text:
Termination of an Employment Contract in KSA
Either an employee or employer can decide to terminate a contract of employment.
Employees may terminate their contract by resigning and an employer may terminate the contract by dismissing an employee.
Employment contracts may be terminated:
- Without notice by either party at any time during probation
- If the worker failed the medical examination
- By mutual consent of both parties
- On expiry of term of contract unless it is extended
- At the discretion of both parties in indefinite contracts
- Or on the worker attaining the age of retirement (60 years for male and 55 for female) unless both parties agree to work beyond the age of retirement.
The employer may dismiss the worker without notice for assaulting the employer/management:
- Failure to perform duties, follow legitimate orders or safety instructions; disobedience
- Misconduct or acts infringing on honesty or integrity
- Deliberately causing material loss to the employer
- Forgery in order to obtain the job
- Absence from work for more than 20 days in one year or for more than10 consecutive days
- Unlawfully takes advantage of his position for personal gain
- Disclosure of workrelated industrial or commercial secrets, etc.
Termination of the contract by the worker without giving notice, if the employer/his representative
- Fails to fulfill contractual or statutory obligations
- Resorts of fraud at the time of contracting with respect to work conditions and circumstances
- Assigns the worker, without his consent, a work which is essentially different from the work agreed upon
- Committing a violent assault or an immoral act against the worker or any of his family members
- Subjects the worker to cruelty, injustice or insult
- Failed to take measures to remove serious health or safety hazard at the workplace of which he was aware
- Cause the worker to appear as the party terminating the contract through his actions, unjust treatment or violation of the terms of the contract, etc.
Termination of contract without a valid reason: If the contract is to be terminated without a valid reason, the party harmed by the termination is entitled to be compensated by the other party.
Related Article: LABOR LAW AMENDMENTS IN 2019


Did you know?
standing - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
noun standing pronunciation in American English /ˈstændɪŋ/
 - Facebook
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 1. 1
 [plural] a list of teams or players put in order according to how many points they have won in games or competitions against each other. The usual British word is table.
 2. 2
 [uncountable] the status or reputation that someone or something has
 This latest scandal will undoubtedly have affected his standing with his colleagues.
 of high/great/considerable etc. standing:
 We are delighted to be working with a company of such high standing.
 1. a.
 used about people's social status
 People's jobs are an important measure of social standing.
 The owner of this house would have been a man of standing in Roman society.
 2. b.
 someone's success or status as measured in numbers, for example in an opinion poll
 The president's current high standing in the polls is not likely to last.
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global English and language change from our blog
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Construction, alignment and analysis of twelve framework physical maps that represent the ten genome types of the genus Oryza
Date 2008/2/28 7:00:00 | Topic: 2008
Kim H, Hurwitz B, Yu Y, Collura K, Gill N, SanMiguel P, Mullikin JC, Maher C, Nelson W, Wissotski M, Braidotti M, Kudrna D, Goicoechea JL, Stein L, Ware D, Jackson SA, Soderlund C, Wing RA.
Genome Biol. 2008;9(2):R45. Epub 2008 Feb 28.
We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. japonica reference genome sequence. Over 932 Mb of end sequence was analyzed for repeats, simple sequence repeats, miRNA and single nucleotide variations, providing the most extensive analysis of Oryza sequence to date.
This article comes from Arizona Genomics Institute
The URL for this story is:


Ask Tom Why.
Dear Tom, In the todays Tribune weather page (March...
March 11, 1998|By Tom Skilling, chief meteorologist at WGN-TV.
Dear Tom,
In the todays Tribune weather page (March 9) it says that the Meigs Field temperature is 37 (degrees) and the dewpoint 46 (degrees). This makes the relative humidity 141%. Is that possible? Or is it a measurement mistake? I thought that the humidity could never be higher than 100%. Thanks a lot.
Fr. John Pearson, Notre Dame, Ind.
Dear Father John,
Indeed the relative humidity cannot be higher than 100% since relative humidity measures the water holding capacity of the air. Reports of dewpoints higher than the temperature have been reported by weather equipment for years. These errors were usually caught by the human weather observer at the sight and corrected.
In recent years, these human weather observers have been replaced by completely automated systems, and it becomes necessary for a sharp-eyed forecaster at a distant sight to catch the discrepancy. In this case, the error was missed by the Tribune weather staff as well.
Send your questions to:


text:
BY EXPANSION JOINT COMPANIES
Expansion joints can be subject to any kind of tests and inspections. The scope of tests executed by expansion joint companies meets the requirements of the design code and/or the customer's specification. Some of the tests are executed by expansion joint companies and some are performed by third parties. There are two different test types: non-destructive and destructive testing. By testing, expansion joint companies verify if products are suitable for the intended use. Non-destructive testing is most commonly used, as it does not permanently modify the tested subject.
Description of tests executed by Expansion Joint companies
- Visual test: a visual inspection of the bellow convolutions for any cracks and irregularities, surface finish, weld and paint imperfections.
- Leak tightness test: is used to verify conformity of expansion joints. There are several ways to execute a leak test. The most commonly used by expansion joint companies is soap-water solution that should indicate the presence of a leak.
- Dye penetrant test: is the method to locate cracks in a welded surface, lack of welding fusion, leaks and fatigue cracks.
- Radiographic examination: is used by expansion joint companies to inspect discontinuities and imperfection of butt welds by using electromagnetic gamma rays.
- Hydrostatic pressure test: by using this test expansion joint companies verify expansion joint for its strength and leak resistance. The test pressure is always higher than the operating pressure to give a factor of safety. Belman is able to perform the test up to DN 3000 and 500 tons.
- Magnetic particle examination: is a non-destructive testing for detecting discontinuities in surfaces and sub-surfaces in ferromagnetic materials and alloys.
- Ultrasonic testing: is used to transmit sound waves into the test material. It determines all imperfections in welds. This test is used by expansion joint companies on carbon steel, stainless steel, alloys and other materials.
- Positive material identification (PMI): is performed by expansion joint companies to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the material being tested.
- Helium leak testing: where a normal leak test with water or soap solution has a limited leak detection rate, helium leak test passes through and determine any leak in inspected area.
- Eddy Current test: uses electromagnetic induction to detect very small cracks in the surface of the material.
- Destructive testing: expansion joint companies perform destructive tests to understand and prove structural and material performance under load. Belman has equipment to carry on: burst test, cupping test, movement test and fatigue test.
Belman Quality & Test
Focus on quality had always been a part of Belman's mission. We strive to provide expansion joints of highest quality. Therefore Belman treats test and quality procedures as an important process, which adds value to our products, but most importantly, it guarantees the quality and gives the product confidence to our customers. Testing of our expansion joints is always carried on according the client and/or project requirements and relevant standards.
You can learn more about tests executed by Belman in our Catalogue.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Sunday, November 17, 2019
Bigots are often broke
When money is scarce, biased behavior happens faster
Cornell University
Related imageDiscrimination may happen faster than the blink of an eye, especially during periods of economic scarcity, according to a new study from Cornell University.
"Scarcity mindsets can really exacerbate discrimination," said Amy Krosch, assistant professor of psychology at Cornell.
"We show that tiny shifts in the processing of minority group faces under scarcity could have downstream consequences for inequality."
In the first experiment, 71 undergraduate psychology students from a private university -- none of which identified as black or African American -- were asked to look at pictures of white and black male faces on a screen.
No photo description available.Participants then awarded each face up to $10 based on "subtle perceptions of recipients' deservingness."
A control group was told $10 was the most each face could receive. But members of the experimental group believed they were randomly assigned only $10 out of a possible $100 to give away each time -- a difference that imparted a sense of scarcity.
Scalp electrodes measured the time each study participant took to perceive recipients distinctly as human faces, a subconscious process linked to activity in the fusiform gyrus that is known to take just 170 milliseconds, or less than two-tenths of a second.
ImageWithin the control group, test subjects took about the same amount of time to process faces of either race, and distributed money to them evenly.
But in the group that perceived resources as scarce, participants took "significantly longer" to process black faces than white faces on average, the study found. The researchers also showed that these perceptual delays related to anti-black bias, in which participants allocated less money to black faces.
"It's taking them longer to see a black face as a face, and the extent to which that's happening then predicts how much they discriminate against that black individual," Krosch said.
Krosh's team ran a second set of experiments that imaged brain activity to test whether the "impaired" visual processing of black faces was linked to a devaluation of faces and then to biased behavior.
The scans revealed dampened activity in the striatum, a brain region involved in valuation and reward processing. That suggested that test subjects may have devalued black faces they saw as "less face-like" or, in a sense, less human. Dampened fusiform and striatum activity correlated to less money given to black recipients.
This study was funded by the National Science Foundation.


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Mission Farm of Nambikay
'Nambikay' is Tamil for hope. Through Farm of Nambikay we wish to contribute to a hopeful future of people in the war-torn area of Sri Lanka.
The mission of Farm of Nambikay is
to contribute to the restoration and wholeness of the war affected and poor people and society in Sri Lanka and to share Gods love
Objectives Farm of Nambikay
In the period 2014 – 2017 Farm of Nambikay aims the following operational objectives:
- Establish and manage a professional and innovative small-scale farm
- Creating workand learning experience places on the farm
- Inclusion of people with disability and/or impairment on the farm
- Bring 50% of the farm profit in a project fund.
- Use this fund to initiate and/or support small-scale projects in the area
- Investigate whether this can be done in collaboration with the Grace Community Churches
These operational objectives shape the strategic objectives of Farm of Nambikay:
- To contribute to social and economic development in Mannar province
- To be an example and inspiration for farmers and non-farmers in the area
- To practise Christian service in the communities
- To strengthen Grace Community Churches in their mission
Farm of Nambikay has a Christian identity, and is based on biblical values like hope, grace, love, faith, justice, compassion, positive well-being, uniqueness of each individual and serving others.


Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The selectedIndex property sets or returns the index of the selected option in a drop-down list. The second and third dropdown list will display different options, depending on the value selected in the parent dropdown list. Simplest code that worked is below: var newValue1 = 'Mango'var selectElement = document.getElementById('myselectid');selectElement.options[selectElement.selectedIndex].value = newValue1;selectElement.options[selectElement.selectedIndex].textContent = newValue1; In a Javascript combobox you can set a selected value as you wish. Why does my advisor / professor discourage all collaboration? Using this reference, the selected Text and Value is determined and is displayed using JavaScript alert message box. Otherwise, no, you can't. Instead of iteration all over the options or using JQuery you can do using core JS in simple steps: So you must know the value of the option to select. How to refresh default display option in select by javascript or jquery? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Red Blue Green Yellow Orange. Why do small patches of snow remain on the ground many days or weeks after all the other snow has melted? Return Value: A String, representing the value of the value attribute of an


text:
ACCOUNTING TERMS - ACCOUNTING DICTIONARY - ACCOUNTING GLOSSARY
From the web's #1 provider of financial analysis / ratio analysis
SUBSIDIARY BOOKS Definition
SUBSIDIARY BOOKS see SUBSIDIARY LEDGER.
Learn new Accounting Terms
AGREED UPON PROCEDURES are used when a client retains an external auditor to perform specific tests and procedures and report on the results. Examples might include special reviews of loan portfolio or internal control systems. In performing agreed-upon procedures, the auditor provides no opinion, certification, or assurance that the assertions being made in the financial statements are free from material misstatement. The users of reports based on agreed-upon procedures must draw their own conclusions on the results of the tests reported. For example, an external auditor could be asked to look at a certain number of corporation loan files and document which of the required forms are in the files. The auditor would report on the selection and the results of the procedures performed but would not provide a formal opinion with conclusions drawn from the results of the procedures.
ERP can mean either Enterprise Resource Planning or Early Retirement Program. See ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What is Max assist?
Asked By: Dabid Strohkorb | Last Updated: 16th June, 2020
Category: healthy living senior health
4.5/5 (435 Views. 12 Votes)
Maximal Assist: Maximal assist means that the physical therapist performs about 75 percent of the work during mobility and you perform 25 percent of the work. Minimal Assist: Minimal assist means that you perform 75 percent of the work to move and the physical therapist provides about 25 percent of the work.
Click to see full answer
Regarding this, what does full assist mean?
Total Dependence (Two + Assist) Full performance by others during entire period. o Can be broken down into moderate assist (hands on assist required most of. the time by two persons to maintain task), heavy assist (high level of caution.
Secondly, what are FIM levels? The FIM is an 18-item ordinal scale, used with all diagnoses within a rehabilitation population. FIM scores range from 1 to 7 (1 = total assist and 7 = complete independence). The FIM measures independent performance in self-care, sphincter control, transfers, locomotion, communication, and social cognition.
Also Know, what are the three levels of assistance in transfers?
Terms in this set (23)
 - Levels of Assistance. Independent, Supervision, Stand by assist/close guarding.
 - Independent. Patient is consistently able to perform the activity safely.
 - Supervision.
 - Stand by assist/close guarding.
 - Contact Guard Assist.
 - Minimal Assistance.
 - Moderate Assistance.
 - Maximal Assistance.
What is MOD independent?
Mod I = Modified Independence. Also: SBA = Standby Assistance, CGA = Contact Guard Assistance, Min A = Minimal Assistance, Max A = Maximal Assistance, Total A = Total Assistance or Totally Dependent.
34 Related Question Answers Found
What are the 5 levels of medical care?
There are five levels, or echelons, of care, each progressively more advanced. Level I care provides immediate first aid at the front line. Level II care consists of surgical resuscitation provided by highly mobile forward surgical teams that directly support combatant units in the field.
What is a Level 1 patient?
Level 1 (PATIENTS at risk of their condition deteriorating, or those recently relocated from higher levels of care, whose needs can be met on an acute WARD with additional advice and support from the critical care team.) This level includes all complex PATIENTS requiring support for multi-organ failure.)
What does mod assist mean?
What is a level 3 nursing home?
What is a Level 2 assisted living facility?
Assisted Living Level II facilities offer an intermediate level of care with some assistance with personal care and health care services. Assisted Living Level 2 facilities provide: 24-hour supervision (does not include 24-hour continuous visual monitoring) 24-hour assistance in obtaining emergency medical care.
What is ambulation and mobility?
Mobility is the ability to move (which could include just the arms, for instance), while ambulation means walking, specifically.
What does assisted ambulation mean?
To ambulate with assistance means to help an individual get on their feet and start walking with the help of someone else or something.
What general actions would you take when assisting a person to ambulate?
To help a patient back to bed, have patient stand with back of knees touching the bed. Grasp the gait belt and help patient into a sitting position, keeping your back straight and knees bent. Allowing a patient to rest after ambulation helps prevent fatigue.
What is the correct lifting equipment to use for a person who can weight bear but is not able to ambulate?
A sit to stand lifter, like the Quickraiser, is used for persons who are able to weight bear. A sling lifter is designed for people who are unable to participate in the transfer and cannot weight bear.
What does functional mobility mean?
Functional mobility is defined as the manner in which people are able to move around in the environment in order to participate in the activities of daily living and, move from place to place. Movements include standing, bending, walking and climbing.
What is physical assistance?
Physical Assistance Care for Seniors
Right at Home offers physical assistance services for seniors, elderly or disabled with the trust, reliability and responsiveness that you are looking for in a home care provider. Keeping a senior loved one mobile is an important part of elder care safety.
What is bed mobility physical therapy?
The ability to move around in bed is called bed mobility. Your physical therapist can work with you – in the clinic, in the hospital, or at home – to maximize your bed mobility. He or she may prescribe specific exercises to help improve the way you are able to scoot, roll, and sit up or lie down on your bed.
How do you care for an immobile patient?
Position the patient with the head of the bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees unless medically contraindicated; turn and reposition the patient every 2 hours. Besides supporting respiration, proper positioning and repositioning helps protect the skin and minimize the potential for breakdown.
What does mod I mean in physical therapy?
Modified Independent Mod I Patient completes task using device (e.g., staff; but no actual assistance (e.g., hand placed lightly on back to steady patient without actual support).
What is a good FIM score?
This score is a value that ranges between 18 and 126. The FIM score can also be further broken down based on its motor and cognitive components. The motor component of the FIM score can range between 13 and 91, while the cognitive component can range between 5 and 35.
How do I get FIM certified?
Credentialing and Re-Credentialing
Once you complete a workshop to become credentialed as a FIM or WeeFIM clinician, you must complete and pass a credentialing FIM or WeeFIM examination with a score of 80+%. After the workshop, you will be allocated a FIM ID.
What is the FIM used for?
Objective. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an 18-item measurement tool that explores an individual's physical, psychological and social function. The tool is used to assess a patient's level of disability as well as change in patient status in response to rehabilitation or medical intervention.


text:
To convert 1 gram of salt into teaspoons, multiply 1 gram by 0.17. Although the conversion is not exact, there are approximately 6 grams in every teaspoon, translating to about 0.17 teaspoons per one gram.
- Measure the salt in grams
Use a kitchen scale to measure your salt in grams. Write down how much the salt weighs in grams.
- Multiply the amount of salt in grams by 0.17
The conversion from grams to teaspoons for salt is not exact. A gram is a measurement of mass, while a teaspoon is a measure of volume. Converting a measurement of mass to a measurement of volume can be done, but the result is approximate. If you have one gram of salt, you therefore must multiply by 0.17 in order to determine the salt's measurement in teaspoons.
- Use an online conversion calculator
If you want to calculate different measurements of salt from grams to teaspoons, go to TraditionalOven.com. In the search bar on the homepage, search for "salt converter", then click the first link. Once on the calculator, type the amount of salt in grams into the converter and hit Enter. The calculator automatically generates the conversion of salt from grams to teaspoons. You can also click "from teaspoons into grams" if you wish you toggle the conversion.


text:
What is Conditional Admittance?
- Conditional admittance may be offered to select freshman applicants who do not meet the minimum admissions requirements but show potential for success
- Applicants with lower cumulative GPAs, academic GPAs, class rank, and/or standardized test scores may be offered conditional admittance
- Conditional admittance requires that students successfully complete SMART START.
What is SMART START?
- SMART START is an intensive course designed to explore key knowledge, skills and attitudes that increase preparedness for the freshman academic experience.
- Students arrive on campus two weeks before the start of the fall semester in order to take course work designed to build information literacy skills and effective learning strategies.
- Students also complete preparatory assignments prior to the start of SMART START classes and complete follow-up activities during their first semester.
- Students earn two elective credits by successfully completing all SMART START requirements.
Benefits for SMART START students
- Exploration of qualities that correlate with success during the freshman year and beyond
- Opportunity for self-assessment, goal-setting and planning for change
- Tips for thriving in an environment that values and encourages academic excellence
- Access to a personal research coach during the freshman year
- Ability to move into the residence halls two weeks early
SMART START Schedule 2015
- Preparatory assignments completed independently prior to the start of the course
- An orientation to SMART START scheduled the afternoon of Sunday, Aug. 9
- Classes scheduled weekdays Monday, Aug. 10, through Thursday, Aug. 20, from 8:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m.
- Assigned follow-up activities scheduled during the fall semester
SMART START Costs
- Fall full-time tuition charges include the tuition for the SMART START course
- $175 food service charge for students moving into the residence halls early for SMART START
- Price of assigned textbooks and materials


text:
We use behavioural insights to design nudges leveraging social comparison and assignment of responsibility aimed at reducing electricity consumption in a large provincial government office building with 24 floors. Results from a randomized control trial show that floors participating in a treatment with inter-floor competitions and tips reduced energy consumption by 9%, while those that also included floor-wise 'energy advocates" reduced energy consumption by 14% over a period of 5 months.
Behavioral Economics: Underlying Principles
This paper analyses the impact of income inequality on public good provision in an experimental setting. A sample of secondary school students were recruited to participate in a simple linear public goods game where income heterogeneity was introduced by providing participants with unequal token endowments. The results show that endowment heterogeneity does not have any significant impact on contributions to the public good, and that consistent with models of reciprocity, low and high endowment players contribute the same fraction of their endowment to the public pool.


