text:
of Wii-based Movement Therapy, and for a subset of 13 patients at 6-month follow-up. Patients were classified according to residual voluntary motor capacity with low, moderate or high motor-function. The area under the curve was calculated from EMG amplitude and movement duration. Clinical assessments of upper-limb motor-function preand post-therapy included the Wolf Motor Function Test, Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Motor Activity Log Quality of Movement scale.
Clinical assessments improved over time (p<0.01) with an effect of motor-function level (p<0.001). The pattern of EMG change by late-therapy was complex and variable, with differences between patients with low compared to moderate or high motor-function. The area under the curve (p=0.028) and peak amplitude (p=0.043) during Wii-tennis backhand increased for patients with low motor-function whereas EMG decreased for patients with moderate and high motor-function. The reductions included: movement duration during Wii-golf (p=0.048, moderate; p=0.026, high), and Wii-tennis backhand (p=0.046, moderate; p=0.023, high) and forehand (p=0.009, high); and the area under the curve during Wii-golf (p=0.018, moderate) and Wii-baseball (p=0.036, moderate). For the pooled data over time there was an effect of motor-function (p=0.016) and an interaction between time and motor-function (p=0.009) for Wii-golf movement duration. Wii-baseball movement duration decreased as a function of time (p=0.022). There was an effect on Wii-tennis forehand duration for time (p=0.002) and interaction of time and motor-function (p=0.005); and an effect of motor-function level on the area under the curve (p=0.034) for Wii-golf.
This study demonstrated different patterns of EMG changes according to residual voluntary motor-function levels despite heterogeneity within each level that was not evident following clinical assessments alone. Thus, rehabilitation efficacy might be underestimated by analyses of pooled data.
[ARTICLE] The effect of bilateral trainings on upper extremities muscle activation on level of motor function in stroke patients – Full Text PDF
[Purpose] This study was conducted in order to compare muscle activation level on the affected and unaffected limb according to the recovery level of upper limb between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity with pilates ring.
[Subjects and Methods] Twenty inpatient who have had a stroke were recruited. Subjects were divided into two groups by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Function score of moderately recovered group and well recovered group. The muscles activation of upper extremity and Co-Contraction Ratio (CCR) were analyzed.
[Results] In the muscles activation of the well group, trapezius, anterior deltoid, and triceps muscles of affected side and biceps muscles of both sides were significantly higher when activity with pilates ring than activity with hands clasped. CCR of both side in the well group was significantly decreased during activity with pilates ring and in the moderate group, CCR of affected side was significantly decreased during activity with pilates ring.
[Conclusion] Bilateral activity with a pilates ring is more effective than activity with hands clasped for the facilitation of muscle activation and coordination in stroke patients.
Functional limitation imposed due to a paretic upper limb affects more than 80% of stroke survivors1). Upper limb impairment is the leading cause of limitation of motor function. Therefore, restoration of upper limb function is an essential aspect of stroke rehabilitation for regaining functional independency2). An abnormal pattern of upper limb movement may occur caused by the compensation for muscle paralysis and imbalance. By training to perform a functional task, movement re-education is used to treat the abnormal pattern of muscle weakness3). Although rehabilitation specialists are trying various approaches to facilitate the restoration of upper limb function, rehabilitation of upper limb function remains a challenge. Consequently, a number of researchers and therapists are seeking more effective therapeutic techniques of upper limb rehabilitation to restore voluntary motor control. Bilateral training (BT) is a therapeutic technique of upper limb rehabilitation. A recent meta-analysis revealed that BT has a positive effect on poststroke upper limb rehabilitation4). BT induces motor synergy between limbs to activate the motor capacity of the affected limb. In other words, voluntary movements of the unaffected limb facilitate voluntary movements of the affected limb5). Activation of the primary and supplementary motor cortex for the unaffected limb increases voluntary muscle contraction of the affected limb during symmetrical movements6). Even though BT is performed by using both the unaffected and the affected limbs simultaneously, most studies have reported the effect of BT on the affected limb. Morris & Wijck reported one randomized controlled trial that investigated the effect of BT on the unaffected limb. In that report, subjects were classified into two groups, the bilateral group and unilateral group divided who scored ≤6 on the motor assessment7). However, no study has addressed the effect of upper limb muscle activation on the unaffected limb during bilateral activity and the comparison of change in activity between the affected and unaffected limbs. The effect of BT on the recovery level of the upper limb remains unclear. BT includes various activities such as targeted reaching activity using a peg, grasping and bringing a glass to the mouth, picking up and placing a towel, and manipulating and playing cards. While various activities are used, it is important to ensure that the movements involve both the upper limbs4). For assessing bilateral activity, movements involving hand clasped or grasping and lifting up an instrument such as a rod are used. However, no study has investigated the difference in amounts of upper limb muscle activation between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity while lifting an instrument. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the muscle activation level on the affected and unaffected limbs according to the recovery level of the upper limb between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity with a pilates ring.
[Review] Motor Imagery-Based Rehabilitation: Potential Neural Correlates and Clinical Application for Functional Recovery of Motor Deficits after Stroke – Full Text PDF
Motor imagery (MI), defined as the mental implementation of an action in the absence of movement or muscle activation, is a rehabilitation technique that offers a means to replace or restore lost motor function in stroke patients when used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy procedures. This article briefly reviews the concepts and neural correlates of MI in order to promote improved understanding, as well as to enhance the clinical utility of MI-based rehabilitation regimens. We specifically highlight the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor, and prefrontal areas, primary motor cortex, and parietal cortex. Additionally, we examine the recent literature related to MI and its potential as a therapeutic technique in both upper and lower limb stroke rehabilitation.
[Case study] The effect of task-oriented training on the muscle activation of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients – Full Text
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effects of task-oriented training on upper extremity muscle activation in daily activities performed by chronic stoke patients.
[Subjects and Methods] In this research, task-oriented training was conducted by 2 chronic hemiplegic stroke patients. Task-oriented training was conducted 5 times a week, 30 minutes per day, for 2 weeks. Evaluation was conducted 3 times before and after the intervention. The Change of muscle activation in the upper extremity was measured using a BTS FreeEMG 300.
[Results] The subjects' root mean square values for agonistic muscles for the reaching activity increased after the intervention. All subjects' co-coordination ratios decreased after the intervention in all movements of reaching activity.
[Conclusion] Through this research, task-oriented training was proven to be effective in improving the muscle activation of the upper extremity in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients.
Background: Hemiparetic stroke survivors often exhibit profound weakness in the digits of the paretic hand, but the relative contribution of potential biomechanical and neurological impairment mechanisms is not known. Establishing sources of impairment would help in guiding treatment.
Objective: The present study sought to quantify the role of diminished capacity to voluntarily active finger flexor and extensor muscles as one possible neurological mechanism.
Methods: Two groups of stroke survivors with "severe" (N = 9) or "moderate" (N = 9) hand impairment and one group of neurologically intact individuals (N = 9) participated. Subjects were asked to create isometric flexion force and extension force, respectively, with the tip of the middle finger. The maximum voluntary force (MVF) and the maximum stimulated force (MSF) produced by an applied train of electrical current pulses (MSF) were recorded for flexion and extension. Percent voluntary activation (PVA) was computed from MVF and MSF.
Results: Significant deficits in both MVF and PVA were observed for stroke subjects compared to control subjects. For example, activation deficits were >80% for extensor digitorum communis (EDC) for the "severe" group. Maximum voluntary force and PVA deficits were greater for EDC than for flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) for stroke subjects with severe impairment. Maximum voluntary force and PVA correlated significantly for stroke subjects but not for control subjects.
Conclusions: Although extrinsic finger muscles could be successfully recruited electrically, voluntary excitation of these muscles was substantially limited in stroke survivors. Thus, finger weakness after stroke results predominantly from the inability to fully activate the muscle voluntarily.
Source: Maney Online – Maney Publishing


