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A great way to augment exercise is to use Manual Resistance immediately after exiting a training device. This approach to strengthening can further target the muscles involved in the movement. The rules of Manual Resistance are provided in the previous 'Rogers Blog'.
Example: The Pendulum Squat Pro followed by Manual Outer Thigh.
Begin this routine by doing a set on the Pendulum Squat Pro. The weight you select can be part of your normal fitness routine. If you are doing multiple sets follow the final set of that movement with a manual exercise that further targets the previously trained area.
Manual Outer Thigh following the Squat Pro


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The yarn in your towel will have been ringspun or produced using the Open End technique.
If produced using the Open End technique, the fibres are "strung out" into threads without the use of a bobbin. This process is faster and cheaper than other spinning techniques because the fibres being turned into yarn don't need to be aligned beforehand.
Ring Spun yarn is more laborious to produce and involves more steps. The fibres need to be aligned using a process called "carding" before they are spun. Occasionally the fibres are also combed to remove short, loose or coarse fibres and to create a luxuriously smooth yarn. Ring Spinning involves twisting the fibres and results in a stronger and more durable yarn than one created using the Open End technique.
And what does all that mean for you? Ring Spun yarn is smoother and more durable, while Open End spun yarn is rougher and lower in price.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


AAAI Publications, Twenty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
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Decision-Theoretic Control of Crowd-Sourced Workflows
Peng Dai,'Mausam, Daniel Sabey Weld
Last modified: 2010-07-04
Crowd-sourcing is a recent framework in which human intelligence tasks are outsourced to a crowd of unknown people ("workers") as an open call (e.g., on Amazon's Mechanical Turk). Crowd-sourcing has become immensely popular with hoards of employers ("requesters"), who use it to solve a wide variety of jobs, such as dictation transcription, content screening, etc. In order to achieve quality results, requesters often subdivide a large task into a chain of bite-sized subtasks that are combined into a complex, iterative workflow in which workers check and improve each other's results. This paper raises an exciting question for AI — could an autonomous agent control these workflows without human intervention, yielding better results than today's state of the art, a fixed control program? We describe a planner, TurKontrol, that formulates workflow control as a decision-theoretic optimization problem, trading off the implicit quality of a solution artifact against the cost for workers to achieve it. We lay the mathematical framework to govern the various decisions at each point in a popular class of workflows. Based on our analysis we implement the workflow control algorithm and present experiments demonstrating that TurKontrol obtains much higher utilities than popular fixed policies.
Full Text: PDF


_USER_ { author = {Nemtsov, Alex and Kirshkov, Pavel}, title = {Electrochemical Characterization of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle through Anodic Oxidation}, journal = {Medbiotech Journal}, volume = {04}, number = {02}, pages = {83-86}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Rose Publication Company, Melbourne, Australia}, issn = {2209-2528}, eissn = {2209-2536}, doi = {10.22034/mbt.2020.109583}, abstract = {Titanium oxide nanotubes were fabricated by anodic oxidation of a pure titanium sheet in 1.5 M H2SO4, 0.3 M H3PO4 and 0.3 M H2O2 mixture solution. The morphology of Titanium oxide nanotubes surface were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). These tubes are well aligned and organized into high-density uniform arrays. While the tops of the tubes are open, the bottoms of the tubes are closed, forming a barrier layer structure similar to that of porous alumina. The average tube diameter, ranging in size from 40 to 70 nm.}, keywords = {Nanotubes,titanium oxide,Anodizing,Scanning Electron Microscope}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ }


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Identification. An endometrial brush is a device designed to remove samples of the endometrium (the mucosal lining of the uterus) by brushing its surface. This device is used to study endometrial cytology (cells).
Classification. Class II. The special controls for this device are: (1) FDA's: (i) Use of International Standard ISO 10993 Biological Evaluation of Medical DevicesPart I: Evaluation and Testing, and (ii) 510(k) Sterility Review Guidance of 2/12/90 (K90-1), (2) Labeling: (i) Indication: Only to evaluate the endometrium, and (ii) Contraindications: Pregnancy, history of uterine perforation, or a recent cesarean section, and (3) Design and testing: (i) The sampling component is covered within the vagina, and (ii) For adherence of the bristles and brush head.


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How to Make Salted Duck or Chicken Eggs
Eggs submerged in salt water
Eggs submerged in salt water
In The Beginning
The existence of salted eggs dates to many centuries ago in Asian countries like China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. Salted eggs were probably a daily food among farmers and villagers where other foods were scarce and the people were poor. The only food they had to survive on in those days came from their own crops and farm animals. Preserved and salted foods were also common as they could be stored for a long time without refrigerators, which they didn't have back then.
Salted Duck Eggs
Duck eggs are often used in the making of salted eggs. The traditional way of making salted eggs is by covering the eggs in a salty mud paste and letting the eggs cure for many months. This method is still being used today. Other modern methods are also being used, and it could be one of the reasons why there are more and more inferior-quality salted eggs being sold out there.
The Chinese make salted duck eggs by coating them with a thick paste made from charcoal, salt, water and then wrapping each egg in a plastic bag. The Filipinos use a mixture of clay, salt, and water to coat the duck eggs. The duck eggs are then cured for a few weeks before they are ready to be sold in the markets.
Good Eggs or Bad Eggs
It is easy to tell if a cooked salted egg is of good quality or inferior type. A good salted egg has a bright yellow yolk in the middle that is oozing with thick yellow liquid. A poor quality salted egg lacks the yellow colour in its yolk, sometimes it's not even pale yellow and is often too salty to be eaten.
Where to Buy Salted Eggs
You can find salted duck eggs in most Asian grocery stores. Some of the eggs have been dyed with red or pink colour so as not to get them mixed up with the normal fresh eggs. Some eggs are wrapped individually in plastic bags and are still coated with the black charcoal paste. Half a dozen salted eggs usually cost around $6 from the grocery store.
Why Not Make Your Own
You can also make your own at home with chicken, duck, emu, or quail eggs. Duck eggs are still the best for making this particular dish. There is a particular taste in duck eggs that seems to bring out the aroma, texture, and taste of an authentic salted egg. So, go for duck if you can find them!
Duck eggs coated with black soil to make salted eggs.
Duck eggs coated with black soil to make salted eggs.
How to Make Salted Eggs
You will need the following ingredients/items:
 - 12 eggs
 - 500 grams cooking salt
 - 4 cups water
 - Large glass container with a lid
 1. Pour the cooking salt and water into a pot and boil.
 2. Stir until all the salt has melted and keep boiling until you see lots of salt crystals start to form on the side of the pot. This means the salt water has reached a saturation point and the salt has started to crystallise.
 3. Remove pot from heat and let the salt water cool to room temperature.
 4. Put the eggs in the glass container.
 5. Slowly pour in the salt water and salt crystals until all the eggs are submerged in the water.
 6. Cover the container with the lid and leave it in a cool dark place.
A good quality salted egg is bright yellow and moist inside.
A good quality salted egg is bright yellow and moist inside.
Salted duck eggs sold in the Philippines
Salted duck eggs sold in the Philippines
Waiting Time...
It takes approximately 4 weeks for the eggs to turn salty. If you prefer less salty eggs, you can take out one egg to test for saltiness after three weeks. Boil the salted egg in water for 10 minutes until it is hard-boiled. Let it cool and then remove the shell.
Tasting Time
Taste and see if it is salty enough for your liking. If not, leave the eggs in the container for another week or two, depending on how salty you want them to be.
When you are satisfied with the saltiness of the eggs, remove them from the salt water and store the eggs in the refrigerator until they are needed for cooking.
Serving Suggestions
Salted eggs can be served as a small side dish with rice or noodles. They can also be used as a filling for Chinese mooncakes.
Salted eggs can be used as a side dish served with steamed rice.
Questions & Answers
Question: Can I reuse the salt and water to make another batch of salted eggs?
Answer: You will need to reboil the salt and water if you want to reuse the solution.
Question: Why is salted chicken egg not commercialized like salted duck egg? What is the difference between a salted chicken egg and salted duck egg?
Answer: From my own understanding, the duck egg has a thicker shell that allows it to store better for a long time. Also, duck eggs have a distinct flavor that some people do not like - preserving the duck eggs in salt tends to get rid of that flavor. Duck eggs have bigger yolks, salted egg yolks are becoming very popular in a lot of Asian recipes!
Question: Why should we use a glass container for salted egg stock? What about a plastic Tupperware?
Answer: Personally I like to use glass containers for storing food. You may use Tupperware containers if you prefer them.
Question: After curing salted eggs for 4 weeks, do I need to boil them first before eating or I can just peel them and eat it without cooking?
Answer: The salted eggs need to be cooked before consuming. You can boil them like hard-boiled eggs, or you can break the shell and put them in a bowl and steam until they are cooked. The salted eggs can also be mixed with meat or vegetables for cooking.
Question: How does the egg become salty when cooking?
Answer: Eggshells are porous and salt water can go through the eggshells by a process called osmosis.
Question: Why do the eggs float when put in a container with salt water?
Answer: Salt water has a higher density that causes the eggs to float.
Question: Can the eggs be boiled first before putting them in the jar of salty and water?
Answer: If the eggs are cooked first, they will become hard-boiled eggs. In the solid form, they will take very long to become salted eggs.
Question: Is it true that it is less hygienic to use a mud/soil in making salted eggs?
Answer: I am sure the mud/soil used for salted eggs production commercially has some sort of quality control.
Question: What if an egg is cracked before you put in the glass to make salted eggs?
Answer: If the egg is cracked, do not put it in the container.
Question: Can I directly boil duck eggs with the salt solution?
Answer: If you boil the duck eggs in the salt solution, the process will only cook the eggs but not make them salty.
Question: How long do salted eggs keep for, and how do I store them properly after I finish salting them?
Answer: The salted eggs can be kept in the fridge for several weeks.
Question: I've just recently made a batch of salted chicken eggs for the first time, it was brined for 16 days. The eggs were cooked all they like hard-boiled. Is it normal for the yolk part to be green in color? It sure tasted good though.
Answer: The color of the yolk has something to do with the quality of the egg. Good quality eggs have a bright orange color while poorer quality egg yolks are sometimes pale yellow. I haven't seen green color in the yolks but if the eggs were fresh enough when you bought them, it should not be a problem.
Question: How to color duck eggs?
Answer: Food dye can be used if you want to color the duck eggs.
Question: Is it okay if I don't boil the water and salt when making salted eggs?
Answer: Boiling the water helps to dissolve the salt and attain the saturation point.
Question: How do you preserve a salted egg?
Answer: You can keep the salted eggs in the fridge for a few weeks.
Question: I just bought my first salted eggs and I am not sure what to do with them first. Do I need to wash them or cook them before consuming them?
Answer: If you have bought ready made salted eggs from the store, just give them a wash before you cook them.
Question: Can the curing time be shorter for salted eggs?
Answer: If the curing time is less than 3 weeks, the eggs will not be salty enough and will not store well.
Question: Is there a way to remove the salt content from imported preserved chicken eggs?
Answer: I would suggest soaking the uncooked eggs in water for one to two weeks and changing the water every other day.
Question: Can we make a spicy salted egg?
Answer: You can make the salted egg spicy when it is ready to serve.
Question: Do I have to wait 4 weeks to complete the salted duck egg?
Answer: Yes, it takes time to make salted egg.
Question: Can I use slightly cracked eggs like very small crack on the shells to make salted duck eggs?
Answer: I would prefer not to use eggs with visible cracks.
Question: Does a salted


