text:
Natural resource management in an institutional disorder :the development of adaptive co-management systems of moose in Sweden
Abstract (Summary)The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the development of adaptive co-management systems and of the role the State plays in promoting or hampering such a development. Natural resource issues are often characterised by conflicting interests and in general implemented by conventional, top-down management systems. Therefore this thesis also investigates the effect conflicting interests and institutional path dependencies have on the development of adaptive co-management systems. The Swedish moose management system was established in the beginning of the 20th century as the State was trying to rectify a "tragedy of the commons" situation since moose at the time was almost extinct. The administrative system erected can be characterised as a conventional, top-down, singlespecies management system, and had features of both corporate arrangements and legal-rational bureaucratic administrative models. Due to high administrative costs and the explosion of the moose population in the late 1970's which resulted in significant grazing damages on commercial tree species, the State changed its policies. One change in formal rules allowed for hunting rights owners to establish so called Moose Management Units (MMU) which entailed that they gained management rights, and thereby could decide on their own the number of moose to be shot in a hunting season. This is a critical right since approximately 1/3 of the moose populations are decimated during a hunting season and this right is therefore an efficient tool for controlling the size of the moose populations. The State also made alterations in the corporate arrangement, from primarily only including the hunting interest organisation SAHWM to increase landowner interests' influence in the public administration. A quantitative study of the MMUs revealed that these can not be characterised as adaptive co-management systems to a high degree due to inadequate monitoring, inability to meet management goals, and failure to apply ecosystem management. Part of the reason for this is that there is an ecological and social misfit since MMUs are too small to contain its own moose populations. Another reason is inadequate knowledge regarding population dynamics on behalf of the local resource users. However, there were variations not only among MMUs but also on the regional level as to the extent of adaptive co-management characteristics. Two counties were selected for further study due to the fact that the MMUs in one county had more characteristics of adaptive co-management systems than in the other one. The case studies revealed that high levels of conflicts in a corporate arrangement hampered the development of adaptive comanagement systems. In the county with low conflict levels regarding the moose question, a key steward holding a key position in the moose administrative system was a critical actor in promoting the development of adaptive co-management systems. It is concluded that devolution of management rights does not automatically foster adaptive co-management. Nor is a centralized system easily converted to a bottom-up system. The study shows that institutional change is path dependent but also that the State has an important role to play in developing adaptive co-management systems. This is particularly decisive if an ecological and social misfit is likely to arise since the State then can provide linkages both on an organisational level but also on a geographical level and thereby mitigate potential negative effects of local resource systems. However, this role differs significantly from that in conventional resource management and therefore it is also important that the organisation and tasks of the State is ensured legitimacy among both the public and affected resource users.
School:Luleå tekniska universitet
Source Type:Doctoral Dissertation
Date of Publication:01/01/2008


Policy and Procedure Statement on the Authorised Use of the Meal Entertainment Card
The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines on the authorized use of the Meal Entertainment Card (MEC) and to communicate to employees the audit procedure and sanctions that will apply if the MEC is used by an employee to pay for unauthorized expenses.
Employees should note that on application for an MEC they are declaring that the MEC will only be used for meal entertainment expenses.
Strict adherence to this policy and procedure statement is a condition of use of the MEC and is required to ensure that the MEC complies with ATO rules.
The MEC is provided to employees as part of the salary packaging arrangements at your Employer. The MEC can only be used to pay for qualifying meal entertainment expenses as explained in the following.
1. What expenses can an employee pay with the MEC?
Meal entertainment expenses are expenses representing provision of:
(a) entertainment by way of food and drink; or
(b) accommodation or travel in connection with, or for the purpose of facilitating entertainment by way of food and drink.
While this definition taken from the legislation is a little vague, what is clear is that the provision of food or drink in all circumstances is not meal entertainment. In order for food or drink to qualify as meal entertainment, there must be some element of entertainment present.
Entertainment in this sense does not refer to a performance or the like, but more generally to some gathering of people to carry out some activity with a view to enjoying themselves.
In cases of doubt an employee needs to consider:
(a) Why is the food or drink being provided? For example, food or drink provided for the purpose of refreshment would not generally be meal entertainment, whereas food or drink provided at a social function for enjoyment would be meal entertainment.
(b) What food or drink is being provided? Light meals such as morning tea are less likely to be meal entertainment as opposed to more elaborate meals.
(c) When is the food or drink provided? Food or drink during working hours is less likely to be meal entertainment than food or drink provided after hours.
(d) Where is the food or drink being provided? Food provided in a social setting, e.g. hotel, restaurant, café, coffee shop, etc. is more likely to be meal entertainment.
2. Examples of expenses that are likely to be meal entertainment
- Breakfast/lunch/dinner with friends or family at a restaurant/café.
- Drinks/food at a bar or nightclub.
- Purchases of food or drink for a party, BBQ, etc.
- Drinks/food while on holidays at a resort/hotel, etc.
- Taxi travel to a club/restaurant, etc. for the purposes of obtaining food/drink.
3. Examples of expenses that are not likely to be meal entertainment
- Purchase of general household food and drink.
- Purchase of alcohol to be consumed generally at home.
- Tickets to movies, sporting or cultural events.
- Travel/accommodation costs for local or overseas holidays for recreation purposes.
- Foreign currency transaction charges when the MEC is used to pay for expenses overseas
4. What an employee should do if they are not sure if an expense is meal entertainment
If an employee is not sure that an expense is a meal entertainment expense, the employee should not pay for it with the Meal Entertainment Card. An employee can of course pay for such expenses with their Employee Benefits Card, if they have one.
5. What an Employee can't pay for with the MEC?
Employees should also not that the following transactions are not permitted with the MEC:
- Periodical payments or direct debits cannot be set up on the card.
- The card cannot be used to withdraw cash; e.g. from ATMs, or when making EFTPOS transactions.
6. How are overseas transaction charges on the card treated?
The MEC may be used to pay for qualifying meal entertainment expenses incurred overseas. However if used overseas, all transactions will incur a foreign currency transaction fees which will be separately identified on the MEC monthly statement.
Audit Procedure
The following outlines the audit procure and sanctions that will apply for unuathorised use of the MEC.
1. Simplygreen will randomly audit employee card statements provided by Westpac.
2. Employees will need to provide hand written annotations on any items appearing on the statement that are not obviously meal entertainment from the entry appearing on the statement (eg items purchased from a supermarket.)
3. The annotation needs to clearly explain the entertainment connection of the food or drink purchased (eg for birthday party on such and such date)
4. Items that are not food or drink do not qualify in any circumstances unless the items are travel or accommodation for the purpose of facilitating entertainment by way of food or drink. In these circumstances the annotation needs to identify the particular meal entertainment event connected with the travel and/or accommodation expenses charged to the MEC. (eg taxi travel for meal at such and such restaurant on such and such date).
5. Simplygreen may request further information from the employee where the information provided together with the statement is not adequate.
6. Employees need to write at the end of the statement the following:
"I declare that the hand written annotations on this statement are true and correct"
Employees should then sign their name and enter the date signed.
Sanctions for Unauthorised Use of the MEC
Employees are hereby put on notice that in the event of the use of the MEC to pay for unauthorized expenses, your Employer may cancel the employee's card without further notice and disqualify the employee from applying for another MEC for a period of time determined at the discretion


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Expand All Client Behavior When Sending the IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence Request
Informative summary of behavior: The client uses IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence to check the consistency of object existence between its replica of an NC and another replica of the same NC. Checking the consistency of object existence means identifying objects that have replicated to both replicas, and that exist in one replica but not in the other. For the purposes of this method, an object exists within an NC replica if it is either an object or a tombstone.
IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence allows the client to perform this checking in clusters, as defined in the informative summary of the GuidSequence procedure (section
The inputs to this checking process on the client are as follows:
nc: DSName
utdClient, utdServer: UPTODATE_VECTOR_V1_EXT
guidStart: GUID
count: ULONG
nc: The NC containing the cluster that the client will check.
utdClient, utdServer: The up-to-date vectors of the client and server for the NC nc, respectively. The client can obtain utdServer using IDL_DRSGetReplInfo.
guidStart: The lower bound on the smallest objectGUID in the cluster that the client will check.
count: The upper bound on the number of objects in the cluster that the client will check.
Given these inputs, the client creates the request message to IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence as follows:<31>
s: sequence
digest: sequence [0..15] of byte
msgIn.pNC := nc
msgIn.pUpToDateVecCommonV1 := MergeUTD(utdClient, utdServer)
 guidStart, count, nc, msgIn.pUpToDateVecCommonV1^, s, digest)
msgIn.guidStart := s[0]
msgIn.length := s.length
msgIn.Md5Digest := digest
pmsgIn^.V1 := msgIn
© 2014 Microsoft


