text:
As drought conditions in much of Texas continue, a landmark decision by the Texas Supreme Court further defines private property owner's rights and limitations to groundwater underneath their land.
The court issued its decision on Edwards Aquifer Authority v. Day on February 24 after two years of deliberations, stating land ownership includes an interest in groundwater in place that cannot be taken for public use without adequate compensation.
The court wrote in its decision that a landowner does indeed have a constitutionally protected ownership interest in water underneath their land, similar to rights for oil, gas and minerals.
"Whether groundwater can be owned in place is an issue we have never decided," the court wrote. "But we held long ago that oil and gas are owned in place, and we find no reason to treat groundwater differently."
The lawsuit centered on challenges to the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA), which regulates groundwater production from the Edwards Aquifer, the main water source for central Texas. The EAA had argued that a landowner does not own the water underneath the land until the water is brought to the surface and possession is taken.
The court also determined the EAA has the power to regulate groundwater production, but it must consider factors other than just historical use.
Groundwater is a major source of water in Texas, providing about 60 percent of the 16.1 million acre-feet of water used in the state, according to the Texas Water Development Board.


text:
|Caption:||Deral, a Meridian male.|
|Caption:||Seltin Rakal, a Meridian female.|
The Meridians are a humanoid species who were the descendants of an expedition that was stranded on the planet Meridian, located in the Gamma Quadrant, during the 14th century. They spend sixty years in a non-corporeal state as the planet shifts between dimensions. While in physical form the Meridians are humanoid in appearance, with distinguishing markings near their eyes.
The passage between dimensions is a celebrated event on Meridian and is marked with first meal and last meal. The time spent in the physical universe is used to experience physical sensation, get to know each other, and raise families. (DS9: "Meridian")

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
More than 150 students at U-E's George F Johnson Elementary School took part in a Festival of Learning.
The kids picked something that they are interested in and then researched it. Projects included the history of Lego's, how maple syrup is made and paper airplanes. The goal of the festival, which is sponsored by the school's PTA, is to encourage kids to learn outside of the classroom.
5th grader Haley Bowman explains her project. "I did the Tunkhannock Viaduct. It's a bridge. Viaduct stands for a bridge that has arches."
Haley chose the viaduct because her grandparents lived close to it. She says it took three years to build with 500 men working on it.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


University of Würzburg
University of Würzburg, German in full Bayerische Julius-maximilians-universität Würzburg, autonomous, state-supported university in Würzburg, Ger., founded in 1582. Early a famous centre for the study of Roman Catholic theology, it was secularized in 1814 and became best known for its medical school. Among its teachers were the philosopher F.W. Schelling, the pathologist Rudolf Virchow, and the physicist Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X rays there in 1895.


text:
Depression Care Across the Lifespan
2009. 230 Seiten, Softcover
ISBN 978-0-470-51772-7 - John Wiley & Sons
Preis inkl. Mehrwertsteuer zzgl. Versandkosten.
E-Books sind auch über alle bekannten E-Book Shops erhältlich.
Depression Care across the Lifespan is a comprehensive, practical text that aims to increase knowledge and understanding of depression enabling professionals to enhance the care delivered to patients with depression. This text explores depression across all ages, starting with children and teenagers, through adulthood and finally old age.
Depression Care across the Lifespan explores depression amongst different groups including children and teenagers, depression throughout the adult female lifecycle and depression in later life. It also discusses the impact of depression in people with learning disabilities and those from ethnic minority and immigrant populations. It also looks at topics including the causes and treatment of depression, the impact of stress and depression upon work and wellbeing, depression in chronic illness, suicide and self harm, and managing depression in primary and secondary care are included.
* Essential reading for practitioners involved in the care of depressed people
* Useful for students undertaking nursing, health and social care courses
* Evidence-based, and supported by relevant literature
* Links policy with current practice across the whole lifespan


text:
Dunlap Reservoir - 2009 Survey Report
For assistance with accessibility on any TPWD documents, please contact _EMAIL_
Prepared by John Findeisen and Greg Binion
Inland Fisheries Division
District 1-E, Mathis, Texas
This is the authors' summary from a 25-page report. For a copy of the complete report, use the download link in the sidebar.
During the 2006-2010 survey period, fish populations in Lake Dunlap were surveyed in fall 2005, 2007, and 2009 using electrofishing and trap nets and spring 2006 and 2010 using gill nets. This report summarizes the results of the surveys and contains a management plan for the reservoir based on those findings.
Lake Dunlap is a 410-acre impoundment located on the Guadalupe River in Guadalupe County and is regulated by the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority (GBRA). The reservoir, impounded in 1928, is used for water supply, hydroelectric generation, and recreation. Lake Dunlap is classified as a mainstream reservoir and has a fairly constant water level. Substrate in the upper section is composed primarily of rock and gravel, while the middle and lower sections of the reservoir are composed of clay, sand, and silt. Habitat features include boat docks, rocks, and native floating and emergent vegetation.
Important sport fish include channel catfish, largemouth bass, and crappie species. The management plan from the 2006 survey report focused on fish habitat improvement, largemouth bass genetics, nuisance aquatic vegetation, and implementing a creel survey. The proposed habitat improvement plan was to construct brushpiles under boat docks and piers of cooperating lake-front property owners, however, the plan was not implemented due to concerns of the brushpiles breaking loose and damaging structures downstream and a decline in interest. Largemouth bass were not stocked. Nuisance aquatic vegetation presence/absence was noted on all fisheries and habitat surveys. The proposed creel survey was to be completed by a university; however, funding for this survey was not available.
- Prey species: Electrofishing catch rates of shad and sunfish species increased substantially since the 2006 report. Prey species populations were comprised primarily of small size classes; benefitting most predatory fish species. Redear and redbreast sunfish provided anglers with excellent angling opportunities.
- Catfishes: Blue, channel, and flathead catfish were present in the reservoir, with blue catfish being the predominant species. The relative abundance of flathead catfish appears to be increasing. Proportion of harvestable-sized catfish in the populations was good as the majority of fish sampled were greater than legal length limits.
- Black basses: Smallmouth, spotted, largemouth, and Guadalupe bass were present in the reservoir, with largemouth being the predominant species. Largemouth bass relative abundance increased substantially and they exhibited good body condition and growth to legal size. Several largemouth bass over 20" were collected during the electrofishing survey.
- Crappie: White and black crappie were present in the reservoir, with white crappie being the predominant species. Trap net catches of crappie were again low but, 33 adult crappie were collected in the spring 2010 gill net survey.
Continue to manage the fisheries under current regulations, refine crappie sampling, continue to monitor the reservoir for nuisance aquatic vegetation, and publicize the sunfish, catfish, and largemouth bass fisheries through media sources local to the reservoir and through the district Facebook page.
Performance Report as required by Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act Texas Federal Aid Project F-30-R-35 Statewide Freshwater Fisheries Monitoring and Management Program


text:
Assement of the impact of Lafenwa Market waste on the zooplankton and phytoplankton diversity in Ogun River, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
This study investigated types of waste generated and patterns of waste disposal in relation to activities in Lafenwa market, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It also characterised the abundance of plankton species and physico-chemical properties in the adjoining Ogun River. This was with a view to determining the impact of market waste on the physico-chemical and biological quality of the receiving river. A preliminary survey of the market was carried out to determine patterns of daily activities in different sectors of the market. A structured questionnaire was administered on 5% of randomly selected individuals from each sector to collect information on the type of waste generated, and patterns of disposing such waste. Polythene bags were assigned to each selected individual to collect waste generated for six consecutive days. The bags were retrieved each morning and waste weighed using a standard weighing balance. Plankton samples were collected from eight sampling stations (two upstream, three within the market, and three downstream) once every three months for 12 months and analysed for plankton species diversity and number. Twenty litres of each water sample was strained through a fine meshed plankton net (mesh size = 45 µm) to a concentrate volume of 30 ml and preserved with 5% formalin solution. Water samples for the analysis of physico-chemical properties were collected in 2-L plastic bottles and returned to the laboratory and analysed using both instrumentation and non-instrumentation methods. Data were analysed using ANOVA and correlation coefficient. Ninety-nine of 150 selected respondents (66.0%) disposed their waste directly to dumpsite and 22.7% directly to Ogun River. The major types of waste generated were polythene, vegetables, food waste, smoke/ashes, paper/carton, waste water and chaff. Rice milling sector generated the heaviest mean waste weight of 1,527.5 kg and saloon sector the least (6.95 kg). The differences were statistically significant at p < 0.05. Seven genera and thirty-seven species of phytoplankton recorded were Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta (14 species each), Cyanophyta (5 species), Chrysophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, and Rhodophyta (1 species each). The most abundant phytoplankton was Skeletonemacostatum (54.68 ± 19.49 org/m3), while the least was Gyrosigmafasciola (1.56 ± 1.56 org/m3). Similarly, four genera and 10 species of zooplankton were recorded namely, Rotifers (4 species), Copepoda (3 species), Insecta (2 species), and Cladocera(1 species). The most abundant zooplankton were Chaoborussp (31.25 ± 10.4 org/m3), while the least was Eudiaptomussp (4.69 ± 2.62 org/m3). Phytoplankton species abundance decreased from upstream to downstream while zooplankton followed an inverse direction. The peak abundance of biological indicators of pollution (Oscillatoriasp 87.5 ± 37.5 org/m3, Nitzchiasp 62.5 ± 36.29 org/m3, Brachionusdimiadiatus 41.67 ± 14.86 org/m3 and Euglena sp 6.25 ± 6.25 or/m3) was recorded at the market area while the least upstream (29.17 ± 37.5 org/m3, 33.33 ± 17.77 org/m3, 0 ± 0 org/m3, 4.17 ± 4.17 org/m3) respectively. Mean biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 2.90 ± 0.40 mg/l (upstream) to 6.80 ± 1.92 mg/l (market) while the dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.80 ± 0.41 mg/l (upstream) to 5.00 ± 0.73 mg/l (market). The correlation coefficients showed both negative and positive statistical significance between plankton species and some physico-chemical parameters. The study concluded that the peak abundance of biological indicators of pollution at the market area was a clear indication of pollution due to direct waste disposal to the river.


