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The above is an intuitive explanation, and is not at all rigorous. It may even be a little misleading, since the "blobs" in a true homotopy are not arbitrary sets; they are the continuous images of some other space R. In other words, a common space R must be capable of creating both blobs in S. It is the functions, not the blobs, that are homotopic.
Let R and S be topological spaces, and let f0 and f1 be continuous functions from R into S. Let I be the unit interval [0,1]. Let P be the product space R cross I, also written R:I, with the product topology. If f is a continuous function from P into S, where f restricted to 0 = f0, and f restricted to 1 = f1, then f is a homotopy, and f0 and f1 are homotopic.
Let the variable t represent time. As time advances from 0 to 1, ft moves from f0 to f1. This is the first blob moving onto the second. And for any time t, ft, the restriction of f to t, is continuous. We always maintain a continuous image.
Let's look at it another way. Fix a point x in R. This defines a subspace of P, namely x cross I, that is homeomorphic to the unit interval. Restrict f to this subspace and find a continuous map. The image of x traces out a path from f0(x) to f1(x), i.e. the continuous image of the unit interval. All the points in the first blob trace out paths as they move in concert to their destinations in the second blob.
If f0 and f1 are homotopic, compose t with 1-t to find a new continuous map that carries f1 back to f0. In other words, the homotopic relation is symmetric.
Finally assume f0 is homotopic to f1, is homotopic to f2. When t ranges from 0 to 1 f implements the first homotopy, and when t ranges from 1 to 2 f implements the second. Since both definitions agree on t = 1, f is well defined. If you want to be rigorous, you need to prove that an open set in the subspace t ≥ 1, union an open set in the subspace t ≤ 1, produces an open set in P. Choose an open set in S, and let x ∈ R be in the preimage of this open set under f1. Thus x:1 ∈ P is in the preimage under f. Let B1 be a base open set in the lower half of P, containing x:1. In other words, B1 is the cross product of a base open set in R and an open interval (1-ε,1]. Similarly, let B2 be a base open set in the upper half of P, containing x:1. Restrict B1 and B2 to an open set W in R that lies in their intersection. Now B1 is W:(1-ε,1], and B2 is W:[1,1+γ). Put this together and x:1 is contained in an open set in P. The preimage of our open set is open in P, across t = 1, and the entire function is a homotopy, making f0 and f2 homotopic. (If you want to be technical, divide t by 2, so that time once again runs from 0 to 1.)
Homotopic is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, and forms an equivalence relation. Thus the homotopic functions from R into S form equivalence classes, and these are called homotopy classes.
And the process can be reversed. If f:g is continuous into S then f is continuous into C1 and g is continuous into C2, and f0 and f1 are homotopic, as are g0 and g1.
Let f(x,t) = f0(x)+t×(f1(x)-f0(x)). This is obviously continuous, but let's spend a couple minutes proving it. (In subsequent sections I'll probably skate quickly across these continuity details.)
Let x:t be in the preimage of an open ball in Rn. Find an open set δ so that f0(x) doesn't stray by more than ε when x is restricted to δ. Find a similar δ for f1 and intersect the two neighborhoods to make an even smaller δ.
Let y be in the δ neighborhood of x, and let u and v be the images of x and y under f0. As time advances, u and v move linearly to their new locations f1(x) and f1(y). At the start and end they are within ε of each other, and since they move linearly, they are always within ε of each other.
Now find γ so that γ×(f1(x)-f0(x)) is less than ε. When time is restricted to t±γ, the image of x does not stray by more than ε. And the image of y stays within ε of the image of x. When time and space are restricted by γ and δ respectively, this base open set is mapped into a ball of radius 2ε. The preimage of an open set in Rn can be covered in base open sets, and f is continuous.
In summary, any two functions into Rn are homotopic. There is only one homotopy class, and it can be represented by the function that maps the entire domain to 0.
Next, let the domain be Rn, and let S be any path connected space. Let f0 and f1 be any two continuous functions from Rn into S. Let x be any point in Rn. As t moves from 0 to 1, the image of x is f0((1-t)x). The homotopy slides everything towards f0(0). As t runs from 1 to 2, f runs a path from f0(0) to f1(0), which we can do, since S is path connected. Then, as t runs from 2 to 3, the image of x is f1((t-2)x). Do this for all x in Rn. Take a moment to prove this 3-part map is a homotopy. The first and third pieces represent reparameterizations of the domain, as described above. The middle piece is a path, which is a homotopy on a point. Therefore any two functions from Rn into a path connected space are homotopic.
Let v(D) represent a homotopy class of D into S. Apply f to find the corresponding homotopy class in T. Then apply g to find a homotopy class in S. The composition of these two maps carries v into something that is homotopic to v, just as it carries S into something homotopic to S. Restrict S cross I to v(D) cross I to demonstrate the homotopy on v(D). This pulls back to a homotopy on D. The result is the same homotopy class. Therefore the composition induces the identity map on homotopy classes. The same holds in reverse, hence f and g create a bijection between homotopy classes, and the spaces are homotopically equivalent.
Take a moment to prove "homotopically equivalent" is an equivalence relation. The only tricky part is transitivity. Compose functions to map homotopy classes from S to T to U, and back to T, and back to S. This composes two bijections, giving another bijection.
to illustrate, let S be a single point and let T be a closed ball in a metric space. Let f map S to the center of T and let g map T onto S. The composition in one direction gives the identity map on S. The reverse composition maps T to its center. A homotopy contracts T linearly onto its center, hence the point and the ball are homotopically equivalent. The same proof works for any set T that is star convex in a topological vector space. Its one and only homotopy class is represented by the trivial function from D onto the center of the star.
An example is the plain without the origin and the unit circle. The function g preserves the angle θ, and sets the radius to 1. The homotopy pulls the plane onto the circle. Defining the homotopy, and proving it is continuous is a bit technical; I'll leave the details to you. In any case, the homotopy classes of the circle are the homotopy classes of the punctured plane.


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What is legal medicine?
Legal medicine encompasses a wide range of professionals in both health and law who aim to bridge the gap between law and medicine. A medical or legal professional might choose to associate themselves with the American College of Legal Medicine
(ACLM), becoming a part of the organization in order to further their career, network with other professionals, or contribute to the field.
The ACLM also represents the specialty of legal medicine in the American Medical Association's Specialty and Service Society.
As a branch of medicine, it deals with the application of medical knowledge to the law; doctors who choose to work in legal medicine weigh in on legal proceedings, legal problems or legislation involving medical information that requires a medical expert. Some doctors aim to improve health policy, health care, promote research and scholarship, or promote peer collaboration and interaction. Some doctors in the field also have a law degree.
Legal medicine is also frequently called forensic medicine; legal medicine physicians are known by many different titles depending on the duties of their position, such as medical jurist, medical examiner, medico-legal officer, medico-legal expert, death investigators, and other titles. There may be cross-over of titles depending on the organization, company, medical practice, or area where the doctor works. For example, a physician and a lawyer working in the same field and with identical interests are sometimes referred to by different titles, despite the similarities between their jobs. A physician may be involved in forensic medicine, while a lawyer with the same interests working in forensic medicine is said to work in medical jurisprudence.
If you're seeking a physician or other expert who specializes in legal medicine, consider contacting the ACLM
for any needs that may involve: litigation, expert witnesses, medico-legal guidance or forensic medicine.What are some of the ways a medical examiner might contribute to a court case?
A medical examiner observes victims' bodies to determine the cause, manner and time of death. A thorough investigation of wounds helps the doctor reconstruct how a death occurred, which in turn helps lawyers determine how to present evidence in court. These doctors perform autopsies to determine cause of death, either as required by court, police officers, or by written request of nearest kin.
A medical examiner may testify in court and report some (or all) of the following facts:
- Identification of blood and blood stains, age of blood stains, age of victim
- The cause, manner and time of death
- Tissue changes in the body as correlated to criminal acts

