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Determine the point at which the electric field is zero.
 1. Sep 13, 2006 #1
 Determine the point( other than infinity) at which the electric field is zero.
 * ---------- *
 One point particle denoted Q1 = -2.50e-3 C and Q2 = 6.00 e-3 C
 the distance of separation is 1.00 m..
 I am not sure how to determine R, s.t. my Electric field is Zero.
 2. jcsd
 3. Sep 13, 2006 #2
 Do you know what R is?
 4. Sep 13, 2006 #3
 We are suppose to determine a distance which will produce an electric field that is zero. I happen to choose R..maybe that was a bad letter to represent a variable.
 5. Sep 13, 2006 #4
 Oh no. R is fine. I asked you what [itex] R [/itex] is, because [itex] R [/itex] should be a scalar (ie the distance) from something. Now [itex] R [/itex] could be the distance from anything, but would probably be the distance from the one of the charges.
 For example if you had this configuration below
 |<----- 1m -------->|
 Then if you wanted the distance from (-q) called R, you would have:
 R<------- (-q)---------------(q)
 Now the distance from (q) would be R+1m
 do you see why it's important?
 6. Apr 30, 2009 #5
 doin this question now myself, honestly doesnt make much sense to me to have an electrice field equal to zero unless we added another charge partical to cancel out.
 7. Apr 30, 2009 #6
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 There isn't any reason why you would need a third charge here. The electric field scales as 1/r^2. Ignoring the spatial relationship between the two charges, you only need to find two distances such that the field from charge one is equal and opposite to the field of charge two. Keeping in mind that the E field is a vector, it's not hard to arrange the two charges arbitrarily to have a point of null field.
 Now with this problem, the two charges are fixed in relation to eachother. So the first thing is to setup up an equation for the total field using a single vector to represent the distance instead of two. FrogPad shows one such way to do this. Now, you could have a situation where you can't have any nulls, but I think we can assume that it will not be the case. Don't forget that the electric field is a vector, not just a scalar.
 8. Apr 30, 2009 #7
 been trying to use
 k2.5x10^-6/X^2 = k6x10^-6/(X+1)^2
 but not getting the answer the book gives :( seriously these electrical charges and things just aint making sense to me!


Sun Java System Messaging Server 6.3 Administration Guide To Set a Grace Period
The grace period specifies how long the mailbox can be over the quota (disk space or number of messages) before messages are bounced back to sender. The grace period is not how long the message is held in the message queue, it's how long the mailbox is over quota before all incoming messages, including those in the message queue, are bounced. (see 20.1 Overview for more details.) The grace period starts when the user has reached the quota threshold and been warned. See To Setup Quota Notification.
To specify a quota grace period at the command line:
configutil -o store.quotagraceperiod -v number
where number indicates number of hours.


January 24, 2021
Home » Website » Business » Soaring Food Prices: One-Off Situation Or Structural Issue?
Soaring Food Prices: One-Off Situation Or Structural Issue?
Several economists emphasise that the current food inflation is a 'one-off situation due to monsoon disturbances' and not due to'structural issues'.
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Soaring Food Prices: One-Off Situation Or Structural Issue?
The rise is food prices has not helped the farmers because the trade and middlemen reap the profits.
Photo: Tribhuvan Tiwari
Soaring Food Prices: One-Off Situation Or Structural Issue?
In Bangalore, onion prices scaled to Rs 200 per kg and, in some Delhi markets, they ruled between Rs 120 and Rs 150 a kg. Garlic was over Rs 280 per kg in some markets. No wonder thefts of onion and garlic were reported from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana, among others.
On December 5, a small pick-up truck with 64 garlic bags worth Rs 200,000 was hijacked from Bihar's Kaimur district on the GT Road in the night. A day earlier, a Panipat retailer complained that 80 bags of garlic were stolen. In October, a vendor in Lucknow was robbed of onion, garlic and tomatoes.
Such incidents rose since September when the prices of these vegetables zoomed. Tomato prices calmed down to affordable levels, but onion and garlic continued their upward curves and angered the common man across the country.
Agriculture economist Dr Abhijit Sen attributes the high prices of several food crops to the poor kharif season this year. "The first advance estimate, based on area aerial survey alone, suggests that for most food crops the output will either be the same or less than last year," he explains. The second advance estimates (still awaited) will take into account the yields, and may be lower than the initial one. "So, probably on the outside there is a problem," concludes Sen.
He adds that crops like onion, which are localised, were impacted by local weather problems. Thus, the output in some items may be affected more than the others. This led to supply problems, which can only be overcome with time. "On the demand side, I don't see much problem as there is no rise in demand," feels Sen.
In the case of onions and pulses, India has supply links with neighbouring countries. The problem, therefore, intensified, but the demand remained more or less static. Besides the supply-side issues, higher costs contributed to a rise in retail prices.
Devendra Kumar Pant, Chief Economist, India Ratings & Research, states that the rise in inflation in the past few months was mainly from the food side. "Core inflation this year is still low, which shows that the (overall) demand conditions in the economic conditions are weak," explains Pant. He maintains that the current prices of vegetables, fruits and pulses responded to demand-supply situation.
In the case of pulses, we went through a cycle of low inflation and deflation for a year or two continuously. As the deflation cycle in pulses broke, we witnessed a bout of inflation. Food is more a story of demand and supply, according to Pant.
Alok Sheel, RBI Chair Professor, ICRIER, points out that in September and October, core consumer price index fell from 4 to 3.5%. But the overall index went up from 4.7 to 6.9%. "So, core CPI, which excludes food and fuel, fell. And the core CPI is more reflective of the demand trends," says Sheel. The fact is that core CPI and overall CPI moved in different directions.
Several economists emphasise that the current food inflation is a "one-off situation due to monsoon disturbances" and "output across different commodities", and not due to "structural issues". Anand Ramanathan, Partner, Deloitte India, is optimistic that there will be no disruptions in supplies leading to spikes. But in the case of onions and garlic, the spikes have happened. But they may get lower due to fresh supplies.
However, in the case of proteins, Pant cautions that given the change in our food pyramid with people consuming more proteins, both plant and animal, "they will trend towards higher prices". It will take time for the capacity to grow, particularly in dairy products, to fulfill the demand.
Dr Pronab Sen, Programme Director for the IGC India Programme, says earlier food items were practically at zero inflation and non-food ones grew at about 5 per cent or a bit more. But in the last three months, the scenario changed. And the non-food part of it has started coming down very rapidly.
"Non-food, which was nearly 5.5 per cent, came down to nearly 3 per cent. But food inflation spiked because of onions and tomatoes. If you go by the WPI (wholesale price index) there is some inflation," says the former chief statistician of India. With the kharif harvest still in progress, it is too early to say whether good or bad news is round the corner.
Some economists see bad news ahead. Madan Sabnavis, chief economist of CARE Ratings, says the current inflation will erode the consuming power of people. "Onions and pulses are two basic staples for vegetarians and the same holds for eggs and meat for non-vegetarians. With prices increasing by over 100 per cent on month-on-month basis, the consumption basket gets impacted and affects other spending (on discretionary items) and financial savings," he explains.
Does the rise in food prices signal good news for the farmers? The rise in food prices has not helped the farmers because the trade and middlemen reap the profits. This is evident from the fact that retail prices shot up higher than the wholesale ones. "What we have witnessed is farmers' distress because of negative food prices. But now what we could be looking at is non-agricultural distress as well," warns Pronab Sen.
There are distribution issues too. The fact of the matter is that given the small sizes of average farms, the farmers cannot come to the market yard on their own. Their meagre produce is not enough to justify high transportation costs. Hence, the aggregator, i.e. the trader who collects their produce at the farm gates, becomes a crucial cog. As there is only one trader to many farmers, the bargaining position is skewed in the former's favour.
"The retail market seems to be dominated by some kind of mafia. There seems to be some rigidity in the retail market in terms of pricing power. By now, commodity prices should be down. It's not as if we had abnormal rainfall this year, though there were disturbances here and there," says N R Bhanumurthy, professor, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
Given the past experiences, the government should have come up with contingency plans like imports of onions to bridge the shortfall. But there was some hesitancy to immediately import this year.
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Model Administrative Rules (MARS) and Search LogicUCC, Online UCC System, Revised Article 9
Following up on our post from earlier this week, What are "Standard Search Logic" and the Model Administrative Rules?, here's a behind-the-scenes look at how we created an online UCC search system that follows MARS guidelines.
An FCS online search report is intended to satisfy the requirements under the UCC Revised Article 9 Model Administrative Rules (MARS), which provide state filing offices with a set of guidelines for producing a legally compliant UCC lien search report. The FCS Online Search System was designed to satisfy the requirements under MARS while providing the searcher with increased flexibility.
Flexible search logic generates a more inclusive search report and addresses the inconsistencies in searches performed within states that did not effectively adopt the MARS guidelines. Further, these specially designed broad-based searching features aid in locating involuntary liens such as Federal and State Tax Liens, Judgment Liens and liens that may not be located in state databases limited to the MARS guidelines for the reporting of UCCs.
We recommend that users structure their search strings so possible variations of the name including abbreviations, alternate spellings and initials may be located. A successful search begins before the name is ever keyed into the system by considering what possible variations may exist and then using the proper search string to locate those name variations.
From the International Association of Commercial Administrators
T503 Search methodology – Search results are produced by the application of search logic to the name presented to the filing officer. Human judgment does not play a role in determining the results of the search.
503.1 Standard search logic – The following rules describe the filing office's standard search logic and apply to all searches except for those where the search request specifies that a non-standard search logic be used:
- 503.1.1 There is no limit to the number of matches that may be returned in response to the search criteria.
- 503.1.2 No distinction is made between upper and lower case letters.
- 503.1.3 The character "&" (the ampersand) is deleted and replaced with the characters "and" each place it appears in the name.
- 503.1.4 Punctuation marks and accents are disregarded. For the purposes of this rule, punctuation and accents include all characters other than the numerals 0 through 9 and the letters A through Z (in any case) of the English alphabet.
- 503.1.5 The following words and abbreviations at the end of an organization name that indicate the existence or nature of the organization are "disregarded" to the extent practicable as determined by the filing office's programming of its UCC information management system:
- 503.1.6 The word "the" at the beginning of an organization debtor name is disregarded.
- 503.1.7 All spaces are disregarded.
- 503.1.8 For first and middle names of individual debtor names, initials are treated as the logical equivalent of all names that begin with such initials, and first name and no middle name or initial is equated with all middle names and initials. For example, a search request for "John A. Smith" would cause the search to retrieve all filings against all individual debtors with "John" or the initial "J" as the first name, "Smith" as the last name, and with the initial "A" or any name beginning with "A" in the middle name field. If the search request were for "John Smith" (first and last names with no designation in the middle name field), the search would retrieve all filings against individual debtors with "John" or the initial J as the first name, "Smith" as the last name and with any name or initial or no name or initial in the middle name field.
- 503.1.9 If the name being searched is the last name of an individual debtor name without any first or middle name provided, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all financing statements with individual debtor names that consist of only the last name.
- 503.1.10 After using the preceding rules to modify the name being searched, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all Unlapsed Records, or, if requested by the searcher, all Active Records, that pertain to financing statements with debtor names that, after being as provided in this rule 503, exactly match the modified name being searched.
Want to see our online UCC system in action? Sign up here for a free demo. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us here or by calling _PHONE_. As always, if you are unsure of any definitions or procedures, consult your legal counsel immediately.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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the feed stays fresh.
If possible, use of a waterproof, seal-able container to store your feed. The container should be able to keep pests such as mice and insects from enjoying an "All You Can Eat Buffet" on your dime. A waterproof container will insure the feed stays dry if there is unexpected water leakage into the area.
The location that the feed bin or container is kept is also important. If you have a designated feed room or area in your facility, check to see that it is not exposed to unnecessary moisture such as a leak in the roof or sweating pipes overhead. Elevating the bin off the floor will help keep feed dry should there be rain-in or minor flooding. Also, check to see if your feed bin is sitting in the hottest part of your barn or shed. For metal sided buildings, this could be the South or West wall which receive the strongest of the sun's rays and tend to hold heat longer. Relocating the bin to a cooler or dryer area will go a long way in keeping your feed fresh.
Whenever possible, try to practice inventory management of feed in the form of FIFO; an acronym which stands for First In First Out. FIFO is a method to manage the freshness of perishable goods such as produce, baked goods or dairy products. The premise can also be applied to feed, where feed already in the bin is fed prior to the feed that was just purchased. Also, between feed rotations, periodically wash and thoroughly dry the container to help get rid of build-up at the bottom. Using this method can ensure that the feed you are scooping has not aged beyond its ideal shelf life.
Taking some time to check these few steps will go a long way in keeping your horse feed fresh. Stay tuned for a future post regarding factors that impact the shelf life of your feed! Until then, happy riding!


