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six different forms (polymorphous crystallization). The primary purpose of tempering is to assure that only the best form is present. The six different crystal forms have different properties.
|I||17 °C (63 °F)||Soft, crumbly, melts too easily.|
|II||21 °C (70 °F)||Soft, crumbly, melts too easily.|
|III||26 °C (78 °F)||Firm, poor snap, melts too easily.|
|IV||28 °C (82 °F)||Firm, good snap, melts too easily.|
|V||34 °C (94 °F)||Glossy, firm, best snap, melts near body temperature (37 °C).|
|VI||36 °C (97 °F)||Hard, takes weeks to form.|
Making chocolate considered "good" is about forming as many type V crystals as possible. This provides the best appearance and texture and creates the most stable crystals so the texture and appearance will not degrade over time. To accomplish this, the temperature is carefully manipulated during the crystallization.
Generally, the chocolate is first heated to 45 °C (115 °F) to melt all six forms of crystals. Next, the chocolate is cooled to about 27 °C (80 °F), which will allow crystal types IV and V to form. At this temperature, the chocolate is agitated to create many small crystal "seeds" which will serve as nuclei to create small crystals in the chocolate. The chocolate is then heated to about 31 °C (88 °F) to eliminate any type IV crystals, leaving just type V. After this point, any excessive heating of the chocolate will destroy the temper and this process will have to be repeated. However, there are other methods of chocolate tempering used. The most common variant is introducing already tempered, solid "seed" chocolate. The temper of chocolate can be measured with a chocolate temper meter to ensure accuracy and consistency. A sample cup is filled with the chocolate and placed in the unit which then displays or prints the results.
Two classic ways of manually tempering chocolate are:
Chocolate tempering machines (or temperers) with computer controls can be used for producing consistently tempered chocolate, particularly for large volume applications.
Chocolate is very sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal storage temperatures are between 15 and 17 °C (59 to 63 °F), with a relative humidity of less than 50%. Chocolate should be stored away from other foods as it can absorb different aromas. Ideally, chocolates are packed or wrapped, and placed in proper storage with the correct humidity and temperature. Additionally chocolate should be stored in a dark place or protected from light by wrapping paper. Various types of "blooming" effects can occur if chocolate is stored or served improperly. If refrigerated or frozen without containment, chocolate can absorb enough moisture to cause a whitish discoloration, the result of fat or sugar crystals rising to the surface. Moving chocolate from one temperature extreme to another, such as from a refrigerator on a hot day can result in an oily texture. Although visually unappealing, these conditions are perfectly safe for consumption.
Child labor is sometimes used in cocoa production in West Africa, in violation of the Minimum Age Convention of 1973. This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Minimum Age Convention 1973, is a Convention adopted in 1973 by the International Labour Organization. Some farmers in West Africa use slave labor as a cost-cutting measure, especially when cocoa prices drop.
While chocolate is regularly eaten for pleasure, there are potential beneficial health effects of eating chocolate. Cocoa or dark chocolate benefits the circulatory system. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Other beneficial effects suggested include anticancer, brain stimulator, cough preventor and antidiarrhoeal effects. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. '''Nootropics''' popularly referred to as " smart drugs " " smart nutrients " " cognitive enhancers " and " brain enhancers A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions An anti-diarrheal drug is any Medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea. An aphrodisiac effect is yet unproven.
On the other hand, eating large quantities of any chocolate increases risk of obesity. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected There is concern of mild lead poisoning for some types of chocolate. Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Chocolate is toxic to many animals because of insufficient capacity to metabolize theobromine.
A study reported by the BBC indicated that melting chocolate in one's mouth produced an increase in brain activity and heart rate that was more intense than that associated with passionate kissing, and also lasted four times as long after the activity had ended.
Recent studies have suggested that cocoa or dark chocolate may possess certain beneficial effects on human health. Cocoa possesses a significant antioxidant action, protecting against LDL oxidation, perhaps more than other polyphenol antioxidant-rich foods and beverages. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of Antioxidant containing a Polyphenolic substructure Processing cocoa with alkali destroys most of the flavonoids. Some studies have also observed a modest reduction in blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation after consuming dark chocolate daily. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories There has even been a fad diet, named "Chocolate diet", that emphasizes eating chocolate and cocoa powder in capsules. Food faddism and Fad diet refer to idiosyncratic diets and eating patterns However, consuming milk chocolate or white chocolate, or drinking fat-containing milk with dark chocolate, appears largely to negate the health benefit. Processed cocoa powder (so called Dutch chocolate), processed with alkali greatly reduces the antioxidant capacity as compared to "raw" cocoa powder. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal
One-third of the fat in chocolate comes in the forms of a saturated fat called stearic acid and a monounsaturated fat called oleic acid. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Stearic acid (first syllable rhymes with either bear or gear) ( IUPAC Systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is a saturated Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources However, unlike other saturated fats, stearic acid does not raise levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Consuming relatively large amounts of dark chocolate and cocoa does not seem to raise serum LDL cholesterol levels; some studies even find that it could lower them. Indeed, small but regular amounts of dark chocolate lower the possibility of a heart attack, a result of cholesterol imbalance according to the lipid hypothesis. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The lipid hypothesis was one of two hypotheses developed in the 1850s to explain the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis.
Romantic lore commonly identifies chocolate as an aphrodisiac. The reputed aphrodisiac qualities of chocolate are most often associated with the simple sensual pleasure of its consumption. Additionally, chocolate's sweet and fatty nature may stimulate the hypothalamus, inducing pleasureable sensations as well as affecting the levels of serotonin. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons While serotonin has a pleasurable effect, in high concentrations it can be converted to melatonin which in large amounts reduces sexual drive. Melatonin is a naturally occurring Hormone found in most animals including humans and some other living organisms including Algae. Finally, chocolate has been shown to contain unsaturated N-acylethanolamines which might activate cannabinoid receptors or increase endocannabinoid levels resulting in heightened sensitivity and euphoria. Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L Although there is no firm proof that chocolate is indeed an aphrodisiac, a gift of chocolate is a familiar courtship ritual.


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This page describes how to specify the direction of a vector. It contains a text description and an animation of an arrow turning counterclockwise that displays the degree that it is at. There are links at the bottom of the page for similar animations.
This tutorial is part of The Physics Classroom. This web site also includes interactive tools to help students with concepts and problem solving, worksheets for student assignments, and recommendations for simple introductory laboratories.
%0 Electronic Source %A Henderson, Tom %D 1996 %T The Physics Classroom: Vector Direction %V 2013 %N 26 May 2013 %9 image/gif %U _URL_
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Assume that K is an arbitrary field. Let (I,⪯) be a poset of finite prinjective type and let KI be the incidence K-algebra of I. A classification of all sincere posets of finite prinjective type with three maximal elements is given in Theorem 2.1. A complete list of such posets consisting of 90 diagrams is presented in Tables 2.2. Moreover, given any sincere poset I of finite prinjective type with three maximal elements, a complete set of pairwise non-isomorphic sincere indecomposable prinjective modules over KI is presented in Tables 8.1. The list consists of 723 modules.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Diphallia: When men are born with two penises
This condition is one that you could guess if you really thought about the Latin name. Some men are born with two distinct penises. Although the condition is extremely rare, doctors know exactly why it occurs. Learn about this rare, but regular medical phenomenon.
The first case of diphallia was reported by a physician in 1609, and since then it has been reported regularly, though not very often, in all countries and all nationalities. It's one of the traits that doesn't seem to run in families. Diphallia can come with spinal and renal problems, most cases of diphallia are otherwise healthy at birth. (Although the condition is associated with infections and renal problems due to diphallic men having a more complicated urological system.)
Although there have only been about a hundred cases since 1609, doctors do know what causes diphallia. At about the 24th or 25th day of gestation the tract that forms the urolo-genital organs separates out from both the undifferentiated developing genitalia and the developing rectum. If some special stress is put on the developing embryo on those days, the cells can form twice. Although it's a rare phenomenon, it's estimated that in the United States, one in every five and a half million men have diphallia.
Double Rainbow Image: Nicholas T
Via Princeton, Jiaps, and Reuters.


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Similarities between Yellowknife Bay and the Kimberley as seen from orbit
The image on the left shows the Yellowknife Bay area. The red arrow points to a scarp, the contact between lower Sheepbed mudstone and upper Gillespie sandstone. The blue arrow points to a scarp at the boundary between Gillespie and Glenelg units. A similar set of scarps appears at the Kimberley, shown on the right. At Yellowknife Bay, the Curiosity team determined that the scarps' retreat had recently exposed the Sheepbed mudstone. It is possible the same process is operating at the Kimberley. The purple arrow marks a scarp separating the lowermost striated unit and the middle bedded unit. The yellow arrow marks the contact between the middle bedded unit and the upper smooth hummocky material.


