How Streamflow is Measured
Science Center Objects
How can one tell how much water is flowing in a river? Can we simply measure how high the water has risen/fallen? The height of the surface of the water is called the stream stage or gage height. However, the USGS has more accurate ways of determining how much water is flowing in a river. Read on to learn more.
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Introduction to USGS Streamgaging
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) started its first streamgage in 1889 on the Rio Grande River in New Mexico to help determine if there was adequate water for irrigation purposes to encourage new development and western expansion. The USGS operates over 8,200 continuous-record streamgages that provide streamflow information for a wide variety of uses including flood prediction, water management and allocation, engineering design, research, operation of locks and dams, and recreational safety and enjoyment.
How Streamflow is Measured
As you're enjoying yourself sitting on the peaceful bank of a local river, one question you may ask yourself is "How much water is flowing in this river?" You've come to the right place for an answer. The USGS has been measuring streamflow on thousands of rivers and streams for many decades and by reading this set of Web pages you can find out how the whole streamflow-measurement process works.
Streamgaging generally involves 3 steps:
Measuring stream stage
The discharge measurement
Discharge is the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day. In general, river discharge is computed by multiplying the area of water in a channel cross section by the average velocity of the water in that cross section:
discharge = area x velocity
The USGS uses numerous methods and types of equipment to measure velocity and cross-sectional area, including the following current meter and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.
Diagram of Channel Cross Section With Subsections
Diagram of Channel Cross Section With Subsections.
The most common method used by the USGS for measuring velocity is with a current meter. However, a variety of advanced equipment can also be used to sense stage and measure streamflow. In the simplest method, a current meter turns with the flow of the river or stream. The current meter is used to measure water velocity at predetermined points (subsections) along a marked line, suspended cableway, or bridge across a river or stream. The depth of the water is also measured at each point. These velocity and depth measurements are used to compute the total volume of water flowing past the line during a specific interval of time. Usually a river or stream will be measured at 25 to 30 regularly spaced locations across the river or stream.
Public domain
Current Meter
One method that has been used for decades by the USGS for measuring discharge is the mechanical current-meter method. In this method, the stream channel cross section is divided into numerous vertical subsections. In each subsection, the area is obtained by measuring the width and depth of the subsection, and the water velocity is determined using a current meter. The discharge in each subsection is computed by multiplying the subsection area by the measured velocity. The total discharge is then computed by summing the discharge of each subsection.
Numerous types of equipment and methods are used by USGS personnel to make current-meter measurements because of the wide range of stream conditions throughout the United States. Subsection width is generally measured using a cable, steel tape, or similar piece of equipment. Subsection depth is measured using a wading rod, if conditions permit, or by suspending a sounding weight from a calibrated cable and reel system off a bridge, cableway, or boat or through a hole drilled in ice.
Image: Price Current Meter
Object ID: USGS-000458
Credit: Justin Bongard, U.S. Geological Survey. Public domain.
The velocity of the streamflow can be measured using a current meter. The most common current meter used by the USGS is the Price AA current meter. The Price AA current meter has a wheel of six metal cups that revolve around a vertical axis. An electronic signal is transmitted by the meter on each revolution allowing the revolutions to be counted and timed. Because the rate at which the cups revolve is directly related to the velocity of the water, the timed revolutions are used to determine the water velocity. The Price AA meter is designed to be attached to a wading rod for measuring in shallow waters or to be mounted just above a weight suspended from a cable and reel system for measuring in fast or deep water. In shallow water, the Pygmy Price current meter can be used. It is a two-fifths scale version of the Price AA meter and is designed to be attached to a wading rod. A third mechanical current meter, also a variation of the Price AA current meter, is used for measuring water velocity beneath ice. Its dimensions allow it to fit easily through a small hole in the ice, and it has a polymer rotor wheel that hinders the adherence of ice and slush.
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Image: Measuring Boise River Streamflow with an ADCP
U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic technicians use an acoustic Doppler current profiler to measure streamflow on the Boise River in Boise's Veterans Memorial Park as part of a study of phosphorus mass balance.
Credit: Tim Merrick, USGS. Public domain
In recent years, advances in technology have allowed the USGS to make discharge measurements by use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). An ADCP uses the principles of the Doppler Effect to measure the velocity of water. The Doppler Effect is the phenomenon we experience when passed by a car or train that is sounding its horn. As the car or train passes, the sound of the horn seems to drop in frequency.
The ADCP uses the Doppler Effect to determine water velocity by sending a sound pulse into the water and measuring the change in frequency of that sound pulse reflected back to the ADCP by sediment or other particulates being transported in the water. The change in frequency, or Doppler Shift, that is measured by the ADCP is translated into water velocity. The sound is transmitted into the water from a transducer to the bottom of the river and receives return signals throughout the entire depth. The ADCP also uses acoustics to measure water depth by measuring the travel time of a pulse of sound to reach the river bottom at back to the ADCP.
To make a discharge measurement, the ADCP is mounted onto a boat or into a small watercraft (diagram above) with its acoustic beams directed into the water from the water surface. The ADCP is then guided across the surface of the river to obtain measurements of velocity and depth across the channel. The river-bottom tracking capability of the ADCP acoustic beams or a Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to track the progress of the ADCP across the channel and provide channel-width measurements. Using the depth and width measurements for calculating the area and the velocity measurements, the discharge is computed by the ADCP using discharge = area x velocity, similar to the conventional current-meter method. Acoustic velocity meters have also been developed for making wading measurements (picture to the left).
The ADCP has proven to be beneficial to streamgaging in several ways. The use of ADCPs has reduced the time it takes to make a discharge measurement. The ADCP allows discharge measurements to be made in some flooding conditions that were not previously possible. Lastly, the ADCP provides a detailed profile of water velocity and direction for the majority of a cross section instead of just at point locations with a mechanical current meter; this improves the discharge measurement accuracy.
The stage-discharge relation
Streamgages continuously measure stage, as stated in the "Measuring Stage"" section. This continuous record of stage is translated to river discharge by applying the stage-discharge relation (also called rating). Stage-discharge relations are developed for streamgages by physically measuring the flow of the river with a mechanical current meter or ADCP at a wide range of stages; for each measurement of discharge there is a corresponding measurement of stage. The USGS makes discharge measurements at most streamgages every 6 to 8 weeks, ensuring that the range of stage and flows at the streamgage are measured regularly. Special effort is made to measure extremely high and low stages and flows because these measurements occur less frequently. The stage-discharge relation depends upon the shape, size, slope, and roughness of the channel at the streamgage and is different for every streamgage.
USGS Stage-Discharge Relation Example
USGS Stage-Discharge Relation Example.
The continuous record of stage is converted to streamflow by applying a mathematical rating curve. A rating curve (fig. 3) is a graphic representation of the relation between stage and streamflow for a given river or stream. USGS computers use these site-specific rating curves to convert the water-level data into information about the flow of the river.
The development of an accurate stage-discharge relation requires numerous discharge measurements at all ranges of stage and streamflow. In addition, these relations must be continually checked against on-going discharge measurements because stream channels are constantly changing. Changes in stream channels are often caused by erosion or deposition of streambed materials, seasonal vegetation growth, debris, or ice. New discharge measurements plotted on an existing stage-discharge relation graph would show this, and the rating could be adjusted to allow the correct discharge to be estimated for the measured stage.
Converting stage information to streamflow information
Most USGS streamgages transmit stage data by satellite to USGS computers where the stage data are used to estimate streamflow using the developed stage-discharge relation (


