text: In accordance with part 91 the owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition, including compliance with AD's. The owners and operators are responsibility for complying with airworthiness directives (AD) and recording AD compliance in the appropriate maintenance records. However, during aircraft inspections FAA Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) mechanic share a dual responsible in complying with ADs if the product is manufactured to FAA rules under part 21. The FAA issues AD's when an unsafe condition is found to exist in a product (aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance) of a particular type design. AD's are used by the FAA to notify aircraft owners and operators of unsafe conditions and to require their correction. AD's prescribe the conditions and limitations, including inspection, repair, or alteration under which the product may continue to be operated. AD's may be issued which apply to aircraft engines, propellers, or appliances installed on multiple makes or models of aircraft. When the product can be identified as being installed on a specific make or model aircraft, the AD is distributed by first class mail to the registered owners of those aircraft. APPLICABILITY OF AD's Each AD contains an applicability statement specifying the product (aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance) to which it applies. Some aircraft owners and operators mistakenly assume that AD's do not apply to aircraft with other than standard airworthiness certificates, i.e., special airworthiness certificates in the restricted, limited, or experimental category. Unless specifically stated, AD's apply to the make and model set forth in the applicability statement regardless of the classification or category of the airworthiness certificate issued for the aircraft. Type certificate and airworthiness certification information are used to identify the product affected. Limitations may be placed on applicability by specifying the serial number or number series to which the AD is applicable. When there is no reference to serial numbers, all serial numbers are affected. EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT As stated above the AD will apply regardless of the classification or category of the airworthiness certificate issued for the aircraft. What this means is if you own an experimental aircraft that has a product installed which an AD applies you MUST comply with the AD. Some owner are misinformed that by taking the data plate off an engine or propeller will do away with the AD, but it will not. This is where the experimental limitations which are part of the experimental airworthiness certificate play into how the aircraft is maintained. Do NOT assume ADs to not apply because you are it is an experimental aircraft they do apply. Every AD applies to each product identified in the applicability statement, regardless of whether it has been modified, altered, or repaired in the area subject to the requirements of the AD. For products that have been modified, altered, or repaired so that performance of the requirements of the AD is affected, the owner/operator must use the authority provided in the alternative methods of compliance provision of the AD to request approval from the FAA. This approval may address either no action, if the current configuration eliminates the unsafe condition; or, different actions necessary to address the unsafe condition described in the AD. In no case, does the presence of any alteration, modification, or repair remove any product from the applicability of this AD. Performance of the requirements of the AD is "affected" if an operator is unable to perform those requirements in the manner described in the AD. In short, either the requirements of the AD can be performed as specified in the AD and the specified results can be achieved, or they cannot. The belief that AD compliance is only required at the time of a required inspection, e.g., at a 100-hour or annual inspection is not correct. The required compliance time is specified in each AD, and no person may operate the affected product after expiration of that stated compliance time. NOTE: When a direct relationship between airworthiness and calendar time is identified, compliance time may be expressed as a calendar date. For example, if the compliance time is specified as "within 12 months after the effective date of this AD...." with an effective date of July 15, 1995, the deadline for compliance is July 15, 1996. This is a part 91.417 rule. MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL The person accomplishing the AD is required by part 43 section § 43.9 to record AD compliance. The entry must include those items specified in § 43.9 (a) (1) through (a) (4). The owner or operator is required by § 91.405 to ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries and, by § 91.417, to maintain those records. Owners and operators should note that there is a difference between the records required to be kept by the owner under § 91.417 and those § 43.9 requires maintenance personnel to make. In either case, the owner or operator is responsible for maintaining proper records. REGISTERED OWNER OR OPERATOR of an aircraft is responsible for compliance with AD's applicable to the airframe, engine, propeller, appliances, and parts and components thereof for all aircraft it owns or operates. MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL are responsible for determining that all applicable airworthiness requirements are met when they accomplish an inspection in accordance with part 43 even on experimental aircraft.


text: Free-space optical communication is a promising solution to the "last mile" bottleneck of data networks. Conventional near infrared-based free-space optical communication systems suffer from atmospheric scattering losses and scintillation effects which limit the performance of the data links. Using mid-infrared, we reduce the scattering and thus can improve the quality of the data links and increase their range. Because of the low scattering, the data link cannot be intercepted without a complete or partial loss in power detected by the receiver. This type of communications provides ultra-high bandwidth and highly secure data transfer for both short and medium range data links. Quantum cascade lasers are one of the most promising sources for mid-wavelength infrared sources and Type-II superlattice photodetectors are strong candidates for detection in this regime. The same way that that low scattering makes mid-wavelength infrared ideal for secure free space communications, high scattering can be used for secure short-range free-space optical communications. In the solar-blind ultraviolet (< 280 nm) light is strongly scattered and absorbed. This scattering makes possible non-line-of-sight free-space optical communications. The scattering and absorption also prevent remote eavesdropping. III-Nitride based LEDs and photodetectors are ideal for non-line-of-sight free-space optical communication.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


\documentclass{ppex} \nonstopmode \usepackage {crosswrd} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \ResetPreambleCommands \ReadyForTheFray \usepackage {crosswrd} \begin{crossword*}{12}{Solution} % This is a crossword puzzle prepared for crosswrd.sty \clue{2}{A}{3}{1}{TNSEP}{Gap between tree node labels and the node in \textsf{PSTricks}}{5}% \clue{4}{A}{9}{1}{CLIP}{Modern replacement for scissors and glue}{4}% \clue{6}{A}{1}{2}{OMEGA}{A Unicode \TeX{} variant}{5}% \clue{7}{A}{7}{2}{ALL}{\ldots{} you always wanted to know but never dared to ask}{3}% \clue{8}{A}{11}{2}{BB}{A graphics key that needs four numbers}{2}% \clue{10}{A}{2}{4}{BEMBO}{Called \texttt{bb} in Karl Berry's font-naming schemes}{5}% \clue{12}{A}{8}{4}{PSNUP}{A way to make your pages into thumbnails}{5}% \clue{15}{A}{6}{5}{RAISE}{You can do it to a box but it isn't proper \LaTeX{}}{5}% \clue{19}{A}{10}{6}{WP}{In \LaTeX{} denotes \(\wp\); in other circumstances might mean a word processor}{2}% \clue{20}{A}{3}{7}{DVI}{Result of a \TeX{} run}{3}% \clue{21}{A}{7}{7}{GRAP}{A language whose name should probably have five letters, but then it was developed for Unix}{4}% \clue{24}{A}{6}{8}{ALPHA}{It's not Intel}{5}% \clue{25}{A}{1}{9}{FRE}{A pointer misspelled}{3}% \clue{27}{A}{5}{9}{PREC}{Testing your \LaTeX{} knowledge: \(\prec\)}{4}% \clue{28}{A}{10}{9}{TIN}{Label for a signal line}{3}% \clue{29}{A}{3}{10}{THEM}{Another name for the \LaTeX3 project team on c.t.t.}{4}% \clue{30}{A}{9}{10}{SH}{One way to get a sharp in \textsf{MusiX\TeX}}{2}% \clue{31}{A}{1}{11}{DIAGRAM}{A figure or plan intended to explain rather than represent actual appearance}{7}% \clue{33}{A}{11}{11}{PT}{72.27 to an inch}{2}% \clue{34}{A}{8}{12}{KNUTH}{see 1d}{5}% \clue{1 \& a34}{D}{1}{1}{DON}{Grand wizard of \TeX{}}{3,5}% \clue{2}{D}{3}{1}{TETEX}{A ready-to-run \TeX{} for Unix}{5}% \clue{3}{D}{7}{1}{PAR}{A novice golfer's dream}{3}% \clue{4}{D}{9}{1}{CLASS}{\LaTeXe{} name for document style}{5}% \clue{5}{D}{11}{1}{IBBU}{Double beam above notes in \textsf{MusiX\TeX}}{4}% \clue{9}{D}{6}{3}{LOR}{Either or --- mathematically speaking}{3}% \clue{10}{D}{2}{4}{BIT}{German beer}{3}% \clue{11}{D}{4}{4}{MSAVE}{Save your coordinates (\textsf{PSTricks})}{5}% \clue{12}{D}{8}{4}{PI}{Approximation of \TeX{}'s version number}{2}% \clue{13}{D}{10}{4}{NEWPATH}{A PostScript operator}{7}% \clue{14}{D}{12}{4}{PR}{Probability function}{2}% \clue{16}{D}{7}{5}{ANGLE}{A divine messenger misspelled}{5}% \clue{17}{D}{1}{6}{AA}{How do you get an \AA?}{2}% \clue{18}{D}{5}{6}{XI}{\(\xi\)}{2}% \clue{22}{D}{12}{7}{LENGTH}{\LaTeX{} has rigid and rubber ones}{6}% \clue{23}{D}{2}{8}{AR}{Amor uses them and \XYPIC{} calls them}{2}% \clue{24}{D}{6}{8}{ARMA}{Length of the line segment where the connector joins the first node}{4}% \clue{25}{D}{1}{9}{FDD}{Files containing \LaTeX{} font-definition documentation}{3}% \clue{26}{D}{3}{9}{ETA}{\(\eta\) --- don't say this is all Greek to you}{3}% \clue{27}{D}{5}{9}{PERP}{\(\perp\), also the first letters of everlasting}{4}% \clue{30}{D}{9}{10}{SIN}{We plot it in Chapter 4}{3}% \clue{32}{D}{2}{11}{IN}{\TeX{}'s name for inch}{2}% \clue{33}{D}{11}{11}{PT}{Lula is chief of}{2}% \end{crossword*} \end{document}


