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Culture Of Nepal Terai Region
A selection of articles related to culture of nepal terai region.
Original articles from our library related to the Culture Of Nepal Terai Region. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Culture Of Nepal Terai Region.
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
- Origins of the Celts
- Two new groups of people emerge in Central Europe during the late Neolithic (New Stone Age) period, one certainly immigrant. Each group may be distinguished archaeologically by characteristic artifacts found in their respective burial sites. One was a Bell...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Pagan Culture Never Died
- Pagan culture never died. It changed, was hidden, became hushed -- but never died. We can look around and see that many of the Old ways are still part of everyday life. Here's a few examples. What others can you see in your own surroundings? A personal...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- The 'W' Word (Witch), What Does it Mean?
- The other day I sat down and again tried to define what it is that I am doing. We are talking about beginning our church next year, but a church of what? I am the type that is most comfortable with a clear and complete understanding, so I began at the...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death
- This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull...
Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies
Culture Of Nepal Terai Region is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Culture Of Nepal Terai Region books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Nepal's Terai: Constructing an Ethnic Conflict
- new fighting erupt in the Terai region of southern Nepal..
- EARLY MARRIAGE AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN NEPAL
- Nepal consists of three broad ecological regions: Terai, Hill and Mountain.
- Democratising Terai Forestry Governance: Emerging Innovations in
- Innovations in the Western Terai Region of Nepal.
- Stability and outcomes of common property institutions in forestry
- forestry: evidence from the Terai region of Nepal case study of the Terai ( lowlands) region of Nepal.
Suggested Web Resources
- Nepal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- 11 Culture; 12 See also; 13 Footnotes; 14 References; 15 External links.
- Terai - Nepal Home Page Travel Guide: The Most Comprehensive
- And the Terai is recommended to a new visitor to Nepal more in the spirit of both geographic and socio-cultural, of this country than to point out "must-sees".
- Culture Of Nepal Terai Region | RM.com ®
- Culture Of Nepal Terai Region articles, reference materials. Need more on Culture Of Nepal Terai Region?
- Nepal people, culture and information about sherpas, thakali, kumal
- Nepal people and culture page is for those looking information about magar, tamang, thakali, Ethnic Groups of Terai Region and Southern Nepal border.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.


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The Subview Summary dashlet displays the state of Subviews in the selected View or Subview.
The Subview Summary is only applicable to Views and Subviews. If the View or Subview does not contain a further Subview, the dashlet is still applicable but will have an empty display.
To add a Subview Summary dashlet to a custom dashboard:
- When adding a dashlet to a new custom dashboard or editing an existing custom dashboard, follow the instructions for adding a dashlet, select Subview Summary in the Select Dashlet Type, and click Next.
- The Create Dashlet form will slide in on the right.
- Enter a name for your dashlet in the Name field.
- You can then choose the source of the data to be displayed in the dashlet.
The Subview Summary dashlet can only display data where the source is a View or Subview.
- If you want this dashlet to source its data from the context of its parent dashboard, select Dashboard. You can see the context of the parent dashboard in the Dashboard Context field at the top of the form.
- If you want this dashlet to source its data from another dashlet in this current dashboard, select Dashlet.
- If you want this dashlet to source its data from a specific View/Subview on your network, select Fixed Object. You can then click Browse to an object to search for the View/Subview in Explorer, or drag into the box your desired View/Subview in from another browser window.
- Choose whether you want to show Views/Subviews that contain zero issues in the Show views containing zero issues field. Turning this off is useful if you just want to see the Views and Subviews that have issues that need addressing.
- Choose whether you want to show service information for the Views/Subviews in the Show service information field.
- Choose whether you want to show device information for the devices in the displayed Views/Subviews in the Show device information field.
- Choose whether you want to show incidents information for the Views/Subviews in the Show incidents information field.
- Click the Advanced Settings field to open the Advanced Settings form.
- Choose whether you want to hide the title of the dashlet in the Hide Title Bar field. If selected, the dashlet's Overflow Menu will also be hidden, but in the Promote Menu Options field you can then choose if you want to display the options in the dashlet's Overflow Menu in the overall dashboard's Overflow Menu.
- Choose whether you want the dashlet to automatically refresh in the Auto Refresh field. By default this is set to On.
- Click Done in the top right of the form to save and return to the Create Dashlet form, otherwise click Cancel.
- Click Done in the top right of the form, otherwise click Cancel.
How to see further information about Subviews:
The information for each Subview is displayed on a line that includes service status, device status and incident count.
- You can open the Summary dashboard for a Subview by clicking on the Subview's name.
- You can open the Services dashboard for a Subview by clicking on the total service count figure to the right of the service status bar.
- You can open the Contents dashboard for a Subview by clicking on the total device count figure to the right of the device status bar.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I am a bit confused about approaching this problem,
Let $g(x)$ be a function such that $g(x + 1) + g(x − 1) = g(x)$ for every real $x$. Then for what value of p is the relation $g(x + p) = g(x)$ necessarily true for every real $x$?
The four options given are $5,3,2 \text{ and } 6$.Please explain your answer.
share|improve this question
This cannot be difficult - there are only a small number of cases to try. Hint: rewrite $g(x + 1) + g(x − 1) = g(x)$ as $g(x + 1) = g(x) - g(x − 1)$ and use it to express $g(x+r)$ in terms of $g(x)$ and $g(x-1)$. – Mark Bennet Jun 27 '11 at 6:20
It would be nice if $0$ were a choice... – Ross Millikan Jun 27 '11 at 13:35
1 Answer 1
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Note that $$g(x+1) = g(x)-g(x-1)$$ for all $x$.
So $g(x+2) = g((x+1)+1) = g(x+1)-g(x) = g(x)-g(x-1)-g(x) = -g(x-1)$. Replacing $x$ with $x+1$ we get $g(x+3)=-g(x)$ for all $x$.
So $g(x+6) = -g(x+3) = -(-(g(x))) = g(x)$. So the answer is $6$.
(We already had that $2$ does not work; if you want to see why $5$ doesn't work, we have $g(x+5) = -g(x+2) = -(-g(x-1)) = g(x-1)$).
share|improve this answer
very nice solution! – mathmath8128 Jun 27 '11 at 6:54
Your Answer


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At first glance, amiable and amicable look like they could be different forms of the same word. Indeed, their meanings are quite similar. However, their meanings differ and so do their uses.
Amiable vs. Amicable: A Pleasantly Simple Guide
The Difference Between Amiable and Amicable
Amiable and amicable are both adjectives that come from the same root. Amiable comes from the Old French term amiable which means "trying to please," and both amiable and amicable are derived from the Latin word amicus, meaning "friend."
amiable - kind, friendly or sociable
amicable - pleasant or peaceable
When and How to Use Amiable
Amiable is defined as "having a friendly disposition" or someone or something that is "agreeable."
Everyone likes him because he's an amiable sort of person.
She was an amiable hostess capable of smoothing over even the most awkward interaction.
Their home has a very amiable vibe.
Using Amicable in a Sentence
The adjective amicable usually refers to the relationships or interactions between people and means "pleasant" as well as "without disagreement or discord."
My parents have an amicable relationship, despite their divorce.
Although opinions were flying fast and furious, in the end it was an amicable debate.
We didn't agree on everything, but still, we reached an amicable agreement.
Remember the Difference
Amiable and amicable are understandably sometimes used interchangeably since they both refer to friendliness and pleasantry. However, there is a way to remember the distinction between them.
The only difference between the spellings is a "c." Since amicable applies to events and situations between multiple people, you can associate the "c" with words like "crowd" or "crew."
Friendly Reminders to Choose the Correct Word
Choosing the right word can be difficult. That's why it's nice to have friendly reminders about how to distinguish between commonly confused words and choose the correct one. Once you review the basics, check out other commonly confused words like conscience and conscious or continually and continuously.


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|KBS Forest and Fields|
Many of the upland environments on KBS lands are not managed and are thus in a process of ecological recovery from past disturbances. Hardwood forests of ca. 70 years age are abundant and occur in patches of variable size, typically dominated by oaks, maples, beech, and hickories.
Conifer plantations of more than 40 years age are also common. The Kellogg Experimental Forest contains some of the most thoroughly studied forest ecosystems in Michigan. Kay Gross can provide more information on local plant communities.
Nearby public lands - Yankee Springs State Recreation Area, Fort Custer State Recreation Area, Allegan State Game Area, and Barry State Game Area - are largely covered by forest and oak savanna and include the largest blocks of contiguous forest in southern Michigan. These areas also contain a wide variety of lakes and wetlands, including bottomland floodplain forest along the Kalamazoo River and Sphagnum peat bogs in isolated kettle holes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Guide to Compass Surveying | Open and Closed Traverse
Compass Survey | Guide to Surveying and Levelling
Compass Survey is also known as Angular Surveying.
The branch of surveying in which the position of the object is located by angular measurements taken by the compass is known as "Compass Surveying".
Purpose of Compass Surveying
When the area to be surveyed is relatively large, then the area cannot be divided into triangles.
For example:
Towns, colonies etc.
When the survey work is to be completed quickly
When the area is full of obstacles which prevent chaining.
Compass Surveying is unsuitable in areas having magnetic rock, iron core, power lines etc which attracts a magnet.
A traverse is formed by joining the points on the ground by means of series of connected straight line.
There are two types:
 1. Open traverse
 2. Closed traverse
Read more
Classification of Surveys and Surveying Methods in Engineering
Classification of Survey
Surveys are classified as following:
 1. According to the instruments used for the survey
 2. According to the purpose of the survey
 3. According to the method employed for the survey
 4. According to the field of work
According to the instruments used
Chain Survey
Compass Survey
Plane table Survey
Plane table is used for the purpose.
Theodolite Survey
Theodolite is an instrument that is useful for conducting accurate surveys.
Read more


