text:
Tubes as Thin as Fine Thread
Tubes with an outer diameter as small as 0.15 mm are available from Goodfellow (Coraopolis, PA) in lengths ranging from a fraction of a meter to large production runs. Applications for ultra-thin tubes are many, and often relate to the need for greater miniaturization, lighter weight, or flow restriction. Features include:
- A 99.95% gold design.
- An inner diameter of 0.05 mm.
- The availability of 37 pure metal, alloy, and polymer ultra-thin tubes (OD ≤0.5mm).
For more information visit _URL_.


text:
The new AP Chemistry curriculum is in the second year of use. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a topic that generated much discussion because it is an addition to the curriculum. Jamie Benigna of Michigan teaches AP Chemistry, is an AP reader and recently wrote an article about PES for the Journal of Chemistry Education Special Issue. The article discusses the rationale for including PES in the course, explains some background of PES and provides strategies for including PES in your own course. This article is offered as a free preview of the AP Special Issue.
Check out the article: Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Advanced Placement Chemistry
The JCE web subscription; including online access to over 90 years of history, commentary, and 100 classroom activities; starts at just $60 - a great value and resource for teachers of all grade levels.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What it takes to be a lawyer
So you have decided to embark on the path to being a lawyer. But before you do so, the below points offered the good & bad on being a lawyer in Singapore and aim to give you a different perspective on it.
The good side of being a lawyer
- When you are a lawyer, you always feel like you are the reason of your country being great.
- Lawyers contribute to their own fields as patriots.
- A lawyer is always termed to be a well educated and articulate person in the society.
- Lawyers write persuasively by the use of logic and then discuss every topic that comes up thoughtfully and analytically.
- They are intellectually curious that is they want to acquire more knowledge and update it to the modern or current trends.
- Lawyers value excellence in whatever they do, in themselves or doing to others. This is brought about because they have sworn to uphold the process of justice.
- They have sworn to keep clients' confidences, even from each other.
- Lawyers also love working together because they believe if they do so, the sum is much greater than the parts.
- I can't forget to mention that lawyers are among the best-paid experts in the legal industry and most advocates earn remunerations well above the national average.
The bad side of being a lawyer
- The career is exhausting when done through one's life. This is because one will always find herself/himself in the midst of trying to solve a conflict.
- The task that lawyers have of reading and trying to remain with current information is enormous.
- It is always a hard thing for the lawyers to leave their work at the office, and they carry it home too. This is because the profession is stressful and requires a high level of thinking.
- Some attorneys give lawyers hard criminals who they should negotiate for in court. This gives lawyers had time in court with their clients and the opposing side. They need to master all the details and beat the deadline provided by the court.


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(PhysOrg.com) -- A University of Arkansas researcher studying the way caves "breathe" is providing new insights into the process by which scientists study paleoclimates.
Katherine Knierim, a graduate student at the University of Arkansas, together with Phil Hays of the geosciences department and the U.S. Geological Survey and Erik Pollock of the University of Arkansas Stable Isotope Laboratory, are conducting close examinations of carbon cycling in an Ozark cave. Caves "breathe" in the sense that air flows in and out as air pressure changes.
The researchers have found that carbon dioxide pressures vary with external temperatures and ground cover, indicating a possible link between the carbon found in rock formations in the caves and seasonal changes. They presented their findings at a recent meeting of the American Geophysical Union.
The movement of carbon in cave systems is controlled by the concentration of carbon dioxide. When conditions are right, this carbon can be deposited as layers in stalagmites, stalactites and soda straws. These layers resemble the rings found in trees, except that they can date back millions of years, hold information about cave conditions.
"People have been using these formations as paleoclimate records," Hays said. However, researchers make an assumption when they do so.
"The problem is that you have to assume you are getting even carbon and oxygen isotope exchange," Knierim said. Isotopes, or atoms of the same type but with slightly different weights, are found in plants, animals, organic matter and rocks. Different types of material have unique "signatures," or proportions of a particular atom at a particular atomic weight.
By looking at carbon isotope ratios in cave topsoils, the cave atmosphere and the stream within the cave, Knierim and her colleagues will be able to determine the different contributions of carbon sources to the formations. This will help scientists develop more accurate paleoclimate conditions from cave formations.
A greater knowledge of how carbon cycles through cave systems also will help scientists develop better methods for watershed management.
Provided by University of Arkansas
Explore further: Sea level influenced tropical climate during the last ice age

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Lift platform - automotive
Short cycle times for the assembly are extremely important in automobile production. In order to design the optimum ergonomics for the worker, the vehicles are transported along the production line on lift tables. Depending on the work operation to be performed, the vehicles are moved to the optimum height in order to ensure as efficient working as possible. Which exact height has been reached is established using draw-wire sensors from Micro-Epsilon. Completely integrated in the lift table, they ensure more reliability and higher productivity.


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Why are barn owls dying on the road?
A captive barn owl.
Creative commons photo by Tony Tea.
Q: Driving on Interstate 5 last fall, I saw at least 10 dead barn owls, apparently killed when they were blinded by headlights. Is this amount of roadkill alarming? [Rich, Albany]
A: It seems counterintuitive, but I would be more worried about barn owls if you saw no roadkill. The dead birds indicate owl abundance. Owls do hunt along roads, but mostly they cruise over fields, and sometimes over highways. With their extraordinary hearing, they fly low, listening for rodents. For millions of years this was beneficial, but the owls are not so well adapted to I-5!
Barn owls are the most widespread not only of all owls, but maybe of all birds. They have managed to get to most of the planet, even remote islands like the Galapagos, Madagascar, and Borneo (and Hawaii, where they were introduced by people). The owls' success is tied very closely to that of their rodent prey. Like most birds of prey, owls begin incubating eggs as soon as they're laid, so chicks hatch over a period of days. In times of abundance, there's enough food for all young, and the owls often have two broods. But when food is short, older chicks may outcompete smaller siblings.
Owl lore also abounds–including, in our culture, that owls are wise. Perhaps it's their large heads and eyes (like a certain primate we think wise). And I think barn owls may be the original ghosts. Church belfries are perfect nesting spots, often located next to cemeteries. If you have the good fortune to see barn owls flying low and silently across a cemetery, with white underwing, it's easy to imagine mistaking them for ghosts.
By the way, it's illegal to possess any birds, even roadkill, without a permit.
Email your questions to _EMAIL_.


Cedar Hedges
Have large cedar hedge close to 8 ft. tall. We would like to replace three of the trees in the middle of the run. How would this be done? Would it be harmful to the other trees to the side of them and what size would the roots be? I can see close to the surface there is a spread out mass of roots, but how deep does this go? We are in Oakville, good soil, full sun, and we water. Thanks.
Thank you for contacting the Toronto Master Gardeners with your question.
8 foot cedars in the middle of a run can be replaced with minimal damage to surrounding members but it also depends on how many roots can remain undamaged. Usually cedars of this size in a maintained hedge refrain from growing thicker lateral roots which spread out into neighboring cedars. They tend to have more fibrous surface roots and some thicker roots going deeper. This is the norm but also depends on soil conditions and how many year the cedars have existed there. If they have been there more than 3 years, you will likely have to dig down 3 to 4 feet for removal, and may have roots as thick as 4 inches in diameter.
If you are digging up a neighboring cedar, you would want to avoid digging and disturbing roots under the 'drip line' of the neighbor that you want to retain. So as you are digging and you find root that might travel out from the cedar you are removing into the drip line space of the neighbor, then use a lopper or pruner to cut the roots off, rather than digging into the space of the neighbor.
Also sometimes it is a good idea to gently tie up the surrounding tree you want to protect from wielding digging tools with a twine or burlap.
Here is some general information on growing healthy cedars from a few of our earlier posts:
Watering deeply and thoroughly (at least once or twice a week after planting, especially in these hot summer conditions) is key so that your cedars' roots can take hold and spread. This is much more effective than frequent spraying or light watering, and can be done easily by using a soaker hose along the base of the cedars for several hours to ensure that the moisture reaches into the roots of the plant. Watering should continue well into the autumn until the ground is frozen to maintain adequate moisture through the winter. Cold winter winds can desiccate the foliage – once the ground is frozen, your cedars cannot take up moisture to replace what is lost from their foliage.
Deep, thorough watering can also help the roots in the root ball to separate and penetrate into the soil after planting: plants that have been in their containers for some time can often be root bound – that is, their roots circle around the pot and are quite tightly packed. If you did not loosen, tease out, or separate the roots somewhat before planting, your cedars may be experiencing some stress as the roots move into the garden soil.
Fertilizing the hedge with a 30-10-10 formulation three times in the growing season (May, June and July) is appropriate. It is very important to follow exactly the directions for applying fertilizers so that they are absorbed into the soil and are able to reach the plant's roots. Don't fertilize in late summer as the hedge needs to prepare to go dormant for the winter.
Using a mulch over the roots ensuring that the mulch is kept at least 3 inches away from the trunk. This will help maintain a consistent level of moisture for root survival.
Good luck with your removals and replacements.