text:
Common misspellings for paper:
Definition of paper:
- To cover with paper.
- To cover with or enclose in paper.
- A substance usually made of different materials, and formed into thin sheets, on which letters and figures are written and printed; a piece of paper; a newspaper; a literary contribution; any written instrument; promissory notes; paper money; printed hangings.
- Made of paper.
- Made of paper; frail; slight; thin.


text:
Answer to the Front Page "Picture of the Week" Question for June 13th - June 20th, 2003
This is catalpa, Catalpa speciosa.
The catalpa is a native tree that bears multitudes of white flowers in late spring.
It is noted for its large leaves and its interesting long, cylindrical fruits. It is sometimes known
as the cigar tree because the fruits look like long cigars. You can see fine examples of catalpa in
the National Grove of State Trees,
and the National Boxwood Collection.
[Click on the picture to see a larger image of this plant].


text:
10 CFR 431.102 - Definitions concerning commercial water heaters, hot water supply boilers, unfired hot water storage tanks, and commercial heat pump water heaters.
The following definitions apply for purposes of this subpart G, and of subparts J through M of this part. Any words or terms not defined in this section or elsewhere in this part shall be defined as provided in section 340 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 6311.
Air-source commercial heat pump water heater means a commercial heat pump water heater that utilizes indoor or outdoor air as the heat source.
Basic model means all water heaters, hot water supply boilers, or unfired hot water storage tanks manufactured by one manufacturer within a single equipment class, having the same primary energy source (e.g., gas or oil) and that have essentially identical electrical, physical and functional characteristics that affect energy efficiency.
Coefficient of performance (COPh) means the dimensionless ratio of the rate of useful heat transfer gained by the water (expressed in Btu/h), to the rate of electric power consumed during operation (expressed in Btu/h).
Commercial heat pump water heater (CHPWH) means a water heater (including all ancillary equipment such as fans, blowers, pumps, storage tanks, piping, and controls, as applicable) that uses a refrigeration cycle, such as vapor compression, to transfer heat from a low-temperature source to a higher-temperature sink for the purpose of heating potable water, and has a rated electric power input greater than 12 kW. Such equipment includes, but is not limited to, air-source heat pump water heaters, water-source heat pump water heaters, and direct geo-exchange heat pump water heaters.
Direct geo-exchange commercial heat pump water heater means a commercial heat pump water heater that utilizes the earth as a heat source and allows for direct exchange of heat between the earth and the refrigerant in the evaporator coils.
Fuel input rate means the maximum measured rate at which gas-fired or oil-fired commercial water heating equipment uses energy as determined using test procedures prescribed under § 431.106 of this part.
Ground-source closed-loop commercial heat pump water heater means a commercial heat pump water heater that utilizes a fluid circulated through a closed piping loop as a medium to transfer heat from the ground to the refrigerant in the evaporator. The piping loop may be buried inside the ground in horizontal trenches or vertical bores, or submerged in a surface water body.
Ground water-source commercial heat pump water heater means a commercial heat pump water heater that utilizes ground water as the heat source.
(1) Has a rated input from 300,000 Btu/h to 12,500,000 Btu/h and of at least 4,000 Btu/h per gallon of stored water;
(2) Is suitable for heating potable water; and
(3) Meets either or both of the following conditions:
(i) It has the temperature and pressure controls necessary for heating potable water for purposes other than space heating; or
(ii) The manufacturer's product literature, product markings, product marketing, or product installation and operation instructions indicate that the boiler's intended uses include heating potable water for purposes other than space heating.
Indoor water-source commercial heat pump water heater means a commercial heat pump water heater that utilizes indoor water as the heat source.
Instantaneous water heater means a water heater that uses gas, oil, or electricity, including:
Rated input means the maximum rate at which commercial water heating equipment is rated to use energy as specified on the nameplate.
Residential-duty commercial water heater means any gas-fired storage, oil-fired storage, or electric instantaneous commercial water heater that meets the following conditions:
(1) For models requiring electricity, uses single-phase external power supply;
(2) Is not designed to provide outlet hot water at temperatures greater than 180 °F; and
(3) Does not meet any of the following criteria:
|Water heater type||Indicator of non-residential application|
|Gas-fired Storage||Rated input >105 kBtu/h; Rated storage volume >120 gallons.|
|Oil-fired Storage||Rated input >140 kBtu/h; Rated storage volume >120 gallons.|
|Electric Instantaneous||Rated input >58.6 kW; Rated storage volume >2 gallons.|
Standby loss means:
(1) For electric commercial water heating equipment (not including commercial heat pump water heaters), the average hourly energy required to maintain the stored water temperature expressed as a percent per hour (%/h) of the heat content of the stored water above room temperature and determined in accordance with appendix B or D to subpart G of part 431 (as applicable), denoted by the term "S"; or
(2) For gas-fired and oil-fired commercial water heating equipment, the average hourly energy required to maintain the stored water temperature expressed in British thermal units per hour (Btu/h) based on a 70 °F temperature differential between stored water and ambient room temperature and determined in accordance with appendix A or C to subpart G of part 431 (as applicable), denoted by the term "SL."
Storage-type instantaneous water heater means an instantaneous water heater that includes a storage tank with a storage volume greater than or equal to 10 gallons.
Storage water heater means a water heater that uses gas, oil, or electricity to heat and store water within the appliance at a thermostatically-controlled temperature for delivery on demand, including:
Tank surface area means, for the purpose of determining portions of a tank requiring insulation, those areas of a storage tank, including hand holes and manholes, in its uninsulated or pre-insulated state, that do not have pipe penetrations or tank supports attached.
Thermal efficiency for an instantaneous water heater, a storage water heater or a hot water supply boiler means the ratio of the heat transferred to the water flowing through the water heater to the amount of energy consumed by the water heater as measured during the thermal efficiency test procedure prescribed in this subpart.
Unfired hot water storage tank means a tank used to store water that is heated externally, and that is industrial equipment.


text:
September 6, 2000
Headquarters, Washington, DC
John Ira Petty
Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX
The most up-to-the-minute language-instruction technology, used in the space program, may come to the rescue of some venerable old languages and cultures.
Native American educators are looking at technology from NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, in their efforts to preserve and teach their peoples' languages. Johnson's Language Education Center, one of the largest and most advanced of its kind, teaches astronauts, Russian cosmonauts and others English, Russian and Japanese.
Vernon Finley and Johnny Arlee, language instructors at Salish Kootenai College on the Flathead Indian Reservation at Pablo, in northwestern Montana, recently visited the language center.
Arlee teaches the Salish Cultural Leadership Program at the college. The program's goal is to pass cultural leadership on to future generations by developing leaders to replace the elders. "Most who still speak the Salish language are elders," said Arlee, who at 59 is among the youngest of the fewer than 100 who still speak their native Salish language.
Finley, 46, teaches Kootenai. "While there have been language preservation efforts, they have not produced many fluent speakers," said Finley. "Unfortunately, the Kootenai are even fewer in number than the Salish, with fewer elders to speak and teach the language." Both cultures view language fluency as a vital part of the development of future leaders.
The teachers' visit to Johnson verified that they are moving in the right direction. Although they are concerned that they must produce many of their own materials, the center provides models that they can use in developing their tools.
"I believe the two visitors have seen technology and methodology that will help them teach and preserve their languages. It was a very productive visit, " said Tony Vanchu, director of the Language Education Center.
NASA's continuing efforts to transfer benefits of space-related research and development to the private sector are coordinated by Johnson's Office of Technology Transfer and Commercialization.
- end -


Algorithm for determining if a graph is possible?
Suppose that we have n vertices and m edges, and that the possible degrees of vertices are a or b. If a and b are nonnegative integers less than n, and the system of Diophantine equations, consisting of ax+by=2m and x+y=n, has a nonnegative solution, then does the set of conditions necessary require the existence of such a graph?


Parent Styles
Styles have a "Parent Style" property. Styles inherit their formatting properties from their parent style. This allows you to create a hierarchy of styles. For example, the built-in styles contain a hierarchy for Declarations, a portion of which looks like this:
Figure 4.10 An example of a style hierarchy.
Formatting properties in a style are combined with the parent style. Thus, the Declare Struct style inherits the formatting properties of the Declaration style. That lets you affect changes to all declaration styles by altering the single Declaration style.
The topmost parent style is the "Default Text" style. Its formatting properties are determined by the document type's font settings.
You can change the parent style of any style using the Style Properties command.
In the figure below is an example of how styles might combine for a function declaration.
Figure 4.11 Style properties "add up" on top of the default font specified by the document type.


text:
I got my hair cut in the morning. This is an example of the causative form. Causative verbs are used to talk about getting something done by somebody else. Some common expressions using the causative verb forms are given below.
- You must have your hair washed. / You must get your hair cut.
- You must get that carpet cleaned.
- You must get / have your nails polished.
- We must have the roof repaired.
In this structure we use the past participle form of the verb.
- We must have the house painted. (NOT We must have the house painting.) (NOT We must have the house paint.)
Causative forms are also possible with make. Causative forms of make often imply the idea that somebody has a certain authority over somebody else.
- He made me cry.
- They made her repeat the whole story. (= They forced her to repeat the whole story.)
- She made the child drink the milk.
- I made him do the homework.
- He made her cook dinner.
- She made me accompany her.
Note that in this structure we use the infinitive without to.
- She made me wait for hours. (NOT She made me waiting for hours.) (NOT She made me waited for hours.) (NOT She made me to wait for hours.)
Passive structures are possible in some cases and then we use an infinitive with to.
- She was made to repeat the whole story. (NOT She was made repeat the whole story.)
- I was made to wait for hours. (NOT I was made wait for hours.)


