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Point Lookout in Green Ridge State Forest
Describing a place as "one of Marylandís best kept secrets" is over-used, but in the case of Point Lookout at Green Ridge State Forest, it is true - it really is one of Marylandís best-kept secrets. Not to be confused with the better-known southern Maryland state park of the same name, visitors are always pleasantly surprised by Point Lookoutís spectacular view over the ancient Potomac River valley in Marylandís Ridge and Valley Province.
The overlook is accessed from Oldtown Road, the oldest colonial road in eastern Allegany County. In 1758 during the French and Indian War, Colonel Thomas Cresap, Marylandís great pathfinder, blazed this road to improve and shorten the route between Fort Cumberland and Fort Frederick.
It is believed that the name "Point Lookout" originated during the Civil War when Union troops stationed at neighboring Little Orleans were assigned to protect the C&O Canal and Railroad from Confederates intent on destroying the bridges and aqueducts along the Potomac River. Lookouts were established at Point Lookout and other nearby ridges from which Union troops could observe the canal, railroad and Confederate movements through the valley.
Visitors to Point Lookout today can enjoy the same view that the Union troops had 140 years ago. From the overlook can be seen 243 acres of land that was once owned by George Washington. The father of our nation traveled back and forth over what was then trackless wilderness more than 16 times as a surveyor, landowner, military officer, and later as the President of the United States. In the 1840s, this serpentine section of the river was appropriately known as "General Washingtonís Horseshoe Bend".
In the early 1800s the ownership log becomes a bit more complicated: Partners Richard Caton of Catonsville lore and William Carroll of Rock Creek owned much of the land that is today Green Ridge State Forest, including Point Lookout. Caton was the son-in-law of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, while (William) Carroll was the grandson of Daniel Carroll, a framer of the U.S. Constitution. Located near Point Lookout off Carroll Road are the ruins of Carroll Chimney, built in 1836 as one of the nationís early steam-powered sawmills. It is the only surviving structure remaining from the period, as the duoís business ventures into iron ore and timber cutting eventually proved unsuccessful.
In the late 1800s, the Merten family of Cumberland acquired Point Lookout and the Green Ridge property from the Carroll family. The Mertens cut, burned and converted the forest into an apple orchard, which they promoted as "the largest apple orchard in the universe". They then subdivided the land into more than 3,000 ten-acre lots and sold each lot to individual owners all across the country.
To impress potential buyers, the Mertensí first stop on their orchard tour was Point Lookout. The family proclaimed the overlook as the most beautiful spot on the East Coast: "I can say that from Point Lookout is the most beautiful view my eyes have ever fallen upon. It excels Pikeís Peak or any other.... There is no view equal to it." However, in 1918, the Mertens fell into bankruptcy and abandoned the orchard and Point Lookout.
Green Ridge State Forest came into being in 1931 when the State of Maryland purchased just over 2,000 acres of the old orchard lands; more than 70 years later the forest has grown to 43,000 acres and includes Point Lookout. The Department of Natural Resources established the area around Point Lookout as wildlands, thus protecting the view on the Maryland side.
Point Lookout, once part of the "largest apple orchard in the universe", is now part of Green Ridge State Forest, Marylandís largest contiguous block of forestland within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. As one of the Merten familyís publicity men described the area roughly 100 years ago, "Tourists have traveled thousands of miles and then pronounced it the most beautiful view in the United States...[Yet] there are few people in Maryland who know the place exists". Still not well known, it is just one more reason Point Lookout is one of Marylandís best-kept secrets.
Consider a visit and enjoy its scenic wonders yourself.
Forest Service Home
Maryland Park Service Home


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Make an effort on one's own behalf. Shakespeare used this expression in 2 Henry IV (3:2): "She is old, and cannot help herself," and it also appears in the old proverb, God (or heaven) helps those who help themselves.
[ First half of 1500s
Serve oneself, as in The food's in the kitchen; just help yourself. When it takes an object this phrase is put as
help oneself to, as in I helped myself to more meat. It also is used as a euphemism for stealing, as in She simply helped herself to the hotel towels and left. The first usage dates from the late 1600s; the second, a colloquialism, from the mid-1800s.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has made public the final regulations aimed at cutting pollution from taconite plants that causes haze over northern Minnesota wild areas.
Included in the regulations is the Northshore Mining Co. operation in Silver Bay.
The regulations come after months of delay and will force some taconite operations to add expensive new pollution control equipment to curb nitrogen oxides, or NOx, and sulfur dioxides, SO2.
According to a Duluth News Tribune report Thursday morning, environmental and public-health groups, and now the EPA, say that pollution causes haze over pristine areas like the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Isle Royale and Voyageurs national parks. The groups and the EPA say it also can cause lung ailments in people.
The plan "will reduce pollutants that are harmful to people's health and impair visibility in national parks and wilderness areas," the EPA said in announcing the final rule. The agency said the pollution controls are expected to reduce NOx emissions by about 22,000 tons per year and SO2 emissions by about 2,000 tons per year.
The News Tribune reports the rules affect all six taconite operations in Minnesota as well as the lone taconite operation on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. New plants also would be expected to meet the standards. Many coal-fired power plants already have been required to make similar upgrades.
The federal government stepped in after regulators concluded that the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency didn't go far enough to limit haze from taconite plants. The state in April essentially said the industry was doing all it could within reason to control haze pollution.
The feds issued their own rule last summer that said taconite plants must go further and do it faster including installing low-NOx burners to bake their taconite pellets — a so-called best available retrofit technology. The regulations go as far as setting specific limits on how much haze-causing air pollution each plant can emit.
The technology to reduce haze already has been tested at U.S. Steel Minntac operations in Mountain Iron and apparently worked well, state officials have said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Here's the basic steps you'll need to folow:
First create a world object (i.e.
btDiscreteDynamicsWorld) to drive your physics simulation.
You should already have a class such as
GameObject that perhaps stores a model along with its bounding box and position/orientation in the world. Replace the position/orientation information with an instance of a physics body object (i.e.
btRigidBody) and when rendering the model, use the information provided by the body instead. When creating the body you'll need to provide its mass and collision shape which should match the bounding volumes you already have. I've talked about this in your other question too.
Add each of your game object's bodies to the world object.
Update the simulation by stepping the world (i.e. calling
stepSimulation on your world).
And take some time to read the manual as it has a lot of information too.
Edit to address comment
I cringe before I ask but... how do I do the very very basic stuff like simply including the right files in my game? If you need specifics I'm looking for the files that will deal with rigid body collisions. Also thank you very much for the help so far!
Well, it would appear from your comment that you've never worked with external C++ libraries before. It's been a while since I did this, but this is how I remember the process to be (in Visual Studio).
For starters I quote the manual which already explains what you need:
- _TAG_ "btBulletDynamicsCommon.h" in your source file
- Required include path: Bullet/src folder
- Required libraries: BulletDynamics, BulletCollision, LinearMath
And here's the basic steps you will have to follow to fulfill the conditions above...
1. Preparation Step
First of all, extract the file you downloaded into a known directory, e.g.
C:\Bullet. You'll need to know the path to this folder later.
Inside there are two folders that you will need to reference in your project. The first is the
src folder which holds the
.h header files that you will include in your source code. The second is the
lib folder which will hold the
.lib library files that you will link to your project. Notice that including and linking are two different things.
lib folder should be empty for now, because you haven't built the engine yet. So refer to the manual on how to build the project using CMake and Visual Studio for instance. It's on page 7.
After you succeed, you should have at least three files in the
LinearMath.lib (I am guessing from the manual). Now to make the connection between Bullet and your project...
2. Include Headers
First of all, you'll need to add the
C:\Bullet\src folder to your project's include path options. You can do so in Visual Studio by right-clicking on your project, navigating to
Configuration Properties -> C/C++ -> General -> Additional Include Directories and writing the directory path in there.
After setting that up, you can simply do
_TAG_ "btBulletDynamicsCommon.h" on your code. That header seems to serve as an hub to all features you require.
3. Link Libraries
Finally you'll need to link the libraries mentioned above. Frist, under
Configuration Properties -> Linker -> General -> Additional Library Directories add the path to the
lib folder, or in other words,
Configuration Properties -> Linker -> Input-> Additional Dependencies, add the name of the libraries to the list of dependencies. Separate each library with a
; and don't forget the file extension. So for instance, you might add this to the end of the list:
After this you should be able to build and run your project.


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Cultural Beliefs, Values and Economics: A Survey
Download (328kB) | Preview
The present work reviews the relation between culture and economics; in doing so, we often distinguish between the historical component of culture (i.e. inherited values) and its contemporaneous component (i.e. social interactions). First, the paper emphasizes which cultural traits are relevant in economics, reviews situations where culture affects economic outcomes and addresses the relevance of culture across time and space. Then, it explains the theoretical framework of reference for the transmission of both contemporaneous and inherited culture. Finally, it presents econometric techniques available to the researchers and suitable to investigate the impact of culture on economic outcomes, providing suggestions for future research.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


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ABSTRACT: Ensuring the quality of multiple-choice exams administered to small cohorts: A cautionary tale
INTRODUCTION:Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are a cornerstone of assessment in medical education. Monitoring item properties (difficulty and discrimination) are important means of investigating examination quality. However, most item property guidelines were developed for use on large cohorts of examinees; little empirical work has investigated the suitability of applying guidelines to item difficulty and discrimination coefficients estimated for small cohorts, such as those in medical education. We investigated the extent to which item properties vary across multiple clerkship cohorts to better understand the appropriateness of using such guidelines with small cohorts.METHODS:Exam results for 32 items from an MCQ exam were used. Item discrimination and difficulty coefficients were calculated for 22 cohorts (n = 10-15 students). Discrimination coefficients were categorized according to Ebel and Frisbie (1991). Difficulty coefficients were categorized according to three guidelines by Laveault and Grégoire (2014). Descriptive analyses examined variance in item properties across cohorts.RESULTS:A large amount of variance in item properties was found across cohorts. Discrimination coefficients for items varied greatly across cohorts, with 29/32 (91%) of items occurring in both Ebel and Frisbie's 'poor' and 'excellent' categories and 19/32 (59%) of items occurring in all five categories. For item difficulty coefficients, the application of different guidelines resulted in large variations in examination length (number of items removed ranged from 0 to 22).DISCUSSION:While the psychometric properties of items can provide information on item and exam quality, they vary greatly in small cohorts. The application of guidelines with small exam cohorts should be approached with caution.


