canceling has also come to
refer to the act of stopping a string prematurely to use an attack that isnt
part of the string. This is called "canceling into". For example, Jin's
5 hit Kazama style combo hits low with the final hit and has no variations.
Players familiar with this attack will either guard low or parry low to stop
the final hit from connecting. To avoid giving your opponent the advantage
by finishing the combo, you instead cancel into a hop kick or some other
medium attack to hit them as they crouch to parry or block the attack.
Granted there is some delay in this, and you are in fact at a disadvantage.
The idea of canceling like this is to regain your advantage by attacking
before your opponent realizes he has the advantage. Lastly, it is often wise
to cancel 10 hit strings prematurely as they have many guard points.
Chain/String: A chain or string is a series of attacks or motions. Many
chains are already programmed as part of a characters move selection, but it
is possible to create custom strings assuming each move or action you take
leaves you with an advantage against your opponent. Chains are not to be
confused with combos. The difference being that the attacks of a combo are
guaranteed to connect while those of a string are not.
Chicken: The term chicken doesnt reference a bird in Tekken but rather a
defensive action. When a standard reversal is used against one of your
attacks you can perform a chicken to negate the reversal and deal a small
amount of damage to your opponent. Note that the window to perform a chicken
is very small. The command input for a chicken is always the same regardless
of character or which standard reversal is used. The command input for a
chicken is determined by whether the attack being reversed is with a left
limb or right limb. If your left punch or kick is being reversed the command
input would be forward+left punch+left kick. If your right punch or kick is
being reversed the command input would be forward+right punch+right kick. If
you use an attack that requires you to press 2 or more buttons simultaneously
you must make a mental note as to which of your characters 4 limbs are
actually forming the attack. It is sometimes easier to find this out by
having these multi-button attacks reversed by the computer during defensive
training. Not to be confused with attacks using 2 buttons simultaneously
are attacks that attack with 2 limbs simultaneously. These attacks, almost
always employing the left and right punches are chickened with a command
input of forward+left punch+right punch.
The reversal animation will be different depending on which limb
is being reversed. seeing the reversal animation is the most definitive
way of determining which command input to use for a successful chicken.
Note that many special reversals look just like standard
Clean Hit: Some attacks in Tekken can hit more directly or cleanly than
others. Clean hits do more damage and often have an added effect such as
knocking your opponent away or down. Clean hits are achieved by connecting
with an attack at very close range even when it would be possible to connect
with the attack from a greater range.
Combo: A combo is a series of attacks or strings that are guaranteed to
connect after the first attack connects. The first hit of most combos
usually incapacitates your opponent. Juggles are the most common example of a
Combo, Natural: Some of the pre-programmed strings that many characters have
are natural combos. This means that if the first hit in the string connects
some or all of the other attacks in the string will connect. Other strings
may function as a natural combo only if the first hit is a counter hit.
Natural combos are quick ways to retaliate dealing a lot of damage, but you
must be sure to confirm your first hit, be aware of the evade points and
whether the string is safe if its blocked to avoid taking unnecessary damage.
Counter Hit: Any attack can be a counter hit. An attack becomes a counter
hit when it connects with an opponent who is in the midst of an action other
than simple movement. Counter hits do more damage and often have an added
effect such as knocking your opponent down or farther up into the air. Most,
if not all, characters have one or more attacks that incapacitate their
opponent on a counter hit providing you with combo options. A super charge
will cause your very next attack to be a counter hit if it connects. The
command input for a super charge is...
left punch+right punch+left kick+right kick.
Crouch: Crouching in Tekken is the act of kneeling. Crouching will avoid
high attacks and allow you to guard yourself against low attacks. It also
puts you in a position to perform "while-rising" attacks.
Crouch Dash: A crouch dash is a combination of both crouching and dashing. A
crouch dash will avoid high attacks, but you will not be able to guard
against low attacks. Note that not all characters have a crouch dash.
Those that do will almost always have several moves they can only use out of
a crouch dash. These crouch dash moves are in addition to the "while-rising"
attacks they can normally perform while crouching. The command input for
most characters crouch dash is forward, down, down+forward.
Crush: Some attacks have the benefit of avoiding a particular hit type during
their animation. These attacks are called crushing attacks. A hop kick for
example is a low crushing attack as it will completely avoid low attacks
during its animation. Similarly, characters with a high crushing attack can
easily crush opponents who try to lock them down with unpredictable jab
Dash: All characters can dash. A dash is a quick movement towards your
opponent. Most if not all characters have several special attacks or
motions that can be used during a dash. The command input for dashing is
forward, forward.
Dash, Backwards: All characters can dash backwards. A back dash is a quick
movement away from your opponent. There are no attacks or moves that are
used out of a standard back dash that I'm aware of. There are however some
attacks that move a character back while attacking. The command input for a
back dash is back, back. Despite the backward movement of your character,
you are vulnerable while back dashing. To mitigate your vulnerability while
back dashing you have 2 options. First you can hold back the second time
you press it. This will result in a shorter back dash, but you will be able
to guard sooner. Your second option is a back dash cancel which is done by
tapping back and down just after you input your second back. Your character
will crouch for a split second in the middle of the dash. Only during the
very tiny window of the crouch are you vulnerable making this perhaps the
best way of back dashing.
Dash, Special: Not all characters have special dashes. Most special dashes
are back dashes. Special dashes will usually cover more ground than standard
dashes. Some characters have attacks or motions that can use out of their
special dashes. The command input for most special dashes is up, up+back.
Another less common command input for special dashes is down, down+back,
Defensive: Like aggressive, this usually references a play style. A
defensive play style revolves around guarding your opponents attacks waiting
for mistakes to take advantage of. Any offensive maneuvers used by a
defensive player will usually be "safe hits". The drawback to this play
style is that you will be voluntarily giving your opponent the advantage for
the majority of the match. This puts a lot of pressure on one's defensive
skills, but if they are good enough, defensive players can be extremely
difficult to defeat. Note that if guard damage is turned on a defensive
play style is not as viable.
Delay: Some moves in Tekken can be delayed. Delaying a move is a type of
feint or deception. If used properly in conjunction with other attacks it
often gives your opponent the impression that they now have the advantage.
Naturally you attack when you have the advantage. Therein lies the deception
of a delayed attack. In actuality you still possess the advantage. Almost
all delayed attacks that connect are counter hits.
Disadvantage: Being at a disadvantage means you are not in a position to act
before your opponent. Having the disadvantage isnt as bad as it sounds at
first. Advantage and disadvantage shifts rapidly during a fight. It is also
important to note that you are still able to attack and even connect while
you are at a disadvantage. However, successful attacks while at a
disadvantage usually involve evading your opponents attack. In fact many
characters have attacks that seem to have been specifically designed to be
used while at a disadvantage such as Jin's Low Spinning Back Kick
(back+down+left kick). This attack hits high while evading high attacks. As
you might have guessed the majority of counter hits during a game occur when
you or your opponent attack while at a disadvantage.
Escape: Escapes are performed in response to throws.


text:
South Language Academy of International Languages is a public K-8 magnet school in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School (CMS) District, the second largest school district in the state. SAIL offers students the unique opportunity to become proficient and literate in a second language. Second language immersion instruction is offered in the elementary school in Chinese, French, German, and Japanese.
From their first days in Kindergarten to the day they complete the program in grade 8, students are immersed in their target languages. This produces students who are proficient in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in a second language. In the elementary school, these intensive language programs are taught in the target language for the majority of the instructional day.
As a public school in North Carolina, the immersion instruction at SAIL strictly adheres to the Common Core State Standards and the Essential Standards for Science and Social Studies as the guiding curriculum for planning, instruction, assessments, and data collection. The program complies with educational mandates formulated by State and Federal regulations to the fullest extent.
We understand that language immersion is an evolving concept in an ever-changing educational setting, driven by a dynamic immersion research platform on the one side and accountability mandates on the other side. The advantages of language, cognitive, and social learning aspects in an immersion learning environment over traditional school concepts are consistently evident in the research.
Language immersion in North Carolina has evolved over many years with currently more than 100 schools. SAIL, the second such program in North Carolina has been one of the finest examples and highest models of best practices of immersion teaching for many other immersion programs and universities in North Carolina, the United States, and internationally. The school was honored in 2012 with the Melba D. Woodruff Award as an Exemplary Elementary Foreign Language Program. The award was sponsored by ACTFL (American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages) in collaboration with the Wright Group/McGraw. SAIL has also consistently been recognized as one of the top magnet schools in the state.
The Language Immersion Philosophy at our school follows four immersion-related goals:
- to achieve proficiency in the target language (listening, speaking, reading, and writing),
- to acquire comparable English Language Arts skills as peers in traditional schools,
- to reach cultural competency in surface features and deep features of cultural perspectives, practices, and products,
- to gain mastery in content areas compared to peers instructed in traditional school.
SAIL offers K-5 students the chance to participate in full language immersion programs in one of four languages: Chinese, French, German or Japanese. (Spanish K-8 immersion programs are offered at Collinswood Language Academy and Oaklawn Language Academy.) Students are admitted to the program in Kindergarten and are chosen through the magnet school lottery. Students who possess advanced second language skills have the opportunity to be assessed by our teachers and may enter the immersion program at any grade level, acceptance is contingent upon space availability in the desired program.
At the middle school level, SAIL allows for students to continue to study their second language and provides the opportunity to begin an accelerated course of study in a third language. Seats are available for incoming 6th grade students who are eager to learn a new language but have no prior language immersion experience. In addition to the languages offered in the elementary immersion program, students may elect to take Spanish in middle school. Middle school students can also choose from a wide range of traditional elective courses, as well as electives that emphasize the different languages and cultures. Middle school students also have the opportunity to participate in the same sports and extra-curricular activities available to all CMS students.
For more information about the individual languages, please see these pages:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Gregowiki is a central location for all Gregorio users to find:
Gregorio is an open-source project offering software tools for typesetting (engraving) Gregorian chant scores. In particular, Gregorio is an add-on package for the typesetting system LaTeX, so it requires an installation of TeXLive.
Gregorio and LaTeX together produce PDF output suitable for printing.
The input to Gregorio is a notation called GABC, which combines the syllables of a chant text with a simple notation indicating the position and shape of each note.
For most users, it's not necessary to install Gregorio on your own computer. Instead you can access it using one of the on-line Gregorio web interfaces listed below.
gprocesswhich is a
perlscript designed to instantly show the result of a gabc file using your system's pdf viewer.
grely.rbwhich converts gabc to simple lilypond. Currently the conversion is possible only to modern notation, with great information loss.
Since GABC code assigns notes to syllables of the sung text, these tools can be useful in breaking up a text into syllables:
Ben Bloomfield's on-line tools can apply melodic formulas to hymn texts, psalm verses, and scripture texts:
There are two web sites that have versions of the Gregorio software installed. They offer interfaces where a user can enter GABC code, make selections about the output format, and receive a PDF file with the score produced by the Gregorio (and LaTeX) software:
Several published books and smaller works have been produced using Gregorio.


