A voice signal sample is stored as one byte. Frequency range is 16 Hz to 20 Hz. What is the memory size required to store 4 minutes voice signal?
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Showing Answers 1 - 12 of 12 Answers
 - Jul 16th, 2005
its 9600 bytes. as the voice frequency irange is in between 16-20,so sampling frequency must be grater than 40hz,so number of samples in 4min=40*240=9600 samples hemce we need a memory of 9600 bytes to store the voice signal
 - Aug 22nd, 2005
Its just 1440 bytes. Bandpass sampling frequency is just 6Hz. so just 6*240 bytes.
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 - Feb 28th, 2006
would u plz explain how it is 1440 bytes??????????????
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prem kiran
 - Aug 1st, 2006
since the signal is in the band 16-20 HZ. bandwidth is 4HZ and so 8HZ sampling rate enough..i.e 8 s/sec. 4min=240sec.
4min duration has 8*240 samples
and each sample has 8 bits,so min required memory is 8*8*240=1920 bytes
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Sundeep Borra
 - Aug 8th, 2006
It's 1920Bytes. As the bandwidth (f2-f1) is 20-16=4Hz. The sampling frequency should be twice the bandwidth (2B). the sampling frequency is 8Hz= 8 samples= 8 cycles/second.
4 minutes=(4*60) =240 Seconds
1sample->1 Byte
1Second->8 Samples
240 Seconds->(240*8) = 1920 Samples
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 - Dec 30th, 2006
band width : 4Hzsampling freq : 2*4(=8)Hz or above4 minutes = 4*60secs = 240 secsnumber of byte required minimum = 240*8=1920 bytes
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - May 16th, 2007
Two things i wish to point here.
1) They have said that they are representing each sample by 8 bits. which implies that the sampling frequency is quite high. and that for one cycle of the minimum freq we get 256 samples.
2) Regarding the criterion that the sampling frequency should be twice of the bandwidth. this is applicable only when we are dealing with base band signal. whereas here it is pass band (since 16 to 20 is significant in our case).
So the sampling frequency should be quite high considering the two facts.
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - Jul 12th, 2007
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction of a signal is possible when the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled...so imagine sampling a 16Hz signal with 8hz...there's gonna be a sample every 2 cycles!..it has to be 40
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - Aug 17th, 2008
Voice sample = 8 bit
Smaple frequency = 1/20 s = 0.05s
for 4 minutes = 4*60(minto sec)/0.05 = 4800 sample
s0 total memory = 8 * 4800 = 38400 bits = 4800 Bytes = 4.69 KB
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - Aug 28th, 2008
banwidth of signal=4Hz
according to niquist theorem sampling frequency>=2*bandwidth
so sampling freq=2*4Hz(8 samples /sec)
1 samples is stored as 1 byte
so 8*8 bits/sec
so for 4 mins bits are = (4*60)*(64)=15KB
so asn is 15 KB.
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - Nov 21st, 2009
Voice signal is sampled at 8000 samples per second. (Human voice is in the range of 300Hz-3400Hz, and according to nyquist sampling rate we take it more than double the rate).
For a 4 min. voice signal, we have
Memory = 4*60*8000 Bytes = 1875KB = 1.83 MB.
 Was this answer useful? Yes
 - Sep 30th, 2012
bt practically i required 1.07 mb to record 1.31 min speech,
any1 kno its calculation?
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The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Corporate Communication focuses on the organizational strengths necessary in a business environment.
Corporate communicators are the voice of companies and organizations, and know how to build effective teams, convince the public of notable contributions, and manage difficult situations with appropriately crafted words and presentations.
- Draw from both communication and business disciplines.
- Study the following topics:
- Organizational communication
- Principles of marketing
- Advertising and promotions
- Intercultural communication
- Business and technical writing
- Public speaking

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


eLife Produces Open Science Podcast Series
Press Release | eLife | July 25, 2013
eLife, an open access (OA) journal covering research in the life and biomedical sciences, will produce a podcast series with The Naked Scientists, broadcasters who present easy-to-understand science to the general public.
"The Naked Scientists have a committed following and a knack for making complicated stories accessible and interesting," says Randy Schekman, eLife editor-in-chief. "Since our journal is freely available online, anyone listening to the eLife podcast will be able to read the full papers anytime."
There are two podcast episodes available so far. In the first episode, five authors discuss their research articles as representative samples of eLife's publishing program. Topics include the discovery of a receptor for the hepatitis B and D viruses, the effects of fog on car drivers, and modern DNA sequencing technology that sheds light on the potato famines of the 1840s. In the second episode, topics are "plants performing arithmetic division, the evolutionary dynamics of cancer, single-molecule measurements in the immune system, why blood vessels don't grow in the retina, how to make science count in government, a sensor for ammonium, and the evolution of gene regulation."
The goal of these podcasts is to offer eLife's OA content to a wider audience and to use more engaging elements to reach that audience. Other initiatives include the eLife Digest, a short summary of each available paper; Insights, where experts offer commentary on selected articles; and an API (application programming interface) so users can access, reuse, and build upon eLife metadata.
eLife encourages distribution of the podcasts under a Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
Because we didn't do an in-place upgrade from Vista 3 to Vista 4, we're realizing there are even larger gaps in our policies than we had thought, and there are serious misconceptions on campus concerning types of course management data and their retention, purging and archiving.
Notre Dame is starting to look at some of these issues and our assumptions around them:
1. How long should student work (online quiz answers, assignment submissions, discussion postings) be accessible to students after the semester is over? Is continuing their access through the next semester good enough? Should it be for the duration of their stay at the university?
2. How long should Instructors have access to student work?
3. How long should an Instructors' online course (with student work removed) be retained live on the server? Here at Notre Dame we have a Banner SSB customization that displays a form to faculty allowing them to choose from content available on the Bb Vista servers as the starting point for any given course in the current semester. Behind the scenes this programmatically creates an assignment job of one section's content to the specified one.
4. How much data can we feasibly store in the database? Even if archiving isn't practical, what should the purging cycle be for online course content and for user accounts? Should it be based on some time after last access, or on a time period such as # of semesters or years?
5. Should we make the technical investment to develop a viable section archiving strategy and then, policies around it?


text:
Classification Of Data Center Management Software ToolsSource: APC by Schneider Electric
By Kevin Brown
The total data center universe that most data center professionals are familiar with principally consists of two realms. The first realm, information technology (IT), refers to all systems that address the information processing aspects of the data center (e.g., servers, storage arrays and network switches). The second realm revolves around the physical infrastructure and controls that allow the IT realm to function. This second realm includes the physical infrastructure systems that support both the IT ("white space") realm of the data center as well as the larger data center facility itself. This would include facility power, cooling and security systems. The management classification system described in this paper is limited in scope to the physical infrastructure of the data center facility and IT areas.
Both realms are interrelated but the subsystems within each are procured, managed, and maintained by separate users. Typically, facilities and engineering departments "own" and operate facility and IT infrastructure systems. IT department personnel "own" the IT equipment. In some larger data centers both IT and infrastructure devices share a common communications backbone. As the total data center evolves, these departments will become more intertwined as will the management systems that support them. Table 1 provides definitions of terms utilized in this paper to describe and contrast the data center management software classification system.