Sodwana Record:
Current world all tackle record: 18 lbs. 4 ounces
Bonito - Sarda Orientalis
Occurs in tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Argentina to Nova Scotia and from South Africa to Norway. It is apparently rare in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and is common in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is replaced in the Pacific by other Sarda species. The Atlantic bonito is often confused with the skipjack or with other Atlantic Scombroid species. The bonitos have stripes on the back, not the belly. The first dorsal fin has 20 23 spines. The second dorsal fin consists of 13 18 rays followed by 7 10 finlets. The anal fin consists of 14 17 rays followed by 6 8 finlets. The caudal peduncle has a lateral keel on either side. As with all Scombroid fishes, there are also two smaller keels farther back, above and below the main keel. The Sarda species have no teeth on the tongue and no swim bladder. Also, the intestine is straight, rather than folded in the middle. There is a total of 16 23 gill rakers on the first gill arch. The back is steel blue or blue green. The lower flanks and belly are silvery.
source: _URL_


text:
Some texts are currently available in German only. We apologize for any inconvenience.
Fri 27 July 2007 - Sun 25 May 2008
Ever since their invention in the 3rd century BC, images carved as raised reliefs from precious stones - called cameos - have been regarded as an epitome of luxury. A cameo was worn as jewellery or displayed in a large metal frame. Where these masterly gems showed pictures of mythical gods and heroes, they often represented encoded messages of claims of superiority and mythical legitimations of power. For this reason, many cameos have survived ancient times, were never buried, were frequently re-worked and re-used.
This is the first exhibition in which the Berlin Collection of Classical Antiquities presents a selection of its cameos - lustrous masterpieces from the period of antiquity to the 19th century otherwise safeguarded in a strongbox. The Art Institute in Chicago has generously lent two previously missing state cameos of Roman emperors. The gemcutter Gerhard Schmidt provides copies of the three largest and most famous cameos of antiquity; the making of these copies is documented in a film available on DVD.


More complex animations
The GK Image Show style allows you to combine the available animations.
To achieve this effect you have to use the following syntax in the title/text:
In the above example we have used the following settings
Slide 1
Color: #7484ff
Title: First slide
Text: [anim-slide_right scale]You can combine few animations into one effect
Slide 2
Color: #68b5ff
Title: Second slide
Text: [anim-rotate_x_center slide_vertical] Example with slide and rotation


text:
Department of Physics
Organic soluble indigoids derived from 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde for N-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications
Two new series of organic soluble indigoids 7-7′-dialkoxyindigoids (2a, 2b) and 4,4′-dibromo-7,7′-dialkoxyindigoids (3a, 3b) (alkoxy = n-butoxy and n-octyloxy) were synthesized starting from the inexpensive 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The indigoids were soluble in common organic solvents including chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, ethyl acetate and ethers. The enhanced solubility was suggested to be a lack of intermolecular hydrogen-bonds as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. It was found that intramolecular hydrogen-bonds in indigoids are crucial to the exhibition of field-effect in OFETs, while intermolecular hydrogen-bonds only caused insolubility of the indigoids. Compared to the pristine insoluble indigo (LUMO = −3.55 eV and Eg = 1.91 eV), the soluble indigoids containing electron donating alkoxy side chains at the indigoid 7 and 7′ positions were shown to have their LUMO decreased by −0.13 to −0.26 eV. Among the indigoid studied, the soluble indigoid 3a containing electron donating alkoxy side chains at the indigoid 7 and 7′ positions and bromine groups at the indigoid 4 and 4′ positions exihibited a narrowest bandgap energy with Eg = 1.66 eV. Employing the same fabrication technique and a bottom-gate-top-contact OFET configuration, the soluble indigoids were found to have electron mobility similar to and within an order of magnitude of the pristine indigo.
OFET, Baeyer Drewson indigo synthesis, 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, Organic semiconductors, Organic soluble indigoids
Source Publication Title
Link to Publisher's Edition
Ngai, Jenner H. L., Man Lay Louis Leung, Shu Kong So, and Harrison K. H. Lee. "Organic soluble indigoids derived from 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde for N-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) applications." Organic Electronics 32 (2016): 258-266.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
What is backend processing?
Backend processing is so common you're probably unaware it has a name.
A common example of backend processing is the take-out restaurant. The
clerk taking your order is not the person filling that order.
The clerk passes the order to a kitchen manager.
The kitchen manager separates the order into
its component parts (meat, potatoes, vegetable) and places each
component request into a queue for processing by a separate cook.
As each cook finishes a dish, the cook places the
dish into a sack and then fetches the next request from the queue.
When the order is complete, the kitchen manager
passes the sack to the clerk who gives it to you.
The benefits are:
- Efficiency -- The order is filled in parallel. All
components are cooked simultaneously.
- Scalability -- During heavy loads, the kitchen manager can
easily add more cooks exactly where they are needed.
- Simplicity -- Each cook only needs to understand one type
of dish. A veggie cook doesn't need training in meat.
Front-end processing is the way most software operates.
- The clerk (GUI or command line parser) cooks (single threads) one
component at a time (linear programming.)
- When the first component finishes cooking (computing), the second
- The next order may not start until all components of the prior order
The disadvantages are:
- Inefficient -- The order is filled linearly. Nothing can
move until the component ahead completes.
- Expensive -- The only way to process more orders is to hire
and extensively train more clerks. (Often called "throwing hardware at
- Complex -- Each clerk must know all aspects of the system
(human interface, accounting, all component cooking skills, etc.)
Some developers try backend processing without the kitchen manager.
They create threads (cooks) with no central management. They soon discover
- They are overwhelmed with threads
- The thread create/destroy overhead degrades processing
- Abnormally terminating threads have no recovery
- Common storage cannot be shared among threads
- Some functions need timing while others need autonomous processing
- The list goes on and on.
Backend software development with Tymeac™
is like the well run restaurant.
Tymeac™ is the kitchen
manager. The cooks are separate, single purpose threads. Your applications
are efficient, scalable and simple.


Figuring Out Companies
How to Safeguard Your Construction Company from Lawsuits
The first idea to adopt is drafting, negotiating, and reviewing contracts. As a construction company you will have to enter into contracts with other parties of which in most cases are usually responsible for the lawsuits. Hence, you should always ensure that you only engage with parties after signing a contract that is acceptable to all. Also, if a party offers a contract, you should ensure that you go through before signing. From now, you should always ensure that the clauses that are in the contracts such as cost, payment terms, and completion time are fair.
The next tip for protecting your company from getting sued is resolving the employment and labor issues. You should avoid being sued by your workers by ensuring that you comply with the labor laws as enacted by the government. You should ensure that the amount of money you pay the workers are in line with the wage laws. It is also necessary to prepare a collective bargaining agreement.
The next idea to adopt is collecting your debts through the correct channels. You should ensure that you source for payments for the services rendered using the acceptable debt collection techniques. The other means to adopt is refraining from the litigations which are expensive and time-consuming. If you hire a risk manager, you will not have to worry about the stress that comes with litigation. The risk manager will play the role of making critical decisions, evaluating the risks that are involved, and understanding the insurance terms.
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text: The database is organized in two section: labeled and unlabeled graphs. Both labeled and unlabeled graphs have been randomly generated according to six different generation models, each involving different possible parameter settings. As a result, 168 diverse kinds of graphs are contained in the database. Each type of unlabeled graph is represented by thousands of pairs of graphs for which an isomorphism or a graph-subgraph isomorphism relation holds, for a total of 143,600 graphs. Furthermore, each type of labeled graph is represented by thousands of pairs of graphs holding a not trivial common subgraph, for a total of 166,000 graphs.


Example sentences for: jennerated
How can you use "jennerated" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - Why can't they be Jennerated (ah, that devilish imp, Paronomasia, intrudes again).
Search for example sentences
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text:
Ball Python Morphs
This is just a short introduction into the history of ball python morphs and morph
game in general. Over time I plan to add more and more information into this category as far as
breeding information goes and really try to break things down into great detail, but for now this is
just a basic intro into the history of the ball python morph game. I specifically left out a lot of detail
regarding individual breeders and such.
First you may be wondering what exactly is a
python morph? Well, allow me to attempt to answer
that question without getting too technical. The
word "morph" is more or less a slang term that
originated from the biology term polymorphism.
Legitimate polymorphism is the occurrence of a
mutated gene(s) that are responsible for creating different phenotypes through color and even
patterns in a particular species that differentiate it from the normal wild type animal. Putting is as
simply as possible, all morphs are basically genetic mutants. Science is still not 100% sure
why genes mutate but we can make an educated guess that it related to adaptability and survival.
These genetic mutants are extremely rare in the wild because most of the time their phenotype like
albino for example puts the animal at a huge disadvantage due to the inability to camouflage properly
and seek out prey. With that, most reptile morphs don't survive long in the wild. Keeping all of
this in mind, you can easy see how a ball python that's different and extremely rare can quickly
generate interest to private keepers and breeders. That's pretty much where the whole ball python
morph craze started with a single albino that was caught in Africa and sold to an American breeder
who bred the animal and introduced it to the reptile market.
Ball python breeders took notice of the these cool little albinos and how much interest they were
generating within the hobby and the ball python morph fever started to take hold. Other morphs like
the pastel jungle and ghost ball python came onto the scene and all of a sudden ball pythons went
from a not so interesting and possibly even boring animal, to all the rave. With the explosion of
interest the prices were also exploding, base
morphs were being sold hand over fist for 25k and
up. Early ball python investors/breeders where
making hundreds of thousands of dollars. People
were quitting their jobs and getting 2nd mortgages
on their houses to pursue the ball python craze.
What started with just a couple morphs being
imported into the United States quickly turned into
several different color and pattern mutations that are inherited in a variety of different ways. Today
we have anywhere from 50-100 different genetic ball python morphs on the market.
Well, as many of you know most bubbles end up popping at some point and that popping point
started in 2005 and continued with ball python morph prices falling year after year until late 2009
when the market began to stabilize. That stabilization was most likely caused by the huge increase in
new breeders into the hobby buying and selling on a huge scale. Fast forward to 2012 and we have a
very stable ball python market that appears to be doing very well despite the current state of the
There you have it, a quick over view of the last 10-12 years and how they evolved into the current
state we're at today.