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How does this metaphor contribute to the overall meaning "He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor"
This is from The Great Gatsby Chapter 4 ending
1 Answer | Add Yours
This is a quote by Nick as he regarded the information that Jordan just gave him. She told him that Gatsby bought the house he bought to be near Daisy. She has also told him the story of how Daisy and Jay met and how it came to be that Daisy married Tom rather than Jay. This quote contributes to the overall meaning of the story because Jay Gatsby was born suddenly; that is, the man was born James Gatz and only suddenly became Jay Gatsby when Dan Cody asked him his name years before. Jay recreated himself not just then, but later, in the years following the war and before the start of the story. When Jay and Daisy parted as Jay left for war, Jay was poor. He worked hard to re-invent himself as a wealthy man. It is therefore somewhat ironic that Nick sees this information as a sort of "birth" for his understanding of Jay Gatsby. Furthermore, this quote contributes to the overall meaning because of the words "purposeless splendor". Waste, in many forms, is one of the themes of the story and the word "purposeless" is a word about waste. Of course, "splendor" describes the lifestyles enjoyed by the Buchanans and by Jay Gatsby.
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Busy Trains (Shape Book) takes your kids to a train journey where they explore different concepts and locations, from farms to lands to busy train stations. Go on this journey with the help of these 3D-effect books, where every page is designed in the shape of the scene, as a hardcover. A perfect children's book for your young ones between the age of 0-2. It will allow them to explore various locations and understand different concepts.
They will visit the farms full of animals or the train stations full of colourful trains and passengers. It will allow them to learn and identify, count, spot, and learn various objects, colours as well as figures. It is a book full of fun as well as providing sufficient knowledge to the young little minds. They will get to experience a busy train ride for a day and will not even get tired by the end of this journey. Every page is a different scene and is designed in bright and attractive colours and graphics. Therefore, come along on this train journey and enjoy this exciting tour day with this Busy Trains (Shape Book)! Also available in the Busy Farm edition (shape book). You can buy yours here.


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The IDLgrTessellator class is a helper class that converts a simple concave polygon (or a simple polygon with holes) into a number of simple convex polygons (general triangles). A polygon is simple if it includes no duplicate vertices, if the edges intersect only at vertices, and exactly two edges meet at any vertex.
Tessellation is useful because the IDLgrPolygon object accepts only convex polygons. Using the IDLgrTessellator object, you can convert a concave polygon into a group of convex polygons.
The IDLgrTessellator::Init method takes no arguments. Use the following statement to create a tessellator object:
myTess = OBJ_NEW('IDLgrTessellator')
See IDLgrTessellator for details on creating tessellator objects.
The procedure file
obj_tess.pro, located in the
examples/visual subdirectory of the IDL distribution, provides an example of the use of the IDLgrTessellator object. To run the example, enter OBJ_TESS at the IDL prompt. The procedure creates a concave polygon, attempts to draw it, and then tessellates the polygon and re-draws. Finally, the procedure demonstrates adding a hole to a polygon. (You will be prompted to press Return after each step is displayed.) You can also inspect the source code in the
obj_tess.pro file for hints on using the tessellator object.


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In this note we show that every n-point ultrametric embeds with constant distortion in ℓpO(logn) for every ∞≥p≥1. More precisely, we consider a special type of ultrametric with hierarchical structure called a k-hierarchically well-separated tree (k-HST). We show that any k-HST can be embedded with distortion at most 1+O(1/k) in ℓp O(k2logn). These facts have implications to embeddings of finite metric spaces in low dimensional ℓp spaces in the context of metric Ramsey-type theorems.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
- Metric embeddings


Five Largest American Flags in the World
Posted by Patriot Home & Yard on Mar 1st 2020
Five Largest American Flags in the World
Five Largest American Flags in the World
Posted by Patriot Home & Yard on Mar 1st 2020
What are the largest American flags in the world?
Since 1777, the contemporary American flag has been prominently displayed not solely as a representation of the United States, but as a representation of the ideas and themes that the United States encompasses. In this way, the flag's stripes signify much more than the 13 original colonies, and its stars signify much more than the 50 states. Together, these stripes and stars signify freedom, honor, and fairness--the opportunity for anyone, of any background, to reach the pinnacle of life's achievements.
The following five flags showcase the hard work of Americans who understand and love Old Glory, and who have gone above and beyond the call of duty to create and display some of the physically largest American flags in the country and the world.
5. Gastonia, North Carolina's 114-Foot-Long Mega Flag
Gastonia, North Carolina, a vibrant, thriving city that's about 20 miles west of Charlotte, is home to one of the world's biggest American flags.
The remarkable feat of craftsmanship measures 114 feet wide by 64 feet tall, for a grand total of 7,410 square feet, and can be seen from over 30 miles away. Its 225-foot-tall pole weighs approximately 80,000 pounds!
Both the flag and the pole were built by the Gaston County Chapter VA, and the flag's desirable placement--a short way from Crowder's Mountain State Park, which is breathtaking in its own right--makes for easy and stress-free access.
4. Hanover, Pennsylvania's Colossal Chalk Flag
In 1998, 200 artistically gifted volunteers used chalk to create a detailed, gorgeous-looking American flag on the pavement of a Walmart store in Hanover, Pennsylvania. Overcoming the ever-present threat of inclement weather, the artists completed the project on June 28th. With an area of 17,700 square feet, the flag was (promptly) awarded the title of "Largest Chalk Pavement Art" by Guinness World Records.
Obviously, the chalk flag has disappeared at the hands of the elements, but the overhead image captured on the day of its completion--along with the spirit of those who contributed--lives on.
3. Acuity Insurance's 340-Pound Flag--The Biggest Free-Flying American Flag in the World
Acuity Insurance's Sheboygan, Wisconsin, headquarters boasts a talented team of insurance professionals and the largest free-flying American flag in the world. Additionally, the public is welcome to visit the flag as they wish, at any time of the day or evening, for the ultra-affordable cost of free.
Measuring 70 feet tall and 140 feet long, with a weight of 340 pounds and an area of 9,800 square feet, Acuity's huge American flag is supported by a pole that weighs approximately 420,000 pounds! The pole and the flag were built to withstand Wisconsin's notorious winters, and save for especially devastating winds, the flag remains at full mast, swaying honorably over Wisconsin.
2. The 1929 Flag Day Variation
In 1929, during President Herbert Hoover's administration, what was then the largest American flag--measuring 90 feet tall by 165 feet wide--was delivered to the Capitol.
Having been loaned to the government by a Detroit department store, the flag was part of a Flag Day parade and subsequent ceremony, which was attended by the vice president. Children dressed in red, white, and blue and were organized to replicate the flag's image, and remaining Civil War veterans--from both sides of the conflict--were welcomed. Lastly, 13-year-old Betsy Ross--a direct descendant of the Betsy Ross--attended the event.
This flag is no longer the largest (or even the second largest) in the world. But its significance cannot be understated, and it's easy to imagine the one-of-a-kind scene it accompanied nearly a century ago, when all manner of Americans united in Washington, D.C.
1. Ski Dempski's Superflag--The World's Largest American Flag
The Superflag is far too large to fly for any sizable period, but its ability to dazzle onlookers is without question.
Measuring 505 feet wide and 225 feet tall, the Superflag was originally crafted in 1992, by Ski Dempski, an ambitious, flag-loving California native. The flag rose to fame after being unfurled at the Hoover Dam (coinciding with the 1996 Summer Olympics and the running of the torch), during which time it was awarded the title of "Largest Flag" by Guinness World Records. At 1.36 tons, the Superflag required both machinery and hundreds of human volunteers to unfurl.
Nearly 25 years later, the Superflag is still the largest American flag in existence, and it continues to inspire.
And, what's Patriot Home & Yard's largest wooden American Flag? Well, we can't say it's as big as the top five, but my husband is working on an 6-footer right now!


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Stay Strong, Stay Healthy - Level 1 - Rich Hill
- June 8, 2023 - July 31, 2023
Rich Hill Christian Church
300 W Walnut Street
Rich Hill, MO 64779 directions to this event
- Add To Calendar
Stay Strong, Stay Healthy
Face to Face
Stay Strong, Stay Healthy (SSSH) aims to provide inactive middle-aged and older adults with access to a safe, structured and effective exercise program capable of building muscle and increasing bone density, thus decreasing frailty, osteoporosis and the risk of falls. SSSH helps participants meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's physical activity recommendations.
SSSH challenges participants through incremental increases in exercise volume and intensity. Led by a certified instructor, participants complete a warmup, a prescribed set of upperand lower-body strengthening exercises and a cool-down at each class. Participants are made to feel comfortable regardless of their current fitness level so they can safely participate and gradually build the strength beneficial to health.
Questions can be sent to Sara Bridgewater, [email protected] or call _PHONE_.
Sessions (9:30 AM - 10:30 AM)
Register For Event
Use Tab key to loop through the section below. Press Enter or Space to enter content for each tab button. Press Esc key to exit and to go to the next section at any time.
Event date: June 5, 2023 - June 9, 2023
Event date: June 5, 2023 - June 23, 2023
News & articles
CEUEngineering in Medical Imaging 1: Non-Ionizing Techniques 2023FS
Aug. 21, 2023 - Oct. 15, 2023
CEUEngineering in Medical Imaging 2: Ionizing Techniques 2023FS
Aug. 21, 2023 - Dec. 15, 2023


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DEL started out as names for certain ASCII control characters, used so often that they have special keys of their own. For instance,
TAB was another name for
C-i. Later, users found it convenient to distinguish in Emacs between these keys and the corresponding control characters typed with the
Ctrl key. Therefore, on most modern terminals, they are no longer the same:
TAB is different from
Emacs can distinguish these two kinds of input if the keyboard does. It treats the special keys as function keys named
delete. These function keys translate automatically into the corresponding ASCII characters if they have no bindings of their own. As a result, neither users nor Lisp programs need to pay attention to the distinction unless they care to.
If you do not want to distinguish between (for example)
C-i, make just one binding, for the ASCII character
TAB (octal code 011). If you do want to distinguish, make one binding for this ASCII character, and another for the function key
With an ordinary ASCII terminal, there is no way to distinguish between
C-i (and likewise for other such pairs), because the terminal sends the same character in both cases.


