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Labor Supply: Are the Income and Substitution Effects Both Large or Both Small?
Labor supply is unresponsive to permanent changes in wage rates. Thus, income and substitution effects cancel, but are they both close to zero or both large? This paper develops a theory of labor supply where income and substitution effects cancel, taking into account optimization over time, fixed costs of going to work, and interactions of labor supply decisions within the household. The paper then applies this theory to survey evidence on the response of labor supply to a large wealth shock. The evidence implies that the constant marginal utility of wealth (Frisch) elasticity of labor supply is about one.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w14208
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:


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Corrupted power features in The Pearl as the nasty reality of colonial domination and oppression. The Mexican natives of La Paz live on the outskirts of a town of colonizing Europeans, greedy men who keep the natives in poverty and ignorance. Many of the sorrows of this tragic tale stem from attempts on the part of the powerful to take advantage of the weak.
Every character in The Pearl abuses his or her power over someone weaker. The trait is a universal human characteristic; we therefore cannot condemn any one character for this reason.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have new website and want to add AdSense.
 1. What is the approval process?
 2. What kind of programming language can be used?
 3. How much content is needed at a minimum?
 4. Is Adsense just for English websites? How about for people like me who don't speak English well?
 5. How many visitors per day are needed?
share|improve this question
closed as too broad by John Conde Jul 12 '13 at 16:32
1 Answer 1
Here is an article that you should read about requirements for Adsense approval: _URL_
To try to answer your specific questions:
 1. You need to apply before your website is approved. When you apply, your website needs to meet a minimum set of requirements: privacy policy, enough content, original content, no adult content, etc. Here are Adsense program policies that your site must follow
 2. Adsense doesn't care what programming language is used to create your site.
 3. I've seen guidance that you need at least 30 articles of 500 words to get Adsense approval.
 4. Adsense is available on websites in many languages. Here is a list of languages that is supported by Adsense If you don't write English well, I wouldn't apply for Adsense on an English website first.
 5. There are no minimum traffic requirements to apply for adsense, only minimum content requirements. However, you won't get paid by Adsense until you make $100.
share|improve this answer


zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Contact-line dynamics of a diffuse fluid interface. (English) Zbl 0984.76084
From the summary: An investigation is made into the moving contact line dynamics of a Cahn-Hilliard-van der Waals (CHW) diffuse mean-field interface. The interface separates two incompressible viscous fluids and can evolve either through convection or through diffusion driven by chemical potential gradients. The purpose of this paper is to show how the CHW moving contact line compares to the classical sharp interface contact line. It therefore discusses the asymptotics of the CHW contact line velocity and chemical potential fields as the interface thickness \(\varepsilon\) and the mobility \(\kappa\) both go to zero. The CHW and classical velocity fields have the same outer behaviour but can have very different inner behaviours and physics. In the CHW model, wall-liquid bonds are broken by chemical potential gradients instead of by shear, and change of material at the wall is accomplished by diffusion rather than by convection. The result is, mathematically at least, that the CHW moving contact line can exist even with no-slip conditions for the velocity.
76R50 Diffusion
76D99 Incompressible viscous fluids
76M45 Asymptotic methods, singular perturbations applied to problems in fluid mechanics
82B24 Interface problems; diffusion-limited aggregation arising in equilibrium statistical mechanics
Full Text: DOI


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You say sheet like "sheets", what's wrong with you
The one is wrong is your ear
thanks for correction. :)
Ku kira The Seat
What is the different of Sheets and Seats In the Spelling?
The sheet = seprai.
Bed sheet = seprei
In English we use sheet to mean bed sheet. Any other use of sheet requires clarification, sheet of paper, sheet of metal etc. If we just say sheet then we mean bed sheet.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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An exploratory study of Nantou Ancient Village revitalisation focusing on visual, cognitive and structural aspects
MetadataShow full item record
In the absence of spatial diversity, there is a need for additional elements that will enable the recognition of the space in which we are. These elements are landmarks. In order for a certain thing to be considered a landmark, it must be unique and recognisable either by its properties (size, shape, colour, materialisation, etc.) or by the location where it is located in space. Landmarks and zones with a strong character provide a strong identification of the space with its peculiarity. This paper analyses the identity of the urban settlement of Nantou Old Town as a historical cluster located in the attractive location in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen City, with over 800 residential and commercial units. The study was conducted experimentally on a number of respondents who are regular or occasional consumers in Nantou settlement, through a closed questionnaire, from which we got answers to the initial questions: how successful is the revitalisation of this cultural-historical settlement, what are the landmarks, how simple is orientation through the settlement and what method is most common in wayfinding (landmark or navigation app), does a consumer's choice in wayfinding device and landmark physical characteristics (colour, texture and form) depend on personal dimensions (gender, age, educational level and familiarity with environment).


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Image Type: multiple
Usage: Poster, WEB, Magazine-ad
Process: A rough sketch was drawn to decide the whole angle and layout. After getting the client's:OK,: the thickness of the lines was decided and the real lines were drawn. Then Coloring to the finish./Photoshop
Brief Requirements: In preparation for International Women's Day, we launched the print campaign titled 'Finding Her' under the umbrella of UN Women's global campaign 'Planet 50-50 by 2030-Step it Up for Gender Equality' which calls upon governments to make national commitments to address the challenges that are holding women and girls back from reaching their full potential. The main objective behind the campaign is highlighting women's persistent low labor force participation rate and the importance of supporting an enabling environment for young women and women to become economically independent.
Key Brief Ideas: The campaign consists of three print advertisements where the audience is challenged to find the only woman in different workplace settings including technology, politics, and science. The main message behind the campaign is to shed light on the importance of equal opportunities for Egyptian women to participate in the labor force and contribute to the development of the Egyptian society.
Commissioned For: United Nations WOMEN
Commissioner Company: DDB Dubai


text: The objective of the present study was to report the occurrence of Trypanoxyuris in owl monkeys, using data from clinical and haematological examinations, as well as clinical chemistry (blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) of infected and uninfected animals. Twenty animals in apparently good clinical health were studied. The coproparasitological examinations showed eggs compatible with Trypanoxyuris sp. in 50% of animals. The number of red blood cells, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the males, compared to the females, irrespective of parasitism. However, comparing segmented neutrophils in infected males and females, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed. All blood chemistry values were considered normal for the species pattern, even though significant differences were observed for BUN and ALT in infected males. The infection by Trypanoxyuris sp. did not appear to interfere with the clinical condition of animals.


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Closed as program error.
Error Message: Unhandled exception Type=Floating point error vmState=0x00040001 J9Generic_Signal_Number=00000020 Condition_Facilty_ID=CEE Condition_Message_Number=0C89 Condition_Severity=0003 Handler1=193D1500 Handler2=193DE1E0. Stack Trace: N/A. Condition_Message_Number in range 0x0C88 (3208) to 0x0C82 (3234) inclusive. This range of Condition_Message_Number corresponds to LE conditions CEE3208S to CEE3234S (inclusive).
Disable concurrent GC, for example, by using the command-line option -Xgcpolicy:optthruput
The problem is caused when JNI native code triggers an LE condition in the range CEE3208S to CEE3234S (inclusive), which are considered to be "arithmetic" LE conditions. When the JVM command-line option -XCEEHDLR is present, the JVM should convert arithmetic LE conditions that occur in JNI native code to Java exceptions of type com.ibm.le.conditionhandling.ConditionException. The problem is that the arithmetic condition is not being converted to a Java exception, and instead, the LE condition is being treated as a regular crash. The JVM therefore generates diagnostics and terminates the process. Note that this is an intermittent issue and only occurs when a thread doing garbage collection (GC) work examines the resources owned by the thread that triggered the arithmetic LE condition
This defect will be fixed in: 7.0.0 SR1 6.0.1 SR2. The JVM has been updated such that threads doing work for the GC no longer interfere with the JVM's ability to detect that the arithmetic LE condition occurred in a JNI native.
Reported component name
J9 COMMON CODE
Reported component ID
Last modified date
APAR is sysrouted FROM one or more of the following:
APAR is sysrouted TO one or more of the following:
Fixed component name
J9 COMMON CODE
Fixed component ID
Applicable component levels


