text:
3D CRS with global optimization
Author: Yujiang Xie
Download: 3D CRS with global optimization
The software introduced three optimization algorithms to simultaneously search the 3D ZO CRS attributes, which includes the particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and the Powell conjugate direction (PCD) algorithm as well. The PSO used in this software is contributed by Shi and Eberhart (1998), and the codes are developed by Lucas. The GA codes are obtained from Google, and being incorporated into 3D ZO CRS by Lucas. The PCD codes are taken from the Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge, and modified by Lucas for the 3D ZO CRS attribute search. Based on our tests, the PCD is performed well for non-smooth objective function, but might be failed in the objective semblance function which is data dependent and also might have much local maxima. The challenge of the PCD method incorporated into the 3D ZO CRS attribute search is to calculate the step length in each conjugate direction, further 3D work can focus on this. In 2D CRS case, the Coarse Grid Search (CGS) is proposed by Philipp Witte to find a close-by, relatively large maximum before the Powell method, but the CGS method is impossible to extend to 3D ZO CRS situation with eight-dimensional space.
The software has to change the initialization and constrained search space for your data set. In case you use the PSO method, the file named lucassearch8.cpp, with line 279-295 should alter the initial points with your preference. In this case, I use the midpoint in the search space to initialize for each ZO sample, but you can choose randomly initial values or the same value for all ZO samples. If you choose the GA as your algorithm, in the file named lucassearch81.cpp, the initial condition in the function initialize (int&seed), should change, such as from line 421 to 439, you have to reset your search space here.The PCD codes are more complicated, in principle, it can be used for global search, but the software designed here only consider a local optimization with guiding values from initial attributes. We have not found a good way to perform global search with the PCD method in the 3D CRS case. The usage of the software is easy as the old 3D ZO CRS software, just change the mode with different methods, more details see the source files.
- Xie, Y. and Gajewski, D. 3D ZO CRS attribute search using particle swarm optimization, WIT meeting 2016.
- Xie, Y. and Gajewski, D. Automatic estimation of the 3D CRS attributes by a metaheuristic-based optimization, EAGE,2016.
- Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition, 2007, ISBN 0-521-88068-8. (C++ code).
- Shi, Y. and Eberhart, R. C. (1998). "A modified particle swarm optimizer". Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. pp. 69-73.
- Holland, J. (1975). Adaption In Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
- Powell, M. J. D. (1964). "An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives". Computer Journal 7 (2): 155-162.
- Witte, P. (2014). Optimization of the Semblance in Seismic Processing, Master's Thesis, University of Hamburg
3D CRS with pragmatic approach
Author: Nils Alexander Müller
Download: 3D CRS with pragmatic approach
2D CRS with global optimization
Author: Jan Walda
Download: 2D CRS with global optimization
CRS based software, that handles conflicting dips by stacking over angle ranges defined by the user. The user can choose between three global optimization methods, Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Additionally the best found solution is furthermore improved locally by a simplex method introduced by Nelder and Mead in 1965. The Code is based on the CRS implementation by Juergen Mann and modified by Jan Walda. The genetic algorithm implementation is based on initial work by Benjamin Schwarz. A guide makefile can be found in the documention.
The code is parallelized. It requires a script to be run after optimizartion named "cat_search.sh" or in case of supergathers "cat_supergather.sh". The script requires 3 parameters, first is the basename (same as in Makefile) the second is the number of conflcting dips and the third one is the first index which is usually 0. Results after the script have the extension "*.su". Sections without "_" are taken from the operator with the highest coherence, so they are similar to the sections you might have used from the original code by Juergen Mann. The sections with "_" are the individual sections for each dip range specified by the "angleboundaries" option when executing the program.
- Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R. (1965). A simplex method for function minimization. The computer journal, 7(4), 308-313.
- Whitley, Darrell. "A genetic algorithm tutorial." Statistics and computing 4.2 (1994): 65-85.
- Das, Swagatam, and Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan. "Differential evolution: a survey of the state-of-the-art." Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on 15.1 (2011): 4-31.
- Kennedy, James. "Particle swarm optimization." Encyclopedia of Machine Learning. Springer US, 2010. 760-766.
- Jan Walda* and Dirk Gajewski (2015) Common-reflection-surface stack improvement by differential evolution and conflicting dip processing. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015: pp. 3842-3847.doi: 10.1190/segam2015-_PHONE_.


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I wanted to describe that 「えっと」 was similar to "Ummm" in English when someone is trying to think about what they are going to say, but I wasn't even sure if that was correct. Is that just a generalization? What does 「えっと」actually come from? Can it be considered to be a word or phrase?
えっと is just a sound. Yes, it is like "umm" in English and it is used when you're thinking of what to say, hesitating, or otherwise trying to fill the silence with something before you speak. As Dono mentioned, you can find えっと's general form in the dictionary, so it can be considered a word.
There is some discussion of this on the internet here, but this discussion also boils down to it just being a sound.
えっと as just a sound is a satisfactory answer to me in terms of etymology. I'm not sure if the と in it is related at all to the quotation particle と, but I have to wonder if anyone is sure.
Basically your description of えっと as "umm" is fine, and the dictionaries define it as something that you say to think before saying something else.
えっと is related to 言えないと, which is no longer said. Over time,it's just become something we say to fill the silence when thinking, like "anno". In the Edo Times you would hear people say 言えないと, which would have sounded like, "yunaito" back then. Think of how 行かないと means "I have to go."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


»Vti vishi kakor ta odsgoraj«
 - Zmaga Kumer
In the majority of older Slovene song books, only the texts are published and a note added stating that the poem is to be sung to the tune of some other well known song. The publishers have availed themselves of the fact that in folk-songs text and melody are not inseparable but are at times inter changable. (Example I) It appears that the exchange of two melodies sometimes depends on similarities in the beginnings of their respective texts. (Ex. II), provided they are based on the same metric pattern or that their text is such that the metre can be interpreted in various ways according to the peculiarities of the Slovene language, in which the accent is mobile. (Ex. III). Under the same conditions, one melody can be used for songs having different contents and functions, whether they come from the same region or from different regions, with corresponding variations. (Ex. IV–VI) In answer to the question whether any given song has its own particular melody, three songs are quoted, aech with its most characteristic melody, which is found linked to the same text even in places that are geographically widely separated. (Ex. VII–VIII).
Download data is not yet available.
How to Cite
KumerZ. (1965). »Vti vishi kakor ta odsgoraj«. Musicological Annual, 1(1), 77-90. _URL_


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After speaking with a local church pastor who's very committed to reaching out to a college close to his two churches, we've compiled the following. Please feel free to share your questions/comments.
Find the Adventist Students
- It's a good idea to connect to the campus with/via the students you already know there.
- If you haven't already found Adventist students on the campus.
- Ask your local church if they know of any
- Ask the school if they have a list of those who have self-identified as Adventist and if you can have that list
- Once you find the students, begin building community with them.
- Invite them over for Sabbath dinner or to your church potluck
- Invite them over for a game night
- Celebrate their birthdays
- Check on them during exam time
- Send them care packages
- Ask the students what the needs of their campus are and how your church can best meet them.
- Specific prayer requests
- Joining a fundraiser for a community charity (Tim Kerin Fund Drive at UT)
- Helping with a student's tuition
- Providing food for a student family that's struggling to make ends meet
- Encourage the students to create a formal ACF chapter on their campus.
- See ACF-GCC brochure or website for more on starting a chapter
If You Can't Find the Adventist Students…
(It may be hard to find them so here's what you can do.)
- Find out if there are other religious entities on the campus.
- If there are, call them up and/or visit them and ask what sorts of things they do for the students. (They are typically very willing to share their ministry ideas especially since many recognize that each religious entity is mostly reaching its own students—they won't be threatened by your ministry.)
- See if they are part of a larger campus ministry organization such as a "Campus Ministers Council," an entity that connects all of the campus ministers.
- This organization can give you much more information about how the campus relates to religious organizations.
- Get in touch with the school's "Student Life" department. It may be called "Office of Dean of Students," "Student Affairs," or something else. It's typically the department that is over student organizations.
- Ask Student Life what its policies are for outside entities connecting with the students.
- Be prepared to share ideas of how you'd like to connect:
- Monthly meals to students (served on campus)
- A weekly ESL program at your church
- Developing a worthy student fund
- Weekend childcare for students who are single parents
- Know the gifts of your church members and use those to brainstorm ideas for connecting with the campus.
- See if you're at least allowed to post flyers for upcoming events.
Remember to begin and end with prayers of faith.
Believe that God will help you do your part.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definition of agrarianism
n. - An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land. 2
The word "agrarianism" uses 11 letters: A A A G I I M N R R S.
No direct anagrams for agrarianism found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after agrarianism (in bold), or to aaagiimnrrs in any order:
s - agrarianisms
All words formed from agrarianism by changing one letter
Browse words starting with agrarianism by next letter


