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Specimens in museum collections are usually preserved in a 70 per cent aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol or in a 2-4 per cent solution of formaldehyde (5-10 per cent formalin).
The great disadvantages of ethyl alcohol are that it is flammable, it volatilizes very readily, it tends to produce precipitates from sea-water, and it causes shrinkage of many specimens. Although formalin is not flammable, and it evaporates less rapidly than ethyl alcohol, precautions to prevent desiccation are still necessary; and it has the further disadvantage that it tends to oxidize to formic acid, which may dissolve calcareous structures, and it has a very strong smell and is toxic.
Both ethanol and formalin cannot be used in large volumes in public galleries because of the hazardous nature of the chemicals. So in order to display our colossal squid we will be using a glycol solution with an antimicrobial preservative to prevent microbial growth. We have been experimenting with smaller specimens in jars. Initial results indicate the system will work quite well – although there has been some discoloration, replacing the mix with a second fresh glycol solution does not result in more leaching of the colour, so our plan to replace the glycol before the specimen goes on display should work! Specimens have been preserved for months or years in glycol, but nobody has tried preserving such a large (495 kg) specimen in glycol before, so this is quite a learning curve for us!
The glycol will be diluted to between 20-30% with water. To prevent the growth of microorganisms (which could happen as the mixture contains sufficient water to support microbes) we will add a small quantity of Dowanol preservative. This will allow us to have 5,000 litres of liquid in the public galleries, while meeting safety and health requirements.
Another concern is that if the soultion becomes acidic the hooks and sucker rings will be dissolved – to prevent this happening we will 'buffer' the solution with limestone chips to keep the pH neutral. Although glycol has been used successfully for long term storage of specimens on a small scale, the use of large quantities for the colossal squid is in many ways experimental, and one reason why we will be monitoring the specimen constantly while it is on display.


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Ojibwe Place Names in Wisconsin, ca. 1890
Geographical Names in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan, Having a Chippewa origin
The author of this list, Chrysostom Verwyst (_PHONE_), was a Catholic missionary among the Ojibwe in the Bayfield-Ashland area from 1882 to 1912. Verwyst became fluent in Ojibwe and after retiring spent his remaining years in the Franciscan monastery at Bayfield, where he wrote on the history and language of the Ojibwe and compiled a biography of his predecessor, Rev. Frederic Baraga. This list preserves the Ojibwe names in use in northern Wisconsin at the start of the 20th century; Verwyst also occasionally ascribed Ojibwe origins to place names that modern linguists now believe actually came from other lagnuages. It is one of several works in or about American Indian languages to be found at Turning Points in Wisconsin History. Readers should note that this is a historical document rather than a modern one; students wishing to study the language should rely on materials produced by the tribal language office.
Territory to Statehood|
Treaty Councils, from Prairie du Chien to Madeline Island
|Creator: ||Verwyst, Chrysostom Adrian 1841 - 1925
|Pub Data: ||Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. XII (1892): 390-398.
|Citation: ||Verwyst, Chrysostom Adrian. "Geographical Names in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan, Having a Chippewa origin." Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. XII (1892): 390-398.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/21/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How To Write The Perfect Flashback
How To Write The Perfect Flashback
Are you thinking about whether or not you need flashbacks in your story? We tell you how to write the perfect flashback.
What Is A Flashback?
A flashback is a piece of writing that shows the reader what happened in the past. The author does this by writing a scene set in the past. A flashback interrupts the flow of the current story.
Should We Use Flashbacks?
Writers love writing flashbacks. Readers hate reading them. If you insist on them, make sure you know how and when to use them. When you write a flashback you should be careful not to ruin the pacing of the story.
Readers prefer to read a plotted story that moves from the beginning through the middle to the end. Anything that interferes with this chronology is distracting. [Suggested reading: Element 7 in The 7 Critical Elements Of A Great Book]
Flashbacks lack immediacy. They are essentially backstory and they can be a terrible distraction if they aren't well-thought-out and well-written. You may even lose your readers.
When To Use Flashbacks
You should only use a flashback if it adds to your story. If you can get away with telling the scene in a dialogue exchange or a short diary entry, rather do that.
You can use them:
 1. To show a character's motives.
 2. To fill in an important piece of the puzzle.
 3. When something happened long ago and there is simply no other way to include it.
How To Use A Flashback
Before you use flashbacks make sure that you've done the following:
 1. Engaged your reader in the protagonist's current problem.
 2. Established the goal of the story.
 3. Established a threat to the goal. (This usually includes an antagonist.)
 4. Used a flashback that compels readers to know what happened in the past.
You should be able to resume the story where you left it with no significant developments having taken place during the flashback.
Example Of A Flashback
In The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins uses a brief flashback to establish the backstory between Katniss and Peeta. Katniss remembers when she was at her lowest ebb after her father died. She was starving and Peeta, the baker's son, threw bread into the snow that saved her and fed her family for a few days. Collins brings us back to the present immediately after this.
It works because:
 1. We are emotionally invested in Katniss's story (her family needs her to win).
 2. We know her story goal (to win the games).
 3. Peeta at this point represents a threat to that goal (he is her opponent in the games).
 4. We need to know about this incident to show how she feels indebted to him on some level. It could not happen any other way, because Katniss is not a chatty person.
Top Tip: If you want to introduce a flashback in the first few pages of your novel, you should probably start the story when the flashback is taking place.
How To Write The Perfect Flashback
A Checklist For Writing The Perfect Flashback
A flashback is essentially a memory. This is a good way of testing how you write it.
 1. Something Sets It Off: Flashbacks are triggered by something. Most of our memories are triggered by a place, an object, a conversation, or through our senses. Use one of these to send us back in time.
 1. Where Are We? Orient us at the start of the flashback in time and space. A clear transition must be used. Examples: Five years ago, we…; When I was a teenager…; My father used to….
 1. Keep It Short And Sharp. When you have a memory, it does not go on and on. It usually lasts a few seconds. The longer the flashback, the longer it takes for the reader to get back into the main story.
 1. Make Sure We Need It. Make the flashback advance the narrative. This memory could be crucial to the motivations of a character or it could show us how we go to a point in the story.
 1. Show The Results. Flashbacks in stories should have consequences. If we remember something traumatic or challenging, it will affect us in the present day. The reaction to the memory should be in keeping with its severity.
Top Tip: Mini-flashbacks can be used more frequently. This could be a few remembered lines of dialogue from another character when your protagonist is thinking about the past. Readers often don't even notice that they are flashbacks.
© Amanda Patterson
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 3. Use The 7 Deadly Sins To Define Your Memoir
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 6. 204 Words That Describe Colours – A Resource For Writers


Technical Service Bulletins
Hyundai speed sensor diagnosis
Order Reprints
Hyundai speed sensor diagnosis
The 2007 and later Elantra uses two individual sensors to detect rotational speed of the transaxle's input and output shafts. The part descriptions as "input" and "output" are based upon their use in previous Hyundai models. However, the sensor applications are reversed for the 2007 and later Elantra. NOTE: The two sensors are not interchangeable.
P/N DESCRIPTION IN CATALOG FUNCTION IN 2007-LATER ELANTRA
42621-39200 Output speed sensor Input speed sensor
42620-39200 Input speed sensor Output speed sensor
When diagnosing DTCs for either of these sensors for 2007 and later Elantras, the part numbers listed here should be referenced. Disregard the part description shown in the parts catalog.
 1. Attach a GDS and select vehicle, "A/T," "Current Data" and "Input speed sensor" and "Output speed sensor." If the sensors show continuous/changing output, the wiring has no open/shorts during the current test condition. Go to Step 2.
 2. Check the wiring harness visually for an open circuit or short circuit to ground.
 3. Disconnect the connectors at the input and output speed sensor and PCM. Check for bent pins or pins not fully inserted into the connector. Check the pin tension using the J-35616-C pin tension tester. If a harness open/short is found, repair or replace the ECM control harness between the PCM and transaxle. If a harness open/short is not found, go to Step 4 or 5.
 4. For the following DTCs, replace P/N 42621-39200:
- P0715 (input speed sensor circuit)
- P0716 (input speed sensor range/performance)
- P0717 (input speed sensor no signal)
 1. For the following DTCs, replace P/N 42620-39200:
- P0720 (output speed sensor circuit)
- P0722 (output speed sensor no signal)
 1. Attach a GDS and clear the codes. Drive the vehicle for two key-on to key-off cycles. If the DTCs do not set again, return the vehicle to the customer. If the DTC(s) set again, substitute a known-good PCM from another 2007-later Elantra and test drive for two key-on to key-off cycles. If the condition is corrected, replace the PCM. If not, go to Step 7.
 2. If Steps 1-6 do not correct the condition, troubleshoot the harness for an open/short circuit. Repair or replace the ECM wiring harness between the PCM and the transaxle as necessary.
Related Articles
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Hyundai Rear ABS Sensor
Hyundai 8-Speed ATF Procedure
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The Training for All Teachers Program provides professional development to K-12, public school educators and administrators throughout Connecticut.
Our Basic Workshop (for educators with little to no training in best practices for ELs)
The workshop consists of four stand-alone but interrelated modules and a follow-up applied component. Each module consists of 2.5 hours for a total of 10 hours of instruction, which can be delivered in two, three or four sessions. The topics of the modules are as follows:
1. Laying the Foundation: Debunking the Myths about English Learners
2. Making Content (Input) Comprehensible
3. Engaging the English Learners: Creating Opportunities for Interaction
4. Sheltered Instruction: Putting it All Together
By participating in the workshop, teachers will learn the best practices for English
learners. They will learn how to make modifications in curriculum in the content areas
and instructional strategies to enhance opportunities for engagement for their ELs.
A new 6 hour STEM-specific, basic, training is in development, slated to be ready beginning 2014.
Our Advanced Workshop (for completers of the Basic Workshop)
In addition to the basic trainings listed above the Program offers an advanced training. The advanced training is comprised of four modules, each approximately 2.5 hours, which are interrelated, but not necessarily interdependent. Topics include: literacy development for English learners, assessment practices for English learners, peer coaching, and how to differentiate between learning disability and language development.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The standard GROUP BY clause of a SELECT statement allows you to group rows in the result set according the grouping expressions
you supply. For example, if you specify
GROUP BY columnA, columnB, the rows are grouped by combinations of unique values from columnA and columnB. In the standard GROUP BY clause, the groups
reflect the evaluation of the combination of all specified GROUP BY expressions.
However, you may want to specify different groupings or subgroupings of the result set. For example, you may want to your results to show your data grouped by unique values of columnA and columnB, and then regrouped again by unique values of columnC. You can achieve this result using the GROUPING SETS extension to the GROUP BY clause.
Discuss this page in DocCommentXchange.
|Copyright © 2014, SAP AG or an SAP affiliate company. - SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere 16.0|