How to Keep Your Mop Sanitary
Wet mop cleaning wooden floor
The Spruce / Ulyana Verbytska
Mops are great tools for keeping floors clean. Foot traffic can lead to dirt and germs in your house. Even if you sweep or vacuum regularly, mopping is the best way to clean hard floors. A common concern about mopping is its effectiveness. A dirty mop will just move the filth around the house and not clean the floors. However, a clean mop and good mopping technique will effectively remove grime and germs from the floor.
 - Once mildew has begun to grow, the mop is no longer effective as a cleaning tool. Mopping with a mildew-ridden mop will just spread bacteria and odor around your house.
How to Keep a Mop Clean
With a few easy steps, you can keep your mop sanitary so that it successfully cleans your floors.
 - Rinse the mop thoroughly after each use. When you are finished mopping, rinse any cleaning solution and dirt from the mop in a sink until the mop is completely clean. Traces of dirt will spread grime during the next use, and leftover soap residue can damage your mop.
 - Wash your mop. If your mop is machine washable, use the washing machine to clean it. Follow the cleaning directions on the mop. A gentle cycle at the hottest temperature is usually recommended. If the mop head is not machine washable, create a mixture of half water, half bleach in a clean bucket (enough to cover the mop head), and soak the mop head for 15 minutes. Rinse the mixture from the mop until the water runs completely clear.
 - Allow the mop to completely dry. To prevent bacteria growth make sure the mophead is dry before storing it away. To do this, start by wringing the mop out as much as you can. Then place the mop head outside on a clothesline; sunshine will naturally kill bacteria and mold. If that's not possible, stand the mop upright in a bathtub or other well ventilated and dry area. The goal is to avoid mildew and bacteria growth.
 - Store the mop properly. A cool, dry place is a perfect storage location. Try hanging it so the mop head avoids brushing against the floor. If you've allowed the mop to dry thoroughly, the mop should be fine for the next use.
 - Replace the mop head when needed. Prevent your mop from becoming a cleaning hazard by replacing the mop head. Aim for a replacement every two to three months or sooner if it looks very dirty. Your floors are only as clean as your mop head; a soiled and worn mop will not be effective.
Yellow mop being soaked in water and bleach
The Spruce / Ulyana Verbytska
Mopping Tips
To keep your house clean, you may want to consider mopping with two buckets. Keep plain water for rinsing in one bucket and detergent in the other bucket. Start with the detergent bucket, mop the floor, and then dip the dirty mop into the rinsing bucket. Squeeze out the water and continue alternating buckets until the floor is done. If either water bucket becomes too soiled, replace it with fresh water and cleaning solution. Try mopping the bathroom last, or even using a separate mop for just the bathroom. These rooms are full of germs and can lead to cross-contamination if a dirty mop gets used around the house.
Finally, although traditional mops are very absorbent and have good scrubbing capacity, you could consider a more hygienic flat mop as a potential alternative.


How do we prepare potassium cyanide from potassium ferrocyanide?
It is something which I am curious about, but cannot find the answer. I am studying inorganic chemistry but this reaction cannot be found.
Until about 1900, potassium cyanide was produced by melting dry potassium carbonate with dry potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II): $$\ce{K4[Fe(CN)6] + K2CO3 -> 6KCN + FeO + CO2}$$ However, the product contains potassium cyanate, which is approximately formed as follows: $$\ce{K4[Fe(CN)6] + K2CO3 -> 5KCN + KOCN + Fe + CO2}$$
In a small scale, dry potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II) is melted in a covered porcelain crucible. It is heated as long as nitrogen escapes. $$\ce{K4[Fe(CN)6] -> 4KCN + N2 +FeC2}$$ The iron carbide sinks to the bottom and the molten potassium cyanide can be poured off.
In addition to Loong's excellent answer, I'm going to shed some light on the last process i.e. the decomposition reaction of potassium ferrocyanide.
Actual reaction is this:
$$\ce{3K4[Fe(CN)6] ->[\Delta]12KCN + Fe3C + 5C + 3N2}$$
The thermal decomposition of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) to produce potassium cyanide, iron carbide, carbon and nitrogen. This reaction takes place at a temperature near 650°C.(source)
As always nitrogen gas escapes, iron carbide and carbon sinks to the bottom and the molten potassium cyanide can be poured off.
Your Answer


text:
Dry screw vacuum pump operation within the pump chamber completely has no oil or water, because it is direct gas circuit design, can dry screw vacuum pump out the processing of condensable vapor and gas containing small particles without residual gas in the pump. Because the pump cavity there is no contact between metal and metal, the wear is greatly reduced. Dry screw pump is water cooling system, air system to provide choice.
Is equal pitch design, such as dry screw vacuum pump can began under atmospheric pressure suction to pressure at full speed to 1 Torr (1.3 mbara), limiting vacuum of 0.05 Torr (0.08 mbara) in the process of running without oil or water, the pump cavity without some contact, simple, strong design work can handle a by-product of the liquid, condensate, even small particles, dispirited channel can make the pump discharge rapidly, direct drive or V belt by long rotor, quiet operation, less than 85 decibels. Dry screw vacuum pump chamber completely oil-free water, straight air design, dry screw vacuum pump can handle the gas containing condensable vapor and containing small particles without remaining in the pump gas.
Dry screw vacuum pump five types of combination
I. combined type (logi + jaw)
Combined (luo times + claw) screw vacuum pump, with roots to develop the vacuum thermal efficiency under lower water pressure, with claws to develop the vacuum thermal efficiency under higher water pressure
The basic concept of it is the same as that of the circular lobe type. Some also change the final stage of the screw vacuum pump to a star stroke, so that the steam can be divided into five parts during the rotation of the entire circle, just as the three-lobe stroke can be divided into three parts
Two, internal tightening screw type
The continuous reduction of the capacity between the screw leads to the tightening of the screw vacuum pump. In many processes, this type of internal tightening, like a multistage centrifugal pump, simply causes the physical transformation of the vapor in the screw vacuum pump resulting in dry solids or vaporization
Three, double circular lobe type
The two-lobed multistage reclassification makes the steam loop equal to chaos, and each stage requires a large amount of hydrogen to have the effect of water mixing and isolation. In order to reach a good vacuum, there are very strict rules on the clearance. This classification increases the internal tightening ratio and makes the screw vacuum pump lower power consumption
Four or three circular lobes
The mechanism of three circular lobes classification is the same as that of the method described. The steam is divided into three parts only when rotating the whole circle, but not into two parts as in the double circular lobes classification. In order to further reduce the power consumption, some will use two dc motors in the gearbox, but this will also reduce the torque and potential for restart
Five, external tightening screw type
Two equal – distance screw rods are used in the drawing of external tension screw. This makes the screw vacuum pump internal tightening reduction, so that the steam loop is simple. In that way, the vapor body in the screw vacuum pump body retention time is short. This classification is very reliable in the chaotic process of photoelectric devices


text:
Empowering People Through Education
Our Logo describes about the significance of the education for the empowerment of students and Women. The pencil symbol in the logo indicates the sharpening of the skills of the students, through our skill development programs, and the background Blue color that symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven. The leaf symbol represents the growth and empowerment of the students and women, and the background orange color that represents joy, tropics, enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, strength, endurance and stimulation. Also produces an invigorating effect and stimulates mental activity.
The Green leaf symbolizes the Green Learning program and the background Green color symbolizes growth, harmony, hope, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety and great healing power. The Child symbol represents the child education program, for improving the knowledge of the children, and the background red color represents energy, passion and action.


How do you pronounce the surname Hough?
Pronunciation: Hock. Hough is derived from the medieval Irish (Munster) name (Eachach) for horseman. Old irish for "horse" was spelled "each", and was pronounced "ock".
What Hough means?
Definition of hough (Entry 2 of 2) now chiefly Scottish. : hamstring thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots — Joshua 11:6 (Authorized Version)
How do you pronounce ham Hough?
How is Chiara pronounced?
Pronounce Names
Submitted from:NJ, NJ, USA
Pronunciation:KeyAIR- ah Chiar- a
Type of Name:First Name


UX Recorder: Screen capturing software for iOS. Learn more.
Glossary » locus of attention
locus of attention
or focus of attention; the single source or location of sensory input that a person attends to at a given time, such as the point in space that they're looking at and able to devote mental resources to interpreting. In some cases, expertise can reduce the need for attentional resources, leading to the effect of being able to attend to multiple sources.


text:
Oceans of Wine. Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste
This innovative book examines how, between 1640 and 1815, the Portuguese Madeira wine trade shaped the Atlantic world and American society. David Hancock painstakingly reconstructs the lives of producers, distributors, and consumers, as well as the economic and social structures created by globalizing commerce, to reveal an intricate interplay between individuals and market forces. Wine lovers and Madeira enthusiasts will enjoy Oceans of Wine, as will historians interested in food, colonial trade, and the history of the Atlantic region.
Using voluminous archives pertaining to wine, many of them previously unexamined, Hancock offers a dramatic new perspective on the economic and social development of the Atlantic world by challenging traditional interpretations that have identified states and empires as the driving force behind trade. He demonstrates convincingly just how decentralized the early modern commercial system was, as well as how self-organized, a system that emerged from the actions of market participants working across imperial lines. The networks they formed began as commercial structures and expanded into social and political systems that were conduits not only for wine but also for ideas about reform, revolution, and independence.