text:
Sarah Jane Weaver, Sarah Jane Weaver
NEW YORK CITY — Violence against women isn't just physical, it can be structural, the executive director of LDS Charities said Wednesday during a United Nations side event featuring the humanitarian outreach of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to women worldwide.
"If women don't have access to health care because the roads are too dangerous, if they are turned away from care because they are too poor or too disabled, if there is no equipment to save their newborn, if no one believes girls need wheelchairs — they are bullied by a societal structure that is so much bigger and meaner than they have power to fight," said Sharon Eubank, the first woman to lead LDS Charities.
The LDS Church hosted the event as part of the United Nations' Commission on the Status of Women. Featured speakers included Eubank; Ambassador Charles T. Ntwaagae, Botswana's permanent representative to the United Nations; and Dr. Dennis C. and Nancy C. Hughes, LDS humanitarian medical trainers. Anna Thompson-Quaye, deputy director of the GAVI Alliance, a Geneva-based agency that provides vaccines to children, was scheduled to participate but was delayed in Washington, D.C., by inclement weather.
Eubank expressed appreciation for those on the program, "who make the work of LDS Charities possible on both a national and grass roots level."
During the past quarter-century, the LDS Church has provided assistance to nearly 30 million people in 179 countries.
But Eubank began her remarks talking about a humanitarian effort that predates LDS Charities. She spoke of the Salt Lake Valley in 1870, when inexperienced midwifery and home births contributed to a high infant mortality rate. She said "a visionary woman named Eliza Snow" went to the territory governor with a plan, requesting that six women be sent to the Eastern United States and trained in medicine. They would return and train others.
One 28-year-old woman, Ellis Shipp, left Salt Lake City for medical school. She was expecting a baby herself, found a job guarding the cadaver lab at night and studied by candlelight.
"In 1879 she came back to Salt Lake City with a medical degree," Eubank said. "Over her lifetime she delivered 5,000 babies. And she trained 500 midwives to be certified and licensed. She was the beginning of the drop of the infant mortality rate in (Utah)."
That work completed more than 150 years ago — by women who were poor and had many barriers — became the underpinnings of the work by LDS Charities today, Eubank said.
She added that she hopes the discussion would be relevant "for all of you in this room, who are working on big important things that have a lot of barriers — and violence against women is one of these things."
Showing a picture of Shipp, Eubank said: "She does not look extraordinary. She looks like an ordinary woman of 1879. But she did extraordinary things for that time that are still going on now."
Eubank said LDS Charities' great strength — which may be unique in the world — is the organization's ability to combine big vision and strategic multilateral relationships with grass roots voluntarism to tackle intractable problems.
The work of LDS Charities — given in the form of emergency response after disasters and through major initiatives that provide, among other things, clean water, medical training, food production, vision care, immunizations and wheelchairs to those in need — "can not exist without local volunteers," she said.
During the program, Dennis and Nancy Hughes and Ambassador Ntwaagae focused on the practical application and impact of two of those initiatives.
Eubank said the work of Shipp has evolved into the modern-day work by LDS Charities on neonatal resuscitation training.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The history of music in Britain may be 1000 years older than originally thought.
Archaeologists have found what could be the remains of Europe's oldest stringed instrument.
A small wooden fragment thought to be from a 2300-year-old lyre was found at an excavation site in High Pasture Cave on the isle of Skye.
Music archaeologists Dr Graeme Lawson and Dr John Purser studied the piece and said the notches where strings would have been placed are easy to distinguish on the artefact, despite it being been burnt and broken.
Dr Lawson, of Cambridge Music-archaeological Research, said: "For Scotland, and indeed all of us in these islands, this is very much a step-change.
"It pushes the history of complex music back more than a thousand years into our darkest pre-history. And not only the history of music but, more specifically, of song and poetry because that's what such instruments were very often used for.
"The earliest known lyres date from about 5000 years ago in what is now Iraq, and these were already complicated and finely made structures. But here in Europe even Roman traces proved hard to locate. Pictures maybe but no actual remains."
It is the location of the discovery which has truly amazed the archaeologists.
Dr Lawson added: "Here is an object which places the Hebrides, and by association the neighbouring mainlands, in a musical relationship not only with the rest of the Barbarian world but also with famous civilisations.
"It now becomes a world that was held together not just by technology and trade but also by something as ephemeral and wonderful as music and poetry and song."
Until now the oldest stringed instruments found in Europe were lyres dated around 600AD, which were played by Vikings in Scandinavia.
A lyre is an U-shaped harp instrument associated with ancient Greece.
Dr Purser, a cultural historian, said: "What, for me, is so exciting about this find is that it confirms the continuity of a love of music amongst the Western Celts.
"Stringed instruments, being usually made of wood, rarely survive in the archaeological record but they are referred to in the very earliest literature and, in various forms, were to feature on many stone carvings in Scotland and Ireland and to become emblematic in both countries."
High Pasture Cave on Skye has been a focus of Bronze Age and Iron Age research since 1972. Evidence of craft, metalworking and debris from major feasting events have been found on the site, which extends back at least 5000 years.
The artefact was discovered in 2010 and was transferred to consultancy firm AOC Archaeology in Edinburgh for conservation.
Managing director Dr Andy Heald said: "Previous to this, the earliest musical representation we had encountered had been a carved concert lyre and plectrum on the side of an exquisite Roman altar we excavated from Musselburgh in 2010.
"But to have an actual fragment of an even earlier lyre really fires the imagination. It brings another dimension of our Iron Age antecedents to life."


GRAY full form
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Meaning : Bitmap graphics (raw gray bytes)
Category : computers
Sub Category :graphics
Type : acronym
What does GRAY mean or stand for?
Bachelor of Music is a three year bachelors program offered by a university that teaches the advanced level of music theory,vocals or practicals.After doing this course there are many careers that can be chosen either as a performer,entertainment or even a music studio/company/record label.
What is GRAY?
Out of the many search terms
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above so please go through related sounding phrases.
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text:
Mortar Training Blended Learning Solution
CDS Defence Support was tasked to develop a blended learning solution for the Army Mortar Training School.
CDS was tasked to develop a Blended Learning Solution (BLS) for the Army Mortar Training School. The aim of the solution was to allow students in training to use mortars to practice and develop the skills associated with map reading, calculating bearings and judging distance based on the terrain's features.
Scanning the Landscape
The solution needed to be able to generate targets randomly at a variety of distances within a set training area. The students would then be required to manually scan the landscape to identify potential targets.
The students also needed to be able to use a service prismatic compass to acquire the target's direction.
After calculating the bearing, the students would have to accurately identify target locations on the map.
Making Corrections Based on a Missed Shot
The students would have to have the ability to make adjustments and re-engage the target an unlimited number of times.
Working closely with a number of SMEs, CDS interpreted the requirements and developed an application that delivered the required features whilst adding additional benefits at every stage.
Our BLS allows both the students and the instructors to have sight of the students' process of acquiring and engaging a target.
The students navigate round a geographically accurate virtual environment, based on a known training area, where a number of randomly generated targets appear at different distances. Once a target is identified, the student must use the skills learned in practical training to make the correct calculations and effectively engage the target.
Complex background algorithms accurately simulate, in real time, the characteristics of a mortar round's velocity, trajectory (fall of shot) and the time of flight. The student can then watch the round hit or miss the target and can make multiple corrections to re-adjust and re-engage until a Fire for Effect (FFE) order can be given.
This solution can also be integrated with Learning Management Systems.
Other optional features include:
- Encryption to allow for off-site use.
- Secure data link to record students' information including usage and strike rate.
- Auditable confirmation of training and competency.
A BLS has many advantages including:
- Students can be trained for multiple-operational scenarios and terrains prior to deployment.
- 24/7 access to training – no down-time due to adverse weather conditions or range day losses.
- Costs are reduced by negating the need for additional range time, ammunition and coaching/training staff.
- The application has cross-platform functionality and is able to run on Android, iOS and other similar operating systems.
- The Mortar Training can be digitally tailored to suit any combination of ammunition including illumination, smoke rounds and differing terrains.
In addition to the Mortar Training, CDS has also developed a 7.62mm General Purpose Machine Gun BLS. This unique tool presents the students with a geographically accurate virtual map, a protractor, a series of range tables and issue fire control data.
The students will identify and process the 8 figure grid reference number, the altitude above sea level, the bearing and distance and finally use this information to calculate the elevation adjustments required prior to engaging the target.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


I had some eggs that were going to expire, so I decided to boil them before they went bad. When I put them in the water, however, I noticed they were were standing big-end up. Weird!
Had they gone bad? I checked Google and learned they were still edible. According to this article on Why do eggs float?:
Sounded good to me, but as another reader pointed out, this explanation isn't quite right:
You are partially correct, however, it is not the fact that air is getting into the egg that makes it float. It is the fact that mass is leaving the egg.
So the moral of this tale is don't eat eggs which are completely floating and remember density determines whether something will float.


text:
Along the northern bank of the Tagus River lies this large stone monument celebrating Portugal's Age of Discovery and sitting on the location that ships bound for Asia used to depart from in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was constructed for the Portuguese World Fair in 1940, inaugurated in 1960 upon the anniversary of Henry the Navigator's death, and has been a Cultural Center of Discovery since 1985. The monument depicts 33 sculpted historical figures including explorers, monarchs, artists and missionaries, all led by Henry the Navigator at the front. The figures are spread along both sides of a ship, intentionally looking forward and facing the sea.
Outside of viewing the monument itself, there is a large marble wind rose embedded in the pavement containing a world map that illustrates the locations of Portugal's various explorations. There is also a museum with exhibition rooms in the monument, with panoramic views of Lisbon and the Tagus River from its rooftop.


