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Effective Tax Rate Formula (Table of Contents)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula
- Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
Effective Tax Rate Formula
In a very simple language, the effective tax rate is the average rate of tax at which the income of a corporation or an individual is taxed. In the case of an individual, it can be calculated by taking a ratio of total tax expenses and taxable income and for corporations, it is calculated by dividing total income tax expense by the earnings before taxes. We should always keep in mind that the effective tax rate is not the same as the statutory tax rate or the marginal tax rate. The statutory tax rate is the dollars amount of tax levied per $100 of taxable income. On the other hand, the marginal tax rate is the rate which is applicable to additional income earned. Generally, income tax is progressive in nature. Which implies that the income is segregated into slabs and higher income slab will carry higher tax rate and vice versa. So all the income will not be taxed at the same rate and we can see what the effective tax rate is by dividing the total tax with total taxable income.
Formula For Effective Tax Rate :
Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
Let's take an example to understand the calculation of Effective Tax Rate in a better manner.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #1
In many countries, an individual's income is divided into tax brackets and each bracket is taxed at a different rate. Let's take an example of Tax calculation in the US for individuals.
Following are the tax brackets for a single individual:
Let's say Antony is a financial analyst. His annual income is $100,000 and he put some of his income in tax savings financial instruments. Let assume that amount to be $20,000. So his taxable income is $80,000.
Since the lower limit is zero so the value of Taxable Income will be 9,325 i.e. upper limit.
Calculation of 2nd Tax Bracket:
Similarly, we will calculate the taxable income for the 3rd bracket.
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To find his effective tax rate, we need to find the tax expenses based on the above brackets.
Similarly, calculate Tax Expense for other brackets.
Then we have calculated the total of Antony's Taxable income and a total of tax expense as follows,
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Taxable Income
- Effective Tax Rate = 15,738.75 / 80,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 19.67%
If you see closely, you will get to know the difference is all the three tax rates. The tax rate on every bracket is the statutory tax rate. The incremental tax rate (15% on 28,625 and 25% on 42,050) is basically the marginal tax rate. So we can see that the effective tax rate is lower than the marginal tax rate but higher than the lowest bracket income tax. The reason for that is the progressive nature of taxation.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #2
Below is the extract of Amazon's financial statements to calculate the effective tax rate for a corporation.
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Earnings Before Taxes
- Effective Tax Rate = 1,197,000 / 11,270,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 10.6%
- Effective Tax Rate = 769,000 / 3,802,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 20.2%
Because of the progressive tax system, all the income will not be taxed at the same rate. So individuals and companies will pay different tax for a different level of income. Effective tax rate helps us in comparing companies and taxpayers. For individuals, they might not have much leeway to decrease their effective tax rates, but for corporations, it plays a vital role and they take various measure to reduce that amount.
Every business has a unique structure, business plan, circumstances, and tax implications. Because of which, every company has a different effective tax rate which it pays. For example, companies who are not doing well and had experienced financial losses in the past, they can use their losses to decrease their taxable income. Also, for research and development costs, there are tax breaks from the government which can affect not only net income but applicable income tax rates. Similarly, corporations with operations in different countries, they may strategically choose to expand operations in those countries where the tax rates are most favorable. So in a way, they will reduce their tax amount which otherwise they have to pay if they have not chosen that country.
Relevance and Uses of Effective Tax Rate Formula
The effective tax rate is one of the measures which investors use as a profitability indicator for a company. This value can change in any direction and sometimes the changes are very drastic. But it cannot be interpreted immediately why it has happened. Sometimes this happens due to operational efficiencies or limitations. But sometimes companies can indulge in activities like asset manipulation so that they can reduce their tax burden. So one should keep a close eye on that.
It can also help us in comparing the actual tax liability of the company. For example, Let say there are 2 companies A & B who are in the same bracket of a marginal tax rate of 25%. But this will not give us a clear picture of the tax exposure of these businesses. We need to see what the effective tax rate is and then compare. So if company B has more money which is taxed at 25% than A, it will have to pay a higher effective tax rate compared to A. So if we say effective tax rate of company A is 18.5% and B is 21.3%, this will be a more accurate reflection of a company's tax liability.
Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
You can use the following Effective Tax Rate Calculator
|Effective Tax Rate for Individual||=||
This has been a guide to Effective Tax Rate Formula. Here we discuss how to calculate Effective Tax Rate along with practical examples. We also provide Effective Tax Rate calculator with downloadable excel template. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
- Guide To Cost of Capital Formula
- Explanation of Cost of Debt Formula
- Calculator For Diluted EPS Formula
- How To Calculate Maturity Value?
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In third grade geometry we will discuss in
brief about some of the common solid figures named below:
(i) Cube: Definition of cube, parts of a cube, properties of a cube.
(ii) Cuboid: Definition of cuboid
(iii) Cylinder: Definition of cylinder
(iv) Cone: Definition of cone
(v) Sphere: Definition of sphere
Definition of a cube:
An object which looks like solid box-shaped that has six identical square faces.
A cube has 6 equal and plane surfaces. All the faces of a cube are square in shape.
In a cube there are 6 plane surfaces. There are 8 vertices and 12 edges.
Two adjoining plane – surfaces meet at an edge. There are 12 edges in a cube and all the 12 edges are equal in length. These edges are straight edges.
The meeting point of two edges is called a vertex. In a cube there are 8 such vertices.
Parts of a cube:
(i) Face: Face is also known as sides. A cube has six faces and all the faces of a cube are square in shapes. Each face has four equal sides.
(ii) Edge: When two edges meet each other a line segment formed. There are 12 edges in a cube. All the 12 edges are equal in length because all faces are squares. These edges are straight edges.
(iii) Vertex: When three edges meet each other a point formed. There are 8 vertices in a cube.
(iv) Face Diagonals: Face Diagonals of a cube is the line segment that joins the opposite vertices of a face. There are 2 diagonals in each face so altogether there are 12 diagonals in the cube.
(v) Space Diagonals: Space diagonals of a cube are the line segment that joins the opposite vertices of a cube, cutting through its interior. There are 4 space diagonals in a cube.
Properties of a cube:Volume: The volume of a cube is s3 where s is the length of one edge.
Definition of cuboid:
The cuboid has 6 rectangular faces. The opposite rectangular plane surfaces are identical (equal in all respects). It has 8 vertices and 12 edges.
In a cuboid there are 6 rectangular plane surfaces. There are 8 vertices and 12 edges.
A cube is also a cuboid having all its 6 faces equal and square. Thus, a cube has all the six faces identical, whereas a cuboid has the opposite faces identical.
Properties of a cuboid:
Formulas for the above rectangular box:
Volume: The volume of a cuboid is lwh, where l is the length, w is the width and h is the height.
Lateral Surface Area: The lateral surface area of a cuboid is 2lh + 2wh, where l is the length, w is the width and h is the height.
Surface Area: The surface area of a cuboid is 2lw + 2lh + 2wh, where l is the length, w is the width and h is the height.
Definition of cylinder:
A cylinder stands on a circular plane surface having circular plane surfaces on its top and bottom. Thus a cylinder has two circular plane surfaces, one at its base and another at its top. It has a curved surface in the middle.
It has two edges, at which the two plane surfaces meet with the curved surface. These edges are curved edges.
In a cylinder there are 2 plane surfaces and 1 curved surface. There are 2 edges and no vertices.
The base and top of a cylinder are of the same shape (circular) and size. Thus, both are identical.
Definition of cone:
A cone has one plane circular surface, i.e. its base and only one curved surface. In a cone there is 1 plane surface and 1 curved surface. There are 1 edge and 1 vertex.
It has one edge which is formed by the circular plane surface meeting with the curved surface. The edge of a cone is a curved edge.
Definition of sphere:
The ball-like shape is called a sphere. In sphere there is curve surface, no edge and no vertex.
Some of the common solid figures are explained above in brief with the labeled diagram to get the basic ideas of the solid shapes.
(i) The surface of solid is called face.
(ii) Edge is formed when two faces meet.
(iii) The point where 3 faces meet is called the corner.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why This World
A Biography of Clarice Lispector
Why This World by Benjamin Moser
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That rare person who looked like Marlene Dietrich and wrote like Virginia Woolf, Clarice Lispector is one of the most popular but least understood of Latin American writers. Now, after years of research on three continents, drawing on previously unknown manuscripts and dozens of interviews, Benjamin Moser demonstrates how Lispector's art was directly connected to her turbulent life. Born amidst the horrors of post-World War I Ukraine, Clarice's beauty, genius, and eccentricity intrigued Brazil virtually from her adolescence. Why This World tells how this precocious girl, through long exile abroad and difficult personal struggles, matured into a great writer, and asserts, for the first time, the deep roots in the Jewish mystical tradition that make her both the heir to Kafka and the unlikely author of "perhaps the greatest spiritual autobiography of the twentieth century." From Ukraine to Recife, from Naples and Berne to Washington and Rio de Janeiro, Why This World shows how Clarice Lispector transformed one woman's struggles into a universally resonant art.
Oxford University Press, USA; August 2009
496 pages; ISBN 9780199743926
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Title: Why This World
Author: Benjamin Moser
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Fjärilarnas dans: Vol. 2 (Heftet)
Legg i ønskeliste
Innbinding: Heftet
Utgivelsesår: 2014
Antall sider: 348
Forlag: BoD
Språk: Pushto
ISBN/EAN: 9789175699820
Kategori: Romaner
Omtale Fjärilarnas dans: Vol. 2
The Dance of butterflies. What is the mystery of the yellow gemstone, or the secret of "Iranovich", the mystery that has affected the nation against all invasions and intrigue?
Faranak, a female figure, the daughter of Karen Pahloo, an ancient warrior of Ctesiphon, guardian of the royal dignity of Derafsh Kavian "a Persian banner" and a dear friend of the King of the Kings "Shahanshah".
She is the heir of one of the three most precious and hidden yellow gems which she later gave it to her son, Bamdad, who is a jeweler that makes a necklace of this gemstone. Where is that necklace now, will it return to the country and the nation where it belongs?
An exciting historical novel about the ancient Persian Empire. The female heroes reborn like never before since the epoch of Shahnameh.
Shahram Khalatbari was born and grew up in Tehran, Iran. He studied at the School of Education and Teaching. He was working as teacher in literature before the revolution in Iran in the 70s. He settled in Sweden with his family after the revolution, when the intellectuals felt threatened by the regime in Iran. Although he has lived most of his adult life in Sweden, he has never given up hope for freedom in Iran.
He has operated as a local radio station broadcaster for two decades. A popular station called "Radio Iran on Air" which provides poetry, popular music and political debates.
His latest book with the title "The dance of butterflies" is written in Persian so far, but will be translated in English and Swedish in the nearest future. This book is the second of seven parts!
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22 June 2011
The Magical Weapon
Magical 'weapons' (or tools) have been an important part of ritual magick ever since, well, probably prehistoric times already. But choosing the right tool or set of tools is no simple matter.
Old grimoires are full of swords, daggers, wands and other implements, complete with mysterious sigils. The problem with these, however, is that the grimoires are rarely very specific about the actual use or meaning of the weapons. 19th century occult revivalists attached an endless amount of symbolism to weapons, but actual functionality still didn't seem to be a high priority. And that was the conclusion I came to after a fair amount of thought on the topic: functionality should be paramount.
The Basic Weapon
So what it all boils down to is the 'Pointy Thing'. This is the tool you use to 'channel energy', to trace symbols in the air etc. The most obvious choice of tool for the PT is the wand, since this is pretty much its function. If you don't use the wand for pointing at things and waving about, what's the point of having one?
You could use a dagger or knife for this, of course. But the function of a knife is to cut. If you plan to do any kind of carving or cutting as part of your occult endeavours, the knife may be best reserved for this function. (Also, waving a knife about haphazardly does have an element of risk involved.)
Of course if you're going for a more Wiccan feel, the knife, or athame (this name is basically meaningless, probably a corruption of Latin 'artavus', which quite possibly originally referred to a different tool entirely, but it is fairly universal in Wicca, so I guess it's fine), is quite traditional, and using it is perfectly fine (as long as you pay heed to safety). Most sources call for a different knife for actual cutting, and that's fine too, although by no means compulsory. Some Wiccan sources say either knife should not be used outside the magic circle, but I think that's simply poppycock. The wand is traditionally also listed among Wiccan tools, but, like I said, if you use a knife for pointing, what use is there for a wand? I don't see much point in cluttering up the working space just for the sake of it.
Many traditions have a sword, but frankly, a sword is rather too unwieldy to use as a PT, and it doesn't really have any other function, either. Of course there are many other possibilities for both a Pointy Thing and other functional tools. Simply use what feels right. Use your imagination.
Other Stuff
The Pointy Thing and the optional Cutting Thing are pretty much all you need, really. You may want to have candles, incense etc. around, but these don't really count as magical weapons, in my mind.
If you really, really want to have the complete set of elemental weapons as used by the G∴D∴ or A∴A∴, that's fine, but I don't really see the need for it. You might want to think about the functionality again, though. What is the pentacle? It's essentially a plate. And what do you do with plates? You put food on them. Well, this could be useful if you intend to make sacrifices to any entities. Likewise, a cup is for drinking. If you want to make a toast as part of your ritual, that's fine of course.
In most cases, if you stick to just one or two tools and don't use a lot of materials, an altar is probably unnecessary. If you feel you need one, just improvise.
The Four Elements
Many systems and authors associate weapons with particular elements. This is an important feature of the above mentioned G∴D∴ and A∴A∴ weapons, but Wiccan authors have also continued the tradition.
To put it bluntly, I don't see the point of this. In my mind, the weapons are defined by their function in the ritual, no more, no less. For elemental attributions to truly make sense, the number of weapons should match the elements, and they should all be equally meaningful in the ritual.
The Question of Appearance
Well, there really is no right answer for this. There are tons of instructions around in occult texts, both ancient and modern. You could use plain tools, or decorate them with elaborate sigils, modern, ancient or entirely original. It really is up to you.
I find a wand is best when it's no more than a foot long, and fairly slender. I have used plain wands, and some decorated with astrological symbols. For a while I even used one that had decorations based on the fire wand of the G∴D∴. This wasn't planned, really. I'd made it a couple years earlier, at a time when I was more enamoured with Victorian systems of magick than I am now. I had planned to make a complete set of elemental weapons, but never got around to it. However, comparing some of the wands I'd made over the years one day, I discovered, to my surprise, that this one felt the best in my hand. Who was I to argue with physical attraction? Of course it had a very strong association with fire, but I didn't feel that was a problem, even if I didn't have other elemental weapons to balance it, since the Pointy Thing is supposed to be a tool for channelling energy, after all.
I have a white handled working knife with symbols from the Key of Solomon painted on it. This one as well dates from an earlier period of my occult career, and the paint job is less than perfect, but what the heck, it's a good, functional knife. I also have a black handled knife, or athame, with symbols based on some presented in Janet and Stewart Farrar's The Witches' Way, a modified version of Key of Solomon originals.
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The Influence of Self Efficacy on Cognitive Load In Online Learning In The Pandemic Covid-19 On Nursing Students
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine,
2020, Volume 7, Issue 11, Pages 2562-2575
Abstractonline Learning is enacted as an effort to prevent the spread of covid-19. Various limitations and obstacles encountered during the process of online learning in the pandemic demanded adaptation better than educators and learners. Students need to do self-adjustment in learning and are expected to have the self efficacy to master and complete a task in online learning. Educators need to do the management of cognitive load in learning. The purpose of the study to determine the effect of self efficacy against the cognitive load in online learning in the pandemic covid-19. Quantitative research methods are correlational, involving 316 respondents. The process of data collection is done online. The results of the univariate analysis showed the majority of respondents have the level of self efficacy is high enough (27,2%), cognitive load category (73,1%). Most of the respondents have ICL the moderate category (66,8%), the ECL moderate category (71,8%) and all respondents have a GCL category (100%). Bivariate analysis using the correlation provided by kendall's tau-b shows there is significant influence the level of self efficacy of respondents to rate the cognitive load of the respondents where the value of Sig. (2-tailed) is 0.048% ownership of < 0.05, with the degree of influence of level of self efficacy of the respondents on the level of cognitive load that is very strong (of 0.96). Based on the results of the study, it is expected that lecturers can optimize the ability of students and develop values/character that support to increase self efficacy of students and make improvements learning strategies to reduce cognitive load of students.
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- PDF Download: 1,149