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The Income Tax Department is a government agency undertaking direct tax collection of the Government of India. It functions under the Department of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance. Income Tax Department is headed by the apex body Central Board of Direct Taxes.
Taxation law is not only very complex as it requires specialized knowledge and expertise to implement, but also it necessitates various kinds of deterrent actions to ensure compliance by taxpayers.
- Assessment: Assessment is done to ensure correct estimation of total taxable income of an assessee (i.e. taxpayer) and it determines amount of tax to be payable by (or to be refunded to) asseesee.
- Fines and Penalty: These are financial punishments for non-compliance with any specific provision of the Income-tax Act.
- Surveys: ITD can survey any business premises for physical verification of records and other valuables.
- Search and Seizure: ITD can search residential and business premises of any taxpayer to check records and valuables to ensure that no evasion of tax is taking place.
- Prosecution: Certain actions of taxpayers, for example willful evasion of tax, are considered as criminal offence by the Income-tax Act and hence these offences result in prosecution.


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At Sarjan, quality is defined end-to-end by meeting and surpassing customer expectations
The Sarjan approach to quality
- Understanding customer needs
- Custom design solutions that are cost and time effective
- Build systems and processes to ensure quality consciousness at every stage
- Honor our commitments on delivery and service before and after sales
- Continuous training and development of our team to ensure cutting-edge solutions and output
Basic Quality process as below:
- Acceptance and testing of new materials.
- Appropriate maintenance and testing of equipment, materials and processes.
- Calibration, and verification of the calibration facilities.
- Reliable testing of the system performance.
- Periodic performance testing of the system.
At Sarjan, we understand that Purity is a scientific achievement that needs constant focus on quality, regular learning and consistent delivery.


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A "magic" herb, Carissa Edulis, that drew thousands of people to a remote Loliondo village in Tanzania was identified by Kenyan scientists a few years ago as a cure for a drug-resistant strain of a sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhoea. This herb also is believed to cure many other diseases besides gonorrhoea. The Kamba refer to as mukawa or mutote and use it for chest pains, while the Nandi boil the leaves and bark to treat breast cancer, headache and chest pains.
Researchers discovered the plant could be used for the treatment of the herpes virus. Led by Dr Festus M Tolo of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (Kemri), the team from the University of Nairobi and the National Museums of Kenya found the herb could provide an alternative remedy for herpes infections.
"An extract preparation from the roots of Carissa edulis, a medicinal plant locally growing in Kenya, has exhibited remarkable anti-herpes virus activity for both wild type and drug resistant strains," they reported in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Blogs Women's Health
It's Millet Time
An ancient grain, a super grain
Dr Padma Garvey/Plant-Based Doctor Mom
It's Millet Time
Recently I came across an article discussing some issues related to climate change and food production. Water is becoming an issue for many parts of the world, including some parts of the United States. Clean drinking water and water for farming are things we can no longer take for granted. The article I read talked about projections made by the Indian government regarding the availability of enough water to sustain rice production as the population grows. Growing millet requires less water than does rice or wheat farming and is therefore an alternative to meeting the needs of a growing population.
Millet, like so many other ancient grains, is a whole grain, high in fiber. By utilizing grains that require less water, we also take small steps towards helping the planet. When looking at the problem of climate change as a whole, each one of us can feel powerless. The problem seems so daunting that we are inclined to do nothing. But each one of us making small changes to our diets does add up and is the most impactful way an individual can affect climate change.
Recently I made the switch from rice to millet and now eat all my Indian meals and stir-frys with millet instead of rice. It is also good for dishes like upma and tabouleh. I combine one cup of millet with two cups of water. I cook it in my pressure cooker for ten minutes. I love the texture which reminds me of couscous. One cup of cooked millet has slightly fewer calories and slightly more protein than does one cup of cooked brown rice. So next time you are planning on eating a meal that normally calls for rice, try millet instead.
Other articles by Padma Garvey


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Broken Glass essay assignment
Hello Dear Students,
I am looking forward to reading your essays. You continue to improve in your thinking and ¬†I am sure you will develop your thoughts carefully.
Here's the prompt:
Choose a theme represented in Broken Glass. Write an essay exploring how the theme is represented and developed throughout the book.
Remember all of the parts of the essay we discussed yesterday:
Hook, Background, Thesis, Support (include examples from the text and your analysis of each), Conclusion (including a So What?)
After you finish writing:
Remember to re-read and check for spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Also re-read and ask yourself: where can I combine sentences? Can I make my writing flow like a river?


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Spoon bread dates back to America's colonial days; however, it is inconclusive whether its origin is Native American or colonial.
There is no doubt that corn, corn meal and corn bread are all of Native American origin. Early American cookbook author, Sarah Routledge, published spoon bread recipes in The Carolina Housewife in 1847. In it, she links spoon bread's origins to Native Americans "with a traditional Carolina Low Country rendition called Awandaw," named for a Native American settlement outside of Charleston.
Some culinary authorities maintain spoon bread can be traced back to the Indian porridge called suppone or suppawn. Others, however, say the butter, milk and eggs, which made spoon bread such a special dish, probably came after the Civil War. The controversy will likely never be settled.
Regardless of its origin, you can still enjoy this recipe for spoon bread.
- 1 cup boiling water
- 1 cup cornmeal
- 1 Tablespoon butter
- 2 cups milk
- 3 eggs, slightly beaten
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- ½ cup sugar
- Preheat oven to 350°F.
- Butter a 2 quart casserole dish.
- While stirring, pour cornmeal into boiling water; let cook for 5 minutes. Let cool slightly.
- Stir butter into the cornmeal.
- Add eggs to the milk.
- Mix dry ingredients with milk mixture and add to the cornmeal.
- Stir until just combined.
- Pour into casserole and let bake for 35 minutes.
- Let sit for 5 minutes before serving.
Makes one loaf


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Crane Hoist Brake
The harm of Crane Hoist Brake reverse brake
Electric hoist is generally installed in gantry cranes, single girder cranes, overhead cranes, suspended cranes. A little modification, can also be used as a hoist. So, it is to improve labor efficiency, improve the working conditions of the necessary tools, electric hoist reverse brake what harm it, the following is given the introduction:
1, if the high-speed operation of a motor to the opposite direction, it will cause a strong impact, burn the motor.
2, the brakes will also cause a strong friction between the gear impact, causing equipment accidents.
3, if the electric hoist hanging on the crane, due to the weight of the crane, if suddenly give it a reverse force, electric hoist because of strong inertia and produce a lot of torque, will cause the transmission system, and the fuselage damage The
4, lifting the weight will swing, the occurrence of falling accidents.


