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Milwaukee's Harley-Davidson Museum
Pays Tribute to Black Riding Culture History
The Harley-Davidson Museum in Milwaukee recently opened an exhibit exploring the evolution of the African American motorcycle culture. Through this exhibit that debuted in February, Harley-Davidson recognized the contributions of African Americans and riding clubs like the Buffalo Soldiers, who helped to create the Harley-Davidson motorcycling experience and culture. The exhibit is now open to the public where you can learn many things about blacks' relationships with Harley-Davidson and the black riding culture. No visit to Milwaukee is complete without visiting the Harley-Davidson Museum, where blacks are now honoured.
At the Harley-Davidson Museum you can learn about Benny Hardy, a black custom bike builder who helped to create what is considered one of the most famous motorcycles in the world, Captain America that was featured in the iconic motorcycle movie, Easy Rider. On hand for the opening of the Harley-Davidson Museum's tribute to black riding culture exhibit was Sugar Bear, a man who was taught by Hardy. He also customized his own chopper that was showcased in the main entrance to the museum for the black history exhibit.
Some of the early black riders who were a part of clubs like the Buffalo Soldiers, East Bay dragons and the Chosen Few were also on hand for the opening of the black history tribute. One early rider present was a man that goes by the name of P. Wee, a popular club leader who once had his own shop. "He said he never considered that he would be a part of Harley-Davidson history. He said he just loved the bikes and liked to ride." Attending this event also were a few female riders who were just as enthused about their Harleys as the men. They told us about the stereotypes they faced as women riders. Despite some of the stereotypes, women are still riding Harleys more and more, and loving it.
The Harley-Davidson Black History museum exhibit includes bikes, documents, photos and memorabilia of Harley-Davidson legendary riders like William B. Johnson, the first African American Harley-Davidson dealer and Bessie Stringfield, the first known African American woman to ride cross-country on a Harley motorcycle in the 1930s and 1940s all by herself. The black history exhibit gives bike enthusiasts and the general public a chance to connect with and understand the black riding culture. Through this exhibit African Americans get to see how they played a part in the history of Harley-Davidson.
The Harley-Davidson brand is indeed the bike of choice for many black riders still today. It is number one motor cycle in terms of sales and popularity among African Americans, who have been riding and forming clubs since motor cycles became popular. The legendary members as well as modern-day members seemed very proud of their Harley-Davidson bikes which many said they would not trade for the world. Some of the early riders have had as many as three or four bikes and still ride today.
"African Americans have influenced and helped shape motorcycle culture throughout our history. Riding culture is seen differently today because of their numerous contributions to it," said John Comissiong, director of African American outreach marketing, Harley-Davidson Motor Company. "We're number one in sales to African Americans, and not only are we very proud of our shared history, we're always looking for new stories to tell."
You can read stories about the black riding culture on Iron Elite, a community section of the Harley-Davidson website showcasing African American rider stories, motorcycle customization and legendary riders. On the site you can also view customized bikes and learn more about key African American motorcyclists who have made significant impacts on the sport of motorcycling. You can also visit the Harley-Davidson site to learn about events that the company supports like Atlantic Beach Bike Week, Daytona Black Bike Week and the National Bikers Round-Up, where thousands of African American riders gather in the spirit of true riding culture.
About the Harley-Davidson Museum
The Harley-Davidson Museum is a reflection of American history and pop culture through the lens of a true American icon and brand. The Museum offers a one-of-a-kind experience for riders and non-riders alike with rare artifacts exhibits and stories. For more information on the Museum's galleries, special events, tickets, hours and more, visit _URL_.
About Harley-Davidson Motor Company - Harley-Davidson Motor Company, the only major U.S.-based motorcycle manufacturer produces heavyweight motorcycles and a complete line of motorcycle parts, accessories and general merchandise. For more information, visit Harley-Davidson's Web site at _URL_.
Kitty J. Pope


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How much soil is disturbed by shallow vertical tillage? The answer depends on the tool, the soil and the tillage depth, says Kevan Klingberg, a University of Wisconsin Extension outreach specialist. Many farmers value these implements to size residue, condition the seedbed and incorporate nutrients, he says. But when it comes to using these tools on erodible cropland, the watchwords should be "conservative and shallow."
In 2010, The University of Wisconsin's Discovery Farms program evaluated the effects of spring shallow vertical tillage on soil disturbance and residue cover. Tools from Great Plains and Summers were tested on 14 fields at five farms.
The study concluded that, on average, a single pass on silt loam soil tilled about 40% of the field to a 2-in. depth. About 60% of the field was undisturbed. In addition, the study found that 80% of corn residue remained on the surface after one pass, and 80% of the previous year's corn roots stayed in place. Intact roots "help minimize soil loss," says Klingberg, who led the research.
However, soil disturbance and residue cover varied significantly, depending on soil type, tillage machine characteristics and operating depth, Klingberg says. Sandy soils, aggressive blades and deeper operation all moved more soil and left less residue cover.
In addition, the soil conservation benefits of one-pass shallow vertical tillage disappeared with two passes, which disturbed just as much soil as tandem disking, Klingberg says. Likewise, vertical tillage tools with concave blades mounted on angled tool bars dislodged more corn roots and exposed more soil.
Minnesota research from 2010 to 2012 also measured residue disturbance after shallow vertical tillage. A single spring pass with a Salford RTS or Summers Super Coulter vertical tillage tool left about 70% corn residue cover – comparable to strip-till, says Jodi DeJong-Hughes, University of Minnesota Extension tillage expert. Two passes with a Salford RTS left 21-30% soybean residue cover and 39-58% corn residue cover.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This study explored the differences among online elementary school student groups based on their communication features. Two hundred and ninety-one Taiwanese students, ranging in age from 11 to 12 years old, participated in this study. The students were randomly arranged within-class into three-member groups. Each group was asked to use a collaborative learning system to accomplish a group task generating a shared concept map. The textual discussions in each group during collaboration were collected, coded, categorized, and quantified to profile their communication characteristics. Cluster analysis on the resulting communication characteristics resulted in four types of small student groups, including passive or reticent, frequently off-task, actively participating, and knowledge emphasizing. Most student groups (56%) were found to be relatively passive or reticent. Frequently off-task student groups made a protrusive amount of messages for off-task social purposes. The actively participating student groups were characterized by abundant discussion, particularly for continuing task, managing procedure and coordinating efforts. The distinctive feature of knowledge emphasizing student groups was that they devoted particular attention to task related knowledge. In addition, they performed better in task accomplishment.
- Computer-mediated communication
- Cooperative/collaborative learning
- Elementary education
- Interactive learning environments
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computer Science(all)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Botanical name: Ozothamnus leptophyllus
Family name: Asteraceae
tauhinuB2.jpg Overview
Tauhinu (formerly known as Cassinia leptophylla) is a perennial scrub weed species which is native to New Zealand. It looks similar to manuka, but is not as widespread, causing problems mainly in eastern districts of New Zealand only, from Wairoa down to Otago. As with most scrub weed species, tauhinu is generally a problem in hill country pastures, where it gradually becomes denser in paddocks if good grazing pressure and pasture competition cannot be maintained. Although the correct spelling for this weed is shown above, many farmers incorrectly call it tawhini (pronouncing it as tar-winny). As with manuka, tauhinu is also often grown in people's gardens as an ornamental.
Tauhinu flower heads Distinguishing features
Tauhinu has small leaves just like manuka. However, it has several differences to manuka. Manuka leaves tend to have a pointed tip, whereas the leaves of tauhinu are rounded. Also, the underneath of tauhinu leaves are whitish in colour, though often this is not readily evident as the leaves can curl so the underneath is difficult to see. Manuka has colourful pink flowers whereas tauhinu produces seed-heads with lots of fluffy pappus sticking out of them, as do many other Asteraceae weeds, allowing seeds to be blown in the wind. The shrubs grow to about 2 m in height.
tauhinuB3.jpg Control
Tauhinu has pliable stems, making it more difficult than some scrub species to flatten using machinery. It is also not particularly susceptible to herbicides, being resistant to glyphosate. However, it can be controlled by metsulfuron (eg Escort, Answer), triclopyr (eg Grazon) and triclopyr/picloram (eg Tordon Brushkiller).


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Students will be given a yellow receipt that is a valid Instruction Permit until their hard-card photo permit comes in the mail. The yellow receipt is valid for 60 days. If the hard-card photo permit is not received within 60 days, it is your responsibility to call the Minnesota Department of Public Safety at the phone number shown on the yellow receipt.
The Instruction Permit allows the student to practice driving with a licensed driver who is age 21 or older. The student must have the Instruction Permit with them at all times while driving. The student is required to hold the Instruction Permit for a minimum of six months before attempting their Road Test. The Instruction Permit is valid for two years and is renewable.
To be eligible to take the Knowledge Test and apply for an Instruction Permit, students must:
- Be at least 15 years old
- Have complete 30 hours of classroom instruction and received their Blue Card from Safeway
- Bring a primary and secondary form of identification
Primary Forms: certified birth certificate or valid passport
Secondary Forms: school issued ID card or original Social Security card
- Present their Blue Card from Safeway
- Present their Minnesota ID card (if they have one)
- Know their Social Security number (must be provided on application)
- Pass a Vision Test
- Have their photo taken
- Pay the fee of $15.50 (credit cards not accepted)
- Have a parent or guardian available to sign the application