College life is hectic for many students. If you are living away from home, it may be necessary to find a way to afford necessities like food, transportation, and tuition. Over the last three decades, the average tuition cost at most public four-year institutions has tripled. Capital One Financial reports that approximately 40 percent of college students are searching for ways to supplement their incomes. It can be difficult to balance studies and work. However, finding the best part-time jobs will make things easier to remain successful in school. If you are a college student, here are some of the best part-time jobs to consider.
1. Tutor
What you'll do: If you do well in school and enjoy helping others, a great job idea is a tutor. The hours are very flexible, and the work is specialized to a subject that you possess great expertise. The best part is that you get a good feeling when you pass your knowledge onto others and watch them succeed. As a tutor, you can help students complete homework assignments, discuss new topics, and review for exams.
What you'll get paid: Depending on your background, you can expect to earn between $15 and $35 per hour.
2. Library Monitor
What you'll do: If you spend a lot of time studying in your school's library, you may wish to apply to become a library monitor. The responsibilities are light and usually include supervising study spaces and keeping the areas quiet. Since this is not very demanding, you will have time to tend to your own work. The biggest plus is having an ideal area to read, do homework, and study.
What you'll get paid: According to, you can expect anywhere from $10 to $14 an hour for relatively easy work.
3. Teaching Assistant
What you'll do: As an upperclassman, you will have better opportunities to find good college jobs. For instance, you may have the chance to work as a teaching assistant. Although your duties may be limited to passing out papers and proctoring exams, you can earn a bit of money without much time and effort. The best way to find this type of work is to consult with some of your professors.
What you'll get paid: Because the workload can vary, the hourly compensation can range from $10 to $20 an hour.
4. Grader
What you'll do: Certain college classes have large enrollments. General classes are commonly filled, so it can be difficult for a professor to grade all of the tests and assignments in a timely manner. In many instances, student graders are hired. Although the work can be quite monotonous, your workload will be spaced according to test periods. In between, you will have time to concentrate on your own studies and extracurricular activities.
What you'll get paid: The average hourly pay for a grader is $15.43.
5. Bookkeeper
What you'll do: If you are a student who is studying accounting, it may be possible to work as a bookkeeper. Responsibilities may include data entry, small accounting tasks, and filing reports. If you plan on getting a job in an accounting office after graduation, this type of experience looks excellent on your resume.
What you'll get paid: $18 to $23 an hour, with an average hourly rate of $21.
6. IT Support
What you'll do: With today's technology, most people rely on computers and similar devices each day. When these systems crash, it is essential to have support available. In this position, you will monitor and maintain network connections. Also, you may need to install new computers and diagnose problems.
What you'll get paid: With expert knowledge, you may earn over $20 an hour.
7. Writer
What you'll do: If you are skilled in English and are well-versed in a variety of topics, you could work as a freelance writer. Due to the flexibility of this job, it is perfect for a college student who lives a busy life. This is an excellent idea for someone who is majoring in journalism or communications. The most convenient part of this job is that you can write from anywhere, including your dorm room, college library, or home.
What you'll get paid: If you find a solid publication that needs a writer, you may be able to earn over $20 an hour.
8. On-Campus Administration
What you'll do: Most college campuses are packed with offices. It is simple for students to apply for part-time employment in these locations. Health services, alumni affairs, residence life, and the Dean's office are just a few places where you can work. You may answer phones, file paperwork, and perform other secretarial tasks. This is a great opportunity to become familiar with your school, its students, and its faculty.
What you'll get paid: This on-campus gig will generally come with a rate of up to $20 an hour.
9. Research Assistant
What you'll do: Many colleges and professors dedicate time to research, especially in the science departments. However, research can be done in other subjects as well. If you have a good grasp of knowledge in a certain discipline, you my be able to find a part-time job as a research assistant. As you learn new things and continue to help make discoveries in certain subjects, you will feel fulfilled.
What you'll get paid: While being a good addition to your resume, you can expect to make anywhere from $17 to $25 an hour.
10. Social Media Assistant
What you'll do: When you love social media and understand various platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, you may be able to find employment as a social media assistant. You will work with companies that want help engaging with customers and answering questions. It is a fun way to help a business build its brand and get paid for your services.
What you'll get paid: If you're in a marketing related field, you'll not only get on the job experience, but you can expect decent pay. The national average rate is $21.68 an hour.
There are a number of benefits that come from working while you are in college. Holding a part-time job teaches students time management and how to manage finances. Also, it builds real-world working experience. The above jobs are just a few solid ideas that are perfect for your college lifestyle.


