text:
Whether it's tracking brain activity in the operating room, seismic vibrations during an earthquake, or biodiversity in a single ecosystem over a million years, measuring the frequency of an occurrence over a period of time is a fundamental data analysis task that yields critical insight in many scientific fields. But when it comes to analyzing these time series data, researchers are limited to looking at pieces of the data at a time to assemble the big picture, instead of being able to look at the big picture all at once.
In a new study, MIT researchers have developed a novel approach to analyzing time series data sets using a new algorithm, termed state-space multitaper time-frequency analysis (SS-MT). SS-MT provides a framework to analyze time series data in real-time, enabling researchers to work in a more informed way with large sets of data that are nonstationary, i.e. when their characteristics evolve over time. It allows researchers to not only quantify the shifting properties of data but also make formal statistical comparisons between arbitrary segments of the data.
"The algorithm functions similarly to the way a GPS calculates your route when driving. If you stray away from your predicted route, the GPS triggers the recalculation to incorporate the new information," says Emery Brown, the Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Medical Engineering and Computational Neuroscience, a member of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, associate director of the Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and senior author on the study.
"This allows you to use what you have already computed to get a more accurate estimate of what you're about to compute in the next time period," Brown says. "Current approaches to analyses of long, nonstationary time series ignore what you have already calculated in the previous interval leading to an enormous information loss."
In the study, Brown and his colleagues combined the strengths of two existing statistical analysis paradigms: state-space modeling and multitaper methods. State-space modeling is a flexible paradigm, which has been broadly applied to analyze data whose characteristics evolve over time. Examples include GPS, tracking learning, and performing speech recognition. Multitaper methods are optimal for computing spectra on a finite interval. When combined, the two methods bring together the local optimality properties of the multitaper approach with the ability to combine information across intervals with the state-space framework to produce an analysis paradigm that provides increased frequency resolution, increased noise reduction and formal statistical inference.
To test the SS-MT algorithm, Brown and colleagues first analyzed electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings measuring brain activity from patients receiving general anesthesia for surgery. The SS-MT algorithm provided a highly denoised spectrogram characterizing the changes in power across frequencies over time. In a second example, they used the SS-MT's inference paradigm to compare different levels of unconsciousness in terms of the differences in the spectral properties of these behavioral states.
"The SS-MT analysis produces cleaner, sharper spectrograms," says Brown. "The more background noise we can remove from a spectrogram, the easier it is to carry out formal statistical analyses."
Going forward, Brown and his team will use this method to investigate in detail the nature of the brain's dynamics under general anesthesia. He further notes that the algorithm could find broad use in other applications of time-series analyses.
"Spectrogram estimation is a standard analytic technique applied commonly in a number of problems such as analyzing solar variations, seismic activity, stock market activity, neuronal dynamics and many other types of time series," says Brown. "As use of sensor and recording technologies becomes more prevalent, we will need better, more efficient ways to process data in real time. Therefore, we anticipate that the SS-MT algorithm could find many new areas of application."
Seong-Eun Kim, Michael K. Behr, and Demba E. Ba are lead authors of the paper, which was published online the week of Dec. 18 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PLUS. This work was partially supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant, Guggenheim Fellowships in Applied Mathematics, the National Institutes of Health including NIH Transformative Research Awards, funds from Massachusetts General Hospital, and funds from the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory.


text:
server product in an organisation, no matter which device they use to gain access. In other words, if you run five copies of Windows Server 2008 on five separate servers, you only need one User CAL for each person in your organisation who access those servers (or any software installed on those servers), whether they access a single server, all five servers, or some number in between. Each user with a single CAL assigned to them can access the server software from as many devices as they want (for example, desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, etc.). User CALs are a popular licensing option.
Device CALs: Device CALs allow access to all instances of a particular server application from a single device (for example, a desktop computer, a laptop, etc.) in your organisation. Device CALs only make sense when multiple employees use the same computer. For example, in 24-hour call centres different employees on different shifts often use the same machine, so Device CALs make sense in this situation.
Choosing a licensing mode for your Windows Server CALs: With Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, you use a CAL (either a User CAL or a Device CAL) in one of two licensing modes: per seat or per server. You make this decision when you're installing your Windows Server products, not when you acquire the CALs. The CALs themselves don't have any mode designation, so you can use either a User CAL or a Device CAL in either mode. Per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most frequently. The description of User CALs and Device CALs above describes the typical per seat mode. In "per server" mode, Windows treats each license as a "simultaneous connection." In other words, if you have 40 CALs, Windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. The 41st user will be denied access. However, in per server mode, each CAL is tied to a particular instance of Windows Server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs Windows. Therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements.
You don't "install" client licenses the way you install software. There are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses indirectly, but the server software can't refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. The licenses don't leave any "digital footprint" that the server software can read. An exception to this occurs when you license Windows Server in per server mode. In this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access (though anonymous users can still access services).
Some key points to remember about client licensing:
The licensing scenarios described in this section arise less frequently, and are too complex to cover completely in this article, so they're described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources.
You don't need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. In other words, if someone accesses your Web site, and that site runs on Internet Information Server (IIS), Microsoft's Web serving software, you don't need a client license for any of those anonymous users.
If you have any authenticated external users who access services on your Windows-based servers, you can obtain CALs to cover their licensing requirements. However, the External Connector License (ECL) is a second option in this scenario. The ECL covers all use by authenticated external users, but it's a lot more expensive than a CAL, so only get one if you'll have a lot of external users. For example, even if you get your licenses through the CTXchange donation program, an ECL for Windows Server 2008 has an £76 administrative fee, while a User CAL for Windows Server 2008 carries a £1 admin fee. If only a handful of external users access your Windows servers, you're better off acquiring User CALs. Also, an ECL only applies to external users and devices. In other words, if you have an ECL, you still have to get a CAL for all employees and contractors.
Even though Terminal Services (TS) is built into Windows Server 2003 and 2008, you need to get a separate TS CAL for each client (i.e. each user or each device) that will access Terminal Services in your organisation. This TS license is in addition to your Windows Server CALs.
Microsoft's System Centre products (a line of enterprise-level administrative software packages) use a special type of license known as a management license (ML). Applications that use this type of licensing include System Center Configuration Manager 2007 and System Center Operations Manager 2007. Any desktop or workstation managed by one of these applications needs a client management license. Any server managed by one of these applications requires a server management license, and there are two types of server management licenses – standard and enterprise. You need one or the other but not both. There are also special licensing requirements if you're managing virtual instances of Windows operating systems. For more information, see TechSoup's Guide to System Center Products and Licensing and Microsoft's white paper on Systems Center licensing.
Some Microsoft server products have two client licensing modes, standard and enterprise. As you might imagine, an Enterprise CAL grants access to more advanced features of a product. Furthermore, with some products, such as Microsoft Exchange, the licenses are additive. In other words, a user needs both a Standard CAL AND an Enterprise CAL in order to access the advanced features. See Exchange Server 2007 Editions and Client Access Licenses for more information.
With virtualisation technologies, multiple operating systems can run simultaneously on a single physical server. Every time you install a Microsoft application, whether on a physical hardware system or a virtual hardware system, you create an "instance" of that application. The number of "instances" of particular application that you can run using a single license varies from product to product. For more information see the Volume Licensing Briefs, Microsoft Licensing for Virtualization and the Windows Server Virtualization Calculator. For TechSoup Stock products, see the product description for more information.
There are a lot of nuances to Microsoft licensing, and also a lot of excellent resources to help you understand different scenarios.
About the Author:
Chris is a former technology writer and technology analyst for TechSoup for Libraries, which aims to provide IT management guidance to libraries. His previous experience includes working at Washington State Library as a technology consultant and technology trainer, and at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as a technology trainer and tech support analyst. He received his M.L.S. from the University of Michigan in 1997.
Originally posted here.
Copyright © 2009 CompuMentor. This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
The latest version of Microsoft Office Professional Plus is an integrated collection of programs, servers, and services designed to work together to enable optimised information work.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


System Settings
Now that we're starting to use CommandBox in a lot of cloud scenarios like Docker, we're looking for more and more ways to have dynamic configuration. The most common way to do this is via Java system properties and environment variables. We've wrapped up those two into a new concept called System Settings. Now any time you use ${mySetting} in a command parameter, a box.json property, server.json property, or a Config Setting, that place holder will be replaced with a matching JVM property or env var (in that order) at runtime. This is great for setting things like ports, default directories, or passwords and other secrets as an env variable so it can be different per server and not part of your code.
Using system settings from the CLI
You can test it out easily by outputting your system path like so:
echo ${PATH}
Default values
If a system setting can't be found in a Java property or an environment variable, an empty string will be returned. You can provide a default value like so.
server start port=${SERVER_PORT:8080}
This does assume that your default value will never contain a colon!
Lookup Order
System settings are looked up in the following order. If the same variable exists in more than one place, the first one found will be used:
 1. Environment variables for the currently executing command
 2. Environment variables for the parent (calling) command (if applicable)
 3. Global shell environment variables
 4. JVM System Properties in the CLI process
 5. Environment Variables from your actual operating system
For example, if you run the following it will output the contents of your OS's PATH environment variable.
echo ${path}
However, if you set a shell environment variable from inside CommandBox called path and then output it, you will see the contents of your variable since it overrides.
set path=donuts
echo ${path}
Using system settings in JSON files
When box.json or server.json files are read, they automatically have all system setting setting placeholders swapped out. For instance, you can specify the port for your server in your server.json like so:
server set web.http.port=\${WEB_PORT:8080}
Note, we escaped the system setting by putting a backslash (\) in front of it. That's because we wanted to insert the actual text into the file and not the value of it! The resultant server.json is this. Note the system setting needs to be encased in quotes so it's just a string for the JSON.
Now, if your server has an environment variable called WEB_PORT, it will be used as the port for your server.
System settings can also be used in object key names as well in your JSON files. Here is an example of a.cfconfig.json file with a dynamic datasource name.
Note if there are duplicate key names after the system settings are expanded, the last one expanded will win.
In the REPL
You can use system settings and environment variables in the REPL using the same syntax as the CLI
CommandBox> set foo=bar
CommandBox> REPL
CFSCRIPT-REPL: echo( '${foo}' )
Manual system setting replacements
If you're writing a custom command or task runner that reads a JSON file of your own making, you can do easy system setting replacements on the file.
In a complex data structure
component {
property name='systemSettings' inject='SystemSettings';
function run() {
var mySettings = deserializeJSON( fileRead('mySpecialConfigFile.json' ) );
systemSettings.expandDeepSystemSettings( mySettings );
In a string
The expandDeepSystemSettings() method will recursively crawl the struct and find any strings with system setting placeholders inside them. Be careful not to write back out the same struct after you've done replacements on it. Otherwise, you'll overwrite the placeholders with the current values!
You can also manually replace system setting placeholders in a single string like so:
var myValue = 'User home is in ${user.home}';
myValue = systemSettings.expandSystemSettings( myValue );
Programmatic access
The SystemSettings service also gives you programmatic access to individual system settings in your custom commands and task runners.
var mySetting = systemSettings.getSystemSetting('settingName' );
var mySetting = systemSettings.getSystemSetting('settingName', 'defaultValue' );


