Theories Of Equity Theory
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Equity theory suggests that employee' perceptions of a working situation in terms of how fairly they are treated compared with others influence their levels of motivation; motivation is a consequence of perceived inequity (Adams, 1965). According to equity theory, employees make comparisons. Employees determine their own work outcomes versus the effort or inputs required to achieve the outcomes, and compare these with outcomes and efforts of other employees. If they recognize that their compensation is equal to what others receive for similar inputs, they will believe that their treatment is fair and equitable. Education, experience, effort, ability etc. are the inputs to the job by the employees. Outcomes that employees
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Adams (1965) pointed out that perceived inequity creates a tension that can motivate individuals to bring equity into balance, in four common ways: 1) altering effort: Individuals may change their level of input to the organization. For example, underpaid individuals may decrease their level of effort or increase their absenteeism. Overpaid individuals may correct the inequity by working harder or getting more education. 2) Altering outcomes: An underpaid person may request a salary increase, other forms of recognition or a bigger office. A union may try to improve wages and working conditions in order to be consistent with a comparable union whose members are paid higher (Samson and Daft, 2002). 3) Changing how people think about inputs or outcomes: According to research, people may alter perceptions of equity if they are unable to change efforts or outcomes (Samson and Daft, 2002). Thus, individuals may unnaturally increase the status attached to their jobs or distort others' perceived rewards to ensure equity. 4) Leaving: Individuals who feel they lack equity in the work place may choose to quit their jobs rather than bearing the inequity of being underpaid or overpaid. They may seek balance of equity applying for new jobs. The implication of equity theory for organizations is that, to motivate employees it is necessary to ensure a state of equity in the work place by establishing mechanisms to deal with perceived inequity situations. Otherwise organizations may face low motivation, low performance, high absenteeism and turnover. As it is mentioned before, a typical example of perceived inequity in a work organization is the situation of an employee who believes that his/her peers does not exert as much effort as him in the work place, although they are all
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Johari Window definition
Johari Window is a technique that aims to help people understand their emotional and physical relationship with self and other people. It is used in both a self-help context, group setting and in the corporate environment to improve individual and team performance.
The Johari Window concept was created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955 – some consider it derived from the psychological theories of Carl Jung.
Participants are given a list of 56 adjectives and told to select five or six they feel best describe their personality. Colleagues, peers, family members or friends (depending on the context) are then asked to do the same for the participant.
These answers are then mapped onto a grid of four different boxes:
- Arena: Adjectives selected by both participant and others, representing personality traits that are known to both groups
- Façade: Adjectives selected only by the participant, representing personality traits that outsiders are not aware of
- Blind spot: Adjectives chosen by others that the subject doesn't select, representing personality traits the subject is not aware of
- Unknown: Adjectives that were selected by neither party, either representing personality traits that don't apply to the participant or hidden traits that neither group are aware of
Once the grid has been mapped, both the participant and the other contributors are given the opportunity to inform each other of the adjectives that only they selected.