Friction: When the rubber meets the road!!!
This Intergating Technology ebook was created by Joshua Coleman for the 8th grade science classes of Burney Harris Lyons Middle School.
stand back
burn out
GPS standard S8P1: Students will investigate the relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects.
PLO: Students will be able to scientifically explain the phenomenon of friction between rubber tires and and road surfaces.


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There are several ways you can get your eTrex 30 to function more as a weather barometer than an altimeter:
You should then calibrate the altimeter based on known altitudes. This will improve the barometric reading.
- Setup > Altimeter > Plot Type = Barometric Pressure
- Elevation Plot > (menu key) > Change Data Fields > (select one of the fields) > Barometer
There is also Setup > Units > Pressure, in case you want to switch between Millibars, Inches of mercury, or Mm of mercury.
More info on using your barometer / altimeter to predict backcountry weather:


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Pine Cone Trees
It's easy to turn ordinary pine cones into these unique, sparkly Thanksgiving decorations.
What You'll Need:
- Large pine cones
- Craft glue
- Paper plates or disposable dish
- Shiny glass or plastic beads (about 1/4 inch in size)
For beaded "trees": Set a pine cone upright on newspaper. Pour some white glue in a small dish. Hold a bead with a pair of tweezers and dip it in the glue.
Stick the bead on one of the cone bracts. Keep gluing beads on the cone until it is covered to your liking. Allow to dry.
For glittery "trees": Pour white glue into one paper plate and glitter into another. Roll the cone in glue first, then in glitter. Allow to dry.
If you'd like, you can make winter scenes with your trees. Set them on a sheet of white cotton or quilt batting to represent snow, and add some figurines. You can even use a mirror for a frozen pond and put your trees around it.
On the next page you'll learn how to make a cornucopia of crafts from a cornucopia.


Top Locations for Crime Scenes in Pittsburgh
Top Locations for Crime Scenes in Pittsburgh
The Pittsburgh Police is the biggest law enforcement group in Western Pennsylvania, and the third in the state. It's no wonder with the historic crime that has been present throughout the city. As of now, there are about 1,000 sworn officers on the police force.
The rate of various crimes in Pittsburgh is well over the national average in many cases, including violence, theft, and assault. Since the 1910s, there has been criminal activity from one particular group that has dominated the city.
The Pittsburgh crime family
The Pittsburgh crime family, also known as the LaRocca's has been around for over one hundred years. They came out of the prohibition era, the same time period as Al Capone. Their beginning acts were to illegally make and sell alcohol. Since this time, the crime family has been linked to gambling rings, drugs, and suspected murders.
The group is fairly transparent about their actions, to an extent. Their members are known, although since the 1990s their numbers have fallen drastically due to conviction and death. There are murders that members have been accused of, but denied.
Photo by US Army, from _URL_
The areas
There are different areas around Pittsburg that have higher levels of crime. No matter the area you live in, crime is possible. Even though there are areas that have had long histories of crime that are more prone to criminal activity. It doesn't matter where you are, criminal activity can happen.
Many areas of Pittsburgh have above average home prices, even though they also have above average crime rates. The most dangerous area of the city prone to crime scenes is between Mcneilly Road and Sussex Avenue. The area is known for its unique characteristics. The neighborhoods are a unique mix of cultural groups.
Related Article: How Used Shipping Containers are Continuing the Freight Storage Revolution
Upper St. Clair is a part of the south most tip of Pittsburg. Although it may not be the most dangerous part of Pittsburg, it is no stranger to crime scenes. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1791 started out in Upper St. Clair. Although this wasn't necessarily a crime scene, at the time it was illegal, and it caused a big mess. Which is basically the same thing as a crime scene right?
The police force
A large majority of the Pittsburg police force, over seventy percent, are male. They have the Pittsburg are divided into six zones. Each zone is required to have a certain number of officers present, based on the crime scenes that have been seen in the area. The first four zones require the highest number of officers while the last two zones are a bit safer. This is to ensure the rate of crime scenes diminishes.
A commander, who maintains the peace in their geographic area, leads each zone. Between the six zones, here is a breakdown of what law enforcement officers are present at all times:
 - Thirteen police officers
 - Three detectives
 - One sergeant
 - One lieutenant
This is simply an average across the six zones, but is a good representation of the steps taken to reduce crime in Pittsburgh.
Crime scenes are something you never want to come across. Through proper enforcement, and prevention, crime in Pittsburgh can be reduced. The areas that have become famous as crime scenes can now become known for something else.
How to Decorate a Room Using a Stylish Rug
Safety Driving Tips for Teenagers


A British Supermarket Successfully Sent a Chicken Nugget to Space
While many strange things have been sent up to space, from cookie dough to toilets worth millions of dollars, this is the first time fast food found its way to orbit. According to the media, the British supermarket chain Iceland Foods Ltd was able to launch a chicken nugget all the way up to space on October 13. The supermarket did the stunt as a way to celebrate its 50th anniversary.
According to Andrew Staniland, the chain's trading director, 2020 was a huge year for the Iceland Foods supermarkets, and they wanted to mark the occasion in a special way. He added that this was the best way for the chain to show that their products were indeed out of this world. The company sent a chicken nugget because it was one of its customers' favorite products.
 "Sent Into Space" Helped Get the Chicken Nugget Out of the Atmosphere
Chicken nugget in spaceIceland Foods teamed up with Sent Into Space to organize the launch and ensure it would be a complete success. The chicken nugget was taken to a predetermined launch site in Wales, where it was tied to a gas-filled weather balloon and released to go to Near Space. It reached an altitude of about 110,000 feet or 20.7 miles, and the media reported it traveled at about 200 mph.
When the nugget was at its highest point into space, the distance was enough to fit around 880,000 chicken nuggets. The nugget made it to Near Space easily and stayed in that area for a while. Scientists refer to Near Space when talking about the space between Earth's atmosphere and Outer Space. It starts at twelve miles above sea level and ends at around 62 miles.
The Chicken Nugget Floated in Space for About an Hour
The chicken nugget after one hour in space
Once the chicken nugget was in Near Space, it stayed there for about an hour and then started descending back to earth. Its fall had to be slowed down by a parachute, and the landing was also a success. Because the nugget was frozen when it was launched, it showed itself to be indifferent to the very low temperatures of space.


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Repetition of key sentences and key phrases is extremely important in a grant application. The key sentences that introduce each subsection of the background and the description of the project in the case for support should be repeated in the introduction and also in the summary. So each key sentence should appear at least three times.
Some key phrases should be repeated more than three times because they occur in more than one key sentence. For example, imagine you are writing a grant in which one of the sub-projects will characterise the relationship between motherhood and apple pie. The phrase 'the relationship between motherhood and apple pie' will be in two of your key sentences. One will explain why we need to characterise 'the relationship between motherhood and apple pie'. The other will introduce the description of the sub-project that characterises the relationship between motherhood and apple pie.
Most academics accept that it is helpful to repeat key sentences. But most of them reject the idea that the repetition should use the same words in the same order. So I want to explain now why it is more effective to use the same words in the same order whenever you repeat a phrase or sentence.
Effectiveness is much more important here than correctness. Few would disagree with the assertion that exact repetition is a more correct use of English than paraphrasing but it is much more important to think about how you can increase the effectiveness of a grant application by using repetition in the way that I recommend and how you will fail to increase effectiveness in the same way if you change the words you use or their order.
In thinking about the effectiveness of a grant application, we should consider who will read it and how. Committee members and referees have different needs and derive different benefits from repetition.
The most important readers are the committee members that make the decision. All of them will have a vote in deciding whether or not the grant application gets funded. Few, if any, will understand the details of the research topic. All of them will read the summary and most of them will stop there. Some will try to read the application and understand it. Usually two members of the committee, the designated members, are tasked with reading the application and leading the committee discussion. They will try hard to understand the application, but they will find it very difficult and they won't have much time – maybe an hour. Any help you give them will be gratefully received. Although most of the rest of the committee will not read the application they will probably glance through it during the discussion.
There are three ways that repetition is particularly helpful to committee members:-
- Repeating the key sentences means that all the committee members will be likely to remember them. Even those who just glance through the application once will read the key sentences three times. This means that there is a very good chance that they will remember them and understand the logic of your case for support – what outcome your project will achieve, why it is important, what things you need to know in order to achieve the outcome and how you will achieve them. If you repeat the key sentences but substantially change the wording then people will be less likely to remember them. Every change in wording is likely to be interpreted as a change in meaning, leading to potential confusion.
- Repeating key phrases in the sentences that state what we need to know and what the sub-projects will discover makes it very clear that the project will discover exactly what we need to know. In this way the key phrases act like labels for the different parts of the project.
- Repeating the key phrases enables committee members to learn them and to have a sense of what they mean. Humans learn the meaning of new phrases by encountering them repeated in different contexts. Committee members who read your grant application carefully will get the sense that they know what it means, even if they don't. If you vary the wording of the key phrases it becomes harder to learn them and less clear to the reader that you mean the same thing.
The referees are, notionally at least, experts in the research topic. They will read the application, write an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses and give it a score, which the committee will consider, but not necessarily follow. The referees are likely to read your application more carefully than the committee members and to have a deeper understanding of the topic. However, they will want to assess whether the detailed content of your case for support actually supports the assertions made in the key sentences. Repetition helps them do this in two stages.
- Reading the key sentences in the summary and in the introduction allows them to create a mental list of questions to which they want to find answers in the case for support.
- Repeating the key sentences at the head of each subsection of the case for support guides the referees to the answers. Again, the key phrases act like labels. For example, a referee that has some doubts about whether your research approach really will characterise the relationship between motherhood and apple pie will be guided straight to the place where you describe the relevant part of your research approach by the phrase the relationship between motherhood and apple pie. If you decide to change any of the words in the key phrase, not only does it become less effective as a label, it also introduces the possibility that you are seeking to do a piece of research without having told the reader why it is important to do it.
In sum, repetition of key sentences and key phrases makes a grant application more effective in four different ways, provided that you use the same words in the same order.


