Analysis of harbour porpoise data and evaluation of North Sea monitoring
This short report describes the method and results of the trend analyses that Statistics Netherlands performed in 2019 on various data sources of harbour porpoise observations in the North Sea in the period 1991/_PHONE_/2018. At the end summary conclusions are drawn and some recommendations are given for the use of the data and possible adjustments to the monitoring.
There are various data sources for harbour porpoises occurring in the North Sea:
1. KRM porpoise counts (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) from an airplane by Wageningen Marine Research on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality for a population estimate of the harbour porpoise for the entire Dutch North Sea; counts have been carried out irregularly since 2009, often several times per season, but since 2014 only in July;
2. observations during the MWTL seabird counts (Monitoring Water Management Status of the Lands) from an aircraft that are carried out six times a year by Bureau Waardenburg / Delta Project Management on behalf of RWS (Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management); porpoise counts are a kind of "by-catch";
3. observations along the coast by volunteers during the counting of migratory sea birds (;
4. stranding data; these should be regarded as an additional source of information, because these are largely dead animals. (including Naturalis / This short report does not elaborate on this information.
The most standardized measurements are the KRM harbour porpoise counts and the MWTL seabird monitoring. The difference between the two programs is mainly in the purpose of the programs: the KRM counts are completely aimed at determining the total population size of the harbour porpoise at any time as accurately as possible for the entire Dutch North Sea, while the MWTL monitoring aims at the determination of the trend by a very regular and systematic coverage both in space and time. It should be borne in mind here that the harbour porpoise must be regarded as "bycatch" of the MWTL seabird monitoring program.
The analyzes show that the MWTL aircraft counts yield statistically reliable trends for harbour porpoises, both for the entire Dutch North Sea and for sub-areas. Trends corrected for weather factors based on sea migration counts appear to provide the same picture as the trend from the MWTL counts and support the reliability of the MWTL trend. Due to the counting method with accurate positioning of the porpoises and the exclusive focus of the observers on harbour porpoises, the KRM counts are currently the most suitable for determining the international population size, partly due to the additional observations to correct for animals that reside under water.


text:
"Stump Speaker" Mechanical Bank, ca. 1886
Appraised Value: $8,000 - $12,000
IMAGE: 1 of 2
Appraisal Video: (2:52)
Toys & Games
Noel Barrett Antiques & Auctions Ltd.
GUEST: This bank was actually purchased by my husband's grandfather at the turn of the century, and my husband's grandfather gave it to my father-in-law, his son, when he was born. And tragically, the grandfather committed suicide during the 1930 stock market crash...
APPRAISER: Oh, my God.
GUEST: and this became very sentimental to my father-in-law and then when he passed away, my husband got it, and it will also go to our son as well.
APPRAISER: Well, it's a sad story, but it certainly explains why this was treasured and why the condition is so extraordinary. It's called a Stump Speaker bank. It's made by a company called the Shepard Hardware Company. And the bank dates from circa 1885. That was the period when there was a lot of ferment in the country about blacks voting and whether to allow them to vote. There was constant turmoil about this issue. The stump speaker is the traditional name for a politician, because a politician would go into a small town and stand on top of a stump to give a stump speech. In the 1880s, to depict a black man as a politician giving a stump speech was part of the whole racial ethos of the time. It was a caricature and demeaning. So it speaks to the racial tensions of the time. Shepard Hardware made two banks like this. They made an Uncle Sam on a similar base with the same action. Great action. You put the penny in the stump speaker's hand, and in the Uncle Sam, it works the same way. The satchel opens and he deposits the penny and he's moving his teeth. Great action. But what's really extraordinary about this bank is the condition. When they get into grading mechanical banks, they basically get into counting the flakes of paint in some cases. This man has all but barely a flake or two on the hat, a chip or two on the teeth, a chip here...This is an extraordinary bank. The depth of color in the paint, everything, it is amazing. A run-of-the-mill example of this bank could be $ 1,000 to $ 1,500, maybe $ 1,800 or $ 2,000. At auction I would estimate this bank at $8,000 to $12,000.
GUEST: Are you kidding me?!
APPRAISER: No, I'm not.
GUEST: Are you kidding me?
APPRAISER: No, I am not.
GUEST: I am... totally astounded.
APPRAISER: And one of the problems with evaluating banks in this condition is the sky's the limit. This could be possibly one of the best-known examples. So $8,000 to $12,000 I think would be conservative.
GUEST: Wow! I'm just blown away.
This website is produced for PBS Online by WGBH Boston. ©_PHONE_ WGBH Educational Foundation.
ANTIQUES ROADSHOW is a trademark of the BBC and is produced for PBS by WGBH under license from BBC Worldwide.
WGBH and PBS are not responsible for the content of websites linked to or from ANTIQUES ROADSHOW Online.
PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Question: Is Psychology Hard In A Level?
Is Psychology hard to study?
How difficult is it to study psychology.
Psychology ranks as a very prestigious degree.
An awful lot of coursework, exams and lectures are in store for you here..
Does psychology need math?
Is Psychology hard to get a job?
Is Psychology a good A level?
Psychology is one of the most popular subject choices at A-level. It gives you experience of scientific theory, maths & research skills, history and essay writing, so it can compliment a range of subjects.
What is the hardest a level?
What are the 12 Hardest A Level Subjects? The 12 hardest A-Level subjects are Maths, Further Maths, History, Chemistry, Biology and Physics. The list also includes English Literature, Art, Psychology, Computer Programming and Music.
Is there a lot of maths in psychology a level?
Overall, at least 10% of the marks in assessments for Psychology will require the use of mathematical skills. These skills will be applied in the context of A-level Psychology and will be at least the standard of higher tier GCSE mathematics. … These skills could be developed in other areas of specification content.
Is Psychology a level harder than sociology?
What is the easiest a level?
A-level Film Studies is the easiest A level subject. A level Film Studies has a pass rate of over 99%. … A-level film studies is a really enjoyable and effortless subject.
Is Psychology a useless degree?


internal anal sphincter
The topic internal anal sphincter is discussed in the following articles:
anal canal
 - TITLE: anal canal (anatomy)
 - TITLE: human digestive system
 SECTION: Rectum and anus
 ...A second sphincter, the external anal sphincter, is composed of striated muscle and is divided into three parts known as the subcutaneous, superficial, and deep external sphincters. Thus, the internal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, while the external sphincters are of striated muscle and have somatic (voluntary) innervation...


