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Metadata Management Series: Weaving Asserted and Discovered Metadata into Your Data Fabric
This series of articles will show how knowledge graphs support the construction of scalable models that mix discoverable with explicitly asserted metadata to afford reasoning and policy enforcement. In this first article, we show how explicitly asserted metadata in a knowledge graph enables automated reasoning.
Data architects create models of their data assets for various purposes, including documentation, optimization, search, classification, and policy enforcement. These models contain "information about data" or metadata. Metadata such as the names and types of tables and columns can be discovered and maintained automatically. And some of these metadata can be automatically linked to one another to represent important relationships like the containment of a column in a table or the lineage of data among assets, such as when a table is constructed using an ETL script.
Unfortunately, some important metadata and some links that connect metadata cannot be discovered automatically. While this is not a new problem, we are seeing it increase as organizations migrate to the Cloud and begin to adopt architectural practices that separate and encapsulate data assets. Data architects compensate by building up a store of asserted knowledge – statements of fact about the semantics of data assets and of connections between them.
Asserted knowledge is another kind of metadata – one that references and depends on the discovered metadata that is automatically discoverable and maintainable using tools. Asserted knowledge is typically informal, and if it is recorded at all, it is in the form of code comments, documents, or spreadsheets. Despite its informality, architects rely on asserted metadata to reason or enforce policy to the point that business outcomes depend on its veracity.
We believe that to properly manage and enforce policy over data assets at scale, asserted metadata should be woven with discovered metadata into a knowledge graph that affords powerful reasoning.
Consider a hypothetical enterprise with two micro services:
- FundManager, which owns the XYZ_Txns table among others, and
- SecurityManager, which manages a system-of-record database of securities.
Suppose FundManager uses a lookup service provided by SecurityManager to look up securities based on some request parameters as depicted here:
Now imagine, that SECURITIES was created as follows:
CREATE TABLE SECURITIES( ID uniqueidentifier PRIMARY KEY, Ticker varchar(8) CUSPID varchar(16)... )
Suppose FundManager calls lookup to retrieve an authoritative ID to use as the value for a column named SecId when it creates new rows in the XYZ_Txns table. When the architect learns this fact, she realizes that if the tables were in the same database, she could relate SecId and ID by a FOREIGN KEY constraint, but because they live in different micro services, it is not possible to declare and enforce such a constraint.
That information was likely not discoverable automatically. Maybe SECURITIES once lived in FundManager where a FOREIGN KEY constraint enforced the connection between ID and SecId, but when a decision was made to split FundManager into two microservices, this information and the guarantee of data integrity were lost.
In any case, this semantic connection is significant and could be used to reason about compliance with certain governance policies. For instance, consider the requirement that the security attributes of every transaction in FundManager are auditable. Those attributes are not part of the XYZ_Txns table, but they are part of SECURITIES. If each attribute is declared NOT NULL in SECURITIES, if SecId is declared NOT NULL in XYZ_Txns (as it is), and if this asserted link from ID to SecId is akin to a FOREIGN KEY constraint, then the data architect should feel confident that the attributes are guaranteed to exist for each SecId and so the requirement is satisfied.
This example provides just one illustration of the kind of reasoning a data architect must do over the metadata she manages. Notice that a key step in this reasoning uses asserted knowledge that refers to metadata (the columns ID and SecId) that are discovered automatically. Without that step, the chain of reasoning breaks, which leaves her potentially in violation of this particular requirement. It is therefore critical that she records this assertion so that this reasoning can be automated. It is also important to protect this assertion from drifting with respect to the discovered metadata (columns ID and SecId) that it references.
The next articles in this series will discuss how to weave this kind of asserted metadata into our model and how to prevent drift. We will examine how the facilities of knowledge graph management systems help with practical issues that arise when managing models containing both types of metadata.
Semantic Optimization makes your complex data workloads more efficient, which in turn improves overall system performance and scalability.
Losing the Middle Tier
Business applications are traditionally complicated to understand and maintain because business logic tends to be scattered in separate tiers of growing code bases, while schema becomes rigid and brittle. The end result is that business logic dissolves in a soup of disparate application code.


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The Sakai Open Academic Environment (OAE) provides a unique collaboration system for university campuses: a social network that helps students discuss class materials, pursue research, communicate with faculty, and discover the risks and benefits of sharing personal information—all in a private, rather than public, forum. This example-driven guide will get you up to speed on various methods used to deploy, customize, and manage OAE, whether you're an IT specialist in an educational institution, or an academic or instructional technologist.
Learn how to work with OAE's source code to modify key areas such as profiles, courses, permissions, and content. You'll soon adapt this network to support the culture and needs of your campus.
- Create research projects and online companions for lecture courses
- Learn about the range of OAE's public and privacy settings
- Customize OAE's look and feel, including the welcome screen, drop-down menus, and sign-up pages
- Connect to a local LDAP to work with accounts and authentication
- Install widgets to extend and customize OAE's core functionality
- Integrate OAE with a web server and backend database
- Get a checklist for deploying your custom OAE to production

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Faa medical certificate requirements
What FAA medical certificate do I need?
Can the FAA look at your medical records?
There is an insurance database which FAA can access. They will do this if you're involved in an accident or some reportable incident.
What disqualifies you from getting a pilot's license?
Medical Disqualifiers
These include heart conditions such as significant coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction or a permanent pacemaker; epilepsy; diabetes that requires medications; serious personality disorder or psychosis; or any indication of substance abuse.
Who can do FAA physicals?
If required, how do I get a medical certificate? By passing a physical examination administered by a doctor who is an FAA-authorized aviation medical examiner.
How much does FAA medical exam cost?
The cost of the medical exam will vary by location and examiner as well as the type of exam given. An exam for a third class medical certificate with a student pilot certificate can cost between $75 and $150. First class medical exams can cost up to $200. Special Issuance medical exams can cost more.
Do you need 20/20 vision to be a pilot?
You might be interested: What is intermediate certificate
What happens if my FAA medical expire?
The FAA will not take legal enforcement action (for medical certificate noncompliance) against any person serving as a required pilot flight crewmember or flight engineer if their medical expires between March 31st and June 30th, 2020. Keep in mind, you will be flying with an expired medical certificate.
What does a FAA medical exam consist of?
Where do pilots sleep on a plane?
Can you be a pilot with anxiety?
Can you be a pilot if you have high blood pressure?
The FAA's upper limit for blood pressure previously varied depending on a pilot's age and class of certificate. The standards now allow certification for pressures up to 155/95 without an evaluation. Pilots with blood pressures above this level may still be certified after a cardiovascular evaluation (CVE).
Can you be a pilot with glasses?
Yes, you can wear glasses if you are a pilot. … The FAA recommends that all pilots who require prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses for 20/20 vision always carry an extra set of glasses or contacts with them as a backup when they fly.
You might be interested: How to fill out employee withholding allowance certificate
How do you get a FAA flight physical?
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Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events.
This artwork is currently on display in Gallery 353
Although most Polynesian peoples appear to have made and used human images, few such objects have survived to the present day. Most were destroyed under the influence of Christian missionaries, who viewed such sculptures as "graven images." Small female figures in ivory were known from the Tongan archipelago as early as the late eighteenth century. Formerly referred to as goddesses, these figures are now thought to represent important female ancestors. A number of Tongan ivories were traded to the neighboring Fiji islands, where they were used during religious rites. This particularly expressive example was collected on the Fijian island of Viti Levu by the Reverend Cyril G. Hawdon in 1868.
Collected by Cyril G. Hawdon, Viti Levu, Fiji, in 1868; [John J. Klejman, New York, until 1957]; Nelson A. Rockefeller, New York, 1957, on loan to The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1957–1978
© 2000–2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.

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Sex offender returns to Smokey Point
SMOKEY POINT — A blue-eyed, brown-haired white man, five-feet eight-inches tall weighing 160 pounds, Charlie Mathison was known as "the candy man" by neighborhood children and now he is back in town after serving his 68-month sentence for child molestation in the first degree. He is living in the18800 block of Smokey Point Boulevard, according to the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office.
Mathison is not wanted by the police at this time.
Mathison was found guilty by stipulated trial in April 2002 in Snohomish County Superior Court and was sentenced to 68 months in prison. This sentence was suspended and Mathison was granted a special sex offender sentencing alternative when he agreed to serve six months in jail and attend community-based sex-offender treatment.
The conviction was the result of Mathison sexually assaulting a known female between the ages of 10 to 12 years at the time. Mathison lured children into his residence by offering candy, allowing them to play video games and watch television. The children were also allowed to take photographs and be photographed. Mathison would leave pornographic magazines, pornographic photos and videos, and photos of Mathison that were sexual in nature out in the open so that the children would see them. Some of the photos of Mathison that were sexual in nature had been taken by children. Mathison admitted to a 23-year history of sexually assaulting and exposing himself to over 200 victims who were female children from the age of five to 12 years old. Mathison has also admitted to stalking children and watching them at playgrounds, seeking out children that were alone. He would also target children who had separated parents or were without a father.
Mathison pled guilty in Snohomish County Superior Court on Aug. 27, 2003 on one count of indecent exposure. He was sentenced to 12 months and one day in prison. This conviction was the result of Mathison exposing himself to an unknown 6-year-old female victim at a large department store. Mathison had been observed by store security staff exposing himself to the victim. Mathison admitted to exposing himself to numerous victims in a similar manner for the previous five months.
As a result of this conviction Mathison's SSOSA sentence was revoked and he served his original 68-month sentence in prison. Mathison has since gone through the process of being civilly committed as a sexually violent predator and was found not to meet the criteria to be civilly committed. However, he is considered to be at high risk to re-offend.
Mathison will be on active supervision by the Washington State Department of Corrections for 36 months.
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|Agricultural Expansion and Pioneer Settlements in the Humid Tropics (UNU, 1988, 305 pages)|
|16. Organized settlement on the Amazon frontier: The Caquetá project in Colombia|
The Caquetá Project was implemented in phases. Phases I and II overlap geographically, covering an area of 1.8 million ha. The first phase was begun in 1969 and the second in 1975. Given the fact that at the beginning of Phase I the area had already been partially subjected to spontaneous settlement by peasant farmers who had migrated from the adjacent inter-Andean valleys between 1958 and 1965, the Phase I project can be characterized as "an effort to stabilize settlers who might otherwise become itinerant slash and burn farmers." Thus Phase I was justified both socially and economically on the basis of contributing to stabilize a low income population by providing it with a mix of capital, technology, transport and social infrastructure, designed to generate and consolidate a production process based on the establishment of extensive livestock production farms.
Since environmental considerations were of little importance at the time (the environmental protection agency, INDERENA-National Institute for Renewable Natural Resources-was created in 1968) and because the fragile nature of the area's soils was not well known, Phase I and both its economic and environmental results cannot be taken as a model project for the evaluation purposes of this paper. PhaseII, on the other hand, merely a geographical continuation and repetition of the mistakes of Phase I, was prepared at a time when preliminary economic results from the first groups of beneficiaries of Phase I were coming out and when the environmental effects of the land use changes induced by the production model selected were already beginning to take their toll.
For these reasons, I will draw most of my observations and preliminary conclusions from the experiences of the recently concluded Phase II of the Caquetá Project.