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This Fix-It Guide on cordless telephone repair tells how a cordless telephone works, what often goes wrong, how to identify a cordless telephone problem, and what parts and tools you will need to fix it. It then gives simple step-by-step instructions for how to maintain proper charging of a cordless phone and how to replace an antenna. This guide also refers you to other Fix-It Guides for specific problems.
How Does a Cordless Telephone Work?
A cordless telephone is a phone that has a base connected to a standard phone jack and an electrical wall outlet. The base receives the signal from the telephone line and translates it into radio waves that are transmitted to the cordless handset. The base also includes a recharger for the handset's batteries. Recharging takes place when the handset rests on the base.
What Can Go Wrong with a Cordless Telephone?
Cordless telephones are nearly bulletproof, especially those with integrated circuitry. In fact, some cordless phones are sealed and don't offer a way of getting into them without breaking them. Even so, there are things that can go wrong that you can fix. For example, a low battery can make communication difficult–and it's easily remedied. In addition, cordless phones can pick up noisy interference from outside sources such as power lines, motors, televisions, and other telephones. You can shield the phone or select an alternate channel to improve reception. You also can minimize future problems by keeping the phone clean, especially the recharging contacts on the base.
Use a pencil eraser to clean the contacts on a cordless telephone's base, then use compressed air or contact cleaner to remove any residue and debris left by the eraser.
How Can I Identify a Cordless Telephone Problem?
Most problems with cordless phones are easy to identify and resolve.
- If the cordless telephone doesn't work at all, make sure that the power is on at the electrical outlet. Then test the phone line by plugging another telephone into it. Check the low battery indicator and recharge the battery if needed. If the battery won't hold a charge, replace it with an exact replacement (size and voltage). Cordless phone batteries typically last a year with regular charging, but they can last for a longer or shorter time depending on use and maintenance.
- If the phone is noisy, and the unit has a manual channel selector, switch to another channel. Even some automatic channel selectors have an override selector. If that doesn't work, plug the base into a different electrical outlet in a distant part of the house to see if the interference is through a specific electrical circuit or appliance in your home.
- If the antenna is obviously damaged or broken, replace it (see below).
What Do I Need for Cordless Telephone Repair?
You'll need only a few tools to perform most fixes on your cordless phone. These are the ones most frequently used:
- Multimeter (for testing the battery)
What Are the Steps to Cordless Telephone Repair?
Maintain proper charging of a cordless telephone:
- Once a month, clean the charge contacts on both the base and the handset with a pencil eraser.
- Once a month, leave the phone off the base until the battery completely discharges, then put it back on the base to recharge it (unless your owner's manual gives other instructions). If the battery does not recharge, replace it.
Replace a cordless telephone antenna:
- Inspect the antenna to determine how it is installed. If you are still not sure, take it to a retailer that sells replacement parts and ask a clerk. Antennas on newer cordless phones screw in. Older models may require the unit be disassembled, the antenna desoldered, and the new one soldered into place (see solder in the Fix-Anything Fix-It Guide.
- If disassembly is required, remove the cover to the battery compartment and look for screws or clips that allow access to the antenna and other components.
If the base unit requires service, first unplug the unit from the electrical outlet. Some cordless telephones have a battery in the base for backing up incoming and outgoing messages. Look for a battery cover, remove it, and test the battery before disassembly. If necessary, disassemble the base unit by removing screws and/or clips from the underside to gain access. Test and replace components using a multimeter and following the phone owner's manual.
If purchasing a new cordless telephone look for one that is relatively easy to disassemble and replace an antenna or other major component. Also ask what parts are readily available for that model.


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Sharing skills and knowledge
National Museums share skills and knowledge about collections and museum practice with colleagues in museums, galleries, heritage organisations and higher education institutions across the UK.
This forms an important part of their engagement with UK partners. The sharing of skills and knowledge can be achieved through specific projects and programmes, by co-ordinating groups of UK experts, via structured training programmes, by focusing on particular objects or through the development of long-term partnerships. It may also be done online.
In 2011, NMDC commissioned a survey of its members to establish how members share knowledge and skills. This survey informed future NMDC-facilitated activity and a summary of this is available here.
NMDC is part of the Sharing Expertise Group and this has received funding from the Esmee Fairburn Foundation to consider how better to share knowledge and skills across the museum sector.
To find out more about NMDC members' sharing skills and knowledge activity, click on the links below.
IWM (Imperial War Museums)
Projects and Partnerships
The Gallery Nationwide
Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service co-ordinate the Share Museums East programme.
National Museums Scotland
Tyne and Wear Museums and Archives Museum Development
The Museum of London developed longer-term partnerships and exchanged knowledge through special exhibitions. Details are in this blog. The Museum of London also has a specific role in museum development in London and this includes the sharing of skills and knowledge as well as training for volunteers. More details are available here.
NMDC members also contribute to other networks via the Subject Specialist Networks (SSNs). Some NMDC members co-ordinate an SSN and individuals from our members are involved in many more including the Dress and Textile Specialists, Museum Ethnographers Group, Pre 1900 European Paintings, Human Remains, NATSCA - Natural Sciences Collections Association, Money and Medals, Theatre Information Group, Posters, Social History Curators Group, Contemporary Studio Ceramics, Chinese Collections Network, Geological Curators Group, Scottish Transport and Industrial Collections, Screen Heritage Network, and the Association of Performing Arts Collections.
Further information about training and professional development opportunities in the museums sector can be found on the training pages of the Museums Association website. Other sources of information which have contributions from NMDC members include the London Museums Group and the Guardian Culture Professionals Network.


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Moss has gained a reputation as one of the best natural art mediums, a living swath of vivid green with an irresistible texture that can be coaxed into various shapes and patterns. While most moss art involves either gluing sheets of preserved moss to a surface or painting on a mixture of live moss that will adhere to the surface and grow, this method – illustrated here by Stefaan de Croock – takes the opposite approach.
Rather than adding something – like spray paint - to a surface in order to create a design, subtractive graffiti strips something away. That 'something' might be dirt on a sidewalk, or soot on a wall. In this case, it's moss.
Using a pressure washer, de Croock (a.k.a. Strook) carefully removed moss growing on a wall in Leuven, Belgium. As the moss was stripped away, urban scenes full of giant robots were revealed. The mural was created outside the STUK art center, and likely grew back over within a few weeks.
Want More? Click for Great Related Content on WebUrbanist:
[ By Steph in Architecture & Art & Street Art & Graffiti. ]
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text:
[ ahb in-trah; English ab in-truh ]
/ ɑb ˈɪn trɑ; English æb ˈɪn trə /
from inside; from within.
Intervs Intra-What's the difference between the interstate highway and the intrastate highway? Interis a prefix that means between two groups, and intrais a prefix which means within or inside one group. Interand intraare both prefixes, which are groups of letters that are placed at the beginning of a word in order to change its meaning. InterInter- is a common prefix that …
English Words From The PharaohsMost people recognize Ancient Greek and Latin as the primary donors to the English language. However, some of the most ancient words in English actually trace back to Ancient Egypt.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019


Тhe legal framework for freedom of assembly in the Republic of Macedonia is relatively comprehensive and liberal, with the right to FOA without notification and unnecessary restrictions enshrined in the Constitution. However, in practice there have been significant developments that limit freedom of assembly. In particular, due to burdensome responsibilities of organized assemblies imposed under the Law on Public Assemblies (obligation to provide security, maintain order and disperse the assembly if deemed to jeopardize the safety of people and property, as well liability for any damages that occur), today public assemblies are almost exclusively non-formalized and spontaneous (usually organized through social media).


