Quick Answer: Why Is Overmixing Bad?
How can I stop overmixing?
Blend in the eggs until well incorporated, as with the cookie dough, then add the flour and liquid, typically in alternating additions.
Once both liquid and flour have been added to the mixing bowl, that's when you need to worry about over-mixing.
Beat until the flour streaks disappear, but no more..
How long should I beat cake batter?
Anywhere between 2 and 6 minutes should suffice. The time necessary for mixing will vary with recipe but this should help give you with a ball park idea of mixing time. I hope this information helps as you go forward experimenting with mix times in all of your batter-blending adventures. Happy baking!
What makes a cake light and fluffy?
What is Creaming? Creaming is the magical step that creates a light and airy homemade cake. It describes the process of incorporating air into your batter, which (in conjunction with baking soda or baking powder) helps the cake leaven and rise.
Why did my butter and eggs curdle?
There are three main reasons why a creamed mixture will curdle when the eggs are added: The eggs are added too quickly. … Too many eggs are added. The amount of water (from the eggs) being added to the butter is too much for the quantity of butter being used to retain the emulsion.
What is caused by overmixing?
"Overmixing" is a term that's generally applied to batters versus doughs. It means that the mixture has been agitated to the point that the gluten in the flour has been developed. … For virtually all types of baked goods, know an overmixed product by its tough texture, the result of stretchy, developed gluten.
Unless you want extra-crispy cookies, avoid overmixing your dough. "Overmixing your dough will result in flatter, crispier cookies," Cowan said. If you overmix, you will end up aerating the dough (adding air) which causes the cookies to rise and then fall, leaving you with flat cookies.
Which ingredient makes cake soft?
3 of 12 1. Butter cakes, like pound cakes and most layer cakes, get their soft, fine texture and moistness—called a crumb—by first creaming together fat and sugar, adding eggs, and slowly incorporating dry ingredients into the mixture while alternating with a liquid, such as milk or buttermilk.
Is it okay to let cake batter sit?
Unfortunately leaving a cake batter to stand for any length of time can have a detrimental effect on the finished cake. … The cake will then not rise as well and could be heavy or dense in texture. The oven should be fully preheated while the cake batter is being mixed and the batter should be cooked in matching pans.
Why is my Victoria Sponge not rising?
Too flat/didn't rise If your cake failed to rise, check you put the raising agents in it. Also, check your raising agents are in date as out-of-date ones won't have the same oomph. It could also be a symptom of it not being cooked enough, in which case, pop it back in the oven for a few more minutes.
Cookie dough can be mixed by hand or with an electric mixer. … Butter or margarine that is too soft or melted will change the texture of the cookie and should not be used. Over-softened butter or margarine is the number one reason why cookies spread or become too flat.
How do you beat sugar and eggs to be fluffy?
Beat the eggs in a large bowl on medium speed just to combine the yolks and whites. Add the sugar and beat on high speed for about 4 minutes until the mixture is fluffy, thick and lightened in color.
How long do you beat eggs and sugar?
Beat eggs and sugar with an electric mixer on high speed for about 7-8 minutes or until mixture has thickened and turned a very pale yellow. Mixture will fall in ribbons from a spoon.
What is the difference between a batter and a dough?
With these two definitions, we can clearly see that the difference between batter and dough is that batter is thin while dough is quite thick. This plays into the techniques used to mix each type of baking mixture.
What happens when you overmix batter?
Dough can get aerated, which means too much air can be incorporated into mixtures. Mixing goods for an extended period of time can also result in extra gluten development; which means that overmixing will give you cakes, cookies, muffins, pancakes, and breads which are gummy or unpleasantly chewy.
What are the six steps in the creaming method?
What Are The Steps Of The Creaming Method?Step One: Start With Softened Butter. Softened butter is the key to have a properly creamed dough. … Step Two: Combine The Butter And Sugars. … Step Three: Scrape Down The Bowl. … Step Four: Add The Eggs. … Step Five: Add Your Dry Ingredients.Jan 23, 2020
Can I bake curdled batter?
The good news is, while curdled batter is certainly a cake-baking problem, it can still be baked and produce a cake. But the crumb or texture of that cake will be uneven because the fat isn't dispersed evenly throughout the batter.
What does overmixing mean?
transitive + intransitive. : to mix too much overmixed the batter The key is to not use so much filler and to not overseason or overmix.—
Why should you avoid overmixing the batter?
You may have read that when you overmix cake batter, the gluten in the flour can form elastic gluten strands – resulting in a more dense, chewy texture. This can be beneficial in cookies, but it's not so great in cakes and it's an archenemy of flaky pie crusts.
What does Do not overmix mean?
When you're reading through recipe instructions, particularly for baked goods, you probably come across the phrase "do not overmix" fairly often. … So when a recipe instructs you not to overmix, what it means is that you should just do the minimum amount of mixing necessary to make a uniform dough.
How do you fix Overmixed batter?
One way to fix broken cake batter is to add a bit of flour, one tablespoon at a time, until it smooths out again. The flour helps the liquid and fat come back together and creates a smooth, lump-free mixture.
Can you over mix butter and sugar?


Open Space Technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Open Space Technology (OST) is an approach to purpose-driven leadership,[1] including a way for hosting meetings, conferences, corporate-style retreats, symposiums, and community summit events, focused on a specific and important purpose or task — but beginning without any formal agenda, beyond the overall purpose or theme.
Open Space is the only process that focuses on expanding time and space for the force of self-organisation to do its thing. Although one can't predict specific outcomes, it's always highly productive for whatever issue people want to attend to. Some of the inspiring side effects that are regularly noted are laughter, hard work which feels like play, surprising results and fascinating new questions.[2][3]
Open Space meeting at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Seen by proponents as especially scalable and adaptable, the OST event format has been used in meetings of 5 to 2,100 people (in self-discovery work for smaller groups or even individuals).[4] The approach is characterized by a few basic mechanisms:
 1. a broad, open invitation which articulates the purpose of the meeting;
 2. participants' chairs arranged in a circle;
 4. a "marketplace" with many break-out spaces that participants move freely between, learning and contributing as they "shop" for information and ideas;
Hundreds of Open Space meetings have been documented.[6][7] Harrison Owen explains that this approach works best when these conditions are present,[5] namely high levels of
 1. Complexity, in terms of the tasks to be done or outcomes achieved;
Origin and ownership[edit]
In the spring of 1982, Harrison Owen and David Belisle wrote a paper on what he called "organization transformation". He presented this paper at a traditional management conference, the Boston regional ODN conference. It was well enough received and resonated with enough people that Owen and several others were able to organize a conference to specifically address the issues and opportunities he identified in his paper.[9][10] Owen hosted the first annual Symposium on Organization Transformation in 1983, in a traditional conference format, in Monterey, California.[11] The second annual symposium (OT-2) one year later, but still in a traditional conference format.
Because the agenda of an Open Space meeting is emergent, it is impossible to know exactly what is going to be addressed during the meeting. That said, there are several important outcomes that always happen, because they are specifically built into the process, and some other outcomes that can be built in:[15]
 1. All of the issues that are most important to those attending will be raised and included in the agenda.
 2. All of the issues raised will be addressed by the participants best capable of getting something done about them.
 4. When the purpose requires, and time is allowed for it, the group can prioritize the issues addressed in the report.
 5. When the purpose requires, and time is allowed for it, the group can draft action plans for the highest priority issues.
Ideal initial conditions[edit]
According to Open Space Technology: A User's Guide[5] and other books by Harrison Owen, open space technology works best when these conditions are present:
 1. A real business issue that people care about,[16] that it is something worth talking about.
 3. High levels of or much diversity, in terms of the skills and people required for a successful resolution (far-reaching, boundless)
 4. Much passion and real or potential conflict,[17] which implies that people genuinely care about the issue
 1. without a real business issue, nobody cares.
In a different text[18] he talks about preconditions for open space
The essential preconditions are:
 1. A relatively safe neutral environment.
 5. Sparsity of connections.
Typical event process[edit]
The full form of Open Space Technology includes the following (but if some part is missing, then it is not Open Space Technology, only something similar).[20]
 1. Opening Circle (agenda co-creation process at the start, without the facilitator helping / synthesizing / suggesting / reducing topics)
 2. Facilitator's explanation of principles and law (calling them guidelines, invitations, whatever)
 3. Multiple conversations ideally happening around the same big space, ideally several discussion sessions across time (without the facilitator helping those groups)
 4. Closing Circle (comment and reflection)
At the beginning of an open space the participants sit in a circle,[21] or in concentric circles for large groups (300 to 2000 people and more).
Small groups might create agendas of only a few issues. Very large groups have generated as many as 234 sessions[8] running concurrently over the course of a day and longer meetings may establish priorities and set up working-groups for follow-up.
Guiding principles and one law[edit]
 3. Wherever it is, is the right place...reminds participants that space is opening everywhere all the time. Please be conscious and aware. – Tahrir Square is one famous example. (Wherever is the new one, just added[24][25]
 4. Whatever happens is the only thing that could have, be prepared to be surprised!...reminds participants that once something has happened, it's done—and no amount of fretting, complaining or otherwise rehashing can change that. Move on. The second part reminds us that it is all good.[26][27]
 5. When it's over, it's over (within this session)...reminds participants that we never know how long it will take to resolve an issue, once raised, but that whenever the issue or work or conversation is finished, move on to the next thing. Don't keep rehashing just because there's 30 minutes left in the session. Do the work, not the time.
Law of two feet[edit]
Criteria making a topic inappropriate for OST[edit]
Tackling a topic using Open Space is inappropriate and simply won't work when:[28]
 1. There is no real question/uncertainty about how to do the work, (e.g. setting up an accounting system)
 2. Leaders and/or sponsors believe they already know the answer(s) and are looking for ways to sell or impose those ideas on the rest of the organization
 3. Leaders and/or sponsors believe that they are the only ones responsible for, or really necessary for, the organization to do its best work
 4. Leaders and/or sponsors are seeking the appearance of participation, but are unwilling or unable to deal openly and directly with high passion or concern, increasing complexity, real diversity of people or opinions, and/or the urgent need to make decisions and take action.
 5. "There is a very thin line between a facilitator and a space invader"Michael M Pannwitz in No silence in opening
Tips for running a productive session[edit]
Running an Open Space Technology session well is important if results for the topic are important, since OST's "one session (only) per topic" structure means this one session is the only chance to tackle it.
For running a productive session, consider the following suggestions:
 1. Scope. A topic that's too broad may not be tractable.
 2. Let people come. Hold the session in a room that's easy to find, and try to avoid holding sessions at the same time if they'll appeal to the same set of attendees.
 3. Let participants contribute.
 1. Try to keep the group small enough so those who want to can speak up.
 2. Remind Moderator to protect the session from becoming dominated by its facilitator or by another participant expressing strong views.
 4. Let participants' contributions count. Remind Notetaker to write down all major points made, not just a favored subset.
 5. Grow connections. At the end of a session, nurture the opportunity for ongoing collaboration by making time for and encouraging synergistic participants to connect with each other.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "OpenSpaceWorld.ORG". OpenSpaceWorld.ORG.
 2. ^ "Open Space Elevator Speeches". OpenSpaceWorld.ORG.
 3. ^ "[OSList] What is Open Space?".
 4. ^ "[OSList] Circle of One (was OSList Digest, Vol 19, Issue 5)".
 6. ^ a b "OpenSpaceWorld.ORG". OpenSpaceWorld.ORG.
 7. ^
 10. ^ Adams, John. "The Story of the Organization Transformation Symposia".
 12. ^ "Open Space World Map".
 13. ^
 14. ^
 15. ^ "What Is Open Space Technology?". OpenSpaceWorld.ORG.
 16. ^ "[OSList] Structure -- Heavy, lite, whatever....".
 17. ^ "users guide".
 18. ^ Emerging Order in Open Space by Harrison Owen
 20. ^ "[OSList] What is Open Space?".
 21. ^ "The shortest open space how-to that could possibly work".
 22. ^ Reflections of Brian Bainbridge Part 3. YouTube. 22 June 2010.
 24. ^ "[OSList] The 5th Principle / Sardinia".
 25. ^


