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||It has been suggested that this article be merged into Wood shingle. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2011.|
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2008)|
A shake is a basic wooden shingle that is made from split logs. Shakes have traditionally been used for roofing and siding applications around the world. Higher grade shakes are typically used for roofing purposes, while the lower grades are used for siding purposes. In either situation, properly installed shakes provide long lasting weather protection and a rustic aesthetic, though they require more maintenance than some other more modern weatherproofing systems.
The term shake is sometimes used as a colloquialism for all wood shingles, though shingles are sawn rather than split.
Wood selection
In North America shakes are typically made from Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), while in Scandinavia and Central Europe they are more commonly made from pine (Pinus sylvestris). There are various types of shakes, the main differentiating feature between shakes and other types of shingles is that shakes are split while most shingles are sawn on all sides. The sizes also vary from country to country; in North America shakes are usually made in 24-inch lengths - the most common, 18-inch barn shake, or even 48-inch shakes, which are typically used for siding. In Scandinavia shakes, traditionally used only for roofing, are generally smaller than in North America, measuring 13-16 inches long, 4-6 inches wide and 1/8 thick. Likewise wooden shingles are manufactured in differing lengths, in North America, 16-inch, 18-inch and 24 inches.
Log handling and transportation
Logs are typically cut into appropriate lengths using a chainsaw, then the "ringers" or cuts are split with an axe into cubes which are small enough to handle, usually 100 to 450 pounds, then stacked on a rope. The rope is looped around the stacked wood and the ends passed through an eye spliced in the end. When the running end is pulled it tightens the "sling" rope around the blocks preventing them from falling out. The slings are then flown to a central location where they can be loaded on pallets for transport. Previously, swede saws, crosscut saws and hand saws may have been used to cut the logs, and a froe (a heavy blade 24 inches long and three inches wide with a handle at one end perpendicular to the blade) was used to split the ringers. This blade was driven into the wood using a mallet, then the wood could be pried apart by pulling on the handle if it would not split by driving the blade in alone.
Before helicopters came into common use for transporting the slings, they were sometimes processed in the bush and finished, hand-split, shakes were carried out in a pack frame. In steep areas, cables were strung along the slope to form a tight-line or tyrolean. Staples were driven into a block straddling the cable, and the block was slid down the cable to a landing accessible to a boat or truck.
Both shakes and shingles must be edge grain cut, to prevent warping and splitting as the wood dries. When splitting blocks and manufacturing shakes or shingles particular care must be taken to consider the orientation of the grain in the wood. Like-wise when bucking, care must be taken to ensure cuts are precisely perpendicular to the grain, to minimize waste and maintain product quality. When bucking, the log must be cleared off well, so the grain can be seen clearly, allowing straight cuts perpendicular to the grain. When splitting, the ringers are typically split from the bark to the heart, perpendicular to the grain. The heart wood is removed by splitting parallel to the grain, and the bark and sap-wood is removed, as well as any imperfections such as rot or bug holes. The initial split is always made on a knot, burl, check or other imperfection, to allow the blocks to made as large as possible while disposing of any waste. The blocks should never be split where there is clear wood, or imperfections will be left in the block; or the block will have to be split too small in the process of removing flaws.
When cutting large logs or severely twisted pieces, it is often necessary to "cant", or split the entire log into "slabs". To split a log a ringer is removed at each end of the tree, exposing the interior. Wedges are driven into the face to split off a slab, usually on a natural check or imperfection which runs the entire length of the log. After the face begins to separate, wedges are driven into the resultant opening, starting very near the face and progressively working toward the other end of the log in small steps.
Manufacture of shakes and shingles from block form
Shake blocks are split into 1 inch thick slats called blanks, using either a hydraulic press with a blade attached, called a cuber, or split by hand using a froe and mallet. These blanks are uniform in thickness throughout if split from the same edge without flipping the block. Alternatively, the splitter may flip the block after a blank is taken off each edge, which results in a tapered split from end to end, called tapers or hand-split. The blanks which are not tapered require further processing before application to create this taper, and are run through a large band saw, pushed by hand to cut them from corner to corner forming a tapered shake, sawn on one face.
Shingles are cut from the blocks using a circular saw, typically 42-48 inches in diameter. The blocks are clamped in a carriage which slides back and forth across the blade, tilting and moving the block closer to the blade with each pass to automatically form a tapered cut of the correct thickness. The edges of the shingle are then cut with another circular saw called a "trim saw", to remove irregular edges. The result is a tapered shingle sawn on all six sides. The thickness of the butt, or thicker end of the tapered cut, is usually 3/8 inch thick, but is also commonly made to be 5/8 inch, and can be made to any custom specifications.
Recycled Rubber Shake Shingles
Modern recycling technologies have allowed the manufacture of rubber shake shingles, made mostly from old tires. These rubber shake shingles have the same look as a conventional wooden shingle but won't rot, curl, discolor, bend, crack, or take on moisture.
See also
- _URL_ Shakes and shingles (in Finnish only)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shingles|


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Classroom Lesson to Help Teens Analyze 'March Madness' Beer Ads
The Center for Science in the Public Interest's Campaign for Alcohol-Free Sports TV has teamed up with Media Literacy for Prevention, Critical Thinking, Self-Esteem, to provide educators with a free classroom lesson encouraging students to analyze beer ads aired during this year's NCAA "March Madness" college basketball tournament.
The lesson asks students to watch 1 hour of any NCAA tournament game and keep a log of all alcohol commercials, logos, and sponsorships. The teacher and students then analyze the ads and messages together in class.
We believe that this lesson can be a good tool to stimulate scrutiny and discussion of the commercial connection between alcohol advertising and sports. It can be used in community and youth groups as well as in schools.
Please forward this information to teachers and others who work with young people. We hope this educational exercise will spur greater involvement among young people in efforts to challenge the exploitation of sports by beer marketers. They would be the best messengers to tell college presidents that promoting beer during sports telecasts is inconsistent with efforts to curb student drinking and not in the best interests of higher education.
The NCAA's advertising and promotional standards claim to "exclude those advertisements and advertisers…that do not appear to be in the best interests of higher education and student-athletes." Given the 1,700 deaths and $1.7 billion in lost tuition caused by excessive drinking on college campuses — much of it in the form of beer — it is inconceivable that the NCAA's profiting from beer promotion during the college basketball tournament is in the best interests of higher education, sports, or student welfare.
A TNS Media Intelligence report found that beer was the second-ranked advertising category among the top five advertisers during the 2007 NCAA men's basketball tournament, and that spending for ads for Anheuser-Busch and Miller Brewing Company's beers ranked fourth and fifth among all advertisers.
"Beer companies have a long history of convincing campuses that destructive drinking habits are a normal part of college life," said Dr. Peter DeBenedittis, one of America's foremost media literacy experts. "Teaching students to think critically about alcohol marketing is an effective tool for preventing binge drinking and pressuring campuses to stop selling their students to alcohol marketers."
Download March Madness and other free lessons from MediaLiteracy.net.
Learn more about Campaign for Alcohol-Free Sports TV.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Even though your teeth are largely composed of a mineral softer than that found in sharks, new tests reported in the Journal of Structural Biology suggest that they're just as tough. In sharks, the material coating the teeth is largely composed of fluoroapatite, a fluoridated phosphate mineral that in its pure form is harder than the hydroxyapatite found in the enamel of human teeth. But by pressing tiny metallic pyramids into the surfaces of teeth from a shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus, shown) and a tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), researchers found that the enameloid coating on shark teeth is no harder than that of the enamel on a human wisdom tooth. The teeth are, in fact, of comparable hardness because their surfaces aren't pure mineral but instead are made of mineral crystals bound together with proteins so that the material doesn't shatter under a sudden impact.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


=head1 NAME APR::SockAddr - Perl API for APR socket address structure =head1 Synopsis use APR::SockAddr (); my $ip = $sock_addr->ip_get; my $port = $sock_addr->port; =head1 Description C provides an access to a socket address structure fields. Normally you'd get a socket address object, by calling: use Apache2::Connection (); my $remote_sock_addr = $c->remote_addr; my $local_sock_addr = $c->remote_local; =head1 API C provides the following functions and/or methods: =head2 C Get the IP address of the socket $ip = $sock_addr->ip_get(); =over 4 =item obj: C<$sock_addr> ( C> ) =item ret: C<$ip> ( string ) =item since: 2.0.00 =back If you are familiar with how perl's C works: use Socket'sockaddr_in'; my ($serverport, $serverip) = sockaddr_in(getpeername($local_sock)); my ($remoteport, $remoteip) = sockaddr_in(getpeername($remote_sock)); in apr-speak that'd be written as: use APR::SockAddr (); use Apache2::Connection (); my $serverport = $c->local_addr->port; my $serverip = $c->local_addr->ip_get; my $remoteport = $c->remote_addr->port; my $remoteip = $c->remote_addr->ip_get; =head2 C Get the IP address of the socket $port = $sock_addr->port(); =over 4 =item obj: C<$sock_addr> ( C> ) =item ret: C<$port> ( integer ) =item since: 2.0.00 =back Example: see C> =head1 Unsupported API C also provides auto-generated Perl interface for a few other methods which aren't tested at the moment and therefore their API is a subject to change. These methods will be finalized later as a need arises. If you want to rely on any of the following methods please contact the L so we can help each other take the steps necessary to shift the method to an officially supported API. =head2 C META: Autogenerated - needs to be reviewed/completed See if the IP addresses in two APR socket addresses are equivalent. Appropriate logic is present for comparing IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses with IPv4 addresses. $ret = $addr1->equal($addr2); =over 4 =item obj: C<$addr1> ( C> ) One of the APR socket addresses. =item arg1: C<$addr2> ( C> ) The other APR socket address. =item ret: C<$ret> ( integer ) =item since: subject to change =back The return value will be non-zero if the addresses are equivalent. =head1 See Also L. =head1 Copyright mod_perl 2.0 and its core modules are copyrighted under The Apache Software License, Version 2.0. =head1 Authors L. =cut


