Question: Is Debt A Debenture?
What is Debenture simple words?
Both corporations and governments frequently issue debentures to raise capital or funds..
What is the purpose of a debenture?
A debenture is a loan agreement in writing between a borrower and a lender that is registered at Companies House. It gives the lender security over the borrower's assets. Typically, a debenture is used by a bank, factoring company or invoice discounter to take security for their loans.
Why do companies issue debentures?
Why do company issue debentures, when they can borrow money from Bank. … When bank lend money they generally place restriction on how that money can be used. exborrowed fund can be used only for capital expenditure or they limit companies ability to raise additional funds till this loan is repaid. etc.
Are debentures high risk?
What some investors don't realise is that, unlike fixed-term deposits that carry virtually no risk, debentures come with a high level of risk. Unfortunately, there's no such thing as a free lunch with fixed interest securities such as debentures. The market is quite efficient at pricing a risk premium into the return.
Is debenture a long term debt?
What is an example of a debenture?
Is a debenture an asset?
The debenture is sometimes called a 'floating charge debenture' and includes all company assets. … The debenture secures the assets for the lender should the company fail and in liquidation, the charge becomes 'fixed' on the asset's value at that point in time.
Are debentures current liabilities?
Noncurrent liabilities include debentures, long-term loans, bonds payable, deferred tax liabilities, long-term lease obligations, and pension benefit obligations. The portion of a bond liability that will not be paid within the upcoming year is classified as a noncurrent liability.
What are the advantages of issuing debentures?
The following are the advantages of debentures:Secured investments. Debentures provide greatest security to the investors. … Fixed return. Debentures guarantee a fixed rate of interest.Stable prices. … Non-interference in management. … Economical. … Availability of funds. … Regular source of income.
How do I buy debentures?
Do debentures pay dividends?
SharesDebenturesPayment of returnDividends can be paid to the shareholders out of profits earned by the company.Interest can be paid to the debenture holders, regardless of if the company has earned profits.Voting rightsShareholders possess voting rights.Debenture holders possess any right for voting.12 more rows
How do you cash a debenture?
Debenture can be redeemed in various ways by a company. It can pay a lump sum on the date of maturity or may pay in annual installments. A company can also purchase it from the open market or convert to an equity share in case of convertible debentures. Innovative ways like call or put option can also be utilized.
How do debentures work?
Put simply, a debenture is the document that grants lenders a charge over a borrower's assets, giving them a means of collecting debt if the borrower defaults. Debentures are commonly used by traditional lenders, such as banks, when providing high-value funding to larger companies.
How many types of debentures are there?
What is a floating debenture?
With a floating debenture, the company would still be able to produce its products, use its inventory, and sell its stock even though the inventory was signed over to the creditor. The company would regain control over its inventory with the full repayment of the note.
What happens if current ratio is too high?
The current ratio is an indication of a firm's liquidity. … If the company's current ratio is too high it may indicate that the company is not efficiently using its current assets or its short-term financing facilities. If current liabilities exceed current assets the current ratio will be less than 1.
What is the difference between loan and debenture?
In debenture, the public lends its money to the company in return for a certificate promising a fixed rate of interest. In loans, the lending institutions are banks and other financial institutions.
Are debentures safe?
After paying interest for some years, the company regularly defaulted in meeting its obligation towards the debenture-holders. … Hence, the moral of the story is that, an investor should not be misled by the fact that when a debenture is secured against the assets of the company means it is a safe and secure investment.
What are liabilities examples?
Examples of liabilities are – Bank debt. Mortgage debt. Money owed to suppliers (accounts payable) Wages owed. Taxes owed.
Can loan be converted into debentures?
Sub-section (3) of section 62 under the companies act 2013 states that "Nothing in this section shall apply to the increase of the subscribed capital of a company caused by the exercise of an option as a term attached to the debentures issued or loan raised by the company to convert such debentures or loans into shares …
Where are debentures shown in balance sheet?
Liabilities are shown on the balance sheet as either current liabilities or long-term liabilities. Long-term liabilities are debts that are not required to be repaid within one year. Because debenture bonds fall into this category, they are placed on the balance sheet in the long-term liabilities section.


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The visual identity of the European
The visual identity of the European Social Charter, created by the Italian artist Luca Rimini, is always published together with the logo of the Council of Europe. It illustrates three faces which unite to form a hand, as a symbol of unity, solidarity and cooperation. The hand may also be seen as offering protection and as being a vector of control. This reflects what the Charter is about and what the European Committee of Social Rights is seeking to achieve – the implementation of human social rights through the efforts of the States Parties to this instrument, and subject to compliance within a legal framework monitored by an independent body of a judicial nature.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. Join a video meeting.
4. If you present a Chrome tab, it shares that tab's audio by default.
5. To present a different tab, select the tab you want to present, click Share this tab instead.
6. Select Share.
7. If someone is presenting, confirm that you want to present instead.
8. If your camera is turned on, your video is active while you're presenting.


text:
ERIC Number: ED321385
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1989-Nov
A Study of the Impact of Educational Reform Movements.
An assessment of the relative and absolute impact of various educational reform movements on student learning and an analysis of school superintendents' roles in such movements are the purposes of this study. Mailed surveys to 70 experienced New York school superintendents yielded a 78.6 percent response rate. The first phase focused on the individual impacts of 10 recent educational reform movements, and the second phase compared the movements with each other with respect to student learning and the role of the superintendency. Findings indicate that the perceptions of the value of recent educational reform movements vary widely. Approaches with specific target populations were viewed as having the most impact on student learning, and those with less structure and definition were perceived as having little impact. A conclusion is that although reform efforts may have some value, the real work of education lies in addressing specific problems at the district level. Twenty-two summary tables of survey findings are included. (12 references) (LMI)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


- Amy Toledano
Orangutan Presented by Cup of Brew
What is it?
A young woman examines her current lot in life and the past event that shaped the person she has become.
What's it all about?
Alice (Louise Waller) is twenty four and lives with her mum. She lives with her mum because when her parents divorced her Dad moved to Wales with his girlfriend and Alice did not want to live on a boat like the rest of the Welsh. She is back in the house with her mum because her and her lawyer boyfriend Jamie have broken up and Alice can't find a job. She spends her time gardening and researching Orangutans, her favourite member of the ape family. But Alice's relationship with these clever creatures is complicated, and as we delve more into her world we learn of her childhood experience of falling into an Orangutan enclosure at the zoo, and the impact this event has had on her life,
How did it make me feel?
This show plays with many different elements, and Waller's performance is energised and interesting. The writing by Toby King is varied and articulate, however the character felt at times under developed and slightly vague, with more focus on being angry and defensive than exploring why she was so affected by the experience she had a child. Her erratic and energetic behaviour is at times hard to follow, and I often felt like I was playing catch up with what was going on. However the show did a lovely job of linking the emotional experience of animal and man, and the heavy choices we make in a split second. The set was simple and effective in creating the cluttered and hermit-like mind of Alice at this current point in her life.
Anything Else?
The show has a lot of potential, and while a work in progress is an interesting take on the pressure that is piled onto young people to succeed in a world that sets them up to fail.
Amy x
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Public Session Outcomes
Hosted by Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library (EVPL)
Date: June 3, 2021
Carry Forward & Leave Behind
Group 1 Visions
- Partnership between multiple denominations of churches. Community projects. Businesses providing mentors for schools. Updated schools, safe, clean, etc. Community neighborhood parks that are safe.
- To make southside Evansville a place that is celebrating community, collaboration. A place where everyone wants to be and to celebrate having that place. Southside evansville improved overall, including all the neighborhoods that surround it.
- Bike lane on the bridge, twin bridges or railroad bridge. Community incubator or accelerator programs that feed into global starter programs. Community wide diversity inclusion and equity strategies. Diversity in our local and regional leadership. Healthy communities. Specifically to henderson, a thriving East end.
- Wellness co-op centers, holistic approaches. Increase green space. Muti-generational connections and activities to grieve end of life and aging, or uncomfortable things we avoid. Hospice house supported by the community where you don't need insurance or funding to end your life peacefully. Grief support. Health and weallness approach that is not medical. More local grown produce combatting food deserts. Work with criminal justice system to incorporate programs for health and grief education and support. More mental health support and education or certification programs. Increasing entertainment on the river where you can utilize a river boat to get to different areas for entertainment along the river.
- Occupied retail spaces. More parks and gyms. Make-your-spaces, places where kids can use hands on learning, and schools. Renewable energies. Diversity in leadership education in schools. Opportunities for low income students. Diverse leadership in the city and community. Youth involvement with county operations, to encourage movement back into the county. More housing to resolve housing crisis. Drug use reduction.
Group 2 Visions
- People cheering on team EVV
- People crossing the river on a zip line
- The plane represents its pointing toward the airport. Come and go from the airport.
- The team EVV is happening in KY, other counties, but being team EVV unites everyone. US celebrating and US what's to come.
- Clean water in the river
- Museum celebrating historical US-ness. Lily King's gold medals. Some sports related. Other things people have accomplished.
- Underground railroad honored in the museum
- Southwest Indiana High. A place wehre people can come and get education that fits them. Whatever they are interested in. They can learn solar panels, garden, career exploration, people with lived experiences can mentor the students. School is not school but school is learning life. They can make something that serves everyone. It's no more us vs them.
- School doesn't just have to be kids. It can be adults. It's for everyone. Everyone can go and learn. Second building is for career exploration.
- Wanting wealth and money. Money growing on trees and producing more money. The money leads to home ownership and car ownership. The rainbow represents the spirituality. God is watching over us.
- The people represent families and friends. It's more about family, and friends, and spiritual things than about money and wealth.
- It started out being about money but then it became love, empathy, and people being together. The sun and the rainbow represents happiness.
- Swimming pool represents the wealth.
- We need to leave behind debt and financial crisis. We are going to have debt but we need to leave behind financial crisis.
- space for youth to be safe, have fun, learn, volunteer, support each other
- housing and medical care and less violent politics, people are employed where they enjoy working
Group 3 Visions
- generalized transportation for all–SWIN-KY Hyperloop that delivers you anywhere in region within minutes
- revitalization of manufacturing in area (Berry a 3D printing company, Toyota adding robotic productions)
- more community activities, better networking that leads to better networks that allows change to occur; knowledge centers like library but actually holding events of financial advice, parenthood, that connect you where you need to go
- makerspace for children or adults to tinker for free
- reimagining how you should be involved with the community; youth inclusion fo regional projects & initiatives on boards, etc; equal education for all school districts; civic education & engagement; mental health resources free and available to students; realistic sexual education; 24/7 youth community center; voting information; digestable local news information
- Hubs of interconnectivity, activity, live-work-play opportunities where entrepeneurs can thrive, people have family-centric affordable housing options fueled by affordable mass transit and renewable energy resourcs in every inner-city neighborhoods in all areas of our region
Group 4 Visions
- green infrastructure put on top of existing public buildings–green roofing (succulent roof)–helps with flooding; ocean trash cans that collect solids in our river
- good public transportation
- efficient recyling programs
- long-term learning centers
- outdoor classroom–learning moments everywhere
- locally grown healthy foods
- affordable & accessible healthy choices & activities–free bikes
- clean water & air, renewable energy
- pair of eyes with lenses in hopes of people seeing through other lenses
- financial literacy program for HS students in Evansville
- book for equal education
- alternatives to jails and incarceration
- goals would be to get people out of jail and into treatment
- breaking the cycle of re-offending
- reevaluate how much emphasis on incarceration and shifting resources to treat substance abuse and mental health
- autism – disability school currently not all schools have special ed, and none have therapists on site – there isn't transportation to schools that do have special ed.
- all therapists and assistance housed in the same place
- access to all services in one school
- better pay for therapists
- security trained in how to handle special needs students