What is taxation with a gender perspective?
In order to offer services to people and manage city policies, the City Council must be provided with resources. It does this, among other things, through taxes, such as the IBI; and public prices, such as those we pay to enjoy civic centers or municipal sports centers.
The way these public taxes and prices are set up can affect inequalities between women and men and therefore can help to reduce them. This is what taxation with a gender perspective does.


text:
Imagine All The Synchrony: The effects of actual and imagined synchronous walking on attitudes towards marginalised groups.PLoS One. 2019; 14(5):e0216585.Plos
Stereotyping is a pervasive societal problem that impacts not only minority groups but subserves individuals who perpetuate stereotypes, leading to greater distance between groups. Social contact interventions have been shown to reduce prejudice and stereotyping, but optimal contact conditions between groups are often out of reach in day to day life. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a synchronous walking intervention, a non-verbal embodied approach to intergroup contact that may reduce the need for optimal contact conditions. We studied attitude change towards the Roma group in Hungary following actual and imagined walking, both in a coordinated and uncoordinated manner. Results showed that coordinated walking, both imagined and in vivo, led to explicit and implicit reductions in prejudice and stereotyping towards both the Roma individual and the wider Roma social group. This suggests that coordinated movement could be a valuable addition to current approaches towards prejudice reduction.


text: Introduction: Our tertiary care institution embarked on the Choosing Wisely campaign to reduce unnecessary testing, and selected the reduction of ankle x-rays as part of its top five priority initiatives. The Low Risk Ankle Rule (LRAR), an evidence-based decision rule, has been derived and validated to clinically evaluate ankle injuries which do not require radiography. The LRAR, is cost-effective, has 100% sensitivity for clinically important ankle injuries and reduces ankle imaging rates by 30-60% in both academic and community setting. Our objective was to significantly reduce the proportion of ankle x-rays ordered for acute ankle injuries presenting to our pediatric Emergency Department (ED). Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all patients presenting to our tertiary care pediatric ED (ages 3- 18 years) with an isolated acute ankle injury from Jan 1, 2016-Sept 30, 2016. Children with outside imaging, an injury that occurred >72 hours prior, or those who had a repeat ED visit for same injury were excluded. Quality improvement (QI) initiatives included multidisciplinary staff education about the LRAR, posters placed within the ED highlighting the LRAR, development of a new diagnostic imaging requisition for ankle x-rays requiring use of the LRAR and collaboration with the Division of Radiology to ensure compliance with new requisition. The proportion of patients presenting to the ED with acute ankle injuries who received x-rays was measured. ED length of stay (LOS), return visits to the ED and orthopedic referrals were collected as balancing measures. Results: At baseline 88% of patients with acute ankle injuries received x-rays. Following our multiple interventions, the proportion of x-rays decreased significantly to 54%, (p<0.001). This decrease in x-ray rate was not associated with an increase in ED LOS, ED return visits or orthopedic referrals. There was an increase uptake of the dedicated x-ray requisition over time to 71%. Conclusion: This QI initiative to increase uptake of the LRAR, resulted in a significant reduction of ankle x-rays rates for children presenting with acute ankle injuries in our pediatric ED without increasing LOS, return visits or need for orthopedic referrals for missed injuries. Just as in the derivation and validation studies, the reductions have been sustained and reduced unnecessary testing and ionizing radiation.


text:
Christopher Street-Sheridan Square
The Greenwich Village Murals, 1994
Ceramic mosaic on platform walls
Depicting vignettes of community history, The Greenwich Village Murals consist of children's composite drawings inspired and guided by an artist concerned with "identity" and its portrayal. Lee Brozgol first intended to devote each of the four panels to one famous person. "But the village is so rich in amazing characters who shaped America that picking only twelve was impossible," he says. With students from Greenwich Village's P.S. 41, he found space for some forty people arranged in four groupings: Founders, Providers, Bohemians, and Rebels - bending time to group them together. Deborah Lewis, a teacher at P.S. 41, helped Brozgol select nine fifth and sixth graders for the project. The resulting presentation recognizes the many individuals who gave the neighborhood its reputation as a cauldron of artistic and political activity.
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Say I have a limited sample, a month of daily returns, and I want to estimate the 99.5th percentile of the distribution of absolute daily returns.
Because the estimate will require extrapolation, I will need to make a distributional assumption. Is there a standard approach to take here if I want to include the higher kurtosis in my estimate?
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What you refer to as the 99.5th percentile is known as the "Value-at-Risk." You are correct that you will need to make a distributional assumption, and there is a popular and well-researched approach to this problem, though I'm not certain it could be called "standard." I would recommend you use the "truncated Levy flight" distribution. James Xiong at Morningstar has written a few papers on this topic, and you can find more by googling him and this topic. Here is a less technical, more introductory piece on the topic.
Also, you should consider other risk measures, most notably Expected Shortfall (ES), also known as Conditional-Value-at-Risk (CVaR), which examines not just what the 99.5% percentile is, but what the conditional expected return is beyond that point. I also recommend you read this MSCI piece on the topic.
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text:
Analysis of Different Routing Techniques for Opportunistic Data Transfer
This paper deals with various routing techniques for efficient data transfer in MANET. MANET is a wireless infrastructure-less network where mobile devices communicate through wireless links. To make the communication of wireless network as good as that of the wired ones is the challenging issue. The high link quality involves best path selection and it leads to throughput improvement. Higher layer like network layer is used to provide an efficient data transfer in dynamic environment. To make routing efficient, the authors need to know the topographical information of the wireless network. Based on which they can improve the routing process and packets are transmitted efficiently with high packet delivery ratio.


text:
As I'm trying to read through Readwithtajweed, I am confused about the meaning of harakat / count, in regards to Madd.
What is 1 (or 2,3, etc.) count? I've read that it is equivalent to seconds (1 count = 1 second). Are count durations relative to the speed with which I read, like beat/rhythm in music?


text:
Achiote, meaning scrub or small tree derived from word achiotl in Nahuatl, finds its origins from the Americas and has been cultivated in Southeast Asia since its introduction by the Spanish in the 17th century.
What is it?
Annato (sometimes called achiote, which is really the tree it comes from) are terracotta-colored seeds. They come from a scrub (Achiote tree) that bears pink flowers and bright red spiny fruits which contain these orange-red seeds. The fruits are dried and left to harden into brown capsules.
They have a light peppery almost nutmegy flavor. Best known for, however, giving foods a bright orangey-red color.
When purchasing annato, buy the most bright ones you find. This will ensure the freshest flavor.
Typical Dishes made with Achiote Annato:
- cochinita pibil
- chicken in achiote
- caldo de olla
- It is even used to add color to butter, cheese, popcorn, drinks, and breads.
Main Achiote growers:
- Puerto Rico
- Dominican Republic


text:
Labels identify green products
It is essential that consumers can identify green products within a product group. Public eco-labels constitute a good and simple way of providing such information to consumers and professional purchasers.
The EU Flower is the eco-label of the European Union. It was established in 1992. The Nordic Swan has existed since 1989. Denmark joined the Nordic eco-labelling system in 1997.
The Flower and the Swan guarantee that a product is one of the least damaging to the environment, and that certain health precautions have been taken. At the same time, quality and function are guaranteed to be at least as good as other products.
2,300 products on the Danish market
Eco-labels are found on a range of products. When a product carries the the Swan or the Flower, the product group has undergone a thorough evaluation of how it affects the environment from the time it is 'born' to when it is disposed of. Quality and health impacts have also been under close scrutiny.
Today there are roughly 2,300 products on the Danish market with an eco-label.
An eco-labelling board, an eco-labelling secretariat and a coordinating committee take care of the administration of the Nordic Swan and the EU Flower.
Read more at _URL_.