Water and Its Importance to Quail
Food, water, shelter, space, and arrangement. These five key habitat components are important for both humans and wildlife, but may be obtained in nontraditional ways. Quail, for example, need water, but often rely on their diet to meet their water intake requirements.
During spring green-up, quail target newly sprouted plants, not only for their nutrients, but also for their water content. In later spring and summer, fruit-producing plants like blackberries, pokeweed and even poison ivy are great water sources.
As rains become more scarce in summer and vegetation less lush, quail turn to insects like crickets and grasshoppers to meet their water needs. These insects carry quail into the fall. When winter arrives, quail are primarily relying on seeds from native forbs and, depending on the species, some seeds contain quite a bit of water.
So what about surface water? Research by Oklahoma State University at Packsaddle and Beaver River Wildlife Management Areas indicates that water sources may attract quail, but has no effect on their survival or nest success.
Game cameras were installed on water sources like guzzlers or water tanks to capture images of what animals were utilizing the water during the study. Quail were rarely seen visiting the water sources. Instead, other wildlife like coyotes were observed. It was found that "surface water can concentrate quail, but no evidence was found that water led to an increase in the number of quail."
To improve potential water sources for quail and other upland birds on your property, consider the following:
- Limit the use of herbicides and pesticides; if there are no seeds or insects quail will be resource limited.
- Allow native grasses and forbs to grow; these native plants promote a healthy system and are beneficial for livestock and quail.
- Reduce the numbers of exotic or invasive plants; eastern redcedar can use up to 30 gallons of water per day and prevent native plants from growing, along with several other negative effects.
To survive, animals need adequate habitat, but they sometimes utilize different methods than we would think. Though quail don't require water in the traditional sense, it doesn't make water any less important!
Jena Donnell _URL_
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Say you're given a ordered set of $n$ relatively prime elements, $a_1,\dots,a_n$ in a principal ideal domain $D$. If I relabel these elements $a_{11},\dots,a_{1n}$ in the same order, is it possible to find some remaining $a_{kj}$ in $D$ such that $(a_{kj})$ is an invertible $n\times n$ matrix over $D$?
share|improve this question
In a more general setting, this became known as Serre's problem, and later the Quillen-Suslin Theorem. – Gerry Myerson Oct 28 '11 at 22:23
_USER_: Can you indicate how this is related to Quillen-Suslin? – Soarer Oct 29 '11 at 4:38
_USER_, sorry, it's a bit out of my depth. Some statements of the problem/theorem don't look anything like Aria's qiestion, but if you type Quillen Suslin matrix into a search engine you will probably find some references that bring out the relation. – Gerry Myerson Oct 29 '11 at 8:17
_USER_, Here's a reference: Moshe Roitman, Completing unimodular rows to invertible matrices, J. Algebra 49 (1977), no. 1, 206–211, MR0453779 (56 #12033). From the review: Quillen's solution of Serre's problem implies that if $R$ is a commutative ring, then any unimodular row over $R[x]$ which contains a unitary polynomial is completable to an invertible matrix. The author shows.... Other related results on this completion problem are discussed. – Gerry Myerson Oct 31 '11 at 6:11
2 Answers 2
We can prove this by induction. For $n=1$, the set $\{a_1\}$ is relatively prime if and only if $a_1$ is a unit, and thus $(a_{11})$ is invertible.
So assume that we can extend any set of $n$ relatively prime elements to an invertible matrix, and let $n+1$ relatively prime elements $a_1,\dotsc,a_{n+1}$ be given. Let $g=\gcd(a_1,\dotsc,a_n)$. Then we can write $a_i=gb_i$ for $1\le i\le n$, with the $b_i$ relatively prime, and we can extend the $b_i$ to an invertible $n\times n$ matrix $B$. If we multiply the first row of $B$ by $g$, we can place it into the upper left $n\times n$ block of the matrix $A$ to be constructed, and we'll have $a_i=gb_i$ in the right place for $1\le i\le n$. Now place a multiple of the first row of $B$ into the $n+1$-th row of $A$, with the multiplier $r$ yet to be determined, and fill the $n+1$-th column with zeros except for the first and last elements $a_{n+1}$ and $s$, with $s$ yet to be determined. Now the determinant of the upper left $n\times n$ block is $g\det B$, and the determinant of the lower left $n\times n$ block is $(-1)^{n+1}r\det B$, so by Laplace expansion the determinant of the entire matrix $A$ is
$$\det A=sg\det B+ a_{n+1}r\det B=(sg+ ra_{n+1})\det B\;.$$
Since $a_1,\dotsc,a_{n+1}$ are relatively prime, $g$ and $a_{n+1}$ are relatively prime. Thus we can choose $r$ and $s$ such that the expression in parentheses is $1$ and $\det A = \det B$. But a matrix over a commutative ring is invertible if and only if its determinant is invertible (see Do these matrix rings have non-zero elements that are neither units nor zero divisors? and necessary and sufficient condition for trivial kernel of a matrix over a commutative ring). Thus, since $B$ is invertible, $A$ is invertible.
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There is much written on this and related problems, e.g. it is the special case $\rm\:k=1\:$ of below.
MR 82k:15013
Gustafson, William H.; Moore, Marion E.; Reiner, Irving
Matrix completions over Dedekind rings.
Linear and Multilinear Algebra 10 (1981), no. 2, 141--144.
Let d be any element of the ideal generated by the k by k minors of a k by n matrix M over a Dedekind domain R. The authors show that M can be "completed" to form the top k rows of some invertible n by n matrix of determinant d.
In fact, their proof works if R is any Prufer domain whose finitely generated ideals can be generated by $\ 1\ 1/2\ $ elements; merely precede their lemma by the proof of the formula $\rm\ A \oplus B \cong R \oplus AB\ $ given in Theorem 4.1 of R. C. Heitmann and the reviewer [Rocky Mountain J. Math. 5 (1975), 361--373; MR 52 #3141].
Reviewed by Lawrence S. Levy 91k:15028
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Your Answer


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Modern candles are mainly decorative and there are various to choose one that suits you best. You will find in this article basic information on different types of candles:
- container candles
- pillar candles
- votive candles
- taper candles
- tealight candles
- floating candles
- rolled candles
Container candles are very common. They are not made to be free standing but are rather made in a jar (container) to be used. Hence, their name. The containers used are mostly round. However, nowadays one can find containers of various shapes: rectangular, square, even hexagonal etc. These candles can be purchased, and can also be homemade. For homemade candles, you will still need to purchase jars or tins online or at local craft shops. Otherwise, you can also make use of used empty glass jars at home. If you will be making your container candles yourself, make sure that you use a thick and heat-resistant glass. This is because of the hot melted wax that would be poured in. Hot wax (especially gel wax ) has been known to shatter glasses so you have to be careful in this regard.
While using your container candles, you can be assured that melting wax will not drip onto the surface the candle is placed on. Container candles are also very versatile. They can accommodate all kinds of wax. This is important because it means you can even use waxes with low melting points and get effective scent throw. Besides, they are safe. Since they are housed in jars, you can be assured that flammable materials around the candle will not catch fire. Also, containers are reusable. With container candles, you are good to go.
Unlike container candles, pillar candles are free-standing candles. They are not made with jars but rather with special molds. The molds are first of all used to form the candles which are then removed and are made to stand alone. Metal molds are very common, though you would find plastic and silicon molds okay too. Silicon molds particularly come in various shapes and are cool to use if you are making the candles yourself. However, most pillar candles come in round shapes. You would find them in various colours but mostly unscented. Hard waxes are most suitable for making them. This is because pillar candles have no support, so they need to be strong. Paraffin wax works well while palm wax is a good natural alternative.
One advantage with this type of candles over container candles is that you can make various designs on the surface of the candles themselves. This is a luxury one cannot get with their container counterparts. Also, they hold more wax than container candles and therefore burn for a longer time. But a source of concern is that they drip on whatever surface they are placed on and really create a mess around the candle. You should not keep flammable materials around pillar candles as this can be terrible in case the flame goes wide or the candle falls over.
If you are a very religious person, chances are that you have seen or used votive candles before. They are especially common in some Christian denominations. Votive candles are very small candles widely used in religious circles but can also be used in home decor. They are typically only two inches tall and about an inch wide. They are meant to be used with special candle holders made of glass, metals, ceramics etc. When used with glass holders, they can be very similar to traditional container candles, with the main difference being size. The candles are made separately and placed in the holders.
When using votive candles, make sure that the holders fit the candles tightly. If not, you will waste wax and reduce burn time aside from the messy surface you will get. Apart from being versatile and inexpensive, they also burn for a long time (some up to ten hours). Votive candles are very beautiful particularly when they are grouped together and lighted.
These are tall, slim candles. They are similar to pillar candles in most respects except that they are meant to sit in a candle holder. Votive candle holders are different from the ones used for taper candles. They are usually a little wider at the bottom than at the top. A slightly wider bottom means they can fit into standard candle holders. You will find them in different sizes from 6 inches to even about 16 inches long. They are also called 'dinner candles' since they are mostly used as centrepieces on dinner tables. Like pillar candles, they also drip wax and can easily fall over, which can result into a fire. Therefore, they should not be left unattended.
Taper candles provide a long burn time and come scented and unscented. Most taper candles are unscented though. The scented ones do not throw scent well because they have a small melt pool. Also, most of them are made with paraffin wax and are coloured with candle wax dyes which make them even more beautiful. They can be made with a mold or traditional dipping method or one can simply wrap beeswax sheets around the wicks to make them.
These are another type of small candles. In size, they are usually about an inch and half in diameter and an inch in height. They are very popular and are made in metal or plastic containers. Like votives, arranging many tealight candles in a group is really a cool way to light up the room. They can be used to keep food warm or to warm scented oil in oil diffusers and let the scent spread through the air. The scented ones do not throw scent effectively because they have small melt pool. They are also less likely to create a mess since they are in their own containers. Though small tealight candles are more common, slightly larger ones provide longer burn time.
This can be surprising but yes, there are candles that float on water. Floating candles are small candles about two to three inches wide and can be used anywhere there is water. Some tealight candles also float but nothing beats a traditional floating candle. You need to be careful when placing a floating candle in water. The wick has to be dry so that it can burn well. To effectively do so, you can hold the wick gently so that the water will not splash onto it. They are usually made in round shape, and unscented.
We agree they are special candles but nonetheless are also affordable. You can use them to decorate dinner tables. For an extra touch of beauty, if you are placing a floating candle in a glass jar filled with water, you can put decorative objects such as flowers and so on in the water. They are nice for parties but they need to be monitored regularly.
Candles are very beautiful objects. With the types mentioned above and others, you can decorate your home to your taste. Choosing a particular type of candle for your home, parties or even as a gift should be very easy now with the information given.
Rolled beeswax candles are the easiest to make of all candle types. Even children can make rolled candles without difficulty. They are made by literally rolling the wax sheet around the wick. Rolling candles are a method of making taper candles which are similar to pillar candles but are placed in special holders to burn.
Apart from the fact that making them comes without stress, they are also the quickest to make. There is no need for melting wax, waiting for it to cool and all such processes associated with other candle making methods. You would find it very interesting to make your own DIY rolled beeswax candles, especially with friends or family.
Because they are quick and easy to make, several rolled beeswax candles can be made at once and kept for future use or even packaged as gifts. The major shapes they can be easily made are round and square.