Friday, 30 May 2008
How to look up the EPSG code for a CoordinateReferenceSystem
A CoordinateReferenceSystem generated from "raw" WKT:
Here is how to look up an "official" CoordinateReferenceSystem.
 1. Construct a CoordinateReferenceSystem based on what you have.
 String name = "ED50";
 String wkt =
 CoordianteReferenceSystem example = CRS.parseWKT(wkt);
 2. Find the Identifier for your CoordinateReferenceSystem
 3. Look up the official definition for that Identifier
 CoordinateReferenceSystem crs = CRS.decode( code );
CoordianteReferenceSystem wsg84 = CRS.decode( "EPSG:4326" );
MathTransform transform = CRS.findMathTransform(crs, wsg84, true);
Geometry targetGeometry = JTS.transform( sourceGeometry, transform );
CoordianteReferenceSystem wsg84 = CRS.decode( "EPSG:4326" );
MathTransform transform = CRS.findMathTransform(example, wsg84, false );
Geometry targetGeometry = JTS.transform( sourceGeometry, transform );
Documentation harmed in the making of this post:
Tuesday, 20 May 2008
Which class is used to repsent a bounding box?
Today we have a great question:
I noticed in the GeoTools Javadoc (2.5 branch) the following 5 classes that could be used to represent an envelope: Envelope, Envelope2D, EnvelopeExample, org.geotools.geometry.iso.coordinate.EnvelopeImpl, org.geometry.jts.spatialschema.geometry.EnvelopeImpl
Is it possible these different envelope classes are represented by a
single interface that I could reference in my code, or do I need to
pick one? Could we refactor these 5 different classes into a single
Envelope2D class/interface?
The answer is a bit of a pain; but it does go a long way toward explaining what we are about with a spatial library, and why GeoTools may be considered difficult to learn.
Is it possible to have a single interface?
In short there is one interface that represents an "Rectangle" well:
- Envelope - this is a GeoAPI interface defined according to the the ISO 19107 Geometry specification
The Envelope interface stores a CRS and a range of valid values for each axis mentioned by the CRS. If you are really sure you are working with a 2D CRS you can make use of a BoundingBox subclass.
But in actual fact you will need to consider a couple other interfaces:
- When working with Java you will need to use a Rectangle, specifically Rectangle2D.Double
- When working with the JTS Topology Suite you will need to use an Envelope class (defined according to the Simple Features for SQL Specification)
- If you are working with Java3D you will find it has its own Bounds and BoundingBox (and BoundingSphere) classes
- And so on....
Do I need to pick one?
So yes you need to pick one for your application; the GeoTools library will do its best to work with your needs.
Could we refactor these into a single Envelope2D class/interface?
Internally GeoTools often makes use of a single implementation:
- ReferencedEnvelope
The ReferencedEnvelope is one of the first GeoTools specific classes documented in our user guide, and is an example of something that makes the library unique.
Literally RefernecedEnvelope is a compromise:
- ReferencedEnvelope extends JTS Envelope
- RefernecedEnvelope implements GeoAPI BoundingBox
This gives you the best of both worlds; access bounds in a form acceptable to the JTS Geometry classes (which only wory about the numbers), that also address the need of the GeoTools library to track the Coordinate Refernece System (so we know what the number mean).
Documentation Link
Here is the user guide page that talks about this stuff.
How hard can it be?
How hard can that be?
 - Exporting to a PDF can be done...
Lessons learned:
- PDF really needs its own wizard.
Documentation harmed in the making of this post:
- Map to Image Wizard
Welcome to How 2 Map
This is a continuation of my blog over at While is a great way to contact the Java crowd the set up is a little too formal, clunky and language specific for a lot of what I talk about. The recent deluge of spam comments has finally pushed me to move on.
I have kept a blog very in-frequently; but I have been doing a lot of writing. To start off this blog I wanted to cover the kind of writing I am willing to do on the web; and see if I could work that into a useful article / publication / web-log thing that would be interesting enough for others to follow.
 - Email: I write a lot of email, sometimes very detailed and researched, sometimes quick (and in my limited opinion funny).
 Email can occasionally be turned into a good blog post, but usually they make a good topic for an article (since you need to fill is so much context
 - Documentation: I have taken to writing documentation, and sending email links, rather than directly taking part in the geotools user list or udig user list.
 Problem is it seems only I know what has been written, in fact the best way for me to tell if the documentation is successful is to watch what kind of questions are asked on the user list. Last year at this time all the questions were about connecting to WFS or opening a Shapefile, this year there are lots of questions about drawing maps. Looks like the documentation on working with data is starting to work...
What I am not going to do is write big long articles; while these can be very valuable - the time is better spent on coding or documentation.


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Find Functions to Use
This example shows how to find the name and description of a MathWorks® function from the Command Window or Editor using the Function browser.
 1. Click the Browse for functions button,. In the Command Window, this button is to the left of the prompt. In the Editor, the button is on the Editor tab, in the Edit section. The Function browser opens.
 Tip The Function browser closes when you move the pointer outside of it. To keep the browser open, drag it by the top edge to a different location.
 2. Optionally, select a subset of products to display in the list. Click the product area at the bottom of the browser (where the text All installed products appears by default), and then set the Selected Products preference and click OK. This preference also applies to the Help browser.
 3. Find functions by browsing the list or by typing a search term. For example, search for the term fourier.
 In the search results, a parenthetical term after a function name indicates either that the function is in a product folder other than MATLAB®, or that there are multiple functions with the same name. For example, fft (comm) corresponds to the fft function in the Communications System Toolbox™ folder.
 4. Select a function that you would like to use or learn more about, as follows.
 - Insert the function name into the current window by double-clicking the name. Alternatively, drag and drop the function name into any tool or application.
 - View syntax information for the function by single-clicking its name. A brief description for each of the syntax options displays in a yellow pop-up window.
 Tip The pop-up window automatically closes when you move your pointer to a new item in the results list. To keep the pop-up window open, drag it by the top edge to a different location.
You can change the font that the Function browser uses by setting preferences. On the Home tab, in the Environment section, select Preferences > Fonts. By default, the Function browser uses the desktop text font and the pop-up window uses the Profiler and Comparison Tool font.
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In this free art lesson, you'll learn how to draw a cute Black Cat in a jack-o'-lantern for Halloween.
Stay tooned for more free drawing lessons by:
Liking us on Facebook>>
Subscribing on YouTube.com>>
Following us on Instagram>>
To draw this Black Kitty in a Pumpkin step by step, follow along with the video tutorial below and pause the video after each step to draw at your own pace. You may find it easier to follow the step-by-step drawings below the video. The new lines in each step are shown in red, so you'll know exactly what to draw next. You may want to open the video in a new tab and use both drawing methods. Take your time and draw at your own pace.
Written step-by-step video tutorial:
For the first few steps, don't press down too hard with your pencil. Use light, smooth strokes to begin.
Step 1: Draw two curved lines next to each other for the black cat's eyes. Sketch lightly at first so that it's easy to erase if you make a mistake. Pay attention to the placement of the eyes. Don't draw them too far apart. When you get the shapes right, darken the lines and make them thick for eyelashes. The longer you make these curved lines, that bigger this Halloween cat's eyes will be.
Step 2: Under each curved line, draw an oval for the cat's irises. Make the ovals the same size and position them near the middle of each eye.
Step 3: Inside each iris, on the top, left side, draw a small circle for highlight/glare. In the middle of each iris, draw a big dot for the black cat's pupils. As you shade the pupils, don't overlap the small glare circles. Draw another small circle on the lower, right side of each iris for more highlights.
Step 4: Between the cat's eyes, draw a tiny triangle for the nose. Under the nose, draw a curved line for the mouth. The mouth should be similar to a number 3 on its side.
Step 5: Below the cat's face, draw a long, curved, horizontal line for the bottom part of the head. The tips of the line should extend farther outward than the eyes.


