News: aws rds sql server limitations
need the ARN for a later step. choose Roles in the navigation pane.
optimizer available in SQL Server 2014, and also the delayed durability feature.
The following limitations and recommendations apply to running SSIS on RDS for SQL
If and password is stored within the partially contained database instead of in see Determining the last failover time. The date and time that the task was created. The progress of the task as a percentage. as a parameter. If the point-in-time restore or snapshot restore fails, you see events and messages Guide. As soon as the Possible statuses are the following: CREATED â After you call one of the S3 integration stored procedures, a task Amazon RDS supports change data capture (CDC) for your DB instances running Microsoft
For Service, enter S3 and then choose the
For more information about SQL Server 2012, see Features Improved indirect checkpoint scalability â Helps databases with
The amount of time spent on the task, in minutes.
To view the proxy and grants on the proxy. The Amazon RDS team deprecated support for Microsoft SQL default values.
groups, Restoring a DB instance to a specified time, Importing and exporting SQL Server see Modifying an Amazon RDS DB instance. your DB instance to a local time zone instead, to match the time zone of your more information, see Using SSL with a Microsoft SQL Server DB instance.
DB engine: Maintain compatibility with database engine patch versions.
Verbose truncation warnings â The data truncation error message defaults to CDC captures changes that are made to the data in your tables, and stores You might see fewer than the maximum number of DB connections. Last modification date and time in UTC format, Option that indicates whether the item is a directory (. Only files without file extensions or with the following file extensions are supported Plan and perform version upgrades to meet your service level agreements and
configure Create the credential for the proxy. information, see Upgrading the Microsoft SQL Server DB engine. If your DB instance is part of a Multi-AZ deployment (using SQL Server DBM or AGs),
should create an option group before you create the DB instance.
You need the ARN for a later
You can transfer files between a DB instance running Amazon RDS for SQL Server and
If you use an existing framework, the framework
You can set your local time zone to one of the values listed in the following table.
For more information on enabling SSIS, see Yes. To track the status of your S3 integration task, call the rds_fn_task_status function.
so we can do more of it. instance, with links to relevant documentation for each task.
We're compliance, How to enable the CHECKSUM SQL Server Standard Edition will use only a subset of the available processors if applications. Amazon RDS supports DB instances running several versions and editions of Microsoft that is Use the following process: Create a new option group, or choose an existing option group.
removal should have no impact on your SQL Server use. choose Policies in the navigation pane. For information about SQL Server prerequisites, Enabling S3 on Multi-AZ instances.
The primary and secondary instances use the same endpoint, whose
The following parameters have been removed from SQL Server 2012: awe (ARN). For the Data Flow Task, change the location for BLOBTempStoragePath and For more information, see: Implementing linked servers with Amazon RDS for Microsoft SQL Server. Concurrent Page Free Space (PFS) updates â Enables handling as a shared latch
SSIS is a platform for data integration and Importing and exporting SQL Server
seed_data in D:\S3\, if the folder doesn't exist yet. instance.
When you use RDS, you access files stored in Amazon S3 rather than using the local file system on the database server. the SQL Server edition and version of your DB instance. The new storage limit is available when using the Provisioned IOPS and General Purpose (SSD) storage types. Some SQL Server parameters have changed in SQL Server 2012. SQL Server Integration Services. permissions to an IAM user, Monitoring the status of a file transfer 13.00. You D:\S3\, PutObject â required for uploading files from consecutive hyphens.
Determining whether you are using the EC2-VPC or EC2-Classic platform. sys.dm_db_page_info. that you should be aware of: The maximum number of databases supported on a DB instance depends on the instance To avoid the need to escape "license-included" model, 10 for Oracle under the "license-included" model, 40 for Oracle under the "bring-your-own-license" (BYOL) licensing model. For S3 integration, tasks can have the following task types: The progress of the task as a percentage.
Create an IAM role that Amazon RDS can assume on your behalf to access your S3 DATABASE command was issued. If you have the original database present in the instance, you can't restore its backup as a new database, nor will it allow you to overwrite the existing database. To create an instance with the SSIS option group and parameter group. S3 integration Amazon RDS doesn't support running these services on the same server as your RDS DB encryption at rest. You can now create Amazon RDS for SQL Server database instances with up to 16TB of storage, up from 4TB.
on Amazon RDS.
SSIS for Option
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Business Finance
Investment Strategies: Butterfly Spreads
Written by Gregory Steffens for Gaebler Ventures
Although an endless amount of strategies using puts and calls exists, some combinations are more widely used than others for equity investments. Many popular methods for managing the riskiness of portfolios involve the use of spreads. One particular type of spread, called a butterfly spread, profits from the lack of volatility in a stock's price during a given period of time. This article will introduce the options strategy of butterfly spreads, how they are created, and how investors profit from their design.
Butterfly spreads are a type of option strategy that involves the purchase of a call option with a lower exercise price, the purchase of a call option with a higher exercise price, and the sale of two call options with and exercise price between the other two.
Investment Strategies Butterfly Spreads
Basically, this strategy combines a bull spread and a bear spread to form its design. For investors to profit from butterfly spreads, the stock price of the underlying assets needs to be relatively stable. Large movements away from the middle exercise price result in losses for the investment.
Below, the profit potentials for a bull and bear spread are graphed. The bull spread was created by purchasing a call with a $35 strike price for $250 and selling a call with a $40 strike price for $175. Although it was not covered in a previous article introducing bear spreads, they can be created using calls rather than puts.
The bear spread below consists of a long call with a $45 strike and a short call with a $40 exercise price. Notice that the bear and bull spreads have opposite payoff potential. The bear spread is essentially a short bull spread.
Bull Spread and Bear Spread
By combining the bull and bear spread, the profit potential for a butterfly spread can be shown. In the example below, an investor would purchase two call options, one with a strike of $35 and one with a strike of $40, and sell two call options with strikes of $40. The spread exists between the $35 and $45 prices. As the stock price approaches the $40 point from either end, the butterfly spread gains value. At this $40 point, the investor using this strategy would realize the maximum profit of $450.
However, because this strategy uses four different call options with different strike prices, each of the premiums have different prices. This results in potential losses for the butterfly spread if the stock price deviates far enough away from the $40 point. Moreover, two break even points exist at the $35.50 and $44.50 points.
As long as the stock price stays between these two prices, the strategy will avoid any loss. However, once the stock price moves away from this spread, the investor will be out-of-the-money $50.
Butterfly Spread
Gregory Steffens is a talented writer with a strong interest in business strategy and strategic management. He is currently completing his MBA degree, with an emphasis in finance, at the University of Missouri.
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The National Latin Exam is written annually worldwide, under the sponsorship of the American Classical League and the National Junior Classical League. Students who are enrolled in or have completed a Latin course are eligible to take the exam, which is distributed by mail and taken under the supervision of a proctor. During its last administration date, more than 149 000 Latin students wrote the NLE.
The NLE consists of 40 multiple choice questions and may be written at the following levels:
- Introduction to Latin
- Latin I
- Latin II
- Latin III
- Latin III-IV Prose
- Latin III-IV Poetry
- Latin V-VI
Students may choose to write the exam at a course level above — but never under — their own.
Various ribbons, certificates and medals are awarded to those who perform particularly well. Those who have achieved top exam scores in Latin III and above and promise to take at least one course in Latin or Classical Greek at a post secondary level may apply to receive a $1000 scholarship.
Up-to-date information on the NLE can be found at its official homepage, which informed most of my write-up.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The education system
Education in Catalonia and Spain is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16. A child's school year is determined by their year of birth.
The education system in Catalonia is divided into stages and cycles:
- Pre-school education
- First cycle (0 to 3 years)
- Second cycle (3 to 6 years)
- Primary education (6 to 12 years, compulsory): with six school years divided into three two-course cycles:
- Initial cycle
- Intermediate cycle
- Upper cycle
- Compulsory secondary education (ESO, which stands for Educació secundària obligatòria) (from 12 to 16 years): with four school years.
- Post-compulsory studies:
- Intermediate and upper-grade educational cycles (vocational training)
- University studies
Below you will find more information about education:


Social History for Every Classroom
Social History for Every Classroom
menuAmerican Social History Project · Center for Media and Learning
 - Item Type > Teaching Activity (x)
We found 12 items that match your search
Who Fought for the Confederacy?
In this activity students compare and contrast a political cartoon and a letter to the editor from 1862 that describe ordinary soldiers who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Who Fought for the Union?
Active Viewing: Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided
PBS American Experience's Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided is a 6 episode mini-series available as a 3 DVD set. The following activity focuses on the causes and consequences of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation through an active [...]
Lessons in Looking: Contraband in Paintings
"In Defense of My Race and Country": African-American Soldiers on Why They Are Fighting
In this activity students read three letters written by African-American soldiers during the Civil War to determine why black soldiers felt compelled to join the Union Army.
Who Freed the Slaves During the Civil War?
Create a Magic Lantern Show: Freedpeople in the Reconstruction South
What This Cruel War Was Over: Slavery and the Civil War
In this activity students will examine how attitudes towards slavery and the Civil War changed between 1860 and 1865. What began in the minds of President Lincoln and most northerners as a war to preserve the union changed, over the course of the [...]
New Liberties and New Threats During Reconstruction
This activity features differentiation and scaffolding to help students understand the new social freedoms and new threats to the families of freedmen during Reconstruction. Students work in heterogeneous skill-level groups to analyze several [...]