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MHR, Regular Distributions and Myerson's Lemma
Monotone Hazard Rate (MHR) distributions and its superclass regular distributions keep appearing in the Mechanism Design literature and this is due to a very good reason: they are the class of distributions for which Myerson's Optimal Auction is simple and natural. Let's brief discuss some properties of those distributions. First, two definitions:
- Hazard rate of a distribution :
- Myerson virtual value of a distribution :
We can interpret the hazard rate in the following way: think of as a random variable that indicates the time that a light bulb will take to extinguish. If we are in time and the light bulb hasn't extinguished so far, what is the probability it will extinguish in the next time:
We say that a distribution is monotone hazard rate, if is non-decreasing. This is very natural for light bulbs, for example. Many of the distributions that we are used to are MHR, for example, uniform, exponential and normal. The way that I like to think about MHR distributions is the following: if some distribution has hazard rate, then it means that. If we define, then, so:
From this characterization, it is simple to see that the extremal distributions for this class, i.e. the distributions that are in the edge of being MHR and non-MHR are constant hazard rate, which correspond to the exponential distribution for. They way I like to think about those distributions is that whenever you are able to prove something about the exponential distribution, then you can prove a similar statement about MHR distributions. Consider those three examples:
Example 1: for MHR distributions. This fact is straightforward for the exponential distribution. For the exponential distribution and therefore
but the proof for MHR is equally simple: Let, therefore.
Example 2: Given iid where is MHR and and, then. The proof for the exponential distribution is trivial, and in fact, this is tight for the exponential, the trick is to use the convexity of. We use that in the following way:
Since, we have that. This way, we get:
Example 3: For MHR distributions, there is a simple lemma that relates the virtual value and the real value and this lemma is quite useful in various settings: let, then for,. Again, this is tight for exponential distribution. The proof is quite trivial:
Now, MHR distributions are a subclass of regular distributions, which are the distributions for which Myerson's virtual value is a monotone function. I usually find harder to think about regular distributions than to think about MHR (in fact, I don't know so many examples that are regular, but not MHR. Here is one, though, called the equal-revenue-distribution. Consider distributed according to. The cumulative distribution is given by. The interesting thing of this distribution is that posted prices get the same revenue regardless of the price. For example, if we post any price, then a customer with valuations buys the item if by price, getting revenue is. This can be expressed by the fact that. I was a bit puzzled by this fact, because of Myerson's Lemma:
Myerson Lemma: If a mechanism sells to some player that has valuation with probability when he has value, then the revenue is.
And it seemed that the auctioneers was doomed to get zero revenue, since. For example, suppose we fix some price and we sell the item if by price. Then it seems that Myerson's Lemma should go through by a derivation like that (for this special case, although the general proof is quite similar):
but those don't seem to match, since one side is zero and the other is 1. The mistake we did above is classic, which is to calculate. We wrote:
but both are infinity! This made me realize that Myerson's Lemma needs the condition that, which is quite a natural a distribution over valuations of a good. So, one of the bugs of the the equal-revenue-distribution is that. A family that is close to this, but doesn't suffer this bug is: for, then. For we have, then we get.


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Liles 1 mark liles professor brown eng 101 considering the importance of public education the arguments of those against. The argument against multicultural education has taken a number of different forms henry a giroux's essay, democracy and the discourse of cultural difference: towards a politics of border pedagogy, emphasizes one of the more powerful movements by conservative intellectuals who claim multiculturalism works against the entire. Report abuse home college guide college essays the value of higher education the value of another important. Argumentative paper subjects importance of education in the modern world education is an important tool that is applied in the contemporary world to succeed. Magazine / a better argument for art education here is why we need to change our argument for the importance of art education there is only a. Related post of an argumentative essay on importance of education argumentative essay abortion history 50 essays 3rd edition pdf patni par essay help entertainment.
In education, what is the importance of philosophy is about verification and how one's argument could be what is the importance of philosophy of education. Kimberly xxxxxxxx english _PHONE_ february 1, 2012 exemplification essay why an education is important education is the most important aspect in people's lives. Education play a vital role in the development & progress of country today education is very important for success the success of development countries based on education only educated leaders and nation builders take the nation to the heights of success and progress education makes us as perfect noble and kind as possible. Argumentative essay: the importance of sports participation in sports is extremely important i studied education and currently work as a tutor for school. The importance of education cannot be stated enough it is a self-enlightening process it is crucial to the overall development of an individual and the society at large. Read the pros and cons of the debate is education important in the development of a person.
Essay on education, english essay writing on importance of education, sample essays and essay writing skills on importance of education and more on importance of education essays. Explore and engage in riveting education debate topics, including debates about school uniforms, testing and much more.
Richard andrews examines argument, and the process of argumentation, in relation to primary, secondary and tertiary education considers the importance. Education is an important human activity it was born with the birth of the human race and shall continue to function as long as the human race lives the importance of education may be summed up as under highlights 1 an essential human virtue 2 a necessity for society 3 important for integration of separate entities 4. Report abuse home college guide college essays the value of higher education the value of another important life skill that individuals who attend higher. Full-text paper (pdf): the importance of argument in education.
Education has many benefits and has positive impact in our life in this article, we have made an attempt to discuss the need and importance of education in our life, for the development of a nation, and for the overall benefits of humanity. To find a good theme is a serious but important task an argumentative essay is education argumentative essay topics argument essay writing is a.
Mary wollstonecraft on education it was a significant milestone in the arguments around women so why should mary wollstonecraft be of any great importance as.
Approaches based on constructivism stress the importance of mayer's arguments are as a theory of education, radical constructivism emphasizes. However, the importance of education is quite clear education is the knowledge of putting one's potentials to maximum use many say that a human being is not in the proper sense until he is educated. The importance of education in malaysia education essay the importance of education has become more paramount the line of argument. Argumentative compare and contrast importance of college education essay examples an introduction to the importance of the college education in. What this handout is about this handout will define what an argument is and explain why you need one in most of your academic essays arguments are everywhere you may be surprised to hear that the word "argument" does not.


