text:
The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform
temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall and they arise
from the maritime exposure of the country.
Winds are generally
light. Situated at the equatorial doldrum area, it is extremely rare
to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of
severe drought. On the other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch
of a few days with completely
no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons.
Wind flow in Malaysia
Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable,
there are, however, some uniform periodic changes in the wind flow
patterns. Based on these changes, four seasons can be distinguished,
namely, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter
inter monsoon seasons.
The southwest monsoon is usually established in the later half of
May or early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is
generally south westerly and light, below 15 knots.
The northeast monsoon usually commences in early November and ends
in March. During this season, steady easterly or north-easterly
winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The more severely affected areas
are the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia where the wind may
reach 30 knots or more during periods
of intense surges of cold air from the north (cold surges).
The winds during the two inter monsoon seasons are generally light
and variable. During these seasons, the equatorial trough lies over
It is worth mentioning that during the months of April to November,
when typhoons frequently develop over the west Pacific and move
westwards across the Philippines, south-westerly winds over the
northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region may strengthen reaching
20 knots or more.
As Malaysia is mainly a maritime country, the effect of land and sea
breezes on the general wind flow pattern is very marked especially
over days with clear skies. On bright sunny afternoons, sea breezes
of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and reach up to several tens of
kilometre inland. On clear nights, the reverse process takes place
and land breezes of weaker strength can also develop over the
The seasonal wind flow patterns coupled with the local topographic
features determine the rainfall distribution patterns over the
country. During the northeast monsoon season, the exposed areas like
the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Western Sarawak and the
northeast coast of Sabah experiences heavy rain spells. On the other
hand, inland areas or areas which are sheltered by mountain ranges
are relatively free from its influence. It is best to describe the
rainfall distribution of the country according to seasons.
Seasonal Rainfall Variation in Peninsular Malaysia
The seasonal variation of rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia is of
three main types:
(a) Over the east coast districts, November, December and January
are the months with maximum rainfall, while June and July are the
driest months in most districts.
(b) Over the rest of the Peninsula with the exception of the
southwest coastal area, the monthly rainfall pattern shows two
periods of maximum rainfall separated by two periods of minimum
rainfall. The primary maximum generally occurs in October - November
while the secondary maximum generally occurs in April - May. Over
the north-western region, the primary minimum occurs in January -
February with the secondary minimum in June - July while elsewhere
the primary minimum occurs in June - July with the secondary minimum
(c) The rainfall pattern over the southwest coastal area is much
affected by early morning "Sumatras" from May to August with the
result that the double maxima and minima pattern is no longer
discernible. October and November are the months with maximum
rainfall and February the month with minimum rainfall. The March -
April - May maximum and the June -July minimum are absent or
Seasonal Rainfall Variation in Sabah and Sarawak
The seasonal variation of rainfall in Sabah and Sarawak can be
five main types:
(a) The coastal areas of Sarawak and northeast Sabah experience a
rainfall regime of one maximum and one minimum. While the maximum
occurs during January in both areas, the occurrence of the minimum
differs. In the coastal areas of Sarawak, the minimum occurs in June
or July while in the northeast coastal areas of Sabah, it occurs in
April. Under this regime, much of the rainfall is received during
the northeast monsoon months of December to March. In fact, it
accounts for more than half of the annual rainfall received on the
western part of Sarawak.
(b) Inland areas of Sarawak generally experience quite evenly
distributed annual rainfall. Nevertheless, slightly less rainfall is
received during the period June to August which corresponds to the
occurrence of prevailing south-westerly winds. It must be pointed out
that the highest annual rainfall area in Malaysia may well be found
in the hill slopes of inland Sarawak areas. Long Akah, by virtue of
its location, receives a mean annual rainfall of more than 5000 mm.
(c) The northwest coast of Sabah experiences a rainfall regime of
which two maxima and two minima can be distinctly identified. The
primary maximum occurs in October and the secondary one in June. The
primary minimum occurs in February and the secondary one in August.
While the difference in the rainfall amounts received during the two
months corresponding to the two maxima is small, the amount received
during the month of the primary minimum is substantially less than
that received during the month of the secondary minimum. In some
areas, the difference is as much as four times.
(d) In the central parts of Sabah where the land is hilly and
sheltered by mountain ranges, the rainfall received is relatively
lower than other regions and is evenly distributed. However, two
maxima and two minima can be noticed, though somewhat less distinct.
In general, the two minima occur in February and August while the
two maxima occur in May and October.
(e) Southern Sabah has evenly distributed rainfall. The annual
rainfall total received is comparable to the central part of Sabah.
The period February to April is, however slightly drier than the
rest of the year.
Being an equatorial country, Malaysia has uniform temperature
throughout the year. The annual variation is less than 2°C except
for the east coast areas of Peninsular Malaysia which are often
affected by cold surges originating
from Siberia during the northeast monsoon.
Even there, the annual variation is below 3°C.
The daily range of temperature is large, being from 5°C to 10°C at
the coastal stations and from 8°C to 12°C at the inland stations but
the excessive day temperatures which are found in continental
tropical areas are never experienced. It may be noted that air
temperature of 38°C has very rarely been recorded in Malaysia.
Although the days are frequently hot, the nights are reasonably cool
Although the seasonal and spatial temperature variations are
relatively small, they are nevertheless fairly definite in some
respects and are worthy of mention. Over the whole Peninsula, there
is a definite variation of temperature with the monsoons and this is
accentuated in the east coast districts. April and May are the
months with the highest average monthly temperature in most places
and December and January are the months with the lowest average
monthly temperature. The average daily temperature in most districts
to the east of the Main Range is lower than that of the
corresponding districts west of the Main Range. The differences in
the average values in the east and the west are due almost entirely
to the low day temperatures experienced in the eastern districts
during the northeast monsoon as a result of rain and greater cloud
cover. At Kuala Terengganu, for example, the day temperature rarely
reaches 32°C during the northeast monsoon and often fails to reach
27°C. A number of occasions have been recorded on which the
temperature did not rise above 24°C which is quite frequently the
lowest temperature reached during the night in most districts. Night
temperatures do not vary to the same extent, the average usually
being between21°C to 24°C. Individual values can fall much below
this at nearly all stations, the coolest nights commonly follow some
of the hottest days.
As mentioned earlier, Malaysia has high humidity. The mean monthly
relative humidity falls within 70to 90%, varying from place to place
and from month to month. For any specific area, the range of the
mean monthly relative humidity varies from a minimum of 3% to a
maximum of about 15%. In Peninsular Malaysia, the minimum range of
mean relative humidity varies from a low 84% in February to a high
of only 88% in November. The maximum range is found in the northwest
area of the Peninsula (Alor Setar) where the mean relative humidity
varies from a low of 72% in February to a high of 87%. It is
observed that in Peninsular Malaysia, the minimum relative humidity
is normally found in the months of January and February except for
the east coast states of Kelantan and Terengganu which have the
minimum in March. The maximum is however generally found in the
month of November.
As in the case of temperature, the diurnal variation of relative
humidity is much


text:
The National Map
USGS data portray selected structures data, including the location and characteristics of manmade facilities. Characteristics consist of a structure's physical form (footprint), function, name, location, and other detailed information about the structure. The types of structures collected are largely determined by the needs of the disaster planning and response and homeland security organizations. Structure data can be accessed at: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The defensive team
in American football
or Canadian football
, is the team that begins a play from scrimmage
not in possession of the ball.
Several different "defensive sets" are used. The numbers of linemen and linebackers will vary, but most sets used in American football include a line composed of defensive ends and defensive tackles and, behind the line, linebackers, cornerbacks, a strong safety and a free safety.
- defensive end - the two defensive ends play on the outside of the defensive line. Their function is to rush the passer or stop runs.
- defensive tackle - (sometimes called a defensive guard), defensive tackles are linemen who lines up inside the defensive ends. Their function is to rush the passer, and defend against running plays. A defensive tackle that lines up directly across from the ball (on the nose of the center) is often called a nose guard. Common defensive sets have from one to three defensive tackles.
- linebacker - linebackers play behind the defensive line and perform various duties depending on the situation, including rushing the passer, covering receivers, and defending against the run. Most defensive sets have between three and five linebackers.
- cornerback - the cornerbacks primarily cover the wide receivers.
- safety - the safeties are the last line of defense (farthest from the line of scrimmage), and provide help on deep pass coverage.


text:
The Urban Aviary may be the world's only skyscraper designed exclusively for birds. New York-based Stone Architects designed the Urban Aviary as a way to save the Big Apple's birds from an untimely death caused by the city's skyscrapers.
According to Stone Architects, many birds meet their demise by mistaking the glass windows of big buildings for actual sky. The birds run smack into these windows and either die instant or become severely crippled. The Urban Aviary would solve this problem by giving birds a safe building to fly into. The aviary would be located in Central Park and would be outfitted with running water and natural vegetation to allow birds to nest in a safe and unobtrusive spot. City birds may be an annoying nuisance to some, but they should be saved as their presence helps keep the urban ecosystem in balance.
Big Bird Buildings
1,817 clicks in 70 w
More Stats +/-


Create an ErP product or system label
Generate a product label or system label with our simple online tool.
Create a product label
Download an efficiency label for individual heating appliances.
Create a system label
Download an efficiency label and fiche when combining multiple products – including controls and/or solar.
What is a fiche?
A fiche is a technical datasheet that calculates and records an overall system efficiency percentage and band. All product installation manuals provide ErP efficiency technical data. It's this technical data that, when combined, builds the overall system efficiency percentage. Our tool automatically populates the fiche and generates a label.