text:
No matter what type of shock the patient has, perfusion is impaired resulting in decreased blood flow to all areas of the body.
Create a concept map describing the physiological effects on each body system. Include the signs and symptoms the nurse would expect to see as a result.
You should include a minimum of 3 references. Include a reference page in APA format.
Describe the effects of decreased blood flow to each body system
List the signs and symptoms the nurse would see as a result of the decreased blood flow in each system
APA Reference Page
The post Create a concept map describing the physiological effects on each body system..
Assignment status: Solved by our experts

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Counterintelligence Analyst - Mid
Amentum is seeking a Counterintelligence (CI) Analyst to support the DIA Office of Counterintelligence in Reston, VA. The Analyst will produce IC-coordinated all-source intelligence analytic products on foreign intelligence entities capabilities, intentions, willingness, and opportunities to threaten U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) personnel, resources, activities, and interests worldwide.
- Provides analytic support to senior officials, collectors, and operators throughout the DoD, IC, and law enforcement agencies/organizations and for DIA's CI programs, functions, and mission activities.
- Publish products unique to DIA to include, but not limited to, Defense Intelligence Digest (DID) articles and notes, Defense Intelligence Shorts, Response Memos, Defense Intelligence tabloids or graphics, and briefings. Products must follow DIA and Office of Director of National Intelligence analytic tradecraft standards and proper template formats.
- Research, review, edit, plan, prepare, integrate and publish all-source CI assessments to support OCI, DIA and/or DoD programs, functions, and mission activities.
- Conduct daily research of raw intelligence to identify potential threats to DoD personnel, activities, and interests. Contractor shall identify emerging threat trends and patterns and nominate strategic production when appropriate using a pre-analytical writing worksheet.
- Provide all-source analysis support to DoD CI Enterprise collectors and operators to improve awareness of all foreign intelligence threats to DoD personnel, resources, activities, and interests worldwide. Analytic support will include briefings and embedded analytic support to operations.
- Present formal and informational briefings on the current threats and defend CI analytic results to a variety of audiences in support of their CI and mission readiness
- Identify intelligence gaps, specify collection requirements to fill gaps in the information, and evaluate intelligence reporting through reports evaluation, source derived requirements (SDR), and collector engagement.
- Coordinate/collaborate with government/non-government agencies and CI organizations to exchange information on CI activities related to threats to DoD personnel, resources, activities, and interest worldwide and review draft production in accordance with DIA's analytic tradecraft guidance
- Coordinate and participate in working groups on CI and foreign intelligence threats to DoD personnel, resources, activities, and interest worldwide.
- Responsible for submitting after-action reports for external engagements and significant activities to the Government.
- Identify and articulate indicators of CI threats in support of developing strategies to mitigate risks to operational and strategic interests.
- Perform other duties as assigned.
- Must possess a current TS/SCI security clearance and be able to obtain a polygraph.
- Bachelor's degree preferred or equivalent experience and 4-8 years of job experience.
- Possesses deep understanding of counterintelligence topics to include global issues, emerging technologies, terrorism, health, etc. Preferably has experience running working groups, seminars, and conferences on aforementioned topics.
- Able to work and adapt in high paced environment.
- Ability to recognize all relevant information and produce objective assessments, free of any bias and be pertinent to client needs.
- Extensive skills in both written and oral communications is required.
- Working knowledge of computer systems and integrated software application programs; mastery of Department of Defense policies, procedures and tools.
Amentum is proud to be an Equal Opportunity Employer. Our hiring practices provide equal opportunity for employment without regard to race, religion, color, sex, gender, national origin, age, United States military veteran's status, ancestry, sexual orientation, marital status, family structure, medical condition including genetic characteristics or information, veteran status, or mental or physical disability so long as the essential functions of the job can be performed with or without reasonable accommodation, or any other protected category under federal, state, or local law.


text:
SYMBOLISM OF THE GRAIN-EAR IN VIACHESLAV IVANOV'S WORKS
Languages of publication
This paper suggests a symbolic and contextual symbol of grain, present in the works of Viacheslav Ivanov. The subject of the authoress analysis and its starting point is constituted by his three poems:- the first one stating with the words 'Yazykov pravdu, khristtiane, / My chtim (...)', from the poetic cycle entitled 'Rimskii dnevnik 1944 goda', the two remaining ones are: 'Sozrel na nive kolos (...)' and 'Tikhaya zhatva' (4th volume of 'Sobranie sochinenii'). On the basis of these works she traced the functioning of this symbol in Ivanov's poetic output, as well as in his theoretical and philosophical reflections. She also revealed the most important aspects of the motif of grain, namely: grain as a symbol of resurrection and life after death (connection with the ancient mystery cults) and grain in the eschatological meaning, understood as toll - the fruit of sowing.
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier


text:
Pictures of rare Frost Flowers
Kentucky State Climatologist Emeritus
Frost flowers are an early gift of winter that fills the heart with a feeling like that of the first crocus of spring. But, these frost flowers are made of ice! They are an artistic display forged by the weather.
Frost flowers grow when conditions include unfrozen soil that is moist from a previous rain, clear skies that allow the temperature to drop to 28˚F or so for the first time in the fall, and weeds. The "frost weeds" like white wing stem are really good producers of frost flowers.
The process begins when the water inside the weed stem becomes super cooled. The water moves up the stem by capillary action. When the wall of the weed stem splits from the pressure within, super cooled water is extruded through the split and freezes upon contact with the air. Typically, the ice that forms is about the thickness of a credit card. The length of the split constrains that dimension but commonly exceeds six inches. As super cooled water continues to extrude and freeze, the formation is pushed farther outward from the stem often reaching three inches or more. The frost flower "blooms" when the ribbon of ice bends or curls to present flower like shapes, no two of which are identical. Frost flowers are fragile, shattering when touched, and they usually sublimate as the air temperature rises soon after sunrise.
The photographs were taken in Allen County, Kentucky. Photos 1=5 were taken 17 November 2007 and 6-10 on 6 December 2009.
 Verbesina vir0ginica L, also called white crown beard
 Super cooled water's temperature is below freezing but remain liquid
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Collegeville Connections | Metaphor as a Tool for Discernment
Document Type
Publication Date
How do individuals and churches collectively discern what choices to make? And how can metaphors, such as pottery, help with the process?
In Fall 2020, the Collegeville Institute's Communities of Calling Initiative gathered leaders from the 13 participating congregations for the virtual Treasure in Clay Jars retreat. Designed by project director Rev. Dr. Jane Patterson and program associate Jessie Bazan, the retreat invited participants to play with the metaphor of pottery as a way of reflecting on their individual and congregational callings.
In this Collegeville Connections presentation, Jane and Jessie will explore the value of metaphor as a tool for discernment and use the metaphor of pottery to reflect with some Communities of Calling Initiative participants about their recent experiences in congregational life.
Streaming Media


Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Chapter 5
Miscible Displacement
Fluid Properties in Miscible Displacement: Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency
Mobility Ratio
The mobility of a fluid (i) is defined as :
Mobility of fluid equation
μi = Viscosity,
Ki = Effective permeability of the rock to fluid i.
The mobility ratio (M) of a displacement process is defined as the mobility of displacing fluid divided by the mobility of the displaced fluid. Mobility ratio is one of the most important parameters of a miscible displacement and has a profound influence on volumetric (macroscopic) sweep efficiency of the solvent and on the integrity of solvent slugs. Consider an idealized situation where solvent displaces oil at the irreducible water saturation (secondary recovery process) and where mixing of solvent with the oil is negligible. No water is flowing and the permeabilities to oil and solvent are equal. Mobility ratio in this case is simply the ratio of oil and solvent viscosities:
In practice mixing of solvent and oil does occur during the course of the displacement, which can result in an effective viscosity ratio that is less than the ratio of pure component viscosities. The viscosities of miscible solvent are typically small (< 0.1 cp) and thus the mobility ratios are greater than one. Viscosity ratio or mobility ratio, as defined by eq. (5‑34), ranges from 4 to 86 in the different MCM processes. Stalkup[2] reports data on a number of FCM projects. For these, the viscosity ratio ranges from 4 to 40. When the mobility ratio is smaller than one it is called favorable mobility ratio and called unfavorable when it is greater than one. Solvent/water injection is a technique to reduce solvent mobility by reducing solvent relative permeability. The most accepted mobility ratio definition at presence of mobile water is:
equation mobility ratio definition at presence of mobile water
Figure 5‑32 gives areal sweep efficiency (fraction of the pattern area invaded by pure solvent) at breakthrough of the displacing fluid as a function of M. the upper curve is based on photographs taken during displacement of one colored liquid by a second, miscible colored liquid in a scaled model, while the lower one is based on a material balance calculation made from the known volume of injected liquid and assuming piston like displacement. Because of mixing along the liquid-liquid interface, the area measurement yields a slightly larger areal sweep value than material balance result. As indicated in Fig. 4.4, the difference in the two curves is a measure of the mixing that occurs at the interface.
As seen, the areal sweep efficiency (EA) at breakthrough is a strong function of M. at M=1.0, areal sweep is about 70%. It increases slightly at smaller, favorable mobility ratios and decreases very sharply as M is increased. The poorer performance at larger M values occurs for two reasons: first viscous fingering occurs at M > 1.0 and become more noticeable as M increases. Second for M > 1.0 the geometry contribute to the early breakthrough. Because of the geometry, the smallest flow resistance and therefore the larger flow velocity is along the center line connecting the injection and production wells. Fluid flowing along this line breaks through first in a homogeneous reservoir. When M > 1.0 the fluid with lower mobility value (displaced fluid), is replaced by the injected fluid (with higher mobility). Because the major flow is along the center line path (as the shortest pass), the resistance along that path is reduced more than along any other line other than path. The result is that the larger the value of M the earlier breakthrough occurs.
Areal Sweep Efficiency as a Function of Mobility Ratio
Figure 5-32: Areal Sweep Efficiency as a Function of Mobility Ratio[3]
[1] "Enhanced Oil Recovery", Don, W. Green, G. Paul Willhite, 1998
[2] "Miscible Dispalcement", Stulkup Jr., F.I., Monograph series, SPE, Richardson, TX(1983).
[3] "Efficiencies of miscible displacement as a function of mobility ratio", Trans, AIME (1960)219, 264-72


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The best culture is agriculture
Contrary to most people's perception about agriculture as being a poor-old man's occupation in the village, agriculture is certainly "the best culture" and has great potential to revive and drive our dwindling economy.
Amid global pandemics such as COVID-19 when almost all other sectors of the economy are on their knees, demand for agricultural commodity remains high. For instance, due to COVID-19 several industries have severely been hit including transport & energy industries following travel bans on commercial airlines. The tourism & hospitality industries are no exception.
Despite the global crisis demand for agricultural products such as food has remained high as everyone needs to eat regardless of the situation. Furthermore, medical and nutritional experts recommend the need for healthy diets to maintain strong immune systems in the fight against COVID-19. If anything, demand for Agricultural raw materials has increased due to COVID 19 as manufacturing industries are demanding more agricultural raw materials such as cotton to produce face masks and other protective clothing. Demand for fresh cassava tubers has also increased as it is being used as the main ingredient in the processing of ethanol for making alcohol-based hand sanitisers. In J. Buel's words "Agriculture is the Archimedean lever which, though it does not move a world, tends to fill it with plenty, with moral health, and human happiness."
According to the 2018 labour force survey report Zambia's youth population is estimated at 5.8 million representing 35% of the national population, an amazing 5.8 x 100 billion neurons. This entails that the country is equipped with both cognitive capacity and adequate youthful manpower to drive the sector. Therefore, the youth should embrace agriculture and the government should make deliberate policies that support and encourage youth involvement in agriculture because it is envisaged that youth are creative and innovative, their innovation can be very key in improving the sector's efficiency through technology.
Photo credit: Young Farmer Maanda


text:
The main difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2 is classless routing. RIPv2 incorporates the addition of the network mask in the update to allow classless routing advertisements. This is extremely important for the flexibility needed to efficiently utilize network assignments for an ever-shrinking pool of IP addresses.
There are other differences, as well. In RIPv2, the destination address for the updates is multicast, instead of broadcast, as in RIPv1. This reduces the burden on the network devices that do not need to listen to RIP updates. With broadcast, every device on the broadcast domain must at least open the IP packet and process the initial information to determine relevance. With multicast addressing, if a device needs that information, it will listen to that specific address. If it does not need the RIP information, it does not have to process the multicast address. The multicast address RIPv2 sends to is 22.214.171.124.
Another addition to RIPv2 is authentication. Authentication is used to ensure that routes being distributed throughout the network are coming from authorized sources.Tags: RIPv1 vs RIPv2, auto summarization vs manual summarization, what is the difference between rip v1 pdf, what is the difference between of ripv1 and ripv2?, what is the difference between of ripv1 and ripv2 as far as administrative distance metric?, what is the comparison of ripv1 and ripv2?, What Is RIPv2, What are two differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2?, What are the main differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2?, the difference between ripv1 and ripv2 in cisco packet tracer?


text: This data set provides a global distribution of nine subgrid snow-depth-variability categories and a coefficient of variation applicable to each category, as the result of the Subgrid SNOW Distribution (SSNOWD) submodel that defines subgrid snow-depth and snow-cover variability. This data set provides the distribution of those nine categories and their coefficient-of-variation values on a global, 2.5 arc-min latitude-longitude (approximately 5-km) grid. The time period covered is 1 January 1994 through 1 January 2004. The SSNOWD submodel was formulated to improve the depiction of autumn through spring land-atmosphere interactions and feedbacks within global weather, climate, and hydrologic models. From both atmospheric and hydrologic perspectives, the subgrid snow-depth distribution is an important quantity to account for within large-scale models. In the natural system, these subgrid snow-depth distributions are largely responsible for the mosaic of snow-covered and snow-free areas that develop as the snow melts, and the impacts of these fractional areas must be quantified in order to realistically simulate grid-averaged surface fluxes. SSNOWD's formulation incorporates observational studies showing that snow distributions can be described by a lognormal distribution and the snow-depth coefficient-of-variation (CV). Using an understanding of the physical processes that lead to these observed snow-depth variations, a global distribution of nine subgrid snow-depth-variability categories was developed, and coefficient-of-variation values were assigned to each category based on published measurements. Data are in binary format.


