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The following papers have been written by academia and make use of AspenTech software.
In this paper, we discuss the results of a simulation study for a biomass gasifier integrated with a PEM fuel cell. The system study comprises reforming and cleanup units as well. The HYSYS 3.1- ASPEN code has been used for simulation. The biomass source is hazelnut shells. It is desired to investigate both the overall system efficiency and the net electrical efficiency.
Fuel properties, gasification and reforming operation parameters affect the overall system efficiency. The net electrical efficiency is determined by the fuel conversion system efficiencies and fuel cell efficiency as well as on the heat integration within the wholesystem.
Currently, hazelnut shells are combusted in small scale ovens for residential purposes being far away from sustainability. Results indicate that integration of gasification with PEM fuel cell presents a sustainable way of power generation.
This paper summarizes the results of a study for a 100 kWe DCelectrical power PEM fuel cell system. The system consists of a pre-steam reformer, a steam reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor and an expander. Acceptable net electrical efficiency levels can be achieved via intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system. The calculations take into account the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, compressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package ''Aspen-HYSYS 3.1'' has been used. The operation parameters of the reactors have been determined considering all the technical limitations involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as hydrogen rich gas source. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for select edoperation conditions. The fuel cell stack efficiency has been calculated as a function of cell numbers (500, 750, 1000 and 1250cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 34 (500 cells) to 41% (1250 cells).
This paper presents the results of a study for a 100 kW net electrical power PEM fuel cell system. The major system components are an autothermal reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor and an expander. Intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system has been necessary to achieve acceptable net electrical efficiency levels. The calculations comprise the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, compressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package ''Aspen-HYSYS'' has been used along with conventional calculations. The operation conditions of the auto thermal reformer have been studied in detail to determine the values, which lead to the production of a hydrogen rich gas mixture with CO concentration at ppm level. The operation parameters of the other reactors have been determined considering the limitations implied by the catalysts involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as the source for hydrogen production. The chemical composition of the hydrocarbon fuel affects the optimum operation conditions of auto thermal reforming and the following fuel purification steps.Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for selected operation conditions. The fuel cellstack efficiency has been calculated as a function of number of cells (500 to 1250 cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 30 (500 cells) to 37%(1250 cells). Hence, they are comparable with or higher than those of the conventional gasoline based engine systems. Keywords: Autothermal reforming, hydrocarbon fuel, PEM fuel cell.
As more and more students gain access to computers, the idea of implementing Internet-based chemical engineering courses becomes more of a reality. With web-based learning comes new opportunities and challenges for both faculty and students. In courses where hands-on learning directly facilitated by an instructor is not required, web-based classes offer students the flexibility to complete coursework while still maintaining full-time employment, or when schedule conflicts between classes occur. The independent learning style challenges students to gain a greater understanding of the course material, as interactions between classmates can be limited. A student gains the ability to complete the course at their own pace, which allows the student to blend the needs of the web-based course with other courses or activities.
The key to web-based learning is communication. The ease of communication between the professors and the students, the ability of students to communicate with each other and the ability of the students to easily find and access the information they require are all vital to a successful web-based learning experience. Successful communication in a web-based course is dependent on the web site interface chosen and on the willingness of both the professors and students to utilize the tools of the web site.
This paper explores these issues from the perspectives of two students who have completed the University of Calgary Process Dynamics and Control course via the Internet, and the instructors involved with the course. By investigating the benefits and challenges to web-based learning and offering possible solutions to these challenges, it is shown that web-based learning can become an integral part of any Chemical Engineering program.
Navigate to the 2003 conference proceedings to obtain the publication.
Click on the link above to learn how to obtain this publication.
If you have a Web page that describes the use of AspenTech software for education or contains examples, send us your URL.


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The US DOT, PHMSA, and FRA have taken action on multiple fronts to address the safe transport of flammable liquids by rail. The following is a summary of actions taken to date:
- USDOT emergency actions require railroads transporting crude to notify state emergency response commissions and urges use of tank cars with highest integrity.
- On March 6, 2014, USDOT issued an Amended Emergency Order to provide further clarity for shippers and offerors of crude oil, and to prevent attempts to circumvent requirements concerning the safe transport of crude oil by rail.
- USDOT issued an Emergency Order requiring stricter standards to transport crude oil by rail.
- PHMSA launched Operation Classification in North Dakota's Bakken Region to verify that shippers and rail carriers are properly classifying crude oil in accordance with Federal regulations.
- FRA issued Emergency Order 28, establishing additional requirements for attendance and securement of certain freight trains and vehicles to prevent unintended movement. PHMSA and FRA also issue a joint safety advisory detailing a list of recommendations railroads are expected to follow.
- PHMSA and FRA issued a joint safety advisory reiterating the importance of proper characterization, classification, and selection of a packing group for flammable liquids, and the corresponding requirements in the Federal hazardous materials regulations for safety and security planning.
- PHMSA issued a Safety Alert warning of the variability in crude oil's chemical composition, requiring proper testing to ensure the material is properly classified and its hazards characterized prior to transport.
- PHMSA continues to review formal public comments on the September 6, 2013 Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that proposed improved safety requirements for DOT 111 rail tanks cars and other improvements related to rail safety.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In M. Veltman's Diagrammatica, appendix E, one can find the full Standard Model lagrangian. Some sectors (e.g fermion-Higgs and weak sectors) contain so-called Higgs ghosts $\phi^+,\phi^-$ and $\phi^0$.
Are Higgs ghosts Faddeev-Popov ghosts?
why does the Higgs field, not being a gauge field, yield Faddeev-Popov ghosts?
in which sense are they ghosts?


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عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Preconditions for successful implementation of the Finnish standard for sustainable mining
ترجمه فارسی عنوان مقاله:
پیش شرط های اجرای موفقیت آمیز استاندارد فنلاند برای استخراج پایدار
Sciencedirect - Elsevier - The Extractive Industries and Society, 7 (2020) 611-620: doi:10:1016/j:exis:2020:03:008
Mining companies are facing various environmental and social challenges, ranging from ecological concerns to community relations issues. In Finland, mining companies have responded to these challenges by developing a sustainability initiative to increase their responsibility. This study is based on a questionnaire administered to senior mine managers to capture their views on the matter. This research argues that for successful implementation of the 'Towards Sustainable Mining Standard', organizations need certain leadership and management processes to support implementation. This research also argues that organizations need a set of sustainability initiatives to guide their operations towards improved environmental performance. This research shows that sustainability initiatives play an important role in mining companies' operations, and companies are committed to several initiatives in their businesses. Results show that top management commitment, adequate resource allocation, and a functioning management system with an emphasis on communication and stakeholder engagement are essential to support implementation.
Keywords: Mining industry | Sustainability initiative | Towards sustainable mining | Mining standard | Implementation


Causes and cures of this motor killer
Heat is a paramotor's mortal enemy. Worst cases have the piston welding itself to the cylinder wall in the mother of all motor failures: a seizure. A close cousin is the piston burning a hole through it's top. Molten material drops harmfully into the engine's lower, and most expensive, workings.
There are a number of reasons why heat gets to this point. Here are most, starting with the most common.
1. Mixture is too lean: on carb adjustment. On floatbowl carbs this can be caused by having too small a jet.
2. Mixture too lean: Too much oil. At some point, oil replaces fuel and therefore the mixture goes up.
3. Mixture too lean: Air leak inside crankcase or cylinder. It can come from the cylinder, carburetor attachment, bearings, or exhaust.
4. Low RPM due to oversized or overpitched prop.
5. Blockage in fan (if equipped).
6. Piston ring sticking


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The 3rd stage in the finger training is the Wood liniment and is also cold. Training at this stage is turned towards the internal methods with tensing the fingers, hands, and arms which derived for the controlled exertion with the Taoist breathing techniques. These liniments are associated with extending ones energy not only into the ground but also sending it through the tips of the fingers at any time it should be necessary to do so. These liniments are strictly applied at the onset of training and the energy derived from these bordering on what Taoist call "Mysterious Chi".
Showing all 4 results


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TreeQinetic - Elastometer Measure Strain
The Elastometer measure strain (compression and tension) of the marginal fibers of the tree trunk. The latest version "Elastometer 3i" is capable to measure both strain and inclination at the point of its installation along the trunk. Having both information the bending line and curvature of the trunk can be calculated. This supports the analysis of defects in the trunk that may occur at old grafted trees and at old pruning wounds.
- Resolution: 0,1 µm
- Accuracy: 1 µm
- Measuring range: +/- 2 mm
- Duration of operation (accu): ~ 10 h at 20°C (radio connection to PC)
- Distance between measuring tips: 198 – 202 mm
- Diameter of measuring pins: 2 – 4 mm


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This topic includes information on how to receive the required code components for the integration and how to use the Software Developer Kit (SDK).
See Mobile Push how to set up required mobile push components before you start developing.
- iOS version 10.0 or higher.
- Open the Firebase console and log in using your Google account.
- Click Add project and create a new project for the app.
- Click Settings and then Project settings.
- Open the Cloud Messaging tab and note the Legacy server key and sender ID for passing to Optimizely Campaign.
- Click Settings and then Users and permissions.
- In the navigation on the left-hand side, click Service accounts.
- At the top of the navigation, click + CREATE SERVICE ACCOUNT.
- Enter the name of the service account and provide an optional service account ID.
- Select Furnish a new private key and activate the JSON option.
- Click Create and save the generated JSON file. The new service account appears in the overview along with the key ID.
- Log in to FCM with your Google Developer account.
- Download the GoogleService-Info.plist with the iOS onfiguration for FCM.
- Add the following code line to your Podfile:
Updated 3 months ago


