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needs to be taken to ensure that the strong optical aberrations induced by the fluid-filled pipe wall do not negatively impact the optical measurement being performed.
Prior to commencing this investigation, a custom-made corrective optic (referred to as an optical contour) was designed and manufactured using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) 5-axis machining station and used to correct for the aberrations induced by the water-filled acrylic pipe. The original design and manufacture of the optical contour is described in de Witt et al.. The optical contour was designed to be clamped to the external pipe surface, making it relatively easy to attach it to different pipe locations. The optical contour was found to correct for the strong aberrations that would have otherwise been present while imaging through the water-filled pipe. The optical contour allows for approximately 80% of the central pipe to be investigated as shown in de Witt et al..
The camera and the beam source are positioned perpendicular to the pipe axis as shown in Figure 1, with the spatial extent of flow investigated approximately 24.5 mm in the -direction of the 57.15 mm internal diameter cast-acrylic pipe. As noted in Figure 1 (upper), two optical contours are required when applying the SH-WFS to the investigation of pipe flow. A replica of the CNC-manufactured optical contour described by de Witt et al. is produced by first creating a mold of the CNC-manufactured optical contour and then pouring a time-hardening transparent urethane into the mold. The transparent urethane optical contour shows good optical characteristics when compared with the original acrylic lens. Moreover, it can be produced at a fraction of the cost and in less time than the CNC-manufactured optical contour.
2.2. Half-Pipe Apparatus
The half-pipe test section shown in Figure 1 (lower) enables the response of the optical diagnostic equipment to be examined while detecting air bubbles in water and in the absence of a net bulk velocity. The inner diameter of the acrylic half-pipe section is 57.15 mm with a wall thickness of 12.7 mm. The half-pipe section is attached to an acrylic wall 11.4 mm in thickness. The optical contour is clamped to the outside of the acrylic half pipe, and given that one external surface was planar, the half-pipe apparatus requires only one optical contour.
Air bubbles are introduced into the half-pipe apparatus using two different methods. A single stationary bubble is introduced by injecting a known volume of air through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed in the water-filled acrylic half pipe in a manner that ensures that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
For the generation of multiple ascending bubbles, a piece of porous material (sand packing of 2.54 cm length and 1.27 cm diameter) is connected to a regenerative blower (EG&G Rotron Blower, with a maximum flow of 0.008684 and a maximum pressure of 61.0 cm of water) and placed at the bottom of the half pipe. The air supply hose connecting the blower to the sand packing has an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and is secured internally to the half pipe so as not to interfere with the measurement area (2.54 cm wide) within the pipe.
2.3. Optically Active Multiphase Flow Facility
The multiphase flow facility was designed and built specifically to study dispersed multiphase flow using optical methods. The facility can operate using air, water, and oil; however, only air and water are considered in the current investigation.
A schematic of the multiphase flow facility is shown in Figure 2 with water and air as the operating fluids. The cast acrylic pipe section shown in Figure 2 runs the length of a 4.572 m by 1.829 m optical bench, enabling a wide variety of optical sensing methods to be applied to the study of multiphase flow. The facility can be broken down into five main sections as follows.
3. Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
The performance of the SH-WFS is first examined by conducting experiments with a single bubble and with multiple ascending bubbles in the water-filled half-pipe.
3.1. Single Bubble Experiment
A single stationary bubble is introduced into the half-pipe apparatus by injecting a known volume of air (average volume = 0.0344 ± 0.0035 ) through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed into the water-filled acrylic half-pipe so that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
The left part of Figure 3 shows a schematic of the incoming wavefront passing through a bubble where light encountering the bubble is shown to be scattered away from the detector. Results from a ray-tracing model (not shown) independently confirm this assumption. The right part of the same figure shows the corresponding intensity profile collected by the SH-WFS for a subset of the 2048 pixel array. Each 0.448 mm wide lens functions to focus the light into a relatively well-defined and quantifiable focal spot. Overlaid on the intensity profile is the reference measurement for the case of no bubble. By comparing the reference measurement to the single bubble measurement, it becomes apparent that the air bubble serves to scatter light away from the detectors, as depicted in the schematic to the left in the figure. The main consequence of this result is that it was not possible to apply the standard Shack-Hartmann data processing techniques that were described earlier. Rather, an alternate method of evaluating the data from the SH-WFS is required.
Due to low-signal levels, an evaluation that computes intensity attenuation is performed. To compare the intensities, the attenuation for each lens is calculated as the summed absolute difference between the reference intensity profile and the intensity profile collected with the air bubble in place. The attenuation is then passed through a thresholding algorithm that only accepts attenuations larger than 50 counts. A threshold of 50 counts is determined by quantifying noise as the summed absolute difference for multiple reference intensity profiles.
This thresholding algorithm is found to reject variations caused by electronic noise and results in clearer plots. The maximum value of attenuation is well above the threshold level and is greater than 1000 counts. The resulting plot in Figure 4 shows the existence of an aberration in lenses 37 through 46 (pixels 1168 to 1456). Given the 32 pixels per lenslet and a pixel width of 14, the radius of the single bubble aberration is quantified to be 0.4032 cm. Knowing the average volume injected by the syringe and assuming that the bubble remains spherical, the average radius is computed to be cm or a difference of 0.15%.
In order to ascertain the benefits of using the SH-WFS for bubble measurements, Figure 5 shows the intensity profile obtained for a single stationary bubble while using a standard line-scan camera without lenslet array. Once again, data from a reference measurement collected for the case of no bubble is overlaid. Although an attenuation region caused by the bubble is evident, it is more difficult to visually perceive this region than for the case with the lenslet array presented in Figure 3. The pixel-by-pixel absolute difference between the Single Bubble Measurement and the reference measurement is calculated, thresholded, and plotted as a contour plot in Figure 6. Although a region of strong attenuation is noted from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, artifacts of the differencing and thresholding routine appear at pixels that are not aligned with the bubble, as noted specifically near pixels 725 and 1400.
The bubble diameter can be calculated from Figure 6 as the length from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, resulting in a diameter of 0.3948 cm. When compared with the cm average bubble diameter, an error of 2.23% can be calculated. This error is slightly larger than that obtained while using the lenslet array. The main difference between the two results is attributed to the increased difficulty in the thresholding routine for the case without lenslet array.
A more severe threshold is applied to the case without lenslet array in order to filter the data. The contour plot of the differences between intensity profiles (Figure 6) results in increased noise near the edges of the bubble. The diameter of the single bubble is estimated with increased error from Figure 6 due to the inconsistency in light attenuation along the pixel array. In comparison, the results for the experiments with the lenslet array (cf. Figure 4) lead to a more uniform region for the single bubble experiment.
3.2. Multiple Ascending Bubbles Experiment
Data for multiple ascending bubbles in the half-pipe apparatus is collected at a line rate of 2.5, yielding 256 lines of data with 0.0004 seconds between samples. When multiple bubbles are studied, it is noted that clustering between two or more bubbles may be observed leading to an uncertainty in the response of the SH-WFS.
For the case of multiple ascending bubbles, the subaperture spot centroidal location does not shift significantly when compared to the unaberrated reference signal. Furthermore, the signal for multiple bubbles is not fully attenuated as it is for a single bubble. It is suspected that scattered light from one bubble may be detected by other subapertures not directly aligned with that bubble. Even though the amount of light extinction is less than that for the case of a single bubble, the extinction is still more quantifiable than a shift in spot centroidal location. Consequently, the same signal analysis routine as performed for the single bubble experiment is used, with results shown in Figure 7.


APIs) for mapping object references into an hierarchical naming structure (JNDI in this case).
 - Commands for displaying bindings and for binding and unbinding naming context objects and application objects into the namespace.
 6. IDL client applications can locate an object by asking the CORBA Name Service to look up the name in the JNDI tree of WebLogic Server. In the previous example, you run the client by entering the following command:
 Client.exe -ORBInitRef NameService=iioploc://localhost:7001/NameService


text:
Iranian New Wave By Torres Hortelano, Lorenzo J.
The Iranian New Wave began when a group of young Iranian directors—following developments in the Iranian cultural arena with origins in the political and social changes of the 1950s and 1960s—started, in the mid-1960s, to make films that broke radically from the conventions of Film Farsi, the mainstream Iranian cinema that no longer satisfied the audience. These directors shared some characteristics: many had been educated abroad, and some were initially engaged in film criticism and showed a passion for modern literature. In fact, the interaction between literature and cinema is a main feature of the Iranian New Wave or Mowj-e No. The 1960s was a "golden era" of Iranian literature, one which influenced films such as Khest va Ayeneh [The Brick and the Mirror] (1965) by one of the forerunners of the New Wave, the writer Ebrahim Golestan, who employed modern techniques of storytelling in it. Although Golestan's masterpiece is set in Teheran, many New Wave films deal with rural areas and their visual significance. Unlike the French New Wave [Nouvelle vague] or Italian Neorealism, the directors started filming without a significant theoretical framework, and engaged in cinema as a work-in-progress.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