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- focuses on mentoring in ITE in primary and secondary schools in Wales
- examines the role of the mentor and what makes effective practice in mentoring
- explores the relationship between professional learning in school and effective mentoring in ITE
- looks at how student teachers develop the skills and attributes of career-long professional learning, and the role that effective mentoring plays in this process
- considers the roles played by higher education institutions (HEIs) and schools in developing effective mentoring practice
- The most effective mentoring takes place in schools where there is an established culture of learning. In these schools, there is a strong focus on developing effective teaching. These schools see themselves as 'learning schools' and that the practice of developing student teachers is part of the same process as developing practising teachers.
- In the most effective schools, mentoring has a high status. Headteachers identify mentors strategically. They ensure that mentors have the leadership skills to develop others. However, in many schools, even where there is an emphasis on developing and coaching teachers, mentors do not apply the skills they have learnt through whole-school professional development activities to their mentoring of student teachers.
- The mentor training currently provided by the centres of ITE places too much emphasis on completion of documentation rather than developing the skills, knowledge and understanding required to mentor successfully. As a result, ITE centres do not have robust enough processes to identify the strengths and weaknesses in mentoring, nor do they share best practice effectively enough.
- Mentors view their role mainly in terms of supporting students to meet the standards for QTS and assessing their progress towards this goal.
- The few most effective mentors have a good understanding of how to build students' knowledge and experience incrementally, starting with more structured and supported learning activities and developing students' independence, reflection and criticality as they become more experienced.
- These effective mentors are often actively engaged in professional learning activities, research, or higher-level study. In particular, their learning about interpersonal skills, team-building and developing others has helped them to develop the emotional awareness to provide feedback to students that is sensitive, encouraging and stimulating.
- Effective mentors provide accurate written feedback that captures students' progress fairly and holistically.
- Currently, there are too few links between the university-based and school-based aspects of ITE programmes and too few opportunities for students to connect educational theory to teaching practice.
- Very few students are able to identify the skills and behaviours that they need for career-long professional learning.
- A majority of students benefit from undertaking research projects that require them to reflect on teaching and learning and to connect this valuably to educational research.
- In the main, students do not reflect critically enough in the written evaluations of their teaching and progress against their targets. They do not present evidence of deeper thinking, such as making connections between other learning experiences, or draw upon research and wider reading.
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Universiteit Leiden
nl en
A History of Dutch Corruption and Public Morality (_PHONE_)
A History of Dutch Corruption and Morality showcases 300 years of change, continuity, and diversity in the history of Dutch political corruption and public morality. It analyses a series of corruption scandals and shows how the following debates were connected to the big changes of that time: from the Dutch Republic, to the Age of Enlightenment and the Batavian Revolution into the era of the modern parliamentary democracy.
Toon Kerkhoff, Ronald Kroeze, Pieter Wagenaar & Michel Hoenderboom
04 August 2020
The book showcases a large variety in what was considered to be corruption: bailiffs accepting personal payment to buy off a prosecution; tax gatherers withholding money; mayors dividing jobs between themselves; money from the war chest disappearing into private pockets journalists receiving bribes; preventing political friends from being prosecuted. These matters were not incidents and preventative measures were taken, ranging from a ban on gifts to laws on official bribery. Even democracy and modern bureaucracy in itself were seen as corruption prevention measures. Yet many forms of corruption were tolerated, often as a result of political administrative circumstances. This book addressing good and bad governance and corrupt public officers provides insight into a fascinating history as well as the foundations on which the current political administrative system and its morality have been built. It shows, for instance, the strengths and weaknesses of the current Dutch approach on corruption. The book also offers a concise comparison with other European countries.
- Contrary to popular images of the corrupt regents of the Ancien Regime; there were in fact limits to what administrators were allowed to keep for themselves during the period of the Dutch Republic (_PHONE_).
- A shift can be detected from co-existing moral systems in early modern times to a more commonly shared single moral system in modern times;
- Corruption and public morale were continuously given meaning in a complex context of state formation, democratisation and the constantly shifting dividing line between public and private;
- Corruption prevention benefits most from the voicing popular grievances and protests of those who are left behind - often in the context of a scandal - against particularism (a small elite claiming power and means) and pro-universalism (towards a government based on justice and equality before the law);
- The modern democracy, that has been shaped by the constitutional amendment of 1848, is not free from corruption scandals, serious or otherwise;
- Prominent names from Dutch political history have been subject op corruption debates; from Stadtholder William V to Minister Van Maanen (King William I's most important minister); and from Thorbecke to Kuyper;
- What is perceived as corruption changes continuously. Even though many existing studies and corruption prevention organisations claim otherwise by emphasising the timeless and universal definitions of corruptions. This study challenges the reader to take a fresh look at the ingrained assumptions claiming unjustly that through the ages corruption in the 'Northern' Netherlands can be seen as isolated incidents.
- The administration of the colonies and the actions of the Dutch trade and industry were also frequently cause for intense corruption debates in Dutch politics.
Current affairs
- President Trump preventing an ally to go to jail due to political reasons; the former Dutch ambassador to Nigeria being forced to resign for passing on sensitive information to private companies such as Shell, despite of his public function; customs inspectors at the Port of Rotterdam allowing drugs to pass in exchange for money; tax privileges and rulings for those people with the right contacts and enough money to be able to afford lawyers; politicians and civil servants making the wrong choices; this study helps to understand how corruption comes into being and what can be done to prevent it;
- The study shows why certain behaviours are considered problematic today by demonstrating that thinking about present-day good governance is based on public values and morals that have a long history in continuity, change, and diversity. The current meaning and appreciation of, for instance, representation, neutrality, or legitimacy did not come from nowhere;
- The study is relevant and on trend because it shows that over the centuries corruption keeps re-emerging in different forms. Making the need for corruption prevention an ongoing cause for concern. Which is why politicians and the public should remain vigilant in what they perceive as legitimate use of public offices and means. Corruption prevention is never 'finished', because the context of good and bad behaviour will continue to change;
- The study shows that so-called 'one-size-fits-all' assumptions about corruption prevention and integrity are historically incorrect and provide poor advice for today's situation. In order to understand corruption, the specific political and socio-economical context of the moment should be analysed carefully. Only then can you create an understanding of effective preventative measures, which can also be applied within a European or global context. Stereotypes about the integrity of the 'North' and the corruption in the 'South' are clouding the real issues 'here' and 'there'. What has proven to be successful in one country can easily lead to failure in the next.
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Why South Koreans are two years older at home than they are abroad
Lee Dong Kil's daughter Lee Yoon Seol celebrates the 100th day of her birth in Daejeon, South Korea Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
People living in South Korea have two ages - but that could be set to change.
A politician in the ultra-modern Asian country is working to overturn a centuries-old tradition which sees babies become one-year-old on the day of their birth - and then get an additional year tacked on when the calendar hits January 1.
The move comes amid complaints the system is an anachronistic, time-wasting custom which drags down an otherwise forward thinking nation.
For parents whose babies are born in December, it can be especially painful.
One hour after his daughter's birth in the central city of Daejeon at 10pm on December 31 of last year, Lee Dong Kil posted the news on social media.
Lee Dong Kil holds his daughter Lee Yoon Seol as his wife Ryu Da Gyeong sits at their house in Daejeon Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
His friends immediately showered him with congratulatory messages.
"An hour later, when the new year began, they phoned me again to say congratulations for my baby becoming two years old," said Mr Lee, who is 32 internationally but 34 in South Korea.
"I thought, 'Ah, right. She's now two years old, though it's been only two hours since she was born. What the heck!'"
 - Why does South Korea use the strange age system?
The origins of the traditional age reckoning system are not clear.
Being one-year-old at birth may be linked to the time a baby spends in its mothers' womb or to an ancient Asian numerical system that did not have the concept of zero.
Becoming a year older on January 1 is even harder to explain.
It could be that ancient Koreans cared a lot about the year in which they were born in the Chinese 60-year cycle but, without regular calendars, did not care much about the specific day they were born; so they mostly ignored the day of their birth and instead marked another year of age on the day of the Lunar New Year, according to senior curator Jung Yonhak, at the National Folk Museum of Korea.
This may have then shifted to the solar new year on January 1 as the South began embracing the Western calendar.
 - Is South Korea the only country to use the system?
South Koreans use the system in daily life - including when it comes to dating. Credit: AP
Perhaps unsurprisingly, yes.
Neighbouring North Korea uses the Western age calculating system, but they have a twist: they follow their own calendar based on the birth of national founder and president-for-life Kim Il Sung.
The year of your birth is still incredibly important in South Korea and lumps linked children together for life, for example through education.
Other Asian countries, including Japan and Vietnam, abandoned the Chinese-style age system amid an influx of Western culture.
Officially, South Korea has used Western-style calculations since the early 1960s.
But its citizens still embrace the old-fashioned system in their daily lives because the government has done little to get people to change over to the Western style.
Most South Koreans are simply accustomed to living with two ages.
Read more: 'New significant technical issues' found in Huawei technology
Lee Dong Kil with his wife and daughter Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
 - How do people celebrate the anniversary of their birth?
People do not hold massive joint birthday parties on New Year's Day; they just celebrate their birthday on the days they were born.
Young people consider themselves another year old on solar New Year's Day (January 1) while older people often use the Lunar New Year's Day.
Many family restaurants do not charge babies if they are 36 months old or younger, so parents often calculate their babies' ages under the Western method when they are dining out.
Some South Koreans still worry that the practice makes their nation look odd on the international stage.
Read more: South Korea and US to end springtime military drills to back diplomacy
South Korean women in traditional attire in the nation's capital, Seoul. Credit: AP
 - What does it mean for people from abroad?
Many foreign journalists in Seoul ask Koreans what year and month they were born to calculate their Western age for news stories.
There are also some who say the concept of "Korean age" encourages a fixation on age-based social standing in this seniority-based country.
In South Korea, those born in the same year often treat each other as equals, while people must use honorific titles to address those born earlier, rather than directly using their names.
Ahn Chang-gun, from the south-eastern city of Gimhae, said he felt "empty" when his first child became two on January 1 2013, about two weeks after his wife delivered him after eight years of marriage.
"He was this precious baby that we finally had, but I felt that all of a sudden two years had just gone by and yet I hadn't done anything for my baby," said Mr Ahn.
Read more: Thousands angle for glory at South Korean ice fishing festival
Seo Hyo Sun was upset when her baby was born early and became two just 48 hours later/ Credit: Lee Jin-man/AP
Parents whose babies are born in December often worry about their children falling behind others born earlier in the same year, though worries gradually disappear as their children age.
When Seo Hyo Sun, from Buchon, just west of Seoul, was taken to hospital to get a caesarean section on December 29, she could not stop weeping because her baby's due date was supposed to be January 7.
"Tears kept flowing. … My doctor told me the baby wanted to come out today so let's just celebrate," said Ms Seo, 31 in international age.
"When I awoke from my anaesthesia, I felt really grateful … because my baby was born healthy. That was enough."
 - How is South Korea planning to change the age system?
In January, politician Hwang Ju-hong tabled a bill aimed at requiring the government to put international ages in official documents and encouraging citizens to go with their international ages in everyday life.
It is the first legislative attempt to abolish "Korean age".
"It is aimed at resolving confusion and inefficiency caused by the mixed use of age-counting systems," Hwang said in the proposed legislation.
Hwang's office said a parliamentary committee discussion and a public hearing on the issue are expected in coming months.
Choi Min Kyung says the age system isn't such a bad thing after all. Credit: Ahn Young-joon/AP
Surveys in recent years showed more South Koreans supported international age though it was not clear how seriously they wanted a change.
"If we use international age, things could get more complicated because it's a society that cares so much about which year you were born," said Lim KyoungJae, 46, head of the Seoul-based Miko Travel agency.
"We should also definitely count the time of a baby being conceived and growing in its mother's womb."
Mr Lim's employee Choi Min Kyung, who is 26 internationally and 28 in South Korea, disagreed.
"It's good to be two years younger … (especially) when you meet men" on blind dates, Ms Choi said with a laugh.
"There is a big difference between 26 and 28."


