decide to present the true, ultimate meaning of the darters, which is to say, they present the what, how and why of the darters by using the ultimate thinking paradigm. They use intuition to describe the darters in a way that the audience experiences them the way your counterpart was described experiencing the stranger in Central Park. The context of the darters is the environment, which is the river, but the river is what, how and why it is because of the environment through which it runs. And that environment is within another, and so on, until we find that the largest possible context for the isolated river darter is nature as a whole.
Nature is a context that includes everything. There is no context that can trump nature, at least not within the confines of our atmosphere. The darters, their river home, the proposed dam if it were built, the homes to be powered, and workers themselves regardless where they are or whether they work on the dam, all are contained within the context we call nature. The meaning of the darters as organic wholes that are totalities of qualities is established by the organic wholes that they participate in. As Sartre said of the lemon and its yellow, the darters are nature, and nature is the darters.
Of course, using reason, the shills for the one percenters would say, "Nature is not measurably diminished if we lose one type of river darter." With this statement, the shills for the one percenters have driven home your message, and driven the darters into the hearts of the people. Now it is no longer a debate about a few fish verses a thousand jobs that runs around in the halls of reason, where empathy is not allowed. It is a debate about killing something that people can empathize with, killing a piece of Mother Nature, killing the last of a creature that, like the 99%, is part of nature. Nature cannot exist unless all of it is allowed to thrive. Creatures cannot exist if nature is not allowed to thrive. What does a dam do in comparison to that?
I hesitate to mention this, but there is at least one person we all know who tends to appeal to the largest possible context as a way to communicate meaning. I hesitate because many, especially many of a particular political persuasion, will object and cry "foul." Please accept this example merely as an example of a person relying on the largest possible context to establish meaning that is true in an ultimate sense. I am not making a political statement or advocating support for a particular person. With these conditions in mind, I give you Barack Obama – the man – not the president.
I was alerted to Mr. Obama's use of the largest possible context to communicate meaning when I stumbled across excerpts from one of his speeches. It is his commencement speech at Notre Dame University, I believe from 2009. I found it on:
 "In short, we must find a way to live together as one human family.
 "Moreover, no one person, or religion, or nation can meet these challenges alone. Our very survival has never required greater cooperation and understanding among all people from all places than at this moment in history." (p. 2)
It's interesting. The Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, used the same meaning – displayed in the same context – to form a confederation of tribes in informal conflict with each other. If the greedy self-interest of his brother, Lowawluwaysica, had not been so excessive, resulting in catastrophe to the confederation, we might all be speaking Shawnee today. And if Tecumseh was still around to lead us, that would be a very good thing. Many of the issues that have brought you out would not exist.
I put aside another speech demonstrating more clearly Mr. Obama's use of the largest possible context, with the aim of including all conflicting contexts within it as a way of finding meaning that was true in an ultimate sense (which should satisfy all those involved on all sides, but under the current thinking paradigm, not yet), rather than using the standard method of playing steal the bacon for pieces in a compromise (which operates on the basis of cutting things up so you get a little and I get a little, and we both lose a little, and the whole is destroyed).
Since I cannot locate it, I'll turn to one of the heavy hitters, David Broder. Mr. Broder's remarks are from Monday, December 14, 2009, The Norman Transcript, p. A 4, "What Obama's Words tell us." I hope to present Mr. Broder's remarks while keeping them apolitical. As with our visit with Adam and Eve, we are only interested in the thinking.
 "The striking thing is the consistency with which he (Mr. Obama) places concrete actions into the broadest historical or philosophical setting, and how much he is influenced in his decision-making by the reach of his intellectual exercise." (Within the context of the blog, we would replace the word "setting" with the word "context." Bold emphasis mine)
 "But Obama insisted on placing his decision in its historical context – as a response to the instigators of the 9/11 attacks later overtaken by the war in Iraq – and then in its strategic context, as a central piece in the unfinished struggle to stabilize the vital Pakistan-Afganistan region. Seeing it in that light, it was perfectly clear why Obama had decided to defy the prevailing wishes of his own party and raise the stakes." (Bold emphasis mine)
For us to find the largest possible contexts for the social and environmental issues, unfortunately, requires some additional information. Nothing less than the two volumes that are staring at me in manuscript form will convey it. But here is something that may be helpful. I hope it will be enough. If not, there is always another day.
To combat the system, it seems obvious that you must be independent of it. The members of your movement who have been unable to find jobs must seek independence by becoming self-reliant. They can possibly improve their lot by adopting the ultimate thinking paradigm, with the aim of becoming tool masters, which requires the ability to use the ultimate thinking paradigm to connect to all potentials to learn and create. By following their natural curiosities, with the goal of finding and following meaning that is true wherever they are led, they may discover or create their own opportunities. From what I have heard flipping channels since his untimely passing, that is the process used by Steve Jobs (interesting name to have if you are a role model for finding work), cofounder of Apple.
A tool master using the ultimate thinking paradigm may not create a multi-million dollar enterprise, but she or he will see something no one else sees, and will be able to build on their vision. Unfortunately, this process doesn't put beans on the table immediately. It is heartening to read that your group functions, among other ways, as a giant support group. We know that "retraining" is a long process that doesn't bring income until a job comes along, but these days, there is no guarantee retraining will bring a job. So, what's to lose in trying to buck the system by becoming independent? With help, nothing. Without help, everything. When we bend to pull ourselves up by the bootstraps, we need a gentle hand to keep us steady.
Chronically unemployed individuals have a different problem, I believe. I would guess that many suffer from so-called learning disabilities. I say so-called because persons having problems with academic learning are probably using personal thinking paradigms that are predominantly intuitive, and they are not connected securely to their potentials for reason.
If you are not connected to your potentials for reason, you cannot succeed in school or in the job market. The process described in Prewired/Unplugged, Volume I, of readers developing a picture of thinking in general as an organic whole with a picture of their thinking as an organic whole suspended within it, would allow a person without analytical skills to develop them by expanding their thinking so that they could connect to their potentials for reason. But it is likely someone would have to guide them through the process, and it would not be quick. Perhaps you can set up a program, in your spare time…it's my goal to continue working in the effort to help individuals connect to potentials to learn and to create, as soon as this blog takes flight.
When we excel using academic/scientific thinking, but sacrifice intuition in the process, we become valuable to the 1% as a tool pusher, but we also become vulnerable to them. If they do not provide a place for us at the banquet, we will starve. There is only one way to become invulnerable: adopt the new thinking paradigm that allows you to connect to all your learning and creating potentials, so that you can become a tool master, able to use the tools of the arts and sciences, technology and entrepreneurship.
We proceed by using free will (in spite of left hemisphere interpreters), and by allowing Being to be authentic, when we passively let Being follow our