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The word score can have several meanings. Originally it meant: keeping count of something by making notches in a tally stick. This might be for keeping count of how much money they owed (e.g. how much tax or debt).
- A footballer who kicks the ball into the goal scores a goal.
- A person who helps to count the points during a game is "keeping score".
- a score is the sheet music written for a group of players such as an orchestra.
- A score can mean a "soundtrack" in a movie.
- Score is an old word for the number 20. It is used in the famous expression from the Bible: "three score years and ten" meaning: "seventy years old" (3x20+10) (Psalm 90). This was thought to be a normal life span. And in the beginning of the Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago..." = (4*20+7)years = 87years.
- a score is an American 20 dollar bill (banknote).
|This disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles.
If a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Understanding rotomolding
A brief history of rotational moulding…
Rotational moulding is a plastic material transformation technique used to manufacture hollow and multi-walled polymer parts. The rotational moulding process was developed following the introduction of PVCs in the 1940s. The range of polymers expanded and with it the potential applications, resulting in rotational moulded products becoming available to an increasing number of sectors of activity, with products including trays, water recovery tanks, boats, all types of containers, automotive and agricultural fittings and equipment, etc.
The advantages of the rotational moulding process
The simplicity and upgradability of the moulds used
The moulds used for rotational moulding are simple in design since they are not subjected to any pressure, even though in mechanical terms, and where large-volume parts in particular are concerned, they have to withstand the load applied. The process also prevents the formation of any residue, thus ensuring the high quality of the rotational moulded parts produced. A high level of productivity at a competitive price – who could possibly resist?
The complexity of rotational moulded products
The rotational moulding process is perfectly conducive to the design of multilayer parts. The thickness and capacity of the parts are entirely adjustable, but it is also possible to design and develop double-walled parts, fill them with foam, incorporate inserts and even assemble or attach accessories.
Examples of rotational moulded parts:
Examples of rotational moulded parts
The rotational moulding process
The rotational moulding process generally comprises 5 stages:
 1. filling of the mould
 2. rotation stage
 3. fusion of the plastic material
 4. solidification of the plastic material
 5. turning out of the polymer
Filling the mould
Filling the mouldThe metal mould (steel or aluminium, depending on the application) reflects the shape of the part to be produced and is loaded with the polymer powder and colouring. The various parts of the mould are then assembled so as to make them airtight.
The rotation stage
The rotation stageThe mould is slowly rotated around its two perpendicular axes and placed in a kiln. The speed at which the mould is rotated, along with the difference in speed between the two axes, will affect the consistency of the finished part.
Double or triple-layer foaming operations can be performed at this stage. Once the fusion process is complete, the mould is removed.
The polymer fusion stage
The polymer fusion stageThe plastic material will soon cover the entire surface of the mould as a result of the axes rotating. The temperature rises, helping to keep the material consistent and thus eliminating any bubbles within it. Once the maximum temperature has been reached, a number of influential factors need to be monitored, including the speed at which the temperature is increased, the transfer of heat through the polymer, and viscosity, among other things
The solidification stage
The solidification stageThe mould continues to double-rotate as it is placed inside a chiller or crystallisation unit. Pulsed air and a fog of water can accelerate the process. The polymer begins to solidify, at which point the temperature drops less rapidly.
The turning out stage
The turning out stageThe part has now completely solidified and can be turned out of the mould. The tooling is unlocked and the part is removed and ready for finishing.
The cutting, conformation and finishing stages then follow and any accessories or decorative elements required are applied. A unit-by-unit quality control process is implemented in all cases. The cycle can then begin again.
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Risks of their coal terminal
reports on opposition to Washington's planned Gateway Pacific Terminal--which activists say will harm both the environment and local residents' health.
MORE THAN 100 opponents of a proposed coal terminal to be located just north of Bellingham, Wash., at Cherry Point rallied at the federal courthouse on August 31.
The rally is part of an ongoing campaign that has enlisted workers, students, the unemployed and environmentalists in opposition to the Gateway Pacific Terminal (GPT). The campaign has won support across the region. People attended from Seattle, Everett and other parts of Western Washington. There was also a contingent from Occupy Spokane, more than 300 miles away.
After rallying at the courthouse, the demonstration marched to City Hall for another rally, after which many protestors briefly blocked the nearby train tracks while being photographed by railroad police. Over a dozen port opponents were arrested for a previous action blocking the tracks, but there were no arrests at this rally.
People around the region are concerned because of the potential impact that GPT would have on their health and the environment. Coal is the world's largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The transport of coal will be a health hazard, releasing tons of coal dust across an area stretching from Montana to the Washington coast. If the terminal is built, 54 million metric tons of coal are expected to be exported yearly.
Proponents of the terminal are spending thousands on TV ads touting its environmental safeguards. They claim that the coal dust will be controlled by wetting it. Yet studies show that 80 percent of coal dust from trains drops out of the bottom of cars, and there is little if any way to limit this. The terminal developer, Carrix/SSA Marine, was caught in the summer of 2011--before environmental impact statements were completed--destroying wetlands to begin construction before getting required permits.
According to the environmental fact sheet "Facts about the proposed coal export from Cherry Point," the potential impact of the GPT include:
Threats to our health, clean air and water: Coal dust escaping from open coal trains and storage piles, and diesel exhaust from coal trains and cargo ships, would threaten human health, Whatcom County's clean air, and water quality in Puget Sound.
The wide-ranging health dangers of coal dust include exposure to toxic heavy metals such as lead, selenium and mercury. Coal dust leads to increased asthma, wheezing and coughing in children. Toxic pollution from diesel exhaust is linked to stunted lung development, increased probability of heart attacks, lung cancer, worsening asthma and infant mortality.
A comprehensive 2001 study of coal dust emissions in Canada found that the Westshore Terminal near Tsawassen, B.C., emits roughly 715 metric tons of coal dust a year. The report states that "coal terminals by their nature are active sources of fugitive dust." According to the rail operator, BNSF, every coal car can lose as much as 500 pounds of coal dust en route...
Exporting coal means more global warming pollution: Current plans call for as much as 50 million tons of coal to be shipped through Whatcom County annually to be burned in Asian coal plants. Burning that much more coal every year would produce more global warming pollution than all the cars in Oregon and Washington combined in one year.
Other potential effects of the GPT include disrupting an aquatic reserve at Cherry Point, snarling traffic at train crossings throughout the area, creating noise pollution from trains, and increased public expenditure on overpasses, bridges and other infrastructure needed just for this project. The public would be heavily subsidizing several profitable corporations by paying for this otherwise unneeded infrastructure.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
THE COAL terminal is being pushed by both corporations and politicians. Besides Carrix/SSA Marine, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways (BNSF) would carry the coal. Peabody Energy is the world's largest private coal company and would make millions off of the Bellingham terminal.
Billionaire investor Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway just bought BNSF. Goldman Sachs is partnering with Carrix on the project (apparently destroying the economy was not enough--now it wants to wreck the environment as well).
The terminal project is also heavily supported by politicians. Rob Murray, husband of Democratic Sen. Patty Murray, is employed by Carrix/SSA Marine. Other politicians endorsing the project include Democratic U.S. Rep. Rick Larsen and Democratic Washington Gov. Christine Gregoire, along with Republicans and local officials.
Unfortunately, labor is divided on the issue. A number of unions and labor groups, including the Maritime Trades Department of the AFL-CIO, the Washington State Labor Council, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union–Puget Sound District Council, among others, have endorsed the GPT, according to the project's website.
Their rationale is the 200 permanent union jobs the project is expected to create. Proponents claim that the construction of the terminal will create 2,000 temporary jobs as well. However, a study by an independent nonprofit agency, Community Wise Bellingham, claims that the negative impact on businesses in Bellingham, in the shortand long-term, would destroy as many jobs as the terminal creates.
It's understandable why labor would support any project that seems to offer jobs in the current economic climate. But unions can't ignore the warnings that this project represents a real threat to the health of our community and the environment--including their members. These things can't be sacrificed for corporate profits in return for the promise of jobs.
It's important for unions to work with the community--and vice versa--as part of a movement to demand not only environmental protections, but the creation of permanent "green jobs."
The organizing will continue after this rally. Activists intend to continuing rallying, educating the public and doing everything they can to stop the terminal--including joining forces with other grassroots groups near the rail lines that are scheduled to bring the coal to the port.
From the movement against hydraulic fracking to the opposition to the Keystone XL oil pipeline, opposition is mounting against those who wish to destroy our environment for the sake of profits.


_USER_ {1851, title = {Latent Heat Loss of a Virtual Thermal Manikin for Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Bicycle Helmets}, booktitle = {Advances in Human Factors in Simulation and Modeling}, year = {2019}, pages = {66{\textendash}78}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {Thermal performance of three bicycle helmets for latent heat loss was evaluated through a virtual testing methodology using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The virtual thermal manikin was prescribed with a constant sweat rate of 2~g/h and a constant sweat film thickness of 0.3~mm. The simulations were carried out at 6~m/s until convergence was achieved. The results from steady state simulations show heat loss of 158~W from manikin without helmet and approximately 135~W with helmets. However, the thermal performance of helmets with a sweating manikin has been reduced from 89{\textendash}93{\%} to 84{\textendash}87{\%}. These results imply that evaporative/latent heat loss plays a significant role in thermal performance of helmets. Therefore, thermal performance tests for helmets should also include testing of helmets for evaporative heat loss.}, isbn = {978-3-319-94223-0}, author = {Mukunthan, Shriram and Jochen Vleugels and Toon Huysmans and Guido De Bruyne}, editor = {Cassenti, Daniel N.} }


text:
Parson Odoreater CC is a specially designed manhole insert, with the addition of a canister containing 20 lbs. of non-impregnated, catalytic activated carbon, that traps and stores unpleasant hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan odors. Unlike typical activated carbons, catalytic carbon can be water washed to restore some of its H2S capacity and extend the useful life.
-Catalytic carbon can be water washed to extend its life and effectiveness
-Compact and corrosion resistant
-Does not require routine maintenance and carbon can be replaced without removing the entire unit from the manhole
-Won't interfere with installation or removal of the manhole cover

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Carlo Ratti Carlo Ratti Keynotes
The engaging presentations by Carlo Ratti are founded upon his critically acclaimed career as an... Need Inspiration?
This Carlo Ratti Keynote Explores the Concept of Sensible Design
By: Jaime Neely - Published: • References: &
In this Carlo Ratti keynote, the architect and professor at MIT shares the advancements he and his team of research have made in the field of design. He and his team have achieved something he likes to call'sensible design.' He describes sensible design as a real-time control system made up of two parts including sensing and actuating. These systems become like computers in open air.
To demonstrate how this technology can serve a purpose, he shares with the audience a map that tracked the cell phone activity during the World Cup final in 2006. He then showed what happened when tracking chips were attached to pieces of trash; individuals witnessed their trash continuing to travel across the country, even after two months since having been discarded.
Ratti believes that sensible design will reveal more about our consumption behavior, motivating individuals to be more conscious of how they're using space and the things they are consuming. Stats for Interactive Architecture Trending: Older & Mild
Traction: 615 clicks in 153 w
Interest: > 3 minutes
Concept: Carlo Ratti Keynote
Related: 13 examples / 10 photos
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Comparison Set: 5 similar articles, including: inventing groundbreaking plans, electric building blocks, and resource-based economy.