Is a Spacesuit Needed to Walk on the Surface of the Moon?
Astronaut on Moon
Most people accept the fact that humans have not only reached the surface of the moon, but have walked on it. In all of the pictures from that historic moonwalk, the astronauts are wearing protective spacesuits. Due to the harsh and mysterious environments the astronauts would come into contact with while traveling to and walking on the moon, the need for such protective equipment is no surprise. Yet, if humans were to colonize the moon, and the protective clothing would be much less necessary in their day-to-day lives, would those spacesuits still be necessary?
Assuming that the moon were relatively well-colonized with an effective infrastructure, we can imagine that the humans living there would be reasonably comfortable and able to carry on with their day-to-day lives relatively easily. Obviously, the structures that they would live in would allow them to wear regular clothing when they carry on with their day. In some ways, their backyards would literally be the surface of the moon. In fact, they may be able to easily look outside by just looking out a window in their kitchen! Does that mean that they could also just go out a door and wander around outside for a bit whenever they felt like it?
The answer is no! The moon colonists could not walk outside their homes on the moon without first putting on protective gear, including a spacesuit, even if they just wanted to go out for a short period of time. The reason is that the moon, unlike planet Earth, has no atmosphere. Without an atmosphere, there is no air to breathe. Besides the lack of oxygen to breath, the lack of an atmosphere also means that there is no air pressure. The human body is designed to survive in the air pressure of Earth. In an environment without that pressure, such as on the surface of the moon, the body would be unable to survive.
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7 Responses to "Is a Spacesuit Needed to Walk on the Surface of the Moon?"
 - Kirstern svisvah says:
 God is full of wonders.
 - tori says:
 Yes we need space suits to walk on the moon!!!!!
 vinyda replied:
 your saying you really need suits to walk on the moon
 - vinyda says:
 is neal armstrong the first astronaut who walked on the moon
 James replied:
 wow, that is such an indictment of the american education system. And yes, he was.
 - Sachiko says:
 Posted on incredible, that was a very good read. In cocniuslon, someone who actually thinks and understands what they are blogging about. Quite difficult to find of late, especially on the web. I bookmarked your web blog and will make sure to keep coming back here if this is how you always write. thank you, keep it up!.
 - Cj says:
 I feel dumb thinking you may not need a space suit in space….
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
A projectile is launched over level ground at $35 \frac{m}{s}$ at an angle of $24^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. Friction is negligible. What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of this projectile $2.5$ s after launch?
For the magnitude do they mean the overall velocity at $2.5$ seconds $(\cos(24)35)$ in or do they mean the magnitude of the displacement: $\cos(24)35 \cdot 2.5$?
For the direction part do you assemble a triangle of the the combined velocity and the x and y components. Then use the cos law to solve for cos of the angle? Is this completely wrong? The answer on my homework differs from mine, but maybe thats just cause my math skills are questionable. Can anyone help me out with this and solve it step for step with an answer at the end? Thanks soooooo much :)!!!!!!
share|improve this question
Remember to include the force exerted by gravity on the projectile. This will affect both the magnitude and angle of the velocity. – user12998 Aug 27 '11 at 23:12
Hint: The horizontal component of velocity is $35\cos(24^\circ)$. For the vertical component, initially it is $35\sin(24^\circ)$ (if up is positive), but changes because of gravity. Once you find the two components $a$ and $b$, the magnitude of the velocity is $\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$. – André Nicolas Aug 27 '11 at 23:20
Why cant I just do Velocity(final) = Velocity(initial) + at – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:35
so 35m/s -10*2.5? – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:36
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
For the magnitude of the velocity, it is $|v|=\sqrt{v_x^2+v_y^2}$, where $v_x$ and $v_y$ are the velocities in the $x$ and $y$ directions. For the direction part you should describe it as degrees above or below the horizontal. It will be $\arctan \frac{v_y}{v_x}$. As Rober Wiberg comments, you need to account for gravity changing the original velocity.
share|improve this answer
Can you please The direction part in more detail, im greatly confused I dont know what arctan is. How did you get there? Where does this approach originate from. Thanks a lot. – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:34
If you imagine a right triangle with horizontal leg $v_x$, vertical leg $v_y$, the hypotenuse is $v$. The tangent of the angle with the horizontal is defined as $\frac{v_y}{v_x}$, and the arctangent is the inverse function to that. – Ross Millikan Aug 27 '11 at 23:41
So then it doesent even have to be tan? cant i just the inverse of sin or cos? OR is there a special reason why I cant involve the hypotenuse, namely V? – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:46
_USER_ The 'inverse of cos' is arccos, the inverse of tan is arctan. You can form the whole triangle, so you can use either. – mixedmath Aug 27 '11 at 23:58
The key idea here is to separate the question into x and y components. So the overall velocity at $2.5$ seconds is not $\cos(24) \cdot 35$ - this is the initial x component velocity (although this does not change). The y component does change, due to the force of gravity. Use Newton to find that.
I see now that Ross answered with respect to the process of finding the magnitude and direction of the velocity. So I won't comment on that other than to emphasize the need to think component-wise.
share|improve this answer
I have no problem with applying gravity, I just took a completely different approach to finding the direction. Can I take the magnitude of the velocity as a whole, then as individual components and form a triangle with all three. THen can I solve for the angle by using the cos formula? – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:40
_USER_: There is no good way to consider the effect of gravity on the velocity as a whole. It's effect is only clear on an independent y component. Then you can form a triangle with the x and y components to find the angle. – mixedmath Aug 27 '11 at 23:47
alright I get that now thnx a lot :) – John Aug 27 '11 at 23:50
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Tatenen (also Ta-tenen, Tatjenen, Tathenen, Tanen, Tenen, Tanenu, and Tanuu) was the god of the primordial mound in Egyptian Mythology. His name means risen land or exalted earth, as well as referring to the silt of the Nile. As a primeval chthonic deity, Tatenen was identified with creation. He was an androgynous protector of nature from the Memphis area, then known as "Men-nefer".
Tatenen represented the Earth and was born in the moment it rose from the watery chaos, analogous to the primeval mound of the benben and mastaba and the later pyramids. He was seen as the source of "food and viands,divine offers, all good things", as his realms were the deep regions beneath the earth "from which everything emerges", specifically including plants, vegetables, and minerals. His father was the creator god Khnum, who made him on his potter's wheel of Nile mud at the moment of creation of Earth. This fortuity granted him the titles of both "creator and mother who gave birth to all gods" and "father of all the gods". He also personified Egypt (due to his associations with rebirth and the Nile) and was an aspect of the earth-god Geb, as a source of artistic inspiration, as well as assisting the dead in their journey to the afterlife.
He is first attested in the Coffin Texts, where his name appears as Tanenu or Tanuu, 'the inert land', a name which characterizes him as a god of the primeval condition of the earth. Middle Kingdom texts provide the first examples of the form Tatenen.
With a staff Tatenen repelled the evil serpent Apep from the Primeval Mound. He also had a magical mace dedicated to the falcon, venerated as "The Great White of the Earth Creator". In one interpretation, Tatenen brought the Djed-pillars of stability to the country, although this is more commonly attributed to Ptah.
Both Tatenen and Ptah were Memphite gods. Tatenen was the more ancient god, combined in the Old Kingdom with Ptah as Ptah-Tatenen, in their capacity as creator gods. By the Nineteenth dynasty Ptah-Tatenen is his sole form, and he is worshiped as royal creator god. Ptah-Tatenen can be seen as father of the Ogdoad of Hermopolis, the eight gods who themselves embody the primeval elements from before creation.
Tatenen's ambiguous portrayal is a result of the ancient nature of the period he was worshipped in, as well as the subsequent confusion when he was merged with Ptah. He was always in human form, usually seated with a pharonic beard, wearing either an Atef-crown (as Ptah-Sokar) or, more commonly, a pair of ram's horns surmounted by a sun disk and two tall feathers. As Tanenu or Tanuu, obviously a chthonic deity, he carried two snakes on his head. He was both feminine and masculine, a consequence of his status as a primeval, creator deity. Some depictions show Tatenen with a green complexion (face and arms), as he had connections to fertility and a chthonic association with plants.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Tatenen. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The Egyptian Gods. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Tatenen Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ↑ C. J. Bleeker. Historia Religionum I: Religions of the Past, p.68
- ↑ M. Lichtheim: Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.3, p.113
- ↑ J. H. Breasted: Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three, § 411
- ↑ J. H. Breasted: Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Two, § 91
- ↑ Carol Andrews: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, spell 180
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Intersexed and Androgynous Deities in Religion or Mythology. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
|This article about Egyptology or subjects relating to Ancient Egypt is a stub. You can help by expanding it.|