Documentation:Windows Section 5.2
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Insert Menu
The Insert menu allows you to insert header sections, object definitions, etc. into a file you are editing with the internal editor, with only a few clicks of your mouse. It is only visible if you have selected an editor window.
This menu is built dynamically from the directory called 'Insert Menu', which is in the POV-Ray for Windows installation directory. The way it works is similar to the Windows 95/NT Start Menu. You can even edit it at run-time, and POVWIN will automatically pick up the fact that it's been changed and re-load it.
It has the additional special feature that menu entries may optionally have an image file associated with them, which is displayed when that entry is highlighted. A set of these image files is shipped with POV-Ray for Windows as standard; you can re-render these at a higher resolution if you like - see Re-Render Insert Menu Bitmaps in the Other Settings menu.
How the Insert Menu is Built
Physical Layout
Each sub-menu in the Insert Menu is a directory (also called a 'folder' these days). To create a new sub-menu, just create a new directory. The submenu will have the same name as the directory.
The actual items that you can insert in your scene files are simply text files. POVWIN recognizes them by the extension.TXT. Any.TXT file in the Insert Menu directory tree will appear in the Insert Menu. The name shown in the Insert Menu will be the filename of the.TXT file, minus the.TXT extension. If you select this file from the Insert Menu, the contents of the corresponding text file will be inserted into your scene file at the current cursor location.
Sorting the Insert Menu
It is possible to order the insert menu entries any way you like, both for folders and for the files (or sub-folders) within them. Normally, the entries are added to the menu in alphabetical order, with all folders being added before files. However, you can influence the ordering of each group (folders and files) by prepending a 'NN -'to a folder or file, where 'NN' is any letter or digit (note however that this does not permit you to place a file before a folder).
For example, suppose you wanted to move the folder called 'Transformations' (which creates the menu entry called 'Transformations' in the above sample image) so that it appears between the 'Expressions' and 'Headers' items in the menu. You could achieve this by re-naming the folder from 'Transformations' to, say, 'F0 - Transformations' (the choice of 'F0' in this example is arbitrary - you could use anything that will alphabetically sort between 'Expressions' and 'Headers').
When the editor code builds the insert menu (which happens each time you change it), any file or folder that starts with a prefix of 'NN -'(note the trailing space) will be sorted using the prefix, but displayed without the prefix.
Adding a Separator
Creating a special file called '-.txt' (a hyphen followed by.txt) usually prefixed by a 'NN -'(e.g. '30 - -.txt'), will cause a menu separator to be drawn instead of inserting a new item into the menu. The contents of the file are ignored.
To create a separator between sub-menus, do the same thing as above, but create a folder instead of a file and leave off the '.txt' extension.
Using the Insert Menu
Each Insert Menu text file can have an associated BMP file that provides a preview of the item that the text file can generate. In the above example image, the item provides the spiral2 pattern, so the preview image shows a rendered example of this pattern.
Preview images can be of any bit-depth, but if you want to distribute them we strongly recommend that they be no more than 8-bit. Additionally, they should be no larger than 640x480 pixels.
The easiest way to understand how it all fits together is to inspect the Insert Menu directory that ships with POV-Ray for Windows. The first item in the Insert Menu will allow you to do that by opening an Explorer window located at that point on your disk.
See also Re-Render Insert Menu Bitmaps in the Other Settings menu.
Render Menu
The Render Menu contains options that relate to starting, stopping, and controlling the rendering process (i.e. the generation of images).
Edit Settings/Render
This command lets you select an INI and/or a POV file and make any last-minute command-line changes to the POV-Ray options before rendering.
In the 'Ini file' box, you can select an INI file by typing in the filename. You can also browse your directory structure for it. POV-Ray for Windows remembers the last directory from which an INI file was actually selected. If you select an INI file that has sections (see Sections in Understanding File Types), the Section box shows the first section label. Clicking on the down arrow brings up a menu of other sections in the INI file for you to choose from.
In the 'Source file' box, you can select a POV file by typing in the filename. You can also browse your directory structure for it. Once again, the directory that shows up is the last directory from which a POV file was actually selected.
If you currently have an editor window selected, you will not be able to change these entries as they will be set to the name of the file you are editing (even if its extension is not.POV). If you want to use these fields you need to choose the Message window first.
The commands are processed from top to bottom. Any options in the INI file you select override the default POVRAY.INI file as well as any POVRAY.INI file in the directory where the scene file resides. A selected POV file overrides any 'Input_File_Name=' option in the selected INI file. Finally, any command-line options override corresponding options in any INI file. The command line is processed from left to right; if an option is repeated on the command line, the one last processed applies.
If you want to change the command-line settings but do not want to start rendering the currently loaded POV file, press 'Set but don't Render'.
The command line is versatile. If you have a POV file and a number of options loaded, you can override the scene to be rendered by typing the name of another POV file on the command line. Conversely, you can type in one or more options (or the name of an INI file), forcing POV-Ray for Windows to render the currently loaded POV scene with the new options. If you type the name of an INI file which specifies a new POV file with the 'Input_File_Name=' option, the current scene file as well as the current options are overridden. See also Understanding File Types.
Select File and Render
This is the way to select a file from disk for immediate rendering. If the file is a POV file, it is rendered with the current options. If it is an INI file with no POV input file specified, the options will apply to the currently loaded POV file, only to be overridden by command-line settings. If the INI file specifies a POV input file, that POV scene is rendered with the options set in the INI file. See also Understanding File Types.
Start Rendering (Go!)/Stop Rendering
This is a toggle. If you are not currently rendering, the command Start Rendering instructs POV-Ray for Windows to start rendering the currently loaded POV file with the current settings. While POV-Ray for Windows is rendering, the command reads Stop Rendering and will interrupt the current rendering job. You can continue an interrupted rendering job by selecting 'Continue ' from the Rerun SubMenu.
Run Demo
The easiest way to see what POV-Ray for Windows is capable of is selecting this command, which renders a sample POV-Ray file to screen. To interrupt rendering, select Render/Stop Rendering or double-click on the drawer icon in the top left-hand corner of the rendering window. See also Getting Started.
Run Benchmark
This command instructs POV-Ray for Windows to run the standard POV-Ray benchmark file, using a given set of options.
Note: The file itself and the options used are built into the program and may not be changed (this includes the resolution). Any options specified on the command-line will be ignored.
Be aware that during the render, there is no image display, and furthermore, no output file is produced. The only purpose of the benchmark command is to determine how long it takes to render the standard file with the specific options used.
Immediately before POV-Ray for Windows starts writing the render information to the message display, it will output a line telling you what version of the official benchmark is being used.
Warning: If you choose to quote your benchmark results publicly, it is essential that you include the benchmark version and the exact version of POV-Ray that you ran it on. Changes to the benchmark file itself, and optimizations to POV-Ray, may make comparisions between different versions of the benchmark or different versions of POV-Ray meaningless, especially if it is CPU performance that you are testing.
The actual benchmark file used is built-in to the program; it is not dependent on the benchmark.pov file which is included in the ~\scenes\advanced directory. However, if you want to run the benchmark manually, or on another platform, you may use that file (just make sure it is the same version). The file also contains the recommended command-line parameters to be used with the render.
After the benchmark completes a dialog box will be displayed showing the average PPS (pixels per second) that the render took. Larger


text:
|Student interns can learn fish identification during fish processing events
|Students involved in video experiments on burrowing crayfish behavior
Frequently Asked Questions
The crustacean collection represents over 37,000 specimens, while the fish collection
represents 17 Million specimens primarily from Indiana, the Midwest, and Southeastern United
States. The fish collection includes the second largest collection of larval and juvenile
stages of freshwater fishes in North America. Current projects include the completion of
the Fishes of Indiana and beginning the formation of the Crayfishes of Indiana. These
projects would require the incumbent to assist in the development of tables, figures, and
literature citations. Information will be included in the Surveys electronic database.
The Survey is a small group of research scientists, so the ability to follow directions
and work with minimal supervision is a must. The Survey is an affiliate of the Indiana
Academy of Science and is committed to the study of the flora and fauna of Indiana.
The Aquatic Research Center of the Indiana Biological Survey is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit institution interested in the aquatic fauna and flora of Indiana. One of the principal missions of the Center is the training of students. Thus, the Center is committed to training, mentoring, and publishing with student interns and volunteers. Since the Survey is a small group of research scientists, the ability to follow directions and work with minimal supervision is a must. The Survey is an affiliate of the Indiana Academy of Science. There are many opportunities for current students, as well as graduated students.
Frequently Asked Questions
Back to top
- So what can I expect to get involved in with the Center?
- Past students have been involved in field research and worked in all 92 Indiana counties;
- Past students have worked outside Indiana with other researchers from other organizations;
- Students have conducted research projects with senior scientists and conducted their own original research;
- Students have published peer-reviewed journal articles;
- Students have assisted in the curation of the specimen collection;
- Students have worked on the collection database;
- Students have been involved in the fish processing events (THE Marathon of fish processing!);
- Students learn basic systematics, taxonomy, and scientific nomenclature;
- Students work in the library cataloguing articles and performing searches.
- What if I need to do an internship for my University degree? Can the Survey help me?
- Yes, the Center has sponsored over 40 students from a variety of college campuses. You do not have to be a student at Indiana Unversity to work with the Center; however, many of our students come from the Bloomington campus. Generally, these positions are known as internships and the Center will involve you in current research projects. The student agrees to 300 hours of service and in return the Center will provide a stipend, training, publication opportunities, and expense reimbursement for project related costs. Please contact the Center for a list of current projects and research opportunities since these opportunities change frequently.
- I qualified for Work Study can the Center hire me?
- The Center has funds set aside each year to hire undergraduate and graduate students. These students are paid directly by their University. These students are involved in the curation of the specimen collections and work directly with the Curators and Collection Manager in maintaining the specimens and in adding new material to the collection. Check with your University to determine the amount of funding support you are eligible for, then contact the Center with this information to see if there are opportunities. Opportunities change each semester so if you are unable to join us – continue to check back!
- What if I have already graduated?
- Students can take advantage of the student mentorship program. This program enables students to get valuable experience in aquatic studies so that they can improve their resume. The process includes mentorship by one of the senior staff members at the Center. The incumbent selects an area of research and then designs their project from the bottom up! Study design, sampling protocols, field collection of information, data analysis, manuscript preparation, and publication are all part of the experience. At the conclusion of the process, the student will have attained valuable experience that will benefit them in achieving their future professional goals.
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Back to Membership

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|Oracle® Data Mining Concepts
11g Release 2 (11.2)
Part Number E16808-03
Note:Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is described in the paper "Learning the Parts of Objects by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization" by D. D. Lee and H. S. Seung in Nature (401, pages 788-791, 1999).
This chapter contains the following topics:
Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a state of the art feature extraction algorithm. NMF is useful when there are many attributes and the attributes are ambiguous or have weak predictability. By combining attributes, NMF can produce meaningful patterns, topics, or themes.
NMF is often useful in text mining. In a text document, the same word can occur in different places with different meanings. For example, "hike" can be applied to the outdoors or to interest rates. By combining attributes, NMF introduces context, which is essential for predictive power:
NMF decomposes multivariate data by creating a user-defined number of features. Each feature is a linear combination of the original attribute set; the coefficients of these linear combinations are non-negative.
NMF decomposes a data matrix V into the product of two lower rank matrices W and H so that V is approximately equal to W times H. NMF uses an iterative procedure to modify the initial values of W and H so that the product approaches V. The procedure terminates when the approximation error converges or the specified number of iterations is reached.
During model apply, an NMF model maps the original data into the new set of attributes (features) discovered by the model.
Automatic Data Preparation normalizes numerical attributes for NMF.
When there are missing values in columns with simple data types (not nested), NMF interprets them as missing at random. The algorithm replaces missing categorical values with the mode and missing numerical values with the mean.
When there are missing values in nested columns, NMF interprets them as sparse. The algorithm replaces sparse numerical data with zeros and sparse categorical data with zero vectors.
If you choose to manage your own data preparation, keep in mind that outliers can significantly impact NMF. Use a clipping transformation before binning or normalizing. NMF typically benefits from normalization. However, outliers with min-max normalization cause poor matrix factorization. To improve the matrix factorization, you need to decrease the error tolerance. This in turn leads to longer build times.
Oracle Data Mining Application Developer's Guide for information about nested columns and missing data
Moved from text mining chapter: NMF has been found to provide superior text retrieval when compared to SVD and other traditional decomposition methods. NMF takes as input a term-document matrix and generates a set of topics that represent weighted sets of co-occurring terms. The discovered topics form a basis that provides an efficient representation of the original documents.


