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Processes the specified data mining object. For more information about processing mining models and mining structures, see Processing Requirements and Considerations (Data Mining).
If a mining structure is specified, the statement processes the mining structure and all its associated mining models. If a mining model is specified, the statement processes just the mining model.
INSERT INTO [MINING MODEL]|[MINING STRUCTURE] | ()
INSERT INTO [MINING MODEL]|[MINING STRUCTURE] |.COLUMN_VALUES ()
A model identifier.
A structure identifier.
mapped model columns
A comma-separated list of column identifiers and nested identifiers.
source data query
The source query in the provider-defined format.
If you do not specify MINING MODEL or MINING STRUCTURE, Analysis Services searches for the object type based on the name, and processes the correct object. If the server contains a mining structure and a mining model that have the same name, an error is returned.
By using the second syntax form, INSERT INTO .COLUMN_VALUES, you can insert data directly into the model columns without training the model. This method provides column data to the model in a concise, ordered manner that is useful when you work with datasets that contain hierarchies or ordered columns.
If you use INSERT INTO with a mining model or a mining structure, and leave off the and arguments, the statement behaves like ProcessDefault, using bindings that already exist. If bindings do not exist, the statement returns an error. For more information about ProcessDefault, see Processing Options and Settings (Analysis Services). The following example shows the syntax:
If you specify MINING MODEL and provide mapped columns and a source data query, the model and associated structure is processed.
The following table provides a description of the result of different forms of the statement, depending on the state of the objects.
State of objects
Mining structure is processed.
Mining model is processed.
Mining structure is unprocessed.
Mining model and mining structure are processed.
Mining structure contains additional mining models.
Process fails. You must reprocess the structure, and the associated mining models.
Mining structure is processed or unprocessed.
Mining structure and associated mining models are processed.
INSERT INTO MINING MODEL that contains a source query
INSERT INTO MINING STRUCTURE that contains a source query
Either the structure or the model already contains content.
Process fails. You must clear the objects before you perform this operation, by using DELETE (DMX).
Mapped Model Columns
By using the element, you can map the columns from the data source to the columns in your mining model. The element has the following form:
 | SKIP | ( | SKIP),...
By using SKIP, you can exclude certain columns that must exist in the source query, but that do not exist in the mining model. SKIP is useful when you do not have control over the columns that are included in the input rowset. If you are writing your own OPENQUERY, the better practice is to omit the column from the SELECT column list instead of using SKIP.
SKIP is also useful when a column from the input rowset is needed to perform a join, but the column is not used by the mining structure. A typical example of this is a mining structure and mining model that contain a nested table. The input rowset for this structure will have a foreign key column that is used to create a hierarchical rowset using the SHAPE clause, but the foreign key column is almost never used in the model.
The syntax for SKIP requires that you insert SKIP at the position of the individual column in the input rowset that has no corresponding mining structure column. For example, in the nested table example below, OrderNumber must be selected in the APPEND clause so that it can be used in the RELATE clause to specify the join; however, you do not want to insert the OrderNumber data into the nested table in the mining structure. Therefore, the example uses the SKIP keyword instead of OrderNumber in the INSERT INTO argument.
Source Data Query
The element can include the following data source types:
 - Any Analysis Services query that returns a rowset
For more information about data source types, see .
The following example uses OPENQUERY to train a Naive Bayes model based on the targeted mailing data in the AdventureWorksDW2012 database.
INSERT INTO NBSample (CustomerKey, Gender, [Number Cars Owned],
 [Bike Buyer])
OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'Select CustomerKey, Gender, [NumberCarsOwned], [BikeBuyer]
FROM [vTargetMail]')
The following example uses SHAPE to train an association mining model that contains a nested table. Note that the fist line contains SKIP instead OrderNumber, which is required in the SHAPE_APPEND statement but is not used in the mining model.
INSERT INTO MyAssociationModel
 ([OrderNumber],[Models] (SKIP, [Model])
 OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'SELECT OrderNumber
 FROM vAssocSeqOrders ORDER BY OrderNumber')
 {OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'SELECT OrderNumber, model FROM
 dbo.vAssocSeqLineItems ORDER BY OrderNumber, Model')}
 RELATE OrderNumber to OrderNumber)
AS [Models]
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[[!meta title="Documentation style guide"]] - **administration password** vs **root password** Use *administration password*. Avoid *root password* even though many Linux users would use it. - *For example:* - [[Set up an administration password |doc/first_steps/startup_options/administration_password]] when you start Tails. - Start Tails and [[set up an administration password|doc/first_steps/startup_options/administration_password]]. - **anchors** (HTML anchors) Use HTML anchors to provide shortcuts when pointing people to sections inside a page. - *For example*: - '' in 'doc/about/finances' to be able to point to '_URL_ - Keep them as short as possible as they appear in the URL. - Use hyphens instead of underscores to separate words. - **boot** vs **start** - Use *start* and *restart* as much as possible to refer to starting a computer on Tails; *boot* is almost always unecessary jargon. - You might use *boot* when the word is displayed to the user by the computer or when writing for a technical audience, like in our design documentation. - Use *Boot Loader* when referring to either *GRUB* or *SYSLINUX*. - *For example:* - The Boot Loader is the first screen that appears when starting Tails. - Use *boot* when referring to *boot options*, which are only documented for workarounds or a technical audience. - *For example*: - Most computers do not start on Tails by default. - The following instructions explain how to display the boot menu and start on the USB stick. - When starting Tails, add the toram boot option in the Boot Loader Menu. For detailed instructions, see the documentation on [[using the Boot Loader Menu|doc/first_steps/startup_options#boot-loader]]. - To make the display work properly, [[add the following boot option when starting Tails|doc/first_steps/startup_options/_TAG_-loader]]: nouveau.noaccel=1 - **bulleted lists** Refer to this article from NN/g on [presenting bulleted lists](_URL_ Always add empty lines between list items to: - Make them easier to read. - Make them easier to translate. Each item from the list will be put in a separate PO string in PO files by the PO plugin when building the website. - **Debian and Ubuntu versions** Refer to Debian and Ubuntu versions primarily by their numbers, and additionally by their codenames. - *For example*: - Tails 3.0 is based on Debian 9 (Stretch) - *Tails Installer* is available on Ubuntu 15.10 (Wily Werewolf) or later. - **earlier** and **later** Use to refer to versions of software. Don't use *lower* and *higher* or *newer* and *older*. Don't use "regular expressions" like *Tails 2.1.**. - *For example:* - If you are running macOS 10.10 (Yosemite) or earlier - **future tense** Whenever possible, use present, not future, tense. Don't switch unnecessarily from present to future tense when present tense is sufficient to express a sequence of steps or events. Present tense is easier to read than past or future tense. Simple verbs are easier to read and understand than complex verbs, such as verbs in the progressive or perfect tense. - **digit grouping** Use a non-breaking thin space (HTML entity: ' ') or a space to separate groups of three digits. - *For example*: - $50 000 See [[!wikipedia Decimal_separator#Digit_grouping]] and [[!wikipedia ISO_31-0#Numbers]]. - **GNOME applications: Files, Disks, etc.** GNOME applications that have a common noun as their name (like Files or Disks) can be confusing when referred to in the documentation. Make sure to clarify that you are referring to an application (and not, for example, a set of files or disks): - *For example*: - In the title of sections - When first referring to the application in a section - *Use*: - The Files browser - The Disks utility Otherwise, use the short name of the application as it appears in the menus when giving instructions to be executed inside Tails. - *For example*: - Open */live/persistence/TailsData_unlocked/dotfiles* in *Files*. Prepend "*GNOME*" when giving instructions to be executed outside of Tails. - *For example*: - Install GNOME Disks in Debian. - **graphics card** And not *graphics adapters*, *graphics*, *graphical hardware*, or *video card*. - **Internet** Capitalize. When used as a noun, always preceded by *the*. - **media** and **installation media** Use only in rare occasions where it is especially relevant to mention both USB sticks and DVDs. Tails is now primarily advertised for USB sticks. We prefer making our text easy to read for the majority of people using USB sticks than to be exhaustive and always mention DVDs, implicitly or explicitly. - *For example*: - Tails runs on a USB stick that you can plug in and use on almost any computer. - It is not possible to install Tails on a hard disk. Tails is designed to be a live system running from a removable media: USB stick or DVD. - **network interface**, **Wi-Fi interface** And not *card*, *device*, or *adapter*. Still, **USB Wi-Fi adapters** are USB dongles that provide a Wi-Fi interface. - **persistence feature** To refer to the features available in the configuration of the *persistent storage*. - *For example*: - […] when the [[Additional Software persistence feature|doc/first_steps/persistence/configure#additional_software]] is activated. 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1. Make sure that you are connected to the Internet.
1. Start Software Sources.
1. Click on the PPAs button and then choose to Add a new PPA….
- **right-click** Trackpads on Mac have a single button. Control-click, the usual way of doing right-click on Mac, does something different in Tails (and Windows): it is used to select multiple items. Always clarify how to do right-click on Mac: - *For example:* - Right-click (on Mac, click with two fingers) on the file and choose Share via OnionShare. - **Secure Boot** Capitalize as a brand or feature. Writing *secure boot* would make it sound more like a magic security feature (which it is not). - **serial comma** Place a [[!wikipedia serial comma]] immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually *and* or *or*) in a series of three or more terms. - **Tails Greeter** Without an article. Not *the Greeter*. Note the formatting as an application. - **update** vs **upgrade** - Use **upgrade** to refer to the replacement of a previous version of Tails by another. - *For example:* - If you know someone you trust who already did the upgrade, you can upgrade your Tails by cloning from their Tails.
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Proclamation 5470 -- Fair Housing Month, 1986
April 30, 1986
By the President of the United States
of America
A Proclamation
The year 1986 marks the eighteenth anniversary of the passage of title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, commonly referred to as the ''Fair Housing Act,'' declaring it a national policy that housing throughout the United States should be made available to all citizens on the basis of equality and fairness.
Fairness is the foundation of our way of life and reflects the best of our traditional American values. Invidious discriminatory housing practices are abhorrent to the American sense of fair play.
In this eighteenth year since the passage of the Fair Housing Act, Americans should continue to work together to uphold the Fair Housing Act and the principle of equal opportunity on which it is based.
The Congress, by Senate Joint Resolution 303, has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation designating the month of April 1986 as ''Fair Housing Month.''
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim April 1986 as Fair Housing Month.
Ronald Reagan
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 10:51 a.m., May 5, 1986]
Note: The proclamation was released by the Office of the Press Secretary on May 1.


