text:
1. In a Terminal window in your 4_combine directory, copy the input files that you have created while working on the previous sections, using the following commands:
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer-2.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.top.
cp../3_cg_membrane/mixture.pdb.
cp../3_cg_membrane/lipid-ion.top.
The last input files needed is a pdb of ions, ions.pdb, which is located at your current directory 4_combine/example-input.
2. Start VMD and in the VMD Tk Console window, type the following command:
This command calls the script build.tcl, which will replicate six copies of BAR domain dimers and combine the BAR domains, lipids and ions together.
3. The output of the script build.tcl will be a psf file (6bar.psf) and a pdb file 6bar.pdb containing six BAR domain dimers on top of a membrane patch, neutralized by ions.
4. Take a look at the build.tcl.
This script contains the following steps: (1) Load the two monomers of a BAR domain dimer. (2) Move the monomers to appropriate locations, to form a lattice. (3) Call VMD plugin psfgen and input SBCG topology files for BAR domains, lipids and ions. (4) Input coordinates of the six BAR domain dimers, lipid membrane, and ions. (5) Generate psf and pdb files for the combined system. More detailed descriptions of the commands are included in build.tcl as comments beginning with ''#''. You can view the commands and comments in build.tcl using any text editor, or, e.g., using ls command in the VMD Tk Console.
5. Load the output system into VMD using the following command in the Tk Console:
mol load psf 6bar.psf pdb 6bar.pdb
6. Measure the center and dimension of the system by following commands:
set sel [atomselect top all]
measure center $sel
measure minmax $sel
Record the above values for use in the next section.


text:
What does Bob mean?
The meaning of Bob is "bright fame".
Bob is generally used as a boy's name.
It consists of 3 letters and 1 syllable and is pronounced Bob.
The Given Name Bob
Embraced by many parents, the name Bob, is one of warmth and distinction.
A name fit for a child full of adventure and authenticness, a little trailblazer.
Although unique, your little attractive Bob, is sure to make it a memorable one.
Some famous bearers of this name include: Bob 'The Boomer' Brown, and Bob Acres.
In contrast, the year before it ranked 10,841 in baby name popularity for boys with 6 occurrences. Less than 5 girls were given the name.
The trend's your friend. See how Bob has changed in popularity since 1880 by visiting the Bob Name Popularity Page.
Bob Related Names
- Bob ~ 3 hurricanes
- Bob 'The Boomer' Brown ~ Football Player
- Bob Acres ~ The Rivals character
- Bob Cousy ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Davies ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Dylan ~ Folk Musician
- Bob Feller ~ Baseball Player
- Bob Gainey ~ Ice Hockey Player
- Bob Gibson ~ Baseball Player
- Bob Griese ~ Football Player
- Bob Hawke ~ Australian Prime Minister (_PHONE_)
- Bob Hayes ~ Football Player
- Bob Hope ~ Actor
- Bob Hoskins ~ Actor
- Bob Houbregs ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Kurland ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Lanier ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Lemon ~ Baseball Player
- Bob Lilly ~ Football Player
- Bob Marley ~ Musician
- Bob McAdoo ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Newhart ~ Actor
- Bob Peck ~ Actor
- Bob Pettit ~ Basketball Player
- Bob Pulford ~ Ice Hockey Player
- Bob St. Clair ~ Football Player
- Bob Waterfield ~ Football Player
It may all be in the numbers.
The numbers that make up your child's name.
Numerology may give you some insight.
Children named Bob are often animated and nervous but most of all they are read more >>
Bob Name Fun
Then just follow the diagram below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Set the Document Root Path
Tugboat does not try to guess where your document root lives in your repository. Likewise, it does not try to guess where a web server image expects to serve the default document root from. This means you are responsible for making this link in your configuration file
Each web server image expects the document root to be in a different location. This is a side effect of using the Official Docker Images. The images provided by Tugboat store this document root location in an environment variable named $DOCROOT for convenience.
Use this configuration to link the document root to a directory named /docroot in your git repository. This works for the following images provided by Tugboat: tugboatqa/httpd, tugboatqa/nginx, tugboatqa/php:apache
 image: tugboatqa/httpd
 - ln -snf "${TUGBOAT_ROOT}/docroot" "${DOCROOT}"


text:
(AP) Some of the stream and river gauges used around the country to help forecasters predict flood and drought could be discontinued as a result of automatic federal budget cuts that went into effect this month, officials said Friday.
The U.S. Geological Survey said 11 of the roughly 100 gauges it operates in Minnesota could potentially be shut down due to budget cuts. Nationally, 375 of the 8,000 USGS-operated gauges are at risk. USGS spokesman Dave Ozman said the agency doesn't know the full impact of the cuts yet, or when the gauges might be affected.
The gauges provide key information for the National Weather Service as it collects data to forecast potential flooding.
"They are the eyes in the field for us," weather service hydrologist Diane Cooper. "Without that river gauge, we can't provide forecasts."
The USGS's river gauges measure water elevation every 15 minutes, and about every six weeks the river flow is measured. But during flooding, river flow measurements are taken much more frequently. The USGS compares that river flow and elevation data, which it uses to create important forecasts at each gauge's location, Cooper said.
The information is transmitted to a satellite and comes into the weather service almost continuously which is important because, she said, "river conditions can change quickly."
Ozman said some river gauges are co-funded through federal, state or local dollars. Eleven USGS river gauges in Minnesota are completely funded by federal dollars, so those are the ones that could face a shutdown.
They include gauges at: the Pigeon River near Grand Portage, the Kawishiwi River near Ely, the Prairie River near Taconite, the Crow River at Rockford, the Whetstone River near Big Stone City, the Yellow Medicine River near Granite Falls, the Minnesota River at Morton, the Mississippi River at St. Paul, the Mississippi River at Prescott, the Root River near Pilot Mound, and the Cedar River near Austin.
"Those are the ones we're looking at. Our hope is that we wouldn't have to cut all of those," Ozman said. "These gauges are all important to the folks who are served by them."
The USGS is evaluating the effects of budget cuts on all of its programs, including seismic monitoring and volcano and land slide monitoring. In addition, Ozman said, the USGS plans to issue a notice to all employees that a furlough is also being considered, but that any furloughs would not exceed nine days.
Ferris Chamberlin, the chief of water management for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District, said river gauges are important, especially with the spring flooding season right around the corner.
"You couldn't have picked a worse time," he said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
HARPER, TEXAS. Harper is on U.S. Highway 290 twenty-three miles west of Fredericksburg in far western Gillespie County. It is in the heart of the Hill Country and has an ideal climate. The site was first settled by the Matthew Taylor and Eli McDonald families in 1863. A historical marker shows the site of the McDonald massacre of August 1864, in which two members of the McDonald family were killed by Kiowa Indians, a young mother and four children were captured, and the elderly Aunt Hannah escaped. The first post office was established in 1883 by George Franklin Harper, for whom the town was named. Harper celebrated its centennial in 1963, and more than 15,000 visitors attended the festivities. In 1985 the town served a large ranching area and had six churches, a fire department and ambulance service, a public school, and growing residential subdivisions. As of 1982 Harper had the oldest bank still operating in Gillespie County. The population was 383 in 1982 and 1990. By 2000, however, it had grown to 1,006.
Kathleen E. and Clifton R. St. Clair, eds., Little Towns of Texas (Jacksonville, Texas: Jayroe Graphic Arts, 1982).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Ola Mae Hopf, "HARPER, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 16, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text:
La Verne Magazine
Orange Picking Season
by Julia Carachure
photography by Tom Galaraga
A taste of the citrus industry still exists in a small corner of the city.
Bonnie Brunell, secretary-treasurer of the Heritage Foundation, is a planning
committee member for the annual Heritage Park orange picking season event.
Oranges adorn the trees like Christmas decorations. Smudge pots that
used to heat the oranges on cold nights now sit unused beneath the trees.
A thermometer hangs nearby on a post, indicating the temperature that was
once crucial in making sure the oranges would not freeze and remained in
good condition before being shipped around the world.
Welcome to the last remaining orange grove in the city of La Verne:
Heritage Park. For residents, this is an opportunity to take a glance at
what was once the economic livelihood of the city. Residents get the opportunity
to pick oranges for $4 per bag, $6 for two bags from the first Saturday
in January until the last Saturday in March.
However, that was not always the case. Instead of one orange grove,
there was a virtual sea of orange groves spreading across the valley. The
trees lapped up to the foothills--a virtual green belt that defined Southern
California. La Verne was not alone. From the 1870s to the 1970s, most of
Southern California's cities were dedicated to the citrus industry. Residents'
lives revolved around the growing, packing and shipping of oranges that
were shipped to discerning consumers throughout the nation-and even the
world. Converging causes resulted in the industry's end: a virus called
"Quick Decline" destroyed the trees' roots; smog affected the
pollination process; but most significantly, the demand for area housing
made agricultural land more valuable for housing tracts than for orange
groves. By the late 1970s, the groves were being bulldozed at a phenomenal
Bonnie Brunell, secretary-treasurer of the Heritage Foundation, explains
why Heritage Grove is an important La Verne park. "It gives the community
an opportunity to see what it was like in the past. This whole area at one
time was citrus. This is one of the last orange groves left that people
can come in and actually pick their own oranges."
Brunell adds, "Some of the equipment that is around, like the smudge
pots, gives an idea of what it was like in the past. That is what we are
trying to do-to preserve that opportunity for the community and to give
them a chance to see the Weber House."
Kyle Bennett, 7, finds pleasure in the orange picking job.
Founded in 1984 by Craig Walters, then a city councilman for La Verne,
the Heritage Foundation was established for that purpose. Having grown up
in the area, Walters was determined to save the last remnants from the citrus
period in La Verne. An agreement was reached with a housing developer to
gain a large tract of land north of Baseline for that purpose.
Next to the orange grove is the small two-story 1894 Weber farm house.
Originally located about a mile south, the house was moved to its present
site and repaired by Heritage Foundation volunteers. There were holes in
the floor, the roof needed repair, many of the chimney bricks were missing
and the windows were broken. Now finished, the house is open only for elementary
school history tours. The children are allowed to see only the kitchen and
the living room. The upstairs area is blocked off. Currently, the Heritage
Foundation uses one of its rooms as an office. Another building on the property
is the Sloan barn-once located at Emerald Avenue and Baseline Road-is used
for equipment storage. A public restroom is located in the structure.
The "Orange Squeeze" is a two-year March tradition where elementary
school students tour the grounds and see a demonstration on how a smudge
pot works. A tractor ride takes the children around the grove, and, of course,
the children squeeze their own oranges and drink the freshly squeezed orange
Participating in the Citrus Tradition at Heritage Park
On a beautiful Saturday morning in March, the sun is shining brightly,
and wisps of clouds are lightly scattered in the sky. It is the kind of
morning that makes a person want to go to the beach, ride a bike or maybe
just stop by Heritage Park to pick some oranges.
The first two visitors this morning, Brian Bennett and his 7-year-old
son Kyle, are ready to pluck oranges to take home with them. "Give
me a plumb juicy one," says Brian to his son. Kyle walks around, dressed
in a T-shirt and jeans, wearing tennis shoes. Gloves cover his small hands,
which are holding an orange picker, ready to pull an orange to add to their
bag. Brian follows closely, and at the same time, he shows his son which
oranges to pick, and which ones to leave on the tree to keep developing.
He warns Kyle not to pick up the oranges that are lying on the ground
because no one knows how long they have been there. His father tells him
to pick oranges on the bottom branches of the tree. Kyle, having the advantage
of simply walking under the trees because he is small, walks around calmly
and pulls off oranges oneby-one. "It's fun picking these," says
Brian. At one point, he pulls an orange off, and part of the branch comes
along with it. Brian, with clippers in one hand, grabs the orange from his
son to check that he leaves a little bit of the stem on the orange, carefully
cuts the branch off and places it in the bag. He warns Kyle not to pick
the green oranges that are hanging highly on the tree since they are not
ripe enough. After a while, both father and son manage to pick all the oranges
they will take home with them that day. They are satisfied with their choice
Brian found out about the orange picking season through the city newsletter
and has been coming to pick oranges ever since. "We were just sitting
around home today, my wife has to work today so I was asking him [Kyle]
and giving him a list of things to do today and he said that orange picking
is what he wanted to do, right?" he says, turning to look at his son.
"Right," says Kyle, who is busy walking on a tree log that is
on the property.
While the citrus industry has ceased to exist, it is refreshing to find
one place where people can step into the past and remember a time when growing
oranges was once a way of life.
The Weber House was moved to its present site and refurbished by Heritage