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The Infinity Gauntlet is a gauntlet used for channeling the power of the Infinity Stones. A knockoff gauntlet was in Odin's vault, which was right-handed, while the real one, which is left-handed, is in Thanos' possession. It grants the bearer infinite power over reality through the use of the six Infinity Stones (Mind, Reality, Soul, Time, Power, and Space) embedded in it.
A right-handed Infinity Gauntlet with replicas of the Infinity Stones is on display in Odin's weapon vault, and is guarded by The Destroyer.
In Thor's hallucination, Thor sees the Infinity Stones being assembled on a cloud-like version of the Infinity Gauntlet.
Because both Loki and Ronan the Accuser failed to retrieve the Infinity Stones for him, Thanos opens a vault and put on his left-handed Infinity Gauntlet, and decides to hunt for the Stones so that he can destroy Earth himself.
The false Gauntlet reappears in Asgard. While Hela explores Odin's vault, she finds the right-handed Infinity Gauntlet and immediately discerns that the "Infinity Stones" within it are replicas and not the real Infinity Stones.
The gauntlet is utilized by Thanos during his invasion of Earth. It is also revealed that he forced a band of dwarves, led by Eitri, to make it. After having collected all of the Infinity Stones by the end of the movie, despite the greatest efforts of the Avengers and the Guardians, Thanos utilizes the Gauntlet's power by snapping his fingers, causing half of all life in the entire universe to disintegrate, but damages the Gauntlet in the process.
Three weeks after Thanos's victory, the Avengers ambushed Thanos at his farm and Thor sliced off his hand that held the Infinity Gauntlet with Stormbreaker. Unfortunately, the Infinity Stones were not on the Gauntlet, forcing Captain America to question the whereabouts of the Stones. Thanos replied that once the Snap was complete, the Stones had no purpose and that he had reduced the Stones to atoms. This forced Thor to slice off Thanos's head and the Avengers returned back to Earth. They leave the charred and useless Infinity Gauntlet behind to rust.
- When holding the Infinity Stones, the Infinity Gauntlet grants the bearer infinite powers when used within the universe of its origin. Thanos successfully uses the Gauntlet to wipe out half the population of the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe, setting in motion the conflict for Avengers: Endgame.
- In Thor, the Gauntlet is depicted as being worn on the wielder's right hand, while in Avengers: Age of Ultron and the Avengers: Infinity War teaser, it is depicted as being worn on the wielder's left hand, like in the comics. It was revealed by Kevin Fiege that there are two Infinity Gauntlets. However, this was disproved in Thor: Ragnarok, in which the right-handed one was revealed to be a fake by Hela.
- This gauntlet, along with its Infinity Stones, were created by Asgardians to show how the item is supposed to look given, as Volstagg explained that the only Infinity Stone Asgard has in its possession is the Tesseract.


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An analysis of Growing Forest Partnerships in Guatemala
This report provides an overview and analysis of the background, context and development of the Growing Forest Partnerships initiative in Guatemala.
A GFP country since 2009, Guatemala's efforts have focused on building forest community partnerships, strengthening the capacity of forest communities and improving finance instruments to benefit smallholder and forest communities, all through the development of strong partnerships. At the start of the GFP programme in Guatemala, four thematic areas were identified as core areas to which GFP activities should respond in order to generate positive economic, social and environmental impacts in the country. These areas have served to guide the evolution of GFP in Guatemala and include governance, financing instruments, institutional strengthening and capacity development.


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- Historic Sites
William Trent House Museum
William Trent built his country estate north of Philadelphia, in New Jersey, at the Falls of the Delaware River about 1719. It was a large, imposing brick structure, built in the newest fashion. An "allee" of English cherry trees led from the entrance down to the ferry landing. Nearby, there were numerous outbuildings as well as grist, saw and fulling mills along the Assunpink Creek. In 1720 Trent laid out a settlement, which he incorporated and named "Trenton." Through careful preservation and accurate historical interpretation, visitors will become aware of the importance of this building in national, state and municipal history. An ambitious restoration project is nearly complete and will provide a more accurate historical representation of the museum's original appearance.


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The insurance industry is built on several fundamental legal principles that promote fairness, transparency, and efficiency. Understanding these key principles provides valuable insight into how insurance policies operate to protect individuals and businesses.
This article will examine the leading doctrines and concepts that form the foundation of insurance law.
Utmost Good Faith
The utmost good faith doctrine is essential for building trust between insurance companies and policyholders. This principle requires all parties to act honestly and disclose material facts when applying for, renewing, or making claims under an insurance policy.
Importance of Honesty in Insurance Contracts
Insurance policies are conditional contracts based on the information that the policyholder provides to the insurer. Because the insurer does not have full knowledge or control over the circumstances and risks involved, they must depend on the policyholder's honesty and forthrightness. The utmost good faith doctrine recognizes this information imbalance and obligates all parties to deal fairly and refrain from deception.
Acting in utmost good faith promotes efficiency and helps minimize costs in several ways. Accurate risk assessments allow insurers to set appropriate premiums. Honest disclosure reduces disputes over coverage and claims. Most importantly, candor and transparency allow insurers to meet their fundamental purpose: providing coverage to those with legitimate needs. By requiring utmost good faith, the law upholds the integrity of the insurance system.
Both Parties' Responsibility to Disclose Material Facts
The duty of utmost good faith applies mutually to policyholders and insurers alike.
Policyholders must disclose all information material to the risk being insured against. This includes prior losses, preexisting conditions, and any other factors that would influence the insurer's decision to offer coverage, the premium amount, or the policy terms. Even innocent mistakes or unintentional omissions can still breach good faith duties.
Insurers also must inform policyholders about relevant coverages, exclusions, and claim processes. Marketing materials and policy documents should accurately represent the protection being offered. Claims handlers must investigate diligently, interpret the policy fairly, and pay what is due. Failing to disclose paid commissions, tie-in sales requirements, or other inducements would violate utmost good faith.
Material facts are those that directly pertain to the insured risk. Minor omissions or errors typically do not qualify as breaches. But any deception relating to significant aspects of insurability or the claim's merits does break good faith obligations.
Remedies for Breach of Utmost Good Faith
Various legal remedies encourage compliance with utmost good faith principles. These include:
- Voiding the policy: Egregious breaches like fraudulent misrepresentations can allow insurers to nullify the policy from its outset. All premiums may be forfeited.
- Denying the claim: Innocent but material omissions often justify denying otherwise legitimate claims. Nondisclosures need not be intentional to trigger this consequence.
- Amending policy terms: Insurers can adjust premiums or coverages after discovering undisclosed facts affecting risk levels. This remedies the information imbalance.
- Damages: Monetary compensation may be awarded if a breach of good faith harms the other party. Damages require showing reliance and injury based on the deception.
The law grants insurers broad discretion over these remedies. Courts are usually deferential regarding underwriting practices and claims decisions made in the absence of full disclosure.
While harsh at times, these outcomes incentivize honesty from all parties. The overarching goals are transparency and equal access to information material in the insurance agreement. Utmost good faith is essential for aligning incentives around integrity and fair dealing.
Requiring an insurable interest prevents using insurance contracts for illegitimate purposes like gambling or profiting from losses. This doctrine adds an important layer of consumer protection and ethical grounding.
Definition and Requirements for Insurable Interest
An insurable interest exists when someone derives a financial, legal, or other benefit from a person or property remaining safe and intact. The insured must stand to suffer some detriment, disadvantage, or loss if the risk materializes.
Several relationships confer automatic insurable interest status:
- Ownership, like people insuring their cars, homes, or other possessions
- Families protecting loved ones and dependents
- Creditors safeguarding collateral for loans
- Business partners ensuring key personnel or assets
Insurable interest must exist when the policy is activated and when any loss occurs. The interest must also be objectively verifiable and calculable in monetary terms.
Role of Insurable Interest in Insurance Contracts
The insurable interest requirements serve two main purposes:
- Preventing wagers on losses: The law prohibits purely speculative insurance as a form of gambling. Requiring insurable interest keeps the focus on compensation instead of profit.
- Deterring intentional losses: Insurable interest aligns policyholders' incentives with protecting the insured assets and persons. Without it, perverse incentives could tempt orchestrating a loss.
In effect, insurable interest converts insurance contracts from wagers into mechanisms for indemnifying actual losses. This furthers constructive economic and social objectives.
Consequences of Lacking Insurable Interest
Insurance policies without adequate insurable interest are void as illegal wagering contracts. Courts will rescind these agreements and order restitution of all premiums paid.
If insurable interest is lacking when a loss occurs, the claim may be denied. Some states require interest only at the policy's inception. But the majority view is that interest must continue uninterrupted through the date of loss.
The remedy when insurable interest ceases mid-policy typically involves refunding premiums for the period after interest ends. This strikes the proper balance between fairness and preventing unjust gain.
Insurable interest is a defining feature separating legitimate insurance from impermissible gambling. Verifying policyholders' concrete interests adds prudence and integrity to the insurance industry.
The proximity between a loss and its alleged cause determines the scope of insurers' liability. This important causation principle provides predictable claims assessment standards.
Definition and Importance of Proximate Cause
Proximate cause refers to the primary and immediate reason a loss event occurs. The proximate cause must be connected to the damages through a significant, direct causal link.
Identifying proximate cause matters for several reasons:
- Sets clear boundaries on the scope of liability
- Allows insurers to underwrite and price risk accurately
- Prevents paying dubious claims that lack a causal foundation
- Upholds fairness by linking damages actually to their culpable source
By requiring genuine rather than speculative cause-effect relationships, proximate cause doctrine provides legal clarity and practicality.
Determining Proximate Cause in Insurance Claims
Investigating the proximate cause involves tracing back from the loss to find its essential triggering factor. Proximate cause inquiries center on:
- Directness: How closely tied is the cause to the effect? Is the chain of events leading to damages unbroken?
- Dominance: Was the cause the primary and overriding catalyst? Or were other contributing factors larger in magnitude or impact?
- Foreseeability: Should the resulting damage reasonably have been anticipated? Unexpected losses may indicate only a weak causal link.
Proximate cause determinations account for the unique circumstances of each situation. No single test applies in all cases. Rather, weighing the above factors together determines which pivotal event essentially led to the loss occurring.
Impact of Proximate Cause on Insurance Coverage
Finding that a peril outside the policy's scope was the proximate cause of a loss will bar coverage. When an excluded event sets the chain of causation in motion, insurers bear no liability.
Conversely, verifying that a covered peril proximately caused damages requires the insurer to pay the claim. Policy exceptions and limitations are unenforceable when a covered risk is the prime catalyst for harm.
Through principled reasoning about causal proximity, insurers can consistently apply policies while preventing arbitrary or unfair claim denials. Proximate cause analysis brings objectivity to the claims adjustment process.
The indemnity principle governs quantifying insurable losses. It pegs recovery amounts to the actual value necessary to restore someone to their pre-loss financial condition.
Meaning and Purpose of Indemnity in Insurance
Indemnity limits policyholders to claiming only their precise level of damages, no more and no less. Insurance aims to make claimants whole, not to enrich or otherwise benefit them.
Some key implications of indemnity include:
- Barring coverage for non-pecuniary losses like emotional distress or pain and suffering
- Prohibiting over insurance exceeding the covered asset's worth
- Recovering depreciated rather than replacement cost for worn items
- Coordinating benefits from multiple policies to prevent double recovery
Adhering to indemnity principles ensures fairness and eliminates motives for moral hazard. It also encourages economically efficient levels of insurance.
Conditions and Limitations of Indemnity
Several modifications qualify strict indemnity doctrine:
- Agreed value policies let parties fix insurable value upfront, overriding market fluctuations
- Value plus policies include cleanup and other costs exceeding mere asset value
- Replacement cost coverage pays the full price for rebuilding assets and new
- Lost income coverage often grants leeway for projecting earnings Potentially higher than the status quo
While injecting flexibility, these features still aim to approximate actual losses rather than overcompensating. The core focus remains to restore pre-loss financial condition.
Ensuring Fairness and Transparency in Indemnity Claims
To apply indemnity principles fairly:
- Insurers must specify policy bases like actual cash value or replacement cost upfront
- Adjusters should document claim calculations in detail for review
- Policyholders ought to honestly declare the insured assets' worth
- Both sides must guard against inflation, exaggeration, or duplication of recovery
Open communication and accurate data enable equitable indemnification. Insurers achieve their purpose while maintaining sustainability and customer confidence.
Subrogation entitles insurers to recover claim payments from negligent third parties. This upholds accountability while preventing unjust enrichment.
Definition and Purpose of Subrogation in Insurance
After covering a policyholder's loss, the insurer assumes their legal claim against any other responsible party. This transfer of rights is called sub