_USER_{Laflı_Ergün_Five_2018, author={Laflı, Ergün and Buora, Maurizio}, howpublished={online}, year={2018}, abstract={
In this brief article five bronze fibulae will be presented which are being exposed in the museum of Kahramanmaraş and belonging to the Roman period. These five examples are rare and significant for the Roman archaeology of Asia Minor.
}, title={Five Roman fibulae in the museum of Kahramanmaraş in southeastern Turkey}, type={Artykuły / Articles}, volume={vol. LV}, journal={Folia Orientalia}, pages={395-410}, publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences — Cracow Branch}, doi={10.24425/for.2018.124690}, keywords={Fibula, Roman period, museum of Kahramanmaraş, Alesia type fibulae, enamelled fibulae, "Zwiebelknopffibel"}, }


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Yes, there is a slight difference (although it appears there's no complete consensus on this).
A classifier, in linguistics (not just in Mandarin), is a word or morpheme used to express that a countable noun belongs to a semantic class. Here "semantic class" means a category of referents with some common traits; if we think about how classifiers work in Chinese, this is easy to understand.
For example, the classifier 条 is used for long, narrow and flexible objects. So when we say:
we are implying that the fish belongs to a class of things that, more or less, share the same properties: long, narrow and flexible. That is the semantic class, and that's why the classifier is called classifier.
Therefore, by using a different classifier, we offer a different classification of that object. When we say:
we are conveying that fish belongs to the category, or class, of things that go in "groups" (in "schools" actually!!!).
Now, English does have measure words: these are mostly nouns with their own meaning that work as units of measurement for mass nouns, which are not countable. They come in the form
a something of . Let's consider the word water. In English we can't count it ("one water", "two waters"). So when we need to quantify a certain amount of water, we have to use a word that describes a precise unit of measurement, for example:
a drop of water
a liter of water
an ocean of water
This definition of measure words works in Chinese too. The difference being that in Chinese there are classifiers proper and measure words. So what's actually the difference?
Classifiers are not standalone words, they don't have meaning on their own; and as in English, they still can't accompany mass nouns (consider 两个水 vs 两升水)
Measure words are words with a precise meaning, which can also work as units of measurement; and they can accompany mass nouns.
Her and Hsieh, On the Semantic Distinction between Classifiers and
Measure Words in Chinese propose also the following definitions, based on tests to appraise whether a certain counter word is a classifier or a measure word:
Classifiers classify or categorize nouns by highlighting some salient or inherent properties of the noun and thus contribute no additional meaning.
Measure words, on the other hand, play a substantive role in denoting the quantity of the entity named by the noun.
So, saying 一条鱼 does not add new information to what we already know about a fish. A fish is inherently a long and flexible object (mostly; an inflated puffer fish maybe is not "long"). Hence, 条 is a classifier proper. Whereas saying 一箱鱼 does add new information, we are saying that the fish comes in crates, where fish, in itself, doesn't inherently come in crates. Hence, in this example 箱 is a measure word.
In conclusion, classifiers proper stress the existence of an essential feature of the counted noun, whereas measure words stress a transient, not inherent (accidental) numerical feature.


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The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) have issued a joint Flash Alert to U.S. based businesses doing business in China about a remote targeting campaign whereby the tax software that Chinese domestic banks require foreign companies to install is loaded with malware.
Trustwave researchers warned in June 2020 that they had discovered a backdoor in the required tax software used by the Chinese domestic banks dubbed GoldenSpy. The backdoor reportedly could not be removed and allowed remote installation of additional malware.
Not only did the required tax software install malware into U.S. companies' systems, but when Trustwave researchers detected the malware, several days later, the Trustwave researchers found that the GoldenSpy authors attempted to secretly load uninstaller software on the affected systems to remove the backdoor because they got caught!
The FBI and CISA is warning companies that security teams should be utilized to remove the malware as the attackers are attempting to evade industry standard network security rules.
"The FBI assesses that the cyber-actors' persistent attempts to silently remove the malware is not a sign of resignation. Rather, it is an effort to hide their capabilities. Organizations conducting business in China continue to be at risk from system vulnerabilities exploited by the tax software and similar supply chains."


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A PhD, also known as a Doctor of Philosophy degree, is a doctorate awarded by a university to the academic who has met all necessary qualifications and can now be considered a doctor in his or her academic field.
Managing of human resource such as employees and other stakeholders of any business corporations needs an advanced training to enhance its efficiency. The methods of management that you learn from this training will ensure better performance of the human resource as well as the overall performance of the corporations.
Distance learning is a method of delivering education to students who are not physically present on campus. Various studies have shown that distance learning programmes can be as efficient and effective as conventional classroom programmes sometimes even better!
Request Information Distance learning Doctoral Programs in Human Resources 2017
As one of the first online doctoral programs in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology, Walden's PhD in Industrial and Organizational Psychology program allows you to deepen your knowledge of workplace and organizational behavior. [+]


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Do you want to grow turnip seeds in Ohio, but don't know when to start them?
Starting turnip seeds is not as easy as it seems.
- Turnip Seeds must be consistenly watered, receive at least 8 hours of sunlight a day, & be kept at room temperature of at least 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
So if you don't consistently water them they won't germinate. If they aren't in a room that is at least 70 degrees Fahrenheit they won't sprout. And if it receives 8 hours of sunlight the plant itself won't grow.
- Because Ohio's growing season is not long enough, turnip seeds cannot be sowed outside and should only be started indoors.
Because of this, I'm going to teach you the ideal time to start turnip seeds indoors in Ohio:
- To Learn More About HOW to Grow Turnips, Check Out This GUIDE!
When to Start Turnip Seeds Indoors
Depending on the type of turnip, it takes roughly 14-21 days (2 to 3 weeks) to grow turnips from seed indoors before you can transplant them into your garden.
The approximate date of when you should start your turnip seeds indoors can be found by:
- Finding the last average frost date HERE
- And then subtract 21 days from it
You can also find the average last frost date for most major cities in the below chart that I have created:
To help ensure the greatest success of your turnip seeds germinating you should:
- Use a heat mat to ensure the gardening pot remains at 70 degrees Fahrenheit
- Use a grow light to control how much light your turnip seeds receive
- Water your seeds with a spray bottle to ensure your seeds are not overwatered
It should also be noted that you will not want to introduce your turnip plants into your garden until 2 weeks after your last frost or else your plant will potentially die or not bear vegetables.
If you want to learn WHEN to start ANY Vegetable Seed in Ohio, head over to HERE and just type in the vegetable you want to grow.


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From Radiation, Food, EMF
Check your Veggies and Fruits with SOEKS Nitrate Tester! Is your produce really organic? Had your local farmer used chemical fertilizer to accelerate the growth? Afraid that it may be contaminated? Find out with SOEKS Nitrate Tester! SOEKS Nitrate Tester is an indispensable tool that's been developed to calculate the level of nitrates present in fresh food items like fruits, vegetables, fresh meat and child food products.
What are Nitrates?
Nitrates are a primary ingredient in fertilizers used in most industrialized countries. Excess nitrate absorption in your body affects the oxygen carrying capacity of your blood.
Convenient to operate, the tester features a metallic probe which is poked into the food material to examine. Nitrate levels are evaluated by measuring the level of conductivity of high-frequency alternating currents in the product.
The appraised results are displayed in the format of nitrate content in milligrams per kilogram of the analyzed product. It also suggests whether the product analyzed is fit for consumption.
For easy cognizance of nitrate levels, the SOEKS Nitrate Tester displays a message that best describes the degree of nitrate concentration in food objects. The message is either of the following:
- Normal Nitrate Concentration
- Insignificant Nitrate Concentration
- Dangerous Nitrate Concentration
SOEKS Nitrate Tester NUC-019-1 has a preloaded permissible levels of nitrates for the following products:
Apples, Apricots, Bananas, Beets, Early cabbage, Late cabbage, Early carrots, Late carrots, Cucumber soil, Cucumber gr., Eggplant, Grapes, Greens, Pears, Lettuce, Marrow, Melons, Nectarines, Onion Bulbs, Green Onions, Peaches, Sweet Peppers, Persimmon, Potatoes, Black Radish, Garden Radish, Strawberries, Tomato soil, Tomato ground, Watermelons, Fresh Meat.
SOEKS Nitrate Tester can still be used to detect dangerous nitrates levels in fresh vegetables, fruits and meats.
SOEKS Nitrate Tester is a must have device when preparing baby food. Little children are the most affected by nitrates.
- Measures nitrate ion content from 20 to 5,000 mg/kg
- Time to measure: 10 seconds
- Color user friendly display
- 2 AAA batteries or mini USB port
- Two year warranty
- Compact and easy to use
- Measures nitrates in food
- Rechargeable through USB
- Takes 10 seconds to display results
- Vibrant color display
- Weight 9 oz
- Dimensions 7 x 5 x 2 in