text:
OMR forms are sheets containing index points on all four corners, and question blocks and answer bubbles for marking the correct answer. Candidates appearing for OMR answer sheet based MCQ tests are required to fill these bubbles with blue/black ball point pen, which the OMR software then reads to verify the accuracy of the answers.
OMR forms handwriting are more popular in the recent days because of its varied uses. These forms have blocks meant for writing addresses or other free-text information. OMR Software comes equipped with OCR and ICR technologies for reading printed digits, barcodes etc and handwritten text, respectively. It can also read images and photographs to be stored in the database for later use and reference.
For all OMT forms with handwriting to be read effectively, the forms need to be filled appropriately. It is advised that you first read the instructions on the form carefully before beginning to fill it.
If it is specified that you use a ball point pen, use only a ball point pen, and not a pencil.
Never use fountain pens and gel-based ink pens to fill the sheets.
If the form needs to be filled using uppercase characters, never use lowercase characters, as the software won't be able to read the forms properly.
Handwritten OMR forms are read by the software the same way OMR sheets with bubbles are read. You may use any scanner to scan the sheets. Addmen OMR software reads the sheets and exports the information collected onto Excel sheet formats.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Tuesday, Jul 21, 2009
The thing about a video game is that, unlike a classic film or song, certain portions of it age differently.
From Capcom, box art
From Capcom, box art
As the Film Industry continues to bank on remakes and converting popular stories into film, consumers are beginning to question their relationship with media that is essentially a remake of an old one that they have already seen. What makes a remake good or bad? This question becomes even more interesting once you apply it to video games because even the definition of the remaking process comes into question. A movie is remade by giving it a new script and a new visual look. A video game is remade by doing both of those things but also overhauling the interface and game design to fit modern sensibilities. Take a game like Metroid Prime, which is essentially Super Metroid except in 3-D. That statement applies to the aesthetics, but does it also apply to the game design and technology? It's a totally different game. Core elements like types of weapons or old maneuvers like the double-jump remain; stuff that doesn't work in 3-D like the Hyper Run ability are abandoned. The concept of remakes becomes murky for games because there are so many different elements to consider. If a developer just releases new content but no new game design elements, then it's considered an expansion pack. If they change the game design but keep the same plot, it's a patch. What is the point of even remaking a game when conceptually its sequels, expansions, and patches could all be considered the same thing?
From, cover art
From, cover art
With remakes it's a question of what should be changed, why it should be changed, and then how to go about doing that. With music, most remakes are simply considered covers. An artist will take an old song and add their own unique take. There are the classic examples like Jimi Hendrix covering Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower," but modern examples like Alanis Morissette's cover of "My Humps," the Gourds' version of "Gin & Juice," or a Youtube fan video of Modest Mouse's "Baby Blue Sedan," all set a single standard for a musical remake. You have to do something new with a familiar song that's equally if not more appealing than the original. In some of those examples, the song was getting old and unfamiliar to the current generation. In others, it was simply a very different take on the material. Determining the quality of a musical remake is dependent on whether or not the new version brings something new to the table.
From hotmoviesale, box art
From hotmoviesale, box art
In film, the standard also factors use of new cinema technology like CGI. Films have never been a bastion for totally unique stories. Most early films were based on theater or literature. Remakes came into existence almost as soon as there was an excuse to start making them. Once sound could be added to film, Hollywood went back and turned numerous popular silent films into "talkies." The arrival of color meant that the same classics would again need the same treatment. Often the scripts and actors would be different, but the core story and even title would remain the same. CGI and modern special effects bring about this need for changing the past once again, a remake of Jason and the Argonauts today can achieve the visuals that its script envisions much more readily than the original could. New technology allows a classic film to have a new visual appeal for today's generation because it's the way they're used to films looking. With technology, the visual experience is constantly improving so that a new way of seeing a story is always being achieved.
From, banner of website
From, banner of website
In video games, these two dual standards of technology and newness can be seen in many popular remakes. Metroid: Zero Mission or the Resident Evil remake for the Gamecube do a good job of fulfilling both the importance of improving the visuals but also making sure that this makes the game new in its own way. They are graphically superior, deviate from the original game at certain points, and their designs have been overhauled to fit modern sensibilities. That's the third element that a video game must contend with in a remake: the design itself. Zero Mission features a guide system for its map to make things easier and uses controls that differ from the original NES version to accommodate the Gameboy Advance. Resident Evil for the Gamecube improves its script, voice acting, and pacing to create a superior retelling of the original experience. A kombo article outlining their Top Ten Remakes argues similar merits. The Prince of Persia remake is basically the same game but with better graphics, time trials, and way points. Tomb Raider Anniversary has superior graphics, better movement controls, and yet recreates many of the old levels while adding new ones. All of the originals were good games in their time but our expectations for what video game experiences should be like has changed significantly since then. The thing about a video game is that unlike a classic film or song, certain portions of it age differently. No one is particularly keen on playing a game with archaic movement controls because developers have perfected moving in 3-D environments. It's just a trial and error process to go from using a D-pad to get around in Tomb Raider to moving via dual-anlaog. Aesthetic or plot differences can make a video game remake necessary like a film or song, but they also have to factor in someone being unused to the design. It's not just not thinking that they're pretty enough that becomes an issue; it's that younger audiences might not even understand how to play it.
From, movie poster
From, movie poster
Yet no matter what the medium that the remake is being created for, there is another factor that goes beyond just modernizing the presentation or giving a unique interpretation of an old tune. You have to offer something to fans already familiar with the old version. One of the best examples of someone whose work has been remade countless times over is William Shakespeare. The way those plays continue to stay relevant today is the fact that their scripts can remain the same but totally change by adjusting the context. An essay praising the culture of remakes mentions Orson Welles. Before he made Citizen Kane, he put on, "a 1936 Macbeth showing the absurdity of segregation by offering an all-black cast before a backdrop of Haitian voodoo; Julius Caesar reimagined in 1937 as a warning about the rise of fascism, the noble Romans clad in Mussolini-style military uniforms." Welles gave a new twist on these plays because, by changing their context, the entire meaning becomes both relevant and more insightful to modern problems. A blog comparing failed film remakes makes the distinction between the Matthew Broderick version of Godzilla and the 1990s remake of The Brady Bunch. The Godzilla movie fails because it tries to be the 1970s version of Godzilla instead of just distilling the essence of it. The The Brady Bunch film succeeded because it offered something to the fans: the movie places the 1970's values of that family in contrast to the 1990's as a kind of touching satire. What distinguishes the good remake is that its new version still has something for people who are already familiar with it.
Depending on how cynical you want to be about this topic, it can be argued that everything is just a remake of some other story, game, or song. Gears of War is just Space Invaders in 3-D. The Star Trek remake is just The Iliad in space. Every advance that is celebrated in popular culture is a product of something original being built on top of something familiar. A remake is just being honest about its origins.
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Friday, Jul 17, 2009
These old games represent the eventual result of certain modern trends in gaming.
I started my gaming with the Playstation and Nintendo 64, so I completely missed the "golden age" of adventure games. I have a few memories of laughing at Sam and Max Hit the Road, and I vaguely remember enjoying one of the King's Quest games, but that's about it. Until recently. I was happy to find Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis as an unlockable bonus in the newest Indy game, and I bought the updated Broken Sword: Shadow of the Templars after hearing such good things about. After playing both, I am now unabashedly in love with the genre. As I look back at my time with both games, I realized that these old games represent the eventual result of certain modern trends in gaming.
A Focus on Memorable Stories and Characters
As games have become more cinematic, more emphasis has been placed on story and characters. Every game wants to tell a good story now, and often the story for a AAA game is hyped up just as much as the graphics or controls. This focus on story and characters is a staple of all the old adventure games. Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis is remembered because it captures the fun peril of the movies, and many titles from LucasArts are loved for their humor and characters.
Broken Sword: Shadow of the Templars is no exception. Some of the most memorable moments come from interacting with other characters. From the snooty sounding British woman who's only too willing to stick it to "The Man," to the Middle Eastern boy whose wealth of knowledge comes from memorizing Trivial Pursuit cards, to the American tourist who thinks he's a spy, everyone we can talk to has a distinct personality. These are not nameless townsfolk who only have a couple


text:
Given any binary log file, the information in this section describes how to determine the format in which it is written.
Some important points about descriptor event formats:
The v1 header fields are common to all formats. (v3 and v4
headers begin with the v1 header fields, and add
The v3 and v4 headers contain the same fields. The data part for v3 and v4 differs, such that the v4 data part enables extensions to the format without having to modify the header.
It would be possible to ascertain the binary log version
simply by reading the two
bytes, were it not for the fact that these bytes occur at a
different position in v1 compared to v3/v4 (position 13
versus 19). Therefore, it's necessary to determine whether
the first event in a file represents a v1-format start
To determine the version of a binary log file, use the following procedure:
1) The file begins with a 4-byte magic number. Skip over that to get to the first event in the file (which in most cases is a start event or format description event).
2) From the first event, read two values:
The 1-byte type code at position
EVENT_TYPE_OFFSET (4) within the event.
The 4-byte event length at position
EVENT_LEN_OFFSET (9) within the event.
3) If the type code is not
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT, the file format is
v3. (See Exceptional Condition 1 later in this section.)
4) If the type code is
check the event length. If the length is less than 75, the file
format is v1, and v3 otherwise. Why the value 75? Because that
is the length of a v3 start event:
header (19 bytes)
binlog version (2 bytes)
server version (
ST_SERVER_VER_LEN = 50
timestamp (4 bytes)
Summing those lengths yields 19 + 2 + 50 + 4 = 75
Therefore, if the event is shorter than 75 bytes, it must be from a v1 file because that will have a shorter first event than a v3 file.
5) If the type code is
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT (15), the file
format is v4.
The preceding steps describe the general binary log format-recognition principles. However, there are some exceptional conditions that must be accounted for:
Exceptional Condition 1: In MySQL 4.0 and 4.1, the initial event
in a binary log file might not be a start event. This occurs
because the server writes the start event only to the first
binary log file that it creates after startup. For subsequent
files, the server writes an event of type
ROTATE_EVENT to the end of the current log
file, closes it, and the begins the next file without writing a
start event to it. If a log file begins with an event that is
FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT, it can be assumed
to be a v3 file because this behavior occurs only in MySQL 4.0
and 4.1, and all servers in those versions use v3 format.
Exceptional Condition 2: In MySQL 5.1 and 5.2, several early versions wrote binary log files using v4 format, but using different event numbers from those currently used in v4. Therefore, when the FDE is read and discovered to be v4, it is also necessary to read the server version, which is a string that occurs at position 21. If the version is one of those in the set of affected versions, event renumbering occurs such that events read from the file are mapped onto the current v4 event numbering.


text:
LEFTY: A Two-view Editor for Technical Pictures (thesis)
This thesis describes LEFTY, a two-view graphics editor for technical pictures. This editor has no hardwired knowledge about specific picture layouts or editing operations. Each picture is described by a program that contains functions to draw the picture and functions to perform editing operations that
are appropriate for the specific picture. Primitive user actions, like mouse and keyboard events, are bound to functions in this program. Besides the graphical view of the picture itself, the editor presents a textual view of the program that describes the picture. Programmability and the two-view interface
allow the editor to handle a variety of pictures, but are particularly useful for pictures used in technical contexts, e.g., graphs and trees and VLSI layouts. LEFTY can communicate with other processes. This feature allows it to use existing tools to compute specific picture layouts and allows external processes to use the editor to display their data structures.


Bruised Oranges
The Dutch royals are botching covid-19 etiquette
After an ill-judged holiday, the House of Orange has lost a bit of juice
EuropeJan 9th 2021 edition
POLITICALLY, COVID-19 has been good for Mark Rutte, the Netherlands' prime minister. Polls show his party's support has risen from about 15% to 25% since March. Not so for his sovereign, King Willem-Alexander. In April 76% of Dutch said they trusted the king; in December that had dropped to 47%, according to Ipsos, a pollster. Support for the monarchy as a whole fell from 74% to 60%. The main cause seems to be two disastrous holidays. In August Willem-Alexander and Queen Maxima were photographed breaking social-distancing rules in Greece. In October the family returned there during the Dutch autumn break, even as the Netherlands headed towards a lockdown. The trip was cut short by public outrage.
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The House of Orange has been one of Europe's most popular royal families. Its history is unusual. When the Netherlands won independence from Habsburg Spain in the late 1500s, it started out as a republic. The descendants of William of Orange, the nobleman who led the revolt, were given the odd title of "stadtholder". They tussled for power with the provincial delegates of the States-General. In 1795 Dutch progressives backed by revolutionary France drove out the Oranges, who took refuge in England. It was not until 1815, when they returned after Napoleon's defeat, that they became royalty, with the help of the anti-republican British and their allies.
By the 1900s they were typical constitutional monarchs. They won kudos in the second world war, since Queen Wilhelmina fled to London rather than accept Nazi occupation. Though Willem-Alexander signs all laws, his main job is to meet business groups and charities and to give an annual speech (written by the government). Like other modern royals, they appeal to the people by mixing pomp and folksiness.
This year's shenanigans upset that balance. The royals disregarded covid-19 rules while flaunting their wealth: the king brought along his new yacht worth €2m ($2.5m). "The Netherlands has a culture of 'Stick your head up and get mowed down', so the Oranges usually try to seem normal," says Kysia Hekster of NOS, the national news broadcaster. The royals cost the state €46m a year for salaries, events, palace upkeep and so on. But their private fortune is secret. The Oranges are still well liked, but many Dutch think they have a right to know what is beneath the peel.
Correction (January 10th 2021): A previous version of this article stated that Queen Juliana fled to London during the second world war.
This article appeared in the Europe section of the print edition under the headline "Bruised Oranges"
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text:
My design of an ultra-low power ultra-low speed ADC is for pacemakers. However, since I'm focusing on the design of stand-alone ADC, I somewhat neglect the exact requirement from the perspective of pacemaker system (I know it's not good, but research could have such excuse (:).
In this post, I try to ask myself several questions related with ADC design from the view of pacemaker system. Just for a moment, forget about research, about beating the performance numbers without thinking the real world (:
1. How many number of bits are required?
This is related to the minimum and maximum signal the ADC is going to digitize. Since the pacemaker deals with the heart, an example of the well-known surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown in Fig.1. The ECG signal can be as small as several tenths of mV for smaller components like the P-wave to tens of mV in amplitude for the largest features in a QRS complex. So the resolution required is usually no less than 8 bits.
2. What's the sampling frequency?
The frequency range of ECG is from several tenths of 1Hz to tens of 100Hz. The sampling rate of ADC is around 1kS/s.
3. Any system clock provided in the pacemaker?
There is a clock generation subsystem provides different frequencies of clocks for the pacemaker, which is typically based on a 32kHz crystal.
4. Can multiple supplies be used in ADC?
There is a power management subsystem, which includes regulators to provide different levels of voltages for other subsystems, and detectors to measure the battery voltage when it has reached the elective replacement interval (ERI) or end of service (EOS) points.
Multiple voltage scheme can be used inside the pacemaker to achieve high power efficiency. For example, higher supplies are used by pace drivers to provide a larger signal swing and high gate drive to analog swiches. Digital functions, on the other hand, benefit from lower supplies to reduce both dynamic and leakage power consumption. Moreover, the regulators may also have standby mode to allow a function to retain its state with a lower voltage.
5. What's the power consumption of ADC?
To answer this question, let us first look at the capacites of pacemaker batteries. Usually it's on the order of 900 mA-hrs, which translates into approximately 100 uA-years. This means if the life span of pacemaker is 10 years, the average current drawn by a pacemaker should be no less than 10 uA. This simplified example highlights that if we save a block for 100 nA current consumption, we increase the longevity of the device by over one month!
EVERY NANO-AMPERE COUNTS!!!
 H.-J. Yoo and C. van Hoof, Bio-Medical CMOS ICs, Springer, 2011
 L S. Y. Wong, et al., A very low-power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications, JSSC, 2004.