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Aruba, long a part of the Netherlands Antilles, began to actively seek independence or autonomy in the early 1970s. As part of that goal, Aruban leaders decided in 1976 to develop a national flag. Ideas solicited through a local design competition were reviewed, and from that process emerged the Aruban flag still in use. The flag was first hoisted on March 18, 1976. Aruba achieved status as an autonomous territory of the Netherlands in 1986 but subsequently chose not to seek full independence.
The blue of the field was chosen intentionally to match the shade used in the flag of the United Nations. The unique four-pointed star represents the four points of the compass and hence Aruba's connections by air and sea from all directions. It also symbolizes the island itself—the red evoking the red clay of its soil, the white border representing the white sand beaches that ring it—as well as the pride Arubans have for their island and their struggle for liberty. The yellow stripes stand for tourism and industry, which provide the high standard of living enjoyed by the island's people. Yellow also recalls the former gold industry and the brilliant yellow flowers found across the island.


Lovat Dickson - Wilderness Man: The Strange Story Of Grey Owl
Référence B-064-982
ISBN-10 _PHONE_
ISBN-13 9780671022747
Format Broché
Pages 288
Livre d'occasion
Wilderness Man: The Strange Story Of Grey Owl
de Lovat Dickson
Édition New edition 1999
Chez Simon & Schuster
B Bon
Légères traces d'usure sur la couverture. Salissures sur la tranche.
His real name was Archie Belaney. Born and raised in Hastings by maiden aunts, Archie dreamed of escaping to the Canadian wilderness. Finally, in 1906 at the age of seventeen, Archie's dream came true and he left England to live the frontier life in the Canadian northland. He adopted Indian customs, changed his name to Grey Owl and became famous throughout Northern Ontario as a trapper, riverman, and fire-ranger. Even in the rough frontier, Grey Owl was notorious - for his daring, his arrogance and his devastating effect on women. After a stint in the Canadian army during World War I, and two bigamous marriages, Grey Owl fell in love with Anahareo, an Iroquois girl. Together they gave up the traplines to work for the protection of animals and the conservation of the land they both loved. A man before his time, Grey Owl wrote books about the Canadian wilderness and travelled the world lecturing about conservation. But it was not until his premature death in 1938, that the truth about his background was finally revealed, a truth so deeply buried that even his beloved Anahareo was unaware of it.
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Friday, May 30, 2014 - 11:00am
Drone Wars: Who Owns The Air?
Updated: 6 months ago.
There are lots of entrepreneurs who would love to fly drones tiny unmanned aircraft all over the country. They dream of drones delivering packages and taking photos, but there's a battle in the courts right now standing in their way. The battle is about whether it's legal for drones to take to the sky.
The question at the core of the battle: Who owns the air?
It's a question that goes back to the Middle Ages, to a Latin phrase that translates to "he owns the soil owns up to the heavens." In England, this phrase was the law of the land for centuries, and it worked well when disputes involved simple things like overhanging tree branches and lopsided buildings.
But once hot air balloons and airplanes came into the picture, things got a lot more complicated. In 1926, Congress created what we now call the FAA, and declared that the air above 500 feet is the public domain. But what about the air below that?
Thomas Causby was a chicken farmer in North Carolina who lived near a tiny airport. During World War II, the Army took over the airport, and suddenly big military planes were flying over Causby's chicken coops all the time. The planes scared Causby's chickens. They flew into the walls of the coop and died.
Causby sued the government, and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. In the end, the court sided with Causby, ruling that landowners own the sky above their homes up to at least 83 feet.
But the decision still left a gap. If the air above 500 feet is public property, and the air below 83 feet is private property, what about the space in between?
This is the territory that entrepreneurs dreaming of drones have their eyes on.
Cy Brown, for example, wants to use drones to tackle the problem of feral wild pigs. In Louisiana, where Brown lives, feral pigs run around wrecking crops, causing problems for farmers.
Brown's idea was to use drones to track the pigs and then relay their locations to hunters in the fields who could kill the pigs. He tested it out, and it worked. Farmers liked it. Even the U.S. Department of Agriculture wanted to copy it.
But when I called Cy last month to ask if he'd take me hunting, he said no. His drone had been grounded. When I asked why, he referred me to his lawyer.
Cy's lawyer told me that the FAA has been sending out cease-and-desist letters to commercial drone pilots all over the country, threatening big fines for flying little drones. The FAA says that, for safety reasons, it is regulating the airspace between 83 and 500 feet.
Drone pilots are fighting this in court, trying to reclaim that airspace.
You can find lots more drone coverage from our colleagues over at All Tech Considered.
Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit
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Schools and Students
Private schools in 1999–2000 were located primarily in central cities (42 percent) and the urban fringe or large towns (40 percent) (table 2). About 18 percent of private schools were found in rural areas. In contrast, 24 percent of all public schools were in central city locations, 45 percent in the urban fringe or large towns, and 31 percent in rural areas. Most schools—61 percent of private and 71 percent of public—were elementary, but 10 percent of private schools and 25 percent of public schools were secondary. Finally, a much higher proportion of private schools (30 percent) were combined schools (usually grades K–12 or 1–12), compared with only 4 percent of public schools.
Figures and Tables
Table 2: Percentage distribution of schools according to community type and level, by sector and private school type: _PHONE_
Table S2: Standard errors for the percentage distribution of schools according to community type and level, by sector and private school type: _PHONE_


text:
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Dictionary definition for:
1. (n) transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)
2. (n) the United States federal department that promotes and administers domestic and foreign trade (including management of the census and the patent office) created in 1913
3. (n) social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc.
WordNet 2.1 Copyright Princeton University. All rights reserved.


Hawaii Entry Requirements
Double Lines
Please note the following entry requirements for travel to the United States:
 - You must hold a passport valid for at least six months from the date you enter the US.
 - You must be on a short and temporary visit.
 - You must agree to leave the US before the expiration of your visa.
 - You must hold a valid passport for the intended period of stay.
 - You must hold a valid visa issued by the US Embassy or Consulate.
 - You must maintain your identity as a foreigner during your stay.
 - You must comply with all requirements on visa issuance.
 - For more information, please contact the US Embassy or Consulate in your country.
Citizens of the following countries; the United Kingdom, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland may be eligible to travel to the United States visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program if they are travelling for business, pleasure or are in transit, and they meet all of the following requirements.
When your plane arrives in Hawaii, airline staff will direct you to Immigration Review where you will wait in line for your turn. During the review, hand your passport, a completed entry or exit record card and your customs declaration to the examiner (these will be distributed on the plane). The inspector will ask you some simple questions about your reasons for staying in the United States, the length of your intended stay and may ask you for your return ticket for reference. After the review has been completed, the reviewer will stamp your passport and issue a formal 1-94 form to you. This form will clearly indicate to US Customs the type of entry and potential duration of stay. Once this is finished, you may move on to Customs Declaration.
The natural beauty of Hawaii's fragile environment comes from its geographical isolation from other ecosystems. It's important to know that bringing plants, produce or animals can introduce pests and non-endemic species that could be destructive to Hawaii's environment.


