This week's newsletter describes the proposed Erlay protocol that could significantly reduce the overhead of relaying unconfirmed transactions between nodes, summarizes an executive briefing by Bitrefill CEO Sergej Kotliar about LN, and lists some recent changes to the COSHV proposal described last week. Also included are our regular sections on bech32 sending support and notable code changes in popular Bitcoin infrastructure projects.
Action items
None this week.
 - Erlay proposed: a new paper by Gleb Naumenko, Pieter Wuille, Gregory Maxwell, Sasha Fedorova, and Ivan Beschastnikh describes an alternative transaction relay protocol, Erlay. Currently, when a node learns about a new transaction that passes its relay policy, it announces the txid of that transaction to all of its peers (except any peers that announced it previously). This is a very simple and effective policy, but it's not efficient—most of the announcements a node receives are announcements for transactions it has already learned about from a different peer a few moments before, a redundancy that wastes about 44% of all node bandwidth according to the paper.
 The paper attempts to reduce that redundancy using the authors' Erlay protocol which separates relaying into two phases, a fanout phase and a reconciliation phase. In the fanout phase, a node will only directly announce new transactions it has learned about to a maximum of eight peers selected from the node's outbound peers.
 In the reconciliation phase, a node will periodically request from each of its outbound peers a sketch of short transaction identifiers (short txids) for all the new transactions that peer would normally announce to the node. Sketches are created using the libminisketch library described in Newsletter #26 which implements a highly bandwidth efficient set reconciliation technique based on error correction codes. Upon receipt of a requested sketch, the node itself also generates a sketch of all the new transactions that it would normally announced to its peer. The node combines its sketch with the peer's sketch to produce a list of any differences between the sketches. That diff contains the short txids of any transactions that are in one set of new transactions but not the other. The node can then request any transactions it doesn't have from that peer and proceed to querying its next peer for that peer's sketch. This is repeated for a new peer once each second, allowing the node to quickly receive any transactions it didn't receive via a fanout announcement. This simple two-step protocol of fanout and reconciliation describes the primary operation of Erlay; the remaining parts of the protocol described and analyzed in the paper cover the optimal parameters to use for the sketches and a series of fallback steps to take if a particular attempt at set reconciliation fails.
 After describing the Erlay protocol, the paper analyzes its performance using both a simulated network of 60,000 nodes (similar in number and use to the current Bitcoin network) and a live set of 100 nodes spread internationally across several datacenters. The most notable result is that Erlay reduces the amount of bandwidth used to announce the existence of new transactions by 84%. However, it does take about 80% (2.6 seconds) longer for transactions to propagate to all of the nodes in the network. It's still the case that Bitcoin transactions can only be confirmed once every ten minutes on average, so a three second slowdown seems like a reasonable price to pay for a major reduction in bandwidth.
 Having established that the protocol is a worthwhile efficiency improvement, the paper considers the most important of its secondary aspects: its effect on privacy. Currently, each Bitcoin Core node slightly delays the relaying of transactions to its peers; this makes it more difficult for spy nodes to use timing correlations to guess that the first peer they receive a transaction from is the peer that created the transaction. Multiple simulations were run testing the effectiveness of the current relay protocol against the effectiveness of Erlay for various amounts of spy nodes among network peers, from 5% spy nodes to 60% spy nodes. In cases where the spy nodes were public nodes accepting incoming connections, Erlay always performed as well or better than the current protocol. In cases where the spy nodes were private nodes making connections to honest nodes, Erlay sometimes performed better and sometimes performed worse—but never more than 10% worse (and this worst case is an unlikely situation). The paper also notes that Erlay is compatible with the proposed BIP156 Dandelion protocol for further improving the network's resistance to spy nodes.
 Considering future possible changes to Bitcoin relay policy, the paper notes that an increase in the number of outbound peers from 8 to 32 would only increase the bandwidth used by a node to announce the existence of new transactions by 32% with Erlay compared to 300% using the current protocol. As described in the paragraph above about Erlay's two phases, new transactions would still only be fanned out via direct announcements to 8 peers, but nodes would perform set reconciliation with all 32 peers. A four-fold improvement in relay connectivity improves the chance that time-sensitive transactions for contract protocols like LN will make it to miners quickly.
 In addition to libminisketch, the code changes necessary to implement Erlay in Bitcoin Core amount to only 584 lines of code, and the CPU intensive part of set reconciliation has been benchmarked to take less than a millisecond under conditions that are worse than expected in practice. If no objections are raised over the paper, Naumenko has announced his intention to write a BIP and work to get Erlay included in a subsequent version of Bitcoin Core. The method used for transaction relay is part of the P2P network protocol (not a consensus rule), so the change could begin operation as soon as multiple users upgrade to it, although we expect nodes will also include a backwards-compatible mode to support peers who haven't upgraded.
 - Presentation: Operating on Lightning: Bitrefill CEO Sergej Kotliar gave a presentation about LN for the Optech executive briefing last month. The video is now available. Kotliar begins by explaining that high transaction fees during previous years had a significant effect on Bitrefill's business, so they made a special effort to get really good at minimizing fee-related expenses. The ability to receive LN payments supported that goal, and he believes they were the first service on mainnet to sell real items for LN payments. Today, LN payments represent about 5% of their sales, similar to the amount of business they do using Ethereum.
 He believes it's important for businesses to start working on LN now. "In Bitcoin we've gotten used to waiting for things […] but making customers wait an unknown amount of time creates a risk that the customer will go away." For example, by the time a deposit clears at an exchange, the customer may no longer be interested in making the trade that would've earned the exchange a commission. Additionally, Bitrefill's experience with LN is that LN's improved invoicing eliminates a number of different payment errors seen with onchain bitcoin payments, including overpayments, underpayments, stuck transactions, copy/paste errors, and other problems. Receiving payments over LN also eliminates the need to consolidate UTXOs and reduces the need to rotate money between hot and cold wallets. Eliminating all of these problems has the potential to significantly reduce customer support and backend expenses.
 In a particularly interesting section of his talk, Kotliar shows how perhaps as much as 70% of current onchain payments are users moving money from one exchange to another exchange (or even between different users of the same exchange). If all that activity could be moved offchain using LN payments, exchanges and their users could save a considerable amount of money and everyone in Bitcoin would benefit from the increase in available block space.
 Kotliar concluded his talk with a few short segments. He described what software and services Bitrefill sees LN users using today and what he expects them to be using in the near future. He then explained two of Bitrefill's services for LN users (including businesses), Thor and Thor Turbo. Finally, he briefly described several planned improvements to LN: reusable addresses (see Newsletter #30), splicing in and out (see #22), and larger channels (also #22).
 Overall, Kotliar made a compelling case that LN's faster speed, lower fees, and improved invoicing means businesses that expect to remain competitive serving Bitcoin customers in the near future should start working on implementing LN support today.
 - COSHV proposal replaced: the author of the COSHV proposal we described last week has replaced it with a similar proposal under a different name. The new proposal checks more than just the hash of a transaction's outputs—now the hash also includes the transaction's version number, number of inputs, sequence numbers, and locktime. This change eliminates concerns related to transaction malleability that would've affected using the opcode with some types of contract protocols (such as LN). Additionally, by hashing the number of inputs allowed in the transaction, the original proposal's restriction on just one input is lifted—however, the proposal warns that only allowing a single input is still recommended to avoid unwanted interactions. (Note: except for the new name, the changes don't affect the summary of COSHV we wrote last week.)
Optech recommends
As of this writing, the Bitcoin Core project currently has over 300 open Pull Requests (PRs). Some of these are works in progress, but most of the rest are waiting for developers to review them and either identify any problems that need to be fixed or acknowledge that they're ready to be merged.
If you want to help Bitcoin Core improve by reviewing PRs but aren't sure how to get started, we recommend you check out the Bitcoin Core PR Review Club. In a weekly IRC meeting, an experienced Bitcoin Core contributor provides background information about a selected PR and then answers live questions


Using click macros with Adobe Edge
Adobe Edge allows you to quickly make interactive HTML5 rich media ad items, and it's easy to implement our click tracking macros in the process.
Implement the 'click event'
Once you've created your Adobe Edge creative, you will need to edit the code in order for AdButler to communicate with it properly. First, create an element that will act as a hyperlink. Once done, select the element and click the code button "{}" on the properties panel. Choose the action that activates the element. Click is the most common.
You can set the cursor type in your elements cursor panel.
In the code panel that appears, paste in the following code bit, taken from our HTML5 click-track reference:, '_blank');
This is a JavaScript function which will open a different website in a new tab. After you've pasted it in, save and export the ad item for web.
Adding the click macro to the HTML document
Now open the HTML file that we just exported in any plain text editor. In the of the HTML, paste the code:
window.clickTag = '[TRACKING_LINK]';
This script allows AdButler to replace "window.clickTag" with the destination of the ad item, and let's us also track the impressions and clicks of the ad item. Be sure to use the macro "[TRACKING_LINK]."
Upload your HTML5 ad to AdButler
For AdButler to properly display the creative, all the files associated with the ad (HTML, image assets, CSS, etc.) will need to be compressed into a single.zip file. Most operating systems give you the ability to create a zip via right-clicking the folder selecting the appropriate option from the dropdown menu, but you can use any program or utility to create your zip file.
Naming permissions differ between folders and URLs. In URLs the. character is reserved for differentiating domains. When creating your Adobe Edge files, please ensure that you do not use any restricted characters.
After creating your zip file, in your AdButler dashboard navigate to the advertiser campaign or publisher zone where you want to add your ad item. Create a new HTML5 Rich Media Ad Item, and use the upload button to upload the zip file. Make sure you set your destination URL in AdButler so the user will be directed to the appropriate location after the click.
With this setup, the ad item's click event will record a click in our database, and the destination URL in your ad setup will redirect them to the proper destination.
Can't find what you're looking for?
Send us an email
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For more ad serving tips, industry news and AdButler insights.