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The hydroelastic interaction of water waves and the finite-length ice sheet with a gap is investigated in this study. The ice sheet is treated as an elastic thin plate with free-edge boundary conditions. The analytical solutions are obtained using the eigenfunction expansion method. Effects of the gap location on water-wave propagation and hydroelastic responses of the ice sheet are analyzed. Local minima and maxima are found in the transmission coefficient curve. Enhanced wave elevation in the gap and hydroealstic response of the ice sheet can be observed at specific wave frequencies. The wave resonance effect in the gap is also discussed.
With climate change, Arctic shipping routes have attracted great interest from researchers and the industry (Smith and Stephenson, 2013). The interaction of water waves and sea ice is becoming a hot subject at present. On wave-ice interaction problems, early researches have widely considered the situation of semi-infinite or finite sea ice in water waves, by assuming the sea ice to be perfect and continuous (e.g. Fox and Squire (1990), Fox and Squire (1994),, Meylan and Squire (1993), Meylan and Squire (1994), Sahoo et al. (2001), and Teng et al. (2001)). It is also common that an ice sheet may have cracks or a polynya in it, which brings more difficulties to the hydrodynamic analysis. Squire and Dixon (2001) found that the crack can behave as a steep low-pass filter that allows an easier passing through of long waves. The perfect transmission can also occur at some specific wave periods. Shi et al. (2019) found that both the length and distribution of the polynya have important effects on wave reflection and transmission. dependent on the relative position of the submerged body to elastic plate edges. Ren et al. (2016) studied the wave excited motion of a floating body between two semi-infinite ice sheets and observed standing waves in the polynya. Li et al. (2018) considered a circular cylinder submerged below an ice sheet with a crack. The results revealed that the location of the crack played an important role in the body motion.


What is a Foodie and What Does it Actually Mean?
Foodie is a term that gets a bit of a bad rap. That's actually an understatement. It seems like the term is likely to produce a visceral reaction. So, what exactly is a foodie? It really depends on who you ask. Here's a look at what the term actually means, where it derives from, and what it's turned into.
What Is a Foodie?
The term foodie is official, it is in the dictionary. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, foodie is a noun and refers to "a person who loves food and is very interested in different types of food". Comparatively, Merriam-Webster largely defines a foodie as a person interested in popular food fads. Again, it really depends on who you ask. But, where did the term come from?
The Roots of Foodie
Foodie is a relatively new term, being first used in the early 1980s. It was originally coined by a writer in New York City, Gael Greene, but it became popularized by Ann Barr and Paul Levy, who wrote The Official Foodie Handbook. This piece was of the opinion that a foodie eats for pleasure, not sustenance. This person is not snobby, not a professional, and not concerned with anything being gourmet. They don't even necessarily have a large appetite. They eat for their soul.
The authors of this article knew the handbook would strike a nerve, as it spoke to a shared interest in food that hadn't been previously written about. They knew it would help people feel heard. Then, once the term was recognized and put into existence, it became hard to unsee. With this description and basic definition, what happened to the term to cause all the controversy?
Foodie and Commercialization
Foodie, when created, was a term used sparingly. It wasn't necessarily a good or a bad thing, it was just a description'. However, as the term became more and more popular, it fell into the inevitable trap of being commercialized and completely overused. It's used in commercials, magazines, email threads, television shows, books, pretty much everywhere. With overuse, terms become entirely unambiguous and, sometimes, annoying.
Once something becomes commercially popular, it also becomes popular to hate it. Additionally, the term has gained meaning in political conversations as well as class division due to the reality of the profession being predominately working-class, with expensive dining being sometimes reserved for the rich. Long story short, it gets complicated!
Where It is Today?
So, what is a foodie today? It really depends on who you ask, and what day you happen to ask. Accounts on Instagram celebrate the term, with influencers making their income documenting meals at popular restaurants and using the term with pride and absolutely no restraint. Chefs, however, often don't care for the term. They think it has become a way for people who don't know much about the culinary world to pretend they know everything. It empowers a person to complain about and critic something without necessarily having any merit.
What seems to be the common thread here is, if you actually know a lot about the culinary world, chances are you don't describe yourself as a foodie. But, if you do, we're not judging. After all, the term and movement have helped the food industry grow exponentially. All the restaurants you know and love, with unique recipes and incredible flavors, might just have the term to thank. At least in part.
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WVU Extension
Why are bees swarming around my bird feeder?
Bees are swarming on my bird feeder and eating all the bird seed. Birds are even staying away. I've never seen this before; what's the reason for this odd behavior?
Honey bees are only territorial of their hive and will not try and protect a food source beyond that area. Honey bees foraging away from the hive nest will only sting when immediately threatened. Stepping on a bee will provoke it to sting, but if the bee is released before a stinging occurs the bee will not pursue whatever stepped on it. Cattle will avoid grain feeder due to bees that get into the nostril and mouth when feeding. Birds may step on bees or hit them with their beak while
feeding. Birds may also just be intimidated by the presence of the bees.


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Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Students explore dynamics of local, organic food productionBy Katie Land, news editor
|Students in OU's Food Quest course learn about the dynamics of local and organic food production at Earthworks Urban Farm in Detroit.
In all its capacities, food has long played a role in human social and cultural systems. The consumption and preparation of food defines nations, unites traditions, builds families. And as the world has continued to develop and change, so too does the food industry and various food-philosophy movements.
The Food Quest, an anthropology course at Oakland University explores the ways in which humans produce, consume and relate to food in a global, cross-cultural perspective.
"Understanding the human relationship to food illuminates the relationship we have with our larger environment," said Tara Deubel, Ph.D., assistant professor of anthropology. "From a global perspective, we need to address why people continue to die of hunger and malnutrition in 2012 when adequate food resources exist."
"Locally, we need to ask similar questions about why many residents of Detroit are unable to access healthy food on a daily basis in an area now considered to be a "food desert" due to its lack of food resources," Dr. Deubel continued. "It is critical to re-examine the local and global systems we have put in place and advocate more sustainable alternatives that encourage smaller-scale, local food production and more healthy eating habits."
The course covers a wide range of topics including changes in human eating patterns, the globalization of the food industry, transnational food politics, debates concerning genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the organic and local food movements, malnutrition and hunger in developing countries, food rituals and eating disorders.
Housed in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice, Dr. Deubel's Food Quest course forces students to examine their own eating habits, and to learn about local food production and the factors that determine the food they eat.
|OU's Student Organic Farm grows organic produce each year.
This semester, the course's emphasis is on food sustainability in the Metro Detroit Area. Student research includes community food banks, urban gardens, "farm to table" business models, local farmers' markets, and problems of food availability and access in Detroit.
These topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the Earthworks Urban Farm in Detroit. Students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level.
"The Earthworks visit was a real eye opener for me," said junior Kristopher Kildow, Environmental Sciences major. "Before this visit, I never realized how much politics plays a part in what we eat and I ended up learning quite a bit. I was very interested in the cost associated with becoming a certified organic grower and was shocked to learn that someone wanting to sell their organic crops would have to pay so much money and wait so long in order to label their produce for what it is."
As they learn about the local and global impact of the food industry, several students have developed passions for the local and organic food movements.
"I would like to see the concept of urban gardening spread throughout Detroit and for more people to get involved and to start eating real food, not processed food from the gas stations and little grocers," said Katherine VanBelle, a senior student majoring in Environmental Sciences. "I found it sad to hear that some city kids think food comes from a gas station. I feel that it's reasons like this that make us one of the unhealthiest cities in America."
The Food Quest course is cross-listed in anthropology and the Environmental Science Program. It will be available online in the summer 2013 semester and as a full course next fall.
For more information about courses and programs in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice, view the website


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The Exchange Responsive Reader. A custom-designed Bible study that presents the truths of God's word clearly, and provides responsive question and answer sections so that you can continue discussing the key points of the gospel.
When attempting to share the gospel with someone in our modern world, it can be nearly impossible to break through the busyness and technology-driven life that most people live. So how are we supposed to effectively cut through the noise and give the word of God to our friends and loved ones?
The Exchange Message App is a gospel presentation, Bible study, and discipleship tool.
The app meets people where they are, and does so in an engaging and responsive way on their phone or tablet.ACCESS DIGITAL BOOKS
The app includes:
- The Exchange Experience: Self-guided and presentation modes for sharing the gospel
- The Exchange Responsive Reader: In-depth and interactive Bible studies that cultivate deeper understanding and engagement
- Interactive illustrations to enhance engagement and clarify key points
- Relevant scripture passages referenced and available throughout the gospel presentation
- Personalized tract using your name and your friend's name.
- Messaging functionality between you and your friend to discuss key questions
- Digital downloads of Exchange Bible studies, with options for gifting to other users
- Easy to use invite feature which allows you to customize and send emails inviting friends to join you in a study
Being the witness God has called us to be can be a scary proposition. Where do I start? What do I say? What if they say…?
After 30 years in pastoral ministry, we've trained thousands of Christians in how to share their faith effectively.
The Exchange Message App is built upon the lessons learned and is filled with answers to the most common questions. It's the tool you never knew existed, but that you will come back to for years to come.


