool so you will probably need to pack a jacket or light jumper.
Wet Winters
From October, the temperature begins to drop quite rapidly. The winter months are chilly and wet, and rarely bring the same massive snowfalls that cover other parts of the continent. If it does snow, it will melt fairly quickly and become slush on the ground. Therefore it's a good idea to wear sturdy, thick-soled shoes in winter and watch your step on the quaint but surprisingly deadly cobble stone streets of Belgium's medieval towns.
Wet, but Safe
This moderate climate means that Belgium is subject to very few natural disasters. Flooding is a threat along rivers and in some areas of reclaimed coastal land. In November 2010, torrential rain across the country caused floods and mudslides, killing two people. However events of this scale are rare and very unlikely to affect most travellers.
To maximise your chances of getting good weather (but remember, it's never guaranteed in Belgium) May to September is the best time to visit, especially for hiking and outdoor activities. There is still a very high likelihood of rain but at least it won't be paired with freezing temperatures.
However, this is also peak tourist season, so it will pay to plan ahead and book accommodation in these areas before you arrive.


I'm currently designing a step-by-step wizard, where the interface tells the user which section of the wizard he/she is visiting, using Progress Trackers, like the image below.
The user can navigate through each Step, back and forward and also jump between Steps that are already complete (ex: on Step 3, jump to Step 1)
enter image description here
Now the challenge is that those steps have sub-steps inside, for example, for the user to complete the Step 3, he/she needs to fill four sub-steps that are related with that Step 3, like this:
enter image description here
My question is...
Having Progress Tracker with 2 levels, which the user can navigate through, is a flow that is familiar for the user? If so, is there any usability issue that I should be aware of?
I don't think it is a familiar flow, but it can work.
There are a few points.
 - Make sure your hierarchy between main steps and sub steps is very clear. Users must not think there are more steps than there really are.
 - Also make sure there's a clear difference between a completed and an in progress step (like your image already has).
The above mentioned points could look something like this.
enter image description here
Another solution might be to make the substeps part of the main steps using a progress bar. See image below.
enter image description here
Users don't really care about discrete progress
Rather than showing sub-steps that tell the user exactly which one they're on, I'd recommend implementing a progress bar on each section of the wizard. I'm envisioning the Step 1 box with a progress bar immediately below it or within it (maybe as a background?).
This sacrifices letting users know the exact number of actions they need to take, but in some cases, I would argue that this is better as it seems like fewer steps are necessary.
 - Ok, I just added to the question that the user can jump between steps (check 2nd paragraph). I believe this will important to share since the Steps, although indicate progress, also serve as "shortcut" to jump between steps – Joao Carvalho Apr 20 '17 at 13:23
It is not something that I have seen before, but I think it could work. As a suggestion, consider if you can have left and top navigation, especially when they are too many sub-steps. I think this is model that more people are used to it.
Something like the following images:
enter image description here
 - 1
 This is very confusing. There is no association to what is on the left and what's on the top. – Majo0od Apr 20 '17 at 14:53
 - _USER_ Thanks for your comment. What about if I place the steps on top and the substeps on the left? Is it more clear now? all ideas for improvement are more than welcome – Dimitra Miha Apr 20 '17 at 15:04
Your Answer


text:
The Dispute Avoidance and Resolution Service (DARS) came into effect on 1st September 2005 as a result of Special Educational Needs and Disability Order (SENDO).
The DARS aims;
to resolve disagreements between Education and Library Boards or Boards of Governors of schools and parents about the way in which they carry out their responsibilities towards children with Special Educational Needs (SEN);
to resolve disagreements between parents and schools about the provision being made for children with Special Educational Needs.
The DARS is an independent, confidential, voluntary and informal service designed to provide an opportunity for identifying points of disagreement and finding ways forward that all parties are willing to accept.
There is a DARS contact, in each Education and Library Board area, who is independent of its Special Education section. The DARS Manager is the main point of contact in the first instance.
Members of the DARS Team will facilitate a possible resolution of disagreements. Ultimately, agreement can only be reached with the approval of all parties involved.
Involvement with DARS will not affect the right of appeal to the Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal (the SENDIST). The DARS cannot be used to resolve other disputes with a parent or school or Education and Library Board. If you believe that your child has been discriminated against because of a disability then the Equality Commission will provide a conciliation service to resolve this dispute.