West Jordan
Are you looking for a West Jordan excavation company? If you are planning to construct a new building on a piece of land, it is important for you to hire only the best excavators at Utah Excavation.
The process of land excavation can be quite cumbersome. This is the reason why you have to ensure that you work only with the most skilled and experienced contractors because the life of your building or structure all depends on this particular process.
You Might Be Surprised with the Soil When You Start to Excavate
Don't think that the soil that your eyes see is also the same soil you will find underneath. There are some areas where you wouldn't even have to dig that deep before hitting muddy soil, rocky soil or even sand.
It can be very tricky to try digging through these different types of dirt. For instance, breaking up rocky soil can be difficult and lifting it can also be burdensome. Overly wet or muddy soil might just flow out the bucket attached to the equipment. Sandy and muddy walls can collapse as well while digging that can make the task hard or even impossible to do.
As professional excavators, Utah Excavation is familiar with testing the soil that is going to be dug up in order to understand its composition much better. They also know the correct equipment to bring, how a pit should be braced up, how the soil should be treated to make digging easier and all the rest required ensuring that they won't have a hard time drilling through the dirt.
west jordan excavation
Reduce Risks of Property Damage
Prior to digging on any land, you might be aware of the importance of calling the public utilities and the authorities so they can mark off the places where pipes and lines are buried. But these buried lines are not just the things that can be damaged during excavation projects.
For instance, you might completely forget about the overhead lines as you try to lift the bobcat's bucket or when you move the bobcat with an already elevated bucket. You might even accidentally swing or turn the bobcat or bucket to something nearby. Even an unintentional bumping of exterior walls with a bobcat or any other similar equipment may cause chips on the outside brick, dents on the aluminum siding, snapped decking posts and more.
Experienced operators of excavation equipment might make it jerk backward or forward as they try to move it. In case dirt is already filling up the bucket, the soil might spill and create an enormous mess and damage the things that the dirt will end up covering.
Our professional excavators know the right way of clearing away obstacles from a dig site and will also take extra care as they turn or move. They will also know the right way of operating the equipment efficiently and smoothly to avoid spilled dirt and similar hazards.
A West Jordan excavation company like Utah Excavation will give you the assurance that these problems above won't be a concern once your project officially starts.


Rheinmetall Defence unveiled today a new armed reconnaissance mission module for their Mission-Master Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicle (A-UGV). The new mission module includes an intelligence-gathering multi-sensor pack and a remotely controlled weapon station. With these systems, Mission Master Armed Recce operators can collect tactical intelligence in an operation area while providing fire support for front-line troops.
The main advantage of operating such an autonomous robotic vehicle is its crewless operation, thus enabling collecting information from high-risk areas, where the robot operates as a scout, without risking human lives. The mission payload is mounted on a 3.5-meter expandable mast with a tilting mechanism enabling the vehicle to use the system on the move or from a defilade to minimize its exposure to the enemy.
The recce payload consists of a staring radar (the configuration implemented in the prototype covers 180º using two ELM-2112 digital staring radars providing persistent surveillance over a wide area. mounted on the mast's tip, the panoramic full ring camera provides additional surveillance covering 360º. A dual EO/IR camera payload investigates suspected objects detected by other sensors, sending targeting information back to the operator. A laser rangefinder and designator help to locate the targets and engage those targets with indirect or direct fires from other platforms. In the current configuration, the vehicle mounts Rheinmetall's own Fieldranger Light 7.62mm weapon station, controlled remotely by a human operator.
The electrically-powered Mission Master platform weighs 1,100 kg, including batteries, carrying up to 600 kg of payload. All Mission Master variants, including the Recce vehicle, can be transported on rail, transporters, and sling loaded under CH-53 or CH-47 helicopters. Rheinmetall has also developed a transportation cage that enables heavy transport helicopters deploying two vehicles on a single airlift. The platform is also amphibious, able to swim at 5 km/h, carrying 300 kg.
Rheinmetall is improving the amphibious capability of the Mission Master, introducing the new amphibious variant by mid-2021. The vehicle can operate for eight hours or travel at 20 km/h over 140-160 km with batteries fully charged. However, in recent operational tests, the vehicles operated for more than 24 hours between charges, as the electrical power draw is rarely at peak levels most of the time. For extended missions, the vehicle can be fitted with a small gasoline engine generator for battery charging.
Vehicle and Mission Autonomy
The robotic vehicle owes its autonomy to Rheinmetall's PATH autonomous vehicle kit designed specifically for military autonomous vehicles. PATH enables users to teleoperate the Mission Master using tablets, smartwatches, or handheld controllers or computers commonly used with soldier systems. These devices enable full access to advanced PATH features such as follow-me, convoy, and autonomous navigation modes. Each control mode incorporates multiple layers of protection to ensure that the vehicle operates safely at all times. The Armed Reconnaissance version is already networked to the Argus soldier system and Rheinmetall Command and Control Software, installed in any user's battle management system. For autonomous navigation, the system relies on artificial intelligence and machine learning to learn the terrain and topography of the operation area (urban, desert, woodland), thus improving the ability to reason and understand objects, obstacles, and movement strategies.
The vehicle features a radio-agnostic architecture, enabling users to integrate their radio of choice to meet their sovereign communications systems. The radio enables the Mission Master operator and the robot to conduct bi-directional communications, enabling remote control, communicating with other robots, and a higher command post.
While the operator controls the robot from a distance and receives the scout information, the robot can conduct autonomous navigation and movement and autonomously perform some of the surveillance tasks according to the mission planning. On the mission package, AI is also employed to improve surveillance, detect changes, follow different behaviors of objects and tracks, to assess or determine intentions. Some of these reconnaissance and surveillance functions are already developed and tested (TRL-8), while remote weapon station autonomy (not including actual firing) still under development (TRL-6). As to autonomous weapon firing, Rheinmetall emphasized it is committed to keeping a man in the loop in all kinetic operations, assuring that a human decides when to open fire, never a machine.
Power of the Wolf Pack
This autonomy level takes the mission master a step closer to Rheinmetall's fully autonomous 'Wolfpack' concept, where a squad of robots commanded by a single human operator is ready to perform combat missions.
The Wolf Pack consists of multiple Mission Master vehicles operating as a team to perform specific missions such as zone surveillance, reconnaissance, or perform specific team tasks – target position transfer or multi-platform slew-to-cue. To accomplish such teamwork with all units, communicate with each other, and use artificial intelligence to maintain the total situational awareness necessary for carrying out their missions.
The Wolfpack differs from the Wingman concept pursued by the US and Australian military, in its focus on mission autonomy. While the Wingman comprises one or two vehicles closely controlled by a human operator to form a combat team, the Wolfpack leverages a group of 2-6 robots 'herded' by a single operator from a remote command post or command vehicle. Therefore, a single operator can manage the entire Wolf Pack from anywhere, using the LTE network, SATCOM, or a military cloud. It is an intuitive concept that enables one operator – rather than a crew or multiple uncoordinated operators – to focus on the overall mission rather than managing all the tasks of each A-UGV. In the prototyping phase (TRL-6), Rheinmetall plans to demonstrate the concept within a year.
The new Armed Reconnaissance module is the latest addition to the modular Mission Master family, widely acclaimed for its all-terrain maneuverability and ability to keep troops safe when deployed in harm's way. The Cargo module can carry over half a ton of supplies, relieving troops' burden keeping them fresh. The Fire Support modules boost dismounted units' combat power, while the Rescue module autonomously evacuates casualties and carries specialized equipment for medical interventions in the field. Also, every single module is equipped with a Blue Force tracking system that is fully compatible with NATO standards.
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Barley Flour qt to fl-oz converter for culinary teaching and diet.
barley flour conversion
Breadcrumbs: main Flours menubarley flour menuUS quarts
Amount: 1 US quart (qt) of barley flour volume
Equals: 32.00 fluid ounces (fl-oz) in barley flour volume
barley flour from US quart to fluid ounce Conversion Results:
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Work out fluid ounces of barley flour per 1 US quart unit. The barley flour converter for chefs and bakers, culinary arts classes, students and for home use.
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Conversion calculator for webmasters.
Barley Flour
Convert barley flour culinary measuring units between US quart (qt) and fluid ounces (fl-oz) of barley flour but in the other direction from fluid ounces into US quarts.
Culinary arts school: barley flour conversion
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One US quart of barley flour converted to fluid ounce equals to 32.00 fl-oz
How many fluid ounces of barley flour are in 1 US quart? The answer is: The change of 1 qt ( US quart ) unit in a barley flour measure equals = into 32.00 fl-oz ( fluid ounce ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same barley flour type.
Professional people always ensure, and their success in fine cooking depends on, they get the most precise units conversion results in measuring their ingredients. In speciality cooking a measure of barley flour can be crucial. If there is an exact measure in qt - US quarts for barley flour, it's the rule in culinary career, that the US quart portion number gets converted into fl-oz - fluid ounces of barley flour absolutely exactly. It's like an insurance for the master chef for having always all the meals created perfectly.
Conversion for how many fluid ounces, fl-oz, of barley flour are contained in a US quart, qt? Or, how much in fluid ounces barley flour in 1 US quart? To link to this barley flour - US quart to fluid ounces on line culinary converter for the answer, simply cut and paste the following.
The link to this tool will appear as: Culinary barley flour from US quart (qt) into fluid ounces (fl-oz) conversion.