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The OECD Global Science Forum (formerly the Megascience Forum) is a venue for meetings of senior science policy officials of OECD countries. Its goal is to identify and maximise opportunities for international co-operation in basic scientific research. The Forum establishes special-purpose working groups and workshops to perform technical analyses, and to develop findings and recommendations for actions by governments. These groups bring together government officials, scientific experts, and representatives of international organisations. Specifically, the Forum serves its Members in the following ways:
- Exploring opportunities for new or enhanced international co-operation in selected scientific areas. The Global Science Forum contributes to the identification and exploitation of opportunities for strengthening the global research infrastructure (e.g.facilities, instruments, databases, research networks and programmes) in response to new developments in science and technology, and to changing societal needs. Activities of this kind are expected to lead to better international co-ordination, sharing and rationalisation of existing or new resources.
- Defining international frameworks for vital national or regional science policy decisions. Governments can strengthen their own decision-making processes by using the Forum to become informed about the priorities, plans and funding decisions of other countries, prior to making their own national or regional plans. Such information can be useful for identifying, at an early stage, attractive opportunities and partnerships for international co-operation. Forum activities promote a dialogue between scientists and policymakers, to supplement the consultations that take place on a national or regional basis.
- Addressing the scientific dimensions of issues of global concern. Scientific research can provide essential information and advice to decision-makers on a wide range of critical global-scale issues. International consultations are needed for strengthening this type of research, and for promoting the use of scientific information in the development of the best policy options.
The Global Science Forum holds two general meetings each year and authorises specialised subsidiary activities as needed. The Forum produces findings and recommendations for action at senior administrative or operational levels. Recommendations to Science and Technology Ministers may also be made. Mechanisms are optimised for each topic under consideration, to produce policy-relevant findings, options, and recommendations for actions by governments:
- Working groups can be established, based on the Megascience Forum model. Such working groups, which have a well-defined scope and duration, bring together senior programme officials to exchange information about national priorities and plans, and to explore opportunities for co-operation and co-ordination on new or existing scientific programmes and projects.
- Single-event workshops can be organised to bring together government officials and scientific experts with the goal of exploring a selected issue in detail, and of formulating conclusions and recommendations for actions by governments and other relevant parties. Conducting a workshop may be appropriate before a working group activity is authorised.
- Surveys and studies can be conducted to gather and analyse information, if there is strong interest by a significant number of Forum delegations. Typically, these activities will serve to inform debate by the Forum itself. The responsibility for initiating and carrying out such work will normally rest with the governments that request it; the secretariat will provide analytical support upon request.
Subsidiary activities of the Global Science Forum are proposed by Member delegations, and participants are appointed by governments. Potential involvement of non-OECD countries, international bodies, and other OECD committees must be considered to maximise opportunities for productive interactions, and to avoid unnecessary duplication. The Forum does not duplicate or interfere with the work of any other international organisation or process, nor does it consider matters that can be dealt with on a bilateral or trilateral basis. In general, purely scientific matters are not to be debated by the Forum or its subsidiary bodies. If unresolved scientific questions emerge during the course of a Forum activity, an appropriate recommendation for action can be made to a scientific body. If opportunities for co-operation are identified, interested governments will decide whether they wish to participate in discussions leading to the negotiation and implementation of international projects. The responsibility for negotiating final agreement and administering the co-operation will reside with the participating governments. The Forum itself will not play an operational role in funding or managing any scientific project or facility.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Ingredient Spotlight: Bakuchiol.
Thanks to its waterless formula, this first-of-its-kind clear vitamin C serum is light stable, allowing it to stay effective longer. The plant-derived retinol alternative is having a major moment.
The Ingredient 101
- It's pronounced "ba-koo-chee-all."
- It's an antioxidant extracted from the seeds of the babchi plant (Psoralea corylifolia), native to India.
- According to the American Academy of Dermatology, bakuchiol works to stimulate collagen and elastin synthesis in a manner similar to retinol.
- Unlike retinol, which often contains animal by-products including liver, fish or egg yolk, bakuchiol is 100 percent vegan.
- Whie it works just like retinol this plant-derived version is so gentle, it's safe for sensitive skin types and can even be worn while in the sun.
Enjoy the full spread below:


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Moral Decisions and Testosterone: When the Ends Justify the Means
Behavioral endocrinology research suggests that testosterone may play a role in moral decision making. Studies involving human and nonhuman animals indicate that high basal testosterone is associated with decreased aversion to risk and an increased threshold for conflict, fear, stress, and threat. We tested the role of testosterone in moral decision making. We predicted and found that individuals high in testosterone are more likely to make utilitarian decisions—specifically when doing so involves acts of aggression and social cost.
The PDF above is a preprint version of the article. The final version may be found at < _URL_ >.
Source: Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology
Carney, Dana, and Malia Mason. "Moral Decisions and Testosterone: When the Ends Justify the Means." Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 46, no. 4 (July 2010): 668-671.
Date: 7 2010


to build a robotic rabbit for John, which becomes instrumental to many events in Jade's session. After finally arriving in the B2 session, Jade greets Jake and Jane after saving them from a Lord English-ified Jack Noir, before becoming mind-controlled by The Condesce. While grimbark, Jade was notably more hostile towards Jake, treating him like an imbecile.
Other Characters[edit | edit source]
Jade enjoys talking to Kanaya Maryam because of their shared roles as Heroes of Space. She is not fond of Eridan Ampora at all.
She turned down Tavros Nitram's romantic advances, stating that he seems nice but that they hardly know each otherHS.svg. She was generally upset with him when she discovered he was responsible for her Grandpa's death, but quickly forgives him after realizing how the whole situation was a sad misunderstandingHS.svg.
The post-retcon version of Jade also befriended Alternate Calliope, finding solace in her company and stories during her long lonely journey through the Yellow Yard.
Gallery[edit | edit source]
Trivia[edit | edit source]
 - She was named by Zeitlos Eisen.
 - Jade is the name of a shade of green, green being her associated color, which is named after a semi-precious stone, thus pertaining to her associated classical element, earth.
 - Jade's eyes are green, matching her Pesterchum text color.
 - She mentions being unsure as to whether she is an American citizenHS.svg. She was "born" (read: her meteor landed) in mainland US, then moved to a Pacific island shortly afterward; this island is in international waters but falls within the exclusive economic zone of Baker Island, a minor US territory.
 - Having 'green fingers' or a 'green thumb' is an idiom for someone who loves gardening. This might tie into Jade's associated color and her love of gardening.
 - Jade is the first person ever to put a pumpkin in their inventoryHS.svg. It vanished, however, just like always. We later discover that this is due to Jake English using his Transportalizer to appearify a large number of pumpkins.
 - As god-tier Jade, her striped socks and red shoes are a reference to the Wicked Witch of the East in The Wizard of Oz, who was the original owner of the Ruby Slippers and was only seen by way of her footwear after being crushed by a house. A second reference to the Wizard of Oz was made in the form of Jade's second god tier level, Sayonara KansasHS.svg. A third reference was made by John and Jade nicknaming the Yellow Yard the yellow brick roadHS.svg. Additionally, in case you need your references really explicit: Ding dongHS.svg.
 - Her god tier design was designed by Lexxercise.
 - Although Hussie did not want to include a tail on her god tier design (and she does not have one in Homestuck), she is described to have one in the epilogues.
 - Interestingly, the two Jade blooded trolls and the cherub associated with green are also Space players and Prospit dreamers. Jade and Kanaya were also both the last ones to join their respective sessions.
 - Her associated lighter color can be an allusion to Calliope's lime blood, since they're both Space players. It could also relate to Karkat, since due to his position on the zodiac many have thought he would have been lime-blooded without the red mutation (this was effectively proven by the Extended Zodiac, which groups Karkat's colorless sign with the twenty-three Lime signs). Karkat is also noted to have numerous parallels with both Calliope and Caliborn.
 - In Act 6 Act 6 Intermission 1, Rose usesHS.svg the fandom-coined term grimbark to describe Jade's new werewolf-like state.
 - Based upon her birthday, aspect, and lunar sway, Jade's Extended Zodiac sign is Sagigo, the Creator.
 - The word 'gnostic', from her chumhandle gardenGnostic, comes from the Greek word γνωστικός gnostikos, "having knowledge", from γνῶσις gnōsis, knowledge. This may refer to Jade's strange ability to foresee certain future events.
 - Jade is the only Beta kid who follows through with the "____ like a ____ and ____ on your ____." gag after being introduced.
 - Considering Jane Crocker is related to Betty Crocker (a.k.a The Condesce) this would technically mean that Jade is also related to other members of the Peixes family such as Feferi or Meenah.
 - Jade is the only Beta kid that has a guardian of the opposite sex.
 - Jade has many connections to atomic science/history:
 - Uranium as her associated item
 - Bec was named after Henri Becquerel, first person to discover evidence of radioactivity
 - She lives on an island somewhere near the Marshal Islands, where the US ran 105 nuclear bomb tests, leaving the islands highly radioactive
 - The Green Sun may itself be a reference to the description of atomic bomb Gadget's explosion which was described as "a great green super-sun"
 - Something glowing green is often used to depict it being radioactive and Jade's powers often glow green
See also[edit | edit source]
Homestuck Characters
JohnLogo.svg John Egbert RoseLogo.svg Rose Lalonde DaveLogoSlashed.png Dave Strider JadeLogo.png Jade Harley
ectoBiologist [EB]
ghostyTrickster [GT]
tentacleTherapist [TT] turntechGodhead [TG] gardenGnostic [GG]
JaneLogo.png Jane Crocker RoxyLogo.png Roxy Lalonde DirkLogo.png Dirk Strider JakeLogo.png Jake English
Aries.svg Aradia Megido Taurus.svg Tavros Nitram Gemini.svg Sollux Captor Cancer.svg Karkat Vantas
Leo.svg Nepeta Leijon Virgo.svg Kanaya Maryam Libra.svg Terezi Pyrope Scorpio.svg Vriska Serket
Sagittarius.svg Equius Zahhak Capricorn.svg Gamzee Makara Aquarius.svg Eridan Ampora Pisces.svg Feferi Peixes
Aries.svg Damara Megido Taurus.svg Rufioh Nitram Gemini.svg Mituna Captor Kankri Vantas
Leo.svg Meulin Leijon Virgo.svg Porrim Maryam Libra.svg Latula Pyrope Scorpio.svg Aranea Serket
Sagittarius.svg Horuss Zahhak Capricorn.svg Kurloz Makara Aquarius.svg Cronus Ampora Pisces.svg Meenah Peixes
Muse of Space Space Aspect.svg Lord of Time Time Aspect.svg
Calliope symbol.png Calliope (Alt) Caliborn symbol.png Caliborn
uranianUmbra [UU] undyingUmbrage [uu]
Dad Roxy Lalonde
Dirk Strider
God Cat Rose Lalonde
Dave Strider
Jane Egbert Jaspers Lil Cal Jake Harley
John Crocker Mutie Lil Hal Jade English
Nannasprite Jaspersprite Calsprite
Arquiusprite Erisolsprite
Carapacians /
Wayward Vagabond Peregrine Mendicant Aimless Renegade Windswept Questant Writ Keeper
Midnight Crew
Spades Slick Diamonds Droog Hearts Boxcars Clubs Deuce
The Felt
Lord English Doc Scratch Snowman
Typheus Cetus Hephaestus Echidna
Hemera Nix Yaldabaoth Abraxas
Salamanders Turtles Crocodiles Iguanas
Imps Ogres Basilisks Liches Giclopses