importance assigned to tight clustering of peaks across participants. If there is high importance assigned to rank order (smaller M), then relatively larger clusters of peaks across participants will be acceptable (although these may have little anatomical consistency). However, if the effect in question does not reach the top M peaks in most participants, it will be completely missed by the analysis. By contrast, if M is set to be too large, then the inclusion of many superfluous (i.e., low rank) peaks will mean that a very tight spatial distribution is required to distinguish a functionally meaningful cluster from one occurring by chance. This is an analogous problem to the choice of image smoothing parameters in fMRI, and analogously the choice depends on the question asked. As a starting point, we propose a simple heuristic to choose a value of M which balances dependence on peak rank against cluster size. If we take the knee of the curve in Figure 1 to represent some optimal balance between dependence on peak magnitude (small M) and anatomical consistency across participants (small R), we can compute a parameter J which quantifies the distance of the curves from the knee,
where M and R are the number of peaks and the confidence radius respectively. Now plotting J against M gives a curve with a clear minimum (see Figure 2). For each sub-group (N), crosses on the curve indicate that at least one significant (p<0.05) cluster was found for this choice of M when analyzing positive peaks. Importantly, and giving some validiation of our choice of heuristic, these significant excursions predominate around the minimum of the function.
Figure 2. Peak amplitude and anatomical consistency trade-off.
A plot of the heuristic to optimize the balance between peak magnitude and anatomical consistency across subjects. J increases for large numbers of peaks (where there is a very tight distance threshold (R) on how close the peaks must be) and also increases when M is small due to the corresponding decrease in anatomical specificity (due to increase in threshold R shown in Figure 1). Alternatively, one can choose to test a range of M (2–30 in this case), produce significant clusters (for each M; shown by crosses), and then correct for multiple comparisons. After multiple comparison correction (for M), two significant clusters were found which are denoted by the circles and squares around these points. These are the same two clusters identified in our experimental data.
The next problem is how to set an appropriate significance level. There is a single univariate null hypothesis–that the peaks are clustered by chance. However, as we change (increase) M, we are re-testing the same hypothesis with different subsets of data. Hence, a multiple comparisons penalty is necessary. One simple solution would be to only examine the function minima at each value of N. One problem here is that the minima are relatively flat and the smoothness depends on the number of random permutation steps performed, which is processing intensive. Also, one can see from Figure 2 that each subgroup curve N has a different optimal M value (the larger the number of participants in the group, the larger the optimal number of peaks).
Another possibility is to consider the range of M which defines this minimum. This approach does not rely on the identification of minima (so it is more robust) and can be computed for all N at once. However, there is a multiple comparisons penalty. It is important to note, however, that a completely new (i.e., independent) set of data is only introduced each time the number of peaks is doubled.
Making a Bonferroni correction, the significance level should be decreased by a factor each time the number of peaks is doubled. This means that the test wise error rate to give a family wise error rate of 0.05 is based on the following Bonferroni correction:
where log2 is log to the base 2, pcorr is the corrected significance level and Mstart and Mend define the range of M we pre-specify an interest in. The circles and squares around the crosses in Figure 2 show the two significant ellipsoids found after multiple comparisons correction for the range of peaks tested (for Mstart = 2 and Mend = 30).
Measuring Algorithm Performance: Simulated Data
In order to test algorithm performance against some ground truth we simulated a single dipolar source across a group of participants. The same single sphere head model and sensor locations were used for each simulated participant. System white noise was simulated at 10 fT/sqrt (Hz) over a bandwidth of 80 Hz. Data for 10 participants were simulated, differing only in the simulated source location and white noise realization. In each simulated participant, a random seed location was generated, drawn from a Gaussian distribution of standard deviation 5 mm, centered on MNI location x = 52, y = −29, z = 13. The nearest canonical mesh location [8] to this seedpoint and the corresponding surface normal were used to set the location and orientation of the single simulated dipole in each participant. Our simulated sources were normal to the cortical mesh, but as location was jittered, both source location and orientation changed over participants. The dipolar source was driven with a 40 Hz sinusoid over a period of 200 ms (sample rate = 200 Hz). The source was active for 30 of 60 epochs and a linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer was used to produce a volumetric beamformer image of the change in power in the 0–300 ms, 0–80 Hz band in terms of a normalized difference (or pseudo-t) image [9] on a 10 mm grid. The beamformer has been described extensively [2], [3], [9], [10], and an abbreviated version is presented here.
The beamformer is simply a spatially filtered expression of the MEG sensor data.
where W is a vector of weighting coefficients and m(t) is the measurement vector at time t. To obtain the weighting coefficients, power is minimized over the covariance window subject to the constraint of unit gain at a specified coordinate θ:
where H is the forward solution for an equivalent current dipole (ECD) at coordinates and orientations specified by the vector θ. The solution to the equation is:
where C is the covariance matrix of the measurements calculated over the specified covariance window (Tcov). The 2 (i.e., single-sphere) or 3 (i.e., multiple spheres) orthogonally oriented components of W at each location can be estimated independently to produce a vector beamformer. In this case, we used a scalar beamformer in which optimal source orientation at each voxel was estimated through the method of Sekihara et al. [11]. A normalized source power estimate can be obtained over any test period (within the covariance window) through the estimation of the sensor level covariance matrix Ctest over this period, and an estimate of the sensor noise εtest (in this case, we used identity) matrix over this period:
We should note that in the experimental data analysis stage, we used the proprietary software (SAM) to analyze the data [9]. This computes separate covariances (and hence weights) for both active and passive periods. In the simulation stage, however, we computed a single covariance matrix (based on both active and passive periods), but as there was only white noise in the passive period, this should have marginal effect on the power difference calculation (see discussion).
Different participant groups were constructed by drawing 8 of these 10 images randomly twenty times. For each participant group, we used SnPM (multiple participant, one sample t-test, variance smoothing 25 mm) to identify significant (family wise error = 0.05) positive effects across the normalized power difference images. Using the peak clustering algorithm, we used the same data to look for clusters within the top 5 image peaks that were smaller than one would expect by chance (i.e., M = 5 peaks, N = 8 participants). For each simulated group, we compiled a list of the significant local maxima (p<0.05 corrected) in the SnPM images and a list of the centers of the peak-clusters deemed significant. We classed a hit as a peak/ellipse center closer than 20 mm to the initial MNI seed location and a miss to be any significant peak or ellipsoid center outside this range. The peaks were defined by local image maxima identified using the SPM function spm_max based on 18 neighbors. This means that two local maxima can be as close as a single (non-maximal) voxel apart.
Measuring Algorithm Performance: Experimental Data
We assessed the performance of our peak-clustering algorithm on experimental data. In our experiment, ten right-handed volunteers (Mean Age = 29.4 years, range = 20–36 years; 2 males) gave written informed consent following Aston University ethical guidelines and participated in the MEG study. The protocol was approved by the Aston University Institutional Review Board and complied with all guidelines expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Briefly, participants (N = 10) performed a superordinate-level categorization task on pictures of objects drawn from 3 living and 3 nonliving categories (see Figure 3). A total of 78 pictures were selected, half of which depicted a living object and half a nonliving object. Each picture was shown twice, half with a congruent label and half with an incongruent label. Therefore, a total of 156 trials were shown during the scan. The order of trial presentation was randomized across participants. We recorded neuromagnetic data at a 600 Hz sampling rate with a bandwidth of 0–150 Hz using a CTF 275 MEG system (VSM MedTech Ltd., Canada


text:
Marino Dall'Oglio for HALI Magazine
In memory of the noted Oriental carpet collector, Dr Marino Dall'Oglio of Milan, who passed away peacefully on Thursday, 21st November 2013, we publish here five articles written by him. The first, on 'White Ground Anatolian Carpets' was first given as a paper to the 1983 London ICOC, and was published in 1986 in Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies II: Carpets of the Mediterranean Countries _PHONE_. The second article, 'A Discovery at Sion', featured in HALI Issue 27 in 1985. Dr Dall'Oglio's Wher Collection was one of the most important and wide ranging assemblies of classical, historical, tribal and village oriental carpets formed during the second half of the 20th century.


Community Blog Reduce Service Use by 80% by Migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
Reduce Service Use by 80% by Migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
This article discusses the why's and how's of migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch.
Released by ELK Geek
MongoDB and Elasticsearch are two popular databases and have been subject to many debates between supporters of the two technologies. However, this article only represents the author's individual experience rather than opinions of any group. This article covers the following two topics:
 - Why you should migrate from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
 - How to migrate from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
MongoDB is positioned to compete with relational databases. However, in almost all projects, the data of core business systems is still stored in traditional relational databases rather than MongoDB.
1. Project Background
As a player in the logistics and express delivery industry, the company has an extensive and complex business system. Massive business data is produced every day by a large number of users. The business data undergoes a variety of status changes during its lifecycle. To facilitate log tracking and analysis, the system operation logging project was established, and based on the original average daily data volume, MongoDB was selected to store operation log data.
The operation logging system records the following two types of data:
1) Primary change data that describes who performs operations, what operations are performed, which system modules are operated on, when the operations are performed, what data numbers are involved, and what operation tracking numbers are assigned.
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operateTime": "2019-11-11 12:12:12",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients"
2) Secondary change data that describes the actual values before and after a change. Changes to multiple fields in one row of data result in multiple data entries. Therefore, a large number of such data entries are recorded.
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients",
 "beforeValue": "20",
 "afterValue": "30",
 "columnName": "customerType"
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients",
 "beforeValue": "2019-11-02",
 "afterValue": "2019-11-10",
 "columnName": "lastVisitDate"
2. Project Architecture
The project architecture is as follows:
 1. When you add or edit data in the business system, an operation log record is generated and sent to a Kafka cluster, using the dataId field as the key.
 2. The data you add or edit is stored in a MySQL database.
 3. A Canal cluster subscribes to the MySQL cluster and configures the databases and tables monitored according to the modules of the business system.
 4. The Canal cluster sends the modified business data to the Kafka cluster, using the dataId field as the key.
 5. The operation log system obtains primary and secondary record data from the Kafka cluster.
 6. The operation log system writes the data to MongoDB and requires reverse query capabilities.
Figure: Workflow of the operation logging system
MongoDB Architecture
Cluster architecture:
1) Servers are configured with 8-core 32 GB memory and 500 GB solid state drives (SSDs).
2) Three router servers are deployed.
3) Three configuration servers are deployed.
4) Nine shard servers are deployed.
5) Three shards are designed for primary operation records.
6) Three shards are designed for secondary operation records.
Fans of MongoDB may suspect that we were not using MongoDB properly, our O&M capabilities were insufficient, or we were under the influence of an Elasticsearch expert. In fact, we shifted from MongoDB to Elasticsearch based on actual scenario requirements rather than any technical bias. The reasons are described in the following sections.
1. Search and Query
1) MongoDB uses B-Tree as its index structure. This index gives the highest priority to the leftmost alternative and is effective only when the query order is consistent with the order of the index fields. This is beneficial for some applications, but can also be fatal in the complex business scenarios we are faced with today.
2) Queries for operation log records in the business system involve many filter criteria that can be arbitrarily combined. This is not supported by MongoDB, or by any relational database. To support this, you have to create a lot of B+Tree index combinations, which is not practical.
3) In addition, primary and secondary records contain a lot of character-type data. Therefore, both exact query and full-text search are required to query this kind of data. In these respects, MongoDB provides inadequate functions and poor performance, leading to frequent timeouts in business system queries. By contrast, Elasticsearch is a very suitable solution.
2. Technology Stack Maturity
1) In terms of sharding and replica implementation, you have to bind collection data in MongoDB to specific instances during design. This means you have to finalize the allocation of nodes for shards and replica sets during cluster configuration. This is essentially the same as sharding traditional relational databases. In fact, this mode is widely used by the clusters of many data products, such as Redis-cluster and ClickHouse. By contrast, Elasticsearch clusters are not bound to shards or replica sets and can be adjusted as needed. In addition, Elasticsearch makes it easy to adopt different performance configurations for different nodes.
2) Operation logs accumulate rapidly, with over 10 million new entries every day. As a result, you have to scale out your servers at short time intervals, and this process is much more complicated than Elasticsearch.
3) Each MongoDB collection contains more than 1 billion data records. As a result, the performance of a simple quest in MongoDB is inferior to a query by inverted indexes in Elasticsearch.
4) The company has different levels of experience with the Elasticsearch and MongoDB technology stacks. Elasticsearch is widely used in many projects including core projects, so the company is accustomed to the technologies and O&M of Elasticsearch. By contrast, MongoDB is suitable for nothing apart from core business scenarios. However, no one wants to risk using MongoDB in core projects, leaving MongoDB in a very embarrassing situation.
3. Same Document Formats
MongoDB and Elasticsearch are both document-oriented databases. Binary Serialized Document Format (BSON) is similar to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and the _objectid field works in the same way as the _id field. Therefore, the data model essentially remains unchanged when primary and secondary data is migrated to the Elasticsearch platform.
Migration Solution
Migration between heterogeneous data systems consists involves two parts:
1) Migrate the application system at the upper layer. This involves shifting from MongoDB-oriented syntax rules to Elasticsearch-oriented ones.
2) Migrate data at the lower layer from MongoDB to Elasticsearch.
1. Evaluate Elastic Capacity
The original MongoDB cluster consisted of 15 servers, of which nine were data servers. How many servers are needed after migration to the Elasticsearch cluster? Use the following simple calculation. Assume that a MongoDB collection in the production environment contains 1 billion data entries. First, synchronize 1 million data entries from MongoDB to Elasticsearch in the test environment. If the 1 million data entries occupy 10 GB of disk space, 1 TB of disk space is required in the production environment. Then, add some redundancy based on expected business growth. According to this preliminary evaluation, the Elasticsearch cluster needs three servers configured with 8-core 16 GB memory and 2 TB hard disk drives (HDDs). Consequently, the number of servers is reduced from 15 to 3, significantly reducing configuration costs.
2. Set Elastic Index Rules
System operation logs are time-series data that requires no modification once fully written. Operation log records are queried most frequently in the month when they are generated and are seldom queried as historical data afterward. According to evaluation results, core data indexes are created and generated on a monthly basis. You must specify an operation time period when you make a service query so that the backend can identify query indexes based on the specified time period. Elasticsearch APIs support multi-index matching queries, making full use of Elasticsearch's features to merge queries that span multiple months. It is enough to create and generate non-core data indexes on a yearly basis.
3. Design Core Implementation Logic
Elasticsearch is not a relational database and does not have a transaction mechanism. All the data of the operation log system is sourced from the Kafka cluster. Data is consumed in sequence according to a mechanism. Therefore, pay special attention to the following two scenarios:
 - When primary data is synchronized to the operation log system before secondary data, the primary data records and Binlog field data are pieced together first when the secondary data is written.
 - When secondary data is synchronized to the operation log system before primary data, relevant index fields in secondary indexes are updated based on the primary data.
In Elasticsearch, index data is updated according to a near-real-time refresh mechanism. Therefore, data cannot be queried through search APIs immediately after it is submitted. In this case, how can we


