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Symptoms of a Bad PCV Valve: Identifying the Solutions
The PCV valve or the positive crankshaft ventilation valve is responsible for regulating the pressure and airflow in your engine. This may be a small component, but it is very important to keep your car's condition intact, driving-wise. When the PCV valve wears off or compromises the performance, it builds up the sludge and leaks oil. However, your PCV valve doesn't have to bad, and you can recognize it before that. The timely replacement would keep you from facing any significant damages and costing. Let's understand different aspects of PCV valve including the symptoms of a bad PCV valve.
Ideas to cover:
 - Symptoms of a bad PCV valve
 - How Does the PCV Valve System Work?
 - How to Test Your PCV Valve
 - What is the Lifespan of a PCV Valve?
Symptoms of a Bad PCV Valve and Understanding its Working
It would be a good idea to understand the working of the PCV first so you can catch the symptoms well and create a better recognition of PCV.
When the engine runs, it generates the heat; this heat when the engine cools down creates the condensation process. When the condensation forms, it results in moisture that gets absorbed by the engine oil. When this moisture increases, it starts attacking the metal parts of the engine that leads to corrosion and damage to the parts.
Also, to run the engine, the ratio of air-fuel mistune takes place, and a combination of various gas explosions happens too. This, as a result, produces highly toxic gases that get released to the astrosphere after the combustion. As you can understand, releasing the toxic gases into the environment is neither healthy nor recommended.
That is why PCV was introduced to deal with the moisture in the engine and to make use of the gases in a much better manner so they can be less toxic for the atmosphere. PCV does it by using a manifold vacuum that draws those harmful vapors to the intake manifold. These vapors then get mixed with the fuel-air mixture to burn in the combustion chamber.
This way, no moisture happens inside the engine, and no harmful gases get released outside. Poor maintenance of the engine can lead to a bad PCV valve.
Overall symptoms of bad PCV valve in brief:
 - Engine misfires at idle
 - Lean air-fuel mixture
 - Presence of engine oil in PCV valve or hose
 - Increased oil consumption
 - Hard engine start
 - Rough engine idle
Now, let's understand the symptoms so you can identify them easily in your car:
Noise from the Engine
When you hear a sound while driving, it is a sign too. The hissing sound is most probably because of a leak in the hose of PVC. In this case, you should immediately take it to the repairer as leaving it can cause misfires, rough running, vacuum leaks, and all kinds of things you won't want.
Symptoms of a bad PCV valve
Check engine light appears when PCV is bad (Photo Source: repairpal)
Check Engine Light Warning
There may be various reasons that the Check Engine Light shows up, and a bad PCV valve is one of them. The engine light comes up because the valve hose PCV valve hose works directly with your engine. And when the valve stops functioning as it is supposed to, it appears in the Check Engine Light.
Misfiring while Idling
When you encounter some misfiring with the engine, it is a sign of bad PCV. This kind of situation happens when you idle the vehicle (in most cases). The reason behind the misfiring engine is the vacuum that does not work properly because of a leak or when there is a blockage in the hose.
Poor Fuel Economy
One of the symptoms of a bad PCV valve is the poor fuel economy. A malfunctioning PCV valve leads to an inefficient fuel mixture. As a result, the fuel can be lean or rich, and that leads to poor fuel economy when the correct amount of oil is not delivered. You can check the valve hose for leaking or blocking and get it repaired via a professional repairer.
bad PCV valve symptoms
Bad fuel economy happens because of bad PCV valve (Photo Source: depositphoto)
How to Test Your PCV Valve? The Answer!
If the case with your car matches with any of the mentioned issues, this can be a cause of PCV. This means you should check and confirm if the issue is really with the PCV. There are several things you can do to check a PCVGet to the PCV valve and check the PCV hose; see if the rubber parts there are worn. If yes, you need to replace the valve. Following up with the maintenance tips often help with keeping the PCV valve intact however.
Next, you can take the PCV hose and inspect them for any damages. If you find any, you can solve the problem by simply replacing the hose.
If this doesn't solve the problem, identify the mesh filter, and replace it as well. In most cases, this troubleshoots the problem and restores your vehicle as intact.
What is the Lifespan of a PCV Valve? Know Here
The lifespan of the PCV depends on the maintenance of the engine. A poorly maintained engine means frequent replacement of various parts. So if you take your car for service regularly, change the oil on time, and perform rituals that promote the health of the engine, then PCV serves for longer. You can have it checked on every significant car maintenance service; your repairer would let you know if it has gone bad.
Testing PCV valve
Testing PCV valve and repairing the malfunctioning part (Photo Source: youtube)
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Spazio, luogo, mappe (con una postilla)
 - Piero Falchetta Independent Researcher
This paper intends to provide an epistemological reflection on the problem of the representability of space. The author's core argument is that the aporia of the representation of space is mainly revealed by geographical maps. More precisely, a territory cannot be described exhaustively by a map. Nevertheless, the author argues that the process of hominization starts precisely when human beings attempt to describe their ambient in order to identify dangers and opportunities. From a philosophical viewpoint, such an original aporia of space develops throughout the different perspectives on the concepts of topos and chora.


text: The 26th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids provides a platform to present and exchange recent achievements on the fundamental and applied research of nuclear tracks, including that in etched track detectors and nuclear emulsion. The scope of this conference covers various branches of science and technology such as space radiation, nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, neutron dosimetry, heavy ions, radon, radiation biology, geology and dating, laser driven particle acceleration and track nanotechnology. The formation process of tracks in solids is also a research topic that has been investigated from the viewpoint of radiation physics, radiation chemistry and simulation. This is a unique international conference where attendees from many different fields will come together to discuss on the fundamental principles and applications of nuclear tracks, which has a long history established in 1957. This Conference is jointly organized by the International Nuclear Track Society and Kobe University, which is also supported by the Ionizing Radiation Division (The Japan Society of Applied Physics) and the Japan Society of Nuclear Track Detectors.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
To learn more about what works and what benefits can result from integrating maternal and child health services, the Ministry of Health (MoH) funded the evaluation of demonstration pilots of integrated services at three District Health Boards (DHBs).
The evaluation sat alongside the pilots and informed the MoH and the integration pilot working groups on how to create a seamless system of care to improve the consumer experience, access, and health outcomes with regard to maternal and child health services. Our collaborative evaluation approach ensured we considered the individual aims of each pilot and the community and provider context in which they were developed.
The logic model developed for the evaluation provided a sound theoretical framework which was used to align the activities of the three sites. Key elements of integration were developed from a review of the literature and provided a basis for the evaluation.
Information to inform the evaluation was collected from stakeholder interviews, surveys of providers, analysis of integration activities, interviews and focus groups with consumers.
Regular reporting – formative evaluation report, process evaluation reports, summative evaluation report – and workshops assisted the Ministry and DHB teams to implement the projects.
Learnings and recommendations from the evaluation helped inform the MoH and DHB teams to deliver high quality integration pilots. The evaluation highlighted learnings and provided useable recommendations throughout the pilots in all areas, including governance, management, utilising the consumer voice, systems for integration, inter-provider relationships, communication, workforce development, quality improvement and new integrated service models.
For more detail on this evaluation the final report is available at: _URL_


text:
At Commonwealth Bank, it's easy to get your bank statement in several different ways, as detailed below.
You can choose the method that best fits your lifestyle and situation, and save yourself the time of having to go into the branch every month to pick up your statement or making the effort to go online every few days to check your balance via online banking.
So let's take a look at how you can get your Commonwealth Bank statements conveniently in just minutes.
Things required getting Commbank Statement
- PDF readers Such As Adobe reader
- Net banking User Name & Password
- Mobile Banking Login Passcode
What Information is Included in a CBA Bank Statement?
The Commonwealth Bank Statement is a report of transactions for the previous month. It contains information about your account balances, interest earned, and fees charged. You should receive this document at least once a month so that you can keep track of your financial status.
The commbank statement usually includes the following items:
1. Balance your checking account at the end of the previous month
2. Number of transactions that occurred during the last calendar day of the month
3. Amount withdrawn from your checking account (if any such as money withdrawn from ATMs)
4. Amount deposited into your checking account by check or draft (if any)
5. Total interest earned on all check or draft deposits made during the previous month
6. Check overdrafts
Ways to get CommBank Statement
There are several ways to get your Commonwealth Bank Statement. You can either view it online, through the mobile app, or by requesting a physical copy.
To view your statement online, simply follow the Below Steps.
If you want a physical copy of your statement, you can request one at any time by calling customer service or visiting your local branch.
The mobile app also offers the ability to view and download statements.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Net Banking
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose the view accounts & Select Statements option
Step 3: Select the account and statement period you want to review.
Step 4: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Commbank App – CBA
Step 1: Open the CommBank mobile app.
Step 2: Select View accounts.
Step 3: Select an account, and then tap the account name on the following screen to view your statement.
Step 4: Select the statement date after tapping View statement.
Step 5: Click the Share button if you wish to share or print.
How to get 90 day bank statement
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose view accounts Statements
Step 3: Select the account
Step 4: Select the statement period as 30 Days.
Step 5: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Why You Might Need a Commonwealth Bank Statement
Bank statements are a useful tool for checking the balance of your account. They can help you to:
1. Identify any suspicious activity or unauthorized transactions.
2. To prove that you have sufficient funds in your checking account to cover any checks you write. If you don't have enough money in your account to cover checks, you could be charged overdraft fees or bounced checks if they're not paid promptly.
3. Check how much money is in your account. You can then compare this with your monthly income and expenditure. If there has been a large deposit or withdrawal, this may indicate an error in the way that your account was set up.
4. Check whether you are paying too much interest on the debt (such as payday loans). If so, you could contact the lender and ask them to refund some of the interest charged back to you.
How to Read Your Commonwealth Bank Statement
Here are some useful tips when reading a bank statement:
1. Look at all the transactions in detail. What is being paid? What has been paid? Compare one month against another to see if there are any payments or charges that have changed.
2. Check for any new charges or fees attached to your account (for example, for direct debits).
3. Read over each line carefully and check for details such as bank name (Commbank), branch name and account number.
4. Make sure you don't have any outstanding bills that are due in the next few days, as these will be listed on your statement, and you may incur late payment fees if they aren't paid.
5. Be sure to check for any fees or charges that may have been charged by the bank in addition to the interest rate that was paid on the loan (if applicable).
6. Look for transactions that occur at irregular times. For example, if you get paid on Friday each week, but your bank statement shows a transaction on Wednesday, there's probably something fishy going on.
7. Look at all of the transactions within each category and make sure they match up with what you expect to see for each type of transaction (debit card purchases, etc.)
If you're a customer of Commonwealth Bank, you can easily view and download your bank statements through the online banking portal. Simply follow the above steps.
If you have any trouble, don't hesitate to contact customer service for assistance.
As always, please keep in mind that if you see something suspicious on your statement or notice anything unusual, it's important to call them right away so we can investigate it.