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Chatoyance – Eye of the Cat:
The name "Chatoyance" originates from the French word "chatoyer," which means "to shine like a "cats eye gemstone."
Chatoyance occurs in stones that contain a large number of very thin parallel inclusions within the stone, known as a "silk."
In a chatoyant gemstone, the band of light will move back and forth beneath the surface of the gem as it is turned into a beam of incident light.
The motion of the cat's eye across the top of the gem is one of the things that make these stones so interesting, beautiful, and desired by many people.
The chatoyancy in gemstone chrysoberyl is so prominent that the term cat's eye has come to be used exclusively for it. So it should be understood that a cat's eye is not a gemstone per se, but the name of a phenomenon.
How Chatoyant Works:
In Chatoyancy stone the light wave moves back and forth underneath the Chatoyant gem surface when it is kept or placed under the beam of light.
The beam of a light wave will shift or displace if the observer moves his/her head or stone position is altered to observe stone from different angles.
Chatoyancy is observed in varying forms. First is the regular band of light that distinctly stretches across the stone. Second is the 'opening and closing effect' where there are two bands visible across the stone.
How to cut a cat's eye stone:
The cat's eye gemstone can be produced with cabochon gemstones. Thus, those gem traders who have the intent of producing cat's eye stone must first choose that stone which has a large number of silk inclusions present in the stone.
And the gem cutter should carefully select a rough gemstone so that the parallel inclusions or silk inclusions remain beneath the stone and parallel inclusions remain parallel to the long axis of chatoyancy basically occurs in those stones that possess a large number of parallel thin inclusions inside the stone also termed as "Silk".
The wave of light, when struck this parallel inclusion, forms a band of light underneath the stone surface. The band of light will generally appear at right angles to the length of alongside inclusions.
These inclusions are aligned toward the crystal axis and these inclusions can be named as hollow tubes, crystal or other linear structure that are present in the stone.
Unfortunately, if a gem cutter fails to accomplish the above-mentioned goal, then a clear cat's eye stone will not be produced.
Assessing the Quality of a Cat's-Eye Gemstone:
The best cat's-eye gems have an eye that meets the following criteria:
- It is clearly visible
- It symmetrically bisects the cabochon
- It contrasts sharply with the stone's body color
- It moves smoothly as the stone is turned under the light
If a stone features all of the above criteria and has an exceptional body color, then you have a fantastic cat's eye stone.
Facts about Cat's eye Lehsunia
Some of the lesser known truths about the cat's eye are as follows:
- The chemical that causes this effect of the cat's eye is known as Chrysoberyl (BeO.Al2O3)
- The chemical bonding is Rhombic
- Cat's eye is greenish, brownish, yellowish and often found in colorless hues or shades.
- It has an explicit gravity of 3.71 and hardness of 8.5 on the Moh's scale
- It is brittle, but interestingly it is hard enough to be cast into a ring
- Translucent multi-shaded stones that resemble cat's eye are frequently mistaken for quartz tiger's eye
- They are frequently referred to as " oeil de visit"
Where does Cat's eye gemstone occur?
The Cat's eye is mostly found in Sri Lanka, Brazil and India. Some of the other countries where it is found is South Africa, Russia, Burma, and the U.S. In India, it is largely mined in Odisha, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bihar.


Peas Galore Puzzle
The Puzzle:
Peas Galore
At a school fete people were asked to guess how many peas there were in a jar.
No one guessed correctly, but the nearest guesses were 163, 169, 178 and 182.
One of the numbers was one out, one was three out, one was ten out and the other sixteen out.
How many peas were there in the jar?
Do you have the answer? Check against our solution!


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03-08-2002, 06:16 PM
- Bhambhani Y (2002). Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Med. 32 (1): 23-51. Summary: Wheelchair racing is one of the most popular sporting activities of individuals with spinal cord injury. Athletes with this impairment have unique changes in metabolic, cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and thermoregulatory systems, which reduce their overall physiological capacity compared with able-bodied individuals or individuals with other types of impairments. This review on spinal cord injury: presents the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation classification of wheelchair athletes; describes methods commonly used to characterise anaerobic and aerobic fitness; presents the findings of physiological studies that have evaluated wheelchair racing performance; identifies the risks associated with temperature regulation when competing in wheelchair races; and discusses special conditions that can influence wheelchair racing performance. Currently there is limited research that has examined the relationship between sprint or distance wheelchair racing performance and the anaerobic and aerobic components of physical fitness. Although the descriptive evidence indicates that the profiles of these athletes reflect their training and participation in these specific events, the association between their physiological profiles and real or simulated racing performance is unclear. The generally accepted concept that high values of aerobic and anaerobic power are strongly correlated with endurance and sprint racing performance, respectively, are not necessarily true in this population. Athletes with spinal cord injury have an impaired thermoregulatory capacity, because the compromised autonomic and somatic nervous system functions disrupt control of skin blood flow and sweating below the level of the lesion. As a result, they may be more susceptible to hyperthermia during distance wheelchair racing performance. Wheelchair athletes should follow recommendations advocated for able-bodied individuals to minimise their risks of heat stress during competition. Many athletes with quadriplegia voluntarily induce autonomic dysreflexia (commonly known as boosting) during distance racing events to improve performance. Experimental evidence indicates that boosting can improve performance time by 10% in elite wheelchair marathon racers during simulated racing, as a result of increased oxygen utilisation in the boosted state. However, since boosting can be dangerous to health, the International Paralympic Committee has banned athletes from voluntarily inducing it during competition. The use of anti-gravity suits to increase lower-body positive pressure can increase the peak oxygen uptake, cardiac output and stroke volume. However, the use of abdominal binders does not influence these physiological responses. An effect of either of these techniques on wheelchair racing performance has not been demonstrated. Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. _EMAIL_.


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Flight duration time from eSwatini to Myanmar:
This is the approximate flight duration times. The actual flight times may differ depending on the type and speed of aircraft.
Airports in Myanmar:
- Naypyidaw International Airport (NYT)
- Yangon International Airport (RGN)
The total air distance from eSwatini to Myanmar is 5376.9 miles or 8653.4 kilometers. This is the direct air distance or distance as the crow flies. Traveling on land involves larger distances.
Distance from Mbabane to cities in Myanmar:
- Mbabane to Yangon distance: 5267.8 miles


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Optimal triangulation of large real world input-output matrices
- Cite this article as:
- Grötschel, M., Jünger, M. & Reinelt, G. Statistische Hefte (1983) 25: 261. doi:10.1007/BF02932410
- 66 Downloads
In this paper we present optimum triangulations of a large number of input-output matrices. In particular, we report about a series of (44,44)-matrices of the years 1959, 1965, 1970, 1975 of the countries of the European Community, about all (56, 56)-matrices compiled by Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung for the Federal Republic of Germany, and about the (60,60)-matrices of the Statistisches Bundesamt of the Federal Republic of Germany. These optimum triangulation were obtained with a code developed by the authors which utilizes new polyhedral results for the triangulation problem in a linear programming cutting plane framework. With this code the range of solvability of triangulation problems was more than doubled (in terms of sector numbers) compared to previous work. In particular, for none of the triangulation problems mentioned above optimum solutions were known before. Moreover, we discuss various claims about properties of optimum solutions made in the literature and question some common concepts of analysing triangulated input-output matrices.