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The Basic Minimum Qualification feature allows you to identify candidates that meet basic minimum qualifications (BMQ). This is in addition to the assessment ratings that will score candidate responses. You can mark an assessment question as being a minimum qualification question. Candidates will get a BMQ score based on the number of minimum qualification questions they met.
Requisitions cannot be edited once published. Only new requisitions may have changes made to the Assessment section once published.
- Select Settings
- Select Configuration
- Select Job Application Settings tab
- Select Job Application Settings category
- Check or un-check Utilize Basic Minimum Qualifications
- Select Save Settings


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As a general term, traction means pulling on part of the body.
Most often, traction uses mechanical force (sometimes generated by weights and pulleys) to put tension on a displaced bone or joint, such as a dislocated shoulder, to put it back in position and keep it still.
Traction is also used to keep a group of muscles (such as the neck muscles) stretched to reduce muscle spasms. This is called cervical traction.
As a treatment, traction will involve a certain amount of tension to pull the body part into another position, a length of time to use the tension, and a way to keep the tension.
Review Date: 8/11/2009
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2009 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


Torii Tool
Lack of proper SaaS management in your IT department can expose your organization to a number of potential security loopholes and endpoint threats. It becomes difficult for IT departments to take action against these sorts of security gaps in their software ecosystem considering they aren't even aware of their existence.
And understandably so. How can IT cancel an untrustworthy web app's permissions to access sensitive data resources if Francis from accounting never told them that she started using the product? Luckily, a powerful SaaS management tool like Torii can help your IT department better manage and keep track of app usage from a central location.
In this article, we'll take an in-depth look at how you can secure your organization from the threat of shadow IT by taking preemptive action.
Overview of Torii
For those unfamiliar, shadow IT simply refers to any tool, app, or software that's used in an organization without the knowledge (or approval) of the IT department. It's a challenge that just about every organization faces to some extent.
As you can probably guess, some of the most common examples of shadow IT are SaaS apps and services. For example, if an employee signs up for a cloud storage service and decides to store work-related documents in their personal account, IT managers might have no way of knowing that their data has been compromised in case of a breach.
Torii is a standalone SaaS management solution that enables IT managers to view, optimize, and control their organizations' SaaS resources via a user-friendly dashboard. It's designed to increase the visibility of apps in the organization's tech stack, simplify IT management workflows, and help IT managers automate various software management tasks.
Next, we'll explain how Torii can help you improve cybersecurity in your organization's software ecosystem.
Cybersecurity Through Better SaaS Management
There are a number of steps, measures, and strategies that can help IT managers secure their organizations from cybercriminals and hackers in order to effectively minimize the risks involved with shadow IT.
1. Risk Analysis
Torii gives you access to data through an intuitive, user-friendly dashboard that makes it easy to manage and execute changes. This enables you to better understand your organization's app usage and expenditure. There are thousands of SaaS apps available in the market, which can expose your organization to governance, cybersecurity, or compliance issues, or a combination of all three.
But before Torii Tool can reveal the risks associated with each SaaS app in your team's stack, it needs to know what those apps are. Generating an audit is easy, as Torii is capable of gathering SaaS use signals from a number of sources and turning those into a directory. These sources include browser extensions, data from third-party identity management solutions, accounting apps and even manual uploads of expense reports.
With Torii, you'll be able to run effective risk analyses in your organization's software infrastructure and use that information to minimize any security threats.
This is done by assigning risk levels to apps based on the permissions they require from users. Torii maintains an updated database of the SaaS market and is able to automatically assign each app in your organization's tech stack a risk level (high, medium, or low) based on the app permissions it requires, which you can also easily view in the Risk Analysis reports.
2. Instant Alerts and Automated Workflows
Torii comes with powerful alerts and workflow automation features that enable your IT staff to speed up the SaaS sanctioning process and perform onboarding and offboarding tasks efficiently.
What this means is that every time a new web app is introduced in your software ecosystem, it will instantly be discovered by Torii and an alert will automatically be sent to the IT manager.
IT managers will be able to perform all of these tasks by navigating to the Workflows section from the Torii dashboard. From there, they can choose to use an existing workflow or create their own workflow.
Creating a workflow in Torii Tool only takes a few minutes. You start by choosing a trigger: New app discovered or User stopped using app.
Following our example, if you select the New app discovered trigger to make an onboarding workflow, you can send the app owner (i.e. the employee who signed up for the app) a form that will collect important information about the software.
Creating the onboarding form is as simple as editing the introduction of the form and selecting the details you want to collect from the user. It also lets you choose who you want to share these form submissions with. For example, you might need to file them with the accounts department.
By creating these workflows, you can get instant alerts whenever a new app is discovered by Torii thereby effectively minimizing lag times and increasing cybersecurity within the organization. Shadow IT can't be eliminated, but by acting quickly, you can mitigate risks.
3. Accountability
Using Torii, IT managers can easily find out who the owner of each app is by viewing the app icons in the Owner of a section. This makes it easy to have an immediate point of contact in case there's cause for concern.
So, for example, if an employee installs a potentially dangerous app, the IT department knows exactly who to get in touch with and prevent future incidents.
Taking things to the next level, Torii also lets you cancel a user's access to an app, either by requesting them to voluntarily cancel their license or forcefully terminate app ownership using the built-in, one-click offboarding tool.
In addition to this, Torii lets you stay updated about each user who gains access to your IT ecosystem by maintaining a complete record of three different types of user accounts. More specifically: current userspast users, and external users.
4. Single Sign-On Solution
SAML 2.0 is a common standard implemented by most SaaS platforms for access and authentication to multiple web apps that use one set of login credentials. In simple terms, it allows employees to log into multiple SaaS apps and tools using one set of credentials (username and password).
Most SaaS tools let you set up your account access using a Single Sign-On Solution (SSO). You can improve the security and granular control over SaaS app access by connecting more of your SaaS apps to your SSO provider.
Torii lets users connect a number of SSO solutions including JumpCloud, OneLogin, Okta, GSuite, Azure Active Directory, and SailPoint, to better manage user access and audit permissions of third-party tools.
5. SaaS App Permissions
When users in your IT ecosystem sign up for SaaS tools, they're often required by the SaaS provider to grant permission to access certain databases and track certain activity types. For example, they might ask for access to contacts, your calendars, or permission to read and send emails on your behalf.
This is a common feature in tools such as Slack, GSuite, and Office 365, whenever users are signing up or logging in using the OAuth 2.0 protocol.
These permissions can leave your organization at risk of being exposed to potential security and regulatory risks. This is precisely why you need access to an updated list of all granted permissions in order to keep your organization's software ecosystem secure.
Torii's app access management helps you rest assured that only the relevant people have access to the apps they need. This allows you to keep your sensitive data secure and ensure that you're implementing privacy guidelines and meeting compliance regulations.
With the increase in SaaS usage by organizations, you need to be proactive when it comes to shielding your IT ecosystem from security gaps and shadow IT. Shadow IT is the hidden threat that can potentially expose your company's sensitive information and systems to data hacks, while IT managers stay in the dark.
Torii Tool enables IT to run proper audits and risk analyses, get instant alerts, gain visibility into their organization's tech stack, and automate SaaS management related tasks.
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Legendary Food Brands and Their Typefaces
The McDonald's 'golden arches' logo that has become such an iconic global emblem was originally devised to reference the distinctive architecture of the early restaurants, the most recognizable feature of the growing fast food empire in the 1960s. This design history examines 23 enduring food products, including Heinz ketchup, Campbell's soup, Coca Cola and Oxo, and traces how the illustrative and typographic styles of their brand identities have developed over the years.
Designing Modern Britain
Cheryl Buckley's history of British design culture examines how design and society have interacted from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st, and explores the connected themes of modernity and identity. Among the issues discussed are the spread of international modernism in Britain, the rise of eco-conscious design, the role of galleries and retailers, the celebrity designer and the influence of the heritage industry.