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scores. The Pearson scoring system is, in essence, similar to many high school or college grading systems in that a score of 90 to 100 is considered an A, a score from 80 to 89 is considered a B, and so forth. In the example shown in Image 6, accountants would likely be justified in using only the first two rows of data for regression purposes, but not the third row (in Excel's row 5).
Using the PEARSON function, we can analyse each line item within our 48-month data set of historical values as follows. Before starting this process, we should establish the lowest Pearson score we are willing to accept. For example, we might deem that any line item scoring less than a 60% Pearson score is unsuitable for regression purposes. For those line items scoring below this predetermined threshold, a projection method other than regression will need to be used to project those budget line items. To calculate the Pearson score for our Dynamics GP data, in a new column we enter the formula =ABS(PEARSON (E2:BL2,$E$1:$BL$1)) next to the first row of data (cell BZ2 in this example) and copy the formula downward (as suggested in Image 7). (Note: A negative Pearson score of say, -95% is still a high score; the negative value simply means the data is trending downward instead of upward. Therefore, I've included the ABSOLUTE (ABS) function in this formula to force any negative Pearson scores to display as positive Pearson scores, which makes the resulting scores easier to format conditionally.
Image 7: Pearson scores for the historical data
Our next step is to highlight the Pearson scores and apply conditional formatting to make the subpar scores easier to identify, as follows. Start by selecting the Pearson scores in column BZ, and then from the Home tab, select Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cell Rules, Less Than, enter.60 (or 60%) in the Format cells that are LESS THAN box, and press OK. As a result, those rows of data with inadequate Pearson scores are highlighted in translucent red (or pink, you could say) in Image 7.
6. Replace budget line item amounts that have inadequate Pearson scores. Once the Pearson scores have been calculated for each line item, you should replace the regression-based projections for those line items with subpar Pearson scores (less than 60% in this example) and insert new values using an alternative projection method, such as using an appropriate inflation index.
In addition, it is wise to document and colour-code this alternative projection method. We then repeat this process for each line item as necessary and, upon completion, we have our initial 2018 rounded, seasonalised budget based on a combination of regression, inflation, and contract-pricing projection methods. Note that at this juncture you should expect your budget projections to be based on a variety of projection methods. For example, your 200-line-item expense budget might end up consisting of 30 line items based on contract values, 40 line items based on inflated 2017 values, and the remaining 130 line items based on regression calculations.
7. Forecast balance sheet. No budget would be complete without including a cash flow forecast. To project cash flow for 2018, we would need to forecast the 2018 balance sheet line items. Many balance sheet line items are relatively easy to project. As examples, land is usually a fixed amount, property and equipment values can be easily projected based on depreciation schedules, and loans payable amounts can be easily projected based on amortisation schedules. However, forecasting other line items, such as accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable balances, is trickier, though it can be done using historical financial statement ratios, as follows.
Let's assume that we have calculated the average number of days in accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable from our 2017 actual financials as 42, 62, and 28 days, respectively. Let's further assume that these amounts remain consistent enough throughout the year for us to rely on them for projection purposes. In this case, we can then use our 2018 budgeted income statement, along with these number-of-days ratio calculations to project balance sheet line items, as follows:
a. Accounts receivable. To project accounts receivable balances for 2018, we divide total budgeted net sales for January 2018 ($2,006,400 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 42 days to derive $230,873.42. Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 accounts receivable budget value of $230,900 in this example. (Because Dynamics GP displays the sales amounts as negative values, we must adjust our formula by multiplying the product by —1 to produce a positive value.) We then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted accounts receivable values for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
Image 8: Balance sheet projections
b. Inventory. To project inventory balances for 2018, we divide total budgeted net cost of goods sold for January ($288,300 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 62 days to derive $48,971.51. Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 inventory budget value of $49,000 and then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted inventory values for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
c. Accounts payable. To project accounts payable for 2018, we divide total budgeted net expenses for those January line items typically paid on account ($1,483,150 in this example) by 365 days, and multiply by 28 days to derive $113,776. (For consistency, make sure the line items selected are the same line items used to calculate the days in payables.) Next, we apply rounding to produce a January 2018 accounts payable budget value of $113,800 and then copy this formula across to calculate the budgeted accounts payable values for each month in 2018, as pictured in Image 8.
Next, we populate the remaining budgeted balance sheet line items, and then calculate the change in each balance sheet line item for each month. Finally, we can calculate January 2018's projected ending cash balance, as follows. Starting with January 2018's beginning cash balance ($234,600 in this example), we add net income/(loss) (—$77,600 in this example), add back depreciation and amortisation ($35,400 in this example), and add or subtract the month-to-month changes in the applicable balance sheet line items (a net amount of —$34,700 in this example) to project an ending cash balance of $157,700 for January 2018. This $157,700 ending cash balance becomes the beginning cash balance for February, and the calculations are repeated for each additional month to create ending cash balances for each month in 2018, as shown in Image 8.
At this point, we have created an initial preliminary budget for 2018. While this may seem to be a completed budget to you, to management it's merely a starting point that most certainly requires further review and refinements before finalising. For example, management may want to add new line items for purchasing new furnishings, equipment, or a new accounting system. The bosses may also want to expand or tighten the marketing budget, increase sales expectations, or implement an employee training initiative. In other words, further refinements should be expected.
8. Use the budget. There is little point in going through the time and effort to create a budget if you're not going to follow it or periodically compare it to actual results. To properly utilise a budget, management should:
- Consult the budget. Refer to the budget throughout the year when approving significant expenditures, and ensure that spending does not exceed budgeted amounts, unless the president, board, or management approves such overages.
- Compare budget values to actual values. This should be done on a monthly basis. Specifically, income statement and balance sheet line items should be compared to budgeted values, cash balances should be compared to cash flow forecasts, and key financial ratios should be compared to expected financial ratios.
- Flag significant deviations from the budget. For example, management should flag those items that vary by more than 10%, or by more than $10,000, for further scrutiny (or some other threshold that you deem appropriate). You should analyse those significant deviations in detail and document reasons for those variances.
- Take corrective measures, as necessary. In case errors are discovered, management should enter adjusting journal entries to correct those errors or communicate with vendors to resolve duplicate bills or payments. If fraud is detected, management should take steps to identify and possibly remove the fraudsters, recover monies, and prevent future frauds. If significant variances are found to be caused by flawed budget projections, then management should learn from the past budgeting mistakes and employ more reliable methods for projecting those same line items when preparing future budgets.
Regardless of which budgeting methods you use, even the best budgets are just educated estimates derived from the best available information at hand, with experience and reason applied. Despite this "iffy" nature of the budgeting process, most accountants believe it's better to embrace budgeting because budgets represent more than mere restrictions on spending; well-prepared budgets can serve a much greater purpose. Proper budgets represent thoughtful plans of action to help guide organisations toward their financial goals. Budgets also represent the first line of defence against fraud, because it's virtually impossible to perpetrate a fraud for long periods when the proper budgeting and review process is employed (short of massive collusion


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In C++, polymorphism lets a variable refer to objects of different data types. The only catch is that the different data types must be members of the same inheritance hierarchy and they must be lower in the hierarchy than the variable's data type. The cool part is this ability lets the same instruction behave differently, based on the actual object's data type instead of the variable's data type.
Consider the hierarchy of the UML class diagram in Figure 1. Here, I have derived the Manager and Salesperson classes from the Employee class. This lets me use an Employee pointer to point to an Employee, Manager, or Salesperson object.
The following code is an attempt at polymorphism:
Employee* pEmp = new Manager; cout << *pEmp << endl;
However, this attempt fails since the code does not invoke the Manager's insertion operator (<<) as I intendedit invokes the Employee's insertion operator. This happens because the indirection operation (*) is performed first, so *pEmp returns the data type of the pointer. In this case, because pEmp is an Employee pointer, the *pEmp operation returns the Employee data type in spite of pointing to a Manager object. After *pEmp is done, the function call is matched using the Employee data type. Consequently, the Employee's insertion function is matched and not the Manager's function as intended.
In C++, polymorphism normally requires virtual methods. Because only methods can be inherited, many programmers think the insertion (<<) and extraction (>>) operators cannot display polymorphic behavior because these operators are implemented as nonmember friend functions. However, there are several ways of making these operators polymorphic. In this article, I compare and contrast three different techniques.


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Gates Safety Measures & Equipment
In recent years a number of changes have occured in relation to automated gate systems. These changes have come about due to a number of incidents involving the automated gates. The type of safety measure that each gate requires depends on the type of gate, method of operation and location of the gate.
Below are the measures that can be installed onto existing gate systems
Photocells are installed both on the gate posts and at the end of the gate swing. If either of these devices infra red beam are broken then the operation of the gate will stop. This is to stop the gate opening or closing onto objects or people that have broken the beam
Safety edges are designed so that any sort of pressure on these devices will stop the operation of the gate. These devices are placed along the bottom on both sides of the gate so if any object is on the floor in the swing of the gate it will stop when hits this object. The safety edge is also placed on the leading edge of the gate to prevent the gate from shutting onto objects or people.


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Folktale Unit: Paul Bunyan and the Big Blue Ox
Debbie Haren, Preschool Teacher
To learn about an old folktale and to learn new vocabulary.
Materials: Paul Bunyan
by Steven Kellogg
Shared Reading: Paul Bunyan
- Do we chop down trees the same way today as they did back then?
- What do we use use?
- Are there any big words in this book that you can tell me what they mean?
- How did the Ox help Paul?
- How did Paul and his friends get rid of the tree stumps?
- Who was Paul's male friend in the story?
- How did you feel about Paul chopping down all those trees?
- What is a pioneer?
We have read several different folk tales. I would like you to tell me which one is your favorite so far and why.
7 lessons for learning about folktales: What is a Fairy Tale or Folk Tale?, The Princess and the Golden Shoes, The Emperor and the Kite, Paul Bunyan, Pecos Bill, The True Story of the Three Little Pigs, and Johnny Appleseed.
Folktale Unit Ideas
Ideas to go with reading folktales.


text: Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) /starch blends with various starch content were made by injection molding. The blends were exposed to soil and the degradation behaviors were investigated in detail. The test piece of PLA (starch Owt %) did not decompose after 30 days. On the other hand, the blends (starch lOwt % and 30wt %) discolored, and cracks appeared on the surface. The degradation was prominent for higher starch content. For starch Owt % (pure PLA) and 10wt %, the molecular weights of PLA in the samples slightly decreased with exposure time. For 30wt %, on the other hand, the molecular weight decreased rapidly. The number of microorganisms in 30wt % sample was much larger than that in lOwt % sample. These results suggested that the presence of starch enhanced the multiplication of microorganisms, resulting in the acceleration of degradation of PLA in the sample.