Check your search results here
Deputy Director Job NGO Kenya
Position: Deputy Country director, Somalia Mission.
Action contre la Faim (ACF) was founded by a group of prominent French figures in response to the emergency caused by Afghan refugees fleeing to Pakistan to escape fighting in 1979, with the aim of eradicating hunger in a more global, lasting and effective way worldwide.
The organisation focuses its activities on an integrated approach, taking various aspects into account: "Nutrition, health and healthcare practices", "Food security and livelihoods", "Water, sanitation and hygiene" and "Advocacy and awareness-raising"
Location: Somalia mission based on Nairobi
Incorporation date: April 2011
Overall Objectives:
Continuous analysis of the humanitarian context and definition of strategic programming:
* Collect Information and analysis from external sources and from technical coordinators
* Ensure information is analyzed and provide relevant future propositions for geographic and sectoral interventions throughout the country to Country Director (CD) in a timely fashion.
* Identify humanitarian needs, brief the mission team and design potential responses within the operational country strategy
* Lead the definition of the framework and orientation of strategic programming in collaboration with the CD and the Desk
* Contribute to the identification of potential funding opportunities
* Produce the program related part of the mission situation report
* Contribute to the design and implementation of the Missions advocacy strategy
Overall management of implementation, design and reporting of Somalia programs
* Initiate and supervise design and development of WASH and Food Security programs in Somalia until such Programs would require dedicated HR
* Ensure integration and synergy of ACF programming at coordination and base level through promotion of regular coordination meetings and information sharing between field and coordination office
* Ensure program objectives are met and timelines, budgets, donor guidelines are respected by the Program Staff and Coordinators
* Ensure APR are delivered on a monthly basis for each project
* Compilation and pre-final validation of programmes sections of proposals and reports (donors and authorities).
* Supervise the design and implementation of tools to launch needs assessments and initiate new programs in a remote management setup
* Supervise the design and implementation of tools and procedures to monitor and evaluate ACF field activities in a remote management setup.
* Extensively train and coach Base Officers on ACF programming approach, PCM and program monitoring tools
* Lead ACF technical planning for contingency and emergency response programs with other stakeholders
* Liaise and coordinate with stakeholders on ACF activities when necessary
Human Resources Management and Capacity Building
* Provide training and guidance to all program staff on operational management of programs
* Contribute to the career development for Program Staff in collaboration with the HR department in order to identify needs of training and develop training plans
* Conduct regular evaluations of Technical Coordinators / Program Managers and contribute to regular evaluations of Base Officers (in collaboration with CD)
* Revise all job descriptions for technical positions in collaboration with coordinators and CD as needed
* Deliver induction to all incoming staff on projects' status and background country program strategy
* Overall responsible for providing the Human Resources Budgeting input to the HR Coordo with the support of the technical coordinators
* Initiate disciplinary measures where needed in accordance with HR regulations and under the authority of CD
Acting CD in the absence of the CD
* Be the acting CD in his/her absence and ensure the continuation of overall mission management under direct supervision of the Desk Officer.
* Participate in the management of Mission Security & Safety in conjunction with the Security Coordinator and under direct supervision of the Desk Officer.
* Be the focal point at mission level for external contacts such as Partners, Stakeholders, Donors and Media in the absence of the CD.
* Significant experience in humanitarian and emergency/early recovery program management.
* Minimum 5 years humanitarian work in developing or emergency context.
* Minimum 3 years humanitarian experience in a senior management / coordination role.
* Experience with ACF is desirable
* Excellent human resource management skills.
* Advanced knowledge of donors' guidelines/procedures.
* Experienced in working with private funding and foundations.
* Excellent organizational, leadership and motivation/training skills.
* Able to set own deadlines and meet them consistently.
* Proven experience in proposal writing and budget development.
* Fluent in oral and written English (professional English required).
* Excellent communication skills.
* Excellent writing and analytical skills.
* Excellent training skills – proven competencies in providing Training of Trainers
* Excellent business management and representation competencies.
* Long-term contract, provided by ACF according to the French legislation.
* All expenses paid on the field: travel out/return, collective or individual accommodation depending on position, meals and hygiene expenses
* ACF will pay for the family living depending on position and mission
* Program Managers: Monthly salary ranging from €1800 to €2425 (depending on relevant experience)
* Allowance of €200 paid on the mission
* Social benefits: Medical, life and accident insurance provided by the institution
* 25 days of annual paid leaves
* 20 days of extra leaves per year (taken as recovery time breaks of one week every 2 or 4 months depending on the mission) + break allowances
* Pre departure training of two weeks, at the HQ in Paris
How to apply
Please, send your CV and cover letter to Camille DARDE under references DEPUTYCD-0211:
Closing date: 22 Apr 2011
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**Building Construction Basics**
There are two basic type of building that can be built, Terrain buildings and City buildings.
Terrain building are buildings that require some sort of terrain resource like forests for a lumber mill or just space for a farm. City buildings are buildings that don't take up map space and mostly modify other buildings or the general city itself, IE a church or a bakery. When you build a building the costs don't just cover the actual building it also covers any tool costs or such things. materials to build a building are in units (basically to simply things and make my life easier) be they wood stone or whatever. if a building is not staffed completely but has more then half the needed workforce it works as a building one grade lower. (a large farm only produces 80 food instead of 160).
Construction Units(abbreviated as CU from here out) is the amount of work one untrained laborer can do in one day. (changed the name to avoid the confusion we where making between the man-hours/man-days issue. and it sounds a lot better the man-days)


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Frequency Analysis of Flood Damage
Additional Document Info
Determination of flood damage frequencies constitutes a fundamental component of any comprehensive flood-risk methodology. A time series of flood damage may contain zero values. Therefore, the probability distribution of damage should be derived taking into consideration these zero values. This distribution was derived using the total probability theorem (in conjunction with gamma, log-normal and Weibull distributions), order statistics, kinematic diffusion (KD) model, and the Box-Cox transformation. Flood damage frequencies determined using these methods were compared with those determined empirically for Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in the United States. For the four southern states studied, it is found that of all three different analysis methods, the method based on the total probability theorem gave the best results for the flood damage analysis containing zero-damage, and the KD model method is not suitable for the flood damage analysis. ASCE.


. If $ R_1 $ is a subring of $R_2$, it can be seen that the above system of maps induces a projection from $R_2$ to $R_1$. Hence we have an inverse system of subset of $\mathbb{Q}$. The inverse limit of this system is something, in fact it is a ring. To get the $\mathbb{R}$ we need to quotient away the sequences that converge to 0.
Seems like nothing new, I am repeating the Cauchy construction and further more the projection that I was considering was not even a ring homomorphism. Let me explain why I think this construction is more reasonable than it first appears.
Let us observe what did we actually do for the case of primes $p$. A way to view $ \mathbb{Z} / p^n$ is to think of it as we are identifying every integer divisible by $p^n$. If we think of prime in term of valuation then this means ignoring the small difference ( $p^n$ is small in this case). That harmonize very well with the construction above (and also the construction by continuous fraction) where we throw away some small thing.
For the complain that the projection is not a ring homomorphism. It is true that it is not a ring homomorphism but it is a ring homomorphism up to a small perturbation. In fact, we can choose $ R$ approximates $ \mathbb{Q}$ close enough such that the projection map behave like a ring homomorphism (identity map) "locally". And at the limit stage we recover back the field structure.
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I'm not really sure what inverse system you're considering, but even if this description gives you the real numbers as a set I don't think it's enough to tell you what the arithmetic on R looks like. – Qiaochu Yuan Mar 30 '10 at 11:44
True, but as I mentioned above. Is this about arithmetics? – abcdxyz Mar 30 '10 at 11:51
Thanks, I notice that the definition of the map just now was not clear. I also revisit whether we can put the arithmetic rule of not, but its still seems no. – abcdxyz Mar 30 '10 at 12:13
Interesting, this projection does not give a arithmetic structure, but it does give something like arithmetic structure up to some perturbation. However, at the limit stage the arithmetic structure is again recovered. – abcdxyz Mar 30 '10 at 12:23
Also note that developing a rational number, expressed in least terms as a quotient of integers, as continued fraction representation is the same as doing the Euclidean algorithm for the two integers in the quotient representation. – Regenbogen Mar 30 '10 at 15:50
In general, a completion of a normed field is naturally a colimit, since you can make a poset of normed fields generated by equivalence classes of sets of Cauchy sequences. I don't think there is an inverse limit construction of the reals, but it may be interesting to analyze the failure modes of some attempts.
First, we should take a closer look at the p-adic construction. We start by restricting our view to a valuation ring, namely the subring of elements of absolute value at most one. Then, we take an inverse limit over quotients by powers of the maximal ideal. Finally, we take the fraction field of the resulting complete ring.
The first step in the construction is already problematic with the archimedean valuation, because it is not an ultrametric, i.e., the set of rationals of norm at most 1 is not closed under addition. We can boldly press on, noting that we still have a continuous multiplicative monoid structure, and it has a maximal ideal $M = \{ x \in \mathbb{Q} : |x| < 1 \}$. Unfortunately, positive powers of M are equal to M itself, so the inverse limit of the quotients is just the monoid $\{-1,0,1\}$, which is not the closed unit disk. We could also try the inverse limit of quotients by the directed system of ideals $I_\alpha = \{x \in \mathbb{Q} : |x| < \alpha \}$, but all of the quotients are totally disconnected. This is bad, because (if I'm not mistaken) the inverse limit of a directed system of totally disconnected spaces is totally disconnected, while the interval $[-1,1]$ (often called the "ring of integers of $\mathbb{R}$") is what we really want, and its connected component(s) are far from singletons.
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I probably tried to do something silly and completely different from what you have in mind, but I don't see how to compute the quotients in the third paragraph. – François G. Dorais Mar 30 '10 at 19:12
Who calls $[-1,1]$ the "ring of integers of $\mathbb{R}$"? I want to have a talk with them. It's not a ring, and it doesn't contain the integers! – Pete L. Clark Mar 30 '10 at 21:07
_USER_: It is quite possible that no one actually calls it by that name, but lots of people say that other people call it that. I heard the term from Kiran Kedlaya (who seemed to be passing on what he had heard elsewhere), but there are close variants in print. For example, Durov calls it the completed local ring at infinity in his massive tome on Arakelov geometry, where it has a bit more structure than a monoid. – S. Carnahan Apr 1 '10 at 4:30
_USER_: A quotient of a (topological) commutative monoid M is constructed using a (closed) congruence relation, which is a (closed) equivalence relation invariant as a subset of $M \times M$ under translation by the diagonal action of M. Given a closed ideal I, the subset $I \times I$ forms a closed congruence relation. In particular, the ideals I described above should not have had strict inequalities. – S. Carnahan Apr 1 '10 at 4:38
Now that I'm thinking a little more about it, the maximal ideal is not closed, and this produces a strange topology on the "residue field" (namely, 0 is dense in {-1,0,1}). – S. Carnahan Apr 1 '10 at 4:42
Your Answer