Villains Wikia
Planner (Sgt. Fury)
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(Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos#119 (fb, BTS)) - Heindrich Von Wilhelm Innsbruck was born in the early 1800's. In 1840, he oversaw the construction of Hawk Eyrie in Switzerland, which became his personal castle. With his great intellect, he was able to create devices to prolong his life, and served as an aide to Count Otto Von Bismarck for most of Bismarck's life. By the 1940's, Innsbruck was in the service of Nazi Germany, and served as the head of all German military strategy.
(Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos#119) - On October 10, 1944, the Howling Commandos were sent to Hawk Eyrie to kill the reclusive Innsbruck, but Innsbruck's guards, led by Rudolph Kruuger, were able to defeat the Howlers. Kruuger brought the Howling Commandos before Innsbruck, who revealed to them the devices he had been using to prolong his life. Sgt. Fury attacked the Planner and his men, but the Planner brought him down with his laser gun, and ordered his men to imprison the Commandos so that he could use their bodies in his experiments.
However, the Howlers managed to escape their guards and returned to the Planner. While Sgt. Fury kept a gun on Innsbruck, "Izzy" Cohen was able to rewire the Planner's devices, and set his laboratory to explode. Unable to move, Innsbruck was apparently slain when Hawk Eyrie was blown apart by the explosion.
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text:
For Leak Detection and Testing Bearing Lubrication
GTILube Route-Based Ultrasound Lubrication
Under and over lubrication of bearings are major causes of bearing failure. GTILube is a simple app that uses UE Systems sensor technology to baseline and measure changes in the ultrasound signal to determine when a bearing needs lubrication. GTILube uses NASA standards for ultrasound measurement – an 8 dB increase signals a need for lubrication. A 12 dB increase indicates early bearing failure.
GTILube includes a calculator for determining an acceptable amount of lubrication for the bearing based on its geometry. This value is displayed on-screen when the measurement exceeds the Alert level. Users can also enter and display the type of grease for each bearing.
GTILube uses GTI Hierarchy technology for simple set up of routes and measurements. Bearing geometry is added during measurement set up. Users can accept the initial measurement as a baseline or enter a custom baseline value.
Ultrasonic Analyzer is a real-time spectrum,spectrogram, oscilloscope and octave RTA analyzer for your iPad. It provides a visual representation of many ultrasounds using a sampling rate up to 384kHz. The app can record, analyze and use slow down playback for sounds normally impossible to hear. The app can also analyze any imported audio file into a spectrogram context.
Ultrasonic is a great tool for doing bearing lubrication testing and detecting air leaks. The ultrasonic sensor plugs directly into the iPad's Lightning port. It is a highly directional sensor enabling very precise readings.
This application takes full advantage of the iPad's processor. For maximum resolution an iPad Air or Air 2 is required; the app utilizes the newer iPad's 64-bit processor.
- 250k sampling per second
- True 16 bits resolution
- Frequency range up to 100 KHz – 125 KHz
- MEMS high sensitivity surface mount wide-band ultrasonic acoustic sensor
- High quality and low noise analog amplification
- 32 bit 80 MHz integrated microcontroller
- Dimensions: 130 mm length x 20 mm diameter
- 8th order anti-aliasing low pass filter
- Filter out noise below 20kHz
Available for $699: includes sensor, cable and app

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Die Heuning Pot Literature Guide
Cite This Page
To Go
Horton Hears a Who!
Horton Hears a Who!
by Dr. Seuss
The Clover
Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory
Right of the bat in Horton Hears a Who!, Horton starts hearing voices coming from a speck of dust. He's flabbergasted at first (how could a whole town fit on that little speck?!) but soon comes to accept them for how they are. Of course, the other animals in the Jungle of Nool have a harder time accepting that there are folks out there who could live in a different place and in a different way than they do.
Also, come on. People hearing voices? Isn't there a name for that sort of thing?
In any case, we can think about this speck (and Who-ville as a whole) through the lens of both historical allegories.
 - During World War II, the Japanese were considered the enemy, to the point that many Japanese-Americans ended up in internment camps. Just like the jungle animals don't consider the Whos to be people (namely because they don't think they exist), Americans treated the Japanese like second-class citizens—and then some.
 - During the Cold War, the enemy—communists—couldn't really be seen since they were literally thousands of miles away. But that didn't stop Americans from freaking out about them. In fact, maybe they were even more feared because they couldn't be seen and understood.
Even without the historical lens, the tiny clover serves as an important reminder: not everything is done—or seen—the same way for everyone. And our buddy Horton definitely gets it.
Next Page: Jo-Jo's Voice
Previous Page: Quotes
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text:
file organization, images are stored in strips, which also consist of rows stored contiguously. The total image, however, is represented by more than one strip, and the individual strips may be widely separated in the file. Strips divide the image into a number of segments, which are always just as wide as the original image.
Strips make it easier to manage image data on machines with limited memory. An image 1024 rows long, for instance, can be stored in the file as eight strips, each strip containing 128 rows. Arranging a file into strips facilitates buffering. If this isn't obvious, consider an uncompressed 8-bit image 1024 rows long and 10,000 pixels wide, containing 10 megabytes of pixel data. Even dividing the data into eight strips of 128 rows leaves the reading application with the job of handling 1.25 megabytes of data per strip, a chore even for a machine with a lot of flat memory and a fast disk. Dividing the data into 313 strips, however, brings each strip down to a size which can be read and buffered quickly by machines capable of reading only 32K of data per file read pass.
Strips also come into play when pixel data is stored in a compressed or encoded format in the file. In this case, an application must first read the compressed data into a buffer and then decompress or decode the data into another buffer the same size as, or larger than, the first. Arranging the compression on a per-strip basis greatly eases the task of the file reader, which need handle only one strip at a time.
You'll find that strips are often evidence that a file format creator has thought about the limitations of the possible target platforms being supported and has wanted to not limit the size of images that can be handled by the format. Image file formats allowing or demanding that data be stored in strips usually provide for the storage of information in the file header such as the number of strips of data, the size of each strip, and the offset position of each strip within the file.
A third method of bitmap data organization is tiling. Tiles are similar to strips in that each is a delineation of a rectangular area of an image. However, unlike strips, which are always the width of the image, tiles can have any width at all, from a single pixel to the entire image. Thus, in one sense, a contiguous image is actually one large tile. In practice, however, tiles are arranged so that the pixel data corresponding to each is between 4Kb and 64Kb in size and is usually of a height and width divisible by 16. These limits help increase the efficiency with which the data can be buffered and decoded.
When an image is tiled, it is generally the case that all the tiles are the same size, that the entire image is tiled, that the tiles do not overlap, and that the tiles are all encoded using the same encoding scheme. One exception is the CALS Raster Type II format, which allows image data to be composed of both encoded and unencoded image tiles. Tiles are usually left unencoded when such encoding would cause the tile data to increase in size (negative compression) or when an unreasonable amount of time would be required to encode the tile.
Dividing an image into tiles also allows different compression schemes to be applied to different parts of an image to achieve an optimal compression ratio. For example, one portion of an image (a very busy portion) could be divided into tiles that are compressed using JPEG, while another portion of the same image (a portion containing only one or two colors) could be stored as tiles that are run-length encoded. In this case, the tiles in the image would not all be the same uniform size; the smallest would be only a few pixels, and the largest would be hundreds or thousands of pixels on a side.
Tiing sometimes allows faster decoding and decompression of larger images than would be possible if the pixel data were organized as lines or strips. Because tiles can be individually encoded, file formats allowing the use of tiles will contain tile quantity, size, and offset information in the header specifications. Using this information, a reader that needs to display only the bottom-right corner of a very large image would have to read only the tiles for that area of the image; it would not have to read all of the image data that was stored before it.
Certain newer tile-oriented compression schemes, such as JPEG, naturally work better with file formats capable of supporting tiling. A good example of this is the incorporation of JPEG in later versions of the TIFF file format. For more information about the use of tiles, see the article on the TIFF file format.
Many bitmap file formats contain a color palette. For a discussion of palettes of different kinds, see Chapter 2.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
TOSHIBA CMOS Digital Integrated Circuit Silicon Monolithic
TC74VHC125F/FN/FT/FK Quad Bus Buffer
TC74VHC126F/FN/FT/FK Quad Bus Buffer
The TC74VHC125/126 are high speed CMOS QUAD BUS
BUFFERs fabricated with silicon gate C2MOS technology.
They achieve the high speed operation similar to equivalent
Bipolar Shottky TTL while maintaining the CMOS low power
The TC74VHC125 requires the 3-state control input G to be
set high to place the output into the high impedance state,
whereas the TC74VHC126 requires the control input G to be set
low to place the output into high impedance.
An input protection circuit ensures that 0 to 5.5 V can be
applied to the input pins without regard to the supply voltage.
This device can be used to interface 5 V to 3 V systems and two
supply systems such as battery back up.
This circuit prevents device destruction due to mismatched
supply and input voltages.
- High speed: tpd = 3.8 ns (typ.) at VCC = 5 V
- Low power dissipation: ICC = 4 μA (max) at Ta = 25°C
- High noise immunity: VNIH = VNIL = 28% VCC (min)
- Power down protection is provided on all inputs.
- Balanced propagation delays: tpLH ∼− tpHL
- Wide operating voltage range: VCC (opr) = 2 to 5.5 V
- Low noise: VOLP = 0.8 V (max)
- Pin and function compatible with 74ALS125/126
Note: xxxFN (JEDEC SOP) is not available in
: 0.18 g (typ.)
: 0.12 g (typ.)
: 0.06 g (typ.)
: 0.02 g (typ.)