text:
Sep 16, 2011 / ENERGY GLOBE Award
Project presentation - "Solar in the air"
Particularly in cities, air quality is especially important and difficult to improve. The use of environmentally friendly and CO2 emission-free solar energy provides a solution that abandons fossil fuels.
The Swedish city of Malmö is committed to this approach and goes one step beyond: efficient photovoltaic power plants are being built that are perfectly and visibly integrated into the city. They not only provide sustainable energy, they also successfully advertise for solar energy.
"In the past three years I have received over 4000 visitors in guided tours and seminars. People have an enormous interest in our experience," says Anna Cornander manager of the Solar City project.
Among the project results is the largest photovoltaic plant in Scandinavia. It was built in 2007 and with 1500 m2 collector surface area it covers the complete power requirements of 40 households. On sunny days, the Museum of Technology is 100% energy independent. In 2009 the first solar-Stirling demonstration plant was built to produce power from heat. A clean, low-CO2 future is possible, as exemplified by the solar city Malmö.
More information under _URL_


Caddo Parish District Attorney James Stewart talks about the about-to-begin school year and with so many students opting for "distance learning," how his office will deal with a possible increase in truancy.
Stewart begins by explaining his office's long term relationship with the Caddo Schools Superintendent in dealing with the problem. "We've always been there for support and enforcement when necessary," he says, also giving kudos to Willis Knighton for their help. "Getting all our kids in school and keeping them off the street really helps us all in the long run. But we're in a new normal. But the conversations I've had with Superintendent (Lamar) Goree say compulsory attendance is still there for all three options. That's where we come in. Supporting the parents who have an make sure that their kids are in the educational process."
The State of Louisiana Compulsory Attendance Law mandates that students cannot be absent more than 10 unexcused days during the academic year. Any student who exceeds that number can be retained in their current grade.
In most cases the first step in the truancy court process involves a summons or notice to the parent or guardian. The hearing can take place at the school before a magistrate or in court before a judge.
Before a person may be subject to criminal charges, when there have been five consecutive or ten total unexcused absences of a child during a school year, the parent must receive written notice that within ten days of receipt of the notice the parent or guardian, accompanied by the child, attend an in-person meeting with the principal or other representative of the school in order to discuss and correct the circumstances causing the unexcused absences.
Beatles Kids: Where are They Now?


5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
August 16, 2018 No Comment
Nothing can take the sting out of the fun of your road trip like a car breakdown, and spotting the 'check engine' light flashing and putting a break on your summer getaway. Summer in Dubai is indeed the time when heat can suck away all the liquid from you. Fortunately, you are smart enough to know how to protect yourself, but your car is not. Cars go through extreme pressure during this season that leads to its frequent breakdowns.
It is crucial for you to be wise on your part and know what are the reasons that can cause a breakdown along with ways to avoid them. Here are the five common reasons for your car being in trouble during the summer.
_TAG_ 1- Evaporative Leakage
When the sun is beating down viciously, it makes the fuel in your car turned into vapor. This is why preserving the liquid during summer can turn out to be a great decision to avoid such evaporation. The charcoal canister wins the situation here by absorbing the vapor of the fuel and storing it to be used later when the engine starts.
The evaporative system of the car engine is equipped with valves, canisters, and hoses, and their work is to manage the evaporative emissions from the car. When there is a leakage in this system, the 'check engine' light starts flashing on the dashboard. The reason behind this could be the loose cap or a cracked hose.
5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
_TAG_ 2- Excessive Heating
The saying remains 'excess of anything is bad'. Similarly, if it is concerned with heat, it can be really harmful to your car. Overheating of the motor vehicle can result in the fault in the cooling system. Make sure your cooling system is working properly if you do not want to get baked in the heat. Checking this system becomes essential as excessive heat increases its workload. It is suggested to get your car properly checked before you hit the road during summer getaways. You can put on the heater when your car engine is heated and switch off your car's air conditioner to make things go smoother.
_TAG_ 3- Flat Tyres
To be honest, most of us have gone through this situation, Agree? Because of the hot roads and speeding car during the summer, the tires have to go through extreme pressure, which can further result in quick wear and tear. You should keep checking the pressure of your car tires to avoid such a situation. You can avoid unnecessary halts in your trip by maintaining the perfect level of air in your tires and referring to the manual before heading for your road trip.
_TAG_ 4- Batteries
Batteries put the car in trouble more during hot days. You may avoid the plastics that cover the battery, but then it plays an important role in keeping them cool. Make sure that the plastics of the battery are in their place. If you face difficulty starting your car, then check the battery using a battery tester. Another great option is to change or replace the battery after every three years, or as mentioned in the car manual.
_TAG_ 5- Surge
Surge, or engine hesitation can be caused by the dirt present in the air filter. Surge make the engine work harder, which further causes a problem while driving. If required, do the repairs of the filters, as a fault in filters can cause you to shell out a lot of money eventually. Before starting any trip on your car, make sure its filter is clean.
By keeping these points in mind, you can get on the way to make your summer trips memorable. The great thing is that you can easily buy auto spare parts online if you want to replace any of the above-mentioned parts in your car.
Leaver your comment


text:
Energy performance assessment of buildings requires a systematic and qualitative method by the use of complicated algorithms.
This takes into account the complexity, specific characteristics of the buildings and their systems.
We use Building energy simulation tools to analyse, investigate, understand, predict and control energy performance of the buildings and their environment
We analyse the multifaceted behaviour of energy use and thermal performance of buildings. This enables us to make well informed decisions and provide solution.
We endeavour to achieve the optimum balance between the goal of sustainability and the thermal comforts of users of the buildings..

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


My Recipe Box
Fried Capers, an addictive garnish
by Dabney Gough
fromFine Cooking
Issue 90
Capers, the pickled or salted flower buds of a Mediterranean bush, are normally rinsed or soaked and then added to dishes like salsa verde or puttanesca sauce, where they lend a briny edge. But fry capers in a little olive oil, and something magical happens: They open up like a flower and the "petals" become crisp and golden. In this form, they're an elegant garnish for salads, roasted fish, or grilled meats—and they're addictive little nibbles on their own, too. Leftover frying oil will be infused with caper flavor and may be drizzled on meats, fish, or vegetables.
Fried capers are quick to prepare. Here's how:
1. If using brined capers, drain them and pat dry with a paper towel. If using salted capers, soak in water for 30 minutes and then drain and pat dry.
2. Heat 1/8 inch (about 1/4 cup) of olive or vegetable oil in a small saucepan or skillet over medium-high heat. When the oil is hot, add the capers 1 to 2 tablespoons at a time—they'll give off some liquid at first, so watch out for spattering oil. Fry, swirling the pan gently, until just golden brown, about 45 seconds for small (nonpareil) capers or 90 seconds for large (capote) capers.
3. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the capers to a plate lined with paper towels to drain. Blot gently to absorb excess oil. Cool briefly before using.
Photos: Scott Phillips
Make it Tonight
Cookbooks, DVDs & More


text:
Patient registries can be a powerful tool. They can help researchers:
In discussions with NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) on establishing an APBD patient registry, here is a recap of their thoughts:
- The process lends itself to developing a comfort level with a registry provider that will give the best product
- The selected solution should provide access to de-identified information and the ability to search and analyze the data
- The setup should facilitate the ability to provide de-identified data to the Global Rare Diseases Patient Registry and Data Repository (GRDR) established by NIH. This may result in leading other potential patients to our organization.
- Finalized patient registry questions can be shared with NIH ORDR.
- ORDR has developed an informed consent template that can be used in establishing APBD registry
What your donation will fund:
Annual maintenance fee $15,000
Naming opportunity available


How to Make a Dog Wheelchair?
To make a dog wheelchair you will need a harness, two wheels, a drill, some nuts, some bolts, a tape measure, an aluminum pole, a U shape bar, some tennis racket padding and some tape. You can find more information here:
Q&A Related to "How to Make a Dog Wheelchair?"
1. Choose your material. If you have a large or heavy dog, a metal frame works best. For a smaller dog, PVC works well and is light so the dog can easily pull it. 2. Cut the pipe.
You can make a dog kennel with fencing to make it secure. Set the fence posts i concrete, then put up the fence. Include a place so the dogs can get out of the weather, and stay warm
To do this, you must take into consideration the size of your dog, the type terrain
1. Heat the oil in a deep fryer or deep pan. The ideal temperature for frying is between 350 and 360 degrees. 2. Mix together yellow cornmeal, salt, flour, black or cayenne pepper
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how to make a dog wheelchair
How to Make a Wheelchair for a Dog
If you have a handicapped, elderly or special-needs dog, it may need a wheelchair in order to move on its own. Buying a wheelchair for your dog from a manufacturer is expensive, because each one needs to be custom made for the individual animal.... More »
Difficulty: Moderate


text:
Posted in Marketing and Strategy Terms, Total Reads: 740
The origin of this word dates back to the 15th century, where it was used to refer to a written statement calling attention to something. Then the meaning of 'public-notice' was ascribed to this word using French word 'advertir', which gave it its present meaning.
According to the dictionary, advertisement means a paid announcement of goods for sale, in the newspaper or magazines or radio or television. But being an integral part of marketing, the word advertisement has a broader meaning. It can be used to refer to public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations and people.
Advertisements are not just about selling something but they are used to persuade people to change their behavior.
General structure of an advertisement can be described using AIDA Theory, which includes:
- Attention: using a jingle, logo or slogan to catch people's attention
- Interest: appealing to emotions, weaknesses and problems to generate interest among people
- Desire: stimulating people's desire to convert wants into needs
- Action: calling people to action
An advertisement may include any of the following media channels:
- Newspaper Ads
- Social Media
- Text messages
The advertising industry is made up of:
- Companies that advertise (usually hires an agency and provides then info on brand)
- Agencies that create ads(converts ideas to visuals, texts, layouts and themes)
- Media channels that carries ads
- Customer/Receivers of the ads
Advertisements are always present even though people may not be aware of the same.


