text:
Latest Blog Posts
What colors are best for emergency signage? A research team lead by Kinateder determined that when study "Participants were immersed in a virtual room with two doors (left and right), and an illuminated sign with different colored vertical bars above each door.... On each trial, a fire alarm sounded, and participants walked to the door that they thought was the exit.... Participants predominantly walked toward green signs, even though the exit signs in the local environment—including the building where the experiment took place—were red. However, in a post-experiment survey, most participants reported that exit signs should be red. The results demonstrated a dissociation between the way observers thought they would behave in emergency situations (red = exit) and the way they did behave in simulated emergencies (green = exit). These findings have implications for the design of evacuation systems."
Max Kinateder, William Warren, and Karen Schloss. 2018. "What Color Are Emergency Exit Signs? Egress Behavior Differs from Verbal Report." Applied Ergonomics, vol. 75, pp. 155-160, _URL_
The professional implications of dynamic office workstations (DOWs) were evaluated by Schellewald, Kleinert, and Ellegast. They conducted "a 12 week observational study, 36 employees were given free access to eight DOWs (cycling devices). Characteristics of use (i.e., frequency, duration, speed, variation of speed) were self-determined but registered objectively for every event of use.... employees rated their well-being immediately before (pre) and after (post) using a DOW....we found significant relationships between positive changes in the dimensions recovery, calm, and mood on the one hand and specific characteristics of use (i.e. duration, speed and variation of speed) on the other hand. Therefore it can be assumed, that there are possible dose-response relationships between characteristics of use of DOWs and positive changes of well-being. The implementation of DOWs might be a way to contribute to workers' psychological health."
V. Schellewald, J. Kleinert, and R. Ellegast. 2019. "Evaluating Relationships Between the Use of Dynamic Office Workstations (DOWs) and well-being." Wellbeing at Work in a Changing World: Challenges and Opportunities, Book of Abstracts, Paris, May 22-24, p. 135.
Cajochen and colleagues investigated the effects of using LEDs that mimic daylight on user experience. They "tested an LED lighting solution mimicking a daylight spectrum.... young males twice spent 49 hours in the laboratory under a conventional-LED and under a daylight-LED condition.... volunteers had better visual comfort, felt more alert and happier in the morning and evening under daylight LED than conventional LED, while the diurnal melatonin profile, psychomotor vigilance and working memory performance were not significantly different." Details on the light sources: "the spectral composition of the two LED types was different.... The blue peak in the conLED was more pronounced at 450 nm as compared to a smoother spectrum of the dayLED. The dayLED had a higher spectral irradiance below 440, between 460 and 520 and over 620 nm, so it was more closely matched to daylight."
C. Cajochen, M. Freyburger, T. Basishvili, C. Garbazza, F. Rudzik, C. Renz, K. Kobayashi, Y. Shirakawa, O. Stefani, and J. Weibel. "Effect of Daylight LED on Visual Comfort, Melatonin, Mood, Waking Performance and Sleep." Lighting Research and Technology, in press, _URL_
Huang and colleagues studied preferences for different lighting conditions. They investigated "the correlation between the perceived whiteness of lighting and the corresponding colour preference of observers.... meta-analysis results confirm our former statement that people prefer whiter illumination.... it was further demonstrated that for the scenarios with multiple correlated colour temperatures ranging from 2500 K to 5500 K people indeed preferred perceptually whiter light chromaticities, while for correlated colour temperatures higher than 5500 K it seemed that they appeared too cold to be preferred."
Z. Huang, Q. Liu, M. Luo, M. Pointer, B. Wu, and A. Liu. "The Whiteness of Lighting and Colour Preference, Part 2: A Meta-Analysis of Psychophysical Data." Lighting Research and Technology, in press, _URL_
How are crime and the amount of walking done in that area related? Foster and teammates found that "Interrelationships between neighborhood walkability, area disadvantage, and crime may contribute to the inconsistent associations between crime and walking.... Participants... from 200 neighborhoods spanning the most and least disadvantaged in Brisbane, Australia, completed a questionnaire and objective measures were generated for the individual-level 1,000-m neighborhood.... High perceived crime was associated with reduced odds of transport walking, whereas high objective crime was associated with increased odds of transport walking. Patterns did not differ by neighborhood disadvantage." Developing neighborhoods that encourage walking is often an important design goal.
Sarah Foster, Paula Hooper, Nicola Burton, Wendy Brown, Billie Giles-Corti, Jerome Rachele, and Gavin Turrell. "Safe Habitats: Does the Association Between Neighborhood Crime and Walking Differ By Neighborhood Disadvantage?" Environment and Behavior, in press, _URL_
Hubner and Fillinger investigated how the apparent balance and stability of elements in images influenced how much they were liked. They determined that "for the multiple-element stimuli, there was a positive relation between balance/stability and liking.... each element in a picture has a certain visual 'weight' depending on its features like size, shape, and color (Arnheim, 1954).... a heavy weight located on one side of the fulcrum can be balanced by a lighter weight positioned further away on the other side.... Pierce (1894) observed that balance is mainly applied for the horizontal arrangement of elements, whereas for vertical arrangements stability plays a greater role. For instance, pictures were preferred when they had more weight in their lower part rather than in their upper half..... pictures were rated as more balanced if the center of mass was closer to the geometric center of the picture." The authors point out that balance/stability are just two of the factors that can influence visual preference.
Ronald Hubner and Martin Fillinger. "Perceptual Balance, Stability, and Aesthetic Appreciation: Their Relations Depend on the Picture Type." i-Perception, in press, DOI: 10.1177/2041669519856040
Stork and colleagues investigated how music influenced mood and enjoyment of sprint interval training (SIT). They determined that "Motivational music enhanced affect [mood] and enjoyment of sprint interval training (SIT). Heart rate and peak power output were elevated during SIT in the music condition. Perceived exertion was similar across music, podcast, and no-audio SIT conditions.... While sprint interval training (SIT) is time-efficient and can elicit meaningful health benefits among adults who are insufficiently active, one major drawback is that people can find it to be unpleasant.... effects of researcher-selected motivational music during a low-volume SIT protocol performed by insufficiently active adults [were investigated].... The application of music during SIT has the potential to enhance feelings of pleasure, improve enjoyment, and elevate performance of SIT for adults who are insufficiently active, which may ultimately lead to better adherence to this type of exercise." Music played by researchers was described as fast-tempo and "upbeat." Study participants listened to the selected music, podcasts, or neither the music nor the podcasts.
Matthew Stork, Costas Karageorghis, Kathleen Ginnis. "Let's Go: Psychological, Psychophysical, and Physiological Effects of Music During Sprint Interval Exercise." Psychology of Sport and Exercise, in press, _URL_
Research conducted by Cohen and her colleagues indicates that smells influence our memory performance; which can support strategic scentscaping of environments. The investigators had participants complete "an olfactory Pavlovian category conditioning task in which trial-unique exemplars from one of two categories were partially reinforced with an aversive odor. Participants then returned 24 h later to complete a recognition memory test. We found better corrected recognition memory for the reinforced versus the unreinforced category of stimuli in both adults and adolescents. Further analysis revealed that enhanced recognition memory was driven specifically by better memory for the reinforced exemplars. Autonomic arousal during learning was also related to subsequent memory. These findings build on previous work in adolescent and adult humans and rodents showing comparable acquisition of aversive Pavlovian conditioned responses across age groups and demonstrate that memory for stimuli with an acquired aversive association is enhanced in both adults and adolescents." So, memories formed are stronger when an unpleasant smell is present when whatever is to be remembered is initially experienced. In the Cohen-lead study, participants reported smells that they thought were unpleasant before the data gathering began and unpleasant smells used included manure and rotting fish.
Alexandra Cohen, Nicholas Matese, Anastasia Filim


text:
When All Data Are Not Created Equally
T idewater areas can be difficult places to acquire consistent-quality seismic data, because different sources have to be used across exposed land surfaces than what are used across shallow-water areas.
Typically, explosives are used in shot holes in the onshore portion of a tidewater prospect, whereas environmental regulations may require that an air-gun source be used in shallow-water areas.
These two seismic sources produce different basic wavelets – and profiles produced with explosives and air guns rarely tie in an optimal manner at common image coordinates without using wavelet-shaping algorithms to create equivalent reflection character across targeted intervals.
An example of using an explosive source and an air-gun source across a Louisiana tidewater area is documented as figures 1 and 2. This shallow-water test line was recorded twice because, at this location, explosive sources were allowed.
For one profile, the source was a 30-pound (13.6-kilogram) charge positioned at a depth of 135 feet (41 meters) at each source station.
For the second data acquisition along the same profile, the source was an array of four air guns with a combined volume of 920 in3, and eight air-gun pops were summed at each source station.
Considerable processing effort was expended to make the final reflection character identical on each test line. The data illustrated as figure 1 show the results of the data processing.
The frequency content of the two profiles is approximately the same, but wavelet character is not identical at the junction point (station 165). In this instance, the interpreter responsible for this prospect decided that the reflection character expressed by the explosive source was preferred rather than the wavelet response shown by the air-gun source.
The challenge was that in neighboring tideland areas, regulations required that an air-gun source be used in water-covered areas – shot-hole explosives could not be used in shallow water as they had been across this initial test site, and a method had to be developed that would allow air-gun-source data to be used in conjunction with explosive-source data acquired across adjacent exposed-land areas.
Said another way, the problem was to create a basic wavelet in air-gun-generated data that was equivalent to the basic wavelet embedded in explosive-source data.
This type of problem has to be solved by data-processing procedures, not by data-acquisition techniques.
An approach used by many data processors to ensure that equivalent basic wavelets exist in two seismic profiles acquired with different sources is to calculate numerical cross-equalization operators that convert the phase and frequency spectra of source A to be equivalent to the phase and frequency spectra of source B.
This technique was applied to the tidewater seismic data illustrated on figure 1 by using data from the image trace at station 153 to calculate cross-equalization operators that converted the phase/frequency spectra of the air-gun data to the spectra of the explosive-source data.
The result is exhibited as figure 2.
The wavelet character of the profiles now agrees better at the tie point so that common horizons, sequence boundaries, and facies character can be interpreted on both profiles with greater confidence.
The example discussed here is from a tidewater area where operating and environmental constraints forced different sources to be used on land-based and water-based seismic lines.
The concept of numerical equalization of the basic wavelets embedded in any grid of intersecting 2-D (or 3-D) data, however, applies to a variety of onshore and offshore areas where people have access to overlapping legacy seismic data that have been acquired by different companies at different times and with different energy sources.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Tick-borne rickettsioses include mild to life-threatening diseases in humans worldwide. When removing an attached tick from the human body, patients and physicians may have two questions: 1) is the tick a known vector of a human infectious disease, and 2) is the tick infected by a pathogenic agent that could have been transmitted during the attachment period? The morphological identification of Ticks is difficult, and requires expertise and specific documentation. The use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an effective, rapid and inexpensive tool to identify arthropods including Ticks. Here, we show the utility of MALDI-TOF MS for the dual identification of tick species and the rapid detection of Rickettsia spp in Ticks. Such results can be used to guide decisions related to specific patient monitoring or the administration of preventive treatment. Additionally, the low consumable costs, the minimum time required for sample preparation and the rapid availability of the results of MALDI-TOF MS could be useful for epidemiological studies and tick-borne disease monitoring via the dual identification of vectors and the pathogens they carry in one step. These results present new opportunities for the management of other vector-borne diseases that are of importance to public health.
Detection of Rickettsia spp in Ticks by MALDI-TOF MS