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


A duvet is a type of bedding consisting of a soft flat bag filled with down,feathers, wool, silk or synthetic alternative and typically protected with a removable cover analogous to a pillow and pillow case.
In Australian English, a duvet is also called a doona while in American English it is being reffered as a comforter.
It was coined from the french duvet meaning down; the first feathering of young birds.
The duvet set originated in Europe and was made from down feathers because of its usefullness as a thermal insulator. It is a single covering instead of a combination of sheets, blankets, quilts and other bed covering.
Duvet cover is a protective layer that slips over the duvet and has a closure.
It can also be refer as a more wooven covering that is sandwiched between a flat sheet and another layer primarily for warmth.
Luxury hotels use duvet with a little weight which makes them perfect for snuggling under.
Steps in washing a duvet
1.They can be washed by hand or machine.
2.Small amount of mild liquid washing detergent is added and wash on a gentle cycle so as not to stress the seams.
3.Ensure it is completely dry before being put back on the bed.
4.The duvet should be hanged in the shade to air.
Types of duvets to buy
1.Luxury hungarian Goose down and feather duvet(Best duvet overall)
2.Brook + wilde marlow Goose down duvet(Ultra-light weight luxury)
3.Slumberdown Allergy protection duvet(For Allergy sufferers)
4.Panda Cloud duvet(For eco softness)
How to spread a duvet
1.Turn your duvet cover inside out.
2.Spread it across your mattress with its opening at the foot of the bed.
3.Lay your duvet on top of the cover.
4.If the duvet and duvet cover have inner ties, fasten them.
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5.Starting from the head of your bed, roll the duvet and cover.
Place your duvet on top, turned halfway down, with your quilt either flat or turned down over it or it is being fold in thirds at the foot of the bed.
Introduce a new texture, pattern or color on the duvet such as cut jacquard cotton or velvet.
Have you make use of duvet on your bed before?
Share your experiences in the comment box.
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How does billing work?
We automatically charge the card you put on file when you complete your quote. And we'll charge the card that same day of each following month.
If you get insurance with a future effective date, your first payment will be the day you purchased your policy (for example, June 20th), but your following payments will be due on the effective date (for example, July 1).
Your monthly price with HiRoad can go down based on the discounts and rewards you earn, and it will never be more than the max base rate in your quote.
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Coca-Cola has launched a new limited-edition Coca-Cola 3000 Zero Sugar within the Coca-Cola Creations platform, with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). The AI, in cooperation with humans, helped create both the taste and the design of the can, as Coca-Cola tries to identify what the year 3000 would look like for beverages. It is not just Coca-Cola using AI in the soft drinks category. Unilever, owner of PepsiCo, has developed AI tools to optimise various aspects of its business operations. Against this backdrop, the usage of AI in the soft drinks industry is set to grow for the discovery of new flavours and to enhance the efficiency of business operations, says GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company.
Coca-Cola started with a core question to its customers: What would the year 3000 look like? Consumers were asked how they saw Coca-Cola in the year 3000 via the Coca-Cola Creations platforms. The company then used AI to analyse all the responses to create the framework for the futuristic product based on how people see the future through emotions, ambitions, colours and flavours.
Dragos Dumitrachi, Analyst at GlobalData, comments: "Based on these inputs from consumers and its knowledge of beverage trends, the AI created a unique packaging and flavour profile for a carbonate in the year 3000. The packaging format is colourful, with a mix of spherical shapes blended in purple, pink, and blue colours with a pixelated logo, and the AI primarily perceived the future as being sugar-free. This is to be expected as low-calorie carbonates recorded a 39 % growth between 2015 and 2023 globally, with this growth set to continue over the next five years, as consumers increasingly focus on their health and wellness. According to the latest global survey* by Global Data, 81 % of respondents consider that it is nice to have or essential for a product to be good for physical fitness/health."
Global Data expects the AI market to grow from USD 81 billion in 2022 to USD 90 billion by 2030, with a 35 % compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during 2022-2030. Recent progress in machine learning (ML) on the back of improved algorithms (e.g., Google's AlphaGo, OpenAI's GPT-3/ChatGPT, Tesla's AutoPilot) and increasing computing power have enabled AI to become more widely used in the soft drinks industry.
The AI-driven applications developed by Unilever leverage neural networks and the GPT API is aimed at enhancing the company's ability to respond to the evolving needs of its consumer base and broader market dynamics. On top of that, Unilever is using AI to identify alternative ingredients that can reinforce the resilience of their supply chains, making their products more sustainable and cost-efficient, and streamlining the number of ingredients without impacting the effectiveness or quality of the products.
Dragos concludes: "The AI market in the soft drinks industry is still in its infancy; the rules and laws that will govern it are still under debate. Global Data is forecasting that the use of AI for supply chain, administrative issues, and the discovery of new flavours and packaging formats in the soft drinks industry will only grow."
*GlobalData 2023 Q2 Consumer Survey – Global, with 21,595 respondents, published November 2022

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The red-collared widowbird (Euplectes ardens) is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. Red-collared widowbirds are found in grasslands and bush clearings in Eastern and Southern Africa. They are known for their long tails and brilliant red badges, both which act as sexual ornaments. They are often associated with other widowbird and bishop species. They are polygynous, where males acquisition of territory is an important determinant in their access to mates. Red-collared widowbirds have a wide range and there is little concern in terms of conservation status.
Similar to other widowbirds, male red-collared widowbirds have both seasonal and sexual dimorphism. Males are about 25 cm (9.8 in) in length while females are only 13 centimeters. A similar trend is seen with weight, where males range from 20 to 26 g (0.71 to 0.92 oz) and females are only between 16 and 22 grams. During non-breeding seasons, the male plumage is brown, while in breeding season, October to April, they have black plumage with a long tail, approximately 22 cm, and crescent –shaped carotenoid based chest patch. There is significant variation in brightness, hue, and chroma of the carotenoid badges. In contrast, females and subadults, like nonbreeding males, are streaky dull brown with a short tail, approximately 4 cm. Nonbreeding males, however, retain their black tails, while females and subadults' tails are dark-brown.
Red-collared widowbirds are found throughout Eastern and Southern Africa. While their habitats are varied, they are often found in open grasslands, agricultural areas, clearings in forests, and on slopes with limited tree coverage. source


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Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS)
RTPS protocol was developed by Real-Time Innovations, Inc. as wire protocol for Data Distribution System.
This page contains only a short introduction to RTPS. For more detailed information, you can access the following sources:
The Real-time Publish-Subscribe Wire Protocol DDS Interoperability Wire Protocol (DDSI): _URL_
Full OMG DDS Standard Specification: _URL_
NDDS and RTPS information: _URL_
With the explosion of the Internet, the TCP/UDP/IP protocol suite has become the underlying framework upon which all Internet-based communications are built. Their success attests to the generality and power of these protocols. However, these transport-level protocols are too low level to be used directly by any but the simplest applications. Consequently, higher-level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, DHCP, DCE, RTP, DCOM, and CORBA have emerged. Each of these protocols fills a niche, providing well-tuned functionality for specific purposes or application domains.
In network communications, as in many fields of engineering, it is a fact that one size does not fit all. Engineering design is about making the right set of trade-offs, and these trade-offs must balance conflicting requirements such as generality, ease of use, richness of features, performance, memory size and usage, scalability, determinism, and robustness. These trade-offs must be made in light of the types of information flow (e.g. periodic, one-to-many, request-reply, events), and the constraints imposed by the application and execution platforms.
The Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) Wire Protocol provides two main communication models: the publish-subscribe protocol, which transfers data from publishers to subscribers; and the Composite State Transfer (CST) protocol, which transfers state.
The RTPS protocol is designed to run over an unreliable transport such as UDP/IP. The broad goals for the RTPS protocol design are:
- Plug and play connectivity so that new applications and services are automatically discovered and applications can join and leave the network at any time without the need for reconfiguration.
- Performance and quality-of-service properties to enable best-effort and reliable publishsubscribe communications for real-time applications over standard IP networks.
- Configurability to allow balancing the requirements for reliability and timeliness for each data delivery.
- Modularity to allow simple devices to implement a subset and still participate in the network.
- Scalability to enable systems to potentially scale to very large networks.
- Extensibility to allow the protocol to be extended and enhanced with new services without breaking backwards compatibility and interoperability.
- Fault tolerance to allow the creation of networks without single points of failure.
- Type-safety to prevent application programming errors from compromising the operation of remote nodes.
The RTPS Protocol runs in a Domain of DomainParticipants. A DomainParticipant contains local CommunicationEndpoints through which it sends or receives information using the RTPS Protocols. The CommunicationEndpoints are either Readers or Writers. Writers provide locally available data (a composite state or a stream of issues) on the Domain. Readers obtain this information.
There are two broad classes of Writers: Publications and CSTWriters. A Publication is a Writer that provides issues to one or more instances of a Subscription using the publish-subscribe protocol and semantics.
The presence of a Publication in an DomainParticipant indicates that the DomainParticipant is willing to publish issues to matching subscriptions on the Domain. The attributes of the Publication describe the contents (the topic), the type of the issues, and the quality of the stream of issues that is published on the Domain.
There are two broad classes of Readers: Subscriptions and CSTReaders. A Subscription is a Reader that receives issues from one or more instances of Publication, using the publish-subscribe protocol.
The presence of a Subscription indicates that the DomainParticipant wants to receive issues from Publications for a specific topic in the Domain. The Subscription has attributes that identify the contents (the topic) of the data, the type of the issues and the quality with which it wants to receive the stream of issues.
The CSTWriter and CSTReader are the equivalent of the Publication and Subscription, respectively, but are used as communication end-points of the state-synchronization protocol (CST).
Every Reader (CSTReader or Subscription) and Writer (CSTWriter or Publication) is part of an DomainParticipant. The DomainParticipant and its Readers and Writers are local, which is indicated in Figure 1.1 by the keyword "local" on the relationship between an DomainParticipant and its CommunicationEndpoints.
There are two kinds of DomainParticipants: Managers and ManagedApplications. A Manager is a special DomainParticipant that helps ManagedApplications automatically discover each other within the Domain. A ManagedApplication is an DomainParticipant that is managed by one or more Managers. Every ManagedApplication is managed by at least one Manager.
The protocol provides two types of functionality:
- Data Distribution: The RTPS protocol specifies the message formats and communication protocols that support the publish-subscribe protocol (to send issues from Publications to Subscriptions) and the Composite State Transfer (CST) protocol (to transfer state from a CSTWriter to a CSTReader) at various service levels.
Administration: The RTPS protocol defines a specific use of the CST protocol that enables DomainParticipants to obtain information about the existence and attributes of all the other DomainParticipants and CommunicationEndpoints in the Domain. This metatraffic enables every DomainParticipant to obtain a complete picture of all DomainParticipants, Readers and Writers in the Domain. This information allows every DomainParticipant to send the data to the right locations and to interpret incoming packets.
The Basic RTPS Transport Interface
RTPS is designed to run on an unreliable transport mechanism, such as UDP/IP. The protocols implement reliability in the transfer of issues and state.
RTPS takes advantage of the multicast capabilities of the transport mechanism, where one message from a sender can reach multiple receivers.
RTPS is designed to promote determinism of the underlying communication mechanism. The protocol also provides an open trade-off between determinism and reliability.
The Basic Logical Messages
The RTPS protocol uses five logical messages:
ISSUE: Contains the application's UserData. ISSUEs are sent by Publications to one or more Subscriptions.
- VAR: Contains information about the attributes of an Entity, which is part of a composite state. VARs are sent by CSTWriters to CSTReaders.
- HEARTBEAT: Describes the information that is available in a Writer. HEARTBEATs are sent by a Writer (Publication or CSTWriter) to one or more Readers (Subscription or CSTReader).
- GAP: Describes the information that is no longer relevant to Readers.
- ACK: Provides information on the state of a Reader to a Writer.
Each of these logical messages are sent between specific Readers and Writers as follows:
- Publication to Subscription(s): ISSUEs and HEARTBEATs
- Subscription to a Publication: ACKs
- CSTWriter to a CSTReader: VARs, GAPs and HEARTBEATs
- CSTReader to a CSTWriter: ACKs
Readers and Writers are both senders and receivers of RTPS Messages. In the protocol, the logical messages ISSUE, VAR, HEARTBEAT, GAP and ACK can be combined into a single message in several ways to make efficient use of the underlying communication mechanism. Chapter 3 explains the format and construction of a Message.
Underlying Wire Representation
RTPS uses the CDR (Common Data Representation) as defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) to represent all basic data and structures.


