text:
Harvard Business Case Studies Solutions – Assignment Help
In most courses studied at Harvard Business schools, students are provided with a case study. Major HBR cases concerns on a whole industry, a whole organization or some part of organization; profitable or non-profitable organizations. Student's role is to analyze the case and diagnose the situation, identify the problem and then give appropriate recommendations and steps to be taken.
To make a detailed case analysis, student should follow these steps:
STEP 1: Reading Up Harvard Case Study Method Guide:
Case study method guide is provided to students which determine the aspects of problem needed to be considered while analyzing a case study. It is very important to have a thorough reading and understanding of guidelines provided. However, poor guide reading will lead to misunderstanding of case and failure of analyses. It is recommended to read guidelines before and after reading the case to understand what is asked and how the questions are to be answered. Therefore, in-depth understanding f case guidelines is very important.
STEP 2: Reading The Harvard Language And The Text Of Each Paper Case Study:
To have a complete understanding of the case, one should focus on case reading. It is said that case should be read two times. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. Initial reading is to get a rough idea of what information is provided for the analyses. Then, a very careful reading should be done at second time reading of the case. This time, highlighting the important point and mark the necessary information provided in the case. In addition, the quantitative data in case, and its relations with other quantitative or qualitative variables should be given more importance. Also, manipulating different data and combining with other information available will give a new insight. However, all of the information provided is not reliable and relevant.
When having a fast reading, following points should be noted:
- Nature of organization
- Nature if industry in which organization operates.
- External environment that is effecting organization
- Problems being faced by management
- Identification of communication strategies.
- Any relevant strategy that can be added.
- Control and out-of-control situations.
When reading the case for second time, following points should be considered:
- Decisions needed to be made and the responsible Person to make decision.
- Objectives of the organization and key players in this case.
- The compatibility of objectives. if not, their reconciliations and necessary redefinition.
- Sources and constraints of organization from meeting its objectives.
After reading the case and guidelines thoroughly, reader should go forward and start the analyses of the case.
STEP 3: Doing The Case Analysis Of Language And The Text Of Each Paper:
To make an appropriate case analyses, firstly, reader should mark the important problems that are happening in the organization. There may be multiple problems that can be faced by any organization. Secondly, after identifying problems in the company, identify the most concerned and important problem that needed to be focused.
Firstly, the introduction is written. After having a clear idea of what is defined in the case, we deliver it to the reader. It is better to start the introduction from any historical or social context. The challenging diagnosis for Language And The Text Of Each Paper and the management of information is needed to be provided. However, introduction should not be longer than 6-7 lines in a paragraph. As the most important objective is to convey the most important message for to the reader.
After introduction, problem statement is defined. In the problem statement, the company's most important problem and constraints to solve these problems should be define clearly. However, the problem should be concisely define in no more than a paragraph. After defining the problems and constraints, analysis of the case study is begin.
STEP 4: SWOT Analysis of the Language And The Text Of Each Paper Case Solution:
SWOT analysis helps the business to identify its strengths and weaknesses, as well as understanding of opportunity that can be availed and the threat that the company is facing. SWOT for Language And The Text Of Each Paper is a powerful tool of analysis as it provide a thought to uncover and exploit the opportunities that can be used to increase and enhance company's operations. In addition, it also identifies the weaknesses of the organization that will help to be eliminated and manage the threats that would catch the attention of the management.
This strategy helps the company to make any strategy that would differentiate the company from competitors, so that the organization can compete successfully in the industry. The strengths and weaknesses are obtained from internal organization. Whereas, the opportunities and threats are generally related from external environment of organization. Moreover, it is also called Internal-External Analysis.
In the strengths, management should identify the following points exists in the organization:
- Advantages of the organization
- Activities of the company better than competitors.
- Unique resources and low cost resources company have.
- Activities and resources market sees as the company's strength.
- Unique selling proposition of the company.
- Improvement that could be done.
- Activities that can be avoided for Language And The Text Of Each Paper.
- Activities that can be determined as your weakness in the market.
- Factors that can reduce the sales.
- Competitor's activities that can be seen as your weakness.
- Good opportunities that can be spotted.
- Interesting trends of industry.
- Opportunities for Language And The Text Of Each Paper can be obtained from things such as:
- Change in technology and market strategies
- Government policy changes that is related to the company's field
- Changes in social patterns and lifestyles.
- Local events.
Following points can be identified as a threat to company:
- Company's facing obstacles.
- Activities of competitors.
- Product and services quality standards
- Threat from changing technologies
- Financial/cash flow problems
- Weakness that threaten the business.
Following points should be considered when applying SWOT to the analysis:
- Precise and verifiable phrases should be sued.
- Prioritize the points under each head, so that management can identify which step has to be taken first.
- Apply the analyses at proposed level. Clear yourself first that on what basis you have to apply SWOT matrix.
- Make sure that points identified should carry itself with strategy formulation process.
- Use particular terms (like USP, Core Competencies Analyses etc.) to get a comprehensive picture of analyses.
STEP 5: PESTEL/ PEST Analysis of Language And The Text Of Each Paper Case Solution:
Pest analyses is a widely used tool to analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and legal situations which can provide great and new opportunities to the company as well as these factors can also threat the company, to be dangerous in future.
Pest analysis is very important and informative. It is used for the purpose of identifying business opportunities and advance threat warning. Moreover, it also helps to the extent to which change is useful for the company and also guide the direction for the change. In addition, it also helps to avoid activities and actions that will be harmful for the company in future, including projects and strategies.
To analyze the business objective and its opportunities and threats, following steps should be followed:
- Brainstorm and assumption the changes that should be made to organization. Answer the necessary questions that are related to specific needs of organization
- Analyze the opportunities that would be happen due to the change.
- Analyze the threats and issues that would be caused due to change.
- Perform cost benefit analyses and take the appropriate action.
- Next political elections and changes that will happen in the country due to these elections
- Strong and powerful political person, his point of view on business policies and their effect on the organization.
- Strength of property rights and law rules. And its ratio with corruption and organized crimes. Changes in these situation and its effects.
- Change in Legislation and taxation effects on the company
- Trend of regulations and deregulations. Effects of change in business regulations
- Timescale of legislative change.
- Other political factors likely to change for Language And The Text Of Each Paper.
- Position and current economy trend i.e. growing, stagnant or declining.
- Exchange rates fluctuations and its relation with company.
- Change in Level of customer's disposable income and its effect.
- Fluctuation in unemployment rate and its effect on hiring of skilled employees
- Access to credit and loans. And its effects on company
- Effect of globalization on economic environment
- Considerations on other economic factors
- Change in population growth rate and age factors, and its impacts on organization.
- Effect on organization due to Change in attitudes and generational shifts.
- Standards of health, education and social mobility levels. Its changes and effects on company.
- Employment patterns, job market trend and attitude towards work according to different age groups.
- Social attitudes and social trends, change in socio culture an dits effects.
- Religious believers and life styles and its effects on organization
- Other socio culture factors and its impacts.
- Any new technology that company is using
- Any new technology in market that could affect the work, organization or industry
- Access of competitors to the new technologies and its impact on their product development/better services.
- Research areas of government and education institutes in which the company can make any efforts
- Changes in infra-structure and its effects on work flow
- Existing technology that can facilitate the company
- Other technological factors and their impacts on company and industry
These headings and analyses would help the company to consider these factors and make a "big picture" of company's characteristics. This will help the manager to take the decision and drawing conclusion about the forces that would create a big impact on company and its resources.
STEP 6: Porter's Five Forces/ Strategic Analysis Of The Language And The Text Of Each Paper Case Study:
To analyze the structure of a company and its corporate strategy, Porter's five forces model is used. In this model,


Not for Its Own Sake: Knowledge as Byproduct of NLP
William Dolan and Stephen Richardson
Recent claims in the literature as well as current research trends suggest that a long-held goal of natural language processing, the ability to map automatically from machine readable dictionaries into structured knowledge bases that can be used for various artificial intelligence tasks may be impossible. This paper argues to the contrary, describing an extremely large and rich lexical knowledge base which has been created almost as a byproduct of ordinary morphological, syntactic and semantic processing within a broad-coverage NLP system. This approach to mapping between text and knowledge representation appears to offer the only viable hope for creating knowledge bases large and rich enough to support complex tasks like machine understanding and domain-independent reasoning.


text:
To aid personal study and research among the students and teachers, Pine Valley High School maintains a well-stocked Library that meets the need of the learning community at all levels.
The school Library is a standard library, housing presently about 300 books and reference materials. It has a sitting capacity of 35 students, along with the instructor's and it's fully air-conditioned.
Our Library is made up of the normal academic books covering the national curriculum at the secondary school level, it also contain Local and Foreign text books that are not readily available. We have periodic journals on subscription and other books that deal on various areas of human endeavour.
Our facility is well managed by qualified personnel who are always at hand to guide the students on how they can optimize the Library usage.
To aid visual and practical learning; Pine Valley High School possess a number of science and learning laboratories where students acquire practical learning canadian-pharmacy24-7.com/.
Science laboratories include that of Agricultural Science, Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
Other laboratories include:
- Home Economics/Food and Nutrition laboratory,
- Typing pool; where students acquire typing skills,
- Technical Drawing laboratories,
- Music laboratory; where students learn how to explore their musical talents