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Survey of Otter Tail County, Minnesota
History and Geomorphology
Continental glaciation formed the
landscapes of Otter Tail County. Bedrock
in Otter Tail County is covered by 200 to
more than 400 feet of Wisconsin glacial
deposits. Glaciers moving as lobate rivers
of ice advanced across the survey area many
times and from several different directions.
The present landscapes of Otter Tail County
began to take shape during the early and
middle parts of the Wisconsin Glaciation.
The geomorphic landforms in Otter Tail County
are drumlin fields, stagnation moraines,
till plains, pitted outwash plains, kame
moraines, and glacial lake plains (Hobbs
and Goebel, 1982).
showing the extent of Lake Agassiz at the
times of formation of the Fergus Falls and
Leaf Hills moraines (click for larger image)
The Wadena Drumlin Field fans out across
Wadena, Todd, Cass, Hubbard, Becker, and
Otter Tail Counties of Minnesota. This geomorphic
area represents the oldest landscape in
Otter Tail County. Radiocarbon dating of
organic silts and lake sediments suggests
that the drumlins are about 30,000 to 60,000
years old (Wright, 1972).
In Otter Tail County, the drumlins are in
the northeast corner and near the Todd and
Wadena County lines south of the Leaf River.
The Wadena Drumlin Field consists of a series
of low, smooth, elongated oval hills and
broad, nearly level depressions that are
oriented from east to west. The fanlike
shape of the drumlin field suggests that
ice moved from the northeast.
There are two main theories regarding the
formation of the drumlins. Studies of pebble
lithology and carbonate content suggest
that glacial till moved southeastward from
the Winnipeg Lowlands into northern Minnesota.
This movement was diverted by another glacial
lobe advancing from the east (Wright, 1962).
A more recent study, however, suggests that
pre-late Wisconsin glacial ice that advanced
from the Keewatin ice center that is now
called the Winnipeg Lobe (formerly identified
as the Wadena Lobe) was laid down before
the drumlins by an older Rainy Lobe source
from the northeast. Thus the Wadena Drumlin
Field resulted from a progressive mixing
of glacial till from a northeastern source,
and ice lobes and flows molded the drumlins
When the Wadena or Winnipeg Lobe advanced
from the east and northeast across the county,
it formed the core of the Alexandria Moraine
and the Wadena Drumlin Field. Later readvances
of the Wadena Lobe occurred about 20,000
The coarse-loamy till of the Wadena or Winnipeg
Lobe is characterized by less than 18 percent
clay and more than 50 percent sand (Anderson,
1976). The Alexandria Moraine Complex consists
of stagnation moraines. These stagnation
moraines formed at the outer edges of a
glacial lobe. There are also some smaller
areas of stagnation moraine in the eastern
half of the county. Stagnation moraine landscapes
have a complicated pattern of soil materials.
Although they are mostly made up of glacial
till, some are local deposits of outwash
and water-laid sediments. The moraines are
typically the highest in elevation, have
the greatest relief, and are commonly hilly.
There are many small to large ice-block
basins in stagnation moraines that now contain
lakes or marshes. Ice-walled lakes formed
when pits in the stagnant ice on the Alexandria
Moraine filled with water-laid sediments.
Later, as the ice melted, the surrounding
landscape collapsed and the lake bottom
became what is now the hilltop (Clayton
and Cherry, 1967).
The stagnation moraines in Otter Tail County
were formed by ice advances from both the
Wadena or Winnipeg Lobe and the Des Moines
Lobe. The Altamont Moraine in Otter Tail
County is the portion of the Alexandria
Moraine that was overridden by the Des Moines
Lobe glacial drift. About 14,000 years ago,
the Des Moines Lobe advanced to the south
across Manitoba, where it incorporated limestone
rocks. As the glacial lobe moved south along
the Red River Lowland, shale-rich materials
derived from Cretaceous rock were mixed
into the till fabric (Sackreiter, 1975).
The Des Moines Lobe continued to spread
east into Otter Tail County onto the Alexandria
Moraine and southeast along the moraine.
Before it retreated, the Des Moines Lobe
left behind the Big Stone Moraine, which
is also referred to as the Fergus Falls
Till Plain (University of Minnesota, 1969).
The fine-loamy till of the Des Moines Lobe
is characterized by more than 18 percent
clay, typically less than 50 percent sand,
and a high content of shale.
The Henning Till Plain was formed behind
the advancing front of the glacial ice of
the Wadena or Winnipeg Lobe and the Des
Moines Lobe. The till plain has generally
low or moderate relief and is typically
gently undulating. In places, especially
south and west of New York Mills, the till
was deposited over older outwash deposits.
Thus, in some areas on the Henning Till
Plain, the till ranges from about 3 feet
to more than 10 feet thick over outwash.
Also on the till plain, glacial meltwaters
flowing under the ice of the Wadena Lobe
formed a few eskers. The large volumes of
meltwater pouring east and south off the
Wadena and Des Moines Lobes left extensive
outwash plains. This outwash area formed
the Detroit Lakes Pitted Outwash Plain in
the central part of the county. Pitted outwash
plains are characterized by many small to
large ice-block basins that now contain
lakes or marshes. The areas of the Detroit
Lakes Pitted Outwash Plain adjacent to the
Alexandria Moraine are described as kame
moraines in the county.
The landforms and topography of the kame
moraine are similar to those of the stagnation
moraine, except that the parent material
is outwash. Meltwater sediments flowing
eastward from the Henning Till Plain and
southward from the Itasca Moraine Complex
formed the Park Rapids-Staples Outwash Plain.
The Redeye and Leaf Rivers were major meltwater
channels flowing eastward. Water flowage
was blocked in an area near Pillager, resulting
in the formation of Glacial Lake Wadena.
Meltwater and sediment were redirected along
a meltwater channel toward Parkers Prairie.
Eventually the blockage at the Pillager
gap was broken, and meltwaters from the
Des Moines and Wadena Lobes exited eastward
through the gap into the Crow Wing River.
Section across the Red River Valley
on the latitude of Breckenridge and
9,000 to 12,000 years ago, tremendous volumes
of meltwater accumulated to form Glacial Lake
Agassiz. Lake Agassiz was more than 360 feet
deep and covered more than 120,000 square
miles in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Canada.
It was formed when the normal northward flow
of water in the Red River Valley was blocked
by the Des Moines glacial ice lobe. As water
higher, Glacial Lake Agassiz developed an
outlet to the south near Browns Valley. A
succession of beach ridges formed, marking
stable lake levels. The Herman Beach marks
the highest stable level of Lake Agassiz.
It runs along the eastern edge of the Lake
Agassiz Plain in Otter Tail County. When the
Des Moines glacial lobe retreated, the water
in the Red River Valley could once again flow
north and Lake Agassiz drained away (Elson,
The most recent deposits in the survey area
are not glacial in origin. They consist of
alluvial sediments on flood plains and lakeshores.
Organic material and limnic sediments in lakes
and depressions are estimated to have accumulated
about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago (Norton, 1982).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
To change a department name, its parent department and code:
- Open the Users section and go to the Departments tab.
- Select a department and click Edit Department in the top menu.
The second way to start editing a department is select it in the list and right-click on it. In the context menu, choose Edit Department.
- In the Edit Department you can edit the department title and code or choose a new parent department. To apply changes, click Save.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Skills gaps still present a major barrier for small local charities and community organisations across the UK, with more training still cited as a solution to the problem. However as one size will not fit all, the challenge for umbrella support bodies who provide training is to flex their delivery models to meet the needs of small and local charities and community groups. We must come together to offer a blended learning experience, meeting the needs of those who live in well-connected urban centres to those who live and work in rural settings, to respond to the requirements of paid staff and the differing
requirements of volunteers, and to those who prefer or require distance learning to those who seek face to face support. Read the Small Charity Skills Survey 18/19.
- Skills areas with the poorest performance ratings include lobbying (57%), government relations (54%) and the latest HR laws (52%).
- Skills areas which respondents rated strongly include basic IT skills (76%), organisational skills (76%) and people management (72%).
- Fundraisers remain the most challenging vacancy to recruit for, according to 23% of small charities.
- Salary is the most commonly cited barrier to why vacancies are hard to fill, identified by 18% of respondents.
- In fundraising, legacy fundraising (72%), online fundraising (70%) and major donor fundraising (69%) were the top three categories in need of most upskilling by small charities.
- Trustee governance (28%) was selected as the area that most needed upskilling amongst trustees.
- 75% of small charities believe trustees ought to play an active role in fundraising, while only 46% actually do play an active role.
- Within financial management, 36% believed fundraising required the most development.
- Business planning (28%) was identified as the area requiring most upskilling by management specialists.
- Within the field of public policy, 57% indicated lobbying as requiring the greatest upskilling.
- Website development (43%) was selected as needing further upskilling the most within IT.
- First aid was indicated by 27% of respondents as requiring further upskilling within Health and Safety.
- In marketing and communications, structuring communication plans was identified by 50% of respondents as needing upskilling.
- Securing resources (36%), such as sponsorship and income, was selected as the area requiring greatest upskilling by respondents in project management roles.
- Lack of funding for training and development (64%) and lack of time available for employees to attend training (51%) remain as the primary causes for skills gaps within their small charity.
- The main impacts of skills gaps identified were an increased workload for colleagues (48%), increased time to
deliver work (45%) and decreased ability to take on new work (42%).
- The most common action believed to be the best solution, and also taken to address skills gaps, was further training provision (47%).
- Only 16% perceived using volunteers instead of paid employees as a solution, yet 36% took this as an action to address skills gaps.
- The majority (69%) reported having a formal business plan, but only 15% have an annual training plan linked to the business plan.
As previously stated, they support those most in need and so must be supported themselves to continue to carry out the services they deliver. Both government and other public funders should take action to ensure that they give these charities the opportunity to be self sustaining through investment in building their capacity to thrive, part of which is the development of skills across the sector.
1) Government and other public funders to take the lead by demonstrating long-term commitment to affordable skills development and capacity building.
It has been proven time and time again that smaller charities and community groups are a clear route to accessing and supporting the needs of the most vulnerable in our society. Government and other funders, especially the vital Trusts, Foundations, Livery Companies and other private funders, play a vital role in ensuring the health of civil society and their ability to make long-term funding commitments is therefore crucial. We ask Government and private funders to invest in developing the skills of smaller charities to ensure their future.
2) Infrastructure organisations to come together to work collaboratively to ensure that the support they offer is connected, easily identified and accessible tailored to meet the diverse needs of smaller organisations. This should include a blend of face to face and remote learning so that smaller organisations who are not able to access face to face learning are also afforded opportunities to develop skills.
Together infrastructure bodies can offer so much more and can ensure that more small charities are aware of the support that is available to them. We urge all infrastructure organisations to come together to share their programmes to ensure that as many small charities as possible are offered the opportunity to participate in skills development.
3) Trustees of smaller charities make a commitment to the organisational and personal development of both staff and volunteers withing their charities.
We cannot expect others to invest in us if we do not take every opportunity to invest in ourselves. We urge trustees to lead their organisation by making budgets available for trustee, staff and volunteer training. We urge those working in small charities to use all opportunities whether that be formal training or skills sharing between organisations, to increase their knowledge and skills.
- The report states that 952 small charities responded to the first 6 surveys – a total of 952 responses were received from 433 individual charities, as the data was collected through 6 different surveys.
- Section 2 'Fundraising' received significantly higher responses (1,625 total from 810 individual charities) as it was collected from attendees at FSI training through existing pre-training survey mechanisms.