text:
I've exhausted the census records for my paternal Granddad's ancestors so I have moved on to my paternal Grandmothers. So far they're all farmers! But I'm having a bit of trouble understanding what is said in the 1891 census:
From the bottom, I can read Scholar and Ag Assistant (?). The top one has me confused however. The first word seems to be Father (The owner of the occupation, Jeffrey Cowton, is 23 in 1891). The household does have three children; Mary E, Robert F and Ethel I Cowton, however I can't work out who their father is as Jeffrey has a number of siblings!
If anyone can make sense of the occupation I'd be very grateful!


I'm trying to understand the formulas for successfully mining a block (without a pool) based on hashrate over time (i.e. to chart the probability of finding a block at various historical points compared to network hashrate at the time).
It seems like this post is exactly the formula I'm looking for, but it doesn't actually add up. I'm awful at math so I can't tell if I'm missing a step or if the post is wrong. If there's a better/more accurate way of figuring this out, please share, but I'm specifically interested in learning if this is wrong or not and why.
It says the probability of being the one to successfully mine a block with 13.5 TH/s and a network hashrate of 11,000,000 TH/s = 0.00000122
Then it says:
Now, in a month, there are N=6*24*30 mined blocks. To find the probability of winning one award in a month, we use the Bernoulli trial formula
N*p1*(1-p1)^(N-1) = 0.0026
Now when I put that in Excel with N=4320, I get.005243, I only come up with the same answer when I divide N by two for N=2160, but I can't figure out any reason for that to be the case. Am I missing something or is this just a typo? Is this formula even a good way of approximating this?
The formula is a reasonable approximation. It looks to me like your calculation is right, and the blog author has made an error.
There is a minor inaccuracy in that the number of blocks per month is not fixed at 6*24*30, but is subject to random variation. So a slightly improved solution is to work out the average number of terahashes needed for one block (h = _PHONE_ * 600, assuming that the network hash rate is stable and the block difficulty has adjusted accordingly). Then your probability of winning a block on each of your hashes is q1 = 1 / h, and you will perform M = 12.5 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 hashes in one month. If you treat the number of blocks you win as a Poisson distribution, the probability of winning one block in a month is given by λ * exp(-λ) where λ = M*q1. This yields the slightly larger number 0.005273.
Your Answer


text:
This week for our study ofChina we made handmade paper! It was surprisingly easy, so if you were fearful, let me assure you that YOU CAN DO IT!
- Shredded or torn paper
- 2 Felt sheets (You will sandwich paper between felts, so if you want to make more than one sheet of paper, you'll need more felt sheets)
- Window Screen (I found this small one at Lowe's)
- Large plastic basin for water and pulp mixture
STEP 1: Fill your blender about half way with shredded paper, then add water to blender until about 3/4 of the way full.
STEP 2: Blend paper/water mixture until pulpy
STEP 3: Pour LOTS of water in your the large plastic basin then add in blended pulp. Mixture will be very watery.
STEP 4: Dip your screen into the water and gently swish under water until pulp is evenly distributed. Carefully lift up screen out of water. If you have a blank spot on your screen, you can start over, or grab a handful of pulp and put it on manually.
STEP 5: Set screen over basin to drain for a few minutes.
STEP 6: CAREFULLY flip your screen over onto felt sheet. Using dish towel, press all around back side of screen to lift more water and to press paper onto felt. We GENTLY rolled over the top just to flatten it out.
STEP 7: Slowly lift screen up from felt, paper should stick to felt sheet. Place another piece of felt on top of the paper like a sandwich. You can continue to layer paper/felt/paper/felt as many times as you like.
STEP 8: Let paper dry overnight, I removed the top felt pieces to speed things up, but if you do that, you may need to lightly iron the paper through a dish towel to flatten it out.
STEP 9: Paint or decorate! We wrote our Mandarin numbers on our handmade paper!
Click here to see the rest of our China Activities!
Click here to learn more about the Expedition Earth Geography curriculum!


text:
Maternal-fetal conflict during placental malaria: hypertension, trophoblast sVEGFR1 expression and maternal inflammation
Muehlenbachs, Atis, 1977-
MetadataShow full item record
The maternal-fetal relationship is hypothesized to be in genetic conflict over nutrient allocation. Fetal mechanisms that elevate maternal blood pressure increase blood flow to the placenta, nourishing the fetus. This relationship becomes pathological during hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, such as preeclampsia. During placental malaria, a third organism, Plasmodium falciparum, occupies the maternal side of the placenta, and maternal inflammation ensues which results in low birth weight. Both placental malaria and preeclampsia are more common during first pregnancies. This dissertation examines the maternal fetal relationship during placental malaria, specifically regarding maternal blood pressure. Chapter 1 is a review of the literature. Chapter 2 presents the epidemiology of placental malaria and hypertension based on data collected from the Mother Offspring Malaria Project in Muheza, Tanzania. Chapter 3 presents data that placental malaria involves vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble inhibitor sVEGFR1, a preeclampsia biomarker. Chapter 4 characterizes the maternal inflammatory response in placental malaria, and finds correlation with sVEGFR1 expression.In summation these chapters present data that hypertension occurs in first time mothers with chronic placental malaria, and that genetic conflict occurs between mother and fetus during placental malaria, whereby maternal macrophages in the placenta express the proinflammatory mediator VEGF, and the fetal trophoblast expresses its soluble inhibitor sVEGFR1. Because placental inflammation causes poor fetal outcomes, fetal mechanisms that promote sVEGFR1 expression may be under selective pressure in malaria endemic areas, particularly during first pregnancies, and may have influenced the evolution of preeclampsia.


text:
|Home » Curriculum » Grammar Stage Art History
A Child's History of Art
V. M. Hillyer
Divided into three sections: painting, sculpture, and architecture, V. M. Hillyer's art history for children is just as engaging as his famous history for children. Each section covers the history of that art form chronologically, beginning with ancient civilizations. With chapter titles such as "Ü and Jr." for the chapter describing Albrecht Dürer and Hans Holbein the Younger, or "Speaking of Spaniards" for the chapter describing El Greco, Velasquez, and Murillo, the book is full of interesting details that help children distinguish the differences between artists and their styles. It is illustrated with a representational painting or sculpture for each artist studied, or each style discussed. Additional works that are famous or might be of interest are mentioned in the text, and can be looked up at one of the museum sites listed below. This book is an excellent overview of the subject for all grades in the grammar stage.


text: Dark Release (冥遁, Meiton, Viz: Shade Style) is a combined nature transformationkekkei genkai that can be used to absorb, manipulate, and release chakra taken from an opponent. Hiruko used techniques of this nature through a mark on his left hand. This mark resembles two diamonds, one overlapping the other. Chakra is absorbed through the upper square, while it is released and manipulated through the lower. It is unknown what elements this nature entails.