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively SYNOPSIS
Nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers. Nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested information for a host or domain. ARGUMENTS
Look up information for host using the currentdefault server or using server, if specified. Ifhost is an Internet address and the query type is A or PTR, the name of the host is returned. If host is a name and does not have a trailing period, the default domain name is appended to the name. (This behavior depends on the state of the set options domain, srchlist, defname, and search.)
To look up a host not in the current domain, append a period to the name.
lserver domain Change the default server to domain; lserver uses the initial server to look up information about domain, while server uses the current default server. If an authoritative answer can't be found, the names of servers that might have the answer are returned.
root Changes the default server to the server for the root of the domain name space. Currently, the host ns.internic.net is used. (This command is a synonym for ''lserver ns.internic.net.) The name of the root server can be changed with the ''set root command.
finger [name? [[
finger [name? [[ Connects with the finger server on the current host. The current host is defined when a previous lookup for a host was successful and returned address information (see the ''set querytype=A'' command). The name is optional.
ls [option? domain [[
ls [option? domain [[ List the information available for domain, optionally creating or appending to filename. The default output contains host names and their Internet addresses. Option can be one of the following:
lists all records of the specified type (see querytype below).
lists aliases of hosts in the domain; synonym for ''-t CNAME''.
lists all records for the domain; synonym for ''-t ANY''.
lists CPU and operating system information for the domain; synonym for ''-t HINFO''.
lists well-known services of hosts in the domain; synonym for ''-t WKS''.
When output is directed to a file, hash marks are printed for every 50 records received from the server.
view filename Sorts and lists the output of previous ls command(s) with more(_USER_@).
? Prints a brief summary of commands.
exit Exits the program.
set keyword [=value? This command is used to change state information that affects the lookups. Valid keywords are:
all Prints the current values of the frequently-used options to set. Information about the current default server and host is also printed.
class=value Change the query class to one of:
IN the Internet class
CHAOS the Chaos class
HESIOD the MIT Athena Hesiod class
ANY wildcard (any of the above)
The class specifies the protocol group of the information.
(Default = IN; abbreviation = cl)
[no? debug Turn debugging mode on. A lot more information is printed about the packet sent to the server and the resulting answer.
(Default = nodebug; abbreviation = [no? deb)
[no? d2 Turn exhaustive debugging mode on. Essentially all fields of every packet are printed.
(Default = nod2)
domain=name Change the default domain name to name. The default domain name is appended to a lookup request depending on the state of the defname and search options. The domain search list contains the parents of the default domain if it has at least two components in its name. For example, if the default domain is CC.Berkeley.EDU, the search list is CC.Berkeley.EDU and Berkeley.EDU. Use the ''set srchlist command to specify a different list. Use the ''set all command to display the list.
(Default = value from hostname(_USER_@), /etc/resolv.conf, or LOCALDOMAIN; abbreviation = do)
srchlist=name1/name2/... Change the default domain name to name1 and the domain search list to name1, name2, etc. A maximum of 6 names separated by slashes (/) can be specified. For example,
sets the domain to lcs.MIT.EDU and the search list to the three names. This command overrides the default domain name and search list of the ''set domain command. Use the ''set all command to display the list.
[no? search If the lookup request contains at least oneperiod but doesn't end with a trailingperiod, append the domain names in thedomain search list to the request until ananswer is received.(Default = search; abbreviation = [no?sea) port=value Change the default TCP/UDP name server portto value.(Default = 53; abbreviation = po) querytype=value type=value Change the type of information query to oneof: Athe host's Internet address.
CNAME the canonical name for an alias.
HINFO the host CPU and operating system type.
MINFO the mailbox or mail list information.
MX the mail exchanger.
NS the name server for the named zone.
PTR the host name if the query is an Internet address; otherwise, the pointer to other information.
SOA the domain's ''start-of-authority'' information.
TXT the text information.
UINFO the user information.
WKS the supported well-known services.
Other types (ANY, AXFR, MB, MD, MF, NULL) are described in the RFC-1035 document.
(Default = A; abbreviations = q, ty)
[no? recurse Tell the name server to query other servers if it does not have the information.
(Default = recurse; abbreviation = [no? rec)
retry=number Set the number of retries to number. When a reply to a request is not received within a certain amount of time (changed with ''set timeout''), the timeout period is doubled and the request is resent. The retry value controls how many times a request is resent before giving up.
(Default = 4, abbreviation = ret)
root=host Change the name of the root server to host. This affects the ''root'' command.
(Default = ns.internic.net.; abbreviation = ro)
timeout=number Change the initial timeout interval for waiting for a reply to number seconds. Each retry doubles the timeout period.
(Default = 5 seconds; abbreviation = ti)
[no? vc Always use a virtual circuit when sending requests to the server.
(Default = novc; abbreviation = [no? v)
[no? ignoretc Ignore packet truncation errors.
(Default = noignoretc; abbreviation = [no? ig)
The server did not respond to a request after a certain amount of time (changed with ''set timeout=value) and a certain number of retries (changed with ''set retry=value).
No response from server No name server is running on the server machine.
No records The server does not have resource records of the current query type for the host, although the host name is valid. The query type is specified with the ''set querytype'' command.
Non-existent domain The host or domain name does not exist.
Network is unreachable The connection to the name or finger server could not be made at the current time. This error commonly occurs with ls and finger requests.
Server failure The name server found an internal inconsistency in its database and could not return a valid answer.
Refused The name server refused to service the request.
Format error The name server found that the request packet was not in the proper format. It may indicate an error in nslookup.
initial domain name and name server addresses
$HOME/.nslookuprc user's initial options /usr/share/misc/nslookup.help summary of commands
file containing host aliases
LOCALDOMAIN overrides default domain
_USER_@named(_USER_@), resolver(_USER_@), resolver(_USER_@); RFC-1034, ''Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities; RFC-1035, ''Domain Names - Implementation and Specification. AUTHOR

