text:
- If you laid all tarpaulins that have been distributed by Shelter Cluster agencies end on end, they'd reach from New York City to Mexico City, Madrid to Moscow, Bangkok to Beijing or Nairobi to Cairo.
- The earthquake created approximately 19 million cubic meters (25 million cubic yards) of debris that have to be removed. It would take someone in a standard pick up truck more than 8 million trips to a waste facility to move this amount of debris. The majority of Haitians are removing the debris from their plots by hand.
- 19 million cubic meters of debris placed in a building 33 metres by 33 metres (100 x 100 feet) would reach 21 kilometres (13 miles) into the sky. In comparison: Mount Everest is 8,848 metres (29,029 feet) high.
- Over 18 months, Shelter Cluster agencies are planning to build approximately 125,000 transitional shelters. These will provide safe places to live for approximately 625,000 people. This is slightly more than the number of people living in the city of Las Vegas.
- Shelter Cluster agencies are planning to build enough transitional shelters for 55,000 people per month. This equals the population of Cheyenne, WY, USA; Schweinfurt, Germany; Hereford, UK; Limerick, Ireland; Roskilde, Denmark or Katras, India.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


TODAY in Masonic History:
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The Mosaic Floor
Today in Masonic History we discuss the Mosaic Floor.
The Mosaic Floor is an important part of masonic lore.
Often in artwork with Masonic symbols in it, there is a white and black checkered floor. This is often referred to as a the Mosaic floor or the Mosaic pavement.
In some descriptions of the floor of King Solomon's Temple the ground floor is a Mosaic pavment. Although some dismiss this, there are descriptions that make it clear that the floor of the temple is made of wood beacue and it is elevated. The argument is that stone would not be used for an elevated floor. While this is most likely a true argument, it does not take into account that a Mosaic floor does not have to be one of stone, merely one of multiple colors. It makes it difficult to prove or disprove what the floor was made of since no archealogical evidence of the Temple of Solomon exists and any written acconts of the temple were most likely done by scribes in the court of Solomon, who had no knowledge of the engineering that went into the building of the temple.
The explanation Freemasons use is that the black and white floor of King Solomon's Temple is representive of the good and evil in every man's life. This explanation attempts to explain the reasoning for the floor. It would tend to make the concept of the Mosaic floor a more modern creation, at least in it's philosophy. The philosophical explanation would have been easier for scribes in the court of Solomon to relate in their writings. Since this fact is not related in the descriptions of the temple it is less likely that it was the reasoning for the floor. Again there is no achealogical evidence for the Temple of Solomon so it is hard to say whether it is lost knowledge or a modern interpretation.
Regardless of whether it is meant as a direct represenation of the floor in Solomon's Temple or not, the philosophical explanation is what should be most important to the Freemason. The reminder that good and evil is present in all of our lives should be taken as a reminder and as a warning. It is should be a reminder that there are always those who would, by design or by accident, bring unhappiness or "evil" into our daily lives and to be vigilant to those threats and concerns. It should not just be to avoid them, is should also be to temper our reaction to those events and actions. It should be a warning to ourselves that we are just as capable of inflicting that unhappiness or "evil" on others.
Freemasons should remember that it is our own deeds that color the Mosaic floor. That we all have good days and bad days, that the goal is to always have the one extra white square balancing our life to the good and not the bad. We keep this balance by how we respond when "evil" enters our life and whether we choose by our actions to insert "evil" into the lives of others.


correct answer is given by examiner.
candidate answer is the answer I ticked as correct.
They said, "We pray everyday."
1) They said that they have been praying every day.
2) They said that they pray every day.
3) They said that they prayed every day.
4) They said that we prayed every day.
Correct Answer: They said that they prayed every day.
Candidate Answer: They said that they pray every day.
as praying is a habitual action,confirmed by everyday, so prayed is incorrect, i think.
In reported speech, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech is normally backshifted.
I am ready
He said he was ready
There are, however, exceptions. If the original statement is a general truth - "water boils at 100C" or is still true - "my name is Sarah", it is not necessary to backshift. In such cases, the backshift is optional: some people will prefer to do a backshift anyway, others will not.
He said that he was hungry - true yesterday - backshift always necessary
He said that he was/is always hungry - always true - backshift optional
Note that, whether it's a habitual action or not is irrelevant. If you were quoting somebody saying "I smoke 50 cigarettes a day", and that person is still smoking 50 a day, you could say:
He said that he smoked 50 cigarettes a day
He said that he smokes 50 cigarettes a day
If the person died recently (and therefore the statement is not still true), only the first option is valid, even though it was a habitual action at the time.
For the sentences in your question, if the speakers still pray every day, options 2 and 3 are correct. If the speaker died some time ago, only 3 is valid.
Without any information about whether the speakers still pray every day, there is no 'right answer' to this question. There isn't even a'sensible guess', as the examiners could simply be checking whether you know about backshifting, or they could be checking whether you know the exceptions. A multiple choice, single selection question that has two valid answers is a bad question.
I agree that options 2 and 3 are correct if they still pray every day and that only option 3 is correct if they no longer pray every day.
But the question as given is select the one which best expresses the same sentence.
I hate questions like this because they provide incomplete information.
 1. I personally believe that if they still pray every day that option 2 is more commonly used and, therefore, the best answer. (But I have no empirical evidence to prove that; it's only my subjective feeling. I can't state it to be the best answer from a grammatical perspective, only from a personal style perspective. However, style in cases like this is personal. While you can't prove yourself right, neither can somebody else prove you wrong.)
 Consider this dialog:
 "Did you ask them if they pray every day?"
 "I did."
 "What did they say?"
 "They said that they do." OR "They said that they did."
 In normal conversation, the first response is far more likely—as, I believe, is its option 2 equivalent.
 2. If you want to choose an option that best satisfies all possibilities then option 3 is the best option.
 3. If you assume that best is being used deliberately (as opposed to only) so as to indicate a choice, then that means that more than one option is actually correct. Therefore, they must still be praying—so refer back to my first item.
If I were forced to pick an option without any more information, I would pick option 3. (While I don't necessarily find it the best, I find it the least wrong among all possible scenarios.)
But I personally agree with your answer. Assuming that the praying is habitual and that it has not stopped, there are two correct answers and, stylistically, I believe yours is the better of the two. However, the instructor might not agree with this assumption. All you can do is try to offer such an explanation. It will at least demonstrate that, if you failed, it wasn't because of a lack of knowledge on your part but because of an incompletely worded test question.
(Unfortunately, I've rarely managed to convince past instructors of mine to correct a mark by pointing out things like this. I wouldn't rest your hopes on changing the mark—but it's still good to at least try.)
As a final note, I took a grammar course last year. As part of the course material, it mentioned reported speech versus direct speech. I knew, ahead of a test, that "backshifting" was expected. So, on the test, I made sure to follow that. But that expectation had already been set—and the examples I was given didn't present two possible answers.
 - I totally agree with this answer. I would probably choose the backshifted option just because I'd guess that's what the instructor wants me to pick. – Pedro A Apr 14 '18 at 12:14
I agree (sorry) that number 3 is probably the more test-worthy answer, while I would want number two to be correct. 2 is stylistically better, in that the ambiguity of completion better matches the lack of context. If the person reporting the speech is on the phone with the distant party, and the distant party is reporting about always, rather than the past, then 2 is correct and 3 sounds wrong. In that case, 3 adds (or seems to add, hence style) information which is not actually in evidence.
Yet in the context of a course which has taken pains to illustrate the point about back-shifting, number three is probably the sought-for answer. It is a poorly-phrased question.
Personally, I think 2 is right. Now I am sure that the instructor could bring all sorts of arguments proving me wrong. I would still walk away feeling right.
(As this answer is an alternative take on Jason Bassford's, please prioritize selecting his response over mine.)
 - Thank you for the acknowledgement. +1 from me to reward good intentions. :) – Jason Bassford Apr 14 '18 at 14:28
Your Answer


