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Introduction to Child Witnesses in Criminal Cases
Most everyone knows what happens when a witness is called to testify in a criminal case: that witness must swear to "tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth" before he or she is allowed to testify. In fact, this is only part of the story: Before a witness is permitted to testify, he or she must be capable of understanding this oath or obligation and agree to carry it out. For most adults, this is not a difficult hurdle to surmount. However, in child abuse and child sex crime cases, the prosecution's "star witness" is often the underage child victim who may or may not be old enough to understand an oath or what it means to "promise to tell the truth."
Child Witnesses Must Be Able to Understand the Nature of the Oath
When a child witness is called to testify in a criminal case (often by the prosecution), the prosecution is taking a major risk. Testifying about abuse or sexual contact can be difficult for adults, much less children. The trauma of testifying is further magnified by the fact that the child is being asked sensitive questions in front of adult strangers and may be testifying against a family member. However, before any of these concerns arise comes a more basic problem: Does the child understand what it means to be a witness?
Courts have inherent power to declare that certain individuals – including children – are not qualified to testify as witnesses in cases. To determine whether a particular child in a specific case should be disqualified because the child cannot understand the witness's oath, a judge and/or the parties are permitted to ask questions of the child. For example, some judges will ask the child if the child understands the difference between the "truth" and a "lie." The judge may also ask the child which the child should tell in court – a "lie" or the "truth." Other judges may give the child an example of a truthful statement and a false statement and ask the child to indicate which statement is true and which is false. So long as the judge is ultimately satisfied that the child understands the difference between truth and falsehood and promises to tell the truth, the court can allow the child to testify. See the article on child witness examination by the Arizona Bar Association.
A Child Witness Who Is Not Able to Testify May Be "Unavailable"
Defendants in criminal cases alleged to have been committed against children should not rejoice prematurely just because the child victim in their case is found not able to testify. In many cases, a child who is not able to understand the difference between truth and falsehood (and, therefore, who cannot be a witness) is declared "unavailable." If this occurs, the prosecution may be able to admit the statements the child made concerning the alleged criminal act without the child needing to be present to testify. This can be especially harmful to a criminal defendant because:
- The jury does not get to see the child's demeanor while testifying;
- The defendant does not get to cross-examine the child about the veracity of the statement;
- The defendant is not able to ask the child any questions about the context of the statement.
Handling a child witness in a criminal case is a tricky matter. A judge may allow a child to testify as a witness so long as the judge is convinced the child knows the difference between truth and a lie and the child promises to tell the truth. While the experience of testifying can be traumatic to a child, having a child declared "unavailable" makes the defendant's task of combatting the child's statements much more difficult.


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Meet Tribe With Most Beautiful Women in Africa, They Don't Bath Because Of What Will Happen to Them
There is a tribe from Angola which have the most beautiful village women in Africa according to tourists. The Himba tribe are the indigenous people of Namibia and Kunen, they live on the northern side of the country, and on the other side of the Kunene in southern Angola too. They have approximately 50,000 people in the village.
In this tribe, there are some other groups still residing in the village who are regarded as OvaTwa groups, they are called hunter-gatherers as well as OvaHimba.
The Himba Community speaks in Otjihimba language known as the Bantu dialect of Herero. Although English is the official language of Namibia but the Himba rarely speak in English, only small amount of English is used in their Omuhongan schools.
Both men and women from this tribe love wearing their traditional dresses. Men usually wear clothes and footwear sandals, they also wear with foot soles often found in old car tyres, because men and boys tend to lead cattles in the bushes all day long. However, the woman roam about the village with skirts made from goat skin.
They are most famous for their wives' natural beauty, attracting numerous tourists and journalists who have praised their amazing beauty.
Despite the fact that they don't bath with water it hasn't stop them from maintaining their natural beauty. One of the reasons why the people of Himba do not bath with water is because they live in one of the most extreme surroundings on earth.
The harsh weather condition and the desert climate, coupled with the lack of clean water prevents them from a 'normal' water bath.
Meanwhile, their refusal to take a bath did not affect their personal hygiene. Members of the tribe use red ochers on the skin and take part in a daily smoke bath to maintain their beauty and good hygiene.
What's your opinion about this beautiful tribe? let's hear your opinion
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Africa Angola Himba Himba Community Kunen
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Un Canadien errant - theme from the 'Patriotes Soundtrack' 1/2
It was during the first hard years of the Patriotes' exile, in 1842, when a student wrote new topical lyrics for an old folk song. It became an instantly popular because it eloquently expressed the longing of an exile for his native land.
It is the rare matching of words and ideas with a simple, honest melody.
If sung as a "chansonàrépondre" you can imagine a canoe full of men in the northwest. The leader sings the couplet, then the rest of the voyageurs repeat it - using the rhythm to synchronize and pace their strokes … and the sentiment to divert their minds from the hard labour and the long day.
One could hear Un Canadien errant sung both in the bush and the cities of Upper Canada - from the Rockies to Lake Winnipeg and at the most distant outposts in Canada's northwest.
from: Chansons Populaires du Canada; Ernest Gagnon; 1880; Librairie Beauchemin.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Hours of Study
Our study program is serious and intensive, yet is structured to allow for regular study on-line while also working or fulfilling other responsibilities. It is ideal for those who like self-study, yet desire a certain structure and guidance along the way.
The first three levels of Romantic Science set the foundations for later study. They represent the equivalent of approximately 2 years of post-secondary, college-level study, roughly about 1800 hours of study-equivalent.
Each of the specific streams of RomanticScience Healthcare represent a further 2000 hours of study time. In addition each Clinical Internship is approximately 1500 hours of training.
Completion of a Medicine or Regimen Practitioner Program is roughly equivalent to a four-year college diploma. This represents a significant achievement. Our students are justifiably proud of their certificates and diplomas.
However, study is structured so that this can be done over time, at your pace and while also working or practicing. Once you have achieved a practitioner level diploma in one stream, you can start a practice while continuing to work on furthering your studies and training.
 - Romantic Healthcare
Explore a World of Possibilities
© 2013 by HCH. Created with Wix.com
Telephone: _PHONE_


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A useful way to enable children to show their understanding in science is to use Clicker Talk Sets. A set to look at on LearningGrids is Reversible and Irreversible Changes – Talk, which looks at six materials and how they might be changed. Students consider whether the changes shown are permanent, or whether the materials can be returned to their original states.
The activity is open-ended – some children might describe what they can see in the pictures while others might give detailed interpretations of what has happened. Some may recognize, for example, that the candle represents both a reversible and an irreversible change. As such, the activity is suitable for a range of abilities.
Having recorded their ideas, children could use the set as a prompt for writing.
For other Talk Sets, use the quick search on LearningGrids.
To view all of the science sets available on LearningGrids, click on Science in the Categories section.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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You are herecontent / The Start of a Legal Intifadah
The Start of a Legal Intifadah
1. "Palestine can join the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court and file a Complaint with the ICC against the illegal settlements and settlers, who are committing war crimes;
2. "Palestine can join the Statute for the International Court of Justice, sue Israel at the World Court, and break the illegal siege of Gaza;
3. "Palestine can join the Law of the Sea Convention and get its fair share of the enormous gas fields lying off the coast of Gaza, thus becoming economically self-sufficient;
4. "Palestine can become a High Contracting Party to the Four Geneva Conventions [this deals with the laws of war];
5. "Palestine can join the International Civil Aviation Organization and gain sovereign, legal control over its own airspace;
6. "Palestine can join the International Telecommunications Union and gain sovereign legal control over its own airwaves, phone lines, bandwidths."