The Nine Uses of Calamansi
Also known as kalamansi, calamansi, calamondin.
1) Calamansi is processed to juice, concentrate, acidulant for other juices, jellies, jam and marmalade.
2) A rich source of Vitamin C. Cures cough and cold.
3) Calamansi juice is also used as a meat tenderizer and adds flavor to the dishes. Can be made to sauce and marinade.
4) It also helps strengthen the bones and stimulate growth especially among growing children.
5) Helps in smooth blood circulation facilitate normal digestion due to its alkalinizing effect.
6) Treatment for itchy scalp and enhancing hair growth.
7) It can also heal insect bites, remove freckles, clear up acne, cure pimples, and deodorize underarms.
8) Heavy stain remover.
9) Peel can be processed to candy (jump here) or use for other purposes (jump here).
bowl of calamansi
 - paano po gamitin ang kalamansi para pang-alis ng freckles?
 - pwede po bang makainom nng kalamansi juice kahit mayrong gallstone.
 - It is true and
 every night
 ill apply a
 on my skin
 to make it
 cleaner and
 It can also
 rem0ves dry
Join the Discussion


Tag Archives: Tintin
When Did Bigotry Get So Needy?
By Guest Contributor China Miéville, cross-posted from rejectamentalist manifesto
Stand down: literature has defeated the Thought Police. Belgium's supreme court has defeated the mischief-making of the whining PC brigade. Tintin is not banned. Huzzah!
The badness of the bad faith involved in the commentariat's discussion of this issue, the relentlessness of their categoric elisions, the unpleasantness of their crowing over the victory, should come as no surprise. This was never, at root, about banning.
Yes, Bienvenue Mbutu Mondondo was applying to the court to have Tintin in the Congo declared unacceptable under the Belgian race-relations law. However, he had made clear for years that he would be satisfied if, as in Britain, the book was published with a visible warning, a reminder of the context in which it was written (maybe even of the toxic ideology enshrined within). What Mondondo wanted was an official recognition that this text was a spitting in his face. That it came down to what was always clearly a nuclear option was due to the steadfast refusal of the publishers to countenance this–and thereby take responsibility for what they publish. The Belgian establishment went to cultural war, and it did so not for free speech, but for their right not to apologise for racist slander.
Continue reading


8. No absolute property in wild animals.
There is no absolute property in wild animals while living, and they are not goods or chattels1. There may, however, be what is known as a qualified property in them, either:
 (1) per industriam2;
 (2) ratione impotentiae et loci3; or
 (3) ratione soli and ratione privilegii4.
This qualified property is defeasible, for if the animal has no intention to return, but resumes its wildness and is at large again and not under pursuit, it is free and may be taken by another person


text:
WASHINGTON, D.C. - The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff today released its evaluation of various synthetic athletic fields. The evaluation concludes that young children are not at risk from exposure to lead in these fields.
CPSC staff evaluation showed that newer fields had no lead or generally had the lowest lead levels. Although small amounts of lead were detected on the surface of some older fields, none of these tested fields released amounts of lead that would be harmful to children.
Lead is present in the pigments of some synthetic turf products to give the turf its various colors. Staff recognizes that some conditions such as age, weathering, exposure to sunlight, and wear and tear might change the amount of lead that could be released from the turf. As turf is used during athletics or play and exposed over time to sunlight, heat and other weather conditions, the surface of the turf may start to become worn and small particles of the lead-containing synthetic grass fibers might be released. The staff considered in the evaluation that particles on a child's hand transferred to his/her mouth would be the most likely route of exposure and determined young children would not be at risk.
Although this evaluation found no harmful lead levels, CPSC staff is asking that voluntary standards be developed for synthetic turf to preclude the use of lead in future products. This action is being taken proactively to address any future production of synthetic turf and to set a standard for any new entrants to the market to follow.
As an overall guideline, CPSC staff recommends young children wash their hands after playing outside, especially before eating.


text:
[Program currently on hold]
The La Jolla Elementary School's innovative robotics program is open to students in grades 3-5. The program will introduce STEM minded students to the world of robotics. Using the NXT Lego Mindstorm and EV3 robots, students will enjoy assembling their robots by following a detailed schema, programming their robots, and designing attachments to have their robots do exactly what the assignment asks. Additionally, students will use a variety of 21st century math skills to adjust the movement and maneuverability of their design. La Jolla Elementary teachers will work with students on carefully chosen topics and activities that will be taught with hands on exploration, STEM learning and an inquiry-based, team building approach.


text:
O ye, of little faith
This is the rebuke levelled at the disciples of Christ, when seeming to doubt his divinity. The phrase is also more widely used to describe any Christian doubter. In a secular setting it may be intended as a humorous jibe when doubting someone's abilities.
There are several places in the Bible in which this phrase is used with reference to those who demonstrate their lack of faith in Jesus' power to perform miracles. Here is an example from Miles Coverdale's Bible, 1535:
Luke 12:27 Considre the lilies vpo the felde, how they growe: they laboure not, they spynne not. But I saye vnto you: that euen Salomen in all his royalte was not clothed like one of these.
Luke 12:28 Wherfore yf God so cloth the grasse, yt is to daye in ye felde, and tomorow shalbe cast in to the fornace, how moch more shal he clothe you, o ye of litle faith?
In the 17th century, the people that we would now call atheists were called nullfidians. The state of insufficient faith was also of common enough interest to be given a name - petty fidianism. John Trapp, in his Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, 1647, recorded the term:
"O ye of little faith. Ye petty fidians; He calleth them not nullifidians."


text:
What is a Non-Traditional Student?
There is no definitive definition of 'non-traditional student'. The term is generally used to refer to students who belong to groups who did not traditionally enter the higher education system in significant numbers.
Historically, most students who entered higher education in Ireland shared common characteristics. They were:
- from middle class backgrounds,
- of school leaving age (usually eighteen or nineteen),
- spoke English as their first language,
- had no disabilities,
- studied full time with no significant external responsibilities.
This is beginning to change as more students from 'non-traditional' backgrounds enter university.
Any student who does not share all the characteristics noted above can be considered a non-traditional student. For example:
- TAP students,
- Mature students,
- International Students,
- Students from ethnic minorities,
- Disabled Students,
- Students who are parents / carers,
- Part-time students.
The numbers of students entering Trinity from non-traditional backgrounds has increased greatly over the past decade.
Some non-traditional students enter Trinity College via specialist access routes:
- Access Initiatives (TAP),
- Mature Students' Dispensation Scheme,
- Supplementary Admissions Procedure for students with disabilities.
As non-traditional students come from diverse backgrounds, their needs are diverse. Specific needs arise for many different reasons. For example, students may have to balance academic study with external responsibilities, manage disabilities, or cope with studying within an unfamiliar educational culture or working through English, when is not their first language.
Higher level teaching and assessment methods have been developed to suit the needs of the traditional student body and often do not take account of the varied needs of a diverse student body.
TIC is designed to respond to the needs of the modern student population by enabling staff to embed inclusive practices within their teaching and assessment.


National Integration: Hindu, Muslim students eat together in Minority Residential Schools
Hyderabad: Nutritious food is being provided at 204 Minority Residential schools. Secretary Minority School Society B. Shafiullah told that the menu in minority schools prepared by nutritionists. According to which nutritious food is provided. Milk, egg and fruits are provided in the breakfast, whereas various vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are selected for lunch and dinner.
Society had given contract of food to a private company for catering but cancelled the contract due to its unsatisfactory service.
Mr. Shafiullah further told that 75 pc of the students belong to minorities, while 25 pc belong to non-minorities. All the student do breakfast lunch and dinner together. All irrespective of religion enjoy the food together. He appealed minorities to benefit from the minority residential schools.
Siasat news


text: An anonymous reader writes "Pandas have long been the face of conservation efforts by environmental activists, but a recent finding may boost even further the need for pandas to evade extinction. Researchers have discovered a powerful antibody in panda blood that could serve as the next frontier in the fight against increasingly prevalent superbugs. The compound is called cathelicin-AM. Discovered when researchers analyzed the creatures' DNA, it has been found to kill fungus and bacteria. It is believed that the antibiotic is released to protect the animal from infections in the wild and, in studies, it has been found to kill both standard and drug-resistant strains of microbes and fungi. The compound also worked extremely quickly, killing off strains of bacteria in just an hour, while conventional antibiotics needed six."