From Wikizilla, the kaiju encyclopedia
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Deutalios concept art
Alternate names Deutelios, Deuterious
Species Fish/rat hybrid
Planned for Godzilla vs. Biollante
Deutalios (デューテリオス, Dyūteriosu) is an unused kaiju from the unmade original draft of the 1989 Godzilla film, Godzilla vs. Biollante.
Although no official source has yet to give the etymology behind Deutalios' name, his Japanese name is similar to the chemical Deuterium, a rare isotope of Hydrogen which features one proton and one neutron instead of the single proton and lack of neutrons found in normal Hydrogen nuclei. This is fitting, as Deutalios is comprised of parts from two separate organisms to create a hybrid chimera.
Deutalios resembles a cross between a rat and various fish. He has a long, whip like tail and extended ears which appear to display gills on them, large tusks, and a horn protruding from its head. For a creature that was adapted to living in water, Deutalios appears to have retained its long fur. In some concept art, Deutalios appears to have fins in place of forelimbs, allowing him to swim. The horn on his head also resembles an angler fish's antenna in this artwork, while his eyes are very large and pupil-less, similar to fish eyes.
Godzilla vs. Biollante
Godzilla was going to fight Deutalios instead of the Super X2 and the rose form of Biollante. After prevailing, Godzilla would have consumed the monster. The monster was possibly dropped due to the graphic nature of this scene, or simply to make room for another battle with Biollante and the Super X2.
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Indirect Labor
Indirect labor is a term used in accounting and is a type of cost used in cost accounting. Labor costs to build a product or service are separated into direct labor and indirect.
Direct labor directly adds value to the product or service. This type of labor takes materials and machines it, or assembles it, etc to make it worth more than it was worth before.
Indirect on the other hand is necessary in the production process, but this person does not add any value to the product. This person will repair machinery and move the product with a fork truck, etc
Some of the jobs that are in this classification are:
 - Machine Repair
 - Fork Truck Driver
 - Machine Set Up
 - Inspector
 - Tool & Die
Indirect costs are actually part of what cost accountants called burden costs. Usually, these costs are allocated to a product or service based on a method that the cost accountant has come up with.
Usually direct labor will keep track of the time they spend on a particular job or product. This is accomplished by punching a time clock or writing down the time spent on the job.
Indirect labor fork truck driver Indirect on the other hand is involved in working on many jobs and their time is harder to allocate to a particular job. For example, a fork truck driver may move many different products around in a day. Some fork lift drivers spend time bringing parts to a line for assembly, and then may load trucks for shipment.
A burden rate that charges costs for indirect costs and other costs is developed. Some of the ways these costs may be applied may be based on the complexity of a product, the number of direct labor people involved in making the product, the amount of space the product takes up on the manufacturing floor, etc.
Another method to allocate these costs is ABC or activity based costing. With this method of costing, the indirect people may keep track of the actual time spent on a particular product or job. This is much more accurate that including indirect labor in burden rates, but involves more work in collecting the data.


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LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
In Australia, each jurisdiction has its own laws and policies for responding to FDV, whilst the Australian Government takes a lead in developing national approaches to policy. More information on the policy context for FDV can be found in the Conceptual Framework for Family and Domestic Violence, Australia, 2009 (cat. no. 4529.0).
Most Australian Government FDV service delivery occurs through funding arrangements with states and territories, however reporting obligations mean that there are also a number of Australian Government level data sources. National data sources have been included where available from Australian Government agencies, such as those relating to FDV services provided in the Family Court context and the drawing together of state and territory information related to homelessness services and coronial inquests. In addition, national data sources based on surveys run by or on behalf of the Australian Government to inform FDV policy areas have been included.
At the state and territory level, governments are primarily responsible for crime prevention programs, law enforcement, issuing of family violence orders, prosecution of FDV perpetrators, behavioural change programs within Corrective Services, delivery of public health, disability and medical services and provision of child protection services and other specific FDV services. Each state and territory agency that provides FDV services is a potential source of data. Further information about FDV support and services delivered by each jurisdiction, including the Australian Government is outlined in the National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children.
This page last updated 28 March 2012

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sweden Stockholm Hammarby
There's a lot of talk about eco-cities and we've mentioned at least two of them (Dongtan + Masdar).Â But an unassuming Swedish suburb, known as Hammarby SjÃ¶stad, has received high praises as a legitimate sustainable community.Â In Hammarby SjÃ¶stad, houses use half the energy and water than normal Swedish properties.Â Plus, all the homes are built to sustainable standards and will house roughly 25,000 people by 2015 (11,000 units).
In this community, families live in apartments, prefabrication is the norm rather than the exception, and buildings are going up at an unusually quick pace.Â Also, rather than using a natural, pristine greenfield site for development, the community is built on a former industrial and harbor brownfield site.Â Suburb of the future?
The model, or eco-cycle model, used to handle energy, waste, and water is known as the Hammarby Model (pdf – image below).Â This models shows how sewage processing and energy systems interact and how refuse is handled.Â It also illustrates the added-values society gains from modern sewage and waste processing systems.
What's more, the public transportation system has helped decrease car use by 10% — early planning and integration prevented residents from getting used to cars.Â We're talking about a city that considers every aspect of life and pushes the envelope on sustainable development.
See more at CoolTown Studios + Building UK.Â Image Credit:Â Hammarby SjÃ¶stad.


text:
left-click = rotate, middle-button/CTLR-left-click = pan, scroll/right-click/ALT-left-click = zoom
|Description||This is a scalable human figure, roughly proportioned to the dimensions given here: _URL_ The model is actually dimensionless!! The figure is scaled to a height of 1. To scale to your desired size open the "Dimension Ball" component and change its scale factor to your units. For example, for a 95 percentile male set the scale factor to 74 inches or 6.17 feet or 188cm. The model can articulate: change the angles at each joint to articulate. Density and weight is not included!!|
3 - The source material used to create this model was Good. This means good 3-view drawings were used to create the model.


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The Benefits of a Nursery Through 8th Grade Education
Parents in New York City are fortunate to have many wonderful schools to consider during the application process. When children are young, parents have the role of deciding which school complements their values, meets the needs of their child, and provides a setting that matches their own views of education and learning.
By the eighth grade, children have grown to understand themselves both as students and as learners in terms of their learning style and temperament, so they are able to help make their own assessments. The size of the school, and its educational approach; whether it is single sex or co-ed, public or private; and the quality of its teacher-student relationships can all be important factors for adolescents when thinking about the school they want for their high school years. With a sense of who they are both as students and individuals, the eighth graders at Bank Street are able to take responsibility for their education, and part of that academic responsibility is to understand how to choose and shape a learning environment to their best advantage. It can be an empowering experience for a fourteen-year-old.
While Nursery or Kindergarten through Eighth Grade schools have the same academic standards as the comprehensive schools (Kindergarten through Twelfth Grade), the look and feel of a N/K-Eighth school is very different. With the oldest children in the school being just fourteen years old, there are few direct influences on them to act older than they are. There are no older adolescents to imitate. This, in turn, allows the child in a N/K-Eighth school to stay younger longer. In our fast-paced world with its high stakes and pressures, an environment that specializes in the intellectual, social, and emotional lives of children and early adolescents is an important consideration for parents.


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Are you concerned about poor management, lack of representation or corruption in your municipal government? Or simply interested in how to make your city's administration more democratic? UN-HABITAT has developed the Urban Governance Index (UGI) for this purpose. Its indicators will allow you to measure the quality of your city's urban governance on the basis of how accountable, effective, equitable and participatory it is. Ultimately good urban governance is one of the best indicators of the quality of life for a city's inhabitants.
The Urban Governance Index is now available as a downloadable programme and on CD-Rom. Once you access it, we highly recommend you use this tool as part of a participatory workshop. This is because using the UGI is as much about the process as the final score. Assessing your city in a participatory, transparent workshop is in itself an excellent way of practicing good urban governance: you can involve and focus on the needs of excluded groups -- like women and the poor -- as you help raise awareness of good urban governance around the world. And your assessment will help you identify your city's governance priorities and set targets for measuring their progress. We encourage you to submit your results for inclusion in our global urban database. Please send us your results at _EMAIL_.


text:
Harmony Grain Corn
Out of stock
A joyful family reunion between a hybrid swarm of North American grain
corns and a synthetic composite of 6 races of South American grain corns: Tuxpeno, Coastal Tropical Flint-Dent, Southern Cateto, Cuzco, Coroico, and high-altitude Andean. Harmony was developed to unify various diasporas of corn and to create a strong genetic base from which to conduct plant selection and breeding. Among the corns that I grow, this population most fully expresses mother maize's role as mother of life, teacher, problem solver, and sacred technologist. Contains flint, dent, flour, pop, and a small amount of sweet corn. Adapted to temperate growing conditions. Not day-length sensitive. About 85 to 115 DTM to grain stage. High resistance to predation by birds and small mammals.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An epigonion was an ancient stringed instrument mentioned in Athenaeus (183 AD), probably a psaltery.
The epigonion was invented, or at least introduced into Greece, by Epigonus of Ambracia, a Greek musician of Ambracia in Epirus, who was admitted to citizenship at Sicyon as a recognition of his great musical ability and of his having been the first to pluck the strings with his fingers, instead of using the plectrum.[1] The instrument, which Epigonus named after himself, had forty strings.[2]
It was undoubtedly a kind of harp or psaltery, since in an instrument of so many strings some must have been of different lengths, for tension and thickness only could hardly have produced forty different sounds, or even twenty, supposing that they were arranged in pairs of unisons. Strings of varying lengths require a frame like that of the harp, or of the Egyptian cithara which had one of the arms supporting the cross bar or zugon shorter than the other,[3] or else strings stretched over harp-shaped bridges on a sound-board in the case of a psaltery.[4]
Juba II, king of Mauretania, who reigned from 30 BC, said that Epigonus brought the instrument from Alexandria and played upon it with the fingers of both hands, not only using it as an accompaniment to the voice, but introducing chromatic passages,[5] and a chorus of other stringed instruments, probably citharas, to accompany the voice. Epigonus was also a skilled citharist and played with his bare hands without plectrum.[6] Unfortunately we have no record of when Epigonus lived. Vincenzo Galilei[7] has given us a description of the epigonion accompanied by an illustration, representing his conception of the ancient instrument, an upright psaltery with the outline of the clavicytherium (but no keyboard).[8]
Virtual epigonion[edit]
In 2008, members of the Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application ((ASTRA) project used physical modeling synthesis to simulate the epigonion. The instrument was simulated using historical records and its audio output (music) was rendered digitally. The first digital audio rendering of the Epigonion,[9] released by ASTRA, has a duration of thirty seconds which took about four hours to render. Due to the complexity of this process the ASTRA project uses grid computing,[10] to model sounds on hundreds of computers simultaneously.
The epigonion is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra,[11] alongside other ancient instruments which ASTRA has recreated the sounds for, including the salpinx, the aulos, the barbiton and the syrinx.
 1. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689 cites Michael Praetorius, Syntagma musicum, tom. I, c. 13, p. 380; Salomon van Til, Sing-Dicht und Spiel-Kunst, p. 95.
 2. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689 cites Pollux, Onomasticon, lib. iv. cap. 9, 59.
 3. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 notes for an illustration, see Kathleen Schlesinger, Orchestral Instruments, part ii. "Precursors of the Violin Family", fig. 165, p. 219.
 4. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689.
 5. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Ap. Athen. l.c.
 6. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Athenaeus, iv. p. 183 d. and xiv. p. 638 a.
 7. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Dialogo della musica antica e moderna, ed. 1602, p. 40.
 8. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690.
 9. ^ first digital audio rendering of the Epigonion
 10. ^ grid computing
 11. ^ Lost Sounds Orchestra