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Attest Function
DEFINITION of 'Attest Function'
The process of independent review of the validity of data audited by an accountant. The attest function encompasses all research done in an audit, including all of the testing and examination of a company's data and numbers. It also includes the finished audit report. An attest function often refers to the independent review (audit) of a company's financial statements.
BREAKING DOWN 'Attest Function'
The attest function is one of the most important duties of any Certified Public Accountant (CPA). In order for an attest function to be affective, an adequate amount of data must be sampled. The goal of an attest function is to express an opinion on a company's financial statements and provide some assurance as to their accuracy.
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 An unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements...
 2. Financial Statements
 3. Accounting Valuation
 4. Accounting
 The systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions...
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 A professional who performs accounting functions such as audits...
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Life Health > Health Insurance
8 characteristics of a good insurance executive
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Within the insurance industry, we take certain attributes for granted: diligence, detail orientation, a fundamental understanding of data.
However, it's rare to take a step back and examine the actual psychological characteristics of insurance executives — how they think, how they make decisions, how they approach interactions with others.
What is the psychological profile of an insurance executive — and how does this profile differ from the attributes of executives in other fields?
A recent study by Russell Reynolds Associates sought to answers these questions by analyzing the leadership and behavioral attributes of 87 insurance executives, and comparing those executives to the more than 5,000 executives across all industries in Russell Reynolds's database.
Three psychometric tests were used:
 - 16pf, which measures communication and teamwork styles.
 - OPQ-32, which examines personality related to management and leadership roles.
 - Hogan Development Survey, which identifies patterns of behavior that tend to appear when a person is stressed or under pressure.
The overall findings were striking. Insurance executives, defying stodgy industry stereotypes, score high on some quite vibrant personality traits.
The 'secret sauce'
Understanding this profile (as well as how these traits can be developed) can be of tremendous value to anyone in the insurance field.
The personality traits of insurance executives — the "secret sauce" of this group of executives — fall into three camps: possessing a concerned eye, being a steady pair of hands, and embodying dynamism.
Read on for our profile of what makes a good insurance executive.
1. They possess a concerned eye.
Insurance executives are more likely to worry before significant occasions than the average executive. This is a double-edged sword — this characteristic raises the right concerns, but can create mental drag due to the resulting anxiety.
2. They are a "steady pair of hands."
Insurance executives score higher than the overall executive population on a cluster of traits that relate to procedural and interpersonal steadiness.
3. They are more trusting and more likely to perceive others as reliable.
In our research, again and again, top executive groups score higher than the overall population for being trusting — the ability to trust others facilitates a whole host of productive, collaborative interactions.
To develop this trait, consciously reflect back on situations where you feel you withheld your trust from a business partner or group of business partners, and where that lack of trust was not ultimately validated.
What in your mind were the reasons for not trusting? How can you "rewrite the story" for future interactions toward putting your faith in others where appropriate?
4. They are emotionally even-keeled.
According to our psychometric results, insurance executives are more emotionally even than their peers in other industries — which can be a true asset in an industry facing constant disruption.
To develop this trait, seek regular feedback from colleagues about your emotional style. Are you perceived as being emotional or intense? Are these perceptions magnified when using communication channels like email?
5. They prioritize well.
With a million priorities constantly in play, it's perhaps not surprising that insurance executives are more oriented toward prioritization than their executive peers.
To develop this trait, constantly re-evaluate your priorities against your broader strategic goals. Make sure you're managing the "urgent vs. important" tradeoff correctly. And ask colleagues for feedback on your prioritization – sometimes an outside set of eyes can spot issues easily.
6. They embody dynamism.
This cluster of attributes is perhaps the most surprising — and meaningful — set of results. Insurance executives score higher for a group of dynamic traits than the average executive.
7. They are bolder and more achievement oriented.
Compared to the overall executive population, insurance executives are more likely to act with confidence and pursue ambitious goals.
To develop this trait, embrace your own convictions. Place greater trust in your inner voice — and don't hesitate to verbalize your position on an issue followed up by the proper supporting points. Vet your goals against a yardstick of scale — are they ambitious enough?
8. They seek a high level of activity.
And insurance executives can speed up their actions to match the speed of the business around them.
This is another group of traits we often see in very successful populations, broadly speaking — the ability to move fast and to embrace constant activity.
To develop this trait, constantly have your key priorities in mind, facilitating speedy but well-considered decisions. Look at areas where you feel you do not move quickly — or do not enjoy a high level of activity — and attempt to identify and correct for the unifying themes.
Your self-assessment
So what should insurance executives think about as they look at this psychological profile?
First, consider to what extent you conform to — or contrast with — the three areas of attributes described (concerned eye, steady pair of hands, dynamism). Are there aspects of your personal style that you would develop to be more closely aligned with these attributes? Why or why not?
Moreover, it's useful to think about what these attributes say about how the industry will move forward. Based on this psychological profile, how will insurance executives cope with changes like digital disruption, the rise of big data and diversity concerns?
On a personal level, consider how you can leverage your own psychological attributes to be a useful part of these changes. After all, deeper understanding of your own leadership style is interesting to reflect upon — but powerful when put into action.
Limore Zilberman is a member of Russell Reynolds Associates' Financial Services Sector and Digital Transformation Practice, with a concentration in insurance. She advises boards, CEOs and senior-level executives on hiring, benchmarking, development and succession. Zilberman is also a member of the firm's Diversity Practice.
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Selecting, sizing transformers for commercial buildings
While commercial building designs change, their electrical loads remain fundamentally unchanged. Properly sizing and selecting transformers ensures that these loads are accommodated.
By Ralph Baeza, PE, LEED AP, TLC Engineering for Architecture, Miami
Transformers, along with other power distribution apparatus, remain a fundamental component in electrical systems distribution for commercial buildings. This article presents several useful design concepts for selecting and sizing transformers in the design of electrical systems for commercial buildings.
Transformers change voltage levels to supply electrical loads with the voltages they require. They supply the required incoming electrical service to the buildings. Transformer primary and secondary voltages can be 2,400; 4,160; 7,200; 12,470; and 13,200 for 15-kV Class, and 120, 208, 240, 277, and 480 for 600-V Class.
Transformers are located either outdoors or inside buildings in an electrical room or other areas as permitted by code. The electrical phase characteristics associated with the transformer's primary side is 3-phase, 3-wire or Delta connected. The secondary is 3-phase, 4-wire or Wye connected.
There are different construction types for transformers used in commercial buildings. Our understanding of their general characteristics will allow the designer and end user to make the proper selection for the electrical system application. Following are some of the transformer types available in the industry along with a few of their characteristics:
Ventilated dry-type transformers are ventilated by air, use larger space for clearance, and use different insulating materials to augment the dielectric strength of the air. They contain an enclosure surrounding the windings for their mechanical protection and the safety of personnel. This type is the most common to be used in the building indoor electrical system distribution. See Table 1 for typical dry-type transformer ratings, dimensions, and weights.
Sealed dry-type transformers are similar to dry type in most of their characteristics. The difference is they contain an enclosed tank with nitrogen or other dielectric gas to protect the windings. They can be installed outdoors or indoors. They are useful in areas with a corrosive or dirty atmosphere.
Cast-coil transformers are constructed with the primary and secondary windings encapsulated in reinforced resin. They can be installed where moisture or airborne contaminants exist.
Nonventilated dry-type transformers are similar to the ventilated type but are totally enclosed. This type can be installed in areas with corrosive or dirty atmospheric conditions where it would be impossible to use a ventilated-type transformer.
Oil-filled transformers are constructed with the windings encased in an oil-tight tank filled with insulating mineral oil. It is good practice to regularly test this type of transformer in order to determine dielectric breakdown, which affects its useful life.
There are different ways in which transformers are installed and used as part of a commercial building electrical system. These application types include:
Indoor distribution transformers are used with panelboards and are separately mounted to supply the specific electrical load requirements in a system-specific application within the system distribution. Several transformer types rated higher than 600 V for oil insulated type, higher than 35,000 V for dry type, and other transformers rated higher than 600 V are required to be located in vault rooms, which must be built with fire-rated enclosures depending on the transformer type and applicable local authority requirements, when indoors. Transformers that are not over 600 V and are part of the indoor building electrical system distribution have both primary and secondary voltages below 600 V with the most common voltage level change from 480 V to 208 Y/120 V.
Pad-mounted transformers are installed outside and are considered the first option for supplying service entrance voltage to the building electrical system based on the project size and requirements. They typically have primary voltages higher than 600 V and secondary voltages lower than 600 V with compartments for the associated protective devices assembled in an integral tamper-resistant and weatherproof unit.
In addition, the size of the commercial facility will determine the appropriate approach for designing the electrical distribution system for the specific application. In this electrical system design, the transformer can be used as part of a substation, primary unit substation, secondary unit substation, or network configuration.
The electrical size of the transformer load is rated in kVA. This rating provides the associated power output delivered for a specific period by the loads connected to the transformer on the secondary side of the equipment. The loads, which are calculated as part of the building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents' respective equipment schedules in VA or kVA.
A general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical schedule and add 20% spare capacity for future load growth to be shown in the equipment schedule, unless otherwise directed by the facility based on design parameters. For example, the code-based demand load of a 208 Y/120 V, 3-phase, 4-wire panelboard is 42 kVA, which does do not include spare capacity for future growth. Therefore, the transformer size required for converting the system voltage from 480 V, 3-phase, 3-wire to 208 Y/120 V, 3-phase, 4-wire is:
Transformer size in kVA = 42 kVA x 1.25 = 52.5 kVA
Therefore, a 75 kVA transformer would be selected for this application out of the available standard ratings for a 480 V primary to 208 Y/120 V secondary. The most common building industry standard ratings are 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 37.5, 45, 75, 112.5, 150, 225, 300, 500, 750, and 1,000 kVA.
The above simple calculation meets the intent to achieve the normal life expectancy of a transformer, which is based on the following basic conditions:
- The transformer is equal to or less than its rated kVA and rated voltage.
- The average temperature of the cooling air during a 24-hour period is 86 F.
- The temperature of the cooling air at no time exceeds 104 F.
Transformer selection starts with the kVA rating required to supply the loads connected in the electrical system. Another consideration for indoor distribution transformers is the type of load: linear or nonlinear. Linear loads include resistive heating and induction motors; nonlinear loads are produced by electronic equipment that contributes to the distortion of the electrical power signals by generating harmonics. The harmonics resulting from nonsinusoidal currents generate additional losses and heating of the transformer coils, which reduce the transformer life expectancy.
Indoor transformers for nonlinear loads can be selected with a K rating, which allows the transformer to withstand nonlinear conditions in the electrical system. K-rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. However, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. For harmonic mitigation, K-rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or chokes. For linear load applications, transformers should be selected with lower core losses. Other factors that should be considered in selecting transformers are voltage ratings for both primary and secondary, voltage taps, efficiency, impedance value, type of cooling and temperature rise, voltage insulation class, basic impulse level, and sound level.
In the past two years, two large projects in Miami Dade County have been built: the Florida International University football stadium and Miami International Airport South Terminal. Both projects included dry-type 480 V, 3-phase to 208 Y/120V V step-down transformers (in NEMA 2 enclosures), ranging from 15 kVA to 112.5 kVA in the electrical system distribution design.
The 18,688-seat FIU football stadium was designed with about 12 transformers as part of the electrical system distribution in order to supply general-use receptacles, small motors, and other loads in the stadium building structure and the attached field house building. The MIA South Terminal expansion was designed with about 50 transformers with similar intent as the stadium's but a more diverse group of loads for the 208 Y/120 V 3-phase, 4-wire system, which also included lighting loads, signage, telecommunication, security systems, and other loads part of this building project (Figure 1).
The installation of power transformers and transformer vaults must comply with the requirements of National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) article 450 and specific local authority having jurisdiction requirements. Some principles to consider for transformer installation include locating them in isolated rooms with proper ventilation, clearances, and accessibility. Otherwise, they can be installed on open walls or steel columns or above suspended ceilings.
In addition, there are other specific requirements based on the transformer type, such as weatherproof enclosures for dry-type transformers installed outdoors or a transformer vault room for oil-insulated transformers installed indoors. In addition, a good design and installation require the proper transformer feeder and overcurrent protection device size based on NEC articles 240, 250, 450, and applicable sections of Article 310 (Figure 2).
Transformers remain a fundamental component of electrical distribution systems. Equipment operation characteristics will continue to change. However, their operating principles will remain with the same. The industry trend is to continue building transformers with less core losses, and that comply with Energy Star efficiency requirements.
Baeza is a principal and senior electrical engineer at TLC Engineering for Architecture in Miami. He is a registered professional engineer with more than 29 years of experience in electrical engineering, project management, building design, and construction.
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wanted to know what a character would have to do to learn the Draconic language. Her answer was, you may choose Draconic as one of the languages your PC gains from a high Intelligence score. So, just like you can choose Goblin or Giant, you can choose Dragon (or Draconic).
Does anyone else see the problem? How is this language any more difficult or complex than any other? If I am a Human/Fighter, 1st level, and I have an Intelligence of 12, that means I can speak one additional language. I pick Draconic. Why not?
Here's how it works in D&D-But-Not:
First, you need to spend three Language Slots (a Slot is what we call a Language gained per Intelligence Bonus) in order to speak Dragon. Three.
If your class is Wizard, or you are playing an Elf, or a Dwarf, it takes two.
If you are an Elven or Dwarven Wizard, you need only spend one.
The language is difficult, physically and mentally. You need a long time to learn it and practice it in order to do it properly. Therefore, it takes up Intelligence bonus points that might have gone elsewhere, to the learning of other languages. Dwarves and Elves have an advantage because they are much longer lived. They have the time to learn something this complicated. Furthermore, Wizards would be one of the few professions with access to books and information on the subject.
Dragons don't exactly go around giving tutorials on their grammar.
Lastly, if you are a normal Human or Wilder (the Halflings of my setting), you must also provide a backstory of how you learned this language. As I noted, there is no Rosetta Stone: Draconic program going around teaching Dragon-Speak to blacksmiths and midwives in their spare time.
The beauty of my little house rule, and it's pretty minor I assure you, is that it directly effects your character.
It does not effect them in a major way, and it doesn't effect a character who doesn't choose to learn Draconic, but it makes an element of my fluff a choice you can make during character creation.
If Orcs are pig-like instead of green and burly, how does it effect me?
If we called Wizards in this setting Spell-Tamers, how does it effect me?
If there are not Clerics in your setting, how...Wait. That matters! I, the player in your setting, care about that!
Fluff is great. I love fluff? Where would a fluffer-nutter sandwich be without the fluff? OK, it would be an all peanut butter sandwich, which honestly I'm fine with, but, NOT THE POINT!
We need fluff. Yet, how can I put this delicately, um, it doesn't really make that game all that different and memorable. If the fluff has no effect on the characters and the game world in a interactive, experienceable way, the game, regardless of your unique story, will feel like any other game in that genre and/or system.
Remember, cotton candy is tasty, but not filling.
Barking Alien
Wednesday, June 18, 2014
Mystery Incorporated
A large number of RPG subjects have been on my mind lately. Not the least of which is my 'What Other GMs Do Wrong' series. However, before I address anything else, I wanted to say a little more about mysteries in RPGs.
Some additional thoughts came to me after a Superhero game I participated in this past Friday night. This was a game in which an opening investigation was the key to starting each of the mini-adventures that made up our session, and yet that proved the most difficult element to incorporate into the various scenarios.
In order to facilitate a better understanding of what I am talking about, I am going to use the specific example of the aforementioned Superhero game. While that may be the context, it should be noted that what I am discussing here can apply to practically any game of any genre.
A friend of mine runs a homebrew Superhero RPG, very rules-lite and narrative, set in either the Marvel or DC universe. We switch off. One week we're the Justice League of America facing off against Amazo in downtown Metropolis, the next we're the X-Men trying to prevent Sentinels from destroying Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters.
The typical format is to have four or five short missions during our roughly 4 to 4 1/2 hour sessions.
This past Friday, the theme was Batman: The Brave and The Bold.
We mutually agreed during the first adventure that the style and tone of our game was actually a cross between the Batman: The Brave and The Bold animated series (especially its more surprisingly serious episodes) and the first Batman: The Animated Series show.
Now, the way each mini-adventure began, the GM would describe some situation going on, and before long, wouldn't you know it, it would attract the attention of Batman, Robin, Batgirl or all three.
The fellow playing Batman would then attempt to use the Batcomputer, his own knowledge and experience with Gotham's criminal element, his contacts with Commissioner Gordon or what-have-you, to figure out what was happening.
Translation: He would ask the GM a load of questions.
The GM would answer the questions, though very often in a very vague way. Most of the time, after Batman's initial investigation, it would be no clearer as to who, or what, was behind the situation than it was before doing his detective work.
The reason for this was two-fold (later explained by both the GM and Batman's Player in our post-game discussion):
From The GM's side:
First and foremost, he felt it was hard to run a true mystery in an hour, and also include a good comic book/animated series style fight and a guest star.
Second, the GM felt that stylistically, Batman would do more footwork in the thematic 'era' we were playing in. Yes, Batman has a Batcomputer, a communicator/phone to call Robin, Batgirl or Alfred back at the Batcave, and a remote control for the Batmobile. At the same time, Batman still looks at things with a magnifying glass, or comparable device. He takes samples while at the crime scene. He punches thugs and they let something slip.
He doesn't use the the Batcomputer, and the Internet, to just Google the answers.
From The Player's side:
I was very impressed when my friend said, "I'm playing Batman tonight, but I'm not Batman."
He admitted that he doesn't have that level of deductive reasoning. Yet, I ask you, who does? Batman is ridiculously astute. Almost superhumanly good at solving riddles, and puzzles of a variety of types. He is a character written to outwit the craftiest of criminal minds. That has little to no baring on a player playing him being able to discern what a GM running the Riddler, or Two-Face is thinking.
So was this an impossible experiment? Can running mysteries simply not be accomplished in RPGs? Well, as with my last post on the subject, I don't think it's impossible at all. I think it's tricky, and I think we need to alter how we think of RPG mysteries in the first place.
Remember that the point of a mystery in an RPG, especially a mystery that leads you to the rest of the adventure, is to have it solved. What I mean by that is, if you, the GM, create an unsolvable mystery, be content in spending the next few hours in a room full of people who are either frustrated, or bored, or both. If you're cool with that, we're done here. Go play a video game.
If on the other hand you get where I am coming from, keep reading.
In essence you are trying to design a solvable mystery. A challenging one, but a solvable one. You want a mystery that gets the players thinking. Not necessarily thinking exactly what you are thinking, but just thinking.
So let's say you are looking to use Catwoman in an adventure. You are thinking maybe she has a partner these days, a younger cat-themed sidekick like Robin is to Batman. You mention a series of crimes, all thefts of cat-oriented items, but some of the burglaries occur at the same time in two different parts of town.
You've planned out the scenario, and even a bunch of clues to indicate it might be Catwoman and an accomplice.
After a brief but thorough investigation involving talking to museum and jewelry store staff, checking the Batcomputer, etc., the PCs are convinced that the culprit is...not Catwoman. The idea of a partner of hers doesn't even come up. No, it's obviously someone trying to frame Catwoman!
You, the GM, have a problem. You prepped for Catwoman and Kittengirl (or whomever). You have their stats. You know where they're hiding out, and who their thug/henchmen are. The clues you gave, and the answers to the questions you were asked, should have told them it was Catwoman and Kittengirl. ARGH! What are you going to do?!
They are basically three ways to handle this.
1) Tell the players that they are idiots, that it's Catwoman and a sidekick named Kittengirl, and move on.
Not my favorite choice.
2) Continue throwing clues and hints at them until they change their minds about it being an impostor trying to make Catwoman look


