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The Director of Undergraduate Studies can set up an independent study course after a proposal has been received that follows the guidelines below. The deadline for your proposal is the end of the first week of classes however an earlier submission is better in case you you are required to revise your proposal. The DUS can be reached at _EMAIL_.
- If approved, mathematics department staff will e-mail you a section number and a permission number that will enable you to sign up for the course on DukeHub.
- If your proposal needs further work before it can be accepted, you will be informed by e-mail.
Research Independent Study can be used as the basis for Graduation with Distinction.
1. The first step is to download the Request for Independent Study/Independent Study Permission Form. Please complete this form noting the following modifications which are specific to the math department:
- The Description of Proposed Study (Item 1 on the bottom of the permission form) should be typed out on a separate sheet (or sheets) of paper according to the guide below.
- The Nature of Final Product statement (Item 2) and the Grade to be based on statement (Item 4), should include a verbatim copy of the corresponding portions of this webpage below.
2. Work together with your mentor to write the proposal. The length of your Description of Proposed Study will depend on the particulars, but should be ideally between 1-3 pages.
3. In preparing your independent study proposal a good model to follow is a complete course syllabus. While your study proposal doesn't need to be as full as an actual syllabus, it should be more substantial than a bulletin-style course description.
4. Be sure to communicate clearly. You want your proposal to be well organized and carefully written so that your reader will be able to understand what you are writing. While your intended reader will be a mathematician with at least a basic working knowledge of mathematical concepts, they may not be as familiar with specialized terms in a given subfield. These specialized terms – or terms from science, economics, and engineering that may not be familiar to a broad range of well-educated lay people – should be defined in your proposal.
5. Turn in your typewritten sheet (or sheets) together with the completed independent study permission form (signed by you, the supervising faculty member, and the instructor if different) to the Director of Undergraduate Studies for Mathematics. This should be done as early as possible during the first week of classes. It is acceptable to submit your forms as an e-mail attachment to _EMAIL_ (however scanned documents must be "clean" — the background cannot be gray). If the application is not acceptable you will be notified of the problems and you may revise and re-submit. If it is acceptable you will be notified in the second week of classes and given a course/section number and a permission number in order to register.
6. At the end of the semester, on or before the last day of final exams, you mustl e-mail an electronic copy of your final paper to the Director of Undergraduate Studies of mathematics at _EMAIL_.
1. Clearly state the problem you will be working on in as precise a manner as possible.
- The statement should be understandable to a mathematician whose specialty is far removed from the field in which you propose to work.
- It may be necessary to include background information to provide context before coming to the statement of the actual problem.
- In case the source of the problem is outside mathematics, it may be necessary to first discuss the scientific, engineering, or economic context and then explain how mathematics enters in before describing the specific problem itself.
2. What previous work has been done related to the problem?
- Did you work on this problem, or a related problem, during the summer or during a previous research independent study course? If yes, it is important to communicate any previous work that you completed. Please summarize what you did and include an electronic copy of your final paper from a previous semester.
- If others have worked on this problem, you need only summarize what is necessary to set the context for how you propose to approach the subject.
3. Describe how you propose to make progress towards solving the problem.
- What methods will you try?
- Will there be techniques that you need to learn? If so, from what sources will you learn them? List chapters in books or articles in journals.
- What courses have you taken previously which will provide you with some of the background necessary to approach your problem?
4. Proofread carefully what you have typed to be sure that the issues above have been addressed.
The final product for your research independent study will be a formal paper (as opposed to an informal report) that meets the criteria listed below.
1. The paper describes important aspects of the work done during the course.
2. The paper is thoughtful, well organized, and well written. It should be carefully proofread.
3. The paper communicates well to as broad an audience as would reasonably be assumed to have interest in your research topic.
4. The first part of the paper (two pages minimum) describes the broader context in which the project took place. This section should be written in a way that is understandable to an individual who has no specialized knowledge beyond the standard course content regularly offered by the Duke math department.
- Specialized technical terms should be defined or avoided.
- If your project involved a particular problem in a field of pure mathematics, it should be related to broader questions within that field.
- If your project involved an application of mathematics, appropriate background material should be explained to motivate the problem and set it in a suitable context.
- If non-standard mathematical techniques are used, they should be compared to standard techniques.
The final paper may, at the discretion of the instructor, include relevant excerpts from any paper or report that you had written for a previous related independent study course or in connection with a previous related research project. However, such excerpts may only constitute a small portion of your final paper.
Work on the final paper, especially on that part that explains the broader context of the research, may be begun early in the semester.
Student will e-mail an electronic copy of their final paper to the Director of Undergraduate Studies of mathematics on or before the last day of final exams.
The final paper will contribute substantially to the course grade – that is to say, a student will not receive an "A" grade if their final paper clearly fails to meet the criteria listed above under "Nature of Final Product".


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Charity begins at home
This page is about the saying "Charity begins at home".
Possible interpretation: Our first responsibility is to our own family and friends.Note: charity (noun) = the voluntary giving of money or other help to poor people or people in need
The saying "charity begins at home" suggests that
This entry is in the following categories:
Contributor: Josef Essberger

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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- Working Paper
We study the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on optimum growth and environmental policy by using an expansion-in-varieties growth model with polluting non-renewable resources. Climate change harms the capital stock. Our main contribution is to introduce and extensively explore the naturally determined time lag between greenhouse gas emission and the damages due to climate change which proves to be crucial for the transition of the economy towards its steady state. The social optimum and optimal abatement policies are fully characterized. The inclusion of a green technology delays optimal resource extraction. The optimal tax rate on emissions is proportional to output. Poor understanding of the emissions diffusion process leads to suboptimal carbon taxes and suboptimal growth and resource extraction Show more
External linksSearch via SFX
Journal / seriesEconomics Working Paper Series
Pages / Article No.
SubjectNon-Renewable Resource Extraction; Climate Policy; Optimum Growth; Pollution Diffusion lag.
Organisational unit03635 - Bretschger, Lucas
MoreShow all metadata


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THE FUTURE: MECHANICAL HARVESTING
Chapter 25: A shrinking role for hands
Published: Wednesday, December 31, 2008 at 1:00 a.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, December 31, 2008 at 11:33 a.m.
At top speed -- 1 or 2 mph -- engines whine and brushes rattle to the beat of oranges thumping into plastic containers.
"When you see 'em going down the row, filling those bins, it's impressive," says Will Elliot, general manager of Coe-Collier Citrus Harvesting. "They move some fruit."
For hundreds of years, citrus has been harvested by hand. Field laborers climbed ladders, filled sacks and emptied fruit into bins, which were emptied into larger containers and then wagons or trucks.
Now that is changing.
In 2000, according to the Florida Department of Citrus, fewer than 10,000 acres of fruit were harvested mechanically. For 2005, it was 25,000 acres. By 2010, mechanical harvesting is expected to reach 50,000 acres.
Even 50,000 acres is less than 10 percent of the total crop, but the move toward mechanical harvesting is gaining momentum.
Labor and immigration issues have forced growers to consider harvesting alternatives. Improved machines could make a capital investment pay off.
"It's simple economics now," says Robin Bryant, a former Tropicana researcher who now runs Magnolia Consulting in Palmetto. "The machines will save them money over hand picking."
A move to mechanical harvesting would transform the agricultural landscape in Florida. Instead of thousands of migrant workers picking their way slowly through the groves, hundreds of harvesters would roll down row after row.
Once initial resistance is overcome, a switch to mechanical harvesting could come quickly. That's what happened in Florida's sugar cane industry.
Before 1990, harvesting was done by hand, with hundreds of West Indian migrant workers swinging cane knives in vast fields around Lake Okeechobee. By 1995, those workers were gone, replaced by tall combines that cut sugar cane stalks and fed them into trucks.
Dalton Yancey, a retired spokesman for the Florida Sugar Cane League, remembers change coming gradually, then all at once.
"Once a system was developed that worked," he says, "everybody bought it."
Reza Ehsani, an agricultural engineer, is still new to Lake Alfred, home of the Citrus Research and Education Center for the University of Florida.
At Ohio State, he worked in precision agriculture. In Florida, it is mechanical harvesting.
When Ehsani began studying mechanical harvesters, he was impressed by the creativity shown by decades of engineers.
"Almost anything imaginable, they've tried," he says. "They tried air harvesting, air shaking, using high-velocity air, 120 miles per hour, almost the speed of a hurricane."
"They were telling me sometimes the fruit would fly three rows over."
Right now, citrus harvested mechanically is made into orange juice. Tree and canopy shakers are not so good with table fruit, because the orange skin is often bruised or torn in the process.
That's where the citrus industry could get a hand from robots.
Tom Burks, an agricultural roboticist at UF, says it's a daunting task. Robots work best indoors, in a carefully controlled environment, without the variables of a job like picking ripe fruit.
"It's as complex an automation problem as you can get," he says.
Florida engineers have been working with robots, off and on, since the 1980s. There are many different designs for pickers.
"Some of them look like a human hand, some of them look like vacuum cleaners," Burks says. "Some of them look like a medieval glove that grabs hold of the fruit."
Interest in robotics, like mechanical harvesting, goes up and down, following the supply of cheap labor in Florida.
Burks has had to work through funding cuts, which might be why he is wary in dealing with the media or discussing specifics. The university has a "platform" for a citrus robot, but it doesn't have a name other than "automated citrus harvester."
"If we had a cute name, maybe we'd get funding from more sources," Burks says, "but we haven't come up with a cute name for it."
When canopy shakers move down a row of orange trees, they leave behind a green trail of small branches and thick leaves. If it is late in the harvesting season, after May 1, that trail often includes tiny green fruit.
This is a problem.
That fruit is next year's crop.
The trick in mechanical harvesting is to shake loose mature oranges without harming the immature fruit that will grow and ripen next year. One technique is to spray groves with chemicals that help loosen fruit from the base of their stems.
This is called abscission.
A leader in the field -- literally -- is Jackie Burns, a horticulture professor for UF in Lake Alfred. For the last 10 years she has studied the application of agents such as CMNP, short for 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole.
If oranges are already hanging loose, then a machine will not have to shake the branches as hard. This is easier on the fruit and the tree.
"When we do it with less force," Burns explains, "we keep green fruit on the tree and maintain yield for next season."
The California native spends half her time in an air-conditioned office and half in orange groves that are often steaming hot and buzzing with mosquitoes. Even after a decade in the field, she's impressed by the harvesting speed of canopy shakers.
"For such big machines, it's quite awe-inspiring," she says. "With abscission, it's an even better experience."
This story appeared in print on page A1
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| Quote #4
But every hour is saved
Earlier in the poem (20-21) Ulysses described the ways in which he could forestall death by continually moving; here he again refers to being "saved / From that eternal silence," but he doesn't tell us how it happens. Each "hour" that Ulysses is spared from death brings him "new things," new adventures, etc. He implies that the possibility for exploration is in the nature of life; whenever one doesn't die, "new adventures" or "something more" appear of their own accord.
| Quote #5
And vile it were
In the same way that death and all the places that Ulysses wants to visit are conflated, so here the knowledge Ulysses seeks is combined with his own aspiration. "Like a sinking star" could refer to some fleeting knowledge Ulysses wants, or to himself! The suggestion is that the desire to explore "beyond the utmost bound of human thought" leads to death and makes one a "sinking star."
| Quote #6
Come my friends
"Newer world" is an interesting world; Ulysses might mean a world that is "new" to him, but there's also the suggestion that he's looking for a world that isn't as "old" as his is. Perhaps he means a world that isn't as primitive as Ithaca, where the citizens are no better than beasts; in this reading, Ulysses is attempting to find a more evolved place, one where he might feel more at home.