What Is The Hardest Grade Of A Pencil?
What does 2 HB mean on a pencil?
These pencils are soft.
H stands for "hard".
F stands for "firm"..
Do Number 1 pencils exist?
Are No 2 pencils HB?
What is the best HB pencil?
What Are the Best Pencils for Students?Dixon Ticonderoga Wood-Cased #4 Extra Hard Pencils, Box of 12. … Viarco Desenho 250 Pencil — H. … Palomino Blackwing 602 Pencils, 12-Pack. … Staedtler Mars Lumograph Graphite Pencil Set, Set of 12. … Faber-Castell 9000 Graphite Sketch Pencil Set, Set of 12.More items…•
Which lead is darker HB or 2b?
What is the hardness scale for pencils?
The 'H' stands for hardness, the 'B' stands for blackness, and HB is for hard and black pencils. The hardest is a 10H, followed by 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, and H. F is the middle of the hardness scale; then comes HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, and 9B, which is the softest.
Which is darker H or HB?
Which HB pencil is the darkest?
Did pencils ever have lead?
Despite the name, they have never been made of lead. … Lead pencils contain graphite (a form of carbon), not lead. In fact, contrary to what many people believe, lead pencils never were made with lead. The ancient Romans used a writing device called a stylus.
Which is softer HB or 2b?
Which is darker 2b or 4b?
Which is thicker.5 or.7 lead?
If it's for school writing, use 0.5mm or 0.7mm leads, depending on which you prefer. The 0.7mm leads are thicker, which is better for people who tend to press hard on the pencil when writing. For drawing,use 0.5mm leads, because they're more precise than the 0.7mm leads.
Why is a carpenter's pencil flat?
A carpenter pencil (carpentry pencil, carpenter's pencil) is a pencil that has a body with a rectangular or elliptical cross-section to prevent it from rolling away. Carpenter pencils are easier to grip than standard pencils, because they have a larger surface area. … The flat pencil is one of the oldest pencil types.
Is No 2 pencil same as 2b?
What is the easiest pencil to erase?
How many grades of pencils are there?
The first thing to know is that there are two pencil grading scales: the American system that goes from #1 to #4, and the international system that goes from 10B to 10H.


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What does "Bien sûr." mean in French?
In French, "Bien sûr." means:
Sure. / Of course.
Listen to "Bien sûr.": (If you have an HTML5 enabled browser, you can listen to the native audio below)
This is a phrase that is used in the GamesForLanguage French Language Game in the following scenes:
- French 1, Level 4, Scene 3
- French 1, Level 4, Scene 2


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From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
(Redirected from Murad IV)
English: Murad IV (Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi') (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640. Murad IV was the son of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–17) and the Greek-born Sultana Kösem Sultan. Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, he succeeded his mad uncle Mustafa I (1617–18, 1622–23). He was only eleven when he took the throne.
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.


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Maintenance and Operations
Stormwater Drainage System
The City of Minneapolis owns and maintains many types of stormwater facilities, including:
- 600 miles of storm drains
- 17 miles of storm tunnels
- 25 stormwater pump stations
- 145 grit chambers
- 390 stormwater outlets
- At least 20 stormwater ponds and man-made wetlands
- Over 18,200 storm manholes
- Over 25,000 catch basins
An inventory and condition assessment study has recently been completed for Minneapolis storm tunnels. A rehabilitation program is being developed based on this study to make needed repairs and improvements.
Proper maintenance and operation of the stormwater drainage system helps minimize pollutants entering City surface waters. Since streets act as collection channels during a rainstorm, they must be considered part of the stormwater drainage system. Maintenance of the storm drainage system includes:
- Cleaning and repairing damage to storm drain lines, catch basins and manholes
- Inspecting and maintaining pump stations, grit chambers, stormwater ponds and storm drain outlets
- Removal and proper disposal of sediment and nutrients (mostly sand and fertilizer) from storm drain structures. Catch basins and grit chambers are cleaned many times each year at regular intervals to remove trash and other materials, such as sand from winter snow and ice control operations.
In 2010, Minneapolis Sewer Operations personnel:
- Removed 467 tons of sediment from stormwater grit chambers
- Removed 149 cubic yards of sediment was removed from storm drain tunnels
- Collected 4,930 tons of leaves for composting during the citywide fall sweep
- Reclaimed 19,250 tons of material, mostly sand, during spring and summer street sweeping operations
Sanitary Sewer System
Protection of surface waters also requires proper maintenance and operation of the sanitary sewer system. Minneapolis streets contain over 830 miles of sanitary sewers; the earliest known sewers were built around 1870. Many of these brick sewers are still in operation; however some of these older concrete sewers are now in need of repair or replacement.
The City has an ongoing rehabilitation program helps to extend the life of these sewers by installing fiberglass lining in them. This also prevents groundwater contamination from leaky pipes.
Sanitary sewer pipes occasionally get plugged up, which can cause backups into basements. Regular cleaning and redirection of stormwater runoff to storm drains helps prevent this. In addition to the sewers, 31 miles of deep tunnels (also called interceptors) convey sanitary sewage to the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant (formerly known as Pigs Eye Sewage Treatment Plant). Most of these tunnels are inspected and maintained by Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES).
Garbage, sediment, and other contaminants are deposited on roadways from a number of factors including:
- Residential over application of salt
- Animal waste
- Construction site erosion
Public and private snow and ice control operations contribute to this problem. To manage snow and ice control, City crews apply thousands of tons of sand and salt to roadways every winter. Sand harms lakes and streams by disturbing their ecosystem, depositing pollutants that bind to sand particles in lake bottoms and streambeds. Salt is harmful to both groundwater and surface water.
These materials will wash into our lakes, rivers and streams without proper control measures:
- Regular street sweeping (the City performs annual street sweepings in the spring, summer and fall of each year)
- Proper application of deicing materials
- Proper housekeeping practices for maintenance yards and storage of deicing materials. All salt stockpiles should be covered while being stored to minimize potential groundwater contamination and runoff.
- Erosion control measures should be properly applied to help control runoff from sand stockpiles.
Last updated Jan. 30, 2013


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First of all, the direction of each plug and socket is clearly contrasted
When installing, make sure that the directions of each plug and socket are clear
After inallaton, start the car in neutral or P gear and make sure the accelerator is efctive
If there are other queries, you can consult the customer service to solve
Step 1: find the signal port for the acceleratorpedal of the car
Step 2: remove the throttle signal port of the original car
Step 3: then connect the host to the pedal
Step 4: Place the display conditioner in the appropriate position and the installation is complete.


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Marine Wildlife Encyclopedia
Yellow-lipped Sea Krait Laticauda Colubrina
This species is the most widespread of the sea kraits—a group of four closely related species that lay eggs on land, instead of giving birth at sea. It has a pale blue body, marked with eye-catching dark blue rings, and distinctive yellow lips, which give it its common name. The yellow-lipped sea krait feeds on fish in shallow water, and although it has highly potent venom, it presents very little danger to humans because it is not aggressive and even when handled it rarely bites.
Unlike many other marine snakes, sea kraits have large ventral scales that give them good traction when they crawl, allowing them to move around comfortably on land. During the breeding season, they come ashore in large numbers to mate and lay clutches of up to 20 eggs. Once they have hatched, the young make their way to the shallows, before dispersing along coasts and out to sea.