Overeating Bursts Stomach
Can eating too much make your stomach burst?
Can you actually eat yourself to death?
By Melissa Dahl
"I ate so much I'm about to burst!"
Someone at your Thanksgiving table will likely say some version of this tomorrow, after you've all stuffed your faces with turkey, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes and the rest. But how much would you have to eat in order for your stomach to actually burst? Is that even possible?
"Interestingly enough, you can rupture your stomach if you eat too much," says Dr. Rachel Vreeman, co-author of "Don't Cross Your Eyes … They'll Get Stuck That Way!" and assistant professor of pediatrics at Indiana University School of Medicine. "It is possible, but it's very, very rare."
A handful of reports over the years document the tales of people who literally ate themselves to death, or at least came dangerously close: Japanese doctors wrote in a 2003 case report that they believed it was a 49-year-old man's "excessive over-eating" that caused his stomach to rupture, killing him. And this 1991 case report describes a similar "spontaneous rupture" in an adult's stomach "after overindulgence in food and drink."
Normally, your stomach can hold about one or one-and-a-half liters, Vreeman says — this is the point you may reach if you overdo it tomorrow, when you feel full to the point of nausea. Pathologists' reports seem to suggest the stomach is able to do OK handling up to about three liters, but most cases of rupture seem to occur when a person has attempted to stuff their stomach with about five liters of food or fluid. (One of the reports Vreeman came across described the sad case of a woman whose stomach contained 12 liters of stuff.)
It takes a certain amount of misguided determination to manage to override your natural gag reflex and continue to eat (and eat and eat), which is why, not surprisingly, reports of ruptured stomachs caused by overeating are most common in people with some sort of disordered eating, or limited mental capacity, Vreeman says.
"They have unusual eating habits to an extent that their bodies' reflexes no longer respond as they normally do," Vreeman explains. "Their bodies' reflexes have been ignored or abused for so long that they no longer vomit at the appropriate time. And then once the stomach gets to this extremely distended point, the stomach muscles are too stretched out to be strong enough to vomit the food out."
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Jeg Gikk Meg Over Sjo og Land: A Journey for the Future into the Past
Using Scandinavian immigrant culture as a backdrop, this project presents an integrated multiple intelligences approach to teaching Kindergarten and elementary school students about their music, history, and cultural inheritance. The paper describes eight themes that formed the framework of the eight-week music curriculum used in the project. Examples of the childrens artwork and creative writing are included in the work. The author concludes that raising childrens awareness of a single specific culture through their music, dance, art, and food preferences stimulates the childrens curiosity about their own heritage resulting in increased communication with their family members and greater self-knowledge. The project also created a more positive and productive teaching/learning relationship between the instructor and the various class members and gave the students an opportunity to share their discoveries with the rest of the schools population.
Advisor:Dr. James Kriley; Dorothy Morrison; Karen A. Kaufmann
School:The University of Montana
School Location:USA - Montana
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:09/19/2007


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UN-Habitat's governance structure is a three-tier structure made up of the UN-Habitat Assembly, the Executive Board and the Committee of Permanent Representatives. The General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution A/RES/73/239 decided to dissolve the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme and to replace it with a United Nations Habitat Assembly of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat Assembly). UN-Habitat Assembly is a universal body composed of the 193 member states of the United Nations and convenes every four years at the Headquarters of UN-Habitat in Nairobi. The Executive Board is composed of 36 member states elected by the UN-Habitat Assembly and meets three times a year to increase the oversight by Member States of UN-Habitat operations. The Committee of Permanent Representatives of UN-Habitat (CPR) meets twice every four years in an open-ended manner. The three governing bodies together are intended to strengthen the accountability and transparency of UN-Habitat, and provide an effective oversight mechanism for UN-Habitat to enhance its normative and operational activities.
Nairobi, 1 July 2021—The Committee of Permanent Representatives to UN-Habitat (CPR) held its first open ended, high level mid term review meeting over three days in a hybrid format with 75 countries registering to join the session.
The delegates – which included five Ministers and 44 partners - discussed the delivery of the UN-Habitat 2020-2023 Strategic Plan which is grounded in the 2030 Development Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals and is currently at its midpoint.


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Definitions for xerophyteˈzɪər əˌfaɪt
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word xerophyte
desert plant, xerophyte, xerophytic plant, xerophile, xerophilous plant(noun)
plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte
Any plant suited for life in a habitat where water is scarce, such as in a desert or chaparral. Such plants may be succulent, have small or reduced leaves, or spines.
A desert plant
Origin: xero- + -phyte
A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adapted to survive in an arid environment, such as a desert. The morphology and physiology of xerophytes are variously adapted to conserve water, and commonly also to store large quantities of water, during dry periods. Other species may be adapted to survive long periods of desiccation of their tissues, during which their metabolic activity may effectively shut down. Plants with such morphological and physiological adaptations are called xeromorphic.
The numerical value of xerophyte in Chaldean Numerology is: 6
The numerical value of xerophyte in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1
Images & Illustrations of xerophyte
Translations for xerophyte
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for xerophyte »
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Bessie Coleman (_PHONE_)
Bessie Coleman, or "Brave Bessie," was the first licensed African-American pilot. Coleman attended college in Oklahoma, but had to quit because of financial difficulties. She moved to Chicago and worked as a manicurist and successfully operated a chili parlor. However, Coleman's dream was to learn to fly. When no American school would accept African Americans, she traveled to France to attend Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, where she became the first licensed black pilot in the world. Flying army surplus aircraft left over from WWI, she earned her nickname "Brave Bessie" by performing daredevil stunts. While doing air shows she gave lectures urging young black students to become pilots. Coleman once refused to perform in Waxahachie, Texas, until black students were allowed to use the same entrance as white students. Coleman died in 1924 in an accident. She is buried in Lincoln Cemetery in Chicago.
- This article is excerpted from the NWHM Winter 2004 Newsletter
- PHOTO: Early Aviators