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What does CNP mean in Physiology?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CNP in the Medical field in general and in the Physiology terminology in particular.
Find a translation for CNP in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this CNP abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
CNP also stands for:
- Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance
- California Natural Products
- Card Not Present
- Center for National Policy
- Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy
... and 23 more »


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Habit formation and demand for sugar-sweetened beverages
Using scanner data, we estimated demand for nine nonalcoholic beverages under habit formation. We found strong evidence for habit formation. Although demand for sugar-sweetened beverages by low-income households is less elastic to own-price changes compared with high-income households, there is evidence that high-income households consider beverages to be more substitutable than low-income households do. A half-cent per ounce tax on store-purchased sugar-sweetened beverages will result in a moderate reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages for both income strata. Because of habit formation, long-run national tax revenue from a sugar-sweetened beverage tax is about 15 to 20% lower than short-run revenue.


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To Jump or Not to Jump?
When riders maintain their body alignment, their cadence, and their balance point, Jumps are beneficial to both muscular endurance and cardiovascular development. Excessive joint stress can be avoided by the consistency and fluidity of the movement and by avoiding overly high cadences or uncontrolled forward momentum when performing the movement.
How to Perform a Proper Jump
A Jump is a flat road movement, which means the guideline parameters are 80–110 RPM with light to moderate resistance. The cadence guideline is helpful with this movement, but not nearly as much as the basic understanding that Jumps contain a mixture of two movements: both a Seated Flat and a Standing Flat.
In hand position two, a rider must maintain proper upper body alignment with the shoulders slightly forward of the hips and the elbows bent toward the pedals as the body moves with a consistent lateral rhythm. The pedal strokes are very fluid and controlled, which is more a result of working with resistance than being pulled by it.
Once each checkpoint is accomplished, the rider transitions by lifting themselves up to a stabilized position over the tip of the saddle. The rider immediately begins to establish balance by continuing with soft elbows, a slight forward tilt, and a "whole body" side-to-side movement. The number of Jumps performed is far less important than the control and rhythm that is practiced during the movement itself.
Jumps are both a fun and unique part of the Spinning program. They enhance cardiovascular development, body awareness and leg strength. No other movement in the Spinning program demands as much body control as Jumps do. That alone, makes them a highly valuable part of any training session.


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and the character will die more slowly, of infection. Someone would have to work very hard to deliver a nonfatal sword thrust to the neck, perhaps a glancing and shallow slice would do this.
Chest wounds Any wound that enters the chest cavity will result in partial-to-total collapse of the lung, and possible/probable blood in the lung, varying amounts. If you want your character to survive, make the injury a fairly clean in and out, one side only, and with a clean sword or knife. Have someone put an airtight dressing over it. If you make it a "sucking" chest wound, which means you can hear air drawn into the wound with every breath, it will be worse. In this case the airtight dressing must be open on one of the four sides only, in order to create a flap to allow air to be forced out.
While washing out wounds is good infection control in general, this is one case where you don't want water making its way into the chest cavity, unless someone is doing open chest surgery. I wouldn't expect this in Middle-earth.
If the amount of collapse is small, the air would get reabsorbed and the lung reexpanded; over a week or two is a good guess for a small collapse. Blood is a problem only if the loss is fairly large; say over 500 cc or 17 oz. It starts to become a problem at that point because it takes up space that the lungs need for air. If you have someone become slightly to moderately short of breath, recovery is a reasonable thought. If they are bringing up frothy bloody sputum, (like Boromir) forget it.
Wounds to the chest can also cut the aorta and vena cava, called the 'great vessels', in which case your character will bleed to death fairly fast. A stab wound to the heart is also very likely to kill.
Abdominal wounds If you want to scare your character or readers, have an abdominal wound that just penetrates the skin and muscle layer (known as the abdominal wall) but doesn't pierce the intestine or other organs. This will not differ much from wounds anyplace else. If you pierce the intestine you run a huge risk of infection and a slow death over a few days to a few weeks, usually on the shorter side. If you cut the liver, spleen or kidneys you have a good chance of bleeding to death without extensive surgery, usually over hours to a few days. The surgery needed to repair this would be almost impossible outside a well-equipped medical facility, say the Houses of Healing. If Middle-earth armies have MASH units, they could tackle something on this order. The same applies to any major blood vessel in the abdomen; the character would likely die outside a major medical facility.
Blood loss: The amount of blood loss people can tolerate varies with their weight. It will be different for a man weighing 80 kilos (or 176 pounds) and a hobbit who weighs, say 30 kilos (66 pounds). A person's blood volume is about 70 cc per kilo, say about 30 cc per pound. I will give typical symptoms of blood loss in terms of percentage of total blood volume lost, with some representative numbers for hobbits and men. If someone figures out how much an elf or dwarf weighs, tell me and I'll add the numbers for those races. I'm assuming that Boromir and Aragorn are fairly tall and muscular, and weigh about 80 kilos (or 176 pounds). If anyone has better guesses, I'd love to have them.
Effects of blood loss:
Class 1: 10% blood loss
Man: 500 cc or 16 oz, Hobbit: 210 cc or 7 oz - Healer sees no real effect.
Class 2: 15-25 % blood loss
Man: 840 to 1400 cc or 28 to 46 oz, Hobbit: 315 to 525 cc or 10 to 17 oz - Healer sees pulse increase slightly, cool hands and feet.
Class 3: 25-35 % blood loss
Man: 1400 to 1950 cc or 46 to 65 oz, Hobbit: 525 to 735 cc or 17 to 24 oz - Healer sees rapid pulse, patient pale, restless, sweaty.
Class 4: 35-50 % blood loss
Man: 1950 to 2800 cc or 65 to 93 oz, Hobbit: 735 to 1050 cc or 24 to 35 oz - Healer sees very rapid, weak pulse, patient very pale, cold, and confused.
Any wound can become infected, as bacteria are all over, on the skin, on the sword or arrow. Pieces of things left in wounds up the risk of infection. Organic objects in wounds up it even more, so bits of steel are less likely to be a problem than bits of wood (which is one of the reasons why bullets don't have to be removed but arrows do.)
Correct care by modern standards using Middle-earth equivalents: Wash out woundsthe more, the better. Remove foreign objects, such as grit, leaves, etc. from wounds. If there is dead skin or tissue underneath the skin, it must be removed by cutting it away. Your character will know it's dead because instead of a nice pink or red it will be black or grey. If your character is cutting away dead tissue (debriding) and you want to be descriptive, he or she should cut down to where it bleeds, or where the patient can feel it, in order to be sure you have live tissue. Purple can be blood in the tissue -think a big bruise, or it can be on the way to black. It's hard to describe the difference.
Bite wounds are likely to get infected. Human bites are among the worst. Cat bites less so, and dog bites least of the three. Wolf or warg bites might be similar to dogs. One could argue that since elves don't get diseases, an elf bite might not get infected. On the other hand, they probably have 'good' bacteria in their mouth, and so might have some of the nastier types that just don't affect them. I don't know about orc bites, but looking at their teeth, I'd worry. If your character punches someone in the mouth and the victim's teeth break the skinyou have a human bite.
Worst places to get infected: Face, because it can get into areas close to the brain. Hands, because the infection destroys or scars the small compartments in the hand and causes loss of function. Anything internal.
If it gets infected, immobilize the part (i.e. splint a hand) if possible. Hot soaks or compresses, if possible. If the area swells up and feels squishy like a water balloon, or leaks pus, it must be opened and cleaned out. No poking with a needle or tiny little cuts; the incision in an abscess, also called a boil, should be at least half the diameter of the abscess. After the healer opens the abscess it should be washed out. I cringe every time this is described as being done in a river or stream, since I think of the bacteria for the people and animals downstream. After washing it should have a dressing placed on it. Expect the wound to drain for at least a few days afterward, the bigger the abscess, the longer it will drain. Once opened, it will feel better anywhere from immediately for an abscess under great pressure, to several hours. It will stay sore for a few days at least. If your character doesn't have the abscess opened it may burst on its own, accomplishing the same purpose. Or the infection may spread throughout the area, resulting in bigger trouble. The infamous red streaks going up leg or arm from the infected area towards the heart means that the infection has gotten into the lymph channels. This is not a good sign, especially in a world without antibiotics. The character will have swollen glands in that area also.
There is no real life equivalent to athelas, but I'll assume it has some antibacterial properties. Use it on infected areas.
This is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of J R R Tolkien. The characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the Tolkien Estate, Tolkien Enterprises, and possibly New Line Cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. The author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. The work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of Henneth Annûn Story Archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author.