Moving Charges and Magnetism: Lorentz Force, Cyclone Frequency (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2022)
Lorentz Force
The Lorentz Force
 - When the total force on a charge c which is moving with a velocity v in the presence of electric field E and magnetic field B is termed as the lorentz force.
 - The Lorentz Force is the force on a charged particle due to electric and magnetic fields.
 - A charged particle in an electric field will always feel a force due to this field.
 - A charged particle in a magnetic field will only feel a force due to the magnetic field if it is moving relative to this field.
The Cyclone Frequency
F =force
q =electric charge
E =external electric field
v =velocity
B =magnetic field
Cyclone Frequency
 - A charge c completes a circular orbit on a plane normal to B which is the uniform magnetic field.
 - Uniform circular motion frequency is known as cyclone frequency. This frequency is unaffected by the radius and speed of the particle.
 - It can be determined with the help of a machine known as cyclotron which is used to accelerate the particles which are charged.
Biot-Savart Law
Biot-Savart Law
In this law magnetic field dB due to the presence of an element dl which is carrying a continuous flow of current I at the point P at a distance r from the current element is to obtain a total field at P and integration of this vector expression over the entire length of the conductor.
Ampere՚s Circuital Law
Ampere՚s Circuital Law
 - According to this law, an open surface S if bounded by a loop C, then the current I passing through S
 - The sign of I is determined by the right-hand rule.
 - Non-parallel currents repel and parallel currents attract each other.
Developed by:


Egg Substitute
There are a number of egg substitute products in the grocery store. They are made mostly with egg whites but contain small amounts of thickener. They're great for cooking scrambled eggs and omelets, and, in some cases, they can be used in baking. The main drawback is that substitute eggs are more expensive than regular eggs.
One quarter of a cup of most substitute egg products is equal to one egg. They usually have no fat and no cholesterol. There is a small amount (1 gram) of carbohydrate. There are 6 grams of protein, which is where most of the 30 calories per serving comes from.
1/4 cup egg substitute = 30 calories, 0g fat, 0g sat fat, 0g mono fat, 6g protein, 1g carbohydrates, 115mg sodium, 0mg cholesterol


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Community Day Schools Program SummaryInformation on Community Day Schools purpose, services, outcomes, funding, students served, and results.
Legislation enacted in 1995 established the requirement that, at the time an expulsion of a student is ordered, the governing board of the school district shall ensure that an education program is provided to the student during the expulsion period. The same legislation authorized school districts to establish Community Day schools to serve these, and other at-risk/at-promise students. Subsequent legislation, in 1998, extended the authorization to also allow county offices of education to establish community day schools.
Students are expected to participate in academic programs that include high-level expectations from staff and students, and that are comparable to those available to students of similar age in the school district. The 360-minute minimum instructional day includes academic programs that provide challenging curriculum and individual attention to student learning modalities and abilities. Community Day schools programs also focus on the development of pro-social skills and student self-esteem and resiliency. Community Day schools are intended to have low student-teacher ratios. Students benefit from learning support services that include school counselors and psychologists, academic and vocational counselors, and student discipline personnel. Students also receive collaborative services from county offices of education, law enforcement, probation, and human services agency personnel who work with at-risk youth. Laws specific to Community Day schools are in Education Code (EC) sections 48660-48667.
The desired outcome is fully engaged students who are learning in a manner best suited to their needs. This will also result in:
- Closing the achievement gap
- Decreasing the dropout rate
- Increasing the graduation rate
Community Day schools serve:
- Expelled students
- Students referred by a School Attendance Review Board or probation
- High-risk youth referred through a district-level process who need a separate setting that is better matched to their academic, social, and emotional development needs than what can be provided in a traditional school setting.
Although the Educational Options, Student Support, and American Indian Education Office does not have specific reports on the efficacy of Community Day schools, it has prepared a research paper and compendium of resources entitled Zero Dropouts for California. This paper contains information regarding the dropout crisis; recommendations for the State, counties, districts, and the California Department of Education; and an extensive bibliography of resources.


text:
June 15, 2011
As you know, we have be covering the shifting earth changes and relevant positions of the sun and moon.
The Inuit in the Canadian Arctic might have more insight into the matter than the average person due to their unique perspective in which they can view the sun, stars, and moon from their position on top of the globe.
The Inuits have managed to document the fact that in December 2009 the sun barely cleared the horizon, and in the summers the sun is much higher in the sky causing extreme conditions and change to the earth.
The Elders of the Arctic have been documenting the changing positions of the shifting earth and stars.


AR - ER - OR
This KEY is the Suffix which has three spellings, AR – ER – OR Meaning ONE WHO & THAT WHICH. This is one of the simplest keys to remember and you will see a great deal of it. It is listed so that you will become accustomed to seeking words, not as one lump to be swallowed whole, but as a combination of keys which are to be recognized separately.
1. doctordoct OR (dok' tor) n
One who is learned, especially in medicine.
2. bakerbak ER (bake' er) n
One who bakes.
3. actoract OR (ak' tor) n
One who acts a part in a play or in an event.
4. fighterfight ER (fite' er) n
One who fights.
5. beggarbegg AR (beg' ar) n
One who begs.
6. dancerdanc ER (dan' ser) n
One who dances.
7. jesterjest ER (jes' ter) n
One who tells jokes.
8. killerkill ER (kil' er) n
One who kills.
9. liarli AR (lie' er) n
One who tells lies.
10. misermis ER (mize' er) n
One who lives miserably in order to hoard money.
11. toilertoil ER (roil' er) n
One who works hard.
12. tractortract OR (trak' ter) n
A machine used on the farm for drawing a plow.
13. barberbarb ER (bar' ber) n
One whose work is to give shaves and haircuts.
14. wreckerwreck ER (rek' er) n
Machinery used to break down buildings and remove the wreckage.
15. painterpaint ER (pane' ter) n
One who paints.
16. sufferersuffer ET (sub' ere r) n
One who suffers, especially from a disease.
17. exhibitorexhibit OR (eg zib' it or) n
One who shows things to the public, as art.
18. racerrac ER (rase' er) n
One who races in a sport event.
19. amplifierampilifi ER (am' pil fie er) n
That which magnifies a sound, a loud speaker.
20. pacifierpacifi ER (pas' i fie er) n
That which quiets, like a ring for babies to such or bite on.
EtymologyHOME PAGE


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Cypress provides a reference design for Industrial camera applications using FX3 and Lattice ECP5 FPGA with HelionVision ISP IP. This article documents the architectural, functional, and design details of this reference design for industrial camera systems. This reference design demonstrates a combined implementation of FX3 and Lattice ECP5 FPGA to interface an image sensor with the USB Host system.
The HelionVision ISP IP is implemented on the ECP5 FPGA to interface parallel/LVDS image sensors, process the image data, and stream via the GPIF-II interface of FX3.The following block diagram provides an overview of the high-level design of FX3 + ECP5 FPGA with HelionVision ISP IP supporting the camera interface.
Figure 1: System Block Diagram
The hardware consists of the main board with FX3, and ECP5 FPGA with an interface connector to attach the image sensor board. Reference design schematic and board files are attached along with this article. The main board is tested using Sony IMX-236 - HDR-60 Head-Board 1080p (3.1MP) image sensor board with Sunex Lens (Part No.: Sunex PN DSL945) connected using an M12 holder. The hardware main board has a USB Type-C connector to connect to Host systems. Boot options can be controlled using a switch that allows booting from external SPI flash or USB bootloader. The FX3 and FPGA firmware can be merged and saved in the external SPI flash.
Cypress has tested the reference design hardware features using USB Video Class (UVC) framework implemented in FX3 with 1080p@30fps and 720p@30fps video resolutions and standard UVC video controls. The prototype system with a Sony IMX 236 image sensor is tested using ECP5 FPGA code developed by HelionVision and UVC firmware running on FX3. The FX3 firmware for the reference design uses the UVC architecture described in the application note AN75779– How to Implement an Image Sensor Interface Using EZ-USB FX3 in a USB Video Class (UVC) Framework. Note that this application note implements USB Video Class (UVC) Framework for an FX3 device. The GPIF II interface settings can be configured based on the Slave FIFO interface described in the application note AN65974- Designing with the EZ-USB® FX3™ Slave FIFO Interface. Refer to the Slave FIFO write operations section in AN65974 to understand the FPGA to FX3 interface. FX3 uses the standard Slave FIFO control signals available from the ECP5 FPGA to provide write access to internal FIFO buffers that can be committed to the Host system through the DMA channel present within FX3.
Note: Cypress can help users to develop FX3 firmware to support additional features. Contact Cypress Technical Support for additional board files, FX3 firmware and FPGA files to test prototype.


text: OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to analyze the factors that affected the decision making process in approving workers' compensation claims for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases cases that occurred just before refoming approval standards of Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act on 1 July 2008 and to provide fundamental information in preparing better standards. METHODS: We examined 283 claims cases involving cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases that occurred between 1 January, 2006 and 31 December, 2007 and collected data based on the worker's compensation records from 3 Seoul Regional Centers of the Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service. We analyzed the approval rates and odds ratios according to the general characteristics, injury information, past medical histories, and work related information using chi-square or univariate logistic regression. In addition, we identified the factors affecting the approval using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 101 of the 283 cases were approved and approval rate was 35.7%. Approval rates differed significantly according to type of disease, survival, accident site, accident time, the presence of associated disease and overwork (p-value <0.05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjusted for age and sex, approval rate of death cases with associated disease was lower than cases without associated disease (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12~0.42). Approval rate of cases occurred in worksite was higher than others (OR 4.81, 95% CI 2.22~10.40). Cases of accepted overwork had a higher approval rate significantly than cases of not accepted (OR 28.53, 95% CI 9.74~83.52). CONCLUSION: Factors in approving cases of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease as cases involving occupational disease included conditions of overwork, high rate of accidents in the workplace and the presence of associated disease. It is necessary to investigate further behaviors of work and chronic work-related stress.