This glowing blue death worm could hold the key to human longevity
In an eerie discovery, we've found that dying worms emit an intense, blue glow that begins in their intestines before radiating outward into their entire bodies. Studying this "death fluorescence" allows researchers to understand how age-related death works in humans — and possibly, pathways to slowing it. » 7/23/13 3:20pm 7/23/13 3:20pm


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The Radioanalytical Chemistry Capability (RACC) combines radioanalytical chemistry and medium level gamma-ray spectrometry and comprises four radiochemistry laboratories and two counting facilities.
This capability has expertise in the measurement of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides, and analysis of environmental samples from pristine, human impacted and contaminated environments.
RACC aims to develop and maintain specialist radioanalytical and experimental facilities utilising nuclear techniques to support ANSTO's core activities and its stakeholders and to apply these techniques and associated expertise to topics related to releases of radionuclides into the environment, nuclear fuel cycle and other research areas involving quantification of radionuclides at or above typical environmental levels.
Further details regarding capabilities and sample requirements can be found below. You are advised to discuss your proposal with the appropriate ANSTO Contact Scientist before submitting your proposal as they will help you make the correct capability selection.
- Gamma spectrometry (naturals and anthropogenics)
- Radioanalytical Chemistry/Alpha Spectrometry (U, Th, Pu or Am isotopes):
- Tier 1 - single elemental/isotopic analysis
- Tier 2 - double elemental/isotopic analysis
- Tier 3 - triple elemental/isotopic analysis
- Tier 4 - full suite analysis
- Radioanalytical Chemistry/Alpha Spectrometry/Liquid Scintillation Analysis (U, Th, Pu or Am isotopes and Sr-90) Tier 5 - full suite analysis and Sr-90
- Radioanalytical Chemistry/Liquid Scintillation Analysis (Sr-90) Tier 1 - Sr-90
- Radioanalytical Chemistry/Liquid Scintillation Analysis (Tritium) Tier 1 - tritium on freshwater and leachate
- Radioanalytical chemical method development (alpha and/or beta emitters)
- Potentiometric measurements - automated:
- pH static and dynamic titrations
- Point of zero charge determinations
- Soil titrations
- Isotope reversibility study
- Determination of the distribution of contaminant between aqueous phase and geomedia. Distribution coefficient (Kd) determination using batch sorption methods
- Measurement of zeta potential and particle size of concentrated colloidal suspensions; Zeta potential and particle size determination.
Gamma-ray spectrometry (naturals and anthropogenics)
High Purity Germanium (HPGe) crystal gamma-ray spectrometers are used to quantify gamma emitting radionuclides in waters and environmental solids such as soil, sediment, vegetation and biota. Solid samples must be dry and homogeneous and the minimum sample mass is 50 grams. Water samples must be homogeneous and at least 500 mL in volume. Any additional information such as elemental composition, density or any other radiological/radiochemical data should be provided.
Radioanalytical chemistry techniques
These techniques are for the separation of between one to five radionuclide fractions, extracted from a single environmental solid (soil, sediment, vegetation and biota) or water sample, and measured using alpha spectrometry, liquid scintillation analysis or a combination of both.
Our standard set of radionuclides include: H-3, Sr-90, U-234, U-235, U-238, Th-230, Th-232, Pu-238, Pu-239+240, Am-241. Other radionuclides by special request include: P-32, Ra-226, Ra-228, U-232, U-233, Th-228, Th-229, Pu-236, Pu-242, and Am-243. A method development capability is also available for quantification of other alpha or beta emitting radionuclides not listed above.
Solid samples must be dry and/or ashed and homogeneous and the minimum sample size is 10 grams. Water samples must be homogeneous and at least 100 mL in volume. Any additional information such as elemental composition, density or any other radiological/radiochemical data should be provided.
Potentiometric measurements, distribution coefficient (Kd) determination and Zeta potential and particle size determination
These techniques and associated instrumentation have limited availability and are primarily for ANSTO researchers and/or collaborators with whom we have an ongoing collaboration.
For further information please contact:
Phone: +61 2 9717 3919
Lida Mokhber Shahin
Phone: +61 2 9717 3419


text:
Nov. 8, 2004 CT with multiplanar reconstruction provides a clear multi-dimensional view of tibial triplane fractures of the ankle--a view that alters what is found in many medical textbooks and changes the way physicians understand these complex fractures, a new study shows.
The study included 51 young people, ranging in age from 10 to 17 years old. Triplane fractures, (fracture lines occur in three planes of the ankle) account for about 6%-10% of ankle fractures in young people, says Stephen D. Brown, MD, instructor in radiology at Harvard Medical School in Boston. They are generally sports-related injuries, he added.
All 51 cases showed bone separation along the front part of the growth plate of the tibia. There were 33 "classic" two-fragment fractures as seen in medical textbooks, but the "classic" three fragment fracture (which involves a separation at Kump's bump) "was not seen in this series," said Dr. Brown, lead author of the study. Three fragment fractures were seen, but they involved different fracture patterns than what has been previously described as most common, said Dr. Brown. In fact, the study found that fully half of the triplane fracture patterns described in the literature – some of which have been described as quite common - likely occur only very rarely or never at all. This is explained by the characteristic pattern of closure of the growth plate. In addition, "the medial malleolar variety of triplane fracture previously considered rare, was very common," he said. "In one-fourth of the patients in our cohort, fractures involved the medial malleolus, but spared the plafond," he said.
This new information clarifies the anatomy of these complex multidimensional fractures allows physicians to describe these fractures more uniformly, and will help facilitate the partnership between radiologists who diagnose these fractures and the orthopedic surgeons who treat them, Dr. Brown said. The study proposes using a common classification scheme – the Salter-Harris system – to help describe the appearance of these fractures in each different dimension as depicted by CT with multiplanar reconstruction.
"This is the largest published series on these types of fractures to date, and is the first one in which all fractures were imaged and analyzed using multiplanar CT," said Dr. Brown. The study is published in the November issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology.
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The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness - HT Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
HT Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness
The Test of the Properties of Scouring Agent Determination of textile's Whiteness
Time: Click: 1249
There are so many testing methods of whiteness, and the reliability and applicable range are varied, especially as the increasing use of the fluorescent whitening agent in recent years, making the determination of whiteness become much more complicated. Nowadays, the determination of whiteness can be divided as two kinds generally: the first one is to use the spectrophotometer to determine the reflectance of each wavelength. The L value, a value and b value are obtained by computer calculation, and then the whiteness is obtained by the whiteness calculation formula. At present, there are a lot of whiteness calculation formulas, but they are all have weakness, proving that it is hard to find a formula that is corresponded to the fact. Taking ZBD whiteness calculation as an example: Determination of the specific wavelength light through the filter that transmitted wavelength less than 500nm is irradiated to the sample light except for the blue light, and purple light, so that whiteness measurement can be carried out with samples of fluorescent whitening agents. In the determination, the instrument is adjusted with a standard white plate, and then the relative whiteness of the sample is determined.
1. Instrument. XBD whiteness calculation.
2. Operating steps. To cut the semi-cloth products with no optical brightener for 12cm refined * 24cm, and fold into 5cm * 5cm 8 layers (thin fabric is 18cm * 24cm, 5cm * 5cm folded into 12 layers). And then to determine whiteness in whiteness meter, which requires each specimen shall keep the warp and weft consistent. In this case it should be measured 3 times in different parts, and eventually to take the average value.
3. Illustrations
◎ Other instruments which can determine or can calculate after determination are favorable to be applied. Even though the data gained may not consistent, using the same instrument to determine the data can still illustrate the situation about whiteness. The date of whiteness given in the report should be marked the type of the instrument.
◎ The layers folded of textile should be the same.
Related News
Pretreatment Auxiliaries
Dyeing Auxiliaries
Hand Feels Finishing Agent