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In the 40 years since the creation of the cell phone, creative engineers have developed a range of new products that enable mobile activity. From cellular networks and microchips to batteries and antennas, invention has been a big part of mobile technology, resulting in an industry that has become a vibrant driver of economic development. The mobile industry contributes significantly to GDP growth and job creation around the globe. In many countries, mobile is among the fastest-growing business areas. With mobile devices spreading at a rapid pace, it is important to understand how progress has been made and how government and business can facilitate continued development.
On March 5, as part of the Mobile Economy Project, Governance Studies at Brookings hosted an event focusing on key inventors, how different countries encourage and protect invention, and barriers that need to be overcome in order to promote mobile invention. A panel of experts discussed the culture of invention that has propelled the mobile industry to the economic forefront.
Read Darrell West's related paper»


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Johan Svendsens lost or unfinished symphony. Elaborating sketches for performance
- Side: 33-73
- Publisert på Idunn: 2011-11-03
Johan Svendsen (1840–1911) was probably the most important contributor to a symphonic tradition in Norway in the second half of the 19th century. His works, including two notable symphonies, were performed regularly during his lifetime. Several sources have claimed that Svendsen worked on a third symphony, but it may seem that he was un-able to complete the work as his compositional activity waned in the 1880s. However, a famous anecdote would have it that his wife, in a fit of jealousy, burned the completed manuscript.
In 2007, conductor Bjarte Engeset identified sketches for a cyclic symphonic work by Svendsen. I have elaborated and arranged parts of the material for a celebratory concert marking the centenary of Svendsens death.
A performable version, so to speak, of the sketches, to my mind throws new light not only on an unfinished or lost symphony but may also be a valuable contribution to understanding Svendsens artistic development, as this material demonstrates a more dramatic musical language than most of his earlier works.Keywords: Johan Svendsen, Third Symphony, reconstruction


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Here's How You Should Be Storing Leftover Onions
After you're done chopping, there is an exact way to make sure your onions stay fresh for as long as possible.
Onions: either you love them or you hate them. The root vegetable, which comes in all different shapes, colors, and sizes, may have a peculiar taste and make you cry when you cut into them, but onions are often a leading ingredient in the kitchen. Think about it: they're key in salads, vegetable stir fry, and onion rings, to name a few. So it's important to know how to store onions properly to avoid spoilage.
That said, we checked in with the National Onion Association and Dr. Gitanjali Kundu, assistant professor of biology at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey, for the best onion storing practices—especially because the ingredient is often purchased in bulk.
Here's everything we learned about how to store onions—both uncut and cut—the right way.
Find a dark, cool, well-ventilated place to store uncut onions.
onions in a basket stored in a cabinet
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
Torn on what to do with that big bag of onions when you return from the grocery store? Skip the refrigerator. René Hardwick, Director of Public and Industry Relations for the National Onion Association, suggests keeping all bulb onions in a "dark, cool place: such as a pantry, basement, or garage, which can give the onions a shelf life of up to four weeks.
Dr. Kundu also points out that a dry, well-ventilated place is very important because "the mold, which is a fungi, cannot grow in dry environments because they need moisture for growth." The result? Slowed-down spoilage. In fact, according to one 2016 study, it's ideal to store uncut onions at a temperature of 40-50°F.
It's also imperative to store the uncut onions in a mesh bag or open basket rather than a plastic bag because plastic bags don't have the proper ventilation to help the onions last longer.
But what happens if you store the uncut onions in the refrigerator rather than in a dry, ventilated area? Because the refrigerator has little ventilation, the cold, humid conditions "triggers the growth of mold, so they will get spoiled faster," Dr. Kundu notes.
Have you ever noticed your refrigerated onions becoming sappy, soggy, and soft sooner than you'd like? That's because the plants store carbohydrates as complex sugar called starch, and when they're stored in a cool temperature, those complex starches get converted into simple sugar molecules. Dr. Kundu says: "Microorganisms, [such as mold], love sugar because sugar gives them the energy to grow."
Once you cut an onion, it's crucial to store any leftovers in the refrigerator.
chopped onions in a container and half an onion in a bag
Kiersten Hickman/Eat This, Not That!
When buying onions in bulk, it's oftentimes difficult to use them all at once. While there are ways to get creative with leftover onions (caramelize them or toss them with peppers and onions, for example), we often get in the habit of storing half an onion or diced/sliced onions for later use. But what's the best storage practice to avoid spoilage of cut onions? Store them in the refrigerator.
According to the USDA, whole peeled onions have a shelf life of 10-14 days refrigerated, while diced and sliced onions typically last 7-10 days refrigerated. It's recommended to store cut onions in a sealed container or plastic bag while in the refrigerator.
So why do we choose the refrigerator over a cool, dry place? Remember those rumors that you should never eat an onion out of the refrigerator because of bacteria? Not true. According to a 2017 McGill article, "bacteria are not spontaneously generated. They have to be somehow present to start with. Cutting boards and dirty hands are a possible source, but food spoilage bacteria do not become airborne; you need contact." Basically, this means that your onions are safe to be stored and eaten at a later date, as long as you didn't cut them on a cutting board that could be contaminated and you made sure your hands were clean while you were handling them.
Dr. Kundu explains, "It's like when you have a cut, you can introduce germs, and that compromised area can become infected more quickly….that has happened to the onion now."
Even though there are microorganisms inside the refrigerator, most of them can't multiply that quickly due to low metabolism at a temperature of 4°C. This leads to slowed down onion spoilage, she adds. "But if you had kept the uncut onion in room temperature, it is a good place for fungi to grow."
Cooked onions should be stored in the refrigerator as well.
"Sometimes cooked onions not stored properly can allow the growth of toxin-producing bacteria like enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, etc.," Dr. Kundu says.
So, why in cooked onion, but not in raw?
"Because in raw onion, the active ingredients are there. So when you cook the onions, many antimicrobial compounds (including sulfuric acid) are diminished. Therefore you find more of a bacterial growth taking over."
"Several toxin-producing bacteria can take resistant forms called endospores. Getting rid of the endospores is a challenge to the food industry because these structures are very resistant to heat and cooking," Dr. Kundu adds. "So what it means is you have cooked the food thinking you've killed the bacteria, but endospores can still be present. They behave like a dead bacteria, and upon entering the human body become alive again and may further cause pathogenesis."
That said, store cooked onions for up to five days in a sealed container in the refrigerator.
Here's how to know if your onions have spoiled.
If you practice good onion-storing habits, you'll have a better grip on knowing when your onions have spoiled. But there are a few things to look out for to help you decide whether or not you should toss the vegetable.
"Change in the color is the biggest evidence of how you can tell an onion has gone bad," Dr. Kundu says. "[Look out for] gray spots, brown spots, black spots, and those velvet-like, fuzzy, cottony growths."
It helps that you are able to see the spoilage of the onions. "Molds are better at growing on onions rather than bacteria, because the molds like to grow in acidic pH. We call fungi acidophiles, which means acid-loving microorganisms."
"Sometimes, [the] presence of slime is also a sign depicting microorganisms have fed on the cells and sugar of the onion," she adds.
Our best advice? If you notice any mold on your onion, just send it right to the garbage.
There could be health risks associated with eating contaminated onions.
Back in 2012, there was an instance where contaminated onions were recalled. "There have been cases where people thought there was contamination of Listeria monocytogenes that could grow in refrigerator temperature," Dr. Kundu notes. "Listeria monocytogenes causes a fatal disease called listeriosis, which affects the immunocompromised population, which is people who have weak immune systems, such as pregnant women, infants, elderly people, people who have AIDS, or people who have undergone chemotherapy. It can be fatal to them."
According to Up to Date, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus are common genera of fungi that can be found indoors. "Fungi exposure can indeed cause adverse health effects, including infections, hypersensitivity disorders, and toxic/irritant effects from their by-products," the article reads. According to one study, toxins can also be associated with allergic incidents.
"Ingested in higher amounts, these fungi could be involved in toxin associated illnesses," Dr. Kundu additionally notes. "Some dangerous toxins produced by several species of fungi are mycotoxins, aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, etc."
It's also important to note that last year, NOA confirmed onions cannot help cure the flu (yes, people really believed this!) and are not responsible for food poisoning. Phew!
Samantha Faragalli Younghans
Filed Under


