Uniform Driver Interface
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The official Project UDI logo
The UDI revival effort maintains an IRC channel on Freenode (irc.freenode.net), called _TAG_. Feel free to join and ask questions.
UDI stands for "Uniform Driver Interface". It is the specification of a framework and driver API / ABI that enables different operating systems (implementing the UDI framework) to use the same drivers. Conceived by several large industry corporations, it has fallen dormant, despite being functional and delivering on its promise.
UDI drivers are binary compatible across all UDI-compliant operating systems running on the same CPU family. They are also source compatible across all UDI-implementing operating systems. This means, a driver only has to be developed once.
While Microsoft Windows gets all the hardware drivers they want, and GNU discourages UDI for philosophical reasons, its advantages for hobbyist OS developers are obvious.
Why UDI?
The Uniform Driver Interface would, should it be widely adopted, provide a common driver framework for implementation across kernels and platforms, enabling drivers to be provided without respect to the target kernel, and to a large extent, the target hardware platform. UDI has several projected advantages over existing driver interfaces which may motivate the reader to adopt it:
 - Portability (both cross-OS and cross-platform), which was mentioned in the above section, is perhaps the primary concern for which UDI was developed in the first place. All we can hope for is that enough operating systems will embrace the model so we can actually take advantage of it.
 - Performance is comparable or better than that of custom, native API drivers for a native UDI implementation. For environments where performance is critical, UDI does not inhibit service quality. UDI is explicitly designed to be non-blocking and lockless, featuring a synchronization model for increased MP scalability without locking and many other high-scalability focused features.
 - UDI can integrate seamlessly into existing kernel environments regardless of the OS architecture (monolithic kernel vs. microkernel, POSIX vs. non-POSIX, etc.) with little or no extra performance overhead.
 - Reliability and stability have been explicitly provided for by the design. UDI tries to eliminate some categories of potential bugs, such as (but not limited to) resource leaks and deadlocks (all interfaces can potentially be implemented without any locking at all).
 - Flexibility is another thing UDI has been designed mind with: not only in the way the specification was conceived (i.e., to be extensible), but also in the sense that it permits system programmers to apply techniques such as driver isolation, shadow drivers, etc. if they see fit to do so.
 - The interface is fully asynchronous, in every respect; high scaling systems are becoming increasingly predominant and asynchronicity is slowly becoming an "expected" feature for modern kernels. UDI moves ahead of the herd to enable a compliant kernel to slowly adopt asynchronous interfaces without having to do major redesign later on.
 - Moderately complex, and it will generally take a while to understand the specification.
 - It cannot simply be ported to immature kernels. A kernel must have a certain minimum level of maturity to reasonably attempt to become UDI compliant.
 - Not at all viable for "casual" projects: requires a significant amount of foreknowledge and prior work.
Core components of UDI Drivers
High level view of UDI environments
An implementation of the Uniform Driver Interface specification is known as a UDI Environment. There is a reference implementation available (see link below) which provides usable code for several existing kernels (Linux, BSD, Solaris), and it can be used the basis for a fresh implementation. Kernel environment implementations are responsible for providing the Service Call interfaces specified by the UDI Standard; a kernel may choose to implement these as native system calls, or via library extensions -- the decision is up to the implementer. There are two types of service calls recognized by the UDI paradigm: synchronous (which will return immediately to the caller - i.e., to the driver) and asynchronous (which work through a callback mechanism).
UDI drivers also actively take part in identifying their child devices and helping to build the host kernel's device tree. Bus drivers enumerate children, and so on. Each of these buses may have several controllers attached. UDI drivers for these devices will interact in a tree-like fashion just as the hardware does. Let's take a closer look at drivers themselves!
Drivers are split into one or more modules, and each module has at least once region. A driver that has been instantiated (executed, so to speak) uses IPC calls ("Channel operations") to communicate between modules and regions. If a driver is used to instantiate more than one device (say, a disk driver used to instantiate two separate disk devices), the choice of whether the actual driver code is mapped using Copy-on-Write, or duplicated in memory, etc is up to the environment.
A module is essentially a single executable code object. Specifically, drivers can be broken into multiple executables. A large driver that may only need to load certain components and may not need all of its code in memory all the time may be implemented as a multi-module driver. This partitioning of the driver code into modules is up to the driver vendor of course. Most UDI drivers are expected to be single-module drivers, but complex drivers such as graphics card drivers, etc may be best implemented as multi-module drivers. For example, if a graphics driver exports an OpenGL 3D API along with a Direct3D API, it is very likely that both front-ends have a lot of code behind them that would occupy a lot of memory should both be loaded. Most kernels will use either OpenGL or Direct3D, so if such a graphics driver was to split its OpenGL and Direct3D implementations into separate modules, this would enable kernels loading that driver to avoid allocating memory for the code and data for the API it isn't using.
Main article: UDI Regions
Regions are nothing more than blocks of related data. For example, a network card may have a set of register states that are specific to its send() function, and a different set of stats and variables specific to its receive() function. Data is explicitly separated into functionality regions in UDI. A region is nothing more than driver-allocated data for its state variables. The most intuitive way to split driver data is into functionality sub-components of the device in question. So a network card driver may choose to have a send region and a receive region. A graphics driver write may choose to partition the driver into a framebuffer writing region, a transformation region, etc, etc. Then IPC request messages can be sent over UDI IPC channels to each region based on the purpose of that region.
Regions also form the unit of concurrent execution in UDI. Since Regions are nothing more than data, they are also the units which must be synchronized against concurrent writes. Generally, this means making sure that no two threads can modify region data at once. The design of the UDI interfaces is perfectly capable of working without the use of locking, and it is left up to the host OS Environment to choose whether it will use lockless algorithms, spinlocks, waitqueues, or some other method to ensure that no two threads modify region data at the same time. See the main article for a detailed explanation of several practically usable UDI synchronization models.
Another attribute of UDI regions is that they are locationand instance-independent, meaning that they can be moved from one place to another without affecting any of the other regions because they share no common state. That is, a driver can be marshaled and moved from one NUMA node to another, or one physical machine to another over a network, or any other similar type of migration. This is particularly interesting in multiprocessor systems (esp. NUMA), and high-scaling compute clusters because an environment may separate regions due to performance and resource constraints. It's worth mentioning that, because of the separate states, the tasks performed by regions are mutually-exclusive (for instance a network driver might have one region that handles sending packets and another receiving). This is a potential area where host OSs can make huge optimizations to remove performance bottlenecks.
Main article: UDI Channels
The only way for regions to communicate is through channels. Channels are an IPC-agnostic abstraction of a bi-directional communication mechanism. Each of the two channel endpoints provide an ops vector, which is a set of entry points. They are referenced via handles of type udi_channel_t (check the definition of handles below). The channel operations along with the associated functionality is defined by metalanguages. Metalanguages are separately defined for each class of drivers, but we'll get to that soon.
Main article: Metalanguages
Metalanguages define extensions to the core specification for various purposes, and can also be used to define custom IPC protocol APIs between modules/regions. An example of a case where a custom protocol API may be needed is where, for example, a network card driver has a "Control" region which takes commands from the kernel for power management ("Go to sleep", "prepare to shutdown", etc), and then it has a Send() region and Receive() region, which handle its send() and receive() functions respectively.
It follows naturally that if the driver receives a "Go to sleep" command from the kernel on its Control region, it would need to send messages to its Send and Receive regions to cause them to cease operation. There is no generic IPC_Send() function defined for IPC across UDI channels -- all IPC must be done according to the protocols APIs defined by a Metalanguage, whether standardized by the UDI spec, or custom-defined. Thankfully, driver writers do not need to define custom protocols for every such case where they want to


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After being pressured from a campaign against the use of ferrets in pediatrics training, the University of Washington has now said that it has replaced the use of ferrets with human-based medical simulators to teach future pediatricians.
This change is the result of a campaign by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), with work on the ground by the Seattle Animal Defense League (SADL), as well as support by members of other local animal advocacy groups and activists, and the willingness of UW to adopt current best practices. This could not have been done without the tens of thousands of supporters from PCRM, SADL, the Northwest Animal Rights Network (NARN), and others who flooded UW administrators with e-mails and written petitions over the past year encouraging the school to take this progressive step. And UW finally listened!
A UW spokesperson stated that instead of ferrets "tetherless simulators are being employed at the point-of-care at the bedside to simulate resuscitations and enhance teamwork among healthcare providers," and that "simulation will be a more cost-effective way to train intubation techniques."
Ferrets used in endotracheal intubation training at UW suffered through multiple intubations and were used for several sessions. Also, some of the animals used were later killed. Fortunately, the school has now joined the 95 percent of pediatrics residency programs in the United States that view nonanimal methods as not only more humane but educationally superior.
While this is indeed good news for ferrets, much more work needs to be done for the thousands upon thousands of other aniamls currently being used by the UW for research. Let us use this victory as a springboard to get more positive results for others.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Led by professors George Davis and Wen You, AAEC's food and health lab gives graduate students an opportunity to sharpen their presentation skills, consider new research questions, and learn about new areas of research.
Students say it best:
"The question-and-answer time is very useful in preparing us for future conferences and job interviews. We learn how to really listen and understand the questions people pose about our research, and how to respond appropriately."
- Ruoding Shi
"People ask very good questions during the lab that encourage us to look at our research from new angles and explore alternative questions when analyzing our data."
- Xin Ning
"The health lab helps us clarify topics covered in class and drive home key points we're learning."
- Weizhe Weng

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Dilshad (Name) | Meaning of Dilshad | Origin of Dilshad at MFnames.com
A Dictionary of Names with Name Meanings and Name Origins
The Name Dilshad - Origin and Meaning of Dilshad
The Name Dilshad - Origin and Meaning of Dilshad
Masculine and Feminine
Origin of the Name Dilshad
Usage of the Name Dilshad
Meaning of the Name Dilshad
The name Dilshad means "happy, cheerful" in Persian.
Famous Bearers
Bearers of the name include Dilshad Khan (born 1945), an Indian male singer; Dilshad Said (born 1958), a Kurdish male musician, singer, and composer; Dilshad Vadsaria (born 1985), an American actress.
Names Related to Dilshad
List of names related to Dilshad.
Did you find the information about the origin and meaning of Dilshad interesting and helpful? Share this page with your friends or leave a comment:


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The Top 12 Relationship Problems, According to the Experts
For all the joy that romantic relationships bring us, it is needless to say that they are hard work. In the United States, it is estimated that one in two marriages ends in divorce.
Other data show that approximately 33% of people find it difficult to maintain their romantic relationships.
What makes sustaining a romantic relationship so difficult? A new study forthcoming in the journal Evolutionary Psychology has an answer.
A team of psychologists led by Menelaos Apostolou of the University of Nicosia in Greece found that 'fading enthusiasm,' 'long work hours,' and 'lack of personal time and space' are the three most common problems that prevent people from staying together.
They also estimate that only 30% of adults find it easy to sustain long-term romantic relationships.
To come to this conclusion, the researchers recruited 123 Greek adults to participate in a 40-minute survey interview. During the interview, participants discussed various difficulties they had in their romantic relationships.
The researchers kept track of the challenges mentioned by the participants, identifying 78 in total, and grouped them into 12 broad themes. Finally, they ranked these themes from most common to least common. Here's what they […]


matrix would return the following 3D array of persistence diagrams:
diagrams = np.array([[[0., 1., 0],
 [0., 2., 0],
 [0., 2., 0],
 [0., 3., 0],
 [0., 4., 0],
 [0., 5., 0],
 [0., 6., 0],
 [0., 7., 0],
 [3., 5., 1],
 [8., np.inf, 1],
 [8., np.inf, 1]]])
The notebook Topological feature extraction using VietorisRipsPersistence and PersistenceEntropy explains how to interpret this output and how to make informative 2D scatter plots out of its entries. Here, we only have one entry corresponding to our graph:
from gtda.plotting import plot_diagram


might want to consider purchasing the Bushnell 8 MP Wireless Trail Camera and enjoy all the features that the camera comes with.
How To Pick The Best Underwater Metal Detector
Underwater-metal detectorPicking an underwater metal detector for a beginner might look simple but it a challenge. It relies on some factors that will affect the level and scope of your metal detection. Metal detection can involve treasure hunting which is the most common use of the metal detector or for finding metals for clean ups and extraction.
Underwater metal detectors typically should be water-proof; this is the single most important factor when choosing one. Most metal detectors these days are said to be waterproof while in reality they are just semi waterproof and only the outside has this quality. In the long term they are not actually viable because if one dives with the detector, they inevitably fail at some point.
This is why the single most important factor while choosing a metal detector (Read more reviews at is to find one that is fully waterproof. Semi waterproof metal detectors have the disadvantage of not being usable in deep waters. They are best used in shallow waters and the shores of the beach. This quality can limit the metal detection activities in case you want to explore deeper waters.
Most of the underwater metal detectors are able to work both on land and in water which is very important because one might want to vary the function. When you invest in a metal detector one wants the flexibility that comes with being able to use it both on land and in water without buying a different detector. It is also very important to get value for your money and get the best possible qualities you can from your device such as the display which should be user friendly especially under water.
There are different mechanics when it comes to the functioning of the metal detectors and there are two major types of technology used and should be considered when choosing a metal detector. Very low frequency technology was what was previously used when making the metal detectors. It used to be functional but limited because the depth it could function in was limited and it was not sensitive enough. This older technology has been overtaken by the pulse induction system which is the modern technology used on current metal detectors.
Pulse induction can be used in deeper waters when scuba diving and work properly as if it was on shallower waters. This technology has a benefit of having greater sensitivity which is a huge bonus. The sensitivity of the pulse induction system is such that even buried treasure can be detected, the depth of the cover of sand or stone notwithstanding. That is the huge difference between pulse induction mechanics and very low frequency mechanics, very low frequency mechanics will not detect buried treasure effectively.
There are brands that can go for depths of up to three hundred feet and still function properly and can even function in salty water without getting destroyed and this is a huge plus considering that most of the treasures are in salty water. The display feature should be very highly visible underwater so that one does not have to struggle to make readings when in great depths; most have fluorescent displays for this purpose. The headphones that come with the device should also be fully waterproof and workable in great depths too.
Pulse Induction Technology
Pulse induction technology works in such a way that electronic signals are transmitted into the earth and they are very sensitive to metals though not natural ground minerals. They work best in deep waters or very salty beaches due to the depth which the pulse probes, it is incredible really.
When choosing an underwater metal detector therefore it is advisable to invest in pulse induction technology. There are a few well recognizable brands which are genuinely good quality pulse induction metal detectors that are also amphibious and high functioning.
When buying an underwater metal detector it is also advisable that one looks at the various warranties on offer that can last up to two years and include the various parts of the detector too. The metal detector quality you choose will determine how efficient your hunting experience will be and will also determine whether you have made an investment that will save you time and serve you for long.
How To Select The Right Running Shoes For Plantar Fasciitis
Running Shoes For Plantar FasciitisBefore progressing any further, it is important to know exactly what Plantar Fasciitis is so that one knows exactly why the shoe they choose should be suitable for them. Plantar Fasciitis is the inflammation of the ligament that attaches the heel bone and the sole of the feet all the way to the bones in the middle of the feet. When this Plantar Fascia is inflamed, it is quite painful and one can suffer considerably whenever they walk, jog or run.
That is why it is advisable to use shoes that are appropriate for these physical activities to minimize the pain felt when contact is made with the ground. There are shoes that will aid faster recovery because the injuries on the Plantar Fascia take a while to heal and can stop your jogging or running routine.
What Causes Plantar Fasciitis?
Plantar Fasciitis can be caused by jobs that require a lot of walking, moving around and standing in one spot for long periods of time. Change in weight can also put more pressure on the ligament causing it to tear and become inflamed. If the surface that you run or jog on is too hard, it can also cause this condition. Therefore, it is advisable that if you want to continue running or jogging, you should get the correct shoes that will facilitate this activity and make it better.
One needs to get rid of small fitting shoes that are tight, worn out or too loose because they cause more damage. The following are the factors to consider when choosing shoes for people with Plantar Fasciitis:
Shoes with comfortable and appropriate cushioning that will help to absorb the force of the impact without causing any strain or injury. This is a very important factor particularly if you run on a hard trail that causes shocks. With time , the injuries will heal and one can run normally again because of the absorption of the impact of the hard trail by the shoe rather than the ligament.
Shoes that are highly flexible on the front part but very firm on the back part where the heel is and the impact of running or jogging is absorbed are also highly desirable. The mid sole should also be flexible but firm to keep the arch at a proper angle. The hard back part helps to minimize the shocks felt by the ligament and as a result, the inflammation will reduce and running will become an enjoyable activity once again.
Shock Absorption
The shoe should have an overall shock absorption system that takes in the force and evenly distributes it so that no one part of the foot bears the brunt of the force meted out by the ground. This is helpful because in most shoes, the heel bears the whole force of the foot striking the ground and is one of the major causes of Plantar Fasciitis.
Eliminating the chief factor in causing the condition itself is a huge step in getting rid of it and minimizing inflammation.
Arch Support
There are those people who have Plantar Fasciitis because they have flat feet and their consideration is a bit different from the others. The shoes they obtain should have a highly specialized arch support and the sole should also be firm with the whole shoe being able to cushion the impact exacted on the ground.
The people who have Plantar Fasciitis due to being over pronators and require that extra lift that will keep them going without being uncomfortable should also get light shoes. The shoes should have great heel support which will help keep the impact even throughout the shoe.
The cost of the shoes should also be considered. There is a variety of shoes that are all fit for someone with Plantar Fasciitis but there are some that are of better quality and more durable than others and you should take the time to read reviews about the best shoes for plantar fasciitis.
With greater cost comes greater quality, which is not to say that if you are not willing to spend a lot of money there is nothing for you. There are mid range priced running shoes that will function just as well as the expensive brands and still get rid of your Plantar Fasciitis.
Memory Foam Mattress For RV Campers: Things To Factor In When Choosing The Right Fit
Memory Foam Mattress For RV CampersWhen travelling in an RV and experiencing the sights, life is good and enjoyable but the quality of your mattress can change all that. Without a proper mattress, the nights don't seem quite so enjoyable as before and aches and fatigue will creep in.
This is why it is advisable to look at the mattress on the RV bed before buying an RV or making special consideration when buying one. The various dimensions of the RV might mean that the normal RV mattress is a bit different from the one at home and a proper mattress is required. It might seem like such an unimportant aspect of RV camping but when the sores and cramp set in, the importance becomes apparent.
Memory foam mattresses have been identified as the best option for RVs due to their relative flexibility meaning they do not occupy much space and they are actually very light. Added onto this is the fact that they are not too costly and you get value for your money when you invest in one.
Due to the very strict dimensions that go into making an RV hospitable, RV mattresses have to be fitted into the space available. More often than not, if normal mattresses are put in RVs they are either weirdly bent out of shape to fit or hang out because of the limited space available. That is why the memory foam mattress is preferred, because of its flexibility.
The RV owner can alter the shape of the memory foam mattress in any way that is appropriate for their RV and this is hugely convenient. You do not have to spend a lot of money when looking for a mattress that exactly fits your RV.
Dimensions And Size
The next best option is actually obtaining the cheaper memory foam mattress topper which means you do not


text: An experimental and numerical study is performed to investigate heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics for impingement. Experimental heat transfer is measured by the thermochromic liquid crystal. The CFD model uses a steady state RANS approach and the shear stress transport (SST). The effect of Reynolds number (5000–25000), the distance between the holes and the distance from the hole to target on the impingement is investigated in the present study. Local Nusselt number as well as area and line average values are gotten experimentally and numerically. Besides, numerical simulations provide the detailed flow characteristics of the problem and complement experimental measurements. The result shows that the heat transfer increases with Reynolds number increasing. But the qualitative distribution of local heat transfer does not change with the increase of Reynolds number, when it is sensitive to P/D and Z/D. The performance of heat transfer is best when Z/D = 2. And the high heat transfer region of Z/D = 1 is closer to the exit than that of Z/D = 2 and Z/D = 3. The main reason is the effect of cross flow and the momentum of the jet reaching the wall. The performance of heat transfer is best when P/D = 5. And the high heat transfer region of P/D = 4 is closer to the exit than that of P/D = 5 and P/D = 6. The main reason is the effect of cross flow and interactions between jets.