text:
Give up, or a bird lying on its back
Give up, or a bird lying on its back is an athletic, improvisational score for five dancers that exhausts the ways in which words fail dance, and vice versa.
Give up, or a bird lying on its back stems from the points of friction and shortcomings that exist between words and dance. It reveals the humor that can emerge as words fail dance, and the poignancy and longing that exist in the disconnection of bodily expression and language.
The work travels through the space between instinctual physical understanding and language, an uncomfortable, sometimes laughably inaccurate space. It is simultaneously inspired by the feelings that arise in artists as we are subjected to the language around our dances (criticism, journalism, publicity), and the words that we are required to use about dance (teaching, funding, marketing, pitching work). The text has been drawn from all of these sources as well as an invented process where we spontaneously invent descriptions of dance, and then must dance those words.
The creative process has undergone 7 layers of translation (including sign language interpretation by Jessica Ames and poetry by Emily Skillings) as movement is described through words, the words are interpreted back into movement again and again.
Photos by Anton Martynov


text:
Testing Einstein's Equivalence Principle with Cosmic Transients
The Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) is an important foundation of general relativity and many other metric theories of gravity. At the post-Newtonian level, the accuracy of the EEP can be tested through the numerical values of the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters, such as the parameter γ. Specifically, the EEP accuracy can be constrained by comparing the γ values for different kinds of particles, or for the same kind of particle with different energies, since all gravity theories satisfying the EEP predict the same γ values for different test particles. There are a few precise tests of the EEP using constraints on the differences of the γ values of different tested particles. Among the most famous are the measurements of the time delay of the photons and neutrinos radiated from supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. In this talk, I will show you that the EEP can also be tested using the time delay of particles such as photons, neutrinos and gravitons with different energies arising in cosmic transients, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), fast radio bursts (FRBs), TeV blazar flares, gravitational wave events. I will also talk about our recent work on the constraints of the photon mass with the same time delays in GRBs and FRBs.
Time: May 11, 2016, 2:30 pm
Venue: A601, NAOC


Crest Badge
(information researched by danum2000 for
The Armored Arm: A person with qualities of leadership
The Cross: Actually called a "Cross Crosslet Fitchee", this cross is actually (4) crosses, and a combination of the cross and sword.
The (4) crosses symbolize the fourfold mystery of the cross and/or spreading the four gospels to the four corners of the earth. This is said to be a symbol of the Crusaders, as the crusaders would carry large crosses with pointed ends so they could easily stick them into the ground, kneel and pray before battle.
The combination of the cross and sword is also considered a symbol of unshakable faith and defenders of the faith.
The colour of the cross being red, symbolizes a Warrior or martyr; Military strength and magnanimity.
The "Cap" that the Armored Arm rests on is call the "Cap of Maintenance" and was granted to Scottish Barons (or Lords) (shown on the Badge).
The lions are symbolic of the descent from the Scottish Kings of ancient Dal Riada (Dal Riada was the ancient name for ancient Kingdom of Northeastern Ireland and Western Scotland).
The Black Galleys are called the Black Galleys of Lorn symbolizing descent from the royal house of the Norse (the King of Norway).
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URLs like /ticket/:id, as it already contains all the fields by default, parameter "fields" is not needed, but you can still use additional fields parameters to expand child blocks: XX_RT_URL_XX/REST/2.0/ticket/1?fields[Queue]=Name,Description Authentication Methods Authentication should always be done over HTTPS/SSL for security. You should only serve up the /REST/2.0/ endpoint over SSL. Basic Auth Authentication may use internal RT usernames and passwords, provided via HTTP Basic auth. Most HTTP libraries already have a way of providing basic auth credentials when making requests. Using curl, for example: curl -u 'username:password' /path/to/REST/2.0 Token Auth You may use the RT::Authen::Token extension to authenticate to the REST 2 API. Once you've acquired an authentication token in the web interface, specify the Authorization header with a value of "token" like so: curl -H 'Authorization: token …' /path/to/REST/2.0 If the library or application you're using does not support specifying additional HTTP headers, you may also pass the authentication token as a query parameter like so: curl /path/to/REST/2.0?token=… Cookie Auth Finally, you may reuse an existing cookie from an ordinary web session to authenticate against REST2. This is primarily intended for interacting with REST2 via JavaScript in the browser. Other REST consumers are advised to use the alternatives above. Conditional requests (If-Modified-Since, If-Match) You can take advantage of the Last-Modified headers returned by most single resource endpoints. Add a If-Modified-Since header to your requests for the same resource, using the most recent Last-Modified value seen, and the API may respond with a 304 Not Modified. You can also use HEAD requests to check for updates without receiving the actual content when there is a newer version. You may also add an If-Unmodified-Since header to your updates to tell the server to refuse updates if the record had been changed since you last retrieved it. ETag, If-Match, and If-None-Match work similarly to Last-Modified, If-Modified-Since, and If-Unmodified-Since, except that they don't use a timestamp, which has its own set of tradeoffs. ETag is an opaque value, so it has no meaning to consumers (unlike timestamps). However, timestamps have the disadvantage of having a resolution of seconds, so two updates happening in the same second would produce incorrect results, whereas ETag does not suffer from that problem. Status codes The REST API uses the full range of HTTP status codes, and your client should handle them appropriately. AUTHOR Best Practical Solutions, LLC BUGS All bugs should be reported via email to or via the web at. LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT This software is Copyright (c) 2015-2019 by Best Practical Solutions, LLC. This is free software, licensed under: The GNU General Public License, Version 2, June 1991


they 'pass' the test. They also have to not touch the mark if they're not in front of the mirror.
Self-recognition is linked to highly developed understanding of social relationships, empathy and perspective taking.
According to the researchers, magpies were chosen because they compete with conspecifics for food that they hide and have a memory for where food is hoarded, making them good candidates for complex social understanding. They were also chosen because they're smarter than monkeys, i.e., magpies achieve the highest level of Piagetian object permanence (ability to recognize an object still exists even when it is out of sight, i.e. why peek-a-boo is so amusing with babies) whereas monkeys don't. Magpies are curious and "prone to approach new situations, making them ideally suited for an experiment that requires spontaneous interaction with a new and puzzling context," the researchers said.


text:
My Friend Is Talking About Running Away: What Should I Do?
Many people who decide to run away think they'll find a life that's free of the troubles they have at home, only to discover they're faced with different, bigger problems. Life for runaway teens is hard. They often end up homeless, stealing, or even selling drugs or sex in an effort to make money. Every year in the United States, lots of runaway teens die, often because they are attacked, become ill, or take their own lives.
People tend to run away for a lot of reasons: abuse (whether it's physical, emotional, or sexual), family troubles, or problems with school, bullying, or friends. Some teens run away because of alcohol or drug problems — their own or a family member's. Others run away to be with someone.
If a friend is thinking about running away, talk about why. Try to work together to help your friend find solutions to his or her problems. At the same time, speak with an adult you trust as soon as possible. Tell that adult that your friend is talking seriously about running away. If you don't feel comfortable telling your parents, ask another relative, a teacher, coach, school counselor, your family doctor, or a religious leader for help.
A trusted adult might be able to help your friend understand that there are better alternatives to running away. If your friend is still serious, though, make sure he or she has the number of the National Runaway Safeline: (800) RUNAWAY, or _PHONE_. This service for teens in need is open 24 hours a day, every day of the year. The safeline can help teens find food, shelter, and medical care, as well as provide counseling for homeless teens in crisis. The service will even help runaway teens contact people back home by providing a message service and setting up conference phone calls. Your friend doesn't need to be a runaway to call and ask their advice: Many of the teens who contact the safeline call from home or a friend's house before running away.
If your friend does run away, or if you haven't seen him or her in a few days and you think that's what's happened, take action immediately. Talk to a trusted adult and explain that you believe your friend ran away. Don't be shy about sharing any information about where your friend might be going, and don't wait in hopes that he or she might come back after a few days. Your friend's life could depend on it — the sooner it is reported, the more likely your friend will be found safe.