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An aspergillum (less commonly, aspergilium or aspergil) is a liturgical implement used to sprinkle holy water. It comes in two common forms: a brush that is dipped in the water and shaken, and a perforated ball at the end of a short handle. Some have sponges or internal reservoirs that dispense holy water when shaken, while others must periodically be dipped in an aspersorium (holy water bucket, known to art historians as a situla).
An aspergillum is used in Roman Catholic and Anglican ceremonies, including the Rite of Baptism and during the Easter Season. In addition, a priest will use the aspergillum to bless the candles during candlemas services and the palms during Palm Sunday Mass. At a requiem, if a coffin is present, the priest will sprinkle holy water on the coffin. The aspergillum can be used in other manners where sprinkling of holy water is appropriate, as in a house blessing, in which the priest might bless the entry to the home. The name derives from the Latin verb aspergere 'to sprinkle'.
The form of the aspergillum differs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Greek Orthodox Church the aspergillum (randistirion) is in the form of a standing vessel with a tapering lid. The top of the lid has holes in it from which the agiasmos (holy water) is sprinkled. In the Russian Orthodox Church the aspergillum is in the form of a whisk made of cloth or hair. Sometimes, sprigs of basil are used to sprinkle holy water. In some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, no aspergillum is used, but the priest will pour holy water into the palm of his right hand and throw it on the faithful.
Leviticus Chapter 14
- "3. 'And the priest goes out of the camp and the priest looks, and beholds that the sore of the leprosy of the leper is healed.' 4. 'And the priest commands, and takes, for the one healed, two unblemished live birds, cedar wood, Coccus scarlet, and hyssop.' 5. 'And the priest commands, and slaughters the one bird in a pottery vessel upon living water.' 6. 'He takes the live bird and the cedar wood and the Coccus scarlet and the hyssop and dips them and the live bird in the blood of the bird slaughtered upon the living water.' 7. 'And sprinkle seven times upon him purified of leprosy, and he is purified, and sends the live bird upon the face of the field."
- "Of the cedar wood, hyssop, clean bird, and scarlet wool or fillet, were made an aspergillum, or instrument to sprinkle with. The cedar wood served for the handle, the hyssop and living bird were attached to it, by means of the scarlet wool or crimson fillet. The bird was so bound to this handle, as that its tail should be downwards, in order to be dipped in the blood of the bird that had been killed. The whole of this made an instrument for the sprinkling of this blood, and when this business was done, the living bird was let loose, and permitted to go whithersoever it would." Adam Clarke, 1831, vol. I p. 529
- "Verse 5. Over running water] Literally, living, that is spring water. The meaning appears to be this; some water (about a quarter of a log, an egg shell and half full, according to the rabbins) was taken from a spring, and put in a clean earthen vessel, and they killed the bird over this water, that the blood might drop into it…" A. C. I p. 529
- "The unusual ceremony in 14:2-9 reflects a primitive idea that linked physical illness with a winged evil demon, which had to be exorcised for health to be restored. The priest, as sole arbiter in the matter, met the persons outside the camp. If he appeared to be healed, the priest ordered him to slay one of two clean birds and mix its blood with spring water…Taking the other bird, a piece of cedar, some red yarn, and a sprig of hyssop, the priest immersed them all in the water and blood, sprinkled the man seven times to purify him, and then released the living bird. The lustral waters drew their purifying powers from being both fresh and reddened by the bird's blood. Since the color red had an inherent power to frighten evil spirits, this was likely the significance of the crimson yarn, colored by dyestuffs derived from insects… Both the cedar and the hyssop (the latter actually a form of caper, true hyssop not being found in Palestine) were used for sacred aspersions… It is possible that the yarn bound the hyssop sprig to the cedar to form an aspergillum (Cazelles) although the text is not so explicit and they are evidently not so arranged in Num [Numbers] 19:6. The release of the bird symbolized the departure of the evil spirit." The New Jerome Bibilical Commentary p. 70
Aspergilla are also used in modern paganism, particularly to cleanse a ritual area in Wicca, as part of a spell, or during a Wheel of the Year festival in contemporary Witchcraft. Lunarized water, saltwater, or rainwater are most typically used.


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Bonneville Flood Walters Bar Area
suggested grade levels: 9-12
view Idaho achievement standards for this lesson
View the map and answer the following questions:
1. Determine the maximum water level height of the Bonneville Flood at high water stand.
2. Locate the pendant bar on Walters Bar. How did the pendant bar form and the resulting Jensen Lake?
3. Provide an explanation for the thick deposits of sand on the north side of Walters Bar.
4. Use the following photographs: * wb#4wabu.jpg * wb#5wabu.jpg * wb#9wabu.jpg
to determine the height of the boulders that were deposited on Walters bar by the Bonneville Flood. (Use Sara for scale, height = 5'5" Note you will need to convert feet to meters.) Click here for some useful conversion tables.
5. Use Hjulströms diagram to determine velocity of water needed to move boulders that were deposited on Walters Bar. Note: You may have to extrapolate on the Hjulströms diagram to determine the velocity.
6. Conduct a survey of boulder size on Walters Bar demonstrating water velocity decreased from proximal to distal portion of bar. (note: may want to incorporate the boulder size database).
7. Measure the width of the canyon at the Can-Ada Counties border. Measure the width of the canyon on the western most portion of the map near Walters Ferry. What is the difference between these two measurements? How did the canyon width control flood water flow and how does this relate to the production of the resultant features?
8. See figures wb#2wabu and wb#3wabu. Define festoon crossbedding. How are festoon cross stratification formed? Determine the relative thickness of the entire gravel unit and also the thickness of one cross bed. (You can use Sara once again for scale) Describe the flood mechanism that formed this deposit. Determine the velocity of the flood water that deposited such a thick series of cross stratification.