formerly Transcendental dram
Cask Strength: The Ins and Outs
What is cask strength?
Is it how strong the cask is? Is it the stress it can withstand in a rick (barrel) house stack? Does the kind of wood the cask is made of determine its strength? Does high charring weaken a cask and reduce its long term usefulness? Is the strength of a cask measured in units of elephants? I jest, of course. Actually cask strength has nothing to do with any of these!
Cask strength (also known as barrel proof in the world of US whisky) is a term used to describe a spirits alcoholic strength. It is measured in alcohol by volume (ABV) or proof. Proof is always double the ABV. So a whisky labeled at say one hundred proof will have an ABV of fifty percent alcohol. The remaining fifty percent being predominantly water. The term proof originated in the British Navy where sailors were issued rum rations, a practice that ended only in the 1970s. The "proof" they treasured was that their rum had not been watered down. The test: would sample stop gun powder from igniting? Only a full proof spirit would ignite. Too much water and the rum would not ignite. There would be no bang, no happy sailors.
A whisky that has been bottled at the proof that the spirit ended up at after its aging period is cask strength. It goes directly from the cask to the bottle. No further water has been added to dilute and reduce the proof. It is generally considered the premium offering and purest expression of a distilleries flagship malt.
A distillate maybe diluted reducing ABV directly after distillation. It is common to add water and lower the ABV before cask aging begins. Taking the whisky down from anywhere around 160 proof to a more common 140 – 100 proof. There are the obvious business benefits to adding the water as the distilleries have more whisky to age, raising the amount the distilleries have to bottle. But more importantly it is and should be a question of style and flavor profile. Interestingly enough Buffalo Trace have just released a series called the Experimental Collection which takes the exact same whiskies and starts the barrel aging process at four different proofs, ninety through one hundred and twenty five.
If the lowering of proof has happened before the new make spirit is put into barrel, the resulting fully matured whisky can still be bottled and sold as cask strength, because that is what it will be.
I love drinking cask strength whisky. Its amazing how many aromatics are released with just a few drops of water or by chilling and diluting with some ice. I get myself set up at home with a dropper and a glass of water (if you don't have a dropper a straw and a thumb will do!) and settle down to experiment. When pouring a cask strength whisky look for the formation of small beads around the edge of the glass. It's an obvious sign of high alcohol content! I always nose and taste the whisky as it is straight from the bottle. Then I add a drop or two of water and see what happens. Has the nose changed? Is there more obvious sweet or fruit elements to the taste? Below are a few of of my favorite cask strength bottlings if you can make the time to experiment with these it will be fun and delicious. Cheers.
Longrow Red Cabernet Sauvignon 52.1% ABV
Aged initially for seven years in bourbon casks and then transferred into Cabernet Sauvignon hogsheads, this is a fantastic limited-run addition to the Longrow family from the Masters at Springbank. I am generally automatically suspicious of wine finishes on my single malts as I have been let down by them on occasions. It was the Rocks from Bruichladdich that restored my belief, and would Springbank ever disappoint? I think not! The Nose: complex and beautiful. Buttery smoked haddock, coal and soap come to mind. Adding a drop of water brings on a leathery citrus-rind element. The Palate: incredibly full, with rich peaty notes that combine with red fruit and licorice in a truly harmonious way.
Glen Spey 21 year 50.4% ABV
A limited Edition single malt from Glen Spey on Speyside. The Nose: full of ripe tree fruit tones apple, pear, peach and even a hint of plum. A little water brings out creamy vanilla and a touch of chocolate. The Palate: starts with coconut and vanilla. The fruit comes through nicely giving a beautiful round sweetness.
Glen Farclas 2001 59.7% ABV
This Glen Farclas is a single barrel example bottled at eleven years old. Its robust nature sets itself apart from most other sherry cask Speyside malts. The stills at Glen Farclas are still heated on a direct fire basis. Direct fire heated pot stills are rare now in Scotland and the caramel created on the hot spot is a Glen Farcals signature. The Nose:earthy vine fruit tones, walnut shell, mustard seed & touch of fresh sugar cane. The Palate: vine fruit, hazel nut, pudding malt notes, touch of caramel, baking spice intense nutmeg long finish slightly aggressive but completely delightful in nature.
Dun Bheagan Caol Ila 22 year Old 55.4% ABV
This is a single barrel private bottling from Dun Bheagan, something of a rarity as Caol Ila will not release single casks to private bottling companies now. The distillery is currently running at full capacity just to meet the demand for the mighty Johnnie Walker blends of which Caol Ila is a major part so they have not got the spare barrels or inclination to share! The Nose: sweet char, high toned floral components, salted mango. Left to sit a for a while notes of honey roasted bacon emerge. The Palate: spicy vine fruit, chimney ash, earthy honey, sweet bacon fat and finishing charred wood.
Old Weller 107 The Original Wheated Bourbon. 53.5% ABV
Last, but not least, the Buffalo Trace produced Weller Antique 107 wheated bourbon. This is fantastic juice that never fails to impress. The Nose: rich full of corn, caramel, brown sugar. The Palate: overall sweet grain, sweet spice and this amazing dark chocolate. This bourbon shines when served on the rocks.
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Kappas (kawatarō 河童/川太郎，literally means river child) are the most mischievous and mysterious water-typed demon in traditional Japanese folklore. They are distinguished by having a small pool of water suspended on their flat hairless head to indicate their habitat and life force. Their appearance is described as similar to the look of a frog or monkey the size of a human child. More than that, their scaly reptilian skins can be green, yellow or blue. Their physical features include a shell and beak. They could swim in water like fish. They would lose all of their powers and may even die if they ever dry out. Modern culture tends to portray them as a cute and harmless creature. However, during the Edo period, this humanoid sprite was viewed as vicious and ferocious. They would dwell in lakes, rivers and other swampy areas to wait for their prey. Children and women were most likely to become their victims. Kappa would drown them, drink their blood, eat their livers and take away their shirikodama (尻子玉), which translates literally as "small anus ball". This is the strangest part of this folktale. It is believed to be a mythical ball that contains the soul of a human and it can grant the kappa magnificent powers.
Folklorist/manga artist Mizuki Shigeru wrote:
"Ever since I was a child I heard that I had to be careful in the water because the kappa would try and take my shirikodama. It was said that in the water, a kappa would come from below, extend an arm upwards and stick a hand up your anus to extract the ball."
As the example above suggested, Kappa is also used as a warning to keep children aware of the danger of drowning in lakes and rivers.
One of the most interesting facts about them is that cucumber is their traditional favorite meal. So if you ever meet a kappa in your life, you should bribe them with a cucumber they would promise to fulfill all of your wishes and you can protect yourself from being killed.
I hope you enjoy this post! o(‧"‧)o


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Red Medicine: Traditional Indigenous Rites of Birthing and Healing
By Patrisia Gonzales
Patrisia Gonzales addresses "Red Medicine" as a system of healing that includes birthing practices, dreaming, and purification rites to re-establish personal and social equilibrium. The book explores Indigenous medicine across North America, with a special emphasis on how Indigenous knowledge has endured and persisted among peoples with a legacy to Mexico. Gonzales combines her lived experience in Red Medicine as an herbalist and traditional birth attendant with in-depth research into oral traditions, storytelling, and the meanings of symbols to uncover how Indigenous knowledge endures over time. And she shows how this knowledge is now being reclaimed by Chicanos, Mexican Americans and Mexican Indigenous peoples.
For Gonzales, a central guiding force in Red Medicine is the principal of regeneration as it is manifested in Spiderwoman. Dating to Pre-Columbian times, the Mesoamerican Weaver/Spiderwoman--the guardian of birth, medicine, and purification rites such as the Nahua sweat bath--exemplifies the interconnected process of rebalancing that transpires throughout life in mental, spiritual and physical manifestations. Gonzales also explains how dreaming is a form of diagnosing in traditional Indigenous medicine and how Indigenous concepts of the body provide insight into healing various kinds of trauma.
Gonzales links pre-Columbian thought to contemporary healing practices by examining ancient symbols and their relation to current curative knowledges among Indigenous peoples. Red Medicine suggests that Indigenous healing systems can usefully point contemporary people back to ancestral teachings and help them reconnect to the dynamics of the natural world.


About Me
Understanding Pet Safety
I have always been one of those people who is overly concerned about keeping their animals safe, which is why I started visiting local pet stores to look for solutions. I talked with the owners about the products and services that could help me to eliminate common problems, and it was amazing to see the wide range of products that were available. Within a few weeks, I had finally gathered enough supplies to keep my animal safe and sound. This blog is all about understanding pet safety and learning to provide for your animals in a safe, effective, and convenient way.
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Understanding Pet Safety
What Is A Martingale And When Is One Needed?
by Caleb Jackson
If you are training a horse or your horse is at risk of throwing their head back, then you may want to consider using a martingale. Martingales are a common tool often used with English tack, but western riders also have purpose for them. They can be a critical safety tool under certain circumstances. Here is more about martingales, whether you need one, and how to use them.
What Is A Martingale?
A martingale is a device to control how high your horse can raise their head. It consists of a strap made of leather or synthetic material that either connects the bit or the nose to a neck strap. Another piece connects the neck strap to the cinch to keep the martingale in place. There are three common types of martingale, and each has its pros and cons.
Why Use a Martingale?
Some horses throw their heads up during certain activities, or out of nervousness or defiance. For example, if your horse likes to evade the bit by raising their head, then a martingale will help prevent that. It's also used as a training aid to teach the horse how to carry its head and body properly.
What Are the Types of Martingales?
Most people use one of the three martingale types listed below. Each works differently. Which one you use should be based on your horse and your own safety.
Running Martingale
Running martingales work directly with the reins and bit to control the horse's head. If the head is lifted too high, then the horse will feel pressure in the mouth. Running martingales are said to be safer than other martingales and offer a horse the most freedom of movement.
Standing Martingale
Instead of using the bit to help control the head, this martingale uses nose pressure. This physically prevents the horse from moving their head too high. However, if fitted too tight, it could cause balance problems for the horse. Some horses also get into the habit of leaning on it for balance which could be a problem if you ride without it.
German Martingale
The German martingale, also known as the Market Harborough, is similar to the running martingale. However, unlike the running martingale, it relies entirely on the horse to self-correct instead of the rider and the reins. These martingales are generally used in training and not in regular riding or competition.
Martingales are a tool for both training and safety while riding with English tack. Whether you need one depends on your horse, your riding level, and the activities you do. Even if you choose to use one, you won't need it for every activity. If you are interested in martingales, then contact an English tack seller for more information.