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Brief History of Canberra. Watson, F.. 1927. A brief history of Canberra the capital city of Australia by Frederick Watson, outlines the early history of the region
in some detail from European discovery by Charles Throsby in 1820, settlement by Moore and others from 1826, the determination of the site for a federal capital to the early development of the city. Apart from the trials and tribulations of the first European settlers the dialogue covers the establishment and early years of the Church of St John the Baptist, and the exploits of Frank Gardiner and his fellow bushrangers. The Oliver Inquiry into the selection of a site for the Australian Capital territory and the subsequent debate occupies a significant section of the book as does the initial planning by Griffin and the initial construction period from 1921 to 1927. The establishment of Duntroon in 1910 and its early years are also featured. The publication names early settlers in the area and some have significant biographical information written about them including Throsby, Moore, Campbell, Ainslie, and Farrer. Other men mentioned who have lesser biographical details included but are still well worth accessing include, Murray, MacPherson, Klensenddorlffe, Palmer, and Hayley. Old historical records are a valuable resource for local, family and social historians as well as for researchers in other fields of Australian history. They provide information on the environment experienced by the residents of the time and how they lived, as well as their occupations.


For any set $X$ and positive integer $k$ denote by $[X]^k$ the set of subsets $S\subseteq X$ such that $|S|=k$.
Let $H=(V,E)$ be a hypergraph such that for every $e\in E$ we have $|e|\geq 2$. A map $c:V\to \kappa$, where $\kappa$ is a cardinal, is said to be a (hypergraph) coloring if for all $e\in E$ the restriction $c|_e$ is not constant. By $\chi(H)$ we denote the smallest cardinal $\kappa$ such that there is a coloring $c:V\to \kappa$.
Given any positive integer $n$, we consider it as a finite cardinal $n = \{0,\ldots,n-1\}$. It is easy to see that if $a, b$ are positive integers with $a < b \leq 2a$ then $\chi\big((2a, [2a]^b)\big) = 2$: color the even members of $2a$ with $0$, and the odd members with $1$.
Given a fixed positive integer $k>2$, is there always $n>2k-2$ such that $\chi\big((n, [n]^k)\big) = n$?
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ $\chi((n,[n]^k))=\lceil n/(k-1)\rceil$ $\endgroup$ – Fedor Petrov Jan 31 '19 at 15:46
Notice that a map $c : n \to \kappa$ is a coloring of $(n,[n]^k)$ iff no element of $\kappa$ has $k$ distinct preimages. Hence by the pigeonhole principle $\chi((n,[n]^k)) = \lceil\frac{n}{k-1}\rceil$.
Now for any $k \geq 3$ and $n > 2k-2$ we have $n > 2$, so $\frac{n}{n-1} < 2 \leq k-1$, implying $\frac{n}{k-1} < n-1$.
Thus $\chi((n,[n]^k)) = \lceil\frac{n}{k-1}\rceil < n$.
Your Answer


Stormaktspolitikk og økt spenning? Kunsten å skille mellom is og bart i Arktis ('Great Power Politics and Increased Tension? The Art of Differentiating Analyses in the Arctic')
Internasjonal Politikk, Vol 78, No 4, 2020, pp. 466-477. In Norwegian.
The High North has been on the Norwegian foreign policy agenda for 15 years. Much has changed over this period. What characterizes the debate in 2020 are notions of great power politics and rivalry in the north. At the same time, Arctic states claim that the region is defined by cooperation and that the Arctic states have common interests that make conflict unlikely. How can two such different perceptions of the Arctic exist simultaneously? In this contribution, we separate between three different levels of security policy in and around the High North and the Arctic. This helps clarify how the region can be characterized by both cooperation and rivalry at the same time. Cooperation and rivalry differ depending on time and place, but they are not mutually exclusive.


text:
Adhesions are scar tissue that forms between two structures or organs inside the body that are not normally connected to each other. This tissue may bond to nearby surfaces because of inflammation, surgery, or trauma.
For example, scar tissue can develop on the abdominal organs after any abdominal surgery or as a result of inflammation or infection in the abdominal area. Abdominal adhesions can cause pain, blockage, or other problems, depending on where they are located.
If adhesions cause pain and other problems, surgery may be needed to cut the scar tissue and separate the structures or organs, although adhesions may recur after this surgery.
Last Revised: June 29, 2010
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review: Sarah Anne Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Deborah A. Penava, BA, MD, FRCSC, MPH - Obstetrics and Gynecology
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© _PHONE_ Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


Tag Archives: conceptual design
Spring '15 Class notes: Day 10 – Conceptual design intro
16 Feb
In this class, we moved into the creative part of conceptual design. The objectives were:
At the end of class, students will be able to:
 1. Use scenarios to extract design requirements from user data.
 2. Conduct brainstorming session according to the rules for effective brainstorming.
 3. Use thumbnail sketches as a way to generate ideas.
 4. Reflect on the creative aspects of the conceptual design process.
You took the personas developed in the previous class and created scenarios and design requirements for an app that would help students maintain motivation to learn. You then practiced effective (I hope!) brainstorming and used thumbnail sketches to generate very many ideas. Remember that at this stage, quantity of ideas is more important than quality.
You then sorted through the ideas you generated to come up with 1-2 concepts for the new product that everyone on your team could agree would be worth pursuing further.
Please also remember how sketching is used this early in the UX process as a way to generate ideas.


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EOSCpilot has drafted a first governance framework to be discussed and further improved with the involvement of research communities research institutions, research infrastructures and research funding bodies to shape and oversee future development of the EOSC.
EOSC Resources Model
The EOSC Resources cover the range of services and facilities needed to support Open Science and Research in terms of technical, middleware, knowledge, access and facilitation services.
EOSC Stakeholder Forum
The structure of the Stakeholder Forum in the Steering layer is key for the Governance Decision Flow Model to be effective, to allow participation from all stakeholders both large and small, and to be open and transparent.


OMG moment affects GPAs
Chemistry professor uses Hogwarts-styled 'House Cup' challenge to improve learning
Organic chemistry students choose House Cup teams.
Organic chemistry students choose House Cup teams.
Professor Angela King had an OMG moment last year at a teaching retreat, which led her to change how her organic chemistry classes operate.
King realized, "What a student expects to learn and how they expect to do in a class actually impacts their learning."
For example, a student might take a divisional class and assume they will get an A because it's viewed as their "easy" class. "They are already calculating their GPA based on that A and will do whatever it takes to get that A," she said, "while a student who takes a class perceived as more difficult, like my organic chemistry course, just wants to pass the class."
Read more at Wake Forest News


.
Question 38: The word "surreptitiously" is closest in meaning to
A. quickly B. occasionally C. stubbornly D. secretly
Question 39: The word "odd" refers to which of the following?
A. numbers such as 1, 3, 5 and so on B. lucky numbers
C. numbers such as 2, 4, 6 and so on D. unusual numbers
Question 40: The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some ways EXCEPT
A. wasps B. Plovers C. caterpillars D. mice
Question 41: The word "accounts" is closest in meaning to
A. reasons B. reports C. deceptions D. invoices
Question 42: How would the author probably characterize the people who are mentioned in the first line of the second paragraph
A. As foolish B. As demanding C. As clever. As mistaken
Question 43: What is the main idea of this passage?
A. The computer is especially lucrative for women today.
B. Women today are better educated than in the past, making them more attractive to the business world.
C. Women are better at small business than men are.
D. Women today are opening more business of their own.
Question 44: The word "excluded" is closest meaning to _________.
A. often invited to B. decorators of
C. not permitted in D. charged admission to
Question 45: All of the following were mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business world EXCEPT _________.
A. Women were required to stay at home with their families.
B. Women faced discrimination in business.
C. Women lacked ability to work in business.
D. Women were not trained in business.
Question 46: According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believes that women in 1970s _________
A. were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management.
B. had fewer obstacles in business than they do today.
C. were unable to work hard enough to success in business.
D. were still more interested in education than business opportunities
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pumpkin seeds in a glass bowl
Pumpkins are great for pies and curries—and of jack-o'-lanterns, of course—but don't forget that the seeds are super nutritious, too. Here's how to store pumpkin seeds all season long.
Harvest the Seeds
Once you've carved out the pumpkin, use a strainer to rinse the pumpkin seeds and remove any residual pumpkin fibers.
Roast the Seeds
If you want to keep the seeds from spoiling quickly, make sure any excess moisture is toasted out of them. You can use spices like salt, nutmeg, cayenne pepper and chili powder to add flavor.
Let Them Cool
Cool the pumpkin seeds before storing to avoid trapping moisture in the container. Pumpkin seeds go rancid more quickly if exposed to moisture.
Store the Seeds
Store in an airtight container. A hard or disposable storage container is ideal because it creates an airtight seal to keep the seeds fresh. If you live in an arid climate, you can store the seeds in a plastic ziplock bag.
Refrigerate or Freeze
Pumpkin seeds can turn rancid even after you roast them if left at room temperature. They stay fresh for up to two months if refrigerated.