text:
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Fraunhofer and refractive scattering of heavy ions in strong laser fields
Department of Theoretical Physics,, National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering "Horia Hulubei", Atomistilor 407, POB-MG6, RO-077125, Măgurele-Bucharest, Romania
* e-mail: _EMAIL_
Accepted: 29 April 2018
Published online: 30 May 2018
Until recently the potential scattering of a charged particle in a laser field received attention exclusively in atomic physics. The differential cross-section of laser-assisted electron-atom collisions for n emitted or absorbed photons is provided by a simple law which casts the result as a product between the field-free value and the square of the Bessel function of order n with its argument containing the effect of the laser in a non-perturbative way. From the experimental standpoint, laser-assisted electron-atom collisions are important because they allow the observation of multiphoton effects even at moderate laser intensities. The aim of this study is to calculate the nucleus-nucleus differential cross section in the field of a strong laser with wavelengths in the optical domain such that the low-frequency approximation is fulfilled. We investigate the dependence of the n-photon differential cross-section on the intensity, photon energy and shape of the pulse for a projectile/target combination at a fixed collision energy which exhibits a superposition of Fraunhofer and refractive behavior. We also discuss the role of the laser perturbation on the near and farside decomposition in the angular distribution, an issue never discussed before in the literature. We apply a standard optical model approach to explain the experimental differential cross-section of the elastic scattering of 4He on 58Ni at a laboratory energy E = 139 MeV and resolve the corresponding farside/nearside (F/N) decomposition in the field-free case. We give an example of reaction in which Fraunhofer diffraction and refractive rainbow hump effects are easily recognized in the elastic angular distribution. Next, we apply the Kroll-Watson theorem, in order to determine the n -photon contributions to the cross-section for continuous-wave (cw) and modulated pulses. In the elastic scattering of heavy ions in a radiation field of low intensity, the amplitude drops by orders of magnitude with respect to the unperturbed case once the exchange of photons is initiated. For intensities approaching W/cm2 multiphoton effects become important. In the case of short laser pulses we conclude that the strength of n-photon contribution increases with the pulse duration.
© SIF, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature, 2018

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Lime trees not responsible for bumblebee deaths
The story of dead bumblebees at the Botanics that had apparently been killed by the toxic effect of nectar from silver lime (Tilia tomentosa) has taken a new twist thanks to the experts at Bumblebee Conservation Trust. Anthony McCluskey at Bumblebee Conservation Trust has explained that the observed mass deaths may just reflect aspects of bee biology and behaviour and be nothing to do with toxic nectar. According to Anthony…
"Older papers on this subject suggest that it might be toxic nectar killing the bees, but the latest research suggests that it's because of the bees' behaviour when feeding from certain plants. Lime trees produce lots of nectar, but at times when the nectar is low (e.g. warm days, and at the end of the flowering period) the bumblebees continue to try to feed. So they waste a lot of energy doing this, and eventually become lethargic and die. For some reason, honeybees don't die like this (despite feeding on the same flowers), so it's a bit of a mystery as to why bumblebees behave this way."
 "It's hard to know whether lime trees do more harm than good. I certainly wouldn't recommend cutting them down (as some have demanded), and there is a fair chance that the bees being found dead under them are those which are prone to dying at this time of year – the older workers and males."
This agrees with my observation yesterday that a large Eucryphia 'Nymansay' near Inverleith House in the Garden was also surrounded by dead bumblebees. I find it hard to believe that two trees so attractive to bees that they can literally sound like buzzing high voltage power lines are both producing toxic nectar! It's much more plausible that dead bees are most often seen around plants that are highly attractive to bees. See the webpage at Bumblebee Conservation Trust for more information.
So the worries about silver lime seem to be unfounded and anyone with a silver lime in their garden can be proud of the service their tree is doing for local bees.
A big thank you to everyone who passed on their concern and comments via Facebook and Twitter.
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 1. Kathleen Watson
 About two/three weeks ago I came across a mass bumble bee death under a flowering hedge (privot) on Rodney Street in Edinburgh. It was the first time I had ever seen such a thing. Another lady, who was passing, said they she came across a lot of dead bumble bees just a few days earlier. Again they were found under a flowering privot hedge, this time near Meadowbank in Edinburgh. Then a few days later I read the article about the "toxic" nectar of the lime trees! I wonder if it has been worse this year or are we just noticing it because of being out and about more in the nice weather?
 2. Max Coleman
 I think this just adds further evidence to the idea that plants that attract bees are more likely to have dead bees nearby. Privet is nectar rich and sweet smelling and I would imagine highly attractive to bees.
 3. Elaine Whiteley
 I too have seen a heavy sprinkling of dead bees under what I think are silver lime trees. I could not believe that this was just a statistic of bumble bee frequency. I was so unconvinced I went looking for more information; and it seems that the chemical mechanism of bee death is already known to science and that someone has also done the statistics, counting the number of bees visiting and the number of bees dying, suggesting strongly that tilia tomentosa is not benign.
 The article I found is in the Journal of Apicultural Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2010 by Tadeusz Pawlikowski.
 - Max Coleman
 Elaine, many thanks for your comment and interesting you have seen the same sort of mass bumblebee death that we see here in the Garden each year. The reason I am sceptical about the poison nectar theory is that a number of plant species that are highly attractive to bumblebees have been noted as having large numbers of dead bumblebees below them in this late summer period. The ones I know of are privet and Eucryphia. I can't discount the possibility that all these unrelated plants have toxic nectar, but it would seem unlikely. It strikes me as very odd that any plant which displays insect pollination syndromes should actually poison insect pollinators. This maladapted situation would quickly be prevented by natural selection. I would not take publication in a scientific journal as evidence of proof of the toxicity theory. The biggest problem for the theory is that bumblebee life cycles are very different to honeybees. It just so happens that silver lime (Tilia tomentosa), the lime that seems to be involved in these mass deaths of bumblebees, has a flowering time that coincides with the time of year when bumblebee workers are at the end of their natural lives. Only a new generation of queen bumblebees survive the winter (in hibernation underground in most cases). All the workers of the relatively small bumblebee colonies will perish during late summer/early autumn. I think that any plant that is highly attractive to bumblebees at this time will have a disproportionate number of dead bumblebees below it, and this seems to be exactly what we observe. On that basis I would regard what has been said about silver lime nectar with great scepticism.
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Rebates on invoices: how to deal with GST and QST?
April 16, 2020 | Marie-Hélène Tremblay
The current economic circumstances straining the liquidity of Canadian businesses will no doubt result in suppliers being required to grant rebates to recipients. This leads to the question as to whether suppliers are required to issue a credit note to the recipient and to adjust their GST/QST filings.
Surprisingly, suppliers are not required to issue a credit note in such circumstances. However, if the supplier chooses to issue a credit note, then the credit note must include the following information :
 1. a statement or indication that the document is a credit note;
 2. the name of the supplier (or the name under which the supplier does business) or the name of the intermediary (or the name under which the intermediary does business) as well as the GST and QST registration numbers of the supplier or the intermediary;
 3. the name of the recipient (or the name of the recipient's business) or the name of the recipient's duly authorized agent or representative;
 4. the date of issue of the credit note;
 5. the amount of the adjustment, refund or credit of GST/QST in respect of which the credit note is issued.
A supplier opting to issue a credit note for which the GST/QST was charged but not yet collected must subtract the portion of GST/QST that was calculated on the amount by which the consideration is reduced. If the supplier has already charged and collected the full amount of the tax from the recipient, the supplier is required to reimburse the recipient that portion of the tax that is commensurate to the amount of the reduction.
What should a recipient do when it is entitled to a rebate from a supplier who has chosen not to issue a credit note? If the recipient has already paid the GST and QST to the supplier, the recipient can request a refund of the GST/QST from the tax authorities within two years from the date the rebate was granted by the supplier. Of course a refund is only relevant to the extent that the recipient is not otherwise able to recoup the excess tax via the input credit mechanism or if the input credits have not yet been claimed by the recipient.
The rules governing credit notes can be quite subtle and thus a case-by-case analysis should be conducted to ensure there are no missteps with regard to GST/QST.