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Specimen plants are plants grown by themselves in a lawn or garden for ornamental effect, rather than being massed with others as are bedding plants or edging plants. Specimen plants can thus serve as focal points in landscape design.
It's easy to remember what "specimen" plants are if you learn the Latin root the word is based upon. The Latin root, specmeans "to look at." Consequently, a specimen plant is one you would single out in your landscape as being particularly noteworthy, deserving of "center stage" in your yard. Most often this will be a tree, but it could also be a shrub if the latter is sufficiently large and showy.
An example of a specimen plant is a flowering tree that has a prominent spot reserved for it on a lawn. What type of tree should you use? Well, that's a highly personal choice. For example, if you have a favorite color, you might make your selection from a number of candidates whose flowers sport that particular color. But it could be any attribute that you, yourself attach value to.
I happen to use a golden chain tree in this manner in my own yard. I value the look of its abundant and long flower racemes. But again, it's a matter of personal choice. A possible objection here is that golden chain trees don't bloom long enough to warrant usage as specimen plants. My own opinion is that their brilliance while in bloom trumps the brevity of the blooming period.
Some people would make pleasing plant form the criterion they use for selecting a specimen plant, rather than pretty flowers. Their argument is that an interesting branching structure, for example, can be appreciated year-round, rather than for just the short period during which a tree or shrub blooms. It's easier to make that case in the context of landscaping for small spaces, where space constraints may limit you to one specimen plant.
Plants with interesting forms include:
Ideally (and if your landscape is large enough), you would include at least one plant you regard as a specimen plant in your landscaping for each of the four seasons. That way, you have something to look forward to throughout the year.


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Here is Miranda Paul's latest treasure – a great addition to any home or school library. It received multiple read requests from three-year-old Corinne, a bona fide testimonial.
Title: Whose Hands Are These? A Community Helper Guessing Book
Written by: Miranda Paul
Illustrated by: Luciana Navarro Powell
Millbrook Press (Lerner), 2016, non-fiction
Suitable for ages: 4-8
Themes/topics: occupations, helping, community
Hands can wiggle, hands can clap.
Hands can wrap and flap and tap.
But hands can help – so raise yours, please!
Can you guess? Whose hands are these?
Brief synopsis: (from worldcat.org) Asks young readers to identify the occupation of each community helper from the type of tasks they perform and explains how these helpers work together to keep communities clean and safe and people healthy.
Activities and Resources:
Author website says Teacher's guide coming soon.
Why I like this book:
This engaging book is perfect for a curriculum unit on occupations and communities. The interactive format is fun, and the rhyming text flows naturally. The rich illustrations provide the "big picture" as well as "close ups," especially well suited to provide context and build vocabulary for English Language Learners (ELLs). I love the details such as "food-stained books" and hands "caked in chalk" (guess who?) that bring life to the text.
Visit author Susanna Hill's Perfect Picture Books for a plethora of picture books listed by title and topic/theme, each with teacher/parent resources.


Home Tutorial Java Scjp Part2 SCJP Module-2 Question-10
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SCJP Module-2 Question-10
Posted on: July 8, 2010 at 12:00 AM
This program heps in understating of methods and also gives the knowledge of hoe the methods can be called.
What is the output of the following code:
public class Example10 {
public static void main(String[] argv) {
SubExample2 se = new SubExample2();
class SubExample1{
String Name;
public SubExample1(String n) {
Name = n;
public void showName() {
System.out.println("Name is " + Name);
class SubExample2 extends SubExample1 {
public void setName(String nn) {
Name = nn;
What is the output of the above given code :
1 n
2. nn
3. null
4. Unresolved compilation problem:
Answer :
Explanation :
Since constructor of the SubExample1 class has a parameterized constructor that's why the "Name" value is undefined in this case.
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Posted on: July 8, 2010
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Hot Tar Roof
Hot Tar Roofing Contractors in Houston
Hot tar roofing is popular in Houston due to its ability to reduce energy costs, decrease the demand for routine maintenance, and eliminate the adverse impact of ultraviolet radiation. Professional commercial roofing contractors Houston TX use torches to design watertight layers that can serve you for over 35 years. Depending on your unique requirements, you can also add fire-resistant coatings and a layer made up of minerals that increase the grip of the hot tar roofs surface. The sheets are strong and enable the roof to withstand hail and fast-moving winds. Are you looking for a durable and fuss-free roofing system? As you can see, you have all the reasons to consider hot tar roofing.
Best Way to Install Hot Tar Roofs
Step 1: Prepare for Emergencies
If you are an expert roofer, you have to train your team of workers in first aid. You should also have access to cold water on the site to help in case of burns. Whenever tar comes into contact with the skin, it solidifies. The best way to remove the material is to keep it submerged in water.
To avoid the risk of fire and explosion, you will need to keep your tar kettle 25 degrees or more below the flashpoint. Besides, flammable objects like wooden tools and rags will need to be far from the kettle. Your kettle will also need to be far away from plants and grass.
Your personal security is also essential. Ensure you have heat resistant-gloves, comfortable clothes, shoes, and safety goggles to protect yourself from burns.
Step 2: Estimate the Required Tar Amount
Measure the roof's dimension and use the findings to estimate the amount of hot tar that you will need. In many cases, people use asphalt roofing tar, but you may need coal tar bitumen if your hot tar roof is significantly slanted with slopes and eaves. You can also collaborate with other experts if you need some help.
Step 3: Create Base Layer
Nail a coating on the roofing system to create the base layer. The best coatings to use are asphalt, elastomeric, or aluminized asphalt. Your coating should be based on the roof's shape and the prevailing weather conditions. For a little extra, you can gravel-embed the coating to make it work as a buffer between the tar and the roof. This is the most suitable way of protecting your roof from intense heat.
Step 4: Transport the Tar
 If you have a large roofing project, the material can be poured from a truck's pipes. For small projects, you can use a steel bucket to transport tar to and from your roof. To be safe, make the bucket ¾ full.
Step 5: Pour Hot Tar
Start pouring the hot tar from the furthest corner. Push the tar in smooth strokes using a fiberglass mop. Cover all the areas. Besides, be sure to keep all the layers thin. Also, ensure that the hot tar does not clump in a single section of the roof, as you roll. Carefully lay tar paper and make not less than three layers.
Remember, the installation process of hot tar roofs requires the service of an expert. If you are one, you will appreciate that these tips make it is easy to do the work. Typically, for every 200 square feet, professional roofers apply about 30 pounds of hot tar.
Easy Routine Maintenance of Hot Tar Roofs
Hot tar roofing has significantly fewer maintenance requirements than others. However, with time, you are likely going to need to repair tiny blisters. Trapped airs that exist below the surface of the roof's layers precipitate these roofing issues. To be able to eliminate the blisters, contractors install additional felt.
Energy Efficiency of Hot Tar Roofing
The hot tar roofing's multi-layers successfully prevent too much heat from penetrating the commercial facility. At the same time, it ensures that warmth does not escape from the structure. As such, the roofing system helps to reduce the cooling cost during the summer. Also, it can reduce the heating cost of commercial buildings during the winter.
Reach Out to Commercial Roofing Contractors Houston TX
If you are a resident of Houston and its environs and require professional help installing your hot tar roof, reach out to the commercial roofing contractors Houston TX at KSI Commercial Roofing Houston. With several years of experience in commercial roofing, this is a reputable company that you can trust with your hot tar roofing needs. We are committed to offering quality services, free estimates, and a reassuring warranty. For more information, please feel to email and call us right away. We are looking forward to serving you.


text:
The second of the esthetic zone ratios looks at tooth proportion. Upper anterior teeth look their most esthetic when the ratio comparing width to length is between 70-80%. This proportion can be measured on a computer screen in pixels using programs like Keynote or Powerpoint and inserting the image into a slide and adding a line as I have done in the image in this post. It is also easy to figure out this ratio by measuring on a model with digital calipers, or from a printed image using a ruler.
If the tooth has a width to length ratio that is less than 70% or greater than 80% and we are going to treatment plan changing it we have to determine where we make the length adjustments. The fist step is to determine the correct position of the incisal edge in the face using a lips at repose or rest photo. From the proposed incisal edge position we can then determine the proper position of the free gingival margin using this ration.
Some simple math can be very helpful when determining the appropriate length to correct this ratio.
- 70%= width times 1.43
- 75%=width times 1.33
- 80%=width times 1.25


text: Irregular Pyramids are defined as a stack of successively reduced graphs. Each vertex of a reduced graph is associated to a set of vertices in the base level graph named its receptive field. If the initial graph is deduced from a planar sampling grid its reduced versions are planar and each receptive field is a region of the initial grid. Combinatorial Pyramids are defined as a stack of successively reduced combinatorial maps. Combinatorial maps are based on half edges named darts and the receptive field of a dart is a sequence of darts in the base level combinatorial map. We present in this paper preliminary results showing how to define regions from the receptive fields of the darts.