With the onset of democracy in Bhutan in 2008, socio-economic development activities of the nation have accelerated. To be proactive in ensuring a safe future for the BNC and to use them as ambassadors for the conservation of other species and their habitats, during the next three years, RSPN and ICF wish to undertake a series of activities in each of the three regions where cranes spend their winter. Under the species based conservation program of RSPN, the conservation of two flagship species in the country, White bellied Heron (Ardea insignis) and BNC, are prioritized. Subsequently, a memorandum of understanding was signed between RSPN and the Department of Forest and Park Services to enhance knowledge, identify and implement appropriate conservation measures of the two species and their habitats. The MoU further stated to promote biodiversity and ecosystem conservation through collaboration in the field of species and habitat, water resource management and research between participants.
To increase foraging grounds of BNC in Bumdeling through restoration of degraded paddy fields.
 1. To reduce local threats to BNC
 2. Enhance knowledge on wintering BNC ecology in Bhutan
 3. To promote crane conducive livelihood activities of the local communities
 4. Promote community engagement in BNC conservation
 1. Phobjikha
 2. Bumthang
 3. Trashiyangtse
Expected Outcome:
 - Additional foraging grounds for BNC available and used by the cranes.
 - Dog population increase controlled (Phobjikha, Bumdeling and Bumthang).
 - Reduction of Crane casualties due to electric lines.
 - Appropriate interventions/recommendations for BNC conservation and protection identified from the BNC ecology study
 - Awareness on BNC generated among community and stakeholders in Phobjikha and Bumthang and improved cooperation and harmonization of BNC conservation among the habitat areas.
 - Preliminary idea on waste management for Phobjikha framed through consultation meetings.
 - Community participation in BNC conservation improved in Bumthang and Bumdeling
Given the current scenario of supporting Black-necked Crane conservation program in the country through project tied funding, RSPN wishes to establish an endowment fund which would ensure the sustainability of the conservation program and long term impact. To constantly carry out the conservation work for BNC and their habitat, RSPN has developed a 5 year action plan in consultation with all the stakeholders. This would require an estimated amount of US $ 100,000 annually, and can only be possible with an endowment fund of US $ 2 million at 5% annual investment interest. So far, we have raised US $ 30,000 through individual and institutional donors.
At RSPN, we believe a single grain of sand can tip the scale. You can be the grain that tips the scale towards improved environmental conditions and conservation efforts in Bhutan. RSPN has set a target to raise US$ 1.5 million for next 10 years.


Build Status
The SafeYAML gem provides an alternative implementation of YAML.load suitable for accepting user input in Ruby applications. Unlike Ruby's built-in implementation of YAML.load, SafeYAML's version will not expose apps to arbitrary code execution exploits (such as the ones discovered in Rails in early 2013).
If you encounter any issues with SafeYAML, check out the 'Common Issues' section below. If you don't see anything that addresses the problem you're experiencing, by all means, create an issue!
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem "safe_yaml"
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install safe_yaml
Configuring SafeYAML should be quick. In most cases, you will probably only have to think about two things:
 1. What do you want the YAML module's default behavior to be? Set the SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:default_mode] option to either :safe or :unsafe to control this. If you do neither, SafeYAML will default to :safe mode but will issue a warning the first time you call YAML.load.
 2. Do you want to allow symbols by default? Set the SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:deserialize_symbols] option to true or false to control this. The default is false, which means that SafeYAML will deserialize symbols in YAML documents as strings.
For more information on these and other options, see the "Usage" section down below.
Suppose your application were to use a popular open source library which contained code like this:
class ClassBuilder
 def []=(key, value)
 _USER_ ||=
 _USER_.class_eval <<-EOS
 def #{key}
 def create
Now, if you were to use YAML.load on user input anywhere in your application without the SafeYAML gem installed, an attacker who suspected you were using this library could send a request with a carefully-crafted YAML string to execute arbitrary code (yes, including system("unix command")) on your servers.
This simple example demonstrates the vulnerability:
yaml = <<-EOYAML
---!ruby/hash:ClassBuilder
"foo; end; puts %(I'm in yr system!); def bar": "baz"
> YAML.load(yaml)
I'm in yr system!
=> #>
With SafeYAML, the same attacker would be thwarted:
> require "safe_yaml"
=> true
> YAML.load(yaml, :safe => true)
=> {"foo; end; puts %(I'm in yr system!); def bar"=>"baz"}
When you require the safe_yaml gem in your project, YAML.load is patched to accept one additional (optional) options parameter. This changes the method signature as follows:
 - for Syck and Psych prior to Ruby 1.9.3: YAML.load(yaml, options={})
 - for Psych in 1.9.3 and later: YAML.load(yaml, filename=nil, options={})
The most important option is the :safe option (default: true), which controls whether or not to deserialize arbitrary objects when parsing a YAML document. The other options, along with explanations, are as follows.
 - :deserialize_symbols (default: false): Controls whether or not YAML will deserialize symbols. It is probably best to only enable this option where necessary, e.g. to make trusted libraries work. Symbols receive special treatment in Ruby and are not garbage collected, which means deserializing them indiscriminately may render your site vulnerable to a DOS attack (hence false as a default value).
 - :whitelisted_tags: Accepts an array of YAML tags that designate trusted types, e.g., ones that can be deserialized without worrying about any resulting security vulnerabilities. When any of the given tags are encountered in a YAML document, the associated data will be parsed by the underlying YAML engine (Syck or Psych) for the version of Ruby you are using. See the "Whitelisting Trusted Types" section below for more information.
 - :custom_initializers: Similar to the :whitelisted_tags option, but allows you to provide your own initializers for specified tags rather than using Syck or Psyck. Accepts a hash with string tags for keys and lambdas for values.
 - :raise_on_unknown_tag (default: false): Represents the highest possible level of paranoia (not necessarily a bad thing); if the YAML engine encounters any tag other than ones that are automatically trusted by SafeYAML or that you've explicitly whitelisted, it will raise an exception. This may be a good choice if you expect to always be dealing with perfectly safe YAML and want your application to fail loudly upon encountering questionable data.
All of the above options can be set at the global level via SafeYAML::OPTIONS. You can also set each one individually per call to YAML.load; an option explicitly passed to load will take precedence over an option specified globally.
Supported Types
The way that SafeYAML works is by restricting the kinds of objects that can be deserialized via YAML.load. More specifically, only the following types of objects can be deserialized by default:
 - Hashes
 - Arrays
 - Strings
 - Numbers
 - Dates
 - Times
 - Booleans
 - Nils
Again, deserialization of symbols can be enabled globally by setting SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:deserialize_symbols] = true, or in a specific call to YAML.load([some yaml], :deserialize_symbols => true).
Whitelisting Trusted Types
SafeYAML supports whitelisting certain YAML tags for trusted types. This is handy when your application uses YAML to serialize and deserialize certain types not listed above, which you know to be free of any deserialization-related vulnerabilities.
The easiest way to whitelist types is by calling SafeYAML.whitelist!, which can accept a variable number of safe types, e.g.:
SafeYAML.whitelist!(FrobDispenser, GobbleFactory)
You can also whitelist YAML tags via the :whitelisted_tags option:
# Using Syck
SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:whitelisted_tags] = [",2002:object:OpenStruct"]
# Using Psych
SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:whitelisted_tags] = ["!ruby/object:OpenStruct"]
And in case you were wondering: no, this feature will not allow would-be attackers to embed untrusted types within trusted types:
yaml = <<-EOYAML
---!ruby/object:OpenStruct
 :backdoor:!ruby/hash:ClassBuilder
> YAML.safe_load(yaml)
=> #"baz"}>
Known Issues
If you add SafeYAML to your project and start seeing any errors about missing keys, or you notice mysterious strings that look like ":foo" (i.e., start with a colon), it's likely you're seeing errors from symbols being saved in YAML format. If you are able to modify the offending code, you might want to consider changing your YAML content to use plain vanilla strings instead of symbols. If not, you may need to set the :deserialize_symbols option to true, either in calls to YAML.load or--as a last resort--globally, with SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:deserialize_symbols].
Also be aware that some Ruby libraries, particularly those requiring inter-process communication, leverage YAML's object deserialization functionality and therefore may break or otherwise be impacted by SafeYAML. The following list includes known instances of SafeYAML's interaction with other Ruby gems:
 - ActiveRecord: uses YAML to control serialization of model objects using the serialize class method. If you find that accessing serialized properties on your ActiveRecord models is causing errors, chances are you may need to:
 1. set the :deserialize_symbols option to true,
 2. whitelist some of the types in your serialized data via SafeYAML.whitelist! or the :whitelisted_tags option, or
 3. both
 - Guard: Uses YAML as a serialization format for notifications. The data serialized uses symbolic keys, so setting SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:deserialize_symbols] = true is necessary to allow Guard to work.
 - sidekiq: Uses a YAML configiuration file with symbolic keys, so setting SafeYAML::OPTIONS[:deserialize_symbols] = true should allow it to work.
The above list will grow over time, as more issues are discovered.
My intention is to eventually adopt semantic versioning with this gem, if it ever gets to version 1.0 (i.e., doesn't become obsolete by then). Since it isn't there yet, that means that API may well change from one version to the next. Please keep that in mind if you are using it in your application.
To be clear: my goal is for SafeYAML to make it as easy as possible to protect existing applications from object deserialization exploits. Any and all feedback is more than welcome!
SafeYAML requires Ruby 1.8.7 or newer and works with both Syck and Psych.
If you are using a version of Ruby where Psych is the default YAML engine (e.g., 1.9.3) but you want to use Syck, be sure to set YAML::ENGINE.yamler = "syck" before requiring the safe_yaml gem.