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Definition of at the wheel
- She fell asleep at the wheel.
: a circular frame of hard material that may be solid, partly solid, or spoked and that is capable of turning on an axle
: a contrivance or apparatus having as its principal part a wheel: such as
: a chiefly medieval instrument of torture designed for mutilating a victim (as by stretching or disjointing)
: to turn on or as if on an axis : revolve
: to change direction as if revolving on a pivot
: to move or extend in a circle or curve
What made you want to look up at the wheel? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Technical note: an interannual inversion method forcontinuous CO2 data
CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
Abstract. A sequential synthesis inversion method is described to estimate CO2 sources from continuous atmospheric data. The sequential method makes the problem computationally feasible. The method is assessed using four-hourly synthetic concentration data generated from known sources. Multi-year mean sources and seasonal cycles are estimated with comparable quality as those from a traditional inversion of monthly mean data. Interannual variations in the estimated sources are closer to those of the known sources using the four-hourly data rather than monthly data. The computational cost of the basis function simulations can be reduced by generating responses that are only six months long. This does not significantly degrade the inversion results compared to using responses that are 12 months in length.
Citation: Law, R. M.: Technical note: an interannual inversion method forcontinuous CO2 data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 477-484, doi:10.5194/acp-4-_PHONE_, 2004.


Nanopositioners - Nanopositioner Property Selection Checklist - Supplier Data by Mad City Labs
Planning the purchase of a nanopositioner requires some knowledge of the application measurement parameters and the operating conditions. The following checklist should help define the main areas of concern. The priority of each specification depends completely on the intended application. In some cases, one condition may affect another – such as desired speed of motion being affected by the weight of the moving assembly. The final nanopositioner design must contain a combination of characteristics which best suits the application. In some cases, custom nanopositioners may be necessary to provide a unique set of specifications needed for ideal performance. Mad City Labs is known for a willingness to customize standard designs or provide new innovative designs for difficult situations.
Nanopositioner Property Selection Checklist
- How many axes of motion are needed?
- Maximum range of motion per axis?
- Required resolution and repeatability per axis?
- How much weight will be moved (maximum, typical, and minimum)?
- What is the maximum required speed on each axis of motion? Note that the weight of the moving assembly affects the maximum achievable speed.
- Will the motion be a continuous or step by step?
- What are the ideal physical dimensions of the stage (length, width, height)?
- Is a center aperture required? What size?
- Are there physical interfacing issues, such as retrofitting to existing instrumentation?
- Are there environmental conditions that may impact the nanopositioning system, such as UHV, humidity, large magnetic fields, or variable temperatures?
- Is computer control required?
Source: Mad City Labs.
For more information on this source please visit Mad City Labs.
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The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image.
A word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created.
The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers.
The thing signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via signifiers.
Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts.
The signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images.
Using Format


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Four-Stitch Reticulated Patterns
Summary Unlabeled motifs for stranded knitting. Patterns designed for a variety of gauge and foot sizes. Methods include 2 Circulars and 4 and 5 DPNs.
Motif Information 13 possible stitch patterns are given in chart form (only one is named, the rest are numbered). As indicated by the name of this section (pages 78-82), all have 4 stitch repeats. The length (row count) of the pattern varies.
- Patterns 1-3 ~ 12 rows.
- Pattern 4 ~ 14 rows.
- Patterns 5 and 6 ~ 8 rows.
- Patterns 7-10 ~ 6 rows.
- Patterns 11-12 ~ 4 rows.
- Lice Pattern ~ 2 rows.
The lice pattern is typically used on the soles. The featured sock pictures show (in the order they are displayed):
- Pattern 9 on leg and instep
- Pattern 2 on leg and instep