text: High magnetizations are desirable for spintronic devices that operate by manipulating electronic states using built-in magnetic fields. However, the magnetic moment in promising dilute magnetic oxide nanocomposites is very low, typically corresponding to only fractions of a Bohr magneton for each dopant atom. In this study, we report a large magnetization formed by ion implantation of Co into amorphous TiO2-¿ films, producing an inhomogeneous magnetic moment, with certain regions producing over 2.5 ¿B per Co, depending on the local dopant concentration. Polarized neutron reflectometry was used to depth-profile the magnetization in the Co:TiO2-¿ nanocomposites, thus confirming the pivotal role of the cobalt dopant profile inside the titania layer. X-ray photoemission spectra demonstrate the dominant electronic state of the implanted species is Co0, with a minor fraction of Co2+. The detected magnetizations have seldom been reported before and lie near the upper limit set by Hund's rules for Co0, which is unusual because the transition metal's magnetic moment is usually reduced in a symmetric 3D crystal-field environment. Low-energy positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy indicates that defect structures within the titania layer are strongly modified by the implanted Co. We propose that a clustering motif is promoted by the affinity of the positively charged implanted species to occupy microvoids native to the amorphous host. This provides a seed for subsequent doping and nucleation of nanoclusters within an unusual local environment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
ABIGAIL WASHBURN: BUILDING US-CHINA RELATIONS … BY BANJO (00:00 – 06:34)
Before you watch
What is public diplomacy? Do you think it can be more effective than traditional diplomacy?
While you watch
While watching, pay attention to the following words and expressions in context. Use them in your answers to the questions below and discussion.
to be completely obsessed with the mammoth richness of Chinese culture
to collaborate with inspirational musicians
to connect cultures/hearts
our American/Chinese selves
Answer the following questions:
1. What was Abigail's initial plan for her education and future career?
2. Why was Abigail impressed by Doc Watson's singing?
3. How does the American and Chinese audience react to Abigail's Chinese songs?
After you watch
Discuss in pairs:
1. What does Abigail mean when she says that 'U.S.- China relations don't need another lawyer'? Think about possible ways of improving international relations besides diplomacy.
2. What linguistic devices and oratory techniques make Abigail's speech so moving?


text:
|abamp the cgs unit of current in the electromagnetic system; the constant current that, when flowing through two parallel straight infinitely long conductors 1 centimetre apart, will produce a force between them of 2 dynes per centimetre: equivalent to 10 amperes|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|
|an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.|
abampere ab·am·pere (āb-ām'pēr')
The centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of current equal to ten amperes.
|abampere (āb-ām'pîr') Pronunciation Key
The unit of electromagnetic current in the centimeter-gram-second system, equal to ten amperes.


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Vandoren JAVA saxophone reeds were developed in 1983 for jazz and popular music. A thicker tip and a more flexible palette* than the Traditional reed, allow vibration over a larger surface area with maximum elasticity.
This type of vertebral column gives the musician much greater playing flexibility, as the resultant elasticity zone is very large. JAVA reeds are more flexible than Traditionals and V16s and vibrate on a long palette, creating a bright sound with immediate response.
*Palette: zone where the waves are propagated with the greatest range. From the tip, the waves are absorbed further in the JAVA reed.
Strengths: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4.
Supplied in boxes of 10.


When you add a new host computer to your account, you will also install the GoToMyPC desktop app onto the same computer..
Step 1 — Install GoToMyPC
 1. From the computer you wish to install GoToMyPC, log in at
 2. Click + Add This Computer towards the bottom.
 3. Click Install GoToMyPC. The "gotosetup.exe" file will download.
 4. Open the "gotosetup.exe" file and follow the prompts.
 5. When prompted by the User Account Control, click Yes to launch the GoToMyPC Installer window.
 6. Click Next and wait for the installation to complete.
 7. You've successfully installed GoToMyPC!
Step 2 — Register your host computer with your GoToMyPC account information
 1. From the "Enter Account Information" window*, enter your GoToMyPC account email adddress and password. Click Next.
 2. Create a nickname for the host computer, and then click Next.
 3. Create an access code for this host computer, and then click Next.
 4. You have successfully registered your host computer! That computer will now be listed on your My Computers list.
* If you accidentally closed the "Enter Account Information" window, you can access it at any time by right-clicking on the GoToMyPC icon in your computer's system tray and clicking Register Computer.


text:
This seminar provides students with a deep understanding of the intellectual history of public administration in the United States. It analyzes the development of public administrative thought by assessing the substance, impact, and historical context of many of the classic works in the field. The seminar helps students to become productive researchers and teachers in public administration by giving them a broad understanding of the field's scope, theoretical approaches, and development.
History of US Public Administration
Monday, June 19, 2017


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When is an owlet not an owlet but really an owl? When it's an Asian barred owlet (or other species of owlets, of course). Learn more about this small but fierce owl!
Asian Barred Owlet Fun Facts
- The Asian barred owlet (Taenioglaux cuculoides) is one of 14 owl species with the official "owlet" name, all of which are part of the Strigidae family. The word owlet is also used to refer to baby owls of any owl species.
- Within their large range, these birds have several different common names, including barred owlet, cuckoo owl, and cuckoo owlet. Because these names are so general, however, it is best to refer to the bird's scientific name when identifying it so there is no confusion about which species is which.
- While small at just 9-10 inches long, these owls are still fierce hunters and prey on insects, lizards, amphibians, small mammals, and even small birds. They may even catch small birds or bats in flight.
- There are 5-8 subspecies of Asian barred owlet that vary in overall range and subtle plumage color differences. As studies continue about these birds, it is possible the subspecies may be split into different distinct owlet species.
- Unlike many owls, the Asian barred owlet is most active hunting during the day, when its preferred insect prey is also more active and easily captured. This owl is also often heard as part of the dawn chorus.
- When agitated, this owlet will slowly sway or wag its tail from side to side, creating a threatening display intended to ward off intruders. This behavior is quite distinctive and can help identify the bird.
- The Asian barred owlet was featured on a 2014 collectible postage stamp in Mozambique. The stamp was issued for 175 meticals (the local currency of Mozambique), which was roughly equivalent to $5.80 USD (at the time of the stamp's issue).
Adding the Asian Barred Owlet to Your Life List
Most owls can be challenging to add to your life list, and while the Asian barred owlet is considered relatively common in its range from China and southeast Asia into the Himalayan Mountains in northeastern Pakistan, they can still be difficult to find. In some cases, they may be found in gardens and parks, and contacting a local birding group or experienced guide can be a good way to locate an easier-to-see Asian barred owlet. These birds are more common at higher elevations with extensive pine forests and evergreen jungles, but owling trips should be carefully planned for safety. It is helpful that this owl is largely diurnal and hunts during the day, making it somewhat easier to see than more nocturnal owls.
Learn More About the Asian Barred Owlet
Start with these resources to discover more about the Asian barred owlet…