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The purpose of this NSF-funded I3 project was to creatively provide evaluation capacity-building tools and strategies to NC State's K-12 STEM outreach programs, particularly those funded by NSF, to help ensure the breadth and depth of the future U.S. STEM workforce. North Carolina State University had over 120 STEM outreach projects funded between 2003 and 2009. Among these are many funded by NSF, including the ITEST, MSP, Noyce, GSE, AGEP, CCLI, GK-12, and ERC programs. The vision for MISO is an integrated institutional structure that will allow pre-college programs to think and act strategically to meet the goals below. While the first two goals are new endeavors made possible through the proposed project, all four goals are shared among all participating K-12 STEM outreach programs:
- Provide an innovative network of support and communications among University-based outreach project directors and educational evaluation experts, creating a learning community to promote sharing of best practices and innovation that will deepen the impact of NC State's pre-college STEM programs on students' future academic and career choices.
- Develop and demonstrate a system of data-driven planning and analysis guided by best practices to facilitate longitudinal assessment of participant outcomes through development of a common STEM Outreach Evaluation Protocol as well as a database integrating records of NC State K-12 outreach participants with NC Department of Public Instruction records and university enrollment.
- Use the longitudinal assessment of outreach participant outcomes within the university-wide outreach learning community to support more seamless transitions across critical educational junctures.
- Broaden participation among underrepresented groups in pre-college STEM outreach activities through integrated recruitment and support strategies.
One important outcome of the project was the development of the S-STEM and T-STEM instruments. The S-STEM instrument emerged out of the project team's conclusion that there did not exist a well validated, reliable instrument for measuring student attitudes (i.e., self-efficacy and goal orientation) towards STEM subjects, STEM career pathways, and 21st century skills—key outcomes for critical STEM education and workforce development programs. The T-STEM similarly measured teacher's perceptions of their ability to teach STEM subjects and 21st century skills. While a few survey instruments measure related attitudinal dimensions, they do not systematically gather this data across all of the STEM subject areas. This data was central to the work of the MISO project and other projects being undertaken at the Friday Institute and thus spurred our efforts in this endeavor.
In our work reporting on the development and validation of these instruments, we have received an enthusiastic response from the STEM education research and evaluation community, witnessed in part by the large number of requests we've had in the short time it has been publicly posted. To date, the T-STEM and S-STEM surveys have been requested for use by more than 1,000 potential users. The instruments have been reported on at major conferences (e.g., NARST, AERA, ASEE, AEA) and with NSF umbrella communities such as CADRE and the MSP Knowledge Management and Dissemination (KMD) group. Within the state of North Carolina, they have already been used by both state and district wide STEM education initiatives. We are continuing to use these instruments in our own research and evaluation; and in continuing to develop, validate, and disseminating these instruments.
Please feel free to contact us with any questions. While this project is no longer active, the project team will do our best to respond and answer your queries.


Open Access Open Badges Nano Express
Biocompatibility of hydrophilic silica-coated CdTe quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles
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Published: 6 April 2011
Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles exhibit great application prospects in biomedical engineering. Herein, we reported the effects of hydrophilic silica-coated CdTe quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) on human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and mice with the aim of investigating their biocompatibility. FMNPs with 150 nm in diameter were prepared, and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectra and magnetometer. HEK293 cells were cultured with different doses of FMNPs (20, 50, and 100μ g/ml) for 1-4 days. Cell viability and adhesion ability were analyzed by CCK8 method and Western blotting. 30 mice were randomly divided into three groups, and were, respectively, injected via tail vein with 20, 60, and 100 μg FMNPs, and then were, respectively, raised for 1, 7, and 30 days, then their lifespan, important organs, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results show that the prepared water-soluble FMNPs had high fluorescent and magnetic properties, less than 50 μg/ml of FMNPs exhibited good biocompatibility to HEK293 cells, the cell viability, and adhesion ability were similar to the control HEK293 cells. FMNPs primarily accumulated in those organs such as lung, liver, and spleen. Lung exposed to FMNPs displayed a dose-dependent inflammatory response, blood biochemical parameters such as white blood cell count (WBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), displayed significant increase when the FMNPs were injected into mice at dose of 100μg. In conclusion, FMNPs exhibit good biocompatibility to cells under the dose of less than 50 μg/ml, and to mice under the dose of less than 2mg/kg body weight. The FMNPs' biocompatibility must be considered when FMNPs are used for in vivo diagnosis and therapy.


3.6 The shelf life, in days, for bottles of a certainprescribed medicine is a random variable having the densityfunction
F(x)={20,000/(x+100)^3, x>0,
 {0, elsewhere.
Find the probability that a bottle of this medicinewill have a shell life of
(a) atleast 200 days
(b) anywhere from 80 to 120days.
Please show all steps to solve, not in booksshow


N – The Madness of Reason @ RIDM
n the madness of reason2A film that is part of the RIDM's International Feature Competition is a Dutch, German and Belgian co-production by director Peter Krüger that in a very non-traditional and aesthetic way tells the tale of Raymond Borremans. In a film that is part magical and totally mystical you see how Borremans could be attempting to finish his life's work from beyond the grave.
On the 1st of January 1929 Frenchman Raymond Borremans boarded a ship headed for Africa. He was attempting to escape the rage and violence of Europe. An obsessive collector butterflies, which he painstakingly catalogued, and knowledge it was in his travels across this huge continent that he discovered his passion. Borremans decided he was going to write the Africa's first encyclopedia. Unfortunately when he died in 1988 and the age of 82 he had only got up to the letter N. It is said that his unhappy ghost now haunts Cote D'Ivoire attempting to finish his work.
His Borremans' Foundation Library is now just a dusty and abandoned building. His books, typewriter, index cards, butterflies have all disappeared since his death. Only his loyal employee remains and visits his gravesite to keep things tidy. Borremans believed in learning and education. In the north of Cote D'Ivoire there is a lot of illiteracy. Kids are not able to go to school as they have to work at home taking care of crops or animals. Borremans gave books to young children and encouraged them to go to school.
This is in no way a straightforward documentary in that it combines actual people with fictional characters to muse upon the life of Borremans and the belief that his spirit continues to roam around trying to get the encyclopedia finished. Through the images and the narrator's words (which are supposedly coming from Borremans' spirit) you really get a sense of what an obsession writing this encyclopedia was for the man. It truly was akin to a madness as it took up all of his energy and every waking moment.
Another "character" in the documentary is an African woman (Wendyam Sawadogo) who helps restless spirits to find peace. She is acting as a conduit to help Borremans pass on to the next life. He argues with her that he must finish the encyclopedia because if he doesn't it will be as if he never lived. Wisely she retorts that when he stops defining things he will see the world as it is.
Several issues that are particular to Cote D'Ivoire and Africa as a whole are touched upon. Issues like colonialism, civil war, poverty, and education make up the subplots of the film. The difference between the Africa that Borremans arrived to find and its difference to the one that existed when he died is examined. He left Europe due to the violence and it astounded him that towards the end it had come to Africa. Factions fighting for control. Countries fighting over boarders. Bodies began piling up.
Narration is done by French actor Michael Lonsdale with the text being written by well-known Nigerian author, Ben Okri, who used the biography of Borremans as his source material. Okri has won a Booker Prize. Visually and musically this film is something specially. You are treated to eye catching due to their sharp colours and interesting subjects of shots like a caterpillar crawling along a rusting railing, a man in all white playing guitar and singing, and a butterfly on a bed of brown leaves.
Watching the film is like engaging in a spiritual journey through Africa. We hear of the life and regrets of Raymond Borremans. As the film goes on (102 minutes) you begin to realize that Borremans did not leave a legacy with his work rather there are traces of him and his influence to be found in the people of Cote D'Ivoire who knew him. That is where his spirit continues.
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text:
The solar-array power system lockups in the battery-discharge mode when there is sufficient energy to charge the battery.
The problem occurs in a Direct Energy Transfer (DET) system consisting of a solar array directly powering the system voltage bus. System voltage regulation is provided by a shunt regulator working against the solar-array impedance. A battery provides power when there is insufficient energy from the solar array and a battery charger charges the battery when the solar-array output exceeds that required by the load.
Lockup can occur during a dark-to-light transition of the solar-array power source. In space systems, this can occur during initial deployment at launch or each time there is an orbital transition from eclipse to sunlight. It can also occur on the transition back to solar-array power if a transient increase in load requires transient energy from the battery.
Figure 1 shows the state-plane of the system where I is the current in the inductance of the cable from the solar array (approximates the solar-array current) and V is the voltage across the bus capacitance (approximates bus voltage). Superimposed on the I-V state-plane are the input characteristic of a switching-mode power supply (red) and the output characteristic of a solar-array (blue). (Notice other discussions in this hypertext sometimes plot similar characteristics in the V-I plane instead of the I-V plane as shown here.)
A family of system trajectories can be plotted on this plane for practical values of system inductor current and capacitor voltage. The trajectories and isoclines are not plotted here, but are in the references. What these trajectories show is that point B is an unstable operating point on a separatrix that passes between operating points A and B (dotted black line). Point A is stable and a node (real) or a focus (complex), but not a desired operating point since it is on the turn-on resistive part of the load line before the switching-mode power supply load begins operation. The stability of point C, which is the voltage the system goes to if the regulating shunt regulator fails open, depends on the values of L and C. For practical values of L and C it is usually stable. The normal end-of-life full-load operating point, point R, is usually selected to be the peak power point, near the inflection point of the solar-array characteristic. This point is unstable but is stabilized by the shunt regulator which regulates to a voltage near the point R voltage.
Also not plotted in Figure 1 are the composite load lines in the various operating modes -- battery charging, shunt regulation, etc, and plots of the solar-array characteristics at various illumination levels.
If these were added to Figure 1, then the trajectories from sun to eclipse and eclipse to sun could be plotted along these load lines. When this is done (see references), there is no latchup possible on the sun to eclipse trajectories. However, when the battery is powering the load, the operating point is on the left-side of the separatrix (dotted black line through point B) and under some conditions can not get back to the desired right-side of the separatrix. This presents a controllability problem and results in latchup. The load continues to be partially powered by the battery, even if there is sufficient energy from the solar-array to power the load and charge the battery.
The discharge is usually small in tightly regulated bus systems but can be very large in semi-regulated bus systems.
This problem illustrates the complexity of problems that occur in powering a constant power load with a current limited source. It also illustrates a controllability problem, that is, the system getting into a state that it can not get out of without outside help. The problem illustrated is a real problem for direct-energy-transfer power systems consisting of a solar-array power source and battery, a constant power load, a shunt power bus regulator, and a battery charger. This configuration is often used in space power systems orbiting the earth.
Determine the stable operating points and how to move from an undesired stable operating point to the desired stable operating point. The pragmatic solution to the real latchup problem (getting the system to unlatch) is to reduce the load (load shedding) or increase the output of the solar array by pointing it more directly at the sun.
The problem and its solutions are described in a 1989 IECEC paper "Large-Signal Analysis of Spacecraft Power Systems" by Seong J. Kim, Jae R. Lee, and Bo H. Cho. Helpful to understanding the analysis is an earlier 1987 PESC paper by the same authors with the same title.
In this hypertext, see also: Latchup of Constant-Power Load With Current-Limited Source
I ran across this when I thought I might get involved in Direct Energy Transfer Systems. I never did get involved, but I thought it was a good example of a problem occurring with powering a switching-mode power supply from a current-limit source as well as being a controllability problem. You can get into a lot of controllability problems (getting into modes that you can't get out of except by turning off the system or taking some other drastic action) with switching-mode power supplies. I hope to eventually discuss these types of controllability problem on this website.
On the Web
So far I have not found any related material on the Web.
Abstracts of papers related to Solar-Array Power System Battery Lockup