New findings suggest post-traumatic growth may often be illusory
GettyImages-502659354.jpgBy Christian Jarrett
After a trauma many people have the sense it has changed them for the better, such as granting them a new appreciation for life or improving their relationships. This has given rise to the appealing notion that there is such a thing as "post-traumatic growth". However, the majority of investigations into this phenomenon have relied on asking people whether they believe they have changed; very few have assessed people prior to a trauma and then re-assessed them afterwards to see if positive changes have actually occurred.
A new study in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships is the first to apply this kind of "prospective design" in the context of relationship breakups in young adults, and – unfortunately for anyone who found comfort and inspiration in the principle of post-traumatic growth – the authors Meghan Owenz and Blaine Fowers say their findings are more consistent with the idea that such growth is mostly illusory, the result of a positive re-appraisal of the breakup and one's current situation.
The researchers recruited 599 undergrads currently in a romantic relationship and assessed them twice on a range of measures: at the beginning, and near the end of the semester. During that time, 100 of them lived through their relationship breaking up, an experience that, typically for their age group, they found extremely distressing (in fact, on a formal scale they rated their feelings of distress on a par with those reported by survivors of natural disasters and cardiac surgery).
At the start of the semester, all the participants completed a version of the commonly used "post-traumatic growth inventory" that had been slightly reworked to refer to their feelings over the last couple of weeks – such as whether they had experienced a sense of closeness with others over that time or had an appreciation for each day.
Near the end of the semester, all the participants re-took this same revamped version of the growth inventory, thus providing a before and after measure of their general outlook and behaviour. Importantly, the 100 students who'd been through a breakup also took the classic version of the inventory, rating how much they felt they had changed for the better in the same domains (such as closeness to others and life appreciation, among others) but specifically as a result of their relationship trauma.
Comparing earlyand late-semester scores on the revamped growth inventory, there was no evidence for positive change, and no evidence that the students who'd been through a break-up showed any more improvement than the students who had not. In contrast, the break-up students did report feeling that the trauma had changed them for the better. Moreover, this perception of growth was higher for students who previously described themselves as more optimistic and who found their breakup more distressing.
Owenz and Fowers believe these findings are consistent with the idea that the perception of growth after trauma is illusory, arising from a (positive) re-appraisal of the situation. Colloquially we might invoke Freud and call this a defence mechanism – looking on the bright side as a way to cope (something that the more optimistic students, and more distressed students, were more inclined to do). More generally, the researchers acknowledge that actual positive growth may be a reality for some people, but they think it unlikely for most.
Future research might paint a different picture. The current findings pertain to young people in a specific culture going through a specific kind of trauma, and they were tested over a relatively short time frame. For now, though, these authors and others believe the burden is on advocates of the existence of post-traumatic growth to provide more robust evidence for their claims, especially using study designs that do not rely purely on people's subjective and retrospective reports of change. The current situation – where post-traumatic growth is considered a reality based on limited research – Owenz and Fowers find "…particularly worrisome, given the rapid move from research 'documenting' post-traumatic growth to interventions and self-help books designed to promote an approach to trauma that remains questionable."
Perceived post-traumatic growth may not reflect actual positive change: A short-term prospective study of relationship dissolution
Christian Jarrett (_USER_) is Editor of BPS Research Digest
8 thoughts on "New findings suggest post-traumatic growth may often be illusory"
 1. Post-traumatic growth takes much longer than the length of a semester. Also, people's assessment ratings are highly relative.
 If someone has never seen a large lake (or the ocean), they might rate a relatively small lake as big and if someone has never seen a rose, they might rate a normal daisy as being very beautiful.
 Similarly, someone who rates their emotions during time-1 of an experiment is only considering other emotions that they have experienced up to that time of their lives in order to rate their present state. When this happens, the researches would not observe a change in the ratings – this is probably why asking people whether they have changed as a result of a particular situation might be the better way to assess this phenomena.
 1. I agree. Additionally, I would also like to know what these assessment criteria were. I would see break-up being useful for growth mainly in the context of relationships. It does make sense though, one must be at least that much smarter that they wouldn't repeat the same mistakes again. Another sort of trauma might cause growth in some other aspect of personality.
 I'm not at all convinced by this study. People aren't stupid, they would see how there would be a gap between what they report in one test compared to the other. There must be some aspect of the situation they were not asked about. I would be more convinced if there was first a qualitative study to learn what sort of growth and for what reasons is reported and then focus the quantitative questions on that.
 2. The general understanding that suffering and distress can be possible sources of positive change is thousands of years old. For example, some of the early ideas and writings of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and early Christians, as well as some of the teachings of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam contain elements of the potentially transformative power of suffering.
 When talking about Post Traumatic Growth it is useful to understand that literature does not refer to resilience, hardiness, optimism, sense of coherence or positive ways of coping. All these concepts describe certain attributes that allow people to manage hardship well. In contrast, posttraumatic growth refers to a change in people that goes beyond an ability to cope with and withstand highly distressing circumstances (with the emphasis being on highly). Posttraumatic growth, has a quality of evolving and results usually in a qualitative change in functioning, unlike the apparently similar concepts of resilience, sense of coherence, optimism, and hardiness which they aim to safeguard the sense of self in face of adversity, it aims to transform the sense of self and often better it.
 People with good levels of coping capacity against common stressors, as I imagine people going through university would be, they will report relatively little growth in the aftermath of such trauma as a breakup. That is because these people have coping capacities that will allow them to be less challenged by trauma, and the struggle with the trauma is what is crucial for posttraumatic growth.
 3. A relationship break-up, whilst distressing, is not the sort of trauma usually referred to in the trauma literature. For example, to be given a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder the triggering event would need to be a major trauma such as "… exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation". It is important to make this sort of distinction between "big-t Trauma" (actual or threatened death, etc.) and "small-t trauma" (other distressing life events, like relationship break-up). My personal hypothesis is that post-traumatic growth is associated with the sense of having survived something that truly threatened to destroy you psychologically and come out the other side, leaving you with a qualitatively different perspective on life.
Comments are closed.


text: A French architect; born in Paris, February 7, 1834. He attended the National School of Design and was a favorite pupil of Bellangé. His first position was in the employ of the Eastern Railroad of France, but he also took an active part in the organization of the two French international exhibitions of 1855 and 1867. Among other distinctions he was appointed one of the judges on the committee of awards at the London Exhibition of 1862, and was created an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1867. In 1871 he became the official architect of the eleventh arrondissement of Paris. When the new synagogue in the Rue de la Victoire was projected, Aldrophe was selected as architect, as also for that at Versailles. He is the designer of the Thiers and Isidore monuments in the cemetery of Père-la-Chaise, and the architect of numerous private residences in the French capital, including that of Baron Gustave de Rothschild on the Avenue de Marignan.


text:
Images Paint for OneNote crop
Because in OneNote, there is no direct function, with the help of which you crop images, you need to to Paint draw:
- Open Paint.
- Insert your image by Drag & Drop or via "file" and "Open".
- At the top, click "Select" and you cut, holding down the right mouse button to your desired area.
- Click with the right mouse button on the selected area and select "cut".
- You delete the entire image ("Select All" and then [Del]) and then paste with "Paste" the cut-out neckline. Save the image and paste it in OneNote.
OneNote has notes of additional functions. You can, for example, a check-list in OneNote, create.


Science tries to explain why you love Apple (and hate Microsoft)
Next Story
Why do people who love Apple hate Microsoft? Conversely, why do people who love Microsoft hate Apple? Science, that wonderful abstraction, may have an answer.
A professor at the University College London, Semir Zeki, has proposed the following: love is a blind emotion while hate takes conscious effort to produce.
Think of it in romantic terms: Why do you find that girl or guy attractive? You just sorta do; it's hard to explain. But, why do you hate that girl or guy? I'm sure you have a laundry list of reasons.
We can apply the same logic to Apple/Microsoft. It's a lot easier to explain why you hate Apple or Microsoft, but try explaining why you like Apple or Microsoft. "I don't know, I just do." Indeed.
I don't know, it gets pretty cerebral pretty quickly. Y'all would be better served (and certainly better entertained) playing Fable II.
via CNET's Technically Incorrect
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text:
To enable a Mac to boot from a network using the Parallels NetBoot service, the following requirements should be met:
The Mac must obtain its IPv4 address from the local DHCP server.
The following network traffic must be allowed from the Mac to the NetBoot host:
a. HTTP (TCP port 80)
b. TFTP (UDP port 69)
c. BootP/DHCP (UDP port 67)
Note: "Subnet" and "Broadcast domain" are used interchangeably in this document.
Configuration 1: Mac and NetBoot Server in the Same subnet
In this scenario, no specific configuration is required unless a firewall is enabled on the NetBoot server. If a firewall is running on a NetBoot server, then the following firewall rules must be created:
Inbound connections to TCP port 80 from any client must be enabled. This is usually done with the predefined "World Wide Web Services (HTTP Traffic-In)" rule.
- Inbound connections to UDP ports 67 and 69 from any client must be enabled. This is usually done with the predefined "Windows Deployment Services (UDP-In)" rule.
Configuration 2: Mac and NetBoot Server in Different subnets
In this scenario, the NetBoot server and the Mac are located in different subnets, which means that broadcast DHCP requests from the Mac can't reach the NetBoot server. To solve this issue, the administrator should set up DHCP Relay Agent on the client subnet's router (R1), which will forward broadcast UDP traffic as unicast to the NetBoot server.
Cisco has excellent documentation on DHCP Relay Agent feature here
Note: On the layer3-capable switch DHCP Relay Agent must be configured on Vlan interface with an IP address assigned, not a physical uplink interface.
Suppose we have the following network configuration:
FastEthernet0/0 – the network interface on the router R1 which serves the User subnet.
- 172.17.2.100 – IP address of the NetBoot server.
To setup the DHCP Relay 1, you need to enter the following commands on R1:
configure terminal no ip forward-protocol udp 37 no ip forward-protocol udp 49 no ip forward-protocol udp 53 no ip forward-protocol udp 137 no ip forward-protocol udp 138 interface FastEthernet0/0 ip helper-address 172.17.2.100 end
No other devices between the Mac and the NetBoot server require a specific configuration. The administrator should only ensure that HTTP (TCP port 80), TFTP (UDP port 69), and BootP/DHCP (UDP port 67) traffic to the NetBoot server is not blocked.
Configuration 3: Mac, DHCP Server and NetBoot Server in Different subnets
In this scenario, the NetBoot server, the DHCP server and the managed computer are located in different subnets, which means that broadcast DHCP requests from the Mac can't reach the NetBoot server.
If your DHCP server is already set up – you're already using DHCP Relay Agent. Just add a second server to forward DHCP packets to and make sure that the HTTP (TCP port 80), TFTP (UDP port 69), and BootP/DHCP (UDP port 67) traffic is not blocked by your firewall.
If you're planning deployment – you'll need to set up DHCP Relay Agent, and set it to forward DHCP requests to two servers: DHCP server and NetBoot server. See Configuration 2 for more details on setting up DHCP Relay Agent.


