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The location sharing features on iPhones are quite impressive, and quite useful!
However, what many people don't know is that iPhones use more than just GPS to determine its location, and the results are surprisingly accurate.
Whether you're looking for a lost iPhone, sharing your location with a friend or simply curious, you may be wondering – how accurate is your iPhone's location?
In this article, we'll cover everything that you need to know!
How Accurate Is An iPhone's Location?
Typically, your iPhone's location will be accurate within 15-20 feet. This exact number can vary depending on what method your iPhone is using to estimate its location, as well as the signal the device is able to achieve.
With a weak signal to GPS and the internet, the accuracy of your phone's location will diminish.
You will get the most accurate results if you are outside, with a clear view of the sky and a strong cellular or Wi-Fi signal.
Thankfully, 15-20 feet is more than enough to determine where your iPhone is at if it's lost, or where somebody is currently at if using the location sharing feature.
Additionally, if you've happened to lose your iPhone it is also a small enough radius to search for it and find it fairly quickly.
How Location Is Determined On iPhones
Many people don't know this, but your iPhone actually uses a number of different methods to determine its location. While most assume that the location is solely based off of GPS, this is only one of the factors that Apple uses.
This is why it's still possible to estimate your location, even if location services or location sharing is turned off. We've seen TikTok using some of these factors to guess a person's location even when not sharing location data, so Apple isn't the only one doing it either!
In total, location services on your iPhone use GPS, your Wi-Fi network, your cellular service and Bluetooth to determine your location. Let's look over some of these methods in more detail.
The first, and most accurate method iPhone uses is GPS.
While GPS can approximate your location better than any other method, it is not always perfect. GPS signals may be affected by weather, trees, and any structure above your device (such as the roof of a building, or a tunnel.)
Additionally, GPS is powered by satellites in the sky, that are constantly moving around. It is possible for the accuracy of your phone's GPS to change by the second. Even if a good signal can approximate location within 15-20 feet, a weak signal can cause the accuracy to weaken substantially.
Therefore, if your iPhone isn't able to acquire a good GPS signal, it may use other methods instead to approximate your location.
2. Cellular Towers
Another method that can determine your iPhone's location, is the cellular towers used to provide service to your device.
By pinging the nearby cell phone towers in your area and measuring the the signal and distance away from them, your iPhone can gain a rough idea on where it's actually at. This is called cellular triangulation, and it's one of the ways that emergency services can find your location if you call 911 for example, which is pretty neat!
However, it is less accurate than GPS. According to the FCC, cellular triangulation is accurate within 3/4ths of a square mile. However, in densely populated areas where there are more cell phone towers present, field tests show that cellular triangulation is typically accurate within 150 to 300 meters.
Although it is far less accurate than GPS, there may be times when it is more reliable to use. So, Apple falls back on it in case it's needed.
3. Wi-Fi Mapping
Finally, we have Wi-Fi mapping – or Wi-Fi triangulation.
This is similar to the cellular triangulation described previously, but is even more accurate – even if you aren't connected to a Wi-Fi network. It is also sometimes used in conjunction with GPS to improve its accuracy, which is called Wi-Fi assisted GPS.
Many people don't know this, but our Wi-Fi networks are being recorded and mapped. Because of this, it's possible to approximate your location simply by knowing what Wi-Fi networks are near your device, even if you never connect to them.
This works similar to pinging cell towers. By measuring both the nearby networks as well as how strong your signal is to each one, it is possible to approximate your location within 2-4 meters. Of course, accuracy can vary wildly depending on the strength and density of nearby networks.
In some cases, it may be even more accurate than GPS – hence why Wi-Fi assisted GPS is so useful.
How Accurate Is Share My Location On iPhone?
Share My Location is typically accurate within 15-20 feet of your iPhone, making it extremely reliable to use.
However, the exact accuracy can vary depending on how strong your iPhone's signal is, and what method it's using to determine your location.
This is because Share My Location uses the exact same methods described previously to approximate the location of your device. While Wi-Fi mapping and GPS can be accurate within a few meters, this isn't always the case. If your signal isn't strong, the weather is bad or you're under a heavy structure, it's possible that it may not even be accurate within 1,000 meters.
So while you can usually rely on Share My Location (and other location-based features like 'Find My iPhone'), the answer is always going to be "it depends."
An iPhone's location is usually extremely accurate, within 15 to 20 feet of the actual device. However, many factors can affect the location's accuracy.
iPhones use several different methods to approximate its location, but will always optimize to be as accurate as possible.
I hope that you've found this article helpful. If you have any other questions about iPhone or location tracking, please ask them using the comment form below.
Wishing you the best,
– James McAllister


Does Chalk Have Calcium?
Why is chalk made of calcium?
Chalk is a limestone deposit created as plankton (tiny marine organisms) concentrate calcium in their bodies while living, then leach the calcium out after they die and settle onto ocean floors; over millennia, large deposits are formed, and as the seas recede, chalks deposits remain..
Is Chalk bad for your lungs?
In one sense, the main ingredients of chalk dust are considered to be non-toxic, which simply means they do not pose a threat when ingested. … In short, swallowing a piece of white chalkboard chalk won't kill you, but breathing in chalk dust for a number of years can create or trigger respiratory problems [7].
What is the taste of chalk?
Why is it called railroad chalk?
Is it harmful to eat chalk?
What is the ingredients of chalk?
What is the best chalk to eat?
Is Chalk poisonous to dogs?
What happens if you eat poop?
Can I eat chalk for calcium?
Are Tums and chalk the same thing?
Active ingredient: Calcium carbonate: one tablet of tums has 1,000mg. Calcium carbonate, which is essentially chalk, a tasteless, odorless powder that occurs naturally in limestone, marble and coral.
What happens if we eat ant chalk?
What is the difference between sidewalk chalk and blackboard chalk?
Blackboard chalk, typically used in educational settings, is shorter and thinner than sidewalk chalk. There are several different types of sidewalk chalk, typically coming in solid-colored sticks.
Is lime the same as chalk?
is that chalk is (uncountable) a soft, white, powdery limestone while lime is (chemistry) a general term for inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide; quicklime or lime can be a deciduous tree of the genus tilia, especially ; the linden tree, or its wood or lime can be any of …
Is Gypsum same as chalk?
What can be used instead of chalk?
Chalk RecipeCornstarch.Water.Food Coloring.
Can you make your own chalk?
What is the importance of chalk?


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With the Alarm System extension for Joomla, an extra layer of security is added right after a user logs into the administrator. After a successful login, the user is presented with a PIN screen to disable the alarm system. When a user enters the correct PIN, the alarm will be disabled. When a user enters too many incorrect PINs, or doesn't provide the correct PIN within the given time frame, the alarm system will be triggered. When the alarm goes off, be default the user will be logged out. If configured, a new log entry will be added to track which users have triggered the alarm system.
For now this extension offers pretty basic functions only. We are open for your suggestions and tips to improve and expand. Please share your ideas at our forum or leave a review and tell us what you like about it and what is still missing!
Suggestion forum page:
Alarm System configurable options:
- General options
Under general options you can enable the alarm and configure the settings. You can choose how many seconds a user is granted to disable the alarm system and how many incorrect PIN numbers are accepted before the alarm is triggered. By default the system allows users 30 seconds and 3 incorrect PIN entries.
- PIN settings
You can select the source of correct PIN codes. You can select to use a System wide PIN, which means all users will have to enter the same PIN. You can also select to use user specific PIN codes. This allows every user to have it's own PIN code. The user PIN codes are managed by an admin with enabled access to edit PIN codes. These rights are configured in the component options.
- Alarm trigger settings
Here you can specify if you want a user to be logged out upon triggering the alarm.
There is also a logging system for tracking what happens with the alarm. The system can log if an incorrect PIN is entered, if a correct PIN is entered (alarm disabled) or if the alarm is triggered. It also tries to gather additional information, such as which user has caused an event, and which incorrect PIN was entered
User specific PIN codes
From the control panel there is an option for User PIN codes. Here you can specify for each user if they should have the system wide PIN, or a specific user PIN. So you could have a couple of users with a specific PIN code, while the rest is using the system wide PIN code. If the system cannot find a specific PIN code for a user, it will fall back to the system wide PIN. For that reason it's recommended to always set a system wide PIN code.
The Alarm System also supports subsystems to configure your own actions in case of alarm system events. You can create and install your own Joomla plugin handling responses when the alarm is triggered and or successfully disabled.
The component is easy to form, easily to install, he avoids the revenue to the core of Joomla and works perfectly.
I recommend it to 100 %.
I'm sorry for English.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Communication has a central role in raising awareness as well as influencing people to respond to climate change issues. Media has emerged as an essential source of communicating climate research to policymakers and the public around the world. However, media in developing countries, like Pakistan, lack the capacity to translate the scientific information and linking it to everyday life due to which the issue faces negligence on a wider scale. The proposed project aims to build the capacity of journalists and media persons of Pakistan through training workshops to effectively communicate the scientific information on climate change to policymakers and other stakeholders. The training workshop will serve as a platform for the media to interact with climate scientists and empower journalists and reporters to understand the technicalities of climate science and related uncertainties. Also, the project aims to disseminate the outcomes of the APN project on extreme events to the general public and students through dedicated news articles, TV interviews and seminars with a particular focus on highlighting the role of APN in promoting regional research. These activities would eventually contribute to better communication of the country's vulnerability to climate extremes and would ultimately bring the issue to the forefront of policy priorities.