Breaking News
Power rangers megazordhow many combinations it has?
The megazord, which is also referred to as dino megazord or mighty morphin megazord or the original megazord. It is actually a combination of about five dinnozords namelytyrannosaurus, mastodon, Triceratops, Sabertooth Tiger, and Pterodactyl. This megazord is the very first one to be features in the power ranger's series.
History of the power rangers megazord
The mighty morphin power ranger received the power of the dinozord as the part of its own powerset in the very beginning only. Throughout their battles with the Rita Repulsa, the Dinozords would be summoned to the Rangers' side and whenever she made her monsters grow, they will often use their combined Megazord form to destroy them. New formations for the Dinozords were enabled as the Dragonzord and Titanus joined the Rangers' side, such as the Mega Dragonzord and the Ultrazord.
The dinozords are the very first zords of the original might morphin of the power rangers. Although being the first ones in the chronology, they may put other zords formation before another else'.
Tyrannosaurus dinozord
The red ranger which is the Jason lee scott, piloted the tyrannosaurus dinozord first. Forming the head and he torso too, the tyrannosaurus was the mightiest of all the other dinozords. When it could use its tail and its weapon on its own, it sometimes acted all alone in the battle. It can also roar very strongly.
Mastodon dinozord
The black ranger which is zack taylor pointed the masatdon dinozord for the very first time. The body of the mastodon formed the back and the arms of the megazord. The head of the mastodon could be easily used as a shield in the battle field. The hiding place of the mastodon was in the very deep arctics.
Triceratops dinozord
The blue ranger which is billy Cranston piloted the triceratops dinozord for the first time. It could easily shoot a laser shot just from its left leg. While not in use, the triceratops would stay in the desert. The remains were made into the triceratops unicorns when it was all destroyed. This all added to the blue ranger in its own new and blue form on the battle field.
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text:
Arts and Artisans of Early 19th-Century Portland
Text by William David Barry and John Mayer
Images from Maine Historical Society, the Maine State Museum
Portland's growth began in 1786 when citizens changed the name of the town from Falmouth Neck.
Between then and the middle of the nineteenth century, the footprint of the city as it exists today was established, a maritime economy flourished, and the population increased dramatically.
Newly enriched merchants and community leaders from Portland's middle and upper classes provided support for itinerant and local artisans.
By the early nineteenth century, products made by native born and locally trained artists replaced those of itinerants and the work of these Portland artisans found their way into private home and influenced the efforts of students, teachers, and performers in city schools, theaters, and academies.
The demand for the arts helped native born and locally trained decorative painters, gilders, silversmiths, potters, furniture and cabinetmakers, tinsmiths, and other artisans thrive in Portland in the early nineteenth century.
Fashionable costumes and stately poses rendered with care and emphasis provide a visual sense of the personal style and stature of the period.
Finely crafted furniture made with exotic or colorful materials illustrate changes over time in taste, design, and craftsmanship.
These works represent the distinctive nature of the arts and artisans of Portland.
This two-part online exhibit is based on an exhibit featured from June to December 2005 at the Maine Historical Society Museum. The exhibit was sponsored by Noyes & Chapman Insurance, Maine Employers Mutual Insurance Co. and the Phineas W. Sprague Memorial Foundation.
Click on the links below the images to view Part I: Early Years; and Part II: Arts Flourish in Portland.


8 3 7 7 26 14 15 8 3 11 12 9 7 22 3 14 26 15 8 7 11 12 9 7
16.Timewise, we can do better than O(n log n). We can show that heapification actually takes O(n) time. Why? Let us see. h=3 h=2 h=1 h=0 n= 15 Height = h Number of nodes = n 0 8 1 4 2 2 3 1
17. ⎡ n ⎤ So, the number of nodes n with height h ≤ ⎢ h+1 ⎥ ⎢2 ⎥ Thus the total time for the n nodes to bubble down and form a binary heap = h= ⎡⎢ log 2 n ⎤⎥ ⎡ n ⎤ ∑ ⎢⎢ 2 h+1 ⎥⎥. h = h=0 h= ⎡⎢ log 2 n ⎤⎥ ∞ n h ≤ ∑ 2 h. h [∑ h = 2] h=0 h=0 2 ≤ 2.n
18.Sorting with a priority queue 1. Insert elements into an empty priority queue 2. Remove the elements from the priority queue. If we implement the PQ with a binary heap, then we can sort in O(n log n) time, since each insert or delete operation in a binary heap takes O(log n) time. Phase 1. The kth insert takes O(log k) time. So this phase takes O(n log n) time. Phase 2. The jth removeMin() operation takes O(log (n-j+1)) time. So this phase takes O(n log n) time. This is the idea of heap-sort.
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text:
eisteddfod (Īstĕħˈvəd, –vôd) [key] [Welsh, = session], Welsh competitive festival. Contests traditionally are held in all the arts and crafts, with special emphasis on music and poetry. The National Eisteddfod is held annually for one week in August, alternately in the north and the south, but local eisteddfods are held throughout Wales during the year. A historical institution (12th cent.), it is important in maintaining national feeling and preserving the Welsh language and culture and is enthusiastically supported by the Welsh. Its outstanding ceremony is the "chairing" of the winning bard. The bardic assembly (gorsedd) has been a part of the National Eisteddfod since 1819. The Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod, begun in 1947 at Llangollen, Denbighshire, is held annually in July, and features choral, instrumental, and folk music and dance performed by some 4,000 artists.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on eisteddfod from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Miscellaneous European Literature


Riemann–Siegel theta function
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics, the Riemann–Siegel theta function is defined in terms of the Gamma function as
\theta(t) = \arg \left(
- \frac{\log \pi}{2} t
for real values of t. Here the argument is chosen in such a way that a continuous function is obtained and \theta(0)=0 holds, i.e., in the same way that the principal branch of the log Gamma function is defined.
It has an asymptotic expansion
\theta(t) \sim \frac{t}{2}\log \frac{t}{2\pi} - \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\pi}{8}+\frac{1}{48t}+ \frac{7}{5760t^3}+\cdots
which is not convergent, but whose first few terms give a good approximation for t \gg 1. Its Taylor-series at 0 which converges for |t| < 1/2 is
\theta(t) = -\frac{t}{2} \log \pi + \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k \psi^{(2k)}\left(\frac{1}{4}\right) }{(2k+1)!} \left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^{2k+1}
where \psi^{(2k)} denotes the Polygamma function of order 2k. The Riemann–Siegel theta function is of interest in studying the Riemann zeta function, since it can rotate the Riemann zeta function such that it becomes the totally real valued Z function on the critical line s = 1/2 + i t.
Curve discussion[edit]
The Riemann–Siegel theta function is an odd real analytic function for real values of t. It has 3 roots at 0 and \pm 17._PHONE_\ldots and it is an increasing function for values |t| > 6.29, because it has exactly one minima and one maxima at \pm 6.289835988\ldots with absolute value
3.530972829\ldots. Lastly it has a unique inflection point at t=0 with \theta^\prime(0)= -\frac{\ln \pi + \gamma + \pi/2 + 3 \ln 2}{2} = -2._PHONE_\ldots where the theta function has its derivation minimum.
Theta as a function of a complex variable[edit]
We have an infinite series expression for the log Gamma function
\log \Gamma \left(z\right) = -\gamma z -\log z
+ \sum_{n=1}^\infty
\left(\frac{z}{n} - \log \left(1+\frac{z}{n}\right)\right),
where γ is Euler's constant. Substituting (2it+1)/4 for z and taking the imaginary part termwise gives the following series for θ(t)
\theta(t) = -\frac{\gamma + \log \pi}{2}t - \arctan 2t
+ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{t}{2n}
- \arctan\left(\frac{2t}{4n+1}\right)\right).
For values with imaginary part between -1 and 1, the arctangent function is holomorphic, and it is easily seen that the series converges uniformly on compact sets in the region with imaginary part between -1/2 and 1/2, leading to a holomorphic function on this domain. It follows that the Z function is also holomorphic in this region, which is the critical strip.
We may use the identities
\arg z = \frac{\log z - \log\bar z}{2i}\quad\text{and}\quad\overline{\Gamma(z)}=\Gamma(\bar z)
to obtain the closed-form expression
\theta(t) = \frac{\log\Gamma\left(\frac{2it+1}{4}\right)-\log\Gamma\left(\frac{-2it+1}{4}\right)}{2i} - \frac{\log \pi}{2} t,
which extends our original definition to a holomorphic function of t. Since the principal branch of log Γ has a single branch cut along the negative real axis, θ(t) in this definition inherits branch cuts along the imaginary axis above i/2 and below -i/2.
Riemann–Siegel theta function in the complex plane
Riemann Siegel Theta 1.jpg
Riemann Siegel Theta 2.jpg
Riemann Siegel Theta 3.jpg
 -1 < \Re(t) < 1
 -5 < \Re(t) < 5
 -40 < \Re(t) < 40
Gram points[edit]
The Riemann zeta function on the critical line can be written
\zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+it\right) = e^{-i \theta(t)}Z(t),
Z(t) = e^{i \theta(t)} \zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+it\right).
If t is a real number, then the Z function Z\left(t\right) returns real values.
Hence the zeta function on the critical line will be real when \sin\left(\,\theta(t)\,\right)=0. Positive real values of t where this occurs are called Gram points, after J. P. Gram, and can of course also be described as the points where \frac{\theta(t)}{\pi} is an integer.
A Gram point is a solution g_{n} of
\theta\left(g_{n}\right) = n\pi.
Here are the smallest non negative Gram points
n g_{n} \theta(g_{n})
-3 0 0
-2 3._PHONE_...
-1 9._PHONE_...
0 17._PHONE_... 0
1 23._PHONE_... π
2 27._PHONE_...
3 31._PHONE_...
4 35._PHONE_...
5 38._PHONE_...
6 42._PHONE_...
7 45._PHONE_...
8 48._PHONE_...
9 51._PHONE_...
10 54._PHONE_... 10π
11 57._PHONE_... 11π
12 60._PHONE_... 12π
13 63._PHONE_... 13π
14 65._PHONE_... 14π
15 68._PHONE_... 15π
The choice of the index n is a bit crude. It is historically chosen in such a way that the index is 0 at the first value which is larger than the smallest positive zero (at imaginary part 14._PHONE_...) of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. Notice, this \theta-function oscillates for absolute-small real arguments and therefore is not uniquely invertible in the interval [-24,24]! Thus the odd theta-function has its symmetric Gram point with value 0 at index -3. Gram points are useful when computing the zeros of Z\left(t\right). At a Gram point g_{n},
\zeta\left(\frac{1}{2}+ig_n\right) = \cos(\theta(g_n))Z(g_n) = (-1)^n Z(g_n),
and if this is positive at two successive Gram points, Z\left(t\right) must have a zero in the interval.
According to Gram's law, the real part is usually positive while the imaginary part alternates with the gram points, between positive and negative values at somewhat regular intervals.
(-1)^n \, Z\left(g_{n}\right) > 0
The number of roots, N\left(T\right), in the strip from 0 to T, can be found by
N\left(T\right) = \frac{\theta(T)}{\pi} + 1+S(T),
where S(T) is an error term which grows asymptotically like \log T.
Only if g_{n} would obey Gram's law, then finding the number of roots in the strip simply becomes
N\left(g_{n}\right) = n + 1.
Today we know, that in the long run, Gram's law fails for about 1/4 of all Gram-intervals to contain exactly 1 zero of the Riemann zeta-function. Gram was afraid that it may fail for larger indices (the first miss is at index 126 before the 127th zero) and thus claimed this only for not too high indices. Later Hutchinson coined the phrase Gram's law for the (false) statement that all zeroes on the critical line would be separated by Gram points.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