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Exercise #37 page 2
It's clear to everybody who has followed the course of discussion attentively that there are TWO ships in the Bismark class in the database. That means, this class must not be included in the result set of the query.
To check it, add the following row into the basic database:
All the basic teaching databases you can download from sqlbooks.ru.
The next solution was built by one of the visitors of the site after receiving the above explanation. It also gives the correct result for main database.
Here two queries were combined. The second query selects from the Outcomes table on condition that there exists no other ship of the given leading ship class in the Ships table.
The first query selects all ships from the Ships table except those whose leading ship is present in the Outcomes table. Next, the grouping by class was executed and ship classes with more than one ship are eliminated with the HAVING clause.
Thus, it is assumed that if the leading ship is in the Outcomes table, this class has at least two ships and, therefore, this class does not meet the conditions of the problem. That is a mistake, because nothing implies that the Ships table cannot contain a leading ship. So if a class has one ship in the database, and this ship is a head one and is present in both of the considered tables, then the solution 3.2.2 mistakenly ignores this class.


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The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Wang, P. Trends Organ Crim (2013) 16: 49. doi:10.1007/s12117-_PHONE_-8
- 1.2k Downloads
'Red Mafia' is the collective term for corrupt public officials in mainland China, mainly from the criminal justice system, who attempt to monopolise the protection business in the criminal underworld by abusing power. In contemporary mainland China, the Red Mafia has developed into an alternative system of governance that can control organised crime groups, enable them to flourish, and protect them where strong government and effective self-protection associations are absent. The author examines organised crime and corruption by analysing the Wen Qiang case, one of the most famous and widely publicised cases in Chongqing's latest crime crackdown campaign. Drawing on interview data and extensive published materials, this paper offers a tentative definition of 'Red Mafia', develops a typology of organised crime, describes the emergence of the Red Mafia in China, explores how gangsters developed relationships with public officials, suggests why organised crime groups chose the Red Mafia as their preferred protection and enforcement mechanism, examines patterns of services provided, and explores the differences between the Red Mafia and other Mafia groups.


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Graduate STEM Fellow Profile
Timothy R. Morris
Thesis: Forbidden Subgraphs That Imply Certain Hamiltonian Properties
College/University: University of Colorado Denver
Research Advisor: Michael Ferrara
Degree Sought: Ph.D. Applied Discrete Mathematics
Department: Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
Research Focus: Structures within graphs and what conditions will guarantee that those structures exist.
Description of Research
Given a family of graphs F, a graph G is said to be F-free if G does not contain any graph from F as an induced subgraph. G is hamiltonian if G has a cycle of length the order of G. G is pancyclic if G contains cycles of all lengths from 3 to the order of G. Thus the concept of pancyclicity is an extension of the concept of hamiltonicity. The concept of hamiltonicity has been extensively studied in terms of degree conditions, the relationship between connectivity and independence, and forbidden subgraphs. My research extends the forbidden subgraph condition to determine similar conditions that guarantee pancyclicity. For example, I have shown that graphs which are 4-connected, claw-free, and P10-free are pancyclic.
Example of how my research is integrated into my GK-12 experience
One example integrating my research into the classroom was a discussion of graph decompositions. I was able to define for the students a few types of graphs and discussed how to determine the minimum number of graphs of a particular type necessary to decompose another type of graph. This concept was then tied into molecular models and we discussed how this type of information could be used to determine physical properties of such molecules. This discussion showed students that mathematical modeling is useful for scientific understanding.


NAME Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 - Test RFC3339 timestamps are within a certain tolerance SYNOPSIS use Test::Deep; use Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339; my $now = DateTime->now; my $record = create_record(...); cmp_deeply $record, { created => datetime_rfc3339($now, '5s') }, 'Created is within 5 seconds of current time'; DESCRIPTION Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 provides a single function, "datetime_rfc3339", which is used with Test::Deep to check that the string value gotten is an RFC3339-compliant timestamp. It can also check if the timestamp is equal to, or within optional tolerances of, an expected timestamp. RFC3339 was chosen because it is a sane subset of ISO8601's kitchen-sink. FUNCTIONS datetime_rfc3339 Without arguments, the value is only checked to be a parseable RFC3339 timestamp. Otherwise, this function takes a DateTime object or an RFC3339 timestamp string parseable by DateTime::Format::RFC3339 as the required first argument and a DateTime::Duration object or a DateTime::Format::Duration::DurationString-style string (e.g. "5s", "1h 5m", "2d") representing a duration as an optional second argument. The second argument is used as a ± tolerance centered on the expected datetime. If a tolerance is provided, the timestamp being tested must fall within the closed interval for the test to pass. Otherwise, the timestamp being tested must match the expected datetime. All comparisons and date math are done in UTC, as advised by "How-DateTime-Math-Works" in DateTime. If this causes problems for you, please tell me about it via bug-Test-Deep-DateTime-RFC3339 *at* Returns a Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 object, which is a Test::Deep::Cmp, but you shouldn't need to care about those internals. You can, however, reuse the returned object if desired. Exported by default. BUGS Please report bugs via email to "" or via the web on. AUTHOR Thomas Sibley COPYRIGHT This software is copyright (c) 2014- by the Mullins Lab, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington. LICENSE This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. SEE ALSO Test::Deep DateTime DateTime::Duration DateTime::Format::RFC3339 RFC3339


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- About FSPH
- Current Students
- Prospective Students
- Alumni Affairs
- Give to the School
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health led-research finds women, particularly US-born Black women, in states with restrictive reproductive rights policies deliver more low birth weight babies and experience greater health inequities
American women living in states with less restrictive reproductive rights policies are less likely to give birth to low-birth weight babies, according to a team led by UCLA Fielding School of Public Health researchers.
Compared to infants of normal weight, low birth weight newborns may be more at risk for numerous health problems. Some infants may become sick in the first six days of life or develop infections. Other children may suffer from long-term problems, including delayed motor and social development or learning disabilities.
The study, published by the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that mothers, particularly U.S.-born Black women, giving birth in states with less restrictive reproductive rights policies have a 7% lower risk of low-birth weight babies, compared to women in states with more restrictive policies.
"Our study provides evidence that reproductive rights policies play a critical role in advancing maternal and child health equity," said May Sudhinaraset, associate professor of the UCLA Fielding School's Department of Community Health Sciences. "Addressing the adverse consequences of structural racism requires examination of the historical and present-day policies that negatively affect women of color."
Compared with women living in states with the most restrictive reproductive rights policies, women living in the least restrictive states had a 7% lower risk of low-birth weight babies. Low-birth weight risk for newborns was 8% lower among Black mothers living in states with the least restrictive reproductive rights policies, compared with their counterparts living in the most restrictive states.
The study, conducted by researchers at UCLA and the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, analyzed birth record data for the nearly 4 million births that occurred in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2016 to assess the associations between reproductive rights policies and adverse birth outcomes. The investigators, including Jessica D. Gipson, associate professor of the UCLA Fielding School's Department of Community Health Sciences, and Marta Bornstein, a doctoral student at the Fielding School and the UCLA California Center for Population Research, further evaluated if the associations were different for women of color and immigrants.
"This study shines the light on the effect of reproductive rights policies, and the broader social context in which these policies are created and implemented, on women's bodies and the lives and well-being of our children," Gipson said. "It is critical that we continue to assess the negative impacts of restrictive reproductive rights policies, while also identifying supportive policies and programs for women, and particularly Black women, to achieve optimal health for this and for the next generation."
The study indicates that expanding reproductive rights may actually decrease the risk of low-birth weight babies, particularly for US-born Black women. Specifically, the findings showed significant associations between low-birth weight newborns and states' reproductive rights climate among U.S.-born, but not foreign-born, Black women.
"Future studies should assess specific evidence-based policies, particularly highlighting women's lived experiences of policy exclusion or inclusion, and the effects on women and newborn health," Sudhinaraset said. "Important policy levers can and should be implemented to improve women's reproductive health overall, including increasing abortion access and mandatory sex education in schools."
Notes for editors:
The article is "Women's Reproductive Rights Policies and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A State-Level Analysis to Assess the Role of Race and Nativity Status," by May Sudhinaraset, PhD, Dovile Vilda, PhD, Jessica D. Gipson, MPH, PhD, Marta Bornstein, MPH, and Maeve E. Wallace, MPH, PhD (_URL_ It will appear in advance of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, volume 59, issue 6 (December 2020) published by Elsevier.
This work was supported in part by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Grants Numbers R01HD092653 and R01HD096070. Full text of this article is available to credentialed journalists upon request; contact Jillian B. Morgan at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
The UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, founded in 1961, is dedicated to enhancing the public's health by conducting innovative research, training future leaders and health professionals from diverse backgrounds, translating research into policy and practice, and serving our local communities and the communities of the nation and the world. The school has 690 students from 25 nations engaged in carrying out the vision of building healthy futures in greater Los Angeles, California, the nation and the world.