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Q: The standards state that a new VAD should be used with each attempt. My question is what defines a second attempt when inserting a PICC. For example if you have a sterile field set up and you have tried to insert the catheter at one site and you move to a more proximal site on the same arm within the field is this considered a second attempt. Thank you for your help with this.
A: There is no definition of "second attempt" for any vascular access device (VAD) placement ( also called VAD insertion) that I can find in published literature, so I will do my best to answer your question.
In the medical dictionary, an IV insertion or placement is a nursing intervention defined as insertion of a needle into a peripheral vein for the purpose of intravenous infusion of fluids, blood, or medications. The word "attempt" according to Merrian-Webster, means an effort to accomplish something. I would deduce that "second attempt" is an effort to accomplish something the second time. As it applies to PICC placement/ insertion or any VAD insertion/placement, second attempt means an effort to accomplish catheter placement/insertion a second time – obviously the first time was not successful in establishing access for whatever reason. Attempt often is used with IV placement or insertion. One IV placement or insertion = one IV attempt or one cathetization attempt, whether the goal of establishing a vascular access was successful or not.
Now to answer this:
For example if you have a sterile field set up and you have tried to insert the catheter at one site and you move to a more proximal site on the same arm within the field is this considered a second attempt.
In your example above, using a more proximal site in the same arm for insertion, and if it is still within the sterile field, assuming the sterility of the field was maintained (not blood soaked or contaminated) – is considered a second attempt at placement/insertion. Therefore, a new PICC catheter (VAD device) and micro-introducer or MST kit should be used for this second attempt as you stated the standards says. If the sterile field is compromised, arm prep and draping should be repeated like you did the first time(start all over) before this second attempt at placement/insertion. If you only used the micro introducer or MST kit and was not successful in insertion, but the PICC catheter itself has not been used and kept sterile, then for the second attempt you need a new micro introducer needle to gain vein access. The same PICC catheter can be used, again, as long as it wasn't used in the first attempt and kept sterile during your second attempt.
It will still be called "second attempt" if you used a vein in the patient's opposite arm. A new sterile prep, setup, new PICC catheter and micro introducer, etc…should be used.
The applicable 2016 Infusion Therapy Standards:
Infusion Therapy Standard 33.1 – A new, sterile vascular access device (VAD) is used for each catheterization attempt.
- Practice Criteria 1F: Make no more than 2 attempts at short peripheral intravenous access per clinician, and limit total attempts to no more than 4. Multiple unsuccessful attempts cause patient pain, delay treatment, limit future vascular access, increase cost, and increase risk for complications. Patient with difficult vascular access require careful assessment of VAD needs and collaboration with the health care team to discuss appropraite options.
Thank you for your question.


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17 March 2014
San Francesco - Via della Quarquonia 1 (Classroom 1 )
The Eshelbian (or configurational) force is the main concept of a celebrated theoretical framework associated with the motion of dislocations and, more in general, defects in solids. In a similar vein, in an elastic structure where a (smooth and bilateral) constraint can move and release energy,a force driving the configuration is generated, which therefore is called by analogy 'Eshelby-like'or 'configurational'. This force (generated by a specific movable constraint) is derived both via variational calculus and, independently, through an asymptotic approach. Its action on the elastic structure is counterintuitive, but is fully substantiated and experimentally measured on a model structure that has been designed, realized and tested. These findings open a totally new perspective in the mechanics of deformable mechanisms, with possible broad applications, even at the nanoscale.


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I have noticed that in some countries many city elements such as streets (where they have names, not numbers), squares, parks etc. might bear important foreign figure names, capital city names (e.g. Tokyo, Paris).
One example that comes into my mind is Charles de Gaulle, who has many avenues and squares named after him across the entire world.
I wonder how does one country obtain things outside its territory named after import political or cultural figures.
Question: How can a country get a street / square / park in another country named after an important figure?


text:
Outcomes of an Interprofessional Fall Risk Assessment Program for Health Science Students (poster 8)
Haddad, Ann Ryan
Stricklett, Kate Martens
MetadataShow full item record
Background/Introduction: The interprofessional fall risk assessment program was first piloted in Spring 2011. Since then, it has been offered annually at both independent living and assisted living facilities in the Omaha area.Methods: From 2012 - 2014, 188 students participated in interprofessional fall risk assessment programs at 3 senior living communities. Students were recruited to participate through the Office of Interprofessional Scholarship, Service and Education in the School of Pharmacy and Health Professions. Students attended an orientation, met their team, and completed the pre-Team Skills Scale survey prior to the event.Students completed their discipline-specific assessments onsite with senior residents who volunteered to participate in the fall risk assessment program. Nursing students completed interviews to collect health history information. Pharmacy students completed medication reviews or medication fall risk scores. Physical therapy students conducted Berg Balance assessments. Occupational therapy students completed home safety checklists.Interprofessional teams generated client-centered recommendations under the supervision of licensed healthcare professionals. These recommendations were provided to the older adults in fall risk report cards. Facility staff received recommendations via care plans and medication action plans to discuss with their senior residents. Students then completed a post-Team Skills Scale survey.Results: The response rate ranged from 81-85% dependent upon students' completion of both pre/post Team Skills Scale survey questions. Scores for all questions improved significantly from preto post-measures.Conclusion: These opportunities allow students to interact with older adults, become proficient with health assessments, collaborate interprofessionally, and provide clinical recommendations. Student benefits of participating include applying clinical skills before clinical rotations, interacting with real clients (not patient simulations), developing team skills, and having the safety net of faculty onsite to supervise and coach them. The older adults received assessments not typically provided in these senior living communities.