text:
Resources are new types of materials introduced in Dead Space 3 to replace traditional credits, as the Store system is not present in the game. They drop randomly from Necromorphs, as well as appearing in storage rooms and crates. Resources are generally used to craft various items and essentials, but they are also used to upgrade the user's RIG if they have the necessary resources.
- Scrap Metal - The most common resource. It's used in nearly everything, from creating weapon parts and ammunition to forging new circuits and improvement of armor. Resource Scavenging yields Scrap Metal at a much higher amount than other materials.
- Semiconductors - A semi-common resource used extensively in Armor upgrades and the creation of some weapon parts.
- Transducers - A somewhat rare resource used extensively in Stasis Module upgrades and the creation of Stasis Packs. Transducers are generally found in wall containers in much greater amounts and availability than that of natural drops or in boxes.
- Tungsten - The rarest resource, used in the creation of advanced weapon parts, circuits and Tungsten Torque Bars, which can be used to unlock certain storage rooms. Depending on the type of weapon frame being used, Tungsten must be spent to unlock additional circuit slots at 20, 40 and 60 counts, unless using an Elite (or better) frame, which will have all slots already unlocked.
- Somatic Gel - Somatic Gel is only used in the creation of Med Packs and for RIG hit point upgrades. At higher difficulties or on Pure Survival mode, Somatic Gel becomes vastly more scarce compared to other modes, unlike other resources.
Ration Seals are special items not found anywhere in the world and must be found by Scavenger Bots. Instead of being used to make things, like the resources above, these Seals can be traded for Resource Packs at any Bench. The prices of resource packs are 10, 30, or 60 seals. The 10 Ration Seals pack contains a decent amount of resources, but unlike the 30 and 60 Ration Seals packs, no Mk. V weapon parts are given. For 30 Ration Seals you can get a Mk. V weapon part, with a 50% chance of a 2nd one, and a nice quantity of resources. A 60 Ration Seal pack has 2 Mk. V weapon parts, with a 50% chance of getting a third, and has more resources than the 30 Ration Seal pack.
Resources can also be gathered by deploying Scavenger Bots. Depending on whether or not you deploy the bot at a hotspot, it will bring many or little resources.
Resource-rich sites most appropriate for scavenger bot deployment are often marked by a weird pulsating sound, whether in space or on the ground. Areas that does not contain resource (i.e shown as a red circle) can still be searched with a bot, however will yield little to none resources at all.
Upon completing Pure Survival mode, Mega Resources deposits becomes available at random locations, and will yield much more resources per turn compared to normal sites.


text:
Families are provided beehives and the tools needed to maintain them. FH also trains families on modern beekeeping so they're able to continue earning income into the future.
WHY THIS MATTERS
Beehives allow vulnerable families to earn a sustainable income through the production and sale of honey and beeswax. Families can then use their extra income and pay for things like medical care and school fees.


text:
Researchers reveal violent deaths of medieval dead at Stirling Castle
26 May 2011
New exhibition will bring visitors face to face with knight and lady excavated from lost royal chapel.
Scientific research has revealed that at least five of the medieval people whose skeletons were discovered at Stirling Castle suffered brutally violent deaths.
The discovery offers an extraordinarily rare insight into medieval warfare.
One man, aged 26-35, endured some 44 skull fractures from repeated blows with a blunt object, and up to 60 more across the rest of his body.
The skeletons were buried beneath a lost 12th-century royal chapel which was excavated as part of Historic Scotland's project to refurbish the castle's 16th century palace, which stands nearby.
Historic Scotland has created 3D facial reconstructions of two of the people – visitors to the grand opening of the palace will be able to see them for the first time on 4 and 5 June.
They will be on display as part of a new exhibition of the castle's history in the Queen Anne Casemates overlooked by the palace block.
Radio carbon dates indicate that the people probably died in a series of incidents between the 13th century and around 1450.
Some, or all, may have been killed in sieges, skirmishes or battles round Stirling during the Wars of Independence,
Richard Strachan, Historic Scotland's Senior Archaeologist, said: "The skeletons were a remarkable find and provided an incredibly rare opportunity to learn more about life and death in medieval Scotland.
"The new research has brought some quite incredible results.
"It was unusual for people to be buried under the floor of a royal chapel and we suspected that they must have been pretty important people who died during periods of emergency – perhaps during the many sieges which took place.
"The fact that five of the skeletons suffered broken bones, consistent with beatings or battle trauma, suggests this could be what happened."
The research builds on the findings of earlier investigations into two of the skeletons, the results of which were featured last year on BBC2's History Cold Case series.
These attracted worldwide headlines, with one of the skeletons being identified as a knight – perhaps Sir John de Stricheley who died in 1341 – and the other probably belonging to a high-born lady, whose skull had twice been pierced by a weapon.
Both of these skeletons were among the nine sent to the University of Bradford for further investigations.
The 3D models are of the knight and the lady's faces.
The model of the lady was created by the Bradford University team and the one of the knight was made at the University of Dundee.
Bradford used a traditional clay modelling approach, while the one from Dundee was created using the latest digital scanning and replication techniques and painted by a medical artist.
Professor Caroline Wilkinson, at the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, said: "This 3D facial model depicts a strong muscular man with a healed wound across his forehead and rugged features.
"This reconstruction was produced using anatomical standards and the latest digital 3D technology, and allows us to come face to face with this medieval knight."
The Bradford experts say the lady had 10 fractures to the right side of her skull, resulting from two heavy blows.
Neat, square holes through the top of her skull suggest she may then have fallen and been killed with a weapon such as a war hammer.
Dr Jo Buckberry, biological anthropology lecturer and experimental officer at the University of Bradford's Biological Anthropology Research Centre, said: "What we discovered from this research is enormously exciting and has far-reaching implications for our understanding of medieval warfare.
"At least five of these people had their bones broken with blunt and heavy objects, such as clubs, which is very different from soldiers that have been studied who died in open battle and were killed with swords or halberds."
One set of remains, known as Skeleton 190, were from a young man of 16-20, showed signs of a stab wound in the chest.
Yet the major damage came when he was struck on the base of his skull, on the jaw, the collarbone and ribs.
The stabbing points to death by violence, rather than an accidental fall from the castle walls.
Stirling Castle changed hands several times in the Wars of Independence, sometimes being held by the Scots, sometimes by the English and their Scots allies.
It is not certain where the deceased were from, or who they were fighting for, though tests so far are consistent with at least some of them being from the Stirling or Edinburgh area.
To be buried beneath the floor of a royal chapel was very unusual and suggests that these were people of considerable importance.
Bodies would normally be buried in a kirkyard, which suggests that the people were killed at times when it was too dangerous to venture beyond the castle walls.
The new exhibition
- The facial reconstructions will be on display in the Queen Anne Casemates exhibition, which tells the story of the castle from the earliest times to the 19th century. One room in the exhibition will be devoted to the Stirling skeletons, and the facial reconstructions will be key exhibits.
- Other important exhibition themes will include the story of the castle under siege, the Renaissance royal palace of James V, and the castle's later years as an army base. The exhibition will feature a series of interactive displays and has been designed to explore the castle's past in a way that is engaging and family-friendly.
- The new-look exhibition is part of a wider £12 million project to offer an even better visitor experience. The centrepiece is the return of six apartments in the royal palace to how they may have looked in the mid-16th century.
Matthew Shelley 07786 704299
Ellen Drummond-Ferroni 07801 820757
Nicola McCrae 01786 431325
Lesley Brown 0131 _PHONE_
Free to use pictures
A selection of free to use pictures are available showing Dr Buckberry with the skeletons, the skeletons being excavated and the new facial reconstructions. Log on using the details below then search using the word 'Stirling'.
Notes for editors:
For all the latest on the palace project, and everything else that happening at Stirling Castle, visit our website at _URL_ and sign up for our free e-newsletter.
- Stirling Castle is at the top of Stirling Old Town off the M9 at junction 9 or 10. Call 01786 450000
- Historic Scotland has 345 historic properties and sites in its care. These include some of the leading tourism attractions in the country, including Edinburgh, Stirling, and Urquhart Castles, Fort George, Linlithgow Palace, the Border Abbeys, and Skara Brae. For further details visit: _URL_
- Historic Scotland's Mission is to safeguard Scotland's historic environment and to promote its understanding and enjoyment.
- Historic Scotland around the web: _URL_ _URL_ _URL_ and _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Follow-up: almost nobody understands mirrors
A study on pigeons (3) found that, while pigeons likely did not process the image in the mirror as an image of themselves, they could use the mirror to determine the location of objects in the real world. That is, they understood that the mirror provided information about the space around them, rather than being its own separate space.
The gold standard of understanding mirrors is self-recognition, which is tested by putting a mark on the body of the animal somewhere where it cannot see it, then giving it a mirror. If the animal uses the mirror to figure out where the mark is, it's thought to understand that the mirror image is of itself. Evidence for this has been reported in several species of primates, elephants, dolphins, and the European Magpie (4). Only one bird! (So far. Many species haven't yet been tested.)
So, was the junco I saw "dumb" for not understanding the mirror? Of course not. Juncos have had no reason to learn about mirrors, and have lots of company in their confusion. However, was the junco maybe a little bit foolish to continue to attack the mirror after crashing into glass three, four, five times? I think so.
1. Pepperberg, IM et al. 1995. Mirror use by African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109(2):182-195.
2. Andrews E. 1966. Slate-colored Junco response to mirror. Bird-Banding 37(3):206.
3. Epstein R, Lanza RP, Skinner BF. 1981. "Self-awareness" in the pigeon. Science 212(4495):695-696.
4. Prior H, Schwarz A, Güntürkün O. 2008. Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition. PLoS Biology 6(8):e202. doi:10.1371/journal. pbio._PHONE_
6 thoughts on "Follow-up: almost nobody understands mirrors
 1. Thanks for the research! I knew that pigs understand mirrors, because I read somewhere that they used them to locate food (and looked behind themselves, and not behind the mirror). I was not aware that so many other species, including pigeons have some sort of understanding of how mirrors work.
 2. Pingback: Birds and mirrors, revisited | Tough Little Birds
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97 Orchard: An Edible History of Five Immigrant Families in One New York Tenement
In 97 Orchard, Jane Ziegelman explores the culinary life that was the heart and soul of New York's Lower East Side around the turn of the twentieth centurya city within a city, where Germans, Irish, Italians, and Eastern European Jews attempted to forge a new life. Through the experiences of five families, all of them residents of 97 Orchard Street, she takes readers on a vivid and unforgettable tour, from impossibly cramped tenement apartments down dimly lit stairwells where children played and neighbors socialized, beyond the front stoops where immigrant housewives found respite and company, and out into the hubbub of the dirty, teeming streets.
Ziegelman shows how immigrant cooks brought their ingenuity to the daily task of feeding their families, preserving traditions from home but always ready to improvise. While health officials worried that pushcarts were unsanitary and that pickles made immigrants too excitable to be good citizens, a culinary revolution was taking place in the streets of what had been culturally an English city. Along the East River, German immigrants founded breweries, dispensing their beloved lager in the dozens of beer gardens that opened along the Bowery. Russian Jews opened tea parlors serving blintzes and strudel next door to Romanian nightclubs that specialized in goose pastrami. On the streets, Italian peddlers hawked the cheese-and-tomato pies known as pizzarelli, while Jews sold knishes and squares of halvah. Gradually, as Americans began to explore the immigrant ghetto, they uncovered the array of comestible enticements of their foreign-born neighbors. 97 Orchard charts this exciting process of discovery as it lays bare the roots of our collective culinary heritage.
About the Author
Jane Ziegelman is the director of the Tenement Museum's culinary center and the founder and director of Kids Cook!, a multiethnic cooking program for children. Her writing on food has appeared in numerous publications, and she is the coauthor of Foie Gras: A Passion. She lives in Brooklyn, New York.