Updated: Oct 31, 2020
1. Standing in fifth position right foot forward* (This exercise can be performed at the barre or in the centre.) 2. Commence the step by bringing the right foot to a retiré position. Draw a line from the arch of the left foot up the calf and then stopping at the knee. Make sure to keep the supporting left leg fully stretched and the working right leg turned out from the hip with the knee to the side and the foot fully pointed. You would normally start with the arms in bras bas bringing them to first when in retiré moving at the same time as the leg.
3. Make sure that the hips stay level and face forward. 4. Extend the right leg devant, derrière or à la seconde en l'air in a fully extended position. (If executing a developpé derrière or a la seconde coming from the back you would have your retire to the back of the knee.) As you extend the leg the arm would come to second position.
5. Développé Devant: When performing this step devant turn the leg out from the hip and aim to have the heel facing the ceiling. Imagine that you could rest a cup of tea on your ankle.
6. Développé à la Seconde: When performing this step à la seconde make sure the working leg in turned out from the hip with heel facing forward or even upwards depending on your ability.
7. Développé Derrière: Starting with a retiré derrière extend the leg to the back. Make sure that the leg is fully extended and pulled up from the knee. It is very common in the position for the leg to slightly bend and sway outwards. Make sure the leg stays right behind you with the heel now facing floor as you turn out from the hip.
8. The développé then comes to a tendu position and then closes back to fifth position. The arm then returns to bras bas.
*This step can also be performed with the right foot forward
At Balletic we follow the bbodance ballet syllabus which in turn uses the 'Gail Grant Technical Manual and Dictionary of Classical Ballet' for all of it's terminology. Diagrams may be different to what you are used to based on the school of ballet that you follow.
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text:
Residential Services & Commercial Services
What Is A Spotted Lanternfly?
The spotted lanternfly has the potential to be a devastating invasive species wherever it goes. To date, the spotted lanternfly population has required many counties throughout several states to implement a quarantine to reduce the spread of these insects. They can feed on most plant species and affect businesses like vineyards, timber, and other types of farms. The spotted lanternfly is known to cause economic and property damage unsurpassed by native pest species. Because spotted lanternfly damage can be extensive, it is suggested that a professional pest control company be contacted at first sight.
The spotted lanternfly was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 2014. They are believed to have been introduced from South East Asia around 2012. Since 2014, they have spread to more than seven states including New Jersey.
Spotted lanternflies are plant parasites and have been observed feeding on more than 70 species of plant. Among their favorites are tree-of-heaven, grapes, hops, hardwood trees, and fruit trees. It is also believed they can spread plant diseases. Due to the large numbers often feeding at once, they can greatly weaken a tree or plant. This may cause slow growth and, in some circumstances, may even lead to the death of the plant. This can be catastrophic for many industries including forestry, viniculture, orchards, and landscaping.


text:
Buffer Sizing in 802.11 Wireless Mesh Networks
The authors analyze the problem of buffer sizing for TCP flows in 802.11-based Wireless Mesh Networks. Their objective is to maintain high network utilization while providing low queueing delays. The problem is complicated by the time-varying capacity of the wireless channel as well as the random access mechanism of 802.11 MAC protocol. While arbitrarily large buffers can maintain high network utilization, this results in large queueing delays. Such delays may affect TCP stability characteristics, and also increase queueing delays for other flows (including real-time flows) sharing the buffer.


text:
- WorldShare Record Manager
You can attach a PDF document, to a Local Holding Record (LHR) by using the 856 tag. It could be a useful way of attaching teacher's notes to resources.
- Edit the LHR and create a new field by selecting the + button.
- Enter 856 in the field.
- In the first indicator enter the value of 4.
- In the second indicator enter the value of 0.
- Insert the path of the PDF into the field string as a $u subfield. For example $u _URL_.
- Click Save.
- An access online link will now appear on the item record in Discovery and the PDF file will be available to
- If you want to restrict access to the file, in the subfield enter a link to a secure location on your
network, perhaps within the intranet (set up by your IT Department)
- You can create a public note about the PDF to appear in the holding summary in Discovery. In the local
holding record create another row and in the field enter 876, in the subfield enter $z and details of the note then save
- If you will be adding many items with electronic subsets to your collection you might like to
investigate access to CONTENTdm or creating a knowledge base collection
You may find more information below about:


The dioptre is a unit of measurement used to describe how well a person sees.
Farsightedness is measured in positive dioptres, and nearsightedness is measured in negative dioptres. Astigmatism is measured in dioptres that can be either positive or negative.
With dioptres, the farther a measurement is from 0, the more severe the refractive error. For example, if a person has -4 dioptres of nearsightedness, it means that the farthest point you can see clearly is one-fourth of a metre (about 10 inches) from your eye.
Is it an emergency?
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Individuals who own real property maintain a number of rights with regard to that ownership. One of these rights is to convey what is known as a life estate to another person. A life estate is created by the person owning the property (sometimes known as the "grantor"), given to the recipient ("grantee").
Typically, the property is given for the remainder of the grantee's lifetime. When the grantee dies, the property reverts back to the grantor.
How is a Life Estate Created?
The requirements for life estate creation are simple. The grantor must create a written document. In the document, the grantor indicates they are conveying the property for the length of someone else's life. Generally, the writing takes the form of the following language: "I, Smith, convey my real property to Jones for life." The writing, whose exact language requirements may differ between states, is typically contained in a deed or a will
How is the Length of a Life Estate Measured?
The most common type of life estate (the one created by word such as "To Jones for life,") is measured by the recipient's life. When Jones (the life tenant) dies, Smith has the right of reversion. That is, upon Jones' death, the property reverts back to Smith. If, at that point, Smith is dead, the property goes to Smith's heirs.
Some life estates are known as life estates pur autre vie. "Pur autre vie" means "by someone else's life." These life estates are created, again, by a grantor conveying the property to another, i.e., "To A," but A's lifetime is not the "measuring stick" for how long A holds the life estate. Rather, another person's lifetime is. A life estate pur autre vie typically reads, "I, Smith, convey the property to Jones for the life of Green."
Therefore, it is when Green dies, not when Jones dies, that Jones' life estate terminates. At that time, the property reverts to Smith. Green, in this scenario, is referred to as the "measuring life," because Green's life serves as the measurement of the duration of Jones' life estate.
What are the Obligations of a Life Tenant?
A life tenant, during the duration of the life estate, is generally entitled to all uses and profits from the land. Since, however, the life tenant does not have any rights to transfer the property when the life tenant dies, the life tenant may not commit waste. There are three kinds of waste. The first is referred to as voluntary or affirmative waste. This is any act that causes the property to lose value.
A life tenant may also generally not commit "permissive waste". That is, the life tenant may not neglect the obligation to keep the premises in reasonably good repair.
There is a third type of waste, known as "ameliorative waste". To commit ameliorative waste is to engage in acts that will enhance the property's value. The rules on ameliorative waste differ between states. Some states require that any property changes may only be made with the consent of the grantor or anyone else who may have an interest in the property.
Other states are more lenient. In these states, the life tenant can make reasonable improvements, provided the grantor or anyone else with an interest in the estate ("remaindermen") do not object.
In addition to the duties to not commit waste, the life tenant has other duties. Generally, these duties include ensuring all ordinary taxes on the land are paid, to the extent of income or profits from the land. The life tenant's duties also include ensuring that real estate taxes are paid, and protecting the property from liens or other encumbrances. These obligations exist so that the rights of those who will own the property subsequent to the life tenant's ownership, are not impaired.
How is a Life Estate Terminated?
A life estate can be terminated upon the death of the tenant. In a pur autre vie life estate, the estate terminates upon the death of the measuring life.
Life estates can also be cut short. This can happen in several ways, such as:
 - The life tenant commits impermissible waste;
 - The life tenant violates a condition attached to the life estate. Grantors may attach written conditions to the conveyance of a life estate, provided the conditions are not unlawful. For example, a life estate conveyance may read, "To Jones for life, provided Jones keeps the inground swimming pool located on the premises in good repair." Here, Joe has a life estate, and will maintain that life estate, so long as Jones abides by the condition.
Should I Seek Legal Counsel Regarding a Life Estate?
An experienced real estate lawyer can advise you as to how to create a life estate by helping to draft the needed documents. The lawyer can also advise you if you are a life tenant, as to your rights and obligations with respect to the property.


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I have created a calculator in applet using awt. I got a problem in textfield as when you type, textfield displays from left to right but calculator displays from right to left. So what should i do so that textfield should print from right.
Joined: Mar 22, 2005
You can pad whatever you want to display with spaces on the left side. If you use a monospaced font (like Courier) then the width taken up by a space character is the same as the width of any digit. So if you want to display a 5-digit number, you'd prepend 20 spaces to it (assuming your TextField is 25 characters wide).