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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 1. Extension Method Documentation - Jonathan Pryor's web log
 1. Extension Method Documentation
Extension Method Documentation - Jonathan Pryor's web log
« How To Defend Against Software Patent FUD | Main | DbLinq and Mono »
Extension Method Documentation
C# 3.0 adds a new language feature called extension methods. Extension methods allow the "addition" of new instance methods to any type, without modifying the type itself. This is extremely powerful, arguably crack-adled, and exists because Visual Studio users can't do anything without code completion (tongue firmly in cheek).
It's also extremely useful, permitting LINQ and the even more crack-adled thinking in Mono.Rocks (much of which I wrote, and I'm not entirely sure if the "crack" is in jest or not; sometimes I wonder...).
To create an extension method, you first create a static class. A method within the static class is an extension method if the first parameter's type has a this modifier:
static class MyExtensions {
 public static string Implode (this IEnumerable self, string separator)
 return string.Join (separator, self.ToArray ());
Usage is as if it were a normal instance method:
string[] a = {"This", "is", "my", "sentence."};
string imploded = a.Implode (" ");
// imploded == "This is my sentence."
Extension methods are entirely syntactic sugar. (Nice syntactic sugar, nonetheless...). As such, it doesn't in any way modify the type that is being extended. Consequently, it cannot access private members, nor is the extension method returned when reflecting over the extended type. For example, typeof(string[]).GetMethod("Implode") will return null, as System.Array doesn't have an Implode method.
Furthermore, extension methods are only available if you have a using declaration for the namespace the extension method type resides in. So if the above MyExtensions type resides in the Example namespace, and a source file doesn't have using Example;, then the Implode extension method isn't available.
Earlier I alluded that Visual Studio users can't do anything without code completion. Extension methods are thus a boon, as they (potentially) make it easier to find new functionality, as no new types need to be introduced or known about in advance. However, you still need to have an appropriate using declaration to bring the methods "in scope," so how does a developer know what namespaces to use? The same way a developer knows which type to use for anything: documentation.
MSDN online documentation has been enhanced to show which extension methods are applicable for a given type, e.g. The extension methods for IEnumerable. Mono has similar documentation support.
This isn't particularly interesting, though. Part of the utility and flexibility is that any type, in any namespace, can be extended with extension methods, and the extension methods themselves can be contained in any type.
Obviously, MSDN and Mono documentation online can't know about extension methods that are not part of the core framework. Thus, if the e.g. Mono.Cecil or Gendarme frameworks provided extension methods, the online documentation sites won't be helpful.
Which brings us to a Mono 2.0 feature (yes, I'm only now announcing a feature that shipped 3 months ago):
Mono Documentation Tools: the Mono Documentation framework has been upgraded to support documenting generics and extension methods.
This support consists of four things:
 1. Enhancing mdoc update to generate an /Overview/ExtensionMethods element within index.xml. The /Overview/ExtensionMethods element contains elements which in turn contains //Targets/Target elements specifying which types the extension method is an instance method on, and a element which is a subset of the actual extension method documentation. Developers don't need to edit this copy; it's handled entirely by mdoc update.
 2. Enhancing mdoc assemble to look for the //ExtensionMethod elements and insert them into the ExtensionMethods.xml file within the generated.zip file.
 3. Enhancing the XML documentation to HTML generation process so that the extension methods are listed. This allows all of monodoc and mod, online documentation, and mdoc export-html to use the underlying infrastructure.
 4. Enhance monodoc.dll to load all ExtensionMethods.xml files from all installed.zip files. This the allows monodoc and online documentation mechanisms to show extension methods for all installed documentation sources.
The short of it is that this requires no workflow change to get extension methods listed on all extended types. Just create extension methods, document them as if they were normal static methods (as they are normal static methods, and can be invoked as such), assemble the documentation, and install the documentation.
There is one wrinkle, though: since the index.xml file contains a subset of the documentation, you need to rerun mdoc update after editing extension method documentation so that index.xml will have the correct documentation when mdoc assemble is run. Otherwise the "summary" extension method documentation may differ from the actual intended documentation. This may be improved in a future release.
Posted on 25 Jan 2009 | Path: /development/mono/ | Permalink
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It is a tale ballad narrated by singing, which are sung by a specific class of ballad singers. In Duggar Desh, they are called jogie. They narrate popular folk tales in their dance style, performed by three members with the accompaniment of a typical folk instrument called Rabab. The most famous among these ensembles are the Kaaraaks of Baba Jitoo, Raja Bahu and Baba Kaliveer [3].
Dogri Geet (Songs)
Ceremonial lyrics in Dogri are not mere ritualistic verses. They are sensitive and reflective, echoing back events and personalities with strict faithfulness. They also give analyses of the human reactions surrounding these ceremonies. Out of the many ceremonial songs, those of marriage and childbirth are very popular. Biyain, in particular, are songs sung to celebrate the birth of a child, which indirectly suggests the contrast between social norms according to a boy and a girl in Duggar. The birth of a female child casts an ominous gloom over the household, and is equated with bankruptcy and dishonour. Chorian has no such critical strain. They only mark the matrimonial rituals which the bridegroom has to go to through. The affectionate lyrics sung at the marriage of a girl are called Suhag, and they convey the hopes and dreams of the bride's family and friends for her success as a wife [3].
Dogri Dances
Dogras are a virile people full of vitality and gallantry, and their dances therefore showcase vivid expressions of their emotions. These dances are performed on special occasions like the advent of the spring season, the harvest time when the peasants reap the fruit of their labour, or wedding days. Dogra folk dances are an expression of simplicity, gaiety and gallantry of the brave Dogras.
 1. Chhajja Dance: This folk dance is performed at the Lohri festival. Prior to Lohri festival, young boys prepare colorful and beautiful chhajjas using pieces of bamboo.
 2. Dhamhachada: This folk dance is performed by women. This popular dance is performed on the occasions of marriage ceremonies of boys.
 3. Phumnian: This folk-dance is also popular in lower hilly areas of Jammu region. It is performed after the harvest. Before people eat the new grain, this dance is performed and the grains are offered to God with devotion.
 4. Kudd: This dance is from the higher regions of Jammu, Bahderwah, Kishtwar and Ramnagar, which are known for their Kudd dances. The people of the villages where this dance is organized invite their relatives and friends from other places to enjoy this festivities.
 5. Raslila: A folk representation commemorating the dance between Lord Krishna and the Gopis. The dancers array themselves in two rows, with two small sticks in both hands of every dancer.
Dogra Jewellery
Among Dogra women, jewelry forms an important part of the dress. Now in the modern times, jewelry designs have become quite elaborate and richly decorated with enamel, gems and pearls. Precious and semi-precious stones are set on the metal. Generally, the Dogras wear the following jewelry:
 1. Mangal Sutra: It is the symbol of wedlock, and therefore has great importance as an ornament among Hindu Dogra women.
 2. Tikka: It is worn over the forehead, and may be a triangular or round pendulum which is tied with a black thread that goes back through the center of the head, secured into hair with a pin clip.
 3. Chumka: These are gold earrings, sometimes called bali, which hang from the ears of women. Each chumka weighs about one tola.
 4. Nathani: It is a large ring of tola which passes through a small hole in the nostril. It is round in shape.
 5. Necklace: It is worn around the neck and is generally made of five tolas of gold
 6. Kada: It consists of four tolas of gold worn in each arm
 7. Ring: These are rings for the fingers, generally studded with pearls, sapphire or any other jewel.
Dogri Men's Dress
 1. The Chudidar Pyjama: The typical Dogra dress consists of close fitting known as chudidar pyjama (ghutana)with folds from ankle to calves. It is fastened by a skillfully made cord of cotton threads
 2. Kurta: It has narrow sleeves and can serve the purpose of base layer. It is made of hand-spun khadi.
 3. Khilka: It is made of fine, country-made khasa with broad sleeves and broad girth, and is worn over the underwear with a phatovie (jacket) of khadi in between. It is found around the neck with a thread clasp and thread hook. It is also fastened at the front with clasps or hooks.
 4. The Head wear: The traditional Dogri head wear consists of a muslin piece twenty-four yards long and about two inches wide, tightly bound to the head.
Dogri Women's Dress
 1. Head Dress: An embroidery piece of cloth of six yards serves as the covering for the head which falls to the ankles.
 2. Salu: It is a covering made of a piece of khadi cloth dyed blood red and embroidered in beautiful design of flowers to be woven by the bride after marriage
 3. Chudidar Suthan: A loose flowing dress of linen or silk with numerous folds which is tied round the waist with a silken or cotton cord. It is worn over the tight fitting suthan.
Dogri Dishes
Dogra food habits are simple. Although food is largely a matter of taste and nourishment, food habits are influenced also by the climatic and geographical conditions. Dogras living in plains are mostly vegetarian, whereas those living in mountainous regions consume meat. Dogras living in cities and villages, therefore, possess different eating habits. The typical Dogri food consists of the following dishes:
 1. Mithe Chawal: Rice fried in a small quantity of oil or ghee. Water equivalent to three times the weight of rice is added, along with edible yellow food coloring. Sugar is added according to the taste, and then it is allowed to cook at low intensity flame till the rice becomes soft
 2. Kheer or Shree Palov: This dish is a Dogri delicacy. Basmati rice, after washing, is fried in ghee and then boiled in milk in a narrow necked cooking vessel called Degchi. Cinnamon and Choti Elaychi are then added. It is allowed to remain on mild fire until it is properly cooked and is thick in consistency.
 3. Khamira and Pathoru: Wheat flour is kneaded and leavened with Khamir or yeast. It is put aside for some time for fermentation.
 4. Charolian and Chilli: Both of these are special dishes eaten on rainy days during the monsoon season. Charolian is a preparation from bleached wheat flour or maida.
 5. Ambal: A common dish served during Dogri ceremonies, it is prepared with cut pieces of pumpkin.
 6. Kalari: A milk preparation which is a unique specialty of the Duggar province within the Udhampur district, this dish is relished and demanded world over by the Jammu diaspora hailing from Duggar (Wakhlu 1998, 97-98).
The Dogri language has also been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, and the Dogras, though numerically small, play a notable role in many spheres of public life. Their outstanding and ongoing contributions to the Indian Army, their cultural contributions through traditional dance, music, and pahari painting including the Basohli, Guler and the Kangra miniature styles, are just some of the attributes of Dogri culture that has added rich hues to the cultural mosaic of Jammu and India.
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 4. Bamzai, PNK. 1994. Culture and Political History of Kashmir. MD Publications Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
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text:
WEAVE A TALE ACTIVITY
"Story telling is the most powerful way to put ideas into the world."
'Weave a Tale' activity was conducted for Grade II students. The objective of the activity was to build their confidence, sharpen their presentation skills and enrich their vocabulary. The students came up with striking stories, full of innovative ideas and high level of imaginative skills. This activity gave them a platform to raise their writing skills. The judgement was based on the creativity, time taken to widespread the story and presentation shown by them. Students enjoyed framing up their own stories as this activity provided them an opportunity to ruminate individually.


text:
The newly formed Open-Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF) wants to take robotics development into the future as fast as possible, and says it will support the development, distribution, and adoption of open-source software for use in robotics research, education, and product development.
Open-source robotics software already exists as the Robot Operating System (ROS), one of the most widely-used robot software platforms. Similar to Linux on a much smaller scale, ROS is an ecosystem consisting of modules, libraries, and tools, and the people who contribute and use them, Brian Gerkey, chief executive officer of the OSRF and director of open-source development at Willow Garage, told us.
The OSRF's role is a legal entity that can act as a steward of the ROS community, a focal point for people interested in ROS, and a nexus for government agency and corporate funding, said Gerkey.
A new foundation supports the development of open-source robotics software that will bring more sophisticated abilities like motion planning to industrial robots, such as the 15-axis, two-armed SDA10D from Yaskawa Motoman Robotics.
(Source: Yaskawa Motoman Robotics)
Begun and supported by Willow Garage, ROS was designed for the research community. An example is the ROS-based, university-developed Raven II surgical robot research platform, which combines ROS-based software with university-developed hardware to help accelerate surgical robot development.
After satisfying the needs of that community, Willow Garage started looking at how to make the infrastructure useful to robot makers. "So we focused more on documentation, user interfaces, and more outreach to users in companies," said Gerkey. "Now there's a handful of companies shipping robots with ROS inside." The organization turned to industrial robot makers' needs with ROS-Industrial, which combines proven industrial robotics with open-source robotics code, such as standardizing the interfaces to industrial robot arms.