text:
NOAA Coastal Storms Program
Stormwater and Salmon - Pre-spawn Mortality of Coho Salmon in Restored Urban Streams
The discovery of die-offs among coho spawners (adult salmon moving upstream to lay eggs) in urban streams throughout the Puget Sound region have sparked a collaborative investigation into the causes and extent of this mysterious phenomenon. This case study leads you through the investigation. Follow the links below to explore these sections
Pre-spawn mortality coho discovered during a site visit
- Setting the Stage
- Opening Statement and Objectives
- Cracking the Case: A Forensic Investigation
- The Scene: Study Sites
- Lines of Evidence: Preliminary Results
- Forecasting: What Does This Mean for the Future?
- Products and Resources
Proceed to Setting the Stage for information on salmon to help better understand the activities of this investigation.


text:
Studying Hamilton's harbour invaders
A team of students in Sigal Balshine's Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab is working to better understand the invasive round goby fish found in Hamilton Harbour.
The students, both undergraduate and graduate, catch gobies at several locations around the bay and in Cootes Paradise. They then record the area in which the fish were caught, vital statistics such as their sex and size and water quality information.
The Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab researches the evolution of cooperation, parental care and breeding, sperm competition, species introductions and extinctions and the effects of contaminant exposure.
Pauline Capelle, in her third year studying biology and psychology, blogs about the lab's work as part of the School of Graduate Studies' new blog series.


Page 18 of 25PREVNEXT
Animations I: Preset and custom animation
List of effects for a bulleted list, shown collapsed and then expanded in the task pane
Fig. 1 A collapsed list of effects.
Callout 1 In the task pane, the effect for a bulleted list shows with the list collapsed. Changes apply to the entire collapsed list.
Callout 2 Expand arrows: Click them to expand the list.
Fig. 2 An expanded list of effects.
Callout 1 The four effects in an expanded list. Click a specific effect to make changes only to it.
Callout 2 Collapse arrows: Click them to collapse the list.
The quickest way to animate a bulleted or numbered list is to click the list on the slide, and then add an effect from the Custom Animation task pane. The result is that the entire list gets the effect, and the bulleted items animate one by one (technically, paragraph by paragraph, since each bulleted item is a new paragraph).
The effect you've applied to the bulleted list shows up in the task pane effects list as a collapsed list (Figure 1). The list contains the same effect applied to each bulleted item. Work with these collapsed effects in a couple of ways:
 - Keep the list collapsed to make changes or apply options to all the effects at once.
 - Use the expand arrows to display all the effects and select individual effects to modify them.
Figure 2 shows the collapsed list expanded, and you see each effect.
Other ways to animate lists
 - Apply effects to the list one bulleted item (paragraph) at a time. This could make sense if you wanted a different effect for each bulleted item. To select a bulleted item, select any letter or word in that paragraph. When you apply the effect, it will apply to the whole paragraph. Do this for every bulleted item. The items animate in sequence.
 - Animate the bulleted items all at once. If you select all the text in the bulleted list and apply the effect, the whole list animates at once.
Note The behavior described applies to lists within default placeholders (the hatchmarked boxes for text that appear in the slide layout). But if you create a list in a shape you've applied, such as a text box, the results vary. For instance, if you just click the list in a text box and apply an effect, the whole list animates at once instead of line by line. To get items to animate in sequence, you have to select each one and apply an effect.
Page 18 of 25PREVNEXT


Posts Tagged 'cruel and unusual punishment'
Criminal Blog Week Day 1–Sharia Criminal Law
Monday, April 11th, 2011
Being criminal defense attorneys in Bartow, we often represent clients who are originally from other countries or cultures. These clients not only have questions about their case, but also about our system of criminal justice. For example, when someone comes from a country where marijuana is legal, they do not understand why they are subjected to criminal punishment here for possession of the same drug.
Our firm recently gave a lecture on Sharia law and its impact on American jurisprudence. As part of that presentation, we talked about how Sharia criminal law is different from American criminal law. Perhaps these two systems are most different in their criminal punishment methods. Regarding criminal punishment, Sharia is noted for its draconian executions, including its use of stoning, lashing and flogging. Sharia scholars are quick to point out that these are not the only forms of punishment used by their courts, but are the ones most debated in the West as their methods are most contrary to our Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
Besides our methods of punishment, there are many differences between Sharia criminal court and American criminal court. Here are just a few such differences:
In Sharia court, trials are conducted by the judge; there is no jury system. There is no pre-trial discovery process, and no cross-examination of witnesses. Rules of evidence are also vastly different, with Sharia giving priority to oral testimony over written documents/evidence. On most charges, testimony must be established by two witnesses, preferably male witnesses. (One exception is rape, which must be established by four eyewitnesses.) A woman's testimony is worth only 1/4-1/2 to that of a male.
Forensic evidence is rejected in many cases in Sharia courts, including fingerprints, ballistics, DNA and blood samples.
These rules can make it extremely difficult for women victims in all cases, but especially rape charges.
At the cost of sacrificing due process, Sharia courts significantly increase speed and efficiency of dockets. But this is a price American criminal courts are unwilling to pay.


