text:
Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes
The sinking of the Mercedes
|Name:||Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes|
|Launched:||Havana, Cuba, 1786|
|Fate:||Sunk by the British 5 October 1804|
|Notes:||Thought to be the wreck discovered by Odyssey Marine Exploration, codenamed "Black Swan"|
The Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady of Mercy in English) was a Spanish frigate which was sunk by the British off the south coast of Portugal on 5 October 1804 during the Battle of Cape Santa Maria.
Odyssey Marine Exploration claim to have discovered the vessel and recovered its treasure in 2007 resulting in a legal challenge from Spain. Odyssey claim to have recovered "over 500,000 silver coins weighing more than 17 short tons (15 t), hundreds of gold coins, worked gold, and other artifacts, it is believed that this recovery constitutes the largest collection of coins ever excavated (actually ruled as an expoliation) from a deep-ocean site."
A U.S. federal court and a panel from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit have upheld the Spanish claim to the contents of the ship; Spain took control of the treasure in February 2012.
 See also
- Treasure hunters ordered to return £250m of loot to Spain -The Telegraph, 4 June 2009
- Black Swan Project
- Cultural Property & Archaeology Law (20 February 2012). "Judge rules Spain can take control of shipwreck treasure recovered by Fla. company next week". Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel
- Yahoo Finance Odyssey to Request En Banc Hearing in "Black Swan" Case
- Documents from the court case in which it was alleged that the Mercedes had been found by Odyssey Marine.
|This article about a specific naval ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
In 2007 the Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee was established to provide advice and recommendations on developing effective measure to avoid or minimize impacts to wildlife and their habitats related to land-based wind energy facilities. The Committee is comprised of 22 members representing federal, state, and tribal governments, wildlife conservation organizations, and the wind industry.
The Committee's guidelines are founded on a "tiered approach" for assessing potential impacts to wildlife and their habitats. This allows developers to identify potential problems at each stage of development. To find contact information and to download the guidelines and recommendations, visit the USFWS Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee homepage.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}$ in position $(0,m-1)$ as $\alpha,\beta$ and the $\mathbb{Z}$ in $(m-1,0)$ as $\gamma$ shouldn't we get that the $\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$ in $(m-1,m-1)$ is generated by $(\alpha \otimes \gamma,\beta \otimes \gamma)$?
This paper looks useful. I note the comment there that $H^{2(m-1)}(\text{Conf}(\mathbb{R}^3,3);\mathbb{Z})$ is a free $\mathbb{Z}$ module spanned by $A_{21}A_{31}$ and $A_{31}A_{32}$.
One final place that might help is this monograph by Cohen,Lada and May. See specifically page 250.
Hopefully this is of some help!
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text:
Prof. Sven Dickinson,
University of Toronto, Canada,
The Role of Symmetry in Human and Computer Vision
Symmetry is one of the most ubiquitous regularities in our natural world. For almost 100 years, human vision researchers have studied how the human vision system has evolved to exploit this powerful regularity as a basis for grouping image features. While computer vision is a much younger discipline, the trajectory is similar, with symmetry playing a major role in both perceptual grouping and object representation. After briefly reviewing some of the milestones in symmetry-based perceptual grouping and object representation/recognition in both human and computer vision, I will review our efforts that draw on computer vision to understand the role that symmetry plays in human scene perception. Conversely, I will also look at how these results in human scene perception can strengthen the performance of modern deep learning computer vision systems for scene perception.
Sven Dickinson received the B.A.Sc. degree in Systems Design Engineering from the University of Waterloo, in 1983, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the University of Maryland, in 1988 and 1991, respectively. He is Professor and past Chair of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, and is also Vice President and Head of the new Samsung Toronto AI Research Center, which opened in May, 2018. Prior to that, he was a faculty member at Rutgers University where he held a joint appointment between the Department of Computer Science and the Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science (RuCCS). His research research interests revolve around the problem of shape perception in computer vision and, more recently, human vision. He has received the National Science Foundation CAREER award, the Government of Ontario Premiere's Research Excellence Award (PREA), and the Lifetime Research Achievement Award from the Canadian Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Society (CIPPRS). He currently serves on eight editorial boards, including the role of Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, and the role of co-editor of the Morgan & Claypool Synthesis Lectures on Computer Vision. He is a Fellow of the International Association for Pattern Recognition (IAPR).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Flies Wirral and Chester
There are various fly species that are of concern as pest species in the UK.
They have a common ancestry but are diverse not only in form but also in lifestyle.
MerseyPest treats all species of fly and flies in Wirral and Chester.
The most notable pest flies are;
Common House Fly
Lesser House Fly
Treatments for each of these species of flies can be very different. A survey is required to identify the species of fly before a treatment can be specified.


text:
Principles of Engineering (POE)
Using modern tools to construct mechatronic systems.
In Principles of Engineering, students conceive, design, and implement a mechatronic systems that involves mechanical design, electronics, and software. Every project will include a nontrivial mechanical system design, a nontrivial electronic system design, a microcontroller, and all hardware, firmware, and software components necessary for integration. Projects are subject to realistic materials, process, and budgetary constraints. Most projects use microcontrollers like Arduino to take data from sensors, perform computation and operator motors. Project examples include an automatic cake decorator, an autonomous blimp, and a light-seeking flower pot. Students have to work within realistic constraints on materials, process and budget.
During the last two thirds of the semester, you will be working in a group of three to five students in the class on a design project that interests you. You will be forming your own teams based your interest in potential project ideas.
Learn more about POE here: _URL_


inefficient to serialize a whole network of entities and send it across the wire. Take the example of showing a list of orders to the user. In this scenario, you really don't need to transfer the gory details of every order to the client application. All you need is perhaps the order number, order date, and the total amount for each order. Later, if the user wishes to see the details of a specific order, you can always serialize that entire order and send it across the wire.
Value objects provide a solution for all these problems. Yes, they require you to write a little extra code, but in return, you get a bullet-proof business layer that communicates efficiently with the presentation layer. You can think of a value objects as a controlled view in to one or more entities that is relevant to your client application. Note that AndroMDA provides some basic support for translation between entities and value objects, as you will see in the tutorial.
Services and NHibernate sessions
Another key concept about AndroMDA generated applications is the strong association between service methods (i.e., operations exposed by a service) and NHibernate sessions. But before we introduce this concept, we must lay out some ground work. The NHibernate session is a runtime object that allows an application to create, read, update, and delete entities in the data store. As long as the session is "open", these entities are attached to the session and you can navigate from one entity to another using relationships between them. If a related entity is not yet in memory, NHibernate will automatically pull it in for you (this is called "lazy loading"). However, as soon you close the NHibernate session, the entities that exist in memory are considered to be "detached", i.e., NHibernate no longer knows about them. You are free to hold references to such entities, but NHibernate will no longer pull in associated entities if they don't exist in memory already. If you accidentally try to access such associated entities, you will get an NHibernate LazyInitializationException.
Now that we understand this background material, let us discuss the relationship between a service method and an NHibernate session. When a client application calls a service method, a new NHibernate session is opened automatically. You do not have to write any code to do this. Similarly, when the service method exits, the associated NHibernate session is closed automatically. In other words, the lifespan of an NHibernate session is bounded by the beginning and ending of a service method call. Consequently, entities are attached to an NHibernate session for the entire duration of the service call, but are detached from this session as soon as the service call ends. As a result, if your service method returns raw entities, the client must be extra careful not to access related entities that are not in memory already. Anyway, you can avoid all this by following the recommendation in the earlier section, i.e., transfer all relevant information into value objects while the session is still open and pass these value objects back to your caller as a return value. In other words, think of a service method as a logical transactional boundary - do everything you need to do within the method, and then return the results as value objects.
Another implication of the strong association between a service method and an NHibernate session is that client applications should not try to bypass the service layer and interact directly with the lower layers. You may be able to brute force your way into one data access object, but sooner or later, you will get into trouble!
What's next?
Now that you understand the basic tenets of AndroMDA, let's describe the sample application we will implement in this tutorial.
Please continue to part 2.
Further reading
 - 1.0 - First release.
About the Author
Chris Micali
Web Developer
United States United States
I work for the Sapient Corporation.
Comments and Discussions
GeneralConvince us to use AndroMDA... [modified] Pinmemberdursaliye28-Aug-06 6:04
GeneralOn first blush... PinprotectorMarc Clifton26-Jul-06 17:45
...after browsing through the two articles and perusing the website, this looks rather overly complicated. Maven, Java, MagicDraw, NHibernate, UML diagrams. Wow. Obviously, you guys have put a lot of work into this, but I honestly think, having designed and implemented an MDA application myself (see sig), it doesn't really make development easier. You say:
AndroMDA is a great choice when
* You are starting a new project
* You want to save time by generating as much code as possible
* You are building an application that stores its data in a database
Of course everyone wants those three things, but have you really succeeded at achieving any one of them? Time is saved not just by code generation but my making tools easy to use. Persistence is a complicated matter, especially when you consider table joins, working with DataSet's, automatically synchronizing current users, etc. And why a UML diagram? I have rather strong convictions that you start with the DB schema, create your virtualized views, and wire them up to your controls. There's no object model (or code generation) necessary unless you need to implement application specific business rules.
Anyways, like I said, there's clearly a lot of work in this. I'll keep my eye on it. Smile | :)
Some people believe what the bible says. Literally. At least [with Wikipedia] you have the chance to correct the wiki -- Jörgen Sigvardsson
People are just notoriously impossible. --DavidCrow
There's NO excuse for not commenting your code. -- John Simmons / outlaw programmer
AnswerRe: On first blush... PinmemberChris Micali26-Jul-06 18:04
GeneralRe: On first blush... PinprotectorMarc Clifton27-Jul-06 9:33
GeneralRe: On first blush... PinmemberChris Micali27-Jul-06 10:39
GeneralRe: On first blush... PinprotectorMarc Clifton29-Jul-06 11:23
GeneralRe: On first blush... PinmemberChris Micali1-Aug-06 13:07
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Suppose that over an algebraically closed field $K$ of finite characteristic the numerical equivalence of cycles relation (for algebraic cycles of smooth projective varieties) coincides with the homological one (with respect to etale $\mathbb{Q}_l$-adic cohomology). Does the Hodge standard conjecture follow? Moreover, does it follow from the existence of a 'nice' motivic $t$-structure for Voevodsky's motives over $K$ (i.e. we assume that this $t$-structure'splits' Chow motives into 'numerical pieces', and that mixed motives have filtration 'by these pieces'). If the answer (even) to the second question is 'no', then why does one usually believe in the HSC?
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I would be surprised if the Hodge standard conjecture would follow from the others (which is not to say that it doesn't). This conjecture is true in char $0$ by Hodge theory. Perhaps that and a general sense of optimism, at the time, were sufficient, but I'm just speculating. – Donu Arapura Jan 23 '11 at 17:35
1 Answer 1
Somewhat relevant to your question: Milne has shown that the usual Hodge conjecture for complex abelian varieties of CM type implies the Hodge standard conjecture for all abelian varieties over the algebraic closure of any finite field. See Milne's paper
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The Tate conjecture for varieties over finite fields implies that the motives of abelian varieties generate all motives over finite fields. Thus the Hodge standard conjecture (over all fields) is implied by the Hodge conjecture for complex abelian varieties + the Tate conjecture for varieties over finite fields. That may, or may not, be reason for believing it. – mephisto Feb 21 '11 at 4:59
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Brimstone / Satanic Cross
Pendant Size: 1.25"
Sometimes referred to as Crux Satanus or Satan's Cross. The symbol also represents the alchemical element sulfur, or brimstone. The symbol has relevance in Alchemy where it represents Sulphur and is analogous to the human soul. It is both masculine and feminine and as such shows life and the universe in balance.
Brimstone / Satanic Cross
 Sigil of Baphomet - Phoenix, Arizona. - Email:


- | Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
article by Ryan Storr
Tennis champion Martina Navratilova recently called the participation of transgender women in elite female sporting competitions "insane" and "cheating".
And she's not alone. Several other prominent women athletes have also used social media, mainly Twitter, to voice their concern about the eligibility of transgender women in sport, including former British swimmer Sharron Davies, double Olympic champion Dame Kelly Holmes, and former long-distance runner Paula Radcliffe.
There is an inherent contempt that lies within these statements, and it impacts more than just trans athletes. It can impact the integrity of public discourse by reducing the debate to be about whether trans women are "real women", and we need to move past this crude and destructive rhetoric.
Here, I use the term trans as an umbrella term to include all identities within the trans community, such as transgender and transitioned athletes.
What is the debate really about?
So why have we revisited this discussion in recent weeks? We are witnessing a broader movement against the trans community.
Australian gay rights activists Dennis Altman and Jonathan Symons call it the "queer wars" in their book of the same title. They explain how resistance to LGBTI issues across the globe is being used by governments and religious leaders to uphold traditional values, and increased polarisation towards LGBTI rights.
In recent years, we saw bathrooms used as a platform for division in the US. In 2016, North Carolina became the first US state to introduce a law prohibiting transgender people from using the restroom corresponding to their gender.
Then, in Australia, the Australian Christian Lobby suggested a "yes" vote for marriage equality would lead to boys wearing dresses to the detriment of society.
And the UK saw backlash against a youth trans charity, called Mermaids, where half a million pounds of funding was disputed.
It seems sport is now being used as yet another tool to incite fear and hatred towards the trans community.
Some male commentators have raised concerns that the integrity of women's sport is at risk. But where have these so-called male champions of change been in advancing women's sport in recent years?
Another commonly-cited issue is that men might identify as women to reap rewards in competition. There have been no reported cases of men transitioning to women to earn money and dominate podiums. It is simply a myth.
Do trans polices in sport work?
The introduction of the International Olympic Committee's policy on trans athletes in 2003 – amended in 2013 to remove surgical requirements and introduce a minimal level of testosterone – has led to no publicly out trans athletes competing at the Olympic games.
At the Commonwealth Games, trans weightlifter Laurel Hubbard qualified, but had to withdraw due to injury.
Therefore, the perception that trans women are, and will, dominate women's elite sport is not supported with any clear evidence.
UK research also found, after reviewing a series of trans policies in elite sport: "the majority of these policies were unfairly discriminating against transgender people, especially transgender females".
If we are to start scrutinising the ethics and integrity around cheating and enforcing a level playing field, there are many other places we could start.
Match fixing, illegal gambling markets, substance abuse, and corruption have been found to exist within local grassroots matches in Victoria. Issues around ball tampering, match fixing at various levels of tennis, doping within various sporting codes, and salary cap breaches have also been reported at the elite level.
Particularly in women's sport, there is a disproportionate allocation of funding and resources compared to men's sport, a gross lack of media coverage, and women continue to fight for equal pay.
Advancing trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport
New guidelines and policies are being introduced from various sporting codes in the coming year in Australia.
The Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission led the way with updated guidelines last year, but the most prominent policy to be released soon will be the Australian Human Rights Commission and Sport Australia's guidelines for Trans and Gender Diverse Athletes in Sport. This will likely be adopted by most sporting codes in Australia.
But as the debate continues, it is important we hear from trans athletes. No trans person has the same transition experience and there is great diversity among the trans community. We also need to understand the wider impact of negative commentary against this community.
What we have seen so far from the Olympic movement is promising in promoting trans inclusion in sport. The International Olympic Committee released mini documentariesabout trans athletes in sport, and Tokyo 2020 is set to have gender neutral bathrooms.
We must remember that sport is a human right, and should be accessible to everybody, regardless of gender identity.
Ryan Storr is a Lecturer and Academic Course Advisor n Sport Development at Western Sydney University. He Recently completed his PhD at Victoria University, whereby his thesis explored how community sports clubs respond to diversity and engage in diversity work. He has have led several recent research projects, specifically around LGBTI+ inclusion within sport, with the most recent being a funded evaluation exploring the current level of LGBTI+ inclusion within an Australian sporting code. Ryan is also the co-founder and director of LGBTI+ sport charity Proud 2 Play.
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Gokteik Viaduct
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Gokteik Viaduct
Nawnghkio, Shan, Myanmar
335 feet high / 102 meters high
120 foot span / 37 meter span
Image by Martin Callum.
The largest railway trestle in the world upon its completion in 1901, the Gokteik Viaduct is the highest bridge in Myanmar. Located in the center of the country about 60 miles (100 kms) northeast of the largest city of Mandalay, the rail line was constructed as a way for the British Empire to expand their influence in the region. Constructed when the country was originally called Burma, the bridge was designed and fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company and shipped overseas. Construction was overseen by Sir Arthur Rendel, engineer for the Burma Railroad Company. Stretching 2,260 feet (689 mtrs) from end to end, the viaduct has 14 towers that span 40 feet (12 mtrs) along with a double tower 80 feet (24 mtrs) long. These 15 towers support 10 deck truss spans of 120 feet (37 mtrs) along with six plate girder spans 60 feet (18 mtrs) long and an approach span of 40 feet (12 mtrs). Many sources have put the height of the bridge at 820 feet (250 mtrs). This is supposedly a measurement to the river level as it flows underground through a tunnel at the point it passes underneath the trestle. The true height of the bridge as measured from the rail deck to the ground on the downstream side of the tallest tower is 335 feet (102 mtrs).
Although larger concrete viaducts and steel cantilever bridges were constructed before and after Gokteik, no other conventional box tower and girder type steel trestle has ever exceeded it in size except for the monstrous Lethbridge Viaduct in Alberta, Canada which is about the same in height but more than twice the length. The Joso bridge in the U.S. state of Washington, the Poughkeepsie bridge in the U.S. state of New York and the original Kinzua viaduct in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania are the only other traditional steel trestles that are equal in size to Gokteik.
Gokteik also had the tallest bridge piers in the world at the time of its completion at 97.5 meters. The current record is now held by France's Millau Viaduct. Prior to Millau's record breaking bridge piers of 245 meters, the history of these towering structures has been almost entirely in Europe outside of two U.S. spans. Before Millau the 178 meter piers of Germany's Kochertalbrücke held the record for 25 years. Before Kocher the tallest were the 147 meter pier of Italy's Rago Viaduct. Austria held the record before Rago with the famous 145 meter tall piers of Europabrücke. Before that California's Pit River Bridge had the tallest at 109 meters.
Gokteik bridge can be reached by taking a train from Mandalay or Pyin U Lwin north towards Nawnghkio where the bridge is located about 3 miles (5 kms) further east. A round trip ticket from Mandalay to the bridge costs around $8 for foreigners. Burmese soldiers are stationed on the train as well as on top of and underneath the bridge to prevent any potential attacks.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Florian Grupp.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
A small trestle is located beneath the Gokteik Viaduct and was probably used to bring in materials to build the massive trestle. Image by Florian Grupp.
Gokteik Viaduct postcard.
Gokteik Viaduct satellite image. The bridge can faintly be seen in the very center of the image.
Gokteik Viaduct location map.
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text:
Let I(x) be the statement "x has an Internet connection" and C(x, y) be the statement " x and y have chatted over the Internet," where the domain for the variables x and y consists of all students in your class. Use quantifiers to express each of these statements.
a. Everyone in your class with an internet connection has chatted over the Internet with at least one other student in your class
b. There are at least two students in your class who have not chatted with the same person in your class.