text:
HOW IS A PURPLE ROCK PUPPET MADE?
By Rolande Duprey, chief puppet maker and clean-up artist.
Most puppets begin as an idea. Since there are no cameras inside a person's head, sorry, no photo of the idea! The idea defines how a puppet will be made. Will it be a marionette? Then it will need detailed drawings of the different moving parts. Will it be a hand puppet? Then it will need a drawing of the head of the character.
Then, a drawing is made. It might be a simple pencil drawing:
Or a complicated drawing:
But whatever it is, the idea takes shape on the page.
Some questions you need to ask yourself when you first start building a puppet are: What kind of puppet will it be? How big does it need to be? How many moving parts will it have? What colors should I use?
Then, to begin making the actual (three dimensional) puppet, a sculpture is made.
Sometimes it is out of clay, and then a mold is made.
For more information on how to make a head using a plaster mold, please click here.
Sometimes it is made out of foam,
like this little piggy.
Aunt Bitty is a foam sculpture covered in fabric and then costumed. The big wig is sculpted out of a thermal-plastic and then covered in fabric.
Aunt Bitty is called a "hand and rod" puppet because she is manipulated using a hand inside her head (operating her eyes and mouth), and a rod attached to her hands (not pictured here). The rod that moves her hands are sometimes both held in the puppeteer's hands and used sort of like chop sticks. For more information on rod puppets, click here.
Puppets are often
sculpted out of wood,
like my first marionette, "Mondo".
I like to use wicker, or cane.
This is an abstract marionette out of wicker.
This is a wicker kangaroo. If you would like to know more about wicker, click here.
This giant turtle was made out of wicker, covered with fabric.
The dragon below is another wicker sculpture, covered with silk and painted.
I've also sculpted puppets using experimental materials.
This unicorn and the butterfly below were both sculpted out of a type of plastic. If you want to see how I use this material, click here.
Here is a puppet head made of a whole lot of different
types of materials. The mouth and cheeks are made from an old electrical plug. There's wire and bits of metal and thumb tacks.
People enjoy using papier mache for puppets, and so do I.
From small puppets to big ones,
PAPIER MACHE IS A WONDERFUL TECHNIQUE!
The animal puppets in this production were made out of cardboard cut-outs with fabric glued on both sides. They were then painted.
Halja, a marionette, has a head, chest, and hands made out of neoprene that was cast using a plaster mold. Her legs, feet, hips, neck and arms are sculpted out of wood. There is a fabric connection between the chest and the hips that looks like skin. This makes it easier for the marionette to move and bend naturally.
Puppets made using neoprene are painted with acrylic paints.
Many of the puppets on this page are rod puppets, and connecting the rod to the puppet is a unique operation. For one solution, please click here.
Once the puppet is finished, the fun really begins. We get to use it! It's like making your own musical instrument, and inventing the sound that it makes!
For more information on puppet building
and supplies, go to one of these sites:
_URL_(some great videos!)
_URL_ (sign up and ask specific questions!)
|© Purple Rock Productions | site design: web nine studios|


text:
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Filmmaker Scott Z. Burns introduced a Columbia audience to his new climate change drama Extrapolations and spoke about the importance of science-informed storytelling.
Anthony S. Fauci will be presented with the Frank A. Calderone Prize on April 27, in recognition of his extraordinary contributions to protecting and improving the public's health
At Columbia Mailman, faculty continue to assess the impact of COVID-19 and identify ways to prevent the next pandemic.
In a faculty Q&A, Prof. A. Kayum Ahmed says he is committed to social justice in research and the classroom, with a focus on the "decolonization of human rights."
- March 17, 2023
Columbia Mailman professor Claire Greene discusses her Centennial Grand Challenges project working with Venezuelan refugees in Ecuador.
- March 16, 2023
Chronic toxicity tests conducted on behalf of Monsanto revealed certain products were toxic but they were not forthcoming about what they knew.
- March 15, 2023
A group of researchers discussed the utility of real-time forecasting models for antimicrobial-resistant organisms. The article appears in the peer-reviewed journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.
- March 14, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a long-lasting impact on adolescent mental health and substance use.
Source:Columbia NewsMarch 13, 2023
El-Sadr, the recently appointed executive vice president for Columbia Global, discusses the university's worldwide portfolio.
- March 9, 2023
Moving away from a focus on risk of disease to a more positive, holistic, and health-promoting approach to sexual health is key to improving health outcomes, according to a new study.


Species object
Options for compartment species
The SimBiology® species object represents a species, which is a chemical or entity that participates in reactions, for example, DNA, ATP, Pi, creatine, G-Protein, or Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK). Species amounts can vary or remain constant during a simulation.
To add species that participate in reactions, add the reaction to the model. The process of adding the reaction to the model creates a compartment object (unnamed) and the necessary species objects.
Alternatively, create and add a species object to a compartment object, using the addspecies method at the command line.
When you use the SimBiology desktop to create a new model, it adds an empty compartment (unnamed), to which you can add species.
See Property Summary for links to species property reference pages. Properties define the characteristics of an object. Use the get and set commands to list object properties and change their values at the command line. You can graphically change object properties in the graphical user interface.
Constructor Summary
Method Summary
Methods for species objects
copyobj (any object)Copy SimBiology object and its children
delete (any object)Delete SimBiology object
display (any object)Display summary of SimBiology object
get (any object)Get object properties
rename (compartment, parameter, species, reaction)Rename object and update expressions
set (any object)Set object properties
Property Summary
Properties for species objects
BoundaryConditionIndicate species boundary condition
ConstantAmount Specify variable or constant species amount
InitialAmountSpecies initial amount
InitialAmountUnitsSpecies initial amount units
NameSpecify name of object
NotesHTML text describing SimBiology object
ParentIndicate parent object
TagSpecify label for SimBiology object
TypeDisplay SimBiology object type
UserDataSpecify data to associate with object
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pattern?
The idea of continuum of Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom is a faimilar concept. But the concept is subjective. Look at the following analysis in Data Mining
This raises some serious questions for data mining. You may wonder,"What makes a pattern interesting? Can data mining system generate all of the interesting patterns? can a data mining system generate only interesting patterns? "
To Answer first question, a pattern is interesting if (1) it is easily understood by humans,(2)valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty,(3) potentially useful, (4)novel. A pattern is also interesting if it validates the hypothesis user sought to confirm. An interesting pattern represents the knowledge.
Subjective interestingness measures find patterns interesting if they are unexpected and actionable.
Here is a relevant paper
Now if you look at how interestingness is defined it is all subjective. There was absolutely no reason why Google's algorithm should necessarily give the best results. Once again, of all the algorithms out there, there was no reason why results of page rank algorithms necessarily should satisfy the interestingness criteria for searching web pages using keywords.
I think they just got lucky!
It is 1% inspiration, the 99% perspiration
I strongly believe that innovation is like an iceberg.A publicly spectacular innovation is supported by invisible foundation of infrastructure and raw repositories of ideas and enthusiasm.These books are by far the closest coming to my conception of innovation.
Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on CreativityWhere Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation
The reason why google is google,is because of their infrastructure.
Google File System,
 Google Map Reduce
Straight from the horse's mouth
Here is a series of lectures by google


text:
Date: TBA. 10AM – 6PM.
Facilitator: James Inabinet, PhD. Cost: $25
Enacting a Human Niche extends the mythos of niche by developing actual skills for creating niche, seeking optimum modalities–where and how it CAN go. This requires situating oneself within a prospective niche including considerations of history and place. historical considerations include situating oneself within personal origins (family history) and the origins of the entire cosmos (big history). Place considerations include the where of an individual's prospective human niche and the overall bioregion within which any place is situated.