Sequential Analysis of the Origin of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
This example shows pairwise sequence alignment (PWSA). PWSA has multiple applications in bioinformatics, such as multiple sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. We look at a PWSA that uses a global dynamic programming algorithm to align each pair of sequences, and we then calculate the pairwise distances using the Tajima-Nei metric. This gives us a matrix of distances between sequences that we use for inferring the phylogeny of HIV and SIV viruses. PWSA is a computationally expensive task with complexity O(L*L*N*N), where L is the average length of the sequences and N is the number of sequences [Durbin, et al. Cambridge University Press, 1998].
For details about the computations, view the code for pctdemo_setup_hivview the code for pctdemo_setup_hiv.
Related examples:
Load the Example Settings and the Data
We start by getting the example difficulty level. If you want to use a different example difficulty level, use paralleldemoconfig and then run this example again. See Customizing the Settings for the Examples in the Parallel Computing Toolbox for full details.
difficulty = pctdemo_helper_getDefaults();
The pctdemo_setup_hiv function retrieves the protein sequence information from the NCBI GenBank® database, and the difficulty parameter controls how many protein sequences we retrieve. You can view the code for pctdemo_setup_hivview the code for pctdemo_setup_hiv for full details.
[fig, pol, description] = pctdemo_setup_hiv(difficulty);
numViruses = length(pol);
startTime = clock;
Downloading data from the NCBI GenBank database
Finished downloading
Calculate the Distances
We call seqpdist to align the POL sequences and use the Tajima-Nei metric to measure the distances between them.
pold = seqpdist(pol,'method', 'Tajima-Nei', 'Alphabet', 'NT',...
 'indel', 'pair');
Measure the Elapsed Time
The time used for the sequential computations should be compared against the time it takes to perform the same set of calculations using the Parallel Computing Toolbox in the Distributed Analysis of the Origin of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus example. The elapsed time varies with the underlying hardware.
elapsedTime = etime(clock, startTime);
fprintf('Elapsed time is %2.1f seconds\n', elapsedTime);
Elapsed time is 12.6 seconds
Plot the Results
Now that we have all the distances, we can construct the phylogenetic tree for the POL proteins. You can view the code for pctdemo_plot_hivview the code for pctdemo_plot_hiv for full details.
pctdemo_plot_hiv(fig, pold, description);
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instance contains only one such sequence, we can provide shorter names for these handle-related functions without ambiguity.
+= (U->) [<-D]
inline int
size(Cfg *cfg)
 return nodes_size(cfg);
inline CfgNodeHandle
start(Cfg *cfg)
 return nodes_start(cfg);
inline CfgNodeHandle
end(Cfg *cfg)
 return nodes_end(cfg);
Graph simplification
The following functions perform graph simplifications. Each returns true if it succeeds in changing the graph. Since one kind of simplification can create the opportunity for others, you may want to repeat these transformations until no progress is made by any of them.
= (U->)
bool remove_unreachable_nodes(Cfg*);
bool merge_node_sequences(Cfg*);
bool optimize_jumps(Cfg*);
The function remove_unreachable_nodes(cfg) removes nodes unreachable from the entry of cfg; it renumbers the CFG and thus may invalidate node numbers that you may have saved. The function merge_node_sequences(cfg) merges sequences of control-equivalent nodes in cfg, while optimize_jumps(cfg) eliminates jumps to jumps in cfg.
Graph printing
When debugging code that uses a CFG, it is often useful to be able to print an ASCII representation of the graph.
= (U->)
void fprint(FILE*, Cfg*);
void fprint(FILE*, Cfg*, bool follow_layout, bool show_code);
The optional flag follow_layout causes the order of the printed nodes to follow the layout constraints of any nodes that have such constraints. The optional flag show_code causes the instructions in each node to be printed. Both flags default to false.
Header file graph.h
Module graph has the following header file.
/* file "cfg/graph.h" -- Control Flow Graph */
_TAG_ CFG_GRAPH_H
_TAG_ CFG_GRAPH_H
_TAG_
_TAG_ interface "cfg/graph.h"
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_ /* CFG_GRAPH_H */
Class CfgNode
The class CfgNode is the data structure used for the individual nodes in the CFG.
Node Creation
New CFG nodes are created with respect to a particular CFG and are immediately included in the graph's roster of nodes, even though they may have no connection to other nodes.
= (U->)
CfgNode* new_empty_node(Cfg*);
CfgNode* insert_empty_node(Cfg*, CfgNode *tail, CfgNode *head);
CfgNode* insert_empty_node(Cfg*, CfgNode *tail, int succ_pos);
CfgNode* clone_node(Cfg*, CfgNode*);
The function new_empty_node(cfg) returns a new empty and isolated node of cfg. The function insert_empty_node(cfg, tail, head) inserts a new node along edge (tail, head), while insert_empty_node(cfg, tail, succ_pos) inserts a new node between tail and successor number succ_pos. Note that the sequence of successors of a node is an ordered multiset: there may be several edges from node tail to some node head. The second form of insert_empty_node allows you to say exactly which edge to split with a new node. Finally, clone_node(cfg, node) replicates node in cfg, leaving it disconnected.
Node Contents
The main content of a CFG node is a list of instructions. You can scan and edit this list using the same function calls that you'd use for the contents of an InstrList:
= (U->)
int instrs_size(CfgNode*);
InstrHandle instrs_start(CfgNode*);
InstrHandle instrs_last(CfgNode*);
InstrHandle instrs_end(CfgNode*);
InstrHandle prepend(CfgNode*, Instr*);
InstrHandle append(CfgNode*, Instr*);
void replace(CfgNode*, InstrHandle, Instr*);
InstrHandle insert_before(CfgNode*, InstrHandle, Instr*);
InstrHandle insert_after(CfgNode*, InstrHandle, Instr*);
Instr* remove(CfgNode*, InstrHandle);
instrs_size(node) returns the number of elements in node.
instrs_begin(node) returns a handle on the first element of node.
instrs_end(node) returns the sentinel handle for node.
prepend(node, instr) inserts instr at the beginning of node.
append(node, instr) inserts instr at the end of node.
replace(node, handle, instr) replaces the element at handle in node by instr.
insert_before(node, handle, instr) inserts instr before handle in node.
insert_after(node, handle, instr) inserts instr after handle in node.
remove(node, handle) removes and returns the instruction at handle in node.
As with InstrList, the instr_ functions have nicknames because the are so frequently used.
= (U->)
inline int
size(CfgNode *node)
 return instrs_size(node);
inline InstrHandle
start(CfgNode *node)
 return instrs_start(node);
inline InstrHandle
last(CfgNode *node)
 return instrs_last(node);
inline InstrHandle
end(CfgNode *node)
 return instrs_end(node);
Graph Node Identification
These OPI functions help identify a given CFG node, by giving a code-label symbol representing the start of the code within it or by printing an ASCII representation of it for debugging.
= (U->)
Cfg* get_parent(CfgNode*);
int get_number(CfgNode*);
LabelSym* get_label(CfgNode*);
void fprint(FILE*, CfgNode*, bool show_code = false,
 bool show_addrs = false, bool no_header = false);
Function get_parent(node) returns the CFG that owns node. Function get_number(node) returns a non-negative integer identifier that is less than nodes_size(get_parent(node)). The function get_label(node) returns the label of node's leading label instruction, inserting a new label instruction if none was present. The fprint function is used to support printing of the overall CFG. It prints a one-line node header containing the node number and the nature of its control-termination instruction, if any, and then its lists of successor and predecessor numbers. If the Boolean argument show_code is true, then it prints the node's instructions as well. If show_addrs is true as well, each instruction is preceded by its hexadecimal address. Finally, if the no_header flag argument is true, fprint omits the header line, presumably to allow code to be listed by itself.
Control-Flow Relations
When a CFG is created from a list of instructions, its edges reflect the control paths implied by the control-flow instructions of that list. We call these normal edges. The CFG library also supports the creation of two other kinds of edges: exceptional and impossible.
The assumption usually made when the CFG creator encounters a procedure call instruction is that it returns exactly once for each time the call is executed. In many languages, it is possible to write procedures that may not return in the normal way, or that may return more than once for each call. To reflect such exceptional control paths, we provide a special kind of successor relation, used to describe flow of control from a call site directly to the exit node, or from the entry node to the point immediately after a call. We call such flow exceptional, since it is not the usual thing, and since it is often associated with the raising of an exception. We provide functions for creating and recognizing exceptional edges in a CFG.
Though unusual, exceptional edges are at least possible control paths. On the other hand, there are important analysis techniques that insert completely impossible edges in the CFG [cite bibmorgan]. They may require that every node lies on a path to the exit node, for example. To handle an infinite loop, they insert an impossible edge from one of the loop nodes to the exit. We also provide functions to create and recognize impossible edges.
When the CFG is constructed, impossible edges are included to be sure that every node is reachable from the entry, and every node has a path to the exit. However, no exceptional edges appear in the CFG when it is first constructed. To add them, you call set_exceptional_succ explicitly, as described below.
Finding Node Neighbors
Each CfgNode keeps a list of predecessors and a list of successors reachable by any kind of edge. You access these lists through the following functions.
= (U->) [D->]
int succs_size(CfgNode*);
CfgNodeHandle succs_start(CfgNode*);
CfgNodeHandle succs_end(CfgNode*);
int preds_size(CfgNode*);
CfgNodeHandle preds_start(CfgNode*);
CfgNodeHandle preds_end(CfgNode*);
CfgNode *fall_succ(CfgNode*);
CfgNode *taken_succ(CfgNode*);
succs_size(node) and preds_size(node) return the number of nodes's successor and predecessor nodes, respectively.
succs_start(node) and preds_start(node) return a handle on nodes's first successor and predecessor, respectively.
succs_end(node) and preds_end(node) return the sentinel handle for nodes's successor and predecessor sequences, respectively.
fall_succ(node) and taken_succ(node) return node's first and second successors, respectively.
The sequence of predecessors represents an unordered set, while the sequence of successors corresponds to the target(s) of the node's terminating instruction. The predecessor list is unordered because we could not imagine a useful ordering to implement; it is a set (and not a multiset) because having a set seems a simpler abstraction. The successors sequence is ordered; positions 0 and 1 in