Metal Detecting In Illinois?
You Should Know The Law
If you want to go metal detecting in Illinois, there are laws to follow. The most important law is the ARPA law which I will explain below.
You should also be aware of any laws in city, town, or villages of Illinois. Some of the parks may have laws against detecting.
The ARPA law is the main law that dictates how any of the following laws that have been written since ARPA can be implemented. It's important that you familiarize yourself with ARPA.
Individuals have been arrested for breaking these laws.
ARPA (Archeological Resources Preservation Act).
Visit my laws page for the ARPA explanation and some of the problems people face who break this law.
In addition to the above ARPA law, the State of Illinois also follows the strict ruling of the 1966 "National Historic Preservation Act", which states:
"The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) was enacted in 1966 to protect the Nation's historical
resources from increasing development and expansion pressures by establishing a comprehensive national
historic preservation policy. It defines historic properties to encompass a broad interpretation of American
history and acknowledges significance at all levels, not just nationally. Furthermore, historic properties are
now understood and appreciated as part of—not isolated from—the landscape in which they belong. Implementation
of this act is mainly through 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 63, Determinations
of Eligibility for Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, and 36 CFR part 800, Protection of
Historic Properties. The regulations that implement the NHPA and their accompanying guidance documents
formulate a proactive national policy on historic preservation. It specifically directs federal government
agencies to take historic preservation into account in planning their initiatives and actions. Thus, the
federal government is now a full partner and a leader in historic preservation."
"The NHPA defines historic preservation as "the
protection, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction
of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects
significant in American history, architecture,
archaeology, or culture."
As confusing as the above laws may seem, do not dig anything that you believe is an artifact, or anything that is older than 100 years.
Especially if you are on any State Lands.
For metal detecting in Illinois town, village and city parks, you'll need to check with those local officials.
Metal Detecting In Illinois?
Know The Laws!
Metal detecting in Illinois on public lands or parks may be allowed. However, for each area you need to apply for a permit. You cannot remove any items of historical significance from the State lands.
1787 Colonial Copper found while metal detecting
Do Not Let These Laws Stop You From Detecting in Illinois
I receive many emails from people who are upset with the laws that restrict our ability to enjoy the hobby. Many individuals just give up, and their detectors end up in the closet, never to be used again. That's the wrong approach. What you should do if your considering quitting the hobby, is to stay with it. If we quit, the beauracrats, and the archaeologists who want to see our hobby destroyed, will win.
My home page is all about metal detecting in eastern ghost towns. Have you ever tried metal detecting in Illinois ghost towns?
Are You Interested In A Metal detector Or Accessories?
5 Ways to Earn Money with a Metal Detector
Thanks for visiting!
Metal Detector Insider Blog
Treasure Hunting EBooks


text:
Since most break-baking professionals tend to emulate French bakers, I thought it might be instructive to post this picture and present some questions I am unable to answer at this time.
We recently spend three weeks in France (in Northern Brittany and Paris), which really raised the bar of my bread baking aspirations. Take the following sour-dough rye loaf I purchased in the "inter-marche" (normal grocery store) in Brittany, France. Notice the shape of the loaf. It is triangular. In France, each bakery has characteristic shapes, sizes, and slashing patterns. This was the only time I ever saw a shape like this. The crumb was light and hole-y, but still had the "cake-like" texture characteristic of good rye loaves. There are a few things I would like to know:
1. How did the baker retain the shape of this loaf while still maintaining hydration?
2. There were no slashes, but the crust was also not broken. How? Is that a feature of hydration and extensibility?
3. In France, to be considered rye, they have to have a certain percentage of rye flour to white. This bread had a crumb that I cannot replicate with the 50:50 rye:white mix I use in my siegle au levain. How did they make a nice dark rye loaf and keep an airy crumb?


text:
The Theory Sound and light sensitivity
Can our hypothesis also explain the sound and light sensitivity of brain fatigue?
The brain has limitations in how much can be processed and reach conscious areas at a time. Therefore, proper sorting or filtering systems are needed. When repeating information, nerve cells in the healthy brain will reduce their intensity in signalling after a while and, for example, the sound is no longer recognised. We talk about adaptation of the signalling. This does not work for persons suffering from brain fatigue. They describe that everything is recognised, important as well as unimportant information, and that it becomes very tiring and difficult to handle all the impressions. The signalling does not adapt which explains why the affected are very easily disturbed and they cannot maintain focus. If the astrocytes' handling of glutamate is impaired, it means that incoming information becomes more nonspecific and is perceived as new. It is then not filtered out but reaches up to higher brain centres for processing. In this context, it is important that we are aware that today we know very little about the way the brain works.


text:
The Desert rose is made of gypsum crystals in connection with sand. The chemical formula is CaSO4 * 2H2O. The hardness is about 1.5 to 2.
Desert roses crystallize, because of the gypsum crystals in the monoclinical crystal system. There are sulfatic solutions which crystallize near the surface and form these aggregates with the desert sand. So it is the structure of the gypsum crystals.
The process only takes place in desert areas, so we can find desert roses in the Sahara and in the Southwest of the USA. There exist little stones and also stones which are several meters high. The reason of the name is firstly that we find the Desert rose in deserts and the second syllable is because of the form.
Desert roses consist of many wafers which are one in another and which have got a round form. At the each they are thin and they become thicker in the middle. Desert roses are redbrown, but bright.


text:
1000 FAQs, 500 tutorials and explanatory videos. Here, there are only solutions!
Syncing the WorkSpace contacts & calendars (+ emails) with a program, smartphone or tablet
You can sync contacts and calendars from your WorkSpace with a smartphone, tablet or email program. For example, this lets you manage your contacts and calendars together in one place on your smartphone and tablet.
To configure the synchronisation of contacts and calendars with a program or mobile device, do the following:
- Open the configuration wizard _URL_
- Follow the wizard depending on the program or device to be synchronised.
- At the end of the procedure, guides are available for commonly used programs and devices.
You will need a WorkSpace account or a client account to access the configuration wizard. If you have forgotten your login, go to _URL_
Here are the currently supported protocols for synchronisation:
To learn more:
- Actions to perform for the synchronisation of contacts and calendars when two-factor verification is activated.


text:
Tuna, Albacore – US pole & troll (Bin'naga maguro)
Albacore tuna are a migratory, schooling fish with a high reproductive rate. Although the status of the population is uncertain, scientists recommend that fishing efforts remain stable or be reduced to maintain long-term abundance.
Agencies that manage albacore fisheries have capped fishing efforts. Pole and troll fishing for albacore cause no habitat damage and result in a relatively small amount of bycatch.


text:
Arto is a collection of Finnish periodical and monograph articles in Melinda. Arto's information may be searched in Finna and they may be utilised via user interfaces, for example, in publication information searches in higher education institutions.
With the help of Article data entry form any library, scientific publisher or scientific society may store articles in their own fields, subject matter or their own publications in way that will make them easier to find.
- Joining the service requires a contract
- Service usage doesn't require payment
- Private individuals
Article data entry form:Organisations
The National Library of Finland, data management steering group
- Service is developed as part of basic operation of National Library


Person:Oliver De Lancey, Sr. (1)
Oliver De Lancey
m. 19 Jan 1700
 1. Ann de Lancey
 2. James DeLancey1703 - 1760
 3. Oliver De Lancey1718 - 1785
Facts and Events
Name Oliver De Lancey
Gender Male
Birth[1] 17 Sep 1718 New York City, New York, United States
Death[1] 27 Oct 1785 Beverly, Yorkshire, England
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Major-General Oliver De Lancey (1718–1785), also known as Oliver Delancey and Oliver de Lancey, was a merchant, a Loyalist politician and soldier during the American War of Independence.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Oliver De Lancey, Sr.. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
 1. 1.0 1.1 Oliver De Lancey, Sr., in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.


