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Being part of the community for young people 16 to 25 with SEND
Community activities for 16 to 25 year olds with SEND
What's available if your child wants to volunteer, join group activities and make friends, play sports, have a day out and find online communities for disabled people.
There are many ways for your child to get involved with the community.
Mencap have volunteering positions for disabled people.
There are three Bristol Community Links (BCL) Day Centres where your child can make friends and join group activities. BCL North and South have sensory rooms for young people with autism or complex learning disabilities.
If your child is disabled and wants to take part in sport:
- search our list of accessible leisure centres and sports clubs in Bristol with activities for disabled people
- Parasport UK has a search engine to find sports clubs or check what activity your child can enjoy depending on their disability
- Buds and Suds advises people interested in taking part or setting up inclusive sports sessions
Short breaks are:
- services allowing a child or young person to have a break from their parents or carers
- services allowing parents and carers to have a break from their caring responsibilities
- a chance for families to take a break from their normal routines and do fun things together
Short breaks must meet both the parents and young persons' needs.
They can be for example:
- a day care away from home, such as a couple of hours at a playgroup or a weekend club
- help from someone who will look after your child at home
- a family link scheme where your child stays with another family
Museums and arts
Young people can express their creativity by taking part in plays, workshops or art performances with other disabled people:
- Bristol Museums' staff are trained to help families with autism and M Shed has an art course for people with low level mental health issues using museum exhibits to inspire creativity
- the Misfits Theatre Company is a performance art company with creative workshops led by people with learning difficulties
- MusicSpace is a music therapy charity for disabled people of all ages helping them build relationships
They can also find inspiration by attending plays or exhibitions by other disabled people:
- Firebird Theatre is a company of twelve disabled artists based in Bristol
- Artists First is an art group run by artists with learning difficulties, who exhibit their work regularly
Activities and days out
Many venues are accessible to people with disabilities. You can find them with:
- DisabledGo, a search engine to discover accessible places such as restaurants, cinemas and play areas for you and your child
- Visitbristol.co.uk, which has a list of accessible activities and attractions in the city
- Yourlocalcinema.com, for cinemas showing accessible and subtitled films for people with hearing loss
There are organisations running days out and activities for young disabled people:
- The West of England Centre for Inclusive Living (WECIL) has regular activities such as cooking, sports, games and day trips
- The Brandon Trust, a charity that runs a holiday club for children and young people aged 11 to 18 with mild and moderate learning disabilities or autism
- Young and Free, a friendship group offering activities such as bowling, theatre trips or disco and quizzes for disabled young people aged 16 to 25
Help when out and about
The Safe Places scheme gives your child somewhere to go and be safe if they become worried when out.
You can buy a Radar Key and guide to locked accessible toilets from the Disability Rights UK shop.
The Bristol Parent Carers website has a map of all the accessible toilets and changing facilities.
There are plenty of blogs and forums which are made by and for disabled people:
- Disability Rights UK has a list of online communities or blogs written by people with SEND
- Scope has a disability online community
- top 100 disability blogs by views on Equalitytime
You can find tips and advice on the Online safety for young people with SEND web page.


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- Is Salt matter Yes or no?
- What happens to smoke in a jar?
- Is water matter Yes or no?
- Is air a material?
- Why the air is invisible?
- Do humans only breathe oxygen?
- Is ball solid or gas?
- Is air really there?
- How will you show that matter is composed of tiny particles?
- Is flour a solid liquid or gas?
- In what ways air can be considered as matter?
- Why is fire smoking?
- Can you recall few things that are not made of matter?
- What are three liquids?
- What air is made of?
- Is Smoke matter Yes or no?
- Does air matter for Kids?
- What liquids dont contain water?
- What are 20 uses of air?
- Why is air a matter?
Is Salt matter Yes or no?
Ordinary table salt is called sodium chloride.
It is considered a pure substance because it has a uniform and definite composition.
All samples of sodium chloride are chemically identical.
Salt easily dissolves in water, but salt water cannot be classified as a pure substance because its composition can vary..
What happens to smoke in a jar?
Smoke is a lot of very small particles that fly(are suspended in air), and everything that flies, has to fall down. When you collect smoke in a jar, it is slowly, by lack of air currents and by gravity, being forced to land on the bottom of the jar… It don't run away, it falls down…
Is water matter Yes or no?
On earth, solid, liquid, and gas are the most common states of matter. Not only is water the most common substance on earth, but it is also the only substance that commonly appears as a solid, a liquid, and a gas within the normal range of earth's temperatures. … Water is a unique substance because its molecules a.
Is air a material?
Material: "the matter from which a thing is or can be made." So, yes, air is a material. Air is also a source from which other materials may be made: nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon, carbon dioxide, etc. Dry ice, liquid nitrogen, pure oxygen, and neon signs depend on air.
Why the air is invisible?
Air looks invisible because it sends very little color to our eyes. … Objects appear to be the color they reflect to our eyes. Air is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with small molecules that are far apart. Wavelengths of light may pass by these molecules without hitting them.
Do humans only breathe oxygen?
We breathe air that is 21 percent oxygen, and we require oxygen to live. … When you inhale, the alveoli fill with this air. Because the oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli and low in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood.
Is ball solid or gas?
Basketballs, tennis balls and footballs are filled with a gas. Golf balls are filled with a rubber solid or a liquid.
Is air really there?
Since air is invisible we easily forget that it is all around us. When we blow air in a balloon, we can feel the air pushing on the balloon. It's the same with a tire or basketball. When we sit in front of a fan, we can actually feel the air molecules moving in the same direction.
How will you show that matter is composed of tiny particles?
Answer. We can show that matter consists of tiny particles called molecule. Molecule consists of tiny particles called atoms.
Is flour a solid liquid or gas?
Although flour can be poured and takes the shape of a container you put it in, flour is in fact a solid. Flour is a powdered version of it's original state, raw grains.
In what ways air can be considered as matter?
air is considered as a matter because it have its own physical state and it occupy space and it have mass and it is made up of atoms. air can be considered a matter as it has it's own mass and it occupies space.
Why is fire smoking?
A fireplace that kicks up smoke is a classic sign of a weak draft, which can result in a fire that quickly dies out or fire by-products "back-puffing"—getting backed up in the firebox or flue and issuing into the room as smoke and harmful vapors, including carbon monoxide.
Can you recall few things that are not made of matter?
Not everything is made of matter. Non-matter includes the light from a torch, the heat from a fire, and the sound of a police siren. You cannot hold, taste, or smell these things. They are not types of matter, but forms of energy.
What are three liquids?
Examples of LiquidsWater.Milk.Blood.Urine.Gasoline.Mercury (an element)Bromine (an element)Wine.More items…•Jan 24, 2020
What air is made of?
nitrogenEarth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. These gases are found in layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere) defined by unique features such as temperature and pressure.
Is Smoke matter Yes or no?
Smoke, smog, and laughing gas are matter. Energy, light, and sound, however, are not matter; ideas and emotions are also not matter. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter it contains.
Does air matter for Kids?
Matter is physical material, and it is the fundamental element in all of us, all of life, and all of the universe. But… air? Yes, air does have mass and does take up physical space, so, yes, air is made of matter.
What liquids dont contain water?
Bromine and mercury are liquids are room temperature and, when pure, have no water in them. Pure solvents and compounds (other than water) have no water. Gasoline does not (or should not) have water in it, however, ethanol, which can be in gas, absorbs and holds water.
What are 20 uses of air?
Important Uses of AirSustain life and growth.Combustion.Maintaining Temperature.Supplier of Energy.Photosynthesis.
Why is air a matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. So, in order to prove that air is matter, we need to prove that air has mass and takes up space. … Although air has mass, a small volume of air, such as the air in the balloons, doesn't have too much. Air just isn't very dense.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Small Seal
Naming of University Schools and Other Academic Entities
Recommended By: Cabinet
Ruben Armiñana, President
Date of Issue: March 15, 2001
Effective Date: March 15, 2001
Contact Office: Academic Affairs
Policy #2001-1
 1. Authority
 The Board of Trustees of The California State University (CSU) has the authority to approve the naming of colleges, schools, and other academic entities at CSU campuses. The Board of Trustees policy on this subject was approved as of July 8, 1999.
 This policy is intended to encourage private support through opportunities to name colleges, schools, programs, centers, institutes, and other academic entities. Opportunities to name these entities are for fund-raising purposes only.
 Each proposal for naming a CSU college, school, program, center, institute, or other academic entity shall be considered on its own merits. No commitment for naming shall be made prior to Board of Trustee approval of the proposed name.
 2. Criteria for Selection of a Name
 A name of a CSU college, school, program, center, institute or other academic entity presented for Board of Trustees' approval must meet the following criteria:
 1. It shall honor an individual or an organization.
 1. It is desirable for the CSU to name colleges, schools, programs, centers, institutes or other academic entities in honor of significant contributors of funds to the university.
 2. The Board of Trustees will take into consideration the significance and amount of the proposed current gift and future potential giving with regard to the academic prestige and recognition of the proposed college, school, program, center, institute, or other academic entity.
 2. In special circumstances, the Board of Trustees may waive any or all of the above criteria.
 3. Procedures
 1. Proposals for naming a college, school, program, center, institute or other academic entity may be initiated by any university office or recognized university organization. The proposal shall be formulated in accordance with the criteria set forth in this policy and shall include a detailed justification for the proposed name.
 2. The initiating unit shall submit the naming proposal to the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs and the Deans' Council. The Deans' Council shall consider the proposal and decide whether the proposal merits further consideration. The Deans' Council shall either accept the proposal for consideration or return it to the initiating unit with a written explanation for the rejection.
 3. If the Deans' Council accepts the proposal for consideration, the Provost will submit the proposal to the President. The President shall appoint a committee to evaluate the proposal.
 4. The evaluating committee shall consist of one to three members of the Deans' Council, one of whom shall serve as chair, and three to five members selected at large from the faculty, administration, staff, and students. The committee should include at least two university employees who are directly associated with the college, school, program, center or institute for which a name is being proposed.
 5. The evaluating committee, in its deliberations, shall consider the function of the college, school, program, center or institute, its history and traditions, the relationship of the entity to the campus as a whole, the relationship to the university of any individual being honored, the financial implications, and any other ramifications.
 6. At the conclusion of its study, the evaluating committee shall recommend to the Deans' Council whether or not the proposed name should be adopted and set forth the complete rationale for its recommendation.
 7. The Deans' Council as a whole shall review the committee's report and recommendation, reach its own decision, and forward its recommendation and rationale to the President.
 8. The President shall review the report of the Deans' Council, and consult in a timely manner with the Executive Committee of the Academic Senate and other university constituencies, as appropriate.
 9. If the President approves the naming proposal, he/she shall forward it to the Vice Chancellor for University Relations for presentation to the CSU Board of Trustees. Each naming proposal must:
 1. Be submitted at least six weeks prior to the Board of Trustees' meeting at which it is to be presented;
 2. Demonstrate compliance with Board of Trustees' policy;
 3. Succinctly state the reasons for the proposed name;
 4. Name the constituent group(s) or individual(s) initiating the proposal; name the constituent group(s) or individual(s) recommending the proposal to the President; and confirm that the President has consulted, in a timely manner, with the Executive Committee of the campus Academic Senate;
 5. Include complete biographical information about the individual or organization;
 6. Ensure that all participants involved in the process remember that strict confidentiality is required; and
 7. Identify the special circumstances, if any, when requesting a waiver of the policy.
 10. If the President does not approve the naming proposal, he/she shall return it to the Deans' Council and that body shall then communicate the decision to the initiating unit.
 11. If the Board of Trustees approves the proposed name, the President shall take all necessary steps to implement that decision.
 12. Confidentiality is to be maintained throughout the process until a decision is announced by the Board of Trustees.
Updated March 14, 2001 by