What lag time is
Lag time is the amount of time by which the destination system lags behind the source system.
The lag time is the difference between the current time and the timestamp of the Snapshot copy that was last successfully transferred to the destination system. The lag time will always be at least as much as the duration of the last successful transfer, unless the clocks on the source and destination systems are not synchronized. The time zone difference is automatically calculated into the lag time.


Four-Wave Mixing
Four-Wave Mixing is one of the four Non-linear attributes in optical fiber communication. As the name indicates, the fourth wave gets generated when three (or even two) distinct signals travel together. Four-wave mixing (FWM), which is also called four-photon mixing, occurs when the interaction of two or three optical waves at different wavelengths generates new optical waves, called mixing products or sidebands, at other wavelengths.
This interaction of waves occurs between signals in multiple-channel systems, between OA ASE noise and a single channel, as well as between the main mode and side modes of a single channel. In the case of two signals, the intensity modulation at their beat frequency modulates the fiber refractive index and produces a phase modulation at a difference frequency.
The phase modulation creates two sidebands at frequencies given by this difference. In the case of three signals, more and stronger mixing products are produced, which will fall directly on adjacent signal channels when the channel spacings are equal in frequency. Two optical waves propagating along a fiber produce FWM with high efficiency if the phase matching condition is achieved between sidebands and initial signals.
Author: Fiber
Chief Editor of Fiber Optic Mania Magazine


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I've always had a fascination with history and thankfully, my real estate career often leads me to discovering interesting things about South Georgian Bays past.
Not long ago, I listed a house for sale in Thornbury that quite fascinated me. It has been in the same family since the 1930's and according to stories handed down over the generations, may be one of the oldest structures in the blue Mountains.
That got me to wondering how old is old? I trodded off to the library between appointments one day and found a few books discussing the history of the area. In general, the land we know as Grey County was first occupied by the Native peoples of the Huron, Petun, and other nations. As the years go by, we are learning more and more about these times as artifacts and ruins are uncovered and preserved. But I digress.
As we know, these lands were eventually acquired by the British and it turns out that the first two townships surveyed in the area were Collingwood and St. Vincent. This led to colonization, mail roads, and natural harbours that gave access for early settlers. Early trade and commerce grew from the area's natural resources such as fish, fur, forests and minerals. Rivers powered sawmills and gristmills as would have been the case in Thornbruy; then known as Collingwood Township. Furniture factories used local hardwoods and weavers made cloth from the wool of local sheep. Fruit-growing began early, and by 1930,more than 16,000 acres of "Georgian Bay Apples" were planted.
Some of the earliest references I could find to possible settlers dated back to 1832 or 1833. There were photographs of workers in lumber and grist mills in Thornbury by the mid 1850's.
Based on the unique construction of the original portion of the home, the siting of the dwelling on a ridge looking out to Georgian Bay and, based on the stories handed down through the generations, it is quite possible that part of this home in fact dates back over 170 years! Some time later, the brick structure was added in a Georgian centre hall style suggesting affluence and success of the family of the day. We can trace back the family name of the owners in the early 20th century as being Dinsmore; a still prominent name in the local community.
Have a look at Hilltop today. It's for sale and waiting for the next chapter to be written:
Subscribe to my monthly newsletter by clicking here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Justice in the Classroom & Determined: The 400-Year Struggle For Black Equality
The following eight lesson plans have been designed in collaboration with the Virginia Museum of History and Culture based on their 2019-2020 ground-breaking exhibit, Determined: The 400-Year Struggle for Black Equality.
These eight lessons (four each for middle and high school students) explore four different time periods within the 400-year timeline covered in Determined:
- _PHONE_: Slavery at High Tide, exploring the most painful paradox of American history: our nation's foundation on both the principle of liberty and the reality of slavery
- _PHONE_ Progress & Backlash, delving into the profound changes experienced in Virginia and throughout the US from the end of the Civil War through World War II
- 1950 to 1968: The road from "Brown to Green" and to the demand for justice that led to the Civil Rights Act
- 1968 to Today, asking the question, Has Equality been Achieved?
These sections are reflected in the lesson plans of this project. Click on the icons below to view each one, and don't forget to scroll to see all eight.
This project was made possible through generous support from the Virginia Law Foundation.


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A guide to avoiding nasty employment tribunal cases.
1. Talk To Your Staff
Keep lines of communication open. Resolve discipline issues informally where you can – don't let matters escalate. An informal chat can often stop an issue becoming an employment tribunal case.
2. Adopt Fair Company Rules And Procedures
Put your rules and procedures in writing in a staff handbook. Make sure your staff know what is expected of them at work and what will happen if they breach the rules. Prevention is better than cure. Clear rules for employees help to avoid most employment tribunal cases.
3. Consider Alternatives To Disciplinary Action
If you are frustrated by an underperforming employee, consider whether it could be addressed with a Performance Improvement Plan, rather than formal disciplinary or capability action. Taking a less confrontation option may well avoid an Employment Tribunal case.
4. Keep Written Records
Keep written records of every time that you discuss the troublesome 'issue' with your employee. This allows you to refer back with confidence to previous conversations. After formal meetings make sure the employee gets a copy of the meeting notes. Good communication goes a long way to avoiding an employment tribunal case.
5. Act Fairly When Using Formal Disciplinary Action
Establish the facts – conducting an investigation is critical. Inform the employee of the results of the investigation – if there is a disciplinary case to answer write to the employee and invite them to a formal hearing.
- to inform them that they have the right to be accompanied;
- to hold a disciplinary meeting;
- listen to the employee's evidence – don't do all the talking yourself.
…..and remember to demonstrate why your actions were justified
6. Take Appropriate Action
Once you have held the disciplinary meeting and considered all the evidence, inform the employee of your decision in writing. Remember to demonstrate why your actions were justified.
7. Provide The Employee With An Opportunity To Appeal
Following the disciplinary meeting you will write to the employee to inform them of your decision. The right to an appeal should be included in your letter. If the employee wishes to appeal against your decision it should be conducted by someone not involved with the initial investigation and disciplinary hearing. Follow the correct procedure and it will prevent an employment tribunal case.
Sometimes, no matter how hard you try, you still end up with the headache of defending an employment tribunal case. If that happens, we are here to help – contact us.