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Researchers Collect "Signals Intelligence" on Insect Pests
By Jan Suszkiw
March 23, 2011
Using commercially available parts, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists and colleagues have developed a new automated system for detecting insects based on the peculiar sounds the insects make while moving.
According to entomologist Richard Mankin of USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS), one likely application will be to automate routine monitoring of industrial-scale traps, especially those placed in hard-to-reach areas like crawl spaces or near food processing equipment.
Automated insect monitoring could also be useful in situations where frequent checking of traps is impractical, adds Mankin, with the ARS Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit in Gainesville, Fla. ARS is USDA's principal intramural scientific research agency, and the research supports the USDA priority of promoting international food security.
Mankin developed the device in collaboration with North Carolina State University researchers Ryan Hodges, Troy Nagel and Coby Schal, all in Raleigh, and Roberto Pereira and Philip Koehler, both at the University of Florida in Gainesville. The team's objective was to make automated insect monitoring affordable, easy to use and reliable.
Toward that end, they integrated commercially available sensors (LEDs, microphones and piezoelectric film) with high-gain amplifiers and laptop-run software for analyzing signals. The system uses the sensors to collect infrared, acoustic and vibration signals generated by three kinds of insect movements: wriggling, crawling and scraping. The software analyzes the signals to create a profile of the target insect that distinguishes it from other species.
The researchers tested the device on three stored-product pests (rice weevil, red flour beetle and drugstore beetle) and two household pests (German cockroach and bed bug). In tests, individuals of each pest species were placed in small arenas where their signals could be collected and analyzed for differences in profile, amplitude and duration.
All species tested generated all signal types, but red flour beetles mostly wriggled, German cockroaches typically ran or crawled, and bed bugs mostly scraped.
Mankin envisions users placing the devices in traps or near infested structures and monitoring them remotely.
Read more about the research in the March 2011 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
When it comes to control of your horse, a suitable halter is a horseperson's best friend. But getting the halter onto your horse isn't always easy. Some horses don't like to be haltered. Others may not mind their halter, but just might be feeling a bit unruly that day. With a little patience and attention to your horse's disposition, however, haltering your horse can be easy. Here's how:
Ten steps to halter your horse
Haltering your horse can be easy if you follow these simple steps. The same steps apply whether you have a
small mare, an average horse, or a large thoroughbred. The key is to remain calm.
- Ensure the halter is clean.
- Before you approach your horse, unbuckle the crown and attach the lead.
- Stand on your horse's left. Pass the end of the lead rope under his neck.
- Reach over your horse's neck and take the end of the lead rope.
- Form a light loop with the lead to help prevent your horse from escaping.
- Align the noseband with your horse's muzzle.
- Lift the halter into position and slide the noseband around the muzzle.
- Place the crown strap over your horse's head, directly behind the ears.
- Fasten the crown strap buckle.
- Release the rope end to undo the loop around your horse's neck.
Haltering your foal
With the youngest of horses, begin haltering him as soon after birth as you are able. This allows the foal to get used to both the haltering process and the feel of the halter. To better familiarize him to his halter, remove and replace the halter frequently, such as before
grooming or clipping his coat.
Ensure the perfect halter fit
For any sized horse, ensure the halter is neither too tight or too loose. The best fitting halters allow you to slip two fingers between your horse and the noseband. The noseband should also rest approximately two fingers below your horse's cheekbones.


text:
A consistent CSG model is one which is made up of solid objects with no dangling surfaces. In rayshade, it is quite easy to construct inconsistent models, which will usually appear incorrect in the final images. In rayshade, CSG is implemented by maintaining the tree structure of the CSG operations. This tree is traversed, and the operators therein applied, on a per-ray basis. It is therefore difficult to verify the consistency of the model ''on the fly.''
One class of CSG problems occur when surfaces of objects being operated upon coincide. For example, when subtracting a box from another box to make a square cup, the result will be wrong if the tops of the two boxes coincide. To correct this, the inner box should be made slightly taller than the outer box. A related problem that must be avoided occurs when two coincident surfaces are assigned different surface properties.
It may seem that the union operator is unnecessary, since listing two objects together in an aggregate results in an image that appears to be the same. While the result of such a short-cut may appear the same on the exterior, the interior of the resulting object will contain extraneous surfaces. The following example show this quite clearly.
difference box -2 0 -3 2 3 3 union /* change to list; note bad internal surfaces */ sphere 2 1 0 0 sphere 2 -1 0 0 end end rotate 1 0 0 -40 rotate 0 0 1 50
The visual evidence of an inconsistent CSG object varies depending upon the operator being used. When subtracting a consistent object from and inconsistent one, the resulting object will appear to be the union of the two objects, but the shading will be incorrect. It will appear to be inside-out in places, while correct in other places. The inside-out sections indicate the areas where the problems occur. Such problems are often caused by polygons with incorrectly specified normals, or by surfaces that exactly coincide (which appear as partial ''Swiss cheese'' objects).
The following example illustrates an attempt to subtract a sphere from a pyramid defined using an incorrectly facing triangle. Note that the resulting image obviously points to which triangle is reversed.
name pyramid list triangle 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 triangle 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 triangle 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 triangle 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 /* wrong order */ end difference object pyramid scale 3 3 3 rotate 0 0 1 45 rotate 1 0 0 -30 translate 0 -3.5 0 sphere 2.4 0 0 0 end
By default, cylinders and cones do not have end caps, and thus are not consistent primitives. One must usually add endcaps by listing the cylinder or cone with (correctly-oriented) endcap discs in an aggregate.


A Morse Code typo lights city skyline
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An evening view of the city's Downtown skyline offers more than just a beautiful blend of old and new architecture towering over glistening moonlit rivers.
If you look high atop the 33-story Grant Building, you see the red neon lights flashing, in International Morse Code, a one-word message:
Wait, that's not right, said Tom Stepleton, as he decoded the message while waiting to see the city's Fourth of July fireworks show with friends at the Brew House on the South Side.
"I was looking at it, and I saw the letter 'K,' which is [dash-dot-dash]," Mr. Stepleton said. "I remembered 'K' because my sister's name starts with 'K.' And I knew that wasn't supposed to be there."
Mr. Stepleton, 29, of Squirrel Hill, a graduate student pursuing a degree in computer sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, knew from past viewing that the code should spell "Pittsburgh." He learned Morse code as a teenager, when he became a ham radio operator.
Of course, it's not like it's a secret. The flashing beacon atop the Grant Building has been famous for spelling out "Pittsburgh" since they flipped the switch during a dedication in March 1929.
The Grant Building, located on Grant Street between Third and Fourth avenues, was designed by architect Henry Hornbostel and stood as the tallest building between New York and Cleveland when it was built in 1928. Pittsburgh's first skyscraper, it cost $8.5 million to build.
The radio tower erected atop the 500-foot structure served KDKA Radio, which then was housed in the Grant Building.
But skyscrapers weren't the only thing new at the time. Commercial air travel was still a novelty and regular air mail service was just a year-old experiment. Newspapers at the time said it was decided that the tower should have an aerial beacon flashing on it "to comply with the recent request of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, so that aviators might recognize the city."
Red neon was chosen because it was the color best visible through fog.
It was reported that W.J. Strassburger, president of the Grant Building Inc. and its principal backer, suggested that since the tower beacon had to flash, it might as well flash something worthwhile.
The word "Pittsburgh," transmitted via 3.25 million candlepower, could be seen by pilots from 75 to 125 miles away, depending upon conditions, and was registered with the Bureau of Lighthouses in the Division of Aeronautics.
Through the decades, the tower was replaced by a smaller version, but the word "Pittsburgh" has been flashing pretty steadily from dusk to dawn.
The letters, as any sailor could tell you, are "dot-dash-dash-dot, dot-dot, dash, dash, dot-dot-dot, dash-dot-dot-dot, dot-dot-dash, dot-dash-dot, dash-dash-dot, and dot-dot-dot-dot." Following the four flashing dots for the letter "H," there is a short pause, and then the series repeats.
Until recently, that is.
Representatives of McKnight Property Management, the building's current owners, could not say how long the code has been off or how and when the lights might be reset. But the company is aware of the flawed flashes.
Mr. Stepleton, a recreational pilot, spelled out where the errors are. First, there is a stray flash -- which could be construed as a dot representing the letter "E" -- between the two dashes that represent the two "Ts" in Pittsburgh.
Then there is a dash that should be a dot at the start of the seventh letter, turning what ought to be a "U" into a "K."
Finally, there is a dot that should be a dash at the start of the ninth letter, changing the "G" into another "R."
Mr. Stepleton thought the brilliant typo interesting enough to record and upload onto Youtube.com. Then, believing that someone might want to correct it, he contacted the Post-Gazette.
Apparently, he knows how seriously the newspaper takes misspelled words.
Create a free PG account.
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Scientists Develop Micro Microscope: Fits on a Chip, Costs $10
There's been a bit of a rush of pocket/USB digital microscopes recently, but none can hold a candle to this development from the clever chaps at Caltech. They've done a neat bit of thinking and redesigned how microscopes work: their new optofluidic microscope combines microfluidics and standard chip design, and floats samples over a pinhole-camera-like detector.
As the sample moves through a metallic microfluidic channel, either by gravity or drawn by an electric field, it passes over a line of sub-micron diameter pinholes, blocking or transmitting light (sunlight works fine). The dynamic light level is then detected by a standard CCD device behind the holes. So it's lens-free, working more like a micro-sized scanner device, and yet it has comparable image quality to a top-rate glass-lensed traditional microscope.
And it's about the size of a quarter in its entirety: making it small enough to fit into a mobile-phone-sized device, with an LCD screen. It's cheap—around $10—and easy to make, and would be perfect for developing countries for easy detection of malaria in blood and such. [Physorg]