Michigan voters, by their choices for our state's Supreme Court in the November election, will make known to the world which competing philosophy they endorse—judicial restraint or judicial activism.
Judicial activism creates an unstable legal system because judges assume the power to create laws that fit their own personal and changeable political views.
 Right now, the forces of judicial restraint are in ascendancy on the court. But if challenges to three incumbent justices are successful, the pendulum could swing in the other direction. Such a clear-cut choice lends national significance to the three Michigan Supreme Court spots up for grabs this year.
 Judicial restraint, or "strict constructionism," holds that a judge's duty is to interpret law in the context of the legislature's intent. Only if the legislature trespasses beyond its constitutional bounds does the court step in to reverse the voice of the people as expressed by the action of their elected representatives.
Judicial activism, on the other hand, means adjudicating not according to the rule of law, but according to the ideology, preferred policy position, or social whim of the judge. An activist court does not simply interpret the legislature's law; it creates its own. It views itself as a superlegislature whose duty is to knock the real legislature back in line when it passes laws the court considers undesirable.
 Advocates of the rule of law and constitutionally limited government have long warned of the dangers of judicial activism. Activism creates an unstable legal system because judges assume the power to create laws that fit their own personal and changeable political views. An activist court is an arbitrary one that replaces the rule of law with the whims of individuals.
On the November ballot, incumbent Justices Stephen Markman, Clifford Taylor, and Robert Young represent the perspective of judicial restraint. Justice Taylor has described the philosophy of Michigan's Supreme Court majority this way: "Unlike other courts, this Court will not deprive the people of their right to self-govern by revising statutes under the guise of interpreting them." Instead, he says, the "Court's duty is to defer to the legislature, unless the act in question is unconstitutional, and to give legislation its plain meaning." That means, "this Court does not engage in politics from the bench," Taylor says. Rather, as believers in the traditional notion of judicial restraint, the Court majority merely "enforces... statutes according to their terms."
Justice Taylor sees the bench he sits on as bringing "Michigan back to a traditional understanding of the rule of law and judicial restraint." Justice Robert Young's description of the Court's philosophy echoes this. Young does not believe that the judiciary "is an auxiliary legislature, nor is the judiciary free to intervene in public policy decisions of the political branches and remake them."
The Court's pro-activist opponents have accused it of favoring "big business." But as Justice Markman points out, this Court "is not pro-business or anti-business or proor antiany other group. Rather, our commitment is to read the language of the law as faithfully as possible and let the chips fall where they may. Our responsibility is to interpret the law according to its terms, not to decide cases in favor of, or in opposition to, any particular group."
 How does this show up in reality? One example: Judicial restraint produced a victory for Michigan taxpayers in the case of Lansing's so-called "rain tax." The city of Lansing wanted to impose a tax for a storm-water system but did not want to submit it to a vote of the people as the 1978 Headlee Amendment requires. So, it falsely labeled the tax a "user fee" and imposed it without voter approval. But in December 1998, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the user fee was really a tax and threw it out because it had not been submitted to a vote. The message to Lansing was clear: You're not above the law. An activist Court might have ruled that because the money was for a good cause, bending the constitution could be justified.
 Michigan's Supreme Court may be the nation's best and most eloquent example of a high court committed to interpreting the law, not manufacturing it. The nation will be watching to see if Michigan voters support judicial restraint or opt instead for a wild ride on the activist side.
 (Peter T. Leeson is a research associate with the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, a research and educational institute headquartered in Midland. More information is available at _URL_. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided the author and his affiliation are cited.)
Copyright c 2000 Mackinac Center for Public Policy
This coming November, Michigan voters not only will decide who sits on the state Supreme Court, they will determine whether the court is governed by a sensible, restrained judicial philosophy or an unpredictable, activist attitude. Restraint ensures a stable legal environment that encourages individual liberty, limited government, and economic prosperity. Judicial activism, on the other hand, endangers the rule of the law and threatens traditional American ideals of justice.
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text:
Teaching Energy Workshop: Field Trip Photo Gallery
Click any photo to enlarge.
Information about this field trip
Photos by Karin Kirk
A row of wind turbines at the Seven Mile Hill wind farm near Medicine Bow, WY.
This wind farm has 73, 1.5 MW turbines, manufactured by GE.
Turbine construction is complete, but some land reclamation work still remains to be done.
Group photo of field trip participants.
It was hard to stop taking pictures of the turbines and the scenery.
Group discussions about wind power.
It's most efficient to align the turbines in rows. If topography and the wind regime allow it, the side-to-side spacing is 4 rotor diameters between each turbine, with a front-to-back spacing of 12 rotor diameters.
The blades spin up to 14-20 rpm, and the tips of the blades can travel up to 200 mph.
The surrounding geology was noteworthy too.
There were many impromptu discussions about wind energy and the construction of the wind farm.
Machinery used to operate a drag line at a coal mine near Hanna, WY. The drag line is used to remove the overburden and expose the coal.
Workshop leaders at the coal mine.
Mark Lyford from the University of Wyoming describes reclamation efforts at the coal mine.
The reclaimed areas were hard to distinguish from the undisturbed area.
Photos by Sarah Schulmeyer, University of Wyoming
Opening dinner at the workshop
Photos by Mohamad-Ali Hasan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Wind turbines at the Happy Jack wind farm


text:
(1869–1930) Austrian chemist
Pregl, who was born at Laibach (now Ljubljana in Slovenia), was the son of a bank official. He graduated in medicine from Graz (1893) where he became an assistant in physiological chemistry in 1899. In 1910 he became head of the chemistry department at Innsbruck, remaining there until 1913 when he returned to Graz to become director of the Medico-Chemical Institute.
Pregl began research on bile acids in about 1904 but soon found that he could only obtain tiny amounts. This led him to pioneer techniques of microanalysis. Justus von Liebig had needed about 1 gram of a substance before he could make an accurate analysis; through his new techniques Pregl was capable of working with 2.5 milligrams. This was achieved by the careful scaling down of his analytic equipment and the design of a new balance, which was produced in collaboration with the instrument maker W. Kuhlmann of Hamburg. With this he was capable of weighing 20 grams to an accuracy of 0.001 milligram.
The techniques developed by Pregl are of immense importance in organic chemistry and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1923 for this work.
Subjects: Science and Mathematics.


text:
Fill by Stripes
Algorithm Fill by Stripes is more complicated than the previous algorithms. Again, it starts by sorting the rectangles by height. Then it positions the tallest non-positioned rectangle and uses it to start a new horizontal stripe. The algorithm then calls the FillBoundedArea
method to fill that stripe as completely as it can by using the remaining rectangles.
is a fairly tricky recursive subroutine. It starts with an area to fill (the stripe) and loops through the non-positioned rectangles, placing each rectangle in the upper-left corner of the area it is filling to see whether that placement produces a good solution.
|Figure 8. FillBoundedArea: By dividing empty space into areas determined by the edges of an already-placed rectangle, this method tries to make optimum use of remaining space.|
The subroutine then divides the area either vertically or horizontally along an edge of the newly positioned rectangle, which is in the green area labeled 1 in Figure 8
. The subroutine first tries dividing the area horizontally, and then divides the remaining area into the piece labeled 2
and the large horizontal area containing the regions labeled 3 and 4 (surrounded by the red lines). Subroutine FillBoundedArea
calls itself to see how well it can fill these two new areas 2
and 3 + 4
After the recursive call to itself returns, FillBoundedArea
tries dividing its area vertically. In Figure 8
, it now considers the area labeled 3
and the large vertical area that includes the regions 2 and 4 (surrounded by the blue dashed lines). The subroutine calls itself recursively to see how well it can fill these two new areas 3
and 2 + 4
When that recursive call returns, the method evaluates whether it did a better job filling the total area by using the horizontal division or the vertical division. Finally, if the better of those solutions improves on the best solution found so far for the total area, it saves the new solution.
|Figure 9. Fill by Stripes: This heuristic recursively attempts to find the best possible solution after placing each remaining rectangle.|
Now the method goes back and tries again, starting with a new rectangle positioned in the upper left corner (area 1 in Figure 8
). It iterates over all the rectangles in this manner, placing each, and then recursively filling any remaining empty area until it has tried all the rectangles. When the loop completes, it returns the best solution.
Figure 9 shows the best solution found by the Fill by Stripes algorithm. It's an even better solution than the one found by the Sort and Fill algorithms, having a total height of only 13 units.
The Recursive Division algorithm uses recursion similarly to Fill by Stripes, but where Fill by Stripes starts by positioning a rectangle and then using the FillBoundedArea subroutine to try to fill its horizontal strip as densely as it can, the Recursive Division algorithm does away with the idea of stripes altogether. Like Fill by Stripes it positions a rectangle and then considers dividing the remaining area vertically and horizontally along the rectangle's edges. Unlike Fill by Stripes, however, the lower areas that it must then fill are not always bounded below.
Look again at Figure 8. Suppose the algorithm has just positioned the very first rectangle. This algorithm doesn't use stripes so the total area to fill includes the entire piece of stock, which does not have a fixed length. Imagine that areas 3 and 4 don't have bottom edges; they extend indefinitely downward. The FillBoundedArea method can fill only bounded areas (hence the name) so it won't work on unbounded areas. However, FillUnboundedArea can fill unbounded areas.
|Figure 10. Recursive Division: The Recursive Division algorithm packs rectangles equally as well as Fill by Stripes.|
The Recursive Division algorithm starts by calling FillUnboundedArea
to fill the entire stock area. That routine positions a rectangle as before, and tries to divide the area horizontally and vertically. For the horizontal division, it calls FillBoundedArea
to fill area 2
and calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill the combined area 3 + 4
. For the vertical division, it calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill area 3
and calls FillUnboundedArea
to fill the combined area 2 + 4
When its recursive calls return, the subroutine considers the solutions it found and returns the best one.
Figure 10 shows the result produced by the Recursive Division heuristic. It results in a new arrangement but the same total height as the Fill by Stripes technique.