text:
The Role of Functional Metrics in B2B E-Commerce Project Success
- B2B E-Commerce Primer
- Overall Function Point Counting and Estimation Methodology
- Benefits of Function Point Counting and Estimation
- Extensions to IFPUG CPM 4.1
- The Function Point Counting and Estimation Repository
- The Function Point Counting and Estimation Team-based Process
- Function Point Estimation Worksheet Example Segment
- Other Applications
- Internal Challenges at eSell
- Summary and Conclusions
- Final Questions to Ponder
In the winter of 1999, how was a young high-tech Internet startup, with version 1.0 of a new B2B application software product, able to gain enough credibility in the marketplace to attractand do business withits targeted Fortune 1000 customers?
The answer was threefold. First of all, the business functionality delivered in version 1.0 had demonstrated demand in the marketplace (which is discussed in the next section). This at least opened the doors to interested parties. Second, the client's trust was won by leveraging impeccable early references created by using an implementation methodology worthy of corporations that were orders of magnitude larger. Last, eSell Inc.1 deployed only very senior and skilled professionals on all its implementations.
This paper describes the methods and techniques developed by eSell Inc., especially as they pertain to the adaptation and adoption of functional metrics in their project-implementation processes.
We start off with a brief description of how functional metrics have been incorporated into the typical project launch process, with an overview of the major benefits accrued. With success as a backdrop, we describe the atomic parts of the overall program:
Adaptation of the counting techniques
Creation of an Excel worksheet to support the counting and estimation process
A project repository used to calibrate the actual estimates of time, effort, and cost
The team-based process used to collect and verify project data
We then follow this discussion with examples of how functional metrics are used to support other aspects of the project, including:
Initial sale of the product and project
Last, we summarize our findings and experiences and pose a final question concerning the importance of key personnel in sustaining an effective metrics program.


text:
3W students finished their first unit in Drama. The first unit focused on communicating feelings and emotion and building on the ideas of others to create.
We can communicate feelings, ideas and experiences in drama.
- Communicating emotion
- Building on our ideas
- Using our experiences
During this unit, students acted out emotions in drama games and collaborated with their peers to create skits. We began discussing different characters from fairytales and favourite stories and the qualities of the characters. Students acted out stories from chosen fairy tales. Each student then chose a character, listed the qualities of that character, then made a group to create a new story. Please enjoy the new stories the students have created. The videos are password protected. The password is 'drama'.
The Evil Giant (Eline, Kiana, Akhil)
Hansel is Lost (Elena, Julynn, Leanna)
The Delicious Gingerbread Man and the Evil Tanuki (Shoichi, Marcus, Teimu)
Trading (Sayo, Vienna, George, William)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Fields with spin
 1. Oct 1, 2003 #1
 Fields with spin....
 Can have a field (electromagnetic, gravitational..) a "spin" or can the existence of spin be relevant in the study of field..l.so we can asign a spin to a certain field and study the functional equation of fields with "spin" and relate this "spin" to particle spin
 with this word of "spin" i would mean some intrinsic property of the field similar to this of particles...
 A use would be to produce for example a spin-2 description of the graviton instead of WDW equation by mean of an equation lineal and of first order in derivatives including the term d/dt and the time.
 2. jcsd
 3. Oct 1, 2003 #2
 User Avatar
 Science Advisor
 In QFT in minkowski space, fields may be viewed as consisting of particles, so a spin-j field consists of spin-j particles. For example, photons are the massless spin-1 particles making up the electromagnetic field which is thus spoken of as a massless spin-1 field. However, the notion of field is more fundamental than that of particle since the latter is an observer-dependent concept. This is seen for example in the unruh effect in minkowski space where accelerating observers will see particles where inertial observers see only the vacuum and also in regions of spacetime in which curvature is comparable to the characteristic wavelength of field quanta. It is thus more precise to speak not of particles but in a more general sense of field excitations.
 Last edited: Oct 2, 2003
 4. Oct 10, 2003 #3
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 Staff Emeritus
 Science Advisor
 Gold Member
 A basic remark is maybe needed: "a field with spin" is a fancy name (well..) for a multi-component field. Like a vector field in euclidean space has 3 components at each point (and comes down to a spin-1 field!). In relativistic notation, we use 4 components, but we actually only use 3 (for a massive vector boson). Extra complications for a massless photon make us have 2 independent components, but we still write it as a 4-component field.
 A spinless field is just a field with one scalar component, such as "temperature". The less intuitive aspects come in when we use half-integer spins, because we're classically not used to them, but a spin-1/2 should be a two-component field. (and it can be, for example, a Majorana field). However, in its most popular appearing it has 4 components as a Dirac spinor.
 So spin of a field is nothing else but the fact that the field has multiple components, eventually combined with conditions (gauge conditions, mass conditions) reducing the number of independent components, and subject to specific transformation rules (under the Lorentz group).
 5. Oct 11, 2003 #4
 Re: Fields with spin....
 If all particles (within the framework of QFT) are quanta (linear, scalar, pseudoscalar, qauge etc.) of field, then what exactly do you ask?
 6. Oct 14, 2003 #5
 There is a very good article on this subject from American Journal of Physics: Hans C. Ohanian, "What is spin?" 54 (6), 500-505 (1986). I don't know if it is available online anywhere.
Similar Discussions: Fields with spin
 1. Spin magnetic field (Replies: 1)


Posts Tagged: true religion
The word 'religion' is made of a word 'rely', which stands for 'to work or act together toward a common end or purpose'. Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikkhism and other so-called popular paths are religions but not Religion. The life itself is a True Religion. The life wants to work in harmony to[…]
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text:
La communication dans l'œuvre romanesque de Jacques Savoie
MetadataShow full item record
This paper explores the nature of communication in Jacques Savoie's novels. Many of the characters experience difficulties in making themselves understood by others, especially by their loved ones. Some of these challenges are psychological while others are related to the relationship between the characters. This study examines the both the factors that obstruct communication as well as those that foster it. Of particular interest are the related issues of language and its interpretation. While the state of mutual understanding is often attained through dialogue, the much more elusive state of communion is reached through art, specifically through music and poetry. Several of Savoie's novels are testament to the power of art to communicate not only the nature of the world but its beauty.


Black Actress To Play Tudor Queen Anne Boleyn In New Drama
British TV's Channel 5 have just announced that a black actress is to play Anne Boleyn in an upcoming three part period drama.
Jodie Turner-Smith is set to play 16th-century Queen of England Anne Boleyn, who was a white woman.
The baffling choice to play Henry VIII's second wife has led to internet clashes with many suggesting that the move amounts to cultural appropriation.
RT reports: Turner-Smith's turn as the medieval monarch was announced on Friday. The project was described by entertainment outlet Deadline as being a three-part "convention-defying" psychological thriller by Channel 5, set to "shine a feminist light" on the life of Boleyn, famously sent to her death by her husband King Henry the Eighth.
Social media quickly began overflowing with complaints about Turner-Smith playing a white queen. Commenters demanded "historical accuracy" and called it "cultural appropriation" – a term usually used when white people emulate other cultures. Many said that, logically, the Turner-Smith casting as Boleyn should be no more acceptable than a white person playing a well-known black historical figure.
Others mocked the future series by riffing on the concept of 'whitewashing' prominent people of color in history, noting how ridiculous it would be for them to be played by white actors. Some proposed that the US civil rights era heroes Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks be played by Caucasian actors, along with the South African anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela.


text:
Charlotte Smith (4 May 1749 – 28 October 1806 / London)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
Sonnet Lxx: On Being Cautioned Against Walking On An Headland Overlooking The Sea, Because It Was Frequented By A Lunatic
Is there a solitary wretch who hies
To the tall cliff, with starting pace or slow,
And, measuring, views with wild and hollow eyes
Its distance from the waves that chide below;
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily.


In a terminal clause, the value is the text following the operator:

A value can be on the following types:
 - A single "Value".
 - Multiple Values, specified within square brackets [A,B..N].
 - A sub-select, specified within curly braces { A=B AND C=D.. }.
Individual values can be enclosed within single or double quotes, or if they are a single word or number, then you can leave the quotes off altogether.
In addition, wherever a quoted/unquoted value may appear, you can also use a function, functions can be identified by the fact that they end with a set of Parentheses () containing 0 or more values (arguments).
An example of function is this common query:
EntityType = ScriptAssignment AND AssignedTo = CurrentUser()
In this case "CurrentUser" is a function within TQL that returns the currently logged in user. See here for a list of all functions.
Single quoted value:
Name ~ 'login bug'
Double quoted value:
Name ~ "login bug"
Unquoted value:
Name ~ bug
Exact match:
Name ~ "'login bug'"
List of unquoted values:
Priority IN [High,Medium,Low]
List of mixed values:
Status IN [Open, Closed, 'Re Opened']
List of mixed values including function call:
Editor IN [UserA, 'Joe Blogs', ProjectManager('Project X')]


Project Tags
view all
 - Magog (Irish version) (deceased)
 This is Magog, legendary ancestor of the Irish kings. For the Biblical Magog, see Magog. According to the Bible, one of Noah's grandsons was Magog / מגוג ( Genesis 10:2 ;...
 - Caesair Cruthach (Fictitious) (c.-653 - c.-633)
 She is a fictional character from legendary Irish genealogy. Sources Caesair Cruthach, Princess of the West Franks
 - Caesar Cruithach (Fictitious) (c.630 - d.)
 The father of Caesair (or Caesar) Cruithach is often called Caesar Cruithach as a convenient shorthand, although the sources that name her say only that her father was a king of the Gauls. Some unsou...
 - Flandrine (Fictitious) (c.750 - d.)
Many invented and fictional people have been inserted into genealogical collections, generally as part of an attempt to fill in the blanks, but also to connect cultures and justify claims to an ancient history.
Profiles for invented and fictional people often become battleground among genealogists.
 - Arthurian Fiction - people who are medieval inventions from the many stories of Arthurian romance
 - Frankish Fiction - people who are the invention of medieval Frankish chronicles
 - Greek Mythology - characters from Greek mythology. These will often, but not always, overlap Roman mythology.
 - Irish Fiction - characters from Irish mythology, including the Lebor Gabála Érenn.
 - Modern Fiction - people who appear to have been invented in the 19th and 20th centuries, including those invented by genealogical forgers and con men.
 - Norse Mythology - characters from Norse (Scandinavian) mythology.
 - Roman Mythology - characters from Rome mythology. These will often, but not always, overlap Greek mythology.
 - Welsh Mythology - characters from Welsh mythology.
'To add additional projects, contact one of the project collaborators.'
The Stuart Line back to King Arthur through Fleance & Banquo