Conditions and Diseases
Can being anemic cause a late period or no period?
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Answered 2009-06-05 02:58:38
Yes it can.
The body will not release as much blood, or it will late, before of the lack of iron.
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Related Questions
Can being sexually active cause a late period?
If im worried about being pregnant could that cause a late period?
Yes it can
Can some medicines even cough medicine cause your period to be a day or so late?
Yes it can. Being sick can also cause your period to come late too!
Can herpes cause a late period?
Herpes will not cause a late period. Take a pregnancy test.
If your period is late and a urine test was negative would you have any pregnancy symptoms if you have low hemoglobin?
Being anemic would make no difference to either pregnancy tests or pregnancy symptoms.
Can xanax cause you to get your period late or miss a period?
Xanax (alprazolam) will not cause missed or late periods.
When your period is late do your emotions control it?
your emotions dont control but, but you can make your self late. if you are stressed or worried about being pregnant you can cause you period to be late, its not controld by emotions but stress dosent help
Can working out for the first time after a while cause your period to be late?
Exercising can be a cause for your period to be late if you exercise daily.
Your period is seven days late it has not started yet your last period before that was 4 days late you have not been stressed but you have been ill just want to know why your period hasn't arrived?
We are organic beings, not machines. That is why most people have a variance in the number of days between periods and their duration.answer stressing can cause your period to be late and being ill can as well. So you don't need to worry. Stress, age, diet, being ill etc can cause you to be late and also can cause you to have irregular periods.
Can sulfamethoxazole cause a late period?
Im thinking it can because i took one and my period is late.
After taking birth control for more then a year and stop taking it can it cause a late period?
Hi, Yes it can definitely cause a late period.
Can gonorrhea cause a missed period?
Gonorrhea will not cause a missed period. Take a pregnancy test if your period is late.
Is it possible for stress to change a woman's period?
Yes stress can cause your period to come late be extremely light or not even come at all especially when your stressing about the possibility of being pregnant your period always seems to come late.....
Can being sick cause you not to have your period I have taken two pregnancy test?
Yes, illness, stress, exercise, weight lossor gain can all cause your period to be late. Don't bother testing again until your period is at least 2 weeks late. If the result is negative you are not pregnant.
Can bulimia cause a late period?
Does the ratio lenoltic cause the monthly period to be late?
Ratio lenoltic may cause the monthly period to be late in some cases. This is as a result of interference with the hormones that cause menstrual flow.Ê
Can antibiotics for bronchitis cause period to be 8 days late?
I don't know if antibiotics can cause a late period, but I do know that they can lower the effect of birth control.
Is a late period after anesthesia common?
Any medical treatment can cause stress on the body, resulting in a late period or completely skipping your period
Can the HPV jab make your period late?
The HPV vaccine is not known to cause a missed period. Your period is probably late for another reason.
Can chlamydia cause a late period?
No but pregnancy can. Be sure to get a pregnancy test to make sure that's not the cause of your late period.Women can still have periods if they have chlamydia. You can have chlamydia with or without getting your period.
Can vaginal bleeding cause a late period?
Can a bladder infection cause a period to be late?
Is there a high chance of getting pregnant if your period is late?
Yes, you have a high chance of being pregnant if your period is late!
Your period is 3 days late but you are not pregnant What could be wrong?
Emotions can cause you to be late
No period no symptoms of being pregnant What is wrong?
Your period could just be late, this happens sometimes.


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White Leghorns are prolific layers that rarely go broody and are non-sitters unless left undisturbed. Eggs are white and of good size and are laid throughout the year. Chicks are easy to rear. White Leghorn feather up quickly, are fast growers and mature quickly, but they are not a large breed. The comb is large so care needs to be taken in cold, frosty weather to avoid frostbite. They can be left to roam freely but are just as happy in a run. White Leghorn are sprightly, alert birds and can be tamed but not enough to allow handling and prefer to remain rather aloof. They can be rather noisy and will roost in trees given the chance. They are not good as table birds as they aren't very meaty.
Over 45 years of scientific breeding research have gone into the development of this layer through a blending of special strains of White Leghorns. Fully grown Leghorn cocks weigh 3.4 kg, hens 2.5 kg; cockerels weigh 2.7–2.95 kg and pullets 2–2.25 kg. They start laying at 4 1/2 to 5 months, and will continue laying 10 to 12 weeks longer than most good layers. Livability and resistance to disease are very high, and the feed to egg conversion ratio is excellent, holding down the cost of egg production. Leghorn will lay the most eggs of top grade and size, of uniform shape, good shell, and highest interior quality, and do it on the least feed and in smallest amount of space.
We only sell our White Leghorn at day old only (no older) at Ksh120 each.
The White Leghorn is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. Birds were first exported to North America in 1828 from the port city of Livorno, on the western coast of Tuscany. They were initially called "Italians", but by 1865 the breed was known as "Leghorn", the traditional anglicisation of "Livorno". Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other Leghorn varieties are less common.Google+


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In our previous papers, a new concept of a compressive combustion engine (Fugine) was proposed based on the collision of pulsed supermulti-jets, which can enclose the burned gas around the chamber center leading to an air-insulation effect and also a lower exhaust gas temperature due to high single-point compression. In order to examine the compression level and air-insulation effect as basic data for application to automobiles, aircraft, and rockets, a prototype engine based on the concept, i.e., a piston-less prototype engine with collision of bi-octagonal pulsed multi-jets from fourteen nozzles, was developed. Some combustion results [Naitoh et al. SAE paper, 2016] were recently reported. However, there was only one measurement of wall temperature and pressure in the previous report. Thus, in this paper, more experimental data for pressures and temperatures on chamber walls and exhaust temperatures, are presented for the prototype engine. First, pressure over 0.6MPa was measured on the chamber wall. A nearly complete air insulation effect was presumably obtained based on the experimental data for temperature measured on the chamber wall. The measured exhaust temperature was at an intermediate level around 700K. Experimental data are also presented for the air-insulation effect on a small solid wall located downstream from the collision point of the supermulti-jets. Unsteady three-dimensional computations of compressible flow also indicate that the experimental result of 0.6 MPa at the cylinder wall implies pressure of about 5 MPa at the collision point of the jets. The potential for high thermal efficiency is evaluated on the basis of the data.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Automotive Engineering
- Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering


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When you save a text in a constant or a variable, your are saving a string in Swift. Furthermore, you can see a string as a serie of characters. For that reason, you can access to the content of a string in various ways, such as Collection (Array i.e.) of characters.
Initialize a String
A string literal is a text writed with a double quote at beginning and at the end. So, if you need to save a text in a constant or a variable, you only must to assign a string literal to it.
let coach = "Ted Lasso" var team = "AFC Richmond"
NOTE: It is fundamental remember that strings are case sensitive. So, "a simple string" it is different of "A simple string".
If you need to save the value of two strings in another constant or variable, you can concatenate it.
It is as easy as use the operator
+ between the two values when you have to assign it.
let name = "Michael" let lastName = "Scott" let funnyBoss = name + lastName
Another way, it is to use the operator
+= to add text to a previous initialized string
var spy = "Bond" spy += ", James Bond"
In the above example, the final value of
Bond, James Bond
And, as a String is a Collection of characters, you can also use the method
var greet = "Hello, world" greet.append("!")
In the last code, greet value is
But maybe the most used feature in Strings could be String interpolation. It allows use constants or variables values inside a string.
In this case, you can do it, writing the constant or variable name, inside parenthesis "()", and starting with a backlash "". That is
let name = "Forest" let fullName = "Forest Gump" let introduction = "Hello, I am \(name), \(fullName)"
The final value of
"Hello, I am Forest, Forest Gump"
Finishing (althought it is not used often in real world apps) maybe sometimes you need to save larger texts in a string, and it could be difficult read the value for others programmers o for yourself. In this case, you can use a multiline string.
To save a multiline string, you only need to write three quotation marks at the beginning, and finish with another three in a single line. For example:
let text = """ To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die, to sleep; """
First triple double quotes doesn't need to be in a single line, but it helps to focus in text value.
You can see useful methods in the post Useful String methods in Swift
Happy coding! 👨🏻💻


text:
Myth, Symbol, and Meaning in Mary Poppins
Published November 22nd 2006 by Routledge – 224 pages
The Mary Poppins that many people know of today--a stern, but sweet, loveable, and reassuring British nanny--is a far cry from the character created by Pamela Lyndon Travers in the 1930's. Instead, this is the Mary Poppins reinvented by Disney in the eponymous movie. This book sheds light on the original Mary Poppins,
Myth, Symbol, and Meaning in Mary Poppins is the only full-length study that covers all the Mary Poppins books, exposing just how subversive the pre-Disney Mary Poppins character truly was. Drawing important parallels between the character and the life of her creator, who worked as a governess herself, Grilli reveals the ways in which Mary Poppins came to unsettle the rigid and rigorous rules of Victorian and Edwardian society that most governesses embodied, taught, and passed on to their charges.
Giorgia Grilli teaches children's literature at the University of Bologna. She has published four books on children's literature in Italian.