Home > Products > Fireworks > Support > Buttons
Fireworks Icon Macromedia Fireworks Support Center - Buttons
Working with Macromedia Fireworks MX buttons and navigation bars
Macromedia Fireworks MX is the ideal tool for creating and maintaining navigation bars. Using instance-level properties, you can define a number of characteristics for individual buttons without affecting other buttons. Instance-level properties also enable you to make modifications to a button without breaking the link between the button instance and the original button symbol. This simplifies the web design workflow by saving time and gives you great flexibility when designing navigation.
Instance-level properties eliminate the difficulty you might have experienced if you used previous versions of Fireworks to create navigation bars. Whenever you made any instance different from the others (by defining different text on each button, for example), a message box appeared that asked if you wanted to break the link between the instance and its button symbol or if you wanted to make the change to all instances. While breaking the link between instance and symbol gave you flexibility in the design of your buttons, it made maintenance difficult because no longer could you make a global change using the button symbol.
By completing this tutorial, you'll learn about instance-level and symbol-level properties for Fireworks MX buttons. You will create and modify a navigation bar, export it, and then test it in a web browser. If you have a copy of Macromedia Dreamweaver MX, you'll also explore what happens to a Fireworks navigation bar when opened from within Dreamweaver MX.
Before you begin, preview the file that you will create.
To complete the tutorial, you'll need the following source file:
Download the Windows source file (112K)
Download the Macintosh source file (116K)
When the file decompresses, a folder named nav_buttons is created on your system.
If you have trouble downloading or decompressing the file, see TechNote 13686.
Note: If you plan to perform the optional, last procedure in this tutorial (to examine the end result in Dreamweaver), it's best to copy the nav_buttons folder into a Dreamweaver site folder on your system, to ensure that Fireworks and Dreamweaver integration will function properly. See Dreamweaver Help for information about creating a site folder.
About button symbols and instances
Create a button symbol
Create a navigation bar
Modify the navigation bar
Export the navigation bar
Examine the navigation bar in Dreamweaver
Moving on
Tonya Estes
Tonya Estes writes documentation and tutorials for Fireworks and FreeHand.
6 June 2002
button, navigat, HTML, web page, instance, symbol, tutorial


text:
The main difference between Van Der Waals radius and covalent radius is that Van Der Waals radius is a measure of the size of an atom derived from the interatomic distances observed in various molecular crystals, whereas covalent radius is a measure of the size of an atom based on the assumption that atoms in a covalent bond share electrons and form a bond distance that is characteristic of that particular type of bond.
Van der Waals radius and covalent radius are two distinct concepts that describe the size of atoms in different contexts.
Key Areas Covered
1. What is Van Der Waals Radius
– Definition, Features, Applications
2. What is Covalent Radius
– Definition, Features, Applications
3. Similarities Between Van Der Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
– Outline of Common Features
4. Difference Between Van Der Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
– Comparison of Key Differences
5. FAQ: Van Der Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
– Frequently Asked Questions
Van Der Waals Radius, Covalent Radius
What is Van Der Waals Radius
The Van der Waals radius is a measure of the effective size of an atom or molecule. It is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent, non-bonded atoms of the same element in a solid or molecular crystal when they are at their closest approach without any significant repulsive forces between them. In simpler terms, it represents the distance at which two atoms, if they were not bonded, would come closest to each other due to the attractive and repulsive forces between their electron clouds.
For example, imagine two helium (He) atoms that are not chemically bonded but are brought close together in a solid. At a certain distance, the attractive forces between their electron clouds dominate, causing them to approach each other. However, if they get too close, the repulsive forces between the electron clouds and the positively charged nuclei start to push them apart. The Van der Waals radius for helium represents the equilibrium distance at which these attractive and repulsive forces are balanced.
Role of Van Der Waals Radius
The Van der Waals radius holds significant importance in the realms of chemistry and physics, playing a pivotal role in various key areas. Firstly, it is central to understanding intermolecular forces, where the balance between attractive London dispersion forces and repulsive forces, regulated by the Van der Waals radius, dictates whether atoms or molecules form bonds or engage in weak interactions. In the solid state, the Van der Waals radius becomes crucial for molecular packing in a crystal lattice, determining packing efficiency and crystal structure across various materials. Additionally, the Van der Waals equation of state, incorporating the Van der Waals radius, is instrumental in analyzing the behavior of real gases. This equation provides corrections for the finite size of gas molecules, particularly at high pressures and low temperatures, explaining deviations from ideal gas behavior.
What is a Covalent Radius
The covalent radius is often defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together by a single covalent bond. In other words, it represents the equilibrium distance between two nuclei in a covalently bonded molecule.
To illustrate this concept, consider a diatomic molecule such as hydrogen or chlorine. In these molecules, two identical atoms are bonded together by a single covalent bond. The covalent radius of each atom is half the distance between the two nuclei, which is also the bond length. For example, in a hydrogen molecule (H2), the covalent radius of a hydrogen atom is half the H–H bond length, and in a chlorine molecule (Cl2), the covalent radius of a chlorine atom is half the Cl–Cl bond length.
The covalent radius is a crucial parameter in chemistry, carrying significant implications across multiple aspects. Firstly, it plays a pivotal role in explaining chemical bonding by providing a quantitative measure of atomic size when bonded in covalent molecules. The resulting bond length, determined by the covalent radius, influences the strength of the bond and overall molecular structure. Additionally, in molecular geometry, the covalent radius impacts bond angles and the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, influencing molecular shape and properties. Covalent radii are essential for estimating bond lengths in various molecules, aiding in the prediction of molecular properties, such as functional group sizes and interatomic distances. This information proves vital in fields like organic chemistry, impacting the reactivity and behavior of molecules.
Furthermore, covalent radii contribute to the calculation of interatomic distances in crystal structures. It offers insights into the arrangement of atoms in diverse materials. Lastly, covalent radii are integral to molecular modeling and computer simulations. It provides predictions on molecular behavior, atom interactions, and complex chemical system structures.
Similarities Between Van Der Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
- Van der Waals radius and covalent radius are measures of atomic size.
- Both are empirical values.
Difference Between Van Dar Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
The Van der Waals radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two non-bonded atoms of the same element when they are at their closest approach in a molecular crystal or a gas. The covalent radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together by a single covalent bond in a molecule.
The Van der Waals radius is primarily used to describe the size of atoms when they are not bonded but are in proximity to other atoms. The covalent radius is specifically used to describe the size of atoms when they are involved in chemical bonds within covalent compounds.
The Van Der Waals radius considers the entire electron cloud of an atom and takes into account the repulsive interactions between electron clouds as atoms approach each other closely. The covalent radius represents the distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms, where electrons are actively shared between the two atoms.
FAQ: Van Dar Waals Radius and Covalent Radius
Is Van Der Waals radius greater than the covalent radius?
- Yes. Van der Waals radius is generally greater than the covalent radius.
Why is the covalent radius smaller?
- The covalent radius is smaller because of the overlapping of the electron orbitals of the atoms in the covalent bond.
Is Van Der Waals radius and ionic radius the same?
- No, Van Der Waals radius and ionic radius are two different types of radii.
In brief, the covalent radius is specific to atoms involved in covalent bonds. Meanwhile, the Van der Waals radius is a more general measure that describes the effective size of an atom when considering non-bonded interactions. Thus, this is the main difference between Van Der Waals radius and covalent radius.
1. "Van der Waals Radius." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation.


The oldest slave cemetery on the Atlantic Ocean has been found at Santa Maria de Guia, an archeological site located on one of the Spanish Canary Islands off the northern coast of Africa, Telesur reported Tuesday. By using the DNA recovered by radiocarbon data, a team of eight international researchers was able to date the remains of 14 men and women found buried at the site all the way back to the 15th and 17th centuries, according to an American Journal of Physical Anthropology study.
Archeological evidence signified that the slaves were brought to the site, located next to an ancient sugar plantation, from Northern Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers pointed to the fact that the remains had indeed belonged to slaves after finding evidence of "funerary practices that could be related to enslaved people."
Forensic studies on the corpses revealed that most of the slaves died in their 20s. Evidence of injuries discovered on the remains caused researchers to believe that they were subjugated to "a pattern of labor involving high levels of effort."
Roughly 12 million slaves were forcefully taken across the Atlantic through the infamous route known as the "middle passage" after European imperialists colonized Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries. Those individuals were often kidnapped or sold by leaders from their own native tribes throughout Africa and then forced to work on agrarian plantation throughout the newly discovered Americas. Of the approximately slaves who survived the arduous journey across the Atlantic and ended up on the shores of the Canary and Caribbean islands and South America, Brazil received 2.86 million Africans slaves between 1525 and 1866, while roughly 450,000 Africans were sent to the United States.
Slavery was abolished in the United States after the ratification of the 13th amendment on Dec. 6, 1865.
There are still between 30 to 45 million people enslaved across the world, with India having roughly 18 million, China having 3.4 million and Pakistan having 2.1 million, according to a 2013 report from Freedom Walk, an organization aimed at ending contemporary slavery practices based in Western Australia.


text:
StatusThe thesis was presented on the 15 June, 2007
Approved by NCAA on the 20 September, 2007
Abstract– 0.34 Mb / in romanian
0.85 Mb /
The purpose of this research thesis is conditioned by great lately transformations in psychological science, in direct link with increasing importance of interdisciplinary researches. It appeared the necessity of harmonious and practical applying in common of psychological, pedagogical and medical approaches related to the problem of recovering of children with hereditary mental diseases (HMD) in the context of scientific progress in genetics, medicine, pedagogy and psychology fields. Development amelioration resources of children with hereditary mental diseases represent some recovering and correction procedures, methodically applied by a crew of divers specialists in institutions and in families of affected children.
In the first chapter is presented diversity and historical evolution of approaches and attitudes of specialists in different profiles: numerous physicians (in psychiatry, genetics, neurology, pediatrics), psyho-pedagogues, psychologists, pedagogues, sociologists, biologists, philosophers etc. related to problem of HMD. Different forms, tips, functions, and causes of HMD, particularities of development of affected children are described and analyzed in first chapter.
Children affected by Down and X–fragile syndromes, two most frequent forms of hereditary mental diseases, are experimentally studied in second chapter. This experimental research includes children in first three years of age, from family and institutional environments. The process of development of children affected by hereditary mental diseases is profoundly analyzed in the perspective of three psychical basic behaviors: psycho-motorial, social-affective, cognitive-verbal.
In the last chapter of thesis is described the applying procedure of psychological, pedagogical and medical resources of development improvement of children with HMD. It is emphasized the importance of sooner diagnosis of hereditary mental diseases form and applying of models and resources of correction and recovering of affected children. Role of family (parents and relatives) is considered to be of maximal importance in achievement of some progress in development of children under three years of age. Methodic applying of development improvement resources to children with hereditary mental diseases can be more efficient if it is done as soon as possible by a team of divers specialists in collaboration with relatives and family of child.