text:
Residues are the most important among social factors. P.A. Sorokin has explained the meaning of residues. According to him, "Human actions depend greatly on the character of their drives. Among these drives, the especially important are those which are relatively constant. Pareto calls them residues. His "residue is not an instinct, nor is it exactly a sentiment." "The Residues are the manifestations of instincts and sentiments as the elevation of mercury in a thermometer is the manifestation of a rise in the temperature."
Pareto says. Residues no doubt, are the manifestation of sentiments and instincts but the manifestations is not constant. Residues are intermediary between sentiments and concomitant behaviour. These are related to human instincts but not synonymous with them. Residues are those permanent elements in man's rationalization of behaviour are intermediary between sentiments.
Pareto says, "Residues are intermediary between the sentiments, we cannot know directly and the belief systems and acts that can be known and analyzed. These are related to man's instinct, but they do not cover all the instincts, since the method we have followed enables us to discover only those of the instincts which give rise to rationalizations."
Pareto believed that society was a system of equilibrium. He treated individuals as the parts of this system, and he assumed that such individuals are affected by certain forces, the most important of which he described as "sentiments." Sentiments cannot be observed. They change slowly over time, if at all.
Pareto claimed that it is possible to observe the effects of sentiments. These effects are psychic states, described as unchanging "residues" in social action. Residues represent the underlying psychological substratum of social action. They are not figments of the socialist's imagination but "facts" that can be documented.
Characteristics of Residues:
Residues have certain characteristics:
1. Residues are not instincts and sentiments.
2. They are the manifestation of sentiments and instincts.
3. Residues are related to individual instincts but these residues do not cover all of them.
4. Residues are intermediary between the sentiments we cannot know directly and the belief system and acts that can be known and analyzed.
5. Residues are non-logical.
6. Residues are not based on any reason.
7. Residues are more or less permanent motivators of human behaviour. They guide human behaviour.
8. Residues represent the general elements of human actions and behaviour.
9. Residues cannot be explained with the help of logic and experimentation.
10. Residues are responsible for maintaining social equilibrium.
11. Residues may change according to the demand of time and condition even if they are relatively stable elements.
In his work "Treatise on General Sociology", Pareto explained about residues by saying that residues as conceived as manifestation of sentiments or at least corresponding to them and not as equivalent of sentiments. Residues, pareto says are motivating forces coming directly from sentiments. He considered residues as a fundamental analytical concept of sociology.
Classification of Residues:
Pareto classified residues into six groupings which corresponding more or less to certain instincts or emotional propensities of mankind.
These six types are:
1. Residues of Combination:
It is the combination of various similar and opposing elements. They are established on the grounds/basis of physical and psychological elements. These elements have no logical base. The principle is similar things produce similar results.
This is class-I residue. "It is an inclination to combine ….things."
It explains human intellectual curiosity and ability to synthesize information. Legends and myths are built up by this residue.
Devotion to God leads to salvation. Likewise butterfly in dream indicates future happiness. There is no logic behind the working of such residues but they effectively control our social behaviour. Class-I residues are found in inventors, speculators and politicians.
2. Residues of Persistence of Aggregates:
These residues are responsible for giving stability to the social relations and the relations between individual members of a particular social life. These residues are born because of certain circumstances but they continue even when that situation has ceased to exist. This is class-2 residues. It explains the inertia associated with group membership. It explains the persistence of kin groups, ethnic groups and socio-economic classes.
Traditions and customs are good examples of these residues.
There is a natural tension, or anti-thesis between class-2 and class-I residues.
Class-2 residues are found in churchmen, family men and "good subordinates."
These residues are responsible for giving stability in two areas:
(i) Social relationship as a whole.
(ii) Individual behaviour within the society.
Members of society have respect for these residues. Pareto called these residues as residues of social integrity and stability. Pareto feels that these residues help in maintaining relationship in three levels.
1. Relationship of man with man.
2. Relationship of man with environment.
3. Relationship of living with dead or spirit or soul.
These residues are emerged because of certain circumstances. These also will continue even when these situations have stopped to exist.
3. Residues of Manifestation of sentiments through external activities:
Residues of this class are connected with external activities. These activities deal with the unexpressed desires of the individual. These feelings express themselves in form of religious feelings and worship etc. These class 3 residues are manifested in ceremonies, religious ecstasies and festivals. Political movements in order to achieve political freedom and such other social and economic movements those are intended at getting economic and social emancipation are parts of these residues.
4. Residues of Sociability:
Because of this residue man becomes a social animal and tries to modify his behaviour according to social norms and values. These residues make for communal living. These residues are also connected with life in society. These Class 4 residues explain the persistence of fashion, feelings of pity and cruelty and acts of self-sacrifice. Co-operation, sympathy, fears, kindness are the results of these residues. This kind of residues is very important for social organisation.
5. Residues of the integrity of Personality:
These residues of class 5 involve "the defence of integrity and development of personality." This class is manifested in "sentiments" to alterations in the social equilibrium. The sentiments to which class 5 residues correspond are "sentiments of interest." They refer to individual acts based on self-interest. These residues are for maintaining the integrity and balance of personality. These are also helpful in making people moral in maintaining high moral standards.
6. Residues regarding sex:
The sex residues, i.e. the class 6 residues are responsible for "mental states" having to do with sexual activities. All those residues that are responsible for establishing, maintaining and strengthening the sex relations come under this residue. These residues are also concerned with sexual urges. These residues influence our outlook, attitude and thinking. According to Pareto, debauchery that is carried out in the name of welfare of women is based on these very residues. Since there are many sex taboos, therefore sexual residues are very complex and complicated.


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text:
- In English speaking North American subcultures, outside family and intimate relationships, in most circumstances there is a tendency during social interaction to minimize physical contact and maintain a relatively large space between individuals.
- Limitation of physical contact is particularly evident in interactions between men.
- Reliance on social media for social interaction in lieu of face-to-face interaction, increasingly common in modern North American society, has also reduced physical contact between individuals, adding to feelings of physical isolation.
- Increased awareness regarding sexually inappropriate behavior (e.g., via the Me Too Movement), while addressing a serious problem, has had some unintended consequences in inhibiting the initiation of appropriate intergender expressions of affection.
- Insufficient physical contact with other human beings can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression and therefore have a negative impact on physical and mental health.
- In contrast to North America, in Argentina daily social interactions are characterized by hugs and kisses on the cheek given to friends and acquaintances, typically in the context of greetings and departures.
- Cross-cultural research has identified that, in general, Argentines maintain a smaller interpersonal distance than identified in other cultures.
- Tango dancing, as practiced in the milongas of Buenos Aires, with its close personal contact (chest-to-chest, cheek-to-cheek) between partners, sometimes between people who have never met previously, is an example of the lower limits of personal space in Argentine society.
- In North American milongas there is a wide range of variation in partner connection, from the maintained embrace characteristic of Buenos Aires milongas to a maintained open position, with a partner hold shifting between closed and open positions appearing to be the most common.
- Close personal contact with other human beings has a positive effect on human health, lowering stress and blood pressure and decreasing the risk of loneliness and depression.
- Tango dancing in a maintained embrace provides the benefits of close personal contact.
- When the Traditional Milonga codes of partner respect are practiced, intergender couple formation in tango creates the possibility for dancers to explore romantic and sexual relationships under conditions of mutual consent and safe boundaries.
- Use of the cabeceo in partner selection, as well as within community policing to identify violators of the mutual consent guideline, should be sufficient in marginalizing sexually inappropriate behavior at the milonga.
- The promotion of tango as a performance dance, common in North America, prevents many developing tango dancers from experiencing the physical and emotional intimacy of tango.
Outside family and intimate relationships, and oftentimes even within the boundaries of these relationships, daily social interactions between adults in Anglophone North America are characterized by the avoidance of physical contact and a relatively large distance between interacting individuals (Personal Space and American Individualism), especially when viewed from a worldwide perspective (Americans Love Wide Open Spaces Between People; What Personal Space Looks Like Around the World). This contact avoidance is magnified in interactions between adult men (Why Men Need Platonic Touch), where physical contact is typically ritualized in the form of handshakes, fist bumps, back slaps, and other forms of brief and hard physical contact; interpersonal contact of a softer nature (e.g., hugs, arm and shoulder touching) may play a role in some interactions between adult women who are close friends. Increased societal acceptance of open homosexuality (and awareness regarding it) may also play a role in contact avoidance between men (Inside the Fear of Being Gay) and, in some cases, between women, when there is concern that affection with a person of the same sex may be perceived as homosexual.
Technological changes also have contributed to physical and social isolation in North American society, as well as in other technologically advanced societies. Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) have been designed to create connections between individuals, yet the consequence of social media engagement has often been the opposite, i.e., social isolation (Is Social Media Making You Lonely?). The availability of electronic communication often results in a decrease in face-to-face interaction and thus also less physical contact between individuals. This social isolation can lead to loneliness and depression (Feeling Lonely? Too Much Time On Social Media May Be Why; Health Effects Of Isolation).
In North American society (and elsewhere in modern progressive societies), intergender interactions (see Appendix) in particular are often fraught with ambiguities and therefore misunderstandings regarding physical contact, with entry into one's personal space itself often being regarded as sexually suggestive and viewed as invasive, or perhaps desirable, depending upon the intentions of the interactants. In recent years, the Me Too Movement has drawn public attention to the most egregious assaults of a sexual nature, in particular those committed by prominent men in politics, business, and entertainment, but has also raised awareness regarding verbal comments of a sexually imposing or suggestive nature (Verbal Sexual Harassment: What You Need to Know to Identify and Report It).
Although the root causes of sexually aggressive behavior (sexual harassment and assault) are complex, and its motivation is not purely or even primarily sexual (i.e., it is a expression of power) (The Thinking Processes of Sexual Predators) to a significant degree these behaviors are characteristic of individuals who are socially isolated and therefore have not experienced normal affectionate physical contact and, in particular normal intergender contact (Common Characteristics of Sex Offenders); sexual repression and its consequence – a barrier against normal expression of affection between the sexes – has been implicated as one causal factor for abnormal sexual expression (The Dark Reality Of What Happens When Someone Is Sexually Repressed).
In contrast to the clear violation of individual integrity in cases of sexual assault and harassment, there are situations in which physical contact is initiated (e.g., placing a hand on someone's shoulder) or compliments are made (e.g., regarding attractiveness of personal appearance) in which there is ambiguity regarding the intentions of the actor, yet the recipient nevertheless feels uncomfortable, possibly even threatened. Therefore, associated with the social exposure of unwanted physical contact has been a discussion and/or reevaluation of the boundaries between appropriate and inappropriate physical contact and verbal content (e.g., compliments, humor) in social interaction in general, or in specific environments [in the workplace (What Are the Boundaries of Appropriate Touch in the Workplace?), on a college campus (Be Curious Not Invasive … Physical Contact & Personal Boundaries), in religious institutions (Safe Church Unit: Physical Contact)]. Often the recommendation in these latter cases, in order to avoid the creation of discomfort, is to minimize physical contact and verbal compliments. The standard established in many social environments is to limit physical contact to a handshake, and to not make compliments regarding one's personal appearance (The Dilemma of Physical Touch & Appreciation in the Workplace).
As prior standards for intergender interaction are being reevaluated, men sensitive to social mores are placed in a quandary regarding initiation of physical and verbal contact with women, with the result that often the choice made is to minimize this contact. These newly imposed prohibitions, in conjunction with more general cultural norms of contact avoidance and larger personal space, have led to increased emotional isolation in North American societies (Health Effects of Isolation), with a greater impact on men than women.
Given the traditional prohibitions against interpersonal contact and the increased sensitivity regarding intrusion into intimate space in intergender interactions, tango dancing, in which couples envelope their arms around each other with chest-to-chest and even cheek-to-cheek contact, maintaining this close contact unwaveringly for minutes without separating, stands in stark contrast to the contact avoidance prevalent in North American society. This contrast indeed may present the primary attractiveness of tango dancing, in that it provides a relief from chronic physical isolation. However, how tango dancing achieves (or attempts to achieve) social acceptability within a culture awakened to increased sensitivity to respect for intimate space is an interesting enigma. This post examines the status of tango dancing within this matrix of cultural traditions, changing values, and personal choices. These issues will be examined here within the framework of the cultural underpinnings of the Argentine culture that has engendered this unique form of social interaction. Implications of the transference of traditional Argentine milonga customs to North American milonga are also discussed.
Contact and Personal Space during Daily Social Interaction in Buenos Aires
Contrast the paucity of physical contact characteristic of North American social interactions with daily life in Buenos Aires. During the course of a typical day, most porteños greet numerous people with hugs and kisses on the cheek; even men greet each other in this way. Although greetings with hugs and kisses are typically (but not always) limited to family, friends and close acquaintances (of which there are many), upon introduction to friends of friends for the first time, hugs and kisses on the cheek are standard interaction [Argentine Culture: How to greet an Argentine; Getting Cheeky in Argentina: How and when to Kiss People in Buenos Aires; The Art of the Kiss (video)]. Argentines are also recognized as having a small personal space, standing close to one another when talking, in a queue, or sitting next to one another. They frequently touch one another during conversation. One study found Argentines to have the smallest personal space among all 42 nationalities examined (Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology; Summaries: Washington Post; The Telegraph).
Personal Space in Buenos Aires Milongas
Personal space boundaries are relaxed further in Buenos Aires milongas. Upon entering a milonga, the guest is often greeted by the host(s) with a hug and a kiss on the cheek. Additional exchanges of hugs and kisses may follow upon encountering friends and familiar dance partners (and sometimes their friends and family) in movements to and from where one is seated. This is more common in Milongas del Barrio, where neighborhood residents who are already familiar with one another tend to congregate, than in Milongas del Centro [Tango de Salon: The Tango of the Mil