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The Shahnama, often called the "national epic" of Iran, was completed around the year 1010 by the Persian poet Abu'l Qasim Firdawsi. A vast and complex poem, it opens with the creation of the world and concludes with the Muslim conquest of Iran in the mid-seventh century, thus comprising myth, legend, and history. Some 45,000 lines are filled with a rich panoply of characters—kings, queens, princes, princesses, heroes, lovers, warriors, villains, and magical creatures. Copied and illustrated countless times over the centuries, the Shahnama's immense popularity and influence extend well beyond the borders of Iran.
The MFA, along with companion exhibitions at the Harvard Art Museum and the Houghton Library beginning in June 2010, marks a millennium of Shahnama inspiration by looking at different aspects of the poem. The MFA's exhibition explores the theme of women in the Shahnama. Although in Firdawsi's text stories about male heroes vastly outnumber those concerning women, tales about women are some of the poem's most famous and popular. The paintings selected for this exhibition illuminate the stories of a number of resourceful and colorful female characters.
With generous support from the Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Exhibition Fund.


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The Tennessee School Counseling and Career Guidance Standards are statements of what students should know and be able to do as a result of participating in a school counseling program. Since the purpose of such a program is to ensure that all students can achieve school success through academic, career and personal/social development experiences, these standards represent what a school counseling and career guidance program should contain and establish similar goals, expectations, support systems and experiences for every student. The standards address the needs outlined in the educational reform agenda articulated in the State Board of Education's MASTER PLAN FOR TENNESSEE SCHOOLS by advocating school counseling programs that promote school success through a focus on academic achievement, prevention and intervention, and social/emotional and career development. The organizational design of the standards reflects the nine standards in the National Standards for School Counseling Programs developed by the American School Counselor Association, which, in turn, are based on the three widely accepted and interrelated areas of student development: academic, career, and personal and social development.
The standards and expectations
The standards were developed by a team of 33 Tennessee school counselors, teachers, administrators, parents, community members and department personnel.


Thursday, 29 October 2009
Ruby XML Builder prefixes
This is a topic I've come across a few times now, and more recently turned up when someone asked a question in an IRC channel (it was either _TAG_ or _TAG_ on, I can't quite remember which now). The basic problem was that they wanted to output an XML prefix to the tags generated with Builder. Anyone who has used Builder will be familiar with it's syntax:
xml.someTag do
xml.anotherTag "tag content"
and can see that this doesn't work with a tag prefixed with an xml namespace, which includes a : (this being a special character in ruby). So what is the solution? The person asking the question actually got the answer from several people that it wasn't possible, but that didn't seem right. And it turns out that it is perfectly possible, it just requires a slightly more verbose syntax. Instead of
you need to do
xml.tag! "somePrefix:someTag"
where the tag! function on an XML Builder object takes a string representing the entire tag and outputs it as is.
It turns out the consideration of the Builder creators didn't stop there. They have functions to allow for the full range of standard XML to be created. Need a CDATA field? use xml.cdata!, need to add, comments? Use xml.comment!, need to create a node with mixed text and child nodes? Use xml.text! like so:
xml.myNode do
xml.myChildNode "awesome"
xml.text! "More awesome"
All of these are supported with functions with a! at the end, which keeps them nice and separate from tags that you would typically create.
And to really add to the point that these things were considered by the Builder creators, they even have a simpler form for using prefixes in XML now. You simply add a space between the prefix and the : to create an expression like:
xml.myPrefix :myElement, "look at this!"
or in more common ruby language, if you pass a symbol as the first argument when creating a tag, it will take the tag as a namespace prefix and the symbol as the actual tag name.
So yes, it is possible to add prefixes with Builder, and more than possible, it's simple! There's no excuse for saying it can't be done.


Fluid Fingers
Fluid phenomena can show up in unexpected places. The collage above shows patterns formed when an aluminum block is lifted during wet sanding, a polishing technique. The dendritic fingers are formed from oil and the slurry of sanded particles being polished away. They are an example of the Saffman-Taylor instability, which forms when less viscous fluids (oil) protrude into a more viscous one (the slurry). Each image contains a different concentration of oil, resulting in very different fingering patterns. (Image credit: D. Lopez)
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What is a Moc?
For more than a decade, this question has puzzled many fans and observers of Chattanooga Athletics.
The UTC Athletics Department changed logos in 1997, moving away from Native American imagery to a package of logos using railroad images, the nickname "Mocs," and the Scrappy mascot. The new package emphasized UTC's connection to Chattanooga and the city's railroad heritage and incorporated the Tennessee state bird.
The term "Moc" is short for "Mockingbird." Mockingbirds are fiercely territorial creatures which protect their homes with courage, determination and skill. Those attributes reflect the intellect, spirit and character of UTC student-athletes and alumni. A Moc is a champion on the playing surface, in the classroom and, most importantly, in life.
Named after legendary football coach A.C. "Scrappy" Moore, Scrappy, the Chattanooga mascot, is a fixture for the Mocs. A re-design in 2008 puts Scrappy in the image of the State Bird of Tennessee, a Mockingbird. The mockingbird is known as a fierce protector of its nest and environment. It is sometimes seen swooping down on a dog, cat or predator that may be venturing too close to the bird's protected territory. Once described by "Late Night" host Jimmy Fallon as "a sledge-hammer wielding mockingbird with a heart of Blue & Gold," Scrappy symbolizes that competitive passion.
Faced with politically sensitive issues and in need of a stronger core identity to help establish a strong brand as Chattanooga's Team, the athletics department embarked on a comprehensive identity program in 1996. A new direction for the athletics identity was determined, moving away from the politically incorrect Native American Indian imagery.
Several identities have been used in the past. With the old nickname "Moccasins," a snake was used in the 1920s and an Indian was used until the year of major change in 1996. A moccasin shoe was even used in the 1980s.
In 1996, it was decided to adopt the State Bird of Tennessee, the Mockingbird, as the core of the new identity, while incorporating the strong regional imagery of Chattanooga's vast railroad history. The mascot "Scrappy" was born and a new emphasis was placed on the athletics department's role in the region.
The committee also recognized the need for the word "Chattanooga" to have a great emphasis in the logo. The nickname "Moccasins" was shortened to simply "Mocs." Thus established, Chattanooga could rebuild its athletics programs and initiatives around this new identity.
And rebuild it did. Quickly establishing the identity program in February 1997, combined with tremendous success in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, UTC had positioned itself to reach for the next level.
From 1997 to 2007, the primary logo was the mascot, Scrappy, riding a train. The secondary logo features the front of a train with the word Mocs built into the logo. This logo is affectionately called the "Cowcatcher logo," referring to the front lower grill of the train that helped push objects from the train tracks.
In August 2007, officials at Chattanooga updated the school's marks. A new C logo, the "Power C" as it has become known to fans and alums, was created as the primary mark and is emblazoned on the side of the football team's helmets. The secondary marks were updated with a more modern look, and a new font, unique to the school, is now used on the text areas of the logos and marks.
In September 2008, Scrappy was re-branded to better match the image of a mockingbird and reflect the rich tradition of our state, our city and our University. New marks of the head as well as a full body were released. The program has also been taking special efforts to stay true to its color palette—which includes navy blue and old gold.


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Does a poercelain tea kettle need to toveled with bracha? What about its cover?
The kettle and its cover should be toiveled, but not with a berachah.
Porcelain might have the halachah of cheres, clay, whereby it is exempt from tevilah. However, because of the method of porcelain production today, most poskim are stringent and obligate tevilah (seeing the porcelain utensil as being possibly similar to glass), but without a berachah.


Reader Comments
Revision Supplement Review
by maya justin (2020-10-15)
Neurological vision impairment is loss of vision resulting from an acquired brain injury or impairment in the coordination of the eyes, and difficulties with visual perception (also known as ABI VI). Damage to the areas of the brain that are responsible for sight is involved. The many causes of ABI VI include stroke, brain tumour, head injury and infections such as meningitis. ABI VI used to be called cortical visual impairment and cortical blindness. Revision Supplement Review


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I transposed "you" and "everyday" at the beginning of the sentence. Is that not allowed in a question?
It is alright, but word order does have a subtle effect on the focus and perspective of the speech, which somehow I think we can ignore first at beginner/intermediate stage.
2019-01-21: I used "你每天都几点回家" and it was marked wrong.
Can a native speaker clarify the nuances between using "每天" and "每天都"?
Does "every day" always have to be before "what time"? I flipped those and got it wrong.
Is it always just biggest to smallest increments of time, or is this some other rule?
Why there's no 都 after 每天in this sentence?
Any reason why we can't use 每天都 instead of just 每天 in this sentence?
It is also acceptable. 都 adds emphasis, but it's used quite often.
i love you


text:
Use the Archives and Special Collections finding aids to research rare books and manuscript collections. A finding aid is a descriptive tool that includes the contents and arrangement of materials in a collection. Finding aids can help you determine whether or not a collection is relevant to your research needs.
Finding aids are detailed inventories, registers, indexes, and guides to describe collections of primary source materials. They provide a comprehensive overview of a collection's scope and contents. They define the conditions under which a collection may be accessed or copied, explain its provenance, and contain histories of individuals and organizations connected with the collection.
Please cite the collection number (e.g. SPEC. 003) and the box number (e.g. Boxes 1 and 2) to request specific materials.
John Steinbeck Collections
376th Bombardment Group Archive