Drop Spreader Vs. Broadcast Spreader: Complete Breakdown
You visit your friend's neatly cut garden or walk by a magnificent park, and all you think of is lying on the lawn and enjoying the lush green atmosphere.
Lawns that are appropriately taken care of evoke blissful emotions and are naturally soothing. These gardens cannot have a beautiful look without the help of critical equipment; the spreader.
The spreader will handle anything from fertilizer application to seeding.
Read this guide for a showdown between the two most popular spreaders. But before we start the battle, let us see precisely what a spreader is.
You'll find this piece particularly useful if you're looking for ways to overseed your lawn or maintain it without spending all your time working in your garden.
What is Spreader?
Spreaders are garden equipment that can handle granular fertilizer application, herbicides application, and seeding. All these activities can be stressful and time-consuming; that is why using a specialized machine is critical.
Taking care of your lawn involves the planting of seeds, applying fertilizer and herbicide at different intervals. See why the maintenance of your property is dependent on the spreader.
Spreader size can vary from hand-held to tractor-pulled equipment. Their sizes most times determine their power, with the smaller equipment usually packing a smaller capacity.
Drop Spreader Vs. Broadcast Spreader
The two main types of spreaders are drop spreaders and broadcast spreaders. The significant difference between them is in their mode of application.
While their application mode is a significant difference, several other differences make up these spreaders, and for your spreader to work efficiently in your yard, you need to get the right one.
That is what this article is all about; to help you choose the best spreader.
What is a Drop Spreader?
Drop Spreader vs Broadcast Spreader
As the name implies, Drop spreader lets seed drop from openings under the spreader and fall directly in specified locations.
Drop spreaders give you control over the process with precision into already made rows. This type covers a smaller area at once, and the value of your spread is determined by the distance between the farthest holes under the spreader.
The best way to avoid missing areas in your lawn when using the drop spreader is by setting the spreader to 50% and using it in a crosshatch pattern. This will ensure all areas of your yard are covered.
The drop spreader uses gravity to release your seeds, fertilizer, or herbicide.
Pros of Using a Drop Spreader
 - It is accurate: the drop spreader's accuracy is a significant advantage it has over other spreaders. It delivers the seed or fertilizer directly on the spot where you want it.
 - Wastage is minimized: as a result of its accuracy, when using a drop seeder, you'll spend the right amount of seed or fertilizer, and there would be minimal waste of scarce resources.
 - Hardly affected by the wind: whereas wind can be a significant problem for other types of spreaders, it is hardly an issue when using a drop spreader. This is because the holes on the spreader from which the seeds or herbicides are released are close to the ground and under the spreader, where there is hardly any wind interference.
 - Relatively easy to operate: the drop spreader is quite easy to use even by beginners. It contains straightforward and uncomplicated controls. This includes when calibrating the disperse rate.
 - Best suited when working in small areas: this includes lawns with lots of landscaping and planting beds.
 - Not suited for a large area: using a drop seeder in a large area will mean spending a lot of time and consuming more energy than necessary. This is because its spread is small.
 - Their hoppers are smaller: a smaller hopper means more frequent refills, which also translates to more time and energy wasted.
 - Easy to form stripes: because of its application style, it is relatively easy to create stripes if used in a crosshatch pattern.
What is Broadcast Spreader?
Broadcast Spreader vs Drop Spreader
They are typically medium to large in size and can be pushed manually or attached to a lawn tractor
It works by spraying the content of its hopper in an overlapping pattern across a wider area. While seeds fall directly to the ground from the hopper holes in a drop spreader, in a broadcast spreader, however, the seeds, herbicide, or fertilizer falls into an area with a fan that blows the seed, spreading it over an arc.
Because the seeds go thinner, the farther they spread, your best bet to getting a uniform lawn is by setting the spreader at 50% and using it in a crosshatch pattern.
Its mode of application allows it to cover a large area in a short time.
Pros of Using a Broadcast Spreader
 - Best suited for a large lawn: the broadcast spreader is the best for a large lawn area because of its size and spread. It spreads over an arc across a large area.
 - It is faster: because of its spread angle, you get to cover your lawn in less time when using the broadcast spreader.
 - It is larger: this usually means a bigger hopper, which translates to not needing to refill at every turn. A larger spreader most times means more power and an opportunity to attach it to a lawn tractor.
 - It is affected by the wind: strong winds can affect the effective use of the broadcast spreader because of its application mode. Winds can scatter the seeds and stop them from reaching some other areas.
 - It is not suited to tight spaces: if your lawn has a lot of tight spaces or landscapes, then you should avoid using a broadcast spreader.
 - Poor accuracy: the broadcast spreader is not a very accurate machine. It will spread the fertilizer on walls and walkways; some states require cleanup of fertilizers on walkways; this means more effort is needed.
 - There is a lot of wastage: because of its spraying application method and a lack of accuracy, there is a lot of wastage of seeds, fertilizer, and herbicides. Those falling in planting beds, on paved pathways, or walls all represent waste.
 - More skill is needed to operate: to effectively handle this spreader, you will need more expertise as it is a reasonably complex machine.
Factors That Determine the Type of Spreader to Use
You cannot just buy any spreader you find in the market and hope for the best. You have to select the most suitable spreader based on your particular situation. I'll be showing you some factors that will determine the type of spreader you should buy.
Types of Spreader
Wind Condition
The wind condition in your area will determine the type of spreader you can use. If you usually have strong winds in your area, it is best to use a drop spreader as it is not usually affected by wind.
Spreading Goal
What is your goal of using a spread?
Answering this question will determine the type of spreader to use. If you're looking for a uniform spread and wouldn't mind investing a little more time then, the drop spreader is the one for you.
However, if you need a thicker lawn covering a wider area, it is best to utilize a broadcast spreader.
Shape of Lawn
Your lawn's shape is a significant factor as the two spreaders work effectively with varying lawn topographies. The drop spreader will work best on the hexagonal shaped lawn with easy to reach lawn areas as it cannot spread in places it cannot roll on. It is also easy to protect flower beds and other elevated platforms.
For broadcast spreaders, difficult to reach lawn topographies can be spread over due to its application mode. It is, however, challenging to protect areas like flower beds.
Time Available
If you have a lot of time on your hand, you can use a drop spreader as it is focused on accuracy and takes a lot of time to complete.
A broadcast spreader will save you time but is far less accurate.
Spreader Settings & Calibration
Drop vs broadcast spreader Calibration
Your spreader setting will determine the speed and application pattern of your seeds, herbicide, or fertilizer. The setting is vital so you can get the right amount of seed out of the hopper at a particular time.
Usually, walk-behind spreaders are set with a walking speed of 3.5 miles per hour in mind. This will guide your settings, so the seeds continue to come out at a reasonable rate while you push it.
Seeding rates and recommended settings are stated in the owner's manual.
After setting, calibration is next. But what is calibration?
Calibration is dictating the yield of your spreader at a particular setting. You should calibrate your spreader a few times a year if you make use of it frequently.
Calibrate Your Spreader in 7 easy Steps
1. Choose a medium level calibration by predicting one you think will get the best outcome.
2. Check your spreader's effective width per swath
3. Select a test area. The test area is the area multiplied by the spreader's spread.
4. Pour a specified amount of seed in the hopper and install a catch pan to calculate the seed spread.
5. Keep the same walking speed from the beginning to the end.
6. Weigh the seed remaining in the hopper or catch pan to determine the amount used.
7. Make adjustments to your settings and try it out till you get the desired outcome.
Last Words
Generally, a small urban lawn will need a drop spreader


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The San Antonio River floods on this day in 1921, killing 51 people and causing millions of dollars in damages. The flood was caused by some of the heaviest rainfall ever recorded in Texas.
The San Antonio River winds through southwest Texas, an area that is generally dry. However, on September 7, a storm stalled over the town of Taylor and dumped an astounding 23.11 inches of rain on the area in less than a day. It was the heaviest single day of rainfall in the state to that time.
The immense amount of rain quickly overwhelmed the river. Taylor is located 30 miles upstream from San Antonio, so the resulting flash flood went barreling toward the city. Most of the victims were trapped in their cars by the surprise flood and drowned. Five to 10 feet of water submerged the city's streets, delaying an evacuation.
The city was under water for nearly a week following the flood. The flood was responsible for at least $5 million in damages in the then-small city. In the aftermath, San Antonio embarked on a 10-year overhaul of its levee system.


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Member # 1
posted 12. July 2003 08:56
PNAS June 19, 2003
High-frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus
Sandra Stegemann, Stefanie Hartmann, Stephanie Ruf, and Ralph Bock
Eukaryotic cells arose through endosymbiotic uptake of free-living bacteria followed by massive gene transfer from the genome of the endosymbiont to the host nuclear genome. Because this gene transfer took place over a time scale of hundreds of millions of years, direct observation and analysis of primary transfer events has remained difficult. Hence, very little is known about the evolutionary frequency of gene transfer events, the size of transferred genome fragments, the molecular mechanisms of the transfer process, or the environmental conditions favoring its occurrence. We describe here a genetic system based on transgenic chloroplasts carrying a nuclear selectable marker gene that allows the efficient selection of plants with a nuclear genome that carries pieces transferred from the chloroplast genome. We can select such gene transfer events from a surprisingly small population of plant cells, indicating that the escape of genetic material from the chloroplast to the nuclear genome occurs much more frequently than generally believed and thus may contribute significantly to intraspecific and intraorganismic genetic variation.


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We report a case of portal hypertension and oesophageal varices arising in an 18-year-old female renal transplant recipient with juvenile nephropathic cystinosis diagnosed at 6 years of age. The patient had a history of poor compliance with her prescribed cysteamine therapy. Routine examination revealed normal liver function without hepatomegaly but asymptomatic splenomegaly. An abdominal ultrasound suggested mild oesophageal varices, confirmed later on endoscopy. A liver biopsy revealed an abundance of cystine crystals within the hepatic Kupffer cells, with preserved hepatic architecture. Although the pathophysiology of this rare complication is unclear, in the absence of other aetiologies the likely cause is the patient's poorly controlled cystinosis. As cystinotic patients live longer with improved renal transplant management and cysteamine therapy, it is of interest to characterize the long-term course of the illness after renal transplantation. An understanding of the pathophysiology of hepatic dysfunction will be required to manage this potential late complication of the disease.
View details for Web of Science ID 000224100100019
View details for PubMedID _PHONE_