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InfoQ Homepage Articles Using singleton classes for object metadata
Using singleton classes for object metadata
This item in japanese
So you have a bunch of objects - an object graph - the result of some operation or API call. The task: analyze the data and store the results of the analysis as metadata for the graph.
Too abstract? Think of how a compiler works: the parser spits out a parse tree (or Abstract Syntax Tree or AST) that represents the code as tree structure. Then: a lot of algorithms run over the tree in passes: gathering symbols in the symbol table, doing type inference, using these types to do type checking, etc.
But wait: the last two passes show the problem: where does the type inferencing code store its data for the type checker to use? It'd be most convenient to store the data where it's needed - i.e. if an expression node (in the AST) is found to return type Foo, then it'd be best to store that information right in the node.
To illustrate the solution, we'll look at some tools that work on ASTs - not a compiler, but tools with similar requirements. In Ruby, the ParseTree library returns Ruby source code as an AST. Example:
[:vcall, :obj, :say_hello, [:array, [:lit, 42], [:lvar, :foo]]]
This is a bit of Ruby code represented as ParseTree AST. Since this is an article and not a VM, it's a bit difficult to work with objects and object references organized as a graph - so we use ParseTree's s-expr representation of the tree. S-exprs are nested lists; each list represents a node in the tree, with the first element specifying the node type. In the sample, the node represents a call to a virtual method (vcall). The parameters are the receiver (the'self' in the called method), the name of the method and the parameters.
Ideas for tools would be a type checker, static analysis tools or automatic refactorings. One of the requirements for tools of that kind to work is some kind of type inference, i.e. determining the types of variables or expressions. For instance, this AST represents a call to the to_s method:
[:vcall, :obj, :to_s]
What information can be gathered about this, and what could be done with this information? The type of the return value, for instance. This is hard to determine - but since it's to_s, a method that returns the string representation of an object - let's just say it returns "String". This is not necessarily true - it's a guess. For tools such as a code completion, it's fine enough - 100 % accuracy isn't possible for these matters. Although in some cases, more information could be gathered, and the analyzer could determine more accurate information.
Analyzers work on the tree and annotate the AST with the metadata they have determined. For keeping codebases modular, it's a good idea to separate the analyzers from the metadata consumers, i.e. the code that walks the AST and does something with the metadata. For instance, a Ruby editor could highlight a method that overrides another in its superclass.
The solution
Long story short: here's a solution for annotating ParseTree nodes:
node = [:vcall, :obj, :to_s]
def node.set_metadata(key, value)
 _USER_ ||=
 _USER_[key] = value
def node.metadata
_USER_ ||= {}
node.set_metadata(:type, :String)
What does that do?
The secret sauce: singleton classes
Every object in Ruby is the instance of a class. Unlike many other OOP languages, Ruby allows you to change an object's class. Don't confuse this with open classes: in Ruby, it's possible to modify a class - even at runtime. Singleton classes are similar - except that they only affect one object's class. While the difference might seem small - it has the big benefit of limiting the effects of the class modification to the affected object. Open classes, on the other hand, change the class definition for all the code and all the objects of these classes. This is useful, but can also mess with other people's code and if too many pieces of code do it on common classes, name clashes with existing methods can happen. In the case of ParseTree nodes - which are ordinary Ruby Arrays - this means that only the actually used Array objects are affected - not all the Arrays on the heap.
Another way to see this: with singleton classes, the changes to the class stay local to the code that creates and uses them - they never need to be visible outside. Open classes, on the other hand, are global changes: a class name is a global variable, i.e. "String" refers to the class object representing Strings. Just as more scoped variables (local variables, member variables) are preferable over global variables, so are singleton classes to open classes.
Of course: which solution to choose (singleton or open classes) depends on the particular situation. With open classes, the change to the class happens once - after it, all objects of that class have the added methods. With singleton classes, the change to the class (i.e. creating the singleton class and changing the object's class pointer to point to it) happens at every change.
The syntax - as seen above - is simple:
def object_variable.method_name()
# code
The variable pointing to the object is prefixed to the method name. A more flexible and modular way is to use Mixins to do it. This allows to collect methods that handle some aspect in a Module and mix them in in one go. E.g.
module Metadata
def set_metadata(key, val)
_USER_[key] = val
def metadata
_USER_ ||= {}
x = [:vcall, :obj, :to_s]
x.extend Metadata
x.set_metadata(:type, :String)
Mixins allow to mix functions defined in a Module into a class - in this sample, it's the node object's singleton class. Again: only this object will have these methods now.
Another example - dead code removal
If the static analyzer code is too abstract, let's try another tool: a dead code remover. "Dead code" is simply code that doesn't really do anything and can be removed without changing the behavior of the program. Like this code:
for x in [1,2,3] do
With our annotating concept, we can look for this kind of code and annotate it as such:
node.metadata(:dead_code, :true)
But marking the code as dead is only the first step - now we need to remove it. This is where it's easy to see that it makes sense to split up analysis and action part. An IDE might just want to highlight some code as dead code, but it might also offer a simple way (a Quick Fix) that removes the code.
How can this code be removed? Sure - it'd be possible to dump the node from the AST and then use Ruby2Ruby to spit out Ruby source. But that's not a very nice solution: Ruby2Ruby turns ParseTree ASTs into Ruby source code, but it loses a lot of useful information, such as formatting (white space) and comments. Dropping these is not acceptable in an IDE or refactoring/cleanup tools.
Metadata to the rescue: the nodes can be annotated with source locations - ie. where this particular node is found in the original source code. And with that - it's easy: the cleanup code simply marches through the code, finds all nodes marked with :dead_code and removes them in the source file, using the character offsets of the source location metadata. (Of course - once some nodes were removed, the offsets of the rest of the nodes are off. This can be solved by simply tracking the number of deleted characters and subtracting them from the actual offsets. With that, it's not necessary to reparse and re-analyze the source).
The examples in this article were focussed on language tools - but the ideas are usable for all kinds of object collections. Wherever object graphs need to be annotated, possibly in multiple passes by independently written analyzers, it's convenient to store the annotations with the nodes. If the classes of the object graph are not under the developer's control and are extensively used elsewhere (e.g. the Array class in ParseTree), singleton classes are a good choice. For other situations, open classes might be a better solution.
As for implementing the specific tools mentioned here: ParseTree is available for Ruby 1.8.x, in Rubinius and JRuby (jparsetree). The JRuby version also adds source locations for the individual nodes, so it's even easier to modify source. Have fun coming up with ideas for tools and writing them - it's easy with Ruby.
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text:
The New Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for a Moral Revival and the Institute for Policy Studies recently released its in-depth audit entitled "The Souls of Poor Folk."
The Souls of Poor Folk traces the 50 years since 1968, when Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and thousands of Americans, alarmed at their government's blindness to human need, launched the Poor People's Campaign. This document examines what the Campaign has identified as the "Four Evils": structural racism, poverty, the war economy / militarism, and environmental devastation. You can read the full report here.


text:
Tore VulkanTore volcano is a 6 x 9 km wide caldera with a younger cone, which probably is still active.
The densely forested volcano is located north-west of Mount Balbi volcano in the Emperor Range in northern Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea.
The younger cone of the volcano consists of a thick succession of andesitic lava flows.
Beschreibung:from: Smithsonian / GVP volcano information:
The caldera of Tore volcano is the source of two Pleistocene ignimbrites that form a broad fan that extends the coastline to the west.
The southern and SW sides of the caldera rim are covered by lava flows that extend up to 14 km from a large post-caldera lava cone. The summit of the andesitic volcano consists of an erosional pyramidal peak and a forested satellite ash cone 3 km to the NW. The freshly preserved features of the post-caldera ash cone and lava cone indicate a recent age (Blake and Miezitis, 1967).
-Blake D H, Miezitis Y, 1967. Geology of Bougainville and Buka Islands, New Guinea. Aust Bur Min Resour Geol Geophys Bull, 93: 1-56


text:
Australia Day, 26 January
On January 26 each
year, Australians have a national holiday to remember our
origins and celebrate our achievements.
Australia Day, the achievements of Australian citizens are
recognised. Australia Day Awards are conferred upon civilians for
outstanding work in the community. It is one of the ways the
Australian government recognises the dedication and integrity these
individuals display by their actions. The Order of Australia was
instituted in 1975. In 2000, the "Young Australian of the Year"
Ian Thorpe, in 2001 it was
James Fitzpatrick, a medical student and Queenslander, Scott Hocknull,
was "Young Australian of the
Year" in 2002. In 2003, the winner is Leyton
Hewitt, a young tennis star who has won many major tournaments.
For more information about Australia Day, please
follow the links on the left. For students, we have a worksheet page
to go with these pages.
Click here for that page. When you've finished, have a go at our
game, an Australian Find-a-Word.


