The Call of the Open Sidewalk
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Could Age Replace OpenPGP?
Age is a utility and library to do public key and symmetrical encryption/decryption in a simple and straightforward way1). The idea that age could replace OpenPGP comes up from time to time.
OpenPGP based systems are used for multiple purposes…
In terms of actual use, this is probably the most important function of OpenPGP. The value here is mostly the well supported and standardized signature standard provided by OpenPGP. Age does not do signing at all.
Age is obviously not intended for this purpose.
Messaging is all about identities. Age provides no identity management at all. Again, it doesn't even do signatures.
Age is obviously not intended for this purpose either.
Email already has two working and widely implemented encryption standards (OpenPGP and S/MIME). Messaging is mostly about standards. Even if someone were to build out age to do messaging it would be irresponsible to promote it as a third standard for email.
Encrypted Backups
This (and encrypted long term storage in general) is where age has purpose. Let's say you use GnuPG as an OpenPGP implementation to encrypt a backup, that backup becomes corrupt and then you use this command line to decrypt it and unarchive it all in one go:
$ gpg2 -d backup.tgz.pgp | tar xz
GnuPG then dumps the unencrypted file, corruption and all, to tar. When it hits the end it does an integrity check which would fail with this message:
 gpg: WARNING: encrypted message has been manipulated!
Then GnuPG would return an error.
The issue here is that tar might of had to deal with garbage for input. A potentially more serious issue would be if a malicious entity had enough knowledge of the unencrypted backup to allow them to modify files and/or file locations in a purposeful way. This might be a concern if you store your backups on a server that is not under your control.
Age does an integrity check every 64KB along the encrypted stream. If the integrity check fails then it does not release the bad 64KB chunk and errors out thus truncating the output. This allows an attacker to terminate your process at any point they choose. The assumption here is that no data or partial data is better than bad data.
The solution to the GnuPG bad data and the age truncated data is the same. Check the integrity of the input file before attempting to do anything with it. I would think this step would be mandatory in a case where there is a possibility that someone might attempt to modify your encrypted file(s). A manual integrity check could be as simple as running GnuPG and dumping the output to see if an error message shows up:
$ gpg2 -d backup.tgz.pgp >/dev/null
Data Recovery
To be clear, "recovery" here is the sifting of good data from bad. Neither age or GnuPG can regenerate good data from redundant bad data.
Here is what this would look like in practice using the example of a single flipped bit near the start of the encrypted file. First age:
$ age -d -i key.txt -o totc_out.txt totc.txt.age
Error: chacha20poly1305: message authentication failed
[ Did age not do what you expected? Could an error be more useful? Tell us: ]
$ ls -l totc_out.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 operator operator 0 Dec 25 12:53 totc_out.txt
Age has returned a zero length file. Those that have spent time maintaining backups for others might be suffering some vicarious anxiety at this point. A single bit error has nerfed the entire backup. There is no recovery mode or utility available for age which makes the recovery capability provided by your compression utility2) worthless.
The published standard for age 3) is incomplete. I was not able to determine if a recovery utility was even possible as the standard does not provide a description of how the 64KB chunks relate to one another. Creating a recovery utility would be harder due to this lack of documentation.
It is quite common for media problems to result in the loss of one or more media blocks. Since the 64k chunk used by age is likely going to be larger, an age recovery process would require a search for the start of the next chunk.
Now GnuPG:
$ gpg2 -d totc.txt.pgp >totc_out.txt
gpg: encrypted with 2048-bit RSA key, ID B456C3BB5A48A0EA, created 2020-06-01
 "BACKUP "
 gpg: WARNING: encrypted message has been manipulated!
$ ls -l totc_out.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 operator operator 807615 Dec 25 15:26 totc_out.txt
Here is the damage to the text:
Norway, there were growing trees, wheo tRZQ^Z^\'s^Q.3ACs put to death,
So we have lost 5 words out of 800KB of text4). This is an example of a somewhat unknown and under appreciated feature of the type of encryption used in OpenPGP. It is self-synchronizing in the face of corruption. The "chunk" in this case is only going to be something like 16 bytes which is going to be shorter than the media block so there is no search required to find the next good "chunk". As a result, no recovery mode or utility is required for GnuPG in almost all cases. Recovery is automatic with a provided warning and returned error.
At this point you might want to consider how often longer term backups end up with bad sections. Then consider how many attackers exist with sufficient skill, combined with sufficient knowledge of the organization and content of your backups to do reliable changes. Attackers that are willing to have their efforts revealed after the first attempt. This would seem to be where OpenPGP is superior to age.
File Substitution
Public key encryption has a generic consideration that is quite relevant here. Anyone with access to the public key can easily create a file that will pass any file modification tests … because after all that file has not been modified after creation. You can try to keep the public key secret but a public key design does not guarantee thatthe public key can not be derived from the encrypted material. That guarantee only applies to the secret key. So an attacker can skip the bother of attempting to overcome the authentication and just replace the file with whatever they want.
The traditional fix for this weakness is to cryptographically sign the file … and, once again, age does not do signatures. An age user would need to go through the process of finding a separate signing utility and would have to apply it correctly while using a separate signature file. A GnuPG user would only have to add a -s option while encrypting and would have an integrated signature protected by the encryption. No further effort would be required on the part of the GnuPG user. A good signature message would appear automatically after decryption.
Age should be considered where a simple encryption utility is needed that will not under any circumstances release unauthenticated data. Where that behaviour is undesirable, such as for encrypted backups, something based on OpenPGP would be preferred.
PGP FAN index
The commonly used bzip2 compression utility for example is specifically designed to be recoverable and comes with the bzip2recover command.
GnuPG noticed that I was encrypting text and helpfully compressed it thus eliminating my example. The addition of a --compress-algo none option at encrypt time was required. Almost all backups are separately compressed. GnuPG will not recompress input. So GnuPG still gets credit for good recoverablity for the backup case using default options.
pgpfan/agevspgp.txt · Last modified: 2021/08/01 14:26 by b.walzer


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Who Can Apply:
- Richard "88 Fingers" Turner, Jr. is a beloved husband and talented pianist.
- Known for his dexterity and musical talent, Richard has inspired the next generation of aspiring African American musicians. In order to truly thrive in the industry, it's critical for musicians to have a strong educational foundation, which can often be inaccessible due to the high cost of college.
- This scholarship seeks to honor Richard Turner, Jr. by supporting African American musicians in their pursuit of education.
- Any African American two or four-year undergraduate student who is pursuing a music degree and career may apply for this scholarship.
Submission: To apply, submit a 2-3 minute video of yourself performing.
Deadline: August 1, 2023
Learn More: _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Video Modeling: Combining Dynamic Model Simulations with Traditional Video Analysis Documents
The Tracker video analysis program allows users to overlay simple dynamic particle models on a video clip. In a typical video modeling experiment students capture and open a digital video file, calibrate the scale, and define appropriate coordinate axes just as for traditional video analysis. But instead of tracking objects with the mouse, students define theoretical force expressions and initial conditions for a dynamic model simulation that synchronizes with and draws itself on the video. The behavior of the model is thus compared directly with that of the real-world motion. Tracker uses the Open Source Physics code library so sophisticated models are possible. Video modeling offers advantages over both traditional video analysis and simulation-only modeling. This paper includes video modeling experiments produced by students in an Introductory Mechanics course.
- Download video_modeling.pdf - 370kb Adobe PDF Document
Last Modified August 12, 2008

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'
Wikipedia is loaded with articles on space. And now Wikipedia is in space, too — specifically, as an asteroid newly named "Wikipedia." The Committee for Small Body Nomenclature has renamed a main belt asteroid, previously labeled number 274301, with an official moniker: Henceforth, it's known as Wikipedia.
Astronomers at the Audrushivka Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine first spotted the asteroid in August 2008. Observatories in Caussols-ODAS in France and Mt. Lemmon Survey and Steward Observatory in Arizona also observed the asteroid. The Committee handed down the official name on Jan. 27, based on a suggestion from a member of the Wikimedia Foundation in Ukraine.
Researchers also posted some scientific facts about Wikipedia (the asteroid), including its measurement of one to two kilometers (about a mile) in diameter and its orbit, which takes it around the sun every 3.68 Earth years. And it won't collide with Earth, so no need to call Bruce Willis.
Astronomers around the world, and at NASA, regularly scan the night sky in order to search for near-Earth asteroids and other objects that could potentially pose an impact threat to Earth. (The latest, with the less-elegant name "2012 DA14," is due to pass within 17,200 miles of the Earth on Feb. 15.)


text: "With its star-shaped beak and five-toed claws, the Spiderbird is an anomaly of the avian kingdom. It previously lived a strange life bound in solitude. Restricted to specific habitats, the Spiderbird has trouble mating, females ovulate only briefly and males do not survive copulation in order to spawn again. Lady Spiderbirds must produce many eggs to lower the mortality rate of its kind. These gelatinous eggs are highly vulnerable to predation, so she protects her sacred brood in massive, elaborate nestwebs ranging up to five feet tall and several feet wide. Thankfully, the life of the Spiderbird is looking less grim as a new phenomenon has recently been uncovered. Flocks of likeminded mother Spiderbirds are intertwining nestwebs to further insulate and cradle their clutch while trapping predators. This new adaptation showcases the deep capacities of motherhood, partnership and the intrinsic will to survive. This communal nestweb represents the first of its kind observed in captivity."