Executive Council Standing Rules
as adopted June 30, 2009
1. Conflict of Interest Code
2. Email Discussion and Voting
3. Authority to Give Final Approval to all Agreements
4. Confidentiality
1. Conflict of Interest Code
The Executive Council recognizes the right and obligation of officers and councilors to discharge their duties and act at all times in the interests of the Association. This includes the right and obligation to consider matters before the council that could inure benefit to one or more of the councilors. Any executive officer or councilor who stands to benefit from any issue before the council shall recuse himself or herself from the council as provided for in this rule.
 1. When an officer or councilor of the executive council stands to benefit in any way from a matter before the council, they must declare they have a conflict of interest, and share how they may benefit from the matter.
 2. Absent a declaration above, any officer or councilor can cite that a conflict of interest exists. This rule applies if a majority of executive council agrees that a conflict of interest exists.
 3. Conflict of Interest proceedings before the council shall be closed. To close the proceeding, the executive council shall call a vote to determine if they shall suspend the bylaws as required by the PSU-AAUP Constitution Article IV, paragraph 6. Should ¾ vote of a quorum attending the meeting vote yes, then Article IV, paragraph 7 shall be in force, and members in attendance who are not on the executive council shall leave the room.
 4. The officer or councilor with the conflict of interest shall be given an opportunity to make a brief statement about the matter before the council, then,
 5. The officer or councilor shall promptly leave the room for the remainder of the discussion and the vote, if any.
 6. Once the matter has been disposed of by the council, the presiding officer shall invite the excluded councilor to rejoin the proceedings.
 7. If the officer or councilor with interest is the President, then the President shall designate another councilor to act as presiding officer when dealing with his or her interest.
 8. The minutes of the closed session shall record only the motion, second, and the result of the vote. If no motion is made, that will be recorded.
 9. In matters where staff wages and benefits are discussed, staff shall recuse themselves as herein provided.
2. Email Discussion and Voting
Modified August 13, 2020
The business of the Association at times requires that the Executive Council make decisions when a physical meeting is not possible or cannot be convened in a timely manner. In such cases the Executive Council hereby adopts a procedure to conduct business via email with each person sending and receiving email from _EMAIL_. This email address shall serve as the distribution list for the Executive Council.
All Executive Council officers and councilors are expected to be able to check and respond to Executive Council emails within one week of transmission. If special circumstances preclude an executive council member from being able to receive, review, and respond to email, that member should notify the Executive Director and the President of the time period they will be unavailable. If an alternative email address is necessary for a period of time while away from campus, then the member should notify staff and that email address will be added to the _EMAIL_ distribution list temporarily. The member should then advise when the additional email address is no longer necessary so that it can be removed from the distribution list.
In tracking Executive Council member's availability via email, staff will track time periods when Association business must be on hold based upon planned absences.
Issues shall be presented to the Executive Council as follows:
 1. Any Executive Councilor, or the Executive Director, may bring an issue to the council for consideration.
 2. The presentation of the issue should be thorough and well researched, as if it was an agenda item at a regular Executive Council meeting. The presentation can contain links to web sites, commentary, attachments, and whatever the presenter feels is relevant to convey the issue. The presenter should clearly specify the motion he or she is requesting.
 3. If so persuaded, an Executive Councilor may make a motion. The motion should be carefully worded and be as precise as possible.
 4. If the motion is not clear, any member of the Executive Council may clarify the motion by restating it. If the Councilor making the original motion has no objection, then the reworded motion stands.
 5. The motion may be seconded. Once seconded, the issue is open to a vote.
 6. Questions and comments can be made about the issue and the motion at any time during the email exchange. Should an Executive Councilor feel that discussion is required about the motion, the Executive Councilor can ask for the email motion to be tabled to the next Executive Council meeting.
 7. Robert's Rules of Order will be observed to the extent possible in the processing and disposing of email motions.
 8. The Executive Councilor with authority to enforce Robert's Rules of Order, if appointed, or his or her designee, shall keep a tally of the votes, who has voted and who needs to vote, and who is not attending the vote (by virtue of a planned absence away from email). These tallies will be sent out when the motion opens, when the motion has sufficient votes to pass, and when the motion is closed.
 9. Executive Councilors have one week from the presentation of the issue to ask questions, motion, and/or vote unless an alternate time period is requested and agreed upon via email by the councilors/officers.
 10. Quorum shall be the full seated council. The majority of the seated council shall carry the motion. The issue closes one week after it is brought to the council via email.
 11. If a majority of the seated council has not voted within the allotted one week time period, the motion automatically fails. The motion will be carried to the next Executive Council meeting.
 12. If the motion is time sensitive, the member making the original motion may, at that point, withdraw the motion without prejudice. An alternative motion can be made, or that or another motion can be made at a later time.
 13. The tally from the motion and vote, along with details from the presentation, will be printed out and held in a separate folder for formal adoption as group consent agenda item at the next Executive Council meeting. The Executive Council deems this to be only a formality to mark the motion in time and place the decision in the Executive Council minutes. Any actions required of the Association following the approval of a motion shall commence after the motion is approved via email.
 14. Where a presentation involves an Executive Councilor with a conflict of interest, the Councilor with the conflict of interest shall be asked by the councilor/officer/designee in ¶8 to make a statement to the group. The councilor/officer/designee in ¶8 shall then email the remaining Executive Councilors directly and be the point person for the disposition of the motion. Once the motion is disposed of, the councilor/officer/designee in ¶8 shall notify the member with the conflict of interest of the outcome.
 15. Should an Executive councilor have a concern that a motion was not processed properly, the Councilor with the concern should email their concern immediately to the group. Should this occur, the motion will be tabled until the next Executive Council meeting.
3. Authority to Give Final Approval to all Agreements
The Association's Constitution, in Article IV, paragraph 4 provides the Executive Council with the authority to give final approval to the negotiated contract that is ratified. It is unclear, however, where authority for final approval lies when agreements are not subject to ratification. This standing rule clarifies that ambiguity.
Should any officer or councilor of the Executive Council, or the Executive Director, enter into negotiations and reach agreement with the University on any issue as a representative of the Association, that agreement is subject to the approval of the Executive Council.
The Executive Council must be informed of all agreements with the University.
In matters with the University where there are two or more Association officers or councilors involved and those officers/councilors do not agree, the President of the Association shall have jurisdiction.
4. Confidentiality
Executive Council meetings are open to all members per our constitution.
At times, there may be review, discussion, and/or decisions considered by the EC that are potentially sensitive to the Association (including personnel matters), and/or personal to bargaining unit members. When that occurs, the President (or another person designated to facilitate the meeting) shall close the EC meeting and ask that only elected officers and councilors be present. During closed sessions, the deliberations of the EC are confidential and cannot be shared with anyone outside of those present during the meeting. The agenda will note, when feasible, when a closed session is necessary.
Other confidential matters may include documents, either on paper or in electronic form that cannot be shared with those outside of the Executive Council. The President or the appointed facilitator of the meeting will indicate which documents are confidential. Confidential papers or electronic documents will be labeled "confidential" and EC members agree to keep those documents secure so that only EC members have access.
I understand this agreement and I will follow the practices described above.


extension.
Enables AltiVec language extension as defined in the Motorola AltiVec Technology Programming Interface Manual (PIM). This option is similar in effect to -maltivec, but there are some differences. For example, -mpim-altivec disables inlining of functions containing AltiVec instructions as well as inline vectorization of memset and memcopy.
Adds AltiVec ABI extensions to the current ABI.
Disables AltiVec ABI extensions for the current ABI.
Disables the effect of -mpim-altivec.
Disables the warning of the deprecated long keyword in AltiVec data types.
Disables AltiVec language extension.
-arch ppc970 -arch pp64
Compile for the PowerPC 970 (aka G5) processor, and assemble only 64-bit instructions.
-mcpu=970 -mcpu=G5
Enables the use of G5-specific instructions.
This will force a runtime check to determine which CPU is present and will allow code to run on the G3, G4, or G5, regardless of which CPU was used to compile the code. Exercise caution if you use this and G5-specific features at the same time.
When used in combination with -mcpu=970, -mtune=970, and -force_cpusubtype_ALL, the G5's support for native 64-bit long-long is enabled.
Use the hardware based floating-point square function on the G5. (Use with -mcpu=970, -mtune=970, and -mpowerpc64.
Partial redundancy elimination on trees.
Full redundancy elimination on trees.
Sparse conditional constant propagation on trees.
Loop header copying on trees. Enabled by default with -O, but not with -Os.
-ftree-dce -ftree-dominator-opts