Energy and Change Electricity Energy Light
Electricity > Applications PD | Assessment | Home
Station 9: Applications** Overall management Strategies
Electric trains have many components that use electricity.
They have an electric horn.
They use an overhead wire and sliding contact to make the circuit.
They have an electric motor that drives the train.
There are coloured signal lights and there are flashing lights at crossings.
Using simple materials such as cells, wires, globes and magnets you can make models of these devices. The following illustrates some possibilities. You could invent others.
Railway boom and flashing lights
Flashing lights and signals
You could build a working model of either of these devices.
Railway signal
You will have to use your knowledge of electricity to invent your circuit so that you can make the lights flash.
Electric train horn location
Electric horn Hints
The working model below is a buzzer. It works like many electric bells and some horns.
Electric buzzer
Overhead sliding contact on a train
Sliding contact (nerve tester) Hints
The nerve tester sliding contact device is similar to the overhead sliding contact of the train.
However, the nerve tester can be used to test your skill. Can you move the sliding contact from one end of the overhead wire to the other without touching it?
Electric buzzer skill tester
Electric motor 1 Hints
To start the motor, you need to flick the coil or twist the ends quickly. You may need to fiddle to get it to work, but when it works, the coil twirls around at a rapid rate.
Electric motor 1
Electric motor 1
Electric motor 2 Hints
The magnets will have to be supported level with the coil. Up to 30 turns of thin insulated wire is needed for the coil, but it will work with less.
To reduce the effect of the friction of the brushes mount the two pins close to the axle shaft. The cork needs to be well balanced.
Electric motor 2
Electric motor 2
Closer to home
You could make a model of your front door so that when you push a button a buzzer or bell rings, or when you open the door the porch light comes on.
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Cane Corsos are strong, intelligent dogs with a long history of serving as watchdogs and guards. These dogs may be a wonderful addition to any household because of their strength, devotion, and strong protectiveness. It's crucial to keep in mind, though, that Cane Corsos are big and active dogs. They want continuous training, socialisation, and leadership from their owners.
Training and socialisation are two important factors to take into account while analysing Cane Corso behaviour. To avoid behavioural problems and to ensure that these dogs are well-behaved and well-mannered, it is essential that they are properly trained and socialised from a young age. Utilizing positive reinforcement tactics, like as cookies and praise, it is crucial to begin training and socialisation as soon as feasible. This will teach your Cane Corso to obey your directions and behave politely among other people.
Establishing oneself as the leader is equally as crucial as training and socialisation. Cane Corsos are clever, independent dogs who require regular, clear direction in order to succeed. You can assist prevent your Cane Corso from being dominating or violent and make sure they are well-behaved and obedient to your directions by establishing yourself as the leader.
Behavior Training Your Cane Corso
Exercise and mental stimulation are essential factors in Cane Corso behaviour. These lively dogs require at least an hour of strenuous exercise each day to maintain their happiness and health. Additionally, they require mental stimulation, which may be given to them by giving them interactive toys and puzzles or by teaching them new instructions and tricks.
It's also critical to be aware of any health conditions that can have an impact on your Cane Corso's behaviour. For instance, pain and discomfort brought on by medical illnesses can result in behavioural problems like anger or disobedience. You can help prevent behavioural difficulties and keep your Cane Corso happy and healthy by keeping up with their medical care and taking care of any health issues right away.
Tips for Behaviour Training
- Start early with training: Cane Corsos are extremely trainable and clever dogs. However, they can also be stubborn and need consistent training to keep them from becoming challenging to handle. As soon as you can, begin educating your Cane Corso to develop positive behaviours and prepare them for success.
- Utilise positive reinforcement strategies: Cane Corsos respond best to strategies that emphasise and reward positive behaviour. When training your Cane Corso, avoid employing punishment or intimidation. These methods are ineffective and could instil fear and mistrust in your dog.
- Create boundaries and regulations that are clear: Set clear boundaries and rules for your Cane Corso! Also, be consistent in enforcing them. Your Cane Corso will be better able to grasp what is expected of them as a result, and they will be more inclined to obey your directions.
- Use treats and incentives: Treats and incentives can be a powerful tool for encouraging and reinforcing positive behaviour in your Cane Corso. During training sessions, offer high-value goodies that your Cane Corso enjoys to reinforce positive behaviour.
- Be patient; Cane Corso training can be timeand patience-consuming. Keep practising and rewarding positive behaviour, and your Cane Corso will eventually pick up a new command. Don't be disappointed if your Cane Corso doesn't learn it right away.
- If necessary, get expert assistance: If you are having difficulty teaching your Cane Corso or are unsure about where to begin, think about hiring a qualified dog trainer. A trainer may give you advice and assistance while also assisting you in identifying any training obstacles.
Being a good pet owner means training your Cane Corso since it helps to guarantee that your dog is well-behaved and polite. It can also assist to enhance the link between you and your dog. Cane Corsos are strong-willed, intelligent dogs who require constant, positive training to thrive. It's crucial to begin socialisation and training as soon as possible. When training your Cane Corso, keep the following things in mind:
- Be dependable: When it comes to teaching your Cane Corso, consistency is essential. Use consistent directives and signals, and set clear expectations that are both firm and fair.
- Establish yourself as the leader: Since Cane Corsos require persistent, clear leadership in order to flourish. You can assist prevent your Cane Corso from being dominating or violent and make sure they are well-behaved and obedient to your directions by establishing yourself as the leader.
- Use training aids: You can teach your Cane Corso new tricks and commands. Just take help of one of the many training aids that are available! Treats, toys, and training collars are some examples of these.
You can assist ensure that your Cane Corso is well-behaved and well-mannered and that you and your dog have a solid and good relationship by adhering to some fundamental training recommendations. Keep in mind that teaching your Cane Corso is a continuous process that calls for tolerance, reliability, and positive reinforcement. You can train and socialise your Cane Corso to fit in with your family by taking the appropriate approach.
Here are a number of tips on what to avoid doing when managing the behaviour of a Cane Corso dog:
- Avoid punishing your dog physically or acting aggressively; doing so might increase their fear and mistrust while also worsening their behaviour. Use tactics for positive reinforcement instead, such as clicker training, praise, and treats.
- Don't ignore your Cane Corso's demand for exercise; they need a lot of it to keep fit and well-behaved. Cane Corsos are huge, active dogs. Regular strolls and recreation can aid in reducing aggressive and disruptive behaviour.
- A Cane Corso should not be left alone for extended periods of time because they thrive on human company and may develop destructive or violent tendencies.
- The Cane Corso is a strong-willed dog, and if they think that you are not a strong leader, they may try to take control. Don't let them be the Alpha. Maintain a routine of training and be firm with your orders and demands.
- Avoid overfeeding Cane Corsos since they are prone to obesity and because it can cause behavioural and health concerns, effecting their behaviour and training.