Other than those two key differences, the ZM6 performed identically to the ABIT BM6 in AnandTech's performance and stability tests. As taken from the BM6 review, the conclusion to the benefits of the ZM6 are identical to those of the BM6, including stability.
The argument has been made that bigger capacitors in greater quantities on a motherboard is not necessarily better, and the truth of the matter is, that it is not. The entire trend of assuming that bigger is better was actually brought about by an editorial written a few years back about a well-known motherboard manufacturer in which the company was praised for having such highly rated and stable products. In response to the question why their boards were so stable, the classic response from the company was "well, we have bigger capacitors." A statement that was backed up by the use of larger capacitors on their motherboards, a trait that continues to be seen on their products to date. In reality, the "praising" editorial was nothing more than an attempt to appease the motherboard manufacturer in question, and the stability issues were overly exaggerated, the truth of the matter was that the motherboard manufacturer produced well made boards, and that was that.
What is this brief story getting at? The key to the effective use of capacitors on a motherboard isn't the size nor the population, rather the location of the capacitors. The general rule of thumb is that so long as the signal present between any frequently "trafficked" components on a motherboard (those that are sensitive to fluctuations in voltage, etc...) retains its original strength, the operation of the board has a greater chance of being stable. In order to ensure this, motherboard manufacturers place capacitors to keep the signal between two points on a motherboard both clean and strong, improving the stability and reliability of the motherboard, and thus explaining any issues that come up during the tests that could possibly be capacitance related. ABIT's effective use of capacitors around the ATX power supply connector, Socket-370 interface, 443ZX controller chip, memory banks and AGP slot explain the results AnandTech's ZM6 sample exhibited during the stability tests. Comparatively speaking, when pitted against the other Socket-370 based motherboards AnandTech has reviewed thus far, the ABIT ZM6 is on par with Microstar's MS-6153, as it crashed but once during the stability tests.
The rest of the motherboard's features are fairly standard to ABIT motherboards, for those of you that aren't familiar, the description of the board's SoftMenu II Jumperless CPU Setup and it's other features have been taken from the AnandTech BX6 Revision 2 Review:
As we have all come to expect from ABIT, the ZM6 features the latest and greatest version of their SoftMenu II Jumperless CPU setup. With the BH6, ABIT introduced the ability to modify the SEL66/100# setting, enabling the user to effectively unlock the clock lock on 100MHz FSB processors running at the 100MHz FSB. For example, the original Pentium II 350 only allowed a 3.5x clock multiplier when using the 100MHz FSB, making 400MHz impossible, and anything greater than 350MHz impossible without the use of a higher FSB setting (i.e. 112MHz). Setting the SEL66/100# setting to "Low" allowed for the removal of this lock, giving many users the ability to run their 350MHz Pentium II processors at 100MHz x 4.0 or 100MHz x 4.5, and their 400MHz Pentium II's at 100 x 4.5. The SEL66/100# feature has made its way into the SoftMenu II setup of the ZM6, however with a Celeron CPU, the usefulness is absolutely nothing as there won't be a 100MHz FSB Celeron processor for quite some time.
The ZM6 would have little to offer over the competition if it weren't for a few more modifications to SoftMenu II, ABIT's sole reason for existence right now in the overclocking market. The ZM6's SoftMenu II brings a few new settings, such as the inclusion of the new higher frequency FSB settings (138MHz, 143MHz, 148MHz, 153MHz) as well as "in-between" settings such as the 110MHz and 120MHz options for those users that just can't seem to hit 112MHz or 124MHz with their systems. The board also supports the 1/4 PCI clock divider with all > 100MHz FSB settings to keep the PCI frequency as close to the specified 33MHz setting as possible, for those with extremely tolerant PCI peripherals.
ABIT's highly regarded User's Manual makes its presence felt in the box of the ZM6 giving users a step-by-step installation and a configuration guide for their system. The ABIT manual includes a fairly easy to read and useful explanation of the BIOS and CPU setup, and makes the overall experience with the new ZM6 (especially for first time system builders) a pleasant one.
The ZM6, as expected, also features ABIT's core voltage manipulation option which allows the user to select core voltage settings ranging from 1.30v to 2.30v in 0.5v increments, meaning the board will also support any upcoming Celeron processors based on the Katmai (Pentium III) core. Don't worry, those won't be around for quite some time however. Unfortunately, the overclockability of Celeron processors makes the usefulness of the 100MHz+ FSB settings on the ZM6 pretty useless, as there isn't a single Socket-370 Celeron processor (with the exception of the 300A) that even remotely has a chance of using the 100MHz FSB due to its locked clock multiplier, much less anything faster than 100MHz.
If it weren't for the fact that the ZM6 exhibited top notch stability (in comparison to other Socket-370 boards), ABIT would have been in a very bad position, with an overclocker's board, yet with nothing to overclock. Luckily, the ZM6 is quite stable, and it's easy to setup nature makes it the ideal Socket-370 board provided that you are in the market for one.
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Following the comments to this answer to another question, what is the difference between size and magnitude?
I know there's a difference, but can someone put it in a nutshell for me?
share|improve this question
What is it that you find confusing after reading the definitions? – KitFox Aug 26 '11 at 11:28
I can't state it out in a logical way. I can't state their difference. Like what Matt Ellen said, he disagreed with what I said – Thursagen Aug 26 '11 at 11:30
I'm not sure the comments to the answer you're referencing use size and magnitude correctly, although they certainly serve to convey the intended meaning. – Peter Shor Aug 26 '11 at 13:08
I don't think this one will fit in a nutshell. Anything you say about either definition can be contradicted by a counterexample or a counter-definition from a particular discipline (astronomy, mathematics, etc.) – JeffSahol Aug 26 '11 at 13:14
In science, magnitude also means the amount (or absolute value) of something without considering the direction. So a force of 10 N at an angle of 30° has a magnitude of 10 N. – mgb Aug 26 '11 at 16:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Usually, size connotes physical dimensions while magnitude connotes either a numerical measure (particularly a non-linear one) of any sort of amount or metaphorical size.
"What size is that screw?" (Physical dimensions)
"A problem of immense magnitude" (Metaphorical size)
You can also use size to mean metaphorical size, but you usually can't use magnitude alone to mean physical size. (Nobody would say "What's your sneaker magnitude?")
share|improve this answer
+1: I think the suggestion that size is primarily used for physical dimensions while magnitude is more generally applicable sounds right. – AAT Aug 26 '11 at 22:35
I'm certainly going to be asking people for their "sneaker magnitude" after reading this. – gcbenison Apr 28 '12 at 3:33
The difference/usage exists mainly in natural sciences (physics)
 - size: has nearly always a linear scale, if the size gets bigger, it also means higher positive absolute values of the according physical quantitiy (temperature, volume,...)
 - magnitude: has more the meaning "order of magnitude" and is often used esp. for logarithmic scales when linear scales are too unhandy and typical order of magnitudes like milli, nano,... fail for practical use (e.g. magnitude of earthquakes, apparent magnitude in astronomy (here the unity is mag but a more negative mag value means a brighter astronomical object! so its counter intuitive to typical physical quantities.)).
share|improve this answer
"Magnitude" connotes the quality of being big, whereas "size" is merely a measure of how big something is.
share|improve this answer
Sounds very explanatory for me. – MoonLight Aug 27 '11 at 23:38
In mathematics, magnitude, together with direction, describes a vector. For instance, an object is said to have a velocity if it travels in a particular direction (say, "Northeast") at a particular rate (say, "30 knots"). The magnitude of velocity is speed, which does not imply a direction. Only values with a direction are said to have magnitude in this way; scalar values, such as an object's mass, or physical dimension (size) is never described in this way. Of course, there are many other ways that the word'magnitude' is used
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Both have technical meanings - e.g. size in fashion, magnitude in cosmology. However, in general usage the difference is really a matter of register.
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FIBA, the international governing body of basketball, has demonstrated its dedication to sustainability by unveiling an MVP trophy crafted entirely from 100% recycled materials. This significant initiative took place during the FIBA 3×3 World Tour 2023 held in Edmonton, Canada.
The design of the trophy was entrusted to Sustain Awards, and it has been meticulously crafted using sustainable methods and techniques, employing 100% recycled waste packaging as its foundation.
This innovative approach has led to a remarkable 75% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions throughout the trophy's entire manufacturing process compared to a conventional trophy. This encompassing reduction covers various aspects such as materials, packaging, and transportation.
Furthermore, this environmentally conscious process effectively offsets a total of five tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e). This figure is equivalent to the impact of removing 397 cars from the road for a single day.
Alex Sanchez, the Managing Director of FIBA 3×3, emphasised the significance of this trophy in symbolising FIBA 3×3's strong commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. He expressed pride in being at the forefront of introducing an environmentally-friendly trophy, which stands as a testament to FIBA 3×3's dedication to sustainability and innovation.
Sanchez remarked, "Our objective was to create a trophy that had minimal environmental impact while evoking a sense of pride for its recipients. The introduction of this captivating MVP trophy reflects our achievement of precisely that goal."
Incorporating this groundbreaking MVP trophy represents a substantial stride forward for FIBA 3×3, resonating with the concerns of both players and fans regarding the well-being of our planet. The environmentally-friendly addition to the FIBA 3×3 World Tour 2023 is anticipated to garner widespread appreciation and acknowledgment.


text:
Computer-Aided Design of a Small Size Magnetic Telephone Transducer
The recent development of amplified electronic telephone sets permits the realization of new transducers. These replace the old types, with better performances such as reliability, size, and quality. Furthermore, the use of the same transducer both as a microphone and a receiver saves production and maintenance costs. In the present paper a central armature electromagnetic miniature transducer is shown. The first part is concerned with the calculation of the electromechanic driving system. In the last one the computer-aided acoustic equalization method is described. An experimental small-size prototype transducer so designed reveals consistent agreement with the mathematical mode.
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text:
Every Office and Classroom:
- Can hear the fire alarm when sounded
- Can hear the other alarms when sounded
- Can push a button on their alarm keypad by their door that will signal the alarm company to call the police or the fire department
The Following Locations:
Main office, Business Office, Plumeria Classroom, Jacaranda Classroom, Monkeypod Classroom, Banyan Classroom and Koa Classroom
- Has a portable battery/crank radio with charged batteries – if needed, tune to one of the civil defense channels noted on the back of the radio.
- Classrooms/Offices with radios are responsible for keeping their neighboring classrooms informed if possible.
- Main Office informs Maintenance and Development
- Business Office informs Ohia Classroom, Art and Library
- Plumeria informs Kukui Classroom
- Jacaranda informs WiliWili Classroom
- Monkeypod informs Nara and Kamani Classroom
- Banyan informs Mamane and 'Iliahi Classroom
- Koa informs anybody in Root Family Center (RFC)
All employees will receive instructions from the Emergency Management Team (EMT) on how parents will be contacted and what they will be told when contacted in the event of an emergency. The MOMI Emergency Management Team will instruct employees as to what information is to be released to parents.
All communication with the
media will come from the Head of School or the President of the Board of Directors.


