4c46. α and β will resolve to an input, or a set of inputs, that trigger the execution path we're looking for.
While symbolic execution is much more precise than fuzzing (and other techniques), it is also much more computationally expensive. Symbolic execution is especially problematic when the program contains loops, where it suffers from the state explosion problem: in loops such as while (condition) the state may be forked indefinitely, and thus the symbolic execution algorithm would never explore the program past the loop.
Symbolic execution also scales poorly to large programs. For example kernels such as Linux are difficult to execute symbolically, as they depend on a lot of internal and external state and some of the code (e.g. the scheduler) will immediately lead to state explosion.
To solve the scalability issue, symbolic execution engines use various strategies: massively parallel execution and state merging (merging the constraints of two states into a single state) are two optimizations. Additionally, some engines, such as S2E, selectively execute only a subset of the code, switching between concrete and symbolic execution as the need arises.
Symbolic execution can also be combined with other analysis methods (e.g. fuzzing) through a technique that is known as concolic execution. Concolic execution involves performing symbolic and concrete execution in parallel, or (often) executing the program with concrete arguments up to a certain point, then continuing with symbolic execution.
Examples of symbolic execution engines include Angr, KLEE, Kite, Mayhem and S2E.
Tutorial: Symbolic Execution using Angr [2p]
First, install angr. See _URL_
Make sure you grab all the dependencies, as per the documentation:
sudo apt-get install python-dev libffi-dev build-essential virtualenvwrapper
Note that you need to install angr in a Python virtual environment. If you're on Debian/Ubuntu, make sure you have the virtualenvwrapper package installed. Also make sure that in all the terminals where you want to use angr, you run the following commands:
$ # replace the following with your favourite Python virtualenv directory
$ export WORKON_HOME=~/.environments
$ # replace the following with your virtualenvwrapper.sh location if needed
$ source /usr/share/virtualenvwrapper/virtualenvwrapper.sh
This setup is not persistent, so you will have to run it every time you open a new terminal.
Then, to create the angr virtual environment, run:
$ mkvirtualenv angr
This will create the new virtual environment and activate it. To install angr inside the virtual environment, run:
(angr) $ pip install angr
To activate the existing angr virtual environment in a new terminal, run:
$ workon angr
(angr) $ python my_angr_script.py
For more details, refer to the Python virtualenv guide.
If you get the following message when you try to run solve.py:
ImportError: cannot import name arm
Try applying the workaround from this GitHub issue: _URL_
Then let's go to the 0-tutorial folder, which contains level07 and level07.c. We also have an example solver script called solver.py. Let's take a look at it.
angr organizes binary analyses into projects. Creating a new angr project is as simple as:
b = angr.Project('./level07')
First, we want to generate the arguments that we will pass to level07. The arguments can be concrete (e.g. Python strings, integers, etc.) or symbolic. We're lazy, so let's pass the two arguments as symbolic variables. angr uses claripy as a solver engine, so we will instantiate the arguments using it:
arg1 = claripy.BVS('sym_arg', 8 * 11) # maximum 11 * 8 bits
arg2 = claripy.BVS('sym_arg', 8 * 44) # maximum 44 * 8 bits
where arg1 is a symbolic value (BVS) of 11 bytes, and arg2 is another symbolic value, of 44 bytes. Note that we are passing arg1 as a string, and decimal int numbers passed to level07 are at most 11 bytes in length.
At this point, claripy does not know that arg1 is a number represented as a string. All it sees is a symbolic argument, which may resolve to any binary data.
Next, we want to create an initial state to start from. angr uses SimuVEX to represent program state, which includes a low-level architecture-dependent representation of the binary we're analyzing. angr provides a factory object to generate our initial state:
st = b.factory.entry_state(args=['./level07', arg1, arg2])
st.libc.max_strtol_len = 11 # tweak
st will be our new state.
The st.libc.max_strtol_len tweak tells the atoi/strtol symbolic representation to resolve strings that are of at most 11 bytes length (the default is 10). See this GitHub issue for more details.
At this point we (the user) are making an implicit assumption about atoi, i.e. we know that our input will be passed through it. This normally requires some trial and error.
Now we will create what in angr terms is called a path group. A path group is an object that we can use to explore paths in our program. We will create our new path group pg starting from st:
pg = b.factory.path_group(st)
At this point we can instruct the symbolic execution engine to:
 - perform a single step – pg.step()
 - perform a number of steps – e.g. pg.run(n=20) to run at most 20 steps
 - run until all paths have been executed – pg.run()
 - explore until a solution has been found – e.g.
 - pg.explore(find=0x804846b) will try to find a path that leads to 0x804846b
 - pg.explore(find=lambda path : my_predicate(path))) will try to find a path that satisfies my_predicate
 - pg.explore(find=addr1, avoid=addr2) will try to find a path that leads to addr1 and avoid all paths that lead to addr2
We want to find a path where the string "WIN!\n" is printed to standard output. Thus we will do:
pg.explore(find=lambda p: "WIN" in p.state.posix.dumps(1))
This can be read as: explore looking for the path p for which the current state p.state contains the string "WIN" in its standard output (p.state.posix.dumps(1), where 1 is the file descriptor for stdout).
After execution is done, we can print pg, getting something such as:
pg =
This tells us that pg contains exactly 1 path which reached the end, 1 path left to explore and 1 path for which a solution was found. At this point we could further explore along the active path, but we don't need to do that.
For example pg.found and pg.deadended are lists of paths; pg.found[0] is the first path in found, and pg.found[0].state is the current state in that path. See the "Stash types" section in the path groups chapter of the angr documentation for more details on types of paths in a path group.
Given that we have a found path, let's look at the current state in this path:
s = pg.found[0].state
We can do a lot of things with s, including:
 - inspecting file descriptor streams, e.g. s.posix.dumps(n), where n is a file descriptor number
 - inspecting registers, e.g. s.regs.eax
 - inspecting memory, e.g. s.mem[0x7ffeff18]
 - using the solver (s.se) to concretize symbolic values
See Working with Data and Conventions for more details on how to inspect memory, registers, etc.
We want to concretize arg1 and arg2 and print them, i.e.:
print "arg1 = {} ".format(repr(s.se.any_str(arg1)))
print "arg2 = {} ".format(repr(s.se.any_str(arg2)))
What we do here is instruct the solver to give us the string representation of the first solution it finds from solving constraints, for each of arg1 and arg2. See Program states for more info on how s.se works.
The output of our concretization will be:
arg1 = '-_PHONE_'
Let's try these out:
segmentation fault
It may be that above so many NUL-bytes will not work properly under Bash. So you can replace that with a command such as the one below
$./level07 -_PHONE_ $(python -c 'print "A"*40 + "FLOW"')
segmentation fault
angr is a very complex framework for symbolic execution. So if you are trying to do something in particular and don't know how, arm yourself with patience, consult the documentation and, if nothing seems to work, ask the lab assistant.
0. Extra: Feedback [2p]
We value your opinions and input on improving the Computer and Network Security class (CNS) and its components. Please take the time and fill the feedback form on cs.curs.pub.ro. Your feedback is very important for us to improve both the CNS class and other classes you will go