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The book Effective Java and other sources provide a pretty good explanation on how and when to use the readObject() method when working with serializable Java classes. The readResolve() method, on the other hand, remains a bit of a mystery. Basically all documents I found either mention only one of the two or mention both only individually.
Questions that remain unanswered are:
 - What is the difference between the two methods?
 - When should which method be implemented?
 - How should readResolve() be used, especially in terms of returning what?
I hope you can shed some light on this matter.
share|improve this question
6 Answers 6
up vote 41 down vote accepted
readResolve is used for replacing the object read from the stream. The only use I've ever seen for this is enforcing singletons; when an object is read, replace it with the singleton instance. This ensures that nobody can create another instance by serializing and deserializing the singleton.
share|improve this answer
There is a number of way for malicious code (or even data) to get around that. – Tom Hawtin - tackline Jul 22 '09 at 21:33
Yes, please explain. Flyweight patterns rely on this working, so how can it break? – Steve Armstrong Mar 18 '10 at 15:46
Josh Bloch talks about the conditions under which this breaks in effective Java 2nd ed. Item 77. He mentions about this in this talk he gave in Google IO couple of years back (some times towards the end of the talk): youtube.com/watch?v=pi_I7oD_uGI – calvinkrishy Sep 18 '10 at 3:26
Book page mentioned by _USER_: books.google.co.uk/… – TWiStErRob Jun 2 at 21:42
readResolve is called after readObject has returned (conversely writeReplace is called before writeObject and probably on a different object). The object the method returns replaces this object returned to the user of ObjectInputStream.readObject and any further back references to the object in the stream. It is mostly used for serial proxies (see Effective Java, 2nd Ed, IIRC).
share|improve this answer
share|improve this answer
readResolve() will ensure the singleton contract while serialization.
Please refer
share|improve this answer
readResolve can be used to change the data that is serialized through readObject method. For e.g. xstream API uses this feature to initialize some attributes that were not in the XML to be deserialized.
share|improve this answer
XML and Xstream aren't relevant to a question about Java Serialization, and the question was answered correctly years ago. -1 – EJP May 5 '13 at 0:45
The accepted answer states that readResolve is used to replace an object. This answer provides the useful additional information that it can be used to modify an object during deserialization. XStream was given as an example, not as the only possible library in which that happens. – Enwired Feb 26 at 1:00
readResolve is for when you may need to return an existing object, e.g. because you're checking for duplicate inputs that should be merged, or (e.g. in eventually-consistent distributed systems) because it's an update that may arrive before you're aware of any older versions.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Wake up and smell the coffee! The taste of a freshly brewer cup will never taste as good as it smells
The smell of freshly brewed coffee can be hard to resist. Unfortunately, the taste doesn't always live up to expectations.
Scientists think they know why – and it is all to do with us having two senses of smell.
When we smell coffee as it is brewing, the aroma goes up through the nose and blows across a sheet of cells that send the information to the brain. Then, when the coffee is sipped and swallowed, the scent is pushed up from the throat towards the same sheet of cells at the top of the nose.
Scientists have discovered information about the taste of a food or drink is sent to a different part of the brain than smell, meaning the first sip of coffee is always bound to disappoint
But, crucially, it wafts across them in the opposite direction.
This second, 'retronasal', sense of smell leads to the information being sent to a different part of the brain and interpreted differently, the British Science Festival in Aberdeen heard.
As most of the taste of a food or drink actually comes from its smell, this, combined with many of the flavoursome chemicals in coffee being stripped out by saliva, leaves it bound to disappoint.
Professor Barry Smith, founder of the Centre for the Study of the Senses at the University of London, said: 'The smell of freshly-brewed coffee is absolutely wonderful. It's intoxicating.
'But aren't you always just a little disappointed when you taste it?
'People waste a lot of money trying to get better machines, the right pressure, sourcing the beans but it will never happen. When you put it in your mouth it mixes with saliva and that strips off about 300 of these volatile chemicals and they are never going to reach the nose again.
'What does reach the nose is going to have a different character to it because the brain actually cares about the direction the air is flowing across sheet of receptors across the top of the nose.
Dieters who fall down on a collection of memory traits are more likely to give in to temptation
'And of course, the companies that sell you it know that. It's wake up and smell the coffee. It's not wake up and taste it.'
Professor Smith said the reverse is true with whiffy cheeses which taste better than expected.
'Think of a smelly cheese, it smells like a teenager's training shoe,' he said. 'You think "do I really want to eat that?".
'But once it's in your mouth and you are experiencing the odour through your nose in the other direction, it's delicious.'
There is however, one food that always lives up to expectations.
Chocolate. No matter how it is smelt, the brain decodes the signals as being delicious.


text:
Migration's Income and Poverty Impact has been Underestimated
World Bank; Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA); University of Chile
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2088
This paper examines two issues associated with the impact of migration on household income and poverty. First, existing studies have typically overlooked a feature of migration that should be taken into account in estimating its impact, namely the fact that migration changes the size of the household. The corrected impact that does take the change in household size into account is presented analytically and is estimated on the basis of data from Ghana's GLSS household survey. The corrected impact is shown to be three to five times larger for income and two to three times larger for poverty than is obtained from standard analysis. Second, existing studies examine migration's impact on the poverty of the entire sample. However, some policy questions require measures of the impact on the poverty of the migrant households themselves. The latter is shown to be twenty times larger for international migration and two to three times larger for internal migration, compared to the impact for the entire sample. It is further shown that these results hold whether the poverty measures are corrected for the change in household size.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 15
Keywords: migration, income, poverty, underestimation, reference groups
JEL Classification: F22, I32, J61, O15, O19, R23working papers series
Date posted: April 25, 2006
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This page was processed by apollo6 in 0.344 seconds


text:
Professor of School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia. His research interests cover Industry 4.0, Additive Manufacturing, Advanced Engineering Materials and Structures (Metals and Composites), Multi-scale Modelling of Materials and Structures, Metal Forming and Metal Surface Treatment.
Abstract—This study proposes a multi-objective linear programming model for solving the multi-product aggregate production planning (APP) decision problem for Topline Co., Ltd. in Thailand. The model attempts to minimise total production and work force costs and carrying inventory costs to bring a planning framework for the industrial resources management under complex information environment. The proposed model yields an efficient compromise solution and the overall levels of decision making satisfaction with the multiple objectives via the fuzzy programming using the elevator kinematics optimisation (EKO) algorithm including its hybridisations of harmony search and bee algorithms. The comparisons are made for two different levels of inventory. It can be concluded that the EKO is slightly more effective than the other hybrid approaches in terms of quality of solutions. However, there is no difference in required computation time. The basic idea is to produce reliable solution in search space with the random external command in escaping from local trap during searching for a better solution. Numerical results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the developed EKO method.
Copyright © 2015-2021 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, All Rights Reserved


text: This paper discussed about the integration issues of Pb (Zr0.52Ti0.48) O3 – BiFeO3 (PZT - BFO) multilayer thin film deposited on silicon substrate for possible application in future micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) devices. The PZT - BFO multilayer thin film is deposited on silicon wafer by sol-gel technique. The multilayer film is annealed at 650 °C in air for 60 min. The deposited multilayer film is found to be polycrystalline in nature. The PZT-BFO multilayer exhibited room temperature multiferroic properties (remnant polarization of 37 mC/ cm 2 and remnant magnetization of 3.1 emu / cm 3 ). To fabricate the PZT - BFO multiferroic cantilever structures, a two-mask process flow is developed. Etch rates of the PZT - BFO multilayer (180 nm/ min), ZrO2 buffer layer (35 nm/ min) and SiO2 layer (350 nm/ min) are optimized in CHF3 plasma. The multiferroic cantilever structures are released by isotropic etching of silicon using SF6 plasma. Bending and cracks are observed in the released cantilever structures due to the generation of residual stress in the multilayer thin film. Effect of residual stress on the PZT - BFO cantilever structure is also verified by simulation.


text:
If you travel enough in Connecticut, you'll soon discover a plethora of brownstone buildings. Most of that brownstone came from quarries in Portland. First dug in the late 17th centuries, the quarries were increasingly used in the 19th century. Stone was shipped as far as Boston and New York - quite a distance for a fragile material. Production reached its peak in the late 1880s with over 1500 people working the property. By the early 1900s, brownstone was losing ground to concrete. The 1938 flood filled the quarries and ended production in Portland.
If you have a Polish or Italian ancestor who lived in the Middletown area, consider learning about the quarries. Many immigrants were recruited because of their stone carving skill and made a respectable living onsite. Their desire for community built many of the institutions in Portland and Middletown. A detailed history of the quarry is available at _URL_ The website wasn't functionally well for me, but the detail made it worth the wait.


Chasing the Cyclops.jpg
The Making of the Powysverse Mythology
by William Latham
In 2001, Powys publisher Mateo Latosa and author William Latham embarked on a journey that resulted in the Space:1999 novels Omega and Alpha, a journey that involved creating a unified mythology to tie together the apparently random incidents that fans have called the Mysterious Unknown Force. Chasing the Cyclops tells the story of how the mythology was built, how the novels were plotted, and ultimately, how answering questions posed for a quarter century revealed still greater mysteries!
Published December 2010


How To
How to Decrease on-farm Expenses
There are many ways to decrease on-farm expenses and one of the first areas of focus should be conservation. Reducing the money you spend on inputs improves your bottom line.
How to Increase On-Farm Revenue
It can be hard to survive and remain profitable in this ever changing economy. Creating additional revenue streams with new or existing resources and technology can significantly improve overall profitability.