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The Data Availability Report enables researchers to preview the number, demographics, and diagnostic results of RADC study participants before submitting a request for data and/or biospecimens.
Choose up to five criteria below to produce a demographics report giving information on age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education.
- If one criterion is chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching that criterion.
- If two criteria are chosen, a demographics report is given for participants matching both criteria.
If three to five criteria are chosen, a cross calculation report is given that shows how many participants are available for each combination of the chosen criteria.
Choose the desired combination of criteria to produce the demographics report.


FAQ How do I use progress monitors?
From Eclipsepedia
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A progress monitor is a callback interface that allows a long-running task to report progress and respond to cancellation. Typically, a UI component will create a monitor instance and pass it to a low-level component that does not know or care about the UI. Thus, an IProgressMonitor is an abstraction that allows for decoupling of UI and non-UI components.
Each monitor instance has a strictly defined lifecycle. The first method that must be called is beginTask, which specifies a description of the operation and the number of units of work that it will take. This work value doesn't need to be very precise; your goal here is to give the user a rough estimate of how long it will take. If you have no way of estimating the amount of work, you can pass a work value of IProgressMonitor.UNKNOWN, which will result in a continuously animated progress monitor that does not give any useful information to the user.
After beginTask, you should call subTask and worked periodically as the task progresses. The sum of the values passed to the worked method must equal the total work passed to beginTask. The subTask messages can be sent as often as you like, as they provide more details about what part of the task is currently executing. Again, you don't need to be precise here. Simply give the user a rough idea of what is going on.
Finally, you must call done on the monitor. One consequence of calling done is that any unused portion of the progress bar will be filled up. If your code is part of a larger operation, failing to call done will mean that the portion of the progress bar allotted to your part of the operation will not be filled. To ensure done gets called, you should place it in a finally block at the very end of your operation.
Here is a complete example of a long-running operation reporting progress:
 try {
 monitor.beginTask("Performing decathlon: ", 10);
 monitor.subTask("hammer throw");
 //perform the hammer throw
 //... repeat for remaining nine events
 } finally {
The monitor can also be used to respond to cancellation requests. When the user requests cancellation, the method isCanceled will return true. Your long-running operation should check this value occasionally and abort if a cancellation has occurred. A common method of quickly aborting a long-running operation is to throw OperationCanceledException.
See Also:


text:
From the journal Earth Sciences History (Vol. 28, No. 1, 2009):
Sandra Herbert, Sally Gibson, David Norman, Dennis Geist, Greg Estes, Thalia Grant, Andrew Miles
Abstract In 1835 Charles Darwin's geological observations on Isla Santiago (James Island) in the Galápagos Islands led him to important insights as to the process by which different varieties of igneous rock might be produced from the same volcanic vent. His work figured in a tradition of interpretation that began with the work of George Poulett Scrope and would end in the twentieth century with the theory of magmatic differentiation of igneous rocks through the process of crystal fractionation. This article reports on the findings of an expedition to Isla Santiago in July 2007 during which we were able to locate samples of igneous rocks similar to those collected by Darwin. We have used these, together with Darwin's original specimens and transcriptions of his field notes, to examine how his understanding of the separation of the trachytic and basaltic series of magmas developed from his initial field observations through to publication of Volcanic Islands in 1844.


text:
Sitting Comfortably? Exploring Asian Aspirations and Professional Identity
The dental profession has recently undergone a number of radical changes, most notably with the introduction of the dental contract, which debuted in April 2006. Such a dynamic shift has been met with mixed responses and questions are currently being raised surrounding the professional and personal values of newly qualified dentists (The Patients' Association, 2008).
In turn, concerns are raised about levels of preparedness within higher education. As a community of educators, it is important for us to realise the ambitions of those we train to be professionals as we are somewhat responsible for instilling a sense of proficiency within them (Macfarlane, 2004). According to the higher education statistics agency, (HESA, 2006/07), predominantly large numbers of those studying to become dentists are of South Asian heritage and female. It is suggested that culture, in its broadest sense, has a significant impact upon their notion of professional identity.
Preliminary research is presented in this paper which highlights the aspirations of a sample group of dental students, from the South Asian community with respect to their profession. Initial findings reflect the discussions introduced by Bordieu (1984) on cultural capital and moreover its prevalent influence in terms of making professional choices.
Keywords: British-Asian Students, Professional Values, Cultural Identity, Higher Education
Dr. Deesha Chadha
Lecturer in Higher Education, King's Learning Institute, King's College London


text: According to material mechanics theory and drilling practice, the equation of lateral bending deformation (LBD) of drill was built and the inclined angle of drill tip was solved when drilling small hole. And then the drilling test was done and the character of drilling force was analyzed. Based on this, the LBD of drill was studied. The result shows that, the rise of lateral force and thrust force will increase the inclined angle of drill tip in drilling process, and lateral force is the main factor of generating LBD. By choosing suitable axial vibration parameter, axial vibration drilling can reduce the LBD of drill and improve the dimensional accuracy of hole evidently.


text:
Plot a plane striking 072 degrees and dipping 24 degrees southeast.
Note: Always mark an orientation mark on your overlay (north is best) so you can return it to its original orientation. Also, for clarity, the stereonet on this and other pages is shown with circles only at 30 degree intervals. In practice, most stereonets are ruled with light lines at 2-degree intervals and heavy lines at 10-degree intervals.
1. Mark off the strike of the plane on the circumference of the stereonet. It's a good idea to mark both ends of the strike, and also sketch a little strike and dip symbol with the right orientation.
2. Rotate the overlay so that the strike line is north-south. Count in the dip angle along the equator.
3. Trace the appropriate great circle.
4. Return the overlay to its upright position.
It may happen that the great circle you need to plot does not coincide with a plotted great circle. In that case interpolate between the two nearest plotted circles.