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St. Francis of Assisi reminded us to preach the Gospel at all times and to use words when necessary. Perhaps you may be like me and need of some words to help you remember historical facts and especially those events dealing with the Catholic Church. You can download and incorporate a five-page resource to create a 14th Century Timeline Notebook. This resource offers a peek at key events of the 1300s. It begins with the 1300 Jubilee year when coins of Florence were accepted as first International currency and ends with the death of Death of Bl. Raymond of Capua in 1399. Catholic events are highlighted in blue, and space has been left to write about additional events of the 14th century.
The second resource shared by Shell today is an Academic Diary for 2012-2013. This 24 page printable resource can be printed single or double sided and can be the simple help you need to keep track of events in the church calendar, the liturgical year and, of course, your own daily or weekly activities. The calendar runs from September 2012-August 2013. The accompanying diary pages are laid out with a simple design allowing for lines and spaces and some poetic inspiration.


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Advances in Circular Culture Tank Engineering to Enhance Hydraulics, Solids Removal, and Fish Management
design, engineering, fish production, food, hydraulics, inlet, mechanisms, production, productivity, strategy, structures, tank
Large economies have been achieved in the production of food fish with the use of larger systems and enhanced production management strategies. These trends have also included use of larger circular culture tanks because of their many advantages for food fish production. Circular tanks make good culture vessels because they can provide a uniform culture environment, can be operated under a wide range of rotational velocities to optimize fish health and condition, and can be used to rapidly concentrate and remove settleable solids. However, the flow inlet and outlet structures and fish grading and/or removal mechanisms must be properly engineered to reduce the labor requirement to handle fish and to obtain effective tank rotational characteristics, mixing, and solids flushing. This paper reviews and discusses the rationale and criteria needed to design circular culture tanks. In addition, the implementation of continuous production and satiation feeding strategies within circular culture tanks is discussed because of their large and often under-emphasized effect on overall system productivity.
This document is currently not available here.


Monday, 24 August 2009
Theoretical framework
This research is of clients' relationships with consultants in public sector information technology (IT) projects. It will seek to identify and explain how the client engages with consultants and other suppliers in order to add value to a project.
The research question is:
How do public sector organisations engage with consultants in order to contribute to an effective IT project?
Sub questions include:
 1. How does engagement contribute to an effective project?
 2. How does engagement influence relationships?
 3. How does the quality of relationships contribute to an effective project?
 4. How does engagement vary over the life cycle of a project?
 5. How does engagement help in adding value to a project?
Empirical answers to these questions could fill the gap on understanding engagement between clients and consultants. Insights could also contribute to public sector practical management of external consultants to reap value from their contribution to a project.
A review of the literature on consultancy has shown that client entities and relationships are complex. This and the literature on project management show that clients must engage with consultants for good project outcomes. A review of the literature on engagement focused on conceptualisations of engagement but also explored its various articulations. However, the literature has little to say on what client-consultant engagement might be. It is not clear how engagement manifests itself, what its factors might be or what sort of engagement leads to effective consultancy projects.
The literature on social capital allows a conceptualisation of the issue of engagement between consultants and clients on IT projects. The following sections will explain how social capital might be used as a framework for this exploration.
1 What is the problem?
Public sector IT projects often use external consultants, but are also notoriously expensive and often fail. A common cause of project failure is lack of effective engagement with stakeholders (OGC, 2002). In the public sector, engagement is "a critical element of a consulting project" (NAO, 2006a). The National Audit Office (NAO) exhorts clients and consultants to engage to ensure commitment, thus implying that engagement will improve performance and add value to a project. Public servants are advised to engage with consultants and consultants with their clients, but it is not clear how engagement happens or what a good quality of engagement is.
Czerniawska (Czerniawska, 2006) implies two meanings to the term 'engagement': the contractual engagement and the relationship. A contract of engagement may mean only initial seeking and selection but this research concerns the longer term relationship regardless of contractual arrangements. Unfortunately Czerniawska has little to say on the value of engagement as a longer term developed relationship, although she recognises that engagement as a relationship determines the success of consulting projects.
The NAO exhortation for engagement seems to be aiming at continued shared understanding; engagement must be mutual. The NAO considers from the findings of case studies that senior level engagement is crucial for successful delivery of IT enabled change (NAO, 2006c) because such engagement demonstrates senior management is committed to the change. This NAO report(NAO, 2006c) requires demonstration of commitment through engagement whilst the other NAO report (NAO, 2006a) requires ensuring commitment through engagement. There might be some confusion or inconsistency of understanding of what engagement means and does for an organisation.
So confusion and inconsistency suggest that it is a problem to understand engagement. Whether engagement is a knowable phenomenon is a moot point. Definitions of engagement are woolly and soft. Hence engagement is "a paradigm for change" (Axelrod, 2001), "the art of bringing people together" (Block, 2000), "a journey of sensing and learning" (Buckingham, 2005). It is also a two way relationship between employee and employer (Robinson D, 2004), a management philosophy (Smythe, 2007) and "a process of communication" (McMaster, 1996). Mutual engagement is a dimension of a community of practice that involves processes of community building (Wenger, 1998). In summary, engagement is a paradigm, a journey, a relationship, a philosophy, a process, an art and to the NAO "an element of a consulting project". This variety of metaphors suggests engagement is a constructed phenomenon.
Since different constructions seem to conflate engagement with other phenomena like involvement, participation, commitment, collaboration or even motivation, I explored them in the hope of clarifying some concepts of engagement. Previous research on engagement seems to have focused on outcomes and products, being mainly surveys or quasi-experimental (Gable, 1996, Saks, 2006, Schaufeli et al., 2006) but the research question requires looking at the process of engagement and how connecting people builds trust and the commitment that the NAO wants to ensure. That process includes an ongoing negotiation of meaning (Wenger, 1998). Exploration of how meaning is negotiated might be possible using the concept of social capital. Adler and Kwon { 2002 } identify social capital as "as the good will that is engendered by the fabric of social relations and that can be mobilized to facilitate action". It may be possible to relate "the fabric of social relations" to the client-consultant relationship and the "mobilisation of goodwill to engagement". Hence, the concept of social capital could help in exploring client-consultant engagement.
2 Why is this framework feasible?
Social capital theory can provide a way to explore engagement in relationships between clients and consultants. Its literature provides a framework for performing the specific investigation that is being proposed.
Social capital can be conceptualised as a stock of networks, norms and trust. People develop social capital in organisations. Organisations nurture social capital, which supports the development of intellectual capital because it comes though interaction of people sharing knowledge (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). Sharing knowledge, norms, and establishing social capital through people coming together on a project, provides the organisation with an advantage.
Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) suggest three dimensions for creating intellectual capital through social capital:
 - the structural dimension of network ties, configuration and appropriable organisation,
 - the cognitive dimension of shared codes, language and narratives, and
 - the relationship dimension of trust, established norms and obligations of how people behave.
Each dimension contributes in different combinations to create new intellectual capital. Combinations of the dimensions of social capital allow exchange of intellectual capital, and anticipation of value through that exchange. Value anticipated in an IT project may be other than an exchange of intellectual capital. Value may be gained from a project that delivers on time, to budget, and meets all or most of the objectives set for it. These project attributes are valuable to the parties involved. Delivery of such IT projects may be facilitated through a combination of the dimensions of social capital.
The social capital framework guides the interview questions, the three dimensions providing headings for asking questions of interviewees about relationships, concepts used and understanding.
The interview schedule relates the research question and sub questions through the social capital framework.
Questions are based round four headings:
 1. background (of project and participant),
 2. relationships,
 3. knowledge (or learning), and
 4. value.
Background is important because it provides the context. The questions may elicit structural dimensions of social capital.
Relationships matter. How do the relationships create value? The interview questions here concern social capital in the relationship and structural dimensions. Questions are to identify networks of relationships and the strength of ties between people. One question asks for a specific anecdote or story in an attempt to get more precise descriptions rather than general opinion. See {Kvale, 1996 }. These questions also aim to elicit lack of engagement in relationships, in order to reveal if the consultant and client have little in common, or need no more than a passing connection.
Knowledge: rather than directly asking about knowledge the questions are about learning and what people have learned from each other. How do they use that knowledge? This gives some idea of what value has developed from relationships.
Value: Building shared meanings is part of the cognitive dimension of social capital. There may be value gained through learning and sharing meaning. Sharing meaning may provide valuable non-financial, un-measurable qualitative gain.
Some interview questions elicit information in more than one dimension.
In summary, social capital theory offers enough complexity to provide a conceptual framework for the examination of issues of engagement between clients and consultants.
Is that completely clear? Will it be clear to my supervisors?
ADLER, P. S. & KWON, S.-W. (2002) SOCIAL CAPITAL: PROSPECTS FOR A NEW CONCEPT. Academy of Management Review, 27, 17-40.
AXELROD, R. H. (2001) Terms of engagement: changing the way we change organizations, San Francisco, Berrett-Koehler.
BLOCK, P. (2000) Flawless Consulting: a guide to getting your expertise used, Jossey-Bass/Fpeiffer.
BUCKINGHAM, M. (2005) Chapter FOUR: 'Buy-in', not by-pass: the rules of engagement. Leadership for Leaders. Thorogood Publishing Ltd.
CZERNIAWSKA, F. (2006) Ensuring sustainable value from consultants. MCA. Management Consultancy Association.
GABLE, G. G. (1996) A multidimensional model of client success when engaging external consultants. Management Science, 42, _PHONE_.
KVALE, S. (1996) InterViews : an introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Thousand Oaks, CA ; London,