Linux: Working with awk and sed
This Linux example involves a database of books that includes the ISBN number of each title. In the old days, ISBN numbers were ten digits and included an identifier for the publisher and a unique number for each book. ISBN numbers are now thirteen digits for new books.
Old books (those published before the first of 2007) have both the old 10-digit and a new 13-digit number that can be used to identify them. For this example, the existing 10-digit number will stay in the database and a new field — holding the ISBN-13 number — will be added to the end of each entry.
To come up with the ISBN-13 number for the existing entries in the database, you start with 978, then use the first 9 digits of the old ISBN number. The thirteenth digit is a mathematical calculation (a check digit) obtained by doing the following:
 1. Add all odd-placed digits (the first, the third, the fifth, and so on).
 2. Multiply all even-placed digits by 3 and add them.
 3. Add the total of Step #2 to the total of Step #1.
 4. Find out what you need to add to round the number up to the nearest 10. This value becomes the thirteenth digit.
For example, consider the 10-digit ISBN _PHONE_. It first becomes 978074347710, and then the steps work out like this:
 1. 9+8+7+3+7+1=35
 2. 7*3=21 ; 0*3=0; 4*3=12; 4*3=12; 7*3=21; 0*3=0; 21+0+12+12+21+0=66
 3. 66+35=101
 4. 110-101=9. The ISBN-13 thus becomes 9780743477109.
The beginning database resembles:
_PHONE_:Macbeth:Shakespeare, William
_PHONE_:The Innovator's Solution:Christensen, Clayton M.
_PHONE_:(SCTS) Symantec Certified Technical Specialist:Alston, Nik
_PHONE_:Cisco Network Admission Control, Volume I:Helfrich, Denise
And you want the resulting database to change so each line resembles something like this:
_PHONE_:Macbeth:Shakespeare, William:9780743477109
The example that follows accomplishes this goal. It's not the prettiest thing ever written, but it walks through the process of tackling this problem, illustrating the use of awk and sed.
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text:
Iron Salts (Ferric and Ferrous)
Iron Salt Applications
Iron salts are a proven technology for long-duration hydrogen sulfide control in collection system gravity and forcemains, solids processing units, solids transfer lines and anaerobic digesters. They have been used for over 30 years in hydrogen sulfide control applications and are a well understood technology.
Depending on the wastewater plant unit process configuration, iron salts may also provide improvements in clarification, phosphate removal, struvite control, solids dewatering and anaerobic digester performance. Iron salt performance is not impacted by oxygen uptake rates but they do remove dissolved oxygen from the water.
Iron Salt Properties and Dosing
Iron salts are supplied as liquid solutions containing 5-13% ferrous or ferric iron as either a chloride or sulfate salt. They are supplied in containers of 55 or 300 gallons, or in bulk shipments of 4,000 - 20,000 gallons.
Iron salts bind with hydrogen sulfide according to the following equations:
3 H2S + 2 FeCl3 → S + 2 FeS + 6 HCl
Theoretical dose ratios of ferrous iron to H2S are 1.75 lbs Fe2+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 2 to 6 depending on the application. Theoretical dose ratios of ferric iron to H2S are 1.2 lbs Fe3+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 1.5 to 4 depending on the application.
Iron Salt Pricing and Sources
Iron salt pricing is highly regional and dependent on the local sources and demand for the product. Iron salts for sulfide control are mostly obtained from spent pickle liquor from the steel industry. More recently, newer sources have been manufactured from scrap materials and acid in order to meet regional demand.
Iron Salt Drawbacks
Some drawbacks of iron salt use are as follows:
- Removes dissolved oxygen from the water
- Precipitate settles out in low-velocity sewers (< 2 fps)
- Iron films form on pipe walls and instrument sensors
- Ineffective for (non-sulfide) organic odors
- Hard to achieve low sulfide limits (pH dependent)
- Does not destroy sulfide (H2S may volatilize if the pH is lowered)
- Product purity may impact biosolids re-use (heavy metal contamination)
- Messy to handle
- CERCLA rating may restrict dosing sites (persistent environmental hazard)
- High dosages may cause solids carry-over from clarifiers
- Solids production (> 3 lbs/lb - Sulfide) increases processing and disposal costs
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Contact US Peroxide for more information on our products and services:


Schematic figure of feedback loops where the citizens' experiences are integrated into urban planning and design
1. Conventional method of one-way planning and its effect on the well-being of citizens.
Through voluntary geographic information tools (VGI), experience data is collected and completes the cycles for feedback in several different steps:
2. Data on experiences of different socio-ecological environments are mapped and returned to urban planning, design and research.
3. Information is also returned to the participants in the study to increase awareness of their own behavior and its influence on the experience
4. Experience data is implemented in planning and design
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Chaos Chosen
From Age of Sigmar - Lexicanum
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Chaos Chosen are Chaos Warriors who had pleased the gods and survived many battles. Held in awe by fellow Slaves to Darkness, each Chosen stands as an exemplar amongst the armies of Chaos. While Chosen warbands are amongst the most deadly elements of a Horde they are often limited in number but many Despoiler Hordes contain considerable numbers of Chosen to better serve the ruling Daemon Prince's will.[1]
Typically, they take to the field wherever the fighting is thickest, inspiring other Slaves to Darkness through sheer violence they unleash upon the battlefield. As the Chosen slaughter the foe, those servants of Chaos around them fight all the harder, each seeking to draw similar godly attention onto themselves. Under the leadership of the Exalted Champions, warriors who are only a step away from having several warbands under their command the Chosen fearlessly enter battle against any foe, axes swinging in great crimson arcs as they howl praise to the watching gods.[1]
Chaos Chosen wield cursed Soul-splitter blades, heavy two-handed axes that can cleave a fully armoured warrior in twain and has the power to sever a foe's animus from their body. In addition Warbands will be accompanied by Icon Bearers and Skull Drummers.[1][2]
Slaves to Darkness
Armies Host of the Everchosen
Hordes Cabalists - Despoilers - Idolators - Ravagers
Darkoath Darkoath Chieftain - Darkoath Warqueen
Everchosen Gaunt Summoner of Tzeentch - Varanguard
Armoury - Artwork - Miniatures - Endless Spells


BECLN Leaders Login
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BECLN ALC November Meeting
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November 15, 2019 @ 8:00 am - 10:00 am
The Alumni Leaders Council is a representative group of BECLN alumni committed to agreeing upon and providing ongoing guidance on the below key components of BECLN implemented by BECLN Staff and BECLN members.
 - Why: We believe connected Buell Leaders have a greater impact on the field of Early Childhood.
 - How: We promote the relationships within our network of leaders for a collective movement for change
 - What: The Alumni Leaders Council will maintain our working agreements and lead the Network through the following BECLN Framework Approaches:
 1. Develop communication strategy
 2. Maintain a fresh user-friendly website
 3. Refine tools for tracking Buell Leaders contact and current work information
 1. Support Regional Connectors as the key facilitators of the work
 2. Create regionally based programming to support continued leadership development and empowerment
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text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Prove for effective index N that n1thetacritical snells law-n1sin(theta)=n2sin(theta2) 3. The attempt at a solution I know why N is strictly less than n1 since sin(theta) goes from 0 to 1 and if its at 1 theta has to be 90. For TIR to actually happen N must be strictly less than n1. But I'm having trouble proving the n2


NAME Text::Wrap::Smart - Wrap text into chunks of equal length SYNOPSIS use Text::Wrap::Smart qw(wrap_smart); $text =.. # random content & length %options = ( no_split => 1, max_msg_size => 160, ); _USER_ = wrap_smart($text, \%options); DESCRIPTION "Text::Wrap::Smart" was primarly developed to split an overly long SMS message into chunks of equal size. The distribution's "wrap_smart()" may nevertheless be used for other purposes. FUNCTIONS wrap_smart _USER_ = wrap_smart($text, \%options); %options may contain the "no_split" option indicating that words shall not be broken up. "max_msg_size" sets the character length boundary for each chunk emitted. SEE ALSO Text::Wrap AUTHOR Steven Schubiger LICENSE This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. See


text:
Grand army of the republic or grand army of the Republicans?: political party and ideological preferences of American enlisted personnel
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While much research has been conducted into the political behavior and attitudes of American military officers, little has been accomplished with respect to enlisted personnel. Most reports assume that the American military identify largely with the Republican Party and are mostly conservative in attitude. The most recent large-scale study, the TISS Survey on the Military in the Post Cold War Era conducted by Feaver and Kohn in _PHONE_, confirmed those assumptions among senior officers and is often quoted as representative of the entire military. However, the demographic characteristics of enlisted personnel predict different behavior. The enlisted ranks of the American military are over-represented by minorities who traditionally identify with the Democratic Party. The present study gathered data on enlisted personnel, by means of a survey, to determine whether that specialized population is significantly different in attitude and behavior from that of the officer corps and of the general American population. Enlisted personnel identify with the Republican Party in about the same proportion as do the general American population. However, only about half as many enlisted personnel identify with the Democratic Party as do civilians. Enlisted personnel are also about three times more likely to identify as Independents as do other Americans. Active-duty enlisted personnel demonstrate a 1.7 to 1 partisan (Republican to Democrat) ratio, similar to that found in the veteran enlisted sample (1.8 to 1) and the officer sample (1.6 to 1). The civilian sample shows a.95 to 1 partisan ratio. Thus, active-duty enlisted personnel who identify with a political party are about twice as likely to identify with the Republican Party as are civilians. However, active-duty enlisted personnel are nearly four times as likely as civilians to report being Independent, and are substantially less likely than civilians to identify with the Democratic Party. The Republican to Democrat ratio may well explain the commentary about and observations of a Republican dominated military. Despite the fact that the overall proportion of Republicans within the military is no greater than that found within the general population, that there are twice as many individuals who will state that they are Republicans as those who will state that they are Democrats can easily give the impression of a heavily Republican population. However, active-duty enlisted personnel remain strongly independent when compared to the civilian population. Of special note is a markedly higher political efficacy among military enlisted personnel than is found within the general American population.