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Prepare to pass your theory test first time with the number-one best-selling theory test book – the ONLY official expert revision guide. This new edition has been updated with the latest changes to the motorcycle theory test revision questions.
Five reasons to buy it:
- Bite-size information – written in an easy-to-remember way that links the theory to your practical riding experience, helping you to really understand
- Practice questions – includes hundreds of official DVSA theory test revision questions for all 14 topics, so you can see how much you've learnt
- Practice case studies – the ONLY book to include official DVSA practice case studies on every topic, plus additional case studies for extra revision
- Learn your way – loads of photos and diagrams, links to more information and videos online, hints and tips to help you learn, and expert advice on what to expect on the day
- Extra help to understand the answers – each question includes references to the official source materials, where you can learn more
And there's more:
- From theory to practice – things to discuss and practise with your trainer to help you apply the theory
- Meeting the standards – summaries to help you understand how each topic relates to the national standard for riding mopeds and motorcycles
- Easy to use – the answers are displayed in a separate section, so you can test yourself and see when you're ready to pass!


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Tang, Enya Kong and Guo, Cheng Ming and Ahmad, Jumiya Computer Generation Of Malay Sentences. Project Report. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
In this project, we have successfully developed a sentence generator for Malay to be used in an Example-Based Machine translation (EBMT) system for English-Malay translation. Our approach is an example-based approach which relies sorely on example translations kept in a Bilingual Knowledge Bank (BKB). In our approach, a flexible annotation schema called Structured String-Tree Correspondence (SSTC) is used to annotate both the source and target sentences of a translation pair.
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1,650 (2004). Ethnic population: 1,800–2,000 (2012 SIL).
Eastern jungle between Napo and Curaray rivers.
The language is considered to be endangered due to emerging Huaorani-Quichua bilingualism brought about by mixed marriages and bilingual education programs taught by Quichua teachers who do not speak Huaorani (2007). All ages. A few also speak Quichua; mostly those who are married to Quichua and their children. (2007 C. Peeke).
"Auca", non-Quichua, in Quichua. Traditional religion, Christian.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Talk:- Influence of Massive Neutrinos with a Finite Chemical Potential on the Cosmic Expansion History and Large Scale Structure
Due to their high abundance, massive cosmic neutrinos would have a significant influence on cosmology, especially in terms of large scale structure. Ever since the discovery of neutrino oscillation, which confirmed that neutrinos have finite masses, many efforts have been made to constrain neutrino masses from cosmology. However, none of them has considered the possibility of a finite chemical potential, if the neutrinos are not majorana fermions. The work would be the first one to analyse the combined effect of masses and chemical potentials of neutrinos on matter power spectrum of large scale structure, through two physical processes, their influence on the cosmic expansion history, and the neutrino free-streaming. The result would serve as a correction to the constraints of neutrino masses from large scale structure.
-Ming Chung Chu


Going to the cinema counts as a 'light workout' - according to scientists
Thursday, 16th January 2020, 1:42 pm
Updated Thursday, 16th January 2020, 1:46 pm
How many times did you go to the cinema last year? (Photo: Shutterstock)
Going to the cinema has been a beloved pastime for many of us, and with the Oscars right around the corner, there are loads of must see films that are required viewing.
Now it seems you don't have to feel guilty about choosing a movie night over the gym, since a new study has found that going to the cinema has more health benefits than you might realise.
How can watching a film count as exercise?
In a study carried out by University College London (UCL) in partnership with Vue Cinemas, researchers found that going to the cinema can have hidden health benefits.
The study looked at 51 people who watched the 2019 live action remake of the Disney film Aladdin and used sensors to track their heart rates and skin reactions. The team then also tracked the same information with a group of people who spent the same amount of time reading.
It found that the cinema goers spent around 45 minutes in a "healthy heart zone" with their heart beating between 40 per cent and 80 per cent of its maximum rate.
The researchers behind the study stated that this has the same effect that light cardiovascular exercise would have on the body.
Other benefits of cinema trips
The study also found that going to the cinema has other benefits as well on our brain function, social connections, productivity and creativity.
Dr Joseph Devlin, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at UCL, said, "Cultural experiences like going to the cinema provide opportunities for our brain to devote our undivided attention for sustained periods of time. At the cinema specifically, there is nothing else to do except immerse yourself.
"On top of this, our ability to sustain focus and attention plays a critical role in building our mental resilience, because problem-solving typically requires a concentrated effort to overcome obstacles."
Dr Devlin explained that, in essence, "our ability to work through problems without distraction makes us better able to solve problems and makes us more productive" and that in a time where many people find it difficult to remove themselves from their digital devices, "this level of sustained focus is good for us".


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Politics, Language, and Thought
The Somali Experience
Twelve years after independence, a military government was able to settle the acrimonious controversy by announcing that Somali would be the official language and Latin the basic script. It was hoped that this choice would foster political equality and strengthen the national culture. Politics, Language, and Thought is an exploration of how language and politics interrelate in the Somali Republic. Using both historical and experimental evidence, David D. Laitin demonstrates that the choice of an official language may significantly affect the course of a country's political development.
Part I of Laitin's study is an attempt to explain why the parliamentary government was incapable of reaching agreement on a national script and to assess the social and political consequences of the years of nondecision. Laitin shows how the imposition of nonindigenous languages produced inequalities which eroded the country's natural social basis of democracy.
Part 2 attempts to relate language to political thought and political culture. Analyzing interviews and role-playing sessions among Somali bilingual students, Laitin demonstrates that the impact of certain political concepts is quite different when expressed in different languages. He concludes that the implications of choosing a language are far more complex than previously thought, because to change the language of a people is to change the ways they think and act politically.
A Note on Transliteration
Part 1 Somalia - The Politics of Language
1. Introduction: Political Issues of Language Choice
2. The Somali Language and the Somali People
3. Foreign Influence in Somalia
4. Language Politics in Somalia: The Politics of Nondecision
5. Decision and Political Consequences
Part 2 - Somali - The Language of Politics
6. Linguistic Relativity: A Theoretical Introduction
7. Linguistic Relativity: An Empirical Formulation
8. Linguistic Relativity: The Somali Experience


Vasco Da Gamas Family
Portuguese navigator and discoverer of the sea route to India, was born at Sines, a small seaport in the province of Alemtejo. Of da Gama's early history little is known. His descent, according to the Nobiliario of Antonio de Lima, was derived from a noble family which is mentioned in the year 1166; but the line cannot be traced without interruption farther back than the year 1280, to one Alvaro da Gama, from whom was descended Estevão da Gama, civil governor of Sines, whose third son Vasco was born probably about the year 1460.
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama
Vasco Da Gamas Family
Vasco da Gama families were normal families that had intelligent men in it. In 1497, when he was a 38-year old bachelor, da Gama was selected by King Manuel I of Portugal to follow up the discovery of Bartholomew Diaz of a great ocean east off the Cape of Good Hope. His family was not originally from Portugal, but da Gama did not think of any place but Portugal as his home.
Where was Vasco da Gama Born?
The exact year of Vasco da Gama's birth is still unknown, but he was born either in 1460 or 1469. Da Gama was born in Sines which was one of the seaports on the South-western side of Portugal.
Vasco da Gama Parents
Vasco Da Gama's father was a knight. His name was Estevao da Gama. He served as a knight at the house of the Dule of Viseu. Vasco da Gama's mother was Isabel Sodre, who was from a family of English origin. Estevao rose to a higher military rank later in his life and finally became a tax collector.
Vasco da Gama was the third son of the family.
Vasco Da Gamas Family
Vasco Da Gamas Family
His father's family originally came from the southern provinces of Alentejo, which is part of Portugal. His mother's family, on the other hand, was English. In 1484 he became a sailor. Later, in between voyages, he stayed still long enough to find a woman and marry her. His wife's name was Catarina de Ataide. He married Catarina in 1500.
Vasco Da Gama Childhood
During his childhood, Vasco da Gama was educated as a nobleman and he served in the court of King Joao II. He was brought up in a maritime environment and trained in fishing, sailing and swimming during his childhood. At the age of fifteen, he was a sailor. In Evora, he studied navigation and astronomy. Perhaps, he learned astronomy under the guidance of the astronomer Abraham Zacuto.
Vasco Da Gamas Family
When did Vasco Da Gama Die
Vasco da Gama was 64 and living at his house in Portugal with his wife, Cateriana de Ataide, and his 6 sons when in 1524 King John III named him Viceroy to India. He had planned to settle down and enjoy his retirement in Portugal, but all of that changed.
How did Vasco Da Gama die?
He had to go to India and make sure everything was running fine. Along the way on the voyage, da Gama fell ill. Da Gama died in India shortly after arrival on December 24, 1524. He was buried in India. Later, in 1539, his remains were reburied in a chapel in Vidigueira, Portugal.
Vasco Da Gama children
Vasco Da Gama and his wife had seven children – six sons and one daughter. His sons were, Cristovao da Gama, Estevao da Gama, Alvaro de Ataide da Gama, Francis da Gama, Pedro de Silva da Gama and Paulo da Gama. His daughter was Isabel d'Ataide da Gama.
More Info OnVasco Da Gama Biography of Life, Voyages, Famous Explorer, Timeline of Events
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Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows
House sparrows protect themselves from malaria by lining their nests with and eating quinine-containing leaves from the paradise flower tree.
|Biomimetic Application Ideas|
|Urban designs that incorporate anti-malarial plants, new anti-malarial drugs.|
> Visit strategy page
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern
Habitat(s): Artificial - Aquatic, Artificial - Terrestrial, Forest, Grassland, Rocky Areas, Shrubland, Wetlands
Some organism data provided by: ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Organism/taxonomy data provided by:
Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist
Application Ideas: Urban designs that incorporate anti-malarial plants, new anti-malarial drugs.
Industrial Sector(s) interested in this strategy: Urban planning, medical


text:
2 pp. sm.8vo,
Lord Lugard commenced his career as a professional soldier and later became known as an African Explorer and Colonial Administrator. He was distinguished in the Afghan War of 1879-80, in the Sudan Campaign in 1884-85, and the 3rd Burmese War of 1886-87. He was Governor of Hong Kong from 1907-12, and Governor General of Nigeria from 1914-19. His great work, The Rise and Fall of our East African Empire, was published in 1893.
Stock ref: 13432