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Early-Career Coordinated Distributed Experiments: Empowerment Through Collaboration
Pastor, AdaHernández-del-Amo, ElenaGiménez-Grau, PauFillol, MireiaPereda, OlatzFlores, LoreaSanpera-Calbet, IsisBravo, Andrea G. Martín, Eduardo J.Poblador, SílviaArroita, M.Rasines-Ladero, RubénRuiz, Celiadel Campo, RubénAbril, MeritxellReyes, MartaCasas-Ruiz, Joan PereFernández, Diegode Castro-Català, NúriaTornero, IrenePalacin-Lizarbe, CarlosArce, María IsabelMora-Gómez, J.Gómez-Gener, LluísMonroy, SilviaFreixa, AnnaLupon, Anna González-Farreras, Alexia MaríaEstévez, EdurneRodríguez-Lozano, PabloSolagaistua, LibeRodríguez-Castillo, TamaraAristi, IbónMartínez, AingeruCatalán, Núria. Frontiers in Education 5 : 13 (2020) DIGITAL CSIC
Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) enable the study of large-scale ecological patterns in geographically dispersed areas, while simultaneously providing broad academic and personal benefits for the participants. However, the effective involvement of early-career researchers (ECRs) presents major challenges. Here, we analyze the benefits and challenges of the first CDE exclusively led and conducted by ECRs (i.e. ECR-CDE), which sets a baseline for similar CDEs, and we provide recommendations for successful CDE execution. ECR-CDEs achieve most of the outcomes identified in conventional CDEs as well as extensive benefits for the young cohort of researchers, including: (i) receiving scientific credit, (ii) peer-training in new concepts and methods, (iii) developing leadership and communication skills, (iv) promoting a peer network among ECRs, and (v) building on individual engagement and independence. We also discuss the challenges of ECR-CDEs, which are mainly derived from the lack of independence and instability of the participants, and we suggest mechanisms to address them, such as resource re-allocation and communication strategies. We conclude that ECR-CDEs can be a relevant tool to empower ECRs across disciplines by fostering their training, networking and personal well-being.


.
Modifiers: unix format
Next to the name, you can specify a format code. With (gnu) "gettext()", you often see this:
 printf gettext("approx pi: %.6f\n"), PI;
Locale::TextDomain has two ways:
 printf __"approx pi: %.6f\n", PI;
 print __x"approx pi: {approx}\n", approx => sprintf("%.6f", PI);
The first does not respect the wish to be able to reorder the arguments during translation (although there are ways to work around that) The second version is quite long. The content of the translation table differs between the examples.
With "Log::Report", above syntaxes do work, but you can also do:
 # with optional translations
 print __x"approx pi: {pi%.6f}\n", pi => PI;
The base for "__x()" is the printi() provided by this module. Internally, it will call "printi" to fill in parameters:
Another example:
 printi "{perms} {links%2d} {user%−8s} {size%10d} {fn}\n"
 , perms => '−rw−r−−r−−', links => 7, user =>'me'
 , size => 12345, fn => $filename;
An additional advantage is the fact that not all languages produce comparable length strings. Now, the translators can take care that the layout of tables is optimal. Above example in printp() syntax, shorter but less maintainable:
 printp "%s %2d %−8s 10d %s\n"
 , '−rw−r−−r−−', 7,'me', 12345, $filename;
Modifiers: unix format improvements
The POSIX "printf()" does not handle unicode strings. Perl does understand that the 's' modifier may need to insert utf8 so does not count bytes but characters. "printi()" does not use characters but "grapheme clusters" via Unicode::GCString. Now, also composed characters do work correctly.
Additionally, you can use the new 'S' conversion to count in columns. In fixed-width fonts, graphemes can have width 0, 1 or 2. For instance, Chinese characters have width 2. When printing in fixed-width, this 'S' is probably the better choice over 's'. When the field does not specify its width, then there is no performance penalty for using 'S'.
Modifiers: private modifiers
You may pass your own modifiers. A modifier consists of a selector and a CODE, which is called when the selector matches. The selector is either a string or a regular expression.
 # in Object Oriented syntax:
 my $f = String::Print−>new
 ( modifiers => [ qr/[XX]/ => \&money ]
 # in function syntax:
 use String::Print 'printi','sprinti'
 , modifiers => [ qr/[XX]/ => \&money ];
 # the implementation:
 sub money$$$$)
 { my ($formatter, $modif, $value, $args) = _USER_;
 $modif eq 'X'? sprintf("%.2f EUR", $value+0.0001)
 : $modif eq 'X'? sprintf("%.2f GBP", $value/1.16+0.0001)
 : 'ERROR';
Using printp() makes it a little shorter, but will become quite complex when there are more parameter in one string.
 printi "price: {pX}", p => $pi; # price: 3.14 EUR
 printi "price: {pX}", p => $pi; # price: 2.71 GBP
 printp "price: %{X}s", $pi; # price: 3.14 EUR
 printp "price: %{X}s", $pi; # price: 2.71 GBP
This is very useful in the translation context, where the translator can specify abstract formatting rules. As example, see the ( GNU ) gettext files, in the translation table for Dutch into English. The translator tells us which currency to use in the display.
 msgid "kostprijs: {pX}"
 msgstr "price: {pX}"
Another example. Now, we want to add timestamps. In this case, we decide for modifier names in "\w", so we need a blank to separate the parameter from the modifer.
 use POSIX qw/strftime/;
 use String::Print modifiers => [ qr/T|DT|D/ => \&_timestamp ];
 sub _timestamp($$$$)
 my $time_format
 = $modif eq 'T' ? '%T'
 : $modif eq 'D' ? '%F'
 : $modif eq 'DT'? '%FT%TZ'
 : 'ERROR';
 strftime $time_format, gmtime($value);
 printi "time: {t T}", t => $now; # time: 10:59:17
 printi "date: {t D }", t => $now; # date: 2013−04−13
 printi "both: {t DT}", t => $now; # both: 2013−04−13T10:59:17Z
 printp "time: %{T}s", $now; # time: 10:59:17
 printp "date: %{D}s", $now; # date: 2013−04−13
 printp "both: %{DT}s", $now; # both: 2013−04−13T10:59:17Z
Modifiers: stacking
You can add more than one modifier. The modifiers detect the extend of their own information (via a regular expression), and therefore the formatter understands where one ends and the next begins.
The modifiers are called in order:
 printi "price: {pX%9s}\n", p => $p; # price: XXX123.45
 printi ">{t T%10s}<", t => $now; # >XX12:59:17<
 printp "price: %9{X}s\n", $p; # price: XXX123.45
 printp ">%10{T}s<", $now; # >XX12:59:17<
Compared to other modules on CPAN
There are a quite a number of modules on CPAN which extend the functionality of "printf()". To name a few: String::Format <>, String::Errf , String::Formatter , Text::Sprintf::Named <>, Acme::StringFormat <>, Text::sprintf <>, Log::Sprintf <>, and String::Sprintf <>. They are all slightly different.
When the "String::Print" module was created, none of the modules mentioned above handled unicode correctly. Global configuration of serializers and modifiers is also usually not possible, sometimes provided per explicit function call. Only "String::Print" cleanly separates the roles of serializers, modifiers, and conversions.
"String::Print" is nicely integrated with Log::Report.
This module is part of String-Print distribution version 0.15, built on March 14, 2014. Website:−report/
Copyrights 2013−2014 by [Mark Overmeer]. For other contributors see ChangeLog.