ThunderEase for Cats helps to calm your cats, and resolve many different issues you may be having. If you've asked yourself any of the following questions, we have the solution for you!
"How to get my cat to stop spraying?"
"How do I get my cat to stop peeing outside the litter box?"
"How to stop my cat from scratching?"
"How do I get my cats get along and stop fighting?"
"How do I calm my cat during travel?"
"How do I get my cat to stop hiding?"
ThunderEase for Cats mimics a cat's natural pheromones, helping them to feel calm and comfortable, and therefore helps to reduce stress-related problems, like scratching, spraying, and hiding. Pheromones can also help cats to bond with each other, therefore helping to reduce fighting, and improve relationships when welcoming a new member to the family. What are pheromones? Great question!
Pheromones are a type of chemical communication that cats use to interact with each other, and the world around them. All cats can understand pheromone signals, no matter the breed, or how old they are! These messages are released by special glands all around their body (face, chin, paws, etc.) – so if you've seen your cat rubbing their face on a wall / furniture, they are releasing their facial pheromones, and marking the area. They can be doing the same thing when they scratch as well. Different pheromones send different messages to other cats.
ThunderEase for cats comes in the form of a calming diffuser kit, or a calming spray. The diffuser kit should be used for at home issues, and the spray is very useful if you want to reduce anxiety while traveling.
ThunderEase mimics a cat's natural facial pheromone, which helps the cats to feel calm and confident in their environment. Stress is a common trigger for your cat to start scratching or spraying, so by reducing stress and helping them to feel calmer, it helps to stop the unwanted behaviors. ThunderEase for Cats is clinically proven to reduce peeing outside the litter box, or scratching, in 90% of cats.
ThunderEase Multi-Cat mimics a cat's maternal nursing pheromone, which helps to send "harmony messages" among cats. ThunderEase Multi-Cat is clinically proven to reduce fighting among cats.
Our cat pheromone diffusers could be the answer to your problems. We offer a 100% satisfaction guarantee, so give them a try today!


text:
Snapshots automatically backup your website files at a regular interval, which you can use to rollback your website code to a previous version if needed.
Snapshots do not make a backup of your databases. If you would like to perform a backup of your databases, we recommend you perform an export, or launch a dump script via crontab.
After you have selected the instance in question, click on "Snapshots" to bring up the option.
Next, click on the "Activate snapshots" button.
Once activated, we will create a total of 4 backups of your website files at specific times:
- a daily snapshot kept for 24h
- a daily snapshot kept for 48h
- a weekly snapshot kept for 7 days
- a weekly snapshot kept for 14 days
To restore your website files from a Snapshot, start by logging into your instance using sFTP.
Once you're at the root of your instance's disk, browse to the "snapshot" directory.
Your snapshot directory's contents will look like:
- 123456789.daily : one daily snapshot
- 123456789.weekly : one weekly snapshot
The number that you see before each directory is the unix timestamp. The most recent snapshot is the one with the highest number.
In order to restore the data, you will have to copy the files/folders to your local device from the remote folder, and then upload them to the target directory (unless your SFTP software allows you to copy/paste directly through their interface).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Why might markets tend toward and remain near equilibrium prices? In an effort to shed light on this question from an algorithmic perspective, this paper formalizes the setting of Ongoing Markets, by contrast with the classic market scenario, which we term One-Time Markets. The Ongoing Market allows trade at non-equilibrium prices, and, as its name suggests, continues over time. As such, it appears to be a more plausible model of actual markets. For both market settings, this paper defines and analyzes variants of a simple tatonnement algorithm that differs from previous algorithms that have been subject to asymptotic analysis in three significant respects: the price update for a good depends only on the price, demand, and supply for that good, and on no other information; the price update for each good occurs distributively and asynchronously; the algorithms work (and the analyses hold) from an arbitrary starting point. Our algorithm introduces a new and natural update rule. We show that this update rule leads to fast convergence toward equilibrium prices in a broad class of markets that satisfy the weak gross substitutes property. These are the first analyses for computationally and informationally distributed algorithms that demonstrate polynomial convergence. Our analysis identifies three parameters characterizing the markets, which govern the rate of convergence of our protocols. These parameters are, broadly speaking: 1. A bound on the fractional rate of change of demand for each good with respect to fractional changes in its price. 2. A bound on the fractional rate of change of demand for each good with respect to fractional changes in wealth. 3. The closeness of the market to a Fisher market (a market with buyers starting with money alone). We give two types of protocols. The first type assumes global knowledge of only (an upper bound on) the first parameter. For this protocol, we also provide a matching lower bound in terms of these parameters for the One-Time Market. Our second protocol, which is analyzed for the One-Time Market only, assumes no global knowledge whatsoever.


text:
With the help of energy analysis suggested by McLaughlin and Scott for the sine-Gordon equation, evolution of kink velocity modeling the propagation of a local conformational perturbation along the DNA molecule under the simultaneous action of dissipation effects and special nonstationary external fields is investigated. For a harmonically time-dependent external force, the kink velocity is characterized by oscillations about a rather monotonically decreasing trend expressed by an explicit analytical formula. The trend velocity coincides with the results of calculations of the kink velocity averaged over the period on different time intervals. Similar results are obtained for a nonstationary force in the form of a step function. A numerical analysis, in particular, demonstrates that the trend velocity changes its behavior for certain values of rectangular pulse duration.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


text:
By David Borsook, Rosanna Veggeberg, Nathalie Erpelding, Ronald Borra, Clas Linnman, Rami Burstein, and Lino Becerra | The Neuroscientist | August 19, 2015
The insula, a "cortical hub" buried within the lateral sulcus, is involved in a number of processes including goal-directed cognition, conscious awareness, autonomic regulation, interoception, and somatosensation. While some of these processes are well known in the clinical presentation of migraine (i.e., autonomic and somatosensory alterations), other more complex behaviors in migraine, such as conscious awareness and error detection, are less well described. Since the insula processes and relays afferent inputs from brain areas involved in these functions to areas involved in higher cortical function such as frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, it may be implicated as a brain region that translates the signals of altered internal milieu in migraine, along with other chronic pain conditions, through the insula into complex behaviors. Here we review how the insula function and structure is altered in migraine. As a brain region of a number of brain functions, it may serve as a model to study new potential clinical perspectives for migraine treatment.


Related topics
New graphics engine imperils users of Firefox and Chrome
Disable WebGL now, researchers warn
The US Computer Emergency Readiness Team is advising users of the Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome browsers to disable a recently added graphics engine that can be exploited to steal data or crash end user computers.
The web standard known as WebGL opens the browsers to serious attacks, including the theft of images or denial-of-service attacks, independent research consultancy Context Information Security recently warned. The technology made its debut in version 9 of Chrome and was added to the recently released Firefox 4. WebGL is also present in builds of Opera and Apple's Safari.
"Based on this limited research Context does not believe WebGL is really ready for mass usage," Context researcher James Forshaw wrote. "Therefore Context recommends that users and corporate IT managers consider disabling WebGL in their browsers.
The technology is designed to render web-based 3D graphics by allowing the browser to have greater access to a computer's graphics hardware. Until now, the security of graphics gear hasn't been much of a concern, but the wide availability of WebGL should change that. Malicious web masters could exploit inherent weaknesses in the standard to cause computers to display the infamous blue screen of death or steal potentially sensitive data.
A Google spokesman didn't address the claims in the Context report head on, but did offer the following:
Many parts of the WebGL stack, including the GPU process, run in separate processes and are sandboxed in Chrome to help prevent various kinds of attacks. To help ward off lower level attacks, we work with hardware, OS, and driver vendors to proactively disable unsafe system configurations and help them improve the robustness of their stack.
I'd also point out that Chrome doesn't run on some system configurations if lower level stack issues are identified. This is a key intermediate step to help protect Chrome users.
The spokesman didn't say if these measures are enough to prevent the Webgl vulnerabilities described by Context from being exploited in Chrome.
A spokesman for the Khronos Group, which maintains the WebGL standard, similarly didn't address the Context report directly in an email to The Register. Instead, he referred to an official statement that said the graphics engine comes with an extension "specifically designed to prevent denial of service and out-of-range memory access attacks from WebGL content."
The extension, known as GL_ARB_robustness, "has already been deployed by some GPU vendors and Khronos expects it to be deployed rapidly by others," the statement continued. "Browsers can check for the presence of this extension before enabling WebGL content. This is likely to become the deployment mode for WebGL in the near future."
The statement didn't name the GPU manufacturers or say what percentage of shipping GPUs make use of the measure.
On Tuesday, members of the US-CERT echoed the advice that WebGL be disabled. So far, neither Context nor CERT has given instructions for turning off the standard in various browsers.
In Firefox 4, type "about:config" (minus the quotes) into the address bar and set webgl.disabled to true. In Chrome, get to the command line of your operating system and add the --disable-webgl flag to the Chrome command. On a Windows machine, the command line would be "chrome.exe --disable-webgl". ®
This article was updated to include comment from The Khronos Group. It was later updated to correct the types of attacks Context said WebGL is susceptible to. The report doesn't include the possibility of code-execution attacks, as incorrectly reported earlier.
Sponsored: Hyper-scale data management