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We've been on a roll recently with dolphins, and this latest story is just as interesting.
Much like humans, dolphins have names for each other. They call out each other by specific "whistle" signatures, including using unique tones of voice when calling each other.
Discovery reports that bottlenose dolphins actually call out the names of their loved ones when separated from them. They're the only other animals, besides humans, that have been found to do this. They also can call out their own name to introduce themselves.
"A dolphin emits its signature whistle to broadcast its identity and announce its presence, allowing animals to identify one another over large distances and for animals to recognize one another and to join up with each other," King explained. "Dolphin whistles can be detected up to 20 km away (12.4 miles) depending on water depth and whistle frequency."
Another type of dolphin, spinner dolphins, even spin and splash in the water to "talk" to each other. One splash may be a warning while another means it's time to mate. If you haven't seen spinner dolphins before, they loads of fun to watch. Here are a few images from this amazing (and short) National Geographic video on them:
And to refresh your memory of some of the other amazing dolphin stories, here are a few from recent weeks:


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Agriculture Production Profile
Why is agriculture important anyway?
Aside from the nutritional value of food, agriculture is important to people, the economy, and our heritage.
The City of Kawartha Lakes is home to approximately 1,500 farms. Assuming an average of 4 people per farm, that means approximately 6,000 people live on farms in the municipality. The 2006 Census estimated 8,387 people in the area are employed year round and 4,013 seasonal in the agri-food and related industries.
Agriculture and agri-food sector is a mainstay of the economy. Kawartha Lakes has the largest number of beef cows in Central Ontario and the 4th largest number of beef cows in Ontario. Farm cash receipts for main commodities totaled $87.5 million in 2006.
(Source: OMAFRA, Census 2006)
Kawartha Lakes at a Glance (PDF)
Farm Cash Receipts - Main Commodities: 2002 - 2006
Major Farm Types
Kawartha Lakes is the fourth largest municipality/county in Ontario with respect to beef cow numbers. The fourth in ewe numbers and second largest in goats. With respect to total animal numbers, Kawartha Lakes has the third largest community pasture in Ontario. The largest field crop in acres is hay with 95,825 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop.
(Source: OMAFRA 2006)
What else is growing in Kawartha Lakes?
Over $8 million in Floriculture, Nursery & sod sales, covering 306,117 square feet of total greenhouse area.
(Source: Census 2006)
This area was originally surveyed and cleared for agriculture in the early 1,800's. The European settlers established mixed farms on these lands. Many of today's farmers are descendants of the original settlers to this area. The area has grown to include a world class seed production facility and a large independent family owned dairy processing business.
Kawartha Lakes is a regional center for farm marketing and farm supply with a livestock sale barn, large commercial grain elevators and continues to pursue diverse and value added agricultural opportunities.
Production Profile Field crops
The largest acreage field crop grown is hay with 95,824 acres grown, representing 3.74% of the provinces crop.
Fruit & Vegetable Production Comparative Acres 2006
Beef farming remains the largest type of farming with over 1900 Beef cattle in Kawartha Lakes.
Farms By Industry 2006
Livestock Types 2006
- 271,460 hens and chickens (all types)
- 792 turkeys
(Source: 2006 Census)


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Sunday, 28 February, 2010
An excerpt from CBC News "Old mice run faster with supplements" (with video),
Researchers at McMaster University in Hamilton have developed a cocktail of ingredients that forestalls major aspects of the aging process in mice.
Generally, aging diminishes the mind and compromises physical capacity.
David Rollo, a professor of biology at McMaster has found a cocktail of 30 dietary supplements such as B vitamins, vitamin D, ginseng and garlic counteracts symptoms of aging in mice.
The experiment was prompted by research that suggests single vitamin and antioxidant pills don't work. The researchers wondered if mixing the ingredients would.
Rollo said the results were profound, as not only were the mice twice as active, they also seemed to get smarter.
OK, so everything and the kitchen sink works in mice.
1) Will this translate well to human?
2) What things in "everything and the kitchen sink" work? And why?
Ref: David Rollo's research, McMaster University


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Dental Aptitude Test Program
The Dental Aptitude Test (DAT) Program is conducted by the Canadian Dental Association (CDA), in coordination with the American Dental Association, and has been in operation on a national basis since 1966.
As a dental school applicant, you are encouraged to participate in the DAT well in advance of applying to dental school. Ideally, you should take the DAT exam at least one year before entering dental school.
Submission of DAT scores is an admission requirement of most of the 10 Canadian dental schools, though not all the schools require results from the Manual Dexterity Test. Canadian DAT scores are accepted by most U.S. dental schools, but because the U.S. DAT does not include a manual dexterity component, results of the U.S. DAT cannot be used for admission to Canadian dental schools. For exceptional circumstances, contact the dental school regarding their possible acceptance of U.S. DAT scores.
Examinations are held twice a year, in November and February, at various test centres across Canada. The testing program is designed to evaluate general academic ability, comprehension of scientific information, twoand three-dimensional visual perception and manual dexterity.
While all Canadian dental schools require applicants to submit DAT scores as part of the admission process, the test results are only one factor considered in evaluating the admission potential of an applicant. The relative importance of DAT scores in evaluating the admission potential of an applicant is determined by each dental school and is not regulated by the DAT Program.
Registration for the DAT is not an application to dental school. Information on admission requirements of individual dental schools must be obtained directly from each dental school.
DAT regulations, guidelines and fees are subject to change without notice.
Information for Dental School Applicants
Pre-Dental School Requirements
To complete an application for entry to a dental school, contact the school(s) of your choice directly and return the completed application according to the instructions given by the school(s) you are applying to.
There are certain basic pre-dental education courses that must be completed before enrolment in dental school. Since these requirements vary from school to school, it is essential that applicants contact the appropriate school(s) to determine specific admission requirements. Contact information for Canadian dental schools is listed on its own page.
Scope of the DAT
|SCOPE OF DENTAL APTITUDE TEST (DAT)|
|Component||Number of Questions||Time allotted|
|Manual Dexterity Test (MDT)||N/A||30 minutes|
|Survey of Natural Sciences (SNS)||70 questions ( Biology 1-40 chemistry 41-70)||60 minutes|
|Perceptual Ability Test (PAT)||90 questions||60 minutes|
|Reading Comprehension Test (RCT)||50 questions||50 minutes|
There are 4 examinations included in the English DAT and 3 examinations included in the French DAT. The tests are administered over one half (½) day and include:
1. Manual Dexterity Test - 30 minutes
Carving a specified model out of a cylindrical bar of soap specially made for the DAT.
*Please note that not all Canadian dental schools use the Manual Dexterity Test (MDT) as part of their admission requirements. It is your responsibility to verify the admission requirements of dental schools that you are interested in applying to and to understand each school's admission requirements. Students who plan to apply to more than one school should strongly consider taking the MDT.
2. Survey of Natural Sciences - 60 minutes
Biology - origin of life; cell metabolism (including photosynthesis); enzymology; cellular processes; thermodynamics; organelle structure and function; mitosis/meiosis; biological organization and relationship of major taxa (using the five-kingdom system: monera, planti; anamalia; protista; fungi); Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology - structure and function of vertebrate systems (integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, immunological, digestive, respiratory, urinary, nervous/senses, endocrine, and reproductive); Developmental Biology - fertilization, descriptive embryology, and developmental mechanisms; Genetics: molecular genetics; human genetics; classical genetics; Chromosomal genetics; Evaluation, Ecology, and Behaviour: natural selection; population genetics/speciation; cladistics; population and community ecology; ecosystems; animal behaviour (including social).
General Chemistry – Stoichiometry and General Concepts (percent composition; empirical formulae; balancing equations; moles and molecular formulas; molecular formula weights; molar mass; density; calculations from balanced equations; gases (kinetic molecular theory of gases; Dalton's, Boyle's, Charles', and ideal gas laws); liquids and solids; (intermolecular forces; phase changes; vapour pressure; structures; polarity; properties); Solutions (polarity; properties; colligative; non-colligative; forces; concentration calculations) Acids and Bases (pH; strength; BrØnsted-Lowry reactions; calculations) Chemical Equilibria (molecular; acid/base; precipitation; calculations; Le Chatelier's principle); Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry (law of thermodynamics; Hess's law; spontaneity; enthalpies and entropies; heat transfer) Chemical Kinetics (rate laws; activation energy; half-life) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (balancing equations; determination of oxidation numbers; electrochemical calculations; electrochemical concepts and terminology) Atomic and Molecular Structure (electron configuration; orbital types; Lewis-Dot diagrams; atomic theory; quantum theory; molecular geometry; bond types; sub-atomic particles) Periodic Properties (representative elements; transition elements; periodic trends; descriptive chemistry) Nuclear Reactions (balancing equations; binding energy; decay processes; particles; terminology) Laboratory (basic techniques; equipment; error analysis; safety; data analysis)
3. Perceptual Ability - 60 minutes
The Perceptual Ability Test is comprised of six subtests: 1) apertures, 2) view recognition, 3) angle discrimination, 4) paper folding, 5) cube counting, and 6) 3D form development.
4. Reading Comprehension (English DAT only) - 50 minutes
Consists of 3 reading passages. Ability to read, organize, analyze and remember new information in dental and basic sciences. Ability to comprehend thoroughly when studying scientific information. Reading materials are typical of materials encountered in the first year of dental school and require no prior knowledge of the topic other than a basic undergraduate preparation in science.
The Englishand French-language examinations require approximately 5 and 4 hours respectively, with no formal lunch break. However, stretch breaks will be provided.