text:
Entrepreneurship Helps to Engage the Youth of Nebraska through the Building of a Straw Bale Business Incubator/Grocery Store
In Nebraska, keeping small rural communities alive and vital is a hard road. Part of the puzzle is keeping the rural youth local and involved. Who would think straw built construction could create the buy in needed to interest the youth?
The Village of Cody, home to 150 residents, is mostly farmers and ranchers. Residents know that entrepreneurship is important in creating more businesses and gain jobs but how do you inspire the youth towards this concept?
Building a grocery store in Cody originated from a combination of village leaders trying to attract more residents to the town, a teacher's brainstorm, and a high school sophomore's Future Farmers of America project. The nearest grocery store was nearly 80 miles round trip. Not surprising to the residents of Cody, the entire town rallied around the idea of finally having a grocery store (the Circle C Market) after a decade without one. The town board secured two Rural Development Rural Business Enterprise Grants to help build the facility, purchase necessary equipment for the project and fund entrepreneurship education in the Cody-Kilgore Unified School District. The rest was up to the community.
Students of the Cody-Kilgore schools and residents are working to complete the straw-bale building, an environmentally-friendly design that uses straw as insulation. The building's design includes a classroom so students can learn on the job and at their desks. The initial incubator occupant will be a grocery store with other possible businesses to be located within the facility. Youth entrepreneurs are coached and encouraged via the school district's educators and local adult entrepreneurs to consider a future with unlimited possibilities beginning with a grocery store. Youth will manage every aspect of the store; from stocking shelves to placing orders from vendors. This model gives students a sense of ownership of their town and community, and teaches important leadership and employment principles, like coming to work on time, customer relations and basic business management skills. Social and work skill opportunities will be provided to special education students. Job training and personal pride cannot be under estimated when building a personal or community's future.
The youth have more than proven themselves through the sweat equity and strong work ethic building the store takes. Plans include a Grand Opening in 2013. They take pride and ownership in it and are excited to be their own entrepreneurs. The Village of Cody is a perfect example of what a community accomplishes when they build an alliance. Cody clearly lives their motto, as a "Town Too Tough To Die".
Through the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (Recovery Act), the Village of Cody received support initiate entrepreneurship education, to write a business plan for the proposed grocery store and to purchase store equipment. When the original location for the business incubator/grocery store fell through, a second RBEG was used entirely for building construction. This RBEG was initially leveraged with $99,950 in matching funds but this amount has been exceeded through fund raising, donations of building supplies, local contractors expertise and community involvement.
A partnership of training and technical assistance providers for these young entrepreneurs includes the Nebraska Department of Education, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Kearney and the Center for Rural Affairs.
When complete this endeavor will be a big win for a small rural community with benefits almost too numerous to list; local education creating local entrepreneurs, access to local foods in a food desert, elimination of long distance travel will save time and conserve fuel, local dollars spent local keeps dollars at home and increases the tax base. It is anticipated that the project will provide 10-15 employment opportunities in the grocery store and any additional small businesses within the facility.
The Village of Cody located in Cherry County, a 2008 presidential declared disaster county, is part of the Nebraska Sandhills.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Sumatra, erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins. Previously it formed part of the Vicariate Apostolic of Batavia, which is under the care of the Jesuits of Holland. The new prefecture comprises Sumatra and the surrounding islands, including Bangka (area, 4888 sq. miles; population, 78,000) The Island of Sumatra, referred to as Jabadin by Ptolemy, and visited by Marco Polo in 1292, was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Siqueira in 1508, and occupied by the Dutch in 1599. It extends from 95º 16' to 106º 3' E. long., and from 5º 40' N. to 5º 59' S. lat., and has an area of about 181,000 square miles. The natives, of Malayan race, number about 5,500,000, exclusive of the little known inland tribes. They are indolent and cruel; their religion is a mixture of fetishism and Mahommedanism. At the beginning of 1911 the Jesuits had four chief mission centres in Sumatra, — at Medan, Padang, Koata Radja, and Tandjeong-Sakti, — and sixteen minor stations. The Sisters of Charity of Tilburg (Holland) were established at Padang. There were two mission schools, and 4600 Catholics of whom 3200 were Europeans.
Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, 1907), 263-6; Pius Almanak (Amsterdam, 1912); ZONDERVAN, Banka en zijne bewoners (Amsterdam, 1895); YZERMAN, Dwars door Sumatra (Haarlem, 1896).
APA citation. (1912). Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. _URL_
MLA citation. "Prefecture Apostolic of Sumatra." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. .
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


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I've found this translation _URL_ but I am not sure if English legals use subordinate to define a party that is subordinated to another.
Any suggestion?
EDIT: An approximation of "subordinato" can be "working for someone that employs you".
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It's a perfectly common usage in English too - but we just call such a person a "subordinate" (not subordinated). – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 17:56
...most of these thousands of instances of "behaviour towards subordinates" will be for this exact context, which I'm voting to close as General Reference. – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 17:59
I am drafting an agreement where I am say something like "Section x - Exclusion of partnership relationship and employment of party x" OR "Section x - Exclusion of partnership relationship and subordinate relationship" – mm24 Dec 12 '12 at 18:00
I'm not a lawyer, so I wouldn't want to advise on phrasing of a (legal?) agreement. But if you simply look at a few examples in that link I'd have thought it will tell you as much as any answer here, since "behaviour towards subordinates" is often an area that concerns the law. Sexual language/activity involving a subordinate is often discouraged, and may be illegal, for example. – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 18:14
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closed as general reference by Rory Alsop, tchrist, MετάEd, Robusto, JSBձոգչ Dec 13 '12 at 19:26
2 Answers
English "subordinate" implies a hierarchy, but not necessarily an employment relationship. For example, the subordinates of a military officer are those of lower rank whom he commands. The word need not refer to a hierarchy of persons at all: it is also used to describe nesting in an outline of an argument or essay. From your comment, I guess a reference to an employer/employee relationship is more precise.
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The legal term subordinated may have a narrow technical definition, which can't be guessed without some context.
For example, subordinated debt will have a specific definition not closely related to normal English use of the word subordinate.
In normal English, the final definition
 - militare (inferiore di grado) military :
 - subordinate n
is the primary use, and the penultimate definition
 - (sottoposto) :
 - subordinate, direct report n
 - aide, associate n
 - pejorative stooge, underling n
would be a less-common but still understandable use.
The other definitions (conditional, dependent or non-autonomous) would be more likely in specific, narrow or technical sense.
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Identifying reports used within an agent's workspace
Answer ID 9521 | Last Review Date 01/14/2019
How do I find a report used in an agent's workspace?
Profiles, Workspaces
Oracle B2C Service, All supported versions
The first step in identifying a specific item such as a report within an agent's workspace, is to first identify the workspace used for the agent.
 1. Open the agent's profile for edit: Configuration > Staff Management > Profiles
 2. From the Workspaces/Workflows tab, identify the name of the workspace used for the record type in question
Then, open that workspace for editing and locate the specific item.
 1. Configuration > Application Appearance > Workspaces/Workflows
 2. Use the 'Find' feature from the ribbon to search by name for the agent's workspace
 3. Double click on the name to open for editing
When trying to identify a report:
 1. Navigate to the tab within the workspace where the report is used
 2. Click into the report area of the tab
 3. From the top ribbon, select Design > Report. This shows where the report is located in the Report Explorer.
NOTE: When using the standard workspace, or even a customized workspace that has been copied from a standard workspace, there may be items that cannot be edited using the steps above. This is because they are Control items (i.e. standard elements built into the application for ease of use). One example of this is the Attachments tab. At first glance, it may appear like a report, however, this is a Control item and does not include the 'Design > Report' option from the ribbon.
For more information on editing reports within a workspace, refer to Answer ID 2169: Customizing search results and reports in a workspace.


text:
Light-contact sparring is the most popular type of sparring. Its critics, and even supporters, often referred to it as playing tag. Light-contact sparring is identical to no-contact sparring except that attacks are focused so they just touch the target. Ideally, this touch will be similar to tapping a person on the shoulder to get his or her attention. The person will be aware of the touch but will not feel any pain or any threat from the touch.
Light-contact sparring is similar to playing baseball, Baseball players tag the runners with the ball; they do not try to hit or harm the runners. However, this does not make baseball injury free, heavy contact does accidentally occur and it may lead to injury, but deaths are extremely rare.
Risk of injury. Although only light-contact is permitted, there is more risk of injury in light-contact sparring than in no-contact sparring. Techniques are focused two or three inches closer to the point on the opponent's body where injury may occur so, the chance of injury is increased.
Level of expertise required. As with no-contact sparring, light-contact sparring techniques are perfectly performed and precisely executed while using maximum power. However, while the means is important in light-contact sparring, the result has priority over the means. The touch is more important than how it was delivered.


EUdict :: English-English dictionary
Results for: primary productionTranslations: 130 / 31
 English English
primary productionchemical energy from photosynthesis
direct primaryelection to choose candidates
mass productionlarge-scale manufacturing
means of productionthings needed for manufacturing
pair productioncreation of a negative particle
primarybasic, basic part or aspect, brighter star of double star, election of candidates for governmental position, election of delegates to choose candidates, first in sequence, first thing, original; primeval, initial; principal, main, prime; basic, fundame...
primary accentemphasis placed on main syllable, primary stress
primary atypical pneumoniamild infectious pneumonia
primary carenonspecialist care
primary cellelectricity-producing cell, voltaic cell
primary coilcoil that sets up magnetic flux, primary, primary winding
primary colorcyan, magenta, or yellow, primary, red, green, or blue
primary consumerplant-eating animal
primary electionprimary
primary feathermain wing feather, primary
primary growthroot or shoot growth
primary meristemnew plant tissue
primary planetplanet orbiting sun, primary
primary processprocess involving functioning of id
primary schoolU.K. school for younger children, U.S. school for younger students
primary stressprimary accent
primary syphilisearliest stage of syphilis
primary toothmilk tooth
primary waveearthquake wave
primary windingprimary coil
production assistantassistant on movie
production companycompany making movies
production designerdesigner of overall appearance of movie
production linesequence of machines in factory
production managermovie or play administrator
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About Eudict
Total number of language pairs: 414
Total number of translations (in millions): 11.6
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action in the same way as it would be for an assertion. If the action does not have support, then Pfc trys each of the methods it knows to undo the action until one of them succeeds.
In fact, in Pfc, one declares an action as undoable just by defining a method to accomplish the undoing. This is done via the predicate pfcUndo/2. The predicate pfcUndo(A1,A2) is true if executing A2 is a possible way to undo the execution of A1. For example, we might want to couple an assertional representation of a set of graph nodes with a graphical display of them through the use of Pfc rules:
at(N,XY) => {displayNode(N,XY)}.
arc(N1,N2) => {displayArc(N1,N2}.
For more information
Contact Tim finin,


text:
With the aim of promoting actions in defense of human rights, reflection and practice of respect for human dignity, the Global Embassy of Activists for Peace (GEAP) in El Salvador, carried out the Educational School Workshop Educating to Remember - The Holocaust Paradigm of Genocide, on March 19, 2018, in the Educational Complex of the Swiss Confederation of San Miguel.
As part of the day, the participants: students of the 2nd year, section C, made peace proposals in defense of human rights. Among these the proposal presented by the student Vanessa Aracely Aguilera, who raised the realization of a talk on values and human rights for students in the third cycle.
The approach was reviewed by the teacher Francisca Saraí Ramírez and approved by directors of the Arístides Ventura Educational Complex.
Impartiendo en alumnos del nivel educativo de Tercer Ciclo
Execution of the proposal
On May 23, the peace proposal was implemented in the institution, where six second-year high school students developed the activity "Talks on values and Human Rights with the help of teaching materials" to the 7th, 8th and 9th grade students.
In this educational space, the speakers discussed the importance of principles, universal values and human rights. During their presentation the students presented posters and banners with positive messages that motivate the execution of actions in favor of peace.