text:
The mouth remembers what the brain can't quite wrap its tongue around & that's what my life's become. My life's become my mouth's remembering, telling stories with the brain's tongue.
Daphne Marlatt reads The Mouth from bpNichol's Selected Organs. In this work, Nichol writes about parts of his body; instead of a body of work, he writes a work of the body. Here we see the typography follow Daphne's voice as she reads the text.
The Mouth highlights the orality of the poem. This segment plays with creating an oral text — using typography to create a sense of voice. "The Mouth" segment sets Daphne Marlatt's performance against an animated riff on Robert Massin's typographic work.
Instead of a body of work, he writes a work of the body.
Massin was a french graphic designer. He was a big influence on the contemporary "post functionalist" graphic design aesthetic — Carson, Brody et al. He undertook a striking graphic version of Ionesco's play, La Cantatrice Chauve, in which images of the characters are intermingled with the text. The text itself takes on a performative role, appearing as part of the action.
Here are some images from Massin's La Cantatrice Chauve


4 Reasons Why Your Agency Should Try Sales Enablement
Does your agency abide by sales enablement best practices? If not, why not? Here's everything you need to know about how sales enablement can better your agency.
Written by Matt Tomlinson
Sales enablement | 3 minute read
Sales enablement can be massively beneficial to your business. Whether it's improving productivity, generating better-qualified leads or just generally increasing profit, implementing sales enablement best practices can be massively effective for your company.
But don't just take our word for it. This post will explain what sales enablement is and why your business should be using it. Trust us, once you've started implementing sales enablement best practices, you'll never look back.
What is Sales Enablement?
Sales enablement is the process that focuses on giving your sales department the tools to hold more valuable conversations with prospects and form more qualified leads. Sales enablement is proven to increase productivity. By targeting capabilities within the team, it enables them to work more efficiently and all pull in the same direction towards an agreed end goal.
Sales enablement encourages the alignment of both your sales and marketing departments. Although, in the past, it hasn't been as simple as that. It's often the case that sales and marketing departments don't have the strongest relationship between each other so in some cases, it's proved difficult for them to dovetail and work well in a partnership.
But, that mentality needs to be left in the past. Your marketing and sales departments need to be aligned more than ever. This is due to buyer behaviour evolving over the years. They're now more in control of the situation than ever before. Buyers are now more digitally-driven than they've ever been, which reiterates the need for your sales and marketing teams to work together and continuously integrate.
Both departments know different things about the customer, therefore can bring their own ideas and research to the plate. This is a no-brainer that it'll undoubtedly lead to more detailed leads, so why agencies are opting against it is beyond us.
What are the Benefits of Sales Enablement?
1. Provides Sales Departments With Valuable Data
The more background information that your sales department know about your prospects, then the more angles and scope of conversation they can lead with. You're cutting out the potential guesswork and saving time that it'd take a salesperson to find out this information in the first place.
By providing your sales team with information surrounding buyer behaviour, motivations and pain points, you're giving them so many angles to target their sales. Your sales team can dictate how the conversation will flow and what points they're going to draw on to cement in a sale.
It leaves them in an authoritative position of the sale which is the position you always want to be in.
This increases the chances of converting leads substantially. If you can tailor your approach to something you know that the buyer is struggling with and appeals to them, then you're starting off in a winning position.
2. Build Strong and Lasting Relationships
Everybody loves receiving a tailored service, don't they? Whether it's the local chippy remembering your usual or a marketing agency remembering a prospect's pain points, needs and concerns, tailored service is always the way to go.
Think of it this way. As a prospect, are you likely to opt to work with a partner who understands you from top to bottom or the one who is giving a generic speech to just another random name on a list? It's going to be the first one.
Sales enablement ensures that your sales team has all the information they require in order to develop lasting, meaningful relationships with different prospects over time. So, you're likely to be in better stead to close a deal.
3. Keep in Touch with Buyers More Effectively
Nurturing a lead is a vital part of maintaining a relationship with a prospect and maximising the potential chances of closing a lead. Randomly calling or dropping an email to leads who haven't shown any interest is a waste of time for everyone involved.
Sales enablement allows your department to continually nurture qualified leads by providing them with relevant information based on their unique needs. Nurturing leads keeps your company in the mind of the prospect, especially when they're still in the process of making a decision.
4. More Successful Sales Figures and Increased Revenue
This is the main reason why your company should try sales enablement best practices. If your sales figures and revenue is going to increase, then why would you ever opt against trying it?
Sales enablement results in the increase of closed deals and deal opportunities, therefore the more deals you agree on, the more revenue you're going to have coming into your business. Winner. All of the above reasons are the explanation for why sales enablement increases your revenue.
Interested in Closing More Deals With Sales Enablement?
Sales enablement is a relatively new concept and not everyone knows the true benefits of aligning both teams and helping sales teams close more deals, which is where we come in. At Digital 22, we're industry experts and have all the right tools in place to help your business succeed with sales enablement.
To make it much easier to understand, we've created a comprehensive eBook about all things sales enablement to help your sales team close more leads.
From the current state of the sales landscape right through to succeeding with sales enablement and tips on how to realign both teams, grab your free copy and get stuck into all the useful knowledge by hitting the download button below.
We're just tying up the loose ends now so while you're waiting (which won't be very long, we promise!), sign up to our Facebook group, Inbound After Hours. We'll be talking about inbound marketing, sales enablement and more.


Conditional Sentence Flow Chart
Conditional Sentences Flow Chart
Conditional sentences are hard to create when you are learning English. I created this conditional sentence flow chart to help you decide what conditional to use.
How To Use The Flow Chart
The instructions are as follows:
 - Take an activity like visiting Canada.
 - You ask yourself, "am I talking about a real possible thing?"
 - If the answer is yes, move to the real conditional side.
 - Then ask yourself, "Are you trying to express a past habit?"
 - If yes, then use the past real conditionals. If no, then move down the flow chart to the next question.
 - You continue this process until you have determined which conditional you use.
Here is a video to further explain how to use the flow chart.
Conditional Sentence Flow Chart
Conditional Sentence Flow Chart
The chart displays the following Conditionals:
 - Present Real Conditional
 - Past Real Conditional
 - Future Real Conditional
 - Present Unreal Conditional
 - Past Unreal Conditional
 - Future unreal Conditional
The chart also displays what is the form for each conditional as well as an example, so you know how to use it.
Final Thoughts
The flow chart is a great tool to help you to understand what conditional you want to use. Additional practice is always helpful so if you looking for some good practice for conditionals, you should check out this practice.
Let me know your thoughts.
Published by
Iain Robson


text:
Dec 30, 2019 Nashville, Tenn.
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group names Classroom of the Quarter grant winners
Bridgestone Americas Manufacturing Group (BAMG) recently selected the second-quarter 2019 winners of its Classroom of the Quarter grant program. Science teachers from West Middle School and Central Middle School in the Muscatine Community School District were selected for their application, titled, "The Air We Breathe."
Through this initiative, students at the schools will learn causes of air pollution and investigate various pollutants, such as toxic gases and particulate matter. Students will then examine technologies developed by engineers to reduce air pollution, and they will build data-collecting air quality detectors that will be placed at various locations around the community after different weather events. They will act as environmental engineers and present their findings to local engineers in the community, as well as other students. Through this semester-long activity, students will build science skills, engineering-design process skills and professional communications skills.
BAMG created the Classroom of the Quarter grant program to ensure students in the Muscatine Community School District receive a quality, well-rounded education. Bridgestone awards $500 to a teacher or team of teachers each quarter to help provide the resources they need to shape the classroom environment and enhance learning for every child.
Our employees' dedication to programs like Classroom of the Quarter demonstrates the Bridgestone corporate social responsibility commitment, Our Way to Serve. This commitment reflects how Bridgestone and its employees employ innovation and technology to improve the way people move, live, work and play. Our Way to Serve provides a framework for how Bridgestone does business, develops products and interacts with customers and the communities it serves.
Congratulations to this quarter's winners!