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FEELING a little dull? Follow the lead of flamingos, which apply make-up to brighten their feathers. This touch-up allows the healthiest birds to continue looking their best, and so helps them signal their status as high-quality mates.
The bright pink colour of flamingos comes from pigments called carotenoids, which the birds acquire from their diet. Only healthy birds can gather enough carotenoids through their food to make bright feathers, but carotenoids fade quickly in sunlight, so feathers bleach over time.
To combat this, the flamingos turn to cosmetics. Juan Amat of the Doñana Biological Station in Seville, Spain, and colleagues found that greater flamingos, Phoenicopterus roseus, secrete the same carotenoid pigments via a gland near their tail.
When they preen, the flamingos spread the pigment over their feathers, brightening their colour. The team found this behaviour...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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In Greek the term 'ethos' means 'character'. It can be used to describe the character of an audience, nation or community. For example, one can speak of the 'American ethos' as the characteristics that define American culture. A US presidential candidate would have to speak to the ethos of this nation and culture in order to win votes.
Understanding ethos is important to understanding speech writing. As we study the rhetorical devices of speakers, we want to ask ourselves how the speaker appeals to the ethos of his or her audience. Texts often contain a sense of ethos in order to give the speaker more credit or authority on a matter.
In a sense, ethos answers the question: "What gives you a mandate to speak to me?" Examples of ethos can be found in the following text, 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' by Martin Luther King.


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The wire actually weakens the glass and increases the likelihood of breakage even under the relatively mild force exerted by an elementary school student. Even worse, a student's hand or leg that passes through the easily broken wired glass panel can be snared by the wire making resulting injuries more severe.
Since 2003, the International Code Council's model building codes have required that all glazing in potentially hazardous locations in new educational facilities must comply with Federal Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) impact-safety standards. In 2004, traditional wired glass was banned in all building types.
Watch the CBS Evening News video clip below to learn more about the dangers posed by traditional wired glass.
Schools should replace unsafe wired glass to protect student safety
Experts estimate that there are at least 2,300 school injuries yearly from unsafe wired glass. Recently an Oregon jury found the Portland Public School district was negligent for not replacing a dangerous wired glass door panel. A 13-year-old student rushing to class attempted to open the door by kicking the metal crash bar. She slipped and her leg went easily through the lower wired glass pane severing two major nerves and 70% of her Achilles tendon. During the trial, it was revealed that the state superintendent had issued a 2003 memo alerting all superintendents of the dangers of wired glass, and that the Portland district had lobbied against a state bill that would have required school districts to replace all wired glass in hazardous locations. Read more…
The National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF) was created in 1997 by the U.S. Department of Education to provide information on planning, designing, funding, improving and maintaining safe, healthy, high-performance schools. NCEF's Safe Schools web page asks: "Does tempered and wired glass meet the building code and Consumer Product Safety Commission's requirements when used in doors, sidelights, locations near the floor, and other "hazardous" locations?"
Clear, Wire-Free Affordable Alternatives Now Available
There is a range of glazing products that can be used to replace or upgrade traditional wired glass in hazardous locations. Thanks to recent advances in glazing technology, many alternatives on the market meet both fire-rated standards and the CPSC impact safety requirements of 16 CFR 1201. You can replace the unsafe wired-glass installations with clear or safe wired glass alternatives. If you want to act now, but your budget is limited, there is also a certified field filming program which allows you to upgrade existing wired glass into a safety glass. To learn more about ways to replace or upgrade unsafe wired glass, click here.
Below is a gallery of clear, wire-free, affordable options for replacing unsafe wired glass in potentially hazardous locations on any school campus.


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Note that this article is intended for those people who are technical and can modify their form code. If you'd prefer to use a form builder that does the work for you, you can learn about form builders that Autopilot supports here.
Some indicators that the form you are capturing may require modifications to be compatible with Autopilot are:
- no form is found when scanning the page; or
- you've setup the form, but submissions are not being captured.
How to make your form compatible with Autopilot
Please ensure you form meets the following requirements to make it compatible with Autopilot:
- Use a tag, not just tags
- Use an tag rather than a or any other way of submitting the form. It needs to work as a standard HTML form. You can still define custom onclick and onsubmit handlers to get client-side validation or any other events you want to happen when the form is submitted, it just needs to be in the form of a submit button.
- tags must have statically named 'Name' attribute
- tags must be the direct children elements of a element in the HTML
This is a correctly formatted form submission example which meets this criteria:
Unsupported Form Submissions
This list covers the forms that are currently not supported by Autopilot:
- iframes: Or any third party form services that use them.
- Ajax: Ajax disrupts the way we capture information that is being submitted.
- Privately facing forms, i.e. forms that require a login in to navigate to. In these cases, use the session association method.
- Some forms embedded in pop-up boxes.
- Some multi-step forms.


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"You think no one understands / Listen to my hands"
In the early 1920s, Surrealism emerged as a new cultural rhetoric and aesthetic rooted in using the element of surprise to open up new frontiers of the imagination, blending the playful with the philosophical. A Book of Surrealist Games (public library), originally published in 1991, is part activity book for grown-ups, part essential art history, featuring word and image games that the surrealists — including Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, Pablo Picasso (to a degree), Max Ernst, and André Breton — developed to create their written and graphical art. Among them is this (very not safe for work, but then again so was the entire decade) erotic hand signaling chart, a naughty adaptation of the standard American Sign Language manual alphabet:
First person to adapt this into an animated GIF gets a piece of candy.
UPDATE: Reader Jamal Qutub did the honors:


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The UA is an internationally-known leader in agricultural innovation, technology development, and research. Here, scientists and engineers endeavor to improve the efficiency of farms and ranches, feed and heal humans and animals, create new forms of fuel and understand the impact of climate change on the world food supply.
Integrated Pest Management
Crop Efficiency Development
New Arid Land Crops
Water Usage, Sustainability, and Reclamation
The University of Arizona is an internationally-known leader in agricultural innovation, technology development, and research. Faculty help to improve the efficiency of farms and ranches through a variety of innovations, including the development of integrated pest management for cotton, improved nitrogen management in irrigated cotton, low input barley, new arid land crops with anticancer properties, and the maize microarray project, which involves research on the genome of maize for the purpose of more efficient production. In addition, in the UA Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, scientists have identified new pathogen candidates in shrimp aquaculture, and in the Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, researchers are analyzing ways to remediate soil and groundwater contamination. The International Arid Land Consortium, headquartered at the UA and now in its 20th year, conducts research on sewage treatment for sustainable water reclamation and post-forest fire soil and nutrient cycling.