Guitar String Names and Numbers
 Published: 06-16-2009
 Views: 52,482
 Guitar expert Franklin Taggart teaches the guitar string names and numbers.
 Franklin Taggart
 Hi! I am Franklin Taggart. I am a guitar player and a guitar teacher. Right now, we are going to take a look at the names and numbers of the strings on the guitar. Now, this is a six string guitar. There are guitars that have more than that. There are seven strings guitars and twelve string guitars. We are using a standard six string guitar here and the numbers of the sting start with the skinny sting on the bottom. Thats one; the next is two, three, four, five and six. The name of the first guitar string is E, the name of the second string is B, the name of the third string is G, the names of the forth string is D; the name of the fifth string is A, and the name of the sixth string E. Those are the names and numbers of the six strings on a guitar. Now, we are going to take a look at a guitar tuner and how it works.


text:
Submitted to: Revista Manejo Integrado de Plagas
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 6, 2011
Publication Date: March 5, 2012
Citation: Kane, E.C., Ochoa, R., Erbe, E.F., Mathurin, G. 2012. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): An island-hopping mite pest in the Caribbean. Revista Manejo Integrado de Plagas. 57(3-4):215-255.
Interpretive Summary: Plant feeding mites cause severe damage to agricultural crops around the world, costing billions of dollars annually. This paper addresses the identification and geography of the most important invasive mite pest species that attacks palms worldwide. Major infestations of this flat mite in the Caribbean islands of Dominica, Martinique, and Saint Lucia are reported. This study will be important to and used by plant quarantine officers, plant protection, ornamental industry, extension workers and state agriculture departments.
Major infestations of the flat mite species Raoiella indica Hirst have been reported from the Caribbean islands of Dominica, Martinique, and Saint Lucia. Specimens from these localities were examined using traditional light microscopy and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) techniques. While little is known about the biology of this mite, its recent appearance in the Caribbean in both commercial coconut and banana plantations has raised concerns about its potential as an invasive pest.


text:
Le Corbusier, assumed name of Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (_PHONE_) was a Swiss architect.
His functionalist approach to town planning in industrial society was based on the interrelation between modern machine forms and the techniques of modern architecture.
His concept, La Ville Radieuse, developed in Marseille (_PHONE_) and Chandigarh, India, placed buildings and open spaces with related functions in a circular formation, with buildings based on standard sized units mathematically calculated according to the proportions of the human figure.
He was originally a painter and engraver, but turned his attention to the problems of contemporary industrial society. Vers une architecture (1923) and Le Modulor (1948) have had worldwide influence on town planning and building design.
Why is Le Corbusier famous?
Le Corbusier was an architect, designer, urbanist and writer


Kamus Online
suggested words
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Frank (0.01318 detik)
Found 3 items, similar to Frank.
English → Indonesian (quick) Definition: frank terus-terang
English → English (WordNet) Definition: Frank Frank n 1: a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century 2: a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll [syn: frankfurter, hotdog, hot dog, dog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie]
English → English (gcide) Definition: Frank Frank \Frank\, n. [OF. franc.] A pigsty. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Frank \Frank\, n. [See Frank, a.] The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also, the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to go free of postage. Called also the franking privilege. [1913 Webster +PJC] I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again. --Cowper. [1913 Webster] Frank \Frank\, v. t. To shut up in a frank or sty; to pen up; hence, to cram; to fatten. [Obs.] --Shak. [1913 Webster] Frank \Frank\, n. (Zo["o]l.) The common heron; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] [1913 Webster] Frank \Frank\, n. [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.) A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France. [1913 Webster] 2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; -- a term used in the Levant. [1913 Webster] 3. A French coin. See Franc. [1913 Webster]
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I'm trying a simple definition of a set.
My try: $M=\{x\,|\,1\le x\le p-2\}$
Is there a more comfortable way of getting a little space before and after the |? I'm thinking of something like the \mod which does the spacing on its own.
share|improve this question
The correct command to use is \mid: \{x\mid 1\le x\le p-2\}. Many people add thin spaces (that is, \,) after \{ and before \} when using \mid. – egreg Sep 5 '13 at 8:48
quite like \mod in fact: \mid :-) – David Carlisle Sep 5 '13 at 8:48
2 Answers 2
up vote 7 down vote accepted
The vertical bar is usually produced by using \mid, which prints the same symbol as | (or \vert, which is a synonym).
The difference is that \mid is treated as a relation symbol, so it will have thick spaces on its sides:
$M = \{ x \mid 1 \le x \le p-2 \}$
Many people (including Knuth) recommend adding thin spaces in order to detach the braces when using a condition with \mid:
$M = \{\, x \mid 1 \le x \le p-2 \,\}$
$X = \{1,2,3,4\}
when listing elements. Take your pick. For a small number of set denotations in the document this should not be a problem; but when there are many of them it's better to add a command, in order to ensure uniformity:
 \{\, #1 \mid #2 \, \}%
(the % aren't really necessary in this case) so you can call
$M = \Set{x}{1\le x\le p-2}$
and forget about the details. You'll also have the advantage that, if a fussy copy editor says they want colons and not vertical bars, it will be just a matter of changing \mid into : in the definition of \Set.
In a paper I was fine tuning for publication in a conference proceedings volume, sets were denoted in three different ways: sometimes the separation was with the bar, sometimes with a colon, sometimes with a semicolon. Being consistent in notation is a necessity, not an option.
share|improve this answer
An interesting option for you may be to load the braket package and use its commands \set and \Set. The lowercase-spelled version, \set, uses fixed-size (small) curly braces and central vertical bars; the uppercase-spelled version lets the "fence" symbols grow automatically with the material they enclose.
You could thus enter an expression such as
$M=\set{x|1\le x\le p-2}$
and let the package do the job of formatting the expression properly.
share|improve this answer
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text:
South African Journal of Occupational Therapy
versión On-line ISSN 2310-3833
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2337
INTRODUCTION: While undergraduate training in South Africa places an emphasis on ensuring the competence of occupational therapy graduates, very little attention has been paid to exploring their professional confidence, despite the fact that this has been highlighted as an issue for students. The foundation for professional confidence is laid during student years, and is influenced by a number of determinants, which this study aimed to identify. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Qualitative methodology was used with a purposive sample of nineteen final year occupational therapy students. Students were invited to participate voluntarily in focus group interviews and/or submit their reflective journal. Five lecturers and six clinical supervisors at the University concerned also participated in focus group interviews. Deductive thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. RESULTS: Two broad themes emerged. The first theme, external determinants, included clinical experience, relationships with peers, staff and patients, and the changing environment in which they worked. The second theme, internal determinants, included certain identified personal characteristics and influencers. The external and internal sources of professional confidence beliefs were either within the control of the student, or the lecturer/clinical supervisor or the profession. DISCUSSION: A number of recommendations ranging from re-thinking clinical practicals and supervision are made. These findings have implications for student selection, teaching methodology and experiences, and the professional identity of the profession. Greater formal emphasis needs to be placed on confidence building during the undergraduate experience.
Palabras clave : Professional confidence; occupational therapy students; occupational therapy education; clinical practical; reflective journaling; supervision.


Swedism: 'Racist' Bird Names Banned by Sweden's Ornithological Society
Eli Stenson
Daily Stormer
February 21, 2015
These swifts will no longer be called "kaffers" because of political correctness.
Thanks to Swedism, these swifts will no longer be called "kaffers."
Sweden's at it again, folks. Their Ornithological Society has decided to ban certain bird names that "sound racist" or whatever. Because things that sound racist are just another stumbling block to the emergence of a post-racial utopia.
The Local:
Four different bird species which include the word "neger" ("negro") have been renamed using "svart" ("black") instead.
Other feathered creatures known as "swifts" in English will no longer be called "kaffer" in Swedish. This word, which can also be spelt "caffer" and "kaffir" is a racist term that has been used by white South Africans towards black South Africans.
So white-rumped swifts will now be known as "vitgumpseglare" in Swedish.
"Hottentott", a species of dabbling duck is also being renamed because the word "Hottentot" is a derogatory term for a group of indigenous people called the "Khoikhoi" living in South Africa. The term is thought to refer to their language, which includes clicking sounds.
"Zigenarfågel" which translates as "gypsy bird" will take the name "hoatzin", the English word already used to describe a type of tropical pheasant found in swamps and forests.
The racial sensitivity of Sweden is so remarkable. Humanity ought to be thankful for Sweden's role as a beacon of light in the world.