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Author: Janie B. Cheaney
Publisher: Common Sense Press; Paperback
A Learning Language Arts Through Literature companion curriculum
For seventh grade skills and up, Wordsmith is the perfect companion to Learning Language Arts Through Literature. For young people who want to improve their writing skills, step-by-step instructions are provided that will help any writer improve his techniques. The introduction provides a brief review of grammar followed by instruction on building stronger sentences, exercise in descriptive and narrative writing, creating dialogue, story writing, and writing from a particular point of view. Plus, the essential skills of every good writer, practice in proofreading and revising. Answers to the exercises are provided in the Wordsmith (Grades 7-9) Teacher's Edition, ordered separately.


Home › Social › Social Commerce
How to Calculate the Net Present Value of Social Commerce
 | June 15, 2010 | Comments
Using the Net Present Value formula, you can show your CFO the value of consumer-generated content on your site.
How much is your customer-generated content worth?
Social commerce measures the impact of social interactions on your brand, bottom-line sales, and business success. One great way to assign a true monetary value to your brand's user-generated content (UGC) - like reviews, customer forums, and ask-and-answer entries - is to measure its net present value (NPV).
NPV is a metric widely-used in the financial world, and the management at your company (especially the CFO) will appreciate seeing the value of your social media program. NPV is commonly calculated as the profit your company gains from an investment is equal to sum of that investment's impact over time. When the NPV number is positive, financial teams will usually decide to make the investment; when the number is negative, it's not a good investment. There's more to the calculation then we're representing here, but the current value of future impact is the important concept to grasp.
Customer-generated content has a high NPV, because its positive impact on bottom-line sales increases over time. As social content grows - especially on purpose, through designing a participation chain - it drives a larger and larger amount of revenues. The more content your customers create, the more places you can leverage it (such as in e-mail and other marketing campaigns, in-store signage, etc.) and the more "findable" your site will become in natural Web searches, driving even more revenue. Each interaction, each piece of customer-generated content, is an annuity - and money in the bank for your company. This builds over time, and an original investment pays off handsomely in an NPV calculation.
If you compare social commerce to traditional advertising, you'll see the difference in NPV immediately. Traditional advertising isn't going away, but campaigns can cost a lot of money and return diminishing value over time. These campaigns have less and less impact on sales as time goes on. On the other hand, social commerce programs cost little to implement, grow organically with no further investment, and influence more and more sales over time.
The good news is, if you calculate the NPV of your proposed social media program and present it to your financial teams, they'll be eager to fund the project. Measuring the NPV of your social commerce program is relatively easy. You just need to do some basic financial calculations. Below, I'll walk you through a hypothetical NPV calculation for a social commerce program.
Say you generate $10 million in online sales annually.
 1. You've got a 20 percent return rate, resulting in $8 million total in net sales.
 2. You've got a conversion rate per session of 3 percent.
 3. You're processing 100,000 orders per year with an average order value of $100. That's an average of 8,333 orders per month.
 4. With 3 percent conversion resulting in 100,000 purchasing sessions, your site gets roughly 3.3 million total sessions a year.
Now, assume a few more things that I've learned from years working with large brands on their social commerce programs.
 1. Customer-generated content often raises conversion rates by 20 to 30 percent. Let's assume 20 percent, so your new conversion rate, after implementing social commerce, would be 3.6 percent.
 2. Customer-generated content can also reduce returns by 10 to 20 percent. Let's assume 10 percent, so your new return rate would be 18 percent.
Now, let's take all the above information and calculate the NPV of your social commerce program.
 1. With customer reviews, you'll average 10,000 orders per month instead of 8,333. This will gross you $166,700 in revenue per month, or an additional $2,000,400 annually.
 2. You'll also reduce returns from 1,666 orders returned to 1,500 orders returned monthly. This will net you an additional $16,600 per month, or $199,200 annually.
All in all, after one year of having customer reviews on your site, you would increase your total sales by 27.5 percent to $2,199,600. That is your core NPV number.
If you wait to implement a social commerce program, however, you'll lose out on substantial revenues, since the impact of user-generated content on sales grows over time. For example, if you only have a social commerce program live and running for three months of your operating year, you'll increase sales by 6.8 percent to $549,900. Six months of UGC would increase total gross sales by $1,099,800, or a 13.7 percent, while nine months of UGC would deliver a 20.6 percent boost in sales to $1,649,700.
If you don't add some high-NPV social commerce programs to your marketing portfolio, and your competition does, where will you be a year from now? The answer is clear: out tons of money you could have made.
Sam Decker
COMMENTSCommenting policy
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Mapa - Interactive Milan Map
Information about the map
Check out the main monuments, museums, squares, churches and attractions in our map of Milan. Click on each icon to see what it is.
To help you find your way once you get to your destination, the map you print out will have numbers on the various icons that correspond to a list with the most interesting tourist attractions. This way, you'll be able to see where each attraction is.
Icons on the Milan interactive map
The map is very easy to use:
- Check out information about the destination: click on the color indicators.
- Move across the map: shift your mouse across the map.
- Zoom in: double click on the left-hand side of the mouse on the map or move the scroll wheel upwards.
- Zoom out: double click on the right-hand side of the mouse on the map or move the scroll wheel downwards.


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WildChina Education has partnered with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
Top UNSDG Focused Experiential Learning Programs in China for 2022-2023
Why is this excellent news?
Because it means that students participating on our programs can now apply for program completion certificates from UNITAR. This certificate from UNITAR indicates their commitment to sustainable development and is awarded upon completing one of our WildChina Education sustainability programs and writing a reflective essay that includes a commitment to future actions to further the UNSDGs.
We didn't want to keep this news to ourselves so we're sharing the programs that are best suited for the students who want to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development inside China.
Sea Turtle Conservation
Location: Huizhou, Guangdong & Sanya, Hainan
Not many people know that a selection of China's beaches are nesting grounds for five of the world's seven species of sea turtles. However, akin to most sea turtle nesting areas worldwide, the nesting grounds on China's southern coastline are under threat from an array of pernicious effects.
In this program, we take students to the front line of China's sea turtle conservation efforts. Once there, they learn firsthand about the situation that the world's sea turtles find themselves in. We teach them about the turtle lifecycle, current conservation efforts and challenges, and we finish out the program with the pièce de résistance, the opportunity to feed and care for these majestic ocean dwellers
Recommended Program Length: 5 Days
Other Highlights: Sailing Workshop, Sea Kayaking, Surfing, Cycling
Location: Xiamen, Fujian
As sea levels around the world rise, ensuring coastal protection is becoming ever more critical. One of the most sustainable ways to ensure long-term coastline preservation is to create natural buffers in the form of mangrove forests. Unlike many other coastal countries, China has been lauded for its commitment to increasing the number of mangrove habitats along its eastern seaboard.
In our Mangrove Protection Program, students visit one of Mother Nature's natural sea defenses just outside of Xiamen, Fujian Province. They will learn about mangrove biodiversity, the current challenges of preserving these precious ecosystems, and how we can expect these challenges will change in the future.
Recommended Program Length: 3-5 Days
Other Highlights: Mangrove Kayaking, Hakka Culture, Tulou Visit
UNSDG5 – Gender Equality
Location: Jiangyong County, Hunan
When people hear about the Hunan Province it is usually, Mao Ze Dong, the Avatar Mountains (Zhang Jia Jie), and spicy food that comes to mind. What is less prominent in peoples' psyche is Nu Shu, the unique phonetic script system circulated among women in Jiangyong County.
NuShu is the only gender script in the world and has significant research value in many multidisciplinary fields. In this program, students get to explore this cultural phenomenon in the broader context of women's independence and pursuit of equality. We discuss and delve into the script's history and the barriers it faces in being passed on to future generations.
Recommended Program Length: 5-7 Days
Other Highlights – Village Restoration Service Project, Local School Visit
Global Citizenship Retreat
UNSDG10 – Reduced Inequalities
Location: Songyang County, Zhejiang
Songyang County has over 1800 years of history. It has been described as the last secret region in the south of the Yangtze River" by the Chinese National Geographic Association. However, despite its cultural richness, like many other areas of the Chinese countryside, the area has suffered from brain drain and the resulting consequences.
In this program, students experience a different side of China as they are introduced to a broader WildChina initiative to revitalize Songyang through sustainable tourism. During their time on the program, students will be tasked with PBL experiential activities that aim to get them thinking of innovative ways to contribute to Songyang's revitalization.
The issues they encounter will illustrate many critical themes that promote the idea of Global Citizenship, including population & settlement, environmental and cultural preservation, and economic development.
Recommended Program Length: 5-7 Days
Other Highlights – Songyang Handicraft Workshop, Village Restoration, Ming & Qing Dynasty Scavenger Hunt, Tea Culture Immersion
UNSDG15 – Life on Land
Location: Qingpu, Shanghai
In addition to its massive migrant human population, Shanghai has been and is being transformed by non-native plants and animals. These organisms are called invasive species, and though they are largely unrecognized by us, they are harming the local environment.
In this program, students will leave the hustle and bustle of downtown and head to the city's more rural areas. Here, they will learn how these invasive species impact local agriculture and local ecosystems. Students will see Shanghai from a new perspective and better understand the intricacies of climate change, environmental protection, and eco-activism.
Recommended Program Length: 1-3 Days
Other Highlights – Backcountry Cooking, Kayaking, Camping
UNSDG8 – Decent Work and Growth
Location: HongMiao Village, Beijing
Throughout China, migration from villages into the city is commonplace. However, what does this mean for the economy and communities left in these villages?
This program will immerse students in village life as they understand the needs and challenges affecting these communities. Through several meaningful and thought-provoking experiential activities, students will learn through doing as they investigate how and why things happen, forming their own opinions on issues relating to creating a more inclusive society, monotowns, and soil and water pollution.
The experiences will develop your student's social conscience, promoting a global mindset that fosters empathy towards communities worldwide that face similar issues. Along with this, the program will culminate with students innovating their ideas to raise awareness, solve, or mitigate the root causes of these issues.
Recommended Program Length: 1-4 Days
Other Highlights – Kayaking, Rock Climbing, Lantern Making