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Social Studies Elementary News
Recently Added Resources
Recently Added Resources:
3rd-5th teachers, many of you have expressed a wish that the Gallopade pacing guides, located on p. 9-10 in the teacher books, include our standard numbers in them. The new documents below have been created to help with this!
- 3rd Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
- 4th Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
- 5th Grade Gallopade Pacing with Standards (new)
Hannah Rexrode, from the East Tennessee History Center, has added to her ongoing Women's Suffrage files for you to check out!
Directions on how to access resources on grade level pages:
1. Visit the Knox County Schools website
2. Click Departments
3. Scroll down to Social Studies
4. On the left, find "For Elementary Teachers" and click your grade level (You must be signed in to access materials.)
Upcoming PD Opportunities
November 15- Workshop on the Cold War Era This workshop will be held from 9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. at the East Tennessee History Center. It focuses on 5th grade standard 5.23. We will explore strategies and resources for teaching the social studies practices, with a special emphasis on context and analysis. The workshop will feature standards-based activities and materials ready for immediate classroom use. Register today by emailing Lisa Oakley, _EMAIL_ or by calling _PHONE_.
- November 18- Breaking Away from the Lecture: Inquiry-Based and Engaging Social Studies Lessons (Repeat Session) This repeat session will be led by Kristin Risdahl from 4:00-5:30 p.m. at Sarah Simpson. It is for teachers who teach 3rd, 4th, or 5th grade social studies. We will focus on the benefits of breaking away from the lecture-based classroom and providing engaging inquiry-based lessons for 3rd, 4th, & 5th graders. We will look at the inquiry process, the different pieces of the new Gallopade resources, and more...while discussing how to best utilize them to fit your students' needs! Sign up on My Learning Plan.
- December 3- Examining Tennessee's Story at the East Tennessee History Center from 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m. Join East Tennessee Historical Society Curator of Education Lisa Oakley for a day of learning about stories from Tennessee history which are featured in the new Tennessee social studies standards. We will explore these stories using a wide range of primary and secondary sources and share hands-on, literacy-rich strategies for using the sources in classroom instruction. Register today and learn more about our rich history! (lunch, travel stipend, and certificate of participation provided) *This is the same TN history overview session that was presented at the Social Studies summer training but if you missed it, this is a great opportunity! Register here.
*PDs offered during a regular school day require teachers to submit a professional leave request. Unfortunately, the Social Studies Department does not have money to pay for substitutes.
Colonial Williamsburg Teacher Institution Programs
It' s hard to believe, but many organizations are already accepting applications for teacher institutes occurring this coming summer. If you have never attended an institute at an historic site, you will walk away with a tremendous amount of new knowledge! Click on the links below for more information. Some topics include:
- Becoming Americans (1606–1781) (for educators in grades 3–6)
- African Americans in Eigteenth-Century Virginia (for educators in grades 3–8)
- Straight from the Sources: Women in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (for educators in grades 3–8)
- Apprenticeships, STEM, and Colonial Daily Life (for educators in grades 3–8)
Tennessee State MuseumDigital Learning Opportunities
Interview with a Historic Figure: In this program, a well-known Tennessean will be chosen by the teacher from the list below. When you connect with us, one of our educators will dress in period garb and take on the persona of the chosen figure. Your students will then act as reporters and interview this figure about their life and times. After the program, they will take what they have learned and write an article for their local newspaper. Students will be responsible for asking detailed questions of their subject in order to create an accurate narrative of their life and their impact on Tennessee history.
Mystery Artifacts: (Grades 3-8) When signing up for this program, teachers will be able to choose a subject and subsequent list of artifacts, all of which represent each exhibit in our museum. The teacher will be given background information on the objects ahead of our program date, but they will remain a complete mystery to the students. Once we are connected on screen, one of our educators will provide a quick introduction of why we are meeting and what the rules are of the "game." They will then have a limit of twenty questions to ask our educator, and about 30 minutes, to figure out what the artifacts are and what they were used for during that particular time period. Once the students have made their final guesses, an educator will finish the session by revealing the correct answers, and then go on to detail the history of each object, explain how it was used and describe why it is important.
Mystery Skype: This program explores the subject of United States geography and history! Once connected with one of our museum educators, the goal of this session is to let the students ask us geography based questions in order to correctly guess our location within the United States. Your students will need to prepare a list of spatial and directional questions before we connect, and it is vital that you do not give your kids any hints to our location before our session. Once they have correctly guessed where we are, your students will be given a brief history of Tennessee and, if time allows, we will open the floor for any other questions they might have!
Women's Suffrage CentennialTDOE Featured Content
This month the Tennessee Department of Education is highlighting the formation of women's associations and their leaders. In 1869, two national organizations (The American Woman Suffrage Association and The National Woman Suffrage Association) were formed to further the cause of women's suffrage. Although these associations were formed for different reasons, the leaders strived for the same thing: voting rights for women. The following resources are examples that teachers can use to begin exploring the Women's Suffrage Movement.
- PBS Learning Media: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- DOCSTeach: Extending Suffrage to Women
- DOCSTeach: Evaluating the New Departure Strategy in the Fight for Women's Suffrage
- Brainpop Educators: Educator Resources for Susan B. Anthony
- National Women's HIstory Museum: Susan B. Anthony: She's Worth a Mint!, American Woman Suffrage Association, and National Woman Suffrage Association
- Library of Congress: National American Woman Suffrage Association
- PBS: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
National Geographic GeoBee
The National Geographic GeoBee is an annual competition for grades 4-8 designed to inspire and reward students' curiosity about the world. Registration for the 2019-2020 school year is now open!
Registered schools receive a suite of curated study resources to prepare students and 400+ GeoBee questions covering geography, civilizations, cultures, physical features, and more to hold a school GeoBee. Prizes to celebrate participants will also be included. For more information and to register, visit NatGeoBee.
Teacher & Student Spotlight
We want to celebrate the great learning that is taking place in your classrooms everyday! Throughout the school year, as you are teaching and your students are learning and exploring social studies, please share the great things that are happening in your schools. Send us photos of your students actively learning, invite us to special activities and celebrations, etc. We see the amazing things happening every day as we are visiting schools and classrooms, so let's share out the greatness!
Linda Shanton's 4th graders are busy analyzing an Articles of Confederation political cartoon.
Copper Ridge Elementary
Ben Franklin visits Dr. Atkins at Copper Ridge for some storytelling during an evening focused on reading and community!
Tina Corea's 3rd grade class names states on a gigantic map of the United States.
Copper Ridge Elementary
Social Studies Department
As a three-person social studies district team, we serve every elementary, middle, and high school. For the 2019-2020 school year, Katherine and Dean will be working primarily with secondary schools, and Kristin will be working primarily with elementary schools. However, please know you may call on any member of the social studies department for any social studies-related need or question you may have. Please let us know if we can be of assistance with anything!
Katherine Petko, Social Studies Supervisor _EMAIL_
Dean Burress, K-12 Social Studies Facilitator _EMAIL_
Kristin Risdahl, K-12 Social Studies Facilitator _EMAIL_
Vickie Beckers, Administrative Assistant _EMAIL_


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The Jesse Tree is a tradition that introduces Jesus' ancestors. The Jesse Tree is named for Jesse, the father of King David. Stories from the Old Testament are told, and participants create symbols to hang on Jesus' 'family tree.'
One large tree can be created and brought into the church as part of the Advent decorations, or individual families can make a tree to take home.
More on the Jesse Tree
Using the Jesse Tree with young children
You will need:
"Making a Jesse Tree helps us understand that many people lived before Jesus was born. They waited for him, just as we wait for his birthday now. These people were good, holy people and have interesting stories! We will read a story and think of a symbol to make, something that will remind of the person. Then we will hang that symbol on the tree, and read another story."
The symbols depict the ancestors of Jesus or Old Testament events leading to Christ. Explain each and read related Scripture. The symbols can be drawn, made of clay or play dough, cut from cardboard, etc., then hung on the tree each day. Here's a table of Scripture Readings for the symbols.
- Advent Home
- Customs & History
- Prayers & Liturgy
- Papal Messages
- The Christmas Story
- Advent Books
- Advent Websites
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FocalSpec und EyeVision
EyeVision and FocalSpec for the inspection of wire
With the support of the FocalSpec sensors the EyeVision software can also capture and evaluate challenging objects such as e.g. enameled copper wire. For an application case, the 0,5 mm thick copper wire, which was mounted into a spool, was captured with the FocalSpec sensor. The EyeVision software evaluated the captured point cloud and checked the presence of the wire.
FocalSpec for reflective surfaces
Also extreme reflective surfaces can be captured and a detailed point cloud can be generated. With its 3D commands the EyeVision software can evaluate those point clouds. It can trace the copper wire and check the wire, if it is correctly mounted to the connector pin.
For this task the FocalSpec was chosen, as the sensor has high resolution and a high accuracy. In addition the image capture of the FocalSpec is not disturbed by reflective materials as glass or metal and therefore is specially suited for reflective surfaces. And also for metal wire, which also reflects the light.
For all metal wires
Besides the copper wire also other wires such as bond wire from gold and silver can be captured with the FocalSpec and a point cloud can be generated. Those wires can be inspected in their complete length between lead frame and die.
Similar challenging applications, such as the transition between glass and metal surfaces can also be captured with the FocalSpec.
EyeVision command set for 3D evaluation
With the command set of the EyeVision software the captured point clouds can be evaluated and with the FocalSpec support the software has therefore gained a mastery of a challenging application field.
The EyeVision software has an extensive command set for 3D evaluation. Besides the 3D Blob for counting objects, the 3D Match is a command that can carry out pattern matching tasks in the point cloud. Both commands allow the creation of inspection programs with the drag-and-drop function without programming skills.
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Introduction to IP Conflict Prevention of VigorSwitch
Nowadays, it is common that a company network consists of not only servers and PC, but also IoT devices, printer, IP cameras, and a lot more. Stability would always be the top priority, and IP conflict is one of the causes of unstable connections. In the past, the network administrator may need to take a long time to find conflict sources from the big network.
VigorSwitch supports IP Conflict Prevention (ICP) since firmware version 2.4.0. It helps the administrator to find out the conflicting port and IP and take action quickly. This article introduces ICP and demonstrates how to use it on VigorSwitch.
an illustration of network topology
ICP on Multiple Switches
ICP takes the advantages when there are multiple switches on the network, even if not all the switches support ICP. The edge switch can be other brands that you already have, and ICP would still work partially.
For example:
PC4 conflicts PC1: PC4 can't go through core switch, but PC4 still can access other hosts within edge switch.
PC2 conflict PC1: PC2 will be locked. It's because PC1 is configured to have the higher priority of using the IP.
an illustration of network topology
Conflict Warning
When IP conflict happens, ICP shows the conflict status on the GUI like below, so that the network administrator could be aware of where the problems are.
a screenshot of VigorSwitch
How to Set up ICP?
Quick Start Wizard will be convenient and easy way to set up.
a screenshot of VigorSwitch
1. In the Quick Start Wizard, first select a port to which DHCP server is connecting.
a screenshot of VigorSwitch
2. VigorSwitch will conduct a preliminary detection of the environment and show the port type. If the port is incorrect, click on the port to change the port type to the correct one
 1. DHCP server: Tell the Switch which port the DHCP Offer will come from so it can block illegal DHCP Offers.
 2. DHCP Client: The Switch automatically learn the DHCP offer/ack to each port, and dynamically add/remove the IP into the table, thus to protect LAN clients who receive IP from DHCP server.
 3. Static Binding: For connecting to a device with a static IP. The switch memorizes the "static IP/port" combination and protects LAN clients on the list.
 4. Multiple Hosts: For connecting to an AP or a switch, all the IP behind the port will all be protected. If there's conflict in this port, conflict status will show the port conflict itself.
 5. LAG:Accept multiple ports using same IP address without looping and conflicting
 6. Multiple Host with DHCP Server:Accept several IP addresses to a single port; these IP addresses include DHCP Clients or Static Binding Clients, and a host register to be a legal DHCP Server and gain protection.
an illustration of network topology
3. The switch will detect your network, and showing the hosts table. Remember to put the correct information on it.
a screenshot of VigorSwitch
4. Enable ICP, then ICP will be affected immediately.
a screenshot of VigorSwitch
1. If I have multiple switches in my network, what is the sequence to enable ICP on different switch layer?
We recommend to set the port type first (1-3 step on Wizard), then enable ICP on each layer.
2. We can set up the Mail Alert to let VigorSwitch send the message to notify the network administrator which port conflicts
3. When IP Conflict Prevention is processing, IP conflict detection can not be enabled.
a screenshot of Mail Alert
Published On:2019-01-23
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I don't understand why so many otherwise intelligent programmers insist on using spaces to indent lines of code. The whole purpose of a tab is to advance the cursor to a specific position. These positions are customizable in every capable editor out there. Why force your formatting on everyone who has to read or edit your code? It's not like you sit there and hit the spacebar 2, 3, 4, or 8 times; you hit tab and tell your editor to translate it to spaces. In fact, you go to great lengths to have your editor pretend a group of spaces at the beginning of a line is one unit – a tab, if you will. What's the point? A tab is the semantically correct equivalent.
This is especially aggravating in an environment where more than one person, each with his own indentation preference, is editing code. Even if you mandate that each developer must use spaces for indentation, and further, that they must use a specific number of them, the developer is still left with the problem of changing his editor preferences each time he wants to work on that project. This is further compounded when you have developers working on multiple projects, each with different "settings" due to managerial differences.
Tabs are the One True Way. Anyone who tells you otherwise is likely a creature of archaic habit, or downright misinformed.