let and ContentServer page cache fragment knows which assets are used when rendering the page. This information is used during publishing to clean up the cache for the published assets. This means that if a pagelet is rendered with 2 assets, only those two assets can cause the pagelet to be invalidated. If 200 assets are used whilst rendering that pagelet, any of those 200 can cause the pagelet to be invalidated. This means that it is more likely that this pagelet will be uncached with the corresponding need to re-render. If you find that pagelets get flushed too often and they are expensive to re-render, you may want to split them, considering all off the above. There is a special compositional dependency called unknowndeps that would cause a pagelet to always be invalidated upon publish.
 - It allows to switch between cached and uncached fragments on a page. Maybe you want to show something in the MainContent that is personalized, so you can configure Layout and the articles to be cached, and the MainContent to be uncached. With just ContentServer page caching this is not possible.
 - The default style=pagelet from render:calltemplate tag is far from optimal in every case. With less pagelets per page you will get better repsonse times and throughput.
 - If you have uncached pagelets on a page, Co-Resident SatelliteServer is likely to give better responsetimes than Remote SatelliteServer.
 - When tuning constantly ask the question: is the application CPU or memory bound. How can I take that bottleneck away.
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Abstract #0813
Assessing the (ani)sotropic component of R2 as a mean of studying White Matter properties
Rita Gil1, Diana Khabipova1,2, Marcel Zwiers1, Tom Hilbert3,4,5, Tobias Kober3,4,5, and José P. Marques1
1Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 3Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology (HC CMEA SUI DI BM PI), Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland, 4Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, 5LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
In this study we investigate the orientation dependence of transverse relaxivity (R2) maps in white matter (WM) due to susceptibility effects of myelin microstructure. Subjects' heads were rotated along different orientations with respect to B0 and R2 values (within different WM fibre populations) were decomposed into R2 isotropic and anisotropic components (orientation independent and dependent respectively). Differences found in isotropic values were associated with fibres different diameter whereas differences found in anisotropic values were associated with the susceptibility effects from myelin. It was showed that the orientation of WM fibres influences R2 contrast and coherence between hemispheres was also observed.
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For Native Hawaiians, "ola i ka wai": water is life. The word "kānāwai," meaning traditional Hawaiian law, can be literally translated as "relating to water." Prior to Western contact, the notion that anyone could "own" rights to water was inconceivable. When Native Hawaiian traditions and customs were codified in writing, kingdom laws explicitly recognized water as a resource for the public good. Foreigners, however, sought a Western system of ownership to advance their private economic interests. Owners of sugar companies constructed massive ditch systems to take water to their plantations, often with the acquiescence of the Hawaiian government.
After statehood in 1959, a movement arose to return Hawai'i's water use to public management and control. The Hawai'i courts, which now had judges appointed locally instead of from the U.S. continent, proved critical to this effort, and rulings in several important cases confirmed the "public trust" over water resources. In 1978, Hawai'i elevated the preservation of water resources for Hawai'i's people to a constitutional mandate. Hawai'i's constitution also established a Commission on Water Resource Management to set policies and procedures "for regulating all uses of Hawai'i's water resources." This has proven to be a difficult task. The commission has not often fulfilled its duties successfully, especially in the face of protracted litigation involving community and commercial interests. This chapter provides a detailed description of the cultural and legal landscape and the resulting court decisions.
"From Wai to Kānāwai: Water Law in Hawai'i" is Chapter 9 of Native Hawaiian Law: A Treatise, a volume that updates and expands on the seminal work of the 1991 Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook. The publication is a collaborative effort of the.Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation, Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law – University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, and Kamehameha Publishing.


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The user is able to manipulate spores, the tiniest means of reproduction part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. They can cause spores to grow/increase in size and amount, move/attack, mutate spores and thus also the plants they grow into by rearranging DNA structure.
- Manipulate the properties of spores.
- Move/lift spores.
- Rearrange the genetic structure in spores.
- Plant Attacks using spores.
- Plant Enhancement
- Plant Generation of spores.
- Plant Growth
- Poison Generation by exhaling the spores.
- Floraportation using spores.
- Disease Manipulation
- Energy Absorption
- Fertility Inducement
- Flora Energy Manipulation
- Fungal Mimicry
- Fungus Manipulation
- Nature Manipulation
- Plant Manipulation
- Plant Mimicry
- Poison Manipulation
- May be unable creating spores, being limited to manipulating already existing one.
- Distance, mass, precision, etc. depend upon of the knowledge, skill, and strength of the user, and their power's natural limits.
- Most users are powerless in areas without plants or at least potential for plants to grow (infertile/barren soil).
- High levels of radiation in a concentrated area may cause defects in the ability.
- Users may be only able to control certain types of spores.
- Users may be limited on how much spores or how long they can control them.
- White Zetsu (Naruto)
- Musshuru (One Piece)
- Armil Rad Arbuscular (Gesellschaft Blume)
- David Haller/Mycolojester/Gestalt (Marvel)
- Mantis (Marvel)
- Pokemon that can use "Spore", "Cotton Spore" or "Stun Spore" (Pokemon)
- Pokemon that can use "Effect Spore" (Pokemon)
- Cosmos (Fairy Tail)
- Alien Hook (Ultraseven)
- Psycho Mezard II (Ultraman Gaia)


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Mighty countries have often been ruled by children who were grade-school age, or even younger! Take a look at the cute little faces of monarchy gone wrong.
LOUIS XIV, AGE 5
Just a year after Louis became King of France in 1643, the Venetian Ambassador wrote, "He knows that he is King and wants to be treated as such." At 7, he signed his first decree with his own hand, granting amnesty to defected enemies.
At age 10, when other boys liked to pretend they were kings, Louis would make-believe he was a valet! He ruled for 72 years.
LOUIS XV, AGE 7
The great-grandson of Louis XIV, this Louis liked to pretend he was a cook. Shortly after he became King in 1715, he hid behind a curtain to avoid giving an audience to an ambassador.
Those caring for the young King were so concerned about assassination they kept his food under lock and key – and stored his handkerchiefs in a triple-locked safe, fearing someone would lace them with poison.
KING TUT, AGE 8
The Egyptian ruler assumed the throne in about 1366 B.C. It is unclear on who his parents were, but historians believe his uncle was the ruler Akhenaten. Tutankhamun spent his eleven years as ruler reversing the monotheistic changes his uncle had made to the Egyptian religion.
King Tut died at the young age of nineteen, apparently from gangrene contracted from a broken leg.
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Name Variations Edit
- Butter beans
- Madagascar bean
Lima beans originated in Peru and have been grown there since 6000 B.C. The name lima bean comes from the capital city of Peru, Lima. Lima beans are often nicknamed chad beans or butter beans. In the southern part of the United States, lima beans are almost always called butter beans, even in markets and restaurants.
There are two distinct varieties of lima-the Ford hook and the Baby Lima (and Ford hooks are not adult baby limas). Both are pale green, plump-bodied and have a slight kidney-shape curve. The Ford hook is larger and plumper than the baby lima. It also has a fuller flavor than its smaller relative. They're usually sold in their pods, which should be plump, firm and dark green. The pods can be refrigerated in a plastic bag for up to a week. They should be shelled just before using. Frozen lima beans are available year-round and are labeled according to variety (Ford hook or baby). Canned and dried limas are usually labeled jumbo, large or small, a designation that relates to size and not variety. In the South, dried limas are frequently referred to as butter beans. When mottled with purple they're called calico or speckled butter beans. A traditional way to serve limas is with corn in Succotash. They're also used alone as a side dish, in soups and sometimes in salads. Lima beans contain a good amount of protein, phosphorus, potassium and iron.
Lima beans come in three main sizes: large, small, and dwarf.
Large lima beans are green or speckled. The speckled kind have a creamy texture and a strong earthy flavor, unlike the pale green ones.
Small lima beans are also called sieva beans and have several other nicknames, such as Carolina bean, civet, seewee, and sivvy. Most small limas are pale green. Small limas are less starchy than the larger varieties.
Dwarf beans, also known as butter peas, are white and speckled and the least starchy of the limas.
Fresh lima beans are difficult to find in the United States, but can occasionally be found at farmers markets. It is easier to find lima beans in the southern United States than anywhere else in the country. Most lima beans are dried, canned, or frozen.
Fresh lima beans need to be shelled before they are eaten. Shelling can be a little tricky, especially with larger beans. Beans are easier to handle if they are tender and have full pods. One method used for larger beans is to simply cut open the pod with scissors and remove the beans by hand. To remove the beans from smaller limas, pull off the string along the seam, and press the two sides open to pop the beans out. Rinse canned limas before using them to reduce their gas-promoting properties.
Lima beans should never be eaten raw (see warning below). The most common methods of preparation are boiling and microwaving. Only a small amount of water needs to be used for either method.
Do not eat raw lima beans. They contain linamarin (also called cyanogen), which releases a cyanide compound when the seed coat is opened. Don't worry; cooking deactivates this compound. The United States sets regulations to restrict commercially grown lima beans to those varieties with very low levels of this linamarin, but lima beans grown elsewhere, may have 20 to 30 times the concentration allowed in the United States.
- Vegetable of the Month: Fresh Beans by the US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, public domain government resource—original source
See also Edit
- Wikipedia Article About Lima Bean on Wikipedia


"A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots." - Marcus Garvey
Back to
my roots clothing
Back to My Roots Clothing was established in April 2013. Back to my Roots Clothing is designed for men, women and children who desire to embrace their origin, history,and culture through fashion and accessories. Not everyone feels a connection with their cultural heritage, but many people do. What is it about cultural heritage that draws these people to it? Some may think traditions are archaic and no longer relevant, and that they are unnecessary during these modern times. Perhaps for some, they aren't; but for others, exploring cultural heritage offers a robust variety of benefits.
Culture can give people a connection to certain social values, beliefs, religions and customs. It allows them to identify with others of similar mindsets and backgrounds. Cultural heritage can provide an automatic sense of unity and belonging within a group and allows us to better understand previous generations and the history of where we come from. Here at Back to My Roots, we cherish the aspect of culture that inspires: love, unity and community.
Back to My Roots Clothing
4321 SE 33rd St. suite 403
Del City OK 73115
(Del City Storage)
Tuesday-Thursday 12pm-6pm
Friday 12pm-4pm
Saturday 12pm-6pm
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Children Learn To Play Tennis
In 2018, over 300 children in the CVRD participated in our Learn to Play Tennis Program led by Art Hobbs and his coaching team.
Children enjoy learning to play tennis.
- bring a wide range of physical, social and emotional abilities.
- participate in a wide range of activities in support of overall physical, social and emotional development.
- demonstrate being good sports.
- observe people of all ages enjoying and improving their tennis playing.
- observe and support their children in their tennis lessons.
- give input and feedback to our coaching team so that we ensure children have a positive learning experience.
Adults Learn to Play Tennis
Many individual adults and groups of adults participate in Adult Learn to Play Tennis lessons and group lessons.
Adult lessons meet specific needs - play tennis with children and grandchildren, prepare to play in tournaments, prepare to play in league matches, and prepare to play in social tennis. These lessons are FUN!
For additional information, go to the menu above.
An overview of the Learn to Play Tennis Program (LTPT)
Our Coaching Team
Lessons in our Community