What is a universal preschool
Does universal preschool increase mothers' job supply?
Relevance of the topic
Since the 1970s, many countries have introduced free or highly subsidized educational formats for preschoolers to improve their learning and socio-economic opportunities and to encourage mothers to work. Evaluations show that these measures can strengthen maternal employment not only in the short term, but also after the end of preschool, by improving the acquisition of qualifications and the retention of mothers in the labor market. However, effectiveness depends on policy making, country context and characteristics of mothers of preschoolers.
Important results
A general pre-school encourages mothers to work if their low employment is caused by a lack of childcare facilities.
Pre-school care enables the acquisition of professional skills and can contribute to greater long-term loyalty to the labor market
If the universal preschool increases maternal employment, the effects last for several years.
Improving the quality, availability and flexibility of pre-school provision could bring more mothers into employment.
If the universal pre-school only displaces existing informal or privately paid childcare, hardly any effect on the gainful employment of mothers is to be expected.
In countries with traditional perceptions of gender roles and low demand for female workers, a universal preschool can only have a limited effect.
A target group-oriented approach is likely to be more cost-effective if a comprehensive preschool primarily increases the labor supply for mothers with low incomes or single parents.
Key message from the author
The effect of a universal pre-school on maternal employment is particularly large in countries with rather low levels of employment, private childcare and social benefits. The positive labor force participation effects persist beyond preschool attendance, but are often concentrated on low-income or single mothers whose youngest child is of pre-school age. As a result, a targeted subsidy of pre-school education for mothers who otherwise could not afford pre-school care for their children should be a more cost-effective way of effectively increasing the number of jobs.


text:
Feelings, Brain and Prevention of Corruption
International Journal of Psychology Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2008
17 Pages Posted: 20 Apr 2009
Date Written: July 19, 2008
In this paper we propose an answer for the question: why, sometimes, people don't perceive corruption as a crime? To answer this question we use a neurological and a psychological concept. As humans, we experience our emotions and feelings in first person, but the neuropsychological mechanism known as "mirror neurons" makes possible to simulate emotions and feelings of others. It means that our emotions and feelings are linked with emotions and feelings of others. When mirror areas in the brain are activated we can understand and simulate in first person the actions, emotions and feelings of people. Because of these areas, the observer's brain acts "as if" it was experiencing the same action or the same feeling that is perceived. Each organism establishes causal relations to understand, manipulate and move in the world. Causal relations can be classified as simple or complex. In a simple causal relation, cause and effect are close in space and time. When cause and effect are not close in space and time, the causal relation is complex. When perceiving or committing homicide, a simple causal relation is enough for identifying a victim, but when perceiving or committing a public corruption crime, a complex causal relation must be established for identifying a victim. When seeing someone committing bribe there is no an evident victim. If persons can't identify victims of public corruption crimes, then they will not generate empathy feelings. When a victim is not identified and perceived, there is no reason for thinking that harm is being inflicted and mirror areas in the brain are not activated.
Keywords: Corruption, Brain, Emotions, Mirror Neurons, Theory of Mind, Feelings
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Is It Normal To Have Two Periods A Week Apart?Especially If One Was Heavier Than The Other?Is There A Possible Miscarriage Or I Conceived In That Time Frame Or Change Of Season?
3 Answers
Greg Allen Profile
Greg Allen answered
It is not normal for women to have two periods in one week, and it is also not possible that a woman can have a miscarriage so shortly after a period has occurred.
- Possible reasons for excess bleeding
There are a number of possible reasons that bleeding can occur when a woman is not on her period. One of these reasons is simple hormone fluctuation. This is when the hormone levels change, and this can be brought about for a variety of reasons including stress and anxiety.
Bleeding from the vagina can also occur if objects have been inserted into the vagina. If the bleeding starts after sex, then it is possible that a small tear has occurred. Some malignant cancers can cause bleeding from the vagina, as can certain antibiotics, especially those taken for vaginal dryness. Taking aspirin when on a period can cause a period to last for a longer length of time, and can also make the bleeding heavier.
- A normal period
Everybody is different, and this is also the case during a period. Some women will bleed more heavily than others, whilst the length of time of a period can also vary. The average period length is 4 to 5 days, although it can last longer. Contrary to popular belief, the change in seasons has no effect whatsoever on the period a woman has, whether it is the amount of bleeding, or the length of time the period lasts for.
If anybody is concerned about the amount of bleeding during a period, or the length of time that a period lasts for, they should consult their doctor, as they will be able to determine if the bleeding is excessive or not. They can provide treatments to remedy the problem.
Suhail Ajmal Profile
Suhail Ajmal answered
First, it is not normal to have periods within a week from the previous one. It can be an irregular period due to some hormonal imbalance. It can't be miscarriage so early as had your normal period a week ago. The change of season also doesn't have any effect on irregular periods. You must see your doctor for complete examination.
Anonymous Profile
Anonymous answered
Is is normal to have a period, a little over a week that you had your last one. But have no cramps at all on the second,
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Myrtle rust: why local New Zealand species are under threat
Myrtle rust: why local New Zealand species are under threat
Sadly, the discovery of more sites in New Zealand infected with myrtle rust suggests that it is here to stay. Originally from South America, myrtle rust invaded Australia in 2010 and rapidly spread. Botanist Lara Shepherd discusses what Australian scientists have discovered about myrtle rust over the last seven years.
What does myrtle rust infect?
Myrtle rust infects members of the Myrtaceae plant family. The Myrtaceae is Australia's dominant plant family with over 1,600 native species, including over 500 species of Eucalyptus.
Experiments have shown that there is a big range in the vulnerability of different Australian species to myrtle rust infection. Some species are highly susceptible (all individuals infected), other species show no signs of infection.
Resistance to myrtle rust
Resistance to myrtle rust is linked to variation at a number of genes called 'resistance genes'.
Plants which contain these 'resistance genes' are able to defend themselves against infection.
However, most Myrtaceae species show a range of infection rates – within these species there are both gene variants that protect them from myrtle rust as well as gene variants that make them susceptible.
The species that vary in their susceptibility often show differences in infection rates across the landscape with populations in one part of the range more susceptible to infection than populations elsewhere.
This finding emphasises the importance of conserving local populations of native species, even for species that are common with widespread distributions.
Myrtle rust is characterised by yellow pustules. Photograph by Scot Nelson
Myrtle rust is characterised by yellow pustules. Photograph by Scot Nelson
Conserving local populations of native species
Clearing a few hectares of kānuka (like this farmer decided to do) may seem minor, but if the population destroyed harbours the only resistance genes to myrtle rust, or another disease, then the results could be devastating to the long-term survival of the species.
Similarly, creating monocultures using a subset of a species that are selected for some desirable character, such as mānuka that produces high UMF honey, can similarly put a species at risk from new pests and diseases by reducing the overall genetic variation.
Infection trials of nine New Zealand Myrtaceae species in cultivation overseas have shown that all became infected with myrtle rust. But what we don't yet know is whether any of our species contain resistance genes somewhere within their distributions.
Pohutukawa is a striking member of the Myrtaceae family.
Pōhutukawa tree, 2016. Photograph by Skeeze via pixabay. CC0 1.0
Threat to the Bartlett's rātā
Scientists are particularly concerned about the impact that myrtle rust may have on our Bartlett's rātā – there are only 25 individuals remaining in the wild and genetic variation within the species is very limited. If one Bartlett's rātā become infected it is likely that they all will.
 1. I have two different kinds of guava tree growing at home in Auckland. Is guava more suceptible to myrtle rust than other trees? Should they be watched more closely? And removed immediately when infected? How to dispose of infected plants?
 Can photos of different infected species be published across all media, including local newspapers, to get feedback from the public on the occurrence and spread of this over time?
 What is the best way to recognise resistant populations? Repeated general surveys of absence and presence might provide baseline reference points that make it easier to recognise resistance sooner.
 1. Author
 Hi Peter,
 I'm not sure how susceptible guava is to myrtle rust – hopefully you won't find out! If you do notice something on your trees that might be myrtle rust then don't touch it – MPI says to do the following:
 Call the MPI Exotic Pest and Disease Hotline immediately on 0800 80 99 66.
 If you have a camera or phone camera, take clear photos, including the whole plant, the whole affected leaf, and a close-up of the spores/affected area of the plant.
 Don't touch it or try to collect samples as this may increase the spread of the disease.
 Of course their advice may change if myrtle rust becomes widespread. Naturewatch ( would be a great way to track the spread of myrtle rust because photos, the date and location is recorded for each sighting. As of today no one has recorded it on that platform yet.
 In order to test for resistant populations in Australian plants scientists deliberately infected plants in cultivation. This would have required an available source of cultivated plants from a range of locations. I'm not sure if this kind of research is being done in New Zealand.
 2. But what are the effects of Myrtle rust? Does it kill the plant or are the effects different per individual plant or species? What are the effects?
 PS Myrtle Rust, a great name for the main character in a novel.
 1. Author
 Hi Harm,
 According to the Australian Department of Environment and Energy website:
 'The disease can cause deformed leaves, heavy defoliation of branches, reduced fertility, dieback, stunted growth, and plant death.'
 My understanding is that the severity of the effects depends on how susceptible the particular species is. Also seedlings are more likely to die that adults because of all the new growth they have.
 I agree about Myrtle Rust being a great character name – she'd have to be the villan though!
 3. Why is it only found in Nurseries so far, does that imply they swap plants.
 Is the Government going to provide funding to find a cure for it, so far, no plants with the rust samples have been sent to the scientists at Callaghan.
 1. Author
 Not necessarily – myrtle rust likes sheltered damp, warm situations like nurseries. Also the plants are small so the leaves can be checked (not like a 20m tall rata!) and nursery workers have been looking for it. So research has been done by Scion but mostly around identifying Myrtaceae:
 4. Did I miss the media release advising of extra funding for DoC to address this profound risk?
 5. Genetic engineering would answer the question
 1. Not necessarily true, there is actual NATURAL genetic resistance and tolerance in myrtaceae plants to this fungus, as we have seen in Australia over the past 7 years. It will be mch better R&D investment to explore existing resistance genes rather than a blunt costly tool of genetic engineering
 2. Completely agree with Nick on this one Peter – GE is NOT the best response. In 2015 I presented a review of naturally-occurring resistance in forest trees to newly introduced pathogens at the Kauri Dieback symposium held in Hokianga (it's posted on YouTube). Bottom line is resistance virtually always occurs… just not often at high – or even moderate – frequency when the pathogen is a newly introduced pathogen. In fact the first resistance gene in a forest tree species to be characterised was in sugar pine – to western white pine blister rust. Also, GE is very expensive to develop and requires years of R&D to develop suitable plant delivery systems that are sufficiently robust and allow a wide range of genotypes to be transformed. Better off screening for naturally occurring resistance and propagating from those. In the case of Bartletts Rata, if all remaining individuals are susceptible then maybe a gene editing approach using resistance gene sequences from other myrtaceae would be more appropriate than transgenesis.
 6. I worry about spp found in primarily damp habitats, eg the subcanopy rata spp. Just hope that MPI/DOC collecting seed and cuttings from a wide range of habitats of all native Myrtaceae ie many thousands of samples.
 7. Thanks Lara. Very helpful. Sobering examples.
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text:
Boulder Daily Camera file photo
Boulder Daily Camera file photo
BOULDER (AP) – On Sept. 14, 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first sitting president to visit Boulder when he toured the sparkling new lab facilities that had just been constructed for the bureau now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He delivered a dedication speech to an estimated 10,000 – about half the size of Boulder's total population at the time.
The content of Eisenhower's speech is well known – a transcript was published in the newspaper at the time and it is easy to find online today – but until recently, an audio recording of the speech was not so easy to come by.
Now, Boulder's Carnegie Branch Library for Local History has digitized a recording of the speech made by KBOL radio.
"What he said has been known for a long time," said Laura Ost, director of media relations for the institute in Boulder. "Something about hearing him say it is very powerful."
Ost's research into the 1954 speech led to the uncovering of the recording. She was looking for historical material about the National Institute of Standards and Technology, originally called the National Bureau of Standards, for an exhibit that the lab is developing. That led her to the Carnegie library to sort through historic photos.
But she also found an entry in the library's catalog for the KBOL radio collection. The entry noted that the collection was a box of reel-to-reel tapes, which mostly had not been listened to since the collection was donated. But many of the reel boxes had topics taped onto them, including one that read "1954 Bureau of Standards dedication."
Library archivist Marti Anderson helped Ost get a first listen to the tape.
"Years and years ago, somebody had donated to the library a reel-to-reel tape player," Anderson said. "I Googled how to put the tape in the tape player."
And it worked.
"She set it up and we listened to it – just enough to hear what was on it – it was so old," Ost said. "I got pretty excited."
Until this past April, when President Barack Obama made the first of two trips to the University of Colorado this year, Eisenhower was the only sitting president to visit Boulder.
In his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera.com, Eisenhower calls science America's next great frontier for discovery.
"... The frontier days when we could go out and discover new land – new wonders of geography and of nature – has seemed largely in the past. But here, inside this building, we have a frontier possibly of even greater romantic value as well as greater material value to us than were some of the discoveries of those days," he said.
Eisenhower also spent a large part of his speech talking about how science can be used both for good and for evil and challenging the audience and the people who would work in the lab to leverage scientific discoveries to make America better.
"... Possibly each one of us is a laboratory to discover what we can contribute toward the growth of that kind of spirit among men that will make all of these discoveries of these dedicated scientists become assets to us," Eisenhower said, "as we try to develop for ourselves and our children a better life, a richer life – one that gives us more opportunity to grow intellectually and spiritually."
Anderson said helping Ost find the recording was fun – but it's just part of the job of being an archivist.
"That's what Carnegie is all about, is helping people on their quest," she said. "It takes all sorts of different turns. It's a fun experience to work at Carnegie, and it's really fun to watch people find what they thought they never could find."