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The sn parameter is a pointer to a session data structure. This parameter contains variables related to an entire session, that is, the time between the opening and closing of the TCP/IP connection between the client and the server. The same sn pointer is passed to each SAF called within each request for an entire session. The following list describes the most important fields in this data structure see Chapter 4, NSAPI Function Reference for information about NSAPI routines for manipulating the session data structure.
Pointer to a pblock containing information about the client such as its IP address, DNS name, or certificate. If the client does not have a DNS name or if the name cannot be found, it will be set to -none.
Platform-independent client socket descriptor. This value is passed to the routines for reading from and writing to the client.


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The organic peaches, pears, grapes and apples Kinju Watanabe grows in Fukushima City have shown no detectable radiation, despite soil contamination in the area of 2,000 Becquerels per kilogram, and other farmers' fruits testing at 40-80 Bq/kg.
Although grown in contaminated sectors, Fukushima organic produce distributor Takehiro Makuta says all the food he distributes has tested "ND," not detected—below the detection limit of the measurement device, not necessarily zero.
Some researchers theorize that bacteria and fungi that flourish in organic soil prevent the crops from absorbing cesium, or transmute the cesium into non-radioactive barium.
Uncanny Terrain is a documentary about organic farmers facing Japan's nuclear crisis, and an online community fostering dialogue on food safety, sustainable agriculture, alternative energy and disaster response. Please keep the conversation going by making a tax-deductible donation.


Biotect David Benjamin and his firm, The Living, have completed the MoMA 'Hy-Fi' tower using mushroom brick technology based on a technique developed by Ecovative.
Consisting entirely of farm waste and a culture of fungus that is grown to fit a brick-shaped mold, the tower is reportedly the world's first large scale structure made using the organic bricks.
The biodegradable material, which is generally used to make packaging, has been used to grow 10,000 bricks and stacked to create three merging cylinders.
The formation is designed to draw breezes through the structure, cooling and shading the Hy-Fi's interior, while a top layer of steel molds have been covered in a special light-refracting film invented by 3M.
The tower was designed as part of MoMA's Young Architects Program and will provide shade, seating and water for visitors attending a Summer music festival held at the courtyard site.
Courtesy Arch Daily


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This paper reviews the progress on nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The design, fabrication, and polarization control of nano-aperture VCSELs are reviewed. With the nano-aperture evolving from conventional circular and square aperture to unique C-shaped, H-shaped, I-shaped, and bowtie-shaped aperture, both the near-field intensity and near-field beam confinement from nano-aperture VCSELs are significantly improved. As a high-intensity compact light source with sub-100-nm spot size, nano-aperture VCSELs are promising to realize many new near-field optical systems and applications.
© 2008 Chinese Optics LettersPDF Article


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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN CONTEXT OF LAW
This Empirical Law study (ELS) examines research questions in law to study the operation and function of law, as well as its influence, using social science research methods. The growing trend of putting hypotheses and questions to the test has been dubbed the "next big thing" in legal science, even a revolution whose significance has been overlooked thus far. Qualitative method was used for this study. It was concluded that legalising abortion causes an increase in criminal behaviour.The results of this study lend credence to the following claim; All countries that had legalised abortion previously saw significant reductions in criminal activity. The inverse relationship between abortion rates and crime rates also applies in states with lower abortion rates.


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Dr. Dolly's SELFSHAPES™ – Ellipse
Because you have chosen an Oval or Ellipsis, your dominant SELFSHAPE™ in Dr. Dolly's SELFSHAPE™ categorization system is likely an OVAL or ELLIPSIS, a slightly compressed circle, an eggor eye-like shape with strong perceptivity, empathy, and sensitivity. Life has sometimes crushed the natural spiritual/caring/compassion traits of a CIRCLE, and given birth to art, possibly even great art, whether visual, literary, theatrical, or musical. Or perhaps even scientific, medical, or mathematical. Ovals also make effective change agents, such as psychologists or occupational, physical, or speech therapists. The challenge is to let light outweigh darkness. An OVAL or ELLIPSIS may begin as a child who felt misunderstood, or was maybe even bullied or abused, yet rose to extraordinary achievement—which may or may not pay off financially. Passion and compassion tend to be more motivating than security or financial wealth. OVALS are most rewarded by self-fulfillment and helping others.


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Siberian or Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)
Beardsley Zoo's Siberian Tiger, Robeki, is a member of the Species Survival Plan (SSP) for Siberian Tigers.
They may be bred with other Siberian tigers in the United States or from other countries in order to keep their population healthy and stable. Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo is proud of its role in this conservation program that ensures the survival of these majestic predators for future generations.
9 to 12 feet. Height: 3 feet, 6 inches at the shoulder. Weight: 400 to 650 pounds. (record 850 pounds) These enormous cats have pale yellow-orange fur above that shades to creamy white below. They have a long fur I coat (up to 3 inches along the belly) to protect them in temperatures to 50 degrees below zero. All tigers have pale blackish stripes with a distinctive pattern on the face as unique as a fingerprint. Males are generally one-third larger than females.
Depending on the subspecies, tigers may be found in a variety of habitats. Siberian tigers are found in grasslands and evergreen forest.
The Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia, northern China and Korea.
Mostly deer, wild boar, elk, lynx, bear, fish, hares and birds.
12 to 14 years. Up to 25 years in captivity.
Males and females come together to breed and then separate. Females give birth to 2 to 3 cubs. The cubs may stay with their mom for up to two years.
11am - 3pm
10am - 4pm
We are open...
9am to 4pm every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day
Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo
1875 Noble Avenue
Bridgeport, CT 06610
Main Number: _PHONE_


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The study ranks areas of the Scotland according to the hardship they face, and highlights vast differences in fortunes among groups.
The figures show one in ten families in Glasgow faces severe disadvantage – three times the national average.
The study published today by the think-tank Demos looks beyond purely financial measures of poverty and examines instead how a combination of issues such as unemployment, overcrowding and poor health can compound problems faced by families.
The study looked at low income, unemployment, physical and mental health problems and a lack of qualifications in 28,000 households in Scotland.
Families affected by four or more disadvantages were considered "severely disadvantaged".
Louise Bazalgette, the report's author, said the work recognises that hardship is about more than low income.
"It provides insight into the struggle thousands of families across Scotland go through on a daily basis coping with poverty, worklessness and poor health," she said.
"The extent of severe disadvantage in some areas of Scotland shows the scale of the challenge for some local authorities, who need to find effective ways to work with families facing a complex set of problems at a time of dwindling public resources."
Regions with the lowest proportion of very disadvantaged families included Grampian, east and west Dunbartonshire and Edinburgh. In Glasgow only 38% of families were unaffected by any of the social disadvantages surveyed. Some 11% were affected by four or more.
South Lanarkshire families were the next most likely to face major disadvantages, followed by those in North Lanarkshire and Fife.
However, South Lanarkshire was also shown to be more unequal than any other part of the country. The proportion of families without any significant challenges there – 58% – is higher than the national average, but so is the 7% with four or more disadvantages.
Across Scotland, on average 53% of families faced no disadvantages while 4% were affected by four or more.
The research also found households in Scotland with children in which the parents are unmarried are six times more likely to be severely disadvantaged than households in which they are married.
Lone-parent households made up 51% of those facing severe disadvantage, while 77% of the most severely disadvantaged were living in social housing
Ms Bazalgette said the report was the first phase of a project looking at family disadvantage in Scotland. The next stage will look in detail at the problems of families facing a complex mix of social barriers, and try to develop policy responses.
The research was supported by Quarriers, which supports struggling adults and children.
Chief executive Paul Moore said the charity was launching a new appeal to support families in Scotland.
"Multiple disadvantage has a compounding effect, creating a perfect storm of complex, interrelated hardships that feed off each other and are incredibly difficult to overcome," he said.
"Quarriers' mission is to step in to ensure the needs of these disadvantaged families are met – and we aim to do so through Scotland's Family Appeal
Research was conducted by Demos and NatCen, using statistics from the 2009-10 Scottish Household Survey.


