What Is a Dripping Pan? + How to Clean It!
If you're a cook who likes a clean stove, grill, and oven, then you'll certainly love dripping pans.
As suggested by the name, a dripping pan is any container that catches the grease drippings of meat and poultry while it cooks.
Read on to find out everything you need to know about dripping pans.
What Is a Dripping Pan?
A dripping can refer to different kinds of pans. The first one is a metal pan that is typically fixed under the burner found in a gas or electric stovetop.
Another type of dripping pan is a large metal pan that you can place underneath a baking sheet when baking something in the oven.
This is the pan that will prevent the food from bubbling over and sticking to the sides and bottom of your oven.
It will also prevent the food from catching fire. Finally, grills also come with dripping pans that can catch grease drippings so that they don't affect your floor or coals.
Broiling pans also have a dripping pan that collects the fat and juices that drip off the meat and poultry.
Let's learn a bit about each type of dripping pan:
Stove Dripping Pan
Each burner on an electric stove has a dripping pan. Typically, your stove will come with attached dripping pans.
However, you need to replace these pans after every 6 months or one year. This is because food tends to burn and stick to these dripping pans, making cleaning difficult.
You can easily find them in most kitchen stores and are fairly affordable. You can also replace them quite easily.
These dripping pans are most commonly available in silver and black hues since these colors are better at hiding grease. You must also wash these dripping pans regularly to prevent food particles from accumulating on them.
Dripping Pans for Ovens
These types of drip pans are used in ovens to prevent food from overflowing onto the walls of your oven. These pans are specifically useful when baking dishes such as casseroles.
This is because they can bubble over and cause a sticky mess that will be difficult to clean up.
Food that you put under the broiler or in a roasting pan will also drip over in your oven if you don't use a dripping pan.
These dripping pans are commonly made of aluminum and are disposable.
You can also place a larger baking sheet under your casserole dish to catch the drips. Shallow and light cookie sheets also act as great dripping pans.
Using a dripping pan helps you decrease your post-cooking cleanup time. You can simply throw away the disposable pan.
Even if your pan is not disposable, you can wash it instead of scrubbing the inside of your oven.
Dripping Pans for Grills
Charcoal and gas grills also feature dripping pans. As mentioned earlier, these pans catch grease drippings that can potentially damage your patio or deck if they fall to the ground.
They are typically used when roasting or grilling food, such as ribs and roast.
These pans are typically larger than the ones available for ovens. They are made of aluminum and are quite easy to adjust inside the grill. You must remove and clean these dripping pans regularly.
This will help prevent any grease buildup. If you need to replace your pan, opt for a metal one instead of plastic. This is because plastic will easily melt if it comes into contact with hot grease.
What Is the Purpose of a Dripping Pan?
Dripping pans have many purposes. The first and most obvious one is to collect the drippings from ducks, ribs, and other fatty foods.
You can also use dripping pans for indirect grilling. Simply put the aluminum pan between the mounds of hot coal under your grate.
Then, fill it with water, herbs, wine, beer, marinades, and other flavorful liquids. Put your roast or ribs on the grill.
The liquids in the dripping pan will evaporate into palatable steam. This hot steam will slow-cook the meat and add mouthwatering flavors to it.
It will also ensure that the meat or poultry remains succulent during prolonged cooking.
You can also add all sorts of veggies, such as onions, potatoes, and celery into the mix as well.
The grease drippings from the poultry or meat will create a delectable mix of flavors that you can use with your food. When using a dripping pan for indirect cooking, just make sure that it doesn't dry out.
This will burn all your precious gravy. Simply add more hot water to the pan so that the liquid is at least an inch or two deep.
This will keep the food succulent as well. Furthermore, make sure to keep checking the pan during the slow-cooking process.
You can also use a dripping pan to collect the flavorful juices and fats from meat and poultry. You can then use these juices to make delicious stocks and sauces.
These pans are also used to prevent oil from coating coals and water during indirect cooking with water pans.
How to Clean a Dripping Pan with Stubborn Grease Buildup
When grease starts to accumulate on the dripping pan, it becomes a fire hazard. This is why you must clean your dripping pans regularly.
Here are the steps that you can follow to clean a dripping pan with stubborn grease buildup:
 1. Let the dripping pan cool completely and then remove it from the grill, stove, or oven.
 2. Submerge the dirty pan in your sink in hot water and let it soak completely for about 10 minutes.
 3. Drain the dirty water from your sink and pour some distilled white vinegar over the pan. This will help get rid of the baked-on food particles and stubborn grease.
 4. Let the pan sit in the vinegar for about 30 minutes.
 5. Sprinkle some baking soda on top of the vinegar.
 6. Let it sit for a minute or two and then use your fingers to rub it into the burnt-on crust.
 7. Allow the baking soda and vinegar blend to sit on the surface of the pans for at least 15 minutes. During this time, the burn residue will start to flake away from your dripping pan.
 8. After the designated time, drain the vinegar and baking soda mixture and use hot water to rinse your pan.
 9. Apply some more baking soda on the surface of the pan and rub it into the remaining stains as thoroughly as possible.
 10. Rinse the pan with hot water once again and use a towel to dry it thoroughly.
When Should You Change Your Dripping Pan?
You must change your dripping pan at least once a year. This is because when a drip pan is dirty with stubborn grease buildup, it becomes a safety hazard.
The biggest risk comes from the toxic fumes that can accumulate on the pan if you don't clean it regularly.
Burned meat juices and fat can be harmful to your health as well.
This is why you must remove your pan from the oven or grill when it's cool enough and clean it thoroughly. You can use hot soapy water to clean the fat drippings.
If the pan is too dirty, then you need to replace it. However, just be careful to find the perfect sized pan for your oven and grill. This is because an ill-fitted pan is also a fire hazard.
Difference between a Dripping Pan and a Water Pan
Many people confuse dripping pans with water pans. Dripping pans are typically placed right under your food to catch any grease or fat run-off.
This prevents the fat from hitting the flames and coals and reduces the risk of flareups.
Meanwhile, water pans sit directly on top of your heat source. Their primary function is to generate moisture and steam to prevent your meat from drying out.
You can also place a dripping pan above your water pan to prevent grease from hitting the water. This will ensure that the water continues to evaporate and keeps the meat succulent.
As mentioned earlier, you can also use a dripping pan for this purpose.
However, a water pan typically contains only water, while a dripping pan can contain a delicious concoction of liquids, which are used to add flavor to the food.
The Bottom Line
A dripping pan is a large pan that is typically made of metal and is used to prevent food drippings from bubbling over.
These pans are usually used to cook messy foods such as meats that have a lot of fat in them. You can also use them when baking dishes that bubble over and create a mess in your oven.
Typically, these pans are a part of electric stoves, gas and electric ovens, and gas grills. However, you can also use disposable dripping pans in your oven and grill.
You can easily find metal and plastic pans that will catch all the food drippings and prevent a mess.
Other articles you may also like:


text:
In the field of intelligent crowd video analysis, the prediction of abnormal events in dense crowds is a well-known and challenging problem. By analysing crowd particle collisions and characteristics of individuals in a crowd to follow the general trend of motion, a purpose-driven lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) is proposed. The collision effect in the proposed method is measured according to the variation in crowd particle numbers in the image nodes; characteristics of the crowd following a general trend are incorporated by adjusting the particle directions. The model predicts dense crowd abnormal events in different intervals through iterations of simultaneous streaming and collision steps. Few initial frames of a video are needed to initialize the proposed model and no training procedure is required. Experimental results show that our purpose-driven LBM performs better than most state-of-the-art methods.
Gang Peng, Rubo Cao, Jun Xue, Pindong Li, Zhenwei Zou, Jing Huang and Qian Ding
Background. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major cancer in southern China. Src homology phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is a tyrosine phosphatase that regulates growth, differentiation, cell cycle progression, and oncogenesis. We determined the clinical significance of SHP-1 expression in the tumours of NPC patients from southern China who were treated with radiotherapy.
Patients and methods. SHP-1 expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting of NPC tissue samples of 50 patients and nasopharyngeal tissues of 50 non-NPC patients who had chronic nasopharyngeal inflammation. SHP-1 expression was measured in NPC tissue samples of 206 patients by immunohistochemistry and survival analysis was performed.
Results. The tumours of NPC patients had significantly increased expression of SHP-1 at mRNA and protein levels relative to patients with chronic nasopharyngeal inflammation. Survival analysis of NPC patients indicated that SHP-1 expression was significantly associated with poor local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.008), but not with nodal recurrencefree survival, distant metastasis-free survival, or overall survival.
Conclusions. SHP-1 appears to be associated with radiation resistance of NPC cells and can be considered as a candidate marker for prognosis and/or therapeutic target in patients with this type of cancer.
Xue Peng, Can Wei, Hong-Zhu Li, Hong-Xia Li, Shu-Zhi Bai, Li-Na Wang, Yu-Hui Xi, Jin Yan and Chang-Qing Xu
Background and Objectives
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is known to regulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and vascular remodeling via the phenotypic modulation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in small pulmonary arteries. Moreover, autophagy is an essential modulator of VSMC phenotype. But it is not clear whether CaSR can regulate autophagy involving the phenotypic modulation under hypoxia.
The viability of human PASMCs was detected by cell cycle and BrdU. The expressions of proliferation protein, phenotypic marker protein, and autophagy protein in human PASMCs were determined by western blot.
Our results showed that hypoxia-induced autophagy was considerable at 24 h. The addition of NPS2390 decreased the expression of autophagy protein and synthetic phenotype marker protein osteopontin and increased the expression of contractile phenotype marker protein SMA-ɑ and calponin via suppressing downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways.
Our study demonstrates that treatment of NPS2390 was conducive to inhibit the proliferation and reverse phenotypic modulation of PASMCs by regulating autophagy levels.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
How To Use BrainTime®
- Plan to listen to two or more of the trainings each day, one or more in the AM and one or more in the PM.
- Use a set of headphones. They don't have to be fancy but you need to hear different sounds in each ear.
- Orient your headphones.
- Make sure you hear the sounds for your right and left ears in the correct ear.
- Use the "Headphone Orientation" test at the top of the training page.
- Listen with a low volume, just loud enough to hear the training comfortably.
- Select your desired training and click on the playbar.
- Sit quietly and close your eyes while you listen to the trainings. (You can customize the length of play – see the FAQs to learn how.)
- To learn more, read our FAQs and be sure to watch the welcome video, "How to Use BrainTime."
HOW TO GET THE BEST RESULTS
HOW TO USE BRAINTIME®
What to Expect:
- BrainTime should be a pleasant experience. If you feel agitated or uncomfortable in any way, reduce your listening time to one minute or less.
- You might notice fast, immediate results as the existing connections in your brain begin to work better.
- You will probably notice gradual improvement over the course of a month as you grow new health-promoting connections in your brain.


