>abstract class Expression { public abstract int Evaluate(); } class ConstantExpression : Expression { int constant; public override int Evaluate() { return constant; } } class SumExpression : Expression { Expression left, right; public override int Evaluate() { return left.Evaluate() + right.Evaluate(); } } This may solve the problem if all you want to do is evaluate expressions, but there are all sorts of operations you can do on arithmetic expressions. Do we really want to add a virtual method for every one of them? We certainly don't want clients of the class to be forced to extend the classes just to add application-specific operations. The Visitor pattern solves this problem by replacing the Evaluate() method with an Accept() method that takes as a parameter a visitor object. The visitor object has a method for each type of expression, and Accept() invokes the appropriate one. Here's how we would evaluate expressions using the Visitor pattern:abstract class Expression { public abstract object Accept(Visitor v); } class ConstantExpression : Expression { public int constant; public override object Accept(Visitor v) { return v.VisitConstant(this); } } class SumExpression : Expression { public Expression left, right; public override object Accept(Visitor v) { return v.VisitSum(this); } } interface Visitor { object VisitConstant(ConstantExpression e); object VisitSum(SumExpression e); } class EvaluateVisitor : Visitor { public object VisitConstant(ConstantExpression e) { return e.constant; } public object VisitSum(SumExpression e) { return (int)e.left.Accept(this) + (int)e.right.Accept(this); } } We evaluate an expression e using (int)e.Accept(new EvaluateVisitor()), and adding new operations is easy; we just create new implementors of Visitor. Clients can create application-specific algorithms without touching the original classes. As an added benefit, the visitor class can keep state internal to the algorithm; for example, this visitor counts and stores the number of constants in an expression:class CountConstantsVisitor : Visitor { public int Count; public object VisitConstant(ConstantExpression e) { Count++; return null; } public object VisitSum(SumExpression e) { e.left.Accept(this); e.right.Accept(this); return null; } } But the wary designer will note that there is a maintainance problem here: if we add a new subclass of Expression, like ProductExpression, the Visitor interface and all classes implementing it have to be updated. If the Expression class rarely changes, this is fine, and may even be good: it forces the visitor classes to consider the new cases. If it's rapidly changing, however, we definitely have a problem. Double dispatch At this point we take a slight detour and consider another simple example. Polymorphism is the critical ability of an object-oriented method call to invoke different methods at runtime based on the type of the object, like Evaluate() in our first example. If you've ever dealt with operator overloading in C++ or C#, though, you may come up against the limits of polymorphism. If I write an operator+ for a class Complex for complex numbers, subclasses can override it in a polymorphic way - but only if the complex number is on the left. If the Complex object is on the right-hand side, there is no way to ensure the correct method is invoked polymorphically short of testing the type and invoking it yourself. How cruel we are to the unprivileged right-hand sides! The built-in C operator + produces different types depending on both the type of its left and right argument; both a double plus a float and a float plus a double produce doubles. We want something similar for our own operators, the ability to polymorphically choose a method based on both the type of its left argument and its right argument. Then we could write code like this:Complex operator+(Complex c, int i) {... } Complex operator+(ComplexSubclass c, int i) {... } Complex operator+(int i, Complex c) {... } Complex operator+(int i, ComplexSubclass c) {... } The right method will be chosen at runtime based on the types of both sides; the most specific (most derived) type is always chosen. This is called double dispatch, because we select the method ("dispatch" the message) based on the type of two arguments. Unfortunately, this new flexibility also introduces some new problems. Suppose we have these two methods:Complex operator+(ComplexSubclass s, Complex c) {... } Complex operator+(Complex c, ComplexSubclass s) {... } Now, suppose we try to add two objects of type ComplexSubclass. Neither of the above looks more appropriate than the other. There are various ways of dealing with this; for example, we can give the first argument precedence over the others, we can throw an error at runtime, or we can make the compiler require us to implement a method taking two ComplexSubclass objects. For this article, we'll sidestep the issue by saying we won't write any code that will invoke this dilemma. Now, I'm sure you're wondering what any of this has to do with the Visitor pattern. The answer is that this feature allows us to drastically simplify our Visitor pattern example while retaining all of its benefits:abstract class Expression { } class ConstantExpression : Expression { public int constant; } class SumExpression : Expression { public Expression left, right; } class EvaluateVisitor { public int Visit(ConstantExpression e) { return e.constant; } public int Visit(SumExpression e) { return Visit(e.left) + Visit(e.right); } } Now, this isn't valid C# of course, since C# doesn't support double dispatch, but you can see the effect it would have if it did: the Visitor interface is gone, the Accept() method is gone, and the calls in the last Visit() method are simplified. Best of all, it solves our dilemma of a rapidly changing Expression class hierarchy, because we can add a "default case" method that deals with any expression types we're not familiar with: public int Visit(Expression e) { throw new Exception("Unsupported type of expression"); // or whatever } One handy trick you can do in Java and.NET languages is to have a method that examines the type of its argument and then uses reflection to pass it on to the correct overload, simulating polymorphism. This is much slower than native double dispatch support, but achieves much of the same effect. If you've studied how polymorphic methods are dispatched, you're probably most familiar with the "vptr" and "vtable" model, where each object includes a reference to a type descriptor, which in turn contains a table of function pointers giving the right function to invoke for each method for an object of that type. With double dispatch this becomes trickier. One of the simplest strategies, and an effective one in practice, is to have the initial vtable dispatch the method to a "stub" method, whose job is to perform another vtable dispatch on the second argument. Because most methods don't require double dispatch, this avoids imposing a penalty on ordinary single dispatch methods. Multiple dispatch But why stop at two arguments? Why not choose the method based on all the arguments? Although increasingly less useful, there are legitimate applications of methods that dispatch on 3, 4, or more arguments. This form of dispatch, called multiple dispatch, is directly supported by languages such as Dylan, Cecil, and CLOS (the Common Lisp Object System). Not only does this feature ease design of an initial system, but it also greatly increase the ability to extend it in multiple directions in an object-oriented way. Try experimenting with some of them and going through their tutorials; even in languages that don't directly support multiple dispatch, it helps to be able to recognise a situation where it would apply and simulate it. Thanks for reading, everyone.MSDNArchive


MTD Blade Removal Tool for a Riding Lawn Mower
Length of Clip: 2:45
How to Use a Blade Removal Tool on a MTD Riding Lawn Mower
This video focuses on safely removing lawn mower blades on your MTD riding lawn mower. The blade removal tool helps to stabilize and remove the cutting blade so you can sharpen or replace it at the start of the season. Keeping your blades sharp increases fuel efficiency and leads to a much healthier lawn. It can also extend the life of your lawn mower. Maintenance on lawn mower blades should be done once a year for a lush, even, green lawn.
Step 1: Removing the lawn mower deck
Park your riding lawn mower on a flat surface, turn it off, remove the key and lock the brakes. You should also remove the spark plugs to avoid it accidentally turning on. Then remove the lawn mower deck as instructed in your operator's manual and place it upside-down on a piece of cardboard or blanket.
Step 2: Attaching the lawn mower blade removal tool
When working with the blades, make sure you have safety gloves on. Even lawn mower blades that are bent or need sharpening can cut you. Place the blade removal tool over one end of the lawn mower blade and adjacent side of mower deck.
Step 3: Tightening the blade removal tool
Tighten the clamping screw onto the mower deck unitl it's firmly in place and the blade is not moving.
Step 4: Loosening the blade nut and removing the lawn mower blade
Keeping hand away from the edges of the blade and using the proper sized socket, loosen the blade nut that connects the cutting blade to the spindle shaft. When removing the lawn mower blade, set the nuts and any other parts aside nearby. You should also pay attention to the orientation of the blade while removing it.
Step 5: Sharpening or replacing lawn mower blades
Check the condition of your lawn mower blades. If blades are not badly worn but have gotten dull, you may want to use a blade balancer and sharpener to get them ready for this season. However, if worn away, bent or damaged, replacing the lawn mower blades may be in order. Sharpen or replace the old blade, and secure it back on the blade shaft using the blade removal tool and the pieces you set aside before.
Step 6: Removing the lawn mower blade removal tool
Loosen clamping screw and detach the blade removal tool from the mower deck. right the mowing deck and reattach it to the riding lawn mower.
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text:
A primary school in Oxford has devised storytelling hopscotch patches as a way of helping KS1 and KS2 pupils' writing skills.
As part of the Talk to Write initiative, Oxford's Storytelling Museum has come up with a unique way of encouraging pupils at Pegasus Primary School to relate fairytales, using hopscotch in the playground.
Situated in a deprived area of Oxford, seven fairytales on different flagstones have an inspiring effect on pupils to retell and then, in pairs, write down the fairytales they land on.
Headteacher, Gill Hudson, believes the game to very popular and explains how it has helped raise standards in creative writing significantly.
Judy Clark, the talk advisor from the National Literacy Trust, discusses the importance of talking prior to writing.
A lively explanation of Pie Corbett's techniques of Hear, Map, Step and Speak
Introducing the work of the Story Museum in Oxford
A useful guide to good strategies to use when following the talk to write initiative launched in 2008

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to Write an Unemployment Appeal Letter
A woman is typing.
Image Credit: serezniy/iStock/Getty Images
Unemployment departments deny benefits for various reasons, including information received from your employer. If your application for unemployment benefits is denied, you can appeal against the decision. Processes vary by state, but you usually need to start by writing a letter to the department. Your state will have an appeal deadline, such as 30 days after receipt of a denial letter, so you may need to move quickly.
Step 1
Check your state's unemployment guidelines to find out what you must include in your appeal letter. Find appeal letter requirements at your state's official unemployment website or contact the department by phone.
Step 2
Type a contact list of any witnesses you have on a separate piece of paper. Include each person's name, address and phone number. Label the contact list with your name and case number at the top.
Step 3
Use a basic business letter format if your state does not provide an appeal letter format. Set your text to the left margin of the paper. Start with the date. Skip a single line and type the unemployment department's address. Skip another line for your name, address and other information the department may use to identify you quickly, such as your case number or Social Security number.
Step 4
Write a paragraph briefly describing the reason for your denial as shown on the denial letter, and focus on facts that oppose the reason and support your appeal. Describe any proof you have of your claims and state you have attached copies. Include the names of your witnesses and state that you have attached their contact information.
Step 5
Close the letter with a restatement of your intention to appeal the denial of benefits. Use a formal closing, such as "Sincerely," and leave space for your signature. Type your name and contact information underneath the signature space. Type the word "Attachments" below your contact information.
Step 6
Attach a copy of your denial letter, your witness contact list and copes of all evidence. Send the letter to the appeals address for your state's unemployment department.
Do not include originals of your proof. Use copies only.


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Main Article Content
Mechanical engineering is not more involved in robotics since Mechatronics and robotics found a vast application in implementing the concept of running a robot model using servo motors and drives, since large amount of energy is required to run the robot model. The other thing is, it requires more power and initial cost is much higher and implementation of the concept is more difficult as compared to that of the other concepts in mechanical. In order to overcome this, here we are designing the six legged walking robot based on kinematic mechanisms without any controllers. Kinematic robot is the application of Kinematics & Robotics with Chain drive system. The walking system of kinematic robot can be controlled using the chain drive system. With simple mechanisms and a small electric motor, the Kinematic robot can be executed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Have you ever faced that awkward moment, when you sent an SMS to a wrong person and felt ashamed? I wish you have not! Be proactive and save yourself from such an embarrassing situation. We have an option available for you to get control over a sent message. You can still cancel the delivery of an SMS even when you have sent it. This thing happens on smartphones usually when you have installed message apps more than one, and they get conflicted.
No doubt, you can't cancel a sent message with an android system. So you need another system or more advance app to help you operate even when you have sent an SMS wrongly. And with the help of TigerText app you can make it happen! TigerText is an SMS app, which can be used in place of default SMS app of an android system. This is not like Whatsapp, so if your contacts can't have it they will still receive your text messages. So, stay relaxed when you are texting or doing some work, TigerText will help you in number of ways.
TigerText can help you protecting your messages as well as canceling of the sent SMS. Doesn't it sound like you are reading a dream come true type post? Do you want to know how does it work? Let's figure out:-
- Type your text after selecting new message.
- Now, send the message and long press when sending message
- You can now select the Recall option. This should be done before the opening and reading of the message by the recipient.
- This is the time you will see that green icon does not exist anymore, so the message was sent successfully.
So, tell us how you found TigerText. Did it work for you? Share you good or bad experiences in the comment section below.


Delhi: Introduction
A multidimensional metropolis
Delhi Introduction Delhi Introduction
The city of Delhi is busy, chaotic and truly stunning. It's a city of extremes, where the rich and poor live in tandem with each other, where different cultures and religions exist side by side, often bringing each others customs and traditions into their own folds. The city of Delhi isn't for the fainthearted.
To witness a slice of India, Delhi is where you would want to be.
Delhi is urban and cosmopolitan, and at the same time traditional in various respects. Following customs and traditions are a priority among Indians, and this fact is evident in every sphere of the capital of India. Home to a number of historical monuments which tell of India's struggle for independence from the British rule, the city of Delhi also serves as the historical capital of India, and is a delight for every historical traveler. If indulging in food tops your travel list then there is no better place to be than Delhi. With a mix cuisines from throughout India, as well as cuisines from the world over, Delhi has mastered a culinary expertise which remains unmatched. To witness this magnificent city in all its glory you will need at least a week to get an insight into what Delhi is all about.


text: Malav Kanuga a doctoral candidate in cultural anthropology at the Graduate Center, pursuing studies of space, culture, and power, as well as uneven development. As an urban researcher and as an activist, his interests include issues of value, commons, people's movements, and urban development. Malav's research is broadly centered on contemporary struggles around informality, state space, and planning in Mumbai, a city shaped by its deep histories of popular movement as well as many forms of domination and hierarchy. He has conducted 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mumbai among participants in a network of urban people's campaigns that collectively seek to challenge and transform municipal and national urban governance programs, housing schemes, and land use policies. This work aims to understand how urban informality in Indian cities both entrenches and relies upon salient social differences in the production of uneven and unequal access to land, opportunities, and services. During this time in Mumbai, Malav also taught urban theory at Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for Architecture and Environmental Studies and participated in various popular education initiatives among students and workers.


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The Modern Maximum refers to the period of relatively high solar activity which began with Solar Cycle 15 in 1914. It reached a maximum in Cycle 19 during the late 1950s and may have ended with the peak of Cycle 23 in 2000, as Cycle 24 is recording, at best, very muted solar activity. Another proposed end date for the maximum is 2007, with the decline phase of Cycle 23. In any case, the low solar activity of Cycle 24 in the 2010s marked a new period of reduced solar activity.
This maximum period is a natural example of solar variation, and one of many that are known from proxy records of past solar variability. The Modern Maximum reached a double peak once in the 1950s and again during the 1990s.


A Handheld CNC Machine Sounds Awesome But Tiring
If you're to believe traditional craftsmen, computer-aided design and manufacturing removes the romance from making things. Well soon there'll be a half-way house: a hand-held CNC milling machine.
The device, called FreeD, is a hand-held, digitally controlled, milling device developed by MIT. Basically, it uses data from a computer to guide and monitor the milling bit of the machine, providing the rough shape of the object that is being created, but allows the user some freedom. According to the designers:
That means that no two items made using FreeD are ever the same — maybe not something to use for precision applications, then — but it brings some of the artisan skill back into making. It allows some of the pre-mediated computer design that everyone's so fond of these days, with the ability to actually engage with the process of making stuff — and I think that's pretty neat. The device is still in development, but you can see it in action in the video to the left. [FreeD via MAKE]


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n-point correlations of Gaussian random variables can be simplified with Wick expansion. $$ \langle x_{i_1} x_{i_2} \dots x_{i_{2n-1}} x_{i_{2n}} \rangle = \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} x_{i_1} \dots x_{i_{2n}} e^{- \frac{1}{2}\sum x_i^2} = \sum_{\sigma \in \text{matchings}} \; \prod_{\{i,j\}\in \sigma} \langle x_i x_j \rangle$$ A matching is a partition of $\{ 1,2,\dots,2n\}$ into two-element sets, e.g. $\{ \{1,2\},\dots, \{2n-1,2n\}\}$.
The Chebyshev polynomials are orthogonal with respect to $\mu(dx) = \sqrt{4-x^2} dx$ but there probably isn't a way to simplify n-point correlations, \[ \int_{S^n} x_{i_1}\dots x_{i_{2n}} \sqrt{1 - (x_1^2+\dots + x_{n}^2)} \; dx \]
Is there an analogue of Wick's formula for other orthogonal polynomials? It seems rather unlikely since the measure can be arbitrary.
Maybe look at Wick expansion as the sum over matchings. Is there a version of the Wick expansion for non-crossing matchings or for Schroder paths? alt text
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1 Answer 1
The integral you want to compute is related to multivariable beta functions, the Dirichlet distribution and Dirichlet integrals. In particular one has $$\int\int\cdots\int f(x_1+\cdots+x_n) x_1^{k_1}\cdots x_n^{k_n} dx_1\cdots dx_n$$ $$=\frac{\Gamma(k_1+1)\cdots \Gamma(k_n+1)}{\Gamma(k_1+\cdots+k_n+n)}\int_0^1 f(t)t^{k_1+\cdots+k_n+n-1}dt$$ where the first integral is over the simplex $\sum x_i\le 1$, and in your case $f(t)=\sqrt{1-t}$. Since you are considering moments the $k_i$'s will end up being half-integers and therefore the result will be some sort of generalized Catalan number.
There is also the "Free probability" point of view, which I think is closer to what you want. In fact the joint distribution of free Gaussian random variables has an expansion similar to the Wick expansion but over noncrossing matchings. Of course in free probability the role of the normal distribution is played by the Wigner semicircle distribution.
From the perspective of orthogonal polynomials I believe the correspondence goes like this: Hermite polynomials correspond to the normal distribution and complete matchings. Chebyshev polynomials of second kind correspond to the semicircle distribution and to noncrossing matchings. Charlier polynomials correspond to set partitions, Laguerre polynomials correspond to permutations etc.
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Any seminal references where the correspondence is explained in some detail? Thanks. – Andrey Rekalo Sep 12 '11 at 8:18
_USER_: I've gathered these in bits and pieces. For Hermite polynomials one has the usual Wick expansion as in the OP, for Chebyshev the sum is over non-crossing partitions and this is one of the basic facts in free probability. For Laguerre polynomials (Wishart distribution) one has an expansion as a sum over all permutations of product $\langle x_{i_1},\dots,x_{i_k}\rangle\cdots\langle x_{i_r},\dots,x_{i_n}\rangle$ where $(i_1,\dots,i_k)\dots (i_r,\dots,i_n)$ is the cycle decomposition of the permutation. These formulas are used often in random matrix contexts for example... – Gjergji Zaimi Sep 12 '11 at 8:29
But I wonder if there is a general Wick expansion that generalizes all these. It can probably be expressed in terms of weighted Motzkin/Schroeder paths though I've never seen it. I'll see if I can derive something by tomorrow. :P – Gjergji Zaimi Sep 12 '11 at 8:31
_USER_ Zaimi: Thanks a lot for the comments. – Andrey Rekalo Sep 12 '11 at 8:42
Your Answer


text:
CSS unicode-bidi is used to specify how the bidirectional text is handled in a page.
It must be used with the CSS direction property.
CSS unicode-bidi property values,
- normal : With respect to bidirectional algorithm, no additional level of embedding is added.
- embed : An additional level of embedding is added, if the element is inline.
- bidi-override : For block elements, it creates an override for inline-level descendants. For inline elements, this creates an override.
- isolate : The element is isolated from its siblings.
- isolate-override : It applies isolation behavior of the isolate keyword to the outside content and the override behavior of the bidi-override keyword to the inner content.


International Education Committee
The purpose of the International Education committee is to facilitate international, multicultural and cross-cultural experiences for faculty, staff and students of the Kremen School of Education and Human Development.
2012-2013 Goals:
 1. To seek funding and support for such international experiences.
 2. To establish priorities related to International Education.
 3. To consult on methods for the recruitment of international students.
 4. To engage in international recruitment, with the purpose of fulfilling a Kremen goal, "to negotiate at least one successful partnership with an overseas university to facilitate student and faculty exchange."


Garmaine Staff asked 1 year ago
So i am trying to find a way how to link two or more sounds together. im not sure how to explain it, but its basicly starting the sound2 while the sound1 is playing after time x. And finally writing this in a file.
I did an example of what i mean in Audacity that you can imagine better
as you can see the sounds can be the same but dont must!
Thank you for every answer
PS: Don't know if this is relevant, but i could do this already without saving into a file, just with playing, with mulithreading and the Thread.sleep(millis) function.


(and the risk of losing sight of the month (s) to come).
iv) Agendas
Diaries exist in several forms: electronic, on the computer, in notebook form. It is a short-term management tool. In the case of studies, it is better to have a weekly agenda than a day. Associated with a weekly to-do list, it allows flexible management of the tasks to be performed. This tool must accompany us like a shadow wherever we go!
v) Task Lists
A To-do list is used for short term as well as long term management goals. They can be daily, weekly, global, task by task, step by step.


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I am a Year 8 student at Tauranga Intermediate School, New Zealand.
Wednesday, 9 April 2014
McDonald's receipt tattoo
Use the article above to answer the following questions. Write both the questions and answers down in your book.
1. Who is the main person or group of people in this news article? Stian Ytterdahl and this
group of friends √
2. What was the key event from the news article? The guy has a tattoo of a McDonald's recipe on his
3. Where did this event take place? In Norwegian. √
4. When did this event take place? It took place on the 1st of april. √
5. Why did this event happen? This friends talked him into it. √
Use the article above to answer the following questions. Write both the questions and answers down in
1. Find a quote from the main person in this news article? Stian Ytterdahl, will now never forget his latest trip to McDonalds. √
2. In your own words describe what happened in this news article. Stian Ytterdahl friends talked him into getting a tattoo, he had a choice of a barbie tattoo or his McDonald's recipe he choice the McDonald's tattoo. √
3. Find out where this event took place and include some information about this place.
It took place in Norway in a local town.
4. Tell us when this event happened and explain what might happen in the future.
It happened on april the 1st 2014 and in the future people might not hire him because they will think he is immature. √
5. Explain in your own words why this event took place.
Because his friends were jealous that he was getting all the girls. √
6. Use the Dictionary in the bottom right hand corner to find the meaning of 3 words from the article.


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Mosaic was created as a Google Summer of Code project by Chao Zhang in collaboration with the National Resource for Network Biology (NRNB). Please contact us with any feedback or questions.
And if you end up using Mosaic in your research, please cite this publication:
Chao Z, Hanspers K, Kuchinsky A, Salomonis N, Xu D, and Pico AR. Mosaic: Making Biological Sense of Complex Networks. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 14:1943-4.
Mosaic is supported by the National Resource for Network Biology (P41 GM103504).
Note that Mosaic requires the CyThesaurus plugin, version 1.3.1 or higher:
- Select a network to load under File>Import Network (Multiple File Types). The network can be in any of the Cytoscape supported network file formats.
- Start Mosaic by selecting Plugins>Mosaic.
- If this is the first time running Mosaic on your network, you will see a message in the Retrieve GO Annotations section of the Mosaic interface to download necessary databases. Click Download to continue. Mosaic will download the necessary database for your data. It is only necessary to download datbases once per species.
- Once database download is complete, Mosaic will prompt you to annotate your network with GO annotation. Click Annotate to continue. You can save the annotated network as a session file for future use. You can also re-annotate the network with the latest annotations from GO at any time by clicking Re-annotate.
- In the Select Attributes section, verify that the
correct attributes are selected.
Note: It is possible to select node attributes other than GO annotation for partitiong and node color, but not for layout. Using alternate annotations involves importing annotation data prior to running Mosaic.
- In the Set Parameters section you can choose several
parameters that will directly affect the results of Mosaic:
- Minimum nodes to view: The minimum number of nodes in a subnetwork. Any subnetworks with fewer nodes will not be shown. Default is 5.
- Maximum nodes to view: The maximum number of nodes in a subnetwork. Any subnetworks with more nodes will not be shown. Default is 200.
- GO level cutoff for partition: The level of the GO hierarchy used for partitioning into subnetworks. Selecting a deeper level (larger number) results in a larger number of subnetworks. You can always drill deeper into a given subnetwork after running the initial partition. Default is 2. Note that for the purposes of this manual, GO level cutoff was set for "All the way", meaning to the deepest possible level of GO.
- Spacing between nodes: Spacing between nodes in a given subnetwork. Default is 30.
- Click Run to start Mosaic.
- To locate a particular subnetwork, select the network in the Mosaic side panel to highlight it in the tiled view.
- To view a particular subnetwork, click the Maximize button at the top left of the tiled window.
- Move nodes by click and drag to optimize the layout.
- Delete nodes and/or edges.
- Zoom in and out.
- Use the Network Overview Pane in the lower left corner of the Cytoscape window to navigate around the network.
- Highlight a set of nodes to view associated attributes in the Data Panel. To add specific attributes to the display, click the Select Attributes button in the Data Panel and select the attributes you want to see from the list.
- Search for specific nodes by typing the name of the node in the Search field in the Cytoscape toolbar. If the node is found, this will refocus the network view on the node.
- Select a non-end branch by clicking on it in the Mosaic tab in the Control Panel.
- Right-click on the branch and select Partition This Network. You will be able to select a specific subnetwork to create, or you can select all.
In addition to the visual style that is applied to the overview network, the corresponding attribute values used to create the visual style is available as a set of node and edge attributes. The attributes are
- evidences: nodes classified in the GO/process (node attribute)
- subnetworkSize: number of nodes classified in the GO/process(node attribute)
- commonEvidences: nodes in common (edge attribute)
- overlapCount: number of nodes in common (edge attribute)
- After importing a network, go to File>Import>Attribute from Table (Text/MS Excel)... to open the Import Annotation File interface.
- Select the annotation file. In the Advanced section, select Show Text File Import Options. In the Attribute Names section, select Transfer first line as attribute names.
- In Advanced, select Show Mapping Options and verify that the correct column in the annotation file is mapped to the appropriate network attribute (i.e. matching identifiers).
- In the Preview section, deselct columns that you don't want to import by clicking on the column header. The column should be highlighted in grey if de-selected. The interface should now look like this:
- Click Import to start the import.
- When import is finished, select a few nodes in the network and verify in the Data Table that the annotation was imported correctly.
- Start Mosaic. In the Select Attributes section, select the imported attribute under Attribute to use for node coloring. Click Annotate to annotate the network with GO for partitioning and layout.
- Each subnetwork will now be colored based on the predicted miRNA binding sites.


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An: 2018, Nr.2, Articol Nr. 4
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE MENTAL FORAMEN IN ADULT NIGERIAN MANDIBLES
Orish Chinna Nneka, Lekpa David Kingdom, Ibeachu Chinagorom P - University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Department of Anatomy
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE MENTAL FORAMEN IN ADULT NIGERIAN MANDIBLES (Abstract): Background: The detailed knowledge of the morphometry of the mental foramen in different populations is vital in clinical dentistry. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological features of the mental foramen in an adult Nigeria population. Materials and Methods: A total number of one hundred adult dry mandibles 89 males, 11 females from Anatomy departments of some Nigerian Universities were used for this study. Automatic vernier caliper was used to measure vertical and transverse diameters of the mental foramen.. Data analysis was analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 3.0. A comparison was made of the means of the dimensions using Student's T-test and analysis of variance. Results: The findings indicated that the most co mmon position for the mental foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the lower second premolar (69%) followed by a position between first and second premolar (25%),(6% on 1st molar. Our results showed horizontal diameter of 3.26 ± 0.01, and 2.87 ± 0.35 mm (left) and 3.23 ± 0.01, 2.26 ± 0,19 mm ( right ) for male and female respectively. The vertical diameter of 2.73 ± 0.09, 2.56 ± 0.27 mm (left) and 2.77 ± 0.09, 2.14 ± 0.18 mm ( right) for male and female respectively. Conclusion: This study will assist surgeons in maxillofacial procedures thus avoiding complications during surgery.
Key words: MENTAL FORAMEN, ADULT NIGERIAN, MAXILLOFACIAL PROCEDURESFull text


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A Wendigo is most commonly known as a mythical creature appearing in the mythology of the Algonquin people, who inhabited what is now present day Quebec. A Wendigo is a cannibalistic spirit that could possess humans, or into which humans could transform.
Origin: The mythological Wendigo originated from the Algonquian speaking tribes of the United States. The creature in their stories was a spirit that could possess humans and turn them into cannibals. According to their myths, the Wendigoes were "embodiments of gluttony, greed, and excess; never satisfied after killing and consuming one person, they were constantly searching for new victims." It is said that in some traditions, greedy humans could be turned into Wendigoes. That myth was used to create cooperation and moderation in the people.
Appearance: The Wendigo is described as an extremely gaunt person with skin the colour of death, and with eyes pushed back into their sockets. The lips of the Wendigo were always tattered and bloody. Because of the uncleanness in which they lived, the Wendigo gave off a of an odor of decay.
Influence On The Modern Day: Lately, in today's culture, Wendigoes have become a large part of the horror world. Wendigoes appear in numerous computer games, such as Final Fantasy, and Dungeons and Dragons. In these popular games, there is actually very little in common with the mythological Wendigo. In today's culture, the Wendigo is portrayed as a huge hairy beast, similar to the werewolf. In the myths, a Wendigo is a person who has turned cannibal.
 Wikipedia.org: Wendigo
 FFOnline.com: Monster: Wendigo
 Wikipedia.org: Dungeons and Dragons ©


Sass/CSS Compiler documentation for the dotCMS Content Management System
dotCMS offers server side editing/compiling of Sass files "on the fly." Sass is a modern CSS pre-processor which extends the CSS language, allows for additional features (such as variables, mixins and functions), and allows CSS to be more maintainable, themable and extendible.
For more information, please see below.
Why Sass?
The Sass pre-processor is actively developed, widely adopted (including adoption by Bootstrap and other major frameworks), provides excellent compatibility with multiple browsers and CSS versions, and has extensive documentation and a well established community. For more information about Sass, please see the site.
Advantages of Uploading Sass Files to dotCMS
There are a number of advantages to uploading and using your Sass files in dotCMS:
 - Your Sass files may be edited in the dotCMS back-end.
 - Files are compiled instantly when accessed.
 - Files are minified on compile to reduce space and network bandwidth.
 - Compiled CSS code is intelligently cached to minimize recompiles and improve performance.
 - A revertable change and workflow history is kept on every Sass file.
 - The cache automatically refreshes each time a file is changed.
How to Reference Sass files in dotCMS
Referencing Sass files in Templates
When properly referenced in your Template code, Sass files are compiled server side "on the fly" and are cached. Sass files can be uploaded and edited via webDAV or from the Site Browser in the dotCMS backend. Each saved change to the file is stored in the file change history and triggers an update of the cache.
Since Sass files are not regognized by some older browsers, dotCMS uses a special notation to access Sass files which "disguises" your Sass files as regular CSS files. However when the browser makes the request to load the file, dotCMS recognizes the special notation, locates the appropriate Sass file, compiles it, and then sends the compiled CSS to the user's browser.
Including Sass files within other Sass files
There are two main requirements you must adhere to when including Sass files within your Templates:
 1. A Sass file may only include other Sass files which are in the same folder, or in a folder beneath the Sass file which containes the includes.
 - Example: The file /application/themes/test/sass/_styles.dotsass may only include files in or under the /application/themes/test/sass folder (e.g. /application/themes/test/sass/_fonts.scss, /application/themes/test/sass/fonts/_fonts.scss, etc.).
 2. All includes must be relative (to the root of the dotCMS folder tree).
 - Absolute paths do not make sense, and are not allowed.
To reference a Sass file from within your Template, you reference the.scss file and have it server side compile, by referring to your sass files (in your template code), using the file extension.dotsass, (instead of the normal.scss extension for Sass files).
For example, given the following Sass files:
You would use the following notation in your Template code:
Referencing Sass files in Themes
Sass files can be uploaded directly to a dotCMS Theme. The notation to access a Sass file from a Theme is the same as when accessing the files from a Template; however when referencing Sass files from a Theme, the $dotTheme.path variable should be used in the pathing references to the file.
Given the following files within your Theme folder:
You would reference the files within your Theme using the following notation:
Sample Sass Files
You may download sample Themes using various frameworks from the dotCMS website. Each downloadable Theme includes pre-built Sass files which you can use as examples to modify, or to create your own Sass files for your own dotCMS Theme.
Importing Other Files into Sass Files
You may use the _USER_ command to load the contents of another files into a Sass file.
Import File Names
By convention, included Sass files often begin with an underscore (_). Therfore, when you import a file using the _USER_ command, dotCMS will attempt to find the file using two different file names:
 1. dotCMS will first search for the file using the exact name you've specified in the _USER_ statement.
 2. If the file can not be found, dotCMS will append an underscore (_) to the file name and attempt to find it again.
For example, if you specify a line of _USER_ "styling/mixins", dotCMS will first look for the file "mixins.scss" in the "styling" folder; if a file with that name can't be found, dotCMS will then look for the file "_mixins.scss" in the same "styling" folder. dotCMS will import the first file with a matching name it finds.
Import File Paths
The path to the import file is specified from either the root of the dotCMS site browser tree (for local files), or from the site the file is located on](_TAG_) (for remote files).
Local Paths
If the file being imported resides on the same host as the file making the import call, then a relative path can be used, as follows:
_USER_ "/path_to_file/file_name.scss";
Remote Paths
If the file being imported resides on another host on the same dotCMS instance, then the import path must begin with a double slash and the name of the host where the file is located (e.g. //, as follows:
_USER_ "//host_name/path_to_file/file_name.scss";
Caution: Sass files residing on other servers (outside the existing dotCMS instance) may NOT be imported via an http call.
Managing Sass Files
Any time a Sass file is changed, the cache reloads and recompiles the file, ensuring that the cache stays in sync with file updates whether they are made through editing the file directly in dotCMS or thru a Webdav connection. dotCMS intelligently handles caching of the compiled CSS code so that new code is compiled when necessary, and previously compiled code is not recompiled unless something changes which might cause a change in the compiled CSS. When possible, compiled CSS code is shared among objects which include the same Sass files (and not recompiled in each location where the Sass file is included).
Flushing Sass Code from the Cache
If you wish to flush Sass code from the cache, you need to be aware that the uncompiled contents of Sass files and the compiled code generated from them are cached in different locations:
 - The uncompiled contents of Sass files are cached with all other dotCMS files in the "fileassetmetadata" cache region.
 - The compiled CSS code generated from Sass files are cached to the "csscache" cache region.
 - Any compiled CSS code generated from Sass files which is used on a page is also cached in the "htmlpagecache" region for the specific page (and is subject to the "Cache TTL" property specified for the page).
Because the compiled CSS code may be cached in multiple regions, in order to ensure compiled CSS is flushed completely, you either need to understand the structure of the page and components the Sass file is included in and just flush the appropriate regions for that page, or to flush all of the above referenced cache regions.
To flush each of these regions, navigate to the System –> Maintenance screen, select the Cache tab, select the appropriate cache region (see below), and press the Flush button.
Cache RegionSelection for the "Flush Cache" Command
csscacheProcessed CSS Cache
blockdirectivecacheBlock Directive
blockdirectivehtmlpagecacheBlock Page
Forcing Recompile
(Available only when logged in to the dotCMS backend)
To force the re-compile of a Sass file, you may append the?recompile=true parameter to the path specification for the Sass file within your Theme or Template:
This option allows you to force a recompile of the Sass file to CSS and verify the recompile in the dotcms.log file.
(Available only when logged in to the dotCMS backend)
To debug issues with the Sass compiler, you may examine the un-minified version of the CSS file by appending the?debug=true parameter to the path specification for the Sass file within your Theme or Template:
You can use this debug option to verify that the human readable (non-minified) CSS output matches the expected result.


MBA Programs In New York For Retailers And Wholesalers
Getting an MBA is a logical step for retailers and wholesalers who looking to advance their professional careers, as well as expand their business knowledge baseThis is because the benefits of an MBA can be useful to job paths in any industry or professional focus. Some people may wonder whether pursuing an MBA is worth itAs there is a high level of expense and commitment involved. While retailers and wholesalers, as well as other entrepreneurs, might not see the value of pursuing a degree associated with working in a corporate job, the skills that can be learned, as well the network of contacts that can be developed, can help business people involved in the wholesale and closeout industry.
Pursuing an MBA is also immensely beneficial for anyone seeking to build on their leadership skill within a managerial capacity. So, for people with entrepreneurial aspirations, managerial positions, or financial career paths. This post will aim to show you exactly:
 - What An MBA Degree Program Is
 - The Benefits You Can Gain From An MBA Program, And
 - The Top 5 Schools In New York That Offer An MBA Degree
What is an Online MBA Degree?
An online MBA or Master of Business Administration program is a curriculum on topics geared to teach learners how to expand their managerial knowledge. This is perfect if seeking to further careers in the business fields. Such as accounting, finance, and management
Studying online offers the flexibility to gain your MBA degree from anywhere with an internet connection. Your classes would be administered in a virtual classroom, and most programs allow you to follow your own pace.
Benefits of Earning An MBA Degree
Graduating from an MBA degree program demonstrates that you understand how to apply leadership skills and a commitment to learning. It also tells a potential employer that you have a will to help their company succeeds and improving yourself.
Additionally, business professionals with have obtained an MBA tend to exude confidence. You will feel a heightened sense of how to pitch yourself. And will often be more willing to dive into new ventures and opportunities.
Other benefits you will gain from pursuing an MBA include:
A Heightened Degree of Awareness of The Global Market
While pursuing an MBA you will be interacting with students from across the globe. All of which have different perspectives and work experiences on the global economy. So, you won't only be learning the actual curriculum from the professors. MBA students get the unique benefit of learning about industries in other countries from their fellow classmates.
Improving Communication Skills
Being able to communicate effectively is a fundamental skill to have to excel in a professional field. Many people overlook this as it is considered a soft skill. However, effective communication is a skill that can make or break your career. An MBA helps you to hone your written and verbal communication skills. This allows you to convey concepts successfully to people and organizations at a variety of levels. Which is essential in ensuring that all the people you are working with are aiming for the same goal
Expanding Your Professional Network
Graduating from an MBA program lands you a spot in an alumnus of 100,000 people who are now a part of your global network. This gives you access to intelligent and respected professionals you wouldn't have otherwise connected with. This is, of course, in addition to your direct classmates and professors.
Better Job Opportunities
The job market is currently highly competitive. Attaining an advanced degree gives you the ability to stand out in a sea of applicants. An MBA can ban asset in almost any industry that you apply to. Employers actively seek out candidates with MBAs to promote or hire. As it tells them that you have skills in finance and marketing. Often skills that other current employees may lack. As it allows them to have you begin with a higher expectation to assist them in maximizing profits.
Top 5 Schools in New York That Offer An MBA Degree
#1 - Columbia University
Taking the number one spot is Columbia. Columbia University is an NYC Ivy League school. They pride themselves on their culture and diversity of academic excellence. Candidates completing an MBA are required to complete a two-year, 60-credit program. Each cohort would have around 65-70 students, and candidates are admitted on a rolling basis.
#2 - Cornell University
In second place we have Cornell. Their MBA degree program stands out among all the Ivy League universities. Cornell's program places an emphasis on personally customized degrees for set career goals.
You are given an option to complete the degree in a one-year accelerated program or the regular two years. Both of which are offered at the Ithaca campus. To complete the program students are asked to choose from 80 electives and 13 concentrated programs.
#3 - New York University
Thirdly we have NYU. New York University is located in downtown Manhattan and is one of the most popular schools in the state. Their MBA program places flexibility at the forefront. Students are given 20 options to select a maximum of three specializations.
There are over 200 options for elective courses. These include industry immersions iluxury retail marketing and startup marketingYou will also have the option to pursue a dual degree. These degree options include biology, mathematics, and law. With the possibility of participating in partnership programs with up to five courses at other universities.
#4 - University of Rochester
Next, we have one of the most highly regarded premier universities in the nation, the University of Rochester (UR)To complete an MBA program at UR, you will need to complete 67 credits in a two-year immersive program. All of which are tailored to students that already have experience in their field or career-shifters.
The MBA program at UR utilizes a ton of study teams in a cohort-friendly structureTo get the 67 credits, students may select from 10 specializations to complete 20 courses. This includes, but is not limited to technology, asset management, and brand management.
#5 - Fordham University
In our final spot, we have Fordham UniversityThe MBA degree program at Fordham is another unique one. It offers an option of completing your degree in an executive style, professional style, or full-time. The completion time differs based on the selected style, ranging between 22 months and for years.
Primary concentrations available for your MBA include marketing, accountancy, and finance. With secondary concentration options including global sustainability, and blockchain
Bottom Line
Pursuing an MBA can be a logical step for anyone looking to advance their retail or wholesale business. An MBA degree can be beneficial in a variety of career paths in any industry or professional focus. So, if you are on the fence deciding whether or not it would be for you, just go for it!


Principle 3: Competence
A Stamford Privee member shall provide services to clients competently and maintain the necessary knowledge and skill to continue to do so in those areas in which the designee is engaged.
One is competent only when he or she has attained and maintained an adequate level of knowledge and skill, and applies that knowledge effectively in providing services to clients. Competence also includes the wisdom to recognize the limitations of that knowledge and when consultation or client referral is appropriate. In addition to assimilating the common body of knowledge required and acquiring the necessary experience, we shall make a continuing commitment to learning and professional improvement.


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Military meteorological satellite
The SM-65E Atlas, or Atlas-E, was an operational variant of the Atlas missile. It first flew on 11 October 1960, and was deployed as an operational ICBM from September 1961 until April 1966. Following retirement as an ICBM, the Atlas-E, along with the Atlas-F, was refurbished for orbital launches as the Atlas E/F.
Convair, previously Consolidated Vultee, was an American aircraft manufacturing company that later expanded into rockets and spacecraft. The company was formed in 1943 by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft. In 1953 it was purchased by General Dynamics, and operated as their Convair Division for most of its corporate history.WIKI


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Middle micron fibre or fibre of 19 to 22 micron ~ A Review
The term middle micron fibre was coined to cover fibre which falls outside generally accepted definitions of cashmere and mohair. The large bulk of the merino wool clip falls within the 19 to 22 micron range, yet the quantities of goat fibre in this range are relatively small. A number of attempts to characterise or promote this fibre or some subset of type within the middle microns have met mixed success and much confusion remains. However, middle micron fibre is generally of mean fibre diameter between 19 and 22 microns and has characteristics intermediate between cashmere and mohair.
Generally accepted definitions of cashmere include fibre with a mean fibre diameter finer than 19 microns which in the raw state has two fibres; a fine cashmere component and a coarse hair component which is removed on dehairing. The cashmere component is crinkled in appearance.
Mohair, for the purposes of this review may be considered a single fleeced animal; that is all fibres within the fleece are of mohair type and relatively uniform in appearance. Mean fibre diameter may range from 20 microns upward. Australian mohair originating from before introductions of stock from Texas and southern Africa had a relatively straight appearance when single fibres were teased from a staple. Australian mohair of more recent times has more of a wavy or broad crinkled appearance.
A type called Cashgora, from a combination of the words Cashmere and Angora, recognising the intermediate appearance of the fibre between cashmere and mohair which comes from the Angora breed of goat. The Cashgora type was established by the Australian Cashmere Growers Association with a definition of three types of fibre present in the fleece. A fine crinkled cashmere component, a stronger relatively straight mohair-like component and hair similar to the hair present in raw cashmere fleece. This type reflected the hybrid mohair-feral or mohair-dairy origin of the animals from which much of this fibre was derived. Straight mohair-like fibres were present in the fleece, probably as a result of the use of pre-importation Australian mohair animals in the parentage. Some fleece with the three types of fibre present may be finer than 19 um, but because of the presence of fibres with a straight or mohair-like appearance, the fibre would be classed as Cashgora. Some fibre with mean fibre diameter stronger than 22 microns would also be classed as Cashgora because of the presence of the three fibre types within the fleece.
More recently, Cashgora also included some fleece with down and hair content outwardly similar to cashmere, that is of crinkled appearance, but of mean fibre diameter too high and of handle not consistent with fibre in the cashmere type. This type of fibre generally arises from animals which produce fibre within the cashmere range as young animals, but have started to produce stronger fibre with increasing age or good nutrition.
Middle fibre may be produced from a number of sources within Australia. Originally it was considered to originate from animals of with some mohair parentage, but it is now apparent that Cashmere, Boer, and some Dairy crossbreds may also produce fibre falling in the middle category. In New Zealand, an active program of development of Cashgora fibre production during the 1980's led to rapid gains in production from herds of mostly hybrid Mohair-feral origin.
Fibre in the middle category also originates from traditional cashmere producing regions in Mongolia and Iran from time to time. Production of middle fibre in these regions is thought to increase when high cashmere prices lead to the retention of older or wether animals in order to increase production. This fibre generally has a Cashmere-like or crinkled appearance and is relatively free from straight or mohair-like fibres. When noticed, this stronger Cashmere-like fibre is priced at a discount relative to the traditional type Cashmere.
Production of middle fibre in Australia and New Zealand has been sporadic with the result that processors have been reluctant to base processing on availability of an unreliable source of raw material. The raw material is also highly variable with several types evident within the cashgora category, but because of the small quantities, processors have tended to place the types together for processing. Production in New Zealand increased dramatically in response to an interested and enthusiastic processor purchasing fibre. However, production declined to almost nothing in the mid 1990's response to price signals of cashgora relative to cashmere.
Middle fibre still needs to be dehaired using a similar process to that employed to remove the hair from cashmere fleece. It is speculated that some types of cashgora may be more difficult to dehair than cashmere because they contain a continuous distribution of fibre in diameters between cashmere type, through mohair types and on to hair. It is thought that the intermediate fibres which approach the fibre diameter of hair may make the removal of hair difficult or more costly. In addition, at times when fine kid mohair is competitively priced, the dehairing cost associated with cashgora may make it less attractive for purchase, particularly for those types with some mohair-like characteristics.
Some commentators have suggested that coarse fibre of cashmere appearance should be marketed and sold as cashmere. Conversely a number of processors have suggested that a strategy such as this runs the risk of perpetuating the myth that Australian cashmere is coarse and of mohair-hybrid type. In particular at least one major international processor has stated that marketing this fibre as cashmere is fraudulent.
The fibre with a cashmere appearance, particularly if it falls in the range of mean fibre diameter 19 to 20 um, does however appear to have a number of attractive features. It is distinctly different to kid Mohair, it has a handle somewhat akin to cashmere, but with a sleeker, smoother surface and generally higher lustre. It generally has greater length and higher tensile strength than finer fibre. These attributes suggest that high quality fabric for suiting could be made using the worsted spinning process. It is likely that attempts will again be made to popularise this fibre, since it will continue to be produced in Australia, New Zealand and internationally from time to time, and perhaps deliberately encouraged if found desirable. However, work remains to be done on its description and marketing. Attempts to call this fibre cashmere are likely to continue to be met with resistance from proponents of the existing definitions of cashmere.
© 2000 ACGA


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Learning a musical instrument can be really difficult in the initial stages. This can be very discouraging for young children who have just begun learning. Here to offer some assistance is a tool called JoyTunes.
JoyTunes is a tool that helps young children learn the recorder or the piano. The app basically provides interactive games that require children to play the right notes on their instruments. The service offers two iOS applications: one for the recorder and one for the piano.
Both of these apps require your child to have an iPad device that is running version 4.3 or later of iOS. The game detects musical notes through the iPad's microphone and lets your children progress to the next stages, provided they keep playing properly.
The apps have received many positive reviews which indicate that children love learning to play their musical instruments through the help of these games. These apps being absolutely free give you another reason to give them a try.
- A user-friendly device app.
- Compatible with the iPad.
- Helps teach the recorder or piano through games.
- Offers various exciting game levels.
- Similar tools: Steinway Etude and VirtualPiano.
- Also read related article: Top 5 Sites For Learning Piano Online.
Check out JoyTunes @ _URL_


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Water and Solution Evaporation Rates
Date: Winter 2011-2012
After researching many sites including yours, my son attempted an experiment to determine what would evaporate quicker: tap water, bottled purified water, or a homemade solution of salt water. All of the research dictated that the tap water should evaporate first. He conducted the experiment 3 separate times and came up with different results every time. The variables for all three experiments were the same every time. He used 8 ounces of each specific type of water in the same size plastic container each time and allowed it to sit for 48 hours in a controlled area of the house (a dark dining room). He then measured the amount of water left in the container. During the first experiment the tap water evaporated the quickest followed by the salt water and lastly the bottled water. After 48 hours the results were 6 oz (tap), 6.125 oz (salt), 6.25 oz (bottled). In the second experiment the salt water evaporated the quickest then the bottled water and lastly the tap water. The results were 7oz (tap), 6.5 (salt) and 6.75 (bottled). In the third attempt the salt water evaporated quickest, followed by the tap water and lastly the bottled water. The results were 7 oz (tap), 6.75 oz (salt), and 7.125 oz (bottled). Please help explain these findings, we are at a loss trying to explain this. Unfortunately time isn't on our side as this needs to be turned in this Friday the 10 of Feb.
Did your son have a hypothesis (which water did he predict would evaporate more quickly)?
Were the containers steam cleaned before each experiment?
Was each container exactly like the others?
Were they located in the exact same place (and in the same order)?
How were the measurements made? By weight or volume?
What techniques were used?
Were air vents in the area?
Was shade an issue?
It is OK to be at a loss and unable to explain your results. One of the many great things about science is that often the results raise more interesting questions that need exploration.
Your son could say that the inconclusive results require further experimentation. This type of conclusion would be appropriate.
Leslie Kanat, Ph.D.
Professor of Geology
Johnson State College
First, please allow me to applaud you and your child for attempting to do experimental science.
The inconsistency of the results indicate that there must be other factors at play. These might be called experimental errors. Experimental errors are not necessarily a bad thing. They can be due to unforeseen environmental factors. It may also be that your data indicate a flaw in the prevailing theories about evaporation rate, which would be especially exciting!
In looking over your results, the lack of consistency would seem to infer that there is some kind of experimental error. Identifying the source of the error can be difficult. Some critical areas that come to my mind that would affect results include: surface area, water temperature, humidity, air flow above the water sample. Another thing that you did not include in your write-up was the amount of salt in your salt water sample.
It is really important to control all the variables except those that we are changing and testing for. I am wondering why you though that bottled water would evaporate at a different rate than tap water? A lot of bottled water is just filtered tap water. Any differences in rate could be due to the concentration of mineral content in either the bottled or the tap water.
To control for all these factors may require equipment that is more sophisticated than the apparatus that you have.
A better test would be to obtain distilled water and test that against various concentrations of salt water. To control for environmental factors, you should run multiple sets at the same time. For example, several containers of distilled water, several containers of low concentration salt water, several containers of slightly higher concentration salt water, several containers of even higher concentration salt water, several containers of even higher concentration salt water, and so forth. All the containers should remain in the same environment. The salt water should be made from table salt and distilled water. The results should be averaged and compared.
Ray Tedder, NBCT
I think you should think the experiment through with this idea:
A little liquid evaporates and makes water vapor. The air holds rather little of that.
The water vapor has to go away somewhere for more liquid to evaporate,
and the motion of the air is what moves that vapor.
In any one run of your experiment I'm not convinced that all 3 dishes experienced the same amount of airflow and heat input.
I also can't know whether the relevant things were the same between one trial and the next.
The typical dish of water will evaporate faster if there is a fan blowing over it, than if the air is left to it's own spontaneous motions.
There is almost always some rate of motion, due to convection or breezes or whatever.
If the rate was zero, evaporation would pretty distinctly stop.
When something that matters like this airflow is so subtle you do not see it, but it still matters,
then mysterious things just keep on happening.
It is a variable and you must eliminate or measure the variables.
If the room is totally closed, the fan will not help much.
the whole room gets humid, then there is no more room in the air for more water vapor.
Or maybe the walls drip if they are held cooler than the dishes.
But the usual exhaust path for water vapor is out of the room through some window or door.
Then the world at large can worry about getting rid of it.
Someday It will condense in a cloud somewhere and rain onto the ground or into the ocean.
Evaporation requires heat input.
That is _not_ the same as saying the temperature has to be higher.
The water can be a little colder than the room and still keep evaporating.
When it is cold, it tries to suck in heat from the surroundings.
If it can get that heat, it keeps evaporating.
If you had a perfect thermos bottle of water with no way for heat to get in,
some evaporation would happen, and that would make the water cooler,
and that would slow down the evaporation.
It would keep getting cooler, and slower, until evaporation pretty much stopped.
So all 3 dishes need to have the same heat-sinking to have a fair experiment.
Be sure they have identical containers,
and you don't have a lamp pointing right at one dish more than the others,
or sunlight with moving shadows.
Plastic cups are probably the best identical containers you can get.
Maybe put all three on a common aluminum plate or pan,
and maybe even have an opaque roof, elevated a few inches over the pan.
I think you need to do a control run.
put 3 identical containers filled with the same liquid into your setup.
They should go down at about the same rate, but maybe they are up to 30% different.
Measure how fast or how far in a given time, for each. The ratios between them are what matters.
If one has a better position than the others, it shows up clearly here.
Do it one more time, and hope the ratios of rates are the same as the first time.
If they are, you can start doing assorted various liquids and know you are measuring the right thing.
If you do the same 3 liquids three times, but rotate the positions so that each liquid gets to be in each position once,
and then you average the rates of those three times for each liquid,
that can be a pretty fair answer.
But it is important to know that the relative advantages of the 3 positions are repeatable.
That is what the control runs are for.
I would use bottled water for control runs.
It has the least solids, and solids can precipitate at the surface and affect the exposure to moving air,
either by blocking or by wicking.
I would probably do this by making a big box with two 4" holes
or getting a large pot and propping the lid up 1" on one side.
then have a fan point at one hole of the box or tangent to the open side of the pot-lid.
Keep the fan at a fixed and fairly large distance.
Air is really going to swirl around inside the pot. I think that helps all 3 cups get equal air exposure.
Having a fan in the room you used, next to the wall on the opposite side of the room,
blowing parallel to the wall, probably would have helped. (I know, who would have guessed that...)
It would make sure the air was moving at a fair (non-zero) pace, the same pace each time,
and about the same speed for all three cups, if all three were the same distance from the wall they were near.
You could let the liquids take turns being the upwind cup.
There are several issues that need to be resolved. The first is "units". Unfortunately, in English units (ounces = oz) can be either volume, or weight (mass), if gravity is take into account. Although you assert that the samples were evaporated in a controlled area (a dark dining room), how do you "know" that this is a controlled area? For example, how do you "know" that the humidity was the same in the various conditions. Both temperature and humidity would have to be carefully a controlled constant. This is not so easy as it may seem. The presence or absence of light would be much less important than small changes in temperature and humidity. Small changes in the flow of air above the samples would be a much more important factor. How do you know these variables were controlled? Were the three test samples tested simultaneously


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OLD UNION, TX (LIMESTONE COUNTY)
OLD UNION, TEXAS (Limestone County). Old Union is just south of Farm Road 3371 and twelve miles southeast of Groesbeck in southeastern Limestone County. It was named for an early interdenominational church. Its population was estimated at 100 in the mid-1930s. A church, a sawmill, two other businesses, and several scattered houses marked the site in the late 1940s, by which time the number of residents had risen to 150. In the 1980s and early 1990s the community's population was reported at twenty-five, and only the church and cemetery were shown on maps of the area.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl, "OLD UNION, TX (LIMESTONE COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 25, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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What is the purpose of the report?
As with all members of society, our life experiences can affect our mental health, and the armed forces community is no exception to this. British military personnel face unique occupational risks and some require specific mental health services tailored to their needs.
Armed forces charities play an important role in providing mental health support to the armed forces community. Yet, prior to DSC's research, little data had been gathered on these charities. This report provides the first comprehensive overview of the subsector of armed forces charities providing mental health support.
As part of the Focus On series, this report provides more specific analysis of the work of armed forces charities across the UK – in this case, armed forces charities providing mental health support.
In this report, we examine provision made across three areas of mental health: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, and substance misuse. It is acknowledged that other mental health issues exist; however, the above topics were chosen according to the prevalence of charities reporting on supporting these common areas.
The report aims to provide the reader with:
- Exploration of mental health support offered by charities
- Insights into the beneficiary population
- Assessment of expenditure on mental health provision
- Collaboration, evaluation and standards of practice
In addition, the report includes several case studies to demonstrate the work undertaken to provide mental health support.
This is a unique resource for charities, practitioners, government, policymakers and researchers to understand what armed forces charities do to support members of the armed forces community with mental health.
- This research identified 76 armed forces charities in the UK which clearly provide mental health.
- The most common provision is for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with over three-quarters (75%) of charities providing such support.
- Counselling services were the most commonly provided service.
- Less than one-fifth (18.4%) of charities provide a clinical service (services administered by a registered healthcare professional).
- Armed forces charities providing mental health support currently serve in the region of 7,000-10,000 beneficiaries per year.
- Relatively few charities which deliver mental health services themselves report implementing or working towards common guidelines or standards.
Ray Lock CBE, Chief Executive Forces in Mind Trust: 'It is only right that we invest in credible, independent evidence, such as this report, so that our efforts and resources are deployed where they are most needed, and where they can have the greatest positive effect.'
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gRPC on HTTP/2 Engineering a Robust, High-performance Protocol
In a previous article, we explored how HTTP/2 dramatically increases network efficiency and enables real-time communication by providing a framework for long-lived connections. In this article, we'll look at how gRPC builds on HTTP/2's long-lived connections to create a performant, robust platform for inter-service communication. We will explore the relationship between gRPC and HTTP/2, how gRPC manages HTTP/2 connections, and how gRPC uses HTTP/2 to keep connections alive, healthy, and utilized.
gRPC Semantics
To begin, let's dive into how gRPC concepts relate to HTTP/2 concepts. gRPC introduces three new concepts: channels1, remote procedure calls (RPCs), and messages. The relationship between the three is simple: each channel may have many RPCs while each RPC may have many messages.
Channel mapping
Let's take a look at how gRPC semantics relate to HTTP/2:
gRPC on HTTP/2
Channels are a key concept in gRPC. Streams in HTTP/2 enable multiple concurrent conversations on a single connection; channels extend this concept by enabling multiple streams over multiple concurrent connections. On the surface, channels provide an easy interface for users to send messages into; underneath the hood, though, an incredible amount of engineering goes into keeping these connections alive, healthy, and utilized.
Channels represent virtual connections to an endpoint, which in reality may be backed by many HTTP/2 connections. RPCs are associated with a connection (this association is described further on). RPCs are in practice plain HTTP/2 streams. Messages are associated with RPCs and get sent as HTTP/2 data frames. To be more specific, messages are layered on top of data frames. A data frame may have many gRPC messages, or if a gRPC message is quite large2 it might span multiple data frames.
Resolvers and Load Balancers
In order to keep connections alive, healthy, and utilized, gRPC utilizes a number of components, foremost among them name resolvers and load balancers. The resolver turns names into addresses and then hands these addresses to the load balancer. The load balancer is in charge of creating connections from these addresses and load balancing RPCs between connections.
Resolvers and Load Balancers
Round Robin Load Balancer
A DNS resolver, for example, might resolve some host name to 13 IP addresses, and then a RoundRobin balancer might create 13 connections - one to each address - and round robin RPCs across each connection. A simpler balancer might simply create a connection to the first address. Alternatively, a user who wants multiple connections but knows that the host name will only resolve to one address might have their balancer create connections against each address 10 times to ensure that multiple connections are used.
Resolvers and load balancers solve small but crucial problems in a gRPC system. This design is intentional: reducing the problem space to a few small, discrete problems helps users build custom components. These components can be used to fine-tune gRPC to fit each system's individual needs.
Connection Management
Once configured, gRPC will keep the pool of connections - as defined by the resolver and balancer - healthy, alive, and utilized.
When a connection fails, the load balancer will begin to reconnect using the last known list of addresses3. Meanwhile, the resolver will begin attempting to re-resolve the list of host names. This is useful in a number of scenarios. If the proxy is no longer reachable, for example, we'd want the resolver to update the list of addresses to not include that proxy's address. To take another example: DNS entries might change over time, and so the list of addresses might need to be periodically updated. In this manner and others, gRPC is designed for long-term resiliency.
Once resolution is finished, the load balancer is informed of the new addresses. If addresses have changed, the load balancer may spin down connections to addresses not present in the new list or create connections to addresses that weren't previously there.
Identifying Failed Connections
The effectiveness of gRPC's connection management hinges upon its ability to identify failed connections. There are generally two types of connection failures: clean failures, in which the failure is communicated, and the less-clean failure, in which the failure is not communicated.
Let's consider a clean, easy-to-observe failure. Clean failures can occur when an endpoint intentionally kills the connection. For example, the endpoint may have gracefully shut down, or a timer may have been exceeded, prompting the endpoint to close the connection. When connections close cleanly, TCP semantics suffice: closing a connection causes the FIN handshake to occur. This ends the HTTP/2 connection, which ends the gRPC connection. gRPC will immediately begin reconnecting (as described above). This is quite clean and requires no additional HTTP/2 or gRPC semantics.
The less clean version is where the endpoint dies or hangs without informing the client. In this case, TCP might undergo retry for as long as 10 minutes before the connection is considered failed. Of course, failing to recognize that the connection is dead for 10 minutes is unacceptable. gRPC solves this problem using HTTP/2 semantics: when configured using KeepAlive, gRPC will periodically send HTTP/2 PING frames. These frames bypass flow control and are used to establish whether the connection is alive. If a PING response does not return within a timely fashion, gRPC will consider the connection failed, close the connection, and begin reconnecting (as described above).
In this way, gRPC keeps a pool of connections healthy and uses HTTP/2 to ascertain the health of connections periodically. All of this behavior is opaque to the user, and message redirecting happens automatically and on the fly. Users simply send messages on a seemingly always-healthy pool of connections.
Keeping Connections Alive
As mentioned above, KeepAlive provides a valuable benefit: periodically checking the health of the connection by sending an HTTP/2 PING to determine whether the connection is still alive. However, it has another equally useful benefit: signaling liveness to proxies.
Consider a client sending data to a server through a proxy. The client and server may be happy to keep a connection alive indefinitely, sending data as necessary. Proxies, on the other hand, are often quite resource constrained and may kill idle connections to save resources. Google Cloud Platform (GCP) load balancers disconnect apparently-idle connections after 10 minutes, and Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancers (AWS ELBs) disconnect them after 60 seconds.
With gRPC periodically sending HTTP/2 PING frames on connections, the perception of a non-idle connection is created. Endpoints using the aforementioned idle kill rule would pass over killing these connections.
A Robust, High Performance Protocol
HTTP/2 provides a foundation for long-lived, real-time communication streams. gRPC builds on top of this foundation with connection pooling, health semantics, efficient use of data frames and multiplexing, and KeepAlive.
Developers choosing protocols must choose those that meet today's demands as well as tomorrow's. They are well served by choosing gRPC, whether it be for resiliency, performance, long-lived or short-lived communication, customizability, or simply knowing that their protocol will scale to extraordinarily massive traffic while remaining efficient all the way. To get going with gRPC and HTTP/2 right away, check out gRPC's Getting Started guides.
 1. In Go, a gRPC channel is called ClientConn because the word "channel" has a language-specific meaning.
 2. gRPC uses the HTTP/2 default max size for a data frame of 16kb. A message over 16kb may span multiple data frames, whereas a message below that size may share a data frame with some number of other messages.
 3. This is the behavior of the RoundRobin balancer, but not every load balancer does or must behave this way.


text:
If you have ever studied American history, you are sure to have heard about the flintlock. The flintlock mechanism was the first reliable and relatively inexpensive system for firing a gun, and was hugely popular in colonial America. It was first developed in the mid-1500s and spread until, by 1660, the English Army adopted the flintlock system for its "Brown Bess" guns. The Brown Bess became famous because of its widespread use during the American Revolution. The flintlock remained popular until the mid-1800s, when it was replaced by the percussion-cap lock. By the time of the civil war, nearly all guns manufactured used the percussion cap. That means that the flintlock, as a technology, lasted about 300 years!
The flintlock gun and the flintlock itself are fascinating devices. There are at least four things that make them so interesting:
- Next to the pendulum clock, the flintlock gun was probably the most technologically advanced device that anyone commonly owned at the time.
- The flintlock is incredibly important historically. Colonial America depended on it for food, protection and warfare.
- The flintlock itself is amazing from a mechanical standpoint.
- The flintlock is the foundation of all modern guns. If you want to understand how modern guns work, you get the best view by understanding the flintlock. A flintlock gun is the simplest reliable gun possible, and it can teach you a great deal about the technology behind guns in general.
In this edition of HowStuffWorks, we will look at the flintlock itself as well as the guns that used it so that you can completely understand how it works. In the process, you will learn some amazing things about this important device!


text:
Towards the end of last year a report from the Otago Regional Council raised concerns about deteriorating water quality in the Kakanui River.
One of the contributing factors was an increased level of E.coli.
Dairying was blamed although the council couldn't find the source.
One of the dairy farmers decided to do his own research and canoed down the river.
He found a couple of dead sheep caught in submerged branches then he came on a large colony of seagulls nesting in a canyon.
He reported this to the council which sent a helicopter up the river and found the source of the problem.
... a large colony of nesting gulls – was found in rugged terrain, about 5 km above the Clifton Falls bridge.
Water quality samples were taken immediately above and below the colony, with widely divergent results Upstream of the colony, the bacteria concentrations were 214 _URL_, whereas immediately downstream, the concentration was far greater at 1300 _URL_.
ORC manager of resource science Matt Hickey said that according to Government water quality guidelines for recreational swimming areas, those with less than 260 _URL_ should be safe, whereas water with more than 550 _URL_ could pose a health-risk.
Mr Hickey said six colonies of gulls were found in total, on steep rocky faces, where they clearly favoured the habitat for nesting.
While they had gone undetected up until now due to the inaccessible nature of the gorge, it was likely the gulls returned each year to breed in the same places.
"Unfortunately, these nesting gull colonies are likely to continue to cause high E.coli concentrations in the upper Kakanui River, particularly during the breeding season," Mr Hickey said.
"Bird activity, river flow, or even whether it is a cloudy or sunny day, (as E.coli often died quickly in clear water when exposed to sunlight) will influence actual bacteria numbers at Clifton Falls bridge. With hindsight, it reflects the random nature of the historical bacteria results at this site."
Mr Hickey said the E.coli concentrations reflected a large number of birds congregating in a small area and we are fortunate this situation was not common in Otago. Historically E.coli concentrations in the lower Kakanui River have been very low, despite the gull colonies being found upstream.
The council is warning people against swimming in the river but we've had no warning about drinking the water, presumably because it's treated.
Locals are very keen to solve the problem but it's not necessarily a simple matter:
Coastal Otago biodiversity programme manager David Agnew said the Department of Conservation would look into the situation and try to identify which species of gull were nesting in the area.
Mr Agnew said the species involved would determine what could be done to remove them.
"Black-backed gulls are not protected so that's not a problem as far as if they are causing a problem. They are not rare or threatened, they are not even protected, whereas red-billed gulls and black-billed gulls both have their own conservation concerns."
There's no concern about conservation with cows. If they were causing water quality problems farmers could face prosecution and would have to act quickly to address the cause.
Some gulls have a special status and if they're the ones fouling the water the clean up will take some time.


Fighting the People's War: The British and Commonwealth Armies and the Second World War
Fighting the People's War is an unprecedented, panoramic history of the 'citizen armies' of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa, the core of the British and Commonwealth armies in the Second World War. Drawing on new sources to reveal the true wartime experience of the ordinary rank and file, Jonathan Fennell fundamentally challenges our understanding of the War and of the relationship between conflict and socio-political change. He uncovers how fractures on the home front had profound implications for the performance of the British and Commonwealth armies and he traces how soldiers' political beliefs, many of which emerged as a consequence of their combat experience, proved instrumental to the socio-political changes of the postwar era. Fighting the People's War transforms our understanding of how the great battles were won and lost as well as how the postwar societies were forged.
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text:
Renowned artists of the Free State
Did you know?
One of South Africa's most famous artists, JH Pierneef, portrayed the rocky outcrops in the Eastern Free State in his painting 'Koppie at Fouriesburg'.
Renowned artists of the Free State have depicted the rural landscapes of the interior in numerous ways – watercolours, sculpture, etchings, photography and words.
The first artists were of course the San people, and they left behind an enormous wealth of rock art in caves and dwellings that can be found all over the Free State. The conflicts between the Boers, Basotho, Batswana, Griqua and the British also inspired many artists across South Africa to put palette to canvas.
Bloemfontein artist and lecturer Jaco Spies has put together a serious of animations that examine the theme of 'land is currency' in the Free State. Dahla Hulme, who lives in Rosendal, makes eccentric sculptures out of old farming implements and animal skulls. Also inspired by the rural setting, artist Willem Pretorius creates quirky cow sculptures out of metal and junk.
Free State artists also include John Edgar, an architect based in Ladybrand who depicts the elegant lines of the koppies and plains in fetching watercolour. Richard Letsatsi Bollers (from the West Indies) shares his knowledge and love of the land by teaching up-and-coming Thaba Nchu artists how to express the landscape in individual ways.
One of the greatest artists in the Free State was 'The Painting Priest', Father Frans Claerhout, a self-taught artist who was inspired by the colours and light in the area surrounding Tweedespruit.
Artworks of the Free State have fuelled the imaginations of many of South Africa's famous artists to express their appreciation of the territory and its history. Artist Willem Boshoff (whose family line is linked directly to the history of the concentration camps) created some hard-hitting visual narratives on the concentration camps. Photographer Santu Mofokeng continues to document the spirituality of the Free State in his 'Chasing Shadows' series of photographs. Zakes Mda, Antjie Krog and Sir Laurens van Der Post have all written about the Free State in their extensive works
Creative souls all over the country continue to be inspired by the limitless skies, changing landscapes and diverse cultures of the interior.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
Meerkatkolonie Gallery in Rosendal
Dahla Hulme and Michele Nigrini
Skoppelmaai Gallery in Rosendal
Tel: +27 (0)72 _PHONE_
Clarens Tourism Authority
Tel: +27 (0)58 _PHONE_
Smithfield Tourism information
Tel: +27 (0)51 _PHONE_
Parys Tourism Information
Tel: +27 (0)56 _PHONE_
Ficksburg Tourism Information
Tel: +27 (0)51 _PHONE_


Analysis of Chinese Consumer Attitudes in the Premium Car Segment in Chinese First Tier
Questionnaire Design
The design of the questionnaire will focus on two parts.
The first part which will be the central part will include about 10 questions in which the respondents will provide their opinions and the decisions on the cars they chose and the reason they prefer one car to the other. There will be 3 multiple choice questions. The 10 questions are close-ended since they would take less time to answer and would also be easy to respond to. The approach would also help in the minimizing of errors and also make it easier to make comparison and tabulation analysis. Besides, the questionnaire will use the Linkert scaled question where the respondents were asked to rate the satisfaction towards a given car and the significance the place on easy factor in making any future purchases. The scale would range from 1 to 5 where 1 is very dissatisfied while 5 means very satisfied. The decision to use this scale is because it has been used by the researcher to analyze consumer attitudes for over three decades.
The second part of the questionnaire will focus on the demographic. At this stage, the respondent would be required to provide information about their income, gender, household, educational level, occupation, and employer category.
The behavior of car purchases
I am researching cars for my research thesis. The questionnaire comprises of about 18 questions and would not take more than 15 minutes of your time. I am from () University.
 1. Is there a car(s) in your family
Yes (I am the owner)/ belongs to a family member
Yes (It is a company vehicle)
 1. What do you use the car for most of the time
Personal use
Family use
 1. What was the purchase price for the car? Indicated if it was brand new or second hand.
 2. What Brand is your car
☐Volkswagen ☐ Volvo ☐ Audi ☐ Chrysler ☐ Cherry
☐Mazda ☒ Hyundai ☐ Toyota ☐Honda ☐ Lexus
☐ Ford ☐ Mazda☐ Nissan
☐ Others
 1. Indicate the time it took from initial idea to the time of purchasing of the car
☒Less than 2 weeks ☐ 2 -4 weeks ☐ 5 -12 weeks
☐ 12 – 36 weeks ☐ more than 36 weeks
 1. How important was the decision to purchase the car
☐ Very unimportant ☐ fairly unimportant ☐ neither
☐ fairly important ☐ Very important
 1. Did the family play any role in the purchase of the vehicle
☐ Agree ☐ Disagree
 1. What role did you play in the purchase of the car?
☐I make my personal decisions
☐I am part of making the decisions
☐I am one of the decisions makers, but I do not play a decisive role
☐The arrangements are made by other people
 1. How are you involved in the process of buying a car and choosing the model?
The decision to by a new car
The budgeting dictions
The intimal choice of the brands
Contacting car dealers
Collection of information on the models and brands
Visiting dealers
Bargaining on the price
The final decision to by the car
 1. Gender
Male Female
 1. Age
☐ 19 years and below ☐20-29 ☐30-39 ☐40-49 ☐above 50
 1. Could you provide your monthly household income ()
Bellow 10000 10000-19999 20000-29999 30000- 39999
40000-49999 above 50000
 1. Enumerate the number of people that are in your household (refer to yourself and the ones you live with)
☐1 ☐2 ☐3 ☐4 ☐5 ☐More than five
 1. Please provide information about your current levels of education
☐Junior high school
☐Senior high school/technical/professional
 1. What is your current occupation level?
☐Employed full time
☐Employed part-time
 1. What is the usage of the current
 Never Less than 1/ week 1-2 weeks 3-4/week Almost everyday
To work
Social activities
Picking up family members
Business reception
Drive between cities
 1. What your overall satisfaction with the current car
 Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very satisfied
 1. in regards to the following to the following to the following aspects, what is your satisfaction with the current car.
 Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very satisfied
Value for money
Fuel consumption
Comfort in riding
Interior and Equipment
Interior design
After sale maintenance
Environmental friendly
The following part will be broken down into two pieces. The first part will discuss the demographics and the second part will look at the buyer's decisions and the reason for the various buying choices.
Profile of the respondents
There were 120 male respondents and 80 female respondents that account for 60 percent for male respondents and 40 percent for the female respondents. About the age of the respondents, 70 percent of the respondents were below the age of 50 years. Majority of the people were between the ages of 21 to 30 years. The result from the monthly income showed that about 70 percent of the respondents have a household income of below 20,000.
Further, the survey showed that there were 150 employed individuals with almost 80 percent of them being in full-time employment.
Car ownership
The survey also showed that almost all respondents had cars. The number of respondents that had cars was 160. Of the individual that had cars, 58 percent 95 out of the 160 had their cars. Twenty-four percent of the remaining individuals had their vehicles registered in company names, while the remaining 12 percent of the response with cars had them rejiggered with other family members.
In terms of car usage, 39 percent of the respondents use the car for personal needs, 35 percent use them for family purposes, 21 percent use them for business purposes. Besides, 0ver 95 percent of the respondents opted to buy new cars as opposes t about 5 percent that by second-hand vehicles.
In regards to the time, it takes for one to decide to purchase a ca, it emerged that most of the respondents took about 3 to 36 weeks to make the decisions on buying a car.
Most of the people decide to buy a car as essential or somewhat important. Of the respondents, about 65 percent thought it is totally important, while about 30 percent would think it not so important.
The relationship between the time of purchase and purchase time
In the study one thing seem to come out is that there is a close relationship between the time taken to buy care and the importance of the decision. In the cases were the choices so important so much time is also taken. Besides, in the cases where the division is so important, there is the involvement of the family members and other individuals.
In the study, there is also so much involvement of the individual the purchase process. About 89 percent of the participants are involved in the purchase divisions. Next individuals were included in the initial model and braid followed by the visiting of the dealers at 88 percent and finally the final division at 87 percent.
The study sought to find out how satisfied individuals are with the current cars that they are using. The focus was on different characteristics of the vehicle as shown in the interview. The results show that the level of satisfaction is relatively high. About 60 percent of the respondents pointed out that there were reasonably satisfied with the current cars.
Besides, the study showed that the consumers were focused on the value of money in the cars that they were buying. Considering that most of the consumer are middle-class income earners, the cost for many was one of the essential aspects that made the deciding the car buy.
One thing that seems evident for the car consumer behavior in China is that most of the consumer was young people who are aged below the age of 50. The aspect that these people focused on when buying cars is the issue of value for money. Besides, these people buy cars for personal use. Therefore, the focus of an individual seeking to venture into this market is to provide cars that are good for personal use and are not expensive. This population is not focused so much on luxury but rather convenience.