Dead code elimination on trees.
Elimination of checks based on scalar.
Loop optimization on trees.
Linear loop transformations on trees to improve cache performance and allow additional loop optimizations.
Loop invariant motion on trees.
Scalar replacements of aggregates.
Copy renaming on trees.
Temporary expression replacement during SSA to normal phase.
Live range splitting during SSA to normal phase.
Loop vectorization on trees. This enables -fstrict-aliasing, by default.
Apply the strictest aliasing rules.
Allow blocks and functions of assembly code in C or C+ source code.
Automatic creation CoreFoundation-type constant. (See the gcc manpage for details.)
Allow the use of Pascal-style strings.
Weakly coalesced definitions are ignored by the linker in favor of one ordinary definition.
Use the vtable to call virtual functions, rather than making direct calls.
Make kernel extensions loadable by Darwin kernels. Use in combination with -fno-exceptions and -static.
Coalesce instantiated templates.
Support structured exception handling in Objective-C. (See the gcc manpage for more details.)
Instructs dyld to load the object file at runtime.
Issue a warning about _TAG_ use only once if necessary.
Issue a warning if preprocessor directives end with extra tokens.
Issue a warning if a file ends without a newline character.
Don't issue a warning about the keyword "long' used in an AltiVec data type declaration.
Same effect as -Wall -Wno-parentheses.
Don't issue a warning if the long-double type is used.
Optimize for PPC7450 and G5. The -fast flag optimizes for G5, by default. This flag can be used to optimize for PPC7450 by adding the flag -mcpu=7450. To build shared libraries with -fast, include the -fPIC flag.
Inhibits linking with shared libraries provided that all of your libraries have also been compiled with -static.
Not supported on Mac OS X.
Used to build Mach-O dylibs (see Chapter 12).
Compiled code will itself not be relocatable, but will have external references that are relocatable.
Calls that use a 32-bit destination address are compiled.
All members of static archive libraries will be loaded. (See the ld manpage for more information.)
Files that have the wrong architecture will result in fatal errors.
Bind all undefined references when the file is loaded.
Results in Mach-o bundle format. (See the ld manpage for more information.)
-bundle_loader executable
The executable that will load the output file being linked. (See the ld manpage for more information.)
Allow cast and conditionals to be used as lvalues. Although this is on by default in Apple's GCC 4.0, a deprecation warning will be issued whenever an lvalue cast or lvalue conditional is encountered as such lvalues will not be allowed in future versions of Apple's GCC.
Disallow lvalue cast and lvalue conditionals.
Enable software floating-point emulation rather than using the floating-point register set. This emulation is not performed on Mac OS X since the required libraries are not included. On Mac OS X this flag prevents floating-point registers from copying data from one memory location to another.
Optimize for size. On Apple PowerPC, this disables string instructions. To enable string instructions, use -mstring.
 < Day Day Up >
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text:
Examples of Python source code or interactive sessions are represented as \verbatim environments. This environment is a standard part of LaTeX. It is important to only use spaces for indentation in code examples since TeX drops tabs instead of converting them to spaces.
Representing an interactive session requires including the prompts and output along with the Python code. No special markup is required for interactive sessions. After the last line of input or output presented, there should not be an ''unused'' primary prompt; this is an example of what not to do:
>>> 1 + 1 2 >>>
Within the \verbatim environment, characters special to LaTeX do not need to be specially marked in any way. The entire example will be presented in a monospaced font; no attempt at ''pretty-printing'' is made, as the environment must work for non-Python code and non-code displays. There should be no blank lines at the top or bottom of any \verbatim display.
Longer displays of verbatim text may be included by storing the example text in an external file containing only plain text. The file may be included using the standard \verbatiminput macro; this macro takes a single argument naming the file containing the text. For example, to include the Python source file example.py, use:
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Does a Buddhist temple have a place on a college campus?
The temple was given to UTEP by the people of Bhutan after it was built for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington D.C. in 2008. Photo credit: Kate Gannon
EL PASO — Separation of church and state, unless we're talking about a Buddhist temple at the University of Texas at El Paso? To celebrate its centennial, UTEP is undergoing a major physical transformation and a very visible part of the makeover is the placement on campus of a Lhakhang, or Buddhist temple.
The temple was given to UTEP by the people of Bhutan after it was built for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival that took place in Washington D.C. in 2008. It was later shipped to El Paso and kept in a warehouse until money was raised to place it on campus.
The Bhutanese architecture at UTEP is undeniably beautiful and so is Bhutan, it's people and culture. But does that give UTEP the right to put a big temple in the middle of the new Centennial Plaza?
UTEP has crossed this line several times. Bhutan prayer flags outline the art museum, a Bhutan altar greets you in the library and, in November 2012, UTEP was host to former Buddhist monk Losang Samten who worked for four weeks in the Bhutan Cybercafe in the UTEP Union East building crafting a Kalachakra sand mandala.
Time-lapse video by Steve Osborne of Lobsang Samten and Kalacakra Mandala in El Paso
The sand mandala involves using sand to create artistic forms,. Accompanying ceremonies and viewings symbolize the Buddhist doctrinal belief in the transitory nature of material life.
According to Wikipedia, "The Kālacakra tradition revolves around the concept of time (kāla) and cycles (chakra): from the cycles of the planets, to the cycles of human breathing. It teaches the practice of working with the most subtle energies within one's body on the path to enlightenment."
These sand portraits feature deities within a complex structure and geometry. Although impressive, it is a religious tradition and its place in the heart of a public university campus should be questioned.
Losang Samten also showed onlookers how to meditate. This is a form of prayer and, in a country that outlaws prayer in public institutions. one wonders if that only applies to the ones praying to God.
So why was Samten allowed to teach people about the Bhutanese religion? This clearly crosses several lines in the church and state debate, so why is it being allowed? If the goal is to model the buildings after the beautiful architecture of Bhutan then what does a monk praying to his deities have to do with that?
In a 2011 interview with, UTEP's Executive Vice President of Legal Affairs and Oversight Ricardo Adauto said, "UTEP's ties to Bhutan are cultural, not religious."
This claim that the structure is cultural and not religious seems to lack validity after the demonstration held in the Bhutan Cybercafe. Another interesting quote from from Aduato in the same interview is, "Nobody is asking (students and staff) to practice anything other than looking at the architecture."
One wonders about the statements made by Aduato when a former Bhutanese monk spends four weeks on campus teaching people how to pray and what the religion of Bhutan consists of.
El Paso needs to ask why the lines that separate church and state continue to be crossed in a public institution. Building campus structures in a particular style is one thing, but a temple is something else.
4 thoughts on "Does a Buddhist temple have a place on a college campus?
 1. quit whining, this is cultural and add beauty to the campus. Do you think students are going to go pray in the "temple" before a test?
 2. Helen, I support separation of church and state. However, the issue here as I see it is truly about cultural exchange. Few UTEP students, faculty, or staff have the opportunity to visit Bhutan. Most importantly, as Mr. Adauto stated no one is asking people to pray or follow Bhutan's religious traditions. When various monks have visited campus, I have only seen people pass by, stop for a few moments, and continue with their day. Admiring the skill required to create a Kalachakra and observing how one is made enriches UTEP's cultural life.
 Many universities have both a Baptist and/or a Catholic student union in this part of the country, people discuss abortion on campus (for many this topic is tied to religion), other topics of religion are discussed in myriad ways on campus.
 Perhaps the most egregious crossing of the church/state line occurs when the clergy publicly comment on political candidates, for example, on television news shows. It seems to me we can only benefit from the cultural interchange that takes place between UTEP/El Paso and Bhutan.
 3. Teaching 'about' a religion is not the same as promoting it. This principle has held up many times in church-state cases (which the author of this piece should have researched more carefully, rather than displaying her misunderstanding of the concept.) UTEP also has a religious studies program that teaches 'about' Islam, Catholicism, Bahai, Judaism… and none of those religions are being promoted either.
 It's too bad that the author of this poorly informed editorial chooses to view other cultures and religions as threats, rather than as opportunities for learning.
 4. Querido amigo: Photography is all consuming. I have tried leaving it "cold turkey" but you recognize my weakness. They talk loudly and we love what they have to say. I hear your beautiful story.
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How can I avoid misusing my free will?
Your free will essentially consists of a single minute-to-minute choice: Should I serve Krishna or should I serve maya?
If we're sincerely praying, looking for opportunities to serve Krishna—and weighing various other options against that one overriding and positive choice—we can avoid misusing our free will. We should know that if we're aspiring for Krishna's lotus feet then He is arranging things to strengthen us, to see how strong we are, to see how sincere we are, and to teach us lessons.
Sometimes we appear to get "misused" when in fact we're simply learning a lesson we need to learn; and if we learn it, it will bring us closer to Krishna! The devotees see challenges and apparent difficulties as stepping stones to spiritual advancement. Because of this, they see Krishna everywhere—that His hand is guiding them. They consider nothing to be outside of His guidance because nothing happens without His will—especially in the life of someone trying to serve Him.