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How to Clean Kitchen Garbage Can
When you think about holidays, the first thing that comes to mind is to clean out the trash can. However, since all cooking, gift wrapping (and packaging) and post-party cleaning are done at this time of year, you want a clean trash can.
How often should you clean the kitchen trash can?
The frequency of cleaning garbage depends on how many people are in the house and your personal kitchen habits. Naturally, one person has less trash than a family of five. However, if you eat too much or do a lot of composting and recycling, your trash can may not take many measures. This is indeed a judgment call, but the waste bin should usually be cleaned thoroughly at least once a month.
How do you clean your garbage can?
- Cleaning the trash can may never be on the top of your list of favorite pastimes. Fortunately, this is a fairly simple process and does not require any special tools or cleaning products.
- Empty the trash can.
- Wipe the outside of the dustbin with a microfiber cloth and warm soapy water. Always start from the outside, because the inside will be dirtier and you don't want to smear dirt on the surface of the trash can.
- Use the same microfiber cloth and soapy water to clean the inside of the trash can.
- Use a fresh microfiber cloth or paper towel to thoroughly dry the trash can.
- Do not put in a new bag until the inside and outside of the trash can are completely dry.
- Put a new trash can liner in it.
Steps for maintaining a clean kitchen trash can
Between monthly cleanings, several steps can be taken to keep the trash can clean.
- Always use garbage bags.
- Do not throw away liquid or runny food. If you do, please put it in a plastic food bag first. The same goes for any moldy or spoiled food.
- Wipe off spills immediately to prevent them from having time to stick. A wet microfiber cloth or paper towel is an ideal tool to solve this problem.
- When you see stains or fingerprints, wipe them off immediately. You can use a dry microfiber cloth to clean these streaks and stains.
- Make sure that the trash can lining is always close to the edge of the trash can. If it falls inside and you don't realize it, then you need to do some important garbage cleaning.
- Please move full garbage bags into outdoor containers as soon as possible instead of packing up the garbage.
If you clean your garbage bin once a week or every two weeks, sprinkle baking soda on the bottom to neutralize the smell. If you go longer between trash can cleaning, don't use baking soda as it will clump up and cause a bigger mess.
Remember, the more often you clean the garbage can, the less likely you are to encounter a smelly trash can.
Saniwise is a modern home tools brand introducing premium automatic sensor stainless steel trash can for kitchen, home, and office. Saniwise electric sensor garbage cans 13 gallon for kitchen are available on Amazon. Enjoy totally touchless and hygienic trash-throwing experience from today!


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Pioneering colour theorist and artist, Sydney Harry who lectured at Bradford College of Art between 1937 and 1975, was also obsessed with the theory and principles of colour. Teaching Woven Textiles and Photography but most importantly the Science and Theory of Colour and Perception, Sydney's research proved to be of immense value to colour theorists and textile designers.
Sydney Harry was born in Leeds in 1912 and at age twelve was accepted to study fine art, photography and woven textile design at Leeds College of Art. Leaving college aged 14; Sydney Harry opened a design and colour services studio.He came to Bradford College of Art in 1937 as a Senior Lecturer teaching Woven Textile Design, Colour and Photography.
Today colour is everywhere in our lives, influencing our choices of what to wear, what car to buy and what colour to paint our walls! The theory and principles of mixing colour both additive ( mixing light) and subtractive ( mixing pigment) and the visual and psychological impact of colour combinations has always fascinated artists, academics and industrialists. The note books of Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton demonstrate their obsession with colour!
In the early 1960s as his professional practice in art and textiles progressed he developed theories about colour by experimenting with colour combinations using weaving and gouache paint. His ideas and reputation spread quickly and he was invited by WD Wright, Professor of Applied Optics at Imperial College, London to join The Colour Group of Great Britain in 1968. Sydney Harry's theories and experiments with colour were highly thought of among academic circles and before long he regularly lectured at academic institutions including Goldsmiths College, London and The Royal College of Art, and the University of Stockholm, and at for many industrial associations including the ICI Paints Division, the Design Council, International Wallpaper Manufacturers' Association, British Colour Education Institute, and London British Colour Council.
His earliest existing colour theory paintings date from 1965, in which gradations of tone and hue were a major theme. By varying the scale and colour combinations many of his paintings resemble the dramatic Pop Art canvases of the 1960's whilst others play strange tricks on your eyes. Sydney Harry's work is a demonstration of the creative and calculated use of colour, an unusual academic and practical blend of science and art.
In 1978 Sydney Harry was instrumental in the setting up of The Colour Museum in Bradford, now home to the Society of Dyers and Colourists. The Society of Dyers and Colourists gave the first major exhibition of Sydney's paintings from 1920s to the 1980s at their Bradford Colour Experience in October 2006. Harry continued to lecture up until 1984 until ill health severely limited his lecturing programme but he continued to paint and experiment with his theories right up until his death in 1991.
Sincere thanks to the family of Sydney Harry, particularly his grand daughter Lettie Tanner.


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Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers in Michelia maudiae (Magnoliaceae).
ABSTRACT • Premise of the study: Michelia maudiae is a threatened species in the Magnoliaceae. Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in M. maudiae for further investigation of its conservation genetics. • Methods and Results: Microsatellite markers were developed in M. maudiae using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing Repeats protocol. Ten polymorphic microsatellites were assessed in two populations of M. maudiae. The number of alleles detected per locus varied from 1 to 8. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.792 and from 0.000 to 0.826, respectively. Six primer pairs showed transferability in the two related species Michelia foveolata and Michelia chapensis. • Conclusions: This set of microsatellite markers provides a useful tool for future studies of the conservation genetics of M. maudiae and other congeneric species.


DOI: 10.17265/2159-581x/2015.06.004
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Lyudmila Symochko, Volodymyr Patyka, Vitaly Symochko, Antonina Kalinichenko
Abstract: Abstract: Virgin forests are unique ecosystems, which can be used as etalon for basic biocoenotic investigation. Soil microorganisms are very sensitive reagents on influence of biotical factors, and at the same time are the active producers of phytotoxic and phytostimulating exometabolites. Studies of soil microbiota were conducted in virgin beech forests of Shyrokoluzhansky massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. It was found the ratio and the number of different ecological-trophic groups of soil microor…
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Anaesthetic considerations for a bleeding hemangiosarcoma undergoing splenectomy
Saturday, September 2, 2023
A haemangiosarcoma is a type of cancer that is common in dogs. Most cases originate from the spleen. Typically these patients present with haemoabdomen for splenectomy. Care should be taken to thoroughly assess and stabilise the patient prior to anaesthesia. These patients are often critical, and consideration should be taken of the equipment and monitoring devices required. ECG, blood pressure, SpO2 and capnography are all vital when monitoring the anaesthetic for these patients.
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Last modified July 15, 2020 by John Mcgrath
Qminder logoQminder is a queuing solution for safe, touch-free customer service—greet, inform, and interact with your customers while maintaining safe physical distance. Create Qminder tickets based on user actions within the app and trigger ticket status update messages from Swrve with Swrve's Qminder integration.
Supported actions
Swrve's Qminder integration supports the following actions:
Outbound actions
 - Create a new Qminder ticket; for example, add a customer to a queue.
Inbound actions
 - Process ticket status update events from Qminder.
Use cases
Create Ticket
Using the Qminder connector, Swrve triggers the creation of a ticket in Qminder upon receipt of a selected user action that is configured as a mobile event. There are two main steps involved in triggering ticket creation via the Qminder integration:
 1. Create a custom event in the Swrve SDK for the user action that you want to use to trigger the creation of a ticket; for example, create_ticket.
 2. Create a rule in Swrve that is triggered on receipt of the designated event and uses the Create Ticket action to create the ticket.
The Create Ticket action configuration includes mandatory fields, such as the Swrve User ID and Line ID. If the values vary by user and you want to include them as dynamic content when configuring the rule, ensure the values are included as part of the trigger event payload or set up in Swrve as a user property.
Send push notification
The Qminder connector sends ticket status events to Swrve, which you can use to trigger push notifications in Swrve. For example, when a customer's ticket is called, use the receipt of the Ticket Called event to trigger a rule in Swrve that sends a push notification to a user with pertinent details about their ticket (line number, ticket status, desk number, and so forth).
Qminder configuration
In most instances, your CSM will set up your Qminder configuration, however you might need to provide them with certain credentials. To view your active Swrve integrations, on the Manage menu, select Adaptors.
Step 1: To access the configuration settings, on the Qminder card, select Configure.
Step 2: Complete the following fields as required:
Field Description
API Key Your Qminder API access key
Step 3: To save the configuration settings, select Save.
After you select Save, the configuration status changes to Active and the Deactivate button is available. If you Activate or Deactivate the configuration at any time, the changes apply to both the outbound and inbound actions.
Configuring Qminder actions
This section describes the fields that are included when creating a new rule using the selected action. For certain inbound actions, Swrve automatically creates a rule, while your CSM will likely configure any outbound actions. Most fields have the option to manually enter the value or to select a user property from the list to have Swrve automatically populate the value when the rule is processed.
Create Ticket
Adds a user to a line in Qminder. Complete the following fields to include the values required to create the ticket.
Field Description
Swrve User ID The Swrve User ID of the user to create the ticket for.
Line The Line ID to create the ticket under.
First Name The user's first name. (Optional)
Last Name The user's last name. (Optional)
Phone Number The user's phone number. (Optional)
Email The user's email address. (Optional)
Source PHONE, MANUAL, or NAME. (Optional)
Extra Attributes Custom fields/values to attach to the ticket. (Optional)
Scheduling Options Send Immediately – the action is performed as soon as the rule is triggered.
Send after – the action is performed after X minutes, hours or days.
Inbound actions
The Qminder inbound actions use webhooks with the Qminder system to receive asynchronous ticket status update events. The webhooks are set up when you activate the Qminder integration. Qminder sends the following events to Swrve:
Event Description
Ticket Called Ticket has been called.
Ticket Cancelled Ticket has been cancelled (removed).
Ticket Changed Ticket has been changed (edited) or a label was added.
Ticket Created Ticket has been created.
Ticket Recalled Ticket has been recalled.
Ticket Served Ticket has been served.