text:
to do.
Say you are using a CM5-LT in a diesel application and you require a pressure sensor that can measure up to 100 PSI or even 150 PSI of boost. Say also, that you don't want to constantly calibrate for atmospheric pressure and you decide to use a vented gauge-type sensor with a 0-5V output that always represents the actual boost without regard for variations in atmospheric pressure.
Note: You should only use sensors whose output is approximately 0-5V. Never use sensors that are capable of outputting more than 5V as that could damage the CM5's MAP Sensor analog input.
Say that you've narrowed your choices down to something like the Honeywell MLH100PGB06A (100PSI) or MLH150PGB06A (150PSI).
Assume that you finally decide on the 100 PSI sensor and that it has the following output characteristics:
0.5V at 0 PSI
2.5V at 50 PSI
4.5V at 100 PSI
The first thing to note is that this pressure sensor, just like all the others, is defined in terms of its voltage output with respect to applied pressure, not in terms of ADC counts that TorqTune requires.
The conversion between Volts and ADC Counts is quite simple:
To convert Volts to ADC Counts multiply Volts by 204.6
To convert ADC Counts to Volts multiply ADC Counts by 0.00488759
The output characteristics of the 100 PSI sensor above can be rewritten as:
0.5V * 204.6 = 102.3 ADC Counts at 0 PSI
2.5V * 204.6 = 511.5 ADC Counts at 50 PSI
4.5V * 204.6 = 920.7 ADC Counts at 100 PSI
Although you can do this by hand using very simple math, the quickest way to obtain this sensor's line equation is with Excel.
Open a new Excel sheet and enter the boost values in the column A and enter the ADC Count values in the column B. Don't reverse this order or the end result will be wrong.
Select the values entered and go to Insert -> Scatter Chart.
A scatter chart should appear that has the boost values on the horizontal (X) axis and ADC Count values on the vertical (Y) axis.
Right click on one of the points and go to Add Trendline
In the Format Trendline window that pops up ensure that the following options are selected:
- Display Equation on chart
Now the chart should now be showing a straight line and an equation.
The number beside the x is the Slope, the number right of the + sign is the Intercept. Since this sensor is a gauge-type sensor we can assume that at 0 PSI it will generate an output equal to 102.3 ADC Counts, as we have calculated before. Since TorqTune only accepts whole numbers in its Atmosphere fields, let's round down to the nearest whole number which is 102.
So for this particular sensor we would use the following parameters:
Then we would follow the same procedure described above under "What if you got a new MAP sensor or what if you accidentally overwrote your MAP sensor's parameters with say the TorqTune default ones?" to apply the new values to TorqTune and upload them to the unit.
If you are working with a sensor that you know puts out 0-5V, but are you are not sure what its line looks like and/or you have absolutely no technical information about its characteristics, there is still hope.
You will need a set-up where you can vary the pressure to the sensor and read that pressure from a known-good pressure gauge (probably mechanical). This gauge should be "trusted" as being accurate. If this gauge is not accurate this procedure will produce unusable results.
You will have to connect the sensor to your CM5 and launch TorqTune.
Enable the data streaming by clicking the Live Updates button ensuring the LED beside it turns green.
On the Live View tab change the way the data is displayed in the drop down menu from Physical Units to RAW Decimal.
This will force TorqTune to display ADC Counts instead of PSI in the field where the MAP sensor pressure is normally shown.
Now that you can view ADC Counts for your sensor, you should first write down the ADC Count value that is displayed when the sensor is just seeing atmospheric pressure (i.e. no boost). This will be your third parameter -> Atmosphere.
After that's done start to slowly vary the pressure applied to the sensor in small increments. This is best done with a decent manual pressure regulator. Pause every so often and write down the pressure reading (in PSI) from your mechanical gauge as well as the corresponding ADC Count value from TorqTune's live view. The more points you collect the more accurate your sensor line equation will be.
When the ADC counts get to about 900 or so you should stop the test. Note the mechanical gauge's reading in PSI. That is around the upper end of the pressure range that this sensor is able to measure.
When you have collected enough points, enter them into Excel and have it generate a line equation as described above. From that line equation you can extract the other two parameters you'll need - the Slope and the Intercept.
Use the procedure above and upload the new values to the unit and to apply them to TorqTune. Don't forget to File -> SaveAs to create a.ttini configuration file.


Students studying puppetry, folklore from around world
Students studying puppetry, folklore from around world
URBANA — As students at Campus Middle School for Girls are learning, a puppet show is far more than a performance on a stage with a human manipulating a model.
The students are creating their own shows to perform for parents and teachers this afternoon (Friday, Feb. 24) after spending the week studying puppetry around the world.
They're doing so with the help of local puppeteer Ginger Lozar, who is serving as artist in residence, for the school's annual Forum Week. Grants from the Illinois Arts Council and the Junior League of Champaign-Urbana helped pay for the work.
The week after President's Day, the school always suspends class for four days to study one topic in depth.
This year, it's puppetry around the world.
The school's 30 students split into six groups, each studying a geographical location or country. Those include India, Indonesia, Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Japan and the Middle East.
They studied puppetry and folk tales in their regions or countries, as well, along with the history of the art. They adapted the folk tales, changing characters or even the endings.
As they worked in individual classrooms, they worked on their puppets and making props and sets. For example, the group studying Indonesia will perform a puppet show about a king and his two fighting daughters. They made their puppets with Styrofoam balls, fabric and hot glue. This was tricky, said sixth-grader Mei Lien Crandall, because the hot glue softened the Styrofoam. On Thursday morning, they were working on a castle to accompany their show.
They learned that puppets have been as large as 3 feet and as small as an inch in Indonesia, said eighth-grader Andrea Cunningham.
Group member Katie Wennerdahl, an eighth-grader, said puppets are used in the country on all kinds of occasions, including at weddings, funerals and other public ceremonies.
Members of the group studying Middle Eastern puppetry thought they'd focus on Saudi Arabia as a specific country, and then learned that Saudi Arabia doesn't have puppets because its people don't believe in creating images of people.
Their research was frustrating until that realization, said Yasmine Projansky Ono. It went smoother afterward, and they focused on learning about puppets from Turkey, Egypt and even Iran. In their puppet show, a tribe that's out of water sends three birds to scout for better land.
The crow lies, but the partridge and dove tell the truth.
The partridge is rewarded with markings around its eyes; the dove is rewarded with pink feet. The crow is punished by being painted black in their story, said sixth-grader Sara Morisetty.
Other students were still sewing, listening to music from their regions and countries and even deciding what to name the puppets they'd created.
Lozar encouraged them to rehearse their shows on the puppet stage before they left school Thursday. During a dry run on the stage, one group that made marionettes had trouble keeping the strings untangled.
"That's why practice is so important," Lozar told them.
She said she thinks researching and creating the puppets shows will help the students understand various cultures, especially at a time when "the world is shrinking."
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Crystal pictures are one of the most common and popular forms of art. They are created using various materials such as stone, glass, plastics, and metals. In the past, these were used only in museums and some homes, but now they can be purchased in almost any form. These pictures have become very popular in recent years.
To make the best crystal pictures, advanced high-quality technique is used. The picture is first transferred to paper or other flat surface and then etched using high-pressure laser engravers. The photo must be a high resolution, bright and not blurry for the right 3D picture crystal. After the image is etched, the surface is cleaned and the photo is transferred to the crystal so that the crystal can catch the image in its crystal lenses.
To create the crystal picture, the crystal is placed on a piece of glass. There are many types of glass, including white, yellow, blue, green, and red glasses. They can be used in many ways.
For example, the picture can be framed in frames made of glass. Then, the picture can be framed inside a photo album. The picture can be also set inside a picture frame on a wall.
If you want to make a crystal picture, you should know that there are many shapes to choose from, depending on the crystal picture. Some of them include:
The shape of the picture can be chosen based on the crystals that are available. For example, you can use the same type of crystal for your picture or create another type of crystal using another type of crystal.
There are special glass for different uses. For instance, there are special crystal glasses that are used to make crystal picture frames. There are also crystal glasses that can be used to make crystal photo frames.
If you want to make crystal picture, you can use many tools and techniques to make the best crystal picture. These include: glass engravers, laser cutting, engraver, sanding and glazing. These tools and techniques can be used at home. You should also use the right tools for your particular type of crystal picture.
If you are looking for crystal picture, you should try to use different types of tools and techniques. There are some simple ways to use these tools and techniques at home to make the best crystal picture.
Glass Engraver: Using the glass engraver can create a wide variety of shapes and designs. There are many shapes that you can create using a glass engraver.
For example, you can create an oval, square, or circle with a glass engraver. A ring-shaped glass engraver can also be used to create a ring-shaped crystal picture.
Glass Engraving: Glass engraving is one of the simplest ways to create crystal picture. You can use it to create a simple crystal picture using a simple tool such as a pen, pencil, pen, pencils, eraser, and a glass.
However, you can also use glass engraving to make complex and very elegant crystal picture. Glass engraving is also good way to create beautiful crystal picture.
Glazing: Another way to create a crystal picture is by glazing. By glazing, you can create a frosted appearance in the surface of the crystal. Glazing also creates a different look in the glass.
One of the things you need to do is to cut a piece of the glass and use a glazing technique on the edges of the piece of glass. You should make sure the edges of the piece of glass is clear so you can see the crystal picture on the other edges. You can also make a frosted glass by applying a colored glass on the crystal and then covering the crystal with a frosted paper.
Sanding: This is the most complicated way to create crystal picture. If you want to use sanding to make a crystal picture, you should use a diamond stone, emeralds, rubies, or any other similar colored stones.
Sanding can also create a beautiful frosted look. If you do not have much time to sand, you can also use a piece of gold or silver plating to create a frosted look.