How Did Sylvia Plath Die?
Sylvia Plath was a child prodigy, and she was a perfect child and student. She was praised by everyone for her perfectionist nature; as she did everything right from the word go. When she was eight years old, her father died. This left Sylvia quite sad and also she developed suicidal tendencies later in her life.
She attempted to commit suicide when she was in junior college by taking seeping pills and overdosing on them. However, she survived that incident.
Plath ended her life when she was only thirty years old. She locked herself in a room with her children in another room. Plath put her head into the oven and turned on the gas. The next morning she was declared dead. However, it was comprehended that Plath really did not intend on killing herself or never thought she would succeed. Also, she asked her neighbor Mr. Thomas at what time he would be leaving the next morning. She also left a note that was a reminder to call Dr. Horder and even had his phone number written down. The next morning the baby sitter could not get into the apartment and had a workman help her get in. It is then that the baby sitter and the handyman found Plath. Her head was still inside the oven.
However, in her biography it was written that she pushed her head deep into the oven and she had all intentions of killing herself. Also, there were claims that her husband was abusive towards Plath. The exact reasons for her suicide were never known even to her good friends.
More Articles :
How Did Sylvia Plath Die
Poet :
Sylvia-Plath-Poems Sylvia Plath started writing poems when she was only eight years old. She published her first poem at 8. When she was studying on scholarship in junior college, she had written more than 400 poems. She was considered to be a prodigy, could write really fast. More..
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text:
NASA Releases Interactive Space Communications Mobile Game App
MOFFETT FIELD, Calif. -- Just in time for World Space Week, NASA has released a new mobile application that challenges gamers to take on the role of a space communications network manager and puts them in charge of building a communications network to support scientific missions.
The educational application, "Space Communications and Navigation: NetworKing," was developed at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., for the iPad and iPhone. NetworKing provides an interactive, 3-D experience with an insider's perspective into how mission controllers and scientists communicate with spacecraft and satellites using the space, deep space and near Earth networks.
"This game introduces the complex world of space communications to gamers," said Barbara Adde, policy and strategic communications director for the Space Communications and Navigation Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "It gives players the opportunity to enjoy a challenging game while absorbing the basic concepts of space communications. The game provides an engaging way to increase interest in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics and opens minds to potential careers in these fields."
NetworKing allows players to build increasingly large and complex communication networks to support client satellites conducting scientific missions. Players who upgrade their communication networks can acquire more complex clients, such as the International Space Station and NASA's Hubble and Kepler space telescopes.
By providing insight into the complex world of communications between astronauts, mission controllers, scientists and satellites in real mission scenarios, the game is not only challenging, but also entertaining.
In addition to the mobile application, NetworKing also is available free on the NASA 3-D Resources website. Players can access the game on their web browsers or it can be downloaded and run on PC or Macintosh operating systems.
For links to download the app, download the game or play in a web browser, visit:
- end -
text-only version of this release
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text:
Solvent viscosity effects on the fluoresence lifetimes of 9-phenylanthracene
MetadataShow full item record
This study is concerned with a microscopic look at viscosity, generally considered a macroscopic quantity. Viscosity effects on a molecular scale were probed by studying the fluorescence decay times of a nonpolar dye (9-phenylanthiacene) as a function of viscosity in 10 nonpolar linear alkanes. These times increased from 3.45 to 5.75 ns for viscosities from 0.300 to 2.57 cp. This is attributed to "frictional" forces between fluorescing and solvent molecules during isomerization of the fluorescers. Excitation and deexcitation require the rotation of the phenyl ring from a direction perpendicular to the anthracene moiety in the ground state. Solvent viscosity tends to hinder this rotation. Hence the fluorescence decay rates are influenced by viscosity on a molecular scale. An empirical model that relates the decay rates to a reciprocal function of viscosity is discussed. The fluorescence was excited at 362 nm by a pulsed N2-pumped dye laser, and emission was monitored at 420 nm. Our fast analog technique was used in the acquisition and analysis of the time-resolved data.


Nov 21, 2020
36: How Being a 'Beniyaz' Means Not Being In Any Need
Play • 12 min
Note: The difference between the pronunciations of'marz' and'maraz' is colloquial - while the former is technically correct, the latter is present in everyday usage.
In a world where everything is moving so fast, where the sense of impermanence has only become deeper, most of us feel an intense urge to be able to control everything around us - things, feelings, even people. This can be exhausting.
However, good things come to those who wait and keep calm.
In this episode of Urdunama, we read you some mystic poetry by the great Classical poet, Khwaja Mir Dard, and try to understand if being a 'beniyaz', or someone who is not too concerned, could bring us peace and make us calmer. We also learn - with a little help from Zauq, Ghalib, Firaq, and others - the two different contexts of 'beniyazi' in poetry.
Host, Writer, and Sound Designer: Fabeha Syed
Editor: Shelly Walia
Music: Big Bang Fuzz
Listen to these podcasts for a better understanding of the word 'beniyazi':
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text:
This program waits for the touch sensor to be pressed then runs the motor forward until the touch sensor is pressed again to stop the motor.
This is the sub VI for the "Using Sub VIs" example. Runs the motors backwards for two full rotations then stops them.
Important: download the "Using Sub VIs" example, found here, in order to use this to its full demonstrative capability.
This program runs all motors forward until the light sensor reads below 40, this starts the subVI that runs the motors backwards for two full rotations then stops them.
Important: Also download the sub-VI here, or this will not work properly!
This program uses a flat sequence structure to have a car drive forward for four seconds, then using the encoder it should be able to return to its starting position.
This program times how long a while loop iteration takes using a shift a register and displays the value on the NXT screen.
This program uses a while loop and shift register to add 1 to the value of the previous iteration, the value is displayed for one second resulting in the NXT counting by seconds.
This program loops the code that is contained inside a loop for a specified number of iterations.
This program loops the code that is contained inside a loop infinitely. The code inside the loop runs the motor for 2 seconds, then stops the motor. Therefore, this program will run the motor for 2-second intervals, braking between intervals, forever or until the program is stopped.
This program loops the code that is contained inside the loop while the touch sensor is pressed. The code inside the loop runs the motor forward for 2 seconds, then stops the motor. This will continue to run until the touch sensor is released.
This program uses a While Loop as a For Loop. It loops the code that is contained inside for a specified number of iterations. The NXT brick's screen will display the current iteration count.


text: A search is presented for resonant production of second-generation sleptons ( μ~L, ν~μ ) via the R-parity-violating coupling λ211' to quarks, in events with two same-sign muons and at least two jets in the final state. The smuon (muon sneutrino) is expected to decay into a muon and a neutralino (chargino), which will then decay into a second muon and at least two jets. The analysis is based on the 2016 data set of proton-proton collisions at s=13TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1. No significant deviation is observed with respect to standard model expectations. Upper limits on cross sections, ranging from 0.24 to 730 fb, are derived in the context of two simplified models representing the dominant signal contributions leading to a same-sign muon pair. The cross section limits are translated into coupling limits for a modified constrained minimal supersymmetric model with λ211' as the only nonzero R-parity violating coupling. The results significantly extend restrictions of the parameter space compared with previous searches for similar models.


text:
How to: Use Environment Variables in a Build
When you build projects, it is often necessary to set build options using information that is not in the project file or the files that comprise your project. This information is typically stored in environment variables.
All environment variables are available to the Microsoft Build Engine (MSBuild) project file as properties.
If the project file contains an explicit definition of a property that has the same name as an environment variable, the property in the project file overrides the value of the environment variable.
To use an environment variable in an MSBuild project
Reference the environment variable the same way you would a variable declared in your project file. For example, the following code references the BIN_PATH environment variable:
You can use a Condition attribute to provide a default value for a property if the environment variable was not set.
To provide a default value for a property
Use a Condition attribute on a property to set the value only if the property has no value. For example, the following code sets the ToolsPath property to c:\tools only if the ToolsPath environment variable is not set:
c:\tools
Property names are not case-sensitive so both $(ToolsPath) and $(TOOLSPATH) reference the same property or environment variable.
The following project file uses environment variables to specify the location of directories.
 $(BIN_PATH)\myassembly.dll C:\Tools


text:
Resident wandering and absconding is a major problem in the modern aged care environment. With more residents suffering from different levels of dementia it has become important to maintain a safe environment that is homelike yet secure. Residents with dementia can become easily confused and disorientated if they leave the confines of the facility; therefore access control has become far more important in aged care than ever before.
Although resident security is paramount, staff safety and efficiency is also key to the continued operations of any aged care facility. Ridgeway Computers has a long history in providing the consultation required to best using today's technology, and it is with this knowledge that we can supply and install the correct system to meet your operational requirements.
- Keypad or proximity card door control.
- Alarms if the door is open too long.
- Network reporting of door access
- Software control of users cards or pin numbers.
- Integration with fire systems so that doors release on fire alarm.
- Battery backup for extra security.
Ridgeway Computers can install an access control system as simple as a single door or gate secured by a pin pad or proximity card reader to restrict access to authorised users. We can also provide large enterprise systems that encompass multiple sites across different cities and states that function as one system. These systems are vital for the security of Multi National and interstate companies, controlling access of thousands of staff through hundreds of doors, multiple lift cars and many gates.
Ridgeway Computers access control systems can be fitted with many forms of access control devices including:
- • Proximity card readers
- • Wireless key fob style remote control buttons
- • High speed readers that recognise a "Puk" style device fitted to vehicles that regularly require automated access though electrically operated gates.
- • Biometric readers
- • PIN code pads
These sophisticated access control systems can also be linked to your IT network to allow you to review the systems history, and track a person's access throughout a building. This same software can also control card issue and photo ID onto any cards if required.


text:
Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia: What Do We Know, and What Have We Learned?
van den Bold, Mara
Dangour, Alan D.
MetadataShow full item record
Despite significant improvements over recent decades, rates of undernutrition remain high in South Asia, with adverse impacts on morbidity and mortality. Overweight/obesity, among children and adults, is now an additional and major public health concern. While agriculture has the potential to improve nutrition through several pathways, this potential is currently not being realised in the region. The Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia (LANSA) research consortium (2012–2018) set out to improve understanding about how agriculture and related food policies and programs in South Asia (specifically in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan) can be better conceptualised and implemented in order to enhance impacts on nutrition outcomes, especially those of young children and adolescent girls. This paper provides a snapshot of the agriculture-nutrition nexus in the region, outlines the pathways through which agriculture can influence nutrition outcomes, elaborates on the objectives of the LANSA research consortium within this context, and highlights the core findings of the six papers that form the body of this Special Issue. The paper ends with five key lessons that have emerged from this research, during this decade.