Skip to definition.
Adjective: biennial bI'e-nee-ul
 1. (botany) having a life cycle lasting two seasons
 "parsnips and carrots are biennial plants often grown as annuals"; "a biennial life cycle";
 - two-year
 2. Occurring every second year
 "they met at biennial conventions";
 - biyearly
Noun: biennial bI'e-nee-ul
Derived forms: biennials
See also: periodic, periodical
Type of: flora, plant, plant life
Antonym: annual, perennial
Encyclopedia: Biennial


text:
"Most climate models assume that roots are shallow -- usually within 6 feet of the surface -- and that only the soil moisture near the surface can significantly impact the climate," said Praveen Kumar, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Our research shows that it is not just the near surface, but also the deep reservoir of soil moisture that affect terrestrial heat and moisture processes in land-atmosphere interaction."
A better understanding of this interaction, Kumar said, could lead to more accurate climate models and better predictability.
Using a land surface model, Kumar and graduate student Geremew Amenu are assessing the effects of deep roots on soil moisture and temperature redistribution. Three sites with different vegetation, soil and climate characteristics are being studied: the Mogollon Rim in Arizona, the Edwards Plateau in Texas and the Southern Piedmont in Georgia. Soil depths of up to 30 feet are being investigated.
There are two primary mechanisms by which deep-layer moisture affects the soil surface, Kumar said. First, its temporal variability sets the lower boundary for the transfer of moisture and heat from the surface. And second, this temporal variability influences the uptake of moisture by the plant roots, resulting in the variability of the transpiration and therefore the entire energy balance.
"Our initial results suggest that this second mechanism is predominant, indicating that accurate specification of rooting depth in climate models will play a crucial role in improving predictability," Kumar said.


How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
Pushbullet, the service that acts as a bridge between your mobile and desktop OSes, sets the gold standard for developer updates. If you haven't used it recently (or ever), this is a great time to check out all the cool stuff it can do.
The Basics: Push Anything to Any Device
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
Way back in the day, Google introduced a Chrome extension called Chrome to Phone that would allow you to push links from your desktop to your phone with a single click. It worked okay. Pushbullet, on the other hand, picked up where that extension left off, allowing users to push text, links, files, maps and more. Not only could you push from your desktop to the phone, but you could also push data in the reverse direction: from your phone to your computer. Or from one device to many others. Or even from your device to a friends! We'll explain how to do all of those (and much more) but first you'll need the apps or the extensions. Here are download links for various platforms:
Pushbullet also utilizes Chrome's rich notification system to show you notifications that have been mirrored from your device (more on that later) or sent from the Pushbullet app to your browser. Firefox has a similar toast notification function, though it's slightly less robust (for example, Chrome allows you to dismiss a notification on your phone from the desktop, while Firefox does not).
From any of these apps or extensions, you can send something to any of the others. Here are the basics that have been around in Pushbullet for a while:
 - Send links between devices: From your desktop, using the Chrome or Firefox extension, you can send a link to your phone or tablet with the click of a button. If you're on the page you need to send, Pushbullet will automatically fill in the title and link, so you just have to pick the device and hit push.
 - Copy files to other devices: Pushbullet can copy files from one device to another, including pictures, videos, music files, PDFs, APKs, and just about anything else that you can copy. While Dropbox is a pretty good solution for some file movement, being able to push a file directly from one device to another without a middleman can be useful.
 - Open an address in your maps app: One of the sucky things about Chrome to Phone getting abandoned is that moving a Maps location from your desktop to your phone is a little harder. If you're in Maps on the desktop, you can send a link from where you're at. You can also send an address without opening up Maps at all with the address function. Both options open directly in the Maps app on Android. iOS requires you to open the address in the Pushbullet app first, but then it will jump to your maps application.
 - Push a link to someone else's phone: While you'll have to add them as a contact in Pushbullet first, you can send pushes to a friend's phone by simply changing the target device. If you've ever had to open a messaging or email app just to share a link with someone, you can immediately see how much nicer this is.
Pushing links from one place to another is just the start, though. Pushbullet aims to be the glue that holds your devices together, filling in the gaps where typical syncing software fails.
Send and Receive Text Messages on Your Computer
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
As any Google Voice user could tell you, sending text messages from your desktop is way easier than tapping it out on a phone. While services like MightyText exist solely for this purpose, Pushbullet rolls it into the rest of its software suite. With the feature enabled, you can get a desktop notification when you receive an SMS, reply from the pop-up, or even initiate an SMS conversation yourself.
There are a couple downsides to this, though: for starters, iPhone users don't seem to have this functionality yet (possibly due to restrictions on iOS). And MMS and group messages don't seem to be supported at all, though the developer says he hopes to add it. Nonetheless, simple SMS is still plenty useful.
Receive and Dismiss Notifications on Your Phone or Tablet from Desktop
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
One of the neatest features of Pushbullet on Android is that it can mirror your notifications on your desktop. You can do this en masse or on a per app basis. The app accomplishes this by using the notification listening service (which is why it doesn't work on iOS, unfortunately). Enable notification mirroring on your Android phone or tablet and then install the Pushbullet extension on Chrome or Firefox. From then on, any notification you get will show up on your desktop. You can even dismiss them from your phone, which makes it particularly handy for managing all the notifications that build up during the day.
Of course, all of this functionality is built right in. You didn't come here for the stuff you already knew you could do, did you? Let's get to the fun stuff.
Sync Your Clipboard Across All Devices
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
Pushbullet already helps make it easier to copy a bit of text from one device to another with the push of a note. However, syncing your clipboard could make it even easier. So they made it happen. To turn on universal copy and paste, go into Settings on the devices you want to sync and check the box to turn it on. This option is device-specific and not account-wide, so you can enable it on just your phone and desktop if, for example, you don't want a tablet interfering.
Once the feature is turned on, you'll never actually "see" it in action, but it works behind the scenes. In our tests, there was a couple seconds of lag compared to normal cut and paste (it is traveling over the internet after all), but your clipboard contents are simply replaced with whatever the last thing you copied on any device was. A warning though: this can cause some security issues if you're using it on a shared device, so be sure that you only enable it on trusted devices. Alternatively, don't copy your passwords or credit card info to the clipboard.
Subscribe to Cool Content with Pushbullet Channels
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
In the first section, we talked about how you can send or receive links from someone else's phone. Well, it's not just people you know that can push stuff to your phone. Pushbullet also has its own Channels you can subscribe to that will send you updates. These are a bit like custom RSS feeds, but instead of being consolidated in a reader app, they go straight to your notification shade.
Unfortunately, at the moment, it doesn't seem that you can create your own channels. However, there are several useful ones to choose from. You can get updates on Steam deals, CyanogenMod announcements, or even certain webcomics like The Oatmeal. In the latter case, any fan can tell you that updates are irregular, so getting a notification is especially handy.
Suppose you'd like to get notifications of something not on the list, though. Well, Pushbullet can help with that, too.
Create Pushbullet Recipes with IFTTT
How to Use Pushbullet to Bridge the Gap Between All Your Devices
The IFTTT channel for Pushbullet has already been populated with hundreds of recipes that allow the service to send notifications directly to your phone, tablet, or PC when certain criteria are met. You can browse the entire channel here.
This section actually has a bit of overlap with a similar service, Pushover, which we've covered before. While both services can send notifications to your device via IFTTT, Pushbullet excels by making it easier to send thing between devices manually, as well as having Tasker integration which we'll get to next. If you're more inclined to write your own code, however, Pushover might be worth your attention. That being said, here are some examples of what you can do with Pushbullet and IFTTT.
Get Notified of Stock Prices
The stock channel on IFTTT allows you to find out if a particular stock has dropped or risen by more than a set percent, or simply to check in at the end of the trading day. Data for stock trading is provided by Yahoo! Finance.
Find Out When a Package Changes Status
If you're like me, then any time you're expecting a package, you're constantly refreshing Fedex's website like a mad man, anyway. Instead, you can have IFTTT send a notification directly to your phone any time your package changes status. For now, it seems the shipping channel can't filter out any status except "delivered" (which is the only one we care about), but it's still helpful.
Push a Voice Message to Other Devices
IFTTT allows you to call in to a dedicated number and leave a voice message for yourself (or others!). With the Pushbullet channel, you can send that voice message directly to your tablet or desktop. The notification will include an audio file of the recording that you can download to any of your devices.
Find Out When the Weather is Crappy
Okay, you probably have somewhere in the area of hundreds of apps on your phone that can retrieve the weather. However, Pushbullet and IFTTT can send weather alerts directly to your phone or desktop. You can get a daily reminder of tomorrow's forecast, receive a notification if it's going to rain tomorrow, or just get today's weather report every morning.
Get Notified