the same amount.
There are plenty of vegan mac and cheese recipes which use cashew milk. It is not as popular as almond milk.
One down side is cashew milk cannot be used for someone who is allergic to nuts. Which is why you should use a cereal based milk.
10. Soy Milk
 - Taste Difference = Less Sweet! Mild Tasting!
 - Creaminess Level = Thicker Than Almond Milk! (Made with thickeners to improve consistency).
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened unflavored soy milk.
Soy milk can be used for making mac and cheese. As long as you are using a unflavored version. Otherwise a vanilla flavored one will be too strong.
The vanilla will make the mac and cheese taste very different. This is not recommended.
You can still use it, but the flavor will be a lot sweeter.
11. Almond Milk
 - Taste Difference = Sweeter!
 - Creaminess Level = Less Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Add more cheese or butter to thicken and make creamier.
Almond milk has enough of a neutral taste. Using it as a alternative to milk will not change your mac and cheese much.
Use the same amounts of almond milk as you would regular milk. Almond milk is slightly thinner and less creamy, so you can add thickeners like flour.
Also you could add in more butter or extra cheese to get the sauce creamier.
12. Hemp Seed Milk
 - Taste Difference = More Nutty Flavor!
 - Creaminess = More Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Use slightly less hemp milk than regular milk.
Hemp seed milk can be made faster than other milks. Since you don't have to strain it.
When using hemp seed milk for mac and cheese. There is going to be more of a nutty flavor.
Hemp seed milk is thicker than regular milk. So your mac and cheese will be creamier.
Since the flavor is earthy and nutty, you can use less hemp milk than regular milk. Add in some water to help spread it out, this is if you don't want to change the flavor of the mac and cheese much.
13. Oat Milk
 - Taste Difference = Sweeter!
 - Creaminess Level = About The Same as 2% Milk!
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened oat milk.
Oat milk has more natural sugars and this leads to a sweeter flavor. The thickness is similar to regular milk.
Don't use it to get a creamier mac and cheese. Since its not naturally thicker, although it is thicker than most nut milks.
Follow the recipe and use equal amounts of oat milk as you would dairy milk.
14. Rice Milk
 - Taste Difference = Very Close To Cow's Milk!
 - Creaminess Level = Less Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: May require some extra butter, or other thickeners.
Rice milk does taste similar to cows milk. So you will not ruin the mac and cheese. Rice milk is much more watery than regular milk.
This will not create a creamy mac and cheese, so add in more butter or cheese.
Overall I would not recommend using rice milk as an alternative. Since it is low in protein and has not added benefit.
15. Coconut Milk
 - Taste Difference = Coconut flavor!
 - Creaminess Level = More Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened.
You can find several recipes online using coconut milk for mac and cheese.
The best kind to use would be unsweetened, full fat coconut milk. Canned coconut milk works the best. It is much thicker and creamier.
The biggest downside is the coconut flavor, which is going to change the mac and cheese quite a bit.
16. Macadamia Milk
 - Taste Difference = Less flavor than dairy milk. No nutty flavor at all.
 - Creaminess Level = Very similar consistency but slightly less creamy than regular dairy skim milk.
 - Cooking Tip: Use equal amounts as you would dairy milk.
Macadamia milk is like a high end alternative to dairy milk. You will find it to be very similar in consistency to dairy milk and also is said to have a butter like taste.
There aren't many recipes online using macadamia milk for mac and cheese. Maybe because its become more popular recently.
I think you might find it to be one of the best choices for a milk substitute.
17. Pea Milk
 - Taste Difference = Flour and bitter taste, very similar to soy milk.
 - Creaminess Level = Thicker and "chalky" consistency compared to dairy milk.
 - Cooking Tip = Not much different than dairy milk. Use equal measurements as regular dairy milk. Maybe add in extra cheese to mask flavor more.
Pea milk can be a healthy alternative to dairy milk because it is high in protein. One of the problems is the flavor of regular unsweetened pea milk isn't well received.
This shouldn't be as much of a problem when making macaroni and cheese. As the cheese will mask the less desirable flavors.
The flavor can be described as being very similar to soy milk. Pea milk is slightly off white and darker in color than regular milk.
18. Hazelnut Milk
 - Taste Difference = Nutty and more sweet taste!
 - Creaminess Level = About as creamy as dairy milk.
 - Cooking Tip: Use sugar free and don't worry about thickening.
Hazelnut milk can be another option if you are trying to make a vegan mac and cheese. Also if you are trying to avoid dairy milk.
The taste of hazelnut milk is less bitter than other nut milks.
You will find that hazelnut milk is more expensive than other nut milks. Around $6 a gallon, which is more than dairy and double the price of soy or almond milk.
Can You Make Mac n Cheese Without Milk?
Macaroni and cheese does need a lot of liquid to help mix in the powder cheese and keep it from becoming too sticky. Milk works really well as the flavor isn't too strong or watery but also just creamy enough. But if you wanted to make mac and cheese without milk it is still possible.
In order to make mac and cheese without milk use either cream cheese or butter and melted cheese. Instead of a powdered cheese which requires a lot of liquid you can use shredded, cream or even slices of cheese. Heat the cheese and butter in a separate pan then drain your boiled noodles and combine the two.
Another method is to make a baked macaroni and cheese. You are going to want to make a cheese sauce. Which is much easier with cream cheese. Most recipes use whole milk and even flour for the cheese sauce. Either whip cream or cheese sauce should give you enough creaminess without having to use milk.
Making Mac and Cheese with Almond Milk Recipe
Read more: Best Desserts To Serve With Mac and Cheese
Eric M Wilkens
Related Articles


text:
It is important to understand the mechanical properties of single phase cementite in order to design the microstructure of advanced steels. Several papers have been published on mechanical properties of cementite embedded in steels or extracted from steels by electrolysis. However, single phase cementite is not documented. The purpose of this study is to prepare cementite films by the PVD method and to characterize their properties. We applied the electron-shower-assisted PVD method in order to produce a single phase cementite film (2.5 μm in thickness) in a C2H2 atmosphere at 523 K. The composition of the film was determined to be 70Fe-28C-2O (at.%). ESCA spectra indicated that the film was not contaminated with other metallic elements. The grain size of the film was revealed to be about 50 nm by AFM. The Vickers hardness was 1230 (under a load of 2.5 g) at room temperature, nearly equal to the value of 1270 of the cementite extracted from carbon steel by electrolysis. Temperature dependence of the hardness was measured up to 673 K. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio at room temperature were 160 GPa and 0.26, respectively.
|ジャーナル||Thin Solid Films|
|出版ステータス||Published - 1998 3月 21|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Gaps in the fossil record
From Iron Chariots Wiki
Revision as of 14:10, 11 September 2007 by Blue Lithium (Talk | contribs)
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The argument that there are gaps in the fossil record is used extremely commonly by apologists and is basically the same as saying that there are no transitional fossils. There are several large problems with this argument, however:
 1. When the The Origin of Species was first published the fossil record was very sparse and, thus, the amount of gaps it contained was very damning. However, as the years passed scientists found more and more fossils, thus decreasing the amount of gaps. Nowadays gaps do still exist, but in some places the gaps are very small and in some they're very large. It's not logical to state that the gaps that exist nowadays will never be filled.
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text:
ilers treat joints and tining can affect smoothness indices obtained from profile data. Hence, certifying profilers on asphalt surfaces and using the profilers to measure smoothness on concrete surfaces may not necessarily mean that comparable data are obtained by different profilers.
Early Age Changes in Roughness and Profile
Testing at the five projects indicated negligible built-in slab curling was present on the pavement. Curvature of slabs changed little over a 3½-month period, and no noticeable effect of changes in slab curvature affecting the IRI was noted.
A study performed on five projects indicated somewhat variable results in changes that occur in the IRI over the first 3 months after paving. In some projects, very little change in IRI was noted (within ± 5 percent). In some projects, changes up to ± 10 percent were noted. It is unclear whether these changes occurred because of changes in pavement profile or whether they were related to either equipment effects or lateral wander during profiling.
For a specific profiler, no significant changes in IRI were observed from measurements obtained when the 3-milimeter-(mm) (0.12-inch-) wide initial sawcut was present on the pavement and after the joint reservoir was sawed and sealed. Although a significant difference was not seen for the profilers used in this study, differences may nonetheless occur between these measurements in some profilers because of the different data filtering methods they use.
Based on the five projects used in this study, it appears that smoothness measurements can be performed at any time within the first few months of a pavement's life as long as the pavement is clean.
Use of Profile Data for Achieving Smoother Pavements
Usually smoothness indices like IRI are computed for each lane over a 161 m (528 ft) length. The IRI for the overall section does not provide any information on how IRI varies within the section or where rough spots within the section are located. A roughness profile of the section that shows how the roughness is distributed within the section can be used to investigate the spatial distribution of roughness and to see where rough spots within the section are located. The location of the rough spots can then be correlated to the construction process to obtain information on a specific construction event that occurred at that location and resulted in a high roughness value.
Advanced profile analysis techniques, such as power spectral density (PSD) plots, can be used to identify whether a roughness associated with a specific repetitive wavelength or a waveband significantly contributes to the roughness. Using such procedures on projects having problems in achieving the desired smoothness can help troubleshoot the cause for such problems.
Using roughness profiles as well as PSD plots on profile data collected at the start of a paving project will indicate whether any features in the profile are contributing to a high roughness. If such features are identified, they can be corrected at the start of the project.
Researchers-This study was performed by R.W. Perera and S.D. Kohn of Soil and Materials Engineers, Inc., Plymouth, MI and S. Tayabji of Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MD.
Distribution-This Tech Brief is being distributed according to a standard distribution. Direct distribution is being made to the Divisions and Resource Centers.
Availability-The report will be available in summer 2005 and may be obtained from the FHWA Product Distribution Center by e-mail to _EMAIL_, by fax to _PHONE_, or by phone to _PHONE_.
Key Words-Concrete pavement, concrete properties, concrete mix design, pavement construction, pavement testing, pavement smoothness, pavement performance, inertial profilers, profile measurements
Notice-This Tech Brief is disseminated under sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The Tech Brief provides a synopsis of the study's final publication. It does not establish policies or regulations, nor does it imply FHWA endorsement of the conclusions or recommendations. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or their use.


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KHAN, African Caracal
This male caracal's parents were rescued when they were kittens in South Africa. Caracals move their young every day to protect them from predators. Khan's mother was seen being dropped and abandoned when she was disturbed. While caracals are considered endangered in parts of their range, in South Africa, they are treated as vermin, so Khan's parents could not be released back into the wild. Instead, they were shipped to a breeder in the US to promote education about this rare and magnificent species.