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Dutch book betting calculator. Easy to use betting calculator to work out your bets when doing dutch.
Dutch Betting Explained
A betting term punters will at times encounter is "Dutch," as in, "I was uncertain about the fourth race, so I did a little Dutch betting."
Racing wagering is full of colourful terms.
It is called Dutch betting after a famous American punter/slash mobster named Arthur Simon Flegenheimer. Dutch was his nickname, although he was of German and Jewish lineage.
The definition of a Dutch bet is a series of punts that returns a profit if the sum of the reciprocals of the decimal odds of each selection is less than one and each selection is less than one and each bet is sized such that the payout in each outcome is the same.
If that last bit confused you, do not feel alone.
We wrote it and we do not know what it means.
If we were to boil it down to one simple sentence, it would be, "Dutching is a way to back more than one runner for different odds in the hopes that the profits will exceed the losses."
In its simplest form, a Dutch bet involves two legs and could be used for sports betting, such as tennis matches or footy games.
The mathematical formulas are not complex, but as simple punters, we require zero formulas.
Pro Group Racing Dutch Betting Calculator
We have a calculator that will run all the formulas for you. You do have to enter the odds in decimal format, something the Australian bookmakers use universally, plus the amount you would like to stake.
Our Dutch Betting Calculator will do the maths for you, up to 10 runners.
Dutch betting is not a substitute for studying form when making racing selections. Eliminating the stone motherless before filling out a bet slip, and then combining the homework with Dutch betting, is a good path.
True, there are the occasional boilovers, such as when Prince of Penzance won the 2015 Melbourne Cup from $101, but those are rare and the technique of dutching bets is based on percentages over a long term.
Dutch Betting Examples
The following examples are based on the assumption of someone wanting to bet a total of $100 on a race. Easy maths, remember?
In this example, we will use the Dutch Betting Calculator to determine what size bet should be placed on each runner.
We arbitrarily picked runners with the following quotes: $3.50, $6.50, $9, $13 and $21.
We filled in the odds for each horse (remember to use decimal format), filled in the box at the bottom left of the table, selected Total Bet from the three radio button options, and then clicked Calculate.
The Dutch Betting Calculator gives the result that the $3.50 chance would need a bet of $42. A win would return $147 and the profit would be $48. If all the other bets were win bets, the remainder of the bets would be lost, in this case $58.
The next three selections would require wagers of, in descending order, $23, $16 and $11. The $21 chance would require only a $7 wager to return the same profit as the $3.50 chance.
The Dutch Betting Calculator can also determine how much of a wager is required for a punter to collect $100 profit. Simply click the Total Collect radio button to learn that the total of all five wagers would be $68.
Switching to the final radio button, labelled Clear Profit, supplies the information that for a profit of $100 for the race, with the odds given, would require a total bet of $208.
It is a good wagering practice to approach a race with a pre-determined risk amount and in most instances, we would lean in the direction of using the Total Bet button.
Still, it is quite interesting to explore the other values and how those values shift with different odds or a different number of selections.
Of course, most punters would never back five horses to win a race, but Dutch betting and the Dutch Betting Calculator is excellent for those races where there is a short favourite and another strong chance a bit longer.
If the above example were to be limited to the top two horses, the Total Bet for the $3.50 chance would be $65, while the second line at $6.50 would bet for $35.
Total Collect calculates to a bet requirement of $44, with $29 on the $3.50 chance and $15 of the $6.50 chance.
The Clear Profit calculation (trying for $100 worth of dividends) shows that the $3.50 chance should be wagered for $51, while the $6.50 chance would need a wager of $27.
Dutch betting is a tactic that takes some of the uncertainty out of making racing selections. Try plugging some figures into our Dutch Betting Calculator and explore various scenarios to take your race punting up several notches.
Remember to allow some room to account for bookie margin.


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The screw juicer machine is an important industrial processing machine for dewatering of sawdust, sludge, kitchen wastes and so on. It is a kind of environmental-friendly equipment for applying in many fields. Besides, this screw press can also be regarded as a good juicer machine for making all kinds of vegetables and fruits juice. There are many types of screw juicer machines in the market, however, the quality and price of these machines vary greatly. Therefore, when you decide to buy a screw juicer machine, you may follow the useful suggestions below.
How to choose the best juice extracting machine?
- According to your own extraction purposes. Decided to use a screw press or a hydraulic press. If you want to use a screw press, you must buy a single screw press, twin-screw press, etc. If you want to use a hydraulic press, stainless steel presses, fresh fruit presses can meet your needs.
- Based on the characteristics of your raw materials to be extracted. The characteristics of the raw materials are different, and the press chosen is not the same. The characteristics of the raw materials include relative density, properties, temperature, viscosity, particle size, activity, particle size distribution, presence or absence of corrosion, and the like. Depending on your raw materials, you should purchase the appropriate screw juicer model. Our professional technicians will help you recommend the most suitable machine model.
- If your demand for extraction output is different, you will also choose a different screw Our spiral juicers come in different models and different capacities to meet your every need.
- Different working environments also have an impact on the working capacity of the screw press. Whether the workplace is closed, the degree of dryness, the safety factor, and the regulations on environmental pollution are all relevant for selecting the model of the screw juicer.
Main factors for determining the screw juicer machine quality
- Juice rate
The juice yield of the screw juicer machine is related to the basic parameters of its press screw and is an important parameter for evaluating the expected effect of the juice press. Many users will ask us what is the compression screw compression ratio of the screw juicer? The extrusion processing of the raw material by the pressing screw not only has a corresponding compression ratio factor but also is related to the torque of the screw shaft inside the machine.
- The moisture content of the solids in the pressed juice obtained.
In many cases, the screw press juice is convenient for obtaining a clearer liquid juice, and the degree of breakage of the material and the diameter of the stainless steel screen are an effective method for controlling the solid content of the pressed juice. Users generally decide whether to buy a juicer based on the test results of the press. As a professional fruit and vegetable press manufacturer, we welcome customers to the factory to test the machine, and the entire test process is completely free for the buyer.
- Easy to clean and maintain
In order to ensure the freshness and hygiene of the pressed juice, the cleaning of the screw juicer is carried out as much as possible after the end of each pressing process. After each juice extraction, the stainless steel screen must be removed to eliminate any residue in the press chamber. For the juices of fresh fruits and vegetables, the sugar and protein of some fruits and vegetables will grow mildew and alcohol in a short period of time. If not cleaned in time, it will pollute the subsequent juice.


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Live and in Color: Why Color Calibration is So Important in Medical Technology
In our article "What Role Does Color Play in Image Processing?" we already explained the role of color reproduction in machine vision. While monochrome images often suffice for industrial image processing, very different types of image information are used in Medical and Life Sciences, which is why color fidelity plays such an important role here.
In the areas of microscopy, dermatology and ophthalmology, digitally captured images are particularly effective aids in the diagnostic process. The color is often an important criterion to evaluate whether a structure is healthy or pathological.


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If you have problems reducing the colors on a raster image try the following.
Combine automatic and manual reduction
Use a combination of automatic and manual color reduction.
For example, if you have a 256 color image that you want to reduce to 16 colors, you could try reducing it to 32 colors automatically and then making the final reduction manually using Palette Menu > View/Edit Palette.
Rescan the drawing
Color reduction will not work well on muddy, wishy-washy colors.
Experiment with your scanner's brightness and contrast settings and rescan the drawing so that the colors on the raster image are as high contrast, vibrant and saturated as possible.
Thin the raster image before reducing the colors
Some raster images have lines with "haloes" that are not the same color as the main line. To resolve this problem, try thinning the image before you reduce the colors.
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors to make the reduced color areas more uniform.
Vectorize the image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method
If you can't reduce the colors acceptably or it is taking too long, try vectorizing the raster image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method.
Troubleshooting Color reduction
Have questions on this topic? Talk to us


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aman (Strong's H539) and batach (Strong's H982) are both used in the OT to imply some level of trust in God.
And he believed (aman:H539) in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
He trusted (batach:H982) in the LORD God of Israel; so that after him was none like him among all the kings of Judah, nor [any] that were before him. (2 Kings 18:5)
What do we learn from their different usages? Does it imply that believing in God is different than trusting in God? Which one is closer to the NT concept of faith?
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+1: I don't know enough about Hebrew to answer this question, but I'd probably start by seeing how LXX translated those words into Greek. – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 0:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
What does aman mean when it doesn't mean "faith/belief"?
But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat thereon. And Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady (emunah, אמונה) until the going down of the sun.
-Exodus 17:12, KJV
The root used here is aman. In general, the word aman means to make something steady by literally securing it in a physical sense.
What does batach mean when it doesn't mean "faith/belief"?
When batach is used as an adjective it means physical security and protection from attack:
Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people that [were] therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure (la'vetach, לבטח); and [there was] no magistrate in the land, that might put [them] to shame in [any] thing; and they [were] far from the Zidonians, and had no business with [any] man.
-Judges 18:7, KJV
When batach is used as a verb, a person is actively boteach in something else. In this case the root word batach means to have faith that the something else will provide physical security from attack:
And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates until thy high and fortified walls come down wherein thou trusted, (boteach בטח) throughout all thy land; and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land which the LORD thy God hath given thee.
-Deut. 28:52, KJV
-Judges 9:26
The dual nature of "faith/belief"
Aman and batach are both used in the Bible to mean "faith/belief," but the "faith/belief" which derives from the word aman is different from the "faith/belief" which derives from the word batach.
There are two participants in the act of belief – the believer and the precept or idea or being or concept which is believed in. The act of belief can be characterized by how it affects the precept which is being believed in and by how it affects the agent who is doing the believing.
If I choose to be ma'amin (from the root word aman) in the Pythagorean theorem or in God, I am privately casting a vote of confidence in that precept and defining myself among a community of people who support and uphold that notion. In saying I am boteach (from the root batach) in God, I convey that I am afforded security in that belief. (It wouldn't make sense for me to say I am boteach in the Pythagorean theorem.)
Clarification about the meaning of batach (in response to JonEricson's question):
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If your life depended on knowing the relationship of the length the hypotenuse to the sides of a right triangle (because of the structural integrity of the platform you are standing on or some such), might you have boteach in the Pythagorean theorem? (I think I understand, but I want to verify.) – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 18:08
_USER_, not really. I explain why in the "clarification" section I added. – Amichai Nov 8 '11 at 18:36
Thank you for helping me understand. – Jon Ericson Nov 8 '11 at 18:40
Your Answer


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Average Sunshine in Alberta for February
The tables below give February averages for the number of sunny days and hours of sunshine at cities and towns in Alberta.
Each place has three measures of sunshine. The number for % Sun is the usual percentage of daylight hours with bright sunshine. Hours gives the total hours of bright sunshine that's normal this month. Days statistics are for the typical number of days in February with any amount of measurable sunshine. All the data are averages for the years 1971 to 2000.
Environment Canada. National Climate Data and Information Archive. Canadian Climate Normals or Averages _PHONE_.