Rachel Maja, MA
Rachel Maja (MA) is a trained School Psychologist with a diverse history supporting children and youth who face a variety of exceptionalities including autism, language based learning challenges, brain injury, cerebral palsy, and various mental health diagnoses. Additionally, Rachel has a research background that supports her current work in the area of assessment, and includes interest in the study of anxiety, early exposure to stress and/or trauma, executive functioning, and criminal psychology.
Rachel is passionate about building strong relationships with parents and their children, and making the assessment process as comfortable and supportive as possible. Having spent time working within the public school system in British Columbia, Rachel is also very clear about the value of working with a team, both within the school environment and in terms of the consultation process in community. Rachel's overall goal is always to ensure that her clients receive the best support possible so that the pathway is cleared for them to live their best lives. Rachel provides pscyhoeducational assessments at The Wishing Star under the supervision of a registered psychologist on our team.


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'Bristol Cats' study, growing from strength to strength!
What's it all about?
The 'Bristol Cats' study is a 'first of its kind' study by the University of Bristol, investigating the health, welfare and behaviour of cats living in the UK. The study is taking place to help find the causes of common behaviour problems and diseases of cats - eg obesity & hyperthyroidism - as the causes of these conditions are poorly understood.
How is information collected?
Information is collected via four questionnaires when kittens are aged eight to16 weeks, six, 12 and 18 months of age. The data will be analysed to see what extent certain characteristics eg obesity are associated with management - eg diet, lifestyle and other factors eg breed.
What are the benefits?
The researchers aim to provide guidance to practitioners, owners and the cat community at large, to improve the health and welfare of cats. In order to do this, they need the help of kitten owners and hope to enrol 900 kittens by December 2011 to ensure robust statistical results.
Study progress to date...
Between March and September 2011, 588 kittens registered on the study – a fantastic response and thank you to everyone who has already enrolled! Not surprisingly, the most commonly registered cat breed was found to be the moggy/mixed breed/domestic short hair.
How to get involved:
Can you help by spreading the word to kitten owners, cat breeders or anyone with a kitten? If so, please contact the 'Bristol Cat' study team at the University of Bristol, using the details below, to request a poster to display and a supply of flyers to pass on to kitten owners.
Alternatively, if you have a kitten between eight and 16 weeks of age, please log-on to the study website and complete a questionnaire. The researchers are also keen to hear from owners of more than one kitten. Full details about the study can be found at _URL_ together with a link to the first questionnaire. Please also contact the team if you would prefer to receive a paper copy of the questionnaire in the post.
With grateful thanks for your help!
The 'Bristol Cats' study team
Bristol Cats, Dr Jane Murray
University of Bristol
Tel: 07827 981412

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. Health
Discuss in my forum
Problems Showering with Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Five Problems with Showering
Updated June 13, 2014
Problems Showering with Fibromyalgia & Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
A morning shower -- it helps you start the day invigorated and refreshed, right? Um, no, not so much for many of us. A shower seems like a basic, simple thing, but it can pose major problems for someone with fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome.
I've seen a lot of comments here about how exhausting a shower can be. Why would a shower make us tired, sometimes even wiping us out for the rest of the day? Several of our physiological abnormalities could be playing into it.
 1. Exertion: Especially for those with chronic fatigue syndrome, even small amounts of exertion can be too much. A shower takes more energy than we tend to recognize -- you're standing the whole time, doing a fair amount of bending, stretching and reaching, and vigorously lathering up your head and body. When you consider that we often have to start an "exercise" routine with 2 repetitions of a simple movement, you can see how much work showering can be.
 2. Relaxation: The hot water of a shower can be relaxing, which is great in some ways. However, for those of us who deal with profound fatigue, it's probably not the best thing for us early in the day, when we're still fighting to wake up.
 3. Temperature Sensitivities: While the hot water may feel good, it can also get our temperature sensitivity going and throw off homeostasis. Our bodies have a hard time keeping us at the right temperature, so when we get heated up like that, it's a lot of work to cool us back down to normal. Some of us get so over heated that we sweat profusely after a shower.
 4. Dizziness: We're prone to dizziness, and the heat of the shower combined with the motions of washing can have your body working overtime to keep your sense of balance. I've had frightening dizzy spells in a hot shower -- very scary!
 5. Heightened Nerve Response: Especially in fibromyalgia, the pressure of the water hitting your skin can get your nerves riled up. It might not hurt while you're in there, but the stimulation on our over-reactive nerves could put them closer to the point of sending erroneous pain signals and making you hurt all over.
Some ways to deal with the showering problem include taking a shower at night, so the exhaustion is welcomed, or taking baths instead. Baths do pose some of the same problems, but you're sitting and not reaching or stretching as much, so they can be less taxing. A bath also tends to steam up the bathroom less, so you may have an easier time cooling off when you get out.
While I haven't had an extreme problem with showering like some people have, when I've been at my sickest I've relied at times on cleansing wipes. I buy them for my face, but they work well for this, too. Unscented baby wipes also aren't bad. I can use them to freshen up quickly and easily, especially on days that I'm not leaving the house anyway. It's not a daily solution, but they can put off a shower when you're just not up to it. For me, feeling greasy is a sure way to make me feel bad about myself.
Learn more or join the conversation!
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New article about the formation of a Norwegian identity among immigrant origin youth
08. January 2021
In a new article publicised in Ethnic and Racial Studies, Jon Horgen Friberg shows that youth of immigrant origin gradually adopt a stronger self-identity as Norwegians, regardless of geographical and religious backgrounds. However: While adolescents of European immigrant origin report being seen as more "Norwegian" than they identify themselves, children of immigrants from Africa and Asia are seen by others as far less "Norwegian" than how they perceive themselves.


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Knowledge: Moderating assessment CPD (KS2)
This CPD package enables science subject leaders to deliver an hour's CPD that models a robust process for moderating the assessment of children's knowledge across KS2.
It contains examples of work from two children across each year-group in Key Stage 2 that the teachers participating in the training review and assess. They then compare their assessment of the examples of work to that of the PLAN team to confirm their judgements. Finally, they apply the same process to the work of children from their own class and use the results to identify activities to consolidate the knowledge for the children who are not yet secure.


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Aquatic Consulting Services;
Whether you have a new aquatic facility or an existing facility, periodic reviews of your physical plant, aquatic programs, fees and revenue stream, and day to day operations must be a scheduled part of your processes. USA consulting efforts are comprised of over 150 years of combined aquatic facility experience and we design our service to fit your particular facility's needs. USA has assisted thousands of organizations over the years to help improve their daily operations and revenue stream. These services included:
- Recreation revenue
- Lessons and programs revenue
- Competition revenue
- Therapy & Wellness revenue
- Facility Inspection
- Feasibility Study
- Capital Investment and Planning
- Emergency Response Management
- Marketing, Branding, & Promoting Plan
Research shows that "recreational" users prefer to have shallower and warmer water to allow for extended stays and socialization. It also shows that recreational users provide 75% of the revenue that can be generated from aquatics facilities. Newer recreational aquatic facilities that install fun features, similar to playground equipment, waterslides suitable for multiple age groups, different water depths from zero-depth beach entries to diving areas; and other popular features such as lazy rivers and current channels invite the recreational user to stay longer and visit more frequently. Additionally, modern facilities include more creature comforts for extended stays such as shade areas, lounge chairs, picnic tables, lockers, and concession areas.
Research for "lesson & program" users that frequent aquatic facilities for the purpose of instruction for swim lessons, lifeguard training, water safety, water aerobics classes, scuba diving, etc. need appropriate spaces for teaching and training. These spaces are usually competitive and recreational style pools. Swim lessons are typically the largest of instructional classes and are considered a life-safety skill necessary to promote water safety for patrons. Some communities have even made learning to swim a requirement at their public school programs. New recreational style pools have increased children's desires to participate in swim lessons in order to be allowed to play and interact with other children. Lesson & programming users typically provide 20% of the revenue from aquatic facilities.
Research for a "competition" user requires a swimming pool that meets the dimensions of the NFSHS (High School Standards), NCAA (Collegiate Standards), USA Swimming (Club Team Standards), and/or FINA (International Standards). This user also prefers deeper and colder water to increase the competitive abilities of the pool. The primary distance for competitive swimming in the US is 25 yards. Only FINA and USA Swimming's summer program requires a 50 meter dimension. Competition groups are a small but dedicated group of users who have demonstrated that they will drive long distances for practicing and competitive meets. One commonly used rule in planning for competition pools for high school swim teams is to provide one competition pool per public high school. While it is true that a year round indoor competition pool can generate year round revenue and user fees – the cost of operating such a facility GREATLY reduces the net income generated. Research has found that competition users typically generate only about 3% of the revenue from aquatic facilities.
Therapy usage is currently the fastest growing aquatic user group. New research provides evidence of the benefits of aquatic exercise. While aerobic dance and cycling have decreased by 17.3% and 23.2%, respectively, from _PHONE_, aquatic exercise increased by 25% from 2004-2007. This group requires a small body of warm water that can offer a variety of classes and programs from water aerobics to exercise lap swimming. Therapy and wellness program usage typically generates about 2% of the net revenue from aquatic facilities.
Prior to and during the 1960's many neighborhood public pools were filled daily with potable water and drained. Concerns over infectious disease outbreaks resulted in more stringent sanitation codes. Additionally, as the codes became more stringent and liability concerns increased – many public pools began to lose features such as diving boards, small water slides and deep water. Shallow wading pools became suspect and increased operating costs and ever-increasing competition for recreation time led to decreased pool attendance and the closure of many pools throughout the United States. Beginning in the late 1970's the "water park" concept was developed with more exciting water features such as wave pools, a variety of water slides, and lazy rivers. In the early 1980's, public operators began to incorporate some of these features into their municipal aquatic facilities to re-attract aquatic recreation users and to increase revenue to offset the cost of operations. In the early 1990's community builders started catching on to this trend and developed neighborhoods with small aquatic features.