Promising Practices
At NCTL, we continuously seek out and study schools that have achieved impressive results by expanding their school day and/or school year to support student learning. Successful expanded learning time schools redesign, strengthen and expand the school day/year by adding at least 300 hours above the standard 6.5-hour 180-day school schedule. High-quality expanded-time schools leverage the redesigned schedule to incorporate seven essential elements into the school day, including focused school-wide goals, rigorous academics, differentiated student supports, frequent data cycles, engaging enrichment classes, targeted teacher development, and enhanced school culture.
Full Report


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- Category : SERVICE
A design review applies most commonly to new construction projects. Since mistakes in the design phase are the most costly to rectify, Design Review services makes sure that the design meets the intended functionality, performance and cost objectives of the data center.
The goals of the Design Review are mainly to:
- Catch early inconsistencies and discoordination in the project architecture and other engineering disciplines.
- Introduce data center best practices with the concept of operations and maintenance in mind.
- Performing value engineering without compromising reliability.
- Reduce the cost and risk of changes required later in the lifecycle.


What's the Difference Between Sanding Screen and Sandpaper?
Sanding screen and sandpaper
Are you wondering about the differences between sanding screen and sandpaper? Have you been trying to decide which you should use on your next project? In this article, I'll share everything you need to know about these two sanding products.
Most people use sanding screens for rough shaping and sandpaper for finish work. However, this is just a general principle. Sandpaper and sanding screens have some overlap in the jobs they can perform.
Below, we explain the main differences between sanding screens and sandpaper.
Let's jump in!
Differences Between Sanding Screens and Sandpaper
To start, here's a rapid-fire list of the main differences between sandpaper and sanding screens.
In the sections below, we will explore each in more depth.
Some of the differences between sanding screens and sandpaper:
 - Sanding screens allow dust to pass through
 - Sanding screens are more durable
 - Sandpaper is for finish sanding
 - Sanding screens are for demolition sanding
 - Sanding screens are often used for drywall and flooring
 - Sandpaper is often used for furniture as it is more pliable
Okay, now that we've got a few of the basics covered. Let's explore each of these in more depth
What is a Sanding Screen?
A sanding screen is exactly what it sounds like, a screen used for sanding. The screen is made of a mixture of silicone and resin. This combination creates a durable product.
The sanding screen works like sandpaper, smoothing a rough surface. What's the advantage of sanding screens? There are two main things.
First, sanding screens are durable. This durability allows you to use sanding screens on rough walls or floors.
Second, the screen of the sandpaper allows the dust to pass through, preventing dust build-up. The clearing effect of the screens increases the efficiency and lifespan of the sanding screen.
When Should I Use a Sanding Screen?
The sanding screen is a useful product, but is it good for everything? Below, we list some of the best times to use a sanding screen (and when to avoid it).
Here are some of the best times to use a sanding screen instead of sandpaper:
 - Large projects: when you've got a lot of work to get done, the sanding screen is there to help. The durability and dust clearing capabilities of the sanding screen make it a great choice for large projects
 - Rough projects: if you're sanding down some rough drywall, or preparing an old floor for new tile, then the sanding screen can help.
Now, let's discuss some times to avoid the sanding screen:
 - Small, finish work: if you're trying to sand your kitchen table to a mirror shine, then traditional sandpaper will likely be the way to go.
 - Sanding rounded edges: for rounded edges, look into using a sanding sponge or regular sandpaper. Silicone carbine sanding screens are geared toward removing rough material.
 - Using them by hand: Since sanding screens are abrasive on both sides, they aren't ideal for sanding by hand. Attaching the sanding screen to a sanding handle or a power sander will yield the best results. If you need to sand something by hand, consider regular sandpaper.
Benefits of Sanding Screens
We touched on the benefits of sanding screens a little bit; however, let's cover a more inclusive list. Sanding screens have several benefits over regular sandpaper.
Here are a few:
 - Clog resistant
 - Durable
 - Double-sided
Let's look at these benefits in more depth.
Sanding Screens are Clog Resistant
When you're sanding a large surface, like drywall, you end up with a lot of dust and debris. Regular sandpaper manufacturers have made strides towards developing clog-resistant sandpaper. While these sandpaper advances have helped, it's still relatively easy to clog up normal sandpaper.
The sanding screen does a better job with high volume work. The screen portion of these sanders allows dust and debris to pass right through the sander.
While you'll still need to clear sanding screens, it's as simple as tapping them on the floor and getting back to work.
Sanding Screens are Durable
Regular sandpaper is prone to ripping, especially with rough work. Sanding screens are made from durable materials that resist tearing.
The durability of sanding screens makes them ideal for uneven surfaces, where you're sanding down some jagged bumps.
Sanding Screens are Double-Sided
Once you've worn down one side, flip the sanding screen over and get back to work. Regular sandpaper typically only has a single abrasive side. Once you've used it up, it's done.
How Long do Sanding Screens Last?
It's impossible to say how long your sanding screens will last. It all depends on how much you're using the sanding screen and if you're using the sanding screen properly.
Also, there are several ways you can restore both sandpaper and sanding screens. If you take the time to learn a few techniques to care for your sanding screen and sandpaper, you will get the most life out of your product.
Here are some ways to extend the life of your sandpaper and sanding screens:
 - Clean them: grab an abrasive sandpaper cleaner and use it to remove the gunk that builds up on your sandpaper.
 - Don't overuse: if you try to push sandpaper or sanding screens past what they can handle, you risk overheating (burns!) your project, leaving scratches, and tiring yourself out.
 - Don't use too much pressure: this goes along with overuse. Using too much pressure will cause more gunk to roll up under your sander.
 - You can use both sides: sanding screens are usually abrasive on both sides. Frequently switch the side you're using. Take time to clean the sanding screen intermittently.
How to Use a Sanding Screen
Using a sanding screen is not much different from using regular sandpaper. However, sanding is more difficult than many people anticipate. So, it's important to avoid overlooking critical steps.
Here are some guidelines to follow when using a sanding screen:
 1. Safety and dust control
 2. Clear large chunks with a scraper
 3. Start with low grits
 4. Use a steady pressure
 5. Mark your area
 6. Consider finishing with regular sandpaper
Let's look at these steps in more depth.
Safety and Dust Control for Sanding Screen
Before you begin sanding, always consider the safety risks. Wear safety goggles to protect from flying debris – this is especially true with power sanders. The minute you get something caught in your eye, you'll wish you had worn safety glasses.
Second, wear a mask, preferably one that seals your mouth and nose from dust. If you do a lot of sanding, the cumulative effects of inhaling dust can take a toll over the years.
Finally, try to set up a systematic dust removal process. If you can attach a vacuum directly to the sander, then you're doing great. At the bare minimum, have a box fan in the room sucking out the dust. (Also, you can look into wet sanding to reduce dust).
Clear Large Chunks with a Scraper
While sanding screens can remove substantial material, you still want your surface relatively smooth to begin with. If there are a bunch of bumps and chunks that you can safely remove with a scraper, you should get rid of them before sanding.
Though you could try to smooth out large chunks with a sanding screen, it will delay the project and increase erosion on your screen.
Start with Low Grits and Work your Way Up
If you start with a 40-grit sanding screen, you'll be able to knock down a lot more of those imperfections relatively quickly. However, you don't always want to start with an especially low grit.
Here's why.
Some surfaces, particularly drywall, could be susceptible to damage with low grits. Some people have reported deep gouges being caused by their sanding screens. (This may not be an issue for all situations).
It's worth trying out the sanding screen grit in an inconspicuous area before you use it on the whole surface.
Use Steady Pressure
Applying too much pressure to your sandpaper can damage a delicate surface. You want to apply some pressure to the sander; just enough to keep it on the path.
Just like when you use a saw, let the sanding screen do the work.
Mark Your Sanding Area
Don't accidentally sand an area that doesn't need to be sanded. Use tape, blankets, whatever you can to prevent damage to objects around you.
It's easy to start sanding and forget about everything. But, before you know it, you'll have sanded down a corner or scratched a smooth surface that didn't need to be sanded.
Finish Things Off With Regular Sandpaper or Sanding Sponge
Once you've used the sanding screen to knock down all the rough work, bring in the sanding sponge or sandpaper to make


text:
| Product Description :
||Abrasive discs consist of abrasive grains applied to a backing made of cloth, fiber, film, paper, non-woven, or other material. The abrasive grains remove surface materials such as metal, ceramics, glass, plastics, and paint. Consequently, abrasive discs are used in wet and dry grinding, sanding, cleaning, polishing, and surface preparation in a variety of industries, including metalworking, woodworking, ceramics, and semiconductors. A disc's backing, abrasive grain, grit size, and mounting help determine its applications.


text:
The logarithmic spiral is plotted with the origin in red. It can be expressed in polar coordinates as or parametrically as:
Each small black point represents the spiral's point for a different angle. Specifically, 80 black points are plotted for each completed round (). The big black point represents the "initial point" corresponding to. The big blue point highlights the point for the specific angle selected with the control.
Select "fixed axes" to restrict the range of in the plot to. Without "fixed axes", the same spiral can be seen resized; the unit line segment along the axis shows the scale.


Cumbria Times
A Voice of the North
Jan Harris
Assistant Editor
4:00 AM 2nd April 2021
Easter Traditions: Good Friday
Good Friday is a Christian holiday celebrating the death of Jesus Christ on Calvary. It is the Friday at the end of Holy Week and two days before Easter Sunday, when Jesus rose from the dead. The day normally coincides with the Jewish Passover.
In some countries, including the UK, sometimes a single person or group of church members carry a large wooden cross, around the streets near the church, before the Good Friday service.
In most Anglican churches, there are no flowers or decoration in the church on Good Friday.
Again in 2021 with the coronavirus pandemic church services and Easter events have all been cancelled and events are happening via social media.
Why is Good Friday good?
Some sources believe it is 'good' because it is a holy day or even it was once called 'God's Friday'. In Germany the day is called Karfreitag or 'Sorrowful Friday'. In England another suggestion is that 'good' is often referred to as a day or season observed as holy by the Church.
Other names for Good Friday are Holy Friday, Great Friday, Black Friday or even Easter Friday.
Another reason for calling it 'good' is because even though it was a terrible day it had to happen for us to receive the joy of Easter.
Why do we eat hot cross buns?
photo - Aurellen Gulchard
photo - Aurellen Gulchard
Hot cross buns are seen in the shops in the run up to Easter. It is a tradition to eat them on Good Friday.
The buns are a combination of spicy, sweet and fruity flavours with the pastry cross on the top symbolising and reminding Christians of the cross on which Jesus died and the spices inside represent the spices used to embalm his body at burial.
Why eat fish on Good Friday?
The tradition goes back much further than chocolate eggs and the Easter bunny.
Christians believe Jesus was crucified on Good Friday and died for our sins and so millions of Christians don't eat meat on Good Friday and Catholics tend not to eat meat on any Friday.
Fish can be eaten as it comes from the sea and so it is regarded as a different kind of flesh.
What does the Christian fish symbol mean?
Apart from the cross the fish symbol is one of the most recognisable symbols of faith.
ἸΧΘΥΣ (ichthys) the fish symbol was used by Christians in the early Church as a secret symbol so they could recognise each other as they were persecuted by the Roman Empire. Fish was a common food of the day and many of Christ's followers were also fishermen.
The fish symbol is based on a Greek acronym which translates into English as 'Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour'.
So it's Friday but Sunday is coming!


Social Studies 10F > Mapping >
Giant Map of Canada
Using the map provided you are going to map out what Canada looked like three years after Confederation. You'll do this in a group.
 1. You need to assemble the map.
 2. As accurately as possible, you have to outline the Northwestern Territories, Rupert's Land, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. You should also outline British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland (and Labrador) but remember that they're not part of Canada so they won't be colored.
 3. Neatly color each of these areas in a separate color. You don't need to color each area in fully. It can be done as a series of parallel lines or cross hatchings. It should be neat, and not scribbled.
 4. Neatly label each section of the map.
 - Does the map accurately reflect the boundaries of Canada in 1870?
 - Is the map neatly and accurately colored with a good choice of colors so you can easily tell the different areas apart?
 - Did your group work well together finding a way to include everyone in the work?
Accurate boundaries
Canadian boundaries displayed the way they were in 1870.
 Appropriate sections labelled.
Neatly colored
Different color for each region
 Appropriate regions colored.
 Stayed within the lines
 Colored without scribbling.
CooperationWas everybody included who wanted to be?
 Total /10
Map courtesy of Library and Archives Canada
James Dykstra,
Sep 21, 2015, 6:07 AM


Prison Registers in Institutes & Organizations
Discovering your ancestor in prison records doesn't necessarily make them a hardened criminal, nineteenth century law was harsh and children as well as adults were imprisoned for minor misdemeanors. These records are often very detailed and can include physical descriptions of height, weight and eye colour.
All fields are optional
Record set
Optional keywords
Clear search