Troubleshooting DRS in Configmgr
The Basics of Replication in Configmgr
Configmgr underwent a shift several years ago as Microsoft tried to fix that backlog issue that customers often times encountered with the file based replication style. The hierarchy architecture was flattened and replication went from files to SQL, for the most part at least. This is well covered on TechNet so I will spare you the details.
There are some additional basics of replication that should be stated for completeness of the topic.
Configmgr does not use the built-in SQL replication it uses components of SQL and manages the replication of data on its own. The easiest way I can state this is, the product team coded their own replication into the product, it does not use the built in features of Microsoft SQL Replication.
There are mainly two types of data replication between sites, Global data and Site data. Global data is replicated from the CAS downward, while site data is the opposite.
Global data includes data such as collection rules.
Site data includes things like collection results and client data.
Each data type contains several replication groups that logically groups data from different tables together. These replication groups are classified as global and site replication groups.
select * from vReplicationData is a query to display all replication groups.
If you want to see what replication groups are included as part of global or site data, simply modify the previous query by specifying the type of data, similar to these.
select * from vReplicationData where Replicationpattern = 'global
select * from vReplicationData where Replicationpattern = 'site
Want to see what data is part of that replication group from the output of the previous two queries? The first column of the output should be ID, simply select the matching ID from the replication group you want to investigate and use the following query. Replace 30 with the ID number you are interested in.
select * from vArticleData where ReplicationID = 30
ID 1 – 14 is global data, 15 is cloud data, 16 – 30 is for site data, 31 – 33 is for secondary site replication data, beyond 33 is typically more site data replication groups.
RepGroups-Global and Cloud 1-15RepGroups-Sites 17-30RepGroups-SecondarySitesRepGroups-34 plus
Since we are almost to the real meat of what data is being sent why not look and see what tables are included in a group? And what better to look at than HWINV data? This query will return the list of tables that is being replicated as part of any of the replication groups with Hardware_Inventory in the name of the group.
select ArticleName from ArticleData where ReplicationID in (select ID from vReplicationData where ReplicationGroup like 'Hardware_Inventory%')
UPDATE: A friend was gracious enough to send me an email regarding the previous query and how to better see what data is in a replication group I recommend using his below. He is easily one of the foremost experts on DRS and how to troubleshoot replication. He and his team have one of the largest implementations of SCCM globally and it is magnificently run. Just from an efficiency standpoint, his query is much better and more elegant.
"HINV replication groups vary by install and by how much you extend the mof. I don't think any 2 groups look alike or contain the same data.
To see what data is in each I use this:"
SELECT Rep.ReplicationGroup,
 App.ArticleName, App.ReplicationID
FROM vArticleData AS App
INNER JOIN v_ReplicationData AS Rep ON App.ReplicationID = Rep.ID
ORDER BY Rep.ReplicationGroup, App.ArticleName
Another important aspect of DRS is the SQL Service Broker (SSB) which handles incoming and outgoing messages, guaranteeing their delivery by allowing them to use an asynchronous queue to store the messages in. If this cannot function the flow of data into and out of SQL replication will stop.
Site Data Processing – An Example
When a client runs its scheduled hardware inventory it stores the output of the WMI data in an XML file. Then the client copies that XML file up to its management point (MP). Assuming the MP is not a primary site server, the MP message handler processes the clients XML file and it gets converted into a MIF file. Then the MP File Dispatch Manager takes the MIF file and uploads into the clients primary site servers dataldr inbox folder. The MIF file is then read by the data loader component and the data is inserted in the SQL database.
Technically, there are more than two types of data being replicated, but technically Configmgr can also use the built-in SQL replication too, technically.
Additional info from TechNet:
Plan for Database Replication Thresholds
How to Monitor Database Replication Links and Replication Status
Procedures for Monitoring Database Replication
Advanced Troubleshooting of Replication in Configmgr
When the Data Replication Service (DRS) stops working it can be a nightmare. If replication breaks and you cannot fix it within a certain amount of time you will lose data and if you have to re-initialize your replication it generate gigs and gigs of network traffic across the wire as you replicate all that data to each site server, again. Below are some additional tips to help when troubleshooting DRS when the Replication Link Analyzer (RLA) doesn't do the trick.
Running RLA in a script or from the cmd prompt:
%path%\Microsoft Configuration Manager\AdminConsole\bin\Microsoft.ConfigurationManager.ReplicationLinkAnalyzer.Wizard.exe
From TechNet: About the Replication Link Analyzer
 If RLA fails any remediation actions while it is running, the log files contain more detail than the XML file. Also, ensure that it was able to restart the SMS_SITE_COMPONENT_MANAGER and SMS_EXECUTIVE services.
Verbose Logging
The first step is to get more information from the log files, this is accomplished the same way as all other logs in CM, by modifying the amount of logging through registry keys. There are two different log types we are going to use, your standard text based log files you typically view with notepad, splunk, or cmtrace, while the other type of log files are viewed in SQL because they are SQL managed components of Configmgr and the logging is stored in SQL tables not like the.log files for the majority of Configmgr's components. You can add this to the long list of reasons why SQL should be ON BOX and CM admins should have sysadmin forever on their SQL instance(s). Moving on.
Replication Configuration Monitor Log
Rcmctrl.log – Replication Configuration Monitoring (RCM) log file that shows an overview of sync status, site status and stored procs used.
Rcmctrl Regkey: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\SMS\Components\SMS_REPLICATION_CONFIGURATION_MONITOR\Verbose logging
Default is Value 0
DWORD Value 0 = Errors and key messages
DWORD Value 1 = Errors, key messages, and more general information*
DWORD Value 2 = Everything (Verbose)*
*Make sure you return this back to 0 after you have resolved your DRS issues.
By default the two replication groups that record messages to the Rcmctrl.log are Site Control Data and Configuration Data, if you see errors with another replication group you can include it in the logging by adding it to the following registry key.
*Make sure you return this back to the default after you have resolved your DRS issues. The default is: Site Control Data,Configuration Data
SQL Components Logging
vLogs (stored in SQL views) – Because some components of RCM are running in SQL Server hosted managed code, each of these components is provided a table in CM SQL db to record log messages to. Logging is recorded in: vDrsReceivedMessages, vDrsReceivedHistory, vDrsSendHistory, vDrsSentMessages, vDrsSyncHistory, and vDrsSyncMessages
Default is Value 1
DWORD Value 0 = Errors and critical information only
DWORD Value 1 = Errors, critical information, warnings, and general information
DWORD Value 2 = Everything (Verbose)*
*Make sure you return this back to 1 after you have resolved your DRS issues.
Now that additional details are being logged here are two queries to run that will display details of the vLogs information. If you cannot determine the source of the problem using this information I have listed below some additional queries and troubleshooting information.
Query the SQL vLog
Now we are ready to query the vLog and get extra details. A word of caution first, I recommend that you use the first query that only returns the first 1000 messages, by running the query and not limiting it you risk making things worse by adding additional pressure to your SQL db when it may already be in a degraded state and using the maximum amount of resources it has available.
This query returns the last thousand messages which have been logged, ordered by the time they were written into the database.
select Top 1000 * from vLogs order by LogTime desc
This query does not limit the messages returned and may cause your server to fall over! This is your second and final warning.
select * from vLogs where LogTime > GETDATE()-1 and ProcedureName <> 'spDRSSendChangesForGroup' ORDER BY


45L Contractor
Differences Between 45L Tax Credit and 179D Tax Deduction
This article is meant to assist you to understand the policies that the U.S government is employing to favor the construction of Eco-friendly houses and gadgets in general by use of tax incentives. The aim here is to enlighten all parties that have particular interests in saving up monies meant to engage in the construction of commercial buildings as well as homes. Before getting into the intricate detail, we shall first proceed into defining some terms to enable easier navigation of the information herein.
 1. Tax credit
Tax credits are sums of money that taxpayers are allowed to deduct from the sum of taxes they owe the government. These tax credits are awarded to both persons and enterprises for specific stipulations and vary in value depending on the set criteria. Unlike tax exemptions and deductions, tax credits never diminish a person's taxable income. Instead, they reduce the amount of tax owed to the government. They are refundable, non-refundable or partially refundable
 1. Tax relief and incentives
Tax incentives/holidays are programs initiated by governments to reduce the sum of tax individuals, or business entities owe the government. Governments, especially the U.S government exploit these programs to foster environmental causes among other crucial but abandoned causes that are a prerogative of the government.
Both the 45L tax credit and 179D tax provisions were extended by the President of the United States, Barrack Obama in the year 2015 to further and prolong the substantial gains the country has been enjoying from energy efficient and Eco-friendly constructions. The two provisions, though coined brilliantly by legislators to serve the same purpose and foster the same cause, are significantly different to widen the scope in which these tax incentives pull in different multitudes with different financial capacities into the same onslaught against energy-exhaustive buildings and manufacturing.
 1. 179D tax deduction
The 179D tax provision is an incentive that allows for reduction of the amount of taxable income. It provides for an exemption concerning energy proficient enterprise buildings for either a part or total of the charge of the energy-saving commercial building placed by taxpayers in service for specified periods {until December 31, 2016, after the signing of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes of 2015 (PATH Act) by President Obama}. The incentive lets commercial contractors make 1.8 dollars for every square inch in deductions for constructions and building upgrades that feature up to 50 percent cuts in energy usage. For instance, a building with eight stories each measuring 64 square feet translates into a total 512 square feet and attracts a deduction of close to 1000 dollars in taxable income. Persons who qualify for such deductions include
 - Designers, architects, and surveyors who plan for construction of LEED-certified Eco-friendly municipal buildings
 - Contractors of LEED-certified commercial construction dating back on December 31, 2005
Qualifying for the 179D tax deduction means that person gets to enjoy two key financial benefits including:
 - A one-time accelerated reduction of tax payable to the government
 - Over 50 percent of savings on utility bills for energy usage
The IRS does not just accept to qualify commercial, municipal and multifamily properties into the program without consulting third party energy inspectors.
 1. 45L Tax Credit
This incentive program is a tax credit facility and not a tax deduction facility. It was fabricated for the same intention as the 179D tax provision though it serves small-scale family home builders and not large commercial building contractors. It also provides financial benefits for individuals who purposefully construct their buildings or upgrade them to be energy efficient by cutting usage of power by 50 percent. The standards that applicants are expected to meet are the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). The general credit awarded for parties who qualify for this IRS program is 2,000 dollars. To qualify, the residence has to:
 - Be in the United States
 - Be completed before August 8, 2005, and occupied by the time of application. Buildings that date from earlier than August 8, 2005, but have undergone rehabilitation after the set date qualify
 - Satisfy the IRS third party energy inspectors to have met the 50 percent energy saving standard
The 2,000 dollars set for successful applicants are entitled to every dwelling unit. Therefore, if an independent contractor was to construct a building of 20 units, the total of the tax credit awarded to the contractor would be 2,000 dollars multiplied by the total units with occupants at the moment tax returns are filed. Any vacant units do not qualify. However, the one-time incentive can still be claimed in the next financial year for the remaining units once they are occupied. These sums are nonrefundable tax credits. They cannot be paid out if the sum of taxes owed to the IRS reduce and reach zero before the credits and debits balance.
You must by now have a comprehensive understanding of the tax holidays offered by the government to foster green, energy efficient constructions. You must have also determined which incentive best applies to your construction plans. Are you a commercial contractor or a private home developer? Are your plans purely on the borderline? Work with the best professional consultants in the field to optimize the tax relief programs to save the extensive amounts of credit and deductions possible. Allow the experts to assist you in maximizing on your investments. Consult with tax professionals on this platform.