text:
Left Axis: Ratio of Varied Thrushs counted to number of participants counting for that year.
Right Axis: Percent of total census circles reporting a Varied Thrush that year.
The Christmas Bird Count is the longest running bird census in the world.
From 1900 until the present, the cbc has been performed and steadily expanded throughout North America and beyond.
With more than 2000 census circles in existance today, the data is much more extensive in later counts
than earlier counts. Additionally, the data collected has been expanded to reduce some of the intrinsic
variability in the technique. By dividing the number of birds counted by the number of participants
doing the counting a certain amount of varibility is reduced and a more accurate analysis is possible.
However, other biases exist in the data and a good reference is available online from the
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.


text:
Amberley War Memorial is of c1920 date and comprises a limestone tapering column with a carved wheel cross, set in a stone plinth and stepped platform.
Reason for Listing
Amberley War Memorial, Gloucestershire is designated at Grade II, for the following principal reasons:
* Historic: it has strong cultural and historical significance within both a local and national context;
* Communal: it forms a poignant reminder of the effects of tragic world events on this local community;
* Architectural: although a simple monument, it is an elegant and dignified memorial that contributes to its setting in an historic village with the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This war memorial was commissioned by Amberley War Memorial Committee, founded in 1919, and is shown on the Ordnance Survey Map of 1922. The War Memorial Committee later became the Amberley branch of the Royal British Legion which, in 1949, added to the memorial the names of the nine men killed in World War II.
A war memorial of c.1920 date. It is constructed of local limestone with a copper bolted band around the power part of the column. It comprises a carved wheel cross atop a tall, octagonal, tapering column, approximately 4.5 metres in height. Below the cross is a carved collar with a geometric pattern. The base of the column is square and set on a larger square plinth with moulded corners. The north face of the plinth is inscribed: OUR GLORIOUS DEAD _PHONE_. The other three faces of the base are inscribed with the names, ranks, and regiments/services of the 21 commemorated dead of World War I. The plinth sits on a three-stepped platform. On the north face of the upper most step is inscribed _PHONE_. The remaining three faces of this step are inscribed with the names, ranks, decorations and regiments/services of the 9 commemorated fallen of World War II.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


[Python-ideas] An identity dict
Marcin 'Qrczak' Kowalczyk qrczak at knm.org.pl
Wed Jun 2 00:05:31 CEST 2010
2010/6/1 Benjamin Peterson :
> My contention is that an identity dictionary or at least a dictionary with
> custom hash and keys is a useful primitive that should be in the standard
> library. However, I also see its advantage in avoiding bad performance of id()
> based identity dicts in non-CPython implementations.
> It is useful to let the implementation optimize it any time there is moving GC
> as in Jython and IronPython where id also is expensive. (Basically a mapping has
> to be maintained for all objects on which id is called.)
Here is how I designed this for my language:
You can request the ObjectId of the given object. If an ObjectId
corresponding to the given object is still alive, you always get it
back again, but it can be GC'ed and later created afresh. ObjectIds
are hashable and comparable (with an arbitrary ordering). Hash values
and the ordering are preserved when ObjectIds are kept alive, but they
may be different if ObjectIds are created afresh. An ObjectId contains
an integer index which is unique among ObjectIds being alive at the
same time.
You can make a dictionary with a specified key function. It is
internally backed by something equivalent to f(k) -> (k, v) dict. A
dictionary with ObjectId constructor as the key is an identity
dictionary; it works because it keeps both k and f(k) alive.
An advantage of this scheme is that with a moving GC the id mapping
must be maintained only for objects for which the program keeps their
ObjectIds alive.
A disadvantage is that the program must be careful to not use
ObjectIds in a manner which does not keep them alive yet expects
consistent hashing and ordering. In particular a key-mapped dict which
would store only (k, v) pairs and compute f(k) on the fly would not
work. Also ObjectIds cannot be used to generate printable unique
identifiers which would be valid without having to keep ObjectIds
alive, like in Python's default repr.
Marcin Kowalczyk
More information about the Python-ideas mailing list


text: Live Handed Monsters are monsters that have live hands which allow them to move digits separately. The live hands are usually worked on using animation with the bones on each finger a monster has. They can be rendered in live hand when animation is used. Humanoids, Humans and all others are always live handed because the humans skeleton causes them to move any finger. Live hands are mostly used in animations, human beings and puppets who have live hands, but rod-hand puppets keep the fingers sticked with the hands.


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How can we generalize the conversion of Diffie-Hellman to El Gamal public-key encryption scheme? The goals is to be eventually able to show that any 2-round key-exchange protocol can be converted into a public encryption scheme that is CPA-secure.
The 2-round key-exchange protocol mentioned should satisfy the requirement that: given a key K, it will not be able to determine whether it was given the "correct" key corresponding to the given execution of the protocol, or whether K is completely random key independent of the execution.
share|improve this question
I suppose this depends on what you understand with "two-round key-exchange protocol". Diffie-Hellman is actually only one round, since the message from Alice to Bob and the one from Bob to Alice are completely independent from each other. We need a KE protocol which is secure against repetitions of the first message (as this is Alice's public key). – Paŭlo Ebermann Dec 3 '11 at 21:52
Random question: Are you (the OP) a graduate student at IU? Barring some kind of bizarre coincidence, your question is identical to one of my current homework questions, even down to my professor's hint on the problem. – pg1989 Dec 6 '11 at 23:54
1 Answer 1
The conversion of Diffie-Hellmen into Elgamal is assisted by a few factors that are not inherent to key exchange/agreement protocols in general, but a general conversion may be possible.
The DH $\rightarrow$ Elgamal case. In Diffie-Hellman, Alice generates $a$ and sends a representation of it: $g^a$. Bob generates $b$ and sends $g^b$. Both parties can compute $g^{ab}$. To convert to Elgamal, Alice starts the protocol generating $a$ and posts $g^a$ so anyone can complete Diffie-Hellman with her. If Bob wants to complete the protocol, he generates $b$ and sends $g^b$. To make it encryption, he generates the shared secret $g^{ab}$ and multiplies in his message $mg^{ab}$ and sends that as well.
Why is this CPA-secure? Under DDH-assumption $g^{ab}$ is indistinguishable from a random group element so it works as a sort of one-time pad. Since the sender contributes $b$ to the random mask, each encryption of the same message results in a different ciphertext.
What is needed for a general conversion? (These is just "brainstorming" and not meant to be comprehensive).
 - It is important to have a DDH-type assumption that shows the shared secret is indistinguishable from random.
 - The shared secret must be an element of a group so there is a permissible operation that can be used to combine it with the message with closure.
 - The conversion is also assisted by being from an unauthenticated key exchange. Most other common key exchange protocols are authenticated (or mutually authenticated). This doesn't necessary prevent a conversion, just adds unnecessary weight to the encryption scheme (and if you strip off the authentication, you may find yourself back at basic Diffie-Hellman).
 - As per _USER_'s comment, Alice's first move must be securely repeatable.
 - While in DH, this does not occur, there is not problem with Bob using Alice's output from the first move to generate his share. So two-round protocols are fine when only one party is needed in the second round.
It would be interesting if you could provide some examples of other key exchange protocols that are eligible for conversion. I think you'll find the majority are either based on adding properties to Diffie-Helman that assists in making it a better key exchange but doesn't assist you in a conversion, or they don't lend themselves to conversion (too many rounds, they already use public key encryption, etc.)
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Sister Cities of the World
Sister cities of Archena
Archena is a municipality of Spain in the autonomous community and province of Murcia. It has a population of 16,707 (2006) and an area of 16.5 km2 (6.4 sq mi). It is 24 km (15 mi) from the provincial capital, Murcia.
Archena is home to a hot water mineral spa, dating back to Roman times and has 3 hotels built around it. Whilst undergoing recent development, further Roman ruins were found on the site of the spa.
Content on this page is licensed under CC-BY-SA from the authors of the following Wikipedia pages: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain, Archena. Note that the data on Wikipedia is highly unreliable. In many cases, sister cities are missing or wrongly listed. Some cities also have different levels of partnership. If you find an error, please make a correction on the relevant Wikipedia pages and cite your sources.