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Resources Fact Sheets
HISTORY OF THE 102ND INTELLIGENCE WING|
Printable Fact Sheet
The 102nd Fighter Wing was born in the spring of 1921 as the 101st Observation Squadron, Massachusetts National Guard. By November of that year, the squadron was federally recognized.
The squadron secured its own training site on the land filled tidal flats at Jeffries Point, East Boston. This humble field, with its two cinder runways, would later be known as Logan International Airport.
In 1940, the 101st was inducted into federal service and was then moved from Logan Airport to Otis Field at Camp Edwards, Mass. During World War II the unit served under the Ninth Air Force as a reconnaissance unit. After serving in France, the squadron returned to the states in 1945 and was reactivated as a National Guard unit on July 29, 1946.
In 1950, the 102nd was recalled to active duty and assigned to the Air Defense Command. Remaining at home station, the Logan International Airport-based ANG unit stood runway alert throughout the Korean conflict.
When the Berlin wall was built in 1961, the 102nd Tactical Fighter Wing was alerted and by Nov. 1st, 26 of the wing's F-86H aircraft were on the ramp at Phalsbourg Air Base, France. The wing provided close air support to NATO's U.S. Seventh Army.
By August 1962, the wing was released from active duty and returned to Air National Guard control. In August of 1968, the 102nd left its Boston home of over 45 years and became a tenant unit at Otis Air Force Base.
The return to Otis for the 102nd was fitting indeed. The 101st Observation Squadron, forerunner of the 102d Fighter Interceptor Wing, was the original occupant of the Otis Field and was instrumental in its construction on the Camp Edwards property. The original intent of Otis Field was for utilization by National Guard aircraft.
The wing flew the F-84F Thunderstreak until June 1971, when a squadron of F-100D Supersabres was transferred directly from the conflict in Vietnam. After making the transition to the "Hun," a shift in Department of Defense military planning brought still more change to the 102nd and its mission.
Mach 2, F- 106 Delta Darts arrived on the 102nd's parking ramp. On June 10, 1972, the unit officially became the 102nd Air Defense Wing. Upon completion of transition, the wing commenced an air defense alert commitment on a 24-hour, 365-days-a-year basis.
On April 25, 1975, 102nd pilots were scrambled to intercept two Soviet TU95 BEAR D aircraft, 240 nautical miles off the Long Island coastline. Intercepts since that time have included everything from aircraft off course, additional intercepts of Soviet BEAR D aircraft, and aircraft carrying illegal cargo.
The 102nd's conversion to the F-15 marked the first Air National Guard air defense unit to receive the Eagle. The 102nd Fighter Interceptor Wing was redesignated the 102nd Fighter Wing in April 1992.
Examples of the wing's ability to function worldwide include a 1992 deployment of eight pilots, five F-15 Eagles, and 48 maintenance and security personnel, who deployed for five days to Canadian Forces Base, Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. Another is the humanitarian deployment of 50 personnel from the 102nd Civil Engineering Squadron under field conditions, to the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas in July 1993 to rebuild school buildings and municipal facilities damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
More recently, in the years 1991 through 1995 the wing deployed to Panama as part of "Coronet Nighthawk," a drug interdiction operation. From _PHONE_ the wing deployed to Iceland for 45 days of air defense duty. During 1998 Otis Guard members both trained for and performed real-world contingency assignments in Iceland, Canada, Korea, and Europe. In 1999 the wing participated in Operation Northern Watch when it deployed with its F-15 Eagle aircraft to Turkey to patrol and enforce the no-fly zone north of the 36th parallel in northern Iraq. The wing again deployed more than 350 personnel to the Middle East and Europe in 2000 to participate in Operation Southern Watch.
On September 11th, 2001, the wing sprang into action just minutes after the terrorists attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. More than 600 wing members were mobilized for OPERATION Noble Eagle. The wing began flying around-the-clock combat air patrols missions immediately thereafter, and continued doing so until February 2002. Overall during 2001, wing aircraft flew 2,388 sorties compiling more than 3750 flying hours.
On April 6, 2008 the Fighter Wing was re-designated to an Intelligence Wing. The new intelligence group, designated a Digital Ground Station, will exploit and analyze information sent from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles circling the globe. The new unit will also provide direct, around-the-clock support to combat operations worldwide. An Air Operations Group support¬ing command and control of long-range strikes and cyber operations was activated in October of 2008.
"We are now an integral part of the first team that helps dominate air, space and cyberspace mediums." -Col Anthony Schiavi, 102nd Intelligence Wing Commander

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The American Heritage® Student Dictionary
by Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionaries
parts of speech labels
clear, accurate definitions
biographical and geographical notes
notes on usage, word history, and more
example phrases and definitions
dingo (dng'go) n., pl. dingoes A wild dog of Australia, having a yellowish-brown coat and resembling a wolf.
laser (la'zr) n. A device that emits a very narrow and intense beam of light or other radiation of a single wavelength either continuously or in pulses. Its light is used to cut hard substances, remove diseased tissue, and transmit communications signals.


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USDA funding to spur jobs, provide improved water systems and treatment to rural residents
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack last week announced funding for rural water projects to create jobs and improve rural water and wastewater systems in 26 states.
"Clean water is a basic necessity for the health and economic growth of our rural communities," Vilsack said. "Constructing and improving rural water systems benefit communities by providing reliable access to clean water and create jobs that strengthen economies."
Some examples include Marion, Miss., which will receive $3.7 million to provide sewer treatment for residents of rural Lauderdale County. Department of Agriculture funds will be used to install approximately 14 miles of sewer lines and three lift stations for sewer treatment. In Texas, Skywater Water Supply Corp. in Castro County will receive $1 million to build a new water system. The existing system was shut down in 2009 when the wells failed, forcing residents to haul water over 10 miles. The funds will also be used to build storage facilities and four miles of new distribution line to benefit rural residents.
The total USDA funds amount to approximately $66.7 million in loans and $48.9 million in grants. The announcement is part of a series of rural infrastructure investments in support of the American Jobs Act.