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3 posts • Page 1 of 1
The way that you can deduce this formula from the name is that first it starts with potassium - K, you don't know how many yet, but you know the first atom is K, and because K is a positive cation, it is outside of the brackets. Then for hexacyanido - hexa means 6 and cyanido means CN-. Then you have Cromate which means the chromium atom. So far now you have K [Cr(CN)6] - but how do we know how many K's there are? That's solved by the roman numerals that are in the name, Chromate (III). This means that chromium has a 3 plus charge, and we already know that CN has a minus one charge. Since the next compound is neutral that means we need to have 3 K+ ions to balance out the charges. Hopefully that helped.
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Computer case
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
ATX desktop case
An ATX case. The motherboard (MicroATX) is in a horizontal position at the top, and the peripheral connectors go at the panel located at the rear of the case and USB ports at the top. The fans are also at the rear and front. The power supply is on the bottom rear.
A computer case, also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, or cabinet, is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a personal computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard, and mouse).
Cases are usually constructed from steel (often SECC—steel, electrogalvanized, cold-rolled, coil), aluminium and plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, acrylic and even Lego bricks have appeared in home-built cases.
Sizes and terminology[edit]
Inside a Gaming-Case during gameplay. 360°-photograph
(view as a 360° interactive panorama)
Full tower cases.
Cases can come in many different sizes (known as form factors). The size and shape of a computer case are usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard since it is the largest component of most computers. Cases are also referred to by their size (such as ATX case, Mini ITX case, etc.) Consequently, personal computer form factors typically specify only the internal dimensions and layout of the case. Form factors for rack-mounted and blade servers may include precise external dimensions as well since these cases must themselves fit in specific enclosures.
For example, a case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply may take on several external forms such as a vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width), a flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box (height ≤ 5 cm (2 in) designed to sit on the desk under the computer's monitor). Full-size tower cases are typically larger in volume than desktop cases, with more room for drive bays, expansion slots, and custom or all-in-one (AIO) water cooling solutions. Desktop cases—and mini-tower cases under about 46 cm (18 in) high—are popular in business environments where space is at a premium.[1]
Currently, the most popular form factor for desktop computers is ATX,[citation needed] although microATX and small form factors have also become very popular for a variety of uses. In the high-end segment, the unofficial and loosely defined XL-ATX specification appeared around 2009. It extends the length of the mainboard to accommodate four graphics cards with dual-slot coolers. Some XL-ATX mainboards increase the mainboard's width as well, to allow more space for the CPU, Memory PWM, and in some cases, a second CPU socket. While the market share of these exotic high-end mainboards is very low, almost all high-end cases and many mainstream cases support XL-ATX (10 expansion slots). As of 2018, no major motherboard manufacturer has made an XL-ATX board for several years. E-ATX is similar to XL-ATX in that it is larger than ATX and is also loosely defined. Unlike XL-ATX, E-ATX motherboards and cases are still in production (as of 2020), and support quad-channel memory across 8 slots of ram, up to 4 PCI-e expansion slots for up to 4 double slot graphics cards and a single CPU such as the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X.[2][3][4][5][6] Companies like In Win Development, Shuttle Inc. and AOpen originally popularized small cases, for which FlexATX was the most common[dubious ] motherboard size. As of 2010 Mini ITX has widely replaced FlexATX as the most common small form factor mainboard standard. The latest mini ITX mainboards from Asus, Gigabyte, MSI, ASRock, Zotac and Foxconn offer the same feature set as full size mainboards. High-end mini ITX mainboards support standard desktop CPUs, use standard memory DIMM sockets, and mostly feature a full-size PCI-E 16× slot with support for the fastest graphics cards, although some instead use a PCI, or PCIe slot of fewer than 16 lanes. This allows customers to build a fully-fledged high-end computer in a significantly smaller case. Apple Inc. has also produced the Mac Mini computer, which is similar in size to a standard CD-ROM drive, and many manufacturers offer mini-ITX cases of similar size for low-wattage CPUs with integrated graphics.
Tower cases are often categorized as mini-tower, midi-tower, mid-tower, or full-tower. The terms are subjective and inconsistently defined by different manufacturers.
Full tower cases are typically 56 cm (22 in) or more in height and intended to stand on the floor. They can have anywhere from six to ten externally accessible drive bays. However as computing technology moves from floppy disks and CD-ROMs to large capacity hard drives, USB flash drives, and network-based solutions, today's full tower cases typically have only no, one, or two external bays for CD drives, with the internal bays moved elsewhere in the case to improve airflow. The full tower case was developed to house file servers which would typically be tasked with serving data from expensive CD-ROM databases that held more data than the hard drives commonly available. Hence many full tower cases include locking doors and other physical security features to prevent theft of the discs. Today, full tower cases are commonly used by enthusiasts as showpiece display cases with custom water cooling, lighting, and tempered glass (replacing acrylic).[7][8][9] They may also hold two computers (as is the case with the Corsair 1000D) and dual power supplies (Corsair 900D).[10][11]
Mid-tower cases are smaller, about 46 cm (18 in) high with two to four external bays. They may also hold two computers.[12]
A mini-tower case will typically have only one or two external bays.[13]
Recently the marketing term midi-tower has come into use, seemingly referring to (based on anecdotal evidence) cases smaller than mid-tower but larger than mini-tower, typically with two to three external bays. Outside of the United States, the term is often used interchangeably with mid-tower
Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays, as well as a rear panel that can accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots. Most cases also have a power button or switch, a reset button, and LEDs to indicate power, hard drive activity, and network activity in some models. Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and headphone ports) on the front of the case. Such a case will also (normally) include the wires needed to connect these ports, switches, and indicators to the motherboard.
Major component locations[edit]
 - The top of the case, usually allowing the PSU's built-in fan to act as an auxiliary exhaust fan but causes the PSU to be fed air heated by the internal components of the case, thus causing PSU efficiency and lifespan degradation.
 - The bottom of the case, with an (often filtered) vent in the bottom of the case allowing the PSU to draw cool air from the outside.
 - Most cases include drive bays on the front of the case; a typical ATX case includes 5.25", 3.5" and 2.5" bays. In modern computers, the 5.25" bays are used for optical drives, the 3.5" bays are used for hard drives and card readers, and the 2.5" bays are used for solid-state drives.
 - Buttons and LEDs are typically located on the front of the case; some cases include additional I/O ports, temperature, and processor speed monitors in the same area.
 - Vents are often found on the front, back, top, left side panel, and sometimes on the right-side panel of the case. Regardless of their placement, their purpose is either to let cool air into the case or to let hot air out. Larger vents usually allow cooling fans to be mounted via surrounding threaded screw holes. Newer cases include mountings for larger 120mm or 140mm cooling fans for quieter operation than the 80mm fans formerly common.
 - An I/O template, or I/O plate, fits around the motherboard's back panel of external ports. Sometimes provided by the case manufacturer, it is often replaced by the one that comes with the motherboard.
Internal access[edit]
Accessing the interior components of a modern ATX tower case is done by removing the side panels. Looking front-to-back, accessing the motherboard, PSU, drive bays, and most case fan installation points are done by removing the left side panel. Removing the right-side panel is done less often to access the space behind the motherboard mounting plate. This space is devoted to cable management, as cables routed in front of the motherboard may disrupt the flow of air within the case causing increased temperatures.[14] BTX, an uncontemporary standard, has the main side panel on the right side as opposed to the left. Some upside-down designed ATX cases are also accessed by removing the right-side panel door.
Alternatively, the case may have a single large U-shaped cover that saddles the chassis. This was ubiquitous in AT tower cases.
Through the 1990s, most computer cases had simple rectangular shapes, and were often painted beige or white with little attention given to the visual design. Beige box designs are still found on a


webMethods step by step Database to Flat file
Jan 18, 2012 15:24 1 Comments Development Pia
TASK: DataBase To FlatFile
OS: WindowsOS
Platform: webMethods 6.1
This task takes the data from a database table (Employee)(SQL Server) and writes it
 in a form of flat file.
To achieve it following Flow Steps are usedâ¦
 1. DBToFF: SelectAdapter
 2. Pub.flatFile: convertToString
 3. Sample.IO.test: writeToFile
Before using the flow steps we need to create a JDBC Adapter Connector. For creating JDBC Connector refer the document How To Create JDBCConnector.doc and also we need to create a JDBC (select) Adapter service. For this refer the document How to create a JDBCAdapter Service.
Flow Steps in detailâ¦.
DBToFF: SelectAdapter
This flow step is created using selectJDBCAdapterService that is invoked through insert flow step.
After executing this step the records in the table (Employee) are shown in the SESQLOutput DOC.
2. pub.flatFile: convertToString
ConvertToString service is used to convert the SESQLOutput IDOC into a string using the flat file schema. (For creating FlatFile Schema refer How to Create FlatFile Schema?)
 Mapping for this flow step.
Ã OverwriteFlag must be specified to overwrite/Append
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 idnkx user
 Hi, I tried with webMethods 9.5, but doesn't work! How can I convert it to 9.5? Thanks
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At the joint Fraunhofer stand devoted to Adaptronics (D24/1) in Hall 2 of the Hannover Messe (April 16 to 20), they will be presenting the Quiet Car project, which demonstrates to the industrial world what adaptronic systems are capable of achieving. It's every driver's nightmare – a tire burst when you're traveling at maximum speed along the freeway. In theory, any car owner can reckon on having to change a burst tire after driving between 100,000 and 150,000 kilometers. This explains why the leading auto magazines and tire manufacturers recommend twice-monthly tire checks. So-called run-flat tires are a safer option, for they serve as a normal tire and spare tire rolled into one. They allow the driver to continue driving for a certain distance with a burst tire, thanks to an additional rubber lining that prevents the damaged tire from totally deflating. Run-flat tires have been available on the market since 2001, but they have been slow to attract customers because they are more expensive than standard tires and also generate more noise. This is where the adaptronics solutions developed by Fraunhofer researchers could provide help, for instance by reducing the noise level inside the vehicle by actively damping the propagation of vibration-induced noise. "In a factory, noise is generated by the metal cladding of the machines, machine tools generate vibrations, and power generators and motors use oscillating frequencies that create a noise disturbance for workers and interfere with other equipment: there is a direct correlation between technological progress, lightweight construction, vibration, reliability and noise," explains Tobias Melz of the Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF in Darmstadt, who also manages the business activities of the Fraunhofer Adaptronics Alliance. "Active adaptronic structures help to reduce the vibrations caused by machines and vehicles – and hence the noise they produce. Manufacturers of run-flat tires are not the only ones to benefit from the advantages of adaptronics. Manufacturing processes can be run more efficiently when the machines operate with greater precision. This opens up a whole range of new possibilities, especially for components and products used in lightweight construction. In general terms, adaptronics is capable of furnishing more comfort, functionality and safety in all areas of engineering." In the Fraunhofer Adaptronics Alliance, project teams from different Fraunhofer Institutes are developing solutions for mechanical structures, covering all stages of the engineering process, from materials science to system reliability. "Our project results are improving all the time in terms of quality, speed and costs, and we have now reached the stage of working on pre-production manufacturing processes," reports Professor Holger Hanselka, director of the LBF and spokesman for the Alliance. The researchers' method of reducing vibrations involves combining sensor and actuator functions with electronic feedback control circuits. The sensors and actuators are designed to respond in a defined way to parametric changes in their operating environment. An object's mechanical properties, such as damping capacity or stiffness, can be synthetically modified by software. This makes it possible to reduce vibration, cut down noise, or even regulate the shape of certain components. This capacity of adaptronic devices to adapt in a defined way to their environment sometimes earns them the label of being "intelligent". In the Quiet Car project, two adaptronics solutions have been integrated in a compact-class car. The researchers have equipped a Volkswagen Lupo with four active mounting units in the rear part of the chassis, and are testing its road behavior. At the same time, they are elaborating an active damping mechanism for the "firewall" that separates the passenger and engine compartments. Later this spring, the vehicle will undergo trials on a test circuit operated by the Fraunhofer LBF and Technische Universität Darmstadt at the disused airfield in Griesheim. The research objective of the Quiet Car project is to answer questions related to system integration in a complex engineering context. It also provides an opportunity for the engineers to publicize the new technology, given that they are obliged to keep much of their everyday research and development work under strict confidentiality.
Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, United Kingdom