a very poor wall game. The strength of a character's wall
game is determined primarily by how much damage they can inflict while their
opponent is in a state of wall stun. Another less important element of a
character's wall game is how well a character is able to maneuver their
opponent into a wall. Wall games are very similar to juggles. Once you
are aware of which strings or attacks you can use to dish out the most damage
to a character in a state of wall stun you have mastered this particular
element of Tekken. Note that the height at which a character becomes stunned
will often result in being able to connect with a larger or more powerful
string. The time it takes for a character to slide down the wall after being
popped up into a wall adds to the standard amount of time that wall stun
lasts. This in turn allows for longer strings or slower more powerful
While Rising: While rising is a state you will often find your character in
either intentionally or unintentionally. You are in this state whenever your
character is rising out of a crouch into a standing position. All characters
have unique attacks or movements they can use while in this state. The
advantage of while rising attacks is that most of them are pretty potent.
They have nice hit properties and do decent damage. Many launchers in Tekken
come from this state. The disadvantage of this state is that your options to
act are limited. Some enemy attacks may force you into a crouched state that
in turn forces you into a while rising state if you dont hold down to remain
-While Rising, Instant: To use while rising attacks and options deliberately
and quickly you must use the command input of down+back to crouch and
immediately release. Simply tapping down will result in a side step rather
than a quick crouch.
Section 2
Basic Combat Guide
In the Basic Combat section of this guide I will cover the primary forms of
damage that characters in Tekken utilize. I will also touch on a personal
theory of mine that determines the strength and skill of a player.
What makes one Tekken player better than another? What does one focus on to
become a better Tekken player? The answer to both of these questions is
We now know that the primary function of the right side of the human brain as
it relates to growth and development is to find patterns in everything we
perceive. Some minds will perceive patterns differently than others, but for
the most part, less complex patterns will be more widely accepted and easier
to identify. Tekken is no exception to this. The creators of Tekken
perceive with patterns just as the players do. That said, we can establish
that Tekken like all things is a game of patterns. I have noticed in my
many online matches of Tekken that ALL players fall into predetermined attack
patterns. The main reason for this is again that the mind perceives through
the use of patterns. The second reason is that Tekken has a finite number of
possibilities for any given situation. These possibilities are vast, but
still limited and therefore easier to perceive.
So how exactly can we use patterns to improve our play? To improve your
offense in Tekken you should strive to identify your own attack patterns.
Once you identify your attack patterns, you can work on making them more
complex and harder for other players to perceive. To improve one's defense
you should strive to familiarize yourself with as many attack patterns as
Take a random attack string of your primary character and all the
variables of that string. These are programmed attack patterns already
built into the game. Even with variations the patterns of a single attack
string will rarely exceed 3 or 4. Because there are only 3 or 4 variations
of this attack strings pattern it is very easy for players to perceive and
defend against. To counter this limitation, we must deviate from the preprogrammed strings and create customized attack sequences. Focus on your
opponent's attack sequences, no matter how complex or random his attacks,
there must inevitably be a pattern. Even a button masher subconsciously
conforms to patterns when he presses the buttons. Because multiple command
inputs are not registered by the Tekken program, it makes the attacks of a
button masher seem completely random and yet they are not random. Because
Tekken is a game of finite possibilities, if you play enough players and
identify enough patterns in their play styles your defense will vastly
improve. Also, to maintain a strong defense do not fall into the trap your
own mind will sometimes set for you. I have been caught in this trap many
times and Ive seen countless others get caught in this trap as well. The
trap occurs when you get an attack sequence, string, or pattern in your head
and you try to connect with it and it fails. Your opponent sees right
through it. Many people have an instinct or a need to connect with that
same attack that failed. If this happens, you have fallen into the trap.
By revolving your play style around this particular attack or sequence or
what have you, even if only temporarily, you are simplifying your patterns.
By simplifying your attack patterns, you severely weaken your offense.
A recap... To improve your offense, make your own patterns as complex as
possible. Even if it means giving your opponent a momentary advantage, it
prevents them from determining what you will do next. After all, if they
know what your going to do next, there is no need for reflex or coordinated
skill. To improve your defense, identify as many patterns as possible.
The objective of any match is to penetrate your foe's defenses to deal enough
damage to deplete all of their health. So we are going to cover the primary
forms in which damage is dealt. Almost all damage in Tekken comes in 1 of 3
forms. It comes from either juggles, mix-ups, or the wake-up game.
Mix-ups are a direct representation of one's ability to create patterns. The
more complex your attack patterns the better your mix-up game will be.
Mix-ups are comprised of 4 attack types, high, medium, low, and throws.
The idea of a mix-up is not to hit with all of your attacks, but to hit with
just 1 of your attacks. That attack should always best serve your goal of
depleting all of your opponents health. For example, if your opponent has
most of his health and he isnt familiar with your attack
patterns you should use a mix up that will allow you to connect with either
a launcher or a knock-down attack. If however this situation is the same
except that your opponent has very little health, you should use a mix up to
connect with a single hit that is more difficult to anticipate or block than
a launcher. Launchers tend to have poor recovery, and are unsafe if blocked.
If you only need one more connection to defeat your opponent dont risk your
defeat by using an unsafe attack.
Here is a very simple example of a mix-up so you have a place to start.
Bruce Irving has a simple low kick called Trident Low with a simple command
input of down+right kick. Its completely safe whether it connects or is
blocked. Poke your opponent with this attack at every opportunity until they
start guarding low. When they start guarding it, use his Knee Launcher.
The command input for the Knee Launcher is back, forward+right kick.
This attack has similar range, and animates only slightly slower than the
Trident Low. On top of that, it uses the same limb, Bruce's right leg,
making it even more difficult to see coming. The Knee Launcher hits medium
and is a great launcher for high damage juggles. Congratulations! you just
mixed up your opponent. You used an attack the Trident Low not with the
intention of dealing damage with it, but with the intention of getting your
opponent to alter his defense. This in turn left him vulnerable to the
medium hitting Knee Launcher which starts a massive juggle.
So step 1 of our offense is to use mix-ups to connect with attacks that will
either start a juggle or start a wake-up game. The reason for this is
because your opponent has no options while in the air, and his options while
on the ground are severely limited. Just as importantly, in both the air and
the ground your opponent is unable to guard.
Juggles are a reliable form of damage for all characters. There can be no
juggle without a launcher, so that is the most important part of a juggle.
Different launchers allow for different juggles. The juggle command input
should be second nature whenever a launcher connects essentially making them
one attack. Almost all characters have 7 juggles on their command list.
Juggles themselves are very very simple because at most you only need 2
juggles for each launcher your character has. The first juggle for each
launcher is to deal as much damage as possible before your opponent is rid of
his incapacitation. It will take practice and experimentation to find
powerful juggles that you are comfortable with. The second juggle should be
used


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Women who experienced a short but severe decrease in their food intake during the 1944–1945 Dutch famine have an increased risk of breast cancer compared with women whose caloric intake was not as greatly affected, according to a study in the April 7 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Several animal studies have found that reducing caloric intake by one-third to one-half for the animals' lifetime prevents various types of cancer, but the implications of short-term caloric restriction are largely unknown. However, reproducing these types of studies in humans raises ethical and practical issues.
During World War II, a famine in the western part of The Netherlands resulted from a food embargo imposed by German authorities. Between 1983 and 1986, about 15,000 women participating in a Dutch breast cancer screening program who were between ages 2 and 33 during the 1944–1945 famine responded to a questionnaire about their famine experience. Sjoerd G. Elias, Ph.D., of the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care at the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands, and colleagues used data gathered from these women to study the effects of the famine on subsequent breast cancer risk.
Women were given a famine exposure score--absent, moderate, or severe exposure to famine--based on information about hunger, cold, and weight loss. The risk of breast cancer increased with increasing severity of famine exposure. For example, women who experienced severe exposure to famine had a 48% increased risk of breast cancer compared with women who were not affected by the famine. The association between famine exposure and breast cancer risk was highest among women who were between ages 2 and 9 during the famine compared with women exposed at older ages. The risk was also stronger among women who never gave birth compared with women who had children.
Although a mechanism for the increased breast cancer risk among women exposed to short-term famine is unknown, the authors suggest that several endocrine systems may adapt to the extreme conditions of the famine, particularly while such systems are developing in young children, and are consequently inadequately developed to respond to a much higher caloric intake later on in life.
"Although the 1944–1945 famine is a black page in Dutch history, it provides a unique situation in which to study the long-term consequences of a short but severe famine in humans," the authors write.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
It's so hard when I have to, and so easy when I want to.
-- Annie Gottlier


text:
Wilderness Safety Education
ALL OF OUR PROGRAMS AND PRESENTATIONS ARE FREE OF CHARGE AS PART OF OUR COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC SAFETY AND EDUCATION.
Preventative Search and Rescue Presentations
Sierra Madre Search and Rescue's (SMSR's) Preventative-Search-and-Rescue (PSAR) program is dedicated to providing wilderness-safety education programs to the public. PSAR presentations, which are available on various wilderness safety topics for ages 3 years old to adults, are from one to two hours in length and provided free of charge. Please contact us at least a month in advance to make sure an instructor is available. Evenings and weekends are the best times to schedule presentations. To learn more about a specific presentation or for scheduling a presentation for your group please contact:Bruce Lamarche, Public Education Coordinator
_PHONE_ (answer machine)
- This Program teaches children what to do if they get lost in the wilderness.
Team member working with children at a safety fair.
- Mountain Survival - What to do before and during your trip, as well as what you bring with you, can have a big impact in determining whether your wilderness outing turns out to be a wonderful experience or a struggle for survival.
- Parental Instruction for Child Safety - Prevention is the key. This presentation will provide useful information for parents who plan to take their children into the wilderness.
- Topics of interest to Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Boy and Girls Club, other youth groups. - We can teach children 3 to 12 years old how to avoid getting lost and what to do if they should become lost. Handouts summarize the program and explain to adults what to do if the child becomes lost.
Team presentation at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Wilderness Safety for Parents and Adults.- Instruction for parents, camp counselors and other adults how to prepare children for outdoors activities. This includes safety tips for adults to consider when they are with children, fun activities for kids to keep them with the group and prevent them from wandering away, important facts on what to do should someone get lost, and ways to help searchers and dog handlers locate the lost person quickly.
Team Display at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Career Days - Teaches junior high and high school students the value of giving to their community by volunteering and explains the requirements, training, duties, and responsibilities of SAR team members.
- Safety Fairs - SMSR participates in safety fairs for children and adults.
- Wilderness Safety Programs for Adults - Instructors will talk with the contact person and create a wilderness safety presentation specially designed to meet the needs of the organization. Numerous topics are available, including Hypothermia and first aid, Winter Safety, Mountain Safety, and Wilderness Survival.
- Sierra Madre Search and Rescue - This is a presentation about SMSR, who we are, and what we do for the community. Some of the topics discussed are how to join the team, training, who is legally responsible for SAR missions, what resources are used during a mission, and who & when to call for help.
Last Updated ( Friday, 29 February 2008 )