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[Each month we feature a "creator" or one of the SHC's manuscript collections. In archival terms, a creator is defined as an individual, group, or organization that is responsible for a collection's production, accumulation, or formation.]
John Charles Campbell and Olive D. Campbell were missionary teachers in Appalachian Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, North Carolina, and Alabama at the turn of the 20th Century. John Campbell received a research grant from the Russell Sage Foundation to study the mountain regions of the South in 1909 and soon became an expert on the economic and social conditions of the Appalachians. He was secretary of Southern Highland Division of the Russell Sage Foundation in Asheville, N.C.; author of the Foundation's survey of conditions in the Southern Appalachians; and organizer of the Conference of Southern Mountain Workers.
His wife, Olive Dame Campbell (_PHONE_) traveled with her husband; founded and directed the John C. Campbell Folk School and related cooperatives at Brasstown, N.C.; and participated in the formation of the Southern Highland Craft Guild. While working with her husband, she collected mountain ballads and, after his death in 1919, prepared the report of his survey for publication.
Their collection gives a good look into life in Appalachia in the early 20th century. Of particular interest, at least to me, are the volumes and the photographs. Olive Campbell kept diaries of her trips to locations in Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky. In these diaries, she describes things such as the kinds of food she ate, the houses she went into, and the people that she met.
The photographs are divided into two groups: loose photographs and photograph albums. The loose photographs are primarily images of John Campbell, Olive Campbell, and their families, as well as pictures of their students, their school, and trips that they took. The photograph albums have pictures of Appalachian mountain scenery, students at the Campbell's schools, and people both at work and at leisure. In PA-3800/8, there is a "Photo-essay on illicit distilling operations in Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee."
The John Charles Campbell and Olive D. Campbell Papers are collection number 3800 in the Southern Historical Collection.


text:
Portuguese Pronunciation Tool - Phonetic Transcription Translator (Beta Version)
First time here?
Watch a tutorial "How to convert text to phonetic transcription and listen to audio recordings of words"
Watch a tutorial "How to create custom word lists"
Greetings from the developer Timur
Find out how to activate your brain and learn faster (4 min.)
Phonetic transcription can help you improve your Portuguese pronunciation
Portuguese pronunciation may present some difficulties to people starting to learn Portuguese. The pronunciation rules in the Portuguese language are pretty complicated. There are a lot of Portuguese letters that can be pronounced in different ways.
This online translator allows you to convert Portuguese text to phonetic transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols.
This tool will serve as a Portuguese pronunciation guide. It will help you save time during your first steps in Portuguese, while you are still learning the pronunciation rules. If you use the phonetic transcription regularly in combination with Portuguese audio and video recordings, your pronunciation and listening skills in the Portuguese language will improve.
This phonetic translator supports both European and Brazilian Portuguese.
Highlighting of high-frequency Portuguese words
If you click Advanced options, you will see a special option that allows you to highlight high-frequency Portuguese words. The words from different frequency intervals will be highlighted in the following colors:
If you want to make the frequency analysis of your text and obtain the detailed statistics, please use Portuguese word frequency counter.
Check our Portuguese phonetic subtitle converter and obtain something like this:


text: The growth lag phase during microbial fermentation reduced productivity and equipment efficiency. Inoculum age and size were the two important variables considered in fermentation optimisation. Previous studies investigated these two variables separately, in contrast to the orthogonal or use of response surface modelling method by recent papers. In nearly all cases, the inoculum from the late exponential or early stationary phase was selected as optimal. In the current study, the authors optimised inoculum conditions using a strategy that combined inoculum age and size as inoculum cell number to shorten the lag phase in yeast cultivation. Inoculum from the middle exponential phase (7th h) exhibited priority in activity and adaptability. This condition was confirmed by inoculating the resuspended cell sediments into fresh potato dextrose medium. The results indicate that biomass (cell number for single cell microbes and wet/dry cell weight for filamentous strains), rather than inoculum age and size, should be considered during inoculum condition optimisation.Key words: Fermentation, optimisation, cell number, exponential phase, inoculum age, inoculum size.


text:
Source: youtube channel funfunfunfunfunfive, wikipedia
"Paper Marbling is a method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to smooth marble or other stone. The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a viscous solution known as size, and then carefully transferred to an absorbent surface, such as paper or fabric. Through several centuries, people have applied marbled materials to a variety of surfaces. It is often employed as a writing surface for calligraphy, and especially book covers and endpapers in bookbinding and stationery. Part of its appeal is that each print is a unique monotype."
The history of Paper Marbling is said to originate in different parts of East Asia. Known to be used in China, Persia, Ottoman Turkey, in Islamic Empires then Europe.


text:
This paper presents a novel design for broadband zero-order half-wave plates to eliminate the first-order or up to second-order wavelength-dependent birefringent phase retardation (BPR) with 2 or 3 different birefringent materials. The residual BPRs of the plates increase monotonously with the wavelength deviation from a selected wavelength, so the plates are applicable to the broadband light pulses which gather most of the light energy around their central wavelengths. The model chooses the materials by the birefringent dispersion coefficient and evaluates the performances of the plates by the weighted average of the absolute value of residual BPR in order to emphasize the contributions of the incident spectral components whose possess higher energies.
© 2011 OSA
OSA Recommended Articles
Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.


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more accurate.
- Engineering Design with Digital Thread
Victor Singh (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Digital Thread is a data-driven architecture that links together information generated from across the product lifecycle. Though Digital Thread is gaining traction as a digital communication framework to streamline design, manufacturing, and operational processes in order to more efficiently design, build and maintain engineering products, a principled mathematical formulation describing the manner in which Digital Thread can be used for critical design decisions remains absent. The contribution of this work is to present such a formulation from the context of a data-driven design and decision problem under uncertainty. Specifically, this work addresses three objectives: 1) Provide a mathematical definition of Digital Thread in the context of a specific engineering design problem. 2) Establish the feedback coupling of how information from Digital Thread enters the design problem. 3) Develop a data-driven design methodology that uses operational data collected from a previous design to improve the design of the next. The mathematical formulation is illustrated through an example design of a structural fiber-steered composite component.
- Predicting Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms Through Deep Learning
Caroline Roney (King's College London, UK)
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting over 1.1 million people in the UK alone, and is associated with increased risk of other cardiovascular disease, stroke and death. Radio frequency catheter ablation, which creates lesions in cardiac tissue, is a first line intervention to treat specific groups of AF patients. Persistent AF patients are a heterogeneous population: some patients require multiple procedures, with more extensive ablation strategies; while for others, isolation of the pulmonary veins using ablation (PVI) is sufficient. Identifying persistent AF patients where PVI will be a sufficient treatment remains a clinical challenge, which if solved could lead to improved safety, better patient selection, as well as decreased time and cost for procedures. Biophysical simulations personalised to cardiac imaging and electrical data may offer substantial insights into the mechanisms underlying AF, but run too slowly to be used during clinical procedures. My objective is to develop a deep learning network that accurately quantifies the likelihood of success of PVI for an individual patient quickly enough for use during a clinical procedure, to guide ablation therapy. The network will be trained to large quantities of biophysical simulated data to ensure that the network captures the physics and physiology. The training will then be augmented with the complexity and reality of clinical data. Finally, the deep learning pipeline will be tested in a retrospective study.