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Materials-Genome-Based Multiscale Modeling of Ceramics and Laser-Assisted Machining
This study is concerned with developing multiscale models to predict material properties and simulate laser-assisted machining of ceramics. The microstructure and composition of ceramics and computational costs are taken into consideration in the development of multiscale models. These models can predict both mechanical and thermal properties, which can further assist in selecting machining parameters for laser-assisted machining of ceramics. Quantum level, atomistic level, micro and macro scales are bridged in the multiscale modeling of ceramics. Interatomic potentials are derived by ab initio methods to achieve more accurate calculations in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD calculations are carried out to predict the interfacial thermal properties and parameterize the traction-separation laws for interfacial glass phase within ceramics under thermal and mechanical loadings. The mechanical behavior of interfacial glass phase in ceramics is subsequently characterized by cohesive zone models (CZM) with the calculated traction-separation laws. The interfacial thermal conductivities and the parameterized CZMs are then input into the finite element model (FEM) to model the properties of thin interfacial glass phase surrounding the grains in the ceramics. To reduce computational costs, a materials-genome-based multiscale model is proposed to predict the material properties of ceramics by coupling multiscale model with a variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH). A variational form for homogenization is formulated in combination with a cohesive zone model to predict crack formation within ceramics in a computationally efficient manner. The extended finite element method (XFEM) is further embedded in the formulation of the materials-genome-based multiscale modeling. The implementation of both materials genome model and XFEM enables multiscale modeling in predicting crack propagation while providing accurate predictions by considering heterogeneous microstructure. The developed multiscale model is capable of predicting the effects of microstructure, composition and temperature on materials properties and machining processes with greatly reduced computational costs. In predicting the mechanical and thermal properties of alumina ceramics, SiC ceramics and SiC/SiC composites, the favorable agreement between simulation results and experimental measurements confirms the validity of the multiscale models. A coupled thermal-mechanical multiscale model is developed to predict the thermally induced fractures within alumina ceramics under laser heating. Different compositions of alumina ceramics and crack propagation within SiC ceramics during laser-assisted machining are also studied experimentally and numerically using the developed materials-genome-based multiscale model.
Shin, Purdue University.
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An Interview with Tricia Martineau Wagner: It Happened on the Underground Railroad
Michael F. Shaughnessy
Senior Columnist
Eastern New Mexico University
Tricia Wagner is an experienced elementary teacher and reading specialist. She is also a well-versed and entertaining speaker who enjoys conducting presentations for schools and organizations around the country on the history of the Oregon Trail, African American Women of the Old West, and the Underground Railroad. Additionally she does workshops, on creative writing for grades two through eight.
In this interview, she responds to questions about her book on the Underground Railroad and her creative endeavors.
1) First of all, tell us a bit about your background and what led you to write about the Underground Railroad.
I attended the University of Toledo and Miami University, Ohio. My undergraduate degree was in Elementary Education and while I was working on my masters I taught in the Chicago suburbs as both a teacher and reading specialist. My passion however, has always been history. It probably started on my first trip to England with my parents when I was eighteen years old. There was a big sign near William Shakespeare's bed that said, "Do Not Touch." I had to touch it. There is something about being so connected with the past that excites me. To be where others have been… ahhh.
After moving to the San Francisco Bay area with my husband and children I became interested in the westward migration of pioneers. After all, we flew out West - they traveled for a half year in covered wagons! I began to investigate. I was nearly ecstatic while researching and reading century old journals and diaries for my first book for The Globe Pequot Press, It Happened on the Oregon Trail. To visit the private archives in libraries and to be able to hold in my hands the very diary that someone took over the Oregon Trail on their westward journey in 1852 was simply thrilling. It was like I was right there with the emigrants sitting around the campfire at night while they wrote in their journals.
I love being able to reconstruct the details from people's lives and bring them back to life. It's a great way to honor them and to recognize their achievements. Of the 29 stories about the men and women in It Happened on the Oregon Trail only two chapters were about African Americans. It bothered me that the research materials about these individuals were so hard to find. I became determined to search out primary source documents and write about those who were, in my opinion, the least recognized.African American Women of the Old West became not only the topic of my second book, but the title as well. These incredible women overcame insurmountable odds to make something of their lives and affected the settling and civility of the Old West. They were trailblazers in every sense of the word.
It was while writing that second book that I began to think about the majority of African Americans in the country who were still in bondage enslaved in the South. And that was how I came to write It Happened on the Underground Railroad.
2) You have 23 episodes about various events and aspects of the Underground Railroad. How much research did you have to do and where did you do it?
I am the research queen. Truth is uncovered in the facts. Voices are waiting to be heard. I had a pile of notes on my desk twenty inches high and it took me as long to do the research as it did to write the book; a year total. I utilized the Interlibrary Loan program and had books sent to me from around the country. Historical societies and museums that I could not visit were kind enough to copy their primary source documents and send them to me. I also visited the places that I wrote about. I climbed in the hiding places that slaves were held up in. I walked about the homes of abolitionists (and touched their beds) and got a feel for who I was writing about and what their lives were like. Additionally, I interviewed descendants of the individuals that I wrote about.
3) How is your book related to "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and "Beloved"?
In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. Her legendary character, Eliza Harris, was based on the brave nameless woman who actually crossed the semi-frozen Ohio River while escaping from the slave state of Kentucky to the free state of Ohio. Stowe's family knew the Rankin family, abolitionists in Ripley, Ohio, who assisted the woman, and Stowe was taken by the amazing escape story. To protect those involved in the Underground Railroad system of assisting fugitive slaves Stowe changed the details of her Eliza so as not to incriminate anyone. The chapter in It Happened on the Underground Railroad entitled "The House on the Hill" relates the real story of the real "Eliza."
Ohio-born author Toni Morrison was captivated by the horrific choice that escapee Margaret Garner was forced to make in 1856. Morrison found seeds of inspiration for her 1987 Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel Beloved from the experience of this distraught mother trying to save her children from a life of slavery. The chapter, "Not My Child" in It Happened on the Underground Railroad recounts this heartfelt tragedy.
4) I learned a great deal from you bookand found that some slaves actually escaped to Canada! How did you learn about some of these esoteric facts?
Research, research, research. Canada became a safe haven for escaping slaves after the passage of antislavery legislation on July 9, 1793. After the War of 1812, the news circulated that Canada was a safe haven for slaves on the run. Canada was far away for slaves from the Deep South traveling on foot. Chatham, Canada a popular destination was over three hundred miles from the Ohio River. Initially, most slaves escaped to the northern free states in America. However, after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 it became increasingly dangerous for freed or escaped slaves to feel safe. Not only could slave owners legally pursue their slaves out-of-state, but gangs of kidnappers, especially in the Mid-Atlantic States, made money by kidnapping free blacks and selling them into slavery. Thus Canada became the safety destination by necessity as slaves could not be taken back across national borders.
5) Also, some slaves apparently escaped by water routestell us about that.
The Underground Railroad encompassed multiple routes to freedom over land and water. Where you lived determined what escape options that were available. Slaves from Texas often crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico. Slaves from Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and other areas of the Deep South escaped to live with the Seminole Indians in Florida or islands in the Caribbean. The Virgin Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Puerto Rico were all destinations for escapees. There are several harrowing water escape stories in the book.
6) Frederick Douglass is a well-known name from that time period. Tell us about his story.
Actually, my editor wanted me to veer away from the more well-known figures associated with the Underground Railroad such as Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. I concentrated on lesser known unsung heroes who were equally important. The chapter about Frederick Douglass entitled "Baker's Special" is more about Polly and Nathan Johnson who used their bakery as a front to take in fugitive slaves; their most famous being Frederick Douglass.
7) Who was the "Father of the Underground Railroad" and what can you tell us about him?
The "Father of the Underground Railroad" is known as William Still, a free black man who lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. An ardent abolitionist, Still did much to preserve the history of the workings of the Underground Railroad. His work at the Anti-Slavery Society in recording the life stories of escaped slaves (though few records were kept for fear of incrimination) did much to locate and reunite family members of slaves after 1865 when slavery was abolished. An incident in one of the chapters about William Still entitled "Remember Me" is simply amazing.
8) Who was the "President of the Underground Railroad" and what was his story?
Levi Coffin, a white Quaker from Indiana is recognized as the "President of the Underground Railroad." Coffin, a peace-loving abolitionist, was generally an "agent" who made the arrangements for fugitive slaves. He and his wife risked fines and imprisonment for their involvement in hiding people in their home. Coffin also oversaw the "conductors" who transported or led the slaves along various escape routes. Involvement in the Underground Railroad, once seen as illegal, is now viewed as a noble cause. It is good to remember that anyone, black or white, risked their own lives and liberty to assist others to freedom.
9) Do you have a web site where people can learn more about your book?
Yes! I am both an author and presenter. I travel around the country giving "hands-on" interactive presentations to schools and organizations. Please There is information for the general public, both adults and children, as well as information pertinent to teachers. Check out reviews on the books, lists of discussion questions, information of the various programs along with links to writing grants to afford inviting a guest author to your school, steps to begin the writing process, author bio, comments from readers, and various interesting links relevant to the topics in my books that are good for research.
10) What question have I neglected to ask?
a.) What one point would you like your readers to come away with?
Historically there has been an overemphasis on the participation of white abolitionists and an under representation of black agency in connection with the workings


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The Canary Islands are in the oil industry's crosshairs, and that spells danger for the area's marine habitats and wildlife.
In a new report, Oceana has denounced oil prospecting plans in the Canary Islands, highlighting the dangerous impact of these activities on cold-water coral reefs, deep sponge fields, hydrothermal vents, and nearly 100 protected species.
Spanish oil company Repsol is planning to prospect in the Canary Islands Channel, located off the northwest coast of Africa. The channel contains gas-based habitats that are protected under the Habitats Directive. These habitats support coral and sponge communities that would be destroyed by oil prospecting activity.
A total of 25 protected areas and 82 endangered species would be threatened by Repsol's prospecting activities. These include sea turtles, short finned pilot whales, angel sharks, bottlenose dolphins, and a variety of fish.
The International Maritime Organization has declared the Canary Islands a Particularly Sensitive Area for its biological wealth and its economic dependence. This status affords the islands' strict protection in terms of waste and pollution.
The Canary Islands is an archipelago supported by fishing and tourism. Both of these industries rely on the islands' high biodiversity—more than 600 species and 350 communities and habitats. Oil prospecting would interfere with fishing and tourism, and reduce the biodiversity of the area.
We'll be sure to keep you posted!