James Henry Greathead
James Henry Greathead, engraving after a photo, 1896.The Mansell Collection/Art Resource, New York
James Henry Greathead, (born Aug. 6, 1844Grahamstown, S.Af.—died Oct. 21, 1896London, Eng.), British civil engineer who improved the tunneling shield, the basic tool of underwater tunneling, essentially to its modern form.
Greathead arrived in 1859 in England, where he studied with the noted civil engineer Peter W. Barlow between 1864 and 1867. The tunneling shield invented by Marc Isambard Brunel and used to build the Thames Tunnel was large and unwieldy. Barlow designed a smaller shield, circular in cross section, which Greathead modified to complete the Tower Subway (1869) under the River Thames near the Tower of London. As the shield was pushed forward by screw jacks, the tunnel behind it was lined with cast-iron rings.
In 1886 Greathead began work to carry the City and South London Railway under the Thames near London Bridge, using a larger version of his shield, with which he bored twin tunnels about 10 feet (3 metres) in diameter. In this project he pioneered the use of compressed air in conjunction with the circular shield. His shield, compressed air, and the cast-iron rings used to line the tunnels came to be adopted generally in tunnel construction.


Irfan Engineer and Neha Dabhade
(Secular Perspective February 16-28, 2021)
In part one of this report, the authors observed that based on media reportage monitored by Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), though physical violence has declined in the forms of communal riots and mob lynching, communal violence on the whole has risen in 2020. In this part of the report, the authors will focus on the trends in mob lynching in 2020. Mob lynching since the infamous Mohammad Akhlaq lynching in Dadri has become an alarmingly ubiquitous phenomenon dotting the political landscape in India. A gruesome reminder of the racial violence in US, mob lynching in India has reflected a breakdown of law and order or any moral or legal restraint in attacking innocent victims on mere suspicion of wrong doing for any sundry reason. The images of desperate helpless injured victims on the verge of death like seen in the cases of Tabrez Ansari have shaken the moral conscience of the society, yet the lynching continues.
In 2020, India witnessed 23 incidents of mob lynching as against 107 incidents in 2019 as per the reportage in the media. These 23 incidents claimed 22 lives. Out of these reported 23 incidents, 10 can be attributed directly to the Hindu nationalist ideology which manifest itself in issues like cow slaughter, inter-faith marriages and overall hatred owing to the ideology of communalism. These ten incidents claimed six livesthree Muslims, one Christian and two Hindus. Seven cases in 2020 were related to suspicions of cow slaughter alone. In comparison to 2019, incidents of mob lynching reported in media in 2020 have declined by 78%. Large part of this decline in number of cases can be attributed to Corona virus pandemic and consequently prolonged lockdowns. However, communal violence in the forms of structural violence i.e. laws and policies are achieving similar objective as mob lynching that is to reinforce the status of Muslims as second class citizens who are easy preys. Given the anticow slaughter law passed in Karnataka recently and other states following suit, one can only predict that cases in the subsequent years will only rise.
As mentioned earlier, CSSS has been monitoring mob lynching through the media reportage in five leading newspapersMumbai editions of Indian Express, Times of India, The Hindu and Urdu newspapers – Sahafat and Inquilab. It is to be noted that in reality there must be many more cases of mob lynching that have taken place in India in 2020, however since CSSS is monitoring only the cases reported in these five newspapers, the numbers in this report is less. The National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) too is not giving out data which can give a comprehensive picture.
The reported cases of mob lynching are segregated according to the triggers of the lynching. Accordingly, the categories are: cow vigilantism, child lifting, theft and others. The previous years also included the category of inter-faith relationships. However this year no case was found reported under this category. It is to be noted that different states have brought anti-conversion laws targeting inter-faith marriages and subsequently Muslim men and Hindu women are being targeted. The propaganda of "love jihad" and the blatant vigilantism associated with it has acquired legitimacy through such legislations.
In 2020, out of 23 reported cases, seven were on allegation of cow vigilantism, three under the category the broad category of communalism, three under child lifting, five under theft and five under others. For the purpose of this report, the authors will focus on the cases related to cow vigilantism and communalism- 10 in number.
 1. Mapping the cases of mob lynchinggeography and ruling party:
Like mentioned above, the report will focus on the reported incidents of mob lynching related to communalismcow vigilantism and mob lynching related to communalism overall. In these 10 cases, five incidents took place in the northern zonethree in the state of Uttar Pradesh, one in the state of Haryana and one in Jammu and Kashmir. Other four incidents of mob lynching took place in the Eastern zonetwo in the state of Odisha, one in Jharkhand and one in Bihar. One incident took place in the western regionstate of Maharashtra.
Not surprisingly, six of these ten incidents took place in states where BJP is the ruling party. Two incidents took place in the Congress ruled states and two in BJD ruled Odisha. This indicates towards the atmosphere of impunity given by the ruling BJP to the vigilante groups to freely target the vulnerable.
 2. Cases of cow vigilantism
On January 31, a few residents of Chimbipada village in Bhiwandi, Maharashtra caught Nafees Qureshi, Aamir Khan and Aakib Aalam allegedly trying to load a buffalo into their vehicle. The angry mob thrashed them and damaged their vehicle. The police reached the spot and got them admitted to hospital, where Qureshi died during treatment. Initially, the Bhiwandi taluka police had booked the trio acting on a complaint of the buffalo owner, Prakash Dombare. But after Qureshi died, the police filed a murder case against six to seven unidentified people.
On March 2, Umar and Rahil Gazi were thrashed by a group of at least seven persons in Uttar Pradesh's Bulandshahr district for alleged cow slaughter. In a video that has gone viral, the youths, one of them bare-chested, are seen being punched, kicked and hit with a stick by some men. In another video, a youth, identifying himself as Umar, says a group intercepted their two-wheeler and pulled them over while they were going to a cold storage. They used communal slurs and referred to the violence in Delhi while abusing and threatening them with dire consequences. A case had been registered under charges of attempt to murder, rioting, criminal intimidation and kidnapping for murder against five persons and another unidentified person. The FIR identifies the five accused as Shivam, Satyaveer, Sachin, Badal and Dinesh Pandit. In a police complaint, Umar's brother Mehervan says the two youths were going to get carrots from a cold storage in their four-wheeler when the assaulters intercepted them. They were kidnapped at gunpoint, taken to a forest and beaten up with rods and sticks with the intent to kill, alleges Mehervan. SSP Bulandshahr Santosh Kumar Singh, however, said it was "a brawl between two groups" near Hamidpur village, adding that a police case was registered instantly.
 On 13 March, police rescued three men from being lynched by a mob in Ratepur village under Saandh police station and took them into custody. The mob assaulted them suspecting them to be cattle thieves. According to villagers, the men were trying to escape with three buffaloes belonging to Buddhi Lal Yadav and his neighbour. The police identified the three men as Niyamat, his two sons, Salim and Riyaz. According to police, the three men, residents of Machariya area of Naubasta, had allegedly come on two-wheelers and a loader to steal buffaloes. Medical aid was provided to them for injuries caused to them during the attack.
 On 11th May, Suman Ansari (26) of Dwarpahadi village and Dulal Mirdha (22) of neighbouring Dhaka village were assaulted by the villagers while trying to slaughter the goat on the banks of Brahmani River and tying them to a tree. According to police, they were soon rescued by patrolling team that rushed to the spot after receiving the information. While Ansari succumbed to his injuries, another accused was battling for life at hospital. Police said two persons, including the owner of the goat, were already arrested and two separate FIRs were lodged one for lynching and the other for theft of the goat.
 On July 29, two persons were lynched for allegedly stealing a pair of oxen belonging to Bajo Rai at Rai Tola in Jamui district. Police said the incident took place around 1.00 am when some villagers were patrolling at night due to rise in cattle theft cases. They saw the two persons fleeing with a pair of stolen oxen. They chased, caught and mercilessly thrashed the two, leading to their death. The deceased were identified as Nageshwar Paswan (45) and Lalmohan Paswan (40) of Mansinghdih village under Chandradih police station in Jamui district.
 On July 31, Lukman, a 25-year-old pick-up truck driver from Nuh was allegedly beaten up with sticks by a group of men while he was transporting buffalo meat to Gurgaon. According to the victim's complaint he was on his way to Jama Masjid in Gurgaon, the men surrounded his vehicle near the truck market, broke the glass of his truck, and beat him with sticks. They then dumped him in his own vehicle and took him back towards Sohna, where they again stopped the vehicle and beat him up. The violence stopped only after a police team arrived at the spot and rescued the victim. Police said a 28-year-old Pradeep Yadav, who hails from Dadri involved in the incident has been arrested. An FIR had been registered against him and a Maruti Baleno that was used in the crime has also been seized by police.
On August 16, a group of cow vigilantes attacked and injured a 48-year-old shepherd in a remote


Quick Answer: How Much Peppermint Should I Take For IBS?
How many peppermint capsules should I take for IBS?
Peppermint oil capsules help to relieve tummy (abdominal) pain and bloating associated with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.
They can be purchased from a pharmacy and other retail outlets.
Take one or two capsules three times a day, preferably about an hour before meals..
Can you rub peppermint oil on your stomach?
The health benefits of peppermint oil include: Indigestion: Massage several drops on your stomach, place a drop on wrists or inhale to soothe motion sickness or general nausea. Drinking mint tea has traditionally been the way to soothe an upset stomach.
How does peppermint help your stomach?
What medications does peppermint interfere with?
Do not take peppermint without medical advice if you are using any of the following medications:iron supplements;cyclosporine (neoral, Sandimmune);any antibiotic or antifungal medicine;medicine for seizures;medicines for heart conditions or high blood pressure; or.medicines to decrease stomach acid.Jul 24, 2020
How much peppermint oil can you take per day?
Key Points About Peppermint OilEffectivenessIrritable bowel syndrome symptoms: probably effectiveDosageAdults: 0.2 to 0.4 mL of oil three times daily in enteric-coated capsulesChildren older than eight years: 0.1 to 0.2 mL three times dailyCost$24 to $32 for one-month supply8 more rows•Apr 1, 2007
What is the benefit of peppermint oil?
Is IBS a disability?
Unfortunately, IBS is not currently a qualified condition included in the SSA's Listing of Impairments; however, this does not mean you can't be found disabled. It does mean that it will be harder to prove your case, and it will take longer.
Is yogurt good for IBS?
How does peppermint help with IBS?
Peppermint oil is an essential oil that is useful for IBS. It produces fewer side effects than other antispasmodic medications and in capsule form, peppermint oil relieves abdominal pain by soothing the nerves of the gut and reducing inflammation. It is generally a safe and well-tolerated medicine.
Is it safe to take peppermint oil capsules?
When used as directed, dietary supplements and skin preparations containing peppermint oil are likely safe for most adults. Peppermint oil may cause side effects such as heartburn and it may interact with certain medications. Talk to your health care provider before using peppermint oil.
How can I cure IBS permanently?
What does peppermint oil kill?
Can you get rid of irritable bowel syndrome?
What are the side effects of peppermint oil capsules?
Is peppermint oil a laxative?
Is Peppermint bad for IBS?
How Peppermint Is Used In IBS. Historically, peppermint was taken as a tea to treat general digestive problems. It is known to reduce the production of gas in the intestine. Today peppermint is recognized by researchers as being effective for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) when used in its oil form.
Are bananas good for IBS?