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Algonquin Indians hunted animals for food and ate many kinds of meat, including moose and deer. Other foods included fish and vegetables, such as corn, beans and squash. Algonquin people also gathered berries and made maple syrup.Continue Reading
Historically, the Algonquin Indians were mostly hunters and moved around often. They used light materials that were easy to transport. They made canoes out of birch bark and applied bear grease and spruce resin to make them waterproof. In the winter, they built toboggans to carry materials.
There are still some Algonquin communities. As of 2015, there are about 11,000 Algonquin people. They live mostly in the Canadian province of Quebec.Learn more about US History


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CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tablename attributes [GLOBAL [ALL|KEYS|INCLUDE] INDEX global_index]
CREATE TABLE foobars (id STRING HASH KEY); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS foobars (id STRING HASH KEY); CREATE TABLE foobars (id STRING HASH KEY, foo BINARY RANGE KEY, THROUGHPUT (1, 1)); CREATE TABLE foobars (id STRING HASH KEY, foo BINARY RANGE KEY, ts NUMBER INDEX('ts-index'), views NUMBER INDEX('views-index')); CREATE TABLE foobars (id STRING HASH KEY, bar STRING) GLOBAL INDEX ('bar-index', bar, THROUGHPUT (1, 1)); CREATE TABLE foobars (id STRING HASH KEY, baz NUMBER, THROUGHPUT (2, 2)) GLOBAL INDEX ('bar-index', bar STRING, baz) GLOBAL INCLUDE INDEX ('baz-index', baz, ['bar'], THROUGHPUT (4, 2));
Create a new table. You must have exactly one hash key, zero or one range keys, and up to five local indexes and five global indexes. You must have a range key in order to have any local indexes.
- IF NOT EXISTS
- If present, do not through an exception if the table already exists.
- The name of the table that you want to alter
- A list of attribute declarations of the format (name data type [key
type]) The available data types are
BINARY. You will not need to specify any other type, because these fields are only used for index creation and it is (presently) impossible to index anything other than these three. The available key types are
RANGE KEY, and
[ALL|KEYS|INCLUDE] INDEX(name). At the end of the attribute list you may specify the
THROUGHPUT, which is in the form of
(read_throughput, write_throughput). If throughput is not specified it will default to
- A global index for the table. You may provide up to 5. The format is
(name, hash key, [range key], [non-key attributes], [throughput]).
If the hash/range key is in the attributes declaration, you don't need
to supply a data type.. non-key attributes should only be provided if it
INCLUDEindex. If throughput is not specified it will default to
Schema Design at a Glance¶
When DynamoDB scales, it partitions based on the hash key. For this reason, all queries (not scans) must include the hash key in the WHERE clause (and optionally the range key or a local/global index). So keep that in mind as you design your schema.
The keypair formed by the hash key and range key is referred to as the 'primary key'. If there is no range key, the primary key is just the hash key. The primary key is unique among items in the table. No two items may have the same primary key.
From a query standpoint, local indexes behave nearly the same as a range key. The main difference is that the hash key + range key pair doesn't have to be unique.
Global indexes can be thought of as adding additional hash and range keys to the table. They allow you to query a table on a different hash key than the one defined on the table. Global indexes have throughput that is managed independently of the table they are on. Global index keys do not have a uniqueness constraint (there may be multiple items in the table that have the same hash and range key).
Read Amazon's documentation for Create Table for more information.


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SPOT Tags are one of the most advanced technology tags used by researchers. Like the other types of tags, it records a variety of measurements, such as temperature, salinity, and depth. However, powered by a very powerful transmitter, SPOT Tags regularly send their recorded data to satellites. These tags are primarily designed for use on animals that are commonly found at the ocean's surface, where regular broadcast to a satellite is possible. Therefore, they are suited for use on dolphins, turtles, seals, and any other animal that must spend at least some regular time at the ocean surface. Recently, these tags have been successfully placed on the dorsal fin of sharks that swim at the surface. These tags are fairly expensive and require large batteries to power them. To save battery power, some tags are fitted with a switch that turns them off when they become submerged under water, turning back on when the tag comes to the surface where it transmits again.
A Smart Position and Temperature Tag. (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics - TOPP)
A SPOT Tag being placed on the dorsal fin of a salmon shark. (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics - TOPP)


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BLAIR WALK PROJECT FEATURED IN WUSA'S "COOL SCHOOLS" SEGMENT! To see the video, CLICK HERE.
To see more about the Blair Walk Project's Spring 2012 Pedestrian Safety Education Campaign, click here.
If you are a Blair High School Student and would like to volunteer with this project, please contact Joana Conklin: _EMAIL_. You will receive SSL hours for your participation!
There is no winner in a contest between a vehicle and a pedestrian. On average, about 100 pedestrians are killed each year in Maryland. It's hard to fathom that the cost to cross the street could be one's life, but in 2011, 11 pedestrians were killed in Montgomery County. The Four Corners area, where Blair High School is located, is one of the areas in the County with the highest incidence of pedestrian crashes, and more than a third of those involve pedestrians under the age of 20.
- Pedestrian fatalities comprise about 20 percent of all traffic deaths in Maryland.
- Nearly 3,000 pedestrians are injured annually in Maryland. On average, 400 are struck by vehicles in Montgomery County.
- Pedestrians 5-15 years of age are at the greatest risk for pedestrian injuries – over 30 percent of injured pedestrians are under the age of 15.
- A pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 40 mph has an 85% chance of dying. Would you want to take that chance?
A pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 20 mph has a 95% chance of surviving. Want to see what we mean? Click here.
What Can You Do to Stay Safe?
Walk with and avoid getting a $50 ticket (FAIL!)
*ee them see you: make eye contact with drivers so you know they see you.*
*ait for the walk: never begin crossing the street on solid or flashing "Don't Walk" signals.*
*lways cross at crosswalks and intersections: don't cross mid-block.*
*o reflective, so drivers can see you! (especially at night and in bad weather)*
Here are a few other tips to remember when you're walking:
- Stop and look left, right, left and over your shoulder for turning vehicles before crossing the street. Remember, you have the right-of-way in a crosswalk, but still look out for cars as you cross!
- Use sidewalks. If there are none, walk facing traffic so you see vehicles and drivers see you.
Driving is a privilege - so once you have your license, remember these key tips for keeping pedestrians safe:
- Stop for pedestrians at crosswalks and intersections – it's the law! A pedestrian is in the crosswalk when their foot is placed on the painted roadway. If you don't stop, you could get a $500 ticket! EPIC FAIL!
- If a car driving in front of you stops for a pedestrian in a crosswalk, you need to stop as well.
- Crosswalks exist at all intersections, even if the crosswalk is unmarked.
- Slow down, pay attention and obey the posted speed limit.
- Always look out for pedestrians and cyclists, especially before turning at a green light or making a "right on red" or "left on green."
- Stay alert and slow down, particularly in residential areas, school zones and commercial areas. Young children are more vulnerable because they have not yet developed the ability to judge speed and distance, as shown in this video.
For any MCDOT service request or complaint, call 311
When dialing outside of the county, call _PHONE_ or submit via their website.
For website comments or to report website problems or broken links, please email us. This email address does not handle service requests or complaints.
Director's Office · Montgomery County Department of Transportation
101 Monroe Street, 10th Floor · Rockville, Maryland 20850 · _EMAIL_
· telephone: _PHONE_ · fax: _PHONE_ ·


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Scrabble word: RESILIN
In which Scrabble dictionary does RESILIN exist?
Definitions of RESILIN in dictionaries:
- An elastic substance consisting of cross-linked protein chains, found in the cuticles of many insects.
- noun - an elastic substance in the cuticles of many insects
There are 7 letters in RESILIN: E I I L N R S
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to RESILIN
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word RESILIN plus a wildcard: RESILIN?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word RESILIN
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for RESILIN
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.