Cattle Space
Cows take more space than smaller farm animals. You're gonna need a few acres if you want to be able to offer grazing to even a single cow. If you attempt it in smaller spaces, you'll be buying all the feed for the cow, and it won't get the same nutritional benefits it would on pasture, and you'll pay triple for every gallon of milk or pound of beef.
Recommended pasture is anywhere between 2 and 30 acres per cow, depending on the quality of pasture. In wet areas with fast growing grass and weeds, the needed acreage is 2-5 acres per cow. In arid regions or those with poor pasture, 10 to 30 acres are needed. We live in an area where the traditional load was 20 acres per cow, but after many years of drought, it is now 30.
There are now a few miniature cattle breeds that require less space, but it rarely drops below half for the very smallest.
There is some flexibility in the space needed. But the less pasture you have, the more feed you have to carry in. Hay is not as nutritious as fresh forage, so your cattle will lose some if they are on less than adequate pasturage.
The ideal is to have more than one pasture, where you can rotate the cattle around, giving the fields time to regenerate. You can often get a few mowings out of the fields if you do this.
If you don't have the space for cattle, goats are recommended. You can fit 6-8 goats in the same space that one cow fills, and the milk production of the goats is higher than from a single cow also.
Get Our Gardening Book
Check it out on our Books website.


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Pig Trap Interlocking
Safety interlocks are an essential feature in the design of pig traps. SFC interlocks can be specified to ensure the minimum safety arrangement of interlocking the vessel vent valve with the pig trap closure. This arrangement ensures the vessel vent valve is open before any attempt can be made to open the closure. With interlocks fitted to both the vent valve and pig trap closure, a key is released when the vent valve is opened. Removing the key from the vent valve locks the valve in the open position. This key is coded in common with the closure lock and only by opening and locking the vent valve, can the operator use the correct key to proceed to unlock and open the closure.


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The Friends of the Petawawa Research Forest was established to support, promote, and protect the Petawawa Research Forest (PRF) for continued scientific study, environmental education, and public recreation.
The Friends of the Petawawa Research Forest, Inc. was established by a group of volunteers in 2002 to:
- create awareness of the valuable potential of the Petawawa Research Forest (PRF) for continuing scientific study, education, and public recreation
- generate support for the PRF through a non-political, non-profit organization with charitable status and which is at arms-length from the government
- help secure the viability and future of the PRF
- promote environmental awareness among children and youth through formal instruction and hands-on opportunities


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Antiochene riteArticle Free Pass
Antiochene rite, also called West Syrian rite, the system of liturgical practices and discipline observed by Syrian Monophysites (Jacobites), the Malabar Christians of Kerala, India (Jacobites), and three Eastern-rite communities of the Roman Catholic church: Catholic Syrians, Maronites, and Malankarese Christians of Kerala. The Antiochene rite is sometimes called the West Syrian rite to distinguish it from the Chaldean, or East Syrian, rite.
The Antiochene rite, which served as the earliest model for almost all Eastern rites, originated in the patriarchate of Antioch and later generated the Byzantine and Alexandrian rites. The Liturgy of St. James evolved from the Jerusalem–Antioch liturgy and is currently used in modified form by both Catholic and Jacobite Syrians and Maronites.
What made you want to look up "Antiochene rite"? Please share what surprised you most...


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gives the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
gives the greatest multiple of a less than or equal to x.
- Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
- Floor[x] can be entered in StandardForm and InputForm as ⌊x⌋, EsclfEsc EscrfEsc, or
- Floor[x] returns an integer when is any numeric quantity, whether or not it is an explicit number. »
- For exact numeric quantities, Floor internally uses numerical approximations to establish its result. This process can be affected by the setting of the global variable $MaxExtraPrecision.
- Floor applies separately to real and imaginary parts of complex numbers.
- Floor automatically threads over lists.
Introduced in 1988
(1.0)| Updated in 2007


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One Square Block is designed to hone students' skills of observation, critical thinking, and problem-solving, all necessary tools for effective watershed stewards.
Every block tells a story—of plants and animals, history and culture, soil and water. One Square Block™ invites students to explore a single square block in their community—their own neighborhood, a local park, the schoolyard—and create poetry, art, and reports about what they find there.
Younger students may create field guides to plants, trees, and animals on their block; they'll learn where their water comes from, where the rain runoff goes, and who lived there a long time ago. Older students may investigate land use, transportation, zoning, and other specifics; they conduct oral histories and learn to identify architectural details, weather patterns, and geographic information systems (GIS) coordinates. Each block project will post a detail-rich, standardized "block print" online and compare its block with other blocks from around the world.
We have developed and piloted about ten activities for One Square Block with great success. We are currently working with both Saint Mary's faculty and community partners to expand our offerings, which will eventually include a full K-12 range of exciting and interactive place-based classroom and field activities.


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A: You ate this. Have you brushed your teeth?
B: You ate this. Did you brush your teeth?
Sentence A is in the Simple Past, while B is in the Present Perfect.
Which sentence is more natural?
To me, the two sentences are equally natural, but express somewhat different ideas. The first, in the present perfect, means "Have you brushed your teeth since you ate it [i.e., at any time between then and now]?". The second, in the simple past, means "Did you brush your teeth after you ate it [i.e., in the past, soon after you ate it]?".


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Crime and Punishments place in Victorian literature
Crime and Punishment's place in Victorian literature is linked with the sociological ideas held by the author and his community. The book is part of a movement wanting a socialist society where everyone is equal and where wealth and property is shared. The ideas are mirrored in the book by Raskolnikovs eventual change from a arrogant intellectual who believes himself to be above common people to realizing he is just like everyone else. The author strongly believed in this type of society and even did time in prison for spreading socialist propaganda. The book also criticizes the Russian government by showing the terrible living conditions that most of its people were in. While it is a fictional novel it can also be seen as propaganda towards a new type of government. It s place in literature is one of radical new ideas and the beginning of authors writting social commentary.


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System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) 2012 R2 adds a feature that enables software updates to be automatically approved and deployed to selected machines in your organization.
Icon Descriptions and Explanations:
The icon with the green arrow represents a normal software update.
Normal software updates have been synchronized and are available for software deployment.
There are no operational concerns.
The icon with the black X represents an expired software update. You can also identify expired software updates by viewing the Expired column for the software update when it displays in the Configuration Manager console.
Expired software updates were previously deployable to client computers, but once a software update is expired, new deployments can no longer be created for the software updates. Expired software updates contained in active deployments continue to be available to clients.
Replace expired software updates when possible. When software updates become expired, Configuration Manager does not remove the software updates contained within active software update deployments. Configuration Manager continues to assess software update compliance on expired software updates in deployments, but they are considered "not required" for reporting purposes.
The icon with the yellow star represents a superseded software update. You can also identify superseded software updates by viewing the Superseded column for the software update when it displays in the Configuration Manager console.
Superseded software updates have been replaced with newer versions of the software update. Typically, a software update that supersedes another software update does one or more of the following:
- Enhances, improves, or adds to the fix provided by one or more previously released software updates.
- Improves the efficiency of its software update file package, which clients install if the software update is approved for installation. For example, the superseded software update might contain files that are no longer relevant to the fix or to the operating systems now supported by the new software update, so those files are not included in the superseding software update's file package.
- Updates newer versions of a product, or in other words, is no longer applicable to older versions or configurations of a product. Software updates can also supersede other software updates if modifications have been made to expand language support. For example, a later revision of a product update for Microsoft Office might remove support for an older operating system, but add additional support for new languages in the initial software update release.
On the Supersedence Rules tab in the Software Update Point Component properties, you can specify how to manage superseded software updates. For more information, see theSupersedence Rules section in the Planning for Software Updates in Configuration Manager topic.
When possible, deploy the superseding software update to client computers instead of the superseded software update. You can display a list of the software updates that supersede the software update on the Supersedence Information tab in the software update properties.
The icon with the red X represents an invalid software update.
Invalid software updates are in an active deployment, but for some reason the content (software update files) is not available. The following are scenarios in which this state can occur:
- You successfully deploy the software update, but the software update file is removed from the deployment package and is no longer available.
- You create a software update deployment at a site and the deployment object is successfully replicated to a child site, but the deployment package has not successfully replicated to the child site.
When the content is missing for a software update, clients are unable to install the software update until the content becomes available on a distribution point. You can redistribute the content to distribution points by using the Redistribute action. When content is missing for a software update in a deployment created at a parent site, the software update must be replicated or redistributed to the child site. For more information about content redistribution, see the Redistribute Content on Distribution Points section in the Operations and Maintenance for Content Management in Configuration Manager topic.
Steps to download and deploy Windows updates.
- Open SCCM and then Click on Software Library -> All software updates.
- Select the updates you want to download and deploy. You can select multiple items by holding down the shift key or individual ones using the ctrl key.
- You can leave the Deployment Name as is or give it your own description.
- Click on the browse button to select the collection you want to target these updates to. Once done click the Next button.
- Select the Type of Deployment, if you want to use Wake-on-LAN then select the checkbox.
- Choose your detail level and then click Next.
- Here you can configure the schedule for updates. Once you have made your selections click Next.
- This window all you to specify deadline behaviour.
- To suppress restarts on servers make sure the checkbox under "Device Restart Behavior" is checked.
- Click Next.
- Make your selection here regarding alerts and then click Next.
- Specify your download settings and then click Next.
- Click on the Browse button to select your deployment package and then click Next.
- If you download updates from the internet then leave the default setting above, otherwise chose to download updates to a share.
- Click Next.
- Select your language and then click Next.
- Confirm the settings, you can review the details of all updates you selected.
- Click Next to start downloading the updates.
- Updates download starting.
- Updates downloads in progress.
- Once all the updates have finished downloading it will show you the screen above. If there were any failures or errors it will also list it here for you to review.
- It takes a few minutes for the database to update but once you refresh the screen it will show the updates have been deployed.
Hope it helps.