text:
- Many birds bred in captivity are hand-reared. Hand-rearing allows a
greater number of birds to be reared (initial clutches may be removed and hand-reared,
with the birds re-laying). The abnormal rearing environment may, however adversely
affect later behaviour. One potential problem is that birds reared in an abnormal
environment may not themselves exhibit normal parental behaviour as adults.
- A well-recognised problem, of more concern in some species than in
others, is that hand-reared birds may become imprinted on humans and not later recognise
their conspecifics as appropriate mates. This is less likely to occur if the birds are
reared alongside others of their own species. If reared together with chicks of another
species, they may preferentially mate with that species.
- Hand-reared birds may be less wary than parent-reared birds. This may be
useful or detrimental depending on the circumstances. It may increase vulnerability to
predation in birds intended for release, but may be useful in producing birds which are
less stressed in a captive situation, and therefore more likely to breed: this may be very
important in breeding endangered species.
- Hand-rearing also requires suitable equipment in the form of brooder
boxes, runs, heat lamps etc. and requires a considerable input of time and effort. Not all
species are easy to hand-rear and some require considerable experience and expertise.
- Hand rearing has the advantages of allowing good control over temperature
and food availability.
- Success with rearing, particularly of duck species, may be greatly increased with
hand-rearing. Losses due to predation and abandonment, in particular, may be decreased.
- Once downies have hatched and dried, they should be transferred from the hatching
incubator to a heated broody box. Broody boxes should have solid sides and a mesh top to
prevent active birds from jumping or climbing out.
- The most common method of providing heat is by an infra-red heat lamp. This is
usually suspended over the brooder box by means of a chain, allowing the lamp to be raised
or lowered as required to adjust the temperature inside the box. Incandescent bulbs may
also be used to provide heat, but are more vulnerable if knocked or splashed with water
(and may shatter), and do not allow for a period of darkness, which is important for all
except Arctic-breeding waterfowl.
- A thermal gradient should be present from directly under the lamp (warmest) to
the far end of the box, allowing the downies to chose for themselves the most comfortable
area. A sturdy thermometer may be placed inside the box to monitor the temperature, which
should initially be about 90-99F (32.2-37.2C) directly under the lamp, reducing to 65-70F
(18.3-21.1C) (or ambient temperature if higher) by about three weeks old.
- N.B. thermometer temperatures are a useful guide, but
behavioural monitoring should be used also: if the downies are all underneath the
lamp and huddling together, they are too cold and the lamp needs to be lowered. If they
are staying in the far corners of the box, as far away from the lamp as possible, panting
and appearing stressed, they are too hot and the lamp needs to be raised.
Substrate and Cleaning:
- Suitable substrates for young waterfowl should stay dry to avoid wetting and
chilling and a non-slip surface is preferred to avoid splay-leg. Newspaper is not very
suitable as it quickly becomes sodden and is also slippery when dry. Towels may be used
initially but quickly become soiled and wet. Hay and straw should be avoided as they may
be a source of Aspergillus spp. spores. Wood shavings, hay, straw and paper might
be eaten, which may lead to Impaction.
Rubber mats with a stippled surface have been used successfully, as has synthetic turf.
Plastic-covered weldmesh or stiff plastic mesh on a frame may be used and has the
advantage that spilled feed, water and droppings can fall though to a gutter area
underneath to be washed away. Good hygiene is very important and brooder boxes should be
cleaned daily to avoid bacterial and fungal growth and associated diseases.
- There are two main approaches to the provision of water for downy waterfowl.
Downies may be kept with full access to water for swimming from the first or second day.
In such conditions it is important to watch the birds carefully for the first few days and
ensure they are kept warm and dry when out of the water, as there is a risk of the birds
becoming too wet with resultant Chilling. It
is particularly important for the diving ducks (especially seaducks and stifftails) to
have access to water for swimming and diving from an early age (B29).
- Alternatively, downies may be maintained with only drinking water, provided in
small vessels or in shallow bowls partially filled with stones to prevent swimming; this
may be safer and requires less constant watching, and is often used for dabbling ducks and
geese, particularly for small delicate duck species. The amount of water is gradually
increased to allow paddling, and full access to water is allowed only after the first full
plumage of contour feathers has grown.
- If full water access is provided from an early age, a constant flow with
surface-level drainage should be used, and an area of stippled rubber matting or mesh must
be provided under the brooder lamp.
- If waterfowl have been reared without full access to water they must be watched
carefully when first let onto water as they may become water-logged and sink (see:
they are also at greater risk of Chilling
until the first plumage has become waterproof.
- Food should be provided once the birds are out of the hatcher. For most species
which normally peck at food, dry crumbs or small pellets may be provided in a bowl close
to water. For species which would sieve their food, food should be finely ground and made
up into a wet slurry. Initially, crumbs with a protein level of 19-20% may be given, with
this being changed to pellets of about 15-16% from two to three weeks old onwards. Fine
grit should also be provided.
- Some waterfowl are difficult to get feeding initially, and may fail to gain
weight and die, usually during their second week (see: Starveout). A
variety of techniques have been developed to encourage waterfowl downies to feed; see:
Stimulating Feeding of
- N.B. It is important to ensure that downies are actually eating,
not just appearing to eat. Daily weighing is a useful indication, although weights
normally decreases in the first two or three days as the yolk sac is absorbed. Careful
observation is required to ensure that food is actually being ingested, and tube feeding
may be required for some very difficult birds which are slow to begin to feed.
- For goslings and other grazing species access to growing grass (i.e. turf, not
just cut grass) is important.
- The number of hours of light provided should mimic the normal daylight hours of
the natural environment where the birds are reared. In the case or Arctic-breeding geese,
this would be constant daylight. Tropical species may be best maintained on a cycle of 13
hours daylight, 11 hours dark, while temperate species require something in between, such
as 16 hours of light, 8 hours dark. Temperate species given too many hours of daylight are
prone to overfeeding, with the attendant risk of the development of Angel Wing.
- Young waterfowl should be given access to an outside run in suitable weather as
young as possible, and may normally be moved outside at least in daytime by as early as
one to two weeks old, depending on the weather.
- The run should be placed on clean short grass in an area not used by waterfowl
(adults or juveniles) the previous year.
- Runs should provide sunny areas (weather permitting) and shade to avoid
sunstroke/heatstroke, and should be designed to exclude mice. Thought should be given to
the fact that the direction of the sun moves during the day, so that a board giving
adequate shade in the morning may need to be moved in order to continue to provide shade
later in the day.
- The young birds should be shut away at night until the down is being replaced by
the first proper feathers. Depending on climate, some heat may be required at night at
- Until birds are both fully feathered and waterproof it is advisable to ensure
that either the birds are shut in at night or the whole run is covered at night, to avoid
the risk of birds becoming soaked during a nightime downpour.
- Once fully feathered, juveniles may be placed in larger pens, with a good-sized
pool. At this stage, birds which have previously been maintained off water must be watched
and may need to be dried if they become to wet; waterproofing usually develops properly
within a couple of days. These pens should provide sun, dry spots for resting and shelter
from rain, as well as areas in sunshine.
- Ideally, birds are raised in broods of the same age and species. Juveniles of
different species but the same age and size may be reared together also;