text:
This historical investigation explores how teachers, students, and education officials viewed the social studies curriculum in the local context of Atlanta, and the broader state of Georgia, during the post-Civil Rights era, when integration was a court-ordered reality in the public schools. During the desegregation era, Atlanta schools were led by Atlanta Public Schools (APS) Superintendent, Dr. Alonzo Crim. Brought to Atlanta as part of a desegregation compromise, Dr. Crim became APS's first African American superintendent. In particular, the authors investigate how national social studies movements, such as Man: A Course of Study (MACOS), inquiry-based learning, co-curriculum activities, and standards movements, adapted to fit this Southeastern locale, at a time when schools were struggling to desegregate. Local curriculum documents written in the 1970s reveal a traditional social studies curriculum. By the 1980s, APS's social studies curriculum guides broadened to include a stronger focus on an enacted community—inside the classroom and around the world. In oral history interviews, however, former teachers, students, and school officials presented contrasting perspectives of how the social studies curriculum played out in the reality of Atlanta's public schools during the desegregation era.
Bohan, C. H. & Randolph, P. (2009). The social studies curriculum in Atlanta Public Schools during the desegregation era. Theory and Research in Social Education, 37(4), 543–569. DOI: 10.1080/00933104.2009._PHONE_
Elementary and Middle and Secondary Education Administration Commons, Instructional Media Design Commons, Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons, Secondary Education and Teaching Commons


text:
Manner is a noun. It means a way of doing something.
When used in the plural, manners often refers to etiquette or the prevailing customs, norms, or social conduct of a given culture.
Manor is also a noun. It refers to houses or land and can mean
Link to exercises on manner / manor.


text:
The objective is to specify the requirements for the safety instrumented functions.
- To define the safe state of the process for each identified safety instrumented function;
- The assumed sources of demand and demand rate on the safety instrumented function;
- Requirement for proof-test intervals;
- Response time requirement for the sis to bring the process to a safe state;
- The safety integrity level and mode of operation(demand/continuous) for each safety instrumented function;
- A description of SIS process measurements and their trip points;
- Requirements relating to energize or de-energize to trip;
- Requirement for resetting the SIS after a shutdown.
- Maximum allowable spurious trip rate ; as per IEC 61511.


Los Angeles Times
Commentary: Learning the language of public pensions
At a minimum, pension terminology can be challenging. At a maximum, it is outright confusing. In this installment we attempt to define some of the more commonly used pension terminology. By sharing this basic terminology, we hope to expand your understanding of complicated terms in an uncomplicated manner.
CalPERS: Costa Mesa contracts with CalPERS, the California Public Employees Retirement System, to administer pensions for city employees. CalPERS administers pensions for more than 1.6 million active employees and retirees, including state, county and municipal employees, as well as public school and state university employees. While CalPERS is the administrator of our employee pensions, the payments are guaranteed by the taxpayers of Costa Mesa, not CalPERS.
Defined benefit plans: Pensions are referred to as defined benefit plans. DBPs establish a formula for pension payouts based on age, years of service and salary level. Costa Mesa benefit payments are guaranteed for the life of the employee, and if a lesser benefit is selected, for the life of the employee's spouse. Pension benefits increase annually, and the pension benefits received by retirees are not affected by the investment results achieved by CalPERS.
Defined contribution plans: Retirement plans funded by a set contribution formula, most commonly a percentage of salary, are called defined contribution plans. The most common DCP is a 401(k) plan, which involves employers and employees contributing to an employee account. The employee directs the investment, and there is no guaranteed investment return.
Employee groups: Costa Mesa employees are divided into three groups — safety police ("on the street" police officers), safety fire ("on the street" fire personnel) and miscellaneous (all other city employees, managers, and police and fire administrative employees). Through their bargaining units (union or association representation), each employee group has negotiated its own pension benefit formula.
Pension benefit formulas: Pension formulas are expressed as a percentage of salary for each year of service with a minimum retirement age. In the case of safety police and fire safety employees hired before Jan. 1, 2013, the benefit formula is 3% at 50 (employees hired after Jan. 1, 2013 have a slightly reduced formula). Employees in these classes are eligible to retire at age 50 and receive 3% of their salary for each year of service.
The salary used to calculate the benefit is the person's highest single year of salary any time during his employment. Take for example a 50-year-old employee with 24 years of service with a highest annual salary of $90,000. Benefit formula = 3% x 24 years = 72% x $90,000 = $64,800 first-year pension benefit. The benefit formula for Costa Mesa miscellaneous employees hired before Jan. 1, 2013 is 2 1/2% at 55.
Service credits: Employees vest service credits after five years of employment, and employees are not subject to mandatory retirement. If they continue working, they continue to accrue service credits (additional years of service).
In the example cited above, if the employee continued to work until age 55, his pension benefit would grow to 3% x 29 years of service, which equals 87% of his highest salary. Employees who retire before the age expressed in their stated benefit formula receive a reduced benefit, and for all employees, the maximum benefit payable is 90% of highest salary.
COLA: All Costa Mesa pensions are subject to an automatic cost of living allowance, or COLA, which increases the benefit annually. Historically, this increase is 2% per year throughout the recipient's lifetime. If the first-year benefit is $60,000, the second-year benefit is $61,200, the third-year benefit is $62,424 and so on.
Contribution rates: Based on salaries, past and estimated investment returns, and benefit formulas, CalPERS annually establishes the contribution rate for each employee group. The contribution rate is the percentage of salary (for each employee) that Costa Mesa must pay to CalPERS to fund the pension plan for that year.
Contribution rates consist of two elements: normal cost (the amount required to fund the benefit for each working employee) and unfunded liability (the amount required to make up for insufficient prior saving or poor investment return).
Discount rate: Contributions paid to CalPERS are invested to help fund benefit payments. The investment rate of return is called the discount rate. The current CalPERS discount rate is 7.5%, which means that including market fluctuations, CalPERS has concluded it will average 7.5% return on investment per year.
Actuaries: These are financial professionals who make projections on the value of assets based on historical performance, typically on a long-term basis. Some actuaries make conservative estimates and others make liberal estimates. This can lead to a wide disparity in their long-term financial projections.
Smoothing: A process that allows actuaries to apply a consistent discount rate over an extended period of time. In this process, the actuary makes a projection assuming assets that may have dropped in value will ultimately increase in value. Assets that have experienced an unusually high rate of appreciation are reduced in value in this process.
Market value of assets (MVA): The current market value of an investment or group of investments.
Actuarial value of assets (AVA): The projected value of an investment or group of investments as determined by an actuary after "smoothing."
Funded ratio: The actuaries' estimate of AVA divided by the projected future cost of benefit payments. If the funded ratio exceeds 100%, the plan is designated "overfunded." If the ratio is less than 100%, the plan is designated "underfunded." In 2012, Costa Mesa pensions were underfunded with a funded ratio of approximately 65%.
Unfunded liabilities: The difference between the amount of money that will be required to pay pension benefits and the amount that has been paid by the employer, as determined by CalPERS actuaries, to fund that benefit. Based on MVA, in 2012, Costa Mesa unfunded pension liabilities were $196 million.
PEPRA — Public Employees' Pension Reform Act: The California law that became effective Jan. 1, 2013 is intended to constrain pension benefits deemed excessive. Most provisions of PEPRA apply only to new employees hired after Dec. 13, 2012, and will not provide immediate savings to employers.
Classic employees: Employees hired before Jan. 1, 2013, whose benefit formulas are not subject the restrictions of PEPRA.
Pension spiking: An intentional, late-career effort to maximize compensation to increase pension benefits. In Costa Mesa, policies to minimize "spiking" are in place.
Employer-paid member contributions: The city and employees both contribute to the cost of pensions. The city also makes employer-paid member contributions (EPMCs), which are payments added to the employees' highest year of pay for pension benefit calculation purposes.
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB): This board sets the policies for how public pension plan finances are evaluated and reported. Recently enacted changes by GASB will have a significant upward effect on the contribution rates paid by California CalPERS member agencies including Costa Mesa.
Other post-employment benefits (OPEBs): These are fringe benefits, such as retiree medical insurance paid partially or in full by the employer.
Copyright © 2015, Los Angeles Times