Linked In
Get a 360-degree view of the CERA credential.
Get the Fact Sheet now.
What is the Chartered Enterprise Risk Analyst (CERA) credential?
The Chartered Enterprise Risk Analyst (CERA) credential is an international credential encompassing the most comprehensive and rigorous demonstration of enterprise risk management (ERM) expertise available.
The CERA credential stems from the same rigorous process through which actuaries earn other credentials, the Fellow of the Society of Actuaries (FSA) and Associate of the Society of Actuaries (ASA).
Developed in response to the evolving complexity of the marketplace, it reflects the need of businesses to better manage enterprise risk amid growing volatility around the globe.
What are the benefits of receiving the CERA credential?
The Chartered Enterprise Risk Analyst (CERA) credential training does not stop with mathematics and financial engineering. A CERA learns how to apply both qualitative and quantitative insights to enterprise risk management (ERM), receiving the most comprehensive and rigorous credential in the rapidly emerging field.
CERAs have the knowledge and skill set to be able to contribute on a higher level in a broad range of industries. CERAs play more diverse roles at organizations of all kinds—giving them greater exposure to the C-Suite and leadership, and empowering them to become a more highly valued resource for a company.
In addition to the high recognition of actuarial credentials among employers in insurance, reinsurance and consulting markets, a CERA is a member of a professional organization with an impeccable code of ethics, professional standards, integrity, education requirements and discipline.
What is the CERA credential process?
The Chartered Enterprise Risk Analyst (CERA) credential takes an estimated three to four years to complete, and includes a rigorous curriculum of five examinations, e-Learning modules, validation of previous educational experiences and a professionalism seminar. The CERA credential curriculum includes the topics of probability, financial mathematics, micro/macro economics, corporate finance, construction and evaluation of actuarial models, fundamentals of actuarial practice, including the actuarial control cycle, and enterprise risk management.
How does the CERA credential differ from the FSA or ASA credential?
For Fellows of the Society of Actuaries (FSA) and Associates of the Society of Actuaries (ASA), the Chartered Enterprise Risk Analyst (CERA) credential offers another avenue of opportunity, added competitive edge and professional growth. As new roles in enterprise risk management (ERM) continue to develop, actuaries are becoming leaders in the practice, by providing a 360-degree view of an organization's risk profile.
For those currently on the FSA pathway, what additional requirements are needed to achieve the CERA credential?
The new structure of the fellowship exams (effective July 1, 2013) will provide a means for candidates in all tracks to obtain the CERA credential along with their FSA by completing only two additional exam hours. Candidates seeking this option will choose the four-hour ERM exam in place of the two-hour track exam in their track. They will also need to choose the ERM module as one of their FSA modules. The Corporate Finance and ERM track already requires the ERM exam and ERM module, so candidates completing that track will automatically receive both the CERA and FSA.
How is the CERA credential different from the CFA charter?
A CERA displays knowledge in mathematics and financial engineering just like some of the other business professionals, but a CERA differs in that they also have unique insight in enterprise risk management (ERM)—empowering them to play a leading role in solving the complex business and financial challenges businesses face around the globe.
A CERA does not solely focus on capital management, but on how operational risk, investment risk and strategic risk collectively impact an organization. Therefore, a CERA is qualified for such strategic and leadership positions as risk analyst, risk manager or chief risk officer.
What industries offer the most opportunities from the CERA credential?
A CERA is trained to model future events by converting data into information that leads to strategic decisions, so the credential may be applied to many areas where actuaries are increasingly contributing, such as broader financial services, energy, transportation, manufacturing and healthcare, as well as insurance and human resources/benefits consulting.
What is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)?
Enterprise risk management (ERM) is the process of coordinated risk management that places a greater emphasis on cooperation among departments to manage the organization�s full range of risks as a whole. Enterprise risk management offers a framework for effectively managing uncertainty, responding to risk and harnessing opportunities as they arise.
What is the Society of Actuaries (SOA)?
The Society of Actuaries (SOA) is an educational, research and professional organization dedicated to serving the public and its members. The SOA�s mission is to advance actuarial knowledge and improve decision making to benefit society. The SOA enhances the ability of actuaries to be trusted financial and business advisors on problems involving uncertain future events. To learn more, visit
Strong Professional Network


A progressive, South West based accountancy practice
Can I avoid a tax investigation?
So the return is in, and we can breathe a sigh of relief, but is it all over?
We are often being asked this question "What chance is there that I get investigated by HMRC?" The truth is that you cannot entirely eliminate the risk of getting investigated, but you can minimise it.
Some clarification
First we need to tidy up the terminology! The word "investigation" is emotive. It suggests that the person selected is guilty of some misdemeanour, or even a crime!
HMRC use various words on their website, and in their literature to describe the same thing. You might have a "check", an "enquiry" or a "review". All of these simply mean HMRC want to check that you are paying the correct amount of tax, and at the correct time.
Time limits
Generally, HMRC have 12 months from the date the return is filed to open an investigation into your return. The deadline can be extended if you file your return late, amend a previous return, or they can prove that you have deliberately misled them.
So I could get a random check, but how do I minimise the risk?
Submit your returns on time
Some people may be tempted to submit returns late, particularly if they have liabilities that they cannot afford to pay. It is much better to submit the return on time, and ask for time to pay. While the response can vary, you are much less likely to get a positive response if you have a history of filing later returns. This applies not only to tax returns, but VAT, PAYE and corporation tax returns as well.
Use the "white space" or attach additional documents (where possible)
Many investigations are raised simply so HMRC can understand figures that fall outside the "norm" expected. Using the white space to explain significant variations from previous years, or from industry averages, can help HMRC to accept the figures without opening an enquiry. If they still open an enquiry, it can help to minimise any penalties if you can show "that we have already told you about…."
Don't fall out with your staff, spouse or lover!
Many investigations start with a simple tip off to HMRC, usually from someone with a grudge against the taxpayer. The people closest to you often know more than you care to think, and know "where the skeletons are". While HMRC don't always take up these leads, they can tip the balance. The worst case we handled was where a landlord fell out with his girlfriend who happened to be his boss's daughter! He lost his relationship, his job and got a tax investigation all in one week!
Use a good accountant
HMRC will never admit it, but they do know which accountants are professional, and which ones are, shall we say, less than competent. Using a reputable firm should ensure that your return is correct (assuming you've told the accountant everything). Even if it's not, you may not have to pay a penalty, as using a good accountant demonstrated that you took "reasonable care" over the return, which is one of the main grounds for appealing against a penalty.
Fee protection
Most accountants also offer insurance against their fees if your return is selected for a "check". Like most policies, they are always conditions, but generally claims are met.
Some accountant's policies also give them access to free advice lines, so they can clear any difficult or contentious points before your return is submitted.
The policies are not expensive, and can often be part of a membership (e.g. FSB) or as part of your general business insurance.
It helps avoid that irritating position where you have to accept HMRC's opinion, even though it's wrong, because "it's cheaper to pay the tax."
In summary
You cannot eliminate the risk, but using a good accountant, and paying a small insurance premium, can put you in the best position to defend yourself.
Don't be frightened by the prospect of an HMRC investigation, be prepared!


text:
Tree Protection & Enhancement Programs
Tree Preservation Bylaw
For information about tree protections on Private Property, please see Section XVIE: Tree Protection & Preservation of the Wellesley Zoning bylaws on page 123, or read this brief summary.
Public Shade Tree Replacement Program
The NRC, which acts as the Town's Tree Wardens in conjunction with the Department of Public Works, manages a proactive and ambitious public shade tree management program that preserves and protects more than 3,000 Town-owned trees for the enjoyment of the public and the enhancement of Wellesley's environment. Routine maintenance is conducted on a four-year cycle to provide adequate safety pruning to all of these trees.
The care includes:
- Management of New Trees for One or Two Years
- Storm Damage Repairs; Shade and Park Tree Planting
- Tree and Stump Removals as Necessary
- Vandalism Repairs as Needed
- Other Tree Care According to Need
- Adds Beauty
- Buffers Weather Changes
- Helps Prevent Climate Change Through Carbon Absorption
- Improves Air Quality
- Inspires Tranquility
- Maintains Wellesley's Property Values and Quality of Life
- Reduces Erosion
- Reduces Sound and Glare
- Replenishes Groundwater
- Screens Unsightly Areas
- Separates Incompatible Uses
Through the Town's tree planting program, homeowners may request to have shade trees planted on your property. An inspection is performed for each tree request to determine that the site meets the following requirements:
- The site is within 20 feet of the public way.
- The site demonstrates a need for a tree due to a lack of trees and shade canopy.
- The site will support the listed trees.
- The homeowner agrees to properly water and care for the tree after planting.
Public Shade Tree Removal Hearings & Appeals
Only when a public shade tree is severely diseased, is in substantial decline, or threatens public safety does the NRC and the Department of Public Works (DPW) propose to remove a tree, and then only after a Public Hearing that gives residents an opportunity to voice their concerns and opinions about the proposed tree removal. Wellesley has been named a Tree City USA by the Arbor Day Foundation for more than 30 years, honoring the Town's commitment to community forestry. Wellesley has held the designation for the longest period of any city or town in New England.
Contact Information & Additional Resources
Contact the NRC for more information about the tree program or to request a tree in your lawn by calling _PHONE_, ext. 2294 or emailing us.
For more information, visit the Wellesley Department of Public Works Park and Tree Division Website.


Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010)
Defy the Future
At the height of the Persian Empire's power and influence, the King's adopted son Prince Dastan leads an attack on the sacred city of Alamut under orders from the Crown Prince, Tus, after it is revealed the city may be the source of arms for their enemies. The battle is quickly won and Dastan takes possession of an interesting dagger, one that Alamut's Princess Tamina is keen to recover. Dastan is soon on the run however when his gift to the King poisons him, putting Nizam on the throne. Tamina tells him the importance of the dagger - it can transport the bearer back in time. With his new found weapon, Dastan sets out to change past events and learn the identity of the man who betrayed them and killed his adopted father. - garykmcd
From a street urchin in the bustling streets of ancient Persia, the young orphan, Dastan, finds himself adopted by the righteous King Sharaman for the bravery and his regal heart. Nearly two decades later, an unfounded rumour of arms dealing in the neighbouring sacred city of Alamut will put the young Prince in charge of a mighty siege, as the beautiful Princess Tamina--holder of the mystical device, the Dagger of Time--is taken hostage. However, the unforeseen calamity of King Sharaman's untimely death will have Dastan and Tamina on the run, as the real murderer stays out of sight. Can Prince Dastan prove his innocence and harness the dagger's overwhelming power? - Nick Riganas


Paper Doily Flowers, Cards, and Crafts for Mother's Day and More
Paper doilies are an inexpensive craft item that offers many opportunities to create pretty crafts for mothers, grandmothers, and teachers. Decorate and send a doily-decorated card for a holiday greeting or adapt it as an invitation to a tea party or dress up party.
The following crafts use small doilies. If white is the only color available, follow the directions below to dye the doilies in whatever color is desired. Some doilies have a solid circle at the center while others are totally lacy. Different doilies work better for some projects than others.
Lace Doily Sachet
A sachet is a small pouch filled with sweet-smelling plants. It can be place in a clothing drawer or hung from a hanger in the closet to make clothes smell nice. Take two small doilies with solid circle centers. Add hot glue three-quarters of the way around the center circle. Set the second doily on top to create a pouch in the middle of the shape.
Add in some lavender or potpourri and use the hot glue to seal the opening in the center. Cut a four-to-six-inch piece of ribbon. Fold the ribbon in half and hot glue the two ends to one side of the filled part of the sachet. This creates a loop to hang the sachet. If desired, hot glue some rhinestones or small ribbon flowers to the center of the sachet. Stay away from glitter, which will rub off on clothing.
Flower Bouquet From Doilies
Use two to four small doilies and one chenille stem to make each flower. Make an "okay" sign by holding the tips of the index finger and thumb of one hand together. Set a small paper doily over the okay sign. Poke the index finger of the free hand against the doily and push it through the okay sign.
Take the scrunched doily and give a twist to the bottom. Make a total of two to four scrunched doilies. Now, hold the doilies together by the twisted bases. Wrap one end of the chenille stem around all of the doilies, anchoring them together. Add a few drops of glue to hold the doilies to one another. If desired, cut on or two leaves from construction paper and slid up the chenille stem.
Present a single flower in a bud vase or create an entire bouquet.
Cut Paper Card With Doilies
Turn the flower shapes that create the lace pattern of doilies into art. Cut out the flower shapes that decorate the outer circle of the doily. Glue onto a folded piece of cardstock, using the flowers as single blossoms in a bouquet or as blooms in a garden scene. Add other details with markers or paints and the front of the card is complete.
Doily Art for Kids
Incorporate doilies into texture rubbings by cutting apart doilies and creating a pattern or picture. Glue the pieces onto paper and allow the glue to dry completely. Set a piece of paper over the doily-decorated paper. Peel the paper off of a crayon. Lay the crayon flat and rub it over the paper with enough pressure to reveal the texture of the doilies underneath.
Doilies also work well with splatter painting. For example, fill a spray bottle with liquid watercolor paint or food coloring-tinted water. Set a doily, or several overlapping doilies, on a sheet of paper and spray. The color will go through the openings in the lace.
Spraying, or painting, the doilies with watercolors is an easy way to add color to white doilies. Or, quickly dip doilies in a bowl or tinted water. Avoid saturating doilies as they will fall apart. Coloring the doilies adds more options to creating the flower, card, or sachet.


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Lennox Island is a Mi'kmaq First Nation on Prince Edward Island, Canada, with its headquarters in Lennox Island, northeast of Tyne Valley. The band consists of a single reserve occupying all of Lennox Island.
The Lennox Island First Nation was originally known as "L'nui Minegoo" or the Indian/People's Island, and later known as the Lennox Island Reserve or the Lennox Island Band. It was named after Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, by Samuel Holland; surveyor. It also included the reserves that now comprise the Abegweit First Nation. Original permanent inhabitants included Chief Francis Francis who resided there after the Mi'kmaq were displaced from Cortin Island. The Saint Ann Mission was later established on the island.
Coordinates: 46°36′39.1″N 63°51′9.9″W / 46.610861°N 63.852750°W


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ear in a nursery tale.
5. Ogre-steeds, i.e. "wolves."
6. Emma was the name of Harold's favourite "byrnie" or shirt of mail.
7. i.e. the Valkyrie.
8. An arrow with a loose head which would mark but not kill.
9. This old North-country proverb exactly expresses the meaning of the Icelandic original. See Icel. Dict. s.v. Bysna.
10. The wedge-shaped phalanx of the Northmen.


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What have been the main challenges faced by the UK in delivering training and support to the Afghan forces? Lords Committee to hear from former Commander of the British Forces in Afghanistan
Tuesday 3 November 2020
The House of Lords International Relations and Defence Committee will tomorrow question Sandhurst lecturers about the UK's contributions to and challenges faced in training and mentoring the Afghan National Security Forces.
Giving evidence in a virtual session from 10am on Wednesday 2 November 2020 will be:
- Brigadier (Retired) Ian Thomas OBE, former Commander of Operation Toral, Dean of Academic Studies, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and;
- Dr Edward R Flint, Head of Department, Defence & International Affairs Department, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
The session can be followed on Parliament TV. Questions will include;
- What are the main elements of NATO's Resolute Support Mission's training for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)? How effective has this mission been?
- Could you please give us an overview of Operation Toral, and the role played by the British military in the Resolute Support Mission? What have been the principal contributions made by the UK?
- What have been the most challenging aspects of delivering training and support to the ANSF through Operation Toral? How have these been addressed by the UK and with NATO partners?
- What lessons has the UK military learned from the experience of training the ANSF, and how have these been integrated into Operation Toral, and lessons learned exercises for other missions?


What Makes a Child Lucky
By Gioia Timpanelli
Norton; 127 pages; $19.95
Like a pot of lentils, Gioia Timpanelli's stories are elemental, simple but filling, and her new novel, "What Makes a Child Lucky," is no exception, teaching the basics of survival in a time of great hardship. Best known for her oral recountings of global folktales on public radio, Timpanelli won the American Book Award in 1999 for "Sometimes the Soul: Two Novellas of Sicily." This time out, she remakes yet another Sicilian fable, weaving a regional fairy tale into a timeless present.
The original fable, which opens "What Makes a Child Lucky," tells of a 13th son, a "lucky" boy named Tridicinu. The youth is envied by his older brothers for his seemingly effortless good fortune. One day, echoing the story of Joseph in the Bible, they cast him out, sending him on an impossible mission to retrieve a set of golden bells kept by a family of ogres beneath their monstrous bed.
In Timpanelli's retelling, her hero's family has fallen on hard times. Famine has struck the land, and the "lucky" youngest (also a Joseph) is basically given to a gang of thieves. These thieves, young Joseph learns, have robbed and murdered his only friend, an honest wine merchant. Still, across Sicily people are starving and at least with the gang he can eat. He can also learn, and during his time with the gang, he is befriended and protected by the wise 'Mmaculata, a strange, strong and silent woman who keeps house for the bandits.
"Keep your young eyes open," this earth mother tells Joseph, showing him by example how to avoid the wrath of the most bloodthirsty of the thieves and, ultimately, how to seize the opportunity to make a better life.
Through her lessons and a bit of supernatural intervention, he survives - and if he doesn't return with the ogres' golden bells, he does get to emerge a hero and, most important, a survivor.
With its touches of magical realism and earthy images, Timpanelli's short novel is almost a fable itself. Told in a self-referential style, with interruptions and repeated refrains, its first-person narration reads as if it were to be recited aloud, ideally by a narrator playing young Joseph.
This voice, colloquial and not highly organized, is at first jarring and a little mannered. Who is the Aunt who interrupts from the very first page? Why is the narrator eulogizing a "flat and uninteresting" land? But with very little patience, the rhythms of Timpanelli's language take hold, allowing the hunger-sating, earthy images (that pot of lentils, the wild greens gathered to allay starvation) to settle in. By the time the narrator starts to describe more abstract ideas, the listener, as we must imagine the reader to be, is hooked. "Hunger is a funny thing," she writes, "for it is personal, even intimate.... It searches you out and becomes the roof over your head, the floor beneath your feet."
Throughout this brief novel, Timpanelli sustains that tension, mixing the abstract moral of her story with its most basic nature, and leavening its rough practicalities with touches of magic. "What happened next I can't completely explain," Timpanelli, through Joseph, says, describing a vision that could have been his late friend - or simply a fortunate wind. "I guess I was lucky that time," Joseph recalls, looking back on his rescue and his role in resolving the story.
But as he has learned from 'Mmaculata, luck often consists of keeping one's eyes open and one's mouth shut, of learning when to act, when to stay still, and when to harvest the wild asparagus on the hillsides. {sbox}


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Involvement has worked with Experian to create a Population Insight and Engagement Toolkit to provide insight into your local region (West Midlands, East Midlands or East of England). It covers:
- Who is likely to be driving urgent care activity?
- Who is likely to be affected by long-term conditions?
- How do residents access primary care?
- individuals and their households in terms of their demographics
- the needs, attitudes and behaviours of different population groups
- how to engage using their preferred communication channels
The 'Public Sector Profiles' toolkit provides a clear picture of the people you need to reach, and how best to engage with them, divided into 15 groups.