text:
LIBERO (Italy), DIE WELT (Germany), HEUTE, KLEINE ZEITUNG (Austria)
The tiny Greek island of Icaria is considering a referendum to break away from debt-saddled Greece, and become part of Austria, according to several European press reports. Icaria, which has a population of 8,000, could decide to become independent after its 100-year treaty with Athens expires later this year, Italian daily Libero reported.
The island, which is closer to mainland Turkey, became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, though the freedom lasted a mere five months, before becoming part of Greece in November of that year. It derived its name from Icarus, the son of the master craftsman Daedalus in Greek mythology, who famously fell into the sea nearby after flying too close to the sun.
Berlin-based daily Die Welt reported that a spokesperson for Icaria's mayor Stafrinadis Christodoulos, said: "Athens has forgotten us, therefore we're thinking about an accession to Austria."
Austria's daily Heute was warmed by the prospect of their very own beach in the heart of the Aegean Sea, with an online poll showing 83% in favor of annexation.
But the sun-deprived Austrians shouldn't trade in their snowboards for water skis too soon. Austria's Kleine Zeitung reported that the Greek embassy in Vienna issued a statement stating: "Article 12 of the Lausanne treaty of 1923 confirms that the islands of the eastern Aegean, including Ikaria, belong to Greece."
Is this about modern Greek finances gone awry, or is Icaria telling another eternal tale of hubris?
An ancient monastery in Icaria (Wikipedia)


What Is the Difference Between a Teacup Yorshire Terrier & a Toy Yorkshire Terrier?
by Sarah Whitman, Demand Media
 Yorkies differ in size, but only one breed remains.
 Yorkies differ in size, but only one breed remains.
 Yorkshire terriers are one of the smallest breeds around, with an average weight of 5 to 7 pounds and an average height of 6 to 7 inches. Although these tiny but brave terriers range in size, there is no technical breed difference between a toy Yorkie and a teacup Yorkie.
 Yorkie Breed Information
 Yorkshire terriers, affectionately known as "Yorkies," are classified as a toy breed by the American Kennel Club, and the breed standard is no more than 7 pounds. Although small, they exhibit typical terrier traits like bravery, determination, protectiveness and hunting skills. They thrive on regular interaction with their human families and do well with moderate exercise such as daily walks. Named after Yorkshire, their English city of origin, their history includes hunting down rats.
 Average Size
 The breed is one of the smallest around, whether or not they're referred to as a toy, teacup or any other nickname. Yorkies who weigh more than the average may be overweight or have other health problems that cause them to retain weight. Underweight Yorkies may be selectively bred, malnourished or have other health concerns that make them smaller than average.
 Teacup: Different Breed or Just a Tiny Yorkie?
 There is no breed-specific difference between a teacup Yorkie and a toy Yorkie. Although some Yorkie fans may give these little guys aliases like teacup, toy or micro, there is no breed distinction -- a teacup Yorkie is simply a label given to a small Yorkie. These Yorkies may be underweight due to selective breeding or health issues, or they may just be the smallest of their litter. Dogs this tiny are fragile and need special care to ensure they don't get hurt.
 Concerns with Tiny Yorkies
 Smaller-than-average Yorkies are prone to broken bones from falls, jumping off high furniture or rough play from children. Therefore, they're better suited in homes with older, responsible children and regular monitoring to prevent jumps and falls. Abnormally small Yorkies may also be more prone to common Yorkie health problems. These include sensitive digestive systems, poor tolerance to anesthesia and risk of knee injuries. Abnormal skull shape has also been seen in small Yorkies.
 About the Author
 Photo Credits
 - Siri Stafford/Lifesize/Getty Images


Risk-based Authentication
Risk-based Authentication (RBA) is a new security feature (available as a separate add-on for Hosted Login v2) that protects against fraud and the risks associated with account takeover attacks by forcing users to conduct a secondary authentication to prove their identity if risk signals indicate a threat.
 - An Introduction to Risk-based Authentication. An introduction to Risk-based Authentication and why you might find this new feature useful. Includes information about the new acr_values parameter and the acr amd amr claims.
 - Client Reputation. An RBA module that uses a sophisticated risk-analysis engine to compute a set of "risk scores" for each IP address that tries to access your site. These scores can be used to initiate "step-up" authentication for users deemed to be high-risk (i.e., more likely to engage in web attacks).