OPIMsoft -- Expert on Offshore Pipeline Software Solution
 OPLAS -- Offshore Pipeline Laying Analysis System Introduction:
 OPIMS -- Offshore Pipeline Integrity Management System Introduction:
 OFFPIPE Grapher Introduction
OFFPIPE Grapher is used to read, filter, chart OFFPIPE output files and show maximum variable values. OFFPIPE was developed specifically for the modeling and structural analysis of nonlinear problems encountered in the installation and operation of offshore pipelines. OFFPIPE Grapher was developed to read and analyze OFFPIPE output files rapidly in pre-design stage of offshore pipeline installation.
OFFPIPE Grapher 1 OFFPIPE Grapher 2
 OFFPIPE Grapher Key Features
1. Read OFFPIPE output files.
2. Filter specified OFFPIPE output file and generate a filtered output file which contains only analysis results.
3. Chart specified OFFPIPE output file, show the data in several plots which can be saved as BMP files.
4. Find out touchdown point, maximum moment, reaction, total stress/strain and stress/strain percent.
It should be noted that only static, 2-D, and SI OFFPIPE output files are supported by OFFPIPE Grapher.
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Swiss Empa scientists and their colleagues have spent four years studying the potential of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to store heat from the warmth of summer into the cold of winter.
The theory behind this kind of heat storage is fairly straightforward: if you pour water into a beaker containing solid or concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the mixture heats up. The dilution is exothermic where chemical energy is released in the form of heat. Moreover, the sodium hydroxide solution is highly hygroscopic and able to absorb water vapor. The condensation heat obtained as a result warms up the sodium hydroxide solution even more.
Heat exchangers from instant water heaters provided the solution: the sodium hydroxide solution. Spirals along a pipe, absorbs water vapor and emits heat. Image Credit: Empa. Click image for the largest view.
We are still far from a sustainable energy supply. In Switzerland during 2014, 71 percent of all privately-owned apartments and houses were heated with fossil fuels, and 60 percent of the hot water consumed in private households is generated in the same way. In other words, a considerable amount of fossil energy could be saved if we were able to store heat from sunny summer days until winter time and retrieve it at the flick of a switch.
Materials capable of storing heat include those such as bricks or concrete that slowly release the stored heat, and others such as water or ethylene glycol that take in heat when they transform from a solid to a liquid. However, none of these materials can store heat energy over a long period as they simply naturally release it slowly over time. A material that could store heat energy for a long time and release it at the exact timing desired would be a boon for the field of renewable energy.
Is there a way to do this? It certainly looks like the Swiss have it. Since autumn of 2016, following several years of research, Empa has a plant on a lab scale in operation that works reliably and is able to store heat for the long term. But the road to get there was long and winding.
When heat energy is fed into a dilute sodium hydroxide solution in the form of heat, the water evaporates, the sodium hydroxide solution will get more concentrated and thus stores the supplied energy. This solution can be kept for months and even years, or transported in tanks. If it comes into contact with water (vapor) again, the stored heat is re-released.
That's how the theory works. But could the beaker experiment be replicated on a scale capable of storing enough energy for a single-family household? The Empa researchers Robert Weber and Benjamin Fumey rolled up their sleeves and got down to work. They used an insulated sea container as an experimental laboratory on Empa's campus in Dübendorf – a safety precaution as concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is highly corrosive. If the system were to spring a leak, it would be preferable for the aggressive liquid to slosh through the container instead of Empa's laboratory building.
Unfortunately, the first prototype didn't work as anticipated. The researchers had opted for a falling film evaporator – a system used in the food industry to condense liquids, most commonly, orange juice into a concentrate. Instead of flowing correctly around the heat exchanger, however, the thick sodium hydroxide solution formed large drops. It absorbed too little water vapor and the amount of heat that was transferred remained too low.
Then Fumey had a brainstorm. The viscous storage medium should trickle along a pipe in a spiral, absorb water vapor on the way and transfer the generated heat to the pipe. The reverse – charging the medium – should also be possible using the same technique, only the other way round. The idea worked. And the best thing about it is the spiral-shaped heat exchangers are already available from existing inventory as the heat exchangers from flow water heaters.
Fumey then optimized the lab system further by asking which fluctuations in NaOH concentration are optimal for efficiency? Which temperatures should the inflowing and outflowing water have? Water vapor at a temperature of five to ten degrees C is required to drain the store. The water vapor can be produced with heat from a geothermal probe, for example.
During the heat recovery process a 50-percent sodium hydroxide solution runs down the outside of the spiral heat exchanger pipe and is thinned to 30 percent in the steam atmosphere. The water inside the pipe heats up to around 50º Celsius – which is just about right for radiant floor heating.
To recharge the heat inventory, the 30-percent, "discharged" sodium hydroxide solution again trickles down around the spiral heat exchanger pipe. But now inside the pipe flows 60º C hot water, which could be produced by a solar collector. Then the water from the sodium hydroxide solution evaporates; the water vapor is removed and condensed. The condensation heat is conducted back into a geothermal probe, where it is stored. The sodium hydroxide solution that leaves the heat exchanger after recharging is concentrated back to 50 percent again, i.e. "charged" with thermal energy.
Fumey said, "This method enables solar energy to be stored in the form of chemical energy from the summer until the wintertime, and that's not all. The stored heat can also be transported elsewhere in the form of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, which makes it flexible to use."
The search for industrial partners to help build a compact household system on the basis of the Empa lab model has now begun. The next prototype of the sodium hydroxide storage system could then be used in Switzerland's NEST building innovation project.
There have been many attempts at heat storage over the years, most all too vulnerable in heat loss to justify the investment, Here the Swiss have a fully static storage. This concept might well get to market. There are many questions yet to ask and answer, but this looks very good indeed.
2 Comments so far
 1. MattMusson on January 13, 2017 8:16 AM
 Many people do not know that Bat Masterson – western sheriff and gunfighter – became a writer for Chicago Newspaper late in life. Your article reminded me of the unfinished editorial that Masterson was working on when he died.
 He wrote, "It has been my experience in life that everything evens out. Take Ice for instance. The Rich have Ice in the Summer and the Poor have Ice in the Winter. So, it all evens out."
 2. Concrete trailer pump on September 22, 2017 4:58 AM
 Hope scientists can find ways that can store heat from the warmth of summer into the cold of winter. That will be amazing!
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Iglesia Evangélica Luterana Boliviana (Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church) (IELB)
The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church grew out of the work of the World Mission Prayer League from the USA, among Aymara Indians. In 1972, the American missionaries left the country, as the local people claimed greater participation in the decision-making bodies of the church. The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church was constituted that same year. The church is composed entirely of indigenous people. It is the largest Amerindian Lutheran church on the continent.
The IELB's main priority is to promote a holistic approach to evangelism and service. The church is involved in a variety of projects: alternative agriculture, animal husbandry, provision of drinking water, educational campaigns to prevent cholera, formal education (elementary school), vocational training, and communication.


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I got a database with a column of type geography(Point,4326), the data contained looks like 0101000020E610000092E057F66EF73140930035B56CBD4840. How can I convert it to GPS coordinates?
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It looks like this column is in Well Known Binary (WKB) or Extended Well Known Binary (EWKB) Format. You should try to query it using something like:
select astext(your_column_name) from your_table_name
That will give you the textual representation. Not sure what you mean by GPS co-ordinates? Do you want to convert it into a.gpx file or just get the lat/lon. In which case the former will do that, although you might have to clean up the output in text editor or something.
The alternative would be
select ST_X(your_column_name),ST_Y(your_column_name) from your_table_name
which will give you the numeric lats and longs in two columns as your query table.
---- EDIT
These are functions on Geometry columns --- on Geography columns, the following is correct:
 select ST_AsEWKT(your_column_name) from your_table_name
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What I mean by GPS coordinates is just lat/lon. I've tried the functions you proposed but both returned an error ERROR: function astext(geography) does not exist ERROR: function st_x(geography) does not exist. Is there something I have to install to get it working? – Elwhis Sep 2 '12 at 21:28
Try ST_AsEWKT(your_column_name) – Stev_k Sep 3 '12 at 0:41
Yep, that worked, thank you very much! – Elwhis Sep 3 '12 at 1:13
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The ST_X/ST_Y functions are only defined on the geometry type, so cast there before calling them.
SELECT ST_X(geogcolumn::geometry), ST_Y(geogcolumn::geometry) FROM thetable;
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According to my tests (postgres 9.2, postgis 2.0.1), this is a bit faster than ST_AsEWKT – Laurent Debricon Sep 18 '12 at 15:15
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Change proxy server settings in Internet Explorer
Proxy settings are used to tell Internet Explorer the network address of an intermediary server (known as a proxy server) that is used between the browser and the Internet on some networks. Changing proxy settings is something you usually only have to do if you are connecting to the Internet through a corporate network. By default, Internet Explorer automatically detects proxy settings. However, you might need to manually set a proxy with information supplied by your network administrator. Here's how:
To change proxy server settings
 4. Select the Use a proxy server for your LAN check box.
 5. In the Address box, type the address of the proxy server.
 6. In the Port box, type the port number.
 7. If your network requires separate proxy addresses for different services, such as HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP, click the Advanced button, and then type the individual proxy server addresses to use.
 8. When you are finished making changes, click OK until you return to Internet Explorer.
 - In some corporate environments, network or proxy settings might be pre-set or turned off by the administrator.
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The GLI Program
The challenges that our students will confront at graduation are increasingly global concerns, such as economic viability, population and environmental changes, effects of technological advances, ethical dilemmas, and the generation of wealth and resources. Our global society needs leaders and entrepreneurs to shape progress toward innovation, new technologies, and civic and cultural engagement. The University of Montana has developed a privately funded program to instill in its graduates more comprehensive understanding and broader perspectives to address such issues, as well as the leadership skills needed for the global century.
Each year, a broadly representative group of first-year students is invited to participate as Fellows in UM's Global Leadership Initiative (GLI). The program enriches an already strong university experience composed of major and general education coursework. By providing students with interdisciplinary coursework, out-of-classroom experiences, advising, and support, the GLI fosters skills that enable students to critically examine global challenges and achieve genuine confidence in their knowledge and abilities.


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Glassand plastic-block windows have few air leaks, protect against storm damage and provide security against break-ins.
As people become more concerned about home security, they are replacing more of their old, inefficient windows with glassand plastic-block windows. This is particularly true for first-floor and basement windows where a would-be thief can hide and take time to quietly pry open or break a standard window.
Protection from severe weather is now also becoming a more widespread concern. Some standard pane-glass windows can withstand the force of the wind during a violent storm, but damage from flying debris often does much of the damage. Hurricane-resistant block windows can prevent this damage.
It is possible for an intruder to break through a glass-block window, but it would be very difficult, take quite a bit of time, and create a lot of noise.
Plastic-block windows are also available and look identical to true glass blocks. Most are molded from acrylic plastic, which is fairly impact-resistant, much more than standard double-pane glass windows, and it does not yellow over time.
Glassand plastic-block windows can be energy efficient for several reasons. There is a sealed insulating air gap inside of each block. This works to be particularly efficient in glass blocks because the two halves are fused together under heat. When the glass blocks and the air inside the sealed gap cool, a slight insulating vacuum is created inside the block.
Just as most replacement windows now use low-E (low-emissivity) coating on the glass, so do glass and plastic blocks. Some Hy-Lite acrylic plastic blocks have an efficient low-emissivity coating on a third pane inside the block, providing an R-3 insulating value. This can be combined with a tinted block for summer heat rejection of SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) = 0.27, plus winter heat savings.
Another plus: block windows are very airtight and remain so. There is very little, if any, air infiltration when the blocks are assembled properly in mortar or clear silicone. (When installing a completed block panel, make sure to caulk well around the frame perimeter.)
If you want the option of natural ventilation, several of the blocks can be replaced with a small hopper window. The opening panel is made from tough polycarbonate plastic. It is too small to get through even if someone could break it. A hopper-style window closes on compression-type weatherstripping, so it is very airtight.
Opening casement-style block window panels with privacy style blocks are often used in bathrooms and basements. Always check your local building codes about egress (escape) requirements for rooms in your house. If there is a fire or a roof collapses during a tornado or hurricane, you need to have a window that will open wide enough to crawl through. Many casement style block replacement windows should meet these requirements.
There is quite a learning curve to install individual blocks yourself, so if you are inexperienced, select preassembled panels. These large complete panels are installed similarly to any replacement window. Some of the strongest glass block panels, which meet IBC (International Building Code) and Dade County, Fla., hurricane impact tests, are framed by 2-by-6 pressure-treated lumber.
Glass-block panels, such as from Pittsburgh Corning, are available in 60 sizes and three block patterns. Plastic blocks, such as from Hy-Lite, can be custom-sized to fit your existing window opening.