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Neuroscience Seminar Series:
Marco Prado – Professor, Roberts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario
'Genetic analysis of cholinergic regulation of cognitive function'
Video sur Média2Descartes.
In this talk I will summarize efforts to understand long-term regulation of brain functions by distinct groups of cholinergic neurons. By using conditional knockout mice coupled to next generation sequencing as well as neurochemical and molecular tools, I will discuss how cholinergic neurons can fine-tune circuitries in the brain by a myriad of different mechanisms. By combining genetics, including chemogenetic tools, and behavioral assessment using touchscreen technology it is now feasible to dissect how specific cholinergic circuits regulate executive functions, such as attention and cognitive flexibility, as well as hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.


text:
If you have just had a new baby, you must register the birth. This applies to all children born in the Netherlands. You must register the birth within 3 days in the municipality where they were born. The mother, father or the mother's female partner (duomoeder) can register the birth.
You must register the birth of a new baby within 3 days, not counting the day of the birth. For example, was your child born on a Monday? Then you must register the birth on Thursday at the latest.
If the third day falls on a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, the deadline for registering the birth is extended until the next working day. If that means you have only 1 day to register the birth, you will be given an extra day, to ensure that there are always at least 2 days to register the birth.
Late birth registrations
If you are late registering the birth, then the Registrar of Births, Deaths, Marriages and Civil Partnerships (ambtenaar van de burgerlijke stand) will inform the public prosecutor (officier van justitie). You may then have to pay a fine.
A baby's birth can be registered by the mother, father or the mother's female partner.
If the mother, father or mother's female partner are not able to register the birth, then the birth can be registered by:
someone who was present at the birth;
the owner of the house in which the child was born;
an employee of the institution where the child was born, such as a hospital.
If none of these people are able to register the birth, the birth can be registered by or on behalf of the mayor of the municipality where the child was born, or where the child was found if they are a foundling.
You do not have to bring the baby with you when you register the birth.
If your baby was born in a vehicle, for example in a car, ambulance, train or aeroplane, you must register the birth at the place of arrival, i.e. the location where your baby leaves the vehicle. This applies if that location is in the Netherlands.
If your baby is born during an international flight or an international sea voyage and the location where you arrive is not in the Netherlands, there are 2 options:
- if the boat or aircraft is registered in the Netherlands, you must obtain a temporary birth certificate (geboorteakte) from the captain of the aircraft or boat.
- If the boat or aircraft is not registered in the Netherlands, you must obtain a birth certificate from the authorities in the local area.
When you arrive at your destination, you must obtain a temporary birth certificate at your place of arrival and send this as quickly as possible to the civil registrar in the municipality of Den Haag (The Hague).
Bring these documents with you when registering a birth at the municipality:
- A valid form of identification.
- An acknowledgement of parenthood (akte van erkenning) or declaration of surname choice (akte van erkenning of naamskeuze) if issued before the birth.
- A declaration of birth, issued by the hospital or midwife.
The civil registrar at the municipality will issue the birth certificate. This is written proof that you have registered the birth of your child.
The birth certificate contains the following information:
- the baby's details, for example: name, date of birth, place of birth and time of birth;
- the personal details of the parent(s).
The birth certificate is the official proof of birth, and also proves who the child's parents are.
This is how it works in your (future) place of residence
Municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân: Registering a birth
Inform the municipality directly of the birth of your child. You can do so:
- At the service desk
You can book an appointment for this, for more information contact us at _EMAIL_
You pay a fee for a birth certificate. For more information, contact the municipality at _EMAIL_
Van Limburg Stirumweg 18


text:
RIVERSIDE, Calif. – (_URL_) When ancient Near Eastern civilizations fought their adversaries they used swords, spears and arrows. But how did they make these weapons, how much damage did they do, and how did kings supply their far-flung troops?
A new, multidimensional exhibit at the Western Science Center in Hemet, in partnership with La Sierra University, helps answer these and other questions through a display of ancient weapons and cultural artifacts, audio-visual media and a hands-on weapons replica table. Visitors experience the sights and sounds of ancient war, preparations for battle, learn about the rituals performed before going to war, and ways in which ancient wars impacted history.
The exhibit, "Weapons & War in the Iron Age," is comprised of artifacts from La Sierra's extensive collection, some excavated by La Sierra archaeologists from ancient sites in Jordan, and some from sites in Israel and Palestine. Most of the artifacts, including arrows, spears and swords, date from 1200BC to 600BC during the Iron Age of the Near East when iron became the prevalent material in making tools and weapons.
"Weapons & War in the Iron Age" will run through the fall. Western Science Center admission is adults $8; senior citizens and students $6.50; youth $6; children age four and under free; active-duty military free. The science center is located at 2345 Searl Parkway, Hemet. For additional information call _PHONE_, or visit _URL_. Hours are Tues. – Sun., 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. The Bank of Hemet and Eric and Gisela Gosch are sponsoring the exhibit.
The science center held an opening reception on June 21 attended by La Sierra archaeology professors, science center board directors and visitors.
Bill Marshall, a member of the center's Board of Directors and a retired superintendent of the San Jacinto Unified School District described the Weapons & War exhibit as "fascinating," particularly as it reveals the productivity of past civilizations. "I've always …believed you can learn from what people did in the past. It's wise to know where you came from and what people did prior to you," said Marshall.


Using Entity, Architecture and Library in VHDL Designs
By John
May 6, 2020
This post is the first in a series which introduces the concepts and use of VHDL for FPGA design. We begin by looking at how we write VHDL components using the entity, architecture and library keywords.
These elements are fundamental to the way VHDL designs are structured and we will see how they relates to the FPGA hardware we are describing.
We don't need to discuss the entire history of VHDL in order to work with it. However, we must consider one important historical point – the version of the language we use.
The major standards of VHDL were released in 1987, 1993 and 2008. Another minor version was released in 2002 and a draft version of VHDL-2018 will also be released soon.
We should use the VHDL-2008 standard with new designs as it includes a number of useful improvements.
Although it may be tempting to begin using VHDL-2018 as soon as it is released, this should be avoided. This is because it often takes software vendors several years to support all the new features in a standard.
As a result of this slow up take, VHDL-93 and 2002 have remained popular up until the last few years. Therefore, we will look at the important differences between these standards as we encounter them in these posts.
Structuring VHDL Code
When we design FPGAs, it is important to remember one fundamental principle – we are designing hardware and not writing a computer program.
Therefore, we must describe the behaviour of a number of different components which we then connect together. This expectation is reflected in the way VHDL files are defined.
Every component we design in VHDL requires two separate parts - an entity and an architecture.
The entity defines the external interface to the VHDL component we are designing, including a definition of the inputs and outputs.
We use the architecture to create either a functional or structural description of the component.
Together, the entity and architecture are equivalent to a verilog module.
We can also use the VHDL configuration keyword to tell our compiler which architecture belongs to which entity. However, we do not normally have to do this as modern tools can automatically link the correct entity and architecture files.
VHDL Entity Declaration
We use the entity to define the external interface to the VHDL component we are designing. This mainly involves defining the inputs and outputs, although we can provide further configuration details as well. The syntax below shows how we declare an entity in VHDL.
entity is
 generic (
 :
 port (
 : in ;
 : out : inout
end entity ;
In this construct, would be the name of the component which is being designed. It is good practise to keep the name of the file and the entity the same or at least very similar. This makes it simpler to manage large designs with many components.
We use ports in a VHDL entity declaration to define the inputs and output of the component we are designing. Therefore, the ports are equivalent to pins in a more traditional electronic component.
We can define ports as either in, out or inout, which correspond to inputs, outputs and bidirectional ports respectively. We commonly refer to these different types of port as modes.
In addition, we also declare which type of data the port uses in the field. We talk about the different data types in VHDL in more depth in the next post.
However, the most commonly used type is the std_logic type which is used to describe a single bit in VHDL.
We can also include generics in our VHDL entity declaration, although this is not required. Using generics allows us to pass constants into our component when we instantiate it. This means we can reconfigure the behaviour of our components so that we can reuse them in multiple scenarios. We discuss the use of VHDL generics in more detail in a later post.
VHDL In Port (Inputs)
We use the VHDL in keyword to define inputs to our VHDL designs. Inputs are the simplest of the three modes to understand and use within a component. The only rule associated with the use of inputs is that they must never be assigned a value. As a result of this, we can't use a construct such as the one shown below in our code.
 <= ;
VHDL Out Port (Outputs)
We use the VHDL out keyword to define outputs from our VHDL designs. Outputs are a little more complex than inputs to use, depending on the standard of VHDL we use.
In the VHDL-2008 standard the out mode was revised so that we can both read and write them. However, prior to VHDL-2008 outputs could be assigned a value but not read. Whilst this doesn't often create a problem, there are instances when the output value has an effect on the actual logic of the circuit.
To better understand how we work with outputs, let's consider the very basic circuit shown below.
A simple twisted ring style counter circuit
In this case, the output of DFF2 is not only the module output but also an input to DFF1.
The simplest solution for modelling this circuit would be to use a fourth mode which is known as a buffer. This mode has the same functionality as the out mode but we can also read its value. However, we don't often use this as it is historically known to cause synthesis problems with Xilinx parts.
A more common solution to this problem is the use of an internal signal which duplicates the value of the output. Although this approach is cumbersome, it is the preferred method when using VHDL-93 or 2002.
The code snippet below gives an example of this approach.
-- Declare a signal in the architecture body (discussed below)
signal out_buffered : std_logic;
-- Example logic circuit which relies on output value
out_buffered <= out_buffered and in_a;
-- Assign the output port
outa <= out_buffered
In VHDL we use the -- characters to denote that we are writing a comment.
We use comments to include important information about our code which others may find useful. The VHDL compiler ignores any thing which we write in our comments.
In the code snippet above, we can see this in action as comments are used to describe each line of the code.
VHDL Inout Port (Bidirectional)
The final mode is the bidirectional port which we declare using the VHDL keyword inout.
We should only ever use this mode for communication with components which are external to the FPGA. This is because FPGAs don't have internal tri-state buffers which implement the high impedance state which bidirectional buses require. These buffers are important as they prevent collisions on the bus.
Attempting to use internal bi-directional ports can lead to simulation vs synthesis mismatches. This means that the functional code will simulate without an issue and the design will appear to function as intended. However, after we synthesise our design it will no longer function correctly. This happens because the synthesis tool is fundamentally incapable of implementing the code.
We commonly use the inout mode to interface with memory devices, such as flash memory chips. This is because these chips often have large data buses which are driven by both the FPGA and the external device. As a result of this, we must ensure that only one devices drives the bus at a time. Therefore, our code must set the inout pins to high impedance when we are not directly driving them.
VHDL Architecture
The architecture is the second part of a VHDL component and is used to describe the behaviour or structure of our design. We must associate an architecture with a previously defined VHDL entity. The code snippet below shows how to declare a VHDL architecture.
architecture of is
 -- signal declarations
 -- functional RTl (or structural) code
end architecture ;
We can associate an entity with more than one architecture if required. However, we should try to avoid doing this as it is difficult to manage.
We use the field to give our architecture a name. We can give the architecture any name we choose but it is common to name VHDL architectures after the type of code we are describing. This normally means we use rtl or behavorial for rtl type code and struct for structural or gate level type code.
An architecture consists of two parts, a section for signal declarations and a section for the functional code. The signal declarations go before the begin keyword and define connections, or wires, which are internal to the component.
The second section of the architecture comes after the begin keyword and defines the functionality of the component. There are two mains methods for doing this – rtl code and structural code.
In the case of rtl code, this is a VHDL based description of how data flows through the component.
When we write structural code, we determine the behaviour of the block by connecting a number of previously defined components together.
VHDL Signals
In VHDL, we use signals to define connections, or wires, which are internal to our entity architecture pair.
We can also use variables to define these connections. However, we can only use variables within a VHDL process and they are used less frequently as a result. We discuss VHDL variables in more detail in a future post.
To demonstrate what VHDL signals are, let's consider a basic example. If we reconsider the counter example we previously saw, we should declare the green wires in the diagram below as signals.
A simple 2-bit twisted ring counter circuit