text:
Sullys Hill National Game Preserve is open from 8:00 AM to 9:00 PM throughout the summer. The Visitor Center will be open in August on Tuesdays-Saturdays from 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM and Sundays from Noon- 4:00 PM.
Visitors are advised to contact _PHONE_ for a prerecorded message with construction and hours of operation updates or for more information.
Sullys Hill is located on the south shore of Devils Lake in Benson County. The preserve consists of 1,674 acres ranging from prairie to forested hills and is home to a wide assortment of wildlife including migratory birds, bison, elk, and prairie dogs.
President Theodore Roosevelt designated Sullys Hill originally as a National Park in 1904. In 1917 and 1918, elk, bison and white-tailed deer were reintroduced to Sullys Hill. These large herbivores had been eliminated from the area during settlement due to over-hunting. On March 3, 1931, Congress transferred Sullys Hill to the National Wildlife Refuge System where it would be maintained as a "big game preserve, refuge and breeding grounds for wild animals and birds.".
Wildlife of Sullys Hill
Bison: 60 million bison once roamed the North American continent until the late 1800s. Commercial hunting reduced their numbers to as little as 60 animals. The bison is a symbol of historical significance in westward expansion and Native American culture. In an effort to preserve this legendary species, Sullys Hill established its herd in 1918 from six bison brought in from a Portland, Oregon zoo. The herd today includes 19 bison.
Rocky Mountain Elk: Elk were eliminated from much of their former range due to habitat loss and over-hunting in the early 1900s. In 1917, fifteen elk were transported from Yellowstone National Park to Sullys Hill. The elk is the second largest member of the deer family. The elk herd contains 17-25 animals to ensure sufficient forage. Listen for bull elk bugling to attract a harem of female cows in the autumn.
Prairie Dogs: A colony of black-tailed prairie dogs was introduced to Sullys Hill in 1975 to help educate the public about these unique rodents. Prairie dogs live within "towns" consisting of elaborate systems of underground tunnels and dens. Members of the town keep a watch out for predators, such as hawks, and let out a warning bark to other members when danger is present.
Other Wildlife: The preserve's wildlife community contains many other species including white-tailed deer, coyote, fisher, red fox, raccoon, skunk, weasel, mink, beaver, rabbit, waterfowl, and wild turkey. More than 250 species of birds have been observed at Sullys Hill.
Auto Tour: Visitors may watch for wildlife along the four mile auto tour route through prairie, forest, and wetlands from approximately May to October depending on weather conditions. The route is maintained to the Visitor Center and trailhead throughout the year. The auto tour route includes several stops featuring spectacular views of the area. The Devils Lake Vista Overlook is handicapped accessible.
Admission is $2.00 per vehicle. Annual passes are available for $12.00. All fee monies help Sullys Hill improve visitor services and conduct educational programs. Visitors with America the Beautiful (Annual, Senior, Access, and Volunteer) Passes and Federal Duck Stamps are able to enter without charge.
Trails: Visitors may start a two mile hiking trail along Sweetwater Lake or a 2,000 foot long, paved, wheelchair-accessible trail with an overlook of Fort Totten Bay from the trailhead near the Visitor Center. Both trails feature interpretive signs to help you learn about the plants and animals you are likely to discover.
Photography: Every season provides a unique opportunity for visitors to photograph a wide assortment of wildlife in their natural habitat.
Bird-watching: Bird-watching is a popular activity at Sullys Hill in all seasons. Many species not normally found in the open prairie areas of the state may be found in the forested areas of the preserve. Birders may obtain checklists at the Visitor Center.
Education and Interpretive Opportunities
Sullys Hill Visitor Center: The Visitor Center is an excellent location to start your experience containing a staffed book store, an exhibit hall, and a hallway featuring professional photographs of North Dakota waterfowl. The new North Dakota Habitat Display features dozens of mounted animals in prairie, wetland, forest, and agriculture habitats. Each habitat includes a short video to introduce visitors to the plants and animals that reside there. A full size elk mount is the center piece of the display.
A wall of windows overlooks the Birding Garden. Visitors may take a rest in one of our comfortable easy chairs while watching dozens of species of birds that visit the feeders and native plants outside. Antler and horn displays from bison, elk and white-tailed deer and a 180-gallon aquarium containing bluegill, perch, and walleye round off the experience. The Visitor Center is open seasonally.
Special Events: Sullys Hill offers a variety of public workshops, guided nature hikes, bird-watching walks, summer youth programs and conservation programs throughout the year. Visit the Friends of Sullys Hill website at _URL_ for an updated calendar of events.
Regional Conservation Learning Center: The Sullys Hill Visitor Center offers two state-of-the-art classrooms available by reservation for use by schools and other groups. Sullys Hill staff work with school groups of all grade levels to meet curriculum requirements. A wide assortment of educational materials and resources are available for use by education groups while on site. Sullys Hill provides numerous opportunities for hands-on learning that is fun all ages.
Special Use Programs: School groups, youth groups, and other education-related groups may request an outdoor education program at no charge. Community groups and businesses may reserve a meeting room at Sullys Hill for a $50.00 per day fee. This fee includes an outdoor education program.
Please call Sullys Hill at _PHONE_ for more information including an updated message featuring hours and availability. Thank you for your interest in Sullys Hill National Game Preserve!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Question: How Do You Know If Your Router Is Going Bad?
Do routers get slower over time?
Can a router just die?
Your router may be dying if it drops the connections randomly but consistently. This is especially true of wireless routers. If you are using a wired Ethernet connection, try replacing the cable to determine if the problem is with the cable or the router. … If the connection still drops, the router may be faulty.
Can a router increase Internet speed?
How long do routers last?
Do routers wear out?
How do I check my router history?
How do I test my wifi signal?
What lights should be on my router?
On a modem (or a router/modem combo) Similar to routers, most modems (both Cable and DSL) have a light dedicated to the broadband connection. … Under normal conditions, this light should be solid green (or amber).
How do I check my router?
Type ipconfig in the command prompt and press Enter to run the command. Scroll until you see a setting for Default Gateway under Ethernet or Wi-Fi. That's your router, and the number next to it is your router's IP address.
Why does the router need to be reset?


text: Analogical and causal reasoning theories both seek to explain patterns of inductive inference. Researchers have claimed that reasoning scenarios incorporating aspects of both analogical comparison and causal thinking necessitate a new model of inductive inference (Holyoak, Lee, & Lu, 2010; Lee & Holyoak, 2008). This paper takes an opposing position, arguing that features of analogical models make correct claims about inference patterns found among causal analogies, including analogies with both generative and preventative relations. Experiment 1 demonstrates that analogical inferences for these kinds of causal systems can be explained by alignment of relational structure, including higher-order relations. Experiment 2 further demonstrates that inferences strengthened by matching higher-order relations are not guided by the transfer of probabilistic information about a cause from base to target. We conclude that causal analogies behave like analogies in general—analogical mapping provides candidate inferences which can then be reasoned about in the target.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Method of Separation of Variables
The method of separation of variables combined with the principle of superposition is widely used to solve initial boundary-value problems involving linear partial differential equations. Usually, the dependent variable u (x, y) is expressed in the separable form u (x, y) = X (x) Y (y), where X and Y are functions of x and y respectively. In many cases, the partial differential equation reduces to two ordinary differential equations for X and Y. A similar treatment can be applied to equations in three or more independent variables. However, the question of separability of a partial differential equation into two or more ordinary differential equations is by no means a trivial one. In spite of this question, the method is widely used in finding solutions of a large class of initial boundary-value problems. This method of solution is also known as the Fourier method (or the method of eigenfunction expansion). Thus, the procedure outlined above leads to the important ideas of eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and orthogonality, all of which are very general and powerful for dealing with linear problems. The following examples illustrate the general nature of this method of solution.
KeywordsNontrivial Solution Transverse Vibration Heat Conduction Problem Telegraph Equation Initial Temperature Distribution
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text:
Soaring Himalayan Griffon Vulture
August 27, 2009
The Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis) flies over large swaths of central Asia including the Himalaya, Pamir and Tien Shan mountain ranges. Weighing in at 20-some pounds (12.5 kg) and with a wingspan of about 10 feet (3 meters) they are the second largest Old World Vulture. Their large wingspan helps them stay aloft for hours at a time as they soar on rising convection currents of heated air called thermals. This gives it a perfect platform for observing the land below for a potential meal. Like other vultures this one helps to keep the planet in sustainable harmony by eating anything dead and rotting it finds. The Himalayan Griffon is not considered to be endangered. This particular bird is soaring effortlessly on thermals high above a flutter of Buddhist prayer flags near a sky burial site at Ganden Monastery Tibet. This monastery was established early in the 15th century. It was the first, and for many centuries, the main monastery of the Gelug (Geluk, "Yellow Hat") sect which is now the main sect in Tibet. It was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and has since been rebuilt.
Photo details: Canon EOS 20D; 18-55mm lens; 51 mm focal length; ISO 400; 1/400 at f/16. Photo taken July 11, 2009.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
We know that each person received an Omer daily. Does this include for instance little children who wouldnt be able to eat up all of it and would have to leave some over which was not allowed.
Or is the Omer not the same for everyone like the Amoh, which depends on a persons arm size.
Or wasnt it a 'physical' type of food and everyone could eat the same amount whatever their size and age.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Shach al ha-Torah (to Ex. 16:17) states that the figure of one omer per person was actually averaged out per family. In other words, he says, adults might end up with more than an omer apiece (since one omer wouldn't be enough for them), while the children would get less - but in aggregate, there were as many omerim as members of the family.
Ibn Ezra (to Ex. 16:15) says that "it is reasonable to say the figure of one omer per person is only for adults, while children would receive according to what they could eat."
Chasam Sofer (Orach Chaim 181) also argues that indeed the size was proportional to the person, so that an infant would get a smaller omer than an adult, and indeed that the size of it would grow along with him from day to day.
On the other hand, Noda Biyehudah (Kamma, Orach Chaim 38) states that indeed it was the same for everyone. Presumably, according to him the babies and others who couldn't eat a full omer would have had some left over. (They weren't allowed to leave any over with the intention of eating it the next day - Ex. 16:19 - but that doesn't mean that there couldn't be some that didn't get eaten and had to be discarded.)
The Lubavitcher Rebbe (Likkutei Sichos 26:103ff) explains that the man in fact had two different qualities in it. One one hand, it related to the essence of the soul, which is the same for all Jews, and therefore from that point of view it was the same amount (an omer) for everyone. On the other hand, the omer is "one-tenth of an ephah" (Ex. 16:36), implying that it's not an absolute measurement but a relative one (just as the omer varies with the size of the ephah), and in that sense it therefore varied with the abilities of the person eating it. (He notes, also, that this is why the Torah leaves that definition of the omer until the end of the passage, after describing how they ate the man at the borders of Eretz Yisrael: because it's only then that this second, individualized aspect of it became the primary one - when they were preparing for their individualized service of Hashem each in their own homestead.)
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text:
3DShot for culture: how immersive technologies can benefit the cultural sector
In times of digital change, the use of 3D technologies has an increasing impact on every industry, including the cultural sector. Until recently, 3D technologies were inaccessible for most cultural institutions and individuals, since creating a 3D visualization of an object was a time-consuming and expensive process and required a professional 3D artist's expertise. The 3DShot mobile app is here to change that. Let's dive into details.


text:
Mean time to repair
Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time for failures divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions for failures during a given period of time. It generally does not include lead time for parts not readily available or other Administrative or Logistic Downtime (ALDT).
In fault-tolerant design, MTTR is usually considered to also include the time the fault is latent (the time from when the failure occurs until it is detected). If a latent fault goes undetected until an independent failure occurs, the system may not be able to recover.
MTTR is often part of a maintenance contract, where a system whose MTTR is 24 hours is generally more valuable than for one of 7 days if mean time between failures is equal, because its Operational Availability is higher.
However, in the context of a maintenance contract, it would be important to distinguish whether MTTR is meant to be a measure of the mean time between the point at which the failure is first discovered until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to recovery"), or only a measure of the elapsed time between the point where repairs actually begin until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to repair"). For example, a system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "repair" of 24 hours, but with additional part lead times, administrative delays, and technician transportation delays adding up to a mean of 6 days, would not be any more attractive than another system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "recovery" of 7 days.