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The PolyArea Project: Part 2
In this type of program there are many gotchas that you should be aware of and pay attention to.
Coordinate Systems. It is critical when dealing with multiple coordinate systems to make sure you are always using the correct coordinate systems. In, the case of PolyArea the window coordinate system is used for rendering, but the grid coordinate system, which is shifted by the grid padding width and height is used for computation.
The current configuration values set the grid padding to 10. That means that a point such as (40, 40) in the window coordinate system is just (30, 30) in the grid coordinate system. If you mix these coordinate systems and neglect to translate some points you get nasty bugs that are very hard to detect. The approach to address it is to explicitly identify the location in your code (e.g. the mouse event handlers) where you get input in one coordinate system and make sure you convert each point.
Fractured Pixels. The mouse events and snap to grid processing generate integral numbers. Various computations for intersections generate floating point numbers. Mixing them up can sometimes hurt you in unexpected ways. For example, the Python division operation works differently for integers and floating-point numbers.
Integer division. The integer division in Python 2.x is floor division (in Python 3 that has changed).
>>> 3 / 5
If you expected 0.6 you are in for a surprise.
You can find the remainder using the % (modulo) operator:
>>> 3 % 5
Floating-point numbers. Computers represent fractions normally as floating-point numbers. In Python, there is the float data type. Due to the this representation scheme (2's complement) some fractions can be represented only approximately. This can lead to unexpected results:
>>> 3 / 5.0
Yes, you will not get 0.6 even with floating-point numbers. When mixing integers and floats, point the integers are promoted to floats.
Rounding. Rounding is also a potentially confusing aspect. Python has the round() function that rounds to the nearest integer and also the math.floor() and math.ceil(). In PolyArea I needed a special rounding operation to round an integer to the closest multiple of another integer. This was needed to find the closest grid point. I came up with this function that uses both Python's regular division operation / and the floor division // (which always does floor didivision even if some of the operands are floats):
def round_int(n, r):
 """Rounds an integer n to the closest multiple of an integer r"""
 return int(n + r / 2) // r * r
Dimensional reversal. Another issue to be aware of is the axis. In mathematics it is common for the Y dimension to grow up (smaller numbers are bellow larger number). It is even customary to say low and high numbers, were "high" numbers are larger. In computer graphics on the other hand the X dimension runs from left to right, but the Y dimension runs from top to bottom (a takeaway from the display hardware scanning order).
Does it matter? Well, that depends on your expectations. In the last article when I discussed the algorithm and I mentioned finding top points and removing top triangles I was using the standard math dimensions. But, when PolyArea actually renders the polygons on the screen everything is flipped on its head. That means that visually PolyArea scans from the bottom up and finds bottom points and removes bottom triangles first; see Figure 7.
[Click image to view at full size]
Figure 7
PolyArea was a fun project. I enjoyed working with Saar and I was surprised by how challenging it turned out to be. The program itself and the process were pretty educational and the end result is cool and entertaining.
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Photo Rendering Tutorial
Photo rendering allows you to manipulate your photo and change the background. And, it's not as hard as you think. Learn more here.
 - slide 1 of 3
 Fixing Up Your Photo
 Photo rendering allows you to take raw images and add effects to them. This rendering is done via computer software programs like Adobe Photoshop or Corel VideoStudio. There are also some free programs like Photobucket and Google Picasa, but they will only give you limited editing capabilities.
 When you start rendering a photo, you will usually start looking at the obvious things like how it's framed, fixing the colors and adjusting any issues that may have occurred when taking the picture. Many programs allow you to add overlays, including different filters like polarizing filters or even a warm (orange) or cold (blue) filter.
 - slide 2 of 3
 Erasing Your Background
 Basically, the first step to everything is cleaning up the picture. Once the picture is the way that you want it to look, you will be really getting into the main part of the photo rendering process. The main goal of photo rendering is to remove the background from your main object. This way, you can use your foreground image in other images or simply leave it with a transparent background.
 Depending on your program, the actually process of photo rendering will vary. You can manually erase the background using the eraser tool. If you are planning on doing it this way, start erasing the areas as far away from the main object as possible. Once most of this is gone, zoom into your object, and reduce the size of the eraser so that it's as small as possible.
 You don't want to erase your main object, but you want to make sure that the entire background is gone. Keep zooming until you get to point where you can also erase the pixels individually. If you do happen to erase a section of the foreground image simply undo it. Once complete, you can create a cutting path to manually remove the object from the now clear background.
 - slide 3 of 3
 Creating a Cutting Path
 The only problem with erasing the background is that you are still going to have a little bit of the white left if your cutting path is not really close to the foreground image. So, you may want to start with the cutting path first.
 Start drawing your cutting path generally, and make your first cut. You will still have some of the background left, but most of it will be gone. Now, start zooming into the photo until you are really close to the foreground object. Plot each dot as close to the image as possible.
 Once the cutting path is complete, make your next cut. The image may still look a little boxy in some places. You can apply a feather eraser to the edges to blur them a bit to make them look more natural. You should also zoom in as close as possible to ensure that you are not erasing too much.


Main Content
What are Functional Materials?
what are FM_1.jpg
Functional Materials play an ever-increasing role in our modern society. They form the basis for a wide range of technologies. Computation, communication, storage and displaying of information would not work without them, making them essential for the entire IT sector. The same is true for the generation of and the storage of energy, for mobility and for sensing.
The term functional materials covers different material classes ranging from semiconductors over polymers and molecular crystals to nanoparticles. It is their special electrical, optical and magnetic properties that make functional materials so important.
If you have any further questions please contact:


text:
Reflecting on UNISDR's reviews of the HFA, as well as GNDR's Views from the Frontline review of progress at the local level, this Reality Checklist highlights 10 essentials for local level impact.
Can we make sure that the HFA2 has an impact at the frontline?
We can enhance impact if we:
1. Understand local perspectives of risk
Listen and understand the experiences of people most at-risk
2. Consider the local context
Recognise the real life challenges of fragility, insecurity, and informality
3. Leave no one behind
Ensure the inclusion of all groups, particularly those most at-risk
Work with and across all groups and levels
5. Mobilise local resources
Build on existing capacities, knowledge and other sources of resilience
6. Align across policies
Ensure coherence across development and climate change activities
7. Hold people to account
Ensure accountability to local communities
8. Learn from the past and look to the future
Learn lessons and recognise future trends to inform recovery and development planning
9. Be environmentally aware
Recognise, protect and strengthen the functions of ecosystems
10. Recognise the potential of civil society
Actively work with civil society to achieve these essentials
How can I participate?
- In the run up to, during, and after the WCDRR in March, GNDR will be working to build support for these 10 essentials. In particular we want GNDR members to lobby with their national governments to utilise the checklist when designing their implementation plans. Share your stories of lobbying with governments on the GNDR Advocacy Facebook Group.
- Have a reality check with your partners. Use the Reality Checklist to develop and assess implementation strategies for the Post-2015 DRR Framework.