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Nagmi Moftah Aimer
''Renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for the Middle East and North African countries''
( 2020, Vol. 40 No.3 )
This paper aims to explore the relationship between economic growth and financial development of the MENA countries over the period 1990 to 2015. The results of the fixed and random effect tests showed that there is a negative relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, but their impact on oil-importing countries is greater than that of oil-exporting countries. While the impact of domestic credit to the private sector has a positive affect economic growth, it appears that its impact on oil-importing countries is greater than that on oil exporting. In addition, the unidirectional causality stems from growth to domestic credit in long run, the bidirectional causality between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in the MENA. In the case of oil-importing countries, there is no causal relationship between the variables, whereas for the oil-exporting countries there is a unidirectional causality that extends from real GDP to domestic credit, as well as from renewable energy consumption to real GDP. In addition, there is unidirectional causality that stems from the domestic credit to energy consumption. These results indicate that the MENA countries are an economy independent of energy and that economic growth is crucial in providing the resources necessary for sustainable development.
Keywords: Renewable energy consumption, financial development, economic growth, MENA, panel data.
JEL: J1 - Demographic Economics: General
A1 - General Economics: General
Manuscript Received : May 12 2020 Manuscript Accepted : Aug 08 2020
 This abstract has been downloaded 205 times The Full PDF of this paper has been downloaded 135299 times


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Analyzing wealth concentration on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and XRP
Analyzing wealth concentration on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and XRP
Analysis shows that XRP has much higher wealth concentration than both Bitcoin and Ethereum. Nevertheless, such concentration poses risks for all three coins. Here's why.
Wealth concentration by the numbers
In August, blockchain analytics firm Coin Metrics released data around different coins and their wealth concentrations. Here are snippets for the top three coins by market capitalization:
Coin Metrics wealth concentration figures
Table by Coin Metrics
The numbers show that Bitcoin, as the largest network, has the largest total number of addresses with meaningful balances—indicating a leading distribution of funds and greater usage when compared to other coins.
Meanwhile, Ethereum addresses tend to have the smallest balances of the top three, indicating relatively strong wealth dispersion. Finally, tokens on XRP appear highly concentrated, potentially posing greater price risk for holders.
These figures are even more striking when normalized by market capitalization.
Wealth concentration adjusted by market capitalization
Table by Coin Metrics
Once adjusted, Ethereum is by far in the lead in terms of meaningful accounts and wealth dispersion. Moreover, it closes the gap between XRP and Bitcoin in terms of meaningful accounts as well.
The most alarming aspect though is the difference between median address balances. Adjusted median balances for XRP is 5-times that of Bitcoin and 32-times that of Ethereum. This may indicate that relatively few people are using XRP to meaningfully transact, despite much lower fees than Bitcoin and Ethereum. It is also suggestive of higher overall levels of centralization.
Critics may argue that the average is skewed because Ripple and its insiders hold over 50 percent of the token supply (worth approximately $13 billion at current prices). However, given that these reserves are only held in a handful of addresses the median shouldn't be materially impacted.
Complicating factors
It's important to keep in mind that these figures aren't directly comparable and should only be used to approximate wealth concentration. A single user can easily own multiple addresses while multiple users can also control a single address (through multi-signature accounts).
Fundamentally, these protocols also have characteristics that may skew the above metrics. Ethereum is an account-based protocol, which means users often re-use addresses, meaning the number accounts could be under-counted.
Bitcoin uses a UTXO-based protocol, which tends to result in many throwaway addresses which could inflate its numbers. But, Ethereum's gas fee mechanic tends to leave behind small balances in accounts, dragging the average down. Appropriately adjusting for all of these factors is a difficult task.
Why this is important
"Many have said that decentralization is the most important property of systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum."
Brad Garlinghouse, the CEO of Ripple, has been emphatic that XRP Ledger is decentralized. In October of 2018 at the Ripple-sponsored "Swell" conference in San Francisco, he called the ledger "very clearly decentralized," arguing that "anybody can participate in the XRP ecosystem." This narrative has been echoed by CTO David Schwartz and disseminated through the company's official channels.
Thought leaders in the industry care about decentralization. Experts in the field have argued that decentralization imbues well-designed blockchain systems with several useful properties. Blockchains are less likely to fail than traditional systems, more expensive to attack and destroy, and more resistant to collusion from participants, argued Buterin.
In contrast, high levels of wealth concentration are correlated to high-levels of decision-making centralization. It also puts purchasers at a disadvantage because it only takes a single entity to harm the price. In all, wealth concentration poses additional risk for investors.
One well-discussed example is the price action around XRP. Much of the value of the coin is derived from the success and actions of Ripple, a single corporation. If Ripple wanted to extract value from investors it could sell its holdings on the open market while reallocating those resources to services that have no relation to XRP. Worse yet, If Ripple decided to extricate itself from XRP it would result in catastrophic losses for investors.
Wealth concentration problems are exacerbated on proof-of-work systems, like what is planned for ETH 2.0 and what is already implemented on EOS. Systems which use tokens to determine the outcome of elections and make decisions give tokens direct power of the system.
Consequently, for proof-of-stake systems it's essential tokens are distributed widely and equitably, otherwise the system is at risk of unwanted collusion and rent-seeking. Over the long-run, these systems are in jeopardy of increasing amounts of decision-making centralization as large token-holders implement rules which benefit themselves at the expense of users on the platform.
Counter arguments
Though, there are also sound counter arguments to the theory that public blockchains require fair levels of wealth distribution. In a July 2017 essay, the former CTO of Coinbase Balaji Srinivasan argued:
"In practice it appears that a very high level of wealth centralization is still compatible with the operation of a decentralized protocol."
At the time, Srinivasan discussed a framework for measuring decentralization to assess the resilience of a blockchain. He theorized that blockchains are bottle-necked by their most centralized point of failure. In other words, a blockchain is only as decentralized as its most centralized part.
If this is the case, then high levels of wealth concentration may not matter if there is an even more egregious point of centralization for BTC, ETH, and XRP.
Risks for the three coins
When applied to cryptos these theories could help investors make better decisions about each of the platforms.
For Bitcoin, large amounts of wealth concentration allow whales to manipulate the markets. By conducting strategic trades with large amounts of BTC it's possible to take advantage of retail investors for profit.
Though, other less liquid coins such as ETH and XRP are at an even greater risk of market manipulation. However, small volume also means the potential profit from such behavior is constrained.
Under Balaji Srinivasan's framework wealth concentration may not be Bitcoin's main risk. Something like mining concentration in China could act as an even greater point of failure for the network.
For Ethereum, as the protocol moves to proof-of-stake in ETH 2.0, then token holdings will translate directly into political control over the system's governance. These systems run the risk of turning into plutocracies, where rich token holders enact policies to enrich themselves at the expense of average users, making a blockchain less competitive over time. This phenomenon tends to be exacerbated by low voter participation on public blockchains, as demonstrated by EOS and TRON.
Finally, for those investing in XRP there are other concerns. Many enthusiasts think Ripple is a good steward of their reserves. Because they locked the majority of their coins in escrow and pegged the sales to market trading volume, token holders can supposedly have more confidence they won't get diluted.
But, many of these large token holders aren't Ripple and would not have the same self-imposed restrictions. In addition to Ripple regularly selling large chunks of XRP these large token holders could also be holding down the price of the coin.
Understanding wealth concentration for each cryptocurrency is an important factor to consider. Incorporating the metric into the assessment for each protocol helps people make better decisions about long-term growth potential and fundamental risk.
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text:
Welcome to Enshu's Tea Ceremony Home Page
The Spirit of Enshu Sado
Sado is a ritualised form of serving tea,expressing "Wakeiseijaku"-or mutual respect and thoughtfulness,which brings harmony among and between people and things - by appreciating art pieces that are presented during the ceremony. Enshu Sado(Tea) school has 400 years of history.Enshu Kobori,the originator,was a feudal lord of the early 17th century(Edo Era) and was considered a great tea master of the time. He was the Sado instructor for the Tokugawa Shogunate,and has left behind a great legacy in paintings,calligraphic works,poetry,architecture and gardens.


Java Desktop System Email and Calendar User Guide
Deleting Messages
When you delete a message, the following events occur:
If you need to retrieve a message from Trash, you can undelete the message. When you undelete a message, the message is restored to the folder from which you deleted the message.
You can expunge a folder to remove permanently from the folder the messages that you deleted.
You can empty your Trash folder to delete the contents of Trash permanently. That is, when you empty Trash, you expunge all your folders.
To Delete a Message
Select the message that you want to delete in the message list, then choose Edit -> Delete.
To Undelete a Message
Select the message that you want to undelete in the Trash folder, then choose Edit -> Undelete.
To Expunge a Folder
To delete permanently the messages from a folder, open the folder, then choose Actions -> Expunge.
To Empty Trash
Choose Actions -> Empty Trash.