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Exploring the important role louvres play in improving the energy efficiency of healthcare buildings, and why getting the correct specification is vital
As well as playing an important role in improving the energy efficiency of a building, louvre systems also optimise natural ventilation and improve air flow, so less power is required to move the volumes of air needed. In this article we look at why hospitals need to consider a wide range of factors when specifying solutions
Louvre systems can clearly improve a building's energy efficiency, providing natural ventilation and airflow to building systems
Specifying a louvre system is a compromise between air flow and water ingress. Poor specification can lead to rainwater ingress, not enough ventilation, wasted energy and poor performance, not only of the equipment being ventilated, but that of the building as a whole.
Traditionally, louvres are specified based on free area, typically 50%, which is calculated by measuring the clear distance between the blades and multiplying it by the width of the louvre panel, or the height if the blades are arranged vertically.
However, as louvre design has changed in response to the demand for better water protection, performance characteristics have also changed, exposing the limitations of specifying louvres purely on free area.
Simon Hunter, product manager of louvres at Construction Specialities, explains: "Free area is clearly dictated by the size of the louvre. Industry commonly uses a 1mx1m louvre when quoting free area. But, in reality, louvres are never precisely this size. In fact, the smaller the louvre, the lower the proportion of free area as it is affected by the space taken up by the louvre frame elements - head, cill, jambs and mullions. Free area is also affected by other factors, such as additional structural support or if bird screens or insect meshes are fitted."
Traditionally a 1m by 1m louvre is used to quote free area. However, the smaller the louvre, the lower the proportion of free area, as it is affected by the space taken up by the head, cill, jambs or mullions. Other factors, including prevailing weather conditions and the location and exposure, should be considered when specifying louvre systems
Perhaps, most importantly, free area does not take into account how the air flows through a louvre.
Hunter said: "All louvres restrict the passage of air and this resistance is called the pressure drop. This dictates how much air gets through and therefore how much can effectively be used. Too high a pressure drop and not enough air will be allowed through, which can cause a rapid temperature rise inside a building, in turn causing problems with plant such as generators and HVAC equipment.
"As a result, louvre specification needs to move away from free area alone and consider a number of factors, including site location; prevailing weather conditions, in particular wind direction; and the location and exposure of the louvres, which will dictate airflow rate and the amount of potential wind-driven rain.
"These factors should then be balanced with the required airflow, the maximum acceptable pressure drop, the degree and depth of acceptable water penetration and, finally, the building's exterior design, which can dictate where louvres can be placed and how they fit into the aesthetics."
While aesthetics need to be considered, it is important that performance criteria is not compromised. For example, louvres can be hidden behind features or perforated panels, which can also act as bird and insect screens, but this can increase resistance to air flow.
Consideration of all these factors will decide the type of louvre needed: screening louvres, standard drainable louvres, or storm-resistant (or performance) louvres.
Screening louvres are suitable where water penetration will not cause significant problems and economy is the primary consideration, such as screening of rooftop plant or in a multi-storey car park. These typically have simple blade shapes, allowing good airflow, but giving limited defence against rain.
Advances in louvre technology mean building designers, architects and engineers should move away from simple specification and consider a wide range of factors
Standard drainable blades give good airflow and some rain defence, but do not perform so well with wind-driven rain. They are used when occasional ingress is not a major concern and where some drainage of cascading water is required.
Storm-resistant, or performance, louvres, typically provide moderate to good airflow with excellent defence against wind-driven rain. These are used when high levels of ventilation and maximum rain protection is needed for sensitive equipment such as HVAC plant.
Hunter said: "Louvre systems can clearly improve a building's energy efficiency, providing natural ventilation and airflow to building systems. However, advances in louvre technology mean building designers, architects and engineers should move away from simple specification using free air and consider a wide range of factors to ensure the best performance and protection from the weather is achieved."
Standard drainable louvres, such as Construction Specialties' A4080 system, give good air flow and some rain defence, but do not perform so well with wind-driven rain. They are used when occasional ingress is not a major concern and where some drainage of cascading water is required


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Any thoughts on how to get LaTeX in OneNote?
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What is »OneNote«? – Thorsten Donig Mar 11 '11 at 9:12
_USER_: Microsoft OneNote, the note-taking application that is part of Microsoft Office. – Martin Tapankov Mar 11 '11 at 9:48
_USER_: Thanks for clarification. Should perhaps be mentioned in the question itself since not everybody is running a Wind0ws machine. – Thorsten Donig Mar 11 '11 at 10:42
OneNote – Seamus Mar 11 '11 at 11:00
What is »LaTeX«? – Philipp Mar 11 '11 at 13:26
4 Answers 4
up vote 8 down vote accepted
[Not quite the answer you are expecting]
No, there's no way to include LaTeX (and I assume you mean the mathematics typeset with it) in OneNote.
One workaround that is sort-of-kinda-working (with severe caveats), so go ahead, if you absolutely need to. This applies to OneNote 2007, so if you have more recent version, it could be somewhat different.
 1. Install the MathType Equation editor (Wikipedia description). It's commercial, but you can continue to use the evaluation version sans LaTeX editing and other goodies for free after the trial period is over.
 2. Typeset your mathematics with it (with the registered version, it understands TeX mathmode), and drag-and-drop your equations to your OneNote notebooks.
Now, the caveats:
 - Formulas are read-only, and appear as images. You cannot edit them once they are in place. At least, they scale properly.
 - The expressions are not lined with the text, so if you want to include them in a free-running text, be prepared for a major pain.
That being said, if you'd like to have a note-taking application together with LaTeX mathematics, I suggest turning to a wiki software that supports advanced typeset mathematics. I personally use Confluence, but free alternatives are available (the example that first comes to mind is MediaWiki, which powers Wikipedia, and it has comprehensive LaTeX support).
You will need to set up and administer a web server (and most likely a database server as well) in order to use wiki software, but in the long term, and especially if you are serious about having a space to collect your stuff, this is a superior solution.
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In OneNote 2010, at least (which is the only version I have), you can enter at least some LaTeX directly in math mode. I say at least some because I am discovering it by experimentation rather than reading about it in OneNote documentation (if any such documentation exists).
Here are a few examples (after first selecting the type tool and entering math mode via cmd-=):
\int_0^2\pi x cos(kx)dx
The trick with actually getting it to typeset is to hit the space bar at certain places. For instance, above, I'd hit the space bar after the \pi a few times, each time you'll see your equation so far getting typeset incrementally, first the integral sign then the integration bounds.
There is a lot more to discover (and I am only showing a few things I have found, but I am very pleased with what I have found so far. Oh, one other item that is helpful is that you can get textbook style fraction formatting and paren or bracket resizing by hitting space after them.
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Welcome to TeX.SX! – Papiro Jun 5 '13 at 23:04
Another nice thing about this setup is that you can copy the resulting typeset equations in OneNote and paste them directly into Microsoft Math and hit enter to solve. It is a nice quick way to check things when desired. – Joe Jun 6 '13 at 18:15
This is a great feature, horribly documented. The best documentation is this pdf (I also put the link in a separate answer): _URL_-help/redir/XT101864188.aspx – user21952-is-a-great-name Apr 14 at 16:54
Go here:
then type your equation and hit the Enter key. Right click on the automatically generated image and copy it into my OneNote file.
share|improve this answer
To expand on Joe's answer, while there is no support for actual LaTeX, the LaTeX like language Joe describes is very powerful and convenient. It supports most things you'd want: matrices, subscripts, superscripts, blackboard bold, etc. The only thing I haven't been able to do are commutative diagrams with too many arrows.
Try typing this while editing text (what you'll see happening might feel confusing the first time):
 [\matrix(\doubleZ&\scriptC@\alpha_(0,1)&1/(2\pi))]
It is pretty quick to learn, but does suffer from very obscure documentation and configuration. The best documentation I found is the pdf titled "Unicode Nearly Plain-Text Encoding of Mathematics" (linked to from a somewhat helpful OneNote help page). The name Microsoft uses is "Math AutoCorrect", and the (limited) configuration is in Options -> Proofing -> AutoCorrect Options -> Math AutoCorrect tab.
Unfortunately, this type of equations is not at all supported by the online, Android or iOS OneNote.
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Your Answer


text:
Communicating with Vocal Emotions
Talk by Oleksandr Talavera (Birmingham) as part of the Research Seminar Series of the IOS Economics Department.
This paper explores the interpersonal vocal communication of managers with analysts during earnings conference calls. We apply a novel machine learning technique on a sample of more than 20,000 earnings conference calls of S&P 500 firms to generate voice emotions measures. Focusing on analyst-manager conversations, we find evidence of reciprocal interactions when managers respond with a similar vocal emotion to analysts. We also document that managers, who dialogue with a female analyst, exhibit a more positive vocal response. Moreover, female managers and younger managers are more likely to display negative vocal emotions than their male and older colleagues. Further analysis shows that investors and analysts incorporate emotionally charged information in trading and earnings forecasts.


Bodies Recovered From Missing Air Plane: Listening Practice 1 (news)
By | December 31, 2014
The following questions are based on the news story of a missing air plane provided by Voice of America. You can download the Mp3 file by clicking this link Bodies Recovered from Missing Plane
1. According to the news, where was the wreckage of the missing air plane found?
A. Java Sea
B. somewhere in Borneo
C. somewhere in Java
D. near Singapore
E. Singapore
2. What is the name of the airline?
A. Air Pacific
B. PacificAir
C. AirAsia
D. AsianAir
E. OceanAir
3. When did the plane crash?
A. Thursday
B. Wednesday
C. Tuesday
D. Monday
E. Sunday
4. How did rescuers recover bodies?
A. They used vessels
B. They used ships
C. They used plane
D. They used helicopters
E. They used life boats
5. The speaker says that the plane wreckage includes ….
A. a seatbelt
B. emergency door
C. passangers' cases
D. window blinds
E. wings
6. Where was the plane flying to?
A. Surabaya
B. Singapore
C. Borneo
D. Malaysia
E. Java Sea
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text:
With the increasing interest in the exploitation of micro-reactors, there is a growing demand for process monitoring and
control methods suitable for application in this environment. At present off-line analysis methods such as
chromatography and mass spectrometry are the dominant tools in the field. Although these methods provide
exceptionally rich chemical information they require removal of samples from the system and the analysis is not
instantaneous. In many microfluidic applications these limitations outweigh their benefits due to the importance of real-time
detection and the desired ability to analyze the fluid in different locations in the micro-reactor non-invasively.
Therefore optical detection methods such as fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are becoming increasingly popular in
this field, with most attention being drawn to miniature integrated optical sensors. However, integration of sensors into a
micro-reactor can change the flow conditions and make the system difficult to scale out. It is also impossible to move the
integrated sensor along the flow path. These issues make on-chip process analysis a challenging subject that is still at the
early stages of development. This paper discusses opportunities for non-invasive process analysis in micro-reactors
focusing the main attention on Raman spectrometry as a powerful technique, whose potential in this field has not been
widely recognized yet. With a specially developed probe we demonstrate ability to monitor fluid delivery stability and
perform fast real-time analysis of a model esterification reaction. The discussed approach brings unique benefits to
kinetics studies, efficient process optimization and process control.