IP culture shift: the rise of summary disposition
Andrew Moeser analyzes the shift towards summary disposition in Canadian IP litigation
Canadian intellectual property law has evolved considerably over the last few years, initiated in part by changes to summary procedures but increasingly carried forward by Canadian courts and new legal strategies. This pivot towards the use of early disposition instruments in place of longer and more expensive trials is having significant reverberations for IP holders and businesses. We asked intellectual property expert Andrew Moeser of Lenczner Slaght what caused this change and why – and what effects it will have on IP law now and in the future.
Why has the shift towards summary disposition occurred, and why now?
Most intellectual property litigation in Canada happens in Federal Court, where there are two mechanisms for early disposition: summary judgment and summary trial.
Summary judgment has been around for a long time. However, historically, the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal ("FCA") had typically held that summary judgment is not the preferred means of resolving IP cases, which are often complex. This reluctance was particularly apparent in patent infringement cases, which are technical and usually involve expert evidence (see e.g., Suntec Environmental Inc v Trojan Technologies Inc, 2004 FCA 140). Summary judgment was usually only successful for procedural issues, such as cases turning on payment of filing fees.
In 2009, the Federal Courts Rules were amended to add a summary trial procedure, which was modelled on a mechanism that had been successfully used in British Columbia. Summary trial is brought by way of a motion with affidavit evidence, but after that, it is a highly flexible process. The Court can make any procedural order about the conduct of the summary trial – e.g., length, which witnesses will give live testimony, whether live testimony will consist of cross-examination only or include evidence-in-chief, etc. The motion can be brought at any time before the trial date is set, including prior to discovery. The rules empower the Court to grant judgment generally or on an issue, as long as "there is sufficient evidence for adjudication, regardless of the amounts involved, the complexities of the issues and the existence of conflicting evidence."
Despite the availability of the new summary trial procedure, it was used sparingly in its first few years.
As in many other areas of Canadian law, the Supreme Court of Canada's call for a "culture shift" in its 2014 Hryniak decision was a signal to IP lawyers to give greater consideration to summary procedures. However, unlike in some other areas, there was a bit of a lag in embracing this "culture shift" in the IP bar. Along with the relative newness of the summary trial procedure and the complex subject-matter of many IP cases, a 2015 decision (Manitoba v Canada, 2015 FCA 57) held that Hyrniak did not materially change the procedures or standard to be applied in summary judgment motions, which may have suggested to some lawyers that the Federal Court and FCA retained their historical aversion towards summary judgment.
In the last couple of years, there have been several new decisions where the Federal Court endorsed summary judgment and summary trial in appropriate IP cases, including in complex patent cases (see e.g., Gemak Trust v Jempak Corporation, 2020 FC 644; ViiV Healthcare Company v Gilead Sciences Canada, 2020 FC 486). Recently, the FCA weighed in and similarly endorsed summary judgment in a patent case (Canmar Foods Ltd v TA Foods Ltd, 2021 FCA 7). We may now see a positive feedback cycle where with each new decision lawyers are expanding the scope for summary procedures in IP cases, and it is likely that this trend will continue until the case law solidifies around the appropriate limits.
This in turn absolutely affects the options that IP lawyers should present to their clients. In many ways, this trend is consistent with the broader "culture change" we have seen in the legal profession post-Hryniak, where lawyers are reminded to consider whether a trial is required to resolve any case.
What are the wider implications, if any, of this trend for Canadian consumers?
Most IP litigation involves IP holders and businesses supplying goods and services, rather than Canadian consumers themselves. It is possible that summary disposition could lead to reduced transaction costs associated with IP enforcement, and those cost savings could be passed through to the consumer. For example, in a recent patent trial decision, the Federal Court commented that:
The trial lasted 21 days. Nevertheless, as these reasons will show, the case largely turns upon an issue of claims construction. Claims construction, we are often told, is a question of law, although some forms of evidence are admissible to assist in the process. Where more than 90% of the value of the claim depends on a question of law, the parties should contemplate bringing a motion for summary judgment or summary trial. Had the parties done so in this case, a considerable amount of judicial resources would have been saved, and each party's legal costs would have been substantially reduced. As I suspect that both parties will pass their litigation costs on to their customers, it is ultimately skaters and hockey players across Canada who will bear the burden of the parties' strategic choices. (Bauer Hockey Ltd. v. Sport Maska Inc. (CCM Hockey), 2020 FC 624)
There are also a couple of exceptions where consumers might see a more direct effect.
First, IP cases often affect the availability of a product or service in the marketplace. IP holders sometimes seek injunctions to prevent allegedly infringing competitors from selling their products, and later market entrants sometimes seek a determination on the validity of a competitor's patent or trademark before launching a product. Faster disposition of IP cases could lead to faster availability (or removal) of products in the marketplace.
Second, consumers themselves are sometimes involved in IP cases, such as in copyright infringement cases relating to online file-sharing. There have been some recent examples of copyright holders suing consumers, in some cases seeking to sue large numbers of consumers in so-called "reverse class actions". In theory, the increased availability of summary disposition could have a direct effect on consumers in these kinds of cases, and that effect could go either way – either the IP holder or allegedly infringing consumers could seek to make use of summary procedures.
Will this shift have any effect on cross-border transactions, or are its effects strictly limited to Canada?
This is a complicated question. IP rights are national in scope – e.g., inventors get a Canadian patent that provides exclusive rights in Canada and a separate US patent that provides exclusive rights in the US. But there are at least three ways where there could be a cross-border effect.
First, cross-border issues are sometimes raised in Canadian IP cases, such as where there is an international supply chain and export/import issues arise in the infringement analysis.
Second, this trend could bring Canada more in line with the US, where summary judgment has historically been more available in IP cases. That said, it is unlikely that summary motions will become quite so common in Canadian IP cases: among other reasons, our costs-shifting regime is a disincentive to bringing summary proceedings with a very low likelihood of success. Similarly, though it is not a summary disposition per se, the Canadian summary trial procedure could also be used to narrow the issues in dispute in patent cases through an early hearing relating to claims construction, which is similar to the Markman procedure in the US where patent claim terms are interpreted at an early stage.
Third, there are often parallel IP proceedings occurring in different jurisdictions, and parties typically employ sophisticated transnational litigation strategy. The availability of summary proceedings (and the opportunity to get a fast decision) potentially makes Canada a more important venue in such strategies.
Is the rise in summary disposition strictly limited to patent cases, or will it affect IP law in Canada on a wider scale?
It affects IP law in Canada on a wider scale. In fact, some of the earliest uses of the summary trial procedure were in trademark cases. As an example, in cases relating to counterfeit goods, sometimes the legal issues are relatively straightforward and there is no technical complexity, and the cases turn on contested facts and credibility issues. Credibility issues have traditionally been a substantial obstacle to summary judgment, but they can be addressed with live witnesses at a summary trial.
The more notable aspect of the recent trend is that summary disposition has been treated more favourably in patent cases as well. So the takeaway message is that there are no longer particular categories of IP cases that are (or are not) suitable for summary disposition; it is more about a case-by-case analysis of whether the facts and legal issues in any specific case lend themselves to either summary mechanism.
How will this trend affect small businesses and individuals seeking to protect their IP and patents?
Summary disposition can make it more cost-effective to pursue IP enforcement. The opposite side of the same coin is that summary disposition can also be a cost-effective tool for defendants to short-circuit weak IP infringement allegations.
Do you have any other insights on helping IP clients navigate the legal landscape post/during COVID?
The Federal Court is very much "open for business", and this includes scheduling and hearing motions for summary judgment and summary trial. In addition to the ongoing use of case management in IP cases, the Federal Court has been on the leading edge of courts using technology to keep cases moving ahead despite physical distancing restrictions and other public health measures. The Court has been conducting video hearings of contested matters, including video trials, almost since the beginning of the pandemic.
Andrew Moeser is a partner at Lenczner Slaght. Andrew's practice is primarily focused on intellectual property litigation, with particular experience in industries such as pharmaceutical and biologics, information technology, and oil and gas. Andrew also has experience in commercial litigation relating to environmental


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Contaminants can enter hydraulic systems from a number of sources:
 - System generated wear particles
What is the by-pass setting for lube and hydraulic filters?
Each lube filter and hydraulic filter system is equipped with a by-pass valve to ensure main components in the system are sufficiently lubricated if oil is cold or the filter is blocked by excessive contamination. The by-pass valve can be located in the filter or filter head. Depending on the OEM manufacturer's specification, the setting of the by-pass valve can differ. The Cummins Filtration catalogue lists the setting of this valve (14.7 PSI = 1 bar). If no setting is mentioned, no by-pass valve is mounted in the filter.
What is the anti-drainback valve for lube and hydraulic filters?
The anti-drainback valve is fitted in filters for applications where potential risk of the filter running empty exists. This situation has to be avoided otherwise wear will occur on the moving parts as these parts are not yet lubricated by oil.
What is a micron?
A micron is a thousandth of a millimetre or a millionth of a metre or.000039 of an inch. Micron is the unit of measure used to determinate the size of particles in a fluid which are filtered out by the filter.
What is the difference between Absolute and Nominal micron rating?
Why doesn't Cummins Filtration publish micron ratings for all its filters?
Generally this is not necessary. Cummins Filtration filters are designed to meet or exceed OEM specifications.