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Unit 13 Essay
Below is an essay on "Unit 13" from Anti Essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples.
1.1 Explain what it mean to have a duty of care in own work role
 residents are safe
 data protection act
 monitoring our own behaviour
 working safely
 equality and diversity
1.2 Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals
 Avoiding potential hazards, which could lead to harm through accidents or spreading infections
 respecting the individual in thy dignity
 Risk Assessments
 Policies and Procedures
 Conforming to Legislation – by adhering to laws such as health and safety and safeguarding, I am working within the law which is there to protect adults in mental health and those who work in sitting .
2.1 Describe potential conflicts or dilemmas that my arise between the duty of care and an individuals right
 abusing drugs
 Staff falling out,
 Break confidentiality,
 Swearing and behaviour,
 Absent staff members,
 Lack of team work
 bulling and intimidating
2.2 Describe how to manage risk associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individuals rights and the duty of care
 Talking to the patients
Example : If the individual wants to do something that is unsafe or risky that is their choice and you must respect their rights but you have a duty of care and must do all that you can to keep them safe.That is the dilemma.You can carry out a risk assessment that involves the individual so that they fully understand the risk they are taking. If they still want to take the risk you make it as safe as possible for them. You have then done all that you can be expected to do under your duty of care.
2.3 Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas
 Line manager
 Advocacy centre
 Health professionals
3.1 Describe how to respond to complaints
 listening to the patients complains.
 record and inform the nurse in charge and line manager.
3.2 Explain the main...
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MLA Citation
"Unit 13". Anti Essays. 28 Nov. 2015
APA Citation
Unit 13. Anti Essays. Retrieved November 28, 2015, from the World Wide Web: _URL_


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Understanding the potential implications of advances in science and technology (S&T) for the operation of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is a key task for the ConventionI. The lack of a commonly accepted method for assessing relevant risks presents significant challenges, however. In addition, a framework to assess the potential benefits arising from S&T could similarly inform the Convention. Qualitative frameworks have features that make them amenable to serving as tools to foster systematic discussions, reveal areas of agreement and disagreement, and provide a basis for continuing dialogue. The InterAcademy Partnership (IAP) and the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine collaborated on a pilot exercise to examine how two qualitative frameworks could facilitate structured discussions of advances in S&T using BWC-relevant case examples. In a pilot exercise on 1 August 2019, participants worked through these frameworks and discussed areas in which they could be adapted to help support the BWC.
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I have the following assignment question, and I'm having trouble even getting started:
Consider the set of functions $\mathcal{F}=\{f,g\}$, with $f:\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}$, and $g:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$, defined by $f(x,y)=xy$ and $g(x)=x+1$. Let $A=cl_\mathcal{F}(B)$, with $B=\{0\}$. I.e., $A$ is the closure of $B$ under the operations in $\mathcal{F}$. Then clearly $A=\mathbb{N}$. How would you go about showing that the following three equations, uniquely determine a function $h$?
$h(g(x))=h(x)+2$, and
What is $A$ good for? Is it necessary to show what we're being asked to show? And also, we're on the topic of primitive recursive functions and such, so I don't understand how this would fit into that topic anyway.
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I'd suggest replacing $f,g$ in the properties of $h$ with their given values, i.e. $xy$ and $x+1$ respectively. – hardmath Aug 16 '12 at 14:17
Are you sure about $h(f(x,y))=f(h(x),h(y))$? Maybe a typo for $h(f(x,y))=f(h(x),y)$ or something similar. – André Nicolas Aug 16 '12 at 14:20
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Using the second two equations, we have that $h(0)=0$ and $h(x+1)=h(x)+2$. Thus we can use induction to find the value of $h(x)$ for any value $x\in\Bbb N$. In fact, it is easy to see that if $x\in \Bbb N$ we have $h(x)=2x$.
Now the first condition $h(xy)=h(x)h(y)$ provides a contradiction, however, since we can take $y=1$ and find that $h(x)=2h(x)$, i.e. $2x=4x$ for $x\in\Bbb N$. Thus no function $h$ exists satisfying all three conditions, which is why André Nicolas asked if there was perhaps a typo.
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Ah, I see. There must be typo (although I double checked the assignment, and that's exactly what it says). – FPP Aug 16 '12 at 14:36
Nice and simple. – mick Dec 10 '14 at 22:15
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American space research institute NASA will conduct a study on the weather and climate change in Bangladesh.
"NASA will conduct the research under its South and Southeast Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study Programme," Hal Maring, chief scientist of NASA's Earth Science Division was quoted as saying by the Daily Star.
Maring discussed the programme at a meeting with Bangladesh's Environment and Forests Minister Hasan Mahmud.
The top NASA official said around 250 scientists will take part in the study through NASA's biggest aircraft next August-September.
"The findings of the research will help Bangladesh forecast weather warnings and conduct further research in agriculture," Maring said.
Mahmud said the research will help the region exchange weather and climate related information.


Michelle Jones, Shake Shack
Retail Food Safety Forum
Simple Food Safety Training Combats Turnover
By Michelle Jones
Michelle Jones, Shake Shack
Restaurants must maintain a culture that continuously promotes food safety to empower employees to protect both their customers and their brand.
Retail food establishments face many challenges, and employee retention is one of the major concerns. Employee retention affects scheduling, hiring, and the overall effectiveness of training. Food safety training usually suffers when turnover occurs.
The safety of customers is dependent on an employee's knowledge and execution of the food safety standards that are in place.
The biggest challenge in training in the retail/hospitality industry is the risk that the employee may leave within the first year (or less) of employment. According to Restaurant.org, the average turnover rate for the restaurant/hospitality sector was 66.3% in 2014.1 This turnover rate creates a challenge for maintaining a solid food safety culture.
Restaurants can take proactive steps to create and maintain a food safety culture that is always visible to new and current employees by adopting various techniques.
Signage Is Your Friend
Signage throughout your restaurant is a great way to continuously relay a food safety message without confining employees to a computer or module-based system. This signage should be simple, sometimes playful and right to the point. An employee or manager takes roughly 30 seconds, on average, to read a message, so the shorter the better.
Visual signage is always a great tool to use in the back of house to relay food safety standards (e.g., proper cooking temperatures, order of storing food in coolers, etc.). Signage (photos specifically) may also assist employees who may not communicate in English proficiently. A picture is worth a thousand words, so utilize photos, cartoons or captions in order to relay the message.
Target the Leader
A quality assurance/food safety team should focus its training on the leaders of a region and/or district. Managers have more incentive to stay with companies longer; therefore, food safety training will be retained for a longer period. They may also visit their locations more frequently than the food safety professional, which gives them additional contact with the restaurant-level staff.
To assist these managers in their communication and verification of standards, compose a customized checklist for them to complete during a restaurant visit. The checklist should fulfill the following:
 1. Highlight the top opportunities they seek out (hand washing, sanitizer concentration, etc.)
 2. Provide the proper corrective action to eliminate the opportunities
 3. Considers their time. A manager does not have the ability to complete a five-page checklist. Keep it simple—just the facts!
If these managers are well versed on food safety and sanitation and procedures, they will be able to hold their restaurants to a higher level of compliance. So provide them with all of the tools they need to communicate to their employees.
Informed Employees Are Powerful Employees
Creating newsletters or publications serve as a great tool to keep employees informed of food safety policies. These articles can highlight trends in your company and new products available for use (i.e., chemicals, thermometers, etc.).
By law, every restaurant must have an area where employee information is listed (minimum wage, disability rights, etc.). This board is the perfect place to post your publication.
In conclusion, keeping employees trained on proper food safety standards is the best way to ensure your customers are safe and your brand is protected. Implementing various forms of communication of these standards will create a strong foundation for an excellent food safety culture to exist.
 1. National Restaurant Association. Hospitality employee turnover rose in 2014. March 11, 2015.
 1. Ken Ward
 Nice job Michelle. You make a fellow K-Stater proud. Hope you are doing well. I'm on my glide path to retirement, another 14 months if everything goes well.
 2. Geraldo
 Good suggestion. We meet recently Michelle when you visit food plant facility in the Boston area. The turnover does affect food safety culture.
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Tramsorb® hydrogels can be of assistance throughout the growth cycle of grasses and sods, especially in germination, quicker growth, reduction of transportation stress, and root establishment. The collection and storage of rain and irrigation water can reduce labor and water costs, as well as provide relief for difficult growth areas and "hot spots." The application of Tramsorb® hydrogels is extremely beneficial for golf courses, sod farms, and gardens.
These are our suggestions to produce a successful planting.
1. Work the soils either manually or with a plough.
2. Spread from 0.1-0.2# Tramsorb® hydrogels per 10 F2 of soil surface area on the top of theground. The rate of application should be adjusted according to climate, soil conditions and plant water requirements. The polymer may be broadcasted by hand or with a fertilizer spreading device.
3. Incorporate the polymer into the soil beneath about 2″ of untreated soil and at a maximum depth of 4″. Incorporation can be done either manually or by a disc harrow or other device.
The soils must be leveled evenly.
4. Broadcast the seed or lay down the sod rolls. Roll the soil for compaction. Apply fertilizers if recommended.
5. Water the field liberally to allow for full water absorption by the Tramsorb® hydrogels.
6. Apply water to the planted area using a normal watering schedule for one week. Following the first week, irrigation may be reduced by 50% or more depending upon conditions.
Tramsorb hydrogels are now known as: Tramfloc® 1001, 1001A, 1001B, 1002 and 1004.