informal stump up
 North American informal ante up, pony up
 - lay waste
 the army laid waste to hundreds of villages
 devastate, wipe out, destroy, demolish, annihilate, raze, ruin, leave in ruins, wreck, level, flatten, gut, consume, ravage, pillage, sack, wreak havoc on
 literary despoil
 rare depredate
 Definition of lay in:
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 Synonyms of lay in English:
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 lay 2
 - 1 a lay preacher
 [Antonyms] ordained
 - 2 I cannot explain to a lay audience the techniques I used to study these genes
 [Antonyms] qualified, professional
 - Definition of lay in:
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Mayford Heritage Pond
Pictures of the pond's reconstruction
Saturday 27th September, 1997
The original pond had completely disappeared, so work had to start by creating a hollow for the new pond. The picture shows the excavator which was used to create a rough hollow. This was then shaped with the help of many volunteers to form a smooth depression with a central deeper area.
Sunday 28th September, 1997
The work of the excavator has been completed and the team of volunteers is shaping the pond hollow ready for the lining to be installed. There is a deeper area in the middle of the pond (6ft deep when full) that will continue to hold water during periods of drought.
Sunday 28th September, 1997
At this stage the soil in the pond's base had been hand-picked to remove any stones that could puncture the lining. The pile of soil in the background is the spoil from the sieving.
Sunday 12th October, 1997
Here you can see a part of the grey hessian sheeting used to cover the butyl liner for extra protection. On top of this, a layer of sieved soil and then a layer of sand was put down for plants to set root in. The layer of sand was used to stop the soil being washed away when it was originally filled with water.
Wednesday 22nd October, 1997
The pond soon after being initially filled with water.
Saturday 25th October, 1997
Volunteers are landscaping the pond's surrounds, using the spoil of excess soil and stones from the sieving process. This was used to create small mounds around the back and front areas, which were to become part of the wildlife-rich grassland.
Sunday 26th October, 1997
Finally some turf was laid over the edges of the pond and some plants were planted in and around the pond.
Monday 10th November, 1997
This is the day of the grand opening. Here several of the team were helping to prepare for this event.
Monday 10th November, 1997
Councillor Rosie Sharpley congratulated the villagers on their restored pond.
Monday 10th November, 1997
After the formal opening, there was a champagne reception to celebrate the successful completion of this phase of the project.


What is Pretzel Salt?
Pretzel salt is a coarse large-grained white salt of uniform size with no additives. The grains are rectangular shaped and flat. This ensures that they adhere to pretzels and other baked goods like bagels, focaccia, bread or hard rolls. The salt can also be used in coarse rubs, for curing meat, for salt crusted fish, pickling and for zucchini fritters.
Pretzel salt is also described non-melting. (King Arthur)
A distinctive feature of Rock-Pretzel Salt is that it has a translucent appearance (Morton Salt)
Pretzel salt is also known as coarse food grade salt.
Common substitutes for pretzel salt include: bagel salt, kosher salt, Red Diamond sea salt, rock salt, and Coarse Mediterranean Sea Salt.
Where to buy it. you can buy it online at Amazon and other independent sellers. it can also be bought in supermarkets like Walmart.
 1. Morton Salt
 2. My Spicer
Author: Liz
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section DOM section
Extensions to DOM elements, plus other utilities for DOM traversal and modification.
Prototype's DOM extensions represent a large portion of where you'll spend
your time. Prototype adds many convenience methods to elements returned by
$ function. For instance, you can write
to get the element with the ID of
comments, add a class name to it, and
show it (if it was previously hidden).
In other words, Prototype adds "instance" methods to DOM nodes. This is made possible by direct extension of the backing DOM objects (in browsers that support it) and by manual extension of individual nodes (in browsers that do not).


Rohingya language
Rohingya Language
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Rohingya language
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Rohingya (Ruáingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine), Burma (Myanmar). It is smiliar to the Chittagonian language spoken in the neighboring southeastern Chittagong Division of Bangladesh..
Various writing systems are used, including Arabic, Urdu, Hanifi-Script and Burmese, and the newer Rohingyalish, based on the Roman alphabet.
Written in Arabic script, the first Rohingya language texts are more than 300 years old. While Arakan was under British rule (1826–1948), the Rohingya people used mainly English and Urdu for written communication. Since independence in 1948, Burmese has been used in all official communications. Since the early 1960s, Rohingya scholars have started to realize the need for a writing system suited to their own language.
Molana Hanif and his colleagues developed a new set of right-to-left oriented characters based mainly on Arabic script, with a few borrowings from Roman and Burmese. This approach was an improvement and was appreciated by Rohingya Islamic scholars, used to studying in Arabic and Urdu. However, the new script was criticized because the characters were very similar to each other, requiring longer...
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Definition of the noun Abyssianiridae
What does Abyssianiridae mean as a name of something?
Abyssianiridae is a family of Isopoda.
- synonym: family Abyssianiridae
- kingdom: Animalia
- phylum: Arthropoda
- class: Malacostraca
- order: Isopoda
- family: Paramunnidae
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Abyssianiridae
Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic:
Scrabble value of A1B3Y4S1S1I1A1N1I1R1I1D2A1E1
The value of this 14-letter word is 20 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.
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Go to the thesaurus of Abyssianiridae to find many related words and phrases!


text:
Phylogenetic Analysis of Mexican Cave Scorpions Suggests Adaptation to Caves is Reversible
NEW EVIDENCE THAT SPECIALIZED ADAPTATIONS ARE NOT EVOLUTIONARY DEAD ENDS
Blind scorpions that live in the stygian depths of caves are throwing light on a long-held assumption that specialized adaptations are irreversible evolutionary dead-ends. According to a new phylogenetic analysis of the family Typhlochactidae, scorpions currently living closer to the surface (under stones and in leaf litter) evolved independently on more than one occasion from ancestors adapted to life further below the surface (in caves). The research, currently available in an early online edition, will be published in the April issue of Cladistics.
"Our research shows that the evolution of troglobites, or animals adapted for life in caves, is reversible," says Lorenzo Prendini, Associate Curator in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History. "Three more generalized scorpion species living closer to the surface evolved from specialized ancestors living in caves deep below the surface."
Scorpions are predatory, venomous, nocturnal arachnids that are related to spiders, mites, and other arthropods. About 2,000 species are distributed throughout the world, but only 23 species found in ten different families are adapted to a permanent life in caves. These are the specialized troglobites.
This study concentrates on the family Typhlochactidae that includes nine species of scorpions endemic to the karstic regions of eastern Mexico. These species were initially grouped together by Robert Mitchell in 1971 but were elevated to the rank of family for the first time last year, based on morphological data published by Prendini and Valerio Vignoli of the Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Italy, in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Prendini, Vignoli, and Oscar F. Francke of the Departmento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biolog'a at the Universidad Nacional Aut—noma de México, Mexico City, also created a new genus, Stygochactas, for one species in the family and described a new surface-living species,Typhlochactas sissomi, in a separate American Museum Novitates paper. All species in the family have adapted to the dark with features such as loss of eyes and reduced pigmentation. The family contains the most specialized troglobite scorpion,Sotanochactas elliotti, one of the world's smallest scorpions, Typhlochactas mitchelli, and the scorpion found at the greatest depth (nearly 1 km below the surface), Alacran tartarus. Three of the species (including T. mitchelli) live closer to the surface and are more generalized morphologically than the other six, making this family an excellent model with which to test and falsify Cope's Law of the unspecialized (novel evolutionary traits tend to originate from a generalized member of an ancestral taxon) and Dollo's Law of evolutionary irreversibility (specialized evolutionary traits are unlikely to reverse).
For the current research paper, Prendini and colleagues gathered data for 195 morphological characteristics, including a detailed mapping of the positions of all trichobothria (sensory setae) on the pedipalps, among the species of Typhlochactidae. The resulting phylogenetic tree shows that adaptation to life in caves has reversed among this group of scorpions: two of the less specialized, surface-living species, T. mitchelli and T. sylvestris, share a common ancestor with a much more cave-adapted species, and a similar pattern was found for the third less specialized, surface-living species, T. sissomi.
"Scorpions have been around for 450 million years, and their biology is obviously flexible," says Prendini. "This unique group of eyeless Mexican scorpions may have started re-colonizing niches closer to the surface from the deep caves of Mexico after their surface-living ancestors were wiped out by the nearby Chicxuluxb impact along with non-avian dinosaurs, ammonites, and other species."
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, and a SYNTHESYS grant.
Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, _PHONE_