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Quality of life, health, and government perception during COVID-19 times: Data from Colombia
This analysis presents data collected through an online survey about the quality of life, health, subjective wellbeing, and government perception in four cities in Colombia during the COVID-19 crisis.
Four universities and a local newspaper promoted the survey to assess how the pandemic affected the population's quality of life in a broad range of social and economic aspects. Respondents were adults (+18 years old) living in the largest Colombia cities: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla, totaling 1637 complete observations. Researchers used snowballing sampling strategy, social networks, a web page, and an advertisement in the partner newspaper for data collection.
This data set helps to conduct social research and policy reports about the consequences of the pandemic. The data enclosed in this paper includes socio-economic variables, income reduction, employment, household composition, teleworking, indebtedness, physical and mental health, physical activity behavior, subjective wellbeing, affective and communal relationships, institutional trust, and perception of government performance during COVID-19.
We aim at contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of the pandemic in Colombia and general in the Global South through the collection and dissemination of data for academic and policy purposes.


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noun (plural drachmas or drachmae /-mē/)
1The basic monetary unit of Greece (until the introduction of the euro), notionally equal to 100 lepta.
More example sentences
- Although we were told that the price of living here had become much more expensive since the euro replaced the drachma, it still seemed pretty cheap to us - especially eating out.
- The drachma disappeared, replaced by the euro when Greece joined the single European currency.
- The euro, which replaces the old francs, marks, guilders, pesetas, escudos, drachmas, and lire of the European Union, is not yet five years old.
Definition of drachma in:
- The British & World English dictionary


I understand that the V-Accord... :: FR-5 :: FAQ :: Support :: Roland
Q.I understand that the V-Accordion allows me to mix and match the reed sounds, something that is impossible with an acoustic accordion. Can you describe how this is done? (FR-7 / FR-5 / FR-7b / FR-5b)
A.The V-Accordion allows you to create sounds by simulating various acoustic accordion reed configurations. The following shows the reed types and combinations that can be made for the right hand (treble) and left hand (bass and chords).
 1. Treble Section (Treble Part)
 A Treble register may contain up to seven reeds tuned to different pitches ("feet"). Some common reed combinations are:
 - HMML type, used in a wide range of music styles ("Accord" resister)
 - MMM type, which produces the popular musette tone ("Musette" resister)
 - Professional-level HMMML type ("Master" resister)
 The available footages are:
 H ---upper footage (4')
 M ---middle footage (8-', 8, 8+')
 L ---lower footage (16')
 In addition to these, you can also include 2-2/3' and 5-1/3' footages that are unique to the V-Accordion. By assigning a different reed sound to each footage, new and complex sounds can be created.
 - The following table shows the available treble part sounds assigned to the treble register switches, along with their reed settings.
 - Closing the wooden resonance chamber inside an acoustic accordion allows you to attenuate the sound and make it softer. The V-Accordion provides this effect in the following two ways:
 - Individual setting on each reed --- CASSOTTO
 - Whole setting on all reeds --- SORDINA
 Volume adjustment for each reed is also provided.
 2. Bass & chord section (Bass & chord part)
 The V-Accordion provides five bass reeds and three chord reeds to choose from.
 For your reference:
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Readers ask: How To Set Up A Snack Machine To Accept Tokens?
How do vending machines accept money?
How does a token machine work?
Token machines may dispense the ticket in the form of a token which has the same function as a paper or electronic ticket. The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either cash, credit/debit card or smartcard.
How do vending machines know what coin you put in?
" Vending machines use light sensors to measure the size of a coin and electromagnets to detect the metal type to determine what kind of coin it is," Chan writes. "If you 're not shaped like a quarter and built like a quarter, you ain't a quarter in their book."
How do you use a snack vending machine?
Put your hands on the sides of the vending machine and grip it firmly. Push the machine slightly to one side and then let it drop. Anything that's loose or stuck should drop down to the bottom. If you can't move the machine with your hands, try standing on one side of the machine and pushing your body weight into it.
You might be interested: FAQ: What Is A Heart Healty Crunchy Snack?
Can vending machines detect fake money?
Good quality fake bills can closely resemble the real ones and the electronic sensors on slot machines may not be able to catch the difference. Some vending machines use ultraviolet scanners to measure the glow from a bill to verify it is real. Real currency bills are also printed using magnetic ink.
How do you trick a bill acceptor?
This usually involves attaching a mylar tail to the bill. I have seen lots of these over the years. Sometimes only a small strip of the original bill is used, and other times the bill has strategic cuts placed in it to cheat the acceptor. Then the bill is retrieved by the theif by pulling on the tail.
How do automatic ticket vending machines work in train stations?
Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVM) was introduced by Indian Railways to reduce passengers queuing up at the Ticket counters at the Railway Stations. ATVMs are touch screen based ticketing kiosks operated using Smart cards. The passenger can purchase and recharge the Smart cards from nominated ticket counters.
Do self checkouts detect fake money?
Yes. The scanner that checks the value of the bill note does that.
Does the coin and string trick work?
What is the problem with vending machines?
Stuck items are among some of the most common vending machine issues. Selections can get stuck on their way to the bottom of the machine, which is not only terribly frustrating for the purchaser, but can cause them to not want to use a machine again.
You might be interested: How To Make A Homemade Wasabi Seaweed Snack Like Ocean's Halo Recipe?
Can you trick a vending machine?
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Health of Australian people
Did you know
5% of Australians population are aboriginal and 8% were born overseas. 62% of people in Australia live in majour city's while 3% live in remote areas. 10% of people have asthma and 4% are servile disabled. 7% have hey fever and 17% are overweight while 6% are obese. 17% of kids in Australia have a perant with a disability.


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Variable quantity that mathematically describes the wave characteristics of a particle. It is related to the likelihood of the particle being at a given point in space at a given time, and may be thought of as an expression for the amplitude of the particle wave, though this is strictly not physically meaningful. The square of the wave function is the significant quantity, as it gives the probability for finding the particle at a given point in space and time. Seealso wave-particle duality.
Learn more about wave function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Sentencelike expression that may be thought of as obtained from a sentence by substituting variables for constants occurring in the sentence. For example, "x was a parent of y" may be thought of as obtained from "Adam was a parent of Abel." A propositional function therefore has no truth-value, becoming true or false only when its free variables are replaced by constants of appropriate syntactic categories (e.g., "Abraham was a parent of Isaac").
Learn more about propositional function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Equation that expresses the relationship between the quantities of productive factors (such as labour and capital) used and the amount of product obtained. It states the amount of product that can be obtained from every combination of factors, assuming that the most efficient available methods of production are used. The production function can thus measure the marginal productivity of a particular factor of production and determine the cheapest combination of productive factors that can be used to produce a given output.
Learn more about production function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
In mathematics, one of a set of functions related to the hyperbola in the same way the trigonometric functions relate to the circle. They are the hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cotangent, and cosecant (written "sinh," "cosh," etc.). The hyperbolic equivalent of the fundamental trigonometric identity is cosh2math.z − sinh2math.z = 1. The hyperbolic sine and cosine, particularly useful for finding special types of integrals, can be defined in terms of exponential functions:
Learn more about hyperbolic function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
In mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another (the dependent variable), which changes along with it. Most functions are numerical; that is, a numerical input value is associated with a single numerical output value. The formula math.A = πmath.r2, for example, assigns to each positive real number math.r the area math.A of a circle with a radius of that length. The symbols math.f(math.x) and math.g(math.x) are typically used for functions of the independent variable math.x. A multivariable function such as math.w = math.f(math.x, math.y) is a rule for deriving a single numerical value from more than one input value. A periodic function repeats values over fixed intervals. If math.f(math.x + math.k) = math.f(math.x) for any value of math.x, math.f is a periodic function with a period of length math.k (a constant). The trigonometric functions are periodic. Seealso density function; exponential function; hyperbolic function; inverse function; transcendental function.
Learn more about function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
In mathematics, a function in which a constant base is raised to a variable power. Exponential functions are used to model changes in population size, in the spread of diseases, and in the growth of investments. They can also accurately predict types of decline typified by radioactive decay (see half-life). The essence of exponential growth, and a characteristic of all exponential growth functions, is that they double in size over regular intervals. The most important exponential function is math.emath.x, the inverse of the natural logarithmic function (see logarithm).
Learn more about exponential function with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Function may refer to:


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Faithful+Gould has provided subject expert support to enable Network Rail to produce a Whole Life Costing (WLC) manual to embed whole life cycle costing into all future infrastructure projects from 2014 onwards.
The WLC manual for projects provides the following:
- Core principles: defining WLC and life cycle costing (LCC), why it is important and when / how to apply it
- Roles and responsibilities: clients, project sponsors, PM, QS, RVM and route asset managers and engineers
- Establishing WLC in projects: how to produce economic and financial modelling on projects, estimating methods for capital construction costs, estimating methods for life cycle costing and non construction costs, how we deal with sustainability and reliability, driving WLC into the decision making process though risk and value management
- Methods, products and tools to use
- WLC tasks during the GRIP stages: checklist (following the RIBA plan of works format)
- Evidence required at key decision points
- Cost breakdown structure + unit costs method (link to Rail Methods of Measurement)
- Case studies
This will have massive implications on the UK construction industry and will change the way investment decisions are made in future. The WLC manual embeds the WLC and LCC cost breakdown structure from the ISO 15686, new rules of measurement and also the 'unit cost framework' methodology as Network Rail's Rail Methods of Measurement. This provided a standardised cost framework for cost analysis and benchmark cost data all asset categories (for all infrastructure asset categories – e.g. tunnels, structures, track, signalling, as well as for stations, car parks and other operational buildings).
The Office of Rail Regulations has made WLC a mandatory requirement for funding of all future infrastructure construction project works to the rail network from April 2014 onwards.