The Making of the First Korean President
Lew-Making1stKoreanPresThe only full-scale history of Syngman Rhee's early career in English was published nearly six decades ago. Now, Young Ick Lew uncovers little-known aspects of Rhee's leadership roles prior to 1948, when he became the Republic of Korea's first president. In The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence, 1875–1948, Lew delves into Rhee's background, investigates his abortive diplomatic missions, and explains how and why he was impeached as the head of the Korean Provisional Government in 1925. He analyzes the numerous personal conflicts between Rhee and other prominent Korean leaders, including some close friends and supporters who eventually denounced him as an autocrat.
Based on exhaustive research that incorporates archival records as well as secondary sources in Korean, English, and Japanese, The Making of the First Korean President meticulously lays out the key developments of Rhee's pre-presidential career. This richly illustrated volume is essential reading for anyone with an interest in modern Korean history and will serve as a lasting portrait of one of the pivotal figures in the evolution of Korea as it journeyed from colonial suppression to freedom and security.
November 2013 | ISBN: 978-0-8248-3168-4 | $68.00 | Cloth


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Boscardin, M. L. (2005). The administrative role in transforming secondary schools to support inclusive evidence-based practices. American Secondary Education, 33(3), 21-32.
The role of secondary administrators, including but not limited to principals, guidance directors, curriculum supervisors, department chairs, and special education directors, is important to the success of students with disabilities. Administrators equipped with the knowledge and skills to support the implementation of evidence-based practices of teachers in inclusive and accessible instructional environments are poised to be effective advocates of improved educational outcomes of all students. In this paper, we examine two ways in which administrators facilitate the development, adoption, use, and evaluation of evidence-based educational interventions within secondary schools. One considers refocusing the administrator role from one of manager to one of effective instructional leader. The other focuses on key leadership strategies for improving the instructional practices of teachers and the educational outcomes of students with disabilities.


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I would be interested to learn if the following generalization of the classical Looman-Menchoff theorem is true.
Assume that the function $f=u+iv$, defined on a domain $D\subset\mathbb{C}$, is such that
 1. $u_x$, $u_y$, $v_x$, $v_y$ exist almost everywhere in $D$.
 2. $u$, $v$ satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations almost everywhere in $D$.
 3. $f=f(x,y)$ is separately continuous (in $x$ and $y$) in $D$.
 4. $f$ is locally integrable.
Question: Does it follow that $f$ is analytic everywhere in $D$?
Remark 1. Condition 3 is essential (take $f=1/z$).
Remark 2. G. Sindalovskiĭ proved analyticity of $f$ under conditions 2-4 when the partial derivatives exist everywhere in $D$, except on a countable union of closed sets of finite linear Hausdorff measure (link).
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just a doubt about assumption 2: what further assumption on $u_x$ $u_y$ $v_x$ $v_y$ are implicitly taken, in order that the CR equations make sense? – Pietro Majer Oct 6 '10 at 8:07
@ Pietro Majer: I'm not sure I follow. The derivatives are assumed to exist a.e. in $D$. I'm interested in locally integrable and separately continuous functions $u$, $v$ which satisfy the CR equations a.e. Am I missing something? – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 11:33
Just this: in order to have $u_{xx}$ classically defined at $(x_0,y_0)$ we need $u_x(x,y_0)$ to exist for all $x$ in a nbd of $x_0,$ and analogous condition for the other second order prtial derivatives. So I was wondering if these were implicitly assumed in 2 or there was a weaker sense. Also, a doubt about whether $u_{xy}=u_{yx},$ was assumed too, since that should not be ensured by Schwarz theorem, in this generality. Anyway, no matter, thanks to Nate's answer! – Pietro Majer Oct 6 '10 at 14:09
2 Answers 2
up vote 15 down vote accepted
Let $c$ be the Cantor function on $[0,1]$, so that $c$ is continuous, $c' = 0$ a.e., but $c$ is not constant. Then take $u(x+iy) = v(x+iy)=c(x)c(y)$. We have $u_x=u_y=v_x=v_y=0$ a.e. so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are trivially satisfied, and $f(z)=u(z)+iv(z)$ is bounded and continuous on the unit square, but certainly not analytic.
Almost everywhere differentiability is almost never the right condition for solutions to a PDE. A better condition would be to have $u,v$ in some Sobolev space.
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It's actually sufficient to require that $u,v$ solve the equation in distribution sense – Piero D'Ancona Oct 6 '10 at 13:21
Nice example! Thanks. – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 13:25
Your second comment is absolutely spot on, Nate. – Peter Luthy Oct 6 '10 at 18:55
See this related question. Denjoy proved that there exist a continuous function $f$ on the unit square and a continuous curve $\gamma$, which is the graph of a continuous function, such that $f$ is holomorphic on the square minus $\gamma$ but not on the whole square. Thus $f$ satisfies the CR equations almost everywhere, and actually on the whole square minus the support of $\gamma$, but not on the whole square.
Thus the general answer to your question seems to be a solid no. Using the postive parts of Denjoy's result, one can imagine to answer in the affirmative if the set where CR fails is a countable union of curves with sufficiently nice behaviour, but it seems difficult to do better than Sindalovskii. See also here for a different proof of his result.
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Many thanks for the answer and links. – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 11:35
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leads to dirty dishes
To the Editor:
If you've noticed that your dishes and glasses are coming out of your dishwasher with a cloudy, white residue, or that your black heat-proof handles, spatulas, and utensils are coming out damaged, with a white, rough coating on them that doesn't disappear, or that some dishes come out of the dishwasher dirtier than when you put them in, or that your dishwasher tub is suddenly very grungy, you're not alone.
The truth is that your dishwasher may be fine. The real problem could be your detergent. People may piling their dishwashers into landfills for no reason.
In 2010, manufacturers reformulated their detergents in response to regulations banning phosphates in household detergents. A major consumer magazine's test found that none of the phosphate-free dishwasher detergents matched the performance of products with phosphates.
Phosphorus in the form of phosphates suspends particles so they don't stick to dishes, helps to remove stains, breaks down grease, prevents spotting and softens water to allow suds to form.
Phosphates were removed from detergents due to the perceived threat of algae bloom in fresh water when runoff empties into lakes and ponds.
Algae bloom is a problem, but the culprit is runoff from commercial fertilizers, which contain high amounts of the kinds of phosphates that can cause algae bloom.
In 2011, a study determined that phosphorous runoff from detergents, even when discharged directly into the Spokane River, never worked as an algae fertilizer, stating that phosphates are not bioavailable, and that algae lack the enzymes necessary to break them down.
Phosphates in and of themselves aren't "harmful" at all either. If you look at a box of "O-shaped" oat breakfast cereal, you'll see phosphates in the list of ingredients.
This proves how hasty action on incomplete scientific data has unintended consequences.
The cleaning power of phosphates had to be replaced with something. Now, petroleum-based additives are used in conjunction with enzymes.
The phosphate replacements may be more harmful to the environment, and have poor environmental biodegradability.
The additional chemicals pose a toxic risk to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Using a dishwasher cuts utility bills, uses less energy, saves water, and saves hours of personal time. That is, unless you have to run a second or third load to get your dishes clean, put half of the load back in for a second ride, pre-rinse in order to help your load come out clean, or wash your dishes by hand when they come out of the dishwasher dirtier than when you first put them in.
Washing a load of dishes by hand uses on average 27 gallons of water and 2.5 kilowatt-hours of energy to heat the water, the energy equivalent to running a hair dryer for two and a half hours.
I now spend more time than I have ever spent in my life just trying to get our dishes clean, and I use more energy and water.
Detergents used by hotels, restaurants, and hospitals still contain phosphates, because they demand detergents that work.
People have had luck with adding TSP (TriSodium Phosphate) to their current dishwasher detergent to get their dishes cleaner, get rid of the milky films, and stop the damage to their utensils, adding around a teaspoon to each load.
If we're using more water, more detergent, and more energy, and if we're running extra loads, spending more personal time, and manufacturers have had to add more toxic ingredients to their detergents in order to comply with unscientific regulation, we aren't saving anything.
Instead, we're harming our environment and our quality of life more than ever.


Josefin and Lisa got a very nice paper accepted!
The anchoring effect – long-term dormancy and genetic population structure
Lisa Sundqvist, Anna Godhe, Per R. Jonsson, Josefin Sefbom
Understanding the genetic structure of populations is key to revealing past and present demographic and evolutionary processes in a species. In the past decade high genetic differentiation has been observed in many microbial species challenging the previous view of cosmopolitan distribution. Populations have displayed high genetic differentiation, even at small spatial scales, despite apparent high dispersal. Numerous species of microalgae have a life-history strategy that includes a long-term resting stage, which can accumulate in sediments and serve as refuge during adverse conditions. It is presently unclear how these seed banks affect the genetic structure of populations in aquatic environments. Here we provide a conceptual framework, using a simple model, to show that long-term resting stages have an anchoring effect on populations leading to increased genetic diversity and population differentiation in the presence of gene flow. The outcome that species with resting stages have a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared to species without, is supported by empirical data obtained from a systematic literature review. With this work we propose that seed banks in aquatic microalgae play an important role in the contradicting patterns of gene flow, and ultimately the adaptive potential and population dynamics in species with long-term resting stages.
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Create a Delphi Form From a String
Elevated view of programmers working on laptops
Maskot / Getty Images
There may be instances when you do not know the exact class type of a form object. You may only have the string variable carrying the name of the form's class, such as "TMyForm".
Note that the Application.CreateForm() procedure expects a variable of type TFormClass for its first parameter. If you can provide a TFormClass type variable (from a string), you will be able to create a form from its name.
Sample Exercise
 1. Create a new Delphi project and name the main form: MainForm (TMainForm).
 2. Add three new forms to the project, name them:
 3. FirstForm (TFirstForm)
 4. SecondForm (TSecondForm)
 5. ThirdForm (TThirdForm)
 6. Remove the three new forms from the "Auto-create Forms" list in the Project-Options dialog.
 7. Drop a ListBox on the MainForm and add three strings: 'TFirstForm', 'TSecondForm', and 'TThirdForm'.
procedure TMainForm.FormCreate( Sender: TObject);
RegisterClass(TFirstForm); RegisterClass(TSecondForm); RegisterClass(TThirdForm);
In the MainForm's OnCreate event register the classes:
procedure TMainForm.CreateFormButtonClick( Sender: TObject);
s : string;
s := ListBox1.Items[ListBox1.ItemIndex]; CreateFormFromName(s);
Once the button is clicked, find the selected form's type name, and call a custom CreateFormFromName procedure:
procedure CreateFormFromName(
const FormName : string);
fc : TFormClass; f : TForm;
fc := TFormClass(FindClass(FormName)); f := fc.Create(Application); f.Show;
; (* CreateFormFromName *)
If the first item is selected in the list box, the "s" variable will hold the "TFirstForm" string value. The CreateFormFromName will create an instance of the TFirstForm form.
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Your Citation
Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, Gajic, Zarko. (2020, August 28). Create a Delphi Form From a String. Retrieved from Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo. (accessed August 5, 2021).