standard icon
Color Meaning: Meaning of The Color Brown
Brown, the color of earth, wood, stone, wholesomeness, reliability, elegance, security, healing, home, grounding, foundations, stability, warmth, and honesty, is a natural, neutral color that is typically associated with the seasons of fall and winter.
The color brown is a warm color that stimulates the appetite. While it is sometimes considered dull, it also represents steadfastness, simplicity, friendliness, dependability, and health.
Shades of brown when combined with green create a palette often used to convey concepts of recycling, earth-friendly, or all natural. Dark brown can be used in place of black and brings warmth to color palettes.
The brown color says stability, reliability, dependability, and approachability. It is the color of our soil, growth, fertility, and earth, and it is associated the concepts of "all natural" and "organic." Brown is the color of the Earth and is comforting and nurturing.
The color brown affects the mind and body by creating feelings of wholesomeness, stability, and peace. Brown provides feelings of organization, history, and connection, as well as cozy feelings of relaxation and warmth.
Brown is believed to help create a wholesome feeling, a connection with the earth, and a sense of orderliness and convention. Brown is a stable and grounded color that is believed to help you feel like you fit in and belong.
Other meanings associated with the color brown:
 - The term "brown bottle" refers to a bottle of beer.
 - To "brown" something is to cook or burn it.
 - The saying "brown-nose" refers to someone who sucks up, or kisses butt to someone of authority.
 - The phrase "brown study" is used to describe someone who is aloof, indifferent.
 - The expression "brown out" refers to a partial loss of service.
Additional words that represent different shades, tints, and values of the color brown: sienna, bay, sand, wood, dapple, auburn, chestnut, nut-brown, cinnamon, russet, tawny, chocolate, tan, brunette, fawn, liver-colored, mahogany, oak, bronze, terra-cotta, toast, umber, cocoa, coffee, copper, ecru, ginger, hazel, khaki, ochre, puce, snuff-colored.
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3.3.3 Old Option Style
As far as we know, all tar programs, GNU and non-GNU, support old options: that is, if the first argument does not start with '-', it is assumed to specify option letters. GNU tar supports old options not only for historical reasons, but also because many people are used to them. If the first argument does not start with a dash, you are announcing the old option style instead of the short option style; old options are decoded differently.
Like short options, old options are single letters. However, old options must be written together as a single clumped set, without spaces separating them or dashes preceding them. This set of letters must be the first to appear on the command line, after the tar program name and some white space; old options cannot appear anywhere else. The letter of an old option is exactly the same letter as the corresponding short option. For example, the old option 't' is the same as the short option '-t', and consequently, the same as the long option '--list'. So for example, the command 'tar cv' specifies the option '-v' in addition to the operation '-c'.
When options that need arguments are given together with the command, all the associated arguments follow, in the same order as the options. Thus, the example given previously could also be written in the old style as follows:
$ tar cvbf 20 /dev/rmt0
Here, '20' is the argument of '-b' and '/dev/rmt0' is the argument of '-f'.
The old style syntax can make it difficult to match option letters with their corresponding arguments, and is often confusing. In the command 'tar cvbf 20 /dev/rmt0', for example, '20' is the argument for '-b', '/dev/rmt0' is the argument for '-f', and '-v' does not have a corresponding argument. Even using short options like in 'tar -c -v -b 20 -f /dev/rmt0' is clearer, putting all arguments next to the option they pertain to.
If you want to reorder the letters in the old option argument, be sure to reorder any corresponding argument appropriately.
This old way of writing tar options can surprise even experienced users. For example, the two commands:
tar cfz archive.tar.gz file
tar -cfz archive.tar.gz file
are quite different. The first example uses 'archive.tar.gz' as the value for option 'f' and recognizes the option 'z'. The second example, however, uses 'z' as the value for option 'f' -- probably not what was intended.
This second example could be corrected in many ways, among which the following are equivalent:
tar -czf archive.tar.gz file
tar -cf archive.tar.gz -z file
tar cf archive.tar.gz -z file


text: It's an interesting question, however... one of the stones is going to reach Eevee first resulting in evolution before the other stones can influence it. Unless you somehow find a way to make the electrons (smallest part of an atom) of all three stones touch Eevee at the EXACT same time. If it did happen though, well fire and water makes steam. Now what does steam and electricity make? Not sure, but I assume it would be a strange energy that could be associated with psychic types and thus Espeon would be the result. Unless somebody here knows what happens when you combine steam and electricity?


text:
The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife recently released a new pamphlet titled "Frogs are Cool: Facts About Frogs for Kids," an informative and fun flyer aimed at raising awareness of the many endangered and sensitive species of frogs native to Oregon.
There are 16 species of frogs native to Oregon, and many are recognized as Oregon State Sensitive species, meaning they have small or declining populations. ODFW hopes the new frog awareness campaign will help kids and adults alike recognize and protect the protected species.
"Worldwide, frogs are in trouble and many are on the road to extinction," the ODFW website says. "Habitat loss, pollution, pesticides, climate change, infectious diseases, the pet trade and invasive animal species are all causing problems for frogs."
Want to help make a difference? Here are the top things you and your kids can do to help protect Oregon's native frog population.
- Learn about frogs.
- Never keep a wild frog as a pet.
- Tell others about protecting frogs.
- Never release non-native frogs, such as ones used in science projects, into the wild.
Frog spotting is a great activity for hiking and camping – it's silly, easy and educational. Download the "Frogs are Cool" pamphlet, make sure you have the proper camping or hiking gear, and get out there and enjoy some frogs!
[photo: Dan Hershman]


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Government Undergraduate Wins Best Paper Award
Nathan Abell wins top prize at national conference
Posted: June 25, 2010
Government student Nathan Abell has received the 2010 First Place Prize for Best Undergraduate Student Paper at the 18th Annual Illinois State University National Conference for Students of Political Science. Abell won the award for his paper, "Theory and Practice of Structural Agenda Setting: A Case Study of U.S. HIV/AIDS Policy from 1979 to 1989."
In his paper, Abell offers a truly novel approach to agenda setting studies by identifying a lack of emphasis in the current literature on the structure within which agenda setting decisions are made. Focusing on the federal government's lack of timely response to the severity of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Abell points out that the problem was not simply lack of medical knowledge, nor active homophobia, but a combination of the two that can only be understood by accounting for the embedded social structure in which medical research progressed.
Prevailing social attitudes about homosexuality, within the medical and scientific communities as well as the public at large, predisposed scientists to identify HIV/AIDS as an explicitly homosexual disease. For example, when the medical community discovered HIV/AIDS in an individual who was both homosexual and an IV drug user, standard classificatory procedure was to categorize the individual only as homosexual, thereby swelling the numbers of cases identified solely with homosexuality. This research-generated connection between HIV/AIDS and homosexuality subsequently translated into a homophobic political response. Crucially, neither dynamic was rooted in empirical reality. Both the medical and political communities were defining the policy space based on inherited social biases about homosexuality. Studying agenda setting can therefore not simply be about studying processes and the power relationships competing within them, but must also adequately account for the structure of beliefs conditioning public actions. It was a fundamental shift in public perceptions, rather than a shift in empirical reality, which ultimately secured a place for HIV/AIDS on the policy agenda.
In explaining why the federal government was so slow to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Abell points out that one of the most shocking features of the government's response was the utter reluctance to even discuss whether the issue should be on the policy agenda, let alone make the issue a public policy priority. While active homophobia alone cannot explain this, the lack of response can still only be understood by taking into account the broad social prejudice against certain affected groups – such as homosexuals, heroin addicts, and Haitians – that was channeled through the medical and political communities. When the HIV/AIDS pandemic first emerged, the Center for Disease Control took notice and initiated action to understand and control the disease. Nonetheless, the popular and scientific perception of HIV/AIDS was that it was a 'gay' or 'degenerate' disease, prompting Abell to ask how HIV/AIDS came to be defined as a 'gay' disease, rather than an immune disease disproportionately affecting homosexual men. Part of the answer, he finds, is that the research methods employed by the scientific community were biased toward a finding of sexual identity as the driving factor, as scientists imported homophobic background knowledge into their initial studies.
The public was made aware of the pandemic in 1981, but President Ronald Reagan did not publicly, at his own initiation and for the explicit purpose of addressing the pandemic, mention the disease until 1987. The Reagan administration feared the issue politically, not wanting to associate itself with the affected populations. Due to pervasive homophobia, HIV/AIDS research and outreach became conflated with a homosexual agenda, and the political universe consequently feared association with it. The result was an overall delay in the issue becoming a subject of public discourse. A history of prejudice within the medical establishment toward homosexuals, as homosexuality had, for a long time, been classified as a mental disease, combined with anti-homosexual social attitudes input into scientific research and the public mind, and consequent political fears of association with specific groups, actively kept the issue off the public agenda. Only when the possibility of nonsexual and heterosexual transmission was documented and acknowledged within the broader public, aided by the revelations of prominent, beloved, and infected public figures, such as Rock Hudson and Magic Johnson, did the structure within which agenda setting occurs change such that actively pushing for congressional action became politically tolerable.
Jeffrey Tulis supervised Nathan's paper. This is the fourth student Tulis has supervised who has won a best paper award at the Illinois State conference; Abell is the first to take the top prize.
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Pulse width modulation (PWM) AC drives can generate elevated differential mode voltages due to the reflected wave phenomenon, fast rise times and peak voltages. While many users are familiar with differential mode voltages, common mode voltages created by PWM inverters are less familiar. Problems associated with common mode voltages can include erratic behavior of the controller resulting in time out errors, ground faults, and in the most extreme cases, premature failure of the motor bearings, motor windings, and cables.
Many solutions to protect motors are present in the market. This paper presents data showing how three filters: a typical dV/dt filter, a dV/dt filter utilizing a triple defense core, and a common mode choke, perform in providing both common mode and differential mode filtering. The data shows that a typical dV/dt filter does not provide common mode filtering and a common mode choke does not provide differential mode filtering. Only the filter containing the triple defense core provides both common mode and differential mode filtering to protect the motor. This paper will also discuss how the various topologies lend themselves to providing the required protection.