I want to write a fictional short story where part 2 is embedded in part 1. Has anyone heard of this or tried this?
Any ideas of resources would be greatly appreciated.
Edited for Clarity:
Imagine a story where every letter could be turned into another letter (or every word into another word) if the person converting those letters or words had a secret key (a code or password, for example).
Now, imagine if a story, which was written as fiction or literary fiction for example, had a second story, again fiction or literary fiction, embedded within its letters and/or words that, when converted with the key or password, turned into a brand new story--perhaps a continuation or sequel.
 - 2
 Not exactly hidden as such, but Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar is composed of a large number of quite short chapters, and you can either read them in sequence as written in the book, or jumping to a specific chapter as indicated at the end of each chapter, assembling them into an entirely different story. – SF. Oct 18 '14 at 22:45
 - SF -- that's a neat idea. – Anton Rasmussen Oct 20 '14 at 13:17
You could certainly try, but it sounds like the main story would come out gibberish to me.
The only example of this which springs to mind is the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott." A character receives a letter which reads:
Which sounds kind of incoherent. It's actually in skip code, so every third word is the real message:
which is:
I honestly don't know how you'd make a framing story which was readable and had plot and character development while also going through all the coding circumlocutions to create the embedded story. Or conversely, the main story would be readable and the second story would be a short, oddly-worded missive because you could only use the terms from the main story.
It seems like either you'd sacrifice readability of the main story to create the second, or the second would be seriously hobbled by being subject to whatever you could pick out of the main narrative.
| improve this answer | |
 - Thanks Lauren! I guess I'm gonna have to figure out another way of doing this--thought the skip code is a cool idea. – Anton Rasmussen Oct 20 '14 at 14:44
Perhaps something like what you're trying to do could be done by inserting the second story inside the first one, but backwards, starting at the bottom of the last page, and working its way up, maybe combined with one or more skip codes (one specifying skipped words, another skipped pages.) Would the two stores need to be of equal "weight" or complexity? Having both read coherently and "naturally" would require each undergoing some interesting adjustments and compromises in style and readability. I imagine it could be done. But for how many words? I'm sure there are examples of music being written this way, though I can't think of any offhand -- though the idea brings to mind Brian Eno's Driving Me Backwards.
| improve this answer | |
 - Nicole, that's a wonderful idea! I think that's the approach I will take. It's very binary!! Interestingly, I already do something like it when writing stories... I write one story in a spiral notebook opening from the right (the usual way) and leave all the page backs blank. Then I turn the notebook over (opening from the left side) and write the other story on the back pages... I like your idea a lot! – Anton Rasmussen Oct 23 '14 at 17:13
 - Excellent, Anton! Glad I could be of some help. Happy writing. Maybe post us a link when the story/stories are done. – Nicole Oct 24 '14 at 21:49
 - You mean like this: _URL_-reed-the-lost-generation-annotated? – Jerenda Nov 18 '16 at 18:37
You are describing a not entirely unheard of method of hiding a coded message in a plaintext. I don't know if it's in common usage by real world spies, but it certainly has appeared before in fiction. I fondly remember once reading a time-travel romance (whose name I've unfortunately forgotten) where the young lovers communicated using overlapping codes.
Can this actually be used for a longer work? It would certainly be difficult since it necessitates a certain level of artificiality and constraint. The technique is described but not (as far as I know) actually used in Daniel Manus Pinkwater's young adult classic "Alan Mendelson, Boy From Mars" in which a dictionary hides not one, but two separate coded messages describing how to develop psychic powers AND transition to alternate realities. The use of a dictionary is probably realistic, in that it doesn't require a coherent plot, and is already divided into smaller sections.
Try as I might, I can only think of one author who has actually used this technique (but with surprising success): Steven Hall. His "Raw Shark Texts" contains 36 ordinary chapters, which contain the entire story, and can be read as given. It also, however, has 36 "negative" chapters which have been hidden in various ways, including being coded into the text of the original chapters (with different negative chapters in different translations of the book, as described here). I believe some of them are coded visually and digitally (rather than in the plaintext), which gives an avenue into making one text do double duty without sacrificing meaning.
| improve this answer | |
Your Answer


text:
What does BTA stand for?
BTA stands for Behavioral Targeting Advertising
This definition appears rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Business, finance, etc.
See other definitions of BTA
We have 165 other meanings of BTA in our Acronym Attic
- Basic Transport Allowance (travel)
- Basic Travelers Allowance
- Bass Tab Archive
- Bata (SIL code, Nigeria)
- Bath Teachers Association
- Bâtiment et Techniques d'Armor (French construction company)
- Bâtiment Technique Artisanal (French construction company)
- Battle Training Assembly
- Be There Aloha
- Be There Always


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Given a non-negative function $u $ defined on $\mathbb{R}^2 $, and satisfies : $ \Delta u \leq 0 $.
How can I prove that $u$ must be constant? Is there an easy way to do it?
Thanks!
share|improve this question
This is wrong as this is satisfied by u(x,y) = x. – Matthias Ludewig Jul 7 '12 at 8:55
_USER_: your example is not non-negative. (Except perhaps if non-negative function should in this context have a particular meaning unknown to me. In that case, sorry for the noise.) – quid Jul 7 '12 at 9:03
_USER_: Your example is indeed wrong, since it is not non-negative... – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 9:42
3 Answers 3
The function is superharmonic (due to the condition on Laplacian, note that subharmonic is wider spread but this is just a sign-change) and bounded below thus it is constant, by some analog of Liouville's theorem.
Some more details:
Things like this can, as commented by Mateusz Wasilewski, be found in certain complex analysis textbooks. (Though as said subharmonic and bounded above is I think a more common formulation, but this is just a sign change.) Here are some lecture notes that contain an essentially selfcontained exposition; see Theorem 8 and the remark following it (note that the definition of subharmonic is different and things are for the complex plane, but this is fine, compare the page linked above).
share|improve this answer
Thanks a lot!!!! – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 14:01
_USER_ mfash: you are welcome! – quid Jul 8 '12 at 1:01
I don't know whether this counts (probably it doesn't) as an easy solution, but you can use Ito's lemma to conclude that $u(W_{t})$ (where $W_{t}$ denotes a two-dimensional Wiener process) is a nonnegative supermartingale, hence it converges almost surely. However, it is known that we can approach every point on a plane by a Wiener process, so $u$ must be constant because the limit is unique.
share|improve this answer
_USER_: It's probably a possible solution, but unfortunately I have no idea what Ito's lemma, Wiener process nor supermartingale are... Thanks anyway! ( I was thinking about some PDE method or something) – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 10:21
Apparently it is not true in higher dimensions, so I think that one must play with exact integral formulae for harmonic functions (maybe use elementary complex analysis). As I am far from an expert on that field (and in fact, on any branch of mathematics), I do not guarantee that I can provide an answer along these lines. By the way, my last name is Wasilewski. – Mateusz Wasilewski Jul 7 '12 at 11:50
This is actually pretty cool. Superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^2$ are constant, while there are nonconstant superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n \geq 3$. Here is a proof that doesn't use complex analysis, and only uses that the fundamental solution in $\mathbb{R}^2$ ($\log(|x|)$) is unbounded from above and below, and the maximum principle.
Slide $u$ so that its minimum on $\partial B_1$ is $0$. Take the fundamental solution $f(x) = -\log|x|$, which is $0$ on $\partial B_1$. Since $u$ is bounded below and log is unbounded, $\epsilon f(x) < u(x)$ for $|x|$ sufficiently large (depending on $\epsilon$). By the maximum principle, $u(x) \geq \epsilon f(x)$ in $\mathbb{R}^2 - B_1$ for all $\epsilon$. Taking $\epsilon$ to $0$, we see that $u \geq 0$ outside $B_1$. But then, we see that $u$ takes its minimum in $\bar{B_1}$, and by the mean value inequality any superharmonic function with an interior minimum must be constant!
This result is false in higher dimensions. For a counterexample, just take the fundamental solution $|x|^{2-n}$ and cap it off above in $B_1$ by a paraboloid and smooth it out.
share|improve this answer
What do you mean by "smooth it out"? I understand that taking $\min(1,|x|^{2-n})$ resp. $\min(p(x),|x|^{2-n})$ with $p$ a suitable paraboloid can give a superharmonic function in the viscosity sense that is continuous resp. $\mathcal C^1$, but I don't see a way of having such a function that is $\mathcal C^2$. – Laurent Oct 31 '13 at 0:48
Smooth $u$ with a positive mollifier. One sees via integration by parts ($u$ is $C^{1,1}$ on a smooth surface and smooth otherwise) that the mollification is also superharmonic. – Connor Mooney Nov 30 '13 at 5:06
Your Answer


text:
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_
Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing
Anna Revedin et al.
European Paleolithic subsistence is assumed to have been largely based on animal protein and fat, whereas evidence for plant consumption is rare. We present evidence of starch grains from various wild plants on the surfaces of grinding tools at the sites of Bilancino II (Italy), Kostenki 16–Uglyanka (Russia), and Pavlov VI (Czech Republic). The samples originate from a variety of geographical and environmental contexts, ranging from northeastern Europe to the central Mediterranean, and dated to the Mid-Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian and Gorodtsovian). The three sites suggest that vegetal food processing, and possibly the production of flour, was a common practice, widespread across Europe from at least ~30,000 y ago. It is likely that high energy content plant foods were available and were used as components of the food economy of these mobile hunter–gatherers.