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Selfish chimps don't give a monkey's
No, I don't think I'll give you my bananas (Image: iStockphoto)
Chimpanzees share many traits with humans but altruism, it seems, is not one of them, scientists say.
Although chimps live in social groups and co-operate and hunt together, when it comes to helping non-related group members, they don't put up with any monkey business.
When given the opportunity to help themselves and other chimps they often choose the selfish option, scientists report in today's issue of the journal Nature.
"This is the first experiment to show that chimps don't share the same concern for the welfare of others as do humans, who routinely donate blood... volunteer for military duty and perform other acts that benefit perfect strangers," says Professor Joan Silk, a US anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles.
To test how altruistic chimps are, Silk and her colleagues studied the behaviour of two separate groups of chimps in captivity.
They devised an experiment in which chimps on one side of a window could pull a handle to provide a tray of food for themselves or to also give the same reward to a monkey in another room on the opposite side of the window.
Both groups of unrelated chimpanzees behaved in a similar way. They decided to reward themselves but not others.
The scientists say chimps may have not understand they could deliver food to the other room.
"Yet, potential recipients sometimes displayed begging gestures, suggesting that at least they had some understanding of the other's role in delivering reward to them," Silk says.
Tags: environment, science-and-technology, zoology


Aphrodisiacs: Top Five Facts
Aphrodisiacs: top five facts
By Lyandra D'souza November 21, 03:02 pm
Claims have always been made that certain foods can raise your sexual desire. How does it work though? Which foods are best? Love Matters explores the facts behind aphrodisiacs.
What are aphrodisiacs?
Aphrodisiacs are any food or drink that stimulate your appetite for love-making. This means that the food you consume can have a direct effect on your sex life. While some of the myths around aphrodisiac foods centre around their shape and appearances, others are known to trigger pleasure centres in the brain.
What are the types of aphrodisiacs?
There are different reasons why certain foods are regarded as aphrodisiacs. So foods that create warmth like chilli and curry, foods that look like male or female sexual organs such as oysters and carrots. Eggs are always believed to be aphrodisiacs as they are reproductive organs. Also, food like chocolate which is pleasurable to smell, taste and touch is also an aphrodisiac.
Other well-known aphrodisiacs are avocados, bananas, garlic, figs, honey, red wine, and pomegranates as well as asparagus and artichokes among others are said to increase blood flow to the brain and will give you and your partner a happy feeling.
Do aphrodisiacs really raise sexual desire?
Aphrodisiacs may have to do with myths and legends than with actual science. However, do not dismiss the psychological effects of believing a food item can stimulate your appetite for making love. The power of imagination can have a significant impact on believing that something you eat can increase your sexual libido. If feeding chocolate-dipped strawberries to your partner makes you feel erotic, then go for it! Just don't expect it to have magical properties.
How does food help you in bed?
While there's no scientific reasoning behind food increasing sexual desire, it can still help in the bedroom. A healthy diet will lead to higher energy levels and help you keep your sex life thrilling for the both of you.
Are aphrodisiacs a must to keep my sex life exciting?
If aphrodisiacs are not for you, you can always fall back on the classics such as kissing. Kissing is very erotic and just spending some time together and remembering your earliest memories as a couple can act as an aphrodisiac. Similarly, you can spice up your surroundings by lighting some candles around the room. Flickering lights are always very romantic. You can also try wearing something red, which has an exciting element to it. Playing some romantic music can also get you and your partner in the mood.
Would you like to share some more exciting facts about aphrodisiacs with us? Just leave a comment below or on Facebook.
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6 Design Guidelines for RIM BlackBerry 4.2 to 4.5
This chapter describes how to accommodate the behavior of RIM BlackBerry browsers 4.2 to 4.5.
This chapter includes the following sections:
6.1 Introduction to BlackBerry Browser Display Behavior
The BlackBerry browser behaves differently than many other browsers in that it does not display pages using horizontal scrolling. Instead, it fits a page to the width of the screen. This chapter presents guidelines to help you format pages to display properly on BlackBerry devices.
6.2 Formatting Tables to Prevent Wrapping
When formatting tables, avoid long words on lines that contain multiple fields because browsers wrap long words between fields.
Within this chapter, a word refers to a series of characters. In this context, a word does not include white space.
Because the default mode of the BlackBerry browser limits the browser width to that of the physical screen, any field that does not fit in a line is displayed on the next line. If the intent of an application is to display multiple elements in one line, then you must ensure that the total width of the fields are within the width of the browser. Like other browsers, the BlackBerry browser wraps multiple lines when needed. The column width cannot be reduced beyond the size of the longest word in the field.
6.2.1 How to Prevent Fields from Wrapping in Tables
To prevent fields from wrapping, ensure that the total of the size attribute values in a table's row satisfies the following formula when all of the fields in a row are input fields.
3*Number of columns + the Sum of the size attributes in all columns <=X, when X=48
In general, field sizes in table columns should satisfy the following formula:
3 * Number of Columns +
Sum of size attributes in all input field columns +
Sum of number of characters in longest words in all output field columns <= X, when X=48
If the fields still wraps, decrease the value of X until it fits.
6.3 Formatting Label and Message Panels
To preserve the intended programming flexibility, nowrap attributes are supported and inserted when they are explicitly programmed for the Trinidad component. You may encounter problems if you add nowrap to a component definition when you program pages.
6.4 Formatting Column Width
When formatting columns, set the percentage width specification for both the label and the field in the tr:panelFormLayout component so that the total width is at 100%.
6.5 What You May Need to Know About Display Variations on BlackBerry Devices
This section describes how the same application can display differently on different devices. This section includes the following topics:
6.5.1 Changing the Minimum Font Size
Changing the minimum font size through user preferences affects the formatting ability of the ADF Mobile browser client renderer. For example, input fields and their corresponding labels align properly when the font is set to its default size of 6 pt. (illustrated in Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1 Application Display Using the Default Font Size of 6 pt.
Properly alligned fields and labels
However, increasing the font size to 10 pt. disrupts the display by shifting the input fields beneath their corresponding labels. As a result, the page is difficult to read (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Increasing the Font Size
Effect of increased font size
6.5.2 Form Factor Variations
Differing screen sizes can affect display. Even if the font size is at the default of 6 pt. (as illustrated in Figure 6-1), the same application appears differently on different devices. In Figure 6-3, the input fields barely fit the device's screen, even though they are easily accommodated on other devices running the same application (Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-3 Difficulty Displaying Input Fields and Labels with Font Size at 6 pt.
Improper field and label display
In addition, input fields may display properly on the screen of one device, but may appear crowded on the screen of another type of device. In Figure 6-4, The cells of the table are not sufficiently wide, causing the text to wrap.
Figure 6-4 Wrapping Text
A table with wrapping contents


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Welcome to Environmental White Papers
Environmental RESEARCH & Knowledge Center
The OIZOM environmental white papers are aimed at imparting knowledge to researchers, technology geeks, potential customers, environmental enthusiasts and the citizens. It seeks to bridge the gap between the current trends and the conventional approach towards environmental monitoring. The white papers are curated by a team with a multi-disciplinary approach and is backed by subject experts.
The paper explains the evolution of air quality monitoring stations with their working principles, relative drawbacks, and advantages.
The paper describes how to select monitoring location for a given monitoring objective to ensure the highest level of data quality.
Active and Passive sampling methods are compared in detail to determine which one ensures better performance.
This paper describes a step-by-step procedure of carrying out sensor collocation against a reference station, comparing and interpreting the results and how to improve data quality from the results.
This paper explains the need and importance of a hybrid air quality network. It also creates understanding about how one can develop a hybrid monitoring network.
The paper serves as a guide for designing and setting up an air quality monitoring network to cover an area for hyperlocal monitoring.


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The purpose of this research was to measure university students' perceived risk of diabetes and self-reported diabetes risk factors. Informed consent forms and survey questionnaires were distributed to students in randomly sampled courses (n=357), with students aged 18 to 24. Out of the 357 surveys completed, 325 surveys were used for analysis of this study. Forty-eight percent of participants between ages 18 to 24 perceived themselves at minimal risk for developing type II diabetes. Sampled participants reported a mean of 2.25 (type II) diabetes risk factors out of 18 diabetes risk factors. Additionally, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the number of risk factors reported among perceived risk groups, with the exception of the no risk and minimal risk groups, who reported average of 1.92 risk factors. Among racial groups, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in the number of risk factors reported. Result corresponds with university students' perception of diabetes, as concerns for developing type II diabetes is not critical or top priority while in higher education (Dong-Chul, 2008). Students' perception may also indicate that they are not knowledgeable about diabetes and diabetes risk factors. Health educators should create awareness about the development of diabetes at an earlier age. It is imperative to start educating university students about diabetes prevention and other health complications that can result from being overweight or obese. With 34% of university students overweight or obese, health educators should create educational materials (tailored to university-aged students) to encourage making healthy dietary choices and engaging in frequent physical activity.
Hans-Peter de Ruiter
Date of Degree
Master of Science (MS)
Allied Health and Nursing
Shodunke, Ajibike R., "Sampled University Students' Perceived Risk of Diabetes & Self-reported Diabetes Risk Factors" (2014). All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. 316.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License