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Popular quotes: The meaning an history behind "The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority..."
"The third-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the majority. The second-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking with the minority. The first-rate mind is only happy when it is thinking." - AA Milne
While A.A. Milne's best known protagonist, Winnie-the-Pooh, believed himself to be a "bear of very little brain", his creator was very gifted in the brains department - earning a scholarship to Cambridge to study mathematics and then going on to be a playwright; editor of Punch, a leading British satirical magazine; author of adult fiction and nonfiction and creator of four books starring Pooh Bear and Christopher Robin: When We Were Very Young (1924), Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), Now We Are Six (1927) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928).
Alan Alexander Milne was born in London in January 1882, the youngest of John and Sarah Milne's three sons. He grew up at Henley House, a small private school run by his father, in Kilburn, London, where he was taught briefly by H.G. Wells who apparently admired the intellect of the then 7-8 year-old Milne. He went on to Westminster School and then to Trinity College, Cambridge. While there he edited the student magazine, Granta, collaborating on articles with his brother Kenneth, while also contributing articles to Punch. He became editor of Punch from 1906 until he enlisted in the army in 1915. While editor of Punch he published his first book and three collections of articles.
During his military service in World War I he served in France with the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and, after an illness, with the Royal Corps of Signals. During this time he wrote three plays which were performed on the London stage. After being discharged in February 1919 he settled in East Sussex with his wife Dorothy (known as Daphne). In 1920 their only son, Christopher Robin Milne, was born. When Christopher was one year old he was given a stuffed bear which he initially named Edward bear but later renamed Winnie-the-Pooh" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie, which was used as a military mascot in World War I and left to London Zoo after the war.
Apparently, the success of his children's books was an annoyance to Milne who had chosen not to return to Punch after the war in order to write whatever he pleased, but instead found himself typecast as the author of the Winnie-the-Pooh stories. Despite this, in addition to his children's books, during his life he wrote seven novels, four works of non-fiction, thirty plays and four screenplays. He had a stroke and brain surgery in 1952 and died in 1956.
Judge rules unused Borders gift cards to be worthless(May 23 2013) Borders owes nothing to holders of roughly $210.5 million of gift cards that had not been used by the time the bookstore chain shut down, a Manhattan federal...


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How to write a prescription
In modern society, only qualified physicians and nurses are legally allowed to write a prescription. Very strict laws and safety guards are in place to prevent the forging of prescriptions. While forgeries still occur, they are becoming less prevalent with the government-regulated prescription pad changes made in 2007 by Medicaid. Companies that sell Rx pads and printer paper require proof that a medical practitioner is ordering the product by law.
Components of Tamper Resistant Prescription Pads
There are three levels of security features pre-printed on prescription pads used by almost all doctors. Because Medicaid has specific requirements for all prescriptions written for Medicaid patients, most doctors have adopted these high security pads for their entire practice rather than having two types of prescription pads.
Security measures to prevent copying of blank pads:
- Anti-copy Watermark. By tipping the paper towards the light, a picture appears to verify that the prescription is an original. Usually a Rx appears.
- Anti-Coy Coin Rub. By rubbing a penny across the back of the prescription the words "Secure Prescription Paper" appears.
- Hidden Message Technology. The word Void appears if a copy is made.
Security measures to prevent modification of a prescription:
- Toner Bond Security. The paper is treated with a compound that fuses with any ink used on it (including toner from printers).
- Blue Security Background. Prevents erasing of prescription.
Security measures to prevent counterfeiting of prescription forms:
- Unique Production Batch Numbers. Unique numbers are assigned to every printed batch by the manufacturer.
- Security Warning Band. Visible warning band provides warning of security measures on paper to prevent counterfeiting
- UV Fiber Secure. Invisible fluorescent fibers and threads that can only be seen under blacklight
While some physicians use printers and a specific program to write their prescriptions, the same strict guidelines are used in the design of the printer paper used for prescriptions as well.
Latin Terms on a Prescription
There are several components to writing prescriptions, one of which is the writing of specific keywords in Latin. However, in a modern world, many pharmacists are questioning the validity of writing prescriptions in both Latin and English terms and are taking steps to eradicate the use of Latin altogether.
Latin abbreviations used in prescription writing:
- bid – take twice a day
- IM – in the muscle
- IV – intravenous
- pc – take after meals
- po – orally
- pr – suppository
- prn – take as needed
- sl – under the tongue
- sq – under the skin
- tid – take three times a day
- qd – take every day
- qhs – take at bedtime
- qid – take four times a day
Drug Enforcement Administration Role in Prescription Writing
All medical prescribers are required to request and receive a DEA number, which contains two letters, six numbers, and one check digit (explained below) before a single narcotic prescription can be dispensed by the practitioner. This is a precaution taken by the Drug Enforcement Administration to ensure that controlled substances are being prescribed by only qualified professionals. Because most practitioners dispense narcotics at one time or another, it is very rare for a physician not to have this type of identifier. Most physicians include the number an all prescriptions as a tracking device for the prescriptions they write.
The first letter in the code is the type of practice:
- A – Deprecated
- B –Hospital/Clinic
- C – Practitioner
- D – Teaching Institution
- E – Manufacturer
- F – Distributor
- G – Researcher
- H – Analytical Lab
- J – Importer
- K – Exporter
- L – Reverse Distributor
- P- Narcotic Treatment Program
- R – Narcotic Treatment Program
- S – Narcotic Treatment Program
- T- Narcotic Treatment Program
- U – Narcotic Treatment Program
- X – Suboxone/Subutex Prescribing Program
The second letter is the initial of the practitioners last name. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth numbers are randomly selected by a computer. The check digit is a calculation of the following:
- Addition of the first, third and fifth digits
- Addition of the second fourth and sixth digits times two
- Add the sums of the two numbers
- The sum is the last digit
What a Practitioner Writes on a Prescription
The body of a prescription is the same regardless of the field or specialty of medicine the prescription comes from. Pharmacists require certain information be included on a prescription, and a prescription is not legally allowed to be altered by any person, even a physician after it is written. If a doctor makes a mistake, he is required to re-write the prescription from a new page.
Some of the information contained on a prescription pad must be put in place by the pad manufacturer, such as:
- The name, address, and phone number of the practitioner
- Lines for the patient name, age, address, and the current date
- Line for refill amount
- Line for the physicians signature
- Line for the DEA number
- The letters Rx
All other information will be handwritten:
- The patients name, address, phone number and date of birth.
- The date the prescription is written.
- The name of the medication. This usually consists of the brand name of generic name of a medication, however occasional the antigen or compound is used when in doubt.
- Whether the brand name medication is medically required. If it is not required the doctor puts nothing and a generic is always used in place of a brand name.
- The dosage of a medication. For example a birth control pill might be 20 micrograms.
- How many doses can be taken at one time. I.e., Take two every two hours.
- How the medicine will be taken. Orally, rectally, injections, etc.
- How many times a day the medication should be taken.
- What time of day the medication should be taken. Morning, on an empty stomach, with food, etc.
- How much medication at once. I.e. one month worth, three months worth, etc.
- Number of refills. Narcotics, by law, cannot be refilled, a doctor must write a prescription ever time.
- DEA number.
- Doctor's signature.
The Pharmacist's Role
Once a prescription is taken to the pharmacy, it is up to the pharmacist to check the security features on the prescription to ensure its validity. This check is supposed to occur with every narcotic prescription written to a pharmacy; however, some bigger pharmacies find they are filling too many prescriptions to be as detailed as necessary.
However, without the DEA number no pharmacist would fill a prescription for a controlled substance, as they can be held accountable for the illegal disbursement of a controlled substance. Furthermore, the DEA number on the prescription is entered into the computer and verified by the DEA before the prescription is filled to ensure that the prescription is from a legal source. Most pharmacy's support the notion of calling the writing physician if there is even the smallest doubt about a prescription.
Penalties for Forging Prescriptions
The penalties for forging prescriptions vary from state to state. However, most states file the same charges against those forging prescriptions. Fraud, because they perpetuate fraud by presenting a fake prescription as a real one, and possession with intent to sell. Other charges can be brought against the offenders as well, but these are the two standard ones. The prosecutor can choose any class of felony or misdemeanor he or she chooses to bring against the forger. However, in most cases felony charges are filed and the class chosen (A, B, or C) is based on the criminal background of the defendant.
Sentences vary from state to state as well, however, in most state the jail time can range from five years to life, with states like Florida and Texas averaging 30-year sentences for these crimes. This conviction also comes with a hefty fine, with fines starting at $10,000 and going up, making forging prescriptions a very expensive proposition.


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- What preventative measures can I use to stop my strawberry plants being attacked?
- Why have the stems of my clematis been stripped of their outer layers? Some of the stems are dead and there are holes in the leaves.
It sounds very much like slug damage. Pop down to your greenhouse one night and see whether you can spot them. Pick them off the plants and kill them, use beer traps, or apply a sharp scratchy mulch such as gravel to deter them. If you are not keen on creeping about by torch light then put down some slug pellets. For an organic approach try using Nemaslug.
It sounds like your Clematis is struggling a bit! The damage to the stems and leaves is likely to be caused by snails or slugs at this time of year (May). The easiest way to deal with them is to apply slug pellets around the base of the plant and hand pick them off the leaves and stems at dusk when they are at their most active.
The other common cause of damage to clematis is earwigs which chew ragged holes in the leaves and flowers, although this tends to be a problem later in the summer when the weather is warmer. Earwigs can be collected in small flower pots stuffed with straw. Place them upturned on a garden cane close to the plant. The earwigs like to hide in them during the day, when you can remove the straw and any resident earwigs and dispose of them.
We would also suggest that you prune out any dead stems now, to allow new growth to develop.
Copyright © Thompson & Morgan, 2004-2013. All rights reserved.