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
SMP (countable and uncountable, plural SMPs)
 1. (Britain) Initialism of statutory maternity pay (payments made by an employer to an employee who is absent from work due to their pregnancy).
 2. (computing) Initialism of symmetric multiprocessing.
 3. (cryptography) Initialism of socialist millionaire problem.
 4. Initialism of single member plurality.
 5. (computing) Initialism of support and maintenance package.
 6. Initialism of system marginal price (the marginal electricity price in a power system optimization).
 7. Initialism of scalp micropigmentation.
 8. Initialism of statement of monetary policy.
 9. Initialism of sekolah menengah pertama (the junior high school level of the Indonesian education system).
 10. Initialism of shape-memory polymer.
 11. Initialism of signal message processor.
 12. Initialism of silyl modified polymer.
 13. Initialism of slow-moving proteinase.
 14. Initialism of stable marriage problem or stable matching problem.
 15. Initialism of stable massive particle.
 16. Initialism of surface-mount package.
 17. Initialism of system modification program.
Further reading[edit]
DWP - Statutory Maternity Pay
Proper noun[edit]
 1. (computing) Initialism of Symbolic Manipulation Program (a computer algebra system and predecessor of Mathematica).
 2. (computing) Initialism of Supplementary Multilingual Plane, one of the sets of character codepoints in Unicode; formally known as Plane 1, and comprising the range of codepoints from U+10000 through U+1FFFF.
 3. Initialism of Scale Model Products.
 4. Initialism of School Mathematics Project.
 5. Initialism of Shanghai Municipal Police.
 6. Initialism of Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan.
 7. Initialism of Sisters of Mary of the Presentation.
 8. Initialism of Standard Motor Products.
 9. Initialism of Simulation Model Portability.
 10. Initialism of SOTA Mapping Project.
 11. Initialism of Serial Management Protocol.
 12. Initialism of Saw Mill Parkway.
 13. Initialism of Shannonville Motorsport Park.
 14. Initialism of Super Mario Party.
 15. Initialism of Sounds of Mass Production or Synthesia Murder Program.
 16. Initialism of Send More Paramedics.
Coordinate terms[edit]
SMP (plural, first-person possessive SMPku, second-person possessive SMPmu, third-person possessive SMPnya)
 1. Initialism of sekolah menengah pertama. (corresponding to junior high school (US) or lower secondary school (UK))


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The Panavia Tornado originated in the 1960s, when the UK was exploring the use of variable geometry aircraft. Britain got together with West Germany (as it then was), Italy and the Netherlands in 1969 to work jointly on developing an aircraft. The Netherlands soon dropped out when it became apparent that the aircraft being designed was too complex for their needs.
Before its final name was chosen it was known as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft and it was under this name that Airfix issued their first 1/72 kit of it in 1975, the year after the first prototype took to the air. The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and the German air force in 1979.
The current Airfix kit has markings for 111 Squadron
The F3 is the interceptor variant of the Tornado, although it wasn't designed for dogfighting but for dealing with long range Soviet bomber attacks. This was not of interest to the Italian (although the Italian air force did later buy some) and German partners in the project at the time so it was developed for the RAF alone. The first flight of the F2 version was in 1979 with the upgraded F3 version first flying in 1985. By the time of the Gulf War in 1991 the F3s were outdated and were confined to patrols back from the front line. Replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon they were retired from the RAF in March 2011 and all scrapped.
Agent Triple P never built a model of a Tornado as the plane didn't enter service until after we had stopped making model kits, By 1979 we were far more interested in redheads!


text:
BRING YOUR RESEARCH TO THE STUDENTS
Why course-based research?
Students gain when they experience real research in intro bio lab classes.
- Meet the challenge of Vision and Change to increase student exposure to research
- Expand exposure to all students in introductory Biology laboratory classes
- High impact pedagogy increases student interest in science careers
Get support for developing lab modules using your research.
- Faculty need time and support to develop new lab class modules
- Collaboration of research + education faculty from one institution can address specific needs and opportunities
- Travel funds are available for conference-associated workshops


Bones Move
When you are looking at the analysis of any movement pattern, the common starting point of looking at what the joints are doing that's where I used to start. However, if you want to get a deeper understanding of movement you need to take a few steps back. Here are the steps I see as being important…
Lets assume we are trying to analyse the movement at a right knee:
 - What is driving the movement
 - Is the driving force coming from above or below the knee
 - What are the proximal and distal bones doing in all 3 planes
 - THEN you can determine what is happening at the joint.
This is a serious step forward in our understanding. There are many reasons this helps us out with assessment and treatment and we will work our way through these in this and the assessment and treatment book.
When you are assessing bone motion, there are 12 directions a bone can move in. There are the 3 cardinal planes; Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse. Within this you also have 2 variations of movement in each plane; Translation and Rotation.
The terminology we use to keep it clear is:
 Translation Rotation
Sagittal forward/back anterior tilt/posterior tilt
Frontal left/right left tilt/right tilt
Transverse up/down left rotation/right rotation
The reason we do this is that it makes it clear and distinct from joint movements, because these are bone movements, not joint movements!! Be careful in the transverse plane not to use internal/external rotation for bone movements…because it confuses things with joint motions and can make life difficult when changing from analysing the left and right leg, for example.
Translation is linear movement, so the bone (in this case) will move along one of its' axis. For example, lets say the tibia is going to move forwards in the sagittal plane. If the starting position of the femur is vertical it will move forwards in the sagittal plane, but at the end of the movement it will still be vertical. This translation can occur in all 3 planes all the time with every movement. In the sagittal plane the femur could move forward or back. In the frontal plane it would move left or right and along the transverse axis it can move up and down.
Rotation is movement around an axis. As a result the bone will change its' orientation in space. Lets use the tibia again starting vertically. If the tibia rotates anteriorly around an axis in the mid-shaft the tibial plateau will move forward, and the ankle will move backwards. The point of the axis in the mid shaft will not have moved forward or back, but the tibia will simply have rotated anteriorly.
Again, there are two directions of movement in each plane, sagittal will be anterior and posterior rotation. Frontal will be left and right tilt and in the transverse plane you have left and right rotation.
For bones moving…it's as simple as that. We believe that in functional movement the bones will move in all 3 planes in both translation and rotation. This means that what you see in your patients is not movement in one plane, but a combination of 6 movements (3 translations and 3 rotations), which combine to bring you the movement you see.
When thought of like this it is easy to see how it gets a little complicated at first, however, once mastered, it makes movement so much easier to understand. Obviously, we have only gone through a simple example of the tibia in one plane, but hopefully you can see how it can be applied to all bones in all planes.
The next step is to work out what a joint is feeling. This means you have to first determine what the proximal bone and the distal bone of that joint is doing in all 3 planes. Only then can you try and understand what the joint is feeling. If you want to have a go at a practical example, try work out what the femur is doing in all 3 planes in translation and rotation during the front leg in gait. Feel free to get in touch with your answers and I can send you the answer I have come up with.
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Historic WA early settler weather journals set to help understand climate change
By Tyne Logan
Pages of a weather journal from 1981
The handwritten journals, dating back to the 19th century, offer a detailed picture of Perth's weather.(
Supplied: National Archives of Australia - Perth
Weather journals kept by Australia's early settlers, detailing daily observations decades before official record keeping began, are expected to shed light on weather variability in one of the world's climate change hotspots.
The handwritten journals, dating back to 1830, provide a detailed picture of weather events in Perth.
It is likely to be the oldest near-continuous record of daily weather observations in the southern hemisphere, made complete by a recent discovery of journal entries between 1880 and 1900.
Work has now started on digitising the data from the most recently discovered journals, with Climate History Australia launching a citizen science project to secure help transcribing 60,000 journal entries.
A painting of the swan river from 1829
The first settlers arrived in Perth in 1829 and soon after began recording daily weather observations.(
Supplied: National Gallery of Australia
Historical climatologist Linden Ashcroft, who is a part of the Climate History Australia project, said the faded black ink notes — written in neat cursive handwriting — were more than just "beautiful" pieces of history telling the story of people living close to two centuries ago.
They also provided insight into contemporary weather patterns and how unusual they were.
Four figures in silhouette standing on headland watching sunset amid red sky
Many parts of the country have experienced record-breaking temperatures.(
ABC News: Andrew O'Connor
"You know that climate in Australia is dominated by swings between drought and flood," she said.
"While 120 years of [Bureau of Meteorology records] sounds like a really long time, in terms of statistics it doesn't really give us a huge number of drought or flooding periods to work with."
Perth a climate change 'hotspot'
The effects of climate change on Perth make the journals particularly significant, with the city located in a region recognised by some climatologists as having been hit by climate change harder than almost anywhere on earth.
Climate scientist Joelle Gergis, who is also working on the project with Climate History Australia, said since 1970 rainfall in the region had decreased by 28 per cent.
Dr Joelle Gergis sits on a rock
Joelle Gergis says the records will offer insight into climate events pre-industrialisation.(
Supplied: Australian National University
"This record from Perth is really globally significant because it provides us with an opportunity to find out what the pre-industrial climate was like in Australia before we started to alter the chemistry of the atmosphere and the ocean with the burning of fossil fuels," she said.
Observations 'light up' the state
Dr Ashcroft said the Perth observations would allow them to "piece the puzzle" together, not just in WA but potentially further afield.
"If you imagine a map of observations in the past, where you don't have observations it's really dark," she said.
Early weather data — some also dating back to 1830s — had also been gathered from Cape Town in South Africa, along with New Zealand and South America, but a lot of it was patchy.
It is not known specifically who authored the historic weather journals, but Dr Ashcroft believed it was likely they were done by a professional.
She said the journals from 1830 to 1875 were generally from the Perth survey office , and the _PHONE_ entries from the Botanical Gardens.
It is hoped the digitisation work being done through the citizen science project will finished in the coming months, allowing researchers to thoroughly analyse the data.