text:
High pressure or an 'anticyclone' usually brings a variety of settled, dry weather, depending on the season. During winter the weather under high pressure over the UK can be often cold and cloudy during the daytime with nights often cold enough to allow frost to form. Whilst in summer it can cause days to be warm and sunny with nights being often mild, sometimes warm enough to make sleeping very uncomfortable.
Anticyclones form when air subsides, falls, unlike low pressure which forms when air rises. As air subsides it gradually warms, this warming can stop clouds from forming. However if there is some warm air located near the ground, some air may rise and form areas of patchy or high cloud. Anticyclones can be slow-moving and sometimes stubborn to clear. Any depressions which try to get to close to it may circulate around it and dump bad weather somewhere else. With high pressure, winds are lightest at the centre and circulate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
There are two main types of anticyclone, a cold and warm anticyclone. Cold anticyclones form typically over polar climates, here temperatures are very low and the air is often cold and dense. An inversion tends to develop at low altitudes with anticyclones; this prevents clouds from building any further. If this is so, any cumulus which does form during the daytime will quickly stop growing and spread into a layer of stratocumulus and then disperse when night comes. At night when the temperatures drop below freezing frosts are very likely to form.
Warm anticyclones form mainly over tropical or sub-tropical climates, where temperatures are often warm both at day and night. With these highs air is subsiding at quite a depth through the troposphere, this tends to hold back and restrict any cloud formation, if any cloud do form, they will often be erratic and well broken, these being mainly cumulus and stratocumulus.
'Anticyclone gloom' forms when the air at the surface is warm and moist, extensive stratus or fog occurs under the stable, calm conditions, it will remain this way unless the sun is strong enough to burn it away. However in winter low stratus or fog could persist for days, or even weeks in extreme cases.
A 'blocking high' is an area of high pressure which remains stationary for days or even weeks on end. Usually with 'normal anticyclones' they tend to appear and disappear after a short period of time and then allow other weather systems to take over or allow other areas of high pressure to takes its place, however these blocking highs have other ideas.
Ridges are little areas of high pressure which extend out of anticyclones or ahead of depressions; the key difference is that ridges don't have a closed-structured centre.
So where are areas of high pressure likely to form?
Sometimes an area of high pressure may well form over Scandinavia, if this is so it may well drag in warmer air from off the continent, in summer, or drag in very cold air in winter, with the winds coming from a south-easterly direction, or the high may bring in an easterly.
An area of high pressure may well form out in the Atlantic and remain there, just west of the UK, if this is the case, depressions may well approach from the north-west or indeed the north, once these depressions move through they could well bring colder air.
The 'Azores high' is what usually influences our weather in summer, it can bring warm or even hot weather during daytime and make nights feel quite warm and sticky.. The high may move northward to cover Scotland or stay stuck just south of the UK.
Whatever the situation, an area of high pressure can form anywhere at any time and one thing is for certain, it is capable of changing the weather.
© Lee Johnson 2002


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Text Area fields - Line breaks removed when appending to thread via business rule
Answer ID 8578 | Last Review Date 04/01/2021
Why are the line breaks removed from my text area fields when they are inserted into the incident thread via a business rule?
Text Area type Custom Fields, Appended via Business Rules
Oracle B2C Service, All supported versions
When the contents of a text area or text field custom field are appended to the incident thread using variables, the line breaks are removed.
This behavior is expected because the text area custom fields store data in plain text format. When a variable is applied to a thread entry, the content of the variable is inserted as plain text content in an HTML environment. This removes the line breaks in the text area field and inserts everything as a single string.
The only ways to insert the contents of a text area field and keep the line breaks is to manually insert the appropriate line breaks in a thread entry while the thread editor is in rich text mode or insert at each line break in the custom field or change the thread type to plain text.
Text area will show content in plain text format.


For various reasons, on the web, we sometimes need more than one image to share the same space. A common way to do this is to rotate the image, so that each fetch of the page will grab a different image from the one before it. is a program to manage image rotation. Simply place all of the images you want in a directory, edit so it knows what directory you want to use, and use the following HTML:

You can download the source or see it in action by hitting reload and watching the space below.
"The Space Below"
rotbanner demo
On our site, we've chosen to use the space to highlight the importance of a browser-independent web and Open Source software that we use. Additionally, we have a few images there to draw attention to some of the hardware in use here.
Matt Curtin
Last modified: Mon Dec 14 08:38:07 EST 1998


Compare Rufus and his dad. Is Rufus an improvement over his father? How is Dana's influence evident on the adult Rufus?
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In Octavia Butler's historical time-travel novel Kindred, the two characters Rufus Weylin, and his father Tom Weylin, are white slave owners in the antebellum South. The protagonist, Dana, a black woman from the 1970s, is summoned back in time to the Weylin plantation in order to save Rufus' life multiple times. Rufus will then go on to impregnate Alice, whose child will be the next step in Dana's bloodline.
Dana is called back to save Rufus numerous times over the course of his childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and as she gets to know him and forms a relationship with him, she tries very hard to impart on him a sense of morality and equity. While there are glimpses of Dana's influence on him, Rufus is steeped in the social mores of his time and goes long periods without seeing or interacting with her. He ends up taking on not just the responsibilities of his father as owner of the plantation and its slaves, but also many of the learned racist customs of slave culture. By the end of...
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7 Health Benefits of Taking Transit to Work
While it may not be realistic in all cases, many people are in a position to ditch their personal vehicle and hop on a bus or subway to get to their jobs (or anywhere, really). While it might be a tough transition at first, there are actually benefits to doing it.
Healthline.com says, "Sitting in a car is probably the least healthy way to commute." While walking or cycling are the best choices, "public transit, it turns out, is a healthier alternative to driving," it adds. Let's look at seven reasons why this is…
1. Daily Driving Detracts from Happiness
HealthLine.com explains further that there's a direct correlation between the amount of time you spend in a car, and your level of happiness. This is because you can start to feel pressure to get to work on time (sometimes fighting traffic) when you drive yourself, it explains.
This doesn't just mean that drivers who sit in traffic longer are less happy during their commute; it appears to apply to their overall happiness. "If you put in a full day at work and then have an extended commute, you don't have a lot of time left to unwind," explains the source.
2. Cars Mean Breathing Emissions
Waiting at red lights or stop-and-go traffic may actually be harming your health more than you realize, according to a 2014 article in the Toronto Star. "There's clearly exposure to all kinds of pollutants, some of which are irritants to the lungs, some of which are not good for your cardiovascular system, some of which are carcinogenic," reads the article.
Emissions can be even worse when you're at a standstill, putting more strain on your lungs, adds the source. You could probably make an argument that you'd breathe in some emissions on a bus, but many cities have dedicated bus lanes that mean less stop and go (not to mention you can blame the bus driver for being late for work, and not yourself for leaving too late).
3. You'll Get More Exercise with Transit
When you take your car to work, your walk is often limited to your front door to your driveway, and then your work parking lot to your desk – maybe a grand total of 100-feet. When you take transit, you often are walking to a transit stop, or going up and down stairs. In fact, "Individuals who use public transportation get over three times the amount of physical activity per day of those who don't," according to TransLoc.com.
So if your brisk walking to the transit mode of choice is 22-minutes or more, you're meeting the daily guidelines set out by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This can help lower your risk of serious diseases such as vascular diseases, strokes, cancer and even depression, according to the source.
4. Transit Options Benefit Everyone
When you decide to hop on a transit route instead of into your gas-guzzling SUV (that you usually ride to work alone in), you're helping more than yourself– you're benefitting everyone around you by reducing your carbon footprint.
TransLoc.com explains that "pollution is estimated to cause as many deaths per year as traffic accidents," and we'll talk about safety of taking transit vs. driving next. The source notes that newer buses that use alternative fuels actually produce less pollution per passenger mile than cars.
5. Transit Means Less Chance of Being in an Accident
As a message thread on Quora.com details, there are much fewer deaths per passenger mile in a bus than in a car. The source points out this could be due to the fact bus drivers are seasoned professionals, and less likely to be intoxicated behind the wheel.
However, while buses are safer on the road (also consider that a car running into a bus will probably do a lot less damage than another car), we'd be remiss if we didn't mention the source also points out that walking to a transit stop can be inherently dangerous (presumably because a drunk driver in a car could run you over on the way there, among other scenarios).
6. Transit Takers are More Socially Engaged
This may tie back into the first point about losing quality time when you sit in traffic to and from work every day, but TreeHugger.com points out that taking transit means "gaining the chance to engage more actively with one's community and the outdoors."
The source also explains that even when it's less than ideal weather for walking, "a little sunshine and even some rain and snow can do the spirit a load of good." Just make sure you're dressed for the occasion like any other situation, and you should be fine.
7. Transit is Cheaper
TransLoc.com explains that taking the bus (or other form of transit) is also healthy for your wallet. "Car payments, gas prices and parking can be a major budget drain," it explains, but choosing transit could line your pockets with significantly more money annually =–$6,251, to be more exact.
The source points out that having more money may translate into better living conditions and the ability to afford a healthier diet, not to mention getting better medical care (and being able to afford health insurance) according to the source.
Jeff Hayward
Jeff Hayward