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hlw Keeble Hawson helps Leeds employers get compliant in GDPR countdown
With just one week to go before the May 25th deadline of the new general data protection regulation (GDPR), hlw Keeble Hawson is offering Leeds businesses an 'Employer GDPR Pack' to help them comply with their obligations.
Lauren Pickard, senior associate at the firm says a significantly raised standard for consent when it comes to collecting; storing and processing personal data lies at the heart of the new legislation.
She said: "Under GDPR, data cannot be processed without a 'lawful basis for processing' such as consent. If consent is relied upon, every employee will have to give informed, explicit consent for personal information to be taken and they will have the right to expect total transparency about how that information is used."
Lauren recommends that employers conduct a simple internal data-mapping exercise to establish key facts which include what information is collected, who is collecting it, how and why it is being collected – as well as how information will be used, how long it will be retained and why.
"Being equipped with vital information and facts such as with whom information will be shared; how it effects individuals concerned and whether the intended use is likely to cause individuals to object or complain – will enable employers to draw up a picture of how data flows through their organisation," she added.
"Helping companies to understand what constitutes personal data and exactly what happens to that data, this mini audit will enable them to draw up what is known as a privacy notice – a key document setting out agreed protocols for handling different types of information within the business. The importance of a robust privacy notice cannot be underestimated and it is worth seeking expert advice to ensure it is constructed in accordance with the expectations of GDPR."
Fines of up to €20,000,000 or 4% of a firm's annual turnover can be imposed for non-compliance. hlw Keeble Hawson's Employer GDPR Pack contains the following information:
- Letter of advice about employer GDPR obligations;
- GDPR Data Protection Privacy Notice;
- GDPR Data Protection Policy;
- Information Security Policy;
- Subject Access Requests Policy;
- Criminal Records Information Policy;
- Record Retention Policy;
- Data Mapping Advice;
- Letter to issue to staff to notify them of the new policies and privacy notice; and
- Privacy notice and letter specific to job applicants.
If you would like to purchase our pack or for more advice please contact Lauren Pickard on 0114 _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_


Jenni Barclay
Jenni is a Professor of Volcanology at the University of East Anglia. She is particularly interested in how scientific knowledge of volcanic systems can be used to reduce the societal risk posed by eruptions. Her roots are in volcanic petrology and this project is particularly exciting for her as petrological knowledge, dating and field-based volcanology will be used together to assess how this changes our understanding of volcanic activity on Ascension and how it has impacted the island. Despite reading a lot of papers about the geology of the island she will still blown away by the variety and interest of the deposits during the project's first field season!


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Optical Coherence Tomography, or 'OCT', is a technique for obtaining sub-surface images of translucent or opaque materials at a resolution equivalent to a low-power microscope. It is effectively 'optical ultrasound', imaging reflections from within tissue to provide cross-sectional images.
OCT is attracting interest among the medical community, because it provides tissue morphology imagery at much higher resolution (better than 10 µm) than other imaging modalities such as MRI or ultrasound.
The key benefits of OCT are:
- Live sub-surface images at near-microscopic resolution
- Instant, direct imaging of tissue morphology
- No preparation of the sample or subject
- No ionizing radiation
OCT delivers high resolution because it is based on light, rather than sound or radio frequency. An optical beam is directed at the tissue, and a small portion of this light that reflects from sub-surface features is collected. Note that most light is not reflected but, rather, scatters off at large angles. In conventional imaging, this diffusely scattered light contributes background that obscures an image. However, in OCT, optical coherence is used to record the optical path length of received photons allowing rejection of most photons that scatter multiple times before detection. Thus OCT can build up clear 3D images of thick samples by rejecting background signal while collecting light directly reflected from surfaces of interest.
Within the range of noninvasive three-dimensional imaging techniques that have been introduced to the medical research community, OCT as an echo technique is similar to ultrasound imaging. Other medical imaging techniques such as computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography do not utilize the echo-location principle.
The technique is limited to imaging 1 to 2 mm below the surface in biological tissue, because at greater depths the proportion of light that escapes without scattering is too small to be detected. No special preparation of a biological specimen is required, and images can be obtained 'non-contact' or through a transparent window or membrane. It is also important to note that the laser output from the instruments is low – eye-safe near-infra-red light is used – and no damage to the sample is therefore likely.


Ancient Perfumery
Discovery News has an article on a 4000 year old perfumery, next to an olive press.
Remains include "clay perfume bottle fragments that contain 14 perfumes of varied fragrances and ten odor essences."
"So far, Belgiorno and her colleagues have identified fragrances of cinnamon, laurel, myrtle, anise, citrus bergamot and pine."
In his "Natural History, Volume XIII," Roman historian Pliny (23-79 A.D.) wrote, "As to perfume of cyprus, that from the island of Cyprus was at first preferred, and then that of Egypt; when all on a sudden the unguents of Mendes and metopium rose into esteem. In later times Phoenicia eclipsed Egypt in the manufacture of these last two, but left to that country the repute of producing the best unguent of cyprus."
Given the proximity of the olive press to the Cyprus perfumery, it is likely that olive oil was included in the perfume-making process.


Chinese Cabbage
Curse of the bolting cabbage
A few years ago I began converting a portion of my cabbage harvest into stinky but mouthwatering kimchi.
Cravings for kimchi led to last year's troubled experiment with growing Napa cabbage – the traditional cabbage for making kimchi. Also known as Chinese cabbage (brassica rapa, Pekinensis Group), Napa is said to have more nutrients than other cabbage varieties.
I am a sucker for colorful, unusually-shaped vegetables so I bought seed for Scarlette Chinese Cabbage, a showy variety with bright magenta leaves, a pale yellow base, and contrasting white midribs. The catalog said these cabbages could bolt if exposed to temperature fluctuations as young seedlings but I didn't expect that to affect my plants.
The Scarlette Chinese cabbage seedlings were relentless. They crowded out other cabbage varieties in my seed flats and grew incredibly fast once transplanted into raised beds. They were a beautiful addition to the garden but quickly bolted. I salvaged a few loose heads for meals but mostly harvested cabbage greens. These became dehydrated vegetable flakes for an upcoming Arctic camping trip.
Chinese cabbage greens
Why did they bolt? Why would any self-respecting cabbage bolt?
The typical culprit for bolting vegetables in a well-maintained Alaska garden is the short nights of our growing season. Night duration impacts many plants through a phenomenon called photoperiodism, by which plants use their photoreceptors to measure the amount of light they receive. "Long day" plants like barley, spinach, radishes, and cilantro start flowering when nights are shorter. Short day plants like sunflowers need longer nights to start flowering.
Nurseries often use photoperiodism to trick plants into blooming but it seems to be less common for home gardeners to trick plants into not blooming. It's easier to avoid plants that bolt or look for bolt-resistant cultivars. Perhaps that's why photoperiodism is barely discussed in any of my gardening books.
All this aside, cabbages are usually categorized as "day neutral" plants, meaning they disregard day/night length. If they are bolting early in the season, it probably has nothing to do with photoperiodism.
Another culprit for bolting that might be relevant to my Chinese cabbage is called vernalization.
Vernalization is a beautiful word that describes how a period of cold weather is necessary for the flowering of many plants. It is more likely my Chinese cabbages bolted due to a cold spell in spring when I took my seedlings outdoors.
Other factors for bolting that are important to consider if day neutral plants are bolting include the soil quality, moisture level, and any other factor that might cause plant stress.
Chinese cabbage is a cool-weather crop that clearly wants to do well in my garden and I haven't given up on it yet. This year I'll wait to put seedlings outdoors until later in the spring when we aren't as likely to have cold snaps.
Maybe I'll make some scarlet kimchi after all.
Additional resources: I found a few good online resources for gardeners on photoperiodism, including a blog post from High Mowing Organic Seeds and an article from the Oregon State University Extension Service. Interesting scientific tidbits about photoperiodism and vernalization are shared in the book What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses by Daniel Chamovitz.
2 thoughts on "Curse of the bolting cabbage
 1. Sarah says:
 Does your bolted cabbage taste good for kimchi? We've been trying to grow michihili (cant think of spelling) chinese cabbage and buds started growing and got prickly..before it tried making a head. Cut them as.soon as we saw it, so hoping the leaves are good for kimchi.
 - Transcendental Gardening says:
 I didn't try that and supposedly kimchi mainly made from leafy parts is somewhat icky. So if you have leafy bolted cabbage, might be better as pesto or a green sauce? If you do have a lot of stem material, I'd say to go for it 🙂
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Since 1980, the John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon has attracted mushers from around the world. Beginning in Duluth and running 400 miles along the north shore of Lake Superior to the Canadian border, the Beargrease is one of the longest, most grueling race routes outside of Alaska. With the 30th running of the marathon starting later this month, many people are asking "Who is John Beargrease" and Why does he have a sled dog race named after him?".
John Beargreas's story began in a wigwam on the outskirts of the first settlement along the north shore of Lake Superior, Beaver Bay. The son of an Anishinabe Chief, Beargrease grew up fishing, hunting, and trapping along the north shore with his father and two brothers. When he was in his teens he worked on commercial fishing boats that sailed up and down the coastline. By the time he was in his twenties, a few more small settlements had sprung up along the north shore, including Agate Bay [now Two Harbors], Castle Danger, Pork Bay, Grand Marais, and Grand Portage. Since the train only went as far as Agate Bay, people along the shore had a hard time sending and receiving mail. Since this was often the only form of communication with the outside world.
Letters and packages from family and friends were extremely important. Since Beargrease and his brothers made regular trips up and down the shore trapping and trading, they began to grab the mail in Agate Bay for the residents along the shore and deliver it as they checked their traps or traded with other residents. By 1879, the brothers were making trips for the mail and delivering it all the way to Grand Marais once or twice per week.
Over the next twenty years, Beargrease was a welcome sight for people living along the north shore. They would eagerly await his arrival each week. He not only delivered mail from their loved ones, he also brought local and national news, weather reports from up and down the shore, and for some- a little company. Beargrease would make his route year 'round in all types of weather. In the warmer months he would deliver the mail by canoe or boat, but he was best known for his winter travels by dogsled. he made his fastest dogsled trip from Agate Bay to Grand Marais with a load of about 700 lbs. of mail in just under 28 hours. In the summer, he could make the same trip by boat in about 20 hours.
John Beargrease made his last mail delivery on April 26, 1899. By that time, the trail he traveled for over twenty years had become a well-used road. He made his last delivery using a horse and buggy instead of a canoe or dogsled. Beargrease continued his successful trading business along the north shore, making his home in Beaver Bay and among his people in Grand Portage. One day in 1910, he went out in a storm to rescue a mail carrier whose boat was caught in the waves of tamarack Point, near Grand Portage. He caught pneumonia after the ordeal and died soon after. His grave can be seen today at the Indian Cemetery in Beaver Bay.
Because of his reliable and successful mail delivery, the population along the north shore grew and the economy stabilized. Small settlements grew into permanent towns with residents who continue to recognize the role John Beargrease played in their history. Forgotten Minnesota.
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text:
By Loreta Fin
Wilfin String Orchestra: Young String Ensemble Series
Conductor Score & Parts
Written in E natural minor, this simple piece is a lesson in dynamic variations, bow divisions, and minor tonality. It uses mostly quarter notes and half notes, encouraging students to vary the bow speeds as required. Its very straightforward style is also an excellent introduction for learning to follow a conductor and playing in parts.