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Jupiter is the biggest benefic planet in astrology and its transit can take one out of difficult situation and put an end to the misery.
Jupiter Transit 2021 In Capricorn Sign: Ascendantwise Effects
Jupiter Transit In Capricorn
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Jupiter is the most divine and benefic planet in vedic astrology and its importance is so strong that without its kind rays one cannot expect prosperity in life.
Same planet Jupiter is going to enter sign of Capricorn on 21st of November 2020 and will be staying there until December 2021.
While its stay in Capricorn Jupiter will be in debilitation and will be joining planet Saturn who is already there since January 2020. So here in this Transit a need to account union of Saturn and Jupiter is also there because throughout 2021 Jupiter will be with Saturn.
In this transition during 2021 Jupiter will be entering sign of Aquarius on 06th of April 2021 and will turn retrograde on 20th June 2021. In its retrograde motion Jupiter will enter sign of Capricorn on 14th September 2021 and will turn direct on 18th of October 2021.
Total days of retrogression will be 120 days.
In this article I will cover following aspect of Jupiter transit 2021 along with predictions in the end of it:
1. About Planet Jupiter.
2. Significance of sign Capricorn.
3. Meaning of Saturn union with Jupiter in year 2021.
4. How to analyse Jupiter transit in Capricorn.
5. Jupiter Transit Impact on all signs.
About Planet Jupiter & Capricorn Sign
Jupiter is a divine beneficial planet that rules over Sagittarius and Pisces sign. In Vedic astrology, no planet is more beneficial than Jupiter, in fact in any horoscope importance of planet Jupiter is supreme.
If Jupiter is afflicted or weak in your Horoscope then the overall strength of the Jupiter gets affected, those who have benefic Jupiter tend to have an advantage because the aspect of Jupiter turns positive and the house where it falls tends to blossom.
Jupiter rules over two signs viz Sagittarius and Pisces. Jupiter represents knowledge, famer, wealth, success and kids. Jupiter rules over constellation of Punarvasu, Vishaka and Poorva Bhadrapad. Jupiter have 5th, 7th and 9th aspect from its position.
Capricorn is the 10th sign of zodiac scheme and is ruled by planet Saturn. It is a very Earthy sign which is fixed by nature and planet Mars achieve exaltation there whereas planet Jupiter reaches its debilition point making it powerless.
Capricorn is the sign of discipline and authority. Native having Jupiter in Capricorn sign tends to be very serious and organised by nature. Their work style is almost military style where they require things in certain order.
How to judge effects of Jupiter transit 2021?
I have written a separate article on this but for the purpose of this article you can check the following points:
1. Judge the role of Jupiter in your Horoscope: This is by far the most important one because Jupiter like any other planet will change its role, which will depend on the lordship of planet Jupiter.
For example, Jupiter is benefic planet for Aries ascendant whereas a malefic for Taurus ascendant.
You can check this guide which will explain you lordship of Jupiter and other planets that too ascendant wise.
2.The condition of Jupiter in Natal Chart: As mentioned in my guide on how to read a transit, the condition of a certain planet in the natal chart matter a lot while judging its transit effects.
The best way to explain this is as follows:
Suppose Jupiter have very close degrees to your ascendant, for example Ascendant is at 18 degrees and Jupiter is around 17 degrees then in most of the division chart Jupiter will fall in same house like natal chart.
And, this will make Jupiter the most important planet for you and will play an important role in your destiny hence its Transit can be very vital.
3.Ashtakvargabindus of Jupiter in Capricorn sign: As mentioned in most of my articles that while judging the effects of a planetary transit, we need to see how many bindus that planet is getting in the sign of its transit.
So here you need to see how much bindus Jupiter is having in the sign of Capricorn if more then 4 then you can expect good results even if Jupiter is a functional malefic.
4.The number of total bindus in the sign of Capricorn sign: This is again a Ashtakvarga rule, and here you need to see that how many bindus Jupiter is getting in the sign of Capricorn.
If more then 28 then you can expect good results from Jupiter transit in Capricorn
Though there is always a contradiction, like Jupiter may have less than 4 bindus in Capricorn sign but the total score in Ashtakvarga may be more than 28.
So here one needs to take decisions wisely and make the right conclusion based on other factors.
It comes with practice 🙂
5. Running Dasha: Naturally, Dasha is most important in any kind of predictions and here if you are running into Dasha of Jupiter itself then Jupiter transit in Capricorn will become most important for you.
So you have seen how many factors are there, and actually, there are more than what I have explained above.
Making prediction is an art and one needs to use more than one Dasha system.
6. Transit Of Other Planets: All transits work with each other like double transit theory, the same way you need to consider the followings transits also because they will be affecting the final outcome of Jupiter transit in Capricorn.
Jupiter is a important planet and tends to create negative results if afflicted.
On another hand, Jupiter can produce Rajyoga when in a planetary relationship with the benefic or yoga karaka planet.
Not to forget that Jupiter is a slow planet and making a prediction on Jupiter transit in Capricorn can be tricky therefore the predictions of these predictions are general in nature and for accurate predictions, other factors in Horoscope will matter.
Jupiter & Saturn Union In 2021
Saturn is already present in sign of Capricorn and Jupiter will join it on 21st November.
These two major planets are making union which is a rare occurrence and this does hold a special place in vedic astrology.
Here double transit theory will need special consideration and without that you can not make any analysis of Jupiter transit in Capricorn sign.
Generally their union is considered as auspicious and is seen in many major successful people like M.S Dhoni etc.
It gives one knowledge of a Sage, temperament of a Monk and Wealth like Lord Kuber.
In year 2021 there will be some signs which will experience good results from this auspicious union and later part of the article I will be giving weightage to their union while giving predictions on each ascendant.
On world level this union seems to be very important and a very system will come in finances like a new system of doing financithings, how you carry out meetings and how you do Business.
Change is evident which is need of the hour due to Corona and their union is conforming the same.
Jupiter Transit 2021: For Aries Ascendant
For Aries ascendant planet Jupiter is lord of 9th and 12th house and is a benefic planet for them. A well placed Jupiter in their natal Horoscope can give very benefic results.
During this transit Jupiter will be going through 10th house of career and will be making a union with Saturn.
Lets see how their life will be affected by it.
1. CareerJupiter transit is happening over their 10th house which will lead to direct impact on career and their position in society. The first indication is negative in this regard and some event can happen at work place which will lead to stress and rivalry with people around you.
Pormotion is delayed and will come around August 2021 and that will lead to sunken feeling in them.
Relationship with boss won't be smooth either and
2. Wealth -Jupiter is natural karaka of wealth and its aspect on the 4th house shows a desire to buy a car, house or change in residence.
If dasha is allowing then purchase of one expensive item can be there.
Chances of change in residence is very high and their abroad prospects are looking good which will lead to better financial prospects in future.
3.Marriage & RelationshipFor Females Jupiter is Karaka of Husband and its debilitation is not good for relationship with Husband. There can be issues with husband and to husband also. Possibility of Husband facing issues in his work life is there though here individual Horoscope of spouse will matter.
This entry of Jupiter in 10th house can lead to marriage and also movement to far place after it.
Mother can see issues in her health and relationship with her can go sour, whereas Father definitely need to watch his finances.
With childrens things will be fine and major issues are not see.
4.HealthJupiter here is lord of the 12th house which is Karaka of hospitals and in 10th house which is the strongest Kendra can lead to issues in Knees.
If in natal Horoscope malefic like Rahu or Ketu is placed then issues can be there.
5.ConclusionOverall this Jupiter transit 2021 is going to test Aries asc


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SCIENTIFIC NAME: Koelreuteria paniculata
COMMON NAME: panicled golden-rain tree, goldenraintree, varnish tree
FLOWERS: Big, yellow panicle (1' long) flowers in late May to early June.
LEAVES: Odd pinnately compound leaves with the coarsely serrated leaflet having a small wing near the petiole. Usually 7 to 15 leaflets/leaf.
FRUIT: Bladder-like to 2" long in summer. Seed nestled inside. At first purplish and then brown.
GROWTH HABIT: Grows 15' to 30' tall. Can be single or multi-trunked (severe renewal prune when young).
OTHER: A tough plant that can withstand heat and wind. Prefers full sun. Is a good tree for a small area, specimen tree, etc. Hardy from zones 5 to 9. Has a very lightweight, but strong wood. A member of the Sapindaceae family.


Portugal, Sweden and Turkey fighting to secure 'air bridges' with the UK
The countries are all expected to be left off the Government's list of countries Britons can visit without quarantining on their return
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure so-called "air bridges" with the UK
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure the so-called "air bridges" Credit: AP
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are fighting rearguard actions to secure "air bridges" with the UK, as Britain prepares to unveil its list of 50 countries to be exempted from quarantine.
Officials from Portugal, which relies on British holidaymakers for 20 per cent of its tourist income, has disputed claims that the country is facing a second wave of coronavirus in and around Lisbon that could keep it off the list.
It has re-imposed a lockdown in 19 Greater Lisbon parishes with all but supermarkets, restaurants and service stations closing at 8pm in the rest of the city.
Some 70 per cent of the 300 cases currently being reported daily are in Lisbon. But professor Henrique Barros, a leading epidemiologist and president of Portugal's National Health Council, has told his British counterparts the outbreak is "clearly controlled," there is no scientific or empirical justification for excluding Portugal from the list, and that the UK Covid-19 status is "worse".
He said the outbreak is restricted to poorer areas of the city where tourists did not visit. "The places where tourists tend to walk around are the safest in the country. Tourists are not taking the overcrowded metro or train at 6am in the morning to go to work," he added.
"They are using Uber or taxis, they go to the restaurant, they stay in hotels. I mean the risk is almost negligible."
Portugal, where the Algarve is rated among the top three destinations for UK tourists, is understood to be currently classed as "red" on the Government's traffic light system for assessing risk. Visitors to countries rated green and amber will not be required to self-isolate for 14 days on their return.
Countries are assessed on the prevalence of coronavirus, the UK's confidence in the reliability of their data, and "crucially" the trajectory of the disease in the country, say Government sources.
Spain, Greece and France are the only countries so far publicly identified as likely "safe" destinations. Sweden has been identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as suffering a Covid-19 resurgence with 155 infections for every 100,000 inhabitants in the past 14 days, higher than anywhere else in the WHO's defined Europe region, other than Armenia.
Placeholder image for youtube video: aTezGlQrMPg
This week Sweden reported its highest number of daily infections since the outbreak began, with 1,610 on Wednesday. However, Swedish state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell said Sweden was seeing a rising number of infections because it was testing far more than before.
It was "unfortunate", he said, that the WHO was "confusing Sweden" with countries at the start of their epidemic. "The number of admissions to intensive care is at a very low level and even deaths are starting to go down."
The number of new coronavirus cases in Turkey has doubled to 1,492 in a month, after the country started easing lockdown restrictions in late May.
Professor Guner Sonmez, of Üsküdar University, said Turkey gained an initial advantage by the virus arriving late in the country, having a health system that coped and a young population less at risk from Covid-19. However, he feared the Government was losing control after the easing of lockdown.


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'Sandwiches' printed from
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1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3
Suppose you have two 1s, two 2s and two 3s. Arrange these six digits in a list so that:
between the two 1s there is one digit, giving 1?1,
between the two 2s there are two digits, giving 2??2, and
between the two 3s there are three digits, giving 3???3.
Can you do the same if you only have 1s and 2s? Explain your answer.
Can you do the same if you include two 4s, and between the two 4s there are four digits?
Here is a solution using 5's, 6's and 7's as well:
7 sandwich
Find other solutions with all these digits.


text:
In today's economy every product has a service value attached to it. The old dichotomy between product and services has been reduced and a service-product continuum has been established. In management this phenomenon is referred to as the Servitization of Products. When a company proceeds from maximizing its sales towards customer satisfaction it puts emphasis on the aspect of service. It helps the company to enhance its goodwill in the market.
The concept of service economy will eventually give rise to a decentralized means of producing skilled jobs.
IBM is an unique example. In spite of being a manufacturing company it tends to call itself a services company. This has been the scenario since it realized that the price elasticity of demand for business solutions is less elastic than for hardware. The company now benefits from the revenue of the elongated contracts rather than receiving payment in a single mode.
Studies reveal that service economy jobs can enjoy double productivity through the better application of information technology. Intranets can also produce double employee productivity. Usability is the key to enhancing the productivity of service economy. By analyzing which job is more useful than the other we humans might be able to create more jobs and save billions as well.


text:
The Total column shows the total number of people in that county or town with this surname.
For example, there were 279 people called BIARD in Hognaston at the time of the 1881 census.
The Frequency column shows the percentage of people in this county or town
with this surname. For example, a frequency of 2500.0000 in Hognaston means that
2500.0000% of the people in Hognaston on census day were called BIARD.
The Index column shows the relative probability of finding someone called BIARD
in this county or town, compared with the probability of finding them anywhere in Britain as a whole.
An index of 1 means that if you pick someone at random from this county or town, you have exactly the same
probability of picking someone called BIARD as if you picked at random from the whole of the UK.
Where the index is higher than 1, then you are more likely to find someone called BIARD here
than if you picked from the UK as a whole, and where it's lower then you are less likely. The actual figure
shows the level of probability - for example, a figure of 2 would indicate that you are twice as likely to find
someone called BIARD here than in the UK as a whole, and 10 would make it ten times as likely.
The value of 0.28 in Hognaston means that you are 0.28 times as likely to find
someone with the surname of BIARD in Hognaston than you would be in the whole of the UK.