Matching Values and Beliefs
Do organizations share values and beliefs to create a positive culture featuring trust? The good ones will in youth, high school, and collegiate programs.
Organizations, coaches, and leaders in all walks of life are successful when they form a culture of success. When this development occurs early within the relationship of leader and follower, increased trust and passion for the leader are demonstrated. This knowledge is beneficial for coaches, teachers, and organizations that work with athletes of all ages to usher in a positive culture that leads to a lifetime of success.
According to Sinek (2009), cultures are groups of people who come together around a common set of values and beliefs. When the coach, assistant coach and director have a vision of success that they can clearly communicate and continuously reiterate to the athletes, parents, and support groups; a culture is cultivated.
College coaches must quickly learn about the personality, values, and beliefs of recruited athletes to determine if they will be a positive fit within the program. Contradictory values and beliefs between coach and athlete lead to players having poor experiences. Success is had when the established culture is passed down from coach to upper classman to new players just joining the program. With these groups successfully stating and demonstrating the same values and beliefs in a consistent manner, an increased chance of cohesion, trust, and passion will happen for the group.
At youth programs, the organization that shares a common set of values and beliefs with athletes and their parents can clearly communicate their vision for success and will retain more players for upcoming seasons. If training at a high level and playing competitive games each weekend is the belief of the sport club, parents and athletes that share this belief will have an amazing experience within the organization. Ensuring values and beliefs match between the groups increases the positive experience between parent and coach, player and coach, and family and organization. Families looking for sport organizations to join must ensure their beliefs and values match the organizations prior to joining to allow for the best on and off field environment to be created.
Shared values and beliefs among members of the group form trust. Trust is maintained when the leader actively promotes the values and beliefs. Restating the values and beliefs in all forms of communication to all members of the group is a necessity to maintain the established cultureAs trust continues to grow, the development of passion happens as the individual feels like they are part of something in which they believe.
Educated Coaches exists to empower athletes, organizations, coaches, and families to create opportunities for lifetime success. The Educated Coaches culture values positive growth through dynamic experiences in which the athlete, organization, coach, and family work in a cohesive manner for an objective bigger than each one of them individually…lifetime success for all.
Can this WHY create a movement across America? If you share our beliefs, please tell another person about the message we share that goes on at this blog and have them follow. It is a reality I am ready to lead…lead through speaking engagements, coach training, and organizational consultation. How can I help you grow for the positive? CLICK HERE to learn more about what Educated Coaches can offer your program.
Creating a Positive Sports Environment for All Athletes,
Coach Brad
Sinek, S. (2009). Start with Why. New York, NY: Penguin Group Inc.
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text:
Using a teleport command to get out of water while in the swimming animation causes it to be stuck. The player swims on land and is not able to toggle it off.
This also happens sometimes when you jump out of water.
- Setup a commandblock with the following command. Add repeaters to it so you have delay after activation
- Activate the contraption
- Get into a pool of water (at least two blocks deep) and press Shift to enter swimming mode
You are teleported while you're swimming, causing you to continue the swimming animation. Upon re-entering water the swimming animation gets deactivated.


image provider
Persistent Object Database
A persistent object database lets you do two things:
 1. Code as if you had unlimited amounts of virtual RAM (Random Access Memory) for your objects.
 2. Shutdown and restart a program without losing your objects.
There are a number of commercial persistent object databases. The catch is they are all very expensive. The world needs a cheap or free POD (Persistent Object Database) that can be used by students, demos, small businesses and for prototyping large projects,
How could you write a very simple one? Start by implementing the Hermit Crab variable length file class. Use ordinary serialization to save and restore objects. You can retrieve objects from the hermit crab file by serial number.
Basically you are simulating a segmented virtual memory system with an LRU (Least Recently Used) cache of objects. You need an array indexed by object number. With that array you can find out if the object is currently in RAM and if so where in RAM it is. If it is not in RAM, you can use the object number to retrieve it. You also have to keep track if each RAM-based object is clean or dirty. Dirty means it has been changed and eventually the disk copy will have to be updated. The simplest way to implement an LRU is to maintain a chain. Every time an object is touched, you move it to the head of the chain. The object on the tail end of the chain is then the least recently used.
Ideally you would code your application that used the POD as if the POD were not there. Some commercial PODs (Persistent Object Databases) automatically insert code in your application to help give that illusion. The trickiest part of this project involves techniques to make the POD as transparent as possible. You might want to study some commercial PODs to get some ideas on how to handle this.
Let's look at some of the problems:
Another totally different approach would spin off some independent jobs and use inter-task communication. You create as big a metavirtual VM as you need by spinning off additional jobs. You serialise the entire thing to disk only at startup and shutdown. A simple version would keep all the objects in a single VM, perhaps even the main VM.
You might like to study a commercial POD before attempting to write your own. See Objectstore and Poet.
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text:
Enslaved Communities on Drayton Family Plantations: SC, GA, FL and TX
"Slaves of the Rebel General Thomas F. Drayton" Photographer: Moore, Henry P., _PHONE_
Source: Library of Congress: _URL_
No known restrictions on publication.
In the first project of its kind, the Magnolia Plantation Foundation of Charleston, SC has sponsored genealogical research to reconstruct the lineages of enslaved communities on Drayton family plantations in the United States and Barbados. For the past four years, the Lowcountry Africana team and known descendants of families formerly enslaved on Drayton family plantations have worked together to rediscover the scattered paper trail which may connect the enslaved ancestors on Drayton family plantations with many thousands of living descendants throughout the United States. We are now compiling the research for presentation here.
The documents presented here are small fraction of those to be presented. In the course of our research we have gathered more than 30,000 pages of documentary evidence which spans the years 1724 to 1930.
To begin exploring the Drayton family records, you may follow the links to the first and second generation of the slaveholding Drayton family in the column bar to the right.
Project Scope And Research Goals
The goal of the present study is to trace the descendants of the founding enslaved populations on Drayton family plantations by bringing the lineages of enslaved ancestors forward through time to connect with the family oral history and genealogical research of living descendants.
The first component, presented here, documents the founding enslaved communities on Drayton family plantations. With the estate settlement of Thomas Drayton, Jr. in 1724, the slaveholding Drayton family lineages diverge, as Thomas Drayton's estate was divided among his sons. Please be sure to visit often as we track lineages forward.
Known Descendant Families
The research team includes known descendants of Drayton family freedmen and researchers from Lowcountry Africana. Descendants have shared family oral history, documents, photographs and results of past genealogical research. Working with these vital pieces of the puzzle, we have compiled known family histories, then searched the historical record for documents which would fill gaps in known lineages.
You may view the lineages of known descendants by following the link below:
Research - Phase IPhase I of the research project consisted of the following:
- Gathering oral histories of known descendants and constructing family tree files from known lineages
- Identifying slaveholding Drayton family members for each generation from 1724 to 1865
- Gathering will and probate records for Drayton family slaveholders to learn the names of those enslaved on Drayton family plantations
- Gathering an array of other historical documents such as runaway slave advertisements, court records, Drayton family correspondence and plantation records which reveal more about the lives of enslaved ancestors on Drayton family plantations
- Gathering post-Emancipation records for known descendants of enslaved ancestors to learn more about their lives
Phase II: Underway
Phase II is underway. We are now compiling the historical documents and presenting them here at Lowcountry Africana. We've posted the wills, estate inventories and plantation records of known Drayton family slaveholders in the Lowcountry Africana document database in order to make them available for researchers as we work to build the website presentation.
Each new document brings new information and as the pieces of the puzzle come together, the names and lives of enslaved ancestors begin to come into focus.
As we layer on documents and lineages, we will weave those stories together and present them here.
Join the Research Project
If your family has roots on Drayton family plantations, we would love to hear from you, and we invite you to join in the ongoing research. Please let us hear from you! You can write to us at _EMAIL_.