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|Muhammad||Praised; name of the Prophet PBUH|
It is reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "On the Day of Resurrection, you will be called by your names and by your fathers' names, so give yourselves good names." (Hadith Abu Dawud)
Remember, just because a name stems from a certain language or culture, doesn't mean that it has a good Islamic meaning. Several of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) changed their own Arabic names, because the meanings of their names connoted wickedness.
For example, someone named Harb ("war") had his name changed to Silm ("peace"), and one named Al-Munba'ith ("one who lies") became Al-Mudtaji' ("one who stands up," i.e. for the truth).


text:
In PyQt5, when we create more than one label at same position they overlap each other such that the label which was made at last should be shown at top. Although, we can set the opaque level but sometimes some label have lower priority and that's why they should be at below level therefore,
lower() method is used.
Syntax : label.lower()
Argument : It takes no argument.
Action performed : It sets lower priority to the label.
Attention geek! Strengthen your foundations with the Python Programming Foundation Course and learn the basics.
To begin with, your interview preparations Enhance your Data Structures concepts with the Python DS Course.


sadly it or itPlayer do not make very good variable names. – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 14:30
_USER_ What about Prime? – bib Jun 27 '13 at 15:58
Just had a Simpson's flashback: "Now you are the player that is IT." +1 – cobaltduck Jun 27 '13 at 16:26
_USER_ I am really looking for a word that by itself directly relates to turn taking. But rereading your Answer, taggedPlayer came to mind. – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 16:27
Some wargames define a 'Phasing Player'. I wouldn't use that in normal speech, but it might work in your context.
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It does if I abstract the "turns" to "phases". – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 18:10
Generally several phases make a turn. 1 turn consists of, for example, Unit Placement phase, Movement Phase, Combat Phase. Some games interleave these phases between players, so the concept of a player turn doesn't work. – Chris Cudmore Jun 27 '13 at 18:19
If you're concerned about it being understandable by others, why not keep it simple with something like "going_player" or "player_with_turn".
share|improve this answer
I simply didn't think of "going player". Not sure the sentence "I am the player with turn." would make sense but as a variable that is totally acceptable. – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 20:18
In many strategic board games, the phrases "phasing player" and "non-phasing player(s)" are used in rule books. It is common in these games to have multi-phased turns, so a distinction is made between the player whose turn it is, and the player who is currently "phasing", or is in possession of he initiative for the current phase.
The phrase "active player" is also occasionally heard.
share|improve this answer
Why not something from drama vocabulary, something simple like acting player or staging player? (but obviously not playing player).
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If you're interfacing with the user then "It" would be a good way to do it. The player that is now active or "turning" is told "You're IT!" A player attempting to do something only IT can do is told "Sorry, you're not IT!"
As to program design, does this really belong here? Sounds more like a StackOverflow question, but who am I to complain?
Since only one player at a time can be IT, and there are qualities of the IT player that wouldn't apply to non-IT players (I presume), I would make the TurningPlayer (I like that class name, btw) a class that inherits from the Player class. I'd consider making it a Singleton (just because there can only be one -- obligatory Highlander reference).
share|improve this answer
We're getting off-topic with the programming chatter, but I in most cases disagree with your inheritance suggestion. Not going to go into detail here, but for one, players tend to switch between active and inactive fairly often. – Anton Golov Jun 27 '13 at 16:54
The OP was already off-topic; it's not my fault. As to players switching between active and inactive, there can still only be one active at a time, in a turn-based game. As you say, off-topic so I will say no more. – Cyberherbalist Jun 27 '13 at 17:14
I cannot imagine some saying "I am it at blackjack." with my current knowledge I would have to resort to "I am playing blackjack, and it's my turn." It conveys very little information. You would still need to inquire what "it" actually meant (maybe the winner?). That is why I am against it. The ideal case is that the word is self-evident and conveys the context (i.e. that the context is in the turn-based domain). – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 18:24
Of course you are correct. "It" applies to only a subset of the possible games. The actual designation should be left as a configuration matter, assuming that the game engine might be used in other games. I was mainly concerned with the class nomenclature thing anyway, being a programmer, and it is a fact that your original question (now modified) spoke of the programming aspect of it. My answer is now somewhat hobbled. Oh, well. Sounds like an interesting task you have! Best of luck at it! – Cyberherbalist Jun 27 '13 at 20:32
First let me begin by saying that I am a total ignoramus where computer programming is concerned. But in answer to the last part of the OP's question, may I suggest:
 - "Player on" mode
mode: a given condition of functioning; a status
share|improve this answer
Sorry for luring you off topic. The variable stores the player object not a mode, your answer is about program design. But thanks. – zsawyer Jun 27 '13 at 20:15
_USER_ Oh, no problem. I have not the slightest clue what The variable stores the player object not a mode means so I was expecting to hit off target. Thanks for leaving a comment. :) – Mari-Lou A Jun 27 '13 at 20:19
I'd use the phrase "in turn", and thus name your variable playerInTurn or nextInTurn:
in turn (not comparable)
 1. One after the other; one at a time; in succession; successively.
 - The teacher answered the students each in turn.
 - Each member of the group, in turn, rose to share a personal story, until nearly everyone in the room had spoken.
 - Eventually, each of the countries in turn would be brought to submission by the invading force.
 2. In due order; in proper sequence; in a determined or measured sequence, as a waiting line or queue.
 - You are next in turn to bat.
 - The boy was next in turn to sit on Santa's lap.
 3. In response; in return.
 - The musical ambassadors finished their performance, and the local musicians in turn played for them a traditional ballad.
 4. Having a relationship sequentially comparable to one just mentioned;accordingly or similarly, with respect to sequence, precedence, or hierarchy.1
 - The vassals were subject to their lords, who in turn were subject to barons or kings.
 - My car was hit by a truck, which in turn was hit by the van.
 - Mr. X leaked the secret to Mr. Y who in turn leaked it to Mr. Z.
The above is an excerpt from Wiktionary's "in turn" article.
share|improve this answer
Seems like the next modifier produces this meaning, "I am the player next in turn." -> nextInTurnPlayer? – zsawyer Jun 30 '13 at 4:49
This player can be referred to as the "next player to act". None of the other players can (legally) do anything at this point.
I would name the variable nextPlayerToAct.
For consistency with terminology elsewhere in the game, perhaps you would prefer to use "move" or "play" instead of "act".
share|improve this answer
Since a chess game is made up of a number of moves, and since it is common to say "Your move", how about
share|improve this answer
In some games it makes no difference; in others, it is critically different who's moving and whose turn it is. – MετάEd Jun 28 '13 at 4:32
what about, the player who is up?
a bit contextual i know but...
share|improve this answer
In baseball, the person whose turn it is to bat is called the batter. In chess, the person whose turn to move it is is the mover. For dice based-games, it would be the roller. For betting games such as poker, the bettor. The construction is verb -er, where the verb is for whatever it is, the person whose turn it is, is supposed to do.
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I would simply say 'the turn player'. That's what we always used when I used to play Yu-Gi-Oh! at school.
share|improve this answer
Grammatically, this sounds rather dodgy to me. But I am curious, could you please give an example by using it in a sentence? – zsawyer Aug 22 at 18:13
Got to thinking about "turns" and once everyone has a turn it's like a "round" is over. so a player is like a tangential point on a round circle. The active player could be called the On-Point Player.
The other players then would be off-point players.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
About this book
"Data-Driven 3D Facial Animation" systematically describes the emerging data-driven techniques developed over the last ten years or so. Although data-driven 3D facial animation is used more and more in animation practice, to date there have been very few books that specifically address the techniques involved.
Comprehensive in scope, the book covers not only traditional lip-sync (speech animation), but also expressive facial motion, facial gestures, facial modeling, editing and sketching, and facial animation transferring. It provides an up-to-date reference source for academic research and for professionals working in the facial animation field. An edited volume, the book brings together contributions from leading researchers and practitioners working in both academia and in the leading animation studios.


Upgrading your iOS platform
How to update your operating system in order to support the Happy Hints App.
Here is a simple guide to update the software on apple devices via iTunes.
1. Connect device to Mac/PC using apple USB cable.
2. If iTunes does not open automatically, please open it.
3. In the left hand tool bar you will see a heading labelled devices.
4. Click the name of your device (see example below).
5. A screen will appear in the centre of itunes with all the information about the attached device, which will enable you to manage all media on your device (see example of this screen below).
6. In the centre of this screen there is a box called 'Version'. In this box there is button labelled check for updates (see example below).
7. Click this button and iTunes will prompt you to update the device if this is required.
8. If an update is required proceed by following on-screen instructions and only unplug the device when the update is complete.
Please Note: Devices with iOS 5 (the latest version of the apple operating system) onwards can update from the device itself wirelessly without connecting it to a Mac or PC. This can only be performed if the device is on a wireless network connected to the internet. For example, if you have a wireless router in your house through which your PC or Mac connects to the internet, your phone or other device must also be connected to the internet via the wireless network to perform the update.
1. On the device press the settings icon.
2. Press the general option from the list.
3. Press software update.
4. If you are on a wireless network and an update is required follow the on screen instructions to update.
Hope this helps....


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Garnish (g hard).
Entrance-money, to be spent in drink, demanded by jail-birds of new-comers. In prison slang garnish means fetters, and garnish-money is money given for the honour of wearing fetters. The custom became obsolete with the reform of prisons. (French, garnissage, trimming, verb garnir, to decorate or adorn.) (See Fieldings and Smolletts novels.)