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Hydrogels with fine-toothed molecular combs may make enduring glucose-monitoring implants
wallpapers News 2020-07-01
Comb-like molecules within the meshes of the hydrogel prevent small molecules, like glucose-sensing assays, from leaking out. Credit: Dr. Melissa Grunlan/Texas A&M University College of Engineering
In a new study, published online in the journal American Chemical Society (ACS) Applied Polymer Materials, scientists at Texas A&M University reported they have designed a hydrogel membrane that may be used to house optical glucose sensing materials, toward building a biosensor for monitoring sugar levels in diabetics.
By incorporating dangling, comb-type molecular chains within a type of hydrogel called poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or poly NIPAAm for short, they showed that the membrane could prevent leakage of small-sized molecules, like the ones for glucose-sensing, while still allowing glucose to freely diffuse in and out.
When ready for clinical use, the researchers said these membranes could be used to form biosensors that could be easily implanted under the skin of the wrist and might offer a more comfortable alternative to transdermal implants, which sit partially outside the skin. Moreover, unlike transdermal implants that need to be changed every few weeks, this type of subcutaneous implant may only need to be replaced every few months.
"We've done a lot of work on hydrogel materials looking at mechanical properties and foreign body reactions, but our grand goal has always been to use poly NIPAAm membranes to build a subcutaneous glucose biosensor," said Dr. Melissa Grunlan, professor and holder of the Charles H. and Bettye Barclay Professorship in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. "In this study, we have been able to fine-tune the diffusion properties of these hydrogels that we have previously identified as a promising candidate for building long-term functioning glucose biosensors."
Poly NIPAAms are a class of organic hydrogels that have a soft texture, like contact lenses. One of their attractive properties is that they can undergo cyclical swelling and deswelling with small temperature fluctuations in the body. Since their surface is dynamically changing with temperature, they deter the attachment of cells and biomolecules. This active, self-cleaning mechanism makes poly NIPAAm hydrogels appealing for implants since they minimize the attack from the immune system.
To use the poly NIPAAm membrane for monitoring blood sugar, it must house enough glucose-sensing molecules or assays. Furthermore, the longevity of the hydrogel also depends on the membrane's ability to retain these assay molecules without their leaking out.
"Think about the NIPAAm hydrogel like a knitted sweater where the spaces between the meshes are formed by the crossing stitches. Right now, these spaces or windows in the hydrogels are too big, letting the assay molecules go right through," said Grunlan. "If the assays keep leaching out this way, we're not going to have a long functioning sensor."
Therefore, Grunlan and her team focused their efforts in fine-tuning the properties of poly NIPAAms to limit the leaking of glucose-sensing molecules while still allowing the glucose to freely diffuse through the hydrogel.
To decrease the size of gaps, the researchers inserted dangling molecules of different charges, lengths and concentrations to the poly NIPAAm hydrogel. When incorporated into the hydrogel, these molecules create comb-shaped barriers, whose teeth are designed to block diffusion of small assay-sized molecules. To test if this comb-like architecture can limit diffusion of glucose sensors, they also put within the hydrogel, fluorescently tagged molecules called dextrans, which served as proxies for glucose-sensing molecules. Next, they placed the hydrogel into water and measured the amount of fluorescence in the water due to the leaking of dextrans from the hydrogel.
The researchers found that when they used a negatively charged molecule called poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) or PAMP, the combs prevented the diffusion of dextrans. Furthermore, they also observed that glucose molecules were unhindered in their flow in and out of the hydrogel.
Grunlan noted that now that they have proof-of-concept that their hydrogels can curb leaking of small dextrans, the next step in their research would be to build a biosensor with glucose-sensing molecules contained within the membrane.
"Even though our present study did not involve actual sensing molecules, it very conclusively and precisely shows you what comb architectures can do for hydrogels to limit diffusion," said Grunlan. "This was a systematic study to show the effectiveness of our approach and the possibility of extending our findings to other areas of research other than glucose sensing for which hydrogels with limited diffusion need to be designed."


text:
oa Fundamina : A Journal of Legal History - Romeinse reg en regsgeskiedenis in die LlB-kurrikulum
In this article it is argued that Roman law and legal history should remain part of the LLB curriculum of South African universities - at least those which aspire to develop wellrounded, confident and educated graduates who can hold their own in an increasingly globalised society. In fact, both the SAQA minimum outcomes for the LLB degree and the practice requirements for LLB graduates (as indicated in the CHE report on the LLB curriculum 2010) place a high premium on a sound understanding of the fundamental principles of South African law and the ability to do research. SAQA mentions in particular that LLB graduates should be able to do comparative and legal historical research. A knowledge of Roman law and legal history is essential for the development of these competencies.
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We are all familiar with vending machines dispensing sugary drinks and confections at various locations around our fine city, but did you know that some of the earliest vending machines were built into the bases of gas lamps?
At the Great Exhibition of 1897, a demonstration as made of a gas lamp that also included an automatic machine which could dispense a gallon of hot water, or a halfpennies worth of Beef tea essence, Cocoa, Milk, Sugar, Tea or Coffee.
These "Pluto Lamps" were developed by a company founded in 1896 by Mr. H M Robinson variously known as either the "Hot Water Supply Syndicate" or the "Refreshment Lamp Syndicate" and they installed a number of these vending machines around the city before seemingly vanishing with barely a memory of their existence.
A few newspaper records exist, such as a report in the Pall Mall Gazette of the 8th July 1898 commenting on the opening of the first Pluto Lamp, within Leicester Square.
That lamp is described as being filled with Welshbach mantles on a Denayrouze burner and able to draw of quarts of water in quick succession. From other slots could be obtained hot coffee, coca and fluid beef via enamel vessels secured to the gas lamp by a chain.
What was also described as "another great boon" was the availability of cigarettes at four to the penny and even postcards were offered.
The Pluto Lamps must have been modestly successful as the following year, the Morning Post of 8th Feb 1899 noting that a Pluto Lamp was to be installed on a plot of land in Rosebery Avenue which had been recently sold to the Clerkenwell Vestry.
In addition to dispensing hot drinks, and obviously providing a valuable service in providing illumination to the dark streets – the Clerkenwell model also included one of Steljes ABC Telegraph Recorders which was connected to Scotland Yard for the police to use.
Remarkably though, there is a very early photograph of it on the day it was installed.
However, it was apparently not a success and was removed by October in the same year. It is possible that part of the reason was that locals found they could supplement half-penny coins with small round pieces of tin. Opened in February, by April over 1,000 pieces of tin had been found inside the vending machine, according a report into the arrest of one such thief in the Daily Mail of April 6th 1899.
The "urchin" was bound over for six months. Substituting coins for base metals has been a problem for street vending machines ever since.
There gas lamps evidently combined the convenience of a supply of hot drinks with the municipal task of providing lighting, and such an idea has a modern counterpart in the mobile phone industry. It is not uncommon now for solar power phone towers in some rural areas of Africa to donate their surplus electricity to the local villages to provide lighting – and power to recharge phone batteries.
A Victorian notion of municipal service offering additional benefits to society still in action today.


text:
Welding Triangles In A Mesh Using Thrust 2016-02-29
This algorithm is designed to weld together triangle vertices with a certain tolerance and remove duplicated triangles. Thrust will be used making the algorithm parallel on the CPU using OpenMP or on the GPU using CUDA. Additionally, I assume that the code is run on the CPU.
This example is based on the Welding Vertices example in the Thrust GitHub examples folder. I used the following to merge vertices and triangles for a marching cubes code which generated an unoptimized triangle mesh.
The input to this procedure is a list of triangles and vertices,
vertices is a three dimensional vector with the locations of each vertex in a triangle and
indices is an array of indices for the vertices that make up a specific triangle. Note that the input to the algorithm must not be merged already, meaning that
vertices will contain unique entries for every vertex and
indices will reference 3 unique vertices. No vertex will be shared by a triangle.


text:
Hearing Loss in Vermont
Anywhere from 4 to 16% of Americans are estimated to have some degree of hearing loss. In Vermont, census indicators point to 23,625 Vermonters living with hearing loss, including 1993 who are profoundly deaf.
Causes of hearing loss specific to Vermont are unavailable, but nationally studies have indicated that among adults, 34% of hearing loss stems from noise injury, while 28% comes from age and 17% comes from infection. Only 4% was present at birth. Among young people, the most common causes were heredity (13%), pregnancy and birth complications (9%), and meningitis (8%). Large spikes in hearing loss in children that previously occurred in the 1950's and 1960's due to rubella epidemics have been eliminated in the United States by the rubella vaccine.
Nationally, 96% of children who have hearing loss have hearing parents; only 4% have one or both parents with hearing loss.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Education in Vermont
Nationally, we know:
- Approximately 1.1 per 1000 K-12 students currently receive special education for the primary reason of hearing loss.
- At least 40% of the deaf/hard of hearing student population also have secondary or co-existing conditions.
- About 12% of deaf and hard of hearing students attend separate residential schools and 22% receive special education services more than 60% of the time.
The demographics of deaf education are changing; the increasing prevalence of cochlear implant as a partial solution is greatly impacting the other types of services students with hearing loss require. In addition, ethnic diversity among students with hearing loss is increasing at a pace and along trends consistent with the larger school population.
Vermont Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing is the state-chartered nonprofit provider of educational services for children and young adults with hearing loss in Vermont.The Austine School and William Center, both residential facilities at the Austine campus in Brattleboro, are the only residential schools for the deaf in Vermont and currently serve 65 students. The Vermont Center was created in 1998 as an umbrella organization to ensure a continuum of services to deaf and hard of hearing individuals from birth through adulthood. Programs are approved by the Vermont Department of Education and staffed by certified professionals, most of whom have masters-level credentials.
The Vermont Center asserts that ensuring deaf and hard of hearing individuals' capacity for success in our society means assessing each child or adult's particular needs " "What will help this individual thrive?" " and providing the corresponding education, tools, and resources vital to allow a healthy and productive life.
Additional educational programs range from the state-approved Parent Infant Program (which provides information and support to parents of children with hearing loss birth to age 3), to specialized services to Deaf and Hard of Hearing students through the Regional Consultant Services, as well as classes in American Sign Language.
The Vermont Center is committed to quality programs for all students regardless of degree of hearing loss or method of communication.
DVAS (Deaf Vermonters Advocacy Services)
National Technical Institute for the Deaf
American Sign Language Teachers Association
National Association of the Deaf
Vermont Interpreter Referral Service
Vermont Center for Independent Living
VT Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
Vermont Department of Education
Vermont Video Relay Service