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Addiction treatment in Chester County, Pennsylvania | Do I have An Addictive Personality?
Drug and alcohol addictions are extremely complicated and complex. Everyone has their own experiences and reasons behind why they use alcohol and drugs. However, research suggests that there are certain personality traits that are associated with developing an addiction. Specialists call that term an "addictive personality." This belief pertains to people who have a set of tendencies that can lead to substance abuse. Keep reading to learn which personality traits can lead to addiction, so that you can get the proper addiction treatment in Chester County.
9 Personality Traits that Can Lead to Addiction
1. Impulsivity: Spontaneous or erratic behavior with little thought of the outcomes or consequences.
2. Negativity: A set of unpleasant emotions, such as anger or sadness.
3. Thrill Seeking: Frequent search for risky situations to satisfy the need for new experiences.
4. Neuroticism: Responds to challenges or threats with negative emotions, such as sadness, anxiety, anger, or irritability.
5. Erratic: Problems with managing stress or problem solving in a healthy way.
6. Disagreeableness: People who are disagreeable are also more likely to be uncooperative, unfriendly, and selfish.
7. Aggression: Hostility and violent behavior towards others.
8. Narcissism: An inflated sense of self-importance.
9. Obsessive: A strong focus on something that can interfere with your life and daily routine.
Receive Addiction Treatment in Chester County, Pennsylvania Today
Not everyone who has an addictive personality will develop a substance abuse problem. But, if you do, there is help available. Here at Pennsylvania Recovery Center, we can provide you with the best addiction treatment in Chester County. Our team is dedicated to providing every patient with an individualized treatment experience that fits their exact needs. Contact us today.


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|Paper Plate Charactor Masks and Bible Story Plays
paper plates,glue,yarn,construction paper,scissors,markers,crayons
Choose a story from the Bible...
Example "Daniel and the Lions Den",Use the paper plates to make a lion mask, daniel mask, or angel mask, kings mask etc.
Take the paper plates and cut holes for the childrens eyes, glue yarn for the mane of the lions and brown paper for the face of the lion and the whiskers, make a crown for the king, a halo for the angel etc. Attach to the childrens faces with string and have them play act the story out as you read it to the class. They really love this and makes them remember it a lot better. Other great stories to do with this are...
Noah's ark (using two of animals), David and Goliath (have children make armor out of plates), Moses (long white beard with yarn on the plate), Samson and Delilah (have long hair of yarn that they can cut off).
Have fun with it and let the kids make their own and have fun play acting.


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Published on Monday, April 09, 2012 02:34
Written by Los Angeles TravelingMom
Fields of gold and orange poppies swaying in the breeze are a spectacular sight in spring when California's landscape blooms with a mosaic of colorful wildflowers and shrubs.
Winter rains determine the intensity and duration of wildflowers such as poppies, lupine, cream cups and towering ocotillos. Round up the kids, pack a picnic and bring your camera. Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
Masses of poppies grow in this western Mojave Desert 15 miles west of Lancaster, a stone's throw from Los Angeles. Other wildflowers include owl's clover, goldfields, and the scented grape soda lupine found along the Tehachapi Vista Trail. Singing meadow larks and hawks break the silence of the quiet countryside.
During the wildflower season, the nearby Jane S. Pinheiro Interpretive Center shows a short video, and offers free guided tours. Shaded picnic tables available.
Seven miles west of the Poppy Reserve is the Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park, where a native Joshua Tree and Juniper Woodland are among the last standing in this habitat that once spread across the Antelope Valley. _URL_ Tree National Park
A variety of flowers at different elevations brighten the park's two deserts – the higher Mojave Desert and lower Colorado Desert. Wildflowers usually begin blooming in the lower elevations of the Pinto Basin and along the park's south boundary around February, and at higher elevations in March and April.
Where there are clusters of rocks, expect plenty of wildflowers. Seen throughout the park is the desert dandelion, a hearty flower that forms brilliant patches of gold across the landscape. The flowers are yellow and some have a red dot in the center. Look carefully, you may even see a desert tortoise snacking on one!
For flower updates, call the Joshua Tree National Park _PHONE_ or visit _URL_
.Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
California's largest state park, encompassing more than 600,000 acres, has one of the most spectacular wildflower displays in the west. Here you'll find a kaleidoscope of flowers from tiny bursts of color and gold poppies to towering ocotillos sprouting fiery spines of scarlet blossoms.
The canyons west of Borrego Springs usually have a pageant of wildflowers and colorful clumps of beavertail cactus that sprout hot pink flowers. At Desert Gardens, five miles north of the visitor center, park along the road and explore desert dandelion and desert pincushion blanketing the washes. For information, call the Wildflower Hotline at _PHONE_ or visit _URL_.
FYI: California Overland (_URL_) offers Wildflower Adventure Tours aboard open-air vehicles into Anza-Borrego Desert's palm oases and canyons through early April.Santa Monica Mountains
An easy jaunt from the city is Franklin Canyon Park, where peaceful trails meander through fields of blue and white flowers, poppies, sticky leaf monkey flowers, canyon sunflowers and purple nightshade. _URL_ gardens and nature centers
For more travel stories, follow Mimi on Twitter _USER_.
- Situated on 22 acres, the Theodore Payne Foundation operates a California native plant nursery and offers classes but is also popular for its Wildflower Hill. A short walk leads to buckwheat, sage brush, white sage, sugarbrush, sticky monkey leaf flower, elegant clarkia, gilia and showy penstemon. For 30 years the nonprofit organization has provided a wildflower hotline for the latest flora blooms at _PHONE_. The website's Wildflower Hill link provides detailed monthly reports. Amenities: Picnic tables in the sycamore grove, restrooms. Located at 10459 Tuxford St. Sun Valley; _URL_.
- Eaton Canyon Natural Area has trails brimming with black sage, honeysuckle and yellow pincushion. 1750 N. Altadena Drive, Pasadena; _URL_
- Placerita Canyon Nature Center: There's usually a good showing of elderberries, golden currant and large bush poppy on the two-mile (one way) Canyon Trail. 19152 Placerita Canyon Road, Newhall; _URL_.
- Among Descanso Gardens' many themed areas is the eight-acre California Garden, featuring native plants and the showy matilija poppy. 1418 Descanso Drive, La Canada-Flintridge; _URL_.
- Los Angeles Arboretum & Botanic Garden: Free admission third Tuesday of the month; 302 North Baldwin Ave., Arcadia; _URL_.
- The Huntington: Free the first Thursday of every month with advance tickets; 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino; _URL_.


The Web Graph Database
Probe Framework
The purpose of the InfoGrid Probe Framework is to make the content of external data sources appear as native InfoGrid objects that self-update, shadowing the content of the external data source as it changes. By doing this, the development of applications that use changing data from external sources (like RSS feeds, web service calls,...) becomes substantially simpler.
It accomplishes this through the following concepts:
Often, applications choose to update a ShadowMeshBase periodically. (The actual timing depends on the applied policy, which can be defined and updated programmatically.) During each update, the following sequence of events occurs:
 1. The correct Probe is determined for the given data source, by means of the ProbeDirectory, any preferences that the data source expressed in a previous run, and the MIME type and URL of the data source
 2. Changes made by the InfoGrid application to MeshObjects instantiated from the data source content are passed to the Probe, which can attempt to update the data source accordingly. This only occurs if the Probe is a WritableProbe.
 3. The Probe re-reads the data source, and instantiates the corresponding MeshObjects into the StagingMeshBase.
 4. The Differencer compares the previously-read set of MeshObjects (current content of the ShadowMeshBase) with the most recently-read set of MeshObjects (current content of the StagingMeshBase)
 5. It then applies the found changes to the ShadowMeshBase, which transitions the MeshObjectGraph contained in the ShadowMeshBase to the most current version.
 6. The StagingMeshBase is discarded.
 7. As a consequence, the ShadowMeshBase emits a stream of events that is identical to the stream of events that would have been emitted if the ShadowMeshBase's MeshObjects would have been manipulated there directly. If conveyed via XPRISO, other MeshBases cannot distinguish this event stream from any other event stream conveyed via XPRISO.
 8. A future update may be scheduled.
See also:
Last modified 6 years ago Last modified on 01/19/10 16:48:39


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Peter Clark and John Thompson
A system that seeks to build a semantically coherent representation from multiple texts requires (at least) three things: a representation language that is sufficiently expressive to capture the information conveyed by the text; a natural language engine that can interpret text and generate semantic representations in that language with reasonable reliability; and a knowledge integration capability that can integrate information from different texts and from background knowledge into a coherent whole. In this paper we present a case study of these requirements for interpreting four different paragraphs of text (from different sources), each describing how a two-stroke combustion engine behaves. We identify the challenges involved in meeting these requirements and how they might be addressed. One key feature that emerges is the need for extensive background knowledge to guide the interpretation, disambiguate, and fill in gaps. The resulting contribution of this paper is a deeper understanding of the overall machine reading task.