Land Law
Ninth edition
by Mark Davys
Suggested Answer to Exercise 16.2 (Part 1)
Approaching the Question
The suggested answer contained in these pages is designed to illustrate how to answer Exercise 16.2 whilst also helping you to develop your problem answering skills.
 - It is only an illustration. There is no one right way to answer any question.
 - It is in note form – you need to develop and practice your own style of answering questions.
 - It is easy to be overawed by the complexity of questions like this one. In fact, they are relatively straightforward: primarily you are being asked to address the relative priority of the various interests being claimed in the house.
 - You are expressly told that title to the land is unregistered at the beginning of the question. However, you must also be alert to any events in the question that might trigger first registration of all or part of the title (see Land Law, Chapter 15). Whilst it is best to keep the rules of registered and unregistered land entirely separate in your mind, you must be ready to use both sets of rules where it is appropriate to do so.
Before you go to the next page, make notes under the following headings:
 - What issues are raised by these facts (what do Clive, Lucy and Emma want to know)?
 - What rules will you need to use to answer their questions?


text:
|How to submit educational material to Enchanted Learning|
|All About Birds||EnchantedLearning.com
Label Me! Printouts
Anatomy: The Redbilled Oxpecker is about 9 inches (22 cm) long. It has a short, thick, red bill. The eyes are red and are surrounded by large, bright-yellow circles. The head, neck, wings, and tail are brown-gray; the undersides are pale yellow.
Diet: The Redbilled Oxpecker eats its host's skin parasites (like ticks and fleas), bothersome flies, and dead host skin. The oxpecker eats hundreds of ticks and flies each day. The oxpecker and its host mammal are symbionts (two different species who benefit from living together).
Eggs and Nests: The Redbilled Oxpecker's nest is a hole in a tree (they do not form the hole, but find one). Females lay 1-5 eggs in each clutch (a set of eggs laid at one time). Both parents incubate the eggs.
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text:
Color in Minerals part of Cutting Edge:Mineralogy:Activities
Why do minerals have color? When is that color diagnostic, and when is it likely to fool you? Why is color important, and what can it tell us about the chemistry of minerals? This exercise will try to answer some of these questions, and to introduce students to the fascinating world of mineral spectroscopy, where chemistry meets mineralogy.


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
delicacy (plural delicacies)
- The quality of being delicate.
- Something appealing, usually a pleasing food, especially a choice dish of a certain culture suggesting rarity and refinement -a Chinese delicacy
- Fineness or elegance of construction or appearance.
- Frailty of health or fitness.
- Refinement in taste or discrimination.
- Tact and propriety; the need for such tact.
quality of being delicate
something appealing, especially a pleasing food
elegance of construction or appearance


_USER_{NBERw11133, title = "Sudden Stops and Output Drops", author = "V.V. Chari and Patrick Kehoe and Ellen R. McGrattan", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "11133", year = "2005", month = "February", doi = {10.3386/w11133}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {In recent financial crises and in recent theoretical studies of them, abrupt declines in capital inflows, or sudden stops, have been linked with large drops in output. Do sudden stops cause output drops? No, according to a standard equilibrium model in which sudden stops are generated by an abrupt tightening of a country's collateral constraint on foreign borrowing. In this model, in fact, sudden stops lead to output increases, not decreases. An examination of the quantitative effects of a well-known sudden stop, in Mexico in the mid-1990s, confirms that a drop in output accompanying a sudden stop cannot be accounted for by the sudden stop alone. To generate an output drop during a financial crisis, as other studies have done, the model must include other economic frictions which have negative effects on output large enough to overwhelm the positive effect of the sudden stop.}, }


Document Detail
Relationship between Egr-1 gene expression and apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma and precancerous lesions.
MedLine Citation:
PMID: _PHONE_ Owner: NLM Status: MEDLINE
AIM: To study the expression of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1 gene) and Bcl-X/(L) protein and its relationship with the cell apoptosis in human esophageal carcinoma (EC) and precancerous lesions. METHODS: In situ hybridization(ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and TUNEL method were used respectively to detect Egr-1mRNA, Egr-1 protein, apoptosis related-protein Bcl-X/(L) and cell apoptosis in situ from 66 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and their upper cut edge and paracancerous mucosa. RESULTS: Egr-1 gene in situ hybridization, Bcl-X/(L) immunohistochemistry positive products were located in the cytoplasm, while Egr-1 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL positive signal were located in the nuclei. The apoptosis index(AI) and the frequency of apoptosis occurrence were increased gradually from precancerous lesion to cancer (P<0.01) and the expression of Egr-1mRNA and Egr-1 protein in dysplasia was the highest among all specimens (P<0.01). The AI of Egr-1 positive cancer tissues was much higher than that of Egr-1 negative cancer tissues (P<0.01), while the AI of Bcl-X/(L) positive cancer tissues was much lower than that of Bcl-X/(L) negative cancer tissues (P<0.01). The AI and Egr-1 expression were not correlated with invasiveness and lymphatic metastasis in EC. CONCLUSION: Cell apoptosis was present through esophageal carcinogenesis. The expression of Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein were high in precancerous lesion of esophagus. The AI was increased significantly in Egr-1 positive squamous cell carcinoma. Egr-1 might promote apoptotic effect. Egr-1 expression and cell apoptosis may have an important biological significance in esophageal carcinogenesis.
Ming-Yao Wu; Ying-Rui Liang; Xian-Ying Wu; Chu-Xiang Zhuang
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Publication Detail:
Journal Detail:
Title: World journal of gastroenterology : WJG Volume: 8 ISSN: _PHONE_ ISO Abbreviation: World J. Gastroenterol. Publication Date: 2002 Dec
Date Detail:
Created Date: 2002-11-19 Completed Date: 2003-01-30 Revised Date: 2006-11-15
Medline Journal Info:
Other Details:
Languages: eng Pagination: 971-5 Citation Subset: IM
Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong Province, China.
Export Citation:
APA/MLA Format Download EndNote Download BibTex
MeSH Terms
Apoptosis / genetics*
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / genetics*, metabolism, pathology*
DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics*, metabolism
Early Growth Response Protein 1
Esophageal Neoplasms / genetics*, metabolism, pathology*
Gene Expression
Immediate-Early Proteins*
In Situ Hybridization
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Precancerous Conditions / genetics*, metabolism, pathology*
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / metabolism
RNA, Messenger / genetics, metabolism
RNA, Neoplasm / genetics, metabolism
Transcription Factors / genetics*, metabolism
bcl-X Protein
Reg. No./Substance:
0/BCL2L1 protein, human; 0/DNA-Binding Proteins; 0/EGR1 protein, human; 0/Early Growth Response Protein 1; 0/Immediate-Early Proteins; 0/Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; 0/RNA, Messenger; 0/RNA, Neoplasm; 0/Transcription Factors; 0/bcl-X Protein
Previous Document: Down-regulation of gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor expression in esophageal cancer.
Next Document: Progressive transformation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells.


text:
Weather Averages and Climate in Panama
In Panama the Days are hot and nights are much cooler. Temperatures usually range from 32 degrees Celsius (90° Fahrenheit) during the daytime to 21 degrees Celsius (70° Fahrenheit) in the evening. These temperatures are found practically year-round. However temperatures can vary according to geography. The climate is less tropical at higher ground. In mountain areas the average annual temperature ranges from 10ºC to 19ºC (50-66ºF). In Panama humidity is very high at about 80 percent. The rainy season takes place between October and November, and the best months to visit are December until March.
Interested in the more detailed Weather and Climate of Panama?
Please select a city in or above the map you wish to travel to or the one closest to your destination. Each selected city will show you the following graphs:
1. Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year
2. Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)
3. Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year
On certain pages we also offer other historical weather data like humidity wind speed and water temperature.
Islands of Panama
Regions in Panama
Places in Panama
Select a city to see its average temperature, precipitation and hours of sunshine over the year.
- Big Creek
- Bluff BEach
- Bocas Town
- Cartí Yantupo
- Cerro Punta
- El Porvenir
- Isla Grande
- La Laguna
- Loma del Guayabo
- Nueva Gorgona
- Panama City
- Paso Ancho
- Playa Blanca
- Playa Bonita Village


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Word problem on Percentage
In a room with 35 men, 80 percent of the occupants are women. How many women are in the room?
Answer STEP 1:
The percentage of women present in the room is given as 80. So, in a room with only women and men, the percentage of men present will be 100 – 80 = 20.STEP 2:
Since we are given the number of men in the room, we find that it is easy find the number of women, if we know the total number of occupants in the room. Let's assign any variable say x
for the total number of people. Now, let us determine x
Percentage of men × total occupants = Number of menSTEP 3:
The total number of occupants in the room is 175, and the number of men is 35. Subtract 35 from 175 to get the number of women in the room.