Milestone Membership
Finding Your Process Within Every Goal
VisuaFit Online Clinic Sessions
The VisuaFit Online Clinic Sessions offer both physical and cognitive navigation clinics designed to provide an online tool for youth to become stronger in different facets of their lives. Our clinics offer an array of resources for youth and adults interested in staying physically active, mentally prepared, and less stressed. Each clinic offers a variety of inspiration, guidance, and real time evaluation, while navigating through complex strategies.
EA Georgia Basketball Camp Discount Page Access
Basketball camps are important for all youth as they crave not only the interaction, but the motivation to pursue a sport that they love. Conditioned Minds Foundation offers Extreme Action Basketball Camps throughout Georgia in the cities of Norcross, Sandy Springs, and Lawrenceville. Conditioned Minds EA basketball camps help each camper create a sense of purpose while discovering their goals through technique, games, hard work, and fun. Every camp day our goal is to ensure each camper makes continuous progress in their quest to become a better basketball player.
Monthly Webinars (Social Skill, College Prep, Attitude)
Understanding what each young person needs to do to reach their major milestones academically this year is important for both parents and young people alike. Having the right attitude in the classroom and in sports go hand in hand; and understanding how effective communication creates more positive outcomes is crucial at a time when social media dictates the primary source of communication. Each webinar helps young people create a roadmap towards their aspirations while gaining a comprehensive understanding of how to reach specific possibilities through action planning, confidence, preparation, and comprehensive processes. Webinars are led by former and current professional athletes, educators, and motivational speakers.
EA Colorado Basketball Camp Discount Page Access
Each summer, Conditioned Minds Foundation hosts its annual Extreme Action Basketball Camp in Colorado Springs. At this camp, your child has the opportunity to experience not only the skills of basketball, but how to apply the right attitude, effort, and understanding, to reach the winner inside. With a focus on leadership development, participants historically have excelled in the classroom, the community, and better decision making on and off the court.
EPIC Youth Toolbox Software Access
E.P.I.C. Software Applications support formative evaluations linking active and cooperative learning, physical and sport specific training, behavior, focus, leadership, and school relevancy. E.P.I.C. provides user applications aligning a guided path of preparatory measures connecting youth goals back to school and athletic missions; an online database of academic, community; athletic achievements allowing the user to generate their connections to prior achievements; and youth development applications unlocking their fears while implementing character development.
Special Gift Bag
The founder of Conditioned Minds Foundation wants each participant to receive a memorable gift; something that can be used everyday as a reminder of the strength which lies within them. The gift will be mailed to each participant shortly after your registration occurs.
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51st Sydney Film Festival--Part 2
A timely and disturbing drama
Blind Flight, written and directed by John Furse
By Richard Phillips
13 July 2004
Blind Flight, written and directed by John Furse, is a compassionate and at times disturbing depiction of the illegal detention of Irish teacher Brian Keenan (played by Ian Hart) and English journalist John McCarthy (Linus Roache) by Islamic fundamentalists in Lebanon in 1986.
Kennan taught English at the American University in Lebanon and was kidnapped by four Shiite militiamen outside his Beirut home on April 11, 1986. Forced into a waiting car, he was taken to a secret prison, stripped of his clothes and kept in solitary confinement and total darkness for months. He began to lose all sense of reality until he was moved to a new location and placed in a cell with McCarthy, who had been captured a week after writing an article on the Irishman's seizure. They were among a number of UK and American civilians, including Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite, who were held hostage at the time.
Deprived of any contact with the outside world, Kennan and McCarthy, ostensibly from different social and political backgrounds, developed an extraordinary relationship—one that helped them maintain their sanity and endure years of physical and psychological abuse.
Keenan hailed from working-class Belfast and was a supporter of the Irish Republican movement. He defiantly refused to submit to the dictates of his jailers and at first clashed with McCarthy, a quietly spoken and well-educated middle-class Englishman. Slowly, however, the two men discovered that they had much in common.
Blind Flight carefully explores the complexity of this friendship—how it developed and was sustained—and its impact on the two men's jailers.
Keenan and McCarthy were kept blindfolded whenever their jailers were present. They had no access to newspapers, radio or television, and no idea how long they would be held. Keenan was eventually released in August 1990, after four-and-a-half years, and McCarthy a year later, following negotiations between the Irish, British, Syrian and Iranian governments.
Apart from the kidnapping and a couple of scenes depicting southern Lebanon—where the men were held for a period—the film is confined to their cockroachand rat-infested cells. A brief excerpt from a speech by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher about "fighting terrorism" in the movie's opening moments is effective and indicates that the political rhetoric employed to justify imperialist meddling in the Middle East has changed little over the years. Unfortunately, the Thatcher speech is Blind Flight's only political and historical reference point.
Background material on the Lebanese civil war and the political reasons for the kidnapping would have given the movie added depth and made clear that the detention and torture of the Western hostages was a desperate response to political aggression by the US and British governments, and the Israeli Zionists, in the Middle East. In fact, one of the reasons that the Iranian-backed militia kidnapped Kennan, McCarthy and others was to protest US and British support for Saddam Hussein in the Iraq-Iran war, and to secure the release of 14 Islamic radicals imprisoned in Kuwait.
Notwithstanding these omissions, Blind Flight has much to commend it. Performances by Hart and Roache are powerful and authentic, with moments of intense emotion. (Hart won the Tribeca Film Festival's best actor prize this year for his role.) To maintain an ongoing screen presence for over 90 minutes is a difficult challenge for any actor, but Hart and Roache hypnotically draw viewers into their dark and claustrophobic cells, where little appears to change each day. Insanity and the threat of physical assault are always present.
Director Furse should also be commended for providing an entirely objective portrait of the Lebanese jailers. These characters, played by non-professional actors, are not caricatured in any way. The film shows how these men were dehumanised by the kidnapping and detention.
One of the jailers is young, and another a recent father who proudly brings his baby to the cells for the prisoners to admire. He later admits to Keenan and McCarthy, "We are prisoners too." These brief moments are interspersed with outbursts of confused rage by militiamen against the hostages.
Most importantly, Blind Flight, by revealing some of the horrors perpetrated against those held captive in Lebanon in the late 1980s, highlights the criminal character of the current treatment of prisoners in Iraq, Guantanamo Bay and Afghanistan by the US military and its allies.
Rather than opposing hostage-taking and torture, the Bush administration has "perfected" the medieval methods exposed in Blind Flight. In violation of international law and the Geneva Conventions, Washington and its allies have established a global network of state-run hellholes, where hundreds of people, including teenage children, are illegally held without charge and denied access to the outside world.
Over the past months, McCarthy and Keenan, who closely collaborated in the development of Blind Flight, have published memoirs about their years in captivity and denounced the Bush administration's illegal detentions and torture and its so-called "war on terror." McCarthy told BBC Radio Four that Washington's treatment of prisoners was "barbaric and uncivilised."
We were seized in Lebanon and held there, McCarthy said, but those now held in Guantanamo Bay "were arrested and detained in Afghanistan and then shipped somewhere else. They may not even know where they are on the planet, which would add to the terror, I mean trauma, that I would imagine they experienced."
Kennan told the BBC that Islamic radicalism's influence would grow because there was a "fundamentalist in the White House who makes pronouncements about the axis of evil and promises to rid the world of this contagion. This will only serve to rally young impressionable minds to the cause.
"But are they terrorists?" he asked. "Terrorism, like the word Jihad, is a term bandied about for the gullible by the myopic. It serves to legitimise aggression as a form of righteous crusade. Just as I was chained in darkness for almost five years, my captors were chained to their guns in a profound darkness that I could see into. Tell me now, who is the prisoner here?"
Blind Flight was voted one of the most popular films at the Sydney Film Festival. Despite this, local distributors have refused to give it an Australian release, and the movie will only be available on DVD later this year. This is a serious mistake. Blind Flight deserves the widest audience, above all because of its balanced and enlightened outlook.


text:
CT scan read errors a leading cause of patient injury
The results of the study, by The Doctors Company, provides evidence of the increasing complexity of radiologists' workloads and how artificial intelligence-based tools might provide essential support that could reduce mistakes.
The study by The Doctors Company, the nation's largest physician-owned medical malpractice insurer, found that misinterpretation of scans and films—particularly CT scans—is the leading cause of patient injury involving diagnostic radiologists. The study analyzed closed malpractice claims against both diagnostic and interventional radiologists.
The study involved physician experts who reviewed claims and conducted medical record reviews to gain an accurate and unbiased understanding of what led to patient injuries. The analysis found:
- The top contributing factor to patient injury was misinterpretation of diagnostic studies, occurring in 78 percent of cases.
- The most common injury from misinterpretation of a diagnostic study was an undiagnosed malignancy.
- CT scans were a factor in 34 percent of the cases involving misinterpretation of diagnostic studies.
"The findings in this study, especially those involving CT scans, should be noted by all diagnostic radiologists and clinicians," says Bradley N. Delman, MD, a neuroradiologist and vice chair for quality in radiology at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital. "It appears that communication between radiologists and clinicians is happening more effectively than shown in a prior survey of claims, but with 18 percent of injuries still associated with poor communication between physicians, we still have plenty of room for improvement."
In claims against interventional radiologists, physician experts found:
- The top contributing factor to injury was technical performance, occurring in 76 percent of claims—most involving patients who suffered poor outcomes after invasive procedures.
- In 65 percent of these cases, the correct procedure was performed appropriately, even when the patient suffered an undesirable outcome.
- Only 11 percent of claims were found to be caused by poor technique or performed on an incorrect body site.


text:
Who Does Justice Look Like?
Her changing features—and skin color—over the centuries.
Posted Friday, Jan. 21, 2011, at 5:27 AM
Justice Antonin Scalia recently reminded us that when the 14th Amendment was drafted in the 19th century, it did not focus on ensuring that women were entitled to equal protection of the law. And yet women have long been used as the symbol of the law—as the image of Justice, a figure dating back centuries and deployed in many countries to mark a courthouse.
That worldwide tradition offered up hundreds of images of white women in paintings, prints, and statues. Then, in the 20th century, as real women of all colors gained access to courts, questions emerged about which women could be the models for Justice. In government-sponsored courtroom art, what skin tones could artists use? What scenes could properly adorn new courthouse walls?