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let $K$ be a field, $n \geq 1$. denote $E_{i,j}$ the elementary matrix having $1$ on the diagonale and in the entry $(i,j)$, and $E_i(a)$ the elementary matrix $diag(1,...,a,...,1)$. you know that $GL_n(K)$ is generated by these matrices, but what relations do we need in order to get a presentation for $GL_n(K)$?
here are some relations, which correspond to simple relations about row operations:
 - $E_i(1)=1$
 - $E_i(ab) = E_i(a) E_i(b)$
 - $E_i(a) E_j(b) = E_j(b) E_i(a)$
 - $(E_j(-1) E_{ij})^2=1$
 - $E_j(a+b)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a+b) = E_j(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(b) E_i(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a)$
 - $ (E_{ji} E_{ij} E_{ji} E_j(-1))^2=1$
are these all relations? how can we prove that?
EDIT: Mariano has given a counterexample when $K = \mathbb{F}_2$. well, how can we fix this? add more relations? incorporate the structure of $K$ as a ring? what about concrete examples such as $K=\mathbb{Q}$?
share|cite|improve this question
One way of getting a presentation for a Lie group is exponentiating a presentation from the Lie algebra. For the Lie algebra, the presentation will not be hard to do (just take the Cartan subalgebra, $e_{i,i+1}$, and $e_{i+1,i}$), and you can work out the relations for them. It is not necessary to use the matrices corresponding to all $(i,j)$-s - that might overcomplicate things. – Vinoth Dec 30 '09 at 12:10
It seems to me that this should be a presentation of the simply connected form of the Lie group. But GL_2(R) is not simply connected: the universal cover is basically the metaplectic group. I could imagine much worse things could happen with nonarchimedean fields, but I don't know. – David Speyer Dec 30 '09 at 21:40
Heh. Is $\mathbb F_2$ not concrete? :) – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Jan 4 '10 at 2:04
can you give a presentation for $GL_n(\mathbb{F}_2)$? – Martin Brandenburg Jan 4 '10 at 9:42
See Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley groups. For $n=2$ extra relations are needed. This is related to David's comment. – Victor Protsak Jun 6 '10 at 6:03
4 Answers 4
This is a sideways answer.
Let $E_{ij}(a)=I+a E_{ij}$, for $i\neq j$ and $a\in A$.These matrices generate the conmutator subgroup $$E(n, A)=[\mathrm{GL}(n, A),\mathrm{GL}(n, A)]\subseteq\mathrm{GL}(n, A).$$ One can easily check that the obvious relations satisfied by these elements are $$E_{ij}(a)E_{ij}(b)=E_{ij}(a+b),$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{jk}(a)]=E_{ik}(a) \mbox{ if $i\neq k$,}$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{kl}(b)]=1 \mbox{ if $i\neq l$ and $j\neq k$.}$$ Yet the group presented by generators and this relations is not $E(n,A)$, but what we call the $*n$-th unstable Steinberg group* $\mathrm{St}(n, A)$ of $A$. In general, this is larger than (precisely, an extension of) $E(n,A)$.
(NB: The following paragraph has been edited to make it match reality. Thanks to Allen for pointing the mistake in the comment bellow)
This is seen, for example, because the map $\mathrm{St}(n, A)\to E(n,A)$ has a non-trivial kernel. Indeed, after passing to the direct limit as $n$ goes to infinity, the kernel of that map is precisely the second algebraic $K$-theory group of $A$, $K_2(A)$. Milnor shows in his book that $K_2(\mathbb{R})$ is uncountable, and describes $K_2(\mathbb Q)$ (he also shows that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order two, so this can be done for rings that are not fields too...)
A nice reference for all this is Jonathan Rosenberger's Algebraic $K$-theory and its applications, and there is John Milnor's Introduction to algebraic $K$-theory, which is also extremely nice.
A short intuitive description for $K_2(A)$ is: it measures how much more information is there in the elementary matrices of a ring which does not follow formally from the Steinberg relations.
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The kernel of the stabilized map $St(\infty,A)\to E(\infty,A)$ is $K_2(A)$, not $K_3(A)$. Milnor showed that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order 2. – Allen Hatcher Dec 30 '09 at 16:37
Suppose $R=\mathbb F_2$ is the field with two elements and $n=2$. Then we need not consider the matrices $E_i(a)$, for the only possible $a$ is $1$, so your group is generated by $\alpha=E_{12}$ and $\beta=E_{21}$. Your fourth relation implies that $$\alpha^2=\beta^2=1.$$ Your fifth equation is empty in this case (for it is only meaningful for when $a$ and $b$ are non-zero elements of the field which add up to a non-zero element of the field!) Finally, your sixth relation in this case tells us that $(\alpha\beta\alpha)^2=(\beta\alpha\beta)^2=1$, but these two equalities follow from the previous equation.
We thus see that the group generated by the $E_i(a)$'s and the $E_{ij}$ subject to your relations is, in this case, $$\langle\alpha,\beta:\alpha^2=\beta^2=1\rangle.$$ This is an infinite group, so it is not $\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb F_2)$.
Exactly the same reasoning shows that the same happens for all $n\geq 2$: you get free products of cyclic groups of order $2$.
NB: It wouldn't be the first time that $\mathbb F_2$ behaves differently from other fields... I doubt that is the case, and surely someone with enough determination will be able to use GAP to check whether the group given by your generators and relations is or not $\mathrm{GL}$, at least for other small fields...
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I suggest you give Mariano a check mark. MathOverflow does not function properly when you change a question substantially after it has been correctly answered.
Regarding your revised question, we can fix the presentation by throwing it away and using Steinberg's presentation, which works without problems. I couldn't find an online copy of his paper, but this 1971 article describes how to present the R-points of any semisimple simply connected Chevalley-Demazure group, for R any commutative ring.
I have heard that the presentation in the case of the general linear group is due to Schur, but I don't know a reference.
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You might want to look at Cohn's paper "On the structure of the ${\rm GL}_{2}$ of a ring", MR0207856.
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Snotbots and Polar Bear Heat Signatures: Intel Drones Support Conservation Efforts in Two New Expeditions
BY Zacc Dukowitz
4 October 2017
Today is World Animal Day, and therefore an appropriate day for Intel to release news about two recent scientific expeditions that were conducted with drones serving as a primary resource for scientists and conservationists.
In today's press release, Intel emphasized that both their drone the Falcon 8+ and their Artificial Intelligence software—showcased recently in one of the major keynotes at InterDrone —were instrumental to supporting these two expeditions.
Which makes sense. Drones collect raw data, and AI helps process that data into actionable insights. In combination, drones and AI can provide powerful tools for doing good in the world.
Arctic Polar Bear Expedition
For their expedition to the Arctic to track and document polar bears, Intel teamed up with renowned wildlife photographer and conservationist Ole Jørgen Liodden.
Given how dangerous they are and the vast areas they cover, the ideal method for tracking polar bears is from the air, but traditional methods involving helicopters are loud, invasive, and cost-prohibitive.
Even with the use of drones, the steel found in most boats can cause magnetic fields, which can potentially confuse drone compasses, making it difficult to take off and land on a moving boat.
The primary motive for the expedition was to capture information on polar bear behavior patterns at this moment in time. As mentioned in the video above, the plight of polar bears today can help us understand where we as humans might be headed.
Tracking the polar bears' behavior, breeding, feeding, and migration habits helps scientists not only understand the effects of climate change on the Arctic, but also the health of the entire planet.
Image source
The expedition found that polar bears did not show any signs of distress or changes in behavior when drones were flown approximately 150 to 325 feet from the animals, which is great news for conservation efforts. The less invasive the manner of collecting data, the better, both for collecting more accurate information and for making sure not to molest the animals being studied.
Polar bears are a symbol of the Arctic. If they become extinct, there will be challenges with our entire ecosystem. Drone technology can hopefully help us get ahead of these challenges to better understand our world and preserve the earth's environment.
– Ole Jørgen Liodden
Even with an aerial view, spotting a white polar bear against the white snow can be almost impossible.
Image source
But using aerial thermography on this expedition, the bears could be easily spotted against the cold background.
This technology opens up new possibilities and research opportunities, since finding polar bears can now be done in a much quicker, more efficient manner, which in turn opens up new possible approaches for the way polar bears might be studied.
Whale Exploration
Back in June we wrote about the Snotbot being sent to the U.N. The Snotbot is back in the news now, through their collaboration with Intel and with Parley for the Oceans.
The Snotbot is a drone that helps whale researchers study their subjects by hovering over them and collecting their snot—which might sound gross, but it's important work that helps us better understand whales and the environment in which they live.
Image source
It's impressive to note that now, with the use of AI from Intel, the Snotbot is getting smarter and smarter.
Project SnotBot uses Intel's machine learning technology to help the Ocean Alliance improve data analysis by running algorithms that can identify a particular whale and assess its health in real time, regardless of the presence of confounding factors, such as the whale's unpredictable movements and limited ocean visibility.
So far, the SnotBot has been used to collect spout water from blue whales, right whales, gray whales, humpbacks, and orcas in oceans around the world.
AI is giving whales a voice to share the health of our oceans and the environment. Using AI technology, researchers can make more timely decisions in the field and better understand the rich biological data that whale snot holds, including DNA, stress and pregnancy hormones, viruses, bacteria, and toxins.
– Cyrill Gutsch, Parley for the Oceans founder
Closing Remarks
Regarding these two drone-supported expeditions Anil Nanduri, the head of Intel's drone division, told UAV Coach:
From this expedition, we've learned that drones, like the Intel Falcon 8+, can be a way to put sensors out into the environment that are less intrusive and less expensive than manned equipment like helicopters, yet still able to reach locations that would be difficult for a researcher to get to on foot. They are very capable platforms that can be used for novel applications beyond just the commercial roles that they were designed for.
– Anil Nanduri, Head of the Drone Group at Intel
Read our recent interview with Anil on Intel's light show drones, and the vast creative potential they represent.
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The following are the current most viewed articles on Wikipedia within Wikipedia's Pre-Columbian category. Think of it as a What's Hot list for Pre-Columbian. More info »
This is a beta release and so the figures may be a day or two out of date. We'd love to get your thoughts.
|2||Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas||457|
|4||Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America||54|
|5||1st millennium in North American history||10|
This category is the overall parent category, containing sub-categories and articles relating to the historical era defined as the pre-Columbian era (occasionally also referred to as pre-Hispanic in some contexts). This era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents (late 15th / early 16th centuries). The usage of the term may also extend (in context) to incorporate the continuity of indigenous cultures of the Americas into and beyond the European colonial period.
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core dump, take a dump
[origin uncertain; perhaps related to a Scandinavian term meaning ''to fall suddenly,'' the connection being the tipping out of a load from a cart]
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Labor and Employment
National Wages and Productivity Commission
Regional Office No. 9
Zamboanga City
Pursuant to Section 6, Rule IV of the National Wages and Productivity Commission (NWPC) Amended Rules of Procedure on Minimum Wage Fixing and Section 24 of Wage Order No. RIX-14, the following implementing rules and regulations are hereby issued for guidance and compliance by all concerned:
Section 1. TITLE. This Rules shall be known as the "Implementing Rules of Wage Order No. RIX-14."
Sec. 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS. As used in this Rules:
a.chanrobles virtual law library
Act refers to Republic Act No. 6727 otherwise known as the "Wage Rationalization Act of 1989".
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AGRICULTURE refers to farming in all its branches and among others, includes the cultivation and tillage of the soil, production, cultivation, growing and harvesting of agricultural and horticultural commodities, dairying, raising of livestock or poultry, the culture of fish and other aquatic products in farms or ponds, any other activities performed by a farmer or on a farm as an incident to or in conjunction with such farming operations, but does not include the manufacturing and/or processing of sugar, coconut, abaca, tobacco, pineapple, aquatic and other farm products
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BASIC WAGE " means all the remunerations or earnings paid by an employer to a worker for services rendered on normal working days and hours but does not include cost-ofliving allowances, profit-sharingpayments, premium payments, 13th month pay or other monetary benefits which are not considered as part of or integrated into the regular wage or salary of the workers on the date the wage increases become effective;
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"BRANCH WORKERS" are those working in branches or agencies of establishments;
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"COLA" refers to the cost –ofliving allowance;
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COMMISSION refers to the National Wages and Productivity Commission (NWPC).
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COTTAGE/HANDICRAFT ESTABLISHMENT refers to one engaged in an economic endeavor in which the products are primarily done in the home or such other places for profit, which requires manual dexterity and craftsmanship.
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"DOLE " refers to the Department of Labor and Employment.;
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"DTI "means Department of Trade and Industry;
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"ESTABLISHMENT" refers to an economic unit which engages in one area or predominantly one kind of economic activity at a single fixed location.
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"MOBILE WORKERS" are those, who by nature of their work, have to travel or move from one place to another;
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"NEDA" means National Economic Development Authority;
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"PLANTATION AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE" refers to one engaged in agriculture with an area of more than twenty four (24) hectares in a locality or which employs at least twenty (20) workers. Any other agricultural enterprises shall be considered as "Non-Plantation Enterprise";
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"RA 8188" an act increasing the penalty and imposing the double indemnity for violation of the prescribed wage increases in the wage rates amending for the purpose Sec. 12 of RA 6727 otherwise known as the "Wage Rationalization Act" of 1989 ' ;
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"RA 7277" an act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes;
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"RETAIL ESTABLISHMENT" is one principally engages in the sale of goods to the end users for personal or household use. A retail establishment that regularly engages in wholesale activities loses its retail character;
q.chanrobles virtual law library "REGIONAL BOARD" refers to the Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board (RTWPB), Region IX;
r. "REGIONAL DAILY MINIMUM WAGE RATE" refers to the lowest wage rates that an employer can pay the workers, as fixed by the Regional Board;
s. "REGION-IX" is the geographical area covering the Zamboanga Peninsula Region comprising the Provinces of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay and the Cities of Zamboanga, Pagadian, Dipolog, Dapitan and Isabela
"SERVICE ESTABLISHMENT" is one principally engaged in the sale of services to individuals for their own or household use and is generally recognized as such;
u. "ORDER" refers to Wage Order No. RIX-14;
"WAGE DISTORTION" refers to a situation where an increase in prescribed wage rates results in the elimination or severe contraction of intentional quantitative differences in wage or salary rates between and among employee groups in an establishment as to effectively obliterate the distinction embodied in such wage structure based on skills, length of service or other logical basis of differentiation.
Section 1. AMOUNT OF THE COST OF LIVING ALLOWANCE. Upon the effectivity of this Wage Order:
 1. All minimum wage workers and employees in the private sector in the region shall receive an additional cost-of-living allowance in the amount of Php 10.00 (Ten Pesos) per day.
 2. he daily regional minimum wage rates shall be as follows:
Basic Wage under Wage Order No. RIX -13
under W. O. No. R1X-14
New Daily Minimum Wage Rate
Includes private hospital, educational institutions, security agencies, janitorial, retail/service establishments employing more than 30 workers
 Includes rubber-based enterprises
- Plantation AgriculturalEnterprise
-Non - Plantation Agricultural Enterprise
Employing not more than 30 workers
c) After one (1) year from the effectivity of this Wage Order, the Regional Board shall assess/review the effects of the TEN PESOS COLA for a possible integration into the basic minimum wage.
Sec. 2. COVERAGE. The wage increase prescribed herein shall apply to all private sector workers and employees receiving the minimum wage in Region IX, regardless of their position, designation or status and irrespective of the method by which their wages are paid.
Not covered are household or domestic helpers; persons employed in the personal service of another including family drivers; and employees and workers of registered Barangay Micro Business Enterprises (BMBEs) pursuant to RA 9178 otherwise known as the Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act.
Sec. 3. BASIS OF MINIMUM WAGE. The minimum wage rates prescribed in this Wage Order shall be for the normal working hours, which shall not exceed eight (8) hours work a day.
Sec. 4. WAGES OF SPECIAL GROUP OF WORKERS. Wages of apprentices and learners shall in no case be less than seventy five percent (75%) of the applicable minimum wage rates prescribed in the Wage Order.All recognized learnerhip and apprenticeship agreements entered into before the effectivity of the Wage Order shall be considered automatically modified insofar as their wage provisions are concerned to reflect the increase prescribed under this Wage Order.All qualified handicapped workers shall receive the prescribed minimum wage rate pursuant to R. A. 7277.
Sec. 5. APPLICATION TO CONTRACTORS. In case of contracts for construction projects, security, janitorial and other similar services, the increase in the minimum wage prescribed herein shall be borne by the principal or client of the contractor and the contract shall be deemed amended accordingly as mandated by the Labor Code.
In the event, however, that the principal or client fails to pay the prescribed wage rates, the construction/service contractor shall be jointly and severally liable with his principal or client.
Sec. 6. APPLICATION TO WORKERS PAID BY RESULTS. All workers paid by results, including those who are paid on piece work, "takay", "pakyaw" or task basis, shall receive not less than the applicable minimum wage rates prescribed under this Wage Order for the normal working hours which shall not exceed eight hours work a day or a proportion thereof for work of less than normal working hours.
The wage rates of workers who are paid by results shall continue to be established in accordance with Article 101 of the Labor Code, as amended and its implementing rules and regulations
Sec. 7. APPLICATION TO PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. In the case of private educational institutions, the share of workers and employees covered in the increase in tuition fees for School Year 2007-2008 shall be considered as compliance with the Wage Order. Payment of any shortfall in the wage increase set forth herein shall be covered starting school year 2008-2009.
Private educational institutions which have not increased their tuition fees for the School Year 2007-2008, may defer compliance with the provisions of this Wage Order until the School Year 2008-