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The usual cause of vomiting in ferrets is a foreign body in the stomach or upper intestine. The most common foreign bodies are pieces of rubber that they have deliberately eaten, or hairballs from accidentally swallowing masses of hair during their molting (shedding) period.
Ferrets kept under natural light cycles shed their coats in late fall and spring. Particularly in spring, ferrets shed hair very dramatically. If they live in a home kept lighted until 9 o'clock or later every night throughout the seasons, their shedding periods will not be as predictable. They do groom themselves, more or less, depending on the individual, but they also pick up a considerable amount of loose hair from their bedding. Shedding ferrets can be brushed daily to collect as much loose hair as possible, and they can be shampooed once or twice weekly for the same purpose. Their bedding should be changed more frequently than usual while they are shedding, and the cage and play area can be vacuumed. These steps will reduce the chance that ferrets will get hairballs.
Not all ferrets with hairballs vomit. Some just stop eating, or eat very little, and pass thin, ribbon-like stools in very small quantities. If the stool is teased apart it will be found to contain a great quantity of hair. The treatment for this is simple and effective most of the time. There are many commercially available, palatable, laxatives (e.g., Doctors Foster & Smith Hairball Remedy, Laxatone) for cats, and a few for ferrets. These come in tubes like toothpaste, and can be fed directly from the tube, or dispensed along the edge of the ferret's dish. Most ferrets will eat any amount offered. To prevent hairballs, each animal should get about an inch of paste per day during its molting period.
To treat a ferret that does not appear ill, but is vomiting, or has suddenly stopped eating, or is passing thin stool as described, offer a couple of inches of paste several times the first day. If there is no improvement by the second day a veterinarian should see the ferret, which might have another kind of foreign body or another disease. If the ferret is better the second day, continue the treatment at a reduced dosage. This laxative can cause severe diarrhea if the ferret is allowed to eat all he wants, which might be the whole tube. Four or 5 inches a day is maximum for home treatment.
Ferrets with other types of foreign bodies might not respond much to the laxative treatment. Some ferrets, especially recently weaned kits, will chew up their cloth bedding, and a laxative usually relieves this type of blockage. However, ferrets love to chew any kind of rubber, especially baby bottle nipples and pacifiers, and this often will cause a complete obstruction that is life-threatening and will not be moved with laxatives. These ferrets become very sick overnight. They might not vomit more than once, but refuse to eat and become dehydrated. They look very ill, with half-closed eyes. A ferret in this state requires immediate veterinary attention. Surgery is necessary to remove rubber or other hard bits of foreign material from the intestine. Most ferrets recover from surgery very well.


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Food takes center stage at the holidays, when many families enjoy old recipes passed down from grandmas and great-grandmas. Occasions such as Thanksgiving, Hannukah, Christmas and Kwanzaa are ideal times to gather up family recipes, find out relatives' memories about the dishes, and share them.
Collect and share old family recipes with these guidelines and our Preserving Family Recipes Value Pack:
- contact relatives near and far and ask them to contribute their family recipes, or their favorite memories of foods they ate on special occasions
- Host a potluck dinner or family reunion. Invite family members to bring their favorite dishes, along with the recipes, to a holiday dinner or reunion.
- Take a picture of each relative along with the dish he or she brought.
- Ask relatives what they remember eating on special occasions, and for their memories of the dish.
- You can create a simple recipe book with recipes, stories and inserted photos in Word. Make copies at a copy shop (where you can have it spiral bound if you want). Or use an online photo book service; many of which have pre-designed templates especially for creating recipe books.
- You also could create recipe cards (using a template such as this) and give them in recipe boxes.
- Invite family members over to cook together. It's a nice way to learn a special recipe from the expert and/or teach it to the next generation. Take photos or record the process. If you need help with old measurements, get our free, printable conversion chart (it's pretty enough to double as frameable kitchen art).
- If you don't have family recipes, books like these and these about ethnic and historical cooking can help you learn about what your ancestors probably ate.
The Preserving Family Recipes Value Pack gives you a nicely discounted price on our From the Family Kitchen book plus video and written lessons on researching and sharing your family's food history. Get yours while they last in Family Tree Shop.


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Like the rest of the world, New Zealand relies on many natural resources which are limited or sensitive. Within the Workforce 2020 programme, we are considering how long term changes in natural resources will impact New Zealands labour market in 2020 and beyond.
Oil and water are examples of natural resources on which we rely. The depletion of cheap oil resources and the expansion of renewable sources of energy, presents future challenges and opportunities for our workforce and industry.
Similarly, the supply and management of water resources in New Zealand will have the same impacts. Even though New Zealand has plenty of water, demand is increasing, and occasional droughts or inadequate supply of clean water puts pressure on certain industries and regions. A more careful approach to managing our water resources could bring new opportunities both from an employment and a skills perspective.
Another significant resource pressure?is climate change. New Zealands long-term economic viability is linked to a changing climate. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, responding to climate change also includes adapting to rising sea levels, changing rainfall and temperature patterns, and variable growing seasons.
From a labour market perspective, efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change are likely to impact on the level and type of employment and skills. Climate change will drive sectoral shifts, technological change and new migration patterns, which will bring both challenges and opportunities to New Zealands workforce and workplaces.
Workforce 2020 explores resource pressure issues from a labour market perspective. We are developing an evidence base about the future skills needs within New Zealand. This is important because productivity gains and economic opportunities will only be realised by having a workforce with the right mix of skills to support new business trends.
For more information on climate change, check these websites:
- New Zealand's climate change solutions website
- Ministry for the Environment web pages on climate change
For links between climate change and the labour market, check these recent international reports:
- Green jobs: towards sustainable work in a low carbon world [PDF, 209 Pages, 2.18MB, External Link]
- Eco-industry: its size, employment, perspectives and barriers to growth in an enlarged EU
- Growing the Green Collar Economy: skills and labour challenges in reducing our greenhouse emissions and national environmental footprint


Appendix No. 1 to the Decree No. 1421/11 of the Mayor of the City of Gdańsk dated October 13, 2011.
concerning the use of the urban wireless GdańskWiFi network.
§1. Definitions
 1. GdańskWiFi – computer network with wireless access and connection to the Internet, rendered available by the Municipal Office throughout the city of Gdańsk.
 2. User – person using the GdańskWiFi network.
 3. Office – Municipal Office in Gdańsk with registered office at ul. Nowe Ogrody 8/12.
 4. Terminal – User's device connected to the GdańskWiFi network (notebook, netbook, cellular phone, etc.)
 5. Hot Spot – place where devices offering wireless access to the GdańskWiFi network have been installed.
§2. Scope and objective
 1. The Office renders available the GdańskWiFi network to the Users for the purpose of using local administration's electronic information services and the Internet on the following terms and conditions:
 1. the GdańskWiFi services are rendered on a non-commercial basis and free-of-charge, exclusively within the range of the Hot Spots,
 2. the GdańskWiFi network is an open-access wireless network,
 3. the GdańskWiFi works in the IEEE 802.11™ frequency band.
 2. The Office offers a technical support service to the GdańskWiFi Users, available within specific hours by phone or through e-mail, within the scope limited to:
 1. technical issues associated with the use of the GdańskWiFi network through commonly used types of hardware and software,
 2. the method of accessing the GdańskWiFi network,
 3. participation in the costs of providing the service, excluding the connection fee.
§3. Limitations
 1. Access to the GdańskWiFi network is limited in terms of range, time and technical parameters of the connection.
 2. The Office reserves the right to:
 1. limit the connection time, the bit rate, the amount of data being transferred and other transmission parameters,
 2. limit and block access to selected content and services on the Internet,
 3. keep track of and oversee information or data for the purpose of ensuing security of and administering the GdańskWiFi network.
§4. Exclusion of liability
 1. The Office, its employees, co-workers and all other entities performing work on its behalf are in no way liable for:
 1. the technical conditions prevailing in the GdańskWiFi network as well as for delays in the Internet network, which may have an impact on the actual transfer rate to and from the Terminal,
 2. unauthorized use of software or other works constituting the subject matter of protection of intellectual property content available in the Internet,
 3. losses caused by the software possessed by the Users,
 4. data collected or distributed by the User,
 5. losses which may be borne by the User in connection with the use of the GdańskWiFi network, in particular, for:
 1. damage to IT equipment, destruction of software and data, breach of personal data,
 2. delays in receiving or sending data, caused by lack of transmission, incorrect transmission, delays or interruptions in access to the GdańskWiFi network,
 3. all other losses arisen in connection with the use of the GdańskWiFi network.
 2. 2. The Office does not guarantee:
 1. continuous radio signal coverage in the Hot Spot areas,
 2. continuous bandwidth of the connection and its other parameters,
 3. uninterrupted, correct operation of the GdańskWiFi network,
 4. availability of all network, application and Internet services.
§5. Liability of the User
 1. The GdańskWiFi network is used at the exclusive risk and liability of the User.
 2. The User uses the GdańskWiFi network provided that he has familiarized himself with and accepts the provisions of these Regulations.
 3. The User is not allowed to use the GdańskWiFi network to pursue any activities which violate the current law, in particular:
 1. to render available and download from the Internet: materials protected by copyrights (software, films, music, etc.), pornographic, racist, Nazi content, etc.,
 2. distribute and render available any content which might violate anyone's personal rights,
 3. distribute advertising materials not ordered by the recipients (so-called spam),
 4. spread computer viruses and other applications which may damage the software or data of other Internet users,
 5. gain unauthorized access to IT resources being in possession of other Internet users,
 6. breach the security measures protecting the GdańskWiFi network,
 4. The User is not allowed to use the GdańskWiFi network:
 1. to launch service servers on the Terminal,
 2. for commercial purposes without the Office's knowledge and consent,
 3. to undertake any other activities which may be considered to be dangerous to the operation of the GdańskWiFi network,
 4. to render the connection to the Internet available to other entities through teletechnical devices such as Access Point, router, etc.
 5. Should the User not abide by the provisions of these Regulations and should he use the GdańskWiFi network inconsistently with its purpose, the Office has the right to block the Terminal's access to the network.
 6. The User is obliged to take due measures to protect the Terminal against unauthorized access and other hazards posing a threat to the IT security (for instance, viruses, spam, etc.)
 7. The User bears exclusive liability for the way in which he uses the GdańskWiFi network, including for the tenor and content of the information being sent, taking into account criminal liability for illegal actions.
§6. General provisions
 1. Any matters not regulated herein shall be governed by the Civil code.
 2. The Office publishes the list of the Hot Spot areas on the website _URL_.
 3. All amendments hereto become binding the moment they are published on the website _URL_.
 4. Changes in the technical parameters of the GdańskWiFi network do not cause any changes to these Regulations and do not need to be published.
 1. The Office reserves the right to amend these Regulations.
 2. The User is not entitled to any claims ensuing from such amendments.
 3. These Regulations come into effect on October 20, 2011.
Symbols on the GDAŃSKWIFI platform mean:
device status: active / not active
number of connected users
the amount of data sent/receive
© 2017 [email protected]ŃSKwifi I PL I EN I Terms I Privacy policy I Helpline 801 000 250