Date of Award
Document Type
Degree Name
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
Educational Administration and Leadership
First Advisor
Delores E. McNair
First Committee Member
Laura Hallberg
Second Committee Member
Maureen Harrington
Women continue to be in the minority in school administration in public schools in the United States, although the majority of teachers are female. The role of assistant principal is the gateway to school administration. The purpose of this study was to describe the essence of the transition from teaching to school administration, the role of a female assistant principal, and the career aspirations of female assistant principals. This study used a phenomenological approach to understand the essence of the transition for the participants. Six women were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol to collect data on their experiences transitioning to the role of assistant principal. Using the process of horizonalization, the data were transcribed and analyzed using statements and quotes from the interviews to develop themes common to all participants. Findings revealed that these women continually seek to better themselves, others, and their organizations. They experienced a significant sense of loss as they transitioned to their new role. Lastly, the supports needed by women as they continue in their career as school administrators were uncovered.


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Curious Ed Goes From "Gearhead" to Scientist
|Who are NASA's Space Science Explorers?
Who are NASA's Space Science Explorers? The scientist studying black holes in space. The teacher talking about the secrets of the cosmos. And the student asking if there is life away from Earth. All of these people are Space Science Explorers. They are all curious about our solar system and space. This is a story about a NASA Space Science Explorer.
Growing up, Ed Prather dreamed of racing cars and motorcycles. Now, as an adult, he's a scientist and a teacher. One thing has stayed the same the whole time. Ed has always been curious.
"I was always curious about machines," said Ed. In high school, he was more interested in learning about cars than in science or math. Ed calls himself a "gearhead" because he's so interested in the gears that make cars go.
After high school, Ed worked at places where cars and cranes were put together. He was really curious about cranes and decided to learn more about how they work. Then he was able to teach others at work what he had learned. He liked finding simple ways to explain something so hard.
"The idea of helping someone understand was fascinating and fun," he said.
Before long, Ed was becoming an expert in the science of how things work. For a time, he used his knowledge to study how the universe works. But what he really wanted to do was teach science.
Ed now teaches NASA science to students at the University of Arizona. He's always thinking up ways to help them understand tough subjects.
Working with students is the best part of his job, Ed said. He's glad he stayed curious about the world around him. He tells his students to do the same.
And he still finds time to something else he likes: racing cars and motorcycles.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Astronomy Education →
Prachi Patel, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Adapted for grades K-4 audience by Dan Stillman, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies


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I am trying to get cd to accept a directory name redirected to it from another command. Neither of these methods work:
$ echo $HOME | cd
$ echo $HOME | xargs cd
This does work:
$ cd $(echo $HOME)
Why does the first set of commands not work, and are there others that also fail this way?
share|improve this question
By others are you referring to other commands or other methods to use cd that fail this way? – David Kohen Oct 5 '12 at 15:46
_USER_ I refer to other commands – Jhonathan Oct 5 '12 at 16:49
Some notable examples are ulimit, umask, popd, pushd, set, export and read. – David Kohen Oct 7 '12 at 8:10
6 Answers 6
up vote 31 down vote accepted
cd is not an external command - it is a shell builtin function. It runs in the context of the current shell, and not, as external commands do, in a fork/exec'd context as a separate process.
Your third example works, because the shell expands the variable and the command substitution before calling the cd builtin, so that cd receives the value of ${HOME} as its argument.
POSIX systems do have a binary cd - on my FreeBSD machine, it's at /usr/bin/cd, but it doesn't do what you think. Calling the binary cd causes the shell to fork/exec the binary, which does indeed change its working directory to the name you pass. However, as soon as it does so, the binary exits, and the forked/exec'd process disappears, returning you to your shell, which is still in the directory it was in before you started.
share|improve this answer
Which makes one wonder What is the point of the external cd command? – kojiro Oct 5 '12 at 20:09
cd does not read standard input. That is why your first example does not work.
xargs needs a command name, that is, a name of an independant executable. cd needs to be a shell built-in command and would have no effect (other than verifying that you can change to that directory and the potential side effects it may have like for automountable directories) if it were an executable. That is why your second example does not work.
share|improve this answer
In addition to the existing good answer, it is also worth mentioning that a pipe forks a new process, which has its own separate working directory. Therefore, trying to do this, won't work:
echo test | cd /
Thus, you won't be in the / folder after the shell returns from this command.
share|improve this answer
All the commands in a pipeline run in different processes, so in a | b, even if a and b are builtin, at least one then doesn't run in the shell process, but there's no guarantee which which one it is. For instance in AT&T ksh, zsh or bash -O lastpipe, b is run in the current shell process, so your code would take you to / there. – Stéphane Chazelas Jun 22 '13 at 21:01
In addition to the correct answers already given: If you run bash and want to find out what a "command" like cd is you can use type
$ type cd
cd is a shell builtin
or why not:
$ type time
time is a shell keyword
while for example gnu time normally is included in your favorite distribution already:
$ which time
Okey okey you get the idea, then what the heck is type?
$ type type
type is a shell builtin
Here's a bash manual snippet:
 type [-aftpP] name [name...]
 command name. If the -t option is used, type prints a string which is one of
 alias, keyword, function, builtin, or file if name is an alias, shell
 reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the name is
 not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is returned.
 If the -p option is used, type either returns the name of the disk file that
 would be executed if name were specified as a command name, or nothing if
 ''type -t name'' would not return file. The -P option forces a PATH search
 for each name, even if ''type -t name'' would not return file. If a command
 is hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that
 appears first in PATH. If the -a option is used, type prints all of the
 places that contain an executable named name. This includes aliases and
 functions, if and only if the -p option is not also used. The table of
 hashed commands is not consulted when using -a. The -f option suppresses
 shell function lookup, as with the command builtin. type returns true if any
 of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
share|improve this answer
As others have said, it won't work because cd is a shell builtin command, not an external program, so it doesn't have any standard input you can pipe anything into.
But, even if it worked, it wouldn't do what you wish: a pipe spawns a new process and redirects the standard output of the first command into the standard input of the second one, thus only the new process would change its current working directory; this couldn't affect the first process in any way.
share|improve this answer
Your second paragraph is right. But re the first paragraph: why do you assume that shell builtins have no stdin? read is usually (always?) a shell builtin. It is true that cd ignores stdin, but this isn't due to its being a builtin. – dubiousjim Oct 6 '12 at 22:46
Another option are backticks, which place the stdout of one command as a command line argument of a second command, and are more portable than $(...). For example:
cd 'echo $HOME'
or more generally;
cd 'anycommand -and whatever args'
Note that the use of backticks depends on the shell for executing the command and substituting the output on the command line. Most shells support it.
share|improve this answer
The OP already stated, in his/her question, that $(...) works. I don't think it's good advice to recommend backticks instead, since they have much more convoluted quoting rules and are generally more error-prone. (See §3.5.4 "Command Substitution" in the Bash Reference Manual.) – ruakh Oct 5 '12 at 17:01
$() is nice where supported, but backticks are more widely supported across different shells and systems. But I should rephrase this as "another option". – Seth Noble Oct 5 '12 at 17:07
Different shells, yes; but different "systems"? Are there really any shells that will support $(...) on one system but not on another?? – ruakh Oct 5 '12 at 17:14
-1, it does not answer the question at all. – Bernhard Oct 5 '12 at 17:17
_USER_ &Seth: All POSIX shells support $(…). Systems without a POSIX shell (i.e. with a genuine Bourne shell) would be extremely old. Even systems where /bin/sh is a Bourne shell and you need another path such as /usr/xpg4/bin/sh to get a POSIX shell are rare nowadays. Recommending backticks to anyone who doesn't administer ancient unix boxen professionally is doing them a disservice. – Gilles Oct 5 '12 at 18:21
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Coup D'état Project (CDP)
Coup d'états are important events in the life of a country. They constitute an important subset of irregular transfers of political power that can have important and enduring consequences for a country's well-being. Despite this, social scientists have yet to compile a comprehensive and well-documented inventory of coups that
is global in scope. This, of course, has adversely affected research in a number of fields. Thus, the Cline Center for Democracy, as part of its Societal Infrastructures and Development (SID) project, initiated the Coup D'état Project (CDP). CDP's objective is to compile, for 165 countries in the post WWII era, a more comprehensive listing, documentation, and categorization of coups for use by researchers. The CDP is a two-stage project. The first stage involves compiling and documenting existing information on coups from various sources. The second stage involves the use of basic data science techniques to identify information on coups from a digitized news archive created by the Cline Center as part of its Social, Political and Economic Event Database (SPEED) project. SPEED is a "Big Data" project and its news archive is a global information base that includes a diverse set of news sources for every country in the world; it includes tens of millions of articles and is updated daily.