EENI Global Business School
Business in Indonesia, Jakarta
Syllabus of the Subject: Foreign Trade and Business in Indonesia - Jakarta
 1. Introduction to the Republic of Indonesia (Southeast Asia)
 2. Indonesian Economy
 1. Indonesian Petrol and Gas
 2. Indonesian industrial states
 3. Infrastructure facilities in Indonesia
 4. Indonesian Banking sector
 3. Indonesian International Trade (Import, Export)
 1. Sabang Freeport zone
 4. Doing Business in Jakarta
 5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia
 6. Case Study:
 1. Telkom Group
 2. PT Panggung Electric Citrabuana
 7. Indonesian Muslim Businesspeople
 1. Sandiaga Salahuddin Uno
 2. Abdul Latief
 3. Aburizal Bakrie
 4. Basrizal Koto
 5. I.R. Ciputra
 8. Access to the Indonesian Market
 9. Business Plan for Indonesia
The purposes of the Subject "Foreign Trade and Business in the Republic of Indonesia" are the following:
 1. To analyse the Indonesian Economy and Foreign Trade (Import, Export, FDI)
 2. To know the business opportunities in the Republic of Indonesia
 3. To explore the Indonesian trade relations with the country of the student
 4. To know the Indonesian Free Trade Agreements (FTA)
 5. To examine the profile of Indonesian businesspeople and companies
 6. To develop a business plan for the Indonesian Market
The Subject "Foreign Trade and Business in Indonesiabelongs to the following Online Higher Education Programs taught by EENI Global Business School:
 1. Doctorates: Islamic Business, Asian Business, World Trade
 2. Diploma: Business in the ASEAN Markets
 3. Masters: Business in Asia, Muslim Countries, International Business, Foreign Trade
Online Students, Master in International Business and Foreign Trade
EENI Online Masters and Doctorates in Global Business adapted to the Indonesia, Master, International Business, Foreign Trade Indonesian Students
Learning materials in Courses, Masters, Doctorates in International Business in English (Study Master Doctorate Business in Spanish Indonesia Study, Master in International Business in French Indonesie)
 1. Credits of the Subject "Foreign Trade and Business in Indonesia": 3 ECTS Credits
 2. Duration: three weeks
EENI Global Business School in Bahasa Indonesia: Master Bisnis Internasional
Sample of the Subject - Doing Business in Indonesia
Sandiaga Salahuddin Uno Indonesian Businessman (Course Master)
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Description of the Subject: Business in Indonesia
Transport Corridors
 1. Access to the Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor
 1. Pan-Beibu Gulf Economic Zone
 2. Access to the East-West Economic Corridor (Myanmar-Thailand-Laos-Vietnam)
Indonesian Market Access and Trade Agreements
 1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 1. ASEAN Free-Trade Area (AFTA)
 2. East ASEAN Growth Area
 3. Free Trade Agreements (ASEAN member): Australia-New Zealand, Canada, the People's Republic of China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, the United States, European Union, and Pakistan
 4. European Union-Indonesia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
 5. Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)
 2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
 3. India-Indonesia Economic Cooperation Agreement
 4. Trade Preferential System of the OIC
 5. Islamic Centre for Development of Trade (ICDT)
 6. Indian-Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
Trade Facilitation Programs
 1. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
 2. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement)
 3. Agreement on Preshipment Inspection
 4. Agreement on Safeguards (SG)
 5. Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)
 2. World Customs Organisation (WCO)
 1. Revised Kyoto Convention
 3. Convention Relating to Temporary Admission (Istanbul Convention)
 4. International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
 1. Customs Convention on Containers (CCC)
The Republic of Indonesia:
 2. Total population of Indonesia: 255 million people
 3. The main Indonesian ethnic group are Javanese (42% of the Indonesian population)
 4. Indonesian Diaspora: 8 million of Indonesians
 5. Indonesian Capital: Jakarta (10 million people)
 6. 30 million people live on the island of Java, the most populous island of the World
 7. Indonesian land borders: Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia
 9. Bahasa Indonesia (Malay) is the correct term for Indonesian language (Official language)
 1. Other Indonesian Languages are Javanese (84% of the Indonesian population) and Sundanese (34%)
 2. More than 700 regional languages
 10. Type of Government of Indonesia: Unitary Presidential constitutional Republic
 11. Area of Indonesia: 1,904,569 square kilometres
 12. Indonesian independence: 1949 (The Netherlands)
Pan-Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, China, ASEAN, Brunei Philippines Indonesia
 1. Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence): Shafi
 2. The Indonesian Constitution implements freedom of religion
 3. Other religions in Indonesia:
 1. Hinduism (3 million)
 2. Christians (20 million)
 3. Buddhism
 4. Confucianism
Indonesia is a member of the Islamic Civilisation.
Indonesian Economy:
 1. Indonesia is rich in natural resources
 3. 90% of the Indonesian population works in agriculture
 4. The fluctuations in the global prices of traditional export commodities have led to a change in the recent years in the Indonesian economy structure
 5. Indonesia produces various types of cars, lorries, buses, and motorcycles under Licensing from foreign producer.
 6. Indonesia also produces electronic equipment and electrical appliances
 7. The Indonesian Aviation industry has been growing, and new production lines are coming on-stream as well its Universal Maintenance Centre for Overhaul of aircraft engines. The aircraft produced are for national use as well as for export
 9. Tourism is gaining a more important sector as a foreign exchange earner
 10. Currency of Indonesia: Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Foreign Trade of Indonesia.
 1. Petrol and gas contribute to 70% of total export earnings and 60% of the Indonesian Government revenues
 3. In the recent years some steps have been taken to promote and stimulate the non-petroleum exports, which include handicrafts, textiles, precious metals, tea, tobacco, cement, fertilizers as well as manufactured products
 4. Air transport and sea ports are being widespread to cater the growing traffic on both local and International sectors, of passengers as well as freight
 5. The Port of Jakarta is the largest Indonesian seaport and one of the largest seaports in the Java Sea basin, with an annual traffic capacity of 45 million tonnes of cargo and 4,000,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit)
Economic Organisations. Indonesia is a member of:
 1. Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)
 2. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 3. Economic Social Commission Asia-Pacific (ESCAP)
 4. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
 5. United Nations (UN)
 6. World Bank (WB)
 7. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
 8. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Samples - Business in Indonesia
Indonesia Telkom Ethics (Master Doctorate)
Indonesia Case Study
Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) ASEAN. Sumatra Investment and Trade Survey
Indian-Ocean Rim Association IORA, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, the Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania...
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC. Trade and Investment Liberalisation. Bogor Goals
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
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text:
From Ohio History Central
Cass Gilbert was a well-known American Architect in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Gilbert was born in Zanesville, Ohio, on November 24, 1859. His father died in 1868, and Gilbert found a job working as a surveyor in a local architect's office. It was there that he gained an interest in architecture. He studied for a year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before traveling to Europe to obtain additional training.
Gilbert began to make a name for himself as an architect after designing Minnesota's new state capitol building in 1896. His design was chosen for a new United States Customs building in New York City, and he designed the Woolworth Building as well. In 1908, Gilbert was elected president of the American Institute of Architects. Later in his career, he was chosen to be president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, an honorary member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and a member of the French Legion of Honor. He also served on the National Commission of Fine Arts. Gilbert's best-known design was the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, DC.
Cass Gilbert died in England in 1934.


View source on GitHub
Returns a function that can be used to apply L2 regularization to weights.
Small values of L2 can help prevent overfitting the training data.
scale A scalar multiplier Tensor. 0.0 disables the regularizer.
scope An optional scope name.
A function with signature l2(weights) that applies L2 regularization.
ValueError If scale is negative or if scale is not a float.