Split index APIedit
Splits an existing index into a new index with more primary shards.
POST /my-index-000001/_split/split-my-index-000001
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 2
POST //_split/
PUT //_split/
 - If the Elasticsearch security features are enabled, you must have the manage index privilege for the index.
 - Before you can split an index:
 - The index must be read-only.
 - The cluster health status must be green.
You can do make an index read-only with the following request:
PUT /my_source_index/_settings
 "settings": {
 "index.blocks.write": true
Prevents write operations to this index while still allowing metadata changes like deleting the index.
The current write index on a data stream cannot be split. In order to split the current write index, the data stream must first be rolled over so that a new write index is created and then the previous write index can be split.
The split index API allows you to split an existing index into a new index, where each original primary shard is split into two or more primary shards in the new index.
The number of times the index can be split (and the number of shards that each original shard can be split into) is determined by the index.number_of_routing_shards setting. The number of routing shards specifies the hashing space that is used internally to distribute documents across shards with consistent hashing. For instance, a 5 shard index with number_of_routing_shards set to 30 (5 x 2 x 3) could be split by a factor of 2 or 3. In other words, it could be split as follows:
 - 51030 (split by 2, then by 3)
 - 51530 (split by 3, then by 2)
 - 530 (split by 6)
index.number_of_routing_shards is a static index setting. You can only set index.number_of_routing_shards at index creation time or on a closed index.
Index creation example
The following create index API creates the my-index-000001 index with an index.number_of_routing_shards setting of 30.
PUT /my-index-000001
 "settings": {
 "index": {
 "number_of_routing_shards": 30
The index.number_of_routing_shards setting's default value depends on the number of primary shards in the original index. The default is designed to allow you to split by factors of 2 up to a maximum of 1024 shards. However, the original number of primary shards must taken into account. For instance, an index created with 5 primary shards could be split into 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, or a maximum of 640 shards (with a single split action or multiple split actions).
If the original index contains one primary shard (or a multi-shard index has been shrunk down to a single primary shard), then the index may by split into an arbitrary number of shards greater than 1. The properties of the default number of routing shards will then apply to the newly split index.
How splitting worksedit
A split operation:
 1. Creates a new target index with the same definition as the source index, but with a larger number of primary shards.
 2. Hard-links segments from the source index into the target index. (If the file system doesn't support hard-linking, then all segments are copied into the new index, which is a much more time consuming process.)
 3. Hashes all documents again, after low level files are created, to delete documents that belong to a different shard.
 4. Recovers the target index as though it were a closed index which had just been re-opened.
Why doesn't Elasticsearch support incremental resharding?edit
Going from N shards to N+1 shards, aka. incremental resharding, is indeed a feature that is supported by many key-value stores. Adding a new shard and pushing new data to this new shard only is not an option: this would likely be an indexing bottleneck, and figuring out which shard a document belongs to given its _id, which is necessary for get, delete and update requests, would become quite complex. This means that we need to rebalance existing data using a different hashing scheme.
The most common way that key-value stores do this efficiently is by using consistent hashing. Consistent hashing only requires 1/N-th of the keys to be relocated when growing the number of shards from N to N+1. However Elasticsearch's unit of storage, shards, are Lucene indices. Because of their search-oriented data structure, taking a significant portion of a Lucene index, be it only 5% of documents, deleting them and indexing them on another shard typically comes with a much higher cost than with a key-value store. This cost is kept reasonable when growing the number of shards by a multiplicative factor as described in the above section: this allows Elasticsearch to perform the split locally, which in-turn allows to perform the split at the index level rather than reindexing documents that need to move, as well as using hard links for efficient file copying.
In the case of append-only data, it is possible to get more flexibility by creating a new index and pushing new data to it, while adding an alias that covers both the old and the new index for read operations. Assuming that the old and new indices have respectively M and N shards, this has no overhead compared to searching an index that would have M+N shards.
Split an indexedit
To split my_source_index into a new index called my_target_index, issue the following request:
POST /my_source_index/_split/my_target_index
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 2
The above request returns immediately once the target index has been added to the cluster state — it doesn't wait for the split operation to start.
Indices can only be split if they satisfy the following requirements:
 - the target index must not exist
 - The source index must have fewer primary shards than the target index.
 - The node handling the split process must have sufficient free disk space to accommodate a second copy of the existing index.
The _split API is similar to the create index API and accepts settings and aliases parameters for the target index:
POST /my_source_index/_split/my_target_index
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 5
 "aliases": {
 "my_search_indices": {}
The number of shards in the target index. This must be a multiple of the number of shards in the source index.
Mappings may not be specified in the _split request.
Monitor the split processedit
The split process can be monitored with the _cat recovery API, or the cluster health API can be used to wait until all primary shards have been allocated by setting the wait_for_status parameter to yellow.
The _split API returns as soon as the target index has been added to the cluster state, before any shards have been allocated. At this point, all shards are in the state unassigned. If, for any reason, the target index can't be allocated, its primary shard will remain unassigned until it can be allocated on that node.
Once the primary shard is allocated, it moves to state initializing, and the split process begins. When the split operation completes, the shard will become active. At that point, Elasticsearch will try to allocate any replicas and may decide to relocate the primary shard to another node.
Wait for active shardsedit
Because the split operation creates a new index to split the shards to, the wait for active shards setting on index creation applies to the split index action as well.
Path parametersedit
(Required, string) Name of the source index to split.
(Required, string) Name of the target index to create.
Index names must meet the following criteria:
 - Lowercase only
 - Cannot include \, /, *,?, ", <, >, |, ' ' (space character),,, #
 - Indices prior to 7.0 could contain a colon (:), but that's been deprecated and won't be supported in 7.0+
 - Cannot start with -, _, +
 - Cannot be. or..
 - Cannot be longer than 255 bytes (note it is bytes, so multi-byte characters will count towards the 255 limit faster)
 - Names starting with. are deprecated, except for hidden indices and internal indices managed by plugins
Query parametersedit
(Optional, string) The number of shard copies that must be active before proceeding with the operation. Set to all or any positive integer up to the total number of shards in the index (number_of_replicas+1). Default: 1, the primary shard.
See Active shards.
(Optional, time units) Period to wait for a response. If no response is received before the timeout expires, the request fails and returns an error. Defaults to 30s.
Request bodyedit
(Optional, alias object) Index aliases which include the target index. Index alias names support date math.
(Optional, index setting object) Configuration options for the target index. See Index Settings.


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Impact Dynamics of Granular Jets with Noncircular Cross Sections
When a collimated stream, or jet, impacts a target, the
resulting spreading profile contains the signature of interactions among
the constituent particles, whether they are sub-atomic particles, molecules in
a liquid, or grains in a granular material. At the Chicago MRSEC, Jaeger,
Nagel, and Zhang investigated the impact of granular jets with noncircular
cross-sections, mimicking off-center collisions of subatomic particle beams.
Our results demonstrate how liquid-like behavior and collective hydrodynamic
flow emerge from strongly interacting discrete particles. These findings
resemble those from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, where similar anisotropic
ejecta from a quark-gluon plasma have been observed in heavy-ion impact and
where the degree of anisotropy can similarly be controlled by the jet aspect


text:
Hand-held M2000 Air Quality Detector
M2000 combines ease of use and performance.
A simple but powerful air quality detector. The Temtop M2000 Air Quality Detector provides exactly what you need to stay on top of your home air quality levels - no more, no less.
Temtop, the brand under Elitech Technology, Inc. (Innovation preceding all), is a technology company specialized in environmental detection. TEMTOP will continuously make an effort to push society to give attention to air quality.
- Multifunctional Air Quality Monitor device with high precise electrochemical formaldehyde sensor, laser particle sensor and carbon dioxide sensor based on NDIR
- This detector can detect PM2.5 PM10 Particles CO2 HCHO Temperature and Humidity
- Audio alarm, colorful TFT display, ergonomic design, built-in rechargeable large capacity battery
- Easy understanding user interface
- Name: Hand-Held Air Quality Detector
- Model: M2000
- Display: TFT color LCD Screen
- Battery Voltage: 3.7VDC
- Overall Dimension: 73.5*139*37.5mm
- Power Adapter: Output Voltage: 5VDC; Output Current: 1A
- Operating Environment: Temperature range: 0~50℃; Humidity range: 0~90%RH
- Atmospheric pressure: 1atm
- PM2.5 Measurement range: 0~999ug/m³; Resolution: 0.1ug/m³
- PM10 Measurement range: 0~999ug/m³; Resolution: 0.1ug/m³
- CO2 Measurement range: 0~5000PPM; Resolution: 1PPM
- Formaldehyde Measurement range: 0~5mg/m³; Resolution: 0.001mg/m³
Main Pollutants In Air
What is PM2.5?
PM2.5 are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, and can only be seen with an electron microscope. Fine particles are produced from all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.
What is HCHO?
Colorless, poisonous, highly water-soluble gas with an obnoxious odor. Used in the manufacture of disinfectants, preservatives, and hundreds of industrial and consumer products such as adhesives, carpeting, decorative paneling, foam insulation, drapery, fiber and particle boards, and permanent press fabrics.
What is TVOC?
TVOC is a grouping of a wide range of organic chemical compounds to simplify reporting when these are present in ambient air or emissions. Many substances, such as natural gas, could be classified as volatile organic compounds
- Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
- Coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath
- Reduced lung function
- Irregular heartbeat
- Asthma attacks
- Heart attacks
- Premature death in people with heart or lung disease
FREE SHIPPING TO USA:
Generally it takes about 24 hours to proceed with the order and 2-5 working days in shipping. We offer you FREE SHIPPING if you chose normal shipment. FYI, we offer expedited or overnight shipping. You can choose it when you are about to check out.
Generally, the products will be shipped by DHL express shipping if you are from another countries. It is safer and faster. It takes about 3~5 working days for you to receive the products you ordered.
Returns & Exchanges
We're bummed if you're not 100% satisfied with the items you received, and we gladly accept returns within 3 month days of receipt for most items in new condition.