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Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra - Aboriginal people and wild resource use
This book is about Aboriginal people's uses of plants and animals in the Illawarra area, south of Sydney. The title means animal food (Murni), plant food (Dhungang) and fur (Jirrar) in Dharawal language.
The book includes interviews with Aboriginal people, combined with extensive background research. It explores the spiritual and economic significance of various Illawarra environments - including marine, inter-tidal, estuarine, woodland and forest habitats - to the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra.
'Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra' is consistent with a change in emphasis in the organisation's cultural heritage research. For many years, OEH's Aboriginal cultural heritage management efforts were focused on archaeological sites and objects. More recently, OEH has tried to expand this focus to acknowledge the deep and ongoing connections between Aboriginal communities and their country.
This new publication is part of the Illawarra Aboriginal Heritage Regional Studies program which also includes 'A history of the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra'. These books have already made an impact on national park management and educational activities in the Illawarra. OEH hopes that they will become a valuable resource for the Illawarra Aboriginal community and the wider community for years to come.
Documents to download
This publication is available in two versions.
If you have a broadband internet connection, you may wish to download the complete book:
- Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra (PDF - 7.5MB)
If you have a dial-up internet connection, you may wish to download sections of the book individually:
- Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra
- Find out about a related publication 'A history of the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra'.
Page last updated: 10 June 2011


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Bird by Bird
Anne Lamott
Full-Book Quiz
1. 1. When did Lamott begin writing?
2. 2. What is Lamott's advice for writer's block?
4. 4. The phrase "Bird by Bird" originates from which of the following?
5. 5. How does Lamott prefer to do research for a book?
6. 6. What does KFKD represent?
7. 7. Who is Carpenter?
8. 8. Lamott compares writing to everything except which of the following?
9. 9. What was the title of Lamott's first book?
10. 10. Lamott uses index cards for what purpose?
11. 11. Lamott believes that every character possesses which of the following?
12. 12. What is the most significant image from Lamott's essay on school lunches?
13. 13. What example does Lamott use to illustrate the importance of plot treatments?
14. 14. Lamott advises her writers that good writing must have which of the following?
15. 15. How does Lamott honor Brice?
16. 16. What is Lamott's view about writing groups?
17. 17. How does Lamott deal with an overly critical student?
18. 18. How does Lamott feel about publication?
19. 19. Which proves most useful to Lamott when she is jealous of another author?
20. 20. What advice does Lamott give her students regarding libel?
21. 21. What did Lamott write on an index card to remind herself of her aunt?
22. 22. Lamott contacts the vineyard to what end?
23. 23. Who counsels Lamott when she is disappointed by success?
24. 24. What purpose does Lamott's one-inch picture frame serve?
25. 25. Lamott believes in which of the following?
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A stock ledger is a set of records with regards to the stock or inventory of the business. Most businesses have stock which they buy and sell at a profit.
These stocks need to be accounted for to ensure that the company is making profit in order to stay in business. Pilferage and damage must be reduced to as low a level as possible. Hence, the stock ledger is a simple but important recording document.
It is to record the type of stock the business acquires and tracks its flow. The selling and purchase prices of every stock are recorded to compute the profit or loss. The quantity of stock is also recorded to ensure that the company will not lose business due to unavailable stock. This column of information prompts the company to reorder its required stock.
The expiry date of a stock is also registered to ensure that the stock is not sold beyond its expiry date. This information will allow the company to move out stocks nearing their expiry dates quickly while ordering new stock.
A stock ledger helps to identify popular or fast moving stocks and slow moving stocks. This will help the company increase its profits with more fast moving stock.
The stock ledger template may contain:
* Company Name
* Received date / Issue date
* Quantity Order
* Quantity Received
* Quantity Issued
* Batch number
Consider the attached sample template for your convenience.


Parallel Computing Toolbox
Handling Large Data Sets with Distributed Arrays and Parallel MATLAB Functions
For MATLAB algorithms that require processing of large data sets, Parallel Computing Toolbox provides distributed arrays and parallel functions.
Distributed arrays are special arrays that store segments of data on MATLAB workers that are participating in a parallel computation. Because distributed arrays store data on many workers, you can handle larger data sets than you can on a single MATLAB session. Distributed array data that resides on workers can be manipulated from your client MATLAB session; MATLAB automatically transmits operating instructions to workers that then work collaboratively on the arrays.
You can construct distributed arrays in several ways:
 - Using constructor functions such as rand, ones, and zeros
 - Concatenating arrays with same name but different data on different labs
 - Distributing a large matrix
More than 150 MATLAB functions, including linear algebra operations, are supported directly for distributed arrays enabling you to quickly develop and prototype your parallel applications without having to write low-level message passing programs. Some of the linear algebra functions are based on ScaLAPACK library (Scalable LAPACK library designed for computer clusters). Refer to the documentation on Using MATLAB Functions on Distributed Arrays for the full list of supported functions.
Programming with distributed arrays
Programming with distributed arrays. Distributed arrays and associated parallel algorithms let you create parallel applications with minimal changes to your serial code. Click on image to see enlarged view.
You also have the ability to explicitly annotate sections of your code using the spmd (single program multiple data) construct for parallel execution on several workers. When MATLAB encounters the spmd statement, it sends all commands contained between spmd-end for execution on MATLAB workers. MATLAB ensures the transfer of necessary variables from your workspace to that of the workers. Variables that are in the workspace of the MATLAB workers can be manipulated from the MATLAB client, while the data contained in these variables continues to live remotely in the workspaces of the MATLAB workers.
Note how the example above can be recast using spmd-end in the example below. For details on relationship between Composite, codistributor1d, and distributed objects and the spmd-end block, see the Single Program Multiple Data section in the Parallel Computing Toolbox documentation.
Programming with spmd-end and distributed arrays.
Programming with spmd-end and distributed arrays. Click on image to see enlarged view.
In general, very few changes are required to convert your serial program to a parallel program. Note that in the NAS Conjugate Gradient Benchmark example below, the only requirement for changing between serial and parallel code is the declaration of distributed arrays. Other operations work transparently on distributed arrays.
See the Working with Distributed Arrays section in the Parallel Computing Toolbox documentation for more information.
function CG
%CG NAS Conjugate Gradient benchmark
% This function is similar to the NAS CG benchmark described in:
% See code on page 19-20 for the pseudo code translated to m below.
n = 1400; nonzer = 7; lambda = 20; niter = 15;
nz = n * (nonzer + 1) * (nonzer + 1) + n * (nonzer + 2);
% Create A, a distributed sparse random matrix
A = distributed.sprand(n, n, 0.5 * nz/n^2;
A = 0.5 * (A + A');
% I is a distributed sparse identity matrix
I = distributed.speye(n);
A = A - lambda * I; % Shift at lambda, an approx eigenvalue
% x is a vector of ones
x = ones(n, 1);
%% Outer iteration: exactly same code will work for distributed and
%% non-distributed arrays.
for iter = 1 : niter
 [z, rnorm] = cgit(A, x); % Conjugate Gradient iteration.
 zeta = lambda + 1/(x' * z);
 x = z / norm(z);
function [z, rnorm] = cgit(A, x)
%CGIT Conjugate Gradient iteration
% [z, rnorm] = cgit(A, x) generates approximate solution to A*z = x.
z = zeros(size(x));
r = x;
rho = r' * r;
p = r;
for i = 1 : 15
 q = A * p;
 alpha = rho / (p' * q);
 z = z + alpha * p;
 rho0 = rho;
 r = r - alpha * q;
 rho = r' * r;
 beta = rho/rho0;
 p = r + beta * p;
rnorm = norm(x - A * z);
Working with distributed arrays: Implementation of the NAS Conjugate Gradient Benchmark. The declaration of distributed arrays, highlighted, is the only change required to convert the serial program to a parallel program.


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Machine Learning Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Nanocapsules
Herein, we report the successful discovery of a new hierarchical structure of metal-organic nanocapsules (MONCs) by integrating chemical intuition and machine learning algorithms. By training datasets from a set of both succeeded and failed experiments, we studied the crystallization propensity of metal-organic nanocapsules (MONCs). Among four machine learning models, XGB model affords the highest prediction accuracy of 91%. The derived chemical feature scores and chemical hypothesis from the XGB model assist to identify proper synthesis parameters showing superior performance to a well-trained chemist. This paper will shed light on the discovery of new crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid materials guided by machine learning algorithms.


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Moving Forward To Modernize Environmental Approvals
McGuinty Government Seeks Public Input On Proposed Direction
Ontario wants to make it easier for businesses to apply for and obtain environmental approvals while increasing protection of the environment.
Public comment is being invited on a proposed model until April 16, 2010.
The new model would be introduced over the next two years and focus resources on activities that pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment. Anticipated changes outlined in this Environmental Registry posting include:
- improving and simplifying the application process
- introducing a new, public electronic environmental registry to enhance transparency
- focusing on businesses or facilities with poor compliance records
- improving standards of environmental protection and compliance.
Known as a risk-based approach, the proposal recognizes that not all requests require the same level of review. The province is looking at an approach that streamlines approvals for low-risk activities and focuses resources and efforts on activities that pose the greatest risk to public health and the environment.
Modernizing approvals is a key part of the government's Open for Business initiative which aims to create faster, smarter government-to-business services while protecting the public interest.
- The proposed risk-based approach is consistent with practices in other jurisdictions, including California and Oklahoma.
- A round table of experts from environmental groups and the business community will also provide advice on matters related to developing and implementing the new process.
- Ontario receives more than 6,000 requests for Certificates of Approval each year. These certificates ensure that facilities in the province comply with environmental laws.
- As of September 2009, Ontario eliminated a backlog of approximately 1,700 applications for Certificates of Approval.
"This is the first step in building a modern approval system for the 21st century. We need to continue enhancing Ontario's environmental protection while improving service delivery to business. We look forward to working with stakeholders and the public to develop an approvals system that achieves that balance."
"Pollution Probe recognizes the need to streamline approvals for industrial activities. A relative risk approach could help align the process with changing market needs, while maintaining environmental protection. This is a considerable challenge, and Pollution Probe looks forward to being engaged in this process."
"We are pleased that the Ontario government has heard our call to action and has committed to developing modern environmental approvals that are more effective for business, while continuing to protect the environment."