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A geographic information system (GIS) is a software application that provides the ability to present and analyse spatial and geographic data such as digital map or geo-localized data.
The data provided by the CMEMS portal come in a NetCDF format which is a common data format that can handle several complex variables (longitude, latitude, time, etc.). In order to use these CMEMS products, NOVELTIS has developed a QGIS plugin: NETCDF2GIS which enables to deal easily with NetCDF timeframes and depth levels and to operate some advanced functions on NetCDF files.
The objective of this training is to use a geographical information system to visualize and analyse CMEMS data with the NETCDF2GIS plugin. In this way, we will be able to:
- Conveniently ingest in QGIS various types of Copernicus Marine Service products for the Baltic Sea;
- Create maps and animations out of the Copernicus Marine Service variables;
- Import layers through WMS;
- Extract data within this area within a user defined area of interest
Products used :


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Easy care sheep: useful links
This is a list of additional resources for the focus story Easy care sheep.
In this Country Calendar episode, Dr David Scobie is interviewed on his farm – he talks about easy care sheep.
Cloning farm animals
Articles discussing benefits and ethical issues of cloning farm animals.
A history of farming in New Zealand
A historical account of farming in New Zealand since the beginning of European settlement, on the Te Ara website.
Sheep farming in New Zealand
Learn about the importance of sheep farming in New Zealand and the sheep breeds that have been introduced and bred for the New Zealand environment, on the Te Ara website.
Provides an explanation about crutching, why and how it's done, including images.
Find out more about Romney sheep in New Zealand.
Sheep breeding in New Zealand
A historical account of sheep farming and sheep breeds in New Zealand, on the Agritech
New Zealand sheep breeds
Find out about New Zealand sheep breeds, their history and origin.
Sheep genome mapping
An article about AgResearch's sheep genome project, on the AgResearch website.
Genetics and heredity
Learn more about genetics and heredity on the Utah University's Learn Genetics website.
Genetics for students
Access free articles and learn more about genetics on Scitable – a Nature Education site aimed at science undergraduate students.
Easy care sheep launched
An article about easy care sheep research and one farmer's experience, on the Country-wide website.
Lincoln scientists recognised for sheep research
This news article includes a brief outline of Dr David Scobie's research to develop an easy care sheep and the award he received for his work.
Using animals in science
A comprehensive resource about using animals in research, the ethics involved and balancing harm and benefit.
The Animal Welfare Act
A guide to the Animal Welfare Act 1999 is provided here on the Biosecurity New Zealand website.
- 22 July 2010


Why you suffer disappointments in love and relationships
Unfaithful wife.jpg
Have you ever wondered why some people have it rosy in love and relationships? The answers you seek aren't all with astrologers and will never depend on luck, fate or your desire to love and be loved.
New findings from researchers show that everyone's love life is mostly a reflection of the mother's romantic history—with regards to fidelity, respect and loyalty, among other personal characteristics.
According to Claire Kamp Dush, a lead researcher and associate professor of human sciences and sociology at Ohio State University, mothers are crucial in determining their children's love life because every woman has some certain attributes that make her desirable—more or less—in the marriage market.
'These attractive or unappealing characteristics also make women better or worse at relationships,' Dush explained, 'and children inherit these attitudes, skills and behaviors at a very young age, eventually taking every bit of it with them into their relationships and marriages.'
The team of researchers in Dush's team examined results from data collected in a nationwide survey involving over 7,100 participants in a period of 24 years.
Findings show that survey participants are most likely to follow the same path if their mothers had rocky marriages or enjoyed romantic relationships with their partners.
The results also showed that women who spent more years cohabitating with their partners "before or without marriage" are most likely to have timid kids who end up as heart-breakers.
Dush described cohabitation as "an attractive, lower-commitment type of relationship" which does not benefit children, especially if a mother stayed in such relationships for a longer period of time. 'Participants from such mothers often grow used to cohabiting relationships and are most likely to break up with their lovers for lack of commitment,' she wrote in PLoS One in November.
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Content of Selected Elements in the Muscle Tissue and Gills of Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and Water From a Polish Lake
Magdalena Stanek, Karolina Stasiak, Bogdan Janicki, Henryka Bernacka
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Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Technology and Life Sciences,
Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2012;21(4):1033–1038
The aim of this work was to analyze the concentrations of select elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the water, muscle tissue, and gills of perch sampled in autumn from Lake Gopło in NW Poland. The correlations between the fish size (body length) and metal concentrations in the tissues were investigated by linear regression analysis. In addition, the bioaccumulation coefficient, as a measure of accumulation intensity of an element in an organ, was analyzed. The mean content of K, Mg, and Zn in the analyzed perch was higher in the muscle (18.90, 1.53, and 52.92, mg·kg-1) than in gills (8.88, 1.30, and 44.99 mg·kg-1), and the difference between these values (except for Zn) was statistically significant (p≤0.05). The analyses of the correlation between metal concentration in the meat and the body length of fish show that the bioaccumulation of Na, K, Mg, and Zn decreases as fish body length increases (negative correlation). The evaluation of the chemical pollution of Lake Gopło concentrations was based on the following ions (N-NO3, N-NO2, and P-PO4) and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn). The concentrations of nitrite nitrogen in the waters of Lake Gopło range from 0.012 (in September) to 0.057 mg N-NO2 dm-3 (in November). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen ranges from 0.09 to 1.888 mg N-NO3 dm-3. The concentration of orthophosphate in surface waters of Lake Gopło is not very diverse (0.17-0.2 mg PO4 -3 dm-3).


El cambio de cultura en las Universidades Catalanas del siglo XXI
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The main objective of the research is to know the organizational culture of five Catalan universities. Adopting the comcept "organizational culture" in the sense of Haandy (1984) when he defines it as the set of values and meaning shared by the members, manifested in a tangible and intangible way, which determine and explain their individual behaviors, we approach the research from the institutional improvement perspective. We intend to offer to the University as structure, a desing of strategies that would allow the University change to more adaptative culture. In parallel, a personal and professional development of the participants, as well as a greater compromise with the institution, are being favored through the research model of action-research. Definitively, it entails a contribution to the society and to higher education because it makes evident the situation of each institution and forces it to become aware of the characteristics of the predominant culture.