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Driers and Metallic Soaps
Pages: 8 Published: Jan 2012
METALLIC SOAPS ARE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALINE metals or heavy metals and monobasic carboxylic acids containing from 7 to 22 carbon atoms. The water-insoluble metallic soaps are of particular interest to the coatings industry, although potassium and lithium soaps have limited water solubility. Basically, the known techniques for preparation of metallic soaps are divided in two processes—a fusion process and a double decomposition process. The fusion process involves reacting a metal oxide or hydroxide with a fused fatty acid such as a triglyceride in the presence of water. The process yields the desired metallic soap and glycerin. The double decomposition process involves reacting an alkali soap that is comprised of an alkaline metal salt or an ammonium salt of a fatty acid with an inorganic metal salt. Both processes are usually carried out in a batch mode; and, as a result, a product contaminated with unreacted starting materials and by-products that must be further purified is formed. To obtain a product essentially free of contamination, a continuous process involving the double decomposition scheme has been devised. An aqueous solution of the alkali soap and an inorganic metal salt are separately fed onto a rotating impeller surface whereon they are instantaneously mixed. The resulting aqueous slurry is rapidly discharged and a contamination-free metallic soap results. Recently, a process for making basic zirconium carboxylates of branchedchain, fiveto ten-carbon, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids has been described. The compounds are useful as driers for paints and inks. The applications of metallic soaps in coatings include their use as driers, catalysts, stabilizers, biocides, bodying agents, and flatting agents. An overview of metallic soap applications is presented in Table 1. An interesting particular end-use for metallic soaps is in the formation of a thin metallic oxide coating on a substrate. A solution of the metallic soap is applied by reverse roll coating and then baked in a manner such that a thin, about 1–10 μm, film of the metallic oxide is formed. Although this chapter concentrates primarily on metallic soaps used as driers, a brief review of bodying and flatting applications for these materials is included.
Paper ID: MNL12185M
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


text: We assessed trends in the relative prevalences of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infection in 10,321 women attending outpatient clinics in Senegal between 1990 and 2009. The relative prevalence of HIV-1 (defined as the proportion of seropositive subjects having HIV-1) rose sharply from 38% in 1990 until 1993 (P < 0.001), whereupon it continued to rise, but at a slower rate, reaching 72% of HIV infections in 2009. As compared with HIV-1, the relative prevalence of HIV-2 decreased sharply from 54% in 1990 until 1993 (P < 0.001) and continued to decrease at a slower rate through 2009. The relative prevalence of dual infection, as compared with HIV-1, was stable from 1990 to 1993, but decreased slightly thereafter (P < 0.001). These study findings indicate that during the early 1990s, the relative prevalence of HIV-1 increased markedly, while the relative prevalence of HIV-2 decreased and the relative prevalence of dual infection remained stable in Senegal. From 1993 to 2009, the relative prevalence of HIV-1 increased at a slower rate, while the relative prevalences of HIV-2 and dual infection decreased. These results confirm trends in HIV prevalence observed in other West African populations and provide a critical update on HIV transmission risk among women in Senegal.


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- Ularitide is the pharmaceutical version of urodilatin
- Urodilatin is a 32 amino acid hormone of the natriuretic peptide family, secreted from the distale tubulus of the kidney
- Upon binding to the natriuretic peptide receptor A and stimulation of
the particulate guanylate cyclase, ularitide regulates vascular
perfusion, neurohormonal activation and renal function.
- Urodilatin is the kidneys response to decompensating heart failure by accommodating and preserving its renal function
- In acute heart failure, the administration of ularitide is believed to
assure systemic organ perfusion and hence to reduce the short-and long
term clinical complications.
Watch the following mode of action video to find out further information around how ularitide works:


Attaching or embedding manifest files
Generate options
Select Embedded manifest if your application needs to be certified for Vista. A manifest file with the execution level you select is embedded in the application's executable file.
You can also select External manifest to generate a standalone manifest file in XML format that you ship with your application's executable file, or No manifest if you do not need to distribute a manifest file.
Execution level
Select As Invoker if the application does not need elevated or administrative privileges. Selecting a different execution level will probably require that you modify your application to isolate administrative features in a separate process to receive Vista certification.
Select Require Administrator if the application process must be created by a member of the Administrators group. If the application user does not start the process as an administrator, a message box displays so that the user can enter the appropriate credentials.
Select Highest Available to have the AIS retrieve the highest available access privileges for the user who starts the process.
UI access
If the application needs to drive input to higher privilege windows on the desktop, such as an on-screen keyboard, select the "Allow access to protected system UI" check box. For most applications you should not select this check box. Microsoft provides this setting for user interface Assistive Technology (Section 508) applications.
Authenticode signing required
If you check this box, the application must be Authenticode signed and must reside in a protected location, such as Program Files or Windows\system32.


Segments are essential tools when using Crisp, they can help in a lot of ways. To better understand what they are and how to use this feature, this article is set to give you everything you need.
This guide goes into explaining what is a segment and how it works. Segments are vital if you want to make the most out of Crisp. That's why it is an essential read if you're getting started with our platform.
Coming from Intercom? Segments are known as tags.
What is a segment?
A segment is a way for your business to mark a profile or a conversation. You can assimilate it as a way of tagging a user with a specific behavior. For example, you can tag all your leads with a segment named "lead" to create filters in your inbox, build advanced filters in the contact tab, send them a newsletter using campaign or build an routing rule that will redirect conversations to the sales team.
How to assign a segment?
Segments can be assigned in three different ways. It can be manual, automated or done with a bot scenario. Here is how you can do it, and where.
Assigning a segment manually
A segment can be added manually by typing it inside the dedicated input, as shown below. In the example, you can see three different segments: Email, Ambassador and clothes.
Assigning a segment automatically
Assign a segment using the JS SDK
A dedicated article exists about how to set a segment dynamically using the JS SDK. However, here is a quick reminder:
// Feed this call with your own internal segment.
$crisp.push(["set", "session:segments", [["registered_users", "lead"]]])
Assign a segment using the API
- session segments:
- contact segments:
You'll need to add your segments in the "segments" array in the request body: "segments": ["lead"]
Assign a segment using the bot.
Through the bot you can do multiple actions automatically, such as assigning a segment to a conversation. By using a specific block called "Set Session Segment" which is an action block, you'll assign segments automatically to conversations.
Example of a chatbot scenario having a Set Session Segment
Assign a segment using Mailboxes
Thanks to Crisp, you can handle multiple mailboxes in the same inbox. Using aliases such as or you'll be able to assign a segment to the conversation and route it to the right department or make it a priority task to handle.
How can segment help your team?
Now that you understand what is a segment and how to use it, it's time to focus on some specific use case that can be quite helpful when using Crisp.
To build an email list
Segments are a targeting option inside Campaigns (our customer engagement software). It means that you can retarget users that had to deal with a specific thing such as a downtime, a sales meeting or a bug report for example.
To trigger a zap
Using zapier, we've created a trigger that enables a zap when a segment is assigned to a conversation. This way, you can build a workflow that sends a ticket to Trello or Jira when the segment "bug" is assigned to the conversation for example.
To create a filter in the inbox
Using segments, you can build filters to display specific conversations inside your Inbox. This way, you can choose to display VIP conversations or lead conversations based on your role or your needs.
There are many more ways to take advantage of segments, it's up to you to get started with this key, yet simple, feature.
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Message Translator
Camel supports the Message Translator from the EIP patterns by using an arbitrary Processor in the routing logic, by using a bean to perform the transformation, or by using transform() in the DSL. You can also use a Data Format to marshal and unmarshal messages in different encodings.
You can transform a message using Camel's Bean Integration to call any method on a bean in your Registry such as your Spring XML configuration file as follows
 .bean("myTransformerBean", "myMethodName")
Where the "myTransformerBean" would be defined in a Spring XML file or defined in JNDI etc. You can omit the method name parameter from beanRef() and the Bean Integration will try to deduce the method to invoke from the message exchange.
or you can add your own explicit Processor to do the transformation
or you can use the DSL to explicitly configure the transformation
You can also use Spring XML Extensions to do a transformation. Basically any Expression language can be substituted inside the transform element as shown below
Or you can use the Bean Integration to invoke a bean

You can also use Templating to consume a message from one destination, transform it with something like Velocity or XQuery and then send it on to another destination. For example using InOnly (one way messaging)
If you want to use InOut (request-reply) semantics to process requests on the My.Queue queue on ActiveMQ with a template generated response, then sending responses back to the JMSReplyTo Destination you could use this.


Sentence Examples
 - It isn't like they couldn't survive without her contribution to the income.
 - This was an original contribution to the history of the Jews and Judaism in the time of Christ, and has been much used by later writers on the subject (e.g.
 - Although some lurking errors impaired the authority of the concluded parallaxes this work ranks as a valuable contribution to astronomy, since it showed the possibility of employing photography in such delicate investigations.
How would you define contribution? Add your definition here.
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Habitat - Fish Passage Technical Assistance
Date Published: March 16, 2001
Number of Pages: 58
Resident and anadromous salmonids are a vital component of the culture and economy of the Pacific Northwest. Each year, millions of dollars in revenues are generated in Washington, Oregon, and California by sport and commercial fisheries targeting salmon and trout. In addition, the presence and abundance of salmonids indicates the health of Pacific Northwest stream ecosystems. Without question, protection and enhancement of salmonids and the habitats that support them directly enhances the distribution and abundance of many other wildlife species as well.
Correction of human-made fish passage barriers such as impassable culverts, dams, floodgates, or degraded fishways is one of the most cost effective methods of salmonid restoration. In many cases, several miles of quality salmon and trout habitat can be retrieved and brought into production by eliminating a single point source fish barrier. To address these problems, the Fish Passage Unit performs several major functions: fishway inspections, fishway operation and maintenance, culvert inventory work, fishway major project development, database management, and training/consultation on fish passage related issues. The unit is composed of specialized fish biologists, engineers, technicians, and equipment operators. Following is a summary of work completed.