text: In the present study, we describe the effects of lycopene on the symptoms of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Lycopene at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was orally administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 7 days after onset of diabetes. At the same time, food-water intake and body weight change were recorded daily. Upon sacrifice, biochemical parameters, such as the serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were measured in all experimental groups. Administration of lycopene at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw per day significantly reduced serum glucose, TC, TG, ALT, and AST levels, and increased serum insulin levels, but there were no improvements in food-water intake and body weight change parameters in lycopene-treated diabetic rats. The results suggest that orally administrated lycopene exhibits a potent hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats and that lycopene may be useful for the management of diabetes mellitus.


text:
Irish Language in Danger of Digital Extinction
New European research shows that the Irish language is in danger of digital extinction due to the lack of critical mass of digitised Irish language content. A new White Paper, The Irish Language in the Digital Age, published by academics from the Centre for Next Generation Localisation, Centre for Speech and Language Technology for Irish (TCD), NUIG and Saint Louis University, reveals, however, that the application of language technology in Ireland can not only reverse this decline, but has considerable job creation potential in the wider language technology and localisation sector.
Language technology produces software that can process spoken or written human language. Well-known examples of language technology software include spell and grammar checkers, interactive personal assistants on smartphones eg iPhone Siri, web search engines and synthetic speech devices used in car navigations systems. These all rely on statistical methods that require incredibly large amounts of written or spoken data. For languages, such as Irish, with relatively few speakers, it is difficult to acquire the needed mass of data.
There are a number of difficulties encountered in digitising Irish language content:
- No standard spoken form of Irish which makes the development of speech recognition and synthesis more difficult
- A lack of prior linguistic resources - the development of speech and text based technologies rely on the availability of existing resources such as pronunciations dictionaries which are not as readily available in Ireland compared to countries which have benefited from decades of investment in research and resource development.
- Perceived limited economic market for Irish technologies - most research in language technologies tends to have economic gain as a primary object and Irish has difficulty competing with markets for "larger" languages and as such is lagging behind
- A lack of availability of researchers with both the linguistic skills for Irish and the engineering and computational skills which are required to conduct the necessary research.
Despite these challenges, the White Paper finds that language technologies offer significant opportunities for minority languages and can be a major force in addressing and alleviating some of the difficulties they face. Among the opportunities for Irish technology are:
- Community Building: Speech and language technologies are a powerful way to bring together the Irish speaking communities, linking the traditional Gaeltacht areas, the network of Irish speakers across the country and the global community outside of Ireland.
- Education: Technology can have a major impact on language learning support.
- Inclusion: For many with visual and vocal disabilities, language technology may be an absolute prerequisite to their participation in the Irish language communities.
- Maintenance and preservation: Particularly with regard to the status of Irish in the eyes of the younger, digitally-oriented generation.
Furthermore, language technology is generally acknowledged today as one of the key growth areas in information technology. The Horizon 2020 EU Framework for Research and Innovation plans for significant research funding in language technology. This new investment, combined with Science Foundation Ireland's existing investments in this space through CNGL, represents an unprecedented opportunity for language technology research and development in Ireland. The outcomes of such R&D will help to support the country's significant language industry. A rapidly growing sector, there are currently 166 translation and interpreting services companies in Ireland, representing an estimated €686 million to the Irish economy in 2011.
Speaking on European Day of Languages (26th September), a day which recognises the importance of fostering and developing the rich linguistic and cultural heritage of Europe, Dr John Judge of the Centre for Next Generation Localisation based at Dublin City University, a co-author of the White Paper, believes that there must be a co-ordinated approach at European and national level to safeguarding minority languages,
'A wide-ranging, coordinated effort focused on language technologies would help safeguard the future of the Irish language, together with other languages, and establish a genuine multilingual agenda for Europe and the world as a whole. Europe and Ireland must take action to prepare its languages for the digital age. They are a precious component of our cultural heritage and, as such, they deserve future-proofing.'
"The current situation where there is a clear and growing demand for technologies which both support and enable the Irish language and many the vast array of global languages represents a unique opportunity for LT research and development in Ireland."
The White Paper cites examples of software supports that already exist for Irish, including Irish language versions of Google, Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Windows. Clare-based company eTeams localised Microsoft Office 2010 and Windows 7 into Irish. eTeams Managing Director Nana Luke believes that translation plays an important part in maintaining Irish as a vibrant language and generating digital content,
"The localisation of Microsoft programs into Irish by eTeams is a positive example of Irish being enabled for the digital age, as well as creating new terminology. The 2003 Official Languages Act and the recognition of Irish as an official EU language have greatly increased the volumes of content for translation. This in turn has led to a high level of professionalism in Irish language translation, with degree courses and good career opportunities available."
Language technology can now simplify and automate the processes of translation and content production, enabling Irish speakers to use more software and systems in their own language.
Language technology also has tremendous potential for reinvigorating the learning of Irish. An example is the new 'Language Trap' computer game developed by CNGL researchers at TCD. This video game is designed to help students in preparing for oral examinations by means of an interactive dialogue system, which automatically adapts to the user's ability level. Neasa Ní Chiarain of TCD's Centre for Language and Communication Studies believes that such high-tech games offer significant advantages for Irish language learners,
"The Language Trap (or 'Digichaint' as Gaeilge) is an interactive game through which students can learn German or Irish by participating in engaging puzzles/detective work in order to get through the game. It is a revolutionary new method of language teaching which offers a real and purposeful context for the use of the target language. It is particularly significant for minority languages such as Irish where students may find it difficult to have a realistic context in which to use the language. It is the first time the interactive potential of computers can be harnessed so that learners can become actively engaged with the target language from an early stage."
Language Trap forms part of the education and outreach activities of the Science Foundation Ireland-funded Centre for Next Generation Localisation. CNGL is striving to address the shortage of Irish graduates with the linguistic and computational skills required for the language technology industry. Its programmes include the All Ireland Linguistics Olympiad and publication of a localisation careers guide, both of which aim to encourage second level students to pursue careers in this vibrant sector.
The Irish Language in the Digital Age White Paper is part of an international series, Europe's Languages in the Digital Age, which assesses language resources and technologies available for 30 European languages. Produced by the European Commission-funded META-NET European Network of Excellence, it calls for a large-scale effort to be made in Europe to create the key enabling technologies necessary to realise the full potential of language technology in rejuvenating minority languages and enabling communication and trade across borders.
For further information, visit here.


text: To examine whether high moral reasoning competence of adolescents is associated with low levels of bullying, and to understand whether moral disengagement mediates or moderates this relationship, 925 German children ranging from 11 to 17 years of age (M = 14.18, SD = 1.21) completed questionnaires on moral reasoning competence and moral disengagement in surveys at three different schools. The children were classified according to their bullying role, based on a peer‐nomination procedure. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that moral reasoning competence negatively predicted whether a student took an aggressive role. Moral disengagement partially mediated this relationship. Corresponding effects for defenders and outsiders were not found. These results extend previous findings about the effect of moral reasoning on bullying in primary school. The implications for the prevention of bullying are discussed.


text:
Example 8.4.9: Applying the Lagrange Remainder
f(x) =where r(x) goes to zero as x goes to c.
Use this result and the function f(x)= to show that
The first statement is a straight-forward application of the Lagrange remainder theorem - try it youself!
As for the application, let f(x)=, which is continuously differentiable around c = 0. According to our statement (and taking the first derivative at zero) we have:
= 1 + x/2 + x r(x)
for some r(x) with r(x) = 0. To apply this to our problem, we need to see involved somehow. Therefore we factor an n to get:
Now we can apply our approximation to the second root, with x = 1/, to get:
which, together with the fact that r(x) = 0 will do the trick.