Harvester: a Pattern Matching Language
Harvester is a pattern matching language designed to make it easy to scrape web pages, i.e. to extract data from an HTML page.
Its first implementation was used in a plugin for PlayOn. It was written in the programming language LUA.
Let's start with a simple example. Assume there is a page at URL _URL_ which contains the following link:
Surfing on the beach
We can extract the URL and the title using the following LUA code:
local page = GetURL("_URL_
local harvester = newHarvester("{value title}")
local data = harvester.harvest(page)
VideoResource(data.title, data.url, …etc)
What did we do? First, we created a harvester based on a pattern that describes the values we are looking for and where in the file they are located. The pattern contains the literal strings that we expect to find in the file as well as two {value} tokens that represent the values to be extracted. Then we used the harvester to "harvest" the values into a table we called data. The names of the fields in the table (url and title) match the names in the {value} tokens.
Note: The VideoResource() call adds a selectable item to PlayOn.
The example above is very simple and you could achieve the same result with a couple of str_get_between() calls. But Harvester is much more powerful, so let's look at a more realistic example. Assume that the file does not contain just one link but many links. And assume we're interested only in the links that are inside a specific HTML table. We would use the following pattern to create the harvester. Note that I make use of the LUA delimiters [[ and ]] which allow me to create a pattern string that spans several lines:
local harvester = newHarvester( [[

 {group videotable}

 {repeat video}
]] )
The LUA code to extract the data from the file would look like:
local data = harvester.harvest(page)
and the data variable would contain the following fields:
data.videotable.video[1].title='MAX Geheugentrainer'
data.videotable.video[2].title='Missie MAX'
data.videotable.video[3].title='Nederland in Beweging!'
data.videotable.video[4].title='NOS Jeugdjournaal met gebarentolk'
As you can see, the structure of data matches the structure of the pattern. If a {repeat} is nested inside a {group}, it becomes a sub-field of the group's field.
Harvester Language Overview
A Harvester pattern consists of strings and tokens.
A token is a piece of text enclosed in the token delimiter characters, which are by default { and }. For example:
{repeat videodata}
Valid tokens are {value}, {group} … {/group}, {repeat} … {/repeat}, {delim..} and {* … *}, as well as the special token {param}. They are explained in detail below.
A string is any piece of text that that you expect to encounter literally in the page being harvested. It cannot contain any tokens, except the special tokens.
Basic tokens
{value name}
The purpose of Harvester is to extract data from the file that is being harvested. This is done using the {value} token. The result contains an element whose name will be name.
{group name} … {/group}
A group describes a section of the harvested page. The first element within the group must be a string, which determines the start of the group. If the last element is also a string, it determines the end of the group. If the first string is not found in the harvested file, the group is deemed absent and the corresponding value in the result is nil.
{group videotable}

 {*... etc.. *}
{repeat name} … {/repeat}
A repeating group is very similar to a group, but it may exist more than once in the harvested file. The resulting value in the result will be a table with as many entries as occurrences were found.
{repeat video}
 "
durationSecs":{"$":}
If there is HTML further down in the file, you can reset the delimiters using
{* … *}
Sometimes it is useful to include comments in a pattern. Comments are ignored and serve only as documentation.
For example:
{* If there is more than one page, there is a page selector at the top of each page *}
{group pageselect}
Strings and special tokens
A string contains regular text (including blanks) but may also contain the "special" tokens described in this section. These special tokens are considered part of the string they are adjacent to. For example, the following pattern consists of a single string:
{param vname}
All other tokens, including comments, have the same effect as a newline, i.e. they terminate the string that precedes them.
Note that newlines in the input text cannot be matched explicitly.
{param name}
This special token allows you to insert a value into the pattern at runtime. This makes it possible to reuse a pattern, or to adapt it to input collected during harvesting. For example:
{group my}
 {param scriptId}
 {* etc... *}
The parameter value must be set before the harvest() function is called:
harvester.setparam("scriptId", "MYSCRIPT");
data = harvester.harvest(page)
In this case, the begin string of the group is MYSCRIPT
{{.. }} (pattern match)
Simple strings only allow you to match fixed data. If you want to use LUA's pattern matching facilities, enclose a LUA pattern in double token delimiters. If your pattern contains "}}", make sure to escape it using the"%" character (i.e. replace "}}" with "%}%}" )..
For example, the following string will match any hyperlink whose URL is numeric:
In patterns, newlines separate strings and tokens and are therefore significant in the pattern. They basically act as wildcards (i.e. don't care). As an example, consider the following input file:
Today's news watch now
The following pattern will not find a match (because there is a blank between and {* whatever *}{**}


text:
|Applying the Method to
the Master Models 2002 and 2010 "High Security" Combination
These "high security" padlocks open as follows: the user dials the combination in the same way as for other Master single dial padlocks, but, after dialing the last number, the user turns the knob left until it stops, then pulls on the shackle to open the lock.
These locks do not have "sticking places" to help locate the last number. Locating the last number narrows down the number of combinations to try. However, even though we must try more combinations, we find these locks easier to open than the "standard security" Master combination locks, because the shackle does not have to be pulled each time to determine if the correct combination has been dialed.
We bought and tested two locks and the combinations followed the pattern found on other Master locks.* The pattern is as follows: If we know the last number, the possible first numbers are the last number and the numbers spaced four apart on the lock dial, starting at the last number. The possible second numbers are half way between, on the lock dial, the possible first numbers. (Furthermore, for each first number tried, only 8 of the 10 possible second numbers may be used with that first number.)
On the locks where we could locate the last number, we narrowed the possible first numbers down to 10 out of the 40 numbers on the lock dial. On these "high security" locks, we could do the same thing by locating the last number, but we can't locate the last number. So, we start out with 40 possible first numbers, the 40 numbers on the dial. However, the lock allows for sloppy dialing. If we try the 20 even first numbers, the lock will probably open, even if we are off by 1 on both the first and second number. Both of our locks opened using even numbers, although the manufacturer's combinations only had odd numbers. So, our method starts out by trying the even numbers as first numbers. If we haven't opened the lock after trying all the even numbers, we will go back and try the odd numbers as first numbers. So, here is the method:
Let's start by trying 0 as our first number. Two turns right, and continue, stopping precisely on 0. Now, one turn left, and continue 2 marks past our first number, so we stop precisely at 2.
A) Now, right almost a full turn to 4 marks before reaching the number we just dialed from the left. (On the first pass, that number was 2, so we stop at 6.)
B) Left exactly a full turn, stopping at the number we just finished dialing from the right.
Repeat A and B until you reach 6 marks before your first number when turning the dial left in step B. (When trying 0 as your first number, stop when you return to 34 turning left in step B.)
While turning left in step B, if the dial refuses to turn any further, then the lock is ready to open! Don't pull the shackle just yet. Make a note of your first number, and the number last dialed in step A is your second number (not the number dialed in step B.) Let the dial dial come back to the right. Move the dial back and forth by lightly turning the dial to the spots where the dial becomes harder to turn. The last number is in the range of movement. Make a note of the number. Now, turn left until the dial stops, then pull the shackle to verify that the lock opens.
If the lock opens and your last number was even, you now have the correct combination. If your last number was odd, both your first and second numbers are off by one, and your lock opened because it allows for sloppy dialing. Your lock should open more reliably with the correct combination, found as follows. Starting your last number, turn the dial 4 marks at a time until you are one mark away from the first number you tried. You are now at the correct first number. Now, move the dial 2 marks in either direction, then move the dial 4 marks at a time until you are 1 mark away from the second number you dialed. You are now at your second number.
Most likely, your lock hasn't opened so far. Try 2 as your first number, as follows. Two turns right, then stop at 2, then one turn left and continue 2 marks further to 4. Then, steps A) and B). (The first stop in step A is at 8.)
Continue with the other even numbers until you have tried the last one, 38. If the lock hasn't opened, go back and try the odd numbers the same way.
There are 20 even numbers on the dial. We took between 90 and 120 seconds to try each first number, so it would take us 30-40 minutes to try all of them, but we are sure that we could improve our speed. Since a champion Rubik's cube solver could solve the cube 10 times faster than we could, we expect that the best padlock solver could open the lock in four minutes or less. A machine like the Locracker should be even faster and simpler, since the 2 solenoids are not used, just the stepper motor and lock holder on the left in the picture. (However, if the dial is turned too fast when turning left, it may not catch and stop.)
Return to previous page.
Simplified dialing procedure for use when the combination is known, and description of a design change which would effectively thwart this method.
* We realize that two locks is too small for a valid statistical sample. However, we find that Master has used this pattern on so many of its locks that we are inclined to believe that these models follow the same pattern, even though we have only checked two locks.