M. Mur, M.L.A. Meys, J. Bodurka, R. Goebel, P.A. Bandettini, N. Kriegeskorte*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
Primate inferior temporal (IT) cortex is thought to contain a high-level representation of objects at the interface between vision and semantics. This suggests that the perceived similarity of real-world objects might be predicted from the IT representation. Here we show that objects that elicit similar activity patterns in human IT (hIT) tend to be judged as similar by humans. The IT representation explained the human judgments better than early visual cortex, other ventral-stream regions, and a range of computational models. Human similarity judgments exhibited category clusters that reflected several categorical divisions that are prevalent in the IT representation of both human and monkey, including the animate/inanimate and the face/body division. Human judgments also reflected the within-category representation of IT. However, the judgments transcended the IT representation in that they introduced additional categorical divisions. In particular, human judgments emphasized human-related additional divisions between human and non-human animals and between man-made and natural objects. hIT was more similar to monkey IT than to human judgments. One interpretation is that IT has evolved visual-feature detectors that distinguish between animates and inanimates and between faces and bodies because these divisions are fundamental to survival and reproduction for all primate species, and that other brain systems serve to more flexibly introduce species-dependent and evolutionarily more recent divisions.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)128
JournalFrontiers in Psychology
Publication statusPublished - 1 Jan 2013
Cite this


text:
During implementation, NGDBuild reports the following errors:
"ERROR:NgdBuild:412 - Invalid UCF/NCF file entry value detected while reading UCF file addtest.ucf, line number is 0..."
"ERROR:NgdBuild:31 - Errors found while parsing.ucf file "addtest.ucf". Please check for syntax errors in the UCF file. For more information on legal UCF constraints, please see the "Attributes, Constraints, and Carry Logic" section of the Libraries Guide."
These messages indicate that a parsing error occurred when the UCF file was being read. Check the syntax of the constraint at the line number specified in the error message. The value specified in the error message indicates the place in the line where the syntax error occurs.
This error will sometimes occur if a "=" is missing in the middle of the constraint or if a semicolon is missing from the end of a line. It can also occur if a keyword is misspelled, or if there is no object to which the constraint is attached.
If the line number specified is "0," check the last entry in the UCF file for valid syntax.


Albert Einstein Memorial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Albert Einstein Memorial seen from the front.
Replica of the 1979 monument in the academy garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D.C., United States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
The memorial, situated in an elm and holly grove in the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences, was unveiled at the Academy's annual meeting, April 22, 1979, in honor of the centennial of Einstein's birth. At the dedication ceremony, physicist John Archibald Wheeler described the statue as "a monument to the man who united space and time into space-time...a remembrance of the man who taught us...that the universe does not go on from everlasting to everlasting, but begins with a bang."[1]
The statue depicts Einstein seated in casual repose on a three-step bench of Mount Airy (North Carolina) white granite. The bronze figure weighs approximately 4 tons and is 12 feet in height. The monument is supported by three caissons, totaling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to 25 feet.,[2] It was cast at Modern Art Foundry, Astoria Queens, NY.
The sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait busts and statues (John F. Kennedy at the Kennedy Center; Mary McLeod Bethune in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C.), based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculpted from life in 1953 at Einstein's Princeton home. Landscape architect James A. Van Sweden designed the monument landscaping.[2]
Einstein was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 1922, the year after he won the Nobel Prize in physics, and became a member of the Academy in 1942, two years after he became a naturalized American citizen.[2]
The Einstein Memorial seen from the side.
The statue and bench are at one side of a circular dais, 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter, made from emerald-pearl granite from Larvik, Norway. Embedded in the dais are more than 2,700 metal studs representing the location of astronomical objects, including the (sun, moon, planets, 4 asteroids, 5 galaxies, 10 quasars, and many stars) at noon on April 22, 1979, when the memorial was dedicated. The studs are different sizes to denote the apparent magnitude of the relevant object, and different studs denote binary stars, spectroscopic binaries, pulsars, globular clusters, open clusters, and quasars. Familiar constellations are marked on the map for easy identification.[1]
To a visitor standing at the center of the dais, Einstein appears to be making direct eye contact, and any spoken words are notably amplified.
Engraved as though written on the papers held in the statue's left hand are three equations, summarizing three of Einstein's most important scientific advances:
Along the back of the bench, behind the statue, three famous quotations from the scientist are inscribed. They were selected to reflect Einstein's sense of wonder, scientific integrity, and concern for social justice.[1] They are :
 - "Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world of which man can just form a faint notion..."
In popular and artistic culture[edit]
The statue was filmed and subsequently used in the opening title sequence of Sesame Street during the show's 20th season.
A copy of the Albert Einstein Memorial made of 100% dark and white chocolate was once on display in the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, DC.[citation needed]
In July 2012, the sculpture was yarn bombed by the Polish-born artist Olek, who enclosed the entire statue in a colorful crocheted wrap of pinks, purples, and teal.[3]
 1. ^ a b c The Einstein Memorial at the National Academies: A Visitor's Guide (pamphlet), National Academies
 2. ^ a b c "The Einstein Memorial". The NAS Building. National Academy of Science. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
 3. ^ Freed, Benjamin (July 19, 2012). "Albert Einstein Memorial Gets Yarn-Bombed". Retrieved 9 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 38°53′33″N 77°02′54″W / 38.8924°N 77.0483°W / 38.8924; -77.0483


text:
- Add the Split Join shape to your process:
- In the navigation pane of Dev Studio, click Case types, and then click the case type that you want to open.
- In the Case life cycle section, in the process in which you want to add the Split Join shape, click Configure process.
- On the toolbar, click Open process.
- On the Diagram tab, click the Flow Shapes icon, and then select.
- Connect the Split Join shape by dragging connector end
points to connection points on different shapes in the process.Connectors that work correctly are green.
- Open the dialog box by double-clicking the Split Join shape.
- Optional: To provide a unique name for the shape, in the Split Join dialog box, in the Split Join field, enter a new name.
- In the Join list, define when the parent process resumes
Choices Actions Resume processing after all subprocesses are complete Select All. Resume processing after any of the subprocesses is complete Select Any.
After any of the subprocesses are complete, processing of the remaining subprocesses stops and the system cancels open assignments.
Resume processing after a when condition returns a true value
- Select Some.
- In the Exit iteration list, select On when.
- In the When field, enter a when condition that resumes processing after evaluating to true.
Resume processing after a specified number of subprocesses reach a certain status
- Select Some.
- In the Exit iteration list, select On count.
- In the Number of paths field, enter an integer that
determines how many subprocesses need to reach a certain status to resume
Note: Enter an integer that is lower or equal to the number of subprocesses in your process.
- In the Resulting with flow status field, enter a
status that subprocesses need to reach to resume processing.
For example: Enter Resolved-Completed.
- Optional: To provide a link to the Split Join shape step in the breadcrumb trail navigation,
select the Enable navigation link check box, and then configure
additional navigation options:
- To enable users to return to the step after the case moves forward, select the Only allow navigating back to this step check box.
- To enable post-processing or validation when users navigate back from the Split Join shape step by using the breadcrumb trail, select the Perform post-processing when navigating away from step check box.
- Open the subprocess configuration by expanding the Specify a flow rule for this subprocess section.
- In the Name field, enter a clear description of the subprocess.
- On the Subprocess tab, configure the context of the
Choices Actions The subprocess works on a current case Select On current page. The subprocess works on a specific case
- Select On specific work item.
- In the Work property field, enter a property reference in the current work item that identifies the key of the subprocess work item.
- In the Class field, enter the class of the subprocess work item.
- Optional: To specify a clipboard page that holds the subprocess work item, in the
Page name, enter the clipboard page name.
If the case is open as a page on the clipboard, you can leave the Work property field blank.
If the case does not already have a page and you do not provide a page name, your application creates a page named
pyNextObj_1, and so on.
The subprocess works on an embedded page
- Select On embedded page.
- In the Page property field, enter a reference to the property of mode Page, Page List, or Page Group that holds the embedded page.
- In the Class field, enter the class of the embedded page.
- In the Filter by flow field, select the subprocess
- To start a subprocess that consists of a series of actions to complete, select Process flow.
- To start a subprocess that consists of a series of forms to complete, select Screen flow.
- In the Flow rule field, press the Down arrow key, and then select the name of a subprocess to run.
- Optional: Specify what information about the subprocess you want to include in the application
- To link an application to the subprocess, in the Application field, enter the name of the application.
- To provide a diagram of the subprocess in a documentation section that describes a specific case type, in the Case/Supporting type field, enter the name of the case type.
- To provide implementation requirements of the subprocess, in the Specification field, enter the specification that holds the requirements.
- Optional: To display a message in the audit trial of the subprocess, in the Audit note field, enter a rule that stores the audit note that you want to include.
- Configure the second subprocess by repeating steps 6 through 10.
- Optional: To add more subprocesses, click Add a flow, and then repeat steps 6 through 10.
- Click Submit.
- Click Save.