When you do something avidly, you do it with enthusiasm and interest. You'll listen avidly to your grandfather's stories if he makes them vivid and enthralling.
People who participate avidly in a club or group are seriously involved, and if you avidly follow college basketball, you're a huge fan and watch as many games as you can. Doing things avidly means really throwing yourself into the spirit of things. Avidly comes from its related adjective, avid, or "having enthusiasm for something," from the Latin avidus, "longing, desirous, or greedy," from the root avere, "to desire eagerly."
Definitions of avidly
 1. adverb
 in an avid manner
 "whatever the flavor or color of your local paper, do remember that these are read avidly for local information"
Word Family


When we build super-tall skyscrapers, those buildings are subject to swaying due to wind and seismic activity. They're designed for it, and some amount of movement is both safe and inevitable...but it can be really unpleasant for people in the upper floors. So what can engineers do to reduce this movement, but preserve the flexibility of the building?
Enter tuned mass dampers (previous coverage). TMDs are used in all kinds of things, from cars to power lines to spacecraft (!). They offer a counterweight that offsets vibration, counteracting the most troubling movement within a given structure.
Okay, so how do TMDs work? In this video from Practical Engineering, we get a great demo, including a small-scale build in the video-maker's garage to show the effects of a simple TMD system. Tune in and learn a bit of awesome engineering:
(Note: Bonus points for the googly eyes on the demo skyscrapers! If only we had those on real skyscrapers....)


text:
The County Administrative Board is a government authority that exists in close proximity to the people in each county. The County Administrative Board has a unique position in the Swedish democratic system. Sweden comprises 21 counties, which are in turn divided into municipal areas.
Maria Norrfalk, County Governor of County Administative Board of Dalarna
The County Administrative Board is an important link between the people and the municipal authorities on the one hand and the government, parliament and central authorities on the other. The work of the County Administrative Board is led by the County Governor.
The County Administrative Board is a multifaceted authority
The County Administrative Board works with issues that extend across the whole of society and therefore has a wide variety of specialists at its disposal, such as lawyers, biologists, architects, agronomists, foresters, engineers, public relations officers, archaeologists, veterinarians, social scientists and economists.
The County Administrative Board is charged with a range of tasks, including:
- implementing national objectives
- co-ordinating the different interests of the county
- promoting the development of the county
- establishing regional objectives
- safeguarding the rule of law in every instance


Party Supplies
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Horse Tail Races
Horse Template
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What You'll Need:
 1. Cut a 1'–2' length of streamer for each child, and attach a piece of looped tape to the end of each.
 2. Download and print 2 copies of our Horse Tail Race Printout.
 3. Choose a playing area, indoors or outdoors, with 20'–30' of running space.
 4. Use masking tape to mark a starting line 15'–25' away from a wall, a tree, or another object. (You will hang the horse pictures on this surface area.)
At the Party:
 1. Hang the horse pictures on a tree or wall running distance (15'–25') away from the starting line.
 2. Divide the children into two equal teams.
 3. Explain that the object is to be the first team to attach all of the colored streamers to the horse picture, forming the horse's rainbow tail.
 4. Have each team form a line, one behind the other, beginning at the starting line.
 5. Hand each child a streamer.
 6. When you say, "Go!" the first child from each team runs with his or her streamer and attaches it to the horse's tail.
 7. The players run back to tag the next teammate in each line.
 8. Those players then run to the horses and attach their streamers.
 9. Play continues until one team has all of their streamers in place, forming a complete horse's tail.
 10. Award a small prize to the winning team.


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National Aviation Day Recipe Ideas
Celebrate National Aviation Day with a recipe! A recipe? That's right. When you think of this aircraft themed holiday, food probably isn't the first thing that pops into your mind. Making paper airplanes, visiting an airport or taking a tour of a historic airfield museum might all seem like activities that are more connected to this day than cooking. But, that doesn't mean you can't get into the kitchen (with your kids!) and create a few National Aviation Day themed treats.
Create a bento box style mini meal that looks like what you'd get on a plain. Pick a few fun finger foods, such as double-stacked sandwiches (cut into bite-sized pieces), carrots and celery or crackers and cheese. Place the food into a compartment-style lunch container or make your own out of a shallow cardboard box (use extra pieces of cardboard as dividers).
Rice Cereal Treats
Mix up a batch of rice cereal treats (you'll need the cereal, butter and marshmallows). While the mix is still warm, spoon it into airplane-shaped cookie cutters. Let the treats cool, and then use icing to decorate them.
Turn a few crackers, some fruit and cheese into a creative airplane snack. Make the body of the plain from a block of cheese. Add crackers underneath as wings. Cut another cracker in in half diagonally to make a tale and use grapes to make wheels.


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Crushing fresh potatoes results in the grains of starch being separated from the damaged cells, which is the first step in the production of potato starch. After that, the starch is washed and let aside to dry. When it is completely dry, potato starch takes on the appearance of a fine, flour-like powder.
How do you make potato starch at home?
Make a paper cone by rolling a sheet of paper into a cone and then sticking it into the neck of a tiny glass jar, like a spice jar. After the potato starch has been poured into the jar, the paper lid should be removed and the jar should then be sealed. Store the jar in a cool, dry location with the lid on firmly.
What is potatoes starch?
The smashed potatoes are then processed to remove the starch. The smashed potatoes are rinsed to remove the starch, and then they are dried. Because of its absence of taste and impressive potential for thickening, it is very coveted in the food sector. Even just one teaspoon (12 grams) of potato starch has four benefits, including:
What is potassium potassium starch?
The starch that may be found in potatoes is called potato starch.Potatoes are edible tubers that are produced by the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum), which is a member of the nightshade family.Potatoes are more popularly known as potatoes.It may come as a surprise to find potato starch or potato flour listed as an ingredient in the following products if you carefully study the ingredient labels:
Can you use potato starch as a thickener?
If you are thickening a hot liquid using potato starch, it is essential to avoid bringing the liquid to a boil.Doing so will make it more difficult for the liquid to reach the desired consistency after being thickened.You may bake with it if you add it to warm water beforehand, but make sure not to let it boil.The following are some nutritious recipes for resistant starch that contain potato starch as an ingredient.


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BBC News
Launch consoleBBC News in video and audio
Last Updated: Sunday, 25 March 2007, 09:34 GMT 10:34 UK
Welsh links to slavery abolition
Iolo Morganwg
Poet Iolo Morganwg was an anti-slavery campaigner
First Minister Rhodri Morgan has called for Wales to remember its contribution to the anti-slavery movement.
He said the abolitionist cause was taken up by working class people and eminent figures like poet Iolo Morganwg and preacher John Elias.
Mr Morgan also highlighted the links between the industrial revolution in Wales and profits from the slave trade.
Events are being held across Wales on Sunday to mark the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Britain.
Mr Morgan warned against pointing the finger of blame for slavery at others.
"What we must guard against is smug self-satisfaction," he said.
"While the slave trade is mainly associated with the ports of Bristol, London and Liverpool, it must be remembered that the Welsh industrial revolution and profits from the slave trade went hand in hand."
It is an opportunity to demand to know why slavery still exists in some parts of the world today
Rhodri Morgan
Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, south Wales were founded by slave trader Anthony Bacon and historians believe its success was built on the profits of the slave trade.
The fortune gained from slave plantations in Jamaica by their owner Richard Pennant was crucial to his development of the slate industry and Penrhyn Castle in north Wales, it has also been claimed. He was also an anti-abolitionist MP.
"Welsh planters, agents and sea captains were directly involved, and ships used in the trade were built at Cardiff, Newport and Swansea," Mr Morgan added.
"Many ordinary working-class people were also indirectly connected - the seamen on the ships and the workers employed by the slave owners and industrialists."
But he also had praise for the people who took up the abolitionist cause in the last quarter of the 18th century, including preacher John Elias from Anglesey, who spoke out against slavery in Britain's biggest slave port, Liverpool.
And poet Iolo Morganwg, founder of the Gorsedd of Bards, who was an anti-slavery campaigner.
Moral conviction
Mr Morgan also highlighted the work of Robert Everett from Flintshire, north Wales, who encouraged the Welsh in America to join the abolition campaign.
The Abolition of Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade slaves throughout the British Empire and banned British ships from involvement in the trade, was passed by British Parliament on 25 March 1807.
Mr Morgan said the bicentenary was an important opportunity to reflect on the struggles of the past and to pay tribute to the courage and moral conviction of all those - black and white - who campaigned for its abolition.
"It is an opportunity to demand to know why slavery still exists in some parts of the world today," he said.
An event in St David's Hall, Cardiff entitled 'Valuing Freedom', will be one of a number of bicentenary events in Wales and the rest of the UK.
Slavery: The Welsh Connections is on BBC Radio Wales, 25 March and 1 April at 1330 GMT and both are repeated the following Monday at 1800 GMT.
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WWII Arctic convoy veterans seek recognition for'most dangerous journey in the world'
Alaska Dispatch
The BBC reports that the British World War II soldiers who crossed the Arctic to bring supplies to Russia are asking their government for recognition in undertaking what Winston Churchill called "the most dangerous journey in the world."
The Arctic convoys battled deathly-cold temperatures and 70-foot waves to take supplies to the former Soviet Union.
"I was more scared of the weather than the enemy," Herbert MacNeil, 86-year-old veteran told the BBC.
MacNeil has been honored by the Russian government four times, most recently in 2010. But in the UK, the Arctic sailors received the same medal as those running Atlantic convoys, receiving little recognition from the government.
"They gave us an Atlantic medal it was like giving us something from a corn flake packet." MacNeil said.
He cites death-defying waves, frozen clothes and frigid temperatures as part of the "terrible conditions" the convoy faced.
Prime Minister David Cameron said Wednesday during Prime Minister's Questions that he had "every sympathy" for the veterans, stating that a general review of the medals would be conducted, with emphasis on the Arctic convoys.
Read more, here.