0000>;
 l18 {
 regulator-min-microvolt = <_PHONE_>;
 regulator-max-microvolt = <_PHONE_>;
You should paste this at the end of your device tree and then go through all the voltages and compare them what you see in your downstream reference kernel. Here are some tips and tricks:
 - Downstream regulators look a bit different, but they are usually defined in msm8916-regulators.dtsi. Note that some device trees may override the regulator voltages in a device-specific.dts(i).
 - s1 (smpa1 and l3 (ldoa3) are missing in the voltage constraints because they are managed separately as power domains. Simply put, these two regulators are used by many components in the SoC. Instead of picking an exact voltage, we vote for a particular performance state. On downstream this is called voltage corner. There is a special Resource Power Manager (RPM) co-processor that collects all the votes and then decides for a particular voltage to use.
 - There is no need to set up voltage constraints for these because there is no way to set an dangerous voltage through the corner interface.
 - s2 (spm-regulator) is special (used to control the voltage for the CPU cores) and is not touched by mainline at the moment. Just ignore it.
 - Also ignore the -ao and -so regulators (usually just on l7)
 - regulator-system-load on l11 in the snippet above is for stability of the SD card[1]. This is declared in a different place on downstream, but most likely you can just keep it as-is.
 - vdd_l1_l2_l3-supply etc does not exist on downstream, but you can also keep it as-is. It is extremely unlikely that this is different for a particular device. Most important is validating the voltages.
Note: Usually most of the voltage ranges should stay as-is. If you are unsure, better be safe and ask for feedback in the chat!
Theoretically, enabling USB would be as simple as adding:
&usb {
 status = "okay";
However, due to an implementation detail USB only works if the USB controller is notified when you actually insert an USB cable. On mainline, these notifications come from the extcon (external connector) subsystem. Unfortunately, how we can detect that an USB cable was inserted differs quite significantly between devices. Sometimes (mainly on Samsung devices), there is some kind of Micro-USB Interface Controller that sits between USB and the SoC, which can detect various different cable types (connected to PC, connected to charger adapter, USB-OTG,...). In most other cases, this notification comes from the charger driver, which is usually quite hard to get working (see _TAG_/Charging).
How to handle some of the common variants is described here. Feel free to ask in the chat for further help.
ID pin
This is the easiest solution if you have some kind of USB ID GPIO defined downstream. Usually it's called qcom,usbid-gpio under the &usb_otg node but the name varies a bit sometimes. The USB ID pin is used to differentiate between:
 - Gadget mode (where you connect the device to a PC)
 - Host mode (where you use a special USB-OTG adapter to connect other USB devices, e.g. an USB keyboard)
It can only detect these two cases, so it does not allow us to detect that an USB cable is actually inserted. However, as a start we can pretend that an USB cable is inserted whenever we are not in host mode (i.e. whenever there is no USB-OTG adapter inserted). This means that the USB controller will stay active all the time. This is not much of a problem for getting started, right? :)
For this example, there was qcom,usbid-gpio = <&msm_gpio 110 0>; defined downstream, so the USB ID pin is connected to GPIO 110. Now we declare a new device tree node, which sets up an extcon device using the USB ID GPIO. We put this under the root node (/) because it is an entirely new node (previously we were mainly re-configuring existing device nodes):
_TAG_
/ {
 /*... */
 usb_id: usb-id {
 compatible = "linux,extcon-usb-gpio";
 id-gpios = <&msmgpio 110 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>;
 pinctrl-names = "default";
 pinctrl-0 = <&usb_id_default>;
Something we have not seen before in this guide is pinctrl (or Pin Control): As mentioned earlier, MSM8916 has 122 GPIO pins that can be configured with different functions. The idea is that there are only so many physical pins you can afford to have on an SoC, but you want to expose a lot of features. Thankfully, most of the time you won't need to use all of the features in the same device, which is why SoC manufatcturers get away with multiplexing multiple functions behind one physical pin. The most common use of a pin is as a GPIO (basically a digital input/output line that can be either set high or low, respectively can be sensed to determine the level it was set to by something outside the SoC). But it's also possible to configure other functions (e.g. UART or I²C) for some of the pins. Additionally, pins can be configured with pull-up/pull-down resistors or with a particular drive strength. In the Linux kernel, the Pin Control Subsystem (pinctrl) handles that configuration.
In most cases you don't need to figure out yourself if you need pull-down/pull-up or a particular drive strength. We can check on downstream how the pins were configured and translate that to a similar configuration on mainline. While downstream may contain errors (like enabling an internal pull-up on a line with external one), it's proven to work reliably. When in doubt, a datasheet is of immense help. In our example here we find the following line downstream: pinctrl-0 = <&usbid_default>;. We can then search for usbid_default: in the related device tree files (if it exists multiple times, check which includes are actually used for your device). In this case, we find it in msm8916-pinctrl.dtsi and it looks like:
usb-id-pin {
 qcom,pins = <&gp 110>;
 qcom,num-grp-pins = <1>;
 qcom,pin-func = <0>;
 label = "usb-id-pin";
 usbid_default: default {
 drive-strength = <8>;
The pin is configured as GPIO (qcom,pin-func = <0>) with pull-up and a drive-strength of 8mA.
We can easily define a similar configuration on mainline: To do that, we define a new pin configuration as part of the &msmgpio node, and then reference it with pinctrl-names/pinctrl-0 as seen above. The above example translates to the following:
&msmgpio {
 usb_id_default: usb-id-default {
 pins = "gpio110";
 function = "gpio";
 drive-strength = <8>;
Finally, we assign our new extcon device to both &usb and &usb_hs_phy, and then USB should be working. :)
&usb {
 status = "okay";
 extcon = <&usb_id>, <&usb_id>;
&usb_hs_phy {
 extcon = <&usb_id>;
Note: In the &usb node, the first extcon should point to the one that detects USB gadget mode, while the second one should detect USB host mode. In our case, our extcon device forces USB gadget mode as long as you don't connect an USB-OTG adapter. Later these would potentially be separate extcon devices. For &usb_hs_phy only the one for USB gadget mode should be specified.
Especially Samsung devices do not have the USB ID pin connected to a GPIO like explained in the previous section. Instead, there is an additional chip that sits between the USB connector and the USB controller: a Micro-USB Interface Controller (or: MUIC). The MUIC handles all USB cable related detection and therefore pretty much represents an extcon device as we have set up manually using the USB ID GPIO in the last section.
The disadvantage is that we now need a special driver for the MUIC. Many different chips exist so often a driver is not available immediately, since you usually don't want to write an entire new driver before you know if mainline is booting on your device at all. Anyway, if there is a driver for it already, the approach to make it work would be the following:
 1. Identify the MUIC chip. Usually you can find it by searching for muic in the downstream device tree. In this example we will use SM5502, which has the extcon-sm5502.c driver in mainline.
 2. Identify the I²C bus it is connected to. (it will probably be an I²C bus, but in theory it might be e.g SPI.) Samsung tends to use i2c-gpio, which emulates the I²C protocol on GPIO pins using bit banging. Note that sometimes they use i2c-gpio even when there is a hardware I²C bus available on the same pins. Not sure why they do that. They also sometimes add i2c-gpio-specific dts properties to hw I²C nodes. You can


text:
|Cooldown||30 sec (GCD 1 sec)|
Snake Trap is a hunter trap ability learned at level 66. Like other hunter traps, this can be launched with.
- Glyph of Snake Trap
- Item Level
- Major Glyph
- Classes: Hunter
- Requires Level 25
- Use: Permanently teaches you this glyph.
Your Ice Trap is replaced with Snake Trap.
Venomous snakes released by the trap will poison nearby enemies with a Crippling Poison that reduces movement speed by 50% for 12 sec.
- Sell Price: 1
The snakes apply 3 rogue-style poisons to enemies:
- Crippling Poison: Movement slowed by 50%.
- Mind-Numbing Poison: Casting speed slowed by 30%.
- Deadly Poison: Nature damage inflicted every 2 sec.
Snakes apply poisons with spit, not a melee attack (about 2.6 yard range). Also, if there are unpoisoned targets nearby, snakes will not melee, but will instead spit more poisons on that target, making snakes an excellent AoE boost. For example, if the hunter knows where a mage's AoE will be, they can place a snake trap there and most mobs at this location will get poisoned.
When the trap is activated, snakes start to attack the nearest targets. It is possible that some snakes will attack one target and some will attack another. After the target is dead, snakes attack the next target in range.
Out of the snakes, four vipers appear, hitting for approximately twice as much as the venomous snakes. The melee damage of the snakes being very low, the poisons are the main intent of the ability.
Tips and tactics
- It is possible to use the Snake Trap to gain distance while kiting. Place the trap as you are kiting a mob, then as the snakes release and begin to hit the mob, you can. This allows you to gain distance from the mob as it kills your snakes. Be aware of the speed that the mob kills your snakes, since if you haven't landed a dot or damaging ability on the mob before the snakes all die, you will lose aggro on the mob.
- Place the trap where a Mage or Warlock will do their AoE to add some damage and to slow targets (thanks to Crippling Poison).
- If two or more targets are tanked at the same time, place a trap under the tank.
- For Survival hunters, Snake Trap triggers.
- Snakes have their own aggro, therefore this trap has no effect on the hunter's aggro rating.
- The snakes are very easy to kill with a normal AoE (frost nova for example). Moreover, they can be feared.
- Snakes have a surprisingly large aggro radius and should generally only be used when you know that either their 15 second effect will not outlast the target mob(s) or when you have a lot of room to work. If there are any snakes left after you kill your primary target, and there is another valid target within ~23 feet, they will run off and attack them for you.
- If the hunter is killed while the snakes are active the snakes will also die.
- It appears that if the snake trap is triggered by a mob, the snakes will attack members of the opposite faction if they are within the snakes' attack range, whether or not either character is marked for PvP. Furthermore, the snakes will force that player's PvP flags up if they fight back regardless of what their flags are set to, allowing other players to force PvP on unwilling members of the opposite faction, in essence, a loophole. This is supposedly fixed in patch 2.4.0
- Can be useful in situations in PvP against people who target using the Tab key instead of clicking.
- Patch 3.2.0 (04-Aug-2009): The Mind-numbing Poison effect has been reduced to a 30% increase in casting time, down from 50% to match similar effects.