Skip to definition.
Noun: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat
 2. Disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores
 - stinking smut
 3. Similar to Tilletia caries
 - stinking smut, Tilletia foetida
 4. Fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores
 - Tilletia caries
Verb: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) hit a ball in such a way so as to make it go a short distance
 - drag a bunt
 2. To strike, thrust or shove against
 "He bunted his sister out of the way";
 - butt
Derived forms: bunted, bunting, bunts
Type of: hit, hitting, smut, smut fungus, strike, striking
Part of: genus Tilletia, Tilletia
Encyclopedia: Bunt,caste


BigWind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer
Does BigWind really care about YOUR safety? What about the safety of the farmer or kids on snowmobiles?
Last month, Ohio infuriated wind proponents by passing Senate bill 310, a bill that delays the states renewable electricity standard for two years and eliminates the requirement that half of the renewables mandate be met with in-state resources.
Wind developers and Ohios media cried foul over due process claiming the legislature gave no warning of the setback rule change or opportunity for testimony. They insisted the provision was anti-wind driven by coal and oil interests intent on destroying the economics of large-scale wind and called on the governor to veto the change.
Industry Setback Recommendations
However, according to Iberdrola's Emergency Plan written for Groton Wind employees and released this year, "shedding ice may be thrown a significant distance as a result of the rotor spinning or wind blowing the ice fragments."
GE Wind states that rotating turbine blades may propel ice fragments up to several hundred meters if conditions are right depending on turbine dimensions, rotational speed and many other potential factors….
One operator of a wind installation admitted large turbines will throw a four hundred pound chunk of ice one thousand feet.
In the last 5-6 years, communities have adopted setbacks at or greater than the distance codified under Ohio law. More modern ordinances include two setback protections. The first protects property owners from ice/debris flying off the turbines. This ranges from 1300 feet to 1 mile or more away. The second setback distance is implied based on noise limits that cannot be exceeded either at the property line or the wall of an occupied building. If the noise standards are correctly applied, turbines may be erected 1.25-1.5 (or more) miles from the property line/building.
According to Mr. Palmer, the goal of public safety risk assessment is to ensure that we do not impose risks on unsuspecting members of the public. We agree!
via WindAction | Wind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer.


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In addition to fresh foods, many canned foods also provide nutrient-dense dietary options, often at a lower price, with longer storage potential. The aim of this study was to compare nutrient-dense food group intake and nutrient intake between different levels of canned food consumption in the US. Consumption data were collected for this cross-sectional study from 9761 American canned food consumers (aged two years and older) from The NPD Group's National Eating Trends®
) database during 2011–2013; and the data were assessed using The NPD Group's Nutrient Intake Database. Canned food consumers were placed into three groups: Frequent Can Users (≥6 canned items/week); n
= 2584, Average Can Users (3–5 canned items/week); n
= 4445, and Infrequent Can Users (≤2 canned items/week); n
= 2732. The results provide evidence that Frequent Can Users consume more nutrient-dense food groups such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and protein-rich foods, and also have higher intakes of 17 essential nutrients including the shortfall nutrients—potassium, calcium and fiber—when compared to Infrequent Can Users. Therefore, in addition to fresh foods, diets higher in nutrient-dense canned food consumption can also offer dietary options which improve nutrient intakes and the overall diet quality of Americans.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


text:
Assuming that you meet semester continuation requirements, if you earn a single grade of F or a second grade of D, you will be sent a letter of Academic Warning. If you receive such a letter, you are not required to take any formal steps (as you would if you were placed on probation). However, you should seriously consider the circumstances that led to that D or F grade and evaluate what steps you might take to enhance success in the future. You may want to discuss the Warning with your academic dean.
Note: No more than two courses graded D may be counted toward the 34 cc total needed to graduate. A third or subsequent D will not count in this way toward graduation requirements, but it can fulfill other curricular requirements, such as Area of Knowledge and Modes of Inquiry requirements, semester continuation, and requirements of the major.


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I am wondering how compass calibration works / why e.g. drawing an 8 or rotating the phone to all 3 axis works (or at least shall work) - I mean I would understand the calibration process, if an application would say me: Point to north, then press that button down there, but you can start at basically zero knowledge for the app, just by rotating your phone! How is that done? Also, do I need to enter a special calibration mode or can I draw these figures (like the 8) directly in Google Maps? How does Google Maps know that I am not just really moving the phone but want to calibrate the compass? Thanks for any hint!
Compass calibration works by detecting the magnetic field intensity of earth. But sometimes due to strong interference from other electronic devices like transformers compass sensor may get wrong idea about the magnetic poles of earth and can point in wrong direction. So to ensure that it asks users to recalibrate compass by rotating in figure 8 direction so that it can judge the magnetic intensity in all directions and then from that data it deduces the actual poles of earth.


text:
Information contained on this page is provided by NewsUSA, an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
/ExploraVision) - How cool would it be to show off your idea for some innovative technology that could exist 20 years from now?
Well, students in grades K-12 now have that chance. Even as some worry we've fallen behind other countries in producing graduates in the critical STEM fields -- science, technology, engineering and math -- the 21st annual Toshiba ExploraVision
science competition is back to inspire young people to help change the world.
"It's especially gratifying how many past winners have said they learned to appreciate innovation, creativity and critical thinking," says Masaaki Osumi, chairman and CEO of Toshiba America, Inc. Toshiba sponsors the event, which is administered by the National Science Teachers Association.
And the past winners were hardly slouches -- as witnessed by last year's idea for a filtration system using "nanotubes" to separate dangerous radium from water.
Entrants, who'll be vying by grade level for prizes including $10,000 (at maturity) in savings bonds -- teachers can win a Toshiba tablet -- needn't create an actual prototype. The January 31, 2013, deadline requires supporting data demonstrating the project's need and feasibility. Rules and entry details are at _URL_


Reducing labor through streamlining production - EHPEA
Reducing labor through streamlining production
Spring is in full swing in Michigan greenhouses. Growers are busy receiving young plants and shipping others to markets that have opened due to the recent warm weather. Recruiting and maintaining sufficient labor remains a major challenge in the greenhouse industry as the unemployment rate in Michigan is around 4 percent. More greenhouses than ever are using the H2A guest worker program, while others are considering the program in the future. In visiting with growers through the winter months, the Michigan State University Extension floriculture team has seen growers using a variety of strategies from high-tech equipment to streamlining their product lines for greater efficiency. Here are some of the strategies that growers are using to reduce labor costs at their facilities.
Direct sticking plant material into finished containers
A common practice among the greenhouse industry is to germinate seedlings and root vegetative cuttings in plug or liner trays. This production practice maximizes greenhouse space and increases efficiency. However, many greenhouse operations are opting to reduce the number of times that each plug (seedling), rooted cutting (liner) or container is handled thereby reducing labor costs. Therefore, growers have started to direct unrooted or callused cuttings into their final containers.
Reducing number of skews by transplanting into final decorative container
In contrast to many European plant growers, American ornamental plant growers are expected to produce hundreds (or even thousands) of species or cultivars so that they can become a one-stop shop for a plant retailer. While most growers in Michigan are still producing many plant species and cultivars, they have streamlined their efficiency by limiting the types, styles or sizes of containers. One Michigan grower who markets their plants in elaborate, decorative pottery or other unique containers has streamlined production by growing succulents in all 4-inch pots, which will be directly placed into the decorative container prior to shipment. Therefore, the high-value container is less likely to become damaged or show signs of wear and tear during production and it increases the efficiency.
Allowing for drop-in containers
Greenhouse growers who produce larger combination planters or bowls have started implementing place-holder containers. This allows growers to produce plants that have different environmental and cultural requirements or schedules in separate containers outside of the combination planter and then transplanted into the final combination planter as needed. For instance, growers plant the outer plants, e.g., "fillers and spillers" then place an empty container in the center for the "thriller" thereby reducing labor when transplanting the central plant. When the central plants arrive, which may be a tropical foliage plant produced outside Michigan or are finished in the other growing conditions, the growers remove the place-holding container and transplant the center plants.
Chemical pinching
Greenhouse growers use plant growth regulators to chemically pinch plants. Spraying, drenching or sprenching reduces the need for hand pinching plants. Pinching off the apical meristem increases lateral branching and therefore enhancing the overall quality of the plants.
Using conveyor belts
Conveyor belts are used especially during sticking of unrooted vegetative cutting, transplanting of plugs or liners or during times to streamline plant material out into the growing areas, thus increasing the efficiency of production. Growers have also implemented conveyor belts in some facilities and ease the movement throughout the facility and reduce the number of staff needed to complete a task.
Boom irrigation systems
Boom irrigation reduces the number of employees needed to hand water plants. Growers can also apply various chemicals through irrigation booms to reduce the amount of single applications. Boom irrigation systems are best used in facilities where plants are grown on the floor with wide ranges and walkways.
Robotic vegetative cutting sticking machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants have made the investments into robotic vegetative cutting sticking machines, such as the Visser Autostix system (Photo 10). The vegetative cuttings are placed into biodegradable clips (Photo 11) which helps improve the performance of the robotic transplanter and allows for it to process some of our more delicate cuttings species. The sticking machine reduces the number of employees needed on the sticking line and reduces the time to stick cuttings.
Robotic transplanter
Some growers invested in automated transplanters to transplant plugs from trays into larger containers. This robotic system also reduces labor needed on the transplanting line.
Automated grading/sorting machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants, especially perennials or woody ornamentals, use grading or sorting machines. Especially in longer production cycles, perennials and woody ornamentals differ in growth rates or quality throughout the production period. Those selling young plants often need to grade those for shipment or replant those that need more production time.
Mechanical pruning, shearing or trimming machines
Growers of woody ornamentals needed to prune, shear or trim plants in order to increase rooting and control extension growth during long production schedules. This custom-made trimming machine (Photos 14, 15) allows for employees to trim plants quickly while disposing of the growing tips along the aisles which can easily be cleaned up.
Michigan State University Extension recommends growers take note of processes that decrease efficiency or require heavy staffing during this season. Once the season is over, greenhouse owners or managers can seek to input labor-saving strategies for next year.
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Cross Exchange Rate Calculator
Enter the exchange rate or currency A to C and the exchange rate from B to C into the cross exchange rate calculator. The calculator will return the Cross Rate from A to B.
Cross Exchange Rate Formula
The following formula is used to calculate the cross exchange rate of 3 different currencies, A,B, and C.
A:B = A:C/B:C
 - Where A, B, and C are different currency rates.
When analyzing currency exchanges it's important to point out that the ratio of exchange rates is constantly changing from day to day. This formula can also be used to calculate cross exchange rates of things that are not currencies.
Cross Exchange Rate Definition
A cross exchange rate is the ratio of exchange rates between two or more currencies on the open market.
How to calculate cross exchange rate?
How to calculate a cross exchange rate
 1. Determine the ratio between currency A and C.
 Using your tool of choice, look up the exchange rate between currency A and C. This will be your A:C ratio
 2. Next, determine the ratio between currency B and C
 This will be your B:C ratio. You can use the same tool or database as used in step 1.
 3. Finally, calculate A:B
 Using the formula above and the ratios from steps 1 and 2, you can now calculate the A:B cross exchange rate.
What is a cross exchange rate?
A cross exchange rate is a term typically used in economics to describe the comparison of two currencies through the use of a third common currency. For example, if you know the rates between A and C and B and C, then you can estimate the rates between A and C assuming the same rules apply to exchanges.
How can i use a cross exchange rate?
Cross exchange rates can be used to calculate fair market values for exchanging of any goods or services, not just currencies. For example, if you want a chicken, and it costs 1 blanket, but you don't have a blanket, then you need to exchange something else, say a rock. If you know that rock is also worth one blanket, then you can exchange the rock for that chicken.
Cross Exchange Rate Calculator
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text:
The body of peers; the nobility, collectively.
The group of nobles, barons and above, considered to be peers. In an SCA context, the peers are comprised of the three equal branches, the Laurel, Pelican and Knight. The three orders are in taken to be equal, though not the same--companions of the order of the Laurel are known for their excellence in the arts, the Pelican for their service to the kingdom, and the knights for their prowess on the field. All SCA peers are expected to possess the qualities that the peers share; especially courtesy and the willingness to teach what they have learned to others.
A third function of the Crown Tourney and Imperial Census is to induct members of the Imperial Orders of Peerage, and the Royal Guilds. This includes the Order of the Dove and the Knights Imperica.
the peers of a kingdom considered as a group
Highly respected group of people who have been given the highest SCA awards for Arts & Sciences (Laurel), Fighting (Chivalry), or Service (Pelican). Also Royal Peers, who have been Kings/Queens or Princes/Princesses.
The highest level of awards in the Kingdom of Calontir. With a peerage, you are considered an expert in your field. ennsic War: ( event) The oldest running and largest SCA war in the world, held annually during August in Pennsylvania. This war comprises the armies of the East versus the armies of the Middle.
The British Peerage is a system of titles of nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. The term is used both collectively to refer to the entire body of titles, and individually to refer to a specific title.