text:
Researchers from the University of the Philippines – Los Banos (UPLB) found that sweet sorghum, a grain commonly used in the production of molasses, can be a healthier substitute to regular coffee beans.
In the study titled the "Acceptability, nutritional, and potential health values of sweet sorghum coffee substitute," the researchers ran sampling tests by roasting the grain and brewing it at different temperatures.
They found that roasting the grains for 50 to 70 minutes at approximately 226 degrees Celsius and brewing them for three minutes produced the most acceptable sample, comparing the coffee's taste and aroma to that of rice coffee.
Other coffee substitutes used in the Philippines are corn, ampalaya, and soy.
The stem of the sweet sorghum is usually used to produce molasses, and its leaves are used as food for animals.
The United States is the world's leading exporter of the grain, accounting for almost 75 percent of the global trade.
In the Philippines, sweet sorghum has been utilized as a source of bio-fuel.
Although not popularly cultivated in the country, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), an India-based agricultural research organization, identified the North Luzon Super Region (Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, and Central Luzon) as a suitable location for sorghum cultivation.
The researchers also said that drinking sweet sorghum coffee may help in preventing neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and serious diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
"SSCS [Sweet Sorghum Coffee Substitute] could be a potential health and nutritious beverage as its powder contains carbohydrates, protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber, and is low in fat, particularly saturated fat. Moreover, the SSCS powder contains phytochemicals contributing to its high antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that consumption SSCS may help in preventing diseases in which free radical production plays a key role," they said.


text:
Apply an Animated Highlighter Effect
Add an animation to a highlight annotation to appear as though you are drawing with a highlighter across the screen. This effect is ideal for drawing attention to:
- A URL
- Text within a website
- An important area on the screen
To Create This Effect:
- Click the Annotations tab.
- Click to view the highlight annotations. The preset styles appear
- Select a style and drag it onto a track on the timeline.
- To reposition the annotation, select and drag it to a new location on the track.
- To resize it, drag the handles in or out.
- Click the Animations tab.
- Drag the Custom animation onto the highlight annotation on the timeline.
- Move the playhead to the beginning of the animation.
- Select the highlight annotation on the canvas and position it where you want the highlighter animation to start.
- Click the end point of the animation on the timeline.
- Drag the handles of the highlight annotation to the position on the canvas where you
want the animation to end.
- To adjust the duration of the animation, drag the end point in or out on the timeline.
- Move the playhead to the beginning of the effect, then click Play to view the animation.
- To further edit the animation properties, click the Properties button.


text:
Cricket has its origins way back in the 16 th century and started out as a children's game. The first games were played in fields where sheep were grazing and all you had was a stick and a ball of sheep's wool. Cricket has thankfully evolved over the years to produce the popular and well-loved modern cricket game.
Today, in South Africa, cricket is played in the first and the fourth terms at schools. Cricket is a game where players learn to play well by respecting their opponents, umpires, and rules of the game. Cricket is a popular sport and there are usually classes starting from Grade 1. The younger school children are taught basic ball skills and are shown how to participate and enjoy the game.
Benefits of offering Cricket at Schools:
- The game helps to develop overall fitness levels
- Helps to improve hand-eye coordination
- Improves balance and endurance
- Teaches kids how to work in a team
- Also helps to improve social skills and communication
Playing in a school cricket team requires commitment, attending weekly practice sessions and playing in organised competitive matches. School cricket is a place where kids should be able to play in an environment that allows them to reach their full potential.
Helpful tips for those who want to play competitive school cricket:
- All participants in a school match should drink plenty of water throughout the game
- Wear sun protection even in cloudy conditions
- Practice to develop good technique and this also helps prevent injury.
- Schools should provide the correct safety and protective gear. For example, if a child is batting or wicket keeping, they should be wearing a helmet that has a face guard.
- Look after the fast bowlers, let them bowl only a few overs during a match. This also depends on their fitness levels.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Referencing AVI Files in MIRCdocuments"
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Revision as of 16:28, 26 January 2011
This article describes how to insert AVI, MPEG, or other video files into MIRCdocuments using the File Service and Author Service of the RSNA MIRC implementation. This article applies only to MIRC T36b or later. It has only been tested with Internet Explorer.
There are two steps in referencing an AVI file in a MIRCdocument:
- Store the file in your file cabinet.
- Reference the file in a paragraph.
To store the AVI file in your file cabinet:
- Log in on the query page.
- Select My Files in the My Stuff menu.
- In the left pane of the File Cabinet page, select a file folder in which to store the AVI file.
- In the File menu, select Upload file.
- The Add File window will then appear. Click the Browse button.
- A file chooser will then appear. Navigate to the video file, and click Open.
- The file chooser will disappear. Click Submit File on the Add File window.
- Note the full path to the file folder in which the video file is stored. This is shown at the right end of the menu bar.
To reference the AVI file in a MIRCdocument:
- Create a new MIRCdocument or edit an existing one in the Author Service.
- Select a section in which to insert the reference to the AVI file and click its tab.
- Insert a paragraph or click on the text box of an existing one.
- Enter text as shown in the box below, replacing path with the path to the folder, and movie.avi with the name of the video file in that folder.
- Click the Save button in the toolbar to save the document.
Here is a movie.
This will present a link to the AVI within the paragraph. When clicked, the user's AVI viewer will launch and display the AVI in a separate window.
For example, if the path to the folder is Personal/Files/Misc_Files and the video filename is video.mpeg, the text would be:
Here is a movie.
It is also possible to make the video play within the paragraph itself. To do so, use the following paragraph contents:
- Video files are supported only in paragraphs in normal section elements, not in image-section elements.
- In the example above, the AVI file is called movie.avi.
- You can also insert WMV files in the same way.
- The square brackets in the reference to the video file are required.
- After copying the file into the file cabinet when the document is saved, the Author Service removes the bracketed reference from the source and replaces it with the filename of the video file, possibly modified to replace spaces in the name with underscores.


text:
Alexey Bakhirkin, Josh Berdine, and Nir Piterman
We propose a novel approach for computing weakest liberal safe preconditions of programs. The standard approaches, which call for either under-approximation of a greatest fixed point, or complementation of a least fixed point, are often difficult to apply successfully. Our approach relies on a different decomposition of the weakest precondition of loops. We exchange the greatest fixed point for the computation of a least fixed point above a recurrent set, instead of the bottom element. Convergence is achieved using over-approximation, while in order to maintain soundness we use an under-approximating logical subtraction operation. Unlike general complementation, subtraction more easily allows for increased precision in case its arguments are related. The approach is not restricted to a specific abstract domain and we use it to analyze programs using the abstract domains of intervals and of 3-valued structures.
© Microsoft Research


12 Common Struggles Experienced Writers Still Deal With Almost Daily
You are not immune to struggle just because you've been writing for a while.
1. Writing a near-perfect first line on the first try. (It will never happen, will it? Sigh.)
2. Believing that even their worst ideas are worth considering.
3. Figuring out how to write when there are 5,000 other things going on, almost always all of equal importance (or so it seems).
4. Not letting imposter syndrome stop them from reaching their goals.
5. Worrying about what other people might think of them/their writing.
6. Feeling like they still aren't "good enough" and never will be.
7. Quieting their self-doubt just enough so that they can concentrate on the stories they're desperately trying to tell.
8. Asking for help.
9. Not letting other people's negativity or criticism stop them from writing.
10. Reminding themselves why they wanted to start writing in the first place … and letting that drive them forward even on their toughest days.
11. Facing their fears and writing about/doing things that absolutely terrify them.
12. Remembering that in one way or another, hard work does pay off. Eventually.
4 thoughts on "12 Common Struggles Experienced Writers Still Deal With Almost Daily
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text:
Transitions between color categories mapped with a reverse Stroop task.
Smithson HE., Khan SS., Sharpe LT., Stockman A.
In the reverse Stroop task, observers are instructed to ignore the ink color in which a color word is printed (the distractor color) and to respond to the meaning of the color word (the target). Reaction times (RTs) are faster with congruent combinations when the ink color matches the word than with incongruent combinations when the ink color does not match the word. We manipulated the distracting ink color from congruent to incongruent and measured the transition from facilitation to interference. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that this transition could be assessed independently from the contextual influence of particular sets of stimuli and responses, implying that the color space in which interference and facilitation occurs is generalizable. In Experiment 2, we obtained reverse Stroop data for transitions between red and yellow, yellow and green, green and blue, and blue and red, and compared them with independent estimates of color appearance obtained by hue scaling for the same chromaticity samples. We find that the magnitude of the reverse Stroop effect can provide a reliable index of the similarity of color appearance between the distracting chromaticity and the color category represented by the target color word. Moreover, it will allow us to quantify the mapping between the chromaticity space defined at the cone photoreceptors and a cognitive color space defined at an advanced level of neural processing.