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- the act of cleaving or splitting.
- the state of being cleft.
- the area between a woman's breasts, especially when revealed by a low-cut neckline.
- a critical division in opinion, beliefs, interests, etc., as leading to opposition between two groups: a growing cleavage between the Conservative and Liberal wings of the party.
- the tendency of crystals, certain minerals, rocks, etc., to break in preferred directions so as to yield more or less smooth surfaces (cleavage planes).
- Embryology. the total or partial division of the egg into smaller cells or blastomeres.
- Also called scission. Chemistry. the breaking down of a molecule or compound into simpler structures.
Origin of cleavage
- informal the separation between a woman's breasts, esp as revealed by a low-cut dress
- a division or split
- (of crystals) the act of splitting or the tendency to split along definite planes so as to yield smooth surfaces
- Also called: segmentation embryol (in animals) the repeated division of a fertilized ovum into a solid ball of cells (a morula), which later becomes hollow (a blastula)
- the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule to give smaller molecules or radicals
- geology the natural splitting of certain rocks, or minerals such as slates, or micas along the planes of weakness
Word Origin and History for cleavage-planes
The sense of "cleft between a woman's breasts in low-cut clothing" is first recorded 1946, defined in a "Time" magazine article [Aug. 5] as the "Johnston Office trade term for the shadowed depression dividing an actress' bosom into two distinct sections;" traditionally first used in this sense by U.S. publicist Joseph I. Breen (_PHONE_), head of the Production Code Administration (replaced 1945 by Eric Johnston), enforcers of Hollywood self-censorship, in reference to Jane Russell's costumes and poses in "The Outlaw."
- A series of cell divisions in the ovum immediately following fertilization.segmentation
- The splitting of a complex molecule into two or more simpler molecules.scission
- The linear clefts in the skin, indicating the general direction of the fibers in the dermis.
- Geology The breaking of certain minerals along specific planes, making smooth surfaces. These surfaces are parallel to the faces of the molecular crystals that make up the minerals. A mineral that exhibits cleavage breaks into smooth pieces with the same pattern of parallel surfaces regardless of how many times it is broken. Some minerals, like quartz, do not have a cleavage and break into uneven pieces with rough surfaces.
- The series of mitotic cell divisions by which a single fertilized egg cell becomes a many-celled blastula. Each division produces cells half the size of the parent cell.
- Any of the single cell divisions in such a series.


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"The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources."
- Albert Einstein
Rasik walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many metres is he from the starting position?
Two cars start from the opposite places of a main road, 150 km apart. First car runs for 25 km and takes a right turn and then runs 15 km. It then turns left and then runs for another 25 km and then takes the direction back to reach the main road. In the mean time, due to minor break down the other car has run only 35 km along the main road. What would be the distance between two cars at this point?
Starting from the point X, Jayant walked 15 m towards west. He turned left and walked 20 m. He then turned left and walked 15 m. After this he turned to his right and walked 12 m. How far and in which directions is now Jayant from X?


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This is a 1930 Penny that you would be proud to show your family and friends and is a truly attractive example of Australia's most famous copper rarity.
Presented in a handsome black presentation case.
Melbourne Mint records reveal that the 1930 Penny was never struck.
And while many theories have been put forward as to how it was inadvertently minted and released into circulation, no one really knows how and why. What is known is that its striking was an accident that was discovered by collectors in the 1940s.
That the 1930 Penny underwent at least ten years of circulation before it was discovered means that surviving examples show wear. The coins were used. With the majority, very well used.
How soon into its life the 1930 Penny became a collectable, and was taken out of circulation, determines its price.


Teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue
When the star of a series, especially one of adventure and mystery is built, there is always the temptation to do too perfect. It is the most handsome of all, the smartest, the nicest and most empathy with others, the more proficient with technology, the best pilots a ship and shoot a weapon, the more fun … Such characters have a quite specific name. Mary Sue
It is true that, if they refer to a male character, called Marty Stu (or Gary Stu), but the Mary Sue term is more entrenched, especially because female characters encompasses that are built a way to escape the traditional clichés in which usually fall, as being only the bride, or the best friend, and end up falling in other different.
The origin of the Mary Sue
Where does use this name when defining what we could say that is a pluperfect a bluestocking? Apparently, its first use was in 1973, in a parody account of ' Star Trek ' called "A Trekkie's tale 'and written by Paula Smith. In it, the main purpose of satire were the fanfics of the series and, especially, the introduction of characters too perfect and did everything right.
The heroine of" A Trekkie's Tale 'is Mary Sue, who describes himself as the youngest Starfleet lieutenant, fifteen and a half years but Captain Kirk falls in love immediately and saves the crew of the Enterprise with many skills. It's so pluperfect and so beautiful that obviously has to be parodic, but is an archetype that may be difficult to resist.
The example often given of character that's folded to the terms of a Mary Sue It is actually a Marty Stu and Wesley Crusher, the wunderkind ' Star Trek. The new generation '. He was intelligent, always had a solution for everything, the writers gave great importance … Although viewers did not fall too well. Wesley was the closest thing to the child repellent Vicente of popular expression.
A character too perfect
How can recognize a Mary Sue? Generally, because they a set of skills that can border on the unbelievable, everyone constantly talks about how brilliant and great it is, and they claim in this post Cinelin about why Felicity Smoak is the largest of all Mary Sue.
"The goal of a Mary Sue is not in the making, but in how others react to her / him a Mary Sue exists to be praised; an object that idolize her. / He inspires others with her infectious goodness and makes the hero fight harder, even if Mary Sue actually never does anything remarkable. "
As you can see, the term is used in a derogatory manner and to criticize the series in particular. If, for example, you start to accuse Daisy / Skye to be a Mary Sue, it's because you're emphasizing defect ' Agents of SHIELD ', a character in which the writers are too reflected and pamper to the point of making it unlikely.
How is the Mary Sue has evolved considerably since the 70, and their perception is one of the more subjective all the usual tropes of fiction. Was Karen in 'Smash' a Mary Sue? Can you apply that term to players as Supergirl? And they can fall into that trap the strong female characters Buffy or Sydney Bristow type, and are almost becoming their own archetypes?
Mary Sue (or Marty / Gary Stu) can be a symptom of personal weakness of the writers, of a lazy characterization of a character or it may be simply conditioned by the preconceptions of viewers to certain characters. Their identification is not as clear or follow a predetermined pattern. Mary Sues can be some interesting characters, and even "redemption".
Tele Go! | teléfilo Dictionary
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News teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue was originally published at Go Tele by Such Marina.
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Teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue
Source: english
December 21, 2015
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Inside the industry: Contship's Innovative Solutions Fine-Tune Risk Management with Reduced Inventory Costs | Contship | English
24 October 2017
The cost of holding inventory stock is a huge component of logistics. It is broadly defined as the cost of the transit and waiting times between transportation of goods. Inventory consumes a significant amount of cash flow for retailers in particular. That is why gaining control over inventory costs has become an integral part of efforts to make transport logistics more cost efficient.
It is also true to say that shippers who work with logistics providers with a clear vision on how to cut inventory cost are more productive and efficient and better able to drive their own costs lower. Inventory costs and environmental impact are two primary aspects in the logistics sector that call for solutions to manage them in a practical and innovative way.
The process of inventory management increasingly calls for the use of a partner with an end to end solution for shippers concerned about costs spiraling out of control. It means planning, thorough review of process and the use of Big Data and digital technologies.The combined impact of demand planning, inventory optimization, and supply planning processes can result in huge savings through reduced inventory in the system, lower clearance costs and better financial efficiencies. However, for most shippers, it is a large effort and it impacts a large number of users in an enterprise. It also requires good clean master data and large amounts of historical transactional data, both of which require great effort to obtain. This generally makes it more complex and requires a clear consistent strategy to successfully deploy. The rewards are bigger, but so is the effort leading up to it.
As an integrated logistics provider, Contship uses a uniquely integrated "port to door" solution in Europe and the management of transit times via the choice of alternative routes as a significant method to cut inventory cost. For instance, the strategic location of La Spezia showcases Contship as a single point of call for various consumer and manufacturing markets representing approximately 50% of total Italian GDP. This includes some of the most important economic area in south Europe, namely Switzerland and South Germany.
La Spezia's rail connectivity and direct access to major Italian road networks, facilitate efficient delivery and transportation. And innovative fast-corridors and pre-clearing systems enhance La Spezia's competitiveness. Another factor is the reduction of container waiting times and the rapid clearance of the goods at the terminal.
Transit time and inventory costs savings: northern vs southern gateway
As can be seen in the graphic, what can take 29 days can be cut to a 23-day journey, which translates into a huge saving in inventory cost.
Typically, inventory costs are described as a percentage of the inventory value (annual average inventory, i.e. for a retailer the average of the goods bought to its suppliers during a year) on an annualized basis. They vary greatly depending on the business, but are always quite high. It is commonly accepted that carrying costs alone represent about 25% of inventory value on hand. That being said, it is not easy to establish a clean definition. Inventory cost, total inventory cost (TIC), total cost of inventory ownership, …:
The definition of the term of "inventory costs" is also problematic and what it covers tends to vary slightly depending on the sources and the business are concerned. Assessing inventory costs is therefore essential and has repercussions on the finances of a company as well as on its management. It helps companies determine how much profit can be made on the inventory, how costs can be reduced, where changes can be made, which suppliers or items must be chosen, how capital must be allocated.
Inventory costs fall into 3 main categories:
- Ordering costs (also called Setup costs)
- Carrying costs (also called Holding costs)
- Stock-out costs (also called Shortage costs).
Ordering costs
The ordering cost (also called setup costs, especially when producers are concerned), or cost of replenishing inventory, covers the friction created by orders themselves, that is, the costs incurred every time you place an order. These costs can be split in two parts:
The cost of the ordering process itself: it can be considered as a fixed cost, independent of the number of units ordered. It typically includes fees for placing the order, and all kinds of clerical costs related to invoice processing, accounting, or communication. For large businesses, particularly for retailers, this might mainly boil down to the amortized cost of the EDI (electronic data interchange) system which allows the ordering process costs to be significantly reduced (sometimes by several orders of magnitude).
The inbound logistics costs, related to transportation and reception (unloading and inspecting). Those costs are variable. Then, the supplier's shipping cost is dependent on the total volume ordered, thus producing sometimes strong variations on the cost per unit of order.
Carrying costs
Carrying costs are central for a "static" viewpoint on inventory, that is, when focusing on the impact of having more or less inventory, independently of the inventory flow. Again the typology varies in the literature; the categorization proposed in the literature is:
- Capital costs (or financing charges)
- Storage space costs
- Inventory services costs
- Inventory risk costs
Capital costs is the largest component among the carrying inventory costs. It includes everything related to the investment, the interests on working capital and the opportunity cost of the money invested in the inventory (instead of in treasuries, mutual funds …). Determining capital costs can be more or less complicated depending on the businesses. Some basic rules can be given: it is important to understand is the part financed externally versus the part financed through internal cash flow, and it is likewise important to assess the risk of inventory in one's business.
These costs are obviously vastly dependent on the kind of storage chosen, whether the warehouses are company owned or rented, for instance. For smaller businesses, when the same building is used for different purposes, the portion of the building associated with receiving and storing inventory must be determined.
Inventory services costs include insurance, IT hardware and applications (for some businesses, RFID equipment and such), but also physical handling with the corresponding human resources, management, etc. We can also put in this category the expenses related to inventory control and cycle counting. Finally, although they are kind of a category on their own, taxes can also be added here. When using Third Party Logistics (3PL) Providers, those costs might come as a package with the storage space costs and can be quite straightforward to determine.
Inventory risk costs cover essentially the risk that the items might fall in value over the period they are stored. This is especially relevant in the retail industry and with perishable goods. Risks first include shrinkage, which is basically the loss of products between the purchase from the suppliers (i.e. recorded inventory) and the point of sale (i.e. actual inventory), caused by administrative errors (shipping errors, misplaced goods, …), vendor fraud, pilferage and theft (including employee theft), damage in transit or during the period of storage (because of incorrect storage, water or heat damage, …).
For the reasons mentioned previously, it is hard to give more precise estimates.
 Let's simply say that for the categories mentioned above, the following estimates can be found in the literature:
- Capital costs : 15%
- Storage space costs : 2%
- Inventory service costs : 2%
- Inventory risks costs : 6%
This information has been extracted from - special thanks to the authors)
The primary objective of this formulae for calculating inventory cost is to avoid any further cost of extra storage and ensure optimum cash flow. The system also ensures high accuracy so no additional costs are expected in the process.
An efficient system of risk management via the reduction of inventory costs through efficient logistics solutions greatly enhances the management of risk at Contship.
This coupled with an accurate system of calculating inventory costs ensure the process is error-free.
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By default the repository is saved in C:\Repositories, but in live servers it is not safe to store data in C: drive so it is good to save to other drives. To change the path of the repository follow the steps:-
1. Open Visual SVN Server
2. Go to the root node of the repository and select properties
3. Change the path of the repository root to desired path of your choice.
Click OK and your done,. If you have files and data in your old repository path, you can copy paste your data to the new path so that your old data remain intact.