What was Augustus known for?
Quick Answer
Augustus, born Gaius Octavius in 63 B.C., was known for bringing peace and stability to the Roman Empire. Although he was heir to his great-uncle's throne, Augustus only became the ruler after thwarting the attempts of Antony and Cleopatra to seize power in the wake of Julius Caesar's death. Augustus ascended the throne in 31 B.C. and reigned as the first Roman emperor.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
Augustus established a monarchy known as the "principate," which was governed by an emperor who ruled for life. The legacy of Augustus included massive architectural renovations, social reforms and a formidable military force that dissuaded potential invaders from disturbing the peace and security of Rome.
Learn more about Ancient Rome
Related Questions


text:
Description of the funded project:
The project presented by BT-InnoVaChem deals with the scale-up of the bromothymol preparation process, with the aim of reducing production costs and environmental impact of the system. In particular, the activities that qualify the
- purchase of reactors to carry out large-scale preparation;
- purchase of reagents and solvents;
- expenses for exclusive licensing of the patent n° 10216000090701;
- purchase of lab-instruments useful for the product characterization (GC-MS and autosampler for NMR spectroscopy);
- R&D activities to further improve the production process.
The concrete objective of the project concerns the production – in an efficient, sustainable and economical way – of a new and effective antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic agent, such as bromothymol, so that it can be included
in the antimicrobial compounds market and it can be competitive compared to the other active ingredients already used.


text:
Doors and doorways have been symbolic across cultures for as long as history has been recorded. A door is both an entrance and an exit, so it has been associated with portals and passageways on many levels throughout history. Doors are closely related to gates and thresholds because the three share some very similar symbolic features and sometimes work together to create passage.
Doors were first seen in recorded history on paintings inside Egyptian tombs. The ancient Romans had advanced architectural elements and were known to have used single, double, sliding, and folding doors. The Roman god Janus was the god of doors and doorways, and also the god of beginnings, endings, transitions, gates, gateways, and time. Doors still continue to symbolize all of these elements today.
Entrances: A door is first and foremost an entrance. On a literal level a door usually leads to the inside of something, be it a house, building, or other structure. Within a structure itself a door serves as both an entrance and exit to other rooms, a passageway between rooms, and an exit from the structure. On a metaphorical level, a door can become an entrance to nearly anything, but it is most commonly used to symbolize the entrance to another world.
Beginnings: An open door has been a long-time symbol of a new beginning. An open door shows that there's a way out and can also provide a view of what lies ahead. A closed or locked door, on the other hand, can represent a dead end or create the feeling that there's no way out. A door can be a symbol of opportunity or one of imprisonment.
Transitions: A door or doorway symbolizes the transition and passageway from one place to another. A door is often used to symbolize the passage from one world to another in religion, mythology, and literature. A doorway may be used in lore and literature to symbolize a short transition, while a hallway might be used as a contrasting longer transition. Even when people literally use the door of a building to enter or exit the outside world, they are going through a type of transition each time.
Gateways: Doors and gates and doorways and gateways are very similar at a glance but show a few subtle differences upon examination. A gate is an open type of entrance; even when closed, a person can see what lies beyond a gate. A doorway, on the other hand, provides little view to the other side when closed. Doors are associated with privacy, control, and protection much more than a welcoming, open-view gate.
Thresholds: A threshold is typically a boundary and point at which two places meet. It is where two worlds come together and provide a point of passage. Reaching or crossing the threshold is associated with rebirth and leaving the past behind. A door can be used as a type of threshold to symbolize a boundary and separate two distinct places.
Endings: Just as a door that's an entrance represents a beginning, a door that's an exit represents an end. But while a door can symbolize an ending, it often dually symbolizes both an end and a new beginning, as well as a gateway to rebirth. And while a door may be found at the end of a long passageway, there's an element of hope that there's something on the other side.
Cultural Indications in Clichés: "Opportunity knocks" refers to the longer cliché of an opportunity knocking on one's door. As discussed above, doors represent opportunity, especially open ones. The rhetorical question Were you born in a barn? refers to a person who leaves the door wide open, suggesting that a door symbolizes a non-primitive culture. "Next door" is a saying referring to an adjacent home or building, suggesting that the door to the home is a symbol of the home itself.
Use the Door to Your Home to Symbolize the Home Itself
It's clear that a door can say a lot and hold a thousand meanings. You can use the door to your home to create meaning and symbolism that says something about you and your household. By choosing the right door, you can either draw attention to your home and give it added personality, or you can help it blend in and remain anonymous.
When choosing a door for your home, think about elements such as the color, materials, craftsmanship, hardware, and other accessories. What do the elements that stand out in your door say about you as a person, and how can you pick a door that will project your inner nature? Here are a few examples:
- A door with a peephole, for example, may suggest your need for a view to the outside world or to know what's on the other side of a door before you open it.
- A door with a knocker or doorbell invites visitors to knock loudly to see if you're at home or not, suggesting that you want to make sure you don't miss anyone.
- A door with wrought-iron fixtures is more rugged and masculine than a door with fine detail work in the woodwork or paint job.
- A colorfully painted metal or wooden door can also give your home a certain personality, while decorating a door can be very inviting to friends and strangers alike, showing that you have a welcoming and creative home.
This entry was posted on Friday, March 23rd, 2012 at 8:00 am
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From the very first meeting, we provide our Kent clients with a thorough analysis of their potential legal issues and take the time to tailor a legal strategy based on their specific needs and desires. Additionally, we make sure to keep our clients in the loop throughout the entire process, so they are comfortable every step of the way.
Nearly 200 years ago, what is now the City of Kent was two villages known as Carthage and Franklin Mills. The town fathers renamed the village "Kent" in 1864 to honor Marvin Kent who, in 1863, was responsible for bringing a railroad through town that played a major role in the village's development. Kent was incorporated as a village in 1867.
Kent became known as the "Tree City" when, in the late 1800s, John Davey, an expert horticulturalist, planted hundreds of trees throughout the City. He also trained people in the caring of the newly planted trees. Mr. Davey later founded the Davey Tree Company which is still in existence today.
Today, Kent is the largest city in Portage County and according to the 1990 census, the population is 28,835.
If you are in the following zip codes, give us a call, we would love to hear from you!
44240, 44242 and 44243


January, 2008
 - The Old New Thing
 No matter where you put an advanced setting, somebody will tell you that you are an idiot
 There are advanced settings in Windows, settings which normal users not only shouldn't be messing with, but which they arguably shouldn't even know about, because that would give them just enough knowledge to be dangerous. And no matter where you put that advanced setting, somebody will tell you that you are an idiot.
 Here they are on an approximate scale. If you dig through the comments on this blog, you can probably find every single position represented somewhere.
 1. It's okay if the setting is hidden behind a registry key. I know how to set it myself.
 2. I don't want to mess with the registry. Put the setting in a configuration file that I pass to the installer.
 3. I don't want to write a configuration file. The program should have an Advanced button that calls up a dialog which lets the user change the advanced setting.
 4. Every setting must be exposed in the user interface.
 5. Every setting must be exposed in the user interface by default. Don't make me call up the extended context menu.
 6. The first time the user does X, show users a dialog asking if they want to change the advanced setting.
 If you implement level N, people will demand that you implement level N+1. It doesn't stop until you reach the last step, which is aggressively user-hostile. (And then there will also be people who complain that you went too far.)
 From a technical standpoint, each of the above steps is about ten to a hundred times harder than the previous one. If you put it in a configuration file, you have to write code to load a parser and extract the value. If you want an Advanced button, now you have to write a dialog box (which is already a lot of work), consult with the usability and user assistance to come up with the correct wording for the setting, write help text, provide guidance to the translators, and now since it is exposed in the user interface, you need to write automated tests and add the setting to the test matrices. It's a huge amount of work to add a dialog box, work that could be spent on something that benefits a much larger set of customers in a more direct manner.
 That's why most advanced settings hang out at level 1 or, in the case of configuring program installation, level 2. If you're so much of a geek that you want to change these advanced settings, it probably won't kill you to fire up a text editor and write a little configuration file.
 Joel's count of "fifteen ways to shut down Windows" is a bit disingenuous, since he's counting six hardware affordances: "Four FN+key combinations... an on-off button... you can close the lid." Okay, fine, Joel, we'll play it your way. Your proposal to narrow it down to one "Bye" button, still leaves seven ways to shut down Windows.
 And then people will ask how to log off.
 - The Old New Thing
 In order to serve you better: Chase resets your marketing preferences
 Whenever a company says "In order to serve you better", you can be pretty sure they're about to do something that will make your life more miserable.
 This time, I'm going to call out Chase Financial Services, who recently sent out notices to customers who had specified that they did not want to receive marketing materials informing them that they now have greater control over which marketing materials they will receive, and the default is that they will receive everything. Strange, you'd think that if somebody said, "Don't send me marketing materials," then they probably meant "Don't send me marketing materials," and therefore that the translation of this into a "fine-grained control" is "no to everything." Because that's how they've interpreted it up until now anyway.
 Of course, the real reason they did this is to reset all their customer's preferences so they can start sending them advertising again. Notice that your opt-out choice must be renewed every five years. Hey, at least it's better than having to reiterate your preferences every three months like some companies require.
 - The Old New Thing
 Windows is not an MFC delivery channel
 Depending on what version of Windows you're running, there may be a variety of support DLLs for things that aren't formal product components, but which are merely along for the ride. For example, Windows 95 came with MFC30.DLL because the Fax Viewer was written with the help of MFC 3.0. But if you look at Windows 98, MFC30.DLL is gone.
 What happened?
 What happened is that Windows 98 didn't have a fax viewer that used MFC 3.0. The fact that some MFC 3.0 DLLs wound up on the machine with Windows 95 was merely a side effect of the implementation and not a part of the product specification. And in fact, if you chose not to install the Fax Viewer during Windows 95 setup, you wouldn't have gotten MFC30.DLL at all either, because MFC30.DLL wouldn't have been needed.
 We had a category of Windows 98 compatibility bugs from programs that assumed that MFC30.DLL was a contractual part of Windows. If the tester did a minimal install of Windows 95 and then installed the application, the application wouldn't run there either. The application vendor simply assumed that MFC was part of Windows, even though it wasn't. In other words, the program didn't work even on Windows 95. Is it a bug in Windows 98 if the program didn't work on Windows 95?
 This problem persists today. People go scrounging around the binaries that come with Windows looking for something they can remora. And then they're surprised when those binaries change or vanish entirely. For example, one customer had reverse-engineered the Kodak image viewer in Windows 2000 and wanted to keep using it in Windows XP. But those components are not included in Windows XP; the Kodak image viewer was merely a stopgap solution until the Windows XP fax and image viewer came along. (The linked Knowledge Base article has more information on that product.) I mention this because that customer, a Fortune 500 company, was trying to copy the files from Windows 2000 and install them onto a Windows XP machine and actually came to us asking for help in what may very well have been a violation of the Windows license agreement! (And certainly a violation of Microsoft's agreement with Kodak.)
 (I now predict that everybody will comment on the last two sentences and completely ignore the point of this article.)
 - The Old New Thing
 How does the calculator percent key work?
 The Windows calculator percent sign works the same way as those cheap pocket calculators (which are often called four-function calculators even though they have around six function nowadays). What you first have to understand is that the percent key on those pocket calculators was not designed for mathematicians and engineers. It was designed for your everyday person doing some simple calculations. Therefore, the behavior of the key to you, an engineer, seems bizarrely counter-intuitive and even buggy. But to an everyday person, it makes perfect sense. Or at least that's the theory.
 Let's look at it from the point of view of that everyday person. Suppose you want to compute how much a $72 sweater will cost after including 5% tax.¹ Pull out your handy pocket calculator² (or fire up Calc if you don't have a pocket calculator) and type
 72 + 5% =
 The result is 75.6, or $75.60, which is the correct answer, because 5% of 72 is 3.6. Add that to 72 and you get 75.6.
 Similarly, suppose that sweater was on sale at 20% off. What is the sale price?
 72 − 20% =
 The result is 57.6 or $57.60. This is the correct answer, because 20% of 72 is 14.4. Subtract that from 72 and you get 57.6.
 You can chain these percentage operations, too. For example, how much will you have to pay for that 20%-off sweater after adding 5% tax?
 72 − 20% + 5% =
 The result is 60.48. A mathematician or engineer would have calculated the same result via the equivalent computation:
 72 × 0.80 × 1.05 =
 Okay, now that we see how the calculator product designer intended the percent key to be used, let's look at what the calculator engineer it has to do in order to match the specification. When the user enters A + B % =, the result should be A × (1 + B/100) or A + (A × B/100) after you distribute the multiplication over the addition. Similarly, when the user enters A − B % =, the result should be A × (1 − B/100) or A − (A × B/100).
 Aha, the calculator engineer says, we can achieve this result by defining the percent key as follows:
 When the user enters a value, an operator, a second value, and then the percent key, the first two values are multiplied and the product divided by 100, and that result replaces the second value in