text:
Let there be a cube with edge length of 9 units. Inside this cube there are 1981 points.
1. Prove that among these points there are at least 2 with the distance between them of less than 1 unit.
2. What's the biggest number of points that do not have the property stated at (1)?
2.1. How many points for the distance of 2 - 8 units?
If each point were at least a unit distance away from its nearest neighbor, then spheres of radius 1/2 could be made centered on each point without those spheres overlapping. The volume of a sphere of radius 1/2 is 4*pi*(1/2)^3 / 3 = pi/6. Multiplied by the 1981 points you've got, and the total volume is almost 1037, which is more than the cube's volume, which is 729. So even if spheres could completely fill space, there still would not be space enough in this cube.
It is almost certain that the densest packing of spheres fills pi/sqrt(18) of space, so we can start off with an approximation that in a volume of 729, there would be room for a volume of 729*pi/sqrt(18) to be taken up by the volumes of the spheres, and since each sphere has a volume of pi/6, you'd get 729*6/sqrt(18) ~= 1031 spheres.
However, since we're really only considering the points, parts of the spheres can extend outside the box so long as the central point does not. As the radii are 1/2 a better approximation would involve a cube of size 10x10x10 with volume 1000. 1000*6/sqrt(18) ~= 1414, so that is a better estimate of how many points will fit into the 9x9x9 cube. Conditions near the surface would affect the exact number, as there has to be a perfect structure to reach the optimum packing.
The above approximation, if d is taken as the distance instead of 1, is based upon (9+d)^3*pi/sqrt(18) / ((pi/6)*d^3)
pi = ATN(1) * 4
FOR d = 2 TO 8
n = (9 + d) ^ 3 * pi / SQR(18) / ((pi / 6) * d ^ 3)
PRINT d, INT(n +.5)
finds these approximations:
As the distances get larger in relation to the size of the cube, surface restrictions interfere all the more and so 14 can understandably be a poor approximation for a distance of 8.
Posted by Charlie
on 2010-01-27 14:21:01


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"In prehistoric Britain, fifty-six stone pillars stood in the outer circle of Stonehenge. In more recent times, the National War Memorial in Washington, erected after World War II, commemorates the dead with fifty-six pillars (also the number of signatures on the 1776 Declaration of Independence of the thirteen states). And in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the People's Republic, fifty-six towering red columns were erected to represent the 'equal, united and harmonious' ethnic groups of China."
Excerpted from: Rogerson, Barnaby. Rogerson's Book of Numbers: The Culture of Numbers–from 1,001 Nights to the Seven Wonders of the World. New York: Picador, 2013.


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London Booksellers and American Customers
The basis for the research presented here is the letter book of the Charleston Library Society containing both sides of the correspondence involved in ordering books from London in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The result is a fascinating history, supported throughout by excerpts from the letters, chronicling the mishaps of shipping overseas, the various types of books ordered, the details of financing, the 18th-century scientific community, and a detailed discussion of the Charleston Library Society. Raven teaches social and cultural history at Oxford U., UK. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Sequential Intercept Mapping (SIM) Process
Alameda County launched a Sequential Intercept Mapping (SIM) planning process in 2017, gathering over 100 diverse stakeholders from local government, community based organizations, and medical/behavioral health providers to:
1) develop a comprehensive picture of how people with mental health (MH) or substance use disorder (SUD) conditions flow through the criminal justice system within Alameda County;
2) identify gaps, resources, and opportunities for individuals in this population; and
3) develop and prioritize strategies to improve systemand service-level responses for individuals in the target population. The SIM process identified unmet needs for the reentry population including mental health services, substance use disorder recovery services, and housing resources.
Justice Involved Mental Health Taskforce


March 9th in baseball history: a real Cleveland Indian
The "Indian" who played for Cleveland
Louis SockalexisCLEVELAND, OHIO | MARCH 9, 1897 - A member of the Penobscot Indian tribe was signed by the National League Cleveland Spiders on this date in 1897, and some later claimed that's where Cleveland's American League franchise got its name.
Louis Sockalexis showed superb athletic ability and ferocious power playing baseball as a kid on the Penobscot reservation in Maine. Stories, some of them apocryphal, had him throwing a ball 600 feet over the Penobscot River and hitting a baseball just as far.
He went on to play ball at Holy Cross College in Worcester, Massachusetts before transfering to the University of Notre Dame in 1897.
Sockalexis didn't stay long at Notre Dame. He was signed by the Cleveland Spiders in August of His career didn't last long, before the turn the century he was no longer a major league baseball player. Heavy drinking reportedly took its toll. Sockalexis died in 1913 at age 42.
A year after Sockalexis died Cleveland's American League team was in need of a new name. They had been called the Naps, after star player Nap Lajoie, but he was traded in 1914. The name "Indians" was chosen. As time went by the story that the team was named in honor of a real Indian, Louis Sockalexis, was allowed to surface.
Ithaca College Professor Ellen Staurowsky, among others, looked into the issue and wrote in the Sociology of Sport Journal, in 1998 that the name "Indians" was more likely chosen for exploitative purposes. The real story of why "Indians" was chosen was that it was a take off on the Boston Braves which were a baseball sensation that year for going from last place on July 4th to winning the World Series.
Contributing sources:
"An Act of Honor or Exploitation?: The Cleveland Indians' Use of the Louis Francis Sockalexis Story," by Ellen Staurowsky, Sociology of Sport Journal, 1998
The American Indian Quarterly
Baseball Reliquary
[Photo source: State of Maine]
This baseball history story about Louis Sockalexis is brought to you by today in baseball.