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Magnetically Enhanced Controlled Axonal Regeneration
Final Report Summary - MECAR (Magnetically Enhanced Controlled Axonal Regeneration)
Although the exact mechanisms involved in the growth of axons is still incompletely understood, it is clear that force is a crucial factor for both axonal guidance and lengthening. This is backed by a growing body of evidence, indicating the importance of physical stimuli for neuronal growth and development. Results of published experimental studies indicate that forces, when carefully controlled, act as powerful stimulators of axonal lengthening. The current project developed, tested and evaluated a practical implementation of this concept. Specifically, it established a novel approach for the application of a controlled tensile force to neurons and axons in order to accelerate regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Magnetic beads are used as a powerful tool to study the biological response evoked by tension. Traditional approaches for axon stretching commonly involve use of glass microneedles, which are used to attach and apply stretching force to growth cones [1]. Another approach is based on strain applied by the use of a micro-stepper motor, i.e. mechanical tension is applied on axons of neurons seeded on two adjacent membranes by pulling them away from each other [2]. The approach we proposed and used in the present study is based on the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). MNP are paramagnetic, i.e. they do not exhibit -magnetic properties in the absence of an external magnetic field, but develop a mean magnetic moment when exposed to an external magnetic field can be localized to axons to stimulate axon elongation in the desired direction under the influence of an external magnetic field. The application of directionally orientated forces based on the use of MNP carries several advantages over the those obtained by traditional approaches: (i) possession of a high dynamic range, enabling controlled variation of the applied tension from 0.1 pN [3] to tens of nN [4], depending on size and number of particles and external magnetic fields; (ii) it enables performance of biological studies on a cell cultures or single cell studies; (iii) it can be used in any experimental configuration and is compatible with common cell cultures conditions; and (iv) its use can be translated to eventual in vivo use, because static magnetic fields have been in use in medical imaging and magnetic nanoparticles are used in various biomedical applications (Endorem®, Resovist®, Feraheme® are examples of MNP used on humans). We have extensively studied MNP in biological experiments, ranging from cell lines [5-7] to primary neurons [8-9] and animal models of nerve regeneration (unpublished), and have not observed any signs of cytotoxicity or inflammation at concentrations of up to 10 times higher than the working dose.
The research group which I lead has demonstrated in a neuron-like cell line (PC12) that MNPs bonded to neurites can develop forces in the presence of magnets, and such forces can direct the neurite outgrowth along the direction imposed by the magnetic field (MARVENE, NanoScie+2008). The MECAR project translated this concept into a model of regeneration of peripheral nerve. Specifically, an organotypic model of a spinal cord slice co-cultured with a peripheral nerve explant was used to validate the hypothesis underpinning the project. In this model, a spinal cord slice and a sciatic nerve explant from neonatal mice (D4-5) are cultured for seven days. The sciatic nerve is placed in front of ventral roots (3 mm gap) to allow motor neurons to innervate the sciatic nerve. After few days of incubation, axons from motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord usually reach the sciatic nerve. The project used this model to prove that MNPs can selectively bind axons of spinal cord motor neurons and expedite the process of re-innervation of the sciatic nerve under the directional influence of an external magnetic field. Specifically, MNP-mediated stretching was found to stimulate both axonal sprouting and elongation.
Surprisingly, although recent knowledge suggests that this "stretch growth" is perhaps the most remarkable axon growth mechanism of all, little or nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms evoked by the tension. Axonal elongation as a function of the applied tensile force has been investigated by Heidemann's team. It has been found that neurites show a transient elongation interpreted as viscoelastic deformation, when the applied tension is less than 1 nN. In contrast, long-term extension, interpreted as growth is observed when the applied tension is above 1 nN [1]. Based on this concept, the approaches used in the past were methodologically unsound because of the low detection limit of the techniques and short temporal window for observations. Instead, we used MNP to explore the effect of sub pico-Newton forces on axonal growth induced by stretch. Surprisingly, we found that a mechanical tension of 0.15 pN (100.000 below the previously identified threshold) induced a 50% increase in the length of differentiated PC12 cells in a week. This differential increase was interpreted as stretch growth, as no neurite thinning was observed. More importantly, we observed an elongation rate of 0.2-0.3 µm/h/pN, which is the same elongation rate previously reported for both central and peripheral nervous system [1]. This finding supports the concept that there is no threshold required for stretch-induced growth, and that axonal elongation is driven by tension, irrespective of its origin, i.e. from the traction exerted by the growth cone, the mass body growth or external force application. This new knowledge serves to provide a "unified" model of axonal growth and to propose a new paradigm to repair "in loco" nerve lesions in humans.
[1] Zheng J, Lamoureux P, Santiago V, Dennerll T, Buxbaum RE, Heidemann SR. Tensile regulation of axonal elongation and initiation, the Journal of Neuroscience (1991) 11:1117
[2] Pfister BJ, Iwata A, Meaney DF, Smith DH. Extreme stretch growth of integrated axons. J Neurosci (2004) 24:7978-83
[3] Riggio C, Calatayud M P, Giannaccini M, Sanz B, Torres T E, Fernandez-Pacheco R, Ripoli A, Ibarra M R, Dente L, Cuschieri A, Goya G F, Raffa V. The orientation of the neuronal growth process can be directed via magnetic nanoparticles under an applied magnetic field. Nanomedicine (2014) 13:S1549-9634
[4] Fass JN, Odde DJ. Tensile force-dependent neurite elicitation via anti-beta 1 integrin antibody-coated magnetic beads. Biophys J (2003) 85:623-36
[5] Calatayud P, Sanz B, Raffa V, Riggio C, Ibarra M R, Goya G F. Protein adsorption onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles with opposite surface charge and its impact on cell uptake. Biomaterials (2014) 35:6389-99
[6] Calatayud MP, Riggio C, Raffa V, Sanz B, Torres TE, Ibarra MR, Hoskins C, Cuschieri A, Wang L., Pinkernelle J., Keilhoff G., Goya G.F. Neuronal cells loaded with PEI-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetically guided nerve regeneration. Journal of Materials Chemistry. B (2013) 1: 3607 - 3616
[7] Riggio C, Calatayud M P, Hoskins C, Pinkernelle J, Sanz B, Torres TE, Ibarra MR, Wang L, Keilhoff G, Goya GF; Raffa V, Cuschieri A. Poly-l-lysine-coated magnetic nanoparticles as intracellular actuators for neural guidance. International Journal of Nanomedicine (2012) 7:3155
[8] Riggio C, Nocentini S, Catalayud MP, Goya GF, Cuschieri A, Raffa V, del Río JA. Generation of magnetized olfactory ensheathing cells for regenerative studies in the central and peripheral nervous tissue. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2013) 14:10852
[9] Pinkernelle J, Raffa V et al. Growth factor choice is critical for successful functionalization of nanoparticles. Front Neurosci. (2015) 9:305


text: Future advanced driver assistance systems will contain multiple sensors that are used for several applications, such as highly automated driving on freeways. The problem is that the sensors are usually asynchronous and their data possibly out-of-sequence, making fusion of the sensor data non-trivial. This paper presents a novel approach to track-to-track fusion for automotive applications with asynchronous and out-of-sequence sensors using information matrix fusion. This approach solves the problem of correlation between sensor data due to the common process noise and common track history, which eliminates the need to replace the global track estimate with the fused local estimate at each fusion cycle. The information matrix fusion approach is evaluated in simulation and its performance demonstrated using real sensor data on a test vehicle designed for highly automated driving on freeways.