What is the largest heritage tree in Singapore?
S/N Species Height (m)
1 Adansonia digitata (Baobab) 5
2 Adenanthera pavonina (Saga Daun Tumpul) 8
3 Alangium ridleyi (Mentulang Daun Lebar) 2
4 Albizia lebbekoides (Tekik) 40
How many heritage trees are there in Singapore?
The Heritage Tree Register currently has a record of 257 Heritage Trees all over Singapore.
What are heritage trees Singapore?
Heritage trees in Singapore are individual mature trees specially selected for protection by law under the Heritage Trees Scheme adopted on 17 August 2001.
Where is the oldest tree in Singapore?
Tallest And Oldest Existing Trees
Some trees from this family grow to a height of over 40m at the Bukit Timah Reserve. One Seraya tree (Shorea curtisii) from the Dipterocarp family, believed to be about 360 years old, is the oldest tree in Singapore.
What are the big trees in Singapore?
Tembusu. The Tembusu is one of Singapore's most distinctive trees. This native of Singapore is a large, evergreen tree that grows up to 40m in height.
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What is the most common tree in Singapore?
Rain Tree. One of the most iconic trees in our city, the Rain Tree (Samanea saman) can be identified by its distinct umbrella-shaped and wide spreading crown, which creates a "great tunnel" effect when planted in rows along our streets. Its compound leaves fold up at night or during rainy days when the sky is overcast.
Why is it called Rain Tree?
It provides plenty of shade with its big umbrella-shaped crown. When it blooms, the crown of this tree is covered in clusters of pink-white flowers, like small upturned brushes. The leaves fold up before rainy weather – this is why it is called the Rain Tree.
Can trees be heritage listed?
This is a list of places, trees, natural formations, and buildings of cultural heritage significance. … Listing on the State Heritage Register means that the heritage item is legally protected as a heritage item under the NSW Heritage Act and requires approval from the Heritage Council of NSW for major changes.
Where is Saga tree in Singapore?
Saga (Adenanthera pavonina)
The sole Heritage Tree can be found at the Singapore Botanic Gardens, near the Lady On A Hammock sculpture.
Is tembusu native to Singapore?
The Tembusu is one of Singapore's most distinctive trees. This native of Singapore is a large, evergreen tree that grows up to 40m in height. … This Heritage Tree is reportedly more than 150 years old.
What is the oldest tree in the world?
The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus Longaeva) has been deemed the oldest tree in existence, reaching an age of over 5,000 years old.
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Are rain trees native to Singapore?
The Rain Tree originates from South and Central America. … It was introduced to Singapore in 1876, and by the mid-1900s, it was planted throughout the tropics.
What are the biggest trees in the world?
The largest tree in the world is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California's Sequoia National Park. Called General Sherman, the tree is about 52,500 cubic feet (1,487 cubic meters) in volume.
What is Singapore national bird?
The National Bird Of Singapore, Crimson Sunbird.
Is it illegal to pick flowers in Singapore?
The public is not allowed to harvest from state land managed by the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) or NParks, according to an ST report in 2017. This is unlike countries overseas, such as Germany, where one can pluck fruits or plants on public land.
Do oak trees grow in Singapore?
Conservation status: A critically endangered, native tree. Local distribution: Lithocarpus conocarpus thrives on clay-rich soils of primary forests. The tree is cultivated in Singapore. Interesting Note: The species was once quite common in Singapore, hence its common name — Singapore Oak.
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Students are taken to the greenhouses and asked to explore them looking for a plant to adopt. The students have to explain why they have adopted that plant: food, water, camouflage, to protect, for protection, or to pollinate.
Materials Needed: Students, Greenhouses
- Docent leads students to the greenhouses.
- Docent explains activity and prompts students to think why a plant-insect relationship could be important.
- Students are told they have to 1)have a good reason why they want to adopt that plant: food, protection, shelter, etc. and 2) tell 3 people why they chose that plant. One person has to be a teacher or Docent.
- Students are told they have seven minutes to explore the greenhouses and choose a plant.
- Students are then sent into the greenhouses to explore.
Alabama Course of Study for Science
This activity meets goals specified for grades:
- K–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 19
- 1st–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27
- 2nd–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 20, 23, 25, 26
- 3rd–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 32, 37
- 4th–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 43, 46
- 5th–_TAG_ 1, 2, 3, 4, 30, 31, 39
Students will look at plant-insect relationships from a different perspective, from the perspective of the insect they have become and understand better why plants could be important to them as an insect and as a human.
Students will be able to:
- identify and discuss why plants are important to insects.
- distinguish at least three important relationships between plants and insects.
- verbalize why a plant is important to them as a specific insect.


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The ratio of activities of a solute, A in an aqueous/organic system will remain constant and independent of the total quantity of A (hence [A]_{org} \propto [A]_{aq}), so at any given temperature:
(K_D)_A = {(a_A)_{org} \over(a_A)_{aq}} \approx {[A]_{org} \over[A]_{aq}}
Thus, the conentration of A remaining in an aqueous solution after i extractions with an organic solvent can be found using:
[A]_i = ({V_{aq} \over V_{org} K_D + V_{aq}})^i [A]_0


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\ die engineering process
die engineering process
- The first step in die design. In this planning phase, the part needing the new die is analyzed to determine the die configuration and the press requirements. The process consists of deciding the type and thickness of the material used in making the part, the part configuration, the dimensional tolerances of the part, the quantity of parts to be made, and the funds available for the project.


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The cycle double covering conjecture states that every bridgeless graph admits a collection of cycles such that every edge in the graph is contained in exactly two cycles from the collection (allowing repetitions). The counterexample with the smallest number of edges is proved to be cubic. My first question is that whether it is true that such a minimal counterexample has the property that removing every edge yields a bridge. In other words, is it true that if $G$ is a graph with a cycle double covering, then $G\cup e$ also has a cycle double covering, where $e$ is an added edge between two vertices of $G$?
My second question is whether anything is known regarding cycle coverings that cover every edge the same number of times.
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No. In a minimal counterexample of the cycle double cover conjecture, removing an edge creates no bridges. The reason is simple. If such an edge existed, then contracting it would yield a smaller counterexample. In fact it is known that a counterexample to the cycle double cover conjecture with the smallest number of edges is a Snark. For more information I suggest looking at M. Chan's survey on the cycle double cover conjecture.
As for your second question, it is known that every bridgeless graph has a cycle cover which covers every edge precisely $2k$ times for every $k\geq 2$. So in particular there is always a cycle 4-cover. This is all stated with references in the survey I mentioned above.
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Thanks Gjergji. So it follows that such a minimal graph $G$ admits a cycle covering so that every edge is covered exactly $2E-2$ times, where $E$ is the number of edges of $G$. Maybe there is a more trivial way of covering a graph with cycles that cover all edges the same number of times? Also do we know for example if there is a quadruple covering (or a number smaller than $2E-2$)? – Hej Jun 4 '12 at 2:03
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Learning New Technology In Stratford
Bunnell High School, Stratford CT
 As a child growing everybody loved to play in the sandbox. In Stratford, Connecticut at the public library adults have an opportunity to join the fun in the sandbox.
The Technology sandbox is a program that helps adults to understand and learn about E-readers, laptops, smart phones, tablet computers, MP3 players, iPods, or any mobile device. It's designed to help adults to understand modern technology.
Ms. Janice Lewis, a former teacher, said, "I taught at Bunnell for 35 years and I left the year my grades would have to be submitted on a computer, technology has never been much of my friend."
The Sandbox is a place for adults to play with new technology, to try new applications, and learn how to work them. Adults are eager to learn how to use the technology that their kids use. This will help them to understand and achieve jobs of the future.
Director Barbra Blosveren said, "People get them as gifts and they really don't understand the process of how they work or why they work, and the purpose of doing these programs here at the library is to help individuals with their technology needs."
Everyone who took part in this class came out knowing not only how to use the few devices they learned about, but also how to figure out and comprehend the new ones they may encounter in the future.
Copyright © 2017, Hartford Courant