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Parks and Cemeteries, the section that oversees the development and maintenance of Dog Parks, is piloting the use of pedestrian traffic counters at Dog Park entrance areas. The purpose of the program is to provide baseline data on when and at what volume Dog Parks across the city are being used.
What is the data used for?
Data on volume and time of use is essential to:
- provide a snap shot of when and at what volume Dog Parks are being used;
- build long-term support for City Dog Parks;
- contribute to City processes including capital/maintenance programs, planning, design and program evaluation.
Where is the data collected?
Currently 2 pedestrian traffic counters have been installed at Nathan Cirillo and Borer's Dog Parks. Counters will be rotated to other Dog Parks over time, at which time data will be reviewed.
City of Hamilton Traffic Operations operates a similar program with over 20 counters on trails and pathways, through the Active Transportation Benchmarking program.
- Date modified:


Globalization of E-Commerce
Impacts of Electronic Commerce on the Global Networked Economy
- A Multi-Country Study
The Internet and electronic commerce are bringing countries together to create a global networked economy. Internet technology is said to have no regard for national borders, but the people and companies that use the technology function within very different national environments. This research program examines the global diffusion of Internet-based e-commerce, how national environments and policies influence e-commerce use within countries, and the economic and social impacts of e-commerce. It addresses the following general issues:
 - How do global trends such as technology innovation and economic liberalization influence international diffusion of the Internet and e-commerce?
 - What national environmental factors and policies influence the diffusion of e-commerce use within individual countries?
 - What are the social and economic impacts of e-commerce, and how are they affected by national environments and policies?
This project examines the impacts of e-commerce on a multi-country basis. It includes selected country case studies looking at the growth of e-commerce nationally, and also in more detail in three critical industry sectors: manufacturing industry, financial services, and retail. These studies serve as a basis for identifying key environmental and policy factors that influence the diffusion and impacts of e-commerce.
In addition, data is being collected on e-commerce globally in over 40 countries on e-commerce revenues and on environmental factors, such as income, education, telecommunications infrastructure and others, that might have an impact on e-commerce application. This data is being used to identify trends and to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and use. More detailed data is being gathered on the three industry sectors for comparative purposes. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies facilitates the study of new, fast-changing e-commerce innovation in a very fluid market environment.
The project is being carried out by a team of researchers from around the world. The effort is led by the CRITO Institute of University of Irvine, California, but involves collaboration with experts from Brazil (Paulo Bastos Tigre, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Denmark (Kim Andersen, Copenhagen Business School), China (Zixiang Tan, Syracuse University and Wu Ouyang, Center for Information Infrastructure and Economic Development), France (Eric Brousseau, University of Paris X), Japan (Dennis Tachiki, Tamagawa University Tokyo), Mexico (Juan J. Palacios, University of Guadalajara), Singapore (Poh Kam Wong, National University of Singapore), Taiwan (Tain-Jy Chen, National Taiwan University), the United States (John Leslie King, University of Michigan) and Germany (Wolfgang Koenig, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main).
The potential outcomes of the research include: (1) better understanding of the relationship between national environments and the use and impacts of e-commerce (2) benchmarks for future studies of national and global trends, (3) business metrics for global e-commerce markets; and (4) insights for policymakers who seek to maximize the benefits of e-commerce.
The Institute of Information Systems, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt and the University of Arkansas at Little Rock are the national resarch partners for Germany. The project is supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation till 2004. For further information contact Roman Beck.


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Coming in IDL 8.6 - Repeating Timers
Jim Pendleton
A couple years ago I wrote a blog article on the topic of the new TIMER class in IDL 8.3. In the upcoming IDL 8.6 release, a new REPEAT keyword will be added to the Timer::Set method.
We like to write device control software in the Professional Services Group here at Harris so this new feature will come in handy.
The typical case for using a timer with REPEAT arises from the need to ensure processing at a regular interval, for example in the display of an animation at a specific frames-per-second rate, or in the consistent collection of data from a device.
This REPEAT keyword is a toggle to force the timer to fire at the specified interval. This relieves the callback code of the need for an explicit call to manually reset the timer during the processing of the preceding event. It produces a truly regular "heartbeat" of events.
It is most appropriate to use this style of timer when the processing time of the callback is less than the timer's interval. If the timer events cannot be drained at a rate greater than the interval at which they're added to the queue, this solution is not generally recommended, or the interval needs to be adjusted accordingly.
The IDL Code Profiler should be used to determine if there is a potential for conflict between the callback execution time and the sampling rate. Also be aware that your measurements will depend on the current platform and system load, so be judicious when deploying solutions like this to other computers with different performance characteristics from the device under test.
A timer callback can be thought of as a higher-priority interrupt to the main IDL interpreter loop. It will take precedence over the otherwise-executing code.
When the interpreter is between execution of lines of.pro code, if a timer event is found on the queue the timer's callback routine will be executed first, taking precedence over the next line of IDL code. This also applies to compiled code in IDL SAVE files.
When the callback is completed, the interpreter returns to its regularly-scheduled execution, which may include the processing of additional timer callbacks.
In other words, the IDL interpreter remains single-threaded. The timer callback will be executed as an interruption to the currently-executing context. In fact, a timer will interrupt even modal WIDGET_BASE dialogs. In many cases, it may be wise to use a mechanism such as TIMER's ::Block/::Unblock methods or a system semaphore to prevent the possibility of re-entrance.
The following source code shows the behavior of the timer event queue when /REPEAT is set.
PRO myTimerCallback3, id, c
t = systime(1)
c.dt.add, t - c.t
c.t = t
wait, c.counter ge 20 && c.counter le 40?.51 :.001
print, 'in callback ', c.counter
done = c.counter eq 100
if (done) then begin
 p = plot(c.dt.toarray(), ytitle = 'dt', xtitle = 'iteration', $
 title = 'Execution time per iteration')
 void = Timer.Cancel(id)
PRO async_timer_example_repeat3
; Create a timer that will fire 5 times per second.
c = {counter : 0L, t : systime(1), dt : list()}
id = Timer.Set( 0.2,'myTimerCallback3', c, /REPEAT )
A new timer object is created that fires off events at an interval of 0.2 seconds, regardless of what else may be going on in the IDL main thread.
In the callback, the first 19 iterations are executed with just a 1-millisecond WAIT delay, simulating a light CPU load.
Iterations 20 through 40 are executed with a 0.51-second delay, over twice the timer object's repetition interval. This simulates a heavier CPU load and helps to show that the timer continues to run and queue events at its own rate in the background.
The remaining steps revert to the shorter wait time.
Internally, the code keeps track of the clock time between callback execution at each step.
The plot of the result is shown below.
The labels indicate the dominant driver for the execution rate at each interval.
Initially, the timer's heartbeat keeps us on track with a regular 0.2 second interval between callbacks.
The next set of iterations are dominated by the 0.51 second WAIT inside each callback. If we had been displaying a video playback, the frame rate would be decreased substantially during this time.
The third set of iterations shows the effect of emptying the queue of the accumulated timer events that could not be processed immediately at the time they were fired, due to the WAIT statements in the previous block. If this had been video playback, these frames would have all been displayed very rapidly.
After the queue is emptied, the regular heartbeat is attained again. Video playback would return to "real time".
If you were to remove the /REPEAT keyword and add a call to Timer::Set in the callback routine, you could compare the effects. Your choice in your own code will be based on your prioritization of "real time" versus "lagging but consistent" sampling.


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Yellow-rumped caciques (Cacicus cela) are widespread across northern South America. They can be found east of the Andes Mountains throughout the Amazon Basin. Yellow-rumped caciques are more numerous in the tropics than in temperate regions although some have been spotted along the southern border of Bolivia which is considered to be the southern (more temperate) extent of their range. They inhabit all northern countries of South America and extend east throughout the upper half of Brazil. They are native to the Amazon and have not been introduced into any other regions.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
- Lowther, P. 1975. Geographic and ecological variation in the family Icteridae. The Wilson Bulletin, 87/4: 481-495.
- Ridgely, R., G. Tudor. 1989. The Birds of South America. United States of America: Robert S. Ridgely, Guy Tudor, and World Wildlife Fund, Inc.
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The presented book Disaster Management is abundant with the facts beginning from the meaning of disaster management its management how to tackle with natural calamities, its preventions and the steps taken by the government and many more. The book is of tremendous significance for the students, teachers, scholars and researchers.
About Author :
BK Singh is an academic and scholar in his own rights and a profilic writer. He was obtained his all higher qualifications from reputed universities of India. He is totally devoted to serious writings. Having attended a number of seminars and workshops, he has written hundreds of articles on the subject.
2. Occurrence of Disasters
3. Study Programme in Disaster Management
4. Types of Disaster
5. Disaster Management: ASEAN
6. Policy of Disaster Risk Management
7. First Aid and Patient Care
8. Rescue Methods in Disaster
9. Losses of Natural Disasters
|Title:||Handbook of Disaster Management: Techniques and Guidelines HB|
* The book summary and image may be of a different edition or binding of the same title.
* Book reviews are added by registered customers. They need not necessarily buy book.
* These books are NOT available for reading online or for free download in PDF or ebook format.
* Price can change due to reprinting, price change by publisher or sourcing cost change for imported books.
_URL_ is the biggest online bookstore in India for sale of books at best price - fiction, literature, audiobooks, study guides, novels, story books, rare books, textbooks and books by popular authors. These are available in various editions and bindings e.g. paperback and at best discount.
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text:
Exotic plants are edging out native species at Radnor Lake Natural Area, the Warner Parks and other Nashville parks.
The problem, and the solution, could come from local gardeners.
Officials at Warner Parks are reaching out to the surrounding community to teach individuals about which plants to avoid in their private landscaping.
Park officials started to become aware of the problem about 15 years ago when birds that ate fruits from exotic plants in nearby private gardens dropped the seeds in the parks.
In the first program offered on Feb. 10, Urban Forester Jill Smith will lead hikers along the Harpeth Woods trail in the Warner Parks to remove exotic vines.