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What Is Appurtenance?
Appurtenance is a legal term denoting the attachment of a right or property to a more worthy principal. Appurtenance occurs when the attachment becomes part of the property such as a furnace or air conditioning unit. Appurtenance can also be an object or privilege associated with status, title, or affluence.
- An appurtenance is a term used to describe an improvement to what is usually a physical property, which then becomes the legal property of what it was improved upon.
- Appurtenance can have many different meanings and applications such as in real estate, natural resources, and even items owned by the wealthy like estates or luxury cars.
- It is important to ascertain the context of which property is being referred to when discussing appurtenances.
Appurtenance is usually applicable to property rights or items that are permanent and are passed along with the sale of the property. An appurtenance is a real property, which has been defined as being immovable or fixed to the land. In this case, appurtenances relate to the land.
When considering legal transactions, appurtenances grant the ownership of certain items to a person who owns the property. For example, once a tenant installs a new water tank into the apartment, they usually can not remove the appurtenance because it would then be considered part of the property.
More examples of appurtenances include in-ground swimming pools, a fence, or a shed that are all fixed to the land. The term can also be used to describe the acreage behind a home. This plot of land, or the backyard, is generally viewed as being part of the property—an appurtenance of the house. Appurtenances also include rights to natural resources found in the land, such as minerals or oil, as well as improvements to the property and easements.
In a Supreme Court of Minnesota ruling, the court defined appurtenance as "That which belongs to something else. Something annexed to another thing more worthy" in the 1919 case of Cohen v. Whitcomb. The case revolved around a debate about ownership of a hot water heater installed at the property by the tenant. The lease stated that any repairs or improvements made by the tenant became part of the property, and therefore, was the landlord's property.
Special Consideration: Alternate Meanings
The idea of appurtenances also appears in the field of psychology. The Gestalt theory likens appurtenances to a sense of belonging or the relationship between two factors that directly influence each other such as fields of color. The two fields of color may, in fact, be different. But the way they interact with one another may appear to the viewer that they should belong together as one.
Appurtenances are also commonly used to describe people who belong to a specific country or region of the world. So the term is synonymous with belongingness. For example, someone from India may describe himself as a desi person, or someone of the land. Similarly, an Israeli is someone who is from Israel, while the word American is used to describe someone from the United States.
People may make references to the appurtenances of wealth or celebrity. These often include sports cars, mansions, and designer clothing. In this case, the items would be considered an appurtenance since they are part of that celebrity's "estate," or image.


Documentation Center
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Printing Images
When you set the axes Position to [0 0 1 1] so that it fills the entire figure, the aspect ratio is not preserved when you print because MATLAB® printing software adjusts the figure size when printing according to the figure's PaperPosition property. To preserve the image aspect ratio when printing, set the figure's PaperPositionMode to 'auto' from the command line.
When PaperPositionMode is set to 'auto', the width and height of the printed figure are determined by the figure's dimensions on the screen, and the figure position is adjusted to center the figure on the page. If you want the default value of PaperPositionMode to be 'auto', enter this line in your startup.m file.
Printed images may not always be the same size as they are on your monitor. The size depends on accurately specifying the numbers of pixels per inch that you monitor is displaying.
To specify the pixels-per-inch on your display, do the following (in Microsoft® Windows®):
 1. Go into your Display Properties by right-clicking on an empty space on your desktop and choose Properties.
 2. Click the Settings pane.
 3. Click the Advanced button and choose the General pane.
 4. Switch DPI setting to Custom setting and hold a real ruler up to the picture of the ruler on the screen and drag until they match.
Until you do this, neither Windows software nor any other can determine how big images on the screen are, and printed images cannot match the size.
On the Macintosh platform, pixels per inch is hard-coded to 72.
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Types of Operations Research Models
Operation Research model is an idealised representation of the real life situation and represents one or more aspects of reality. Examples of operation research models are: a map, activity charts balance sheets, PERT network, break-even equation, economic ordering quantity equation etc. Objective of the model is to provide a means for analysing the behaviour of the system for improving its performance.
Classification of Models:
Models can be classified on the basis of following factors:
(I) By degree of Abstraction:
 1. Mathematical models.
 2. Language models.
(II) By Function:
 1. Descriptive models.
 2. Predictive models.
 3. Normative models for repetitive problems.
(III) By Structure:
 1. Physical models.
 2. Analogue (graphical) models.
 3. Symbolic or mathematical models.
(IV) By Nature of Environment:
 1. Deterministic models.
 2. Probabilistic models.
(V) By the Time Horizon:
 1. Static models.
 2. Dynamic models.
Characteristics of a Good Model:
 1. Assumptions should be simple and few.
 2. Variables should be as less as possible.
 3. It should be able to asscimilate the system environmental changes without change in its framework.
 4. It should be easy to construct.
Constructing the Model:
A mathematical model is a set of equations in which the system or problem is described. The equations represent objective function and constraints. Objective function is a mathematical expressions of objectives (cost or profit of the operation), while constraints are mathematical expressions of the limitations on the fulfillment of the objectives.
These expressions consist of controllable and uncontrollable variables.
The general form of a mathematical model is:
O = f (xi, yi)
where O = Objective function
xi = Controllable variables
yi = Uncontrollable variables
f = Relationship between O, and xi, yi.
Since model is only an approximation of the real situation, hence it may not include all the variables.
Simplification in Operation Research Models:
While constructing the model, efforts should be made to simplify them, but only up to the extent so that there is no significant loss of accuracy.
Some of the common simplifications are:
 1. Omitting certain variables.
 2. Aggregating (or grouping) variables.
 3. Changing the nature of variables e.g., considering variables as constant or continuous.
 4. Changing relationship between variables i.e., considering them as linear or straight line.
 5. Modify constraints.
Techniques of Operation Research:
Important techniques of Operation Research are being described hereunder:
(i) Inventory Control Models:
Operation Research study involves balancing inventory costs against one or more of the following costs:
 1. Shortage costs.
 2. Ordering costs.
 3. Storage costs.
 4. Interest costs.
This study helps in taking decisions about:
 1. How much to purchase.
 2. When to order.
 3. Whether to manufacture or to purchase i.e., make and buy decisions.
The most well-known use is in the form of Economic Order Quantity equation for finding economic lot size.
(ii) Waiting Line Models:
These models are used for minimising the waiting time and idle time together with the costs associated therewith.
Waiting line models are of two types:
(a) Queuing theory, which is applicable for determining the number of service facilities and/or the timing of arrivals for servicing.
(b) Sequencing theory which is applicable for determining the sequence of the servicing.
(iii) Replacement Models:
These models are used for determining the time of replacement or maintenance of item, which may either:
(i) Become obsolete, or
(ii) Become inefficient for use, and
(iii) Become beyond economical to repair or maintain.
(iv) Allocation Models:
These models are used to solve the problems arising when:
(a) There are number of activities which are to be performed and there are number of alternative ways of doing them,
(b) The resources or facilities are limited, which do not allow each activity to be performed in best possible way. Thus these models help to combine activities and available resources so as to optimise and get a solution to obtain an overall effectiveness.
(v) Competitive Strategies:
Such type of strategies are adopted where, efficiency of decision of one agency is dependent on the decision of another agency. Examples of such strategies are game of cards or chess, fixing of prices in a competitive market where these strategies are termed as "theory".
(vi) Linear Programming Technique:
These techniques are used for solving operation problems having many variables subject to certain restrictions. In such problems, objectives are—profit, costs, quantities manufactured etc. whereas restrictions may be e.g. policies of government, capacity of the plant, demand of the product, availability of raw materials, water or power and storage capacity etc.
(vii) Sequencing Models:
These are concerned with the selection of an appropriate sequence of performing a series of jobs to be done on a service facility or machine so as to optimise some efficiency measure of performance of the system.
(viii) Simulation Models:
Simulation is an experimental method used to study behaviour over time.
(ix) Network Models:
This is an approach to planning, scheduling and controlling complex projects.
Applications of Operation Research:
These techniques are applied to a very wide range of problems.
Here only some of the common applications are being mentioned:
(i) Distribution or Transportation Problems:
In such problems, various centres with their demands are given and various warehouses with their stock positions are also known, then by using linear programming technique, we can find out most economical distribution of the products to various centres from various warehouses.
(ii) Product Mix:
These techniques can be applied to determine best mix of the products for a plant with available resources, so as to get maximum profit or minimum cost of production.
(iii) Production Planning:
These techniques can also be applied to allocate various jobs to different machines so as to get maximum profit or to maximise production or to minimise total production time.
(iv) Assignment of Personnel:
Similarly, this technique can be applied for assignment of different personnel with different aptitude to different jobs so as to complete the task within a minimum time.
(v) Agricultural Production:
We can also apply this technique to maximise cultivator's profit, involving cultivation of number of items with different returns and cropping time in different type of lands having variable fertility.
(vi) Financial Applications:
Many financial decision making problems can be solved by using linear programming technique.
Some of them are:
(i) To select best portfolio in order to maximise return on investment out of alternative investment opportunities like bonds, stocks etc. Such problems are generally faced by the managers of mutual funds, banks and insurance companies.
(ii) In deciding financial mix strategies, involving the selection of means for financing firm, projects, inventories etc.
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Fleshlight is a male a sex toy used to replicate a vagina. A fleshlight is intended to stimulate the penis into an orgasm. A fleshlight has the same use to a male as a dildo has to a female.
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Designing Interior Environments that Support Human Health
Course number
GBCI: _PHONE_
Read article here: Designing Interior Environments that Support Human Health
Purpose of Article
The article looks at how designers can create interior environments that promote human health, wellbeing and productivity
of the occupants. The article talks the reader through the various aspects of interior design that impact human health
and wellbeing, and introduces strategies that can help achieve a healthier indoor environment.
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the impact the design of an interior environment can have on its occupants in terms of health, wellbeing
and productivity.
2. Understand how human health and wellbeing is now an important and essential aspect of holistic sustainable design.
3. Understand the connection between environmentally-focused design strategies commonly seen in green building
rating systems, and human health-focused interior design strategies.
4. Differentiate the various interior design strategies that can positively impact different aspects of human
health and wellbeing.
Quiz by: Alison Walker