text:
Containers in dotCMS allow you to specify both what types of Content can be added to a Page and how content of each of those Content Types is displayed. Specifically, Containers allow you to perform the following important functions:
- Determine which Content Types a user can add to a Page.
- A user can not add content of a given Content Type to a Page unless the Page's Template includes a Container that accepts content of that type.
- Create blocks of code which are re-usable on multiple Templates.
- Containers (and especially Zero Content Containers) can contain code, which can then be shared among Templates and Pages by including the Container in multiple different Templates.
- Specify different and re-usable formatting and styling for each different Content Type that can be displayed in the Container.
- Individual content items are placed inside Containers, Containers are placed inside Templates, and Templates are placed inside Pages. So individual content items are ultimately displayed (and formatted) in Pages via Containers.
- You can also create different Containers that format and display the same Content Type in different ways (such as a summary view and a detailed view), allowing you to select how a Content Type is displayed in different Templates just by choosing the appropriate Container.
- Content Type Formatting
- Container Types
Content Type Formatting
Properly created containers control how the fields of each Content Type display on the Page (including whether or not each field of the Content Type is displayed at all). This ensures that content contributors don't have to worry about coding or CSS styling, and that all content of the same Content Type is displayed in the same way (even on multiple different pages). Content contributors simply contribute content by filling out each field available on the Content Type, and when the content is added to a Page it displays with the appropriate styling and selected fields for that Content Type.
Note: A given Container can only appear once in each Template, but each Container can be used on multiple different Templates (once in each Template).
There are two basic types of containers in dotCMS:
- Zero Content Containers do not have Content Types assigned to them.
- Content Containers allow content creators to add Content of certain Content Types to them.
Zero Content Containers (Headers, Footers, Side Navigation, etc.)
Zero Content Containers do not have Content Types assigned to them. The Max Contents property of the Container must be set to 0, and content contributors will not be able to add content to them.
Content Containers allow content creators to add individual content items to them. Content Container properties define all of the following:
- Which Content Types can be contributed to the Container.
- You may add one or more Content Types to the Container, and individual content items of all the added Content Types can be added to the Container.
- How content of each allowable Content Type should be formatted when added to the page (e.g. which fields of the Content Type should be shown and how they should be displayed).
- How many pieces of content can be contributed to the Container on a single Page.
- The total number of individual content items of all allowable Content Types that can be added to the container.
- Whether the content can edited through the inline editing mode.
- Which users have Permission to contribute content to the Container.
If the Max. Contents property is set to any number higher than zero, then the following Container properties can be set on a Content Container:


text:
Frankly speaking, you cannot create a Linux partition larger than 2 TB using the fdisk command. The fdisk won't create partitions larger than 2 TB. This is fine for desktop and laptop users, but on server you need a large partition. For example, you cannot create 3TB or 4TB partition size (RAID based) using the fdisk command. It will not allow you to create a partition that is greater than 2TB. In this tutorial, you will learn more about creating Linux filesystems greater than 2 Terabytes to support enterprise grade operation under any Linux distribution.
To solve this problem use GNU parted command with GPT. It supports Intel EFI/GPT partition tables. Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of the partition table on a physical hard disk. It is a part of the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) standard proposed by Intel as a replacement for the outdated PC BIOS, one of the few remaining relics of the original IBM PC. EFI uses GPT where BIOS uses a Master Boot Record (MBR).
(Fig.01: Diagram illustrating the layout of the GUID Partition Table scheme. Each logical block (LBA) is 512 bytes in size. LBA addresses that are negative indicate position from the end of the volume, with −1 being the last addressable block. Imaged Credit Wikipedia)
Linux GPT Kernel Support
EFI GUID Partition support works on both 32bit and 64bit platforms. You must include GPT support in kernel in order to use GPT. If you don't include GPT support in Linux kernelt, after rebooting the server, the file system will no longer be mountable or the GPT table will get corrupted. By default Redhat Enterprise Linux / CentOS comes with GPT kernel support. However, if you are using Debian or Ubuntu Linux, you need to recompile the kernel. Set CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION to y to compile this feature.
File Systems Partition Types [*] Advanced partition selection [*] EFI GUID Partition support (NEW)....
Find Out Current Disk Size
Type the following command:
# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = _PHONE_ bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
Linux Create 3TB partition size
To create a partition start GNU parted as follows:
# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 2.3 Using /dev/sdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted)
Creates a new GPT disklabel i.e. partition table:
(parted) mklabel gpt
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue? Yes/No? yes (parted)
Next, set the default unit to TB, enter:
(parted) unit TB
To create a 3TB partition size, enter:
(parted) mkpart primary 0 0
(parted) mkpart primary 0.00TB 3.00TB
To print the current partitions, enter:
Model: ATA ST33000651AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 3.00TB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 0.00TB 3.00TB 3.00TB ext4 primary
Quit and save the changes, enter:
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
Use the mkfs.ext3 or mkfs.ext4 command to format the file system, enter:
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 183148544 inodes, 732566272 blocks 36628313 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=_PHONE_ 22357 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Type the following commands to mount /dev/sdb1, enter:
# mkdir /data
# mount /dev/sdb1 /data
# df -H
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdc1 16G 819M 14G 6% / tmpfs 1.6G 0 1.6G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 1.6G 123k 1.6G 1% /dev tmpfs 1.6G 0 1.6G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sdb1 3.0T 211M 2.9T 1% /data
Make sure you replace /dev/sdb1 with actual RAID or Disk name or Block Ethernet device such as /dev/etherd/e0.0. Do not forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary. Also note that booting from a GPT volume requires support in your BIOS / firmware. This is not supported on non-EFI platforms. I suggest you boot server from another disk such as IDE / SATA / SSD disk and store data on /data.
- How Basic Disks and Volumes Work (little outdated but good to understand basic concept)
- GUID Partition Table from the Wikipedia
- man pages parted
Updated for accuracy!
- 30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux / Unix / Mac OS X
- Top 30 Nmap Command Examples For Sys/Network Admins
- 25 PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins
- 20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know
- 20 Linux Server Hardening Security Tips
- Linux: 20 Iptables Examples For New SysAdmins
- Top 20 OpenSSH Server Best Security Practices
- Top 20 Nginx WebServer Best Security Practices
- 20 Examples: Make Sure Unix / Linux Configuration Files Are Free From Syntax Errors
- 15 Greatest Open Source Terminal Applications Of 2012
- My 10 UNIX Command Line Mistakes
- Top 10 Open Source Web-Based Project Management Software
- Top 5 Email Client For Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows Users
- The Novice Guide To Buying A Linux Laptop