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Abstract : In this thesis, a study of the atomization of cylindrical water jets with tools belonging to the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems is proposed. This original study begin with an introduction on the field of atomization and the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. The first part of this work allows to define precisely the measured quantity recorded by a light scattering technique, by means of analytic and numerical computations. An artefact on the measurements, limitating their interpretation for an excited and a free water jet, is identified. However, the first results are in agreement with the theories (Rayleigh and Weber) and show that the dynamics of perturbations, evolving along the jet, is characterised by "intermittent bursts".
To remove the artefact, a shadow technique is developped and compared to the precedent one. The measurements are then shown to be linearly related to the jet diameter for any perturbation amplitude. Type-I phase intermittency is pointed out. In the case of free jets, this intermittency is also observed although in a less obvious way. When the flow velocity profile acts as the principal components on the jet breakup mechanisms, the deterministic dynamics is lost. In this case, we also observe that early initiations of perturbations imply a reducing of the breakup length.
A statistical symbolic dynamics allows to precise the nature of the behaviours observed for different control parameters in the case of free jets : the dynamics of the jet subject to the velocity profile action, which can be seen as a destabilisation of the flow toward turbulence, is of stochastic nature ; while deterministic dynamics could be described by a complete binary symbolic dynamics.
Key words : Nonlinear dynamical systems - Phase intermittency - Symbolic dynamics - Instability - Cylindrical liquid jet - Shadow/Extinction technique - Atomization.
Jérome Godelle is now "Ingénieur de recherche Dynamique du véhicule" for Renault.


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Transmission of jewelry techniques and symbols within a Hopi family of jewelers
Hellyer, Christine Frances
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This study examined the methods in which the techniques utilized in the creation of Hopi jewelry were transmitted within generations of one Hopi family. The qualitative methodologies of ethnography and narrative inquiry were used to explore the questions: (1) How are the symbols and techniques of the Hopi overlay designs being transmitted within generations of a Hopi family of jewelers?, and (2) How can the teaching methods utilized by this Hopi family of jewelers inform jewelry curriculum in a public school setting? The study was conducted within one family of jewelers to seek understanding of the pedagogical means utilized and to ascertain if the methods employed are applicable to a classroom setting. In an attempt to experience the teaching methods used, I became an active participant and interned with the patriarch of the family. The jeweler had also begun teaching one of his granddaughters so I was able to witness his teaching style as he conducted her lessons as well. In addition to my experience of being an intern, interviews were conducted with three family members and the lessons were also videotaped. Analysis revealed that lessons were not usually conducted in a formal setting as we see in a traditional classroom. Instead, most of the lessons were learned by the younger family members by observing the older family members. The setting was more akin to an apprenticeship and would be very difficult to replicate in a classroom.


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Recently while I was playing a CD, my system cut out and the word PROTECT was displayed on the digtal panel, the CD won't play and there is no sound coming out from the speakers. However, the tape deck plays but again there is no sound. I have tried most things suggested, but everytime I turn the system on the word PROTECT appears and won't allow any of the functions on the system to work. Can this be fixed?
The word PROTECT appears because there is a short. It can be in your speakers, try running it without the speakers plugged, or look if the wires arent shorting. If it stil ldoes that, its cause there is a short in it, from the output section. The system does that to prevent from damaging the electronic components inside.
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If protect is coming up on the display, it means the system is detecting a short somewhere on one of the speakers and so is turning the amp off to avoid damage. Check all the connections at the back of the amp to ensure they are not shorting, and at the back of each speaker, if nothing is found there, check each wire for damage (like squashed or rodent damage).
Kenwood head units show "protect" when there's a problem with the speaker outputs. This might mean a shorted speaker wire, a blown speaker, or an internal defect in the head unit. Once the condition that's causing the "protect" mode is fixed, the CD player should be back in normal mode the next time you turn it on.
If it's staying in "protect", then you'll definitely have to remove the stereo and do some troubleshooting to fix it. Many car audio stores will do system troubleshooting, for a fee. If you want to do it yourself, here's what you need to do:
Pull the Kenwood unit from the dash and disconnect all the speaker wires. Turn it on and see if the "protect" message displays. If it does, the stereo has an internal defect and will need to be serviced. If it doesn't, then turn it off, and re-connect one speaker. Turn it on again and see if it displays "protect".
If it works with a single speaker connected, keep re-connecting the others until you identify the speaker that's causing the problem. There may be a wiring problem or defective speaker in that location.
If it displays "protect" with a single speaker connected, then disconnect that one and try a different one. If all the speakers cause a "protect" mode, then you're probably back to a defective head unit, unless your friend managed to blow all your speakers at once.
Stereo sytems have a protection circuit that alerts you by displaying "protect" when there is a electrical short circuit detected in the system, the most common short happens in a speaker, try disconnectig the speaker wires of both speakers(all speakers) at the back of the system, then play the CD or cassette player(although you will not hear anything with the speakers disconnected) and see if the unit goes into "protect" mode if the problem is still present then you have an internal short circuit and the system will need to be sent in for service or replaced(depending on age,repair costs). I would not recommend investing more than $80 into repairs. Now, if the unit does not go into "protect mode" then one of the speakers or speaker wires is shorted,be sure you check the conndition of the speaker wires before you replace the speakers, then you can replace the speakers(in a pair) and you should be back up and listening! Good luck and Merry Christmas!
The protect light comes on when the amp cuts off the speakers to protect them from damage if something's wrong in the amp, or to protect the amp from speaker or wiring problems. If the amp plays for a while before cutting off, it's probably a thermal problem in the output stages. One of the output devices may be acting up as it heats up, or it could be bad connections that open up because of the heat. The trouble might also be caused by components in the power supply as well. Without having the unit on the service bench to check it, it's not possible to suggest specific things to look at. The manual wouldn't help you other than to say check your speaker connections and then have it serviced. The best thing to do if you want to keep this is to find a servicer in your area and get an estimate for the repair. Or if you or a friend is technically inclined, look into purchasing a service manual and see if you can do-it-yourself.


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University of Queensland researchers have planted five hectares of Pongamia trees at Hope Vale, north Queensland in a bid to create a commercially viable plantation for sustainable regional development and biofuel production in northern Australia.
In conjunction with Cape York's traditional land owners and partners, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR) is aiming to plant a further 3000 hectares within the first three years of the partnership, which will ultimately yield an estimated 10 to 15 million litres of biofuel.
The seeds from the oil-rich Pongamia pinnata (also called Millettia) tree provide a sustainable solution to the production of biofuel, which in turn, will help alleviate the environmental ramifications caused by automotive, aviation, mining, energy, and marine industries.
Director of the CILR Professor Peter Gresshoff is UQ's driving force behind the seven year project and believes the initial stages will demonstrate the utility of local biofuel production.
It's a native species that has already grown in the area for thousands of years, he said.
More and more communities will be able to adopt our research and potentially support nations outside of Australia.
But if that's not enough of a reason, the tree requires minimal nitrogen fertiliser, grows fast, shows a strong tolerance to drought and salinity, plus it won't complete with prime agricultural land.
The seeds are also inedible, which makes the crop worry free when it comes to the controversial food-for-fuel debate.
John McIntyre of Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation says that project partners are also committed to indigenous employment as well as ensuring community and commercial success.
Approximately 80 new jobs will be created in the first five years, he said.
Over the next decade bio-based products will increasingly play a pivotal role in the global shift from fossil fuel dependent economies to a greener and cleaner future.
Despite this promise, extensive research is needed for optimal genetic material suited to specific regions, innovative management and harvesting procedures and down-stream conversion and utilisation.
Australia's current diesel requirement is about 20 billion litres a year.
Professor Gresshoff said pongamia-derived biodiesel was thought to initially meet 20 per cent of the demand with only 7000 square kilometers of plantations.
It was an unlimited possibility considering the country has close to one million square kilometres where Pongamia trees could flourish.
Explore further: Rice blast research reveals details on how a fungus invades plants


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The Reivers Quiz | Eight Week Quiz A
Purchase our The Reivers Lesson Plans
Eight Week Quiz A
Name: _____________________________ Period: ___________________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which city does Boon not mention?
(a) Jackson
(b) San Francisco
(c) Mobile
(d) New Orleans
2. Where does John keep his pistol?
(a) In his work jacket
(b) In his work bag
(c) In his locker
(d) In his desk
3. What does Boon say he needs on the way back from the station?
(a) Gas
(b) Coal
(c) Eggs
(d) Milk
4. In what drawer in his desk does father keep his pistol?
(a) The top drawer
(b) The bottom drawer
(c) The middle drawer
(d) The second drawer
5. What number train does the family have to catch?
(a) 23
(b) 27
(c) 30
(d) 25
Short Answer Questions
1. How much does Boon offer father?
2. How old is Lucius in the story?
3. What was the hotel called where Boon stayed?
4. How old was Boon when he arrived at the hunting camp?
5. What is Boon to Lucius' family
(see the answer key)
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Brazilian Leaf-Footed Bug
Many Hemiptera suck plant juices although some have evolved to suck blood and body fluids. Hemiptera groups include water scorpions, water boatman, backswimmers, water striders, plant bugs, bed bugs, assassin bugs, flat bugs, seed bugs, red bugs and stink bugs.
This sap-sucking Leaf-Footed Bug from Southern Brazil shows it's swollen femora hind legs. A few tropical Cor?id have elaborate tibial leaf structures as part of their modified hind legs. This one is relatively conservative although also has spines at the tips of it's pronotum. These true bugs are capable of emitting a scent from a couple of glands on the thorax. Notice the membranous patch of the fore wing. Although most feed on sap, a few are predaceous towards other insects.