Gireogi appa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Flock of geese during autumn migration
A gireogi appa (Korean: 기러기 아빠, literally "goose dad") is a Korean man who works in Korea while his wife and children stay in an English-speaking country for the sake of the children's education.[1] The term is inspired by the fact that geese are a species that migrate, just as the gireogi appa father must travel a great distance to see his family.[2] Estimates of the number of gireogi appa in South Korea range as high as 200,000 men.[3]
Related terms[edit]
If the gireogi appa has the finances to pay for frequent visits to see his family, he is called an "eagle dad" (독수리 아빠) but if finances constrict his ability to travel abroad, he is known as a "penguin dad" (펭귄 아빠)[4] because he cannot fly and may go without seeing his family for years at a time.[5] If the man cannot afford to send his children abroad, he rents a small studio for his wife and children in Gangnam, an area dense with hagwon. That father is called a "sparrow dad"(참새 아빠). And if the man sends his children to elementary school in Daechi, he hires lodgings and is called a "Daejeondong dad"(대전동아빠).[6]
More than 40,000 South Korean schoolchildren are believed to be living in USA, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia expressly to increase English-speaking ability. As of 2009, over 100,000 Korean students were studying abroad.[7] In at least some of the cases, a South Korean mother will choose to live abroad with her children with the additional reason of avoiding her mother-in-law, with whom a historically stressful relationship may exist due to Korean Confucianism.[8]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
What does EXEC mean in Housing?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand EXEC in the Community field in general and in the Housing terminology in particular.
Find a translation for EXEC in other languages:
Select another language:
What does EXEC mean?
- White House, EXEC(noun)
- the chief executive department of the United States government


text:
Iroquois Theatre fire
The Iroquois Theatre fire occurred on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It is the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. At least 605 people died as a result of the fire but not all the deaths were reported, as some of the bodies were removed from the scene.
The theatre
The Iroquois Theatre was located at 24–28 West Randolph Street, on the North Side between State Street and Dearborn Street in Chicago. The syndicate that bankrolled its construction chose the location specifically to attract women on day trips from out of town who, it was thought, would be more comfortable attending a theatre located close to the safe, police-patrolled Loop shopping district. The theatre opened in November 1903 after numerous delays due to labor unrest and, according to one writer, the unexplained inability of architect Benjamin Marshall to complete required drawings on time. Upon opening it was lauded by drama critics; Walter K. Hill wrote in the New York Clipper (a predecessor of Variety) that the Iroquois was "the most beautiful... in Chicago, and competent judges state that few theaters in America can rival its architectural perfections..."
The theatre had three audience levels. The main floor (known as the "orchestra" or "parquet") was on the same level as the Foyer or Grand Stair Hall. The second level (the "dress circle") and the third level (the "gallery") were accessed through broad stairways that led off the foyer. The backstage areas were unusually large, with dressing rooms on five levels, an uncommonly large fly gallery (where scenery was hung), and even an elevator available to transport actors down to the stage level.
Fire readiness deficiencies noted before the fire
Despite being billed as "Absolutely Fireproof" in advertisements and playbills, numerous deficiencies in fire readiness were apparent:
- An editor of Fireproof Magazine had toured the building during construction and had noted "the absence of an intake, or stage draft shaft; the exposed reinforcement of the (proscenium) arch; the presence of wood trim on everything and the inadequate provision of exits."
- A Chicago Fire Department captain who made an unofficial tour of the theatre days before the official opening noted that there were no extinguishers, sprinklers, alarms, telephones, or water connections; the only firefighting equipment available were six canisters of a dry chemical called "Kilfyre", which was normally used to douse chimney fires in residential houses. "Kilfyre" is made out of bicarbonate-of-soda and powder. The captain pointed out the deficiencies to the theatre's fire warden but was told that nothing could be done, as the fire warden would simply be dismissed if he brought the matter up with the syndicate of owners. When the captain reported the matter to his commanding officer, he was again told that nothing could be done, as the theatre already had a fire warden.
Structural deficiencies in the theater
There were also structural deficiencies reported, including:
- Large iron gates blocked off the stairways during performances to prevent patrons from moving down from the gallery to the dress circle or orchestra.
- Many of the exit routes were confusing.
- Skylights on the roof of the stage, which were intended to open automatically during a fire to vent the heat and smoke, were fastened closed.
- The asbestos curtain was not tested periodically, and it got stuck when the theater personnel tried to lower it.
The fire
On December 30, 1903, the Iroquois presented a matinee performance of the popular Drury Lane musical Mr. Bluebeard, which had been playing at the Iroquois since opening night. The play, a burlesque of the traditional Bluebeard folk tale, featured Dan McAvoy as Bluebeard and Eddie Foy as Sister Anne, a role that allowed him to showcase his physical comedy skills. Attendance since opening night had been disappointing, people having been driven away by poor weather, labor unrest, and other factors. The December 30 performance drew a much larger sellout audience, with every seat being filled and hundreds of patrons in the "standing room" areas at the back of the theatre. Many of the estimated 2,000 patrons attending the matinee were children. The standing room areas were so crowded that some patrons instead sat in the aisles, blocking the exits.
At about 3:15 P.M., the beginning of the second act, a dance number was in progress when an arc light shorted out and sparks ignited a muslin curtain. A stagehand attempted to douse the fire with the Kilfyre canisters provided but it quickly spread to the fly gallery high above the stage where several thousand square feet of highly flammable painted canvas scenery flats were hung. The stage manager attempted to lower the fire curtain, but it snagged. Although early reports state that it was stopped by the trolley-wire that carried one of the acrobats over the stage, later investigation showed that the curtain had been blocked by a light reflector which stuck out under the proscenium arch. A chemist who later tested part of the curtain stated that it was mainly wood pulp mixed with asbestos, and would have been "of no value in a fire."
Foy, who was preparing to go on stage at the time, ran out and attempted to calm the crowd, first making sure his young son was in the care of a stagehand. He later wrote, "It struck me as I looked out over the crowd during the first act that I had never before seen so many women and children in the audience. Even the gallery was full of mothers and children." Foy's role in this disaster was recreated by Bob Hope in the film The Seven Little Foys. Foy was widely seen as a hero after the fire for his courage in remaining on stage and pleading with patrons not to panic even as large chunks of burning scenery landed around him.
By this time, many of the patrons on all levels were quickly attempting to flee the theatre. Some had located the fire exits hidden behind draperies on the north side of the building, but found that they could not open the unfamiliar bascule lock. One door was opened by a man who happened to have a bascule lock in his home and two were opened either by brute force or by a blast of air, but most of the other doors could not be opened. Some patrons panicked, crushing or trampling others in a desperate attempt to escape the fire. Many were killed while trapped in dead ends or while attempting to open windows that were designed to look like doors.
The dancers on stage were also forced to flee, along with the performers backstage and in the numerous dressing rooms. When the performers and stagehands went out the back exit, the icy wind rushed in and made the fire substantially bigger. Many escaped the theatre through the coal hatch and through windows in the dressing rooms, while others attempted to escape via the west stage door, which opened inwards and became jammed as actors pressed toward the door frantically trying to get out. By chance a passing railroad agent saw the crowd pressing against the door and undid the hinges from the outside using tools he normally carried with him, allowing the actors and stagehands to escape. Someone else opened the huge double freight doors in the north wall, normally used for scenery, allowing "a cyclonic blast" of cold air to rush into the building and create an enormous fireball. As the vents above the stage were nailed or wired shut, the fireball instead traveled outwards, ducking under the stuck asbestos curtain and streaking toward the vents behind the dress circle and gallery 50 feet (15 m) away. The hot gases and flames passed over the heads of those in the orchestra seats and incinerated everything flammable in the gallery and dress circle levels, including patrons still trapped in those areas.
Those in the orchestra section were able to exit into the foyer and out the front door, but those in the dress circle and gallery who escaped the fireball were unable to reach the foyer because the iron grates that barred the stairways were still in place. The largest death toll was at the base of these stairways, where hundreds of people were trampled, crushed, or asphyxiated.
Patrons who were able to escape via the emergency exits on the north side found themselves on the unfinished fire escapes. Many jumped or fell from the icy, narrow fire escapes to their deaths; the bodies of the first jumpers broke the falls of those who followed them.
Students from the Northwestern University building located north of the theatre tried bridging the gap with a ladder and then with some boards between the rooftops, saving those few able to manage the makeshift cross over.
While out walking, Chicago American reporter Walter Howey was startled to see a knight and three elves climb out of a manhole. He had stumbled upon four actors fleeing the fire. As more people escaped via the theater cellar through the sewers, Howey reported his scoop, and the story, one of the biggest in Chicago's history, established his reputation for speed, resourcefulness, and skillful writing. Howey became city editor of the Chicago Tribune in 1907. Lured away by Hearst, he became managing editor of the Chicago American in 1917, and later served as the prototype for Walter Burns, the ruthless, scheming managing editor in Hecht and MacArthur's play The Front Page.
Corpses were piled ten bodies high around the doors and windows. Many patrons had clambered over piles of bodies only to succumb themselves to the flames, smoke, and gases. It is estimated that 575 people were killed on