text:
A neural network capable of retrieval of sequential patterns is analysed. The authors treat the network proposed by Buhmann and Schulten (1987). Although they concluded that the thermal noise induces retrieval of sequential patterns, the authors show that the network has limit cycle solutions even at zero temperature. Behaviour of the network at high temperatures is also analysed. The transition temperatures between a high-temperature fixed point phase and a limit cycle phase are calculated numerically to draw a phase diagram. The characteristic features of the phase diagram are discussed. The reentrant transition temperatures between the limit cycle and low-temperature fixed point phases are calculated analytically.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
- Mathematical Physics
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


text:
The model ExpansionTank describes the storage of fluid in liquid phase in a closed volume filled with gas.
Pressure and enthalpy are selected as state variables.
The assumptions for this model are:
- The gas is considered ideal and using Boyle's law: p_gas*V_gas = Const = pstart*V_gas
- The gas is considered at the same temperature of the fluid
- The model is based on dynamic mass and energy balances of the fluid
- The static pressure head due to the liquid level is taken into account
- Thermal energy transfer due to external air convection through the tank surface (lateral+top+bottom) is ensured by the TankWall connector. The actual heat flow is computed by the thermal energy model
- Minimum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0
- Maximum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0.5
The model is characterized by one flow connector.
The thermal energy transfer through the Tank surface is computed by the ConvectiveHeatTransfer model which is inerithed in the ExpansionTank model
In the General tab the following options are availabe:
- Medium: the user has the possibility to easly switch Medium.
- HeatTransfer: selection between the different heat transfer models available in ThermoCycle


text:
Navigation and Mapping in Forest Environment Using Sparse Point Clouds
Paavo Nevalainen, Qingqing LI, Timo Melkas, Kirsi Riekki, Tomi Westerlund, Jukka Heikkonen
Odometry during forest operations is demanding, involving limited field of vision (FOV), back-and-forth work cycle movements, and occasional close obstacles, which create problems for state-of-the-art systems. We propose a two-phase on-board process, where tree stem registration produces a sparse point cloud (PC) which is then used for simultaneous location and mapping (SLAM). A field test was carried out using a harvester with a laser scanner and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) performing forest thinning over a 520 m strip route. Two SLAM methods are used: The proposed sparse SLAM (sSLAM) and a standard method, LeGO-LOAM (LLOAM). A generic SLAM post-processing method is presented, which improves the odometric accuracy with a small additional processing cost. The sSLAM method uses only tree stem centers, reducing the allocated memory to approximately 1% of the total PC size. Odometry and mapping comparisons between sSLAM and LLOAM are presented. Both methods show 85% agreement in registration within 15 m of the strip road and odometric accuracy of 0.5 m per 100 m. Accuracy is evaluated by comparing the harvester location derived through odometry to locations collected by a GNSS receiver mounted on the harvester.


Monday, December 17, 2007
The Woman Racket
The Woman Racket is the first book to relate very recent science that is set to blow apart how currently we see men-women.
The sexes, it turns out, do not have any sort of 'power' relationship, but beneath the surface live in very separate worlds with profoundly different motivations. This all stems from why it is that we have the sexes. The male acts as the essential 'genetic filter' for the species.
The upshot is that not women but (the majority of) men are those disadvantaged in all societies.
This reality had been unearthed by Warren Farrell (The Myth of Male Power), but he couldn't explain it. The science here both explains and reveals in more depth, and exposes other phenomena not so apparent.
We can't see any of this because males have to be 'policed' in ways requiring within us all (men and women both) deep-seated prejudices against them.
The political ramifications could hardly be more earth-shaking.
(The Woman Racket was several years in the researching and is not a follow-up to the author's previous book, The Great Immigration Scandal, though both deal with facets of 'political correctness'.)
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text:
The MARKUS text analysis and reading platform is a multi-faceted tool that allows users to access a range of online reference tools while reading texts in literary Chinese, and/or to tag and extract any kind of information of interest to them. In addition to names already present in China Biographical Databate and China Historical GIS, users can tag words or expressions by uploading their own lists or by using the keyword help tools.
The March 2015 release includes:
- improvements in automated markup: emperor names have been added and alternate names markup improved to reduce superfluous alternate name markup
- inline text editing: correct mistakes or add punctuation to the base text
- switching between markup modes: choose between modes from the left bar; no need to re-upload files
- new keyword markup functionality: automatically discover keywords and select appropriate ones for markup
- additional dictionaries in reading mode: trials for Buddhist and medical term dictionaries
- full Chinese language version
- links to relevant tools: starting with the newly released CBDB name/official title lookup tool
- updated and expanded help text and videos
- FAQ: for technical problems and useful markup tips
We have also added two new tools during the past three weeks: 1) The CBDB Mac Dictionary allows readers to search China Biographical Database by either using Mac OS X integrated Spotlight or by selecting any name or partial name in any software programme; 2) The CBDB Name/Title Lookup helps readers identify persons for whom only part of the name AND an official title or part thereof are known.
We continue to work on improving MARKUS and to add new tools so check back often for updates and get in touch with suggestions or to volunteer to add instructions or videos. If you are using MARKUS for research or teaching we would also like to hear about your findings.
Links to tools:
Hilde De Weerdt
Professor of Chinese History


Thread: Help with a maze solver
 1. #1
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Apr 2017
 Help with a maze solver
 Hey everyone. I have an assignment that is to use the right hand method to solve a maze. However for some reason my algorithm for solving the maze is stuck at the initial position and is not moving. The first half of my code works, it takes the maze from a file inputs it into an array and then prints it. It can also find the start and end position no problem. once it does all that it gets stuck and keeps outputting that the current position is the start position. any help would be appreciated.
 and also, the walls of the maze are symbolized as a # and the path is just a space.
 Attached Files Attached Files
 2. #2
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Jun 2015
 You should give us an example maze to work with (why should I have to make one myself?).
 size should be in UPPERCASE (as is the norm for macro names).
 Is the maze SIZE columns and only SIZE - 1 rows? That's what your input/output code seems to say.
 It looks like you could ditch the "flag" variable and simply use the break statement to exit the loop.
 It doesn't look like you're using erow or ecol. They don't seem to be needed.
 You should divide your program into functions.
 int main(void) {
 char maze[SIZE][SIZE];
 int srow, scol;
 find_start(maze, &srow, &scol);
 solve_maze(maze, srow, scol);
 return 0;
 Your switch cases are missing breaks! And it's very messy and hard to understand. Clearning it up a little still leaves rather incomprehensible code. Do you think a && b == '#' compares both a and b to '#'? It doesn't. If that's what you want, then you need to write a == '#' && b == '#'. Even fixing that, I still can't comprehend what you're trying to do here:
 enum { EAST, SOUTH, WEST, NORTH };
 switch (dir)
 case EAST:
 if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1]) == '#' && m[x+1][y] =='') x++;
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) == '#' && m[x] [y-1] =='') { y--; dir = NORTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y-1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) == '#' && m[x] [y+1] =='') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1]) =='' && m[x+1][y] == '#') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x+1][y] == '#' && m[x] [y+1]) =='' && m[x] [y-1] == '#') { y++; dir = SOUTH; }
 else if ((m[x] [y-1] == '#' && m[x+1][y]) =='' && m[x] [y+1] == '#') x++;
 else if ((m[x] [y+1] == '#' && m[x] [y-1] && m[x+1][y]) == '#') dir = WEST;
 You also have to make sure you're not accessing outside the bounds of the array.
 3. #3
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Apr 2017
 Thank you very much Algorism. Yeah I know my coding is very sloppy, i am by no means a programmer. Even through all the mess you still solved my problem for me. I was assuming a&&b== '#' is the same as a=='#' && b=='#'. So thank you again!
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Distance Between Centerville, UT and Logan, UT
How many miles? 71 Miles / 114 Km
How many times? 1 hour 9 mins
Distance, Gas Consumption and Emission Notes
Distance from Centerville, UT to Logan, UT is 71Miles or 114 Km. You can get this distance about 1 hour 9 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 57 Miles or 92 Km, You can get this distance about 37 mins.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Centerville, UT and Logan, UT is $7.47.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Coordinates of Centerville, UT is 40._PHONE_, -_PHONE_ and coordinates of Logan, UT is 41._PHONE_, -_PHONE_