Psychology Wiki
Dominance and submission
Revision as of 18:06, December 24, 2011 by Dr Joe Kiff (Talk | contribs)
34,191pages on
this wiki
Dominance and submission (also called D&s, Ds, and D/s)[1] is a set of behaviors, customs and rituals involving the giving by one individual to another individual of control over them in an erotic episode or as a lifestyle.
Physical contact is not a necessity, and it can even be conducted anonymously over the telephone, email or other messaging system. In other cases, it can be intensely physical, sometimes traversing into sadomasochism. In D/s, both parties take pleasure or erotic enjoyment from either dominating or being dominated. Those who take the superior position are called dominants, doms (male) or dommes (female), while those who take the subordinate position are called submissives or subs (male or female). A switch is an individual who plays in either role. Two switches together may negotiate and exchange roles several times in a session. "Dominatrix" is a term usually reserved for a female professional dominant who dominates others for pay.
File:S&M Dungeon 4 by David Shankbone.jpg
Dominance and submission, and the inner conflict and surrender connected with these are enduring themes in human culture and civilization. In human sexuality this has broadened to include mutual exploration of roles, emotions and activities which would be difficult or impossible to do without a willing partner taking an opposing role.
While D/s can deal with representations of brutality and cruelty, and the emotional responses to them, adherents are quick to point out that D/s is not about acts of brutality and cruelty. It is a consensual power exchange between the two partners and need not involve any brutality (such as corporal punishment) or cruelty (verbal or emotional abuse) at all. It is primarily based upon trust and communication between the partners. It is also based on a deep ethos of mutual respect in which exploration of the emotions brought up by power exchange can occur in a safe, sane and consensual manner, which can facilitate personal growth[2].
A safe word is usually given to the submissive partner to prevent the dominant from overstepping physical and emotional boundaries. The safe word is especially important when engaging in verbal humiliation or playing'mind-games' because the submissive may not be aware of an emotional boundary until it is crossed. If an emotional boundary is breached and the safe word called, the dominant should cease all play immediately and discuss the emotional breach with the submissive in a tender and understanding manner. Negotiating limits in advance is also an important element in a D/s relationship.
D/s may be ritualised or freeform. It is usually a negotiated lifestyle, with people discussing their wishes, limits and needs in order to find commonality. A D/s relationship may be sexual or non-sexual, long or short term, and intimate or anonymous. Most adherents search for the essential intensity, trust and intimacy that are required to make any deep relationship possible.
Main article: Glossary of BDSM
D/s participants often refer to their activity as "play", with an individual play session called a "scene". In addition to "dominant" and "submissive", a "switch" is a person who can take either role. A scene between two switches can involve trading off the dominant or submissive roles, possibly several times. In contrast, the terms "top" and "bottom" refer to the active (agent) and passive (patient) roles respectively. In a given scene, there is no requirement that the dominant also be the top, or that the submissive be the bottom, although this is often the case.
The term "vanilla" refers to normative ("non-kinky") sex and relationships, the vanilla world being mainstream society outside of the BDSM subculture. The term comes from vanilla ice cream being considered the "default" flavour and uninteresting.
D/s relationship styles
There can be any number of partners in a D/s relationship, in some cases with one dominant sometimes having several submissives, who may in turn dominate others, or a submissive sometimes may have multiple dominants. Relationships may be monogamous or polyamorous. Romantic love is not necessarily a feature in D/s, partners might be very much in love or have no romantic relationship at all.
Variation in D/s is virtually limitless and the activities take many forms. These may include:
These may be combined with other forms of BDSM. A classic example of D/s is the sissymaid, where an adult male dresses in cartoonish female clothing and performs stereotypical female chores such as housecleaning or serving tea. It should be noted that cross-dressing in D/s does not always involve a desire to be sissified or made into caricatures of women or to serve; for example, others may desire to be made as beautiful as possible and interact on a "girlfriend-to-girlfriend" non-sexual basis.
Some D/s relationships are sexual, others completely chaste. Fantasy role play can also be a part, with partners taking classic dominant/submissive roles, or classic authority figure roles such as teacher/student, police officer/suspect or parent/child. Animal play, where one partner takes the role of owner/caretaker and the other takes the part of a pet or animal, can also be D/s play.
Consent and contracts
Main articles: Consent (BDSM) and legal consent which discusses when consent can be a defence to criminal liability for any injuries caused and that, for these purposes, non-physical injuries are included in the definition of grievous bodily harm.
See also: Contract (BDSM)
Consent is a vital element in all psychological play, and consent can be granted in many ways. Some employ a written form known as a "Dungeon negotiation form", for others a simple verbal commitment is sufficient. Consent can be limited both in duration and content.
Consensual non-consensuality is a mutual agreement to be able to act as if consent has been waived within safe, sane limits. In essence it is an agreement that subject to a safe word or other restrictions, and reasonable care and commonsense, consent (within defined limits) will be given in advance and with the intent of being irrevocable under normal circumstances, at times without foreknowledge of the exact actions planned. As such, it is a show of extreme trust and understanding and usually undertaken only by partners who know each other well, or otherwise agree to set clear safe limits on their activities.
It's not unusual to grant consent only for an hour or for an evening. When a scene lasts for more than a few hours, it's common to draft a "scene contract" that defines what will happen and who is responsible for what. It's a good way to work out what all the parties want, and usually improves the experience. Some "contracts" can become quite detailed and run for many pages, especially if a scene is to last a weekend or more.
For long term consent, a "Slave contract" may be used. BDSM "contracts" are only an agreement between consenting people and are usually not legally binding; in fact, the possession of one may be considered illegal in some areas.[3] Slave contracts are simply a way of defining the nature and limits of the relationship and are not intended to carry legal force.
After a slave contract is drafted, some celebrate the event with a "collaring ceremony", in which the local D/s community is invited to witness the commitment made in the document. Some ceremonies become quite elaborate, and can be as involved as a wedding or any similar ritual.
In some D/s relationships a partner only submits occasionally and with definite short-term goals, perhaps for an evening or the duration of a party.
In other relationships, there may be an ongoing (not sceneor play-specific) power exchange between or among partners in a committed relationship, often involving love and servitude and enacted in many different ways throughout the relationship. Some D/s relationships may be compared to the idealized marriages portrayed in older television programs, in which one partner is domestic and service-oriented and the other partner is the provider, protector, and household authority. BDSM may otherwise be deliberately and consciously incorporated into the relationship, or it may focus wholly on power exchange.
Some people may opt for the master or mistress/slave model, in which consent is negotiated once for a long period and the consent given is generally broader. Slave contracts may be used. Where the contract is in effect continuously, the relationship is referred to as "24/7". The limits of the slave contract can vary widely and extend into other areas of BDSM. Some people opt to be purely "sex slaves", while others who prefer domestic service identify as "service slaves". Some slaves allow their masters or mistresses complete latitude as to the demands that can be placed on them. Such a relationship is known as total power exchange or TPE.
People usually only enter into a master/slave contract after they have known and played with each other for some time, often several years. It can be one of the most difficult relationships in the BDSM world to maintain, and requires special skills and experience.
Equipment and accessories
Some people maintain a special room or area, called a dungeon, which contains special equipment (shackles, handcuffs, whips, queening stools and spanking benches or a Berkley horse, for example) used for play scenes, or they may visit a BDSM club that maintains such facilities.
Main article: Collar (BDSM)
BDSM collar back
A typical D/s "slave collar"
Many submissives wear a "collar" to denote their status and commitment. It can be much like a wedding band, except that only the submissive partner wears one. The


I have a program that waits for the user to enter a string input, how can I enter that string input while debugging my program with IDA?
You can use I/O redirection operators in the Process options-Parameters field:
The standard input/output/error channels can be redirected using the bash shell notations. for example: >output 2>&1
I have found the answer after hours of searching, it is really sad that such a great tool doesn't have this option easily enabled. anyway, you have to lunch the IDA from the terminal but you have to add
"cat |"
before it. For me, it was like this
cat |./ida64
and then when the program waits for the user's input, you have to go back to the terminal and supply it there.
If you want to add a file as an input you can do this
cat myfile |./ida64
If you know any better solution please post it here.
 - You may as well use yes then. If this above method worked you may also want to check out expect and its variants (such as pexpect). – 0xC0000022L Jul 3 '19 at 21:52
Your Answer