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Definition of bellowing
p. pr. & vb. n. - of Bellow 2
The word "bellowing" uses 9 letters: B E G I L L N O W.
Direct anagrams of bellowing:
Adding one letter to bellowing does not form any other word in this word list.Words within bellowing not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from bellowing by changing one letter
Browse words starting with bellowing by next letter


Governorates of Italian East Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The 6 AOI governorates
The governorates of Italian East Africa (A.O.I) formed the first level of country subdivision. The territory was divided into 6 Governments. Existed until 1938 the Governorate of Addis Ababa, whose territory was integrated in the new government of Shoa, with a municipal administration.
The governments were ruled by a governor assisted by a Governing Council, whose members the highest authorities of the Government. The Governments of Amhara, Galla and Sidamo, Harar and Shoa constituting the Italian Empire of Ethiopia, who was about half of the Ethiopian state until 1936.
The governments were divided into the government commissioner, ruled by a government commissioner assisted by a Deputy Commissioner, usually also the owner of the residence in the central town of the Commissioner. The commissioners were divided into residences, sometimes divided into Vice Residences.
As a rule, the seat of the High Commissioner was provided with primary schools, post office and telegraph, infirmary with a doctor, runway for airplanes. The residences's locations were equipped with a post office, telegraph and infirmary with a doctor.
English Italian Capital Population Abbrev. Targa
Amhara Governorate Amara Gondar 2.000.000 ab. AM Coat of arms of Amhara governorate-2.svg
Eritrea Governorate Eritrea Asmara 1.000.000 ab. ER Coat of arms of Eritrea (_PHONE_).svg
Harrar Governorate Harar Harrar 1.300.000 ab. HA Coat of arms of harar governorate.svg
Galla-Sidamo Governorate Galla e Sidama Jimma/Gimma 1.600.000 ab. GS Coat of arms of Galla-Sidamo governorate.svg
Scioa Governorate [1] Scioà Addis Abeba 300.000 ab. SC Coat of arms of Scioa governorate.svg
Somalia Governorate also Somali Governorate[1] Somalia Mogadishu/Mogadiscio 1.300.000 ab. SOM Coat of arms of Italian Somaliland governorate.svg
External links[edit]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Apis Networks - Engineered Hosting


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Buchtitel: Actes des 16 Journ Bases de Donn Avanc, Blois, France, 24-27 Octobre 2000
In this paper, we propose the algorithm Pascal which introduces a novel optimization of the well-known algorithm Apriori. Being provided with a given minsup threshold, Pascal discovers all frequent patterns by performing as few counting as possible. In order to derive the support of larger patterns without accessing the database whenever it is possible, we use the knowledge about the support of some of their sub-patterns, the so-called key patterns. Experiments comparing Pascal to the three algorithms Apriori, Close and Max-Miner, each of which being representative of a frequent patterns discovery strategy, show that Pascal is the most eÆcient algorithm for extracting patterns from strongly correlated data. Moreover, its execution times are equivalent to those of Apriori and Max-Miner when data is weakly correlated.


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Reflex action is a rapid automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus which is not under the control of the brain.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, we immediately move our hand away from it. So moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action.
A knee jerk, coughing, yawning, blinking of eyes, sneezing, salivation, movement of diaphragm during breathing are all examples of reflex actions.
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a reflex arc.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, this heat is sensed by a heat receptor (Thermo receptor) in our hand.
The receptor starts an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord.
The impulse is passed to the relay neuron, which is in turn passes to motor neuron.
The motor neuron passes the impulse to a muscle in our arm.
The muscle of arm is an effector organ because it responds to the stimulus.
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neurons
Effector organs ← motor neurons ← spinal cord
Dear students this is the diagram of reflex arc.
Dear students If diagram of reflex arc is asked
Animals have five sense organs.
1. Photoreceptor - respond to light……..eyes
2. Phonorceptor - respond to sound……ears
3. Olfactory receptor - respond to smell…….nose
4. Chemoreceptor - respond to chemicals…tongue
5. Thermo receptor - respond to heat ……..skin


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Tasmania's ageing population matters because as people get older they become more reliant on the services provided by governments (for example pensions, health and aged care). Dave Hunt/AAP
Tasmania can't only rely on a growing population for an economic boost
While Tasmania is currently experiencing its highest rate of population growth since the global financial crisis, this won't necessarily lead to an automatic economic windfall for the state.
Both the Liberal and Labor parties in Tasmania's election campaign are supporting population targets as a means to boost the economy.
Read more: Tasmanian election likely to be close, while Labor continues to lead federally
Some say Tasmania's smaller population is an asset to the state's unique character, others believe it condemns the state to mediocrity and holds us back.
But what's usually ignored in the typical BBQ conversation is that it's actually the composition of the population that really matters.
It is unrealistic for these political parties to expect population growth rates to be maintained or increase by themselves as population growth is not linear. The drivers of population change in Tasmania are the population age structure and the state's relative economic performance with the rest of the country. Tasmania needs the ability to retain and/or attract families to live and work there.
A long standing population policy
In March 2013, the then opposition leader for the Liberal Party, Will Hodgman, announced a population target of 650,000 Tasmanians by 2050. This was based on a population growth rate of 0.6% per annum, the average rate of growth over the previous decade.
Previous Labor governments had asserted that population growth would occur naturally alongside a strong economy and so a specific population strategy was not required.
When the Hodgman Liberal government took office in March 2014, it developed and released a population strategy aiming to reverse Tasmania's projected population decline and put Tasmania on a population growth trajectory.
Population change occurs as a result of natural increase (more births than deaths) and migration (in Tasmania's case both interstate and overseas migration).
Historically, around 60% of Tasmania's population growth has occurred from natural increase. However, the state's population continues to age and the number and proportion of women of reproductive age continues to decline. So the usual natural increase will wane as the gap between births and deaths reduces.
Migration will need to increase considerably to replace this projected slowing down and to achieve both the short term population targets desired by the Property Council and the longer term objectives of the Tasmanian Liberal government. Even with increased migration (interstate and overseas) of families, they will then need to have at least two children to ensure population replacement is possible.
However, historically Tasmania has always gained more older people (those aged 45 and over) and lost more younger, working and reproductive aged people (those aged 19 to 39). This is primarily due to a lack of employment opportunities..
This trend reduces the proportion of the population that is younger - and increases the proportion of the population that is older. In comparison with the rest of Australia, Tasmania is seeing this happen at a faster rate, even in times of stronger population growth.
Impact on Tasmania's economy
Tasmania's ageing population matters because as people get older they become more reliant on the services provided by governments (for example pensions, health and aged care). These services are funded by the taxpayer; however in ageing populations, taxpayers are diminishing in supply.
Of course this is not to say that older people are not valuable contributors to the community and economy, particularly those who are active, engaged and self-funded in their retirement.
Read more: Will elections in 2018 see 2017's left-wing revival continue?
Older people can also contribute to the state's economy as consumers in labour intensive sectors like retail and hospitality and the health and care services. These all create employment opportunities for Tasmanians. Over a third of all new jobs projected over the next five years in Tasmania are in the healthcare and social assistance sector (5,300 additional jobs).
These economic and employment opportunities will need to be carefully managed as the Tasmanian workforce becomes increasingly dominated by industry sectors that are largely publicly funded.
The Tasmanian Liberals' three-pronged plan focuses on job creation and workforce development, supporting interstate and overseas migration, and promoting Tasmania's liveability and lifestyle. Labor's intent is to invest in essential services, build productive infrastructure and promote the creation of secure and stable jobs.
Both plans are laudable in achieving potential growth. However, to effectively change the age structure of the population (and longer term population growth), these policies will need to be targeted to those of working and reproductive age.
While targeted population growth is important for Tasmania in meeting the challenges of an ageing population and a growing economy, population change needs to be planned for. A stable age structure with a population balanced between the working age and non-working age will provide a platform for proactive and consistent economic development policy.
This in turn will provide greater confidence for the private sector to invest in the state over the longer term, increasing the propensity for growth and the potential prosperity for all Tasmanians.
Population growth for growth's sake (as a proxy for economic growth), without consideration for the economic and social implications this creates, might actually result in a type which puts at risk the longer term economic viability of the state.
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Survey: 3 of 4 Parents Say Their Kids Are Spoiled by the Holidays
Do your kids get bratty at the holidays? If they do, you're not alone. Parenting and TODAY Moms surveyed more than 6,000 parents to find out how much they really spend on holiday gifts, if they feel pressure to buy everything their kids want, and how their kids respond to the onslaught of presents.
 - 3 out of 4 parents admit their kids are spoiled to some degree
 - 59% say their kids are more spoiled than they were as kids
 - Only 30% always require their kids to write thank-you notes
Plus: Kids' Worst Spoiled Brat Moments
Read the full results of the survey, including the jaw-dropping average amount of money parents spend on each kid at the holidays. Then tell us: do your kids ever exhibit less-than-grateful behavior at the holidays?
Also, join TODAY contributor and parenting expert Amy McCready, author of If I Have To Tell You One More Time, on TODAY Moms' Facebook page Tuesday at 1 p.m. ET for a live chat about how to un-spoil your children (or avoid spoiling them in the first place!).