Writing a speaker biography
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Writing a speaker biography
A good speaker biography for a conference is the one that attracts the target persona. make it clear what the speech is going to be about in the speaker' s biography to gather the right audience. relevant: how to invite a speaker to speak at your event for free. the top 10 best speakers bio examples. often you will be provided with a biography of the speaker. the client has probably recieved this from the speaker or copied it from their website and it was useful to them in selecting the speaker for the engagement. but these are seldom useful as speaker introductions. your professional bio is, arguably, the most important piece of copy you' ll ever write about yourself. it' s the first introduction to who you are, what biography you do and what you' re biography interested in. writing about yourself isn' t easy but you can' t let that stop you from writing a professional bio that makes a memorable first impression. in this guide, i share tips and tricks for writing a careerpropelling bio on every major platform.
how to write a professional bio. professional sites like linkedin, angellist, or a speaker bio on an event site all have space for a bio or summary section. for each of these, you' ll probably want to write a midlength description of both your current role, professional aspirations, and biggest achievements. always provide your speaker biography to a group along with a brief overview of your program and what their group will learn or biography benefits they will take away. 2 critical skills in proposal writing. why should you write a speaker biography? a speaker biography turns listeners on. a speaker biography is usually read out loud by an mc to introduce you and your topic to the audience. it explains why you are qualified to talk on the topic and why the audience should listen to you. persuasive essays are a bit like argument essays and persuasive speeches, but they tend to be a little kinder and gentler.
argument essays require you to discuss and to attack an alternate view, while persuasive essays are attempts to convince the reader that you have a believable argument. in other words, you are an advocate, not an adversary. to write persuasive copy, use persuasive " action" words like miracle, discovery, discount, and bargain. use uplifting words like vitality, grace, wisdom, and confidence. working in the essay transition words to use in a writing a speaker biography persuasive essay writing business we understand how challenging it may be for students to write high quality essays. if transition words to use in a persuasive essay you are misled and stalled while writing your essay, our professional college essay writers can help you out to complete an excellent quality paper. this word list is a great tool to display for students to know what words to use to have the power of persuasion! this can be printed off to give to each student individually as a helper as they go through the persuasive writing process. 1 the current context of longterm care financing 1 personal resources 2 public longterm care insurance programs 5 the income standard 6 the asset standard 7 income and asset rules for married couples 7 2 major issues in the financing of longterm care 13 demographic trends affecting the demand for longterm care insurance 13.
however, some firms do use the funds from cp for long term requirements, which is called " bridgefinancing", as a stop gap arrangement to long term financing. who can issue: from the definition of commercial paper, as given above, it may be inferred that only highly rated companies and financial institutions can issue cp, as it is unsecured. com has been visited by 100k+ users in the past month. longterm financing paper introduction to finance and accounting febru longterm financing paper for a publicly traded company, shareholder value is the part 378 words | 2 pages target corporation: report on longterm financing policy and capital structure with an acquisition analysis. nursing selfassessment pages: words) assessment as a continuum pages: words) leadership self assessment pages: words) assessment methods pages: words) assessment sheet pages: words) formative assessment pages: words) family assessment pages: words). this essay gives me an opportunity to understand the skills, knowledge and competencies required of a professional nurse as wells as, help me to do a selfassessment of my strengths and weaknesses and how to build on it. what is a written assessment? Carrefour sa case study solution. as you prepare to write your self assessment, begin by reviewing documentation about your work such as your job description, work objectives, and department goals and mission. to write an argumentative essay, select a debatable topic that you have a strong opinion about. your job is to convince the reader that your view on the subject is the best one, so choose a topic you can investigate and support with research.
when writing your essay, consider these tips to help craft the most rational and poignant argument for your readers. avoid emotional language that can sound irrational. know the difference between a logical conclusion and an emotional point of view. the guide and argumentative essay samples below will help you improve your skills in this area. how to write an argumentative essay. to become a pro at argumentative essay writing follow the tips below. research paper on concrete technology. know and understand the different parts of an essay; to write an exemplary essay, you should know and understand the different parts of an essay. an argumentative essay is a piece of writing that takes a stance on an issue.
Writing a character analysis essay What does argumentative essay mean Buy your essay online Persuasive essay writing service Are research papers italicized
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Paula Morenza
Excellent!
 - today we' ve got mike writing in with a question about his speaker' s bio. " hi lauren, i' ve been invited to speak at an association event ( congratulations, mike! the organizers have asked for my speaker' s introduction and bio.
 - Comments
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 Buying vs renting essay
 - getting started writing your speaker' s bio. to start writing, use a point form method or use a speaker bio template ( useful for motivational speakers as well as other professional speakers).
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 Review my essay
 a biography template is just an outline for you to fill in the blanks. you can list out the following points: 1) profession 2) years of experience 3.
 Vietnam war research papers
 Social anxiety disorder case study
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 Ptsd research proposal
 - a speaker biography helps establish your credibility before you even speak, which in turn encourages attendees to view you as an expert, making them more likely to attend your presentation. speaker bio format and content.
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 a speaker bio should include a brief summary of your education, work history, and experience relevant to your speaking topic.
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lemen, judo is therefore a combat sport which, a priori, leaves fewer neurological after-effects than British boxing.
But because of the more frequent strangulations, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is more dangerous for the brain than judo and its long-term effects have not yet been studied.
So the immediate risk is not zero.
Every time we lose consciousness the long-term consequences for our health are real.
So you have to know your limits, respect your body, your sport and your opponent: sometimes you have to know how to lose with panache!
And if your playmate lacks panache: release the strangulation, when the mechanical obstacle is lifted the blood will return to the brain and unless you've held on too long, he should wake up on his own in less than 20 seconds.
Of course nothing prevents you from helping him with the good old recipe, you speed up the blood supply to the brain and thus its oxygenation by raising the feet, and also sprinkle it with a few strokes in the buttocks to season it… uh sorry, I meant to stimulate it!
What if it doesn't work? Check that he's still breathing and quickly call someone who has a first-aid certificate, and cross your fingers too, it can help.


text:
1. Why does Lucy Chenier move to Los Angeles?
2. Why does Joe Pike come to Cole's house in Chapter 1?
3. How does Pike know Frank Garcia?
4. Why do Cole and Pike drive to Lake Hollywood?
This section contains 3,407 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)