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In her enchanting poem sequence, Doris Davenport introduces readers to Soque Street and its "Affrilacian" residents. These African Americans inhabiting an Appalachian community in northeast Georgia live in a world where magic threads daily life and the living and dead commingle. Ghosts, self-propelled caskets, and sensate trees are as natural as morning glories to these characters, who are at once eccentric and universal, peculiar and welcoming.
Spoken in intersecting and overlapping monologues, the poems create a refreshing portrait of small-town life, with its mix of quotidian concerns and the larger experiences of love, passion, grief, jealousy, and madness. The story of Soque Street moves from voice to voice and through poetic forms with ease and confidence. Sometimes frightening, often funny, and always compelling and potent, Madness like Morning Glories is a major achievement by a poet of tremendous originality who possesses an intuition for the subtle secrets of language.
Soque is a Cherokee word turned Black on the Hill
across the railroad track, in Appalachian foothills where
madness like morning glories took over everyone trying to be
insane and acceptable all the time and all the while, hainted.
Two rows of houses along the railroad track
Mr. Oscar Wise, the Peanut Man, and his family
still there in the air and honeysuckles, hainted.
Mack, our cousin, said he saw a casket roll down Soque,
Stop in front of 103 and roll back up the hill again.
—from "Ceremony for 103 Soque Street"
Found an Error? Tell us about it.


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What You Need to Know About Benne
Benne was an essential medicinal and kitchen garden plant during our Colonial and Antebellum Eras. It was grown in all great Carolina kitchen gardens, in particular in the forbidden subsistence gardens of African slaves who brought benne to Carolina and introduced it to the region's nascent rice culture and cuisine. Planted between field peas, corn, and other human food crops in late spring, and harvested in late summer, benne provided near magical enhancements by improving soil quality and protecting nearby plants from harmful pests. In those days, benne was grown specifically for its vital nutrients and culinary versatility.
When rice plantations transitioned their kitchen benne to commodity fields for commodity oil production, "benne" became "sesame." As sesame, benne did not escape heavy pressure for yield, and Southern growers drifted away from an interest in the seeds' culinary diversity, instead focusing exclusively on oil production. In time, raw benne seeds became nearly flavorless, and they were only slightly more interesting when toasted. In fact, modern American sesame bears no resemblance to Antebellum benne.
Much of benne's unique flavor profile and nearly all of the extraordinary derivative foods associated with the seeds have been lost. Here are some examples: Benne leaves were cooked as soup greens and, if pounded prior to adding, worked as a thickener. Benne seeds, raw or toasted, were tossed into stock or water, their oil adding enrichment (the flavor impact in this application was thought to be extraordinary). A handful of benne seeds was simmered in water, and then the water poured into a pot with dry rice; the cooked rice possessed exceptional flavor—served with benne greens it was nearly perfect food. After the oil and water were poured off, the remaining seeds were dried and pounded in a mortar. The resulting flour was called bennecake (the term "bennecake" meant flour made from benne seeds after oil extraction). Bennecake, the central ingredient in benne bread, benne biscuits, and benne cakes, is powerful, its flavor reminiscent of toasted peanuts, but intertwined with a wildflower tang, and a sensation of verdancy and vigor.


text:
Replacing Damaged Terra Cotta Units
- Procedure code:
- Developed For HSPG (NPS - Southeast Regional Office)
- Terra Cotta Unit Masonry
- Last Modified:
PREFACE: This procedure should be performed under the direction of an historical architect or engineer to determine the most efficient and least destructive manner for executing the work. Approval from the regional historic preservation officer is required.
- This procedure includes guidance on removing and replacing severely damaged ceramic veneer, both adhesion type and anchor type. Sculptural elements are not covered in this procedure.
- See "General Project Guidelines" for general project guidelines to be reviewed along with this procedure. These guidelines cover the following sections:
- Safety Precautions
- Historic Structures Precautions
- Quality Assurance
- Delivery, Storage and Handling
- Project/Site Conditions
- Sequencing and Scheduling
- General Protection (Surface and Surrounding)
These guidelines should be reviewed prior to performing this procedure and should be followed, when applicable, along with recommendations from the Regional Historic Preservation Officer (RHPO)
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
- Shop Drawings:
- The historical architect shall furnish all drawings, details and other information, including structural drawings, necessary for the manufacture of replacement material.
- Shop drawings showing details of construction and jointing of replacement material shall be submitted by the manufacturer to the contractor for approval by the RHPO before any of the material is processed. Drawings shall show sections, dimensions, and the connection with other work. (If anchored, the typical and special anchors, grooves, etc., shall be shown.)
- The manufacturer shall complete setting drawings, numbered and marked to correspond with numbers and other marks on the replacement pieces. These drawings shall also show all other necessary data to properly and efficiently set the material, including dimensions and sizes of joints, anchors, hangers, expansion and control or pressure-relieving joints, etc., which shall be furnished by others.
- Boston Valley Terra Cotta
- Gladding, McBean & Co.
- Ludowici Celadon
- The Sherwin Williams Co.
- Studio S Pottery
- Superior Clay Corp.
- Terra Cotta Replacement Units (ceramic veneer)
NOTE: ALL REPLACEMENT UNITS SHALL MATCH ORIGINAL IN SIZE APPEARANCE, COLOR AND FINISH.
- All materials shall be in accordance with the architect's drawings and details.
- All pieces shall be of even thicknessthroughout, and shall be true and even on each face.
- Each piece shall be thoroughly burned and free of cracks, air bubbles and other defects.
- All edges and details shall be crisp and sharp.
- Adhesion Type Ceramic Veneer: Approximately 1" thick, with ribs, grooves or dovetails on back. Individual units shall not have a surface area greater than 720 square feet.
- Anchored Type Ceramic Veneer: Machine or hand made, with a wall thickness of approximately 1-5/8" with dovetail ribs projecting on the back. Handmade units shall have profiles as detailed by the architect.
- Anchoring system pieces as required - either stainlesssteel, AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) Type 316, polyester resin, or as recommended by the ceramic veneer manufacturer.
- "Zinc Chromate Primer" (Sherwin Williams), or approved equal.
- Top coat(s): Number and type of paint as recommended by manufacturer of primer. Paint shall be water tolerable and made by the same Manufacturer should be same as the primer.
- Setting Mortar:
- 1 cu. ft. Portland Cement, ASTM C 150-67, Type I or Type II
- 1/2 cu. ft. approved high calcium slaked lime putty, screened and aged at least 20 days, containing no more than 4% magnesium oxide-OR-,
- 1/2 cu. ft. hydrated lime, ASTM C 206 or C 207, Type S
- 4 cu. ft. clean, sharp siliceous sand graded from fine to very fine, ASTM C 144
- 1 qt. "Hydratite Liquid" or approved equal
- Pointing Mortar:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 1/4 vol. aged high calcium lime putty as above, or
- 1/4 vol. hydrated lime as above.
- 3 vols. very fine sand as above.
- Gauge above with mix of one volume "Konset" thoroughly mixed in six volumes water, or of "Anti-Hydro"or "Suconem Red Label" or "Tricosal" or approved equal used according to manufacturer's directions.
- Grout Mix #1: For all vertical voids back of anchor-type ceramic veneer and handmade ceramic veneer shall be wet and sloppy composed of the following:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 3 vols. clean sharp sand as above.
- 2 vols. top gravel, well graded from fine to coarse.
- Grout Mix #2: For all handmade ceramic veneer sills, copings, balusters, and rails, cornices, etc., shall be lean and composed of the following:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 4 vols. clean sharp sand as above.
- 3 vols. top gravel, well graded from fine to coarse.
- Clean, clear potable water
- Paint brushes
- Hawks and trowels as required
- Hose and spray nozzle
- Grouting equipment
- Surface Preparation:
- Soak replacement pieces in a vat or box of clean water for one hour or more just prior to installation. The pieces should be noticeably damp at the time of setting. Drain pieces sufficiently to eliminate surface water.
- At the beginning of setting each day, soak all walls to be faced with clean water. Apply water with a hose and spray nozzle. Soak again with water not more than one hour before setting of replacement pieces.
- Removing Damaged Terra Cotta Units:
- Remove mortar from around damaged units by hand being careful not to chip the edges of adjacent sound units. Insert wedges as required as mortar removal progresses to hold damaged units in place until they can be removed.
- Carefully remove damaged units and all loose grout in cavity behind unit.
- Installing Anchored Type Ceramic Veneer:
- Preparing the anchoring system:
- Inspect the anchors and reinforcing armature thoroughly for any sign of corrosion.
- Remove any rust from anchors which can be reused. Coat with one coat of a rust inhibiting primer and top coat(s) of water tolerant paint as recommended by the primer manufacturer.
- Install new anchors as required and as recommended by the ceramic veneer manufacturer.
- Setting anchors and grooves:
- The general contractor shall be guided by the drawings for the placing of all loop-dowel anchors or other anchors, and the provision for the 1" x 6" horizontal grooves in the concrete to permit the proper anchoring and grouting of the ceramic veneer.
- Grooves shall be 12" on vertical centers in all spandrels and 30" elsewhere.
- Alternate detail: 1/4" x 6" grooves approximately 12" on vertical centers accomplished by the use of alternate surfaced and unsurfaced form lumber.
- The loop-dowel anchors, or approved equal anchors, shall be installed in vertical alignment on about 12" centers; and shall be spaced on equal horizontal centers of approximately 12" but not greater than 18", and so located, where practical, that a vertical line of loop-dowel anchors will be directly in back of each vertical joint of ceramic veneer. Keep loop-dowel anchors out of 1" x 6" horizontal grooves.
- Dimension from face of masonry or concrete wall to face of anchored veneer shall be a nominal 4".
- Installing pencil rods:
- Install 1/4" pencil rods vertically through loops of loop-dowel anchors.
- Install approximately 1" away from the face of the wall.
- Above openings, the lower end of the pencil rods should have 4" or more bent at right angles over ceramic veneer soffits, and should lie loosely thereon.
- Installing loose anchors:
- All loose anchors shall be located in bed joints and/or interior webs on 12" to 18" horizontal centers.
- One end of each anchor shall be securely hooked around a pencil rod, dowel rod, or structural steel member and the other end securely hooked into the ceramic veneer.
- Loose anchors shall hook around 1/4" dowel pins in joints of soffit pieces. These anchors shall pass through loops and hook around loop-dowel anchors.
- Special loop-dowel anchors:
- In deep ceramic veneer anchored soffits the special loop-dowel anchors shall extend vertically down to within 1" of the ceramic veneer soffit, and shall be threaded horizontally with 1/4 pencil rods.
- The long dowel end of the special loop-dowel anchor shall have 2" or more bent at right angles and lay flat against the top of the ceramic veneer soffit.
- The loop ends of the special loop-dowel anchors shall extend down vertically at least 5" from the concrete soffit.
- Special loop-dowel anchors are to be of the same material as the loop-dowel anchors.
- Dimension from face of concrete soffit to face of anchored veneer shall be a nominal 8".
- All anchored ceramic veneer shall be set in a full bed of mortar and all voids back of the ceramic veneer shall be filled solid with grout as specified under Gr