Isolating Dimension Members to Use in Calculations and Filters
Published: 22 Feb 2013
Last Modified Date: 03 Jan 2019
How to isolate a single member of a dimension to use in calculations and filters
Tableau Desktop
Select Analysis > Create Calculated Field.
 2. In the Formula box, type the following formula:
 IF [fieldName] = "Member_Name" THEN [measureName] ELSE NULL END
 3. Click OK.
In the attached sample workbook, the field is called Red, the dimension is Color, and the formula is:
IF [Color] = 'Red' THEN 'Red' ELSE NULL END
Additional Information
You can use the same steps to create a conditional calculated field to use as a filter.
Discuss this article... Feedback Forum
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text:
Watertruck is a new, innovative way of transport of goods that aims at the reactivation of small inland waterways by introducing a new concept for inland waterway transport.
Innovative concept: the overall objective is to enhance the interconnectivity and interoperability between the TEN-T core network and smaller inland waterways. Watertruck+ is articulated around transport units (barges and push boats) that sail in convoys and can be coupled and decoupled in a fast and flexible way. Loading and unloading are decoupled from the navigation itself, therefore enhancing the service ratio on the smaller waterways.
Innovative design: Watertruck+ provides a universal standard design for various types of small inland barges that can be modified to satisfy the operational requirement of a specific goods flow (cargo flow), propulsion, hatches, lifting (pumping) systems, a small crane, etc. can be added or removed without having a major impact on the overall hull structure. The use of alternative materials (i.e. aluminium, composite) will be examined in order to construct and operate the barges in the most efficient way so that the unit life-cycle costs are limited as much as possible.
Low emissions: the choice of the fuel type, which is aimed at decreasing noxious emissions of the barges will be examined. Alternative fuel types such as LNG, CNG, hydrogen, hybrid, will be considered and determined during the project, as well as the propulsion type. CO2 emissions will be reduced by at least 25% and the type of fuel and propulsion system to be used will at least comply with the EURO VI norm of road transport.
Flexibility: Watertruck+ ensures maximum flexibility of operations while maintaining maximum regional coverage by connecting small inland waterways with the TEN-T network.
List of innovations:
- Logistic Concept: Using push boats and barges is a proven logistic concept.
- Innovation: The logistic innovation is the use of self-propelled barges in its concept whereby CEMT I/II inland waterways will be connected to the TEN-T network.
- Self-Propelled units: The self-propelled units are an innovation in itself, conceptual they currently do not exist as in the context of the Watertruck+ concept. They are not described as such in existing standards, rules and regulations.
- Cargo: The barges currently sailing these inland waterways are suitable for transportation of different cargoes mainly bulk, containers or a combination. The barges in the Watertruck+ Concept are optimized for different types of cargoes.
- Plug-and-Play: The barges have been designed for the higher level specification of being flexible contrary to the existing fleet. The application of a modular system in the Watertruck+ barges is innovative. The barges can be plug-and-play conversed from non-propelled to self-propelled and vice versa.
- Bowthruster in a dummy box: The bowthruster unit can be easily replaced by a dummy unit.
- Skid: The genset including other necessary equipment is mounted on a skid which allows plug-and-play energy supply.
- The aft thruster channels will be a custom made channel system optimized for manoeuvering and propulsion.
- Wheelhouse: the wheelhouse will be optimized for its plug-and-play function. The wheelhouse has been designed to fulfil an innovative double function being the wheelhouse and hatch-cover in one.
- The hull shape: The shape has been optimized, streamlined, for its use as self-propelled barge within the possibilities of the payload requirements in order to reduce resistance and thus installed power and fuel consumption.
- Emission Levels: The barges are prepared for the application of an after treatment installation which allows the barge being the first reaching EUROVI standard emission levels.
- Power supply: The use of one genset with after treatment installation makes the barges emission levels always EUROVI also during loading and unloading and or in harbor condition if not attached to the shore power system.
- 38-hour workweek: With Watertruck+, skippers can work in a 38-hour workweek. This makes the job more attractive for younger skippers, seen that they can combine their job with a with a conventional lifestyle on land. This will make the job more attractive.


text: Some purists (usually philosophers) object to the use of "beg the question" to mean "raise [or pose] the question." Philosophers don't own this expression, and they come across as arrogant jerks when they object to its use by nonphilosophers. Like "negligence" in law and "mass" in physics, it has both a generic, everyday meaning and a specific, technical meaning. The context almost always disambiguates. My philosophical colleagues should ease up. Meaning is use.


"Turf-ism" can be defined as non-cooperation or conflict between organizations with seemingly common goals or interests. Whether over resources, recognition, or control, turf struggles can threaten coalition vitality. Traditionally, coalition leaders' response to turf struggles has been to ask coalition membership to "leave their hats at the door". However, The Tension of Turf: Making it Work for the Coalition takes a different approach to addressing turf issues.
Turf struggle implies the existence of valuable turf. Especially in the social work and public health arenas, groups have a deep belief in what they do, and they connect that with their core identity. While this passion may lead to turf battles, it is also the reason the group is willing to work with other organizations towards a larger goal. Rather than suppressing struggles, and thereby diminishing the importance of turf, coalition leaders must find ways to incorporate that passion into the overall collaborative effort. The Tension of Turf was developed as a tool to help practitioners working within coalitions to identify, address, and manage turf issues.
Successful coalitions learn to anticipate and validate turf issues as part of solidifying partnerships and gathering their full strength. Tension of Turf offers practical support for skillfully managing the dynamic tension that commonly arises when people collaborate. It helps coalitions derive authentic, constructive power from their varying perspectives, skills, and mandates.
Tension of Turf is the companion tool to our coalition-building guide, Developing Effective Coalitions: An Eight Step Guide.


text:
Definition of Drabler
1. drabbler [n -S] - See also: drabbler
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Drabler Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Drabler
Literary usage of Drabler
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Publications of the Navy Records Society by Navy Records Society (Great Britain) (1896)
"... drabler laced on to the foot of the bonnet; the word drabler is not found in use until the i6th century,..."
2. State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588 by John Knox Laughton (1895)
"The drabler, in the same way, laced on to the foot of the bonnet. 'The bonnet is commonly used with none but the mizen, main and fore-sails,..."
3. The Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies: As Recorded in the Court by East India Company (1886)
"... vsed a missen and a missen bonnett litle vsed a newe spritt saile little vsed an olde maine corse bonnett and drabler more another maine corse more an..."
4. The Monthly Review by Ralph Griffiths (1808)
"Together with the Chain-pump, we have lately added the Bonnet and drabler «.—To the Courses we have devised Studding Sails, Top-gallant...."
5. The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English by Richard Hakluyt (1907)
"Another device for increasing the sail area was that of the drabler and the bonnet... The drabler was a second strip which laced to the foot of the bonnet...."
6. Naval Accounts and Inventories of the Reign of Henry VII: 1485-8 and 1495-7 by Michael Oppenheim (1896)
"... the word drabler is not found in use until the 16th century, but the simultaneous employment of two bonnets was very old. 1 1485. a Sic. 3 1486...."
7. The Sailor's Word-book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms, Including by William Henry Smyth (1867)
"drabler. A piece of canvas laced on the bonnet of a sail to give it more drop, or as Captain Boteler says—" As the bonnet is to the course,..."
Other Resources Relating to: Drabler

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to Convert DivX to MP2?
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text:
Arthur G. Shapiro: "Helix Rotation". American University. USA
The display consists of two columns of dots that move back and forth horizontally. What to do: Put a dark filter over one eye, and keep both eyes open. What to notice: 1. The dots look like a three-dimensional helix. 2. When the dark filter is over the left eye, the helix rotates clockwise; when the filter is over the right eye, the helix rotates counterclockwise. 3. When the viewer uses no filter but blurs the image by squinting both eyes or by using a defocusing lens, motion is upwards for one helix and downwards for the other.


text:
Learning with Apps for Kids Classroom
Educators can take advantage of SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids and its incredible potential as a learning tool with Apps for Kids Classroom!
Teachers, parents, mentors, makers, after-school activity organizers, and more can all utilize Apps for Kids Classroom to organize self-contained classes and teach their students the principles of design and engineering. Apps for Kids is structured to help kids think through the design process: gather information, define the problem, create ideas, prototype, and test solutions.
Using the Apps for Kids Classroom interface, educators can create and organize self-contained workshops in an exciting and easy-to-use environment. Educators who sign up for Apps for Kids Classroom have take advantage of these invaluable features:
- Invite other teachers to your organization
- Easily set up and manage student accounts
- Share content directly with a class of students
- Fun and diverse lesson plans that are based on current curriculum standards
- Lesson plans specifically designed for different age groups
- A secure and private environment for students and educators to collaborate
"This program shows great opportunity for … learning about how things work.. and I think that's amazing and inspirational." - Sydney, Age 12
Check out the sample lesson plans below to learn how to run your own fun class projects!
Project 1 – Living in Space
Project 2 – New Jewelry Designs
Project 3 – Mechanical Models
Project 4 – Designing New Foods
Project 5 – Animals in Habitats
Find many more lessons in the Apps for Kids Classroom learning environment.
Learn more on the Classroom apps page here, or sign up and try Apps for Kids Classroom today.
Commitment to Education is a Core Part of our DNA.
Today, SOLIDWORKS is used by millions of educators and students around the world. SOLIDWORKS is a cornerstone of many educational programs and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) activities that have inspired students to pursue careers in design and engineering.
SOLIDWORKS is generally used at a high school level or above. So for younger children, we decided to create SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids! SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids is a collection of apps that makes many aspects of the engineering process accessible to kids as young as four. Whether it's design and making, mechanics, or just inspiring creativity, SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids is a great way to teach and engage children!
As SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids grows, we will be providing more tools specifically dedicated to educators. These tools will help educators deliver high-quality learning curriculum, and help them continue to inspire and engage kids in STEM and STEAM (adding Art into the mix) activities.
Take a tour of our current apps in the video gallery or sign up and see how you and your students can utilize the SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids ecosystem today!