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In nuclear plants, the inspection of heat exchanger tubes is usually carried out by using eddy current nondestructive testing. A numerical model, based on a volume integral approach using the Green's dyadic formalism, has been developed, with support from the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, to predict the response of an eddy current bobbin coil to 3D flaws located in the tube's wall. With an aim of integrating this model into the NDE multi techniques platform CIVA, it has been validated with experimental data for 2D and 3D flaws.
G. Pichenot1, D. Prémel1, T. Sollier1, V. Maillot2
1 C.E.A. Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
2 I.R.S.N, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France


10 things not to do when you're making music
Make sure you're using your time efficiently
MusicRadar is always advising you on the things that you should be doing when you're making music, but what about the things that you shouldn't?
We've put together a list of the most common bad habits – if you've fallen into one, it's time to get out of it…
1. Work with the TV/radio on
It might be tempting to have MTV running in the background, keeping you company on long sessions, but turn it off now. As anyone who has walked into a pub with a silent TV playing knows, moving images are an annoying distraction.
If you need a rest from your work, then actually take one. Leave the room, get some fresh air, do something different. Return to your work refreshed, focused and free from distractions.
2. Constantly rework a track
If your new track isn't working after a couple of attempts, then abandon it, at least temporarily. Either it was never that good in the first place or you've lost your artistic perspective. That might never return, so stop wasting your time and work on something new.
Alternatively, you could do some serious soul-searching. What exactly is it that you're trying to achieve with your music? Why haven't you achieved it? What steps can you take to ensure that this spiral of re-working never occurs again?
3. Throw in the kitchen sink
We've lost count of the number of tracks that have been spoilt by a programmer throwing in too many sounds, filling every sonic hole in the arrangement. It often happens when they've lost perspective on what the track requires.
Less is more. If your song doesn't sound good stripped back to a simple vocal and supporting harmony part (such as a pad or guitar), it's probably not a good song. Stop programming through your tracks and try and be a musician instead.
4. Doodle aimlessly
It's not very satisfying stringing beats together with no purpose other than to kill time. Eventually, you'll start to associate your musical activity with a nagging sense of underachievement. You need to be inspired and inspiring whenever you work on a new track, so only fire up your DAW when you have work to do. Kill time with games, not music – it's too important.
5. Think you can produce anything
The best piece of advice for producers we've ever heard was from William Orbit, who said that to be a great producer you should only work with artists whose work you love. You can't produce a band or song you don't like. How would you know when the record is finished, when you completely hate it? Be choosey with your time. Only work on music you love.
6. Work when tired
Sometimes it's unavoidable, especially if you're on tight deadlines. But great work is 5% inspiration, 95% perspiration. If you must work at midnight, make sure that you're doing the laborious, simple tasks that require little creative thought. If you're attempting to write a new song when all your energy is coming from coffee rather than inspiration, you've gone wrong somewhere. Go to bed.
7. Copy someone else
You can waste a lot of time copying someone else's work, then trying to hide your workings so as not to get caught. If you're sampling someone else's record, then cutting it up 'to be on the safe side' you're wasting vast amounts of time. Couldn't you have achieved the same result more quickly by actually making the sample yourself?
8. Work with an idiot
Having tiresome bores around when you need to get on with your work is annoying. If you must work with a singer who you can't stand, it might be good to arrange your working schedule so that they can't sit with you throughout your mixing session. You'll need to involve them again later, but don't let them distract you constantly.
9. Buy a new synth/plug-in to rescue your creativity
Creativity, like boredom, is a state of mind. No one ever successfully recovers from writer's block or the 'bored programmer syndrome' by purchasing a new piece of kit. So, rather than buying more stuff to excite you, how about deleting a whole load of plug-ins and working with just three?
10. Settle for second best
The music world is ridiculously competitive, so if you're being lazy with your work, how can you expect to be taken seriously? Work hard, work effectively and retain a sense of perspective. There are no easy rides left in the music game – every note you play and every lyric you write should hurt a little!
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How does Smartcat handle repetitions?
During the project word count analysis, Smartcat identifies segments that are repeated both inside individual documents but also across all the documents in a project. Smartcat offers multiple options to deal with these repetitions. These options can be selected by the project manager in which case they will apply to all project participants. If no option is selected by the PM, the translation team will be free to choose how to deal with the repetitions individually. That last option might not be ideal as it might lead to uneven workloads since some users might choose not to share repetitions with the rest of the team.
The project manager can choose the repetition options in the Files tab of the project page:
This will bring up the following dialog box:
Option (1) is the main option - this will tell Smartcat that repeated segments are to be propagated automatically throughout the project when checked. Option (2) indicates how to deal with repetitions are using a different case (lower or upper): Use the original case - When inserting the repetition, Smartcat will match the case of the new segment. For example if the previous segment was "continued" but the new segment is "Continued", the text will be replaced automatically because it's a text repetition, but the translation will start with an upper case letter to match the new segment. Use the match case - Smartcat will ignore the capitalization of the new segment and use what was used in the segment that was previously translated. In our last example, the translation would now start with a lower case letter.
Option (3) instructs Smartcat to propagate translation to segments even if they have been confirmed already. This is helpful if for example the translators goes back to a repeated segments and makes a change.
And finally option (4) instructs Smartcat to apply the status of the current segment to all the other repeated segments. So once the translator marks the segment confirmed for one stage, all other repetitions will be confirmed as well for that stage.
In the editor, the translation team can change the auto-propagation options if the PM has not selected any.
Inside the editor, there is also an option to exclude segments from repetitions. Repetitions are indicated by a down arrow under the segment number:
By clicking on the arrow, we can mark the segment as being excluded from repetitions:
This can be useful when dealing with titles or picture caption where sentence can be cut in half and we don't want these segments to be repeated.
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Bloab Rotspawned
From Age of Sigmar - Lexicanum
Jump to: navigation, search
Bloab on Bilespurter
Bloab Rotspawned the Lord of the Daemon-Flies [1]
He was first a great mortal champion of a tribe that worshipped the Chaos god Nurgle, however his divine patron was offended by his constant sadistic treatment of small animals and insects. In response the god sent a mass of daemon-flies into the champions cave whne he was slumbering, whilst their thousands of eggs were laid within him and the emerging maggots began to consume his flesh. Hollowed out, the fleshy sack was unable to perish - a painful lesson that was learned well by the champion. Bloab now spreads teeming, pestilent life throughout the Mortal Realms, even granted a Maggoth steed, Bilespurter.[1]
Tornus the Redeemed slew the him during the Realmgate Wars but he arose anew, and it is said as long as the swarm survives, so does he.[1]
Nurgle Rotbringers
Armoury - Artwork - Miniatures


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Simple Definition of accretion
: a gradual process in which layers of a material are formed as small amounts are added over time
: something that has grown or accumulated slowly : a product or result of gradual growth
Full Definition of accretion
1 : the process of growth or enlargement by a gradual buildup: as a : increase by external addition or accumulation (as by adhesion of external parts or particles) b : the increase of land by the action of natural forces
2 : a product of accretion; especially : an extraneous addition
Examples of accretion in a sentence
rocks formed by the slow accretion of limestone
There was an accretion of ice on the car's windshield.
Origin of accretion
Latin accretion-, accretio, from accrescere — more at accrue
First Known Use: 1615
Medical Definition of accretion
Legal Definition of accretion
1 : the process or a result of growth or enlargement: as a : the increase or extension of the boundaries of land or the consequent acquisition of land accruing to the owner by the gradual or imperceptible action of natural forces (as by the washing up of sand or soil from the sea or a river or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark); also : accession in which the boundaries of land are enlarged by this process — compare avulsion, reliction b : increase in the amount or extent of any kind of property or in the value of any property Editor's note: Accretion in value of the principal of a trust is generally not considered income. c : enlargement of a bargaining unit by the addition of new employees
2 in the civil law of Louisiana : the passing to an heir or conjoint legatee of the right to accept a portion of a succession resulting from the failure of a coheir or colegatee to take his or her own share
Learn More about accretion
Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for "accretion" Medical Dictionary: Definition of "accretion" Spanish Central: Translation of "accretion" Nglish: Translation of "accretion" for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of "accretion" for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about "accretion"
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up accretion? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


Study finds starfish shed arms to protect against overheating
May 31, 2013 by Bob Yirka report
A Starfish in Mauritius. Credit: Alain Feulvarch/Wikipedia
( —A team of marine biologists has found that some starfish lose a leg when faced with too-warm environmental conditions. In their paper published in The Journal of Experimental Biology, the researchers describe what they witnessed as they subjected 70 starfish to various heated environments and filmed the results with infrared cameras.
Starfish are considered to be a cold-blooded animal—they can't adjust their internal temperature as environmental temperatures change. Because of this, they are at the mercy of weather conditions. This can be a problem for them when tidewater recedes leaving them stranded on a beach exposed to the hot sun. Until now, most biologists have believed that starfish, like most other, have a uniform reflective of the temperature around them.
To find out how the starfish survived changes in heat, the research team captured 70 ochre starfish found living off the California shore and subjected them to heat related tests. Groups of the starfish were put into different tanks with different temperatures and were then filmed using an to see what was going on with heat distribution inside of their bodies. To their surprise, they found that the temperature in the legs of the starfish was different than that of their core—the disk at the center of their legs that holds their. They also found that starfish have a definite limit on core temperature—if it reaches 35 C they die. Most remarkably of all they discovered that if the starfish were subjected to for very long, they would engage in abscission (intentional shedding of a body part) of their legs.
More specifically, the team found that all of the starfish were able to keep their central disk 3 C to 5 C cooler than their arms, suggesting that the animals were using their legs as heat sinks. In extreme cases, the diversion of heat to arms would cause the arms to shrivel up and fall off—though that shouldn't be a problem for them as starfish are able to regenerate lost legs.
The findings by the team are the first time that arm loss in an animal has been seen to be attributable to thermal regulation. They also show that not all starfish leg loss is due to predators.
Explore further: Thousands of starfish found dead on beach
More information: Survival and arm abscission are linked to regional heterothermy in an intertidal sea star, J Exp Biol 216, 2183-2191 doi: 10.1242/jeb.083881, June 15, 2013.
Body temperature is a more pertinent variable to physiological stress than ambient air temperature. Modeling and empirical studies on the impacts of climate change on ectotherms usually assume that body temperature within organisms is uniform. However, many ectotherms show significant within-body temperature heterogeneity. The relationship between regional heterothermy and the response of ectotherms to sublethal and lethal conditions remains underexplored. We quantified within-body thermal heterogeneity in an intertidal sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) during aerial exposure at low tide to examine the lethal and sublethal effects of temperatures of different body regions. In manipulative experiments, we measured the temperature of the arms and central disc, as well as survival and arm abscission under extreme aerial conditions. Survival was related strongly to central disc temperature. Arms were generally warmer than the central disc in individuals that survived aerial heating, but we found the reverse in those that died. When the central disc reached sublethal temperatures of 31–35°C, arms reached temperatures of 33–39°C, inducing arm abscission. The absolute temperature of individual arms was a poor predictor of arm abscission, but the arms lost were consistently the hottest at the within-individual scale. Therefore, the vital region of this sea star may remain below the lethal threshold under extreme conditions, possibly through water movement from the arms to the central disc and/or evaporative cooling, but at the cost of increased risk of arm abscission. Initiation of arm abscission seems to reflect a whole-organism response while death occurs as a result of stress acting directly on central disc tissues.
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This reproduction of an early metamorphosis book from Germany dates from the later 19th century, but its exact origin is unknown. The earliest examples of this toy have been found from the 17th century. Commonly called "harlequindes" or "turn ups" they were connected to the theater shows of the time. In the 19th century, this technique had evolved into creating changeable faces and bodies.
This book consists of 8 pages, with each single page holding 4 different characters, each divided into thirds (head, body, and legs). The matching sections are tied together with great ingenuity with greater combination possibilities than is usually found in books of this sort.
This book is made of thick paper and measures 8.5 X 5.5 inches ( 21.6 X 14 cm)