Guide to funding 2019-20
How the Office for Students allocates money to higher education providers
This guide is to help those working or studying in higher education, and anyone else wishing to understand how the Office for Students will manage funding for higher education providers for 2019‑20. It explains how we calculate the amount of funding each higher education provider is allocated, the principles that underpin those calculations, and the components of a provider's grant.
OfS 2019.18
9 May 2019
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text:
Numerical analysis of penetration, radiation, and scattering for a 2D slotted semielliptical channel filled with isorefractive material
journal contributionposted on 03.02.2014, 00:00 by Danilo Erricolo, Michael D. Lockard, Chalmers M. Butler, Piergiorgio L.E. Uslenghi
Electromagnetic penetration through an aperture into a cavity is considered. The structure of interest comprises a slotted infinite conducting plane backed by a semielliptical channel. Three independent integral equations are used to study the structure of interest,for which analytical expressions are derived in another paper and involve summations of Mathieu functions. Numerical results from the analytical expressions for the electromagnetic fields are compared with those from integral equation methods for various cases of excitation and isorefractive materials. The agreement is excellent in all cases.


text:
The headline in question is:
"20 Lessons Learned in Travelling the World."
So, what made this a super-viral headline?
- It's a list-post (contains numbers). People love to share lists, as shown in this study as well.
- It triggers emotion. When a headline manages to activate deep, primal emotional needs, it's more likely to go viral. In this case, it made readers feel awe, joy, desire (for adventure and changing their lives for the better).
- It covers a topic many people are going to be interested in. Most people want to know how to enjoy a better life, enjoy a fulfilled life, and how to leave a legacy.
- "Traveling the World." Most of us are seeking advice from people who we aspire to be like (most people want to be the kind who travels more, which is part of the explanation of why this headline went viral).
Keep these tips in mind when creating your next headline to increase its chances of spreading like wildfire on social media.


Common Security Clubs | Dollars & Sense BlogDollars & Sense Blog
Common Security Clubs
by Chris Sturr | March 25, 2009
An exciting new project spearheaded by Chuck Collins, D&S Associate, and of the Institute for Policy Studies.
'Common Security Club' as an Organizing Form for the Solidarity Economy
By Chuck Collins
"What becomes clear to participants is we are facing some major economic and ecological changes," said Andree Zaleska from the Boston office of Institute for Policy Studies, who is coordinating clubs in the Northeast. "We are not going back to some golden age of economic growth based on empire, unfettered capitalism, and cheap energy—nor do we want to! We have to prepare ourselves and our communities for transformation."
As theologian Walter Brueggemann writes we need to shift from "autonomy to covenantal existence, from anxiety to divine abundance, and from acquisitive greed to neighborly generosity." Common security club participants are experimenting with ways to make the practical, political, and spiritual changes this entails.
The three main functions of the clubs are:
1) Learn and reflect
Through popular education tools, videos, Bible study, and shared readings, participants increase their understanding of the larger economic forces on our lives. Why is the economy in distress? How did these changes happen? What are the historical factors? How does this connect to the global economy? What are the ecological factors contributing to the changes? What is our vision for a healthy, sustainable economy? What are the sources of real security in my life?
2) Mutual aid and local action
Through stories, examples, Web-based resources, a workbook, and mutual support, participants reflect on what makes them secure. What can we do together to increase our economic security at the local level? What would it mean to respond to my economic challenges in community? How can I reduce my economic vulnerability in conjunction with others? How can I get out of debt? How can I help my neighbor facing foreclosure or economic insecurity? Can I downscale and reduce my consumption and ecological footprint and save money?
3) Social action
The economic crisis is in part the result of an unengaged citizenry and government. What can we do together to build an economy based on building healthy communities rather than shoring up the casino economy? What public policies would make our communities more secure? Through discussion and education, participants might find ways to engage in a larger program of change around the financial system, economic development, tax policy, and other elements of our shared economic life.
Clubs can be autonomous or affiliated with an existing institution, secular or religious. The ideal size is 10 to 20 adults who make a commitment to an initial five meetings with a facilitator. Clubs then decide whether to continue meeting and self-manage. Starter sessions have been developed and include "The Roots of the Economic Crisis," "Personal Re sponses to Economic and Ecological Change," "Things We Can Do Together," and "Actions to Transform the Economy."
Among the things "we can do together," the clubs examine stories and examples of various economic and mutual aid activities. These have included teaming up to help each other weatherize their homes, helping each other rework their personal budgets and reduce debt, and forming food-buying clubs. Faith-based groups weave together reflection, prayer, and action.
"We can't be a bank for each other," said club participant Paul Monroe of Boston. "But there are so many things we can do to support one another and increase our economic security."
One group, convened by a group of Haitian women in the Boston neighborhood of Dorchester, decided to push back against their credit card companies. "Everyone was paying really high fees," observed Charlotte Desire, who coordinated the group. "One of our best moments was when everyone in our group called their credit card company and threatened to cut up their cards unless fees were waived and interest rates were cut." Almost everyone in the group was able to save hundreds of dollars in interest payments and fees.
Gerald Taylor, a veteran congregation-based organizer in Charlotte, North Carolina, has led discussions with several groups about what a healthy and democratic debt system would require. "All our religious traditions have prohibitions on usury for a reason," said Taylor. "So what would a fair and transparent credit system look like?"
"We are piloting about a dozen common security clubs in different places and with very different groups," said Zaleska, describing the efforts in her region. "We're testing out several different curricula. Some clubs are pressing members of Congress to reform the casino economy, stop foreclosures, and pass an economic stimulus package."
Whatever shape or focus members choose to take, common security clubs are pushing against the social isolation that may accompany a recession or depression. "I see the hurt and anxiety in my congregation—and how people privatize their pain," says Cecilia Kingman. "This is a chance for us to be real with each other."
These clubs are also one of many building blocks that can move us toward a "solidarity economy" that affirms our true interconnection with one another. Coming together is a way to remind ourselves of the abundance we have, the wealth of our relationships and networks, and the mutuality of our economic security.
Chuck Collins is an On the Commons Fellow and senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies, where he directs the Program on Inequality and the Common Good. He is co-author with Mary Wright of The Moral Measure of the Economy (Orbis, 2007).
This is an excerpt of an article that originally appeared in Sojourners magazine, February 2009. For information on how to start or join a common security club, click here.
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 1. so you are saying that our economical and politcal dilemnas are due to not following Jesus?Isn't this a bit simplistic?It is about a 2 term "presidential" fiasco that was not led by Bush Jr but a diabolical pseudo-Nazi name Cheney who not only sold inferior goods to our troops once the war in Iraq started (deja vu of WW II) via Halliburton but was permitted and he got rich by allowing more and more illegal dealings in the highest echelons of the nation-in the Capitol!! And all they could get Bill for was his bad choice of girlfriends. Why don't you figure it out? God has nothing to do with corrupt politicians and they are going to do the same thing with Obama unfortunately. If God had anything to do with it, Cheney and his cronies would be struck dead. We are in Gommora and it will take another civil war to change. Poor Mr Obama is a pawn in the inherent evil and greed that is becoming worse and worse. We as a people, black white and every color in between, need to come together and fight the adversaries who are now the kings of big business or we will all be lost. Blood must be shed
 2. Anonymous,I think you need to re-read Chuck's account of the Common Security Clubs. Nowhere does it say that "our current economical and political dilemmas are due to not following Jesus."If you joined a Common Security Club, though, you could share your ideas with your neighbors.–CS
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marked" this clip as being "good."
P – This means this particular clip has a proxy file attached to it. Proxies can be generated by some of the P2 cameras if the optional AJ-YAX800G Proxy Card is installed. The HPX500 and HVX200 cannot generate proxy files.
T – This means this particular clip has at least one Text Memo marker attached to it. You can view the contents of the Text Memos in P2 Viewer, P2CMS or in a P2HD camcorder by selecting CLIP PROPERTIES for this clip.
E – This means that this particular clip is not camera-original footage, but was either edited on a computer or was created by copying a previous clip. A clip that was created by exporting a portion of a clip between two Text Memo markers (known as Text Memo Subclipping) would also bear this "E" mark.
W – This shows up for standard-definition clips that were recorded in the 16:9 aspect ratio. The "W" stands for Widescreen. This "W" mark doesn't show up on high-definition clips because all high-definition clips are always 16:9.
! – This indicates that the clip you're viewing is part of a multiple-clip "spanned clip," and that the remaining portions aren't currently present. For example, if you recorded one big long clip that spanned across two P2 cards, yet you only loaded one P2 card into your computer, this! indication would be displayed to let you know that the system only has access to part of the full footage. If you loaded the P2 card that contains the rest of this clip, the! indicator would disappear.
X – This indicator means that there's something wrong with your clip. If the "X" appears with a yellow background, you can usually repair the clip (using the "Repair Clip" function in the P2 Thumbnail menu). Usually this X will show up if you eject a P2 card while that card is being recorded to or if the power goes off (battery dies or AC power goes out) while recording. The P2 system is prepared for such issues and automatically saves the recorded files every two seconds, so if an interruption does occur you will usually only lose a few frames (up to the last two seconds). However, if you see a red X, that clip is damaged beyond repair and should be deleted.
? – This indicator means that the system cannot recognize your clip. This might happen if Panasonic introduces a new format, and your existing camera was made before that format was created (for example, if you put a P2 card with an AVC-Intra clip into a AJ-SPX800 camcorder, the SPX800 wouldn't understand what the AVC-Intra clip was and would, therefore, display the? indicator). This doesn't necessarily mean there's anything wrong with your clip, just that your camcorder doesn't understand that clip (a more up-to-date camcorder probably would).
Can I use IEEE 1394 (Firewire) mode with AVC-Intra?
Not for live footage streaming; AVC-Intra is not supported over IEEE 1394 (Firewire) as a live data stream.
I heard that some P2 HD Camcorders have USB or 1394 host mode. What is it and how does it work? What's the difference between these two modes?
The Host Mode allows the P2HD camcorder (or P2HD field recorder such as the P2 Gear or P2 Mobile) to take direct control of an external hard disk. Using Host Mode, you can plug a hard disk directly into your camcorder (or field recorder) and format the hard disk and copy the contents of your P2 cards directly onto the hard disk, all without using a computer.
The AG-HVX200 and AG-HPX500 P2HD camcorder support 1394 Host Mode, and the AJ-HPX3000, AJ-HPX2000, AH-HPG10 P2 Gear and AJ-HPM100 P2 Mobile support USB Host Mode. In 1394 Host Mode, you need to connect to a 1394 ("firewire") hard disk, and you can then copy up to 15 cards onto the hard disk. 1394 Host Mode does not supply bus power, so you'll need a self-powered hard disk.
USB Host Mode provides even more capability. With USB Host Mode, the P2 HD camcorders (HPX2000 or HPX3000) or field recorder can supply bus power to power the hard disk. You can copy up to 23 cards onto the hard drive, assign individual names, partition the drive and review thumbnails.
Does P2 HD support proxies?
Yes, the P2 HD system supports the creation and management of proxy files in three bit rates -- 192Kbps, 768Kbps or 1.5Mbps. Proxy information is low-resolution A/V and time code that is recorded via the optional AJ-YAX800 MPEG4 encoder simultaneously with the high-resolution (DVCPROHD /50/25) that is being recorded to the same P2 card. Proxy video can be recorded to both the P2 card, as well as a separate SD memory card, which allows for quick movement of low-resolution files through internal and web-based networks for quick logging and viewing of dailies or footage before it arrives at the local station. Not all P2 HD camcorders can create or play proxy files; only cameras that can accept the optional AJ-YAX800G proxy card can create or play back proxy files. This includes all AJ-series P2HD camcorders, but doesn't include the AG-HVX200 or AG-HPX500.
What type of metadata files does P2 HD support? Can I customize this metadata for my application?
All P2 camcorders record video with some standard metadata fields, including individual camera type, camera serial number and unique user clip ID. In addition, P2 supports 30 user-definable metadata files, including shooter, reporter, location, scene, text memo and GPS coordinates.
The metadata can be uploaded to the camera after first being composed on the computer. This is done using the free P2 Viewer and P2CMS applications, as well as by the TEP-HD and P2 Log family of products from Imagine Software. The metadata is then saved onto an SD card and inserted into the camera where it can be uploaded into the camera using the metadata upload function under the Thumbnail menu. All P2 cameras allow for incrementing the User Clip Name if you have the camera under the Metadata Type 2 operation. This is also in the Metadata menu in the Thumbnail mode.
What is chromatic aberration compensation (CAC) and what does it do?
Chromatic aberration correction (CAC) can correct chromatic aberrations (color fringing) introduced by the lens optics. Chromatic aberrations are caused when the red, green and blue images do not match up exactly at all points in the image. A camera/lens pair, capable of CAC operation can introduce appropriate offsets to better match red, green and blue images, thus reducing or eliminating any color fringing. Chromatic aberrations are normally only observed at the extreme positions of focus and zoom, with the iris wide open.
CAC will only work when both the camera and lens support the feature. The camera needs to have an offset look-up table stored in memory, and the lens and camera must be able to communicate for CAC to operate properly. Select P2 HD camcorder, including the AG-HPX300, AG-HPX370, AG-HPX500, AJ-HPX3000, VariCam 2700 and VariCam 3700 support CAC, using compatible Canon and Fujinon EFP-style zoom lenses.
As more affordable HD lenses have been designed, CAC has been helpful in reducing chromatic aberrations, which tends to be the most objectionable potential flaw in more affordable lens designs. With CAC, the performance of lower cost lenses approaches that of the top-of-the-line models in terms of color fringing. With the unprecedented resolution of the AJ-HPX3000 and the VariCam 3700, chromatic aberrations can be observed that would not have been visible in earlier cameras (particularly after recording). CAC has shown an effective improvement to the performance of some of the best quality HD zoom lenses on the market. A full list of available CAC lenses can be viewed here.
Do all lenses support CAC?
No, CAC has to be specifically added to each particular lens. Canon and Fujinon each provide a family of CAC lenses, and you can expect that the number of lenses offered in CAC versions will grow.
A list of available CAC lenses can be viewed here.
Where do I go to get the update firmware or software drivers for my P2/P2 HD product?
Panasonic USA has a user-friendly "front end" website for finding the newest and most up-to-date driver software at _URL_
Working in Native Mode
What is 24pn mode?
24PN mode is a special space-saving recording mode designed specifically for use with P2 cards. There is absolutely no loss in quality when using 24PN mode; it's the exact same information, just stored in a more space-efficient way.
Normally, DVCPRO HD 720P is stored at 60 frames per second, and 24P footage is "embedded" in a 60P data stream using 2:3 pull-down. This is a time-tested technique for enabling a "film look" within a normal broadcast