text:
Remember, search, and share your voice conversations
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Otter creates smart voice notes that combine audio, transcription, speaker identification, inline photos, and
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Where conversations live
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Psychology Wiki
Social judgment theory
34,142pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 23:13, May 14, 2013 by Dr Joe Kiff (Talk | contribs)
Social judgment theory (SJT) is a persuasion theory proposed by Carolyn Sherif, Muzafer Sherif, and Carl Hovland.[1] According to Sherif and Sherif, Social Judgment Theory is the perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes. We do this theory in our heads by weighing every new idea by comparing it with our present point of view. Basically, we hear a message and immediately judge where it should be placed on the attitude scale [2] in our own minds. SJT is the subconscious sorting out of ideas that occurs at the instant of perception.
Social Judgment Theory arose from Egon Brunswik's Probabilistic Functionalist psychology and his Lens Model which are socio-psychological theories.[3] It also comes from Judgment Theory. SJT is a theory that focuses on the internal processes of an individual's judgment with relation to a communicated message. SJT was intended to be an explanatory method designed to detail when persuasive messages are most likely to succeed. Attitude change is the fundamental objective of persuasive communication. SJT seeks to specify the conditions under which this change takes place and predict the direction and extent of the attitude change. SJT attempts to explain how likely a person might be to change their opinion, the probable direction of that change, their tolerance toward the opinion of others, and their level of commitment to their position.[4] The SJT researchers claimed expectations regarding attitude change could be based on the message receiver's level of involvement, the structure of the stimulus (and how many alternatives it allows), and the value (credibility) of the source.
Development of SJT
SJT arose from social psychology and was based on laboratory findings resulting from experiments. These experiments studied the mental assessment of physical objects, referred to at the time as psychophysical research. Subjects were asked to compare some aspect of an object, such as weight or color, to another, differing object. The researchers discovered that when a standard was provided for comparison, the participants categorized the objects relative to the aspects of the standard. For example, if a very heavy object was used as the standard in assessing weight, then the other objects would be judged to be relatively lighter than if a very light object was used as the standard. The standard is referred to as an "anchor". This work involving physical objects was applied to psychosocial work, in which a participant's limits of acceptability on social issues are studied.[5][6] Social issues include areas such as religion and politics.
Judgment process and attitudes
Rooted in judgment theory, which is concerned with the discrimination and categorization of stimuli, it attempts to explain how attitudes are expressed, judged, and modified.[7] A judgment occurs when a person compares at least two stimuli and makes a choice about them. With regard to social stimuli specifically, judgment processes incorporate both past experiences and present circumstances.[8] Sherif et al. (1965) defined attitudes as "the stands the individual upholds and cherishes about objects, issues, persons, groups, or institutions" (p. 4).[6] Researchers must infer attitudes from behavior. The behavior can be in response to arranged or naturally-occurring stimuli.[5][9] True attitudes are fundamental to self-identity, are complex, and thus can be difficult to change. One of the ways in which the SJT developers observed attitudes was through the Own Categories Questionnaire. This method requires research participants to place statements into piles of most acceptable, most offensive, neutral, and so on, in order for researchers to infer their attitudes. This categorization, an observable judgment process, was seen by Sherif and Hovland (1961) as a major component of attitude formation.[5] As a judgment process, categorization and attitude formation are a product of recurring instances so that past experiences influence decisions regarding aspects of the current situation. Therefore, attitudes are acquired.[6]
Latitudes of rejection, acceptance, and noncommitment
Social Judgment Theory also illustrates how people compare their personal positions on issues to other people's positions. Individuals hold both a personal position on an issue and latitudes of what they think is acceptable or unacceptable in general for other people.[4] Social attitudes are not cumulative, especially regarding issues where the attitude is extreme.[6] This means a person may not agree with less extreme stands relative to his/her position, even though they may be in the same direction. Furthermore, even though two people may seem to hold identical attitudes, their "most preferred" and "least preferred" alternatives may differ. Thus, a person's full attitude can only be understood in terms of what other positions he/she finds acceptable (or not) in addition to his/her own stand.[9] Sherif saw an attitude as amalgam of three zones or latitudes. There is the latitude of acceptance which is the range of ideas that a person sees as a reasonable or worthy of consideration, the latitude of rejection, which is the range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable, and finally the Latitude of noncomitment which is the range of ideas that a person sees as neither acceptable nor questionable.[10]
These degrees or latitudes together create the full spectrum of an individual's attitude. Sherif and Hovland (1961) define the latitude of acceptance "as the range of positions on an issue... an individual considers acceptable to him (including the one'most acceptable' to him)" (p. 129). On the opposite of the continuum lies the latitude of rejection. This is defined as including the "positions he finds objectionable (including the one'most objectionable" to him)".[5] This latitude of rejection was deemed essential by the SJT developers in determining an individual's level of involvement and thus his/her propensity to an attitude change. The greater the rejection latitude, the more involved the individual is in the issue and thus is harder to persuade. In the middle of these opposites lies the latitude of noncommitment, a range of viewpoints where one feels primarily indifferent. Sherif claimed that the greater the discrepancy, the more hearers will adjust their attitudes. Thus, the message that persuades the most is the one that is most discrepant from the listener's position yet falls within his or her latitude of acceptance or latitude of noncommitment.[10]
These degrees of latitude together are very useful when your goal is to persuade someone. If you can judge their latitude of acceptance, rejection, noncommittment or anchor you can better craft your message to move their opinion along the line closer to your goal.
Assimilation and contrast
Sometimes people perceive a message that falls within their latitude of rejection as farther from their anchor than they really are. This is called Contrast. The opposite of Contrast is Assimilation, and that is a perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are.[10] These latitudes dictate the likelihood of assimilation and contrast. When a discrepant viewpoint is expressed in a communication message within the person's latitude of acceptance, the message is more likely to be assimilated or viewed as being closer to person's anchor, or own viewpoint, than it actually is. When the message is perceived as being very different from one's anchor and thus falling within the latitude of rejection, persuasion is unlikely due to a contrast effect. The contrast effect is what happens when the message is viewed as being further away than it actually is from the anchor. Messages falling within the latitude of noncommitment, however, are the ones most likely to achieve the desired attitude change. Therefore, the more extreme stand individual has, the greater his/her latitude of rejection and thus the harder he/she is to persuade.[citation needed]
Ego involvement
It was speculated by the SJT researchers that extreme stands, and thus wide latitudes of rejection, were a result of high ego-involvement.[11] Ego involvement is the importance or centrality of an issue to a person's life, often demonstrated by membership in a group with a known stand. According to the 1961 Sherif and Hovland work, the level of ego-involvement depends upon whether the issue "arouses an intense attitude or, rather, whether the individual can regard the issue with some detachment as primarily a 'factual' matter" (p. 191). Religion, politics, and family are examples of issues that typically result in highly involved attitudes; they contribute to one's self-identity.[6]
The concept of involvement is the crux of SJT. In short, Sherif et al. (1965) speculated that individuals who are highly involved in an issue are more likely to evaluate all possible positions, therefore resulting in an extremely limited or nonexistent latitude of noncommitment. People who have a deep concern or have extreme opinions on either side of the argument always care deeply and have a large latitude of rejection because they already have their strong opinion formed and usually aren't willing to change that. High involvement also means that individuals will have a more restricted latitude of acceptance. According to SJT, messages falling within the latitude of rejection are unlikely to successfully persuade. Therefore, highly involved individuals will be harder to persuade per SJT. In opposition, individuals who have less care in the issue, or have a smaller ego involvement, are likely to have a large latitude of acceptance. Because they are less educated and do not care as much about the issue, they are more likely to accept more ideas or opinions about an issue easily. This individual will also have a large latitude of noncommitment because again, if they do


Call _PHONE_ or 1-866-LIFEBIO
Wellness Trend -- Reminiscence
I'm at the ICAA Conference in San Diego today (speaking in about 2 hours). I'm going to talk about how wellness impacts ALL dimensions of wellness. With wellness directors especially looking for ways to address emotional and spiritual wellness in wellness programming, it is key to know that capturing life stories and bringing people together in GROUPS to share memories and experiences is a very powerful idea.
Reminiscence: An innovative wellness and health care approach
Reminiscence has been found to lower depression, improve attitudes of people toward caregivers, and increase self esteem. That's why health care companies and hospitals are taking notice of LifeBio's innovative reminiscence programming for individuals and communities. This is cognitive fitness at its finest without all the expense of other brain fitness programs.
4 reasons to incorporate autobiography in your brain fitness program for retirement communities
Brain fitness is a key focus for senior living communities, but providing cognitive challenges is much more than crossword puzzles and trivia. It doesn't have to just be using a computer program. Today, brain fitness programs should incorporate autobiography programming for these 4 reasons.