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You must login before you can run this tool.
The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming and optimization. It consists of a language compiler and a stable of integrated high-performance solvers.
The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is specifically designed for modeling linear, nonlinear and mixed integer optimization problems. The system is especially useful with large, complex problems.
GAMS is especially useful for handling large, complex, one-of-a-kind problems which may require many revisions to establish an accurate model. The system models problems in a highly compact and natural way. The user can change the formulation quickly and easily, can change from one solver to another, and can even convert from linear to nonlinear with little trouble.
GAMS lets the user concentrate on modeling. By eliminating the need to think about purely technical machine-specific problems such as address calculations, storage assignments, subroutine linkage, and input-output and flow control, GAMS increases the time available for conceptualizing and running the model, and analyzing the results. GAMS structures good modeling habits itself by requiring concise and exact specification of entities and relationships. The GAMS language is formally similar to commonly used programming languages. It is therefore familiar to anyone with programming experience.
Using GAMS, data are entered only once in familiar list and table form. Models are described in concise algebraic statements which are easy for both humans and machines to read. Whole sets of closely related constraints are entered in one statement. GAMS automatically generates each constraint equation, and lets the user make exceptions in cases where generality is not desired. Statements in models can be reused without having to change the algebra when other instances of the same or related problems arise. The location and type of errors are pinpointed before a solution is attempted. GAMS handles dynamic models involving time sequences, lags and leads and treatment of temporal endpoints.


What Day Is Opposite Day?
What day of the week is opposite day?
Opposite Day ObservancesFun Holiday: Opposite Day ObservancesYearWeekdayDate2020SatJan 252021MonJan 252022TueJan 257 more rows.
What is opposite day at school?
4. "A Day of Opposites" is a creative writing prompt that asks students to write about a day they have in which EVERYTHING is OPPOSITE. Looking for other activities to use in the classroom in the coming weeks?
Is National Hug Day today?
National Hug Day or National Hugging Day occurs on January 21st and is officially recognized by the United States Copyright Office, but is not a public holiday. The purpose of the day is to help everyone show more emotion in public.
What is the opposite of Christmas?
What is the opposite of Christmas?departureleavehegiraleavingpartingretreatfleeingflightretirementwithdrawal6 more rows
Who started opposite day?
President Calvin CoolidgeThe origin of National Opposite Day is unknown however there are references dating back to President Calvin Coolidge in the 1920's. In the 1928 election, Coolidge made a statement to the press announcing, "I do not choose to run".
How do people celebrate Opposite Day?
10 Ways to Celebrate Opposite DayBreakfast for Dinner. Pancakes, bacon, and eggs are the clear choice for dinner on opposite day. … Wear Your Clothes Backwards. Let your kids dress silly for the day. … Baths in the Morning. I live and die by my schedule. … Engage in silly conversation. … Eat Dessert First. … Lefty Righty. … Cup Swap. … Picture Time.More items…•
How do you dress like a boy for the opposite day?
Turn t-shirts, pants, shorts, skirts or dresses inside out. Wear button-up shirts, dresses or baseball hats backwards. Mix things up by wearing each item of clothing in a different direction to create even more opposites. For example, combine a backwards shirt with inside out pants.
Why do we celebrate Opposite Day?
Did SpongeBob create opposite day?
SpongeBob Squarepants' 1999 "Opposite Day" episode was the basis for the rise of the "game" in my experience. Before this episode aired I had never played it, and after it I engaged in playing the game many times. … The 86th episode of "Seinfeld" in 1994 also had a similar theme and was labelled "The Opposite".
What is January 25th day?
January HolidaysDateHolidayCategorySat Jan 25National Irish Coffee DayFood & BeverageSat Jan 25Opposite DaySpecial InterestSun Jan 26National Peanut Brittle DayFood & BeverageSun Jan 26National Spouses DayRelationship88 more rows
What does Opposite Day mean?
Opposite Day(ProperNoun) A contrived holiday on which everything is done backwards, for example "yes" means "no".
When was opposite day invented?
August 17th, 1959The History of opposite day A little know moment in American history occurred 60 years ago when President Dwight E. Eisenhower declared that August 17th, 1959 was opposite day for one day only.


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Patellar Luxation Part 1: Pathoanatomy, Diagnostic Tips and Client Education
This lecture begins with a discussion of what determines whether the patella tracks normally or it luxates. Understanding of this relevant pathoanatomy guides the veterinarian in their diagnostic methods, client education, case selection, and surgical techniques. Diagnostic tips include a discussion of breeds at risk for medial patellar luxation (MPL) vs. lateral patellar luxation (LPL), gait patterns typical of MPL and LPL, the importance of the standing examination and hip extension, video demonstration of cruciate ligament evaluation and common radiographic errors that can be avoided. This module concludes with a discussion of evidence-based answers to questions commonly asked by pet owners. After attending this lecture, attendees will be better able to understand and diagnose patellar luxation (including the difficult cases) and to educate pet owners with regard to their commonly asked questions.


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Multilayered Coating could herald Corrosion Resistant Steel
Steel is one of the strongest materials found on earth and is widely used for construction. But on its own, the durability of steel is poor. Galvanizing steel increases its corrosion resistance, making it more sustainable. Recently, a group of scientists from Korea proposed a novel method of multilayer coating to increase the longevity of steel.
The strength of steel makes it one of the most robust materials known to man. When galvanized with zinc (Zn), it becomes more resistant to corrosion. This makes it an economical choice to use in construction and infrastructure.
In the last decade, Zn reserves have fallen appreciably, forcing us to switch to using Zn alloys. Magnesium (Mg) is the most commonly used alloy mineral, and when used in small amounts it can improve the corrosive resistance of Zn.
Now, Professor Myeong-Hoon Lee, Head of the Center of Surface Corrosion Control Engineering at Korea Maritime and Ocean University, and his colleagues have proposed a novel coating for steel that promises to increase its longevity. "During my time in the navy, I noticed a lot of machines that were rusting. So, I engaged in this research, hoping to produce better anti-corrosive steel," says Prof. Lee, explaining his motivation behind the study.
"To survive in harsh environments, high anti-corrosive materials need to be developed. Steel is one such material and increasing its life span makes the steel more sustainable," Prof. Lee explains. Their study, published in Corrosion Science, was made available online on April 25, 2022, and subsequently published in Volume 202 of the journal on July 1, 2022.
The proposed multilayer coating comprises three layers fabricated using physical vapor deposition (PVD). A Zn–Mg layer is sandwiched between two Zn layers. The top Zn layer protects the Zn–Mg layer from being in contact with the corrosive environment. The last line of defence for the steel is the bottom Zn layer.
Two samples were prepared to test the corrosion resistance of this modified steel—one containing 10% Mg and the other 25% Mg. The team found that the signs of rust appeared at 208 hours and 408 hours for the 10% and 25% compositions, respectively, when compared with 96/120 hours for conventional Zn coatings.
Next, they compared the corrosion resistance of the two compositions. They found that the 25% composition has a higher resistance to rust than the 10% one. This was contrary to previous reports suggesting Mg content higher than 8% lowers the corrosion resistance of steel. The scientists attributed this contradictory finding to the presence of the top Zn layer, which made it possible to increase the Mg content in the Zn–Mg layer.
"The multilayer coating on steel makes it highly stable, economical, and durable, making it an ideal choice for use in harsh environments," concludes Prof. Lee.
These findings may certainly have far-reaching applications in infrastructure and construction where long-lasting steel is an essential requirement.


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The correct tutoring of plants in greenhouses is synonymous with efficiency, optimal management, yields and helps save time and labor. The latter is something that all agricultural entrepreneurs have introduced to their business processes. Not everyone, though, has had the chance to experiment the innovative tutoring system patented by SIA Sicilia Group.
It is an entirely reliable system that facilitates tying saving time and making the disposal of vegetation at the end of the production phase easier. The system is appreciated and demanded by the leading European countries.
"Producers have observed the technical soundness of our Ideal Tutor. The system reduces working hours guaranteeing a correct tying and favoring growth. Working conditions also improve, as operators are not forced to maintain difficult postures for hours," explained administrator Alessandro Avarino.
The tutoring system
"Tutoring in greenhouses is usually carried out via nylon strings to which plants are hooked. This practice, necessary to guarantee the regular development of plants, requires considerable labor with significant production costs. What is more, further stabilization and repeated operations are necessary over time."
Ideal Tutor is made up of a structure consisting of polyethylene strings used for the most popular crops: tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, etc. The system is very versatile and is supplied in various options when it comes to string size, distancing, etc. There is also a wide range of hooks available. The system is complete with coils to predetermine the total height and distances between strings. Only two work units are needed for installation.
The system being installed
"The new Ideal Tutor Dinamic system is essentially the same but features a modular truss system so crop height can be lowered between 30 and 60 cm per module. The operation can be carried out multiple times, so the crop can growth further. This way, the vegetative-productive life of the crop can be lengthened thus increasing its productivity without having to replant it at a higher cost."