text:
Many tourists and residents were surprised to see traffic cut to allow the ovine parade to bleat its way across some of Madrid's most upscale urban streets.
The right to use droving routes that wind across land that was open fields and woodland before Madrid grew from a rural hamlet to the great metropolis it is today has existed since at least 1273.
Every year, a handful of shepherds defend the right and, following an age-old tradition, on Sunday paid 25 maravedis—coins first minted in the 11th century—to city hall to use the crossing.
Shepherds have a right to use 78,000 miles (125,000 kilometers) of paths for seasonal livestock migrations from cool highland pastures in summer to warmer and more protected lowland grazing in winter.
The movement is called transhumance and in Spain up until recently involved close to a million animals a year, mostly sheep and cattle.
Modern farming practices are however increasingly confining animals to barns, because shepherding is costly, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, which has been promoting the colorful annual Transhumance Fiesta in Madrid since 1994.
Madrid became an important urban center when King Philip II chose it as the capital of his vast empire in 1561. Some paths have been used for more than 800 years and modern-day Madrid has sprawled to engulf two north-south routes. One that crosses Puerta del Sol—Madrid's equivalent of New York's Times Square—dates back to 1372.
Spaniards are proud of their centuries-old sheep rearing traditions and hold the native Merino breed of sheep in particular esteem. Merinos have gone on to form the backbone of important wool industries in places such as Australia and South America.


text:
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Many important applications in biology have underlying datasets that are relational, that is, only the (dis)similarity between biological objects (amino acid sequences, gene expression profiles, etc.) is known and not their feature values in some feature space. Examples of such relational datasets are the gene similarity matrices obtained from BLAST, gene expression data, or gene ontology (GO) similarity measures. Once a relational dataset is obtained, a common question asked is how many groups of objects are represented in the original dataset. The answer to this question is usually obtained by employing a clustering algorithm and a cluster validity measure. In this article we describe a cluster validity measure for non-Euclidean relational fuzzy c-means that is based on the correlation between a relation induced on the data by the cluster memberships and the original relational data. This validity measure can be applied to partitions made by any fuzzy relational clustering algorithm. We illustrate our measure by validating clusters in several dissimilarity matrices for a set of 194 gene products obtained using BLAST and GO similarities.


I want to edit Ruby files using Python scripts and I need to
 1. Check if a function call exists within a class, add if not present, check function call args if present and change accordingly
 2. Check if a function def exists and if not insert a function definition inside a class
 3. Points 1 and 2 for blocks (and also for classes and modules)
 4. When rebuilding the edited file comments should be intact
Suggest me a Ruby/Rails parser written in Python. Also, tell me if it is a lot easier in Ruby itself rather than finding a library in Python, and if that would give me a lot more flexibility and even more abilities to control the Ruby files.
Are you trying to edit the ruby files while the ruby application is running?
Or are you using the python scripts to generate a project, like cookiecutter?
Ruby does support reflection and metaprogramming so you can:
 1. check if a method exists using respond_to?
 2. define a method using define_method.
If it were me, I'd do everything in ruby, but it depends on your usecase.
 - I am trying to generate a project just like cookiecutter. And you are right, I later realized I will have to end up having a full fledge ruby parser in one way or the other written wholly in Python, and it makes more sense to use Ruby's own reflection and meta api to change things in ruby files for checking if the function exists or not, or to add new ones. But it would still fall short when it comes to adding an assignment statement and function calls in an existing function or blocks. (Or would it? do we have methods for that as well?) – Saravanabalagi Ramachandran Nov 14 '18 at 12:52
Your Answer


text:
Fast Band-Sweep Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement
To provide consistent measurements of radio performance in typical complex environments, the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) is used as a key parameter measured in anechoic chambers. Currently, the TIS measurement is based on the integration of the measured effective isotropic sensitivity at every angle over a spherical surface. This measurement is time consuming so it is only performed for three channels in a band in order to reduce overall measurement time. However, the whole band performance in real environments is critical in the research and development stage, and even in potential certification measurement. A novel fast band-sweep measurement for TIS of wireless devices is proposed in this paper. This method measures the radiated sensitivity and the average gain of the receiver antenna separately, and then combines them to obtain the TIS. The measurement of the radiated sensitivity in a band is efficiently performed based on the relationship between the bit error rate and the received power, and the band-sweep average gain of mobile antennas can be achieved through peak gain measurements. Hence, this method reduces band-sweep measurement time significantly and also ensues the measurement accuracy by eliminating the systematic error in the received signal strength indicator reporting.
Z. Liu et al., "Fast Band-Sweep Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. _PHONE_, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Aug 2016.
The definitive version is available at _URL_
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for High Performance Computing Research
Keywords and Phrases
Antennas; Bit error rate; Mobile antennas; Receiving antennas; Complex environments; Measurement accuracy; Real environments; Received signal strength indicators; Research and development; Spherical surface; Sweep measurements; Total isotropic sensitivities; Artificial intelligence; Average gain antenna; band-sweep measurement; calibration procedure; mean effective gain (MEG); radiated sensitivity and conducted sensitivity; receiver sensitivity analysis; (TIS) measurement
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Article - Journal
© 2016 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), All rights reserved.