text:
What's new on our site today!
U'wa Language (Tunebo, Uwa, Uwcuwa)
U'wa is a Chibchan language of South America,
spoken by 5000 people in in northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela. There are several different dialects of
the Tunebo/U'wa language, and some linguists consider them distinct enough to be different languages.
Our list of vocabulary words in the U'wa language, with comparison to words in other Chibchan languages.
Uwa Pronunciation Guide:
How to pronounce Uwa words.
Uwa Animal Words:
Illustrated glossary of animal words in the Uwa language.
Tunebo Language (U'wa):
U'wa language information including a linguistic map of Colombia. Page in Spanish.
Central Tunebo Language Gramatica de la Lengua Tuneba Diccionario Bilingue Uw Cuwa Tunebo Grammar: Tunebo Phonology Texto Tunebo Uwa Indian Map:
Scanned-in Central Tunebo language materials from the Rosetta Project. (Most are in Spanish.)
U'wa translation of the Lord's Prayer.
Angosturas Tunebo Barro Negro Tunebo Central Tunebo Western Tunebo
Demographic information on U'wa from the Ethnologue of Languages.
The Grammar of Tunebo
Tunebo linguistics text for sale online.
Homepage of the U'wa indigenous community of Colombia. Site in Spanish.
Wikipedia article on the U'wa/Tunebo tribe.
U'wa In Crisis The U'wa Struggle Open Letter from the U'wa People U'wa Tribe's Suicide Pact:
Articles about the U'wa Indians' fight to prevent oil drilling on their ancestral lands.
El Pueblo U'wa Los indios uwa Los kogi y los u'wa:
Information about the U'wa tribe in Spanish.
Back to our Indian nations index
Back to Native American Indians for kids
Would you like to sponsor our work on the U'wa Indian language?
Native Languages of the Americas website © _PHONE_ Contacts and FAQ page


pumpkinseed sunfish
The pumpkinseed is one of the most colorful of the North American sunfish. Pumpkinseed sunfish have an orange or reddish breast and belly.
The back and sides are brown to green, marked with patterns of orange, yellow, blue, and greens. Speckling of the flanks is interspersed with a pattern of dark vertical bands and wavy stripes.
Pumpkinseed are usually found in shallow areas of farm ponds, small lakes and slow moving creeks. Like most sunfish, pumpkinseed seek out aquatic vegetation or submerged brush and are seldom found in open water.
Groups of young pumpkinseed sunfish school close to shore, but adults tend to travel in groups of 2-4 in slightly deeper areas where cover can be found.
Pumpkinseed are known for developing a home territory. If fish are captured and moved within a body of water, adults often migrate back to their original location.
Sunfish Poster
Related Information
Fish Species
What Do Sunfish Eat?
Hybrid Sunfish


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16 April 2009
A new, interactive education section has been launched to support teachers and help pupils learning about weather and climate change. The refreshed web pages have been split into three sections for kids, teens and teachers to match the needs of each age group.
They have been designed with the help of teachers and are more engaging, easier to navigate and provide clearer content.
Younger children can meet the 'Weather Explorer', who will help them learn about the weather and provide them with amazing facts. There are also games to play and experiments to try at home or in the classroom.
For teenagers there are in-depth case studies on severe weather events, which provide greater information on the weather and its impacts on people and places.
New worksheets and presentations for primary and secondary pupils have been designed to support the National Curriculum for England, so teachers will find it easier to incorporate weather and climate change into lesson plans. Covering elements of the geography, science and maths curriculums, all of the material can be downloaded free-of-charge.
Mark Gibbs, Education Business Manager, said: "We have worked closely with teachers to develop our education web pages to suit their needs. The three areas are designed to be simple and clear to use, both as part of a lesson or by children exploring the web for themselves."
Met Office Press Office: +44 (0)1392 886655
E-mail: Press Office
Met Office Customer Centre: 0870 _PHONE_
If you're outside the UK: +44 1392 885680