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| May 14, 2020 | Workers' Compensation
Trash production is on the rise. A recent analysis by Public Works Departments through the state of Wisconsin found a 20% increase in April's trash production in Kenosha compared to the same time last year. Kenosha is not an outlier. Wauwatosa reports a 24.4% increase and Sheboygan reports a 19.5% increase.
Why is there so much more trash?
The increase in waste production demand for the Public Works Department is likely linked to the current coronavirus pandemic. More and more people are staying home. Instead of generating waste at the workplace, which often use private companies for waste disposal needs, people are generating trash at home.
Another reason for the increase: to help fill the extra time they have at home, people are taking on projects and cleaning out their homes. Both generate trash.
What does this mean for public works employees?
Although some cities throughout the state have shifted to automated garbage trucks, others have not. This means employees are lifting and tossing more and more bags of trash. This can lead to fatigue and serious injury such as herniated disks and torn rotator cuffs.
The same injury risk increase exists for municipalities that use private garbage/recycling companies. If an employee is injured while performing the duties of their job, workers' compensation benefits should be available.
What if a worker is injured?
Workers' compensation may be available for those injured while on-the-job.
Injured workers may need to navigate conversations with employers, insurance companies and doctors to get their claim approved. An attorney experienced in this area of the law can navigate these conversations and the application process on your behalf, better ensuring you get the compensation you are entitled.
FindLaw Network


text:
Seeing Beyond the Words: An Interview with Derek Jennings
According to Aristotle, "The soul never thinks without a picture." So perhaps the image-based research Dr. Derek Jennings does could be defined as a way to 'discover what the soul is thinking'…
Jennings is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences on the Duluth Campus and the outreach director for Research for Indigenous Community Health (RICH) Center. He has a PhD in curriculum and instruction (with an emphasis in communications and technology), a degree in philosophical and social foundations of education, with a minor in film/photography. He has also been a freelance photographer who has taught photography for 10 years at a summer arts institute.
He has become very skilled in using the qualitative research methodology called PhotoVoice. PhotoVoice allows Jennings to combine his wide areas of knowledge and skill to develop health research projects with American Indian communities.
PhotoVoice enables people to tell their own stories, expressing their thoughts, ideas, culture and values through photographic representations. It works like this: the community or the researcher picks a topic to explore. The participants make photographs that explore and represent the topic and tell their own story through images. The information is deep and rich, containing multiple layers of meaning.
The participants then talk about what they chose to photograph. It's an important part of the narrative to understand why these images where created, what they mean to the participant. Jennings knows, "Meaning that is attached by the person who took the picture, is the most powerful." So he listens carefully to their descriptions and analyzes the story they provide.
"I always talk about photographs as being just a file marker of abstract thoughts," Jennings explains. "If you handed me your family's photo album, I might not be able to know what's going on with the pictures. You would have to sit there and tell me what you remember… 'Oh, that was 2008, my grandmother's birthday... We were celebrating my graduation on this day with my family' – and you would tell me all these stories. But they really are just symbols that are file markers for your brain to attach meaning to."
He tells about a group of American Indian women who have become known for running trail races and exercising. At first the group was three to four women who were wanting to get healthier. They started walking. Soon others joined. What began with a just few women walking grew into a group of 20–30, running marathons. And they got healthier. "A couple of them lost around 100 pounds."
Jennings explains what drew him to this group for a PhotoVoice project.
"I like to find those things that are working, attach research to them to figure out why and how they are working." He then shares that information back to the community. The run-group is 'a thing that's working.'
The women have created a community of support for themselves: from the reservation, from family and from the run-group (friends). How? How were the women using social media to meet up to run? Most importantly, Jennings asked, "How do you make a community within a community, that will be supportive?"
He provided the women with cameras for about a week, to document their experiences and show what it means to them to run and to live healthier lives. "And so they photographed and told stories about their individual lives."
"A lot of them had compelling stories about past relationships, their families, wanting to be good ancestors for their children."
He learned that when they run, the women talk about their ancestors. Some who have been adopted out are trying to learn about their culture and rebuild their roots to their ancestors.
"They talk about trauma, they talk about things that have happened and how it has affected their lives. So it's kind of a therapy situation also."
"These women have done it [changed their lives] and I'm just trying to figure out how they did it and how it worked. With their encouragement, I was able to."
Currently Jennings is working on a project called Food Medicine.
"It's a model about food and behavior, history and connection to culture." He is drawn to this type of research because, "It's image-based so there is so much information, not just focusing on one little area."
Collaborative research is attractive to Jennings because it allows for multiple approaches from multiple perspectives. He prefers to explore issues this way. He works with American Indian communities, learning from collective wisdom. He also enjoys working collaboratively at RICH, as part of a larger team of researchers with differing expertise, "bringing many people around the same table, to solve health problems."
Dr. Michelle Johnson-Jennings is Jennings' wife and one of his collaborators at RICH. Both conduct research around tribal health issues, particularly obesity research, and both have said that combining their different approaches enhances the success of their projects.
Dr. Derek Jennings brings deep understanding and expertise of qualitative methods, especially image-based research. With a background in clinical psychology, Dr. Johnson-Jennings applies more quantitative approaches. Together they are able to examine a problem more fully than either approach can offer alone.
"This is the way of the future. I think this is how the academy will be ready to make changes in society – these more collaborative approaches to research."
(Originally published by the Office for Equity and Diversity. Written by Amelie Hyams.)


text:
In reference to this post _URL_
I have another more specific question about passing data between forms in VB.net
I have a form with over 50 variables that I need to access on a second form and if i followed the method above, my form 2 will end up way too long and time consuming.
I'm making a complex calculation software that prompts user inputs values and calculates all those unknown variables. I need to display all the resulting values in the 2nd form. and from the 2nd form, i want to give the users an option to export all those values to an ms Excel sheet.
Here is an example of what I did in reference to the guide from the above link, Is there anyway to group the multiple properties into one for form2?
Feel free to copy and paste the code.
'form1 with a button and textbox Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click Dim Obj1, Obj2 As New Form2 Dim TDX, TBX, a As Decimal a = TextBox1.Text 'user input value b = 1 + a c = 2 + a Obj1.TDX = b Obj2.TBX = c Obj1.Show() Obj2.Show() End Sub End Class
'form2: 2 labels Public Class Form2 Public _b, _c As Decimal Public Property [b]() As Decimal Get Return _b End Get Set(ByVal b As Decimal) _b = b End Set End Property Public Property [c]() As Decimal Get Return _c End Get Set(ByVal c As Decimal) _c = c End Set End Property Private Sub Form2_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Label1.Text = _b Label2.Text = _c End Sub End Class


text:
1. Four sides sealing bag The four-side sealing bag is […]
1. Four sides sealing bag
The four-side sealing bag is usually made by the top, two sides and bottom sealing of two (roll) materials. Compared with the bag mentioned before, it is possible to use two different plastic resin materials if they can be bonded to each other. If it is, it is made into a four-side sealing bag glued on the front. The four-side sealing bag can be made into various shapes, such as heart-shaped or oval.
2. Zipper bag
On the three-side sealing bag and the main body bag, a bag with easy opening zipper is installed.
3. Three-dimensional bag
There are many types of three-dimensional bags, mainly including the following types:
①Standing bag with bottomed boat shape.
②Folded bottom integrated three-dimensional bag.
③The oblique knife heat seals the three-dimensional bag.
④Three-dimensional bag with bottle-shaped knife mold.
⑤ The three-dimensional bag with spout is divided into three-dimensional bag with oblique mouth and three-dimensional bag with roof cover.
⑥ Air pressure upright bag.
4. Shaped bags
Fruit-shaped and cartoon-shaped bags.
5. Bag with hand hole
The hole shape is triangle, butterfly shape, airplane shape, round hole, semicircle, waist drum shape and so on.


text:
Brad's suggestion to use the built-in number formatting functionality is wise -- it seems like a bad idea to permanently convert a decimal number to a formatted string in a table.
That said, if you really want to do this, read on:
If the Acres field type is Text, you can use the VBScript
FormatNumber function which by default adds thousands separators. Set the first argument to the Acres field and set the second argument to 0 to truncate (or round, not sure which it does) the decimal portion. Be sure to make a backup as this is a destructive operation.
FormatNumber(cint([ACRES]), 0) (note the string to integer conversion)
If the Acres field type is Float or Double, you would have to add another field of type Text and calculate it in a similar way:
Note: It is likely these methods will fail on records with null values so do a select by attributes first to select non-null records, e.g.
"ACRES" IS NOT NULL


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Sheila will explain how she:
 1. Developed the characters from her personal life
 2. Employed metaphors and symbols within the fairy tale
 3. Created the four Kingdom of Kindness four villages to correspond with the Brain Colors
 4. Used the Disney Storyboarding and Mind Mapping methods to write her books
 5. Uses a non-judgmental "Language of Color" to help students explain their feelings and thoughts
19aMax-holding-little-Green-Brain-Color-note-book-150x150"I want you to know how much of an author you mean to me.
You are an author who brightened my path, who let me think,
who made me be strong, and who let me be the way I am. Thank you!"
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Contact Sheila"This book is one of the greatest tools for educators and their students. Princess Shayna's Invisible Visible Gift and the Gift Giver's Guide promotes acceptance of differences with peers. Students learned about the villages and how they represent different types of people. Through discussions and group projects, they were able to determine their Brain Colors and to tap into different Brain Color qualities when needed."
Susan E. Cook, 3rd grade teacher, Verne W Critz Elementary School
Take a Brain Color Quiz
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No Bunk Just BS