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Suppose $f$ is a $C^\infty$ function from the reals to the reals that is never negative. Does it have a $C^\infty$ square root? Clearly the only problem points are those at which $f$ vanishes.
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A natural extension of the question is whether every non-negative smooth function is the sum of finitely many squares of smooth functions. The standard anwser from the literature seems to be "there is an unpublished counterexample by S.Cohen and D.Epstein". Does anybody know what this counterexample look like? – Guillaume Aubrun Aug 27 '12 at 15:11
2 Answers 2
up vote 31 down vote accepted
The answer is "no". This is covered in great detail here:
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There is a famous open problem, whose solution is attributed to Paul Cohen, but no published paper seems to be available: there exists $f\in C^\infty(\mathbb R,\mathbb R_+)$ such that $f$ is not a finite sum of squares of smooth functions. That could be a relevant question for MO. – Bazin Aug 31 '12 at 20:18
The function $$f(x) = \begin{cases} \sin^2 \left(\frac{1}{x} \right) e^{-1/x} + e^{-2/x} & \text{if $x > 0$,}\\ 0 & \text{if $x \leq 0$,} \end{cases}$$ is $C^\infty$ but has no $C^2$ square root. I found this example in the paper Choosing roots of polynomials smoothly by Alekseevsky, Kriegl, Losik, and Michor (available freely here). This example appears to have come from Frank Warner's (unpublished) 1963 dissertation.
share|improve this answer
Yes, and functions of this type are discussed in section 2 of the reference I gave in my answer. – Dick Palais Aug 25 '12 at 4:17
Both answers were helpful. It appears that the answer is yes if you add the additional assumption that $f^3$ has a square root. Of course, a square root of $f$ is a square root of $f^3$ divided by $f$, but while you can easily show such a function is continuous, it is not so easy to show it $C^\infty$. But thanks to both of you. I wish I could check both. – Michael Barr Aug 25 '12 at 11:15
See also the follow-up mat.univie.ac.at/~michor/roots2.pdf – Andres Caicedo May 20 '13 at 3:47
Your Answer


Ian Rawes from the London Sound Survey, on vending machines
Many of you will be familiar with the London Sound Survey project by Ian Rawes. If not, you really must go and listen to some of the fantastic recordings Rawes has made, check out the exciting ways that he is mapping the sounds of the capital, and read the rich and informative writings about sound on his project blog.
Rawes has a unique talent for capturing everyday sounds both in prose and on his recording equipment, and his posts about London Street Markets and old-style London cafes led me to wonder if had ever explored the mundane sonic world of the vending machine. I penned him some questions relating to the sonic world of vending machines, and the results of our correspondence are presented below.
1. As a sound-recordist, what do you see as being some of the technical challenges involved in recording the sounds of a vending machine in operation?
Probably just finding vending machines in fairly quiet places or at times where there wasn't a lot of background noise – presuming that you'd want to keep that to a minimum.
2. How would you set about recording the sound of a vending machine?
Best to use head-worn stereo mics to keep the hands free for operating the machine, and get up close to the sounds.
3. Have you ever had a personally significant vending machine in your life? For instance, at a swimming pool where you swam as a child, or in a place of work?
There was a machine at school that sold you an orange for tuppence, but at that age I preferred things that were fruit-flavoured rather than the actual fruits themselves. There was a cigarette machine bolted to the outside wall of the local newsagents, and it was a very solid-looking chrome-plated effort of the kind that's now disappeared. It had the allure of the forbidden. Also, a shop in Neasden where I sometimes went as teenager and which had no staff or counter, just lots of vending machines. One of them sold hot chips, and they weren't microwaved chips either, so how it worked was a mystery.
4. If you try to imagine the sound of a vending machine, what is the first imagined sound that pops into your head?
Maybe the noise made by those machines put outside shops and which sells trinkets aimed at kids. You have to put 20p into a slot and turn a handle all the way round. It makes a good sound of gears and springs being engaged out of sight.
5. Have you ever felt cheated by a vending machine?
Lots of times! The ones on the London Underground used to dispense Paynes chocolates in those little cardboard boxes and they were notorious for not working properly. It was more like using a fruit machine without the jackpot. There was a phone number on the machine if you weren't happy, so I once rang it and got some books of stamps in the post a couple of weeks later.
6. Have you ever purchased an item from a vending machine purely so that you could record the sound of it being dispensed?
Not yet, but I'm tempted to now you mention it.
Thank you, Ian!
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text:
To provide for maximum flexibility in adding software modules, your module is dynamically loaded as a shared object at run time. The list of loadable objects (modules) is maintained in a system configuration database file called OWconfig.
By default, Calibrator Tool reads OWconfig from the /usr/openwin/server/etc directory. If it does not find the OWconfig file or the modules in it that it is looking for, it reads the OWconfig file from /etc/openwin/server/etc.
This chapter explains how to create, insert, and remove OWconfig file entries for calibration modules. The chapter also describes how the server uses the information in OWconfig entries to locate a dynamically loadable module.
OWconfig is a database for various dynamically loadable objects. It not only can contain entries for calibration but also can include entries for other extensions and X Window System modules. The guidelines in this chapter pertain specifically to modules that interact with Calibrator Tool.


text:
Des Plaines Valley Council
W O O D B A D G
|Wood Badge Course Registration Form||Wood Badge Dinner, 4/17/13|
Baden-Powell took the first steps in the training of Scouters by organizing a series of lectures for Scouters in 1911. He made great strides by devising and instituting Wood Badge training in 1919.
Wood Badge recipients now number more than 100,000 throughout the world.
The object of the Wood Badge course is to demonstrate as practically as possible the aims and methods of Scouting. Upon successful completion of the course, the participant receives a parchment certificate and the Wood Badgetwo wooden beads worn on a leather thong around the neck. These beads replicate the beads found by Baden-Powell during a campaign in Africa in 1888. They belonged to Dinizulu, an African chieftain. In searching for a suitable recognition for those who completed the first course in 1919, Baden-Powell remembered the beads and decided to present a bead to each participant. At that time, the course was called "Wood Badge."
The Wood Badge may be worn only with an official field uniform of the BSA. The Scouter to whom it has been awarded may also wear the tan neckerchief with its patch of Maclaren tartan at the back. The Wood Badge neckerchief may only be worn with the accompanying leather neckerchief slide or woggle.
In 1919, W. F. de Bois Maclaren, a district commissioner in Scotland, purchased Gilwell Park and presented it to The Scout Association of Britain. He wanted "to provide a training ground for the officers of the Scouting movement." Consequently, Gilwell Park became the permanent home of Wood Badge training in England and annually welcomes Scouters from around the world. The ax and log symbol associated with Wood Badge is actually the totem of Gilwell Park. Recently, The Scout Association has announced that it would relocate its headquarters from London to Gilwell Park.
In 1929, at the Third World Jamboree at Birkenhead, England, Sir Baden-Powell was made a baron by his king, and became Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell.
This is the official site of the Des Plaines Valley Council, Boy Scouts of America
This page was last modified on Friday, September 14, 2012 @ 05:32pm