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Kudremukh (Kuduremukha) (Kannada: ಕುದುರೆಮುಖ) is a mountain range in Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka state, India. The name Kuduremukha'' literally means "horse-face" in Kannada and refers to a particular picturesque view of a side of the mountain. It is also the name of a small town situated near the mountain which is primarily an iron ore mining town where the government run Public Sector Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL) operates. The town is noted for its scenic beauty. Owing to the dense forests, sighting wildlife can be challenging, though the area is rich in wildlife.
The Kudremukh National Park is the second largest declared Wildlife Protected Area (600.32 km²) of a tropical wet evergreen type of forest in the Western Ghats. Kudremukh National Park is located in Dakshina Kannada and Chikmagalur districts of Karnataka state. 13°4′48″N 75°9′36″E / 13.08°N 75.16°E / 13.08; 75.16
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Performance assessment and large-scale monitoring of terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T) transmission apparatuses are currently a pressing need due to the rapid growth of related broadcasting networks in many countries. Power measurements, in particular, play a very important role since RF and IF signal power, RF channel power, RF and IF power spectrum, noise (or unwanted) power, and power efficiency are relevant parameters to be measured as accurately as possible. Although modern spectrum analyzers and high-performance vector signal analyzers exhibit satisfying accuracy and repeatability, their cost, weight, and size make them unsuitable for the purpose. This paper is focused on the design and realization of a digital signal processing-based meter for power measurement in DVB-T systems that is capable of granting good accuracy, satisfying repeatability, reduced measurement time, and cost effectiveness. This paper deals with the digital signal processing algorithm to be implemented in the meter, paying attention to parametric power spectral density (PSD) estimators for their reduced memory requirement and potentially limited computational burden. In particular, a parametric estimation algorithm that is capable of assuring a fast measurement rate is implemented and made operative. The simulation and emulation stages are properly designed to regulate the most relevant parameters of the adopted PSD estimators according to the specific features of the signals involved; a number of experiments on actual DVB-T signals are conducted, the results of which are compared to those provided by competitive measurement solutions.


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Suppose X is a complete metric space, and $f:X↦X$ a continuous surjective function. Let D be a dense set. Suppose $f:D↦D$ is injective and $f^{-1}(D)=D$.
Is $f$ injective?
Is there a family of metric spaces where you can conclude $f$ is injective?
share|improve this question
nice question... why should we close it? – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 8:16
_USER_: is it obvious that one can 'symmetrize' the examples in the question you link to so as to apply to the present question? – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:27
Related: mathoverflow.net/questions/73719/… – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
Yemon, no, I guess not. This question is more interesting! – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 8:47
Joel, I understand from the text that $f$ splits into $f_{|D}:D\to D $ which is bijective and $f_{|X\setminus D}:X\setminus D\to X\setminus D $ which is surjective. – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 11:49
6 Answers 6
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Sorry but I could not resist:
alt text
The map is defined on $[0,1]\times[0,1]$, and can be written as $$ f(x,y) = \begin{cases} (x, (2-x)y) & \text{ if }y\leq 1/2, \\ (x, xy+1-x) & \text{ if }y> 1/2. \end{cases} $$
Just take $D$ to be the set of $(x,y)$ with rational coordinates in $(0,1)\times(0,1)$, then $f$ is bijective on $D$ (because it can be easily inverted), but it is clearly not injective on $[0,1]\times[0,1]$.
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Here is another example which is easy to visualize. Let $X=[-1,1]^2$, $I$ be the segment between $(-1,0)$ and $(1,0)$ and $I_0$ its subsegment between $(-1/2,0)$ and $(1/2,0)$. There is a homeomorphism $f$ between $X\setminus I_0$ and $X\setminus \{0\}$ which sends $I\setminus I_0$ to $I\setminus\{0\}$ and extends continuously by setting $f(I_0)=0$. (Think of contracting the segment $I_0$ to the center while deforming the rest of the square continuously.) This map can be given by an explicit formula which is piecewise linear on each horizontal segment. Now define $D=X\setminus I$ and we are done.
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The answer to the second question is "yes, for discrete spaces where metric is $d(x, y) = 1,$ for $x \neq y.$
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This is by far the best answer to a question that I am surprised was not closed immediately. – Bill Johnson Nov 3 '11 at 18:18
I think I can prove that if X=[0,1] (or 1-dimensional) then the claim of FelipeG is true.
Indeed, let $X=[0,1]$ and $D,f$ be as above, and proceed by contradiction. Assume there are points $a,b\in [0,1]$ such that $ar$). On the other hand, by continuity of $f$, for every value $y\in D\cap (r,s)$ (which is not empty) there is an element $x_1\in (a,c)$ such that $ f(x_1) = y $ and an element $x_2\in (c,b)$ such that $ f(x_2)= y $. But, since $f^{-1}D=D$ both $x_1, x_2$ belong to $D$, which contradits the injectivity of $f_{|_D}$.
PS: this construction works if $f_{|_D}$ is a bijection (as one might argue from the title), otherwise there is a counterexample
share|improve this answer
I took the liberty of fixing your LaTeX -- hope you don't mind – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:24
_USER_ Choi I was trying to fix it as well... In fact I still cannot visualize my comment correctly: may be the fact we were both working on the file simultaneously has generated some mess – ccarminat Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
Let me have another go... – Yemon Choi Oct 31 '11 at 8:28
[_USER_ Choi] now it works: thanks! – ccarminat Oct 31 '11 at 8:32
Nice. I understand that $r:=f(a)$, right? – Pietro Majer Oct 31 '11 at 12:41
There are counterexamples.
Let $X$ be the ordinal $\omega^2+1$, which as a topological space is the same as infinitely many convergent sequences, whose limit points converge. This space is homeomorphic to a countable closed subset of the unit interval and is therefore completely metrizable. Let $D$ be the isolated points of $X$, which is exactly the set of successor ordinals below $\omega^2$. This is dense, since the closure adds the missing limit ordinals. Let $f$ be the function that interleaves two successive sequences together into one. That, we combine the successor ordinals in the interval $[\omega\cdot 2n,\omega\cdot 2(n+1))$ to those in $[\omega\cdot n,\omega\cdot(n+1))$ by an injective function that simply interleaves the two sequences into one. This is injective on $D$ and also surjective. The function $f$ extends continuously to $X$ by mapping the limit points of the successive sequences, $\omega\cdot2n$ and $\omega\cdot2(n+1)$ both to $\omega\cdot n$, and $\omega^2\mapsto \omega^2$. Note that the extension $f$ is not injective.
A simpler version of this example, without ordinals, is to take $X$ to be the positive integers, plus a sequence converging to each of them in the interval below. Specifically, let $X$ have points $k$ and also $k-\frac 1n$ for positive integers $k$ and $n$. Thus, $X$ is a countable closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$. Let $D$ be the isolated points $k−\frac1n$, and let $f$ be the function that interleaves successive convergent sequences into one. That is, for each adjecent pair of sequences, converging to $2n$ and $2(n+1)$, we map the isolated points of the sequences bijectively to the sequence converging to $n$. This is bijective on D, but extends continuously to $X$, and is not injective on $X$.
(I have removed the earlier flawed example.)
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I don't understand. You have $1\in D$ and $f(-1)=1$, so $-1\in f^{-1}(D)$ but $-1\not\in D$. – Guillaume Brunerie Oct 31 '11 at 11:07
Oops. I go back to my first examples, where $f$ is bijective on $D$. – Joel David Hamkins Oct 31 '11 at 12:36
Here's an example. First take a countable family $\lbrace A_n:n\in\mathbb{N}\rbrace$ of countable dense sets in $(0,1)$ and then let $f:[0,1]\to\[0,1]$ be continuous such that for each $n$ the maps $f$ is an order-isomorpism between $A_n\cap(0,1/1)$ onto $A_{2n}$ and an order-reversing isomorphism between $A_n\cap(1/2,1)$ and $A_{2n+1}$. Thus $f$ is a bijection between $D=\bigcup_{n]1}^\infty A_n$ and itself, but it is not injective on $[0,1]$. The map $f$ is readily constructed, first recursively on $D$ and then by continuous extension to all of $[0,1]$.
Addendum: to construct the restriction of $f