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Friday, April 1, 2011
 To calculate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa ) using power number correlation.
 The traditional method to determine mass transfer coefficient (KLa ) for large antibiotic fermentor has been based upon log mean relationship between the inlet and exit equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration and the actual dissolved oxygen in the fermentor. The resulting KLa is then related to power unit volume, agitator speed and superficial gas velocity. This method has a number of disadvantages. The dissolved oxygen in the fermentor varies from top to bottom of the fermentor. The KLa value can be determined on-line from O2 analysis and a single dissolved oxygen measurement at any stage of the fermentor. An aerobic cell will be able to utilize a richer carbon source fully only if oxygen can also be maintained at a higher concentration in the direct vicinity of the cell.
 The overall mass transfer coefficient KLa is a measure of the ability of fermentor to supply oxygen to cells.
 The solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions under 1 atm of air and near ambient temperature is of the order of 10ppm. Oxygen is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution and hence gas liquid mass transfer should be increased. Agitation enhances gas liquid mass transfer. KLa depends on power input and power consumption and quantity of air supplied. KLa is highly dependent on the culture conditions, with age, cell concentration and growth rate having a major effect. Consistent KLa values can be obtained at the same point in each run. In low viscosity liquids, KLa is a relatively strong function of gassing rate, with KLa and hold up increasing monotonically with power input and similar values are obtained regardless of agitator type. Increasing viscosity reduces KLa and at the highest viscosities. KLa is independent of the gassing rate, as is the power input. Experiment is conducted in water so that KLa is highly dependant on the physiochemical nature of the solution in low viscosity systems, as shown by the results correlated by Van't reit.
 For pure water he proposed:
KLa = 0.026 (P/V)0.4Vs0.5
And for strongly ionic solutions:
KLa = 0.002 (P/V)0.7Vs0.2
These correlations show how KLa varies and also how the dependence of KLa on the power input and gassing rate varies with a change in ionic strength. This is considered to be due to the change in bubble coalescing properties. In pure water, bubbles coalesce easily forming bubbles of low surface area to volume ratio when ascend stabilized by reducing hold up and interfacial area. In ionic solutions, the interface is stabilized by ions and coalescence is reduced. This maintains smaller bubble sizes and leads to a higher hold up and therefore higher interfacial areas. The power consumption in a bioreactor is reduced by aeration.
 Power number is used to calculate the power required to rotate a given impeller at a given speed. The power number depends on dimensions of tank and impeller, the distance of impeller from the tank floor, the liquid depth and the dimensions of the baffles, if these are used. The number and arrangement of the baffles and the number of blades in the impeller must also be fixed. The variables that enter the analysis are the important measurements of tank and impeller, the viscosity µ and density ρ of the liquid, the speed n, and because the Newton's law applies, the dimensional constant g.
 The various linear measurements can all be converted to dimensionless ratios, called "shape factors", by dividing each of them by one of their number, which is arbitrarily chosen as basis. The diameter of the impeller is taken as Da and of the tank as Dt and the shape factors are calculated by dividing each of the remaining measurements by the magnitude of Da or Dt. Let the shape factors, so defined, be denoted by S1, S2, S3,………..Sn.
When the shape factors are temporarily ignored and the liquid is assumed "Newtonian", the power P is a function of the remaining variables, or
P = ψ (n, Da, gc, µ, g, ρ)
Applying law of homogeneity, we get
Pgc/N3Da5ρ = ψ (nDa5 ρ/µ, n2Da/g) where Pgc/N3Da5ρ power no.
N Da2 ρ/µ Reynolds no
N2Da/g Froude no.
In use turbulent regime, the power input is independent of Reynolds no.
P ∞ n3Da5 : Np is a constant.
Laminar flow relation is given by
P ∞ n2Da3 or Np∞ 1/NRe
The proportionality constant in each case depends on impeller geometry.
The oxygen transfer rate per unit volume is given by
Qo2= KLa (C* - C), where a interfacial area per liquid volume,
(C* - C) Overall concentration driving force.
The ratio of power requirement in aerated versus non-aerated vessels Pg/P versus the aeration no Na can be correlated.
Na = Fg / Ni Dj3 ; Fg air flow rate
Na = (Fg/Dj2)/ NjDj where Na= superficial gas velocity / impeller tip velocity.
The air / gas flow rate can be calculated from the 'vvm'. The overall mass transfer coefficient can also be given by
KLa = k (P/V)K Vsβ
Where (P/V) is the power per unit volume
Vs is the superficial gas velocity.
KLa = 2 ×10-3 (P/V)0.7 (Vs)0.2 S-1.
The studies that will be reported here were conducted on 5l (working volume 2.5lit) reactor. This reactor is equipped with flat four-blade Rushton turbine. Height 265mm, diameter of tank 146mm, diameter of impeller 58mm, inter impeller distance 93mm, distance between last impeller and tank 212mm. The tank has two baffles with a width and height of 16 and 25mm. The impeller is run with 96W(24Volt X4 Amp) motor. The power input to the motor was measured by monitoring voltage and ampere on a multimeter. Effective power was calculated by assuming the efficiency to be 90%. All studies were conducted with water.
Ungassed power number (Np):
The effective power number was calculated from the Rushton power equation
Np = (Peff)g/ N3Da 5ρ
Gassed power number (Pg):
Ratio of Pg/P as a function of aeration number was plotted. Pg /P increased with increase in liquid level below turbine.
Diameter of impeller = 58 mm
Density of water = 1000kgm-3
Viscosity of water = 10-3Pa
Power, P = √3 VI cosф (watts),
where, V = Voltage, Volts
I = current, Amps
Cos ф = phase difference = 0.9
Effective power Peff = 0.9 P watts.
Reynolds number Nre = D2Nρ/µ
Where D = diameter of impeller
 N = Revolution per second
 ρ = Density of water
 µ = Viscosity of water
Power number Np = Peff / N3D5ρ
The KLa values were determined and were found be:
For vvm = 0 ;KLa =
For vvm = 0.5 ;KLa =
For vvm = 1 ;KLa =
For vvm = 1.5 ;KLa =
Ratio of Pg/P as a function of aeration number was plotted. It was found that both aeration number and Pg/ P ratio increase with impeller velocity.
No significant variation was observed in the correlation between Np and NRe for the gassed and ungassed cases.
In a multiturbine fermentor, it would be desirable to be able to estimate the power input of each turbine in the fermentor. Using this information, a modeling approach can be used to relate stage wise mass transfer coefficients to stagewise power inputs. It would then be possible to predict the axial dissolved oxygen distribution of the fermentor and how the distribution reacts to changes in such process variables as pressure, airflow rate, the agitator speed. It would also be possible to optimize the agitator configuration to obtain the most efficient use of power inputs.
The aeration number was plotted against the ratio of gassed to ungassed power absorption. The trend should show that the power drawn decreases to as much as 50% of ungassed power drop during aeration. The ungassed power drawn is important in selecting the appropriate operating speed of agitators, especially for fixed motors. For instance, in certain plants, the nutrient medium is sterilized in the fermentor and as it is necessary to turn the air off during this operation, the impeller would draw maximum power. Also compressor failure causing loss of aeration during operation would increase the power draw to the maximum load at the operating speed. In order to prevent over load of the agitator motors during these conditions, the operating speed must be specified with respect to the ungassed power for fixed speed motors.
 Aeration of a liquid decreases the power consumption during agitation because an aerated liquid is less dense than an unaerated one


text:
At the moment Java does not have any built in support for displaying 3D. In order to use a 3D library such as OpenGL we need a java 'wrapper' which has some native code to call OpenGL. There are a number of possibilities:
- Java3D - This is an 'extension' to Java, which mean that it is not distributed with java and requires a separate download. Java3D is both a OpenGL or Direct3D wrapper and a scenegraph model. Sun have stopped developing this and its future is in doubt, there is a possibility it may become open source?
- JOGL - This is just an OpenGL wrapper, so it is a much smaller download than Java3D. There is a possibility that in future that it may be distributed with Java.
At the moment there are some downsides to the use of Java for 3D.
- Performance - The JVM is an interpreter, and this slows down performance, Just In Time (JIT) compilation instead of interpreting may help if each part of the code is run many times. For large 3D models, there may also be issues with the memory size required, this has to be setup at runtime. Also the vector and matrix library may not make use of the SIMD instructions built into most computers machine code.
- Distribution - Use of Java3d requires a Java2 virtual machine, most PCs don't have this, current browsers still use an older JVM. Therefore to download from the web and then run a java application on most PCs would require: download the program, and download Java 2 and download Java3d. The average user would not be prepared to do this.
Sun seem to be winding down Java3D development, see these links for alternatives.