Platform gap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Central Line platform at Bank Underground station, London, showing the 1-foot (30 cm) gap between the train and the platform edge (delineated by a solid white line).
Significant vertical and horizontal platform gap at University Station on the MTR system in Hong Kong
A platform gap is the space between a train car (or other mass transit vehicle) and the edge of the station platform, often created by geometric constraints, historic legacies, or use of partially compatible equipment.[1] Many high-quality Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems also use high platforms at station stops, to allow fast and efficient level boarding and alighting; alignment setups such as Kassel curbs help to reduce platform gaps, without requiring time-consuming manual alignment at each BRT station stop.[clarification needed]
Straight platforms[edit]
The ideal platform would be straight and align perfectly with a train or other large vehicle. Even in this case, a small gap between the conveyances and the platform is necessary to allow the vehicles to move freely without rubbing against the platform edge. In 2007, the MTA Long Island Rail Road regarded an 8-inch (20 cm) platform gap as typical on its non-curved platforms.[2]:12
Curved platforms[edit]
In real-world situations, stations are often constrained by limited space, legacy designs, and track geometry or roadway layout. Stations may have to use a compromise design, with a platform curved in a way that will allow a vehicle or train to arrive and depart without mechanical interference, but which leaves unavoidable horizontal and possibly vertical gaps between the cars and the platform edge. These spaces are caused by the geometric gap between a curve (circular arc or otherwise) and the straight-line chord formed by a railcar or bus. These types of gaps are geometrically intrinsic, and cannot be eliminated as long as the platform is located on a curved or banked segment of track or guideway.
When passenger car doors are located only at the ends of each car (a common design for commuter rail and long-distance trains), platform access from a concave platform is preferred, since this brings the car ends in closest proximity to the platform edge. By contrast, a convex platform would leave the largest possible gaps between the car ends and the platform edge, making this design undesirable and thus rarely implemented. An example of platforms designed for access from the concave side is at Yawkey station in Boston, where side platforms for both the inbound and outbound directions are located to reduce platform gaps to commuter rail trains of the Framingham/Worcester Line. Concave and convex gaps also exist in several MTR stations in Hong Kong, particularly on the East Rail Line, which was built on the historic Kowloon-Canton Railway line.
Mechanical extensions known as platform gap fillers may be used to bridge the gap between platform and vehicle. These stopgaps require careful alignment of the vehicle upon arrival, and careful synchronization to avoid serious damage caused by departure of the vehicle before the extenders are fully retracted. They increase station dwell time, and introduce safety and maintenance concerns of their own.
Equipment compatibility[edit]
In some rail systems, significant platform gaps may also occur (both horizontally and vertically) because of equipment and platforms designed to different and somewhat incompatible height and width standards. This situation may occur especially when previously separate rail systems are consolidated, or start to interoperate, thus allowing equipment to be moved onto tracks where it had not been used before.
In 2007, public testimony by the acting president of the MTA Long Island Rail Road cited the need to interoperate with freight service and other passenger services such as New Jersey Transit and Amtrak, in addition to its own diverse rolling stock, as complicating and slowing efforts to deal with platform gap hazards.[2]:6-8
Other contributing factors[edit]
Other variables that can increase platform gaps include rail wear, wheel wear, condition of the railcar suspension, and passenger load.[2]:16 A further complication is "super-elevation", or deliberate tilting of the railbed to allow faster travel around curves. This factor is especially relevant on systems where some express trains (such as long-distance Amtrak trains) operate non-stop through local stations located on curves.[2]:15 Higher pass-through speeds also increase railcar sway, requiring even larger physical clearances to avoid platform strikes.
Specifications and limits[edit]
In the US, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that platforms be "readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs (49 CFR Part 37, Appendix A, 10.3.1 (9))". However, this rule only applies to new construction or major renovations of stations. A 2009 report to the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) observes that ADA rules specify that "At stations with high level platforms, there may be a gap of no more than 3" horizontal and 5/8" vertical between platform edge and entrance to the rail car. However, currently no passenger rail system in the U.S. has been able to achieve this without the use of manually operated 'bridge plates'."[3]:2
As of 2007, the US Federal Railway Administration recommended platform gap maximum limits of 7–10 inches (18–25 cm), and 10–13 inches (25–33 cm) on curves.[2]:19
Physical measures to reduce platform gaps may include realigning trackbeds, realigning platform slabs, and extending platform edges with wooden boards.[2]:22-24 Operational measures may include "zoning off" some railcars (not opening certain doors at problematic stations), relocating where trains stop along a lengthy platform, and temporarily deploying "platform conductor" personnel to assist passengers.[2]:25-27
A public awareness campaign may be used, employing visually distinct platform edge markings, posters, signs, public safety announcements, and web videos to increase safety awareness.[2]:28-34 The MTA Long Island Rail Road website lists some precautions passengers should observe regarding platform gaps.[4]
An article in The Guardian conceded that some passengers who have fallen into platform gaps were drunk at the time, but pointed out other incidents when victims did not suffer that impairment. The writer complained specifically about gaps that measured from 46 to 51 centimetres (18 to 20 in) which posed safety threats to children and the elderly, and called for modification of dangerous platforms.[5]
Incidents and accidents[edit]
A little-known but documented incident involved Robert Todd Lincoln (son of American president Abraham Lincoln) and a platform gap in Jersey City, New Jersey during the American Civil War. While waiting on a crowded train platform, Robert Lincoln was pushed against the train, and the train started to move, dropping his feet into the gap. He was saved from possible serious injury or death by the prompt actions of well-known actor Edwin Booth (the brother of John Wilkes Booth, who a few months later would assassinate President Lincoln).[6]
A 2009 American report identified platform gap injury risk factors, including "mobility, being elderly, having disabilities (visual impairment), being accompanied by small children or incidents occurring to small children, behavior of other passengers such as pushing or jostling, carry luggage and other articles, alcohol, degraded platform conditions such as crowding, wet platforms or uneven platforms, and stepping distances".[3]:5
In 2014, a news service in Mumbai, India reported several serious platform gap mutilation incidents and a death within a few months, mostly attributed to crowded conditions.[7]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ The Engineering Handbook of Smart Technology for Aging, Disability and Independence, Page 563
 2. ^ a b c d e f g h Kenny, Raymond P. "Addressing the Gap" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (NYC). Retrieved 2014-05-26.
 3. ^ a b Daniel, Janice R.; Rotter, Naomi G. (2009). "FHWA-NJ-2009-009" (PDF). Customer Behavior Relative to Gap Between Platform and Train. NJDOT and FHA. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
 4. ^ "Watch the Gap". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (NYC). Retrieved 2014-05-26.
 5. ^ Moorhead, Joanna (22 December 2011). "Yes, I do mind the gap – you don't have to be drunk to fall under a train". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
 7. ^ "'Killer' gap between platform, train claims another life". The Indian Express. February 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-26.


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- Mount Rushmore National Memorial – Photo by SD Tourism
Usually Mount Rushmore is attributed to the genius of Gutzon Borglum, but without the influence of a humble state historian named Duane Robinson, the idea might never have gotten its start. In 1923, while secretary and superintendent of the State Historical Society of South Dakota, Doane had the idea to carve western figures on the "Needles" (granite spires) in Custer State Park to draw tourism dollars to the state. He envisioned grand people like Buffalo Bill Cody, Lewis & Clark and Sacagawea in stone. Encouraged by other politicians, Doane shared his dream with sculptor Gutzon Borglum who molded the historian's vision into what we see today.
(Source: Gutzon Borglum: His Life and Work)
Sculptor Gutzon Borglum
The month of October is a significant one in telling the story of sculptor Gutzon Borglum. The carving of Mount Rushmore began on October 4, 1927 and ended on October 31, 1941 not long after his death. Born in 1867 to Danish immigrants, he ventured to California at the age of 16 and began pursuing art in the form of painting. Although he is mainly known for carving Mount Rushmore, his art legacy also included oil painting, line drawings, gargoyles and other national monuments. After studying in Europe, Borglum fell in love with Mary Montgomery Borglum who went with him on his quest in planning a momentous sculpture at Stone Mountain, Georgia which was to be a tribute to the confederate army. After an argument with the association that contracted him for the project and promptly throwing the models off the mountain, Gutzon Borglum fled Georgia and turned his eyes to where his dream of carving a mountain was sure to be realized – Mount Rushmore.
The Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society allowed us to share these great pieces of history about Mount Rushmore National Memorial, visit their website for more information. They can also be found on facebook by searching for "Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society."


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Filtering Posts By: "bias voltage"
02.05.2007| By Shure Notes|
Many users of professional audio equipment believe there is no difference between phantom power and bias voltage. Not true! Phantom and bias are not interchangeable. This bulletin explains the differences between phantom and bias, and addresses common misconceptions. Phantom power is a dc voltage (11 – 48 volts) which powers the preamplifier of a condenser microphone. Phantom power is normally supplied by the microphone mixer, but may also be supplied by a separate phantom power supply. Phantom requires a balanced circuit in which XLR pins 2 and 3 carry the same dc voltage relative to …


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|Spend the time||outdoors|
|Location||Vermont and Northern New Hampshire|
Your own senses.
Community of Observers
Get to know the nature of YOUR world! The Fairbanks Community of Observers is to encourage greater public clarity around environmental indicators of climate change in Vermont and northern New Hampshire. Using the website developed by the Fairbanks Museum, we'll collect your quantitative data focused on the life cycles of specific birds, butterflies and wildflowers that are sensitive to environmental change as well as seasonal weather data that is characteristic to our region.
The Community of Observers is for individuals, families, clubs, groups and schools. It is designed to encourage citizen scientists to gain a deeper understanding of the cycles and patterns that characterize our region through the seasons, and how the habitats that depend on these cycles might be affected by global climate shifts.


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Scripture: Luke 14:7-35
- Students will review the banquet parables.
- Students will learn how to write an invitation.
- Students will learn how to write a schedule for a party.
- How do we write an invitation for an event?
- What types of people should we invite to an event if we are to live by Christ's example?
- How do we plan a schedule for an event while keeping in mind the needs of our guests?
Materials: letter paper, decorated paper, envelopes, addresses, pens
Procedure: Review the parable of the banquet by focusing on the master's invitation to the poor. Ask students for suggestions of events that would require invitations. Have different types of invitations for students to look at: birthday party, wedding shower, save the dates, graduation party, etc. Discuss the main aspects. Discuss how an invitation is different than writing a letter because it is very basic and not written with long sentences.
Parts of an invitation:
2. Type of Event
4. Place/ address
5. Brief instructions (Do guests need to bring anything?)
6. RSVP infowhen to RSVP, to whom, how (phone, in-person, email, etc.)
Then have students write a guest list. Have students consider students in their school who are not necessarily in their peer group. (Note: Do not necessarily tell students to list names of "outcasts" or "poor" students as this could lead to gossip or embarrassment. Instead encourage the mindset to reach out to others even if they do not know them as well. Many students will grasp the concept.)
Next, practice writing an address on an envelope. Demonstrate where the name, street, and state/country/zip code are written. Explain the difference between where the sender's address and where the recipient's address is written. If students know their own addresses, they can practice writing it on their envelope.
Finally, have students plan a schedule for their event. Discuss how the types of people that they are planning the event for changes what they need to plan. Plan an imaginary event as a group. Decide on a guest list (peers, parents, or younger children etc.). Then determine the time of day and date. How does the time of day effect if/what types of food to provide. Should there be snacks, desserts, or a meal? Encourage students to consider guests' special diets or food allergies so that they can plan accordingly and not leave anyone out. What are some games/activities to prepare for?
Write a schedule with the estimated time written beside each activity. Are there any special physical needs of the guests that might make some activities easier/more challenging? For instance, are the games on the proper ability level for younger kids? Is there anyone with physical disabilities that should be taken into consideration?
Students can work on this as a class with teacher leadership or in small groups of 2-5 students.
- What are some special needs that guests might have that you can plan for so that they are more comfortable?
- Think about events that you have been to in the past. What made them memorable/enjoyable?
- Often times it is more fun to spend time with someone who truly wants to be your friend, than with someone who is rich/popular but doesn't care. Why do you think that is often the case?
- Challenge students to invite a peer to sit with them at lunch or come to an event with them. Encourage them to choose someone who is often overlooked. Then have them journal about their experience and share with the group.
- Students can make their own stationary using blank paper and colored pencils and stickers.