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Lake Erie Microcystis: relationship between microcystin production, dynamics of genotypes and environmental parameters in a large lake
Cyanobacteria of genus Microcystis sp. have been commonly found in Lake Erie waters during recent summer seasons. In an effort to elucidate relationships between microcystin production, genotypic composition of Microcystis community and environmental parameters in a large lake ecosystem, we collected DNA samples and environmental data during a three-year (2003–2005) survey within Lake Erie and used the data to perform a series of correlation analyses. Cyanobacteria and Microcystis genotypes were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Our data show that Microcystis in Lake Erie forms up to 42% of all cyanobacteria, and that Microcystis exists as a mixed population of potentially toxic and (primarily) non-toxic genotypes. In the entire lake, the total abundance of Microcystis as well as the abundance of microcystin-producing Microcystis is strongly correlated with the abundance of cyanobacteria suggesting that Microcystis is a significant component of the cyanobacterial community in Lake Erie during summer seasons. The proportion of total Microcystis of all cyanobacteria was strongly linked to the microcystin concentrations, while the percentage of microcystin-producing genotypes within Microcystis population showed no correlation with microcystin concentrations. Correlation analysis indicated that increasing total phosphorus concentrations correlate strongly with increasing microcystin concentrations as well as with the total abundance of Microcystis and microcystin-producing Microcystis.
Rinta-Kanto, J.M.; DeBruyn, J.M.; Konopko, E.A.; Bourbonniere, R.A.; Boyer, G.L.; and Wilhelm, S.W., "Lake Erie Microcystis: relationship between microcystin production, dynamics of genotypes and environmental parameters in a large lake" (2009). Microbiology Publications and Other Works.


Aug 032015
Montessori Lesson
Practical Life
3.5 to 5 years
2 glass vases.
Jug to fill vase.
Plastic work mat
Paper towel
Drying cloth
Secateurs or small pair of scissors.
Basket for collecting the flowers.
To pick flowers.
Fine motor skills
Developing concentration
To care for the environment
Strengthen muscles in the arms and sequencing
Reasoning skills.
 1. Invite the child to begin the Work Cycle.
 2. Take the basket and pair of scissors outside.
 3. Show the child how to choose a suitable flower.
 4. Hold the plant just below the flower with your left hand and with your right hand show the child how to trace down the stem of the flower.
 5. Move your left hand down to meet your right hand and exchange hands.
 6. Pick the scissors up in your right hand and snip the plant just below the position of your hand.
 7. Place this into the basket and return indoors.
 1. Lay out the plastic mat on the table and place the vase on it.
 2. Ask the child to fetch some water in the jug indicating the water mark.
 3. Show the child how to pour the water into the vase leaving a little space in the top for displacement once the flowers are added.
 4. Use the drip cloth to catch any water droplets on the jug.
 5. Pick the flower up in your right hand and hold it against the side of the vase.
 6. Show the child how to measure the flower for size and to trim the flower should it be too long.
 7. Show him how to place the cut stems into the paper towel, which will later be discarded.
 8. Run your hand down the stem of the flower taking off any excess foliage.
 9. Add this into the paper towel.
 10. Place the flower into the vase and admire it.
 11. Place the vase on a table where there will be no danger of the plant being knocked over.
 12. Return all the materials to the tray.
 13. Show the child how to fold the paper towel so that the foliage does not fall out, and show him how to dispose of it.
 14. Fetch a clean square of paper towel. Fold it twice, and place it on the tray together with the other materials.
 15. Invite the child to have a turn.
If the child has poured too much water into the vase, the water will spill when he carries the vase.
If the child has cut the flower too short, it will not touch the water once it is placed into the vase.
Show the child how to collect and cut vegetables from the garden.Show the child how to trim flowers or bushes, of their dead leaves.
Cutting different types of flowers including wearing gloves for rose bush cutting.
 One Response to "Montessori Cutting Flowers Lesson Activity"
 1. verry good covered all the activities
 Leave a Reply
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Names Categorized "dawn"
This is a list of names in which the categories include dawn.
Afërdita f Albanian
Means "daybreak, morning" in Albanian, from afër "nearby, close" and ditë "day".
Agim m Albanian
Means "dawn" in Albanian.
Alba 1 f Italian, Spanish, Catalan
This name is derived from two distinct names, Alba 2 and Alba 3, with distinct origins, Latin and Germanic. Over time these names have become confused with one another. To further complicate the matter, alba means "dawn" in Italian, Spanish and Catalan. This may be the main inspiration behind its use in Italy and Spain.
Altan m Turkish
Means "red dawn" in Turkish.
Aruna m & f Hinduism, Indian, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi
Means "reddish brown, dawn" in Sanskrit. The Hindu god Aruna (अरुण) is the charioteer who drives the sun god Surya across the sky. The modern feminine form अरुणा is also transcribed as Aruna, however the modern masculine form is Arun.
Arushi f Hinduism, Indian, Hindi
From Sanskrit अरुष (arusha) meaning "reddish, dawn", a word used in the Rigveda to describe the red horses of Agni. This name also appears in the Hindu epic the Mahabharata belonging to a daughter of Manu and the wife of Chyavana, though in this case it might derive from Sanskrit आरुषी (arushi) meaning "hitting, killing".
Aurora f Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Finnish, Roman Mythology
Means "dawn" in Latin. Aurora was the Roman goddess of the morning. It has occasionally been used as a given name since the Renaissance.
Aurore f French
French form of Aurora.
Ausma f Latvian
Means "dawn" in Latvian.
Aušra f Lithuanian
Means "dawn" in Lithuanian.
Avrora f Russian, Ukrainian
Russian and Ukrainian form of Aurora.
Ayelet f Hebrew
Means "doe, female deer, gazelle". It is taken from the Hebrew phrase אַיֶלֶת הַשַׁחַר ('ayelet hashachar), literally "gazelle of dawn", which is a name of the morning star.
Dawn f English
From the English word dawn, ultimately derived from Old English dagung.
Eos f Greek Mythology
Means "dawn" in Greek. This was the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn.
Fajr f Arabic
Means "dawn, beginning" in Arabic.
Fioralba f Italian (Rare)
Combination of Italian fiore "flower" and alba "dawn".
Gry f Norwegian, Danish, Swedish
Means "to dawn" in Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.
Gwawr f Welsh
Means "dawn" in Welsh.
Hajna f Hungarian
Shortened form of Hajnal. The Hungarian poet Mihály Vörösmarty used it in his epic poem Zalán Futása (1825).
Hajnal f Hungarian
Means "dawn" in Hungarian.
Hajni f Hungarian
Diminutive of Hajnal or Hajnalka.
Koit m Estonian
Means "dawn" in Estonian.
Li 1 f & m Chinese
Nishant m Indian, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati
Means "night's end, dawn" in Sanskrit.
Rhoxane f Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek form of Roxana.
Roxana f English, Spanish, Romanian, Ancient Greek (Latinized)
Latin form of Ῥωξάνη (Rhoxane), the Greek form of the Persian or Bactrian name روشنک (Roshanak), which meant "bright" or "dawn". This was the name of Alexander the Great's first wife, a daughter of the Bactrian nobleman Oxyartes. In the modern era it came into use during the 17th century. In the English-speaking world it was popularized by Daniel Defoe, who used it in his novel Roxana (1724).
Ruxandra f Romanian
Romanian form of Roxana.
Sahar f Arabic, Persian
Means "dawn" in Arabic.
Seher f Turkish
Turkish form of Sahar.
Seong-Ho m Korean
From Sino-Korean (seong) meaning "completed, finished, succeeded" or (seong) meaning "abundant, flourishing" combined with (ho) meaning "stove, bright" or (ho) meaning "daybreak, bright". Many other hanja character combinations are possible.
Shachar f & m Hebrew
Means "dawn" in Hebrew.
Shahar f & m Hebrew
Alternate transcription of Hebrew שַׁחַר (see Shachar).
Sung-Ho m Korean
Alternate transcription of Korean Hangul 성호 (see Seong-Ho).
Taner m Turkish
Means "born at dawn" in Turkish.
Uhtric m Anglo-Saxon (Hypothetical)
Derived from the Old English elements uhta "pre-dawn" and ric "ruler, mighty".
Ushas f Hinduism
Means "dawn" in Sanskrit. This is the name of the Hindu goddess of the dawn, considered the daughter of heaven.
Vihaan m Indian, Hindi
From Sanskrit विहान (vihana) meaning "dawn, morning".
Zarja f Slovene
Slovene variant of Zora.
Zerach m Biblical Hebrew
Hebrew form of Zerah.
Zerah m Biblical
Means "dawning, shining" in Hebrew. This is the name of a son of Judah and the twin of Perez in the Old Testament.
Zora f Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Bulgarian, Macedonian
From a South and West Slavic word meaning "dawn, aurora".
Zoraida f Spanish
Perhaps means "enchanting" or "dawn" in Arabic. This was the name of a minor 12th-century Spanish saint, a convert from Islam. The name was used by Cervantes for a character in his novel Don Quixote (1606), in which Zoraida is a beautiful Moorish woman of Algiers who converts to Christianity and elopes with a Spanish officer.
Zorana f Croatian, Serbian
Feminine form of Zoran.
Zorica f Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian
Serbian, Croatian and Macedonian diminutive of Zora.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
On page 188 of my סדור רינת ישראל (or p. 196 in this edition) the instructions for lighting shabbat candles begins as follows: כשהחמה בראש האילנות, מדליקים נר של שבת.
My limited Hebrew has me understand this as "when the sun is at the tops of the trees, light the shabbat candles."
The time for lighting has been expressed in terms of shkiah or evening or something specific to the clock (the notes at the bottom of page 296 of the Artscroll siddur Kol Yaakov speak of "approximately 18 minutes before sunset"). This instruction speaks of the position of the sun relative to trees -- which trees? How tall are they? At what angle am I standing? And maybe it is just me and my understanding of trees, but when the sun is at the rosh of the trees is significantly earlier in the day than candle lighting is usually set for. Is this statement encouraging an earlier shabbat or am I misunderstanding the printed instructions?
Help is, as always, appreciated.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
The Talmud (Shabbat 35b) discusses the exact time where Bein Hashemashot (dusk -- the time the Melacha becomes forbidden) and concludes that those who are not experts in the calculations should light while the sun is still atop the trees. This is an approxamite time which is designed to ensure that one definitely does not light too late. This rule is recorded in Shulchan Aruch OC 261:3.
The custom of lighting 18 minutes before sunset is to fulfill every possible opinion in the Rishonim (even those we don't paskin like) about when sunset is, notably the opinion of the Yereim who holds that the "sunset" begins 3/4 of a mil before astronomical sunset. If we take a mil to be 24 minutes (the longest opinion), then it comes out that Shabbat starts 18 minutes before astronomical sunset. (see Shaar Hatziyun 261:21)
share|improve this answer
I think I've heard that there are communities that use 40 minutes instead of 18. I don't know what that would be based on. – Monica Cellio Sep 30 '12 at 2:12
_USER_ judaism.stackexchange.com/q/13472/759 – Double AA Sep 30 '12 at 2:14
Both the S"A and my siddur omit that this speaks of date trees (I have no idea if this means a date tree 100 feet away or right above me, or how tall a date tree is). And the siddur ignores the follow up line about what to do on a cloudy day. Chickens, it seems, are less relevant than date trees. But I would still assume that the sun is atop a tree (unless the tree is on a far horizon) much earlier in the day. The siddur's use of IT when by 1981 (the publ date) there were other signifiers seems strange. – Danno Sep 30 '12 at 3:55
Your Answer