Suppose I have a genotype-phenotype map defined by the matrix $\mathbf{Z}$:
 enter image description here
The scalars $G,P$ represent the number of genotypes and traits, respectively. The map assigns a set of phenotypic traits (the columns) to a set of genotypes (the rows), where $z_{ij}$ is the quantitative measure of an individual of genotype $i$ with respect to a trait $j$. I want to know how the average value of each of the phenotypic traits changes over time, suggesting I should use quantitative genetics theory and formulate the equation
$\Delta \bar{\boldsymbol{z}} = \mathbf{G}\mathbf{P}^{-1}\mathbf{s}$,
where, $\mathbf{G}$ is the additive genetic variance covariance matrix, $\mathbf{P}$ is the phenotypic variance covariance matrix, and $\mathbf{s}$ is a vector of covariances of each trait with fitness. Assume that I know the frequencies of the different genotypes in the population.
Question 1 Can I formulate the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix from the genotype-phenotype map alone (and pop freq)? Note, I don't know anything about the underlying genetic model - number of loci representing each genotype, dominance structure, epistatic interactions, etc.
Question 2 If I assume the genotypes represent haploid individuals, does this change things? Is the additive genetic variance always equal to the phenotypic variance (assuming no environmental effects) in a haploid model? In other words does $\mathbf{G}\mathbf{P}^{-1} = \mathbf{I}$? What I'm thinking is that epistatic variance might affect things, but it shouldn't affect heritability in a haploid model, which is what $\mathbf{G}\mathbf{P}^{-1}$ is a measure of.
From the pheno-geno map and the genotypes frequencies, you have the whole distribution of phenotypes in your population. The mean of the phenoype $n$, $P_n$ is the
$$\bar P_n = \sum f_{G_i} P_{G_i}$$
, where $f_{G_i}$ is the proportions of individuals having genotype $G_i$ and $P_{G_i}$ is the phenotype of the individuals with genotype $G_i$. Therefore, the variance of $P_n$ is
$$var(P_n) = \sum f_{G_i} (P_{G_i} - \bar P_n)^2$$.
The covariance between the phenotypic traits $n$ and $m$ is
$$cov(P_n,P_m) = \sum f_{G_i} (P_{G_i} - \bar P_n)(P_{G_i} - \bar P_m)$$
The only assumptions you need is that there is no environmental variance. I don't think the above calculations required any other assumption. $G$ can be defined at the haploid or diploid stage, it doesn't change anything.
The above calculations however give you the genetic variance and covariance but not the additive genetic variance covariance. I think (but I might be mistaken) that the additive genetic variance would be equal to
$$\sigma_D^2 = \sum_i f_i^2(1-f_i)^2(2 \cdot P_{n,i,12} - P_{n,i,11} - P_{n,i,22})^2$$
$$\sigma_A^2 = \sum_i 2f_i(1-f_i)(f_iP_{n,i,11}+(1-2f_i)P_{n,i,12} - (1-f_i)P_{n,i,22})^2$$
, where $f_i$ is the frequency of the allele $A$ at the locus $i$ (you should get those data by reformatting your geno-pheno map matrix) and $P_{n,i,11}$, $P_{n,i,12}$ and
$$P_{n,i,22} =\frac{1}{l-1} \sum_j P_{n,i,j,22}$$
is the $n^{th}$ phenotypic trait for the genotype $22$ and locus $i$ averaged over all other genotypes. There are $l$ genotypes in total. Of course, this works only for biallelic loci. I don't know what it would look like for more alleles.
Your Answer


Structure of English
Provides the grammatical knowledge necessary for a descriptive analysis of the structure of contemporary English, from the level of word class through phrase structure analysis to the description of complex sentence patterns. On completion of the course students should be able to provide a grammatical analysis of English sentential structure.
 - Semester 2 - 2015
 - Semester 1 - 2015
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand grammatical terminology and levels of grammatical analysis
2. Analyse sentences in terms of word classes, phrase structure, grammatical relations
3. Apply grammatical knowledge to the analysis of English sentential structure.
A descriptive analysis of the structure of contemporary English. Topics covered will be selected from the following:
formal criteria for word class identification
analysis of simple clause structures
grammatical relations
finite and non-finite subordinate clauses
coordination and apposition
interrogative structures
topicalisation structures such as existential, extraposition, cleft and pseudo-cleft
Assumed Knowledge
LING1110, LING1100, LING1111 or equivalent knowledge of elementary grammatical terminology.
Assessment Items
Written Assignment: Written Assignment 1
Formal Examination: Final Exam
Written Assignment: Written Assignment 2
Written Assignment: Written Assignment 3
Contact Hours
Ourimbah and Callaghan


text:
- This role involves in Quality Assurance activities pertaining to Biologics manufacturing unit (In-process QA activities of Biologics Manufacturing Plants).
- Review of manufacturing documents (SOPs, EOPs, IOPs and Technology transfer documents) pertaining to Biologics function.
- Review of master batch records and executed batch records (BMR/PDR).
- Review of process validation, cleaning validation and hold time protocols/reports.
- Line clearance for batch to batch and product to product changeover.
- Ensure that good aseptic practices are followed inside the facility.
- Review of facility, process and EHSS risk assessment.
- Ensure readiness for internal and external audits by periodic GMP rounds.
- Issuance of logbooks and annexures for execution, review of executed logbooks and annexures.
- Review of qualification and validation documents for compliance against GMP standards and current industrial practices as per guidelines.
- Support in equipment and utility qualification activities.
- Follow environment, health, and safety (EHS) requirements at all times in the workplace ensuring individual and lab/plant safety
- Attend training on environment, health, and safety (EHS) measures imparted company.
Educational Qualification: Master of Science / Master of Technology -Biotechnology/Bioprocess Engineering
- Should be familiar with the In-process Quality Assurance activities pertaining to Biologics.
- Tactful Communication.
Experience: 6 to 10 years experience in Biopharma manufacturing/ testing/ compliance/ Quality Assurance.
- Good Eye for detail.
- Good in creating and maintaining relations with cross functional teams for facilitation of work.
- Agressive but assertive on task completion.
- High influencing skills to complete the task at hand.
- Solution provider: Ability to provide solutions for complex problems.


text:
In Achieve Agility with the Right Batch, we explored how and why to define a batch which delivers value. Now we'll look at how to make your system deliver more batches faster.
Steps to Improve Your Development System
We start by envisioning the development process as a system or machine turning ideas into saleable stuff. Our work is divided into batches, which are carefully defined so each one will deliver value. During development, each batch moves through a series of activities from start to finish. The system can be optimized by applying the tools of queueing theory to this batch-and-activity model.
First, we need to be able to see what is going on. We will:
- Explicitly identify and name the individual batches.
- Map the system. A very simple state map will be enough.
- Set up a way to see batches move through the map of successive activities. For instance, a visual planning board.
Once you can see what is happening, you can improve the progress of batches through your system by applying some standard tools derived from queuing theory:
- Batch size
- WIP Control
- Integration & synchronization using cadence
- Prioritization of batches
Different Solutions for Different Systems
A given tool, when applied to different systems, may recommend different methods. This sometimes makes people think that the methods have nothing in common, when in fact they are based on the same queuing theory tools applied to different types of work.
For instance, agile software development prioritizes its batches by putting them all in a backlog, and periodically choosing which ones to work on next. This is very flexible and responsive way to handle jobs – but it assumes that the batches can be done in any order, delivered at any time, and don't have long lead times.
Rapid Learning Cycles prioritizes its batches at the beginning of the project, and lays them out in a time-based visual planning board. That's because many of the batches are order-dependent, have early deadlines, or have long lead times. A backlog doesn't have any tools to deal with the interdependencies, so a time-based plan is necessary. But at the same time, Rapid Learning Cycles framework achieves the flexibility to respond to newly gained knowledge by using a light-weight to capture the plan, and then reviewing and adjusting the plan every few weeks.
Both Scrum and Rapid Learning Cycles do a minimum of up-front planning by capturing only short descriptions of their epics/user stories on the one hand, and Knowledge Gaps on the other hand. They both expect the plan to change, and provide for that change in planned meetings on a cadence. However, they use different prioritization methods because their batches have different properties.
More examples of when to use different prioritization methods: State-Driven and Date-Driven Planning Boards.


text:
President Nishimura Speaks at Harvard Conference on New Ways to Approach a New World
Jakarta, 21 January 2022: The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) participated in the annual event held by the Harvard College in Asia Program (HCAP): 'Interdisciplinary Innovation - New Ways to Approach the World.'
Professor Hidetoshi Nishimura, President of ERIA presented on the 'Clean Energy Transition in the ASEAN Region', providing an overview of ERIA's most recent energy outlook on the East Asia region and highlighting the importance of fossil fuels to satisfy the economic development in this region while also applying ambitious target of renewable energy promotion.
President Nishimura also described the ASEAN Low Carbon Energy Transition Scenario, simulated by ERIA with the major policy lessons: 1) Energy-saving, electrification in end-use sectors, and low-carbon power supply utilising all technologies, would be core strategies for ASEAN decarbonisation, 2)Various kinds of 'low-carbon' technologies are also needed during the transition period, 3) Cost reduction and international cooperation are essential for affordability, and 4) ASEAN countries could utilise a cost optimisation scenario for considering unique transition pathways.
Finally, President Nishimura provided key messages on the ASEAN countries availability, accessibility, and affordability of energy supply, and how the carbon neutrality efforts of ASEAN member states might diversify their pathways. Technology development and international cooperation should be promoted to reduce the cost of de-carbonisation.
In the panel discussion, Professor Jun Arima, Senior Policy Fellow on Energy and Environment, drew attention to various challenges in tackling climate change such as the required pace of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from now until 2030, different prioritisation of the 17 SDGs across countries, low willingness to pay for additional mitigation costs and so forth. He also emphasised the role of education, giving a balanced perspective on the intertwined nature of energy security, climate change, and economic efficiency as well as different national circumstances.
The Harvard College in Asia Program (HCAP) is Harvard's premier organisation for facilitating cross-cultural dialogue with partner universities spanning eight Asian countries. Speakers at the annual conference have included: Anant Agarwal (Founder and CEO, edX), Wendy Kopp (Founder and CEO, Teach for All), and Tim Danks (Vice President, Huawei). This year's HCAP Harvard Conference took place on the week of January 16, 2022, with the goal of working towards a collaborative understanding of how disparate disciplines can be utilised together to approach a rapidly changing world.