From Digitized Images to Online Catalogs Data Mining a Sky Survey
Usama M. Fayyad, S. G. Djorgovski, Nicholas Weir
The value of scientific digital-image libraries seldom lies in the pixels of images. For large collections of images, such as those resulting from astronomy sky surveys, the typical useful product is an online database cataloging entries of interest. We focus on the automation of the cataloging effort of a major sky survey and the availability of digital libraries in general. The SKICAT system automates the reduction and analysis of the three terabytes worth of images, expected to contain on the order of 2 billion sky objects. For the primary scientific analysis of these data, it is necessary to detect, measure, and classify every sky object. SKICAT integrates techniques for image processing, classification learning, database management, and visualization. The learning algorithms are trained to classify the detected objects and can classify objects too faint for visual classification with an accuracy level exceeding 90 percent. This accuracy level increases the number of classified objects in the final catalog threefold relative to the best results from digitized photographic sky surveys to date. Hence, learning algorithms played a powerful and enabling role and solved a difficult, scientifically significant problem, enabling the consistent, accurate classification and the ease of access and analysis of an otherwise unfathomable data set.
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||<< Index >>||
[clear] local fn functionName [(arg1 [,arg2...])]
end fn [= expr]
end fnstatement. A local function is a named collection of statements which can be accessed and executed as a unit by referring to the function's name (see the fn statement). All variables and arrays referenced in a local function (except those explicitly declared as "global") are local to the function, which means they do not have any influence outside of the function; any identically-named variables which appear outside of the function are actually different variables, and occupy a different place in memory, than the function's local variables. (An exception to this rule occurs when an array is listed as one of the function's formal parameters; see more about this below.) When your program "calls" (executes) a local function, you can pass data into the function by means of its parameter list (also called its argument list), and you can receive a value back from the function by means of its return value. Local functions allow you to encapsulate complex programming tasks; they're a fundamental and extremely powerful programming construct.
local fnstatement also declares the function's name, the data type of its return value (if any), and the number and types of its input parameters (if any). A local function can be placed anywhere in the program, except inside another local function; you should also not place a local function inside a "block" structure such as
long if...end if, etc. The statements in
statementBlockcan contain anything except the following:
clearkeyword causes all of the function's local variables and arrays (except the parameter variables
arg2etc.) to be initialized to zeros, null strings or empty records, each time the function is called. Otherwise, the local variables and arrays will have unpredictable initial values. (You can accomplish the same effect by using the
localstatement with the
clearkeyword; see the
localstatement for more information.)
functionNamemust be unique; that is, it must be different from the name used in any other
def fn usingstatement anywhere else in the program. If the function is to return a value, then you should specify the data type of the return value by including an appropriate type-identifier suffix at the end of
functionName. For example, a local function which is to return a string value might be declared as follows:
local fn FullName$(idNum&)
&" type-identifier suffix or omit it. No type-identifier suffix should be appended to
functionNameif the function does not return a value.
statementBlock, your program must "call" the function using the
fn statement. The
fn statement can appear anywhere in your program, as long as the function it calls is either defined (using the
local fnstatement) or prototyped (using the
def fn statement) somewhere above the
fn statement. This restriction is required in order to allow your program to compile; however, the actual order of execution of your program's statements is not affected by where you place your
arg2etc. can have any of the following forms:
|SimpleVar||A simple numeric or string variable. Cannot be a record variable, a record field nor an array element.|
|ptrVar As Pointer [To unType]||(See below.)|
|_USER_&||longVar& is a simple long-integer variable.|
|_USER_ As Pointer [To unType]||(See below.)|
|tableau(dim1[,dim2...])||array is a numeric or string array (not an array of records), and dim1,|
local fnstatement are called the function's "formal arguments." They must not be global variables. You should not declare the formal argument variables in a
dimstatement; they are implicitly declared by the
fn statement are called the "actual arguments." They must match the function's formal arguments in number, and they must be of "compatible types" (see
fn for more information). Each time the function is called, values are assigned to its formal arguments as follows:
ptrVar as pointer [to someType], then the actual argument should be either a record variable or a long-integer expression. In the first case, the record's address is copied into ptrVar; in the second case, the long integer's value is copied into
_USER_ as pointer [to someType], then the actual argument must either be a variable (possibly a record variable), or a long integer expression preceded by "=". In the first case, the variable's address is copied into
ptrVar. In the second case, the value of the long integer expression is copied into
array(dim1 [,dim2...]), then the actual argument must be the base element of an array of the same type, which has the same number of dimensions. The base element is the element in which all subscripts are set to zero. The entire array is then accessible to the local function, and (important!) any changes made to the array's elements within the function will persist after the function exits.
local fnstatement. For example, suppose we have a function defined like this:
local fn SetElements(anArray&(1,7), max&)
'Set each element to 1492 in the array:
for i& = 0 to max&
for j = 0 to 7
anArray&(i&,j) = 1492
fn SetElements, the passed array can have any size as its first declared dimension, as long as it has a second dimension declared as 7. For example:
dim arrayOne&(1250,7), arrayTwo&(465,7)
fn SetElements(arrayOne&(0,0), 1250)
fn SetElements(arrayTwo&(0,0), 465)
fn SetElements, we can set the first subscript in
anArray&to values much greater than 1, even though
anArray&was "declared" with dimensions (1,7).
local fnstatement) and the external
dimstatement that declares the actual passed array.
end fnstatement, the function will "return" the value of
expr. This can be any expression which is compatible with the type-identifier suffix (if any) that appears in
functionName. When your function "returns" a value, it means that you can reference the function (using
fn ) as part of a string or numeric expression, and the function's return value will be substituted in the expression. For example:
maxPuppets = 6 * fn storeCount%(x)
fn storeCount%(x)returns a value of 7, then the value 42 will be assigned to
end fnstatement is executed. Therefore, you should never make reference to a local variable's address after the function has finished executing; in particular, you should never pass a local variable's address back to the routine that called the function. For example:
'DON'T do THIS!
local fn myFunction&(x,y,z)
r# = sqr(x*x + y*y + z*z)
end fn = _USER_#
rAddr& = fn myFunction&(x,y,z)
rAddr&points to an area of memory (the old address of
r#) which is no longer reserved, and which should not be used.
'THIS IS OKAY:
local fn FirstFn
dim 255 myString$
'Pass address of local var into another fn:
local fn SecondFn(strAddr&)
BlockMove _USER_$, strAddr&, len(gString$)+1
FNpermute_rcalls itself. It would be very difficult to write such a program without using recursive functions.
def fn Permute(aString$)
def fn permute_r(prefix$, suffix$)
input "Enter a word: "; theWord$
local fn Permute(aString$)
'Prints all permutations of the letters in aString$
fn permute_r("", aString$)
local fn permute_r(prefix$, suffix$)
'Prints all permutations of prefix$+suffix$
'that start with prefix$
long if suffix$ = ""
for i = 1 to len(suffix$)
'Move the i-th letter of suffix$ over to newprefix$:
newprefix$ = prefix$ + mid$(suffix$, i, 1)
newsuffix$ = left$(suffix$,i-1) + mid$(suffix$,i+1)
'Now print all permutations that
'start with newprefix$
fn permute_r(newprefix$, newsuffix$)
end fnstatement can return only a single numeric or string expression. But many times, it's useful to have a local function which can return more than one value. The way to accomplish this is through the function's parameter list. If you give the function access to the address of some external variable or array, then the function can alter the contents at that address, effectively modifying the value of that variable or array.
array(dim1 [,dim2...]) syntax in the formal parameter list), then your function implicitly has access to the address of the passed array. Any changes you make to the array's elements inside your function are actually made to the external array, so the changes persist after the function exits.
_USER_ in the function's formal parameter list, and specify a variable when you call the function, then the variable's address is copied into var. Your function can then modify the contents at that address.


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20mm x 2.2m Copper Slug Tape -Adhesive Copper Slug Snail Barrier Tape Pact of 3
Divchi SKU: Slug Tape
- HIGH QUALITY COPPER TAPE - The divchi copper foil tape is made of high quality copper with excellent flexibility which can be twisted, bent, tore easily to fit any item shapes and have a full cover, strong self-adhesive for a firm attach, easily to wrap cables, machine components, connections, fans, extendable antenna, computer components.
- CONFUCTIVITY - The high quality conductive glue and copper gives the copper foil tape with conductivity which allows electricity to flow of the tape, our copper foil tape will be a perfect choice for electrical repairs and other circuit or solder crafts.
- EFFECTIVE EMI SHIELDING - The copper foil tape is with electrical shielding and magnetic shielding, which can EMI shielding in electric machine to greatly protect your electronics devices from electromagnetic interference in special occasions, and it also great for reducing noise in your electric guitar.
- WIDELY APPLICATION - Widely used in the manufacture of products in large factories, LCD TVs, computer displays, electromechanical equipment, EMI shielding, slug repellent, snail repellent, stained glass, paper circuits, electrical repairs.
- PROTECT YOUR PRECIOUS PLANTS - Wrap the roots of the plants with copper foil tape to keep your precious plants or flowers away from the damage of snails and slugs, offering a better growing environment for plants.


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Real Estate and Construction
Accounting in the construction industry is different from other industries. A normal industry follows and works for stereotypical accounting methods, but when it comes to building an industry, the scenario is very different.
In the construction industry, people work in new places and the work done is of a very different nature on a regular basis. Various factors affect costs in the construction industry, such as travel time, packaging of tools and equipment, and delivery of materials to job sites, all of which are different in nature.
In a construction company, the accounting method counts revenue based on profit estimate and percentage of project completed; this is known as the "percentage complete method". Therefore, general accounting for construction companies is quite complex and unique, also because you need to keep a close eye on all expenses, costs and income of all different construction sites.
Construction accounting and construction accounting is the process of managing the financial transactions and records of construction companies. In the construction industry, bookkeeping and accounting play a crucial role in managing the financial health of the company. Construction companies can have complex financial needs due to long project times, numerous subcontractors and suppliers, and large capital investments.
Some of the specific jobs that accountants and construction accountants can perform include:
Manage project costs and budgets
- Follow-up and billing of the work performed to customers
- Payroll and benefits management for employees and contractors
- Track expenses and income for multiple projects
- Create financial statements and reports for investors and lenders.
- Preparation and filing of tax returns and compliance statements
In general, bookkeeping and bookkeeping are vital for construction companies to maintain accurate financial records, make informed decisions, and effectively manage their financial resources.