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191.png -cubes in an oriented manifolds192.png -dimensional manifold manifolds193.png and manifolds194.png is a manifolds195.png -form on manifolds196.png such that manifolds197.png outside of manifolds198.png, then
Proof: We have
where manifolds201.png and we have used the assumption that manifolds202.png is zero outside of manifolds203.png It remains to show that
But, if manifolds205.png, then we have
since manifolds207.png The result now follows by the change of variables formula for integrals.
We can now define integrals. Let manifolds208.png be a k-form on an oriented k-dimensional manifold manifolds209.png. Choose an open cover manifolds210.png of manifolds211.png such that for each manifolds212.png, there is an orientation preserving singular manifolds213.png -cube manifolds214.png with manifolds215.png Let manifolds216.png be a partition of unity for manifolds217.png subordinate to this cover. Define
where manifolds219.png was chosen so that manifolds220.png is zero outside of an compact subset of manifolds221.png and manifolds222.png is is an orientation preserving singular manifolds223.png -cube with manifolds224.png Then just as in Chapter 3, the value of this integral is independent of the choice of manifolds225.png, manifolds226.png, and manifolds227.png.
Now suppose we have a manifolds228.png -dimensional manifold-with-boundary manifolds229.png with orientation manifolds230.png. Let manifolds231.png be the orientation induced by manifolds232.png on manifolds233.png. Let manifolds234.png be an orientation-preserving manifolds235.png -cube in manifolds236.png such that manifolds237.png lies in manifolds238.png and this is the only face which contains any interior points of manifolds239.png. Then manifolds240.png is orientation preserving if and only manifolds241.png is even. In particular, if manifolds242.png is a manifolds243.png -form on manifolds244.png which is zero outside of manifolds245.png, we have
Now manifolds247.png appears with coefficient manifolds248.png in the definition of manifolds249.png. So,
This explains the strange choice of signs in the definition of the induced orientation on manifolds251.png
8.3 Stokes' Theorem for Manifolds-with-Boundary
Theorem 1: (Stokes' Theorem) Let manifolds252.png be a compact oriented manifolds253.png -dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds254.png be a manifolds255.png -form on manifolds256.png. Then
where manifolds258.png is oriented with the orientation induced from that of manifolds259.png
Proof: Begin with two special cases: First assume that there is an orientation preserving manifolds260.png -cube in manifolds261.png such that manifolds262.png outside of manifolds263.png Using our earlier Stokes' Theorem, we get
since manifolds265.png on manifolds266.png But manifolds267.png also since manifolds268.png on manifolds269.png
The second case is where there is an orientation-preserving singular manifolds270.png -cube in manifolds271.png such that manifolds272.png is the only face containing points of manifolds273.png and manifolds274.png outside of manifolds275.png One has:
For the general case, choose an open cover manifolds277.png of manifolds278.png and a partition of unity manifolds279.png subordinate to manifolds280.png such that for each manifolds281.png, the form manifolds282.png is as in one of the two cases already considered. Since manifolds283.png is compact, one has a finite sum:
But then,
8.4 Volume
In manifolds286.png, the volume can be calculated as the integral of the form manifolds287.png. We would like to find a generalization to manifolds of this differential form.
If manifolds288.png is a manifolds289.png -dimensional manifold, then the usual inner product on manifolds290.png induces an inner product on each of the tangent spaces of manifolds291.png. (Recall that an inner product of V is a bilinear form manifolds292.png such that manifolds293.png for all manifolds294.png.) With an inner product, one can define an orthonormal basis to be one of the form manifolds295.png where manifolds296.png where manifolds297.png is the Kronecker manifolds298.png. Now, if manifolds299.png and manifolds300.png are both orthonormal bases, then we can write manifolds301.png. In particular, one calculates:
which can be expressed as a matrix equation manifolds303.png where manifolds304.png is the matrix with entries manifolds305.png Taking determinants of this means that manifolds306.png In particular, if manifolds307.png where manifolds308.png is a vector space of dimension manifolds309.png, then
Proposition 4: manifolds310.png is constant for all orthonormal bases of manifolds311.png of the same orientation.
Definition 3: Let manifolds312.png be an oriented manifolds313.png -dimensional manifold in manifolds314.png. Then a manifolds315.png -form manifolds316.png on manifolds317.png is called a volume element if manifolds318.png for all orientation preserving orthonormal bases manifolds319.png
Example: Consider the case of 2-dimensional oriented manifolds in manifolds320.png Let manifolds321.png be the outward normal at manifolds322.png. Then define manifolds323.png by
By the definition of the outward normal, manifolds325.png is a volume element. Further, if manifolds326.png is an orthonormal basis of the same orientation as manifolds327.png, one has:
Also, expanding as cofactors of the last row, one gets
On manifolds330.png, one can compute for manifolds331.png using manifolds332.png for some manifolds333.png, that
Letting manifolds335.png, and manifolds336.png, we get:
Proposition 4: Let manifolds337.png be an oriented 2-dimensional manifold in manifolds338.png and let manifolds339.png be the unit outward normal. Then the volume element manifolds340.png satisfies:
Further, on manifolds342.png, one has:
To calculate a surface area, we need to evaluate manifolds344.png for an orientation preserving singular 2-cube manifolds345.png. The integrand is
(See Problem 4.9, part e.)
8.4 Classical Stokes' Theorem
Three separate results will be shown to be special cases of our Stokes' Theorem.
Theorem 2: (Green's Theorem) Let manifolds348.png be a compact 2-dimensional manifold-with-boundary. Suppose that manifolds349.png are differentiable. Then
Proof: This is just Stoke's Theorem in the case of a 1-form.
Theorem 3: (Divergence Theorem) Let manifolds351.png be a compact 3-dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds352.png be the unit outward normal on manifolds353.png. Let manifolds354.png be a differentiable vector field on manifolds355.png Then
In terms of manifolds357.png, this amounts to:
Proof: Define manifolds359.png Then manifolds360.png Further, Proposition 4 says that:
So, we see that this is also a special case of Stokes' Theorem
Theorem 4: (Stokes' Theorem) Let manifolds362.png be a compact oriented 2-dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds363.png be the unit outward normal on manifolds364.png determined by the orientation on manifolds365.png. Let manifolds366.png have the induced orientation. Let manifolds367.png be the vector field on manifolds368.png with manifolds369.png and manifolds370.png be a differentiable vector field in an open set containing manifolds371.png. Then
In terms of manifolds373.png, this amounts to:
Proof: Let manifolds375.png on manifolds376.png be defined by manifolds377.png Again, using Proposition 4, we get:
Since manifolds379.png, one has
as one can see by evaluating each equation at manifolds381.png. It follows that
So, this is also a special case of our earlier Stokes' Theorem.