Could Extreme Programming Have Arisen Without Smalltalk
Smalltalk-80 (SmalltalkLanguage) was the programming language and environment that originally defined objects for me - and many others including WardAndKent. I'm convinced that using Smalltalk helped me on the way to a philosophy of development that is very close to ExtremeProgramming, as discriptigated on Wiki.
So could XP have arisen without Smalltalk?
-- RichardDrake
I've wondered this myself. I've even asked if XP only works in Smalltalk and been told absolutely not. Although JavaLanguage coding goes a little slower, the difference appears to be bounded and not often significant compared to other project costs. But could XP have been discovered/assembled on a Java project? That's hard to say. -- WardCunningham
It would *have* to be discovered, otherwise Java programmers would shoot themselves. With today's compile-as-you-go IDEs Java can be pretty iterative, and there are REPLs aplenty. The biggest differences are the lack of MetaProgramming and "real" introspection, inability to (easily) change code that you don't have the source for, and lack of expressiveness.
I have come to believe that ExtremeProgramming is an example of a more abstract methodology that ChristopherAlexander has named a "GenerativeProcess?". Another related example is a DesignPattern, and I think GenerativeProcesses tie these two closely-related topics together. I wonder if this community might resume making technical progress again if we turned our attention to ways that we can intentionally and explicitly use GenerativeProcesses in our work. Notice that I resist the temptation to describe this as a software development "methodology", because it's larger than that. Alexander notes that the very largest architectural patterns concern the necessary tension between the natural geographic and geologic features of a given site - hills, rivers, swamps, etc. - and the intended use of that site. In a similar vein, I suggest that every "technical problem" (including software problems) has a "social" aspect, and every "social problem" has a technical aspect. GenerativeProcesses start with this simple observation and build on it, whereas ConstructiveProcesses begin by arbitrarily attempting to separate these two fundamentally intertwined aspects of reality. The net result is that we sometimes make matters worse rather than better.
ExtremeProgramming in particular, and SmalltalkLanguage more generally, embodies the essence of GenerativeProcesses. Perhaps both ExtremeProgramming and DesignPatterns are mature enough that we can begin building on them to explore the nature of GenerativeProcesses.
-- TomStambaugh
Smalltalk is significant for a number of reasons, not least to show in history that true quality in one area begets it in others. But can anyone yet ListenToTheCode in Java like KentBeck does in Smalltalk? How much does AlanKay's ReactiveEngine? matter to XP? -- RichardDrake
I just wrote a (possibly biased) HistoryOfExtremeProgramming expecting to answer this question. Interesting that we both connect XP to AlanKay. Still, I thought that I would be saying more about pure objects and ReFactoring than I, in fact, did. -- WardCunningham
We have to face that fact that Smalltalk is a pretty extreme language.
A methodology is a description of the practices; the people on any given project choose to follow the practices or not. You might prefer to say, "ExtremeProgramming is the only methodology in which the practices are easy enough that people can actually follow them", or "ChryslerComprehensiveCompensation is the only project on which I have seen the team members actually following the described practices". And then we could ask how they managed to do that. And Kent might say that XP was partially derived from documenting what they did do, so of course they did that. And then Ron would say, well, actually, they didn't always manage to do that. And then some other project would speak up, saying, "We managed to follow 7 of the 10 practices". Etc.
See HighDisciplineMethodology for further coach / discipline discussion.
For ExtremeProgramming to evolve required a hospitable environment. Someone somewhere needed to observe that there was a better, faster, more entertaining way to develop software. And in order for that to happen you needed someone who was developing software better, faster, and smiling most of the time. XP was not created, it was evolved. Could this happen with CeePlusPlus? Of course not. Accepted methodologies being used with languages like C++ do not have the capacity to evolve into XP. Besides, nobody smiles while using C++. -- DonWells
I smile while using C++. I just don't smile while using C++ under WinThirtyTwo.
I smile and laugh while using C++ under Win32. (And curse and sob...)
It seems to me that XP emphasizes the dynamic approach, especially feedback. I think it would be less likely to arise in a culture BesottedWithStaticTypeChecking. -- DaveHarris
When I asked could XP have arisen without Smalltalk, I did have in mind the lack of static TypeChecking but also what I consider a whole load of other more beautiful things about the SmalltalkLanguage and environment (which may or may not be achievable in the end with a StaticallyTyped language).
The dynamic approach, especially feedback is exactly right. Very related to it are SmalltalkLanguage's uniformity, reflection and economy of concept (areas where JavaLanguage is at least significantly better than CeePlusPlus). Because of the lack of distraction and very high feedback you could say that, for the person who took the time to be really at home in it, Smalltalk became a great environment in which to think about something else - the success of one's projects as defined by one's customers. I believe that this kind of thinking led to XP. See also IsXpAnUnselfconsciousProcess.
My gut feel is that Smalltalk was necessary in history to give rise to XP. Looking back in a few years time, XP may turn out to be the biggest contribution Smalltalk has made to commercial SoftwareDevelopment. And it will help push Java and all end-user scripting systems in exactly the right, reflexive, maximum feedback direction. See NewLanguagesForXp.
-- RichardDrake
I think that ExtremeProgramming has been an evolutionary process. The industry is reaching the point where the ExtremeProgramming methodology would evolve because of the inadequecies of existing methodologies requires a better solution. Without Smalltalk it probably would have taken another decade or two before things in the industry would gel just right for XP to evolve and be born, but it would have happened. I think of Smalltalk as a catalyst that eased the birth of XP, however, the idea is just too strong for the birth to have not eventually come about.
James Burke, a historian, had an excellent series on PBS called "Connections" which deals with technological innovations and how they arise. His theory is that the pieces, the ideas come together and fit together the way a puzzle fits together. When that happens the next evolutionary step can be taken. This is where I feel we are at in this moment of time. We have reached the saturation point where the different components that are the core pieces of XP are starting to take root throughout the industry.
I have seen countless times on other projects, in the prototype stage, the seed of PairProgramming. It was typically felt that during the prototype stage a pair team can be much more productive. A team can figure out things quicker, and come up with more robust solutions, and this is considered a working norm for that stage of a project. Unfortunately teams were broken up after the initial prototype stage because it was felt more could be accomplished by individual members each working on separate tasks. I still have a hard time understanding this mentality when it is so apparent what pair teams accomplish.
To get to this next step it has taken people of vision to pull the pieces together to create a new and greater whole which is ExtremeProgramming.
-- KevinBradtke
My first reaction when I heard about ExtremeProgramming was WhyCallItXp? It seemed just a good formalization of what any practitioner of ObjectOrientedProgramming comes to understand. In the world of CeePlusPlus, several notable programmers have been saying the same things with different packaging: BjarneStroustrup, MarkLinton, JohnVlissides. DougSchmidt has condensed it down to BuildLearnAbstract.
I more wonder if object-oriented programming in general could have arisen so well without the example of SmalltalkLanguage. I don't think so. -- ScottJohnston
Here's a thought: maybe it's not XP and Smalltalk that are inextricably linked, but XP and a fully-realized and extendable ObjectOriented application framework. Before XP there was ModelViewController, right? I can see how to apply and scale the practices of XP once a lot of the constructs of the domain have been agreed upon and are in common use.
See IsSmalltalkEasierToListenTo.
Yes, ModelViewController came before XP. ModelViewController also came from Smalltalk. -- DougSwartz
There is no doubt in my mind that ExtremeProgramming could have been developed in the LispLanguage community or the ErlangLanguage community (see FunctionalProgrammingLanguages). Maybe Java, but I doubt it because the Java development systems are not interactive enough or incremental enough, and the JavaLanguage is not expressive enough. I think it takes a simple yet expressive language and a set of tools, libraries, and frameworks that get to the essence of developing software as we currently know it. Many people in the Lisp community have been doing things much like XP for decades. The Erlang community at EricssonInc describe many XP-like advantages over using CeeLanguage, CORBA, and Java when developing their telecommunications systems. -- PatrickLog


text:
Carlos students explore southern MinnesotaFrom September 15 to 17, 36 5th and 6th graders from Carlos Elementary School logged 750 miles in a loop around southern Minnesota.
From September 15 to 17, 36 5th and 6th graders from Carlos Elementary School logged 750 miles in a loop around southern Minnesota. During the trip, they combined adventure and learning and discovered the geographic diversity in Minnesota.
Students experienced the geology of the granite quarries in St. Cloud, the bluffs above Winona, and the formation of Mystery Cave in Forestville State Park. They also took part in biological and historical studies at the Eagle Center in Wabasha and the Eagle Bluff Learning Center in Lanesboro.
At Eagle Bluff, the students took on the role of either a pioneer family from the 1800s or a Native American tribe of the era. They experienced tasks such as sawing wood and grinding corn.
At Prairie Woods Environmental Center near Spicer, students navigated a climbing wall or were flung into the air, propelled by fellow classmates on the "flying squirrel."
Tim Urness and Eric Amundson are the 5th and 6th grade teachers.


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Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe – Virgins, Kids and Indigenous Costumes
Every 12th of December in Guatemala on the Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe children throughout the country dress up in colorful, traditional indigenous costumes and carry an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in local processions. Usually marimba and hordes of traditional food stalls go with the festivities.
Originating in Mexico after the Spanish conquest, when the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to an indigenous peasant, the custom continues throughout the Americas.
In Antigua the celebrations take place in front of the beautiful baroque church of La Merced. Rustic mini-scenes backed by painted images of the Virgin are set up in front of the church and parents pose their children for photographers. Tiny replicas of adults, the boys have mustaches painted on their faces and the girls little baskets tied to their heads. Each scene has a variety of typical Guatemalan everyday items for the children to use as props including miniature marimba, tortillas on a comal, model horses and a strange collection of live chickens and toy tigers.
Colorful images of the Virgin.
Children dressed up in traditional indigenous costumes.


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Lennox & Addington is an excellent destination for bird watching. More than 350 species can be found within our borders. One hotspot in particular for birding enthusiasts is Amherst Island. It's a wonderful place to view and learn about a variety of owls. The most common species found here during the winter are the Northern Saw-whet Owl, Long-eared Owls, with smaller numbers of Barred Owls, Great Horned Owls, and a few Boreal Owls and Great Grey Owls. Snowy Owls, as well as the Northern Hawk Owls, are usually found in trees and on fence posts or hydro poles near open fields throughout the Island.
While bird watching, please respect the wildlife and vegetation on your visit. Remember not to get too close and move and speak quietly. Avoid the use of a flash if you are taking photographs.
Check out these websites for more information.
Kingston Field Naturalists


Tony Gross
Tony is a social scientist with forty years' involvement in sustainable development policy, research and training with UK, Brazilian and international organizations.
Tony read literature at the University of Essex, Latin American studies at the University of Cambridge and studied for a DPhil in politics at the University of Oxford.
He has a forty-year involvement with sustainable development policy, research and training. He has worked for UK aid and academic organisations, Brazilian government bodies and non-governmental organisations, and the United Nations on issues relating to biodiversity, climate change and genetic resources, focusing on environmental justice, sustainable livelihoods and public participation. He has helped countries develop their national biodiversity strategies, promoted the effective participation of non-state actors (especially indigenous and traditional communities) in environmental negotiations and advocated the role traditional knowledge systems can play in national and international policy making.
Tony is a founder and former board member of a prominent Brazilian non-governmental organisation that supports indigenous and traditional communities and the conservation of Brazil's biological and cultural diversity. He is a dual British and Brazilian national and lives in Oxford.