Tiistai 4.10.2016
Ekaterina Borisova (Higher School of Economics): Elections, protest and trust in government: A natural experiment from Russia
How do flawed elections and post-election protest shape political attitudes? Taking advantage of the largely exogenous variation in the timing of a survey conducted in Moscow, we examine the short-term impact of the parliamentary election of December 4th, and the large protest of December 10th on trust in the Russian government. The fraud-marred parliamentary election had little effect on attitudes toward government, perhaps because allegations of vote improprieties were not new information. In contrast, the large protest of December 10th increased trust in government. Heightened trust arises largely from non-supporters of the ruling party updating their beliefs rather than from social desirability bias, a perceived improvement in government performance, or a "halo" effect. This finding is consistent with the view that autocrats can increase trust in government by unexpectedly allowing protest without repression. It also suggests that when evaluating trust in government citizens may cue not off the content of the protest, but off the holding of the protest itself.
Seminaarit ovat avoinna kaikille aiheesta kiinnostuneille tutkijoille.
Seminaarit pidetään tiistaisin klo 10.30–11.30 ellei toisin ilmoiteta.
Vierailijat noudetaan Rauhankatu 19 B (kirjaston) sisäänkäynniltä.


Myeong Seop Song
Postdoctoral Fellow
Myeong Seop Song is a postdoctoral fellow in the CCS lab. He received his B.A. in Bio & Brain engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Ph.D. in neuroscience from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). He has investigated how humans can embody (immerse) in the virtual environment and how embodiment (immersion) can influence perceptions, behaviors, and subjective experiences from the perspective of neuroscience. For these purposes, he has combined various state-of-the-art technologies such as virtual reality, haptics, and robotics with knowledge and methods in neuroscience. He is interested in how embodiment (immersion) and social interactions in the virtual environment can influence human's decision making and would like to apply computational modeling to this topic for quantitative explanations.


text:
Interested in genealogy? Just getting started? Been at it for years? Join us at the Ohio History Center this Saturday, September 8, from 10am to noon, for the Genealogy Workshop: How to Find Naturalization Records.
The United States is influenced by its history of immigration, and Ohio has always been a destination for immigrants who were settling into their new country. Records of naturalization were created and exist in Ohio as a result of Federal law. This genealogy workshop will describe what an individual had to do to become a naturalized citizen. Research suggestions for accessing information about ancestors who followed the naturalization path will be highlighted using collections available at the Ohio History Center.
Date: Saturday, September 8, 2012
Time: 10:00am – Noon
Location: Ohio History Center's Archives/Library Conference Room
Cost: $15.00 OHS/FCGHS members, $20.00 non members


text:
May 13, 2020
Stay in the Know
The FCC recently issued their proposed call authentication rules for comment, which are based on STIR/SHAKEN as mandated in the TRACED Act. The TRACED Act essentially mandates carrier deployment by June 30, 2021, though the FCC is proposing some extensions of the deadline in limited cases. It can be predicted with certainty that during an interim period there will be mix of carrier deployment timelines and inter-working issues will arise both before and after the deadline. For example, we know that time-division multiplexing based calls (i.e., non-STIR/SHAKEN authenticated calls) may be classified by a terminating STIR/SHAKEN-enabled carrier in a manner similar to unauthenticated, spoofed calls. Such concerns are not insurmountable; if we have tools to manage issues during this interim period, then we can tolerate some uncertainty.
Although call blocking using analytics is distinct from call authentication, there is a close relationship between call blocking and call authentication. Even though STIR/SHAKEN does not require using analytics to block calls, the results of the STIR/SHAKEN validation may be an input used by the analytics platform to determine whether a call qualifies as an illegal robocall for blocking. Call authentication provides an additional data point that can help in stopping illegal robocalls during the interim period. However, as we have seen, blocking calls using analytics is not perfect, and has the potential for exacerbating problems.
Minimizing the Impact of Errors During Early Deployment
There are four guiding principles that can significantly help minimize issues during the deployment of STIR/SHAKEN, particularly in the early phases. These principles will not prevent all types of problems from occurring, but they can minimize the impact of errors and allow an orderly migration path forward.
1. Notification When a Call is Blocked. Explicit notification by a carrier should inform the caller whenever a call is blocked. This should include providing both an audio intercept and a SIP error code to the caller so that regardless of whether the caller is a human or computer dialer, both are informed when a call is blocked. The notification should provide the caller with contact information for the terminating service provider to report an erroneously blocked call. Without knowing when calls are incorrectly blocked, future errors cannot be prevented. Mistakes by a carrier or analytics provider can be accepted to a certain extent; ignoring them and repeating them call-after-call cannot be tolerated.
2. Redress for Erroneously Blocked Calls. Carriers should offer effective and timely redress mechanisms for handling reports about calls being blocked in error. The functions of Notification and Redress go hand-in-hand; one cannot be effectively offered without the other.
3. Fully Authenticated Calls Should Not Be Blocked. Terminating carriers receiving "full" or "A" level attestation on calls should presume those calls to be legal and should not block those calls using predictive analytics. Fully authenticated calls, if suspicious, can be quickly traced back to their originating carrier and originator. Such calls should be presumed legitimate and should be investigated; then, if deemed necessary, these calls can be blocked in the future. Analytics should be used for potentially blocking only "B" (partial) and "C" (gateway) level attested calls. These calls should not receive the same presumption of legitimacy. Since "B" and "C" level calls cannot be unambiguously distinguished between various types of calls (i.e., both a domestic call from a TDM network and an international scam robocall can appear as "C" level attestation), analytics may have a continuing role in defining how these calls should be treated.
4. Authorized Numbers Should Receive "Full" or "A" level Attestation. Enterprises, upon providing evidence to their originating carrier of authorization to use a number by business agreement or other evidence (even if the number was not provided by that carrier to the enterprise), should be eligible to receive "A" level attestation. This aspect is explicitly memorialized in the ATIS standard, though it only describes an optional policy that carriers may adopt. Encouraging carriers to adopt this policy would address a persistent problem (called the 'enterprise problem') that involves enterprises using the same calling party number on calls offered to multiple originating carriers. Because fully authenticated calls are easily 'tracked and traced', such enterprises will subject themselves to scrutiny if they employ questionable calling practices.
A Near-Term Solution for a Complex Situation
Yes, there are myriads of details and issues that remain to be worked out in the coming months and years regarding STIR/SHAKEN deployment. Yes, there will be situations where calls may be invalidly blocked using predictive analytics. But, being able to identify and correct such mistakes using notification and redress functions (and thus help improve the accuracy of analytics) is something most everyone would agree is a desirable goal. There also will be situations where fully authenticated calls may be determined to be, in fact, illegal in some manner. However, STIR/SHAKEN technology can now quickly identify these callers and their originating carriers. Recent FCC actions have shown how regulators and the industry can quickly minimize their impact. Finally, there are enterprises that require use of multiple carriers and cannot tolerate their fully authorized numbers receiving less than "A" level attestation. While more complex solutions to this 'enterprise problem' are being discussed in standards, the existing standard allows a suitable solution for the near future. This solution does not require any slow down of the STIR/SHAKEN deployment.
Adopting these four principles will go a long way to facilitate STIR/SHAKEN deployment and calm the anxiety and concerns over various call originators as to how their calls will be treated. Carriers, too, can receive safe-harbor treatment if they adopt these principles. Industry and regulators are urged to adopt these guidelines to ease the transition into the STIR/SHAKEN environment.
The opinions presented here are those of Karl Koster, and not necessarily those of Noble Systems. The contents should not be construed as legal advice nor as comments reflecting any regulatory position of Noble Systems.


text:
On the meteorological characteristics of polluted air masses at Barrow, Alaska
- Cite this article as:
- Raatz, W.E. PAGEOPH (1982) 120: 662. doi:10.1007/BF00876651
- 36 Downloads
Anthropogenic derived pollution episodes at Barrow, Alaska occur when air masses under anticyclonic influence emanate from the Arctic Basin. The high frequency of above-normal wind speeds and the only slightly above-normal pressures characteristic of these Arctic air masses suggest that pollutants are transported to Barrow along the periphery of the Arctic anticyclone within a zone of rapid transport.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am typesetting my thesis in CMU Bright OpenType using font spec. For the math fonts I'm using the CM Bright T1 font.
The result looks nice except for the integral sign which does not match of other glyphs. Therefore I'm trying to display that sign using the Iwona font (which mathes nicely).
Everything works except for the position of the lower and upper limit on the integral. When using Iwona these are display closer to the middle of the line than they should be.
Minimal working example:
%MATH FONTS: CM Bright (T1)
\usepackage{cmbright} %for math only
%MAIN FONT: Computer Modern Unicode (CMU) Bright (open type)
\newcommand{\myint}{$\integralfont ∫$}
This is some text (CMU Bright OpenType)
Some math (CM Bright T1, except 2nd integral: Iwona T1): $\int_{0}^{10} f(x) = \myint_{0}^{10} g(x)$
The gives the following result: integral.png
Notice the difference in the position of the integral limits (0 and 10). They are further apart when they follow the first integral sign (set with CM Bright) than when they follow the second integral sign (set with Iwona).
Can anyone help me fix this? I have experimented with \displaylimits but couldn't get it to work right (or it didn't make a difference).
share|improve this question
Does declaring \myint as a math operator (\DeclareMathOperator from amsmath) help? – You Aug 9 '11 at 11:44
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Put the following code in your preamble:
If you want to change all large symbols to Iwona (cmbright uses the default Computer Modern Extensions font), then
will suffice.
Then you'll use the usual \int command.
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add comment
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text:
Shape type sections allow you to visually organize your information in different ways. You can use our these shapes by accessing our template gallery.
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Concentric Circles (Visualize a group of data within a group of data.)
Fishbone (Identify the causes of a problem)
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Venn diagram - (Categorize your ideas and find their similarities and differences)
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Note: For Business and Enterprise subscribers you can add any of these diagrams to any section by changing a section type in your Storm. If you are on a trial or Personal Plan and would like to upgrade to a paid account, visit our pricing page.
To change the section type:
1. Click the pencil icon in the top right corner of the section you would like to edit.
2. A menu will pop-up. Click the tab labeled Type.
3. Select Shape in the Section Type drop-down.
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text:
APOBEC3G, or A3G for short, is an enzyme that was previously known to fight HIV by inhibiting wild type Viral infectivity factor (Vif). It was the first enzyme that turned cytidine to uridine to be discovered. Some researchers now believe that it acts as a "double agent" by actually facilitating Vif depending on the amounts of DNA deaminase activity. According to the researchers studying this enzyme "The simplest answer might be the little DNA deaminase activity benefits the virus and a high level of activity destroys the virus" (Smith). This enzyme can be antiviral by inhibition of VIF or an HIV facilitator by bringing diversity to the genome of the virus which in turn gives new versions of the virus drug resistance properties.
APOBEC3G is a deaminase, which removes an amino radical from an amino acid or a compound. A3G deaminase-dependent antiviral activity hinders Vif by changing its genetic code and not allowing reverse transcription to take place.
APOBEC3G: a Double Agent in Defense
Harold C. Smith