_USER_{Gunawan_Prangdimurti_Muhandri_2020, title={Upaya Penghilangan Rasa Pahit Tepung Biji Kelor (Moringa oleifera) dan Aplikasinya untuk Pangan Fungsional}, volume={25}, url={_URL_ DOI={10.18343/jipi.25.4.636}, abstractNote={Moringa oleifera is a plant that has many benefits in each part. Moringa seeds have high nutrient content but they have not been used as food ingredients because it contains cyanigenic glycoside and a bitter taste. This study aims to obtain the best method in eliminating the bitter taste and cyanide of moringa seeds, analyzing its proximate nutritional levels and antioxidant capacity, and the level of acceptance when it's applied to cookie products. This study used different types of soaking solution (water, 3.5% NaCl, 1N CH3COOH solution, and 0.5% NaHCO3) and boiling temperature (70°C, boiling water temperature (± 97°C), and pressure boiling (±115°C)). Flour with NaHCO3 immersion treatment continued by pressurized boiling for 35 minutes was chosen to be the best flour because it had the lowest cyanide content, reduced bitter taste, and the highest FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) values (33.40±1.22 mg/kg; 3.40±1.24 mg/kg; and 58.70±2.67 mg AEAC/g) compared with untreated moringa seed flour (152.15±0.95 mg/kg ;10.29±2.92 mg/kg; and 17.43±1.22 mg AEAC/g). The selected flour was used as a substitute for flour (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) in cookies making. Sensory hedonic rating analysis on cookies used 60 untrained panelists. Substitution up to 30% overall did not have a significant difference in acceptance compared to control (0%) except for color attribute. Keywords: bitter, cyanide, Moringa oleifera, functional food, moringa seed flour


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Chart of the Day: Percent Homes Using Wood, Coal
CENSUS BUREAU -- Tracing the history of heating fuels from 1940 to 2000 shows that 3-in-4 households used coal or wood in 1940, whereas only 1.8% of homes used these fuels in 2000. Homes using coal or coke for heating fuel dropped rapidly in each decade between 1940 (55%) and 1970 (2.9%); and the rate continued to drop until 0.1% of homes used these fuels in 2000. Wood, used as a major heating fuel in 1940 (23%), virtually disappeared by 1970 (only 1.3%). Since that time, it has shown a modest comeback in 1990 (3.9%), but dropped in 2000 (1.7%). It was the dominant fuel in the Pacific Northwest and South in 1940.
Update: Here's maybe one interesting way to look at the data in the chart above. It took thousands and thousands of years before fewer than half of all American households in 1950 needed either wood or coal to heat their homes (counting the long history of Native Americans), and then it took only 50 years for almost all of the rest of the households to eliminate wood and coal as their main source of home heating fuel. In other words, what first took thousands of years to accomplish was then next accomplished in only 50 years.


Using load cell to make stepping motor turn.
Hi there,
I am using a HX711 load cell and 17HS4401 stepping motor in order to create a hedgehog feeder. The hedgehog will be weighed and then if it falls into the weight range specified, it will turn the stepping motor.
I am very new to coding and would take any advise or recommendations.
I have a calibrated load cell that outputs weight to the serial monitor but am struggling code the stepping motor. How would you start this code and in what structure?
Unless you want your hedgehogs to starve, this may be too complex a project for someone who is "new to coding".
Unless your stepper motor is very small, it cannot and should not be driven directly from your Arduino. You will need to get a stepper motor shield, and it will come with a library that you can use to drive the stepper motor.
Start small. You should have a small program that reads the load cell and displays the correct weight. SEPARATELY, you should have a small program that drives the stepper motor appropriately. SEPARATELY, you should have a small program that is given a weight and displays whether the weight is in range or not. It would not hurt to understand some of the example programs that come with the Arduino IDE.
Then, and only then, you may try to code the program that you described. Test it thoroughly before using it with your hedgies.


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What is S.I.?
Supplemental Instruction (SI) is an academic assistance program that utilizes peer-assisted study sessions. SI sessions are regularly-scheduled, informal review sessions in which students compare notes, discuss readings, develop organizational tools, and predict test items. Students learn how to integrate course content and study skills while working together. The sessions are facilitated by "SI leaders", students who have previously done well in the course and who attend all class lectures, take notes, and act as model students.
- It's FREE!
- Can help improve your study skills for the class.
- Students who attend at least 5 times before each exam tend to make a letter grade higher.
- Guaranteed study time with SI leader and classmates.
- Regularly scheduled so you can work it into your schedule. Click here to view our times.
What is an S.I. Leader?
S.I. sessions are led by students who have already been successful in the same class that you are taking. They are trained by the EXCEL Center to facilitate study groups and work closely with the professor to ensure that the study group are on target with the course.


text:
Solar Bottle Bulb in Philippines
Millions of poor homes in Philippines – and a lot more around the world – in the dark because the metal roof block all light and no connection to electricity in informal settlements.
A student of MIT found that one-liter plastic bottle filled with water and bleach and then mounted on a metal roof is a simple way to light homes that have no electrical connectivity or natural lighting. It was called Solar Bottle Bulb.
How to Make, How to Work and Spec of Solar Bottle Bulb
- Fill plastic bottles with water and bleach then capped; bleach works to make the water clear and also to prevent fungus or microbe.
- Make holes in the metal roofs, insert the bottle and then sealed to avoid leaks when it rains.
- Plastic bottles refract sun light and pushed into every corner of the home rather than to highlight one area like an ordinary lamp.
- Simple technology that can be installed in less than an hour, lasting for five years, and equivalent with 60-watt light bulb.
As part of their Solar Bottle Project, Isang Litrong Liwanag (A Liter of Light) organization has installed 10,000 of Solar Bottle Bulb throughout Manila.
Photo: Isang Litrong Liwanag