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EPA Science Wednesday: EPA Study Shows Health Hazards Associated with Peat Wildfire Smoke
Each week we write about the science behind environmental protection. Previous Science Wednesdays.
By Sarah Blau
A few weeks ago my eyes wouldn't stop itching. That intense, burning itch you know you shouldn't scratch, but eventually you do. My irritated eyes were telling me that something was wrong, that some foreign species was polluting the air I breathe and my body did not like it.
The source of this relentless itch I discovered from the news on the drive home—wildfires! Wildfire smoke, to be more exact, wafting some 200 miles from the North Carolina coast where peat fires have been smoldering since early May.
As it turns out, I had only one minor symptom of something that can actually cause serious health problems.
In fact, I recently learned that a team of scientists led by EPA investigated the cardiovascular health effects of a similar eastern NC peat fire in 2008. A paper describing the results of this study was published Monday by Environmental Health Perspectives.
Researchers collected emergency room (ER) records from counties directly affected by the 2008 fire's smoke plume and compared those records to ER records from smoke-free neighboring counties. Research statistics show that the smoke affected counties had an increase in ER visits by 65% for asthma, 59% for pneumonia and bronchitis, and 37% for symptoms of heart failure.
Peat fires differ from western canopy wildfires in both the way they burn and the chemical composition of their smoke. This is the first known study to show that exposure to a peat fire can cause both respiratory and cardiovascular effects, and the first study to conclusively show associations between a wildfire and emergency department visits for heart failure symptoms.
Wildfires are inevitable, but we are not completely helpless to suffer their mal-effects. EPA's AIRNow website is an excellent source for information on both the air quality in your region, and how to protect yourself from the hazard of wildfire smoke.
Whether it's severe cardiovascular illness or minor allergy-type symptoms, research by EPA and others has shown that wildfire smoke can have harmful health effects. Keep yourself informed of your local air quality and when conditions are poor, take appropriate actions. Maybe if I had taken a shorter morning walk outside with my dog, I wouldn't have had itchy eyes all day!
About the author: Sarah Blau is a student services contractor working with EPA's Science Communication Team.
Editor's Note: The opinions expressed in Greenversations are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.
Editor's Note: The opinions expressed in Greenversations are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.


Home> Search by City> Cangzhou
Study in Cangzhou
Study in Cangzhou, Hebei Province
Population: 6,800,000
Area: 13,419 square kilometers (5,181 square miles)
Nationalities: Han, Hui
Administrative Division: 2 districts; 4 county-level cities; 9 counties; 1 autonomous county
Location: Located in the southeast part of Hebei Province, Cangzhou City is 240 kilometers (149 miles) south of Beijing and 120 kilometers (75 miles) south of Tianjin. To the east is the Bohai Sea, which separates the city from the Shandong Peninsula.
History: Cangzhou gained its name from its close proximity to the Bohai Sea. It was said to be one of main sources of the ancient legend that Pangu separated the sky from earth. Historically, successive dynasties had set up counties in this area. The famous Grand Canal zigzagged 220 kilometers (137 miles) through the territory of Cangzhou. These associations have left the city an abundance of culture and a large number of historical relics.
Physical Features: It lies in eastern Jizhong Plain. Its fertile soil makes it rich in agricultural resources. It also has two large oil fields, and the nearby sea yields an abundance of marine foods.
Climatic Features: Enjoying a warm-temperate continental monsoon climate, the city has well-defined seasons with moderate temperatures. It has an annual rainfall of 634 millimeters (25 inches) most of which falls in summer.
When to Go: Autumn is the best season to visit Cangzhou, as the winters are dry and chilly and the summers hot and wet.
Local Highlights: martial arts, acrobatics of Wuqiao County
Special Local Products: golden thread small jujube, pear of Botou City, preserved winter vegetables
Scenic Spots:
As the Hui ethnic minority make up nearly thirty-five percent of Cangzhou's population, Botou Mosque will provide a good insight into the lifestyle of many of the Cangzhou people.
The 3.8-meter-high (12.5 feet) Iron Lion with a thousand years of history is located in front of the former Kaiyuan Temple and is a symbol of the city.
Universities in Cangzhou


Ohio Court Upholds Jury Verdict against Adverse Possession Claim
Friday, August 30th, 2013
Peggy Kirk Hall, Asst. Professor, OSUE Agricultural & Resource Law Program
A recent decision by the Ohio Court of Appeals addressed two important legal standards: the proof necessary to claim title to another's land by adverse possession and conditions allowing a trial court to set aside a jury's verdict.
The case, Kiesel v. Hovis, centers on a land dispute between two adjacent farms in Sandusky County, Ohio. A recent land survey established a new legal description and a boundary line between the farms; the survey placed the boundary line 126 feet east of a ditch that the Kiesels had previously considered the boundary. Since the new boundary reduced their parcel by seven acres, the Kiesels filed a lawsuit, claiming title to the seven acres of land by adverse possession.
Adverse possession is an old law; its historical purpose was to encourage settlement of the frontier by rewarding "squatters" who put land into productive use. Today, adverse possession is a controversial law used to try to resolve misunderstandings about boundaries established long ago. A party claiming land by adverse possession must prove that he or his predecessors had exclusive, continuous possession of the disputed land for at least 21 years and that the possession was open, notorious and adverse to the legal title holder. If the party proves each element of adverse possession, the court will order a new deed that changes title to the property.
Offering Evidence to Prove Adverse Possession
Landowners often ask what type of evidence will prove the elements of adverse possession. In this case, the Kiesels offered proof through the testimony of several witnesses. Two farmers testified that they had farmed the disputed land for the Kiesels' predecessor from 1975 to 1993, although one farmer stated that he didn't believe all of the land had belonged to the predecessor. The Kiesels also testified, stating that they had owned the land since 1993, had farmed up to the ditch for ten years, had placed the land into the Conservation Enhancement Reserve program in 2003 and still received annual payments from the government for the land.
Hovis, the neighboring landowner and defendant in the case, offered witnesses to dispute the Kiesels' claims. The surveyor for Hovis testified that the new boundary line was consistent with old legal descriptions for other parcels and with old tax maps. The surveyor also stated that early maps did not show the ditch; a ditch did not appear on any government map until 1959. Hovis called a witness from the county auditor's office, who testified that the new survey line was consistent with old tax maps and that the auditor's office had ordered the new survey because the old legal description was ambiguous. Hovis also testified that his father had owned the land since 1966, that he and his father had paid taxes for the disputed strip since that time, and that his father and the owner previous to Kiesels were friends but that he didn't know whether they had an agreement about the use of the land in question. In reference to whether he had given the Kiesels permission to use the land, Hovis testified that he had never said anything but had consented to the use by his inaction, as it was difficult to get his equipment across the ditch to access the land.
Who Gets the Land?
As is often the situation in adverse possession cases, the jury sided with the legal title holder. A unanimous verdict by the jury rejected the Kiesels' claim of adverse possession and ruled in favor of Hovis.
A Court's Power to Set Aside a Jury Verdict
After the jury verdict, the Kiesels asked the court for a "judgment notwithstanding the verdict." This motion argues that the court should set aside a jury verdict because reasonable minds could have come to only one conclusion based on the evidence submitted, and that conclusion was opposite the jury's decision. The trial court agreed and granted the Kiesels' motion to replace the jury's verdict, commenting that the jury had "lost its way." Hovis immediately appealed the court's decision to the court of appeals, arguing that sufficient evidence existed to refute the claim of adverse possession, the trial court had used the wrong standard for determining whether to set aside the jury's decision, and the trial court had invaded the "province of the jury."
The Review by the Court of Appeals
The Sixth District Court of Appeals reinstated the jury's verdict. The trial court's conclusion that the jury had "lost its way" was "patently the wrong standard to use," the court of appeals stated. Instead, the trial court should have determined whether reasonable minds could have disagreed on the decision. Examining all of the witness testimony, the appeals court concluded that the testimony was not conclusive either way; reasonable minds could have examined the evidence and reached different conclusions about whether the Kiesels had proven adverse possession. For this reason, the trial court erred by setting aside the jury's verdict.
Lessons Learned
The case reminds us once again of the difficulty of proving adverse possession. Imagine the jury's challenge: whether to take land from one landowner and give it to another. The difficulty of this task is likely one reason that adverse possession claims are hard to win; another could be that "permission" for the use by the title owner is a defense to the claim that the use was "adverse" or against the wishes of the owner. While the Kiesels and predecessors had clearly used the land in dispute for more than 21 years, they weren't able to convince the jury that their use was adverse. Hovis, on the other hand, apparently established enough evidence to suggest that both he and his predecessor had allowed the use of the land since it was on the other side of the ditch and not easily accessible, thereby giving permission for the use. The law of adverse possession does not allow a party to claim the land of one who has given permission or "acquiesced" in the use of his or her land by another, even if the other party mistakenly believes he or she owns the land.
This case also reminds us about the role of juries and judges in our legal system. While a trial court judge can disagree with a jury, the judge does not have automatic authority to deprive the jury of its decision. Only if there's no uncertainty about the interpretation of evidence--no room for reasonable minds to disagree about what the evidence proves--can a court step in and replace a jury's verdict. This is an important principle of our legal process, intended to balance power between the people and the courts.
Time will tell whether the Kiesels invoke another significant component of our legal process--the right to request a review of the appellate court's decision by the Ohio Supreme Court. The appellate court's decision in Kiesel v. Hovis is here.
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Home » sea » Characteristic and Facts Of The Red Sea
Characteristic and Facts Of The Red Sea
by Rezha Ariffianta
Sea or ocean are the biggest water territory on the earth. Form of the earth surface consist of water and mainland. The water territory is even larger than the mainland which is 2/3 part of the earth. And the largest one is sea or ocean. The difference between sea and ocean is basically the breadth. The sea is narrower than the ocean even both of them have salty water.
Even though we see that oceans and seas are adjoining, but there are borders between them. Some oceans on this earth are Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arktik Ocean, Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, there are some popular seas like South China Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, and Dead Sea. After we talked about South Chine Sea before, now we will discuss about The Red Sea. The sea that is famous because its legendary history.
Geographic of The Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea that is located in Arabian Peninsula. It is a sea which is not too large but long enough. the Red Sea or Teberau Sea is a gulf in the west side of Arabian Peninsula that separate 2 continents, Asian Continent and African Continent. The south sea lane is Babul Mandib and Telk Aden, while in the north side is Sinai Peninsula and Suez Canal.
This sea has 300 km width and 1.900 km length, and the lowest point is 2.500 m. The Red Sea has a unique name related with its history. However, actually the name is symbolic only while the color of the sea which is red can be explained scientifically. Here are the characteristics of The Red Sea:
Characteristics of The Red Sea
Red Sea is one of popular sea in the world. The Red Sea has special criteria which may be not belong to other seas. And the criteria are:
The shape is long and less wide.
One of the characteristics is the shape which is long and the width is only 300 km, while the length is 1.900 km. So that if we see it from the air, it looks like narrow.
Overgrown with some coral species.
Red Sea is also a sea that is occupied by some coral species. Sometimes this sea biota is the one which makes the sea color become red and finally it is called as The Red Sea.
Those are the characteristics of The Red Sea. Then, there are also interesting facts of the Red Sea. What are they? Let's talk about it!
Facts of The Red Sea
Some interesting facts of The Red Sea are:
 1. The place where Fir'aun, opponent of Prophet Musa, was drowned out. This fact is supported by the research that found the rest of carriage wreckage and the human bones.
 2. The saltiest sea in the world of which salinity is 40%.
 3. The hottest sea in the world.
 4. The sea with the calmest flow in the world.
 5. The most important trading lane in the past.
So, those are interesting facts of The Red Sea. We hope this information is useful for all of us.
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Japanese Fire-bellied Newt
Japanese fire-bellied newt has a red stomach; hence some call it red stomach newt. It is one of the endemic species of Japan. It lives in slow current water, swimming and tangling itself to water plants. Its breeding season is April to July. The tail of the male turns bluish purple. The male makes his tail form of "S" and shake it in front of the female when courting. The female lays each egg in folded water plants.
When fire-bellied newts hatch, its gills are on the outside. During this period, it lives underwater but as it learns to breathe with its lungs, it gradually comes up on land. Until it becomes an adult, it only lives on land.
Fire-bellied newts can be found all over Kagoshima. On AmamiOshima you can also find swordtail newts, a subspecies of fire-bellied newts.
Creatures of this water tank