text:
The Effect Of Capital Expenditure And Local Revenue On Economic Growth In Cities And Regencies In Bengkulu
The main objective of regional development is to create economic growth and equitable development, including inter-regional distribution of income (PAD). Fast economic growth and low income inequality can be achieved, but both cannot be achieved simultaneously. This study aims to determine the effect of Capital Expenditure and Local Revenue on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu. The samples in this study were 10 local governments at the district/city level in cities and regencies in Bengkulu with a study period from 2015 to 2020. The data collection method used the documentation method. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing. The results of the regression test obtained the regression equation Y = 254.213 + 0.097X1 + 0.025X2. Capital expenditure (PAD) has a significant influence on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu because a significant value of 0.006 is smaller than 0.05. This means that as PAD increases, economic growth will also increase. Local Revenue does not have a significant effect on economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu because the significant value is 0.531, which is less than 0.05. This means that the high or low PAD generated by a region does not really affect economic growth because there is still funding from the center. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis with the F test, the hypothesis made shows that together capital expenditure and regional original income affect economic growth in cities and regencies in Bengkulu. The results of statistical calculations show a significance value of 0.05. The coefficient of determination is 0.162, which means that changes in the independent variables together are able to explain the dependent variable by 16.2%, while the remaining 1% is explained by other factors outside the independent variables used in this research
Copyright (c) 2023 Tania Hasibuan, Ahmad Soleh, Abdul Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Picaresque Novel Definieren 2021 - realestategambia.com
Camelot Hotel In Meiner Nähe 2021 | Kelly Blue Buch Toyota Prius 2021 | Ifc Finance Corporation 2021 | Sun Life-finanz-ticker 2021 | Tv Ball 24 Badminton 2021 | Heute Vivo Ipl Match Point Tabelle 2021 | Million Paco Rabane 2021 | Die Bourbon Kings Series Bestellung 2021 | Gnarly Head Pinot Noir 2016 2021 |
What's a Picaresque? The Top 5 Novels By William Giraldi Jul 20, 2012 Busy Monsters newly released in paperback is about a jilted fiance who embarks on a hilarious, ill-advised odyssey to win. This style of novel originated in Spain in 1554 and flourished throughout Europe for more than 200 years, though the term "picaresque novel" was only coined in 1810. It continues to influence modern literature. The term is also sometimes used to describe works, like Cervantes' Don Quixote and Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers, which only contain some of the genre's elements. Charles Dickens, who was influenced by Fielding, wrote his first six novels in the picaresque form, with Martin Chuzzlewit 1844 being the transitional novel to his later more serious and mature works. Other novels with elements of the picaresque include the Canadian Solomon Gursky Was Here and the English The Luck of Barry Lyndon 1844. A solid definition of the picaresque novel is rather hard to come by. The term "picaro," taken from a 17th century Spanish word, typically describes a low-born hero or rogue who uses his wits to wander through various branches of society without truly belonging to any of. Picaresque novel definition? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the conversation right now!
What is the definition of Picaresque Novel? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the. What kind of literature is a picaresque novel? What does culpable mean? What's a cenotaph? Every Veterans Day, I hear about the Queen of England laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in London. What does gallimaufry mean in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo? My vocabulary is.
a reasonably competent answer. in even simpler terms, we can say that the 'picaresque' novel was an early type of novel which related the adventures and deeds of a rogue or such type of person. Best Picaresque Novels Best of the Best novels of or relating to a genre of usually satiric prose fiction; often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social degree living by his or her wits in a corrupt society. All Votes Add. Get an answer for 'Describe an example of a picaresque novel in British Literature from the Victorian Era.' and find homework help for other The Picaresque Novel questions at eNotes. A picaresque novel is an early form of a novel, relating the adventures of a rogue adventurer as he goes from place to place and his effort to survive.
Helluva Französisch Zwiebel Dip Rezept 2021
2003 Bmw 530i M Sport Zum Verkauf 2021
Britische Poesie Ignou 2021
Valise Rimowa Classic Flug 2021
Jedes Mal, Wenn Ich Mein Haar Berühre, Fällt Es Mir Aus 2021
Ncaa Women's Division Ii Leichtathletik-hallenmeisterschaften 2021
So Streamen Sie Mit Einem Monitor Auf Twitch 2021
Mickey Mouse Clubhaus Bounce House 2021
Hydra Life Jelly Schlafmaske 2021
Terrassenmöbel Unter 100 Us-dollar 2021
Alte Camaro Teile 2021
Top Worst Fast-food-restaurants 2021
American Football Spring League 2021
Chef Baby Design Kuchen 2021
Chiefs Patriots Nfl 2021
Schöne Zitate Für Lehrertageskarten 2021
Chris Hughton Nachrichten 2021
Land Vor Unserer Zeit Spinosaurus 2021
Alex Haley Kinder 2021
Rosa Weihnachtsthema 2021
Carhartt Wickeltasche 2021
Tesla Model 3 Weiß 2021
Tetradisches Farbrad 2021
Lebenserfahrungen Sind Perfekte Beispiele 2021
Verliere Einen Stein In 6 Wochen Diätplan 2021
Herren Gold Totenkopf Anhänger 2021
Ib Qnb Alahli Com Eg 2021
Mongodb Ttl Index Performance 2021
Weiter Baby Girl Clothes Sale 2021
Hamburger Kartoffelpüree 2021
Miley Cyrus Street Style 2012 2021
Duschtürklammern 2021
Monster Und Männer Sundance 2021
100-fache Mikroskopvergrößerung 2021
Hofacker Apfelgarten 2021
Kunstpelz Jacke Damen Schwarz 2021
Fügen Sie Einen Neuen Ordner Zu Google Mail Hinzu 2021
Moderne Formfächer 2021
Zeitplan Von Auh Nach Lhr 2021
Seien Sie Unvorsichtige Zitate 2021
sitemap 0
sitemap 1
sitemap 2
sitemap 3
sitemap 4
sitemap 5
sitemap 6
sitemap 7
sitemap 8
sitemap 9
sitemap 10
sitemap 11
sitemap 12
sitemap 13


those who received the last dose of an EU-approved vaccine.
EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen that it was time to revive the EU tourism industry and for cross-border friendships to rekindle safely.
Discussions on the plans will begin.
7) Answer: E
External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell have reaffirmed commitment to support Afghanistan in its path towards peace, security, self-reliance and prosperity.
Dr Jaishankar and Mr Borrell called for respecting and protecting the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan.
They reaffirmed their strong and continued support to an inclusive, Afghan-led, Afghan-owned peace process.
As representatives of the world's largest democracies, External Affairs Minister Dr.Jaishankar and Mr.Borrell reaffirmed that any political settlement in Afghanistan must protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans, including women, youth and minorities.
They reiterated that the nature of the peace settlement and its outcome will shape the future of international support and assistance.
They jointly and firmly condemned the unacceptable level of violence perpetrated against the national forces of Afghanistan and civilians and the targeted assassinations of civil rights activists, media persons and Ulema.
They reiterated their call for an immediate, permanent and comprehensive nationwide ceasefire.
8) Answer: D
India has scaled another peak in its effort to contain the COVID-19 virus with the administration of more than 16 Crore four lakh vaccine doses so far to its citizens.
Union Health Ministry said, the country also administered more than 13 Crore doses as the first dose and more than three crore vaccine doses have been administered as the second dose.
The Ministry said, more than two lakh 29 thousand beneficiaries of the age group 18 to 44 years received their first dose of COVID vaccine.
The cumulative vaccination coverage for this age group is over six lakh 62 thousand across 12 States and Union Territories.
The Ministry said that more than five crore 29 lakh beneficiaries in the age group of over 60 years has received the first dose and over one crore 23 lakh received the 2nd dose.
The country has administered nearly 11 lakh 50 thousand vaccine doses till 8 pm.
More than six lakh 15 thousand beneficiaries were vaccinated for 1st dose and over five lakh 33 thousand beneficiaries received 2nd dose of vaccine.
9) Answer: B
Government said that 28 States and Union Territories have started lifting food grains from Food Corporation of India depots for free distribution of food grains to the poor under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana.
Last month, Centre had decided to provide free food-grains to nearly 80 crore beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act, NFSA in the month of May and June.
Under this scheme, five kilogram per person per month food grains will be provided to the NFSA beneficiaries belonging to both Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Priority Householders categories.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi had stressed that it is important that the poor people of the country have nutritional support when the country is facing the second wave of coronavirus.
The Consumer Affairs Ministry said, Food Corporation of India has already positioned sufficient food grains in all States and UTs for successful implementation of the scheme.
It said 28 States and UTs have started lifting foodgrains from Food Corporation of India depots and Rs. 5.88 lakh tonnes of food grains have been supplied for further distribution to beneficiaries.
Lakshadweep has completely lifted May and June allocation whereas Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have already lifted 100 percent of May allocation.
The Ministry said, the rest of the States and UTs have also been sensitized to immediately start lifting the foodgrains under the scheme.
It has advised them to encourage migrant NFSA beneficiaries for using the facility of portability under One Nation One Ration Card plan.
The Ministry said, Centre will bear the entire cost of implementation of this scheme, without any sharing by States and Union Territories.
10) Answer: C
In Snooker, Mark Selby became the World Champion for the fourth time.
It took place from 17 April to 3 May 2021 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England.
Selby won the Championship defeating Shaun Murphy by 18-15 victory at professional snooker tournament.
He has now moved up to second spot in world rankings, next only to Judd Trump.
Prior to this, Selby won the Championship title in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2021.
11) Answer: E
Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister Dharmendra Pradhan remotely flagged off the first supply of UCO, Used Cooking Oil based Biodiesel blended Diesel from Indian Oil's Tikrikalan Terminal, Delhi.
The Centre had initiated Expressions of Interest for "Procurement of Bio-diesel produced from Used Cooking Oil" on the occasion of World Biofuel Day on 10th August 2019.
Such "Expressions of Interest" are being periodically released by Oil Marketing Companies.
Speaking on the occasion, Mr Pradhan complimented the Oil industry on the stellar role played by them in keeping the fuel lines running despite the stiff challenges of the pandemic.
He also lauded the OMCs for going beyond the usual business imperatives by extending support for medical oxygen supply to the nation in this crisis.
Mr Pradhan also appreciated Indian Oil's leadership role in smoothening the Liquid oxygen logistics in the country through various initiatives.
Regarding the first supply of UCO-based Biodiesel from Indian Oil's Tikrikalan Terminal, the Minister termed it as landmark in India's pursuance of Biofuels.
He said it will have a positive impact on the environment.
This initiative will garner substantial economic benefits for the nation by shoring up indigenous Biodiesel supply, reducing import dependence, and generating rural employment.
12) Answer: B
Government has said that about 65 per cent more wheat has been procured during the current Rabi Marketing Season in comparison to the corresponding period last year.
Consumer Affairs Ministry said, the procurement of Wheat is continuing smoothly in the procuring States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir and Bihar at Minimum Support Price.
The Ministry said, a quantity of over 299 lakh tonnes of Wheat has been procured against the last year corresponding purchase of around 181 lakh tonnes.
It said, about 29 lakh 46 thousand farmers have already benefited from the ongoing procurement operations with MSP value of over 59 thousand Crore rupees.
The Ministry said over 721 lakh tonnes of paddy have been procured in the ongoing Kharif Marketing Season 2020-21 and Rabi Marketing Season.
About one crore eight lakh farmers have benefited from the ongoing procurement operations.
13) Answer: D
The Ministry of Ayush and the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports have tapped into the spirit of International Day of Yoga to encourage the public to pursue Yoga as a daily routine for good health and well-being. The International Day of Yoga has been celebrated annually on 21 June.
The two Ministries came together to organize a virtual event to mark 50 days in the countdown to International Day of Yoga 2021.
In view of the COVID surge all the Yoga Day promotional activities are being conducted through digital & electronic platforms to encourage participation by citizens from their respective homes.
The Ministry of Ayush has, in this context, been propagating the message "Be with Yoga, Be at Home".
14) Answer: C
In Madhya Pradesh, 379 crore rupees have been transferred into the accounts of 16 thousand 844 beneficiaries under the Mukhyamantri Jan-Kalyan Sambal scheme.
Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan said the state government accords high priority to benefit the poor families of unorganised sector workers.
The Chief Minister informed that in the difficult times of crisis beneficiaries of Sambal Yojana are also being given three months of free ration along with financial assistance.
He called upon the beneficiaries to take precautions against the corona and to protect others along with themselves.
Meanwhile, Free Swastha Aahar Yojana (Healthy Food Scheme) for the corona patients of Bhopal is also being launched.
Medical Education Minister Vishwas Sarang said that the patient will get nutritious food on time free of cost in the hospital where he is admitted.
Minister Sarang said that as a pilot project, this scheme has been started in 110 hospitals in Bhopal.
On its success, this scheme will be started in other cities of the state as well.
15) Answer: D
Singer Pink will be honoured with the Icon Award at the 2021 Billboard Music Awards (BBMAs).
The award aims to recognize artists who have achieved success on the Billboard charts and left an indelible impact on music.
Pink joins previous honourees that include Neil Diamond, Stevie Wonder, Prince, Jennifer Lopez, Celine Dion, Cher, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey and Garth Brooks.
"As a little girl, I always dreamed about being a singer and sharing my love of music with the world," the 41-year-old singer, who is the youngest recipient to date, said in a statement.
"Years later, to receive the Billboard Music Awards Icon Award is hard to fathom! I feel so honoured to join the ranks of music idols like Cher, Garth Brooks, Janet Jackson and Stevie Wonder.
16) Answer: B
TMC leader Mamata Banerjee will be sworn in as the Chief Minister of West Bengal for the third time.
Governor Jagdeep Dhank


text:
The American Shad is the best-known of all the shad and herring that swim in the Chesapeake Bay. The silvery fish – typically 20- 24 inches long -- can be identified by its row of dark spots along its side and the scutes or sharp saw-like scales along its belly.
A highly migratory species, shad often travel in schools. They are anadromous -- meaning they live in the sea for the majority of their lives, and enter freshwater to spawn. River-specific, they return to their birth river to spawn. In Maryland, peak spawning time is mid-April through early June.
Young shad eat zooplankton and insects, while the adults choose plankton, small crustaceans, and small fish to consume; but while migrating upriver do not feed. The average lifespan of the fish is 5 years at sea, and during that time it may migrate over 12,000 miles. The oldest American shad recorded in Maryland was 11 years of age.
American and Hickory Shad were both closed to recreational and commercial fishing in 1980. American Shad commercial fishing off Maryland's Atlantic Coast was opened for a limited season in 1992; this season was closed permanently in 2004.
Historically, the American Shad spawned in nearly every accessible river and tributary along the East coast from Canada to Florida. However, the deterioration of water quality and blockage due to dams and other obstacles have depleted American Shad stocks. Since 1993, hatchery stocking has been used to increase the American Shad populations in our waterways.
Illustration of American Shad (Alosa sapidissima)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Home / Store / Journals / Electronic Articles / Nuclear Technology / Volume 181 / Number 2 / Pages 282-302
Drew E. Kornreich
Nuclear Technology / Volume 181 / Number 2 / Pages 282-302
Format:electronic copy (download)
This work involved estimating the homogeneous metal-water mixture critical mass curves of 34 fissionable nuclides from thorium to einsteinium. Calculations were performed using the discrete ordinates code PARTISN with ENDF/B-VII.0 69-group cross sections. Sample MCNP5 test cases indicate reasonable agreement between the two transport codes. In general, the results confirmed that there are three "forms" of the critical mass curves: (a) the traditional curve most well known as characterizing the "big 3" nuclides (233U, 235U, 239Pu), where the minimum critical mass is found in a dilute solution; (b) a simple monotonic curve characterized by a monotonically increasing critical mass as water is added to the metal, where the minimum critical mass is a metal system; and (c) a hybrid curve where the shape is similar to the traditional curve but the minimum critical mass is the pure metal. In general, the traditional and monotonic curves follow the "odd-even" rule of thumb that a nuclide with an even Z and an odd A or vice versa will have a traditionally shaped curve and that the other nuclides will have a monotonically shaped curve. The violations of this rule of thumb, i.e., the hybrid curves, in the set of nuclides analyzed are comprised of 232U and 252Cf. Plutonium-236 is especially interesting because it is a traditionally shaped curve with the minimum critical mass in a relatively dilute solution, but it violates the "odd-even" rule of thumb.
Your cart is empty.
Home|Invoice Payment|Nuclear Links


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a text in database which is "computer-hardware". I used that code to split
 'string seperated by colons '-'
 Dim info As String = strcotegory
 Dim arInfo As String() = New String(3) {}
 'define which character is seperating fields
 Dim splitter As Char() = {"-"c}
 arInfo = info.Split(splitter)
 For x As Integer = 0 To arInfo.Length - 1
 Response.Write(arInfo(x) & " ")
but now I want to get "computer" in textbox1 and "hardware" in textbox2.
please guide me
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
If I understood you correctly, replace the For loop with the following lines of code:
textbox1.Text = arInfo(0)
textbox2.Text = arInfo(1)
By the way, initializing arInfo (... = New String(3) {}) is not necessary, since you overwrite the value of arInfo anyway (arInfo =...).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Pricey Handbags and Helpful Behavior Don't Mix
Brand-name luxury outlets provide visual reminders of materialistic values, decreasing pedestrians' inclination to help strangers.
By Tom Jacobs
(Photo: deepwarren/Flickr)
Are you the sort of person who will come to the aid of a struggling stranger?
The answer may depend on the specific shops lining the street where the two of you meet.
Newly published research finds customers emerging from prestigious, luxury-brand stores in Paris were less likely than passersby to provide urgent requested assistance. While that news may confirm stereotypes about the self-involved one percent, a second finding suggests a more subtle psychological effect.
The researchers report pedestrians who were approached near such famous-brand outlets were less helpful than those who were stopped on a nearby residential street. It seems such stores embody the ethos of materialism, and just being in their immediate proximity can negatively affect one's behavior.
"Cues related to possession, luxury, and prestige" can apparently trigger a me-first mindset, decreasing one's likelihood of helping a stranger, according to a research team led by Lubomir Lamy of Paris Descartes University. The researchers' study is published in the journal Social Influence.
Who knew strolling down Rodeo Drive was hazardous to your moral health?
Lamy and his colleagues conducted three experiments. The first featured 80 pedestrians (40 men and 40 women) who were "walking alone in the Paris Triangle d'Or,which includes the prestigious (shopping) streets avenue des Champs-Elysees and avenue Montaigne."
The devil may not wear Prada, but the attitudes the brand activates appear to be anything but angelic.
Each pedestrian witnessed a college-age woman, wearing a large leg brace and walking with the aid of a crutch, "accidentally" drop her bottle of water and packet of candies. The researchers noted whether the targeted passerby offered assistance.
Among those who had just exited a luxury store such as Dior, Chanel, or Versace, only 35 percent extended or offered help. In contrast, 77.5 percent of other pedestrians did so. Apparently fashion doesn't mix with compassion.
The second experiment featured 112 pedestrians who were approached either on Paris' place Vendome (home of exclusive jewelry and watch stores), or on a nearby side street featuring apartment buildings.
Each was stopped by a young woman who was pushing another in a wheelchair. The young woman explained in a worried voice that she had lost her cell phone, and asked if the person could "please stay close to my friend a few minutes" while she looked for it at a nearby restaurant they had just patronized.
"Among participants asked for help near a luxury store, 23.2 percent gave help," the researchers write, "whereas 82.1 percent gave help in the control, 'ordinary street' condition."
A final, similarly structured experiment found this effect only occurred on streets containing luxury stores, as opposed to those lined with ordinary shops.
"The place Vendome concentrates mainly on watch and jewelry brands, whereas the avenue Montaigne is dedicated to fashion," Lamy and his colleagues note. "Taken together, these results suggest that whatever the brand type, reminders of luxury would inhibit helpfulness more readily than reminders of non-luxury shopping."
But why? "Materialistic reminders may have increased self-enhancement and competitive values," the researchers speculate, "which in turn would decrease trusting and benevolent behavior, and a sense of being concerned about, and connected to, other people."
These first-of-their-kind findings are consistent with several earlier studies by Nicolas Gueguen (a co-author of this new paper), including one that found people who had just handled money at an ATM machine were less likely to engage in helpful behavior.
So if you find yourself needing to rely on the kindness of strangers, stay away from both banks and luxury-brand shops. The devil may not wear Prada, but the attitudes the brand activates appear to be anything but angelic.


text:
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
An order for the demolition of buildings.
- 'The authority has now agreed to demolish the houses under a compulsory clearance order, after the owners refused to renovate or sell them on.'
- 'No avoidable delay occurred in my Department between the making of the clearance order and the confirmation thereof.'
- 'Four days later, he signed the first clearance order, which provided for the demolition of unfit houses in the town.'
- 'Once a high and wide route is established, the clearance order for the movement follows.'
- 'A slum clearance order was challenged because civil servants, acting on behalf of the minister, had conferred with local officials and heard additional evidence after a public inquiry had ended.'
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.


Overview of relevant COSMIC terms.
Texts underlined refer to terms defined on this page. Between parentheses the abbreviation of the term.
Software system for collecting, saving, processing, and presenting data by means of a computer.
Base Functional Component (BFC)
Elementary unit of Functional User Requirements defined by and used by an FSM method for measurement purposes.
Conceptual interface between the software being measured and its functional users.
Any part of a software system that is separate for reasons of the software architecture, and⁄or that was specified, designed or developed separately.
Control command
Command that enables human functional users to control their use of the software but which does not involve any movement of data about an object of interest of the FUR of the software being measured.
COSMIC unit of measurement.
1 CFP (COSMIC Function Point), which is defined as the size of one data movement.
Data attribute
Smallest parcel of information, within an identified data group, carrying a meaning from the perspective of the software's Functional User Requirements. [3]
Data group
Distinct, non-empty, non-ordered and non redundant set of data attributes where each included data attribute describes a complementary aspect of the same one object of interest. [3]
Data manipulation
Any processing of the data other than a movement of the data into or out of a functional process, or between a functional process and persistent storage.
Data movement
Base Functional Component which moves a single data group.
Entry (E)
Data movement that moves a data group from a functional user across the boundary into the functional process where it is required.
Error/confirmation message
Exit issued by a functional process to a human user that either confirms only that entered data has been accepted, or only that there is an error in the entered data.
Exit (X)
Data movement that moves a data group from a functional process across the boundary to the functional user that requires it.
Something that happens.
Functional process
Elementary component of a set of Functional User Requirements, comprising a unique, cohesive and independently executable set of data movements.
Functional process level of granularity
Level of granularity of the description of a piece of software at which
 - the functional users are individual humans or engineered devices or pieces of software (and not any groups of these) AND
 - single events occur that the piece of software must respond to (and not any level of granularity at which groups of events are defined).
Functional size.
Size of the software derived by quantifying the Functional User Requirements.
Functional Size Measurement (FSM)
Process of measuring Functional Size.
Functional Size Measurement method (FSM method)
Specific implementation of FSM defined by a set of rules, which conforms to the mandatory features of ISO/IEC 14143-1:2007.
Functional user
User that is a sender and/or an intended recipient of data in the Functional User Requirements of a piece of software.
Functional User Requirements (FUR)
Sub-set of the user requirements describing what the software shall do, in terms of tasks and services.
Data moved by all the Entries of a given functional process.
Partition resulting from the functional division of a software system.
Level of decomposition.
Any level resulting from dividing a piece of software into components (named 'Level 1', for example), then from dividing components into sub-components ('Level 2'), then from dividing sub-components into sub-sub components (Level 3'), etc.
Level of granularity
Any level of expansion of the description of any part of a single piece of software (e.g. a statement of its requirements, or a description of the structure of the piece of software) such that at each increased level of expansion, the description of the functionality of the piece of software is at an increased and uniform level of detail.
Measurement method
Logical sequence of operations, describe generically, used in the performance of measurements.
Measurement process
Process of establishing, planning, performing and evaluating software measurement within an overall project or organizational measurement structure.
Measurement (strategy) pattern
Standard template that may be applied when measuring a piece of software from a given software functional domain, that defines the types of functional user that may interact with the software, the level of decomposition of the software and the types of data movements that the software may handle.
Description or analogy used to help visualize a concept that cannot be directly observed.
Object of interest (OOI)
Any 'thing' that is identified from the point of view of the Functional User Requirements about which the software is required to process and⁄or store data.
Data moved by all the Exits of a given functional process.
Peer software
Piece of software that reside in the same layer as, and exchanges data with, another piece of software.
Persistent storage
Storage which enables a functional process to store data beyond the life of the functional process and/or which enables a functional process to retrieve data stored by another functional process, or stored by an earlier occurrence of the same functional process, or stored by some other process.
Purpose of measurement
Statement that defines why a measurement is being made, and what the result will be used for.
Read (R)
Data movement that moves a data group from persistent storage within reach of the functional process which requires it.
Set of Functional User Requirements to be included in a specific functional size measurement instance.
Set of computer instructions, data, procedures and maybe documentation operating as a whole, to fulfill a specific set of purposes, all of which can be described from a functional perspective through a finite set of Functional User Requirements, technical and quality requirements.
Software system
System that consists only of software.
Part of a functional process that either moves data (into the software from a functional user or out of the software to a functional user, or to or from persistent storage) or that manipulates data.
Combination of hardware, software and manual procedures organized to achieve stated purposes. [adapted from
Triggering Entry
The Entry data movement of a functional process that moves a data group generated by a functional user that the functional process needs to start processing.
Triggering Event
Event that causes a functional user of the piece of software to initiate ('trigger') one or more functional processes.
Unit of measurement.
Particular quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other quantities of the same kind are compared in order to express their magnitudes relative to that quantity.
Any person or thing that communicates or interacts with the software at any time.
Value (of a quantity)
Magnitude of a particular quantity, generally expressed as a unit of measurement multiplied by a number.
Write (W)
Data movement that moves a data group from a functional process to persistent storage.


text:
This project addresses the dual issues of disability and transferable skills in the teaching of archaeological fieldwork. It will increase awareness of disability issues in Archaeology and improve the integration of disability in fieldwork teaching.
The emphasis is on the development of a self-evaluation tool kit for physical and psychological abilities in fieldwork. This tool will increase students' awareness of their acquisition of transferable skills and promote careers management skills.
The project involved archaeologists working closely with specialists in Inclusive Environments to characterise the skills needed in archaeological fieldwork. In addition to engaging with teachers of undergraduate archaeology nationally, the project actively involved the Council for British Archaeology (CBA), the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA), English Heritage and Oxford Archaeology. The project has the potential to widen participation by challenging the stereotype of archaeology as a field discipline that may exclude disabled participants. It aims to effect a change of emphasis from 'disability' to ability: rather than excluding or categorising individuals, students will be engaged actively in assessing their own skills.
Using examples of good practice reported by the subject providers and students, and the results of the project, a guide to 'Including Disabled Students and Self-Evaluation in Archaeological Fieldwork Training' was also produced. The guide includes sections on:
- Models of disability
- The work of the Inclusive, Accessible, Archaeology project
- Making archaeological fieldwork training inclusive
- Making archaeological field trips inclusive
- Making archaeological excavations accessible to visitors
- Links to useful information.


text:
Western History & Genealogy Blog
GI - General Index
Known by staff and researchers as the GI, it is an index of about 6.5 million entries on 1 million cards to previously un-indexed local and county histories, biographical works, some manuscript material, and western journals and serials. It makes accessible the otherwise inaccessible. Researchers in the know often go slack-jawed or misty-eyed when they realize what they've discovered.
In 1935, the newly created Western History Department acquired an index of local subjects begun by the Reference Department. With this base, new subject headings were added to broaden the scope beyond Denver and the established headings were refined. Then, in the midst of the Depression, the Western History Department benefitted from a federal stimulus: a Colorado Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to index in detail the Rocky Mountain News, _PHONE_. The result? An every-name index for the premier Colorado newspaper of the day for a more than twenty-year span.
In the years that followed, the Department's staff continued to index contemporary newspapers, journals, and some standards of Colorado history, while also adding retrospective sources such as the Denver Times, _PHONE_. The General Index closed to additional entries in 1995.
Still housed in its original wooden card catalog cabinets and situated across from our reference desk, the GI is available to all visitors to the Department. The entire General Index has been digitized, and librarians are able to search a department-only database at the reference desk. We hope to make the General Index available online to the world in the near future.
An Ode to the General Index
Among the treasures of the Denver Public Library, few rival the massive General Index in the Western History Department. This product of more than a half-century's work, if recreated at current costs, would be worth $2 million or more. An index of an estimated four million entries to articles, books, newspapers, and other material, it is an outstanding contribution to scholarship - a college in itself. Without it scholars would be impaired and devotees of well-researched local history would be impoverished. Without it the Denver Public Library would be a far less splendid institution that it is. All hail to the generations of librarians and Denver taxpayers who have supported, built, and maintained such a superb research tool.
Stephen J. Leonard. Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression, with FSA Photographs. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1993 page 300.


Vacancies Upload CV
Search Vacancies Submit CV
Terms Of Use
Terms Of Use
In these terms :
 1. a) 'Applicant' means anyone who is referred or about whom information is supplied to a Client. It includes someone who may have been known or referred to that Client before Instructions are given or the Introduction made.
 2. b) 'Client' means the person or persons to whom an Introduction is made. It includes anyone who asks DMA for an Introduction, gives Instructions or interviews and Applicant on behalf of a Client ('Client Intermediary')
 3. c) 'Engagement' means any contract under which (directly or indirectly) the Applicant agrees to provide services to or for the Client or at the Client's direction.
 4. d) 'Fee' means a sum equivalent to a percentage of the remuneration package, calculated at the rates set out in the 'Introduction Fees' document provided. It includes any additional fees that may have to be charged under Clauses 6 b) 2 and 4. The fee is exclusive of any VAT, which must be paid by the Client at the prevailing rate.
 5. e) 'Instructions' means information about the Engagement, the remuneration package or the Client's requirements concerning an Applicant's qualifications or experience.
f ) 'Introduction' means the referral of an Applicant or the provision of any information about an Applicant to a Client by DMA or any associate, subsidiary or agent of DMA.
 1. g) 'Losses' means any kind of loss, cost, expense, charge, damage, liability or claim whatsoever other than liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence.
 2. h) 'Remuneration package' means the total amount, before the deduction of tax, of the salary, fees, profit share or equivalent remuneration and all commissions, bonuses, allowances (including car allowances) and benefits of any kind in respect to the first year of the Engagement.
 1. a) All Instructions are accepted and every Introduction is made subject to these terms. An Introduction is made when a referral or any information about the Applicant arrives at the Client's office or is communicated to the Client intermediary, whichever is the earlier event.
 2. b) Giving instructions, arranging an interview with or requesting further information about or from the Applicant, is acceptance or and agreement to these terms by the Client.
 3. c) These terms are paramount. They prevail over any other terms or conditions which may conflict with their provisions or, but for this term, may have been incorporated into any agreement between DMA and the Client.
 1. a) An Introduction, and any information about an Applicant, is provided to the Client in strict confidence and for the purpose of considering whether it wishes to engage that Applicant. The Client must not disclose an Introduction or any information about an Applicant to anyone else. In particular, the Client must not approach an Applicant's current employer until the Client has made an offer of Engagement to that Applicant and has the Applicant's permission to do so.
 2. b) The Client must not re-introduce an Applicant to anyone else. If, within twelve months of the Introduction it does so, and this leads to a contract equivalent to an Engagement with someone other than the Client, the Client must pay the Fee as if there had been an Engagement under these terms (except that Clause 7 a will not apply), unless that other person pays DMA a sum equivalent to the Fee.
 1. a) DMA will use the due skill and care in locating and introducing Applicants. Beyond that, no other term or condition is to be implied concerning DMA's services. In particular, DMA does not warrant or make any representations about the suitability of, or the accuracy of any information concerning an Applicant (as this information comes from the Applicant or other sources outside DMA's control) and none is to be implied from anything DMA may undertake or provide.
 2. b) Any decision to proceed with an Introduction, enter into an Engagement or incur any expense is a matter for the Client. The Client agrees that the responsibility for assessing and ensuring an Applicant's suitability for an Engagement, including taking up or confirming references, educational background, medical history, or obtaining any work and other permits and assessing or confirming qualifications, remains with the Client at all times. The Client is strongly advised by DMA to, and agrees to, take any of the steps referred to before offering or entering in an Engagement.
 3. c) DMA, its subsidiaries, associates, staff and agents (for whom DMA acts for the purpose of this and the following provision) shall not be liable, on any basis, for any Losses arising from, caused by or connected with DMA's taking the Client's Instruction, the Introduction, the acts or omissions of an Applicant or an Engagement, even if an Applicant acts or has acted negligently, dishonestly or fraudulently.
 4. d) However, if despite the previous provision, a Court determines that, for any reason and on any basis, DMA or any of its subsidiaries, associates, staff or agents is liable to the Client for any Losses, their aggregate liability shall be limited to the Fee actually paid by the Client.
 1. a) The Client agrees
 2. To give DMA the Instructions it may require from time to time to assist it in locating and introducing Applicants.
 3. To act promptly, reasonably and in good faith (including not applying any discriminatory standards or practices) when deciding whether it wishes to engage an Applicant.
 4. Not to prevent or impede DMA from making an Introduction or otherwise earning and receiving the Fee in any way.
 5. To indemnify DMA against Losses it incurs as a result of the Client's delay in giving, changes in or failure to give adequate Instructions, or any breach of these terms by, or the negligence or other wrongful act, omission or statement of the Client.
 6. b) The Client intermediary warrants that he or she is duly authorised to agree these terms on behalf of the Client, give instructions and act for the Client in matters concerning the Introduction and Engagement.
The fee and all other payments must be made as follows:
 1. a) The Fee becomes payable by the Client if an Applicant accepts any offer of Engagement at any time within twelve months of the Introduction being made. However, a Fee is not payable if an Applicant accepts an offer but fails to commence the Engagement through no fault of the Client.
 2. b) The Client must:
 3. Notify DMA immediately an Applicant is offered an Engagement and provide full details of the remuneration package (and copies of any relevant contract and other documents if DMA so requests) and when a commencement date for the Engagement is agreed.
 4. Update DMA immediately if there is any change in the offered or agreed remuneration package or the commencement date. DMA reserves the right to adjust the Fee or require the payment of an additional fee if there is a change.
 5. Pay the Fee within 30 days of the Applicant's acceptance of an offer of Engagement, or within 14 days of the commencement of the Engagement, whichever is the earlier ('the payment date').
 6. If asked to do so, provide DMA with full details of the remuneration package actually received by or paid to the benefit of the Applicant for the first year of his or her Engagement (and copies of any relevant contract and other documents if DMA so requests). DMA reserves the right to charge an additional fee on the difference between the remuneration package and actually received (if it is higher) and thta used for the calculation of the Fee.
 7. c) DMA will calculate and invoice the Client for the Fee and for any other sum payable by the Client under these terms. Unless there is an obvious error in any calculation shown on any invoice, the invoiced sum will be final and binding as the sum due from the Client. It is absolutely essential that the Fee and any other invoiced sum is paid, without deduction, by the payment date or, if for any reason it is issued later that the payment date, within 15 days from the date of any invoice.
 8. d) The Client must not make any deduction from, or assert or exercise any set-off, lien or other right or claim against the Fee, any other invoiced sum or any interest that may become payable under clauses 6 e)1.
 9. e) If the Fee or any other invoiced sum is not paid within the time specified in Clause 6 c) ('the due date') and in full, then
 10. Interest shall be paid on any outstanding balance, for the first 30 days, at the rate of 5% above, and thereafter, at the rate of 8% above the Midland Bank's (or its successor's) prevailing base lending rate, that interest accruing daily from the due date until payment (whether before or after judgement) and, while any part of the balance or interest remains outstanding.
 11. DMA may give notice to the Client terminating or, at its option, suspending, in either case with immediate effect, its performance of and any of its obligations under this and any other agreement then in force between itself and the Client, until the outstanding balance and any interest has been paid in full. DMA will not incur any liability, upon any basis or for any reason, for any Losses resulting from, and the Client will indemnify DMA against any Losses it incurs as a result of, any termination or suspension. A termination or suspension will not release the Client


Discuss how the Hare Krishna movement is linked to the concept of Transcendental Meditation.
Asked on by rozenthalm
2 Answers | Add Yours
akannan's profile pic
Posted on
Both concepts seek to use this life as a means to move closer to a supreme Being. For the Hare Krishna movement, the fervent and active devotion to Lord Krishna helps to move individuals in this life towards the realm of Krishna. This takes on the form of intense preaching and devotion to Krishna. The idea is that this life can be used to move one closer to the realm of the divine. Transcendental meditation occupies much of the same domain. In this concept, the individual seeks to surrender themselves in both body and mind to something larger than themselves. The concept of "transcendental" meditation indicates that meditation can be used to "transcend" what is here and what is in the present tense to submit into something larger, a configuration more wide ranging. In this, the concept is driven by the idea of seeking to move beyond what is in front of the individual and direct into a realm that is more embracing of this larger configuration. I think that this is where the two ideas might find convergence. Meditation is part of the Hare Krishna movement, but in a larger sense, both seek to connect the individual to something beyond themselves.
bhawanipur's profile pic
bhawanipur | College Teacher | (Level 1) Valedictorian
Posted on
In Hindu religion, there are Vedas and the second part of it is called 'Nigama' consists 'Upanishads' and 'Aranyaka'. There are so many lessons on how to have control over our instincts and habits cuses harm to the body and others. Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa wrote them all. He thought that it would be difficult to remember them all and so he made out of them some short 'Sutras' which are called 'Vedanta Sutras'. They all refere to the creator of this universe and these lessons teach us to submit to Him fully with our body, mind and speech. Because these are the three thing in a human body which causes lot of trouble to others if not controlled or affected by the vices of others.
In later period, so many saints made illustration of these sutrasShankaracharya, Ramanucharya, Madhvacharya, Ballavacharya, Nimakacharya and so on. Hare Krishna Movement is spead by Prabhupad Abhayacharanabinda base on the last scripture written by Vyasa that is the Srimadbhagawatam and the Srimadbhagawatagita. Both of the scriptures tell us to submit to Lord Krishna who is the source of the energy of this universe who is the only generator, operator and destroyer of this universe. He is called 'Krishna' because whoever submit to Him blessed with happines. It teaches that one cannot get happines without surrendering to Him as He is the whole and sole of this universe. Real happines is assured in sacrifice of our bad habits rather than in aspiring more and more as he has bestowed everything to us what we need. It also teaches us to become self contented not greedy like the dogs, pigs, camels and donkeys.
In these scriptures it is also taught about the consequenses about afterlife. Hence transcendental meditation gives happines if done truely.
We've answered 319,846 questions. We can answer yours, too.
Ask a question


text:
SQL Server: Identity Property Part-1
Identity property is one of the most frequently used properties to generate auto increment value. I've seen sometime developer get confused with it. So this blog series will help developers to know everything about Identity property.
Syntax: IDENTITY [(seed, increment)]
You must specify both the seed and increment or neither. By default the value of seed and increment is (1, 1). Identity column must be of data type int, bigint, smallint, tinyint, or decimal or numeric with a scale of 0 and constrained to be not null.
The identity property on a column guarantees the following:
- Each new value is generated based on the current seed & increment value.
- Each new value for a particular transaction is different from other concurrent transactions on the table.
- Identity property does not guarantee uniqueness of column value.
- A transaction inserting multiple rows is not guaranteed to get consecutive values for the rows because other concurrent inserts might occur on the table. To get consecutive values the transaction should use an exclusive lock on the table or it should use the SERIALIZABLE isolation level.
- SQL Server might cache identity values for performance reasons and some of the assigned values can be lost during a database failure or server restart. This can result in gaps in the identity value upon insert. If gaps are not acceptable then the application should use a sequence generator with the NOCACHE option or use their own mechanism to generate key values.
- The identity values are not reused by the engine, If a particular insert statement fails or if the insert statement is rolled back then the consumed identity values are lost and will not be generated again.
If you liked this post, do like on Facebook at _URL_
3 Comments »


text:
Initial motivation of mentors in formal youth mentoring relationships
MetadataShow full item record
This item's downloads: 44 (view details)
Cited 0 times in Scopus (view citations)
Brumovská, Tereza J., & Brady, Bernadine. (2021). Initial Motivation of Mentors in Formal Youth Mentoring Relationships. Child Care in Practice, doi:10.1080/_PHONE_.2021._PHONE_
The paper presents results of a phenomenological longitudinal qualitative study undertaken with mentors associated with the Big Brothers Big Sisters programme in the Czech Republic. Ten mentors were interviewed during the first month and after 5 and 10 months of their mentoring involvement employing phenomenological in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was subsequently applied using QSR NVivo software for data analysis. This paper reports the findings of an IPA analysis of one of the central theme of mentors' experience, common to all interviewed mentors: initial motivation to volunteer in formal youth mentoring relationships (FYMRs). The findings of the IPA analysis are discussed using the framework of self-determination theory (SDT) with its continuum of autonomous and controlling motivations. As a result, we argue that the initial motivations of mentors can be assessed according to the level of autonomy in mentors' motivation, in other words, congruence of their motivations with the authentic self. We argue that the level of congruence of mentors' motivation with the authentic self can be considered as the quality feature of the mentors' motivation. We conclude that, in theory, this feature has an impact on the subsequent dynamics and perceived satisfaction of formal youth mentoring relationships. We recommend that the mentors' motivation, and specifically, the level of autonomy in mentors' motivation to volunteer with socially disadvantaged children be assessed in mentoring programmes as a qualitative feature in mentorś training and recruitment.


text:
This paper presents a new analytic model for the estimation of the trapping efficiency of two-stroke engines using an extremely reduced number of measured physical variables. Mainly, the model estimates the trapping efficiency according to the Ostwald diagram, to the molal concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen at tailpipe and accordingto the mass flow of air and fuel. In order to provide a measure of effectiveness for the proposed model, a use case has been chosen. The model's effectiveness has been evaluated comparing its outcomes with the results obtained by thermo-fluid dynamic simulation of the use case on a 0D-1D commercial code, whose scavenging model has been previously validated by an extensive experimental activity. The present study shows that, for all the cases considered, the model results differ no more than 11% in absolute value from the simulated ones. In brief, the accuracy of the model allows the estimation of the trapping efficiency for two-stroke engines with reasonable confidence, reduced computational effort and time and costs lower than the currently available techniques.
File in questo prodotto:
Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto.


how do i read bangla?
How will I write Bangla in HomeSatkhira?
You can write in Bangla easily. There are many ways to write here in Bangla. HomeSatkhira Supports Unicode. You will have to write in Unicode. We recommend Avro for typing Bangla. You can Download Avro from Here. Avro has several KeyBoard Layouts, such as; English, Phonetic, UniBijoy/Unijoy etc.
How will I read Bangla Text in HomeSatkhira?
Configure Your Computer for Bangla by Yourself [You need not to change anything for Windows Vista or Windows 7, This instruction is for Windows XP and previous versions only] Go through the following steps:


English Version | Bahasa Indonesia
Burial Grounds
Sultan Mausoleum complex of Kutai Kartanegara
Sultan Mausoleum complex of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate is located in the area of Royal Palace and Mulawarman Museum. The complex is located at St. Diponegoro, Tenggarong, Kutai kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. This Mausoleum contains 142 graves of relatives and the Sultans of Kutai Kartanegara.
One of the Sultans who buried here is Sultan Aji Imbut known as Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin who reigned in 1739 until 1782. Aji Imbut is known as the founder of Tenggarong City. On September 28, 1782, Aji Imbut removed the central government of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate from Pemarangan to Tepian Pandan. Sultan Aji Imbut changed the name of Tepian Pandan to Tangga Arung that means "House of the King". Hereinafter, the name of Tangga Arung was better known as Tenggarong and it was ultimately more familiar. This becomes one of the reasons for the Municipal Government of Tenggarong to hold a ceremony on visiting Sultan Mausoleum complex in every Tenggarong City's anniversary commemorated on 28th September.
Beside of Sultan Aji Imbut, the Sultan who was buried in this complex are Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman (_PHONE_ AD), Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin (_PHONE_ AD), Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman (_PHONE_ AD), and Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit (_PHONE_ AD) (Ramli Nawawi et.al., 1992/1993: 148). Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit is the last Sultan of Kutai Sultanate before the Sultanate territory merged into the Republic of Indonesia. While Sultan Aji Muhammad Alimudin (_PHONE_ AD), was not buried in this place. He was buried on private land located in the Mount Gandek, Tenggarong.
Nisan (tomb) of the Sultans and the relatives were made of ironwood tree and engraved Arabic script. Viewed from various tombstones in this complex, there is an indication of culture meddling that reflected on the shape of gravestones. This influence came from the culture of Dayak, Bugis, Makassar, and Islam.
This Indication is attracting the academics and practitioners to conduct research. Balkis Khan, an archaeologist from the University of Indonesia, Faculty of Humanities (FIB UI) conducting studies to uncover cultural assimilation reflected through the decoration of the gravestone in Sultan Mausoleum complex. His thesis, entitled "Keragaman Nisan dan jirat kompleks makam Raja Kutai abad 18-20, Tenggarong, Kalimantan Timur: Ditinjau dari aspek hiasan" (The tomb diversity of Sultan Mausoleum complex in the period of 18th until 20th, Tenggarong, East Kalimantan: Viewed from decoration aspect). This thesis is the result of research by conducting comparative approach to identification of the Tomb of Sultan at six sites which used the decoration of Bugis culture (Watan LAMURU and Binamu), Makassar (Gowa, Tallo, and Jere LompoE), and Dayak (1 location).
Based on the research at six burial sites by performing a comparative approach to identification with the Mausoleum of Sultan Kutai, there are several conclusions that are the ornamentation found on tombstones in the Mausoleum of Kutai Sultan absorbed the element of other cultures like the culture of Bugis, Makassar, Dayak, and Islam. Cultural mixing is evident from the uniqueness of each culture represented and reflected in the tomb of Kutai Sultan. These particularities are:
 1. Makassar: strand of rose, rose, flower bulb, circle, swastika, tumpal, lozenge, and snake
 2. Bugis: star, lozenge, strand of rose, tumpal, and bludgeon
 3. Dayak: molding, rose, mace (blontang), and snakes
 4. Islamic influences: calligraphy, latticework swastika and stilir tail, mirror frame, head and body of snake
The influence of several cultures can be traced through several things, such as government (royal policy), which gives freedom to the influx of immigrants and cultural kinship between the ruling factor with other ethnic groups outside Borneo Island. The factor of government (royal policy) that provides a place for the entry of foreign cultures and provides a place for indigenous cultures (Dayak) be reflected by the Sultanate guidelines called "Panji Salaten". Panji Salaten mentions about granting freedom of ethnic immigrants and native to preserve and develop its own culture. Through these freedoms, the various cultures can mix and generate cross-cultural acculturation.
On the other hand, heredity rulers in Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate also affect an acculturation. For example, Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris (_PHONE_ AD), is the son in law of Sultan Wajo La Madukelleng, a nobleman from Bugis in South Sulawesi. Similarly, his two sons, Prince Aji Imbut and Aji Kado are the grandson of Sultan Wajo La Madukelleng. Aji Imbut was inaugurated as the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara entitled Sultan Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin (1739 to 1782). The relationship between Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate with Wajo (Bugis), directly or indirectly has influenced on cultural development of Kutai Kartanegara.
Read : 2602 time(s)
« Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
Comment Form


Amoral vs. immoral
 - The adjective immoral means contrary to established moral principles. Immoral actions are corrupt, unethical, sinful, or just wrong. Amoral means (1) neither moral nor immoral, or (2) lacking moral sensibility. So while immoral and amoral might share a little common ground, there is a clear distinction: immoral things are bad, and amoral things are either neutral from a moral perspective or simply removed from moral considerations.
 A third adjective, unmoral, means unrelated to moral considerations. The line between amoral and unmoral is blurry as well, but unmoral things (usually animals or objects) are even further removed from moral concerns than amoral things, which merely ignore morality. Unmoral often appears where immoral would make more sense.
 During the Taliban regime, buzkashi was banned, as were most sports, because it was considered immoral. [Wall Street Journal]
 Cocky and arrogant, McConaughey's character thinks he's got it all under control until a smarter, richer and truly amoral villain enters the frame. [Ottawa Citizen]
 He is currently detained under degrading and inhumane conditions that are illegal and immoral. [Guardian]
 Wall Street firms have always proclaimed with pride that they are amoral, merely an intermediary between buyers and sellers. [Sydney Morning Herald]
 Bush had to be condemned as an immoral beast who killed women and children to get his bloody hands on Iraqi oil. [Politico]
 And there's little point in a morality tale that turns out to be flatly amoral. [New York Daily News]
 1. Obama believed he was above all, an amoral god who would bring the wonders of redistribution and global governance to the arrogant American people.
 But he was also an immoral conniving politician who would use demonstrably false and malicious attacks to gain and maintain the power of the Presidency. Decisions about aborted baby's born alive are seen as amoral in Obama's code, but paying "a fair share" highly moral and edifying.
 2. (2) lacking moral sensibility
 Using "sensibility" here doesn't do enough to distinguish the meaning of "amoral" from that of "immoral" because "sensibility" carries a very positive connotation which is being negated here, the result of which is too close in meaning to that of "immoral". I suggest "lacking moral discernment or relevance" as an improvement.
 3. I believe this definition to be a little lacking. In my mind, an immoral person does things that they know are wrong, but feels guilt for their actions, because they know that they are unjust. They feel guilt. An amoral person feels no guilt, only discomfort (if their actions are exposed), because to them, there is no such thing as just or unjust. To them, all morality is just superstition.
 I also believe that the immoral person is in a transitory condition. If a person sees a disconnect between their actions and their beliefs they may for a time make excuses. But eventually this wears thin, and they will either change their beliefs to match their actions, or change their actions to match there beliefs.
 4. The Ottawa Citizen citation belongs to the Edmonton Journal.
 5. *giggle*
 About Grammarist
 Contact | Privacy policy | Home
 © Copyright 2009-2014 Grammarist


text:
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has released its first Taxpayer Alert of the decade in TA 2020/1, which identifies two principal concerns regarding intangibles:
- arrangements related to the development, enhancement, maintenance, protection and exploitation of intangible assets (known as the DEMPE functions) that have not properly remunerated an Australian entity on an arm's length basis; and
- arrangements where intangible assets and/or associated rights are migrated from an Australian entity to an international related party, as part of non-arm's length arrangements (for example where there is a lack of commercial rationale for the transfer from the perspective of the Australian entity).
This is a salient reminder of the need to appropriately characterise and remunerate an Australian entity by reference to its actual contribution to the value chain, following an enquiry as to whether the Australian entity would enter the same arrangements if it was independent of the international related parties with which it is dealing.
High-level summary of TA
The ATO's concerns are that the types of the arrangements considered in the Alert are not conducted at arm's length for the purpose of determining if an entity has obtained a transfer pricing benefit under Australia's transfer pricing laws. This requires having regard to the functions performed, risks used and assets assumed by Australian entities, and also an enquiry if the arrangements even make sense from the perspective of the Australian entity.
With the litigation of high-profile transfer pricing cases in recent years (in particular Chevron and Glencore) TA 2020/1 illustrates the importance of robust transfer pricing documentation in assessing arm's length transactions and the greater power that may be wielded by the Commissioner in reconstructing existing arrangements that do not make sense for the Australian entity to enter into, particularly when it comes to intangibles.
TA 2020/1 focuses on two types of arrangements in relation to intangibles:
- Arrangements involving the bifurcation of intangible assets and the mischaracterisation of Australian DEMPE activities (e.g. "run down/run-up" models):
- Where the ownership of intangibles assets is artificially or arbitrarily split and/or transferred to an international related party; and
- subsequently, the internal remuneration structure does not align to the value of the DEMPE activities conducted by the Australian entity;
- Arrangements involving insufficient recognition of Australian DEMPE activities:
- Where the internal remuneration structures do not align to the value of the DEMPE activities conducted by the Australian entities, including certain cost contribution and licencing arrangements.
The examples bring out two key concerns:
- the Australian entity may be making a significant contribution to the value chain but be deriving an insufficient remuneration; and
- there may be a lack of commercial rationale and/or the arrangements are not consistent with the Australian entity's best interest or options realistically available for the Australian entity.
The transfer "mispricing" can be corrected by reference to the transfer pricing rules (including the "reconstruction" rule and the other "exceptions" to the basic rule of following the actual arrangements), the general anti-avoidance rule or – for significant global entities – the diverted profits tax.
- TA 2020/1 is consistent with RSM's understanding of the operation of Australia's transfer pricing laws. The ATO is quite reasonably foreshadowing greater scrutiny of arrangements where the actual arrangements differ from the substance of the activities and the commercial reality, or what independent parties would have done.
- Intangibles continue to be considered a high-risk area from the perspective of the ATO (consider TA 2016/1 and TA 2018/2 on similar issues) and taxpayers should take additional care when pricing R&D activities, and/or when structuring or re-structuring arrangements that involve intangible assets.
- By way of example, setting a cost-plus remuneration for R&D activities conducted by an Australian entity may not be sufficient in some cases. Further investigation may be required.
- Groups seeking to migrate intangible assets from Australia must consider the business rationale for entering into the arrangement – not just from a group perspective but also from the perspective of the Australian entity or entity. For example, what options were "realistically available" to the Australian entity (as set out in Taxation Ruling TR 2011/1). Business restructures are complex and widely misunderstood area transfer pricing tax law and additional consideration and care should be taken with the respect to intangible assets.
- Generally, taxpayers should review existing arrangements to consider whether the appropriate transfer pricing policy and documentation are in place, supporting the substance of the arrangements, particularly with respect to the OECD report in relation to BEPS Actions 8, 9 and 10 (Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation). Click here to read more on the OECD report.


What Is the Integrated Domestic Violence Court in New York?
People who are facing both criminal domestic violence charges as well as separate family court matters, such as a divorce or child custody proceedings, may end up having all of their cases transferred into an Integrated Domestic Violence court. When this occurs, a single judge will preside over all of the separate cases affecting the person and their family.
People are unable to request that their cases be transferred to an IDV court. The judges that hear these matters instead screen potential cases and make recommendations for transfer. If a judge determines a person's cases should all be transferred, the person is also unable to prevent this from occurring. While these courts primarily handle people charged with misdemeanor domestic violence cases, the courts will occasionally accept families in which the person who is criminally charged is facing a felony.
The philosophy behind the IDV court system is that by streamlining all of the cases, the process will be less confusing and less costly for the parties involved. People whose cases are transferred will undergo judicial monitoring of their progress. The cases still remain separate although they are all in front of the same judge. The judge will apply the different evidentiary standards and burdens of proof required in each case separately.
When a person is charged with a domestic violence case and they also have a separate family court matter, it is possible their cases will be transferred to an IDV court. People who have questions regarding the IDV court processes may benefit by seeking the help of a criminal defense attorney. An attorney may be able to provide guidance regarding the different burdens of proof required for the criminal matter as well as for the family law cases. The attorney might then be able to design a comprehensive strategy best designed to defend their clients.


Monthly Archives: August 2018
Critical Slowing Down
I realize that it's been a long while since I've written a post, so the topic of this one, while unintentionally so, is quite apt.
Among the more universal themes in studying phase transitions is the notion of critical slowing down. Most students are introduced to this idea in the context of second order phase transitions, but it has turned out to be a useful concept in a wide range of systems beyond this narrow framework and into subjects well outside the purview of the average condensed matter physicist.
Stated simply, critical slowing down refers to the phenomenon observed near phase transitions where a slight perturbation or disturbance away from equilibrium takes a really long time to decay back to equilibrium. Why is this the case?
The main idea can be explained within the Landau theory of phase transitions, and I'll take that approach here since it's quite intuitive. As you can see in the images below, when the Landau potential is far from T_c, the potential well can be approximated by a parabolic form. However, this is not possible for the potential near T_c.
Mathematically, this can be explained by considering a simple form of the Landau potential:
V(\phi) = \alpha (T-T_c) x^2 + \beta x^4
Near T_c, the parabolic term vanishes, and we are left with only the quartic one. Although it's clear from the images why the dynamics slow down near T_c, it helps to spell out the math a little.
Firstly, imagine that the potential is filled with some sort of viscous fluid, something akin to honey, and that the dynamics of the ball represents that of the order parameter. This puts us in the "overdamped" limit, where the order parameter reaches the equilibrium point without executing any sort of oscillatory motion. Far from T_c, as aforementioned, we can approximate the dynamics with a parabolic form of the potential (using the equation for the overdamped limit, \dot{x} = -dV/dx):
\dot{x} = -\gamma(T) x
The solution to this differential equation is of exponential form, i.e. x(t) = x(0)e^{-\gamma(T) t}, and the relaxation back to equilibrium is therefore characterized by a temperature-dependent timescale \tau =1/\gamma(T).
However, near T_c, the parabolic approximation breaks down, as the parabolic term gets very small, and we have to take into consideration the quartic term. The order parameter dynamics then get described by:
\dot{x} = -\beta x^3,
which has a solution of the form x(t) \sim 1/\sqrt{\beta t}. Noticeably, the dynamics of the order parameter obey a much slower power law decay near T_c, as illustrated below:
At this point, one would naively think, "okay, so this is some weird thing that happens near a critical point at a phase transition…so what?"
Well, it turns out that critical slowing down can actually serve as a precursor of an oncoming phase transition in all sorts of contexts, and can even be predictive! Here are a pair of illuminating papers which show that critical slowing down occurs near a population collapse in microbial communities (from the Scheffer group and from the Gore group). As an aside, the Gore group used the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in their experiments, which is the yeast used in most beers (I wonder if their lab has tasting parties, and if so, can I get an invitation?).
Here is another recent paper showing critical slowing down in a snap-through instability of an elastic rod. I could go on and on listing the different contexts where critical slowing down has been observed, but I think it's better that I cite this review article.
Surprisingly, critical slowing down has been observed at continuous, first-order and far-from-equilibrium phase transitions! As a consequence of this generality, the observation of critical slowing down can therefore be predictive. If the appropriate measurements could be made, one may be able to see how close the earth's climate is to a "tipping point" from which it will be very difficult to return (due to hysteresic effects) (see this paper which shows some form of critical slowing down in previous climatic changes in the earth's history). But for now, it's just interesting to look for critical slowing down in other contexts that are a little easier to predict and where perhaps the consequences aren't as dire.
*Thanks to Alfred Zong who introduced me to many of the above papers
**Also, a shout out to Brian Skinner who caught repeated noise patterns in a recent preprint on room temperature superconductivity. Great courage and good job!


text:
The fusiform gyrus (FG), or occipitotemporal gyrus, is thought to subserve the processing and encoding of faces. Of note, several studies have reported that patients with schizophrenia show deficits in facial processing. It is thus hypothesized that the FG might be one brain region underlying abnormal facial recognition in schizophrenia. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are abnormalities in gray matter volumes for the anterior and the posterior FG in patients with chronic schizophrenia and to investigate relationships between FG subregions and immediate and delayed memory for faces.
Patients were recruited from the Boston VA Healthcare System, Brockton Division, and control subjects were recruited through newspaper advertisement. Study participants included 21 male patients diagnosed as having chronic schizophrenia and 28 male controls. Participants underwent high-spatial-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, and facial recognition memory was evaluated. Main outcome measures included anterior and posterior FG gray matter volumes based on high-spatial-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, a detailed and reliable manual delineation using 3-dimensional information, and correlation coefficients between FG subregions and raw scores on immediate and delayed facial memory derived from the Wechsler Memory Scale III.
Patients with chronic schizophrenia had overall smaller FG gray matter volumes (10%) than normal controls. Additionally, patients with schizophrenia performed more poorly than normal controls in both immediate and delayed facial memory tests. Moreover, the degree of poor performance on delayed memory for faces was significantly correlated with the degree of bilateral anterior FG reduction in patients with schizophrenia.
These results suggest that neuroanatomic FG abnormalities underlie at least some of the deficits associated with facial recognition in schizophrenia.


%A Mohammed, Zhana Fidakar %A Abdulla, Alan Anwer %D 2020 %T Thresholding-based White Blood Cells Segmentation from Microscopic Blood Images %K %X Digital image processing has a significant role in different research areas, including medical image processing, object detection, biometrics, information hiding, and image compression. Image segmentation, which is one of the most important steps in processing medical image, makes the objects inside images more meaningful. For example, from microscopic images, blood cancer can be identified which is known as leukemia; for this purpose at first, the white blood cells (WBCs) need to be segmented. This paper focuses on developing a segmentation technique for segmenting WBCs from microscopic blood images based on thresholding segmentation technique and it compares with the most commonly used segmentation technique which is known as color-k-means clustering. The comparison is done based on three well-known measurements, used for evaluating segmentation techniques which are probability random index, variance of information, and global consistency error. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed thresholding-based segmentation technique provides better results compared to color-k-means clustering technique for segmenting WBCs as well as the time consumption of the proposed technique is less than the color-k-means which are 70.8144 ms and _PHONE_ ms, respectively. %U _URL_ %J UHD Journal of Science and Technology %0 Journal Article %R 10.21928/uhdjst.v4n1y2020.pp9-17 %P 9-17%V 4 %N 1 %@ 2521-4217 %8 2020-02-13


Method optimizes hydraulics with PDM and bit
To meet the challenges of extended-reach drilling, deep and ultradeepwater wells, and horizontal completions, the drilling industry has dramatically increased its use of downhole positive displacement motors (PDM) during the past few years.With these wells pushing the limits of rigs and equipment, it is imperative that operators use motors optimally in the system.More often, however, drilling engineers do not include downhole motor pressure-loss calculations in the overall hydraulic optimization and bit-nozzle selection with the available pump power.To make the system more effective, engineers must take into consideration various motor and drilling parameters for hydraulic optimization. T...
Why Register?
Why Subscribe?
Subscriber Help or Subscribe
Stay Connected


which every possible edge occurs independently with probability p. A closely related model, the Erdős–Rényi model denoted G(n,M), assigns equal probability to all graphs with exactly M edges. The latter model can be viewed as a snapshot at a particular time (M) of the random graph process \tilde{G}_n, which is a stochastic process that starts with n vertices and no edges, and at each step adds one new edge chosen uniformly from the set of missing edges.
If instead we start with an infinite set of vertices, and again let every possible edge occur independently with probability p, then we get an object G called an infinite random graph. Except in the trivial cases when p is 0 or 1, such a G almost surely has the following property:
Given any n + m elements a_1,\ldots, a_n,b_1,\ldots, b_m \in V, there is a vertex c\in V that is adjacent to each of a_1,\ldots, a_n and is not adjacent to any of b_1,\ldots, b_m.
It turns out that if the vertex set is countable then there is, up to isomorphism, only a single graph with this property, namely the Rado graph. Thus any countably infinite random graph is almost surely the Rado graph, which for this reason is sometimes called simply the random graph. However, the analogous result is not true for uncountable graphs, of which there are many (nonisomorphic) graphs satisfying the above property.
Another model, which generalizes Gilbert's random graph model, is the random dot-product model. A random dot-product graph associates with each vertex a real vector. The probability of an edge uv between any vertices u and v is some function of the dot product uv of their respective vectors.
The network probability matrix models random graphs through edge probabilities, which represent the probability pi,j that a given edge ei,j exists for a specified time period. This model is extensible to directed and undirected; weighted and unweighted; and static or dynamic graphs.
For M \simeq pn the two most widely used models, G(n,M) and G(n,p), are almost interchangeable[2].
Random regular graphs form a special case, with properties that may differ from random graphs in general.
Properties of random graphs
The theory of random graphs studies typical properties of random graphs, those that hold with high probability for graphs drawn from a particular distribution. For example, we might ask for a given value of n and p what the probability is that G(n,p) is connected. In studying such questions, researchers often concentrate on the asymptotic behavior of random graphs—the values that various probabilities converge to as n grows very large. Percolation theory characterizes the connectedness of random graphs, especially infinitely large ones.
(threshold functions, evolution of G~)
Random graphs are widely used in the probabilistic method, where one tries to prove the existence of graphs with certain properties. The existence of a property on a random graph can often imply, via the famous Szemerédi regularity lemma, the existence of that property on almost all graphs.
Random trees
A random tree is a tree or arborescence that is formed by a stochastic process. Types of random trees include uniform spanning tree, random minimal spanning tree, random binary tree, treap, rapidly-exploring random tree, Brownian tree, and random forest.
Random graphs were first defined by Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi in their 1959 paper "On Random Graphs"[3] and independently by Gilbert in his paper "Random graphs"[4].
See also
The term event symmetry refers to invariance principles that have been used in some discrete approaches to quantum gravity where the diffeomorphism invariance of general relativity can be extended to a covariance under any permutation of spacetime events.[1]
The principle of event symmetry
What it means
Since general relativity was discovered by Albert Einstein in 1915 it has been demonstrated by observation and experiment to be an accurate theory of gravitation up to cosmic scales. On small scales the laws of quantum mechanics have likewise been found to describe nature in a way consistent with every experiment performed, so far. To describe the laws of the universe fully a synthesis of general relativity and quantum mechanics must be found. Only then can physicists hope to understand the realms where both gravity and quantum come together. The big bang is one such place.
The task to find such a theory of quantum gravity is one of the major scientific endeavours of our time. Many physicists believe that string theory is the leading candidate, but string theory has so far failed to provide an adequate description of the big bang, and its success is just as incomplete in other ways. That could be because physicists do not really know what the correct underlying principles of string theory are, so they do not have the right formulation that would allow them to answer the important questions. In particular, string theory treats spacetime in quite an old fashioned way even though it indicates that spacetime must be very different at small scales from what we are familiar with.
General relativity by contrast, is a model theory based on a geometric symmetry principle from which its dynamics can be elegantly derived. The symmetry is called general covariance or diffeomorphism invariance. It says that the dynamical equations of the gravitational field and any matter must be unchanged in form under any smooth transformation of spacetime coordinates. To understand what that means you have to think of a region of spacetime as a set of events, each one labelled by unique values of four coordinate values x,y,z, and t. The first three tell us where in space the event happened, while the fourth is time and tells us when it happened. But the choice of coordinates that are used is arbitrary, so the laws of physics should not depend on what the choice is. It follows that if any smooth mathematical function is used to map one coordinate system to any other, the equations of dynamics must transform in such a way that they look the same as they did before. This symmetry principle is a strong constraint on the possible range of equations and can be used to derive the laws of gravity almost uniquely.
The principle of general covariance works on the assumption that spacetime is smooth and continuous. Although this fits in with our normal experience, there are reasons to suspect that it may not be a suitable assumption for quantum gravity. In quantum field theory, continuous fields are replaced with a more complex structure that has a dual particle-wave nature as if they can be both continuous and discrete depending on how you measure them. Research in string theory and several other approaches to quantum gravity suggest that spacetime must also have a dual continuous and discrete nature, but without the power to probe spacetime at sufficient energies it is difficult to measure its properties directly to find out how such a quantised spacetime should work.
This is where event symmetry comes in. In a discrete spacetime treated as a disordered set of events it is natural to extend the symmetry of general covariance to a discrete event symmetry in which any function mapping the set of events to itself replaces the smooth functions used in general relativity. Such a function is also called a permutation, so the principle of event symmetry states that the equations governing the laws of physics must be unchanged when transformed by any permutation of spacetime events.
How it works
It is not immediately obvious how event symmetry could work. It seems to say that taking one part of space time and swapping it with another part a long distance away is a valid physical operation and that the laws of physics have to be written in such a way that this is supported. Clearly this symmetry can only be correct if it is hidden or broken. To get this in perspective consider what the symmetry of general relativity seems to say.
A smooth coordinate transformation or diffeomorphism can stretch and twist spacetime in any way so long as it is not torn. The laws of general relativity are unchanged in form under such a transformation. Yet this does not mean that objects can be stretched or bent without being opposed by a physical force. Likewise, event symmetry does not mean that objects can be torn apart in the way the permutations of spacetime would make us believe. In the case of general relativity the gravitational force acts as a background field that controls the measurement properties of spacetime. In ordinary circumstances the geometry of space is flat and Euclidean and the diffeomorphism invariance of general relativity is hidden thanks to this background field. Only in the extreme proximity of a violent collision of black holes would the flexibility of spacetime become apparent. In a similar way, event symmetry could be hidden by a background field that determines not just the geometry of spacetime, but also its topology.
General relativity is often explained in terms of curved spacetime. We can picture the universe as the curved surface of a membrane like a soap film which changes dynamically in time. The same picture can help us understand how event symmetry would be broken. A soap bubble is made from molecules which interact via forces that depend on the orientations of the molecules and the distance between them. If you wrote down the equations of motion for all the molecules in terms of their positions, velocities and orientations, then those equations would be unchanged in form under any permutation of the molecules (which we will assume to be all the same). This is mathematically analogous to the event symmetry of spacetime events. The equations may be different, and unlike the molecules on the surface of a bubble, the events of spacetime are not embedded in a higher dimensional space, yet the mathematical principle is the same.
Physicists do not presently know if event symmetry is a correct symmetry of nature, but the example of a soap bubble shows that it is a logical possibility. If it can be