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I have a task to implement "void makeAmbigram(char*)" that will print on screen ambigram of latin string or return something like 'ambigram not possible'. Guess it's just about checking if string contains only of SNOXZHI and printing string backwards. Or am I wrong?
I'm a complete noob when dealing with cpp so that's what I've created :
_TAG_
using namespace std;
char[] ret_str(char* s)
 if(*s!= '\0')
 return s;
void makeAmbigram(char* c)
 /* finding chars XIHNOZS and printing ambigram */
int main()
 reversed = ret_str(words);
 return 0;
I can reverse string but how to check if my reversed string contains only needed chars? I've found some function but it's hard or even imposible to implement it for greater amount of chars : _URL_
share|improve this question
If this is homework, please tag it as such. Also, a definition of "ambigram" would be useful. – John Dibling Mar 22 '10 at 22:23
2 Answers 2
You need to allocate space in your arrays or use std::vector. The arrays word and reversed are just pointers and no space is allocated. The C++ language does not support dynamic arrays; however, the STL provides std::vector which dynamically allocates space as required.
_TAG_ MAX_LETTERS 64
char words[MAX_LETTERS + 1]; // + 1 for terminating nul character ('\0')
char reversed[MAX_LETTERS + 1];
_TAG_
std::string words;
std::string reversed;
_TAG_
std::vector words;
std::vector reversed;
As far as the ambigram rules go, you need to talk to your instructor. Also, if this is homework, add a tag indicating so.
Hint: The std::string data type has some reverse iterators which may be of use to you.
share|improve this answer
std::string has an entire family of member functions along the lines of find_first_of. You can pass in a string containing all the letters your ambigram test requires, and they'll find whether any of those letters are present in the source string.
The complete list of string functions is available here.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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A Reference Resource
Robert Lansing (1915–1920): Secretary of State
Robert Lansing was born on October 17, 1864, in Watertown, New York. He attended Amherst College, graduating in 1886, before becoming a lawyer in his father's practice.
Lansing entered the world of diplomacy when his father-in-law, Secretary of State John Foster, brought him along to the Bering Sea Fur Seal Arbitration; Lansing himself would serve as private counsel for the Chinese and Mexican diplomatic delegations. In 1906, Lansing founded the American Society of International Law. and with it, the American Journal of International Law. Four years later, and despite Lansing's affiliation with the Democratic Party, President William Howard Taft named him U.S. counsel for the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration Panel at The Hague.
Having been appointed counselor to the Department of State by President Woodrow Wilson in 1914, Lansing took over as secretary of state in June 1915 following the resignation of William Jennings Bryan. Though he was cut out of negotiations involving the House-Grey memorandum, Lansing would be involved in various initiatives, including interventions in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Russia. Wilson asked for his resignation following Lansing's convocation of a cabinet meeting -- without Wilson's approval -- during the period in which Edith Wilson presided over her husband's affairs.
Lansing left the cabinet on February 13, 1920. Thereafter, he would write two books: The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Memoir, and The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference. Robert Lansing died in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 1928.


How to use Security Filters to allow multiple companies to use the same app
Let's say you've got an app, and you want to allow multiple companies to access and use the same app.
 - The primary benefit here is that, as a developer, you only have one app to support.
 - If you were to create a copy of said app, one for each additional company that wanted to use it, then you'd have to support all those apps.
Any changes made to functionality (column structure, views, actions, automation, etc.) will need to be duplicated on each additional app.
 - This then translates to hours of "extra" work you'll need to do.
Instead, use Security Filters to filter the data based on the company the user belongs to.
 - This keeps everything inside one app, so as a developer you only need to support that one.
 - Also, each company that suggests an improvement to the system is benefiting everyone.
You'll need:
 1. a "Companies" table
 2. a "Users" table - that's a child to the Companies
 3. other tables that then filter based on data from tables "higher" in the database
 - Like a "Clients" table being filtered to only show the "User_Assigned_Clients"
 - Or a "Projects" table being filtered to only show records based on the "Project_Client_Link" being present inside the "Clients" table
The process involves:
 - Creating a [Company_Master_Email_List]
 - Creating an automation to keep that list updated (based on changes to the user table)
 - Applying cascading security filters (Companies filters first, then Users, then everything else is based on those two)
Here's a video that shows the process
—| Table of Contents |—
00:00 - Intro
00:29 - Benefits of single-app vs. multi-apps
01:14 - Required tables
01:44 - Key to how it all works
02:28 - Adding [Company_Master_Email_List]
02:57 - Creating an action to set the master list
04:15 - Running the action
05:22 - Creating a REF action
07:11 - Creating a BOT to keep things updated
08:31 - Bot condition for when it should run
09:06 - Creating a new task for the bot
09:55 - Actually implementing the Security Filters
10:40 - Companies table
11:02 - Users table
12:01 - Where to get more info (
12:57 - Wrap up


text:
The use of insect meal, derived from larvae, in animal diets is promising. But what is the nutritional value of this protein? A paper by Harinder Makkar reviewed 5 major insect species and their value for different animal species. Here we discuss the Black Soldier Fly.
Black soldier fly larvae are used live, chopped, or dried and ground. The larvae can feed quickly, from 25 to 500 mg of fresh matter/larva/day, and on a wide range of decaying organic materials and manure.
Use in pig diets needs AA balance
Black soldier larvae meal was found to be a suitable ingredient in growing pig diets, being especially valuable for its amino acid, lipid and Ca contents. However, its relative deficiency in methionine + cystine and threonine requires the inclusion of those amino acids (AA) for the preparation of balanced diets. The ash content of the meal is also high and this requires attention. The diets containing the larvae meal were as palatable as a soymeal based diet (Newton et al., 1977)
Trial with AA supplementation
In a trial, dried black soldier fly prepupae meal was fed to early weaned pigs as a replacement (0, 50, or 100%) for dried plasma (meal in the diet: 0% during phase 1, 2.5% during phase 2, and 5% during phase 3), with or without amino acid supplementation. Without amino acid supplementation, the 50% replacement diet gave slightly better performance during phase 1 (+4% gain, +9% feed efficiency). However, the 100% replacement diets did not perform as well as the control (overall performance reduced by 3 to 13%). Additional refinement (cuticle removal and rendering) may be necessary to make black soldier fly prepupae meal suitable for early weaned pigs (Newton et al., 2005)
Support growth in chicks
As a component of a complete diet, black soldier fly larvae meal has been found to support good growth in chicks. Chicks fed a diet containing dried black soldier fly larvae (as a substitute for soymeal) gained weight at a rate 96% (non-significant) of that of chicks fed the control diet containing soymeal, but they only consumed 93% (significant) as much feed (Hale, 1973 cited by Newton et al., 2005), suggesting higher feed conversion efficiency of diet containing the larvae meal.
Good results in fish diets
Several experiments have shown that black soldier fly larvae could partially or fully substitute for fishmeal in fish diets. However, additional trials as well as economic analyses are necessary because reduced performance has been observed in some cases, and the type of rearing substrate and the processing method affect the utilization of the larvae by fish.
Trout and Atlantic salmon trials
For example, dried ground black soldier fly prepupae reared on dairy cattle manure enriched with 25–50% trout offal could be used to replace up to 50% of fishmeal protein in trout diets for 8 weeks without significantly affecting fish growth or the sensory quality of trout fillets, though a slight (but non-significant) reduction in growth was observed (Sealey et al., 2011). In a 9-week study, replacing 25% of the fishmeal protein in rainbow trout diets with black soldier fly prepupae meal (reared on pig manure) did not affect weight gain and feed conversion ratio (St-Hilaire et al., 2007a). In Atlantic salmon, a control diet containing 200 g/kg fishmeal (FM) was stepwise replaced by insect meal (black soldier fly larvae) at 25%, 50% or 100% FM replacement. Insect meal containing diets performed equally well as the FM group and increase in feed conversion efficiency was observed. Histology did not show any differences between any of the dietary groups and sensory testing of fillets did not reveal any significant difference (Lock et al., 2014). However, these authors did caution that the method of preparation of insect meal could impact performance.
Source: Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology


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Homemade Dividend
Homemade Dividend means dividend created by a stockholder through selling a portion of shares held. Its an opposition to a dividend received from the company that issued the stock. If investors want an income from their stocks, even if the company does not declare a dividend, they can sell a portion of their shares.
Additional - what is the meaning of Homemade Dividend?
For example if a stockholder owns 1000 shares, he can sell 10 shares to receive money equal to 1% dividend. After the sale the value of his stocks will be 1% less, but that would have been the same if the company had declared 1% dividend, because that also reduces the stock price.
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.0 146.4
This question is essentially asking if the following reaction is spontaneous at room temperature.
\[NH_4NO_{3(s)} \overset{H_2O} \longrightarrow NH_{4(aq)}^+ + NO_{3(aq)}^-\]
This would normally only require calculating \(\Delta{G^o}\) and evaluating its sign. However, the \(\Delta{G^o}\) values are not tabulated, so they must be calculated manually from calculated \(\Delta{H^o}\) and \(\Delta{S^o}\) values for the reaction.
 - Calculate \(\Delta{H^o}\):
\[ \Delta H^o = \sum n\Delta H^o_{f_{products}} - \sum m\Delta H^o_{f_{reactants}} \]
\[ \Delta H^o= \left[ \left( 1\; mol\; NH_3\right)\left(-132.51\;\dfrac{kJ}{mol} \right) + \left( 1\; mol\; NO_3^- \right) \left(-205.0\;\dfrac{kJ}{mol}\right) \right] \]
\[- \left[ \left(1\; mol\; NH_4NO_3 \right)\left(-365.56 \;\dfrac{kJ}{mol}\right) \right]\]
\[ \Delta H^o = -337.51 \;kJ + 365.56 \; kJ= 28.05 \;kJ\]
 - Calculate \(\Delta{S^o}\):
\[ \Delta S^o = \sum n\Delta S^o_{f_{products}} - \sum S\Delta H^o_{f_{reactants}} \]
\[ \Delta S^o= \left[ \left( 1\; mol\; NH_3\right)\left(113.4 \;\dfrac{J}{mol\;K} \right) + \left( 1\; mol\; NO_3^- \right) \left(146.6\;\dfrac{J}{mol\;K}\right) \right] \]
\[- \left[ \left(1\; mol\; NH_4NO_3 \right)\left(151.08 \;\dfrac{J}{mol\;K}\right) \right]\]
\[ \Delta S^o = 259.8 \;J/K - 151.08 \; J/K= 108.7 \;J/K\]
 - Calculate \(\Delta{G^o}\):
These values can be substituted into the free energy equation
\[T_K = 25\;^oC + 273.15K = 298.15\;K\]
\[\Delta{S^o} = 108.7\; \cancel{J}/K \left(\dfrac{1\; kJ}{1000\;\cancel{J}} \right) = 0.1087 \; kJ/K\]
\[\Delta{H^o} = 28.05\;kJ\]
Plug in \(\Delta H^o\), \(\Delta S^o\) and \(T\) into Equation 1.7
\[\Delta G^o = \Delta H^o + T \Delta S^o\]
\[\Delta G^o = 28.05\;kJ - (298.15\; \cancel{K})(0.1087\;kJ/ \cancel{K})\]
\[\Delta G^o= 28.05\;kJ - 32.41\; kJ\]
\[\Delta G^o = -4.4 \;kJ\]
This reaction is spontaneous at room temperature since \(\Delta G^o\) is negative. Therefore \(NH_4NO_{3(s)}\) will dissolve in water at room temperature.
Example 1.3
Calculate \(\Delta{G}\) for the following reaction at \(25\; ^oC\). Will the reaction occur spontaneously?
\[NH_{3(g)} + HCl_{(g)} \rightarrow NH_4Cl_{(s)}\]
given for the reaction
 - \(\Delta{H} = -176.0 \;kJ\)
 - \(\Delta{S} = -284.8\;J/K\)
calculate \(\Delta{G}\) from the formula
but first we need to convert the units for \(\Delta{S}\) into kJ/K (or convert \(\Delta{H}\) into J) and temperature into Kelvin
 - \(\Delta{S} = -284.8 \cancel{J}/K \left( \dfrac{1\, kJ}{1000\; \cancel{J}}\right) = -0.284.8\; kJ/K\)
 - \(T=273.15\; K + 25\; ^oC = 298\;K\)
The definition of Gibbs energy can then be used directly
\[\Delta{G} = -176.0 \;kJ - (298 \cancel{K}) (-0.284.8\; kJ/\cancel{K}) \]
\[\Delta{G} = -176.0 \;kJ - (-84.9\; kJ) \]
\[\Delta{G} = -91.1 \;kJ \]
Yes, this reaction is spontaneous at room temperature since \(\Delta{G}\) is negative.
Gibbs Energy in Equilibria
Let's consider the following reversible reaction:
\[ A + B \leftrightharpoons C + D \tag{1.9}\]
The following equation relates the standard-state free energy of reaction with the free energy at any point in a given reaction (not necessarily at standard-state conditions):
\[ \Delta G = \Delta G^o + RT \ln Q \tag{1.10}\]
 - \(\Delta G\) = free energy at any moment
 - \(\Delta G^o\) = standard-state free energy
 - R is the ideal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K
 - T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin)
 - \(\ln Q\) is natural logarithm of the reaction quotient
At equilibrium, ΔG = 0 and Q=K. Thus the equation can be arranged into:
\[\Delta{G} = \Delta{G}^o + RT \ln \dfrac{[C][D]}{[A][B]} \tag{1.11}\]
 - \(\Delta{G}^o\) = standard free energy change
 - \(R\) = gas constant = 1.98 * 10-3 kcal mol-1 deg-10
 - \(T\) = is usually room temperature = 298 K
 - \(K = \dfrac{[C][D]}{[A][B]}\)
The Gibbs free energy \(\Delta{G}\) depends primarily on the reactants' nature and concentrations (expressed in the \(\Delta{G}^o\) term and the logarithmic term of Equation 1.11, respectively).
At equilibrium, \(\Delta{G} = 0\): no driving force remains
\[0 = \Delta{G}^{o'} + RT \ln \dfrac{[C][D]}{[A][B]} \tag{1.12}\]
\[\Delta{G}^{o} = -RT \ln\dfrac{[C][D]}{[A][B]} \tag{1.13}\]
The equilibrium constant is defined as
\[K_{eq} = \dfrac{[C][D]}{[A][B]} \tag{1.14}\]
When \(K_{eq}\) is large, almost all reactants are converted to products. Substituting \(K_{eq}\) into Equation 1.14, we have:
\[\Delta{G}^{o} = -RT \ln K_{eq} \tag{1.15}\]
\[\Delta{G}^{o} = -2.303RT log_{10} K_{eq} \tag{1.16}\]
\[K_{eq} = 10^{-\Delta{G}^{o}/(2.303RT)} \tag{1.17}\]
This equation is particularly interesting as it relates the free energy difference under standard conditions to the properties of a system at equilibrium (which is rarely at standard conditions).
Table 1.1: Converting \(K_{ea}\) to \(\Delta{G}\)
\(K_{eq}\) \(\Delta{G_o}\; (kcal/mole)\)
\(10^{-5}\) 6.82
\(10^{-4}\) 5.46
\(10^{-3}\) 4.09
\(10^{-2}\) 2.73
\(10^{-1}\) 1.36
1 0
\(10^{1}\) -1.36
\(10^{2}\) -2.73
\(10^{3}\) -4.09
\(10^{4}\) -5.46


Batch File Rename with Windows PowerShell
Microsoft included a batch rename feature in the latest version of Windows allowing you to select multiple files, right click on one and select rename. All of the selected files will be renamed with the name you provided and a number. This functionality works well for basic files but does not provide any flexibility in exactly how the files are numbered and also does not allow the file extension to be changed.
Windows PowerShell, which is included in Windows starting with Vista and 2008 Server and available for XP, provides the raw tools to allow you to perform batch file renames. The trick is to pipe the output of one command into another command allowing you to connect the functionality to produce a useful outcome.
The two PowerShell commands needed for batch file renaming are dir (which is an alias for get-childitem) and rename-item.
To get started I suggest copying all the files you need to rename to a separate directory. Then, open up Windows PowerShell and navigate to the directory with the CD command.
Depending on how you want to rename the files there are a few different techniques:
Changing the File Extension of all.jpeg files to.jpg
Dir *.jpeg | rename-item -newname { $ -replace ".jpeg",".jpg" }
In the above example the $_ represents each item passed to the rename-item command via the pipe | from the dir command.
Appending a File Extension
Dir | rename-item -newname { $_.Name +".jpg" }
File Rename with Customizable Increasing Number
Dir *.jpg | ForEach-Object -begin { $count=1 } -process { rename-item $_ -NewName "image$count.jpg"; $count++ }
In the example we needed to use an additional command known as foreach-object that allows you to set a variable (our counter) before looping through each file in the directory and then do an action for each item. The result of the above example are files named image1.jpg, image2.jpg and so on.
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Current Limitations of the Cost-Based Optimization Process
The cost-based optimization process can be only applied to a query when there are statistics for all the base views involved in the query.
Example: Let us suppose V1 and V2 are base views from the same database and V3 is a base view from another data source. Let us also suppose DV is a derived view obtained by joining V1 and V2. Because V1 and V2 are from the same database, Virtual DataPort pushes down the join operation to the database.
Let us suppose we execute the following query:
This query can benefit from the cost-based optimization only when we have gathered the statistics of V1, V2 and V3.
When the cost-based optimization cannot be applied because the statistics of a required view are lacking or are disabled, the execution trace contains a message like "Missing statistics or not activated in the following nodes: DV, V3"
In addition, you have to take into account the following limitations of the cost-based optimization process:
 - This optimization is not applied in queries involving subqueries in the WHERE clause.
 - Although possible, we do not recommend enabling the cost-based optimization in views obtained from Multidimensional Databases or ITPilot data sources. The cost-based optimization process makes certain assumptions that are not verified in those types of data sources. Therefore, cost estimations may produce unexpected results.
 - The n-joins involving any left, right or full outer join will not be reordered. Virtual DataPort will still try to find the best execution plan for each 2-join in the n-join, but it will execute them in the order specified by the query.


text:
Painting from Inspiration was the theme of the day for a Hummingbird creative painting group. The activity specialist leading the session brought many objects of interest to offer inspiration to the artists; birds, flowers, American flag, a map, fruit, a coffee percolator, and a taxi cab. The birds were the most popular. First, artists drew the objects and then painted them.
Betty liked the duck, but found it daunting to sketch. Her activity specialist suggested she lay it on the paper and trace it's shape. This worked out well, and Betty continued from there. She requested different shades of black and brown, which the activity specialist helped her mix to her liking.
What to get creative with your activity partner? Grab your watercolors and favorite objects for inspiration, trace them for outlines if that helps you get started, and then let your imagination fly!


text:
Variation in diet and habitat resource use in desert adapted lizards in Western Australia
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Impacts of ecological competition are reduced when organisms play different roles in their environment. More individuals can survive on varied but finite sets of resources when organisms eat different kinds of prey, live in different places, or are active at different times. Species within an assemblage of small fossorial snakes have ecologies that vary mostly by diet. Different species eat very different things. Species live in different habitats on sand ridges, but the differences are less dramatic than in diet. Disparity in resource use typically varies the most according to species, so that individuals of the same species are more similar to each other than they are to individuals of other species. However, variation exists in resource use within species over time and space. Wide variation exists in dietary resource use in four well-sampled species of comb-eared skinks. However, where species occur at the same study site there are clear distinctions in resource use between species despite the wide variation in diets observed between individuals of the same species. Additionally, strict ecological distances in diet between species are maintained during five censuses that were conducted over a 16-year period. These results illustrate the basic ecological principals of fundamental and realized niches. Here, individuals ate many different food items and species have the potential to overlap in diet but that overlap is reduced because of realized ecological boundaries between species within a single place and time, which result in decreased competition for resources.