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Carl Hudson
April 27, 2017 | Wine "Fun" Facts | Carl Hudson
How Many Calories Are In My Wine?
For a dry wine, the calorie calculation is relatively simple. Multiply the % Alcohol in the wine times the number of Ounces in the glass times 1.6. Here is the formula:
 % ABV x _TAG_ x 1.6 = Calories from alcohol
(ex., 6 oz of 13% ABV wine -- 13 x 6 x 1.6 = 125 calories)
Many folks consider themselves "math challenged," but almost everybody has a cell phone these days. And, those cell phones have a calculator. How hard is it to punch in 13 x 6 x 1.6? Surely you can do it.
Sugar contains about 114 calories per ounce (4 cal/gram). One sugar cube, about 0.1 oz, contains 9-10 calories. One teaspoon of sugar contains about 16 calories. A typical 12 oz can of Coca-Cola contains 1.55 oz of sugar (44 g) that deliver 176 calories. To determine the sugar calories in your glass of sweet wine, you need to know three things - number of Ounces, % ABV and percentage residual sugar (RS) in the wine. Here's the formula.
 _TAG_ x % RS x 1.14 = Calories from sugar
(ex., 6 oz of 2% RS wine -- 6 x 2 x 1.14 = 13.7 calories)
Now add in the calories from alcohol
 % ABV x _TAG_ x 1.6 = Calories from alcohol
Total calories then equal 13.7 from sugar + 125 from alcohol = 139 calories
Wines with higher RS, such as a typical white Zinfandel or a Port-style wine, have more calories from sugar to add to the calories from alcohol. Here are two examples.
 White Zin – typical 6% RS x 6 oz x 1.14 = 41 calories from sugar
 Determine calories from alcohol 13% ABV x 6 oz x 1.6 = 125 calories
 Add 41 cal + 125 cal, and that 6 oz glass of White Zin contains about 166 calories
Port – typical 10% RS x 4 oz x 1.14 = 46 calories from sugar
Determine calories from alcohol 20% ABV x 4 oz x 1.6 = 128 calories
Add 46 cal + 128 cal, and that 4 oz glass of Port contains about 174 calories
A direct comparison shows that ethyl alcohol has more calories per oz than sugar.
 Alcohol = 160 cal per oz (5.6 per gram) vs. Sugar = 114 cal per oz (4.0 per gram)
So, the next time your friend asks "Does drinking this glass of wine make me look fat?," whip out your cell phone calculator, do some quick math and deftly sidestep a direct answer to that question by showing your friend how many calories are in that glass of wine.
Calories in typical 6 oz tastings at 4.0 Cellars are:
Dry Wines - White or Red = 130-140 cal Sweet Wines = 160 cal
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Highly variable affine registration results for repeated runs
Hi all,
I'm working on a workflow that includes image registration, with allowance for rigid, affine or bspline transforms, and initialization using either moments, geometry or landmarks.
Some background:
My workflow was developing quite nicely in SimpleElastix (Selx). In the early days I managed to get from 0 to "something workable" in Selx but I struggled in Sitk. But I eventually ran into some roadblocks with Selx (e.g. bspline registration with landmarks for initial alignment), so I decided to make a move to Sitk.
The data:
DICOM MR images (T1 and T2).
Variability test:
Perform an affine registration using center-of-mass or geometrical center 10 times. For Sitk, also vary the sampling percentage (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) for evaluating the metric. Each "test" consists of 10 repeated runs with a fixed initialization method and sampling percentage (for Sitk).
Gauge performance by performing image addition and subtraction of a single slice in fixed image and registered image (middle of the stack, same slice index for both images), or adding the (10) registered images (pixel-by-pixel, frame-by-frame) from any given test.
Result using Selx:
Registration takes 20-30 s per run using either COM or geometry. COM and geometry results look different, but results look identical visually when looking at any given initialization method (i.e. COM or geometry).
Following is a plot of the sum of all registered images using a geometrical centering for initialization:
Result using Sitk:
Registration takes 25-80 s per run depending on sampling percentage, using either COM or geometry. Results are highly variable when looking at any given initialization method with any given sampling percentage.
The final metric values are similar from run to run, for different sampling and different initializations, with a similar number of iterations to reach convergence. The registration always terminates due to convergence (as opposed to hitting a limit on the maximum number of iterations).
Following is a plot of the sum of all registered images using a geometrical centering for initialization, and with 5% sampling percentage:
and with 50% sampling percentage:
I estimate the maximum pixel shift to be approximately 3 pix (3 mm).
Sitk Registration method:
def SitkNonDefReg(FixIm, MovIm, Transform='affine', InitMethod='moments',
 SamplingPercentage=5, NumIters=500):
 import SimpleITK as sitk
 from ipywidgets import interact, fixed
 def command_iteration(method):
 print(f"{method.GetOptimizerIteration():3} = {method.GetMetricValue():10.5f}")
 print("\t#: ", len(method.GetOptimizerPosition()))
 def command_multi_iteration(method):
 print("--------- Resolution Changing ---------")
 if InitMethod in ['geometry', 'geometricalcenter']:
 CTIF = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializerFilter.GEOMETRY
 elif InitMethod in ['moments', 'centerofgravity']:
 CTIF = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializerFilter.MOMENTS
 SamplingPercentage = SamplingPercentage/100
 LearningRate = 1.0
 _TAG_ = 5.0
 if Transform == 'rigid':
 SitkTx = sitk.Euler3DTransform()
 elif Transform == 'affine':
 SitkTx = sitk.AffineTransform(FixIm.GetDimension())
 """ Initial alignment. """
 InitialTx = sitk.CenteredTransformInitializer(FixIm, MovIm,
 SitkTx, CTIF)
 """ Registration. """
 RegMethod = sitk.ImageRegistrationMethod()
 RegMethod.SetInitialTransform(InitialTx, inPlace=False)
 """ Similarity metric settings. """
 """ Setup for the multi-resolution framework. """
 ShrinkFactors = [4,2,1]
 SmoothingSigmas = [2,1,1]
 """ Interpolator settings. """
 """ Optimizer settings. """
 # Connect all of the observers for plotting during registration:
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkStartEvent, StartPlot)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkEndEvent, EndPlot)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkMultiResolutionIterationEvent, UpdateMultiresIterations)
 RegMethod.AddCommand(sitk.sitkIterationEvent, lambda: PlotValues(RegMethod))
 _TAG_ = RegMethod.Execute(sitk.Cast(FixIm, sitk.sitkFloat32),
 # sitk.Cast(MovIm, sitk.sitkFloat32))
 FinalTx = RegMethod.Execute(FixIm, MovIm)
 """ Post registration analysis. """
 print(f'Final metric value: {RegMethod.GetMetricValue()}')
 print("Optimizer stopping condition:",
 _TAG_(f"Final Iteration: {RegMethod.GetOptimizerIteration()}")
 RegIm = sitk.Resample(MovIm, FixIm, FinalTx, sitk.sitkLinear, 0.0,
 return RegIm
I would very greatful if someone could check over the above method and suggest any ideas on where I'm going wrong, what could be causing the large variability and how to overcome it.
Hello _USER_,
You are not doing anything wrong. What you are seeing are the effects of random sampling.
With the default settings every registration run uses a unique set of samples (wall clock is used as random seed). To remove this randomness you need to set the random seed in the SetMetricSamplingPercentage function to a constant. Any constant will do, but commonly you'll see:
This should make all repeated runs behave the same.
This does not address the problem of "which of ten random runs should be taken as the correct solution" (taking the minimum amongst them is a common approach). You may find the registration initialization and panorama notebooks of interest. They both deal with registration initialization.
You can tune the number of samples, metric parameters, etc. and plot the metric value as a surface while perturbing two parameters around the optimum. You have found the good settings if the metric surface is smooth, with a single peak. If you see that the surface is noisy or the optimum is not a single peak but a ridge or there are multiple peaks then it indicates that that the metric is not good enough. If the metric surface plots look good then you can go on to choosing an optimizer and tuning its parameters (to make it move quickly, while preserving convergence, and make it quickly realize when it reached the optimum).
I can confirm your experience with SimpleElastix - its simple default rigid and rigid+bspline parameter sets work very well for all reasonable input images. In contrast, BRAINSTools (which is a thin wrapper over ITK's registration framework) always requires hours of tuning for each registration problem. As a result, in recent years I completely switched to Elastix. I've tried ANTS, too, and it seem to have similarly good performance as Elastix. I'm sure that ITK's built-in registration framework should be able to achieve similar performance as Elastix and ANTS, but somebody would need to take the time to thoroughly test and optimize it and come up with parameter sets that work well on all reasonable image inputs. Maybe you will be this person!
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Hi _USER_ many thanks for your clarification and suggestions. I will re-visit those notebooks.
I was aware of the random nature of the sampling but what struck me as surprising was that increasing the percentage seemed to make no difference in terms of reducing the variability. Even if I use 100% of samples I still get large variations:
Is this to be expected?
I'm guessing that in this case the random seed changes the order of the samples fed into the metric, but all samples are utilized nonetheless.
Hi _USER_ thanks for your insight and suggestion to plot the metric surface. I also admire your optimism with regards to my abilities. :laughing: Many times I've gone in circular arguments when trying to decide whether to progress with SimpleElastix or SimpleITK.
Apologies for the length of my response but this is an interesting topic with a fair bit of complexity. So if you will forgive me…
Despite Kasper Marstal's valiant efforts I think the people power behind the development of Sitk far exceeds that of Selx. And with numerous notebooks for examples and forums like this it's possible to get support from the community. This doesn't exist for Selx. But moreover I ran into some major roadblocks with Selx.
It might be helpful to take a moment to explain the bigger picture of what I'm trying to do: An add-on feature for the OHIF-Viewer that will enable a user to "copy" a ROI (contour(s) or segmentation(s)) from one DICOM series to another. The bulk of the code will likely remain in Python with some conversion from/to JavaScript at inputs/outputs to the Python code.
If the "source" and "target" series have different FrameOfReferenceUIDs registration will be performed. The images could be MR, CT, PET, etc. and might require rigid, affine or bspline transforms, and might require landmarks (e.g. MR to full-body CT) for initialization.
Once the user has patiently waited for a registration to be performed we don't want them to wait again if unnecessary. So following registration the parameters will be stored as a DICOM Registration Object. If in the future the user wishes to perform a copy of a different ROI but for the same pair


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Creates a schema in the current database. The CREATE SCHEMA transaction can also create tables and views within the new schema, and set GRANT, DENY, or REVOKE permissions on those objects.
Topic link icon Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions
 ::=
 | AUTHORIZATION owner_name
 | schema_name AUTHORIZATION owner_name
 ::=
 table_definition | view_definition | grant_statement |
 revoke_statement | deny_statement
Is the name by which the schema is identified within the database.
Specifies the name of the database-level principal that will own the schema. This principal may own other schemas, and may not use the current schema as its default schema.
Specifies a CREATE TABLE statement that creates a table within the schema. The principal executing this statement must have CREATE TABLE permission on the current database.
Specifies a CREATE VIEW statement that creates a view within the schema. The principal executing this statement must have CREATE VIEW permission on the current database.
Specifies a GRANT statement that grants permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Specifies a REVOKE statement that revokes permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Specifies a DENY statement that denies permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Note Note
Statements that contain CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION but do not specify a name are permitted for backward compatibility only.
CREATE SCHEMA can create a schema, the tables and views it contains, and GRANT, REVOKE, or DENY permissions on any securable in a single statement. This statement must be executed as a separate batch. Objects created by the CREATE SCHEMA statement are created inside the schema that is being created.
CREATE SCHEMA transactions are atomic. If any error occurs during the execution of a CREATE SCHEMA statement, none of the specified securables are created and no permissions are granted.
Securables to be created by CREATE SCHEMA can be listed in any order, except for views that reference other views. In that case, the referenced view must be created before the view that references it.
Therefore, a GRANT statement can grant permission on an object before the object itself is created, or a CREATE VIEW statement can appear before the CREATE TABLE statements that create the tables referenced by the view. Also, CREATE TABLE statements can declare foreign keys to tables that are defined later in the CREATE SCHEMA statement.
Note Note
DENY and REVOKE are supported inside CREATE SCHEMA statements. DENY and REVOKE clauses will be executed in the order in which they appear in the CREATE SCHEMA statement.
The principal that executes CREATE SCHEMA can specify another database principal as the owner of the schema being created. This requires additional permissions, as described in the "Permissions" section later in this topic.
The new schema is owned by one of the following database-level principals: database user, database role, or application role. Objects created within a schema are owned by the owner of the schema, and have a NULL principal_id in sys.objects. Ownership of schema-contained objects can be transferred to any database-level principal, but the schema owner always retains CONTROL permission on objects within the schema.
Caution note Caution
When creating a database object, if you specify a valid domain principal (user or group) as the object owner, the domain principal will be added to the database as a schema. The new schema will be owned by that domain principal.
Deprecation Notice
CREATE SCHEMA statements that do not specify a schema name are currently supported for backward compatibility. Such statements do not actually create a schema inside the database, but they do create tables and views, and grant permissions. Principals do not need CREATE SCHEMA permission to execute this earlier form of CREATE SCHEMA, because no schema is being created. This functionality will be removed from a future release of SQL Server.
Requires CREATE SCHEMA permission on the database.
To create an object specified within the CREATE SCHEMA statement, the user must have the corresponding CREATE permission.
To specify another user as the owner of the schema being created, the caller must have IMPERSONATE permission on that user. If a database role is specified as the owner, the caller must have one of the following: membership in the role or ALTER permission on the role.
Note Note
For the backward-compatible syntax, no permissions to CREATE SCHEMA are checked because no schema is being created.
The following example creates schema Sprockets owned by Annik that contains table NineProngs. The statement grants SELECT to Mandar and denies SELECT to Prasanna. Note that Sprockets and NineProngs are created in a single statement.
USE AdventureWorks2012;
 CREATE TABLE NineProngs (source int, cost int, partnumber int)
 GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA::Sprockets TO Mandar
 DENY SELECT ON SCHEMA::Sprockets TO Prasanna;
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text:
THE ANTHROPOCENE SLAM: A CABINET OF CURIOSITIES NOVEMBER 8-10
WISCONSIN INSTITUTES FOR DISCOVERY DELUCA FORUM MADISON
We present the most concrete of objects, and will reveal its fluid and foundational history in the Anthropocene.
Inspired by tension between static principles of capture manifest in the cabinet of curiosity, and a new geological epoch that highlights humanity's world-forming force, we will engage with ideas of speed, force and scale.
A solidifying slab of concrete is our object. Often overlooked in climate change discourse, concrete constitutes the unexplored icon of the Anthropocene. The most widely used material in our world, after water, its carbon footprint is immense; cement production alone, contributes 5% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
Our concrete constructions epitomise modernity. From Ancient Rome to contemporary Dubai, concrete has achieved the unthinkable. Yet, it is not impervious to decay, despite our efforts to raise concrete barriers against the elements.
In this material's story we reveal its volcanic relations and accidental beginnings, the delicate chemical balance of its own mix, and its entanglement with humankind's own environmental history.
Our object - a small concrete slab - will emerge from a process of pouring and curing performed before the public. Accompanying our exhibit a short film will narrate the process of formation and the story of humankind's liquid rock.


text:
I attended an engagement party where the couple was toasted, but I don't drink alcohol, so used my water glass with which to toast. My husband thinks that for the toast, I should have had a glass of champagne in hand, and just pretend to drink. What is the protocol for toasting, any other tips?
Dear Faux Pas,
You were fine with toasting with the water glass. When a toast is given, everyone, except the one being toasted, should take part with any glass handy, even an empty one is better than not toasting at all.
Basic tips for toasting are:
1. If you are the guest of honor being toasted, while the toast is being made, do not stand and do not drink to the toast.
2. If you are the guest of honor being toasted, after the toast is made, then you can stand and say thank you to the one who gave you the toast.
3. The first toast should be made by the host.
4. The one offering the toast should stand.
5. The one offering the toast should keep the speech simple and brief, and indicate the end of the toast by raising the glass and saying something such as "Cheers!"
6. Other guests should always take part in a toast using whatever glass is handy.