Make Recovery Rides Fun!
The Purpose of Recovery Rides
Is there a really a good reason to ride easy? The answer is absolutely, yes!
Your hard training sessions result in muscle damage. The rest and repair that occurs after this damage is the time for adaptation to occur and for you to get stronger. You can't get stronger if recovery does not occur. Active recovery or recovery rides aid the recovery process by stimulating blood flow that carries the nutrients to help heal damaged muscles and tissue. This light pedaling also flushes your legs of metabolic waste that is the by-product of your harder sessions.
Make recovery rides fun! Photo courtesy Sarah Kaufmann
Most athletes do well with four hard days of training per week. Few can tolerate (and adapt to) more, and many athletes actually experience better adaptation with fewer hard days per week. If you train hard for four days, that leaves three days for light riding or off. For most of the riders I coach, that means two days of light riding and one day completely off.
If you are a very time-crunched athlete, take the three days off the bike and just do your four hard days of training. If you can prioritize riding time a little more, the two days of lighter riding will aid your recovery and adaptation. Usually one of those days will be a dedicated 'Recovery Ride'. The other easy day should still be a lighter ride, with a slightly different goal (be that skills work or neuromuscular in nature), but still a shorter duration and lighter intensity than the dedicated hard training days.
The wording I use when I prescribe recovery rides is as follows; "Little to no resistance on the pedals, the only goal is to spin your legs out. Make an effort to breathe only through your nose. This ensures that you keep the effort low enough and it also elicits a lower stress hormonal response to the activity."
These rides should be anywhere from 30 to 60 minutes and should leave you feeling refreshed. When in doubt, less is more with recovery rides. In cased you are wondering if your ride is too easy, it isn't. If you are wondering if your ride is too hard, it probably is. Choose a flat route and keep it in a gear that allows you to lightly spin. You should stay below about 50% of your threshold power and about 70% of your threshold heart rate.
Recovery rides should be both a mental and physical break from training. If the weather is crummy or riding sounds like a chore, just take the day off. Recovery rides should not be an additional source of stress. Spin to the coffee shop, ride in jeans, or ride your beater bike. Add whatever outside cues you can to keep yourself from digging deep or trying to go fast. If you are eyeing a segment on STRAVA, turn STRAVA off that day, no PR's on recovery rides.
Let recovery rides be your mental and physical reward for the work you put in during your hard sessions. Instead of dreading them as wasted time, appreciate the benefit you get from active recovery and soak up the lightness.
Sarah Kaufmann is the owner of K Cycling Coaching. She is an elite level XC and CX racer for the DNA Pro Cycling Team. She is based in Salt Lake City, UT and can be reached at [email protected] or _PHONE_.
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Kamus Online
suggested words
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: zest (0.01122 detik)
Found 3 items, similar to zest.
English → Indonesian (quick) Definition: zest animo, semangat
English → English (WordNet) Definition: zest zest n 1: vigorous and enthusiastic enjoyment [syn: gusto, relish, zestfulness] 2: a tart spiciness [syn: nip, piquance, piquancy, tang, tanginess] zest v : add herbs or spices to [syn: spice, spice up]
English → English (gcide) Definition: Zest Zest \Zest\, n. [F. zeste, probably fr. L. schistos split, cleft, divided, Gr.?, from? to split, cleave. Cf. Schism.] [1913 Webster] 1. A piece of orange or lemon peel, or the aromatic oil which may be squeezed from such peel, used to give flavor to liquor, etc. [1913 Webster] 2. Hence, something that gives or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer; also, keen enjoyment; relish; gusto. [1913 Webster] Almighty Vanity! to thee they owe Their zest of pleasure, and their balm of woe. --Young. [1913 Webster] Liberality of disposition and conduct gives the highest zest and relish to social intercourse. --Gogan. [1913 Webster] 3. The woody, thick skin inclosing the kernel of a walnut. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Zest \Zest\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zested; p. pr. & vb. n. Zesting.] [1913 Webster] 1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.; to squeeze, as peel, over the surface of anything. [1913 Webster] 2. To give a relish or flavor to; to heighten the taste or relish of; as, to zest wine. --Gibber. [1913 Webster]
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The Yi archives refer to books and documents written in Yi language, the native language of an ethnic group located in Southwest China and parts of Southeast Asia. As a writing tradition in the peripheral area, Yi archives have been historically ignored and annihilated by the mainstream Han culture. Social revolutions in the past half century brought large-scale deconstruction of both the archives and the Yi language. The tiny survival collections in Yunnan, either public or private, are now facing further serious preservation conditions due to lack of necessary fund and effective means. Preservation of the Yi archives in Yunnan before they disappear forever is the focus of this project.
The unsurpassable significance of the Yi archives for the study of Yi people and Yi culture exists in that they are the only available written resource in the native Yi language, in addition to their extraordinary richness in contents. The Yi language, first appearing in the 14th century, had been actively spoken and written among aboriginal people until the sharply social changes in the middle 20th century. All of the Yi archives are written, kept and disseminated by bimo, the ritual priests, scribes and intellectuals in the traditional Yi society. The Yi archives are therefore also referred to as the Bimo Sutra. Since they cover epic, chronology, philosophy, politics, history, ritual, geography, calendar, divination, literature, music and more, the archives are regarded as the encyclopaedia of Yi people.
The Yi archives gradually became endangered in the 20th century and the deconstruction process has even accelerated in past decades. First of all, the Yi language itself has become an endangered or extinct language since the mid 20th century, resulted from increasingly contacts with Chinese during the modernization process. Most of Yi people have adopted Chinese as their first or the only language. The native Yi language is preserved only in distant or isolated locations. Secondly, as the writer, keeper and educator, bimo were deprived of the rights of writing and teaching due to ideological conflicts, and the native knowledge tradition of Yi people was terminated in the 1960s and 1970s. The Yi archives developed over six centuries was brought to an end. Although bimo have been partly allowed to restore their religious activities since the 1980s, the writing tradition has never been restored. Third, the physical characteristics of books and documents as woodblock printing or handwriting on rice paper determines that their life cycle is very short, especially when the preservation condition is far from ideal.
Due to neglect, poverty and incapability in archival preservation of the native Yi people, and ignorance and annihilation by zealous revolutionists, the size of the Yi archives shrank dramatically in the middle and late 20th century. A recent preliminary investigation shows that only about 4,000 volumes survive in the world.
Of the surviving Yi archives, the largest public collection and most of private collections are preserved in Yunnan, especially in the Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture of Yi People. Besides 1,400 volumes in public collections formed since the 1980s, another 900 volumes are estimated to be held by private parties, especially by descendants of bimo families. However, in regards to both preservation and readiness for academic purpose, the Yi archives in Yunnan need the most urgent attention. There hasn't been any positive treatment applied to prevent the aging and mildew process, nor has any image conversion work been done, nor has any material been published before. Our pilot investigation shows that only around 40 volumes in the public collection are mounted, and most books are even unaffordable to be stored in desirable spaces. Written on perishable rice paper in fading mineral pigment, Yi documents will be illegible in several years' time if no preservative action is taken immediately. Neglect resulting from poverty will lead to fatal disaster to the archives.
In the proposed project, the two major tasks are: (1) a thorough registration of Yi archival collections before they disappear silently, and (2) the digitisation and indexing of all available public and private archives. In the former, since the private collections are not as stable as the public, the project will pay extra attentions to the private collections, in order to keep an updated and complete record of the available Yi archives. The Institute of Studies on Yi Culture, the owner of the largest Yi archives in the world, has eagerly expressed the willingness to join the project. The Bureau of Cultural Affairs is also providing access to small public collections of Yi archives in Wuding, Shuangbai and other counties. Relocation is not included in this stage, but will be pursued later by searching matching funds from the local government.
This project has fully achieved its stated objectives:
A thorough investigation of endangered Yi archives in Chuxiong, Dali, Kunming, Yuxi and Honghe was undertaken and a detailed field report and preliminary research completed. An interdisciplinary and multimedia Yi archives was produced and the field reports and research monographs are planned to be published in a series on endangered archives supported by Sun Yat-sen University.
The Yi archives include:
The records copied by this project have been catalogued as:
The catalogue is available here.


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Serve up drinks at a Halloween party with these spooky spiderweb coasters!
- Two colors crafts felt (we used green and purple)
- Black and green embroidery floss
- Tissue paper
Assemble the Coaster:
1. Download the coaster pattern below. Lay the tissue paper over your pattern. Use a pen or marker to trace the spiderweb pattern onto the tissue paper. Cut out the tissue paper circle and set aside.
2. Pin the coaster pattern to one piece of your crafts felt. Cut the circle shape out. (See tips for pinning and cutting patterns here.) Repeat with your second piece of crafts felt. You will now have two circles.
3. Pin the tissue paper circle to the felt circle you want on top of your coaster (we used green felt). Pin in place.
4. With black embroidery floss, start sewing the spiderweb through both the felt and tissue paper from the center using a backstitch. See how to backstitch here. Continue until all drawn lines are covered with stitches. Tie a knot on the back when done to hold stitches in place.
5. Tear the tissue paper off. The stitches should perferate the tissue paper so it comes off easily in pieces.
6. Stack the two felt circles on top of each other with the embroidered side facing up. Pin in place.
7. Use coordinating embroidery floss to sew a running stitch around the outside of the two felt circles. See how to do a running stitch here.


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Does syntax stop at the sentence level? Sometimes a universal quantifier in one sentence seems to bind a variable in another sentence, a phenomenon Roberts (1987) calls telescoping. Roberts proposes that the ostensive binding in telescoping is an illusion; hearers instead accommodate a covert quantified expression that binds the variable in the second sentence. Contra Roberts, this paper argues that universal quantifiers actually can scope over multiple sentences. Based on ideas by Kehler (2002), the author argues that multiple sentences in a discourse form complex syntactic objects that quantifiers can scope over, pursuant to Scope Economy restrictions on coordinate structures proposed by Fox (1999). This proposal explains certain restrictions on telescoping that Roberts's analysis could not capture without further modification.
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
edited by Charles B. Chang and Hannah J. Haynie
Table of contents


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How to search the contents of the current page for text or links
When you are viewing a website in Firefox, you can search for words and phrases on the page. Firefox will show you where the search phrase you've typed appears next on the page, and lets you highlight all the places where it appears.
Table of Contents
Using the Find bar
To start searching for text on a page:
- Open the Find bar:
- Use the Ctrlcommand+F keyboard shortcut.
- Click on the button ( menu on Windows XP), then select.
- Type a search phrase into the Find Bar's Find: field. Firefox will start highlighting instances of your search phrase as you type.
- If no instances of your search phrase occur on the page you're viewing, the Find bar will show Phrase not found.
When the Find bar is open, the following actions are available:
- X: Close the find bar.
- Next: Highlight the next instance of the search phrase you've entered.
- Previous: Highlight the previous instance of the search phrase you've entered.
- Highlight All: Highlight every instance of the search phrase you've entered. Click Highlight All again to turn off highlighting.
- Match case: Make searches case sensitive. Normally if you search for search phrase, instances of Search Phrase on the page will also be found when you use the Find bar. If you Match case is selected, only instances of the phrase as you've typed it will be found.
Search links only
If you want to find phrases that occur in links on the page you're viewing:
- Type'(single quote character) to bring up the Quick Find (links only) bar.
- Type a search phrase into the Quick Find (links only) field. The first link that contains the phrase you've typed will be selected.
- Press Ctrlcommand+G to highlight the next link that contains your search phrase.
To close the Quick Find bar, wait a moment then press the Esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in Firefox that is not part of the Quick Find bar.
Find while typing on a page
Firefox can start searching for phrases you enter without having to open the Find bar. To enable this feature:
- At the top of the Firefox window, click on the button and then select At the top of the Firefox window, click on the menu and then select On the menu bar, click on the menu and select At the top of the Firefox window, click on the menu and select
- Select on the panel.
- Click on the tab.
- Check mark Search for text when I start typing.
- Click to close the Options windowClick to close the Preferences windowClose the Preferences window.
After you enable the feature:
- Type a search phrase while you are viewing a website. As you type, the first instance of your phrase will be highlighted.
- Press Ctrlcommand+G or F3 to highlight the next instance of your search phrase.
To close the Quick Find bar, wait a few moments for it to disappear then press the Esc key on the keyboard, or click somewhere in Firefox that is not part of the Quick Find bar. Since the the Quick Find bar is meant to disappear after a few moments, it does not have the Next, Previous, or Highlight All commands the full Find bar does.
If you find that the Quick Find bar interferes with typing in text fields, see Quick find bar opens when typing in text fields.