Shawn M Moore > Term-TtyRec-Plus-0.09 > Term::TtyRec::Plus
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Module Version: 0.09 Source
Term::TtyRec::Plus - read a ttyrec
Term::TtyRec::Plus is a module that lets you read ttyrec files. The related module, Term::TtyRec is designed more for simple interactions. Term::TtyRec::Plus gives you more information and, using a callback, lets you munge the data block and timestamp. It will do all the subtle work of making sure timing is kept consistent, and of rebuilding each frame header.
 use Term::TtyRec::Plus;
 # complete (but simple) ttyrec playback script
 foreach my $file (_USER_) {
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new(infile => $file, time_threshold => 10);
 while (my $frame_ref = $ttyrec->next_frame()) {
 select undef, undef, undef, $frame_ref->{diff};
 print $frame_ref->{data};
Creates and returns a new Term::TtyRec::Plus object.
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new();
Here are the parameters that Term::TtyRec::Plus->new() recognizes.
The input filename. A value of "-", which is the default, or undef, means STDIN.
The input filehandle. By default this is undef; if you have already opened the ttyrec then you can pass its filehandle to the constructor. If both filehandle and infile are defined, filehandle is used.
Perform bzip2 decompression. By default this is undef, which signals that bzip2 decompression should occur if and only if the filename is available and it ends in ".bz2". Otherwise, you can force or forbid decompression by setting bzip2 to a true or false value, respectively. After the call to new, this field will be set to either 1 if decompression is enabled or 0 if it is not.
The maximum difference between two frames, in seconds. If undef, which is the default, there is no enforced maximum. The second most common value would be 10, which some ttyrec utilities (such as timettyrec) use.
A callback, run for each frame before returning the frame to the user of Term::TtyRec::Plus. This callback receives three arguments: the frame text, the timestamp, and the timestamp of the previous frame. All three arguments are passed as scalar references. The previous frame's timestamp is undef for the first frame. The return value is not currently looked at. If you modify the timestamp, the module will make sure that change is noted and respected in further frame timestamps. Modifications to the previous frame's timestamp are currently ignored.
 sub halve_frame_time_and_stumblify {
 my ($data_ref, $time_ref, $prev_ref) = _USER_;
 $$time_ref = $$prev_ref + ($$time_ref - $$prev_ref) / 2
 if defined $$prev_ref;
 $$data_ref =~ s/Eidolos/Stumbly/g;
In addition to passing arguments, you can modify Term::TtyRec::Plus's initial state, if you want to. This could be useful if you are chaining multiple ttyrecs together; you could pass a different initial frame. Support for such chaining might be added in a future version.
The initial frame number. Default 0.
The previous frame's timestamp. Default undef.
The accumulated difference of all frames seen so far; see the section on diffed_timestamp in next_frame()'s return value. Default 0.
The time passed since the first frame. Default 0.
next_frame() reads and processes the next frame in the ttyrec. It accepts no arguments. On EOF, it will return undef. On malformed ttyrec input, it will die. If it cannot reconstruct the header of a frame (which might happen if the callback sets the timestamp to -1, for example), it will die. Otherwise, a hash reference is returned with the following fields set.
The frame data, filtered through the callback. The original data block is not made available.
The frame timestamp, straight out of the file.
The frame timestamp, with the accumulated difference of all of the previous frames applied to it. This is so consistent results are given. For example, if your callback adds three seconds to frame 5's timestamp, then frame 6's diffed timestamp will take into account those three seconds, so frame 6 happens three seconds later as well. So the net effect is frame 5 is extended by three seconds, and no other frames' relatives times are affected.
The diffed timestamp, filtered through the callback.
The previous frame's timestamp (after diffing and filtering; the originals are not made available).
The difference between the current frame's timestamp and the previous frame's timestamp. Yes, it is equivalent to timestamp - prev_timestamp, but it is provided for convenience. On the first frame it will be 0 (not undef).
The 12-byte frame header, straight from the file.
The 12-byte frame header, reconstructed from data and timestamp (so, after filtering, etc.).
The frame number, using 1-based indexing.
The time between the first frame's timestamp and the current frame's timestamp.
Returns the next frame that meets the specified criteria. grep() accepts arguments that are subroutines, regex, or strings; anything else is a fatal error. If you pass multiple arguments to grep(), each one must be true. The subroutines receive the frame reference that is returned by next_frame(). You can modify the frame, but do so cautiously.
 my $next_jump_frame_ref = $t->grep("Where do you want to jump?", sub { $_[0]{data}!~ /Message History/});
Rewinds the ttyrec to the first frame and resets state variables to their initial values. Note that if filehandle is not seekable (such as STDIN on some systems, or if bzip2 decompression is used), rewind() will die.
Returns the infile passed to the constructor. If a filehandle was passed, this will be undef.
Returns the filehandle passed to the constructor, or if infile was used, a handle to infile.
Returns 1 if bzip2 decompression has taken place, 0 if it has not.
Returns the time threshold passed to the constructor. By default it is undef.
Returns the frame filter callback passed to the constructor. By default it is sub { _USER_ }.
Returns the frame number of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the timestamp of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the time so far since the first frame.
Returns the total time difference between timestamps and filtered timestamps. accum_diff is added to each frame's timestamp before they are passed to the frame_filter callback.
Shawn M Moore,
Copyright 2006-2009 Shawn M Moore, all rights reserved.
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WhiteSmoke is a writing assistant for Android devices. This app helps users to correct mistakes, punctuation and style.
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Energy is an emerging and expanding sector that encompasses all aspects of energy generation, distribution, and consumption, including research and development, design, construction, installation, and maintenance. Core industries in this sector include:
- Renewable and alternative energy such as wind, solar, and biomass
- Power generation and distribution
- Fossil fuels
- Energy efficiency
The Energy SHSM gives students an opportunity to specialize, gain qualifications, and plan a career pathway in various areas of the Energy sector while still in high school. The SHSM Program has a number of required components, designed to give students a "leg-up" to pursue post-secondary opportunities in each of the identified sectors, valuing apprenticeship, college, community, university and the workplace.
Check out: Green Collar Careers
This major is offered at :
Resurrection | St. Benedict | St. Mary's
Required Components :
- Provided to students FREE of charge, certifications, trainings and workshops led by industry professionals, help students develop their skills and discover more information about their future career.
- Six certifications/training/workshops related to the industry
- 3 Compulsory, 3 Elective
- Examples include: Basic Electrical Safety, Confined Space Awareness, Solar Panel/Energy Efficiency Training, Customer Service Training, Health & Safety, Land Surveying Basics, Scaffold Safety, Standard First Aid & CPR-C, WHMIS, Working at Heights and more!
- View all Certification & Training topics for Energy SHSM Here
- A bundle of nine credits in Grade 11 and Grade 12 which students earn:
- Four Energy major credits
- One English credit,
- One Math credit
- One Other credit in either Business, Science or World Studies
- Two Co-operative Education credits to gain workplace experience that enables students to refine, extend and practice sector-specific knowledge and skills.
Course Information: Resurrection | St. Benedict | St. Mary's
- Co-operative Education (Co-op) provides students with workplace experience that enables students to refine, extend and practice sector-specific knowledge and skills.
- Examples of Energy Co-op Placements:
Architecture and Engineering firms, City Planning, Home Renovation & Inspection Services, Demolition Services, Energy Auditing Companies and more!
- Examples of Energy Co-op Placements:
- Construction Millwright & Industrial Mechanic
- Contractor & Supervisor, Electrical Trades & Telecommunications
- Electrical Mechanic
- Electrical Power Line & Cable Worker
- Industrial Electrician
- Power Systems Electrician
- Power Systems and Power Station Operator
- Biological Technologist & Technician
- Civil Engineering Technologist
- Construction Electrician
- Energy Guide & Quality Control Manager
- Geological & Mineral Technologist
- Geothermal Installer
- Geothermal System Designer
- Land Surveyor
- Mapping and Related Technologist/Technician
- Chemical Engineer
- Electrical Engineer
- Geological Engineer
- Mechanical Engineer
- Assembler, Fabricator, Inspector & Tester of Transformers & Electrical Appliances
- Electronic Service Technicians
- Gas Maintenance Workers
- Home Energy Evaluator
- Renewable Energy Products Salesperson
- Residential/Commercial Installer/Servicer
- Solar Panel Technician
- Wind Turbine Material Controller
For more information, speak to the guidance counselor at your school
Students in a Specialist High Skills Major program complete learning activities that are contextualized to the knowledge and skills relevant to the economic sector of the SHSM. Contextualized Learning Activities (CLA's) enhance your learning in your English, Math, Science and Business classes. They connect your interest in your chosen sector to your learning in these classes.
CLA's will be delivered by your classroom teacher. It is not additional work to be completed – it may replace the work being done by non-SHSM students or the teacher may choose to have the entire class complete the CLA.
- Building An Electric Vehicle (video)- format not supported
- Canadian and World Issues CGW4U – Independent Study
- Regional Geography CGG3O – Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries
- Canadian Law CLU3E – Mock Trials – Energy and the Environment
- English ENG4U – ISU – Novel Study
- Math MBF3CI – Chevy Volt
- Science SVN3E – Conserving Energy and Saving You Money


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On shabbat we don't wear tefillin because shabbat is an אות. However yom tov is not referred to as an אות. So why don't we wear tefillin on yom tov?
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I thought this question was going to be easily google-able, and it isn't. Huh... good question. :) – rosenjcb May 11 at 7:53
2 Answers 2
The Rambam (Hil. Tefilin 4:10) disagrees with you. He says:
וכן שבתות וימים טובים, אינן זמן תפילין, שנאמר "והיו לך לאות" (ראה שמות יג,ט), ושבתות וימים טובים הן עצמן אות.
The Rambam says clearly that Yom Tov is an אות and therefor does not warrant putting on Tefillin.
The Rambam's source is a Gemara (Menachot 36):
ר' עקיבא אומר יכול יניח אדם תפילין בשבתות וימים טובים? תלמוד לומר "והיה לאות על ידך ולטוטפות בין עיניך", מי שצריכין אות, יצאו שבתות וימים טובים שהן גופן אות
The question now becomes: How is Yom Tov an אות?
The Aruch Hashulchan in Hil. Tefilin 31:3 answers this in 2 ways:
 1. That Yom Tov is also called a שבתון - we even see it called שבת as in ממחרת השבת regarding Sefirat HaOmer. So it has the same אות status as Shabbat.
 2. The fact that Melacha is forbidden makes it an אות (as per the Tos. HaRosh)
 3. Since Yom Tov is [also] זכר ליציאת מצרים - in memory of the Exodus, it is an אות. (as per the Rokach 30)
share|improve this answer
Hard to call it disagreeing. All of your 2/3 suggested answers agree it isn't ever actually called an אות. – Double AA May 11 at 9:00
If an איסור מלאכה makes it an אות, then why does the Torah use the terminology of ״אות״ regarding shabbos? And by the way shabbos is also זכר יציאת מצרים! – David Feigen May 11 at 10:07
_USER_ - 1. It's not unusual for the Torah not to repeat itself, but rather to rely on some connection/Drush. 2. Correct - note the [also] I inserted, for that very reason. – Danny Schoemann May 11 at 11:46
The ערוך השלחן is not listing three ways that we know יו"ט is an אות; rather the first one in your numbered list is how we know יו"ט is an אות, and the other two explain the nature of the אות (although, as the ערוך השלחן explains at the end of סעיף ד, the nature of the אות might also have a bearing on whether the שבתון comparison extends to חוה"מ). In fact, other explanations quoted in the ערוך השלחן for the nature of the אות are that the day itself is the אות (Rashi, Rif, Or Zaru'a, Rabbeinu Elyakim), or that the mitzvos associated with the chagim are the אות (Tos. HaRosh). _USER_ – Fred May 11 at 17:26
_USER_ - correct, 31. Edited. – Danny Schoemann May 12 at 7:51
Additionally, Pesach Mitzrayim is refered to in the Torah as an ot, and as all the yamim tovim are connected to the Exodus, there's a sort of transitive operation by which the others can be considered otot as well.
share|improve this answer
well yea that is why the Misheh Brura calls yomim tovim an Ot in siman 31:1 – user4784 May 28 at 0:54
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Situated in Raleigh County in West Virginia, USA, the city of Beckley is located near the Greenbrier and New River Valley and covers an area of 23.8 sq km.
The city has a humid continental climate. The average winter temperature is around 1°C, while the average summer temperature is around 26°C.
Known as the 'Smokeless Coal Capital', the coal mining industry has always been a part of the city's culture. The Beckley Exhibition Coal Mine offers visitors a historic look at the development of the town.
Originally known as the town of Beckleyville, the city is named after Alfred Beckley, who served as the first clerk of the House of the Representatives and the first Librarian of Congress. With a population of around 17,000, the old-fashioned town is the social and economic hub of southern West Virginia
Your contribution can be useful for other tourists
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Oak Hill (About 12.9 mi)
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|Oak Hill - 12.9 mi|
Oak Hill is a city which is situated in Fayatte County in West Virginia. It is the primary city within the Oak Hill, WV Micropolitan Statistical Area. The micropolitan area is even...
|Summersville - 39.1 mi|
Summersville is located in the heart of the state of West Virginia in the USA. This town with a population of approximately 3,200 inhabitants is the chief administrative head of...