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Seattle Fire Department is created on October 17, 1889.
HistoryLink.org Essay 3938
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On October 17, 1889, the Seattle Fire Department is officially created, a few months after Seattle's devastating Great Fire of June 6, 1889. Gardner Kellogg, who had been a volunteer firefighter since 1870, is named the Department's first chief.
Seattle's first firefighters belonged to the Seattle Hook and Ladder Company, which began in 1870, but disbanded a year later due to lack of fires as well as funds. Within a few years, a group of citizens formed Seattle Engine Company No. 1, which was paid for by subscription. Kellogg was chosen as Chief of the volunteers. Hose and a hose-reel were borrowed from the Port Gamble Fire Department, and a used, hand-operated pump engine was brought in from Sacramento, California.
On April 11, 1884, the City of Seattle passed an ordinance taking control of the volunteer department. By this time the group had two steam-powered fire engines and a ladder truck. In 1888, Josiah Collins replaced Kellogg as Chief.
The Great Fire
On June 6, 1889, the Great Seattle Fire broke out in Victor Clairmont's cabinet shop at the corner of Front (1st Avenue) and Madison streets. The flames quickly spread and the small group of volunteer firefighters quickly exhausted the town's small and private water systems. By the end of the day, 64 acres of homes and businesses lay in ruins.
Insurance investigators charged the city with having an inadequate water supply and an inadequate fire department. Firefighters were described as being poorly trained, and most of them quit in disgust at the charges. Chief Collins was among those who resigned.
In response, the city authorized the creation of a paid, professional fire department, which was passed by ordinance on October 17, 1889. Three days later Gardner Kellogg was selected as Chief, and 32 men were hired.
Since the old fire houses had been destroyed in the fire, the new fire department was housed in temporary structures that had leaky canvas roofs. During the winter, many men and horses fell ill, until the first new station was opened the following summer.
Glen W. Garvie, Seattle Fire Department Centennial: _PHONE_ (Portland, Oregon: Taylor Publishing Company, 1989), 36-39.
Travel through time (chronological order):
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Hi folks, this photo is about Bamboo Motif Lithophane Accent Lamp ( Accent Lamp #2). This image is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this picture is 850 x 850. This post's file size is just 52 KB. If You ought to download This picture to Your computer, you could Click here. You might too download more pictures by clicking the picture below or see more at this article: Accent Lamp.
Meaning of Bamboo Motif Lithophane Accent Lamp
Bamboobam•boo (bam bo̅o̅′),USA pronunciation n., pl. -boos.
- any of the woody or treelike tropical and semitropical grasses of the genera Bambusa, Phyllostachys, Dendrocalamus, and allied genera, having woody, usually hollow stems with stalked blades and flowering only after years of growth.
- the stem of such a plant, used as a building material and for making furniture, poles, etc.
Accentac•cent (n. ak′sent;v. ak′sent, ak sent′),USA pronunciation n.
- prominence of a syllable in terms of differential loudness, or of pitch, or length, or of a combination of these.
- degree of prominence of a syllable within a word and sometimes of a word within a phrase: primary accent; secondary accent.
- a mark indicating stress (as ′, ′, or ˈ, ˌ, or ′, ʺ), vowel quality (as French grave ˋ, acute ˊ, circumflex ˆ ), form (as French la "the'' versus là "there''), or pitch.
- any similar mark.
- regularly recurring stress.
- a mark indicating stress or some other distinction in pronunciation or value.
- a musical tone or pattern of pitch inherent in a particular language either as a feature essential to the identification of a vowel or a syllable or to the general acoustic character of the language. Cf. tone (def. 7).
- Often, accents.
- the unique speech patterns, inflections, choice of words, etc., that identify a particular individual: We recognized his accents immediately. She corrected me in her usual mild accents.
- the distinctive style or tone characteristic of an author, composer, etc.: the unmistakably Brahmsian accents of the sonata; She recognized the familiar accents of Robert Frost in the poem.
- a mode of pronunciation, as pitch or tone, emphasis pattern, or intonation, characteristic of or peculiar to the speech of a particular person, group, or locality: French accent; Southern accent.Cf. tone (def. 5).
- such a mode of pronunciation recognized as being of foreign origin: He still speaks with an accent.
- a stress or emphasis given to certain notes.
- a mark noting this.
- stress or emphasis regularly recurring as a feature of rhythm.
- a symbol used to distinguish similar quantities that differ in value, as in b′, b ʺ, b‴
(called b prime, b second or b double prime, b third or b triple prime, respectively).
- a symbol used to indicate a particular unit of measure, as feet (′) or inches (ʺ), minutes (′) or seconds (ʺ).
- a symbol used to indicate the order of a derivative of a function in calculus, as f′ (called f prime) is the first derivative of a function f.
- words or tones expressive of some emotion.
- accents, words;
speech: He spoke in accents bold.
- distinctive character or tone: an accent of whining complaint.
- special attention, stress, or emphasis: an accent on accuracy.
- a detail that is emphasized by contrasting with its surroundings: a room decorated in navy blue with two red vases as accents.
- a distinctive but subordinate pattern, motif, color, flavor, or the like: The salad dressing had an accent of garlic.
- to pronounce with prominence (a syllable within a word or a word within a phrase): to accent the first syllable of "into''; to accent the first word of "White House.''
- to mark with a written accent or accents.
- to give emphasis or prominence to;
Lamplamp (lamp),USA pronunciation n.
- any of various devices furnishing artificial light, as by electricity or gas. Cf. fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp.
- a container for an inflammable liquid, as oil, which is burned at a wick as a means of illumination.
- a source of intellectual or spiritual light: the lamp of learning.
- any of various devices furnishing heat, ultraviolet, or other radiation: an infrared lamp.
- a celestial body that gives off light, as the moon or a star.
- a torch.
- lamps, the eyes.
- smell of the lamp, to give evidence of laborious study or effort: His dissertation smells of the lamp.
- to look at;
Bamboo Motif Lithophane Accent Lamp ( Accent Lamp #2) in an area, it certainly demands cautiously and cautious formula. Placement of furniture made randomly could have an impact about the problem of the room that appeared congested and unpleasant, therefore it is not able to create a gorgeous aspect of the room. Like a bedroom is really a dressing-table one clear furniture will come in a personal room.
In case your bedroom has a size that's not too considerable, desks dual purpose can be the correct option. For instance, dressing-table which can simultaneously function as a table or you'll be able to choose a counter equipped with a lot of dresser drawers to allow them to be properly used being a database for other knick knacks.
Desks correct place could jack the lovely part of your individual suites up. It'd be good in case you measure the first region that will be occupied by furniture dressers, before buying a dresser. It is crucial that you avoid the purchase of a dressing-table that meets the allowance of terrain for sale in the space.


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What is overseas warehouse? What are the advantages of overseas warehouses?Overseas warehouse refers to storage facilities established overseas
In cross-border trade e-commerce, overseas warehouses refer to domestic enterprises that transport goods to target market countries in the form of bulk transportation, establish warehouses and store goods locally, and then respond to local sales orders as soon as possible. Picking, packing and distribution are carried out directly from local warehouses.
This new form of cross-border logistics is conducive to solving various pain points in the development of cross-border e-commerce and encouraging e-commerce companies to go global. After the customer places the order, the exporter can directly deliver the goods locally through the overseas warehouse, which greatly shortens the delivery time and reduces the barriers to customs clearance; the goods are transported in batches, which reduces the transportation cost; the customer can easily return and exchange the goods after receiving the goods, which also improves the shopping. experience.
1. The first journey of overseas warehouses converts scattered international small packages into bulk transportation, which will greatly reduce logistics costs.
2. Overseas warehouses can transform traditional international delivery into local delivery, ensure that goods reach consumers faster, safer and more accurately, and improve consumers' cross-border trade shopping experience.
3. The return processing process of overseas warehouses is efficient and convenient, adapting to the shopping habits of local buyers, making buyers more assured when shopping, and can solve the traditional international return and exchange problems.
4. The combination of overseas warehouses and traditional warehousing and logistics can avoid foreign trade risks and avoid logistics shortcomings caused by special reasons such as holidays, thereby improving the overseas competitiveness of my country's e-commerce, and truly helping e-commerce provide local services and adapt to local buyers. Consumption habits.
Remarks: The above content is only an internal opinion and is for reference only.