It takes a village to educate children
Ron Gregory
8 months 1 days 8 hours ago |8 Views | | | Email | Print
Dear Editor:
Do you agree it takes a village to educate children?
This is one example of a village coming together to educate children and provide support. Despite the current situation of our economy several businesses and local citizens gave monetary donations.
Administrators, parents, and teachers provided a dedicated team educate the children. These local citizens and businesses provide the monetary support so that the children were able to extend their education beyond the classroom.
Cook law office, Conaway law office, Dr. Senator, Handley Funeral Home, Hatfield law office, Madison Elementary PTO, Jean Cook, and Jeannie McClung. Teresa Butcher, Brenda Lovejoy and Melissa Workman are the aides in the classroom.
They are dedicated assistants who love the students and go above and beyond what is required. They are true educators who enjoy interacting and working with the students.
The administrator's Mrs. Napier and Mr. Griffith provided support and understanding to the classroom. Without their support and understanding we would not have been able to extend the needed social skills and interactions within the community.
Every parent was very supportive of our efforts and their child.
I have taught for many years and never encountered such parental support. This is a vital component to educating students.
With the money and support we were able to purchase classroom shirts, attend various field trips, food and games for the beach blast, the Jack Hannah trip, Disney on Ice and the end of the year trip to the bowling alley.
Thank you to all of the people who were supportive and provided a successful school year to the students.
Angela Howell
Van, W.Va.
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text:
An experimental new dieting technology uses augmented reality to make food items appear larger than they really are
In tests of the system using 12 subjects, the amount eaten dropped by about 10 percent when the food was made to appear one and a half times larger
A deformation algorithm makes users' hands appear to be opened wider, as if they're naturally holding the larger piece of food
You might think that your feeling of satiation when eating is due simply to your stomach filling up. According to the Hirose Tanikawa Group at the University of Tokyo, however, the visual perception of food also has something to do with it – the greater the amount of food that a person sees that they're eating, the sooner they feel full. With that in mind, the team has created a prototype dieting system that uses augmented reality to trick people into thinking their food items are larger than they actually are.
Other Images from this Gallery


Go4Expert (_URL_
- - Calculations in VB6 (_URL_
dcdna05 27Aug2011 16:17
Calculations in VB6
1 Attachment(s)
Good Day to all Expert :)
I've been developing a program in visual basic 6.0 for my mother, I'm building a Database for the Information Records.
My Problem is i can't continue my project :(, im stuck on calculations of this area. So im posting here maybe somebody will help me for this. :)
I've attach an image here please open it to see the image. :)
I'm using a DBgrid to see contents populating from my Database Table using MS-Access.
The image above is only an example which i have to make in VB soon.
I need a code for calculating this
Example: RETURN + RETURN + RETURN and so on.. = Total in Textbox
New + New and so on... = Total in textbox
Note: Im not using a Number for this Im using a word/string. Eg. Return etc.
Thanks in advance :)
ManzZup 27Aug2011 21:09
Re: Calculations in VB6
as i understood your problem, you have a certain list of categories. and in the list, the same item can be there n times, and you need to calc the no. of ti,es of each of the category?
first your given data is not really sufficient
i mean, first, can you iterate the list?
i mean are you done with the part where you can go through each item of the list?
if so there are several methods to solve your problem
1. you cna simply put some switch cases, which will see what the string is and update integer counter accordingly
2. the more professional way is that you make a list of key/value pairs [hash maps, lists]. make the pair as where the key is category name, from there on it is just increasing the int value relevant to the String key
dcdna05 28Aug2011 02:23
Re: Calculations in VB6
Thanks for replying. :)
I appriciate very much :)
Can you give me the specific code to calculate :)


text:
From SMS to STD–is there anything smart phones won't be able to do?
Doctors and researchers in the UK are working on a chip that will detect whether or not you have a sexually transmitted disease. Much like a home pregnancy kit, users will need to urinate on a chip which detects disease. They then will plug it into their cell phone or computer and within a matter of minutes be able to read if they have any STDs (as well as what kind).
The Guardian reports that the project was inspired as a way to halt the increasing number of young people in the UK who are contracting STDs–the most common age of those contracting STDs is between 19 and 23. And because young often equates with tech-savvy, researchers believe that this technology will lead to more (and earlier!) detection for people who may be too nervous to head to the doctor.
So if you have a fear of the doctor (or, more likely, a fear of the doctor giving you bad news) you might soon have a quick and private way of finding out if you're healthy.
Though, you might want to sanitize your phone afterwards. (via the Guardian)


the underline separately from the color of the text.)
Other neat features in Eudora Pro 4.2 can be accessed via URLs. Here are a few of my favorites:
 - You can double-click a URL to open it in the appropriate program. But, with the setting below, you can Command-click a URL to open it in the background without switching out of Eudora. It's a great way to open a bunch of URLs from TidBITS for browsing after reading the issue. You can also Command-click partial URLs like _URL_ and ftp.tidbits.com and Eudora will try to open them in the appropriate helper application. And, although this isn't new, you can Command-click email addresses to create a new message addressed to that person.
 - If something crashes while you're writing a message, you can lose a fair amount of work. Eudora has an auto-save function, though it's not turned on by default. Double-click this URL to make Eudora save messages every 120 seconds.
 - The default settings for the size of the preview panes may not work well with larger monitors. The first URL below sets the default size of the preview pane, in number of lines, and the second one sets the minimum number of lines for either the preview pane or the summary pane. Play with different numbers for these settings and see what works best for you.
 - Although Eudora allows spaces in nicknames, Eudora still tries to replace spaces with underscores when you're creating nicknames. You can override that behavior with this URL. Double-click it, and in the dialog box change the third character from an underscore to a space.
 - If you dislike the new format=flowed display of excerpt bars rather than angle brackets after giving it a chance, you can revert by double-clicking this URL.
Discussion Rampant -- The TidBITS Talk discussions of various aspects of Eudora have ranged far and wide, with numerous people weighing in on the bits of Eudora they like or dislike. Eudora being the program that it is, people posting complaints about how Eudora does something have often received tips on how Eudora can in fact meet their needs; check out the various threads relating to Eudora and you may learn even more about this deep program.
READERS LIKE YOU! Support TidBITS by becoming a member today!
Special thanks to Peter Grimbeek, Holly Farish-Hunt, Morris Johnston,
and Derek Hilton for their generous support!


text:
** Exhibition at the MIT museum - Oct. 22 - Dec. 24 2010, first floor gallery **
Markus Decker, Dietmar Offenhuber, Orkan Telhan
'Dust Serenade' is a reenactment of an acoustic experiment done by German physicist August Kundt. Inspired by the Chladni's famous sand figures visualizing sound waves in solid materials, Kundt devised an experiment for visualizing longitudinal sound waves through fine lycopodium dust; a setup that would allow him to measure the speed of sound in different gases.
Kundt was a strong believer in experimental methods over purely theoretical inquiry in a time when the disciplines of theoretical and experimental physics started to diverge.
'Dust Serenade' intends to remind us the materiality of sound. Tubes filled with scraps of words and letters--cut-up theory--interact with sound waves and turn into figures of dust. Here, visitors can modulate the frequency of the sound emitted by moving a rod and create different harmonic sound effects. As sound waves figure, refigure, and disfigure the text, we invite visitors to rethink about the tension between their theorical knowlegde and the sensory experience.
Dust Serenade is one of a series of interactive sound projects that enable visitors to experience the physical aspects of sound, presence, and atmosphere. Works in the series have been shown at the Ars Electronica Festival in Linz, Zagreb, Istanbul and São Paulo.
The project was funded by the Council for the Arts at MIT and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture (BMUKK)