Kitty Litter Dirty Bomb: New Mexico Nuclear Disposal Plant Causes $500 Million of Damage By Using Wrong Kind Of Kitty Litter
220px-CatfillerRadioactive SymbolThere are so many surprising aspects to this story including the two salient points that we use kitty litter in nuclear plants and using the wrong kitty litter can cost you half a billion dollars. However, a recent report states that the mismanagement of the kitty litter issue at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico by its private operator, Los Alamos National Security LLC, led not only damage, but the injury of at least 20 workers — and the creation of a type of kitty litter dirty bomb. The concerns of an Al Kitta threat however may be premature. It turns out that you can avoid the risk by selecting clay-based kitty litter over wheat-based kitty litter.
A single damaged drum caused much of the damage and reached the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant where it cracked open.
The report by the Department of Energy's Office of Inspector General portrays the plant as being run in a hasty and unprofessional manner to meet short deadlines for the disposal of material. The mismanagement however was only disclosed after a long and costly investigation by the Santa Fe Mexican. Once again, there is virtually no transparency on such issues by the government, which never informed the public of the scope of its mismanagement and blundering at a nuclear disposal site.
The report includes the finding that the resulting radiation leak not only sickened dozens but "may have led to an adverse chemical reaction within the drums resulting in serious safety implications." This included the result that the mixing of the waste created a mixture akin to plastic explosives.
The mistaken use of the kitty litter was found to have been due to a typo in a policy manual. Previously, DOE rejected the kitty litter hypothesis the report indicates that it may in fact be the culprit. It may turn out that the problem was "organic kitty litter" — an indication that the organic movement could be an actual threat to national security? I knew that there was something suspicious about Whole Foods.
The contractor was allowed to stay in control of the plant and under federal contract. Simply four managers were replaced. It could take years to reopen the plant and will cost at least $500 million. The new manager, identified only as a Dr. Oppenheimerfuzzypants, has been brought into the plant supervise any operations.
18 thoughts on "Kitty Litter Dirty Bomb: New Mexico Nuclear Disposal Plant Causes $500 Million of Damage By Using Wrong Kind Of Kitty Litter"
 1. You never know when you'll find a tiny kitten, shivering in the rain, soaked to the bone, and your good heart cannot ignore this baby that can't help itself. The only solution is to take the poor little thing home. In the morning, as you prepare to take the kitten to a shelter, you find your dog curled up around the kitten keeping it warm. This has happened. It could happen to you. I'll keep my fingers crosed.
 1. Sandi – we are down to just one dog now. This is no longer a problem. This particular dog thinks cats are food.
 2. There is actually a video on how to teach your cat to use the toilet. I saw cats do it. And if you've ever had a cat, teaching anything is almost impossible, with the possible exception of moving their food.
 1. sandi – when my wife and I were first together, in the interests of the relationship I agreed to a cat. I did not like the cat. However, the cat liked me, regardless of how much I ignored it.
 3. I am incredulous that, according to this story, there is only one Mexican in Santa Fe, and he or she is wealthy at that! (The newspaper is actually the Santa Fe NEW Mexican.).
 1. Timothy Roberts – having been to Santa Fe I can tell you there are a lot of New Mexicans there. 😉
 4. It's worth noting that:
 Los Alamos National Security, LLC is a private limited liability company formed by the University of California, Bechtel, Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services, and URS Energy and Construction. Wikipedia
 So it's government contracting another government and private entities to oversee government sites. The big problem here, as in DC, is that as soon as a government technical person becomes experienced and proficient, they have ever incentive to switch sides to the contractor where they can be paid twice as much. Add to that the naturally occurring close relationships that form between government and contractors that work side by side and you're left with little ability or incentive to perform much oversight on the large contracts. Even if you hired a new contractor, the workers are going to stay the same for the most part.
 5. BFM:
 You are right that the biggest problem is the human suffering this has caused. They were probably given iodine right away, and their thyroid checked. They should be monitored for cancers, which often take years to develop.
 6. Kitty Litter is like duct tape. It has all sorts of indications, including getting you out of a snowy ditch.
 This exposes:
 1) Problems with our procurement system and contracts. There is no accountability.
 2) Lack of training in a nuclear facility boggles the mind. Of COURSE it needs to be clay rather than wheat. The whole point is that they need basically inert fine dirt.
 3) Lack of transparency. Nothing brings about change and accountability like the disinfecting light of transparency to the public.
 I have to admit, though, that when I first started reading this, it brought to mind when I was a recent graduate. I and some friends drove a physicist grad to Los Alamos. We seriously considered tee-peeing the plutonium plant, but thought maybe, perhaps, the armed guards might not see the humor, and decided against it. The world just didn't understand nerd humor before The Big Bang Theory.
 This article seems to emphasize cost and incompetence.
 But release of enough radioactive material to sicken dozens ought to be major news. We can only guess that those exposed now are burdened with higher probability of cancer and possibly birth defects for any additional children.
 8. "… to meet short deadlines for the disposal of material." Indeed, less money to do the same job or even at times more work. This is what we get when we have Congresspersons touting reduced federal spending and their answer is to cut everyone 10%. This is nonsense. Some agencies should be cut 100%, some agencies get an increase of 30%. An across the board cut is a sure fire way to destroy everything. Which is exactly what we seem to be doing. Check out the status of our once great National Weather Service…
 9. When it comes down to it, it is money not spent for due diligence. Private operators are no more or less effective or ineffective than government operators. The more rigorous the safety system the less chance of accidents. Statistics prove this. In the US there are 100 nuclear power facilities which have had 56 major accidents and over 150 incidents in their history. This can be see to be a combination of cutting corners to cut costs layered on human failure.
 In France there are 60 reactors which have had only 12 accidents. France gets most of its electricity from nuclear power and the system is centralized and strictly overseen by government departments. Most of the rail system is run on electricity. The success speaks for itself and the failure above and beyond basic human failure can be attributed to private enterprise penchants for reducing costs to raise profits.
 Given that France has a population a fifth as large as the US there may be other factors to add. Sometimes the government does it better than the private sector. The private sector on its own with little to no oversight by the government is a recipe for disaster. The system in France is an example of the success of Government and Private Enterprise working together. We should be learning from those other than ourselves.
 Look at Germany's economic success through their 'holy trinity' of government, labor, and corporate. Their manufacturing sector is miles ahead of any other country including the US.
 10. This comes from only only owning dogs, but I thought there was only one type type of kitty litter. Atomic science is not what it used to be.
 11. Cats are terrible typists. They make lots of typos. Worse than a room full of monkeys with typewriters. But they must have many rooms full of cat typists, and perhaps hundreds of cats doing other duties, doing their duties. (Why else would they need barrels and barrels of kitty litter at a nuclear plant?)
 12. Dafuq did I just read? I had to go to The Onion first to make sure you weren't skimming off one of those gems. Turns out that this actually happened…
 Organic, huh? LOL!
 13. Typos can kill!! They keep tight reins on Los Alamos employees. I have a former FBI friend in Santa Fe. who did background checks on employees. A DUI will trigger a background check.
Comments are closed.


Howdy, Stranger!
Need some Pseudocode help plz!
I have started to write the pseudocode for this program but i have come to a dead end. I do not know how to continue this. Here is the question.
Write a program that will read in five positive integers (one at a time) and print out the largest and smallest number of the five numbers. The program should read the numbers one at a time. Write the program such that it takes an unlimited amount of positive integers.
num number
num ans
num min
num max
num count = 0
output "How many numbers are you going to input?"
input ans
while count < ans
output "Enter Number" count + 1
input number
if number < 0 then
output "enter positive number"
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text:
You've just finished giving a 15-minute presentation at an event for people to practice giving speeches in English. Now you want to give the audience a chance to ask you questions. You say:
So now I'll open the floor for questions.
You can use this expression to transition between different activities when you're leading a group of people. For example, after a science teacher has finished explaining one topic he can say:
So now let's move on to Chapter 15, "Biodiversity".
If you're presenting a new piece of software at work, you can explain what it does first and then use this phrase when you want to start showing the audience how to use it:
So now I'm going to demonstrate precisely how that works. Take a look at the screen here...
To "open the floor to questions" means to allow people to ask questions in a large meeting, lecture, conference, or other group. This phrase is pretty formal, so you use it at the end of a formal speech.
"The floor" is also used to talk about who has the right to speak in a formal discussion. For example:
Senataor Meeks has the floor.
This means that Senator Meeks is allowed to talk. Other people are not allowed to talk at that time.
Chairman Kline, may I have the floor?
This is how you ask for permission to speak in a very formal discussion, like in a political committee or a company stockholders meeting.
(Print this lesson)


text:
I thought it should be "Je viens du acheter". Is it because "acheter" has a vowel at the beginning?
De le becomes du only when le is an article, meaning "the". In this case le is a pronoun, meaning "it" (the book).
This sentence contains the particle de (part of the verb venir de) followed by the personal pronoun l' followed by the verb acheter. The usual form of this pronoun is le when referring to a masculine noun, and la when referring to a feminine noun. However, when the article is followed by a word that begins with a vowel, the pronoun is always elided to l'. The form l' exists for both genders.
This elision is also done when le or la is a definite article: le matin, la nuit, l'après-midi. It is also done when le or la is part of a partitive article: du pain, de la confiture, de l'eau.
Now let's suppose the verb didn't start with a vowel: "je viens de le vendre". Why don't we say "je viens
On the other hand, there is no contraction when de and le happen to be next to each other but they do not form a single unit. Here, de is part of the verbal compound venir de and le is a personal pronoun which forms a complement of this verb. There is no contraction when le is a pronoun: "je viens de le vendre".
You are right about the vowel part, consider these two examples:
However, in your example the words "de" and "l'" are not linked at all, so you can't replace them by "du".
Consider these two examples:
Here "de" isn't quantitative but is used to introduce another subsentence, here "manger".
So they have no relation, and you can't say, for example:
But you need to say:


text:
2nd Grade Research and Inquiry Resources
- Students will look at pictures of different wolf tail postures and read about what these different postures mean.
- Students will assess how different situations would cause a wolf to feel and will draw pictures of different tail postures that correspond with a wolf's reaction to those situations.
- Students will repeat this activity for different wolf body postures.
This Web site was created by T.W.I.N., the Timber Wolf Information Network, an organization dedicated to increasing public understanding and acceptance of the wolf and its ecological role in the environment.
- Have students connect to _URL_ a different page on the same Web site. Have students complete the jigsaw puzzle by clicking on one square of the jumbled picture and then on the site where they'd like to drop it.
- Have students connect to _URL_ and click on Interactive Map in the righthand menu. The interactive map is color-coded to show wolf populations throughout the world. Explain that students may zoom in and read the numbers of wolves living in a specific country by clicking on the map. Have students:
list six places that have large wolf populations.
list six places that have large wolf populations and record the number of wolves living in each.
list the area that has the largest wolf population and the area that has the smallest and record the number of wolves living in each.