Example: Enter the names of the places FROM Tver,Russia TO Bacau,Romania then press ENTER or DISTANCE button
What if they are more cities with similar names?
Exemplu: Tver,Russia
Directions. How to change route
distance between Tver,Russia - Bacau,Romania
Calculate-distance.com - condition to use:
However, it is posible some of the information (ie. city, calculate distance, route, distances, etc.) contained in this website to not be very precise.


text:
economically or physically linked titles, or an option to combine retention leases and production licenses over the same petroleum field.
- Creating a fact sheet or guidance not on the retention lease process and releasing summaries on the Joint Authorities decisions to grant retention licenses in order to create a better understanding of the retention lease regime.
The recommended changes to the retention lease and production licence regimes are the most far reaching of the Interim Report and current or prospective titleholders, particularly those with interests moving from exploration towards development and production, should ensure they remain informed as these changes are taking place.
The current Australian decommissioning framework remains relatively uncertain, which has lead a number of operators assuming the most conservative position, being total site restoration. The Interim Report recognises that, given a large number of facilities will require decommissioning over the coming decades, the Government, industry and NOPSEMA will need to work together to develop a clear framework surrounding decommissioning obligations. The first port of call in developing a framework will be the current international regimes in place, including the United Kingdom's decommissioning regime.
While Australia's offshore petroleum regime is adequate in its current form, the increased knowledge of Australia's resources and the changing nature of resources that will be available to be exploited means that improvements in the regime could be made. The Government is yet to publicly take any action following the Interim Report and a number of the actions set out in the Interim Report require further government, industry and stakeholder input before they can be implemented.
Ultimately, titleholders should be aware that the proposed reforms may be implemented over the medium term, depending on the outcome of stakeholder consultation.


Car batteries run on relativity
Technology 14 January 2011
The transfer of electrons between two forms of lead in the batteries yields a potential of more than 2 volts, higher than most other batteries. But why they are so good has been a puzzle. Lighter weight tin, for example, which sits one row above lead in the periodic table, is too feeble to power a battery.
Pekka Pyykkö at the University of Helsinki in Finland and colleagues have calculated that the stronger charges on the heavier lead nuclei attract electrons more powerfully, so they reach 60 per cent the speed of light compared to tin's 35 per cent. According to relativity, this gives the electrons higher effective masses, increasing their binding energy to the electrode that attracts them and thus their voltage.
Without these relativistic effects, Pyykkö and colleagues calculate that lead-acid batteries would generate only 0.39 volts. With them, they predict 2.13 volts, in good agreement with the measured 2.11 volts.
"Batteries involving other heavy elements, such as mercury, will probably have very similar effects," Pyykkö told New Scientist.
Journal reference: Physical Review Letters, vol 106, p 018391


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What you'll learn
In this tutorial, we'll be learning about the prompt step, which allows you to create nonlinear conversations by prompting the user for a particular response. In other words, when this step is initiated, the assistant opens up its microphone where it listens and waits for an intent to be spoken by the user.
Topics covered include:
1. Understanding the Prompt Step
2. Prompt vs. Choice Step
3. Using the Prompt Step in your project
4. Re-prompts & No Reply Response.
Subscribe to the Voiceflow YouTube Channel: _URL_


Steps to Start Adventure Racing
Even if you're an experienced triathlete, runner, mountain biker or kayaker—if you're new to adventure racing—your biggest challenge will undoubtedly be: "How do I get started?"
More: Ironman vs. Adventure Race
But if you are new to the sport, there are a few simple steps you can take to make it easy and not so intimidating to get your feet wet, so to speak. So familiarize yourself, do a little footwork and you'll soon immerse yourself in the exciting world of adventure racing.
More: What Is Adventure Racing?
1. Find your local adventure racing community. Do some research, reach out and ask questions. Get to know the other people involved—they'll become great friends and resources.
2. Find out what events and races are happening around you—or what events you may want to take a special trip to. It will allow you to keep a running calendar, which you can organize and hone as you go.
More: How to Plan Your Season
3. Volunteer at these events and races, at first, to get acquainted with the sport and the community. There's no better way to familiarize yourself than by taking some time to feel the world out, somewhat on the sidelines, before diving in.
4. Join the weekly activities in your community. Racing teams, local outdoor shops and other sponsors often coordinate to organize (mostly) free activities that encourage skill building, community building, training opportunities and that are an all around good time.
More: Adventure Race Teamwork
5. Attend free clinics. Many adventure race organizations also offer free clinics. Capitalize on that.
6. Do a sprint race and see how you like it. These races are usually about 4 hours for newbies (or 2, for the fastest teams) and are considered entry level for adventure racing. You can expect to be riding for 1.5 hours, trekking for an hour, and kayaking for 30 minutes.
More: An Introduction to Oreinteering
About the Author
Hani Juha owns and manages ARCalifornia and He's been an avid athlete and cyclist for years. His mission is to share his knowledge and passion for cycling and adventure sports with his community.
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Can someone explain the role of Madame Volmonde in Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin please
1 Answer | Add Yours
Although seemingly unimportant, due to the scarce number of times that she appears in the story, Madame Volmonde is actually the key that hides a significant amount of foreshadowing in the story.
The wife of a well-established man, Madame Volmonde and her husband adopt foundling Desiree as their own child. The story begins with Mdme. Volmonde going to see Desiree's first child; a baby whom Mdme. Volmonde had not seen in four weeks after his birth.
In a clever play on words, Chopin clearly shows the reader that Madame Volmonde is the first person to realize that Desiree's child is different. However, Chopin downplays Volmonde's words with Desiree's own views and opinions about the changes in her baby's growth.
Upon doing a closer reading, or a second reading, of the story we realize that Madame Volmonde was not speaking about the baby's growth when she first expresses the words:
That is not the baby!
We know this because of a poignant, yet, seemingly unimportant action that may even be overlooked by the reader at first:
Madame Valmonde had never removed her eyes from the child. She lifted it and walked with it over to the window that was lightest. She scanned the baby narrowly, then looked as searchingly at Zandrine, whose face was turned to gaze across the fields.
It is clear, as it is later shown, that Madame Volmonde is the first to observe that this child is actually a black child. Why else would she need to move to the lightest part of the window to take a closer look? Moreover, why the need to scan the baby so closely, and then look straight at Zandrine, who is also black and the babys nursemaid! Then, notice Zandrine's own expression: is she gazing across the fields because she also noticed something of which she much rather not speak?
As already said, each comment that Mme. Volmonde makes is deflected by Desiree's happy mood. As a result, Madame Volmonde may have assumed that the baby's father may have also noticed the obvious. This is the reason why she asks:
"What does Armand say?"
to which Desiree responds with positive and happy news.
As the story develops, it takes three more months for Armand to begin to detach from his child and wife. It is then when Desiree finally seems to awake form a daze and realizes that the child is, indeed, different. When Armand blames Desiree of being black (after all, she is adopted and nobody knows her ancestry), Desiree goes into a trauma that ends with her drowning herself and her child in the bayou. However, through a clever switch of situations, Chopin uses Madame Volmonde again merely to call her daughter back to their home, in order to comfort her daughter.
When a seemingly casual letter reveals that it is Armand who has the black ancestry, and not Desiree, is when the otherwise-casual actions of Mdme. Volmonde that day that she said "That is not the baby!" take a completely different meaning.
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I have collected 70 organisms from 4 different sites; two sites of treatment 1 and two sites of treatment 2. I also have a continuous explanatory variable (average temperature) which is different for each site. How can I test if measures of richness and diversity differ between sites or by temperature?
Richness is the number of species in each sample
Diversity is a weighted average of the proportions of each species present. In this case we are using the Shannon Index which is:
$^1\!D= \exp\left(-\sum_{i=1}^R p_i \ln p_i\right)$
where $p_i$ is the proportion of each species $i$ at that site, and $R$ is the richness of the site.
What sort of model can I use when diversity and richness are my response variables?
This question had been abandonned by the OP without giving enough info to answer it properly, the above is an attempt to provide an answerable question in the spirit of what was asked.
Original Question:
I have collected ca. 70 species of organism from 4 sites. 2 sites of Treatment 1 and 2 sites of Treatment 2. How do I test using R, whether the richness, dominance, abundance and diversity is different between the two if I have 6 explanatory variables?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ are the sites fare enough from one another so that the measurements can be considered independent across sites? $\endgroup$ – user603 Jul 25 '11 at 16:35
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, the sites are independant of each other. $\endgroup$ – Platypezid Jul 25 '11 at 19:07
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ some example data and calculations of these metrics would help. Hoe did you choose the explanatory variables? Are they independent? $\endgroup$ – David LeBauer Jul 27 '11 at 2:35
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ The data is count data and the explanatory variables chosen are independant and are uncorrelated after checking for collinearity. What I really want to know is can you do a GLM to test differences in Species richness, dominance and diversity? Thanks! Would you use poisson distribution or gaussian? $\endgroup$ – Platypezid Jul 27 '11 at 13:27
 - $\begingroup$ Could you give an definition of Richness, Dominance and Diversity? Richness I understand to be number of species? if so then Poisson would be ok for that $\endgroup$ – Korone Feb 2 '13 at 12:20
I think neither of these responses fit perfectly into any of the standard GLM link functions. Taking a pragmatic approach it is probably sufficient to pick a link function that is broadly doing the right thing.
Your raw data is from a multinomial distribution, and Richness, $R$, is the number of categories with a score of 1 or more. Although this is count data, it isn't quite the same as the normal sort of count data. The most striking difference being that you can never have a count of zero. As pragmatic first attempt, I would consider modeling $(R-1)$ using a poisson link function. The handwaving reasoning here could be this: If you were catching animals at a random rate for a fixed length of time, the number caught would be modelled well by Poisson. You are catching a fixed number of animals, but at a random rate the type of animal changes. If it wasn't for the fact your return to species already seen, this would be quite a good match.
For diversity, things are even less intuitive. However, the diversity is a sort of average of the abundance ($p_i$) of each species, and as such is bounded by $[0,1]$. This suggests that you could probably treat it as a proportion and use a logit link function.
Advanced Alternative
If the pragmatic matching of support and "looks approximately right" approach is not satisfying, it appears there is another way. I don't know much about this, but there is something called the *Multinomial Diversity Model" which is designed to deal with these sorts of problems. It is described in this paper, _URL_ but I have no idea how popular it is.
It is, however, implented in R and availble on CRAN as MRM, apparently by the author of the above paper. It includes a spider data set used as an example in the help:
fit0 <- mdm(y2p(spider6[,1:6])~1,data=spider6)
fit1 <- mdm(y2p(spider6[,1:6])~Water,data=spider6)
fit2 <- mdm(y2p(spider6[,1:6])~Water+Herbs,data=spider6)
fit3 <- mdm(y2p(spider6[,1:6])~Site,data=spider6,alpha=TRUE)
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Here is a similar related question about modelling proportions on this site, stats.stackexchange.com/q/24187/1036. I suspect it would be good to search Sociological journals as well for literature, the same diversity measures are of frequent interest to demographers interested in segregation. $\endgroup$ – Andy W Feb 11 '13 at 14:19
Your Answer