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Back to Home Page or Contents or Asian Mythology or Article Index
Adapa, son of Ea and Sumerian king of Eridu, was regarded as the first man and sage, but was not considered immortal. Whereas Adam is claimed to have named the beasts and fowl, the Akkadian myth credits Adapa with the invention of speech. On a fishing expedition in the Persian Gulf the south wind buffeted him but the strength of his curse broke its wings. Afterwards he was summoned to heaven by Anu who was displeased by his action. Before he left Ea dressed his son in sackcloth and told him not to partake of any food that he was offered while there. Greeted by Tammuz (see Ishtar), Adapa informed the dying king that he mourned his absence from earth, a sentiment that was well received. His frank admission of guilt greatly appeased Anu who offered him the "food of life" and the "water of life," of which Adapa refused and returned to Eridu.
Another legend tells of his wrath for Ea, Adapa like Adam discovered his father's advice was intended to deny him immortality. He suffered the same consequence as Adam by learning that henceforth disease and death became the fate of humankind. A.G.H.
Cotterell, Arthur, A Dictionary of World Mythology,
New York, G. P. Putman's Sons, 1980, p. 23


Krishna And Radha Love?
Did Radha and Krishna make love?
He was the Parama Purusha with only pure love in his heart.
This is a matter of great sorrow that some people think that Lord krishna and Radha were involved in love affairs.
krishna never entercoursed Radha.
They did not get sexual enjoyment.
Why did Krishna and Radha not marry?
Since there is the only element, they did not marry each other. According to some versions of the story, it is noted that Radha refused to marry Lord Krishna because she felt that she wouldn't be able to adjust in his household because of the fact that she was a cowgirl and people expected Kanha to marry a Princess.
Who is the husband of Radha?
What is the end of Radha Krishna love story?
Radha and Krishna love story is an exemplary for teens where he says marriage is materialistic. Furthermore, Radha was in love with Krishna so much that she believed Krishna was God and she used to love him as a devotee. She was lost in 'bhakti love' which people started mistaking as a physical love.
How did Radha died?
Radha abandoned her body while listening to the tunes of the flute. Lord Krishna could not bear Radha's death and broke his flute as a symbolic ending of love and threw it into the bush. Since then, Sri Krishna has not played the flute or any other instrument of life.
Did Radha and Rukmini meet?
No, they never met. Rukmini and other seven wives of Lord Krishna knew that, apart from them, there are two more females, who are very dear to their husband. All wives of Shri Krishna met Draupadi during rajyabhishek of King Yudhishtir. But they never met Radha.
Who married to Radha?
Radha gets married to Ayarn leaving Krishna shocked in RadhaKrishn.
At what age did Krishna left Radha?
BUT in answer to your question I think you meant the time he left vrindavan. That was when he was eleven years old. But some works say he left at 7. P.S Sorry for giving such a long answer but their love story is divine and we shouldn't really cloud it by telling that krishna left radha.
Why did Krishna marry 16000 wives?
Their number is mentioned as 16,000 or 16,108 in different scriptures. Krishna accepted them as his wives upon their insistence to save themselves from the society who saw them as slaves of the demon king Narakasura. The chief amongst them is sometimes called Rohini.
At what age Krishna died?
125 years and 7 months
Who is the real wife of Krishna?
Is Radha Rukmini same?
As Anupama Kurup mentions, some qualities are similar-but that is precisely because they come from the same source (but are not the same as Radha). Specifically, Rukmini devi is considered an incarnation of the gopi-Candravali and/or Lakshmidevi. Radha's name is mentioned in Bhagavatam many times, but indirectly.


text:
Tenants (both prospective and current) are legally protected from various forms of discrimination under the federal Fair Housing Act. Alabama does not have a state Fair Housing Act, so tenants in the Yellowhammer State must look to the federal Act for protection. Although tenants have protection from certain types of discrimination, there are some legal reasons why a landlord can reject them.
What Types of Discrimination are Prohibited Under the Fair Housing Act?
The federal Fair Housing Act includes prohibitions against housing discrimination on the basis of:
- Skin Color
- National Origin
- Familial Status
- Disability (physical or mental)
These groups are known as "protected classes", and it is illegal for landlords to reject a potential tenant because they are a member of any of these groups. Some examples of illegal practices landlords may engage in include:
- Targeted advertising that is designed to shut out various groups (e.g., targeting a certain age group, gender, and other demographic information with Facebook ads);
- Lying about the availability of a rental unit after learning that a potential tenant falls into one of the protected classes;
- Stating in a rental ad that families with children are not allowed (unless the unit is part of an approved senior living facility);
- Refusing to make a reasonable accommodation for a tenant that is disabled;
- Unreasonably raising rent and other fees in order to force a tenant out (based on a protected class);
- Refusing to make the repairs necessary to provide livable conditions to a member of a protected group.
Tenants have the right to have fair access to housing, and if a landlord engages in any of these or other illegal practices, there are various legal remedies available, depending on the circumstances. The best place to start is to speak with our experienced Alabama discrimination attorney to discuss your legal rights and options.
What are Some Legal Reasons a Landlord Can Reject a Potential Tenant in Alabama?
There are several reasons that a landlord is legally allowed to turn down someone who is applying for housing in Alabama. Here are some of the most common:
- Inadequate Income: One of the most basic reasons a landlord could legally reject a potential tenant is for inadequate income. Clearly, landlords have the right to expect that their tenants will be able to pay the rent and cover the rest of their bills each month. Generally, a tenant may be expected to earn at least three times the amount of monthly rent to have their application approved.
- Unverified Income: Closely related to the first reason is the inability of the landlord to verify how much income the applicant earns. Income is usually verified with pay stubs and W2s, and for self-employed individuals, tax returns. A landlord may also ask for employer references if some of this other information is missing.
- Falsified Housing Application: Maybe your application shows that you have adequate income and you have that documentation to verify this, but your documents are not real – they have been falsified. If the landlord finds this out, he/she has the right to turn down your application.
- Pet Prohibitions: It is not uncommon for landlords to have rules regarding pets. Some do not allow pets at all, others allow only certain sizes and breeds, and still others may only allow cats and not dogs. Prohibiting pets is allowed in Alabama except in the case of certain service animals. Landlords must allow guide dogs that assist tenants who are partially or totally blind.
- Criminal History: Although it may be very unfair, especially if you have a very old criminal conviction, there is no law that prohibits the landlord from denying a tenant because of a criminal history. The one possible exception to this may be a felony conviction for the use of drugs that may fall under the classification of a "mental disability". In such cases, the discrimination would occur because the applicant is part of a federally protected class.
- Credit Problems: A landlord is allowed to consider an applicant's credit history in deciding whether or not to rent to them. Generally, a bankruptcy and/or a credit score of 620 or lower could create problems with your application. You may also have trouble obtaining housing if you have a history of not paying your rent, prior evictions, and doing damage to other units you have rented.
The above are all legal reasons a landlord can reject a potential tenant, but landlords have to be careful that they apply these (and other reasons) equally to everyone. Otherwise, they may find themselves in violation of the Fair Housing Act for once again discriminating against one of the federally protected groups.
Are you a Victim of Housing Discrimination in Alabama? Call Attorney Kira Fonteneau to Review Your Options
If you or someone you know has been denied housing or otherwise discriminated against in violation of the federal Fair Housing Act, call our office today at _PHONE_ to schedule a free consultation and case assessment. You may also send us a message through our online contact form.


text:
Working in the field of digital interaction design, Copenhagen-based design agency YOKE has created an immersive light experience exploring light as material for creating temporary structures in urban space. Like a three dimensional sketch pad, the installation works as interactive light architecture. By inviting visitors to create temporary structures of light, the installation explores the fleeting urban spaces of tomorrow.
As a fusion between the Danish words 'construction' and 'structure', Konstruktur challenges the human perception of space. Placed directly onto the floor the installation appears as a minimalist sculpture without a pedestal. The rhythmic movements of the light beams thus create a volatile architecture that for a while changes the space.
By adding smoke, the light beams are made visible to the human eye. This transforms an otherwise intangible form into a physical object and creates a temporary cubic form. Here the light beams appear almost like solid columns in the space.
Each light beam operates individually and reacts to movement. A camera detects bodies moving in front of the installation, which creates a temporary dialogue between the light architecture and the visitors.
Despite its simplistic form language Konstruktur is the result of a long craftsmanship process. Carefully assembled by hand each lightsource consists of an LED, two lenses and a printed circuit board. Together they create a grid of 196 identical light beams.
Unlike the many prefabricated light sources that exist on the market today, the installation is based on a passion for light as material and craft. If you move close enough to the light sources, all the small parts of the structure are clearly visible, thus becoming part of the overall aesthetic of the installation.
Konstruktur was created as a flexible construction that can take on different shapes depending on the specific location and was first exhibited at KUBEN in Horsens, Denmark, in October-November 2017. From February 9th 2018 until March 18th 2018 Konstruktur can be experienced again at Horsens Art Museum, Denmark.