text:
the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America p. 855
- Canon 4, Title III, Constitution & Canons Together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Adopted and Revised in General Convention, 2006
- Apostolicam actuositatem
- Code of Canon Law, canon 207
- Lumen gentium, 31
- Catechism of the Catholic Church, 775
- The Code of Canon Law (Roman Catholic Church)
- The Religions of South Vietnam in Faith and Fact: V. Buddhism in Vietnam (Section E. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF BUDDHIST TERMS)


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Japanese and European feudalism
japanese-pdJapanese vs European feudalism
Feudalism may vaguely refer to the form of government made up of a decentralized socio-political system where a weak monarchy tries to take control of territories under it, but not physically part of its kingdom, using reciprocal agreements with the territorial leaders.
A classic definition of feudalism refers to the European political system of the middle ages, which comprised of a set of reciprocal military, as well as legal duties they were obliged to do among the nobles who were warriors. This centered around three concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs.
Although feudalism is largely considered a European invention, a type of feudalism was invented by the Japanese, at about the same period that European feudalism was at its peak, which was completely independent of the European system. It's important to note that the two feudalistic societies exhibited some shared practices and principles, but nonetheless differed in many important aspects.
The defining feature of a feudalistic society was land ownership, and both the Japanese and Europeans had land owning castes, as well as those that didn't own land during the medieval time. Unlike European feudalism, Japanese feudalism had no true pyramid form, with a hierarchy of 'inferior' nobles being presided over by the monarch. This was mainly due to two facts: Firstly, Japanese authority was as centralized as the case was in the European nation states. Even though the majority of local aristocrats paid the emperor lip-service, Japan's rugged terrain made it hard for the emperor to have full control of the local aristocracy, making local aristocrats in Japan much more powerful than their European counterparts. Secondly, although Japan's inferior nobility (samurai) were religiously loyal to their local lords, the lords didn't give them land to own, while the European nobility got land in exchange for their time in the military. The samurai instead received an income from their local lords, depending on the produce from the lord's land.
While the samurai may have had servants, they did not work on the lands in the same way as they did in Europe. Knights in Europe had serfs who would tend to their land that they had received from the lords.
The legal structures in the European and Japanese feudalistic governments were obviously radically different. The European system was based on Roman and Germanic law, as well as the Catholic Church, while the Japanese system was based on Chinese Confucian law and Buddhism. Due to these differences, the feudal systems in Europe and Japan developed at different times.
Feudalism was to a large extent established throughout Europe by the 9th century, but it wasn't until the 12th century that it started to filter into Japanese territory.
Notably, one important similarity between the two systems, was that they were both hereditary caste feudal systems, where peasants had no chance at all of becoming part of the 'ruling clan'.
European feudalism was quite older than the Japanese system, having been established in the 9th and 12th centuries respectively.
The European system was more centralized than the Japanese system, because the Japanese emperor had no full control of the local aristocracy.
European feudalism was based on Germanic law, while Japanese feudalism was based on Chinese Confucian law.
Japanese samurais' servants didn't tend to their land like in the case of the serfs of European knights.
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2.4. Blockade Interaction in a Magnetic Field
The interaction between Rydberg atoms is strongly influenced by external electric and magnetic fields. A small magnetic field for instance lifts the Zeeman degeneracy and thus strengthens the Rydberg blockade, especially if there is a non-zero angle between the interatomic and the quantization axis. This has been discussed in M. Saffman, T. G. Walker, and K. Mølmer, "Quantum information with Rydberg atoms", Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2313 (2010). Here we show how to reproduce Fig. 13 using pairinteraction. This Jupyter notebook and the final Python script are available on GitHub.
As described in the introduction, we start our code with some preparations. We will make use of pairinteraction's parallel capacities which is why we load the multiprocessing module if supported by the operating system (in Windows, the module only works with methods defined outside an IPython notebook).
%matplotlib inline
# Arrays
import numpy as np
# Plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Operating system interfaces
import os, sys
# Parallel computing
if sys.platform!= "win32": from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import partial
# pairinteraction :-)
from pairinteraction import pireal as pi
# Create cache for matrix elements
if not os.path.exists("./cache"):
cache = pi.MatrixElementCache("./cache")
We begin by defining some constants of our calculation: the spatial separation of the Rydberg atoms and a range of magnetic field we want to iterate over. The units of the respective quantities are given as comments.
distance = 10 # µm
bfields = np.linspace(0, 20, 200) # Gauss
Now, we use pairinteraction's StateOne class to define the single-atom state \(\left|43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2\right\rangle\) of a Rubudium atom.
state_one = pi.StateOne("Rb", 43, 2, 2.5, 0.5)
Next, we define how to set up the single atom system. We do this using a function, so we can easily create systems with the magnetic field as a parameter. Inside the function we create a new system by passing the state_one and the cache directory we created to SystemOne.
To limit the size of the basis, we have to choose cutoffs on states which can couple to state_one. This is done by means of the restrict... functions in SystemOne.
Finally, we set the magnetic field to point in \(z\)-direction with the magnitude given by the argument.
def setup_system_one(bfield):
 system_one = pi.SystemOne(state_one.getSpecies(), cache)
 system_one.restrictEnergy(state_one.getEnergy()-100, state_one.getEnergy()+100)
 system_one.restrictN(state_one.getN()-2, state_one.getN()+2)
 system_one.restrictL(state_one.getL()-2, state_one.getL()+2)
 system_one.setBfield([0, 0, bfield])
 return system_one
To investigate the \(\left|43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2;43d_{5/2},m_j=1/2\right\rangle\) pair state, we easily combine the same single-atom state twice into a pair state using StateTwo.
state_two = pi.StateTwo(state_one, state_one)
Akin to the single atom system, we now define how to create a two atom system. We want to parametrize this in terms of the single atom system and the interaction angle.
We compose a SystemTwo from two system_one because we are looking at two identical atoms. Again we have to restrict the energy range for coupling. Then we proceed to set the distance between the two atoms and the interaction angle.
To speed up the calculation, we can tell pairinteraction that this system will have some symmetries.
def setup_system_two(system_one, angle):
 system_two = pi.SystemTwo(system_one, system_one, cache)
 system_two.restrictEnergy(state_two.getEnergy()-5, state_two.getEnergy()+5)
 if angle == 0: system_two.setConservedMomentaUnderRotation([int(2*state_one.getM())])
 return system_two
Now, we can use the definitions from above to compose our calculation.
def getEnergies(bfield, angle):
 # Set up one atom system
 system_one = setup_system_one(bfield)
 # Calculate Zeeman shift
 zeemanshift = 2*system_one.getHamiltonian().diagonal()[system_one.getBasisvectorIndex(state_one)] # GHz
 # Set up two atom system
 system_two = setup_system_two(system_one,angle)
 # Calculate blockade interaction
 eigenenergies = (system_two.getHamiltonian().diagonal()-zeemanshift)*1e3 # MHz
 overlaps = system_two.getOverlap(state_two)
 blockade = 1/np.sqrt(np.sum(overlaps/eigenenergies**2))
 return blockade
With a little boiler-plate, we can then calculate and plot the result with matplotlib.
plt.xlabel(r"$B$ (Gauss)")
plt.ylabel(r"Blockade (MHz)")
if sys.platform!= "win32":
 with Pool() as pool:
 energies1 = pool.map(partial(getEnergies, angle=0), bfields)
 energies2 = pool.map(partial(getEnergies, angle=_URL_, bfields)
 energies1 = list(map(partial(getEnergies, angle=0), bfields))
 energies2 = list(map(partial(getEnergies, angle=_URL_, bfields))
plt.plot(bfields, energies1, 'b-', label=r"$\theta = 0$")
plt.plot(bfields, energies2, 'g-', label=r"$\theta = \pi/2$")
plt.legend(loc=2, bbox_to_anchor=(1.02, 1), borderaxespad=0);