Reward Quarter No. 3: Pay Benchmarking
A quick summary
No. 3 Pay Benchmarking
Our definition of pay benchmarking is obtaining robust data on typical reward packages for comparable roles in the external market.
What does good pay benchmarking look like?
Good pay benchmarking is both reliable (based on a large sample) and valid (based on a relevant sample).
So it's important that your data source is defendable, your job matching is accurate, and the data's statistical methodology is robust.
Benchmarking is a process to provide you with data to enable sound, fair and transparent reward decisions that are right for your business.
What are the steps?
1.Choose your data source
The main ways to obtain data:
 - Job adverts: using one, or a handful, of job adverts lacks reliability as the samples are extremely small. Pay often being an 'up to' figure which is related to the very specific role described. Your role may have the same title but could be very different in scope and accountability. The salary stated is designed to attract and may not be what is subsequently offered.
 - Crowd-sourced: lots of social media sites offer pay data. It is collated from users and usually self-reported. Although this information can be very up to date, matching is based on job title and pay is in danger of being inflated or misquoted. Data is often reported as an average which may mask extremes of pay in the sample such as regional variances and difference in job role.
 - Published surveys: data is collected directly from employers, usually by a third party and they can be cross-industry or sector specific. You will usually need to buy these but some are published for free. The better surveys have a large participant group and a robust matching methodology so that companies and roles of all sizes can be matched in using more than just job titles. Clear data cleansing and mathematical processes enable reporting of a variety of statistics. You will often be required to participate by submitting your data before getting some back. The surveys may also provide additional data such as total cash and typical benefits.
 - Private or club surveys: these are similar to the published surveys above but participation is restricted to particular group of organisations. The participants themselves may pay for and steer the survey but an independent third party will usually manage the data and reporting. Private surveys are particularly useful for industry groups where roles are specialist and therefore unlikely to be found in a general survey, or specific locations.
We recommend the use of surveys rather than job adverts or crowd-sourced data. We often review the survey market for our clients to find the best one for their needs. You can ensure the quality of any data source by checking it meets the reliable, valid, defendable and robust tests I've listed above.
2. Match your roles
Matching your roles into a survey can be a laborious task but it's important to get right if you want your survey results to be accurate and accepted within the business (and of course if you want the survey to be reliable for other participants!).
Survey methodologies vary but the principle here is don't match by job title alone. Understand the role content and level, and match accordingly. If you're able, check your matches with line managers. If they are involved in the process, they are more likely to accept the outcomes.
3. Analyse
A good survey will give you a number of data points: percentiles, quartiles, median and averages. This gives insight into the range of pay for your roles. Understand your market positioning on base pay and total cash (base + bonus) and what it might cost the organisation to make any necessary adjustments to pay.
4. Interpret
The important thing is to interpret the data in line with what's happening in your sector, your business and against your reward strategy. For example, should your reward budget be directed to particular hot skills, certain groups such as high performers or flight risks?
Golden rule
Our golden rule is that the market median is not the answer. It is simply what other companies pay other people for doing roles that are similar (but not exactly the same) as the one you are looking at.
All it provides is an indication of a competitive range of pay. You'll need to decide how much to pay and this depends on other factors as detailed in your reward strategy as well of course as affordability.
Need help pay benchmarking?
Robust pay benchmarking is essential for informed pay decisions. If you need help with it, we'd be delighted to hear from you.
This short blog is part of the Verditer Reward Quarter. It's where we bring clarity to specific topics that combine to create the world of reward. Think of it like exploring the distinct cultural zones (or Quarters) that make up a city.
Click here for more:
Reward Quarter No. 1: Reward Strategy
Reward Quarter No. 2: Job Evaluation
At Verditer we make pay and reward more effective. Do get in touch if you'd like help with your pay benchmarking.
Photo: The Muslim Quarter in Jerusalem by Luxerta


How do I increase the template header height
If you would like to increase the space of the template header height to include a larger site name image or slogan image then complete the following steps.
 1. Log into the administrator area of your website
 2. Select the Extensions menu and Template Manager menu
 3. Open the template you have installed at the website
 4. From the template control panel select the site name settings tab
 5. From here you can change the settings to adjust the height of the header area
6. To make the header area space larger just increase the number of PX (pixels) in the top handler height field.
7. After you have made the changes click the save button to save the changes.
8. You will now have more space available in the header area to include larger images for the logo, site name or slogan images.


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- If you use an item without the owner's permission, and then return it, does this count as theft if they never find out?
- If so, does the rule of num 5;7 come into play, and what if this has occurred multiple times, would multiple repayments be required for each unauthorized use?
- Using someone else's item without permission is a form of theft, even if the person doesn't find out about it. We are commanded by G-d not to steal, and therefore the person would have to repent, because he didn't listen to G-d's commandment. In retrospect, if the item was already used, and he owner was not negatively affected by his using the item, (it wasn't ruined in any way, and the owner wasn't inconvenienced by it, then we would not have to ask the owner forgiveness, since he wasn't negatively affected).
- Regarding Numbers 5:7 that is referring to when a person stole money etc. and swore that he didn't take it, which is not applicable to regular stealing.
- Rambam Hilchos Gezeila 3-15, Shulchan Aruch Choshen Mishpat 359-5, 355-1.
- See Rashi Numbers 5-7.


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|"I show not your face but your heart's desire."|
The Fire Seed Caves were a section of Rubeus Hagrid's garden in the Forbidden Forest, so named because they were where Rubeus Hagrid grew his Fire Seed Bushes. Other than the Fire Seed Bushes, the caves were infested with Doxies, Streelers, Venomous Tentaculas, and Fire Crabs. Massive subterranean waterfalls ran through sections of the caves. Though mostly natural in environment, the Fire Seed Caves showed some sign of Hagrid's presence in them, most notably wooden portcullises blocking off certain areas.
In 1991, Hagrid, who had recently acquired a Norwegian Ridgeback egg from a hooded stranger, required Fire Seeds to increase the heat in his fireplace and hatch the egg properly. As he could not leave the fire unattended, he sent Harry Potter into the Fire Seed Caves to collect seeds for him. Harry successfully collected the required number of seeds and returned them to Hagrid.


What to do after a death
Hendon Mosque is a member of the NAFD.
Muslim law and tradition have endowed a Muslim's funeral with profound religious significance and it should, in every respect, express the dignity, sanctity and modesty of a solemn religious service.
The five stages that follow the death of a Muslim are:
 1. The final bathing (ghusl) of the deceased – tajheez.
 2. The shrouding (kafan) of the deceased – takfeen.
 3. The funeral prayers – janazah salah.
 4. The funeral procession – carrying the bier to the grave.
 5. The burial of the deceased – tadfeen.
It is very important to complete the above stages as quickly as possible, for Rasulullah (saw) has emphasised:
"Make haste at a funeral; if the dead person was good, it is a good state to which you are sending him on; but if he was otherwise it is an evil of which you are ridding yourselves."
Even if the person dies on a Friday, the scholars have stated, "it is better to make all arrangements and bury the deceased before Jumu'ah salah" and that "delaying the funeral with the thought that there will be more participants after jumu'ah is undeseriable".
Moreover, the blessings and forgiveness for the deceased that will be acquired by adhering to the command of Rasulullah (saw) is more worthy then delaying the janazah salah, even with the possibility that more participants may attend.
Sharee'ah has also prohibited the delaying of the burial on account of a certain relative being overseas and this person's inability to arrive quickly, for example, due to the unavailbility of a flight.
Please note, to enable the burial to take place as quickly as possible we need to comply with the formalities of the law of this country, which requires that the death is certified and registered. These formalities (summarised below) are extracted from the official document What to do after a death in England and Wales.
If the Death Occurs in a Hospital
If the death occurs in hospital, the hospital staff will contact the person named by the deceased as next of kin. The hospital will then keep the body in the hospital mortuary until the executor arranges for it to be taken away and the hospital staff will arrange for the nearest relative to collect the deceased's possessions.
If the Death Occurs Elsewhere
If the death was expected, you should contact the doctor who attended the deceased during their final illness.
If the death was unexpected/sudden or you discover a body, you should contact the following people:
 1. The family doctor
 2. The deceased's next of kin
 3. The local mosque
Cause of Death
If the cause of death is quite clear the doctor will give you:
 1. A Medical Certificate that shows the cause of death (this is free of charge and will be given in a sealed envelope addressed to the registrar).
 2. A Formal Notice that states that a doctor has signed the Medical Certificate and tells you how the death can be registered.
If the cause of the death was known to be a natural illness, but the doctors wish to know more about the cause of death, they may ask the relatives for permission to carry out a medical examination of the body (i.e. post-mortem) to find out more about the cause of death. Islam does not permit post-mortems in this instance and no such permission should be given.
If the death follows illness from HIV or AIDS there may be special rules about handling the body.
Reporting a Death to the Coroner
The coroner is a doctor or lawyer responsible for investigating deaths in particular situations and may be the only person able to certify the cause of death.
In any of the following circumstances, the doctor may report the death to the coroner and write on the Formal Notice that the death has been referred to the coroner:
 1. An accident or injury
 2. An industrial disease
 3. During a surgical operation
 4. Before recovery from an anaesthetic
 5. If the cause of death is unknown
 6. The death was sudden and unexplained, e.g. a sudden infant death (cot death).
If the doctor treating the deceased had not seen him or her, either after the death or within 14 days before the death, the death must be reported to the coroner.
The coroner may arrange for a post-mortem examination of the body. The consent of the relative is not needed, but they are entitled to be represented at the examination by a doctor. When relatives have told the coroner they wish to be represented, the coroner will if at all practicable, tell them when and where the examination will be.
The coroner will pay for the removal of a body from the place of death to the mortuary for post-mortem examination. The relatives may choose the funeral director.
If the post-mortem shows that death was due to natural causes, the coroner may issue a notification known as the Pink Form (Form 100), which gives the cause of death so that the death can be registered. The coroner usually sends the form direct to the registrar but may give it to you to deliver.
If the death was violent, unnatural, caused by an industrial disease, occurred in prison or if the cause of death remains uncertain after post-mortem examination, the coroner will hold an inquest. An inquest is an enquiry into the medical cause and circumstances of a death. It is held in public, sometimes with a jury, and it is up to the coroner how to organise the enquiry in a way that best serves the public interest and the interests of the relatives.
If an inquest is held, the coroner must inform the following people:
 1. The married partner of the deceased
 2. The nearest relative (if different)
 3. And the personal representative (if different from above).
Relatives can attend an inquest and ask questions of witnesses but they may only ask questions about the medical cause and circumstances of the death. It may also be important to have a lawyer to represent you if the death was caused by a road accident or an accident at work.
The coroner may give you an Order for Burial (form 101) so that the funeral can take place and may be done before the inquest is completed, provided the body is not required for further examination.
The coroner will also send the registrar a Certificate After Inquest (form 99 [rev]) stating the cause of death – this allows the death to be registered.
If you want advice or information about a death which has been reported to the coroner, contact the coroner's officer. You can get the address from the police station or, if the death was in hospital, the hospital official dealing with deaths.
Registering the Death
To avoid delay, the death must be registered by the Registrars of Births and Deaths for the sub-district in which the death occurred. You can find their address by visiting the official website of the General Register Office, in the phone book under 'Registration of Births, Deaths & Marriages', from the doctor, local council, post office or police station.
Check when the registrar will be available and whether only you need to go along. It may be that someone other than you will be needed to give information for the death to be registered.
If the death has been referred to the coroner, it cannot be registered until the registrar has received authority from the coroner to do so (see above), otherwise, go to the registrar as soon as possible.
When you go to the registrar you should take all these:
 1. The medical certificate of the cause of the death
 2. The deceased's medical card, if possible
 3. The pink form (form 100), if one has been given to you by the coroner
 4. The deceased's birth and marriage certificates, if available
You should tell the registrar:
 1. The date and place of death
 2. The deceased's last (usual) address
 3. The deceased's first names and surname (and the maiden name where appropriate)
 4. The deceased's date and place of birth (town and country if born in the UK, and country if born abroad)
 5. The deceased's occupation and the name and occupation of their spouse
 6. Whether the deceased was getting a pension or allowance from public funds
 7. If the deceased was married, the date of birth of the surviving widow or widower.
The Registrar will give you:
 1. A Certificate for Burial – known as the Green Form – (unless the coroner has already given you an Order for Burial). These forms will give permission for the body to be buried and should be taken to the cemetery to enable the funeral to take place.
 2. Leaflets about widows' benefits and income tax for widows.
 3. A Certificate of Registration of Death (form BD8 [rev]). This is for Social Security purposes only. Read the information on the back of the certificate. If any of it applies, fill in the certificate and show it to your Social Security office.
The Death Certificate
The death certificate is a certified copy of the one in the death register and the registrar can let you have one if you wish, but you will have to pay a fee.
You may need a Death Certificate for the will and for any pension claims, savings bank