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slate in place as it is moved down a page for brailling.
Interpoint slates allow a user to write on both sides of the paper to create two-sided braille. Since braille consists of raised dots, this requires placing the cells on either side so that they do not cancel out dots on the other side. The advantage of two-sided braille is that it requires less paper.
Figure 12: The Can-Do Interpoint Page Slate from Independent Living Aids is
used to emboss two-sided Interpoint braille.
Jumbo slates are designed to produce braille with larger dots and increased spacing between dots, cells, and lines for users with reduced tactile sensitivity, such as people with diabetic neuropathy. Jumbo slates can be used with a jumbo stylus, which produces larger dots, or with a regular stylus, which results in sharp dots like those of standard braille, but with the increased spacing typical of jumbo braille.
Postcard slates are small slates (19 cells by 6 lines) used to take notes on index cards or small pieces of paper.
Open-back slates have backs that can be opened without dislodging the paper. Slates of this type include the Brown Slate from the American Printing House for the Blind (APH) and the E-Z Read series by Howe Press. When the back is opened, the paper remains held in place by pins, allowing the user to read what has been written so far. This feature is useful if the writer is interrupted while writing and doesnt quite recall where he or she left off. It also allows the writer to proofread and make corrections while in the middle of brailling a sheet of paper.
In contrast to the Brown Slate and E-Z Read Slate, which are designed for correcting braille while it is being written, correcting slates (also called correction slates) are designed for correcting a finished page that has already been removed from its original slate. The distinctive feature of correcting slates is that they either have no pins at all to hold the paper, or they have up pins, that is, pins on the back or bottom plate, not the front or top plate. Since the pins that hold paper in place make their own holes, putting a piece of paper that has already been brailled into a new slate can add unwanted holes, especially if the original slate was a different size. On an up-pin slate, the user can avoid new holes by carefully placing the paper so that its existing holes fit over the pins. A pinless slate serves the same purpose.
Labeling slates. Some slates have additional slots for embossing Dymo tape, ½-inch wide clear plastic or aluminum tape used for labeling tasks. One line slates are also sold for this purpose. Other specialty labeling slates include playing card slates for marking standard-sized playing cards, and a slate for brailling cassette labels, both sold by Howe Press.
In addition, some of the features described above can be combined. For example, APH manufactures an interpoint version of the postcard slate, and Howe Press makes a postcard slate in the EZ Read style.
Braille Erasers are used to flatten errant dots. Freestanding erasers made of wood or plastic are available, and styluses, like pencils, can come with or without erasers attached to them.
Figure 13: Braille Erasers from Howe Press.
Braille Paper is similar to ordinary inkprint paper, but heavier since it must be sturdy enough to retain raised dots as many readers move their fingers over them. Braille paper comes in heavy and lightweight grades, but even the lightweight grade is relatively heavy. The heavier grade of paper is recommended for use with a braille writer.
Braille paper comes in various sizes, including the 8½ by 11 inch size that is standard for use in braille printers and braille writers, and an 11 x 11½ inch size that is common for pages in braille books. Either size can be brailled with a wide slate. For use with a pocket slate, note-size braille paper is available in pads or looseleaf form. Standard index cards can also be used for this purpose and may serve just as well.
Colors include white, manila, and Kraft brown. Both full-size and note-size paper is available with holes pre-punched so the paper can be put into binders, including 3-ring and 6-ring binders and 19-hole spiral binders.
In addition to regular braille paper, there is also a brand of plastic paper called "Brailon," which is used with the copiers manufactured by American Thermoform Corporation. For more on Brailon, see the ABLEDATA Fact Sheet on Braille Writers, Printers, and Software.
Besides written documents, another popular use for braille is labeling. A variety of labeling materials and devices are available.
Adhesive labeling tape and sheets. As described in an earlier section of this Fact Sheet, some braille labeling slates are designed to emboss braille on ½inch wide adhesive labeling tape. Adhesive labeling tape is available in several different materials, including transparent vinyl, Teflon, and aluminum, and in other widths, such as 5/8 inch. Teflon labels can be sewn onto clothing to provide information about colors, and these labels will survive washing. In addition to labeling tape, there are also sheets of adhesive plastic that can be brailled using non-specialized slates and then cut into labels of the desired size.
Specialized labeling slates. Slates designed for labeling specific items such as playing cards and cassette labels were mentioned in the above section on braille slates.
Specialized non-slate braillers. A number of specialized non-slate braillers are available. An example is the Click Pocket Brailler sold by Maxi-Aids, which fits on a keychain and which is designed for marking paper money with braille numbers. It has two metal plates embossed with the braille numbers 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100. The appropriate number is embossed onto a bill by placing its edge between the plates and squeezing. No stylus is involved, so technically this brailler is not a braille slate.
Handheld braille labelers. The 3M Corporation makes a braille labeler that embosses braille on vinyl adhesive tape or magnetic tape. It is similar to the handheld devices used by sighted persons to emboss raised letters on labeling tape. It has a wheel that is turned to select the letters to be embossed, including the entire braille alphabet plus contractions. The wheel shows letters in both print and braille, so this labeler can be used by sighted persons who do not know braille but who want to create braille labels.
Figure 14: The 3M Braille Labeler is a handheld device used to emboss braille
on adhesive plastic tape.
Magnetic labeling tape and metal labelers. Magnetic labeling tape is used for metal surfaces. As indicated above, it can be brailled using the 3M Braille Labeler, or it can be brailled with the Braille Metal Labeler sold by Maxi-Aids.
Desktop braille labeler for sighted use. Except for the 3M Braille Labeler, the braille labeling devices mentioned so far require knowledge of braille. The KGS Braille Labeler is a desktop labeler that can also be used by persons with no braille experience. It makes transparent single-line adhesive labels, which can be used to label hotel keys, signs, simple maps, cassettes, CD cases, vending machines, telephones, and other items. To make a label, the user selects grade 1 (the default) or grade 2 braille, then chooses individual letters, numbers, and punctuation marks from a small visual screen. Text can be edited and stored in the unit's memory. When the user has finished entering the text to be embossed, the unit indicates which of three available label sizes (fitting 7, 15, or 25 braille characters) should be used.
Figure 15: The KGS Braille Labeler is an electronic labeler that is operated
through a keypad.
Dot inverter. The Swail dot inverter, sold by the American Printing House for the Blind, is a special braille stylus used to add braille to charts, diagrams, graphs, and maps. A sighted person adding braille to a map needs to see where the braille label should be located, but ordinary brailling is done from the back. The dot inverter allows brailling to be done from the front. Unlike a regular stylus that is pushed into the paper to form a raised dot on the other side, the dot inverter works by puncturing the paper on the down stroke and then pulling the paper upward on the up stroke to form a raised dot. A 12 by 12-inch, rubber pad is included with the dot inverter for protecting the table surface as the dot inverter is used.
Choosing Manual Braille Writing Aids and Labelers
Choosing Manual Braille Writing Tools.
The following are some considerations on choosing manual braille writing tools:
- Those who want to take notes on the go should try a pocket slate and note-size paper or index cards.
- Those who want to take notes in class or at business meetings may also want to consider a desk slate or other full size slate with 8.5 by 11-inch paper.
- Those with diabetic neuropathy should consider a jumbo slate, with or without a jumbo stylus, depending on whether they prefer reading