The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility image
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
The Link Between Manly Traits And Male Fertility
According to the results of a new study, women tend to get more attracted to fertile males at the time of their ovulation to enhance their chances of successful conception. One must understand the theory of survival of the fittest to understand this concept. Traditionally, high testosterone levels are associated with more manly features and superior semen quality (or fertility). The idea is derived from prior researches in which it was identified that manly traits such as strong built, broad shoulders etc. are linked to high testosterone levels and genetic proficiency.
High Testosterone Levels and Manly Characteristics:
There are several parameters that help women in identifying fertile men; such as:
1. Masculine Built:
Men with high testosterone levels have strong bones and higher muscle mass due to anabolic activity of testosterone. This explains why masculine characteristics such as facial construction, built and other physical features are found to be more appealing to women in a heterosexual relation, especially at the time of their ovulation.
According to a new study reported in the PloS One (2) investigators suggested that high testosterone levels in men are associated with higher handgrip strength (HGS) scores. Based on the results obtained from Tanzanian population, it was identified that males with higher HGS have high serum testosterone levels and superior quality sperms, which makes them more likely to impregnate their partner in case of a successful sexual encounter.
2. Body Hair:
Former studies have shown that women are more allured towards men who are bigger and have more hairs. Even in animal kingdom, having more hair is considered as a sign of masculinity and hairy males tend to attract their companioTestosterone Levels Imagen towards them. For example male peacock's tail feathers are sign of their machismo.
To test this hypothesis, investigators conducted a study to see if women are attracted to hairy men or clean-shaved men. To obtain consistent and non-biased results, investigators used 15 male faces that were modified by a computer software to obtain five looks (such as clean shaved, light beard, light stubble and heavy stubble).
Based on the results of the data obtained from 60 women, it was discovered that women are most attracted to men with light beard, followed by men with stubble. The results of the study were reported in the peer reviewed journal Personality and Individual Differences (3).
3. Body Odor:
Besides facial features and body hair, certain other characteristics (such as sweat odor) can also have a huge impact on the women at the time of ovulation. High testosterone levels are associated with bigger sweat glands and ducts (and higher secretion of sweat) due to increased basal metabolism. At the time of ovulation, hormonal fluctuations tend to influence the mood, behavior and bodily responses to sexual stimuli. According to a new study reported in the Evolution and Human Behavior journal (4), the sense of smell and taste heightens in the fertile women during ovulation. This greatly improves the chances of men who secretes pheromones (or male scent in sweat).
4. Male Voice:
As crazy as it may sound, scientists actually decided to investigate the possible link between male's voice and sperm count. In order to test the theory to explore if sexy deep voices are associated with the quality of semen, scientists asked few young men to get their voice recorded and also collected their semen samples. Later on, the quality of sperms from the collected semen sample were examined and the recorded voices were played in front of few women. Researchers asked the women to rate those voices on the basis of sex appeal and attraction. As per researcher's expectations, the deeper voices were perceived as more captivating, but surprisingly, the attractive and muscular voice pitch does not found to be very strong associated with the quality of semen.
In short, manly traits may or may not be associated with high testosterone levels, but is very strongly linked to fertility in men.
1. Cunningham, M. R., Barbee, A. P., & Pike, C. L. (1990). What do women want? Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(1), 61.
2. Atkinson, J., Pipitone, R. N., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Mberira, M., Bartels, A., & Gallup Jr, G. G. (2012). Voice and handgrip strength predict reproductive success in a group of indigenous African females. PloS one, 7(8), e41811.
3. Neave, N., & Shields, K. (2008). The effects of facial hair manipulation on female perceptions of attractiveness, masculinity, and dominance in male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 373-377.
4. Thornhill, R., Chapman, J. F., & Gangestad, S. W. (2013). Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Patterns across the ovulatory cycle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(3), 216-221.
5. Simmons, L. W., Peters, M., & Rhodes, G. (2011). Low pitched voices are perceived as masculine and attractive but do they predict semen quality in men?. PloS one, 6(12), e29271.


text:
El Rama in 1894
|Department||South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|
|• Municipality||2,169 sq mi (5,618 km2)|
It is along the Escondido River which branches off into three other rivers: the Sumi, Rama, and Escondido. It is home to an important Atlantic/Caribbean port. Its population is approximately 50,000 people.
Rama is an old settlement, whose name is reminiscent of their first settlers, the Caribbean indigenous Rama, once populate the territories of the present municipalities of Bluefields and Rama. Unlike the Miskito, this ethnic group did not subordinated to the British and other European nations from 1633. Ethnicity also fought pirates and Spanish conquistadors who sought to enslave during the conquest.
The municipality increased its importance in the late nineteenth century, with the beginning of the extraction of timber, rubber and banana enclave by US companies. This economic activation caused a strong flow from other parts of the country as well as citizens of Chinese origin, who were primarily devoted to trade. The construction of the Managua-Rama highway facilitated successive waves of migration of peasants
There are a total of 98 communities: among which we can to mention:
- La Esperanza: 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) northwest of Rama, on the highway to Managua, the second in population and importance, with an urban population of 3500 inhabitants.
- Wapi: Located 32 kilometres (20 miles) northwest of Rama, with an urban population of 2,500 inhabitants, according to a municipal census unfinished houses more than 124.
- Other minor places, but with a tendency to develop as villages, are: El Recreo, El Colorado, El Pavon, Aguas Calientes, Maria Cristina Gaitan, Magnolia, Las Iguanas, El Pedregal, La Union, El Arene, El Castillo and St Geronimo.
- Inifom Ficha Municipal El Rama
|This Nicaragua location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
Single Women: An Alienated Social Group in Nepal
Women are considered to be a significant contributor in building a culture of peace and nurturing cultural practices. However, being a patriarchal society, it is no surprise to see single women living a dejected life ignoring every reason to be happy as if they have committed a sin. In Nepal, single women are also known as marginalized group (Regmi 2001), who are forced and sometimes prefer to live alone without men. Although single women are the bread winner and active decision maker (Women Human Right Defenders [WHRD] 2005-2006), they are alienated from the community because they deny to follow the social norms. Widows, badi, divorced, and unmarried women are categorized under single women. Moreover, widows and badi situations are more exacerbated than divorced and unmarried women.
Issues of Single Women in Nepal
In Nepal, widows contain 99% of single women who are shunned by the society (Burathoki 2009). After the death of their husbands, their freedom is taken away by the society. Women for Human Rights reported that 67% of widows resulted from 10 years long armed conflict. Additionally, widows are merely between 20-35 years of age with 3-4 children (Luitel 2009). The status of widows in the country is very depressing because they are shunned by our society. Widows are not allowed to wear colorful dresses, participate in special occasions such as wedding ceremony and religious festival. Moreover, there is a believe that if people see widows while walking on the street for any new work, they will immediately post pond their job because looking widows face before their new work is considered to be a bad luck. Especially young widows are assumed to be witches and are blamed for the death of their husbands.
On the other hand, widows are the ones who are blamed for their own condition. Although their husbands have been killed in the war or an accident, most of them think that their husband died because of their misfortune. They are most likely to become the victim of human trafficking because they have lack of education and skills to work and survive (Thapa 2007). On July 15, 2009, Nepal's government introduced a new incentive to give Rs. 50,000 cash as a reward for marrying a widow (Joanna 2009). The government has brought the program from the suggestion of economists for social security, but offering cash to marry widows only emphasize the fact that, women cannot be empowered until and unless they have husbands (Basnet 2009).
Badi are the women who came to Nepal from northern India to entertain people by dancing, singing and making madals, a musical instrument, in 1890s. However, later in 1950s, they lost their customers so sex work became their main income (Gurung 2002). After having frequent unprotected sex, the women are giving birth to children whose fathers are unknown. Those children have to face poor nurturing and social insecurities after their birth because of their unidentified fathers. Similarly, citizen certificate is impossible for those children, although Nepal citizenship act (2006) defines "Any person born at the time when his father or mother is a citizen of Nepal, shall be a citizen of Nepal by descent" (Nepal citizenship act 2006). However, it has been practiced only in the name of father. Additionally, marriages with badi are against the social norms in the country because people think that all badi are involved in sex work although there are some young badi who are not involved in sex work (Cox 1992). Ultimately, widows and badi who are involved in sex work to survive have a high risk of HIV and AIDS as well as many other diseases that are found in the country. Thus, the government should bring new incentives to empower them through education, vocational courses and employment oriented training so that they could earn a livelihood with a healthy life.
Divorced and Unmarried Women
In Nepal, there are many women who are aware of their rights but are not satisfied with their marriage for various reasons and get divorced. However, about 465 Muslim women are forcefully thrown out of the house by their husbands without any support (Parajuli 2008). Likewise, unmarried women who are above 35 years age are also known as single women. There are some feminists, who prefer to stay alone and call themselves as 'single women' to remove the discrimination against single women (Women for Human Rights 2003). However, both of them are being gossiped and criticized by society for refusing the social norms. Thus divorced and unmarried women are less exploited than others.
There is a famous quote of Mahatma Gandhi that says "If the women of Asia wake up, they will dazzle the world" (V Mohini n.d.). Thus, the government of Nepal should not delay to recognize the rights of single women, and the women should be considered to be the assets of the country.
Basnet, Sunita. (2009, July 28). Marriage or sales advertisement. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from World Pulse website _URL_
Burathoki G, Kanchan. (2009, August 10). Marriage incentive riles single women. Retrieved December 8, 2009, from Republica Social Affairs website _URL_
Cox, Thomas. (1992, January). The badi-prostitution as a social norm among an untouchable caste of west Nepal. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Scribd website _URL_
Giri, V Mohini. (2000). Transforming approached to conflict resolution. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from CAPWIP: Center for Asia-pacific Women in Politics website _URL_
Gurung, Trishna. (2002, July 05-11). Badi women must now contend with vigilante. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from Nepali Times website _URL_
Jolly, Joanna. (2009, July 16). Nepal widows dismiss marriage incentive. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from BBC NEWS website _URL_
Luitel, Anjana. (2009, June 24). International widow day. Retrieved on November 30, 2009, from World Pulse website _URL_
Nepal citizen act 2063 (2006). (2006, November 26). An act enacted for amendment and integration of matters relating to Nepal citizenship act. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from British Citizen website: _URL_
Parajuli, Kalpit. (2008, December 1). Nepal: Muslim women in the street against 'talak' divorce. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from Women living under Muslim laws website _URL_
Regmi, Chandra Shibesh. (2001, March). A marginalised group: listening to badi community. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from ActionAid Nepal: western regional office, Nepalgunj website _URL_
Thapa, Lily. (2007, December 8). Nepal's widow : 16 days against gender violence. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Opendemocracy 50.50 inclusive democracy website _URL_
Women for Human Rights (WHR). (2003, June 9-11). Single women empowerment workshop in Dang. Retrieved December 8, 2009, from Friedrich Ebert Stiftung website _URL_
Women Human Right Defenders (WHRDs). (2005-2006). Urgent: badi women human rights defenders attacked and detaine. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Women's rehabilitation center (WOREC) website _URL_