Catholic colleges in new england
What is the oldest Catholic college in New England?
The College of the Holy Cross
What are the Catholic Ivy League schools?
Find a top-ranked Catholic university for you. University of Notre Dame. Georgetown University. Boston College. Villanova University. Santa Clara University. Loyola Marymount University. Fordham University. Gonzaga University.
What is the oldest Catholic college in the US?
How many Catholic colleges are there?
There are 197 US members of ACCU (Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities) as of 2014.
What is the difference between a Catholic and a Jesuit?
Answer and Explanation: Roman Catholicism is a religion. It is the largest branch of Christianity. The Jesuits are an order of Roman Catholic priests.
What is the biggest Catholic school in the world?
University of Santo Tomas
Is Harvard older than America?
What are the 3 oldest colleges in America?
10 of the Oldest Universities in the US Harvard University. Established: 1636 (chartered in 1650) The College of William and Mary. Established: 1693. St. John's College. Yale University. Established: 1701. University of Pennsylvania. Established: 1740 (chartered in 1755) Moravian College. Established: 1742. University of Delaware. Princeton University.
What was Harvard's original name?
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Do you have to be Catholic to attend Catholic University?
You might be interested: In the 1500s, how did the church of england differ from the catholic church?
What are the 28 Jesuit colleges?
John Carroll University is one of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States. Founded. Name. Location. 1789. Georgetown University. Washington, D.C. 1818. Saint Louis University. St. Louis, Missouri. Founded. Name. Location. 1877. Regis University. Denver, Colorado. 1877. University of Detroit Mercy. Detroit, Michigan.
How Catholic is Boston College?
Boston College (BC) is a private Jesuit research university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, founded in 1863. Boston College.
Latin: Collegium Bostoniense
FounderFr. John McElroy, SJ
Religious affiliationRoman Catholic (Jesuit)
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Package: sedb
Blocks and their identifiers in discrete-event simulation
blk_cell = blklist
blklist displays a list of event-based blocks and block identifiers in the model that you are debugging. The list includes all blocks for which blkinfo or blkbreak is valid, including controlled Simulink® blocks and the gateway blocks. The list excludes virtual subsystems but includes relevant blocks inside virtual subsystems. In the Command Window, you can click hyperlinks to highlight the blocks in the model window.
blk_cell = blklist returns the same information as blklist in a cell array of strings.
Output Arguments
Cell array of strings. The first column of blk_cell contains block identifiers. In the second column, the corresponding cells contain block path names.
In the Command Window, view the block list and store it in a variable:
 2. View the list of blocks. At the sedebug>> prompt, enter:
 The output is:
 List of blocks in model: sedemo_count_attributes
 blk1 Entity Data
 blk3 Entity Sink
 blk6 Event-Based Random Number
 blk2 Get Attribute
 blk4 Set Attribute
 blk5 Time-Based Entity Generator
 3. Store the list of blocks in a variable and examine one row of the cell array:
 x = blklist;
 The output indicates the identifier and path name of one block in the model:
 ans =
 ans =
 sedemo_count_attributes/Entity Data
 4. End the debugger session. At the sedebug>> prompt, enter:
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It is well known that in a given $\delta$-hyperbolic group there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups. This is clearly false for relatively hyperbolic groups since we have no control over the parabolic subgroups. Fix a relatively hyperbolic group $\Gamma$ with parabolic subgroups $P_i$. Are there only finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups $F<\Gamma$ with the property that $F$ is contained in a two-ended subgroup $H<\Gamma$ which is not conjugate into any $P_i$? Perhaps weaker: are there only finitely many isomorphism types of two-ended subgroups which are not conjugate into any parabolic? Weaker still: Is there an upper bound to the orders of elements in such subgroups $F$?
(Motivation: I am trying to find a law obeyed by non-parabolic two-ended subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups, or at least a partition of them into finitely many families, each of which obeys a law.)


Adult Learner
Systems Change
Adult Learner > Factors > Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic Status
Factor Connections
How Socioeconomic Status connects to...
Socioeconomic Status (SES) refers to an individual or family's social standing as compared to other families. It is usually measured by a combination of factors, including a family's education, occupation, and income, as well as access to social and cultural resources. Socioeconomic Status and educational attainment are tightly interconnected, and adult learners are often seeking to improve their Socioeconomic Status through continuing education and training opportunities.
Main Ideas
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 30% of adults living at or below the federal poverty line have not completed their high school credential. Many adults who are experiencing poverty struggle with basic reading, math, and digital skills, and having a high school credential does not guarantee that basic skills are in place.
In addition to inequitable access to high quality education and training opportunities, people who experience poverty or earn less than a family-sustaining wage may also be impacted by: housing insecurity, food insecurity, and job insecurity.
 - Housing insecurity and mobility often affects low-income families such as those who have high housing costs relative to their income. This disparity can result in difficulty paying monthly rent and utilities, which can lead to housing instability, eviction, and in some cases, homelessness.
 - Food insecurity refers to lack of access to sufficient amounts of nutritious food. People experiencing food insecurity may also live in food deserts, areas where there is limited access to grocery stores or farmer's markets that supply healthy and affordable food.
 - Job insecurity and unemployment also negatively impact adults living below family-sustaining wages, and can be major sources of psychological stress. It is important to note that unemployment disproportionately affects Black men, who are historically more likely to experience mass incarceration and have limited opportunities to advance in education, build their skills, and access well-paying jobs.
Additional factors such as the cost of continuing education, childcare, and transportation may also prevent individuals with lower SES from participating in adult and continuing education opportunities. The cost of digital devices and reliable broadband internet access may also widen what is often referred to as the digital divide. For many individuals, the childhood trauma associated with economic hardship and lack of access to financial, social, and educational resources at home and in the community can have long-term effects on academic achievement, health, and well-being into adulthood.
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Elective county officers may be removed from office as follows:
 (1) County clerk; treasurer; surveyor; supervisor. The county clerk, county treasurer or surveyor, or a county supervisor, by the county board, for cause, by a vote of two-thirds of all the supervisors entitled to seats on such board.
 (2) Clerk of circuit court. The clerk of the circuit court, by the judge or a majority of judges of the circuit court for the clerk's county, for cause.
 (5) Other elective county officers. The sheriff, coroner or register of deeds, by the governor, for cause.


10 Brilliant Ways to Use Boiling Water Around Your Home
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Maybe you can't whip up a perfect soufflé, but no matter what kind of kitchen skills you do (or don't) have, you can boil water. Though it sounds too simple to be true, boiling water can help you clear your skin, improve your garden, fix your tarnished silver and even sleep better at night. Time to put on the kettle!
Image Credit: Eugenio Marongiu/Cultura/GettyImages
1. Give Yourself a Home Facial
If you've ever had a professional facial, you know that estheticians often use steam to hydrate the skin and help it absorb products. Recreate that at home with a big bowl of freshly boiled water. As the water steams, place a towel over your head and lower your face to about 12 inches above the water (or more if the steam is too hot). Relax for about 10 minutes and then apply moisturizer.
Image Credit: Cathérine/Moment/GettyImages
2. Make Microwave Cleanup Easier
It doesn't matter who made a mess of the microwave; it only matters that someone cleans it. Boiling water in the microwave creates steam that loosens anything baked onto the walls. Put a few cups of water and some lemon slices in a microwave-safe bowl and heat it on high until the water boils. This should take a few minutes depending on how much water you use. Let it cool for a few minutes and then carefully remove the bowl and wipe down the inside of the microwave.
Image Credit: AndreyPopov/iStock/GettyImages
3. Kill Yard Weeds
It's not always the most effective way to deal with problematic weeds in your yard, but it's worth trying boiling water before moving on to products laden with chemicals. The most important thing to consider when killing weeds with boiling water is how to transport the water from your kitchen to your yard without burning yourself or anyone else. It's better to make multiple trips with small amounts of water than to try carrying a heavy pot through the house.
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4. Clear Your Drains
Boiling water may not be enough to tackle really serious problems, but with a clogged sink drain, there's no harm in trying boiling water before buying expensive drain cleaner. Make sure there's no standing water in the sink and then slowly pour a kettle of boiling water down the sink. This may be enough to sweep away minor clogs.
Image Credit: deepblue4you/E+/GettyImages
5. Use a Hot-Water Bottle
Hot-water bottles have fallen out of fashion, which is a shame. The first time you climb into bed on a cold night and curl your feet around a soft hot-water bottle, you'll be a true believer. Hot-water bottles usually hold around 2 liters of boiling water. The best part is choosing a cozy cover for yours. There are knit and fleece options available.
Image Credit: bymandesigns/iStock/GettyImages
6. Remove Lime Scale Buildup on Kettles
You can use a kettle to boil water, but over time, lime scale builds up and creates a chalky appearance and unpleasant taste. The solution? Boil more water – but this time with either lemon juice or vinegar added. Fill the kettle halfway with water and the juice of one lemon or with a half-and-half mix of water and vinegar. Set the kettle to boil, let the kettle sit until the water is completely cooled and wipe down the inside. Boil a few more kettles of plain water to remove any lingering vinegar taste.
Image Credit: Irina Tiumentseva/iStock/GettyImages
7. Make Silver Shine
A quick dip in some boiling water is enough to bring your tarnished silverware back to life. This hack works to polish any kind of real silver items you have. Start by putting a layer of aluminum foil in the bottom of a large glass pan. Place the silver on the foil, sprinkle on some baking soda and carefully pour in enough boiling water to cover the silver. Let the water cool and buff the silver pieces with a clean rag.
Image Credit: Catherine Falls Commercial/Moment/GettyImages
8. Clean a Greasy Stove Hood Filter
Cleaning the filter in the hood over your stove is probably not on your list of weekly chores. In fact, you may have done it exactly zero times. Depending on your model, the hood's filter should slide or pop out pretty easily. Warm water won't cut through all the greasy residue that will probably be clinging to the filter, so soak the filter in boiling water with dish detergent for 20 minutes before scrubbing it clean with a brush.
Image Credit: fizkes/iStock/GettyImages
9. Cover Unpleasant Odors
You know how a bubbling pot of sauce makes the entire house smell like onions and garlic? Boiling something amplifies its odor, which can be useful if you're trying to cover some other unpleasant smell, like microwaved fish. Set a pot of boiling water on the stove with lemon slices and peels, a few whole nutmegs and a few cinnamon sticks. Let it simmer (supervised) until the water is nearly gone.
Image Credit: deepblue4you/iStock/GettyImages
10. Try Your Hand at Canning
If you've never tried canning foods before, you may want to give it a try the next time you find yourself with more fresh produce than you can eat. Canning may be easier than you might realize and doesn't require a lot of special supplies when you use the water bath method. Submerging the sealed jars in boiling water kills bacteria, forces air out of the jars and creates a vacuum seal that makes canned food shelf stable.
Image Credit: GMVozd/E+/GettyImages


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Where God is, there is Peace
John 14:27; Matthew 10:34; 2 Timothy 1:7; and Psalm 46
- What is peace according to man?
- What is peace according to God?
- How can there be peace when we use a "sword"?
- How God's peace affects an individual?
- How does God's peace affect a group of people?
- How much will God's peace affect the world?
- Are your thoughts, your words, your attitudes more geared towards peace or war?