ArcObjects Library Reference (System)
Array CoClass
Generic array of objects.
Product Availability
Available with ArcGIS Engine, ArcGIS Desktop, and ArcGIS Server.
The Array object enables ArcObjects to pass around arrays of object references in a cross platform manner; you can store and retrieve an array of object references in the same way regardless of which ArcObjects API you are using. Unlike the similar Set object, Arrays offer random access by indexed lookup. You can also insert, remove, or replace objects at any position in the Array. The array is heterogeneous, that is the objects in it do not need to be of the same type.
Array objects are used by several interfaces including IIdentify and IMapControl2.
Supported Platforms
Windows, Solaris, Linux
Interfaces Description
IArray Provides access to members that control a simple array of objects.
IArray2 Provides access to replace an object in the array.
IXMLSerialize Provides access to members that XML serialize and deserialize an object to/from XML.


text:
Ammonia Awareness Course
This 3 hour course, developed for food producers, can be taught ON YOUR SITE, and will give your empployees a basic understanding of Ammonia as a refrigerant, its dangers, and what to do in an emergency.
Taught by an Ammonia Refrigeration Mechanic with over 35 years of experience this course gives a great balance between basic practical knowledge and safety.
Course Content Includes:
- Basic Refrigeration Systems, how they work
- Ammonia in everyday life and as a refrigerant.
- Oils and other potential hazzards
- A tour of your facillity to show your employees where specific dangers are and how to avoid accidental exposure.
This course was developed at the request of Freybe Foods for thier employees who may need to work near Ammonia equipment.
This course requires a minumum of 8 students and a maximum of 16.


Skip to definition.
Noun: panda pan-du
 1. Large black-and-white herbivorous mammal of bamboo forests of China and Tibet; in some classifications considered a member of the bear family or of a separate family Ailuropodidae
 - giant panda, panda bear, coon bear, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 2. Reddish-brown Old World raccoon-like carnivore; in some classifications considered unrelated to the giant pandas
 - lesser panda, red panda, bear cat, cat bear, Ailurus fulgens
Derived forms: pandas
Type of: procyonid
Part of: Ailuropoda, Ailurus, genus Ailuropoda, genus Ailurus
Encyclopedia: Panda, Likasi


Tag Archives: jefferson
1. An English name coming from the German name, Vilhelm, literally meaning will(desire, will) and helmet (protection). It has many variants in over 50 languages. Variants include but are not limited to:
Wilhelm, Vilhelm, Guillaume, Guillermo, Guglielmo, and Guilherme
Nicknames for William include: Will, Bill, and Billiam.
According to the 1990 U.S. Census the name William is the 5th most popular first name with 2.451% of the male population
Many famous and successful people have been/are named William.
1. Bill Gates (richest man in the world)
2. Bill Clinton (Former president)
3. William the Conqueror (conqueror of England in 1066)
4. William Shakespeare (greatest writer of the English language)
5. King William of Prussia (Emperor of Germany before WWI)


text:
medieval, renaissance, mediterranean, islamic, spain, 700, 1600
Casket with birds and roundels, Sicily. Museum no. 4535-1859
Casket with birds and roundels
Museum no. 4535-1859
Some 200 ivory caskets decorated in the Islamic style were made in Sicily in the 12th and early 13th centuries. They were probably made for the court as marriage gifts or for storing precious objects. This casket shows the usual style of painting found on the Sicilian ivories. The most common motifs were floral scrolls within roundels, and various types of birds - those with the crest at the lower corners of the casket are probably peacocks. The same birds are also woven into contemporary Sicilian textiles. On this casket, the joins between the small panels of ivory are disguised by rudimentary plant motifs.
Casket with Christian figures, Sicily. Museum no. _PHONE_
Casket with Christian figures
Museum no. _PHONE_
The form and most of the decoration of this large casket are entirely characteristic of the ivory caskets made in Sicily, apart from the prominent figures of Christian saints painted at the front. This may indicate that it was commissioned for use in a church, and in fact this casket used to belong to the treasury of Bari Cathedral, on the south-eastern coast of Italy. The casket also has a long poetic inscription in Arabic, invoking blessings and happiness on the owner, in a manner that is very common on secular works of art made in the Islamic world.
Casket with a reused Fatimid base, Sicily. Museum no. _PHONE_
Casket with a reused Fatimid base
Sicily, 1200–50; base probably Cairo about 1150
Museum no. _PHONE_
This casket illustrates the presence of Egyptian works of art in Sicily. Its base was formed from a cut-down panel. It is made from wood incrusted with small, shaped pieces of ivory, set into a dark resin, a technique which relates to a small group of objects made in Fatimid Egypt, probably in the early 12th century. Perhaps the original object from which this panel came was worn out or broken with use but, as an exotic import, was too highly valued to be thrown away, so it was trimmed down and reused.
Ceiling of the Cappella Palatina, Sicily, Palermo. Museum no. 7903-1936
Albumen print of the ceiling of the Cappella Palatina
Ceiling about 1143; print about 1890–1910
Museum no. 7903-1936
This is one of the best surviving examples of an Islamic ceiling in the Mediterranean, though it crowns a Christian religious space – the royal chapel of the palace in Palermo. This building was created for the Norman king of Sicily, Roger II, and was probably completed in time for his coronation in 1143.
The three-dimensional decoration of the ceiling is formed from small cells of carved wood in a technique known in Arabic as muqarnas. The central structure of the ceiling is a pattern of stars and crosses, and every element is covered with paintings in the Islamic style. These include dancers, musicians, seated drinkers and mounted hunters, and every border carries Arabic inscriptions in Kufic script, containing blessings, in the manner of Islamic decorative arts.
A team of carpenters and painters may have been imported from Cairo to produce this most luxurious royal commission. Ironically, few buildings of this period survive in Egypt itself, so now the 'Arabo-Norman' architecture of Sicily provides important information about the lost Fatimid palace architecture on which it was modelled.
Oliphant, Southern Italy. Museum no. 7953-1862
Museum no. 7953-1862
An oliphant is a horn formed from a whole elephant tusk. Oliphants may have been used in hunting, but are so heavy that they may equally have been symbols of status or land ownership. Oliphants are often elaborately carved, since the craftsman had the whole thickness of the ivory at his disposal. Many surviving oliphants show the influence of Islamic decoration. This example is covered with roundels containing animals with disproportionately large bodies, and tails which terminate in a palmette or tiny head. This way of depicting animals was used on Fatimid ceramics and other works of art, which were imported by sea into the coastal cities of Sicily and southern Italy


text:
Giudizio Mediazione Conversione. Francesco Gentile e la filosofia della controversia
Abstract: Judgment Mediation Conversion. Francesco Gentile and the Philosophy of Litigation
The essay focuses on Francesco Gentile's philosophy of litigation, starting from Capograssi's and Opocher's legacy. The possibility of ascertain the truth in legal adjudication has been questioned following the fall of the legicentric paradigm, and the consequent rise of ADR: these major events challenged the current assumptions in the theory of litigation, but Francesco Gentile's idea of truth as "conversion" might still play a prominent role in understanding the inter-subjective meaning of truth in dispute-setting.


text:
Its source is a Latin expression meaning "Soldier."
The name Myles ranked 295th in popularity for males of all ages in a sample of 2000-2003 Social Security Administration statistics and 813th in popularity for males of all ages in a sample of the 1990 US Census.
Though this name appears on the 1990 U.S. Census lists, it is used by only a small percentage of the general population.
Latin may be the source of the Germanic form, Milo, that this name assumed in the Middle Ages. Nothing is certain about this derivation, however, and speculation on the ultimate source ranges from the Hebrew name Michael to the Slovonic name element mil (grace).