text:
This case study investigation reflects on the use of metaphors to teach postgraduate education students the importance of personal bias and subjectivity to their research, and advocates the use of critical reflexivity to deal with it. Students are reluctant to be critically reflective as they can feel threatened by the reflective process, feel they can sit apart or outside their research, write without bias and/or feel critical reflection may damage their research findings. It explores the effectiveness of an approach to overcome this reluctance by applying a metaphor. In a Zambian research class, students introduced a metaphor for personal bias by likening it to an encounter with a hidden hippopotamus. These are difficult to tame, hard to deal with, and can remain hidden for a long time. They appear unexpectedly, cannot be ignored, and awareness the main defence. Subsequent dissertations showed an improved early adoption of critical reflexivity. This metaphor was then used as a key discussion point on a postdoctoral education programme in the UK and investigated formally using focus groups. Students reported a greater understanding of personal bias, recognised the importance of being critically reflexive, and felt the metaphor was instrumental in their understanding of the need to advise of their position in the research. Underpinning this approach is the assertion that metaphors can help explain personal traits that are difficult for individuals to describe (Hoggan, 2016). The use of a personal values framework; morality, competency, personal and social behaviour, provided a supportive writing framework resulting in an increase in critical reflexivity early in the students research.
|Number of pages||15|
|Early online date||31 Jan 2017|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Jun 2017|
- critical reflexivity
- personal bias


text:
Science in Christian Perspective
THE THERMODYNAMICAL TRIPLE POINT. Implications for the Trinity
Michael J. Bozack
Surface Science Center
Department of Chemistry
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA 15260
From: PSCF 39 (March 1987): 39-41.
There has been little progress in the doctrine of the trinity since the Athanasian Creed and the Westminster Confession of Faith. A large number of parallel concepts have been suggested, but the use of the thermodynamical triple point as an analogy to the trinity has not been previously discussed. In this study we show that the thermodynamical triple point possesses a number of elements in common with the trinity. The triple point contains (1) a singular nature shared by three coequal but distinct subsistences, (2) economical, and (3) ontological properties. It also preserves the distinction between the classical trinity and the (4) tritheistic and (5) trimodal formulations. These rigorous requirements have been difficult to satisfy in previous analogies. The triple point provides an epistemic counterpart for our thinking about the trinity and allows for development of new perspectives.
The triple point is defined as the point where the solid,
liquid, and gaseous forms of a substance coexist in equilibrium. The concept is anticipated by the Gibbs phase rule,
according to which the largest number of phases P which can
coexist in a thermodynamical system plus the number of
degrees of freedom F equals the sum of the components C of
the system, plus 2. In algebraic terms:
P - F = C - 2
The phases P are the states of matter that make up the system, usually solid, liquid, and gas. Each phase is homogeneous and contains bounding surfaces which allow for mechanical separation (at least in principle). The degrees of freedom F refer to the number of independently variable parameters that completely specify the thermodynamic state of the system. Such parameters are normally temperature, pressure, and composition. The components C are the lowest number of substances of independently variable composition which compose the system. In a solution such as salt water, possessing stable compounds, the number of components is two (NaCl and H2O). In a metallic alloy, it is usually sufficient to count the elements involved. Most pure substances possess a three-phase equilibrium point.
Application of the phase rule to a substance results in a phase diagram showing the possible phases available to the substance at varying pressures, temperatures, and compositions. The simplest phase diagram is that for a one-component system whose composition is fixed at 100% of the material under consideration. The remaining degrees of freedom (temperature and pressure) are customarily plotted on a two-dimensional graph with appropriate regions representing solid, liquid, and gas. A common example is water, whose phase diagram is reproduced in Figure 1. Equilibrium between two phases occurs along the mutual boundary of the phase regions, and equilibrium among all three phases occurs at the intersection of the regions. This intersection is the triple point.
For the case of water, which as a fixed composition, C = 1, and the maximum number of phases P of water that can coexist in equilibrium is three: ice, water, and steam. By Gibbs' phase rule:P + F = C + 2
The phase rule governs a system in equilibrium, meaning that the thermodynamic system possesses properties that are independent of time. At the triple point, equilibrium requires that rigorous control of pressure, temperature, and composition results in maintenance of the triple point indefinitely. The equilibrium is dynamic, with transitions occurring continuously between the coexisting phases, but in a way such that no apparent change is evident with the naked eye. This means that, at the triple point, boiling and condensing, melting and freezing, and subliming and freezing of gas are all going on simultaneously. For the case of water, the necessary pressure (0.006 atm.) is below I atmosphere and must be prepared in a special experimental setup.
Finally, it is noteworthy that the triple point is not equivalent to the mere existence of three forms of matter, but rather defines a unique relationship between the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. Mere existence of three phases of matter is trimodal and therefore unsuitable for analogy to the trinity.
By analogy we mean the extension of patterns of relationship drawn from one area of experience to coordinate other
types of experience. This requires the establishment of a
number of characteristics held in common by the objects of
comparison. It is possible to identify at least seven important
areas of comparison between the triple point and the trinity.
1. Both the triple point and tke trinity possess a singular nature witk three coequal but distinct subsistences.
The triple point and the trinity both have a singular essence and possess three subsistences which have real distinctions among them. For example, the three states of water at the triple point are conjoined by a common molecular structure, yet ice, steam, and water are quite different from one another macroscopically. The difference is manifested by the distinctive physical properties held by the states of matter, such as density, compressibility, electrical conductivity, et cetera. Because the coexisting phases at the triple point possess a distinctive set of physical properties, the union of one into three occurs without loss of identity of the phases. By comparison, the trinity is also a single essence containing three subsistences which are able to merge without loss of identity. There is an infusion of three-into-one in both models, the satisfaction of which constitutes a minimum requirement for establishment of an effective analogy to the trinity.
Fig. 1. Phase Diagram For Water.
The phase diagram of water, showing the possi
ble phases available to H20 at varying temperatures and
pressures. Coexistence of two phases occurs along the lines
marked S-L, L-G, and S-G, while coexistence of three phases
exists at the intersection of the regions, defined as the triple
point. Since the triple point of water occurs below atmospheric pressure, it must be put under vacuum to observe.
2. Both the triple point and the trinity are equilibrium
Equilibrium is that condition in a thermodynamic reaction beyond which no net change occurs in the concentration of any substance. It defines a state in which the properties of the system are independent of time. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when equilibrium is maintained by equal rates of forward and reverse reactions, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by the absence of reaction. In the case of the triple point, the equilibrium is dynamic. Transitions are continually occurring among the phases, and no net change in the relative amounts of liquid, solid, and gas are measurable. The existence of an equilibrium state is analogous to the immutability of the Godhead, meaning that the nature and attributes of the Godhead are invariant with respect to essence. The triple point is also invariant, since a given substance is composed of a distinct elemental composition and, by definition, an equilibrium state is independent of time.
The Godhead is sustained by a self-contained mutuality of relations, and no one person of the trinity is or can be without the others. There is a coequal sharing of the singular divine essence without intrinsic subordination of any person. The undivided essence belongs equally to each of the persons and each possesses all the substance and all the attributes of deity. The same could be said for the triple point phases, as no state of matter is more fundamental than another, nor is water any less itself because it exists in three coincident forms.


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Marbel Music for Kids
Virus Free No Ads
** Main Features **
- Learning tone and its vocal (solfeggio)
- Learning music instruments
- Learning sound of music instruments
- Learning piano in variety tone
- Six different animal's sounds
- Learning orchestra with frogs
- Learning style of music at the Music House
- Acquainting with music parade through beautiful songs.
Available in two languages
- Bahasa Indonesia
** About MARBEL **
Marbel, which is an abbreviation of MARI BELAJAR SAMBIL BERMAIN (Let's Learn while Play), is one of top Educa Studio products that have released more than 130 series. Educa Studio itself has been focusing on education since 2011 until now.
** Support **


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School community partnerships
Students' learning about and for a safe road/rail system is influenced by consistent messages and practices by all members of the school community. This membership includes parents, students, whānau, school staff, police, and territorial authorities.
School community partnerships may be evident by:
- Contribution of school community members in maintaining a road safety education policy.
- Enthusiasm from parents/whānau for road patrol duty.
- Road safety units that include home school partnerships.
- Parent/guardians adhering to guidelines/rules designed to improve safety e.g. minimising school gate congestion, vehicle and driver requirements for EOTC activities.
- Road safety messages (preferably student developed) are included in school newsletters
- Police officers and school travel planners regularly visit the school.
- The school community responds positively to reported instances of dangerous or potential dangerous road use.
- Student learning in road safety units is incorporated into policies/procedures/guidelines developed by the school and local territorial authorities which affect driver, pedestrian, cyclist and passenger behavior in the local school community.
- Students' learning directly influences their transport and play environment. E.g. considerate road sharing, safer crossing points, road calming for safer vehicle speeds, alternative cycle and pedestrian routes away from roads, changes to the school's road safety education policy.
More resourcesFind the latest road safety education resources from New Zealand and overseas, on the NZTA Pinterest board:
List of NZTA resources
A process for building school communities is identified in a range of educational programmes including:
School Community Officers (formerly called Police Education Officers) are experienced police officers who work in collaboration with whole school communities, to enhance community safety, including road safety.
All the resources you need for setting up a Walking School Bus at your school
Using these Point of View videos students can identify hazards, discuss and role play safe practices, and watch models of safe pedestrian behaviour.
Here you will find a list of past newsletters from the Education Portal.
A collection of leaflets describing the things you need to know to help teach your child about staying safe on roads, cycling, walking, taking the bus and near railways.
A SlideShare and PowerPoint presentation for families, caregivers and teachers. Describes key safety procedures to follow when riding a push scooter.
A safe school travel plan provides an opportunity for parents, caregivers, schools and the community to work together to improve safety. This booklet was updated in June 2011 and is published online only.
On this page, you can see all of the Feet First resources in one long list


What Is the Systematic Name of PbO?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 28, 2020 1:36:25 AM ET
The systematic name of the compound PbO is lead(II) oxide. This substance is also commonly referred to as lead monoxide, lead oxide and plumbous oxide.
Lead(II) oxide is an inorganic compound that can take on two different crystal structures, or polymorphs. One structure is tetragonal, and the other is orthorhombic. Lead(II) oxide can be fatal if ingested, and exposure to the substance can be harmful to the skin, eyes, gums, kidneys, blood, respiratory tract and central nervous system.
Most methods for producing lead(II) oxide involve oxidizing lead at very high temperatures, and it is used in the manufacture of industrial glass and industrial ceramics.