What is the White Staining on My Chimney?
Many homeowners just assume that this white discoloration is simply a sign of aging on a chimney. Nothing could be farther from the truth the white residue called efflorescence is actually a symptom of water leaking into your chimney system. This condition if left unchecked will cause premature aging and deterioration of the chimney structure for sure. Water and moisture are the biggest enemies of the structural integrity of your chimney.
What is Efflorescence?
Efflorescence forms from soluble-solutions moving through masonry material and evaporating on the other side, leaving behind the salt residue. It then becomes a white crystallized or powdery substance found on the exterior of stone, block, or brick masonry. The substance forms as a result of excess water in the structure that after crystallizing takes on a fluffy or fuzzy form and coats the exterior of the stone over time.
The efflorescence is formed when problems occur with the chimney masonry which lets in excess water to the structure. This could include chimney material cracks, a chimney that has not been properly sealed or is missing a cap or other sealant. This defect allows rain water to seep into the brick or stone walls. As water moves through the wall, it dissolves salt particles naturally present in the masonry along the way. The water will then evaporate through the outside wall and leave behind the salt residue on the surface. These salt deposits create the white residue left on the chimney surface. While the salt deposits themselves are mostly an aesthetic problem and will not cause structural damage, they are a tell tale sign of excess water present within the structure. The visible salt residue is a sure sign of water leaking into the stone structure and if left alone, can cause serious damage to the structure. While the white salt on the surface is relatively easy to remove compared to other stains, further investigation must be done to stop the water leak at the origin before substantial damage to the structure is done.
3 Conditions Needed for Efflorescence to Exist
Without each of the following conditions, efflorescence will not occur.
1. Soluble-salts present within the masonry structure
2. Enough moisture to create a soluble-solution from the salts
3. A means for the salt to travel through the structure in order to evaporate on the exterior and leave behind the resulting crystallized efflorescence
Brown, Green, or Yellow Efflorescence
The most common form of efflorescence is the white powdery residue, but it can come in brown, green or yellow as well. The color of the stains depends on the types of salt found within the structure wall. Crystalline deposits from over twenty different compounds have been found on masonry walls. Efflorescence producing salts typically come from sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron. The various colors come from different minerals. For example, molybdenum, magnesium compounds, and vanadium sometimes create a greenish colored stain. Manganese compounds can also create a brownish stain at times.
Protect Your Home from Efflorescence before it Appears
The best way to take care of efflorescence is to never get it! It is difficult to guarantee efflorescence will not later develop when building a chimney, but there are ways to lessen the chances of its occurrence. By taking away any one of the 3 conditions listed above, efflorescence will likely not take place. The most straight forward way to reduce the appearance of efflorescence is to use materials in the building process that do not contain large amounts of soluble salts, or those that contain low alkali. Proper drainage away from the structure will also serve to prevent efflorescence from occurring. Eliminating the source of the moisture will not allow the soluble-solution to form in the first place. Otherwise, brick sealants in the building process and before efflorescence has begun will prevent the deposits as well.
The Dangers Associated with Efflorescence
If you see white stains on the outside of your chimney above the roof, you can be sure this condition is flowing down into the attic as well. Adding moisture into the attic where the wood meets the brick creates mold and rot.
Efflorescence is not mold, although it is often mistaken for it. But the two household pests do have some common traits; both are caused by excess water. The wet conditions associated with efflorescence mean that the ideal climate for mold and other moisture related problems are present. Therefore, mold is commonly found along with efflorescence on the interior of the structure. Along with the removal of the white composites left behind from the efflorescence, the building where efflorescence is found should also be inspected for problem mold, allergens, and bacteria. Surfaces that contain organic material should also be closely examined. These include materials such as wood, painted surfaces, carpet, insulation and padding.
Most of the time harsh rain and winds will remove outdoor efflorescence on its own with normal weathering. And if this is not the case, or if the efflorescence is indoors, these deposits are relatively easy to wash off by hand (see the DIY guide below), but the problem will continue to reappear if the leak is not fixed at the source. The crack or missing part that let the water into the structure must be found and if there is not a place like this, the brick must be sealed so that moisture does not continue to permeate the stone.
To find the source of the excess moisture being let in, begin at the top of the chimney working your way down while looking for missing mortar, cracks, missing caps, bad flashing and anything else that looks in need of repair. If there are no obvious problems, then the excess moisture is most likely seeping in through the brick and the brick will then have to be sealed once the current efflorescence has been removed. Brick does not act like a wall against moisture, the material acts like a sponge so further protection may be necessary.
DIY Efflorescence Cleaning
When the weather outdoors does not take care of much of the unsightly white residue of the efflorescence, the underlying problem is still present and the stains will reoccur. If you have a severe case of efflorescence deposits on your hands, there are DIY instructions on several websites detailing the use of muriatic acid (very harsh chemical) diluted with water to remove the white stain coating from your chimney walls. There are also premixed solutions available for do-it-yourselfers to clean stained brick.
A chimney professional should inspect any chimney that has efflorescence to determine the extent of damage caused from the moisture that has been allowed to enter the brick and mortar. If the damage is minimal, the chimney may be able to be cleaned and then coated with a water resistant sealant to the protect the chimney. These waterproofing sealants provide an increased barrier against moisture, but are not a permanent solution especially if the condition has already damaged the brick and mortar.
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Converting VBScript's Rem Statement
Definition: Includes explanatory remarks in a program.
To add a comment to a Windows PowerShell script (or a Windows PowerShell command, for that matter) simply preface that comment with the pound sign (#); anything following the pound sign will be treated as a comment and ignored by the script processor. For example, this command calls the Get-Date Cmdlet and then tacks on a comment explaining what the Cmdlet does:
get-date # This Cmdlet retrieves the current date and time
When you execute this command you'll simply get back the current date and time; the comment will be ignored. That's also true with this command:
get-date # get-help
The Get-Date Cmdlet will be executed; the Get-Help Cmdlet will not. That's because, in this example, Get-Help is a comment, not a command.


How to block requests by referrer using .htaccess
There may be times you want to stop site visitors from clicking from a link on another site. This is called blocking the "referrer", it's also used to prevent image hot-linking.
A "referrer" is another site that is linking to yours. When a user clicks on the link on the other site, they are considered the referrer. In a basic referrer block, you block the traffic by specifying what domains (referrers) may not send you traffic.
For example, the following code will block any visitors that visit by clicking on links at, or block any pages or images included in that are from your site (iframes, images, etc).
RewriteEngine On
# Next line may be required, uncomment it if you're having trouble
# Options +FollowSymlinks
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} [NC]
RewriteRule.* - [F]
The thing about this is it does not stop someone from simply typing in your website address into their browser; it specifically stops traffic that originates from that other domain.
If you simply want to stop image hot-linking, we just block the file types, rather than all traffic. The only line to change is the RewriteRule line. You have two choices: To block the images completely, or to present an image that says that you don't allow hotlinks.
Option 1: Forbid the request
Option 2: Redirect to something else
Feel free to adapt this to your needs.
Questions, comments, or feedback? Got another method that you think is better, or am I missing something? Please feel free to share it in the comments below. Thank you!


text:
In a move that would help space scientists understand the mysteries of Mars, American Space Agency NASA has teamed up with a Brooklyn based company Honeybee Robotics to create the first ever space shotgun that will be able to blast off asteroids into small pieces. The gun is being developed as part of NASA's asteroid redirect mission (ARM).
ARM aims to chip off a massive chunk of an asteroid and shift it to the moon's orbit from where the asteroid samples can be collected with the help of a robotic spacecraft. The gun can measure the strength of the space rock and it works by dislodging chunks of asteroids out of its orbit to bring them closer to moon.
The proposed technology is still in conceptual phase while NASA plans to launch ARM in early 2020s. Honeybee Robotics terms this process as a key to sending humans to Mars.


Explore the new Oilfield Glossary
Look up terms beginning with:
1. n. [Formation Evaluation]
The device that connects the end of the logging cable or the bridle to the top of the logging tool. It contains the weak point, so that when the weak point is broken and the cable removed, the uppermost assembly left in the hole is the head. The top of the head is specially designed to ease fishing of the logging tool, and is also known as the fishing bell.
Alternate Form: fishing bell
See: logging tool
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Fruit Tree Installation and Care
Yes, you can grow organic, heirloom fruit trees in your garden in the San Francisco Bay Area! Get started with this workshop for fruit tree beginners in which you learn the basics of organic fruit tree care for apples, pears and plums. As we dive into the world of organic fruit trees and organic fruit tree care, you will learn everything you need to know to care for your tree for the first year: how to plant your tree, irrigate properly, fertilize with organic fertilizer, manage pests organically and winter prune (summer pruning is covered in a separate class).
This workshop will cover both 'pome' fruits and 'stone' fruits (apples, pears and plums) and will discuss varieties of apples, pears and plums best suited for San Francisco. While this class is intended for beginners, our instructor Matthew Sutton founder of Orchard Keepers: Ecological Tree Care will be available to answer any and all advanced-topic questions. Space is limited, register online.
- Event Phone:
- Event e-mail:
- Event URL:
- Wheelchair Accessibility:


game / 2020
Preview video
_URL_ (game demo)
_URL_ (Chinese version)
_URL_ (Japanese version)
_URL_ (Korean version)
TO CALL A HORSE A DEER is an experimental video game about language, hand-eye coordination, truth-bending and acts of complicity.
The title of the work is an inversion of "to call a deer a horse", a Chinese idiom that is used to describe the deliberate act of confusing truth with untruth. The idiom originates from a story in the Chinese classical text Shiji (The Records of Grand Historians) in which an ambitious Qin politician tried to identify adversaries and silence dissent by colluding others to confuse a deer with a horse.
This ancient tale resonates with our times in which truth-bending became an everyday political reality and tools of governance. The game, available in multiple languages, is both a mirror and a critique, a training simulator of truth-bending and its resistance.
Game rules
The player competes by answering rounds of "true or false" questions, following the instructions as given in the game.
 - The player will score 1 point by giving the CORRECT answer if he or she is instructed to LIE.
 - The player will score 1 point by giving the INCORRECT answer if he or she is instructed to TELL THE TRUTH.
 - An answer that does not conform to the given instruction will result in a deduction of 1 point.
 - The player can choose not to answer the question. In that case, no point will be added or deducted.
keywords: critical game, hand-eye coordination, truth-bending, complicity, binary game for a binary world