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Consider the $\mathbb Z$-module that consists of the polynomials in $\mathbb Z[x,y]$ that are homogeneous polynomials of degree $d$ in the indeterminates $x$ and $y$ (homogeneous meaning that all terms of the form $c_{ij} x^i y^j$ are such that $i+j = d$, where $d$ is the degree of the polynomial). One can see that there is a unique way of writing an homogeneous polynomial of degree $d$ in the form $$ \sum_{j=0}^d c_k y^{d-k} \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} (x-iy) $$ because there is precisely one term where $x$ is at the $k^{th}$ power for any $k$ in the range $[0,d]$, hence we can compute coefficients. Therefore, the polynomials $y^{d-k} \prod (x-iy)$ form a basis of the $\mathbb Z$-module.
Is it possible to write any homogenous polynomial of degree $d$ in the form $$ \sum_{k=0}^d c_k \left( \prod_{i=0}^{d-k-1} (y-ipx) \right) \left( \prod_{i=0}^{k-1} (x-iy) \right) $$ where $p$ is a prime number? (The larger context is a number theory context, thus the prime is the thing I need. The fact that $p$ is prime might not be needed to prove this though!) Note that the polynomials formed by the 2 products are actually homogenous polynomials of degree $d$ in $x$ and $y$, so this would be a basis of the $\mathbb Z$-module of homogenous polynomials of degree $d$.
The reason for this question is because I am looking for a characterization for a certain class of polynomials that are always 0 with respect to a prime power modulus and the existence of this decomposition would help me very much. =)
If you have any suggestions please feel free to comment.
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One remark for those who might consider inverting some kind of matrices : the fact that it is easy to generate polynomials when there is no "$ipx$" term in the linear factors for $y$ is that you can rewrite this problem in the form of solving a linear equation of the form $AX = Y$, where $X$ and $Y$ are the coefficient vectors and $A$ is the coordinate switch matrix. The "easiness" comes from the fact that $A$ is either upper or lower triangular (depending on which way you place coefficients...), hence it is easy to see that $A$ needs to be invertible with integer non-zero determinant. – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 0:51
Re: Your background question. You do know the classification of single variable polynomials with values (at integer points) vanishing modulo a prime power, don't you? That not-too-well-known result has been rediscovered periodically (Singmaster in '69, Niven & Warren in '57, Carlitz says that it was in Dickson's old book,...) – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 5:56
Yes, I know it, and it is quite simple to read (but took me weeks to prove...). Write $$ f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^d c_k(x)_k. $$ It is always possible to do this in $\mathbb Z[x]$. Now note that $f(\ell) = \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} c_k k! \begin{pmatrix} \ell \\ k \end{pmatrix}$, hence you can show by induction that $c_k k! \equiv 0$ $\mathrm{mod}$ $p^m$ by assuming that $f$ vanishes $\mathrm{mod}$ $p^m$. Conversely, a polynomial with this property vanishes because $f(\ell) = \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} c_k k! \begin{pmatrix} \ell \\ k \end{pmatrix} \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{\ell} 0 = 0.$ – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:32
The result I had in mind goes as follows. Write $p_k(x)=\prod_{i=0}^{kp-1}(x-i)$. Then the values $p_k(n), n\in\mathbf{Z}$ are always divisible by $(kp)!$, so if you multiply these polynomials with the appropriate power of $p$ you get polynomials with values vanishing $\pmod{p^\ell}$. If you take such polynomials up to the first monic one, you have a generating set for the ideal of polynomials in $\mathbf{Z}[x]$ that vanish module $p^\ell$. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 7:55
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I don't think that you have a $\mathbf{Z}$-basis. I claim that if $d>1$, then all the polynomials $q(x,y)$ in the $\mathbf{Z}$-span of your generators have the property $p-1\mid q(1,1)$. Thus, if $p>2$ the span cannot consist of all the homogeneous polynomials of degree $d$.
Proof: If you evaluate the polynomial $$p_k(x,y)=\prod_{i=0}^{d-k-1}(y-ipx) \prod_{i=0}^k(x-iy)$$ at $x=y=1$, the second product shows that $p_k(1,1)=0$ unless $k=0$ (if $k>0$, then the factor $x-y$ coming from $i=1$ makes this happen). But if $k=0$ and $d>1$, then the first product has a factor $y-px$ (again coming from $i=1$), and this forces $p_0(1,1)$ to be divisible by $y-px\vert_{(x,y)=(1,1)}=1-p$. For all $k$ we have $p-1\mid p_k(1,1)$, so the same holds for all the $\mathbf{Z}$-linear combinations of the polynomials $p_k(x,y)$.
share|improve this answer
Given that $p-1$ is a unit in your eventual ring this may not ruin your approach, but it does seem to settle the question over $\mathbf{Z}$. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 6:10
I am a little confused by your argument because there are many assumptions along the way... but maybe it's clear and I should read this tomorrow XD But in my ring, $p-1$ is indeed a unit, so I think that if you're right there is still work to do, and I would be really pissed to find out that it's not possible to do this... – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:36
For your curiosity : I have shown a few hours ago (heehee) that for $f(x,y)$ homogeneous of degree $d$ and $m \le p$, vanishing mod $p^m$ is equivalent to be able to write it in the following form : $$ f(x,y) = \sum_{j=0}^{m} \left( \left( p^{m-j} y^j \prod_{i=0}^{jp-1} (x-iy) \right) \gamma_j (x,y) \right) $$ where the $\gamma_j(x,y)$'s are homogeneous polynomials of degree $d-j(p+1)$ that can be arbitrary. When working on these kind of vanishing question, understanding what happens up to $p^p$ and then moving to $p^{p+1}$ and $p^{p+2}$ in a clever manner is the key point. – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 7:38
_USER_: I made an attempt to make the structure of my argument clearer. – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 29 '11 at 10:18
Okay, so $p-1 | q(1,1)$. So since for instance $x^2$ (or $x^d$ for generality) is such that $p-1 \nmid q(1,1) = 1$, we're done. =) Thank you! – Patrick Da Silva Aug 29 '11 at 14:38
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A lot of work is involved when wanting to install a zip line. There are some factors that zip line builders must consider. These factors are; varying rider heights, rider speed, friction, temperature, slope and wind. A professional is required in the process of zip line installation and the components of zip lines are considered and tested. In the process of installing a zip line, the main importance is safety. The line in a zip line is what defines the zip line, the scenery or views of potential riders, the time of enjoying the view and speed involved.
The starting, ending points and the length of the zip line are influence to decision making when designing a zip line. The material used in making the lines of zip lines is stainless steel or galvanized air craft cables. The section at which riders begin and end at are known as platforms are affected by the topography. Raising of the platform is dependent on the complications of the topography.
Platform design is affected by the following factors; primary and secondary brake requirements, topography and space required. Most of all the zip line is required to be long enough to give the zip line brake a lot of room to operate safely while at the same time leaving space for an emergency brake.
In the zip lining experience the zip line brake is considered to be the most important part of the zip line. The best kinds of zip line brakes need to offer passive braking. The automatic slowing down of the zip line and finally stopping at the end of the line without participation of a person is defined as passive braking. A zip line trolley is the vehicle used by riders that is attached down to the zip line. The main agenda from having a zip line trolley is the whether it can handle the speed. Not only are some zip line trolleys designed for impact braking but also are made to be durable with no wear and tear on the zip line equipment.
Not only do guides offer proper rider key steps but also give safety information. Information based on the area, surrounding environment and the scenery is what encompasses the safety information. When guides share the information on the scenery, area and surrounding environment they are able to further engage riders in their zip lining experience.
Trainable and personable are some of the qualities that need to be portrayed by guides. Through successful installation of zip lines, regular conducting of zip line inspection needs to be followed through so as to know when to carry out repair and maintenance services.


Pre-Authorization KNOW MORE
Get the agreement nod from the payer for the healthcare service even before the service is performed. Pre-Authorization is a sure way to prevent payment delays, part-payments and denials. An authorization number on the claim form at the time of submitting the claims is the best route to a clean claim.
The key to Pre-Authorization is the obtaining of the correct CPT code which is often a daunting task. So, leave it to us. QWay's trained and highly professional team works on getting the correct CPT by checking with the physician and working out the most possible scenarios. So stop chasing claim payments. PreAuthorization means prompt payments.
Your coders may have done their job, but it will be up to the provider to obtain the necessary authorization. A claim denial or part –payment affects the provider and which is why our focus on getting the Pre-Auth for the procedure is complete and absolute when you outsource it to us. We work with physicians, hospitals, insurance payers and outpatient facilities and ensure the necessary pre-certification requirements are intact to obtain the Pre-Auth.
 A Pre-Auth can prevent:
 - Prevent payment delays and denials.
 - Ensure the patients get the maximum benefit under the policy.
 - Avoid pay and claim.
 - Enable a better financial counselling session with the patient.
 QWay's Pre-Auth service will have you free up time to focus more on patients and less on paper-work.
 frequently asked questions
 - 1. What does pre-authorization mean?
 The healthcare provider obtains permission from the healthcare insurance payer of the patient before performing certain procedures. This is to put forward the fact that those procedures are medically necessary for the patient in question.
 - 2. Does pre-authorization guarantee payment after the procedure is done?
 No! The pre-auth does not mean that the payment will be guaranteed without any delay. But it sure makes the process smoother than the usual one. Most of the providers ensure that the pre-authorization is done to take advantage of faster and hassle-free payments. Here the medical biller must ensure that the billing has been done through the insurance pathway.
 - 3. What documents are needed to get the pre-authorization?
 Several documents pertaining to identity proof of the patient, provider details, and other clinical records to prove the medical necessity are required. Usually, the intricate details depend on the needs of the insurance provider. However, these basic points mentioned above are commonly seen.
 - 4. Why choose QWay for your pre-authorization services?
 QWay makes the complicated process easier by ensuring that each of the forms is submitted accurately. The instances of pre-authorization for even prescription drugs are increasing by 20% every year according to a report of the American Medical Association. So it is advisable to brace yourselves for the future while the time is ripe.
 ISO 9001:2015 & ISO/IEC 27001:2013