How Long Do Rabbits Breed?
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Rabbits indeed have a higher rate of reproduction than any other livestock. They then turn to be sexually mature in just several months of giving birth. Surely, they have a short-term pregnancy period. They can best produce huge litters while staying unique in the re-breeding process after kindling. Following a breeding program, it is when a doe can have sixty-weaned young every year. Intensive breeding somehow may not be recommended. But, this is what we advised for most beginners.
Below is essential info that you must know with rabbit breeding.
When you set up a breeding system for the rabbits, you need to think about the purpose of raising them. If you want to raise them for the sake of meat, you may produce a lot of fryers. If you want more to show rabbits, you may have just a few litters every year. Time them to bring about a stock of the right age-specific for showing.
The schedules of breeding rabbits follow a seven-day interval to make recordkeeping convenient and easy. A lot of commercial producers of rabbit breed do fourteen to twenty-one days right after kindling. We recommend a thirty-five breed-back schedule in here. Reduce the interval between breeding and kindling while still gaining experience. Intensive form of breeding programs can increase the does put down or culled yearly because of "burn out."
With whatever breeding schedule that you follow, check the condition of the rabbits. This also is before you even mater them. It is not a wiser decision having to mate a doe in its poor condition. That also is when one is nursing a large litter twenty-one days following kindling. This will only affect the reproductive performance of the mother rabbit. That's when poor fertility became the result here. A high death rate or a small litter in the young is as well produced.
Make sure the doe is in its good health conditions. This will potentially limit the chances of problems. Mate at the same time, like twenty-eight to thirty-two days later. This will ensure that fostering the young is just easier provided that it is necessary.
It is expected that the does will produce at about 7 or 8 young in the litter. Nevertheless, they may have bigger or smaller litters. It will depend on the specific rabbit species.
Proper Age for Breeding
There are various breeds of rabbits that can reach their sexual maturity. This falls down to various ages. It's when smaller breeds can turn to be sexually mature at an earlier time than the bigger breeds. The Polish or the small breeds can also be bred at about four to five months.
For the medium breeds like the Californians and New Zealand, they sexually mature at around six to seven months. The Flemish Giant, as among those giant breeds, should at least be at seven months of age before they are bred.
As for the female rabbit breeds, they must reach the level of sexual maturity at an earlier time as compared to males. Does of the same age can be produced than bucks. Better watch this video to become fully guided by the proper age for breeding among rabbits, (
Knowing the Mating Season
Once it does have become fully-receptive towards mating, they then become in heat. They would often act restless while rubbing their chins on the water and feed containers. They show their desire to be with other rabbits. As for the vulva of does, it becomes slightly swollen, reddish, and moist.
Now for a dry, pale, and small vulva, the doe is not yet ready for breeding. It may present itself while lying on its stomach or lifting its tail once touched. That's in the case of it being in heat. Before the mating attempts, the doe and the buck must be examined both. They should fall in their good condition while freeing themselves from injury and disease.
Take the doe to the cage of the buck for mating. It is so far considered a territorial while when another animal is placed in its cage; it can become defensive. When a buck is also placed in another type of cage, it will take time to sniff around the cage. That is true even before the process of breeding the doe.
If the doe is now ready for the mating process with an experienced and active buck, the mating will now occur right away. Mating an inexperienced and young stock will demand more time as compared to mating just experienced breeders. In the completion of the mating process, it's when the buck will fall over at the back or on the side.
Facing Breeding Issues
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Rabbits tend to decline in their productivity level, especially in the late fall, summer, and just early winter. Both conception and reception rate decrease at this time. Choosing breeders from the stock that will produce well every year will bring about good production.
 - Temporary Sterility. Exposing rabbits to temperature over 85-degrees Fahrenheit for five consecutive days bring about temporary sterility. This is true in regard to bucks. Even old bucks can become more exposed to heat as compared to younger bucks. They may remain sterile for sixty to ninety days. The good thing is that male sterility brought about by hot weather is reduced. We recommend that you breed bucks in the rabbitry. You should then mate them more often.
 - False pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. This is a known condition of does that makes them look pregnant, but they are not. This is often the result of physical stimulation or sterile mating. This is because one is mounted by a rabbit causing such a physiological response on the part of the doe.
The pseudopregnancy can last for about seventeen days. This is when the doe will never breed. It may create a nest even if it is not expecting. Even if the condition may seem normal without bringing harm to the doe, it will then delay the breeding process.
 - Incapable of Conceiving After Mating. One more reproductive problem occurs when the doe is not capable of conceiving right after mating. This is due to the reason that they already have been out of production or are overweight for a long time.
 - Excessive and overweight. Excessive and overweight bucks can bring about a problem. This is due to the reason that they lack sexual desire, and they become lazy. Old age, poor physical condition, inadequate nutrition, injury, and other essential factors can bring about reproductive problems. As an owner of this pet rabbit, you must keep the breeding animal in a healthy, active, and trim condition. This will mean to say the best performance in reproduction.
Solve more of the breeding issues upon watching the (
Breeding Meeting the Perfect Standard
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Do not breed sisters to brothers when it comes to rabbits. Some combinations are just perfectly fine like a son to mother, daughter to father, cousins, and more. Provided that you have gained knowledge in the way that inbreeding works with genetics, it is recommended to not breed close pairs.
Mate only similar breeds together. This is also unless you want to get some meat rabbits with specific characteristics. This is also as you do genetic experiments, or you never care about the offspring and its fate.
Mate rabbits having the same breed and different colors. There are possibilities of combinations when it comes to mixing colors. What we suggest is for you to mate rabbits of the same color to begin off. This is also until you already know about the way that colors interact. Try to check this one out ( prior to breeding.
Breeding rabbits require an owner like you to become responsible at it. Prepare for the tears, smiles, laughter, and shock. Let others read this article and share it with them. You may have understood it clearly how long do rabbits breed. You can get ready with the entire breeding process!
How Long Can Rabbits Survive Without Food?
How Long Do Rabbits Live?


text:
Mouth colour components of begging are dynamic signals of quality in European starling nestlings
Staffan Jacob and Philipp Heeb
Offspring solicit food from their parents through begging signals. Nestling skin and flange coloration are begging signals that appear to convey information about nestling need or condition, and several experiments have shown that modifications of nestling coloration affect parental allocation decisions. However, it is important to examine the short-term changes in these signalling components in response to food constraints since such dynamic changes are required for signals to indicate condition or need. Using a food deprivation experiment, we tested whether flange and skin reflectance in European starling Sturnus vulgaris nestlings change after a three-hour interval. We investigated whether flange and skin reflectance changed according to the predictions arising from the 'signal of quality' or 'signal of need' hypotheses on the function of begging signals. We found that flange carotenoid and UV reflectance changed according to the signal of quality hypothesis with nestlings in good condition increasing their signal expression in response to the food deprivation, whereas those in poor condition decreased their signal expression. With the use of vision modelling, we show that changes in flange reflectance are detectable by starling parents. In contrast, we found a correlation going in the opposite direction for changes in skin UV reflectance. Nestlings with low lipid reserves increased their reflectance compared to nestlings with high reserves. However, vision modelling showed that short-term changes in skin UV reflectance are not large enough to be detectable by the parents. Our study shows that flange carotenoid and UV reflectance are dynamic components of begging with short-term variations that can be used by parents as signals of nestling quality.


text: GitHub on December 6 explained that stolen credentials are a main cause of data breaches. To help NPM maintainers better manage their risk exposure, GitHub is introducing a granular access token type for NPM. The granular access tokens allow NPM package maintainers to restrict which packages and scopes a token has access to, grant access to specific organizations, set token expiration dates, and limit access based on IP address ranges. Users also can select read-only or read and write access. As many as 50 granular access tokens can be created on an NPM account.


text:
Okay. Before we start today, have a look at this awesome video! After I watched the video, I tried to snap my fingers to chanin-chanin! It didn't quite work and it made me remember how many years ago, my best friend spent a crazy amount of time trying to get me to do it "right." Despite her efforts and 25 years of being Guatemalan, I still can't make the snapping sound. Now the important question: were you able to do it? It's okay if you can't! That makes two of us! Either way, this expression and hand gesture has an important influence on Guatemalan culture.
Chanin, chanin-chanin, or the hand movement that accompanies those words, is ingrained in Guatemalan culture in an inexplicable way. Whether or not they actually say the words, everyone does this hand movement. Some people do it everywhere, others do it only in the familiarity of their homes. Some make it snap, while others just shake their hands like pom poms (and I raise my hand to this!!!). The video got me thinking that I do it a lot (and I mean a LOT) more often than I initially thought I do. It's just one of those things that you learn at a very young age because everyone around you does it!
What is 'chanin chanin'?
Let's divide this in two and explore its meaning:
- Words: Saying 'chanin' or 'chanin-chanin'
- Gesture: The famous finger snapping hand movement
The origin of the word chanin
Guatemala's official language is Spanish. However, different cultural groups across the country speak another 24 officially recognized languages! Yes, that's a lot of languages for one country! 22 out of those 24 languages are Mayan languages spoken by indigenous people.
Now, going back to chanin and Guatemalan Spanish. Because of the cultural exchange that exists between the various groups in Guatemala, Mayan languages have influenced – and still are influencing – Spanish greatly! Many words we use in Guatemalan Spanish, like chanin, originate from a Mayan language. Chanin, in particular, means apúrate, or hurry up.
To practice some Spanish reading, visit Guatemala's official page on our linguistic heritage: Guatemala, un País con Diversidad Étnica, Cultural y Lingüística. There are also some maps for you to see where these different cultures and languages exist! You can also check out these Top 5 Spring Break Destinations in Guatemala and compare the places listed here to where each Mayan language is spoken.
Origin of the chanin gesture
As for the hand movement, I've been asking some abuelitas, and no one really knows where it comes from. I can only assume that someone, one day, really needed to get something done. So, they started shaking their hands to communicate a sense of urgency to another person who spoke a different one of the 24 languages. Since they couldn't understand each other with words, hand gestures had to do the job!
Imagine if you're in the middle of something and someone starts frantically shaking their hands to signal that you should hurry up – believe me – you'll hurry up!
The Languages of Guatemala
Languages are directly related to ethnic groups and culture. There are four different ethnic groups in Guatemala and one uses different languages:
Learn more about Guatemala's culture and ethnic groups here!
*Information on the number of native speakers from 2002 Census.
Spanish in the context of indigenous languages in Guatemala
Although Spanish is the "main" official language of Guatemala, a big percentage of the population does not speak Spanish! But how does this happen? The Spanish arrived in Guatemala almost 500 years ago in 1524 AD and as part of their colonization, they taught the indigenous people Spanish.
While 500 years may seem like enough time for everyone to learn Spanish, Guatemala is a country divided (and united!) by different cultures and landscapes. The various groups did not always accept a new language being imposed on them (who would?). Plus, the fact that some villages are so far removed from political, economic, or cultural centers allowed for many to just keep living their life without needing to learn a new language.
This is all now changing, but we'll talk more about Spanish in Guatemala in another blog post! In the meantime, you can read a little something on Guatemalan history here.
Something to keep in mind: The Spanish of each Spanish-speaking country is greatly influenced by the languages the indigenous populations spoke or still speak! That's the reason why there are sometimes big differences in the words the people of different Spanish-speaking countries use.
Y ahora, and now, exploremos the other languages of Guatemala!
According to the 2002 census, 41% of the Guatemalan population identify themselves as indigenous (descendants of the Mayans). All these people speak various Mayan languages, and each one is a descendant of the language Protomaya, which came to life some 6,000 years ago! Yes, it's been a long time! There are now 22 indigenous Mayan languages spoken in Guatemala, each spoken by a different cultural group! And yes, each one of them is a language of their own (not a *dialect!) with unique grammar, sounds, and vocabulary!
Let's have a look at these 22 Mayan languages:
*dialect: "A particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group." Thanks, Oxford English Dictionary!
As you can see, only a very small percentage of the population speaks each of the Mayan languages! These numbers have greatly decreased in the last few years and are still rapidly declining due to multiple reasons. For one, technology is only available in certain languages. Similarly, most services and information are only accessible in Spanish. People are also moving to bigger cities for work or studies, and because of that many families consider it more important for their children to learn Spanish than an indigenous Mayan language. Parents and grandparents have struggled to live in a country where they cannot speak the official language, and they don't want their children to have that same experience.
However, it's important to mention that Guatemala's government and different NGOs have started campaigns to promote Mayan language learning in schools and through any possible platform. The thing is, a language is not only a set of words we use to communicate with others. Languages carry the entire historical background of a whole culture! As such, it is important to value and cherish each Mayan language as much as we value and cherish all those beautiful colors we see when we visit a Guatemalan market!
Check out these quotes by Guatemalans to understand a little bit more about the importance of language as part of a culture: Discovering Treasures Through Spanish Quotes
Xinca is a language that doesn't belong to the same group as the other 22 indigenous Mayan languages. Its origin is unknown, but it used to be widely spoken throughout Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. While some sources say the language is extinct, others say there are currently only about 100 people who speak this language.
Garifuna is the only language from the Arawakan language family spoken in Central America. All other languages from this language family that are not extinct, are spoken in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname. Up until 1797 when the Garifuna people were deported to Honduras, the language was only spoken in some Antillean Islands. Now, a total of about 200,000 people speak this language throughout Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, and the US. If you'd like to learn more about the Garifuna culture, check out this documentary film in Garifuna language (and English): Garifuna in Peril.
Language is a huge part of culture! When you learn a language, you're not only learning to say things with other words, but you're venturing into a new world of ideas and customs. Continue learning more about Guatemalan culture and language by scheduling a FREE CLASS with us today!