Mission 1page
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Why God Commanded Us to Eat Kosher Food and Avoid Eating Unclean Food?
Unclean animals, as categorized in the Bible, are usually scavengers. Even if they are not scavengers, they are all somehow helpful to nature. They eat garbage, dead animals, toxic wastes, and things considered to be unclean. These make them unsuitable for human consumption. They are very helpful in cleaning the earth from wastes, weak animals (to promote stronger breeds), and toxins.
The reasons why we should not eat them are: First, they are not good for us. God did not create them for human consumption. They are much more tamasic than kosher foods, even kosher meat. Second, by eating them we take the animals that are created to clean/help the earth away from their duty, and accelerate polluting/destroying the earth. It is like firing the garbage collectors and cleaning crew in a city and expecting a clean city. It will not work. The garbage (toxins, pollution, etc.) will pile up in that city, and disease and death will follow. Destroying these animals will have the same effect.
Therefore, even if you do not eat unclean animals because they are not good for you, you should not eat them because they are good for the earth. Those who want an unpolluted earth should realize this and help the process by following a kosher diet. They should also make others aware of these facts and encourage them to follow this advice. Although kosher animals might eat toxic materials and become toxic, they will never become as toxic as unclean animals that eat mostly garbage/toxins.
We should stop polluting the earth as much as we can. We also should give nature a fighting chance to eradicate any pollutions/waste we make. Polluting the earth and taking the animals that clean it out of circulation is an act of double jeopardy. We surely will destroy the earth and ourselves at an accelerated rate if we continue this course!
The clean animals, on the other hand, are made to be eaten. They help very little in cleaning/healing the earth. Even in this regard we should eat meat much less than other food categories (vegetables, grains, etc.) that God has created for us.
When God Commands humans to do something, it is good for them and the universe. However, now (in the age to come), the human should understand the reason behind these Commandments. It is then that they will follow them because they realize it is good (God) for them and their lives. They will then Praise the Praiseworthy (God) for His Wisdom and Creation.
There is always a good (God) reason behind His requests/Commandments.
The list of the supplements (Table of Contents)
 Site Map
 Buy, etc.


text:
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Teaching and Leadership
Principals and science outcomes, Principals and student outcomes, Principals' science beliefs, Principals' science knowledge, Science instructional leadership
The aim of this quantitative study was to investigate elementary principals' beliefs about reformed science teaching and learning, science subject matter knowledge, and how these factors relate to fourth grade students' superior science outcomes. Online survey methodology was used for data collection and included a demographic questionnaire and two survey instruments: the K-4 Physical Science Misconceptions Oriented Science Assessment Resources for Teachers (MOSART) and the Beliefs About Reformed Science Teaching and Learning (BARSTL). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to assess the separate and collective contributions of background variables such as principals' personal and school characteristics, principals' science teaching and learning beliefs, and principals' science knowledge on students' superior science outcomes. Mediation analysis was also used to explore whether principals' science knowledge mediated the relationship between their beliefs about science teaching and learning and students' science outcomes.
Findings indicated that principals' science beliefs and knowledge do not contribute to predicting students' superior science scores. Fifty-two percent of the variance in percentage of students with superior science scores was explained by school characteristics with free or reduced price lunch and school type as the only significant individual predictors. Furthermore, principals' science knowledge did not mediate the relationship between their science beliefs and students' science outcomes. There was no statistically significant variation among the variables. The data failed to support the proposed mediation model of the study. Implications for future research are discussed.
Khan, Uzma Zafar, "Investigating Elementary Principals' Science Beliefs and Knowledge and its Relationship to Students' Science Outcomes" (2012). Teaching and Leadership - Dissertations. 243.


Successful DJ Entrepreneurs
entrepreneur 3
By Stacy Zemon
Why is it that some mobile DJ business owners succeed more than others? Is it an innate ability, present from birth, or a learned behavior? What are the traits that identify a successful entrepreneur?
The 10 attributes of successful DJ entrepreneurs are:
1. Business focus.
2. Confidence.
A deeply held belief in oneself and one's abilities.
3. Creative thinker.
Creativity in taking an existing product or idea and turning it into a better one.
4. Delegator.
5. Determination.
Every entrepreneur goes through difficult times. While some throw in the towel, those who succeed persevere through difficulties.
6. Independent.
Independence doesn't necessarily mean working alone, as these successful entrepreneurs have shown. They are able to do whatever is needed to be done to make their business successful.
7. Knowledge-seeker.
8. Promoter.
9. Relationship-builder.
10. Risk-Taker
Growth involves risk. The successful DJ entrepreneur has an instinctive knowledge of how to mitigate and manage high-risk situations. DJ entrepreneurs perform best when they are able to utilize their dominant natural talents and create a consistent effort to nurture them.
What do you see as your best talents? Performance? Sales? Organization? Idea generation? Once you identify your top skills, put your energy into developing them further. For those parts of the business at which you are not talented, or have no interest, find others to take over those responsibilities. With a focus on your talents, you'll be able to point your DJ service in the direction of success.
Stacy Zemon
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text:
British Home Front Pocket Book _PHONE_
Date of publication: September 2010
In June 1940, following the BEF's scrambled evacuation from Dunkirk, the Second World War was brought home to Britain. As the Luftwaffe initiated their bombing campaigns and the threat of invasion grew daily, civilians were urged to play their part in the war effort, and take responsibility for their own survival. Many pamphlets and leaflets were issued with information and advice on a diverse range of subjects, from how to put on a gas mask, to how to build a bomb shelter and what to do in the event of an air raid, as Britain braced herself for a protracted conflict, literally on the front line, fighting alone.
Together the literature drawn together for this evocative pocket-book captures the reality of civilian life during the Battle of Britain. It is a revealing and charming addition to Conway's trailblazing quarter-bound pocket-book series


text:
of Gymnastics on Balance Beam
This apparatus is rather lately used in competitive gymnastics. However, as apparatus for balancing it is actually as old as later body exercises. It might started with a "horizontal laying, totally round pine tree trunk..." to balance on. Jahn called it later "Schweben" (engl.: floating) which is the origin of the present name still used in Germany. The lower part of the long "Schwedenbank" (Swedish bench) still integrates the balance beam.
1934 the balance beam
was part of the world championships in Budapest for the first time. That
was also the first time actual women's international championships took
The beam was only 8 cm wide. Nowadays, this discipline is not only a demonstration of feeling for balance but also of acrobatic of highest difficulty in the artistic area.
This apparatus is rather lately used in competitive gymnastics. As apparatus for balancing, however, it is actually as old as later body exercises. Already Johan Christoph GutsMuths (1759 - 1839) dedicated one chapter to balancing in his pioneering work "Gymnastics for the Youth". His beam was a "horizontal laying, totally round pine tree trunk... of about a length of 64 feet (ca. 20 meters!). The posts wearing the trunk were of that kind that the height can be changed."
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778 - 1852) takes GutsMuths' balancing on the round beam over in his "Deutsche Turnkunst" (German Art of Gymnastics, 1816), but being a declared enemy against foreign words he calls it "Schweben" (floating):
"Schweben means being in balance: in rest as well as in action". Jahns "Schwebebaum" is "a slim, straight-grown and smooth resinous pinewood or fir tree trunk; the longer, the better, and not good under a length of 40 feet and a diameter of 10 inches at the end of the trunk. It rests between to pairs of strong posts on bolts of iron which can be put high or low". Jahn did not attach great importance to perfect stability of the apparatus, on the contrary: "It must not sway too much, not too little, but it must have the proper life" (The German Art of Gymnastics, 1816).
Later on this (low) balance beam was taken over into school's physical
education by German followers of Ling's system, (Hugo
Rothstein; first director of the Prussian Central Institution
of Gymnastics in Berlin), even though Rothstein lost influence because
of the "quarrel about bars" in 1863. Gymnastics pioneers Spieß
(1810 - 1858) and Kloß
(1818 - 1881) thought highly of this low balance beam as apparatus for
As competition apparatus
this low and narrow balance beam was never used.
From now onwards balance beam became a standard apparatus in women's international competitive gymnastics. The routines tended to include an increasing number of acrobatic elements. As a consequence the wish for firmer foothold grew permanently stronger to enable gymnasts to perform more difficult leaps and rolls.
The stability of the
5 m long beam had to be ensured
as well as a certain elasticity that is described in this regulation:
"At a height of 1200 mm and with a testing load of 135 kg in the
middle of the beam it is ought to bend a maximum of 8 mm" (Book
of Norms, edition 1965, page 31). Such precise regulations highly guaranteed
uniformity for international competitions; everywhere in the world the
balance beam secured equal opportunities which is one of the basic laws
of any fair competition in Olympic artistic gymnastics. The acrobatic
coined gymnastics on beam challenged designing engineers as well as
people responsible of the International Federation of Gymnastics.
When somersaults and
free handsprings on beam became
increasingly standard, improvements of the beam had to follow as it
is stated in this demand, for instance: "The beam must have an
elastic overlay... In spite of a certain elasticity it has to ensure
a safe footstand and good balance. The sheath must be tearproof as well
as grippy and firmly fixed to the beam" (Book of Norms by FIG).
In 1974 only "safety of footstand" was mentioned, but in 1979 this safety is defined more precisely: Then it says: "...To prevent injuries after falls the surface must be designed to give in at least 5 mm at the maximum loading capacity at the point of load incl. edges". The risk of injury is explicitly mentioned: "The ends must be padded to prevent injuries.
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No, it costs double to move through a threatened square
This was clarified on the 3.5 FAQ, which the community has mixed opinions about (as seen on this other question):
For example, imagine Ember begins her turn 10 feet from an orc and wants to use Tumble to move through its space and end up 15 feet away on the opposite side.
Her first square of movement wouldn't provoke attacks of opportunity (since she's not leaving a threatened square), so she doesn't use Tumble or move at half speed.
Her second and third squares of movement take her through the orc's space, so these effectively cost twice normal (that is, they each cost 1 extra square of movement), and this movement requires a DC 25 Tumble check. (If you're using this system, it's much easier to think of tumbling as costing extra squares of movement rather than actually changing your speed.) Ember has now paid a total of 5 squares of movement (out of the 8 allotted to her for her speed of 40 feet).
Assuming that check succeeds, Ember now moves from a threatened square (adjacent to the orc), which requires a DC 15 Tumble check and costs twice normal (or 1 extra square of movement). She's now paid a total of 7 squares of movement.
Finally, Ember moves one last square, ending up 15 feet from the orc on the opposite side from where she began. She's not leaving a threatened square, so she doesn't use Tumble or pay any extra movement. Ember has paid for 8 squares (40 feet) of movement, and has covered a linear distance of 5 squares (25 feet).