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Turn South: Southern Women for Change facilitates new approaches for empowering women, tackling poverty, and advancing human rights.
Women at the center, human rights as the standard
Turn South 1) puts women at the center of identifying the root causes of and solutions to tackle poverty; 2) promotes human rights standards as the basis for public policy to address poverty; and 3) lifts up the need to understand our history of sexism, racism, and classism as perpetuators of poverty.
Women connecting actually, listening authentically
The age of the internet has provided new opportunities for organizing, sharing our stories and messages, and reaching new audiences. Yet, many feel more disconnected and isolated. Turn South brings women and their allies together through in-person gatherings. Women sit together, not virtually but actually, to learn one another's lived experiences and desires for change. They sit together to listen to one another and grow common understanding. They sit together to explore collectively how best to become agents organizing for positive change in their communities.
Through its human rights leaders program Turn South develops a long-term relationship with women and girls in rural communities, offering a series of in-person and online educational opportunities. The program is more than a one-time training effort; Turn South is an engaged ally for women working for change in their communities. It commits to sustained support for organizing, coalition building and policy reform efforts. It promotes inter-generational learning and collaboration across diverse communities.
Advancing new discourse
Many schools, churches, and organizations offer community service projects, projects that work to address the impacts of poverty in communities across the country. Turn South works to infuse a human rights perspective into this work and approach. Exploring the links between human rights, local organizing, and community service would contribute significantly to an expanded conversation on how adopting human rights standards is key to tackling poverty.
Linking activists, advocates and organizers
Turn South works to find common ground between women human rights activists, practitioners, and social justice leaders and allies. Activists and organizers often have similar goals to improve the lives of many vulnerable communities but different approaches for achieving them. Turn South supports developing common understanding of the different approaches and effective ways to collaborate to meet common goals.


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Definitions of reredos
n. - A screen or partition wall behind an altar. 2
n. - The back of a fireplace. 2
n. - The open hearth, upon which fires were lighted, immediately under the louver, in the center of ancient halls. 2
The word "reredos" uses 7 letters: D E E O R R S.
No direct anagrams for reredos found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after reredos (in bold), or to deeorrs in any order:
b - resorbed c - rescored h - redhorse l - resolder solderer n - endorser r - orderers reorders t - resorted restored
Shorter words found within reredos:
de dee deer deers dees dere do doe doer doers does dor dore dorr dorrs dors dorser dos dose doser dree drees ed eds er ere erode erodes eros erose err erred errs ers es od ode odes ods oe oes or order orders ore ores ors os ose re red rede redes redo redoes redos reds ree reed reeds rees rerose res resod rod rode rods roe roes rose rosed seder see seed seer ser sere sered serer so sod sord sore sorer
List shorter words within reredos, sorted by length
All words formed from reredos by changing one letter
Browse words starting with reredos by next letter


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From Guidance Share
- J.D. Meier
Performance Engineering includes specific performance related activities.
Key Activities in the Life Cycle
This Performance Engineering approach extends these proven core activities to create performance specific activities. These include: These include
- Performance Objectives. Setting objectives helps you scope and prioritize your work by setting boundaries and constraints. Setting performance objectives helps you identify where to start, how to proceed, and when your application meets your performance goals.
- Budgeting. Budget represents your constraints and enables you to specify how much you can spend (resource-wise) and how you plan to spend it.
- Performance Modeling. Performance modeling is an engineering technique that provides a structured and repeatable approach to meeting your performance objectives.
- Performance Design Guidelines. Applying design guidelines, patterns and principles which enable you to engineer for performance from an early stage.
- Performance Design Inspections. Performance design inspections are an effective way to identify problems in your application design. By using pattern-based categories and a question-driven approach, you simplify evaluating your design against root cause performance issues.
- Performance Code Inspections. Many performance defects are found during code reviews. Analyzing code for performance defects includes knowing what to look for and how to look for it. Performance code inspections to identify inefficient coding practices that could lead to performance bottlenecks.
- Performance Testing. Load and stress testing is used to generate metrics and to verify application behavior and performance under normal and peak load conditions.
- Performance Tuning. Performance tuning is an iterative process that you use to identify and eliminate bottlenecks until your application meets its performance objectives. You start by establishing a baseline. Then you collect data, analyze the results, and make configuration changes based on the analysis. After each set of changes, you retest and measure to verify that your application has moved closer to its performance objectives.
- Performance Health Metrics. Identity the measures, measurements, and criteria for evaluating the health of your application from a performance perspective.
- Performance Deployment Inspections. During the deployment phase, you validate your model by using production metrics. You can validate workload estimates, resource utilization levels, response time, and throughput.
- Capacity Planning. You should continue to measure and monitor when your application is deployed in the production environment. Changes that may affect system performance include increased user loads, deployment of new applications on shared infrastructure, system software revisions, and updates to your application to provide enhanced or new functionality. Use your performance metrics to guide your capacity and scaling plans.
- Performance Engineering Overview
Performance Code Inspections


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Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional inner product space and let $x,y\in V$ be nonzero vectors. If there is a self-adjoint operator $A:V\rightarrow V$ such that $A(x)=y$ and $\langle A(v),v\rangle\geq0$ for all $v\in V$, then $\langle x,y\rangle>0$.
I think we can conclude the following inequality $$\langle x,y \rangle=\langle x,A(x) \rangle=\langle A^*(x),x \rangle=\langle A(x),x\rangle\geq 0$$
but I'm not able to show that strict inequality holds (or, in other words, that equality is not possible). Can someone give me a hint?
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I added the operator theory tag since the result is true more generally (and can be proved the same way) on a Hilbert space, with $A$ a bounded self-adjoint positive operator. – 1015 Jul 1 '13 at 1:04
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Assume for a contradiction that $(x,y)=0$. Then take an orthonormal basis $(e_j)$ of $V$ starting with $$ e_1=\frac{x}{\|x\|}\qquad e_2=\frac{y}{\|y\|}. $$ The matrix $M$ of $A$ in this orthonormal basis must be symmetric semidefinite positive, and it looks like $$ M=\pmatrix{0&t&0\\ t&*&*\\ 0&*&*}\qquad t=\frac{\|y\|}{\|x\|}>0 $$ by blocks, where the first and the second row are the actual first and second rows of $M$, the remaining blocks being of the ad hoc size.
Can you see a contradiction?
Consider the restriction of the quadratic form $(Ax,x)$ to the span of $\{e_1,e_2\}$, whose matrix is the upper-left $2\times 2$ block of $M$. Since the restriction should be semidefinite positive as well, its eigenvalues, whence its determinant $-t^2<0$, must be nonnegative. Contradiction.
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To create a volume aggregate, you can use the Volume Aggregate Editor, which can be accessed from the right click menu in the viewport:
Hit the + button, to create a new aggregate. You can then start adding volumes that are in the scene to the aggregate:
You can also select the volume you want from the viewport and then add it to the group, from the right click menu:
To specify the global volume aggregate to the integrator, make sure an integrator node tree has been created (see Integrators in Blender), and then select the volume aggregate name in Volume Aggregate Name drop down list.
If a volume aggregate name has not been specified to the integrator, any volumes that are part of a volume aggregate will not render


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Youth in the Great Outdoors
Employ - Educate - Engage
The U.S. Department of the Interior manages America's backyard, and it's our job to make sure that backyard is available for all young people to enjoy. To this end the Youth in the Great Outdoors Initiative will employ, educate, and engage young people from all backgrounds in exploring, connecting with and preserving America's natural and cultural heritage.
Through employment and educational opportunities offered by the Department, youth will have a key role in creating a new energy frontier, tackling climate change issues, empowering Native communities, building trails, enhancing wildlife habitat, and restoring our cultural and historic landmarks. As stewards of our nation's lands, waters, cultural heritage, and tribal customs, the Department has a unique opportunity to reach out to under served populations and to ensure that these natural and cultural resources are enjoyed by all Americans. Together, we can transform the lives of millions of young Americans while growing the next generation of conservation and community leaders.
Please e-mail us at _EMAIL_.