text:
||This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (December 2011)|
A fail-safe or fail-secure device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel.
"Fail-safe[ty]" should not be confused with "fail-secur[ity]." A fail-secure component of a system secures that system (or at least the portion to which the component is dedicated) in the event of a failure either of that component or elsewhere in the system. For example, during a failure of an ingress-egress control system, e.g., a user propping a door open somewhere in a building, a fail-secure lock will close, lock, and remain locked even when a user attempts to unlock it with the key that the user usually employs. In such a case, an independent release, such as a reboot or disarming of the securing mechanism, is required. In contrast, a component may be considered fail-safe even if its failure does not secure the system. For example, if a door locked from the inside is left unlocked or is unlocked at the wrong time, it has failed (in some cases, along with the entire system), the door may be (but is not necessarily) fail-safe if its being unlocked does not open it or attract additional attention to its unlocked state.
Significantly, despite popular belief to the contrary, a system's being "fail-safe" means not that failure is impossible/improbable, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure; that is, if and when a "fail-safe" system "fails", it is "safe" or at least no less safe than when it is operating correctly.
Mechanical or physical
- Aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier increases the throttle to full power at touchdown. If the arresting wires fail to capture the plane, it is able to take off again.
- Coiling/rolling fire doors that are activated by building alarm systems or local smoke detectors must close automatically when signaled regardless of power. In case of power outage the coiling fire door does not need to close, but must be capable of automatic closing when given a signal from the building alarm systems or smoke detectors. A temperature sensitive fusible link may be employed to hold the fire doors open against gravity or a closing spring. In case of fire, the link melts and releases the doors, and they close.
- Operation of some airport luggage carts requires that one hold down a given cart's handbrake switch at all times; if the handbrake switch is released, the brake will activate, and assuming that all other portions of the braking system are working properly, the cart will stop. The handbrake-holding requirement thus both operates according to the principles of "fail-safety" and contributes to (but does not necessarily ensure) the fail-security of the system.
- See dead man's switch, a more extreme example that, depending on its placement in the system, can be used to render a system "safe" and/or "secure" against a failure that disables it.
- Lawnmowers and snow blowers have a hand-closed lever that must be held down at all times. If it is released, it stops the blades or rotors rotation.
- Air brakes on railway trains and air brakes on trucks. The brakes are held in the "off" position by air pressure created in the brake system. Should a brake line split, or a carriage become de-coupled, the air pressure will be lost and the brakes applied. It is impossible to drive a train or truck with a serious leak in the air brake system.
- Motorized gates — In case of power outage the gate can be pushed open by hand with no crank or key required. However, as this would allow virtually anyone to go through the gate, a fail-secure design is used: In a power outage, the gate can only be opened by a hand crank that is usually kept in a safe area.
- During early Apollo program missions to the Moon, the spacecraft was put on a free return trajectory — if the engines had failed at lunar orbit insertion, the craft would have safely coasted back to Earth.
- Elevator cabins have a safety mechanism that wedges securely onto the guide rails to arrest a fall if the hoist cables were to fail.
- Various devices that operate with fluids use fuses or valves as a fail-safe mechanism.
- A railway semaphore signal is designed so that should the cable controlling the signal break, the arm returns to the "danger" position, preventing any trains passing the inoperative signal.
- On diving watches, the rotating bezel used to measure dive time contains a ratchet so it can only be turned counter-clockwise. If the bezel is inadvertently rotated during the dive, it will only rotate so as to give a false reading of increased time spent below, prompting the underwater diver to return to the surface earlier than intended, rather than later. This protects the diver from, for example, underestimating their decompression obligation, an error which could result in decompression sickness.
Electrical or electronic
- Many devices are protected from short circuit with fuses. The destruction of the fuse will prevent destruction of the device.
- Avionics using redundant systems to perform the same computation with voting logic to determine the "safe" result.
- Traffic light controllers use a Conflict Monitor Unit to detect faults or conflicting signals and switch an intersection to all flashing red, rather than displaying potentially dangerous conflicting signals, e.g. showing green in all directions.
- The automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems when a computer hardware or software failure is detected in a computer system. A classic example is a watchdog timer. See fail-safe (computer).
- A control operation or function that prevents improper system functioning or catastrophic degradation in the event of circuit malfunction or operator error; for example, the failsafe track circuit used to control railway block signals.
- The iron pellet ballast on the Bathyscaphe is dropped to allow the submarine to ascend. The ballast is held in place by electromagnets. If electrical power fails, the ballast is released, and the submarine then ascends to safety.
- Inside a modern CPU are features to prevent damage through overheating. In the event of cooling failure, the CPU will throttle then shut down beyond a critical temperature threshold to avoid damage.
- In industrial automation, alarm signals are usually "normally closed" (or active at 0). This insures that in case of a wire break the alarm will be triggered. If the signal were normally open, no wire failure would be detected.
- In control systems, critically important signals can be carried by a complementary pair of wires ( and ). Only states where the two signals are opposite (one is high, the other low) are valid. If both are high or both are low the control system knows that something is wrong with the sensor or connecting wiring. Simple failure modes (dead sensor, cut/unplugged wires) are thereby detected. An example would be a control system reading both the NO and NC poles of a SPDT selector switch against common, and checking them for coherency before reacting to the input.
- In HVAC control systems, actuators that control dampers and valves may be fail-safe, for example, to prevent coils from freezing or rooms from overheating. Older pneumatic actuators were inherently fail-safe since if the air pressure against the internal diaphragm failed, the built-in spring would push the actuator to its home position. Newer electrical/electronic actuators need additional components (springs or capacitors) to automatically drive the actuator to home position upon loss of electrical power.
As well as physical devices and systems fail-safe procedures can be created so that if a procedure is not carried out or carried out incorrectly no dangerous action results. For example:
- In railway signalling signals which are not in active use for a train are required to be kept in the 'danger' position. The default position of every signal is therefore "danger", and therefore a positive action — setting signals to "clear" — is required before a train may pass. This practice also ensures that, in case of a fault in the signalling system, an incapacitated signalman, or the unexpected entry of a train, that a train will never be shown an erroneous "clear" signal.
- Train drivers are instructed that a railway signal showing a confusing, contradictory or unfamiliar aspect (for example a colour light signal that has suffered an electrical failure and is showing no light at all) must be treated as showing "danger". In this way, the driver contributes to the fail-safety of the system.
Other terminology
Fail-safe (foolproof) devices are also known as poka-yoke devices. Poka-yoke, a Japanese term, was coined by Shigeo Shingo, a quality expert. "Safe to fail" refers to civil engineering designs such as the Room for the River project in Netherlands and the Thames Estuary 2100 Plan which incorporate flexible adaptation strategies or climate change adaption which provide for, and limit damage, should extreme events such as 500 year floods occur.
See also
|Look up fail-safe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Control theory
- Dead man's switch
- Elegant degradation
- failing badly
- Fault-tolerant design
- Fault-tolerant system
- IEC 61508 (Safe Failure Fraction - SFF)
- Safe-life design
- Safety engineering
- "Fail-safe". AudioEnglich.net. Accessed 2009.12.31
- e.g., David B. Rutherford, Jr., "What Do You Mean — It


(R/B). The same numerical result is obtained as in the previously described example, with the treatment threshold occurring at the odds of the risk:benefit ratio (1/3); 1/3 odds corresponds to the previously obtained probability of 25% (see probability and odds).
Limitations of quantitative decision methods
Quantitative clinical decision making seems precise, but because many elements in the calculations (eg, pre-test probability) are often imprecisely known (if they are known at all), this methodology is difficult to use in all but the most well-defined and studied clinical situations.
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You can depend on Varsity Tutors to get connected with a skilled engineering tutor in Guadalajara who can help you improve your knowledge of bioengineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and other related subjects. Your tutor can develop a learning plan around your current understanding of engineering while prioritizing your needs and goals. They can identify your learning strengths and help you take advantage of new learning opportunities.
Engineering can be one of the most common college majors. Developing a strong foundation in engineering concepts and principles can help you understand a wide range of areas in technology, such as transportation, energy, medicine, and new materials. Engineering professions can contribute to the wellbeing of humanity by combining innovative thinking with scientific models to solve complex problems.
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Tutoring can support your learning by giving you the personalized help you need to study biomedical computation, biomedical devices, and other engineering topics. A tutor can tailor each lesson to match your learning style and address your needs. When you want to get connected with an engineering tutor in Guadalajara, contact Varsity Tutors today.
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Play with light and sound
A first for Australasia, the Antarctic Walkway is not just a functional piece of infrastructure to protect people from the weather but also an art installation, which reacts to your movement, speed and direction as you move through it.
Tip: the interaction happens both day and night, but you'll get the full experience when it's dark!
Antarctic Walkway – design rationale
The Antarctic Walkway follows an axis from Christchurch Airport to the International Antarctic Centre. It takes design cues from Antarctic pack ice and the Ellsworth Mountains.
Six frame modules make up the walkway, each with a different angle and height. These modules are stacked and flipped along the length of the walkway to create the superstructure from which the glass walls and roof attach. When read together the shifting angular forms give a rhythm that references the peaks and valleys of a mountain range.
Echoes – audio and lighting system
'Echoes' is an interactive experience which senses movement throughout the walkway and transfers it into sound and light. The speed and direction of the pulses is triggered by the visitor. Like ripples in the Southern Ocean, patterns form as multiple 'echoes' cross each other.


text: Given the ever-increasing scale and diversity of information and applications on the Internet, improving the technology of information retrieval is an urgent research objective. Retrieved information is either semi-structured or unstructured in format and its sources are extremely heterogeneous. In consequence, the task of efficiently gathering and extracting information from documents can be both difficult and tedious. Given this variety of sources and formats, many choose to use mediator/wrapper architecture (Y. Papakonstantinou, A. Gupta, H. Garcia-Molina, J. Ullman, A Query Translation Scheme for Rapid Implementation of Wrappers, International Conference on Deductive and Object-Oriented Databases, Singapore, 1995), but its use demands a fast means of generating efficient wrappers. In this paper, we present a design for an automatic eXtensible Markup Language (XML)-based framework with which to generate wrappers rapidly. Wrappers created with this framework support a unified interface for a meta-search information retrieval system based on the Internet Search Service using the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standard. Greatly advantaged by the compatibility of CORBA and XML, a user can quickly and easily develop information-gathering applications, such as a meta-search engine or any other information source retrieval method. The two main things our design provides are a method of wrapper generation that is fast, simple, and efficient, and a wrapper generator that is CORBA and XML-compliant and that supports a unified interface.


text:
During this especially dark and difficult time for Israel and the Jewish people,
we offer these Hanukkah resources to help enhance and bring meaning to your chag:
Our new downloadable Shema Bekolah Hanukkah Reader features divrei Torah by women,
which you can print or read online.
which you can keep handy for candle lighting time.
Finally, we share Eight Ways to Increase the Light of Hanukkah This Year —
eight simple ideas for increasing the light of Hanukkah, as we celebrate its traditions,
appreciate its miracles, and hope for new miracles to come in our own day.