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TAKS Revised Mathematics and Science Charts
Student Assessment Home | Contact Student Assessment | Printing PDFs
Use the revised Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) math and science charts. You can recognize these revised charts because they have the TAKS logo in the top left-hand corner.
In order to produce rulers that are consistent with the rulers printed on the state-supplied mathematics and science charts, follow these steps:
- Set the print menu to print the pages at 100% by selecting "None" under the Page Scaling option.
- Print on paper that is wider than 8 ½ inches, such as 11 by 17 inch paper.
- Trim the paper to 8 ½ by 11 inches so that the rulers will be on the edge of the paper.
The following links will open the revised TAKS math and science charts:
For additional information, contact:
Student Assessment Division
1701 North Congress Avenue, Room 3-122A
Austin, Texas 78701
Page last modified on 10/22/2012.


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Mega Millions Number Generator
If you'd rather not pick your own Mega Millions numbers, our number generator is here to help. It will randomly select five main numbers from a pool of 1 to 70, and one Mega Ball number between 1 and 25 – just like when you buy a Quick Pick or Easy Pick in-store. Select the 'Generate' button to get your numbers.
You can use the number generator as many times as you want; if you aren't satisfied with the numbers initially given, you can generate new sets until you find a combination you like.
You can also use a system entry to play Mega Millions. To play a system, you choose six or more numbers and then every valid combination of those numbers is entered as a separate line. The biggest advantage of systems is that if you win, you are likely to win on multiple lines at once, significantly increasing the prize money you get back.
Pick six or more numbers and at least one Mega Ball from the grid below and then hit the 'View' button. You will be shown all the possible combinations of those numbers – all that's left then is to enter them in an upcoming draw.


Exploring languages and cultures
Exploring languages and cultures
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Exploring languages and cultures
Exploring languages and cultures
Learning a language requires an understanding the cultures of its speakers. This free course, Exploring languages and cultures, explores the multiple relationships between languages and cultures. You will learn about the benefits and challenges of meeting people from different cultures, what it means to be plurilingual and pluricultural, and the ways in which language and human communities shape each other. You also will look at the role of intercultural competence at the workplace, reflect on the use of English as lingua franca in international contexts, and get a flavour of the skills involved in language-related professions such as translation and interpreting.
This OpenLearn course is an adapted extract from the Open University course L161 Exploring languages and cultures [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)].
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text: PROCESS ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING RAY ALVARADO, P.E. Member, Mapua Alumni Association Alberta Chapter Presentation Breakdown INTRODUCTION PROCESS ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING Acronyms CAE – Computer Aided Engineering CAD – Computer Aided Design HMB – Heat and Mass Balance, a Process activity CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics FEA – Finite Element Analysis PFD – Process Flow Diagram P&ID – Piping and Instrumentation Diagram LDT – Line Designation Table ROW – Right of Way, for pipeline routing HDD – Horizontal Directional Drilling, for pipeline crossing HVAC/R – Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration PROCESS ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING - an early project activity for analysis of physical separation or chemical conversion. It follows project definition and early financial studies. System-wide Process simulation nowadays is computer-aided e.g. heatand-mass balances, logical block flows, control philosophies, and equipment selection. Important Deliverables: Process Flow Diagrams(PFDs) - schematic showing major process equipment, main fluid flows, and basic stream characteristics (pressure, level, temp., flow). Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams(P&IDs) - schematics with much more detail and confirmed data. Shown here are process condition limitations, major machinery specifications, minor equipment data, pipe size/details, instrumentation types, and more precise controls/automation. Line Designation Tables (LDTs) - spreadsheet report showing details of every piping section e.g. start-end point, process variables, and other mechanical data. PROCESS ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Chemical Process Engineer Mechanical Process Engineer Process Simulation Specialist Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Process Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or Chemistry-related academic programs. Basic knowledge of Fluid Statics/Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Chemical Unit Operations. Supplemental knowledge in Process Equipment Design, Distillation Theory, Stoichiometry, and Chemical Reactions. PROCESS ENGINEERING CHEMCAD Process Simulation, Screen Images PROCESS ENGINEERING Heat and Mass Balance (HMB) Study, Selexol Process PROCESS ENGINEERING Early concept of an oil refinery PROCESS ENGINEERING Example of Process Flow Diagram (PFD) PROCESS ENGINEERING Example of Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) PROCESS ENGINEERING Process Engineering and Beyond: Next-Generation Process Simulators…..higher processing speeds, capable of more simultaneous calculations, broader chemical database. Multi-Physics Tools to the Mainstream……these software can now be fully integrated with existing Process Simulators. Intelligent 2D Diagrams……embedded data on PFDs and P&IDs will pop up once a particular element is clicked or highlighted on the drawing. PIPING ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING Screen shots of CAEPIPE, a widely-used pipe stress analysis software, showing the Input Geometry: Piping layout imported from CAD 3D Model, or manually re-created PIPING ENGINEERING Stress Output…….watch for the "Reds"! RED areas have higher calculated stresses (needs re-work) PIPING ENGINEERING Animation features…...it moves! Shows areas of excessive movement, direction of thermal growth, lift-off at support points, etc. PIPING ENGINEERING If not analysed properly, pipes may….. …deform and collapse ….or lift-off from supports PIPING ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING - a Mechanical sub-discipline mainly to validate Piping Design's pipe-fittings layout, inside enclosed industrial areas, by computational analysis or technical reasoning. Such activities follow right after critical and major piping are completely laid out and supported. PIPE - a closed cylindrical conduit for moving fluid (liquid, gas, solid particles) from one location to another, either by gravity or applied pressure. FITTINGS - are transition elements for connecting pipes into an assembly or conduit network. Elbows, tees, flanges, reducers, and couplings are examples. PIPING - logical assembly of pipes, fittings, valves, and supports. PIPING ENGINEERING Important Deliverables: Static & Dynamic Pipe Stress Analysis, Reports - computeraided, hand calculations, and "by-inspection" judgement. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) - on equipment nozzles, header branches, and support attachments. General Pressure Calculations – wall thickness, branch reinforcement, leak-strength testing, and hot-tap calculations. Sizing of Engineered Restraints - for spring supports, rollers, sway braces, sway struts, seismic snubbers, etc. Detailing of Special Pipe Supports - as required by stress analysis results or vendor special requests. PIPING ENGINEERING Plant Piping 3D layout of piping and pressure vessels Offshore platform piping and equipment PIPING ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Piping Design Engineer Pipe Stress Engineer Piping Materials Engineer Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Piping Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, or related sub-discipline. Basic knowledge of Structural Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Fluid Dynamics, Machine Elements Design, Materials Science, and Welding Technology. Supplemental knowledge in Chemical Processes, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, and Stationary/Rotating Mechanical Equipment. PIPING ENGINEERING Examples of Engineered Restraints Variable spring hangers Constant spring can Sway strut assembly Seismic snubber Sway brace assembly PIPING ENGINEERING Example of Custom-Ordered Supports Rigid hanger clamp, for pre-insulated line Support clamp with fabric lining, for vibrating lines Pipe clamp and shoe, for pre-insulated cold line PIPING ENGINEERING Piping Engineering and Beyond: Full Integration of computational Analysis Software with 3D CAD Model……seamless and bi-directional compatibility of both CAD and CAE activities, thus substantial savings of time and resources. FEA/CFD Multi-Physics to the Mainstream……complex analysis and engineering calculations can now be simultaneously performed e.g. structural mechanics, fluid flow, vibration, and heat transfer. Opportunities in Oilfield Frontier Areas…….more complex piping needs for fixed offshore platforms, floating FPSOs, marine tanker, and Arctic process modules. PIPING ENGINEERING FEA & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools FEA of stab-in branch FEA of crimped pipe Multi-Physics Analysis (thermal + structural) of vessel PIPING ENGINEERING CFD & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools ABAQUS 2D Multi-Physics (fluid flow + thermal) ANSYS 3D Multi-Physics (wind + thermal + struct.) around reactors COMSOL 3D Multi-Physics (fluid flow + thermal) through elbow PIPELINE ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING PIPELINE ENGINEERING - a Mechanical sub-discipline mainly to validate Pipeline Design's overland or seafloor routing, by computational analysis or technical reasoning, outside the fenced industrial area. Such activities usually start after initial project development, geodetic (land) or bathymetric (ocean) surveys, and preliminary right-of-way routing. Pipelines are generally classified into: Land Pipelines, Underground (Buried) Land Pipelines, Aboveground Underwater Pipelines Important Deliverables/Involvement: Hydraulic Analysis, Steady-State and/or Transient (Surge) Pipeline Stress Analysis HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) and Crossing Studies Lateral and Upheaval Buckling Analysis PIPELINE ENGINEERING Usual entry-level positions: Pipeline Design Engineer Pipeline Stress Engineer Pipeline Hydraulics Engineer Minimum Skill Sets for a Junior Pipeline Engineer: Undergraduate degree in Mechanical or Civil Engineering. Basic knowledge of Engineering Surveying, Structural Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Fluid Dynamics, Machine Elements Design, Materials Science, and Welding Technology. Supplemental knowledge of Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, and Stationary-Rotating Mechanical Equipment. PIPELINE ENGINEERING Land Pipeline Routing Natural gas pipeline right-of-way Routing Study taken from terrain survey Plan-and-Profile Drawing, with data from routing study and terrain survey PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Analysis Seismic analysis….and mitigation measures for Trans-Alaska Pipeline while crossing the Denali fault line River crossing…..suspension bridge and cable stay details for Trans-Alaska Pipeline PIPELINE ENGINEERING Engineered Pipeline Supports Detail of H-Support and side bumpers Trans-Alaska Pipeline ammonia-filled H-Support, with cooling fins, pile driven through permafrost PIPELINE ENGINEERING Underwater Pipelines Underwater gas pipeline on uneven seafloor, with free-spanned sections Underwater pipelines, for oiland-gas production gathering PIPELINE ENGINEERING Seafloor Routing Study of underwater oil pipeline PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Stability Analysis & FEA Overstress at seabed touchdown area, due to excessive bending from pipelay surface vessel PIPELINE ENGINEERING Pipeline Engineering and Beyond: Integration of Pipeline Surveys with Routing Selection……in intelligent 3D format, these related activities will be fully synchronized for accuracy and cost savings. Pipeline 3D Models Imported Into Multi-Physics Simulation…..like stress analysis, hydraulic surge, flow assurance, global buckling, or ice gouging hazards. Deeper, Colder……in search for oil and gas, the industry is pushing the limits of pipeline technology beyond the world's Continental Shelf and in harsher Arctic environments. PIPELINE ENGINEERING Arctic Pipelines, Ice Gouge Hazard Analysis & FEA Burial depth is critical, to prevent pipeline damage Berg gouging Gouged seafloor imaging Sea ice gouging PIPELINE ENGINEERING CFD & Multi-Physics Analysis Tools (ANSYS) 3D CFD (fluid flow + structural) through valve 3D CFD (fluid flow only) through blades 3D CFD (fluid flow + thermal) at junction Trivia Question: What's the difference between "PIPING" and "PIPELINES"? Other than spelling, of course. Answers: PIPING