Gender-based Analysis Plus 2020-21
Gender-based Analysis Plus 2020-21
Governance structure
When developing projects, creating or updating services and activities, the NBC systematically ensures that the various identity factors are taken into account, including gender, age, Aboriginal origin or identity, living with a disability, etc.
The NBC does not have the resources to conduct data analysis.
Human resources
Not applicable.
The NBC does not have sufficient human and financial resources to assign one FTE to the GBA+.
Planned initiatives
The NBC has carried out the following initiatives with regard to the GBA+ :
 - Highlight the place of women and Aboriginal peoples in Canada in the NBC's range of historical activities, based on available documents and sources, in order to promote gender and peoples' equality;
 - Develop and maintain a range of adapted activities for newcomers, students and adults learning either official language, people living with a physical or mental disability, and groups with learning disabilities;
 - Maintain free access to the Plains of Abraham Museum for French-language groups, holders of the cultural pass for new immigrants and attendants of persons with disabilities. Offer certain activities free of charge in order to improve access for economically disadvantaged groups;
 - Offer a musical program at the Edwin-Bélanger Bandstand featuring a variety of artists representing various cultural communities. Promote the inclusion of artists of diverse gender, cultural, ethnic, linguistic and racial communities;
 - Continue to recommend and make available the online course on GBA+ to managers and employees in key sectors. Disseminate and make the training available on the Intranet for all employees.
The NBC will continue to ensure that GBA+ is taken into account in new policy and project proposals.
Reporting capacity and data
Not applicable.
The NBC does not collect specific data on the beneficiaries of its programs to conduct a GBA+ or to publish reports. The NBC does not have the resources required to have the capacity to produce reports and data.


Guidelines for Developing and Evaluating Tree Ordinances
Ground survey
Measuring various tree characteristics, including species, age, size, health, and damage factors.
Materials needed:
The ground survey is one of the most basic methods for gathering urban forestry data. Ground surveys typically are used to gather the baseline data for most tree inventories. The ground surveys used in urban forestry are of two general types, commonly referred to as windshield surveys and foot surveys. Details of each type are discussed below. When resources are insufficient to conduct a complete inventory, a representative sample of the urban forest can often provide sufficient information for making management decisions and monitoring progress. Furthermore, when natural woodlands or forests are managed, as in parks and open spaces, a complete inventory is usually unnecessary and impractical.
Sampling considerations for ground surveys
If less than a complete survey is planned, plot selection should proceed as outlined under Sampling from Populations. To provide estimates of size and condition of street trees, researchers working in several cities in the eastern U.S. (Valentine et al 1978) arrived at the following recommendations, which can be used as a rough rule of thumb for planning ground surveys: The use of a sampling interval is not strictly necessary, but reduces the amount of effort involved. To use a sampling interval, some information about tree species incidence is required in advance. As an example, suppose you plan to sample 50 plots, and London plane is likely to occur in almost all plots. To have 100 London plane trees represented in the overall sample, it will only be necessary to tally two or three per plot. If you anticipate that ten London plane trees will occur in a typical street section, then only one out of every five London planes needs to be tallied. When using a sampling interval, the selection of the sampled trees must be unbiased. Don't just skip those that look good (or bad) or are difficult to read; use a regular interval. Finally, the sampling interval needs to be taken into account when the data are tabulated, to show the actual incidence of these tree species.
The windshield survey
This technique is most suitable when the data to be collected consist of one to a few obvious characteristics. It is also useful for rating characteristics that occur at relatively low frequencies. One person drives a vehicle in which one or more evaluators tally data using tally counters and data sheets. Data collected should consist only of counts of trees that have or lack a particular characteristic or fall into a limited number of categories. The greatest advantage of this method is that it is relatively fast and inexpensive. The main drawback is that only a few characteristics can be rated for each tree. If an evaluator attempts to rate too many characteristics from a moving vehicle, either accuracy will suffer or the driver will have to slow the rate of travel to an impractical speed. The foot survey should be used if a number of detailed observations are to be made on each tree. Examples of some of the characteristics that could be rated in a windshield survey include:
-Canopy dieback. This is a simple indicator of tree health. Either tally trees above and below a given cutoff value (e.g., dieback affecting more than 1/3 of the crown), or use 3 to 4 categories (e.g., low, moderate, severe, tree dead). If descriptors such as "low" or "severe" are to be used, it is necessary to establish specific criteria for each description (e.g. low=less than 20% of crown affected) to minimize differences that may arise between different evaluators. Photographs that illustrate the different classes are very useful to ensure uniformity between different evaluators and different years.
-Improper pruning practices. Topping and other poor pruning practices are especially obvious in winter after leaf fall.
-Prohibited practices, such as vandalism, or attaching signs or wires to trees.
-Specific disease and pest problems. If surveys are timed to coincide with periods when disease or insect pest problems are most obvious, it may be relatively easy to document the extent and incidence of the problem. For example, leafy mistletoe in deciduous trees is easily rated in the winter months, whereas branch dieback in alder caused by flatheaded borers is most obvious in summer.
-Tree type. Trees can be placed into relatively broad categories based on height or type (e.g., conifers, evergreen hardwoods, deciduous hardwoods) fairly readily. Also, the frequency of a single or a few distinctive tree species could be tallied. However, especially in areas where a wide variety of tree species are used, a complete tally of trees by species would be difficult or impossible to conduct from a moving vehicle.
-Trunk diameter. For many, though not all tree species, diameter serves as a useful indicator of tree age. Several broad classes of tree diameters (e.g. less than 6 inches, 6- 24 inches, greater than 24 inches) can be distinguished with enough accuracy to be used in a windshield survey.
-Planting site characteristics. Empty planting spaces, severe sidewalk displacement, and other obvious site characteristics can be tallied.
The foot survey
When detailed information in a number of different categories is to be collected, the survey should be conducted on foot. All of the examples listed above under the windshield survey could also be evaluated in a foot survey. Some data may be expressed as categories, as in the windshield survey, but it is also possible to take more detailed data and actual measurements rather than use generalizations and estimates. For example, stem diameter can be measured rather than estimated and trees can be identified to species. The type of planting space (for example grass, bare soil, depressed well, level well, raised planter) and size of the planting space can be identified. Tree condition, hazardous trees, hardscape damage, and site conditions can be inspected and evaluated more thoroughly in the foot survey than in the windshield survey.
If data are being collected for an inventory, such as a street tree inventory, data are typically collected for every tree in the area of interest. If forests or woodlands containing large numbers of trees are being evaluated, it is more efficient to sample the area rather than conduct a complete survey. Sampling may occur using plot-based or plotless techniques (e.g., point-centered quarter method). Plots may be arranged in various shapes and sizes, and plots of varying sizes are sometimes nested within each other. Plot area can be either fixed (e.g., circular 0.2 acre plots) or variable (e.g., prism-based plots). Plots may be permanent, which allows for direct observations of changes that occur over time. Given the wide variety of sampling methods available for measuring forest attributes, persons that specialize in forest survey methods (e.g., university forestry department faculty, forestry consultants, state and federal forestry staff) should be consulted before undertaking a forest survey.
Plot or tree locations can be noted directly on maps or aerial photos. Standard survey techniques can also be used to pinpoint tree locations. With the decreased cost and increased precision of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology, the use of hand-held GPS receivers provides another way to determine tree or plot coordinates in the field. However, GPS readings from low cost units are subject to several sources of error that can degrade the precision of location information. In particular, tree trunks, branches, and canopy can interfere with the reception of satellite signals needed to obtain coordinates. We have been able to achieve improved reception by using a high-gain external GPS antenna mounted on a mast that can be elevated at least part of the way into the canopy.
Some common measurements recorded in foot surveys are described below.
Tree size
Measurements of tree size can include such measurements as tree canopy spread, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height. Within species, DBH is generally correlated with tree height and age, but due to the influence of site conditions on tree growth rate, DBH may not always be a good indicator of tree age.
Canopy cover
Canopy cover provided by individual trees can be estimated by measuring the maximum canopy diameter and a second diameter at a right angle to the first. Canopy area can then be calculated using the formula for the area of an ellipse, i.e.,
Area = pi * r1 *r2
where pi=3.14159, and r1 and r2 are the two radii (i.e., half the diameters). If tree canopies are symmetrical, a single diameter can be measured and the formula for the area of a circle (pi*r*r) is used. The total area covered by tree canopy can be divided by the area of the site to obtain percent canopy cover. This methodology works best for areas with nonoverlapping tree canopies, such as parking lots or other relatively open areas.
In areas with more complete or irregularly overlapping tree cover, other methods of estimating canopy cover are applicable. If data are being collected in individual fixed-area plots, ocular estimates of tree canopy cover may be adequate. A density scale (see the example under Photogrammetry and remote sensing) can be used to help calibrate different observers. Also, less error will be introduced if canopy is estimated in cover classes, such as the six-level scale discussed below.
Two similarly named instruments can also be used for measuring tree overstory canopy cover: the spherical densiometer and the densitometer. The two terms are sometimes interchanged, so either term may be used to describe either type of instrument. The spherical densiometer is used to measure canopy cover over a plot or other local area. An image of the canopy is reflected onto a gridded spherical mirror and the observer counts the number of points on the mirror that either contain or lack canopy cover. The number of points counted is then divided by the total number of points