May 09
Note:Before you setup internet for your D-Link DIR-450, please make sure you are able to connect to the internet with the PCMIA(EVDO) card in your laptop/desktop, without the D-Link DIR-450 being in the configuration.
Connect to your Network
Note: Ensure that the power to your DIR-450 mobile router is not connected before performing the installation steps below:
32-bit PCMCIA(EVDO)card connection
Step 1: Attach the antenna to the router.Once secured, position the antenna upward in its connecting joint. This will ensure optimal reception.
Step 2: Insert your wireless 32-bit PCMCIA (EVDO) card into the internet slot on the back of the router.
Step 3: Insert the ethernet cable into the LAN port 1 on the back panel of the DIR-450 mobile router, and an available ethernet port on the network adapter, in the computer you will use to configure the unit.
Step 4: Connect the power adapter to the receptor on the back panel of your D-Link DIR-450 Mobile Router. Then plug the other end of the power adapter into a wall outlet or power strip.
The Power LED will turn ON to indicate power has been applied.
Other LEDs will flash ON and OFF as the DIR-450 Mobile Router performs initialization and internet connection processes. This will take a few minutes.
When complete, the following LEDs will illuminate Blue: Power, Status, Internet, WLAN and LAN port 1 (or your specific LAN port connection)
Step 5: Open your web browser and enter the IP address of your DIR-450 Mobile Router ( Enter username (admin) and your password (blank by default).
Note: You will need to set a static ip address on the computer, on the same subnet, for example,
Step 6: Under Setup, click Internet on the left. Select Manual Configure from the bottom of the page.
Step 7: Under WWAN, select your PCMCIA card from the drop down menu.
Step 8: Enter your WWAN Username, Password, Server Name, and Dial Number.
Step 9: Click Save Settings to save your settings. Once the router has finished rebooting, click Continue.
Please allow 1-2 minutes to connect.
Tags:,,,


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Supreme court of the apostolic Signature
The court appeared at the 13th century, it then gathers the rapporteurs (called "chief clerks") charged to prepare the signature by the Pape of the petitions and the particular causes. Eugene III sets it up in stable office at the 15th century, then Pie X, within the framework of its reform of the canonical Droit at the beginning of the 20th century, in fact a court of last spring.
At present, its operation is governed by the apostolic Constitution Pastor no-claims bonus of 1988: the TSSA knows litigations of nullity (Cassation), recourse against the sentences of Rote and the conflicts of competence. It is one of the courts known as "of the apostolic Seat".
The TSSA consists of cardinal named by the Pape. It is directed by a prefect, assisted of a secretary and an under-secretary. Of 1999 with 2004, the prefect was the cardinal Mario Francesco Pompedda, former senior of the court of the Rote Roman; it is replaced since 2004 by the cardinal Agostino Vallini.
- Rote apostolic Roman
|Random links:||Surface of Brazil and its States | Kildare | Nicolas Prost | Gaggi | Renaud Verley | Explosif_nucléaire|


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What Is Color Tuning?
White Color Tuning
White color tuning refers to the ability of a light fixture to adjust its color temperature to the color temperature preference (2700K-5500K) of the occupant anytime after the installation.
RGB+W and Full-Color Tuning
Full-color tuning refers to the same ability but additionally to produce a color output anywhere within the visible color spectrum, and is most commonly accomplished through the mixing of several base-color LEDs, most commonly RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and RGBW (Red, Green, Blue, White).


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The board of EWM The Netherlands has voted to make three small grants of up to €500 available to support the career development of its members. Should funds permit, more grants may be made available.
The grants form a pilot program, which will continue only if sufficient interest exists. The applications are considered on a continuous basis and upon the order received.
The purpose of the grants is to facilitate the participation of grantees to events significant to their career by covering expenses not otherwise covered by existing means. Examples of potential events can be training courses, conference attendance, collaboration visits or membership. Examples of costs that can be covered by the grants are expenses for accompanying children at events such as transportation or extra accommodation costs, expenses for additional care for children remaining behind, training fees, membership registrations, conference registrations etc.
- It is required that the applicant justifies why no other funds could be found for the proposed expense.
- Expenses must be documented by receipts.
- Members at any stage of their career may apply. The judging criteria are relevant to the applicant's career.
- Applicants are required to write a short paragraph explaining the impact of the proposed event to their career development. The budget should mention why other resources could not be secured for this expense.
Please email your applications to EWM The Netherlands at _EMAIL_


text:
By definition, "crisis" means that one's life is out of control. When faced with a health crisis, many people experience the information they receive about their condition -- and the way they receive it -- as making their feelings of being out of control worse, not better. Recently, a team at the University of Wisconsin-Madison reported encouraging results in addressing this problem with a new computer-based program, the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS).
An interactive, PC-based system with color graphics and a user-friendly format, CHESS is easy to use — even for people with no computer experience. Patients diagnosed with serious conditions such as breast cancer or AIDS/HIV infection are given a computer at home. At their own convenience, patients can access timely, comprehensible information about their disease and take advantage of a variety of non-threatening and anonymous support opportunities.
They can read brief answers to hundreds of commonly asked questions, detailed articles about their health problem and descriptions of services available. They can ask questions of experts anonymously and receive confidential responses. They can read real-life, personal stories of others living and coping with similar problems and communicate directly with these people.
Using problem-solving tools to monitor their health status and risk behaviors, they can think through difficult and important decisions, plan how to overcome obstacles and implement those decisions.
With traditional health education, patients often have little control over the extent, depth or speed of information they receive. CHESS overcomes many of these barriers. Patients get assistance 24-hours a day, 7 days a week. They can proceed at their own pace, deal with issues when, how, in what order, and in as much detail as they wish. Facilitated, online support groups help reduce the sense of isolation and helplessness for patients and their families.
Preliminary results of the CHESS system -- one of the first computer-based patient education and support programs to be evaluated scientifically -- are very promising:
- Women with breast cancer who used CHESS noted that the system was very valuable and easy-to-use. They reported more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions. CHESS was used extensively by both older and younger women, as well as by both collegeand high school-educated women.
- In controlled studies over a six-month period, HIV-infected men and women used the system an average of 132 times per person (more than once a day on average) for an average total of 39 hours per person. Minority subjects used CHESS as much as Caucasian subjects. Compared to controls, CHESS users reported significantly improved mental functioning, more social support, less negative emotion, more active participation in their health care, and, in general, a more active life. They spent less time during out-patient visits and reported shorter hospitalizations resulting in an estimated reduction in health care costs.
The early lessons from CHESS are clear, with the right motivation (in this case a serious health crisis), encouragement and support, people with no knowledge or even a fear of computers can learn the system quickly and begin reaping the benefits.
Computer systems can go beyond delivery of information and help people connect with others who share a similar life experience. And well-designed computer systems can measurably improve health status and reduce health care costs.
CHESS is now being converted to operate on the Internet which will reduce the cost and offer greater, continuing access.
Patient comments on CHESS:
"One thing I learned from CHESS is how much I don't know about my diagnosis and prognosis. I can't begin to tell you how useful CHESS has become for me. So much of fighting this disease is to find a way to get back in charge of my body. This program has been the prime factor in doing that. I feel really in control."
"I ask more intelligent questions when I see my doctor. I feel more in charge of my health care. I have met people who are in the same situation I am in. This has helped. CHESS has allowed me to give of myself in a way that otherwise would not have been possible."
"My biggest benefit was the relief I felt after using CHESS that I had made the right decision as far as surgery for me. I wish every woman had CHESS the minute she had a breast cancer diagnosis."
"This machine came alive and became real, and now suddenly these real people really know me, WOW! I've finally started going to groups and meeting lots of new people, and getting my life going again. I guess when I found out I had this disease I decided I was dying. Well, now I'm back with the living."
For More Information
Gustafson DH, et al. CHESS: A computer-based information and support system for people facing health-related crises or concerns. 17th Annual SCAMC Proceedings American Medical Infomatics Association, 1993.
Gustafson DH, et al. The use and impact of a computer-based support system for people living with AIDS and HIV infection. 18th Annual SCAMC Proceedings American Medical Infomatics Association, 1994.
CHESS (Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System), Center for Health Systems Research and Analysis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut Street, Room 1109 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53705-2397.
Excerpted with permission from the Quarterly Newsletter, Mind/Body Health Newsletter. For subscription information call _PHONE_ or visit the Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge website.