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suppose I have independent random variables $X_i$ which are distributed binomially via $$X_i \sim \mathrm{Bin}(n_i, p_i)$$.
Are there relatively simple formulae or at least bounds for the distribution $$S = \sum_i X_i$$ avaialble?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
See this paper (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens).
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I have the same question and i read the paper (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens). unfortunately the approximations are not clear to me ( for example how are the probabilities in Table 2 calculated?) – May Dec 6 '12 at 22:33
_USER_: I had the same problem these days and I ended up using the explicit formula given in the linked paper. Should be fine if you don't have too many samples. – Michael Kuhn Dec 7 '12 at 20:26
_USER_: so you used poisson binomial distribution function, unfortunately I have many samples and I need to use an approximation. – May Dec 11 '12 at 0:16
_USER_: These seems to be an R package for this distribution: – Michael Kuhn Dec 11 '12 at 9:09
_USER_: thank you. I also found this paper – May Dec 11 '12 at 15:40
This answer provides an R implementation of the explicit formula from the paper linked in the accepted answer (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens). (This code can in fact be used to combine any two independent probability distributions):
# explicitly combine two probability distributions, expecting a vector of
# probabilities (first element = count 0)
combine.distributions <- function(a, b) {
 # because of the following computation, make a matrix with more columns than rows
 if (length(a) < length(b)) {
 t <- a
 a <- b
 b <- t
 # explicitly multiply the probability distributions
 m <- a %*% t(b)
 # initialized the final result, element 1 = count 0
 result <- rep(0, length(a)+length(b)-1)
 # add the probabilities, always adding to the next subsequent slice
 # of the result vector
 for (i in 1:nrow(m)) {
 result[i:(ncol(m)+i-1)] <- result[i:(ncol(m)+i-1)] + m[i,]
a <- dbinom(0:1000, 1000, 0.5)
b <- dbinom(0:2000, 2000, 0.9)
ab <- combine.distributions(a, b)
ab.df <- data.frame( N = 0:(length(ab)-1), p = ab)
plot(ab.df$N, ab.df$p, type="l")
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One short answer is that a normal approximation still works well as long as the variance $\sigma^2 = \sum n_i p_i(1-p_i)$ is not too small. Compute the average $\mu = \sum n_i p_i$ and the variance, and approximate $S$ by $N(\mu,\sigma)$.
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Unfortunately, I cannot say anything about the Variance. In what direction would the normal approximation go? – Lagerbaer Mar 30 '11 at 22:31
Do you mean, "is the normal approximation an overestimate or an underestimate?" That depends on the range of values you are considering. Both distributions have total mass $1$. – Douglas Zare Mar 30 '11 at 23:29
I'd be interested in an estimate on the expected value. – Lagerbaer Mar 31 '11 at 3:03
To use a normal approximation, you have to know the mean and variance. (To use the more complicated approximations in the paper PEV cited, you need more information, such as the first 4 moments.) If you don't know the expected value, then what do you know about these binomial summands? – Douglas Zare Apr 3 '11 at 4:41
I know $n_i$ and $p_i$ of each of the summands, and hence I know the expected value and variance of each of the summands. – Lagerbaer Apr 3 '11 at 4:44
Your Answer


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I am looking for methods that take into account rotation as well as translation for continuous collision detection.
My broad phase algorithm uses swept maximal bounding spheres returning a start time when the objects will be within their maximum radius.
I have two ideas how to handle the next phase of collision detection:
1 ignore rotation:
A simplified collision I am considering is to ignore rotation from the beginning of the narrow phase and use a GJK representation to raycast the relative motion of the objects to the origin. This should give an intersection time by a raycast against a convex hull. This method will result in colliding objects to stop rotating for a portion of the time step, and can miss collision due to rotation over the timestep.
2 bisection search:
Doing a bisection search of instantaneous GJK tests at increasingly smaller intervals, presumably down to a fixed size. If a collision is detected then only earlier points in the bisection need be considered (reducing the search space), but to rule out collision completely the full space needs to be searched. This seems fairly expensive and can still miss collisions where the periodicity of motion is between the test points.
I have found some indication that dual numbers or dual quaternions + screw theory may have some application but it seems like an advanced topic and so far the only game-related application I have found is in mesh deformation, not collision detection. Screw theory seems promising, but I'm not sure it applies to situations where the axis of rotation is not the same as the axis of translation, or if that is just a sub-set of certain screw motions.
Some possible resources:
Edited by PrestoChung, 19 October 2013 - 10:42 PM.


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escript provides support for running short Erlang programs without having to compile them first and an easy way to retrieve the command line arguments.
escript runs a script written in Erlang.
Here follows an example.
$ cat factorial #!/usr/bin/env escript %% -*- erlang -*- %%! -smp enable -sname factorial -mnesia debug verbose main([String]) -> try \011N = list_to_integer(String), \011F = fac(N), \011io:format("factorial ~w = ~w\ ", [N,F]) catch \011_:_ -> \011 usage() end; main(_) -> usage(). usage() -> io:format("usage: factorial integer\ "), halt(1). fac(0) -> 1; fac(N) -> N * fac(N-1). $ factorial 5 factorial 5 = 120 $ factorial usage: factorial integer $ factorial five usage: factorial integer
The header of the Erlang script in the example differs from a normal Erlang module. The first line is intended to be the interpreter line, which invokes escript. However if you invoke the escript like this
$ escript factorial 5
the contents of the first line does not matter, but it cannot contain Erlang code as it will be ignored.
The second line in the example, contains an optional directive to the Emacs editor which causes it to enter the major mode for editing Erlang source files. If the directive is present it must be located on the second line.
On the third line (or second line depending on the presence of the Emacs directive), it is possible to give arguments to the emulator, such as
%%! -smp enable -sname factorial -mnesia debug verbose
Such an argument line must start with %%! and the rest of the line will interpreted as arguments to the emulator.
If you know the location of the escript executable, the first line can directly give the path to escript. For instance:
As any other kind of scripts, Erlang scripts will not work on Unix platforms if the execution bit for the script file is not set. (Use chmod +x script-name to turn on the execution bit.)
The rest of the Erlang script file may either contain Erlang source code, an inlined beam file or an inlined archive file.
An Erlang script file must always contain the function main/1. When the script is run, the main/1 function will be called with a list of strings representing the arguments given to the script (not changed or interpreted in any way).
If the main/1 function in the script returns successfully, the exit status for the script will be 0. If an exception is generated during execution, a short message will be printed and the script terminated with exit status 127.
To return your own non-zero exit code, call halt(ExitCode); for instance:
Call escript:script_name/0 from your to script to retrieve the pathname of the script (the pathname is usually, but not always, absolute).
If the file contains source code (as in the example above), it will be processed by the preprocessor epp. This means that you for example may use pre-defined macros (such as?MODULE) as well as include directives like the -include_lib directive. For instance, use
to include the record definitions for the records used by the file:read_link_info/1 function.
The script will be checked for syntactic and semantic correctness before being run. If there are warnings (such as unused variables), they will be printed and the script will still be run. If there are errors, they will be printed and the script will not be run and its exit status will be 127.
Both the module declaration and the export declaration of the main/1 function are optional.
By default, the script will be interpreted. You can force it to be compiled by including the following line somewhere in the script file:
Execution of interpreted code is slower than compiled code. If much of the execution takes place in interpreted code it may be worthwhile to compile it, even though the compilation itself will take a little while.
As mentioned earlier, it is possible to have a script which contains precompiled beam code. In a precompiled script, the interpretation of the script header is exactly the same as in a script containing source code. That means that you can make a beam file executable by prepending the file with the lines starting with #! and %%! mentioned above. In a precompiled script, the function main/1 must be exported.
As yet another option it is possible to have an entire Erlang archive in the script. In a archive script, the interpretation of the script header is exactly the same as in a script containing source code. That means that you can make an archive file executable by prepending the file with the lines starting with #! and %%! mentioned above. In an archive script, the function main/1 must be exported. By default the main/1 function in the module with the same name as the basename of the escript file will be invoked. This behavior can be overridden by setting the flag -escript main Module as one of the emulator flags. The Module must be the name of a module which has an exported main/1 function. See code(3) for more information about archives and code loading.
In many cases it is very convenient to have a header in the escript, especially on Unix platforms. But the header is in fact optional. This means that you directly can "execute" an Erlang module, beam file or archive file without adding any header to them. But then you have to invoke the script like this:
$ escript factorial.erl 5 factorial 5 = 120 $ escript factorial.beam 5 factorial 5 = 120 $ escript factorial.zip 5 factorial 5 = 120
- Compile the escript regardless of the value of the mode attribute.
- Debug the escript. Starts the debugger, loads the module containing the main/1 function into the debugger, sets a breakpoint in main/1 and invokes main/1. If the module is precompiled, it must be explicitly compiled with the debug_info option.
- Interpret the escript regardless of the value of the mode attribute.
- Only perform a syntactic and semantic check of the script file. Warnings and errors (if any) are written to the standard output, but the script will not be run. The exit status will be 0 if there were no errors, and 127 otherwise.