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published: 30 October 2017
The Independent review of deaths and serious incidents in police custody by Dame Elish Angiolini has been published by the Home Office today. It is the first and only review of policing practises and related processes following police related deaths.
The report offers the government a blueprint for change to urgently implement in the face of numerous recent concerning deaths.
It makes over 100 evidence based recommendations, which are intended to be a pragmatic way forward. These include important recommendations on:
- Access to justice for families, including through non-means tested legal representation for bereaved families from the earliest point following the death.
- Strengthening systems and structures of accountability, holding the police to account at an individual and corporate level.
- National Oversight and learning from deaths, such as through an 'Office for Article 2 Compliance' which would monitor and report on recommendations arising from deaths.
- Improved investigation, including through the phasing out of Ex-police officers as lead investigators within the IPCC.
- Tackling discrimination, through recognition of the disproportionate number of deaths of BAME people following restraint and the role of institutional racism, both within IPCC investigations and police training.
- Better treatment of vulnerable people, including through proper resourcing of national healthcare facilities to accommodate and respond to vulnerable people in urgent physical or mental health need coming into contact with the police.
- An end to delay, in which Article 2 related cases should be dealt with in the same time scales as a civilian homicide case.
Custody deaths review urges shake-up
30 October 2017


Jingle Bells Special: Kids Electric Cars Are All The Rage This Christmas
Christmas is just around the corner and we can already hear the jingle bells. Christmas is a very special occasion for children who wait around the year for the festivities, rituals and perhaps, most importantly, the presents Santa brings for them.
This holiday season Santa seems to have new gift ideas and that's why kids electric cars are all the rage this Christmas. That's because kids electric cars make perfect presents for toddlers and children of all ages; they're exciting, they're fun and they have multiple developmental benefits for children.
So this Christmas if you are looking for a fun and thoughtful present that would make playtime productive, you should definitely consider an electric toy car for kids. Here's why:
 1) Electric Ride On Cars Build Your Child's Motor Skills
Electric ride-on cars can help your child tune and develop their motor skills and improve their spatial intelligence. Learning how to drive a ride on a car is an enriching and educational experience in and of itself.
The best electric ride on cars are built to resemble an original vehicle. When children interact with toy cars, they familiarise themselves with the basics of driving and learn how to handle a vehicle. Learning how to use the steering wheel or a joystick to maneuver their vehicle around and avoid hurdles is an invaluable experience for a child.
Spatial intelligence is a child's ability to understand three-dimensional space and the objects contained within it. When a child learns how to control an electric ride on car, they develop a concrete understanding of the space around them. When a child turns the steering wheel to avoid hitting an obstacle, they are demonstrating spatial intelligence.
Some ride-on cars also come with inbuilt moveable features and accessories like compartments and carriage doors that can be opened and closed. Children do not only enjoy this attention to detail but also learn because of it.
 2) Kids Electric Cars Encourage Outdoor Activity
A lot has been written about the importance of outdoor physical activity for children. It is truly alarming that nowadays most children lead a sedentary lifestyle.
If your children spend most of their time indoors, do not worry. Children are impressionable and it takes only the right kind of motivation to help them form healthy habits – and what can serve as a better form of motivation than kids electric cars?
Electric cars are meant to be driven outdoors and they motivate children to enjoy outdoor exercise. There is also a significant amount of physical activity involved in handling a ride-on toy. Driving a ride on a toy requires leg muscle dexterity and steering it around requires arm muscle strength.
 3) Electric Toy Cars for Kids Help Children Explore
Children have an innate sense of curiosity and one thing they absolutely love is exploring the world. Electric toy cars provide kids an opportunity to interact with their environment and explore it.
When children use a ride-on toy, they realize that they are mobile and they can move around. Cars also enable children to cover more space and explore better. Ride-on toys also make children more aware of their surroundings. For instance, a child learns that a paved path offers a smooth drive while lawns mean a bumpy drive.
Think of it this way: if you gift a child an electric toy car, you are not just gifting them a toy to play with but also a quest for adventure and discovery.
 4) Electric Ride On Cars Encourage Independent Play
It is very important to foster a sense of independence in children and electric ride-on toys do that by offering kids a chance to take charge and make decisions.
Going outdoors in electric ride-on cars also nurtures a sense of confidence in children and makes them more self-reliant, which is especially important for toddlers who are just beginning to explore the world on their own.
Not only is an electric ride on car a fun Christmas present, but it also presents kids with a chance to tackle the obstacle. Dealing with challenges like a bumpy ride also reinforces children's confidence and boosts their self-esteem.
 5) Ride In Electric Cars for Kids Spur Creativity
All parents would nod in agreement when we say that children love make-believe adventures. But do you know that make-believe is essential for creativity and imagination?
When kids get in a ride in electric cars, they weave stories and engage in make-believe play which makes them think critically and builds their problem-solving skills.
 Wondering Where Santa Buys Kids Electric Cars?
From prestigious Audi ride-on cars to kids ford rangers, we have got them all! Browse our extensive collection of safe and durable kids electric cars, electric quads, scooters, balance bikes and other rides on toys on Electric Ride On Cars.
 Merry Christmas!


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Benefits of Expanded Feed
Many scientific studies show that expander technology is an essential addition to a modern pelleting machine, as a useful tool to fulfill a wide range of customer needs in order to provide a different feed for every animal's life stage.
In addition to traditional foods and pellets, breeders require cooked foods, expanded pellet and mono-components, processed to be used in TMR feed.
With regard to nutritional values and digestibility, the expander technology has achieved interesting results, in particular through its use in the fields of dairy cattle's high-energy nutrition, broiler bran and pig feed.
Feed mixtures for piglets, feeding pigs, broiler and laying hens can be manufactured with the expander, with the following benefits:
- Pellet quality improved and higher pellet mill output.
- More liquids (fat or oil) can be included in high percentages (e.g. 15% fat, 15% molasses), without losing the pellet quality.
- Low percentage of fines.
- Increased digestibility thanks to the starches' hydrolyzation.
- Hygienic treatment: destruction of harmful germs.
- Fewer risks of mortality and diseases.
- Less down-times.
- Increased flexibility of production.
- Reduced production costs of granulated feed.
- Major durability before the consumption.
Added benefits for poultry:
- No problem of force feeding during summer periods. During winter periods, dosages can be increased obtaining excellent results.
- Less feed consumption because the feed is softer and lighter.
Added benefits for layers:
- Less feed consumption because the feed is softer and lighter with equal eggs laying.
- Elimination of salmonellae bacteria in the eggs.
Added benefits for small feeding piglets:
- Expanded feed with very small granulometry is the most suitable for small feeding pigs.
- Depending on its formula, the structure of the expanded material is shaped like dough, thick flakes or crumbles.


The new Instruction creates a new piece of data represented by a Destination.
To enable multiple objects to be created, if there is already data loaded into the Destination, it will be committed to the database. Nothing will be committed if there are any errors processing the current Record.
action "new"
destination The Destination for this data.
It is generally unnecessary to use the new Instruction for dependent destinations unless you are intending to create multiple objects.
To ingest new objects in a project Destination, use a new Instruction followed by other Instructions to add data:
 "action": "new",
 "destination": "project"
 "source": "TITLE",
 "destination": "project",
 "name": "dc:attribute:title"


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Download postscript and pdf versions of manual plus all FORTRAN programs.
Cover picture: Showing, for a horizontal applied field, the horizontal currents around a circular inclusion of conductivity 10, embedded in a matrix of conductivity one, computed using a finite difference program. The magnitude of the currents go from red = high to black = low.
This manual has been prepared to show some of the theory behind, and the practical details for using, various finite element and finite difference computer programs that have been developed for computing the effective linear properties of random materials whose microstructure has been stored in a 2-D or 3-D digital image. Thirteen different computer programs are described, including finite element conductivity and elastic programs, finite difference programs for D.C. and A.C. conductivity, finite element elastic programs that include thermal strains (eigenstrains), and three auxiliary programs for Gaussian quadrature and phase percolation. All the programs are written in FORTRAN 77, and operate on an arbitrary digital image that is read from a file. Arbitrary symmetric conductivity tensors and arbitrary elastic moduli tensors can be used in the finite element programs. In the finite difference programs, the conductivity tensors must be diagonal. Only linear elastic and linear electrical conductivity problems are considered. The programs can of course be extended to other problems that have a similar mathematical basis.


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Edit pattern settings in Logic Remote on iPhone
You can edit a variety of settings for the overall pattern, including the pattern length, playback mode, step rate, key and scale.
Edit pattern settings
In Logic Remote, tap the Pattern Settings button in the lower-left corner of the screen, then do any of the following:
To change the pattern length: Tap Pattern Length, then tap a new value.
To change the step rate: Tap Step Rate, then tap a new note value.
To change the playback mode: Tap Playback Mode, then tap a new mode.
To set the Swing value: Tap Swing, tap either 8th or 16th, then set the swing percentage using the slider.
To change the key: Tap Pattern Key, then tap a key, or tap No Transpose.
To change the scale: Tap Scale Quantize, then tap a scale, or tap Off.
To set the MIDI channel for all rows in the pattern: Tap MIDI Channel, then tap to set the channel number using the slider.
To set the automation mode for the pattern: Tap Automation Mode, then tap to select one of the automation modes:
Latch: Sets the automation parameter value to remain constant until a step with a different value is triggered.
Slide: Interpolates between the last set automation parameter value and the next, to produce a smooth, gradual change.
To set all rows in the pattern to use Legato mode: Tap the Legato switch.
When you select Legato mode, a 100% Gate value is increased by one tick so that it overlaps slightly with the following step. When triggering notes on a synthesizer or other software instrument, this ensures that the steps trigger the legato behavior of the instrument.
To reset the pattern: Tap Clear Pattern.


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DB2 Server for VSE & VM
DB2 Server for VSE & VM provides powerful relational database capabilities, distributed database access, automation of DBA tasks, numerous backup & recovery options, and more.
- Support for TCP/IP enables you to access your data from any client that supports TCP/IP over DRDA.
- The ability to restart TCP/IP support automatically after a TCP/IP outage keeps your data accessible to your clients.
- Support for stored procedures and stored procedure result sets gives you the ability to reduce the amount of data that flows across your network.
- VM Data Spaces Support (VMDSS) can dramatically increase the performance of DB2 Server for VM.
- The Data Restore Feature provides additional archiving and recovery capabilities.
- The Control Center lets you monitor many aspects of database operation.
- DataPropagator Capture support tracks logged activity on specifed tables, so that the DataPropagator Apply product can propagate those changes to replicas of those tables.