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Using your own data type with Akonadi
Tutorial Series Akonadi Tutorial
Previous C++, Qt, KDE development environment
What's Next
Further Reading CMake, Akonadi Development Tools
This tutorial will guide you through the steps of creating an Akonadi application, an end user program which displays and manipulates PIM data provided by Akonadi.
If you are looking for a tutorial on how to provide data for Akonadi see the Akonadi Resource Tutorial
This section needs improvements: Please help us to
cleanup confusing sections and fix sections which contain a todo
Describe required versions and build setup
Tutorial Example
The goal of the tutorial is to create a simple application allowing a user to "detach" attachments from e-mails, i.e. save them to disk and remove them from the message.
To stay concentrated on Akonadi related steps, all general application or GUI related steps will done in a minimal fashion.
We can kick-start the application by using KAppTemplate, which can be found as KDE template generator in the development section of the K-menu, or by running kapptemplate in a terminal window.
First, we select the KDE4 GUI Application in the C++ section of the program, give our project a name and continue through the following pages to complete the template creation.
A look at the generated project top level directory shows us the following files:
and the following files in sub directory src:
At this stage it is already possible to compile the application, so we can already check if our development environment is setup correctly by creating the build directory and having CMake either generate Makefiles or a KDevelop project file.
Generating Makefiles
From within the generated top level directory:
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=debugfull..
and run the build using make as usual.
Generating a KDevelop project file
From within the generated top level directory:
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=debugfull -G KDevelop3..
and open the generated project with KDevelop and run the build process from there.
Adjusting the main Qt Designer file
Open the file detacherview_base.ui in Qt Designer and remove the example label. Remove the widget's main layout by clicking on the now empty widget and use the Break Layout menu entry in the Form menu.
Now, from left to right, place two Tree Views and one List Widget side-by-side. Select all three boxes by holding SHIFT and clicking each box with the left mouse button. Use Layout Horizontally in a Splitter in the Form menu and then create a main layout by clicking on their parent widget and using Layout Vertically in the Form menu.
A preview (Form -> Preview) should now look like this: TutorialAkonadiDetacherPreview.png
Finally, change the object names for the three widgets by right clicking it and choosing Change objectName. The left widget should be named folderView, the middle one messageView and the right one attachmentList.
In order to make it build again, edit the file detacherview.cpp and remove the code from the settingsChanged method. The application should now build again and be able to run.
A lot of other code of this generated files is not necessary either, feel free to do more cleanup yourself.
Promoting Views
The KDE client library for Akonadi has a couple of convenience classes which make our life as application developers more pleasant. Two of these classes are specialized view widgets, one for displaying collections and one for displaying items.
In order to use these widgets instead of ones from Qt we need to use a Qt Designer feature called "promoting". Right click the left widget and choose Promote to. Then fill the form like shown in the next screenshot.
Click add and promote. Repeat the same for the middle widget, this time using Akonadi::ItemView as the class name and akonadi/itemview.h for the header file.
This change also requires a change in the CMakeLists.txt file in the top level directory and in the one from the source directory.
In the file from the top level directory add the following line
find_package (KdepimLibs REQUIRED)
and change
include_directories( ${KDE4_INCLUDES} ${QT_INCLUDES} )
In the file from the source directory the line
target_link_libraries(detacher ${KDE4_KDEUI_LIBS})
has to be changed to
target_link_libraries(detacher ${KDE4_KDEUI_LIBS} ${KDEPIMLIBS_AKONADI_LIBS})
Since the application will depend on Akonadi running, we can ensure this by starting it if it is not. This is handled by the Akonadi::Control class.
In detacher.h we add another slot called delayedInit() which will perform this initialization. A slot so we can delay its executing using a single shot timer, a technique called "Delayed Initialization", i.e. letting the application create and show its GUI as fast as possible and do any probably time consuming initialization after that.
private slots:
 void fileNew();
 void optionsPreferences();
 void delayedInit();
In detacher.cpp we need two new include directives:
_TAG_
_TAG_
and the slot's implementation
void Detacher::delayedInit()
 if (!Akonadi::Control::start( this ) ) {
 qApp->exit( -1 );
If the application fails to start Akonadi, it simply quits. A real application should probably tell the user about that though.
Since we want the slot to be executed delayed, add the following line at the end of the class' constructor
QTimer::singleShot( 0, this, SLOT( delayedInit() ) );
Lets add a new public method to the view class. In detacherview.h add
void createModels();
and for now with an empty body in detacherview.cpp (we will get to the implementation shortly)
void DetacherView::createModels()
and call it from Detacher::delayedInit() after the Akonadi start succeeded
void Detacher::delayedInit()
 qApp->exit( -1 );
Connecting Views to Akonadi
The actual data connection between our views and Akonadi is conveniently handled by specialized models which are also provided by the KDE client library for Akonadi.
Actually, the data type the application will be working on, MIME messages, has an even further specialized model in a type specific sub library.
To properly link this additional library change the source directory's CMakeLists.txt to this target_link_libraries(detacher ${KDE4_KDEUI_LIBS} ${KDEPIMLIBS_AKONADI_LIBS} ${KDEPIMLIBS_AKONADI_KMIME_LIBS})
In 'detacherview.cpp add the following include directives
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
With that we can now properly implement the createModels() method:
void DetacherView::createModels()
 Akonadi::CollectionModel *collectionModel = new Akonadi::CollectionModel( this );
 Akonadi::CollectionFilterProxyModel *filterModel = new Akonadi::CollectionFilterProxyModel( this );
 filterModel->setSourceModel( collectionModel );
 filterModel->addMimeTypeFilter( QLatin1String( "message/rfc822" ) );
 Akonadi::ItemModel *itemModel = new Akonadi::MessageModel( this );
 ui_detacherview_base.folderView->setModel( filterModel );
 ui_detacherview_base.messageView->setModel( itemModel );
 connect( ui_detacherview_base.folderView, SIGNAL( currentChanged( Akonadi::Collection ) ),
 itemModel, SLOT( setCollection( Akonadi::Collection ) ) );
The first line creates a CollectionModel which will get all "folders" from Akonadi and keep this data updated as long as the application is running.
However, since this includes collections for other data types as well, we need to filter for the data type we are interested in, MIME messages or in terms of MIME type message/rfc822. This kind of filtering is conveniently supplied in the form of a proxy model called CollectionFilterProxyModel.
The next model, MessageModel is an ItemModel specialized in dealing with our data type, messages.
Setting the models on the respective view almost completes the setup process, the only thing left is to connect the CollectionView to the MessageModel so it changes its data depending on which folder gets selected.
At this stage the application is already capable of showing all your mail folders and headers of all your e-mails!
Getting at the Attachments
This task can be split into two steps:
 - Getting the message from Akonadi
 - Getting the attachments from the message
Getting the message from Akonadi
While we could have instructed the MessageModel to get all data for each of its entries, the proper way is to retrieve it only for the items that get selected. Moreover we want to do this asynchronously because we don't want to block the application even is a message is really huge.
The KDE client library for Akonadi offers this kind of functionality through a job-based API, in this case ItemFetchJob.
Using this is quite simple. First we add a new include and a class forward declaration for detacherview.h
_TAG_
class KJob;
In the private member section add an Item member:
 Ui::detacherview_base ui_detacherview_base;
 Akonadi::Item mItem;
and


text:
The data presented in this paper establish the finding that multiple specific protective antibodies exist in rabbits in response to immunization with Group B streptococci. The summary in Table I indicates the serological types into which Group B streptococci have been divided on the basis of their antigenic composition. This classification is dependent upon passive protection of mice with antibodies directed against the specific antigens, and types are defined in these terms. Heretofore, it was thought that type-specific polysaccharides accounted for all such protection in Group B streptococci. Certain exceptions of cross-protection between types due to minor polysaccharide determinants soon appeared; cross-protection reactions based on protein determinants in at least two types were also discovered. The present experiments show that specific antibodies directed to either polysaccharide or protein antigens of a single strain can be protective against infection with streptococci containing these antigens.
Multiple mouse-protective antibodies directed against group B streptococci. Special reference to antibodies effective against protein antigens.
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R C Lancefield, M McCarty, W N Everly; Multiple mouse-protective antibodies directed against group B streptococci. Special reference to antibodies effective against protein antigens.. J Exp Med 1 July 1975; 142 (1): 165–179. doi: _URL_
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WWII Beans
Wikisimpsons - The Simpsons Wiki
WWII Beans
WWII Beans.png
Food/Drink Information
Type: Canned food
Town: Springfield
First Appearance: "The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer"
A tin of WWII Beans, presumably meant to be eaten during World War II, was seen in the kitchen at Springfield Elementary School.
Lunchlady Dora used the tin when she was preparing lunch for the school's cafeteria. When Doris opened the tin, spirits came out of it and moaned eerily as they flew around the kitchen. Doris, annoyed, then told them to get into the food.


text:
This tutorial will help you to create, list & delete docker containers on Linux machine.
#1. Launch Docker Container
To launch a new Docker container using below command. This will start a new container and provide you access to that container with /bin/bash shell.
# docker run [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARG...]
For example below command will create new docker container using the image named "ubuntu". To list all available images use
docker images command.
# docker run -i -t ubuntu /bin/bash
To exit from docker container type CTRL + P + Q. This will leave container running in background an provide you host system console. If you used exit command, it will stop the current container. Click here to read for more options about docker run command.
#2. List Docker Containers
After existing from Docker container, execute below command to list all running containers.
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES f2582758af13 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 2 hours ago Up 2 hours first_ubuntu
By default Above command will list only running containers. To list all containers (including stopped container) use following command.
# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES f2582758af13 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 2 hours ago Up 2 hours first_ubuntu 6b5b5a969241 centos "/bin/bash" 2 days ago Exited (0) 24 hours ago ubuntu-web
#3. Start/Stop/Attach Container
You can start, stop or attach to any containers with following commands. To start container use following command.
# docker start
To stop container use following command.
# docker stop
To attach to currently running container use following command.
# docker attach
#4. Drop Docker Container
Before deleting any container make sure that container is stopped. You can use 'docker ps -a' command to list status of containers. If container is still running first stop that container using given commands in above step.
Now use the following command to delete single or multiple containers.
# docker rm
You can also delete all stopped containers at once using the following command.
# docker rm $(docker ps -a -q)


text:
Sub-tropical Ridge (STR)
The STR is a natural high pressure belt that sits across the southern parts of Australia.
We have detected that the browser used to view this content is missing the supported 'Flash plugin'.
Once you have installed the 'plugin' found on the Adobe website, please return to this web page by using the back button on your browser.
Click a Climatedog below to view animation:
Key things to know about STR
Click on the image to open a larger version in a new window
- The sub-tropical ridge moves north and south seasonally over Australia
- This can affect the passage of cold fronts across southern Australia. Fronts are a good source of moisture and potential rainfall.
- Typically in winter the STR moves north, allowing fronts to pass over southern Australia.
- In summer, the STR typically moves south, blocking the passage of fronts.
- This is part of the reason why Victoria experiences rain bearing cold fronts during winter.
- The strength (or intensity) of the high pressure systems also affect rainfall. Higher pressure means less rainfall.
- Farmers know that the seasons with stronger or more frequent blocking high pressure systems over southeast Australia don't tend to produce the regular rainfall we would like.
Where to go for more information
For more information about the STR visit some of the pages below.