text:
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In ALTER TABLE for UUID we discuss currently proper way to store and handle UUID in MySQL. Currently it works, even in a performant way, but it still hurts. It should not.
Definition of UUID
The RFC 4122 defines various types of UUID, and how they are being formatted for presentation and as a bit field on the wire. As this document was written bei Leach and Salz, among others, RFC 4122 UUIDs are also called "Leach-Salz UUIDs" (for example in the Java Documentation).
There are other UUID variants, used in other systems (NCS, and Microsoft "backwards compatibility").
A RFC 4122 UUID is a special 128 bit long value ("16 octets"). It is supposed to be laid out like this:
 0 1 2 3
 | time_low |
 | time_mid | time_hi_and_version |
 |clk_seq_hi_res | clk_seq_low | node (0-1) |
 | node (2-5) |
The high bits in clk_seq_hi_res define the variant, and anything starting with the bit sequence 10 is a RFC 4122 compliant UUID.
The high nibble in time_hi_and_version defines the RFC 4122 Type (or version), the algorithm used. RFC 4122 itself defines versions 1 to 5 (version 0 is unused).
There is an expired draft that defines a version 6, which is specifically designed to use a primary key for databases. It uses the same timestamp value as Type 1, but stores the bytes so that ordering by creation time is preserved. It also relaxes the requirements on the node field, officially allowing different sources for bits than the MAC address. Sample implementations are available in various languages.
UUIDs are all over the place in Windows and also in Java. Databases have to handle them as "application generated primary keys". That's why they are important and should be treated with some attention.
Handling UUID in MySQL 8
MySQL provides functions to generate UUIDs, to check if a thing is a validly formatted string that looks like a UUID, and to convert UUIDs to 128 bit bitstrings and back.
The latter two functions have a special flag to improve performance with InnoDB. This flag is by default off. No attempt is made to automatically do the right thing dependent on the UUID type.
UUID function
The MySQL function UUID() returns a RFC 4122 Type 1 UUID.
mysql> select uuid_to_bin(uuid()) as uuid;
| uuid |
| 0x80462D3C96AB11EB94BBBA2278F258E1 |
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Formatted like in the RFC, we get the following values:
96AB 1 1EB
9 4 BB B A22
Specifically, the clk_seq_hi_res contains the variant value, 9, and the time_hi_and_version contains the version, 1.
According to the RFC, the variant 9 = 1001 = 10x (a RFC 4122 compliant UUID).
Of the Versions defined in RFC 4122, it is Version 1 or Type 1, "The time-based version in this document". The generation algorithm is defined in section 4.2 of that RFC.
So a MySQL generated UUID is always a RFC 4122 Type 1 (time based) UUID.
Java generated UUID values
Compare with the Java UUID Class:
We have randomUUID(), returning a Type 4 UUID and nameUUIDFromBytes() for Type 3 and a generic Constructor that takes any 128 bit value. So what we get from Java is likely name based or random UUIDs generated by the application.
Name based UUIDs are fixed for a fixed name, so they pose no problem when used with MySQL as a primary key.
Random UUIDs are completely random. There is nothing to optimize for MySQL here.
Neither is a good choice to use as a kind of application controlled distributed primary key.
Based on the reasoning in ALTER TABLE for UUID, Java developers that are using UUID for this purpose would be well advised to implement and use a Type 1 UUID. It seems that such an implementation is not available by default as part of java.lang.util, but other implementations exist.
IS_UUID() function
The IS_UUID() predicate returns 1 for all strings that can be parsed as a UUID.
That is, it checks for one of three ways to write the UUID, and that it contains only valid hex digits in the places that actually contain data. No attempt is made to validate any of the bits. Code is here, and the actual parsing happens here.
UUID_TO_BIN() function
MySQL allows three ways to write UUIDs, as a 128 bit hex string (6ccd780cbaba102695645b8c656024db), as a 128 bit hex string with dashes in the right places (6CCD780C-BABA-_PHONE_-5B8C656024DB) and as a 128 bit hex string with dashes in the right places and enclosed in curly braces ({6CCD780C-BABA-_PHONE_-5B8C656024DB}).
This is not a particular dense packing of data for storage. The UUID_TO_BIN() function takes any of these strings and returns a VARBINARY(16) for storage.
The function has an optional second parameter, the swap_flag. When applied to a Type 1 UUID, the time bytes are being swapped around so that chronological ascending UUIDs from the same node are also having numerically ascending values. This optimizes storage with InnoDB.
 - Type 1 UUID: It is recommended you define UUID columns as VARBINARY(16) and use theUUID_TO_BIN(uuid_string, 1) function to store data.
 - Type 6 UUID: You should use UUID_TO_BIN(uuid_string, 0) to store Type 6 UUIDs, because Type 6 has been specifically created to avoid the swapping of time bytes around.
 - Other types: These do not profit from swapping, so also use UUID_TO_BIN(uuid_string, 0).
BIN_TO_UUID function
The inverse function to UUID_TO_BIN is BIN_TO_UUID(). It needs the same swap_flag value as has been used at write time in order to unpack the data correctly.
It should hurt less
This all should hurt less.
 - MySQL should have a native UUID column type, which stores data internally in a VARBINARY(16) (or BINARY(16)).
 - It should accept all three notations as input (hex string, with dashes, with curly braces and dashes). It should return a hex string without dashes or curlies.
 - It should validate variant and type (version), allowing Types 1 to 6.
 - It should auto-convert (swap) data for Type 1, but not for any other type.
 - There should be a formatting function that turns a hex string without dashes into a UUID string with dashes, or a UUID string with dashes and curlies.
That is, I want to be able to
mysql> create table u ( u uuid not null primary key, dummy integer );
mysql> insert into u values (uuid(), 1);
mysql> select u from u\G
u: 6ccd780cbaba102695645b8c656024db
mysql> select format_uuid(u, 0) as u from u\G
u: 6CCD780C-BABA-_PHONE_-5B8C656024DB
mysql> select format_uuid(u) as u from u\G
u: 6CCD780C-BABA-_PHONE_-5B8C656024DB
mysql> select format_uuid(u, 1) as u from u\G
u: {6CCD780C-BABA-_PHONE_-5B8C656024DB}
and internally, this is stored as 0x1026BABA6CCD780C95645B8C656024DB, because variant is RFC 4122 and Type is 1.
For any other Type of the RFC 4122 the internal swapping does not happen.
Trying to store anything that is not a RFC 4122 variant is an error. Trying to store anything that is a RFC 4122 variant but not a Type 1 to 6 is an error.


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Let M = (Q,∑, q0,A, δ) be an FA. Below are other conceivable methods of defining the extended transition function δ∗. In each case, determine whether it is in fact a valid definition of a function on the set Q × ∑∗, and why. If it is, show using mathematical induction
a. For every q ∈ Q, δ ∗ (q,) = q; for every y ∈ ∗, σ ∈, and q ∈ Q, δ ∗ (q, yσ ) = δ ∗ (δ ∗ (q, y), σ ).
b. For every q ∈ Q, δ ∗ (q,) = q; for every y ∈ ∗, σ ∈, and q ∈ Q, δ ∗ (q, σy) = δ ∗ (δ(q, σ ), y).
c. For every q ∈ Q, δ ∗ (q,) = q; for every q ∈ Q and every σ ∈, δ ∗ (q, σ ) = δ(q, σ); for every q ∈ Q, and every x and y in ∗, δ ∗ (q, xy) = δ ∗ (δ ∗ (q, x), y).
I stark at the first(a), if i need to proof in induction what is the initial step
and n step to n+1 step? can you show me the proof?
share|improve this question
This is extremely hard to read. I started to format it for you but got hung up on (a). I guessed what you meant by $\delta^*(q,\ )=q$, but I was lost at the next part: $y\in *,\sigma\in$. At that point I simply gave up. Could you attempt to reformat it or at least explain what your notation means? – Rick Decker Oct 11 '12 at 1:19
1 Answer 1
You should probably edit your question with the work you've done.
First, your question seems ill-specified because you claim that $\delta^*$ is a function on $Q \times \Sigma^*$ but I really think you mean it's a function from $Q \times \Sigma^*$ to $Q$.
Next you need to consider what you might do induction on. You want to show that this function correctly produces some $q \in Q$ given any input $(q, w)$ with $q \in Q$ and $w \in \Sigma^*$. This may or may not be intuitive but since the definition of $\delta^*$ (in (a)) does not really make any assumptions about $q$ then it makes sense to induct on the length of $w$.
This leads to another issue which is how $\delta^*$ is defined on a single character or even the empty string (for your base case), but you can probably assume it's defined similarly to the definition of $\delta^*$ given in class. The induction step should follow naturally because the definition of $\delta^*$ is inductive...
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Sorry for type error. I take a picture of the question and the definition (_URL_.png) thanks! – Dyson Liu Oct 11 '12 at 10:25
You still need to update your original post with the work you've done. Honestly that question in the image is ill-specified in my head (maybe I'm crazy?). The intention seems relatively clear though, so you should still be able to work off it. Did you understand the basic approach I outlined in my answer? – roliu Oct 11 '12 at 22:12
Your Answer


The K-index quantifies disturbances in the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field with an integer in the range 0–9 with 1 being calm and 5 or more indicating a geomagnetic storm. It is derived from the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed on a magnetometer during a three-hour interval. The label K comes from the German word Kennziffer[1] meaning "characteristic digit". The K-index was introduced by Julius Bartels in 1939.[2][1]
Calculation of K-indexEdit
The K-scale is quasi-logarithmic. The conversion table from maximum fluctuation R (in units of nanoteslas, nT) to K-index, varies from observatory to observatory in such a way that the historical rate of occurrence of certain levels of K are about the same at all observatories. In practice this means that observatories at higher geomagnetic latitude require higher levels of fluctuation for a given K-index. For example, at Godhavn, Greenland, a value of K = 9 is derived with R = 1500 nT, while in Honolulu, Hawaii, a fluctuation of only 300 nT is recorded as K = 9. In Kiel, Germany, K = 9 corresponds to R = 500 nT or greater.[3] The real-time K-index is determined after the end of prescribed intervals of 3 hours each: 00:00–03:00, 03:00–06:00,..., 21:00–24:00. The maximum positive and negative deviations during the 3 hour period are added together to determine the total maximum fluctuation. These maximum deviations may occur any time during the 3 hour period.
The Kp-index and estimated Kp-indexEdit
The official planetary Kp-index is derived by calculating a weighted average of K-indices from a network of 13 geomagnetic observatories at mid-latitude locations. Since these observatories do not report their data in real-time, various operations centers around the globe estimate the index based on data available from their local network of observatories. The Kp-index was introduced by Bartels in 1939.[2]
The relationship between K and AEdit
The A-index provides a daily average level for geomagnetic activity. Because of the non-linear relationship of the K-scale to magnetometer fluctuations, it is not meaningful to take the average of a set of K-indices. What is done instead is to convert each K back into a linear scale called the "equivalent three hourly range" a-index (note the lower case "a"), according to the following table:[3][4][5]
Equivalent range a for given K
K 0 0+ 1− 1 1+ 2− 2 2+ 3− 3 3+ 4− 4 4+
a 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 15 18 22 27 32
K 5− 5 5+ 6− 6 6+ 7− 7 7+ 8− 8 8+ 9− 9
a 39 48 56 67 80 94 111 132 154 179 207 236 300 400
The daily A-index is merely the average of eight a-indices.
Thus, for example, if the K-indices for the day were 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 2, 2 and 1, the daily A-index is the average of the equivalent amplitudes:
 A = (15 + 27 + 80 + 48 + 15 + 7 + 7 + 4)/8 = 25.375
The Ap-index is averaged planetary A-index based on data from a set of specific Kp stations.[4]
The relationship between the NOAA G-scale and KpEdit
The Kp-scale is a reasonable way to summarize the global level of geomagnetic activity, but it has not always been easy for those affected by the space environment to understand its significance. The NOAA G-scale[6] was designed to correspond, in a straightforward way, to the significance of effects of geomagnetic storms.
Use in radio propagation studiesEdit
The Kp-index is used for the study and prediction of ionospheric propagation of high frequency radio signals. Geomagnetic storms, indicated by a Kp = 5 or higher, have no direct effect on propagation. However they disturb the F-layer of the ionosphere, especially at middle and high geographical latitudes, causing a so-called ionospheric storm which degrades radio propagation. The degradation mainly consists of a reduction of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) by as much as 50%.[7] Sometimes the E-layer may be affected as well. In contrast with sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID), which affect high frequency radio paths mostly at mid and low latitudes, the effects of ionospheric storms are more intense high latitudes and the polar regions.
 1. ^ a b Bartels, J.; Heck, N. H.; Johnston, H. F. (1939). "The three‐hour‐range index measuring geomagnetic activity". Journal of Geophysical Research. 44 (4): 411–454. doi:10.1029/TE044i004p00411.
 2. ^ a b Fleming, J. A.; Harradon, H. D.; Joyce, J. W. (1939). "Seventh General Assembly of the Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity at Washington, D.C., September 4–15, 1939". Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. 44 (4). pp. 477–478, Resolution 2. doi:10.1029/TE044i004p00471.
 3. ^ a b Davies, Kenneth (1990). Ionospheric Radio. IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series #31. London, UK: Peter Peregrinus Ltd/The Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 50. ISBN 0-86341-186-X.
 4. ^ a b "Help on SPIDR Data – Geomagnetic And Solar Indices Data Description". NOAA Space Physics Interactive Data Resource (SPIDR). Archived from the original on 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
 5. ^ "Geomagnetic kp and ap Indices". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NESDIS). Retrieved 2016-08-21.
 6. ^ NOAA/SWPC Space Weather Scales which are used to communicate to the public current and future space weather conditions and their possible effects
 7. ^ George Jacobs and Theodore J. Cohen (1997). The New Shortwave Propagation Handbook. Hicksville, New York: CQ Publishing. p. 1.14. ISBN 0-943016-11-8.
External linksEdit
 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "_URL_