1814, Jul 171879, Dec 4
an early leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who was a clerk and scribe to the Mormon religious leader Joseph Smith. Clayton, born in England, was also an American pioneer journalist, inventor, lyricist, and musician. In September 1840, Clayton led a group of British converts who emigrated to the United States. He and his family first tried to farm in Iowa Territory, then settled in the predominantly Latter Day Saint community of Nauvoo, Illinois. There he was a clerk and scribe to Joseph Smith.
 Gallery (1)


text:
JULIUS PLANER: THE DISCOVERER OF LIQUID CRYSTALS (RENEWAL OF THE PRIORITY) (Yuliush Planer: pershovidkryvach ridkykh crystaliv (vidnovlennya priorytetu))
Languages of publication
The life path, research and teaching effort of Julius Planer has been by far overlooked by researchers in Ukraine. Therefore, the article represents an attempt to fill this 'blank spot', and to change the conventional view on the pioneering status of botanist Friedrich Reinitzer and crystal physicist Otto Lehmann in the discovery of liquid crystals. Also, the light is shed on important details in the biography of Julius Planer, with emphasis on his coming to Lviv (Lemberg) and work as a professor of Lviv University. It's shown that the historical truth is that Julius Planer, a professor of the Lviv University, as early as in 1861, long before Reinitzer and Lehmann, observed and gave scientific description of an optical phenomenon that later became an explicit classical feature of the liquid crystal condition of a substance. Detailed information is provided of what exactly was observed and described by Planer in his scientific paper 'Notiz uber das Cholesterin'.
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier


text:
Trigonometry/Derivative of Inverse Functions
The inverse functions sin-1(x), etc. have derivatives that are purely algebraic functions.
If y = sin-1(x) then x = sin(y) and
If y = tan-1(x) then x = tan(y) and
If y = sec-1(x) then x = sec(y) and
The above results provide an easy way to find the power series expansions of these functions.
This is uniformly convergent if |x| < 1 so can be integrated term by term. The constant of integration is zero since sin-1(0) = 0, so
This is uniformly convergent if |x| < 1 so can be integrated term by term. The constant of integration is zero since tan-1(0) = 0, so
Note that sec-1(x) has no power series expansion about x=0, as it is not defined for x < 1 and has an infinite derivative when x = 1. An expansion about any point x = a > 1 in powers of (x-a) can be found uding Taylor's theorem; it will converge for 1 < x < 2a-1.Last modified on 11 March 2011, at 13:02


text:
- About Hunger
- U.S. Hunger
- Global Hunger
- The Bible and Hunger
- Hunger and the U.S. Budget
- Solutions to U.S. Poverty
- Foreign Assistance
- Maternal and Child Nutrition
- Trade and Agriculture
- Climate Change
What is Foreign Assistance?
Foreign assistance or foreign aid refers to funding the United States provides to other countries.
Sometimes foreign assistance is given directly to a country's government either in cash or "in-kind," meaning physical items such as tents, food, or weapons. But U.S. development assistance is mainly delivered by nongovernmental organizations directly to local communities to address their needs and support their development efforts.
Poverty-focused development refers to foreign assistance that directly affects the lives of hungry and poor people.
In 2007, just over 40 percent of total U.S. foreign assistance went to programs that work in poor communities to immunize children, train teachers, build water wells, schools, and rural roads, and provide agricultural training to help farmers increase their productivity.
These poverty-focused development programs respond directly to the needs of poor people and are usually delivered by trusted providers such as Church World Service, Catholic Relief Services, or World Vision.
Communities receiving the assistance frequently provide input on the design of these programs.


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I am trying to find a reference for the following fact. It is elementary and not hard to prove, but I haven't been able to find the question treated anywhere.
Let $A$ be an $l\times n$ matrix with integer entries, $l < n$. Let $K \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ denote the kernel of $A$, let $\Delta^{n-1}$ denote the standard simplex in $\mathbb{R}^n$, and let $P = K \cap \Delta^{n-1}$ denote the polytope given by intersecting the kernel of $A$ with the standard simplex. The problem: determine necessary and sufficient conditions for $P$ to be a simplex. For instance, one such condition (assuming $A$ has maximal rank) is that, by Gaussian elimination and permuting columns, $A$ can be expressed in the form $[D C]$ where $D$ is an $l\times l$ diagonal matrix with strictly negative diagonal entries and $C$ is a $l \times (n-l)$ matrix with non-negative entries.
I am sure there are plenty of other equivalent conditions, so any reference that deals with conditions under which the intersection of a simplex and a subspace is a simplex would be appreciated. Thanks.
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text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A stunt driver wants to make his car jump over 8 cars parked side my side below a horizontal ramp. (a) With what maximum speed must he drive off the horizontal ramp? The vertical height of the ramp is 1.5m above the cars and the horizontal distance he must clear is 20m. (b) What is the new minimum speed if the ramp is now tilted upward, so that "takeoff angle" is 10 degrees above the horizontal, and nothing else is changed? 2. Relevant equations I have worked out the answer to part (a), with a speed of 36.166 ms-1 leaving the horizontal ramp. 3. The attempt at a solution I have a few queries... If the ramp is 10 degrees sloped, does that mean the ramp is taller than 1.5m or is it sloped so that it is at the same height? I'm lead to assume its still 1.5m as everything is the same. Please Help!


What is an economic census? Definition and examples
An economic census is a program that some countries have in which they publish a directory of national business statistics. In most countries, the authorities carry out an economic census every five years. They carry out the census at local, regional, and national levels. During a census, they gather valuable information about employers, employees, sales, receipts, and shipments.
The American one, for example, occurs once every five years. In India, on the other hand, the interval between each census varies.
The First Economic Census in India was in 1977, its Second in 1980, its Third in 1990. India's Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Economic Censuses took place in 1998, 2005, and 2013 respectively.
BusinessDictionary.com says the following regarding the US economic censuses:
"The economic census is conducted every 5 years on a local to national level to provide valuable data concerning sales, receipts, shipments, employers, and employees."
Economic Census
According to the US Census Bureau: "The key statistics produced for the Economic Census include Total Number of Establishments; Value of Sales, Shipments, Receipts, Revenue; Primary Business Activity; Number of Employees; Total Annual Payroll; Total First Quarter Payroll; and industry specific statistics."
United States Economic Census
The US Economic Census is an official five-year measure of US business and the national economy. The US Census Bureau carries out the census. By law, if you get a form, you must fill it in, i.e., response is compulsory.
The Census Bureau sends out forms to four million businesses every five years. Small, medium, large, and giant companies receive the forms. They are a good representative sample of all American companies.
Participants must provide a range of performance and operational data.
Policymakers in national, regional, and local government use the census data when making strategic planning decisions.
Wikipedia says the following regarding US Economic Censuses:
"The Economic Census, together with the separately conducted censuses of agriculture and governments, covers virtually the entire economy, excepting only for forestry, agricultural support, rail transportation, and employment by private households."
USA – brief history
Business and economic censuses have existed in the United States for over two hundred years. In 1810, the first census of manufactures occurred.
The US Census Bureau writes:
"From black-smithing to robotics, from muskets to lasers, from an agrarian economy to one increasingly based on services, the Census Bureau and its predecessors have measured our economic activities since the first census of manufactures in 1810."
As the economy grew and became more sophisticated, the censuses began to include wholesalers and mining concerns. Subsequently, there was a constructions industries census. Wholesalers are companies that buy goods in bulk and sell them in smaller batches to retailers and other businesses.
It was not until 1954 that America had what economists call 'a fully integrated census.' That year was also the first time census organizers used an electronic computer (UNIVAC 1) to process data.
The Census of Transportation began in 1963. In 1987, transportation data became more sophisticated and included many different transportation industries.
The final major expansion of America's Economic Census occurred in 1992. In that year, the organizers added more data from transportation industries as well as finance. They also included information on insurance companies, real estate, communications, and utilities.
In this article, 'utilities' refers to providers of water, natural gas, or electricity.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Chalcedony is one of the cryptocrystalline varieties of the mineral quartz, having a waxy luster. It may be semitransparent or translucent and is usually white to gray, grayish-blue or some shade of brown, sometimes nearly black. Other shades have been given different names. A clear red chalcedony is known as carnelian or sard; a green variety colored by nickel oxide is called chrysoprase. Prase is a dull green. Plasma is a bright to emerald-green chalcedony that is sometimes found with small spots of jasper resembling blood drops; it has been referred to as blood stone or heliotrope. Chalcedony is one of the few minerals other than quartz that is found in geodes.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text: Due to the inertness of the intrinsic (nondoped) amorphous SiC (i-aSiC) material to the chemical impact, for making it porous by the electrochemical etching method, one must use the electrolyte solution with an appropriate composition. For this purpose we have found that besides the use of solutions containing surface activation agent (Triton X-100 for example), one can use also solutions containing oxidation agent. In this report we present the results obtained with electrolyte solution in which H2O2 plays the role of oxidation agent. Results showed that with appropriate ratio of components in the HF/H2O/H2O2 solution, we can manufacture a porous layer in the i-aSiC thin film with the porosity similar to the porosity of the porous layer obtained by etching in the HF/H2O/Triton X-100 solution with optimal composition. Thin film of i-aSiC material with porous surface layer can be used in different types of sensors.


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|Compartmented Mode Workstation Labeling: Encodings Format Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library|
The value= keyword must be present to specify the internal integer value to be associated with the classification. The smallest integer that can be specified is 0. The maximum size integer that can be specified is 255. The decimal integer specified for the value starts with the first non-blank character following the blank after the keyword, and continues up to the next semicolon or the end of the line. A null integer specification, as in the specification:
is taken to be 0. If value= is specified more than once for the same classification name, all specifications except the last are ignored. Hence, value= should be specified only once. A particular value should be specified only once in the encodings file.