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NOVA Pentagon
NOVA Pentagon
 - $840.00 AUD
The five-sided parachute with oscillation damping
Safety through innovation: the PENTAGON parachute distinguishes itself through innovative design, combined with high-quality materials. After deployment, the PENTAGON offers a rapid opening, immediate oscillation damping and a low sink rate. The result is a rescue system you can fully trust in any situation.
NOVA Pentagon Packing Instructions Video
Five sides for high pendular stability. The five-sided shape is self-stabilising: if the PENTAGON experiences a pendular impulse towards a corner, the restoring force will automatically act in the opposite direction. Opposite a corner is an edge, where the airflow is significantly different and this counteracts unwelcome oscillations. The resulting pendular stability is excellent.
Quick to open, slow to descend. The sink rate is extraordinarily low: during certification, with maximum load, the Pentagon 120 had a sink rate of 5.2 m/s.
Five corner vents for fast opening. Five corner vents assist inflation during the opening. The opening is faster and more reliable than with conventional parachutes. This is not only critical when close to the ground, but it also reduces the risk of the parachute getting tangled in the paraglider's lines before opening.
Equal suspension line length for uncomplicated packing. A prerequisite for quick opening is that the parachute is packed regularly. The PENTAGON is quick and easy to pack. The base and centre lines are all the same length and equal distance from each other. They are also colour-coded. This means that the risk of errors during packing is minimal.
Intensive testing
 - The PENTAGON was designed in collaboration with Urs Haari of High Adventure. Urs drew on his experience of over 300 deployments with various parachutes.
 - He extensively tested the PENTAGON during the different design phases. The focus was on tests with the paraglider attached. In practice, this is much more common than the certification test scenario where the paraglider is jettisoned. The practical tests were supplemented by flow simulations of various designs. In the end, the Pentagon was the best of all solutions.
Technical Data
NOVA PENTAGON Technical Data
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In pages: 698-703, (Editors: NM Amato), IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), September 2011 (inproceedings)
Learning inverse kinematics of robots with redundant degrees of freedom (DoF) is a difficult problem in robot learning. The difficulty lies in the non-uniqueness of the inverse kinematics function. Existing methods tackle non-uniqueness by segmenting the configuration space and building a global solution from local experts. The usage of local experts implies the definition of an oracle, which governs the global consistency of the local models; the definition of this oracle is difficult. We propose an algorithm suitable to learn the inverse kinematics function in a single global model despite its multivalued nature. Inverse kinematics is approximated from examples using structured output learning methods. Unlike most of the existing methods, which estimate inverse kinematics on velocity level, we address the learning of the direct function on position level. This problem is a significantly harder. To support the proposed method, we conducted real world experiments on a tracking control task and tested our algorithms on these models.
Our goal is to understand the principles of Perception, Action and Learning in autonomous systems that successfully interact with complex environments and to use this understanding to design future systems


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The critical clearing angle is defined as the maximum change in the load angle curve before clearing the fault without loss of synchronism. In other words, when the fault occurs in the system the load angle curve begin to increase, and the system becomes unstable. The angle at which the fault becomes clear and the system becomes stable is called critical clearing angle.
When the initial load is given, then there is a critical clearing angle, and if the actual clearing angle exceeds a critical clearing angle, the system becomes unstable otherwise it is stable. Let the curve A represents the power angle curve for a healthy condition; curve B represents the power angle curve for faulty condition and curve C represents the power angle curve after isolation of fault as shown below.
Where γ1 is the ratio of system reactance in healthy condition to that of during the fault and γ2 is the ratio of steady state limit of the system after the isolation of fault and that of system under the initial condition.
For transient stability limit, two areas A1 = A2 or in other words the area under curve adec (rectangle) is equal to the area under the curve da'b'bce.


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Dr. Anne Elvey teaches in the School of Theology (Vic) at Australian Catholic University and the Trinity College Theological School, Trinity College, Melbourne, Australia. She is an honorary research associate in the Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, and adjunct member of the Golding Centre for Women's History, Theology and Spirituality at Australian Catholic University.
2005 0-7734-5974-X In the context of environmental destruction, this book takes a call to turn toward Earth as a starting point for an ecological feminist hermeneutics focused in the notion of the "material given". Like Earth, the pregnant body is a material given, a necessity for human species being Within the Gospel of Luke, the pregnant body is site of a divine necessity underwriting the narrative. A focus on the pregnant body brings into dialogue the Lukan divine necessity and the everyday necessity of the material given. As a particular site of sociality between self and other, the pregnant body represents a gestational paradigm. Within the Lukan narrative a gestational paradigm appears not only in the pregnancy of Mary of Nazareth, but also in her activity of keeping (2: 19, 51). The gestational paradigm exhibited in keeping also informs the narrative tropes of serving, journeying to Jerusalem, compassion, and expectation. In each case, a gestational logic interweaves with and calls into question the ostensibly colonizing logic of divine necessity. In the reign (or kingdom, Gk. Basileia) of God, the interrelationship of these Lukan logics issues in a paradigm of hospitality, having implications for human responses to an ecological call.


❓ Unscramble Lug
We have unscrambled word lug and found several words from the letters out of lug. You can use following links below to get list of these words.
Definitions of Lug
You can find definitions of lug below. For other uses please see definition of lug at Merriam Webster
Definitions of lug
Word Meaning
lug ancient Celtic god
lug a projecting piece that is used to lift or support or turn something
lug carry with difficulty
stuff obstruct
Unscrambled 3 letter words
Word unscrambler found 2 different 3 letter words made with letters L U G like gul and lug. You can find other unscrambled 3 letter words below.