text:
In addition to being extremely strong and stretchy, spider silk
conducts heat better than most materials, including silicon,
aluminium and pure iron, mechanical engineers at Iowa State
University have discovered.
Spider silk has long been the subject of scientific scrutiny,
but mostly for its
impressive strength. Xinwei Wang, lead researcher on the study,
was keen to put speculation that spider silk would be a good
thermal conductor to the test as part of a search for organic
materials that can effectively transfer heat; most materials from
living things are very bad at conducting heat. Wang enlisted the
help of eight golden silk orbweaver spiders. They were given
lodgings in an Iowa State University greenhouse and fed crickets to
fuel their web-spinning.
Wang, along with colleagues Xiaopeng Huang and Guoging Liu,
found that spider silk conducts heat 1,000 times better than woven
silkworm silk and 800 times better than other organic tissues.
Spider silk conducts heat at a rate of 416 watts per metre Kelvin,
compared with copper at 401 and skin at 0.6 watts per metre
Wang said: "This is very surprising because spider silk is
organic material. For organic material, this is the highest ever.
There are only a few materials higher -- silver and
The thermal conductivity of the spider silk also increased by 20
percent when it was stretched to its 20 percent limit. Most
materials lose thermal conductivity when stretched.
These unusual properties are down to the defect-free molecular
structure of spider silk, including proteins that contain
nanocrystals and the spring-shaped structures connecting the
proteins. However, more research is needed to fully understand why
spider silk is so good at conducting heat.
This discovery could open a door to using spider silk to create
flexible, heat-dissipating parts for electronics, better clothes
for hot weather and bandages that don't trap heat.
The research is detailed in a paper in Advanced
New Secrets of Spider Silk: Exceptionally High Thermal Conductivity
and its Abnormal Change under Stretching.
/ Hunter Desportes /


text:
temperate rain forest
Definition of temperate rain forest
: woodland of a usually rather mild climatic area within the temperate zone that receives heavy rainfall, usually includes numerous kinds of trees, and is distinguished from a tropical rain forest especially by the presence of a dominant tree
First Known Use of temperate rain forest
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up temperate rain forest? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
: - - -
- Give a brief history of the bugle.
- Do the following:
- a. Explain and demonstrate how the bugle makes sound, and explain how the bugle is related to other brass wind instruments.
- b. Compose a bugle call for your troop or patrol to signal a common group activity, such as assembling for mealtime or striking a campsite.
- Sound the following bugle calls: "First Call," "Reveille," "Assembly," "Mess," "Drill," "Fatigue," "Officers," "Recall," "Church," "Swimming," "Fire," "Retreat," "To the Colors," "Call to Quarters," and "Taps."
- Explain when each of the calls in requirement 3 is used.
- Explain how to care for, clean, and maintain a bugle.
- Serve as bugler in your troop for three months. *
- * NOTE: A bugle, trumpet, or cornet may be used to meet these requirements.
Please report any issues with this page.


text:
When importing products into Daylite by going to File > Import > Import Delimited Text Data, please keep in mind the following:
The price of a product or service is not available as a field you can select during an import. Price is calculated based on the 'cost of goods' field and the 'profit' field. If your profit field is blank, only the cost of goods will be used to determine the price.
The price column in your import file cannot have the $ symbol in it.
When importing a product and specifying a tax (i.e., Tax 1 or Tax 2), use a '1' in the import file to identify that the tax field should be checked.


The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended.
In English there are three verb moods.
1. Indicative, a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in English.
2. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request.
3. Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact.
Complete Contents
Grammar Contents
Copyright©_PHONE_ English Plus, All rights reserved.


text:
Surveyor, Job Ref. # SRV (0911)
Date: 15 April 2015
Location: Brisbane, Australia
- Establishing accurate horizontal and vertical control (Benchmarks).
- Verification of survey data accuracy, completeness of information and calculations.
- Maintain the results of survey activity including the geometrical and physical characteristic of surveyed area or structure
- Conduct survey and keeping record of data obtained in order to establish boundaries.
- Provide information or survey data and assist designers in developing design drawings.
- Provide assistance to construction engineers in identifying the location and elevations of underground utilities.
Required Minimum Qualifications
- Bachelor Degree in Surveying or Civil Engineering is preferred.
- Must have experience with Microstation or Autocad, Terramodel Survey Software or similar.
- Experienced at managing site safety and quality control related to Surveying is essential.
- Have a significant relative work experience in project planning of community development, residential and hospitality sector and other related work experience in project execution.


text:
Estimating the biodistribution and the pharmacokinetics from time-sequence SPECT images on a per-voxel basis is useful for studying activity nonuniformity or computing absorbed dose distributions by convolution of voxel kernels or Monte-Carlo radiation transport. Current approaches are either region-based, thus assuming uniform activity within the region, or voxel-based but using the same fitting model for all voxels.Methods:
We propose a voxel-based multimodel fitting method (VoMM) that estimates a fitting function for each voxel by automatically selecting the most appropriate model among a predetermined set with Akaike criteria. This approach can be used to compute the time integrated activity (TIA) for all voxels in the image. To control fitting optimization that may fail due to excessive image noise, an approximated version based on trapezoid integration, named restricted method, is also studied. From this comparison, the number of failed fittings within images was estimated and analyzed. Numerical experiments were used to quantify uncertainties and feasibility was demonstrated with real patient data.Results:
Regarding numerical experiments, root mean square errors of TIA obtained with VoMM were similar to those obtained with bi-exponential fitting functions, and were lower (< 5% vs. > 10%) than with single model approaches that consider the same fitting function for all voxels. Failure rates were lower with VoMM and restricted approaches than with single-model methods. On real clinical data, VoMM was able to fit 90% of the voxels and led to less failed fits than single-model approaches. On regions of interest (ROI) analysis, the difference between ROI-based and voxel-based TIA estimations was low, less than 4%. However, the computation of the mean residence time exhibited larger differences, up to 25%.Conclusions:
The proposed voxel-based multimodel fitting method, VoMM, is feasible on patient data. VoMM leads organ-based TIA estimations similar to conventional ROI-based method. However, for pharmacokinetics analysis, studies of spatial heterogeneity or voxel-based absorbed dose assessment, VoMM could be used preferentially as it prevents model overfitting.


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|Uploaded:||July 20, 2009|
|Updated:||July 13, 2010|
Well with this next tutorial there really isn't too much to say because I talked about bunnies, rabbits and other animals that fall into the rabbit family too many times already. What I can say though is that I am going to show you "how to draw a cartoon bunny", step by step. What is the difference between a rabbit and a bunny? Nothing, a rabbit is a bunny and a bunny is a rabbit. People will sometimes call a baby rabbit a bunny just to distinguish an adult from a baby. The eyes are anime-ish but that is okay because it still looks good. If you really look at this bunny, it kind of looks like a baby doesn't it? Maybe I should call this tutorial "how to draw a baby rabbit", what do you think? Nah, I will leave it be the way it is. If I was going to draw a baby rabbit, I would make it look like a baby not an anime animal. Anyways I hope you guys like this lesson that will teach you "how to draw a cartoon bunny" step by step. The instructions are easy to follow so you should have no major problems at all. Peace out and happy drawing everyone!


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It seems like a través de and por medio de can often be used to mean the same thing. What is the difference between them, and in what contexts can you only use one or the other?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
There's little (if any) semantic difference between these two constructs, as they both can express mode:
Hicieron el pago a través de transferencia bancaria.
Hicieron el pago por medio de transferencia bancaria.
and place:
Se hizo paso a través del paseo marítimo.
Se hizo paso por medio del paseo marítimo.
However in the first pair of examples, por medio sounds awkwardly more formal than a través, and in the second one, rather uncultured (if that's the right word in English).
There are cases in which por medio sounds just as acceptable as other options, but as a rule of thumb, always prefer a través de.
share|improve this answer
I would translate "a través de" as "through," and "por medio de" as "by means of," or "using." The difference is rather slight.
share|improve this answer
+1 I like that. Sometimes you can use through and by means of interchangeably, but you would never say "he drilled a hole by means of the wall" That is more or less when the two terms are different in Spanish as well. – DeStrangis Feb 22 '13 at 12:02
Perhaps you can read "por medio de" almost literally, "through the medium of". – Tony Apr 18 '14 at 22:48
Your Answer