If I pick up a rock and set it on a ledge above my head, I do work in the process. The work I do is termed "potential energy". We know how to recover the energy (i.e. let it fall back to earth).
However, while resting above the surface the energy is said to be "stored in the gravitational field", presumably meaning the space between the elevated rock and earth. Suppose we perform this experiment on the moon where we know the space between the elevated rock and surface consists of an empty vacuum of space which contains absolutely nothing. How can empty space store energy? That is, how can "nothing" have any properties whatsoever?
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 $\begingroup$ Just because there is a vaccuum (lack or air) on the moon doesn#t mean there isn#t a gravitational field... $\endgroup$ – Polygnome Aug 6 '16 at 19:32
 - $\begingroup$ It's called "spacetime" and it is considered a physical object. The vacuum is simply not empty. Whether the vacuum energy is "stored" the same was as for other fields is not clear. Personally I don't think it is, but we don't fully understand what's going on, yet. $\endgroup$ – CuriousOne Aug 6 '16 at 19:35
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 $\begingroup$ For a standard spring, the force in the spring is $kx$. But the space-time fabric is a "strange spring" where the force is $\frac{k}{x^2}$. Space-time can be thought of as an invisible spring that can store energy. $\endgroup$ – Inquisitive Aug 6 '16 at 20:37
 - $\begingroup$ I have come to the same conclusion as "Curiousone." Space is not empty, rather has attributes such as compressibility. Space-time fabric provides a logical mechanism for the basic formation of mass (i.e., compressed space), explains why mass has energy, and provides a mechanism for the phenomenon of gravity. As a physicist who has studied gravity most of my life, I find it strange that modern physics has not embraced "space-time" as a tangible physical object that posses attributes of size, time, energy (compression), etc. $\endgroup$ – M. Pope Aug 7 '16 at 16:49
You're right: potential energy, as taught in introductory physics courses, is a "cheat".
On a fundamental level, there's no such thing -- there's only energy stored in fields. Since field descriptions are more complicated, your course glossed over it by calling the field energy "potential energy". It's totally fine for solving problems, since the bookkeeping is the same, but it can be confusing if you ask where the energy actually is. This is a big logical hole in intro courses.
In your case, the energy is stored in the gravitational field between the two objects. It's totally analogous to how energy is stored in the electric field between two charges. Here, the gravitational field is the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$ and the presence of the masses perturbs it from the flat metric $\eta_{\mu\nu}$.
This gravitational field is not "nothing", even if there are no matter particles there. Its value, energy density, momentum density, etc. can all be measured and observed. In fact, from a modern perspective, there are only fields. Even the rock in your example is just a complicated excitation of the electron, quark, gluon, etc. quantum fields.
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 $\begingroup$ Yours is a great answer. We engineers generally don't take modern physics classes because they're not needed for low-velocity situations like terrestrial structural analysis, etc. For example, a course in Special Relativity isn't required for a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering. And it wouldn't be covered on the EIT and PE exams. Your answer makes me wish I majored in Physics so that I could have a more complete understanding about how the universe works. Again, great answer! $\endgroup$ – Inquisitive Aug 6 '16 at 20:30
 - $\begingroup$ As you said, the energy is actually stored in the space between the two be it gravity or electric since it can be measured. And I agree "the gravitational field is not 'nothing'." And there are no particles there, else we measure those too. Whatever is present is just too small to identify, perhaps on the order of Planck's length (~10-35 m). SPACE the final frontier........ $\endgroup$ – M. Pope Aug 9 '16 at 16:02
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_.Pope "Whatever is present is just too small to identify" is probably a misunderstanding of this answer. The gravitational field is present. Fields are the fundamental objects in the universe, not particles; particles are just excitations of fields, and observers in different frames may not even agree if a particle is present or not. $\endgroup$ – probably_someone Apr 10 '18 at 17:11
 - $\begingroup$ "there are only fields" Yet these fields describe the probability to find a particle. $\endgroup$ – my2cts Nov 23 at 10:25
 - $\begingroup$ Here is something to scratch your head over: the gravitational field between two large sheets of matter is essentially zero. Change the separation between the sheets and you're changing the volume of that "zero" region. Potential energy, then, relates not to added stresses in the region between the sheets but to reduced stresses in the overall outside volume of space. $\endgroup$ – S. McGrew Nov 23 at 14:07
Gravitational Potential Energy is the difference in the total energy of a mass between two points in space as a direct consequence of the difference in the length of a metre between the two locations.
In other words, it is a direct result of gravitational length contraction.
The total energy of a mass can be expressed as $$E=mc^2$$
But it is also Force × Distance I.e. it's the distance that a 1N force can be applied by the mass if all of its energy is released..
During free fall, the unit of distance decreases at a rate of $$g/c^2$$ wrt distance fallen.
Therefore the total energy of a mass reduces at a rate of $$mc^2g/c^2$$ Or $$mg$$ wrt distance fallen due to gravitational length contraction.
The change in total energy over a given change in height, mgh (or more generally over a given change in gravitational potential) is what we call Gravitational Potential Energy.
Gravitational length contraction is the result of a reduction in the wavelength of light between the two locations.
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text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A helicopter whose fuselage is configured so as to be mounted with a steel line and hook used to lift and transport heavy objects.
- n. An imaginary hook suspended in the air.
- n. A helicopter that lifts and transports heavy objects suspended by a heavy cable.
- n. a hook that is imagined to be suspended from the sky
- n. helicopter carrying a reel of steel cable that can be used to lift and transport heavy objects
"The meaning of the term skyhook definitely evolved in its new context, as in the frog example that Dennett gave."
"We debated this point in the discussions on Thursday, and doubtless will continue to do so, but even addressing this argument shows that the term skyhook has moved far past its original meaning in."
"When Dennett first introduces the term skyhook in this analogy he gives us the dictionary definition"
"Its just about eaten through the base of the tether, so luna this skyhook is about to become a spaceship until it eats that too …"
"Also, it uses skyhook, which is fairly accurate as far as finding your location"
"On the following page he instructs his readers "Let us understand that a skyhook is a" mind-first "force or power or process, an exception to the principle that all design, and apparent design, is ultimately the result of mindless, motiveless mechanicity," (Dennett 76)."
"A crane represents a theory built of our own world's rules and set in a foundation of the real while a skyhook is a by-definition impossible floating hook."
"By placing an intangible roadmap upon our perceivable world the skyhook is the very definition of foundationalism."
"SeeClickFix is a great site, but I worry that it suffers from two problems: first, the "skyhook" issue: if it's not hooked into real government authorities with the responsibility and ability to fix problems, why should people participate?"
"Dennett used the term "skyhook" to describe a source of design complexity that did not build on lower, simpler layers - in simple terms, a miracle."
These user-created lists contain the word 'skyhook'.
List of words, terms, and phrases pertaining to or referencing anything that lives, traverses, moves in, uses, or otherwise occupies the space above the ground we walk on. Words and phrases contain...
you know that thing where the Eskimos have 50 words for snow?
pretty open-ended here—terms, ideas, lingo, technologies and phenomena (real or postulated) that are, were, should be or could be used in speculative fiction
Visionary beyond current practicality.
These are just some random words that I might find a list for someday.
Looking for tweets for skyhook.


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The History of Hartford Steam Boiler
The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded on June 30, 1866. Our first president considered HSB as "the first company in America devoted primarily to industrial safety." "Hartford Standards" quickly became the specifications for boiler design, manufacture and maintenance.
Now, over 145 years later, those same values of loss prevention are at the forefront of much of the work we do. And, the company's founding premise of dealing with "matters relative to everyday life" is still very much alive in the company's culture.
It's not surprising, because some very unique influences and values laid the foundation upon which The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded:
- Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution
- Polytechnic Club Tackles Boiler Explosions
- Insurance Incentive for Boiler Inspections
Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution
During the mid-to-late nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution sprang up in America. Boilers, used to drive industrial machinery, locomotives and steamboats, were everywhere.
Though the potential of steam power seemed infinite, controlling the power was still crudely developed. As applications for steam power became more complex, the dangers also became more acute.
With thousands of boilers in operation throughout the country, there was also widespread ignorance about the properties of steam and the causes of boiler explosions. During the 1850's, explosions were occurring at the rate of almost one every four days. And, in 1865, the worst boiler disaster in history occurred when the Mississippi River steamer Sultana, took over 1,200 lives.
Most dismissed these incidences as "acts of god." People who ran industrial concerns simply assumed that their boilers would explode and they would lose one or two other workers. Others, namely members of the Polytechnic Club, which included future founders of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, had other ideas.
Polytechnic Club Tackles Boiler Explosions
In 1857, several young Hartford businessmen who were associated with the use of steam power, formed The Polytechnic Club. Their mission was to "discuss matters of science relative to everyday life." With steam power – and boiler explosions – becoming such a central part of everyday life, their discussions frequently turned to that subject.
This group took a practical point of view. They concluded that boiler explosions occurred because the pressure inside the boiler became greater than the ability of the boiler to withstand it. They reasoned that better materials and design – with periodic in-service inspections for weaknesses – would prevent explosions. They so believed in this view that they were willing to put money behind it.
Insurance Incentive for Boiler Inspection
The Polytechnic Club spent much time debating about an idea that combined insurance with a boiler inspection. They reasoned that inspections would increase boiler safety and the insurance would function as an incentive to inspect and a guarantee of a quality inspection. Though the insurance offered financial interests, it was secondary to safety and loss prevention – a totally new concept for an insurance offering.
Under that premise, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded in 1866.
Today that premise is applied to equipment beyond boilers. From water supply systems, to heating and cooling, to electrical power, to refrigeration, to telecommunications, we insure and provide engineering services that touch almost every aspect of work and life.