text:
by John Keston
Voice Lessons is an electronic, audio device that interrogates the popular myth that every musical instrument imitates the human voice. Touching the screen allows the participant to manipulate the visuals and vocalizations of the "voice teacher" as he recites vocal warm up exercises.
The piece resides in the space between a musical instrument and voice lesson. Move the touch point left, right, up, and down to explore the visual and auditory possibilities. Rapid high pitched loops occur while touching near the top of the screen while lower pitched longer loops are heard near the bottom.
The actor, also named John Keston, is the artist's retired father who became a voice teacher after a long career on stage in plays, operas, and musicals with the Royal Shakespeare Company in his native country England and abroad.
32" Interactive Touch Screen Installation (2011)
By John Keston while a graduate student at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design
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William Kurelek's Huronia Mission Paintings
This volume presents a biographical synopsis of Kurelek's life and work, to better place each of the 21 paintings in the perspective of the artist's temperament. Each reproduction is followed by a commentary that is a highly informative blend of aesthetics, history, theology, linguistics, geography, and ethnography. The result is a sustained meditation on what actually transpired between the Hurons, Iroquois, and the eight French missionaries who were destined for martyrdom. This volume provides a valuable effort to enter into the vision of Christianity which animates the pictures themselves, and to account for what Kurelek was able to portray about the daily life and spiritual vision of the Jesuits and their companions, about the Hurons and the Iroquois. This book will be a useful introduction to the Christian experiment that was Huronia, and an initial interpretation of Kurelek's paintings. This volume combines an historian's objectivity, a scholar's criticism, and an art lover's enthusiasm.
"... brings together two discerning contemporary chroniclers of the lives of St. Jean [de Brébeuf] and his companions: painter William Kurelek and historian Michael Pomedli.... Professor Pomedli's witness takes the form of narrative commentaries on each of Kurelek's plates, which serve at once to retell the story of St. Jean de Brébeuf and to a lesser extent William Kurelek, and to provide an historical overlay drawing into high relief the complete circumstances, flora and climate, theology and interpretation, event and culture as well as names and dates, of the Huron and Jesuit encounter.... the book is nicely presented and sensitively argued." - The BC Catholic
ISBN10: 0-7734-9731-5 ISBN13: 978-0-7734-9731-3 Pages: 196 Year: 1991


favolyogando scatola chiusa.jpg
kit: 23,5 cm x 23,5 cm box, 24 cards with the positions of yoga, a soft-bound book.
book: soft-bound, 32 pages, 23 cm × 23 cm.
cards: 26 cardboard cards, with an illustration on one side and a description of the position on the other.
by Sofia Gallo, Camilla Guillaume & Elena Baboni
A gift-set made up of a book of four original stories that use common names taken from yoga positions to develop the story (the boat, the bridge, the frog, the mountain...) and of 24 cards of positions with drawings and descriptions of the movements to follow in order to play, invent and feel good thanks to yoga, starting from childhood.
Yogaventures is more than a gallery of the numerous existing yoga positions. It is rather a veritable tool designed to help do yoga correctly, while having fun. The positions are presented in a logical order, whether it be throughout the book or within each of the four stories.
Why a book about yoga for children? Because yoga, which means unity, balance of the body and the spirit, is a very ancient art of living: the earlier we familiarise ourselves with its practice, the greater the benefits are. What's more, practising yoga is easy and devoid of any form of competition and excessive physical effort. The cards are an excellent way of inventing news modes of playing, between story and yoga.
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text:
full title · Ender's Game
author · Orson Scott Card
type of work · Novel
genre · Science fiction
language · English
time and place written · Begun in 1975 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the story was published in 1977 as a short story and completed in novel form in 1985.
date of first publication · 1977 (as a short story); 1985 (as a book)
publisher · Tom Doherty
narrator · Omniscient narrator
climax · The climax of the novel occurs when Ender fights what he thinks is his final test in Command School but what is actually the last battle of the Third Invasion.
protagonist · Ender Wiggin
antagonist · Mostly Peter Wiggin, but also the adults in the book
setting (time) · The future
setting (place) · The book starts on earth, and quickly moves into space, although earth plays a prominent role until the end.
point of view · Most of the book is presented from Ender's point of view, although we are occasionally allowed inside the head of a few other characters.
falling action · Ender finds the landscape that the buggers created for him and follows it to the message they left him—the last remaining bugger queen, still a mere pupa.
tense · Immediate past
foreshadowing · Each chapter starts with a conversation between two adults, usually members of the I.F. high command, and their discussion foreshadows the events of the chapter.
tone · The tone is increasingly urgent as the book progresses.
symbols · Ender as good; Peter as evil
themes · Games; the role of children; compassion; ruthlessness
motifs · Friend/enemy; humanity
Readers' Notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our SparkNotes—and to discuss those ideas with one another. Have a novel take or think we left something out? Add a Readers' Note!