text:
Have a look at this Levitating Rotating Globe that Alexey Sha built. Not content with the standard levitating products out there he decided to step it up a notch.
"There are many globes available today which are levitating and rotating along vertical axis. This one is the world first globe levitating and rotating along TILTED axis. It uses wireless power transmittance and geared motor inside the floating globe. In brief, frequency generator is built around micro controller, a square wave output is directed to MOSFET which drives primary coil (10 turns) of output circuit. Secondary coil forms parallel LC circuit (20 turns and 25 nF) and serves as transmitting antenna. Generator frequency can be manually tuned around resonant value to control speed of rotation.
Receiver coil is a parallel LC circuit (~2.5 nF and ~60 turns of wire). It is connected to rectifier bridge. DC geared motor (made of micro servo, modified for continuous rotation) is powered by inductive resonant coupling. Receiving coil, electrical components, and tilted motor are fixed on the floating base. Their locations are adjusted to maintain center of gravity. The globe's outer shell is directly attached to the motor shaft."
Viagra drug to impotence dysfunction, side drug interactions viagra. Sildenafil is to erectile inability get keep in...


text:
Do you ever wonder, looking at the food in your plate, where it has come from and who produced it?
Surely you have thought about what explains its price on the shelf! Kenyans love sugar, which they use liberally in their tea: on average each Kenyan consumes 400 grams of sugar per week, much more than their Tanzanian neighbors who consume approximately 230 grams. In Africa, only the residents of Swaziland and South Africa have a sweeter tooth.
Globally, 70 percent of the sugar that is produced is consumed in the same country and only 30 percent is exported. In principle this is good for customers in sugar-producing countries, as long as the supply is sufficient to keep prices low. In Kenya, this is not the case: there are occasional sugar shortages and, when they can be anticipated, prices rise to extraordinary levels.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Unstart of axisymmetric inlet Unstarted shock structure evident on left, Started inlet on right.
Unstart, is technical term used in supersonic aerodynamics to refer to a generally violent breakdown of the supersonic airflow.[1] Original use came about as wind tunnels were designed that could drive the airflow supersonic. 'Starting' the supersonic wind tunnel is therefore the process in which the air becomes supersonic. Unstart of the wind tunnel is the reverse process.[2] The shock waves that develop during the starting or unstart process are often visualized with schlieren or shadowgraph optical techniques.
As airplanes began to achieve supersonic flight, an inlet that delivers proper airflow to an engine became a major complicating element to aircraft design. In a simple sense, these supersonic inlets had to be carefully designed like a supersonic wind tunnel. At high supersonic speeds, (usually between Mach 2 to 3), the inlet is designed to have supersonic flow inside (or downstream) of the air inlet's capture plane. Similar to the supersonic wind tunnel, if the mass flow across the inlet's capture plane does not match the downstream mass flow at the engine, the inlet will unstart. Depending on the design, this can be violent to the airplane and pilot.[3]
The SR-71 air inlets were designed for exceptional performance but also had the risk of unstart. Another aircraft with unstart risk was the B-70 Valkyrie. The unstart problem became dramatically evident during the development of the F-107 fighter. Resistance to unstart has become an important element that defines propulsion operability and can be considered analogous to compressor stall for a jet engine.[4]
Theoretical basis[edit]
Using a more theoretical definition, Unstart is the supersonic choking phenomenon that occurs in ducts with an upstream mass flow greater than the downstream mass flow. Unsteady flow results as the mismatch in massflow can not gradually propagate upstream in contrast to subsonic flow. Instead, in supersonic flow, the mismatch is carried forward behind a 'normal' or terminal shock wave that abruptly causes the gas flow to become subsonic. The resulting normal shock wave then propagates upstream at an effective acoustic velocity until the flow mismatch reaches equilibrium.
There are other ways of conceptualizing unstart which can be helpful. Unstart can be alternatively thought of in terms of a decreasing stagnation pressure inside of a supersonic duct; whereby the upstream stagnation pressure is greater than the downstream stagnation pressure. Unstart is also the result of a decreasing throat size in supersonic ducts. That is the entrance throat is larger than the diffusing throat. This change in throat size gives rise to the decreasing mass flow which defines unstart.[5]
The choking reaction of unstart results in the formation of a shock wave inside of the duct.
Shock Instability or Buzz[edit]
Under certain conditions, the shock wave in front or within a duct (or pipe) may be unsteady (instable). This phenomenon is known as buzz. In these cases, the shock will oscillate upstream and downstream. Stronger shock waves interacting with low momentum fluid or boundary layer tend to be unsteady and buzz. Buzz conditions can cause structural dynamic induced failure if adequate margins are not incorporated into design.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ More generally, any compressible gas flow can experience 'unstart'. But the term originated with aerodynamic research to support the development of aviation.
 2. ^ Liepmann, H.W. and Roshko, A. (1957). "Flow in Ducts and Wind Tunnels". Elements of Gasdynamics. John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-53460-9.
 3. ^ SR71 pilot's unstart experience
 4. ^ NASA's supersonic controls research
 5. ^ Anderson, John D. (2009). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-339810-5.


text: The Jewish springtime festival of Passover is known as the time of liberation. It is incumbent upon every person to retell the Passover story as if they were actually present and experiencing their own liberation. We are invited to have a visceral and somatic recreation of the experience of moving from bondage to freedom. Families and friends gather in the evening to fulfill this obligation, reading sacred texts, singing, eating symbolic foods and feasting. Can we see this as a contemplative practice? Can the celebration of Passover be taken inside as a practice of the liberation of awareness? How do we understand freedom as a quality of mind and heart that can then be translated into relationships with others and promotes social justice? This workshop will explore through text, teaching and meditation what it might mean to embrace this festival as a quintessential mindfulness practice.


text:
Bat man is a science hero
A bat scientist who left academia 14 years ago to establish his own research station has had his efforts recognised by the scientific establishment.
In 1988 Dr Spencer left a tenured position at the University of Wollongong to establish a tropical research station in the rainforest of Cape Tribulation in northern Queensland.
Using their own savings, he and his wife Brigitta bought a strip of cleared land that was once pristine rainforest running from the highlands almost to the water's edge.
The former station property is now almost completely reforested, and serves as a research facility that has been used by dozens of scientists from five countries, as well as more than a thousand volunteers.
Dr Spencer has always been fascinated by the wide biodiversity the region has to offer. The hundred-million-years-old Daintree lowland rainforests represent one of the last remnants of the giant Gondwanan rainforests, he says.
"It's worth conserving not just for its intrinsic value but for the potential for the development for new compounds from the many species of plants, animals and fungi in the area," he said.
His own research includes developing sophisticated radio technology to track the movements of rainforest bats. Three German universities have adopted the technology for use in their research.
Australian Science Communicators (ASC) is a national association of over 400 journalists, editors, scientists and teachers committed to the communication of science and technology.


Marijuana use in Africa?
5 Apr 1995 17:59:36 -0600
/A heavy bias towards prevailing American cultural standards is apparent
/in your statements. Use and abuse are only cultural definitions in the
/sense that both involve the same activity. Only the predominant preception
/of the culture is different.
I don't understand if you are saying I am biased against American culture
or am stuck in my American view and therefore biased against other
despite the fact that these particular words have
saying. Someone who ingests peyote to seek guidance and direction for
approach is necessarily better than the other, only that they
are different. I chose these words because I thought that their
across more generally and clearly.


What Is a Security Deposit?
Learn the basics of a security deposit, the purpose it serves before tenant moves in, and if there are any state laws regarding security deposits protecting landlords and tenants.
What is a security deposit?
A security deposit is a sum of money that landlords require tenants to pay before they move in; the purpose is to have a financial backup if a tenant fails to pay rent or damages the rental property. Most states set a dollar limit, such as one or two months' rent, on how much a landlord can collect as a deposit. States typically require landlords to return the deposit by a specified deadline after a tenant moves out, along with an itemization of deposit deductions for unpaid rent or the cost of repairing damages to the rental unit. A tenant may not use a security deposit as last month's rent, unless the landlord agrees or the lease or rental agreement states that the deposit may be used this way. Finally, a deposit is typically refundable; in fact, some states, such as California, specifically prohibit landlords from charging nonrefundable fees, while others, including Arizona, allow certain types of nonrefundable fees, such as for cleaning or pets.
Books, Forms & eGuides