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Renting a tall crane to get a high-angle shot could soon be an expense filmmakers can avoid with this Balloon Camera designed to lift a remote control stabilized camera gimbal up to 985 feet in the air.
Developed by the NHK, Japan's equivalent of PBS or the BBC, the miniature blimp is actually best suited for operating heights of around 165 feet where it's most stable. The four axis gimbal is panned, zoomed, and tilted with an RC helicopter remote, but thanks to built-in gyros the rig also independently moves to stabilize the camera as the balloon drifts about.
The rig remains tethered to the ground at all times since the balloon isn't designed to be flown, but in the event the cable snapping a safe landing mechanism ensures the gear its hoisting are immediately and safely returned to the ground.
Its Achilles heel is obviously the wind, as the stabilized gimbal can only compensate for movements in gusts up to 16 miles per hour. So forget about using it to capture dramatic footage of tornados, hurricanes, or monsoons, because once you set it aloft that's probably the last time you'll ever see it. [DigInfo]


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Both Rachel and Leah are considered beautiful women in Jewish tradition, but a verse in this week's Torah seems to suggest that Rachel was the "beauty queen" of the family: "Leah's eyes were weak, but Rachel was shapely and beautiful" (Gen. 29:17). Why are Leah's eyes described as "weak"? Is this a euphemism for saying she was unsightly? After all, Rachel is described in this verse as yifat mareh - "beautiful of sight" (i.e., attractive). Does this text therefore contrast the two women by implying that Leah was physically unattractive? Or does having "weak eyes" mean that she was perhaps nearsighted? How are we to understand Leah's weak eyes?
The word translated as "weak" is the Hebrew word rakkot (×¨Ö·×›Ö¼×•Ö¹×ª), the plural form of the word rak (×¨Ö·×šÖ°), meaning soft or tender. Rashi comments that Leah's eyes were made "weak" (tender) from crying "until her eyelashes fell out." But why was she so sad? According to midrash, Leah's eyes were reddened and puffy because she was constantly lamenting the prospect of marrying Esau. The adage of the town was: "Two sons to Rivkah; two daughters to Lavan; the older to the older, the younger to the younger."
Leah's eyes were tender and tearstained, then, but this is not intended to say she was physically unattractive. On the contrary, saying that she had "weak eyes" is a term of praise for her, since her greatest fear was to be forced to undergo an arranged marriage with Esau, and therefore she wept and wept to be the mother of the righteous.... God saw her tears -- and blessed her to become the most fruitful of the four matriarchs of Israel. Ironically, it was the less teary-eyed Rachel, who later died in childbirth, that was prophesied to weep for her children (Jer. 31:15).
Regarding this subject the Talmud states that the word rak (tender) connotes royalty (Bava Basra 4a). Indeed, two lines of royalty were destined to descend from Leah: the royal family of Judah (from whom would come King David and King Messiah) and the spiritual line of Levi, from whom would descend Moses, Aaron, and the Kohanim (the priestly class). Like their tenderhearted mother, both of these houses of Israel would shed tears of concern for the well-being of Israel.


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Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang's delay formula
Coauthor(s): Peter Kolesar.
We show how a simple normal approximation to Erlang's delay formula can be used to analyze capacity and staffing problems in service systems that can be modeled as M/M/s queues. The numbers of servers, s, needed in an M/M/s queueing system to assure a probability of delay of, at most, p can be well approximated by s ≅ p + z***I-p+, where z1-p, is the (1 - p)th percentile of the standard normal distribution and ρ, the presented load on the system, is the ratio of Λ, the customer arrival rate, to μ, the service rate. We examine the accuracy of this approximation over a set of parameters typical of service operations ranging from police patrol, through telemarketing to automatic teller machines, and we demonstrate that it tends to slightly underestimate the number of servers actually needed to hit the delay probability target—adding one server to the number suggested by the above formula typically gives the exact result. More importantly, the structure of the approximation promotes operational insight by explicitly linking the number of servers with server utilization and the customer service level. Using a scenario based on an actual teleservicing operation, we show how operations managers and designers can quickly obtain insights about the trade-offs between system size, system utilization and customer service. We argue that this little used approach deserves a prominent role in the operations analyst's and operations manager's toolbags.
Source: Production and Operations Management
Kolesar, Peter, and Linda Green. "Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang's delay formula." Production and Operations Management 7, no. 3 (September 1998): 282-293.


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Skip to Main Content
The iCAN (intelligent car navigation systems) project is collaboration between academia (the University of Tokyo) and industry (the Toshiba and Yazaki corporations) to pursue intelligent systems and their enabling technologies for near-future intelligent transportation systems. The ITS scenario is complex, involving fundamental nontechnical (such as legal and institutional) issues. So, iCAN's vision of a near future ITS incorporates both technical and nontechnical concerns. On the basis of this vision, we decided to focus on driver assistance systems and smart-community transportation systems.


Is baking soda safe for cats
Is baking soda safe for cats litter box?
Add baking soda to the litter. It makes a great all-natural deodorizer for your litter box. Some people ask if baking soda is safe for cats, and the answer is an unqualified yes! Baking soda is nontoxic, and by mixing a little of it with the litter, you can help absorb pet urine odors.
Can you put baking soda on a cat?
While high levels of acetic acid can be toxic to fleas, the acidic nature can also be harmful to the pets skin with repeated or long-term exposure. Baking soda has no known effect on fleas.
Is baking soda safe to use around pets?
Small amounts of baking soda are considered harmless to use around dogs, but feeding it to them is not recommended. Baking soda can be toxic to dogs if large quantities are ingested. 1 It's important to understand how to use it properly and keep your dog safe.
Is soda toxic to cats?
Pets may urinate more just like we do after drinking a couple of sodas. Cats and dog with too much caffeine on board may run a fever and become weak. In severe cases, pets may collapse or drift into a coma. And, unfortunately, some pets die.
Can you flush cat poop?
THE ANSWER: Yes, cat feces contains a parasite called Toxoplasma Gondii which is harmful to humans, and most cat litter shouldn't be flushed anyways because it causes major plumbing issues by clogging drains.
How can I make my house not smell like cat?
You might be interested: Baking soda for kidney stones
Does vinegar kill fleas on cats?
What meat should Cats avoid?
Is vinegar toxic to cats?
Does baking soda kill fleas?
Is hydrogen peroxide safe for cats?
Hydrogen peroxide is often used to induce vomiting in dogs, but is never safe to give to cats. Cats are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and can develop irritation and bleeding of their stomach, which has been fatal to some cats.
What happens if you eat raw baking soda?
You might be interested: Baking soda gout mayo clinic
What can cats not eat?
Seven foods your cat shouldn't eat Milk, cheese and other dairy products. Many of us grew up with the image of kittens drinking milk or cream in cartoons or picture books. Chocolate. Raw eggs, meat or fish. Dog food. Bread and yeast. Tuna. Onions and garlic.
Can cats eat eggs?
Eggs. Eggs are another super source of protein for your cat. But make sure they're cooked. Like raw meat and fish, raw eggs can harm your kitty.
Why does my cat like the smell of coffee?
Cats have tremendously sensitive noses, lots more powerful than a human's. Because of this, pungent or "interesting" smells will often catch their interest and turn them on. I caught my cat Tut sniffing around my coffee cup for almost a minute one time, so I expect fresh coffee grounds should really grab his interest.
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Is baking soda good for plants
Who invented baking soda


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As I am writing this, we are part way through the process of making new releases of the D-Cubed Components. The 2D products (2D DCM, PGM) have just been shipped and the 3D products (3D DCM, AEM, CDM, HLM) will follow soon. In these releases, 2D DCM and 3D DCM have both been extended to add direct support for new types of geometry.
Full details of all the enhancements will be announced in due course, but in this post I would like to talk in more general terms about why it is important for geometric constraint solvers to support a wide range of geometry types.
For many years, the 2D DCM and 3D DCM have included ways to represent the geometry types found in most CAD models even when no direct support is available. There are two methods that can be used to do this. Firstly, there is support for NURBS curves and surfaces which can be used to represent many types of geometries. Secondly, there is support for general parametric curves and surfaces, where the DCM will call evaluator functions provided by the application in order to get position and derivative information.
These features are very powerful, but over time direct support for many extra geometry types has been added to the D-Cubed products. The main driver for this has been the growing use of parametric design and variational modelling methods, including direct modelling, and the desire to get the optimum results with a wider range of model data.
So, what are the advantages for users and application developers of direct support for specific geometry types in the D-Cubed geometric constraint solvers? This is what I think are the most important benefits:
The overall message is clear – in the field of constraint solving, special-case methods which rely on a knowledge of the geometry types are preferable to generic methods. The generic representations have their place, but CAD models are usually dominated by geometry of known types. The more the software understands about these, the better able it will be to give users the results they want.
In future posts I'll talk about the specific new geometry types which have been added to the 2D DCM and 3D DCM, and the benefits that these bring to users.
Follow these topics: General