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When it comes to understanding "pressed" and "permeated," Utah eighth-graders gained ground in vocabulary in 2009 and 2011, according to a federal report released Thursday.
Students from the Beehive State scored two points higher in the two years, while in 2011 they scored higher than those in 20 states in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, or NAEP a test that shows state and national trends.
Called the "Nation's Report Card, Reading," the report also shows Utah Latino students had an average reading score that was 24 points lower than white students in 2011. The findings come amid disappointing news in graduation rates: Utah had the fourth-lowest graduation rate for Latinos in the country at 57 percent.
The state's overall graduation rate was 76 percent in 2010-11.
"It's not a new warning sign," said John Jesse, director of assessment and accountability at the State Office of Education. "I don't think we're losing progress [with Latino students]."
Overall, Utah students' scores continued to climb higher in reading as they progressed from fourth grade to the eighth grade.
"The longer they are in the system the better they do," Jesse said.
As Utah educators grapple with how to lessen the achievement gap, Claudia Nakano, director of Utah Multicultural Affairs, will chair a state panel looking into ways to boost minority education.
She pointed out that 25 percent of Ogden preschoolers are from minority groups, and that by 2040, minorities will become the majority in the U.S.
Latinos are Utah's largest minority group, making up about 15.5 percent of all Utah public school students.
"There's a very diverse student population that is not graduating," Nakano said. "We as a committee are addressing those education disparities and achievement."
She cited the success of Latinos in Action, a program in schools throughout the state that sends high school and junior high students into elementary schools to work with students and perform community service.
In the latest NAEP reading test, 84 percent of white Utah students scored at the "basic" reading level; while 58 percent of Latinos and 57 percent of American Indian/Pacific Islanders did so.
In 2011, female Utahns had an average reading score that was higher than male students at the "basic" level, with 83 percent of females scoring at that level while 75 percent of males earned a basic score.
In the latest scores, students' understanding of vocabulary was highlighted. Testing officials said the vocabulary tests were designed to gauge reading comprehension of words, not simply rote definitions.
Margaret McKeown,Â a scientist at the Learning Research and Development Center and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, said students' vocabulary scores in kindergarten predict their reading scores 12 years later.
Even though there are scientific techniques for increasing a student's vocabulary, McKeown said few schools use them.
"We're not seeing [vocabulary programs] in the classroom; very little [is] done at any age," said McKeown, a member of the National Assessment Governing Board, which in part oversees NAEP exams.
The Nation's Report Card is the only nationally representative, continuing evaluation of education in the United States, according to NAEP officials. It has been a national yardstick of student achievement since 1969.
The NAEP scores are released only by state and are not broken down by district. Thursday's results marked the first time vocabulary exams were released apart from the reading results.
Deputy State Superintendent Martell Menlove said Thursday that he's pleased with Utah students' progress on the exam.
"It is gratifying to see Utah's students performing well. It is even more gratifying to see them improving during a time when national scores are flat," Menlove said in a statement.
The report can be read online at
National Assessment of Educational Progress">_URL_
National Assessment of Educational Progress">_URL_
Utah is one of 18 states where fourthand eighth-graders scored higher than the national average on vocabulary results from 2009 and 2011.
Testing data released Thursday is the first time vocabulary results have been reported separately from reading tests.
Utah fourth-graders scored 218 in 2009 and 220 in 2011 on NAEP tests the national average was 217 in both years.
Utah eighth-graders scored an average of 269 in 2009 and 272 in 2011 on NAEP tests the national average was 263 in both years.
NAEP exams are administered to a cross-section of Utah students, so there aren't specific results for a school or district, just state-level data.
Sources • Utah Department of Education, U.S. Department of Education


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Flavor Networks Reveal Universal Principle Behind Successful Recipes
Source: Emerging Technology
In this graph representing the top 100 ingredients in the global flavor network, nodes are ingredients, edges represent shared flavors, and node colors represent clusters of linked ingredients.
Given the number of ingredients that humans eat, the total number of ways to combine them is on the order of 10 to the 15th power. And yet the actual number of recipes we eat is around one million—a small fraction of the total. That strongly suggests an organizing principle that, in recipe terms, sorts the wheat from the chaff.
So an ongoing challenge for food scientists is to discover laws that govern flavor combinations and use them to create new recipes yet to be experienced by human taste buds.
Tiago Simas at Telefonica Research in Barcelona, Spain, and a few pals say they have discovered an important principle of flavor combination by studying foods of different cultures. This insight could help create novel recipes.
The background to this group's discovery is the hypothesis of food pairing developed by the chefs Francois Benzi and Heston Blumenthal. At first glance, foods such as chocolate and blue cheese can seem as different as it is possible for foods to be. And yet, these foods share 73 different flavor molecules.
That's why at certain high-end restaurants, you'll sometimes find blue cheese and chocolate in the same dishes. The thinking is that when ingredients contain the same flavor molecules, they can be successfully paired. The idea is that shared flavors help blend ingredients more effectively. Food pairing immediately suggests a novel way to create new recipes, which is why it rapidly gained influence among a certain breed of gastronomist.
Then in 2011, a curious piece of research revealed that food pairing was only part of the explanation behind successful recipes. In this work, a team at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, analyzed the network of links between ingredients in recipes from all over the world. In this network, ingredients are nodes in a web, linked when they share flavor molecules.
This approach turned the food-pairing hypothesis on its head. When recipes from North America and Western Europe are analyzed in this way, the networks reveal that food pairing is an important factor. But when the team analyzed recipes from East Asia (Korea and Japan, for example), they found exactly the opposite. These cuisines seem to combine the very foods that do not share flavor ingredients. Clearly the food-pairing hypothesis is just part of a bigger picture and in need of a serious upgrade.
Enter Simas and his colleagues. These guys have looked a little harder into the web of flavors behind recipes and discovered a deeper principle at work. The basic idea is that when two ingredients do not share flavors, the team look for a third ingredient with flavors in common with each of the first pair. In this way, they were able to identify flavor chains and explore how recipes in different parts of the world use them.
For example, apricot and whiskey do not share flavors with each other but do have flavors in common with tomato. This creates a flavor chain that links all three ingredients, making them suitable to be used in the same recipe.
The team call this food bridging. They define it as "the ability to connect a pair of ingredients, that may or may not have a direct connection, through a path of non-repeating ingredients."
This has an important impact on recipes. While food pairing intensifies flavor by mixing ingredients in a recipe with similar chemical compounds, food bridging smooths any contrast between ingredients, say Simas and co.
So what role does food bridging play in recipes from different cultures? To find out, Simas and co examined the flavor networks of cuisines from various parts of world and then analyzed the respective roles of food pairing and food bridging in each cuisine.
In Latin America, for example, recipes exploit both food pairing and food bridging, while East Asian food seems to avoid both principles. Southeast Asian cuisines such as Thai and Vietnamese seem to rely only on food bridging, while North American and Western European food use only food pairing.
That's interesting work that extends the principles behind the way we create recipes. Indeed, it reveals that food pairing is really a special case of food bridging in which the number of nodes in the flavor chain is 0.
A better understanding of these principles should help chefs create new recipes in specific styles. But it is by no means the be-all and end-all of cooking. Successful recipes have a wide range of different parameters in addition to flavor. There is the texture of the food, its temperature, its mouth feel, and its color, to name just a few.
Food bridging can certainly help with new recipes. But a truly universal tool for recipe creation will need to be much broader to incorporate these other factors into its model. That will require significant work.
But step by step, food scientists are learning how humans prune the list of all possible combinations of food to produce the combinations we actually end up eating.


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Orlando, Florida, is a city that sparkles with culture, architecture, and a unique blend of natural beauty and modern infrastructure. From the towering skyscrapers of the downtown district to the charming historical buildings, the city boasts a rich and diverse tapestry of structures. However, Orlando's subtropical climate, marked by high humidity, occasional storms, and abundant rainfall, can lead to the accumulation of dirt, grime, mold, and other contaminants on building exteriors. If you're a property owner or manager in Orlando, you understand the significance of maintaining the appearance and structural integrity of your buildings. In this unique blog post, we'll embark on a journey to explore the art of choosing the right building cleaning contractor in Orlando, FL, and why this decision is instrumental in preserving the city's architectural beauty.
Orlando's Charisma: Where Beauty Meets Climate
Orlando's charm lies in its ability to juxtapose modern architecture with lush, natural surroundings. From sleek skyscrapers to quaint historical buildings, the city boasts an eclectic mix of structures. However, this beautiful diversity comes with a cost. Orlando's climate, characterized by high humidity, occasional hurricanes, and abundant rainfall, can cause unsightly problems such as algae growth, mildew, and dirt accumulation on building exteriors. The result is a constant battle to maintain the aesthetic appeal of the city's structures.
Building Cleaning: The Orlando Solution
Building cleaning, often referred to as pressure washing, is a powerful tool in the hands of experts. This process involves using high-pressure water to remove dirt, grime, mold, mildew, and other contaminants from building surfaces. In Orlando, this service is not just about aesthetics; it's about preserving the structural integrity of buildings. Here's why choosing the right building cleaning contractor is essential:
1. Mold and Mildew Prevention: Mold and mildew thrive in Orlando's humid climate. These organisms can not only mar the appearance of your building but also eat away at its structure. Regular building cleaning removes existing growth and helps prevent future infestations.
2. Environmental Impact: The accumulation of dirt and grime on buildings can lead to more significant environmental problems. Pollutants from these surfaces can flow into nearby water bodies, harming the environment. Building cleaning helps mitigate these concerns.
3. Enhanced Property Value: A clean building is an attractive one. If you're a property owner, regular building cleaning can boost your property's curb appeal and potentially increase its value.
4. Extended Lifespan: By removing contaminants that contribute to the degradation of building materials, such as paint, wood, and concrete, building cleaning can extend the lifespan of your property.
Choosing the Right Building Cleaning Contractor
Selecting the right building cleaning contractor is a decision that can significantly impact the maintenance and longevity of your property. Here are essential considerations to help you make an informed choice:
1. Experience: Look for a contractor with a proven track record in providing high-quality building cleaning services in the Orlando area. Experienced contractors understand the specific challenges posed by Orlando's climate.
2. Equipment and Techniques: Ensure that the contractor employs state-of-the-art equipment and proven cleaning techniques. The right tools and methods are essential for achieving a thorough and effective clean.
3. Eco-Friendly Practices: Environmental responsibility is crucial. Opt for a contractor who uses eco-friendly cleaning solutions and follows sustainable practices. This not only protects the environment but also ensures the longevity of your building materials.
4. Safety Protocols: Building cleaning can be a complex and sometimes risky task. Ensure the contractor follows strict safety protocols to protect the well-being of their workers and the safety of your property.
Building Cleaning Methods
Professional building cleaning contractors use various methods to rejuvenate building exteriors:
- Pressure Washing: High-pressure water is used to remove dirt, grime, mold, and contaminants from building surfaces.
- Soft Washing: For delicate surfaces like stucco or painted wood, soft washing uses lower water pressure combined with environmentally-friendly cleaning solutions.
- Steam Cleaning: Steam cleaning is effective for removing stubborn stains, oil, or grease from surfaces.
The Building Cleaning Process
A typical building cleaning process involves several crucial steps:
1. Assessment: The building cleaning contractor will assess the condition of your building's exterior to determine the appropriate cleaning method.
2. Preparation: Surrounding areas will be prepared to protect sensitive items, landscaping, and architectural details from cleaning solutions.
3. Cleaning: The building's exterior will be cleaned using the chosen method, removing contaminants and restoring its appearance.
4. Rinsing: After cleaning, a thorough rinsing is essential to remove all cleaning agents and contaminants.
5. Final Inspection: The contractor will conduct a final inspection to ensure the building's exterior meets the highest standards of cleanliness and safety.
Conclusion: Preserving Orlando's Architectural Beauty
In Orlando, the buildings are not just structures; they are an integral part of the city's identity and charm. Choosing the right building cleaning contractor in Orlando, FL, is a commitment to preserving the architectural beauty of the city and ensuring that its beauty endures for generations to come.
Investing in professional building cleaning services is an investment in your property's longevity, aesthetics, and environmental responsibility. It's a way to ensure that your building continues to shine, even under the challenging conditions of Orlando's climate. The art of building cleaning is not just about appearances; it's about preserving the city's rich history and architectural diversity. So, let the professionals take care of your building, and contribute to the preservation of Orlando's architectural beauty, one clean facade at a time.