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National Trust and Savings Association
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
National Trust and Savings Association, abbreviated NT&SA, is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (N.A.). Notably, it was used until 1998 by Bank of America NT&SA, the only major bank to utilize the designation. It was also construed to denote the character of a savings and loan association, with a focus on home mortgages and savings accounts.
|This finance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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BPSS Curriculum Guideline: Certified Nurse Aide/*Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician
These Guidelines concern NYSED and/or BPSS expectations for curriculum review. Prior to submitting your new curriculum for review, please make sure to follow the instructions and advice below:
- When uploading curriculum material to my.ny.gov, always use the tab instead of or .
- For new curriculum, expect up to 90 days for review. Note that an approved curriculum may sometimes have to be revised/updated afterwards.
- Note that BPSS approval for Nurse Aide/Nurse Assistant is valid for 2 years. The curriculum re-approval should be submitted electronically 120 days before the expiration date.
- Curriculum title MUST be descriptive and clear, with NO advertising.
- The sole goal of a CNA curriculum is to make students eligible to take the NYS skills and written nurse aide certification examination, and obtain the nurse aide license. There is no other educationally legitimate purpose for a nurse aide curriculum. Please note that the exam is set by the Department of Health, in conjunction with Prometric. The DOH is the final authority over matters related to the CNA examination.
- The ESL requirements are relevant if students have non-English-speaking backgrounds. It needs to be determined that they can follow the program instruction in English. In addition to meeting the prerequisite for the entrance requirement - through an HSD, its equivalency, or an ATB test - students will need to take an ESL test and score at an intermediate level. Note that NO LOTE classes or exam are being offered for this program.
- The BPSS entrance requirement for this specific curriculum is either a high school diploma/GED/TASC, or passing a standard Ability-to-Benefit test in English and Math equivalent to 6th grade, such as Wonderlic Basic Skills Test, verbal 200/quantitative 210. You CANNOT use a self-created entrance test. An Allied Health credential such as a Personal Care Aide certificate may serve in lieu of a High School Diploma or ATB test, if you ask for this during curriculum approval.
- The standard length of this program is 125hrs, with an internship of 30hrs. 60hrs will be theory and 35hrs for skills lab. An instructional hour is considered to be 60min. Note that the 85% BPSS attendance rule does NOT apply here. The student MUST complete, in-class or through make-up hours, all 125hrs of this curriculum. Schools MUST track attendance daily, not only for the overall hours, but also by subject, to document that students completed the hours allotted to each unit and sub-unit. This includes make-up hours. Do NOT track your course as "Nurse Aide"— which is the name of the curriculum—but by the individual courses/units it is broken down into.
- You may add additional subjects, such as VESL at the beginning or exam prep at the end. The additions MUST be germane to the curriculum.
- Schools MUST use the standard curriculum in the BPSS NATP Information Booklet (2016) in conjunction with the NYS DOH Curriculum (January 2006) and make use of the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist
- The content of a Nurse Aide curriculum should include units in: Introductory Curriculum and Resident's Rights; Basic Nursing Skills; Personal Care Skills; Mental Health & Social Service Needs; Care of Residents with Special Needs; and Basic Restorative Services.
- When creating the curriculum on the BPSS system, check the box . The Content Outline and Equipment List will then input automatically.
- All clinical skills MUST be demonstrated LIVE during the training by the student. The skills lab is an extension of the classroom that provides adequate equipment, supplies and work stations for the number of students assigned to the site to practice skills on mannequin, and then live on fellow students or volunteers, before demonstrating competency in a clinical setting during the internship. The final skills demonstration for all clinical procedures MUST be 100% accurate.
- Unlike agencies which train nurse aides under a DOH license, BPSS-regulated schools CANNOT have multiple training locations under the same school license. Each location MUST have its own license and curriculum approval, including a separate OBRA number.
Method of Instruction
- For this curriculum, select . Note that Blended Learning is NOT an option for this program.
- The program MUST identify a Primary Instructor/Primary Care Instructor (PI), who is also the Program Coordinator (PC) required by DOH. The PI/PC oversees the integrity of the delivery of the curriculum, and maintains program standards, incl. administrative responsibility and accountability for the program. The PI MUST be a registered professional nurse with at least 2 years practical (not supervisory) experience caring for the elderly and/or chronically ill, and MUST be licensed as career school teacher for Nurse Aide-Primary Instructor (you should upload a copy of the teacher license of the PI). An RN without the experience needed to be a PI can teach all parts of the curriculum under the oversight of the PI. An LPN with 2 years of Direct Care experience may only supervise interns during the internship under the direction of the PI.
Textbooks and Instructional Aids
- Your instructor MUST use the BPSS booklet and the NYS DOH Curriculum (January 2006) in preparing instruction.
- Your students MUST have a textbook. DOH and BPSS do NOT mandate the use of a specific textbook. You can select a standard published textbook of your choice, but it MUST cover the New York State Department of Health mandated curriculum. If minor parts are NOT covered by the textbook, hand-outs can be added. Handouts should be uploaded under . You CANNOT use only hand-outs.
- The equipment list is pre-set and will upload automatically after selecting as the category. Do NOT add or change anything. *Note that for the Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician programs you can include the appropriate additional equipment under.
Content Outline and Performance Objectives
- For this curriculum, the Content Outline (the former 21a) is found in Part V of the BPSS booklet, from p. 23 onwards. You MUST teach these parts in this order. You need to track how students progress through the curriculum using the Content Outline.
- Using (the former 21b) Performance Objectives, you MUST describe what the student will do to show the instructor that he/she has learned the subject matter. For the theory component, this will include quizzes, homework, and class answers; for the skills component, practical demonstrations. Please refer to the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist for skills testing. This checklist, with 61 mandated skills, MUST be filled out for each student. The student MUST receive a copy after graduation. Note that NOT all skills must be demonstrated during the internship, some can be performed during live training in the skills lab.
Internship/Externship/Supervised Clinical Experience
- Use the latest CNA Affiliation Agreement. Do NOT use the forms developed specifically for Home Health Aide.
- The internship MUST be 30hrs in a licensed long-term residential health care facility (RHCF), i.e. "nursing home." You should include a copy of the operating license of the facility with the signed Affiliation Agreement.
- During the internship, students MUST demonstrate their successful final performance of most of the 61 skills in the Clinical Skills Performance Record Evaluation Checklist. Each individual's nurse aide trainee training record MUST clearly document the trainee's competence prior to the individual taking the state nurse aide certification examination.
Certification Exam by Prometric
- The DOH test for Nurse Aide is given by Prometric. After BPSS has approved your NATP program, BPSS will issue you a confidential OBRA-Number, which you will need in order to set-up testing with Prometric. BPSS will notify Prometric and the NYS Department of Health. Prometric will then contact you to set up practical and written testing for your students. After receiving BPSS licensure, it is important to set aside enough time for this part of the process, as otherwise your students would graduate too early and would have to wait weeks before being allowed to test. Upon successfully testing, the student will automatically be included in the NYS Nurse Aide Registry.
- Indicate any and all changes in a letter uploaded under . Upload the complete, previously approved, curriculum (incl. approval letter) in one PDF under . Then upload the revised/amended curriculum as a second PDF.
*Nurse Aide Advanced and Patient Care Technician
- Nurse Aide-related supplementary options include the Nurse Aide Advanced and the Patient Care Technician programs. Both consist of EKG and Phlebotomy, and sometimes Lab Work. Note: label Nurse Aide Advanced if the student will begin with the Nurse Aide curriculum and end with the supplemental courses; use label of Patient Care Technician if the student already holds a Nurse Aide certificate and only has to take the supplemental courses. Note that as the student will have taken Medical Terminology and A & P for the Nurse Aide curriculum or certificate, he/she will need fewer hours for the EKG and Phlebotomy courses than when these are taught as self-standing programs. Please refer to the BPSS guidelines on EKG Technician and Phlebotomy Technician (contact _EMAIL_).
- Note that NO BPSS CURRICULUM APPROVAL, EVEN WHEN GIVEN IN ERROR, CAN OVERRIDE THE LAW! You MUST be familiar with the legal requirements in your offering.
Any further questions, please contact _EMAIL_


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Can you create a story that would describe the movement of the man shown on these graphs? Use the interactivity to try out our ideas.
Take Your Dog for a Walk
Congratulations to those of you who correctly answered this problem. Holly from Stoke by Nayland Middle School sent in this solution:
If the man gets closer to his house then the graph line gets lower and lower.
The slower the man walks the more curvy the line gets, if the man goes away from the house really slowly and then really slowly towards the house then you can make a curvy line.
To make it steeper you have to make him go faster and then when you are on the bend you stay still for a bit to make it smoother.
Dominic gives a concise answer:
To curve steeper you would have to walk faster and to curve shallower you would have to walk slower.