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Yes. If you have columns in your course's Grade Center that you no longer need, it's simple to delete them.
- Click the down arrow to the right of the grade column's title to display its options menu.
- Click Delete Column. A confirmation pop-up window will open.
- Click the OK button. The window will close, and the grade column will no longer be in your course's Grade Center.
If you don't see the Delete Column option in a grade column's menu, then it's still associated with an activity in your course (i.e., a quiz, discussion, assignment folder, etc.). You'll need to delete the activity before you can delete the grade column.


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Among the research studies currently underway:
- Primary care providers in our program are completing surveys about the new integration of behavioral health within their primary care clinics where they work. Their feedback provides valuable information on how the Primary Care Mental Health Integration Program is working.
- Depression screenings have become an important tool that allow clinicians to quickly screen patients and refer patients who may be experiencing symptoms of depression to additional services. We are currently researching how often positive screens occur to better understand depression in children and adolescents.
- In collaboration with local partners, we have been able to begin evaluating data from a pilot program that provided mental health screenings to high school athletes as a part of their sport physicals.
The TMH team has also presented two studies at academic conferences:
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Time to Treatment in Behavioral Health – presented at the 2021 Society of Pediatric Psychology Annual Conference
- Development and Implementation of an Integrated Behavioral Health System Embedded in Pediatric Primary Care – presented at the 2020 Integrated Care Conference by the Collaborative Family Healthcare Association
For more information, email _EMAIL_.


Skip to definition.
Noun: knocker nó-ku(r)
 1. A device (usually metal and ornamental) attached by a hinge to a door
 - doorknocker, rapper
 2. A person who knocks (as seeking to gain admittance)
 "open the door and see who the knocker is"
 3. One who disparages or belittles the worth of something
 - detractor, disparager, depreciator
 4. [vulgar] Either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman
 - breast, bosom
 5. (Yiddish) a big shot who knows it and acts that way; a boastful immoderate person
Derived forms: knockers
Type of: big cheese, big deal, big enchilada, big fish, big gun, big shot, big wheel, cynic, device, faultfinder, head honcho, individual, mamma, mammary gland, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul
Part of: adult female body, front door, front entrance, woman's body
Encyclopedia: Knocker