Get Ready, Set, Goooooooo!!!!!
F/7.1, 1/160, ISO 500.
Tufted Titmouse
Why did the artist bring a pencil and paper to a duel?
He wanted to draw his weapon.
Interesting Fact: Tufted Titmice flit from branch to branch of the forest canopy looking for food, often in the company of other species including nuthatches, chickadees, kinglets, and woodpeckers. When they find large seeds, such as the sunflower seeds they take from bird feeders, titmice typically hold the seed with their feet and hammer it open with their beaks. ( )
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text:
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer
According to the report released by Engineers Australia (EA), civil engineers are in a strong demand in Australia with highest vacancies in NSW, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), as compared to the other disciplines. The reason behind such a high demand of Civil Engineers in Australia are major infrastructure projects in NSW such as Metro Trains Project in Victoria, the Sydney Rapid Transit Project, the West Connex Project, and the large-scale solar projects.
Australia has witnessed a major growth of jobs during recent years. The industrial growth has bestowed due to upsurge in economy as well as in the state of technology. It leads to the abundance engineer jobs in Australia. The requirement of civil engineers has hastily rose with the increase of infrastructure projects which is the main factor that contributes to the overall development of the country. Hence, many skillful professionals are invited from all over the world, which gives civil engineers a good opportunity to improve their future.
CDR sample for Civil Engineers comprises all the required reports like Curriculum Vitae (CV), continuing Professional Development (CPD), three Career Episodes (CE) and Summary Statement. The CDR Report Samples includes following contents:
Curriculum Vitae (CV): CV / Resume for Engineers Australia Assessment based on a professional template.
Continuing Professional Development (CPD): CPD for Engineers Australia Migration Skills assessment clarifies the Engineering Knowledge of the applicant – 250 words.
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 1: "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building" – 1800 words
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 2: "Demolition Former Caltex Depot" – 1750 words
Civil Engineer Career Episode Sample 3: "Design of Campus Local Structure Plan" – 1765 words
Civil Engineer Summary Statement Sample: Summary Statement for Competency Demonstration Report Australia is a Detail explanation of all the competency element – 1770 words.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 1
Project Name: Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building
The first Career Episode is related to the project the author carried out for the fulfillment of the degree of Civil Engineering. The project's name was "Design and Analysis of Multi-Storey Building" and his roles were:
- To collect the necessary information regarding the required procedure to design a multi-storey building and the theory involved behind that.
- To design the slabs: roof slab and floor slab for the building.
- To select the materials required for designing the building's beams.
- To calculate the superimposed load for designing the building's columns.
- To determine the bearing capacity of the soil for the foundation of the building to hold the structure above it.
- Lastly, to design a staircase for accessing different floors of the building.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 2
Project Name: Demolition Former Caltex Depot
In second Career Episode, the author discusses the project entitled "Demolition Former Caltex Depot" which he performed for Master's Degree in Civil Engineering. The major tasks performed in this project are:
- To collect all the relevant information for the depot in a safe.
- To develop the methodology of the project and workflow diagram to implement the work in accordance with the time frame.
- To generate the demolition and remediation management plan for a safe working environment and to draw site mapping with the use of AutoCAD software.
- To perform the mathematical calculations in order to estimate the budget of project and analyze its economic feasibility.
- To use tracking equipment for tracking the resources implied in the demolition site.
To monitor and supervise the project work to make sure that it is completed in the given time frame.
Civil Engineer CDR Sample: Career Episode 3
Project Name: Design of Campus Local Structure Plan
In the third Career Episode, the author explains the project he was involved in during his undergraduate program and was entitled "Design of Campus Local Structure Plan". His roles were:
- To perform a site survey of the area so as to understand its complex aspects.
- To linear the task flow of the project through the development of methodology.
- To carry out the orientation of street which was based on loosely defined north-south grid across the subject land and designed subdivisions for construction of Wall.
- To prepare the landscape design.
- To design public transport.
- To design the connector streets for the neighborhood.
- To carry out water management and tabulate the results of the project in the report.
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer: Consolidated Summary Statement
This Summary statement sample, one of the section of competency demonstration report CDR sample, consist of a consolidated report to describe all the 16 competencies element that accurately summarizes how the author/engineer fulfills the required competencies, based on the mentioned career episodes (one, two and three).
CDR Sample for Civil Engineer: CPD (statement)
A one page document that shows how the author/engineer has developed his /her career track so that he/she should be assessed by Engineers Australia for Migration Skills Assessment in the engineering occupation he/she desires.


How to Convert HVAC Tons to Amps
An air conditioner's cooling capacity is measured in tons.
-•• Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
In the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) industry, tons are used as a way to measure an air conditioner's cooling capacity. In particular, one HVAC ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTUs per hour. One BTU refers to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. To convert tons to amps, you must first convert tons to BTUs per hour, after which you can convert this value to watts, then use the formula amps = watts / volts to solve for amps.
 Convert tons to BTUs per hour by multiplying it by 12,000. Given an air conditioner with 2 tons of cooling power, for instance, multiply two by 12,000 to get 24,000 BTUs / hour.
 Multiply BTUs / hour by.293 to convert it to watts. Given the example, multiply 24,000 by.293 to obtain 7032 watts.
 Divide watts by the given voltage value. Air conditioners in the United States operate on 120 volts, so given the example, divide 7032 watts by 120 volts to obtain a final answer of 58.6 amps.
About the Author
Vivek Saxena has been a full-time freelance writer since 2004, contributing to several online publications. Prior to becoming a writer, Saxena studied computer technology at Purdue University.
Photo Credits
 - Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images


text:
A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care
In 2010, 1.58 million patients received services from hospice in the United States; of these patients only 8.9% were African American (African Americans make up 12.6% of the US population), compared to 77.3% Caucasians. The purpose of this study was to assess African Americans' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about hospice care. Three 3 focus groups were conducted with a total of 27 people participating (12 males and 15 females).All focus groups were audio taped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded using an apriori coding scheme and entered into an Excel file. Consensus and triangulation methods were used to help investigators assess themes based on strength within and across focus groups. Five major themes emerged: 1) knowledge of hospice 2) attitudes and beliefs 3) decision making process 4) barriers to hospice use and 5) raising awareness about hospice in the African American community. This study supports findings from previous literature that examines the key factors that contribute to the underuse of hospice services by members of the African American community. A new barrier to hospice use, "family discord" also emerged in the focus group discussions In order to overcome hospice barriers the unanimous recommendation is to increase knowledge, awareness and access to culturally appropriate educational materials. Based on the thematic analysis findings, the next step is to develop a culturally tailored hospice photonovel to raise awareness about hospice care among African Americans. An initial meeting has already been conducted with an advisory committee that was formed from participants from the three focus groups. The 1st draft of the phot novel script has been written based on the advisory committee's decisions. Work will continue with the advisory group and funding to be sought for creation and printing of the photonovel.
Presentation: 29 minutes
Recommended CitationReed, Stephanie, "A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care" (2012). Master of Public Health Thesis and Capstone Presentations. Presentaion 63.


text:
Have you ever found yourself in the situation where you want to send someone a Twitter message but you can't remember their Twitter username although you do know their real name? Or where you can remember their twitter username or their real name, but you do remember who they work for, or some other biographical fact about them that might appear in their Twitter biography? If that sounds familiar, here's a trick that may help…
… a searchable Twitter friends and followers contact list in Google Spreadsheets.
It's based on Martin Hawksey's rather wonderful Export Twitter Followers and Friends using a Google Spreadsheet (I have to admit – Martin has left me way behind now when it comes to tinkering with Google Apps Script…!) To get started, you'll need a Google docs account, and then have to indulge in a quick secret handshake between Google docs and Twitter, but Martin's instruction sheet is a joy to follow:-) Follow the *** Google Spreadsheet to Export Twitter Friends and Followers *** link on Martin's page, then come back here once you've archived your Twitter friends and/or followers…
..done that? Here's how to make the contact list searchable… I thought it should have been trivial, but it turned out to be quite involved!
The first thing I did was create a drop down list to let the user select Friends or Followers as the target of the search. (Martin's application loads friends and followers into different sheets.)
The next step was to generate a query. To search for a particular term on a specified sheet we can use a QUERY formula that takes the following form:
=query(Friends!B:E,"select B,C,D,E where D contains 'JISC'")
Friends! specifies the sheet we want to search over; B:E says we want to pull columns B, C, D and E from the Friends sheet into the current sheet; the select statement will display results over four columns (B, C, D and E) from Friends for rows where the entry in column D contains the search term JISC.
To pull in the search term from cell D1 we can use a query of the form:
=query(Friends!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where D contains '",D1,"'"))
The =concatenate formula constructs the search query. Make sure you use the right sort of quotes when constructing the string – Google Spreadsheets seems to prefer the use of double quotes wherever possible!
To search over two columns, (for example, the real name and the description columns of the twitter friends/follower data) we can use a query of the form:
=query(Followers!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where C contains '",D1,"' or D contains '",D1,"'")
Again – watch out for the quotes – the result we want from the concatenation is something like:
=query(Followers!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where C contains 'Jisc' or D contains 'Jisc')
so we have to explicitly code in the single quote in the concatenation formula.
Unfortunately, the query formula is case sensitive, which can cause the search to fail because we haven't taken (mis)use of case into account in our search term. This means we need to go defensive in the query formulation – in the following example, I force everything to upper case – search corpus as well as search terms:
=query(Followers!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where upper(C) contains upper('",D1,"') or upper(D) contains upper('",D1,"')")
The final step is to define the sheet we want to search – Friends! or Followers! – depending on the setting of cell B1 in our search sheet. I had idly though I could use a concatenate formula to create this, but concatenate returns a string and we need to define a range. In the end, the workaround I adopted was an if statement, that chooses a query with an appropriate range set explicitly/hardwired within the formula depending on whether we are are searching Friends or Followers. Here's the complete formula, which i put into cell E1.
=if(B1="Friends",query(Friends!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where upper(C) contains upper('",D1,"') or upper(D) contains upper('",D1,"')")),query(Followers!B:E,concatenate("select B,C,D,E where upper(C) contains upper('",D1,"') or upper(D) contains upper('",D1,"')")))
I now have a query sheet defined that allows me to search over my friends or followers, as required, according to their real name or a search term that appears in their biography description.