Background Bumble is a self-declared "feminist" dating app that gives women control over initiating conversations with potential matches. Analysis Through a material-semiotic analysis of Bumble's software and online media about the app, this article critically investigates how gender, sex, and sexuality are produced and given meaning by Bumble's programmed infrastructure.
Conclusions and implications Since the epistemological underpinnings of Bumble's design centre gender as the solitary axis of oppression, the authors argue that the app's infrastructure generates an ontological relationship between gender, sex, and sexuality that narrows the capacity to achieve its creators' stated social justice objectives. Several infrastructural failures are detailed to demonstrate how control and safety are 1) optimized for straight cisgender women, and 2) contingent on the inscription of an aggressive form of masculinity onto straight male bodies.
Computer science, Electronic culture (internet-based), Feminism/ gender, Sociotechnical, Technology
Canadian Journal of Communication
Communication & Media Studies
Bivens, R, & Hoque, A.S. (Anna Shah). (2018). Programming sex, gender, and sexuality: Infrastructural failures in the "feminist" dating app Bumble. Canadian Journal of Communication, 43(3), 441–459. doi:10.22230/cjc.2019v44n3a3375


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Consider the Weierstrass cubic $$y^2z = x^3 + A\, xz^2+B\,z^3.$$ This defines a curve $E$ in $\mathbb{P}^2$, which if smooth is an elliptic curve with basepoint at $[0,1,0]$.
I'm interested in having an explicit description of the locus of $p$-torsion points of this curve, where $p$ is prime.
In fact, suppose $p\neq 3$. Then ideally I'd like to be able to find a curve $C$ in $\mathbb{P}^2$, given by an equation $f=0$ of degree $d=(p^2-1)/3$, so that the scheme $X=E\times_{\mathbb{P}^2} C$ is precisely the locus of points of exact order $p$.
Example: For $p=2$, it's well known that $f=y$ gives such a curve.
I'd like $f$ to be an expression which depends on $A$ and $B$; i.e., I want to do this over a generic part of the moduli stack. I would also like this expression to work in characteristic p; in this case, $X$ should turn out to be the "scheme representing Drinfeld level structures $\mathbb{Z}/p\to E$". (Edit: I'm particularly interested in families of curves which include supersingular curves.)
(My example curve $E$ is never smooth in characteristic $2$, but if you consider a more general Weierstrass form which is smooth in char. $2$, then you can find a degree $1$ curve $C$ which does what I ask. For instance, if $E: y^2z+A\,xyz+yz^2=x^3$, take $f=A\,x+2\,y+z$.)
So my questions are:
 1. Is it usually possible to find an equation $f=0$ such that $E\cap C$ is exactly the $p$-torsion? (Is this the same as asking that $X$ is a complete intersection?) Can you ever show it's not possible?
 2. Are there known methods for computing the locus of $p$-torsion points explicitly? Are there software packages which do this? (I'm aware there are ways to find explicit torsion points on elliptic curves defined over some field or number ring; I'm asking for something a little different, I think.)
 3. Have people carried out these sorts of computations for various small values of $p$ (even $p=5$), and are these computations described in print? (I'm probably most interested in this question.)
Warning: I am not an algebraic geometer or number theorist.
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3 Answers 3
That's not the best wikipedia page. "The division polynomials form an elliptic divisibility sequence." is mentioned well before the far more important "the roots of then'th division polynomial tell you the n-torsion in the curve".
share|improve this answer
PS finite flat group schemes are always complete intersections ;-) – Kevin Buzzard Mar 4 '10 at 16:56
Okay, I will look into that! I'm worried it's not what I want, though. The roots of the division polynomial $\psi_p$ are the $x$-coordinates of the $p$-torsion points, which means it degenerates in characteristic $p$ to something of smaller degree; it will never give the thing I want if the curve is supersingular, for instance. But since the algorithm seems to give a formula for $[n]:E\to E$, maybe I can get what I want out of it... – Charles Rezk Mar 4 '10 at 17:13
I'll tell you a formula for [n]:E-->E; it's [n-1]+[1]. This works even in characteristic $p$. I am wondering whether if you think hard enough about this trivial observation that it will solve your problems without actually having to do any computations... – Kevin Buzzard Mar 4 '10 at 17:27
To be honest, perhaps the main contribution of the answer is telling you what to google for, rather than anything else... – Kevin Buzzard Mar 4 '10 at 17:29
PS _USER_: I've just realised that I don't understand your comment earlier about degenerations. You absolutely want the p'th division polynomial to degenerate mod p, because in characteristic p the identity of the group (the point at infinity) is a root of the equation [p]P=0 with multiplicity at least p, and hence you want some of the roots of the polynomial to go off to infinity, which is exactly what is happening. – Kevin Buzzard Mar 4 '10 at 17:39
Since you asked about software, I'd just like to point out (if you don't know already) that SAGE (available at sagemath.org) can compute division polynomials easily. The commands
R. = PolynomialRing(GF(5))
E = EllipticCurve([A,B])
f = E.division_polynomial(5)
return the result
2*A*x^10 - A^2*B*x^5 + A^6 - 2*A^3*B^2 - B^4.
The warnings of the commenters apply; you must be cautious about interpreting the division polynomials. It is true that the roots of this polynomial give you the "physical" 5-torsion points of the elliptic curve in characteristic 5, but that's about all it says. The polynomial does not tell you, eg, the structure of the group scheme E[5] over the supersingular locus.
A little more helpful might be the formal group associated to this family:
G = E.formal_group()
which returns
2*A*t^5 + (2*A^6 - A^3*B^2 - B^4)*t^25 + O(t^30)
There's also a command G.group_law() whose output I'm not going to give here. Together these data give you the structure of E[5] over an infinitesimal neighborhood of the zero section of your elliptic curve over $\text{Spec}\mathbf{F}_5[A,B,\Delta^{-1}]$.
I'm a firm believer in explicit calculations as a means of developing intuition about algebro-geometric concepts. But by all means read Katz-Mazur :-).
share|improve this answer
Here is an attempt to answer my own question, using the "division polynomials" of Kevin's and Jared's answers. It is probably the maximally naive idea, and I do not claim it works, though it's not clear to me that it can't. I've community wiki-ed this answer, as it's probably junk anyway...
Fix $A,B\in \mathbb{Z}$, obtaining an elliptic curve $E$ over $S=Spec \mathbb{Z}[\Delta^{-1}]$, and a prime $p\geq 5$ not dividing the discriminant $\Delta=\Delta(A,B)$. The division polynomial $\psi_p(t)$ is supposed to be a polynomial of degree $d=(p^2-1)/2$ over $\mathbb{Z}$, whose roots are the values $t(P)=x(P)/z(P)$ as $P$ ranges over the points of exact order $p$ in $E$.
Turn $\psi_p$ into a homogeneous polynomial $g$ of degree $d$ in $\mathbb{Z}[x,y,z]$, so that $g(x,y,1)=\psi_p(x)$. The polynomial deterimes a curve $C=(g)$ in $P^2/S$, and thus a closed subscheme $D=E\cap C$ of $E$. Over $\mathbb{Z}[\Delta^{-1},p^{-1}]$, $D$ should consist of the points of exact order $p$ on $E$ (with multiplicity $1$), together with the basepoint of $E$ with multiplicity $d$.
Claim. $D$ is an effective Cartier divisor on $E/S$, of degree $3d$.
Proof. I don't know. I need to prove that $D\to S$ is flat, the main concern being the behavior over $\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}$. I don't even know if this is really plausible in general.
Let's pretend we somehow know $D$ is an effective Cartier divisor on $E$ relative to the base $S$. There is another relative Cartier divisor, namely $$ D' = E[p] \quad + \quad (d-1)[0]$$ where $E[p]$ is the $p$-torsion subgroup scheme of $E$, and $[0]$ is the degree one divisor of the basepoint of $E$. It seems clear that away from characteristic $p$, the divisors $D$ and $D'$ are equal. Equality of effective divisors on a smooth curve is a closed condition, so they should be equal over all of $S$.
The divisor I want is thus $D''=D-d[0]=D'-d[0]$ (which is still effective). Then it's really easy to find


text:
The Swedish government is pushing for a meat tax to help curb the environmental impact of meat production, but officials don't want to stop there. They would like to see the meat tax enacted throughout all of the European Union to reduce meat consumption.
The proposal was made by Sweden's Board of Agriculture, according to a report by EurActiv.com.
"Environmental regulations and economics incentives like environmental taxes or subsidies are possible alternatives. Preferably they should be implemented at the EU level rather than the national level," the board's report, Sustainable meat consumption: What is it? How do we get there?, said.
Meat is popular among Swedish – and European – consumers. Last year Swedes consumed 191 pounds of meat, but Marit Paulsen, a Swedish Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and vice president of the European Parliament's agriculture committee, said that she would like to see meat consumption in the Scandinavian country drop to 99 to 110 pounds per person annually. Read more from EurActiv here.
In the U.S., the livestock industry is also fighting rumors surrounding meat's environmental impact despite evidence of the contrary. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that animal agriculture accounted for just 2.8 percent of the country's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and Judith Capper, Ph.D., assistant professor of animal sciences at Washington State University, said in a recent "Meat MythCrusher" video report that the livestock industry has been proactive in reducing environmental impact. Watch the Meat MythCrusher video report here.
This isn't the first time that vegetarianism has promoted from Sweden. In August 2012, scientists at the Stockholm International Water Institute announced that a looming water shortage would force the global population to become vegetarian by 2050. Click here to read, "We'll all be vegetarians by 2050, scientists say."


