text:
Young intelligent child
|Name Length||8 Letters|
More info about Balamadi
The name Balamadi is a Hindi, Indian name which means Young Intellect, Young Intelligent Child, Young Thinker. Balamadi is a boy name parents mostly chose for their baby boys.
Images for name Balamadi
Names Similar to Balamadi
Traits of Balamadi with Lucky Number 7
People with lucky Number 7 person is peaceful and affectionate soul, and by nature rather reserved and analytical. The overwhelming strength of the number 7 is reflected in the depth of thinking that is shown; they will garner knowledge from practically every source that they find. Intellectual, scientific and studious, they don't exit a premise until they have dissected the subject and arrived at they own independent conclusion. This is a very spiritual number and it often denotes a sort of spiritual wisdom that becomes apparent at a fairly early age. They need a good deal of quiet time to be with their own inner thoughts and dreams.
They dislike crowds, noise and confusion. They are very thorough and complete in their work, the perfectionist who expects everyone else to be a meet a high standard of performance, too. They evaluate situations very quickly and with amazing accuracy.
They rely heavily on their experiences and their intuition, rather than accepting advice from someone; their hunches usually prove to be very accurate, and knowing this, they are one who tends to follow the directions they seem to guide. It is easy for them to detect deception and recognize insincere people.
They aren't the one to have a wide circle of friends, but once they accept someone as a friend, it is for life. they really aren't a very social person, and their reserve is often taken to be aloofness. Actually, it's not that at all, but merely a cover up for their basic feeling of insecurity. They actually like being alone, away from the hustle and bustle of modern life. In many ways, they would have fit in better in much earlier times when the pace of life was less hectic.
In the most negative use of the 7 energies, they can become very pessimistic, quarrelsome, and secretive. A lucky Number 7 individual who is not living life fully and gaining through experiences, is a hard person to live with because of a serious lack of consideration and because there is such a negative attitude. The negative 7 is very selfish and spoiled. If they have any of the negative traits they are very difficult to get rid of because they tend to feel that the world really does owe them a living or in some way is not being fairly treated. Fortunately, the negative 7 is not the typical 7, at least not without some mitigating positive traits. This number is one that seems to have some major shifts from highs to lows. Stability in feelings may be elusive for them.


text:
In the 1930s and '40s, the sandhill crane had nearly been wiped out. However, efforts to save it have yielded a big comeback.
More than a century ago, tens of thousands of the majestic birds graced Michigan's fields and marshes. Red heads flashing, wide wings flapping, they soared in each spring from the South and stayed through mid-December to dance and breed, filling the woodlands with their trumpeting chortles.
Then, sandhill cranes nearly disappeared from Michigan. Killed by hunters and driven away by the destruction of their habitats, the cranes' numbers plunged to just a few dozen by the 1930s and 1940s.
But in an extraordinary comeback story, Michigan's tallest bird is rebounding from extinction,...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


UC Davis offers innovative programs and policies that helps balance work-life and cultivates a culture of wellness.
We work to maximize the potential of each individual on campus. Engaging in these resources can help support you year-round and through the changing stages of your life and career.
Wellness encompasses two of the seven aspects of the realm of WorkLife at UC Davis:
 1. Caring for Dependents:
 2. Health and Wellness
 3. Workplace Flexibility
 4. Financial Support for Economic Security
 5. Paid and Unpaid Time Off
 6. Community Involvement
 7. Transforming Organizational Culture
How do we define a life well-lived?
After surveying people in more than 150 countries, partnering with leading economists, psychologists, sociologists and physicians for several years, Gallup News has uncovered five distinct factors of wellbeing that transcend countries and cultures:


text:
The History of Foreign Affairs Administration in Finland
In 1858 the Russian consul in London, Counselor Kremer, asked if the consulate could engage a civil servant skilled in the Finnish and Swedish languages. The official would serve as the consul's interpreter when Finnish ships' captains or other seafarers came to the consulate on business. The consul's request demonstrates that at an early stage of the Czarist period in Finland Finns already had a presence abroad as a separate group who needed the services of a foreign affairs administration.
In the absence of their own administration Finns used the services of the embassies and consulates of the country that governed them, imperial Russia.
When Finland became independent the country set up its own administrative machinery to handle external relations. Initially it was thought that each individual branch of government would be responsible for its own particular interests. That was why, for example, the Ministry of Agriculture appointed "agrarian attaches" to Copenhagen and Rome. Soon, however, it became established policy that the Finnish state would be represented abroad exclusively by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its external representatives: ambassadors, consuls and honorary consuls.
Finland acquired its first foreign affairs senator during J.K. Paasikivi's formation of the Senate in 1918. The man appointed was a bank director, Otto Stenroth, well known for his organisational skills. Using Swedish administrative practice as a model, a decree of 28 June 1918 established a "foreign affairs bureau" with three departments and 17 civil servants.
There was much discussion of whether representation abroad should be based on embassies or consulates. Shipping and foreign trade needed consulates. It was thought that Finland did not have the type of foreign policy interests that would have justified the opening of embassies. Concrete cases showed, however, the necessity of foreign policy. Finland could not, for instance, get its postage stamps accepted for international mail without joining the Universal Postal Union and had to be a state recognised by other states in order to become a member of the Union.
One of Finland's first moves was to send delegations around Europe to seek recognition of Finnish independence. Some members of the delegations stayed abroad and were appointed Finland's charges d'affaires in a number of capitals. By the end of 1918 Finland had 12 missions abroad and 13 honorary consuls.
The most crucial and urgent issues in foreign affairs administration were the consolidation of the political position and borders of the Finnish state as well as the revival of foreign trade and shipping. To tackle these challenges the Foreign Ministry opened a political department and a trade policy department which were augmented in 1922 by a legal department. Matters of protocol were handled by a single official, the person who presented foreign diplomats to the President of the Republic.
Into the service of foreign affairs administration came people from trade, industry and the arts who had experience of working internationally. Many of them were engaged in the expanding area of representation abroad. In 1930 there were 17 missions outside Finland.
Following the Great Depression, starting in the mid-1930s, foreign affairs administration entered a period of consolidation and enlargement. In 1935 the Foreign Ministry had a staff of 77, while missions abroad employed more than 100 people. Before the outbreak of the Second World War Finland had 20 embassies, four of which were outside Europe. In addition there were six consular offices headed by consuls sent from Finland. The network of honorary consuls covered the world.
For foreign affairs administration the years of war from 1939 to 1945 meant continuous, rapid adaptation to changing situations. The Winter War of 1939-40 brought Finland, for a moment, to the attention of the whole world. That situation was effectively exploited in order to obtain aid and sympathy. Eminent correspondents gathered in the press room of Helsinki's Kämp hotel.
The Second World War brought foreign policy into the lives of ordinary people. The Allied Control Commission which sat in Helsinki from 1944 to 1947 was a tangible example of the influence that other states had over Finland's destiny. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs had to simultaneously meet the obligations of the Interim Peace Agreement and rebuild the network of missions abroad. Moreover, the country had to extract itself from economic isolation.
After the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in February 1947 the situation in Finland gradually returned to normal and the development of foreign affairs administration could begin again. A new decree concerning the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was issued in 1951: the number of departments was to be increased by one with the establishment of the protocol department.
The duties related to foreign affairs administration increased greatly from the middle of the 1950s for three reasons. As colonialism waned dozens of new independent states emerged. Consequently, Finland began to establish political and commercial relations beyond the borders of Europe. Secondly, international cooperation started to expand from the traditional areas into science, technology, education and social affairs. The third reason was the enormous growth of multilateral cooperation. Finland's accession to the United Nations in 1955 was only the tip of the iceberg of work that the Ministry for Foreign Affairs undertook in various international and regional organisations, including economic cooperation bodies.
During the 1950s and 60s the resources for foreign affairs administration did not develop adequately and rationalisation became necessary. Offices were established within departments in 1971. The development cooperation section became a separate department in 1972 and soon had a bigger staff than any other department in the Ministry.
In the 1970s the Ministry acquired its own internal inspection system and training unit. The Department for Development Cooperation was reorganised in 1987 and the following year the press and cultural centre became a department.
Another important development was that the Ministry, which had operated at some twenty different locations, moved to the district of Katajanokka, in Helsinki, in 1987.


ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
Hebrew: sumphoniah
a musical instrument mentioned in Dan. 3:5, 15, along with other instruments there named, as sounded before the golden image
It was not a Jewish instrument.
In the margin of the Revised Version, it is styled the "bag-pipe." Luther translated it "lute," and Grotius the "crooked trumpet."
Some Rabbinical commentators render it by "organ," the well-known instrument composed of a series of pipes, others by "lyre." The most probable interpretation is that it was a bag-pipe similar to the zampagna of Southern Europe.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know that asexual reproduction is also called vegetative reproduction. However I do not understand it's relation to artificial propagation. Is it a technique used for asexual reproduction (the method by which plants reproduce asexually) or is artificial propagation another name for asexual reproduction.
Am I right when I say artificial propagation techniques provide the means for plants to reproduce asexually?
Also, is my understanding of asexual reproduction and artificial propagation correct:
In asexual reproduction, a parent plant produces offspring that are genetically identical to it and to each other. Asexual reproduction produces clones as the offspring and the parent are clones of one another. Asexual reproduction can be an advantage when environmental conditions are stable and an organism is well-adapted to its environment. The genetically identical off spring will also be adapted to that environment. Asexual reproduction is carried out by the different artificial propagation techniques. Artificial propagation is the cloning of a plant from a portion of its roots, stems, or leaves. In asexual reproduction in plants, also called vegetative propagation, new individuals are grown from a portion of the roots, stems, or leaves of the existing plant. Artificial propagation involves using plants' natural ability to reproduce vegetative. This process enables farmers and gardeners to select the parent plants for specific traits.
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
Artificial propagation is (generally) human-directed, while asexual/vegetative reproduction is a natural process. Take a look at the wikipedia article on vegetative reproduction for more information on how and why artificial propagation is sometimes preferred to vegetative reproduction.
share|improve this answer
You can also have a look on the artificial reproduction article in the Wikipedia. – Chris Dec 30 '13 at 21:01
add comment
Your Answer


we are presenting our comments in a fair light. However, at this time there appears to be some key differences between these modules and what we are proposing with Maestro.
One consistent difference is that the idea of assigning a user a task does not exist, instead site users do something which triggers and action to occur. With Maestro, site users will initiate a new process (example request office supplies), and then other site users will be assigned tasks to complete in the order required. Users assigned tasks will be able to access them from their task console and may have only 1 task or possibly many for various other and different workflow instances. The types of the tasks in the other modules are essentially to complete a content type. With Maestro other task types exist such as to review submissions, approve or reject submissions, or answer other interactive questions such as assigning subsequent workflow step owners and changing the workflow routing. Workflow admin's have the ability to cancel workflow instances (projects) or re-assign task owners.
While all three of the modules compared in this section are quite powerful, there is a common drawback with all of them that really separates Maestro. The main difference between Maestro and the other modules can be summed up in one line: rather than waiting for site actions to occur and acting on them, Maestro drives the site actions to occur.
1.3.1 Workflow
The Workflow module, when combined with the Actions module, has the ability to create basic workflows. It can create "pseudo-tasks", which are represented by the state of the workflow. For example, if the task was to create a form, the state of the workflow would be "Create a Form", rather an a generic "Draft" or "Initiated" state.
The Workflow module integrates well with the Actions module, which is almost required to create a working process. Since workflows are built around content types in the system, the workflow module is well suited to facilitate site content creation.
Unfortunately, as we will see with the other modules, the Workflow module is based more around site actions and site content types rather than defining standard processes that get executed. Instead of a specific user being assigned complete a task as part of their job, it is up to the user to create a content type in the system, at which point the system will direct the lifecycle of that particular content type.
Maestro aims to build business project information, where multiple content pieces come together to form a project. Arbitrary documents can be uploaded and site users are actively assigned tasks which they can easily see in their task console. While Maestro will integrate with site content types, its purpose is not to build site content, but rather facilitate a company's procedure to complete work.
The Workflow module also lacks in conditional task abilities, it does not have any metric reporting, and has a clunky interface to create a workflow, which are all areas that Maestro will improve upon as well.
1.3.2 Workflow NG
Workflow NG is a more developed workflow solution which can handle certain conditional logic, and integrates well with other modules. However, it is no longer supported for future releases of Drupal as it has migrated to the Rules module. All of its strengths and weaknesses are similar to the Rules module, so lets leave it at that and jump straight into the Rules module comparison.
1.3.3 Rules
The Rules module is a great module to track system events and act on them. You can build up a workflow based on system events, so, for example, a form is created, that event is trapped and signals the next task to be created. You can define a ruleset in the Rules module which allows you to group related rules and execute them in order, to simulate a workflow. Rules is well suited to define a workflow to built site content and to act on site events.
However, similar to the workflow module, it does not support the creation of a standard "task", such as requiring a user to complete an action. Like the Workflow module, it waits for an action to happen, such as a new site content to be created, then performs actions on that, where as with Maestro, a process is defined to assign site users to create the content, and metrics are stored to track how long certain tasks have taken to execute.
With rules, there is no way to know what tasks are assigned to you, unless you set up an action to email the task owner on task assignment. The lack of a task console and a project dashboard page is another area that Rules lacks that Maestro will improve upon. Again, like with the Workflow module, Rules relies on system content types as the means of executing a workflow, where Maestro helps facilitate the building of business project information.
1.4 Planned Integration with Drupal Modules
1.4.1 Actions
Integration with the actions module is key. There are a number of different opportunities to integrate with the Actions module. Number one, we plan to include an action that launches a new workflow when trigger is fired. That will allow, for example, when a site user is created, launch the workflow that defines all the things that need to happen when adding a new employee to your company, like setting up their email address, etc.
Another key opportunity for integration is inside each different task type. On both task creation and task completion we will have the opportunity to execute an action, such as sending an email, or publishing a content type. The main purpose of this would be to send task notifications to users, however by integrating it into an action it makes that extensible.
The final area of integration into actions will is that we will have a task type that waits for a trigger to occur. So, if the workflow requires a user to be created, then the "new user created" trigger is fired, the workflow will continue on.
1.4.2 Tokens
For email notifications, tokens will be used to change out values like username, etc. It's important to be able to send out email notifications for task assignment but also send out task reminders, task alerts as to an identified contact for escalation if task not completed in x days and also task completion notifications. Our present workflow solution allows these different notifications and notification rules like sending the initial task reminder after 5 days and then every day, send an escalation to the initiator of the workflow after 10 days if task not completed. Being able to customize these notification email messages using tokens will be supported.
1.4.3 Rules
Maestro will be initially lightly integrated into Rules, where there will be an opportunity within Rules to create a rule which launches a new workflow. That again will allow a workflow to be launched after a specific site action has occurred.
In Closing
We would like to include the Drupal community in the development of this application, and include your ideas and feature requests as well. While initially we want to get this up and running in Drupal all feature ideas and feedback on how to properly integrate into Drupal will be considered in the initial port, and subsequently implemented in future releases.
This post contains the initial section of the Maestro spec and our plan is to publish the additional sections over the coming weeks which will get into more technical detail. That detail though is dependent on our initial high level spec and ideas/questions proposed in this document and why we are anxious for community input.
The Nextide Team
Focusing on Business Applications but heck we do CMS and Social Networking projects too
Looks cool!
crea's picture
Looks cool!
Discuss with fago
rfay's picture
Hi - I encourage you to discuss your project thoroughly with fago, the maintainer of Rules. You may find a way to build an add-on to rules or otherwise collaborate on that. Plus you may benefit from his experience with this type of module.
Is this intended to be d6 or
fago's picture
Is this intended to be d6 or d7 stuff? I'd suggest you to do any serious development in d7 now, it will make sure it plays well with d7, but much more important you can leverage lots new great d7 stuff, mostly entities + improved fields.
In d7, I'd suggest making your workflow task a fieldable entity, therefore any entity can be easily categorized by adding a taxonomy reference field. In d6, you can't.
ad rules for workflows:
Yep, it's a rules engine, no workflow engine. You can use it to build workflows, but there is no definition that drives the workflow. But having such a workflow definition (-> entity) which allows reacting on its changes / applying changes to it makes much sense to me. Anyway, I'm working on integrating web services with rules-7.x-2.x such that this enables one to create distributed workflows.
Generally for d7 and simple workflows, I think it makes also sense to leverage the group module. Assigning the a group to an entity, let's say a node would represent a state of the node. Such we could have a group for "drafts, needing work", "drafts, needing review" and maybe also for published nodes. Then you can assign people to the groups that are allows to edit the group's content + approve it such it goes a step forward + you can define group based permissions. This is fine for usual editorial workflows, e.g. alfresco does it that way.
Assigning a task to a single user has some similarity to usual case tracking system, such as open atrium. So it might be useful to integrate with something like that, or not.
You could implement this notificiations with Rules. Questionable is just how the UI should look like. With rules 7.x it's easy to integrate existing UI components of the module somewhere else though.
Our intention is for D7
_randy's picture
Thanks for the quick reply fago. Our intention is to make this a D7


text:
Study objective: Little is known about the accuracy and reliability of current triage methods. We examined agreement among observers with regard to the need for ED care and the ability to predict at triage the need for admission to the hospital and compared these findings with admission rates after medical evaluation and management. Methods: We used a crossover design in which each subject was subjected to nurse or computer-guided triage first, the other type of triage second, and physician triage last. Our null hypothesis: Triage methods will yield the same results. Our patients were a consecutive sample of patients at the ED of a university-affiliated county referral center. Critically ill patients were excluded. Triage categorization was examined for interobserver agreement (κ-statistic) and prediction of admission (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values). Results: Of the 5,106 patients enrolled in the study, 289 (6.2%) were admitted. With regard to the agreement of triage categorizatiens, we found κ-values of.452 and.185, respectively, for physician triage compared with nurse (SE±.012) and computer triage (SE±.012) (P=.001 for the difference between the κ-values). Sensitivity and specificity in predicting admission were 41.3 and 93.8, respectively, for nurses; 61.6 and 87.1, respectively, for physicians; and 68.2 and 73.6, respectively, for computer-aided triage. Conclusion: We found great variability among physicians, nurses, and a computer program with regard to triage decisions. Comparison of the three groups' triage decisions with actual data after medical evaluation and management showed that none of the three performed well in predicting which patients required admission. Until triage methods are standardized and validated, triage decisions should not be used to determine the timeliness of access to emergency care.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Emergency Medicine

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
1. What is an ideology? Why are ideologies important?
An ideology is set of beliefs that reflect a person's outlook on the world. Ideologies are important because they shape how we perceive and interact with the world. In politics, they affect the voting choices we make and the policies we support.
2. Define fundamentalism.
Fundamentalism is the belief that a religious text is absolutely, literally true. This ideology also states that anything that opposes the text must be wrong. All behavior and belief must be guided by this central text, and anything else is sinful.
3. Describe the core elements of classical liberalism. Name at least one key figure in the founding of liberalism.
The core elements of classical liberalism include the importance of freedom, political equality, limited government, the free market, and a faith in reason and progress.
4. American conservatism differs in many ways from traditional conservatism. Describe those differences.
Traditional conservatism was hostile to the spread of democracy and the free market because they undermined tradition. American conservatism embraces both of these ideas.
5. Socialism can be characterized as an attempt to make good on the failed promises of liberalism. Why is this?
Socialists argue that although liberalism promises freedom and equality, it does not deliver them because of the inequalities of the market. Therefore, socialists want the government to play a very strong role in the economy—perhaps even controlling it entirely—in order to rectify the failings of liberalism.


text:
Vision Statement: To cultivate a collaborative effort to improve the quality and breadth of community-based obesity prevention.
What is a Community-based Obesity Prevention Initiative?
CO-OPS defines community-based obesity prevention initiatives as initiatives that seek to promote healthy eating and physical activity, in a way that would be expected to influence energy balance thus contributing to the prevention of obesity at the population level. The type of initiatives or programs that the CO-OPS Collaboration focuses on are those that consider the socio-cultural and environmental determinants of obesity within a setting or population group, rather than those with a focus solely on individual behaviour change or weight loss (treatment).
CO-OPS includes practitioners, funders and evaluators of programs which have obesity prevention as part of their objectives as well as healthy eating and physical activity programs which contribute to obesity prevention.
The CO-OPS Collaboration acknowledges that there are a range of different interventions throughout Australia of varying size and scope, each with an important role in community-based obesity prevention. The CO-OPS Collaboration aims to develop resources and support systems that account for these differences.
Knowledge translation and exchange
The CO-OPS Collaboration has employed a Knowledge Broker who is available to CO-OPS sites to assist with advice and support and facilitate the knowledge translation process.
CO-OPS aims to harness the use of research and evidence to improve the planning, implementation and evaluation of community-based obesity prevention initiatives.
CO-OPS endeavours to create a support system that will accelerate the use of knowledge, evidence and evaluation by those involved in community-based obesity prevention.
We aim to effectively share information and evidence with participating sites through a wide variety of communications including:
- Publish and communicate widely (including through scientific conferences, journals and the media) on best practices approaches to community-based obesity prevention;
- Provision of on-going support and advice services for new community-based projects;
- Maintenance of an up to date evidence-based website, training tools and resources;
- Provision of online facilitated forums;
- Review of previous best practices to ensure currency and validity;
- Development of evidence-based summaries of community-based projects; and
- Maintenance of continuous knowledge sharing capabilities.


Come Prepared to Rent the Right Pump
Pumps are a commonly rented item. In many cases, renting one is a simple matter of determining the right type of pump and the correct size. In other situations, however, it takes a deeper understanding of the science of pumping. Is it a small dewatering job at a construction site for a few hours or days, or is it a large sewer bypass requiring continuous pumping for weeks? The level of complexity dictates the type of pumping system required.
It's important to come to a rental center armed with as much information about the particular dewatering project as possible. Thomas Aldridge, Jr., Griffin Dewatering, suggests starting with the basics: what is the application, how much water is being moved, where is it being moved to and where is it being moved from?
"Based on some of these pieces of information, a rental employee can guide the customer to the range of pumps that may suit their needs," he says. "The application narrows the pump family, while the volume and pumping locations identify the performance range."
The rental employee also needs to know the elevation from the water's location to where it will be discharged, and how far away the discharge point is, says Pete Snow at Xylem. This will determine how much head needs to be overcome.
"Equipment rental centers need detailed, accurate information about flow, lift and pressure required by the application," says Kirsten Petersen Stroud, Thompson Pump. "Without detailed information and a knowledgeable staff, a customer could end up with a pump that either cannot do the job or cannot do it efficiently."
Pumping Fundamentals
According to Mike Grant, Tsurumi America, the most commonly rented portable pumps are 2-in. electric (up to 82 gpm), 2-in. engine-driven centrifugal (up to 137 gpm) and 3-in. engine-driven trash (up to 360 gpm).
Small dewatering jobs can be handled by gasoline-powered wet priming pumps with suction and discharge sizes of 2 to 3 in. in diameter. These pumps can run for several hours on a tank of gas and will move up to 250 gpm. The system design usually includes 20 to 30 ft. of suction hose and 100 to 200 ft. of lay flat discharge hose. Large dewatering or sewer bypass jobs, on the other hand, can involve a 24-hour pumping operation and flows up to 4,000 gpm and more.
"Basically, the key factors for a pumping job are flow rate, head, suction lift and solids handling," says Aldridge. "If any one of these is not properly identified as a requirement and used to select the pump, the equipment won't meet the expectations.
"One of the most misunderstood factors is that the connection size determines how the pump will perform. In reality, not all 6-in. pumps are 6-in. pumps," he continues. "By using the key factors mentioned and reviewing the pump performance curve, the renter can select the best equipment. The hardest part of pump selection is to determine the friction or resistance to the flow that can be caused by the piping or hose used. There are simplified charts that help to determine this. The critical thing is to be able to visualize the system and know the materials that are being used in the system."
Snow agrees, noting the two primary factors in every application are gravity and friction. "Gravity depends on the vertical lift needed, and friction on the distance the water must travel and the pipe diameter," he says. "More than specific formulas or calculations, one should consider the restraints of the job. The velocity in a pipe, and its friction resistance, will determine the amount of flow that can be reasonably achieved."
A good guideline for centrifugal pumps is a maximum velocity of 12 ft. per second. From there, practical flows in a given diameter of hose can be estimated (see Table 1).
"A pump must create enough discharge head to overcome elevation at a jobsite," Snow explains. "How well the pump performs is determined by the physical conditions of each application. Therefore, no two applications will be the same. A pump that worked great on one site might not be ideal for another."
Following are short explanations of some of the scientific concepts involved in any pumping job:
Flow: The amount of liquid (usually measured in gallons per minute) dictates the size of the pump and hose. Flow is the horizontal axis on a pump performance chart.
Static head: This refers to the vertical elevation difference from the water surface to the pump suction and from the pump discharge to the end of the hose or pipe. The more head, or elevation difference, the stronger the pump required to overcome gravity resistance when moving water.
Distance: This is the space between the pump and the discharge point. This contributes to the amount of friction resistance encountered when water travels through the hose or pipe. Static head (or gravity resistance) and distance (or friction resistance) are combined to determine the total amount of resistance the pump will see during the application. This is referred to as total dynamic head and is the vertical axis on a pump performance curve.
Each pump is rated as capable of achieving a certain amount of flow and overcoming a certain amount of resistance. Ideally, the pump system will be designed so that the pump operates in the middle area of flow and head, known as the "sweet spot" of the curve.
The Science Behind Pumping Fluid
While a bit academic, some of the principles governing the behavior of water can help in understanding a pump's capabilities.
To start with, atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level is 14.7 psi (1 bar, or 1 barometric unit). The pressure becomes lower as altitude increases and higher in areas lower than sea level. With (distilled) water weighing 8.33 lbs. per gallon, atmospheric pressure will force that water to rise 33.9 ft. in a cylinder at sea level if all the air in the cylinder is evacuated. Likewise, mercury (Hg) weighs 112 lbs. per gallon and atmospheric pressure will force it to rise to 29.9 in. in a cylinder at sea level if all the air is removed.
Need a translation? Pumps often have an Hg rating and what this means, for example, is 1-in. Hg equals the ability to move 1.13 ft. of water (basic rule of thumb is 1 in. = 1 ft.). Therefore, a 20-in. Hg rating means the pump will lift approximately 20 ft. of water.
Pumps are designed to do two things: move liquid in and move it out. This is achieved by creating a difference in pressure between the suction and discharge sides of the pump. The pump must create low pressure on the suction side of the system. The combination of low pressure in the pump and atmospheric pressure results in positive suction head. Conversely, the pump must create high pressure on the discharge side of the system. This results in water being thrown out of the pump in the case of centrifugal models, or being pushed out in the case of positive displacement pumps.
Checklist for Renting a Pump
As your pumping application and pumping needs become more complex, it pays to take advantage of available expertise in this area. Some rental centers will have individuals specifically trained in hydraulics and pump technology who can guide you to the appropriate dewatering solution.
Following is a checklist to go over before renting a pump for a basic dewatering job:


text: Aluminum matrix composites are emerging as advance engineering materials due to its high specific strength and stiffness, good wear resistance and high temperature properties. Properties of Al reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC are widely investigated. In the present study, mechanical properties of B4C reinforced Al matrix is investigated due to higher hardness and lower density properties than SiC and Al2O3. The high temperature deformation behavior of 5, 10, 15 and 20wt% B4C powder having an average particle diameter of about 10 mu m aluminum matrix composite sintered at 650 degrees C was investigated by creep tests at temperatures ranging from 400 to 450 degrees C and creep resistance of Al alloy is enhanced by the presence of B4C particles. Measurement of impact and hardness properties of composites showed that impact values decrease and hardness values increased with increase in weight fraction of reinforcement. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


text:
Whether it's food or sex, pleasurable activity provides more than just pleasure, University of Cincinnati (UC) researchers say. It actually reduces stress by inhibiting anxiety responses in the brain.
The findings were published online Nov. 8, 2010, ahead of print in PNAS, the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences.
Experiments designed by Yvonne Ulrich-Lai, PhD, research assistant professor, James Herman, PhD, director of the Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology and professor of psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience at UC, and colleagues also indicated that the reduced-stress effects continued for at least seven days, suggesting a long-term benefit.
"These findings give us a clearer understanding of the motivation for consuming 'comfort food' during times of stress," says Ulrich-Lai. "But it's important to note that, based on our findings, even small amounts of pleasurable foods can reduce the effects of stress."
The researchers provided rats twice daily access to a sugar solution for two weeks, then tested the rats' physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Compared with controls, rats with access to sugar exhibited reduced heart rate and stress hormone levels while placed in ventilated restraint tubes and were more willing to explore an unfamiliar environment and socially interact with other rats.
Rats who were fed a solution artificially sweetened with saccharin (instead of being fed sucrose) showed similar reductions in stress responses, the researchers say, as did rats who were given access to sexually responsive partners. But sucrose supplied directly to the stomach did not blunt the rats' stress response, the researchers say.
"This indicates that the pleasurable properties of tasty foods, not the caloric properties, were sufficient for stress reduction," says Ulrich-Lai.
Physiological responses to stress include activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, regulated by the brain structure known as the basolateral amygdale (BLA). Rats exposed to pleasurable activities, such as tasty foods and sex, experienced weakened HPA axis responses to stress, the researchers found.
Lesions of the BLA prevented stress reduction by sucrose, suggesting that neural activity in the BLA is necessary for the effect.
"Our research identifies key neural circuits underlying the comfort food effect," notes Ulrich-Lai. "Further research is needed, but identification of these circuits could provide potential strategies for intervening to prevent or curtail increasing rates of obesity and other metabolic disorders."
Explore further: Study reveals new mechanism for estrogen suppression of liver lipid synthesis


text:
The Open GIS Consortium, Inc. (OGC) announced that the US National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) upgraded its membership level from Principal Member to Strategic Member. NASA has been a member of OGC since it's founding in 1994. NASA recognized
the importance of OGC's role in advancing interoperability in a consensus forum, and provided OGC with initial funding to start operations through a Cooperative Agreement Notice
entitled "Public Use of Earth and Space Science Data Over the Internet".
Recently, NASA formed the Geospatial Interoperability Office (GIO) to better "enable government, industry, scientists and citizens to gain knowledge or make decisions
through application of geospatial information". GIO holds the OGC membership for NASA and coordinates participation in OGC activities. Myra Bambacus, Program Manager of the GIO, noted "geospatial interoperability is critically important in enabling applications through seamless access to NASA's Earth Science Data. We look forward to collaborating with the Consortium on mutual goals and setting a strategic approach for meeting the spatial technology interoperability needs of the global community."
NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) goal to "develop advanced information technologies for processing, archiving, accessing, visualizing, and communicating Earth science data" is consistent with OGC's vision. ESE related projects including the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), the Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP) federation, the Digital Earth program, the Globe Program, the Earth Science Technology Office and
the Geographic Interoperability Office take advantage of the results of OGC programs.
As a Strategic Member, NASA will contribute significant in-kind support, providing, for example, specification revisions, discussion papers, proposals, and tutorials, as well as chairing Working Groups and Special Interest Groups. NASA will work with other members to help guide OGC in directions that result in broader user choice of geoprocessing products in the marketplace and improved opportunities for industry to meet the varied and complex needs of government.


Press "Enter" to skip to content
Backing Up Your Skills
With the summer of the single happening, you will want to get as proficient as you can as quickly as you can. You need to have a good handle on boat maneuvering and blade work if you plan to put in meters of sculling.
Perfecting your backing will give you the biggest bang for your buck in terms of boosting your skills. If you get stuck in the bushes on shore, moving your shell sternward is essential for getting you out of the predicament. Besides safety, backing allows you to practice proper blade depth, keeping your handles moving on a level plane, making subtle steering adjustments and to feather-squaring or reverse feather-squaring.
By taking a backing stroke, then letting your blade gather pressure, you can learn the feeling of a set blade at the beginning of the drive. By watching how you back your boat down, a coach can quickly assess your sculling skills.
Practice first with your port oar so you move only in a circle. Keep the starboard oar flat on the water and keep the boat set. With the handle near your body at the release position, square your blade in the water and keep the blade in the same position you would while rowing. Push the handle away from you toward the stern. Then, as you release the blade, feather forward so the scoop faces down and you can slide the tip of the blades across the water to return the handle to your body. Practice with each oar, then both together. Begin with your arms and body only, then gradually build up the slide length as you get comfortable taking longer backing strokes.
Marlene Royle is the author of Faster Masters and Tip of the Blade: Notes on Rowing. She specializes in training masters rowers, and her coaching service, Roylerow Performance Training Programs, provides the expertise and support to improve your competitive edge. For information, email Marlene at or visit
Comments are closed.


Why is family history work so important?
Adapted from "The Hearts of the Children Shall Turn," Ensign, Nov. 2011, 24–27.
David A. Bednar
Why is family history work so important?
The Prophet Joseph Smith declared that our "greatest responsibility in this world … is to seek after our dead."1
Family history is a vital part of the work of salvation and exaltation.
I invite the youth of the Church to learn about and experience the Spirit of Elijah.2
I encourage you to study, to search out your ancestors, and to prepare yourselves to perform proxy baptisms in the temple for your kindred dead.
Your love and gratitude for your ancestors will increase.
You will be safeguarded in your youth and throughout your lives.
Show References
 1. 1.
 2. 2.
 See Doctrine and Covenants 2:1–2.


text:
TUESDAY, Sept. 20 (HealthDay News) -- People affected by
epilepsy are nearly eight times more likely than those without it
to develop schizophrenia, and those with schizophrenia are also six
times more likely to have epilepsy than people who are not
schizophrenic, a new study suggests.
Researchers in Taiwan say this two-way relationship between the
two conditions may be due to genetic, environmental or
After analyzing information on almost 5,200 patients with
schizophrenia and more than 11,500 patients with epilepsy and
controls matched for age and sex in both groups, researchers found
the prevalence of epilepsy was higher in the schizophrenia patient
group at about 7 per 1,000 person-years, compared to just over 1
per 1,000 among those not affected by schizophrenia.
Meanwhile the study, published in
Epilepsia, showed the prevalence of schizophrenia was about 3.5 per 1,000 person-years for patients with epilepsy, compared to about 0.5 among those without epilepsy. The researchers noted the incidence of schizophrenia was slightly higher among men with the disease than women.
"Our research results show a strong bidirectional relation between schizophrenia and epilepsy," said the study's lead author Dr. I-Ching Chou, an associate professor with China Medical University in Taichung, Taiwan, in a journal news release. "This relationship may be due to common pathogenesis in these diseases such as genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, but further investigation of the pathological mechanisms are needed."
The National Institutes of Health provides more information on


text:
Information Brief 2012-40
Promoting a Clear Focus on Academics
A Look at Higher Performing High Schools
A fall 2011 study surveyed teachers and administrators from higher performing high schools and assessed what school qualities educators see as contributing most to student achievement.
Educators at high performing high schools believe the key factors contributing to college and career readiness at their schools include having high expectations of both students and teachers, making academics a number one priority, and maximizing instructional time in core academic subjects. The chart shows that ratings were clearly higher for these school qualities than were typically reported across all 46 qualities surveyed.
School Qualities Promoting a Clear Focus on Academics
|School Quality||In Agreement||Responding Contributes "a Great Deal"|
|Averages across 46 school qualities surveyed||75%||44%|
|This school has an established climate of high expectations for students.||89%||74%|
|This school has an established climate of high expectations for teachers.||92%||68%|
|School administrators make academics the number one priority at our school.||84%||60%|
|Instructional time is maximized in core academic subjects.||88%||71%|
Note: Data come from 272 educators from 63 high performing high schools across 25 states. Schools were selected based on students' growth towards college and career readiness or based on improvement in average ACT scores over time.
_EMAIL_ for more information or to suggest ideas for future ACT Information Briefs.


text:
An accessor method is an instance method that gets or sets the value of a property of an object. In Cocoa's terminology, a method that retrieves the value of an object's property is referred to as a getter method, or "getter;" a method that changes the value of an object's property is referred to as a setter method, or "setter." These methods are often found in pairs, providing API for getting and setting the property values of an object.
You should use accessor methods rather than directly accessing state data because they provide an abstraction layer. Here are just two of the benefits that accessor methods provide:
You don't need to rewrite your code if the manner in which a property is represented or stored changes.
Accessor methods often implement important behavior that occurs whenever a value is retrieved or set. For example, setter methods frequently implement memory management code and notify other objects when a value is changed.
Because of the importance of this pattern, Cocoa defines some conventions for naming accessor methods. Given a property of type
type and called
name, you should typically implement accessor methods with the following form:
The one exception is a property that is a Boolean value. Here the getter method name may be
isName. For example:
This naming convention is important because much other functionality in Cocoa relies upon it, in particular key-value coding. Cocoa does not use
getName because methods that start with "get" in Cocoa indicate that the method will return values by reference.


10 Types of Birds That Swim Underwater (With Pictures)
There are approximately 18,000 species of birds in the world. Birds are known to occupy all spaces including air, land and even water. There are some birds that unluckily cannot fly, some that are restricted to a life on land or mostly restricted to the air. But in this article, we'll be focusing on birds that have the ability to swim underwater. These birds are also known as waterbirds or aquatic birds and may be found in freshwater environments like lakes, rivers, and streams but also in the ocean, or even both! They have special adaptations that allow for them to seamlessly glide through the water.
Let's take a quick look at some pictures of 10 birds that swim underwater and learn a little about each one.
10 Birds that Swim underwater
In this article, we'll cover ten different types of birds that swim underwater which include:
 - Ducks
 - Swans
 - Cormorants
 - Loons
 - Pelicans
 - Penguins
 - Puffins
 - Coots
 - Grebes
 - Geese
1. Ducks
When you think of an aquatic bird, ducks are probably some of the first birds that come to mind. In fact, ducks spend most of their time in the water but they do occasionally come out of the water to do things like lay eggs, sleep, or waddle about.
Where ducks can be found: There are dozens of species of ducks found worldwide. Ducks can be found in the wild, but are also commonly kept as pets or livestock animals.
2. Swans
Swans, known for their regality and also their attitude are another group of waterbirds. They're are actually in the same taxonomic family as ducks, making them distant cousins! Most of the time, Swans will only float on the surface but on occasion they may dive down. Oddly enough, the Queen of England owns all (unmarked) swans found in the United Kingdom.
Where swans can be found: There are only seven species of swans that occur in the wild on all continents besides Africa and Antartica. North America is home to three of the seven species of swans which include the Trumpeter Swan, the Tundra Swan and the Mute Swan.
3. Cormorants
If you have ever driven or walked along the coast and have seen a large, black or dark brown bird perched on a rock with its wings spread outyou have probably seen a Cormorant! Cormorants are incredible divers and move quickly through the water to feed on eels, fish, and sometimes even watersnakes.
Where Cormorants can be found: The Cormorant family or the Phalacrocoracidae family is a large family with up to 40 different species of Cormorants. Cormorants, in general, are Coastal birds that are found all around the world, excluding the central Pacific Islands.
4. Loons
A loon, while it is an insult for a crazy person, is also a type of diving bird. Loons share a similar body plan and may be similar in size to a duck, but they actually belong to their own taxonomic family. Loons are best known for their calls that bellow across quiet lakes in the early hours of the morning.
Where Loons can be found: There are five species of Loon that can be found in freshwater bodies throughout North America and much of Northern Eurasia. In the United States, Loons can be found in large numbers in New England Lakes.
5. Pelicans
Pelicans are an amazing group of waterbirds most famously known for their large pouches attached to their beaks. These throat pouches are used to help pelicans scoop up fish and then drain the water prior to swallowing their prey. Pelicans travel and often hunt in flocks or groups. Unfortunately for Pelicans, they are generally considered a nuisance by many recreational fishermen and have also been known to get entangled or hooked by fishing gear.
Where Pelicans can be found: There are eight species of Pelicans that can be found throughout the world excluding Antarctica. Pelicans prefer warm, coastal environments. In America, Pelicans are very common in Southern States like Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.
6. Penguins
Penguins are definitely one of the most famous birds that swim underwater. They effortlessly glide through the water in a way that makes them look like they are flying. These birds split their time on land and time in the sea almost equally. Penguins expertly chase down their marine prey which includes animals like fish, krill and squid.
Where Penguins can be found: All except one species of Penguin are found in the Southern Hemisphere. There is debate within the scientific community about how many species of Penguins there are, but the number is between 17-20 different species. Penguins are typically associated with Antarctica, but many species live in warmer, more temperate climates like South Africa and South America.
7. Puffins
Puffins are small, aquatic birds that are expert swimmers. They share similar colouration with Penguins, but are only distantly related. Unlike Penguins, Puffins can fly and swim. Puffins are social birds and live in large colonies, often living and sheltering in rock crevices and cliffs. While flying, Puffins can beat their wings an incredible 400 times per minute.
Where Puffins can be found: There are only three species of Puffins, all of which live in Coastal habitats in the Northern Hemisphere. Puffins can be found on the coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean and the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean. Because they live in cooler climates, only states like Maine and Alaska tend to be suitable for Puffins.
8. Coots
Coots are smaller, duck shaped waterbirds. There are several species of Coots, but all of them have very dark, black plumage which makes them easy to identify. Coots are typically found in freshwater habitats where they feed mostly on aquatic vegetation, but may also eat small vertebrates.
Where Coots can be found: There are ten different species of Coots that are found on every continent except for Antarctica. Six of the ten species of Coots are from Southern or Central America.
9. Grebes
Grebes are diving birds that are far more comfortable in water than on land. They can also fly, but only do so in short bursts, covering small distances. Unlike many other aquatic birds that lay their eggs on land, Grebes actually construct floating nests from reeds and other vegetation. Grebe hatchlings are able to swim immediately, which explains why these birds tend to prefer water over land!
Where Grebes can be found: Grebes tend to prefer freshwater environments, but are occasionally found in marine or ocean environments during migration or the winter season. There are 22 species of Grebes, with several species occurring on all continents excluding Antarctica.
10. Geese
Geese, close relatives to Ducks and Swans are aquatic birds that spend much of their time floating and swimming at the surface of ponds and lakes. They have long necks that they use to graze on aquatic vegetation by sticking their entire head underwater. Geese have also been known to dive on occasion in the face of a threat as a way to escape.
Where Geese can be found: Geese tend to stick to freshwater environments with plenty of vegetation to graze on. There are many species of Geese that are found all throughout the world, except for in Antarctica.
There are many species of birds that have mastered swimming and diving that can be broken up into different families and groupsmany of which appear on this list! These animals prove just how truly dynamic and impressive our world's birds can be.
About Jesse


text:
Light, a material
emdelight®-glass is the innovative material for creative architects, interior designers and product designers.
Light as opposed to lighting
When it's light, the panels appear as high-grade, slightly translucent glass. When it's dark, they transform into a source of light. Without the use of filters, the self-lighting glass converts light into individual, versatile design media.
- Light emits from one or two opposing edges of the glass into the glass.
- The glass is coated with a white or coloured screen pattern.Each dot screens the emitted light according to the screen configuration.
- The screen structure is calculated based on panel size and pane thickness to produce a harmonious distribution of light throughout the glass.
- The panes are coated with ceramic inks. The ink is baked to create a durable coat that is scratchproof, colourfast, acid and alkaline resistant and thermally stable.
- The average coverage or screen percent per pane of 12-15 percent largely preserves the transparent character.
- Glass with a low iron oxide content (white glass), which is especially pure and clear, is used.
emdelight®-glass comes in various configurations, making it extremely versatile:
- Single-pane, tempered safety glass
- Laminated safety glass
- Insulated glass
- Flat or round shaped glass
- Slightly translucent plastics (e.g. acrylic)
- 1600 mm x 3000 mm
- is max. size for homogeneous illumination
- Pane thickness is between 8 and 15 mm
- Custom sizes are available; consult factory or sales agent
- Reduced electricity consumption
- Electrically safe due to operation on safety low voltage (max. 48 V )
- Unrivalled long service life
- Minimum thermal stress
- Extremely compact dimensions mean little installation space is required


text:
Scientists have found a way to increase fermentable sugar stores in plants which could lead to plant biomass being easier to convert into eco-friendly sustainable biofuels. Their research is highlighted in the latest issue of Business, the quarterly highlights magazine of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).
Using the plant Arabidopsis, Dr Paul Dupree and his team have found three enzymes responsible for the production of all detectable levels of a type of sugar called glucomannan. Their research also shows that the quantity of glucomannan can be increased or decreased in the stem with no visible detrimental effects on plant development or cell wall strength. However, the researchers found that changes in glucomannan levels had a detrimental effect on seed development.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I was looking for a word that describes someone who is an expert in or studies calendars, and I couldn't find anything.
For more context, I am looking for the word you would call someone who knows how to calculate the number of days between a date in the distant past, when different calendars were used, and a date in the modern calendar. I thought historian, but I'm not sure that's adequate.
share|improve this question
There isn't a specific word that I've ever heard. I think historian is adequate, though calendar historian might ring true. – Daniel Mar 6 '12 at 17:38
A reasonable attempt would be 'calendrist' or 'calendarist' except that actually refers to a use of a particular calendar, e.g. an Old Calendrist is one who, for political reasons, paid heed to the Julian calendar after the Gregorian calendar was instituted. – Mitch Mar 6 '12 at 18:29
6 Answers 6
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I believe that you are looking for a horologist. (Horology: the art or science of measuring time.)
share|improve this answer
-1: horologist watchmaker: someone who makes or repairs watches. I know there are such things as "perpetual calendar" watches/clocks, but horology is really concerned with a different order of time. – FumbleFingers Mar 6 '12 at 20:33
Keep reading on your linked page and you will see "the science of measuring time", "technology of timekeeping", and other more general definitions. There does seem to be a bent toward mechanical timepieces specifically, but day/week/year ranges certainly fall within the purview of "time measurement". – Hellion Mar 6 '12 at 20:38
You can't just "bend" the definition that way - it's like saying ""simplify and "facilitate" mean the same thing just because their definitions overlap. Horologists deal with devices measuring hours - not days, years, or (in OP's context) centuries and millennia. – FumbleFingers Mar 6 '12 at 20:45
Horology is the study of means of measuring time and encompasses all means of measuring time, including both watches and calendars. Horology covers devices measuring anything from nanoseconds to eons. – David Schwartz Mar 6 '12 at 20:58
Wikipedia has this to offer, with a citation to a 1913 Webster's.
Chronometry (from Greek χρόνος "time" and μέτρηση "measurement") is the science of the measurement of time, or timekeeping. It should not to be confused with chronology, the science of locating events in time, which often relies upon it.
share|improve this answer
The honest answer is that there is no commonly accepted word for the study of calenders. It's clear that the question relates to how societies perceive and describe the division of, and the progression of time. This involves in all cases the study and measurement of natural periodicity (astronomical generally) and in most cases is combined with the study and ordering of events (usually human or geological). For example the Roman calender measured time in years (astronomically-based) passed since the founding of Rome (event-based).
The science of the measurement of time is 'chronometry' (from the Latin/Greek words for 'time' and'measurement') while the study of the ordering of events is 'chronology'(from the Latin/Greek words for 'time' and 'description'. A candidate word for the study of both might be 'chrononomy' (from the Latin/Greek words for time and arrangement). The Oxford English Dictionary recognizes 'chrononomy' but describes its (historical) use as rare. Hovever this only reflects the fact that the study of calendars is a very modern interest.
'Horology' comes from the Latin/Greek words for hour and description, but has come to (generally) relate to the study of mechanisms for measuring time. It has to be said that the Greek word here also included a sense of seasons and time generally, but the Latin word definitely relates to hours.
Calendar comes from the Latin word Calends, meaning 'call' or 'proclaim', and used uniquely in Rome in relation to the first day of each month. The first day of each Roman month was a day on which announcements would be made, and accounts would be calculated from. Strictly speaking then, the word 'calendology' would mean something like the study of proclamation descriptions. Words, however, mean whatever we mean them to mean, and 'calendology', or 'calendarology' might work for us, even if the philologists shudder at it.
share|improve this answer
Thank you for posting John Mack, this is a very interesting read! Your answer could be helped by some references and/or links to the more obscure definitions (such as the meaning of 'calends' for the Romans), but it's nonetheless incisive and well written. +1. – 568ml May 8 '14 at 7:24
Well, at least a couple of dozen people have been prepared to go into print with calenderologist and/or calenderology. So even though I don't think you'll find them in any dictionary, I guess these are the best words you'll get.
Sticking to words that are in the dictionary, chronology is the science that deals with the determination of dates and the sequence of events. So OP might want to go with chronologist.
share|improve this answer
I agree with _USER_ δ that there isn't a specific term for this. But I believe the term calendar scholar is close to what you want to express.
A chronologist is someone who studies historical records to establish the dates of past events, so this term can be used if you are interested in this connotation.
share|improve this answer
A calendar scholar may have the requisite knowledge to perform these calculations, but then so do your or I or anyone. The conversions are not difficult computations, and the algorithms to make the conversions are fixed. There are many calculators for making the conversions found easily with google. My point is that the conversion of dates is hardly a mysterious power held by a few experts, hence a reference to a specific type of person who made the calculation is unnecessary. A historian could easily do it and I don't think there's need to highlight his ability as anything extraordinary.
share|improve this answer
Actually, they aren't that easily found on Google, because many of seem to wrongly account for calendar adjustments made in the antiquities. – NickC Mar 6 '12 at 18:33
Doesn't address the question, though. It doesn't matter if it's the simplest thing in the world for people to do. That has no bearing on the (potentially hypothetical) nomenclature. – heathenJesus Mar 6 '12 at 19:17
Certainly it does. To quote the OP "I am looking for the word you would call someone who knows how to calculate the number of days between a date in the distant past" and my point is that any number of types of people would fit that bill and any scholar of calendars while certainly capable of performing the task would, I think, but overqualified. Like having a Nobel economist doing your taxes. – Sam Mar 7 '12 at 1:13
You're seriously underestimating the many ways people have done calendars. Merely within the Roman tradition there have been a number of variants. Outside it I can rattle off the Chinese, Jewish, Mayan, and Islamic calendars, and I'm no... "calendar scholar," as the best answer I've seen so far. I'm sure those just scratch the surface. Does the existence of Google Translate make linguists unnecessary? – gmcgath Dec 19 '12 at 12:27
Your Answer


text:
Special Education Teacher - SPED
As part of our mission to pave the way for children's success worldwide, Therapy Source is currently seeking several Special Education Teachers(SPED) to provide services for both elementary and middle school students in a charter school setting. These positions are for the remainder of the 2018/19 school year.
1st position: Maternity leave coverage for a 10 student caseload in a middle school setting.
2nd position: Caseload of 15-20 students in a high school setting.
Special Education Teacher (SPED)Days/Hours Needed: 7:30 am to 4:30 pm /37-40 hours per week
Special Education Teacher (SPED)Qualifications:
- Bachelor's degree required; Master's degree preferred
- Certification in Special Education highly desirable
- Possession of (or willingness to obtain) up-to-date clearances
- Proof of individual professional liability insurance (or willingness to obtain)
Special Education Teacher Responsibilities May Include:
- Driving student achievement for students with disabilities
- Responding to progress monitoring results and student assessment data
- Establishing a positive, structured, achievement-focused classroom
- Providing support to students, parents, and general education staff and supporting student learning
- Mentoring and coaching students on self-regulation and organizational skills
- Developing effective IEPs that translate into measurable results for students
Enjoy scheduling flexibility, impressive hourly rates, and amazing support from our dedicated account team!
Along with your resume, please be sure to include the best time of day and phone number to reach you. We will then reach out to discuss your qualifications, and answer any questions you may have about the position.


How to cook dried and dried peach: 6 ways, description, pros and cons - About the farm - 2021
About the farm
6 simple recipes for preparing dried and dried peaches for the winter
Delicious juicy fruit is poorly preserved fresh. It should be eaten immediately. With a large harvest of peaches, the hostesses subject them to drying, which extends the shelf life up to two years. Fruits after weathering moisture retain their beneficial properties. They increase the concentration of sugar and vitamins. Dried peaches - a good snack and filler for winter compote. Fresh ripe fruits are made from candied fruits, chips, pastila. They are dried in an electric dryer, oven, on the windowsill. To store the finished product does not need much space, but the daily consumption of fruit fills up the required amount of vitamins.
Peach Drying Specific
Peaches are very juicy, so over-ripe fruit cannot be used for drying. For harvesting fit both flat and fig fruits. Collecting fruit from the tree allows you to get a high quality product. The fruit should not be broken places, wormholes and rot. Before drying, they must be prepared.
 1. Fruits are well washed. Excess moisture is removed with a paper towel or napkin.
 2. The peduncle must be removed. Use of fruits with a stone and without it is allowed. The first version of dried fruit has a bitterness, taste for the fan. If you remove the bone, the dried fruit will remain sweet.
 3. The fruit can be divided into halves or quarters with a sharp knife.
 4. Peaches are laid on the skins upwards for drying.
 Peaches must be washed and removed before drying.
For winter preparations, sweet fruits of practically any kind are used, but if they get sour, you should sprinkle them with sugar syrup.
It is advisable to calibrate the fruit before drying so that they prepare at one time.
With overripe peaches do not take risks, it is better to make them marshmallow.
Peach Drying Methods
To the natural method were added options using an electric dryer and oven. The sparing conditions of the units make it possible to obtain high quality products in a short time. In an electric dryer with the correct temperature conditions, the process takes 6 hours. Using the plate requires several approaches for three hours with a six-hour break.
Drying in the oven
Peach after drying in the oven
With a small amount of products and the absence of electric ovens - the best option. Peaches are prepared in the usual way and cut into slices. The pieces should not be very small, the fruit will lose its charm. The sheet is covered with parchment, the fruits are laid on it with the skin up.
At a temperature of 50 degrees, they are dried for three hours. Then you need to take a break for 6 hours and continue the procedure. Drying continues until the product reaches a condition.
Periodically it is necessary to open the oven door to release excess moisture.
Oranges are dried and apples are dried in a similar way.
The use of electric dryers
Peaches in an electric drier are best dried.
Modern apparatus for drying vegetables and fruits VOLTERA 1000 Lux significantly accelerates the process. With natural weathering, the blanks lie for several days. In the dryer enough for 6 hours. Peach is loaded in whole or sliced. It is necessary to ensure that the products were approximately the same size.
Fruits are laid out on pallets in a single layer. It is necessary to set the temperature from 50 to 70 degrees. The process must be controlled so as not to spoil the products. Drying time will take 4 to 6 hours. Voltaire 1000 Lux is also suitable for the preparation of dry bananas and dried kiwi.
Nuances of drying in the sun
Sun Dried Peaches
Harvesting dried peaches in a natural way is suitable for large volumes of products. They must be pre-washed and wiped away with paper towel. Peeled fruit stalks and seeds are laid out on the racks with the pelt up.
On each side, it is necessary to dry for at least two days, as the fruits are juicy and fleshy. When the lobules reach condition, they are collected in canvas bags and stored for up to a year. Under the influence of sunlight the fruits become darker.
The color remains almost unchanged if you pre-fumigate the segments with sulfur smoke.
This method is also suitable for other fruits - pineapple, plum, but only for warm regions.
On the windowsill
Peach dried on the windowsill
The principle of harvesting dried fruit on the windowsill is identical to the process of drying in the sun. A large number of peaches will not fit on a limited area, but you can prepare a few kilograms. Entirely they will not dry out, so they need to be rid of the stones and divided into slices.
The window sill is covered with paper and fruits are laid out on it. On each side the slices are dried for 2-3 days. They must be turned over so as not to begin the process of decay. When excess moisture evaporates, the dried fruits are collected in containers or linen bags. Moths and other insects should not be allowed to enter the products.
Peach Dried Above The Plate
Another common method of drying fruits in cold regions is the electric cooker. Peeled and prepared peaches should be cut into small slices. They can be strung on a string, but they are quite heavy. Useful sieve or mesh. If the peach is decomposed into it and placed over a heater, then in a few hours the moisture will evaporate. Get dried peaches no worse than the sun.
How to cook dried peach with a bone
Dried peach with a stone
At home, dried peaches are cooked in the oven or electric drier. There are many devices for drying vegetables and fruits. There are three cooking methods:
 1. Drying entirely involves only washing the fruit and removing the stem.
 2. From the berries you can remove the stone and cut them in half.
 3. The skin is removed from the peaches, and a high-quality product is obtained.
Masters of drying prefer to cook special delicacies. Peaches are lowered into a boiling solution of water and soda for 7-9 seconds. The peduncle is removed, the bone is pulled out, and the skin is easily cleaned with a knife.
Peach slices are laid out on a tray and fumigated with sulfur. Only after that you can start drying.
For the preparation of high-quality dried fruit suitable electrical units and folk methods.
Peaches are rich in vitamins and have many beneficial properties. With a large number of products optimally suitable natural method of drying. Many peaches are placed on the shelves, but the process takes 4-6 days, depending on weather conditions and juiciness of the fruits. Weathering occurs faster in electric units. In the oven, you can make sweet chips or candied fruits, and also just dry the fruit slices. For the preparation of dried fruit for the winter fit as purchased and grown independently at home. When growing it is necessary to know about the nuances of tree care in order to get a rich harvest.


text:
Yesterday's post on the fears associated with Canada's anti-spam legislation focused on emails between extended family members. This post will examine personal relationships and the absurd claims that the current rules will stop everything from emailing a teacher to promoting a lemonade stand. Barry Sookman writes that the following would all likely be illegal under CASL:
- E-mailing or sending a BBM message to your child's teacher to ask him/her to tutor your child. A child emailing his/her teacher for the same purpose would also be illegal.
- A student e-mailing a student a year ahead to buy a textbook or a student trying to sell used textbooks to students in another grade.
- A mother sending out an e-mail to her daughter's friend to ask her to baby sit.
- A child soliciting a parent of a friend to shovel snow or mow a lawn for some extra cash.
- A child sending out emails to invite neighbors to buy a glass of lemonade at his/her lemonade stand.
- A person e-mailing neighbors on the street asking for a donation to fight a planned development or environmental threat.
- A parent teachers group e-mailing a school principal encouraging him or her to purchase new equipment or learning materials or to do a renovation that would enhance their children's learning or learning environment.
- A child e-mailing her parents friends to buy Girl Guide cookies or to sponsor her in a school event.
- Neighbors or acquaintances e-mailing each other to set up a carpool and to share the costs.
- E-mails sent out to acquaintances, colleagues, and business contacts asking them for sponsorship in a charitable event such as to raise money for cancer research or many other worthy causes.
- E-mailing an old friend who moved away and asking him/her to buy you hockey tickets so that both of you could see your home team when your visit.
- E-mailing an old friend you haven't spoken to in a while to help find a job or to ask for a referral or to tell the friend about your new job (and the products and services it sells).
- E-mailing an old classmate to ask if he/she would be interested in investing in a new venture you are starting.
The reality is that some of these examples are not even covered by the law without the need to delve into the regulatory exceptions. For example, the law only covers commercial electronic messages, which would likely exclude activities such as arranging a carpool. Commercial electronic messages require the encouragement of commercial activity, which the law defines as transactions, act or conduct that is of a "commercial character". As anyone who has arranged a carpool for their kids can tell you, a reasonable interpretation of non-commercial carpooling would find that it does not meet that standard (even with "shared costs").
The email from the mother to a daughter's friend to ask her to babysit is actually an inquiry as to whether the daughter is available to babysit (the daughter's friend is the service provider, not the parent) and subject to the inquiry exception. The law exempts commercial emails that are "sent to a person who is engaged in a commercial activity and consists solely of an inquiry or application related to that activity." In the event that the email is confirming a prior arrangement, there is likely consent for the message or coverage under an exception for information directly related to an employment relationship.
There are other examples that likely involve prior consent, such as emailing a child's teacher or school principal. Most of the remaining examples would be exempted by the personal relationships exception such as students emailing each other, old friends or classmates emailing one another, or neighbours exchanging emails.
The repeated reference to neighbours emailing each other is particularly odd. I know the email addresses of a few of my neighbours, but only the ones with whom I have a personal relationship. I am not aware of many neighbourhoods where everyone's email address is widely known such that emails go out promoting lemonade stands or local advocacy. Rather, most of that information is disseminated in physical form, specifically because the email addresses of all your neighbours isn't typically available. While there may be exceptions, those are likely instances where the community has actively requested the email addresses for use by the community (often going door-to-door), so those on the list have provided consent (or else it involves marketing companies linking various databases to map contact information on a geographic basis, which is precisely the kind of activity the law seeks to stop if there is no consent).
Applied to Sookman's example, the lemonade stand concern makes little sense. Emails sent to people in the neighbourhood will invariably meet the personal relationship requirement (or have consent) since there is no other obvious way to obtain those email addresses. Without such a relationship or consent, the sender simply doesn't have the necessary email addresses to send throughout the neighbourhood. So lemonade stands may be safe, but what of many other small and medium sized businesses? More on why the law does not represent a dire threat to those businesses tomorrow.


text:
How do I import my recipes from Now You're Cooking?
You can either follow these instructions below or use CB2CB to convert your recipes.
To import recipes from Now You're Cooking you need to use the Export Recipes command from the File menu in Now You're Cooking. That command is not activated until you close the recipes. Use the Generic Text File setting. It will create a text file on your computer.
You then will need to edit that text file so the recipes are in a format that MasterCook can import. Open and edit that text file with Windows NOTEPAD. Do NOT use Word.
MasterCook can import several recipes within one text file as long as they are in a basic format such as this example:
Glazed Spiced Pecans
2 1/2 cups pecans
1 cup sugar
1 cup water
1 teaspoon salt
3/4 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
1 teaspoon rum flavoring or vanilla
Heat nuts at 250 F for 15 min. Blend and cook sugar, water, salt and spices to soft ball stage. Do not stir. Add flavoring. Stir in nuts until creamy and coated. Turn onto wax paper, separating as they cool.
Notes: unknown, Knoxville, Tennessee
Use the above example, you start out with 5 @ symbols on one line. Then have a blank line. Then a line with the recipe title. Followed by another blank line. Then lines of ingredients. Followed by another blank line. Then paragraphs of directions. Then another five @ symbols to let MasterCook know another recipe follows.
Set up all the recipes like this in the text file. Then use the Import command from the File menu in MasterCook. Direct it to this text file that you created using the instructions above.
- It's important that the blank lines are completely blanks (no spaces even) since it tells MasterCook the breaks between recipe parts.
- The five @ symbols are important because they tell MasterCook when a new recipe begins.
- No other text should be on the line with the @ symbols.
- All text needs to be aligned to the left with no indentations.
- Do NOT use fraction symbols. They must be three characters instead, such as 1/2.


text:
Under the Office of Naval Research's Organic Mine Countermeasures Future Naval Capabilities (OMCM FNC) program, Lite Cycles, Inc. is developing an innovative and highly compact airborne active sensor system for mine and obstacle detection in very shallow water (VSW), through the surf-zone (SZ) and onto the beach. The system uses an
innovative LCI proprietary integrated scanner, detector, and telescope (ISDT) receiver architecture. The ISD tightly couples all receiver components and LIDAR electronics to achieve the system compaction required for tactical UAVintegration while providing a large aperture. It also includes an advanced compact multifunction laser transmitter; an industry-first high-resolution, compact 3-D camera, a scanning function for wide area search, and temporally
displaced multiple looks on the fly over the ocean surface for clutter reduction. Additionally, the laser will provide time-multiplexed multi-color output to perform day/night multispectral imaging for beach surveillance. New processing algorithms for mine detection in the very challenging surf-zone clutter environment are under development, which offer the potential for significant processing gains in comparison to the legacy approaches. This paper reviews the legacy system approaches, describes the mission challenges, and provides an overview of the ROAR system architecture.


text:
Start Stop Movieclips in Flash
How to control Flash Movieclip symbols using actionscript
While working with Movieclips in Flash you will find it necessary to start and stop the animation at runtime. In this Flash tutorial you'll learn how to control Movieclips using basic actionscript code. Movieclips can be easily controlled using Flash actionscript and the instance name of the Movieclip symbol is used to control it using Actionscript commands.You Are Here ::: Home >> Free Tutorials >> Flash Tutorials >> Starting & Stopping Movieclips with Flash
Follow the steps given below:
Controlling Movieclips using Actionscript
- Create a Movieclip (Refer the Flash Photo Masking tutorial for this example) with some animation and name the instance say,'mask_mc'.
- Create a Button for Start and Stop action of the movieclip and name them as'start_btn' and'stop_btn' respectively.
- Write the following Actionscript code for the 2 Buttons as given below:
- Save your work and test the Movie (Ctrl + Enter). Thats it you have learnt how to control movieclips in Flash using Actionscript.
Fig: Start & Stop Movieclip using Actionscript
Compatible Versions of Flash for this Tutorial
Flash CS5 Professional | Flash CS4 Professional
Note: For uses of lower versions of Flash some visual interface images would differ.
Recommended Version: Adobe Flash CS5 Professional


Homework Help
1. Identifify the applications of specialised materials. 2. Describe the production of...
user profile pic
jasma82 | eNoter
Posted June 6, 2013 at 4:42 AM via web
dislike 0 like
1. Identifify the applications of specialised materials.
2. Describe the production of specialised materials.
3. explain the implications of Nanochemistry.
1 Answer | Add Yours
user profile pic
llltkl | College Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted June 6, 2013 at 6:41 AM (Answer #1)
dislike 1 like
A specialised material is a substance specially designed for specific usage. It is widely used in various highly sophisticated areas or fields. Some of its notable applications are as follows:
The electronics industry relies on highly specialized materials to make the components it uses in telephones, computers, and other electronic devices. Silicon is a key material in most of these components.
In medical field, dental amalgam is a material mainly specialised for use by dental surgeons to fill cavities in teeth.
In prosthetics, plastic polymer laminates or thermosets are widely used for the fabrication of prosthetic sockets. Common types of plastic polymer laminates used in prosthetics are acrylic, epoxy and polyester. The advantage of plastic laminates is that the prosthetist has a great deal of control over the strength, stiffness and thickness of the finished product.
Specialised polymers are used in concrete repairs to modify cementitious systems or in the form of thermosetting resins, epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins and unsaturated acrylic resin system.
In film industry, the back protectors used for dangerous physical stunts are made from a polypropylene layer for strength, while the shock-absorbing element is often made of expanded polyurethane for maximum comfort and safety.
High tungsten, high carbonsteel tool are special materials used in machine tools and other applications requiring high hardnesss and toughness in the cutting edges of machine.
Most non-stick pans are made using polytetrafluoroethylene, a specialised material for coating designed to prevent food from sticking to their surface during the cooking process.
Because of its energy-absorbing quality, graphite is used to develop high performance sports equipment including golf clubs, tennis racquets, hockey sticks etc.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.
Join eNotes


How do I add different options or variants of the same product to my Website Builder shopping cart?
Our Website Builder shopping cart makes it easy to sell different forms of the same product. For example, you can add different sizes and colors for a t-shirt. You can add this to your product from within our shopping cart editor in our variants section.
To add options and variants to your product:
 1. Sign in to your Dynadot account.
 4. Click on the "Shopping Cart" (the one that looks like a cart) on the left-hand tool bar.
 5. Select the "Inventory" tab and select the product you want to add a variant to or click on "Add Product" to add a new product.
 6. Under the variants section, you will see two options: Add Option and Add Variant.
 7. Before you can add a variant of your product, you must first add an option. In the example above, you would need to add color as your option.
 8. Click the "Add Option" button and enter the option you want to add and the default value.
 9. Once you click save, the option you added will show along the top row along with the product's SKU, Price, Stock, Weight, Dimensions, and whether it's hidden or visible.
 10. Once you've added your product options, click on "Add Variant".
 11. This will create another product row where you can adjust the options available. For example, the top row can represent a red t-shirt and the next row down can represent a white t-shirt.
 12. To adjust the options for your variant, click on the Edit button or to delete it, click the trash button.
 13. Click the "Save" button on the top left on the screen to finalize your changes.
To view your options on the product page:
 1. From within your Website Builder editor, go to your product page.
 2. Hover over your product and click "Open Product".
 3. You should now see your options on this page in a drop down menu.
What is the difference between a variant and an option in our Website Builder shopping cart editor?


Bell schedule committee to implement new schedule next school year
Following notice that Paly was short about 2,000 instructional minutes, the school's bell schedule review committee has expedited its original plan to remodel the current bell schedule. Three possible schedules have been proposed and released for further deliberation among community and committee members alike.
The first proposal provides an option that has minimal structural change to the existing schedule. In this scenario, InFocus would be extended to 10 minutes, giving students more time in between morning blocks to listen to the daily bulletin. Furthermore, mandatory hour-long joint Advisory-Flex blocks would be held after sixth period on both Tuesdays and Thursdays to account for the current lack of instructional minutes.
However, C-days, a common complaint raised by several students, would remain intact. Many of the drawbacks, such as athletes consistently missing the same class for early afternoon games, would still be present.
The second option features alternating even and odd block days. This type of schedule would keep lunch and brunch times consistent throughout the year and it would also solve the issue of athletes missing the same class for early games.
A drawback to this setup is that because C-days would be eliminated, students and teachers may have fewer meetings in a week than what is currently scheduled. Furthermore, because any given day may be either odd or even, there would be no week-to-week consistency with when school ends each day, making it difficult to plan after school activities.
The third and final option would have alternating block days in place of C-days while the remaining 4 days of the schedule would remain the same as is currently set in place. While this would mitigate the problem of an inconsistent schedule, athletes would once again be forced to consistently miss the same class. Furthermore, there would be no buffer between back-to-back even or odd days, giving some students much less time to complete homework assignments or study for tests between classes.
In all scenarios, Flex and Advisory would be made mandatory and extended to one hour on both Tuesdays and Thursdays. Those who do not have advisory will remain at school during Flex time, after which attendance will be taken.
One important benefit that the second and third options share is that there would be more built in time after school for teachers to work on collaboration.
"In option one, staff lose collaboration time," said principal Kim Diorio. "For me, I think it's really important that your teachers have the opportunity to work together and collaborate and work on things like alignment and consistency and grading. If they don't have the time built into the schedule I'm worried that some of the forward movement that we've been making the last few years would slow down."
While the committee was originally formed with the intention of alleviating student stress by possibly removing C-days by the 2017-2018 school year, after the Gunn bell schedule committee informed them of their instructional minute deficiency in late January, they were forced to come to a decision much earlier to ensure proper implementation by next year.
The committee has since held public forums for both students and parents to gather more information from the general public. Surveys for students, parents and teachers have been distributed and the results will be evaluated this week.


text:
Open Access Senior Thesis
Bachelor of Arts
Gender and Women's Studies
© 2013 Mariel Frechette
The primary objective of this work is to understand the importance of the indigenous, female body in early New Spain through the study of visual media from the first two centuries of colonization: specifically looking at illustrations from Book 10 (of 15) in the Florentine Codex and images of indigenous Christian wedding ceremonies such as the painted folding screen Indian Wedding and a Flying Pole (c.1690). I argue through visual, theoretical and historical analysis that regulating indigenous female sexuality was a critical component to in the creation of colonial New Spain and that imagery played an essential role in this regulatory process.
Frechette, Mariel, "Danger in Deviance: Colonial Imagery and the Power of Indigenous Female Sexuality in New Spain" (2013). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 210.


text:
Why Do Humans Dance?
Monday night's premiere of "Dancing with the Stars" has celebrities – among them Pamela Anderson, Buzz Aldrin and Kate Gosselin – showcasing their dance moves for the world and driving a point home for those sitting at home: For some people, dancing is a natural form of expression. For others with two left feet, dancing can be more of a spectacle.
The answer to why we dance – and even why some people are better dancers than others – can be found in evolution. A study published in the Public Library of Science's genetics journal in 2006 suggested that long ago the ability to dance was actually connected to the ability to survive.
According to the study, dancing was a way for our prehistoric ancestors to bond and communicate, particularly during tough times. As a result, scientists believe that early humans who were coordinated and rhythmic could have had an evolutionary advantage.
The researchers examined the DNA of a group of dancers and non-dancers and found that the dancers shared two genes associated with a predisposition for being good social communicators. In addition, the dancers were found to have higher levels of serotonin, known to boost moods in humans and mice.
Early humans might have danced to attract a mate, as far back as 1.5 million years ago, according to Steven J. Mithen, an archaeologist at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom.
A more recent study suggests babies are born to dance, with the ability to bop to the beat as young as 5 months old. The scientists aren't sure why humans might have this innate ability. Of course, not everyone is born with as much ability as the best dancers. One difference: body symmetry. Dancers are more symmetrical, research has shown.
So, while dancing is no longer a factor in our everyday survival, this season's contestants on "Dancing with the Stars" will be dancing for their survival on the show. And which of the celebrities will earn bragging rights and the coveted disco ball trophy? Only time (and fan votes) will tell.
- Top 10 Things That Make Humans Special
- Why Beautiful Women Marry Less Attractive Men
- 5 Myths About the Male Body
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


text:
The learning transition
Our value – our mission – our difference
A learning transition is a process in which you develop greater know-how, learn to deal with your emotions and build solid relationships during a career move. We help you to navigate through this process.
Successful outplacement means ensuring that your next career move is part of a coherent long-term plan taking into account your personality, your skill sets and your value system.
At Oasys, we provide powerful tools and a state-of-the-art methodology enabling you to define such a plan and implement it:
- Skills assessment
- Repositioning plan
- Implementation, marketing and communication strategy
- Follow-up on job integration


And how affordable was the penny post?
The answer is, of course, it depends.
Clearly it was very affordable for the middle classes but possibly less so for the poorer elements of society. Most writers suggest that it was the equivalent of something between fifty cents and a dollar, in fact around what it would cost to post a letter today.
But consider Emile L'Angelier, Madeleine Smith's lover.
In the mid 1850's in Glasgow he was earning around sixty pounds a year as a seedsman's clerk. To keep things simple let's say that he earns sixty pounds a year or five pounds a month, giving him around one pound three shillings a week, which, remembering my predecimal maths would be 276 pennies.
Now, someone working in a similar job today could arguably be getting $60,000 a year (possibly a bit more) which comes out at around $1115 a week.
If we say that a letter costs 1/276th of a weekly income to post, we come to something a little over four dollars.
Now one crucial difference is that Emile didn't pay tax or a medicare levy. Assuming a marginal rate of 30%, our imaginary seedsman's clerk would be paying $334 a week in tax, giving him a disposable income of $780 a week.
Using the 1/276th test, that has a letter costing $2.82 to post, not counting the cost of the paper or the envelope, which, in the 1850's was not insubstantial given that the only paper commonly available was rag paper (Cheap wood pulp paper didn't arrive until the 1860's).
In other words, writing and posting letters was a substantial cost. We see a hint of this in some of Madeleine's letters which are cross written ie the letter is written first top down and then continues at 90 degrees to the original text, like in this other nineteenth century letter
cross wriiten letter
as a way of saving paper, even though as a wealthy young woman Madeleine could well afford to write several letters a week …
About dgm
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s