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In this article we are learning about "void pointers" in C language. Before going further it will be good if you refresh about pointers by reading – Introduction to pointers in C. A pointer variable is usually declared with the data type of the "content" that is to be stored inside the memory location (to which the pointer variable points to).
Ex:- char *ptr; int *ptr; float *ptr;
A pointer variable declared using a particular data type can not hold the location address of variables of other data types. It is invalid and will result in a compilation error.
Ex:- char *ptr;
ptr=&var1; // This is invalid because 'ptr' is a character pointer variable.
Here comes the importance of a "void pointer". A void pointer is nothing but a pointer variable declared using the reserved word in C 'void'.
Ex:- void *ptr; // Now ptr is a general purpose pointer variable
When a pointer variable is declared using keyword void – it becomes a general purpose pointer variable. Address of any variable of any data type (char, int, float etc.)can be assigned to a void pointer variable.
Dereferencing a void pointer
We have seen about dereferencing a pointer variable in our article – Introduction to pointers in C. We use the indirection operator * to serve the purpose. But in the case of a void pointer we need to typecast the pointer variable to dereference it. This is because a void pointer has no data type associated with it. There is no way the compiler can know (or guess?) what type of data is pointed to by the void pointer. So to take the data pointed to by a void pointer we typecast it with the correct type of the data holded inside the void pointers location.
void *ptr; // Declaring a void pointer
ptr=&a; // Assigning address of integer to void pointer.
printf("The value of integer variable is= %d",*( (int*) ptr) );// (int*)ptr - is used for type casting. Where as *((int*)ptr) dereferences the typecasted void pointer variable.
ptr=&b; // Assigning address of float to void pointer.
printf("The value of float variable is= %f",*( (float*) ptr) );
The value of integer variable is= 10
The value of float variable is= 37.75
A void pointer can be really useful if the programmer is not sure about the data type of data inputted by the end user. In such a case the programmer can use a void pointer to point to the location of the unknown data type. The program can be set in such a way to ask the user to inform the type of data and type casting can be performed according to the information inputted by the user. A code snippet is given below.
void funct(void *a, int z)
printf("%d",*(int*)a); // If user inputs 1, then he means the data is an integer and type casting is done accordingly.
printf("%c",*(char*)a); // Typecasting for character pointer.
printf("%f",*(float*)a); // Typecasting for float pointer
Another important point you should keep in mind about void pointers is that – pointer arithmetic can not be performed in a void pointer.
ptr++; // This statement is invalid and will result in an error because 'ptr' is a void pointer variable.


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Heat exchanger flaws and fouling increase fuel usage and maintenance costs and put operations and production at risk. New choices in heat exchanger testing, design and materials are alleviating these concerns.
Acoustic testing: Acoustic pulse reflectometry (APR), used in seismic studies, duct investigation and musical instrument research, is the basis for AcousticEye's non-invasive testing method for heat exchanger systems. APR measures one-dimensional acoustic-wave propagation in tubes and then records and analyzes the reflections produced by changes in the cross-sectional area of the tubular system to detect flaws.
AcousticEye's Dolphin 2000 uses the technology to detect leaks, wall loss, full or partial blockages, corrosion and fouling. The Dolphin system emits a series of acoustic waves down the tube and measures the resulting reflections, and its patented software identifies each defect's type, location and severity. The heat exchanger's owner might assign thresholds for each type of flaw so that only measurements exceeding the threshold are categorized as flaws. Before accepting or rejecting flagged items, the technician might drill down for further measurement information, including the signal graph.
To read the rest of this Plant Services article, click here.


Deep In The Money Calls
Option deep in the money what is it, The 15-minute tip: Deep-in-the-money call options
Social Media 8 Reasons to Buy Deep in the Money Calls F or many people, the term options trading is synonymous with risk and potential catastrophic downsides.
However, there are a few options strategies out there that can help limit the possible risks, present decent money-making opportunities, and cost less than just buying stock outright.
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Takeaways: Deep in the money calls are low-risk, low-reward options contracts. Deep in the money calls are great for income generation and buy-write strategies.
What Is a Deep in the Money Call? Image via Unsplash by Adeolu Eletu Before you can understand about options just a deep in the money call is, you need a working knowledge of a few other options contract concepts.
Call Options Call options give you the right, though not the obligation, to buy shares — usually shares per options contract — by a specific day for a particular price. On the options contract, the specific day is known as the expiration date, and how home participants make money 2 price is known as the strike price.
The amount of money you pay to purchase the call option is called the premium.
What Is a Deep in the Money Call?
Or if it: Has a term of more than 90 days and the strike price is two strikes lower than the highest available stock price.
Additionally, as the money gets deeper, the delta gets higher, meaning that the option should move in step with the underlying asset in terms of valuation up or down.
Deep in-the-Money Options Definition The term deep in-the-money refers to an option that has significant intrinsic value.
This differs from other options strategies in which the valuations do not move together. Deep in the money calls work in much the same way as buying traditional stock.
 1. Deep-in-the-money financial definition of deep-in-the-money
 2. Да, я понимаю, что именно вы стараетесь мне втолковать,-- сказал он Хедрону.
 3. Options trading programs
 4. Могу заверить тебя, - сказала Серанис с необычным для ее речей проблеском шутливости, - что здесь никто и в мыслях не имеет рискнуть одним из своих драгоценных животных.
A deep in the money call is a great strategy for specific investors and investing goals. Consider deploying a deep in the money call strategy if you: Are selling the underlying stock: By selling the deep in the money call against your stock, you have the possibility of earning an extra time premium on stock you intend to sell regardless.
Deep In The Money Calls by Mike Scanlin We've discussed in the money covered calls before, but given the market's recent run up, we thought it timely to revisit the subject for those of you who feel we're a bit overbought and are looking for some safety. If you do any buy-writes next week with Feb expirations you may want to consider deep in the money options. Deep In the money calls are those where the strike price of the call option is significantly less than the current stock price. What is "significantly less"?
Want to protect your gains: If you own the stock outright and are concerned about a downswing in value, you can use a deep in the money call as protection, though there is the possibility for some loss here.
Want a stock replacement strategy: You can purchase a deep in the money call option rather than outright shares in the stock at a discount. Unlike some other options strategies in option deep in the money what is it you can potentially lose an unlimited amount of money, the deep in the money call protects your downside.
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Positive ratio: The ratio of downside losses to upside profits is weighted in your favor. You stand to earn far more than you would lose should the stock move in an unfavorable direction. Stock-like behavior: These high-delta calls result in options contracts that act like regular stocks.
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This makes them substantially less volatile and easier to manage. Income: You can make a small income using this strategy. While the rewards are generally low, so are the risks.
A deep in the money option has an exercise, or strike price, significantly below for a call option or above for a put option the market price of the underlying asset. The value of such an option is nearly all intrinsic value and minimal premium.
If you plan out your deep in the money calls effectively, you could calculate how much money you stand to earn ahead of buying the options and build in a profit. Deep in the Money Example Deep in the money calls make the most sense when you see how they work in actual practice.
Continue Reading...
Consider this example deep in the money call for a better understanding of how this strategy works. Using a deep in the money call can be a powerful strategy for risk-averse investors who are still interested in getting in on the power of options trading.
 - Good babies were thrown out with their bathwater.
 - Deep In The Money Definition
 - Самый старый обитатель Эрли едва достиг двухсотлетнего возраста, и жить ему оставалось всего несколько лет.
 - Deep in-the-Money (Options)
 - How i started making money
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After bereavement people can feel afraid of opening up about their grief to others. Fear of becoming overwhelmed by feelings in front of friends and family can lead the bereaved to avoid social contact altogether.
Researchers investigating the effect of social disconnection on psychological health after bereavement have developed a new scale to measure the phenomenon. They used the scale to measure social disconnection after bereavement in 676 recently bereaved participants who responded to an online survey. A second group of 275 people took part in the study and were followed up 6 and 12 months after their bereavement.
Specifically the findings showed that individuals who report being socially disconnected are more psychologically distressed in the first 6 months of loss. Similarly being more connected socially predicted better mental health.
Dr Kirsten Smith, lead author on the paper, adds:
'As a nation we are currently experiencing unprecedented amounts of loss in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study speaks to the need to reach out to those who may have suffered a bereavement.'
Dr Smith relates the research findings to the stiff upper lip attitude that we often see in western societies and the idea that keeping our grief hidden is part of surviving. In fact evidence shows that pushing emotions away results in a rebound effect which is more likely to result in problems.
The new research clearly points to the importance of emotional connectedness following a loss. So what can we do in practical terms to support the bereaved? Dr Smith suggests staying in regular contact with bereaved family and friends. She urges 'Let them know you care, keep checking in even if they don't feel ready to talk yet. Even though physical distance is currently a necessity emotional distance doesn't need to be.'
The paper was published in Clinical Psychological Science.