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Objective: In two previous randomized controlled trials Titov et al. demonstrated significant benefit from an Internetand email-based treatment programme for social phobia. The present study (Shyness 3) explores whether participants are able to complete this programme independently. Method: A total of 98 individuals with social phobia were randomly assigned to a clinician-assisted computerized cognitive behavioural treatment (CaCCBT) group, a self-guided computerized CBT (CCBT) group, or to a waitlist control group. CaCCBT group participants completed the usual Shyness programme consisting of six online lessons, cognitive behavioural homework assignments, email contact with a therapist, and participation in an online discussion forum. CCBT group participants accessed the same resources except for therapist emails. An intention-to-treat model was used for data analyses. Results: A total of 77% of CaCCBT and 33% of CCBT group participants completed all lessons. Significant differences were found after treatment between CaCCBT and control groups (mean between-groups effect size (ES) for the social phobia measures = 1.04), and between the CaCCBT and CCBT groups (mean between-groups ES for the social phobia measures = 0.66). No significant differences were found after treatment between the CCBT and control groups (mean between-groups ES for the social phobia measures = 0.38). CCBT participants, however, who completed the six lessons made good progress (mean within-group ES for the social phobia measures = 0.62). Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that both the CaCCBT and CCBT procedures were acceptable to participants. Conclusions: The reliability of this Internet-based treatment programme for social phobia has been confirmed. The therapist-guided condition was superior to the self-guided condition, but a subgroup of participants still benefited considerably from the latter. These data confirm that self-guided education or treatment programmes for common anxiety disorders can result in significant improvements.
- Clinician-assisted computerized cognitive behavioural therapy
- Randomized controlled trial
- Social phobia


Is Olive Oil Bad for Septic Tanks?
Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story.
A septic system runs on a fairly simple mechanism: the pipe carries the waste from the home to the septic tank and leach field. Properly maintaining and monitoring your home septic system is essential. Although most septic tank owners steer away from disposing of items such as facial tissues down the drain, other products can also lead to a septic backup. For example, coconut oil and septic systems don't mix well; the coconut oil can wreak havoc on your septic.
Is Olive Oil Bad for Septic Tanks?
Image Credit: MementoImage/iStock/GettyImages
Pouring Olive Oil Down the Drain
If the organic oils found in washing detergents do not harm the septic system, the same cannot be said about olive oil. Just like all cooking oils, olive oil can solidify and clog your drains once you allow it to go down the kitchen sink. You can properly dispose of grease and oil by letting them solidify first, then throwing them in the garbage. Allowing your pipes to be clogged with fat can easily result in a sewage backup problem. Instead, collect the olive oil grease in a container or clean your pans with a paper towel and throw it in the trash.
Prevent Clogs From Coconut Oil
Due to easily hardening inside the pipes and the septic tank, coconut oil can also clog your drains. If you use coconut oil to cook, make sure to never put excess coconut oil down the drain. If coconut oil is a must in your home, there is a safe way to dispose of the oil. If you use coconut oil to saute some food, wait until the excess oil cools down in a pan and then grab a paper towel to wipe out as much as you can before washing the pan.
Flushing Coffee Grounds Into Septic
Once the coffee grounds make their way down the sink and into your septic drain system, they will eventually start to build up, as well as stick to other waste within the septic system. Putting coffee grounds in the garbage disposal is also not a good idea since they can accumulate at the bottom of the pipes, where they eventually dry out and develop a crust, causing them to stay put.
There are a couple of better ways to dispose of coffee grounds. If you have a garden, your plants can benefit from the coffee grounds. All you have to do is sprinkle the coffee grounds around in the garden, and they will repel ants and other insects. An additional way is to store the used coffee grounds in a container and place it in the fridge and it will absorb odors.
View Work


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Helpers > Teacher
| Child Care Providers
Holidays & Events
Teacher's Appreciation Week and National
May > Child Care Provider's Appreciation Day-celebrated the Friday before
Oct. 5th > World
Let's show our teacher's and child care
providers how much they mean to all of us: to our children, our
families and the community.
In 1984 the National PTA instituted Teacher's
Appreciation Week, the first full week in May and the second Tuesday in May is National
In 1994 the UNESCO instituted World
Teachers Day celebrated October 5.
Also, another important event is Child
Care Provider's Appreciation Day - celebrated the Friday before
If children are attending a part-time or full time preschool or a
child care facility this is a special activity in which the entire
family can participate to honor teachers and child care
The dedication and love that our children receive from teachers and
child care providers is immeasurable and affects the entire family,
with this mind this craft will express to them that the entire
family cares for their dedication.
Hand Flower Craft
This craft involves tracing the hand or doing individual handprints
of each member in the family. These handprint tracings or
paint handprints are placed to form a flower. Here are the
instructions to make it. On the materials column is the
template for the leaves and stem.
Have fun with this family project.
Note: This activity is also appropriate many other occasions
and they are listed in the craft's instructions page.
* something to color or paint with
*glue or glue stick


WATCH: Robotic device winds its own way through beating pig heart
Scientists have created a small robotic device that guides itself safely through a beating pig's heart, demonstrating what such tools might one day do in surgery.
Routine steps
And they borrowed some tricks from animals to do the job. To find its way to a specific point in the heart, the thin tube called a catheter gently tapped its path along heart walls and to a valve, much like how cockroaches skitter along walls and rats reach out with their whiskers.
Researchers from Boston Children's Hospital tested their robot in pigs. Experienced doctors were a little faster threading catheters into place. But researchers say robotic devices might one day do routine steps in operations so doctors could focus on more complicated tasks.
The research was published in Science Robotics.
Image credit: iStock
We live in a world where facts and fiction get blurred
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text:
Which People with Specific Language Impairment have Auditory Processing Deficits?
McArthur GM., Bishop DVM.
An influential theory attributes developmental disorders of language and literacy to low-level auditory perceptual difficulties. However, evidence to date has been inconsistent and contradictory. We investigated whether this mixed picture could be explained in terms of heterogeneity in the language-impaired population. In Experiment 1, the behavioural responses of 16 people with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 control listeners (aged 10 to 19 years) to auditory backward recognition masking (ABRM) stimuli and unmasked tones indicated that a subgroup of people with SLI are less able to discriminate between the frequencies of sounds regardless of their rate of presentation. Further, these people tended to be the younger participants, and were characterised by relatively poor nonword reading. In Experiment 2, the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) of the same groups to unmasked tones were measured. Listeners with SLI tended to have age-inappropriate waveforms in the N1-P2-N2 region, regardless of their auditory discrimination scores in Experiment 1. Together, these results suggest that SLI may be characterised by immature development of auditory cortex, such that adult-level frequency discrimination performance is attained several years later than normal.


sexta-feira, 2 de outubro de 2009
Celestia 3D Space Simulation Software For Linux / Windows / OS X
Celestia is a real-time visual space simulation astronomy program. It is a cross platform, open source software and released under the GNU General Public License. NASA and ESA have used Celestia in their educational and for interfacing to trajectory analysis software. It allows users to travel through an extensive universe, modeled after reality, at any speed, in any direction and at any time in history. Celestia displays and interacts with objects ranging in scale from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions using OpenGL. It is a perfect software for astronomer, educator, student, and teacher for astronomy purpose.
 1. Celestia displays the Hipparcos Catalogue (HIP) of almost 120,000 stars.
 2. Solar and lunar eclipse finder.
 3. Display the orbital paths of planets (including extrasolar planets), dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, artificial satellites, and spacecraft.
 4. Celestia users can travel/fly through the Celestia universe using simple keyboard controls, at any speed from 0.001m/s to millions of light years/s
 Controls allow users to orbit stars, planets, moons and other space objects, track space objects such as spacecraft, asteroids and comets as they fly by, or travel to and/or fly through nebula and irregular, elliptical and spiral galaxies (over 10,000 galaxies included).
 5. Celestia displays such features as detailed atmospheres on planets and moons, planet shine on orbiting satellites, sunsets and sunrises, moving clouds, planetary rings, eclipse and ring shadows etc.
 6. Graphic screen-shots and movies can be captured in classic or HD resolutions (up to 1920x1080) on Windows and Linux platforms.
You need to install the following packages:
 1. celestia - A real-time visual space simulation
 2. celestia-common - Datafiles for Celestia, a real-time visual space simulation
 3. celestia-glut - A real-time visual space simulation (GLUT frontend)
 4. celestia-gnome - A real-time visual space simulation (GNOME frontend)
 5. celestia-kde - A real-time visual space simulation (KDE frontend)
Install Celestia Under Debian / Ubuntu Linux
Type the following commands:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install celestia-gnome celestia
How do I start Celestia?
Type the following command at a console (terminal):
$ celestia-gnome &
Alternatively, you can start Celestia in the following ways:
 - Applications menu
 - Choose Education > Celestia
Fig.01: Celestia displaying earth
Fig.01: Celestia displaying earth
Celestia Mouse, Keyboard and Joystick Controls
Celestia allows you to zoom in / out and rotate various objects from star to spacecraft using a mouse. It has "point and goto" interface which allows you to navigate through our universe.
Mouse Controls Description
Left Drag Camera orientation--Up/Down/Left/Right (also Up & Down arrow key)
Shift+Left Dbl Click on an object Deselect and Center selected object
Left Click on no object Deselect currently selected object
Right Click on an object Display object context menu if it has one
Scroll Wheel or Ctrl+Left Drag or Ctrl+Left Drag Left+Right Drag up/down Distance to selection adjust. (Home/End)
To see complet list press CTRL+H.
How do I view demo?
To view the demo click on Help menu > Demo.
Further readings:
(Image credit: Wikipedia)
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