text:
Significance and Use
Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in groundwater systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in groundwater models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in groundwater models.
1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated groundwater flow model simulations.
1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D5447.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Model to a Site-Specific Problem
aquifers; boundary condition; groundwater model: Aquifers; Boundary conditions; Ground-water model; Stress-dependency; Water table;
ICS Number Code 07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology); 13.060.10 (Water of natural resources)
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text:
Investigating the effect of changes in Signals, Noise and Agent Types in Cascade Models
AbstractSmith and SÃ¸renson (2002) depart from Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welshâ€™s (1999) herding framework in three ways; non-discrete signals, noise and multiple rational agent types. They refer to the standard model of a single type with no noise as a â€œherdingâ€ model, and differentiate themselves by referring to the more general model as a â€œcascade.â€ They find that differing preferences lead to â€œconfounded learningâ€ whereby an incorrect equilibrium can arise regardless of the accuracy of the signal space, due to alternate actions taken due to preferences. In this paper we break down the three alterations from the BHW (1999) model, and analyze through agent based techniques the effect that each one has on the outcome, in an effort to determine which of the three different specifications has the greatest impact on herding and learning in the cascade model.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Society for Computational Economics in its series Computing in Economics and Finance 2005 with number 296.
Date of creation: 11 Nov 2005
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Herding; Agent-Based Modeling;
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Understanding CPU Dispatching in the Intel® IPP Library
Note: this article describes the SIMD support in versions 5.3 thru 6.1 of the Intel IPP library. The minimum SIMD requirements have changed with release 7.0 of the Intel IPP libary. For more information regarding the SIMD optimization layers present in the Intel IPP 7.0 library please read the article titled Understanding SIMD Optimization Layers and Dispatching in the Intel® IPP 7.0 Library.
The Intel IPP library contains a collection of functionally identical processor-specific optimized libraries that are "dispatched" at run-time. The "dispatcher" chooses which of these processor-specific optimized libraries to use when your application makes a call into the IPP library. This is done to maximize each function's use of the underlying SIMD instructions and other architecture-specific features.
Note: you can build custom processor-specific libraries that do not require the dispatcher, but that is outside the scope of this article. Please read this IPP linkage models article for information on how to build custom versions of the IPP library.
Dispatching refers to the process of detecting CPU features at run-time and then selecting the Intel IPP optimized library set that corresponds to your CPU. For example, in the \ia32\bin directory, the ippiv8-x.x.dll library file contains version 'x.x' of the optimized image processing libraries for Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processors; 'ippi' refers to the image processing library, 'v8' refers to the Core 2 architecture, and 'x.x' refers to the library's major version numbers.
In the general case, the "dispatcher" identifies the run-time processor only once, at library initialization time. It sets an internal table or variable that directs your calls to the internal functions that match your architecture. For example, ippsCopy_8u(), may have multiple implementations stored in the library, with each version optimized to a specific Intel® processor architecture. Thus, the p8_ippsCopy_8u() version of ippsCopy_8u() is called by dispatcher when running on an Intel Core 2 Duo processor on IA-32, because it is optimized for this processor architecture.
Note: IPP architectures generally correspond to SIMD (MMX, SSE, AES, etc.) instructions sets.
Initializing the IPP Dispatcher
The process of identifying the specific processor being used, and initialization of the dispatcher, should be performed before you make any calls into the IPP library. If you are using a dynamic link library this process is handled automatically when the dynamic link library is initialized. However, if you are using a static library you must perform this step manually. See this article on the ipp*Init*() functions for more information on how to do this.
The following table lists all the architecture codes defined by the Intel IPP library through version 6.1 of the product. Note that some of these IPP architectures have been deprecated and are no longer supported in the current version of the product. Deprecated architectures are identified in the "Notes" column of the table.
Platform Architecture SIMD Requirements Processor / µarchitecture Notes
IA-32 px C optimized for all IA-32 processors i386+
a6 SSE Pentium III thru 5.3 only
w7 SSE2 P4, Xeon, Centrino
t7 SSE3 Prescott, Yonah
v8 Supplemental SSE3 Core 2, Xeon® 5100, Atom
s8 Supplemental SSE3 (compiled for Atom) Atom new in 6.0
p8 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AES-NI Penryn, Nehalem, Westmere see notes below
g9 AVX Sandy Bridge µarchitecture new in 6.1
Intel® 64 (EM64T) mx C-optimized for all Intel® 64 platforms P4 SSE2 minimum
m7 SSE3 Prescott
u8 Supplemental SSE3 Core 2, Xeon® 5100, Atom
n8 Supplemental SSE3 (compiled for Atom) Atom new in 6.0
y8 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AES-NI Penryn, Nehalem, Westmere see notes below
e9 AVX Sandy Bridge µarchitecture new in 6.1
Itanium® i7 Intel® Itanium® processor family Itanium
IXP4xx sx C-optimized for IXP4xx processors IXP/XScale thru 5.3 only
s2 IXP4xx optimized IXP/XScale thru 5.3 only
For non-Intel based processors support, please see the article titled Use Intel® IPP on Intel or Compatible AMD* Processors.
For more information regarding Intel IPP library support for XScale* processors, please see the following article:
PXA9xx / PXA27x / XScale -- How to get Developer Support
P8/Y8 Internal Run-Time Dispatcher
Within the 32-bit p8 and equivalent 64-bit y8 architectures there is an additional "run-time" dispatching mechanism, a kind of mini-dispatcher. The Nehalem (Intel Core i7) and Westmere processor families add additional SIMD instructions beyond those defined by SSE4.1. The Nehalem processor family adds the SSE4.2 SIMD instructions and the Westmere family adds AES-NI.
Creating two additional internal versions of the IPP library for the SSE4.2 and AES-NI instructions would be very space inefficient, so they are bundled as part of the SSE4.1 library. When you call a function that includes, for example, AES-NI optimizations, an additional jump directs your call to the AES-NI version within the p8/y8 library. Because the enhancements affect the optimization of only a small number of IPP functions, this additional overhead occurs infrequently and only when your application is executing on a p8/y8 architecture processor.
S8/N8 (Atom) Dispatch
The s8/n8 library (Atom-optimized) is not present in the static libraries, only in the dynamic libraries. However, IPP applications built with the static library will run on an Atom processor with very good to equivalent performance using the v8/u8 library (which is automatically dispatched, you do not need to do anything special for the Atom processor).
The Linux distributions of the IPP library include a separate Atom-specific version of the library. However, you do not need to use this Atom-specific library if you are building an IPP application that will be run on multiple processor platforms, including Atom processors. This Atom-only version of the library is provided as a convenience for building IPP applications that will run ONLY on an Atom, as opposed to IPP applications that may run on a variety of processor platforms.
The fundamental difference between the s8/n8 and v8/u8 libraries are the compiler options used to build them, which accommodates the differences in the construction of the instruction pipelines between the Atom and other SSSE3 processors. Both libraries are Supplemental SSE3 libraries and the s8/n8 version of the IPP library does not use any Atom-unique instructions, so no features are lost by running the v8/u8 slice of the library on an Atom processor. Also, these two variations in the library (s8/n8 and v8/u8) give nearly identical performance on an Atom.
Processor Architecture Table
The following table was copied from an Intel Compiler Pro options article describing some compiler architecture options. It contains a list of Intel processors showing which processors support which SIMD instructions. For the latest table please refer to the original article; it gets updated on a regular basis. Please note that the behavior of the Intel Compiler SIMD dispatcher described in that article does not apply to the Intel IPP library.
The Intel IPP library dispatching mechanism behaves differently than that found in the Intel Compiler products, and may also behave differently than other Intel library products.
Additional information regarding dispatching and how it relates to non-Intel processors can be found here. How to identify your specific processor is described here. To correlate a processor family name with an Intel CPU brand name, use the ark.intel.com web site.
Intel® Core™ i7 processors
Intel® Core™ i5 processors
Intel® Core™ i3 processors
Intel® Xeon® 55XX series
Intel® Xeon® 74XX series
Quad-Core Intel® Xeon 54XX, 33XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon 52XX, 31XX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Extreme 9XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Quad 9XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo 8XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E7200
Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® 73XX, 53XX, 32XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 72XX, 53XX, 51XX, 30XX series
In tel® Core™ 2 Extreme 7XXX, 6XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Quad 6XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo 7XXX (except E7200), 6XXX, 5XXX, 4XXX series
Intel® Core™ 2 Solo 2XXX series
Intel® Pentium® dual-core processor E2XXX, T23XX series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 70XX, 71XX, 50XX Series
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor (ULV and LV) 1.66, 2.0, 2.16
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 2.8
Intel® Xeon® processors with SSE3 instruction set support
Intel® Core™ Duo
Intel® Core™ Solo
Intel® Pentium® dual