Akai MPC Renaissance - Sampling With an External Sound Module
Have a synth or external sound module you would like to sample? With the MPC Renaissance/MPC Software it has never been easier. You can even quantize the sample with legendary MPC swing! The following article will show you how to record a MIDI track, send the MIDI to an external sound module, and record the sound module's audio as a sample.
 1. Connecting the Hardware
 2. Setting Up MPC Software Preferences
 3. MIDI Track Configuration
 4. Recording the MIDI Track as Audio
 5. Additional Resources
 6. Further Technical Support
Connecting the Hardware
 1. What you will need:
 - An External Sound Module with a MIDI input (synth, drum machine, etc.)
 - 1- 5 Pin MIDI Cable
 - 2- 1/4in Instrument Cables
 NOTE: When using line outputs from the external device, make sure Input 1 + 2 are set to LINE and not MIC on the back panel of the Renaissance.
Setting Up MPC Software Preferences
 1. In the MPC application, go to your Preferences window:
 - On Windows, choose Edit > Preferences.
 - On a Mac, choose MPC > Preferences.
 2. Select the MIDI tab and for MIDI Out Port A choose MPC Renaissance MPC Port 1 (or whatever Renaissance port you are connected to) from the drop down menu. This will activate the port for MIDI routing.
 3. By default, the Renaissance should be your input device with Input 1 + 2 selected as the Active Input Channels. Make sure you are configured like the image below or you will not be able to hear the external sound module's audio.
MIDI Track Configuration
 1. You are now ready to route a MIDI track externally. Choose a blank track (or existing MIDI performance) and with the INSTRUMENT drop down choose MIDI.
 2. You will see that MPC Renaissance MPC Port 1 shows up as your default MIDI output due to the selection made previously in the MIDI preference menu. This indicates that your track is sending MIDI to the MPC Software sequencer and then out of Port 1 on your hardware.
 akai mpc ren sound module 51
 3. The external sound module or synth can now receive MIDI note messages when you press a pad on your Renaissance. To hear the audio from the external sound module, press (Shift+Sample Edit) on the hardware or use the software's Sample Record tab to enter Sample Record mode. Choosing Input Monitor will allow you to hear your sound source through hardware Input 1 + 2 without actively recording the signal. The Input source will need to be set to external when using the Renaissance hardware inputs to sample.
 4. Now you can record MIDI into the sequencer while hearing the external sound source. If you leave the PROGRAM drop down on Off, the pads will trigger the current patch selected on your synth or external sound module.
 5. If needed, you can set a specific MIDI channel for the track. Also, if your hardware support program changes, you will be able to change the hardware's patch right from the MPC Software.
Recording the MIDI Track as Audio
 1. Once you have a sequence that is arranged and quantized to your liking, it is now time to create an audio sample of the performance. If you want to record the sample in stereo, make sure L + R is selected under RECORD ARM . If you want the sample to be mono, choose L (input 1). If more gain from the external source is needed, use the REC GAIN knob on the Renaissance to increase the input level.
 2. Make sure the sequencer is cued so that the first bar will play the beginning of your performance. Setting the THRESH (threshold) level will allow the sample to start recording when the audio passes a certain point. This will allow the sample to trigger immediately when assigning it to a pad. Increasing/decreasing the REC GAIN knob on the Renaissance will affect the THESH response.
 NOTE: If you set the threshold too high, the MPC software may not start the recording when you play the input source, or the start of the material you wanted to record may be missing. If you set the threshold too low, the MPC software may start the recording before you play the external source. Set this parameter to an appropriate level using the level meter.
 3. Select REC under SAMPLE and press play on the transport when you are ready to record the external source as a sample. When you have captured the desired performance, press STOP under SAMPLE. Keep in mind while capturing a sample the MPC Software will only record continuously for around 20 seconds unless you increae the time value with the hardware's jog wheel before starting.
 MPC Hardware MPC Software
 4. After recording is complete, the MPC Software will ask you if you want to keep the sample you have created. If you would like to reset your threshold and recapture the sample, choose retry. You will be able to edit the sample later, so don't worry about it being perfect. This menu will let you name the sample and assign it to a pad. If you don't assign the sample to a pad it will show up in your sample list when selecting keep.
 5. Now your performance is ready to use as a sample and is listed in your sample list (to the right). You can assign the performance to a pad a play it into your song as desired, or you can select the sample and use the CHOP feature to divide the performance into multiple phrases. Since the sample was recorded at the tempo of your sequence, you never have to worry about timing as long as the sample starts immediately when pressing a pad. To edit when the sample starts, use Q-Link 1, 5, 9, and 13. Enjoy!
Additional Resources
AKAI Technical Support and Warranty Service


text:
The relationship between stem-form, stand-closure and site -conditions : the influence of environmental conditions on tree allometry and forest structure in west-central Alberta
Jaques, Kathleen E.
MetadataShow full item record
Changes in the configuration of a tree stern result insignificant differences in its total volume and in the proportion of that volume that is merchantable timber. Tree allometry, as represented by stem-fo~, is the result of the vertical force of gravity and the horizontal force of wind. The effect of wind force is demonstrated in the relationship between stem-form, standclosure and site-conditions. An increase in wind force on the individual tree due to a decrease in stand density should produce a more tapered tree. The density of the stand is determined by the conditions that the trees are growing under. The ability of the tree to respond to increased wind force may also be a function of these conditions. This stem-form/stand-closure/site-conditions relationship was examined using a pre-existing database from westcentral Alberta. This database consisted of environmental, vegetation, soils and timber data covering a wide range of sites. There were 653 sample trees with 82 variables that formed the basis of the analysis. There were eight tree species consisting of Pinus contorta, Picea mariana, Picea engelmannii x glauca, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix laricina, Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera and Populus balsamifera plus a comprehensive all-species data set. As the actual conformation of the stern is very individual, stem-fo~was represented by the diameter at breast height to total height r~tio. The four stand-closure variables, crown closure, total basal area, total volume and total number of stems were reduced to total basal area and total number of stems utilizing a bivariate correlation matrix by species. Site-conditions were subdivided into macro, meso and micro variables and reduced in number 3 using cross-tabulations, bivariate correlation and principal components analysis as screening tools. The stem-fo~/stand-closure relationship was examined using bivariate correlation coefficients for stem-fo~ with total number of stems and stem-fo~ with total basal area. The stem-fo~/site-conditions and the stand-closure/siteconditions relationships were examined using multiple correlation coefficients. The stem-form/stand-closure/site-conditions relationship was examined using multiple correlation coefficients in separate analyses for both total number of stems and total basal area. An increase in stand-closure produced a decrease in stem-form for both total number of stems and total basal area for most species. There was a significant relationship between stem-form and site-conditions and between stand-closure and site-conditions for both total number of stems and total basal area for most species. There was a significant relationship between the stemform and site-conditions, including the stand-closure, for most species; total number of stems was involved independently of the site-conditions in the prediction of stem-form and total basal area was not. Larix laricina and Betula papyrifera were the exceptions to the trends observed with most species. The influence of both stand-closure (total number of stems in particular) and site-conditions (elevation in particular) suggest that forest management practices should include theseecological parameters in determining appropriate restocking levels.


From Encyclopedia of Mathematics
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A set $V$ of vertices and a set $E$ of unordered and ordered pairs of vertices; denoted by $G(V,E)$. An unordered pair of vertices is said to be an edge, while an ordered pair is said to be an arc. A graph containing edges alone is said to be non-oriented or undirected; a graph containing arcs alone is said to be oriented or directed. A pair of vertices can be connected by two or more edges (arcs of the same direction) and such edges (arcs) are then said to be multiple. An arc (or edge) can begin and end at the same vertex, in which case it is known as a loop. (A "graph" is sometimes understood to be a graph without loops or multiple edges; in such a case a graph with multiple edges is said to be a multi-graph, whereas one containing both multiple edges and loops is said to be a pseudo-graph.)
Vertices connected by an edge or a loop are said to be adjacent. Edges with a common vertex are also called adjacent. An edge (arc) and any one of its two vertices are said to be incident. One says that an edge $\{u,v\}$ connects two vertices $u$ and $v$, while an arc $(u,v)$ begins at the vertex $u$ and ends at the vertex $v$. Each graph can be represented in Euclidean space by a set of points, corresponding to the vertices, which are connected by lines, corresponding to the edges (or the arcs) of the graph. In three-dimensional space any graph can be represented in such a way that the lines corresponding to edges (arcs) do not intersect at interior points.
There are various ways of specifying a graph. Let $u_1,\dots,u_n$ be the vertices of a graph $G(V,E)$ and let $e_1,\dots,e_m$ be its edges. The adjacency matrix corresponding to $G$ is the matrix $A=(a_{i,j})$ in which the element $a_{i,j}$ equals the number of edges (arcs) which join the vertices $u_i$ and $u_j$ (go from $u_i$ to $u_j$) and $a_{i,j}=0$ if the corresponding vertices are not adjacent. In the incidence matrix $B=(b_{i,j})$ of $G$ the element $b_{i,j}=1$ if the vertex $u_i$ is incident to the edge $e_j$, and $b_{i,j}=0$ if the vertex $u_i$ and the edge $e_j$ are not incident. A graph can be specified by lists, for example, by specifying pairs of vertices connected by edges (arcs) or by specifying the set of vertices adjacent to each vertex. Two graphs $G(V,E)$ and $H(W,I)$ are called isomorphic if there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sets of vertices $V,W$ and the sets of edges $E,I$ which preserves the incidence relationship (see also Graph isomorphism).
A subgraph $G'(V',E')$ of a graph $G(V,E)$ is defined as a graph with set of vertices $V'\subseteq V$ and set of edges (arcs) $E'\subseteq E$, each one of which is incident with vertices from $V'$ only. A subgraph $G'(V',E')$ is said to be generated or induced by the subset $V'\subseteq V$ if it is a graph with set of vertices $V'$ and ordered set of edges (arcs) $E'$, $E'$ consists of by all edges of $G$ which connect vertices of $V'$. A skeleton subgraph or spanning subgraph $G'(V,E')$ contains all vertices of $G$ and some subset of its edges (arcs) $E'\subseteq E$. A sequence of edges $(u_0,u_1),\dots,(u_{r-1},u_r)$ is called an edge progression or walk connecting the vertices $u_0$ and $u_r$. An edge progression is called a chain or trail if all its edges are different and a simple chain or path if all its vertices are different. A closed (simple) chain is also called a (simple) cycle. A graph is said to be connected if any pair of its vertices is connected by an edge progression. A maximal connected subgraph of a graph $G$ is said to be a connected component. A disconnected graph has at least two connected components (see also Graph, connectivity of a).
The length of an edge progression (chain, simple chain) is equal to the number of edges in the order in which they are traversed. The length of the shortest simple chain connecting two vertices $u_i$ and $u_j$ in a graph $G$ is said to be the distance $d(u_i,u_j)$ between $u_i$ and $u_j$. In a connected undirected graph the distance satisfies the axioms of a metric. The quantity $\min_{u_i} \max_{u_j} d(u_i,u_j)$ is called the diameter, while a vertex $u_0$ for which $\max_{u_j} d(u_i,u_j)$ assumes its minimum value is called a centre of $G$. A graph can contain more than one centre or no centre at all.
The degree of a vertex $u_i$ of a graph $G$, denoted by $d_i$, is the number of edges incident with that vertex. If a (loop-free) graph $G$ has $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, then $\sum_{i=1}^n d_i = 2m$. A vertex $u_i$ is said to be isolated if $d_i=0$ and terminal or pendant if $d_i=1$. A graph all vertices of which have the same degree (equal to $k$) is said to be regular of degree $k$. A complete graph has no loops and each pair of vertices is connected by exactly one edge. Let a graph $G(V,E)$ be free from loops or multiple edges; then the complementary graph to $G$ is the graph $\bar{G}(V,E)$ in which $\bar{V}=V$ and vertices are adjacent in $\bar{G}$ only if they are not adjacent in $G$. A graph which is complementary to a complete graph consists of isolated vertices and is known as empty. Many characteristics of a graph $G$ and of its complement $\bar{G}$ are related. In a directed graph $G$ one defines, for each vertex $u_i$, the output (or out) and the input (or in) (semi-) degree as the number of arcs issuing from and entering this vertex, respectively. A complete directed graph is known as a tournament. To each graph $G$ can be assigned a number of graphs which are derived from of $G$. Thus, the edge graph $L(G)$ of $G$ is the graph whose vertices correspond to the edges of $G$ and two vertices are adjacent in $L(G)$ if and only if the corresponding edges of $G$ are adjacent. In the total graph $T(G)$ of $G$ the vertices correspond to the elements of $G$, i.e. to vertices and edges, and two vertices in $T(G)$ are adjacent if and only if the corresponding elements in $G$ are adjacent or incident. Many properties of $G$ carry over to $L(G)$ and $T(G)$. Many generalizations of the concept of a "graph" are known, including that of a hypergraph and of a network graph.
With the aid of suitable operations it is possible to construct a graph from simpler graphs, to pass from a graph to simpler ones, to subdivide a graph into simpler ones, to pass from one graph to another in a given class of graphs, etc. The most common one-place operations include the removal of an edge (the vertices of the edge are preserved), the addition of an edge between two vertices of a graph, the removal of a vertex together with its incident edges (the graph obtained by removal of a vertex $v$ from a graph $G$ is often denoted by $G-v$), the addition of a vertex (which may be connected by edges with certain vertices of the graph), the contraction of an edge — identification of a pair of adjacent vertices, i.e. removal of a pair of adjacent vertices and addition of a new vertex which is adjacent to those vertices of the graph which were adjacent to at least one of the vertices which have been removed, and subdivision of an edge — removal of an edge and addition of a new vertex which is joined by an edge to each vertex of the edge which has been removed.
Two-place operations over a graph are employed in a number of problems in graph theory. Let $G_1(V_1,E_1)$ and $G_2(V_2,E_2)$ be graphs such that $V_1 \cap V_2 = \emptyset$ and $E_1 \cap E_2 = \emptyset$. The union of $G_1$ and $G_2$ is the graph $G = G_1 \cup G_2$ with set of vertices $V = V_1 \cup V_2$ and set of edges $E = E_1 \cup E_2$. The product of $G_1$ and $G_2$ is the graph $G = G_1 \times G_2$ whose set of