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A photographic story on Decades old Manauli Fort, originally built by the Mughal Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1793, located near Mohali, Punjab. In 2001, the Punjab Government has declared the place as prote
The century old monument is still crying on its situation. It is dying every single minute. In 2001, the Punjab Government has declared the place as protected place and recently, ASI (Archeological Survey of India) visited the place to see the possibilities.
Though, the "efforts" of saving the history has started but they seem literally of no use as the present situation do not need reports but need a strict and immediate action.
The "quila" (fort) was won by Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1793 from Mughals. It is made of small bricks commonly known as Sirhind Bricks. As per the native people, the fort had a huge gate and a small Gurudwara was there inside the fort. Nearly 400 acres of land was controlled by the people who lived in the fort but now everything has changed into miserable picture. There is no proper place to stand, no engraved stones, nothing.
If taken proper care of even now, it can be preserved as a good tourist place and also a very good spot for photographers.


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Horatio McLean Jones was an associate justice for Nevada Territory. Born in Howellsville, Pennsylvania, in 1826, Jones graduated from Oberlin College in 1849 and Harvard Law School in 1853. He practiced law in St. Louis in 1854, and the Missouri Supreme Court appointed him Court Reporter in 1856.
In 1861, President Lincoln appointed Jones Associate Justice for Nevada Territory. After receiving his commission, Jones met fellow justice George Turner, and they traveled to Carson City together. Jones was assigned to the Third District, which included Lyon, Churchill, Humboldt, and Lander Counties.
In 1862, after an unpopular jury decision in the single ledge case which determined the ownership of the Comstock Lode, the territorial legislature tried to switch Jones and Judge Gordon Mott between the First Judicial District and the Third District. When the bill came back from the Judiciary Committee, the council erupted in heated discussion. Neither Mott nor Jones wanted to exchange districts, though Mott apparently wasn't greatly bothered by the decision since he had been recently elected representative to Congress and would be leaving soon. But Jones was incensed. Jones maintained the bill was invalid because it was signed after the legislature's adjournment. He accused Thomas Hannah of improperly handling the bill in the Senate, and Hannah challenged Jones to a duel. Jones refused, then said he would not practice the kind of law the attorneys of the first district practiced. Jones walked out of his court and would not hear any more cases during the May term of 1863.
On July 30, Judge Jones unexpectedly resigned, tired of the plots and intrigues of the Storey County Bar. He left the bench and went to Austin to practice law. President Lincoln appointed John North as his temporary replacement on August 31.
When the Constitution of the State of Nevada was up for a vote in 1864, Jones gave many speeches supporting it. He practiced law in Austin until 1868. Jones lived for a while in California, and then returned to St. Louis, where he served as a district court judge from 1871 to 1877. Later he went to Vermontville Village, Michigan, where he died on June 10, 1906.


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|Ding, Fujian - UNIV OF KY, VISITING SCI|
Submitted to: Proceedings of SPIE
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: January 20, 2007
Publication Date: February 21, 2007
Repository URL: _URL_
Citation: Ding, F., Chen, Y.R., Chao, K. Development of a wavelength-changeable multi-band color-mixing device and its application. Proceedings of SPIE. Online 02/21/2007. Technical Abstract: Previously, we showed that twoand three-band color-mixing techniques could be used to achieve results optically equivalent to twoand three-band ratios that are normally implemented using multispectral imaging systems, for enhancing identification of single target types against a background and for separation of multiple targets by color or contrast. In this paper, a prototype of a wavelength-changeable twoand three-band color-mixing device is presented and its application is demonstrated. The wavelength-changeable device uses changeable central wavelength bandpass filters and various filter arrangements. The experiments showed that a color-mixing technique implemented in a pair of binoculars coupled with an imager could greatly enhance target identification of color-blindness test cards with hidden numbers and figures as the targets. Target identification of color blindness cards was greatly improved by using two-band color-mixing with filters at 620 nm and 650 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of uniform background. Target identification of a different set of color blindness test cards was also improved using three-band color-mixing with filters at 450 nm, 520 nm, and 632 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of maximum chromaticness difference. These experiments show that color-mixing techniques can significantly enhance electronic imaging and visual inspection.


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F197 / MAGNET_EDAG-197
Why am I receiving this error message
You have used a combination of calculation code, zone and rate for employer's national insurance contributions which is incorrect.
You may have received the error message because you have:
- specified an incorrect calculation code
- specified an incorrect zone for employer's national insurance contributions
- specified an incorrect rate for employer's national insurance contributions
Do I have to correct the error
Yes, the a-melding contains errors and/or omissions which you must correct.
You must correct the error by the deadline for submitting the a-melding for the calendar month in which you received the error message.
How to correct the error
- Check the contribution basis, zone, rate and calculation code you specified for each enterprise. If you are not sure what is correct, see the explanatory information concerning employer's national insurance contributions.
- Correct anything that is wrong.
- Submit the a-melding when you have corrected the error. If you use a payroll system, check with your system supplier if you are not sure how to make corrections in your system.
Example – incorrect rate
A retail store submits an a-melding for May with the following information concerning employer's national insurance contributions: zone = 1, rate = 0 and calculation code = "general industries".
The store receives error message MAGNET_EDAG-197 because it is not possible to have a rate of 0 when the zone is "1" and the calculation code is "general industries".


kids encyclopedia robot
Eucalyptus creta facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Large-fruited gimlet
Conservation status
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC)
Scientific classification
Eucalyptus creta, commonly known as the large-fruited gimlet, is a species of mallet or tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth, shiny bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three in leaf axils, relatively large white to creamy yellow flowers, and broadly hemispherical to bell-shaped fruit.
Eucalyptus creta is a mallet or tree that typically grows to a height of 3–15 m (9.8–49.2 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth, shiny, yellowish, greenish or brownish to copper-coloured bark. Adult leaves are narrow lance-shaped, the same glossy green on both sides, 55–132 mm (2.2–5.2 in) long and 12–35 mm (0.47–1.38 in) wide on a petiole 8–18 mm (0.31–0.71 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a peduncle 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long, the individual buds sessile. Mature buds are oval, 15–22 mm (0.59–0.87 in) long and 14–20 mm (0.55–0.79 in) wide with a wing on two sides of the floral cup and a beaked operculum. Flowering occurs in May and the flowers are white to creamy yellow. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical to shallow cup-shaped capsule with two wings along the sides and the valves at the same level as the rim or extended beyond it.
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus creta was first formally described in 1991 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill from a specimen collected north of Mount Ney, north-east of Esperance. The specific epithet (creta) is a Latin word meaning "grow" or "increase", "referring to the buds, flowers and fruit".
Distribution and habitat
Large-fruited gimlet is locally common in a restricted area north-east of Esperance in the Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions, where it grows on calcareous plains in sandy loam or clay with little understorey vegetation.
Conservation status
This eucalypt is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.
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Eucalyptus creta Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


Tuesday, September 28, 2010
Head construction: problem solved!
If you studied head construction by Andrew Loomis you'll understand the issue I'm talking about in this post.
On page 21 of Drawing the Heads and the Hands Loomis describes his method of constructing a head using analogy with a ball and a nail. It looks very simple and easy to understand...until you actually start constructing a head yourself.
My problem was with the "ear" line. I could not figure it out.I gave up and moved on.
A few days ago, I was reading a ConceptArt forum and came across the post called "How to correctly establish ellipses using Loomis head construction?" Needless to say how happy I was to discover that someone had asked my question. But the real treasure was ahead. There was that JohnB who shared his method of establishing ellipses. It was answer to my prayers! Thank you, JohnB!!!
Here is a link to the entire post: click here
JohnB has his own blog, interesting and very informative.
And this is John's tutorial I recreated:
1. Draw a cicle and mark the center (A)
2. Think about position of the face: is it looking up or down? turned to the left or right? Add a point (B) to where a "brow" cross will be
3. Connect A and B
4. Draw a brow line as per step 2
5. Add a line running through the center that is parallel to brow line
6. Add tick marks perpendicular to the line in step 5
7. Draw ellipse that starts and ends at tick marks you did in step 6 and passes brow point (B)
8. Draw a middle line (face line) that is tangent to the ellipse you just drew. This line determines the tilt of the face plane. This line and line you drew in step 4 are what Loomis calls "the all-important cross on the ball".
9. Draw a line that is parallel to the middle line from step 8. This is what Loomis refers to as a nail in the ball
10. Add tick marks that are perpendicular to the "nail" line
11. Draw ellipse that connects tick marks and goes through the brow point. This is a brow line.
12. Add tick marks that are perpendicular to AB line
13. Draw ellipse that connects the tick marks. This is "ear" line.
Johnnyburn said...
I like your addition of Loomis's "nail" in the top of the head.
I wanted to point out that the last ellipse goes through a point at the bottom and at the ear. It goes through a point at the ear, where the line DA intersects the "brow line" (the second ellipse you've drawn).
It also goes through a point at the bottom of the head, where the line AE intersects the "middle line" (the first ellipse you've drawn).
The heads-with-features that you've drawn look great!
Inna O. said...
thank you, John! You're absolutely right - now i can see mistakes myself. Corrected and reposted the image. Still so much to learn :-)
Michaela said...
This may be an old article, but I THANK YOU SO MUCH. I kind of went nuts as I was trying to understand what Andrew has ment. But I always got stuck with the earline... I was looking for an explanation on conceptart, but unfortunately the forums is down since yesterday so I was kinda alone with this question! But now I know!!! Thank youuu! :*
Inna O. said...
Thank you, Michaela. I'm glad it helped :-)