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The term "porcelain" appears occasionally in the Git documentation. What does it mean?
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7 Answers 7
up vote 151 down vote accepted
"Porcelain" is the material from which toilets are usually made (and sometimes other fixtures such as washbasins). This is distinct from "plumbing" (the actual pipes and drains), where the porcelain provides a more user-friendly interface to the plumbing.
Git uses this terminology in analogy, to separate the low-level commands that users don't usually need to use directly (the "plumbing") from the more user-friendly high level commands (the "porcelain").
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I think the answer makes sense to me, but then again, I'm assuming Linus was the one that coined the term, so I tend to adjust my brain to be a little more direct and crass when parsing his world. :) – Nick Klauer Oct 21 '11 at 4:16
Makes you wonder if Linus was imagining the potential streams of excrement his plumbing would be used to transport. Plumbing for open source code is a dirty job but someone's got to do it. – Evan Plaice Feb 18 '14 at 22:02
And a few of us feel that the actual git porcelain is more like a layer of paint over the plumbing. – hemflit Sep 20 '14 at 0:11
More importantly, the term "porcelain" applies to high-level commands, with output:
 - meant to be readable by human
 - not meant to be parsed
 - susceptible to changes/evolutions
That is key: if you script, you should use if possible plumbing commands, with stable outputs. Not porcelain commands.
However, you can use in script the output of a porcelain command which has a --porcelain option (see below), like:
git status --porcelain
git push --porcelain
git blame --porcelain
See "How do I programmatically determine if there are uncommitted changes?" as an example to using plumbing commands instead of porcelain ones.
Note: A porcelain command can have a --porcelain option.
For instance: git status --porcelain, which designates an output meant to be parsed.
The thread mentioned above details:
This is my fault, to some degree.
The "short-status" form is meant for human eyeballs, and was designed by Junio.
Some people wanted a scriptable status output, too, so I slapped a "--porcelain" on the same format that turns off configurable features like relative pathnames and colorizing, and makes an implicit promise that we won't make further changes to the format.
The idea was to prevent people from scripting around --short, because it was never intended to be stable.
So yeah, while --porcelain by itself is stable and scriptable, it is perhaps not the most friendly to parsers. The "-z --porcelain" format is much more so, and I would recommend it to anyone scripting around "git status"
That reflects the need, for git users, to using porcelain commands in their scripts!
But only with stable output (with --porcelain)
As commented by william-berg, the same goes for git push!
Produce machine-readable output.
The full symbolic names of the refs will be given.
As John Glassmyer proposes in the comments:
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts".
And that could be supported by the very first case of "--porcelain option" introduction
(before git status --porcelain, commit 6f15787, September 2009, git 1.7.0,
before git push --porcelain, commit 1965ff7, June 2009, git 1.6.4):
git blame --porcelain:
Show in a format designed for machine consumption.
Commit b5c698d, October 2006, git 1.4.4
The new option makes the command's native output format to emit output that is easier to handle by Porcelain.
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+1 Nice answer, in particular for pointing out the oddity with git status --porcelain! – Mark Longair Aug 8 '11 at 8:41
_USER_: yes, that one kind of boggles my mind... – VonC Aug 8 '11 at 9:16
_USER_: thank you for the edits :) – VonC Mar 20 '12 at 16:42
I notice git push has a similarly anomalous machine-readable --porcelain. – william.berg May 1 '13 at 11:15
Perhaps the meaning of --porcelain here is "produce output suitable for consumption by porcelain scripts". – John Glassmyer Dec 5 '13 at 20:48
The coinage and usage of the term "porcelain" in git was actually by Mike Taht, while otherwise losing a heated argument with Linus Torvalds.
In fact, one of my hopes was that other SCM's could just use the git plumbing.
But then I'd really suggest that you use "git" itself, not any "libgit". Ie you take all the plumbing as real programs, and instead of trying to link against individual routines, you'd script it.
If you don't want it, I won't do it.
Still makes sense to separate the plumbing from the porcelain, though.
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Interesting. +1. My own answer above is from using the product, but your link references what seems to be the origin of that term. – VonC Dec 8 '13 at 9:38
Porcelain is cute name for programs and program suites depending on core git, presenting a high level access to core git. Porcelains expose more of a SCM interface than the "plumbing".
--Porcelain, Git Wiki
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Porcelain commands are designed for human consumption, as opposed to commands whose output is easy for computers to parse. git status would be one example.
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"Porcelain"... "for human consumption"... I can eat glass. (just kidding / noting mixed metaphor for anyone who may be easily confused) – ajm475du Apr 6 '14 at 15:20
Greg Hewgill's answer is exactly correct. Note that there are alternative porcelains available for Git, including Easy Git, yap, pyrite, and vng. Each is intended to make Git easier to learn/use for some part of the community. Links to all of these projects is on the Easy Git page: _URL_
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