Deep Dive Into OutSystems Plugins
Stuart Harris - 07/11/2019
This is Part II of a three part blog series on OutSystems development and how to create plugins. You can read Part I here.
As mentioned in my previous post, OutSystems allows users to create open source plugins and publish them to a community component registry called the forge. For Part Two, I'm explaining the creation of a FilePondUpload user interface forge plugin for Web Applications.
This is relevant to those interested in building a user interface forge component for an OutSystems web application. We'll cover configuration, integrating a JavaScript library, some sneaky tricks and cleaning up temporary files.
The FilePondUpload plugin exposes two webblocks providing drag and drop file upload, with the actions, entities and structures to support them. The plugin essentially integrates with OutSystems the FilePond JavaScript library by Rik Schennink.
When included on a page, to use the FilePondUpload control is straight forward. The upload process goes like this:
 - Either click browse or drag file/s onto the page.
 - The file/s will upload, show progress and if configured, will show a thumbnail if the file is an image.
 - The user clicks submit on the form to save their data.
 - On the server, the uploaded file/s are available to store.
Using the Control in Development
At development time, the developer drops the FileUpload webblock onto the page. It requires a text input control and configuration.
The webblock has a placeholder area which expects a text input control associated with a text variable. The webblock makes this input box hidden. The input box is used to pass the list of uploaded file identifiers to the server when the user submits the form.
The developer also passes a FilePondUploadConfig structure to configure the webblock. When the page is first displayed, the upload library is configured and initialized. The upload control is then displayed.
Then when the form is submitted, the developer must call FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens) to retrieve the uploaded files.
The AutoUpload webblock is even easier. It just has an event that returns a file whenever one is uploaded.
This is a very quick and easy way to get multiple file upload to work in your OutSystems application.
Getting Started
Before even starting, make sure you search the forge for a similar plugin. If you find one that does not quite meet your needs, know that you can request to join the dev team for the plugin.
A forge component is an OutSystems application, so the first step is to create an application. This requires a bit of thought, ask yourself, when developers use your plugin, what dependencies will your plugin bring into their environment? What UI framework will they be using? Silk UI or the newer OutSystems UI?
For a component for (non-react) web apps, choose Traditional Web Application for OutSystem UI or Website for Silk UI. If you can, make your plugin independent of the UI framework. This way developers using either framework can use the plugin.
The FilePondUpload plugin it does not depend on either OutSystems UI or Silk UI. So I chose Traditional Web, but Website would have been ok too.
You are able to upload a logo for your plugin here, but you can also do this later.
Next, create a module. As FilePondUpload does not depend on a framework, I chose Blank.
Now we have an application and an empty module for the plugin.
Create a HTML Test Harness
Before diving head-on into OutSystems, it is a good idea to first check that the library you intend to use works.
For this plugin I created a simple HTML page with a form. For other libraries I create whatever mark-up is needed to exercise the JavaScript library. Then I manually included all the JavaScript and CSS files. At this point you can directly reference the online copies of the files, but I like to download them and keep a note of which versions I am using. Then write any JavaScript you require to initialize, configure and work with the library.
Remember to check all the browsers that you expect your component will need to support. This practice has saved me many hours, potentially days of frustration.
The UploadBlock Webblock
The UploadBlock webblock as four components:
 - a placeholder for the input text box,
 - a container to hold the file upload control,
 - a static image to show what the upload control looks like (only displayed at development time), and
 - webblocks which load the CSS and Javascript for the control.
The configuration JavaScript locates the input text control for file tokens using the HiddenUploadContainer's HTML id. The UploadContainer is where the FilePond upload control will be created.
The static image is displayed at development time, by putting it in the True fork of an If statement that is hardcoded to the value False. This static image is never displayed at runtime, but only to developer using the control. It's a handy technique.
The webblocks at the bottom ensure CSS and JavaScript required by the control are loaded.
Integrating the Library
In order for the configure function to do its work, all the minified JavaScript for the FilePond control must be inserted on the page.
The FilePondUploadJS webblock contains the FilePond library JavaScript in it's JavaScript attribute. The FilePondUploadCSS webblock contains the FilePond library CSS in its Style Sheet attribute. These webblocks have no user interface, but by placing these webblock on the page, their JavaScript and CSS will be available on the page.
The FilePondConfigureJS webblock contains configuration JavaScript in an Expression with Escape Content = No set. This webblock simply calls the configure function.
You could put all the files in the one webblock. I have only separated them so I can reuse the same JavaScript and CSS in another webblock.
So how does the FilePondUpload plugin work? The JavaScript library must be initialized and configured, then it must call an endpoint on the server, store the uploaded files, and provide an action to retrieve the uploaded files later. Additionally, files that are never retrieved must be removed from the system, when the user does not click submit for instance.
There are a few common tricks to make the configuration work. First, to pass configuration to the library, the configuration structure is converted to JSON using JSONSerialize and passed to a custom configuration function. The FilePondIdOptions_ToJSON() and FilePondConfig_ToJSON() actions handle the serialization. These functions just use the standard OutSystems JSON serialization widget to serialize configuration structures.
The configuration function is loaded on the page via the JavaScript in the FilePondUploadJS webblock.
The configure function accepts JavaScript objects, then initializes and configures the FilePond control. This function is exposed on a JavaScript variable called FilePondUpload. The rest of the configuration functionality happens within a JavaScript "closure".
Notice how the configure function is the only function exposed by the closure. If you need to expose more functions, just add them to the object returned at the bottom.
Notice also that the configure function sets up all the watches and call-backs necessary. This is important but can be subtle. Apart from initialization, try to write JavaScript that references the webblock, rather than trying to make the webblock call functions in the plugin. This helps decouple the webblock from the JavaScript.
When the File Reaches the Server
For each file dragged on, a file upload is triggered. The FilePond upload library takes care of this, as well as the display of upload progress.
The FilePond library is configured to upload the file to the /FilePondUpload/Upload.aspx web page. This web page is restricted to only registered users, meaning only logged in users can upload files.
When a file is uploaded, the Upload.aspx page's preparation action runs which retrieves the file using HTTPHandler.GetRequestFiles() and temporarily stores it in the UploadedFile entity. The session id is retrieved using the HTTPRequestHandler.GetSessionId() action and stored with the file. This will be used to ensure the uploaded file is only available to the user who uploaded it. Lastly a unique text identifier, or token, is generated, assigned and stored with the file.
Sneaky text/plain Trick
The FilePond library sent a HTTP POST to the Upload.aspx page, and expects a simple text response, which is an identifier for the uploaded file. However, OutSystems will normally return a whole web page. So here is what we do. By using a Download widget in the Preparation, setting the Mime-Type to "text/plain" the web page will return a text response rather than the HTML of the web page. We then use the BinaryData API to convert the file's text identifier to UTF-8 and pass it as binary data.
As there may be multiple file uploads, multiple text tokens may be appended to the hidden input box.
When the user clicks the submit button for the form, the text tokens stored in the value of the hidden input box is sent along with any other form data. The text tokens can then be used to retrieve the uploaded files, via the service side action FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens).
And voila, you have the uploaded files to do with as you wish!
Auto Upload
So that's great, but the user still has to click on a button to submit the form, even though the file is already being held in temporary storage on the server.
This is why the plugin has a second file upload webblocks; AutoUpload.
The AutoUpload block will make the uploaded files available as soon as they have been uploaded. This block


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Economic Botany History
The original collection was assembled for the World's Colombian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Over 10% (1438 ite ms) of the economic botany specimens date from this exposition with especially rich representation from the national exhibits of British Guiana, the Philippines, Japan, Brazil, Burma and India. These collections can essentially be considered the historic beginning of the Botany Department. The majority of collection acquisition occurred during the four decades following the World's Colombian Exposition
- Paris Exposition (1901)
- Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904)
- Panama-Pacific Exposition (1915)
US government sources:
- crop cultivar samples
- fiber samples of raw flax and processed linen
Foreign institutions or governments:
- India Forest Research Institute
- Philippines Board of Education
- Australian Technological Museum
Commercial or Industrial sources:
- Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., New York
- Chicago Varnish Co.
- Archer-Daniels-Midland Co.
- S.B. Penick & Co.
- Parke, Davis & Co.
- Frederick A. Stokes & Co.
Field Museum sponsored expeditions:
- Mrs. T. B. Blackstone Expedition _PHONE_ (Eastern Tibet)
- Mulford Biological Exploration 1921 (Bolivia)
- Stanley Field Expedition 1922 (British Guiana)
- Marshall Field Expedition _PHONE_ (Peru)
- Marshall Field China Expedition 1923
- Marshall Field Brazil Expedition 1926
- F.M.-Oxford U. Joint Expedition 1926, 1928, 1942 (Iraq)
- Marshall Field Amazon Expedition _PHONE_ (Brazil, Peru)
- F.M. Venezuelan Expedition 1942
The collection is currently housed in a compactorized storage unit that was designed to meet the unique demands for these objects. The collection is named in honor of Timothy C. Plowman, former curator of Botany, who was instrumental in obtaining funds to preserve this collection.


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September 18, 2007 > History
Pioneer School People
The original Act to create the County of Alameda called for an election of officers that did not mention a County Superintendent of Schools, but at the first election held in May 1853, Rev. William W. Brier was elected to that office. County officials divided the county into six townships that included Washington and made each township a school district.
Rev. Brier visited communities throughout the county helping residents start schools, acquire buildings and promote the cause of a regular school attendance. He worked with county officials to secure money for school buildings and teachers' salaries. Historian William Halley reported in 1856, when the county was three years old, that "Education was making headway under the efficient management of Mr. Brier."
A board of trustees was required to operate each district in spite of obstacles that included unstable finances, teacher shortages, widespread ignorance and parental complaints. They were empowered to maintain a classroom, hire a teacher, purchase supplies, keep records of meetings and file reports with the county. Trustees sometimes ran unopposed for reelection and voter turnout depended on how pleased the parents were with the teachers' perceived performance.
Information about these pioneer school trustees is sketchy. The first trustees at Irvington were William Y. Horner, George M. Walters and William Hopkins. All were nearby prominent landowners.
Our most complete early day records appear to be those for Lincoln School District because trustee records have been preserved. The first trustees were Emory Munyan, Abijah Baker, and George W. Tait. Munyan served as clerk of the board and recorded the minutes by hand. He was a faithful trustee until his death in 1899 for a total of 29 years. Munyan treated the students and teachers as family, even delivering fruit in season from his nearby orchard to the students. Abijah Baker owned a large farm near the school and "gave generously to good causes." George W. Tait, who had been Superintendent of Schools in San Francisco, came to Washington Township for his health and was credited with naming Lincoln School.
The most important person in any school was (and still is) the teacher. At first there were no special credentials for teachers. Erastus Johnson reported that he came to Centerville to visit and ended up opening a school there in 1853. Other pioneer teachers at Centerville included Mrs. Jonathan Mayhew, Judge Stephen Nye, Julia Rappleye and W. H. Yates.
The first public school teacher at Alvarado was Mrs. Warren. As in many pioneer communities, she "boarded around" among the families. Rev. W. W. Brier taught here and later served as a trustee. Several teachers at Lincoln School including Mollie Reeder, Emma Reeder, Louise Cearley, Flora Brown, Cora Simpson and Addie Ross grew up in Washington Township. Irvington teachers included many local residents and J. C. Gilson and W.F.B. Lynch who later became Alameda County Superintendent of Schools.
The average monthly salary for pioneer teachers in Alameda County was about $75 per month, but sometimes, as at Lincoln School, it was $50 plus board. By 1904 the average for men was about $99 and $72 for women. The Alviso principal was paid $110 per month and the other teachers $90 in 1919. A Niles teacher was paid $115 in 1929 with $5 raises until the depression forced the monthly total back to $115.
Many pioneer teachers were men who went on to other occupations. The county had 13 male and 14 female teachers in 1859, but by 1878 there were three times as many women as men. Teachers were challenged to provide lessons for pupils with varying age and achievement levels. A primary teacher at Centerville summarized the problem when she wrote, "I cannot give to the separate classes as much time as I would like." Teachers in pioneer schools had no time to themselves as they had to supervise students during lunch and recess breaks. They ate with the children and often played with them at recess. There were times when text books and materials were not available, and teachers were forced to improvise and make do with what they had.
Local history books don't give much information about janitors, but all schools became dirty and needed attention. At first the teachers were the janitors, with occasional assistance from students. Alviso trustees allocated $1 for washing windows in 1890 but later paid $20 per month for a janitor. Sometimes custodians were also the gardeners. Guido Laneri was a favorite gardener at Niles School.
Teachers and parents sometimes provided warm meals for students. Centerville School began limited cafeteria service in 1925 and cafeteria workers became a regular part of the staff. Alviso School started cafeteria service in 1947 and also began bussing students to school. Bus drivers were often custodians or teachers who did double duty.