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A recent experiment conducted revealed the importance of onsite safety training for supervisors and employers. As most workers have the tendency to follow orders before considering safety, it is essential that construction supervisors undergo online training classes for onsite safety. The experiment included a supervisor and an apprentice, both played by actors. Passers-by were asked to pass on a supposed 'live' wire to the apprentice.
More than 90% of the passers-by handed over the wire to the apprentice despite being warned of the 'danger'. Even when the apprentice faked a shock, they picked up the cable and gave it to him again. With more importance given to productivity rather than safety, it is the responsibility of the supervisor to ensure the safety of the workers. This is where extensive training for a white card proves useful.
The experiment showed that most people had respect for authority and did not question their safety when they were asked to do something. This attitude places the onus on employers and supervisors who must not ask workers to carry out unsafe activities. The attitude of the workers towards safety largely depends on their supervisor. If the supervisor does not place importance on safety, chances that workers value onsite safety also decreases.


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Modeling 1/f Noise in a-Si:H Field-Effect Transistors
This work calculates the noise of the a-Si:H TFTs based on a simulation of operation of the TFTs and the hypothesis that the device noise is due to the intrinsic noise of the a-Si:H material. An a-Si:H TFT with an inverted-staggered structure has been simulated by numerically solving the fundamental transport equations for various gate and drain-source voltages. The drain-source curves derived from the simulation agree qualitatively with the experimental results: both the linear and saturated regions are observed. The low frequency noise was calculated based on the charge density distribution in the channel obtained from the simulation and the known dependence of the noise in the a-Si:H on the charge density, Hooges relation. The calculated noise power increases with the drain-source voltage and is inversely proportional to the gate voltage or the effective channel length. The curves agree qualitatively with the experimental results. The calculated noise power agrees quantitatively with the experiments when the scaling parameter in Hooges relation,, is set to. This value agrees with the experimentally determined value for a-Si:H. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the low frequency noise in the a-Si:H TFTs is due to the material itself.
School:University of Saskatchewan
School Location:Canada - Saskatchewan
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:a si h field effect transistors 1 f noise
Date of Publication:10/17/2008


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Pesticides: The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme
In 1998, the Danish Government initiated the Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme (PLAP), an intensive monitoring programme aimed at evaluating the leaching risk of pesticides under field conditions. The objective of the PLAP is to improve the scientific foundation for decision making in the assessment of pesticides for registration in Denmark. The specific aim is to analyse whether pesticides applied in accordance with current regulations leach to the groundwater at levels exceeding the maximum allowable concentration of 0.1 µg/l.
The programme was designed and the six test sites were established in Denmark during 1999. The work is being carried out by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DIAS) and the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI). The six test sites and the monitoring equipment installed are described in the report: "The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme: Site characterization and monitoring design".
The first results, from three test sites where monitoring was started in 1999, are presented in the report: "The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme: Monitoring results, May 1999 – July 2000".
Further information: Bo Lindhardt, GEUS. Phone: +45 3814 2323. E-mail: _EMAIL_.
The two reports can be downloaded from _URL_ or purchased from GEUS.
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From Discworld MUD Wiki
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Command information
GP Cost 25
Learnt At 15 or 20 fighting.special.weapon or fighting.special.tactics
Skills Used Fighting.defence.parrying
Fighting.melee.* as appropriate.
Items Needed None
Guild Available to all
Riposte is a fighting command which can be used to rapidly counterstrike against an opponent following a successful parry, providing an almost free attack.
Riposte may be only be performed when armed, and when the player's tactics-response is set to either 'parry' or 'neutral'. Command help describes riposte as a thrust attack and it seems to only work with weapons that can either Stab or Pierce. You need sufficient Strength relative to the weight of the weapon (see Research:Riposte).
Riposting is a three-stage process:
 1. The player must pass a fighting.special.weapon skillcheck in order to prepare the command.
 2. They must then successfully parry an incoming attack against the opponent on whom they are executing the riposte.
 3. They then perform a normal skillcheck of their appropriate fighting.melee weapon skill for an extra attack.
Riposte gives the player a single extra attack that has a very low action point costresearch. Note that a riposte attack is essentially a normal attack - it doesn't do significantly more damage than normal, and it can be defended against just like any other attack.
See also
External links


text: Objectives. We examined the prospective effects of parental education (as a proxy for individual socioeconomic status [SES]) and neighborhood SES on adolescent smoking trajectories and whether the prospective effects of individual SES varied across neighborhood SES. Methods. The study included 3635 randomly recruited adolescents from 5 age cohorts (12-16 years) assessed semiannually for 3 years in the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study. We employed a cohort-sequential latent growth model to examine smoking from age 12 to 18 years with predictors. Results. Lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking over time. Whereas neighborhood SES had no direct effect, the interaction between individual and neighborhood SES was significant. Among higher and lower neighborhood SES, lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking; however, the magnitude of association between lower individual SES and higher smoking levels was significantly greater for higher neighborhood SES. Conclusions. We found evidence for differential effects of individual SES on adolescent smoking for higher and lower neighborhood SES. The group differences underscore social conditions as fundamental causes of disease and development of interventions and policies to address inequality in the resources.


text:
Over deze norm
1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level. Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log axis.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
|Nederlandse titel||Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test|
|Engelse titel||Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test|