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The Role of Medicinal Plants in New Zealand's Settler Medical Culture, 1850s-1920s
Bishop, J. L. (2014). The Role of Medicinal Plants in New Zealand's Settler Medical Culture, 1850s-1920s (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from _URL_
Permanent Research Commons link: _URL_
Throughout history, medicinal plants have been important components of medical practices in almost all cultures of the world. This thesis focuses specifically on the changing uses and understandings of medicinal plants in New Zealand's settler medical culture from 1850 to 1920. Using a wide range of source material, and both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, it examines the plant species most popular in New Zealand, the reasons for their popularity, the introduction of these into the Colony, and their use and interpretation by three groups of healers: domestic healers, herbalists and doctors. This thesis deploys the concept of translation to argue that different qualities were attributed to the same plant in response to the needs and approaches of domestic healers, herbalists and doctors, each of whom had different ways of gathering, collating and assessing medico-botanical information. While British understandings of botany and medicine introduced during the course of colonisation guided healers and their use of plants in New Zealand significantly, this thesis posits that the flow of medico-botanical knowledge was more diffuse and highly complex, moving in multiple directions, and adapting and incorporating multiple meanings
University of Waikato
All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
- Higher Degree Theses


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Everything you need to understand or teach The Underground Man by Mick Jackson.
The Duke of Portland is an aging British aristocrat who lives in seclusion on his Welbeck estate. He is a somewhat eccentric man who has always kept to himself. As he has aged, both his physical and mental conditions have noticeably deteriorated. This causes him to engage in somewhat unusual behavior. Although local folks rarely see the reclusive Duke, news of his increasingly idiosyncratic conduct makes its way into the public arena. The information is quickly exaggerated and distorted and it is often alleged that the Duke is a physically deformed monster who hides himself on his estate in order to conceal his disfigurement.
When the novel opens, it is autumn and construction of an elaborate tunnel system on the Duke's estate has been completed. It is unclear what purpose the tunnel system serves since the parts of the estate that are connected underground can be just as easily accessed... View more of the The Underground Man Summary
The Underground Man Lesson Plans contain 122 pages of teaching material, including:


Fishing Lure Color Selection – A Detailed Guide
No matter what kind of lure you are fishing with, it will come in a huge range of colors. There's every color out there from black to luminous pink, but why? What is it about the colors that make fish more interested in one color on one day and a different color on the next. There are quite a few factors to consider and here is a lure color selection and guide to make things a little easier for you.
Lure Color Selection And Guide
The Factors
There are quite a few factors to consider when choosing a lure color. Here are the details of what you should think about when picking a lure.
Can Fish See Color?
Scientific evidence shows that fish eyes have both rod and cone cells. Rod cells are used to detect light and contrast. The work in low light and allow fish (and us) to see shapes, shadows, and silhouettes in dimly lit environments. They do nothing to detect color, however. Cone cells are the ones that perceive color but they do need a lot of light to work. If the light dims for any reason, colors begin to fade in vision. Fish have been found to have a lot more rod cells than cone cells, meaning fish pay more attention to contrast, silhouette and shape than they do to color.
Due to the dimly lit environment fish live in, their pupils don't dilate like humans. Their cone cells have evolved to give better details on contrast depending on light conditions. It's thought that the environments they live in have helped their eyes to adapt. Game fish are said to be very good at distinguishing between shades of blue, helping them see blue bait in blue light. Fish that have lived in murky water are better at seeing shades of red, yellow and green.
In my opinion, getting the contrast and shape right is what you want to achieve when picking a lure, but how is it best to do that?
Colors Disappear In Water
Water filters light naturally and by doing so removes certain wavelengths, and the deeper you go the more wavelengths are filtered out. If you're in clean water, the first color to disappear as you get deeper is red, then orange, followed by yellow and green and finally blues and purples. But, this all changes with water clarity and becomes a little more complicated. In water full of algae, green is the most visible color. In silty water, yellow and brown are easiest to see. And in tannin-stained water, red is the most visible.
If a fish could see in full color, it wouldn't matter that much as slowly the colors disappear with depth. What this information does tell you is how to create the best contrast depending on the conditions and depth you are fishing at.
Here is a link so a color chart that shows you scientifically what colors are easiest to see underwater at differing depths and conditions.
Match The Bait & Geography
Most of the time, you are trying to imitate exactly what the fish you are trying to catch are choosing to eat that day. This depends on a lot of factors, firstly what fish you are targeting, where are you fishing and what time of year. Every ecosystem has it's moments when a certain baitfish is prevalent in the area and the predators go crazy for them. Knowing about these patterns will put you in good stead to choose the right lure. If you are fishing in Texas in spring for example, then red is an excellent color to use as the crawfish there are red and the bass go nuts for them. If you're fishing for tarpon in Florida during the mullet run, you're going to use a bait that imitates a mullet and its color, a shrimp pattern is going to be ignored.
Wherever you are fishing, speak to the locals and look online for advice. It also pays to be aware whilst on the water. The more you notice about the situation the better. You may see baitfish swim past and try and match them, or remember colors that worked at a similar time the year before. If you do catch some fish, quite often some of their food will be regurgitated and you can see what they have been feeding on. If you are bass fishing and can catch one, feel it's stomach. If it's soft, then they are eating baitfish, if hard then they're eating crawfish or other crustaceans.
Water Clarity
When you approach the water you are fishing the first thing to think about is what it looks like and what your bait is going to look like inside it. If the water is crystal clear, your bait will be seen easily by fish. If the water is dark and murky, fish are going to struggle to see your bait.
As a rule, darker colors are easier to see underwater and if the water is murky then using a dark-colored lure is the way to go. Blue, black and Junebug are great colors for this situation. You can also opt for the brightest colors in your box, as these are made to be seen in murky waters. Try luminous pink, orange, and chartreuse.
When the water is clear, the idea is to match fish's chosen bait as close as possible. This means choosing natural colors that imitate the baitfish in the water. If you are bass fishing using green pumpkin or watermelon colored baits will imitate the crawfish, perch and sunfish species in the system. If you're fishing in the sea you might go for a crankbait with a blue body and a white bottom.
It doesn't always quite work out as I've mentioned above but it's a good general rule to follow. Never stop changing if what you're using is not working.
Sunlight has a similar effect on the water as water clarity. If you have been snorkeling, you'll know that when the sun comes out, your visibility underwater gets a lot better. It's exactly the same for fish, bait is easy to see on a sunny day and harder to see on a darker day. In terms of lure color, the same rules we mentioned in water clarity apply here too. Dark or luminous colors on dark days and natural colors on bright days. Although, it's probably better to weigh them up together. If you're fishing clear water on a dark day, then use something that is still natural but is either a little dark or has some flash to it. If the water is dark and the sky is darker, then go for the darkest or most outlandish color you have.
Something else that affects how sunlight penetrates water is the surface conditions. If you are a diver you'll know that visibility is much worse when the water is rough than when it is calm. If it's windy on a lake, making a big ripple and lot of surface movement, the water reflects and refracts a lot of the light that hits it and stops it from penetrating. This means that if you are fishing in clear water on a sunny day but it's very windy, you're going to want to think about using a darker or luminous lure.
Summing Up
It is quite a confusing realm of choice thinking about lure color and why it makes a difference sometimes and other times not. Color definitely plays a role, some days having the right color means fish are all over your bait. If you're an offshore fisherman, you'll have seen that on certain days one color in your 8 color spread will be hit all day and the others ignored.
The topics above definitely point to getting the right contrast so they fish can see your bait, this is certainly important. But don't get too caught up in color, yes find a good one but also fish it well. People who keep changing instead of focussing on fishing over catch less than if they had stuck with one color and fished it hard.
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One of the main difficulties in the formation and increase of revenues from hydrocarbon resources is the deterioration of the quality of the mineral resource base and changes in the geography of production. One can observe an increase in the depletion and water content of the fields, an increase in the proportion of highly viscous and high-sulfur oil; the share of stocks in hard-to-reach and infrastructural underdeveloped regions is growing. One of the tools for encouraging subsoil users to develop such resources is to ensure lower rates of deductions to state bodies. The study presents an improved methodological approach to estimating and forecasting state budget revenues from hydrocarbon resources. The main stages of development are investigated and the main trends of the system of tax deductions from oil production are revealed. Explained the use of an approach focused on the forecast of production indicators of production, taking into account the structure of the mineral resource base. The calculations showed the need to reform the system of formation of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources. In the structure of government revenues from hydrocarbon resources, there is a tendency to increase the role of the mineral extraction tax in comparison with the export duty.
|Journal||IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|
|Publication status||Published - 20 Nov 2019|
|Event||International Scientific and Research Conference on Knowledge-Based Technologies in Development and Utilization of Mineral Resources 2019, KTDUMR 2019 - Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation|
Duration: 4 Jun 2019 → 7 Jun 2019


text:
specified). When you select this option, select the appropriate SHARING record operations, such as SHARING GET. When multiple streams are connected, the buffers allocated for each stream become part of a buffer cache for the entire process. (A buffer cache is a common shared buffer pool intended to minimize I/O.) A record operation on one stream may use cached buffers from a previous record operation on a different stream that referenced the same buckets.
When you open or create a file, you must specify the file access and file sharing you want for it. When using FDL or RMS, the default is to read records from the file (ACCESS GET) and to allow others accessors to read records from the file (SHARING GET). Typically, an application program may want to read records (ACCESS GET) while allowing other accessors to add records (SHARING PUT). You might want to modify records (ACCESS UPDATE) while allowing other accessors to add new records to the file (SHARING PUT).
When you create a file, the default is for FDL and RMS to add records to the file (ACCESS PUT) and to not allow others to access the file (SHARING NONE). When you create a file with the create-if option, it is especially important to specify the access and sharing values. In this instance, you have denied yourself access if the file already exists because you have specified SHARING NONE and you are not the initial accessor. One way to avoid this when you create a file is to allow most operations for other users (such as SHARING GET, SHARING PUT, SHARING UPDATE, and SHARING DELETE).
Combinations of file access and file sharing that specify a mixture of interlocked interprocess file access and user-interlocked interprocess file sharing allow the application program to access the file without record locking protection. Such combinations are not recommended for general use; they should be used only for application programs that require read-only access to a file. Other combinations may cause an error, such as requesting ACCESS BLOCK_IO without specifying SHARING NONE or SHARING USER_INTERLOCK.