Response-Based Analysis of Floating Offshore Structures in Persian Gulf
 1. Lookup NU author(s)
 2. Said Mazaheri
 3. Professor Atilla Incecik
Author(s)Mazaheri S, Incecik A
Publication type Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstract)
Conference NameICOPMAS 2000: 4th International Conference on Coast, Ports, and Marine Structures
Conference LocationBandar Abbass, Iran
Year of Conference2000
Date21-24 November 2000
The number of FOS especially FPSOs, because of their attractive role in deep water offshore oil reservoirs during the last 20 years has been increased rapidly and it is expected until the nd of this decade this trend will continue and more than 120 FPSOs will be added to the existing population of FPSOs around the world [2].In this regard, In the Persian Gulf, following the opening up of offshore fields for rehabilitation, under the Petroleum Ministry's "buyback" terms, some needs for FOS will be expected for use in the non-marginal fields [1]. As a FOS must be stable in different sea states during its life time, extreme hydrodynamic loads predictions could play an important role in designing of each part of FOS as well as in designing the mooring systems. A more rational approach for selecting more accurate extreme hydrodynamic loads and seakeeping analysis of FOS by considering non-co-linear waves, winds and currents, and taking into account the joint occurrence probability of those hydrodynamic events has been explained in this paper.


text:
Internship Master Syllabus
Instructions for Using the Internship Master Syllabus
The following syllabus is intended to provide standard policies for all student cooperative
learning experiences and internships. Instructors desiring to create internship opportunities
for students should do the following:
- Create a master syllabus based on the syllabus below. Please consult with your division
Curriculum Committee representative as you create the syllabus.
- Obtain approval from the department chair and dean.
- Submit the syllabus for approval according to Curriculum Committee procedures.
Supervisors wishing to create internship opportunities should work with individual
faculty members and departments in this process.
Please note the following additional policies:
- Departments should have a designated coordinator over internships (this may be the
- Departments are responsible for completing PAF paperwork.
- Internships should use the following common course numbers: 1997 or 2997.
- Faculty must have faculty rank to be a mentor.
- Faculty mentors cannot also be supervisors of the same students in the same semester.
- Students should not be taking a course at the same time that allows coursework to
be credited for both the course and the internship.


text:
This is one of our more unusual themes, because only two censuses have ever gathered
information on religion in England and Wales, and they were 150 years apart!
The 1851 Census of Religion was a separate census carried out at the same time as the main Census of Population. It assumed that everyone was Christian, and tried to find out what kind of Christians were most important in each district. It did this by counting how many people attended each church on the census Sunday. Our information has been considerably simplified from the original returns, which counted 35 different religious groups in England and Wales. One result is a large 'other' category.
In 2001, a question about religion was included among the questions in the main census for the first time ever. Except in Scotland, where there is separate information on the Church of Scotland, Catholics and 'Other Christian', the results lump all Christians together but also gathered information on Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs. People were allowed to write in other religions not included on the census form, but we have no data on the distribution of 'Jedi'.
Our detailed statistics are held in structures called nCubes, which you can think of as tables with one dimension, or with two... or with twenty. Their dimensions are defined by the variables each nCube combines, and each variable is made up of categories. These nCubes are available at national level for this theme:
|Available nCubes||Period covered||Variables
(number of categories)
|1851 church 'attendances'||1851||
Major Christian denominations in 1851
Major religious faiths in 2001
|Attending all churches||1851||


text:
Having investigated the relevance of the operative assumptions of Gramsci's theory of hegemony and domination to African realities, the paper proposes that scholars attempt to devise and articulate a more appropriate theory and methodology. It also proposes that the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods be examined as they relate to the theory of hegemony and domination in Africa, in an integrated form, especially in the interest of studying long-term social change.
"How Useful is Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony and Domination to the Study of African States?,"
African Social Science Review:
3, Article 5.
Available at: _URL_


text:
Effect of diet on mood & behaviour
There are so many different reasons why people behave in the way they do that attempts to investigate any one single aspect of it in isolation is fraught with difficulty.
Genetic factors are obviously important. Parents cannot help but notice the way in which genetic traits are passed down from one generation to the next – not just the obvious physical attributes of their child, but aspects of its personality and behaviour.
External factors also play a part. It's long been accepted that a stable home environment is important to every child, though even the best behaved can become irritable when they become tired or hungry. The role of food seems self evident – we are what we eat – but the precise way in which diet affects behaviour is more difficult to understand.
One of the first people to draw attention to a possible link between diet and behaviour was Dr Ben Feingold, an American allergist. He claimed that the behaviour of hyperactive children could be improved by removing artificial colours and flavours as well as certain fruits containing naturally occurring salicylates from their diet. His first paper was published in 1975 and many studies have been carried out since then to try to confirm or refute his hypothesis (see Artificial colours and hyperactivity).
The importance of good nutrition, especially for the growing child, has been highlighted in recent years by the ongoing debate on healthy eating, and public concern about the nutritional quality of school meals. There is a growing scientific consensus about the links between diet and health, but the true nature of the link between diet and behaviour is not yet fully understood.


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
2001, Anthony J. Biancull, Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century, ISBN _PHONE_:
lowball (plural lowballs)
- The position of the ball on an American railroad ball signal that indicated Stop.
- (poker) A form of poker in which the lowest-ranking poker hand wins the pot. Usually the ace is the lowest-ranking card, straights and flushes do not count making the best possible hand being A, 2, 3, 4, 5 regardless of suits (in contrast to deuce-to-seven lowball.)
- A form of cribbage in which the first to score 121 (or 61) is the loser.
- An unmixed alcohol drink served on ice or water in a short glass.
- (transitive) to give an intentionally low estimate of anything, not necessarily with deceptive intent.
- (transitive) To give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate that one has no intention of honoring or to prepare a cost estimate deliberately and misleadingly low.
- (transitive) To make an offer well below an item's true value, often to take advantage of the seller's desperation or desire to sell the item quickly.


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Low Stress Training or LST for short involves bending a cannabis plant to grow in a way that will improve yields. You perform LST by gently bending plants, using low levels of stress to encourage the plant to grow laterally and form a bushy canopy. This improves canopy control and promotes the development of large, thick independant shoots with uniform buds. LST can increase harvests by up to 200%, and who doesn't like free cannabis?
LST works by redistributing auxin, the hormone that is responsible for so called "apical dominance", which is a scientific term to describe the "dominant" or "main" cola. By taking away the dominance of the main cola, a cannabis plant will develop side branches more rapidly. In practical terms this means the plant will focus its energy on growing a wide, bushy plant. Once the tied down primary branch becomes the highest point of the plant again, this hormone will start accumulating in the top and restart vertical growth.
This might sound complicated, but in reality LST is one of the easiest techniques you can use to massively increase your yield! In the following infographic we explain how to LST in 6 easy steps.
step 1 low stress training
STEP 1 – Practice bending the part you will tie down with your hands to test how flexible the stem is and how safely you can work with it.
step 2 low stress training
STEP 2 – Tie or pin down the tallest shoot so it is lower in height than the lower branches. Check if the stem is comfortably bending and is flexible to touch.
step 3 low stress training
STEP 3 – Hand train the canopy and allow the smaller new shoots to grow upwards as small independent branches.
step 4 low stress training
STEP 4 – The tied down shoot will start growing upwards as normal, but remains below the other branches.
step 5 low stress training
STEP 5 – Wait for the canopy to grow back as a uniform bush structure and continue to grow.
step 6 low stress training
STEP 6 – As the plant flowers, there will be many equally large bud sites.
The well trained cannabis plant in this overview has 10+ good tops, rather than the 1-4 good tops an untrained plant would have. LST is profitable, easy, cheap and fun to do, give it a shot yourself!
F.A.Q.'s Regarding LST
Because every LST grow is different we get a wide range of questions on this subject. The questions below are by far the most common ones to ask, so we took the liberty of answering them in advance!
Q: What Material Do I Use?
A: The goal of LST is to maximally manipulate a cannabis plant without stressing it. This usually means you'll end up using some kind of rubber-coated metal wire that is specifically made for tying down plants without damaging them. You can use anything that's not too sharp, things like clothing hangers and pipe cleaners are very popular alternatives for example. Thinner materials like string and chicken wire are usually too sharp and can cut right through your cannabis plant.
Scrog netten
Trellis nets also work wonders for LST, but are not your best option if you want to start training straight away.
Q: What Do I Attach My LST Strings/Wires To?
A: Whatever you use to perform LST, you need to attach these materials to the pot as well. Many bendable metal wires will do their job if they are simply stuck in the soil, but you can also drill holes in the side of your pot or tie a band around it.
2 Plants in scrogger
Or you can buy specialized products like this patented "SCROGGER" if you don't feel like getting creative.
Q: When Can I LST?
A: LST is so low stress that it can essentially be performed throughout the lifecycle of a cannabis plant. By starting in the seedling stage, you have maximum control over your plant from the get go. LST is "done" when a cannabis plant starts stretching, about half way through flowering. While you can still bend and manipulate the plant all you want for light penetration, LST during flowering will not cause any other growth.
lst during flowering
LST works throughout the grow, but once you're this far into flowering it won't do nearly as much as during vegetative growth.le time.
Q: Can I Combine LST With Other Techniques?
A: Yes! LST works very well with practically other technique you can use to bush out a cannabis plant. Topping early will give you two branches to work with instead of one, you can repeat this multiple times. The use of screens or nets is also very practical as LST'd cannabis plants will often require support towards the end of flowering.
topped and lst cannabis plants
Topping and LST are a great combination. This cannabis plant was topped 4 times before flowering and one time at the beginning of flowering, LST was performed the whole time.
Q: Which Strains Are Best For LST?
A: LST works for every strain, there are only very minor differences. You might use LST for different reasons with different strains, but the workflow remains the same. LST helps to greatly improve the quality of the side buds in indica strains, whereas sativa strains mostly benefit from the reduced height and much more even canopy. LST does tend to work best with naturally bushy strains, as a shorter internode space will keep new colas closer together.
Lst With Tomatoes
LST works for most plants, let alone strains. Tomatoes, beans and grapes are usually grown using some form of LST to boost yields.
Q: Does LST work on autoflowering strains?
A: Yes. Autoflowering strains are generally bred to produce one main cola and a few small, nearly negligible side buds, but this is not necessarily the most optimal way to grow. LST can be used to give these side buds more light and really beef them up. Autoflowering strains still have a short vegetative period during which training will not bother them at all, so LST is fine as long as you start really early.
LST on Autoflowering
Even with autoflowering and fast-flowering strains like this Sweet 'N Sour Outdoor, you will have at least a few weeks to perform LST.
In this article you have seen many different styles of LST used in cannabis cultivation, which we hope has made it clear that no two grows are the same when it comes to this technique. Because of the "low stress" this technique lends itself perfectly to experimentation without risking a whole crop. Give it a shot, we wish you and your cannabis plant all the best!