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The Agricultural and Livestock Sector: Engine of Growth in Colombia!
Colombia has great potential for agriculture and livestock. The main activities are focused on winner products such as cane, African oil palm, rice and cereals, beef and dairy cattle, pigs, flowers, bananas, coffee, fruits and vegetables.
In Colombia it is estimated that only 25% of total land is cultivated. There is great potential in areas such as cereals and sugarcane for energy production, and palm and forest for biodiesel production.
"Entrepreneurship, formalization of production activities in the countryside, and technological innovation, are some of the key factors – and in which the Ministry of Agriculture has his sights set on – to make this economic line a locomotive of economic development. Colombia is a country that has a very large land offer." Juan Camilo Restrepo - Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Results of exhibitor surveys in the previous version (in spanish)
Results of visitor surveys in the previous version (in spanish)


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I'm confused about the words dish and plate. Could someone please explain the difference?
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4 Answers 4
up vote 14 down vote accepted
A plate is a specific type of dish. A dish is generally something that food is eaten or served from. A plate tends to refer specifically to a flat dish that is suitable for holding food that does not have a high liquid content. The other common type of dish is a bowl. A bowl will be similar to a hollow sphere cut in half and is useful for serving soups and other foods with high liquid content which would run off of a plate.
A large plate intended for serving food may be referred to as a platter.
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_USER_ gives a good explanation of what they mean as pieces of crockery. They can also both mean — drat, I can't find a good synonym now! — let's say, menu items you might order at a restaurant:
My favourite dish at the Murray Avenue Grill is their spinach salad with candied pecans.
The Ketchery has the best seafood plate in town.
These arose in obvious metonymy from the crockery usage, but have developed specific connotations. Dish in this sense is much more general, and used (afaik) across most or all of the English-speaking world. Plate is less usual, and more associated (I think) with North American usage, and with fancier restaurant subcultures.
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Good point! I had totally forgotten about those usages. Defining words is not nearly as easy as it seems like it should be from the outside. – aaronasterling Dec 6 '10 at 21:37
DISH : 1. An open, generally shallow concave container for holding, cooking, or serving food. 2. The food served or contained in a dish: a dish of ice cream.
PLATES : 1.A plate is a specific type of dish. 2.a shallow, usually circular dish, often of earthenware or porcelain, from which food is eaten. 3.the contents of such a dish; plateful. 4.an entire course of a meal served on such a dish: I had the vegetable plate for lunch.
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Like many other words in the English language, there is a confusion from time to time about the real, or exact, meaning of terms. Here's what I think:
"Dish" is more of the generic term, as in "dish washer", "set of dishes", "main dish", etc.; however, while talking about dishes, cups are cups, saucers are saucers, bowls of any kind are always bowls, serving platters are always platters; however, in the group of dishes, there are "plates" which are noticeably larger than dishes and generally accommodate several kinds of food but are never used for serving food. One, I suppose, could call anything rather flat as a "dish" and never be wrong, which is not the case for "plate".
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protected by Clark Kent Jun 3 '12 at 9:58
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


text:
Clean Election generally refers to elections that are free of electoral fraud or deception. More specifically, clean election describes a system of taxpayer financing of political campaigns. Candidates who qualify by collecting a prescribed number of signatures and $5 contributions from registered voters in their electoral district can agree to not raise or spend any private money during the primary and general elections. Instead, a set amount of funding for the candidate's campaign is provided from the state budget. If the candidate is outspent by an opponent running a privately funded campaign, the state will provide more funding to the "clean" candidate in order to match the amount spent by the opponent, up to some multiple of the original funding.
Clean elections have been implemented in Maine and Arizona on a statewide level, as well as in Portland, Oregon on the municipal level, and elsewhere. Proponents of clean elections, including those involved in Clean Elections Rhode Island, believe that Clean Elections result in increased voter turnout, political transparency, and diversity of candidates, including fuller representation of women and minorities.


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The package "scala" has a number of classes named Product, Product1, Product2, and so on, up to Product22.
The descriptions of these classes are surely precise. For example:
Product4 is a cartesian product of 4 components
Precise, yes. Communicative? Not so much. I expect that this is the perfect wording for someone who already understands the sense of "cartesian product" being used here. For someone who doesn't, it sounds a bit circular. "Oh yes, well of course Product4 is the mumble product of 4 mumble-mumbles."
Please help me understand the correct functional-language viewpoint. What is the sense of "cartesian product" being used here? What do the Product classes' "projection" members indicate?
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4 Answers 4
up vote 13 down vote accepted
"The set of all possible pairs of elements whose components are members of two sets."
"Specifically, the Cartesian product of two sets X (for example the points on an x-axis) and Y (for example the points on a y-axis), denoted X × Y, is the set of all possible ordered pairs whose first component is a member of X and whose second component is a member of Y (e.g. the whole of the x-y plane)"
Perhaps better understanding can be gained by knowing who derives from it:
Direct Known Subclasses: Tuple4
Or by, knowing it "extends Product", know what other classes can make use of it, by virtue of extending Product itself. I won't quote that here, though, because it's rather long.
Anyway, if you have types A, B, C and D, then Product4[A,B,C,D] is a class whose instances are all possible elements of the cartesian product of A, B, C and D. Literally.
Except, of course, that Product4 is a Trait, not a class. It just provides a few useful methods for classes that are cartesian products of four different sets.
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please do talk about "Or by, knowing it "extends Product", know what other classes can make use of it, by virtue of extending Product itself. " even if it is long. People will appreciate it. – Win Myo Htet Dec 12 '11 at 20:09
_USER_ Go here, click "known subclasses", have fun. – Daniel C. Sobral Dec 12 '11 at 22:28
Everyone else has gone for the maths so I'll go for the silly answer just in case! You have a simple car which has a gearbox, a steering wheel, an accelerator and a number of passengers. These can each vary: which gear are you in, which way are you steering, is your foot "on the floor" etc. The gearbox, steering, accelerator etc are therefore variables and each has its own set of possible values.
The cartesian product of each of these sets is basically all possible states that your car can be in. So a few possible values are:
(gear, steer, accel, pssngers)
(1st, left, foot down, none)
(neutral, straight, off, the kids)
the size of the cartesian product is of course the product (multiplication) of the possibilities of each set. hence if you car has 5 gears (+ reverse + neutral), steering is left/straight/right, accelerator is on/off and up to 4 passengers, then there are 7 x 3 x 2 x 4 or 168 possible states.
This last fact is the reason that the cartesian product (named after Rene Descartes by the way) has the multiplication symbol x
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Personally I find the maths explanation a lot simpler! – oxbow_lakes Aug 19 '09 at 22:14
From this thread:
From mathematics, a Cartesian Product of two sets A, B is denoted as AxB and its elements are (a, b), where a in A and b in B.
For three sets, the elements of the (Cartesian) product are (a, b, c) and so on...
So, you have tuples of elements, and indeed you can see in the Scala library that all the tuples (like Tuple1) inherit the respective product trait (like Product1).
Think of product as the abstraction and the respective tuple a concrete representation.
The projection allows to get the instance of the 'n' class referenced by the Product.
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A cartesian product is a product of sets. Given sets A and B, A x B ("A cross B") is the set of all tuples (x, y) such that x is in A and y is in B. A cartesian product may be analogously defined on types: given types A and B, A x B is the type of tuples (x, y) where x is of type A and y is of type B.
So Product4 is the type of tuples (w, x, y, z), where w, x, y, z are components.
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March 17, 2014
Restoration project shines new light on Paonia church
Earlana Sims, who is leading the effort to restore the Paonia Fellow Christian Church's 100-year-old stained glass windows, looks at one of the windows as she recalls some of her memories of the church. Her mother first took her to a service at the church, then the First Christian Church, when she was 2 weeks old.
One of Paonia's century-old churches is gaining attention lately, both from its congregation members, and from historical preservation entities that could help protect and restore the building for the next 100 years.
Thanks largely to the efforts of Paonia Christian Fellowship member Earlana "Lana" Sims, the church was placed on the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties on Feb. 24.
Glass artist Rick Steckel of Crawford puts the finishing restoration touches on a 100-year-old stained glass window from the Paonia Fellowship Christian Church.
Currently, 27 Delta County properties and sites are on the register, including three other churches: the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Delta, the First Presbyterian Church of Eckert, and the Hotchkiss Methodist Episcopal Church.
Originally established as the First Christian Church, the building, located at the corner of Third and Box Elder, was completed in 1908 and dedicated in March of 1909. The name was changed to Paonia Christian Fellowship in 2002 following a split of the congregation.
The building is an excellent example of Romanesque-style architecture, which was primarily used in religious, civic and commercial buildings, wrote Heather Bailey, State and National Register Historian with the office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.
The church was built with sandstone quarried from near what is now Mount Jumbo. According to Sims' church history, R.J. Decker and his son, Orange, built the road to the quarry, quarried the stone, hauled it to Paonia and laid the foundation. These sandstone blocks were also used locally in the construction of several other buildings of that period. Stones for the inside walls "were quarried north of Paonia to the east of the old Converse Mine," according to the state application. "Albert Campbell and W.T. Bross hauled much of this."
"My mom brought me to this church when I was two weeks old," said Sims, who is the longest standing congregation member, but not its oldest. Her life history can be traced through the history of the church. Her father was born in 1898, the year the congregation was established, and at one time, her mother was the oldest living member. Earlana and husband Ron were married there in 1958, and their two daughters also were married there. Ron crafted the oak cross hanging above the sanctuary. "Two of my grandmothers, their funerals were here. Yeah, we have quite a history with the church," said Earlana, who also penned the church's history, from its first congregational meeting in 1898, to the building's 100th anniversary in 2008.
Kathy Steckel points to a broken piece of stained glass and demonstrates how the lead soldering is disintegrating due to 100 years of exposure to the elements and the pane's own weight. The adjacent window has already undergone restoration.
But more than 100 years of use and exposure to the elements have taken their toll on the building, leaving its foundation and other features in need of repair.
Church members recently discovered several cracks and bows in the church's many signature stained glass windows, caused by more than a century of harsh weather and temperature fluctuations (plus a few well-aimed rocks and BBs). A congregation member suggested that Sims apply for selection to the state Register of Historic Properties, which would qualify the building for state preservation funding. Those funds come from a portion of the state's gaming tax revenues. The application was timely, since after this year, all of the state's preservation funds for the next three years will be earmarked for restoration of the state Capitol.
Feeling a sense of urgency, Sims also began fundraising efforts to repair the windows. Thanks to donations by community and church members, including a generous anonymous contribution, she was able to begin having the windows restored.
Despite an extensive documented history of the church and its construction, there is no record of who made the stained glass windows. "I'd like to do a little more research," said glass artist Rick Steckel of K Dahl Glass in Crawford. Steckel and his wife, Kathy, were chosen for the restoration project. "The fact that they were able to
Each pane is first given a water bath to remove grime and prevent dust from escaping the disintegrating lead solder. Some of the pieces were so dirty that the Steckels weren't certain what colors they were until they cleaned them. Much of that grime was remnants of a time when the church was heated by a coal stove.
make curves like this and make everything fit together is pretty remarkable."
The process of making stained glass windows hasn't changed much in the last 500 or so years, explained Rick while he and Kathy were busy putting the finishing touches on one of the panes at their shop near Crawford. The biggest change has probably been in the quality of the tools, and in safety. "They didn't have a lot of the fancy grinders and things, so most of the cuts they made were by hand," he said, pointing to the flowing lines of a flower.
The Steckels have identified 57 panes in need of restoration. Most of the frames are about 28 by 30 inches, and many are part of a two-frame set, a top and bottom panel that appears as one window when installed.
The brunt of the repair work lies in replacing all of the lead solder that frames each piece.
"After 100 years it gets old and crisp, especially the outside lead," which frames the entire window and gives it strength, said Rick, crumbling a strip of solder in his fingers. "There's no way that that's going to give any support to the glass at all." It's the same with almost every window they have inspected.
Moisture gets into the joints and expands and contracts with the changes in temperature, causing the pieces to shift, Rick explained. "So the entire window is moving almost all of the time." Considering that "they're very, very solid windows. They've been there for 100 years or more, and so gradually, they're going to bow and sag and that's going to cause the pieces to crack."
People passing by the Paonia Christian Fellowship Church are likely to notice that some of the church's 100-year-old stained glass windows are missing. Rick and Kathy Steckel of K Dahl Glass in Crawford are meticulously restoring each of the panes.
The company that made the original stained glass, the Paul Wissmach Glass Manufacturers of West Virginia, is still making pressed glass and was able to match the century-old colors and patterns.
Replacing glass doesn't harm the historical integrity of the pieces, since that particular glass is still being made, said Rick. If the glass were custom-made or had original art work, then priority would be set on preserving each piece of glass.
Where possible, the broken pieces will be repaired with an epoxy and will show up only as a crack in the glass.
The Steckels began the project in December, starting with the symbolic Cross and the Crown, which was bowed and needed to be straightened, but was otherwise in good shape. That window has already been re-installed on the southwest corner of the church.
Upon arrival at K Dahl, individual pieces of glass are numbered, and a "rubbing" of the window is made. This rubbing provides a pattern for where each piece of glass belongs and how tightly each should fit and still fitting back into the original frame. They also photograph each window after it is repaired. The photo, along with the rubbing, creates an archival document, said Kathy Steckel, a 35-year veteran of glass arts.
The entire frame is then bathed in water and gently scrubbed with a soft brush to reveal the true colors of the glass. (The Cross and the Crown was so dirty, they couldn't tell what colors it was, even with sunlight shining through.) This process dampens the lead solder, making it easier and safer to work with, and loosens the original grout.
To prevent future structural damage, zinc solder will be used instead of lead in key places, since it is stronger and can add more support to the window. Where necessary, structural reinforcement bars will be added to the back sides of the windows to prevent bowing and sagging. From inside the church, the bars will appear only as shadows.
The hardest pieces of glass to replace are at the centers of the frames, "where you have to dismantle to the center to get the middle piece," said Rick, describing the process as putting together a puzzle in reverse. "It would probably be less work to build a new window, but then, of course, you have a new window instead of these, and these are great."
Once the framework is complete and broken glass replaced or repaired, the joints are thoroughly grouted. The idea, said Rick, is to produce a waterproof grout that will expand and contract. The grout they mix, "kind of a cross between a slurry and a putty," helps stabilize the entire window and keeps the water out of the joints. "If you could seal the moisture out, there would be very, very little deterioration at all," said Rick.
"The whole idea here is to make it last as long as possible," said Rick. "I feel pretty confident that when these go back in, barring BBs and rocks, they're going to last