text:
Kopernik is an on-line marketplace of innovative, life-changing technologies designed for the developing world.
- Most women across Asia and Africa make four trips a day to collect water, carrying 10 litres on each trip.
- In the developing world 4000 children a day die from no access to clean drinking water.
- 80% of the developing world has no access to electricity. Kerosene use leads to 1.6 million deaths a year from smoke inhalation or fire. Gathering firewood exposes girls to danger and strips forests.
- Most developing countries have few trained optometrists and few eyeglasses.
The Thunderbird TEM Lab Team is in the field to assess the social impact of the technologies that are being distributed to these women and identify economic opportunities that have resulted from the use of the cooking stoves and the water purifier. Furthermore the team will generate feedback for improving the distribution process, an analysis of operations and working with Kopernik's strategic partners on the field to ensure that a business model can be developed for replication in other emerging markets.


text:
Show kids that science and fun go hand in hand
The loveable characters from PBS' award-winning The Magic School Bus™ will help children explore the scientific properties of polymers. Create goop, melt snow, extract polymers from milk, make snow erupt, and much more!
Self-contained, bus-shaped kit includes 20 experiment cards, a data notebook, science components, and 10 containers of polymers, including super balls, rainbow beads, snow, and gel crystals.
Warning! This set contains chemicals that may be harmful if misused.
Read cautions on individual containers carefully. Not to be used by children except under adult supervision.
Recommended for ages 5+.


text:
Translate reward | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish
Definition of reward
a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement:the holiday was a reward for 40 years' service with the company he's reaping the rewards of his hard work and perseverance figurativethe emotional rewards of being a parent a fair return for good or bad behavior:a slap on the face was his reward for his impudence a sum offered for the detection of a criminal, the restoration of lost property, or the giving of information.
verb [with object]
make a gift of something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements:the engineer who supervised the work was rewarded with a bonus show one's appreciation of (an action or quality) by making a gift:an effective organization recognizes and rewards creativity and initiative
) receive what one deserves:their hard work was rewarded by the winning of a five-year contract


text:
We investigate the role of perceptual organization in principal components analysis for vehicle recognition. The principal components analysis is a representative appearance based recognition algorithm that reduces the dimension of search space from the number of pixels to the number of dominant image components. However, its time complexity is high because it performs window operation.
To reduce the search space, we use line junctions with associated quality measures found in perceptual organization methods. Because lines in image or their groupings are inherited from three-dimensional structures, they can form a good initial hypothesis of search process. We define a corner feature as a small image area where the junctions are concentrated, and at the same time, characterize an object. In our application, the corner of the roof inside of the vehicle area is selected, and we name it the corner feature.
By combining principal components analysis and perceptual organization, we could construct an efficient vehicle recognition framework. We also present experimental results using real images of outdoor traffic scenes to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm.


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The Cattle Raid of Cooley Quiz | Two Week Quiz A
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Two Week Quiz A
Name: _____________________________ Period: ___________________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through The Account of the Appearance of Cuchulain | Dubthach's Jealousy.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What do Medb and Ailill think is responsible for Cuchulain's success in battle?
(a) He has a magic slingshot.
(b) His druids cast battle spells.
(c) His warriors really do all the work.
(d) He has a magic spearlet.
2. Dubthach plots to capture Cuchulain. What does Fergus do?
(a) Kill Dubthach.
(b) Tells Cuchulain what Dubthach is doing.
(c) Kick Dubthach out of the camp.
(d) Join Dubthach in his plot.
3. What is unusual about Cuchulain's hair?
(a) It is very long.
(b) He is almost bald.
(c) It is worn in a ponytail.
(d) It is three different colors.
4. How does Cuchulain kill Mani, Medb and Ailill's son?
(a) He tricks him into retreating and his men kill him.
(b) He creates a flood and Mani drowns in it.
(c) He stabs him with his sword.
(d) He traps him in a wooded area and kills him.
(a) By offering him a bribe.
(b) By pretending to be a holy druid.
(c) By saying he would never kill an unarmed man.
(d) By giving the man his sword.
Short Answer Questions
1. What does Medb offer Cuchulain if he will stop killing her men?
2. In her second disguise, Morrigan is an eel. What does she do to Cuchulain in battle?
3. After Redg the Satirist is killed, how many men do Medb and Ailill send to battle with Cuchulain?
4. Medb and Ailill split into two groups. What does Ailill then do?
5. What is the result of the man of Ireland's dealing with Cuchulain?
(see the answer key)
This section contains 356 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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A parametrization of matrix conjugacy orbit sets as unions of affine planes Peteris Dauguis Department of Mathematics Daugavpils University Daugavpils Paredes 1 Latvia Abstract. The problem of finding a canonical form of complex matrices up to conjugacy with the set of canonical matrices being a union of affine planes in the matrix space is considered. A solution of the problem is given producing a new canonical form for matrices over algebraically closed fields. Key words. Jordan form, rational form, eigenvalue, Weyr characteristic, affine plane. MSC 15A21.


text:
Turkish Philosophy and Water: Time and Ground
When we examine the spirit of the Turkish people conceptually, we encounter two interesting results. The first is the concept of person, and the second is the concept of heart. In all other languages, the concept of human appears as a soil / soil-based word as homo, humus, human, while the concept of water-based dynamic person is used only as a different concept in Turkish language; The person is related to the person (otter) who lives on the water's edge in the wetlands in the south of Siberia.
The texts that were put forward philosophically in Farabi were expressed by verses in Yunus Emre. Our human journey, which started with a quiche (otter) on the water edges of the south of Siberia, took its final form with Yunus Emre in Sivrihisar town of Asia Minor.
In Yunus Emre's 417 poems, Turkish, which defines human and the universe with all seven concepts, has now found its consistency and has gained the highest level of expression.
The fixed and dynamic personality differences, which are permitted by different etymological origins of humus (soil) and Kis (otter), are also the contrasts of uniform (uniform) and binflower (hercai) richness. This is the difference between the "unity" of the individual, the selfishness and the richness of the selfish.
Turks dominated 3 continents in terms of ground. They are in constant motion on the ground. While time flows like water, the Turks are constantly flowing on the ground. The expression of human in the West with the concept of earth-based human shows its constancy in space, its dependence on space, and the concept of water-based person in the Turkish tradition, shows the flow of time on the floors.
The fluidity of contact with water explains the Turks 'being a nomadic tribe, the Turkish states being an umbrella state, the Turks' adaptability, their ability to synthesize and transform themselves and other tribes.
The West represents settled societies and space, Turks represent nomadism and time. (Jalal Tahir)
Humus: Latin humus is an extract from the word "soil".
Homo, Homin: Terrestrial, Human
The word Adam (Human) is etymologically much older than the Arabic human and Latin terms homo, humanus. While the term humanist was first used by the Italian poet Lodovicio Ariosto (_PHONE_), this word was derived from the Latin humanus "human" word.
The Latin word is derived from the Latin word homo, homin- "'belonging to the land', human".
The two basic characteristics of human beings, namely the basing of life and death on the basis of water, have been effective in the formation of the mentality that enabled the Turks to spread in waves all over the ancient world. When water is used in order, it still exists.
When it goes out of order, it disappears. Similarly, Turks continued their existence when they became states, and when they were stateless, they dissolved like water. Source: Ayhan Bıçak. Turkish Thought 1: Origins. Dervish. Istanbul. 2013.
Göktürk-centered ancient Turks developed two basic ideas about human being, "being water-based" and "being created". Both of these appear to have been used in harmony. However, water origin may be more accepted among the public. It is clear that God is somehow involved in each stage of water origination.
When we look at the place of man in the concept of the universe, it is seen that he is given meaning with one of the four elements, water, the source of life.
Kish, which is the root of the person used to mean human in ancient Turkish, was used to mean sable and quiver.
The Siberian swamp otter Kisioğlu may have been instrumental in the emergence of the term. It seems possible to establish a connection between the person who points to the marsh sable and the person who means human.
Person and person must have been derived from the resemblance between the reed area near the water where the sable lives and the people living in a forest with abundant water. Thus, the living space has become the origin of the term human.
Considering the forests and rivers among the determining features of the settlement or the country in the Göktürks strengthens this connection. In addition, the fact that the origin myths are directly or indirectly related to water strengthens the idea that human beings are of water origin. Ayhan Bıçak. Turkish Thought 1: Origins. Dervish. Istanbul. 2013.ss.42