text:
your Moto E? Don't worry, you're not alone. Wi-Fi connectivity issues can be quite frustrating, but they are also common and can be easily resolved. Here are some simple troubleshooting steps to help you get your Wi-Fi connection back up and running.
Restart router and phone
One of the simplest solutions to Wi-Fi connectivity issues is to restart both your router and your Moto E. Sometimes, the router may encounter temporary glitches that can affect the connection. By restarting both devices, you can refresh the connection and resolve any underlying issues.
Forget and reconnect to Wi-Fi network
If restarting your router and phone doesn't work, try forgetting the Wi-Fi network on your Moto E and then reconnecting to it. This can help resolve any authentication or password-related issues. To forget the network, go to the Wi-Fi settings on your device, find the network name, and tap on it. Then, select the option to forget the network. Afterward, reconnect to the network by entering the password.
Update Wi-Fi driver
Outdated Wi-Fi drivers can also cause connectivity problems. To fix this, make sure your Moto E is running on the latest software update. Software updates often include bug fixes and improvements that can address Wi-Fi issues. Go to the settings menu on your device, select "System," and then tap on "Advanced." From there, choose "System updates" and check for any available updates.
Reset network settings
If all else fails, you can try resetting the network settings on your Moto E. This will restore all network settings to their default configurations, which can help eliminate any conflicting settings that may be causing the Wi-Fi connectivity issues. To reset the network settings, go to the settings menu, select "System," then tap on "Advanced," and choose "Reset options." From there, select "Reset Wi-Fi, mobile, & Bluetooth" and confirm the action.
By following these troubleshooting steps, you can overcome Wi-Fi connectivity issues on your Moto E. However, if the problem persists, it may be a good idea to reach out to the Moto support for further assistance. Remember, a stable and reliable Wi-Fi connection is essential for an enjoyable online experience, so don't hesitate to tackle any connectivity issues that may arise.
After exploring the common problems with the Moto E and their respective solutions, it is evident that this smartphone, although reliable and affordable, is not without its challenges. However, armed with the knowledge and troubleshooting tips provided in this article, users can overcome these issues and enjoy a seamless mobile experience.
Whether it's dealing with battery drain, connectivity problems, or software glitches, Moto E users now have a comprehensive guide to refer to whenever they encounter a hurdle. By following the solutions outlined here, they can save time, frustration, and potentially avoid unnecessary visits to service centers.
While the Moto E may not be perfect, it still offers excellent value for its price range and delivers reliable performance. With the solutions at hand, users can fully enjoy the features and functionalities that this device has to offer without being hindered by common problems.
So, go ahead and make the most of your Moto E, knowing that you are equipped with the knowledge to tackle any issues that may arise. Stay connected, capture memories, and enjoy the convenience of your mobile phone hassle-free!
Q: My Moto E is not turning on, what should I do?
A: If your Moto E is not turning on, start by ensuring that the battery is not drained. Connect your phone to a charger and wait for a few minutes. If it still doesn't turn on, try performing a hard reset by holding down the power button and volume down button simultaneously for about 10-15 seconds. If the issue persists, it might be a hardware problem, and you should contact customer support or visit an authorized service center.
Q: Why is my Moto E's battery draining so quickly?
A: There are several reasons why your Moto E's battery might be draining quickly. First, check your battery usage in the settings and see if any particular app is consuming too much power. If you find any such app, try closing it or uninstalling it. Additionally, adjust your screen brightness and disable unnecessary features like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and location services when not in use. Background app refresh, push email, and notifications can also drain the battery quickly, so consider reviewing and managing these settings.
Q: How can I improve the performance of my Moto E?
A: To improve the performance of your Moto E, start by clearing the cache of individual apps or perform a cache partition wipe through the recovery mode. You can also try uninstalling unnecessary apps that might be running in the background and consuming system resources. Additionally, keep your phone's software up to date by installing any available system updates. Consider disabling or reducing animations, live wallpapers, and other visual effects to free up CPU power. Finally, if the performance issue persists, a factory reset might be necessary to start fresh.
Q: I accidentally deleted some important data on my Moto E, can I recover it?
A: If you have accidentally deleted important data on your Moto E, you can try using third-party data recovery software. Connect your phone to a computer via USB and use a reliable data recovery tool to scan your device's storage for any recoverable files. Keep in mind that the success of data recovery depends on various factors like the duration since deletion and whether the space previously occupied by the deleted files has been overwritten. Hence, it's important to act quickly and avoid using your phone extensively until the recovery process is complete.
Q: How do I troubleshoot sound-related issues on my Moto E?
A: If you are experiencing sound-related issues on your Moto E, start by checking the volume level and ensuring that the phone is not on silent or in vibration mode. If the sound issue persists, try restarting your phone or removing and reinserting the SIM card. Make sure that the media or call volume is not turned down or muted in the sound settings. If the problem still persists, it could be a hardware issue, such as a faulty speaker or audio jack. In such cases, it's advisable to contact customer support or visit an authorized service center for assistance.