Obscure Classified Recordings 2
Boom Bap Labs Presents
 - Title: Obscure Classified Recordings 2
 - Designed by: Alpha Centori
 - Category: Textures
NASA Actually Recorded Sound In Space, And It's Absolutely Chilling.... Now you've probably heard that there's no sound in space, but technically that's not true. Now yes, space is a virtual vacuum. However, sound does exist in the form of electromagnetic vibrations that pulsate in similar wavelengths. NASA designed a special instrument that can record these electromagnetic vibrations, and transferred them into sounds that our ears could hear. And these 30 files are the haunting lost transmissions they captured from space. Where did those sounds come from? Who knows? It's mysterious and creepy...
 - WAV 44.1Khz / 16 bits
 - 30 textures from the depth of space.
 - All textures are royalty free.


text:
Did you know that driving at 70 km/h in a 60-km/h zone puts a driver at greater risk for a collision involving injury than does driving with a blood alcohol level of.08 g/100ml? The evidence says that the relative risk is 4.2 for the first practice (70 km/h in a 60-km/h zone), compared to 3.2 for the other (.08% alcohol). (Road Speed, p. 13)
In this document you will find a substantial review of the evidence on speeding. Besides presenting data such as those found above, the document points out that we must consider the phenomenon of road speed within a social context. Despite the disturbing realities about speeding, it is seen as a relatively minor type of offense, not comparable ot other, more serious illegal behavour. In addition, it is not just the less frequent instances of extreme speeding which pose a problem. The more common form of road speed (such as travelling at 70 km/h in a 60 zone) is shown to be a significant risk.
This scientific review, produced by the Direction développement des individus et des communautés of the INSPQ (the Institut national de santé publique du Québec - Quebec's public health institute), sets out to:
- Show the dangers to the public caused by road speed, including injuries, pollution, and less pedestrian and cyclist-friendly public spaces;
- Show how road speed reduces drivers' ability to avoid collisions;
- Review the current scientific evidence for the effectiveness of various measures aimed at reducing speed; and
- Develop a set of principles and recommendations for how to reduce road speed in the shorter and longer terms, based on the evidence.
As part of our mandate, the NCCHPP has translated this scientific review into English, so that it may become a resource for a broader group across Canada and internationally.


text:
Russia has created one of the world's largest marine parks, covering 42 000 square kilometres of the Barents Sea, an area about the size of Denmark. It surrounds Franz Josef Land, a group of islands to the east of the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard.
The area is biologically very productive, because warm Gulf Stream water meets cold Arctic water there, creating good conditions for plankton. There are 68 large seabird colonies on the islands, and rare bowhead whales feed in the area.
The World Wide Fund for Nature, which helped the Russians to plan and set up the park, wants Norway to respond to the Russian move by declaring the adjoining area a park, including Svalbard. The WWF wants the whole Barents Sea to become a protected area, from the northern limits of the Arctic pack ice in summer to its southern limits in winter.
Norway has recently conducted oil...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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I have always thought that Aleinu was a piyyut (liturgical poem), not a "prayer" since it does not have a bracha in it. I was surprised to find that the Wikipedia page for piyyut does not list it, and that the page for Aleinu calls it a prayer. I realize that Wikipedia may not be the most authoritative source for Jewish answers, so I am asking it here. Is Aleinu considered a piyyut or a prayer? Either way, why? A related (unanswered) question is: Why are Ashre and Alenu considered communal prayers?
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What is the difference? – Double AA Mar 2 at 13:23
_USER_ I am not entirely sure. I had thought that tehillim, most zemirot, Aleinu, were all piyyut, but based on the answer Ypnypn submitted below, I might have my criteria wrong. – Mike Mar 2 at 16:00
1 Answer 1
Actually, a text can be both a prayer and a piyyut. A prayer is a type of content, whereas a piyyut is a type of style. A prayer is when one talks to God (OED, MW); it need not contain a bracha. A piyyut is a style of a text (which may or not be a prayer) similar to poetry.
Therefore, there are selections which are prayers, piyyutim, both, or none. Mi Sheberach is a prayer (note the absence of a bracha), but not a piyyut. Yigdal is a piyyut, but not a prayer. Veye'esayu (on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur) is a piyyut and a prayer.
Specifically, the second part of Aleinu is a prayer (since we acknowledge God as the ruler of all, and pray that He be universally recognized as such soon). It can be argued that since part of it is a prayer, the whole thing is. It is not a piyyut.
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text:
James Mehigan, The Open University
How do the Euro 2016 countries stack up on juvenile justice?
[10 June 2016] – A lot has been written about the footballing form and potential of the 24 nations competing in France for European honours over the coming weeks. We know that if each team plays to their standing in the Uefa rankings, Germany will beat Spain in the final, with England beating Portugal in the third place play-offs.
However, the outcome would be quite different if each country were ranked in terms of their human rights record, or quantifiable aspects of juvenile justice. This blog looks at how the Euro 2016 countries compare on access to justice for children, minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) and life imprisonment for children.
To kick off this competition, the first area to look at is access to justice for children. In February 2016 the Child Rights International Network (CRIN) published a report assessing every country in the world for its performance on access to justice for children. It takes into consideration a huge number of variables including the legal status of the child and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in municipal law, remedies in criminal and civil law, as well as practical matters like venue, legal aid and timeliness. Having considered and weighted all of these factors, CRIN was able to give each country a percentage and produce a table ranking 197 countries.
Rating countries for qualitative performance is fraught with difficulties. Some NGOs, such as Amnesty International, eschew the idea. Others, like Transparency International and Reporters Without Borders, produce regular rankings of countries' performances. Justice, and access to it, is culturally and historically contingent, and putting a number on it is never as precise as one might like.
Methodologically, how can your weighting take into account the significance of cultural and political factors which may ameliorate or aggravate a policy? CRIN's researchers, working with partners around the world, assessed countries by how they compared to a 'model report' on access to justice. They then applied the countries' performance in each category to the model and used this to establish a score in each element of the study which then informed the global 'CRIN ranking'.
The top three countries on access to justice for children globally are Belgium, Portugal and Spain, all strong contenders for overall victory this year. Of the Euro 2016 countries, Iceland is next with a world ranking of 8 (out of 197), while England and Wales come in behind them (ranked 10) followed by Northern Ireland (ranked 18).
If each country in the current draw plays to its access to justice ranking, we come out with some surprising results. The winners are easily predicted (Belgium beat Portugal in the final), but some of the earlier stages cause upsets. Northern Ireland would top Group C and Germany (rank 66) would fail to make the knock-out rounds as they limp in, the worst ranked third place team. Sweden, home of many progressive social policies would also fail to qualify from their group, having been narrowly beaten by Ireland.
As the only Euro 2016 teams that share a criminal jurisdiction, England and Wales are ranked equally, meaning that if they play to their CRIN rankings, they will come joint first in their group. As a tie-break England go through first as they have a higher Uefa ranking. In this scenario, England and Northern Ireland make the quarter finals, while Wales goes out in the round of 16. So on the basis of the CRIN rankings of access to justice for children, no UK team will be champions of Europe, or even semi-finalists (Spain would beat Iceland in the third place play-offs).
While it is a credit to the UK nations to rank so highly on access to justice, the sad reality is that they perform exceptionally poorly on MACR and life imprisonment of children. If there was a European Championship in convicting children youngest and sending them to prison longest, the nations of the UK would excel.
England, Wales and Northern Ireland have the youngest minimum age of criminal responsibility at 10. The UK's nations are not alone in allowing 10-year-olds to be found criminally responsible. Five Euro 2016 nations allow children as young as 10 to be found criminally responsible: England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Switzerland and Wales. Ireland has a general MACR of 12 and only lowers it to 10 in homicide and certain specified sexual offences. The other four nations however allow 10-year-olds to be found criminally liable for any offence. So, on this measure, the lowest MACR, all three UK teams make it to the semis with Switzerland.
In which area of youth justice are the UK nations going to be champions of Europe? The answer is simple and unambiguous. It's an area where UK nations smash all their competitors with England and Wales shining above all of Europe: life imprisonment of children.
Only five Euro 2016 nations allow children to be sentenced to life imprisonment: England, France, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Ireland allows for a life sentence to be imposed on children, however there are no known cases and only one case of an adult sentenced to life for a crime committed when he was 17. France is now in the process of abolishing life sentences for children, but it has allowed for life imprisonment of children over 16 and has previously sentenced two children to life imprisonment. One of the sentences was quashed, leaving only one person serving a life sentence in France for an offence committed as a child. These two prisoners are the only people in all the Euro 2016 nations outside the UK to be serving such a sentence. They are two in 650 million.
Life sentences for offences committed as a child are significantly more prevalent in the UK. Indeed with only two people on such a sentence in all the other countries combined, it wouldn't take much to become champions of Europe. Figures are scant, but in 2004 Northern Ireland had three children serving 'Detention at the Secretary of State's Pleasure'. Figures are similarly vague for England & Wales. The Ministry of Justice does not keep records of how many prisoners are serving at 'Her Majesty's Pleasure' (the rather perverse name for a life sentence for a child). They statistically morph into the adult lifer population when they hit 22 and the MOJ doesn't worry about it.
We do know that between 1995 and 2013 some 361 people were sentenced to remain in prison at 'Her Majesty's Pleasure'. Alongside these prisoners, the MOJ has stated that 325 people received indefinite sentences for public protection (life sentences for lesser offences, known as IPPs) for offences committed while a child during theinhuman and depressing seven year life of the IPP sentence.
Of the Euro 2016 nations, Wales, Northern Ireland and England can proudly proclaim their progression to the knock-out stages when graded on access to justice for children. Sadly, it is in the areas of minimum age of criminal responsibility and life imprisonment that they really excel. While Belgium may be champions on access to justice, the UK can claim three of the semi-final slots for having the lowest age at which a child can be convicted of a crime. But where the English and Welsh really set themselves apart is in sentencing children to prison for life.
While the rest of the Euro 2016 nations combined have only two prisoners serving life sentences for offences committed as a child, the UK nations have committed hundreds to this fate. If Britain leaves France without a trophy, at least its fans can know that the rest of the nations combined cannot match its modern-day child Gulag.
This article is a guest post for CRIN written by James Mehigan, Lecturer in Criminology, Open University and Barrister, Garden Court Chambers.
Originally posted to the Child Rights International Network (10 June 2016):