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Liquefaction refers to a phenomenon where saturated, loose, cohesionless soils lose strength due to earthquake ground motion, often resulting in severe damage to overlying structures. Whether planned or existing structures, Keller can provide a liquefaction mitigation solution for your project.
Why do we do liquefaction?
- To Prevent liquefaction induced bearing capacity failure
- To Control seismic settlement
- To Prevent lateral spreading
- To Prevent reduction in deep foundation support
When seismic forces affect saturated, loose, granular layers, the loose soil structure contracts, generating excess pore water pressure, accompanied by a reduction in soils' strength. This can cause the soil to behave as a viscous liquid.
The consequences of liquefaction for shallow foundations include the loss of bearing capacity, excessive settlement, lateral spreading, and flow failures. In deep foundations, liquefaction can cause reduction in lateral capacity, additional down drag forces, and/or additional demand on the piles from lateral spreading or flow failures.
The presence of liquefiable soil does not mean the building site has to be abandoned, or that deep foundations are required. In situ remediation of loose, cohesion less soils has become a common practice in geotechnical engineering. Earthquake drains can provide adequate soil liquefaction mitigation by dissipating the pore pressure before reaching critical levels.
We are actively involved in research related to earthquake engineering. Working with owners and their geotechnical engineers, we can assist in selecting the optimal solution.
OPTIMAL FOUNDATION FOR A PHENOL PROCESSING PLANT
Deepak Phenolics Ltd
Bearing Capacity Enhancement / Liquefaction Mitigation / Settlement Control
Industrial & Manufacturing
Heavy Foundations / Bored Piling / Ground Improvement / Vibro Stone Columns


text:
MAPP (Method for Impact Assessment of Projects and Programmes) is in a way the origin of the Tiny Tools. It combines a number of Participatory Rural Appraisal tools in order to systematically explore both changes and causes of change in a community in a very differentiated way. It has been frequently used to evaluate NGOs, as well as large government programmes.
MAPP combines the Tiny Tools Lifeline, Trend Analysis, Activity List and Influence Matrix, plus three more tools, in a 2-day workshop with representatives of a community. It gives a very thorough understanding on the community's perception of change and its causes, including a number of steps of triangulation and validation. These are not only very informative, they are also great, elating learning experiences for the representatives of the community.
Tiny Tools were developed by taking out the single tools from MAPP and searching for many more. We are sure – you can adapt them to your situation and develop your own.
MAPP Description and Examples (13 pages, 300 KB) Download.
A comment on MAPP by Robert Chambers can be found in his article "A Revolution Whose Time Has Come? The Win-Win of Quantitative Participatory Approaches and Methods, IDS Bulletin 41/6, Nov 2010, click here.
More descriptions of methods that combine Tiny Tools can be found in the Overview Tiny Tools (14 pages, 900 KB) Download.


text:
I want to know difference between
varchar(255) in terms of memory usage and programming problems of using more memory.
The difference is going to be in how much data you are allowed to store there. The memory and disk space will depend on how much is actually stored, not what limits you put in place.
Most db's (MySQL included) store varchar fields with a length identifier and then a variable length data string. This means that the size of the field on disk goes up more or less linearly with the actual data stored. Similarly in memory, you aren't going to be allocating a large amount of memory for a small string unless it is padded (so varchar uses a lot less memory than char does regardless of underlying storage of the latter). In fact some db's like PostgreSQL store VARCHAR() and TEXT fields the same (and there is a 1GB compressed size limit there) and try to optimize storage based on actual requirements of the data being used.
In general these decisions should be made based on what your data retention and collection needs are, not based on the performance considerations. The performance can be tuned and that's the lovely thing about an RDBMS.
Since varchar takes disk space proportional to the size of the field, so the length of a field should be appropriate to the data that is being stored there, not least because there is a limit to the length of single record in each database e.g. SQL Server (it's ~8000 bytes).


text:
Both「目的」and「目標」have a common meaning which is "goal", but what is the difference?
When can we use one but not the other?
I would think of a basic example.
I want to become better at shooting the basketball. => 目的
I think 目的 is a high level image, global image of a goal. 目標 is more achievement like low level goal, usual can be quantified and explicit that will define the concrete steps to the 目的.
I think it boils down to the difference in English between "purpose" and "goal". A goal is something finite you hope to achieve. A purpose is like a motivation for why you do something. Often they will overlap, but not always. Having a finite goal kind of implies that you have a motivation. However, the converse -- having a motivation implies you have a finite goal -- is not necessarily true.
So the same with the Japanese words. If you have a
That's how I see them anyway.


What Are the Main Costs of Hiring in Africa
Back to Knowledge Central
 Apr 25, 2020 Markets Africa Blueback Global
What Are the Main Costs of Hiring in Africa
Fortunately, Blueback Global can help your business overcome these challenges. Here are just a few considerations when hiring in Africa.
Recruitment Costs
The accepted standard measurement of hiring is the cost-per-hire metric. It calculates internal and external costs associated with sourcing, recruiting and filling open positions in your company.
Internal costs are money spent inside your company for hiring in Africa. This might include recruiter salaries, overhead, and hardware and software for tracking applicants.
External costs generally include items such as advertising and marketing, third-party hiring agencies, recruitment events, travel, background and reference checks, and more.
In 2016, a SHRM survey estimated the average cost per hire was $4,425, or approximately 15% percent of all HR-related expenses. That's substantial, but you do have options for filling jobs in Africa to minimize expense and to simplify the hiring process.
Our experienced global expansion agency can recommend what would work best for your business. They have the knowledge and foresight to reduce risk, so your business isn't blindsided by unexpected expenses.
Labor Law Compliance Expenses
The International Labor Organization reports most African nations ratified basic human rights conventions. However, areas such as minimum wages, social security, occupational safety and health, and other legislative issues are less defined in many regions.
Consequently, labor laws change often and quickly. South Africa recently moved from a recommended to a mandatory minimum wage in 2018. Nigeria is currently discussing changes to their minimum wage law too.
Labor laws are always in flux; nonetheless, foreign businesses must adhere to local and regional laws for workers in Africa.
Large corporations may have the HR resources to monitor legislative changes, yet smaller enterprises can find this a significant challenge unless they rely on a global partner to ensure compliance in Africa.
Bureaucratic Costs
Some African countries encourage foreign business and simplify the startup process. Others make it very difficult, and expensive, to establish and operate a company within their borders.
According to Forbes' Best Countries for Business, the small East African island of Mauritius is a better choice than many European countries. Ranked 39th globally, they have progressive business policies to spur economic growth.
Compare that to the landlocked Central African Republic, ranked 161st. They lack proper transportation, a skilled workforce, political stability, and sound economic policies.
It may be worthwhile to jump through bureaucratic hoops when potential profits merit it. Many factors can derail your international expansion plans if you're not aware of issues that could affect your business.
Blueback Global experts can help you choose the region best-suited for your company, so you can avoid excessive bureaucratic costs. Get the workers you need quickly and reduce startup expenses and costs of hiring in Africa.
Tax Compliance
An effective, well-developed tax system makes it easier to operate in Africa. It lowers operational risk and ensures stability for infrastructure, fair treatment, and governmental transparency.
Many African countries make it difficult to manage and submit taxes. They lack the technology and infrastructure needed.
Fortunately, some countries are progressive and have simplified tax compliance. A PWC report mentions Kenya now an I-Tax system for filing and paying taxes online. Mauritania has simplified tax compliance and decreased the number of tax filings or payments.
Tax avoidance and evasion are still a major problem in many African nations. As a result, governments collect less tax than needed, which creates economic and social instability.
For example, The Globalist reports only "9% of Nigerian companies pay corporate tax, while only 12% of registered businesses comply with VAT obligations."
While this may sound like a great way for a foreign company to reduce expenses, it isn't. The Globalist adds almost all Nigerian businesses are unregistered, which isn't an option for foreigners. This puts foreign business at a distinct disadvantage from the get-go.
Additionally, corporate tax rates vary drastically between regions. 2018 Tax Foundation data, states the country of Comoros in Africa has one of the highest corporate tax rates on the planet (50%).
Blueback Global can recommend the best areas for your business. We also have in-country experts tracking regulatory changes and requirements to manage tax compliance and reduce your costs of hiring in Africa.
Trade Area
Most countries in Africa have joined The African Continental Free Trade Area, making it the largest trade coalition in the world. This is important for foreign businesses as once fully-ratified; it will remove tariffs from 90% of goods, allowing free access to commodities, goods, and services across the continent.
Additionally, the arrangement could offer new opportunities in areas such as manufacturing and agriculture, boost employment, and encourage free movement of the African talent pool.
As of April 2019, Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, and Zambia are not part of the agreement. Consequently, operating in these nations could increase a company's costs of hiring in Africa.
Mandatory Contributions
African countries also demand mandatory contributions borne by the company. These include social security contributions such as unemployment, solidarity, public pension, housing, and education funds.
Legislations vary widely between African nations and change often. For instance, Tunisia recently introduced an additional corporate income tax contribution of 7.5% of taxable profits.
UHY International suggests Nigeria's average employment costs are higher than the U.S., Canada, and many European countries.
Choosing the best African country for your business must include a review of mandatory corporate contributions. Fortunately, your business may have options to reduce or eliminate many of the costs of hiring in Africa.
Labor Relations
Some areas of Africa rely heavily on labor unions. As an example, South Africans have a legal right under the constitution to join a trade union and they represent 25% of the formal work force.
Unions can strike, and most of the strikes in the public sector are driven by wage disputes. For instance, in 2014 platinum workers went on strike demanding at immediate doubling of their wages. Even though they eventually settled for much less over three years, it was the longest and most expensive strike in South African history.
In 2012, a series of strikes for higher wages and improved employment opportunities were even more noteworthy. Agricultural strikes by Western Cape Farm Workers' led to 3 deaths, millions of dollars in damages, and a 52% increase in the official minimum wage.
Not all African governments treat workers fairly, even when they make agreements with unions. They may renege on promises of wage increases or reforms.
As a result, it is very important your business understands which African regions offer favorable business opportunities, and which to avoid for minimal costs of hiring in Africa.
Blueback Global is your international business expansion expert. We offer African business expansion advice and services including business set up, global payroll, accounting and reporting, statutory compliance, immigration support, recruitment and hiring, and more.
With a network of African professionals each with regional knowledge and local business savvy, we simplify doing business in Africa. We're well-positioned, highly-experienced, and can help you overcome your multinational business challenges.
Contact us for a free consultation and cut through the complications of your African business expansion.
Contact Blueback Global Today!