Benefits Of everything that matters
Benefits Of Onsite Childcare
Benefits of Onsite Childcare
An onsite childcare facility refers to a place where daycare for a baby is offered either directly at the workplace or next to it. Different from other kinds of childcare that are generally offered in someone's house, onsite childcare is offered in a workplace facility. Through incorporating onsite childcare into a business, the following advantages are gotten.
1. Flexible work schedules
Having an onsite childcare basically means that when employees are placed on varying schedules, it is not going to affect their childcare situations. For instance, if the business needs to change work hours so as to better cater for its consumers or lessen overhead costs, having an onsite childcare facility ensures that this process is easier for both the company and the employees.
2. Enhances employment opportunities
A business with onsite a childcare facility has an additional benefit to provide would-be recruits that another company might not have. If you are looking for the best employees that you can get, offering onsite childcare places your business ahead of other people. Actually, companies that offer onsite childcare have better retention rates.
3. Increases focus
Having a childcare situation miles away that is far away from the place of work can become an enormous distraction to workers if complications arise. However, when the business offers childcare for workers onsite, parents can easily deal with any arising issues with their children directly and then get back to their jobs. Furthermore, onsite childcare also eases the worker's minds as they know that their kids are close to them, reducing employee distraction.
4. Boosts loyalty
When a business opens a childcare facility onsite while offering a reasonable charge to the employees, it assists to build and boost loyalty. It essentially becomes an advantage of employment, just like health insurance.
However, an onsite childcare might appear impersonal and institutional. A child might not have the continuity of childcare from one person, thereby making forming attachments and bonds difficult.
Benefits Of Onsite Childcare
1 User Submission
 1. I agree, that offering childcare for employees in the organization would be a added benefit for any employee. Any parent would love to be able to go see their child during lunch breaks to assure they are ok and be able to return to work without the stress or concerns of wondering if their child is ok. I also believe that onsite child care facitlities would reduce absentism, lateness and increase employess productivity, so I am all for childcare serivice for employees being an added benefit.
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Twig Spider
Flat, ~8mm
Twig Spider
Twig Spider (Acroaspis sp)Class: Animals (Animalia) - Jointed Legs (Arthropoda) - Spiders, Scorpions, Mites & Ticks (Arachnida) iNaturalist Observation
Order: Spiders (Araneae)
Family: Orb-weaver Spider (Orb: Araneidae)
Species: Twig Spider (Acroaspis sp)
This Photo: Adult, Male, Eye arrangement + Palps
General Species Information:
There are 4 Orb genera with these twig appendages
1. Dolophones: The twig is at the front of the abdomen, and a "proper" sized abdomen - so not that
2. Heurodes: there is confusion about synonymy with Acroaspis. Until Atlas changes we will accept there are still 2 genera. It's too small, doesn't have the turret head and doesn't have the "bulge" underneath. So not that
3. Poltys: Well the twig is scruffy, but the legs are similar. We still don't have the bulge underneath. The back is ribbed. It says their eyes are widely spread. Ok, clearly not that one
4. Finally here we see 2 groups of 3 eyes on each side of the head that nearly touch, then one eye on each side below that group.
One thing not stated anywhere was it can lay it's abdomen down to look like a long spider, rather than an upright twig. The top of the abdomen is straight, but under is a lovely smooth curve to the "bulge" at the bottom.
Copyright © 2015-2021 Brett & Marie Smith. All Rights Reserved. Photographed 30-Dec-2015


Exploring auction databases through interactive visualization
TitleExploring auction databases through interactive visualization
Publication TypeJournal Articles
Year of Publication2006
AuthorsShmueli G, Jank W, Aris A, Plaisant C, Shneiderman B
JournalDecision Support Systems
Pagination1521 - 1538
Date Published2006/12//
ISBN Number0167-9236
KeywordsAuction dynamics, Bid history, Online auctions, time series, user interface
We introduce AuctionExplorer, a suite of tools for exploring databases of online auctions. The suite combines tools for collecting, processing, and interactively exploring auction attributes (e.g., seller rating), and the bid history (price evolution represented as a time series). Part of AuctionExplorer's power comes from its coupling of the two information structures, thereby allowing exploration of relationships between them. Exploration can be directed by hypothesis testing or exploratory data analysis. We propose a process for visual data analysis and illustrate AuctionExplorer's operations with a dataset of eBay auctions. Insights may improve seller, bidder, auction house, and other vendors' understanding of the market, thereby assisting their decision making process.


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Federal Trade Commission: A History
Our History at 600 Pennsylvania Ave, NW
The FTC established its headquarters at 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., with President Franklin D. Roosevelt laying the cornerstone himself.
Roosevelt remarked, "May this permanent home of the Federal Trade Commission stand for all time as a symbol of the purpose of the government to insist on a greater application of the golden rule to conduct the corporation and business enterprises in their relationship to the body politic." Listen to FDR's speech here.
The building which is particularly known for its two art deco style statues, called " Man Restraining Trade," is located at the apex of the Federal Triangle, and was the culmination of the massive Depression-era government building project. Commissioners and staff officially moved in on April 21, 1938, and the building continues to function as the FTC's headquarters, serving the agency's adjudicative, executive, policy, and administrative functions.
The Bureau of Corporations at 100
Under legislation sought by President Theodore Roosevelt, the FTC's predecessor, the Bureau of Corporations, was created on February 14, 1903.
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of that event, the Bureau of Economics held a roundtable on September 4, 2003. The focus of the roundtable was the contributions of economics and of the Bureau of Economics to the Commission's mission and to economic policy generally over the past several decades. The Bureau of Economics was featured because the original functions of the Bureau of Corporations were to collect information, to conduct industry and policy research, and to prepare reports at the request of Congress and the President. Participants in the roundtable included FTC Chairman Timothy J. Muris, former FTC Chairman and OMB Director James C. Miller III, and BE Directors from the 1950s to the present. More information about the roundtable, including a transcript, is available.
The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control and Competition
Marc Winerman, reprinted from 71 Antitrust Law Journal 1 (2003) [PDF 510K]
Outpost Years for a Start-up Agency: The FTC from _PHONE_
Marc Winerman and William E. Kovacic, reprinted from 77 Antitrust Law Journal 145 (2010)
The William Humphrey and Abram Myers Years: The FTC from _PHONE_
Marc Winerman and William E. Kovacic, reprinted from 77 Antitrust Law Journal 701 (2011)


Total petroleum hydrocarbon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil. There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products which can contaminate the environment. Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site. Chemicals that occur in TPH include hexane, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, and fluorene, other constituents of gasoline, of jet fuels, of mineral oils, and of other petroleum products.[1] Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges are monitored at various levels depending on the state and testing site.[2] TPH is the sum of VPH and EPH. VPH refers to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPH) also known as petrol range organics (PRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C2-C5. EPH refers to extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH)also known as Diesel range organics (DRO) and includes hydrocarbons from C6-C40. Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report.[3] The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned ozone depleting substances.
 1. ^ Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,. CDC
 2. ^ [1] Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges
 3. ^ Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003
External links[edit]


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New Research Finds That Interrogation Tactics Can Rewrite Memory
Spotless Mind: Interrogation Tactics Can Rewrite Memory
Never forget a face? Chances are you would forget your torturer's. Or, depending on your definition, intense interrogator's.
Data from a mock interrogation study, performed by the US military, shows that 85 percent of soldiers not only identified the wrong man as their interrogator but chose someone who wasn't involved at all. And, they were asked only hours after the questions (and, possibly, physically demanding tasks and light violence) ended.
The finding supports the theory that human memory is unreliable (witnesses in Buffalo said the plane nose-dived when we now know it landed flat) and highly susceptible to suggestion, particularly when presented with misinformation or leading questions. It not only calls into question interrogation techniques but also the entire eyewitness method our legal system is based on.
Psychologists at University of California Irvine believe they are close to discovering the recipe for creating false memories. Good news for smart people, though! The lead psychologist there said that while all are susceptible to memory manipulation, smarter people have an easier time resisting it.
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Inversion of Control Framework for Python
Epoxy is an inversion of control framework for Python applications packaged with a set of adapters that can be used with a number of existing technologies. Epoxy allows you to clearly separate out the concern of mapping dependencies to components from defining those components.
Epoxy is probably overkill for small apps (like the example below) but shows its true value on larger projects where a higher degree of flexibility and lower degree of coupling is desirable.
This library is available under the terms of the MPL. Please see the LICENSE file for details.
Here's an example of an epoxy component:
from epoxy.component import Component, Dependency class PrinterComponent(Component): prefix = StringSetting(required=False, default="PRINTING") def print(self, stuff): print ("[%s] %%s" % self.prefix) % stuff def start(self): print self.print("Warming up printer") class ScreenRenderer(Component): printer = Dependency() def render_screen(self): self.printer.print("My Stuff") def start(self): self.printer.print("Screen Renderer Initialized")
In this example, ScreenRenderer does not need to know the precise printer which will be used as a dependency at runtime, it just needs to declare the dependency and use it (there is an assumed interface, as with much in python we just use duck typing).
To wire, these components up at runtime, we would write a yaml file that would have something like this:
components: printer: class: my.module:PrinterComponent settings: prefix: PREFIX screen_renderer: class: my.module:ScreenRenderer dependencies: printer: printer entry-point: screen_renderer:render_screen
Finally, to load in our configuration and run the application, we would write something like the following:
from epoxy.configuration import YamlConfigurationLoader from epoxy.core import ComponentManager loader = YamlConfigurationLoader("myapp.yml") config = loader.load_configuration() component_mgr = ComponentManager() component_mgr.launch_configuration(config)
This would run our entry point and print the following to the screen:
[PREFIX] Warming up printer [PREFIX] Screen Renderer Initialized [PREFIX] my stuff
Writing a Component
Any Component that is written should follow these basic rules in order to play nicely:
No-args constructor: Components should have a no-args constructor in order to be instantiated by the framework. To initialize a Component in your own code (maybe from a unit test) you can use the "from_dependencies" classmethod available on any component and pass in any relevant dependencies/settings as keyword arguments.
For instance, instantiating our previous object graph would look like the following:
printer = PrinterComponent.from_dependencies(prefix="FROM_DEPS") renderer = ScreenRenderer.from_dependencies(printer=printer)
When __init__ is executed it is guaranteed that all dependencies will be present and initialized (but not started).
Implement start() method: After all objects in the graph are instantiated, they will be started. Like with __init__, dependencies will be present and will have had start() called. Calls to start() should not block. For long-running tasks, using an entry-point is more appropriate.
Avoid Dependency Cycles: If the object graph has dependencies, you will get errors when trying to build the dependency graph and you will not be able to run your application. There are many different strategies for breaking these cycles. If you run into this issue and are ticked off, just know that fixing this issue is making your application better.