Issue a Customer Refund as a Credit
You need to issue a customer refund as a credit. This can happen for several reasons but lets use the example of a customer paid to much for an item.
To issue a Customer credit you would follow the same steps as a customer return with one exception. The only line item on the return is the REFUND item that you will need to create.
1. Create a new item called REFUND. This item will be an other charge item.
2. Create a new Customer Return. Add REFUND as your line item and enter the price of the item the same as the refund.
3. When you approve this Customer Return Order Time will create a credit memo in your accounting system.
For more information on a customer return see: Customer Returns


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Venison is the name given to any of the species of deer sold as meat in the UK. The lean, red meat is low in fat and full of flavour and has become popular and widely available. Deer can be classified as wild deer, park deer (reared in herds that roam parklands) or farmed deer (rearing varies from free-range to intensive). The most common varieties of deer in the UK are red, fallow and roe.
There is little difference in taste between wild and farmed deer, although farmed venison is more likely to be younger, a little milder in flavour and perhaps slightly fattier; wild venison may be slightly tougher but more flavoursome. Farmed venison is available all year. Wild venison is also available almost year round, as the different species have different seasons.
Venison can be substituted for beef in most recipes. The most popular cuts for roasting are the saddle, loin, fillet and haunch (leg). Because the meat is so lean it needs careful cooking; quick roasting is ideal. Tougher cuts (shoulder, neck and shin) should be braised or stewed or made into mince for venison burgers or sausages. Non-native imports include chital, a spotted deer that's imported from Bangladesh, and can be cooked in the same way as British venison.
Article by Louisa Carter


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causes double bonds to migrate to new positions along the carbon chain, where there were formerly no double bonds in the hydrogenated oil. When the double bond in oleic acid moves from the normal ninth position to the less common 11th position, oleic acid is transformed into vaccenic acid, a new positional isomer.
All positional isomers are also geometric, i.e. trans. [Only trans? Positional isomers also have trans or cis configurations? descriptions??] Hydrogenation typically changes the geometrical and/or positional configuration of 10-50% of the molecules in an oil and generally creates 6-12 new trans isomers that did not exist in the natural, unprocessed oil. Selective hydrogenation further increases the quantity of trans isomers.
The position of the double bond affects the melting point of a fatty acid to a limited extent, but the geometric configuration of the double bond affects it dramatically. For example, the most common trans isomer, trans -oleic acid or elaidic acid, has a melting point of 43.5°C, as compared to 13.5°C for its geometric counterpart cis -oleic acid. Thus oleic acid is a liquid at temperatures considerably below room temperature, while elaidic acid remains a solid even at temperatures above room temperature--as befits a margarine. A second difference is that trans forms are generally less reactive and thus more resistance to oxidation than cis forms. Third, the human body tends to metabolize trans isomers almost as if they were saturated fats (Meyer 1974 disagrees??), even though they are generally monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, and may be listed as such in the product composition. Fourth, the cis isomer is physically more flexible than the trans (Irene disagrees??). It is folded back on itself in a sort of zigzag shape, whereas the trans isomer is more stretched out. The greater rigidity of the trans isomer is thought by some to affect its metabolism in cell membranes, as discussed later.
The amount of isomerization that occurs during hydrogenation can be regulated by adjusting the type of catalyst used, the degree of hydrogenation, and the conditions of time, temperature, and pressure. However it is not possible to eliminate trans isomers during hydrogenation. In some hydrogenated products trans acids are considered a plus factor, in others a drawback. For example, margarine and shortening makers have long known that increasing the proportion of trans isomers in their product gives the desired higher melting point with a lesser degree of hydrogenation. It is interesting to note that ordinary margarine contains only a trace of more saturated fats than the oil from which it is made. It is harder largely because of the higher level of trans -unsaturated fatty acids. Adding fairly large amounts of trans simplifies formulation problems by giving a quality product that melts at about mouth temperature, has a good mouthfeel, and spreads well. However, there is considerable controversy as to whether all this trans gives the most healthful product, as discussed below. On the other hand, makers of lightly hydrogenated soy cooking and salad oils try to minimize trans formation because of the higher crystallization losses they cause during winterization.
A very precise terminology has been developed for use in discussing trans and cis fatty acid isomers. Some of the more important saturated fatty acids and the cis and trans forms of unsaturated fatty acids are shown in Figure??. Basic information on fatty acids is given in Chapter 47.
Common Name Systematic Name Symbolic Notation
Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic 16:0
Stearic acid Octadecanoic 18:0
Oleic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic 9c-18:1
Elaidic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic 9t-18:1
Vaccenic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic 11t-18:1
Linoleic acid cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic 9c,12c-18:2
Trans diene trans-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic?? 9t,12c-18:2
Conjugated diene cis-9,trans-11-Octadecadienoic?? 9c,11t-18:2
Linolenic acid cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-Octadecatrienoic 9c,12c,15c-18:3
First find oleic acid. Our terminology tells us that this is a monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the basic chain. The single double bond is a cis double bond in the ninth position, i.e. nine carbon bonds from the terminal methyl (CH3) group on the carbon chain. Second, note that we have listed only two common trans forms; there are many other monounsaturated and diunsaturated trans forms, but two will suffice here to illustrate basic principles of terminology. Third, note that elaidic acid is the trans isomer of oleic acid; it is not a positional isomer, since in each case the double bond is in the ninth position. Vaccinic acid, however, is a positional trans isomer??, since the double bond is two positions away from the natural ninth position. Fourth, note what happens when linolenic acid is hydrogenated to linoleic, then linoleic to oleic. In each case, the double bond with the highest number (i.e. furthest from the methyl end of the carbon chain) is hydrogenated and thus eliminated as a double bond; how orderly! Fifth, the cis-trans configuration of diunsaturated fatty acids (dienes) is more reactive with oxygen than the usual cis-cis form, so that during hydrogenation one usually attempts to keep the former to a minimum. The conjugated diene, in which the two double bonds are separated by a single group of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms, with only one single bond (i.e. 9-11, or 10-12), is much more reactive toward oxygen than double bonds separated by the usual two single bonds (i.e. 9-12) (Bai?ley 1951, p. 9).
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H
Nonconjugated fatty Conjugated fatty
acid chain acid chain
Although trans fatty acids are not generally found in unhydrogenated vegetable oils or in plants, and they are not produced or synthesized in the bodies of humans and most other mammals, they are found to exist naturally in the fat of various ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats; here they are thought to be formed via biohydrogenation by microorganisms in the animal's rumen. The butter and fat of cattle typically contain 5-10% trans fatty acids, and these are consumed by humans who drink milk or eat butter, tallow, or beef. It is important to note, however, that the predominant trans fatty acid in ruminant fat (vaccenic acid; 11 t- 18:1) is not the same as the predominant trans fatty acid produced by hydrogenation of vegetable oil (elaidic acid; 9 t- 18:1). Also the trans fatty acids in ruminant fats and hydrogenated oils have different distributions of positional isomers. However, minute amounts of all the trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated oils are also found in ruminant fats, such as milk (Patton and Jensen 1975) and minute amounts of trans fatty acids have even been found in the leaves and seeds of several types of plants. The body metabolizes each type of trans acid differently. Strictly speaking, then, the trans fatty acids produced in hydrogenated oils are not "unnatural" in the sense that minute amounts are found here and there in nature, but they are "unnatural" in the sense that they are not found in the natural oils in which they are produced during processing.
The main source of trans fatty acids in most diets is hydrogenated vegetable oils; trans acids constitute roughly 30-35% of the fatty acids in stick margarine, 14% in soft-tub margarine, and 11% in soy cooking and salad oils (ref??). Note that in hydrogenating soy oil to make a salad or cooking oil, the iodine value is reduced from 130-110, polyunsaturates are reduced by about 30%, monounsaturates are roughly doubled, but saturated fatty acids are essentially unchanged. About 11% of the fatty acids are trans isomers and in 24% of the fatty acids (not shown), the positions of the double bonds migrate (ref??).
In summary, then, the typical Westerner consumes trans fatty acids from two sources: hydrogenated oils and ruminant animal fats. A 1974 study in Germany estimated that 35-45% of the trans intake originated in ruminant fats (Applewhite 1981). It was estimated in 1975 that the trans fatty acid content of the fat in the average American diet was about 8%; most of this was contributed by hydrogenated vegetable oil products (Kummerow 1975; FASEB 1976). Rizek et al. (1974) estimated that in the period from 1937 to 1972 per capita annual consumption of trans fatty acids increased by 81%, from 6.3-11.4 gm. During the same period per capita consumption of vegetable oils and fats increased by only 64% (from 36-59 gm).
Composition of