text: Remember when Lady Gaga pinged smartphones and presumably alarmed dogs by transmitting inaudible, high-frequency audio at a concert with Sonic Notify tech? It turns out Apple's applying for a patent to do something similar, namely "audio hyperlinking" that can be contained within an audio stream. Cupertino's application says that such sound waves could be audible or outside the normal hearing range of 20Hz to 20KHz and "cause an effect in the user interface" of a receiving device. That could be useful during a podcast, for instance, to give users links to articles relevant to a discussion via sound waves alone. The application goes on to describe how such data could be encoded into an audio stream and read by the receiving device, and leaves wiggle room for a wide range of uses. Call us cynical, but we imagine that includes a way of sneaking in more ads.


text:
I think the difference between 50% and 5% might be the difference between marketing and engineering. Engineers tend to be very literal.
If 2 cores get you 180% performance of 1, then in simple terms, that extra core is 50% that gets you the 80%.
What I asked the engineering team was "what is the actual die space of the dedicated integer portion of the module"? So, for instance, if I took an 8 core processor (with 4 modules) and removed one integer core from each module, how much die space would that save. The answer was ~5%.
Simply put, in each module, there are plenty of shared components. And there is a large cache in the processor. And a northbridge/memory controller. The dies themselves are small in relative terms.


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Department of Defense
The Department of Defense (DOD) has a history of commitment to environmental security and the management of resources that have been entrusted to its stewardship. In addition, DOD is bound by certain Federal land management laws, such as the Endangered Species Act and the National Environmental Policy Act, and has developed regulations pertaining to resources management.
What is green infrastructure at DOD?
This agency does not specifically define green infrastructure, but uses it as a component of its strategies dealing with land conservation and economic and community development issues.
What DOD departments are involved in green infrastructure?
The Office of the Deputy Under Secretary Of Defense Installations and Environment's (I&E) mission is to provide installation assets and services necessary to support military forces in a cost effective, safe, sustainable and environmentally sound manner. Within I&E, the Readiness and Environmental Protection Initiative (REPI), part of the Department of Defenses' Sustainable Ranges Initiative, is DOD's core effort aimed at protecting military readiness by preventing incompatible development and preserving habitat through buffer projects, supportive education, engagement, and regional planning. Military Buffer zones account for millions of acres of conservation land, preserve green infrastructure and protect ecosystem services, and protect defense test and support services. DOD partners with conservation organizations, (e.g. the Nature Conservancy) and state and local governments, to preserve buffer land and habitat around military installations and ranges.
Additional DOD green infrastructure resources:
- Department of Defense Installation Watershed Impact Assessment Protocol report assesses the potential impact of installation activities on watersheds.
- The Sustainable Ranges Initiative ensures the long-term viability and continuity of military training and testing ranges while providing good stewardship for the land.
- Collaborative Land Use Planning: A Guide for Military Installations and Local Governments provides an overview of how collaboration between regional councils and military installations is crucial to ensure that the presence of military installations within a community does not negatively impact either.
- Working to Preserve Farm, Forest and Ranch Lands assists DOD planners on how to work with communities to help conserve land for farming, protect valuable habitat to support well-planned growth, and preserve significant historical and cultural assets while promoting military development.


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2019-2020 National Scholarships Ambassador
Voice of Democracy / Patriot's Pen: "What Makes America Great"
School is now in session for the 2019-2020 year. It's time for you and your Post counterpart to visit schools and homeschool groups, and follow up with students, parents, and teachers to answer any questions they may have regarding the Patriot's Pen and Voice of Democracy contests. You should also have sent requests to potential judges or know whom you plan to ask before October begins. Last, but not least, plan a recognition ceremony to acknowledge the participation of the students in these contests. Listed below are some ideas to accomplish this:
Follow up questions:
- Visit schools, homeschool student groups, church groups and youth groups.
- Update contact information on websites and share contest information on social media.
- Visit the businesses where you left flyers to determine the amount of interest.
- Libraries, fast food restaurants, malls, grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and hair salons; wherever you posted the information.
- Reach out to the neighborhood associations and senior citizen groups. They may have questions from their children or grandchildren.
- Post a reminder of the important deadline of October 31, 2019, for entries to your Post.
- Monitor your own Post and Auxiliary website(s) and/or Facebook page(s) for questions.
Many questions may arise as you reach out to your community. Be sure to have the answers ready. If a question comes up you cannot answer, assure them that you will obtain the information and contact them with the answer.
When choosing judges remember:
- To include the contest requirements, deadlines and contact information at the time of the judging.
- Use an odd number of judges to avoid a tie.
- Secure a date and location for the judging.
- Avoid using Post or Auxiliary members. Reach out to your community for impartial judges.
- Begin planning how you will recognize the students who made your program successful.
- If possible, invite all participating students. Announce the winners at your event.
- Consider hosting a luncheon or dinner in their honor.
- Ask for permission to participate in a school awards forum.
- Determine the awards you are offering. The National Organization does not provide guidelines on the amount or kind of award your Post offers; it's up to your Post.
- Invite all who helped promote the contests. Include teachers, community leaders, businesses, clergy, and youth group leaders.
Everyone enjoys recognition for a job well done. In addition to honoring the winners, be sure to recognize all students who participated. If they did not place this year, they can enter until they are no longer eligible. Patriot's Pen students finishing eighth grade can advance to the Voice of Democracy Contest in ninth grade.
Share your ideas! Please let me know how you plan to celebrate your students. One Post and Auxiliary presents their awards at a regularly scheduled student assembly. At that time, the students read their essays to those present. This Post chooses to recognize the winning students from that school in this manner for the maximum exposure to other students. This helps promote future contests to the students who are eligible to enter. It has proven to be successful in promoting participation over the years.
Continue to work with your communities and students while "Serving Our Veterans with Aloha!"


text:
The final draft of this project represents a response approach to flooding events on the Cape Flats. These
events have drastic impacts such as loss of human life and economic loss. The response approach was divided
into three stages, where the first stage disaster groups were formed by using an axis system approach. In the
second stage LINGO was used to allocate identified relief centres to the disaster groups. LINGO was also used
in stage three where a routing strategy and supply amount was calculated to each of the disaster groups. By
integrating these three stages an optimal total system approach was created. Humanitarian crises need to be
responded to as quick as possible and by creating an approach beforehand will allow goal to be reached. The
presented approach indicates who should respond to which disaster group, how to respond and how much to
supply to the affected areas on the Cape Flats.
Thesis (B Eng. (Industrial and Systems Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2009.