13 Things to Check if Land Title is Authentic or Fake
It is everybody's knowledge that documents can easily be faked in the Philippines. From birth certificates to college diplomas, such materials can quickly be passed off as exact copies.
It has been well-known not just in the country, but also overseas. Workers from the Philippines lead in the number of submitted bogus documents in Saudi Arabia that POEA has been reminding job applicants to use genuine materials.
In the property sector, there are regulations in place to deter scammers who prey on legitimate property owners; there are still cases reported where property buyers are lured into buying lots but receive a fake certificate of land titles. Part of the problem is that buyers are unaware of the tell-tale signs of a phony document being presented to them. As an example, a news release by Inquirer told early 2015 about the arrest of members of a syndicate engaged in sale and mortgage of fake titles.
Before you could get trapped by similar bogus sellers, Ms. Ruby Valdez, a land registration examiner from the Land Registration Authority of the Philippines, advises on the following quick-check items to verify if a document is fake or genuine.
Physical appearance of land title
 1. The paper used for an authentic certificate of land titles is of a special kind and supplied by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Hence, its texture is different from those commercially available papers.
 2. The texture of the genuine title is similar to that of a bank check.
 3. It has a watermark that says, "LRA."
 4. The color of an old version of the title is light yellow, while that of an e-title is pale straw.
 5. When subjected to UV light, tiny fibers in the paper emit a small fluorescent effect.
Text characteristics
 1. "Judicial Form No. 108-D" appears on top of an Original Certificate of Title.
 2. "Judicial Form No. 109-D" appears on top of a Transfer Certificate of Title.
 3. Serial numbers are printed in red color while the owner's duplicate should display black digits.
 4. The last two digits of the page number in the upper right-hand side should correspond to the last two digits of the TCT number.
 6. For e-Titles, all entries should be computer encoded and printed, unlike the old versions which were manually type-written
 7. The seal on the lower left-hand side should be dark red and does not blot when a little water check is done.
 8. Signatures:
 - for Judicial OCT, it should have two names present – the Administrator and the Registrar, while for TCT, only the name of the Registrar is current.
 - For Administrative Titles: one signature from a PENRO or CENRO officer and another from the registrar.
Having these preliminary tests should give you an idea of the type of document you are receiving: original or fake. If you have verified from the above list that the text appears genuine, it does not mean it is 100% authentic. You need to confirm with relevant agencies such as the Land Registration Authority, the Registry of Deeds, or the nearest local and municipal offices to the property location.
Although the step is straightforward and the amount of time to invest in verifying this document's authenticity is barely a minute, it is not a guarantee the certificate of land title is genuine. A modern and convenient way to secure your ownership is through e-titles.
Why you should consider converting your paper titles to e-titles
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NEWTON — As courthouses and city halls close, there is a logistical problem that arises for governmental boards — just how does the county commission or city council meet?
And, just as important, how do its members host a public meeting and comply with the Kansas Open Meetings Act?
Guidance from the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, and an executive order from Gov. Laura Kelly, limits the number of people in one place at one time to 10. Social distancing guidelines ask those people to stay at least 6 feet apart.
According to Kansas Attorney General Derek Schmidt, the Kansas Open Meetings Act requires public bodies to be "open to the public." Ordinarily, that requirement is met by allowing members of the public to enter the room where the meeting is taking place so they can listen and observe.
The answer to the problem of public governmental guidelines is popping up in meeting notices and agendas. Now appearing are internet links for video conferencing and phone numbers for voice conferences.
For some area government bodies, this is nothing really new. The McPherson City Commission has posted video of its meetings to YouTube, while the Newton USD 373 board of education started streaming live to Facebook on its own earlier this year.
The Harvey County Commission hosted its first online stream this week, making use of the service Zoom to provide video and telephone access. The commission met in the basement of the courthouse as the meeting was streamed.
Under new guidelines issued by the state, each entity will notify the public of the internet location of the meeting during the meeting notification process.
The attorney general's office has proposed formal rules for state and local governments to ensure their meetings remain open to the public during "social distancing" emergency restrictions on gathering in person. Basically, those new rules require for broadcast of the meeting, preferably with video, on either television of the internet or by audio by telephone conferencing.
"During a time of declared emergency when lives are disrupted, many people are apprehensive, and rumors can run rampant, the importance of ensuring openness and transparency in the government decision-making process is even greater than usual," Schmidt said. "An important way for public bodies to provide reassurance is to go the extra mile to ensure their actions are transparent during the time of emergency.
"This new guidance will help state and local government bodies throughout Kansas operate transparently even when the public cannot gather in person for meetings."


text:
M. Van Der Plaat and G. Barrett
Community Development Journal, vol.41, 2006, p.25-36
Civil society is generally understood as the realm within which people can participate collectively and work towards a common interest. This article examines mechanisms for involving marginalised groups in this process, focusing on parents' experiences with two of Canada's largest community-based health promotion programmes for children.
Community Development Journal, vol.41, 2006, p.89-103
Large health care organisations can strengthen the communities that they serve by engaging in community development work. They can also gain a number of business benefits by participating. Beyond this, uniquely, health service organisations can fulfil their central health-enhancing purposes through their community development work. The health of a population can be expected to improve as the quality of community life is enhanced through community development work by healthcare organisations


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 Museum Explorer
Daily life in
Ancient Egypt
Loaf of bread
Height: 15.500 cm
Width: 17.500 cm (max.)
EA 40942
Loaf of bread
From: Deir el-Bahari, Thebes
Date: around 1500 BC
Bread was a main food of ancient Egypt. Dozens of different shapes and names are known for loaves of bread, which shows how important it was. This loaf is flat and triangular, but some loaves were round, others tall and cone-shaped.
Much Egyptian bread was made from wheat. Growing grain was one of the main farming activities in Egypt, and is shown in pictures on tomb walls. This loaf was perhaps placed in a tomb to feed the dead person on their journey through the Underworld. In the model granary in the picture below, you can see a woman kneading bread in the courtyard.


Gertrude Stein puts the "there" back in Oakland
Friday, February 03, 2012 at 9:52 AM
Gertrude Stein. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room.)
What exactly did renowned U.S. writer and art collector Gertrude Stein mean when she said "there is no there there" about Oakland, California? In honor of Gertrude Stein's 138th birthday today, we explore the meaning of this oft-quoted phrase.
In fall 2011, I attended the SF Museum of Modern Art's exhibit of Stein's groundbreaking Paris art collection. At the exhibit, a small display about her childhood in Oakland, California, sparked my interest. I was born in Oakland, and I'm currently writing a book about Oakland. I wondered what it was like for Gertrude Stein growing up there in the 1880s. I purchased The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas from the Google eBookstore to read about Stein's experiences in Paris and San Francisco with her companion, Alice Toklas. The more I read by Stein and saw how she plays with language, the more I wondered about the meaning of her "no there there" quote.
There is a "There" in Oakland. (Photo by Joe Sciarrillo)
Searching Google Books, I found the "no there there" quote on page 298 of Everybody's Autobiography, published in 1937. The full quote is:
Searching the Google News archive, I found that dozens of articles over the last several decades used her quote. Searching Google Scholar, I found over 1,000 scholarly articles referencing her quote. But still, I wanted to learn more. What was Oakland like in the 1880s? I went to the Oakland History Room at the Oakland Main Library to find out.
Newspaper clippings from Stein's file in the Oakland History Room referencing her "there" quote.
Stein's family moved to Oakland in 1880, when she was six, and lived at the Tubbs Hotel their first year. Author Robert Louis Stevenson also stayed at this hotel from March to April, 1880.
Tubbs Hotel, Oakland, California. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Her family then moved to a home near today's 13th Avenue and East 25th Avenue. She lived in Oakland until 1891, and left at age 17 for Baltimore, after her parents passed away. Oakland was a much smaller town then, with a population of just under 35,000 in 1880.
Downtown Oakland in 1889. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Children playing in a water hole near where Stein grew up in Oakland in this 1884 photo. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Nearly 45 years later, Stein returned to Oakland on a lecture tour in 1935. By that time, the city had grown nearly 10 times to over 300,000 residents. When she tried to find her childhood home, it was no longer there. When she published Everybody's Autobiography two years later, saying there was "no there there," it was an expression of "painful nostalgia" about her home being gone and the land around it being completely changed. The house where she grew up was on a sprawling 10-acre plot surrounded by orchards and farms. By 1935, it had been replaced by dozens of houses. Oakland held a special significance to her, and on her return, she found that Oakland had urbanized and changed from the pastoral place she remembered.
Gertrude Stein writes in her autobiographical novel, The Making of Americans, about her childhood in Oakland, where a child "could have all anybody could want of joyous sweating, of rain and wind, of hunting, of cows and dogs and horses, of chopping wood, of making hay, of dreaming, of lying in a hollow all warm with the sun shining while the wind was howling." She won her first literary award as a student at Franklin School in Oakland for a piece she wrote about the sun "setting in a cavern of clouds." Returning to her home decades later to find it gone and to find Oakland no longer a place "of chopping wood, of making hay" struck her, and she wrote her famous "no there there" quote in response.
Stein's house, two miles south of this 1889 photo, was in a sparsely-populated section of Oakland. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
When researching Stein at the Oakland History Room, the literary portrait file had photos of Jack London, a contemporary of Stein's, who also grew up in Oakland. The file included other famous authors who visited Oakland in the late 1800s, including Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, and John Muir. Despite the misinterpretation of Stein's quote, there has always been a "there" in Oakland. Oakland has been blessed with several waves of artistic movements, stretching back to these authors. And in interviewing innovative artists and writers in Oakland today for my forthcoming book Oakland in Popular Memory, I've seen first-hand that now more than ever, there is a "there" in Oakland.
J and K said...
Thanks for the explanation of the "no there there" quote. I've heard secondhand about the actual context and meaning, but this is a more detailed account. I can't imagine what Stein would say if she saw Oakland today, though perhaps she'd be somewhat heartened by our budding urban gardening movement.
3011 said...
In a conversation today with a literary British colleague, he used this quote--"there's no there there," Gertrude Stein, to add to my description of Los Angeles, which, even we Americans know was totally changed from a city into a sphagetti-like system of limited access freeways... when GM bought up its rail system to sell their cars. Perhaps he had been reading the Google Blog!
Kay Walker said...
I had the same experience as Gertrude Stein did when I saw my early childhood home on Google Earth/Maps! The whole street has changed including the landscape. A mountain has been carved away at the end of the street and made my childhood street a divided cul-de-sac, going nowhere. There is no school over the back fence, but a bland estate crammed with cheap modern housesmy remembered "there" is not there, it only lives in my brain/mind. I never understood what Stein meant until todaythank you!
Rose Hoban said...
I was working on a radio program about Oakland in the early 2000s and we decided to do a story about the 'oldest building in Oakland'. It was amazing, there were no buildings older than, say, 1900. Almost all of them had been razed, including the lovely Victorian houses along Lake Merritt. Even the beautiful houses near Park Blvd were more recent. In effect, Oaklanders had decided that 'old' = 'bad' and expunged their prior landscape.
I could completely understand Stein in that context.
Incidentally, we were finally able to identify the oldest building, it's a brick railroad car barn close to the 880 onramp near the old railroad terminal station. (abandoned, yet still beautiful... see? The trend continues even now.) That was then. If memory serves (I no longer live there), that building has come down too.