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In this, the sixth instalment of the "Let's Talk PVT Monitoring" series I chat with Oliver King about monitoring in-chip conditions in modern SoCs. This time we discuss the significance of Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) and Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) in optimising in-chip conditions. As Moortec's CTO, Oliver has been leading the development of compelling in-chip monitoring solutions to address problems associated with ever-shrinking System-on-Chip (SoC) process geometries. An analogue and mixed signal design engineer with over a decade of experience in low power design, Oliver is now heading up the expansion of Moortec's IP portfolio into new products on advanced nodes.
1. What exactly do we mean by Adaptive Voltage Scaling versus Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling?
Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) involves the reduction of power by changing the operating conditions within an ASIC in a closed loop. Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) on the other hand is a power management technique where the voltage is increased or decreased depending upon dynamic (voltage, temperature) and static (process) in-chip conditions. Both are instrumental in optimising in-chip conditions in different ways.
You can use a DVFS scheme once to take process into account, or you can use it over time to account for temperature and even ageing. It is possible, for example, to reduce power consumption to achieve a desired speed of operation. It is also possible to take process variation across a die into account, which is being done in large SoCs today.
2. How can AVS & DVFS be used to optimise in-chip conditions?
A closed loop AVS system uses certain structures within the chip to provide the data required to adaptively track the behaviour of the silicon. By using a delay chain that has the same operating voltage as the surrounding chip, the voltage frequency relationship for the chip for that frequency is calculated by measuring the frequency of the delay chain.
Using these schemes in-chip means variations in response to process can be compared and fluctuations in temperature can be monitored while the chip is operating. A relationship can then be observed between voltage-frequency and the reduction in power dissipation for the circuit under that specific condition which enables designers to push the levels of optimisation and reliability, allowing them to get as much performance out of the chip as possible.
3. What are the specific applications of AVS & DVFS?
AVS has applications associated with in-chip variability compensation by optimizing the voltage on the go to take in chip conditions into account for operation. It can also be used to set thermal alarms and initiate fan operation. Operating at higher speed (performance) will obviously lead to a shorter life time whereas operating at optimum speed will improve the device life time and therefore increase its reliability.
DVFS on the other hand can be used in a number of in-chip applications including wafer sorting based on Look Up Tables (LUT). It can also be used to check functionality by decrementing the supply in regular steps as well as finding the lowest centre functional voltage. The voltage can then be set to just the right level for utilising optimum power and reliability of the devices.
4. What is the significance of AVS & DVFS in embedded PVT Monitoring?
Increased process variability of advanced node CMOS technologies has become a significant factor to the development of SoC devices when designing for speed and power performance. Self-determination of device temperature, supply voltage levels and its own manufactured process characteristics, primarily for performance optimisation schemes (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) on a PER DIE basis, is becoming a compelling notion to the development community. To also measure aging effects of the silicon, analyse critical timing and supply conditions on advanced node devices, especially FinFET, from embedded sensors now makes sense.
The Voltage Monitor provides the means for advanced node Integrated Circuit (IC) developers to accurately measure core supply domain voltages on advanced node digital MOS devices. Voltage Monitors are specifically targeted to enable high performance Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) schemes as well as providing a means for accurate IR drop analysis. The monitor is capable of monitoring multiple supply domains and can also be used to generate low voltage alarms as well as providing real-time supply data.
In-chip temperature sensors are used for performance optimisation, an example being DVFS where, depending on the thermal conditions, system clocks and voltage supplies can be varied to optimise either the speed of logical operations or power consumed by the device.
Monitors are now a critical component to advanced node chip design. Similar to other design arenas such as automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, industrial and technologies within the home, the inevitable direction of progress is to satisfy the designers appetite for higher sensor placement densities, higher accuracy, higher resolution and easy-to-integrate solutions. Why? Well, that's an easy one to answer – consumers simply want higher performance and better reliability within their chosen technology products.
About the interviewee
Oliver King is the Chief Technology Officer of Moortec Semiconductor. Before joining Moortec in 2012, Oliver was part of the analogue design methodology team at Dialog Semiconductor and prior to that was a senior design engineer at Toumaz Technology. Oliver graduated from The University of Surrey in 2003 with a degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
About Moortec Semiconductor
Moortec Semiconductor, established in 2005, provide high quality analog and mixed-signal Intellectual Property (IP) solutions world-wide specialising in die monitoring. Having a track record of delivery to tier-1 semiconductor and product companies, Moortec provide a quick and efficient path to market for customer products and innovations. For more information, please visit _URL_.


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In celebration of the recent resolution of the Kadison-Singer problem by Marcus, Spielman, and Srivastava, here is a question on isotropic point sets on which Kadison-Singer does not (seem to) shed any light. A positive resolution would likely have strong implications for the Sparsest Cut problem and SDP hierarchies. The question arose in discussions with Shayan Oveis Gharan, Prasad Raghavendra, and David Steurer.
Open Question: Do there exist constants such that for any, the following holds? Let be a collection of orthonormal bases and define. Then there are subsets with and.
[Some additional notes: One piece of intuition for why the question should have a positive resolution is that these orthonormal bases which together comprise at most vectors cannot possibly "fill" -dimensional space in a way that achieves -dimensional isoperimetry. One would seem to need points for this.
One can state an equivalent question in terms of vertex expansion. Say that a graph on vertices is a vertex expander if for all subsets with. Here, denotes all the nodes that are in or are adjacent to. Then one can ask whether there exists a 1-1 mapping from to for some orthonormal bases such that the endpoints of every edge are mapped at most apart (as ).]


Comprehension Test
Before testing commitment, test comprehension.
Illustration of Comprehension Test
Evidence strength
Relevant metrics: Conversion
Validates: Desirability
How: Write out your value proposition in 1-3 sentences. Show it to participants for just enough time to read it, then take it away. Finally, ask participants to explain the value proposition back to you in their own words. If the explanation is roughly comparable to your own, count it as a positive result. If 20 people participate, you want 80% to understand your message.
Why: Evaluate whether customers understand a marketing message explaining the value proposition to eliminate a possible false negative bias in later tests where customers indicate they do not want the value proposition when they actually do not understand it. As an example, you will want to run a comprehension test before a spoof landing page test or you won't understand why it doesn't work.
This card is part of the Validation Patterns printed card deck
A collection of 60 product experiments that will validate your idea in a matter of days, not months. They are regularly used by product builders at companies like Google, Facebook, Dropbox, and Amazon.
Get your deck!
Before the experiment
The first thing to do when planning any kind of test or experiment, is to figure out what you want to test. To make critical assumptions explicit, fill out an experiment sheet as you prepare your test. We created a sample sheet for you to get started. Download the Experiment Sheet.
How to proceed
Before you run a smoke test (that tests commitment), you should run a comprehension test.
You can run the comprehension test manually, showing a piece of paper to the participant for them to read it – and then taking it away to explain what they just read back to you in their own words.
If the participant's explanation roughly compares to your own, you can count it as a positive result. Otherwise, it's negative. Aim for a sample size of at least 20 participants and a positive success rate of around 80%. Eighty percent intuitively seems very high - but it must be as regardless of what your value proposition is, your target customers should still understand it.
As a digital alternative to the manual Comprehension Test, the Five Second Test is commonly used.
Who to recruit
Depending on your target market, who you bring to a comprehension test is important.
If your target market has a high school level education, you just need someone with the same basic level of education and vocabulary. At this point, you are not testing to see if someone wants your value proposition, but if they can understand it.
If your value proposition uses industry jargon, you will want to be more critical of who you recruit as test participants. You want to make your value proposition understandable to those who aren't already converted, so if the customers you want to sell to do not understand your industry specific words, you need to change your value proposition.
Once your target audience understands your value proposition (conversion of at least 80%), you can move on to more sophisticated and (maybe more) expensive tests to probe real customer behavior.
After the experiment
To make sure you move forward, it is a good idea to systematically record your the insights you learned and what actions or decisions follow. We created a sample Learning Sheet, that will help you capture insights in the process of turning your product ideas successful. Download the Learning Sheet.
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The Evolution of the All Blacks' BMI
By Phoebe Falconer
The evolution of the All Blacks is clearly seen in changes to the dreaded body mass index (BMI).
Even though the height of some players hasn't changed significantly, their BMI (calculated from the ratio of weight to height) has increased over the past 50 years or so. This is particularly noticeable among the props. However, the change in height among the backs has increased at a greater rate than their BMI.
Elaine Rush, professor of nutrition at AUT University, puts this down to several factors.
Predominantly the rise can be attributed to a change in ethnicity of representative rugby players, and better knowledge of nutrition and training methods.
"The demographics of New Zealand have changed," says Dr Rush. "Statistics collected up until the mid-1990s did not include many Pacific Island people or Maori, who in general are not taller but weigh more. And All Black teams 50 or so years ago contained fewer Polynesians.
"People selected for elite sport do not represent the general population. They can afford and are educated about the right nutrition." Muscle can be conditioned and trained. The sort of exercise that rugby players do has a large component that is anaerobic - short and sharp, with a strength that builds a bigger type of muscle fibre.
It appears from research that Polynesian people have more of this type of muscle than Europeans.
"The latter tend to have more aerobic muscle, which lends itself better to sports such as soccer and marathon running."
But rugby players, and others who do a lot of sport, need to be careful when their playing days are over, says Dr Rush.
"They become used to eating great quantities of food, as they need to do while they train and play. Take away the exercise and the fat may creep on."
Nicholas Gill, strength and conditioning coach for the All Blacks, says that as the players are now professional, they take their livelihoods seriously and are using the information and resources available to them.
"The strength and nutrition programmes do change their weights. Sometimes the goal of a gym programme is to increase muscle mass but more often than not it is designed to increase strength and power and prevent injury." This means that even though the All Blacks are larger than the average New Zealand man, typically rugby players have been getting leaner, with less body fat, over the past few years, says Gill.
But we still have some seriously big units in the All Black team and while we expect this trend will continue (in general, each generation is bigger than the last), we can't yet boast the tallest international rugby players of all time. That award goes to Richard Metcalfe, who played at lock for Scotland from 2000 to 2002. At 2.13m (7ft) he had plenty of reach in a lineout.
We do have the heaviest, however - Neemia Tialata weighs in at 136kg.
- NZ Herald
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