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3 The OmniFocus 2 Pro for Mac allows you to create custom views of your data that you can access at the click of a mouse.
Custom perspectives are much more flexible in OmniFocus 3.
Instructions for how to create and edit OmniFocus 3 perspectives are included in our more recent content. Also, visit the Custom Perspectives for OmniFocus 3 directory for specific examples that showcase the enhanced power and flexibility of custom perspectives.
Custom perspectives created in OmniFocus 2 continue to work in OmniFocus 3. You can optionally upgrade them to OmniFocus 3 perspectives to take advantage of the power and flexibility that OmniFocus 3 offers.
The Standard edition of OmniFocus comes preinstalled with a number of different perspectives that provide you with different ways to view your OmniFocus database. For example, the Projects perspective allows you to view your database by project, the Contexts perspective allows you to view your database by Context and the Review perspective shows a list of projects that are up for review.
If you have the Pro version of OmniFocus you can create your own perspectives. For example, it might be useful to have a perspective that shows you all your available personal tasks and another to show a list of your errands. Before watching this video it's recommended that you read the Foundation: Mind Mapping Your Responsibilities article.
In this video you'll learn:
- How to create a perspective that shows all available actions.
- How to create a perspective that shows all important (due or flagged) actions.
- How to create a perspective that shows you available actions in a specific area of your life (e.g. personal).
- How to create a perspective for easy access to your errands.
- How to create a perspective for easy access to your waiting list.
- How to use the reorder, modify and delete perspectives.
- How to add perspectives to the sidebar and toolbar.
- How to assign a keyboard shortcut to a perspective.


text:
Practical Methods for Reliability Data Analysis
This practical introduction to the analysis of data collected from reliability studies offers clear, detailed explanations of the best and most up-to-date techniques available. Topics include survival analysis with covariates, the assessment of systems performance, reliability growth models, dependency (which encompasses both engineering and statistical approaches), and practical aspects of analysis. A wealth of interesting case studies appear throughout the text, lending "real-world" examples to the more theoretical discussions. Throughout, the authors stress the need for investigators to understand the background and nature of their data if they are to select the most appropriate analysis method. They also provide in-depth treatments of the mathematical and statistical bases underlying each technique. Accessible and comprehensive, the book will be welcomed by students, professionals, and statisticians who are interested in the practical aspects of reliability data analysis.
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Introduction to reliability
Analysis of lifetimes with covariates
Models for repairable systems
Analysis of repairable systems
Growth and adaptive models
alternative Ansell approach appropriate approximation assess assumed asymptotic batch censored observations considered covariates Cox and Lewis cumulative hazard function cumulative number data analysis data collection databases defined denoted dependency equations Example exponential distribution failure rate failure time distribution function is given gamma gamma distribution given in Fig given in Table hazard function Hence identical components illustrated independent Laplace transform lifetime distribution likelihood function linear log likelihood matrix maximum likelihood estimation modules multivariate NHPP null hypothesis number of events number of failures objective obtained operate performance plot Poisson distribution possible probability density function problem proportional hazards model random variable reliability data reliability engineers reliability function reliability studies renewal process repairable systems residuals right censored ROCOF S-PLUS sample Section shape parameter sodium sulphur battery standard error structure function Subsection suggested system is given techniques test statistic trend truncated usually variance Weibull distribution Weibull regression model zero


text:
Date of Conferral
Romantic relationship satisfaction relates to better overall health, and identifying factors that affect relationship satisfaction could lead to better understanding of romantic relationships. This study examined the correlation between benevolent sexism, a subtle form of sexism resembling chivalry and relationship satisfaction; gender, age, ethnicity, religious beliefs, education, and length of time were also considered as moderators. The ambivalent sexism theory, which posits that sexism is ambivalent and ranges from hostile to benevolent sexism was the theoretical framework guiding this study. Previous research indicated benevolent sexism may predict relationship satisfaction. However, there remained an important gap in the literature; the demographic variables above had not been considered as moderators in those analyses. Thus, the purpose of this non-experimental study using data collected from a U.S. sample of adults who had been in romantic relationships for at least 1 year was to determine if such links existed. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that benevolent sexism, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory did not predict relationship satisfaction, measured by the Relationship Assessment Scale, and none of the demographic variables served as moderators. Results were trending toward significance though, suggesting that benevolent sexism might influence women's relationship satisfaction. Further research using longitudinal, mixed-method studies of dyads is recommended to gain a clearer understanding of this phenomenon. Findings would make important contributions to existing literature and enhance social change by providing professionals and individuals with awareness of how benevolent sexist attitudes may affect relationship satisfaction.