Monitor the health of your community here
How to Find Leaks in an Above Ground Pool Liner
It's frustrating to notice the water level going down in your pool when you cannot find the exact location of the leak. It can take some detective work to pinpoint it, but this is a necessary step before you can make repairs. By following the steps below, and working your way from the easiest method to the most complex, you will be able to find the leak so you can fix it and enjoy your pool again.
If your pool is on the lawn, search around it for any patches of grass that appear to be greener than the surrounding grass. This can help you locate the general area of the leak. The water may be coming out in a great enough quantity to provide extra water for a particular patch on your lawn.
How to Reduce Whistling of a CPAP Hose
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If your pool is on sand or dirt, check around the perimeter for any soaked areas. You may also notice a crater-like area where water from the leak has been collecting.
Wait until a quiet time of day, then use a rubber hose to listen for the leak in the area. Hopefully the previous two steps have helped you narrow down its probable location. Listening can be accomplished by filling the hose with water, plugging both ends, then putting one end against your ear. Use the other end to probe the liner in the area where you suspect the leak is located. Even a small leak often makes a detectable sound.
How to Level Ground for a Swing Set
Learn More
If the sound has gotten you closer to the leak but still has not revealed its exact location, swim to the bottom of the pool with a bottle of brightly hued food coloring. Squeeze out a small amount in the suspect area. If you are close enough, the dye should be drawn toward the hole in the liner. You can also buy special products that contain dye made especially for pool leak detection.
If you are unable to pinpoint the exact location of the leak. add a leak seal product to the pool water. Since the leak is too small to be easily found, it is probably small enough to be sealed by the product.
Sometimes pool owners mistake normal evaporation for a leak in the liner. To discover whether you actually have a leak, fill a five-gallon bucket with water and put it on the first or second step of the ladder. Position it so it's only a few inches out of the water. Adjust the water level in the bucket to be level with the pool. Mark the water level inside the bucket and outside, then leave it in the pool for 24 hours. If the water level in the pool has gone down more rapidly than that in the bucket, there is a leak.


The Problem with Mind-Uploading and Transhumanism with Susan Schneider
Factually! with Adam Conover #66 August 18, 2020
Is it really possible to upload your mind to the cloud, or is the entire idea fatally confused? Philosopher Susan Schneider joins Adam to explain how your brain differs from a computer, the limits of AI, and why philosophy must be an essential part of the study and development of artificial minds.
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is the original IRC message hash like it is returned by parse_irc_msg.
error => $code, $message, $ircmsg
Emitted when any error occurs. $code is the 3 digit error id string from RFC 1459 or the string 'ERROR'. $message is a description of the error. $ircmsg is the complete error irc message.
You may use AnyEvent::IRC::Util::rfc_code_to_name to convert $code to the error name from the RFC 2812. eg.:
 rfc_code_to_name ('471') => 'ERR_CHANNELISFULL'
NOTE: This event is also emitted when a 'ERROR' message is received.
debug_send => $command, _USER_
Is emitted everytime some command is sent.
debug_recv => $ircmsg
Is emitted everytime some command was received.
$cl = AnyEvent::IRC::Client->new (%args)
This is the constructor of a AnyEvent::IRC::Client object, which stands logically for a client connected to ONE IRC server. You can reuse it and call connect once it disconnected.
NOTE: You are free to use the hash member heap to store any associated data with this object. For example retry timers or anything else.
%args may contain these options:
send_initial_whois => $bool
If this option is enabled an initial WHOIS command is sent to your own NICKNAME to determine your own ident. See also the method nick_ident. This is necessary to ensure that the information about your own nickname is available as early as possible for the send_long_message method.
$bool is false by default.
$cl->connect ($host, $port)
$cl->connect ($host, $port, $info)
This method does the same as the connect method of AnyEvent::Connection, but if the $info parameter is passed it will automatically register with the IRC server upon connect for you, and you won't have to call the register method yourself. If $info only contains the timeout value it will not automatically connect, this way you can pass a custom connect timeout value without having to register.
The keys of the hash reference you can pass in $info are:
 nick - the nickname you want to register as
 user - your username
 real - your realname
 password - the server password
 timeout - the TCP connect timeout
All keys, except nick are optional.
$cl->register ($nick, $user, $real, $server_pass)
Sends the IRC registration commands NICK and USER. If $server_pass is passed also a PASS command is generated.
NOTE: If you passed the nick, user, etc. already to the connect method you won't need to call this method, as AnyEvent::IRC::Client will do that for you.
$cl->set_nick_change_cb ($callback)
This method lets you modify the nickname renaming mechanism when registering the connection. $callback is called with the current nickname as first argument when a ERR_NICKNAMEINUSE or ERR_UNAVAILRESOURCE error occurs on login. The return value of $callback will then be used to change the nickname.
If $callback is not defined the default nick change callback will be used again.
The default callback appends '_' to the end of the nickname supplied in the register routine.
If the callback returns the same nickname that was given it the connection will be terminated.
$cl->nick ()
Returns the current nickname, under which this connection is registered at the IRC server. It might be different from the one that was passed to register as a nick-collision might happened on login.
$cl->is_my_nick ($string)
This returns true if $string is the nick of ourself.
$cl->registered ()
Returns a true value when the connection has been registered successful and you can send commands.
$cl->channel_list ()
$cl->channel_list ($channel)
Without $channel parameter: This returns a hash reference. The keys are the currently joined channels in lower case. The values are hash references which contain the joined nicks as key (NOT in lower case!) and the nick modes as values (as returned from nick_modes ()).
If the $channel parameter is given it returns the hash reference of the channel occupants or undef if the channel does not exist.
$cl->nick_modes ($channel, $nick)
This returns the mode map of the $nick on $channel. Returns undef if the channel isn't joined or the user is not on it. Returns a hash reference with the modes the user has as keys and 1's as values.
$cl->send_msg (...)
See also AnyEvent::IRC::Connection.
$cl->send_srv ($command, _USER_)
This function sends an IRC message that is constructed by mk_msg (undef, $command, _USER_) (see AnyEvent::IRC::Util). If the registered event has NOT yet been emitted the messages are queued until that event is emitted, and then sent to the server.
NOTE: If you stop the registered event (with stop_event, see Object::Event) in a callback registered to the before_registered event, the send_srv queue will NOT be flushed and NOT sent to the server!
This allows you to simply write this:
 my $cl = AnyEvent::IRC::Client->new;
 $cl->connect ('', 6667, { nick => 'testbot' });
 $cl->send_srv (PRIVMSG => 'elmex', 'Hi there!');
Instead of:
 $cl->reg_cb (
 registered => sub {
 $cl->send_msg (PRIVMSG => 'elmex', 'Hi there!');
$cl->clear_srv_queue ()
Clears the server send queue.
$cl->send_chan ($channel, $command, _USER_)
This function sends a message (constructed by mk_msg (undef, $command, _USER_) to the server, like send_srv only that it will queue the messages if it hasn't joined the channel $channel yet. The queued messages will be send once the connection successfully JOINed the $channel.
$channel will be lowercased so that any case that comes from the server matches. (Yes, IRC handles upper and lower case as equal :-(
Be careful with this, there are chances you might not join the channel you wanted to join. You may wanted to join _TAG_ and the server redirects that and sends you that you joined _TAG_. You may use clear_chan_queue to remove the queue after some timeout after joining, so that you don't end up with a memory leak.
$cl->clear_chan_queue ($channel)
Clears the channel queue of the channel $channel.
my (_USER_) = $cl->send_long_message ($encoding, $overhead, $cmd, _USER_, $msg)
As IRC only allows 512 byte blocks of messages and sometimes your messages might get longer, you have a problem. This method will solve your problem:
This method can be used to split up long messages into multiple commands.
$cmd and _USER_ are the IRC command and it's first parameters, except the last one: the $msg. $msg can be a Unicode string, which will be encoded in $encoding before sending.
If you want to send a CTCP message you can encode it in the $cmd by appending the CTCP command with a "\001". For example if you want to send a CTCP ACTION you have to give this $cmd:
 $cl->send_long_message (undef, 0, "PRIVMSG\001ACTION", "_TAG_", "rofls");
$encoding can be undef if you don't need any recoding of $msg. But in case you want to send Unicode it is necessary to determine where to split a message exactly, to not break the encoding.
Please also note that the nick_ident for your own nick is necessary to compute this. To ensure best performance as possible use the send_initial_whois option if you want to use this method.
But note that this method might not work 100% correct and you might still get at least partially chopped off lines if you use send_long_message before the WHOIS reply to send_initial_whois arrived.
To be on the safest side you might want to wait until that initial WHOIS reply arrived.
The return value of this method is the list of the actually sent lines (but without encoding applied).
$cl->enable_ping ($interval, $cb)
This method enables a periodical ping to the server with an interval of $interval seconds. If no PONG was received from the server until the next interval the connection will be terminated or the callback in $cb will be called.
($cb will have the connection object as it's first argument.)
Make sure you call this method after the connection has been established. (eg. in the callback for the registered event).
$cl->lower_case ($str)
Converts the given string to lowercase according to CASEMAPPING setting given by the IRC server. If none was sent, the default - rfc1459 - will be used.
$cl->eq_str ($str1, $str2)
This function compares two strings, whether they are describing the same IRC entity. They are lower cased by the networks case rules and compared then.
$cl->isupport ()
$cl->isupport ($key)
Provides access to the ISUPPORT variables sent by the IRC server. If $key is given this method will return its value only, otherwise a hashref with all values is returned
$cl->split_nick_mode ($prefixed_nick)
This method splits the $prefix_nick (eg. '+elmex') up into the mode of the user and the nickname.
This method returns 2 values: the mode map and the nickname.
The mode map