text:
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission biologists completed the annual midwinter aerial waterfowl survey Jan. 11 and counted about 665,000 total ducks in the state's Delta region. Last year's midwinter aerial count was more than 1.1 million. This year's midwinter mallard population estimate of roughly 451,000 mallards represents about half of the four-year survey average for the species; by contrast, last year's midwinter survey showed more than 750,000 mallards. AGFC observers have completed three aerial surveys so far this season – November, December, and early January – and duck numbers have remained stable with few of the surges in numbers that observers typically see each winter.
In the Arkansas River Valley region, observers noted a gradual increase in duck numbers during the three surveys, estimating a population of roughly 26,000 total ducks, including about 17,000 mallards, during the most recent survey. Numbers were much lower in southwestern Arkansas, where about 14,000 total ducks and 8,000 mallards were counted.
The midwinter survey was completed just prior to the heavy rainfall that dramatically increased stream flows and flooded bottomland forests in various Delta watersheds. But the fourth and final aerial survey of the season began earlier this week and preliminary reports from AGFC observers indicate numbers haven't increased greatly since the Jan. 7-11 midwinter survey.
A full report and maps showing waterfowl densities based on the midwinter survey may be found at _URL_
This waterfowl report provides capsule information from agency staff in all corners of Arkansas and is updated each Wednesday throughout waterfowl season. To receive the report each week on your computer, send an e-mail to _EMAIL_ and type "Waterfowl Report" in the subject line. Information on river levels can be found at: _URL_ or _URL_
Sunrise/sunset tables are available at: _URL_ and in the Arkansas Waterfowl Regulations Guide.


text:
Six large storytelling organisations in the Netherlands are cooperating to prioritise the art of storytelling within society.
Culemborg, 26 jan'19 – During the National Storytelling Event 2019 the six largest storytelling organisations within the Netherland have come together during to found the Federation of Dutch Storytelling Organisations. Within the next five years the Federations aims to increase the role of storytelling within the educational system, among the performing arts and with the national heritage concerns and relevant social organisations.
Similar to the Federation for European Storytelling (FEST), the Dutch Federation wants to assume a leading role in the attempt the emancipation of storytelling, but on a more local level. "Today, more than ever, we live in a world that is always developing and globalising. In these constantly changing times, the need for stories and storytelling arises. Storytelling takes a more prominent role within society. The term "storytelling" is no longer only used within its own community, but is utilised in advertising, marketing, by business managements and by cultural organisations. The federation offers all interested and relevant institutions the opportunity to discuss the possibilities of incorporating storytelling further within society, and thus create a more prominent place for storytelling in everyday life."
We define storytelling as the oral transmission of stories. Since the beginning of time, storytelling and stories have given people the means to understand and come to peace with the world surrounding them. Stories can explain the workings of the world, create understanding between different cultures, pass on knowledge, experience and legacies throughout time and can give hope and direction to those wo feel lost.
Long term aims:
The Federation has several long term aims, such as to get storytelling recognised as cultural heritage and to have stories become part of the National heritage collection. Another goal is to make storytelling an obligatory part of the curriculum of high, middle and primary schools in the Netherlands. Storytelling must become a mandatory part of the education of Primary teachers. They also strongly believe that storytelling should be recognised as in individual (theatre) art discipline. As such it should be a part of several important theatre programmes and festivals and be considered by performing art funds.
The founding fathers:
The founding organisations are all major contributors within their various aspects of the storytelling field. All of them have different areas of expertise in which the operate such as education, preforming art, advocates, applied storytelling arts, and cultural education. In the future the Federation hopes to welcome more members to help peruse their goals.
The Founding organisations are:
- De Vertelacademie NL/BE, fort he education of storytellers
- Stichting Vertellen, an advocate for storytellers
- Storytelling Centre, organization for social and culturean storytelling projects and organizer of the Amsterdam Storytelling Festival
- Theaterbureau Het Verteltheater, storytelling agency of educational performances and theater.
- Productiehuis De Verhalenboot, organiser of Storytelling Festival Zwolle Unlimited, the Wereldberoemde Verhalenfestival and the Vertellersgilde.
- Mezrab, initiator of the Mezrab Storytelling School and the Mezrab House of Stories.
Landing page: _URL_
E-Mail: (Raymond den Boestert, chairman).


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Level 1
Landed Cost
I have set up landed costs and created my first transaction. The bill that landed costs were applied to seems correct:
Landed Cost Bill.JPG
My question is that the account where the landed cost expenses hit, now shows a negative balance in the amount of the costs that were applied, $3,408.25 and this is coming from the bill from our freight forwarder, Gallagher Transport:
Inventory Landed Cost Account Detail.JPG
Why is this and how do I remove this in order to balance this account to $0?
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Hello there, @ RKN.
You can create a bill then add the expenses. Then check it if it's the same screenshot that shows negative.
Here's how to create a bill:
 1. From Home Page, choose Enter Bills.
 2. In the Vendor drop-down, select the vendor you'd like to create a purchase order for.
 3. Select the date.
 4. Fill in the other necessary fields.
 5. Hit the Save and Close button.
On the other hand, you can create a check transaction in QuickBooks Desktop. This is used when you want to recognize an expense and record payment all at once. Here's how to create a check:
 1. Click Banking at the top.
 2. Select Write Checks.
 3. Enter the necessary information.
 4. Click Save & Close.
After recording what you owe in QuickBooks Desktop, you can use Pay Bills to settle your payables for different vendors. Please check this article to see the steps: Pay bills in QuickBooks Desktop.
Please know that you're always welcome to post if you have any other concerns. Wishing you and your business continued success.
Level 1
Landed Cost
Thank you MaryAnne. I have gone through then entire process of creating the bill for the import expense, applied these expenses to the bill that contains the product using the "Calculate Landed Cost" button on the bill for the product, and paid both bills. All seemed to function as expected, except that now we have this balance in the "Inventory Offset Account" and I cannot trace where this comes from:
Inventory Landed Cost Account Detail.JPG
The yellow cells are the expenses that were entered under the bill for freight and are resulting in a negative balance in this account. How can I trace where these expenses are coming from as I don't think that neither the freight bill or the product bill point to this account.
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Thank you for getting back here, _USER_.
I appreciate you for performing the steps provided by my colleague. You'll want to run the verify rebuild tool, this helps to identify the most commonly known data issues in your company file and as well as resolve these issues. Here's how:
Verify data
 1. Click Window then Close All.
 2. Select the File tab.
 3. Choose Utilities.
 4. Tap Verify Data.
Rebuild data
 1. Choose FileUtilities then Rebuild Data.
 2. Press OK to back up your company file.
 4. Click OK when you get the message "Rebuild has completed".
Otherwise, you may reach out to our technical support team so they can further investigate this and check your setup.
Here are the steps:
 1. Navigate to the Help menu and choose QuickBooks Desktop Help.
 2. In the Have a Question section, click the Contact Us link at the bottom.
 3. Enter the keyword of your concern in the What can we help you with? box.
 4. Select Start a chat
For guidance, I'll share some articles to help you:
Should you need anything else, don't hesitate to comment below. I'm always around to help. Stay safe and take care always.
Level 1
Landed Cost
Thank you for suggesting the data verify option. I have done this and the issue remains. Does is sound reasonable that we create a journal entry to correct the issue for now and see if it persists on our next import?
QuickBooks Team
Landed Cost
Hi _USER_,
Thank you for your prompt reply, as well as sharing an update on your current status.
The Inventory Offset account is a liability account. It's generated by QuickBooks Desktop (QBDT) when you enable the Enhanced Inventory Receiving feature.
You can run a custom report to reconcile it, which isolates the negative amount you stated earlier.
Here's how:
 1. Go to the Reports menu.
 2. Highlight Customer Reports.
 3. Select Transaction Detail.
 4. Move to the Filters tab.
 5. Choose Account and set it to Inventory Offset.
 - From the Display tab, set Date Range to All.
 - Under columns, tick the box on Item.
 - Pick Vendor from the Total By drop-down menu.
 - Click Item from the Sort By drop-down menu.
 6. Press OK.
Note: It's necessary to create an Item Receipt first, then enter a bill against it to relieve the Inventory Offset account.
If you have other questions about the Landed cost feature, see this article: Landed cost FAQs
I'll be around if you need further help. Place a question below, and I'll get back to you.
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text:
Palladian and Neo-Palladian interiors universally rely on several structural components that vary very little and provide the foundations upon which the decoration and furnishings can be applied. These include:
These are not always based on Palladio's work, nor on classical examples. Sometimes they have been adapted from other architectural styles and had Palladian features and ornamentation added to them.
Architectural treatises, such as Pain's British Palladio, first published in 1786, often discussed and demonstrated the rules of Palladian construction. They were extremely important in the development of Neo-Palladian building. This plate shows plans and elevations for two varieties of Palladian staircase, one rectangular and one spiral.