I know that $\sin(x)$ can be expressed as an infinite product, and I've seen proofs of it (e.g. Infinite product of sine function). I found How was Euler able to create an infinite product for sinc by using its roots? which discusses how Euler might have found the equation, but I wonder how Euler could have proved it.
$$\sin(x) = x\prod_{n=1}^\infty \left(1-\frac{x^2}{n^2\pi^2}\right)$$
So how did Euler derive this? I've seen a proof that requires Fourier series (something not know [formally] by Euler, I guess). I also know that this equation can be thought intuitively, and it's really true that it will have the same roots as the sine function, however it's not clear that the entire function converges to the sine function. So, even if Euler guessed it, how was his proof accepted, for this formula to calculate the zeta function for even integers?
$$\zeta(2n) = (-1)^{n+1} \frac{B_{2n}(2\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}$$
I've checked a proof of this result, and it requires the sine infinite product.
Also, the Basel problem (solved by him) used this infinite product too, and he got famous by this proof, so the sine infinite product might have been accepted by the mathematical community at that time.
Check out this link: Ed Sandifer: How Euler Did It, March 2004
And here: Wikipedia: Basel Problem
The Wikipedia link shows there actually does exist an "elementary" proof of the generalized Basel problem (the evaluation of the Riemann zeta function for positive even integers). Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik, in the text Concrete Mathematics, also give an outline of another elementary proof which is easy to follow, using properties of exponential generating functions and some basic calculus. Although it is not how Euler went about it, the approach certainly would have been within his scope of knowledge.
 - $\begingroup$ Do you have any information about the first one who proved this? $\endgroup$ – Lucas Zanella Feb 18 '14 at 4:49
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ it was probably first proven rigorously by Weierstrass. $\endgroup$ – Ian Mateus Mar 9 '14 at 21:55
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shelf life of hemp seed oil
What is the shelf life of hemp oil
The short answer is, if stored correctly, an unopened bottle of our hemp oil will last 14 months from the date of production. The long answer is there are several factors that can influence the shelf life of hemp oil. The major ones are how the seed is pressed, how the oil is packaged and how the oil is stored.
Pressing hemp oil to extend shelf life
Since the essential fatty acids in hemp are very susceptible to degradation and rancidity, producing a shelf stable oil starts with being very careful at the production stage. By ensuring that the oil has had minimal exposure to heat and to oxygen, the production of the oil ensures that the goodness that was available in the raw seed is retained in our virgin cold-pressed hemp oil. We do this through a production process that protects the essential fatty acids from exposure to oxygen by replacing the "air" in the production environment with pure nitrogen. In addition to protecting the oil from oxidation, we also ensure that the oil is kept well below the allowable temperatures required to be able to call the oil cold-pressed. These two factors enable us to produce a product that is as close as possible to mimicking the seed in it's ability to safeguard the oil. You might consider our method better, since seeds can get broken, allowing oxygen to access the oils.
Sealed jugs devoid of oxygen extend shelf life
The oxygen free environment doesn't stop at the pressing stage, we continue it right through to the bottling stage where the oil is maintained oxygen free and then the last bit of space in the top of the filled bottle is also replaced with nitrogen before the bottle is sealed with a foil topper and the lid is put on. These extra steps ensure that the oil will remain fresh for a long period of time after it has been placed in the bottle, literally for many months allowing us to set a best before date of 14 months from the date of manufacture.
Cold storage of the oil extends shelf life
Keep your oil cold. While we maintain an environment that is consistently lower than 15 C for short term storage of the products, we highly recommend you storing your oil in the freezer for longer term storage. One of the many wonderful benefits of hemp oil is that it will not turn to a solid at the temperatures reached in your home freezer so you can keep you oil there and it will still pour for you. There may be some separation of the naturally occurring waxes but this will just result in some cloudiness and is not something to be concerned about. It will not affect flavour or consistency when the oil warms.
Keep your oil cold and out of the light
The two things you need to be aware of after you get your oil is that you should keep it cool and out of the sunlight. Store the oil in the freezer for long term storage and in the fridge in the short term. The oil can withstand moderate temperatures, for instance while being shipped, without any significant degradation. For long term storage, just ensure you maintain a cold temperature.
Organic Hemp oil, Canadian hemp seed, Superior quality, best prices. Canada's #1 Hemp Oil retailer since 1996.
Cold Pressed or Refined Hemp Oil?
Hemp oil is referred to as the most perfectly balanced oil created by nature. This is due to the perfect balance of unsaturated Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids that cannot be found anywhere else. Hemp oil is also rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and other health beneficial substances. However, this only applies if the oil is cold pressed, as only unrefined hemp oil preserves all the nutrients contained in the hemp seed.
How is unrefined hemp oil made?
Unrefined, cold pressed hemp oil is obtained from hemp seeds with mechanical extraction at a low temperature that doesn't exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Cold pressed hemp oil is not chemically cleaned or bleached and the sediments are removed mechanically using filtration.
The shorter shelf life of cold pressed oil
Due to the lack of chemical treatment and absence of high temperatures, the active substances found in the seeds of the plant are also preserved in cold pressed oils. Because of this, the oil has a shorter shelf life and needs to be stored in cold places, and the supply chain between the manufacturer and the end consumer needs to be shortened as well. Incorrect storage and irregularities in transportation can make the cold pressed oil go bad faster. The first sign alerting you to any irregularities will be an unusual odor. Properly stored, fresh cold pressed hemp oil has a strong green color, as well as a strong but pleasant smell that resembles a mixture of freshly mowed grass and nuts.
Why is unrefined oil better than refined oil?
Refined oil has a cleaner appearance, with a lighter color, and does not contain small particles. Refining is a relatively complex process that includes treatment with chemical compounds and at high temperatures, reaching up to 270 degrees Celsius. The process removes most of the vitamins contained in the oil, as well as other health beneficial substances. Also lost in the process are Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, which are the ingredients that give hemp oil the title of the most balanced oil. Refined hemp oil is primarily used in cosmetics, the production of various ointments and even plastics.
Two main reasons most cosmetics manufacturers decide to use refined oils
 - Refined oils last longer allowing for a longer supply chain between production and the end consumer, higher volumes of stock and lower risk for the manufacturer
 - Refined hemp oil is significantly cheaper than unrefined oil
At Hemptouch, we swear by unrefined, Cold Pressed Hemp Oil
All our products are based exclusively on cold pressed hemp oil. This is the only way to preserve all the beneficial substances that make hemp oil so popular in skin care. We realize this makes the shelf life of our products much shorter and that it affects the supply chain, which is a challenge in business, however, this helps us ensure our products are always fresh and of the highest quality.
Because we want to have full control over the ingredients used in our products, we make the cold pressed oil from our own hemp, grown on our field in Novo mesto, where we can observe its growth from seed to full-grown plant.
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text:
Michaela Binder, Durham University
Sudan has perhaps one of the richest and most fascinating archaeological records in the world. Construction projects such as roads and dams are an increasing threat to its cultural heritage which prompts a large number of salvage excavations by Sudanese and international teams. Accordingly, as a large number of archaeological sites are cemeteries, the amount of human remains housed in museums and universities for use in research is steadily growing.
Despite the fact Sudan has many excellent archaeologists, the scientific potential of human remains – which can increase our knowledge about many aspects of past human cultures – is not fully harnessed. This is mainly due to the fact that there is relatively little training in the study of human remains within the country itself.
Recognising this problem, the British Museum's Amara West project has instigated a Bioarchaeology Field School, generously funded by the Institute of Bioarchaeology. I am currently in Khartoum running a one-week workshop at the National Council of Antiquities and Museums (NCAM). Over the course of the workshop, nine participants, including senior members of NCAM and archaeologists from the universities of Khartoum, Shendi, Bahri (Juba) and Wadi al-Nil, will gain a basic understanding of the study of human remains, the methods involved and the potential information that can be obtained.
During the first few days, we have been busy learning about the anatomy of the human skeleton. Following practice on a plastic skeleton, the participants get hands-on experience with skeletons excavated at the Meroitic cemetery at Berber, by workshop participant Mahmoud Suleiman Bashir, an inspector at NCAM.
We have also visited excavations at al-Khiday near Khartoum, a multi-period site with cemeteries of the Pre-Mesolithic, Neolithic and Meroitic periods, where Tina Jakob of Durham University, who works on the human remains of Al-Khiday, gave a talk about her research.
You can read more about our discoveries at Amara West on the British Museum website where we have uploaded new pages about the excavation of a Ramesside house at the town, and post-New Kingdom burials in cemetery C.


text:
Bronze bell from a Buddhist temple
Edo period, 17th-18th century AD
Temple bells were used to announce the time of events during the course of the day. They were hung suspended within covered towers, and rung by striking them on the outside on a raised boss using a wooden ram suspended horizontally by ropes. The bell is hung by an integral loop at the top, usually in the form of opposed dragons with the hōjū, or wishing jewel between them.
The matrices of raised nipples around the upper part of the bell derive originally from Chinese bells of the Shang dynasty (about 12th-11th century BC).


text:
(LITTLE GARDEN OF THE SOUL).
A prayer book which both in its Latin and German forms was exceedingly popular in the early years of the sixteenth century. The first known edition was printed at Strasburg by William Schaffener of Rappeltsweiler, and is dated 13 March, 1498. After that date new editions with various supplements and modifications were constantly issued by other printers both in Strasburg and other German cities, and even at Lyons. Many of them, though small in size, were illustrated with beautifully designed woodcuts. Mr. C. Dodgson gives a list of eighteen editions between 1516 and 1521, all of which contained cuts by the well-known engravers Hans Springinklee and Erhard Schön. The earliest German edition appeared in 1501, but the Latin editions on the whole predominate. With regard to its contents, the "Hortulus" bears a general resemblance to the Horæ and Primers which were then the form of prayer book most familiar in France and England. As in these latter, the Little Office of our Lady always occupies the place of honour, but the "Hortulus" contains a greater variety of popular prayers, many of them recommended by curious and probably spurious Indulgences. The name "Hortulus Animæ" was derived not from the æsthetic but from the utilitarian aspects of a garden, as is shown by the three Latin distichs prefixed to most copies of the work. The first two lines run:—
Ortulus exiguus varias ut sæpe salubres
Herbas producit, quas medicina probat.
(A tiny garden will often produce a variety of salutary herbs of which medicine knows the value).
The contents of the volume are further described as "mentis pharmaca sacræ" (the simples of the devout mind). The popularity of the book is further shown by the extreme beauty of the miniatures in some existing manuscript examples. One of these at Vienna (Bibl. Pal. 2706) has recently been produced in exquisite facsimile by Dörnhöffer.
The title in particular was found attractive. Another German prayer book, "Das Wurtzgärt linder andächtigen Uebung" (the herb garden of devout practices) was edited by an Observantine Franciscan friar at Augsburg in 1513, but it is a quite different work. So a Lutheran adaptation of the "Hortulus" was produced in 1569 [perhaps 1550 Ed.] which was called the "Lustgarten der Seelen" (the pleasure garden of the soul)—though this perhaps corresponds better to the other famous Catholic prayer book the "Paradisus Animæ". It should be noted also that yet another well-known work of devotion, which was not a prayer book but a volume of moral instruction richly illustrated with stories, bore a similar title. This was "Der Selen Würtzgart," of which the first edition was printed at Ulm in 1483. The title, "Garden of the Soul", is of course very familiar to English readers from the popular prayer book which was compiled by Bishop Challoner about the year 1740, and which has since been reprinted and re-edited in countless editions.
CLAUSS in Kirchliches Handlexikon (Munich, 1907), s.v.; BEISSEL in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach (July-October, 1909); M220;THER, Bücher-Illustration (1894), I, 289; DODGSON, Catalogue of Early German and Flemish Woodcuts at the British Museum (London, 1903), especially vol. I, pp. 562-563); THURSTON in American Ecclesiastical Review (Feb., 1902), 167-187.
APA citation. (1910). Hortulus Animæ. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. _URL_
MLA citation. "Hortulus Animæ." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. .
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by WGKofron. With thanks to Fr. John Hilkert and St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