Colorado Parrot Breeder
Squeaky Cheeks Aviary
Green Cheek Conure Info
Green Cheek Conures are very special little parrots. They are energetic, curious and funny. And love their people. They come in many different colors which make them fun to collect. They can do well playing with other birds, but they are not colony birds so they can get bossy and chase other birds around. Some of them can be housed with another Green Cheek or similar parrot. It depends on the bird.
Green Cheeks are considered quieter on the parrot loudness scale. But that does not mean they are silent. They love to chatter and make their noises. Green Cheeks can learn to say a few words. They are considered a small parrot and live up to 30 years in captivity.
Green Cheeks are lovable and sweet, but can also be little stinkers. They are energetic and curious so they will test what they can and cannot do. They are funny little characters and will always be great entertainment in your home.
Green Cheeks love wood toys, they nibble at them and ruin them slowly in my opinion. But do not get parakeet toys for them, they are not species appropriate. The little parakeet toys such as hanging ring toys can get stuck around these bigger birds. So get small parrot toys! They love bells too. Parrot bells!
Dominant Red Green Cheek Conures
Note on Dominant Red
Dominant Red is a new rare mutation that came out of Hawaii. This is a dominant gene that causes a huge portion of the breast, and head to be a very intense red. It looks best on High Red Pineapples, High Red Yellow Sided and High Red Suncheeks.
The gene has been a lot of work. As with many dominant lethal animal gene combos in nature, this can cause health issues. You cannot breed 2 of these birds together as its a lethal combo and babies will die. Dominant Red can cause weep eyes, which is moist feathers around the eye, and a bald spot on the back of the head. Breeders have made progress on producing birds without these problems. Which is fantastic! They are making progress. But issues still may pop up in breeding's because the gene is so new. At this time in their evolution there is no such thing zero chance of not have issues pop up in clutches. Breeders just have to pick the best ones and breed from those. The gene is worth working with as the gene is getting healthier through the years. The bald spots can grow back as the bird ages at around one year, and your bird won't even have that anymore. Also weepy eye goes away once the bird is past one year of age. Another notable thing with Dominants is that they tend to mature slower. They are smaller longer and eventually fill out.
The ones with slight health issues such as teary eyes and a temporary bald spot on the head these birds should be adopted out to pet only homes. And never bred. This will not affect the birds quality of life. They will still be the same sweet personality you want in a Green Cheek. But with a flaw or 2 temporarily. In my aviary these birds will go for a lesser cost and the adopter will be made aware of the issue before they purchase. As we are a no cull aviary.
Because of the difficulty to breed them and high cost of the bird for breeding stock, the Dominant Reds cost is a little bit more if they have zero issues.
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GOLDFIELD, Nev. — The Esmeralda County School District has adopted a policy that allows students to speak Spanish while riding the school bus, revoking a ban that was approved by its school board in October.
The prohibition on speaking Spanish had affected about a dozen students from a farming and ranching community in Esmeralda County, who are bused by the district to a high school in neighboring Nye County.
The district implemented the new policy — which states, "There is no general rule prohibiting Spanish on any of our buses" — after it received a letter from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
"The school district understands that students have a constitutional right to free speech," said Gary Peck, executive director of the ACLU of Nevada. "Once the superintendent was informed that prohibiting students from speaking Spanish violated their rights, the school district was very willing to work out a policy that both encourages students to practice their English skills and allows them to speak their native language."
On the bus ride that the students take to return to Esmeralda County, there is an academic period for the first 45 minutes in which the students are required to do homework, study or read. During this period, the district asks that all students practice their English skills.
Students who are more proficient in English may speak Spanish while assisting those whose English is more limited. Students who are developing their English skills will work with a tutor who rides with them.
The second 45-minute period of the evening ride is considered free time, and students may speak to one another in any language they choose. Students may also speak to each other in the language of their choice during the morning bus ride.
When communicating with the bus driver and tutors, the district asks that students speak in English or ask another student to interpret if necessary, because the bus driver and the tutors don't speak Spanish.


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Computer Program Detail Page
written by Wolfgang Christian
The Two State Nuclear Decay model simulates the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei into other nuclei. In this model, the resultant nuclei are stable and there are no intermediate decay states. Although the decay of a radioactive nucleus (radionuclide) is spontaneous and the time of its decay cannot be predicted, the probability of its decay k is constant and is usually known. The model displays a radioactive sample with N nuclides. Radioactive nuclides are color-coded red and decayed nuclides are color-coded blue. Users can set the number of nuclides N, the decay constant k, and the time interval between measurements before the simulation is run. The simulation counts the number of decay events and stops when there are no radionuclides remaining.
The Two State Nuclear Decay model was developed using the Easy Java Simulations (Ejs) modeling tool. It is distributed as a ready-to-run (compiled) Java archive. Double clicking the ejs_nuclear_TwoStateNuclearDecay.jar file will run the program if Java is installed.
Please note that this resource requires at least version 1.5 of Java.
View the source code document attached to this resource
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Two State Nuclear Decay Model:
Is Based On Easy Java Simulations Modeling and Authoring Tool
The Easy Java Simulations Modeling and Authoring Tool is needed to explore the computational model used in the Two State Nuclear Decay Model.relation by Wolfgang Christian
Is the Basis For Three State Nuclear Decay Model
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What happens with my health information?
American Airlines manages employee and retiree health benefits. To assist American Airlines has business relationships with third-party vendors, for example Aetna, BCBS, ActiveHealth and Quest Diagnostic. The sharing of health information between these companies is permitted by regulation. For example your medical claims information is sent from the administrator to ActiveHealth. This information is used to identify programs and resources that may be valuable to you. All information provided through Healthmatters remains available for review by you. You may choose to share the information with your doctor and other medical professionals.


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Feature Selection in Data Mining
Yong Seong Kim (University of Iowa, USA), W. Nick Street (University of Iowa, USA) and Filippo Menczer (University of Iowa, USA)
Copyright: © 2003
Feature subset selection is an important problem in knowledge discovery, not only for the insight gained from determining relevant modeling variables, but also for the improved understandability, scalability, and, possibly, accuracy of the resulting models. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive analysis of feature selection via evolutionary search in supervised and unsupervised learning. To achieve this purpose, we first discuss a general framework for feature selection based on a new search algorithm, Evolutionary Local Selection Algorithm (ELSA). The search is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem to examine the trade-off between the complexity of the generated solutions against their quality. ELSA considers multiple objectives efficiently while avoiding computationally expensive global comparison. We combine ELSA with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithms for feature selection in supervised and unsupervised learning respectively. Further, we provide a new two-level evolutionary algorithm, Meta-Evolutionary Ensembles (MEE), where feature selection is used to promote the diversity among classifiers in the same ensemble.


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Basics of Programming III
- 30 Test Questions.
- 1 hour to administer.
- Immediate Phone Scoring.
The Basics of Programming III test (BOP III) is a 30 question test that can be administered within one hour. Clients often use the BOP III test as a hiring tool for candidates whose job experience may differ somewhat from the organization's requirements regarding languages, equipment and systems. This test will assess basic programming skills such as program design, development, testing, and debugging. BOP III may be given alone when basic concepts are of primary importance, or in combination with other tests when specific areas of expertise are required. BOP III may also be used at the end of training to evaluate readiness for job assignment. The individual Diagnostic Score Report, showing content area strengths and weaknesses, is useful for determining job placement and further training needs.
The Basics of Programming III is a language-independent test that measures the fundamental programming skills of experienced or trained programmers from most computer environments. Content areas include: Debugging and Testing; Program Logic; Program Design and Methods; and Data Structure and Manipulation.


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Today, NASW celebrates the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's special message to Congress regarding the state of mental health in the United States. President Kennedy's remarks brought the issue of stigma, and access to care, to the forefront of his domestic agenda. As a result of this initiative, the Community Mental Health Centers Act was signed into law, which funded the development of mental health centers, training programs, and outpatient treatment programs. The passage of this law ignited a series of responses from the federal government to address mental illness including mental health provisions in Medicaid and Medicare.
The country has made tremendous progress since 1963 in recognizing and treating mental illness. Recently, under the Obama Administration's leadership with the Affordable Care Act and the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act, Americans now have greater access to mental health services. In the wake of the Newtown tragedy, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services will launch a year-long national dialogue on mental health in the coming weeks to focus on combating the stigma of mental illness by educating the nation's youth, educators, and parents.
While we celebrate this anniversary, NASW remains cognizant of the progress the nation still needs to achieve in order to more appropriately address gaps in mental and behavioral health services. As President Kennedy noted in his address, "This situation has been tolerated far too long. It has troubled our national conscience–but only as a problem unpleasant to mention, easy to postpone, and despairing of solution." At a time when mental health services continue to experience state and federal budget cuts, and mental illness continues to be misunderstood by society, NASW remains committed to raising awareness and advocating for sound policy to support individuals and strengthen our communities.Tags: Advocacy, mental health, nasw, National Association of Social Workers, news, social justice, social work, social worker
Posted in Advocacy |


Last updated on March 16, 2014 at 1:21 EDT
Wild Bottlenose Dolphins: Research Shows They Can Be Stuck Up
August 1, 2012
Image Credit: Photos.com
Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com — Your Universe Online
Talk about stuck up, new research shows that bottlenose dolphins form elite societies and cliques.
Scientists found that wild bottlenose dolphins bond over the use of tools, with distinct cliques and classes forming over decades as a result of their skills. The research suggests that humans are not the only animal species that understand what its like to be picked last in gym class.
According to the findings, the dolphins in the communities share their knowledge only with those in their own circle, passing it down the family line.
Georgetown University noticed that some dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia used a sponge to protect their beaks while hunting, and others did not. The team wanted to understand why the practice had not spread.
They found the tool was first used by a single dolphin nicknamed "Sponging Eve," after she scraped her nose while foraging for food in rough sand. The dolphin broke off a piece of sea sponge to protect her, and taught the behavior to her offspring.
Two decades later, the knowledge of using a sponge to protect noses spread among the whole dolphin population in the area.
Scientists found 36 spongers and 69 non-spongers in the area over a 22 year period.
"Spongers were more cliquish, had more sponger associates and stronger bonds with each other than with non-spongers," the researchers wrote in the journal Nature
Communications. "Like humans who preferentially associate with others who share their subculture, tool-using dolphins prefer others like themselves, strongly suggesting that sponge tool-use is a cultural behavior," they continued.
Scientists suggest that the dolphins may have a tendency to associate with those most like themselves.
"We sometimes think that traits such as culture are exclusively human, but a growing body of literature proves otherwise," Janet Mann, the team leader, wrote in the journal.
The researchers believe that the cliques are formed for social reasons, rather than for practical reasons.
"As sponging is a solitary behavior, affiliation between spongers would not be based on collective foraging, but rather on identifying other individuals as spongers," they wrote in the journal. "We suggest that spongers also share in-group identity, but affiliation is a consequence of similarity in the socially learned trait, a scenario that resonates with human culture."
The researchers said that spongers were more cliquish, had more sponger associates and stronger bonds with each other than those dolphins that were non-spongers.
The study also found that the behavior was stronger in females, which were better at maintaining alliances.
The dolphin sub-cultures are believed to be the result of socially-learned behavior rather than innate traits.
Source: Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online