Che Guevara Net Worth
How much is Che Guevara Worth?
in Richest CelebritiesAuthors
Che Guevara Net Worth:
$50 Thousand
Che Guevara Net Worth: Che Guevara was an Argentine revolutionary, physician, author, diplomat, and military theorist who had a net worth of $50 thousand. Ernesto Guevara was born in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina in June 1928. Guevara played a major part in the Cuban Revolution. His image is often used as a counterculture symbol of rebellion in popular culture. Che traveled throughout South America as a medical student. What he saw led him to get involved in Guatemala's social reforms. In Mexico City Guevara met Raul and Fidel Castro and joined their 26th of July Movement. He played a crucial role in a two year guerilla campaign to overthrow Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. He served in the new Cuban government. He worked as minister of industries, helped head a literacy campaign, served as national bank president for Cuba's armed forces, trained militia forces, and brought Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to Cuba. As a writer Che composed a seminal manual on guerrilla warfare and a best-selling memoir. He left Cuba in 1965 and tried to lead revolutions in Congo-Kinshasa and Bolivia. He was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. The Maryland Institute College of Art named a photo of Che titled Guerrillero Heroico the "most famous photograph in the world". Che married Aleida March in 1959 and was previously married to Hilda Gadea. He had five children. Guevara was captured by CIA assisted Bolivian forces and summarily executed on October 9, 1967 at the age of 39. In 2008, his life and work as a revolutionary was turned into a two-part film from director Steven Soderbergh, starring Benicio del Toro as Guevara. The first part, The Argentine, details his involvement with the Cuban revolution and Fidel Castro, while the second part, entitled Guerilla, deals with his time as guerilla fighter in Bolivia.
Che Guevara Net Worth
Che Guevara
Net Worth:$50 Thousand
Date of Birth:Jun 14, 1928 - Oct 9, 1967 (39 years old)
Height:5 ft 11 in (1.82 m)
Profession:Politician, Physician, Diplomat, Author, Revolutionary
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Encyclopedia > Semiconductor laser
 Article Content
Laser diode
Redirected from Semiconductor laser
A laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor p-n junction similar to that found in a light emitting diode. Laser diodes are sometimes referred to (somewhat redundantly) as injection laser diodes or by the acronyms LD or ILD.
Table of contents
Principle of operation When a diode is forward biased, holes from the p-region are injected into the n-region, and electrons from the n-region are injected into the p-region. If electrons and holes are present in the same region, they may radiatively recombine[?]—that is, the electron "falls into" the hole and emits a photon with the energy of the bandgap. This is called spontaneous emission, and is the main source of light in a light emitting diode.
In a laser diode, the semiconductor crystal is fashioned into a shape somewhat like a piece of A4 paper—very thin in one direction and rectangular in the other two. The top of the crystal is n-doped, and the bottom is p-doped, resulting in a large, flat p-n junction. The two ends of the crystal are cleaved so as to form perfectly smooth, parallel edges; two reflective parallel edges are called a Fabry-Perot cavity. Photons emitted in precisely the right direction will be reflected several times from each end face before they are emitted. Each time they pass through the cavity, the light is amplified by stimulated emission. Hence, if there is more amplification than loss, the diode begins to "lase".
Types of laser diode The type of laser diode just described is called a homojunction laser diode, for reasons which should soon become clear. Unfortunately, they are extremely inefficient. They require so much power that they can only be operated in short "pulses;" otherwise the semiconductor would melt. Although historically important and easy to explain, such devices are not practical.
Double heterostructure lasers
Quantum well lasers
If the middle layer is made thin enough, it starts acting like a quantum well[?]. This means that in the vertical direction, electron energy is quantised. The difference between quantum well energy levels can be used for the laser action instead of the bandgap. This is very useful since the wavelength of light emitted can be tuned simply by altering the thickness of the layer.
Laser diodes discussed to this point have the disadvantage of emitting light through the thin crystal edge. This gives them a rectangular beam output, and spreads out the beam due to diffraction (i.e., "divergence"). Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) instead emit light from the "top" of the crystal. The reason this technique is only a recent development is that it is very difficult to give the top and bottom of the crystal a sufficiently high reflectivity. This has been overcome by the successful construction of Bragg gratings[?] for mirrors on the top and bottom surfaces. VCSELs are just starting to become commercially available.
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text:
Hatzegopteryx is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur, known from incomplete remains found in Transylvania. The skull fragments, left humerus, and other fossilised remains indicate it was among the largest pterosaurs. The skeleton of Hatzegopteryx has been considered identical to the known remains of Quetzatcoatlus northropi. Q. northropi has not yet been properly described, and if it is not a nomen dubium, Hatzegopteryx is possibly its junior synonym. It may be the biggest animal ever to fly.
The authors estimated the size of Hatzegopteryx by comparing the humerus fragment, 236 mm (9.3 in) long, with that of Quetzalcoatlus, of which specimen TMM 41450-3 has a 544 mm (1 ft 9.4 in) long humerus. Observing that the Hatzegopteryx fragment presented less than half of the original bone, they established that it could possibly have been "slightly longer" than that of Quetzalcoatlus. They noted that the wing span of the latter had in 1981 been estimated at eleven to twelve metres, while earlier estimates had strongly exceeded this at fifteen to twenty metres. From this they concluded that an estimate of a twelve meter wing span for Hatzegopteryx was conservative "if its humerus was indeed somewhat longer than that of Q. northropi". In 2003 they moderated the estimates to a close to twelve metres wing span and an over 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) skull length.


text: A surface interpolation method that fits a polynomial surface by least-squares regression through the sample data points. This method results in a surface that minimizes the variance of the surface in relation to the input values. The resulting surface rarely goes through the sample data points. This is the simplest method for describing large variations, but the trend surface is susceptible to outliers in the data. Trend surface analysis is used to find general tendencies of the sample data, rather than to model a surface precisely.


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Oracle's Cloud Resource Model API
In a move designed to help highlight the company's claim to a commitment to open standards, Oracle has announced the Oracle Cloud Resource Model Application Programming Interface (Oracle Cloud API) for managing cloud computing infrastructures.
The company claims that this news represents a delivery on its commitment to providing complete, open, and integrated cloud computing offerings. The Oracle Cloud Elemental Resource Model API is a subset of the Oracle Cloud API and has been presented to the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF), the industry organization tasked with developing standards for systems management in enterprise IT deployments. If approved, the Oracle Cloud API may be further considered in DMTF's proposed Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Cloud API standard.
"Enterprises are continuing to look to cloud computing to extend the value of their IT investments and better service users," said Sushil Kumar, vice president, Oracle. "With the Oracle Cloud API, Oracle is further enabling customers and partners to build and manage cloud environments — based on an open, application-aware IaaS platform — to improve service levels and the overall end-user experience."
Oracle says that its Oracle Cloud API specification is available on the Oracle Technology Network and that this technology encompasses the common elements that make up a cloud by specifying machines, storage volumes and networks. The specification submitted to the DMTF describes how a machine can be provisioned from an image; how a volume can be attached to a machine; and how a machine can connect to a network.
"DMTF is committed to enabling interoperable management of IT systems worldwide by bringing the IT industry together to collaborate on the development, validation and promotion of systems management standards," said Mike Baskey, DMTF chairman. "As the use of cloud environments accelerates, the industry needs to consolidate on a set of accepted standards. Contributions like the Oracle Cloud Elemental Model subset of the API will help speed development and adoption of cloud-related standards."
By leveraging virtualization, clustering, and dynamic provisioning across all layers of the stack, the company claims that the Oracle Cloud API will help ensure that users can manage their cloud-based resources to achieve flexibility and a high utilization ratio across the IT stack.
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text:
Inexperienced mothers and fathers often do not know when to start a massage for a newborn. Everyone has heard that massage procedures bring parents and the child very close together and allow them to form a close contact. But the feelings remain, because the baby is not yet strong enough and unskillful movements can cause him discomfort.
What about parents?
MASSAGE FOR NEWBORNS: BENEFITS AND NECESSITY
In the first months of life, massage as such is not practiced if the child is absolutely healthy. Continue reading


Differential Pressure Measurement Calculator
Differential pressure is defined as the change in pressure of a liquid when it is flowing through a pipe. Here is the online differential pressure measurement calculator to calculate the differential pressure for the given liquid flow. The measurement of differential pressure depends upon the change in pressure, pipe diameter, fluid density and the mass flow rate of the liquid.
Result :
Measure the differential pressure of liquid using this online differential pressure measurement calculator. Differential pressure of a liquid is the difference in pressure between two pressure points in a processing system. The differential pressure gauge is a tool which measures and illustrates the pressure difference.


text:
Product Quality & Safety Manager at Ro
What you'll do:
- Develop effective quality control processes.
- Devise and review specifications for products or processes.
- Establish requirements for raw material or intermediate products for suppliers.
- Manage Ro's contractual obligations under product quality agreements
- Develop and maintain a quality document management system
- Coordinate with contract manufacturers and internal teams to gather raw material and finished product documentation and analyze its validity.
- Participate in CMO audits, as necessary, including preparation of audit plans and documentation of post-audit findings.
- Contribute to regulatory submissions such as product registrations and record requests.
- Responsible for keeping up with and understanding the regulatory environment and quality requirements for dietary supplements, personal care products, and OTC medications.
What You Bring to the Team:
- Bachelor's degree (BA or BS) required.
- 2-5 years of FDA-regulated product industry experience, including 2-4 years in a Quality Audit role.
- Knowledge of the regulatory landscape for the labeling and manufacturing of various FDA regulated products including dietary supplements, prescription and OTC monograph drugs, and personal care products.
- Knowledge of safety reporting requirements for FDA-regulated products.
- Must be able to innovate, analyze, and solve problems with minimal supervisory input.
- Excellent communications, listening, and negotiation skills are necessary.
- Excellent organizational and time management skills needed to manage multiple ongoing projects simultaneously.
- Must have outstanding attention to details.
Benefits + Perks:
- Full medical, dental, and vision insurance + OneMedical membership
- Healthcare and Dependent Care FSA
- Commuter benefits
- Unlimited PTO
- Fitness reimbursement
- Paid maternity/parental leave


text:
Continue framing a freestanding deck with the beams, headers, and outside joists.
Mark the beam where it will overhang the posts on both ends. In this case, the beam is marked 3 feet from each end. Then have someone help you place the beam on top of the posts. For the longer beams, you may need two helpers. Make sure that the beams are flush to the posts on both sides.
Check the beam for level. If it isn't, trim one of the posts. If trimming will lower the deck too much, cut and install a new post; do not shim the beam to level it. Attach the beam to the post with a post/beam connector or with T-brackets and joist-hanger screws on both sides.
Cut the two header joists to length. Use the straightest boards possible. Clamp them together on a flat surface, side by side, with crowns facing in opposite directions and the ends perfectly aligned. Mark the headers with the joist locations indicated on the framing plan, 12 inches apart in this example. Every 12 inches, make a V-shape mark. Draw square lines through the marks as shown. Draw an X on the joist side of the line.
Cut the outside joists to length -- usually the width of the framing minus 3 inches for the thickness of the two headers. On a flat surface, assemble the outside joists and the headers. Make sure the headers face each other correctly with their crowns up and the Xs on the same sides of the layout lines. Use a framing square to check that the frame is square. Drill pilot holes and drive nails or screws to attach the boards at the corners.
With a helper or two, lift the frame and set it on top of the beams. Measure the frame at all four points to make sure it overhangs the beams by equal amounts on all sides. Check again for square with a 3-4-5 triangle. Attach the frame to the beam with a seismic tie or similar hardware at each joint.