text: Value incongruence matters! In academic circles "value incongruence" is defined as the difference between an individual's personal value hierarchy and the perceived value hierarchy of an organisation. Put alternatively, value incongruence describes a phenomenon that an employee's values and priorities are at odds with those of their organisation and employer. What leads to value incongruence? Value incongruence can occur as early as the initial recruitment process if applicants or employers do not take the opportunity to communicate their core values – perhaps incorrectly assuming that sharing such information is unimportant as it is not directly related to the job role. It's also common for employees or employers to intentionally claim desired values to make a favourable impression. For example, a candidate may say they are deeply customer-focused when monetary rewards provide a greater motivation, or a company may boast of a deep commitment to CSR, when in reality their activities only extend as far as making donations rather than taking any personal action. Value incongruence can also be a result of organisational change, particularly if the new way of doing business deviates from values the company previously held. If employees cannot fully accept the company's new focus they are more likely to feel dissatisfied and increasingly outcast from the organisation. Why value incongruence matters? Value incongruence can result in employees developing negative attitudes towards their role, their organisation and themselves. When confronted with value incongruence, employees can expend so much energy suppressing their own values or amplifying values they do not hold in an attempt to fit in that they fall prey to fatigue and risk burnout. Employees can thus be very disengaged and decrease their productivity and performance. They are also less likely to participate in or support activities they perceive as falling beyond their job requirement, limiting their organisation's ability to innovate. Value incongruence, unsurprisingly, can thus lead to higher turnover intention, making it difficult for employers to retain staff. Who is vulnerable to value incongruence? The extent to which value incongruence brings negative consequences on employees' energy and performance depends on employees' affectivity, a stable measure of individual differences in the experience of positive or negative emotions. Recent research indicates that value incongruence is more detrimental to employees who tend to feel active, cheerful, and enthusiastic (i.e., those who are happier in general), because value incongruence induces negative emotions, exhaustion, and tension which contradict their positive affective orientation. These individuals are motivated to reduce such emotional dissonance and thus spend more time and effort on regulating their emotions, consuming energy that could otherwise have been used for performing their tasks. Accordingly, organisations should not ignore employees who seem happy but instead proactively help them when they are confronted by value incongruence. How to prevent and manage value incongruence? To prevent value incongruence, employers should first identify their core values and provide clear information in recruitment advertisements about organisational values to attract applicants with similar value orientations. Job interviews may also assess applicants' likelihood of value incongruence to help recruiters make informed selection decisions. Employers should also be aware of the differences between "espoused values" - the company's declared set of values and norms and "enacted values" – values and norms that are exhibited by employees in the organisation. Employees can still experience value incongruence when their values are different from those enacted by majority of their colleagues in the organisation, even though they were attracted by and embrace the organisation's espoused values. Employers can also take a job redesign approach to prevent value incongruence and manage its negative consequences, if changing employees' or the organisation's values is impossible. For example, employers can think of assigning employees to tasks that are less likely to induce value incongruence, or designing work schedules that provide employees with sufficient opportunities for energy recovery if value incongruence is inevitable in performing their jobs. Finally, value incongruence is not always a bad thing. Employees who possess different values could bring a different perspective that benefits organisations by enhancing decision making quality and innovation. While being aware of the negative consequence of value incongruence, it is worth considering that value incongruence also denotes value diversity, which could contribute to organisations positively. Dr. Chia-Huei Wu is assistant professor of management at the London School of Economics and Political Science Some materials were initially published in IvyExec.


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Risks of Rubbing Your Eyes
Posted on September 12, 2020 by - Eye Health
Preserving healthy eyes in Phoenix
Rubbing the eyes is a reflex for most of us, a natural response to itches, irritation and allergies. We rub our eyes because it works. By rubbing the eyes, we stimulate tear flow and wash away whatever is irritating them. This applied pressure also has the unexpected effect of relaxing the vagus nerve, which can reduce stress.
But routinely rubbing your eyes can have negative consequences. Below, experienced ophthalmologist Dr. Jay Schwartz of Phoenix-area Schwartz Laser Eye Center reviews some of the risks.
Wear and Tear
Because the eye is so fragile, even a moderate amount of rubbing can result in damage. When rubbing causes small blood vessels to break, the eyes appear blood-shot. Leakage from capillaries can even help create dark circles under the eyes.
In the process of rubbing the eyes, your hand may transfer germs to the area, which can cause conjunctivitis or other infections. If there is dirt, debris or a grain of sand in the eye, it can scratch the cornea when you rub your eyes. The effect is even greater if you wear contact lenses.
Too much rubbing can affect your vision, changing your prescription by shortening or lengthening the distance between lens and retina. It can also cause an increase in intraocular eye pressure, which is especially dangerous for those already suffering from elevated eye pressure.
Safer Options
Refraining from rubbing your eyes is easier said than done. Eye rubbing is a natural response that we need to make a conscious effort to unlearn. The best way to address dryness and irritation is to wash the eye with sterile saline, eye drops or water. Flushing away dust and debris is the safest way to restore comfort and protect your delicate eyes.
If you would like to learn more about eye health, we invite you to schedule a personal consultation with skilled ophthalmologist Dr. Jay Schwartz at his Phoenix, Glendale or Scottsdale office by calling or emailing Schwartz Laser Eye Center today.


text:
Having tests that verify only one thing makes troubleshooting easier. It's not to say you shouldn't also have tests that do test multiple things, or multiple tests that share the same setup/teardown.
Here should be an illustrative example. Let's say that you have a stack class with queries:
and methods to mutate the stack
Now, consider the following test case for it (I'm using Python like pseudo-code for this example.)
self.stack = new Stack()
assert stack.top() == 1, "top() isn't showing correct object"
assert stack.getSize() == 1, "getSize() call failed"
From this test case, you can determine if something is wrong, but not whether it is isolated to the
pop() implementations, or the queries that return values:
If we add individual test cases for each method and its behavior, things become much easier to diagnose. Also, by doing fresh setup for each test case, we can guarantee that the problem is completely within the methods that the failing test method called.
assert stack.getSize() == 0
assert stack.top() == 1, "top returns wrong object after push"
assert stack.getSize() == 1, "getSize wrong after push"
assert stack.getSize() == 0, "getSize wrong after push"
As far as test-driven development is concerned. I personally write larger "functional tests" that end up testing multiple methods at first, and then create unit tests as I start to implement individual pieces.
Another way to look at it is unit tests verify the contract of each individual method, while larger tests verify the contract that the objects and the system as a whole must follow.
I'm still using three method calls in
test_push, however both
getSize() are queries that are tested by separate test methods.
You could get similar functionality by adding more asserts to the single test, but then later assertion failures would be hidden.


The Weil Pairing
Consider the group of $m$-torsion points $E[m]$ for some $m$ coprime to $q = \mathrm{char} K$.
For a point $T \in E[m]$, find a $T_0$ such that $m T_0 = T$ (i.e. $T_0 \in [m]^{-1}(T)$). Let $g_T$ be a rational function with divisor
\[ \langle g_T \rangle = \sum_{R\in E[m]} \langle T_0 + R \rangle - \langle R \rangle \]
Let $\tau_S$ be the translation-by-$S$ map for some $m$-torsion point $S$. Then define the Weil pairing to be
\[ e(S,T) = \frac{g_T \cdot \tau_s }{ g_T } \]
Since $R, S$ are both elements of the group $E[m]$:
\[ \langle g_T \cdot \tau_S (P) \rangle = \sum_{R\in E[m]} \langle T_0 + R - S \rangle - \langle R - S \rangle = \langle g_T \rangle \]
So $g_T$ and $g_T \cdot \tau_S$ have the same divisor which implies $e(S, T) = g_T \cdot \tau_S / g_T = \mu$ for some constant $\mu$ (recall that $g_T$ is unique up to a constant).
Repeating this argument gives $g_T \cdot \tau_S^i = \mu^i g_T$. Since $m$ translations by $S$ is the identity (since $S \in E[m]$) we find $\mu^m = 1$, when $i = m$. In other words $e(S,T) = \mu$ is an $m$th root of unity.
So we may view the Weil pairing as a map
\[ e : E[m] \times E[m] \rightarrow \mu_m \]
where $\mu_m$ is the group of the $m$th roots of unity.
Note this definition of the Weil pairing is not suitable for practical computations as the representations of the functions $g_T(P), g_T(P+S)$ grow quickly with $m$. (There are $2m^2$ poles and zeroes for each function, which means each function is a product of $2m^2$ line equations.) Fortunately an alternative definition of the Weil pairing lends itself well to explicit computation.
Pullback of Divisors
This is another way to view this definition of the Weil pairing.
Suppose $\alpha$ is an endomorphism, and $g$ is a rational function. Then a natural construct is to compose $g$ and $\alpha$, i.e. $g \cdot \alpha$.
For example, if $\alpha$ is translation by a point $T$, then $g \cdot \alpha (P)= g(P+T)$.
The map $\alpha$ also induces a map on the divisors $\alpha^* : Div(E) \rightarrow Div(E)$ that takes the divisor of $g$ to the divisor of $g \cdot \alpha$.
For example, if $\alpha$ is translation by $T$, then $\alpha^*$ takes a divisor $\sum m_P \langle P \rangle$ to $\sum m_P \langle P - T \rangle$.
Then the function $g_T$ in the Weil pairing may be defined as a function such that
\[ \langle g_T \rangle = [m]^*(\langle T \rangle - \langle O \rangle) \]
Properties of The Weil Pairing
The Weil pairing is nondegenerate, alternating and bilinear.
 - $e(S_1 + S_2, T) = e(S_1, T) e(S_2, T)$
 - $e(S, T_1 + T_2) = e(S, T_1) e(S, T_2)$
 - $e(S, S) = 1$
 - $e(S, T) = e(T, S)^{-1}$
 - $e(S, T) = 1$ for all $T$ if and only if $S = O$
 - $e(S, T) = 1$ for all $S$ if and only if $T = O$
 - For any nonzero endomorphism $\alpha$, $e(\alpha(S), \alpha(T)) = e(S,T)^{\deg \alpha}$
 [TODO: define degree of endomorphism]


text:
Orange Marmalade II
Recipe type: Marmalade
- 12 Seville Oranges
- 2 lemons
- 5.5kg (12 lb) sugar
- 7l (12 pints) of water
- Peel the lemons and the oranges.
- Slice the peel as thinly as possible and place in a large bowl.
- Pulp the flesh of the oranges and lemons, and remove the pips.
- Add the mashed fruit to the large bowl.
- Add 6.5l (11½ pints) of the water, and leave the bowl to stand for 24 hours.
- Pour the remaining 500ml (1/2 pint) of water into a small bowl and add all the pips from the fruit. Leave this for 24 hours too.
- Strain the water and pips through a muslin bag, keeping the water and adding it to the bowl containing the fruit.
- Pour the fruit mix into a preserving pan and boil until the peel is really tender - about 2 to 3 hours.
- Add the sugar whilst constantly stirring and bring to the boil.
- Cook on a rolling boil until the juice becomes clear and glossy, and a test sample of the marmalade will set.
- Pour into jars and seal.
To make the marmalade more bitter crush the pips before adding to the water. Hitting them with a hammer works well.