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25th arvid wretlind's lecture–silver anniversary, 25 years with ESPEN, the history of nutrition.
Sommaire de l'article
The development of nutrition and the knowledge of metabolism has increased exponentially during the last decades since the start of ESPEN. This article, based on the Arvid Wretlind lecture 2003 in Cannes, describes important historical and modern landmarks in the field. The presentation also highlights the important contributions made by Arvid Wretlind regarding the development of lipid emulsions and amino acid solutions. The last 25 years of nutritional development is very much linked to the modern history of ESPEN. The fruitful balance between research, industry and education is recognised. Publication Types: Historical Article Review


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USGS Volcano Hazards Program Volcano Update
Cleveland volcano forms the western half of Chuginadak Island, a remote and uninhabited island in the east central Aleutians. It is located about 75 km (45 mi.) west of the community of Nikolski, and 1500 km (940 mi.) southwest of Anchorage. The volcano's most recent significant eruption began in February, 2001 and it produced 3 explosive events that produced ash clouds as high as 12 km (39,000 ft) above sea level. The 2001 eruption also produced a rubbly lava flow and hot avalanche that reached the sea. The most recent minor ash emissions were observed in November 2012.
Update in Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) format


The initial way involves mixing together the powder and baking it into a bar. This takes a tiny bit longer to make so you might desire to keep this to the very least in the event that you aren't a fan to do it this way. If you are a busy person that doesn't have a lot of time to prepare things, then the second option is going to be ideal for you.
Both options should take about one hour or so based on how quickly it is possible to mix the ingredients together. Once you have made both the mixes, you're ready to put them together. To do this, you will need to break out a big block of ice and place each of the ingredients in. Make sure you lay a bit of paper underneath to catch any spills or accidents. Once you've done this, lay the mixture of ice along with the baking soda. This will keep it in place and keep you from sliding everywhere.
If you are using this method to lose weight, then you're going to want to take about an hour to prepare this recipe. Once you've managed to get, you're going to desire to consume it within 5 minutes. When you eat it, you'll realize that it isn't as bad for you as you might have thought. Though it isn't as delicious because so many desserts, it's still effective. You're simply eating it with a bit of a sweetener such as a sugar pill or a cup of tea.
A lot of people find that they consume this in moderation due to how filling it really is. However, if you have a hard time avoiding sweets, then you can also make use of this product in conjunction with other types of natural weight reduction methods such as green tea. Both of these can help you lose weight and they will do so in various ways. Green tea can work as a laxative while ice can help you drop the pounds by slowing your body's metabolism.
Although there are only two ingredients listed on the Puff Bar itself, it doesn't really look like much. However, there are recipes available for you to create your own. In addition to this, you can also find other Puff Bars that contain other ingredients. For example, one of many flavors that is listed has baking powder in it. This is combined with brown sugar, which is used as a sweetener.
If you need to use it with a different type of recipe, you should be in a position to easily do so. This allows you to experiment with various kinds of desserts you can create. You may find that Puff Bar is something that you want to keep in your pantry or back-up freezer. Whenever you feel like a treat, all you have to to accomplish is dip a finger in the recipe and stir it around. When you have done this twice, you're prepared to eat it up. There really isn't a lot of a fuss with this product.
Remember that you don't have to follow this particular recipe to lose excess weight. However, it can be a thing that you use along with other recipes. By combining it with other ingredients, you are able to get the full benefits from each one. This will enable you to reduce the level of calories that you will be consuming and to also feel full longer.
The Benefits Of Forming An Alliance With A Vapor Shop
The Benefits Of Forming An Alliance With A Vapor Shop
A Vapor Shop is really a retail outlet usually specializing in the sale of herbal/healthful electronic cigarette merchandise. There are also numerous online vapor shops open to purchase any selection of vapor products. Most Vapor Shops supplies a wide variety of herbal/healthful e cigarette products to choose from. Most Vapor Shops doesn't sell exclusively e cigarette products from "Big Tobacco." Most Vapor Shops posesses wide range of well-crafted, high quality, and well priced herbal e cigarette items.
Vape Shop
Vaping is the latest craze among tobacco users and non-smokers alike. E-Cigs (aka 'Vapes') has taken over traditional cigarettes in both popularity and sales. It's estimated that a lot more than eighteen million Americans currently use vaporizers. As vaporizers are increasingly more popular and smokers begin using less tobacco, the Vapor Shop industry will experience tremendous growth. According to the American Vaping Association, you can find estimated to be at least two hundred shops operating in America.
Many of these shops began as personal use labs, or experimental vaporizer units. As e-liquids became more mainstream, more shops began to offer these specialty products on the market to the general public. The Vapor Shop has quickly become one of the important destinations in terms of searching for and purchasing new electric cigarettes. In a typical week, there may be as many as eight to ten Vapor Shops open. This makes the Vapor Shop an extremely important place to visit, Vape for anyone who is searching for a particular product. Many Vape Shops is currently situated in malls, leading customers to believe they are more readily available than they once were.
The rise in popularity of the Vapor Shop has led to increased regulation of the actual Vapor Shop itself. Before, Vape Shops typically operated only privately owned businesses. Regulators have recently threatened to shut down unlicensed Vapor Shops, which are considered to be in violation of the CLIMATE Act. Regulators are also seeking to regulate the volume of nicotine included in e-liquids. These two regulations, if passed, could drastically change the face of the entire e-liquid retail industry. Lots of the vaporizer and refill companies would no longer be in business.
If the Vapor Shop will remain in business, chances are they will need to provide more choices to their consumers. Most Vape Shops posesses selection of all the leading electronic cigarettes out there, along with the equipment needed to create your own customized e-liquids. So that you can encourage customers to get from their Vapor Shop rather than independent vendors, the Vape Shop owner could offer special discounts to clients who purchase more than one tank of their e liquids from them. This plan gives the Vape Shop owner a profit break, while also encouraging customers to keep purchasing e-liquids from the Vapor Shop.
While there is certainly nothing wrong with the thought of working closely with the Vapor Shop, some vapers prefer to maintain full control over the products they purchase. Some vapor shops offer an "offline ordering" service which allows customers to receive their supply of vaporizers directly from the manufacturer. This allows the customer to regulate the quality and consistency of the product and to ensure that they are purchasing a top quality product that is developed without any compromise with their personal care.
Perhaps the biggest reason that lots of vaporizers shop owners would like to become listed on forces with the Vapor Shop would be to promote long-term sustainability. In past times, the industry relied upon investment in both technology and manufacturing facilities so that you can thrive. However, in recent years many of these manufacturing facilities have closed or been moved to other parts of the world. While that is definitely a significant problem for the industry, it also means that the resources needed to support these operations are also depleted. By forming a strategic alliance, a Vapor Shop owner can potentially save thousands of dollars each year on overhead costs, along with promoting long-term sustainability for the business.
Many public policies have already been developed over the past many years that seek to limit the amount of tobacco use that occurs in conjunction with e-liquids. Unfortunately, these restrictive policies do little to avoid people from taking advantage of this convenient alternative to smoking. If you are a vaporizer shop owner, it could be in your best interest to find an opportunity to utilize a regulatory body that seeks to market healthy alternatives to traditional cigarettes, such as the Vape Shop.
Online Gambling: Is it Safe?
Online gambling
Online Gambling: Is it Safe?
Online gambling has seen a dramatic upsurge in days gone by year. Many states are actually starting to regulate online poker and online casinos. While many people don't realize it, online gambling has been illegal in lots of states for years. The brand new laws are beginning to change the facial skin of online gambling.
Many cities took action against online gambling in recent months. Las Vegas is one city which has seen a huge upsurge in online gambling. The state of Louisiana is gearing around placed into place a ban as well. If it becomes illegal, you will have many people which will leave the state. It is predicted that the numbers will only go up after the law is passed.
There are several reasons why online casinos are becoming more popular. One reason is that a lot of gamblers prefer to gamble on the computers. It is more private and individuals don't need to sm 카지노 worry about others studying their betting habits. This alone draws lots of people to online casinos.
Another reason online gambling is becoming popular is that the industry is becoming more mature. Many states are now starting to see the great things about regulating online games. This allows online casinos to understand from the mistakes of the past. It also allows the online gambling community to create better regulations. These new regulations should allow online gaming to become even more reputable.
The online gaming industry has come a long way over the past year or two. There have been many changes to the program that are used in online casinos. New technologies have already been implemented that allow online casinos to deliver more accurate results. That is done through a variety of means and one of these is statistical analysis.
Statistic analysis will come in handy for most reasons. It gives who owns a site with the data of what percentage of individuals will regularly play their games. These details is important because it allows them to increase the odds of winning games. They are able to also decrease the amount of money they take from players through the various implies that they use. Without knowing this information, they may be lowering the standards they live by allowing people to lose more money than they ought to.
With the brand new laws that will


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6825 mammograms from our mammography image database were segmented to find the breast outline. The outlines were averaged and smoothed to produce an average outline for each laterality and radiographic projection.
Lesions in 3304 mammograms with malignant findings were mapped on to a standardised breast image corresponding to the average breast outline using piecewise affine transforms. A four dimensional probability distribution function was found from the lesion locations in the cranio-caudal and medio-lateral radiographic projections for calcification and noncalcification lesions. Lesion locations sampled from this probability distribution function were mapped on to individual mammograms using a piecewise affine transform which transforms the average outline to the outline of the breast in the mammogram.
The four dimensional probability distribution function was validated by comparing it to the two dimensional distributions found by considering each radiographic projection and laterality independently. The correlation of the location of the lesions sampled from the four dimensional probability distribution function across radiographic projections was shown to match the correlation of the locations of the original mapped lesion locations.