Why Do Games Come With Special Labelling On Their Pack?
In this article, we will discuss why are game packs having special labels stick on them.
Also, we will discuss what the capability and safety feature of the gaming devices in the market is.
Why do game packs have special labelling?
Game packs are coming with a special pack nowadays because they don't want people to get hurt.
This means that when you purchase games, it usually comes inside of a safe package.
They mostly do this to protect the game from any kind of external harm done to them.
These packs are specially made for the games to tell the people about their content.
They do this because they want the people to not give the wrong games to the small children.
This is because if a person or a child gets addicted to games, they will play every game.
They will even try to play those games which are not within their age limit, like 18+ or 16+ games.
This is the common thing that is done by small children, and this needs to be stopped.
This is why to make the parents aware and also the children aware about the contents of it.
Many of the children back out from playing games, not in their age limit, but most of them play.
This usually happens because the parents are not careful enough, and they are letting them free.
This means that most of the children are given money randomly to buy anything.
Many of the children save the money that has been given to them as a treat and then purchase the game.
This is a wrong thing to do, and the parents should keep a watch on their children and what they are doing.
Play games unlimited
Many of the parents are not that careful, and their kids get into doing all kinds of wrong stuff.
This can affect their life ahead in the future, which is very bad and should be avoided.
This is a committee made which is called as Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).
These are the people who are there to test out these games and then rate them accordingly.
These people also rate the game and then keep the age limit of the game for the people and children to enjoy.
By looking at the ESRB ratings, the parents can now make a clear decision on what they are doing.
If they take t
he wrong steps, then it will have a severe effect on their child, and it will spoil them.
Friv EZ is a website that does not even want an ESRB rating because they are an online website.
This means that they have games that are there in a different category.
Each of these games is of a different genre, and each of them is operated very differently and is unique.
You can play games like UNO, Snooker, Pool, Chess, business, and many other games here.
The best thing about this website is that it is free of cost, and you can play with real players online.
You will need to have a good internet connection and need to be in an allowed country zone.
What are the capabilities and safety features of these devices?
Earn Money from Gaming
Game consoles that are being released in the market are all coming with a family safety option.
This means that there will be parental control and also timing for these consoles, which can be set.
This means that they can either limit the time for the console being operated in a day.
Along with that, the parents can also block and game or website on the console using the control feature.
When playing an online game, they can interact with a real player from around the world.
They also have an online safety program that you can switch on, and it will keep you safe.
This means that it will stop the user from entering the website that contains a virus.
They have the full authority to do, and they also stop them from doing something wrong.
These are the best things about these consoles that make them very unique and also the best in the market.
If you have a computer as you're playing device, then it already has an inbuilt parental control that you can use.
This means that it will limit any user of the game to play on the PC for a certain time.
How to control the game
You can also have these kinds of locks and controls on mobile phones and other devices.
If you are having a hand-held device or any other latest gaming device.
Then they have a feature called Bluetooth, which is most common nowadays.
The blue tooth is the thing that can make the console and also the other devices connect.
This means that it can connect phones, laptops, blue tooth speakers, headphones, and also earphones.
Blue tooth is an essential part of people's lives, and it can also help you to interact with the child's session.
For this to happen, you need to be close to the device that you have parental control on.
Then only you will be able to show them different things on their screen and communicate.
The games are played online, which means that you will interact with real people on the internet.
Some of the people in these games are very nice and humble, while some of them are very rude.
This means that they get angry very quickly and most of the time, and then they can also destroy things.
While doing this, they can also harm themselves, which is a possibility and should be avoided.
This is the reason why most of the parents in this world are going against online gaming.
This is very wrong as the person who plays these games is the one who is doing wrong things.
They have been instructed and also alerted many times before they buy and play the game.
They must listen to the different things said to them and follow them.
Most of them just ignore it and keep on playing and then hurting themselves and breaking stuff.
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text:
Journal or Book Title
Agricultural Finance Review
First Page or Article ID Number
– There is little reason a priori to expect that a cooperative firm's capital needs are different from a non-cooperative firm's needs if the two firms are otherwise similar in function and size and operate within similar market economies. However, the notion that cooperatives face capital constraints that investor-owned firms (IOFs) do not is a persistent theme in the literature. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
– The authors revisit this hypothesis with an empirical examination of capital constraints in a panel data set of US agricultural supply and grain cooperatives and IOFs.
– The findings are mixed. While the authors find little to suggest that cooperatives face financial constraints on borrowing in the short run, relative to IOFs, the authors do find some evidence that for long-term investments, a capital constraint may exist.
– These short and long run differences have implications for the survival and growth of agricultural cooperatives. While in the short run, access to debt financing allows these firms to operative profitably, ultimately long-term large investments in technology and fixed assets will be required to maintain competitiveness in this industry.
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Li, Ziran; Jacobs, Keri L.; and Artz, Georgeanne M., "The cooperative capital constraint revisited" (2015). Economics Publications. 42.


text:
Our system requires either DVD or CD images in.iso format, or raw disk images – the equivalent of taking the stream of bytes off a physical disk and saving them in a file. A.vmdk file is a long way from raw format. However, qemu does have tools to convert these. On a Linux system, you can use:
$ qemu-img convert inputfilename.vmdk -O raw outputfilename.raw
to convert a.vmdk into a raw disk image that our system can use. Be aware that a raw image is probably larger than the.vmdk, which is a compressed format.
Mac users can also perform this conversion using Oracle's VirtualBox, by running the following commands in Terminal: cd /Applications/VirtualBox.app/Contents/MacOS/ sudo./VBoxManage clonehd drive.vmdk drive.raw –format RAW
Our recommendation is always to create a new system on Go2Cloud servers and install what you need, and copy over data. Windows guests in particular dislike having their virtual hardware swapped around, so there are few guarantees that you'll have a reliable system after conversion. That said, we recommend:
- Remove VMware Tools before you shut down for conversion. This is the most important step.
- Make sure when you run the converted file, you set the number of cores to at least two. This is in the advanced options for the server, and does seem to make Windows guests in particular more reliable.
- Some users have had more success with the older RealTek virtual network card than the Intel one. If you do have issues, it's certainly worth swapping. By default, your VM will use the Intel PRO/1000 emulated NIC, as it is the most modern and is widely supported in modern operating systems. However, wider support for the Realtek RTL8139 card means that we recommend using the Realtek emulation if you experience any problems with the Intel model.


text:
Searching for Translations
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As Across automatically identifies numbers and saves them as placeholders, numbers cannot be found with the advanced search.
In addition, by selecting Search and replace, it is possible to perform search and replace actions in crossTank entries.
The search type can be selected by means of the drop-down list under the input field of the crossTank search.
To narrow down search queries, e.g. to limit the search to the crossTank entries of a particular subject, you can use search filters. Use the icon to activate the search with search filters. Subsequently, you can define the desired search filters.
Across offers you the option of having all translations that are available in the different languages for a source segment displayed at a glance. To select this option, go to crossTank Manager and select a source language and All languages as target language. Start a query and select a source segment. The segment will be displayed with all available translations. Additionally, you can search the source and target texts separately in one go. The results are shown separately in the source and target texts.


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Web Development
Silverlight Animation
Starting an Animation with Code
The EventTrigger approach is an easy way to kick off an animation. However, in the current build, not all Silverlight events can be used as event triggers. The Loaded event is supported, but mouse-related events like MouseEnter, MouseLeave, and MouseMove are not.
If you want to start an animation in response to these events, you need to interact with the storyboard programmatically. Fortunately, it's easy. The first step is to move your storyboard out of the Triggers collection and place it in another collection of the same element: the Resources collection.
All Silverlight elements provide a Resourcesproperty, which holds a collection where you can store miscellaneous objects. The primary purpose of the Resources collection is to allow you to define objects in XAML that aren't elements, and so can't be placed into the visual layout of your content region. For example, you might want to declare a Brush object as a resource so it can be used by more than one element. Resources can be retrieved in your code or used elsewhere in your markup. Here's an example that defines the rectangle-growing animation as a resource:

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Dr. Dobb's TV


text:
Fort Independence Playground
Jerome Park Resevoir and Sedgwick Av bet. W
Directions via Google Maps
The American Revolution (_PHONE_), the fight for our nation's independence from British rule, irrevocably shaped the course of American history and physically transformed the colonial landscape. Evidence of Revolutionary War action is imprinted on New York City from the Battery in Manhattan to Fort Greene in Brooklyn, from Newtown Creek in Queens to Port Richmond in Staten Island. The Bronx neighborhood of Kingsbridge, so named for the first bridge connecting Manhattan with the mainland in 1693, was strategically important during the Revolution in the New York Campaign and subsequently in the British defense of the city.
Directions to Fort Independence Playground
Fort Independence Playground Weather