px)
'icon-color': '_TAG_,_TAG_' # owner buddy or shared activity color
'mime_type': 'application/x-my-activity'
'share-scope': # if shared
'buddies': '{}' # buddies in a shared activity as JSON
'description': 'some longer text' # description editable in journal detail view
'tags': 'one two' # tags editable in journal detail view
'something:text': 'text I want to be indexed' # properties with key ending in ":text" will be searched in fulltext search
'checksum': # md5 hash of file, created by DS, do not set or modify
'my.organization.MyActivity.myProperty' # private property, prefixed with activity name to avoid name clashes
Due to bug #4662 only some known properties are retained! The list is at the bottom of datastore/ (fixed in Sugar 0.83)
And custom properties must have String values for now (bug #5134).
And since Sugar 0.83 all former String values are now stored and returned as Arrays of Bytes. You can still set them as Strings.
Keeping and Resuming
To create an item in the datastore, call create():
object_id = datastore.create(properties, filename, transfer_ownership)
The metadata properties are a dictionary (type "a{sv}") containing (at least) the entries mentioned above. If filename is not empty, the file will be moved or copied to the datastore, depending on the transfer_ownership flag. The activity should delete the file once the call completes (if transfer_ownership was false). Otherwise (if transfer_ownership was true) the datastore will remove the file. For this to work under rainbow you must place the file in the "instance" directory. The returned id will be a string like '4543af91-7be9-404e-b2f1-3e27cb15a15d'.
To update an item use update():
datastore.update(object_id, properties, filename, transfer_ownership)
Again, if a filename was given and transfer_ownership is false, the activity is responsible for deleting the file after the call returns.
To retrieve an object's properties and file:
properties = datastore.get_properties(object_id)
filename = datastore.get_filename(object_id)
The returned temp file should be deleted by the activity as soon as possible, latest when the activity quits.
The metadata properties need to be preserved and stored again when updating an entry. An activity should also track updates to the properties made in the Journal while editing the datastore object. For this it should subscribe to the Updated signal:
An efficient way to do this is registering a DBus match like path='/org/laptop/sugar/DataStore', member='Updated', interface='org.laptop.sugar.DataStore', type='signal', arg0='objectId' --Bert
Activities may query the datastore:
(results,count) = datastore.find(query)
It returns the results as array of properties and a count of matching items (the array may have fewer items if the query was limited). In addition to the usual metadata items, the properties will include the object id at key 'uid', the mountpoint of the item at key'mountpoint', and possibly a 'filename' if requested.
The query can be a:
string: fulltext search
the given string is searched in all text properties
dictionary: structured query
the key-value pairs in the dictionary specify the value (or array of values, or dictionary specifying range) for a specific property, e.g.:
'title' = 'First Project' (but see note below)
'mime_type' = ['image/png', 'image/jpeg']
'mtime' = {'start' = '2007-07-01T00:00:00', 'end' = '2007-08-01T00:00:00'}
also, there are a few specific keys to adjust the query:
'query': fulltext search term
'order_by': key (or array of keys) to order results by, to reverse order use '-key' (but see note below)
'limit', 'offset': return only limit results starting at offset
'mountpoints': array of mountpoint ids to search (or all if not specified)
'include_files': if true, generate files as if get_filename() had been called for each item. In results, a property 'filename' will be added.
NOTE: Since Sugar 0.84 only very few keys are supported ('uid', 'activity', 'activity_id','mime_type', and 'keep', see here). Other keys are ignored so you may get back more results than expected. Results are ordered by timestamp by default. Sort keys are limited, too (none in 0.84, in 0.86 'timestamp' and 'title', see here).
You can also retrieve an array of unique values for a field:
values = datastore.get_uniquevaluesfor(property, query)
Note that currently (2007-07-25) the query is ignored in this call, it looks for all values in all entries.
Progress Display
To add a progress bar to a Journal entry (like the Browse activity does while downloading files), create an entry with a "progress" property in the meta data. The value is the percentage done (0 to 100). The file cannot actually be stored incrementally in the datastore, it needs to be saved to a temp file first. But the entry metadata can be updated continuously to inform the user of progress while creating the temp file (by not giving a filename yet in the update() call). Once the temp file is complete, it can be checked-in as usual. The user can cancel by clicking the x icon next to the progress bar. This deletes the entry, so you need to watch for the datastore's "Deleted(id)" signal.
meta =... # regular metadata
meta["progress"] = 0
id = datastore.create(meta, "") # create with progress bar
while (done() < 100) {
 if (got_signal(datastore, "Deleted", id))
 return user_cancelled();
 meta['progress'] = done()
 datastore.update(id, meta, "") # update progress bar
datastore.update(id, meta, # check-in file, remove progress bar
Journal UI
The Journal activity provides a D-Bus service to allow activities to bring up an object chooser dialog, focus searches etc.:
Service name: org.laptop.Journal
Object path: /org/laptop/Journal
Interface: org.laptop.Journal
Choosing Objects
Call this method to bring up the Chooser dialog (which looks like a small journal overlayed on your activity):
chooser_id = org.laptop.Journal.ChooseObject(xid, what_filter)
The xid should be your activity's X window handle, or 0. The filter says what type of Journal entries is preselected in the drop-down menu (this parameter was added in Sugar 0.83). It's a string containing either a bundle id (e.g.,'my.organization.MyActivity'), or one of the generic data types ('Text', 'Image', 'Video', 'Audio', 'Link' definition), or an empty string for no filter. The call returns immediately with a string chooser_id. You need to watch these signals which get emitted when an item is chosen or the dialog is canceled:
ObjectChooserResponse(chooser_id, object_id)
The object_id received in an ObjectChooserResponse signal then can be used to open the corresponding datastore object.
Focusing Objects
The Journal activity allows an activitiy to "focus" an object, so the user can immediately open it (this is currently the only way to have one activity "launch" a different activity).
Switches to the Journal activity and shows the selected object.
This can be used to, e.g., open a URL (create a URL object in the journal then call this) or to view source code (store the source code as text file in the journal then call ShowObject() on it).
To focus on multiple objects: org.laptop.Journal.FocusSearch(query) Removed in Sugar 0.83
Mount Points
Devices are represented as mount points in the datastore. If no mountpoint is explicitly specified, the main datastore (Journal) is used.
 mounts = datastore.mounts()
Returns an array of mount point descriptors where each descriptor is a dictionary containing at least the following keys:
'id': the id used to refer explicitly to the mount point
'title': Human readable identifier for the mountpoint
'uri': The uri which triggered the mount
Mount points can be specified when creating an object (using a'mountpoint' key and id value in the properties), and when querying the datastore (by adding a'mountpoints' query option).
Large files to be stored on an external device should be placed at the uri of the mount point (see external media).
Activities are isolated from each other and from the "olpc" user. They do not have the same permissions as you would expect in a non-restricted Linux environment (see Bitfrost and Rainbow). In particular, they can not write in the /home/olpc directory!
Users and Groups
While Sugar runs as user "olpc", activities do not (the Terminal activity as a maintenance tool is an exception).
Instead, each activity instance is run with a unique user id. That is, a new anonymous user is created when the user clicks an activity icon, and the Rainbow demon runs the activity under that user.
All instance of the same activity get the same unique group id. That is, a new anonymous group is created when the activity is run for the first time,


Projects >
Phase Stability in Al-Si-Sr Alloys
Strontium is becoming an important modifier of Al-Si alloys, being increasingly preferred over sodium and antimony since it is easier to handle and has less detrimental environmental effects. Additionally, strontium is easy to add to aluminum based alloys as this system presents several intermetallic phases, facilitating the fabrication of master alloys. When Sr is added in small quantities to Al-Si alloys, their eutectic structure changes from thick flakes to fine interconnected fibbers, consequently improving their mechanical properties. Although Sr is added in relatively small amounts, segregation during processing may lead to the formation of several intermetallic phases that affect the overall performance of Al-Si alloys. Thus, it is of interest to understand the phase stability of the Al-Si-Sr ternary system. As a first approach, we have currently developed the thermodynamic model for the Sr-Si system.
 - Within the CALPHAD approach, two different thermodynamic models for the binary system have been developed. One of them considers the liquid phase as a random solution, while the second model uses the associate formalism considering short range ordering in the liquid phase.
 - Additionally, the SrSi2 phase was considered to have a significant degree of non-stoichiometry. Evidence for this comes from experimental compositional analysis as well as XRD lattice parameter determinations. Current work in our group supports these observations by performing first-principles calculations.
Effect of Sr addition on microstructure of Al-Si eutectic alloys.
Predicted and experimental liquid mixing enthalpy
Predicted and experimental Sr-Si phase diagram.


text:
The spouse filing must have been a resident of Georgia for 6 months and file for divorce in the county of residence. However, a non-resident may file for divorce against a spouse who has been a resident of Georgia for 6 months. In such cases, the divorce must be filed for in the county in which the respondent spouse resides.
Legal Grounds for Divorce
No Fault Divorce:
- Irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. [Code of Georgia Annotated; 19-5-3].
General Divorce or Fault Based Divorce:
- Conviction of and imprisonment of over 2 years for an offense involving moral turpitude.
- Alcoholism and/or drug addiction.
- Confinement for incurable insanity.
- Separation caused by mental illness.
- Willful desertion.
- Cruel and inhuman treatment which endangers the life of the spouse.
- Habitual intemperance (drunkenness).
- Consent to marriage was obtained by fraud, duress, or force.
- Spouse lacked mental capacity to consent (including temporary incapacity resulting from drug or alcohol use).
- The wife was pregnant by another at the time of the marriage unknown to the husband.
Alimony/Spousal Support in Georgia:
Alimony in Georgia is authorized in limited situations and is not the broad remedy that it is in other states. Alimony in Georgia is either "rehabilitative" or "permanent". Alimony is money for support paid to a spouse by the other spouse. Alimony can be for a short or long period of time. Usually alimony is granted by the court only when a long term marriage ends. The other party must be able to pay alimony of the court is to award alimony to the other party. Alimony may also be grant short-term before a final divorce decree is awarded. The following factors are to be considered:
- The contribution of each spouse to the acquisition of the marital property, including the contribution of each spouse as homemaker, in childcare, education, and career-building of the other spouse.
- The duration of the marriage.
- The financial resources of each spouse.
- The age and physical and emotional condition of both spouses.
- The value of each spouse's separate property.
- The earning capacity of each spouse.
- Any fixed liabilities of either spouse.
- The standard of living established during the marriage.
- The time necessary for a spouse to acquire sufficient education to enable the spouse to find appropriate employment.
Child Custody in Georgia:
In Georgia both parents are equal when it comes to child custody arrangements. The court may award joint custody or sole custody. Georgia awards two types of custody: legal custody and physical custody.
Legal custody is the right to make major decisions regarding the child. With joint legal custody, both parents have equal rights and responsibilities to make major decisions concerning the child. One parent has final decision-making rights about medical, educational, extracurricular, and religious decisions.
Physical custody refers to which parent the child lives with. With joint physical custody, both parents share substantially equal time and contact with the child. In awarding joint custody, the court may order joint legal custody, joint physical custody, or both.
Joint or sole custody is granted, based upon the best interests of the child and a consideration of the following factors:
- The suitability of each parent as custodian.
- The psychological, emotional, and developmental needs of the child.
- The ability of the parents to communicate with each other.
- The prior and continuing care that the parents have given the child.
- Parental support for the other parent's relationship with the child.
- The wishes of the child (considering the child's age and maturity).
- The safety of the child.
- The geographic proximity of the parents.
- Any custodial agreements of the parents.
- Any history of domestic abuse.
There is a presumption against awarding joint custody in Georgia when there is a history of domestic abuse.
Child Support in Georgia:
Both parents are liable for the support of minor children. The court may award child support from either parent, based on their customary needs and the parents' ability to pay. There are no specific factors for consideration set out in the statute. However, there are official child support guidelines set out in the statute that are to be followed in all cases in which the parents are not able to reach an agreement. In such cases there are factors which will be followed in special circumstances. The special circumstances include:
- The age of the children.
- A child's medical costs or extraordinary needs.
- Educational costs
- Daycare costs.
- Shared physical custody arrangements.
- A parent's support obligations to another household.
- Hidden income of a parent.
- The income of the parent with custody.
- Contributions of the parents.
- Extreme economic circumstances.
- A parent's own extraordinary needs.
- Historic spending levels of the family.
- The cost of health and accident insurance coverage for the child.
- Any extraordinary visitation travel expenses.
Georgia is an "equitable distribution" state. Although each spouse would take out of the marriage his or her own separate property, all of the remaining property or "marital property" would be divided under a fair and equitable approach. The factors considered by the court in deciding how to equitably divide the property would include:
- Standard of living during marriage.
- Earning capacities of both parties.
- The education and vocational skills of both parties.
- Current income of both parties.
- Age and heath of the parties.
- Assets, debts, and liabilities of the parties.
- Needs of each of the parties.
- Provisions for the custody of the minor children.
- Each party's contribution to the acquisition of existing marital assets.
- Each party's enhancement of the value of existing marital assets.
- Whether either party has dissipated or diminished the value of the martial assets by wrongful conduct.
Disclaimer: The divorce law information provided is for informational purposes only not for legal advice purposes. This information is general in nature. Each jurisdiction has specific code and court procedures. A local divorce attorney is your best source for how divorce is treated in your jurisdiction. Before making any legal decisions we encourage you to consult with a local attorney…do not make decisions based on general state divorce law.