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Pick a pattern and choose your colors. I'll do a simple chevron. You're going to want to make the color of your first string longer than the others. In this tutorial, purple is the first string.
Fold your strings in half and find the middle. At the middle, put your strings under a clipboard, or pin them, and make sure your first string is first.
Repeat doing forward and backward knots until you get the length you desire. Make sure your string ends back on the left side when you're done.
Once you're done with that side, turn your strings upside down so you can work on the other side. The starting position of your first string should be on the right. Repeat doing forward and backward knots with this string until you get the length you want. Instead of starting with a forward knot like on the other side, you will start with a backward knot. Make sure your string ends back on the right side when you're done.
When finished, fold your loop so the ends meet and make sure your strings are in the correct position. If they aren't, just move them until they are.
I made each side of the buckle 1/2in long. My longer string was 18in, folded in half that's 9in (I didn't make it long because this is just a tutorial) and at the end, it was 6in on both sides. Doing 1/2in worth of knots takes up 3in. Take this into account when measuring and cutting your strings.


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Location of Bodega Bay and Bodega Harbor
|Nearest city:||Bodega Bay, California|
|Area:||3,170 acres (1,280 ha)|
|Added to NRHP:||December 18, 1973|
|Designated CHISL:||November 3, 1969|
Bodega Bay is a shallow, rocky inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the coast of northern California in the United States. It is approximately 5 mi (8 km) across and is located approximately 40 mi (60 km) northwest of San Francisco and 20 mi (32 km) west of Santa Rosa. The bay straddles the boundary between Sonoma County to the north and Marin County to the south. The bay is a marine habitat used for navigation, recreation, and commercial and sport fishing including shellfish harvesting.
Bodega Bay is protected on its north end from the Pacific Ocean by Bodega Head, which shelters the small Bodega Harbor and is separated from the main bay by a jetty. The San Andreas Fault runs parallel to the coastline and bisects Bodega Head, which lies on the Pacific Plate; the town is on the North American Plate. The village of Bodega Bay sits on the east side of Bodega Harbor. The bay connects on its south end to the mouth of Tomales Bay.
Streams flowing into Bodega Bay include the Estero de San Antonio and the Estero Americano. Accessible beaches on Bodega Bay include Doran Regional Park (on the jetty) and Pinnacle Gulch. Apart from the harbor, all of Bodega Bay lies within the boundaries of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.
Coast Miwok native Americans lived on the shores of Bodega Bay. Documented village names include: Helapattai, Hime-takala, Ho-takala, and Tokau. There is speculation that Bodega Bay may have been Sir Francis Drake's Nova Albion landing location on the California coast.
Present day Bodega Bay was first charted in 1775 by the Spanish Peruvian explorer of the Spanish Navy Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, but the bay that was originally named for him was not present day Bodega, but Tomales Bay. His ship, the Sonora, anchored in the lee of Tomales Point on October 3, 1775, departing the next day. Bodega y Quadra named Tomales Bay Puerto de la Bodega. "There is no evidence in the journal or on the charts that Bodega y Quadra ever saw the entrance to [present day] Bodega Harbour or knew of the lagoon to the north". Bodega y Quadra planned to return, but was not able to. Later, as commandant of the naval base at San Blas, New Spain, Bodega y Quadra sent other expeditions to Bodega Bay with the intention of establishing a colony and mission there. It was decided, however, that the location was non-ideal. "With the failure of the Bodega settlement, the Spanish left the field clear for Russian occupation" The first Russians to see Bodega Bay were the supervisors of the Aleut hunting parties aboard the American otter hunting ship Peacock in 1807. Timofei Osipovich Tarakanov of the Russian-American Company returned to Novo Arkhangelsk, Alaska and reported the location to Alexander Andreyevich Baranov the chief administrator of the RAC. Baranov instructed his assistant Kuskov to reconnoiter the area for a settlement. Commerce Counselor Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, of the Russian-American Company,sailing in the Kodiak, entered Bodega Bay on January 8, 1809. Instructed by Baranov to leave "secret signs" (possession plates), Kuskov buried possession plaques at Trinidad Harbour, Bodega Head,(or Tomales Point) and on the north shore of San Francisco Bay, indicating the Company's intention to claim this section of northern California for Russia. Temporary buildings were erected to house the Kodiak's complement of 190 crew (130 native Alaskan males, 20 native females,and 40 Russians)
The Kodiak remained in Bodega Bay until October, 1809, returning to Alaska with over 2,000 otter pelts. Kuskov returned to Novo Arkhangelsk, Alaska, reporting abundant fur bearing mammals, fish, timber and tillable lands. Baranov instructed Kuskov to return and establish a permanent settlement in the area. In 1811 Kuskov returned, this time aboard the Chirikov but found fewer otter in Bodega Bay (only 1,160 otter skins were taken). Three American ships were also operating in the area from a base in Drake's Bay, sending hunters into San Francisco Bay and the surrounding bays. Kuskov sailed the Brig Chirikov back to present day Bodega Harbour on March 15,1812, and "Since Bodega Anchorage and Bodega Harbour had not been claimed or named by the Spanish" Kuskov named it Rumyantzev, in honor of the Russian Minister of Commerce, Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumiantzof.
Zaliv Rumiantsev (Rumiantsev Bay) appears on the earliest Russian charts of Bodega Bay (1817–1819) identifying present day Bodega Bay and Bodega Harbour. Bodega Head was named Mouis Rumiantsev (Point Rumiantsev) While Tomales Point was named Point Great Bodega and Tomales Bay Great Bodega Bay, more or less conforming to Bodega y Quadra's original naming.
On his return Kuskov found otter now scarce in Bodega Bay, the harbour having been frequented by numerous American and English otter-hunting expeditions. After exploring the area they ended up selecting a place 15 mi (24 km) north that the native Kashaya Pomo people called Mad shui nui or Metini. Metini, the seasonal home of the native Kashaya Pomo people, had a modest anchorage and abundant natural resources and would become the Russian settlement of Fort Ross. By 1817 sea otter in the area were practically eliminated by international over-hunting. Zaliv Rumiantsev continued to be the main entre'port for the Russian Colony until January,1842, and the earliest European structures built at Bodega Bay were the wharf, warehouse and barracks of the Russian-American Company. Bodega Bay remained an active harbor for shipping lumber until the 1870s, when the North Pacific Coast Railroad was built, bypassing the coast in favor of a more inland route.
Bodega Bay was the setting for the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film, The Birds, starring Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren and Suzanne Pleshette. The original 1980 horror film The Fog was also filmed in both Bodega Bay and the town as both locations are subject to thick and heavy fog.
Pacific Gas & Electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the USA at Bodega Bay. The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958. In 1963 there was a large demonstration at the site of the proposed Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant.
Marine protected areas near Bodega Bay
Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.
- Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area
- Bodega Head State Marine Reserve & Bodega Head State Marine Conservation Area
- Estero Americano State Marine Recreational Management Area
- Estero de San Antonio State Marine Recreational Management Area
See also
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
- "Bodega Bay and Harbor". Office of Historical Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
- State of California Water Quality Control Plan North Coastal Basin 1B July 1975 p.13
- "Sonoma County Regional Parks".
- "Access Genealogy: Miwok Indian Tribe".
- "Drake Latitudes on the Coast of California in 1579". Retrieved 2009-08-21.
- Clinton R. Edwards, Pacific Historical Review, 1964 vol.33: Wandering Toponyms:Puerto de la Bodega and Bodega Bay
- Adele Ogden, The California sea otter trade, _PHONE_, pg.58
- Hubert Howe Bancroft, Alfred Bates, Ivan Petroff, William Nemos (1887). History of Alaska: _PHONE_. San Francisco, California: A. L. Bancroft & company. p. 482. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2010.
- Thompson, R. A. (1896). The Russian Settlement in California Known as Fort Ross, Founded 1812...Abandoned 1841: Why They Came and Why They Left. Santa Rosa, California: Sonoma Democrat Publishing Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-559-89342-6. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2010.
- Suzanne Stewart and Adrian Praetzellis (November, 2003). Archeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Report). Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University. p. 335. _URL_


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We calculated the equation of state of neutron matter at zero temperature by means of the auxiliary field diffusion Monte Carlo (AFDMC) method combined with a fixed-phase approximation. The calculation of the energy was carried out by simulating up to 114 neutrons in a periodic box. Special attention was given to reducing finite-size effects at the energy evaluation by adding to the interaction the effect due to the truncation of the simulation box, and by performing several simulations using different numbers of neutrons. The finite-size effects due to kinetic energy were also checked by employing the twist-averaged boundary conditions. We considered a realistic nuclear Hamiltonian containing modern twoand three-body interactions of the Argonne and Urbana family. The equation of state can be used to compare and calibrate other many-body calculations and to predict properties of neutron stars.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics


The Neocartographer Game
In Neocartographer, two players or teams of players compete, each trying to outperform the opponent in a mapping contest where a player gains an advantage by being the first to contribute a piece of information about a geographic location. The game belongs to the genre of configuration games, where players occupy spatial regions until they reach a winning configuration. In contrast to most of these games, Neocartographer challenges its players by requiring them to reason about spatial distances.
The game has been designed as a playful introduction to geospatial analysis, more specifically, to the concept of Voronoi neighborhood. However, there is also a game variant in which the players do not need to familiarize themselves with that concept. Neocartographer balances reasoning and action in an intricate way and is generally played as a pedestrian game. It takes a few minutes to get acquainted with the rules and the smartphone interface. With the game itself lasting about half an hour, Neocartographer is an ideal choice for applications where temporal constraints are tight such as a tech demo in the context of a scientific conference.
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, and in central California. Some, also bound for California, fly up the Mackenzie River and through Alberta.
We know less about the spring migration routes, which appear to be similar to those in fall, but with some shifts between corridors. Birds returning to Wrangel Island tend to fly along the British Columbia coast, but some of the Wrangel Island population also uses an interior route through Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, and interior Alaska. Birds of western Canadian origin wintering in California fly north through Alberta, then down the Mackenzie valley to the western Arctic coast. Birds returning from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico fly up the Mississippi and Missouri river valleys to an important staging area southwest of Winnipeg and then in a more-or-less straight northeasterly line to James Bay and the Hudson Bay coast and north into the eastern Arctic.