text: The middle ear muscle (MEM) reflexes function to protect the inner ear from intense acoustic stimuli and to reduce acoustic masking. Sound presented to the same side or to the opposite side activates the MEM reflex on both sides. The ascending limbs of these pathways must be the auditory nerve fibers originating in the cochlea and terminating in the cochlear nucleus, the first relay station for all ascending auditory information. The descending limbs project from the motoneurons in the brainstem to the MEMs on both sides, causing their contraction. Although the ascending and descending pathways are well described, the cochlear nucleus interneurons that mediate these reflex pathways have not been identified. In order to localize the MEM reflex interneurons, we developed a physiologically based reflex assay in the rat that can be used to determine the integrity of the reflex pathways after experimental manipulations. This assay monitored the change in tone levels and distortion product otoacoustic emissions within the ear canal in one ear during the presentation of a reflex-eliciting sound stimulus in the contralateral ear. Preliminary findings using surgical transection and focal lesioning of the auditory brainstem to interrupt the MEM reflexes suggest that MEM reflex interneurons are located in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


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I need to track CPU by process in Windows 7 and log results in a file.
How could I do this please?
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2 Answers 2
You could use Powershell, there are multiple options depending on what you want to do:
To log the CPU % of a specific process:
PS C:\Users\mmoor> $A=Get-Process
PS C:\Users\mmoor> $A[0].Name
PS C:\Users\mmoor> $A[0].CPU
PS C:\Users\mmoor> "$($A[0].Name) --- $($A[0].CPU)" >>.\ProcessCPU.Log
You could also just send the output of Get-Process to a file:
PS C:\Users\mmoor> Get-Process >>.\ProcessCPU.Log
You could create a schedule task that runs a script like this automatically.
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Process Explorer can do this, although you can only create dump files for individual processes. It does provide an easy way to view all running processes though.
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text:
A leaking underground storage tank (LUST) is a common environmental concern wherever fuel or chemicals are stored in bulk in underground storage tanks (USTs). A LUST results in release of fuel or chemicals into the ground that requires specific responses determined by the circumstances on-site and environmental regulations. Michigan Consulting & Environmental's team of knowledgeable environmental specialists is trained and experienced in resolving LUST scenarios at any type of property including commercial, industrial, and residential.
USTs can store any number of chemicals or hazardous substances including those that cause cancer, immune deficiencies, central nervous system disorders, developmental disorders, and a host of other issues depending on what is being stored. Because of these risks, sticking to the required timeline of actions for LUST scenarios is essential. This means providing agencies with a complete delineation of impacted soil, groundwater, and soil vapor within one year of release discovery. Other required actions include an assessment of potential routes of contact with hazardous substances and elimination of these pathways where possible or abatement of them where elimination is not possible.
At Michigan Consulting & Environmental, we utilize a risk based approach to corrective action and find the best solution for the job at hand while considering overall cost and effectiveness of potential actions. Contact us today to learn more about our Michigan LUST services.


Finishing up
This is the 10th and final step of the Gamedev Canvas tutorial. You can find the source code as it should look after completing this lesson at Gamedev-Canvas-workshop/lesson10.html.
There's always room for improvements in any game we write. For example, we can offer more than one life to the player. They could make a mistake or two and still be able to finish the game. We could also improve our code rendering.
Giving the player some lives
Implementing lives is quite straightforward. Let's first add a variable to store the number of lives in the same place where we declared our other variables:
var lives = 3;
Drawing the life counter looks almost the same as drawing the score counter — add the following function to your code, below the drawScore() function:
function drawLives() {
 ctx.font = "16px Arial";
 ctx.fillStyle = "#0095DD";
 ctx.fillText("Lives: "+lives, canvas.width-65, 20);
Instead of ending the game immediately, we will decrease the number of lives until they are no longer available. We can also reset the ball and the paddle positions when the player begins with their next life. So, in the draw() function replace the following three lines:
alert("GAME OVER");
clearInterval(interval); // Needed for Chrome to end game
With this, we can add slightly more complex logic to it as given below:
if(!lives) {
 alert("GAME OVER");
else {
 x = _URL_
 y = canvas.height-30;
 dx = 2;
 dy = -2;
 paddleX = (canvas.width-paddleWidth)/2;
Now, when the ball hits the bottom edge of the screen, we're subtracting one life from the lives variable. If there are no lives left, the game is lost; if there are still some lives left, then the position of the ball and the paddle are reset, along with the movement of the ball.
Rendering the lives display
Now you need to add a call to drawLives() inside the draw() function and add it below the drawScore() call.
Improving rendering with requestAnimationFrame()
Now let's work on something that is not connected to the game mechanics, but to the way it is being rendered. requestAnimationFrame helps the browser render the game better than the fixed framerate we currently have implemented using setInterval(). Replace the following line:
var interval = setInterval(draw, 10);
and remove each instance of:
Then, at the very bottom of the draw() function (just before the closing curly brace), add in the following line, which causes the draw() function to call itself over and over again:
The draw() function is now getting executed again and again within a requestAnimationFrame() loop, but instead of the fixed 10 milliseconds frame rate, we are giving control of the framerate back to the browser. It will sync the framerate accordingly and render the shapes only when needed. This produces a more efficient, smoother animation loop than the older setInterval() method.
Compare your code
That's all — the final version of the game is ready and set to go!
Exercise: change the number of lives and the angle the ball bounces off the paddle.
Game over - for now!
You've finished all the lessons - congratulations! By this point, you should now know the basics of canvas manipulation and the logic behind simple 2D games. Now it's a good time to learn some frameworks and continue game development. You can check out this series' counterpart, 2D breakout game using Phaser or the Cyber Orb built in Phaser tutorial. You can also look through the Games section on MDN for inspiration and more knowledge.
You could also go back to this tutorial series' index page. Have fun coding!


Richmond Landmarks
Main St. Station Richmond
Main Street Station
Richmond skyline
James River
Richmond Capitol Building
Richmond Capitol Building
US-China Peoples Friendship Association
Richmond VA Chapter
Developing and building lasting friendships based on mutual understanding through educational, cultural, technical, and commercial exchanges between the people of China and the United States
China, with nearly one quarter of the world's population, has emerged as a nation that plays a significant role in world affairs.
With the realization of full diplomatic relations between the governments of the U.S. and China in 1979, opportunities for the American and Chinese people to learn from each other have increased significantly. Cultural, scientific, educational, medical, and technological exchanges, which are of great value to both countries, are expanding rapidly. The US-China Peoples Friendship Association initiates and participates actively in these exchanges.
Exchanges and programs organized by USCPFA are helping to build a bridge of friendship between our countries. This bridge, based on personal knowledge of the two countries, can play an important role in maintaining world peace.
Richmond with bridge and river
Richmond's famous Railroad Bridge