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Situated in Landkreis Gottingen in Lower Saxony, Sudharz is a largely rural district in central Germany, close to the former inner-German border. Within the case study area there are a number of small villages (e.g. Wieda, Zorge and Tettenborn). The main regional centre within the area is the town of Osterode am Harz and the main administrative town is Gottingen.
Rural Germany faced several phases of depopulation but due to long-term outmigration from the East to the West, population decline in rural western Germany has tended to be overlooked. In contrast to Germany as a whole, the population in the case study district has been steadily declining over the past number of decades. Similar to the Clogher Valley and East Groningen, it is also an ageing population and subject to younger adult out-migration. According to the share of the population aged 65 and older, it ranks among the top-five regions in Germany which is due to the overlapping of long-term outmigration, age-selective in-migration and increased longevity.
Further information on the study area can be found here: Introduction to Südharz region


Question: Do Saltwater Crocodiles Eat Sharks?
Can a lion kill a crocodile?
The protective females instinctively leapt into action to fend off the aggressive predator..
What animal can kill an elephant?
Do sharks attack saltwater crocodiles?
Nifong also scoured the literature for accounts of sharks clashing with other crocodilians. … But in many cases the crocodilians were the prey, from great white sharks preying on American crocodiles in Colombia, to tiger sharks eating estuarine crocodiles in Australia.
Why do crocodiles eat humans?
Which animal can kill tiger?
Why do crocodiles cry?
Can a crocodile kill an elephant?
Although elephants are very unusual prey for Nile crocodiles, the 20-foot-long (6-meter-long) reptiles will occasionally ambush and take down large animals—including dozens of people annually, experts say. (Related: "Ancient Horned Crocodile Found—Ate Early Humans?")
Can a killer whale kill a great white shark?
In October 1997, tourists in a whale-watching boat off the Farallon Islands, near San Francisco, witnessed two killer whales attack a great white shark and consume its liver. It was, at that time, the first documented sighting of killer whales eating white sharks.
Do crocodiles swim in the ocean?
Although the crocodiles spend most of their life in salt water, they are not considered marine animals as they rely on land for food and water.
Do saltwater crocodiles eat humans?
What animal kills the most humans per year?
Is it safe to swim with alligators?
How do you kill a crocodile?
Can a great white shark kill a saltwater crocodile?
Keep in mind, the bull sharks are significantly smaller than the crocodiles, and live closer to land. A similar sized Great White would be a much harder prey in deeper water, and combined with its speed and bite, the Shark may even kill the Crocodile instantly. Therefore, Shark wins, at parity.
Can a crocodile kill a tiger?
What is the deadliest animal in the world?
How do Crocodiles kill humans?
Historically, crocodile attacks are 100 times deadlier than shark attacks—and far more frequent—ranging from harrowing individual confrontations to a mass attack on World War II soldiers. A crocodile's jaw crushes down on its victim with 3,700 pounds per square inch of force.
Are Crocodiles worse than sharks?
But according to wildlife ecologist James Perran Ross of the University of Florida, officials estimate that crocs kill about 1,000 people per year — 100 times more than the 10 people sharks kill per year. Here's why crocodiles are much deadlier than sharks. … Crocodiles attack to kill and will pretty much eat anything.
Are there saltwater crocodiles in America?
What animals eat humans?
Do saltwater crocodiles have any predators?
Though they have few natural predators, saltwater crocodiles have been hunted for many decades by people. Their eggs and meat are eaten, and their skin is particularly valuable for use as a material for bags, shoes, and other goods.


Journals Higher Education
20 May 1999
328 Pages
6-1/8 x 9-1/4 inches
ISBN: 9780195128215
Also Available As:
Bookseller Code (06)
Accidental Logics
Carolyn Hughes Tuohy
What drives change in health care systems? Why do certain changes occur in some nations and not in others? Author Carolyn Hughes Tuohy argues that the answer lies in understanding the "accidents" of history that have shaped national systems at critical moments, and in the distinctive "logics" of these systems. Tuohy looks at the experiences of Britain, Canada, and the US, offering an international comparative study of public policy systems, as well as a recent history of the circumstances in each country that have impacted on the structures of each's national health care system. The guiding focus of the book is Tuohy's study of decision making systems in each country, looking at the decisions made by those who provide, finance, and use health care services. Finally, Tuohy reviews current issues in the health care arenas of these three nations and provides suggestions to guide the strategic judgments that decision-makers must make.


text:
Introduction to Sociology
The only textbook that helps students make micro-macro connections, Introduction to Sociology helps students uncover the surprising links between everyday life and global change.
The Seventh Edition does not simply compare the United States to other countries, but shows students how global processes play out in their lives. Drawing on research from both macro and micro sociology, the author team shows how sociologists bring the two together to give a comprehensive picture of modern society.
- January 2009
- 8.5 × 10.9 in
/ 762 pages
- Territory Rights: USA and Dependencies, Philippines and Canada.
Seventh Edition / Loose leaf, three-hole punch
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Downloadable Version
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Online Version


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We need to create a Visio 2010 stencil in code, using the.NET Freamework and C#.
The idea is like this:
We have our app, that is used by the app user, and then we have the workflow designer, which user Visio which is installed on another machine.
So we have two different people and two different machines. Lets say that, for this discussion, the application is an organizational structure app, that its object model comprises of various types, including User, Group, Developer, Administrator etc..
I want to add functionality to the app that would allow the app user to take these types and create a stencil from it, saved in a.vss file which is the format Visio uses for stencils. Then, the Visio user can take this vss file and add it to the document he's working on. The idea behind all this is that the app user can add user types any time, say 'Power User', which makes all this process dynamic.
Now, the machine where the application is installed doesn't have Visio installed, which might be important, i guess, in terms of what assemblies related to visio programming can be referenced from the app.
Can this be achived?
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What is the source of the geometry or image used in the shapes? Does the App User specify this or is it defined somewhere else? If it is defined somewhere else what format is it in? – Pat Leahy Jun 2 '11 at 4:40
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If you want to create a Visio stencil on a machine where you can't use the Visio API (i.e. where Visio is not installed or in a server scenario) you can create a Visio XML file. If you use the file extension VSX then Visio will treat it as a stencil. Creating shapes in a Visio XML file may be much more complicated than creating shapes using the API because you will have manage many things yourself which Visio normally takes care of such as collection IDs, formula evaluation, connection creation, etc.
This approach assumes the definition of the geometry or image to use the shapes is predefined and accessible from your stencil generation code. If the user creating the stencil needs to specify the geometry then you may need to integrate some drawing tool. Visio may be that tool or you could investigate other drawing tools which can create a file which Visio can read, e.g. SVG.
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Great info there Pat, thanks a lot. It seems that the xml way is the only way for me to go. I will let you know if I can manage to get it right with that solution. Again thank you very much. – Avi Shilon Jun 2 '11 at 8:02
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The Advanced Art of Stop-Motion Animation: Character Animation - Part 1
It is also important to remember that starting any animation exercise with a minimum eight-frame hold at the beginning is vital to let the audience's eye acknowledge the character before he starts moving. If the character starts moving on frame 2 or 3 of a scene, you are starting the action much too early for your audience, and their brains may explode trying to catch up. Start moving your character on frame 9, 13, or even 24. Holds are a good thing, so do not be afraid to hit the capture button a few extra times. The nice thing about shooting a long hold is that you can always cut frames if it does end up being too long for the timing you want. Putting frames back in is a bit harder. Holds are also your friend when you are animating a long sequence that has a lot of complicated movements, and you can gladly welcome any moment when your puppet can slow down and pause for a few seconds.
The other general rule to remember regarding holds is that they should always be a minimum of six frames. A six-frame hold is still very short, and is often used only for very quick glances or pauses in a character's thought process on screen. At two frames, there is only enough time for an image to appear on screen before being replaced by another image, where the brain does not register the images as being separate. At four frames, the eye just starts to notice the separation between sequential images, so a four-frame hold in the middle of an action will always look more like a camera mistake and cause a jerk in the flow of the animation. An entire character should never hold for only four frames, and the same principle applies to any individual part of a character as it overlaps with the rest of the figure. For example, if a character is being animated and several parts of them are moving perpetually at the same time (head, arms, eyes, etc.), if any individual part stays in the same spot for four frames, it will cause a little "stick" in the animation and will look choppy. It is important to keep track of all these different parts of a character and make sure that every little gesture, as they overlap with each other, takes at least six or eight frames to happen on screen.
If any part of your puppet is moved accidentally for only two to four frames, it is best to try covering it up by just adding three or four more moves in the direction the part is moving (unless you go back, delete the frames, and re-do them). For example, let's say you are focusing on animating the head and left arm of your character without paying attention to the right arm. A few frames into the animation, you realize that the right arm has shifted to the left for four frames, and your intention was that it should not move at all. From this point, it is better to cushion it farther to the left for at least four more frames and write it off as a subtle secondary action. Any tiny move or hold on a puppet that lasts only four frames will not look right, but if it lasts at least six to eight frames, it will at least appear more natural.
Overall, timing is a discipline that you can continue to experiment with until you get a sense of how long it takes to achieve a certain action. In many cases, it will be through timing things too fast, slow, or even that you will learn your own sense of timing. Try to apply what you've learned to each subsequent piece of animation you do.


Most Shared Stories Tagged: West Africa
Health & Medicine
This catchy West African dance tune carries a public health message about Ebola
When you hear a catchy dance tune and find out it's called "Ebola's in Town," you might assume the song is about some cool person named Ebola. But no, it's about the deadly virus that's currently taking lives in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The song was recorded by three musicians from Liberia and the lyrics are about how to avoid contracting the Ebola virus but along the way it over-reaches and feeds into the stigma against the disease.