Conversational Components
The idea behind Conversational Components is to provide solutions for recurring problems you might encounter while creating voice apps.
They are pre-built npm packages containing the necessary language model, handler (logic) and i18n (cms) files, which you utilize by delegating the task to the component.
Component Structure
Each component has the following structure:
The models folder contains the language model, the src folder contains the logic and the i18n folder contains the components responses.
The component's handler contains the states/intents to fulfill the incoming request. It has to have a START intent which is the entry point for the component.
Every component has its own default configuration, which can be overwritten by the developer.
They provide you with a way to customize them without having to go through the handler and modifying stuff there. The possible options should be documented in each component's own README file.
The i18n folder contains the component's responses. Again, it's a way for the developer to customize the component, without having to dig through the handler.
The sample dialogs in the component's README file, should give you the necessary information you need to make changes to the responses.
For now, i18n is the only supported CMS, with other external ones planned.
The index.ts file at the root is the entry point of each component. It exports a class which contains references to the handler and config object as well as the path to the i18n folder. The component's handler has to be nested inside a state named after the component itself to prevent intents from being overwritten. It also has a name property which has to be the same as the package name.
Name Description Value Required
name Name of your component. Has to be the same as the package name string Yes
handler Contains the logic of your component, i.e. states & intents object Yes
config Contains the default configuration object Yes
pathToI18n Specifies the path to your i18n folder containing the responses used in your component string Yes
That's the basic structure of a component.
Using Conversational Components
Learn how to integrate existing Conversational Components into your Jovo project here.
Developing Conversational Components
Learn how to develop your own Conversational Components here.
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Authentication using JWT
How to use JSON Web Token to authenticate with deepstream
Authentication is vital to most apps and the way it is achieved has evolved substantially in recent years. One of the most popular of today's concepts is a standard called JSON Web Token or JWT for short that lets you store encrypted information in verifiable tokens.
These tokens are compact and self-contained encoded JSON objects that hold vital information which is transferred between different parties (clients/servers most times). The compact nature makes it possible to exchange them via request headers while the self-contained characteristics shine at JWT's ability to store authentication payload making JWT not just useful at authentication but also handy in information exchange.
JWTs have three parts: header, payload, and signature:
 - The header holds the hashing algorithm, and the type (which is most time jwt).
 - The second part which is payload consists of authentication data usually known as claims. - The signature is created by signing the header and payload using the hashing algorithm and secret. This signing process is what verifies the token.
deepstream can use a number of strategies to authenticate incoming connections. For JWT we'll use the HTTP-Webhook - a configurable URL that deepstream will send both login and connection data to for verification.
Should you use JWT with deepstream?
Maybe. Traditional tokens serve as primary keys to session data, meaning they help the backend retrieve data relative to a user's session from a database or cache. A JWT, on the other hand, IS the actual session data - the cookie itself contains a payload and releases the backend from having to constantly look session data up.
This is great for HTTP workflows where clients make many individual requests that are all associated with the same user. deepstream, however, uses a persistent connection that is only established once when the client connects (okay, and maybe occasionally again if the connection drops). All session data stays associated with that connection, rather than with the requests and subscriptions made through it. As a result, deepstream messages are significantly smaller and faster than their HTTP equivalents.
This, however, does mean that deepstream itself doesn't benefit much from using JWT. It doesn't hurt much either though and can still be helpful when deepstream is used in conjunction with traditional HTTP endpoints.
deepstream's Auth Webhook
Before you begin performing authentication with JWT, it's worth noting that deepstream allows you to register an HTTP endpoint URL to which connection data is forwarded as POST request whenever a client or backend process attempts to log in.
HTTP authentication flow
The HTTP Authentication guide covers how to setup this workflow in your project.
deepstream HTTP Auth with JWT
JWT allows us to transport claims securely from the server to client and vice versa using an encoded JSON string. This token is persisted on the client and used to make authorized requests as long as the token is valid (not tampered with and not expired).
Looking back at the flow described above, JWT needs to be put somewhere in the picture. For that, there are two choices:
The simple, but less secure one
JWT Authentication Flow Simple
In this scenario, the deepstream client sends the user's credential to deepstream which forwards it to a configured HTTP endpoint.
The endpoint creates the JWT and passes it back through deepstream to the client which stores it in localStorage
For subsequent requests, the token is already in localStorage and will be sent by the client instead of asking the user for credentials.
Why is this less secure?
Storing the token in localStorage or in a cookie using javascript makes it readable by all scripts on the page. This leaves it open for cross-site scripting attacks (XSS) that can hijack the session.
Likewise, this approach requires the web application itself and all its assets to be publicly readable. Using the following approach, however, would allow you to redirect all unauthenticated requests to the web app to a login page.
The complicated, secure one
The recommended workflow looks as follows:
JWT-Auth Flow
The steps shown here are
 1. The user provides credentials in a static login page which are sent via HTTP POST request to the auth server.
 2. If the provided credentials are valid, the server generates a JWT and responds with a 301 redirect to the web-app page that stores the token as a cookie
 3. The deepstream client establishes a connection to the deepstream server and authenticates itself by calling ds.login(null, callback). This sends the stored cookie containing the JWT to the deepstream server.
 4. deepstream forwards the cookie to the authentication server and awaits its reply. The auth server also has the option to parse the cookie and provide the data it contains back to deepstream to use within Valve Permissions. If the authentication server returns a positive response (e.g. HTTP code 200) the connection is authenticated.
So much for the theory - here's how this works in practise:
Our app will offer the following URLs:
 - / the actual webapp with the deepstream client script. The server will only allow access to paths within that route if a JWT is provided
 - /login the publicly accessible login page
 - /handle-login the login form posts its content to this URL
 - /check-token deepstream will forward the auth data for incoming connections to this URL
Let's start with the login page
We'll start by creating a static HTML page with a simple login form.

 Login
Just two inputs — a username and a password. Once te user hits login, the credentials are sent to a /handle-login route. Using Node with Express the route can be handled using the following approach:
//...
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');'/handle-login', function(req, res, next) {
 const users = {
 wolfram: {
 username: 'wolfram',
 password: 'password'
 chris: {
 username: 'chris',
 password: 'password'
 //...
 const user = users[req.body.username];
 if (!user) {
 res.status(403).send('Invalid User')
 } else {
 // check if password and username matches
 if (user.username!= req.body.username || user.password!= req.body.password) {
 res.status(403).send('Invalid Password')
 } else {
 // if user is found and password is right
 // create a token
 const token = jwt.sign(user, 'abrakadabra');
 // return the information including token as JSON
 // set token to cookie using the httpOnly flag
 res.cookie('access_token', token, {httpOnly: true}).status(301).redirect('/');
This method validates the provided credentials. For simplicities sake they're hardcoded in this example - in a real world app store usernames and password hashes in a database.
Once validated, the jsonwebtoken module is used to generate and sign a token using the auth payload. The token is then stored in a client-side cookie as access_token while the httpOnly flag is set to true in order to disable javascript access from the client. Finally, authenticated users are redirected to the actual application page containing the deepstream client.
Enabling HTTP Auth
Next up, we need to start a deepstream server with enabled HTTP Authentication. This can be achieved via the configuration file while setting up some configuration as well:
type: http
 permittedStatusCodes: [ 200 ]
 requestTimeout: 2000
This configuration instructs the deepstream server to make a POST request to every time a client tries to connect. Only if it receives a response with an HTTP status code of 200 in less than 2 seconds it will allow the connection.
deepstream Login
From the deepstream client we can now call client.login()
const deepstream = require( '_USER_/client');
const client = new DeepstreamClient('localhost:6020')
 // Login method
 .login( null, ( success, clientData ) => {
 .on( 'error', ( error ) => {
Rather than user-credentials we just pass null to this method - the information we're interested in, the JWT will be part of the header-data that's sent along with the authentication request as req.body.connectionData.headers.cookie.
Your next login attempt will produce the following log:
Login log
HTTP Auth Call
Upon calling ds.login() deepstream posts the connection data to the configured /check-token route:
//...
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');'/check-token', function(req, res) {
 const token = getCookie(req.body.connectionData.headers.cookie, 'access_token');
 jwt.verify(token, 'abrakadabra', function(err, decoded) {
 if (err) {
 res.status(403).send('Failed to authenticate token.' );
 } else {
 // if everything is good, save to request for use in other routes
 username: decoded.username
function getCookie( src, name ) {
 const value = "; " + src;
 const parts = value.split("; " + name + "=");
 if (parts.length == 2) return parts.pop().split(";").shift();
Again we use the jsonwebtoken module to verify the token and decode the string into a JavaScript object containing the username which we pass back to deepstream to identify the connection.
Protecting Routes
This covers


text:
Because there is no login for the widget, it is very quick and easy to view your own meter. Here are the steps you will need to take:
- Copy your EKM Push User Key, which was emailed to you when you purchased your system (we also included a link to your own widget in this email)..e.g. MTAxMDoyMDIw
- Navigate to the EKM Widget using an internet browser.
- You can start from one of our public examples like _URL_
- After the Widget loads, click the gear icon towards the lower right of the graph.
- Paste your User Key into the text box marked "Key."
- Click the green check mark. This should pull in all of the meters associated to that key.
- Select the meter you wish to visualize from the drop-down menu marked "Meter."
- You can new add a timezone or adjust other settings if you wish.
- Click "Apply."


text:
This is a wonderful activity which uses a real life paradox to explore how ratios change by adding the same number to the quantities being compared. We start with our friend Bud and his nephew Lou. Bud is 40, Lou is 10, so the ratio of Bud's age to Lou's age is 40:10, or 4:1. 5 years later, Bud is 45, Lou is 15, so now the ratio has changed: their ratio is 45:15, which can be simplified down to 3:1.
Using this idea (which was based on a very inappropriate Abbot & Costello routine from long ago), we examine how the ratio of the two ages converge on 1:1 as Bud and Lou grow older and older. Includes detailed lesson plans, video link, cartoon question poster and answer key.
Includes writing ratios in simplest form and decimal form.