text:
- Chakra Number:
- 3: The number of the Solar Plexus Chakra "Manipura"
Yellow. The centre of our being - the color of sunshine and the color of the third energy centre - the solar plexus chakra. The main energy of yellow is intellect. Do you like yellow color? Discover what yellow means and how it manifests in your body, mind, heart, and spirit.
- Color meaning:
The color yellow relates to acquired knowledge. It is the color which resonates with the left or logic side of the brain stimulating our mental faculties and creating mental agility and perception. Being the lightest hue of the spectrum, the color psychology of yellow is uplifting and illuminating, offering hope, happiness, cheerfulness and fun. In the meaning of colors, yellow inspires original thought and inquisitiveness. Yellow is creative from a mental aspect, the color of new ideas, helping us to find new ways of doing things. It is the practical thinker, not the dreamer.


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Without friction it is simple, because velocity changes linearly over time, so I can multiply average velocity with $timeDelta$. $$ velocity_{next} = velocity + acceleration * timeDelta $$ $$ position_{next} = position + \frac{velocity + velocity_{next}}{ 2} * timeDelta$$
Few formulas about my understanding of friction. If I'm wrong please tell me it :)
$$acceleration = 0$$ $$velocity_{next} = velocity * friction^{timeDelta}$$ $$velocity_0 = 8, \quad friction=0.5$$ $$velocity_1 = 4$$ $$velocity_2 = 2$$ $$velocity_3 = 1$$ $$velocity_4 = 0.5$$
Now I want to put velocity, acceleration and friction together, but it's hard for me, because velocity change by friction is exponential over time.
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This seems legit. Why is it hard for you to have velocity changing exponentially over time? – Tunococ Nov 28 '12 at 5:08
1 Answer 1
Generally two types of frictional forces that are encountered. In one the acceleration due to frictional force is proportional to the Normal force of the object on which the force is acting. So the frictional force $F=\mu\cdot N$ where $N$ is the noraml force.For example in the case of a moving car it is $\mu\cdot Mg$ where $M$ is the mass of the car. So if there is an external force $F_e$ already acting on the car provided by the engine then the net force on the car is $F_e-\mu\cdot Mg$ and hence the net acceleration is $\frac{F_e}{M}-\mu\cdot g$. So $velocity_n=velocity_o+(\frac{F_e}{M}-\mu\cdot g)\cdot timedelta$
But there are also cases when the resisting acceleration or drag is proportional to the velocity and hence $$\frac{dv}{dt}=-kv$$ $$\Rightarrow \frac{dv}{v}=-kdt$$ $$\Rightarrow v=v_0e^{-kt}$$$$\Rightarrow v_{next}=v_{now}\cdot e^{-ktimedelta}$$ This all will eventually lead to the following also $$\frac{ds}{dt}=v_0e^{-kt}$$ $$\Rightarrow s=\frac{v_0}{k}(1-e^{-kt})$$ Consolidating all above you get $$v_{next}=v_{now}.e^{\frac{acceleration_{now}}{v_{now}}\cdot timedelta}$$
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text:
Wednesday, December 14, 2011, 08:50 pm
Inside Anobit: Why Apple is investing in flash memory technologyApple's investments in acquiring flash memory expertise and technology appear to be centered around packing more storage capacity into Macs and iOS devices at lower prices, with the same level of component reliability and longevity.
This week, Apple was both reported to be close to acquiring flash memory chip designer Anobit and engaging in plans to set up a semiconductor development center in Israel, where Anobit is located.
Apple already uses Anobit components in is iOS devices and the MacBook Air. The firm's unique flash memory technology, dubbed MSP or "Memory Signal Processing," is designed to enhance the reliability, performance, efficiency and endurance of flash memory.
The pros and cons of flash memory
Unlike DRAM, which stores memory bits using the state of electrical capacitors which must be continuously refreshed with power, NAND flash memory stores bits using floating gate transistors, which do not need to be continually refreshed to maintain their state.
This makes flash memory more energy efficient during operation, and allows it to retain its information even after the device is shut down. The use of flash memory storage in iOS devices and the MacBook Air provides long term storage of software, documents, music and movies without needing a conventional magnetic hard drive for disk storage.
The use of flash storage not only makes these devices quick to boot up and launch apps, but also slimmer, more battery efficient and less fragile than compatible devices using a conventional hard drive for persistent storage. Particularly on iOS devices, the use of fast flash memory also limits the need for large amounts of DRAM, further increasing the devices' battery life.
On the flip side however, flash memory storage is more expensive compared to disk storage, as well as being less reliable and having a shorter life span. The individual cells of flash memory chips eventually wear out and stop working reliably, requiring specialized software to manage their use.
Strengthening flash memory
Earlier this year, Apple incorporated TRIM support in Mac OS X Lion. TRIM is an OS level software technology designed to manage the flakey, short lived nature of flash memory used in Solid State Drives like the MacBook Air's (pictured below).
Anobit's MSP technology attacks the same issues, but does so on firmware level, using sophisticated monitoring of flash memory cells to accurately determine if they are failing or no longer able to reliably store data. These technologies also enable flash memory to continue to function longer than previously possible by simply working around failures.
In addition to enabling flash memory to live longer, MSP also promises to make components faster; it enables data to be pushed to flash memory at speeds that generate more errors, but can then detect and correct the errors.
Cheaper SSDs and flash memory
A second primary benefit to the MSP technology is that it makes less expensive types of flash memory usable for a wider range of applications. Most flash memory used in high speed storage holds one bit per memory cell, known as SLC or "single level cell" memory.
A cheaper type of flash memory known as MLC or "multi level cell" can store two bits per memory cell, making it less expensive to manufacture because it has a higher memory density. A primary problem with MLC is that is more prone to error, requiring more sophisticated management to make it useful.
MSP promises to make cheaper MLC memory components as accurate over the same lifespan as conventional SLC, something that would dramatically change how much storage Apple could pack into its devices and computers at the same price. That would have a huge impact on Apple's ability to compete, as flash memory storage is a significant part of the bill of materials in the devices it builds.
NAND flash is the second most expensive component of the iPad (after the touchscreen display), according to iSuppli, accounting for around ten percent of its total component cost. For the MacBook Air, 64GB of SSD flash memory is similarly estimated to be its second most expensive component (again, after the screen) and roughly the same price as its Intel CPU at a similar 10 percent of the total materials cost.
On Topic: MacBook Air
- MacBook Air inventory begins dwindling ahead of Apple's WWDC
- Apple fixes MacBook Air crashing issue in critical firmware update
- Best Buy, Amazon knock 10% off Apple's MacBook Airs & iMacs for Mother's Day
- Inside Iris: What Intel's new integrated graphics mean for Apple's future Macs
- Deals: Steeply cut MacBook Pro Retinas almost gone; $319 iPad minis, $899 13" MacBook Air, more [u]