The matrimony of qualitative and quantitative analytics "Product people - Product managers, product designers, UX designers, UX researchers, Business analysts, developers, makers & entrepreneurs June 06 2017 True Mobile Analytics, Product Design, Product Focus, Qualitative Analytics, Mind the Product Mind the Product Ltd 1029 Product Management 4.116
The matrimony of qualitative and quantitative analytics
As mobile app technology evolves, it seems logical that our mobile analytics capabilities should evolve proportionally. Yet for the most part, any evolution in the mobile analytics realm is happening at a much more glacial pace. Now that's not to discount improvements in areas such as data visualisation, product integrations, and real-time capabilities, which have helped product managers gather and dissect their data better than ever before. These advancements are valuable, but do not supersede the underlying disproportion between mobile app technology and our capability to analyse mobile app usage that exists today.
Interestingly, this disparity is due to the data itself – you've all heard the quote "the devil is in the data". But what if I was to tell you that the quantitative data you have been gathering is actually functioning more like a prologue to an important story than the story itself – in this case, your users' story. This quantitative data gives you a powerful introduction into what users are doing in your mobile app, but it doesn't allow you to explore their specific experiences. Mobile product managers need data that provides them with the ability to actually see and understand specific user behaviour instead of having to define it by aggregate, numerical data.
However, a few mobile analytics companies, including Appsee, have recognised this need and brought a new type of analytics to market – qualitative analytics.
And as you probably guessed, once you combine qualitative analytics with your quantitative data, you are able to obtain that epic, complete story on your mobile users. But how exactly?
The shortcomings of quantitative analytics
In order to understand the potency of this union, we first need to understand why relying solely on analytics that provides quantitative data (traditional analytics) simply does not cut it.
Let's just review the definition of quantitative for a moment. Merriam Webster notes the definition as follows:
3: based on quantity; specifically of classical verse: based on temporal quantity or duration of sounds
Numbers, numbers, numbers – that is the core of the definition. So when it comes to quantitative analytics, basically all of the data and information it collects can be measured with numbers.
This is no bad thing, in fact it's extremely important. Quantitative data can help you gather insights on overall user actions and usage trends, such as the length of the average user session or how many users completed a certain conversion funnel. But these numbers don't answer the pivotal question of "why?". Quantitative analytics can only answer your number based inquiries. Numbers have an extremely important story to tell, but how do you figure out and communicate that story?
Enter qualitative analytics.
What is qualitative analytics and why is it needed?
While quantitative analytics focuses on aspects of your app that can be measured by numbers, qualitative analytics zones in on the one essential element of your mobile app that cannot be delineated by numbers. That element is the user experience; your user's unique story within your app.
At the moment, how do you know whether your users are frustrated with a certain unresponsive button or confused by a particular feature? To put it simply, no number on a dashboard can effectively describe those specific in-app experiences. In order to fully understand and assess your users' stories, you need data that enables you to see what your users are experiencing and how they behave. This is the essence of qualitative analytics.
With features such as user session recordings and touch heatmaps, qualitative analytics allows you to actually step into the shoes of your real users (not beta testers) and examine how they truly interact with your app. This is the best way to analyse a KPI as subjective and nuanced as user experience.
Yet the value of qualitative analytics is not limited to inspecting user experience. It also serves as an extremely powerful compliment to your quantitative data.
How quantitative and qualitative make the perfect couple
Quantitative analytics allows you to identify on a numerical basis important trends, issues, and actions within your mobile app. Then, qualitative analytics (such as unique user session recordings) augments this data by supplying the crucial "whys" behind those numbers.
Let's look at some compelling use cases of this power couple in action.
In-app crashes
Your quantitative analytics tells you that your daily app crash rate has increased by 50%. This is very important, but now you need to understand why this is happening. To obtain valuable visual context behind your crashes, you turn to your qualitative analytics and watch session recordings of crashed sessions from that specific day. This allows you to accurately reproduce a crash and discern the sequence of user actions that led to a crash.
Conversion funnels
You have an ecommerce app with a conversion funnel in place for purchase completion. Your quantitative data tells you that over a seven-day period, 74.4% of your users that visited the "My Cart" screen, dropped out of the funnel and did not trigger the event "Purchase Complete". These stats alert you to the fact that your users might be encountering a potential issue or multiple issues within the "My Cart" screen. What are the issues exactly? By drilling down to specific session recordings of users that dropped out of the funnel, you can see exactly what might have caused friction within their experience.
In a nutshell, this combination of quantitative data and qualitative information allows you to streamline the process of turning data into information, and information into insights – actionable insights. No more scenarios of drowning in copious amounts of quantitative data and guesswork.
To top it off, by using qualitative analytics to distill quantitative data, you can save valuable time and resources – which product managers often are low on. At the end of the day, this quantitative and qualitative union should empower you to separate the "wheat from the chaff" within your data and make key decisions regarding your product with more confidence. We can't wait to hear what insights you obtain.


text:
QoS provisioning in the absence of ARQ in cellular fixed relay networks through inter-cell coordination
We propose an interference management scheme for providing qualify of service (QoS) in the absence of automatic repeat request (ARQ) in cellular networks augmented with fixed relays. The high packet error rate in a system with ARQ not only incurs additional packet delay, which is undesirable for real-time services, but also reduces link throughput because of the increased over-the-air signaling overhead and retransmissions. The proposed scheme strives for improvements in packet error rate and net throughput while maintaining acceptable delay through the use of inter-cell coordination. The inter-cell coordination uses backbone network for information exchange and thereby transfers over-the-air signaling overhead to the high-speed backbone network. In our scheme, a group of base stations, each of which is either a recipient of or a contributor to dominant interference, form an interferer group and exchange channel state information with each other. Based on this instantaneous channel quality information, the proposed scheme makes intelligent scheduling and routing decisions taking the interference into account. The performance of the scheme is compared with that of an uncoordinated scheme through extensive simulations. It has been observed that the proposed scheme achieves significant performance benefits in terms of packet error rate and net throughput.
|Keywords||Base station coordination, Cellular relay networks, Dynamic interference aware scheduling, Interference management, Multihop networks, QoS in non-ARQ systems, Radio resource management|
|Conference||IEEE GLOBECOM 2006 - 2006 Global Telecommunications Conference|
Rahman, M. (Mahmudur), & Yanikömeroǧlu, H. (2006). QoS provisioning in the absence of ARQ in cellular fixed relay networks through inter-cell coordination. In GLOBECOM - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2006.702


grammar-combinators-0.2.3: A parsing library of context-free grammar combinators.
class (Show (ConcreteToken t), Eq (ConcreteToken t), Lift (ConcreteToken t), Eq t, Show t, Ord t, Lift t, Enumerable t) => Token t whereSource
The Token class identifies a type that can be used as terminal identifier in a grammar definition. The type t itself is an abstract identifier, identifying a certain type of terminals, but any value of type t can correspond to a possibly infinite numer of values of type 'ConcreteToken t'. For example, if you use a lexer in a simple arithmetic expressions grammar, your lexer would typically return values like PLUS, MINUS, but also 'INTEGER 42' when a number is lexed. In this case, a separate Token type t would be defined, such that a value INTEGER_T of the Token type t could correspond to all values of the form 'INTEGER n' (for n an Integer) of type 'ConcreteToken t'. A production rule defined as token INTEGER_T would then produce result values of type ConcreteToken t (e.g. INTEGER 42).
The requirements on Token types are relatively strict, but this is necessary to make it usable in table-based parser algorithms. We reference the Lift class to allow for compile-time precalculation of tables using Template Haskell (See the LL1 and RealLL1 parsers).
Note that in some cases it is inefficient to use Char directly as token type, because of the big amount of tokens. For example when using transformLeftCorner, the new domain will contain O(n*t + n^2) non-terminals where n is the amount of non-terminals and t is th number of tokens, so when using this transformation, it is beneficial to use a token type with less token values than Char, at least if you will use algorithms that fold over the full new grammar's domain (e.g. printGrammar does, printReachableGrammar doesn't).
Associated Types
type ConcreteToken t Source
classify :: ConcreteToken t -> tSource
The classify function classifies a given ConcreteToken t into the value of type t it is represented by.
enumConcreteTokens :: t -> [ConcreteToken t]Source
The enumConcreteTokens function returns a (possibly infinite) list of all concrete tokens of type 'ConcreteToken t' corresponding to a given token of Token type t


text:
logical-pathname pathspec => logical-pathname
Arguments and Values:
pathspec---a logical pathname, a logical pathname namestring, or a stream.
logical-pathname---a logical pathname.
logical-pathname converts pathspec to a logical pathname and returns the new logical pathname. If pathspec is a logical pathname namestring, it should contain a host component and its following colon. If pathspec is a stream, it should be one for which pathname returns a logical pathname.
If pathspec is a stream, the stream can be either open or closed. logical-pathname returns the same logical pathname after a file is closed as it did when the file was open. It is an error if pathspec is a stream that is created with make-two-way-stream, make-echo-stream, make-broadcast-stream, make-concatenated-stream, make-string-input-stream, or make-string-output-stream.
Affected By: None.
Signals an error of type type-error if pathspec isn't supplied correctly.
logical-pathname, translate-logical-pathname, Section 19.3 (Logical Pathnames)


text:
Saturday, 1 February 1997
Why don't penguins' feet freeze?
Why do Antarctic penguins' feet not freeze in winter when they are in constant contact with the ice and snow? Years ago I heard on the radio that scientists had discovered that penguins had colateral circulation in their feet that prevented them from freezing but I have seen no further information or explanation of this. Despite asking scientists studying penguins about this, none could give an answer.
Susan Pate, Enoggera, Queensland