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Algorithm Positions Solar Trackers, Movie Stars
March 30, 2011
Math and programming experts at a federal laboratory took an algorithm used to track the stars and rewrote its code to precisely follow the sun, even taking into consideration the vagaries of the occasional leap second.
Now, the algorithm and its software are helping solar power manufacturers build more precise trackers, orchards to keep their apples spotless and movie makers to keep the shadows off movie stars.
The Solar Position Algorithm (SPA) was developed at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory to calculate the sun's position with unmatched low uncertainty of +/- 0.0003 degrees at vertex, in the period of years from -2000 to 6000 (or 2001 B.C. until just short of 4,000 years from now). That's more than 30 times more precise than the uncertainty levels for all other algorithms used in solar energy applications, which claim no better than +/- 0.01 degrees, and are only valid for a maximum of 50 years. And those uncertainty claims cannot be validated because of the need to add an occasional leap second because of the randomly increasing length of the mean solar day. The SPA does account for the leap second.
That difference in uncertainty levels is no small change, because an error of.01 degrees at noon can throw calculations off by 2 or 3 percent at sunrise or sunset, said NREL Senior Scientist Ibrahim Reda, the leader on the project. "Every uncertainty of 1 percent in the energy budget is millions of dollars uncertainty for utility companies and bankers," Reda said. "Accuracy is translated into dollars. When you can be more accurate, you save a lot of money."
"Siemens Industry Inc. uses NREL's SPA in its newest and smallest S7-1200 compact controller," says Paul Ruland of Siemens Industry, Inc. "Siemens took that very complex calculation, systemized it into our code and made a usable function block that its customers can use with their particular technologies to track the sun in the most efficient way. The end result is a 30 percent increase in accuracy compared to other technologies."
Science, Engineering and Math All Add to Breakthroughs
An algorithm is a set of rules for solving a mathematical problem in a finite number of steps, even though those steps can number in the hundreds or thousands.
NREL is known more for its solar, wind, and biofuel researchers than for its work in advanced math. But algorithms are key to so many scientific and technological breakthroughs today that a scientist well-versed in the math of algorithms is behind many of NREL's big innovations.
Since SPA was published on NREL's website, more than 4,000 users from around the world have downloaded it. In the European Union, for the past three years, it has been the reference algorithm to calculate the sun's position both for solar energy and atmospheric science applications. It has been licensed to, and downloaded by, major U.S. manufacturers of sun trackers, military equipment and cell phones. It has been used to boost agriculture and to help forecast the weather. Archaeologists, universities and religious organizations have employed SPA, as have other national laboratories.
Fewer Dropped Cell-Phone Calls
Billions of cell-phone calls are made each day, and they stay connected only because algorithms help determine exactly when to switch signals from one satellite to another.
Cell-phone companies can use the SPA to know exactly the moments when the phone, satellite, and the bothersome sun are in the same alignment, vulnerable to disconnections or lost calls. "The cell phone guys use SPA to know the specific moment to switch to another satellite so you're not disconnected," said Reda, who has a master's degree in electrical engineering/measurement from the University of Colorado. "Think of how many millions of people would be disconnected if there's too much uncertainty about the sun's position."
From a Tool for Solar Scientists to Widespread Uses
SPA sprang from NREL's need to calibrate solar measuring instruments at its Solar Radiation Research Laboratory. "We characterize the instruments based on the solar angle," Reda said. "It's vital that instruments get a precise read on the amount of energy they are getting from the sun at precise solar angle."
That will become even more critical in the future when utilities add more energy garnered from the sun to the smart grid. "The smart grid has to know precisely what your budget is for each resource you are using — oil, coal, solar, wind," Reda said.
Making an Astronomy Algorithm One for the Sun
Reda borrowed from the "Astronomical Algorithms," which is based on the Variations Sèculaires des Orbites Planètaires Theory (VSOP87) developed in 1982 then modified in 1987. Astronomers trust it to let them know exactly where to point their telescopes to get the best views of Jupiter, Alpha Centauri, the Magellan galaxy or whatever celestial bodies they are studying. "We were able to separate and modify that global astronomical algorithm and apply it just to solar energy, while making it less complex and easy to implement," said Reda, highlighting the role of his colleague, Afshin Andreas, who has a degree in engineering physics from the Colorado School of Mines, as well as expertise in computer programming.
They spent an intense three or four weeks of programming to make sure the equations were accurate before distributing the 1,100 lines of code, Andreas said.
They used almanacs and historical data to ensure that what the algorithm was calculating agreed with what observers from previous generations said about the sun's position on a particular day. "We did spot checks so we would have a good comfort level that the future projections are accurate," Reda said.
"We used our independent math and programming skills to make sure that our results agreed, Reda said.
Available for Licensing, Free Public Use
The new SPA algorithm simply served the needs of NREL scientists, until the day it was put on NREL's public website.
"A lot of people started downloading it," so NREL established some rules of use, Reda said. Individuals and universities could use SPA free of charge, but companies with commercial interests would have to pay for the software.
Factoring in Leap Seconds Improves Accuracy
NREL's SPA knows the position of the sun in the sky over an 8,000 year period partly because it has learned when to add those confounding leap seconds. Solar positioners that don't factor in the leap second only can calculate a few years or a few decades.
The length of an Earth day isn't determined by an expensive watch, but by the actual rotation of the Earth.
Almost immeasurably, the Earth's rotation is slowing down, meaning the solar day is getting just a tiny bit longer. But it's not doing so at a constant rate. "It happens in unpredictable ways," Reda said. Sometimes a leap second is added every year; sometimes there isn't a need for another leap second for three or four years. For example, the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) added six leap seconds over the course of seven years between 1992 and 1998, but has added just one extra second since 2006.
The algorithm calculates exactly when to add a leap second because included in its equations are rapid, monthly, and long-term data on the solar day provided by IERS, Reda and Andreas said.
"IERS receives the data from many observatories around the world," Reda added. "Each observatory has its own measuring instruments to measure the Earth's rotation. A consensus correction is then calculated for the fraction of second. As long as we know the time, and how much the Earth's rotation has slowed, we know the sun's position precisely."
That precision has proved useful in unexpected fields.
Practical Uses in Agriculture, Movie Making
One person who bought a license for the SPA software has an apple orchard, and wanted to keep the black spots off the apples that turn off finicky consumers, thus making wholesale buyers hesitate, Reda said.
The black spots appear when too much sun hits a particular apple, a particular tree or a particular row of trees in an orchard.
The spots can be prevented by showering the apples with water, but growers don't want to use more water than necessary.
SPA's precise tracking of the sun tells the grower exactly when the automatic sprinkler should spray for a few moments on a particular set of trees, and when it's OK to shut off that sprayer and turn on the next one. SPA communicates with the sprinkler system so, "instead of spraying the whole orchard, the spray moves minute by minute," Reda said. "He takes our tool and plugs it into the software that controls the sprinkler system. And he saves a lot of water."
Religious groups with traditions of praying at a particular time of day even have turned to SPA to help with precision.
A movie-camera manufacturer has purchased the SPA software to help cinematographers combat the precious waste of money when shadows disrupt outdoor shooting.
"They have cameras on those big cranes and booms, and typically they'd have to manually change them based on the shadows," Reda said. "This company that bought it has an automatic camera positioner."
Combining the positioner with the SPA's calculations, the camera can tell the precise moment when the sun will, say, peak above the tall buildings of an outdoor set. "They don't have to make so many judgments on their own about where the camera should be positioned," Reda said. "It gives them a clearer picture."
Learn more about NREL's solar radiation research and the Electricity, Resources, and Building Systems Integration Center.
— Bill Scanlon