Sucker Bets
Ok. Don't yell at me if some of these are groaners. Blame Skinny:
 1. This one's so simple it's easy to miss: Skinny simply bends the match into a "V" shape.
 2. Skinny folds the paper in half, bisecting the circle. Next, he pulls the two folded corners up and toward each other. This elongates the hole, allowing the quarter to slip through.
 3. The first die is easy. But the second one seems to always pop out. Instead of tossing the second quarter in, Skinny drops the cup down and under it. By beginning with a downward motion, the first die isn't thrown out.
 4. Dissolving salt into water increases its density. Skinny saturates the water with salt until the egg floats.
 5. Don't take this betits much harder than it sounds. After spinning around ten times quickly, your sense of balance will be so off you'll have trouble even standing, let alone walking. Incidentally, this is caused by the motion of fluids in the inner ear.
 6. If Skinny has just a dozen quarters, chances are one of them will land "heads" the next four times its flipped. Skinny takes a roll out of his pocket, opens it and throws all the quarters in the air. Then he gathers all the heads, and tosses them. He repeats this two more times and collects his money.
3.49 stars. Votes are updated daily.
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © _PHONE_ Wx3, All Rights Reserved.


text:
This resource is no longer available
Planning a data security and auditing deployment for Hadoop
While Hadoop is gaining steam as the premier platform for driving big data insights, security risks around this tool remain high – risks that are only exacerbated by the lack of a comprehensive means of monitoring Hadoop data activity.
Fortunately, this is quickly changing. This resource explores how your organization can plan an effective Hadoop data security and auditing deployment – read on now to discover:
- An in-depth look at Hadoop architecture
- Best practices for building a data security plan
- How to implement effective data monitoring
- And more


text:
International Trade Today's Medical Devices Classification Guide details the classification of devices in Heading 9018 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule. From Explanatory Notes within the heading to medical device terms and product examples, this guide will aid and expedite the classification of medical devices.
Based on a Customs and Border Protection presentation on the heading, the Medical Devices Classification Guide will assist in obtaining accurate classifications on:
- Electrodiagnostic apparatus'
- Syringes, needles, catheters and cannulae
- Ophthalmic instruments and appliances
- Ultraviolet and infrared ray apparatus'
- Dental instruments and appliances
- Other devices
Order your FREE copy of the International Trade Today's Medical Devices Classification Guide today.


7 Different Crushed Stone Sizes and Their Applications
Jul 27, 2020 Crushed Stone Grade 1-10. Generally, as the grade number goes up, the size of the stone goes down. #1 The # 1 crushed stone grade is the largest of the crushed stone grades and includes stone between 2-4 inches long. This material is great for larger jobs or for filling in larger holes. #3 This size of the stone ranges from 1/2 to 2 inches long.
The Complete Guide to Crushed Stone and Gravel
Nov 12, 2019 It is important to note that some contractors refer to any stone in certain size ranges as "gravel," even if it is crushed stone. For example, depending on the region of the United States, crushed stone in the size of a few mm to 2 inches is referred to as "gravel," even if it
Crushed Stone Calculator: Easy to Use Online Tool
Throw in an irregularly shaped project area or a job that requires you to figure out circumference and soon you'll be fighting against a headache. Make one mistake and you could end up with the wrong amount of supplies. A crushed stone calculator takes the hassle out of estimating your needs.
Crushed stone Wikipedia
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using crushers. It is distinct from gravel which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion, and typically has
Calculate Tons of Compacted Gravel or Limestone. Phone: _PHONE_ / _PHONE_. Radius in feet x Radius in feet x Depth in feet (inches divided by 12) x pi (3.14). Take the total and divide by 21.6 (the amount of cubic feet in a ton). The final figure will be the estimated amount of cubic yards required.
Gravel Calculator Square Footage Area
Sector 4 has a length of 10 feet and a width of 5 feet which gives 50ft 2. Now we have to sum up all these rectangle areas to get the area of the whole square feet; 60 ft 2 + 60 ft 2 + 30 ft 2 + 50 ft 2 = 200 ft 2. Now choose the desired depth of the gravel level, let's take 1ft.
How Much Crushed Stone Do You Need? A Sure-Fire Formula
Crushed stone is a material that is typically used as a base or underlayment, upon which the stuff that actually shows -- for example, the concrete of a patio-- will rest. Guessing is rarely a good solution to such dilemmas when undertaking a big project, so let's look at
Preparing the base for an above ground pool • The
Jul 04, 2018 5. Pack the crushed stone. Once the crushed stone was level, Tony again tamped it down. It is very important to get the base flat and level. It has to be entirely level within an inch, otherwise you risk the pool collapsing. That is not a risk we were willing to take.
I first dig the hole, as deep as necessary; then set the post and level it, putting some crushed stone around it to keep it straight; then drill holes on an angle on two 90 degree sides of the post and drive 3 foot long pieces of rebar through the ground, through the holes, and further into the ground on the other side of the post; then pour the concrete.


NAME Crypt::Camellia - Perl Camellia encryption module SYNOPSIS use Crypt::Camellia; my $cipher = Crypt::Camellia->new($key); my $ciphertext = $cipher->encrypt($plaintext); my $plaintext = $cipher->decrypt($ciphertext); # more likely use Crypt::CBC; $cipher = Crypt::CBC->new( -key =>'my secret key', -cipher => 'Camellia' ); DESCRIPTION This module implements Camelia 128-bit Block Cipher for perl. For Camellia. Check. Here is an exerpt of that page. Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher developed jointly in 2000 by world top class encryption researchers at NTT and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. Technologically speaking, Camellia naturally has not only a high level of security, but also excellent efficiency and practical characteristics. It can be implemented at high performance by software on various platforms. In regard to hardware implementation, compact and low-power consumption type implementation as well as high-speed implementation is possible. Based on these technological advantages, Camellia has been internationally recognized, for example the selection project on the European recommendation of strong cryptographic primitives, NESSIE, evaluated Camellia to have "many similarities to the AES, so much of the analysis for the AES is also applicable to Camellia." Currently, Camellia is the only cipher internationally recognized which has the same level of security and performance as AES, and is selected for many international standard/recommended ciphers. In particular, as Japanese domestic ciphers, this is the first case to be approved as IETF standard ciphers (Proposed Standard RFC). Crypt::Camellia has the following methods: blocksize() keysize() encrypt() decrypt() Like many Crypt:: modules like Crypt::Blowfish and Crypt::DES, this module works as a backend of Crypt::CBC. FUNCTIONS blocksize Returns the size (in bytes) of the block cipher. Currently this is a fixed value of 16. new my $cipher = Crypt::Camellia->new($key); This creates a new Crypt::Camellia BlockCipher object, using $key, where $key is a key of "keysize()" bytes (minimum of eight bytes). encrypt my $ciphertext = $cipher->encrypt($plaintext); This function encrypts $plaintext and returns the $ciphertext where $plaintext and $ciphertext must be of "blocksize()" bytes. (hint: Camellia is an 16 byte block cipher) decrypt my $plaintext = $cipher->decrypt($ciphertext); This function decrypts $ciphertext and returns the $plaintext where $plaintext and $ciphertext must be of "blocksize()" bytes. (hint: see previous hint) EXAMPLE my $key = pack("H16", "0123456789ABCDEF"); # min. 8 bytes my $cipher = Crypt::Camellia->new($key); my $ciphertext = $cipher->encrypt("plaintex");# SEE NOTES print unpack("H16", $ciphertext), "\n"; NOTES For practical uses use this module via Crypt::CBC rather than directly. SEE ALSO Crypt::CBC, Crypt::Rijndael, Crypt::DES, Crypt::IDEA AUTHOR Dan Kogai, Current maintainer is Hiroyuki OYAMA. And NTT COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright (C) 2006 by Dan Kogai This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.8 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available. Except for anything under camellia-*/ directory which is licensed as follows: Copyright (c) 2006 NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation). All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY NTT ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL NTT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.


text: Pottery & Porcelain Marks – Arrows: Arrows have been used as marks since the early 19th century, about 1828, and are still used today. Earliest marks are a line with an upside-down v-shaped symbol on top. Later marks have two arrows, usually crossed, with a few lines jutting outward on each side at the bottom. These marks appear most often on earthenware, but they also appear on art pottery and stoneware. Harker Pottery Co. is one of the main producers of 20th century American pottery with arrow marks.


text:
referring to something on mainframes we would normally refer to as file
, by the same convention, would refer to a logical name for a dataset.
An example from TSO:
ALLOC DATASET(SYS1.UADS) FILE(FT07F001)
would assign the dataset SYS1.UADS (or User Attribute Data Set - the file with the TSO user attributes - similar to Unix /etc/passwd) to a logical file FT07F001.
You could then run a FORTRAN program (or COBOL, or PL/I) accessing the file. For FORTRAN, this would have looked like this :
FORTRAN on MVS did not know about dynamic file assignment - you could not just use an OPEN statement. Thus, the naming convention : FT, followed by the file number, followed by F, followed by an index - starting from 1. (After reading to the end of FT07F001, the program would try to read FT07F002, FT07F003 etc. and only after exhausting all of these, it would finally get an end of file condition.)
Would the above example work?
No. Of course not. The file system on IBM mainframes is rather different from that on Unix or Windows. A file is not just an unstructured collection of bytes. FORTRAN could only process a rather small subset of the possible combination of file attributes (fixed length records only, ONE of the limitations).
So - even if you knew how to program, you could not access all of the files on your system - unless, of course, you were an Assembler wizard.