text:
Background: Good-quality artemisinin drugs are essential for malaria treatment, but increasing prevalence of poorquality artemisinin drugs in many endemic countries hinders effective management of malaria cases. Methods: To develop a point-of-care assay for rapid identification of counterfeit and substandard artemisinin drugs for resource-limited areas, we used specific monoclonal antibodies against artesunate and artemether, and developed prototypes of lateral flow dipstick assays. In this pilot test, we evaluated the feasibility of these dipsticks under different endemic settings and their performance in the hands of untrained personnel. Results: The results showed that the dipstick tests can be successfully performed by different investigators with the included instruction sheet. None of the artemether and artesunate drugs collected from public pharmacies in different endemic countries failed the test. Conclusion: It is possible that the simple dipstick assays, with future optimization of test conditions and sensitivity, can be used as a qualitative and semi-quantitative assay for rapid screening of counterfeit artemisinin drugs in endemic settings.
- Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
- Infectious Diseases


text:
The first known study to explore optimal outpatient exam scheduling given the flexibility of inpatient exams has resulted in shorter wait times for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patients at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center in Burlington, Mass. A team of researchers from Dartmouth Engineering and Philips worked to identify sources of delays for MRI procedures at Lahey Hospital in order to optimize scheduling and reduce overall costs for the hospital by 23 percent.
The Dartmouth-led study, "Stochastic programming for outpatient scheduling with flexible inpatient exam accommodation," was sponsored by Philips and recently published by Health Care Management Science in collaboration with Lahey Hospital.
"Excellence in service and positive patient experiences are a primary focus for the hospital. We continuously monitor various aspects of patient experiences and one key indicator is patient wait times," said Christoph Wald, chair of the department of radiology at Lahey Hospital and professor of radiology at Tufts University Medical School. "With a goal of wanting to improve patient wait times, we worked with data science researchers at Philips and Dartmouth to help identify levers for improvement that might be achieved without impeding access."
Prior to working with the researchers, on an average weekday, outpatients at Lahey Hospital waited about 54 minutes from their arrival until the beginning of their exam. Researchers determined that one of the reasons for the routine delays was a complex scheduling system, which must cater to emergency room patients, inpatients, and outpatients; while exams for inpatients are usually flexible and can be delayed if necessary, other appointments cannot.
"Mathematical models and algorithms are crucial to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems, especially in the current crisis we are going through. By analyzing the patient data, we found that delays were prominent because the schedule was not optimal," said first author Yifei Sun, a Dartmouth Engineering Ph.D. candidate. "This research uses optimization and simulation tools to help the MRI centers of Lahey Hospital better plan their schedule to reduce overall cost, which includes patient waiting time."
First, the researchers reviewed data to analyze and identify sources of delays. They then worked on developing a mathematical model to optimize the length of each exam slot and the placement of inpatient exams within the overall schedule. Finally, the researchers developed an algorithm to minimize the wait time and cost associated with exam delays for outpatients, the idle time of equipment, employee overtime, and cancelled inpatient exams.
"This iterative improvement process did result in measurable improvements of patient wait times," said Wald. "The construction and use of a simulation model have been instrumental in educating the Lahey team about the benefits of dissecting workflow components to arrive at an optimized process outcome. We have extended this approach to identify bottlenecks in our interventional radiology workflow and to add additional capacity under the constraints of staffing schedules."
The researchers believe their solutions are broadly applicable, as the issue is common to many mid-sized hospitals throughout the country.
"We also provided suggestions for hospitals that don't have optimization tools or have different priorities, such as patient waiting times or idle machine times," said Sun, who worked on the paper with her advisor Vikrant Vaze, the Stata Family Career Development Associate Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth.