text:
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding
Links and documents
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding National Historic Site of Canada incorporates some 24 hectares (60 acres) on the southeastern (downstream) shore of Beaubears Island at the confluence of the Southwest and Northwest Miramichi River, and the adjacent south channel of the Miramichi River. The site includes the remains of an early 19th-century shipyard.
Beaubears Island Shipbuilding was designated a national historic site as an example of a shipbuilding site in the Province of New Brunswick that contained in situ archaeological resources.
The heritage value of Beaubears Island Shipbuilding lies in the setting and landscape which contains archaeological resources defining the former shipyard facilities. These are typical of a New Brunswick shipyard of the early and mid 19th century in an area representing the major concentration of such sites along the Miramichi, the second largest shipbuilding centre in New Brunswick.
Source: HSMBC Minutes, November 2001.
Key features contributing to the heritage value of this site include:
- the combination of natural and archaeological features associated with 19th-century shipbuilding in eastern Canada,
- the archaeological evidence of shipbuilding activities on the approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) of this site,
- the location of the Beaubears site near the mid-stream boundary of the south river channel (into which ships were launched and where repair and refitting work was carried out as typical of the Miramichi sites),
- the location on the south shore of Beaubears Island, near dense woods on the balance of the island (providing ready access to the materials required for shipbuilding),
- the morphology of the Island, 4.5-9 metres (15-30 feet) above the sea-level, sloping towards the river (providing terrain suitable for launching and repairing the small and medium sized vessels),
- the integrity, relative lack of disturbance and visible fabric of both cultural landscape forms and archaeological vestiges of the facilities and distribution of Russell's Beaubears facilities including a two-storey stone house, a well, a wood house, a coach house, outhouses and a kitchen garden), near the house site (a barn, retail and provisioning store, wharf and warehouse nearby; a salt store, a lumber yard, and a timber boom attached to the eastern tip of the island), at the shipyard on the mid point of the southern shore (five slipways, a blacksmith's shop, a joiner's shop, a moulding loft, a storage shed, sawpits, a steam box and boiler), and the support facilities adjacent to the shipyard (a foreman's house, seven workers' houses, a cookhouse, a kitchen and bedrooms and accommodation for 50 workers),
- the integrity and relative lack of recent disturbance of the surface of the cultural landscape as identified by vegetation patterns, changes and surface disturbances that indicate the boundaries of former human activity,
- the distinctive sense of place created by the undisturbed past resources in the cultural landscape, the undisturbed vegetation and similar qualities of the island, and its adjacent river channel.
Government of Canada
Historic Sites and Monuments Act
National Historic Site of Canada
1866/01/01 to 1890/01/01
1790/01/01 to 1838/01/01
Theme - Category and Type
- Developing Economies
- Extraction and Production
- Developing Economies
- Communications and Transportation
Function - Category and Type
- Crafts Production Facility
- Harbour Facility
Architect / Designer
Location of Supporting Documentation
National Historic Sites Directorate, Documentation Centre, 5th Floor, Room 89, 25 Eddy Street, Gatineau, Quebec
Cross-Reference to Collection


text:
η Hydrae (eta Hydrae)
η Hydrae is a variable main-sequence star in the constellation of Hydra.
η Hydrae visual magnitude is 4.3. Because of its moderate brightness, η Hydrae should be easily visible from locations with dark skyes, while it can be barely visible, or not visible at all, from skyes affected by light pollution.
The table below summarizes the key facts about η Hydrae:
Celestial coordinates and finder chart of η Hydrae
η Hydrae is situated close to the celestial equator, as such, it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year. Celestial coordinates for the J2000 equinox as well as galactic coordinates of η Hydrae are provided in the following table:
The simplified sky map below shows the position of η Hydrae in the sky:
Visibility of η Hydrae from your location
Today's η Hydrae (eta Hydrae) rise, transit and set times from Greenwich, United Kingdom are the following (all times relative to the local timezone Europe/London):
Digitized Sky Survey image of η Hydrae
The image below is a photograph of η Hydrae from the Digitized Sky Survey 2 (DSS2 - see the credits section) taken in the red channel. The area of sky represented in the image is 0.5x0.5 degrees (30x30 arcmins). The proper motion of η Hydrae is -0.019 arcsec per year in Right Ascension and -0.001 arcsec per year in Declination and the associated displacement for the next 10000 years is represented with the red arrow.
Distance of η Hydrae from the Sun and relative movement
η Hydrae is distant 466.38 light years from the Sun and it is moving far from the Sun at the speed of 17 kilometers per second.
Spectral properties of η Hydrae
η Hydrae belongs to spectral class B3 and has a luminosity class of V corresponding to a main-sequence star.
The red dot in the diagram below shows where η Hydrae is situated in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.


text:
- Annual Meeting
- Join CSWA
We are a national alliance of professional science communicators in all media.
Our mission is to cultivate excellence in science writing and science journalism.
Our goal is to increase public awareness of science in Canadian culture.
Specific Goals and Objectives:
- to promote and reward balanced and accurate science reporting in Canada
- to create opportunities for members to meet and exchange ideas
- to initiate educational and training opportunities for science communicators in all regions of Canada
- to encourage communication between scientists and journalists
- to encourage greater awareness among editors, producers and other gatekeepers of the need for science coverage
- to nourish the growth of a membership that reflects Canadian society with respect to gender, race and region


Assets: Bitmaps
Separate bitmaps need to be prepared for each platform you are targetting, as resolution and palette varies according to each system. The tool used for conversion is GIMP (packaged with 8bit-Unity)
Step 1: Master Bitmap
Create a Master Bitmap in 320x200x256 colors (or higher), which will be used as the reference "look and feel" when converting to the various platforms. Here we take as reference the "pumpkin" bitmap used in the "8bit-Grubs" demo. Make sure the image is converted to the PNG format, and that it does not contain an alpha channel (transparency).
Step 2: Rescale
In the second step, we use GIMP to rescale the bitmap for each platform. Use the menu Image > Scale Image, then set the resolution as shown in the table below. In the quality setting, I recommend to use Interpolation: None, to avoid blurring of the image.
Apple //e 140×192
Atari XL/XE 160×200
Commodore 64 160×200
Atari Lynx 160×102
Oric 1/Atmos 117×100
Step 3: Apply Palette
In the third step, we apply a palette that corresponds to the specific platform. Use the menu Image > Mode > Indexed…, then set Use custom palette to the desired target. Make sure that all other options match the screenshot shown below to avoid errors when building game disks.
Step 4: Retouch Colors and Export
In some cases, applying the palette may lead to unsatisfactory conversion of the image. In such case, it may be necessary to retouch colors before exporting. To select all pixels of a given color use the menu Select > By Color. To select all pixels of same color within a given area use the Magic Wand. You can recolor by drag'dropping a color from the palette onto the selected area.
You are now ready to export the bitmap to PNG: Use the menu File > Export As… and save with the extension ".png" to /bitmaps/ in your project folder.
ATARI NOTE: colors 1 (black), 6 (bright red), 11 (bright blue), and 16 (bright green) are recommended for large areas of color fill, such as the sprite background. These colors do not flicker, while all other colors are produced by flickering between combinations of these 4 colors every 2 frame.
Final Output
Apple //e: 140×192 Atari XL/XE: 160×200 Commodore 64: 160×200 Lynx:


text:
FAQ & Tips
What size of storage unit do I need?
This is a common question for us. You never know how much space you'll need until you see all of your belongings together in one location. Here are a couple of tips we recommend for eliminating those moments of guess-timation.
- If you've packed all your belongings and have them put to the side in one room, measure the dimensions of that room (width x height) and multiply them together for the total square footage. Knowing how many square feet your contents occupy, will make it easier for us to quote you the storage unit size needed.
- If you are just starting the moving/packing process, imagine putting all of your belongings into the bedrooms of your home. How many rooms would it fill? From 1 bedroom apartments to 5 bedroom homes, we have units to accommodate all your belongings.
When preparing to move your belongings to a storage unit, you want to ensure that your moving goes as smoothly as possible. We can help you choose the right size of locker that would work for your items. Here are a few things for you to consider:
- Are you planning to store for short term or long term? If you are short term, you can fill the unit completely. If you are long term, get a slightly larger unit so you can make a path down the center to have easier access to all of your items.
- Are your items very long ( e.g. kayak) or a very large ( wall unit)? If so, you will need the longer sized unit.
- Pack nonessential items first and place them at the back of the locker.
- Purchase good quality boxes. That way they stack easier. Remember to not fill the boxes with too much weight so you can't lift them. Use smaller boxes for heavier items and larger boxes for lighter items.
- Label boxes on every side for easy reference. Don't write on the box the exact contents. Instead, keep a list of each box contents with you and number the boxes, so when you are looking for something, you can see what number it is and not have to go through every box.
- When storing your mattresses in a plastics cover, do not seal it. There is moisture in the mattress from your body, so you need to let it vent. The same applies to leather couches.