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ABOUT YOUNG CITIZENS
The Young Citizens program focuses on citizenship and is a complementary component to Heritage Fairs, an annual event where students present the results of their research on Canadian heroes, legends and key events in Canadian history. Participants in the Young Citizens program make a short video about their heritage fair topic, much like an evening news report or short documentary. The student videos are posted online and reviewed by a panel of judges for a chance to win a trip to Ottawa to attend the Canada's History Forum.
Watch a clip about Young Citizens from CBC's The National:
2013 Young Citizens: Expedition North
To celebrate the centennial of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (_PHONE_), Canada's History is looking for 40 students to participate in this special version of Young Citizens. These students will create a video that explores a theme relating to the history of Canada's north. A panel of judges will review all 40 videos and select 2 students who will receive a trip to Ottawa to show their film at the Canada's History Forum in the fall.
From May 13 - June 3, friends and family can view and vote for their favourite videos. The number of votes received will form part of the judge's criteria.
In June, a panel of judges will review all of the 40 videos based on 6 different criteria. The top 2 videos will be chosen and the students will receive a trip for 2 to Ottawa in the fall, where they will show their film at the Canada's History Forum.
We invite you to meet our Young Citizens, watch their videos, and cast your vote! Go to Find a Young Citizen and discover the stories of Canada's past.


Hey, I have just reduced the price for all products. Let's prepare our programming skills for the post-COVID era. Check it out »
Inline Class
A class does almost nothing and isn't responsible for anything, and no additional responsibilities are planned for it.
Move all features from the class to another one.
Inline Class - Before
Inline Class - After
Why Refactor
 - Often this technique is needed after the features of one class are "transplanted" to other classes, leaving that class with little to do.
 - Eliminating needless classes frees up operating memory on the computer—and bandwidth in your head.
How to Refactor
 1. In the recipient class, create the public fields and methods present in the donor class. Methods should refer to the equivalent methods of the donor class.
 2. Replace all references to the donor class with references to the fields and methods of the recipient class.
 3. Now test the program and make sure that no errors have been added. If tests show that everything is working A-OK, start using Move Method and Move Field to completely transplant all functionality to the recipient class from the original one. Continue doing so until the original class is completely empty.
 4. Delete the original class.


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Scrabble word: OVERRUN
In which Scrabble dictionary does OVERRUN exist?
Definitions of OVERRUN in dictionaries:
- noun - too much production or more than expected
- verb - invade in great numbers
- verb - occupy in large numbers or live on a host
- verb - flow or run over (a limit or brim)
- verb - seize the position of and defeat
- verb - run beyond or past
- To seize the positions of and defeat conclusively: The position of the forward infantry was overrun by large numbers of enemy troops at dawn.
- To spread or swarm over destructively: Locusts overran the prairie.
- To spread swiftly throughout: The new fashion overran the country.
- To overflow: The river overran its banks.
- To run beyond or past; overshoot: The plane overran the end of the runway.
- To run or extend beyond a limit set by; exceed: Your speech has overrun the time limit.
- To rearrange or move (set type or pictures) from one column, line, or page to another.
- To set too much type for.
- To print (a job order) in a quantity larger than that ordered.
- To run over; overflow.
- To go beyond the normal or desired limit.
- An act of overrunning.
- The amount by which something overruns.
- The exceeding of estimated costs for product development and manufacture covered by contract.
- The amount by which actual costs exceed estimates.
- A run over and above the quantity ordered by a customer.
- verb - to spread or swarm over
There are 7 letters in OVERRUN: E N O R R U V
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to OVERRUN
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word OVERRUN plus a wildcard: OVERRUN?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word OVERRUN
Images for OVERRUN
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.


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Thermal Cycler Temperature Accuracy – A Comparison of Different Models
Application Note Nov 14, 2018
Thermal cycler temperature accuracy may be a critical factor in the success or failure of a PCR reaction. Temperature accuracy is particularly important during annealing temperature optimization, which requires both accuracy and consistency in the thermal cycler.
Download this application note to learn about:
- Thermal cycler temperature performance across different models
- Thermal cycler temperature performance against manufacturers' published specifications
- Temperature accuracy measurements in isothermal, VeriFlex™, and gradient mode


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SPECIM's high-end MWIR spectral camera consists of high-speed or high-resolution cooled InSb sensor and Specim M-series imaging spectrograph optimized for this wavelength range. The system is optimal for high-speed industrial or high-resolution research applications. The main applications for MWIR range spectral imaging are sorting of black polymers and detection of minerals in geology that cannot be seen in the SWIR.
SPECIM's Spectral Camera is an integrated combination of an ImSpector imaging spectrograph and an area monochrome camera. It works as a push-broom type line scan camera providing full, contiguous spectral information for each pixel in the line. Specim is offering a new Spectral Camera model for the 3 – 5 µm Thermal range to enable new hyperspectral imaging applications.
The camera utilizing ImSpector M50M imaging spectrograph is available with two InSb sensors; 320 x 256 pixels version, providing the extremely high framerate required in the industrial process control applications and 640 x 512 pixels version, providing higher resolution for research applications. The combination is usable in the laboratory and industrial conditions. The lifetime of the used sensors cooling is approximately 10 000 h.
Target applications include:
- Black polymer sorting
- Environmental research
- Gas detection


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The Diary for the year 2022 has a theme article on The Glory of Prasanthi Nilayam, and a six pages write-up under the captions:
- Bhajans for Unity, Purity, Divinity
- The Sri Sathya Sai Mission of Veda Posahana and
- Seva and Sadhana. It also has inspiring quotations of Bhagawan at the bottom of each of the two-colour diary inner pages.
- This book contains all the messages about "Gayatri Manta" as told or written by Bhagwan.
- The contents are picked from various speeches of Bhagwan during various occasions.
- The research team had spent 8 months and have browsed through 3000 discourses, 15 Vahinis written by Bhagwan and 15 Summer Showers to bring out this unique and invaluable treasure store on "Gayatri Mantra".
- This book has two partsthe first part is in English and the second part is in Tamil (translation of the English part), thus catering to both the section of readers.


This limited-edition, signed-and-numbered muliple by the acclaimed contemporary artist Robert Gober relates to an unsigned edition Gober created for Esopus subscribers in 2012.
Robert Gober (born September 12, 1954, Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S.), American sculptor and installation artist known for his eerie and evocative reconsiderations of everyday objects. His common motifs include the human body and domestic objects, with which he examined, often with humour, such notions as religion, sexuality, childhood, and change. Gober studied at Middlebury College (1972–76), spending his junior year abroad at the Tyler School in Rome, before settling in New York City. After a brief period as a painter, he drew notice in the 1980s with a series of haunting sculptures loosely based on the forms of household items such as sinks, drains, and playpens. Gober carried these ideas further in sculptures and installations that commingled the familiar with the strange. In 1999, Gober was awarded the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture by the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine. He participated in the 2001 Venice Biennale and was the subject of a retrospective in 2007 at the Schaulager Museum in Basel, Switzerland. In 2014, the Museum of Modern Art in New York organized a major survey of his work, the first of its kind in the United States. Based in New York City, Gober is represented by Matthew Marks Gallery.