Ideas for Used Car Dealership to Increase Automotive Social Media Engagement
 1. To get the most out of your automotive social media marketing, offer advice or how-to messages to your followers. Most consumers looking for a car start by researching online. Automotive social media posts that focus on offering advice on how to select the right car or how to increase your trade value are guaranteed attention getters for folks researching through social media. Some possible post topics include:
 1. How to select the right vehicle for your family.
 2. Do you know what your trade is worth and how to increase its value?
 3. Check your credit score before buying a car through Credit Karma; it's free.
 2. Offer tutorials on common car features. Consumers are often confused with all the options now available with vehicles, offering tutorials can help to reduce the stress associated with owning a "like-new" vehicle. Sample post topics include:
 1. How to setup Bluetooth through your car.
 2. How to program your radio stations or subscribe to streaming services.
 3. How to change the battery in your vehicle remote.
 3. Consider a "What to Expect at a Used Car Dealership" post. These types of social media automotive posts are a great way to showcase your excellent customer service, special services you provide for your customers or rewards programs that your dealership may offer. It's good advice to highlight the essential steps in the process of purchasing a vehicle through your dealership.
 4. Financing a car is almost always a stress-point for most consumers. Post information about your finance options and help consumers understand that financing a vehicle doesn't have to be a stressful situation. Suggested posts include:
 1. Key credit criteria that banks look at when financing vehicles.To
 2. Preparing for a car purchase, we can help!
 3. Types of financing available. (If you focus on sub-prime funding or buy-here, pay-here, let folks know.)
 5. Service Options specifically for used car purchases. Consumers are often concerned about inheriting problems when purchasing a used vehicle. Help alleviate those fears by posting about services that you provide to ensure that consumers are happy with their purchase and that they feel safe in the car they have bought from you. Posts can include:
 1. Essential check-ups for used vehicles.
 2. Why purchasing a used car is the right decision.
 3. How your service department can help with everyday issues.
Remember that consumers do a substantial amount of research online before ever contacting your dealership. You want to engage with them while they are researching, so posting content that relates to their research helps to ensure that they are looking at not only the vehicles you have in inventory but your expertise in the automotive industry. They want to know that you are there for them before, during, and after the car purchase.


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We decided to present Jan Fricke's solution (thanks, Jan)
Lemma 1. Toggling a single lamp is possible, if and only if N and M are coprime, and M is odd.
Proof. Let N and M be coprime, and M be odd. Then there exists positive integers a and b such that aM - bN = 1. Since also (a + N)M - (b +M)N = 1, we can assume b is even. Now we can toggle a single lamp L in the following way: Use the tool for the lamps L,...,L+M-1, for L+M,...,L+2M-1, and so on until L+(a-1)M,...,L+aM-1. After that the lamp L is switched (b + 1) times, all others are switched b times.
Let N and M have a common prime factor p. Consider the p circles" each consisting by taking every p-th lamp. Since also M is divisible by p, any application of the tool switches the same amount of lamps in any of the p circles. So it is impossible to switch a single lamp.
Let M be even. For toggling exactly one lamp, this lamp has to be switched odd times, and any other even times. So the overall number of switchings has to be odd, which is impossible for even M.
Since we have to solve an equation system of N linear equations in N variables over F2, the possibility of solvability is equal to the possibility being in the image of the corresponding linear map. The dimension of the image can be estimated as follows:
Lemma 2. Let g be the greatest common divisor of M and N. Then the dimension of the coimage is at least g - 1.
Proof. Split the N variants to use the tool in g parts: part x consists of the applications starting at lamp x, x + M, x + 2M, and so on.
Applying all variants of a part always gives the same result, so even if we do not use the tool on the starting lamps 2, 3,..., g, we can reach the same set of configurations. As a result, the coimage has at least the dimension g - 1.
So, if a number N fulfills the following:
then N has the desired properties. The numbers less than 10, 000 with these properties are
1121, 1313, 1601, 2113, 3041, and 4001.
If you have any problems you think we might enjoy, please send them in. All replies should be sent to: _EMAIL_


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Ask MAKE is a monthly column where we answer your questions. Send your vexing conundrums on any aspect of making to _EMAIL_. If we don't have the answer, we'll scare up somebody who does.
Non-archival paper that has yellowed over time.
In the post November is Paper Month, Susan asks:
What makes paper archival … or how long will it last?
Paper in it's normal state is naturally acidic, leading to eventual degradation. However, most paper made today is acid-free due to a couple of factors. The filler used in paper used to be China clay, whereas now it's chalk, which naturally has a high pH, making the paper pH neutral. It's also often treated with magnesium or calcium carbonate, giving the paper an alkaline surplus. This protects the paper from further acidification, such as from sulfur dioxide that occurs naturally in the air.
Acid-free paper has a projected lifespan of 500 to 1000 years, depending on quality. As grades of paper increase to "conservation grade", the standards become stricter. Lignin levels are kept below 1% in archival paper (lignin causes paper to become yellow and brittle over time).
True archival grade paper is made from a different material altogether — cotton rag. Used in documents of exceptional legal or historic value, cotton is significantly more durable over time at a neutral pH when compared to paper made from wood pulp.
I hope this answers your question, and all are welcome to contribute to the comments with additional information.


the smell of the eyes of a beast
Language: Korean
Poet: Kim Kyung Ju
Translator: Jake Levine and Jung Hi-Yeon
the smell of the eyes of a beast
Two poems by Kim Kyung Ju, translated by Jake Levine and Jung Hi-Yeon
Kim Kyung Ju is a poet, playwright, essayist, and conceptual multi-media artist. He is also an accomplished translator. His versatility and breadth as a writer extends to pornographic novels and ghost written autobiographies. Not yet 40, he is considered to be one of Korea's most influential and popular young writers. The poems found here are from his debut collection, I Am A Season That Does Not Exist In The World. Published originally in 2003, the collection has gone on to sell more than 10,000 copies and is one of the most successful books of contemporary Korean poetry.
These poems are representative of KKJ's use of the surreal gesture in order to approach topics of self negation and spiritual resurrection. His poems embody a poetic state, rather than coming from a particular place in the world. In "State of Absence," the speaker embodies fragmented narratives like "time filling an empty room." Like "Braille," images stack like a map he uses to navigate the world. Before becoming a writer, Kim studied philosophy at Sogang University. His interests in contemporary and 20th century philosophy ring heavy throughout his work. But more importantly, instead of discussing obvious French influences, it is necessary to note how recent translations of contemporary Korean poetry are reshaping preconceived ideas people have about Asian literature. KKJ's use of the mythical, grotesque, fable, drama, and other transgressive and hybrid modes represent the frenetic psychological and spiritual state of contemporary life in Korea—a life and culture which is often represented as simplified and hollow by popular and mainstream media.
—Jake Levine
Kim Kyung Ju's literary debut won the Seoul Newspaper Spring Literary Contest for Poetry in 2003, after which he wrote pornographic novels and provided services as a ghost writer for several years. Later, he released his first collection of poems, I Am A Season That Does Not Exist. He has written and translated over 10 books of poetry, essays, and plays and is widely considered to be one of the most popular and important younger poets in South Korea.
Jake Levine is the poetry editor at Spork Press. A recipient of numerous scholarships and awards, including a Fulbright Fellowship, he has authored two chapbooks, The Threshold of Erasure (Spork '10) and Vilna Dybbuk (country music '13). His writing, translations and essays have appeared in America, Lithuania, and Korea. He is currently a KGSP scholar pursuing a PhD in comparative literature at Seoul National University. He's from Tucson.
Jung Hi-Yeon is a PhD student at Sejong University and a freelance translator.
물소리를 듣고 겨울을 예감하는 새들의 장기는 깊다 젖은 새가 지나갔던 바람의 냄새를 맡다가 나는 약간의 체온이 더 필요했다 인간이 해안선(海岸線)을 따라 걸으며 밤의 물들이 말아 올리는 채색이 된다 밤들이 바람을 버리고 우수수 떨어진다 풀 속에 누워 있던 짐승의 눈알 냄새가 번져온다 빛이 벗기고 간 갈대의 뼈들이 차다 구름은 새벽이면 비명보다 투명한 색으로 뜬다 그러나 우수의 사각(四角)에서 신경은 생의 속도로 흐르는 법이 없다 수년이 흐른 뒤에도 저 풀들은 불보다 더 짙은 바람의 수분을 태우며 마음을 유산해버리곤 했을 것이다 그때 가만히 타버린 몇 장의 바람과 그늘들을 주워 올리며 나는 풀에게 흉터를 남기는 것은 바람이 아니라 제 속의 열이라는 것을 알게 되리라 점점 색을 띠며 눈보라 몰려온다 눈의 켜켜마다 바람의 분진(紛塵)들이 매달려 있다 어떤 정신이 저 몸에 불탄 발바닥 하나 올려놓을 수 있을까 새들이 손금처럼 널린 하늘, 무엇을 물은 것인가 나 잠들 곳을 찾지 못해 공중에서 잠든 바람의 늑막까지 차오르는 눈[雪]을 본다 겨울 열매 속의 시원한 물소리를 듣는다 눈[眼] 속의.
White Night
listening to the sound of water, having the premonition of winter, the insides of birds run deep /
while I smelled out the wind, the wet birds came and went in and I needed more heat in my body /
humans walking along the shore become the color that the water of night rolls up / night throws
away the wind, night rustles / the smell of the eyes of a beast that lies inside the grass aspirates / the
light peeled the reeds and its bones are cold / at dawn the cloud rises more transparent than a
scream / our nerves don't flow like the speed of life inside a perfect square / after several years
passed on the grass / burning the moisture on the wind proved heavier than fire / and the grass
miscarried its heart / just then I quietly pick up the shadow of some wind that burnt / I will know it
is not the wind that leaves the scar in the grass but the fever inside myself / little by little / the color
of the coming snowstorm appears / hanging in every snowflake are flecks of wind / what mind
would put down one burnt foot on that body? / the sky is split with birds like lines in the palm—
so what is the question then? / I can't find a place to sleep and I witness the snow filling up the
ribcage of the wind sleeping in air / I hear the sound of cool water inside eyes, inside winter fruit
말하자면 귀뚜라미 눈썹만 한 비들이 내린다 오래 비워둔 방 안에서 저 혼자 울리는 전화 수신음 같은 것이 지금 내 영혼이다 예컨대 그 소리가 여우비, 는개비 내리는 몇십 년 전 어느 식민지의 추적추적한 처형장에서 누군가 이쪽으로 걸어두고 바닥에 내려놓은 수화기를 통해 흘러나오는 댕강댕강 목 잘리는 소리인지 죽기 전 하늘을 노려보는 그 흰 눈깔들에 빗물이 번지는 소리가 들려오는 것인지 아니면 카자흐스탄에 간 친구가 설원에서 자전거를 배우다가 무릎이 깨져 울면서 내게 1541을 연방연방 보내는 소리인지 아무튼 나 없는 빈방에서 나오는 그 시간이 지금 내 영혼이다 나는 지금 이 세상에 없는 계절이다 충혈된 빗방울이 창문에 눈알처럼 매달려 빈방을 바라본다 창문은 이승에 잠시 놓인 시간이지만 이승에 영원히 없는 공간이다 말하자면 내 안의 인류(人類)들은 그곳을 지나다녔다 헌혈 버스 안에서 비에 젖은 예수가 마른 팔목을 걷고 있다 누워서 수혈을 하며 운다 내가 너희를 버리지 않았나니 너희는 평생 내 안에 갇혀 있을 것이다 간호사들이 긴 꼬리를 감추며 말한다 울지 마세요 당신은 너무 마르셨군요 요즘은 사람들의 핏줄이 잘 보이지 않아요 우산을 길에 버리고 고개를 숙인 채 예수는 빗속을 떨면서 걸어간다 죽은 자들이 다가와 우산을 씌워준다 곧 홍수가 나겠어요 성(成)으로 돌아가고 있지 못하고 있군요 나는 나의 성(星)을 잃어버렸네 성(性)을 중얼거리는 것은 우리들도 마찬가지예요 자신을 기억해내려는 그들은 비 맞으며 자신의 집으로 저벅저벅 문상 간다 생전에 신던 신발을 들고 운다 발광(發光)한다 산에 핀 산꽃이 알토끼의 혀 속에서 녹는다 돌 위에 하늘의 경야(經夜)가 떨어진다 예수가 내 방의 창문 앞에 와서 젖은 손톱을 들어 유리를 긁는다 성혈이 얼굴에 흘러내린다 나는 돌아온다 말하자면 이 문장들은 生을 버리고 성(聲)의 세계로 간 맹인이 드나드는 점자들이다
State of Absence
You could say rain the same size as a cricket's eye drops. Inside a vacant room now my soul is a ring tone ringing alone for a long time. That sound, for instance, a sun-shower, gentle rain falling in a colony several years back, getting feet stuck in the mud of the executioner's square, maybe that sound is someone here vibrating on the floor from the phone I dropped, the chop chop hacking a man's throat, or maybe that sound is listening to rain blur the whites of a man's eyes that say motherfucker to the sky just before death strikes, or maybe it