Delivering Occupational Therapy Via Telehealth
Telehealth occupational therapy—yes, you read that right. You might be thinking, "How am I supposed to facilitate an activity with a child on the other side of a computer screen?" The key is occupation-based coaching. Rather than focusing on directing each intervention and doing the activity with the child, consider a parent-coaching model. Parent coaching involves the principles of a method called occupation-based coaching.
What is occupation-based coaching?
Occupation-based coaching provides interventions that include working directly with caregivers to create strategies to help the child participate in daily activities. This intervention model focuses on improving the parent-child interaction and creating child-learning opportunities within the child's routine and contexts.
Why does parent coaching work well with telehealth?
Telehealth is a "hands-off" approach. Occupational therapists have no choice but to facilitate the session with verbal and visual communication only. That means the occupational therapist takes the role of an observer while the parent takes the "hands-on" approach.
Active participation from parents during sessions results in improved child outcomes and increased parent competence. One way to accomplish this virtually is to make sure that you and your client have the same materials. That way, you're able to work on the same activity "together" even though you're not in the same room.
Is parent coaching effective?
Yes. Parent coaching results in the child meeting goals and participating in their occupations. It also yields increased satisfaction from the parent's perspective and better parent-child relationships. As the occupational therapist, you're not observing the child day in and day out. But the parent or caregiver is. So when the caregiver or parent receives effective coaching, they're able to apply those learned tools and skills outside of the designated session time.
SimplePractice Occupation Based Coaching
Strategies for Occupation-Based Coaching
1. Work with the parent/caregiver/guardian to establish the goals.
Start with the evaluation process. The occupation-based coaching model relies on regular collaboration between the occupational therapist and the parent—and that includes establishing united goals. Parents can identify goals that will impact the child's daily routine and are meaningful to their family.
2. Focus on the parent-child relationship.
Support the relationship between the caregiver and the child. Ask about the caregiver's insights about the child's behaviors. It's important to help both the parent and child better understand each other.
3. Observe.
Observation is key in occupational therapy, but it's the most important component of telehealth sessions. Observe how the parent and child interact. Take a good look at the child's home environment and context. Keen observation will make it easier to identify additional, new intervention ideas that'll make an impact.
4. Provide feedback.
Once you've observed the environment and context, have a conversation with the caregiver about how effective the strategies used during the sessions were. Engage in problem-solving with the caregiver in order to build their knowledge of the situation. That way, they can better identify what's working and what's not.
What Parents Think of Occupation-Based Coaching
Parents appreciate having interventions occur in the child's natural environment. They feel like they're able to establish a partnership with the occupational therapist and can truly collaborate with them. This gives the caregiver or parent more confidence to come up with their own strategies to help their child. Two common takeaways parents have with occupation-based coaching is a changed perspective of their child's behavior and an emphasis on their strengths.
Now pair that with telehealth, parents are able to reduce travel time, which is essential for travel with little ones. It also offers greater flexibility, especially with scheduling. Occupational therapy via telehealth has also shown to increase focus on the entire family, which enriches the experience and improves the outcomes for everyone involved. Plus, with the caregiver being the one to use a "hands-on" approach, they're naturally more engaged during sessions.
Telehealth occupational therapy services is an underutilized mode that complements real life—the way it is today, not how it was yesterday. Just be ready for some amazing results!
SimplePractice Medicare Letter Template
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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English homepage
1 containing poison or producing poison:
Some mushrooms are extremely poisonous.
poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide
poisonous substances
She was bitten on the ankle by a poisonous snake.
poisonous to
The berries are poisonous to birds.
2 full of bad and unfriendly feelings:
the poisonous atmosphere of the office
3 British English someone who is poisonous seems to get pleasure from causing arguments, unhappiness etc:
That poisonous bastard Lucett told Morris I was seeing his wife.
poisonously adverb
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text:
This Schedule will support the designation or establishment of National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) Body/ies in the Australian Capital Territory (the ACT), in accordance with Part 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT).
Article 17 under Part 4 of the OPCAT provides that 'Each State Party shall maintain, designate, or establish, at the latest one year after the entry into force of the present Protocol or of its ratification or accession, one or several independent national preventive mechanisms for the prevention of torture at the domestic level.'
In the context of Article 17, 'designate' means to assign the role of NPM to an existing institution or institutions, and 'establish' means to set up a new body or bodies to carry out the functions of an NPM on an ongoing basis.
FFA - Affordable Housing, Community Services and Other
10 March 2022
30 June 2023


RefLaw Primer: Alienage
March 18, 2021
Elisabeth Brennen
Third-year student at the University of Michigan Law School
What is the element?
The alienage element of the refugee definition requires that a refugee be outside of their own country in order to qualify as a Convention refugee.[1]
Where in the Convention is this element found?
The alienage requirement is found in the 1951 Refugee Convention's Article 1(A)(2), which defines the term "refugee." The relevant portion of the definition is that a "refugee" is someone who:
The portion of the definition requiring a refugee's alienage is reflected in the bolded text above; that is, a refugee must be "outside the country of his nationality."
What does it mean, practically speaking?
The requirement means that a refugee must leave their country of nationality or habitual residence in order to meet the Convention's definition. This requirement is a threshold question – one could have a well-founded fear of persecution for Convention reasons, but so long as they are still within their country of nationality, they do not qualify as refugees.
In order for a person to qualify as a Convention refugee, and thus access the rights therein, they must leave their country of nationality. Someone who is displaced within their own country is called an "internally displaced person" (IDP), and they do not have access to the rights conferred by the Refugee Convention (though they are of humanitarian concern, addressed by other treaties).[3]
Why does this element exist? What were the legal and policy rationales at the time of drafting?
When the Refugee Convention was drafted, the treaty had a specific goal: to assist people who were outside of their own country and thus were suffering because they lacked governmental protections.[4] There were several justifications for taking this limited approach.
From a pragmatic perspective, the drafters were focused on those outside their own country because IDPs required a more sustained commitment than was available to the international community at the time.[5] States were also concerned that, if IDPs were brought into the sphere of the Refugee Convention's protections, states with many IDPs might shift the responsibility of caring for their own population onto the international community, rather than caring for their own citizenry themselves.[6]
Furthermore, the ability of the international community to intervene on behalf of IDPs raised questions of sovereignty – the principle in international law that states have supreme authority within their own territory.[7] That is, although it was becoming increasingly accepted that the global community had a "legitimate right to set standards and scrutinize human rights records, it was unthinkable that refugee law would authorize intrusion into the territory of a state to protect citizens from their own government."[8]
Finally, many of the rights conferred to refugees by the Refugee Convention are only relevant to those outside their own country. One of the most important protections, for example, is protection against refoulement – the right of refugees to not be sent back to their country of origin if to do so would be dangerous.[9] Of course, someone who has never left their country in the first place cannot be returned to it; they are already there. Many of the other rights conferred are also of specific utility only to those who are outside their own country.[10] The alienage requirement thus "ensures a match between the beneficiary class and the remedy provided by the Convention."[11]
What are the continued legal rationales?
The legal rationales behind the alienage requirement at the time of drafting remain salient today. It is still the case that the Refugee Convention is an instrument designed to address a particular subset of people. Though the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees expanded the geographical and temporal scope of the Convention's application,[12] it did not amend or rescind the alienage requirement.
Concerns about sovereignty are still relevant, though perhaps less so. States have adopted many commitments to aid IDPs and several international organizations, including the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), have mandates inclusive of internally displaced persons.[13] However, the consensus on the part of states remains that the Refugee Convention's alienage requirement remains proper and that new and different legal regimes are better suited for handling the humanitarian problem of IDPs.
What are the primary legal debates surrounding the element, if they exist?
The alienage requirement is not widely debated as such. There is some scholarly debate around the prospect of expanding the definition of "refugee" to be more inclusive of IDPs,[14] but these scholars appear to be in the minority. The broad consensus among policymakers and scholars is that the alienage requirement is still a useful and necessary requirement for refugee status.
Many of the more practical debates about alienage – those that play out in courtrooms on behalf of refugees – have to do with "in between" locations, ascertaining the relevant country of reference, and other factual and legal questions. For instance, would seeking asylum in another country's embassy in the refugee's home country count as meeting the alienage requirement? What about airport immigration zones? On an airplane over international waters? What about those who are "stateless" and lack a formal nationality; how do we address the alienage requirement in their case? Each of these questions has been litigated extensively.
Emily Harris' piece "Replacing a Good Faith Approach with a Well-Founded Fear Approach," addresses one of these debates. Her piece focuses on claims from refugees sur place – those who meet the alienage requirement but left their country of origin before their fear of persecution arose. Examples of refugees sur place include people outside of their country studying or working abroad, even tourists, whose countries become dangerous for them to return to while they're gone.
These claims can arise organically, for example if civil war breaks out while they happen to be abroad. But they can also happen because of deliberate actions taken by the refugees themselves, for instance if a person leaves their country of origin and publishes an op-ed critiquing their country's government and subsequently faces persecution if they return. The category of refugees sur place has been controversial. Some commentators and courts believe that the category invites manipulation. Others argue that, so long as the refugee has reason to fear persecution in their home country, the reason that fear arises is irrelevant to the legitimacy of their claim.
[1] James C. Hathaway & Michelle Foster, The Law of Refugee Status17 (2d ed. 2014).
[2] Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted Jul. 28, 1951, entered into force Apr. 22, 1954, 189 UNTS 137 ("Refugee Convention" or "Convention", at Art. 1(A)(2).
[3] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[4] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[5] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[6] See Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[7] Samantha Besson, Sovereignty, P1 (2011), Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law.
[8] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[9] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 21.
[10] For instance, Refugee Convention Article 34 requires that the host-state provide a pathway to naturalization for the refugee. Were the refugee to remain in their state of origin, this right would be redundant.
[11] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 21-22.
[12] Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted Jan. 31, 1967, entered into force Oct. 4, 1967, 606 UNTS 267 ("Refugee Protocol"), at Art. 1(2)-(3).
[13] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[14] See, e.g. Eilidh Beaton, Against the Alienage Condition for Refugeehood, 39 Law and Philosophy 147-176 (2020).
Suggested citation: Elisabeth Brennen, RefLaw Primer: Alienage, RefLaw (March 18, 2021),
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Driving Gloves
Driving Gloves That Are Suitable for Use
Gloves are one of the mandatory equipment for motorcyclists. The function of these gloves is to protect the hands from being injured in an accident, or also to prevent the hands from getting cold quickly due to wind. The point is to protect your hands when driving.
This tool will be very valuable for those of you who really like to ride for a long time. For example, such as touring outside the city and even outside the island, it is mandatory to use it. Because we never know what will be encountered on the highway. Therefore, self-protection for motorized vehicles must be more covered by the whole body, including the hands.
Driving gloves are hand protection, especially the palms of the hands when driving using a motorbike. However, cars are also commonly used. So, this car is usually used when racing competitions. This type of racing can be used for rallies, formula 1, drifting, to off-road, definitely using gloves.
The Driving Gloves Model with All the Consequences
The gloves that exist today have 2 models. So, the first model is that the gloves are full covering all your fingers. Then this second model only covers half of your finger. So, the difference is only in the fingers. some are pseudo-closed, and some cover only half a finger. for use it may be the same. but the security level is definitely better covering the whole.
But the half-finger driving gloves glove has its uses too. For example, like people who use motorbikes for short distances in one city. Then the need to touch something is high. for example, such as workers who use motorbikes. They are sure to often open their cell phones to see. Repost if you have to remove the gloves. Therefore, for this condition it is more suitable for the half.
However, keep in mind is your safety, of course, number one. Or maybe you are a rider who attaches great importance to appearance. The closed glove style will help prevent your fingers from becoming striped. Therefore, the appearance can be maintained. It's a different story with half finger gloves. gloves like that will definitely make your fingers striped if used continuously.
The Advantage of Driving Gloves That Covers the Whole Finger
The advantage of wearing full gloves is of course a higher level of safety. when someone uses gloves like this there is no need to doubt their safety. If seen from previous cases, full gloves can reduce injury during an accident. Even though he was still injured, it was just not that badly.
The next advantage, of course, can withstand the wind to hit your hand. The wind that can enter your body through those fingers will of course be torturous. Your hands will feel more sore than usual. Therefore, it is very dangerous if you can't handle it. In addition, a rider who is exposed to a lot of wind when driving, will get tired faster than if his hands are protected.
Therefore, it is better to use full driving gloves. Because it will protect you from all kinds of direct collision with you. This will be very useful for short and long-distance riders. Because we cannot know when an accident or danger will occur. Because every time you leave the house, the danger will definitely lurk you.
So, you can imagine this when you are not wearing gloves. Using driving gloves is still likely to get hurt, especially if you don't. Therefore, for the drivers out there, it is better to equip their riding equipment as needed.
You can find about Cabretta Gloves here
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The Thickness of Aluminum Foil Lab
In the study of Chemistry, we encounter very large and very small numbers. For example, the size of a molecule or thin layer of molecules is very, very small and difficult to measure directly.
In order to "measure" such numbers, we often use one measured quantity and another known property to calculate the unknown value. In this experiment, we will use this approach to calculate the thickness of various types of aluminum foil, a quantity whose direct experimental determination is not possible with common laboratory equipment.
By measuring the mass of a piece of foil and by calculating its area, the thickness of the foil can be obtained from these quantities and the known density of aluminum, 2.70 g/cm3.
Show your work and express answers with the correct number of significant figures and proper units.
1. Find the volume of a block with the dimensions L = 9.16 cm, W = 3.65 cm, H = 1.01 cm.
2. If the density of a substance is 0.734 g/cm3 and the volume of the substance is 21.45 cm3, find its mass.
3. Determine the thickness of a rectangular piece of paper with an area of 45.3 cm2 and a volume of 7.7 X 10-3 cm3. (Hints: rewrite the formula for volume as length X width X thickness. Also, what is the formula for area?)
1. Cut 2 rectangular pieces of regular aluminum foil and 2 rectangular pieces of heavy-duty aluminum foil. Be sure that the dimensions are at least 10 cm on each side. Record the type (e.g. Reynolds Heavy Duty, Schnucks Regular) of each piece of aluminum foil in the data table below.
2. Using the ruler, carefully measure the length and width of each piece of foil. Record the measurements in your data table. Take care to record your measurements with the appropriate number of significant figures. Record the length and width of each piece of aluminum foil in the data table below.
3. Using a balance, find...
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NASA Announces Research Grants In Fundamental Physics
NASA has selected 41 researchers to receive grants totaling more than $15 million over four years to conduct fundamental physics research on Earth and in space. This research will seek new knowledge of the fundamental physical laws governing the behavior of space, time and matter.
Sponsored by NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research, the research offers investigators the advantage of a low-gravity environment to enhance understanding of physical, biological and chemical processes associated with fundamental physics. 36 of the grants are for ground-based research, while the remaining five are for flight-definition projects. 17 of these grants are to continue work currently being funded by NASA, but the majority (24) represent research efforts new to the Fundamental Physics program. NASA received 109 proposals in response to its research announcement in this area. These proposals were each reviewed by scientific peers and by technical experts from academia and government.
A list of awardees (by state), their institutions, and research titles can be found at:


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Informations and abstract
Keywords: Shoah, Italy, Second World War, Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, Righteous, Informants.
The article illustrates the genesis and development of the first episode of Shoah in Italy, which took place in the Novarese and Verbano provinces in the days following the Armistice. In particular, the dynamics and reasons that led the German soldiers to perpetrate the massacres on Lake Maggiore are analyzed. Important details on the lives of the victims are also highlighted, determining the developments of certain arrests. Above all, it has been ascertained that the number of victims is higher than that known to date. After a brief presentation of the historical and geographical context, the descriptions of the dynamics of each massacre and the presentation of the judicial process which involved part of the perpetrators of the aforementioned massacres follow.


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WITHDRAWN, NO REPLACEMENT
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for the secondary assessment of ill or injured patients of all ages.
1.2 Frequently repeated primary surveys are an essential and integral part of the complete care of the acutely ill or injured patient.
1.3 This guide identifies the components of patient secondary assessment.
1.4 This guide is one of a series which together describe the minimum training standard for the emergency medical technician (basic).
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


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Plants and Animals View All
Location View All
True to its name, Uplands Farm Sanctuary retains the appearance of an old dairy farm, complete with a silo and open fields that were once cattle pastures. Today, the old farm buildings serve as an office for The Nature Conservancy's Long Island Chapter. A double-loop trail meanders from bird and butterfly meadows, through deciduous forests, into a white pine-shaded ravine.
The gravelly, acidic soils of Uplands Farm are difficult to fertilize, so over the years raising livestock seems to have been preferable to cultivation. In colonial times, the land was most likely used for sheep ranching for wool. In 1920, the Nichols family began raising cattle and ultimately ran a dairy at Uplands Farm until 1962.
Mrs. Jane Nichols, a long-time resident and owner of Uplands Farm, donated three parcels of the preserve to the Conservancy. Upon her death in 1981, additional parcels were acquired. The sanctuary is dedicated to the memory of Mrs. Nichols.
The marked, mostly level trail (2.41 miles) makes this a good place for family-friendly hikes. If you're interested in longer hikes, the Uplands trail connects to the 20-mile Nassau-Suffolk Trail, part of the Long Island Greenbelt. The preserve is open for hiking and observing nature from dawn to dusk, 7 days a week. Office is open Mon. to Fri., 9 am to 5 pm. If you live locally and are interested in becoming a preserve monitor or steward, please email Derek Rogers, at _EMAIL_.
In the eastern woodland, you'll see red maple, black cherry and red cedar mixed with oak, ash and hickory trees. In the hilly terrain of the western woodland, flowering dogwood and extensive thickets of mountain laurel bloom below a canopy of oaks, tulip trees and black birch. The sanctuary's meadows and hedgerows provide habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, including butterfly weed and goldenrods, 40 butterfly species and grassland birds such as bobolinks and meadowlarks, which have become rare as their habitat has disappeared.
Bluebirds, the New York state bird, return in late winter and early spring. They build their nests in bird boxes or tree cavities along forest edges. Monarch butterflies return to the region in late summer. Both the caterpillars and adult butterflies rely on the butterfly weed and other milkweed species that bloom in the open fields.
This 97-acre preserve is located in Cold Spring Harbor, New York.


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Fish Meal 10-3-2 is an all-purpose organic fertilizer that helps promotes vigorous root development and rapid growth for vegetable gardens, flower beds, all types of outdoor plants, trees and shrubs. This Fish Meal 10-3-2 contains 60% protein making it an excellent choice for stimulating microbial life in soil. Fish Meal fertilizer is a strong source of organic nitrogen. This Fish Meal fertilizer is uniquely processed to retain maximum nutritional value without using high temperatures or synthetic chemicals. Fish meal can be brewed in a nutrient rich fertilizer tea (fish meal tea).
- Excellent source of nitrogen (10%)
- Slow release; feeds plants over an extended period of time
- Low temperature processed to preserve nutrients
- Promotes vigorous growth during all stages of plant development
- Ideal for heavy feeders such as; corn, tomatoes, peppers, cannabis
- Amending Soil: 2.5 - 5 lbs per 100 sq. ft. 10 lb. per 1000 sq. ft. worked into the top few inches of soil.
- Transplants: add 1-2 tbsp per hole, mix into soil and water in well
- Side dressing: Apply 1-2 oz. monthly throughout the growing season depending on size of plant and desired growth rate.
- Potted Plants: 1-2 tbsp per gallon of soil and mix thoroughly
- Mixing Soil: 2.5 - 5 lbs. per cubic yard of soil
- Trees & Shrubs: Spread 1 - 2 lbs per 1″ of trunk diameter spread throughout the drip line
- Planting Trees & Shrubs: Mix 1 cup with into the back-fill soil. Use amended soil to fill-in around the newly planted tree and water-in.
Fish Meal Tea Recipe
- 2 tbsp per gallon of water; apply as a soil drench or a foliage spray to plant leaves
- optional; 1 tsp Soluble Kelp Powder
Unlike synthetic fertilizers, most natural amendments are non-burning and will NOT harm delicate seedling roots. Registered for use in organic agriculture (Washington State Dept. of Agriculture).