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tweed (river)
|←Twachtman, John Henry||Collier's New Encyclopedia
|disclaimer.Edition of 1921;|
TWEED, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Peeblesshire, passes by or near to Peebles, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream, from near which place it forms the boundary line between England and Scotland for 16 miles, runs through England for a short distance, and then enters the North Sea at Berwick; total length, 97 miles. Its tributaries include the Ettrick, Gala, Leader, Teviot, Eden, and Till. Its waters abound with salmon and trout, and its name is celebrated in connection with some of the best literature of Scotland.


text:
We are currently looking for an experienced Office Admin for a full time, direct hire position in the Annapolis, MD area. Position is available to start immediately.
- Answers and directs telephone calls.
- Processes mail.
- Performs clerical tasks such as typing, filing, copying and faxing.
- Orders supplies for the office.
- Maintains and updates various databases.
- Provides administrative support to Contract, Project and Office managers.
- Processes transmittals, submittals, purchase orders, change orders.
- Accounts Payable and account reconciliations.
- Verifies and processes invoices, maintains vendor files.
- Orders plans and tracks status.
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities required:
- Knowledge of standard accounts payable policies and procedures.
- Ability to understand and interpret vendor invoices, statements, and other request for payments.
- Ability to process computer data and format and generate reports.
- Strong communication and interpersonal skills.
- Knowledge of general accounting principles.
- Microsoft Word, Excel, and Outlook.
- Timberline Accounting Software
Please apply for immediate consideration. Thank you!


text:
New Mexico Favorites—Chile and Pecans
Priscilla Grijalva, Extension Food and Nutrition Specialist
College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University.
New Mexico is proud of its production of high quality chile and pecans. More than 27 tons of chile and 28 million pounds of pecans are harvested annually in the state.
When Don Juan de Oñate entered New Mexico in 1598, the building blocks of the state's history were well laced with chile. The Spaniards brought the vegetable north with them from the tropics. Along with other peppers of the genus Capsicum, the plant belongs to the same New World family as tomatoes and potatoes. Because of its pungency, Columbus thought he had discovered a different form of the pepper he was searching for. Chile is now prized as a vegetable and condiment all over the United States.
Pecan trees are native to the southern United States. Indians enjoyed pecans before the Europeans came to North America. The first Spanish and French explorers mentioned the native Pacana nuts growing in Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were among the pioneers in pecan culture. They recorded attempts to grow pecans from seed, and planted the trees in their home gardens. As early as 1932, observations were made that the southern Rio Grande Valley would be ideal for pecan orcharding. Pecan orchards in the Pecos Valley started shortly after 1900.
Rich in Nutrients
Chile is rich in vitamins A and C. Vitamin A is most abundant in fresh red peppers in the form of carotene. Most of the vitamin A in chile remains after it is canned, dried or frozen, which is important because of the many processed chile products available. Vitamin C content of chile increases as the season advances and is higher in chile gathered in October than in August. Because vitamin C is affected by heat and oxidation, canned and frozen chile contain slightly less than fresh chile. Chile loses vitamin C when dried.
Pecans furnish calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and magnesium. They are also a good source of the B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin and niacin). Ten large nuts (20 halves) yield approximately 100 calories. The fat in pecans has a high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. The pecan is an excellent source of energy because it is 71% fat.
Selecting and Sorting
Chile may be either green or red, and is available fresh, dried, frozen or canned. Fresh chile should have large smooth pods with smooth shoulders. Pods should be firm and thick-fleshed with a bright shiny surface. Roasted and peeled green chile can be dried in the sun or in a home dehydrator. Traditionally, red chile is strung in ristras and dried in the sun for winter use. Dried chile is marketed as whole pods or ground to a powder. Frozen green chile is available in many forms – whole green chiles, chopped chiles, sauces and many prepared dishes. Frozen red chile sauce is available as well in enchiladas, chile con carne and burritos. A wide variety of canned products containing chile has made the popular New Mexico vegetable available to chile fans across the country.
For storage, put fresh chile in polyethylene-type bags in the refrigerator until peeled. Dried red chile or chile powder should be stored in a cool dark place to preserve flavor and color. Frozen foods should be stored at zero degrees. Canned chile should be stored in a cool dark place. After opening, refrigerate and use within 2 days.
Pecans are available shelled or in the shell. Fresh shelled pecans are a light golden brown. The color darkens with age. High quality pecans in the shell are clean and free from cracks or holes. Unshelled pecans keep at room temperature for about 6 months. Ideally they should be stored in a cool, dry place. Shelled pecans should be stored in a refrigerator or the freezer. They remain in good condition for a year.
Add Then to...
Both chile and pecans add good flavor to a wide variety of dishes. Chile in all forms should be labeled as to pungency. Sometimes variety is used as an indication of hotness, so it is helpful for novices to be familiar with varieties. A little bit of chile usually goes a long way, so it's best to start with a small amount first. For hotter dishes, substitute jalepeño peppers for part or all of the green chile.
Chile sauce is basic to many recipes. It can then be used with many dishes as well as traditional Spanish dishes such as tacos, enchiladas or huevos rancheros. Chile is a tasty addition to scrambled eggs, beans, salads, casseroles and vegetable dishes.
Pecans add tasty nourishment to every course at mealtime. They can be added to salads, vegetable casseroles, main dishes and desserts. Better yet, just eat them plain or toasted.
Red Chile Sauce
|1/2 cup dry red chili powder||2 tablespoons flour|
|1 teaspoon salt||1/4 teaspoon garlic powder|
|2 cups water||2 tablespoons oil|
|1/2 teaspoon oregano|
In saucepan mix chili powder, flour, salt and garlic powder. Add water gradually while mixing to blend well. Add oil and oregano. Simmer gently for 15 minutes. Makes two cups.
|1/4 cup oil||1 dozen corn tortillas|
|2 cups grated cheese||1/2 cup chopped onion (optional)|
|1 pint red chile sauce (see recipe above)|
Heat oil in a fry pan. Fry each tortilla in hot fat and drain. Dip one tortilla into chile sauce then place tortilla flat on a plate, sprinkle onion and cheese on top and repeat. Usually 3 tortillas make one serving. May be topped with fried egg. Serve with refried beans, Spanish rice and/or salad. Serves 4 to 6.
Chile Con Carne
Make red chile sauce above and add 2 cups cooked, cubed meat and 2 cups cooked pinto beans. Serve hot in bowls with corn or flour tortillas or corn bread.
New Mexico Spoon Bread
|1 No. 300 can cream style corn||3/4 cup milk|
|1/3 cup melted shortening||1 1/2 cups cornmeal|
|2 eggs, slightly beaten||1/2 teaspoon soda|
|1 teaspoon baking powder||1 teaspoon salt|
|1 teaspoon sugar (optional)||1 1/2 cups grated cheese|
|1 4-oz. can green chile, chopped|
Mix all ingredients except chile and cheese. Pour 1/2 batter in greased 9 × 9 pan, sprinkle on 1/2 cheese and chile; add remaining batter and top with cheese and chile. Bake in 400 °F oven 45 minutes; cool slightly and serve.
Green Chile Salsa
|1 cup chopped, peeled green chile
(fresh, canned or frozen)
|1/4 cup onion, chopped fine|
|3/4 cup chopped tomato
(fresh or canned)
|1/4 teaspoon garlic powder|
|1/2 teaspoon salt||1 tablespoon fresh coriander
Combine all ingredients and mix well. Chill and refrigerate for an hour or longer to allow flavors to blend. This makes 2 cups of sauce. Serve as a dip, in tacos, with beans or to season other foods.
Chile Con Queso
In a saucepan cook chile salsa (above) until just tender. Remove from heat. Add 2 cups grated cheese. Stir in until melted. Serve as a dip or to season bland foods. Thin with evaporated milk to desired consistency.
Green Chile Spread
|4 to 6 green chiles||1 16-oz. pkg. cream cheese|
Peel chile, remove stems and seeds, chop fine. Bring cream cheese to room temperature. Blend cheese and chile. Spread on celery or carrot sticks, or tortilla chips.
Green Chile Stew
|1 lb. beef stew meat||3 medium potatoes cubed|
|1 small onion chopped||1/4 teaspoon cumin seed|
|1 1/3 cups green chile (desired pungency)||1 teaspoon salt|
|3 carrots sliced||Pepper to taste|
|2 tablespoons flour||Water|
|2 cups canned or fresh chopped tomatoes|
Place meat in large heavy fry pan. Brown over medium heat. Add onion, chile, tomato, carrots, potatoes, cumin seed, salt, pepper and mix thoroughly. Sprinkle flour over all ingredients. Add water to cover all ingredients. Cover. Bring to a boil and turn heat down. Simmer 1 1/2 hours or until tender. Serves 6.
Quick Chile Cheese Corn
|2 tablespoons butter or oleo margarine||1 1/4 cup cooked tomatoes|
|1/2 cup chopped green onions||1/2 teaspoon salt|
|2/3 cup chopped, peeled green chile||1 1/2 cup shredded cheese|
|1 No.2 can whole kernel corn (2 1/2 cups)|
In a large skillet heat butter over medium heat. Saute onion until translucent. Add chile, tomatoes and salt. Cook until just tender. Add corn and heat to simmering. Remove from heat. Stir in shredded cheese until melted. Serve immediately. Serves 6.
|1 pound of