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Switch Tester
0-100N IEC60320-1 Switch Tester Coupler Lateral Pulling Test Machine
 - Model：
Coupler Lateral Pulling Testing Apparatus
Product Information:
This device is according to the IEC60320-1, figure 19 standard requirement to design. It is used for the testing of withdrawing appliance inlet under the conditions of the connector with force, for this reason to test the mechanical strength of the connector.
Technical Parameters:
1, Flexible cable bending height: 40±2 mm, adjustable.
2, Pull range: 0-100N.
3, Pull way: Manual operation,50 times in one direction and then 50 times in the opposite direction.
4, Conductor Selection and the corresponding test lateral pulls value table
Table 7 - Values for the lateral pulls applied
Rated current of connector
Using method:
1. Select the corresponding apparatus input socket according to the required test of the connector to install and tighten.
2. Insert the connector into the input socket of the appliance, you can adjust the adjustment block properly for other special connectors.
3. With the spring balance end to lock the connector soft cable, flat on the bakelite supporting block.
4. To pull the connector to the required test force, and the position can be adjusted.
5. Normal test, after pulling 50 times, rotate connector and appliance input socket 180°, and then pull 50 times. Do not need to release spring balance end, then corresponding rotation.
After the test, whether to enter the follow-up test according to the connector is damaged or not.
1. Ensure that the terminal is clamped and pay attention to safety when testing;
2. When spring scale is not in used, it should be kept loose state;
3. Apparatus should be kept dry, dust proof, pay attention to the maintenance of the equipment after the test is completed.


text:
Every few years, we round up examples of customer experience (CX) champions (or "ambassadors") programs: programs that enable CX teams to broaden their reach by training employees or leaders in CX best practices and/or formalizing their roles in CX project implementation. This year, we cast a wide net to capture programs that placed differing focus on training, shared ownership of CX initiatives, and aligned among leadership. There were many small CX teams that forged relationships across organizations, significantly magnifying their impact on CX through these programs.
Beyond the report, some CX teams have shared with us that they once had a CX champions program that went by the wayside. Often times, this is because participants eventually lose interest or purpose. That's why the examples included in "Customize Your CX Champions Program" are thoughtful in how they continue to build participation by continuously adding new champions, more engagement, and parallel cultural activities that sustain interest.
Why are no two champions programs alike? Because no two cultures are alike, and a champions program must feel authentic to drive customer obsession in your company's culture. In customizing your program:
- Determine how you will give participants resources that enable them, such as training and access to data.
- Ensure that champions' work directly supports larger CX and business strategies, and offer recognition accordingly.
- Let the champions decide what their CX passion projects will be.
- Continue, or deepen, engagement with enthusiastic participants.


Understanding Media
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Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
Author Marshall McLuhan
Country Canada
Language English
Subject(s) Media theory
Publisher McGraw-Hill
Release date 1964
Pages 318 pp (first edition)
ISBN 81-14-67535-7
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man is a 1964 book by Marshall McLuhan. It was a pioneering study in media theory. McCluhan was a Professor of literature who was deeply interested in the way media had changed society.
The book proposes that media themselves affect their content in important ways. It is an attempt to understand how changing media have affected society. McLuhan suggests that media play a role, not by the content delivered, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.
McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as an example. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, but it is a medium that has a social effect. The light bulb lets people do things at nighttime which would be impossible in darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence".[1]
More controversially, he thought that content had little effect on society — for example, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming — the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it.[2] He made the point that reading, by its very nature, is a sequential medium. One reads it in a sequence. On the other hand, a medium like film presents information more holistically. There is a kind of "all at once-ness" about films and television.
The book is the source of the well-known phrase "The medium is the message". It was a leading indicator of the upheaval of local cultures by increasingly globalized values. The book's influence spread much further than academics, writers, and social theorists. It was widely read.[3] It became a corner-stone in media studies courses.[4][5]
References[change | change source]