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DNA-based watermarks using the DNA-Crypt algorithm
Background: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of watermarks based on DNA sequences to identify the unauthorized use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) protected by patents. Predicted mutations in the genome can be corrected by the DNA-Crypt program leaving the encrypted information intact. Existing DNA cryptographic and steganographic algorithms use synthetic DNA sequences to store binary information however, although these sequences can be used for authentication, they may change the target DNA sequence when introduced into living organisms. Results: The DNA-Crypt algorithm and image steganography are based on the same watermark-hiding principle, namely using the least significant base in case of DNA-Crypt and the least significant bit in case of the image steganography. It can be combined with binary encryption algorithms like AES, RSA or Blowfish. DNA-Crypt is able to correct mutations in the target DNA with several mutation correction codes such as the Hamming-code or the WDH-code. Mutations which can occur infrequently may destroy the encrypted information, however an integrated fuzzy controller decides on a set of heuristics based on three input dimensions, and recommends whether or not to use a correction code. These three input dimensions are the length of the sequence, the individual mutation rate and the stability over time, which is represented by the number of generations. In silico experiments using the Ypt7 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows that the DNA watermarks produced by DNA-Crypt do not alter the translation of mRNA into protein. Conclusion: The program is able to store watermarks in living organisms and can maintain the original information by correcting mutations itself. Pairwise or multiple sequence alignments show that DNA-Crypt produces few mismatches between the sequences similar to all steganographic algorithms.
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In order to enter a lesson the following questions need to be answered: who, what and where? But what if there isn't a class for a lesson (e.g. teacher meetings), or a teacher for a particular activity isn't needed (e.g. school recess, lunch), or there is neither teacher nor class (e.g. sports events)? In Prime Timetable, these non-existing teachers and classes are referred to as "fake".
It is recommended that fake teachers and classes are entered prior to entering a lesson. For instance, add a fake class and subject called "Teacher meeting" and then add a lesson by selecting teachers who attend that meeting and a fake class "Teacher meeting". Another example: add a teacher and subject called "School recess" and then add a lesson by selecting classes that have a recess and a teacher called "School recess".
When you enter a lesson without specifying a teacher or a class, Prime Timetable will create a "Fake teacher" or "Fake class" for you.
Every resource that has short name set to "-" (minus sign) is considered fake. Fake lessons is any lesson that contains fake resource and can be excluded from automatic timetable generator in Help > Options.
You can be very creative in creating fake teachers and classes so that every school lesson/activity is displayed in all timetable views as a card available for manual adjusting, e.g. drag & drop. Additionally, fake teachers and classes can have their time request specified which automatic timetable generator can also take into account.
In a nutshell, sometimes fake can genuinely improve your timetable ;).


You have searched the English word "Into" meaning in Urdu "میں" mein. Into meaning has been search 14242 (fourteen thousand two hundred and forty-two) times till 8/2/2015. You can also find Into meaning and Translation in Urdu, Arabic, Hindi, Spanish, French and other languages.
Into Meaning in Urdu
Roman Urdu
mein, Kehna میں٬ کہنا
Na Qabel-e-Bardasht ناقابل برداشت
Definition & Synonyms
- Into
 1. (prep.) To the inside of; within. It is used in a variety of applications.
 2. (prep.) Expressing entrance, or a passing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts; -- following verbs expressing motion; as, come into the house; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another; water enters into the fine vessels of plants.
 3. (prep.) Expressing penetration beyond the outside or surface, or access to the inside, or contents; as, to look into a letter or book; to look into an apartment.
 4. (prep.) Indicating the passing of a thing from one form, condition, or state to another; as, compound substances may be resolved into others which are more simple; ice is convertible into water, and water into vapor; men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance; we may reduce many distinct substances into one mass; men are led by evidence into belief of truth, and are often enticed into the commission of crimesinto; she burst into tears; children are sometimes frightened into fits; all persons are liable to be seduced into error and folly.
 5. (prep.) Indicating insertion; as, to infuse more spirit or animation into a composition.
 6. (prep.) Denoting inclusion; as, put these ideas into other words.
- Intolerantly
 1. (adv.) In an intolerant manner.
- Intolerated
 1. (a.) Not tolerated.


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Workflow mapping can be used to create intelligent forms that show the user fields and information based on their responses to previous elements. For instance, your form might ask the parent how their child will be transported to school. If they answer 'Parent pickup/drop-off', that can trigger a field to appear for 'Alternative Driver' to designate who can pick the child up when the parents are unavailable; or if they select 'School Bus', you can make a dropdown appear where they can select their nearest bus stop. The idea is to minimize clutter and confusion by only displaying fields that are relevant to the user.
Enabling Workflow Mapping
In the Ecollect editor, choose the element that will become visible based on another element's value. Enable the Workflow Mapping option and then click on the icon. This will gray out most of the screen except for the elements that are eligible to be the determinant element. If the element you want is not available, try saving the form first and try again. Once you link the determinant element, it should be highlighted in orange whenever the initial element is selected.
Enter the Value for Visibility. This is the value of the determinant element that will trigger this element to appear. It can be set to multiple possible values, using the pipe (|) character. You could trigger the appearance of the dependent element for grades 1 through 4 with the value 1|2|3|4.
If the determinant element has choices this separate display and stored values (such as a grade level element with choices like Kindergarten|0 and Ninth|9) then the Value for Visibility must be set to the stored value (in this case, 0 or 9), not the visible text.
You can make multiple elements dependent on the same determinant element, and you can set a different Value for Visibility for each dependent element.
The determinant element can be almost any type of user input element, including text box, checkbox, dropdown, multiple choice, etc. If it is an element that allows multiple values, such as checkboxes, as long as one of the selections matches the Value for Visibility, the element will appear.
If the Value for Visibility is PART of the value of the determinant element, the dependent element will appear. For instance, if the Value for Visibility is day, the element will appear if the user selects Half day, Full day, or Multiple days.
Advanced Values for Visibility
The Value for Visibility works using Regex. If you know how to utilize Regex, there are many options for how you can use workflow mapping. Below are some examples of possible Values for Visibility and the scenarios that you would use them.
[^]+ - Visible if any value is selected/entered
^Sunday$ - Visible for the value of 'Sunday', but not for the value of 'Saturday/Sunday'
[0-5] - Equivalent to 0|1|2|3|4|5
^(?!.*Sunday).+$ - Visible for any value that does not contain 'Sunday'


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Discuss the differences between two models of health and healing as they relate to what it means to be human.
Note: Models may include physical body, body-mind, body-mind-spirit/bio-psycho-social, eastern model, western model.
2. Analyze differences between one of the models discussed in part A1 and your professional presence (include your current beliefs, attitudes, and actions regarding health and healing).
3. Discuss how your professional presence (mindful or distracted) influences your nursing practice.
2. Analyze your test results, including areas that may or may not align with how you view yourself.
a. Evaluate how the preferences identified by the test align with your relationships, favorite activities, and career choices.
b. Discuss two potential challenges or barriers (e.g., barriers in communication, decision-making) that could be minimized by your enhanced self-awareness when working with opposite personality types.
C. Mindfulness Practice
1. Develop a mindfulness practice plan consistent with your interests, goals, and beliefs by doing the following:
a. Create two specific goals for each of the four Aspects of your whole person (physical, vital/rhythmic, mental/emotional, and biographical/spiritual body) to maintain balance.
b. Discuss how you will achieve each of the goals created in part C1a, including how you will adjust to the changing of your whole person.
D. Healing Environments
1. Analyze two direct patient care optimal healing environments in healthcare (i.e., 2 healthcare facilities that provide direct patient care) to identify the elements of internal, interpersonal, behavioral, and external environments.
2. Discuss how you intend to apply self-awareness and insights gained from part D1 to promote professional presence in your current healthcare setting.
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Journal of Applied Business Research
A monocentric model of land use that assumes urban spatial size is determined by a set of exogenous variables is employed to test the hypothesis that urban land size is negatively related to gasoline prices. Using a model from Brueckner and Fansler (1983), the amount of urbanized land area is shown to be a function of population, income, agricultural land prices and commuting costs. The latter is measured as the price of gasoline, broken into two components; the amount of any state gasoline excise tax imposed plus the total price paid by consumers minus such a tax. Using 1990 data, an empirical model that defines the dependent variable as the average-sized urban area in each state is estimated. The results confirm that higher levels of population and income contribute to larger amounts of urbanized land area, while higher land prices are primarily associated with smaller urban size. Of importance to this study, the results indicate that states with higher gas prices, mainly due to increased state gasoline excise taxes, are associated with smaller urban size.


Dominion Energy Moves Ahead With Electric School Bus Program
Dominion Energy is moving forward with its electric school bus program with 50 electric school buses being introduced to 16 localities in Virginia
Dominion Energy Electric School Bus
Electric school buses will soon be on the roads in Virginia safely carrying children and reducing emissions as Dominion Energy moves forward with the nation's largest electric school bus deployment. Phase one will bring 50 electric school buses to 16 localities within Dominion Energy's Virginia service area by the end of 2020.
The electric school buses will serve as a grid resource by creating additional energy storage technology to support the company's integration of distributed renewables such as solar and wind. The "vehicle-to-grid" technology leverages the bus batteries to store and inject energy onto the grid during periods of high demand when the buses are not needed for transport. The buses also provide environmental and health benefits through reduced emissions and reduce operation and maintenance costs for schools by up to 60 percent.
"We are excited to move forward with our commitment to bringing the benefits of electric school buses to the customers and communities we serve," said Dominion Energy chairman, president and CEO Thomas F. Farrell, II. "This is an innovative, sustainable solution that will help the environment, protect children's health, make the electric grid stronger, and free up money for our schools."
This initial deployment will bring electric school buses to each of the company's operating regions. Localities were selected based on the benefit the batteries would bring to the electric grid.
This is just the first step in a larger initiative to replace diesel-powered buses with electric buses. Phase two of the project, with state approval, would expand the program to bring at least 1,000 additional electric school buses online by 2025. Once phase two is fully implemented, the buses' batteries could provide enough energy to power more than 10,000 homes. Phase three would set the goal to have 50 percent of all diesel bus replacements in Dominion Energy's footprint be electric by 2025 and 100 percent by 2030.
Replacing diesel-powered school buses with electric school buses will have a positive impact on the environment and improve air quality. An electric school bus produces zero emissions. Replacing a diesel bus with an electric bus is the equivalent of taking 5.2 cars off the road. If fully implemented, by 2025, the program would be the equivalent of removing more than 5,000 cars from the road per year. That means lower carbon dioxide emissions and cleaner, healthier air for everyone, especially children.
Ayush Verma
Ayush Verma