NEPTUNE SEMINAR SERIES | Inês Carvalho | 02 Jun | 11h30
Title: Effects of dietary histidine and plant lipids on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) health status following transfer to seawater
Name: Inês Carvalho
With the aquaculture expansion, there is great urgency in reducing the industry's dependence on finite-marine ingredients, such as fish oil. However, plant lipid-based diets might markedly deviate from fish natural feeding habits and negatively impact their health. In the particular case of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), this issue acquires major relevance during the seawater transfer, a challenging production moment often associated with great losses. To improve the overall fish health, supplementing diets with immuno-modulators, such as certain amino acids, is becoming a common approach.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary lipid source and histidine supplementation could influence the non-specific immune response and antioxidant system in Atlantic salmon after seawater transfer.
Free online webinar. To access please follow this LINK.
If you are a CIIMAR member you can also access last seminars recordings through the LINK.


text:
Data format: Shapefile
File or table name: LocCode_Public
Coordinate system: Geographic
Theme keywords: LocCodes, Codes, Public, Location, Boundary, Boundaries, Tax, Sales, Use District
Abstract: An intersection of Washington State counties, Incorporated cities, Regional Transportation Authority, Public Transportation Authority and Community Empowerment Zone boundaries depicting sales and use tax location code areas as polygons. Participating boundary datasets are updated quarterly as annexation and boundary change notices are received. This dataset is created as part of geoprocessing to generate quarterly updates. Dataset intended use is to determine applicable sales and use tax location code by location.
Metadata elements shown with blue text are defined in the Federal Geographic Data Committee's (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM). Elements shown with green text are defined in the ESRI Profile of the CSDGM. Elements shown with a green asterisk (*) will be automatically updated by ArcCatalog. ArcCatalog adds hints indicating which FGDC elements are mandatory; these are shown with gray text.


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Identifying Yarns & Dyes to Tell Time
Knowing the history of material changes allows scholars to construct a timeline for southwestern textile types. Changes in yarns, fiber quality, and dyes occurred frequently during the 1800s. When these changes are considered together with a textile's designs and individual history, production dates can be estimated to create a more complete history of Navajo textiles.
Handspun yarns include single-spun strands of naturally colored, undyed sheep's wool as well as wool colored with vegetal or synthetic dyes. The earliest Navajo sheep had clean, lustrous wool, while breeds after the 1880s had curlier, greasier wool. Navajo spinners cleaned and aligned the wool fibers with their fingers or with wire-toothed combs, called carders, and twisted the wool together on hand spindles.
Raveled yarns came from bolts of imported fabrics that weavers cut into strips and unraveled, reweaving the yarns into blankets. Raveled yarns, often used in groups of two to six, appear to have small ridges or kinks and are sometimes speckled. Some researchers call these yarns bayeta, from the Spanish name for one type of cloth that was unraveled.
Commercial yarns, produced in textile mills and obtained through government annuities and trade, introduced new shades of red, orange, yellow, purple, blue, and green. Commercial yarns have a regularly ridged texture and solid coloring, and were plied, or twisted, from multiple spun strands of wool.
Red dyes can be chemically identified to help scholars interpret Navajo textile histories. From 1800 through the 1870s, insect dyes—cochineal from Mesoamerica and lac from India—colored many raveled and commercial red yarns. Beginning in the late 1860s, many red yarns contained synthetic dyes. Red dyes can be identified by several chemical tests, including spectrophotometry.


text:
1. Generally, we suggest you set the temp which is 4℃-5℃ higher than room temp.
2. Set mid or low fan speed can make room become warm evenly.
3. Set the blade downward, then the warm air will go from down to up.
4. There will be a defrost prcess, when running in winter, this process will last approx 10 mins, during defrost process,the unit will stop running.
5. When you start the Air con in winter, the indoor unit's start will delay 3 mins.
6. When you stop the Air con, the indoor unit will continue blowing, until the afterheat is exhausted.


Seasoning (cookware)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cast iron skillets, before seasoning (left) and after several years of use (right)
Professional Krampouz waffle iron requiring seasoning
Seasoning is the process of treating the surface of a saucepan, wok, crepe griddle or other cooking vessel with a stick-resistant coating formed from polymerized fat and oil on the surface.
Seasoning is desirable on cast-iron cookware and carbon steel cookware, because otherwise they are very sticky to foods and rust-prone. It is generally not desired on other types of cookware either for cosmetic reasons or because the chemical composition of the pan already results in a non-stick surface.[citation needed]
Methods of seasoning[edit]
A new pan (bare metal) is porous[citation needed] and will grab food tightly, and must either be oiled before cooking or seasoned. This base coat is initially created by a process of layering a very thin coat of oil on the pan. Then, the oil is polymerized to the metal's surface with high heat for a duration. The base coat will eventually develop a more refined coating through use, e.g., frying or searing, and darken over time. This entire process is known as "seasoning". The colour of the coating is commonly known as its "patina".
To season a pan (e.g., to season a new pan, or to replace damaged seasoning on an old pan), the following is a typical process: (a) cleaning the cookware to expose the bare metal, (b) applying a thin layer of animal fat or vegetable oil, and (c) heating the cookware to generate the seasoned coating.[1][2][3] If it is not pre-seasoned, a new cast iron skillet or dutch oven typically comes from the manufacturer with a protective coating of wax or shellac, otherwise it would be rusted. This must be removed before the item is used.[4] An initial scouring with hot soapy water will usually remove the protective coating. Alternatively, for woks, it is common to burn off the coating over high heat (outside or under a vent hood) to expose the bare metal surface. For already-used pans that are to be re-seasoned, the cleaning process can be more complex, involving rust removal and deep cleaning (with strong soap or lye,[5] or by burning in a campfire or self-cleaning oven)[6] to remove existing seasoning and build-up. Once the pan has been heated, dried, and thinly layered with oil or fat, it is placed in an oven, grill, or other heating enclosure for the oil to be polymerized onto the metal's surface. The process of polymerization is dependent on the oil, temperature of the enclosure, and the duration. The precise details of the seasoning process differ from one source to another, and there is much controversy regarding the correct oil to use. There is also no clear consensus with the correct temperature and duration. Lodge Manufacturing uses a proprietary soybean blend in their base coats as stated on their website. Others use lard, or animal fats. Some advocate the use of food-grade flaxseed oil (a drying oil).[7] Likewise, the recommended temperature for seasoning varies to high temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), while some recommend a lower temp below 150 °C (302 °F). Some say that a temperature around the smoke point of the oil or fat should be targeted since this will allow vaporization of impurities from the oil, and polymerization and carbonization to occur. And, there is also no clear determination of the correct duration of heat to use. Anywhere from half an hour to an hour is often recommended.
Seasoning a cast iron or carbon steel wok is a common process in Asia and Asian-American culture. While the vegetable oil method of seasoning is also used in Asia, a traditional process for seasoning includes the use of Chinese chives or scallions as part of the process.[8]
Surface chemistry[edit]
The seasoned surface consists of a polymerized and plasticized coating.
The process of heating a pan to cause the oil to oxidize is analogous to the hardening of drying oil used in oil paints, or to varnish a painting. But whereas the curing of oils is the result of autoxidation at room temperature for a painting, for a pan, the thermoxidized oil undergoes a conversion into the hard surface of the seasoned pan at the high temperatures of cooking.
When oils or fats are heated in a pan, multiple degradation reactions occur, including: autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, cyclization and fission.[9][10] Often seasoning is uneven in a pan, and over time the distribution will spread to a whole pan. Heating the cookware (such as in a hot oven or on a stovetop) facilitates the oxidation of the iron; the fats and/or oils protect the metal from contact with the air during the reaction, which would cause rust to form. Some cast iron users advocate heating the pan slightly before applying the fat or oil to ensure that the pan is completely dry and to open "the pores" of the pan.[11][12]
The surface is hydrophobic, and oils or fats for cooking will spread evenly. The seasoned surface will deteriorate at the temperature where the polymers break down. This is not the same as the smoke point of the original oils and fats used to season the pan because those oils and fats are transformed into the plasticized surface. (This is analogous to how the smoke point for crude oil and plastic are different).
As with other cast iron vessels, a seasoned pan or dutch oven should not be used to cook foods containing tomatoes, vinegar or other acidic ingredients.[citation needed] These foods will damage the new seasoning. Instead, newly seasoned ovens should be used to cook food high in oil or fat, such as chicken, bacon, or sausage, or used for deep frying. Subsequent cleanings are usually accomplished without the use of soap. Because modern cleaning methods (detergent soaps, dishwashers) will destroy the seasoning on cast iron, manufacturers and cookbook authors recommend only wiping the pans clean after each use, or using other cleaning methods such as a salt scrub or boiling water.[13]
Other surface types[edit]
There are other surfaces on cookware which are stick-resistant. See also Non-stick pans.
In the process of bluing, an oxidizing chemical reaction on an iron surface selectively forms magnetite (Fe3O4), the black oxide of iron (as opposed to rust, the red oxide of iron (Fe2O3)). Black oxide provides minimal protection against corrosion if also treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting and galvanic action.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Lodge - Seasoned Cast Iron". Lodge Manufacturing. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
 2. ^ "Care and seasoning of your wok". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 3. ^ "Seasoning Frying Pans".
 4. ^ "Care of Cast Iron Pots and Pans". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 5. ^ "Cleaning Cast Iron With Lye". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 6. ^ "How to use your self-cleaning oven for cleaning cast iron". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 7. ^ Canter, Sheryl (January 28, 2010). "Chemistry of Cast Iron Seasoning: A Science-Based How-To". Retrieved 2012-05-13.
 8. ^ Young, Grace (2004). The Breath of a Wok: Unlocking the Spirit of Chinese Wok Cooking Through Recipes and Lore. Simon & Schuster. p. 48. ISBN 0-7432-3827-3.
 9. ^ Chang, S. S., Peterson, R. J. & Ho, C. T. (1978) Chemical reactions involved in the deep-fat frying of foods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 55: 718–727.
 10. ^ Paul, S. & Mittal, G. S. (1997) Regulating the use of degraded oil/fat in deep-fat/oil food frying. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 37: 635–662.
 11. ^ "Seasoning Cast Iron". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 12. ^ "Seasoning Cast Iron Pots". Cooking Louisiana. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
 13. ^ Emery, Carla (2003). The Encyclopedia of Country Living: An Old Fashioned Recipe Book. Sasquatch Books. p. 41. ISBN 1-57061-377-X.
External links[edit]