Pattern Matching Proposal
Bring the power of Rust, F#, Elixir, Erlang and Scala pattern matching to JavaScript!
If you're coming from a functional programming language such as Elixir, Haskell or ReasonML, you may know how frustrating is to switch to a language which does not support pattern matching natively.
Once you start to approach problem using pattern matching, you'll never go back to the messy if/else if/ else statements!
Let's see what I'm talking about, coding the famous FizzBuzz interview question in both ReasonML and plain JavaScript:
let fizzBuzz = (i: int): string =>
 switch (i mod 3, i mod 5) {
 | (0, 0) => "FizzBuzz"
 | (0, _) => "Fizz"
 | (_, 0) => "Buzz"
 | (_, _) => string_of_int(i)
for (i in 1 to 100) {
 fizzBuzz(i) |> Js.log
So as you can see in the ReasonML implementation above, we're using a switch statement which pattern matches agains a tuple, returning the desired output on specific conditions. I'll explain for you how does it work, just in case you're not familiar with ReasonML:
 - On line 1, we define a new function which takes an integer i as a parameter and returns a string. Pretty similar to TypeScript, isn't it?
 - On line 2 we declare a switch statement, which works similarly to the JavaScript switch. In that case, we're switching against a tuple, which is a ReasonML immutable, ordered and fix-sized data structure that contains two integers: the result of i % 3 and the result of i % 5. (mod stays for the modulo operator).
 - On line 3, we check if the tuple matches the declared condition, just like a JavaScript case statement. If the tuple is (0, 0) (so the number is evenly divisible by 15), we return "FizzBuzz". Otherwise we continue with the next statement.
 - On line 4, we check if the given tuple is equal to (0, _), where the underscore means "any value". So, if the given parameter i is evenly divisible just by 3, we return "Fizz", and so on with the other statements.
So, what about JavaScript? How can we implement a similar solution, given that we don't have any native pattern matching implementation?
function fizzBuzz(i) {
 const [x, y] = [(i % 3), (i % 5)];
 switch (true) {
 case (x === 0 && y === 0):
 return "FizzBuzz";
 case (x === 0):
 return "Fizz";
 case (y === 0):
 return "Buzz";
 return String(i);
for(let i = 1; i < 100; i++) {
Believe it or not, this is the closest ReasonML to JavaScript implementation I came up with! Let's break it down:
 - On line 3, we use the ES6 Destructuring Assignement in order to get an array containing just two values (x and y) where x is the result of i%3 and y is the result of i%5.
 - At time of writing, the only real alternative to pattern matching in JavaScript is the switch/case control structure, testing agains the true boolean value. So we use that switch/case to check if our value i should return FizzBuzz, Fizz and so on.
This is not the most elegant solution for the FizzBuzz challenge, but I hope that it allowed you to understand what pattern matching is and why we need it!
_TAG_ Proposal
function fizzBuzz(i) {
 case ([(i % 3), (i % 5)]) {
 when [0, 0] -> return "FizzBuzz";
 when [0, _] -> return "Fizz";
 when [_, 0] -> return "Buzz";
 when _ -> return String(i);
And here it is, the FizzBuzz solution using the Pattern Matching Proposal! It looks incredibly similar to the ReasonML solution, doesn't it? In JavaScript we don't have tuples, so we still use arrays, but look at the code: we don't even need to destructure our array and get x and y values! Just like in ReasonML, OCaml, Elixir etc, we use the underscore as a "catch-all" character.
 - On line 3 we define our new case statement, which accepts any kind of value as argument. In that case, we pass in just an array with two integers.
 - On line 4, we check if the array we previously passed to the case statement is equal to [0, 0]. If that is the case, we return "FizzBuzz".
 - On line 5, we check if the first element of our array is equal to 0. We don't mind about the second element, which can be literally anything. Same for the next cases.
_TAG_ Fetching
async function getData() {
 const response = await fetch("https//");
 case (response) {
 when { status: 200 } -> return "Data successfully fetched!";
 when { status: 404 } -> return "Endpoint not found!";
 when { status } if (status >= 400) -> {
 return "We got an error while fetching data"
(async () => console.log(await getData()))();
Let's pretend we need to call a REST API service, and we need to check the response status code. It's a perfect task for our new pattern matching friend! We can pattern match against our fetch response and return the informations we need.
_TAG_ and JSX
 props => case (props) {
 when { loading } ->
 when { error } ->
 when { data } ->
 when _ -> throw new Error('bad match')
Mixing the newest case control structure with JSX is really an amazing way to explore its potential. It really helps loading the right component and adds an extra layer of safety thanks to the _ (catch-all) char! With it, you can both throw a new error, or load a "generic-error-component" without causing runtime exceptions.
_TAG_ Pattern Matching Today
At time of writing (May 2019), the Pattern Matching proposal is in stage-1, so you can use it thanks to Babel!


Europe Reloaded: Differentiation or Fusion?
DSpace/Manakin Repository
Show simple item record
dc.contributor.editor DIEDRICHS, Udo
dc.contributor.editor FABER, Anne
dc.contributor.editor TEKIN, Funda
dc.contributor.editor UMBACH, Gaby 2011-03-09T09:12:48Z 2011-03-09T09:12:48Z 2011-01-01
dc.identifier.citation Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2011 en
dc.identifier.isbn 978-3-8329-6195-4
dc.description.abstract The European Union (EU) has come under pressure from different sides: First, it is undergoing a period of institutional and political reforms which are, however, progressing only slowly. Secondly, its shape is being influenced decisively by the inclusion of new member states. The guiding question of the volume is: In how far may the development of the EU be described and explained in relation to the two competing terms "differentiation" and "fusion"? The term "fusion", coined by Wolfgang Wessels, describes European integration as the dynamic process of more and more political tasks being exercised by the EC/EU as a result of the insufficiency of national capacities to act independently in a time of interdependent problems and structures. However, this development is accompanied by a process of growing institutional and procedural differentiation and complexity of the EU system. Each chapter of the volume analyses the interrelation between the two central dynamics "fusion" and "differentiation" in the EU system. The key terms "differentiation" and "fusion" are thus applied by high-ranking academics from across Europe with regard to European politics, policies and the evolution of the European polity. en
dc.language.iso en en
dc.publisher Nomos en
dc.title Europe Reloaded: Differentiation or Fusion? en
dc.type Book en
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Definition of siskin in English:
A small songbird related to the goldfinch, with yellow and black in the plumage.
- Genus Carduelis (and Serinus), family Fringillidae: the North Eurasian (spruce) siskin (C. spinus), with dark-streaked greenish-yellow plumage, and several species in the New World
- Seedeaters such as evening grosbeaks, goldfinches, and pine siskins prefer black oil sunflower and niger thistle.
- Niger thistle appeals especially to pine siskins, goldfinches, and purple and house finches.
- After a four-winter absence delightful siskins returned to our garden in 1994.
Words that rhyme with siskingriskin
Definition of siskin in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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About the Norwegian Garnes name and the pronunciation:
Here in Norway we have at least two places called Garnes. They are not cities, but small places by the coastline. One close to the Bergen, and another close Ålesund. My family name origins from the latter. In Norwegian the name Garnes actually means something. "Gar" os "gard" means farm, and "nes" means headland. So it was as simple as a farm on some headland in the beginning. And since this is not so uncommon here, several places got the same name.
Now to the other spelling - "garnaas". This is actually another name, with another meaning and origin. "Garn" means "net", like in fishing net, but may also mean "yarn, thread, (knitting) wool, cotton (yarn)". "Aas" or "ås" means "hill" or "ridge", but may also mean "God" - the old norse gods that is.
There are around 4-5 places in Norway called "Garnaas" or "Garnås", and these are mainly located inland - not by the coast like the "garnes" farms. This may point in the direction of knitting wool and not fishing net, but this is only guessing. Maybe some norwegian called Garnaas can help?
The letter å (an a with a ring on top) is sometimes written as "aa", and I _think_ americans could say "aww" or "awe" to get the pronunciation correct.
426 norwegians are called Garnes 68 norwegians are called Garnås 43 norwegians are called Garnaas


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This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding
The 2013 release of Wendy Cadge's new study about religion and medicine, Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine, reveals the important role religion plays in hospitals and health care today. Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding offers solutions to help health care professionals improve health outcomes.
New York, NY (PRWEB) January 31, 2013
If four in 10 patients are making health care decisions based on religion, how are doctors incorporating their patients' religious beliefs into treatments at hospitals around the country?
Wendy Cadge, associate professor of sociology at Brandeis University, set out to discover how hospitals respond to religion and spirituality. Cadge interviewed and shadowed nurses, doctors and chaplains at major academic medical institutions to learn more about how they address religion in their work.
This month, The University of Chicago Press released Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine, Cadge's book, which is based on her multi-year study.
"I learned that health care providers have different ideas about whether and how to incorporate religion and spirituality into their medical practice," she said. "Despite the Joint Commission's guidelines requiring hospital staff to accommodate patients' religious beliefs, many doctors, nurses and chaplains view the accommodation in vastly different ways, making it difficult to provide the best possible care."
One organization, the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, a New York City-based non-profit, is offering solutions to this dilemma. Tanenbaum educates health care professionals by providing them with practical tools that help integrate patients' religious needs into medical treatment plans.
"Doctors and nurses don't have to be experts in every religion," said Joyce S. Dunbensky, Tanenbaum's CEO, "but they have to know when patients' religious beliefs are affecting the way they care for their patients and are impacting health outcomes. They have to work with their patients' decisions, including those that involve religion—just like they'd work around diabetes, or address poverty or any other variable that affects their patients' health."
Tanenbaum's Health Care program includes an online continuing medical education course for physicians, trainings, workshops, grand rounds, and The Medical Manual for Religio-Cultural Competence.
One of Tanenbaum's Health Care resources is its online continuing medical education course, Improving Religio-Cultural Competence in Patient Care. This 60-minute audiovisual course, accredited by the New York Academy of Medicine for one 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits, helps physicians and other health care providers understand how cultural practices and religious beliefs may impact patient decision-making, treatment options and the provision of patient-centered care.
Another Tanenbaum resource is The Medical Manual, a guide for all providers who want to understand the critical ways religion often drives their patients' choices and health care decisions.
As Cadge concludes in Paging God, health care organizations need to narrow the spirituality gap among health care staff and between providers and patients. By narrowing this gap medical practitioners will become more compassionate, patients and their families will avoid unnecessary anxiety and hospitals will provide more culturally appropriate care.
And, as Dubensky noted, "It can result in more successful outcomes that will reduce costs!"
# # #
Wendy Cadge is an associate professor of sociology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass. For more information, and to read the first chapter of Paging God, visit WendyCadge.com.
The Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding is a secular, non-sectarian organization that promotes mutual respect with practical programs that bridge religious difference and combat prejudice in areas of health care, workplaces, education and armed conflict.
NOTE TO EDITORS & WRITERS: To obtain a review copy of Cadge's Paging God and/or Tanenbaum's The Medical Manual, contact Bob Johnson or Mike Ward.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: _URL_