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Generation of Spatially Varying Polarization by Interference with Polarized Light
Interferometry is an important technique for optical metrology. As an example, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with coherent laser source is build up in VirtualLab Fusion. Particularly in this example, two polarizers are inserted to control the polarization states of the two interfering beams. By rotating one polarizer, the changes in the interference pattern is visualized, and as a result, spatially varying polarization is generated.
- Use Case (PDF)pdf23.04.2019
- Use Case and sample files in VirtualLab Fusion (ZIP)zip23.04.2019


Thursday, June 17, 2021
 The large coverage of electricity consumption from imports continues
 According to the data of the State Statistical Office, in November 2020, the total electricity consumption was 671,057 MWh. The gross domestic production of electricity participates with 60.8% in the gross domestic consumption of electricity, which means that almost 40% of the consumption is covered by imports. 96.2% of the total coal consumption is used for electricity generation.
 The largest decline compared to last year is in the production of electricity from hydropower plants due to unfavorable hydrological condition of rivers and lakes of 63.4% from 87,397 MWh to 31,956 MWh and thermal power plants due to overhauls of 26% from 241,667 MWh to 178,743 MWh, while the largest growth is in the production of electricity from combined power plants (gas power plant TE-TO) with large 218.5% from 49 772 MWh to 158 352 MWh (the amount of electricity produced is almost the same as in Mining power complex Bitola), in wind power plants the growth is 91% from 4 180 MWh to 7 983 MWh and in solar power plants 57.3% from 888 MWh to 1 397 MWh.
 Latest Posts


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This chapter contains an overview of the C++RTL specific data types and constants. A brief explanation of each data type along with sizes is provided.
Basic Data Types and their Sizes
This section lists the basic data types used in C++RTL APIs, indicating the size of each.
- mqbyte - Data defined to occupy 8 bits (unsigned).
- mqchar - Data defined to occupy 8 bits.
- mqshort - Data defined to occupy 16 bits.
- mqint - Data defined to occupy 32 bits.
- mqlong - Data defined to occupy 64 bits.
- mqfloat - Data defined to occupy 32 bits.
- mqdouble - Data defined to occupy 64 bits.
All required public constants are categorized and declared in common_def.h according to JMS specifications.
Messaging related constants are required while creating sessions and sending messages to a queue or topic on the FioranoMQ Server.
Following are the possible values of the acknowledgement mode that can be used while creating a TopicSession or a QueueSession:
- _TAG_ AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE 1
- _TAG_ CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE 2
- _TAG_ DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE 3
Following are the permissible values for the message delivery mode that can be used in publish or send call. The persistence of a message is decided using these constants:
- _TAG_ NON_PERSISTENT 1
- _TAG_ PERSISTENT 2
Following are the string representations of the various message types that can be sent by a C client to the FioranoMQ Server. A call of MSG_getJMSType returns one of these values:
- _TAG_ JMSMESSAGE "Message"
- _TAG_ BYTESMESSAGE "BytesMessage"
- _TAG_ STREAMMESSAGE "StreamMessage"
- _TAG_ MAPMESSAGE "MapMessage"
- _TAG_ TEXTMESSAGE "TextMessage"
Following are some of the permissible values for message priority that can be used in publish or send call:
- _TAG_ MinPriority 0
- _TAG_ MaxPriority 9
- _TAG_ LowPriority 0
- _TAG_ NormPriority 4
- _TAG_ HighPriority 9
The C++RTL adheres to the following naming convention for you to easily identify the classes, constants and member functions with the corresponding definitions in JMS specifications.
As defined in JMS specifications


text:
Imager shows cross-sections of everyday objects – analog version
GE shows how their body imaging technology can take detailed pictures of insides without cutting, using fruit, a baseball, engine motor, and violin to demonstrate.
Many body imaging devices follow a principle called tomography (the 'T' in CT, PET and SPECT systems), which take images of body "slices" using everything from projection data to powerful magnets. But have you ever wondered how such routine procedures can help clinicians see things that used to require a sharp knife? Watch how GE's body imaging technology can paint a bigger picture of what's happening beneath our skin.
Update: I wasn't paying close enough attention, and it turns out that these are actual, physical sliced objects. Like, with a saw. Now I'm left wondering what the point is.


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Extracting taxonomic information from ConTax data sets.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A vector of texts, typically the
The ConTax data sets are
Fasta objects, where the
Header line follows
a strict format.
The Header always starts with a short text, a Tag, which is a unique identifier for every sequence.
getTag will extract this from the
After the Tag follows one or more tokens. One of these tokens must be a string with the following format:
where <...> is some proper text. Here is an example of a proper string:
getGenus extract the
corresponding information from the
combines all taxonomy extractors, combines these in a data.frame
and imputes missing taxa with parent taxa.
A vector containing the sub-texts extracted from each
1 2 3 4