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Effects of static recrystallization on texture evolution and formability in Mg-Al-Zn (AZ) and Mg-Li-Zn (LZ) alloys have been investigated. The effect of static recrystallization appears in an opposite way in AZ and LZ alloys, i.e., the basal texture becomes stronger in AZ alloys, while it becomes weaker in LZ alloys. Since LZ alloys have lower c/a ratio than AZ alloys, compression or double twin forms more abundantly in LZ alloys. The accelerated static recrystallization in the compression or double twinned region leads to a weaker basal texture evolution in LZ alloys. Double basal peak intensity maxima in as-rolled state changed into weaker single intensity maximum due to the effect of static recrystallization during post-annealing. As a result, LZ alloys exhibit much enhanced formability than AZ alloys.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Materials Science(all)
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Mechanics of Materials
- Mechanical Engineering


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evive has an inbuilt piezo buzzer, which is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound or tone. The piezo buzzer is connected to digital pin 46 of Arduino Mega and is controlled via PWM.
Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezoelectricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials. The vice versa is also true. Such materials are called piezoelectric materials. Piezo-ceramic is a class of manmade material, which poses piezoelectric effect and is widely used to make a disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
How to Control Piezo Buzzer in Arduino IDE
To generate the electric signal from evive to control evive, we use tone() function. It generates a square wave of the specific frequency with a 50% duty cycle on digital pin 46. A duration can be specified, otherwise, the wave continues until a call to noTone(). Only one tone can be generated at a time. If a tone is already playing on a different pin, the call to tone() will have no effect. If the tone is playing on the same pin, the call will set its frequency.
The frequency range is from 31 Hz to 65535 Hz.
tone(pin, frequency, duration)
- pin: the pin on which to generate the tone
- frequency: the frequency of the tone in hertz - unsigned int
- duration: the duration of the tone in milliseconds (optional) - unsigned long
To illustrate the use of piezo buzzer please see the following code:
How to Control Piezo Buzzer in Scratch
Play tone block is used to play sound on evive buzzer. When it is executed it plays the tone of specified frequency/note for a specific duration/beat. The note and the beat can be selected from the drop down menu. Also the user can input the specific frequency and duration (in milliseconds).
There is an inbuilt buzzer in evive connected to digital pin 46. By default, this pin is selected.
This block can be used in Arduino Mode as well as in Scratch Mode.
Playing tone using keyboard pins in Scratch mode.
Introduction You must have played Air Hockey! Pay few $$dollars$$ to the gaming zone and just start scoring goals to beat your friends. Isn't it