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Recently, I've been attempting to grind and sift my own flour. The grinding is straightforward with a Retsel Mil-Rite, an excellent home stone buhr mill or my new Meadows 8-inch stone mill. However, the mysteries of sifting the flour have been less straightforward. A subsequent blog entry will deal with my progress on grinding and sifting my own flour. The sifting project motivates the need for measuring the ash content of my flour.
Ash content in general is the percentage of inorganic matter in a sample of some material. It is used in many different ways to analyze agricultural products, at least, based on some cursory sampling of articles on the internet.
About.com says defines ash content as:
The nonvolatile inorganic matter of a compound which remains after subjecting it to a high decomposition temperature.
A traditional method for determining ash content is to place a sample of known weight in a furnace at high temperature (600F or higher) for a number of hours (12 hours, for example) such that all the water, volatile compounds, and organic matter either evaporate or burn. After that, the remaining material is weighed. Ash content is the weight of remaining "ash" expressed as a percentage of the original weight of the sample. The remaning mass will be the inorganic non-volatile compounds that were in the original sample.
Flour ash content in Europe is measured using a dessicated (dried out) sample of flour, so the original weight of the sample doesn't contain any water. In the US, a moisture content of 14% is assumed (typical for white flour before it is dried out), so US numbers for ash content differ from the same European measure by the amount of water in the original sample.
An Important Characterizing Measure of Wheat Flour
Ash content is widely used in Europe to classify flours. When you see "type 55", for example, the 55 refers to the ash content, which would be 0.55% of dry matter in this flour. In the US, it is often available by searching a manufacturer's or supplier's web site for flour specifications (often hidden somewhere hard to find), or more often, by calling someone in their testing department.
Why Ash Content
The inorganic matter in a wheat berry is heavily concentrated in the outer layers, such as the bran, various seed coatings, and the germ. As you traverse from the outer coatings to the outer endosperm and then to the inner endosperm, the concentration of inorganic matter steadily drops.
During milling, the flour is ground, then sifted, then ground again, and sifted again repeatedly. When the milling process is complete, a large number of bins of product will result from very coarse to very fine, and from very dark to very light flours. The whitest flours will have less ash content, and the darker flours will have more ash content. At this point, various grades of flour may be created by blending the flour from the bins.
Ash content then summarizes how much of the outer layers made it in to the final flour, regardless of how it may have been milled, sifted, and blended.
The importance of measuring ash content was immediately obvious to me as I tried to mill and sift at home on my own. An infinite number of possible permutations of grinding and milling could be imagined. For example, I tried grinding very coarsely, then sifting, then grinding the coarser results of the sifting again, then sifting again. Another version was grinding very finely and sifting into more and finer sizes. I also tried grinding coarsely, then regrinding, then sifting. Of course, the possibilities are endless. In each of these cases, flour resulted that made good bread, seemed light in color, and fine in texture. The difference to the eye and the feel in the hand was not great between one and the other, at least not to me, a first-time home miller.
Measuring ash content of my results would make it possible to know at least approximately how much of the outer layers had made it into each type of flour resulting from the various grinding and sifting processes tried. Also, once a given process is adopted and used consistently, calculating the right blend of the various outputs of the milling process to achieve a desired ash content, depending on the type of flour needed, should also be fairly easy.
Distilled water doesn't conduct electricity. However, if some salt is dissolved in distilled water, it will conduct electricity. The ions contributed by the salt are charged particles that will travel through the water in the field created by the voltage difference on the electrodes of the conductivity meter to create a flow of electric current. The higher the concentration of salt, the higher the conductivity of the water and salt solution will be. The diverse mineral content in the inorganic matter that makes up the "ash content" of the flour ionizes the water in the same way described above for salt. If the flour has a larger amount of "ash content" it will also contribute a larger quantity of ionizing compounds to water, increasing the conductivity.
To measure conductivity you need a conductivity meter. In the field of water quality measurement, "Total Dissolved Solids" is a standard measurement, but it is essentially a measure of the conductivity of the water being tested. So, you can use either a "conductivity meter" or a "TDS Meter". In my case, I had obtained a Hanna 9813 pH meter a number of years ago, and it turns out it also had a conductivity meter function. However, it was easy to discover conductivity meters on the internet, by searching on terms like "Conductivity Meter", "TDS", "Total Dissolved Solids", "Water Quality Meter", and so on. One place I found was _URL_. Also searching on "Hannah Meter" might work, since that's the brand of meter I have that has both pH and conductivity meters, both useful functions for flour measurement.
You might wonder why a standard digital multi-meter wouldn't work. I tried to use one unsuccessfully. First of all, you would have to carefully mount the probes to maintain the same distance apart and total surface area exposed to the water. However, it gets worse. The DC current used by a digital multi-meter to measure resistance causes the ions to build up on the electrodes, so the measurement just goes higher and higher the longer you leave the electrodes in the water. Conductivity meters made for measuring water impurities use AC current to measure the conductivity so the above problem with an ohm-meter doesn't occur, have probes made of less reactive conductors, and are designed to maintain proper spacing of the electrodes.
I found a couple of papers on the internet describing methods of measuring ash content with conductivity. One was especially useful for home measurements and was titled, "Electrical Conductivity of Flour Suspensions and Extracts in Relation to Flour Ash." published in 1977 in the Journal of Cereal Chemistry. The method described below was derived from the discussion in this paper.
The method is very simple. Mix 100 grams of distilled water (should be distilled water to get good results) and add 5 grams of the flour to be tested in a container. Stir thoroughly to completely hydrate the flour. Periodically stir for about 12 hours. After the flour has settled to the bottom of the jar, measure the conductivity of the water. For the best measurement, allow the flour to settle on the bottom so there is clear water to measure. The clear water will have a higher conductivity than recently stirred and cloudy water. At first the conductivity rises, as the various compounds that contribute to the conductivity of the water dissolve, but at some point the conductivity will stabilize. In my case it took a long time, maybe 12 hours or so, for the conductivity to stop changing. The conductivity measured can then be calibrated by measuring flours with known ash content and fitting a curve of conductivity to the known ash content. In practice it looked very linear, so even a simple proportional relationship would give reasonable results, based on my admittedly minimal sampling.
| ||ppm||uS/cm||ash %|
The table above shows measured conductivity in ppm, as the meter represents it for TDS or "Total Dissolved Solids" in parts per million salts for a hydroponic solution and also shows conductivity in the more standard measure of milli-Siemens per cm. I don't know the ash content, but based on some flour specification information from Heartland Mill, I filled in rough numbers and then used them to approximate the ash content of my "71% yield, fairly white bread flour" sifted from a couple of passes with my new Meadows 8 inch mill and a couple of siftings with a number 60 sieve in my new SS-100 Econo-Shaker sieve shaker.
The method in the paper heated the samples to boil them for a short period, then cooled and centrifuged the samples to create a clear liquid with the dissolved minerals in it. I didn't want to deal with boiling or somehow obtaining a centrifuge. OK, maybe you could put your jars in bags, tie them to some rope and spin them like Argentine "bolas", but I recommend patience. It was unclear what the effects of boiling were from this paper, but it seemed to affect the measurement in some unexpected way. So, my approach is to keep it simple and just wait for the conductivity and the flour to settle, even if it takes a while.
You can obtain a reasonable estimate of ash content by mixing 5 grams of flour with 100 grams of distilled water, stirring periodically for a few hours and then measuring the stabilized conductivity and comparing to the same measurement for some reference flours of known ash content.


Red Blends
By definition, blending wine simply means you are combining two or more wines to create a new one. There are several reasons why a winemaker might want to blend wines: To enhance aroma, To improve the colour, To add or minimize flavors and tastes, To adjust the pH of a wine, To lower or raise acidity To raise or lower alcohol levels, To adjust the sweetness of a wine, To correct a wine with too much oak flavour, To raise or lower levels of tannin. Wikipedia
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Willaim Chapin |
(1802 - 1888)
William Chapin (1802 - 1888) was a prominent New York and Philadelphia based engraver active in the early part of the 19th century. Though we know little of Chapin's early years he seems to have been an apprenticed at the age of 15 to John Vallance in the Philadelphia firm Tanner, Vallance, Kearny & CO. from 1817. This firm, which is responsible for Tanner's early atlases, had a substantial cartographic corpus. There are records to indicate that Chapin purchased his freedom from Vallance for 125 USD in 1822. In time he established a significant engraving business for himself in Pennsylvania and New York with heavy focus on cartographic material. Fielding suggests that Chapin's large map of the United States is in fact the first published map to be engraved steel in the United States. Around 1839 Chapin seems to have changed careers when he accepted a position as Commissioner of Public Schools in New York. In this capacity Chapin developed an interested in working with and teaching blind children. Chapin began working as headmaster of several schools for the blind in Ohio and New York. His most significant work with the blind took place at Overbrook School for the Blind, where he developed contemporary techniques for teaching and published the first dictionary for the blind. (Fielding, M. & Carr, J. Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers, p. 61.) Click here for a list of rare and antique maps by William Chapin.
Rare maps by Willaim Chapin currently for sale.
Rare maps by Willaim Chapin in the Geographicus Antique Map Archive.