Teenager discovers new planet on 3rd day as NASA intern
Wolf Cukier, 17, of Scarsdale, has just recorded his name in the world history after he discovered a new planet on his 3rd day as an intern at NASA.
The planet, which has been named TOI 1338 b, is about 1,300 light years away from the Earth.
Teenager discovers new planet on 3rd day as NASA intern
In a statement, Cukier said:
"About three days into my internship, I saw a signal from a system called TOI 1338. At first, I thought it was a stellar eclipse, but the timing was wrong. It turned out to be a planet."
TOI 1338 b orbits two stars and is 6.9 times the size of Earth, according to NASA – and, before you get your hopes up, it's very unlikely that it can support life.
Cukier said:
"The planet blocked the light from those two stars, leading to a small dip in the amount of light that reached the telescope. That's what I noticed at first.
"It was like, oh… there's something here that was cool. But it's also not like there's a single moment of discovery."
The planet was caught by satellite TESS and the team used a software package called 'eleanor' to confirm that what they were seeing was legit.
The discovery was actually made last summer, but the news has only recently been published in a new study, which was co-authored by Cukier, CBS reports
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Kano Sharia Police arrest 32 suspected prostitutes
Kano Sharia Police arrest 32 suspected prostitutes


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Specify LMI System at the Command Line
The following tutorial example is used to illustrate the specification of LMI systems with the LMI Lab tools.
Specifying LMI System
Consider a stable transfer function
with four inputs, four outputs, and six states, and consider the set of input/output scaling matrices D with block-diagonal structure
The following problem arises in the robust stability analysis of systems with time-varying uncertainty [4]:
Find, if any, a scaling D of structure (Equation 4-5) such that the largest gain across frequency of D G(s) D–1 is less than one.
This problem has a simple LMI formulation: there exists an adequate scaling D if the following feasibility problem has solutions:
Find two symmetric matrices XR6×6 and S = DT DR4×4 such that
The LMI system (Equation 4-6, Equation 4-7, and Equation 4-8) can be described with the LMI Editor as outlined below. Alternatively, its internal description can be generated with lmivar and lmiterm commands as follows:
X=lmivar(1,[6 1])
S=lmivar(1,[2 0;2 1])
% 1st LMI
lmiterm([1 1 1 X],1,A,'s')
lmiterm([1 1 1 S],C',C)
lmiterm([1 1 2 X],1,B)
lmiterm([1 2 2 S],-1,1)
% 2nd LMI
lmiterm([-2 1 1 X],1,1)
% 3rd LMI
lmiterm([-3 1 1 S],1,1)
lmiterm([3 1 1 0],1)
LMISYS = getlmis
Here the lmivar commands define the two matrix variables X and S while the lmiterm commands describe the various terms in each LMI. Upon completion, getlmis returns the internal representation LMISYS of this LMI system. The following subsections give more details on the syntax and usage of these various commands:
More information on how the internal representation is updated by lmivar/lmiterm can also be found in How lmivar and lmiterm Manage LMI Representation.
Initializing the LMI System
The description of an LMI system should begin with setlmis and end with getlmis. The function setlmis initializes the LMI system description. When specifying a new system, type
To add on to an existing LMI system with internal representation LMIS0, type
Specifying the LMI Variables
The matrix variables are declared one at a time with lmivar and are characterized by their structure. To facilitate the specification of this structure, the LMI Lab offers two predefined structure types along with the means to describe more general structures:
Type 1
Symmetric block diagonal structure. This corresponds to matrix variables of the form
where each diagonal block Dj is square and is either zero, a full symmetric matrix, or a scalar matrix
Dj= d × IdR
This type encompasses ordinary symmetric matrices (single block) and scalar variables (one block of size one).
Type 2
Rectangular structure. This corresponds to arbitrary rectangular matrices without any particular structure.
Type 3
General structures. This third type is used to describe more sophisticated structures and/or correlations between the matrix variables. The principle is as follows: each entry of X is specified independently as either 0, xn, or –xn where xn denotes the n-th decision variable in the problem. For details on how to use Type 3, see Structured Matrix Variables as well as the lmivar entry in the reference pages.
In Specifying LMI System, the matrix variables X and S are of Type 1. Indeed, both are symmetric and S inherits the block-diagonal structure from Equation 4-5 of D. Specifically, S is of the form
After initializing the description with the command setlmis([]), these two matrix variables are declared by
lmivar(1,[6 1]) % X
lmivar(1,[2 0;2 1]) % S
In both commands, the first input specifies the structure type and the second input contains additional information about the structure of the variable:
 - For a matrix variable X of Type 1, this second input is a matrix with two columns and as many rows as diagonal blocks in X. The first column lists the sizes of the diagonal blocks and the second column specifies their nature with the following convention:
 1: full symmetric block
 0: scalar block
 –1: zero block
 In the second command, for instance,[2 0;2 1] means that S has two diagonal blocks, the first one being a 2-by-2 scalar block and the second one a 2-by-2 full block.
 - For matrix variables of Type 2, the second input of lmivar is a two-entry vector listing the row and column dimensions of the variable. For instance, a 3-by-5 rectangular matrix variable would be defined by
 lmivar(2,[3 5])
For convenience, lmivar also returns a "tag" that identifies the matrix variable for subsequent reference. For instance, X and S in Specifying LMI System could be defined by
X = lmivar(1,[6 1])
S = lmivar(1,[2 0;2 1])
The identifiers X and S are integers corresponding to the ranking of X and S in the list of matrix variables (in the order of declaration). Here their values would be X=1 and S=2. Note that these identifiers still point to X and S after deletion or instantiation of some of the matrix variables. Finally, lmivar can also return the total number of decision variables allocated so far as well as the entry-wise dependence of the matrix variable on these decision variables (see the lmivar entry in the reference pages for more details).
Specifying Individual LMIs
After declaring the matrix variables with lmivar, we are left with specifying the term content of each LMI. Recall that LMI terms fall into three categories:
 - The constant terms, i.e., fixed matrices like I in the left side of the LMI S > I
 - The variable terms, i.e., terms involving a matrix variable. For instance, ATX and CTSC in Equation 4-6. Variable terms are of the form PXQ where X is a variable and P, Q are given matrices called the left and right coefficients, respectively.
 - The outer factors
The following rule should be kept in mind when describing the term content of an LMI:
 Note: Specify only the terms in the blocks on or above the diagonal. The inner factors being symmetric, this is sufficient to specify the entire LMI. Specifying all blocks results in the duplication of off-diagonal terms, hence in the creation of a different LMI. Alternatively, you can describe the blocks on or below the diagonal.
LMI terms are specified one at a time with lmiterm. For instance, the LMI
is described by
lmiterm([1 1 1 1],1,A,'s')
lmiterm([1 1 1 2],C',C)
lmiterm([1 1 2 1],1,B)
lmiterm([1 2 2 2],-1,1)
These commands successively declare the terms ATX + XA, CTSC, XB, and –S. In each command, the first argument is a four-entry vector listing the term characteristics as follows:
 - The first entry indicates to which LMI the term belongs. The value m means "left side of the m-th LMI," and −m means "right side of the m-th LMI."
 - The second and third entries identify the block to which the term belongs. For instance, the vector [1 1 2 1] indicates that the term is attached to the (1, 2) block.
 - The last entry indicates which matrix variable is involved in the term. This entry is 0 for constant terms, k for terms involving the k-th matrix variable Xk, and −k for terms involving (here X and S are first and second variables in the order of declaration).
Finally, the second and third arguments of lmiterm contain the numerical data (values of the constant term, outer factor, or matrix coefficients P and Q for variable terms PXQ or PXTQ). These arguments must refer to existing MATLAB® variables and be real-valued. See Complex-Valued LMIs for the specification of LMIs with complex-valued coefficients.
Some shorthand is provided to simplify term specification. First, blocks are zero by default. Second, in diagonal blocks the extra argument's' allows you to specify the conjugated expression AXB + BTXTAT with a single lmiterm command. For instance, the first command specifies ATX + XA as the "symmetrization" of XA. Finally, scalar values are allowed as shorthand for scalar matrices, i.e., matrices of the form αI with α scalar. Thus, a constant term of the form αI can be specified as the "scalar" α. This also applies to the coefficients P and Q of variable terms. The dimensions of scalar matrices are inferred from the context and set to 1 by default. For instance, the third LMI S > I in Example


text:
From sea urchins in the Atlantic Ocean to bandicoots on the Australian savanna, animals recycle all over the world. Explore how different animals in different habitats use recycled material to build homes, protect themselves, and get food. This fascinating collection of animal facts will teach readers about the importance of recycling and inspire them to take part in prote
Book Summary Nature Recycles--How about You?
|Title||Nature Recycles--How about You?|
|Format||pdf, fb2, mobi, txt|