Memos from Asia
Vietnamese Coffee Culture – Then and Now
It takes about 13 minute(s) to read this content.
Vinh Long, Vietnam
Being the world's second-biggest coffee exporter, Vietnam owns a respectable coffee culture that has lasted for over a century. Vietnamese people treat their coffee as a jewel on the queen's crown and it will never change. Rain or shine, you will see us flocking to the nearest pavement in the neighborhood just to get that coffee fix!
To help you understand this remarkable coffee drinking culture in Vietnam, I have compiled this article on behalf of all Vietnamese coffee fans out there. Let's get started!
History of Vietnamese Coffee – A Ticket to the Past
The very first coffee beans were introduced to this tropical humid land of Asia in the 17th century. They followed the Spanish and Portuguese preachers during the missionary journey in Vietnam.
However, coffee was still treated as a bizarre foreign input to the Vietnamese. Not until the French colonists officially set their protectionism all over Indochina was coffee planted on a wider scale.
Since 1927, coffee beans have been grown in various plantations across the Central Highlands in Vietnam. This region in the country was believed to nourish the coffee beans in full swing. And therefore, the coffee would reach its best quality and prosperity.
(Coffee beans in Vietnam)
From then on, many French cafeterias were opened as a sole dedication to the noble and high-class colonists. Those cafeterias were decorated with a vibrant, luxury, and vintage style.
During the 20th century, a chain of open-air coffee shops lined the streets of Rue de Catinat. Some of them remain in the hearts of the Vietnamese oldies such as La Pagode, Givral, Brodard, and Hotel Continental. These spots were granted with stunning views of the best corners of Saigon like the Central Post Office or Notre Dame Cathedral.
(Saigon Central Post Office at dawn)
Fast forward to the 60s and 70s when the Vietnamese war elevated following the split of the two Vietnams, a huge number of Americans and the Western allies entered the Republic of Vietnam. As a result, big cities in South Vietnam such as Saigon witnessed a booming of acoustic coffee shops.
During those days, the Vietnamese coffee culture was usually associated with famous Vietnamese artists chanting melancholy love songs.
Unlike the French cafeterias in the 20s and 30s when coffee and croissants made a perfect company for a chat by the street, the modern coffee shops during the Vietnam war became entertainment centers.
Ever since, this bitter black beverage has become an energetic drink for most Vietnamese, especially white collars and workers who need a kick to get their day started. After a century, the love for coffee has gained a significant notice in Vietnam.
(Modern Vietnamese coffee brewing style)
The Coffee Drinking Culture in Vietnam
According to the Institute of Applied Marketing (I.A.M), 65% of the Vietnamese people drink coffee seven times a week (Vietnam Economic News, 11/23/2018).
Coffee is not only existing as a choice of beverage, but also a daily catchphrase whenever we want to ask someone out.
"Getting coffee eh?" – This brief, neat and lovely catchphrase seems to be a perfect replacement for "Hello! How are you?" in Vietnam.
(A famous coffee building at 42 Nguyen Hue, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)
The habit of going to a coffee shop for a meeting, a chat, a date, or even a workplace has created a more youthful coffee culture in Vietnam. More than just a quick energy boost, coffee is an excuse to sit back, relax and bond with friends.
(Working by a glass of iced coffee)
Despite how coffee has evolved in Vietnam, the most basic and common style is watching each drop of coffee distilled out of a filter.
The way that coffee is roasted, brewed, and consumed in Vietnam sets it apart from the rest of the world. Vietnamese coffee is all about high octane. We want that kind of smell and flavor which will caress our mouth, wake up our taste buds and stimulate our brain cells.
(Drinking coffee on the streets)
In Vietnam, coffee is slowly roasted for at least 15 minutes under low heat, then grounded and stored in well-covered jars. Whenever an order is placed, two tablespoons of grounded coffee slide into an aluminum filter, fused with boiling water, 10 minutes waiting for the dripping juice, and you're good to go!
2 Most Common Types of Vietnamese Coffee
I encountered with Vietnamese coffee at a very young age. During my childhood, I realized that men usually went for black coffee (either hot or iced) while women preferred adding a bit of condensed milk to balance out the bitterness.
(Coffee in Hanoi, Vietnam)
Condensed milk was a special creation in Vietnam. There was a lack of fresh milk during the Indochina war against the French. Therefore, sweetened condensed milk was used as a wise alternative that turned out to be a perfect pairing with coffee.
The strong and significant bitterness and aroma of coffee make it a heavenly pairing with the deep and full-bodied flavor of sweetened condensed milk.
How Does Northern Vietnamese Coffee Culture Differ from Its Southern Counterpart?
Even though black coffee and coffee with condensed milk are the mutual joy across Vietnam, there are some variations in terms of names and ingredients.
In Northern Vietnam, there are three main coffee styles:
 - Ice black coffee (cà phê đen đá).
 - Hot black coffee (cà phê đen nóng).
 - Coffee with condensed milk (cà phê nâu).
Other than these three, we have yogurt coffee (sữa chua cà phê) and egg coffee (cà phê trứng – this is a real yum!) as two other sensational hot sellers.
Yogurt coffee comes out in a creamy texture backed by a sweet and delicate sourness, which seems to be an odd companion with coffee. In fact, the fusion of these flavors enhances the overall tasting profile of the drink and makes you crave for more!
Meanwhile, egg coffee was born in Vietnam as an equivalent for French cappuccino. The egg coffee genuinely resembles egg custards. Its creamy, thick, rich, and foamy texture of egg yolk and condensed milk sits atop a bed of hot black coffee. What you want to do when drinking this delicacy is taking a tiny sip of the golden egg portion first, then mix the rest with the coffee underneath and slowly enjoy.
Now let's move on to the South! Southern Vietnamese coffee is somewhat cheaper and also served in a bigger class. People in the South prefer more ice and sugar in their drinks. The Southern Vietnamese coffee is usually ready-made when served while in the North, you need to wait for the juice to be distilled from a filter.
Speaking of the titles, coffee with condensed milk in the South is locally referred to as "cà phê sữa đá" or "bạc xỉu", while it's commonly known as "cà phê nâu" (or brown coffee) in the North.
Writing about Vietnamese coffee always puts a smile on my face. Vietnamese cannot live without coffee just like the way the British people adore their tea and how Russians love Vodka. Being a traditional tea-drinking country in Asia, Vietnam still adopts this lovely bitterness and has turned it into an essential part of our daily life.
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In this article we will be seeing how to add a polygon on top of the Silverlight
Article for creating
Silverlight Bing Map Control. MapPolygon:
The MapPolygon class accepts a list of points that define its shape and location
on the map.
MapPolygon class is used to represent a polygon on the map. Namespace: Microsoft.Maps.MapControl Assembly: Microsoft.Maps.MapControl (in microsoft.maps.mapcontrol.dll)
Create Silverlight application:
Contains the altitude and coordinate values of a location on the map. Fill:
It is used to get or set the fill of the shape. Opacity:
It is used to get or set the opacity of the shape. Stroke:
It is used to get or set the stroke color of the shape.
Silverlight Bing Map Control in SharePoint 2010
Introduction to Microsoft Silverlight


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This is a rare species and Grevillea chrysophaea with its ochre yellow golden yellow it is also a threatened species.
Found mainly in Gippsland Victoria it also appears in other areas, including to the west of Melbourne in the Brisbane Ranges. One form is a low bushy shrub, a second is taller and more open in growth habit.
When in flower it attracts Honeyeaters and bees to the garden and the actual flowering period is from winter right through spring.
This is not a species found widely in cultivation as propagation is difficult.
It is best planted in a sheltered position, with good sun, a well drained soil is essential and a little afternoon shade in the height of summer is recommended.
Propagation is usually from cuttings, also possible from seed which may need a smoke treatment to germinate.
- Botanical Name – Grevillea chrysophaea
- Family – Proteaceae
- Common Name – Golden Grevillea
- Position – Best in light shade or afternoon shade.
Soil – Well drained.
- Height – Variable from around.4 – 2 metres depending on form.
- Spread – To around 1.5 metres.
- Flowers – Golden Ochre or Golden yellow depending on form.
- Flowering Time – Winter to spring.
- Foliage – Mid green and very fine.
- Frost tolerant – Yes, moderate frosts.
- Drought tolerant – Yes