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Background: Although bone repair is a relatively efficient process, a significant portion of patients fail to heal their fractures. Because adequate blood supply is essential to osteogenesis, the authors hypothesize that augmenting neovascularization by increasing the number of circulating progenitor cells will improve bony healing.
Methods: Bilateral full-thickness defects were created in the parietal bones of C57 wild-type mice. Intraperitoneal AMD3100 (n = 33) or sterile saline (n = 33) was administered daily beginning on postoperative day 3 and continuing through day 18. Circulating progenitor cell number was quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Bone regeneration was assessed with micro–computed tomography. Immunofluorescent CD31 and osteocalcin staining was performed to assess for vascularity and osteoblast density.
Results: AMD3100 treatment increased circulating progenitor cell levels and significantly improved bone regeneration. Calvarial defects of AMD3100-treated mice demonstrated increased vascularity and osteoblast density.
Conclusions: Improved bone regeneration in this model was associated with elevated circulating progenitor cell number and subsequently improved neovascularization and osteogenesis. These findings highlight the importance of circulating progenitor cells in bone healing and may provide a novel therapy for bone regeneration.


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Data Structures and Algorithms
with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in Ruby|
The Ruby class hierarchy which is used to represent the basic repertoire of abstract data types is shown in Figure. Two kinds of classes are shown in Figure ; abstract Ruby classes, which look like this, and concrete Ruby classes, which look like this. Arrows in the figure indicate the specializes relation between classes; an arrow points from a derived class to the base class from which it is derived.
Figure: Object class hierarchy.
The distinction between an abstract class and a concrete class is purely one of convention. These concepts are not built into the Ruby language. Nevertheless, it is possible to write Ruby programs in a way that makes it clear that a class is an abstract class.
An abstract class is a class which defines only part of an implementation. Consequently, it does not make sense to create object instances of abstract classes. By convention, an abstract class may contain zero or more abstract methods. As with classes, the distinction between abstract methods and concrete methods is purely one of convention. An abstract method or property is one for which no implementation is given.
An abstract class is intended to be used as the base class from which other classes are derived. The derived classes are expected to override the abstract methods of the base classes. By defining abstract methods in the base class, it is possible to understand how an object of a derived class can be used. We don't need to know how a particular object instance is implemented, nor do we need to know of which derived class it is an instance.
This design pattern uses the idea of polymorphism. Polymorphism literally means ''having many forms.'' The essential idea is that a base class is used to define the set of values and the set of operations--the abstract data type. Then, various different implementations (many forms) of the abstract data type can be made. We do this by defining abstract classes that contain shared implementation features and then by deriving concrete classes from the abstract base classes.
The remainder of this section presents the top levels of the class hierarchy shown in Figure. The top levels define those attributes of objects which are common to all of the classes in the hierarchy. The lower levels of the hierarchy are presented in subsequent chapters where the abstractions are defined and various implementations of those abstractions are elaborated.


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Standards and Guidelines - Forensic Science Communications - January 2005
January 2005 - Volume 7 - Number 1
Standards and Guidelines
Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT)
Scope | Reference Documents | Terminology | Summary of Guideline | Significance and Use
Sample Handling | Analysis | Considerations | References | Bibliography
This document describes the guidelines for assessing fracture features as they relate to forensic glass analysis.
|Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis Documents
Trace evidence recovery guidelines
|American Society for Testing and Materials Standard|
|C1256 Standard Practice for Interpreting Glass Fracture Features|
Concentric cracks are fractures forming in an approximately circular pattern around the point of impact. They are usually in straight segments that terminate in an existing radial crack.
Cone or crater (Hertzian cone) is a funnel-shaped area of damage caused by a high-velocity impact.
Hackle is a line on the crack surface running parallel to the local direction of crack spreading.
Radial cracks are fractures extending outward from the point of impact.
Ream is an imperfection; nonhomogeneous layers of flat glass.
Wallner lines (ridges) are rib-shaped marks with a wave-like pattern. Wallner lines are called rib marks or ridges to describe their shape and are almost always concave in the direction from which the crack was propagating.
This guideline discusses the characterization and assessment of the significance of fracture features in glass as observed through microscopic and macroscopic examination. This guideline also describes the reconstruction of broken glass objects.
Fracture patterns are unique. Fracture features in a piece of glass reflect the nature of the glass and the direction of travel and velocity of the breaking object. Glass fracture examinations can provide information as to the direction of the breaking force and the sequence of multiple impacts. A physical match of two pieces of glass establishes that they came from the same source to the exclusion of all other sources.
Extreme care should be taken to prevent further breakage of the glass during any phases of packing, shipping, or unpacking of glass shards. Proper sample preparation and technique are prerequisites for obtaining reliable results. See the Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis Collection, Handling, and Identification of Glass.
7.1. Physical Reconstruction
Ensure that all pieces of glass could have originated from the same object (see the Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis Initial Examinations of Glass). Coatings, the float surface, and other features may be used to aid in the orientation of glass pieces prior to reconstruction. Align the edges of two pieces of glass that appear to match physically. Two pieces of glass will not slip past one another with gentle pressure when there is a physical match. Examine the broken edges using low-power light microscopy to observe corresponding Wallner lines (ridges) and/or hackle marks on the matching pieces of glass. Features, such as surface scratches or ream, may also match across a fracture.
7.2. Types of Fractures
Low-velocity impact, high-velocity impact, and thermal fractures may be observed in glass and can be differentiated.
|7.2.1. Low-velocity impact fractures|
|Low-velocity projectiles produce cracks in the glass, which radiate outward from the point of impact (radial cracks). If a pane is firmly held on all sides, concentric cracks can form around the point of impact. The sequence of multiple impacts can be deduced when the cracks caused by a subsequent impact terminate at previously formed cracks.|
|By observing the Wallner lines (ridges) on the radial cracks, the direction of breaking force can often be determined. Observe only the Wallner lines on the radial cracks nearest the point of impact. If the impact site is not preserved, the glass must be reconstructed. The original orientation of the glass must be known to complete the determination.|
|The ridges (Wallner lines) on radial cracks nearest the point of impact are at right angles to the side opposite, or to the rear, of the impact. This phenomenon is referred to as the 4R rule, (Ridges on Radial cracks are at Right angle to the Rear.) The 4R rule is unreliable for laminated glass, tempered glass, and small windows tightly held in a frame (Koons et al. 2002).|
7.2.2. High-velocity impact fractures
|A high-speed projectile striking a piece of glass will produce a cone or crater. If the projectile passes through the glass, the opening on the exit side will be larger than the opening on the entry side. If the impact site is not preserved, the glass must be reconstructed to observe any coning effects. However, because of the small size of the shattered fragments at the impact site, the reconstruction of a sufficient portion of the object to display coning effects may not be possible. The size of the hole and the diameter of the crater cannot be used to reliably predict the size of the projectile. Projectiles that pass through the glass at an angle to the surface produce an elongated hole.|
|Radial cracks may also develop from high-velocity impact (see Section 184.108.40.206 for the 4R rule). The sequence of multiple impacts can be deduced when the cracks caused by a subsequent impact terminate at previously formed cracks.|
7.2.3. Thermal fractures
In nontempered glass a typical heat crack is curved, has a smooth edge, and has no indication of the point of origin of the crack. Localized heating of thick pieces of glass can cause cracks with a feathered appearance. The side to which the heat was applied cannot be determined from fracture edges (Frechette 1990).
Glass fragments that are reconstructed with coinciding edges came from the same object. If the direction of impact and/or the sequence of impact have been determined, they should be reported.
Frechette, V. D. Advances in Ceramics, Failure Analysis of Brittle Materials, American Chemical Society, Westerville, Ohio, Volume 28, 1990.
Koons, R. D., Buscaglia, J., Bottrell, M., and Miller, E. T. Forensic glass comparisons. In: Forensic Science Handbook. 2nd ed. R. Saferstein, ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2002, Volume I, pp. 161-213.
Locke, J. and Unikowski, J. A. Breaking of flat glass. Part 1: Size and distribution of particles from plain glass windows, Forensic Science International (1991) 51:251-262.
Locke, J. and Unikowski, J. A. Breaking of flat glass. Part 2: Effect of pane parameters on particle distribution, Forensic Science International (1992) 56:95-106.
Locke, J. and Scranage, J. K. Breaking of flat glass. Part 3: Surface particles from windows, Forensic Science International (1992) 57:73-80.
Luce, R. J., Buckle, J. L., and McInnis, I. A study on the backward fragmentation of window glass and the transfer of glass fragments to individual's clothing, Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal (1991) 24(2):79-89.
McJunkins, S. P. and Thornton, J. I. Glass fracture analysis: A review, Forensic Science (1973) 2(1):1-27.
Michalske, T. A. and Bunker, B. C. The fracturing of glass, Scientific American (1987) 12:122-129.
Pounds, C. A. and Smalldon, K. W. The distribution of glass fragments in front of a broken window and the transfer of fragments to individuals standing nearby, Journal of the Forensic Science Society (1978) 18:197-203.
Rhodes, E. F. and Thornton, J. I. The interpretation of impact fractures in glassy polymers, Journal of Forensic Sciences
Springer, E. and Zeichner, A. The breaking of tempered glass vehicle windows using broken spark plug insulators, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1986) 31:691-694.
Thornton, J. I. and Cashman, P. J. Glass fracture mechanism: A rethinking, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1986) 31:818-824.
Thornton, J. I. and Cashman, P. J. Reconstruction of fractured glass by laser beam interferometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences (1979) 24:101-108.
Varshneya, A. K. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Academic, San Diego, California, 1994.