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If you are getting "Windows has detected an IP address conflict" error in Windows 10, this tutorial will show you how to fix.
Let me explain first what is an IP address conflict? If you have more than one device connected to your home network, you may face an issue called an IP address conflict. IP address is a unique address your computer gets while it connects to a network. So if two different computers have assigned same IP address, when they're either on Local Area Network or on the web, an IP address conflict will appear with a little notification "Windows has detected an IP address conflict"
When this occurs, your connection becomes unstable or you usually lose your connection to the network. Now let's proceed with troubleshooting the problem.
How To Fix Windows Has Detected An IP Address Conflict In Windows 10/8/7
Method 1. Restart Your Router
If you are on a Home network, turn off your router, wait for 1-2 minutes, and then power it on again and check if you still get message
Method 2. Release and Refresh IP Address
Renew or release the IP address by performing these following steps:
Step 1. Press Windows Key + X and select Command Prompt (Admin).
Step 2. After you open the Command Prompt, type the following commands and hit Enter after each:
Step 3. Wait until the command has finished, restart your system and check the problem still persists.
Method 3. Remove Statically Assigned IP Address
This error often occurs by users who have fixed IP address assigned. Hence, I highly recommended you use dynamically assigned IP address would help you to resolve this problem. To do that, follow these steps below:
Step 1. Press Windows Key + R then type ncpa.cpl in run dialog box and click OK.
Step 2. When Network Connections window opens, right click on your primary network adapter and click Properties.
Step 3. Then, on the property sheet, at Networking tab, choose Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
Step 4. From TCP/IPv4 property sheet, at General tab, make sure that Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically are selected.
Step 5. Restart your computer then check the problem has resolved.
Method 4. Disable IPv6
According to Windows 10 users, they found that disabling IPv6 resolve IP address conflict for them.
Here's the video to help you more on this problem:
That's about it. If you want to copy this post on your blog, please write source and link to Windows Free Apps. Thank you.


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It Waits for You
Paul David Walker
This book can be downloaded and read in Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device.
Paul David Walker often says, "The job of a poet is to travel into the unknown and come back and make a report." These poems are his reports, both deeply personal and full of mystery. These poems "come to" Paul and are written to create a personal exploration of what is deep in our hearts, yet unknown, or may have been glimpsed and forgotten. Paul makes sense of the relationship between heaven and earth, light and darkness, our fears and connection with the divine. In the author's words, these poems are meant to "leap up out of readers like laser beam lamps reaching into the dark sky."


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Consider the following Python (runs in 2.x or 3.x):
o = Outer()
i = o.Inner()
threading.local()["my o object"] = o
In Python 2.6, a class decorator that's also a custom descriptor matches the specs you give:
class InnerClassDescriptor(object): def __init__(self, cls): self.cls = cls def __get__(self, instance, outerclass): class Wrapper(self.cls): outer = instance Wrapper.__name__ = self.cls.__name__ return Wrapper class Outer(object): _USER_ class Inner(object): def __init__(self): print self.outer o = Outer() i = o.Inner() print 'Outer is a', type(Outer) print 'Inner is a', type(o.Inner)
<__main__.Outer object at 0x82f90> Outer is a Inner is a
just to confirm that
o.Inner [[is]] a class object, not something weird like a closure
as per your peculiar specs. Of course it needs to be a different class each time for reentrancy -- even in a single-threaded world, the following:
o1 = Outer() o2 = Outer() i1 = o1.Inner i2 = o2.Inner print i1(), i2(), i1(), i2()
should work cleanly, and stashing o1 vs o2 anywhere else than in the classes returned by
o2.Inner (e.g., in TLS) would mean horrible results for this use.
But then you didn't specify "
o.Inner has to be exactly the same class object for every possible
o that's an instance of
Outer", so this code fully meets the specs you did give;-).


Kari Ala-Pöllänen was the Tapiola Choir's conductor and artistic director _PHONE_. During this period the choir successfully toured around the world, in most continents. The Tapiola Choir was under his direction, as first music group, awarded The UNESCO Price 1996 for the Promotion of the Performing Arts. He has been awarded with several high Finnish official decorations, a.o. in 2009, when the President of the Republic of Finland rewarded him with the Pro Finlandia Medal by Order of the Lion of Finland, the highest recognition for arts.
Kari Ala-Pöllänen is a versatile musician and conductor having wide experience in various sections of music and playing several instruments himself. He first graduated as a school teacher and then studied a.o. musicology and orchestral and choral conducting.
In Finland he has acted as a music teacher, symphony orchestra-, folkand jazz musician and conductor, as chorister and ensemble singer and superintendent of music as well as a writer of school music text books and encyclopedia. He is the artistic director of international choral festivals, works as a jury member of choir competitions and as a guest conductor and lecturer in numerous festivals in Finland and abroad. He has been a member of Europa Cantat Music Commission and is currently the chair of IFCM Songbridge Artistic Committee.
 It is about questioning some habits and traditions in choir conducting and introducing new ways of thinking about the role of a conductor, particularly in children's choirs. It is, as well, focusing on the educational task of the children's choir activity, referring to the doctoral thesis of Mr. Tuomas Erkkilä (Pedagogy in the Tapiola Choir and Mr. Kari Ala-Pöllänen as a co-operative children's choir conductor, University of Oulu, Faculty of Education, Acta Univ.Oul.E134,2013).
Questions and matters to be discussed:
What is the choir conductor needed for?
What is needed to become a choir conductor?
Are these pairs of concepts opposites or possible to combine in children's choir:
 - conduct (lead, direct...) - co-operation
 - artistic
ambition / professionalism - educative ambition
 - calculated creation – reducing the stress factor
What is co-operative conducting?
Principles of co-operation
Focusing on basics: Conducting habits
Main questions: Why am I doing like I do? What is important/needed to do.
Co-Operative Children's Choir Conductor: Choir Performing With or Without a Conductor
Bio en CAT


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Hierarchical refinement in isogeometric analysis for flexible multibody impact simulations
Detailed impact simulations in flexible multibody systems can be simulated based on reduced isogeometric analysis (IGA) models. However, a precise simulation of an impact requires a high element resolution in the contact area. Usually in IGA, global refinement methods are used, which are easy to implement. However, in the literature, also the use of hierarchical local refinement is proposed. The local refinement generates fewer countable degrees of freedom compared to an equivalent global refinement. Numerous application areas can be found in the literature, such as contact simulations, where the computational effort is reduced by local refinement. In this work, we introduce the inclusion of hierarchically refined IGA models within the floating frame of reference formulation. Thereby, the hierarchically refined IGA model is reduced and applied in impact simulations. In two application examples, we simulate the impact of twoand three-dimensional spheres and compare with an analytical solution. The focus here is on the comparison of calculation times and accuracy of globally and locally refined reference models. The third application example consists of two flexible double pendulums and is devoted to systems in which the bodies undergo both arbitrary rigid body motions and small elastic deformations.
Floating frame of reference formulation


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'dd': Convert and copy a file ============================= 'dd' copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by default) with a changeable I/O block size, while optionally performing conversions on it. Synopsis: dd [OPTION]... The program accepts the following options. Also see Note: Common options. The numeric-valued options below (BYTES and BLOCKS) can be followed by a multiplier: 'b'=512, 'c'=1, 'w'=2, 'xM'=M, or any of the standard block size suffixes like 'k'=1024 (Note: Block size). Use different 'dd' invocations to use different block sizes for skipping and I/O. For example, the following shell commands copy data in 512 kB blocks between a disk and a tape, but do not save or restore a 4 kB label at the start of the disk: disk=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2 tape=/dev/rmt/0 # Copy all but the label from disk to tape. (dd bs=4k skip=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$disk >$tape # Copy from tape back to disk, but leave the disk label alone. (dd bs=4k seek=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$tape >$disk 'if=FILE' Read from FILE instead of standard input. 'of=FILE' Write to FILE instead of standard output. Unless 'conv=notrunc' is given, 'dd' truncates FILE to zero bytes (or the size specified with 'seek='). 'ibs=BYTES' Read BYTES bytes at a time. 'obs=BYTES' Write BYTES bytes at a time. 'bs=BYTES' Both read and write BYTES bytes at a time. This overrides 'ibs' and 'obs'. 'cbs=BYTES' Convert BYTES bytes at a time. 'skip=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS 'ibs'-byte blocks in the input file before copying. 'seek=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS 'obs'-byte blocks in the output file before copying. 'count=BLOCKS' Copy BLOCKS 'ibs'-byte blocks from the input file, instead of everything until the end of the file. 'conv=CONVERSION[,CONVERSION]...' Convert the file as specified by the CONVERSION argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Conversions: 'ascii' Convert EBCDIC to ASCII. 'ebcdic' Convert ASCII to EBCDIC. 'ibm' Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC. 'block' For each line in the input, output 'cbs' bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary. 'unblock' Replace trailing spaces in each 'cbs'-sized input block with a newline. 'lcase' Change uppercase letters to lowercase. 'ucase' Change lowercase letters to uppercase. 'swab' Swap every pair of input bytes. GNU 'dd', unlike others, works when an odd number of bytes are read--the last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). 'noerror' Continue after read errors. 'notrunc' Do not truncate the output file. 'sync' Pad every input block to size of 'ibs' with trailing zero bytes. When use with 'block' or 'unblock', pad with spaces instead of zero bytes.
automatically generated by info2www version 22.214.171.124