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Suppose that we have a parametrization via polynomials as follows:
$$t\longrightarrow (f_1(t),\ldots,f_n(t)),$$
where $t$ is a vector in $\mathbb{C}^r$ and $f_i$ are polynomials of arbitrary degree.
Can we always find equations such that the image is an affine algebraic variety?
The question is motivated by Exercise 1.11 in Hartshorne:
Let $Y\subseteq A^3$ be the curve given parametrically by $x = t^3, y= t^4, z = t^5$. Show that $I(Y)$ is a prime ideal of height 2 in $k[x,y,z]$ which cannot be generated by 2 elements.
I am not interested in the exercise in particular. Finding the variety is easy sometimes, for instance $t\rightarrow (t^2,t^3)$ is given by $I(x^3-y^2)$.
I am looking for a result which says that the image is always an affine algebraic variety AND a procedure to find the ideal.
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As others note in answers, the image is not necessarily a subvariety if you have more than one source variable---but the image is always constructible. You can calculate the Zariski closure easily by elimination (in theory---may take a long time): for Hartshorne exercise, ask a CAS to eliminate t from the list of defining parametric equations. When you are parameterizing by A^1, the image is always closed, since A^1 --> A^r is a finite map if nontrivial. In Hartshorne exercise, for example, t satisfies the monic polynomial T^3 - x over k[x,y,z]. – user2490 Aug 31 '10 at 16:15
4 Answers 4
up vote 5 down vote accepted
I can't comment (b/c I'm not a registered user) but let me add: in case the dimension of the domain is 1 (as in your motivating example) the image is in fact an affine variety. To see this, note that the map can always be extended to a map from the projective line to projective space by homogenizing things (compare with Dan's example---if you tried homogenizing his map, you'd get $[x:y:z] \mapsto [xy:yz:z^2]$ which is not defined if $x=z=0$ or $y=z=0$), and use the fact that the image of a projective variety by a regular map is closed. Finally, observe that the image of the affine line you started with is precisely the intersection of the image of the homogenized map with the affine coordinate patch determined by your homogenization. Therefore the image of the map you started with is an affine variety. So Hartshorne's example is not an accident.
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Consider $f \colon {\mathbb C}^2 \to {\mathbb C}^2$ given by $(x,y) \mapsto (xy,y)$. The image consists of ${\mathbb C}^2$ minus the subset $y = 0, x \neq 0$. Since the image is not closed, it is not a variety.
The notion of a constructible subset was invented to deal with questions like this. A constructible subset is one which can be constructed from subvarieties using "boolean operations". Equivalently it is a subset defined by polynomial equations and inequations. It is true that the image of a constructible subset is again constructible (Chevalley's theorem).
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If I change the question slightly the answer is 'yes'. Changed question: '' Is the Zariski closure of the image of a polynomial map always an (affine) algebraic variety''.
Explicitly finding this variety (i.e the ideal defining it) is the subject of 'elimination theory''. See ch. 4 of the bookIntroduction to Algebraic Geometry' by Brendan Hasset.
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While what you write is correct, it's not what you intend, I think. The Zariski closure is an affine variey by definition. But the stronger fact, mentioned by Dan Petersen above, is the constructibility of the image. So the image is Zariski open inside its Zariski closure. This implies, in particular, that the 'usual' closure (with respect to the complex topology) is an affine variety. Meanwhile, all these closures are indeed computable using elimination theory. – Minhyong Kim Aug 31 '10 at 16:07
I think this is ok,. Suppose you have $t\longrightarrow (f_1(t),\ldots,f_n(t)).$ Let's call Y the image of that. Then to see if $Y$ is a variety, you can see that $I(Y)$ is prime. But let $\phi: k[X_1, \ldots, X_n] \longrightarrow k[T]$ be given by $X_i \mapsto f_i(T)$. Then $$Ker \phi = \{f: \phi(f) = 0\} = \{f: f(f_1(T), \ldots, f_n(T)) = 0\} = I(Y).$$ So $I(Y)$ is prime because it is the kernel of a map whose image is an integral ring, and then $Y$ is a variety.
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How do you know that the zero set of $I(Y)$ is the image of the map (and not something bigger)? – Sheikraisinrollbank Sep 22 '10 at 14:18
I think you have just proved that the Zariski closure of the image is irreducible, which is certainly true if the source is irreducible. But this is not what was asked; e.g. $(x,y) \mapsto (x,xy)$ does not have Zariski closed, or even locally closed, image. – Emerton Sep 22 '10 at 15:37
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text:
Tobacco use in China is unequally distributed among urban and rural people. It was found that rural people smoke more than urban. Experts say that the main reason for that is that people from rural areas have a lower socio-economic status (SES), however, they cannot exactly say how social structural factors affect rural smoking.
The objective of the study was to examine the social and personal contributing factors that play a leading role in supporting smoking practices among rural people in China.
An ethnographic study was made in a rural area of Central Jiangsu, China. People who participated in the study were those who lived in families with at least one smoking resident and there were kids. In order to collect all necessary data the participants had to answer on a number of questions. Also unstructured observations were used to collect data. All collected data was analyzed by specialists.
The results of the study showed that though people were poorly informed about negative effects of smoking and had no motivation to give up the habit, social factors were the main barriers to quitting smoking.
In China cigarette gifting and cigarette exchange are considered an absolutely nromal thing. The tradition is especially popular in rural areas where the phenomenon is presented in every aspect of rural life, from daily activities to leisure time, in family and wider social interactions.
Now the question is — how traditional collectivism and familism is interacted with pro-smoking environment. What is the attitude of rural people towards smoke-free environments? Are they ready to implement smoke-free policies? These are just several questions that interest the experts. Living in the rural area was a serious barrier to quitting smoking because people were not informed about smoking cessation.
The main conclusion made after the study is that development of smoking cessation programs in rural areas of China must take into consideration the social determinants influencing smoking practices.
- 350 Million Smokers in China
- Age, gender and social advantage affect success in quitting smoking
- Smoking Rates Reduced in New Zealand


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Secured Transactions: Priority: Purchase Money Security Interests (PMSI) Part 1 Podcast
The topic of this podcast is which party will prevail in a competition for collateral as between sellers or lenders having a purchase money security interest ("PMSI") and other creditors with a security interest in the debtor's assets. While secured parties might expect to prevail with respect to their collateral most of the time, those sellers and lenders that have a purchase money security interest also have expectations. This podcast will examine the nature of a PMSI and the rules that come into play to determine which creditor has priority under § 9-324. These rules are commonly tested on law school and bar examinations. A PMSI is simply a specific type of security interest. In order to attach the interest, the attachment rules of § 9-203 still apply, At the conclusion of this podcast, you should be able to (1) identify and describe what a PMSI is; (2) describe how a secured party can create and perfect a security interest in purchase money collateral; (3) explain the rules governing priority of PMSIs; and (4) apply the rules related to purchase money security interests, including those related to proceeds.
A second podcast covering PMSIs is here
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A radioactive source emits particles according to a Poisson process with rate \lambda = 2 particles per minute.
What is the expected time of emission of the second particle given that three particles have been emitted in the first four minutes?
I know we can write this as E[S_2 | N(4) = 3], but how do you solve this?