Forgotten Realms Wiki
Forgotten Realms Wiki
The material component was a basic part of casting most spells.[2]
A material component consisted of one or more physical objects or substances. Depending on the spell, once it was cast, the material component was annihilated. However, a spellcaster could often use a spellcasting focus to substitute for most components, which would not be consumed by the spell. Casters who wielded priestly magic usually used a divine focus such as a holy symbol, which had higher spiritual significance than the standard focus, while druids often employed a druidic focus.[2][3]
Arcane spellcasters usually employed component pouches with individual compartments to store most material components required for their spells,[4] unless they chose to employ an arcane focus instead.[3]
Valuable or rare material components often had to be stored separately and could not be replaced by a focus.[3]
See Also[]


text:
Professor Margo Jackson, Ph.D., is leading a university-wide collaborative project for new faculty to develop critical consciousness and skills to facilitate challenging diversity dialogues in the classroom.
The Constructive Diversity Pedagogy PAR (Participatory Action Research) with New Faculty will develop
- critical consciousness of potential blind spots;
- empathic resources for recognizing pervasive social injustice influences in our classrooms at internal, interpersonal, and contextual (environmental, structural, institutional) levels; and
- skills to constructively facilitate challenging diversity dialogues in our classrooms that include multiple voices, consider alternative perspectives, promote social justice, and expand learning.
The aim of the (PAR) project is to engage a team of faculty as participants, formative evaluators, and contributors to documenting and sharing useful results.


text:
Earthquake Glossary - seismic moment
The seismic moment is a measure of the size of an earthquake based on the area of fault rupture, the average amount of slip, and the force that was required to overcome the friction sticking the rocks together that were offset by faulting. Seismic moment can also be calculated from the amplitude spectra of seismic waves.
Moment = µ A D
µ = shear modulus = 32 GPa in crust, 75 GPa in mantle
A = LW = area
D = average displacement during rupture


text:
over to OK. Arrow over to Cancel twice, then arrow over to Exit Install.
Leave the superuser account and log in as the new user. Now type
pine -- you should see the following message:
Creating subdirectory "/home/yourusername/mail" where Pine will store its mail folders.
This will be followed by Pine's greeting text. You'll notice that Pine's commands are always listed at the bottom of your screen. The ^ symbol means use your CTRL key along with the letter next to the ^. Once you've read the greeting, use ^E (Exit This Greeting). This will bring you to Pine's main menu.
Since this is the first time you are running Pine as this user, you'll need to press S to enter Setup, then C to enter Config. The first three items should be edited as follows:
You'll notice that Pine supports a lot of configuration values; if you find one that sounds interesting, highlight it and press the? key. This will give a short, and usually helpful, description of what this configuration parameter does. I usually change the following on mine:
Under Viewer Preferences -- I use the Enter key to put an [X] in the following values:
This will highlight URLs and e-mail addresses so I can go directly to a web site or add an address to my address book.
Once you've finished your configurations, press E to exit Setup and Y to commit changes. This will return you to the main menu where you can press A to edit the address book. The @ key will let you add an e-mail address; when you're finished, type ^X and the address should now show in your address book.
Highlight a user you've added to your address book and press C to compose an e-mail message to them. Arrow down to Cc and input your e-mail address so you'll be sent a copy of the message. Once you've composed your message, make sure you are connected to your ISP and press ^X to send your message. Type y when Pine asks you if you want to send the message. It should say [Sending Mail], then [Message sent and copied to'sent-mail'.] Use your < key to return to the main menu, then L to enter the folder list. If you arrow over to sent-mail and press enter, you should be able to view and read the message that you sent.
One last point on Pine: it contains a built-in editor called Pico. Pico is a very easy editor to learn as its commands are always listed on the bottom of the screen. You don't have to run Pine to use Pico; if you want to edit a file with Pico, do this:
Now that you've sent your first e-mail with Pine, you'll want to check that you received your copy of the e-mail by using the fetchmail program. Open up another virtual terminal, and log in as your user. I use fetchmail like so:
fetchmail istar.caEnter password for _EMAIL_: fetchmail: IMAP connection to istar.ca failed: Connection refused 1 message for genisis at istar.ca (868 octets). reading message 1 of 1 (868 octets) flushed
When you check your e-mail, substitute the value to the right of the @ in your e-mail address for istar.ca. If everything worked, fetchmail will download at least one message. Return to the terminal where you are running Pine and navigate to your inbox to read it.
Note that fetchmail added genisis to my e-mail address for me because I am logged in as genisis. If I happened to be logged in as another user, say biko, it would use the address _EMAIL_ instead.
The fetchmail command would then fail as I don't have a mailbox called biko on Istar's mail server. However, if I'm logged in as biko and invoke fetchmail like so:
fetchmail -u genisis istar.ca
This will tell fetchmail to use the mailbox name of genisis instead of my login name of biko so I can retreive genisis' email.
Fetchmail also has a verbose mode which can be used to view the various
POP3 commands between fetchmail and the mail server. You can invoke
verbose mode with
-v and very verbose mode with
-vv. Here is a portion of a session with fetchmail in verbose mode:
Enter password for _EMAIL_:
fetchmail -v istar.ca
You should be able to recognize the
LIST commands from the tutorial.
Fetchmail is highly configurable through its use of switches; its manpage is well worth reading.
Hopefully, we've cleared up some of the mystery regarding how e-mail works. Next week, we'll look at setting permissions.
Dru Lavigne is a network and systems administrator, IT instructor, author and international speaker. She has over a decade of experience administering and teaching Netware, Microsoft, Cisco, Checkpoint, SCO, Solaris, Linux, and BSD systems. A prolific author, she pens the popular FreeBSD Basics column for O'Reilly and is author of BSD Hacks and The Best of FreeBSD Basics.
Read more FreeBSD Basics columns.
Discuss this article in the Operating Systems Forum.
Return to the BSD DevCenter.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


Clipboard Help+Spell 2.16 review
Clipboard Help+Spell
You may recall developer Mouser from other hits such as Find and Run Robot, Snapshot Captor, and Web Link Captor. And indeed, Clipboard Help+Spell carries his distinctive style: comprehensive Options dialog, multiple interface layouts, and other niceties that add up to the feeling that if you just dig deep enough, you can get Clipboard Help+Spell to do just about anything.
Much like competitor ArsClip, Clipboard Help+Spell features a powerful pop-up menu that lets you use most of the application's features without having to switch away from the program in use. The menu shows a list of recently copied text snippets, any of which take just a single keystroke to paste in at the cursor. You can also set aside a bunch of favorite clips so that you always have them handy, paste the current date and time in multiple formats, format selected text in various ways (such as title and sentence case), and many other features.
One of the nicest Clipboard Help+Spell features is called the Stack. At any point during your work, you can pop open the menu and set a "start stack" marker. Clipboard Help+Spell then records the series of items you copy, and lets you paste them back in the same sequence, one by one. This is very useful when transferring information manually from a text document into a spreadsheet, for example. You can just focus on finding and copying the information, and paste it into the spreadsheet later. That's much faster than having to constantly switch back and forth between the document and the spreadsheet.
Clipboard Help+Spell: built-in spell checker
Clipboard Help+Spell does have a built-in spell-checker, but you can't use it through the pop-up menu: You need to switch to the program's main window and select a clip to work on. You can then read through the clip and hunt for words with a red squiggly underline (just like in Microsoft Word), or execute a spell-check on the snippet, which pops open a spelling dialog on every error. So, spellchecking is available, but it isn't the star of the show.
In truth, most Clipboard Help+Spell users probably won't scratch the surface of this complex and powerful beast. But even if you only use 10% of what it has to offer, you'll still end up with a more powerful and flexible, clipboard. Try it out. See all: PC Advisor software downloads
Clipboard Help+Spell
Clipboard Help+Spell 2.16: Specs
 - Microsoft Windows 2000/7/8 Desktop/Vista/XP
Clipboard Help+Spell is simple and effective, and can save you time even if you use just a small subset of its features.
Find the best price


text:
FABRICATION, INSTALLATION, TEST AND EVALUATION OF MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS; GEAR POSITION INDICATOR, NON-LINEAR THROTTLE, TACTILE INDICATOR OF NEUTRAL POSITION
A study was directed toward developing a greater margin of safety for motorcycles on the modern highway, reflecting adequate consideration of the physical and perceptual capabilities and limitations of the operator in order to achieve the optimum in system safety and performance. The study was concerned with two of the more critical motorcycle control/display areas: the throttle control and the gear position indicator. Undesirable features of present designs were identified and innovative designs were developed which modified the undesirable aspects of present designs. These devices were fabricated, installed, and tested on a GFE Honda test motorcycle.
Essex CorporationHuntsville, AL United States
- Livingston, B
- Publication Date: 1972-5
- Pagination: 44 p.
- TRT Terms: Control; Control devices; Design; Gears; Gearshifts; Highways; Human factors engineering; Information display systems; Motorcycles; Problem solving; Steering gears; Tests; Throttles; Traffic safety
- Old TRIS Terms: Display devices; Gear position indicators; Nhsb; Throttle controls
- Subject Areas: Design; Highways; Safety and Human Factors;
- Accession Number: 00046227
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: Final Rpt
- Contract Numbers: DOT-HS-120-2-317
- Files: NTIS
- Created Date: Jul 31 1973 12:00AM