text:
slightly reduced flowing and passing ability because of the irregular shapes of CFA and increased water demand during the reaction of f-CaO. On the other hand, the flowing and passing ability of the OPC concrete was poor due to the poorly optimized and irregular shapes of OPC particles and more demand of water for certain workability due to water loss caused by flocs.
3.2. Compressive Strength
The compressive strengths of SFC-SSC concretes are shown in Figure 3. The compressive strengths of the concretes specimens increased with the increased curing ages. The early compressive strengths (at 7 days) of the SFC-SSC concretes were improved with the increased FFA from 0 to 10 wt.% due to the accelerating the reaction between GGBFS and CFA at early ages by the nucleation and dilution effects of FFA. However,
Table 3. Fresh properties of SFC-SSC concretes.
Figure 2. Workability of the SFC-SSC concretes with (a) no FFA additive and (b) with FFA replacing for GGBFS. (a) SFC-SSC concrete without FFA; (b) SFC-SSC concrete with FFA.
Figure 3. Compressive strengths of SFC-SSC concrete with different mix proportions.
Figure 3 shows that beyond 10 wt.% of FFA led to reduce in early compressive strength of the SFC-SSC concretes, particularly with 50 wt.% of FFA addition. In this study, however, the compressive strengths of the SFC-SSC concretes with up to 50 wt.% FFA to replace GGBFS were higher than 41 MPa at age of 28 days implies that SFC-SSC concretes were rated as the high-strength concrete. In comparison with the reference mix with 80 wt.% GGBFS and 20 wt.% CFA (F00C25), the SFC-SSC concrete with lower CFA but without FFA (F00C15) had lower compressive strength due to lower hydration of GGBFS (Figure 3). By incorporating FFA in a range of 10 - 20 wt.% as partial replacement for GGBFS, the optimized particles and improved chemical composition of the SFC-SSC concrete were observed, leading to the improved compressive strengths at all ages. On the other hand, most of the SFC-SSC concretes had compressive strengths lower than OPC concretes at early ages (7 days) because of the slow dissolution of the CFA . However, as the curing age increased up to 28 days, the SFC-SSC concrete with 10 wt.% FFA additive (F10C15 mix) had compressive strength comparable with the OPC concrete (97.3%). The compressive strength of the SFC-SSC concrete with 20 wt.% FFA (F20C15) also reached 93.2% of that of the OPC concrete.
3.3. Strength Efficiency (SE) of Slag
In this study, the strength efficiency (SE) of high-cost slag should be calculated with the purpose of estimating the effect of FFA addition on the cost of concrete. The SE of the SFC-SSC concretes is shown in Figure 4. Accordingly, the increased CFA from 15 to 25 wt.% increased the SE of the SFC-SSC concrete, leading to the lowered cost of the concrete manufacture. However, Figure 4 shows that the SE of SFC-SSC concrete containing lower amount of CFA was significantly improved as the GGBFS was replaced by FFA additive. In this study, the increased FFA additive up to 50 wt.% resulted in significant increase of SE for the SFC-SSC concrete at all ages. Therefore, FFA addition is highly encouraging to use FFA for producing the SFC-SSC concrete with reduced cost.
3.4. Chloride Penetration Resistance
The rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) was conducted at age of 28 days and the results are shown in Figure 5. According to the figure, the SFC-SSC concretes regardless of CFA and FFA amounts illustrated good resistances to the chloride penetration because of the very low charge passed (100 - 1000 coulombs). The increased CFA increased the charge passed due to the less condensed microstructure. The increased FFA additive up to 30 wt.% (especially 20 wt.%) significantly reduced the charge passed because of the improved microstructures of specimens. However, the increased FFA additive up to 50 wt.% increased the charge passed of the SFC-SSC concrete because of the less condensed microstructures of specimens. On the other hand, the charge passed through the OPC concrete fell in the range of moderate chloride ion penetrability, which was associated with the low durability in term of chloride penetration resistance.
The new way to formulate the low energy super-sulfated cement by using low calcium Class F fly ash (FFA) has been proposed to produce self-compacting concrete with improved engineering properties and lowered cost of concrete manufacture. The 28-day compressive strengths of the SFC-SSC concrete were in the range of 41.8 - 65.6 MPa with FFA additive up to 50 wt.%. In this study, FFA additive up to 50 wt.% is shown to be adequately
Figure 4. Strength efficiencies (SE) of slag in the SFC-SSC concrete.
Figure 5. Charge passed of SFC-SSC concrete at age of 28 days with different mix proportions.
used for the sustainable development due to the low cost, high durability, and most acceptable engineering properties of the resulting SFC-SSC concrete.
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial aid from the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST) (Taiwan Tech) and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, through research grant of _PHONE_-E-011-078 -MY3 for this investigation.


EEG/ERP, Sound-symbolism
Ideophones in Japanese modulate the P2 and late positive complex responses: MS Paint version
I just had my first paper published:
Lockwood, G., & Tuomainen, J. (2015). Ideophones in Japanese modulate the P2 and late positive complex responses. Language Sciences, 933.
It's completely open access, so have a look (and download the PDF, because it looks a lot nicer than the full text).
It's a fuller, better version of my MSc thesis, which means that I've been working on this project on and off since about April 2013. Testing was done in June/July 2013 and November 2013. Early versions of this paper have been presented at an ideophone workshop in Tokyo in December 2013, a synaesthesia conference in Hamburg in February 2014, and a neurobiology of language conference in Amsterdam in August 2014. It was rejected once from one journal in August 2014, and was submitted to this journal in October 2014. It feels great to have it finally published, but also kind of anticlimactic, given that I'm focusing on some different research now.
I feel like the abstract and full article describe what's going on quite well; this is a generally under-researched area within the (neuro)science of language as it is, so it's written for the sizeable number of people who aren't knowledgeable about ideophones in the first place. However, if you can't explain your research using shoddy MS Paint figures, then you can't explain it at all, so here goes.
Ideophones are "marked words which depict sensory imagery" (Dingemanse, 2012). In essence, this means that ideophones stick out compared to regular words, ideophones are real words (not just off the cuff onomatopoeia), ideophones try and imitate the thing they mean rather than just describing it, and ideophones mean things to do with sensory experiences. This sounds like onomatopoeia, but it's a lot more than that. Ideophones have been kind of sidelined within traditional approaches to language because of a strange fluke whereby the original languages of academia (i.e. European languages, and especially French, German, and English) are from one of the very few language families across the world which don't have ideophones. Since ideophones aren't really present in the languages of the people who wrote about languages most often, those writers kind of just ignored them. The less well-known linguistic literature on ideophones has been going on for decades, and variously describes ideophones as vivid, quasi-synaesthetic, expressive, and so on.
What this boils down to is that for speakers of languages with ideophones, listening to somebody say a regular word is like this:
listening to a regular word
and listening to somebody say an ideophone is like this:
listening to an ideophone
Why, though?
Ideophones are iconic and/or sound-symbolic. These terms are slightly different but are often used interchangeably and both mean that there's a link between the sound of something language-y (or the shape/form of something language-y in signed languages) and its meaning. This means that, when you're listening to a regular word, you're generally just relying on your existing knowledge of the combinations of sounds in your language to know what the meaning is:
regular word processing
…whereas when a speaker of a language with ideophones listens to an ideophone, they feel a rather more direct connection between what the ideophone sounds like and what the meaning of the ideophone is:
ideophone processing
These links between sound and meaning are known as cross-modal correspondences.
Thing is, it's one thing for various linguists and speakers of languages with ideophones to identify and describe what's happening; it's quite another to see if that has any psycho/neurolinguistic basis. This is where my research comes in.
I took a set of Japanese ideophones (e.g. perapera, which means "fluently" when talking about somebody's language skills; I certainly wish my Japanese was a lot more perapera) and compared them with regular Japanese words (e.g. ryuuchou-ni, which also means "fluently" when talking about somebody's language skills, but isn't an ideophone). My Japanese participants read sentences which were the same apart from swapping the ideophones and the arbitrary words around, like:
花子は ぺらぺらと フランス語を話す
Hanako speaks French fluently (where "fluently" = perapera).
花子は りゅうちょうに フランス語を話す
Hanako speaks French fluently (where "fluently" = ryuuchou-ni).
While they read these sentences, I used EEG (or electroencephalography) to measure their brain activity. This is done by putting a load of electrodes in a swimming cap like this:
electrode set up
After measuring a lot of participants reading a lot of sentences in the two conditions, I averaged them together to see if there was a difference between the two conditions… and indeed there was:
figure 1 from japanese natives paper
The red line shows the brain activity in response to the ideophones, and the blue line shows the brain activity in response to the arbitrary words. The red line is higher than the blue line at two important points; the peak at about 250ms after the word was presented (the P2 component), and the consistent bit for the last 400ms (the late positive complex).
Various other research has found that a higher P2 component is elicited by cross-modally congruent stimuli… i.e. this particular brain response is bigger to two things that match nicely (such as a high pitched sound and a small object). Finding this in response to the Japanese ideophones suggests that the brain recognises that the sounds of the ideophones cross-modally match the meanings of the ideophones much more than the sounds of the arbitrary words match the meanings of the arbitrary words. This may be why ideophones are experienced more vividly than arbitrary words.
higher P2 for ideophones
lower P2 for arbitrary words
As for the late positive complex, it's hard to say. It could be that the cross-modal matching of sound and meaning in ideophones actually makes it harder for the brain to work out the ideophone's role in a sentence because it has to do all the cross-modal sensory processing on top of all the grammatical stuff it's doing in the first place. It's very much up for discussion.
Putting the graph into electroencephalography
ERPing the derp
typical erp graph
erp intuitive 2
erp context
standard N400
Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 9:
ppt09 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 13:
ppt13 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
Here's participant 15:
ppt15 Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + NO GUIDE)
updated ci picture for eeg graphs
Cz electrode (RG onset timelock + SDs + NO GUIDE)
I'd love to hear people's opinions in the comments below.
To summarise, then:
– ERP graphs aren't all that great
– but they could be if we plotted them logically


text: This handbook is written for patients and members of the public who want to understand more about the approaches, methods and language used by health-services researchers. Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is now a requirement of most major health-research programmes, and this book is designed to equip these individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation. Edited by award-winning mental-health researchers, the book has been produced in partnership with mental-health-service users and carers with experience of research involvement. It includes personal reflections from these individuals alongside detailed information on quantitative, qualitative and health-economics research methods, and comprehensively covers all the basics needed for large-scale health research projects: systematic reviews; research design and analysis using both qualitative and quantitative approaches; health economics; research ethics; impact and dissemination. This book was developed during a five-year research programme funded by the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) called Enhancing the Quality of User Involved Care Planning in Mental Health Services (EQUIP). The handbook clearly outlines research practices, and gives an insight into how public and patient representatives can be involved in them and shape decisions. Each chapter ends with a reflective exercise, and there are also some suggested sources of additional reading. People who get involved in health research as experts from experience now have a textbook to support their research involvement journey.


Gunning Family CrestThe Irish surname Gunning is an anglicized form of the Gaelic name Ó Conaing meaning "descendant of Conaing," a personal name, a borrowing of the Anglo-Saxon term cyning meaning "king." The Gunning's were a sept of the Dál gCais tribe, located at Caisleán Ó gConaing (now Castleconnell) in county Limerick on the border of counties Clare and Tipperary and on the banks of the river Shannon. The Annals of Lough Ce list Edmund O'Conaing as the "royal heir of Munster" in 1032." Dermot O'Conaing (died1195), was Bishop of Killaloe. Today the name is most frequently found in counties Down, Tyrone, Galway and Roscommon.
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