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[TowerTalk] Ant Modeling (long)
To: <>
Subject: [TowerTalk] Ant Modeling (long)
From: (David Robbins)
Date: Fri, 18 Jan 2002 01:01:27 -0000
You are obviously right. No one has built and measured ALL the possible
combinations of antennas and surroundings so they can say for sure that
the simulation numbers are absolutely right in all cases.
However. They have evaluated the basic code and methods used (at least
for NEC which is the core of most of the better programs I think) in
enough cases to know that it provides good results. Will any program
accurately predict your antenna performance half over your roof with
real ground slopes and other nearby junk, no. Can you accurately
measure the performance of your antenna in its current surroundings, no.
So of what value would either of those things be in your case?
Absolutely none!
So, why bother putting all the money, time, testing, etc into developing
programs that can't predict real world performance? Because its
infinitely cheaper and faster than building and measuring all the
possible variations, tabulating them, finding the trends, and optimizing
from that, then retesting, etc, etc, etc, ad nauseum. But what good is
a computer model if it doesn't represent the real world? Well, several
things, as long as you keep two things in mind...
First. You only compare modeled antennas with other modeled antennas.
Now why is this valid? As long as you are using the same software and
modeling antennas that behave reasonably like each other the comparisons
are normally very good. They can be used to optimize elements, evaluate
changes in height, and test other changes as long as you stay within the
limitations of the models.
Second. You don't compare one modeled antenna to some other range
tested antenna. Unless you have carefully calibrated the range to a
common antenna that is similar to the one being tested the results just
won't compare. All the real world things affect the range test and you
just can't model them all accurately enough to do a valid comparison.
So what does this tell you? First, you can't compare the performance
figures quoted by one person or company to those quoted by anyone else
unless you know that they are using the same type of software and the
same set of assumptions. Second, you can't predict how an antenna will
work when hanging half over your house. Third, antenna modeling is good
if you are comparing designs or trying to optimize a particular design
as long as you are careful to stay within the limits of the software you
are using.
David Robbins K1TTT
AR-Cluster node: 145.69MHz or telnet://
-----Original Message-----
[] On Behalf Of Tom Osborne
Sent: Thursday, January 17, 2002 23:05
To: TowerTalk
Subject: [TowerTalk] Ant Modeling (long)
Hi All
credence to computer modeling of antennas.
know this? Has someone built and tested every conceivable
spacing, length, height and checked them with a field strength
hundreds of different configurations available. Then after that
thousands of different configurations when you figure boom size,
element size, taper, element spacing, element length, ground
below the antenna, terrain, etc. Surely each configuration
say that such and such an antenna with a certain length of
measure 360 degrees around the antenna for side lobes, rear
If these antennas are modeled at VHF frequencies, it would be
everything that effects the antenna. It just seems to me it's
Order online at
FAQ on WWW:
Administrative requests:
Order online at
FAQ on WWW:
Administrative requests:


text:
Amber Teething Necklaces
Amber teething necklaces for teething babies and children can alleviate drooling and pain when teething. Baltic amber contains a substance called succinic acid. When worn on the skin, body heat causes the amber to release an oil containing succinic acid, which when absorbed into the skin, works to block pain and reduce inflammation and is commonly known as "teething jewelry" in Europe. All amber necklaces feature a safety breakaway clasp for child safety.


text:
What does OKSH stand for?
OKSH stands for Offener Kanal Schleswig-Holstein (German: Open Channel of Schleswig-Holstein; TV and radio public broadcasting; Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)
This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
- Oklahoma Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
- Obywatelski Komitet Ratowania Krakowa (Polish: Civic Committee Ratowania Krakow)
- Oklahoma Romance Writers of America
- Obcianska Konzervativna Strana (Slovak: Civic Conservative Party; Slovenia)
- Old King's School (alumni of the King's School, Canterbury, Kent UK)
- Olimpijski Komite Slovenije (Slovenian: Slovenian Olympic Committee)
- Ontopia Knowledge Suite (software)
- Oracle Service Contracts (software application)
- Oshkosh, Nebraska (airport code)
- Oberlin Korean Students Association (college group)
- Opto-Knowledge Systems, Inc.
- Amiga Oktalyzer (digital music file format)
- Occupational Knowledge Test
- Oktober (German: October)
- Olympisch Kwalificatie Toernooi (Dutch: Olympic Qualifying Tournament)
- Orang Kena Tuduh (Malaysia court cases)
- Order of Knights Templar (gaming guild)
- Our Kitchen Table
- Overseas Korean Traders Associations
- Oklahoma Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (Oklahoma City, OK)


Writing a feed
Writing a feed is easy after the Channel object is built. Since RSS 2.0 is the most popular format, the IO classes in Yarfraw are all default to RSS 2.0. The following codes writes a channel to an xml file "rss20.xml" in RSS 2.0 format. Note that since every feed has only one channel, the top level 'rss' element is automatically generated for you, all you need to do is to pass in the channel object:
 Channel c = new Channel()
 FeedWriter w = new FeedWriter("rss20.xml"));
Writing other formats are similarly easy, just need to tell the writer what format you want to write in. The following codes demostrate how to write in Atom 1.0 and RSS 1.0/RDF format.
 FeedWriter writer = new FeedWriter("atom10.xml"));
 File f = new File("rss10.xml");
 FeedWriter writer2 = new FeedWriter(f, FeedFormat.RSS10);
Append, Set and Remove items
Sometimes you may want to simply add a couple of items to an existing feed without modifying the top level channel. You can use the FeedAppender class to do that. The appender methods work very much like the insert methods in java.util.List. You can either specify a specific location to append new items to, or you can simply append to the beginning or to the end.
Internally, the appender reads in the feed, modifies it, and then writes it back to the file. So if performance is a concern, instead of doing a read/write operation for every modification, you might want to write your own appender that only writes the channel to file when it needs to.
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("rss20.xml"));
 a.appendAllItemsAt(2, item);
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("atom10.xml"));
 writer.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //need to set the format explicitly because RSS 2.0 is the default
If you simply want to keep adding new items to your feed while at the same time keeping the number of items in the feed at a certain number (according to the specs, you are recommended to have only 15 items in a feed). You can tell the appender how many items you would like to keep in your feed. If the actual number of items (after appends) in the feed is greater than the number you specified, the appender will remove items from the END of the feed to ensure there is at most numItemToKeep items in the feed.
Note : the items in the input channel are assumed to be in descending order from new to old (i.e. the newest item is at index 0 of the item list). So when the appender need to trim the feed, it always remove items from the end of the items list (the items that are at the bottom of the feed).
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("yarfraw.xml"));
 a.setNumItemToKeep(15); //this operation does NOT trim the list, trimming only occurs after append
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, bigItemList);
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, moreItems);
 a.appendAllItemsToBeginning(item1, item2, item3);
 //"yarfraw.xml" have at most 15 items no matter how many items were appended using the appender
Reading a feed
You can use the reader class to read any supported feed formats. Similar to other IO classes, the reader class uses RSS 2.0 format by default (except when it's reading remotely, see examples below), so you need to set the appropriate format if the input is not in RSS 2.0 format.
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader( "rss20.xml");
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 FeedReader r2 = new FeedReader( "atom10.xml", FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 Channel c2 = r2.readChannel();
The reader is capable of reading a feed from a remote http url. In this case, the format of the remote feed is automatically detected. Format detection will be executed only once at object construction time.
 FeedReader reader = new FeedReader(file); //it's default to Rss 2.0
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.RSS10); //change it to other format
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //change it to other format
 FeedReader reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = reader2.readChannel();
 //check whether a reader is reading from a remote server
 //This is a remote feed
 reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 //so the format is automatically detected
 assert(reader2.getFormat() == FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 //you can still change the format of the reader, but it's not recommended.
Reading feeds via Http conditional Get
(this is a new feature since version 0.9, see more about HTTP conditional get here ).
If you are using Yarfraw to build an aggregator, you should definitely consider supporting conditional get to reduce network traffics. In Yarfraw, conditional get is supported by a special feed reader called CachedFeedReader, which extends the FeedReader class. As the name suggests, this class also supports basic caching of the previous parsed feed and therefore will only need to perform parsing when there are new changes to the feed that it's reading.
 FeedReader cr = new CachedFeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //issue another read immediately after, since nothing should have been changed since the last read
 //the reader will return the cached ChannelFeed object from the previous read
 ChannelFeed second = cr.readChannel();
 assertTrue(first == second);
The CachedFeedReader will keep a cached version of the previous read and parsed FeedChannel object, and performs conditional get to the remote sever using the 2 http headers: Last-Modified and Etag. If the server responses a 304 not modified status code, the reader will return the cached feed, otherwise it reads and parse the response as normal. If the remote feed is not modified since the last read, there's no need to perform parsing, therefore, this class will perform much better than the normal FeedReader class. One thing you should note is that this reader caches the reference of the original FeedChannel and also returns it to the caller, so if the FeedChannel object is modified, the cached version is also modified.
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //if I modify the returned feed object
 //the cached feed object is also modified
 assertEquals(first.getTitle(), cr.getCachedChannelFeed().getTitle());
When this cached behavior, an aggregator can skip any aggregation work if it finds the returned ChannelFeed object is the same as the previously cached object. For example:
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 ...some times later, you issues a read again to check for new changes
 //you first get a copy of the cached of the cached reference
 ChannelFeed previous = cr.getCachedChannelFeed();
 //issue a read
 ChannelFeed current = cr.readChannel();
 if(current == previous){
 //this means nothing has changed
 //there are new changes, so need to perform aggregation
Reading extensibility elements
If the extensibility elements are supported by one of the extension modules, you should consider using them instead of reading them as normal DOM elements.
If the feed contains extensibility elements that are not in the official specs, those elements will be read into the Channel(or Item)'s otherElements list. You can get all these elements by calling Channel.getElements or there is a convenient method you can use to quickly get an specific element from the list. For example, the feed from digg.com has an element call , you can get this element by using the following code:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 Element e = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "diggCount");
Another example of feeds that use extensibility elements, they are very common for popular sites. Youtube's feed has'media' elements in their feed that look like:

 Salto nel melgot
 crazy mad follia covo bergamo arma pol andrev video divertenti
 funny videos porn sex lesbians hot sexy nude girls
To get information about those elements, you would write:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed c = r.readChannel();
 System.out.println(c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "title"));
 Element thumnail = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("


text:
Roman monetary history has tended to focus on the study of Roman coinage but other assets regularly functioned as, or in place of, money. This book places coinage in its broader monetary context by also examining the role of bullion, financial instruments, and commodities such as grain and wine in making payments, facilitating exchange, measuring value and storing wealth. The use of such assets reduced the demand for coinage in some sectors of the economy and is a crucial factor in determining the impact of the large increase in the coin supply during the last century of the Republic. Money demand theory suggests that increased coin production led to further monetization, not per capita economic growth.
Money in the Late Roman Republic
David B. Hollander
Like coinage, bullion, financial instruments and a variety of commodities played an important role in Rome's monetary system. This book examines how the availability of such assets affected the demand for coinage and the development of the late Republican economy.
No additional information