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I am trying to find out what formula to use for the above issue. If I do a gravity measurement above a volcanic chamber, what do I have to do? I thought about adding the Bouger corrections, as it is a mountain I am measuring on, but I do not know the density of the mountain, only for the bedrock around the crater. How do I do this, then? I found something about "buried bodies", but I do not know if you can name a chamber (="hole") a buried body. Can someone help out?
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As I recall you calculate the (repulsive) force from a body of negative matter the same size as the hole, then you add that to the Earth's gravity with no hole. The result is to reduce the Earth's gravity slightly.
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Thinking beyond Jay-Z and Coldplay, researchers at Ohio State University have turned a standard compact disk into a biochemical laboratory. Their specially designed CD completely automates a commonly used assay for classifying HIV and some cancers, eliminating many tedious steps and producing results in one-tenth of the time.
As early as four decades ago, researchers at Monsanto tried to use centrifugal force to push liquids through a series of chambers on a plastic disk, says L. James Lee of Ohio State. His updated "lab on a CD" contains a series of wells and channels, each no deeper than the width of a human hair. Blood or cell samples are placed in one set of the disk's chambers. Test chemicals are then mixed sequentially by changing the speed that the CD rotates: Solutions in wells closer to the outside move outward at lower rotation speeds, while those closer to the center remain in place until the CD spins more quickly.
Besides saving time, the lab CD also uses less of the expensive antibodies needed for common disease tests, cutting material costs by up to 90 percent. Within two years, technicians may be listening to their favorite music CDs while their experiments spin nearby on a similar disk.


The Forgotten Settler
The Forgotten Settler
With little knowledge of Pok Fu Lam Village, the first impression I got upon visit was the feeling of isolation. The unique setting and architecture of Pok Fu Lam village had separated itself from the surroundings. Its sunken landscape had also made it more enclosed and detached.
The history of Pok Fu Lam Village could be dated back to the 17th century, when Mainland Chinese fled China and settled in this area.
There are a lot of traces in the village that reflect how villagers settle and adapt to the surroundings, these are also evidence of time process of how the village had transformed.
In my photo diary, I have focused on different objects and materials settling into the landscape or surroundings, which to me is an echo to the experience of the villagers and also a reflection of the development of the area.
There are many random pieces in Pok Fu Lam Village that are being abandoned at different stages of time. Some of them are rather obvious and separated from its surrounding, whereas the others are being submerged into the landscape forming rich layers.
These objects to me are very fascinating as they reflect the different process of settlement, which may be contributed by factors such as climate, weather process and human interactions etc.
Pok Fu Lam Village is on the edge of being demolished, the laws being enforced to the area has made the living condition hard for the villagers. People seemed to have forgotten about the rich history and the vibrant cultures this village bears.
Given the condition of Pok Fu Lam Village, and the demand in land in Hong Kong, what is the future of the village?
Iris Ng


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Explain "Event-Driven" Web Servers to Your Grandma
You've heard the term event-driven, event-based, or evented when it comes to web servers. Node.js is based on evented I/O. nginx is an asynchronous event-driven web server.
But what does the term mean? Here's an easy way to think about it.
Let's think of a web server as a pizza shop that needs to take orders over the phone (requests for web pages).
Traditional Web Server
The pizza shop hires operators (processes/threads) to take orders over the phone. Each operator has one phone line. After the operator is done taking the order, the operator keeps the customer on the line until the pizza (response web page) is done baking and then tells them it's ready to pick up.
So the pizza shop needs to hire as many operators as the number of pizzas that may be baked at once in order to serve all customers who call in.
Event-Driven Web Server
The pizza shop only hires one operator, but has trained the operator to hang up after taking the order, and call the customer back when the pizza is ready to be picked up.
Now one operator can serve many customers.


How can I make sure a recipient doesn't receive the same email more than once?
The system only sends emails to specific email addresses once per email. Even if the recipient's email address is included in several lists, the recipient will only receive one email. If the recipient is in the system with several different email addresses, then the message will be sent to each address.
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Carbon is child's play
Carbon is all around us and makes up every living thing. Whether it's a tree, a bird or a person, it all consists of carbon. When living things grow and change, the natural processes that cause these changes affect the carbon they contain. But carbon doesn't just reside in living things – it can also affect the weather living things experience. Furthermore, the carbon life-forms themselves can influence how much effect carbon has on the weather! The Carbon is child's play unit is an ideal way to investigate the basic science of carbon in living things and the weather, and improve the scientific literacy of students in the classroom and in their own worlds. It provides opportunities for students to investigate their understandings of carbon in the context of their everyday experiences and, through hands-on activities and discussion, to make decisions and take actions to live more sustainably with carbon.


text:
(rebroadcast of live show)
Target: Grades 6-8
Length: 30 minutes
Internet: _URL_ ⇒
In Data Analysis and Measurement: Dancing in the Night Sky, students will learn about the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights. They will learn the many legends and myths that have revolved around the aurora throughout the history of mankind. Students will also discover how NASA scientists and engineers use satellite technology to measure and analyze aurora data. They will see how Norwegian scientists apply the concepts of data analysis and measurement to study the Northern Lights by using ground-based instruments and sounding rockets. By conducting hands-on and web activities, students will make the connections between NASA research and the mathematics, science and technology they learn in their classrooms.To order a copy of this video, please visit the Central Operation of Resources for Educators Web site.
This program was first broadcast on NASA TV Education File Schedule April 10, 2003.


What is Career Direct®?
Career Direct is a comprehensive career assessment system that combines biblical principles with cutting-edge career guidance technology and statistics. With more than 20 years of development, Career Direct has undergone rigorous testing and validation.
What makes Career Direct unique?
Career Direct is one of the few assessment tools to approach career guidance from a biblical perspective. Unlike other career guidance assessments that explore one or two facets of a person's identity, Career Direct examines four essential components of career selection: personality, interests, skills, and values. As a result, Career Direct is one of the most comprehensive guidance systems on the market today.
Fast Facts


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Related Topics: Containers Expo Blog, Microservices Expo, Open Source Cloud, Agile Computing, _USER_
Containers Expo Blog: Blog Feed Post
RAID and IOPS and IO Observations
There are at least two different meanings for IOPs
There are at least two different meanings for IOPs, which for those not familiar with the information technology (IT) and data storage meaning is Input/output Operations Per second (e.g. data movement activity). Another meaning for IOP that is the international organization for a participatory society (, and their fundraising activity found here.
I recently came across a piece (here and here) talking about RAID and IOPs that had some interesting points; however, some generalizations could use some more comments. One of the interesting comments and assertions is that RAID writes increase with the number of drives in the parity scheme. Granted the specific implementation and configuration could result in an it depends type response.
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Here are some more perspectives to the piece (here and here) as the sites comments seem to be restricted.
Keep in mind that such as with RAID 5 (or 6) performance, your IO size will have a bearing on if you are doing those extra back-end IOs. For example if you are writing a 32KB item that is accomplished by a single front-end IO from an applications server, and your storage system, appliance, adapter, software implementing and performing the RAID (or erasure coding for that matter) has a chunk size of say 8KB (e.g. the amount of data written to each back-end drive). Then a 5 drive R5 (e.g. 4+1) would in fact have five back-end IOPS (32KB / 8KB = 4 + 1 (8KB Parity)).
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Otoh of the front end IOP were only 16KB (using whole numbers for simplicity, otherwise round-up), in the case of a write, there would be three back-end writes with the R5 (e.g. 2 + 1). Keep in mind the controller/software managing the RAID would (or should) try to schedule back-end IO with cache, read-head, write-behind, write-back, other forms of optimization etc.
In the piece (here and here), a good point is the understanding and factoring in IOPS is important, as is also latency or response time in addition to bandwidth or throughput, along with availability, they are all inter-related.
Also very important is to keep in mind the size of the IOP, read and write, random, sequential etc.
RAID along with erasure coding is a balancing act between performance, availability, space capacity and economics aligned to different application needs.
RAID 0 (R0) actually has a big impact on performance, no penalty on writes; however, it has no availability protection benefit and in fact can be a single point of failure (e.g. loss of a HDD or SSD) impacts the entire R0 group. However, for static items, or items that are being journaled and protected on some other medium/RAID/protection scheme, R0 is used more than people realize for scratch/buffer/transient/read cache types of applications. Keep in mind that it is a balance of all performance and capacity with the exposure of no availability as opposed to other approaches. Thus, do not be scared of R0, however also do not get burned or hurt with it either, treat it with respect and can be effective for something's.
Also mentioned in the piece was that SSD based servers will perform vastly better than SATA or SAS based ones. I am assuming that the authors meant to say better than SAS or SATA DAS based HDDs?
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Keep in mind that unless you are using a PCIe nand flash SSD card as a target or cache or RAID card, most SSD drives today are either SAS or SATA (being the more common) along with moving from 3Gb SAS or SATA to 6Gb SAS & SATA.
Also while HDD and SSDs can do a given number of reads or writes per second, those will vary based on the size of the IO, read, write, random, sequential. However what can have the biggest impact and where I have seen too many people or environments get into a performance jam is when assuming that those IOP numbers per HDD or SSD are a given. For example assuming that 100-140, IOPs (regardless of size, type, etc.) can be achieved as a limiting factor is the type of interface and controller/adapter being used.
I have seen fast HDDs and SSDs deliver sub-par performance or not meeting expectations fast interfaces such as iSCSI/SAS/SATA/FC/FCoE/IBA or other interfaces due to bottlenecks in the adapter card, storage system / appliance / controller / software. In some cases you may see more effective IOPs or reads, writes or both, while on other implementations you may see lower than expected due to internal implementation bottlenecks or architectural designs. Hint, watch out for solutions where the vendor tries to blame poor performance on the access network (e.g. SAS, iSCSI, FC, etc.) particular if you know that those are not bottlenecks.
Here are some related content:
Are Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) getting too big?
EMC VFCache re spinning SSD and intelligent caching
SSD and Green IT moving beyond green washing
Optimize Data Storage for Performance and Capacity Efficiency
Is SSD dead? No, however some vendors might be
RAID Relevance Revisited
Industry Trends and Perspectives: RAID Rebuild Rates
More storage and IO metrics that matter
IBM buys flash solid state device (SSD) industry veteran TMS
In terms of fund-raising, if you feel so compelled, send a gift, donation, sponsorship, project, buy some books, piece of work, assignment, research project, speaking, keynote, web cast, video or seminar event my way and just like professional fund-raisers, or IOPS vendors, StorageIO accept visa, Master Card, American express, Pay Pal, check and traditional POs.
As for this site and comments, outside of those caught in the spam trap, courteous perspectives and discussions are welcome.
Ok, nuff said.
Cheers Gs
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Learning About Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Machines
What is a CPM machine?
After you have surgery on a joint, your doctor may recommend that you use a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. This machine can help keep your joint flexible.
The CPM machine fully supports your joint. You can relax and let the machine do the work.
There are different types of these machines. For example, a knee CPM machine has a cradle to hold your leg. The machine slowly bends and straightens your knee. And you can adjust the amount your knee bends.
Why are CPM machines used?
You may use a CPM machine after surgery to help keep your joint flexible. You may also do exercises with a physiotherapist (PT). These exercises can improve the movement (range of motion) and strength in your joint.
If you have knee replacement surgery, a CPM machine may be slowly bending and straightening your knee when you wake up from surgery.
You may be able to take the CPM machine home for a few weeks. Use it as your doctor tells you. But also make sure to do any other exercises you learned from your doctor or PT.
Is it an emergency?
Thanks to our partners and endorsers:


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Powered by Boiling Petrol.>
Incredible as it may seem, around the end of the nineteenth century, small boats really were powered by boiling petrol and using the vapour to drive a sort of "steam" engine. The "petrol" was more often called "naptha" at the time, and was a mixture of low-boiling point hydrocarbons distilled directly from crude oil rather than the sophisticated brew we know as "petrol" nowadays. The literature of the day used both terms pretty much interchangeably, and I have done the same here.
The naptha was boiled by burning a certain proportion of the working fluid, ie naptha. At first I thought that the designs below were merely optimistic proposals, but further research has shown that "naptha launches" really did exist, though in what numbers I cannot presently say. Certainly they were recreational craft for the rich rather than working boats.
I initially thought that naptha was adopted as a working fluid because it boiled at a lower temperature than water, and so was thought to be more efficient. (This is actually wrong thermodynamically, but let's not get into Carnot's Law just here; see the thermodynamics page) The real reason, at least in the case of the Ofeldt boat, was quite different. It was simply to get round a law that required every steam-boat to carry a licensed steam engineer. Another motivation was that they could get up working pressure faster than a steam engine.
THE YARROW ZEPHYR: 1888
As reported in the French journal Nature for 21 July, 1888.
The launch Zephyr was the first boiling petrol boat. It was built by Mr Yarrow of London, who gave a talk on its design before the Institute of Naval Architects. Its length was 11 metres and the beam was 1.8 metres. It carried 40 gallons of petrol, which was both the fuel and the working fluid. The petrol vapour from the engine was recondensed in longitudinal chambers on each side of the hull.
Above: The Zephyr Boiling-Petrol Launch.
The machinery and operation of this vessel appears to be very similiar to that of the Ofeldt launch described in detail below, and I will not describe it again here. The latter design is apparently not as original as I once thought.
One of the advantages that Mr Yarrow claimed for his power plant was that it could be started from cold in only five minutes. Nature made it very clear that they understood that reducing the operating temperature range would reduce cycle efficiency, not increase it, as one might at first suppose.
THE ESCHER WYSS NAPTHA LAUNCH: 1890
From the French journal Nature for 21 July, 1888.
Left: The Escher Wyss Boiling-Petrol Launch.
The company of Escher Wyss still exists, as a moment's Google will demonstrate.
THE OFELDT BOILING-PETROL LAUNCH: 1897
This section shows the bizarre and frightening arrangements of the Gas Engine and Power Company of Morriss Heights, 185th St, New york City. It was called the Essh system; that may be some sort of contraction of "Escher Wyss".
The main motivation for this system was to evade the USA regulations that required even the smallest steam launch to carry a qualified steam engineer; this stipulation was not lifted until 1912. Other countries had no such regulations, and the use of boiling petrol outside the USA was minimal.
Above: Cross-section of the Boiling-Petrol Launch.
This thing was probably expensive to build: there is no such thing as a free launch.
Above: The Boiling Petrol System.
An interesting feature of this boiler-engine combination is that there is no throttle valve. With small steam launch engines with flash boilers it was quite practical to operate just using the reverse gear and the burner control, as the amount of working fluid in the boiler was very small, and the response to burner modulation therefore reasonably quick. The same applied to the boiling-petrol system.
Above: Another View of The Boiling Petrol System.
A proportion of the vapour is diverted from B through tube T, and is squirted through injector P, entraining air from the funnel shaped thing A and driving the petrol/air mixture down pipe H to the ring-burner K, which heats the boiler tubes.
The exhaust petrol vapour, on leaving the engine, was condensed in "tubes outside the launch" that were under water, and returned to the tank in the bows. Condensation did not create a vacuum, and the back-pressure on the engine pushed the condensed petrol forward and up into the bow tank.
Petrol consumption was said to be between 17 and 20 pints per hour, generating 6 horsepower at 233 rpm. The launch would carry two people at about 5.5 knots.
The petrol acted as lubricant as well as working fluid, and it was said that "the density of the petroleum employed should be between 0.68 and 0.70. Below the former figure the petroleum does not lubricate satisfactorily, and above 0.70 it does not evaporate sufficiently rapidly." This seems like a very small range of density to specify in an age when the refining of petrol was very much in its infancy.
The dangers of this system hardly need enumerating. Most steam engines have little puffs of steam coming out of various crevices, such as the piston-rod packing. I see no reason why a petrol-boiling sytem should be any more leakproof, so it would seem to be only a matter of time before escaping petrol vapour was ignited by the nearby flame on the boiler, with dire consequences. J A Crabtree, writing for the Newcomen Society, was more optimistic, pointing out that there was a relatively small amount of petrol actually in the boiler, and the main risk was in starting without adequate pre-heating, when burning liquid fuel might run into the bottom of the burner casing and spill into the bottom of the boat. Crabtree states that anyone familiar with flooded vaporisers in paraffin-fired steam boilers would have been aware of the risks; this seems unduly complacent to me, as petrol and paraffin are very different in their flammability. Crabtree also says "It was hardly possible to apply these power-units for anything but marine work because of the need for infallible condensing arrangements." ie an ample supply of cold water. Crabtree's comments are reproduced in full below.
Turning to the possibility of excessive boiler pressure, a steam boiler explosion is quite bad enough; a petrol boiler explosion would add conflagration to detonation and would be considerably more dangerous and destructive.
Left: External View of The Boiler, with the engine under it..
The Scientific American said:
"These little boats have won for themselves an astonishing record. They seem to be as absolutely secure from accident as any kind of power driven craft can be. Every possible precaution is adopted..."
This seems an extraordinary conclusion to draw. There are many questions about how such a perilous technology came to get even limited acceptance. A sea-going experiment with ether as a working fluid came to a fiery end in 1855, long before the naptha launches appeared.
Left: A relatively modern view of the petrol launch and its safety problems.
CONFLAGRATIONS AND EXPLOSIONS
Left: News of naptha launch explosions at Henley and Cowes: 1891
Left: A naptha launch goes up in 1910
Left: A naptha launch goes up in 1904
This is taken from a 1965 article called "Naphtha Launches" by F L Herreshoff in the journal Rudder, from the USA:
"Certainly as we look at the naphtha launch today it seems a most infernal machine. Strange to say, however, these launches had few explosions or fatal accidents 'though most of them blazoned up occasionally. Many were copper sheathed in the engine compartment so these blaze-ups were rather laughed at or thought to be part of the game... The real, and possibly the only reason for the naphtha launch was to get around the law that required a licenced engineer on a steam launch... The genius who worked up the naphtha power plant to evade the law was a German named F W Ofeldt of New York and I class him as a genius because he arranged or designed launches that had few serious accidents and because the power plants were novel and built at little expense... The naphtha launch was smaller, lighter, cheaper and, of course, much quicker starting than the steam launch. They sold like hot cakes right up to around 1900 when the internal combustion engine began to be reliable and lighter than the naphtha ones."
Hopefully that extract is short enough to avoid copyright issues. I'm not at all sure about "few serious accidents".
From the Eagle Harbour website:
"The commentary on the smaller boat hulk was very interesting. My father who began to spend time at the Harbor in about 1905 always told the story that this boat was a "naptha launch" that exploded and burned at a dock on the west end of the Harbor with several fatalities. It was later towed to the east end and sunk by the coast guard. As I recall he said that the boat was owned by a prominent copper country family."
Which sounds like the sort of accident that would be all too likely. Clearly this "blaze-up" was not a laughing matter.
An extract from a news report in 1900:
"July also featured the Larchmont Yacht Club "Race Week." Thursday, July 25th, was a scheduled break