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The U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession over which the United States exercises sovereignty.
Within the EEZ, the U.S. has:
Note: Under certain U.S. fisheries laws, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the term "exclusive economic zone" is defined as having an inner boundary that is coterminous with the seaward (or outer) boundary of each of the coastal states. While its outer limit is the same as the EEZ on NOAA charts, its inner limit is coterminous with the coastal states' boundary at 3 nautical miles, except for Texas, western Florida, and Puerto Rico, which claim a 9 nautical mile belt.


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The Gratitude Power Workbook: Transform Fear into Courage, Anger into Forgiveness, Isolation into Belonging
Mary Beth Sammons and Nina Lesowitz have received hundreds of thank you emails and letters from readers whose lives they have touched and helped — spiritual seekers, teachers, business people, cancer patients, parents, the newly bereaved, athletes, and many others. Building upon the foundational wisdom of the bestselling Living Life as a Thank You Nina Lesowitz and Mary Beth Sammons have developed a workbook filled with life-changing practices and encouraging advice to take readers through a process of self-transformation and personal growth. The workbook-style format not only provides readers with tried and true thank you techniques and practices, but also allows them to take part in creating their own.
The act and power of gratitude has a direct effect on our lives on a physical, spiritual, mental and emotional level. Studies have shown that living life with appreciation leads to a greater sense of well-being and happiness. The secret to a happy and fulfilled life may rely on focusing on all the good, rather than what is lacking or not going well at the moment. The Thank You Power Workbook is a toolkit for this transformation.


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Scranton Federal Crime Defense Lawyer
Most people accused of committing a crime in Pennsylvania will have their case tried in a state court. This occurs when the crime in question violates one of the laws of the state. There are times however, when a case will be heard in federal court. These cases involve the Constitution or crimes committed against the U.S. government. There are many different types of criminal cases that will be heard in federal courts.
These courts also have many differences than state courts. One of those differences is that cases tried in federal court are often far more complex. For this reason, anyone charged with a federal crime needs to speak to a Scranton criminal defense lawyer that can help.
Types of Federal Crimes
There are thousands of different federal crimes. In fact, there are so many that most people have violated at least one at some time or another although they are not aware of it. Removing wood out of a national forest for example, is often a federal crime that many people have violated.
However, there are federal crimes that are more common, and that are most often heard in federal court. These include:
- Antitrust violations: These crimes involve individuals or businesses that engage in unfair business practices such as fixing prices or creating a monopoly.
- Armed robbery: While robbery is typically tried in a Pennsylvania court, there are times when it is considered a federal crime. This includes when the act is committed against a federal bank, U.S. mail, or other federal agency.
- Drug crimes: Other crimes often tried in state court are drug crimes. However, if the crime was committed on federal land, such as in a national park, or drugs were trafficked across state boundaries, it becomes a federal crime.
- Bribery: Individuals that either give or take bribes can be charged with a federal crime.
- Conspiracy: Committing a crime is clearly against the law, but so is planning to commit a crime. When two or more people agree to commit a crime, it is considered conspiracy, regardless of whether or not the crime is ever actually committed.
- Computer crimes: These crimes can include illegal downloading, cyber terrorism, and online fraud schemes. They are prohibited by many acts including the USA PATRIOT Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and more.
- Embezzlement: This is another crime that can be tried in either state or federal courts. This will be considered a federal crime when money or property belonging to a federal company or organization is taken and used for an individual's personal gain.
- Fraud: This crime simply involves lying to another person or organization for personal gain. It is considered a federal crime when that person or organization is part of the federal government, such as lying to the Social Security Administration in order to receive more benefits.
- Identity theft: When one person steals another individual's personal information to commit a state felony or a federal crime, it is considered a federal crime.
- Money laundering: This crime is committed when a person tries to hide profits made from illegal activities, such as drug trafficking.
- RICO crimes: Under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO), it is an offense to be part of any organized crime group. Today, RICO is also used to prosecute suspected drug traffickers and gang members.
- Tax evasion: When corporations or individuals don't fully pay all taxes owed to the U.S. government, this is considered a federal crime.
Contact a Scranton Federal Crime Defense Lawyer That Can Help
Being charged with a federal crime is very serious. If you have been accused of committing these, or any other federal crimes, contact a federal criminal defense attorney in Scranton that can help.
At the office of Ernest D. Preate, Jr., Esquire, we will carefully review any evidence the prosecution has collected and ensure your rights were upheld while obtaining that evidence. We will also work hard to prove your innocence in court through evidence and testimony. Those charged with a federal crime should never try to fight the charges on their own. Call us today at _PHONE_. for your free consultation. The sooner you begin working with an attorney, the better chance you have for success in court.


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Goulburn RiverArticle Free Pass
Goulburn River, river that, together with the Campaspe and Loddon rivers, drains most of central Victoria, Australia. Rising on Mount Singleton in the Eastern Highlands northeast of Melbourne in Fraser National Park, the Goulburn flows generally north for 352 miles (563 km) through the Eildon, Goulburn, and Waranga reservoirs and Lake Nagambie to join the Murray River 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Echuca. The principal settlements in its valley are Seymour and Shepparton. The river, crossed by the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in 1824, was named for a British under secretary of state for the colonies. Pastoralism was the dominant land use in the region until succeeded by wheat farming in the 1870s. Irrigation, introduced in the 1880s, allows fruit and vegetable farming, dairying, and sheep raising to be practiced in the area. Irrigation, however, has also caused a rise in water tables consisting of saline groundwater, and, as a result, the increased salinity of the soil has become a problem.
What made you want to look up "Goulburn River"? Please share what surprised you most...


Fiber Laser Tube/Pipe Cutting Machine For Medical Instruments | Golden Laser
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From WikiRaider
Revision as of 20:31, 29 August 2012 by Tombraidergirl (talk | contribs)
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Map of Russia
Russia is located in the Northern hemisphere in Europe and Asia. It is the largest country in the world with an area of 17,075,400 km². Of other countries Lara has visited, Russia shares borders with Kazakhstan and China, as well as maritime borders with Japan, and the USA (Alaska).
Russian Levels in Tomb Raider Chronicles
Main article: Russia Section
The Base
During World War II a German U-Boat carrying the legendary Spear of Destiny sank somewhere in the North Atlantic. A Russian crime organization headed by Sergei Mikhailov is out to retrieve it, and towards that end they have bribed a captain of the navy into using his submarine. Lara is closely on their tail. Here she must infiltrate the Zapadnaya Litsa port and sneak on board a nuclear submarine. Underwater the excavation of the wreck is done using an armoured diving suit. The stages in Russia are of an average difficulty.
Lara in Siberia
In Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Lara must make her way to Siberia to find the lost city. While in Siberia she has numerous modes of transportation including plane, boat, and Siberian Huskies. Lara also encounters a mysterious young girl with whom she converses in Russian and the girl appears to know alot about Lara's father, Richard.