-15 p. 2)
What happens if you pull the aileron disconnect handle? Can they be reconnected in-flight?(2-12-15 p. 2) Aileron panels are disconnected from one another (right control wheel commands the right aileron) & the amber "AIL DISC" light illuminates. Maintenance action on the ground is required to reconnect.
If the aileron disconnect handle is pulled, which side is the autopilot connected to? Artificial feel unit? Roll trim servo? Left side: Autopilot servo (must not be used).Right side: Roll trim servo & artificial feel unit.(2-13-15 p. 2)
Describe the roll trim system.(2-13-15 p. 4) Roll trim is performed by relocating the aileron's neutral position through an electromechanical actuator linked to the artificial feel unit. The control wheels and the ailerons move when the roll trim system is actuated.
Will the autopilot disengage when the roll trim switches are activated?(2-13-15 p. 4) No. The aileron neutral position will be relocated & when the autopilot is disengaged, they will move to the repositioned neutral point.
What does each mark on the roll/yaw trim position indicator represent? 50% of the trimming range for the associated side.(2-13-15 p. 9 & 2-13-20 p. 12)
Describe the rudder control system.(2-13-20 p. 2) 2 in-tandem cable-operated, hyd assist rudders. The fwd rudder is driven by the ctrl sys, while the aft rudder is linked to & deflected as a funct of the fwd rudder deflection. Either set of pedals posit the rudder through a pwr ctrl unit (PCU).
Describe the rudder PCU.(2-13-20 p. 2) The PCU is simultaneously powered by both hydraulic systems. Each PCU hydraulic circuit controls the hydraulic power to 1 respective rudder actuator (system 1 & 2). The PCU has an artificial feel device.
How is rudder system 1 and/or system 2 manually or automatically deactivated?(2-13-20 p. 2) Auto: Spd switch: >135 KIAS, rudder sys 1 is auto shut off. Hardover prot: Mech rev for the rudder is sel auto if: Force on any pedal >130#, deflect >5°(±1°)in 1 dir & pedal force in the opp dir, Both engines run >56.4%.
When is the rudder hardover protection disabled?(2-13-20 p. 5) (1) High IAS when the deflection authority is < 5°.(2) During single-engine operations.(3) If a disagreement between FADECs from the same engine occurs.
What is the rudder's maximum deflection limit?(2-13-20 p. 5) The rudder's main control primary stops limit deflection to ±15° on the ground or in-flight.
How is the rudder trimmed? (2-13-20 p. 6) By an electromechanical actuator linked to the rudder PCU. The yaw trim switch moves the rudder so the pedals will also move. Since the pedals move, the nose wheel also rotates when on the ground (limited to 5°).
During mechanical reversion, is yaw trim/artificial feel available? (2-13-20 p. 2 rev 27) No. Aerodynamic loads are transmitted directly to the rudder pedals.
What is the different between the mechanical & the electromechanical gust lock?(2-13-25 p. 1) Mechanical gust lock actuates on the torque tube connected to the control wheels where the electromechanical actuates directly on elevator panels.
Describe the flap system.(2-13-30 pp. 1-2) The electrically operated double-slotted flaps are commanded by the flap selector lever which sends a signal to the flap electronic control unit (FECU). The flap power & drive unit (FPDU) drives the 4 flap panels.
Describe the flap power & drive unit (FPDU).(2-13-30 p. 2) The FPDU is a gearbox with 2 elec motors. motor ctrl by the FECU thru 1 indep chan. motors drive all the flap act thru flex shafts.
What if a flap motor fails? If a motor, or its assoc FECU ctrl chan, assoc velocity sensor, or a transmission brake fail, the channel is diseng & its assoc motor act interrupt. The other motor can drive flaps at ½ of their norm spd.
What holds the flaps in place? (2-13-30 p. 2) A transmission brake installed on each outer flap panel.
What are flap velocity sensors? (2-13-30 p. 2 & RGS) Velocity sensors installed at the ends of the flexible shafts detect both flap position & flap asymmetry. (2° of asymmetry deactivates the flaps.)
What is a likely cause of a flap asymmetry?(RGS) A likely cause is a broken flexible shaft.
If the flaps won't move on the ground what may be the problem?(2-13-30 p. 2) There may be a disagreement between the flap selector lever and the flap position. Lift up and release the flap selector lever to override this protection.
Describe the spoiler system.(2-13-35 p. 1) speed brake & grnd spoiler subsys. Actuat of subsys is totally indep. They are elect cmd & hyd act. spoiler ctrl unit (SCU) permits spoiler panels to open. 2 per wing. The outbd spoilers both spd brk & grnd spoiler. inbd spoil provide only grnd spoiler.
Describe the ground spoiler operation.(2-13-35 p. 2) The SCU automatically opens ground spoilers without pilot input when the following conditions are met:(1) Airplane on the ground.(2) Main landing gear wheels running > 25 kt.(3) Both engine TLAs < 30°, or both N2 < 56%.
Describe the speed brake operation.(2-13-35 p. 2) The SCU allows speed brake operation when the speed brake lever is set to open and:(1) Both engine TLAs < 50°.(2) Flaps set to 0 or 9°.
What happens if speed brakes are open & you set the flaps to ≥ 22° or increase TLA ≥ 50°? Speed brake panels close & "SPBK LVR DISAGREE" EICAS caution message is generated. (2-13-35 p. 4)
Where does engine bleed air come from?(2-14-05 p. 2) From the 9th or 14th stg depend on demand. The 14th stg(HSV) opens auto during low thrust, x-bleed start, & anti-ice ops. If the HSV is open due to low thrust, it will cls & the 9th stg bld (BACV) opens & supp bld air to the sys as thrust incr.
Where is the engine bleed valve (EBV) in relation to the pre-cooler? (2-14-05 p. 2) The EBV is downstream of the pre-cooler.
Where is the bleed air for the engine air inlet anti-icing tapped? (2-14-05 pp. 2-3) Upstream of the HSV so it is always 14th stage air even when the EBV is closed.
What is the external air source for the pre-cooler?(2-14-05 p. 3) Engine fan air is tapped from the engine fan air valve, passes over the pre cooler, & then vented outside.
When does the cross bleed valve (CBV) open automatically?(2-14-05 pp. 2, 4) When in AUTO it opens automatically as required for engine start. It also opens for anti-icing operations on aircraft without pressure regulating & shutoff EBVs.
What does the pneumatic system's functional logic do when ice is detected? (2-14-05 p. 4) Opens both HSVs, closes the left pack < 24,600 ft, & opens the CBV on some aircraft.
Which side does the APU supply bleed air to?(2-14-05 p. 4) The left pneumatic side.
Can the APU bleed valve (ABV) be open when either engine is supplying bleed air to the left pneumatic side? No. The APU bleed valve (ABV) automatically closes. (2-14-05 p. 4)
How does the EBV operate? The ABV?The CBV? (2-14-05 p. 2 & 4) Electrically controlled by their associated switch & pneumatically actuated.
Which side of the system is the ground pneumatic source connection on? (2-14-05 p. 4) The right side.
Describe the leak detectors.(2-14-05 p. 4) The leak detectors (thermal switches) are installed along all of the pneumatic lines. If a leak is detected, a warning message is generated on the EICAS.
Describe the massive leak detectors.(2-14-05 p. 4) Three massive leak detectors are in the rear electronic bay area to detect intense hot air leakage


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* Note on silver prices during the American Civil War and historical data more generally:
Curiously, the data from the Federal Reserve suggests that silver did not budge during the Civil War. The series A04018GB00LONA286NNBR is listed as "Price of Bar Silver for London, Great Britain,...Dollars Per Fine Ounce, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted." This stability in dollar-denominated silver is confusing because although the silver price in London appears to have remained flat during the American Civil War, the exchange rate between the pound and the dollar went from $4/£1 in 1861 to nearly $10/£1 in 1864, according to the Bank of England. It is therefore difficult to imagine how the dollar-denominated price of silver in London could have remained flat during that period.
And yet, the GPIH data attributed to Jastram also lists both American and British silver prices as flat during that period. It also, however, lists an implied exchange rate of $4.53/£1 in 1864. It would be foolish for me to bite the hands of those who feed me data by claiming that the Fed and Jastram are wrong, but it is awfully strange that silver (of all commodities) should have kept its head when all about it were losing theirs!
Looking at the Fed's notes about the silver price, unless I am misreading the explanation, it seems to indicate that fluctuations in exchange rates were not taken into account in calculations of the dollar-denominated price until the 1930s.
Leaving aside this particular question, the lesson, I think, is that we should always take historical data with a grain of salt and try to keep our eye on the broad trends rather than incremental movements, understanding that that has its own dangers, too.
Source: Inflation And Yields: Gold And Equity Yields
Additional disclosure: I am short gold and S&P 500 futures.


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17.2.7 2D Kernel Density
The 2D Kernel Density plot is a smoothed color density representation of the scatterplot, based on kernel density estimation, a nonparametric technique for probability density functions. The goal of density estimation is to take a finite sample of data and to infer the underyling probability density function everywhere, including where no data point are presented. In kernel density estimation, the contribution of each data point is smoothed out from a single point into a region of vicinity. These smoothed density plot shows an average trend for the scatter plot.
Creating 2D Kernel Density Plot
To create a 2D Kernel Density plot:
- Highlight one Y column.
- Open 2D Kernel Density plot dialog by clicking Plot > Contour: 2D Kernel Density.
- In the plot_kde2 dialog box, specify the Method, Number of Grid Points in X/Y and the Number of Points to Display, and Plot Type.
- Click OK to create a 2D Kernel Density plot.
The Dialog of plot_kde2
Specify the input data.
- Bandwidth Method
- Specify the bandwidth calculation method of the 2D Kernel Density plot.
- Bivariate Kernel Density Estimator
- Rules of Thumb
- Density Method
- Specify a method to calculate the kernel density for defined XY grids.
- Choose the option to calculate density values according to the Ks2density equation. For a large dataset, computation of the exact computation may require extensive calculation,
- Binned Approximate Estimation
- Choose the option to calculate approximation of density values. This option is recommended for a large sample.
- Number of Points to Display
- Specify the first N lowest density points to be superimposed on the density image.
- Interpolate Density Points
- Specify the calculation method to decide which points to superimposed on the density image (see details in below Algorithm section). Usually if the number of source data is large (ie. >50000), we strongly recommend to select this option to improve the speed.
- Number of Grid Points in X/Y
- Specify the number of equally spaced grid points for the density estimation.
- Number of Points to Display
- Specify the first N lowest density points to be superimposed on the density image when the checkbox of All is unchecked. Otherwise, it will display all points when the All checkbox is selected by default.
- Grid Range
- As an interim step, a matrix of gridded values is generated from the X/Y data and the kernel density plot is created from the matrix values. By default, the Grid Range registers the minimum and maximum X and Y values in that matrix. Clear the Auto box to enter a value manually.
- X Minimum
- X Maximum
- Y Minimum
- Y Maximum
- Plot Type
- Specify the plot type.
- Use the density matrix to plot contour
- Use the density matrix to make an image plot
Density Estimation data
This determines where the calculated data for the graph is stored.
This determines where the data of the displayed scatter plot is stored. Only available when Number of Points to Display is not 0.
Kernel density estimation is a nonparametric technique to estimate density of scatter points. The goal of density estimation is to estimate underlying probability density function everywhere, including where no data are observed, from the existing scatter points. A kernel function is created with the datum at its center – this ensures that the kernel is symmetric about the datum. Kernel density estimation smooths the contribution of data points to give overall picture of the density of data points.
Density Calculation Method
Specify a method to calculate the kernel density for defined xy grids.
Density values are calculated based on the equation below
where n is the number of elements in vector vX or vY, is ith element in vector vX and is ith element in vector vY. and is the optimal bandwidths values.
Binned Approximate Estimation
Speed up the density calculation by an approximation to the exact estimation of 2D kernel density.
First 2D binning is performed on the (x, y) points to obtain a matrix with the bin counts. Then 2D Fast Fourier Transform is utilized to perform discrete convolutions for calculating density values of each grid.
4th root of density values is calculated to map the density scale to the color scale
Bivariate Kernel Density Estimator
Calculate bandwidth based on linear diffusion process.
Rule of Thumb
The estimation of wx and wy simply can be calculated by:
where n is the size of vector vX or vY, is the sample standard variation for dataset vX, and for dataset vY accordingly.
Interpolate Density Points
Specify the calculation method to decide which points to superimpose on the density image.
If the option is selected, kernel density of points are calculated by the interpolation on the density matrix for defined XY grids. If number of source data is very large, selecting the option can greatly improve the speed.
If the option is not selected, the density values will be calculated by the Exact Estimation method.