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Can Ants Digest Chitin?
9) Ants(obviously) eat other insects, and I probably lack observation skills but do the ants also eat the exoskeleton also? Do they (or the larvae) have some way of digesting chitin? I did see that the ants pretty much leave MOST of the exoskeleton intact, and go for soft parts.
You have definitely got some challenging questions here. I'm going to give this one a try, but if anyone knows more about this, please jump in.
You probably have seen bug bits (discarded exoskeletons) littering the trash heaps around ant nests.
trash-heap3Many arthropods, including insects, have long chain polysaccharides in their cuticle known as chitin. (Chitin is also found in fungi, which was one of the lines of evidence that moved fungi into their own Kingdom.) The exoskeleton of insects is also made up of various proteins and waxes.
Chitin is known to be difficult to digest. It's long chain polysaccharide structure is similar to cellulose, which is also difficult for animals to use as food. The digestion of chitin requires special enzymes, chitinases, to break the strong bonds between the molecules. For a time it was thought that chitinases only occurred in a few bacteria, but evidence is showing up that certain animals have chitinases in their digestive systems, too.
It turns out that insects have chitinases able to break down chitin, but they aren't where you might expect them. The chitinases in insects are in the cuticle and are used to move chitin during molting.
We know that adult worker ants can't digest solids, so they can't digest chitin. What about larvae? It is highly unlikely, because the larval digestive system is also lined with chitin. When insects molt, they also shed most of their digestive tract, which is derived from the same tissues as the exoskeleton. Therefore, it seems larval ants probably couldn't digest chitin without digesting their own alimentary canal.
Many arthropod predators of insects suck out the insects fluid insides. Think about spiders, assassin bugs, lacewing larvae, etc. They are all feeding on fluids.
If it is true that insects can't digest chitin as a food source, this leads to some other questions. Leafcutter ants feed on special fungi, which they grow in their nests. Do the fungi they grow have chitin? Do the leafcutters have gut symbionts or some other means to digest that chitin?
If there are any chitin experts out there, it would be great to have some clarification.
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What is abstraction in computing? Give an example of how it works.
Abstraction is when functionality of some parts of a system are hidden from other parts of the system. For example, when a driver starts his car - he does not need to know about the inner workings of a combustion engine, he simply turns his key and the ignition starts. In this example the engines functionality is hidden from the driver.
If you would like to explain to someone how your day has been, which tense would you use? What are the three tenses?
I would speak in the past tense. The 3 tenses are past, present and future.
What is a pre-processor directive in C# and how would you use one?
A pre-processor directive indicates code that should be executed before compilation begins. We indicate pre-processor directives by following a line of white space with a # character.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A new registry compiled by two major universities reveals that more than 2,000 prisoners were incorrectly imprisoned for serious crimes since 1989. After perusing the registry, it has been uncovered that more than half of the newly exonerated prisoners were African American, according to Newser.
SEE ALSO: Remembering Haiti's Past
The University of Michigan Law School and Northwestern University School of Law worked in tandem to compile the data and found that 5 out of 10 falsely accused defendants were Black and 9 out of 10 were male. Before now, there was no official record-keeping arm or prisoner exonerations and the schools say this is the most-complete listing ever created.
DNA evidence seemed to be the thread that unbound the prisoners from their premature fates, with many of the arrested charged with homicides and sex crimes. Two-thirds of the exonerations came by way of DNA testing and nearly one-third of the 416 false homicide convictions were exposed due to genetic testing.
See the full registry here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Edit Article
wikiHow to Bike Down a Steep Gravel or Dirt Hill
Community Q&A
This article will teach you how to safely bike down a steep dirt or gravel hill. This is a basic activity for experienced mountain bikers, but new bikers could wipe out if they do this incorrectly.
 1. 1
 Study the hill and find the optimal path with the least obstacles for the descent.
 2. 2
 Level your feet on the pedals and place them evenly and horizontal. The advantage of this foot placement is that one foot will not be closer to the ground where it might hit a rock, stump, or other obstacle.
 3. 3
 Move your weight towards the back of your bike, by getting out of your seat just a little and shifting your torso back. On an aggressive slope, you will even want to position your butt, over the rear tire of the bike and grip the seat with your legs. By moving your weight back, you will reduce the odds you flip over the handlebars.
 4. 4
 Use the rear wheel break (which is on your right hand) to control your speed. Do not over grip the front wheel break (which is on your left hand), as doing so will cause you to flip.Try not to turn and hold the back breaks as this may cause a fall due to drifting.
 5. 5
 Avoid dramatic turns or speed changes in gravel. Given the unstable nature of the medium, it's easy to lose your balance.
Community Q&A
Ask a Question
200 characters left
 - You should always wear a helmet.
 - If there is a ditch at the end of the slope, pull up on your handlebars to guide yourself into and out of the hole.
 - It is far more enjoyable to use a bike with suspension when going doing steep and bumpy hills.
 - Never overuse your front brakes on the hill you could flip your bike and get severe injuries.
 - If you lock up your back brakes you could turn sideways and slide which can be dangerous.
 - Wear proper safety gear!
 - No experienced cyclist would recommend not using the front brake to descend a hill. Both brakes should be used to prevent the bike from skidding, and since the weight is concentrated more on the front wheel when descending, the front brake is used more. If the rider is not confident about using the front brake he/she should practice on shorter or less steep hills until they develop the skill.
 Article Info
 Categories: Mountain Biking
 Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 7,916 times.
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Is there a way one could bend an object, like a cylinder or a plane using OpenGL?
I'm an OpenGL beginner (I'm using OpenGL ES 2.0, if that matters, although I suspect, math matters most in this case, so it's somehow version independent), I understand the basics: translate, rotate, matrix transformations, etc. I was wondering if there is a technique which allows you to actually change the geometry of your objects (in this case by bending them)?
Any links, tutorials or other references are welcomed!
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 9 down vote accepted
What you'd need to do to "bend" an object is to apply some appropriate combination of translation/rotation/scaling to only some subset of the vertices of the object in question -- probably weighting that transformation accordingly.
Doing this is a pleasant-looking fashion will necessitate using more vertices than may be otherwise strictly necessary to describe the original mesh. For example, a simple cylinder may only have vertices at either end, but if you want that cylinder to bend in the middle, you'll need vertices there as well.
If all you are interested in is very specific, one-off deformations of very simple shapes (like your aforementioned plane) you could probably just do this manually. For example, decide on the "bend axis" for your plane and compute appropriate transformations for each row of plane vertices to achieve the appropriate rotation about that bend axis depending on their distance from it, and then apply that to the geometry (possibly on the CPU as it would be the most straightforward, at least initially). But such a technique would not scale well and would be very tedious.
Since it can be so cumbersome to correctly figure out how to weight a transformation to each individual vertex in a set to achieve the desired deformation (especially for more practical and complicated objects), many games use a technique called skeletal animation. At a high level this involves associating a separate set of geometry (the "skeleton") with your mesh. That geometry represents the bones of your object, and you define (often in modeling tools) a mapping between vertices of the real model and the bones of the skeleton -- which bones are associated with each vertex, and how much that bone affects the deformation of that vertex. Then the skeleton is animated directly, and the animation is transferred to the real model via the relationship between the bones and their vertices.
Typically in this technique, the mapping between skeleton and real mesh is defined at asset production time. The animations can also be built then, or they can be built procedurally at runtime. The application of the animation transformations to the real mesh occurs at runtime. Generally no new vertices are generated at runtime, which means the range of good-looking deformations is implicitly fixed in the mesh when it is originally created.
In theory, one could also apply tessellation and subdivision to the mesh at runtime based on analysis of the transformations in the animation, and thus produce the appropriate vertices to create an animation that was not necessarily planned for. I'm not aware, offhand, of any papers on this subject.
See also:
share|improve this answer
For the actual math of warping, this can get very complicated, why don't you start here?.
I'll now talk about how you can apply this, assuming you've already got the math for how you will do your deformations down.
2 ways:
1) Every frame, visit every vertex in the cylinder model and offset it in some way.
2) Offset the vertices in the vertex shader as you are rendering. OpenGL ES 2.0 supports vertex shaders. So you're in luck, in a way.
Do you want to only warp the object as it appears on the screen, or do you want to warp the object so every object in the game knows that it has been deformed?
If you warp the object in the vertex shader, then that happens only immediately prior to display/rasterization, so this means none of the game objects will know about the deformation. This is fine if you're simply making a screen saver, or if the deformations are so small that they have no impact on the collidable shape of the object.
When you warp the geometry in the vertex shader __the original vertices of the model actually don't move__, (they only appear to move).
Deformation in vertex shader
non deformed
This is from chapter 6 of the cg tutorial, (program #14).
The shader code to produce this deformation is something like
// choose a displacement amount
float displacement = scaleFactor * 0.5 * sin(position.y * frequency * time) + 1 ;
// displace it in the direction of the normal
float4 displacementDirection = float4(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, 0) ;
// move the vertex
float4 newPosition = position + displacement * displacementDirection ;
// transform (as normal)
oPosition = mul(modelViewProj, newPosition) ;
So you can see, this happens RIGHT BEFORE display (vertex shader happens on GPU) so CPU code has practically no way to access the transformed vertex position (there are ways to send data from the GPU to the CPU (primarily via textures) but we won't go there).
share|improve this answer
What you're trying to achieve is basically a subset of the topic of mesh deformation. But since you're a begginer, I'm afraid this type of information might be a bit too strange for now. I'll try to lay down the basic notions though.
In order to do this you'll need two things:
 1. Your mesh needs to have enough vertices for you to transform. For instance if it's a plane, you'll need to make sure it's actually created as a sort of grid, with many vertices for you to deform. Same thing with a cylinder. Might be possible to achieve this at runtime with tessellation but I don't know much about the subject.
 2. You need to use a vertex shader to deform the vertices. Basically the vertex shader takes care of calculating the final transformed position of each vertex, so you can take the chance to apply any deformations to them.
I'm not sure how helpful it will be, but take a look at this OpenGL resource, as it seems to be right the sort of thing you need:
Screenshot from that link:
enter image description here
Just saw Josh's reply and I agree, skeletal animation is also a very elegant way to encapsulate this problem, especially when your deformations start becoming more complex and harder to represent mathematically.
But remember, both points above still apply though - you can only deform vertices, so obviously they need to exist in the first place, which is why your mesh needs to have a decent amount of vertex density. And it's usually the vertex shader that drives skeletal animation and does vertex blending and such.
And by the way, you can do these on the CPU too, but nowadays it's usually a better option to do them on the GPU, which is why I put emphasis on the vertex shader, and you should look into it. It's not really all that much harder programwise than doing it on the CPU anyway.
share|improve this answer
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text:
WebMD Medical News
Louise Chang, MD
Aug. 20, 2007 -- Girl's preference for pink may have developed for
evolutionary reasons rather than just a passion for fuchsia.
A new study shows that men and women have natural color preferences. Blue is
the overall favorite for both, but women prefer a redder or more pinkish shade
of blue than men.
Researchers say this predilection for pinker hues may have evolved because
of women's traditional role as the gatherer, allowing them to pick out the
red, ripe fruit from a sea of green in the forest.
"Evolution may have driven females to prefer reddish colors -- reddish
fruits, healthy, reddish faces," says researcher Anya Hurlbert of Newcastle
University, England, in a news release. "Culture may exploit and compound
this natural female preference."
In the study, researchers asked a group of more than 200 adults to quickly
pick their preferred color from a pair of colored rectangles on a computer
"Although we expected to find sex differences, we were surprised at how
robust they were, given the simplicity of our test," says Hurlbert.
Although both men and women had a natural preference for "bluish" contrasts,
the study showed women's top choices were at the reddish end of the hue
Specifically, researchers found women preferred colors in the reddish-purple
region of the color spectrum, while men's preference shifted towards
"On top of that, females have a preference for the red end of the
red-green axis. And this shifts their color preference slightly away from blue
towards red, which tends to make pinks and lilacs the most preferred colors in
comparison with others," says Hurlbert.
Researchers say the next step will be to test the color preferences of
infants to separate the "nature vs. nurture" element of color preference.
As for the universal preference for blue, "I can only speculate,"
says Hurlbert. "I would favor evolutionary arguments again here. Going back
to our 'savannah' days, we would have a natural preference for a clear blue
sky, because it signaled good weather. Clear blue also signals a good water
SOURCES: Hurlbert, A. Current Biology, Aug. 21, 2007: pp R623-625.
News release, Cell Press.
Here are the most recent story comments.View All
The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of WETM 18 Online
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


Swedish Boy Names 1
Swedish boy names: Popular Swedish male names
Today, we're going to introduce you to some of our favorite Swedish boy names, and what they mean, to help you make the right choice. So, let's begin…
Known for their commitment to hygge, stunning landscapes, and eye-catching flag, the Swedish are a hot topic right now.
Just like other members of the Scandinavian landscape, Sweden is capturing the attention of people around the world who want to bring a little Scandi style into their lives.
Even if you don't want to move to Sweden yourself, you might be keen to bring some of the country's unique culture into your life. After all, Sweden isn't just one of the most attractive places in the world to visit — it's also one of the happiest.
As the whole Scandinavian style of living earns a much-deserved boom in attention, parents everywhere are embracing popular Swedish boy names for their children.
Fortunately, thanks to origins in Old Norse, Viking mythology, and more, there are plenty of great titles to choose from.
Even if you're not planning on naming a new arrival any time soon, learning about Swedish men's names can be an excellent way to discover what makes the Swedes so special.
Here are today's most popular Swedish male names…
Swedish Boy Names 2
Popular Swedish male names
Now more people are embracing the Swedish art of "balanced" living, male Swedish names are growing increasingly popular around the world.
You're probably already quite familiar with an Adam or a Liam in your town or city. Perhaps you even know a Hugo, or an Adrian.
Here are some of the more popular names, and their meanings.
1. Lukas (Lucas)
With a variety of spellings, including Lucas, Lukas, and even "Luka," this name has an impact all over the world. The name actually comes from a Greek term "Loukas," which originally meant a man form Lucania.
However, it's been adopted in Sweden, Germany, and various other locations too. Lukas is a popular name for Swedish boys right now, and it often translates to mean "Light."
2. Leo
Most people don't know this, but Leo is actually quite a popular Nordic name. Most people associate Leo with lions, thanks to the astrology sign, and the Latin translation.
Leo is a common name around the world; in Sweden, it can sometimes mean "Pure."
3. Elias
Another name with various origins, Elias comes from a Nordic background, and it translates to mean "the Lord is my God" in most circles.
This is a highly biblical title in Sweden, which started to gain a lot of popularity around the 1880s. It's common to see the spelling "Elis" in Sweden, and "Elijas" in Finland.
Before we continue, check out these great resources on Amazon…
4. Alfred
If you're looking for Swedish men's names which have a strong presence in the UK, Alfred is a good choice. Alfred is popular in Sweden thanks largely to the chemist and engineer, Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann
It's no surprise this name is often associated with intelligent men, as it translates to mean "wise".
5. Ludvig
Though arguments abound about whether Ludvig is a traditional Swedish boys' name, most people agree it has Scandinavian origins. The moniker, sometimes spelled Ludwig, means famous warrior, and it's great if you're looking for a name which denotes power.
6. Nils
Commonly found throughout Denmark and Sweden, Nils comes from the Greek moniker, Nikoalas, which meant victory of the people. The shorter name "Nils" shares the same meaning across the Scandinavian landscape today. Niels is a more common spelling in Denmark.
7. Walter
Walter is a name common across Sweden, England, and Germany. The term comes from Germanic origins, like many of the most popular Swedish boy names. In terms of meaning, this is a compound name which combines "wald" and "heri" to mean power or warrior.
8. Oskar
Although Oskar is one of the more popular names in the Western world today, it's also intricately connected to Scandinavia.
This wonderful name has two separate elements, "Os" which means Deer, and "Car" which means friend or loving. Essentially, the moniker translates to "friend of deer".
9. Stefan
Stefan is a great alternative to more common names like "Stephen" in the Western world. Linked to royalty, the name Stefan means "crown" or wealth.
10. Lars
Charmingly exotic in its own way, Lars comes from the Scandinavian translation for a Latin world, Laurentius. The original name just meant a man from the place of Laurel. However, most Swedes prefer the metaphorical meaning: victory.
Swedish Boy Names 3
Swedish boy names linked with strength
Thanks in part to Nordic and Viking origins, many of the best Swedish boy names are linked to ideas of nobility and strength.
If you want the kind of title for your new son that's going to convey big things for his future, here are some options to consider.
1. Ulrik
This amazing Scandinavian name is fairly common in Sweden, and it's the perfect title for someone with a big future ahead of them. Ulrik means "all ruler" or ruler of all. There are some regions tracing Ulrik's origins back to Germany too.
2. Egil
Egil is a popular Swedish boy's name coming from the Old Norse version of the title, with the double "l". This was the name of a legendary warrior from Scandinavia, making it a great choice for any young boy.
3. Göran
Göran has both Scandinavian and Slavic origins. In the Sweden landscape, it can mean farmer, or earth worker. However, a lot of people also connect this title to highlanders, and people who live on the mountains.
4. Karl
A good alternative spelling to Carl, Karl has both Dutch and Scandinavian origins. Experts trace the meaning of this name back to a common Germanic word which basically just meant "man." However, it also has connections to "free men" and "freedom."
5. Klas
Klas, similar in style to Klaus, is a name common across Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. In Sweden, the name translates to mean "People's victory." It can also mean triumph of the people.
6. Leif
This name might sound a little softer than some of the other titles we've covered so far, but it still conveys strength. Connected to related names like Olaf, Leif comes from the Old Norse word Leifr, which meant heir or descendant.
7. Sten
It doesn't get much stronger than this. Sten is a traditional Scandinavian name which literally means "Stone." The name comes from a literal translation of the title "Peter" into the languages of the North Germanic region.
8. Ville
Ville is short for Vilhem or William. Beloved in both Sweden and Finland, the name basically means "Strong mind" or "Protection." In French, it simply translates to "town" or village.
9. Olof
Similar to Olaf, like Leif, Olof is a Scandinavian name with Proto-Norse origin, commonly used throughout Sweden. There's even another version of the title with an "e" on the end. Olof means grandfather, ancestor, or descendent. Olle is a common nickname for Olof.
10. Alex
If you think your new son is going to grow up to be a hero, then Alex could be the perfect Swedish male name. Short for Alexander, or Alexandra or Alexis for girls, this title translates to mean protector of humanity or defender of the people.
Swedish Boy Names 4
Swedish male names for warriors
Today, Sweden is all about the art of living a balanced life and practicing fantastic traditions like Fika. However, back in the early days of Scandinavia, Sweden was filled with fighters and warriors, ready to hunt and protect their land.
Here are some names to convey the warrior history.
1. Einar
Jens is an interesting option for those interested in Scandinavian male names because it is often referred to as the Scandi version of "John." The title comes from Johannes, which is a popular title throughout Denmark and Sweden.
Jens is pretty popular in the Netherlands and Germany, it hasn't gained much attention in the US yet.
2. Gerhart
Gerhart, or Gerhard depending on your preference, has a heritage in both Sweden and Norway. The name means to be strong with a spear, or brave in battle (particularly when fighting with a spear).
3. Gunnar
A Swedish version of the name "Gun," which has begun to gain some popularity around the world, Gunnar comes from Old Norse. The title is a reference to the older word "Gunnr" which means war, and it usually translates to war, or army.
4. Halvar
Halvar certainly sounds like a name from Norse mythology. It's actually a Swedish version of a more Norwegian name: Halvard. The title translates to Defender of the Rock, which might sound odd, but it actually describes a great warrior or protector.
5. Ivar
Ivar, sometimes linked to Ivan, is a popular boy's name in Sweden and another title for a little warrior. The moniker translates from Old Norse to mean "war


text:
Jumpin' Snow Fleas!
Study those jumpin' snow fleas and start to get an inside view of why some animals like to jump in this insect experiment. Most insects don't like cold weather, but snow fleas love it!
What You'll Need:
- Snow fleas
- Reference books
Have you ever been out on a winter day and seen what looked like pepper sprinkled on the snow? Have you seen that pepper start to jump up and down? If so, you've seen snow fleas.
The good news is, snow fleas aren't really fleas. But it's easy to see how they got their name, since they look like tiny fleas when they bounce around in the snow.
Snow fleas are also called springtails, and that's an even better name for them. You see, they have a tail-like feature that works like a pogo stick. You might say that springtails have a built-in ejection seat!
How to Study Jumpin' Snow Fleas:
Step 1: If you've never seen snow fleas, look for them under trees on sunny winter days. Just look for what looks like specks of pepper that are jumping up and down!
Step 2: Why do you suppose snow fleas act that way? Make a list of other creatures that jump up and down. Although these creatures share the same behavior, they may jump up and down for different reasons.
Step 3: Look up the creatures on your list in a reference book. Then make a chart of the information you find. Remember to include the type of creature, the origin, and the size, as well as the reasons behind the jumping behavior. You may even want to draw pictures to go along with your chart.
Next, insects don't have to go to church to start preying.
For more crafty fun and animal-related activities:


text:
Bachelor of Dairy Technology (Purbanchal University)
Purbanchal University offers a bachelors degree in the field of Biological, Biomedical and Food Sciences titled Bachelor of Dairy Technology. It is a 4 years course which is divided into 8 semesters.
College of Applied Food and Dairy Technology (CAFODAT) is the first and the only college in Nepal offering Bachelor of Dairy Technology course. It is located conveniently at New Baneshwor, Kathmandu. The college aims to produce qualified professionals in the food and dairy sector and for that; the college has a specialized team of teachers who are food scientists, dairy scientists, managers and technologists.
The main objectives of this course are as follows:
- To produce food and dairy professionals.
- To improve the investigating procedure in the field of food and dairy.
- To acquire knowledge about the new technologies that are used in the dairy industries as well as in inspecting the quality and purity of the dairy products.
- To enhance the ability to conduct research in the food and dairy sector.
To apply for this course, the eligibility criterion for the students is listed below:
- Must have passed intermediate level in science stream with a minimum of 45% score
- Must have achieved at least 45% score in I. Sc.
- Diploma in food or Dairy or equivalent
Course of Study
- Applied Physics
- Applied Chemistry
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics
- Applied Microbiology
- Basic Engineering for Food and Dairy
- Agro-Business Management
- Food Chemistry
- Food Extension Educatio
- Computer Application in Food & Dairy Industries
- Instrumental Methods of Food Analysis
- Food Process Engineering I
- Biochemistry & Human Nutrition
- Advanced Microbiology
- Biochemical Engineering
- Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Post Harvest Technology
- IT Based Management in Food/Dairy Industries
- Quality Control and Assurance
- Food Process Laboratory System Development
- Food Process Engineering II
- Nutrition and Dietetics
- Packaging Technology
- Industrial Microbiology
- Human Resource and Entrepreneurship Development
- Dairy Chemistry I
- Dairy Microbiology I
- Dairy Engineering I : Mechanical And Electrical
- Technology of Dairy Products I : Market Milk
- Technology of Dairy Products II : Indigenous Milk Products
- Dairy Chemistry II
- Dairy Microbiology II
- Dairy Engineering II: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
- Technology of Dairy Products III: Ice-Cream and Frozen Milk Products
- Technology of Dairy Products IV: Fermented Milk Products
- Dairy Extension and Marketing
- Dairy Business Management
- Dairy Engineering III : Design of Dairy Equipment
- Technology of Dairy Products V : Dried and Condensed Milk Products
- Dairy Plant Operation and Instrumentatio
- Quality Control in Dairy
- Research Topic Selection
- In-Plant Training
Scope and Career Prospects
Before the milk and dairy products reaches the hand of consumers, they undergo certain procedures to certain its usability. It is necessary to investigate the pH, quality and other components of the food and dairy products to conclude if it is appropriate to be consumed or not. Harmful components in food and dairy products will cause adverse effect on consumer's health. So, food scientists have a major role in protecting consumer's health.
The Bachelor of Dairy Technology graduates can get a job opportunity as dairy scientists, dairy technologists, dairy experts etc. The field has a wide scope within and outside Nepal. The salary paid to such posts is also high.
© 2015. All Rights Reserved. Colleges Nepal.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Woods Hole is a census-designated place and village within the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near the island of Martha's Vineyard, and is the site of three famous scientific institutions: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Woods Hole Research Center. It is also the site of a United States Coast Guard station (The USCG Group Woods Hole) and the terminus of a ferry route between the cape and Martha's Vineyard. The Steamship Authority As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 925.
Woods Hole is located at 41°31'36" North, 70°39'47" West (41.526730, −70.663184).
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 925 people, 459 households, and 212 families residing in the village. The population density is 165.3/km² (427.9/mi²). There are 942 housing units at an average density of 168.4/km² (435.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 94.70% White, 1.62% African American, 0.54% Native American, 1.84% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 459 households, 14.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% are married couples living together, 5.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% are non-families. 40.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.94 and the average family size is 2.58.
In the village, the age of the population is spread out, with 13.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 48 years. For every 100 females, there are 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village is $47,604, and the median income for a family is $57,969. Males have a median income of $31,964 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the village is $30,752. 5.3% of the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 0.0% of those under the age of 18 and 6.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Formulary managers
Do you want to give physicians access to your formulary?
Medication management is the key to an electronic prescription system. Formularies are not booklets that can be flicked through occasionally, but crucial links in the clinical process with many national, regional and local implications.
Various existing formularies are accessible in Prescriptor, including NHG-formularium, Formularium Nijmegen, Groninger Formularium, and ETAS. These formularies are maintained regionally or locally and can be accessed by the prescribers using Prescriptor and a special license key. The advantage is that regional agreements in the clinical practice automatically appear on the 'desktop', which promotes compliance. This allows better coordination of regional and local (transmural) therapy guidelines for the purpose of efficiency and drug safety.


text:
History of Rapa Nui
Your location: Welcome! (Main page) / Culture, history / History of Rapa Nui
Was the first highest rank leader of Easter Island, he is believed to have brought his people on 2 boats more than 1.000 (perhaps even 1.700) years ago to the island.
Western literature refers to Hotu Matu'a as to "Rapa Nui's first king", although it is known that there were no real kings, but rather tribal rulers in Polynesia, we continue to use this term. Hotu Matu'a was considered the "Ariki Mau" by the locals, this meaning sort of a "major leader" or "highest ruler".
The settlement of the island
With certainly we can affirm that Easter Island has been inhabited for over 1.200 years. But, specialists still debate on when the first settlers lead by the legendary Hotu Matu'a arrived.
Specialists consider that the island was colonized sometime between 300 BC and 800 BC. Pollen analysis, DNA analysis and also the studies of local legends point out to various periods between this interval. Of course, some people might have arrived later and others earlier, but it is generally accepted by the great public that the island was uninhabited before 300 BC, despite the fact that there is scientific evidence that Easter Island was inhabited before Hotu Matu'a's arrival.
According to the legends, the Ariki Mau, Hotu Matu'a arrived from an island or group of island called Hiva. Linguistic analysis of the Rapa Nui language suggests that the place of origin was the Marquesas Islands.
Legends say that a person called Hau-Maka (Haumaka) had a dream in which his spirit travelled to an island located far away in order to look for new land for the ruler Hotu Matu'a.
Hau-Maka's dream trip took him to the Mata Ki Te Rangi, meaning "Eyes that look to the Sky", an island located in the center of the Earth. This piece of land was called "Te Pito 'o the Kainga", meaning "center of the Earth".
After Hau-Maka woke up, he told about his dream to Motu Matu'a, the supreme leader who ordered 7 men to travel to the island. So they did and they return to Hiva with the news that indeed, there is new land far away. Following this discovery, Hotu Matu'a traveled with 2 boats with settlers and colonized what we call today "Easter Island".
Several hundreds of years ago a bloody conflict had broken out on Easter Island. This is attributed to a variety of factors: remoteness, overpopulation, deforestation, tribal rivalry.
Easter Island is one of the most isolated islands
in the World. Even today, if you fly with a modern airplane from Santiago,
Chile, it takes 5-6 hours to get there. Imagine how difficult it was about
1.500 years ago!
It is believed that this island was formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.
Roggeveen, the Dutch discoverer of the island had estimated a number of 2.000 - 3.000 inhabitants in 1722. But specialists analyzed the bones, the legends and have come to the conclusion that around the 1500s and the 1700s there could have been as many as 10.000 - 15.000 people living on the island.
Overpopulation could have been the primary reason why the locals started fighting each other. This is believed to have lead to the splitting of the population into several tribes, families. Some think there were 2 tribes fighting, others believe there were multiple families.
During the fights, many moai statues and ahu platforms were destroyed, magnificent statues pulled down. Perhaps it was a revenge against the god(s)? Or just because of anger at the constructors? Perhaps the towards the ancestors who had cut down so many trees in order to move the statues?
The tribal wars have even lead to cannibalism.
During Roggeveen's visit it was noticeable that life on the island has degenerated due to deforestation and the depletion of the island's natural resources.
Today, Easter Island has very few trees, this is due to the fact that the locals had used up all wood for firewood, boat and house construction, but certainly have irresponsibly cut down large amounts of trees for building tools to move and put the moai into place.
Once there were forests of palm trees on Rapa Nui, now the only palm trees that exist were planted. So are all other trees which were brought here from other islands and the Americas.
The disappearing of forests has coincided with the conflict on the island. There was not enough wood to make fishing boats, therefore the islands could forget about going out for fishing and also about leaving the island! The disappearance of wood has also led to the decrease of the number of bids, which could not construct nests anymore. The locals found themselves stuck for good on what they believed to be the "Center of Earth".
The discovery of Easter Island
On Sunday, April 5th, 1722, the first Europeans arrived to the island called by locals "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Because it was discovered on Easter, it was named "Easter Island".
The discoverer was Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutch captain.
The name we hear so often, "Rapa Nui" is a newer one, given to the island by Polynesians in the mid 1800.
The oldest name known for this island is "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Over 800 statues are today on the island, but when Roggeveen discovered Easter Island, these were in pretty good shape, many in place. Afterwards many have fallen. It is generally believed that there were revolts, conflicts and the islanders pulled them down. There even are theories that point out to the possibility of tsunami tidal waves, which could have demolished moai statues, for example it is strongly suggested that the site of Ahu Tongariki was destroyed by such a force coming from the ocean.
Recovery from the conflicts, colonization and more tragedy
Following the drastic decrease of population induced by the tribal violence and famine, Rapa Nui had recovered only by the mid 1800s, when about 4.000 people lived there. But in the 1800s and the 1900s, more and more Europeans and South Americans arrived to Easter Island, which had become part of Chile in 1888.
Tragically many Rapa Nui people were forcefully deported to Peru and Chile, many others died of diseases brought in by the white man.
All these have almost lead to the extermination of the whole population. In 1877 only 111 Rapa Nui people existed on the island.
Later, the island's population took a positive turn and many Polynesians, Amerindians and white men from Chile and Peru came to settle here.
Today tourism, fishing, some agriculture account for the main economic resources of the island. In fact, tourism which so far helped the island may be its biggest threat as more and more people flock to this tiny triangular land on a weekly basis.


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SJSU was first accredited in 1949. Since that time, reviews for re-accreditation have occured at least once every 10 years. The most recent review period began when the campus submitted its institutional proposal in 2002.
The Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) accredits institutions, not individual programs. Therefore, in addition to assessing the academic quality and educational effectiveness of institutions, the Commission emphasizes institutional structures, processes, and resources. Following acceptance of an institutional proposal framing the review, SJSU prepares for two separate visits from WASC. The first is referred to as the Preparatory Review and the second is the Educational Effectiveness Review.
San José State is a major, comprehensive public university located in the center of San José and in the heart of Silicon Valley. SJSU is the oldest state university in California. Its distinctive character has been forged by its long history, by its location, and by its vision, a blend of the old and the new, of the traditional and the innovative. Among its most prized traditions is an uncompromising commitment to offer access to higher education to all persons who meet the criteria for admission, yielding a stimulating mix of age groups, cultures, and economic backgrounds for teaching, learning, and research. SJSU takes pride in and is firmly committed to teaching and learning, with a faculty that is active in scholarship, research, technological innovation, community service, and the arts.
- 1857: San José State is founded as a Normal School and becomes the first institution of public higher education in the state.
- 1935: Renamed San José State College.
- 1949: SJSU accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)
- 1960: The individual California State Colleges were brought together as a system by the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960.
- 1972: The system becomes California State University and Colleges.
- 1982: The system becomes the California State University (CSU).
Today the 23 campuses of the CSU system include comprehensive and polytechnic universities, and, since July 1995, the California Maritime Academy, a specialized campus. The SJSU campus alone is composed of 30,000 students and over 2,000 faculty and staff. The information SJSU prepares for its reaccreditation review provides an excellent data view of SJSU.
To nurture the continued development of strong academic programs and services to support student development and success the campus is fully engaged in a strategic planning process intended to help San José State University prepare for the future. It helps us serve our mission, reach our vision and guide resource allocation.
The campus is located in downtown San José, the site of the oldest civil settlement (established in 1777) in California. The city of San José is the 11th largest city in the United States and the third largest in California with a population of 926,200. Known as the "Capital of Silicon Valley," San José was called the "epicenter of information technology" by Fortune magazine.
The education level of the San José metropolitan area workforce is one of the highest in the country; 67 percent of the workforce has some post-secondary education, and 48 percent have earned a college degree. The city also has the lowest crime rate of any major city (those with populations of 500,000 or more) in the United States.
Core Principles and Standards
The accrediation process has changed considerably since SJSU's previous review. To its credit, WASC, following an extensive period of reflection and discussion with the many institutions it accredits, has developed a focused review process. This new approach provides institutions with the flexibility needed to make the review one that facilitates the growth and development of the institution along its own unique path.
WASC reviews institutions with respect to their committment to core principles called Institutional Capacity and Educational Effectiveness. To become and remain accredited,each institution is expected to demonstrate that it is committed to developing and sustaining Institutional Capacity and Educational Effectiveness. With respect to Institutional Capacity, WASC expects an institution to function with clear purposes,high levels of institutional integrity,fiscal stability, and organizational structures to fulfill its purposes. With respect to Educational Effectiveness, WASC looks for evidence of clear and appropriate educational objectives and design at the institutional and program level. WASC also expects institutions to employ processes of review, including the collection and use of data, that assure delivery of programs and learner accomplishments at a level of performance appropriate for the degree or certificate awarded.
At each review (preparatory/capacity & educational effectiveness) institutions need to present information that conveys to WASC the extent to which they have met each of four standards [pdf] articulated by WASC.
- Standard 1. Defining Institutional Purposes and Ensuring Educational Objectives.
- Standard 2. Achieving Educational Objectives Through Core Functions
- Standard 3. Developing and Applying Resources and Organizational Structures to Ensure Sustainability.
- Standard 4. Creating an Organization Committed to Learning and Improvement.


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Featuring Washoe County School District (NV) and El Paso Independent School District (TX)
58 minutes - June 26, 2019
Understanding how students are developing social and emotional skills is a key aspect of how districts are prioritizing SEL to help students succeed. Districts like Washoe County School District (NV) and El Paso ISD (TX) are using measurement to help guide school continuous improvement processes and instructional planning.
In this webinar, we explore how districts are adopting an equity lens to using SEL measurement and addressing school climate through data as key levers of student success.
- Ray Lozano, Executive Director of Student and Family Empowerment, El Paso ISD
- Laura Davidson, Director of Research and Evaluation, Washoe County School District
- Ben Hayes, Chief Accountability Officer, Washoe County School District
- Samuel Moulton, Research Director, Panorama Education
- Duncan Meyers, Senior Manager of Continuous Improvement, CASEL


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The effects of a cadmium exposure on poplar plants: A combined proteomic, physiological and biochemical approach to unravel stress-responses in poplar.
Doctoral thesis (2012)
The industrial revolution in the 1800s and the subsequent industrialization had the consequence of an anthropogenic release of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Among these pollutants, cadmium is... [more ▼]
The industrial revolution in the 1800s and the subsequent industrialization had the consequence of an anthropogenic release of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Among these pollutants, cadmium is very problematic due to its high toxicity. It can induce significant damage to the vegetation and an accumulation in farmland introduces the pollutant into the food chain. This creates a possible major health risk for humans. Poplar plants, as a member of the Salicaceae family, seem to possess a certain tolerance to this toxic metal and accumulate significant amount in their aerial parts, making poplar a possible candidate for phytoremedation. The metabolic and physiological impact of cadmium have been studied as well in field trials as in controlled laboratory conditions, but mostly in clearly targeted studies focusing on a few key aspects. The recent advent of more global techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics, make it possible to obtain new results. In the thesis presented here, a proteomic study of the short-term and long-term effects of cadmium on poplar leaf and roots metabolic processes in controlled laboratory conditions was carried out. With the help of this technique, complemented with biochemical and physiological approaches and with morphological observations, it was possible to obtain results on the stress-coping mechanisms underlying an acute first response, but also on the more general adaptation mechanism which make it possible for the poplar plants to tolerate significant amounts of cadmium. Results showed a negative impact on important cell processes like photosynthesis and ATP synthesis and the antioxidant system, explaining the impaired growth. Similar results could be obtained in roots, although the stress seemed much more acute, as evidenced by the stronger accumulation of typical stress proteins (i.e. heat shock proteins). In a final set of experiments a controlled combination of two stresses (cadmium and nonlethal chilling stress; 4°C) allowed separating specific cadmium responses from a more general stress response. Cadmium had a much more severe impact on plant survival when combined with an additional constraints. In this present work, the procedures, results and conclusions obtained are presented in detail. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 48 (8 ULg)
Combining proteomics and metabolite analyses to unravel cadmium stress-response in poplar leaves
Kieffer, Pol ; ; et al
in Journal of Proteome Research (2009), 8Detailed reference viewed: 95 (9 ULg)


text: In possibly the most bizarre exception in English, the past tense of the verb hang is hung, except when speaking about the method of killing someone--then it's hanged. This, however, is relatively uncommonly used correctly, which, when combined with the slang meaning of the word, a shorter version of well-hung, results in tremendous humor potential. This potential has been most effectively realized, to my knowledge, in Mel Brooks' Blazing Saddles. The main character, Bart, is greeted by his friend Charlie with, "They said you was hung!" "And they was right," is Bart's reply.


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PRG set a new standard for stage automation in 1988 when it introduced the patented Stage Command™ motion control system on Phantom of the Opera. The PRG Stage Command System (SCS) gives designers and operators the reliability to execute even the most complex motion control cues with accuracy, repeatability and unparalleled attention to safety. In the ever-expanding scope of scenic and automated elements, SCS offers the clear solution for today's demanding performance environments.
The cue-based SCS software allows seamless transitions in full view of the audience and creates a world of possibilities for designers. At the core of the Stage Command System are four main components designed to work as a system or as individual products. Complete and accurate control is provided through the proprietary PRG Commander™ console; the SCS PLC Cube (Programmable Logic Controllers) provides a Go/No Go safety check prior to executing a cue; and the SCS Drive Racks house the individual drivers that send control signals to the motion effects.
Finally, the wide range of effects controlled include the SCS Winches, a standardized line of winches, and the SCS Turtle Rotator, which brings rotational motion to a wide range of scenic elements. SCS can also control motors, chain hoists, scenic deck dogs, and traveler track systems.


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Medically speaking, the "side stitches" that you experience are called "exercise-related transient abdominal pains" or ETAPs. These stitches are very common and not serious, although they can be painful and can put a crimp in your exercise session. (People who exercise are much more likely than couch potatoes to experience ETAPs.)
Stitches are cramps or spasms in the diaphragm, the muscle that separates your abdominal organs from your chest and lungs. When you inhale, your diaphragm drops down; when you exhale, it expands upwards. But vigorous movement can jerk the diaphragm down when it is expanding upward, leading to a "stitch." You may have noticed that stitches usually occur on your right side - this is because the diaphragm is attached to the liver, which is on the right.
To prevent stitches, you can try the following tricks:
- Breathe evenly and deeply, not shallowly, using your diaphragm. You're breathing correctly for exercise if you can see or feel your belly expand when you inhale.
- Avoid running downhill (it increases the force on your body, making stitches more likely to occur).
- Avoid big meals for three hours prior to exercise.
- Cut back a bit on the fluids you drink before and during exercise to see if this helps.
- Purse your lips when you exhale and inhale. This can both relieve and prevent stitches.
- Stretch your diaphragm muscles before exercise. Just raise your right arm overhead and bend to the left. Hold the stretch for 30 seconds and then repeat on the other side.
- Slow your pace - stitches may not occur as frequently.
- Watch your breathing to make sure you're not always inhaling as the same foot hits the ground. Try to alternate breathing in and out on opposite feet.
When you get a stitch, bend forward slightly and massage the area. (Most people do this naturally to ease the pain.)
Andrew Weil, M.D.


text:
This file photo shows the crates of Mackinlay's Scotch whisky that were excavated from beneath British explorer Ernest Shackleton's hut in Antarctica.
Antarctica-bound explorers would be wise to bring a case or two of Scotch whisky to endure chilly nights. Ernest Shackleton was wise.
In fact, the Scotch he packed for the Nimrod's 1907 attempt to reach the South Pole was exceptional, according to distillers who sampled and re-created the drink.
Low on supplies and hungry, the expedition was forced to evacuate about 100 miles shy of its goal. When the crew departed Cape Royds, they left behind equipment and goods, including three cases of Mackinlay's "Rare Old Highland Malt Whisky" that was stashed in the ice beneath a hut.
And there it sat until the Antarctic Heritage Trust discovered it in 2006, nearly 100 years later.
In 2010, chemists and distillers with Whyte & MacLay, Ltd., which now owns Mackinlay's, got their hands on a few bottles and sampled a dram.
"The whisky had been in deep freeze ever since it was delivered to Antarctica," James Pryde, chief chemist at the distillery, recounted to me in an email. "We had no idea what we would find."
The hope was that given the cold storage coupled with a tight cork seal the whisky would be as good in 2010 as it was when it was blended more than a century earlier.
"This is what we found," Pryde said.
For aficionados of Scotch, that could be seen as backhanded compliment. Single malt whiskies from this period were generally regarded as "harsh and heavily peated," he noted - in other words, nothing to get excited about.
"Given we had no idea what we would find, it is not understatement that this dram turned out to be the 'nectar of the gods' — it was a revelation in its complexity, particularly the control of the peating level and the quality of the wood," Pryde said.
The storage under the hut while wrapped in straw and packed in wooden crates prevented the whisky from turning to ice and thus messing with the flavor profile. The preservation prompted an extensive analysis of the liquid.
"This as far as we know was the first analysis of a pristine whisky sample from the late 1800s and gave us real insight to what our forefathers were capable of when it came to whisky production," said Pryde.
The team determined the freezing point (-34.3 degrees C), alcoholic strength (47.19 percent), origin of the peat used in malting (Isle of Eday), and the nature of the wood casks used to mature it (American oak), for example.
The relatively high alcohol likely contributed to the lack of haze formation. "To have your whisky go cloudy would have been a PR disaster," noted Pryde.
The distillery had access to American oak casks used to transport sherry and wine and given its location near a port where this trade was particularly active, the distillery likely had the pick of the bunch.
All these aspects made for the exceptional blend for Shackleton and crew to sip, the team concludes in a paper detailing their analysis in the Journal of the Institute of Brewing.
Want to know just how good this whisky tasted? No problem, a re-creation is available for you to try.
To make it, Richard Pearson, master blender at Whyte & McKay Ltd., "used the best modern stocks of whisky that were at his disposal," noted Pryde. The blend was then subjected to the same scientific analysis as the original, confirming an almost identical match.
The lesson from the research project?
"I don't expect that any major changes will result from this work to the actual production of whisky," noted Pryde. But their findings do offer some sage advice for craft distillers of the future: master the art of blending.
"That is the most important thing that has been passed down from the 1900s."
More on old Scotch and distilling tech:
- Century-old Scotch returned from Antarctic ship
- Century old whisky found in Antarctic
- Sip some New Year's Eve science
- Whisky hangover worse than vodka, study says
The modernist kitchens of Grant Achatz are known for using experimental equipment to produce unusual cuisine, thanks to an unusual partnership with PolyScience, a lab equipment.


Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Desaturate an image -- without JavaScript + client side + cross browser
so how to grayscale an arbitrary image at client side?
in Internet Explorer it's a one CSS liner:
_TAG_ { filter: gray }
In webkit and firefox there is currently -- in 2010 -- no way to desaturate an image solely with CSS.
So for a client side solution there is only 2 ways left: canvas and SVG. While the canvas solution is perfectly valid i feel the SVG solution to be more elegant, because with the SVG solution it's only html and css thus only markup language.
The solution
so how do i use SVG to desaturate my image?
basicaly it's only the following 3 snippets of code:

 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0
 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0
 0 0 0 1 0"/>

and following CSS code:
_TAG_ { filter:url(_TAG_) }
put the SVG filter element at any position in your html code, but be sure that it's displayed. so amongst others don't use "display: none". in order to hide the SVG element you can use height="0" and width="0" instead.
for firefox becarefull to use the right namespace for your SVG elements. hence be sure to use xhtml or to use the functions createElementNS and setAttributeNS.
If you go the xhtml way don't forget to:
-add following attributes to your html element:
-set the extension of your html file to.xhtml
Arbitrary SVG effect on arbitrary html element?
what about using an arbitrary SVG effect on an arbitrary html element?
in firefox you can simply style any html element with any svg effect using CSS, see _URL_
in webkit you could use the element but unfortunately not all SVG effects works on embeded objects, e.g. see _URL_
in internet explorer use the CSS filter property.
in webkit and firefox use a SVG filter element for the desaturation then use a SVG image element to load your image and finally apply the filter on the image with CSS.
for firefox and webkit you can see a live example on dooity.com -- look at the twitter and facebook icons in the footnote.
 1. very nice blog, man! continue to help us out with your nice articles, Birtoull!
 2. This is awesome, more posts like this one :)
 3. This comment has been removed by the author.
 4. Hey man. Great post!
 I put together a tutorial that explains how to do this using only CSS/HTML. It makes use of the opacity and transition style declarations. With this, two images can create a "transition illusion" between themselves using the :hover pseudo-selector.
 Check it out and let me know what you think. You can find the tutorial here.
 5. after practice, still not worked for blogger...hehehe
 but i can fixed...hohohoho
 ty ty ty


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Top 5 Reasons to use Direct Water Injection when Stabilizing Soil
- Uniform Consistency — Direct Injection controls the precise application of water accurately to the exact percentage needed for the stabilized cross section to reach optimum moisture.
- Gravity — Water runs downhill and puddles in low spots, so when "top dressing" or applying water through a spray bar there is no guarantee the cross section is receiving the same application of water for the stabilized area.
- Adjust for Overlap — Direct injection capabilities allow for the operator to control the width of the application area by activating or restricting water nozzles. (A remaining 4' section can effectively receive the water without over hydrating the previously stabilized adjacent area)
- Adapt to Changing Ground Conditions — Direct injection capabilities allow the operator to quickly adjust the amount of water applied to reach optimum moisture for the stabilized section. Project soils rarely retain the same moisture content or makeup throughout a site, so it's important to be able to adjust for these different ground conditions.
- Better Results & Strengths — When proper moisture is applied consistently the stabilized cross section is better controlled, more uniform, and stronger.
It's not always possible to use direct injection, but when it is, it is the best way to add moisture to your stabilized section. It's the Rock Solid Way!


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How can I display a UTM Grid as a layer with Leaflet? Search a way to embed a OpenStreetMap map with Leaflet in a website. Particularity. I want to display a UTM Grid as a Layer. In addition, lower right UTM coordinate where the mouse is.
Example with UTM grid and UTM Number:
Does anyone an example?
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2 Answers 2
Have a look at these blog posts:
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It would be helpful to summarize these blog posts as well, in case the links become broken in the future. – Taylor H. Feb 10 '13 at 2:55
I can tell you the answer for the second question: How to show UTM-coordinates in the lower right corner.
In leaflet the internal coordinate system is always longitude/latitude as far as I know, and you have to transform every time you need to work with your data.
First make sure you have installed proj4.js and proj4leaflet.js. To show your coordinates you can use the plugin:.
Then define your coordinate system and use when you define your map object:
var crs = new L.Proj.CRS.TMS('EPSG:25832',
 '+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs',
 [120000, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_],
 {resolutions: [1638.4, 819.2, 0.1]
var map = new L.Map('map', {
 crs: crs,
 continuousWorld: true,
 worldCopyJump: false
The function _onMouseMove() should be modified to something like this:
_onMouseMove: function (e) {
 var my_crs =; // get the coordinate system
 var my_proj = my_crs.projection; // get the projection, which makes the transform
 var my_point = my_proj.project(e.latlng); // Here we transform back to UTM
 var lng = my_point.x;
 var lat = my_point.y;
 var value = this.options.lngFirst? lng + this.options.separator + lat : lat + this.options.separator + lng;
 var prefixAndValue = this.options.prefix +'' + value;
 this._container.innerHTML = prefixAndValue;
You will then get your mouse position in UTM. For more information see the documentation for proj4leaflet and leaflet.mouseposition.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
1. When you poop into a toilet and turn around to admire your creation only to find nothing in the toilet bowl.
2. When your poop disappears into the depths of the toilet without being seen.
3. A poop where the only evidence of its existence is something you felt or heard. There is no concrete physical evidence to be found.
1. I like to take pictures of my turds and text them to my friend Trevor, when I stood up to snap a pic of my latest creation I was shocked to see I just encountered a ghost poop.
2. My Grandmother has a very old toilet that sits at a weird angle. The poop slides right down the drain, so 3 out of every 5 poops are ghost poops.


text:
Date Dif 1.9
Date Dif is an application to calculate the elapsed time between two dates, or between now and a date.
It can also calculate the number week days (Mon. to Fri.) or the number of weekend days (Sat. & Sun.) for the same period. A date can be moved forward/backwards by any number of weeks, week days, days, hours or minutes. Entries can be saved for use in the future. Time calculator allowing computations to be performed on days, hours and minutes is also included.


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Reset Grecom Scanner
Use this document to factory reset a Grecom scanner and program a frequency to be stored in memory.
Before beginning, please read all the way through these instructions to familiarize yourself with the steps.
Resetting Grecom Scanner
- Turn the scanner OFF and Unplug the audio cable from the rear of the scanner.
- Turn the scanner On. "WELCOME" will scroll across the screen.
- During the "WELCOME" message, press "0" and wait one second
- Press "1", wait one second, and then Press "ENT"
- The "WELCOME" message will scroll across the screen again then the center of the display should read "1CH _PHONE_". NOTE: If you see other numbers in the center of the display, start over at step 1.
- Press "1" and then press "PGM"
- Using the number keys, enter your dispatch frequency. NOTE: YOU MUST USE THE PERIOD "." KEY WHEN ENTERING YOUR FREQUENCY.
- When your frequency is entered, press "ENT"
- Set the volume knob to the 10 o'clock position.
- Adjust the squelch knob to the point that just makes no static be heard. (12 o'clock is recommended)
- Have your NORMAL DISPATCH CENTER do a test dispatch. DO NOT use a base radio in your station. Verify that you can hear the dispatch through the scanner.
- Insert the audio cable into the headphone jack on the rear of the scanner. DO NOT use the PC/IF jack
Your scanner is now programmed to the proper frequency and ready for use.
We strongly recommend that you attach a note to your scanner/detector stating "DO NOT TOUCH."
Did you find this article helpful?


text:
Music, Discipline, and Arms in Early Modern France
In this groundbreaking new study, Kate van Orden examines noble education in the arts to show how music contributed to cultural and social transformation in early modern French society. She constructs a fresh account of music's importance in promoting the absolutism that the French monarchy would fully embrace under Louis XIV, uncovering many hitherto unpublished ballets and royal ceremonial performances.
The great pressure on French noblemen to take up the life of the warrior gave rise to bellicose art forms such as sword dances and equestrian ballets. Far from being construed as effeminizing, such combinations of music and the martial arts were at once refined and masculine-a perfect way to display military prowess. The incursion of music into riding schools and infantry drills contributed materially to disciplinary order, enabling the larger and more effective armies of the seventeenth century. This book is a history of the development of these musical spheres and how they brought forth new cultural priorities of civility, military discipline, and political harmony. Music, Discipline, and Arms in Early Modern France effectively illustrates the seminal role music played in mediating between the cultural spheres of letters and arms.
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text:
By Jan, Costa Rica Global Volunteer.
Quote of the Day:
If you think in terms of a year, plant a seed; if in terms of ten years, plant trees; if in terms of 100 years, teach the people.
Reflections on our two weeks at Colegio Tecnico Profesional de Santa Elena, Costa Rica:
Thinking about our last day as well as the two weeks at Colegio and Santa Elena, so many impressions cross my mind, that I found they can best be expressed using several generalizations: what I remember seeing, hearing, smelling, and feeling.
- Lush, thick, green vegetation in dense forests
- Pink clouds and rainbows in the cloud mist that rolls across the hills
- Nicoya Gulf in the distance
- Flora: heliconias, orchids, bromeliads, palm trees, strangler figs, ferns
- Fauna: birds asleep on trees at night, leaf cutter ants in armies of action, morpho butterflies, agoutis, coatis
- Transformation from a jumble of materials and trash to a renovated toolshed/greenhouse/classroom
- Students and teachers brushing their teeth at the outdoor sinks in the corridors
- The industriousness and teamwork of students to learn and help each other
- The efforts of teachers to use a variety of approaches to teach English
- The guarded gate for entry to and exit from the school for both students and teachers
- Awakening to the sounds of birds
- Winds at night
- Chopping sounds of breakfast and dinner being prepared
- Laughter and talking among the students
- Growing ability to distinguish the various sounds of Spanish
- Maggie's laugh
- The tantalizing smells of coffee and breakfast and then garlic and dinner smells from Tatiana's cooking before mealtimes
- Paint fumes at Colegio
- Scented toilet paper at Mar Inn
- El Trapiche coffee shop at lunch time
- The freshness of air when the clouds of mist come over us
- The comfort of a peaceful, relaxed pace of our volunteer life with our cohesive team
- Thankfulness for the opportunity to live in a small town in Costa Rica, a community with no street addresses
- Appreciation for an experience to talk and laugh with students and teachers, to share it with new American friends, and to be led by the capable, affable Maggie
- The wonder of the natural environment of the Monteverde region
- The wistfulness of knowing we're at the end of this journey
Pura Vida Pictures:
Interested in becoming a Costa Rica Global Volunteer. Learn more here.


text:
Fuel Injection and EGR Adjustments on The Renault R17 TS 720518
Because of low nitrogen oxide emissions, a version of the Renault R17 TS equipped with a high-performance engine was selected for the American market. This paper discusses problems encountered in adapting a Bosch electronic fuel injection system to a 1600 cm3 engine to meet American standards up to 1974. The principal problems solved were those posed by intermediary operating speeds. This study also gives an idea of the pollution limits which can be obtained with an injection system which incorporates various important adjustment factors.
Engine specifications are presented, as are decriptions of the electric regulation, electric and pneumatic cold-start, and fuel feeding circuits. The various modifications to the engine are also described.


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Science and technology has been used more and more in the last few decades to gain advantage over competitors. Quite often, however, the actual science involved is not published because a suitable journal cannot be found. The Engineering of Sport brings together work from a very diverse range of subjects including Engineering, Physics, Materials and Biomechanics.
The Engineering of Sport represent work which was represented at the 1st International Conference on the Engineering of Sport held in Sheffield, UK in July 1996. Many sports were represented and the material covered split into nine topics covering aerodynamics, biomechanics, design, dynamics, instrumentation, materials, mechanics, modelling, motion analysis, and vibrations. It should be of interest to specialists in all areas of sports research.
5. Materials in Sport
7. Modelling of Sport
8. Motion Analysis
9. Vibration Analysis


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CEE Task Force
The European Women's Lobby (EWL) is the largest umbrella organisation of women's associations in the European Union (EU), working to promote women's rights and equality between women and men. EWL membership extends to organisations in all 28 EU member states and the three candidate countries, as well as to 20 European-wide bodies, representing a total of more than 2500 organisations.
On the 10th Anniversary of the EU-membership of the countries in East Central European, Baltic and Balkan states, there are serious concerns about the extent to which EU membership has brought benefits in terms of gender equality. Challenges in terms of gender pay gap, low women's political participation, violence against women and limited political space for women's organisations persist and in some cases are growing. Therefore EWL membership has identified a need to come together to discuss common strategies to address institutional, human rights and economic aspects of gender inequality in East Central European, Baltic and Balkan states. The purpose of the CEE Task Force is to:
Share information and learning amongst Members of the EWL in East Central European, Baltic and Balkan states to identify any gaps and synergies.
Strengthen joint strategies for advancing gender equality and challenging resistance.
Design and implement common projects
The CEE Task Force had its first meeting on 19-21 January 2015, to share information, develop a common analysis of the threats and opportunities for women's rights in the region, as well as to develop common intervention strategies to address the backlash and bolster support for women's rights.


FX is an abbreviation for FAMILY EXPERIENCE. FX is a live, dynamic environment designed to help us as the church partner with families. It is a fun, shared experience for families to come together for a purpose. It strategically places parents and kids in a world that helps both understand and live out essential truths regarding wisdom, faith, and friendship.
We often say, "What happens at home is even more important than what happens at church." This means that our faith really isn't a living faith until it is lived out in our daily lives. Parents and kids look for practical ways to take what happens at church home with them so that it is relevant on a Tuesday afternoon, or a Friday morning, or late at night.


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Important Time and Work Questions
Important Time and Work Questions. Welcome to the _URL_ online Quant section. If you are preparing for SBI Clerk, SSC CPO, and Railway RRB Group D Exams, you will come across a section on Quantitative Aptitude. Here we are providing you Quant quiz on "Important Time and Work Questions" pattern for your daily practice.
"Time and Work Questions" will help you learn concepts on important topics in Quant Section. This Quant subject quiz based on Important "Time and Work Questions and Answer" is also important for other banking exams such as IBPS PO, IBPS Clerk, SBI Clerk, IBPS RRB Officer, IBPS RRB Office Assistant, SSC CGL/CHSL/CPO, Railway RRB and other competitive exams.
Important Time and Work Questions: Set- 5
1.2 men or 5 women or 7 boys can finish a work in 469 days, then the number of days taken by 7 men, 5 women and 2 boys to finish the work is-
2. 6 children and 2 men complete a certain piece of work in 6 days. Each child takes twice the time taken by a man to finish the work. In how many days will 5 men finish the same work-?
3.(x-2) men can do a piece of work in x days and (x+7) men can do 75%of the same work in (x-10) days. Then in how many days can (x+10) men finish the work?
4. A man, a woman and a girl worked for a contractor for the same period. A man is twice efficient as a woman and a woman is thrice efficient as girl Rs. 10000 were given to all of them. What is the sum of money received by a woman and a girl together?
5.A piece of work can be done by 10 men and 6 women in 18 days. Men work 9 hr per day while women work 7.5 hr per day. Per hr efficiency of a woman is 2/3 of a man's. In how many days 10 men and 9 women complete the work?
6.Tap A can fill a tank in 20 hr, B in 25 hr but tap C can empty a full tank in 30 hr. Starting with A, followed by B and C each tap opens alternatively for one hr period till the tank gets filled up completely. In how many hr the tank will be filled up completely?
- 51 11/15
- 52 2/3
- 24 4/11
- None of these
7. If one pipe A can fill a tank in 20 min, then 5 pipes, each of 20%efficiency of A, can fill the tank in-
- 80 min
- 100 min
- 20 min
- 25 min
8. A, B and C three weavers have to supply an order of 100 Sweater. A can weave a Sweater in 2 hr, B in 3 hr and C in 4 hr respectively. It is known that even being a joint contract each one weaver help to the rest weavers. In how many hr they will complete the order irrespective of day or night?
- 93 hr
- 100 hr
- 92 4/13 hr
- 94 hr
9. A tank is connected with 4 pipes A, B, C and D of which two are filling the tank and other two are emptying it. The time taken by A, B, C and D to finish their jobs are 10hr, 15hr, 20 hr and 30 hr respectively. All four pipes are opened. When the tank was empty, it took 12 hr to fill it completely. Which two are the outlet pipes?
- A and B
- C and D
- A and C
- B and D
10.Himesh and fatima are two different persons, but when they worked together they complete it in 10 days. Had Himesh worked at half of his efficiency and Fatima at five times of his efficiency it would have taken them to finish the job in 50% of the scheduled time. In how many days Fatima can complete the job working alone?
- 15 days
- 24 days
- 15 days
- 30 days


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In and of the current draft standard restrictions are placed on specializations injected by users into namespace std.
The behavior of a C ++ program is undefined if it adds declarations or definitions to namespace std or to a namespace within namespace std unless otherwise specified. A program may add a template specialization for any standard library template to namespace std only if the declaration depends on a user-defined type and the specialization meets the standard library requirements for the original template and is not explicitly prohibited.
I cannot find where in the standard the phrase user-defined type is defined.
One option I have heard claimed is that a type that is not std::is_fundamental is a user-defined type, in which case std::vector would be a user-defined type.
An alternative answer would be that a user-defined type is a type that a user defines. As users do not define std::vector, and std::vector is not dependent on any type a user defines, std::vector is not a user-defined type.
A practical problem this impacts is "can you inject a specialization for std::hash for std::tuple into namespace std? Being able to do so is somewhat convenient -- the alternative is to create another namespace where we recursively build our hash for std::tuple (and possibly other types in std that do not have hash support), and if and only if we fail to find a hash in that namespace do we fall back on std.
However, if this is legal, then if and when the standard adds a hash specialization for std::tuple to namespace std, code that specialized it already would be broken, creating a reason not to add such specializations in the future.
While I am talking about std::vector as a concrete example, I am trying to ask if types defined in std are ever user-defined type s. A secondary question is, even if not, maybe std::tuple becomes a user-defined type when used by a user (this gets slippery: what then happens if something inside std defines std::tuple, and you partial-specialize hash for std::tuple).
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It doesn't mean a type that's defined by the programmer? A type that's not already present in the C++ specification? – Robert Harvey May 14 '14 at 15:42
_USER_ No, at least not historically. Historically, a UDT is any non-fundamental type, i.e. any type other than enums and builtin types such as int, char etc. But I agree that this makes the usage in the context cited here weird. – Konrad Rudolph May 14 '14 at 15:43
Yes, that's essentially my understanding. Anything you might define with class or struct. – Robert Harvey May 14 '14 at 15:45
_USER_ Forget it, brain fart. I was thinking of (non-)POD, not UDT. – Konrad Rudolph May 14 '14 at 15:57
BTW: I've seen this type of question several times and I always wondered why the definition of "user-defined type" is questioned instead of simply questioning if the restrictions in simply need to be fixed (by extending the wording to not just rely on UDTs) – Daniel Frey May 14 '14 at 16:41
4 Answers 4
Prof. Stroustrup is very clear that any type that is not built-in is user-defined. See the second paragraph of section 9.1 in Programming Principles and Practice Using C++.
The article explicitly mentions that not everyone seems to agree, but this is IMHO mostly wishful thinking and not what the standard (and Prof. Stroustrup) are actually saying, only what some people want to read into it.
share|improve this answer
TC++PL 4th edition (2014), p139 "The standard library provides many user-defined types." -- same page: "Enumerations and classes are called user-defined types because they must be defined by users rather than being available for use without previous declarations, the way fundamental types are." – dyp May 14 '14 at 17:14
_USER_ Sure, but that is just the words and intentions of the inventor of the language: I was hoping for something definitive. ;) – Yakk May 14 '14 at 19:01
_USER_ Yeah... I had this discussion before (with Potatoswatter?) and I agree that paragraph is ambiguous. I just wanted to add some more quotes to Daniel's answer. – dyp May 14 '14 at 19:27
_USER_ related:… – dyp May 14 '14 at 19:34
Stroustrup is using the term as it is used in Clauses 1-16, but Clause 17 uses it in a different way, and does not consider e.g. std::string to be a user-defined type (even though that most certainly is a user-defined type according to clauses 1-6) – Jonathan Wakely Jan 6 at 1:10
When Clause 17 says "user-defined" it means "a type not defined in the standard" so std::vector is not user-defined, neither is std::string, so you cannot specialize std::vector or std::vector. On the other hand, struct MyClass is user-defined, because it's not a type defined in the standard, so you can specialize std::vector.
This is not the same meaning of "user-defined" used in clauses 1-16, and that difference is confusing and silly. There is a defect report for this, with some discussion recorded that basically says "yes, the library uses the wrong term, but we don't have a better one".
So the answer to your question is "it depends". If you're talking to a C++ compiler implementor or a core language expert, std::vector is definitely a user-defined type, but if you're talking to a standard library implementor, it is not. More precisely, it's not user-defined for the purposes of 17,
One way to look at it is that the standard library is "user code" as far as the core language is concerned. But the standard library has a different idea of "users" and considers itself to be part of the implementation, and only things that aren't part of the library are "user-defined".
Edit: I have proposed changing the library Clauses to use a new term, "program-defined", which means something defined in your program (as opposed to UDTs defined in the standard, such as std::string).
share|improve this answer
And std::vector depends on a user-defined type, so you can also specialize hash for std::vector, etc – Ben Voigt Jan 6 at 1:18
This makes me sad. Not the answer. The answer is great. – Lightness Races in Orbit Jul 10 at 15:55
The logical counter argument is that users do define std::vector. You see std::vector is a class template and as such has no direct representation in binary code.
In a sense it gets it binary representation through the instantiation of a type, so the very action of declaring a std::vector object is what gives "soul" to the template (pardon the phrasing). In a program where noone uses a std::vector this data type does not exist.
On the other hand, following the same argument, std::vector is not a user defined type, it is not even a type, it does not exist; only if we want to (instantiate a type), it will mandate how a structure will be layed out but until then we can only argue about it in terms of structure, design, properties and so on.
The above argument (about templates being not code but... well templates for code) may seem a bit superficial but draws it's logic, from Mayer's introduction in A. Alexandrescu's book Modern C++ Design. The relative quote there, goes like this :
Eventually, Andrei turned his attention to the development of template-based implementations of popular language idioms and design patterns, especially the GoF[*] patterns. This led to a brief skirmish with the Patterns community, because one of their fundamental tenets is that patterns cannot be represented in code. Once it became clear that Andrei was automating the generation of pattern implementations rather than trying to encode patterns themselves, that objection was removed, and I was pleased to see Andrei and one of the GoF (John Vlissides) collaborate on two columns in the C++ Report focusing on Andrei's work.
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Umm... just to put it into simple-english, except the note, you say "std::vector is not a user-defined type, because it is not a type at all (unless T is type and it gets instantiated). It's a template.", am I right? However, any instantiation would be an UDT. – luk32 May 15 '14 at 9:11
The draft standard contrasts fundamental types with user-defined types in a couple of (non-normative) places.
The draft standard also uses the term "user-defined" in other contexts, referring to entities created by the programmer or defined in the standard library. Examples include user-defined constructor, user-defined operator and user-defined conversion.
These facts allow us, absent other evidence, to tentatively assume that the intent of the standard is that user-defined type should mean compound type


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Swimming has many benefits as a simple, but effective physical exercise. It helps to prevent excessive weight gain without affecting the weight of the newborn and reduces joint pressure and the appearance of edema. In addition, swimming during pregnancy can help relieve stress and improve sleep.
Most pools use chlorine to kill bacteria that can be dangerous to humans. Therefore, from the point of view of infection, swimming in a chlorinated pool is certainly safer than swimming in open water. However, when chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic substances in the water (such as skin cells and body care products) to form various harmful by-products, such as trihalomethanes (a group of four chemical compounds, including chloroform).
For this reason, some studies suggest that swimming in pools during pregnancy may affect the baby. However, these studies also acknowledge that further research is needed over longer time frames to conclude if there is a significant risk. Therefore, experts still encourage swimming as a beneficial physical activity to undertake while pregnant.


cal H^n$ and $\mathcal H^{n+1}$. The $n$-ball has positive $\mathcal H^n$-volume, while its $\mathcal H^{n+1}$-volume vanishes, since there is really no $(n+1)$-dimensional interior in an $n$-ball. To compare the volumes $\mathcal H^{n}(B^n)$ and $\mathcal H^{n+1}(B^{n+1})$ under a common measure, we make use of $\mathcal H^{n}(A)=\mathcal H^{n+1}(A\times[0,1])$. – Christoph Aug 22 '13 at 11:08
Could you explain why are you working with a cylinder of height two instead of height one? Shouldn't we compare $B^{n+1}$ with $B^n \times [\textrm{something with length one}]$? Otherwise we do double the volume. Everything else makes sense to me. I just don't understand "but it is a matter of radius as already discussed". – Fixed Point Aug 23 '13 at 8:53
_USER_ Just because "height" (diameter) of the unit-ball is $2$. If our default ball has radius $1/2$, then I would work with some unit interval. The difference between those cases is a factor proportional to the radius and dependence radius ~ volume was discussed in the first paragraph. – savick01 Aug 23 '13 at 9:36
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Post-Tensioned Concrete - Tracks
When faced with extreme weather or poor soil conditions, traditional running track asphalt bases can have a tendency to heave, settle, or crack — all of which can affect your surface performance and safety.
The solution? A post-tensioned concrete substrate system. Renowned for long-term durability, our innovative technique involves encasing sheathed cables in a concrete slab, then stressing and locking those cables in place once the concrete sets. This creates a durable solution which leads to reduced repair and maintenance costs, often required with an asphalt base.
WITH POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE, YOU CAN:
- Span unstable soil
- Increase resistance to settling and heaving
- Provide a consistent slope for drainage
- Create a stable, aesthetic concrete edge
- Eliminate potential liability due to structural cracking
REMAINS DURABLE IN POOR SOIL CONDITIONS
If expansive soil starts to move, the concrete slab actually floats and performs independently due to constant cable compression.
The post-tensioned slab is kept in a constant state of compression, so it remains durable and stable during weather fluctuations and extreme conditions.
Reduces water holding areas and provides consistent slope allowing for a highly competitive surface.
MAKES USE OF EXISTING SITES
Reduces removal costs and potential unforeseen subgrade conditions.


2015 Fabricante | L'Antic Colonial
The idea comes from the origin of the rock. A quarry is a big living sculpture which shape is changed by the forces of nature and by human hand.
The essence of L'Antic Colonial is working with natural materials. During the process of inspiration for the Faces Collection, we studied the formation of the material.
When a rock is cut, the patterns on its surface show you a part of history. They are an evidence of the course of time and the process that formed it. Heat, pressure, time and even chance work on the rock creating the patterns and textures that are characteristic of the marble stone. Each piece is a unique and unrepeatable object.
We aim to play with the dichotomy between natural and artificial. We work with a natural material although we follow the rules of geometry. The industrial process is but an extension of the human handiwork.
Cutting stone
The block is already containing the piece, so we just carve it out while applying the rules of geometry. The Faces collection is made of irregular polyhedrons that recall mineral formations. This kind of shape enhances the aesthetic qualities of the stone and gives it the character of a sculpture. The collection is formed by several items with a common base on a play of intersected surfaces that create different facets.
Three pieces
Firstly, we introduce a prism-shaped counter with a carved void that serves as a sink. The second piece is a topcounter washbasin. Finally, the third piece is available in two versions: the first one is compact monolith of natural stone and the second one has got a wooden box as its lower part.
The collection also includes accessories, backlit mirrors, towel rails and supporting elements, as well as a bas-relief facing shaped in the same geometry.
 - Design
 Ramón Esteve
 - Collaborators
 Isabel Meyer
 Nacho Poveda
 Silvia Martínez
 Alejandra Centelles
 Alex Pérez
 - Produce
 L'Antic Colonial, Porcelanosa
 - Project
 - Photography
 Alfonso Calza
 L'Antic Colonial


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Is there a relationship between the Compactness Theorem and the upward Lowenheim-Skolem Theorem in FOL?
I was thinking of another post of mine "Why accept the axiom of infinity?" when I though, "Well, if someone accepts arbitrary large finite numbers, what stops them from the jumping into the infinite?"
After all, doesn't compactness imply that if you have a theory $T$ with arbitrarily large finite models, then $T$ has arbitrarily large models—infinite or finite? This sounds a lot like the upward Lowenheim-Skolem theorem to me.
Is there a connection?
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Haven't you answered your own question? The compactness theorem implies that if a theory $T$ has arbitrarily large finite models, then it has an infinite model. So it gives a special case of upward Löwenheim-Skolem, but as far as I can tell the argument doesn't extend to larger cardinalities. – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 15 '12 at 14:09
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up vote 5 down vote accepted
Well, one might say everything is connected, so it depends on which kind of connections you're looking for.
There certainly is the connection that one can derive upward Löwenheim-Skolem from downward Löwenheim-Skolem and compactness:
Let $T$ be a theory with equality that admits some infinite normal model $M$. For any $\aleph_\beta \ge |T|$ we can construct a model of cardinality $\aleph_\beta$ in two steps. (1) Construct a new theory by adjoining $\aleph_\beta$ new constant letters with axioms that say they are all different. By compactness, the extended theory is consistent and so has a model $N$. Clearly this model must have cardinality at least $\aleph_\beta$, and in particular it is a model of $T$. (2) If $|N|>\aleph_\beta$, use downward Löwenheim-Skolem to cut it down to size as a model of $T$.
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If you formulate the upward Skolem with inequality (there exists an elementary superstructure (/ a model of the theory) of cardinality at least $\kappa$...), you can derive it straight from compactness, without downward Skolem in-between. – tomasz Jun 15 '12 at 14:15
_USER_: But it is strictly weaker, in the sense that if all the ultrapowers of a countable model would be at least of size continuum - how can you prove the existence of a model of size $\aleph_1$? – Asaf Karagila Jun 15 '12 at 14:19
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5 Questions About: Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments
We ask authors of books reviewed in Oral History Review to answer 5 questions about why we should read their books. In our latest installment of the series, Loh Kah Seng discusses Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments.
Jessica Martucci's review of Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments is available online and in issue 47.1 of OHR.
What's your book about and why does it matter?
The book contains contributions from Southeast Asia, a diverse region where oral history work is still not widely known, and where it often (but not always) contends as fragments against dominant state narratives.
How does oral history contribute to your book?
The volume draws upon oral history fieldwork in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and deals with memory politics among a varied group of Southeast Asians: workers, communists, rebels, massacre survivors, villagers, and former leprosy patients.
Kah Seng Loh, Stephen Dobbs, and Ernest Koh (eds). Oral History in Southeast Asia: Memories and Fragments. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013.
What do you like about using oral history as a methodology?
In an academic sense, oral history in the region is incredibly rich and capable of disturbing dominant narratives. But it does not always do so, possessing a sometimes ambivalent relationship to power. Speaking about the past in the context of Southeast Asia—a bundle of nation-states with conflicted recent political and social histories—is both rewarding and challenging work.
Why will fellow oral historians be interested in your book?
Southeast Asia offers interesting ways to understand oral history in the context of decolonization, the Cold War and counter-insurgency, rapid industrialization, and medicalization of the state. Our book is a small (and old) one, and hopefully will spur further regional perspectives and trans-regional comparisons on oral history.
That oral history remains relevant and valuable today in many places in the world, particularly due to some of its original impetus, namely the relationship between memory, power and social change.


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FIGURE S2. Southern Hemisphere
height-longitude sections at 60°S for height anomalies (contour) and
temperature anomalies (shaded). Positive values are indicated by solid
contours and dark shading, while negative anomalies are indicated by
dashed contours and light shading. Contour interval for height
anomalies is 60 m and for temperature anomalies is 2°C. Anomalies are
calculated from the 1979–95 base period monthly means.