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Volume 22, Issue 2-3, June 2018
POST-SOVIET RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS IN TWO SECOND-ORDER UKRAINIAN CITIES: FACTORS AND MODELS OF SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Oleksiy Gnatiuk, Olga Kryvets
Abstract: Post-socialist urban transformation constitutes an important segment of the contemporary urban studies. In this paper we focused on transformation processes in two typical post-Soviet residential neighbourhoods, built in the period of mass construction in the second half of XX century and located in the Ukrainian cities of Vinnytsia and Kherson. Our goals were to reveal the spatial and temporal transformation patterns, to identify the factors of transformation, and to delineate certain transformation mechanisms and models. The assessment of morphological and functional changes of urban objects was carried out via feld observation according to a specially developed methodology with the further comparison of results with urban planning documents reﬂecting the reality in the beginning of 1990s. Our fndings permitted to identify key transformation processes (deindustrialization, commercialization, revitalization, functional diversifcation), to list a set of factors promoting more intense transformations, and to explain mechanisms defning existing spatial pattern of transformations within the test neighbourhoods. Private commercial activity, including rapid development of retail sector, was the main source of transformation, thus defning its partial, fragmented and somewhere controversial nature. Since the probability of further transformation in each point of the territory is determined by the already existing pattern, the existing heterogeneities tend to enhance with a lapse of time, and therefore the initial stages of transformation are especially important for the further development of the neighbourhood. Despite the similar starting conditions, two neighbourhoods demonstrated different outcomes in terms of modernization, explained by the differences in the urban spatial structure, spatial and sectorial structure of industrial zones, position (importance) of the neighbourhood in the whole city, as well as the economic dynamics of the city. Based on detected factors and mechanisms, we proposed models for further transformation intended to maximize the level of modernization within the entire test neighbourhoods.
Keywords: post-socialist city, post-Soviet residential neighbourhood, spatial transformation, transformation factors, transformation models, Ukraine
Article info: 104-119
Received: Received: February 26, 2018 | Revised: May 07, 2018 | Accepted: May 09, 2018


The Benefits Of Raw Honey vs Conventional Honey
benefits of raw honey
These two bottles of honey are not created equal
Lately, I've been hearing a lot about the benefits of raw honey: it's great for your immune system, it can help with allergies, it's chock full of vitamins. But I wasn't sure exactly what raw honey was, or what the difference was between raw honey and the honey you buy at the grocery store. So, armed with my curiosity, my sweet tooth and a boyfriend with terrible fall allergies, I learned more about raw honey and why it's so good for your health.
Generally speaking, the basic difference between raw honey and "regular" honey is the way it's processed. Raw honey has not been heated to high temperatures in order to achieve the golden, syrupy look we're used to. Some people think that this heating, also called pasteurization, is necessary to make the honey fit for human consumption, as it kills bacteria and filters out bits of pollen and other debris.
But proponents of raw honey disagree that pasteurization is necessary, or even helpful. Some raw honey is filtered, too, but usually minimally. Margaux J. Rathbun, a Certified Nutritional Therapy practitioner, explained why raw honey is so great for our bodies:
Just like most foods that are processed or pasteurized, liquid honey loses a lot of its beneficial nutrients when it undergoes a heating process. Raw honey is loaded with nutrients like energizing B vitamins and immune-boosting vitamin C. It contains antibacterial and antioxidant properties, helping fight off free radicals in your body and keeping your immune system strong.
Raw honey can also reportedly help with burns, wound healing, and respiratory problems. Dr. Peter Molan, a professor of biochemistry at Waikato University in New Zealand, said, "The remarkable ability of honey to reduce inflammation and mop up free radicals should halt the progress of skin damage like it does in burns, as well as protecting from infection setting in…there are very good grounds for using honey as a therapeutic agent of first choice."
The anecdotal evidence from raw honey devotees is overwhelming. In fact, even some vegans have decided to use it (technically it's an animal product, so it shouldn't be included in a vegan diet). Vicki Chelf, the creator of Vicki's Vegan Kitchen, says the health benefits of raw honey are worth compromising her vegan diet: she eats honey every day in her soy latte.
Almost everyone I spoke to discussed the reported benefits of eating local honey as a way to combat allergies, too. Holistic nutritionist Andrea Palen commented:
The idea behind eating honey as a remedy for allergies is kind of like gradually vaccinating the body against pollen allergens, a process called immunotherapy. Honey contains a variety of the same spores that give allergy sufferers so much trouble when the seasons change. Introducing these spores into the body in small amounts by eating honey might make the body more accustomed to their presence and decrease the chance of an allergic immune response.
And if raw honey contains a higher amount of the pollen used by the bees to make the honey, it might be a better bet to help you stop sneezing up a storm. Expert beekeeper and the volunteer mentor-in-chief of NYC Beekeeping Jim Fischer says, "The good news is that a jar of honey is the cheapest thing one could buy for one's allergies, and it certainly can't hurt. "
If you want to buy raw honey, how can you recognize it? Palen told me:
"Raw honey is characterized by fine textured crystals and has a milkier look to it. It is solid at room temperature and might contain particles of bee pollen, propolis and honeycomb. You should be suspicious if a honey that is marketed as "raw" is clear and runny – it's likely that this honey has been heated and filtered and is not truly raw."
Not all raw honey looks milky or cloudy, though; there are a range of different filtering practices for beekeepers and honey producers. But Fischer emphasizes that lots of beekeepers claim their honey is "raw," when the use and definition of that term hasn't been widely agreed upon in the national community of beekeepers. He cautions, "The easiest one-step way to make sure that one is buying good honey is to get to know your local beekeepers, and buy only from local beekeepers. But "raw" is a term that is reluctantly used by ethical beekeepers." You can check the label for the word raw, but it's also good to ask whoever is behind the counter if they have any more information on the honey's source.
It's likely that raw honey isn't sold at your local grocery store; in fact, a 2011 study found that many brands of honey sold in conventional stores don't even contain any pollen. If you want to go raw, look for honey at your local health foods store, at a farm stand, or at a farmer's market.
Photo: My own
Share This Post:
 - Brac Swackhammer
 I am a beekeeper and honey producer here in Maine. Lots of bad info here in this article! Raw honey comes out of the comb beautifully clear, over time it will crystallize. However the claim the all raw honey looks cloudy or solid is completely false! My honey is never heated and never filtered. The cappings are cut off with a cold bread knife, then the frames are spun in my stainless steel extractor. The honey flows into buckets where it is allowed to settle overnight. The next day the wax that has naturally floated to the top is skimmed off. What remains in the bucket is a pure, raw, unheated, unfiltered product.
 - Brac Swackhammer
 You can read more about my process on Facebook
 - Coral
 Straight bee pollen can also be purchased which is what helps those with allergies. I put mine on yogurt, cereals, salads, granola and in smoothies.
 - Melissa
 Honey in the UK and most of Europe is regulated to ensure that nothing but raw honey is sold. Processed honey breaks down the sugars to bad sugars and removes all the pollen (all the goodness), which means it's just basically unhealthy syrup. You can have a nice golden runny consistency with raw honey too, depending on the type.
 - ecommercereport
 I've just been writing about this at my blog.
 There is a lot of pseudo-scientific nonsense and misinformation asserted by non-beekeepers on this topic.
 Andrea Palen's description of raw honey here is a case in point. All honey crystallizes eventually and becomes solid at room temperature. Not just raw honey.
 When bee keepers talk about raw honey they're referring to honey that has been extracted from the honeycomb in the hive and transferred to a container with a minimum of heating (i.e. cold extraction), and quite possibly with only minimal filtration as well.. The intention is to retain the maximum level of natural qualities and properties in the honey.
 Melissa's comment too, is well meant but quite inaccurate.
 Honey has all sorts of vetamins and goodies in it, even when its extraction and filtering has been aided by heating. If you want just bee pollen or believe its only pollen that gives you benefits then by all means, just buy your self some bee pollen.


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VoiceOver's keyboard help will assist you in learning the many keyboard shortcuts you can use with VoiceOver.
- VoiceOver Keyboard Help Video Tutorial (CC)
- Video Tutorial: Larger Version (.mov, CC)
- Directions (HTML)
- Print Directions (PDF)
To practice your VoiceOver shortcuts:
- Turn on VoiceOver by pressing Command, F5.
- Press the VO keys (Control and Option) and the K key on your keyboard at the same time.
- Press any key combination to hear a description of the VoiceOver shortcut if one is available.
- When you're finished practicing your shortcuts, press the Escape key to exit the keyboard help.


which food(s) does not support bacteria growth?
in progress 0
Heather D. Dever 1 year 1 Answer 381 views New Member 0
Answer ( 1 )
 1. it depends on different factors
 - content of food
 - the water activity of food
 - more water is present in food content. more chances of bacteria to grow. less water activity means fewer bacteria to grow
 - for example, dry fruits like peanuts, etc have the lowest water activity that's why bacteria cannot grow there
Leave an answer


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Vikings discussion activity|
The activity shown below is designed to help introduce the topic of the Vikings. It looks at some of the words associated with the passing of time and Viking life. Click on the link to view the activity. The activity would work particularly well when used in conjunction with an interactive whiteboard.