SSN Information for Staff
The University drafted its policy on the collection, maintenance, and dissemination of Social Security numbers in order to protect the privacy and legal rights of its faculty, staff, and students. This policy cannot be successful without the active participation of those staff members that have access to employee and student SSNs. SSNs should never be stored unencrypted on workstations, laptops, or other portable data storage devices. Nor should SSNs ever be sent through email.
The University has removed SSNs from most computing systems. Consequently access to SSNs is generally not needed by University faculty and staff. All employees are encouraged to review practices involving SSNs by,
 - Questioning whether Social Security numbers are truly required for a given procedure or practice (can the UIN be used instead?)
 - Ensuring that printed documents containing Social Security numbers are destroyed in a secure manner (e.g., shredder, confidential recycling bins)
 - Reviewing reports released to third-parties - SSNs cannot be released outside of the University without the consent of the Social Security number Coordinators. The exception is the release to governmental bodies with an explicit legal right to SSNs, such as the IRS.
Federal law requires that anytime a Social Security number is requested, the electronic or physical form used to collect the number should be clearly marked as to whether this request is voluntary or mandatory. When requesting the SSN, you need to explain: 1) whether submission is mandatory or voluntary; 2) by what authority the number is solicited; and 3) what uses will be made of it. Taken together these three items comprise a disclosure statement. All disclosures statements require approval by the SSN Coordinators.
SSNs will still be maintained in U of I systems where appropriate. University employees with questions about the Social Security number policy should feel free to contact their campus SSN Coordinator.
An extended set of approved disclosure statements are also now online.
Specific Staff SSN Issues
Many of the questions asked concern the use of Social Security numbers when processing travel vouchers, fellowships, grants, and reimbursements or similar processes. Most existing University systems still rely on the Social Security number to identify individuals and in many circumstances the SSN is required by the IRS (particularly where compensation is involved).
It is important to note that the University is entitled to use the SSN internally if it has an individual's SSN. However in most circumstances it is not appropriate to force an individual to provide his or her SSN, even if they are an employee. Units should attempt, where ever possible, to collect the individual's UIN and use it to lookup the SSN. The SSN can then be used on an internal form or submission to an administrative system to speed processing.
A number of specific situations are outlined below.
Accounts Receivable, ATOs, Travel Advances
State law requires the university to provide SSNs on any receivable over $1000 for collection purposes. The SSN coordinators and University Counsel are discussing the legality of this requirement with the State Comptroller's office. In the meantime, the requirement stands.
The difficulty here is that a person may have other charges already on his/her account and your charge may push him/her over the $1000 limit. So, unless the Comptroller's office changes its requirement, we must continue to ask for the SSN/FEIN for all accounts receivable transactions. Note that ATOs (air travel orders) and travel advances are considered to be receivables, so we will continue to need SSNs on these forms as well.
Please note that as stated above, when working with faculty, staff, or students, please request their UIN and use departmental records to lookup the SSN and then complete any paperwork with the SSN.
A disclosure statement will be required:
"The University is required by the State Comptroller to collect a Social Security Number when extending credit to an individual. If an account becomes delinquent, the SSN will be provided to the state or to a private collection agency to assist in the settlement of the debt. Provision of the SSN is voluntary; if you do not wish to provide one, you may pay in advance with a check or credit card."
Fellowship payments to international students are reported to the IRS per federal statute, so we are justified in asking for an SSN from international students. There is no equivalent statute for US permanent residents and citizens.
Fellowships are processed through Payroll, and therefore we may currently continue to ask for an SSN under the exemption granted to systems in place prior to 1975. The SSN coordinators will write a disclosure statement that explains this. However, after the Banner system is installed, we will not be able to require SSN for domestic fellowship recipients.
Travel Grants
The Graduate College processes many small travel grants through an invoice-voucher. Their process requires them to collect receipts after the fact, so these grants are really treated as reimbursements for tax purposes and are not taxed or reported individually outside the university. As with travel reimbursements, having an SSN on the voucher would speed up the processing and data entry by Payables staff because of the ability to pull the data from Paymaster. However, there is no legal justification for requiring an SSN on these forms. If the Graduate College can look up the SSNs and enter them on the voucher, it will save time in Payables, but the Graduate College may not ask the student for an SSN on the Travel Grant application.
Refund payments
When the university is refunding money that was collected from an individual, it is not necessary to include an SSN on the invoice-voucher for the refund. Vouchers without SSNs will take longer for data entry staff to process.
SSN Compliance Worksheet
The University SSN Policy states: "II.2.All University forms and documents that collect Social Security numbers will use the language included below. It is understood that this language will be implemented on an 'as reprinted' basis for existing paperwork, with a full compliance date of fall 2002." The "language below" refers to disclosure statements required by federal law. The following information is provided to insure that units and University employees that solicit SSNs are meeting Federal requirements when doing so.
The Privacy Act of 1974 requires that whenever a Social Security number is requested the electronic or physical form used to collect the number must be clearly marked as to whether this request is voluntary or mandatory. When requesting the SSN, you need to:
 1. explain whether submission is mandatory or voluntary;
 2. by what authority the number is solicited; and
 3. what uses will be made of it.
Taken together, these three items constitute an SSN disclosure statement. Please note that all SSN disclosure statements are subject to the approval of the Social Security number Oversight Committee.
How do you know if you need a disclosure statement?
If you answer yes to any of the following questions you must have an SSN disclosure statement:
Do you solicit an individual's SSN on a printed form?
Do you solicit an individual's SSN on an online form or application?
Do you request an individual's SSN at a point of service (e.g., help desk, register, teller)?
Does the disclosure statement have to appear on the form (or computer screen)? I've got 10,000 printed forms I'd rather not reprint.
It is acceptable to print the disclosure statement on a separate piece of paper and include it with the form, until the existing stock of forms is exhausted. If the form is also accompanied by a separate set of instructions, it is acceptable to include the disclosure statement in the instruction booklet and reference it by page number on the form (as in the example from the UIUC application below). However, it is preferable to mark whether the submission of the SSN is mandatory or voluntary directly on the form.
Electronic screens should always include on the display whether the submission of the SSN is voluntary or mandatory. It is acceptable to provide a hyperlink or similar contrivance to the full disclosure statement.
We ask students for their SSN when they walk into our office so we can help them (in order to find their records in a computer system) - do we need a disclosure statement and how do we distribute it?
Yes - and if you explain verbally when you ask for the SSN why you are asking, the vast majority of students will gladly provide it. However having a small stack of printed disclosure statements available to hand to students (or displayed on a wall) will prevent you from having to recite the same information over and over. It is advisable to have an alternate lookup mechanism in place for students that refuse to provide an SSN. The i-card office can provide access to a web based interface to an individual's demographic information (e.g., name, SSN, digital photo) keyed on their UIN (also known as their i-card number). This permits you to request the UIN in place of the SSN and still provide the usual service.
Okay, so how do I create or get a hold of an approved disclosure statement?
 1. Please collect the following information:
 Department/Unit name
 How is the SSN utilized in your department?
 Is the SSN required or voluntary?
 If required, by what law, statute, act?
 Whose SSN do you collect (i.e. students, employees, etc.)?
 Who is allowed access to this information?
 What happens if someone refuses to provide his/her SSN?
 Could anything else (i.e. the University Identification Number) substitute for the SSN?
 2. If you would like to create your own disclosure statement, use the collected information and the following template to create a draft disclosure statement. You


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Privacy in Statistical Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7556
Georgia Southern University faculty member Anna Oganian co-authored "Hybrid Microdata via Model-Based Clustering" in Privacy in Statistical Databases.
Chapter Summary: In this paper we propose a new scheme for statistical disclosure limitation which can be classified as a hybrid method of protection, that is, a method that combines properties of perturbative and synthetic methods. This approach is based on model-based clustering with the subsequent synthesis of the records within each cluster. The novelty is that the clustering and synthesis methods have been carefully chosen to fit each other in view of reducing information loss. The model-based clustering tries to obtain clusters such that the within-cluster data distribution is approximately normal; then we can use a multivariate normal synthesizer for the local synthesis of data. In this way, some of the non-normal characteristics of the data are captured by the clustering, so that a simple synthesizer for normal data can be used within each cluster. Our method is shown to be effective when compared to other disclosure limitation strategies.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg