Motifs in traditional African print designs often convey a metaphor and tell a story
Speed Bird
ALSO KNOWN AS Air Afrique | 'Rich today, poor tomorrow'.
With the bird being such an important symbol in many cultures, this fabric has gained a variety of meanings, often referring to change, prosperity, freedom and transition. In Ghana the pattern refers to the transience of riches: rich today, poor tomorrow, for money has wings and can fly away. But the pattern also symbolises asking for a favour, such as the hand of a young woman. In Togo the pattern is called ""Air Afrique"" because the fabric was also used in the uniform of the local airline company.In the Ebo region it is called Eneke, and it is said that if the hunters learn to shoot without missing, they have learned to fly without perching.
Theme: MONEY
ALSO KNOWN AS Le Cheque et le Choque
Theme: LOVE
ALSO KNOWN AS Change your life | Senchi Bridge | Aganmakpo | La Danse à la Mode
This pattern has many meanings. The names "Cha Cha Cha" and 'Change your Life' are derived from the rhythm of the pattern. 'Senchi Bridge' refers to a bridge over the Volta River in Ghana, a suspension bridge that sways violently when crossed. In Togo the pattern is called "Aganmakpo", which means the back of a chameleon, an animal that symbolises change. And in Ivory Coast this pattern was called "La Danse à la Mode" after the war in that country.
Theme: LIFE
ALSO KNOWN AS Tomato, Necklace
The name "Aklepan" refers to an instrument used in the "Oracle Fa-", a voodoo ritual. Perhaps it is the instrumental nature of this pattern that inspired the traders to name the fabric thereafter.
Theme: VODOO
ALSO KNOWN AS Wounded Heart | Cœur Blessé | Dynamite
In Togo this pattern has acquired a special meaning. The drawing depicts the state of mind of a woman who knows her husband is cheating on her and is leaving her with a "Cœur Blessé", a broken heart.
Theme: LOVE
ALSO KNOWN AS Guerre de Shaba
This popular fabric in DRCongo is called 'Village Molokai', as connecting the village of Molokai in DRCongo to the village depicted on the design. The pattern is also called "Guerre de Shaba", 'The War of Shaba', on account of the struggle for independence that broke out in Shaba, a province in the southern part of DRCongo, now known as Katanga.
Theme: WAR
The Hibiscus pattern is especially popular in Guinea and Ivory Coast. Twelve yards are regarded as essential to a bride's dowry: 'No Hibiscus, no Wedding.' The pattern is known by several other names, including "Topizo" in Togo and "Tohozin" in Benin (both meaning 'rush'), alluding to the day it first went on sale, when it was met by a rush of customers. In 1970, it was adopted by Air Zaire's flight attendants as their uniform.
ALSO KNOWN AS I run faster than my Rival
The names of many patterns identify with a woman's family and marital relationships. In Côte d'Ivoire, the classic Jumping Horse, also known as "Je Cours Plus Vite Que Ma Rivale" (I Run Faster than My Rival), expresses the rivalry between co-wives. In Nigeria, Igbo women favor this design for Aso-Ebi (uniform cloth) to express unity at their annual women's meeting, held every August.
What is Ankara?
The name Ankara is believed to have its origin from a girl called, well, Ankara. Many stories abound. Ankara, commonly known as "African prints" or "African wax prints", is a 100% cotton fabric with vibrant patterns that possesses great strength with its tight weaving. African wax print fabric is a defining metaphor of African design, fashion and expression; an immediately recognisable icon throughout the world. Quite simply, it just says, "Africa". Ankara was formerly known as "Dutch wax print". It was originally manufactured by the Dutch for the Indonesian textile market. But, by luck or by design, these prints garnered significantly more interest in West African countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal, than in Indonesia. Recognizing this opportunity, the Dutch decided to focus on West Africa. As African countries gained independence in the 20th century, they built their own textile mills and started creating designs reflecting traditional African culture.The prints have since then evolved to truly reflect African culture and lifestyle. At first, Ankara was reserved for special occasions. People felt that the fabric was too flowery and too colourful for everyday wear. There was even a time when Ankara textiles were thought of as the fabric of the poor. But today, it has undergone a transformation to become the fabric of choice for many. To the knowing eye, the design on a textile reveals a story, often meaningful to the wearer. The colours may also provide information about the wearer's tribal origin, social standing, age and marital status. Dress plays an important role in African society, and has even been used as a form of protest. Designs and the way they were worn often made quiet but effective commentary on the colonial establishment. Colours in African prints have an intimate association with tribes and regions. Sepia-ochre is generally accepted across Africa as the colour used to represent earth. Yellow is the colour of initiation in Nigeria, while the combination of yellow/red belongs to the Igbo tribe of southeastern Nigeria. African print designs fall into fours main categories: – Women's lives (family, love, housework) – Society and what it brings, good or bad (alphabet, television, money, power) – Nature (animals, flowers) – Rhythm (music, drums)
*All the info related to the fabrics are courtesy of VLISCO


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Ansible is an extremely popular open-source configuration management and software automation project. While IT professionals almost certainly use Ansible on a daily basis, its influence outside the IT industry is not as wide. Ansible is a powerful and flexible tool. It is easily applied to a task common to nearly every desktop computer user: the post-installation "checklist".
Most users like to apply one "tweak" after a new installation. Ansible's idempotent, declarative syntax lends itself perfectly to describing how a system should be configured.
Ansible in a nutshell
The ansible program itself performs a single task against a set of hosts. This is roughly conceptualized as:
for HOST in $HOSTS; do ssh $HOST /usr/bin/echo "Hello World" done
To perform more than one task, Ansible defines the concept of a "playbook". A playbook is a YAML file describing the state of the targeted machine. When run, Ansible inspects each host and performs only the tasks necessary to enforce the state defined in the playbook.
- hosts: all tasks: - name: Echo "Hello World" command: echo "Hello World"
Run the playbook using the ansible-playbook command:
$ ansible-playbook ~/playbook.yml
Configuring a workstation
Start by installing ansible:
dnf install ansible
Next, create a file to store the playbook:
Start by defining the host on which to run this playbook. In this case, "localhost":
- hosts: localhost
Each task consists of a name field and a module field. Ansible has a lot of modules. Be sure to browse the module index to become familiar with all Ansible has to offer.
The package module
Most users install additional packages after a fresh install, and many like to remove some shipped software they don't use. The package module provides a generic wrapper around the system package manager (in Fedora's case, dnf).
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Install Builder become: yes package: name: gnome-builder state: present - name: Remove Rhythmbox become: yes package: name: rhythmbox state: absent - name: Install GNOME Music become: yes package: name: gnome-music state: present - name: Remove Shotwell become: yes package: name: shotwell state: absent
This playbook results in the following outcomes:
- GNOME Builder and GNOME Music are installed
- Rhythmbox is removed
- On Fedora 28 or greater, nothing happens with Shotwell (it is not in the default list of packages)
- On Fedora 27 or older, Shotwell is removed
This playbook also introduces the become: yes directive. This specifies the task must be run by a privileged user (in most cases, root).
The DConf Module
Ansible can do a lot more than install software. For example, GNOME includes a great color-shifting feature called Night Light. It ships disabled by default, however the Ansible dconf module can very easily enable it.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable Night Light dconf: key: /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/color/night-light-enabled value: true - name: Set Night Light Temperature dconf: key: /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/color/night-light-temperature value: uint32 5500
Ansible can also create files at specified locations with the copy module. In this example, a local file is copied to the destination path.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable "AUTH_ADMIN_KEEP" for pkexec become: yes copy: src: files/51-pkexec-auth-admin-keep.rules dest: /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/51-pkexec-auth-admin-keep.rules
The Command Module
Ansible can still run commands even if no specialized module exists (via the aptly named command module). This playbook enables the Flathub repository and installs a few Flatpaks. The commands are crafted in such a way that they are effectively idempotent. This is an important behavior to consider; a playbook should succeed each time it is run on a machine.
- hosts: localhost tasks: - name: Enable Flathub repository become: yes command: flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub _URL_ - name: Install Fractal become: yes command: flatpak install --assumeyes flathub org.gnome.Fractal - name: Install Spotify become: yes command: flatpak install --assumeyes flathub com.spotify.Client
Combine all these tasks together into a single playbook and, in one command, Ansible will customize a freshly installed workstation. Not only that, but 6 months later, after making changes to the playbook, run it again to bring a "seasoned" install back to a known state.
$ ansible-playbook -K ~/post_install.yml
This article only touched the surface of what's possible with Ansible. A follow-up article will go into more advanced Ansible concepts such as roles, configuring multiple hosts with a divided set of responsibilities.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A fertilized, incubated chicken egg takes about 21 days to hatch; and while most of us have seen what chicks look like at either end of the developmental spectrum (either sunny-side-up in a frying pan or newly hatched in a nature documentary), the fact that egg shells aren't see-through means that not many people have seen what goes on between days 2 and 20.
Well... now you have.
As reddit user alukima points out, it's unclear whether these photos catalogue the development of a single chick, or of several chicks photographed at different stages of development. You'll notice, for example, that in the third image the yolk appears be broken, but looks fine in later images.
Having said that, it is possible to grow a chicken in a petri dish. Several methods papers have been published on the subject of Petri-grown chicks, beginning with the Auerbach method in 1974. You can check out the full set of images over on imgur.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Definitions of condenser
n. - One who, or that which, condenses. 2
n. - An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. 2
n. - An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. 2
n. - A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object. 2
n. - An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling. 2
n. - An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. 2
The word "condenser" uses 9 letters: C D E E N N O R S.
No direct anagrams for condenser found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after condenser (in bold), or to cdeennors in any order:
e - recondense i - endocrines m - condemners s - condensers t - contenders u - denouncers uncensored
All words formed from condenser by changing one letter
Browse words starting with condenser by next letter


The first few things one may have in mind when thinking about Zakat are money, silver, gold and the zakat or sadaqah of fitr after Ramadan.
Nevertheless we find that zakat must also be paid from some kinds of cereals and some kinds of cattle etc. while it is excluding others for example I couldn't find any statement saying that we must pay zakat from horses while Allah says:
were almost all these things are mentioned and all these things are not only enjoyment of worldly life, but also considered as wealth.
For example having a stable full of horses or having a garage full of cars looks like a big wealth on which zakat would be a profit for many poor Muslims. But it seems paying zakat from horses is explicitly rejected in the sunnah and a qiyas (analogy) on cars wouldn't therefore make sense.
Is there any explanation for the concept of what makes an item due to zakat and what not?
Certainly most of these things are predefined in the sunnah and some in the Qur'an. But why for example is there no application of qiyas in cases such as platinum or diamonds which both are also considered as wealth and some may even consider platinum as the new "gold".
I know that for a person who is earning from selling these would need to pay zakat so these kinds of examples should be excluded as indirect Zakat on these items.
Maybe a better formulation of my question is:
Why some kinds of wealth are due for zakat while others are not? And to what extent can some become a due via analogy (qiyas)?
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


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Additives for construction are a chemical compound that has a small share of cement and concrete but can significantly improve certain properties of concrete.
They only need to be blended in cement and concrete, which can generally reduce the amount of water added; improve the strength and durability of concrete; change the flowability of concrete and increase its operability; and save building materials and reduce engineering costs..
The variety of additives is sensitive and the functions are different. However, there are mainly: water reducing agents, air entraining agents (AE agents, air entraining agents), retarders, accelerators, early strength agents, antifreeze agents, expansion agents, water repellents, anti-cracking agents, and composite additives.
(1) Water reducing agent is a kind of surfactant, which has many branches of molecular structure, short molecular group of hydrophobic group and strong polarity. Divided into common reducer and superplasticizer. The ordinary water reducing agent refers to an admixture having a general water reducing enhancement effect while maintaining the consistency of the concrete. Main ingredients: lignosulfonate, Alkali lignin, sodium sulfonate humate, etc. Superplasticizer refers to an additive that has a significant water-reducing effect under the condition that the consistency of the concrete is constant. The main components are: methylnaphthalenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, polynaphthalenesulfonate, β-naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate sodium salt, Gumalon-indene resin, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde resin, etc.
(2) Air entraining agent refers to an admixture capable of introducing a large amount of finely distributed fine bubbles in concrete to reduce the segregation of concrete, improve workability, and significantly improve the durability against frost. Main ingredients: rosin soap, rosin hot Polymer, sodium alkyl sulfonate, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear alkyl sulfonate, lauryl sulfate, protein material, higher fatty alcohol derivative, AE minus Aqueous agent, sulfonated alkyl succinate, and the like.
(3) Early strength agent is an additive that can improve the early strength of concrete and has no significant effect on the late strength. Can be applied to projects under a variety of temperature conditions. Main components: chloride, thiosulfate, calcium chloride, ferric chloride, magnesium chloride and Other chlorides, alcohol amines, Potassium Hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, formic acid and methyl salt, carbonate, aluminum cement, Sintered alum and so on.
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text:
Bioethics 101 provides a systematic, five-lesson introductory course to support educators in incorporating bioethics into the classroom through the use of sequential, day-to-day lesson plans. This curriculum is designed to help science teachers in guiding their students to analyze issues using scientific facts, ethical principles, and reasoned judgment.
These lessons represent a "best of" compilation from our popular Ethics Primer. Through the use of case studies, ethical principles, decision-making frameworks and stakeholder role-play, students are fully supported in learning how to justify an answer to an ethical question.
If you've been looking for a structured way to introduce bioethics into your classroom, this resource is for you!
In order for us to measure how our curriculum resources are being used, please take a moment to contact us and let us know the class or classes in which you're using our lessons. We also welcome feedback about our Bioethics 101 curriculum. We will not share your contact information with anyone.
Complete Lesson Plans
Lesson 1--Introduction to Bioethics NWABR_Bioethics_101_Lesson1.pdf
Lesson 2--Principles of Bioethics NWABR_Bioethics_101_Lesson2_0.pdf
Lesson 3--Finding the Stakeholders NWABR_Bioethics_101_Lesson3.pdf
Lesson 4--Making a Strong Justification NWABR_Bioethics_101_Lesson4.pdf
Lesson 5--Putting it All Together NWABR_Bioethics_101_Lesson5.pdf
This page is coming soon!


text:
To raise awareness of the college and the Further Education courses available.
- Provide a gateway for Blackburn College into 10 schools from the local area (East Lancashire) with projects linked to the National Curriculum
- To engage with students in a creative setting, using the tools of the radio industry and promote these commercial messages across local radio
- Develop a solution to increase student numbers and fill under-recruited courses
- Research and discuss Blackburn College, course content and the benefits of attending
- Experience work related learning to develop knowledge, skills and understanding
- Speaking and listening – often areas of the English curriculum which teachers find more challenging to address
- Gain hands-on experience of audio recording and editing, use of music and sound effectsto create a more engaging message
"This has been a fantastic opportunity for students in Lancashire to experience what it is like to produce a real life radio advert with industry professionals. It has also been a great opportunity for us to get to know and engage with local students.
St Augustine's particularly impressed us with their detailed pitch; they had clearly done lots of research. They identified the key messages and made links to the website and social media channels very effectively. They understood their target audience of 16 to 18 year olds and parents too. It was extremely difficult to pick a winner because the standard was so high."
Head of Marketing


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Evolving Possibilistic Fuzzy Modelling|
|Abstract:||This paper suggests an evolving possibilistic approach for fuzzy modelling of time-varying processes. The approach is based on an extension of the well-known possibilistic fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering and functional fuzzy rule-based modelling. Evolving possibilistic fuzzy modelling (ePFM) employs memberships and typicalities to recursively cluster data, and uses participatory learning to adapt the model structure as a stream data is input. The idea of possibilistic clustering plays a key role when the data are noisy and with outliers due to the relaxation of the restriction on membership degrees to add up unity in FCM clustering algorithm. To show the usefulness of ePFM, the approach is addressed for system identification using Box & Jenkins gas furnace data as well as time series forecasting considering the chaotic Mackey-Glass series and data produced by a synthetic time-varying process with parameter drift. The results show that ePFM is a potential candidate for nonlinear time-varying systems modelling, with comparable or better performance than alternative approaches, mainly when noise and outliers affect the data available.|
|Subject:||Possibilistic Fuzzy Clustering|
Fuzzy System Models
|Editor:||Taylor & Francis Ltd|
|Appears in Collections:||Unicamp - Artigos e Outros Documentos|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
Research chair focuses on cancer prevention and detection
Dr. Ann Dorward
This past year, Dr. Ann Dorward was named Memorial University's Canada Research Chair in Molecular Signalling in Human Health and Disease.
Dr. Dormand's research emphasizes the value of the mouse as a model mammal for exploring three major themes: cancer risk, cancer progression and new methods for early cancer detection.
"Calculating one person's risk for the development of cancer is not a simple equation, it's influenced by both their genes and their environmental exposures over a lifetime," says Dr. Dorward. "Studying mouse models of human cancers help us determine which genes and which exposures are most important for the risk of developing specific cancers."
The Cancer Institute of Canada estimated 37,000 men and 33,400 women died from cancer in 2006 and the number of cancer-related deaths is projected to increase as a larger proportion of the Canadian population reaches an advanced age.
Dr. Dorward's research is focused on basic cancer biology and genetics, encompassing nutrition and pharmacological research in the areas of cancer prevention and therapy.
The Government of Canada established Canada Research Chairs to promote the highest level of research excellence at Canadian universities. In its 2000 budget, the federal government provided $900 million to support the establishment of 2,000 Canada Research Chairs in universities across the country.


What is difference between Agricultural land and Non Agricultural (NA) land?
Add your answer...
1 Answer
A. The main difference is in the FSI (Floor Space Index) i.e. how big house can be constructed on a given piece of land. Normally for agriculture land it is 0.05 (5% )i.e. on a land of 100 sqr meter you can make a house of 5 sqr meter only. NA land FSI is normally much higher at around 0.7 (70%)to 1(100%).
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Are Pears Good for You?
The pear is a sweet fruit about the size of an apple. The skin of a pear is thin like a paper and it is usually difficult to peel. The skins of pears may vary in color - green, yellow, red, brown, or a combination of these colors. With its light colored flesh, pears taste sweet and quite juicy too. Its texture is buttery soft, but some varieties may have grainy flesh. While most varieties of pears are bell-shaped, some of them are like a rounded apple.
Are Pears Good for You?
The simple answer is yes. With all the vitamins and minerals, pears can be quite beneficial for your health. Pears are juicy. Pears are inexpensive. And, due to their vitamin, mineral, and fiber content, they are a perfect addition to your healthy eating plan.
Here are other reasons why pears are good for you and why you should include pears in your diet.
1. It Improves Digestive Health
With about 5.5g of fiber in a medium-sized pear, it works amazingly well to boost your digestive health. Eating dietary fiber is important for your health because it helps your body absorb minerals and vitamins from your food. It also plays a role in relieving constipation and saves you from dealing with painful hemorrhoids.
2. It Fights Against Free Radicals
Pears are loaded with antioxidants, and antioxidants help eliminate free radicals from your body that lead to so many types of diseases. Eating a pear will provide you with vitamin A, vitamin C, and flavonoid compounds, such as lutein, beta-carotene, and zea-xanthin, which help rid the body of free radicals and other dangerous compounds.
3. It Prevents Cancer
Are pears good for you in preventing cancer? Yes, they do. That is mainly because the antioxidants it contains have anti-carcinogenic activities. Eating pears regularly will lower your risk of developing different types of cancer, such as rectum, colon, prostate, breast, and lungs.
4. It Boosts Your Immune System
The activities of vitamin C and antioxidants help strengthen your immune system. Vitamin C is essential for proper functioning of your immune system because it accelerates white blood cell production. It is due to this particular reason that pears have long been considered beneficial for the treatment of conditions such as flu, common cold, and other conditions that need a stronger immune system for recovery.
5. It Improves Cardiovascular Health
Pears are great for your cardiovascular system mainly because they are a great source of potassium. Known as a vasodilator, potassium dilates your blood vessels and lowers your blood pressure. It also prevents clots from developing in blood vessels, which again helps improve your heart health. By lowering blood pressure, you will be in a better position to protect yourself from cardiovascular conditions such as heart attacks, atherosclerosis, and strokes. Moreover, potassium also helps regulate fluids in your body and keep your body parts and cells well hydrated all the time.
6. It Improves Circulation and RBC Count
Are pears good for your blood health? Yes, pears are extremely beneficial for people suffering from anemia or other mineral deficiencies. You get loads of copper and iron from pears. Copper makes it easy for your body to absorb minerals, whereas iron facilitates red blood cell synthesis. Without enough iron, your body cannot produce enough hemoglobin, the protein that gives blood its red color. Eating pears will improve your iron intake and prevent issues such as cognitive malfunction, fatigue, organ system malfunction, and muscle weakness.
7. It Improves Hair, Skin, and Eyes
Your body cannot function properly in the absence of enough vitamin A, and pears are a rich source of this vitamin. Not only does it contain vitamin A, it also has its subsequent components, such as zea-xanthin and lutein. These components work as antioxidants and also participate in organ functions and enzymatic reactions. By eating pears, you can increase your vitamin A intake and in turn reduce the effects of aging. It reduces age spots and prevents wrinkles. Pears are equally effective in reducing macular degeneration, hair loss, cataracts, and many other conditions related to the aging process.
8. It Prevents Birth Defects
Regular consumption of pears may help lower the risks of birth defects in newborns. This benefit comes from its folate content. Research shows that folic acid plays a role in reducing neural tube defects in newborns, and you can increase your intake of folate by eating pears. Pregnant women are often asked to take folate supplements, so you can include pears in your diet to get all the folic acid you need.
Enjoying the Benefits of Pears
Are pears good for you? They definitely are. However, you may still find yourself confused between fresh pears and canned pears. The truth is that both fresh and canned pears are equally beneficial for your health. Just make sure to pick canned pears that are packed in 100% fruit juice – do not buy canned pears that contain syrup and added sugars.
For fresh pears, chop them into bite-size pieces and prepare a fruit salad using them. You can also add those pieces in low-fat yogurt for taste. Another great idea is to use thin slices of pears in place of the jelly in your peanut butter sandwich. You can prepare a delicious and nutritious dessert by sprinkling the pear with nutmeg and cinnamon and then broiling it until it is soft.
Current time: 03/04/2021 04:45:30 am (America/New_York) Memory usage: 1710.81KB


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- 1 What You Need to Know About 200 Amp Service Wire
- 1.1 What is 200 Amp Service Wire
- 1.2 Benefits of 200 Amp Service Wire
- 1.3 Increased Power Capacity
- 1.4 Video:What You Need to Know About 200 Amp Service Wire
- 1.4.1 Electrical panel wiring. Working on live utility wire in residential panel upgrades and change outs
- 1.4.2 Upgrading Your Underground Electrical Service On Your Home
- 1.4.3 How to install 200 amp sub panel
- 1.4.4 How To Wire a House Main Electrical Panel Load Center & Layout Tips Full Step By Step Process 200Amp
What You Need to Know About 200 Amp Service Wire
When it comes to electrical systems, one important component to consider is the amp service wire. The amp service wire is responsible for carrying the electrical current from the main power source to the various circuits in your home or building. In this article, we will discuss what you need to know about 200 amp service wire.
A 200 amp service wire is a type of electrical wire that is capable of carrying a maximum current of 200 amps. This wire is typically used in residential and commercial buildings where a higher amount of electrical power is required. It is important to use the correct amp service wire for your electrical system to ensure safety and efficiency.
One important factor to consider when choosing a 200 amp service wire is the material it is made of. The most common materials used for amp service wire are copper and aluminum. Copper is known for its high conductivity and durability, making it an excellent choice for amp service wire. Aluminum, on the other hand, is less expensive but has a lower conductivity compared to copper.
Another important consideration when choosing a 200 amp service wire is the size or gauge of the wire. The size of the wire determines its capacity to carry electrical current. In general, the larger the wire gauge, the higher the ampacity or current-carrying capacity of the wire. It is important to consult with a professional electrician to determine the appropriate size of the 200 amp service wire for your electrical system.
What is 200 Amp Service Wire
200 amp service wire refers to the type of electrical wiring that is used to carry a maximum current of 200 amps. It is commonly used in residential and commercial buildings to provide a higher capacity for electrical power distribution.
The amp, short for ampere, is the unit of electric current. It measures the rate at which electric charge flows through a wire or conductor. A 200 amp service wire is designed to handle a larger amount of current compared to lower amp service wires.
Service wire is the electrical cable that connects the main electrical panel or meter to the utility power source. It is responsible for carrying the electricity from the power source to the building's electrical system. The 200 amp service wire is specifically designed to handle the higher current demands of a 200 amp electrical service.
Using a 200 amp service wire allows for a greater capacity to power electrical appliances, lighting, and other electrical devices in a building. It provides a higher level of electrical service and can support larger electrical loads.
It is important to choose the correct size and type of service wire for a 200 amp electrical service. The wire must be able to handle the maximum current without overheating or causing a fire hazard. It should also be properly insulated to protect against electrical shock.
In addition to the amp rating, service wire is also classified by its voltage rating and insulation type. Common types of service wire include copper and aluminum conductors. Copper is often preferred for its higher conductivity, while aluminum is more cost-effective for longer runs.
|Type||Conductor Material||Insulation Type|
|THHN/THWN||Copper or Aluminum||Thermoplastic|
|XHHW||Copper or Aluminum||Cross-linked Polyethylene|
|USE-2||Aluminum||Underground Service Entrance|
When installing a 200 amp service wire, it is important to follow local electrical codes and regulations. This ensures that the wiring is done safely and meets the necessary requirements for electrical installations.
In summary, 200 amp service wire is a type of electrical wiring that is designed to handle a maximum current of 200 amps. It provides a higher capacity for electrical power distribution in residential and commercial buildings. The wire must be chosen based on its amp rating, voltage rating, and insulation type to ensure safe and efficient electrical service.
Definition and Purpose
The term "200 amp service" refers to the electrical service capacity of a building or property. It represents the maximum amount of electrical current that can be safely supplied to the building. The term "amp" is short for ampere, which is the unit of electric current measurement.
The purpose of a 200 amp service wire is to provide a sufficient amount of electrical power to meet the demands of modern households and commercial buildings. It allows for the use of multiple high-power appliances and devices simultaneously without overloading the electrical system.
A 200 amp service wire is typically used in larger residential properties, multi-family buildings, and commercial establishments. It is capable of supplying enough power to run air conditioning units, electric heating systems, large kitchen appliances, and other high-power devices.
The installation of a 200 amp service wire requires careful planning and adherence to electrical codes and regulations. It involves connecting the service wire from the utility power source to the main electrical panel of the building. The main electrical panel then distributes the power to various circuits throughout the building.
In summary, a 200 amp service wire is essential for providing a sufficient amount of electrical power to meet the needs of modern households and commercial buildings. It allows for the safe and efficient operation of multiple high-power appliances and devices simultaneously.
Importance for Electrical Systems
The 200 amp service wire is an essential component of electrical systems. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient distribution of electricity throughout a building or property. Here are some reasons why the proper installation and maintenance of 200 amp service wire are important:
- Capacity: The 200 amp service wire is designed to handle a higher electrical load compared to lower amp wires. This means that it can accommodate the power requirements of larger electrical systems, such as those found in commercial or industrial buildings.
- Safety: Properly installed and maintained 200 amp service wire helps prevent electrical overloads, which can lead to overheating, electrical fires, or damage to electrical appliances and equipment. It ensures that the electrical system can handle the demand without causing any safety hazards.
- Reliability: With a 200 amp service wire, the electrical system can provide a consistent and reliable power supply to all connected devices and appliances. This is especially important in settings where uninterrupted power is critical, such as hospitals, data centers, or manufacturing facilities.
- Future-Proofing: Installing a 200 amp service wire allows for future expansion and upgrades of the electrical system. It provides the capacity to handle increased electrical loads as new technologies and devices are added to the system.
- Code Compliance: Many electrical codes and regulations require the use of a 200 amp service wire for certain types of buildings or installations. By using the appropriate wire size, property owners can ensure compliance with these codes and avoid potential penalties or legal issues.
In summary, the 200 amp service wire is a critical component of electrical systems, offering increased capacity, safety, reliability, future-proofing capabilities, and compliance with electrical codes. It is important to consult with a qualified electrician for the proper installation and maintenance of the 200 amp service wire to ensure optimal performance and safety.
Benefits of 200 Amp Service Wire
The use of a 200 amp service wire offers several benefits for residential and commercial electrical systems. Here are some of the advantages:
- Increased Capacity: A 200 amp service wire provides a higher electrical capacity compared to lower amp options. This means that it can handle more electrical load and support larger appliances and equipment.
- Flexibility: With a higher amp rating, the 200 amp service wire allows for more flexibility in designing and expanding electrical systems. It provides the necessary power for future upgrades or additions without the need for extensive rewiring.
- Improved Safety: The use of a 200 amp service wire ensures that the electrical system is capable of handling the power demands of modern households or commercial buildings. This reduces the risk of overloading the system, which can lead to electrical hazards such as overheating or electrical fires.
- Efficiency: A 200 amp service wire allows for more efficient distribution of electricity throughout the building. It minimizes voltage drops and ensures that all electrical devices receive the required power without experiencing fluctuations or interruptions.
- Compatibility: Many modern electrical appliances and equipment require a 200 amp service wire to function properly. By using this wire, you can ensure that your electrical system is compatible with a wide range of devices, making it easier to install and use the latest technology.
- Resale Value: Installing a 200 amp service wire can increase the resale value of your property. Potential buyers are more likely to be interested in a property that has a modern and capable electrical system, which can accommodate their power needs.
In conclusion, a 200 amp service wire offers increased capacity, flexibility, improved safety, efficiency, compatibility, and can enhance the resale value of a property. It is a reliable and essential component for modern electrical systems.
Increased Power Capacity
One of the main advantages of using 200 amp service wire is its increased power capacity. The term "200 amp" refers to the maximum amount of electrical current that the wire can safely carry. This higher capacity allows for the use of more powerful electrical appliances and devices in a residential or commercial setting.
With 200 amp service wire, you can power a wide range of electrical equipment, including large air conditioning units, electric


Grey teal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Grey Teal)
Jump to: navigation, search
Grey teal
Anas gracilis tas.jpg
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Subfamily: Anatinae
Genus: Anas
Species: A. gracilis
Binomial name
Anas gracilis
Buller, 1869
Anas gibberifrons gracilis
This is a mottled brown duck with white and green flashes on its wings. The male and female grey teal share the same colouration, in contrast to the related chestnut teal, whose male and female are strikingly different. The grey teal has almost identical colouration to the female chestnut teal and the Grey can only be distinguished by its lighter coloured neck and paler face. Juveniles are paler than adults, especially on the head.
It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Sunda teal, as Anas gibberifrons gracilis.
Widespread throughout its large range, the grey teal is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
It is often mistaken for a female chestnut teal, due to similar colouring.
Stanthorpe, S.Queensland, Australia
External links[edit]


Maximal-ratio combining
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In telecommunications, maximal-ratio combining (MRC) is a method of diversity combining in which:
 1. the signals from each channel are added together,
 3. different proportionality constants are used for each channel.
It is also known as ratio-squared combining and predetection combining. Maximal-ratio combining is the optimum combiner for independent AWGN channels.
MRC can restore a signal to its original shape.
Example: Least Squares estimate in the case of Rx diversity[edit]
We consider an example of which the receiver is endowed with N antennas. In this case, the received vector y is
y=hs+\rho n \,
where n is noise vector n-CN(0,I_{N \times N}). Following the ML detection criterion the detection procedure may be written as
\tilde{s}=argmin_{s \in QPSK}|\hat{s}-s|^2,
where \hat{s} is the least square solution to the above model.
The least square solution in this case is also known as maximal-ratio-combining (MRC). In the case of N antennas the LS can be written as
which means that the signal from each antenna is rotated and weighted according to the phase and strength of the channel, such that the signals from all antennas are combined to yield the maximal ratio between signal and noise terms.
See also[edit]
Diversity combining


Posts Tagged: massage sydney
Why Vocational Training is So Important
After the ups and downs of the global economy that leaves so many people out of work, many individuals around the world have come to realize how important it is to have a backup plan. One of the best backup plans that can have one these days is to have undergone vocational training.
As a matter of fact, undergo vocational courses like a good idea that so many young people do not even see it as a backup plan, but as their main blueprint for a better future. You can get best vocational education training via
Vocational educational purposes to teach people hands-on skills in various trades available worldwide today. Vocational schooling so it does not really focus on the theoretical aspects of the various employment sectors but rather focuses on hands-on skills needed to do manual work in their respective sectors.
Image result for Vocational Training
Image Source: Google
It is a comprehensive form of education that rivals professional education with the only difference being that focus on manual skills. In almost all industries that an individual has a passion for, they can get some vocational courses that will help them get a job and start a successful career in a particular sector.
Is able to cater to many of the industries is not the only reason that more and more people choose to undergo a vocational program. Another major reason that has seen so many people choose vocational training more professional careers such as medicine or teaching is that it focuses on hands-on skills.
People need to have some kind of intelligence to fit into professional careers such as medicine or law. With vocational training, anyone interested in certain types of calls can be taught how to do it because it depends on the skill of their users.
One other advantage that comes with vocational training is that it does not really look like a person's age professional career education.


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample - Academic -Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of
Discussion in 'IELTS Forum' started by MinaRose, Sep 17, 2015.
 1. MinaRose
 MinaRose Moderator
 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
 Write about the following topic:
 Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.
 Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
 Write at least 250 words.
 Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.
 Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate.
 However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that 'change is always for the better'. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests.
 In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.
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text:
Reinnervation is a typical organic process that occurs when a motor nerve dies, consisting of the growth of a new axon from a nearby nerve that takes over the functionality of the dead nerve.
Causes and process
Deinnervation (the death of nerves) is a natural process that can occur either because of a physical injury or because of an internal disease like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Nerve degradation also occurs spontaneously with age.
Reinnervation occurs spontaneously in most cases. Usually this happens by having a nearby nerve grow a new axon that will gradually take over the deinnervated tissue. Spontaneous reinnervation can be stimulated by various clinical methods.
If the damage is extensive, or if the reinnervation of an area is inhibited or slowed down by an affection, reinnervation can be performed artificially, using a transplant operation called nerve grafting. Nerve grafting is not an unusual operation. While being fairly difficult to perform, risks associated with it are not extensive and it is a common indication in some causes. Post-operatory care and monitoring is required, however.
Denervation-Reinnervation is a new trend in treatment of the adductor spasmodic dysphonia. It is a special surgery that avoids the standard Botox injection forcing reinnervation of the vocal cord muscle. It involves only moderate pain and some post-operatory care.


Kinetic energy and potential energy concept question
 1. i need a review. why does lifting a book at a constant speed result in a constant KE but changing PE? obviously KE = 1/2 mv^2 but im looking for a conceptual answer. doesnt KE need to equal PE for energy to be conserved?
 im in e&m right now and theres a statement in my book saying that the book situation is analogous to potential within an emf source. so W = 0 (work done on a test charge within an ideal emf source), U is increased, and KE is constant. but in the book analogy doesnt the book have to be moving in the +/- x direction for W = 0?
 so to summarize i have two questions, (1) concerns how energy is conserved with a constant KE but changing U and (2) concerns how W = 0 if there is a changing U
 please answer both questions in terms of the book analogy AND the emf source! thanks in advance :)
 2. jcsd
 3. NascentOxygen
 Staff: Mentor
 Lifting a book is a quite different situation to a falling book. :smile: In lifting it, you are doing work all the while, so you are increasing its potential energy by moving it higher.
 For something falling, its PE is converted into KE. No extra work is being done on the system. One form of energy is being converted into the other. And that KE all gets wasted when the book hits the floor.
 4. that makes sense but how is there zero work being done in an emf source yet there is a changing KE and static PE? :/ its almost like the falling book situation and lifting book situation combined...
 5. strike that, reverse it :) changing PE, static KE
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text:
A chilling image, but can it be right that the column would be 269 miles long?
The dead are marching four abreast so 1,104,890 divided by 4 gives 276,222 rows. There are 5,280 feet in a mile and 1,420,320 feet in 269 miles. If we divide 1,420,320 by the 275,222 rows it gives 5.142 feet for each row. That sounds about right. If marching men are too close together they would be constantly stumbling into each other.
So, the marching war dead of the British Empire [Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and other smaller countries] would produce a column 269 miles long.
In the top right hand corner of the image there is a small yellow box. This gives equivalent distances for other Empire countries. For example, the column would stretch from Quebec to Ottawa. It also gives the time needed for the column to march past the Cenotaph war memorial in London. I cannot read the number but it is easy to calculate.
British Army Field Service Regulations gives a infantry marching speed of 294 feet per minute [3.3 miles per hour]. At that speed it would take 18 minutes for one mile of the column to pass the Cenotaph and 18 x 269 = 4,842 minutes [3 days, 8.6 hours] for all the column to pass.
Similar columns for the total military dead [casualty figures from Wikipedia] for other countries.
France 340 miles [127% of the BE figure]
Germany 486 miles [181% of the BE figure]
USA 28 miles [10.4% of the BE figure]
On the 1st July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead. The dead from that day would form a column 4.68 miles [7.53 kilometres] long.


text:
PICLS is a thermal simulation tool which helps designers easily perform thermal simulation of PCBs. Even if you are unfamiliar with thermal simulation, you will obtain a simulation result without stress through the tool's easy and quick operation in 2D. You can import the data of a PCB created in PICLS to scSTREAM and HeatDesigner, that is, you can pass the analysis data seamlessly from the PCB design stage to the mechanical design stage.
Useful applications of PICLS
- Troubleshooting thermal issues of current products
- Examining thermal interferences of part layouts
- Consider heat release changes depending on a wiring pattern (coverage ratio)Examine the arrangement of thermal vias (e.g. location, number)
- Examine the arrangement of thermal vias (e.g. location, number)
- Examine the performance of a heat sink
- Examine the size of a PCB
- Examine the number of layers and the thickness of copper foil
- Consider natural/forced air cooling
- Consider radiant heat
- Considering heatsinks (number of fins, size
- Examining heat dissipation performances by connection to enclosure
- Considering PCB mounting environment
Learn more about Cradle CFD products and services at _URL_
For general and product specific platform support, please visit our Platform Support page.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a 256 bin histogram of an 8 bit image.
Is it possible to calculate the Median, Variance and Standard deviation of the image from the given histogram?
If yes, then what is the procedure?
Thank you.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can't calculate any of them exactly because all you have is the interval of values that they belong to and not their exact values. It is the mode and not the median that is in the tallest bin. You can determine which bin the median is in and thus know the two end points of its bin are values that it falls betweem. To find where the median is you just total the number of data points in each bin starting from the left unit the get to the integer equal to (n-1)/2 when n is odd and (n+1)/2 if (n-1)/2 and (n+1)/2 are in the same bin. If (n+1)/2 is in a higher bin then (n-1)/2 you can't be sure which bin the median is in but you know it is near the boundary separating the two adjacent bins.
You can calculate grouped mean and grouped variances which may be rough approximations to the actual sample means and variances but not exact.
share|improve this answer
Since the image is 8-bit, there are 256 discrete intensity levels (the integers from 0 to 255), so the histogram actually gives an exact representation of the data set. Having the histogram is equivalent to having the list of all pixel intensities, so the median, variance, etc. can be calculated exactly. – Matthew Conroy Sep 25 '12 at 18:56
Since you have exactly all the pixel values and their occurrences, you could reorder them in an array in O(n) – with n the number of pixels – and simply pick the value in the middle of the array.
int* histogram(Image& img)
 int hist[256] = {0};
 int i,j;
 for (i=0; i


text:
Full size overlays can be preferable to the smaller, more convenient Reading Rulers in a number of cases. For example where factors of age or disability cause coordination problems, or when both hands are engaged while text and other representations are being followed (such as when reading music or following a recipe). One side of the overlay has a matt coating.
Some matt coatings can reduce the transparency of a tinted overlay, but overlays from Crossbow Education have been subjected to stringent testing to ensure that maximum print clarity is retained while reflected light from the overlay surface has been significantly reduced. Nevertheless, some people prefer using the gloss side of the overlay.
This mixed pack includes: Aqua, Celery, Grass, Jade, Magenta, Orange, Pink, Purple, Sky and Yellow.


text:
Bluebird Nemesia features dainty spikes of lightly-scented lilac purple pea-like flowers at the ends of the stems from late spring to late summer. Its small pointy leaves remain green in color throughout the season.
- Mature Height: 12 inches
- Mature Width: 6 inches
- Sunlight: Sun, Part Sun
- Soil Conditions: Moist (Typical)
Plants are constantly growing, ever-changing, and therefore unique. The plant you receive may vary from the photo, but rest assured, holds the same glorious potential!


text:
NASA Aerospace Academy
Fresno State is one of nine institutions nationwide, funded by NASA, to implement an Aerospace Academy. A major purpose of the Academy is to increase interest and involvement of K-12 students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The program offers 36 hours of STEM engagement, using NASA-themed, problem-based curriculum. The family involvement component include family nights and take-home projects to promote collaboration between students and family members.


New Orleans, LA weather in December 1955
Temperature for December 1955
In December 1955 the average high temperature in New Orleans, LA was 64.2°F, and this was 1.6°F cooler than the average of 65.7°F. The hottest day in December 1955 was 3 December when the temperature reached 80.1°F. Overnight the average temperature in December is 46.2°F and in 1955 the average overnight temperature was 3.1°F warmer at 49.3°F.
Precipitation for December 1955
In December the average monthly rainfall in New Orleans, LA is 3.19 inches with rain usually falling on 10 days. In December 1955 there was a total of 0.00 inches of rain, that fell on 9 days.


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NoodleTools: Create Citations
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What is NoodleTools?
NoodleTools is an online citation tool that helps students stay organized during the research processes of evaluating sources, creating citations, saving source material, taking notes, and outlining topics.
Why don't I just use an online citation generator?
Online citation generators are sometimes inaccurate. By contrast, NoodleTools helps students understand how citations are created, so they can cite sources with the confidence that they are accurate. Additionally, NoodleTools helps students organize their sources, and helps with the pre-writing processes of taking notes and outlining.
How do I create a NoodleTools account?
Click the link above and sign into WebAdvisor, then enter your email address and a password to create a Santiago Canyon College NoodleTools account.
Where can I get help using NoodleTools?
You can request help using NoodleTools via the Ask a Librarian chat service. The library also includes instruction on using NoodleTools in its Creating Citations workshop, which is available in three modalities:


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iOS Swift Collections and Control Flow Control Flow With Loops While and Repeat While
Michael Cronk
Michael Cronk
7,607 Points
I was just wondering if anyone could break this down and explain to me how this works...?
let numbers = [2,8,1,16,4,3,9] var sum = 0 var counter = 0
while counter < numbers.count { sum += numbers[counter] counter += 1}
Michael Cronk
Michael Cronk
7,607 Points
Thank You! That makes so much sense now.
1 Answer
Hey Michael, I've posted your code with my comments below. Hope this helps.
//declares an array of Int's named numbers
let numbers = [2,8,1,16,4,3,9]
//declares an Int variable named sum, initialised with a zero value
//used to keep track of the sum total
var sum = 0
//declares an Int variable named counter, initialised with a zero value
//this is used as an index value, as well as an indicative value
//to compare to the number of items in the numbers array
var counter = 0
//While Loop
//This should read as "While the counter is less than the amount of items in the numbers array, execute the below."
//While this conditional is true, the body of the loop will execute.
while counter < numbers.count {
 //The += operator takes the current value of sum, and adds
 //the number at the index specified by the counter property.
 //can also be written as sum = sum + numbers[counter]
 sum += numbers[counter]
 //We then add 1 onto the current counter property so that
 //the index next time will be one more than this execution.
 //If this was the last index in the array, the boolean
 //of the while loop condition will become false and stop executing
 //because the counter is now higher than the amount of items in the numbers array.
 counter += 1


text:
SU‐FF‐T‐147: Intra Fractional Motion in Clinical IMRT Prostate Treatments, Warrants the Use of Faster Treatment Techniques
Van Den Heuvel F., Slagmolen P., Budiharto T., Junius S., Verstraete J., Oyen R., Haustermans K.
Purpose: To estimate intrafracional motion of the prostate in a routine clinical setting and its impact on margin reduction and treatment time. Method and Materials: External beam treatment for cancer of the prostate using an IMRT technique was evaluated. Fifteen patients underwent a marker match procedure ensuring correct positioning at time of treatment. For all fields intra‐treatment images were obtained, yielding 5 to 7 images per fraction. IMRT was delivered using a dynamic sliding window technique. The obtained images were processed to remove IMRT information. The markers were detected in the image using an automated methodology. Every image was timestamped and chronologically adjacent images were backprojected to yield 3D marker coordinates. Allowing to calculate the position of the prostate during the treatment delivery at specific time instances. Using a Poisson model for the probability of movement we can determine the maximal allowable time frame within which to perform this treament. Results: The maximal treament time measured was 1460s, the shortest lasted 343s. The times were measured starting from the last image in the marker‐match procedure and includes the decision and adjustment process. Depending on the elapsed time we noticed an increase in positional confidence level from 5.8mm to 7.6mm. The delivery of the fields are of the order of 250s. Conclusion: We note a significant increase in probability of prostate movement in our treaments as time elapses. This limits the amount of margin reduction possible. There are two strategies possible to reduce this time. 1) Increase the marker match speed, or 2) increase the delivery speed. A good candidate to do this is the use of a volumetric Arc technique (VMAT) which is implemented in our department with RapidArc™. The latter is able to deliver the same or even better dose distribution in under 2 minutes (8 patients). © 2009, American Association of Physicists in Medicine. All rights reserved.


text:
To review measuring and comparing length, we took our math lesson out to the school garden. Using pop cubes, the students took turns estimating and then measuring the various heights of plants. They compared the pop cube lengths to one another to determine which plant was the longest and which was the shortest. While we were in the garden we reviewed the parts of the plants and how bugs and plants are interdependent upon one another.
Black and White EOY Awards
2 days ago


The TROMPA project will advance various research disciplines, as represented by the various project partners.
More concretely, the following disciplines and knowledge will be contributed to by the project:
 - Music and musicology, music history (GOLD, CDR): Evolution of music structures in composition and performance (melody, harmony, patterns, etc.), similarity and style characterisation.
 - Music psychology, perception, performance science (MDW): Music perception and performance skills involved in human annotation, music performance appreciation, and intuitive visualisation.
 - Library sciences (CDR, MDW): Library science, ontologies, metadata, interfaces to relevant library collections (including non-music collections).
 - Computer science and engineering (UPF, TUD): artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction, information retrieval, signal processing and educational technologies.
At the same time, TROMPA will also be rooted in the interdisciplinary domains of computational musicology (GOLD) and music information retrieval (UPF, TUD, GOLD, MDW).
Under the various research submenus, several specific topics of interest to the project are highlighted.


text:
the entropy should go down since there is very little uncertainty.
# Here is a modeled p function pcertain(x) = if x == B then 0.9999 else 0.00005 sum(pcertain, data) => 1 H(data, p = pcertain) => 0.00149
Yep! H is very small now because
9,999 out of
10,000 messages will be
B - the world is certain!
Target Heart Rate
The Karvonen Method is a way to calculate your target heart rate given the intensity of a work out. It depends upon your resting and maximum heart rates.
HR = ((Maximum HR - Resting HR) * Intensity) + Resting HR Resting HR = 60bpm Maximum HR = 200bpm HR(Intensity = 80%) => 172bpm
If we know our heart rate already, we can calculate the intensity of the workout:
Intensity(HR = 120bpm) => 0.4286
Here is a classic equation for the motion of an object that is influenced by a uniform acceleration a, an initial velocity v0 and an initial position x0.
x(t) = 1/2 * a * t^2 + v0*t + x0
We're going to define the parameters of this model using units. That way we can make sure we're calculating everything correctly.
a = -9.8m/s/s v0 = 100m/s x0 = 490m x => -4.9m*t^2/s^2 + 100m*t/s + 490m
Let's see what it looks like over a 30 second period:
x(1s) => 585.1m x(10s) => 1000m x(20s) => 530m x(30s) => -920m
We need to make sure to specify the time with the units
s, otherwise we'll get a bad result:
x(1) => -4.9m/s^2 + 100m/s + 490m
Units of Motion and Power
The velocity of an object is measured in meters
m per second
velocity units = m / s
Its acceleration is the change in velocity over time:
accel units = velocity units / s
Isaac Newton tells us that all objects have a constant velocity (
a = 0) unless acted upon by a force. This force is measured by multiplying the mass of the moving object (in kg) by the acceleration caused by the force. It's measured in, appropriately enough, Newtons:
N = kg * accel units => kg*m/s^2
If we apply a force over a distance (imagine pushing your car), then are said to have done work (so long as the object accelerates in the direction we're pushing!). Work is measured in Joules:
J = N*m => kg*m^2/s^2
There is another quantity called energy that is measured in Joules. Energy is the capacity for doing work. In every day speech, we use energy instead of work since work has a lot of real world connotations that are best left ignored.
The change in energy over time is called power and is measured in Watts.
W = J/s => kg*m^2/s^3
Voltage and Current:
V = J/C => kg*m^2/(s^2*C) A = C/s => C/s V*A => kg*m^2/s^3
Let's start with Newton's Law that force is proportional to acceleration:
force = mass * accel
When I'm standing on earth, it is constantly accelerating me so that I stay glued to the ground. That acceleration is called standard gravity.
g = 9.80665 m/s^2
Now some personal info:
weight = 165lbs kg per pound = 0.453592kg/lbs _TAG_ weight in kg = weight * kg per pound => 74.84268kg
With that out of the way, we can measure the force that the earth exerts on me:
earth force = force(weight in kg, g) => 733.955968kg*m/s^2
That was fun! We now know that the earth exerts
734 N of force on me. All the time. But we love her anyway.
Change the values in blue above to find out how much she exerts on you!
Newton's Universal Gravitation
Previously, we used the fact that the earth constantly accelerates us at the rate
g to keep us on the ground.
g => 9.80665m/s^2
But where did this number come from? We can use Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation to calculate it. Here's that law:
force of gravity = G*(mass * other mass)/dist^2
It states that the force due to gravity is proportional to the masses of two objects and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them.
The constant of proportionality is
G - a very different number from the
g we knew before. It is:
G = 6.67384e-11 m^3/kg/s^2 _TAG_ constant
Let's now use the law to calculate that value of
g = 9.8m/s^2 from above. We'll do it by using the mass of the earth and the ma
mass of earth = 5.972e24 kg _TAG_ radius of earth = 6,378,100 m _TAG_ earth gravity = force of gravity( other mass = mass of earth, dist = radius of earth) => 9.79745m*mass/s^2
And there it is! Well it's not quite
9.81m/s but that's just because our input numbers for earth's mass and radius weren't exactly what is used to calculate standard gravity, but it's darn close!
How close is it? Well let's give it our mass and see how close to
734 N it gets:
earth gravity(mass = weight in kg) => 733.267222m*kg/s^2
So close! It calculated
Why not try changing the numbers to see how much gravity would affect you if you lived on mars?
Ohm's law is fundamental to understanding electronics. It states that the current
i through a conductor is proportional to the voltage
v across it.
v = i * r i => v/r
We can use it directly to measure that voltage:
v(i = 2A, r = 100Ohm) => 200A*Ohm
Oops, it would be better if we told Calca about Amperes:
A = V/Ohm v(i = 2A, r = 100Ohm) => 200V
We can use Ohm's Law to solve for any of three variables using any of the other two:
v(i = 2A, r = 100Ohm) => 200V i(v = 200V, r = 100Ohm) => 2V/Ohm r(v = 200V, i = 2A) => 100Ohm
The current through a capacitor is proportional to the rate of change of the voltage across it:
ic(t) = C*der(v(t), t)
We can see the common property that the capacitor causes a 90 degree phase shift in current when its voltage is AC:
ic(t, v=sin(t)) => C*cos(t)
Now you can define logic functions, here is an implementation of exclusive or:
xor(a, b) = if a then!b else b xor(0, 0) => 0 xor(1, 0) => 1 xor(0, 1) => 1 xor(1, 1) => 0 half adder(a, b) = [xor(a,b), a && b] half adder(0, 0) => [0, 0] half adder(0, 1) => [1, 0] half adder(1, 0) => [1, 0] half adder(1, 1) => [0, 1]
Those are pretty cool, huh? We can use them to create a full adder.
adder(a, b, c) = let ab = half adder(a, b) in let abc = half adder(ab, c) in [abc, abc || ab] adder(0, 0, 0) => [0, 0] adder(0, 0, 1) => [1, 0] adder(0, 1, 0) => [1, 0] adder(0, 1, 1) => [0, 1] adder(1, 0, 0) => [1, 0] adder(1, 0, 1) => [0, 1] adder(1, 1, 0) => [0, 1] adder(1, 1, 1) => [1, 1]


text:
Why do alphas differ among industries?
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Originally Posted by fancyface Why do alphas differ among industries? Because hypothesis testing is part of a decision process, and costs, and
benefits vary from case to case, so in the real world the error rates used
in hypothesis testing vary from problem to problem according to the cost
of wrong decisions
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You may have noticed that the emulator images shipped in the WM 6 SDKs have no cellular signal, which is very different from the previous SDKs where all images used to be connected to the Fake Network. We had to make this change to introduce the new Cellular Emulator tool. WM 5.0 SDKs' images use a technology we call FakeRIL, or the Fake Radio Interface Layer, and although it allowed developers to call and send SMS from within the Device Emulator (see Windows Mobile Device Emulator phone numbers for some examples), Cellular Emulator offers more options and it makes it easier to test your applications.
Here is some information on how to run Cellular Emulator and configure emulator image's network settings to browse to the Internet. Once you configure the emulator images, you can save their states (from Device Emulator) to speed up the process.
Cellular Emulator is a software-based emulator to aid developers and testers in developing and testing their software under the Windows Embedded CE and Windows Mobile platforms. The design goal of Cellular Emulator is to replace the radio module in both development and test environments. The advantage of Cellular Emulator is that it provides not only voice but also data connectivity. Moreover, Cellular Emulator is a powerful tool to test various applications under different wireless network conditions in GSM/GPRS and/or UMTS networks.
Running Cellular Emulator
- Launch the Cellular Emulator (Start/All Programs / Windows Mobile 6 SDK / Tools / Cellular Emulator ) and the Device Emulator.
- Read the COM port configuration from the status bar of the Cellular Emulator main window.
- In the Device Emulator, go to File / Configure and select the Peripherals tab.
- Map the Serial port 0 of Device Emulator to the specific COM number obtained from step 2
- Soft reset the Device Emulator (File / Reset / Soft).
Shutting the Cellular Emulator
The close button of the Cellular Emulator main windows will only send the application to the tray panel. To close the application, right click the tray icon and select Exit.
Cellular Emulator Data Connections
The Cellular Emulator will also provide GPRS connection simulation. Users can create simulated GPRS connections just like common ones. The access point name and user name/password are not checked and thus may be anything. Once the data connection is made, the emulator will just act as if it is connected to the network of the host machine. If some proxy settings are needed for the host machine to set up connections to remote machines, they are also needed on the emulator. Assume a network environment where HTTP proxy is needed to access external web sites. Setting samples on Windows Mobile 6 Standard and Professional are provided in the following sections.Windows Mobile 6 Standard
- Enter Start-Settings-Connections-GPRS-Menu-Add. Create a GPRS connection using the settings as follows.
- Name: PPP
- Connects to: WAP
- Network Access Point: Some Access Point Name
- User Name: Just leave blank for anonymous configuration
- (Optional) Enter Start-Settings-Connections-Proxy-Menu-Add. Create a proxy using the following settings.
- Description: Proxy
- Connects from: WAP Network
- Connects to: The Internet
- Address: The proxy in the specified user's network
- Enter Start-Settings-Connections-Menu-Advanced.
- Set Internet connection to PPP
- Set WAP connection to PPP
- Leave the others as automatic
- Enter Internet Explorer Mobile, and choose Menu–Tools–Options–Connections, then configure the Internet Explorer Mobile settings:
- Automatically detect settings: CHECKED
- Select network: The Internet
- Choose the Internet Explorer Mobile icon using the arrow key on the keyboard.
- Browse freely using Internet Explorer Mobile.
- If the user's computer uses a proxy to access the Internet, then the user needs to setup a Work Connection on the Pocket PC, otherwise the user can setup an Internet Connection.
- Setup a GPRS connection. Access point and user name can be empty.
- (Optional) Setup a proxy. This should be the full name of a working proxy required by the corporate network.
- Open Internet Explorer Mobile and browse to a web site.
Out of curiosity, Cellular Emulator went through an extreme makeover from the first time I learned about it as an internal tool, to its release in the Windows Mobile 6 SDK.
I hope you enjoy it and let me know your feedback!


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The "Black Dutch" have long been an enigma in American genealogy. Their descendants are widely reported, yet no authoritative definition exists for this intriguing term. Many claims are made about the Black Dutch, but are any valid? Clues to this genealogical mystery were sought by contacting their descendants. Who were the Black Dutch? Where did they live?
The first in-depth survey of the mysterious "Black Dutch" appears as a special feature in American Genealogy Magazine,Vol. 12, No. 1. This 20-page, illustrated report discusses the physiognomy, ethnology, and geography of over 100 American families of Black Dutch descent.
This issue of American Genealogy Magazine has 88 pages. Other features of this issue include: "Cherokee-White Intermarriages, Part VIII" and "Index to Estate Papers, Sumter County, South Carolina (_PHONE_), Part V (Surnames R - S)."
Price includes first class postage. TX residents add 8.25% sales tax.
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or from our secure website (below)
GenealogyMagazine.com - Copyright © 2000-2013 Datatrace Systems


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Okay, so maybe this is a dumb question, but I'm going to go ahead and throw it out there simply because I'm curious.
What exactly is the difference between say IUPUI and Harvard (Don't point out the obvious, I'm well aware of the primary differences). My question is in regards to the education.
I go to IUPUI and have always wondered, what exactly is the educational difference? Take for example the following.
If I was taking a math class at IUPUI, and had the following equation.
2x = 6. Solve for x.
At IUPUI, the answer would be 3.
At Harvard, the answer would also be 3.
If students are taking classes that teach the same material, why pay thousands of dollars more for Harvard than for IUPUI, Ball State, IU, Purdue or anywhere else? Are students simply paying for prestige? Granted, Harvard and schools like it are known for law and other specialties, but in regards to basic type courses, why pay much more for the same material?
I know that isn't college level math, but that's just a simple example. Math does not change, ever, regardless of school/professor. So what is the difference exactly between Harvard, Princeton, Yale/others and your "normal" university/college?
Any input is appreciated. I've always just been curious about this for some time.


How to Find Underground Water Pipes
Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story.
If you're planning on digging up your yard for any reason, you're going to want to know where your water pipes are. Performing any kind of construction without this knowledge runs the risk of damaging the pipes, which can flood your yard or your entire home and end up costing a lot of money. You can find underground water pipes in your front or back yard in a very specific way.
Step 1
Purchase a pipe locator device that is capable of finding both metal and plastic pipes. Depending on exactly where you're looking for your underground water pipes, as well as the area in which you live, they could potentially be made of either type of material. For the most accurate reading possible, you need a locator device capable of finding plastic and metal.
Step 2
Set up your pipe locator as directed. How you do this will depend on what type of locator you own. For example, certain pipe locators make a noise (typically with headphones) when a pipe is found. Others display an indication that you're standing above a pipe on a built-in screen.
Step 3
Walk through your yard, aiming the sensor on the pipe locator at the ground as you walk. Your pipe locator will indicate (either visually or audibly) when you're standing above an underground water pipe. You can then mark the position of the pipe according to your own preferences.
Stephen Lilley


Splunk® Enterprise
Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers
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How search works in SmartStore
SmartStore is optimized for certain characteristics that are common to the great majority of Splunk platform searches. Specifically, most searches have these characteristics:
 - They occur over near-term data. 97% of searches look back 24 hours or less.
 - They have spatial and temporal locality. If a search finds an event at a specific time or in a specific log, it's likely that other searches will look for events within a closely similar time range or in that log.
The cache manager favors recently created buckets and recently accessed buckets, attempting to ensure that most of the data that a search is likely to need is available in local cache. Similarly, the cache manager tends to evict buckets that are likely to participate in searches only infrequently.
Most fundamentals of search are the same for SmartStore and non-SmartStore indexes. An indexer searches buckets in response to a request from a search head. The process of searching buckets always occurs in local storage. As the first step in any search, the indexer compiles a list of buckets that it needs to search across.
To understand how search works on a SmartStore index and how it differs from search on a non-SmartStore index, it is necessary to differentiate between these bucket states:
 - Hot buckets
 - Warm buckets residing in the local cache
 - Warm buckets not residing in the local cache
Hot buckets always reside in local storage, whether the bucket is part of a SmartStore index or a non-SmartStore index. Therefore, searches of hot buckets work the same in both environments.
The search process differs, however, when it comes to searches of warm buckets.
When an indexer needs to search a warm bucket for a SmartStore index, it first "opens" that bucket. Later, when it has finished searching the bucket, it "closes" it. The designation of "open" and "closed" is necessary for the proper functioning of the cache eviction process. When a bucket is open, the indexer's cache manager knows that the bucket is participating in a search and is thus not eligible for eviction. Once a bucket is closed, it becomes eligible for eviction.
Once the warm bucket is open, the indexer determines whether the bucket currently resides in the local cache. The next stage of processing depends on whether the bucket is currently in the cache:
 - If the bucket resides in the local cache, the indexer searches it as usual. After the bucket has been searched and closed, it becomes eligible for eviction.
 - If the bucket does not reside in the local cache, the cache manager must first fetch a copy of it from remote storage and place it in the local cache. The indexer then searches the bucket as usual. After the bucket has been searched and closed, it becomes eligible for eviction.
Note: In some cases, the cache manager only fetches certain bucket files, not the entire bucket. See How the cache manager fetches buckets.
In the case of indexer clusters, primary bucket copies function similarly as with non-SmartStore indexes. With a hot bucket, only the primary copy of the bucket participates in a search. With a warm bucket, only the peer with the primary designation for that bucket fetches the bucket or accesses a cached copy.
Because the primary designation for a bucket rarely switches between peers, warm buckets in cache usually reside on the peer with the primary designation for that bucket. It is unusual for copies of the same warm bucket to reside in caches on multiple peers, or for the bucket's primary designation to reside on a peer without a local copy while another peer already has a local copy of that bucket.
Last modified on 26 February, 2019
How indexing works in SmartStore
Indexer cluster operations and SmartStore
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Nursing leaders today find themselves trying to straddle two worlds…..the world of the now and the world of what is ahead with health reform. There are no clear answers about the right strategies to embrace or initiatives to launch. Bob Johansen describes today's environment using the term VUCA, one characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. VUCA environments are stressful and the natural reaction is to challenge ourselves to keep up and work at a grueling pace. But is this always the best approach? In his book, The Pause Principle: Step Back to Lean Forward, Kevin Cashman suggests that the role of the leader is to bring clarity to chaos. He recommends that to do this, leaders have to step back and gain a fresh perspective that transcends the immediate swirl of activity. We have to pause.
Cashman's suggests that fast thinking is the domain of management transaction, while slow thinking is the leadership domain of strategic, innovative transformation. He believes every leader is on a journey from being a transaction-focused manager to an authentic leader that inspires real change. At the core of this transformation is the ability to pause. But for most, slowing down to drive performance is counter to instinct, especially when they have been rewarded for speed and action. But stepping forward to act, particularly in complex situations, without first stepping back for information, clarity, and connection to what is most important can be disastrous. Many nurse leaders have stories about reacting to quickly to situations. To relearn these patterns of behavior, Cashman recommends the following 7 pause practices that leaders should adopt:
- Be On-Purpose – it is the role of the leader to remain of and remind everyone about what is important. In the midst of healthcare reform and a movement toward accountable care organizations, the day to day care of patients matters as does the happiness and satisfaction of staff.
- Question and Listen– Cashman suggests that questions are the language of pause. They allow us as leaders to reframe, reconsider and revisit. Listening is the incubator for growing clarity out of complexity. Questioning and listening are essential to leadership growth.
- Risk Experimentation– although our tendency might be to minimize risk in stressful situations, this is not how growth occurs. He recommends stepping back from long held beliefs to attempt the new.
- Reflect and Synthesize – Cashman observes that with our addiction to speedy decisions, it is easy to become a transactional leader. Great leaders take the time to incubate ideas and develop more strategic and forward thinking solutions.
- Consider Inside-Out and Outside-In Dynamics – to fully think about our leadership, we must not only reflect on what is happening in our environments but also what is happening within us. Transformation and change usually involves inner work as well as outer work. Stop to pause and ask your self – what impact is this having on me – are my beliefs being challenged and how can I change.
- Foster Generativity – generativity is the energy and enthusiasm we receive by developing others to surpass our own accomplishments. It is pausing to make sure that you are doing your own succession planning and leaving your leadership legacy.
- Be Authentic– Cashman observes that there is no greater force than a truly authentic leader. We must pause to reflect on how we can be more authentic and create lasting value.
Although this is a book about leadership, there are also many lessons that can also be applied to our lives outside of work. Many leaders today know that they need to slow down and reduce their stress level because it is unhealthy. Through our nursing careers, we quickly learn how your life can quickly change in an instant with an accident or illness, but we forget this in our day to day work. We sometimes are forced to pause because we cannot ignore what has happened to us. Cashman suggests that there is a better way – we need to integrate the pauses into our life and work.


Argument Picker is a simple API to access and elaborate arguments in a flexible way.
Basically it allows, given URL arguments like:
to retrieve one of those arguments through a function:
which - in the specific example - would return "Volkswagen".
This module essentially adds the possibility to assign labels to arguments, through this syntax:
and then allows you to retrieve any argument using the label as a reference.
Some of the helper functions are dedicated to specific modules (i.e. Views), enhancing the accessibility of arguments:
Assuming "your_view" has a "foo" argument, using argument_picker, you could easily setup this argument's default value with:
return arg_picker_get_view_argument("foo");
which would return "4" (for the example above) or "all" (when the argument is not present).
Basically it's just an alternative to an url querystring with Drupal-specific add-on features, which comes extremely useful when implementing progressive filters (like a faceted search) through views but it also comes very handy for retrieving arguments in dynamic PHP blocks, panel panes, custom modules or wherever you want.
Not to mention that a normal querystring is still usable:
leaving every other querystring-related features intact.
Project Information


text:
We also discussed words in English that end in ous/ious. That ending means "full of" - so we had fun trying to think of words that end in those letters and what they mean: anxious - full of anxiety; dangerous - full of danger; ubiquitous - full of "everywhere;" contagious - full of contagions. We also talked about how sometimes the meaning isn't obvious and you have to go back to the Latin root like with copious - full of supply. Once you start thinking about them, it's hard to stop!
1. Read pages 74-75
2. Workbook pages for lesson 25 - pages 159-164
3. Notecards + derivatives


text:
This generative poem produces an expert mashup of Emily Dickinson's poetry and Herman Melville's Moby Dick, described in detail by the authors in the introduction to their piece.
Sea and Spar Between is a poetry generator which defines a space of language populated by a number of stanzas comparable to the number of fish in the sea, around 225 trillion. Each stanza is indicated by two coordinates, as with latitude and longitude. They range from 0 : 0 to _PHONE_ : _PHONE_.
In the tradition of massive generative poems initiated by Raymond Queneau's Cent Mille Milliards de Poémes, this is an impossible text to read completely in a lifetime, requiring 6,421,232,876.71 years of reading, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year (with a day of rest on leap years)— if you allot 30 seconds to read each stanza. Fortunately just as one doesn't need to navigate the seven seas to appreciate them, this poem doesn't need to be apprehended in its entirety to be enjoyed. And Montfort and Strickland have provided us with an interface that invites exploration in both serendipitous and precise ways.
A distinctive feature of this poem is that while it is generative, it isn't random or mutable. Every possible permutation is expressed spatially on the canvas and numbered with X,Y coordinates, which means you can reread it, make note of coordinates to share passages, and enter coordinates to explore it strategically. By placing readers on a randomly determined stanza, we are encouraged to discover new parts of this poetic inquiry. The screen captured image above is taken from one such random assignment
In an attempt to chart some of these poetic waters, I entered the starting (0:0) and ending (_PHONE_ : _PHONE_) coordinates to see the range of permutations (see below).
Read stanza 0:0 in the center and the surrounding stanzas to notice similarities and you'll sense a pattern in how the structure arranges the exploration of each permutation in the variables. Montfort and Strickland have wisely chosen to not make it too similar or obvious to avoid monotony, but there is a spatial and mathematical logic to the arrangement, which can be discovered in the source code by those interested in understanding that particular mechanism.
An interesting detail about its structure that is illuminated by the code can be discovered by reading the stanza positioned on the top left corner of the screenshot, diagonal from stanza 0:0. Read it in the image above and then examine the image below, screen-captured from the last coordinate in the set.
The stanza on the lower right corner is the first one (0:0), which means that this is not a flat mapping with edges, but a circular one with the end looping back to the beginning. The source code documentation explains that the structure is that of a torus, and I imagine it is formed around the diagonal circle defined by the sequence that goes from 0:0, 1:1, 2:2, all the way to _PHONE_ : _PHONE_. By that logic, the farthest point from both the beginning is the middle point, _PHONE_.5 : _PHONE_.5 (rounded up to the next integer), depicted below.
How thematically or stylistically distant is this midpoint from the beginning and end? Not very, but one can immediately notice some of the recurring patterns, variations, and variables around the phrase "artless is the earth," each of which builds a different kind of statement. Reading around these axial stanzas may reveal stronger insights on how the poem's data set informs the poem as a whole, as may dividing the poem into a grid and mapping out its structure in regions. Reading the source code would also reveal much of its internal logic, but reading the code alone doesn't do justice to the emergent complexity of the piece.
I suggest taking a variety of approaches to reading this work in addition to the ones described above, including reloading the page to go to a different random location, and using your mouse pointer to explore intriguing directions in the stanzas. And accept that you will never know all of this poetic sea, though you may map out some of its currents, coastlines, and psychogeography.


text:
Is this an acceptable risk?
The essence of the automation of the risk simulation model is the creation of an Excel macro written in VBA. The macro will perform three tasks:
The VBA code is simplified if one first uses the 'Name' facility to name ranges of cells:
The range named Bins houses the values used by the function FREQUENCY() to process the results. The Frequencies range will house the frequencies that are generated. The Results range is where the simulation results (values for NPV) are stored.
Table 4: Simulation Macro
Sub Simulation()'' Simulation Macro'Macro recorded 15/01/00 by D.Smith'' For counter = 3 To 502 Range("NPV").Select Calculate Cells(counter, 7).Value = ActiveCell.Value Next counter Range("frequencies").Select Selection.FormulaArray = ("=Frequency(Results, bins)") Calculate End Sub
The macro (table 4) is created as a module using the Visual Basic Editor. There are two components to the single subroutine within the macro. The first component is a For..Next loop. This selects the cell named NPV (E24), recalculates the model and places the resulting value in the NPV cell at the top of the range named Results. On the next circuit of the loop the model is again recalculated and because the counter has been incremented the new value for NPV goes into the next cell in the Results range. This continues until the counter gets to the last cell in the Results range, which in this instance is G502. The counter can be set with different values to undertake more or less simulations.
|Bins||Frequency||Cumulative Frequency||Relative Frequency||Cumulative Relative Frequency|
Table 5: Results Table
The second part of the macro involves the use of Excel's FREQUENCY() function. To enable this function to sort the simulation results effectively, the values stored in the Results range have to be placed in the cells designated as 'Bins' (I6:I26). This range of cells will form the right hand column (table 5) of the Results Table (I2:M29). To sort the results likely to be obtained with the investment model specified, the values range from + 60,000 to - 40,000 with intervals of 5,000. The frequency produced by executing the FREQUENCY() function appears in the second column of the Results Table (J6:J27). To produce appropriate graphs of the risk simulation results, three further columns need to be designated at this stage for Cumulative Frequency (K6:K27), Relative Frequency (L6:L27) and Cumulative Relative Frequency (M6:M27). For each of these ranges of cells a formula is required. Cumulative Frequency requires the formula +J6 in the first cell followed by +K6+J7 in the next cell down. This formula can then be copied into the remaining cells in the column. The fourth and fifth columns in the Results Table require the number of simulation results as a denominator. This is obtained by placing the formula +SUM (Frequencies) in cell J28. The formula for the relative frequency column is +K6/$J$28. In both instances the formula can be copied down into the remaining cells in the column. As a check to ensure that all the results have been processed cell L28 contains the formula +SUM(L6:L27).
Having set up the Results Table, graphs can be specified based on the figures in the results table. A bar chart will produce a graph of the relative frequency. With probability on the Y axis and the values shown in the Bins range on the X axis, it will show the distribution of project NPVs. A line graph based on the cumulative relative frequency with similar axes will show the cumulative distribution of project NPVs.
The final step is to complete the summary section (B27:E32) on the spreadsheet (Table 6). Using the COUNT() function in C29 will maintain a tally of the number of simulations. The use of MAX(Results) in E28 and MIN(Results) in E29 will capture the highest and lowest observations for project NPV. The function AVERAGE() and STDEV() in E30 and E31 will provide the mean and standard deviation.
Having set up the spreadsheet in this way, lines six to eight of the macro select the range of cells containing the frequencies generated by successive executions of the simulation loop and apply the FREQUENCY() function using the Results and Bins ranges as arguments. Finally the macro recalculates the Results Table in order to generate the relative frequency and cumulative relative frequency figures.
To run the risk simulation model one simply selects the SIMULATION macro via the TOOLS bar. One of the benefits of the model is that values in the NPV cell (E24) change as the simulations are executed. The simulation results are recorded in the Results range. This facility can be particularly useful if it is necessary to de-bug the model. Upon completion the simulation results are summarised in the Results Table. Selecting the graph tabs should produce figures 1 and 2. Finally the Summary section will provide an overview of results.
Once the model is running it is important that a process of validation is undertaken to ensure that it is working as intended. This needs to be nothing more than checking that the results are comparable to those shown in the Results Table.
Having confirmed that the model is working correctly students should be encouraged to analyse the results. This could involve answering questions such as those set out below:
Important though it is to get students using the risk simulation model and analysing the results, this is really only the beginning. One of the biggest benefits to be gained from using a risk simulation model without the aid of add-in packages like _USER_ is the scope for further model development.
Modifications to the model could take the form of modifications to both the macro and the spreadsheet model. Changes to the macro that could be explored include aspects such as increasing the number of simulations carried out. 500 simulations were used in this instance but it is a simple matter to increase this to 2,000 or 5,000.
Changes to the model could include the incorporation of some of the following:
Various versions of this application have been used on a variety of Managerial Economics and Business Strategy modules at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Students have not been Economics majors rather they have been Business Studies majors or DMS/MBA students. During the course of their managerial careers such students will encounter investment projects. An understanding of risk analysis in general and risk simulation in particular is likely to be very useful. Although a self-constructed risk simulation, such as the one presented in this instance, has limitations compared to those developed using the resources of an add-in package like _USER_, this is offset by the depth of understanding of risk simulation and associated concepts gained by business and management students.
Barlow, T. F. (1999) Excel Models for Business and Operations Management, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.