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By Linda Harris, Center City District Philadelphia
Janet Echelman determined to create moving columns of atomized water for her public sculpture Pulse after delving into the history of Philadelphia's Centre Square, one of William Penn's original five squares. Echelman's unique work, to be showcased in the $50 million transformation of Dilworth Plaza adjacent to City Hall, is a direct reference to the site's long-standing association with water, especially the history-making pump house of the Centre Square Water Works, which began operating in 1801on the site where City Hall now stands. Echelman's atomized water, illuminated by colorful LED light, mimics steam mist, a tribute to the steam engines used to pump the water and, later, the steam-driven trains arriving at and departing from the Pennsylvania Railroad station located directly across the street.
In the late 18th century, Philadelphians were struggling with recurring bouts of Yellow Fever, especially the epidemic of 1793, which killed about 10% of the city's population. The disease and filth of the city caused the citizens to demand a solution, and leaders formed a "watering committee." Clean water for drinking and for cleaning had become a top priority.
British-born architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe was commissioned to create a way to distribute water to the city. Latrobe designed a handsome neoclassical pump house, to be built in Centre Square. The water pumps used steam engine technology, cutting-edge science at the time. The first pump moved water out of the Schuylkill River via a tunnel and the second helped distribute it throughout the city. Latrobe also created a network of wooden pipes that followed the street patterns so that residents could connect to the pipes to access the water. Philadelphia thus became the first city in the country to establish a comprehensive water-delivery system.
The steam engines proved expensive, temperamental and unreliable, often breaking down and disrupting the water supply. The Centre Square Water Works lasted only about a decade, but it was an important first step in the wholesale distribution of fresh water to the citizenry and was the forerunner of the more enduring Fairmount Water Works, still in existence, now as a museum, on the Schuylkill River. Latrobe went on to help engineer the building of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.
Janet Echelman's sculpture, with its reference to this historic turning point in the management of water to improve people's daily lives, will establish Dilworth Plaza among the great public places in the country. Well known for reshaping urban space with large suspended woven structures that respond to environmental forces, Echelman was inspired by Centre Square's historic narrative and charted a new path of expression.
Commissioned by the Center City District, Echelman's first work using moving curtains of illuminated atomized water will be integrated into Dilworth Plaza's new, 11,600-square-foot fountain. The moving five-foot-tall curtains of mist will trace above ground the real-time movement of the three transit lines that run beneath City Hall (more on this in the next blog), will create both a playful and animated embellishment on the fountain and highlight the existence of a transit system that brings 300,000 passengers into Center City each day. The installation of Pulse will ensure that the $50 million transformation of Dilworth Plaza will become a uniquely memorable public space, thanks to support from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.
The $400,000 grant to the Center City District, which will enable the installation of Echelman's sculpture, is part of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation's Knight Arts Challenge, a $9 million initiative funding innovative projects that engage and enrich Philadelphia's communities.
Construction on Dilworth Plaza began in January 2012, and will be completed in spring 2014. The plaza will be transformed from an inaccessible, multi-level, unattractive, hard-surface plaza into a sustainable, well-maintained, green public space with no stairs or barriers from the street. The new plaza will have a large lawn, tree groves, a programmable fountain showcasing Echelman's artwork, and a café with outdoor seating.
The Center City District, a private-sector organization dedicated to making Center City Philadelphia clean, safe and attractive, is committed to maintaining Center City's competitive edge as a regional employment center, a quality place to live, and a premier regional destination for dining, shopping and cultural attractions.
Find us at _URL_, Facebook, and Twitter _USER_. For photos, videos, and more information about Dilworth Plaza and Janet Echelman's artwork, please click here.


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Six New Characters Foster Global Citizenship From A Floating Island
Panwapa helps children gain empathy for others while encouraging a broader international perspective.
When New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that October 10, 2007 was officially "Panwapa Day" in New York City, it was one of many such celebrations around the world. Political leaders also celebrated in Mexico City, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and London, marking the launch of a multimedia project designed to foster global citizenship to today's fourto seven-year-olds, while encouraging community participation.
Answering the need for a child-oriented global awareness curriculum
The road to these celebrations began in London, where Sesame Workshop and the Merrill Lynch Foundation together hatched a plan to bring a global awareness curriculum to kids. They did so knowing that there was very little media available to children that would help them make sense of our ever-changing world. For example, there was no curriculum available that would teach children about the economic disparity between countries and people. Sesame Workshop was eager to play a role in developing a safe virtual environment where children could strike out on adventures, meet new people, and learn about different countries.
Sesame Workshop producer Emily Reardon was one Panwapa team member who saw what the Workshop could bring to the table.
"It seemed citizenship was not addressed in children's media and Sesame Workshop was in a position to start talking about [the issue] in a playful but researched way," Reardon says.
The Workshop had an enthusiastic partner in the Merrill Lynch Foundation, which had just established its Global Ambassadors program to engage teens in global issues and teach them diplomacy; Panwapa is a way for the foundation to expand this sensibility to younger children.
The advisory panel established five educational goals for Panwapa, following the major points that educators have identified as central to global citizenship:
- Increase children's awareness of the wider world around them
- Encourage children to appreciate similarities and value differences between themselves and others
- Instill a sense of responsibility for one's own actions
- Encourage active community participation
- Increase understanding of and response to economic disparity
At its core, Panwapa is a multimedia initiative that harnesses the efforts of international educators and media producers to help children gain the perspectives and competencies that form the basis of becoming global citizens.
The Panwapa experience
When a child visits Panwapa.com, she is transported to Panwapa Island, a floating island that travels the world's oceans. On Panwapa Island, children and their caregivers enter the virtual Panwapa community and meet new Panwapa Muppet friends, including Athena the Owl and Azibo the Monster. Children can then "travel" safely around the world and visit with Panwapa Kids from other countries. They can also watch interactive movies, learn words in other languages, and go on international treasure hunts to collect themed trading cards.
When a child visits Panwapa.com, she can also design her own Panwapa Kid, an avatar that will represent her throughout her journeys on the site. She can choose from an array of body colors, eyes, mouths, hairstyles, shoes, and outfits; instructions on the site encourage children to experiment with different combinations. A child's avatar might look and dress similar to the actual child, or it might look like someone from another culture, or even like an astronaut or a dragon.
After the child creates a Panwapa Kid, it's time to build a Panwapa home. The child can choose the shape, building materials, and surrounding landscape for his home. When the home is built, the child is ready to go out and visit other Panwapa Kids at their homes.
As the child explores Panwapa World, she will encounter "information booths" in some countries that feature fascinating cultural and geographical highlights about those places.
Developing a site from a global perspective
When developing the project, the Panwapa team put a high value on making sure every child would feel represented.
Panwapa Executive Director Brett Pierce recalls, "The challenge of creating this site is creating it from a global perspective. We had a strong sense that we were creating something new. There's nothing like this in other languages."
Pierce says that the breakthrough idea was the floating island. In order for the project to be global, Panwapa Island could not be rooted in one place, associated with one particular region. As a floating body, Panwapa is free to visit different climates, meet different people and animals, and hear different languages. Content was developed in five languages simultaneously: English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic, and producers considered every detail of the project from multiple points of view.
The project also includes a DVD with original Panwapa Island adventures, and print materials including a caregiver guide, which is offered in the project's five languages. These diverse print materials aim to inspire children to make an active change in their neighborhood.
The unique curriculum is already a success with teachers, and Pierce notes that due to teachers' overwhelming response, Sesame Workshop developed a full set of curriculum materials to help teachers bring Panwapa's lessons into the classroom.
"We weren't going to develop any formal set of lesson plans," says Pierce, "It was the teachers who said, "I was looking for this!"
Pierce, Reardon, and the rest of the Panwapa team are excited to take the floating island further into the unknown, and to increase its social networking and gaming activities.
With more and more Panwapa Kids joining the site each day, Pierce already considers Panwapa a success.
"Watching six brand new characters come to life in a vibrant setting who are playfully working through these issues with a global resonance, and then empowering the child to do the same online… this was a dream project," he says.
Panwapa is available as a free download on iTunes and as a free video on demand (VOD) via PBS KIDS Sprout.
Merrill Lynch Foundation, Boeing Global Corporate Citizenship, The Annenberg Foundation


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How to Animate Photos
While several computer programs allow you to turn still photographic images into animated films, the process is also possible using simple handheld devices. Optical toys popular in the 19th century brought to life still photographic images. The thaumatrope (a card that spins), flip book, and zoetrope (a drum that spins) depend on the persistence of vision to blend individual images, thereby creating the illusion of continuous motion.
In our web resources, How to Make a Zoetrope provides detailed information to build a zoetrope drum and animation strips. You can watch examples of thaumatropes and flpbooks in Photographic Flip Books and Photographic Thaumatropes, and can view historic and contemporary stereo cards in Stereo Cards.
The Reframing Photography book provides step-by-step instructions for making thaumatropes and flip books. For additional resources and examples of pre-cinematic animation devices, check out the Pre-Cinematic Animation Devices page in our Resources > Topics section of this website.


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Pediatric Emergency Health Care Providers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences Regarding Emergency Contraception
Abstract:ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:605–612 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives:
The objective was to describe knowledge, attitudes, and experiences regarding emergency contraception (EC) among pediatric emergency health care providers (HCPs). Methods:
This multicenter, focus group study elicited thoughts and experiences from pediatric emergency HCPs about EC. Participants were physicians, nurse practitioners (NPs), and nurses in one of three urban, geographically distinct, pediatric emergency departments (EDs). A professional moderator used a semistructured format for sessions, which were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for recurrent themes. Participants provided demographic information and completed a written survey evaluating EC knowledge. Results:
Eighty-five HCPs (41 physicians, eight NPs, and 36 nurses) participated in 12 focus groups. Overall knowledge about EC was poor. Participants identified barriers including cost, privacy, knowledge, and provider refusal. Provision of EC for adolescents was supported by the majority of physicians and NPs; however, many nurses were not supportive, especially following consensual intercourse. The authors identified use of social judgment by nurses as a novel barrier to EC provision. The majority of HCPs did not support screening for potential EC need. The majority of physicians and NPs felt obligated to provide adolescents with all contraceptive options, while more nurses supported provider refusal to provide EC. Conclusions:
This study identified important HCP perceptions and barriers about EC provision in the pediatric ED. These findings may inform future efforts to improve EC provision for adolescents. Specifically, future studies to evaluate the differences in attitudes between nurses, physicians, and NPs, and the use of social judgment in EC provision, are warranted.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: June 1, 2011