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NOTE - TO DATE. THE DOME IS STILL UNFINISHED. AS IS THIS ARTICLE. NEITHER DOME NOR ARTICLE WILL BE.RESUMED UNTIL THIS AUTUMN. SO PATIENCE PLEASE... MEANWHILE. THE INFORMATION BELOW IS A STEP BY STEP EXPLANATION OF HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN GEODESIC DOME.
Above, dome nearly completed, without glass and perspex windows (its summer!)
Above photo, interior of dome, nearly completed
Above photo, interior of dome, nearly completed.
However, most governments and legislators would prefer people of low income to live here...
In 'charming' town planning projects that give the local medeival architecture a real boost to their image, eh hem... Spot Ales' medieval fort and, significantly, old prison, it's a job to find it, but if you squint hard enough...
STEP BY STEP PHOTO INSTRUCTIONS...
The first step in building a geodesic dome home is to fully understand and visualise the geometry of the structure beforehand.
To do this it is essential to build a small model version that you can refer back to whenever you get confused or stuck. It's possible to build a dome without first doing a model, but you're more likely to get in a fix, which wastes time and money.
To make a 50cm diameter cardboard model you'll need a pencil, a compass, a ruler, 15 sheets of A4 lightweight photocopy card in one colour, and 5 sheets of the same card in another colour, one large piece of thick cardboard for the base (from a big cardboard box will do), glue, at least twenty very small boston clips, thumbtacks and probably some other stuff too, we'll see as we go along. The two fluffy assistants are optional.
I found a useful video on YouTube showing how to 'construct a geodesic dome' out of cardboard. The instructions are for children so even a maths moron such as myself could follow them! The dome is composed of 10 equilateral triangles that join together 6 pentagons, each pentagon being composed of 5 isosceles triangles.
In all, the dome requires a total of 40 triangles, 30 of them isosceles and 10 of them equilateral. In order to attain the dome diameter of 50cm the 3 sides of the equilateral triangles must be 15cm45 long precisely (to be called length A). The isosceles triangles must have one side measuring, again, 15cm45 and the two other sides measuring 13cm66 (to be called length B).
Being the congenital maths moron I am, it was impossible for me to calculate how to draw two triangles together (to save paper), centering them correctly on a sheet of photocopy paper. So I drew one, photocopied it, cut them both out, then stuck them together on a sheet of paper. In this way I had the template for two triangles neatly fitted together and centered on the A4 paper. I then made 5 photocopies of the template below so as to get 10 equilateral triangles in lightweight yellow card.
To make an equilateral triangle, use your ruler to draw a 15.45cm line at the bottom of your page. Set your compass to exactly 15.45cm. Putting the point at one end of the line, draw an arc approximately where the top point of the triangle should go. Switch the point of the compass to the other end of the line and draw another arc. Where the two arcs cross is the third point of the triangle. Use your ruler to draw the two other sides. To draw the glue tabs, draw a line 1cm parallel to all three sides around the entire outer edge of the triangle. Cut off its points, as in the triangles above, by drawing a straight line to slice off the points of the outer triangles so that the glue tabs can be stuck together without the ends overlapping. To draw the isosceles triangle draw the base line of the triangle again at a length of 15.45cm, but set the compass at 13.66cm instead so as to achieve the two shorter edges. I then made 15 photocopies of the template, this time in blue card, so as to get a total of 30 isosceles triangles.
Carefully cut out all your triangles and, using a book and a ruler, fold the glue tabs carefully along each of their lines.
Apply glue to the tabs and stick the five isosceles triangles together (sticking together the B sides) so as to form a pentagon, leaving the last two tabs unglued. When applying glue be sure to use a scrap piece of paper underneath so as to not get anything grubby. Stick the B sides together two by two. If you try to apply glue to all of the sides at the same time and then try to stick them all together simultaneously, the tabs where you applied the glue first will have dried. So just go edge by edge. Glue needs to be applied to both glue tabs being stuck together and not just one, to ensure a strong fix.
Assemble all six pentagons in the same way, leaving the last two edges open on each one. To be sure that the glue dries completely you may want to leave the next stage for the following day; otherwise, leaving it for a couple of hours should do it. Once dry, the final edges of the isosceles triangles can be glued together. As you pull the two sides against one another you'll see why it was necessary to allow the other sides to dry first, as now the pentagons will be raised into their three-dimensional volume, putting strong pressure on all sides. This is where you now need to attach the small boston clips to clamp the freshly glued sides together. I left them all overnight again, but if you're feeling brave, another couple of hours should do.
Here we have the six pentagons fully assembled on my scruffy old floor. As you can see, my fluffy assistant to the left seems satisfied with the work so far. I have placed the ten equilateral triangles next to the pentagons, ready for the next stage.
Now we need to make the base. Thinking I was very clever, I bought some fancy hard card instead of using the simple cardboard box card suggested in the video. The result was a fiendishly difficult challenge with a Stanley knife when it came to the cutting stage. It was all very scary and not at all appropriate for children... or for fluffy assistants for that matter. So use normal cardboard from a box as it's far easier to cut with no more than a pair of scissors. And it's free.
Cut out your piece of cardboard for the base, making it no smaller than 56cm squared. Find its center by drawing diagonal lines from each of its corners, creating a cross in the center. Here, one of my fluffy assistants is demonstrating how this can be done very easily with a builder's rule, useful as it's so big. A straight plank would also do the trick.
Here is the base with the cross revealing the center of the square. At this point you may wish to take a small break and give yourself a vigorous scratch for good measure.
Now we need to make a big compass out of a 35cm x 4cm strip of card. This card is thicker than the triangles but lighter than the base board. It needs to be quite thick and strong so as not to tear, but not too thick to put the nib of a pencil through it. Place the cardboard strip on another piece of cardboard as we are now going to push thumbtacks into it to create pencil holes. My assistant is helpfully indicating the spacing of these four holes. The one on the far left, let's call it the '0cm hole', will be the point where we pin this card compass into the center of the base. Now place a tack at precisely 16cm to the right of the first hole, then 25cm and finally at 27cm distant from the first hole. We have now created four holes at 0cm, 16cm, 25cm and 27cm.
Tacking the 0cm hole to the center of your cardboard base, use the holes at 16cm, 25cm and 27cm to draw three concentric circles. The fluffy tail is optional in this simple manoeuvre, but adds interest.
Here is the base with the three concentric circles drawn.
Cut out along the center circle to create an inner hole. Cut out along the outer circle to finish the now circular base. Sitting on the circle will prevent it from unexpectedly flying away...
Set the compass to 15.45cm precisely. To make it easier to set it perfectly I drew a line of the right length on a piece of paper, dug the point into one end of the line and carefully pulled the compass to the right length. Place the point of the compass on the circle inside the outer edge of your base and draw an arc further along the line of your circle. Then place the point where your arc crosses the line and draw another arc further along. Continue all around the circle till all the points of your decagon (ten-sided polygon) are drawn.
At this point you will discover if your compass is set precisely or not. If it isn't your last arc will be too far in or out. Cursing loudly at this juncture may help relieve tension. If it's not right, rub out the marks and start again. I actually ended up having an approximate decagon and just bodged along as I do


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Contact us for help with your mitigation plan or grant today:
The work done to minimize the impact of hazardous events to life and property is called Hazard Mitigation. Often, these damaging events occur in the same locations over time (i.e. hurricanes), and cause repeated damage. Because of this, FDC focuses on Hazard Mitigation planning and funding to reduce repetitive loss, thereby breaking the disaster cycle.
FDC provides vulnerability and risk assessment to identify, quantify, and prioritize the hazardous vulnerabilities of a jurisdiction that may impede their response and recovery in the event of a disaster.
Defining a Hazard Mitigation Strategy
A Hazard Mitigation plan identifies long-term strategies that may include planning, policy changes, programs, projects and other activities, as well as how to implement them. Hazard Mitigation plans should be done at every level including individuals, businesses, state, local, and federal governments.
Hazard Mitigation Activities and Projects
Once we develop Hazard Mitigation plans and strategies, they must be followed for any change in the disaster cycle to occur. Hazard mitigation activities are meant to be permanent or long-term solutions and include a number of options that must follow all federal requirements, regulations, and timelines.
We assist with the following two Hazard Mitigation Programs recognized by FEMA:
- The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). See Section 404 of the Stafford Act.
- 406 Hazard Mitigation is part of the Public Assistance process. See Section 406 of the Stafford Act.
FDC's goal is to be part of the solution to break the disaster cycle by being aware of the hazards that may affect you and your community and becoming active in your community's hazard mitigation planning process. Contact us today to learn how we can assist you.


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The Gruithuisen Domes
The Gruithuisen Domes are located on the northeast border of Oceanus Procellarum at the highlands-mare boundary. The three Gruithuisen domes are named for nearby Gruithuisen crater. The two largest domes have been unofficially referred to for many years as Gruithuisen Gamma and Gruithuisen Delta, with the smallest dome called NW (for "northwest").
The Gruithuisen domes are classified by lunar scientists as "nonmare" volcanic domes. This is because we know from Earth based telescopes, Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectroscopy data, and Clementine multispectral data that the domes are composed of materials different from either the mare or highlands. The Gruithuisen Domes are characterized by a relatively high albedo and strong absorptions in the visible and ultraviolet, and the domes are low in iron and titanium compared to the volcanic deposits of the lunar mare. Previous studies of this region showed that Gruithuisen may represent a lunar analog to terrestrial rhyolites, dacites, or basaltic andesites, which are characterized by viscous lava and low extrusion rates. In comparison, mare volcanic domes (like the Marius Hills and Hortensius, also Constellation regions of interest) are similar to mare basalts in composition, and are generally flatter, smaller, as well as more common on the lunar surface.
Due to the unique nature of the Gruithuisen Domes, they are a high-priority target for future human lunar exploration. What geologic process created these domes here -- and when? How did the magmas that formed the Gruithuisen domes differ from the magmas that formed the highlands and the mare? Since significant scientific questions remain about the mechanics of lunar mare formation, understanding how the Gruithuisen Domes differ from typical mare basalts will enable us to answer these and other important questions about the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets. Data from LROC and the other instruments aboard LRO, as well as data from other recent lunar missions, are helping us address these questions, although a true understanding of the region will only come when astronauts can explore it directly.
Explore the Gruithuisen Domes.
Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University


Objectives & Strategies
 1. To promote the positive growth and development of tennis in Barbados at all levels
 1. Increase knowledge of and exposure to the sport of tennis, at a reduced cost.
 2. Educate parents about the benefits and opportunities offered by involvement in the sport to assist in their ability to better contribute to the management of their children in the sport.
 3. Increase awareness of available infrastructure in Barbados
 4. Improve the use of the School Adoption Programme
 5. Improve the Junior Tennis Initiative (JTI) programme
 6. Develop a solid programme to support adult tennis.
 2. To facilitate the development of young players to world ranking
 1. Expand facilities
 2. Develop technical and physical strength of players
 3. Increase the percentage of girls who continue playing tennis in Barbados
 4. Encourage the continued advancement of the technical development of all coaches.
 5. Strengthen partnerships with all coaches who can assist in the identification of scholarship opportunities for our young players.
 6. Increase awareness and access to reputable tennis academies both regionally and internationally.
 3. To strengthen the Association's membership and to promote its active involvement in programmes and activities.
 1. Increase efficiency of membership administration
 2. Increase efficiency of Association administration.
 3. Re-establish the family culture of the National Tennis Centre.
 4. To enhance the image of the Association.
 1. Improve transparency, communication and overall governance.
 5. To be financially sustainable.
 1. Improve the planning efficiency of the Association to allow for better preparation by the various committees.
 2. Strengthen the sponsorship relationship by seeking to better understand the needs of the sponsor and to provide a report on juniors benefitting for the same.
 3. Grow the membership
 4. Improve the monitoring / management of and reporting by outsourced arrangements
 6. To participate actively in the international tennis and wider sporting communities.
 1. Create opportunities for participation in local, regional and international competitions.