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Veg sandwiches are no longer just seen in health food zones and vegetarian food counters, they're everywhere. You don't have to be a vegetarian to enjoy the occassional change of taste and health benefits of a vegetarian sandwich. But is a veg sandwich, or veg burger as some call it, really healthy all the time? Is a veg burger a healthy snack simply by virtue of being a vegetarian snack? Today Ms. Sunita Pathania – Sr. Registered Dietician and Diabetes Educator, Healthy Living Diet Clinic, Mumbai, helps us understand the what and how behind the seemingly innocent veg 'burger'.
Why we think that a veg burger is healthy...
One of the biggest reasons why veg sandwiches fall in the healthy food category is that they contain less saturated fat. Sunita says, "A regular, normal veg sandwich consists of approximately four to seven grams of saturated fat." Beyond that what makes a sandwich healthy and nutritious is its size. Since, a veg 'burger' or sandwich does not contain red meat it is considered, sometimes erroneously, to be the healthier snack option.
However, this is subject to many considerations. For instance: Is the vegetable patty fried, steamed or grilled? Is it fried in palm oil? Is it loaded with cholesterol-ridden cheese? Is it layered with unhealthy mayo? A normal, veg sandwich weighs approximately 71-100 grams and has approximately 70 to 150 calories each - IF (and this is important) - it's ingredients are healthy and prepared using healthy methods. Depending on size and the content added to it, the health qualities of a veg sandwich may be high or low in calories, fat and fiber.
When can a veg sandwich be unhealthy?
Even though a veg sandwich is made of various vegetables, it can be unhealthy due to the amount of processing the ingredients have gone through. Besides, some veg burgers are loaded with excess amounts of sodium, which can cause trouble to your heart and kidney.
Additionally, watch the amount of butter or oil used in a veg sandwich before categorising it as healthy. Beyond that, size does matter. If your veg sandwich is loaded with extra toppings and cheese, then it may contain calories greater than 1,000 – which is half a day's calorie intake for a person who's approximately 6 feet tall!
Sunita says, "A veg 'burger' contain a harmful compound known as Hexane – it is a by-product of gasoline refining that is used to separate whole soybeans into soy oil, protein and fiber. This compound can cause serious health problems ranging from nerve problems which can lead to pain, numbness, muscle problem and digestion problem."
Word of caution
"Veg sandwiches can definitely be healthier than normal meat burgers, but be cautious while choosing one," says Sunita. And if you want the best out of your veg sandwiches, then it best to make them at home. It is simple and you will also be aware of exactly which ingredients are added.
Here is the Dietician's pick for a healthy veg sandwich recipe:
- 15 ounce of black beans
- ½ diced onion
- ½ diced red pepper
- ½ teaspoon cayenne pepper
- ½ teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 egg
- 1 cup bread crumbs
- Salt and pepper to taste
- Mash the above ingredients in a food processor. Shape the mixture into patties. Spray a pan with cooking spray and cook the patties on medium heat for about 3 or 4 minutes on each side.
- Add the patty to whole grain buns or bread slices, add some tomato and onion slices, and voila! Your healthy veg sandwich is ready.
*Image courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Images
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The Nebraska Economy: The Potential Consequences of Proposed Climate Change Regulation
This report summarizes key economic issues surrounding climate change legislation and regulation and considers potential implications for Nebraska, a state with a large agricultural sector and a focused manufacturing industry. The key findings are listed below. manufacturing sectors that are expected to be hardest hit by increases in energy prices. Nebraska also has a large agricultural sector that could be just lightly affected if it is exempted from regulation and would benefit from the opportunity to sell carbon offsets. However, it is uncertain as to whether these conditions would prevail.
- While economic theory supports the imposition of taxes or other costs on polluters, effective policy requires the choice of an appropriate tax. Choice of an appropriate tax can be difficult in the case of greenhouse gas emissions because there is uncertainty about the economic costs of these emissions. There are two sources of uncertainty. First, there is uncertainty about the magnitude of the manmade contribution to global warming. Second, there is uncertainty about the extent to which global warming will harm the economy.
- The public may still choose to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce the risk of a severe economic outcome. However, when making such a decision, there is a need to understand the economic cost of climate change legislation or regulation.
- For our analysis, we used the example of two recent climate change bills in the United States House of Representatives (Waxman-Markey) and in the United States Senate (Kerry-Lieberman). Our review of literature and analysis found that these examples of cap and trade legislation would be most likely to lead to an approximate 2% reduction in U.S. GDP by the year 2030 relative to a reference scenario without climate change legislation. Losses in U.S. GDP may be less severe in the decades leading up to 2030, but would remain severe after 2030. The magnitude of the GDP loss could be less if there is a rapid adoption of new nuclear or renewable power capacity.
- Retail electric prices also are expected to rise by 30% to 70% by 2030 under climate change legislation. The manufacturing sector will be especially hard-hit, with a 5% to 7% decline in industrial output and manufacturing employment.
- The economic consequences may be more muted in Nebraska given that the state is less dependent on the type of energy-intensive, internationally competitive