Rank of An Abelian Group
Get Rank of An Abelian Group essential facts below. View Videos or join the Rank of An Abelian Group discussion. Add Rank of An Abelian Group to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Rank of An Abelian Group
In mathematics, the rank, Prüfer rank, or torsion-free rank of an abelian group A is the cardinality of a maximal linearly independent subset.[1] The rank of A determines the size of the largest free abelian group contained in A. If A is torsion-free then it embeds into a vector space over the rational numbers of dimension rank A. For finitely generated abelian groups, rank is a strong invariant and every such group is determined up to isomorphism by its rank and torsion subgroup. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 have been completely classified. However, the theory of abelian groups of higher rank is more involved.
The term rank has a different meaning in the context of elementary abelian groups.
A subset {a?} of an abelian group is linearly independent (over Z) if the only linear combination of these elements that is equal to zero is trivial: if
where all but finitely many coefficients n? are zero (so that the sum is, in effect, finite), then all summands are 0. Any two maximal linearly independent sets in A have the same cardinality, which is called the rank of A.
Rank of an abelian group is analogous to the dimension of a vector space. The main difference with the case of vector space is a presence of torsion. An element of an abelian group A is classified as torsion if its order is finite. The set of all torsion elements is a subgroup, called the torsion subgroup and denoted T(A). A group is called torsion-free if it has no non-trivial torsion elements. The factor-group A/T(A) is the unique maximal torsion-free quotient of A and its rank coincides with the rank of A.
The notion of rank with analogous properties can be defined for modules over any integral domain, the case of abelian groups corresponding to modules over Z. For this, see finitely generated module#Generic rank.
 - The rank of an abelian group A coincides with the dimension of the Q-vector space A? Q. If A is torsion-free then the canonical map A -> A? Q is injective and the rank of A is the minimum dimension of Q-vector space containing A as an abelian subgroup. In particular, any intermediate group Zn < A < Qn has rank n.
 - Abelian groups of rank 0 are exactly the periodic abelian groups.
 - The group Q of rational numbers has rank 1. Torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1 are realized as subgroups of Q and there is a satisfactory classification of them up to isomorphism. By contrast, there is no satisfactory classification of torsion-free abelian groups of rank 2.[2]
 - Rank is additive over short exact sequences: if
is a short exact sequence of abelian groups then rk B = rk A + rk C. This follows from the flatness of Q and the corresponding fact for vector spaces.
where the sum in the right hand side uses cardinal arithmetic.
Groups of higher rank
Abelian groups of rank greater than 1 are sources of interesting examples. For instance, for every cardinal d there exist torsion-free abelian groups of rank d that are indecomposable, i.e. cannot be expressed as a direct sum of a pair of their proper subgroups. These examples demonstrate that torsion-free abelian group of rank greater than 1 cannot be simply built by direct sums from torsion-free abelian groups of rank 1, whose theory is well understood. Moreover, for every integer, there is a torsion-free abelian group of rank that is simultaneously a sum of two indecomposable groups, and a sum of n indecomposable groups.[] Hence even the number of indecomposable summands of a group of an even rank greater or equal than 4 is not well-defined.
Another result about non-uniqueness of direct sum decompositions is due to A.L.S. Corner: given integers, there exists a torsion-free abelian group A of rank n such that for any partition into k natural summands, the group A is the direct sum of k indecomposable subgroups of ranks.[] Thus the sequence of ranks of indecomposable summands in a certain direct sum decomposition of a torsion-free abelian group of finite rank is very far from being an invariant of A.
Other surprising examples include torsion-free rank 2 groups An,m and Bn,m such that An is isomorphic to Bn if and only if n is divisible by m.
For abelian groups of infinite rank, there is an example of a group K and a subgroup G such that
 - K is indecomposable;
 - K is generated by G and a single other element; and
 - Every nonzero direct summand of G is decomposable.
The notion of rank can be generalized for any module M over an integral domain R, as the dimension over R0, the quotient field, of the tensor product of the module with the field:
It makes sense, since R0 is a field, and thus any module (or, to be more specific, vector space) over it is free.
It is a generalization, since any abelian group is a module over the integers. It easily follows that the dimension of the product over Q is the cardinality of maximal linearly independent subset, since for any torsion element x and any rational q
See also
 1. ^ Page 46 of Lang, Serge (1993), Algebra (Third ed.), Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-55540-0, Zbl 0848.13001
 2. ^ Thomas, Simon; Schneider, Scott (2012), "Countable Borel equivalence relations", in Cummings, James; Schimmerling, Ernest (eds.), Appalachian Set Theory: 2006-2012, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 406, Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-62, CiteSeerX, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208574.003, ISBN 9781107608504. On p. 46, Thomas and Schneider refer to "...this failure to classify even the rank 2 groups in a satisfactory way..."
Music Scenes


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Keller Grundbau has been successfully using the Soilfrac® process for the minimisation of settlements when constructing tunnels and for the remediation of tilting buildings for decades.
Returning leaning structures into a vertical position are spectacular technical challenges since efforts have been made for the leaning tower of Pisa – even with us. It is often the case however that a partial restoration is sufficient to regain the functionality and the aesthetic impression of a structure.
The Soilfrac® process
With this process, sleeve pipes are initially inserted into the area of the soil that is to be treated. A packer that is at the end of a flexible grout hose injection line can then be inserted in the sleeve pipe up to a desired single valve before a defined injection volume is pressed through this valve.
This process is repeated in numerous injection phases, enabling targeted lifting to be carried out after completion of a pre-injection and a tensioning of the soil. With this process, fractures are created in the soil (fracs) which are filled with hardening grout. Every soil formation can be improved by multiple rounds of grouting and controlled lifting can be induced.
The Soilfrac® process is used for the remediation of foundations where ongoing settlements have to be stopped, where natural or man-induced deformations occur, where mining activities cause problems, where insufficient bearing capacities are found or sections of a structure have to be lifted.
Benefits of the Soilfrac® process
- targets lifting of structures or structure parts for remediation after settlement damage has been caused
- precautionary in order to minimise settlements resulting from tunnel construction work or increased loads, for example
Information for design and execution
The protection of structures against settlements arising from tunnelling and mining activities is an important application of the Soilfrac®-Method. This technique was first used by Keller for a subway project in the Ruhr area of Germany in 1985.


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Adobe InDesign is a powerful tool with a variety of advanced features for creating page layouts. Check out the five tips below for ways to increase your InDesign efficiency:
- Bleeds: Having your final document printed? It's best to factor in bleed right from the start. However, if you need to adjust the bleed settings after your document has already been created, just go to File -> Document setup -> More options.
- Master Pages: If you're making multiple pages that have the same layouts then use the master page function. This will create a page with the exact same elements each and every time. To create a new master page, make sure that the Pages window is open (Window -> Pages) and then select "New Master" from the options in the Pages window drop down menu.
- Frames: Frames are perfect if you have only a specific amount of space on your layout to assign to text or imagery. Whenever you drag an image onto the frame it will automatically replace the content AND the size and the cropping will remain exactly the same. You can press the F key to activate the frame tool and create new frames.
- Paragraph Styles: To open the Paragraph window, go to Window -> Type & Tables -> Paragraph or use the keyboard shortcut Option+Command+T (Mac) or Control + F11 (PC). The Paragraph window is where you'll find the options for justification, indents, bullets, hyphenation rules, and other important text attributes.
- Edit and Print Preview Modes: On both Mac and PC, you can hit the W key to easily switch between the edit mode and print preview mode. This simple keyboard can save you a lot of time!


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Colibri coruscans (Sparkling Violet Ear) is a species of birds in the family hummingbirds. They are listed in cites appendix ii. They are found in The Neotropics. They visit flowers of Plutarchia guascensis, marmalade bush, Barnadesia spinosa, and Callianthe vexillarium. They rely on flight to move around.
EOL has data for 18 attributes, including:


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Summer 2021 Issue
September 30, 2021
Ebenezer Nyadjro Awarded Gulf Research Program's 2021 Environmental Protection and Stewardship Early-Career Research Fellowship
Mississippi State University
Dr. Ebenezer Nyadjro is an associate research professor in the Northern Gulf Institute and Department of Geosciences at Mississippi State University. He graduated with a BSc in Oceanography & Fisheries from the University of Ghana, an M.S. in Marine Science from the University of North Carolina Wilmington, an M.S. in Organizational Leadership from Cameron University, Oklahoma, and a Ph.D. in Physical & Satellite Oceanography from the University of South Carolina. Subsequently, he was a National Research Council post-doctoral fellow at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL) in Seattle, WA. Dr. Nyadjro's research focuses on microplastics, equatorial ocean dynamics, ocean currents, salinity and air-sea interactions. His prior studies include understanding salt exchange within and across ocean basins, variability of ocean currents and how they affect these salt exchanges, and how all these combine to affect air-sea interactions and ocean-climate dynamics. He is currently combining his prior research experiences towards understanding the sources, pathways and sinks of microplastics into the coastal zone and onwards to the open ocean. These include building a global microplastics database, characterizing and quantifying the types of microplastics, and the different routes taken into the ocean. There is also the attempt to remotely sense and quantify microplastics.
The Gulf Research Program of the National Academies is pleased to announce eight 2021 Environmental Protection and Stewardship Early-Career Research Fellows. During the two-year fellowship, which began on September 1, fellows will pursue research that advances understanding of the changing ecosystem of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and its coastal zones.
Gulf ecosystems, including estuaries, oyster reefs, beaches and dunes, mangroves, and offshore shoals and banks, are instrumental to the socio-economic and cultural life of the region, providing benefits such as food, clean air and water, recreational opportunities and tourism, and raw materials.
However, these ecosystems will continue to shift with climate change, urbanization, and increased demand for food, water, and energy. There exists a key need to predict and anticipate these changes to allocate natural resources in an equitable way, while protecting the environment.
The ECRF Fellows will investigate specific issues related to the Gulf's changing ecosystems, with the goal of producing research that informs decisions that enhance environmental protection and stewardship. Their research might consider how different ecosystems interact with one another; identify critical thresholds that, if met, may reduce or eliminate ecosystem services; and guide stakeholders in weighing tradeoffs among the various ecosystem services to make better-informed decisions.
The ECRF award is not attached to a specific project, which allows fellows to explore bold, untested research ideas that they might not otherwise be able to pursue. All fellows are investigators, faculty members, clinician scientists, or scientific team leads at colleges, universities, and research institutions. Each of them will receive a $76,000 financial award, mentoring support, and a built-in community of current and past cohorts.
The incoming class of fellows is actively working on research projects related to ecosystem changes, including:
Characterizing and quantifying the types of microplastics and understanding how they get into the ocean;
Understanding the interactions between water and coastal ecosystems, as well as the tradeoffs between water infrastructure and environmental health;
Developing ocean modelling tools to visualize risks to coral reef ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico and extreme rainfall along the Texas coast.


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Project Name: Quadbot
Company/Affiliation: Stupid Fun Club
Description: Quadbot is a four-legged (or tentacle) based robot with a unique style of locomotion. Developed to have organic qualities, I modeled the kinetic geometry of its motion and engineered an actuated system using a single motor.
Quadbot has a distinctive locomotion. Using four tentacle appendages, the toy pushes and rolls its spherical body in a continuous fashion. The resulting motion has the Quadbot rolling about in a zigzag pattern. Tentacles are actuated by a double wire system which allows them to move in two directions. Inside the spherical body is a cam to which all the tentacle wires are attached. A single motor is able to drive this cam and simultaneously articulate each of the tentacles. When two tentacles are actuated they bend to create a fulcrum, while a third tentacle pushes the center of mass over this fulcrum, and allows the body to roll forward. The sequence is then repeated with a different combination of tentacles, resulting in the same movement but at 120 degrees apart, leading to a zigzagging motion.