text:
The fund is part of TUM Agenda Lehre, backed by the "Qualitätspakt Lehre" (Quality Pact for Teaching), a federal program for the improvement of conditions of study and of teaching quality.
The TUM Teaching Endowment Fund sponsors teaching and assessment projects aiming to enhance, refine, or redesign the content, formats, and structures of instruction or examination, or to introduce creative new ideas. This includes a wide range of innovative curricula and curricular elements, such as:
- New approaches to student advising and supervising
- Course restructuring or redesign
- E-learning elements or units
- Innovative examination methods, such as the parcours
- Development of traditional assessment methods toward competency-based examination
- Optimization of practical examinations vis-a-vis learning outcomes
- Tutorial and practical course formats
The TUM Teaching Endowment Fund supports projects with concrete proposals for teaching and assessment that are not part of a "standard" curriculum. The amount of funding varies according to the scope and requirements of individual projects. Proposals must detail the grounds for the funding request. Please note, only funds for personnel costs may be requested.
TUM professors may apply for a one-semester sabbatical to carry out projects within the scope of the TUM Teaching Endowment Fund. In this case, funds from the award may be used as compensation. For more information, please refer to Semester's Leave for Teaching.


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Energy question
 1. Nov 11, 2008 #1
 Hey guys.
 So I got this disk connected to a spring which is connected to a wall.
 A mass m hits the disk with a velocity v and sticks to it.
 The question is to find the velocity of m at point A.
 As you can see I used the conservation of the angular momentum to find [tex]\omega[/tex] at the beginning.
 The thing I'm not sure about is the energy conservation equation I wrote there, I'm not sure about the gravitational potential energy, I mean, is this right?
 2. Relevant equations
 3. The attempt at a solution
 Attached Files:
 2. jcsd
 3. Nov 11, 2008 #2
 Any idea guys?
 4. Nov 11, 2008 #3
 User Avatar
 Gold Member
 2016 Award
 I'm not sure I fully understand the diagram, but shouldn't v*cos(squiggle)=0?
 5. Nov 11, 2008 #4
 6. Nov 11, 2008 #5
 User Avatar
 Gold Member
 2016 Award
 That's why I posted that I didn't understand the diagram.
 Is the disk resting on the floor at y=0?
 Is the disk pivoted frictionlessly at it's center?
 I assumed that since you mentioned gravity, that the disk is in a vertical plane.
 My assumption was that the disc was fixed on some axis or point and therefore the v*cos(squiggle) component had to be zero. Also, none of the momentum of the mass m would be imparted to the disc as there was no mention of it's mass. So the magnitude of of the velocity of mass m would have to be the same in the direction of sin(squiggle).
 Hope that helps.
Similar Discussions: Energy question
 1. Energy question (Replies: 3)
 2. Question on energy (Replies: 7)
 3. Energy Question (Replies: 1)
 4. Energy question (Replies: 4)


Eating ice
Do you like to eat ice?
Do you feel like you need to eat ice?
Enough to wolf down a tray of ice every day for at least two months?
If you answered yes to that last question, you might want to get your iron level checked. Because apparently iron deficiency is highly correlated with a compulsion to eat ice.
It's more than highly correlated, actually. Iron deficiency, the most common nutritional deficit in the world, pretty much definitely causes pagophagy. Almost one quarter of iron-deficient people in the US report this craving (and that number has been reported as high as 55% in other studies), and as soon as iron-deficient people start to take supplements, the compulsion goes away. Even before their haemoglobin levels go back to normal.
When your body doesn't have enough iron, eating ice is a weird thing to do. Ice doesn't have any iron. And any trace amounts of minerals in ice would be present in water too, but there's no compulsion for liquid water, just the solid stuff.
So what's going on?
We don't really know. The closest I've come to an answer is from a decent randomized control trial in 2014, which showed that, in iron-deficient people, eating ice boosted brain processing speeds.
This was the set up: A group of iron-deficient people and a group of normal-iron people were given a series of tests usually used to screen for AD/HD and either some tepid water or some ice to chew. The iron-deficient who got ice massively outperformed the suckers left without their ice fix. Here's the kicker though: the people with normal iron all did fine on the test whether they had ice or water. And their scores were the same as the ice-eating iron-deficient people.
Iron in the blood is used by red blood cells to carry oxygen around, so if you don't have enough iron, you won't have enough oxygen. This leads to fatigue and lethargy, which is why iron-deficient people generally won't score well on neuropsychological tests. Until they have ice.
The leading theory about why ice might temporarily alleviate fatigue (like a cup of a coffee) is to do with the diving reflex. When a mammal's face is submerged in water, cold receptors in the nose tell the body to go into submarine mode. Blood vessels in the extremities contract, sending more blood to the heart and brain. The heart rate slows, meaning the heart muscle needs less oxygen, and the spleen contracts, pushing more red blood cells into the system. It's like your body is in full-on oxygen conservation mode.
The authors of the 2014 study theorize that ice provides a jolt of cold to the mouth, stimulating this diving reflex and forcing more oxygen to the brain. While that sounds reasonable, my problem is that it doesn't explain why only the iron deficient would get a brain boost from ice.
So pagophagy remains a medical mystery.
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5 Amazing Fish Spawning Facts You May Not Know
Fish behavior, specifically fish spawning behavior, can be absolutely amazing. There's always something new you can learn about fish species behavior when you're out on the water or reading about your favorite sport fish. Of course, this also includes learning about the incredibly unique life cycle that each fish species progresses through during its existence.
Throughout the course of my online and offline fishing education, I've discovered some pretty amazing facts about fish spawning.
- Snook are an amazing saltwater fish because the males actually reverse sex and change into females after the spawning season, which is generally during the fall. According to FWC biologists, the switch takes place when the species are between one and seven years old.
- Pacific salmon (including chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye species) swim hundreds of miles from the ocean back to the freshwater streams where they were hatched in order to spawn.
- Since fish spawning activity is influenced by water temperature changes, the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency publishes an online chart that outlines the temperature ranges at which specific freshwater species spawn in the state of Tennessee.
- Based on information provided by the Indiana Division of Fish & Wildlife, freshwater drum make a croaking or "drumming" sound using muscles in their swim bladder during spawning.
- Schools of bonefish have been found to swirl like an underwater tornado in offshore waters when in spawning mode. Since bonefish primarily live on the saltwater flats of the Florida Keys and the Bahamas, it's rare to see a school of bonefish exhibiting these behaviors in offshore waters.
The most important thing to remember about fish spawning is that the process is essential for maintaining healthy fish populations. Always check your state fishing regulations and release fish that appear to be preparing to spawn.
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