Browse The NAHA Bookstore
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
Category: NAHA Teleseminars
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
only $10.00 each
Essential Oils and the Doctrine of Signatures
with Cynthia Brownley and Joy Musacchio
So most of us know that essential oils are distilled or extracted from various parts of the plants and trees. The essential oils that we use are stored in secretory sacs in the roots, leaves, wood, flowers, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark and resin. While we readily look to the chemistry of the essential oil to determine its therapeutic uses, we can also look to the plant and tree as well as the particular part of that plant and tree that the oil comes from.
In today's world we analyze nature by way of technological imaging, before nature was simply what we saw in front of us. As Matthew Wood states, "The doctrine of signatures is used around the world in pre-modern cultures where thought-by-association is accepted as a valid means of obtaining knowledge of the world. The idea is that a plant that looks like the disease, organ, or person it will heal."
In this teleseminar we will explore:
* The correlations between certain essential oils and plant parts
* Therapeutic blending according to the Doctrine of Signatures
* The energetics and applications of various plant parts
* Signatures and Symbolism
"The practice must not proceed from the theory, but the theory from practice." -Paracelsus
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final firing) between 800–1,000 °C (1,470–1,830 °F), which falls into the cone 06 firing temperature range. The process is known for its unpredictability, particularly when reduction is forced, and pieces may crack or even explode due to thermal shock. Pots may be returned to the kiln to re-oxidize if firing results do not meet the potter's expectations, although each successive firing has a high chance of weakening the overall structural integrity of the pot. Pots that are exposed to thermal shock multiple times can break apart in the kiln, as they are removed from the kiln, or when they are in the reduction chamber.
The glaze firing times for raku ware are short: an hour or two as opposed to up to 16 hours for high-temperature cone 10 stoneware firings. This is due to several factors: raku glazes mature at a much lower temperature (under 980 °C or 1,800 °F, as opposed to almost 1,260 °C or 2,300 °F for high-fire stoneware); kiln temperatures can be raised rapidly; and the kiln is loaded and unloaded while hot and can be kept hot between firings.
Because temperature changes are rapid during the raku process, clay bodies used for raku ware must be able to cope with significant thermal stress. The usual way to add strength to the clay body and to reduce thermal expansion is to incorporate a high percentage of quartz, grog, or kyanite into the body before the pot is formed. At high additions, quartz can increase the risk of dunting or shivering. Therefore, kyanite is often the preferred material, as it contributes both mechanical strength and, in amounts up to 20%, significantly reduces thermal expansion. Although any clay body can be used, white stoneware clay bodies are unsuitable for the western raku process unless some material is added to deal with thermal shock. Porcelain,however is often used but it must be thinly thrown.
Aesthetic considerations include clay color and fired surface texture, as well as the clay's chemical interaction with raku glazes.
In a craft conference in Kyoto in 1979, a heated debate sprang up between Western raku artists Paul Soldner and Rick Hirsh and the youngest in the dynastic raku succession, Kichiemon, (of the fourteenth generation of the "Raku" family of potters) concerning the right to use the title "raku". The Japanese artists maintain that any work by other craftsman should hold their own name, (i.e., Soldner-ware, Hirsh-ware), as that was how "raku" was intended.[10]
Raku in the west has been abstracted and is now a more philosophical approach with the emphasis on the spontaneity of surface pattern creation rather than purely a firing technique. Consequently this has expanded its application from pots to sculptural ceramics.
Design Considerations[edit]
Raku is a unique form of pottery making; what makes it unique is the range of designs that can be created by simply altering certain variables. These variables—which include wax resist, glazes, temperature, and timing[11]—ultimately determine the outcome when firing a piece of clay. Wax resist, which is painted over the bare untainted clay, results in the suspension of wax in water [12] before the raku glaze goes on. This is done so that the glaze does not cover the area where the wax resist was applied, thus creating a design. When in the kiln, the wax melts off and the carbon, that results from oxygen reduction, replaces the wax.[11] This is the result of the combustion reaction. Raku glazes contain alumina, which has a very high melting point. Therefore, carbon will not replace the glaze as it does the melted wax. Raku glazes also contain metallic compounds such as copper, iron, and cobalt; which produce different colors. After the glaze has reached a certain temperature, the metal in the glaze reacts taking on a specific color.[12] For example, cobalt produces dark-blue, and copper produces green but can also produce a red when the oxygen in the glaze is completely gone.[11] Any unglazed areas turn black due to the carbon given off from the reduction of oxygen. Next, the clay is moved from the kiln to a container, usually a trashcan, which contains combustible organic materials such as leaves, sawdust, or paper. Once the lid of the container is closed, the reduction oxidation (redox) process begins.[12] The temperature change from the kiln to the container is where the magic of raku occurs. The change in temperature and in the redox sometimes cause cracking or crazing. Crazing is a consistent cracking in the glaze of a piece, as is seen on the white crackle glaze. This either enhances or detracts from the design. The timing of removal and placement in water directly affects the shades of each color.[11] Introducing the water to the raku at the right time is incredibly important; if the raku does not cool enough before placement in water, it can crack, break, or even explode.
See also[edit]
 - Ashton D: The delicate thread. Teshigahara's life in art. Kodansha Int. Tokyo 1997;150-163.
 - Pitelka, Morgan. Handmade Culture: Raku Potters, Patrons, and Tea Practitioners in Japan. University of Hawaii Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8248-2970-0.
 - Peterson, Susan. The Craft and Art of Clay. The Overlook Press, Woodstock, NY, Second Edition 1996. ISBN 0-87951-634-8.
 - Watkins, James C. Alternative Kilns & Firing Techniques: Raku * Saggar * Pit * Barrel, Lark Ceramics Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-1-57990-455-5, ISBN 1-57990-455-6.
 - Branfman, Steven. "Raku FAQs." Ceramics Today. Ceramics Today, Sept. 2002. Web. 6 May 2010.
 - Herb, Bill. "What Is Raku." Dimensional Design. Bill Herb A.k.a Dimensional Design, Jan. 2000. Web. 6 May 2010.
 - Knapp, Brian J. Oxidation and Reduction. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Heinemann Library, 1998. Print.
 - Birks, Tony. The New Potter's Companion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1982. Print.
 - Rhodes, Daniel. "Special Glazes and Surface Effects." Clay and Glazes for the Potter. Revised ed. Randor: Chilton Book Company, 1973. 318. Print.
 - Zamek, Jeff. "» Glazes: Materials, Mixing, Testing, Firing." » Ceramic Arts Daily – Featured Tip of the Day. Ceramic Publications Company, 5 Nov. 2009. Web. 26 May 2010. .
 - Andrews, Tim " Raku: a review of contemporary work". A.C.Black, London. 1994 ISBN 0-7136-3836-2
 - Andrews, Tim " Raku". A.C.Black, London. 2nd Ed.2005 ISBN 0-7136-6490-8
 - Aguirre, Amber (2012). Naked Fauxku. In Pottery Making Illustrated, Jan/Feb vol 15, p. 40-42.
 1. ^ Byers, Ian (1990). The Complete Potter: Raku. Series Ed. Emmanuel Cooper. B.T. Batsford Ltd 1990, pp. 16. ISBN 0-7134-6130-6
 2. ^ a b c source(Knapp, Brian J. Oxidation and Reduction. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Heinemann Library, 1998. Print.)
 3. ^ a b c d source(Birks, Tony. The New Potter's Companion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1982. Print.)
 4. ^ Arbuckle. "Reduction Firing." Reduction Firing. Web. 6 May 2010. .
 5. ^ "Oxidation/Reduction Firing." Frog Pond Pottery. Web. 29 May 2010. .
 6. ^ Branfman, Steven (2001). Raku: A Practical Approach. United States: krause publications. p. 17.
 7. ^ _URL_
 8. ^ Warshaw, Josie. The Practical Potter: a Step-by-step Handbook : a Comprehensive Guide to Ceramics with Step-by-step Projects and Techniques. London: Hermes House, 2003. Print.
 9. ^ Reid, Kimberly. "What Is a Raku


text:
This exhibit formed part of a Darwin display in South Kensington Museum during late Victorian times.
The Natural History Museum,London
Black Scandaroon from a German Pigeon show
Mick Bassett Germany
Scandaroon chick June 2010
approx 3 weeks of age
The Scandaroon is an ancient breed of fancy pigeon. It has a most distinct beak which is long and curves downwards and a striking red eye cere. Darwin called these birds Scandaroon Runts and they caught his attention.
The breed in Victorian England was only ever kept by a few fanciers, as is the case today. It is thought that the name came from the port of Scandaroon in the Levant however the breed origin is most likely to be ancient Persia. Scandaroon is the Turkish word for Alexander and it is possible that this being an old breed it was used as a message carrier by Alexander the Great in his conquests. This part of Asia is strongly associated with early pigeon breeds.
The Scandaroon used by Darwin was the Bagdotten type imported through France almost certainly coming from stock developed in Nurnburg, Germany. This is a larger bird than the type known in England and this was apparent to me when I visited the Dutch National show in January 2011.
The European Scandaroons are larger in size and weight, the beak is much stronger and longer but interestingly not as curved as its English counterpart. The feet are larger which confirms Darwin's own findings of large beak, large feet. It would seem the English fanciers have always preferred the smaller birds which have more of a curve to the beak, even 100 years ago an English fancier writing in a journal states "the German birds were too large and ugly." Darwin was interested in the extremes of types and the German type bird suited him well.
The French have developed their own type which is taller, more upright in stance and slimmer naming it the French Baghdad. So, in three countries fairly close to each other we see how Man has changed the direction a breed can be altered.
The French Baghdad has been used in crosses with several other breeds to improve and alter them such as the English Magpie which was a shorter legged, flying type pigeon in Darwin's time. I have handled one of Darwin's own Magpie specimens in the Natural History Museum at Tring which bears this out. Now, the English Magpie is both taller, more elegant and purely a show pigeon. Also in the collection at Tring is the skull of the Scandaroon donated by Darwin and it has been noted by Hein van Grouw, a Curator of Birds at the museum, that the drawing of such in Darwin's Variation and Domestication has the lower mandible missing. This intrigued Hein who checked the actual skull in the collection and found this was also missing its lower mandible. Since this discovery Katrina van Grouw has drawn a complete skull including the lower mandible. see picture on this page
Despite what seems an ungainly beak the Scandaroon is a most attentive and capable parent. Although at first glance the breed is somewhat ugly, they are calm, quiet, intelligent and interesting pigeons to keep and study. Darwin was disappointed when he lost a hen of his pair to illness.
Colours include white, black, blue, red and yellow. In England the birds shown are generally the pied version having a white head, coloured patch under the beak, mainly white wings and a coloured tail.
for Scandaroon pigeons
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