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This critical summary of a review published by Lulic et al in 2007 has just been published under the auspicies of the American Dental Association Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry. For 80 years Ante' law has influenced standard textbooks of prosthodontics. It stated:-
the total periodontal membrane area of the abutment teeth must equal or exceed that of the teeth to be replaced.
The summariser notes that the Lulic review only includes 6 retrospective studies and there were some apparent methodological shortcoming with the review. The original review concluded that:-
The long-term prognosis of a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) with abutments that have severely reduced periodontal support depends on the maintenance of a healthy periodontium.
The quality of the evidence available to address this question is limited, but it does suggest that Ante's is not supported.
Lulic M, Brägger U, Lang NP, Zwahlen M, Salvi GE. Ante's (1926) law revisited: a systematic review on survival rates and complications of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) on severely reduced periodontal tissue support. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007 Jun;18 Suppl 3:63-72. Review. Erratum in: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008 Mar;19(3):326-8. PubMed PMID: _PHONE_
Ante LH The fundamental principles of abutments. Mich State Dent Soc Bull 1926;8:14–23


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Certified Vision Rehabilitation Therapist (CVRT) Handbook, Section 5, Code of Ethics for Vision Rehabilitation Therapists
Revised: December 6, 2012
We professionals in the area of Vision Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT) of persons who are blind and visually impaired, recognize our commitment to provide the highest quality of services to those individuals whom we serve. The purpose of our profession is to instruct individuals with visual impairments in the use of those compensatory skills and aids that will enable them to live safely, productively, and interdependently. Our primary obligation as Rehabilitation Teachers is to consumers, and in all of our professional relationships, we will keep the best interests of consumers as our priority. Vision Rehabilitation Therapists are committed to consumers and their families, to our employers the community, our profession and other professionals; and to ourselves. We recognize our actions and in-actions affect the lives of those whom we serve, and we accept this responsibility.
Defined by this Code of Ethics, the Vision Rehabilitation Therapist is a professional practicing in the private or public sector who evaluates, instructs, and guides a person with a visual impairment through a consumer-centered individualized plan of rehabilitation instruction designed to achieve stated life skills and goals. These competencies encompass specific, identifiable, evaluation and teaching skills and knowledge to enable a person with visual impairment to develop and/or enhance sensory and kinesthetic capabilities, personal management skills, communication skills, orientation skills, low vision utilization, assistive technologies, vocational skills, leisure and recreation activities, and home management. The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist also will assist the consumer to understand his/her vision loss and facilitate the development of appropriate coping mechanisms.
Vision Rehabilitation Therapists pledge themselves to standards of acceptable behavior as it relates to the following: Commitment to the Learner; Commitment to the Community; Commitment to the Profession; Commitment to Colleagues and Other Professionals; and Commitment to Professional Employment Practices.
- Commitment to the Learner
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist (VRT) will value the worth and dignity of each individual.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will take all reasonable precautions to provide for the physical safety of the learner from conditions that interfere with learning and protect the best interest of the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will conduct a record review before beginning instruction with the learner. The specialist will make reasonable attempt to obtain and evaluate information about the learner that is relevant to the VRT assessment and instruction.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will respect the rights of the learner and legal representative to participate in decisions regarding the instructional program.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will make the recommendation for the continuing or discontinuing of services with the learner and/or their legal representative and will base that recommendation upon an evaluation of the learner's needs, abilities, and skills. Their recommendation will be made in the learner's best interest, independent of personal or agency convenience.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will provide information regarding the various types of VRT devices and strategies, and will explore with the learner which device(s) and strategies will best meet specific needs. The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not dispense or supply specialized aids and devices unless it is in the best interest of the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will seek the support and involvement of the family and/or legal representative to promote the learner's instructional goals and in advancing his or her continued success. For example, the VRT will share information as appropriate with the learner's permission with the family that will facilitate the learner's welfare and independence, but will not communicate information that violates the principles of confidentiality.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will seek the advice and counsel of colleagues whenever such consultation is in the best interest of the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will respect the privacy and confidentiality of all information pertaining to the learner obtained through or stored in any medium (i.e., hard copy, cellular phone conversations, electronic mail, social-media, facsimile, texting, video, audio-visual). He or she will not divulge confidential information about any learner to any individual not authorized by the learner to receive such information unless required by law or institutional policies, or unless withholding such information would endanger the safety of the learner or the public.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will obtain permission from the learner or legal representative before inviting others to observe a lesson or before recording the voice or image of the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will obtain full informed, written permission from the learner or legal representative before releasing information to a requesting agency or individual.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will make all reports objective and will present only data relevant to the purposes of the evaluation and instruction. When appropriate, the specialist will share this information with the learner and/or the family and/or legal representative.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will endeavor to disseminate information to service providers involved with the learner as it relates to VRT knowledge, instruction, and experiences so as to facilitate the goals of the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not allow undue consideration of personal comfort or convenience to interfere with the design and implementation of lessons.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will endeavor to establish and maintain a trusting relationship with the learner, maintain ethical standards of behavior and manage conflicts of interest by full disclosure.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will avoid accepting a referral for services of a learner with whom he or she has a current or has had a prior relationship which may compromise the integrity of the instruction. If, because of the unavailability of other competent professionals this is not possible, the nature of such a relationship will be made known to supervisor(s) for the learner's protection and to avoid the appearance of impropriety.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will be responsible for services to learners who are referred and who are accepted as a learner and will provide ongoing supervision when any portion of the service is assigned to interns or student teachers who are enrolled in training programs, with the understanding that each individual will function under strict supervision.
- Commitment to the Community
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not discriminate or knowingly engage in behavior that is harassing or demeaning based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or on any other basis prohibited by law.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not engage in sexual harassment.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will demonstrate in his or her practice an appreciation of the need to provide necessary accommodations, including full participation in program access, accessible facilities and services.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not engage in any activity that results in the exploitation of the learner. Exaggeration, sensationalism, superficiality, and other misleading activities are to be avoided.
- Commitment to the Profession
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will exercise professional judgment related to the practice of vision rehabilitation therapy services.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist who is conducting research, will seek informed consent and provide information to include (1) description of the research, (2) the purpose of the research, (3) the participant's right to withdraw from the research even after participation has begun; (4) the potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects that could occur; (5) the potential research benefits; (6) the plan for confidentiality; (7) incentives for participation; and (8) whom to contact for further information.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will interpret and use the writing and research of others with integrity. In writing, making presentations, or conducting research, the Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will be familiar with and give recognition to previous work on the topic.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not engage in fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. If the VRT discovers significant errors in his or her published data, he or she will take reasonable steps to correct such errors via correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will give credit through joint authorship, acknowledgment, footnote statements, or other appropriate means to those who have contributed significantly to research or concept development in accordance with such contributions.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist reviewing material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal will respect and guard the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights in such information of those who submitted it.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will conduct investigations in a manner that takes into consideration the welfare of the subject(s), and report research in a way as to lessen the possibility that the findings will be misleading.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not accept gratuities or gifts of significance over and above the predetermined salary, fee, and/or expense for professional service.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not engage in commercial activities that result in a conflict of interest between these activities and professional objectives with the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist involved in development or promotion of VRT devices, books or other products will present such products in a professional and factual way.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will report suspected or known negligence, illegal, or unethical behavior in the practice of the profession to appropriate authorities.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not misrepresent his or her credentials.
- Commitment to Colleagues and Other Professionals
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will engage in professional relationships on a mature level and will not become involved in personal disparagement.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not knowingly make false, deceptive, or fraudulent public statement concerning his or her practice or other work activities; nor that of persons or organizations with which he or she is affiliated.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist will not knowingly offer professional services to a person receiving VRT instruction from another Vision Rehabilitation Therapist, except by agreement with the other specialist or after the other specialist has ended instruction with the learner.
- The Vision Rehabilitation Therapist who is a


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Instead of picking up leaves and debris, air blowers use a strong blast of air to clean sidewalks, driveways, patios and garage floors. The power unit is carried by the operator and a hose or tube directs the air.
In addition to these uses, air blowers can clear trash and leaves from around shrubs, bushes, fences; they can blow leaves into a pile instead of raking, and they can blow away light snow.
Gas-powered commercial models were the first units on the market. Power is derived from a heavy two-cycle gas engine worn on the back of the operator. The engine delivers a blast of air down a hose which is connected to a rigid tube with a handle to direct the air flow.
A lighter-weight version of this commercial model, although still relatively heavy and worn on the back, is used on large acreage and commercial jobs.
Two-cycle gas engines power some of these units and offer the convenience of no cord, but are more expensive than a similar model with electrical power.
Several types of electric models are lightweight. They are carried in the hand and the complete one-piece unit is moved to direct the air. Some blowers accept vacuum kits as an accessory.
|1. Operate power blowers only at reasonable hours-not early in the morning, late at night, or at other times when people are likely to be disturbed. From 8:00 A.M. to 5:30 P.M. on weekdays, and from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. on weekends.|
|2. Operate blowers at the lowest possible speed to do the job. Maximum speed is seldom necessary.|
|3. Use only one piece of power equipment at a time to keep noise levels acceptable.|
|4. Make sure the power blower's muffler is in good Working order.|
|5. Use the full blower nozzle extension so that the air stream can work efficiently close to the ground, minimizing the spread of dust.|
|6. In dusty conditions, wet down surfaces or use mister attachments.|
|7. Use rakes and brooms to loosen debris before blowing.|
|8. Before using a blower, check wind direction. Look for open doors and windows, freshly washed cars, children or pets at play, and other things that could be harmed by blowing dust, leaves or debris.|
|9. After using blowers and other equipment, clean up. Dispose of debris in trash receptacles. Make sure none has blown into neighboring yards.|
|10. Check the condition of your power blower, including air intakes and air filter to make sure the unit is operating properly.|
|11. Wear ear protection if you operate a blower for more than two hours per day.|
Check your state and local codes before starting any project. Follow all safety precautions. Information in this document has been furnished by the North American Retail Hardware Association (NRHA) and associated contributors. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and safety. Neither NRHA, any contributor nor the retailer can be held responsible for damages or injuries resulting from the use of the information in this document.