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I have a number of old 1000-piece jigsaw puzzles I'd like to sell. I'd like to make sure they are complete first. Is there a faster way to determine whether there are exactly 1000 jigsaw pieces than physically picking up and counting every single one of them?
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Count by 5s. That's about the best you can do. Separate them into groups of the same size and count one group, and count how many groups you have. – Craig Oct 13 '11 at 13:37
I'd go by 10s instead. Form a cube of pieces. Unless they're bent you can easily check that the piles are the same height, so you don't need to worry about losing count. – Peter Taylor Oct 13 '11 at 14:03
You only have to count the pieces of the first puzzle. For the others a one-one match would do. – Christian Blatter Oct 13 '11 at 14:52
The old $1000$-piece jigsaw puzzles in my home cannot be tested for completeness by mere counting. Alas, my children have on occasion mixed up pieces from different puzzles, and having $1000$ pieces in a box does not guarantee that the puzzle is complete. – Dilip Sarwate Oct 13 '11 at 16:39
6 Answers 6
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I don't know of one. To know the number you should have (it may not be exactly 1000), you can assemble the border. Many puzzles are cut with a rectangular grid and you can multiply the number of rows by the number of columns. Unfortunately, I have also seen a number where the grid is perturbed in a small region of the center and the count is changed by 1 or 2.
With an accurate scale, if you have more than one puzzle in the same series, you could weigh the pieces. The thickness and outer dimensions will be nominally the same. Whether they are controlled within 0.1%, however, may be questionable.
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1000-piece jigsaws don't even have exactly 1000 pieces? Ugh. Well I'm glad I found this out before I started counting. That may take figuring out if a puzzle is complete without actually assembling it from daunting to impossible. D: – Emaille Oct 13 '11 at 14:03
_USER_: No, I multiplied up some of the 500 piece ones that were cut rectangular years ago. It was always a little higher than 500. – Ross Millikan Oct 13 '11 at 14:16
If puzzles are cut on a rectangular grid, then, assuming that the ratio of the puzzle dimensions is $4:3$, one might expect a "$1000$-piece puzzle" to have $28$ rows, $36$ columns, and $36\times 28 = 1008$ pieces. – Dilip Sarwate Oct 13 '11 at 16:54
Note: While the thread may have long served it's purpose, I am proposing the following for archival purpose.
You can take a photo after scattering them on a white background and use any software that uses thermal imaging to count, or use infrared beam by having them slide in a narrow strip at an angle that will interfere with the light registering a 'tick'.
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I once treid once piece on a digital scale, then weighing the lot, however I don't deem this to be a very accurate way of doing it.
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Why not take 50 random pieces, measure the weight of them, multiply by 20, and if the weight is inside interval [weight_of_50*20-smallest_piece,weight_of_50*20+smallest_piece] you're good. Is that a reasonable approximation? Of course, you need to have an accurate scale for this. – enedene Oct 13 '11 at 14:00
The only way you can guarantee the jigsaw is complete is to physically do the jigsaw.
Some jigsaws, particularly, Waddingtons & Tower Press jigsaws, have pieces with five connectors so even if you do the border and count the rest, you're not certain it's complete.
For example; some 500 pieced ones may have 502 pieces even the border is 20 x 26 pieces (520), some 750s have 750 pieces even though the border is 24 x 32 (768).
You could also have the other extreme where some pieces are in two bits some 1000 pieced. Some Waddingtons/Tower press ones have this setup with the border 38 x 26 (988).
Any jigsaws with whimsies will also be tricky in relation to 'just doing the border' pieces.
As I've said, earlier, best do the jigsaw, to be certain.
Good luck. :)
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The answer is in the title of this website - Stack. Measure the thickness of one piece, then stack them up and measure the height, place them in a tube, preferably clear, of small enough diameter so the pieces won't fall down the side. A graduated cylinder would be perfect.
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Try to stack them in a 10x10x10 cube
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In the last decades, in Italy there has been a wide diffusion of electronic databases to record administrative information of relevant interest for the National Health System. Nowadays there are several administrative electronic databases maintained by the National Health System, along with other health databases such as registries for specific diseases Such a recording system can be used to conduct observational studies, if appropriately administrated. One of the specific objectives of ARCHES project is to take a census of health electronic databases existing in Italy. The census is aimed to show the main characteristics of health electronic databases having regional population as reference population, giving detailed information about their structural peculiarities, accessibility, completeness, accuracy, geographical variability and the potentialities of their use in epidemiology.


text:
William P. MacConnell Aerial Photograph Collection, ca.1950-2000ca.24,000 items
In the 1950s, William P. MacConnell (Class of 1943), and his photogrammetry students in the Dept. of Forestry began using aerial photography to map forests, agricultural fields, wetlands, and other land cover in Massachusetts. Their work was eventually expanded to include the mapping of all land use for Massachusetts, making this state the first in the nation to be completely mapped in this fashion, and laying the foundation for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory.
The MacConnell Collection includes a comprehensive set of stereopair photographs derived from multiple transects of the state taken between 1950 and 2000. In addition to some original field notes, a stereoscope, and other project materials, the collection includes the following series:
- 1951: Massachusetts, black and white prints (1:20,000 scale)
- 1971: Massachusetts, black and white prints (1:20,000)
- 1985: Massachusetts and Rhode Island, infrared transparencies (1:25,000)
- 1990: Boston, Cape Cod, Buzzard's Bay, infrared transparencies (1:12,000)
- _PHONE_: Massachusetts, infrared transparencies (1:40,000)
- _PHONE_: Merrimack River Valley, North Shore, MDC-1, infrared transparencies (1:12,000)
- 1993: Massachusetts, Cape Cod, MDC-2, Nantucket, Dukes and Plymouth Counties, Naushon, West Metro, infrared transparencies (1:12,000)
- 1999: Massachusetts. infrared transparencies and prints (1:25,000)
The collection is housed in the Map Collection on the 2nd Floor of the library.
- Land use--Massachusetts
- MacConnell, William Preston, 1918-
- Aerial photography


text:
Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
Scope and Contents
The letter (autograph letter signed) is from Thomas Dick to a young reader of his books. It is dated 1 December 1848 and was written in Broughty Ferry (near Dundee). He writes that he he is'gratified to find that my writings have afforded you entertainment and instruction'. The letter congratulates him on pursuing his studies and mentions that he has just had two books published by the Religious Tract Society - The solar system and The atmosphere...
- Subject: Letters
- Subject: Science


text:
The active cloud cluster from which Viola developed formed about 600 km to the northwest of Cocos Island on 7 December 1979. It was part of a semi-continuous line of convection extending eastward across Indonesia. A tropical depression had developed by 9 December 1979 and moved slowly to the southwest. Using the Dvorak intensity analysis technique Viola reached tropical cyclone intensity at about 0300 UTC 11 December 1979. The cyclone then began to move westward under the influence of an easterly middle level flow north of the sub-tropical ridge.
Viola attained its maximum intensity late on 16 December 1979 when the central pressure was estimated to be near 930 hPa giving a maximum mean wind speed of about 205 km/h. It maintained this intensity as it crossed into the Mauritius Region early on 18 December 1979.
Viola was renamed Claudette and passed close to Mauritius late on 22 December 1979 causing the loss of six lives and injuring 21 people. It was reported that the sugar cane crop on Mauritius was devastated and that buildings suffered considerable damage.
Severe tropical cyclone Viola was notable for its small size and long lifetime. Satellite pictures showed that nearly all of the intense convective activity was within 200 km of the centre. Including the pre-cyclone and post-cyclone stages the storm lasted about 18 days from 9 December 1979.


Compute the weighted average along the specified axis.
Parameters :
a : array_like
axis : int, optional
Axis along which to average a. If None, averaging is done over the flattened array.
weights : array_like, optional
An array of weights associated with the values in a. Each value in a contributes to the average according to its associated weight. The weights array can either be 1-D (in which case its length must be the size of a along the given axis) or of the same shape as a. If weights=None, then all data in a are assumed to have a weight equal to one.
returned : bool, optional
Default is False. If True, the tuple (average, sum_of_weights) is returned, otherwise only the average is returned. If weights=None, sum_of_weights is equivalent to the number of elements over which the average is taken.
Returns :
average, [sum_of_weights] : {array_type, double}
Return the average along the specified axis. When returned is True, return a tuple with the average as the first element and the sum of the weights as the second element. The return type is Float if a is of integer type, otherwise it is of the same type as a. sum_of_weights is of the same type as average.
Raises :
ZeroDivisionError :
When all weights along axis are zero. See for a version robust to this type of error.
TypeError :
When the length of 1D weights is not the same as the shape of a along axis.
See also
average for masked arrays
>>> data = range(1,5)
>>> data
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> np.average(data)
>>> np.average(range(1,11), weights=range(10,0,-1))
>>> data = np.arange(6).reshape((3,2))
>>> data
array([[0, 1],
 [2, 3],
 [4, 5]])
>>> np.average(data, axis=1, weights=[1./4, 3./4])
array([ 0.75, 2.75, 4.75])
>>> np.average(data, weights=[1./4, 3./4])
TypeError: Axis must be specified when shapes of a and weights differ.
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