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How to Teach Structured Academic Controversy
I was recently introduced to Deliberating in a Democracy in the Americas (DDA), a valuable online resource for teachers interested in helping their students develop skills in discussing controversial topics. It uses the Structured Academic Controversy (SAC) model, developed by David and Roger Johnson of the University of Minnesota to provide structure and focus to classroom discussions. Not all issues can be easily debated as pro / con positions. SAC provides students with a framework for addressing complex issues in a productive manner that builds their skills in reading, analyzing, listening, and discussion. It shifts the goal from "winning" the argument to active listening to opposing viewpoints and distilling areas of agreement. It's a prime skill for civic participation and in alignment with Common Core close reading skills
The DDA site has all the material teachers will need to support discussion in 15 interesting deliberation questions including:
- Should our democracy allow schools to punish students for off-campus cyberbullying?
- In our democracy, should violent juvenile offenders be punished as adults?
- Should all citizens in our democracy participate in one year of mandatory national service?
- Should our democracy permit the cultivation of genetically modified foods?
The site includes well-documented background readings in English and Spanish with audio versions of each. And it provides links to additional online resources and a glossary of important terms for each question. It also includes a poll on the website where students can vote and see how other students have voted.
DDA details the SAC process as follows:
- Introduction. Teachers review the meaning of deliberation, the reasons for deliberating, and the rules for deliberation.
- Careful Reading of the Text. Students read the text individually, in small groups of 4 or as a whole class in order to reach a common understanding of the reading. If students do not understand the reading, the deliberation will not be successful. As a whole class or in their small groups, students agree on at least three interesting facts and/or ideas.
- Clarification. After checking for understanding of the terms and content, the teacher makes sure students understand the deliberation question.
- Presentation of Positions. Students work in small groups of 4 divided into pairs (A & B). Each pair is assigned a position. The position of the A's is to find at least two compelling reasons to say YES to the deliberation question. The position of the B's is to find at least two compelling reasons to say NO to the deliberation question. A's teach B's at least two reasons to say YES to the deliberation question. B's teach A's at least two reasons to say NO to the deliberation question. (Handout #2)
- Reversal of Positions. The pairs reverse positions. The B pair now adopts the position to say YES to the deliberation question; the A pair adopts the position to say NO to the deliberation question. The A's & B's should select the best reason they heard from the other pair and add at least one additional compelling reason from the reading to support their new position.
- Free Discussion. Students drop their assigned roles and deliberate the question in their small groups. Each student reaches a personal decision based on evidence and logic.
- Whole Class Debrief. The teacher leads the whole class in a discussion to gain a deeper understanding of the question, democracy, and deliberation. What were the most compelling reasons for each side? What were the areas of agreement? What questions do you still have? Where can you get more information? What is your position? (Poll the class on the deliberation question.) In what ways, if any, did your position change? Is there an alternative policy that might address the problem more effectively? What, if anything, might you or your class do to address this problem?
- Student Reflection. Students complete the reflection form either at the end of class or for homework.
Hat tip to Marilyn Cover at the Classroom Law Project for introducing me to DDA and SAC.
Image credit / flickr jaycross


Re: Hilbert envelope bandwidth
Dear Eckard Blumschein:
Here are my answers to some of your questions.
'Who introduced the term Hilbert envelope?'
The name Hilbert envelope was given by Dennis Gabor. The Hilbert
transform was introduced into electrical
 engineering literatures by Yuk Wing Lee around 1930. Actually 'Lee had
a difficult time convincing the
senior MIT faculty at his doctoral defense of the validity of the
relation. Ultimately it was Wiener's
endorsement of the concept that allowed the work to pass and Lee to
receive his degree. (See Therrien's 2002
article in IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.)
'How to get it? Will it work in ASR?'
To get the Hilbert envelope, the Hilbert operator in the time domain or
halfway rectifier followed by low pass
filtering would normally be used. A more interesting and practical way
is to model the envelope by an
all-pole model.
Linear prediction in spectral domain (LPSD), a duality of linear
prediction, was developed by Kumaresan
and Rao (JASA 1999). In the mean time, Athineos and Ellis (ASRU 2003),
following the idea of temporal
noise shaping, proposed frequency-domain linear prediction (FDLP) and
applied it successfully to ASR first.
Even more improvement of recognition accuracy was demonstrated in their
most recent paper (Athineos,
Hermansky and Ellis in ICSLP-04), where linear predictive temporal
patterns (LP-TRAP) were introduced.
'Is it important for speech perception?'
In order to understand the relative importance of temporal Hilbert
envelope and fine structure, Smith,
Delgutte, and Oxenham (letter to nature, 2002) performed the famous
chimaeric sounds experiments
and concluded that the envelope is most important for speech perception
with increasing number of filters.
However, some of the technical issues in the design of the experiments
make their conclusion quite dubious.
Any comments are welcome.
Yadong Wang
Yadong Wang, Postdoctoral Fellow
Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Lab
Dept. of Linguistics
1401 Marie Mount Hall
University of Maryland
College Park MD 20742
-----Original Message-----
Dear Yadong Wang,
Perhaps, I am not the only one here who would like to understand how
Hilbert envelope differs from temporal envelope and what "temporally
flattened" does mean. I am aware of Dan Ellis and others who calculate
squared Hilbert envelope as squared magnitude of the analytic signal in
order to depict hearing as determined by envelope and fine structure
within a number of frequency bands. Smith, Delgutte, and Oxenham (letter
to nature 2002) even spoke of an 'alternative signal decomposition by
Hilbert slowly varying envelope and rapidly varying fine time
structure'. Who introduced the term Hilbert envelope?
I respect those who create new tools. However, I cannot confirm that so
many confusing redundancy in theory is really justified. Let's tear down
a lot of unnecessary sophistication after restricting to either really
elapsed time or time to come after a given point. In other words, let's
abandon the wrong belief that complex calculus must be immediately
merged with frequency analysis. Complex modulator envelopes, as demanded
by Atlas, Li, and Thompson at ICASSP 2004, are only then necessary
prerequisites of unambiguous demultiplication if Fourier transform is
used instead of cosine transform. Isn't it absurd to declare the
modulating signal non-negative but operate with unreal negative
Incidentally, misconception concerning band-limitation is widespread in
science. It even led to'measurement' of signals propagating with
superluminal speed.
Eckard Blumschein


Are you a Philadelphia-based artist? We want to hear from you on the following questions!
 - What is the future of place-based public art?
 - How can art help our communities heal, inspire, build trust and understanding?
 - How can it empower and lift up the voices of minority communities?
 - How can it tell stories that need to be told?
 - How can art connect us and create critical conversations about the meaning of our neighborhoods, cities, and our country?
PHDC and The Knight Foundation are working together to turn these questions into an opportunity for local artists.
ART IS ESSENTIAL: Philly Artists Connecting Communities is an initiative intended to put artists at the forefront of the conversation about the role of public art in communities. ART IS ESSENTIAL was conceived as an opportunity for artists to respond, react to and reclaim how communities work together to address the problems we face today.
100 selected artists will receive $1000 each for sharing their ideas. The deadline to apply is October 7 by 5 p.m. To support artists considering an application, below are some frequently asked questions:
Do I have to have a project ready to be implemented?
No. To start we just want ideas. Describe your idea in less than 500 words. Include the medium, how community members can interact with the art, and how it will amplify under-represented voices. Also submit a 500-word biography, and that's it.
Who can apply?
Everyone and anyone with an idea can apply, as long as you live in the City of Philadelphia! We are hoping to hear from residents of all experience levels, regardless of formal background or age. We encourage applications from artists who may not consider themselves to be public artists. The opportunity is also open to current students. Groups or collectives are welcome too. Collaborators on one idea should submit one application.
Is there an ideal application or applicant?
We do not have any preconceived notions about what these ideas should be. The ideal applicant is someone who creatively expresses their idea about engagement.
What is needed to apply?
Two short statements are required to apply. First is a brief written description of the idea. The second is a short narrative biography describing the life experience that draws you to this work. If it is helpful to include more visual materials to further describe your idea, that is welcome. Sketches, images, audio, or video files to describe the idea or to highlight past work that speaks to the idea may be included.
The funding for this phase is meant to support idea sharing, not implementation. Later phases will provide additional funding to support the development of these ideas.


Additional File 5.
Figure S2: Lineage trees of microcolonies of A) MG1655 growth and B) YgjD depletion. After tracking of individual cells across recorded images with "Schnitzcell", the lineage structure of a microcolony can be derived. In such a lineage tree, the branch length corresponds to the time interval between divisions, and division events occur at branching points. The different colors depict the color code used for cells from different generations throughout all figures. The dots at the end of individual branches represent the time points where individual physiological measurements (cell size and fluorescent intensity) were derived from.
Format: PDF Size: 179KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader


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In recent years, many legal services organisations have developed innovative ways for using legal processes to help disadvantaged groups have more secure rights over their land. The approaches, tools and methods used vary widely across contexts - from legal literacy training to paralegals programmes; from participatory methodologies to helping local groups register their lands or negotiate with government or the private sector, through to legal representation and strategic use of public interest litigation.
While some of this experience has been documented, much of it has not. Only a very limited part of this experience has fed into international debates, and there have been few opportunities for lesson-sharing and cross-fertilisation among practitioners.
In March 2008, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, the International Institute for Environment and Development, and the Faculty of Law of the University of Ghana jointly organised an international workshop to promote exchange of experience among practitioners. Over the two days of the workshop, some 25 practitioners from different parts of Africa, together with a few practitioners and researchers from international institutions and from Europe, shared lessons and learned from each others' experiences with legal empowerment. This report captures the highlights of workshop discussions.
More information here:
Download complete text in PDF format (1,473k) from _URL_


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MLA 2013 CFP: The Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Literary Studies (Round Table)
The Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Literary Studies (Round Table)
Fifteen years after the MLA Cognitive Approaches to Literature discussion group was created and in recognition of its new division status, we seek to reflect on the field of cognitive literary studies: its history, current state, and the multiple directions that it is taking. How have cognitive approaches helped literary critics and scientists understand human culture and the mind? What is the present panorama of this interdisciplinary interface and how is it evolving?