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ILO Factsheet Measuring the costs of coercion
Jul 01 2010
Download right click "save as"
What are, in addition to the human suffering, the financial costs of coercion to people who work in forced labour? In other words, how much money is "stolen" from people in forced labour? Answering this question requires some estimate of the net opportunity cost of being in forced labour, i.e. the amount of income that is lost because a person is in forced labour instead of being free. In a general sense, the cost of coercion can be defined as the difference between a victim's actual income in forced labour and what he or she would have earned doing the same job in a free labour relationship. Research over the last few years has shown that the loss of income associated with coercion can be traced to two main sources. The first source is the underpayment of wages. The second source of lost income that we consider arises mainly in cases of human trafficking: it is the financial costs associated with the recruitment process. More information about human trafficking on the website of ILO.
- The State of Human Trafficking in California 2012
- Ewa'a: Annual Book 2011 (English)
- Ewa'a: Annual Book 2011 (Arabic)
- The EU Strategy Towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012-2016
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Relevant International Conventions/Closing Material
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives T-Z
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives N-S
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives D-I
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 Country Narratives A-C
- Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 - Introductory materials
- Guatemala's Protocol for Repatriation of Human Trafficking Victims
- California Senate Bill 657


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Typically covered lagoons are used with flush manure management systems that discharge manure at 0.5 to 2 percent solids. The in-ground, earth or lined lagoon is covered with a flexible or floating gas tight cover. They are not heated and considered ambient temperature digesters. Retention time is usually 30–45 days or longer depending on lagoon size. In climates that have elevated year round temperatures, such as southern and western U.S., these digesters can produce stable, reduced odor, nutrient rich effluent for application on fields and crops; pathogen and weed seed reduction and; produce biogas for farm energy use. Heat recovery from the biogas can be used to heat nurseries on swine farms and warm milking parlors on dairy farms. Very large lagoons in hot climates may produce sufficient quantity, quality and consistency of gas to justify use in an engine generator. In areas with cooler climates, waste digestion, odor control and gas production will be less consistent and the low quality gas may need to be flared off much of the year for odor control and greenhouse gas reduction.
The covered lagoon at Royal Farms in Tulare, CA is a farrow-to-finish swine operation and has been in operation since 1982. The farm has a water flush manure management system with a three cell lagoon. In the beginning only part of the first cell was covered, but in 1987 the entire first cell was covered. The covered lagoon has operated to provide odor reduction, reduce pathogens, produce biogas and provide a stabilized nutrient rich effluent. The biogas produced on Royal Farms is used to make electricity to off-set power costs and any excess is sold. Heat is also recovered from the engine generator and used to supplement the heat in the nursery barns. Some of the effluent from the third lagoon is recycled for use as part of the barn flush water with the remainder irrigated on corn, wheat and silage crops.
For more information on the covered lagoon digester system on Royal Farms please see:
- Methane Recovery From Animal Manures: The Current Opportunities Casebook, Case Study 4.7, Royal Farms pg. 4-23


One of the biggest concerns our newbie customers have is how to use our Counter Culture DIY Stick Tight and Quick Coat. These two products are highly recommended if you are working with materials that may repel your epoxy. They are specially formulated so your finished product can have that glass-like finish.
What is Stick Tight?
Stick Tight promotes adhesion between smooth surfaces and has the ability to bridge over contaminants that may be present in spray or marble paint. (REMEMBER: This product will not work on porous surfaces such as Stone, Concrete, Glitter or Media that has not been first coated with a resin or sealer).
As a side note, if you have already used a layer of epoxy and have had fish eyes or dimples, you can sand it and follow the steps below to salvage your project.
 How to Use:
 1. Prepare your work station. You will need a bowl with water, a bowl, and a chip brush.
 2. After your marble or spray paint has fully dried, pour a small amount of stick tight into a bowl.
 3. Use a 3-inch chip brush to apply the stick tight. Be sure to coat the entire surface. Use your chip brush to get into every area of your tumbler.
 4. After you've completely covered the surface with Stick Tight, don't wait for it to dry. Rinse immediately with water using the same brush to remove all the Stick Tight.
 5. Once you've finished rinsing, dry the tumbler with a clean, lint-free towel. When the cup is dry, you are ready to apply the Quick Coat.
What is Quick Coat?
Quick Coat is a VOC free clear, non-yellowing sealer. Quick Coat will seal your project before resin application. Quick Coat "seals" in the contaminants that could repel your resin.
 How to Use:
 1. After doing the steps above, pour a small amount of Quick Coat in a cup.
 2. Using a chip brush or gloved finger, apply a thin layer of Quick Coat to 100% of the tumbler surface.
 3. You can use a hairdryer to make Quick Coat dry faster.
 4. Once the first layer of Quick Coat is dry, it's time to apply a second thin layer. Use the same method in steps #2 and #3.
 5. Your tumbler is ready for epoxy when the Quick Coat completely dry.
If you need a video tutorial on how to use Counter Culture DIY Stick Tight and Quick Coat, view it here. Don't forget to join us on Facebook for updates, promos, and awesome tips from fellow artists!


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Feminist interactions with GIS started in the 1990s in the form of strong critiques against GIS inspired by feminist and postpositivist theories. Those critiques mainly highlighted a supposed epistemological dissonance between GIS and feminist scholarship. GIS was accused of being shaped by positivist and masculinist epistemologies, especially due to its emphasis on vision as the principal way of knowing. In addition, feminist critiques claimed that GIS was largely incompatible with positionality and reflexivity, two core concepts of feminist theory. Feminist critiques of GIS also discussed power issues embedded in GIS practices, including the predominance of men in the early days of the GIS industry and the development of GIS practices for the military and surveillance purposes.
At the beginning of the 21st century, feminist geographers reexamined those critiques and argued against an inherent epistemological incompatibility between GIS methods and feminist scholarship. They advocated for a reappropriation of GIS by feminist scholars in the form of critical feminist GIS practices. The critical GIS perspective promotes an unorthodox, reconstructed, and emancipatory set of GIS practices by critiquing dominant approaches of knowledge production, implementing GIS in critically informed progressive social research, and developing postpositivist techniques of GIS. Inspired by those debates, feminist scholars did reclaim GIS and effectively developed feminist GIS practices.


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Improving the safety of Nevada's highways is the top priority of the Department of Public Safety, Highway Patrol. The Highway Patrol has established the goal to reduce the Nevada large truck and bus related fatalities rate to 0.16 fatalities per 100 million Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by 2011, as averaged over the three preceding years. This equates to a 24 percent reduction from the base period of 2003-2005 average fatality rate of 0.21. This represents an estimated average of 7 lives saved each year in the State of Nevada.
To assist in achieving this goal, the DPS, Highway Patrol participates in the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP). This is a Federal grant program that provides financial assistance to States to reduce the number and severity of crashes and hazardous materials incidents involving commercial motor vehicles (CMV). The goal of the MCSAP is to reduce CMV-involved crashes, fatalities, and injuries through consistent, uniform, and effective CMV safety programs. Investing grant monies in appropriate safety programs increases the likelihood that safety defects, driver deficiencies, and unsafe motor carrier practices are detected and corrected before they become contributing factors to crashes. The MCSAP also sets forth the conditions for participation by States and local jurisdictions and promotes the adoption and uniform enforcement of safety rules, regulations, and standards compatible with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR's) and Federal Hazardous Material Regulations (HMR's)for both interstate and intrastate motor carriers and drivers.


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As a workaround, follow this workflow:
1. Cap the top with a planar surface
2. Knit the 2 surface bodies and for a solid
3. Shell the solid with.5 mm
You will get this warning:
The Thickness value is greater than the Minimum radius of Curvature. The shell may succeed, but could cause undesirable results, such as bad geometry. To find the Minimum radius of Curvature, use Tools, Check.
That being said, the end result might be close enough to what you need:
BTW, there si an interesting warning on the shell feature in the tree:
OMG thank you so much! Finally got it to work!
It's cool that Alin solved your problem by using the Shell command. We often end up using Surfacing commands to work our way around failures of the Shell command and now the Shell command has the crowing rights. On the other hand, the warnings that the command gives you are worth listening to and thinking about, even if you decide to forge ahead. (Which I invariably do.)
You can often track down the problem areas in your part by using a smaller value for the thicken, doing a binary search to nail down the maximum thickness that will work. Visual examination of the maximum thickness part will often show where are an edge or surface is about to disappear. Sometimes you might find that a thicker part works, in which case you can do a similar binary search for the thinnest part that will build. Another approach is offset a surface from groups of faces to see if certain boundaries are causing the difficulty.
You might also want to run the stringent Check tool on your part to make sure that it is OK. Even a part that checks good may go bad later as you add more features. You might have to return to the early features to "fix" them so that the later features will work.