Per capita income
Per capita income
Per capita income, also known as income per person, is the mean income of the people in an economic unit such as a country or city. It is calculated by taking a measure of all sources of income in the aggregate (such as GDP or Gross national income) and dividing it by the total population.
Per capita income as a measure of prosperity
Per capita income: total resources/total population.
Per capita income is often used as average income, a measure of the wealth of the population of a nation, particularly in comparison to other nations. Per capita income is often used to measure a country's standard of living. It is usually expressed in terms of a commonly used international currency such as the Euro or United States dollar, and is useful because it is widely known, easily calculated from readily-available GDP and population estimates, and produces a useful statistic for comparison of wealth between sovereign territories. This helps the country to know their development status.
Critics claim that per capita income has several weaknesses as an accurate measurement of prosperity:
 - Comparisons of per capita income over time need to take into account changes in prices. Without using measures of income adjusted for inflation, they will tend to overstate the effects of economic growth.
 - International comparisons can be distorted by the differences in the costs of living with each country that are not reflected in exchange rates. Where the objective of the comparison is to look at differences in living standards between countries, using a measure of per capita income adjusted for differences in purchasing power parity more accurately reflects the differences in what people are actually able to buy with their money.
 - As it is a mean value, it does not reflect income distribution. If the distribution of income within a country is skewed, a small wealthy class can increase per capita income far above that of the majority of the population. In this respect Median income is a more useful measure of prosperity than per capita income, because it is less influenced by the outliers.
 - Economic activity that does not result in monetary income, such as services provided within the family, or for barter, is usually not counted. The importance of these services varies widely among different economies.
 - Per capita income does not take into account how income is deployed; whether it is invested in factors likely to improved the development of a country or nation such as medical facilities, educational facilities, transport infrastructure etc.
See also


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Of or relating to a style of baroque architecture of Spain and its Latin-American colonies, characterized by elaborate and extravagant decoration.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Noting an elaborate phase of the baroque style in architecture which originated in Spain in the seventeenth century. The style was transplanted to Mexico, where it became typical. See cut in middle column.
- adj. Relating to a Spanish baroque architectural style that started in the late 17th century to the early 18th century; characterized by flamboyant ornamentation
- adj. having elaborate symmetrical ornamentation
- Named for José Benito Churriguera (_PHONE_), a Spanish architect and sculptor (Wiktionary)
- Spanish churrigueresco, after José Benito Churriguera (_PHONE_), Spanish architect. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"The Cathedral on the Plaza de Armas in downtown Durango is built in a high Baroque style known as Churrigueresque."
The Cathedral on the Plaza de Armas in downtown Durango is built in a high Baroque style known as Churrigueresque. This style came about at the end of the Spanish Renaissance. © Jeffrey R. Bacon, 2009
"Elaborate and extravagant decoration and intricate details — especially in surface ornamentation — characterize Churrigueresque architecture."
"The cathedral represents one of the most important examples of extreme Churrigueresque architectural style in northern Mexico."
"One may observe the Churrigueresque style in the front and side entrances of the cathedral."
"It is an exquisite example of Churrigueresque architecture."
"Construction on the Churrigueresque style church was begun in 1695."
"He brought the ultra-Baroque style of architecture known as Churrigueresque to Mexico, and one of its notable features is the estipite which has been used throughout the country."
"The facade, depicting Christ and the 12 apostles, is one of the finest examples of Churrigueresque architecture in Mexico."
"The church of Santo Domingo, built as a Jesuit church (1746-9) but turned over to the Dominicans when the Jesuits were expelled in 1767, has a particularly interesting interior with 8 Churrigueresque gilded wooden "retablos" or altarpieces, with fine sculptures and paintings."
"You can see it everywhere in Zacatecas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site - in the elaborate wrought iron filigree baloneys, the Churrigueresque style façade of the ultra elaborate pink cantera stone Cathedral with its two peak towers and in the Plaza de Armas, just across the street, a private residence built in 1727 that is now a public building."
These user-created lists contain the word 'Churrigueresque'.
A roster of adjectives that infrequently surface in typical conversation and writing. Many are dredged from scientific or other technical jargon or sieved from examples of disused archaic forms.
Looking for tweets for Churrigueresque.


text:
- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Vivacious \Vi*va"cious\ (?; 277), a. [L. v['i]vax, -acis, fr. vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Having vigorous powers of life; tenacious of life; long-lived. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Hitherto the English bishops have been vivacious almost to wonder.... But five died for the first twenty years of her [Queen Elizabeth's] reign. --Fuller. [1913 Webster] The faith of Christianity is far more vivacious than any mere ravishment of the imagination can ever be. --I. Taylor. [1913 Webster] 2. Sprightly in temper or conduct; lively; merry; as, a vivacious poet. "Vivacious nonsense." --V. Knox. [1913 Webster] 3. (Bot.) Living through the winter, or from year to year; perennial. [R.] [1913 Webster] Syn: Sprightly; active; animated; sportive; gay; merry; jocund; light-hearted. [1913 Webster] -- Vi*va"cious*ly, adv. -- Vi*va"cious*ness, n. [1913 Webster]


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The higher one's Speed, the faster one moves and the more attacks one can make in a given period of time. Logic asserts also that one's Speed is necessarily reduced by the weight one carries, and that attack speed must also be affected by the Speed Factor of one's chosen weapon. Speed is normally equal to Dexterity, or Dexterity plus five if the character's Dexterity is 20 or greater, but a few items change it independent of Dexterity. It can never be lower than 1.
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Constructing a filter in Urchin requires careful attention to detail. This is important for both performance reasons and to ensure that the filter behaves in a predictable manner. Urchin uses POSIX regular expression for specifying filter patterns, which are quite robust but can also be rather complex. Specifying a regular expression filter pattern incorrectly may not only generate the wrong results, but may significantly increase Urchin log processing times; perhaps as much as an order of magnitude.
Tips for Filtering
The general rule of thumb with filters is "the simpler, the better". Each filter you add increases processing time. Complex filtering patterns also increase processing time.
 1. Use as simple a pattern as possible that matches only what you are trying to filter. For instance, if you want to filter out "googlebot" in the Browsers, just put "googlebot" as the filter pattern, not ".*googlebot.*".
 2. Whenever possible, use a single filter with multiple patterns instead of multiple separate filters. As an example, if you want to filter out PDF files, Flash files, and MPEGs from your Top Pages reports, use a filter pattern of "\.pdf|\.swf|\.mpeg" instead of creating a separate filter for each.
 3. Remember to escape regular expression metacharacters (see below) by preceding them with a backslash if you are using those specific characters are part in your pattern. For example, the dot "." character is a regular expression metacharacter. Therefore, if you want to filter out an IP address you need to specify the filter pattern as "127\.0\.0\.1" instead of "".
Getting Started
Before you begin, you may want to have a copy of your web log file accessible so you can determine exactly how to construct the filter. Why is this important? During report processing, when Urchin invokes the filter you've added, it will attempt to make an exact match between your filter pattern and content found in the log file. So, knowing exactly how the content is displayed in the log file is essential when building the filter.
If you do not have direct access to the log file, you may be able to gather similar information by reviewing content in the report without any filter added. For example, the Pages and Referrals reports often contain enough detailed information to build filters from. However, some information is still not available such as query strings resulting from dynamically generated web pages. That information is available only from the log file.
NOTE: Once the filter is applied, it will only affect the reports processed "after" it is added. Any existing data will not be affected by the filter. Applying a filter to existing reports requires clearing that data and reprocessing the log files.
There are 3 primary components to an Urchin filter.
 1. Filter Type: This determines whether Urchin is to include or exclude specific data from the report, and in some cases (Dynamic URL) how the information will be displayed in the report. If you select "Include Pattern" Urchin will ONLY include log file entries that contain the pattern or patterns you tell it to include in the report.
 2. Filter Field: Determines which field in the log file Urchin should apply the filter to. If you are unsure which field to select, review section below titled "Filter Field Definitions by Log Format Type."
 3. Filter Pattern: Contains the string of characters Urchin will try and match from the log file during processing. Filter patterns applied to the URI-Stem(W3C) or Request(NCSA) field should be written exactly as they appear in the log file. Or, you may truncate the pattern in some cases. All other patterns are subject to POSIX regular expression rules. That means that certain characters will be interpreted differently than they appear. For example a dot "." means "match any single character." A full list of these expressions can be found at the bottom of this article.
Filter Field Definitions by Log Format Type:
NCSA Extended Combined Format (Apache)
Urchin Report ViewUrchin Filter Field
Visitors/Sessions Remote Host
Pages Request(NCSA)
Tracking/Usernames Username
Referrals Referrer
Domains Remote Host
Browsers User-Agent
Windows W3C Format
Urchin Report ViewUrchin Filter Field
Visitors/Sessions IP Address
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Tracking/Usernames Username
Referrals Referrer
Domains IP Address
Browsers User-Agent
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Filtering OUT personal IP address from Windows W3C log files
Filter Type: Exclude Pattern
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Filter Pattern: 63\.212\.171\.5
Filtering OUT robots from NCSA or W3C log files
Filter Type: Exclude Pattern
Filter Field: User-Agent
Filter Pattern: bot|Bot|BOT|Robot|robot|Crawl|crawl
Filtering IN content from support directory from NCSA logs
Filter Type: Include Pattern
Filter Field: Request (NCSA)
Filter Pattern: /support/
POSIX Regular Expression list:
Character Meaning
. Match any single character
* Match zero or more of the previous item
+ Match one of more of the previous item
? Match zero or one of the previous item
( ) Remember contents of parenthesis as item
[ ] Match one item in this list
- Create a range in a list
| Or
^ Match to the beginning of the line
$ Match to the end of the line
\ Escapes any of the above (when preceding wild card)