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EventsGameMaker uses what is called an event driven approach. This works as follows. Whenever something happens in the game the instances of the objects get events (kind of messages telling that something has happened). The instances can then react to these messages by executing certain actions. For each object you must indicate to which events it responds and what actions it must perform when the event occurs. This may sound complicated but is actually very easy. First of all, for most events the object does not have to do anything. For the events where something must be done you can use a very simple drag-and-drop approach to indicate the actions.
In the middle of the object property form there is a list of events to which the object must react. Initially it is empty. You can add events to it by pressing the button labeled Add Event. A form will appear with all different types of events. Here you select the event you want to add. Sometimes a menu pops up with extra choices. For example, for the keyboard event you must select the key. Below you find a complete list of the different events plus descriptions. One event in the list will be selected. This is the event we are currently changing. You can change the selected event by clicking on it. At the right there are all the actions represented by little icons. They are grouped in a number of tabbed pages. In the next chapter you will find descriptions of all the actions and what they do. Between the events and the actions there is the action list. This list contains the actions that must be performed for the current event. To add actions to the list, drag them with your mouse from the right to the list. They will be placed below each other, with a short description. For each action you will be asked to provide a few parameters. These will also be described in the next chapter. So after adding a few actions the situation might look as follows:
Now you can start adding actions to another event. Click on the correct event with the left mouse button to select it and drag actions in the list.
You can change the order of the actions in the list again using drag-and-drop. If you hold the key while dragging, you make a copy of the action. You can even use drag-and-drop between action lists for different objects. When you click with the right mouse button on an action, a menu appears in which you can delete the selected action (can also be done by using the key) or copy and paste actions. (You can select multiple actions for cutting, copying, or deleting by holding the key of key. Press to select all actions.) When you hold your mouse at rest above an action, a longer description is given of the action. See the next chapter for more information on actions.
To delete the currently selected event together with all its actions press the button labeled Delete. (Events without any actions will automatically be deleted when you close the form so there is no need to delete them manually.) If you want to assign the actions to a different event (for example, because you decided to use a different key for them) press the button labeled Change and pick the new event you want. (The event should not be defined already!) Using the menu that pops up when right-clicking on the event list, you can also duplicate an event, that is, add a new event with the same actions.
As indicated above, to add an event, press the button Add Event. The following form pops up:
Here you select the event you want to add. Sometimes a menu pops up with extra choices. Here is a description of the various events. (Again remember that you normally use only a few of them.)
This event happens when an instance of the object is created. It is normally used to set the instance in motion and/or to set certain variables for the instance.
This event happens when the instance is destroyed. To be precise, it happens just before it is destroyed, so the instance does still exist when the event is executed! Most of the time this event is not used but you can for example use it to change the score or to create some other object.
Each instance has 12 alarm clocks. You can set these alarm clocks using certain actions (see next chapter). The alarm clock then ticks down until it reaches 0 at which moment the alarm event is generated. To indicate the actions for a given alarm clock, you first need to select it in the menu. Alarm clocks are very useful. You can use them to let certain things happen from time to time. For example a monster can change its direction of motion every 20 steps. (In such cases one of the actions in the event must set the alarm clock again.)
The step event happens every step of the game. Here you can put actions that need to be executed continuously. For example, if one object should follow another, here you can adapt the direction of motion towards the object we are following. Be careful with this event though. Don't put many complicated actions in the step event of objects of which there are many instances. This might slow the game down. To be more precise, there are three different step events. Normally you only need the default one. But using the menu you can also select the begin step event and the end step event. The begin step event is executed at the beginning of each step, before any other events take place. The normal step event is executed just before the instances are put in their new positions. The end step event is executed at the end of the step, just before the drawing. This is typically used to change the sprite depending on the current direction.
Whenever two instances collide (that is, their sprites overlap) a collision event appears. Well, to be precise two collision event occur; one for each instance. The instance can react to this collision event. To this end, from the menu select the object with which you want to define the collision event. Next you place the actions here.
There is a difference in what happens when the instance collides with a solid object or a non-solid object. First of all, when there are no actions in the collision event, nothing happens. The current instance simply keeps on moving; even when the other object is solid. When the collision event contains actions the following happens:
When the other object is solid, the instance is placed back at its previous place (before the collision occurs). Then the event is executed. Finally, the instance is moved to its new position. So if the event e.g. reverses the direction of motion, the instance bounces against the wall without stopping. If there is still a collision, the instance is kept at its previous place. So it effectively stops moving.
When the other object is not solid, the instance is not put back. The event is simply executed with the instance at its current position. Also, there is no second check for a collision. If you think about it, this is the logical thing that should happen. Because the object is not solid, we can simply move over it. The event notifies us that this is happening.
There are many uses for the collision event. Instances can use it to bounce against walls. You can use it to destroy objects when, for example, they are hit by a bullet.
When the player presses a key, a keyboard event happens for all instances of all objects. There is a different event for each key. In the menu you can pick the key for which you want to define the keyboard event and next drag actions there. Clearly, only a few objects need events for only a few keys. You get an event in every step as long as the player keeps the key depressed. There are two special keyboard events. One is called . This event happens in each step when no key is pressed. The second one is called and happens whatever key is pressed. When the player presses multiple keys, the events for all the keys pressed happen. Note that the keys on the numeric keypad only produce the corresponding events when is pressed.
A mouse event happens for an instance whenever the mouse cursor lies inside the sprite representing the instance. Depending on which mouse buttons are pressed you get the no button, left button, right button, or middle button event. The mouse button events are generated in each step as long as the player keeps the mouse button pressed. The press events are only generated once when the button is pressed. The release events are only generated when the button is released. Note that these events only occur when the mouse is above the instance. If you want to react to mouse press or release events at an arbitrary place, use the global mouse events that can be found in a submenu. There are two special mouse events. The mouse enter event happens when the mouse enters the instance. The mouse leave event happens when the mouse leaves the instance. These events are typically used to change the image or play some sound. Mouse wheel up and mouse wheel down events happen when the user moves the mouse wheel. Finally there are a number of events related to the joystick. You can indicate actions for the four main directions of the joystick (in a diagonal direction both events happen). Also you can define actions for up to 8 joystick buttons. You can do this both for the primary joystick and the secondary joystick.
There are a number of other events that can be useful in certain games. They are found in this menu. The following events can be found here:
- Outside room: This event happens when the instance lies completely outside the room. This is typically a good moment to destroy it.
- Intersect boundary: This event happens when the instance intersects the boundary of the room, that is, it lies (at least) partially outside the room.
- Views: Here you find a number of events that are useful when you


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The Fremennik are a group of Norsemen who live in the Fremennik Province, in northern Gielinor. All humans across Gielinor originated from the Fremennik.
They are in a war with the magical Moon Clan of Lunar Isle, because of a difference of opinion when it comes to Runecraft. The Fremennik do not approve of the crafting of Rune stones, and think that humans should only use the runes they were given by the gods. The hatred between the two clans is lessened during the Lunar Diplomacy quest.
Players become an honorary Fremennik after having completed The Fremennik Trials quest. Then upon completion of the trials, the player is given a Fremennik name (however, if the player is wearing a ring of charos (a) they may change their name at random by speaking to Brundt the Chieftain). Players may speak with the villagers and find out a lot more about them. The purchase and wearing of Fremennik armour is also made available after the trials.
The Mountain Tribe, were originally part of the Fremennik too (much like the Moon Clan) until a dispute over their more traditional nomadic way of life tore them apart.
The Fremennik have their own language, which can be discovered when examining the safety guarantee used in the quest Mountain Daughter. This document examines as: "The strange characters supposedly grant Svidi (a representative of the Mountain Tribe) safe passage into Rellekka." The strange characters must be the writing of the Fremennik.
History[edit | edit source]
The Fremennik are direct descendants of the humans Guthix brought with him from the original human realm when he was populating Gielinor in the First Age. They were once a nomadic tribe. They lived a simple life, hunting the local animals, fishing, and travelling throughout the Fremennik Province so as not to exhaust the land's rich resources.
Eventually, they abandoned their nomadic way of life, creating the village of Rellekka in the Fourth Age. While this greatly improved life for most Fremennik, some disagreed with this way of living. Many left the tribe, grouping together to form the Mountain Tribe, to continue the traditional nomadic lifestyle. This angered the Fremennik, and the two tribes have been somewhat bitter towards each other ever since, until the player eases these tensions slightly during the Mountain Daughter quest.
Some years ago, the Fremennik discovered a rock that was revealed to be rune essence. This caused a great struggle within the tribe; some believed the Fremennik ought to harness the magics of the essence to defend themselves from the races that were constantly seeking to conquer their land. Others believed that the rock was not to be used by mortals, and that the gods would destroy them if they used it. The tension grew until many more Fremennik departed for Lunar Isle, where they would form the Moon Clan.
Taking advantage of the Fremennik's temporary weakness in numbers and absence of awareness, the Mountain Tribe attacked the village of Rellekka and stole the rune essence rock which they believed to be sacred, taking it back to their encampment. The two tribes avoided contact from that point on, until the events of the Mountain Daughter quest.
Known members[edit | edit source]
Trivia[edit | edit source]
 - Most (but not all) of the Fremennik have traditional names with roots in old Norse.