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Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids
This fun and easy craft tutorial are perfect for young children! Kids will learn how to make their own colorful paper fish in a water scene. All you need is paper, scissors, markers, and glue. Follow along with our step-by-step instructions to create a beautiful and vibrant fish craft.
Welcome to this fun and creative craft tutorial! In this tutorial, we will be teaching you how to make a colorful paper fish in water! This craft is perfect for kids to make, as it is easy and fun to do. With just a few simple materials and steps, you can have your very own, unique paper fish to decorate your home with! So, let's get started!
How To Make Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids
Read More: Super Simple Pine Cone Crafts For Kids
- Crafting papers
- Black chart paper
- Googly eyes
- Ear buds
Step 1: Start By Taking A Square Of Red Craft Paper And Black Chart Paper
Let's start by taking black chart paper as our background for our craft. Now take a square of red craft paper and fold it diagonally. Crease it well and unfold it you will see a diagonal line on the sheet.
Step 2: Fold The Red Craft Paper Into Triangles
Now fold the paper along the diagonal to make a triangle.
Step 3: Cutting The Edges Into Strips With Scissors
Now with the help of pencils make vertical lines on the open side of the triangle equally spaced. Don't touch the lines with the edge make it below it. Now with the help of scissors cut the strips making frills.
Step 4: Gluing The Frills At The Centre To Make The Fish
Now when you open the triangle you will get the strips on both sides with a crease at the Centre. With the help of glue stick the end of the frills at the central crease by folding the strips upwards as shown in the image.
Step 5: Making The Tail Of The Fish
Glue the strips to the central crease and leave the last smaller strips making a diamond shape this will be the tail of our fish.
Step 6: Adding Googly Eye To The Fish And Sticking The Fish On The Black Chart Paper
Now stick the fish diagonally on the black chart paper and add a googly eye at the end of the fish's body as shown in the image.
Follow the same steps and make two more fishes from purple and blue craft papers.
Step 7: Sticking The Other Two Fishes With Our Red Fish
Now add stick the purple and blue fish on the black chart paper along the redfish with each fish facing the other.
Step 8: Creating The Bubbles With White Paint And Ear Bud
Take an earbud and dip it into white paint. Now make small circles along the fish making the air bubbles.
Also, make some grass with green paint at the bottom of the sheet to add more detail.
Final Step: "Swim Into Fun With DIY Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water Tutorial For Kids"
Yay! The Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water is done. These Origami Colorful Paper Fishes are a fun and easy DIY activity that kids can enjoy. Not only does it improve their fine motor skills, but it also sparks their creativity and imagination. By following the simple steps outlined in this tutorial, children can create a vibrant and lively underwater scene that they can proudly display to family and friends.
This Origami Colorful Paper Fishes Under Water tutorial is a great way to spend a rainy afternoon or a quiet weekend. So gather your paper, your markers, and your scissors, and You can experiment with different paper sizes, colors, and patterns to create your own unique fishes underwater. So, gather your family and friends and make a splash with your colorful creations!
What materials do I need to make the colorful paper fish in water craft?
You will need paper, scissors, glue, and a container of water.
Can I use any kind of paper?
Yes, you can use any kind of paper you have available. Colored paper will give the best effect, but you can also use white paper and paint it afterwards.
How do I make the fish?
Cut the paper into the desired shape for the fish. Glue the two sides together and then fold it to create the fins. Finally, glue the fin onto the back of the fish.
How do I make the water?
Fill the container with water and add a few drops of food coloring to create a colorful effect.
What do I do with the fish once it's made?
Place the fish in the container of colored water. This will create a fun and interactive craft.
This Colorful Paper Fish in Water Craft Tutorial for Kids is a fun and creative way to keep kids entertained and learning this summer!
Follow us on Youtube for art and craft tutorials and much more.
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Auroras, and Noctilucales, and Oxygen
Frank Olsen captured a magical shot on October 7, 2012. There's two phenomena in this shot, both produced via oxygen. The aurora borealis is produced by energy from the sun exciting (and eventually being released by) oxygen in the atmosphere. The blue glow at the shoreline is from bioluminescent organisms, using oxygen to produce light using an enzyme called luciferase.


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Plastic can accumulate water in several ways. Three types of moisture are relavant: surface moisture, capillary moisture and molecular moisture. Most materials have hygroscopic properties (ABS, PC, PA, PET) and water can penetrate within them, both in granulate form and as plates or fittings. From the material processing technological point of view, moisture is the most dangerous where processing at higher temperatures is conducted – thus in virtually every type of plastic technology. In our materials science laboratory, water content is determined using a weighing-drying method based on in-house procedure BOSMAL/I-7-49/05.
For those materials absorbency (absorbability) can also be determined. Strongly absorbent materials including polar groups, for example: cellulose, phenolic polymers, aminoplastics, polyamides. Water absorbency expressed in weight percentage is called weight absorbency and is defined as the ratio of the mass of water absorbed by the sample to the mass of the dry sample. Polymer materials' absorbency (absorbability) tests are conducted in the laboratory using climatic chambers according to the norm PN-EN ISO 62:2008 p. 6.3, 6.4, 6.6 Equipment. The laboratory possesses a number of dryers, vacuum dryers and analytic scales.
- Instruction: BOSMAL/I-7-49/05
- PN-EN ISO 62:2008 p. 6.3, 6.4, 6.6
- Ford, Mercedes, Kia, Fiat and others


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013)|
Franz Babinger (January 15, 1891 – June 23, 1967) was a well-known German orientalist and historian of the Ottoman Empire, best known for his biography of the great Ottoman emperor Mehmed II known as the Conqueror, originally published as Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit. An English translation by Ralph Mannheim is available from Princeton University Press under the title Mehmed the Conqueror and his time.
Babinger was born in Weiden, Bavaria and was already an accomplished academic and linguist by the time he had completed his secondary school studies. Prior to starting University, he had already learned both Persian and Hebrew.
Babinger completed his doctoral studies at the University of Munich on the eve of World War I, whereafter he joined the German Army. Because of his language skills and abilities, Babinger served in the Middle East, thus avoiding the deadly trench warfare that cut short the lives of many promising scholars of his generation.
After the war, Babinger continued his studies at Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität in Berlin where he completed his Habilitationschrift in 1921 and became a Professor at the same institution. During this period, he published Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (Historians of the Ottoman Empire), which became the standard bibliographical review of Ottoman historiography and confirmed the reputation of Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität as a leading center for Near East studies. The rise of the Nazis to power in 1933 forced him to resign his position. However, the great Romanian statesman, academic and polymath Nicolae Iorga, himself a widely respected historian of the Ottoman Empire, invited Babinger to take up a position in Bucharest, which he held until he was ordered out of the country in 1943.
Babinger resumed his teaching career after the Second World War at the University of Munich in 1948 until his retirement in 1958. In 1957, he testified about German atrocities against Romanian Jews. He continued to work and publish actively until his accidental death by drowning in Albania on June 23, 1967.
In addition to his bibliographical work, Babinger published numerous articles and books on a wide variety of subjects. Babinger knew Turkish, Romanian and Arabic as well as the principal European languages, giving his work a scope and authority that had hitherto rarely been displayed in Near Eastern studies.
As a result of his reputation, his magnum opus Mehmed the Conqueror was published without any accompanying notes on source material at all, since the companion volume outlining his extensive and voluminous sources was sadly unfinished at the time of his death. As a result, Mehmed the Conqueror is one of the few academic works available with no cited sources and whose authority rests solely on the reputation of the author's research abilities. Critics like Prof. Halil Inalcik from the University of Ankara have said they were waiting for the author's promised second edition as stated in the preface of the book that would include the source material and bibliography; since such edition never saw the light, the students of the subject could easily recognize the source material, evidencing the use of biased bibliography exclusively.
In a testament to the outstanding breadth of that research, his papers and library were acquired in 1973 by the Near East Section of the University of Washington Libraries to complement their collection.
Principal Publications
- Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (1923)
- Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit (1953)
- Dr. Prof. Halil Inalcik Review of MEHMED THE CONQUEROR (_PHONE_) AND HIS TIME (_URL_