text:
Feb. 11, 2011 When you've got to go, you've got to go -- upstream, that is, if you are a male swordtail fish seeking a mate, according to research from Texas A&M University. A recent study led by Texas A&M biologists Dr. Gil Rosenthal and Dr. Heidi Fisher in collaboration with scientists at Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas in Hidalgo, Mexico, and Boston University has determined that the fish use chemical cues in their urine to elicit sexual responses from their downstream female counterparts.
In a study funded by the National Science Foundation and the American Livebearer Association, Rosenthal and his team found that male swordtail fish strategically release pheromone-packed urine in the presence of females as a display of courtship, indicating that they have evolved a temporal and spatial control of their pheromone release. The findings, which are featured in the current issue of the journal Public Library of Science (PLoS) ONE, contradict previous assumptions that male pheromones in fish are passively released, given that most fish lack specialized scent glands or scent-marking behavior.
"We showed that male swordtail fish use chemicals in the urine as mating signals," Rosenthal says. "There's been relatively little work on how pheromones shape the lives of aquatic creatures."
The team studied wild-caught swordtail adults from the Rio Atempa in Huitznopala, Mexico, to determine whether females were attracted by passively produced cues or to pheromones as a form of communication. Using fluorescein dye injections to visualize urine release inside an aquarium, the researchers were able to determine that male swordtails relieved themselves more frequently in the presence and proximity of females than when females were absent altogether. In the wild, males court females in much the same way, but by swimming further upstream to ensure their scent is detected in the current by the females downstream.
"Our findings show that aquatic species and vertebrates, in particular, can have fine control over their release of chemical cues in the same manner as mammals that mark their territories or advertise their reproductive state, for example," says Fisher, a former postdoctoral researcher in Rosenthal's laboratory who is now with the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University.
Rosenthal notes that swordtail fish are considered an important model system in animal communication and are widely used in female mate-choice research. While numerous studies have addressed the role of cues in swordtails -- from olfactory to visual -- he says none previously have addressed exactly how and when chemical cues are released.
Rosenthal adds that studying the chemical signals of swordtails is vital not only to understanding how they and similar species communicate, but also because the information could be indicative of several environmental factors that could prove useful in the future. For example, he says, any amount of pollution might disrupt the communication within a species, thereby interfering with the courting and mating process and ultimately affecting the population.
To scientists like Rosenthal, these underwater chemical cues can serve as the proverbial "canary in the coal mine."
"Because these chemicals are rich in information and because they're transmitted through the water at very low concentrations, any change in the environment has the potential to shut down communication," he explains. "The silver lining is that we might be able to use communication behavior as a bioassay that local communities can use to detect pollutants in the water."
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Gil G Rosenthal, Jessica N Fitzsimmons, Kristina U Woods, Gabriele Gerlach, Heidi S Fisher. Tactical Release of a Sexually-Selected Pheromone in a Swordtail Fish. PLoS One, 21 9 2010 18 1 2011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


text:
When the diameter of a piece changes uniformly from one end to the other, the piece is said to be tapered. Taper turning as a machining operation is the gradual reduction in diameter from one part of a cylindrical workpiece to another part. Tapers can be either external or internal. If a workpiece is tapered on the outside, it has an external taper; if it is tapered on the inside, it has an internal taper. There are three basic methods of turning tapers with a lathe. Depending on the degree, length, location of the taper (internal or external), and the number of pieces to be done, the operator will either use the compound rest, offset the tailstock, or use the taper attachment. With any of these methods the cutting edge of the tool bit must be set exactly on center with the axis of the workpiece or the work will not be truly conical and the rate of taper will vary with each cut.
The compound rest is favorable for turning or boring short, steep tapers, but it can also be used for longer, gradual tapers providing the length of taper does not exceed the distance the compound rest will move upon its slide. This method can be used with a high degree of accuracy, but is somewhat limited due to lack of automatic feed and the length of taper being restricted to the movement of the slide.
The compound rest base is graduated in degrees and can be set at the required angle for taper turning or boring. With this method, it is necessary to know the included angle of the taper to be machined. The angle of the taper with the centerline is one-half the included angle and will be the angle the compound rest is set for. For example, to true up a lathe center which has an included angle of 60°, the compound rest would be set at 30° from parallel to the ways Figure 1.
If there is no degree of angle given for a particular job, then calculate the compound rest setting by finding the taper per inch, and then calculating the tangent of the angle (which is the: compound rest setting).
For example, the compound rest setting for the workpiece shown in Figure 2 would be calculated in the following manner
TPI = (D – d)/L angle = TAN (TPI)/2
Where TPI = taper per inch
D = large diameter,
d = small diameter,
L = length of taper
angle = compound rest setting
The problem is actually worked out by substituting numerical values for the letter variables:
TPI = (1.000 – 0.375)/0.750
Apply the formula to find the angle by substituting the numerical values for the letter variables:
angle = TAN (0.833)/2
angle = TAN 0.41650
Using the trig charts the TAN of 0.41650 is found to be 22º37′. This angle is referred to as 22 degrees and 37 minutes.
To machine the taper shown in Figure 2, the compound rest will be set at 22°37 '. Since the base of the compound rest is not calibrated in minutes, the operator will set the base to an approximate degree reading, make trial cuts, take measurements, and readjust as necessary to obtain the desired angle of taper. The included angle of the workpiece is double that of the tangent of angle (compound rest setting). In this case, the double of 22°37′ would equal the included angle of 45°14′.
To machine a taper by this method, the tool bit is set on center with the workpiece axis. Turn the compound rest feed handle in a counterclockwise direction to move the compound rest near its rear limit of travel to assure sufficient traverse to complete the taper. Bring the tool bit into position with the workpiece by traversing and cross-feeding the carriage. Lock the carriage to the lathe bed when the tool bit is in position. Cut from right to left, adjusting the depth of cut by moving the cross feed handle and reading the calibrated collar located on the cross feed handle. feed the tool bit by hand-turning the compound rest feed handle in a clockwise direction.
Offsetting the Tailstock
The oldest and probably most used method of taper turning is the offset tailstock method. The tailstock is made in two pieces: the lower piece is fitted to the bed, while the upper part can be adjusted laterally to a given offset by use of adjusting screws and lineup marks Figure 3.
Since the workpiece is mounted between centers, this method of taper turning can only be used for external tapers. The length of the taper is from headstock center to tailstock center, which allows for longer tapers than can be machined using the compound rest or taper attachment methods.
The tool bit travels along a line which is parallel with the ways of the lathe. When the lathe centers are aligned and the workpiece is machined between these centers, the diameter will remain constant from one end of the piece to the other. If the tailstock is offset, as shown in Figure 4, the centerline of the workpiece is no longer parallel with the ways; however, the tool bit continues its parallel movement with the ways, resulting in a tapered workpiece. The tailstock may be offset either toward or away from the operator. When the offset is toward the operator, the small end of the workpiece will be at the tailstock with the diameter increasing toward the headstock end.
The offset tailstock method is applicable only to comparatively gradual tapers because the lathe centers, being out of alignment, do not have full bearing on the workpiece. Center holes are likely to wear out of their true positions if the lathe centers are offset too far, causing poor results and possible damage to centers.
The most difficult operation in taper turning by the offset tailstock method is determining the proper distance the tailstock should be moved over to obtain a given taper. Two factors affect the amount the tailstock is offset: the taper desired and the length of the workpiece. If the offset remains constant, workpieces of different lengths, or with different depth center holes, will be machined with different tapers Figure 5.
The formula for calculating the tailstock offset when the taper is given in taper inches per foot (tpf) is as follows:
Offset = TPF x L/24
Where: Offset = tailstock offset (in inches)
TPF = taper (in inches per foot)
L = length of taper (in feet) measured along the axis of the workpiece
For example, the amount of offset required to machine a bar 42 inches (3.5 feet) long with a taper of 1/2 inch per foot is calculated as follows:
OFFSET = TPF x L/24
OFFSET = 1/2 X 42/24
OFFSET = 21/24
OFFSET = 0.875 inch
Therefore, the tailstock should be offset 0.875 inch to machine the required taper. The formula for calculating the tailstock offset when the taper is given in TPF is as follows:
OFFSET = TPI X L/2
Where OFFSET = tailstock offset
TPI = taper per inch
L = length of taper in inches
For example, the amount of offset required to machine a bar 42 inches long with a taper of 0.0416 TPI is calculated as follows:
OFFSET = TPI X L/2
OFFSET = 0.0416 x 42/2
OFFSET = 1.7472/2 or rounded up 1.75/2
OFFSET =.875 inch
Therefore, the tailstock should be offset 0.875 inch to machine the required taper.
If the workpiece has a short taper in any par of it's length and the TPI or TPF is not given. use the following formula:
OFFSET = L X (D-d)/ 2 X L1
D = Diameter of large end
d = Diameter of small end
L = Total length of workpiece in inches diameter (in inches)
L1 = Length of taper
For example, the amount of tailstock offset required to machine a bar 36 inches (3 feet) in length for a distance of 18 inches (1.5 feet) when the large diameter is 1 3/4 (1.750) inches and the small diameter is 1 1/2 (1.5) inches is calculated as follows:
OFFSET = L X (D-d)/2XL1
OFFSET =36 X (1.750 – 1.5)/36
OFFSET = 9/36
OFFSET = 0.25 inch
Therefore, the tailstock would be offset (toward the operator) 0.25 inch to machine the required taper.
Metric tapers can also be calculated for taper turning by using the offset tailstock method. Metric tapers are expressed as a ratio of 1 mm per unit of length. Figure 6 shows how the work would taper 1 mm in a distance of 20 mm. This taper would then be given as a ratio of 1:20 and would be annotated on small diameter (d) will be 1 mm greater (d + ). Refer to the following formula for calculating the dimensions of a metric taper. If the small diameter (d), the unit length of taper (k), and the total length of taper (1) are known, then the large diameter (D) may be calculated. The large diameter (D) will be equal to the small diameter plus the amount of taper. The amount of taper for the unit length (k) is (d + 1) -(d). Therefore, the amount of taper per