Welcome from the Founder
Pradip Burman
Earth is entering into the dangerous zone of being unsustainable and humans are the ones to be blamed. If our children grow-up with the same uncaring, unconcerned attitude like we have, humanity as we know it will cease to exist. WESc is an initiative to create youth as advocates of sustainability, at the age when they can be molded into one. The damage that has happened over generations need to be reversed.
– Mr. Pradip Burman
Founder of World Environment School Coorg


This project is abandoned.
Finally a simple command to easily add a looping jukebox music track to any area of your world via command blocks.
The plug-in has been tested on 1.6.2 but should work with older versions too.
 - /playmusic [ ]: Starts a single play of a jukebox record for a player, optionally at a custom x/y/z location. If location isn't specified then the player's current position is used. If triggered before the previous record has finished then the command is ignored.
 - /playmusic ForceStart [ ]: Starts the jukebox record immediately whether the previous play has finished or not.
 - /playmusic Stop: Stops the music for a given player.
 currently only supports Minecraft's built-in music discs: 13, Cat, Blocks, Chirp, Far, Mall, Mellohi, Stal, Strad, Ward, 11, Wait
To create an area with looping music (such as a world lobby or themed area) attach a command block to a redstone clock circuit (eg. a hopper clock) and add the command "playmusic _USER_[r=60] Mellohi". Any players within 60 blocks of the command block will hear Mellohi in a loop from their current position.
Equally you could trigger a single play on a redstone event such as a pressure plate or tripwire. Use ForceStart if this should interrupt any music still playing from a previous playmusic command (the plugin will always override music played from a jukebox block).
The music behaves as if it were played by a jukebox, so it has the same range of 65 blocks from the play location and doesn't follow the player until the track restarts. If you want the music to come from a fixed location in your map then enter co-ordinates eg. "playmusic _USER_[r=60] Mellohi -100 70 150".
By having several command blocks triggered at different times on a clock circuit with different records specified you can create a random play playlist, however different users will hear different songs.
 - Avatar of brainflakes brainflakes Aug 19, 2013 at 15:10 UTC - 0 likes
 _USER_: Go
 Hi SpookyPirate, if you don't mind random order then simply having multiple command blocks triggered at different times with different records will create a random playlist, like a music wheel of fortune
 Random play
 Different players will hear different music tho, it's hard to avoid that as music handling in standard Minecraft is very basic and done entirely on the client (all the server can do is tell a client to start a music track from the beginning, so there's no way to come in on a track that's played halfway through already)
 - Avatar of SpookyPirate SpookyPirate Aug 19, 2013 at 11:17 UTC - 0 likes
 Hello. I've been looking for a plugin like this for awhile now to replace the jukeloop plugin I use. Is it possible to enter several disk names at once and make it continually play through them all?
Date created
Aug 16, 2013
Last update
Aug 17, 2013
Development stage
Public Domain
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India's data localisation plans could hurt its own startups the most
REUTERS/Alessandro Bianchi
Locally sourced.
 - Aria Thaker
By Aria Thaker
Published This article is more than 2 years old.
India's push for data localisation won't abate anytime soon. And neither will the resistance by international lobbyists.
Data localisation is a key area covered by the Srikrishna Committee's draft bill, which, if passed, will become India's first privacy law. Released this July, the draft bill includes provisions that require a copy of all online personal data of Indians to be stored within the country, and certain "critical personal data" to be processed only in India. Also, the Reserve Bank of India has issued a circular mandating all payments companies to store their Indian customers' data locally.
While some major companies, such as Facebook-owned WhatsApp, have already lined up to complymany global players, including US trade groups that represent companies such as Amazon, American Express, and Microsoft, have lobbied against data localisation.
On Sept. 26, up to 10 industry bodies and organisations together wrote to India's law and IT minister, Ravi Shankar Prasad, requesting the removal of localisation requirements from the draft bill. The signatories included the US-India Business Council (USIBC), the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), DigitalEurope, and the Japan Information Technology Services Industry Association (JISA), among others.
Allied for Startups, a Brussels-based advocacy group, also signed the letter. The organisation is a global network that helps startup communities understand and effectively interact with public policy and governments.
In an email interview with Quartz, Lenard Koschwitz, director of Allied for Startups, shared his thoughts on data localisation and the damage it stands to do to India and the global startup economy. Edited excerpts:
According to research, what are the overall economic effects of data localisation?
Where data localisation is happening, economies suffer. According to a 2016 study by the European Centre for International Political Economy, the EU's GDP would gain €8 billion, the same amount as all EU free trade agreements, by abolishing data localisation measures. On the other hand, with data localisation measures as strict as those proposed in India, the EU would lose over €50 billion annually: 0.5% of its entire GDP. If we assume similar effects, India could lose nearly $8.4 billion (over Rs62,000 crore) annually.
(Note: Data localisation will largely be abolished in the EU around next May, when the recently passed regulation on the free flow of data will begin to be enforced.)
What would mandating data localisation in India mean for people and businesses?
The consumer and the society at large will notice data localisation measures through the cost and the number of services available. Data localisation is a bit like having a national internet, a splinternet. Rather than choosing the best, fastest, and cheapest providers to store data, the choice is limited to domestic providers who have little incentive to provide superior services due to the lack of competition.
It might hinder Indian startups from growing globally and selling abroad because the cost for servers and cloud infrastructure may give them a competitive disadvantage. For startups from Europe, data localisation measures could be a reason not to scale to India because of an additional burden and cost of storing data locally.
Without localisation, are there ways to protect sensitive data and ensure that law enforcement can investigate crimes?
Data security and integrity is best provided through encryption and clear legal frameworks. Let's assume data is stored locally but encrypted, or that data required for a criminal investigation is stored in another territory, where there are strict data localisation laws (which prohibit the flow of data outside the country). In both scenarios, criminal investigations might become impossible and the economy may suffer. Regardless of the actual location of data, the government should invest in legal frameworks and judicial oversight to provide clarity for law enforcement authorities, companies, and citizens alike.
What would be the ideal way forward for India when it comes to data localisation and privacy policies?
India is in an incredibly interesting situation right now. On the one hand, there is an incredible growth and uptake in digital services and entrepreneurship. On the other hand, India's policymakers have the opportunity to examine what other economies, the EU for example, have done when it comes to data localisation and privacy. Two things are crucial for India to stay ahead of the curve. First, policymakers must believe in the transformative power of Indian entrepreneurs to succeed globally and allow those entrepreneurs to sit at the table and be part of decisions regarding privacy and data flows. Second, rather than simply copying foreign legislation, the Indian government could cut red tape and legal uncertainty for businesses while providing an adequate protection of data in a global context.


text:
Accountability Strategies and Checklists: Mentoring Excellence Toolkit #4
Lois Zachary and Lory Fischler created these five toolkits on crucial aspects of mentoring as quick references that mentors and mentees can use to refresh their understanding, prepare for mentoring sessions, grasp key concepts of the process, and improve their overall experiences and strengthen their mentoring relationships. These compact, bound card sets will fit into your purse, briefcase, or pocket for quick review on the go.
Toolkit #4 covers the very important process of setting goals. It offers accountability strategies and checklists for mentoring excellence that can be used during each phase of the mentoring relationship. They can be used to guide mentoring conversations, gauge progress, and promote mutual accountability. These checklists can also be used to determine readiness to move on to the next phase.
The five toolkits include:
#1: Strategies and Checklists for Mentors
#2: Feedback and Facilitation for Mentors
#3: Strategies for Mentees
#4: Accountability Strategies and Checklists
#5: Mentoring Across Generations


text:
a mathematical entity showing both distance and direction. In a mapping context, this word has come to refer to a data structure for processing and displaying graphic data, represented as strings of coordinates given the true position of features and their boundaries. In contrast to the raster format, in which reference is to pixels or matrix entries, the vector format is capable of stringing together pieces of line, end-to-end, in order to create a curve that appears smoother than does its raster counterpart formed from little squares (current shape of a pixel). Vector data define complex geometric entities that can be manipulated on the basis of attribut data; they are very useful in this regard.
From a theoretical standpoint, the distinction between vector and raster is parallel to the approach in linear algebra that distinguishes between combining (using rules of algebra) vectors directly, or combining (using rules of algebra) matrices that represent these vectors. Thus, one place to look for theoretical material related to the problem of shifting from vector to raster format is in the literature of modern linear algebra texts that emphasize a transformational approach (rather than the first-half of the twentieth century approach of "matrix algebra").