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Effect of maternal nicotine/thiocyanate exposure during gestational period upon pituitary, thyroid a
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Three pregnant female groups were used; control, nicotine and thiocyanate. Treatment started from gestation day (4-20) and the specimens were harvested from the male offspring of all groups at the age of 1 month and processed for light, electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical examination. Total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4) and total thyrotropin (TSH) were quantitatively determined in serum.
Both nicotine and thiocyanate activated the thyroid follicular cells, with an increase in height (about 30 %) and a negative feedback on the pituitary thyrotrophs which revealed a reduction in the number of cytoplasmic secretory granules, particularly the thiocyanate group. However, in thiocyanate group there was signs of impaired secretory activity of the thyroid gland. The arbitrary area of parathyroid chief cells, increased (about 45 %) particularly in nicotine group, with signs of reduced activity and a positive feedback on the parafollicular cells which revealed hypertrophy, proliferation (25 %) and increased intensity of positive immunohistochemical reaction for calcitonin.
Nicotine impaired chief parathyroid cells activity and consequently activated parafollicular cells. Thiocyanate reduced pituitary thyrotrophs activity, whereas both nicotine and thiocyanate increased thyroid follicular cells activity. This impact of in utero exposure persisted for 1-month postnatal.
Effect of maternal nicotine/thiocyanate exposure during gestational period upon pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid function/morphology of 1-month-old rat offspring.
J Endocrinol Invest.


Champagne: In Victory One Deserves It; In Defeat One Needs It – Napolean
December 24, 2010 No comments
Watch our videoÂ on facebookÂ of Rhonda RhyneÂ teaching the EasthamsÂ about Sabering Champagne!
Sabering –
An old tradition which represents, today, a festive gesture of friendship, love and respect for champagne (and friends)!
I.Â What is Sabering?
Sabering is the French tradition of removing the cork from a bottle of champagne. This ritual dates back to Napoleon, when his soldiers used the reverse edge of their saber to break the neck of the bottle.Â Hence, the French expression "saber the bottle" came about illustrating the French belief that it is better to destroy the bottle than to do without champagne!
II.Â How to Saber
 1. Properly chilled champagne bottle (between 35 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit);
 2. Remove all the foil that dresses the top of the bottle.Â Now, carefully, and with the cork pointed away from any person, animal, precious object, gently remove the muzzle cage. If properly chilled and not shaken, the cork should remain in the bottle.
 3. Hold the bottle with the thumb of the hand you don't write with firmly set in the "butt" of the bottle.Â The rest of your fingers will cradle the base of the bottle.
 4. Find the Seam: Using the hand you write with, slide the nail of your thumb around the top of the bottle's neck, just below the area where the muzzle was attached (this part is also called the annulus).Â You are looking for the bottle's seam.Â There are always two to a bottle. Where that seam meets the annulus is the weakest spot of the bottle.Â It is so weak, in fact, that with experience, a skilled saberer can perform the task with a butter-knife or even the foot of a champagne glass. Now turn the bottle so that this weak spot is facing you on top.Â This is the spot you will make contact with the blade;
 5. Firmly hold the saber and place its blade on the top of the bottle's shoulder on the seam. For best results, the bottle should be about two thirds of the blade away from the saber handle. Angle saber around 30-45 degrees to bottle and have elbow about 6 inches from your body;
 6. Angle of the bottle should be such that the fluid is just short of touching the base of the cork in the bottle.Â Â A lesser angle will cause spillage, and a greater angle will make the sliding of the blade less natural.
 7. Critical for successful sabering is momentum: It is not strength or force that is required, but rather momentum and follow-through that pops the cork and bottle head off simultaneously.Â As in golf or tennis, you need to maintain the motion beyond the point of impact.Â If you stop the motion at the annulus you risk chipping the rim.Â Do not hesitate, and do not use your wrist in the action â€" all the motion is from the elbow. Simply slide the blade alongside the bottle's neck with the intention to impact beyond the cork.
III.Â Caution and Questions
Beware: Sabered bottles easily cut fingers, skin
The top of a saberedÂ bottle, and the glass attached to the sabered cork may be sharp and must be handled with extreme care so as to not cut yourself or others.
Will glass end up in the fluid?
No, the pressure in the bottle, equivalent to that of a truck's tire, but far less than a soda bottleâ€™s, will prevent any potential glass chards from slipping into the bottle.
Will this spoil the quality of the beverage?
Not really, though some would argue that it causes undue stress to the nectar.Â You might want to avoid sabering an extraordinary champagne.
As with anything, common sense and responsibility will allow you to perform this act with confidence and safety for the pleasure of all.Â If you do not have a saber, use a large, heavy kitchen knife and use the back, or blunt, side of the blade to saber the bottle.
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Offshore fresh groundwater resources emerging
The flow of terrestrial groundwater to the sea is an important natural component of the hydrological cycle. This process, however, does not explain the large volumes of low-salinity groundwater that are found below continental shelves. There is mounting evidence for the global occurrence of offshore fresh and brackish groundwater reserves. The potential use of these non-renewable reserves as a freshwater resource provides a clear incentive for future research. But the scope for continental shelf hydrogeology is broader and we envisage that it can contribute to the advancement of other scientific disciplines, in particular sedimentology and marine geochemistry.