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In normal line integration, from what I understand, you are measuring the area underneath $f(x,y)$ along a curve in the $x\text{-}y$ plane from point $a$ to point $b$.
But what is being measured with complex line integration, when you go from a point $z_1$ to a point $z_2$ in the complex plane?
With regular line integration I can see $f(x,y)$ maps $(x,y)$ to a point on the $z$ axis directly above above/below $(x,y)$.
But in the complex case, when you map from the domain $Z$ to the image $W$, you are mapping from $\mathbb{R^2}$ to $\mathbb{R^2}$ is not mapping a point to 'directly above/below' I don't have any intuition of what is happening with complex line integration.
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It is not just that the function is not mapped "above" or "below", that actually doesn't change the intuition much (you can treat the real and imaginary parts separately if that were the only difference). The main difference is that the line elements $ds$ and $dz$ for the two integrations are very different. – Willie Wong Feb 17 '12 at 14:26
Instead of comparing with the scalar line integral, a much closer relative of the complex line integral is line integrals for vector fields. – Willie Wong Feb 17 '12 at 14:28
3 Answers 3
Forget about areas for the moment.
Consider the following situation: At the begin you are at the origin of the $x$-axis and have to compress a spring which is attached far away to the right. Assume that when the left end of the spring is at a given $x\geq0$ then it presses back with force $f(x)$. If the force were a constant $F$ then the work $W$ done when pushing a cart from $x_0$ to $x_1$ along the $x$-axis would be $W=F\cdot(x_1-x_0)$. But in our case the force is variable. When you compress the spring by pushing a cart to the right, and after some time you are at the point $a>0$ then the total amount $W$ of work done in this process is represented by $$W\doteq \sum_{k=1}^N f(\xi_k)\ (x_k-x_{k-1})\doteq \int_0^a f(x)\ dx\,$$ where $0=x_0 < x_1 < \ldots < x_N=a$ is a partition of the interval $[0,a]$, and $x_{k-1}\leq\xi_k\leq x_k$ $\ (1\leq k\leq N)$.
Analogously in the complex domain for the purpose of line integrals you should not consider the given $z\mapsto f(z)$ as a mapping of the $z$-plane to some other domain, but as a "complex scalar field" which defines at each point $z\in{\rm dom}(f)$ a certain "complex force" $f(z)$. For a constant such force $F\in{\mathbb C}$ the "complex work" done when pushing a cart from $z_0$ to $z_1$ along a straight line is given by $F\cdot(z_1-z_0)\in{\mathbb C}$, where $\cdot$ denotes the ordinary product in ${\mathbb C}$.
Assume now that you are given a curve $$\gamma:\quad t\mapsto z(t)\qquad(a\leq t\leq b)\.$$ Then the total "complex work" done when you push a cart along this curve would be represented by $$W\doteq \sum_{k=1}^N f\bigl(z(\tau_k)\bigr)\bigl(z(t_k)-z(t_{k-1})\bigr)\doteq \int_a^b f\bigl(z(t)\bigr) z'(t)\ dt =:\int_\gamma f(z)\ dz\.$$
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As far as I can see, all this answer does is explain the definition of complex integration, and attach the word "complex work" to it. Despite being kind of catchy, I do not see how this conveys any more intuition. How does it relate to "real work"? – Steven Gubkin Aug 31 '14 at 20:46
The most important calculation in all of complex analysis is the following:
$$ \int_C \frac{1}{z}dz = 2\pi i $$
Where $C$ is the unit circle centered at the origin. Let's see if we can understand this integral geometrically. Hopefully this will illuminate the general meaning of the complex integral as well.
Cut the unit circle up into a million tiny directed line segments (all pointed in the "positive" direction). Each one of these is a small change in $z$ along the curve: each one of these is a little "$dz$". The directed line segment from the origin to that point on the unit circle is $z$. For points on the unit circle, $\frac{1}{z} = \overline{z}$ is the reflection of $z$ in the real axis. Remember that complex numbers multiply by multiplying the moduli and summing the arguments. Since if the argument of $z$ is $\theta$, then the argument of $dz$ is $\frac{pi}{2}+\theta$ by geometry (radius is perpendicular to tangent of a circle), and the argument of $\frac{1}{z}$ is $-\theta$. So the argument of $\frac{1}{z}dz$ is $\frac{\pi}{2}$! Also since $|z|=1$, $|\frac{1}{z}dz|=|dz| = ds$, the length of the little line segment. Thus $\frac{1}{z}dz$ is a little line segment of length $ds$ pointing straight up, where $ds$ is the length of a little arc of the circle. In other words, $\frac{1}{z}dz = i ds$ Summing all of these around the unit circle we get $2\pi i$.
Hopefully this picture helps you to visualize all of this:
enter image description here
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Think of it as separately tallying the real and imaginary parts of the function. That is, the path integral
$$ S=\int_C f(z) dz $$ could be written as a sum $S=R+iI$ of the real and imaginary parts $$ R=\int_C \Re[f(z)] dz $$ and $$ I=\int_C \Im[f(z)] dz $$
This works for $n$-dimensional coordinate integration as well, where you are separately tallying each coordinate of the vector-valued function $f$, though by the time you get there you are well on your way to connections on manifolds and the cliffs of insanity.
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Ground Water Program
Sources of high quality ground water underlie virtually all
of Florida. Ninety percent of this state's population relies
on these ground water resources for their drinking water.
Additionally, over 50% of all other water needs including
agricultural, industry, mining, and electric power
generation are supplied by ground water resources. Ground
water also serves as the source for Florida's many springs
and provides a significant input to many of Florida's lakes
In DEP, responsibility for ground water is distributed
throughout the agency, but ground water quality on a
regional scale is addressed in two programs, the Aquifer
Protection and Ground Water Management Programs.
The Ground Water Management
Program is responsible for evaluating and addressing
ground water resources that adversely affect surface water
quality as part of Florida's Watershed Restoration Program.
These activities include conducting assessments of the
interaction of ground water with surface waters that are
impaired, identifying causes of these impairments and
helping to identify actions that can be taken to restore
them. Much of this work focuses on springs, which are among
the most treasured natural resources of the state. Other
responsibilities of this section are to coordinate with
other programs in the development of Florida's Integrated
Water Quality Assessment Report to EPA, manage spring
research and monitoring, provide oversight of agricultural
best management practice ground water monitoring studies,
and participate in evaluations of new pesticides that have
potential ground water impacts.
Ground Water Management activities include:
- Ground Water – Surface Water Interaction & Basin
- Springs Restoration
- Ground Water and Springs Data Management
- Agrichemical Effects – Pesticides & Best
Management Practices (BMPs)
The Aquifer Protection Program
is responsible for implementation and support of regulatory
programs affecting ground water. The Department of
Environmental Protection exercises regulatory authority over
ground water quality under Chapter 62-520, F.A.C. In Florida
the ground water standards are equivalent to the drinking
water standards. By definition, a violation of any ground
water standard or criterion constitutes pollution.
Regulatory programs within the Aquifer Protection
Underground Injection Control Program (UIC)
Regulation of Wells
Water Well Construction
Source Water and Wellhead Protection Programs
Ground Water Classes, Standards and Monitoring
Protection of ground water is integrated into many other
Department Programs, including Solid Waste, Phosphogypsum,
Industrial and Domestic Wastewater and Drinking Water. The
following list provides links to some of the most frequently
Where do I go if I need information about:
Ground Water Cleanup Target Levels?
Discharge of Produced Ground Water from any
Non-Contaminated Site Activity?
DEP Document 62-621.300(2), F.A.C.
For additional information on rule and permit
requirements, please contact the Industrial
Wastewater Program at _PHONE_. For specific
sites, please contact the
office covering the area where the proposed
discharge will occur.
What is this tag on my
Water Well Contractors?
My Household Water Well?
Wells that serve public water