Electric field probe calibration: key for accurate measurements
Kapteos is introducing a breakthrough for electric field probe calibration through an Adiabatic TEM cell (ATEM).
electric field probe calibration
Electric (E)-field probes are of key interest for a wide range of applications: antenna testing, SAR measurement, MRI safety, EMC pre compliance, high voltage measurements, plasma plume dynamics, HPEM…
For most applications, an absolute value of the E-field strength needs to be assessed. Hence, electric field probe calibration is of key importance. For that purpose an E-field applicator generating a perfectly known E field both in direction and magnitude is required.
Major E-field applicators can be classified in three broad categories:
- plane-parallel capacitors for low frequency applications
- GTEM cells for high frequency applications
- TEM and Crawford cells for applications up to a few GHz
Plane-parallel capacitors are easy to produce but they need to be symmetrically powered (positive signal on one electrode while an opposite signal is delivered to the other electrode) and considerable care must be taken for the design of the electrodes in order to homogenize the E field in the gap between electrodes. If such design rules are not followed, large deviations (± 2 to ± 4 dB) could be observed between theory (applied voltage divided by gap width) and practice. Another drawback of this E-field applicator concerns its operating frequency range that is upper bounded in the MHz range.
On the contrary, GTEM cell theoretically doesn't present any upper bound concerning their operating frequency range. However, the impedance loading of the GTEM cell remains tricky and their standing wave ratio is generally too high to get a well defined E field. E-field strength is usually known within an accuracy of ± 2 to ± 3 dB.
TEM cells and Crawford cells present the key advantage of being two port devices, thus allowing to measure both reflected (S11 parameter) and transmitted (S21 parameter) waves through the use of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). However, the abrupt transition between central and tapered sections of the TEM cell leads to a mode mismatch and then to the generation of higher order propagation modes. As a consequence, such cells present a quite low upper bound of their operating frequency range (typically 1 GHz or less).
Kapteos introduces here an innovative concept of ATEM cell that consists in removing the abrupt transition between central and tapered sections that is encountered in a classical TEM cell. Despite the size of this ATEM cell, this latter one exhibits no higher modes up to 6 GHz.
Once having an efficient E-field applicator 6 main issues have to be addressed before being able to carry out accurate electric field probe calibration.
1st issue: Standing wave
In order to illustrate the standing wave issue for electric field probe calibration, a CPW line with a mismatched impedance (80 Ω) has been loaded by 50 Ω and connected to VNA port 1. A near field electric field probe eoProbe™ has been connected to VNA port 2 as shown. Then an E-field map at DUT surface has been carried out, exhibiting nodes and anti-nodes at fixed positions along the Coplanar WaveGuide (CPW) line. Accuracy on E-field strength worsened rapidly with the increase of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). To keep an accuracy on E-field strength better than ± 0.5 dB, VSWR must be lower than 1.12 (S11 < -24.8 dB).
2nd issue: E-field enhancement near metallic parts
In order to illustrate the E-field enhancement issue, 2D ElectroMagnetic (EM) simulations have been carried out considering a 5.5-mm diameter near field electric field probe ET5-air placed between two parallel plates.
In case of a probe with a centered position between the two parallel plates, no significant E-field enhancement (i.e. no enhancement greater than 0.5 dB, i.e. 5.9%) occurs for an inter-electrode distance greater than 3 times the probe diameter. However, when the probe is clamped to one electrode, the E-field enhancement tends towards a low of 15%.
This E-field enhancement phenomenon originates from the Maxwell continuity equation at the interface between two media not presenting the same permittivity: it is growing with the increase of both permittivity mismatch and probe relative size.
In conclusion, the smaller the E-field probe and the lower its effective permittivity, the smaller is the measurement artifact induced by this E-field enhancement phenomenon. For that reason, Kapteos near field electric field probes are of different type (air and bio lines) in order to keep the permittivity mismatch with the measurement medium as low as possible. Moreover, for a distance of air line probes to nearest metallic element greater than 5 mm, the accuracy on E-field strength is kept better than ± 0.5 dB. This is the reason why Kapteos ATEM cell presents a septum to ground plane of 17.4 mm > 5.5 mm (probe diameter) + 2 x 5 mm.
3rd issue: Interference induced by the E-field probe
Another important issue, generally underestimated, concerns the interference induced by the E-field probe on the E-field distribution inside the E-field applicator. An easy and cost effective way to characterize the impact of the E-field probe presence inside the E-field applicator consists in measuring the transmitted RF power by the TEM cell versus the position of the E-field probe. For single port E-field applicators like GTEM cells, a slightly more expensive characterization bench is required: it is based on a VNA to measure the reflection (S11 parameter) of the injected RF power to the GTEM cell versus the position of the E-field probe.
As seen on the illustrations, measurable interference is neither induced at 100 MHz nor at 1 GHz, whatever be the near field electric field probe position inside the ATM cell. On the contrary, a periodic modulation of transmitted RF power appears at 10 GHz, exhibiting a periodicity of λ/2. At this latter frequency, high order modes are present in the ATEM cell and the probe introduces an extra boundary condition that is probe-position-dependent and that modifies the distribution of the TEM modes, each TEM mode presenting its own power transmission coefficient.
4th issue: Electromagnetic Interference in calibration bench
When making accurate calibration, a special care has to be considered concerning potential ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) in the calibration bench. It is of key importance to check that no EMI (conducted and radiated) contributes to the measured signals. Whereas it is easy to stop the emission of the RF source, there is no way to remotely power off the E field probe when a classical E-field probe, like a reference antenna, is used.
For that purpose, a 50 ohms has to be plugged in the RF cable instead of the reference antenna. However, in that case the EMI assessment is not carried out with the same experimental configuration than the one used for calibration procedure. With Kapteos near field electric field probe, you just need to switch off the laser source to remotely power off the E field probe while maintaining the system exactly in the same experimental configuration. EMI assessment is then straight forward as switching off the laser lets you know if you are concerned or not by EMI.
electric field probe calibration
5th issue: RF link Insertion Loss
During electric field probe calibration the Insertion Loss (IL) of the physical link between the E-field probe and the signal digitizer has to be precisely assessed. With an E-field probe using a RF link, its IL is usually measured during the VNA calibration procedure by bringing the RF-link end back to VNA port 2. However, this requires to fold the RF cable which leads to a IL change (both in magnitude and phase). The longer is the RF link and the higher is the operating frequency, the higher is this effect.
With Kapteos near field electric field probe, IL is not an issue in practice. Indeed, as the IL is measured in real time, we get rid of IL changes while the probe is moving as it is possible to subtract in real time any IL change. Moreover, IL is lower than 0.0012 dB/m whatever the frequency of interest (DC to 100 GHz) whereas the it is higher than 5 dB/m for a RF cable link at 65 GHz.
6th issue: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the last parameter limiting the accuracy of the electric field probe calibration. E-field probe SNR is easy to obtain via a measurement using a field applicator and an Automatic Spectrum Analyzer (ASA). This SNR gives the accuracy floor with which the electric field probe calibration can be carried out.
To get an accuracy on E-field strength better than ± 0.5 dB, SNR must be greater than 23 dB.
Electric field probe calibration with ATEM cell: setup for accurate measurements
The simple experimental setup illustrated here has allowed to address five out the six issues discussed above. The only one that has not been addressed by this setup concerns the main issue of measuring the SWR in the ATEM cell for which a VNA is required.
With use of ATEM cell Kapteos near field electric field probes are calibrated with an accuracy of ± 0.5 dB up to 1 GHz and with an accuracy of ± 1 dB from 1 to 3 GHz.
For more information, feel free to contact us.


text: We describe the synthesis of four water-soluble aryl-extended calixpyrrole receptors and report their binding properties with multiple neutral polar guests in water. The prepared receptors present different functionalization at their upper rims and have in common the placement of water solubilizing pyridinium groups at their lower rims. We investigate the interaction of the receptors with a guest series in water solution using 1H NMR titrations and ITC experiments. Despite the known competitive nature of water for hydrogen-bonding interactions, we demonstrate the formation of thermodynamically highly stable 1 : 1 inclusion complexes stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions. We show that increasing the hydrogen-bond acceptor character of the guest has a positive impact on binding affinity. This result suggests that the receptor's cavity is indeed a better hydrogen-bond donor to interact with the guests than water molecules. We also assess the important contribution of the hydrophobic effect to binding by comparing the binding affinities of analogous inclusion complexes in water and chloroform solutions. The more polar guests are bound with similar affinities in the two solvents. We compare the binding properties of the different complexes in order to derive general trends.


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In Test Driven Development, how do I make code bound to an ORM testable?
I am using a Micro-ORM (PetaPoco) and I have several methods that interact with the database like:
I want to know how to write a test for these methods. I searched YouTube for videos on writing a test for DAL, but I didn't find any.
I want to know which method or class is testable and how to write a test before writing the code itself.
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possible duplicate of Unit testing - Database coupled app – gnat Aug 31 '12 at 9:38
_USER_: the question is similar, but not identical, since this is more specific to the existence of an ORM in this project. – Doc Brown Aug 31 '12 at 13:10
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3 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Unit testing the code relying on your DAL should be straight-forward: use the repository pattern to decouple your business layer from your ORM. Provide your POCOs by an abstract repository, then you can either provide a "real" repository in production (which uses your ORM), or a mock repository for testing purposes which delivers just test-data POCOs without any DB access. Using an ORM which works with POCOs here has the advantage that you can easily create that objects in memory, without the need to rely on the ORM.
A different question is how to automatically test methods like "AddCustomer", assumed that this method contains only database or ORM related code. Having a short look into the PetaPoco documentation and source code, it seems to support just one database with in-memory capabilities: SqlLite. So I guess you could set up a lightweight SqlLite instance for your testdata and write your tests against this.
Theoretically, you could do this also with a full-blown relational DB system like Oracle or MS SQL server, but that option is often too slow and needs too much administrative overhead to be practical. If you want trying this route anyway, I suggest you have a look at DBUnit.NET, which supports this approach.
Whatever you will do, it may be a good idea to separate those two cases in your code: write (1) code pulling the needed objects from your DB into memory, and (2) separate code for doing the business logic, without any DB access. Surely you will need (3) code that manages (1) and (2)to make them work together, but (1) and (2) could be tested then more easily in isolation.
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Look into Mock Objects and Dependency Injection.
Mock objects are a useful way to write unit tests for objects that act as mediators. Instead of calling the real domain objects, the tested object calls a mock domain object that merely asserts that the correct methods were called, with the expected parameters, in the correct order.
Dependency injection allows you to test a class in isolation, for example image a class with 5 private members, these objects are initilised in the constructor. Now unit testing of this class and its methods will also be running code concerned with other objects, this defeats the purpose of unit testing. Dependency injection allows the caller to pass in the 5 initialized objects and the constructor simply assigns them to the private members for example. This means I can pass in MockDB for example when unit testing, but for production code, pass in the real concrete DB object.
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I've used PetaPoco in an application and what I ended up doing was just abstracting an interface for the Database object which just exposed the methods that I actually use (since there are 100s of them and I only actually needed 10-15).
This allowed me to provide mock implementations of that interface in unit tests and in my DI container I simply bound the Database object to the IDatabase interface.
I wouldn't bother implementing the repository pattern, abstracting an IDatabase interface will essentially become a generic repository anyway.
The resulting annoyance with this led me to create my own Micro-ORM (MicroLite) which is designed to allow ease of testing which you can find on GitHub and NuGet (note: at present it only supports MsSql).
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+1. I guess for many cases that is a better approach than my sugestion to use SqlLite for testing purposes, though I see 2 drawbacks: you have to change the original PetaPoco code, and I guess you could not test if the SQL strings work correctly (at least not when you did not implement an SQL parser in your mock Database), – Doc Brown Aug 31 '12 at 15:57
Yeah it allows your test to be a proper "unit" test, if you're relying on an sqllite database in a specific configuration it's more of an integration test. One of the other things we did with PetaPoco was ONLY use the sql class for queries which I also amended the code for so that it implemented equality properly. We then used static classes to return pre-defined queries which allowed us to test against specific queries or return particular results if we did multiple calls in the same method. (this is something I made sure that MicroLite did properly OOTB). – Trevor Pilley Aug 31 '12 at 16:43
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text:
Can LLT heartbeats communicate between NICs with different device names?
One 2-node vcs cluster, the heartbeat NICs are eth2 and eth3 on each node,
IF eth2 on node1 down, and eth3 on node2 down. Does this mean the 2 heartbeat Links both down, and the Cluster is in split brain situation?
Can LLT heartbeats communicate between NIC eth2 and NIC eth3?
Since the 《VCS Installation Guide》requires the 2 heartbeat Links in different networks.We should put eth2 of both nodes in the VLAN (VLAN1), and put eth3 of both nodes in another vlan (VLAN2). So in this situation heartbeats cannot communicate between eth2 and eth3.
But, in a production cluster system, we found out the 4 NICs--eth2 and eth3 of both nodes are all in a same VLAN. and this lead me to post the discussion thread to ask this question:
IF eth2 on node1 down, and eth3 on node2 down, What will happen to the cluster (which is in active-standby mode)?