text:
Optical Cathodoluminesence (Optical-CL)
What is Optical-CL?
Optical cathodoluminescence (optical-CL) permits optical examination or imaging of a sample through the attachment of an evacuated CL-stage to an optical microscope. The CL-stage attachment uses a cathode gun to bombard a sample with a beam of high-energy electrons. The resulting luminescence in minerals allows us to see textures and compositional variations that are not otherwise evident using light microscopy (see Figure 1). The stage allows X-Y movement of the sample to examine much of the surface area in the sample.
Fundamental Principles of Optical-CL
Optical-CL Instrumentation - How Does It Work?
Optical-CL attachments can be categorized in two types: cold-cathode CL and hot-cathode CL.
Cold-cathode CL. The most commonly used optical-CL system is termed a cold-cathode CL. It is an attachment to a microscope that allows the sample to be examined optically with the microscope and with CL in the same area. In a cold-cathode CL system the electron beam is generated by the discharge that takes place between the cathode at negative high voltage and anode at ground potential in ionized gas at a moderate vacuum of ~10-2 Torr. The result is relatively low-intensity CL in most CL-active silicate minerals. Because some of the electrical charges at the discharge may reach the sample and neutralize the static charge built up, it is not necessary to coat the sample with a conductive coating. The CL response in the sample can be viewed through the objective lens of the microscope or the image can be recorded with high-speed film or with a digital camera (Figure 2).
- Luminoscope stage—formerly manufactured by Premier American Technologies.
- Reliotron stage—manufactured by Relion Industries
- Technosyn stage (currently modified as the CL8200 MK5 system)—manufactured by Cambridge Image Technology, Ltd.
Hot-cathode CL.A hot-CL instrument generates the electrons by a heated filament and the electrons are directed at lower voltage toward the anode. The vacuum is generally lower (<10-5 Torr) and the accelerating potential is about 14 keV. This stage has a more stable beam and has greater CL intensity. There are several non-commercial versions of the hot-CL instrument. These instruments have higher sensitivity and the ability detect short-lived luminescence in minerals. Another form of the hot-CL instrument is the SEM-CL and will be discussed further.
CL emissions can provide general information on the trace elements contained in minerals or the production of mechanically induced defects in the crystals. Perhaps more importantly for the geologic context, the distribution of the CL in a material gives fundamental insights into such processes as crystal growth, replacement, deformation and provenance. These applications include:
- investigations of cementation and diagenesis processes in sedimentary rocks
- provenance of clastic material in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks
- details of internal structures of fossils
- growth/dissolution features in igneous and metamorphic minerals
- deformation mechanisms in metamorphic rocks.
Strengths and Limitations of Optical-CL
Strengths of acquisition of CL images with the Optical-CL relative to the SEM-CL include:
- Attainment of real-time true-color CL images
- Relatively inexpensive
- Simple to use
- Conductive coating of the sample in a cold-cathode stage is unnecessary
- Acquisition of optical images from the petrographic microscope to place the minerals in spatial context
- Integration of light over the time of exposure or digital acquisition such that it works well for phosphorescent minerals (e.g. calcite/dolomite and apatite)
Limitations of acquisition of CL images with the Optical-CL relative to the SEM-CL include:
- Magnifications of the images are limited
- CL images are restricted to the visible range of the spectrum
- Lower resolution of images
- Timing of acquisition of the image is dependent on the film speed
- Additional processing required for analog film and the different color sensitivities of the film
For more detailed information regarding the theory and practice of Optical-CL, please see:
Boggs, S.,Jr. and Krinsley, D. (2006) Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. New York, Cambridge University Press, 165 p.
- Gotze, J., Plotze, M., and Habermann, D. (2001) Origin, spectral characteristics and practical applications of the cathodolumimescence (CL) of quartz - a review. Mineralogy and Petrology, 71, 225-250.
- Marshall, D. J. (1988) Cathodoluminescence of Geological Materials. Boston, Unwin Hyman, 146 p.
- Pagel, M., Barbin, V., Blanc, P. and Ohnenstatter, D. (2000) Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
- Remond, G., Balk, L. and Marshall, D. J. (1995) Luminescence, Scanning Microscopy 9, Proceedings of the 13th Pfefferkorn Conference, Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago.
- Barker, Charles E., 1986, Notes on cathodoluminescence microscopy using the technosyn stage, and a bibliography of applied cathodoluminescence [microform], USGS Microfiche I 19.76:86-85


text:
NASA Conducts Successful Pad Abort Demonstration
Johnson Space Center, Houston
November 6, 2003
A launch pad abort test vehicle, being designed in support of NASA's Orbital Space Plane (OSP) program, proved stable in wind tunnel tests completed this month. The successful tests set the stage for engine test firings and parachute drop tests later this year.
The Pad Abort Demonstration (PAD) Project is designed to demonstrate a crew rescue capability important to future space transportation systems. The PAD will be a full-scale, reusable system incorporating crew escape and survival systems, subsystems and components using proven technologies to help NASA achieve its goals of establishing safe, reliable and affordable access to space.
The PAD vehicle, being designed by Lockheed Martin, demonstrated the stability and maneuverability under simulated conditions approximating escape from a catastrophic launch vehicle failure. The tests were conducted in September and October at Lockheed Martin's High Speed Wind Tunnel in Grand Prairie, Texas.
Maintaining stability, without a complex attitude control system, will ensure a safe transition to recovery under a parachute cluster. The PAD flight profile consists of a powered phase lasting five seconds, reaching six to eight times the force of normal gravity and simulating separation from the launch system after a pad mishap. The powered phase is followed by an unpowered glide from Mach 0.9 (660 mph) down to Mach 0.3 (220 mph), when the parachute system deploys.
"These wind tunnel tests are an important success on the way to developing a safe and effective crew escape system," said Chuck Shaw, PAD Project Manager at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston. "The tests follow September's completion of the PAD Preliminary Design Review, pave the way for initial testing of the vehicle's engine in November and a first set of parachute drop tests in December," he said.
NASA awarded a contract to Lockheed Martin in November 2002 to design and build a crew escape and survivability system demonstrator and to establish a flexible test bed for use in support of the OSP. The PAD Project is a pathfinder for integrating a crew escape capability into spacecraft design, something that has not been done since the Apollo program.
For the initial flight test in mid-2005, the PAD will consist of a representative crew escape module mounted on the pusher propulsion module. A flared structure attached to the propulsion module provides the necessary aerodynamic stability. Flight tests will use instrumented mannequins to measure the environments a human crew would experience.
The PAD project is managed at JSC. The OSP Program is managed from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
The OSP program will support U.S. International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport, and contingency cargo. The vehicle will initially launch on an expendable launch vehicle, to provide rescue capability for no fewer than four Station crewmembers, as early as 2008. Crew transfer to and from the Space Station is planned as soon as practical but no later than 2012.
For more information about the program on the Internet, visit:
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text:
Inspired by recent achievements in optomechanics, we propose to investigate a coupled nanoelectromechanical resonator (NEMS) network in a microwave optomechanical scheme, in which the NEMS is the analog unit to mimic neurons and microwave photons are information bus in the network to dynamically control the cavity force acting on the NEMS. The microwave optomechanical system offers cavity forces and the nonlinearity from NEMS, which allow to synchronize a NEMS network for building a computing function. Based on this platform, the objective of this project is to demonstrate thermal fluctuation recognition, by combining sensing and computing functions in the coupled NEMS network. The concept and method, to be demonstrated by this project, is of broad impact since it is directly applicable to other platforms for smart sensing applications. The success of this project will bring smart thermometry on-chip and build the essential base for pursuing neuro-inspired parallel computing in the future.
- Coupled NEMS networks in microwave optomechanical scheme
- Neuron inspired computing functions
- Smart thermometry on-chip


News, Performance Assessment..., STSM's
Environmental and Experimental Factors Affecting Efficacy Testing of Nonporous Plastic Antimicrobial Surfaces
Test methods for efficacy assessment of antimicrobial coatings are not modelled on a hospital environment, and instead use high humidity (>90%) high temperature (37 °C), and no airflow. Therefore, an inoculum will not dry, resulting in an antimicrobial surface exhibiting prolonged antimicrobial activity, as moisture is critical to activity. Liquids will dry quicker in a hospital ward, resulting in a reduced antimicrobial efficacy compared to the existing test, rendering the test results artificially favourable to the antimicrobial claim of the product. This study aimed to assess how hospital room environmental conditions can affect the drying time of an inoculum, and to use this data to inform test parameters for antimicrobial efficacy testing based on the hospital ward.
The drying time of different droplet sizes, in a range of environmental conditions likely found in a hospital ward, were recorded (n = 630), and used to create a model to inform users of the experimental conditions required to provide a drying time similar to what can be expected in the hospital ward. Drying time data demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variance when humidity, temperature, and airflow were assessed. A mathematical model was created to select environmental conditions for in vitro antimicrobial efficacy testing. Drying time in different environmental conditions demonstrates that experimental set-ups affect the amount of time an inoculum stays wet, which in turn may affect the efficacy of an antimicrobial surface.
This should be an important consideration for hospitals and other potential users, whilst future tests predict efficacy in the intended end-use environment.
Authors: James Redfern 1,,Jake Tucker 2 ,Lisa M. Simmons 2 ,Peter Askew 3 ,Ina Stephan 4 and Joanna Verran 1
School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
School of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
IMSL, Pale Lane, Hartley Whitney, Hants RG27 8DH, UK, (AMiCI Project)
BAM, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Link to full text on mps-logo Download text in PDF: pdf-dowload
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text:
This sentence would like you to read the list of self-referential sentences which you can find here. This sentence would like to acknowledge that it was stolen from the aforementioned list of sentences, except it wasn't, so it can't. This one wasn't either. Exactly one of the final two sentences in this paragraph were stolen from that article. Thit sentence is not self-referential, because 'thit' is not a word.
If this sentence is false, then so is the Riemann Hypothesis. This sentence really likes that last one. The next sentence is false. The previous sentence is true. This is the sentence which asks "Were either of those previous two sentences self-referential?". This is the sentence after the previous one. I thought about writing this sentence, but then decided not to. Is this sentence self-referential? Is this one? This?...?
This sentence is about the story "This is the title of this story, which is also found several times in the story itself", by David Moser. This one isn't about the David Moser story mentioned in the previous sentence. This sentence contains a hidden review of the aforementioned story. That last sentence didn't do what it said, but this one does, it's funny.
All self-referential sentences are just silly, including this one.