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PRAIRIE CHICKEN SPRING DANCE A BIRDERS DELIGHT
April 5, 2012
From March through May, male chickens dance, fight, and call to attract mates
PRATT — Each spring, one of the most extraordinary mating rituals in all of nature occurs right here in Kansas — the courtship of the prairie grouse, more commonly known as the prairie chicken. On specific sites in otherwise indistinguishable tracts of natural prairie landscape, groups of male chickens gather at dusk and dawn in elaborate dances designed to attract females.
These areas — called leks, or booming grounds — are actually formed in fall when the order of dominance is established among the males. At this time, mature males gather in these relatively high, flat areas and attempt to establish their own small territories as close to the center of the lek as possible, where activity will be highest in spring. Although young males visit the lek, they are kept to the edges and seldom given the opportunity to establish their own territories.
While the fall activity is important and interesting, it is the spring lekking, or "booming," activity that most fascinates naturalists, both professional and amateur. Beginning in March and lasting through the end of May, male chickens display an incredible array of vocalizations and maneuvers to win the right to mate.
Avid bird watchers and novices alike are mesmerized by this site, and it's not difficult to find a place to witness it. For a list of prairie chicken viewing opportunities, visit the Natural Kansas website _URL_ or phone the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism's Emporia Office at _PHONE_ or the Pratt Operations Office at _PHONE_.
In the mating ritual, the male chicken's tail is elevated; horn-like feathers (called pinnae) on the neck are raised over the head; and the wings are lowered with the primary feathers spread. The bird stamps its feet while moving forward or in circles, and this is followed by a series of rapid tail snaps and fans. At the same time as the tail is clicked open and shut, a whoom-AH-oom sound is given as the bright orange air sacs on the neck of the greater prairie chicken (orange to plume in the lesser) are inflated for maximum exposure. The lesser prairie chicken exhibits similar behavior, but the sound is higher-pitched, and the air sacs are a reddish color.
A second major display is flutter-jumping with associated cackling calls. The male jumps several feet into the air, flies forward, and lands. In so doing, the bird advertises its presence as well as the location of the lek. Flutter-jumping is typical of the peripheral males when females are near the center of the display ground.
A female will typically fly to the edge of a lek and walk slowly toward the center. When the hen enters a male's territory, the male's behavior changes greatly. Lekking is performed with high frequency and extreme posturing. The male will display in circles around the female, showing all aspects of its plumage. At the peak of this performance, the dancer often spreads his wings and lays his head flat to the ground, as if bowing to the hen. If suitably impressed, the hen will stoop low to the ground, signaling that she is ready to mate.
Occasionally, fights break out among competing males. This is mostly ritual, as well, involving short jumps; striking with feet, beak, and wings; and face-offs in which the competitors whine and attempt to stare each other down. Injuries do occur but are seldom serious.
With its large, colorful air sacs, horn-like pinnae, and feathers growing all the way to its feet, the prairie chicken is one of the most beautiful birds in Kansas. And its mating ritual makes it one of the most fascinating birds to watch. Kansans are lucky to have the largest population of prairie chickens in the world, so viewing opportunities are good.
Two species of prairie chicken can be found in Kansas. The greater prairie chicken, the most populous, can be found throughout portions of northcentral and eastern Kansas, especially in the Flint Hills region. The lesser prairie chicken, which is slightly smaller and has reddish-orange air-sacs, can be found in pockets of native sandsage and shortgrass prairie in western Kansas. The lesser prairie chicken male produces a higher-pitched, bubbly sound, or "gobble," leading to the term "gobbling grounds" for their leks. On a quiet spring morning, the sounds of both species can carry as far as 2 miles across the open prairie.


text:
Progress of AccessSTEM - Phase II
Progress from 10/1/08 to 4/30/11
The Northwest Alliance for Students with Disabilities in STEM—Phase II (AccessSTEM) is the second of two Alliances funded by the Research in Disabilities Education program of the National Science Foundation and directed by the DO-IT Center at the University of Washington (UW). The first award (_TAG_-_PHONE_) was much larger in region (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) and funding level. The new Alliance (_TAG_-_PHONE_), which continues to be called AccessSTEM, focuses on the local area around the UW.
The following report summarizes project progress half way through the projected five-year current AccessSTEM project. It shares the goal and impact, organizational structure, and progress in reaching the four project objectives.
Goal and Impact
All project activities support the goal of increasing the postsecondary degree attainment of individuals with disabilities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The ultimate impact is to make STEM opportunities available to more citizens and enhance STEM fields with the talents and perspectives of people with disabilities.
The project PI and director is Sheryl Burgstahler. The project manager is Scott Bellman. Project partners are the UW, Seattle Central Community College (SCCC), Bellevue College (BC), and Seattle Public Schools. The AccessSTEM logic model and specific partner logic models provide a summary of project Inputs/Context, Goal/Objectives, Activities, and Results for AccessSTEM.
Evidence-based practices employed in AccessSTEM are determined by results of a literature review, outcomes of prior projects hosted by DO-IT, suggestions from practitioners, and input from students with disabilities. Further refinements come from input from staff (Partner Work Group) and student leaders (A-Team) from partner schools, and results from Capacity Building Institutes. The organizational structure for AccessSTEM is as follows:
Objectives 1 and 2
- Implement changes within partner postsecondary institutions–UW, BC, and SCCC–to make STEM programs more welcoming and accessible to students with disabilities (e.g., more accessible websites and science labs, STEM publications that encourage the participation of students with disabilities).
- Create and expand engagement of stakeholders (STEM educators, disability services, veteran associations, projects that broaden participation in STEM, and industry and career services) to foster STEM education and careers that are welcoming and accessible to people with disabilities. Progress in reaching Objectives 1 and 2.
- Implement evidence-based practices (e.g., mentoring, peer support, internships) to increase numbers of individuals with disabilities moving through critical junctures to STEM associate, baccalaureate, and graduate degrees and careers. Progress in reaching Objective 3.
- Support and expand an online resource center that shares research and promising practices worldwide. Progress in reaching Objective 4.


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East of the Eastern Ocean lie
The shores of the Land of Fusang.
If, after landing there, you travel
East for 10,000 li
You will come to another ocean, blue,
Vast, huge, boundless.
This ancient poem, written by a 3rd century Chinese poet, describes a place that is often referred to in Chinese folklore as the "Birthplace of the Sun". It was a place well known in ancient China. It appears frequently in poetry and around the 2nd century BC, one Han emperor is said to have sent an expedition to colonize this land. Where was the legendary land of Fusang? Eighteenth century mapmakers placed it in North America, usually near what is today Washington or Vancouver. These cartographers, most notably De L'Isle and Zatta, mapped Fusang based on a popular essay written by the French orientalist historian Josepth de Guignes in his 1761 article "Le Fou-Sang des Chinois est-il l'Amérique? " De Guignes was a dubious historian at best, but with this he may have been on to something. Fusang is most fully described on by the 6th century itinerant monk Hui Shen.
Hui Shen is said to have been a mendicant Gondaran monk and to have appeared in the court of the Emperor Wu Ti at Jingzhou in Southern Qi in 499 AD. His adventures, which are described by Yao Sialian in the 7th century Book of Liang, describes his voyage in both known and unknown lands. Starting around 455 AD, he traveled to the coast of China, to Japan, Korea, to the Kamchatka Peninsula, then to Fusang. Fusang, he reports is some 20,000 Chinese Li (about 9,000 km) east of Kamchatka. This would place it somewhere around what is today British Columbia, roughly where Zatta and De L'Isle map the colony of Fusang.
While it is a subject of ferocious debate, numerous scholars and historians have embraced the idea that the Chinese not only visited the New World but maintained regular contact with it. We have long known that, given the advanced stated of shipbuilding and navigation in ancient China, the Chinese were capable of launching expeditions across the Pacific. The real question is, did they? The story of Hui Shen is one of the few actual documents that describe such an voyage. Hui Shen's tale, which offers anthropological and geographic commentary consistent with Pacific Coast of America, describes Fusang in considerable detail. Over the past 200 years numerous scholars, both eastern and western, have broken down the Hui Shen text. Some have declared it a fabrication, but most have embraced the idea that the Chinese did in fact not only visit America, but maintained a minor but active back and forth communication.
Though many scholars agree that the Fusang tale does have some element of truth, few agree on where it may have been. Some point to Peru (Hui Shen describes the leader of Fusang as the "Inki"), others to Mexico (Fusang = Maguey), and still others to British Columbia (most likely arrival point sailing east from Kamchatka with the easterly North Pacific Current). The name Fusang itself is derived from Chinese mythology where it is a land or tree in the east from which the Sun is born. This kind of plant, or something similar, is described as common in the Land of Fusang. Fusang is billed as a kind of all purpose plant which can be eaten, made into clothing and made into paper, etc. There is considerable debate as to what Fusang may have been, with some identifying it with the Maguay of Mexico, others with various types of Cactus, and still others ancient varieties of corn (which were common along the Pacific Coast of North America).
There is some, but not significant, historical evidence to support the idea that the Chinese were active in Ancient America. Ancient Chinese coins, ship anchors (James R. Moriarty of the University of San Diego), and other relics have been discovered along the American coast – some dating back as much as 2,000 years! Also, Hui Shen's descriptions do correspond somewhat with what we know of the New World around 450 AD. It is far too much for this short blog post to breakdown the details of Hui Shen's narrative, especially when it has been done so well and so well by others, however, our list of references below can offer significant further reading.
San Francisco Chronicle, November 25, 1979.
Guignes, Jospeh, de, "Le Fou-Sang des Chinois est-il l'Amérique?", Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, tome 28, Paris, 1761
Mertz, Henriette, Columbus Was Last, Hyperion 1992.
Wei Chu-Hsien, China and America -Volume One, Shuo Wen Shu Dian Bookstore, 1982.