63d86ede17549b86a5746118897dc4a02eb2f44a — Jason Phan 5 months ago 66f2ba4
docs: Remove exceptions for casing
M docs/contributing/style.md
M docs/contributing/style.md => docs/contributing/style.md +0 -8
@@ 86,14 86,6 @@ For everything else, opening braces do not go on a separate line.
Generally, 'snake_case' is used for variable, function, and file names,
'CAPS_SNAKE_CASE' for macros, and 'CamelCase' is used for everything else.
However, there are exceptions. In particular, if a user-defined type can be
described by a single word, is publicly available to users, and is something
that can be reasonably considered as a primitive in the context of the module
that it is in, then prefer lowercase letters. For example, the KVM API wrapper
has classes such as 'vmm::kvm::vm' and 'vmm::kvm::vcpu', both of which are
absolutely fundamental to how the API functions and therefore may be considered
KVM "primitives."
### Classes
#### Data Members


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Mary Dixon Kies
Born 1752 - Died 1837
Weaving Straw with Silk or Thread
Patented: May 5, 1809
Mary Dixon Kies was the first woman to apply for and receive a U.S.
patent in her own name. Her patent, issued May 5, 1809, was for a
process for weaving straw with silk that was adopted by the New England
Kiesís invention was praised by President James Madison's wife Dolly for
helping to improve New England's economic situation, which had been hurt
by an embargo on goods imported from Europe. New England's hat industry
was one of the few industries that continued to prosper during the War
Kies's patent, which was destroyed in the Patent Office fire of 1836,
was one of only 20 issued to a woman before 1840
Kies was born in South Killingly, Connecticut. Very little is known
about her life or her accomplishments beyond her patented weaving
process, which was widely used for over a decade.


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High and diverse demands are placed on paints and coatings – simply because of the different applications and situations for which they are used. This high degree of complexity can also be traced back to the many different particulates and liquids that are processed. In order to develop new formulations, but also to ensure consistent quality during production, it is necessary to have a precise understanding of the materials and their behavior. This can be achieved by testing various paint parameters, such as particle size or flowability. This article presents a number of measuring methods which can be used to investigate paint and coating parameters in order to understand and predict their behavior.
How to analyze paint and coating parameters
Life cycle of paints and coatings
Figure 1 shows the typical life cycle of paints, coatings, and inks, starting from the raw material through the production steps to the finished product, its application, and the applied product. Depending on the step in the life cycle and the material, different properties influence what is happening inside the material. To ensure smooth processing in the subsequent steps and a controlled quality of the final product it is necessary to understand these material properties. The sections below describe a number of methods for measuring these coating parameters. As an additional dimension in these considerations, it is necessary to take into account that the materials can be in a liquid or dry form.
Investigating the behavior of powder/dry materials
Powders (e.g. pigments) are used as raw material and dispersed in solutions for liquid paints, coatings, and inks. There are also powder paints and coatings which are applied in dry form and then cured to form a smooth layer. Powders have multiple properties (like particle size) that influence how the material can be processed or applied and that in turn will also influence the properties of the applied paint or coating.
Particle size and particle size distribution
The particle size and particle size distribution of powders can be measured with laser diffraction(1). This technique is based on the observation and analysis of laser light which is diffracted from particles. The particle size and particle size distribution of paints and coatings are essential parameters for the quality control of incoming raw materials (to check that the powder particles are within specifications), but also during fabrication, e.g. milling and mixing of the paints and coatings. Knowing the particle size and particle size distribution of a powder (Figure 2) is also crucial for the final product, as these parameters will influence how the material can be applied onto a substrate, as well as the curing process and outer appearance of the final coating. For example:
- Fine particles with narrow particle size distribution pack closer together, forming thin films that maintain the aesthetic properties and durability typical for a thicker film.
- Larger particles tend to flow better and are relatively easy to control during application but curing processes require a longer time and higher temperatures.
From the calculated volume-weighted particle size distribution many parameters can be determined, including the principal D-values (D10, D50, D90, D[4,3]), the span, which gives an indication about the broadness of the distribution, as well as the percentage of particles in different size classes, which is important when checking the amount of fine and coarse fraction. In addition to particle size and particle size distribution, these analyzers can perform a pressure series to evaluate the effect of pressure on a powder's fine fraction during manufacturing and the powder coating process.
Powder rheology is the characterization of powder behavior by simulating all processing conditions – from fluidized powder systems to consolidated powders. Ideally, powder rheology takes into account internal influences (e.g. particle size, particle shape) and external influences (e.g. humidity, temperature) to phenomologically characterize powder behavior. It can be used for R&D when creating new formulations e.g. to find the optimal processability or processing conditions, as well as for quality control during manufacturing(2).
- A powder shear cell for investigating the flow behavior of consolidated powders and their time-dependent behavior
- A powder flow cell for characterizing powder behavior under various realistic conditions, i.e. to simulate manufacturing processes
These two cells implemented on a rheometer make it possible to analyze powders in any state they are in during the process – from compacted and consolidated to fully fluidized. In this manner all steps of the process can be simulated. Mixing and storage processes can be analyzed as well as the flowability the powders have during hopper discharge. It is also possible to determine fluidization properties which are useful insights since the powders will typically experience fluidized bed reactors, pneumatic transport, and spraying through a nozzle (Figure 3). Basic fluidization properties are analyzed with pressure drop and deaeration measurements. More complex shear-rate-dependent measurements simulate, for example, kinks during pneumatic transport or spraying through a nozzle.
Learn more about powder rheology, the classification of powder properties, and powder behavior.
The surface area of powder particles has a large impact on how they interact with electrostatic charge and liquids, and therefore their suitability as functional coatings. For powder particles the surface area is not only a function of particle size, but also of shape, surface roughness, and porosity. The extent of the surface of pigments and fillers determines how much dispersant is required in paint, coating, and ink formulations. Determining the surface area and pore size of powder particles requires the gas adsorption technique and use of the BET method. Compounds with a high surface area can be analyzed using gas adsorption with nitrogen gas, either applying the vacuum-volumetric technique or dynamic flow method. Materials with a low surface area often require gas adsorption measurement with krypton gas as this provides increased sensitivity.
True density and tap density
The true density or skeletal density of the components of a coating powder needs to be known in order to calculate the theoretical powder coating density and non-volatile film density. This can be compared to the density of the coating powder blend of resin, pigments, fillers, and additives – as blended, after storage, and after curing. Any differences in density of the blend can indicate subtle differences in formulation, such as resin-to-pigment ratio. Analysis of true density (skeletal density) is performed using a gas pycnometer which measures solid volume by gas displacement.
Tap density is determined by repeatedly tapping a powder column and analyzing the relative volume change. It is carried out to obtain the powder volume filling and packing characteristics. Automatic tapped density tests can be carried out on single components or blends.
Investigating the behavior of dispersions/liquids
Dispersions and suspensions are mixtures of liquids with particulate matter, in the case of paints and coatings these particulates are powder pigments and other additives. With liquid paint and coatings knowledge of the flow behavior is important for controlling and optimizing coating application. Before mixing the coating, it is also an essential step to characterize the raw materials to check their material properties.
Rheology and viscometry
Particle size and zeta potential
The particle size of the particles in the dispersion directly relates to properties such as appearance and uniformity of the coating layer. This coating parameter can be determined using a particle size analyzer based on the laser diffraction technique.
The zeta potential can be measured to analyze formulation stability and to avoid aggregation of dispersed particles. High zeta potential values indicate a stable formulation and prevent agglomeration of particles and inconsistent coating performance. These results, as well as particle size, can be determined on a particle analyzer using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS).
A large number of different coating parameters influence the behavior of the material during the manufacturing process and the quality of the paint or coating applied. Particle size and particle size distribution are crucial parameters for quality control, while powder rheology is used to characterize powder behavior during the entire life cycle of manufacturing, storage, and application. The surface area of the particles provides information on how much dispersant is needed in the formulations, and the skeletal density can be used to calculate powder coating and non-volatile film density. Viscometry and rheology are used to determine factors like pumpability and spreadability as well as drying and curing behavior. All these properties need to be determined for quality control in production, and also for the development of new formulations.
1. Xu, R. (2002). Particle Characterization: Light Scattering Methods. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp 111–181.
2. Schütz, D., et al. (2018). "A multi-method approach to quality control illustrated on the industrial powder coating process". Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 139, pp 136–143.
3. Mezger, T.G. (2017). Applied Rheology. 4th edition.