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Published January 19, 2013
CCP has posted the changes to Black Ops that will be implemented in Retribution 1.1. Those changes are:
 - Increase the base jump range of all Black Ops ships to 3.5 light years (equal to that of Titans)
 - Reduce the mass multiplier used for Covert Jump Portal fuel costs from 0.00000018 to 0.000000135 (Reduces the fuel cost of covert bridges by 25%)
 - Increase the fuel bay on all Black Ops to 1250m3 (25% increase)
While these are just numbers, it's important to understand how major some of these changes are.
The Minor Changes
The increase in the fuel bay size equates directly into a 25% buff to fuel capacity, from 6,666 units of isotopes up to 8,333. Meanwhile, the mass multiplier is reduced by 25%. The effects of that are equally straightforward - fuel consumption scales with mass, so a smaller multiplier means less fuel per jump. However, it's not all good news - taking full advantage of the increased bridge range results in an overall higher fuel consumption. For example, take a Hound. With a mass of 1.42 million kilograms (including the added mass from the MWD), it currently costs 207 units of isotopes to bridge the ship to the maximum 4.5 light year range. A bridge to that same range after the changes only costs 155 units, but bridging to the new max range (7.875 light years) costs 271 isotopes. The net effect is actually a reduction in the total number of max-range bridges a Black Ops ship can make, though it's small; if the pilot wanted to strand his ship, he could bridge that Hound to max range 30 times after the patch, as compared to 32 times now.
The Major Change
Enough about the numbers. What does the range buff mean in real terms? For this example, I'm going to use the system Q-CAB in Tribute. The system is a regional gate to Venal, and the distance between the two regions is relatively low.
In the picture below you see the current Black Ops bridge range. Systems with the red squares and circles are within range of Q-CAB. Note how the Venal cannot be reached to the north, and large chunks of Vale of the Silent are inaccessible as well.
Now we're showing the current Titan range, and future Black Ops range. Many systems in Venal are now accessible, as are many more systems in Vale of the Silent.
The net effect is increased force projection for cloaking ships, including bomber gangs, which translates to more small gang opportunities. That's something I believe CCP wants. As the bomber FC for the CFC, I'm eagerly awaiting this change. While I'm sure some people want the ships themselves to be more capable in combat, to be able to warped cloaked, etc, I'll take this as a win.
Kcolor, primary bomber FC of the CFC. _USER_ Did I interest you in EVE? Did I interest you in LoL?
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A steel rose, also known as a metal rose, refers to a rose sculpture fabricated entirely out of metal. This is a fun metalworking project if you already know how to use the basic metalworking tools. It involves cutting and shaping a bunch of metal circles to make the petals and adding a 5-point metal star underneath it to make the sepal, which is the green leafy portion that rests under the discs. However, this is not a safe project to undertake if you do not have experience working with metal sheeting, a torch, and tin snips. Expect to spend 1-3 hours making your metal rose.
Part 1 of 4:
Cutting the PetalsDownload Article
 1. 1
 Pick up a 24 by 36 in (61 by 91 cm) metal sheet that's 0.5 mm thick. You can use steel to make your rose, but you can also use copper, aluminum, or general-purpose sheet metal. The overall process is the same regardless of the metal you use. You will need roughly 1 sheet of 24 by 36 in (61 by 91 cm) metal to make your rose. Pick up your metal sheet at your local construction supply store.[1]
 - The millimeter listed on sheet metal always refers to the thickness. The thicker the sheet metal is, the stronger it is but the harder it is to shape. You can use something a little thinner than 0.5 mm, but it may leave your petals looking kind of flimsy and thin. If you use anything thicker, it will take much longer to shape the metal.
 - With a sheet this size, you can make a rose head that's roughly 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) tall and 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) wide.
 2. 2
 Score 4-5 circles into the metal in slightly different sizes with a spring divider. Grab a metal spring divider and press one of the pins into any point on your sheet metal. Drag the second pin around the point in a circle. Make the first circle roughly 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter. Then, make a second circle 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter. Score 2-3 additional circles on different portions of the metal. Make each circle 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) smaller than the last circle you made.[2]
 - You can measure the circles out, or just do this by eye. So long as each circle is slightly smaller than the last, you'll be fine.
 - The bigger your circles are, the larger the rose will be. You can deviate from these measurements if you want to make a bigger or smaller rose.
 3. 3
 Put on cut-resistant gloves and protective eyewear to protect yourself. You're going to do a lot of heating, cutting, and sanding from this point going forward. Grab some cut-resistant metalworking gloves and put them on to protect your hands the sharp metal. Put on some protective goggles to keep pieces of metal from flying into your eyes as you cut it.[3]
 - You absolutely cannot complete this process without gloves or protective eyewear.
 4. 4
 Cut the circles out using tin snips and trim them to size. Grab some straight tin snips and cut your circles out of the sheet in square-like shapes to make them easier to work with. Then, grab some curved tin snips and trim around the circles to cleanly remove the smaller chunks of metal that are sticking out around your scored lines.[4]
 - The circles don't need to be perfect. It's okay if there is a little variation around the edges. You'll eventually bend the edges downwards to give your petals shape, so people won't really notice any minor mistakes here.
 5. 5
 Drive a divot into the center of each circle with a punch and hammer. Set your first circle down on top of an anvil or large block of wood. Place a center punch in the middle of the circle and strike the back of the punch with a ball-peen hammer. This will drive a tiny divot into the middle of the circle and make it easier to cut through the center. Repeat this process with the rest of your circles.[5]
 6. 6
 Drill a small hole through each divot with a titanium drill bit. Put a 18 in (0.32 cm) titanium drill bit into your drill. Set a large chunk of wood down and hold the edge of your first circle with a set of slip-joint pliers. Hold the disc on top of the wood and use your drill to drive a hole through the circle where you made the divot. Repeat this process with the rest of your circles.[6]
 - Don't hold the circles with your hand. Use pliers to keep your fingers away from the drill bit. If the drill bit slips, you want to ensure your fingers aren't anywhere near the center.
 - You can use an auger to do this if you prefer.
 7. 7
 Cut 4-5 lines into each circle to make your petals. Grab your straight tin snips and pick up your first circle with the pliers. Wrap the jaws around the edge of the circle so the tip of your blades rest 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) away from the hole you drilled. Cut a straight line leading from the edge of the circle to just outside of the hole you punched. Rotate the circle 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) and cut it again. Do this 4-5 times on each circle to separate your petals.[7]
 - These cuts do not need to be symmetrical. Just place them kind of randomly around each circle so that there's some variation in the petals.
 - Each cut you make will separate another petal. The more cuts you add, the more individual petals you'll have.
Part 2 of 4:
Shaping the PetalsDownload Article
 1. 1
 Fan out each portion of cut metal at a slight angle with pliers. Pick up your first circle in your non-dominant hand. Grip any petal with the jaws of your slip joint pliers and lift it up at a 5- to 10-degree angle bend it a little bit. Repeat this process with every other petal you've cut out to separate your petals and soften the metal a little bit.[8]
 - The goal here is not to shape the petals, but to soften the joint where the petal connects to the middle of the circle. This will make the petals much easier to trim, cut, and work with.
 - You're going to hammer the petals down in a minute, so don't worry about the shape you bend the petals into. You're only doing this to separate the petals and soften the metal.
 2. 2
 Trim the edges of each petal down a little to give them some shape. Grab your curved tin snips and cut off the 18116 in (0.32–0.16 cm) sharp corners on each petal. This will remove the sharp edges and give your petals a cleaner shape. Clean up all of the corners on all of the circles you've cut. On every single petal you've separated, trim the edge where it meets the petal next to it.[9]
 - You're doing this for safety and aesthetic reasons. It's not only safer to work with the metal if you trim the corners off, but it will also give your petals softer edges and make them look more realistic.
 3. 3
 Hammer each petal's edges down against an anvil to soften the sides. Set a circle down on top of an anvil. Hold it in place against the anvil with your pliers. Then, grab a ball-peen hammer and strike the petals repeatedly. Keep striking every portion of the circle until it flattens out. Strike the edges where they meet the anvil to soften them up a little and rotate the disc with your pliers to hit each side. Repeat this process with the remainder of your circles.[10]
 - This makes the metal more pliable and blunts the sharp edges of the petals.
 4. 4
 Strike the edges of each petal with a drywall or cross pin hammer to add texture. Grab a drywall or cross pin hammer and turn it so you're striking with the sharp side of the head. Set your first petal on the anvil and strike the exterior edge of the petal with your hammer. You should leave a small line on the edge of the petal with your strike. Repeat this process by striking each petal 5-10 times to leave a series of parallel marks in the edge of each petal.[11]
 - If you look at a real rose, the lips of the petals are kind of wavy and uneven. Striking the metal petals with this sharp edge will help replicate this look.
Part 3 of 4:
Crafting the SepalDownload Article
 1. 1
 Draw and cut out a 5-point star from a new piece of metal sheet. The sepal is the green leafy part of the rose that sticks out from the base of the petals. Grab an erasable marker or a scriber and draw a 5-point star that's roughly the same height and width as your largest circle. Use your


text:
Day treatment facilities (or day reporting centers) are highly structured, community-based, postadjudication, nonresidential programs for serious juvenile offenders. The goal of day treatment is to provide both intensive supervision to ensure community safety and a wide range of services to the offender to prevent future delinquent behavior. The intensive supervision is fulfilled by requiring the offender to report to the facility on a daily basis at specified times for a specified length of time. Generally, programs are provided at the facility during the day and/or evening at least 5 days a week. Special weekend activities may also be conducted.
The services provided by day treatment programs include a plethora of correctional treatment methods similar to those used in halfway houses, but day treatment facilities allow program participants to return home at night and therefore do not have the costs associated with residential facilities. Treatment services in day treatment facilities may include individual and group counseling, recreation, education, vocational training, employment counseling, education, life skills and cognitive skills training, substance abuse treatment, and community resource referrals.
Day treatment facilities originated in Great Britain in the 1970's and are currently being widely implemented in the United States. A 1990 study by the National Institute of Justice found only 13 facilities in the United States. By 1995 there were at least 114 in 22 States (Parent et al., 1995). A descriptive analysis reveals that these facilities are quite diverse with respect to the type of cases, administration, operation, caseload, and program content (Parent, 1990).
Despite the rapid spread of day treatment programs, to date there are no major impact evaluations examining the effectiveness of the day treatment programs. However, several exploratory studies (Williams and Turnage, 2001; Craddock and Graham, 1996; Howell, 1998) suggest that day treatment is an effective intervention.
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When receiving servers (while playing tennis), I've noticed that the tennis ball seems to bounce up higher on me when the server uses a topspin serve than when the server hits a flat serve. Why is that?
Is it because of something about how the spin affects the bounce of the ball (i.e., the effect of the spin during the time when the tennis ball is in contact with the court)? Is it because of how the spin affects the flight of the ball while it is in the air? Perhaps it's because topspin serves tend to be hit with a higher, "loopier" trajectory, and this changes the angle of incidence when the ball hits the court during the bounce? Or maybe it's something else entirely? What would you expect the effect of the topspin to be on the trajectory of the ball, based upon physical principles?
Background on tennis: When serving, the server has to hit the tennis ball over the net and then into the service box; the ball is required to bounce within the service box. The receiver stands back a bit, and after it bounces up, the receiver hits it back.
A flat serve is a serve where the ball has no spin. A topspin serve is a serve with topspin: the top of the tennis ball is rotating forward (in the direction of the ball's travel) and the bottom of the ball is moving backward (opposite the direction of the ball's travel). Topspin causes the tennis ball to "curve downwards", due to the Magnus effect.
From the server's perspective, topspin is useful, because it means the server can hit the ball higher over the net and the serve will still go in. That allows a topspin serve to be more reliable: the server has more margin for error. In contrast, with a flat serve, the serve has to be aimed very precisely: aim too high, and the ball will "go long" and bounce outside of the service box; aim too low, and the ball will hit the net. A flat serve will usually look like a "line drive" (the path of the ball is close to a straight line), while a top spin serve will look more "loopy" (the ball goes higher over the net, then swerves down).
Flat serves usually travel faster. With a topspin serves, the ball usually doesn't have quite as much velocity (I imagine some of the energy of the server is spent on imparting spin, rather than propelling the ball forward). Nonetheless, from my personal experience, it feels like when I am receiving a topspin serve, the ball bounces up higher and often gets out of my comfort zone: the flat serve might bounce up to waist level, where it's comfortable to hit the ball, but the topspin serve might bounce up to shoulder level, where it's less comfortable. Why does this happen? Or, is it an illusion?
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More Phys.SE posts on Magnus effect: physics.stackexchange.com/search?q=magnus+effect – Qmechanic May 15 '13 at 6:45
1 Answer 1
When the player hits the ball with top spin, it makes the ball, well, spin.
By spinning, the ball will modify the airflow around itself and thus create an air pressure profile which will deflect the ball : this is the Magnus effect.
So by applying top spin on the ball the way tennis players do, the ball is rotating in the direction of the trajectory. This will bend the trajectory downwards. If you look at the ball's speed as a vector, the vertical component of the top-spun ball's velocity is greater than the normal served ball.
You simply direct the ball more vertically into the ground with a top spin. So after contact with the ground, the ball with top spin will leave the ground more vertically than a normal ball.
Since you are familiar with the sport, you might also have noticed that after contact, the top-spun ball will slightly accelerate towards you. This comes from the fact that part of its rotation has transfered itself into horizontal momentum. If you let a spinning ball fall vertically on the ground, after contact, it will fly out flat in some direction. I think this is also one of the reason why top spin serves are so hard to handle.
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How do I resize an object in Boardmaker Studio?
 1. Select the object.
 2. Move the cursor over any edge or corner of the object until a double arrow appears.
 3. Click and drag the edge or corner until the object is the desired size.
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What's That Weird Sound That Happens When I Open My Car Window?
You're driving down the highway and decide to let in a bit of fresh air. You roll down one of your windows, and suddenly it's like a freight train is running right next to your car. The overwhelming, rhythmic "thumping" sound feels like it's about to blow out your eardrums.
We've all experienced it. But what is it?
That's wind buffeting ‒ a loud and annoying phenomenon that happens when you roll down a lone window in your vehicle. But why does that happen, and what can you do to stop it?
Let's find out.
3 Facts About Wind Buffeting
1. It's Caused When Two Pockets of Air Crash Together
Get ready for some science. Wind buffeting is caused by an occurrence known as Helmholtz Resonance. In a nutshell, when you open just one window in your vehicle ‒ or the sunroof or moonroof ‒ the air inside your car thumps up against the faster-moving air outside the window.
When they clash, these two bodies of air compress and decompress over and over again. The result? Small wind vortexes that create that loud thumping sound.
These factors can affect wind buffeting:
- The size and shape of your vehicle: You'll hear louder thumping from newer, aerodynamic cars compared to older, boxy models. (More on that below.)
- Your driving speed: The faster you drive, the more noticeable and extreme the noise.
- Back vs. front windows: Wind buffeting is worse in back windows, since your front windows have side mirrors to help redirect the airflow.
2. It's More Common in Newer Vehicles
New cars are more aerodynamic than their older cars. That means their shape and design help them move through the air more easily, reducing overall drag.
Unlike older vehicles, they're also constructed to keep air sealed inside the vehicle rather than letting it escape ‒ or enter. It's great for fuel economy, among other things.
But with all that air closely hugging the exterior of newer vehicles, any kind of opening – like your backseat window – will interrupt that smoother airflow and cause that thumping sound.
See also: How to Get Better Gas Mileage (And Other Questions About Fuel Economy)
3. It's Pretty Easy to Fix
Want the thumping to go away? Just open another window to help stabilize the air pressure. Voilà!
If only all other car annoyances were so easy to solve (we're looking at you, flat tires).
Feel Right at Home
From the position of the steering wheel to your favorite station on the radio, your car is your safe haven on the road ‒ even with a little wind buffeting along the way. We want you to feel just as comfortable with your auto insurance coverage.
Get a no-obligation quote from a local car insurance agent near you today.