Sometimes we get the question "What do these fields mean? What goes into them?"
So here's a short breakdown for you.
Health Field
The health field is made up of two tracks: Burnout and Happiness. A healthy team will be more ready to take on additional work, display a more positive attitude with peers and customers, and is more receptive to feedback. The Leon health field is an indicator of an organization's ability to positively adapt to mental and physical stress.
Burnout Track
Burnout is a measure of how "spent" your team is. It has to do with their perceived level of stress; the more burnout they feel, the lower their ability to recover from additional stressors.
Happiness Track
Happiness is a measure of your team's attitude and mental state. There is an inverse relationship between it and mental health issues that may arise when not treated with care. It's also the level of individual psychological safety and support within the workplace.
Resilience Field
The resilience field is made up of two tracks: Grit and Adaptability. A resilient team will handle changes better, maintain strength under pressure, and has more willpower to succeed when they are confronted with obstacles. The Leon Resilience field is an indicator of a level of passion within an organization, and its ability to anticipate, prepare and overcome change.
Grit Track
Grit is a positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's perseverance of effort combined with the passion for a particular long-term goal or end state (a powerful motivation to achieve an objective). This perseverance of effort promotes the overcoming of obstacles or challenges that lie on the path to accomplishment and serves as a driving force in achievement realization.
Adaptability Track
Adaptability measures the ability of an organization to quickly anticipate, prepare and adapt to change, with minimal cost to growth, operations, and the health of its people. In an ever-changing business landscape, adaptable teams thrive where others struggle.
Culture Field
The culture field is made up of two tracks: D&I and Alignment. Organizations with great cultures experience less churn, more innovation and the satisfaction of knowing they're doing right by their people. The Leon culture field is an indicator of cultural trust, diversity, and commitment to the mission and values of an organization.
D&I Track
D&I (Diversity and Inclusion) are part of having an overall equitable workplace which is required for great company cultures. Diversity is the presence of differences within a given setting. Equity is the process of ensuring that processes and programs are impartial, fair, and provide equal possible outcomes for every individual. Inclusion is the practice of ensuring that people feel a sense of belonging in the workplace.
Alignment Track
Alignment requires trust, communication, and relationships between managers and peers. Alignment with your organization's vision, mission, and values ensures that everyone is working harmoniously towards your shared goals; something every strong culture should strive for.
Did this answer your question?


text:
The forms, imagery, and casting techniques seen in Jay Wholley's works are influenced by his interrelated interests in Mayan and Celtic cultures, and the geophysical processes that occur deep within the core of the earth. His sculptures metaphorically reflect the extraordinary magnitude of natural forces, as well as the history of various civilizations' attempts to understand and integrate their existence with the surrounding power and mystery of the natural environment. The fissures, cracks and other "imperfections" link the casting process with those physical occurrences taking place under the earth's crust, beyond man's control.
The title of 'La Casa de Bernada Alba' refers to a play by the Spanish author Federico Garcia Lorca. The architectonic composition of this bronze work presents a contrast between slick, highly polished reflective surfaces and textured areas that are burnt and eroded in appearance, while also setting forth a metaphor representing the internal crumbling structure of the seven women in the play.


next activity you will think about the accuracy of the experiment in Activity 1.
Figure 5 Part of experimentation is estimating uncertainties. A photo of a lab worker reading a piece of paper and making notes onto it.
Activity 2 Reasons for uncertainty Allow approximately 10 minutes. There are all sorts of reasons why Activity 1 is not a really accurate scientific measurement. Think about these reasons. Is there anything you could do to reduce these uncertainties? Write two or three sentences in the box below. Click 'Save' when you are satisfied with what you have written. Whenever you do a scientific experiment, there are always uncertainties. It is never possible to measure everything with perfect accuracy. One of the skills of a practical scientist is estimating how close your result is likely to be to the perfect value. The uncertainties are pretty big here! You probably considered: the uncertainties in measuring the volume (and, therefore, the mass) of water in your spoon the issue in determining the exact starting temperature of the water the fact that the peanut did not burn away completely – some energy must have been left in the peanut the fact that some of the energy from the peanut did not go into heating the water, but went into heating the spoon, whatever you held the peanut with and the air around it. The 'official' value for the energy from one whole peanut is just over 7 kcal. How does your result compare with that?
2 Calories and joules You probably calculated that you got only 2–3 kcal of energy from your peanut. If so, you only used well under half of the energy of the peanut to heat your water. If you ate the peanut, your body would use a much higher percentage of the energy. If you compare the values on a food label, you will see the numerical value for the energy given in kilojoules is much bigger than the numerical value given in kilocalories. So, the kilojoule is a smaller unit (Figure 6).
Figure 6 Kilojoules compared with kilocalories. Image of a nutrition label, with the energy, protein and carbohydrate values shown.
Activity 3 Unit conversion calculation Allow approximately 10 minutes. For this activity you will need a calculator. Work out how many kilojoules there are in one kilocalorie, based on the numbers from a food label. (Hint: you need to enter a number given in kJ and divide it by the equivalent number in kcal.) What is the conversion factor? Write two or three sentences in the box below. Click 'Save' when you are satisfied with what you have written. To convert kJ to kcal, you need to divide by 4.2; to convert kcal to kJ, you need to multiply by 4.2.
3 How much food do we need? Have you ever thought that most people go through life without ever knowing how much of the various sorts of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, they actually need? And yet they manage to obtain just the right amount of nutrients to stay healthy. The human body has an amazing ability to keep the nutrients it needs and dispose of those it does not. As long as we eat a reasonably mixed diet, most people need not worry about precisely how much of the various nutrients they take in. However, today, with tempting foods everywhere in developed countries, the main concern is that we take in too much of some of the dietary components, rather than not enough.
3.1 Physiological requirement Our bodies use a certain amount of nutrients each day. This needs to be replaced or taken from the body stores.
Figure 7 Food labels can help to estimate the daily intake of nutrients. The image is of a nutrition label on a food product.
The amount of each nutrient used each day is called the physiological requirement. This is the amount required to prevent any signs of clinical deficiency. However, this leaves no margin for safety. It also does not allow for the fact that some people might need more because of their state of health, activity levels, etc. It is often difficult to define when precisely someone is seriously short of a particular nutrient. This is because there may be no signs or only vague and generalised indicators, such as tiredness or poor skin condition. Instead, nutritionists use values much higher than the physiological requirement. These are called reference intakes or RIs. In 2014, RIs replaced guideline daily amounts (GDAs), which you may still see on older packaging. Can you find examples of both among the labels you have collected or on foods on supermarket shelves? One reason for replacing the GDAs was that there were several different versions of the guidelines for different groups in the population – men, women and children. Now, there is only one set of RIs. They are based on the maximum amounts needed by an average woman. Can you think of any reasons why RIs are better than GDAs – and any drawbacks to the RI system?
3.2 Reference values There are also dietary reference values (DRVs) in the UK. These are estimates for energy and nutrients for different healthy populations. But they should not be considered as nutritional recommendations or goals. In 1991, the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy (COMA) set these values. There are four types of DRV. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs): an average where 50% people will require less and 50% will require more for energy or a nutrient. Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs): meet the needs of 97.5% of that population group. Lower Reference Nutrient Intakes (LRNIs): only 2.5% of the population would find this level adequate for health. Safe Intake: used when there is not enough evidence to set EAR, RNI or LRNI, but will not have any undesirable effects. Vitamins and minerals have RNIs and LRNIs. COMA was disbanded and now the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) advises the UK government on diet and health. SACN made revised recommendations in 2011 for energy. A more recent report in 2015 considered carbohydrates, free sugars and fibre. Vitamin D recommendations were also changed in 2016. The aim was to develop food-based guidelines that would contribute to a healthy and well-balanced diet. There are detailed energy, macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate and protein) and micronutrients (vitamin and mineral) in the British Nutrition Foundation Report (2016). The development of RIs for food labelling on packaged food reduced the confusion that GDAs had produced. RIs also allow consumers to make better food choices for a healthier diet. RIs are based on an average adult female and are not individualised or age-specific. Currently, there are no RIs for children, hence food labels are for adults and not children (Table 2). The main criticism of the RI values is that, on products aimed at children, the values given on the packaging are much too high. This may lead to a higher intake than is appropriate. That is particularly worrying in the light of high levels of childhood obesity in the UK and some other countries. Table 2 Reference intake values
Energy or nutrient Reference intake
Energy 8400 kJ (2000 kcal)
Total fat 70 g
Saturates 20 g
Carbohydrate 260 g
Total sugars 90 g
Protein 50 g
Salt 6 g
In Table 2, you need to remember that saturates are part of the total fat and sugars are included within carbohydrates. Although there are RI values for six nutrients and energy in Table 2, you will see that only four of them are used on the front-of-pack labels on food. Carbohydrates and protein are missing. This is because most nutritionists consider that these are less important to avoid, whereas high levels of fat, particularly saturated fats, sugar and salt should be avoided by most people. The full nutritional information should still be provided elsewhere on the packaging.
3.3 Calculating RIs In the next activity you will practise working out reference intake values. Activity 4 Calculating daily intake Allow approximately 10 minutes. 1) If a pack of sandwiches contains 7 g of fat, of which 6 g is saturated fat, what percentages of the total fat and the saturated fat are these for the day? Remember that, to calculate the percentage, you need to divide the number of grams of fat in the sandwich by the RI value before multiplying the result by 100. a) they are each 86% of the fat for the day Incorrect: try again? You need to deal with each of the values separately, using the information from the Reference Intake table in 3.2. You may find 5.3.2 Reference intake (RI) values useful. b) the sandwiches contain just under 9% of the total fat and 10% of the saturated fat Incorrect: try again? Check that you are using the correct RI values for your calculation. You may find 5.3.2 Reference intake (RI) values useful. c) the sandwiches contain 10% of the total fat and 65% of the saturated fat Incorrect: try again? The total fat percentage is correct but check that you are using the correct RI value for saturated fat in your calculation. You may find 5.3.2 Reference intake (RI) values useful. d) the sandwiches contain 10% of the total fat and 30% of the saturated fat Correct: Because the RI for total fat is 70 g, and the sandwiches contain 7 g, then calculating 7/70 and multiplying by 100, shows that the sandwiches contain 10% of the total fat for the day. The RI for saturated fat is 20