How to Define Your Brand's Tone of Voice?
How to Define Your Brand's Tone of Voice?
When we speak about ways to charm a target audience, some traits like a brand's tone of voice may seem subtle while hiding an excellent seduction power. This is a powerful reason to have adequate Planning and knowledge of a brand. There are vital factors that depend on language when trying to accomplish significant communicational tasks. For example, to promote a brand's identity, generate customer loyalty, and enhance discourses and proposals. Our brand's tone of voice should support values that make each product and service special.
What does a Brand's Tone of Voice Really mean?
Think about your brand as if it is about to acquire the qualities of someone's voice. First, imagine the rhythm It has. Is it accelerated, paused, or medium? Does this voice remind you of a particular place? Now let's speak about the volume: high or low? How soft, raspy, energetic, or weak is the modulation of each word? A voice tone in a brand leads us to understand the intention and importance of every communicational piece.
You might not imagine this yet. But you have likely hated or loved specific video announcements, even if you haven't seen any images. As humans, our brain is used to environmental and social signs. We often judge a message just by the way it is presented to us. That's why a brand's tone of voice is so important!
This bias also happens when we are reading or seeing social media posts. Even though we do not hear a whisper or a scream, we can still get a specific feeling.
When a brand gets the right voice, the tone is like someone familiar is speaking directly to us in a way that stimulates a deep connection.
What should I consider to set the tone of my brand's voice?
First, you need to consider the aspects and values of the brand that you want to highlight. You can start choosing specific keywords and elements representing your products or services' essence in the second instance. Also, you must consider which ones to avoid. The third step is to consider how you communicate and the background of the messages that your brand wants to offer.
The tone of voice of a brand is also related to the specific purpose of the communicative materials that it generates. For example, imagine that you have a youth clothing store, and you must create two social network posts: in one, you will announce a new hiring campaign to attract the proper sales force. And in another post, you will advertise a fashion show that will be hosted in a month. As a brand communication specialist, you may keep many constant elements such as colors, fonts, and even some words. But you indeed have to change some aspects in order to have a successful online exposure.
How do I use this information to attract customers?
The way we communicate with people is closely related to the words we decide to use. For example, a pharmaceutical company needs to build trust in its business discourse. A brand of sports shoes must generate agile and dynamic communication. When your brand's tone of voice is correct, it helps you reach the audience you want. Plus, it makes every message you want to convey clear and consistent, which leads you on the right path to achieve your branding goals.
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 ISO 27001 & ISO 22301 Blog
 ISO 27001 vs. ISO 27032 cybersecurity standard
 There are many standards in the ISO 27001 series, all related to security. You probably don't know much about ISO 27032:2012 because it is not as well-known as ISO 27001, ISO 27002, or ISO 22301, but it is near you, because it has to do with a place that you habitually visit: cyberspace.
 The word "security" is a complex term that involves various disciplines, and it is composed of various domains, like application security, network security … and cybersecurity. So, cybersecurity is not synonymous with information security, application security, network security, etc. The main objective of cybersecurity is to require stakeholders to play an active role in the maintenance of cyberspace (i.e., it requires actions that stakeholders should be taking to establish and maintain security in cyberspace) and in the improvement of its reliability and utility.
 Cybersecurity and cyberspace
 First, a few basic things. What is cyberspace? It's the virtual place where everyone around the world does business, studies, or buys. ISO 27032 defines the term in the following manner: "a complex environment resulting from the interaction of people, software and services on the internet by means of technology devices and networks connected to it, which does not exist in any physical form."
 Bill Gates cited on one occasion: "There will be 2 types of business in the 21st century: those that are on the Internet and those that no longer exist." And he was not wrong, because currently most business is carried out in cyberspace.
 And cybersecurity? It is mainly all matters related to the security of cyberspace through the security measures that protect it.
 Therefore, this standard, ISO 27032, is basically going to provide a guide that will help us ensure that our interaction with the virtual environment of cyberspace is much safer.
 Main differences between ISO 27001 and ISO 27032
 ISO 27032 is not a standard that you can certify; perhaps this is one of the most important differences with respect to ISO 27001, which allows certifying an Information Security Management System (ISMS).
 Therefore, both standards have different objectives, but as we will see in this article, they are closely related. ISO 27032 mainly aims to provide a guide for cybersecurity through specific recommendations, while ISO 27001 sets requirements to establish an ISMS. So, the focus of ISO 27001 is your organization and its ISMS, while ISO 27032 focuses on cyberspace and is a framework for collaboration and to address issues focused on different security domains in cyberspace.
 As you will see, there are further differences between the two standards.
 ISO 27001 vs. ISO 27032 cybersecurity standard
 Risk management, assets, threats, and vulnerabilities
 Risk can be calculated based on certain parameters like assets, threats, and vulnerabilities, although there are many other ways to calculate risk.
 The current version of ISO 27001:2013 does not specify that you need to consider assets, threats, and vulnerabilities to determine the level of risk, which makes it more flexible (e.g., in comparison to the previous version, which was focused on assets and threats). For more information about changes related to risk assessment in ISO 27001:2013, you can read this article: What has changed in risk assessment in ISO 27001:2013?
 On the other hand, ISO 27032:2012 specifies different types of assets, and does not contain a catalogue of threats and vulnerabilities like ISO 27005 (it is a code of best practices to develop a risk management methodology). But, it does give some examples, applied of course to cyberspace (threats are mainly divided into two types: those that affect the assets of type person, and those that affect the assets of type organization).
 At this point, neither standard details a risk management methodology; they simply refer to ISO 27005 or ISO 31000, which are best practices for risk management (ISO 27005 for risks related to information security, and ISO 31000 for any type of risk). However, ISO 27001 sets various requirements that the methodology developed should cover, e.g., establishment of the criteria for acceptance of risk, owner of the risk, residual risk, etc.).
 If you are interested in ISO 31000, consult this article: ISO 31000 and ISO 27001 – How are they related?
 On the other hand, in Annex A ISO 27001:2013 has 114 controls, not all of which are related to technologies. Many are related to the management of suppliers, management of human resources, etc. However, controls that can be found in ISO 27032:2012 are more specific for cybersecurity (level controls application, protection of server, end-user, social engineering attack controls, etc.).
 For its part, ISO 27001:2013 only contains a brief description of each control, and none of them refers directly to cybersecurity. The detail of each control and its implementation guide can be found in ISO 27002, while in ISO 27032:2012 you can see a detailed guide for help (if you want more information about the differences between ISO 27001 and ISO 27002, this article may be of interest to you: ISO 27001 vs. ISO 27002). Therefore, ISO 27001:2013 is more extensive and global, while ISO 27032:2012 is more concrete and specific to cybersecurity.
 Another important component that you can find in ISO 27032:2012 is a framework for coordination and exchange of information, which is particularly interesting while managing cybersecurity-related incidents that can occur. ISO 27001:2013 also has controls in Annex A to manage incidents, but they are only for incidents related to information security.
 Integrate ISO 27001 and ISO 27032
 Personally, I think it is very interesting to see both standards as a whole, not independently, because you can implement ISO 27001:2013 with the security controls of Annex A, which will help you to protect the information of your business, but you can also complement it with the controls of ISO 27032:2012, which will help you to protect your business in cyberspace.
 To learn how to comply with ISO 27001, while also implementing privacy and cybersecurity controls, sign up for a 30-day free trial of Conformio, the leading ISO 27001 compliance software.
 Advisera Antonio Jose Segovia
 Antonio Jose Segovia
 Antonio Jose Segovia is an IT Engineer, and he has many professional certifications in the IT sector. He is also ISO 27001 IRCA and Lead Auditor qualified by BUREAU VERITAS in ISO 27001, ISO 20000, ISO 22301, ISO 27018, GDPR, and TISAX, as well as being an expert in information security, an ethical hacker, and a university professor in an online Master of Information Security program. With more than 10 years of experience in the IT sector, he has visited companies of all kinds in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, United Kingdom, USA, Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica.


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Limited Power of Attorney Ohio Form – Adobe PDF
Use the Ohio limited financial power of attorney document to grant powers to a specific monetary responsibility, decision, or objective to another person. The most common example is a property owner electing their attorney to handle a real estate transaction on their behalf. But the form may be used for anything as small as picking up standard mail to handling complicated banking or investment decisions on behalf of the principal.
- Form must be signed in front of a notary public or with at least two (2) witnesses present in order to be legal


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To locate self-assessment questionnaires that help score the competencies of a strategy consultant.
- Although McKinsey does not share a self-assessment questionnaire per se, it does share examples of problem-solving assessment tests and cases it uses for selection purposes.
- The first one, "Practice Test A," presents three scenarios based on actual cases. The goal is to assess one's ability to extract relevant data from the information provided, understanding of financial and business concepts, logical thinking, and others.
- Test B and Test C follow the same approach.
Bain & Company
- Bain follows a similar process. Consultant candidates are asked to solve a case study. The company provides three examples. For instance, the "Coffee Shop Co." case study asks candidates to analyze the financial aspects involved in opening a coffee shop in England based on the information provided.
- The "Performance Consulting Self-Assessment" test allows consultants to check which areas they need improvement. The test covers four competency areas: business knowledge, performance knowledge, partnering skills, and consulting skill.
- Our initial research shows that there is limited publicly available information regarding self-assessment questionnaires for strategy consultants that would cover all the required skills. Some consulting giants share examples of tests used to assess consultant candidates; however, they cover a limited range of skills.
Proposed next steps:
You need to be the project owner to select a next step.