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[postgis-users] Aggregate Functions
pramsey at refractions.net
Thu Feb 20 09:48:30 PST 2003
What is an aggregate function? A function which works on a result set
and returns a summary. For example,
select max(salary) from employees
select mean(age) from patients
Both queries return a *single* value, the aggregate result.
What is a spatial aggregate? Same thing, only with goemetries. I really
look forward to being able to do this to create a single drainage
polygon for a river system:
select union(geom) from watersheds where ws_code > '_PHONE_'
Things might get confusing, because the opengis spatial operators will
have the same name but different arguments.
select union(a.geom,b.geom) from a,b where a.id = b.id
The standard union() function is a pairwise union.
I hope that confuses things substantially. :/
| Paul Ramsey
| Refractions Research
| Email: pramsey at refractions.net
| Phone: _PHONE_
More information about the postgis-users


| Share
Today's Analogy
(What is an analogy?)
KITTEN : MILK :: garden : rain
 1. storm
 2. garden
 3. wet
The best answer is garden. The relationship between the first pair of words is that a KITTEN is nourished by MILK. Of the choices provided to complete the second half of the analogy, only garden has a similar relationship to rain. A garden is nourished by rain.
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Updated 4 March 2010
"Spirograph" is a registered trademark of Hasbro, Inc. It refers to a child's toy that uses toothed wheels to draw patterns, you can see some examples here.
This page approaches those patterns from a more mathematical point of view, which isn't constrained by the physical properties of the wheels used in the real toy. This allows us to explore a larger set of patterns, including those generated my more than 2 wheels.
Interactive spirograph drawing
The parametric equation for a circle is
x = R.cos (θ) y = R.sin (θ)
As 'θ' varies from 0 to 2π this will trace one lap around the circle ('R' is the radius). This is our basic wheel. If we multiply θ by a positive integer this will be equivalent to making the wheel rotate faster. A negative integer will make the wheel rotate in the opposite direction. To create the spirograph patterns we combine two wheels rotating at different speeds, say n1 and n2.
x = R1.cos (n1θ) + R2.cos (n2θ) y = R1.sin (n1θ) + R2.sin (n2θ)
Here the second wheel of radius R2 makes n2 full turns as it travels n1 times around the inner wheel of radius R1.
These are idealised wheels, when using the toy, the radius of the inner wheel would be R1-R2. The other way we differ from the toy is that in the physical version the rates n1 and n2 are determined by the number of teeth on the wheels, which are constrained by the wheels' radii. We aren't limited in this way.
The starting positions of the wheels can be changed by adding in a phase component: ψ;
x = R1.cos (n1(θ+ψ1)) + R2.cos (n2(θ+ψ2)) y = R1.sin (n1(θ+ψ1)) + R2.sin (n2(θ+ψ2))
Although it would be difficult with the plastic toy, mathematically it's quite simple to add additional wheels, for instance, having a third wheel rotating around the other two can be represented as
x = R1.cos (n1θ) + R2.cos (n2θ) + R3.cos (n3θ) y = R1.sin (n1θ) + R2.sin (n2θ) + R3.sin (n3θ)
For two wheels the symmetry is |n1-n2| (assuming n1 and n2 have no common factors). If they do have a common factor, say 'k', then the symmetry would be |n1-n2| / k and the algorithm will draw over the same pattern k times.
For more wheels the symmetry is the highest common factor of the set of differences. With three wheels it will be
hcf (n1-n2, n1-n3, n2-n3) / k = hcf (n1-n2, n2-n3) / k
Where 'k' is the largest common factor of n1, n2, n3.
This four wheel animation. The speeds are [3, -13, 11, 19] and the sizes [3,3,2,1]. The differences in the rates are all multiples of 8, so the pattern has 8-fold symetry. The animation is created by changing the relative phases of the wheels.
If you would like to generate your own Spirographs using python you can download the following scripts.
(c) John Whitehouse 2012


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Compression sleeves, leggings and knee-high socks are standard accessories for many pro athletes. Most players in professional sports wear some kind of compression clothing. The thinking is that this clothing helps with circulation, support and muscle recovery. But does it actually work?
Before you decide whether compression clothing is right for you, it helps to know the history and the science.
Start at the bottom
Compression clothing began at the feet. Compression socks were created in the 1940s by inventor Conrad Jobst, who used elastic fabric — another new invention — to relieve pain caused by a condition in which his veins had problems sending blood back to the heart. For people with poor circulation, blood can pool in the legs after each pump. Compression socks work by firmly holding the body in place and squeezing the feet and legs. This reduces the diameter of the veins and helps circulation by keeping more blood moving as it pumps.
The invention of synthetic fabrics in the 1950s, including spandex, nylon and polyester, led to more clothes that could sculpt and mold the body instead of drape over it. Spandex was first used at the Olympics by the French ski team in 1968.
In the early 2000s, more and more athletes, including NBA players, began wearing compression clothing, including leggings. Trainers maintained that it helped players perform, saying that compressed muscles worked more efficiently and that the clothing helped improve circulation and support, particularly with strained muscles.
Since then, compression clothing has been embraced by everyone from Olympic athletes to Navy SEALs. The technology has never been more advanced and responsive to athletes' needs, with companies like 2XU, which is the Official Uniform Partner of Gold's Gym, offering compression clothing that's lighter and more flexible than ever, and measuring its gear using specialized pressure and tensile strength testers.
Compression clothing benefits: the science
Today, studies appear inconclusive on whether compression clothing is effective. But it's important to note that research has been sporadic and that some studies have zeroed in on specific sports and contexts, so the results may not necessarily apply to all activities and body conditions.
It's helpful to look at compression clothing studies from three angles:
- Performance. Compression clothing proponents believe improved circulation results in more oxygen being delivered and that this, in turn, can improve your performance. (Be sure to check out our tips on how to boost your endurance.) But a 2016 study that compared distance runners with and without compression clothes did not show a difference in their efficiency. Still, another study found that the clothing did have a small positive effect, particularly in short-duration sprints.
- Recovery. Another point argued by compression clothing proponents is that the improved blood flow can help speed recovery, and that the clothing can help reduce soreness because, like a massage, it applies pressure to muscles. Although scientists who studied whether elite cross-country skiers recovered better with compression clothing found no difference, scientists who looked at the recovery of rugby players, cyclists and rock climbers did find that compression clothing helped.
- Psychology. Scientists acknowledge that some people can, indeed, perform better or recover more quickly simply because they believe that compression clothing is effective. In other words, confidence is key: Your confidence that wearing the clothing will increase the efficiency of your movements and decrease tiredness later on can lead to better results.
Check out more of our fitness articles:
Sore After a Workout? What's Natural — and Not
Rest for Success
Resistance Machines Workout: Stand up to Build Strength


African and Asian emigrants through the Greek border, government in Skopje launches an action plan
IBNA Special Report/ How do illegal emigrants enter in FYR Macedonia? How much do they pay to use this country as a transit country to reach the EU? The flourishing of the traffic of human beings and police measures to stop it
Skopje, July 15, 2013 – By Naser Pajaziti
The Ministry of Interior in FYR Macedonia has increased security measures in the border crossing points in order to stop the numbers of Afro-Asian emigrants which are entering the country from Greece.
This ministry has declared that it has enforced these measures especially in those points which are known for illegal crossings, but inspections have become more frequent in the railway system and railway train station near the Greek border.
The Sector of Interior Affairs in the border town of Gjevgjel informs that tens of foreign emigrants have been caught during the weekend, mainly from Asian and African countries where there are violent conflicts.
SIF says that two Syrian and one Iraqi national were caught last night on the board of a merchant train near the border with Greece. Based on international laws on emigration, after they are stopped, the emigrants are delivered to Greek authorities, as this is the country where they've entered from.
But, a large number of Afghani, Iraqi and Syrian emigrants have also been stationed near the border with Serbia. Their favorite location is the Albanian inhabited village of Llojan near the border with Presevo on the Serb part.
On the streets of Llojan one can encounter Algerian nationals, Somalis, Tunisian and in particular Afghans and Pakistanis, which remain two of the most represented nationalities. In total, hundreds of them temporarily live in this large village, where the majority of its inhabitants live abroad in countries such as Switzerland, Germany or Belgium.
Emigrants in this area live in tends, but in the majority of cases they spend their time in the bars of the village in order to prevent controls and police raids which frequently take place.
Emigrants are also a means of gain for traffickers which organize their journey to destinations near the border in exchange of a particular amount of money. A journey from Gjevgjeli to Llojan costs 500 Euros per emigrant. Emigrants aim Llojan to then go to Serbia and then to the EU countries, using Hungary as a transit bridge.
The Ministry of Interior has stressed that it has taken measures to stop the arrival of these emigrants and that a part of them will either be deported from the country or put in asylum seekers' centers in Skopje. /ibna/


Tag Archives: wage labor
Slavery and modern management
The following article in the New York Times, American Capitalism Is Brutal, You Can Trace That To The Plantation, describes in an excellent manner how modern management systems have their roots in slavery and plantation economy. A short summary: an efficient plantation required an elaborate bookkeeping to keep track of each slave's productivity. Hence a multilayered system of supervision of labor was necessitated. Continue reading Slavery and modern management


text:
Salt of Hartshorn, also known as baker's ammonia, is a leavening agent that was originally made from hartshorn oil. Nowadays, salt of hartshorn is chemically produced. It contains ammonium carbonate.
Salt of Hartshorn is used as a leavening agent in baking pastries, especially in some traditional recepies.
Other tips for use:
– Starting a new aquarim
– Protecting berry bushes from birds:
One sachet (30 g) of ammonium carbonate is divided into three 0,5 l bottles filled with water. Bottles are then digged in the ground between the berry bushes so that the liquid can evaporate freely from the bottle. Evaporating liquid with its odor keeps the birds away from berry bushes. Human cannot smell the odor.
Chemically produced, not of animal origin. Store at room temperature, tightly closed.
Sachet 30 g