The Apache Ant frontend: ProjectHelper
What is a ProjectHelper?
The ProjectHelper in Apache Ant is responsible for parsing the build file and creating java instances representing the build workflow. It also signals which kind of file it can parse, and which file name it expects as default input file.
Ant' default ProjectHelper ( parses the usual build.xml files. And if no build file is specified on the command line, it will expect to find a file named build.xml.
The immediate benefit of a such abstraction it that it is possible to make Ant understand other kind of descriptive languages than XML. Some experiments have been done around a pure java frontend, and a groovy one too (ask the dev mailing list for further info about these).
Since Ant 1.8.2, the import task will also try to use the proper helper to parse the imported file. So it is possible to write different build files in different languages and have them import each other.
How is Ant is selecting the proper ProjectHelper
Ant knows about several implementations of ProjectHelper and has to decide which to use for each build file.
At startup Ant lists the all implementations found and keeps them in the same order they've been found in an internal'repository':
In case of an error while trying to instanciate a ProjectHelper, Ant will log an error but won't stop. If you want further debugging info about the ProjectHelper internal'repository', use the system property ant.project-helper-repo.debug and set it to true; the full stack trace will then also be printed.
When Ant is expected to parse a file, it will ask the ProjectHelper repository to find an implementation that will be able to parse the input file. Actually it will just iterate over the ordered list and the first implementation that returns true to supportsBuildFile(File buildFile) will be selected.
When Ant is started and no input file has been specified, it will search for a default input file. It will iterate over list of ProjectHelpers and will select the first one that expects a default file that actually exist.
Writing your own ProjectHelper
The class is the API expected to be implemented. So write your own ProjectHelper by extending that abstract class. You are then expected to implement at least the function parse(Project project, Object source). Note also that your implementation will be instanciated by Ant, and it is expecting a default constructor with no arguments.
There are some functions that will help you define what your helper is capable of and what is is expecting:
Now that you have your implementation ready, you have to declare it to Ant. Three solutions here:


text:
Muslim Student Association West (MSA West) is a grassroots organization comprised of Muslim Student Associations (MSAs) representing campuses across the West Coast of the United States. We are a cohesive coalition of Muslim students united for the sake of Allah (God) who aim to embody the concepts of unity, strength, and activism.
What is MSA West?
MSA West aspires to develop Muslim student leaders across the West Coast into Islamically literate, God-conscious and socially conscious servant-leaders who exhibit Prophetic character, unwavering principles, effective communication, creative resourcefulness, and are empowered to be catalysts for change in their MSAs and surrounding communities.
MSA West strives to establish Islam as the forefront of all movements by speaking the truth, increasing awareness, dissolving stereotypes, resisting oppression, and strengthening the bond between Muslims worldwide— starting with our own campuses.
- Provide resources to MSAs in order to foster their growth and development.
- Facilitate collaboration between MSAs by establishing communication lines and networks, as well as by coordinating collective events.
- Create a powerful and effective voice allowing MSAs to build impacts on issues affecting the Muslim community.
MSA West is built on the legacies of the global Islamic movement and the Civil Rights movement. MSA West advocates a notion of a Muslim student community that is:
- Deeply Spiritual
- Fiqh (Jurisprudence) Balanced
- Gender Balanced
- Service Oriented
- Shura (Consultation) Based
email us at _EMAIL_
email us at _EMAIL_


Case Study
Stand Together
Understanding the process of engagement in social change movements.
Stand Together is an organization interested in supporting and building organizations and related programs that encourage and support millions of everyday people who want to drive meaningful social change from the ground up. They needed to know how best to connect with people seeking social change, and how to strengthen those Americans' engagement with an issue or cause.
We used our innovative Journey Mapping approach to understand how individuals who want to make a difference progress from initially being aware of a problem to being a leader in that issue or field.
This approach uncovered pivotal moments in the journey and the broad needs and roles that must be filled along the way.
Our program identified the key points where a person engaging in social change may get stuck, need additional encouragement or education. The sticking points on the journey were matched with concrete actions, which an outside organization like Stand Together can take, to retain and expand the number of Americans engaged in meaningful change. The project gave Stand Together key insights needed to keep their program moving forward.


text:
Large-scale electric drives are exposed to high levels of stress on start-up. Frequent starts without a sufficient interval for cooling can result in motors over-heating. Measuring the temperature of the actual rotors turning within the motor is complicated.
To enable reliable measurement results to still be obtained without resorting to estimated values, Siemens has developed a simulation known as the "virtual sensor" which is able to calculate the temperature inside the motor on the basis of mathematical models. This allows the cooling times required for electric motors to be significantly reduced, enhancing plant availability.
Motors which run hot not only pose a risk of damage at the drive itself, but can put the whole plant out of action. The possibility of overheating presents a real problem, particularly in large-scale electric motors whose rotors are exposed to extreme thermal loads on initial start-up. This makes it important for plant operators to be able to monitor the temperature situation on the inside. As measuring this is only possible with a great deal of difficulty if at all, generally the necessary cooling down times between two starts have always tended to be conservatively estimated. This involved using analytical and numerical design tools to determine the temperature distributions and associated limit value violations for worst-case scenarios.
To prevent critical violations, cooling times were then hard coded and stored in the control cabinet depending on the number of start attempts, meaning that adjustment to changing ambient and operating conditions was not possible. The "virtual sensor" simulator from Siemens allows more precise times to be stipulated. It calculates the temperature of the motor during its operation just as accurately as if it were measuring directly, by logging the current conditions and statuses and using this information to predict the moment at which the drive can be safely switched back on.
How the virtual sensor works is demonstrated using a table-top model. Two small electric motors are coupled by a shaft. One motor is rotation speed controlled, the other brakes the first one, creating a permanent load. While temperature sensors measure the outer temperature of the motor, data relating to operating time and load is logged.
These input parameters and a mathematical model of the motor supply the simulator with the basis for calculating the motor temperature. Depending on the type of motor, the temperature can reach a critical level at different speeds.
A noteworthy feature of the simulator is its speed: It is capable of measuring and supplying the data from inside the motor in real time. Siemens is benefiting from the work of its colleagues in the process industries and drives division, who use mathematical models as early as the motor engineering stage to log the geometry and materials required to determine the characteristics of the drives they design. With this simulator, the company is offering a development with potential for monitoring the temperature of electric motors.
Contact Jennifer Naidoo, Siemens, Tel _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Source: EE plublishers


text:
Justice for All
Report and Recommendations of the Task Force on Fair Justice for All: Court-Ordered Fines, Penalties,
Fees and Pretrial Release Policies
Our ideal of "justice for all" means that people should not be disparately punished because they are poor. While everyone should face consequences for violating the law, criminal fines and civil penalties should not themselves promote a cycle of poverty by imposing excessive amounts or unduly restricting people's ability to be gainfully employed.
The Task Force on Fair Justice For All was established by Administrative Order No. 2016-16 to study and make recommendations as follows:
- Recommend statutory changes, if needed, court rules, written policies, and processes and procedures for setting, collecting, and reducing or waiving court-imposed payments.
- Develop suggested best practices for allowing citizens unable to pay the full amount of a sanction at the time of sentencing options for reasonable time payment plans or by the performance of community service.
- Recommend best practices for making release decisions that protect the public, but do not keep people in jail solely for the inability to pay bail.
- Review the practice of suspending driver's licenses and consider alternatives to license suspension.
- Recommend educational programs for judicial officers, including pro tem judges and court staff who are part of the pretrial decision making process.
- Identify technological solutions and other best practices that provide defendant notifications of court dates and other court-ordered deadlines using mobile applications to reduce the number of defendants who fail to appear for court and to encourage citizens who receive a citation to come to court.