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The previous post looked at User Defined Functions (UDFs) for working with vectors, including examples of functions to find the area of polygons defined by coordinates. In this post the functions will be extended to find other section properties (such as first and second moment of area), and compared with the functions presented previously in Section Properties07.xlsb. The new functions (including full open source code) can be downloaded from: SecPropV.xlsb. The new function returns up to 14 values as an array function; refer to Using Array Formulas if you are not familiar with their use.
The code used in the new functions is shown below:
For i = 1 To Num1 - 1 j = i + 1 Vect1(i, 1) = Coords(i, 1) Vect1(i, 2) = Coords(i, 2) Vect2(i, 1) = Coords(j, 1) Vect2(i, 2) = Coords(j, 2) CrosspA(i) = Vect1(i, 1) * Vect2(i, 2) - Vect1(i, 2) * Vect2(i, 1) Next i k = 1 For i = 1 To Num1 - 1 Area = Area + CrosspA(i) Next i Area = -Area / 2
First Moment of Area (about X axis):
For i = 1 To Num1 - 1 AX = AX + CrosspA(i) * (Vect1(i, 2) + Vect2(i, 2)) Next i AX = -AX / 6
Second Moment of Area (about X axis):
For i = 1 To Num1 - 1 IX = IX + (Vect1(i, 2) ^ 2 + Vect2(i, 2) ^ 2 + Vect1(i, 2) * Vect2(i, 2)) * CrosspA(i) Next i IX = -IX / 12
The full list of properties returned by the function is:
The performance of the new function is compared below with the previous version in computing the section properties of a circle defined with 1 million points on the circumference:
It can be seen that the new function (red line) has very little advantage for the area function, but the calculation of first and second moment of area is substantially faster. For both functions the calculation of section properties relative to different axes is almost instantaneous.
Details of input are shown below:
Input XY coordinates must be listed in a 2 column range, with the last point being the same as the first. Points should be listed in a clockwise direction to return a positive area. As shown in the example, a hollow shape my be analysed by entering the outer boundary in the clockwise direction, then the inner boundary in the anti-clockwise direction, finally returning to the starting point on the outer boundary along the same line.
If not all the output values are required the number to be calculated may be specified in the optional NumOut argument. Alternatively, enter -1 list the symbols for each output value in sequence, or -2 for a description of each value.
Finally, if only the area is required, the algorithm taken from the Softsurfer site is considerably faster, at about 0.25 seconds for the 1 million segment circle. An example of the Area2D and Area3D functions is shown below:
Area = 0 For i = 2 To n - 1 j = i + 1 k = i - 1 Area = Area + PointVals(i, 1) * (PointVals(j, 2) - PointVals(k, 2)) Next i Area = Area + PointVals(i, 1) * (PointVals(1, 2) - PointVals(i - 1, 2)) Area = -Area / 2


Take the 2-minute tour ×
A marble is launched horizontally off a 93.0-cm high table causing the marble to land on the floor 1.85 m from the base of the table.
a.) How long was the ball in the air?
b.) With what velocity must the marble have left the tabletop?
Wouldn't another piece of information be needed to solve this problem?
Is it implied the initial y velocity is 0?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Yes it it implied that the $y$-component of the initial velocity is zero because the problem states that "the marble is launched horizontally."
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Your Answer


This document is part of your ASTM Compass® subscription.
 Determining the Transport Through Geomembranes of Various Permeants in Different Applications
 Published: Jan 1990
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 The widely different uses of geomembranes as barriers to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and liquids under different service conditions require a determination of permeability by test methods appropriate to the service. Geomembranes are nonporous and homogeneous materials that permeate gases, vapors, and liquids on a molecular scale by dissolution in the geomembrane and diffusion through the geomembrane. The rate of transmission of a given species, whether as a single permeant or in mixtures, is driven by its chemical potential or concentration gradient. Various methods to assess the permeability of geomembranes to single component permeants, such as individual gases, vapors, and liquids are described and data are presented. In addition, various test methods for the measurement of permeation and transmission through geomembranes of individual species in complex mixtures such as waste liquids are described and data are presented.
 Permeability, gas transmission, water vapor transmission, transport of chemical species, polymeric geomembranes, organic vapor transmission, diffusion of gases and vapors, transport of ions, reservoirs, waste disposal, leachate, barriers, flexible membrane liners (FMLs)
 Author Information:
 Haxo, HE
 President, Matrecon, Inc., Alameda, CA
 Committee/Subcommittee: D35.10
 DOI: 10.1520/STP19024S
 CrossRef ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


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Opposite to the coast of Lavreotiki at the southern part of Euboekos Bay it is situated the wild and arid island of Makronissos ("the long island" in Greek), or Nissos Elenis (the island of Helen) as it was known in antiquity. During the period of the civil war in Greece and the years after, until 1974, this island served as a place of exile and tortures of the political opponents of the government.
The eastern coast of the island has several small sandy beaches, accessible only by boat or yacht, provided the captain of the boat knows very well the sea, as several reefs scattered around may prove dangerous. A small cove, well protected from the winds is found at the southern coast; be cautious when reaching this cove, as there is an invisible reef some 200 meters far from the coast.
The island is found at a distance of some 2-4 nautical miles far from the boat slide of Lavrio, depending on the coast you choose to visit.


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A primary caregiver is a person responsible for the care of another person or child as defined by the law. In custody agreements or orders, the primary caregiver is the person the child lives with majority of the time.Continue Reading
The primary caregiver is the person who assumes responsibility for the health, safety and housing of another adult or child. For example, when an elderly person is incapacitated due to illness, a primary caregiver provides assistance with feeding, bathing and changing and may even handle finances when mental deficiencies exist. In some cases, the primary caregiver is also designated as power of attorney for the individual. When people reside in nursing homes or rehabilitation centers, the medical staff serve as the primary caregivers.
When illness strikes, primary caregivers often perform medical and therapeutic tasks for patients and operate as personal advocates and home-based care coordinators. In many cases, family members often serve as the primary caregiver offering both physical and moral support for ailing individuals.
In custody agreements, a parent labeled as the primary caregiver does not receive any extra authority or decision-making power than the other parent beyond day-to-day activities and decisions. However, the child or children live with the primary caregiver majority of the time and use the residence as a permanent address.Learn more about Career Aspirations


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BatterySaver Battery Compartment Cleaner. Keep your batteries working stronger and longer. For an intelligent watch owner.
- Picks up the corrosion particles out of the battery compartment simply
the felt tip.
- Neutralizes the acid from a leaky battery.
- Coats the battery terminals to provide better current flow.
- Prevents oxidation of the battery terminals.
- Moisten the tip with pure water to activate, before using.
The BatterySaver "pen" has a felt-tip to apply a mixture of citrus and mineral oil. The citrus, a very mild acid, cleans and neutralizes the hydroxide which may have leaked from the battery. The mineral oil prevents oxidation (which can impede current flow). Using a fiberglass brush can cause problems such as tiny fragments of fiberglass falling into the watch. When replacing a leaking battery, use the pen to clean the cell compartment, the insulator, and the negative battery strap. The felt tip of the pen picks up the alkaline crystals without contaminating the movement.


text: Apache Gossip is a system which can be used to build a distributed peer-to-peer network using the gossip protocol. Currently Apache Gossip is under its initial development stage where it supports basic data replication with CRDT, fault detection and multiple datacenter support. One of the requirement for this project is to support event based model to notify whenever the per-node data or shared-data get changed. Furthermore, the system is required support distributed locking mechanism in order achieve various tasks. For example dividing a task between nodes or electing a temporary leader. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to design and implement the above mentioned functionalities to Apache Gossip project.


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You have maintained a particular Number Range for the Materials but you are able to create Materials with ID which is more than the length maintained in the Business Configuration.
Reproducing the Issue
- Go to Business Configuration work center.
- Select Implementation Projects view.
- Highlight the Implementation Project or Change Project and select Open Activity List button.
- Go to Fine Tune phase.
- Search and open fine tuning activity Number Range for Materials.
- Here, for example: you have maintained Begin: M00000001; End: M99999999.
- But while creating a Material, you can able to create material with IDs like M000000011, M00000001123, M00000001732727.
The below explanation is based on the above example number range.
You have defined an alphanumeric interval with the begin number as M00000001 and end number as M99999999.
For alphanumeric intervals, the check is a lexicographic check, meaning that the id is checked character by character from left to right. And in case one number has more characters than the other number, the missing characters (at the end) are considered as space characters.
So when checking whether Id M000000010 lies within interval M00000001 - M99999999, this looks as follows
Check of M000000010 against the boundary M00000001: -> lexicographic check on M00000001 against M00000001 When comparing them character by character from left to right, these "numbers" are identical till we get to the last character.
At the end we compare the character against character "1", and according to the ascii table the character has a smaller value than the character "1" (see also _URL_ Hence M00000001 is smaller than M00000001.
Check of M000000010 against boundary M99999999 shows that M000000010 is smaller than the end boundary.
Result of the lexicographic check: M00000001 < M000000010 < M99999999
Hence ID M000000010 lies within the defined interval and is a valid ID!
So in case of intervals which are not purely numeric, please take note of these peculiarities of the lexicographic check!
Due to the lexicographic check for this alphanumeric interval entering a product id with more characters than the you wants is possible, as long as the check determines that the ID is still within the defined range.
Regarding the number of characters used within his ID, the lexicographic check checks that the ID does not exceed the total length defined for this number range type. So, IDs for products (i.e. materials, entitlements, service and individual material) cannot be larger than 40 characters.
So the concept behind this is different to what has been identified as a issue.
In case, if you wants to have not more than 10 characters used as ID for his products, we would currently recommend that the user has to check at your end.
KBA, AP-RC-BCT, Business Config. Tools (SAP Business ByDesign, How To


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You can use the search function in Taxi to search for projects, mailings and versions on your account. This saves time searching through pages of projects, mailings or versions. You can find the search function on the bottom left of your Taxi screen.
There are two things that we suggest to improve the search results:
1. There are advance search symbols:
'-' exclude documents that contain the term from the search results. The '-' operator only applies to individual terms.
For example, to exclude documents that contain the term email in the default search field, specify: '-email'. Searching for 'new -email' retrieves all documents that do not contain the term email, but do contain the term new.
'|' include documents that contain the term in the search results, even if they don't contain the other terms. The '|' operator only applies to individual terms.
For example, to include documents that contain either of two terms, specify: 'term1 |term2'. Searching for 'new email | campaign' includes documents that contain both 'new' and 'email', or the term 'campaign'.
'*' This matches results that contain the prefix followed by zero or more characters. You must specify at least one character as the prefix.
For example, to include documents that contain 'term1' or 'term2' or 'terminal', specify: 'term*'. Searching for 'term*' includes documents that contain any of the words that starts with 'term'.
2. Try to avoid using _ (underscore) in the names:
This will help the search results. Names should be divided by spaces, if you want to effectively search through all the emails.
Examples of using an underscore: MyPrettyEmail, My_Pretty_Email, My-Pretty-Email
Good example no underscore: My Pretty Email