Structured Light vs Microsoft Kinect
Posted: 26th February 2012 by hackengineer in Computer Vision
Tags:,,,
So why use Structured light? Turns out there is a tradeoff between depth resolution vs refresh rate. Structured light can provide lots of depth detail (dependent on camera/project resolution) but doesn't work well with fast moving scenes. Kinect, on the other hand, provides decent depth maps and can handle dynamic scenes. So if you want high resolution depth maps of relatively static scenes, SL can be a great option.
Structured Light
Structured Light in action
Structured Light in action
Structured light uses a set of temporally encoded patterns that are sequentially projected onto the scene. The animation above illustrates SL in action. This example shows two pixels of interest. The yellow pixel is physically located on the background behind the red pixel and is 314 pixels from the left in the captured images. The red pixel is 392 pixels from the left in the captured images. Lets say white light is a 1 and black light is a 0. Follow the example and watch the algorithm decode the structured light.
The resulting 9 bits are in gray code. Gray code is used to reduce any errors while decoding the captured SL images. For example did any of the pixels from the example look grayish? If the wrong choice was made using a binary encoding a single error in the MSB would result in an error of 2^9! Binary code has a great property that only single bit changes at a time. Imagine a vertical bar progressing from left to right through the image below. Each step only changes in one location. As a result if any pixel is decoded as the wrong value, the error is limited to +/-1. The result needs to be translated into binary before depth can be calculated. The process is straight forward and the details can be found in the code.
Once we have decoded every pixel we have all the information we need to calculate depth. To be clear we have the column number for each pixel of the captured image (0 = first pixel on left and 480 = last pixel on the right) and the decoded projector column (calculated above). To calculate depth we will use simple geography. The technique is called depth from disparity and the math is surprisingly really simple. In the illustrations below the box on the left represents the projected set of SL images and the box on the left represents the captured images. The line running through the middle of the boxes is called a scan line. As the surface moves closer, the reflected light will be captured by pixel further to the left on the image sensor. To calculate this disparity we subtract the decoded projector pixel from the corresponding camera pixel. Turns out the depth is inversely proportunal to disparity(the difference between the two)!
Take a look at the illustration and notice the projector and camera are positioned side by side. When setting up the hardware it is important to keep them level with eachother and spaced apart by a few inches. This will greatly simply the math, otherwise a homography will need to be created.
Below is a step by step depth calculation for the yellow and red pixels in the example above. Notice that the yellow pixel depth (z) is larger than the red pixel. Physically this means that the yellow pixel is further away from the camera. The depth will likely not be proportional to the x and y axis. This depends on the focal length of both the camera and projector. To fix this either both the camera and projector need to be calibrated or with trial and error. This project used trail and error by scaling the depth value until the results matched the scene.
Kinect uses a static spacially endcoded IR pattern projected onto the scene similar to that of a QR code. The image on the right illustrates the set of dots scattered on the scence. The pattern is deformed as it falls onto the objects. The camera then captures an image of the scene and decodes the result. This method calculates a single depth reading to a group of projected pixels (it takes multiple spacially encoded pixels to map back to unique camera pixels). As a result there is a loss of depth resolution. The advantage is depth can be calculated with only one capture.
While the hardware used in this project was designed for portability and small form-factor, the algorithm parameters can be easily updated for high resolution hardware. In this project build, the pico projector is the limiting factor running at HVGA (480 x 320).
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 Good blogging!


text:
When you use your phone to unlock a Tesla, the device and the car use Bluetooth signals to measure their proximity to each other. Move close to the car with the phone in hand, and the door automatically unlocks. Move away, and it locks. This proximity authentication works on the assumption that the key stored on the phone can only be transmitted when the locked device is within Bluetooth range.
Now, a researcher has devised a hack that allows him to unlock millions of Teslas—and countless other devices—even when the authenticating phone or key fob is hundreds of yards or miles away. The hack, which exploits weaknesses in the Bluetooth Low Energy standard adhered to by thousands of device makers, can be used to unlock doors, open and operate vehicles, and gain unauthorized access to a host of laptops and other security-sensitive devices.
When convenience comes back to bite us
"Hacking into a car from hundreds of miles away tangibly demonstrates how our connected world opens us up to threats from the other side of the country—and sometimes even the other side of the world," Sultan Qasim Khan, a principal security consultant and researcher at security firm NCC Group, told Ars. "This research circumvents typical countermeasures against remote adversarial vehicle unlocking and changes the way we need to think about the security of Bluetooth Low Energy communications."
This class of hack is known as a relay attack, a close cousin of the person-in-the-middle attack. In its simplest form, a relay attack requires two attackers. In the case of the locked Tesla, the first attacker, which we'll call Attacker 1, is in close proximity to the car while it's out of range of the authenticating phone. Attacker 2, meanwhile, is in close proximity to the legitimate phone used to unlock the vehicle. Attacker 1 and Attacker 2 have an open Internet connection that allows them to exchange data.
Attacker 1 uses her own Bluetooth-enabled device to impersonate the authenticating phone and sends the Tesla a signal, prompting the Tesla to reply with an authentication request. Attacker 1 captures the request and sends it to Attacker 2, who in turn forwards the request to the authenticating phone. The phone responds with a credential, which Attacker 2 promptly captures and relays back to Attacker 1. Attacker 1 then sends the credential to the car.
With that, Attacker 1 has now unlocked the vehicle. Here's a simplified attack diagram, taken from the above-linked Wikipedia article, followed by a video demonstration of Khan unlocking a Tesla and driving away with it, even though the authorized phone isn't anywhere nearby.
Relay attacks in the real world need not have two actual attackers. The relaying device can be stashed in a garden, coat room, or other out-of-the-way place at a home, restaurant, or office. When the target arrives at the destination and moves into Bluetooth range of the stashed device, it retrieves the secret credential and relays it to the device stationed near the car (operated by Attacker 1).
The susceptibility of BLE, short for Bluetooth Low Energy, to relay attacks is well known, so device makers have long relied on countermeasures to prevent the above scenario from occurring. One defense is to measure the flow of the requests and responses and reject authentications when the latency reaches a certain threshold, since relayed communications generally take longer to complete than legitimate ones. Another protection is encrypting the credential sent by the phone.
Khan's BLE relay attack defeats these mitigations, making such hacks viable against a large base of devices and products previously assumed to be hardened against such attacks.


text:
How to use BitMap in Turbo C++
This simple program explain you about how to use BitMap in Turbo C++.
NOTE :Before Running this program you have to copy one file in your "bgi" directory. That file either you have to download from the net or i will provide you. The file name is "SVGA256.BGI". Copy this file at your " tc\bgi\ ". Your tc path. I am not able to attach this file because the file extension is not supported.. If you need this file, i will provide you.
1) You have to use the BitMap structure, there is no need to change anything in this structure. Just copy this structure in one of the.cpp file like "BitMap.cpp".
char type; /* Magic identifier */
unsigned long size; /* File size in bytes */
unsigned short int reserved1, reserved2;
unsigned long offset; /* Offset to image data, bytes */
extern A HEADER,HEADER1;
unsigned long size; /* Header size in bytes */
unsigned long width,height; /* Width and height of image */
unsigned short int planes; /* Number of colour planes */
unsigned short int bits; /* Bits per pixel */
unsigned long compression; /* Compression type */
unsigned long imagesize; /* Image size in bytes */
unsigned long xresolution,yresolution; /* Pixels per meter */
unsigned long ncolours; /* Number of colours */
unsigned long importantcolours; /* Important colours */
extern B INFOHEADER,INFOHEADER1;
2) In the main file i mean the file which contain the "main" function write this code.
// This Global Function is used for the resolution of the bitmap. You can set the return value either 1,2 or 3. For me 3 is the best combination.
int gd = DETECT, md, a;
initgraph(&gd,&md,"c:\\tc\\bgi"); //Path may be different in your computer.
//Suppose you have one show function which read the bitmap from the disk. Then this show function looks like this.
//Here you have to define the path of the bitmap file. Like according to this example i have to open one Board1.bmp file. So write you bitmap file path here.
unsigned char Ch;
File.read((char*)&HEADER,14); //This is the header part of the Bitmap. It always looks like same. Don't change the content hear. The value remains 14 here.
File.read((char*)&INFOHEADER,40); //This is another part of the bitmap, here also the value remains same like 40 here.
unsigned int i;
if(PaletteData)//if memory allocated successfully
//read color data
//Don't change the code here because i have done some shifting here. Its working fine.
outp(0x03c8,0); //tell DAC that data is coming
for(i=0;i<256*3;i++) //send data to SVGA DAC
for(i=0;i


text:
8.1.2 Accuracy Specification Available Tests
184.108.40.206 R Test
The accuracy is based on the test conditions chosen to measure the winding resistance, and is given as:
AT = AR +AC+AV+AI
AT is the total accuracy (%)
AR is the basic relative accuracy (%)
AC is the calibration accuracy (%)
AV is the correction for voltage level (%)
AI is the correction for current level (%)
The value of AR is given in the table in section 1.1 of this chapter.
The values of the other factors are given below.
AV = 0.03% + (0.01% / VM)
AC = 0.2%
AI = 0.03% + (0.01% /IM)
VM is the measured voltage (V)
IM is the measured current (A)