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PHP SQL Select Where is used to provide the records from the table that meet the specific criteria and print the records on the browser. The Where Clause helps you to return only those records that meet the specific criteria in the SQL query.
Understand with Example
This section of Tutorial illustrate an example from 'PHP SQL Select Where'. To understand and grasp the example we create a table user. The select Query is used to return the records from table 'user'.
In order to execute the query in PHP, we create a where.php. The Where.php uses the mysql_query () function. This function helps you to send the query or command to a MySQL connection. The Mysql_query () function create a mysql query "SELECT * FROM user WHERE fname='sandeep'", which select all the records from "user" where fname= "sandeep". The While loop tells PHP to execute the statement repeatedly, till the while expression evaluate all the records of'sandeep' from table 'user'. The echo, property of PHP is used to print the records on the browser.
Source Code of select_where.php
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BCG GAMMA, in Collaboration with Scikit-Learn, Launches FACET, Its New Open-Source Library for Human-Explainable Artificial Intelligence
BCG GAMMA FACET Helps Human Operators Understand Advanced Machine Learning Models So They Can Make Better and More Ethical Decisions
BOSTON—Boston Consulting Group (BCG) has released its first open-source software library for human-explainable artificial intelligence (AI). BCG GAMMA FACET enables users to make better business decisions by opening the "black box" of advanced machine learning models. Advances in AI have given data scientists powerful tools to analyze complex business problems and predict outcomes. FACET goes one step further, giving data scientists and business experts a new way to understand how a model arrives at predictions. With this new insight, data scientists can use machine learning models to inform decisions that save money, maximize yield, retain customers, remove bias, and improve patient outcomes.
BCG believes that humans must always be at the core of all AI-based decisions. By helping developers and business users understand how algorithms analyze the data sets on which AI predictions are based, BCG GAMMA FACET reestablishes human control over and trust in AI. It uses a newly developed model-inspection algorithm to explain the relationships between the model variables. And it applies a simulation approach to enable data scientists to conduct "virtual experiments" to determine how changes in these variables can affect predicted outcomes.
"Data scientists are often under pressure to explain the behavior of their models. This is precisely the aim of FACET: to explain the key variables in the models very quickly, in order to provide greater clarity in the dialogue between data scientists and operational teams. By facilitating the explicability of models, FACET contributes to the deployment of a more transparent and more responsible AI," says Sylvain Duranton, BCG managing director, senior partner, and global leader of BCG GAMMA.
"We are very glad that scikit-learn's simple and consistent design allowed BCG to develop FACET, a very valuable tool for our community," says Alexandre Gramfort, senior research scientist at Inria, co-author, and member of the scikit-learn technical committee.
"BCG GAMMA is very excited to join the open-source data science community with our public release of FACET," says Jan Ittner, BCG partner, associate director, and leader of the BCG GAMMA FACET team. "We look forward to working with the data science community and in partnership with scikit-learn to make AI more useful and understandable for everyone."
BCG GAMMA FACET is an intuitive, easy-to-implement, open-source software library available to the global data science community.
For more information about BCG GAMMA FACET, please contact Sophie Ruedinger at +49 _PHONE_ or
For more media queries, please contact Eric Gregoire at _PHONE_ or
BCG GAMMA is BCG's global team dedicated to applying artificial intelligence and advanced analytics to critical business problems at leading companies and organizations. The team includes 900-plus data scientists and engineers who utilize AI and advanced analytics (e.g., machine learning, deep learning, optimization, simulation, natural language and image analytics, etc.) to build solutions that transform business performance. BCG GAMMA's approach builds value and competitive advantage at the intersection of data science, technology, people, business processes, and ways of working. For more information, please visit our webpage.
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- On the Home screen, click the Maps icon.
- Press the key > Get Directions.
- Do one of the following to specify a starting location:
- To specify your current location, if your BlackBerry smartphone has an internal GPS receiver or is paired with a Bluetooth® enabled GPS receiver, set the Start field to My Location.
- To specify the location that you are currently viewing on a map, set the Start field to Use centre of map. If you are viewing a favourite location, click the location address.
- To specify a new location by selecting the location on a map, set the Start field to Select from map. Click the location on the map.
- To specify a location or contact, set the Start field to Find Location. In the Find a store, café etc. field, type the information for the location or contact. Press the key on the keyboard. Click a location or contact.
- To specify a new location by typing the address, set the Start field to Find Location. In the Find an address field, type the address. Press the key on the keyboard. Click the location.
- To specify a favourite location, set the Start field to From Favourites. In the list, click a favourite location.
- Repeat step 3 to specify an ending location.
- To change the route options, click Route Options. Select the Fastest or Shortest option. Select or clear the check box beside one or more route options. Click OK.
- Click Search.
Next topic: Clear a map
Previous topic: Find a location or contact on a map


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You'll start sleeping better
Sugar cravings can hit at the worst times, including right before bed. But if you give in, the resulting sugar rush is likely to keep you from drifting off. Even eating dessert after dinner can impact your slumber. In fact, the more sugar you consume during the day, the more often you are likely to wake up during the night.
Most adults need a solid eight hours of sleep to function properly, and with extended periods of wakefulness, you will feel sluggish and tired the next day – leading to more sugar cravings. You'll notice pretty quickly after cutting out sugar that you sleep more peacefully and enjoy a stable mood throughout the days.


anytime soon, decide whether it's worth it to sue. Filing a small claims lawsuit might be more trouble than it's worth, since you'll have to pay a fee and hire a lawyer. If you're only owed a few thousand dollars, it might be better just to make a fresh start with the new tenant who moves in.
 - If the tenant is employed, the judge may rule that his or her wages can be garnished in order to pay the debt.[7]
 2. 2
 Use a private debt collector. Some debt collection companies specialize in helping landlords collect rent from evicted tenants. The debt collectors will take charge of collecting rent as well as notifying the 3 major credit bureaus of the eviction.
 - It is a good idea to keep dated, written records of all complaints you gave your tenants regarding the property, as well as any steps that you took to resolve the problem. In the event of a counter suit, these records will be helpful when you appear in court.
 - Trying to evict a tenant without following due process and the terms of the lease will not only result in you losing, but could also lead to a counter lawsuit by your tenant.
 - You need to have proof that all proper forms and notifications were served to the tenant prior to the eviction. This means either you should have the notices served to the tenant by a constable who will have her sign for them, or you should send them through certified mail.
 - If your tenant has recently reported a housing violation to the appropriate government agency, he may counter sue you and claim you are pursuing a retaliatory eviction, which is illegal.
Article Info
Categories: Renting
In other languages:
Español: expulsar a un inquilino, Русский: выселить арендатора, Português: Despejar um Inquilino, Français: expulser un locataire, Italiano: Sfrattare un Inquilino, 中文: 驱逐租户, Deutsch: Einen Räumungsbescheid einleiten
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Unnecessary harm is caused because people in Scotland are not open about death, dying and bereavement. For example:
- People who are dying or bereaved can experience isolation because people don't know what to say or how to act towards them
- People die without wills, leaving complicated situations for their families and friends
- Health care professionals struggle to have conversations with their patients about what care or treatments they want as they approach death. This makes it hard to plan the care that a person really wants
- If the fact that someone is dying is not acknowledged then opportunities to resolve issues and say goodbye may be missed
What can be done to help?
We believe that there are actions which people can take to help avoid these harms.
For example, they could:
- Make a will
- Do a power of attorney
- Ask their partner if he/she wants to do a power of attorney
- Bring up their children in a way which doesn't hide death
- Allow their aging parents/partner to tell them about their worries and preferences for care
- Say goodbye to the people they love or who care about them
- Be willing to listen to and talk to their neighbours or colleagues if they are experiencing difficult times related to death, dying or bereavement
- Discuss with their GP the sort of care they would prefer towards the end of their life
People may need access to advice, practical tips and information to take some of these actions. These actions will be easier to take in a Scotland which becomes more open about death, dying and bereavement.
Good Life, Good Death, Good Grief is about giving people in Scotland the facts, the skills, the strategies, the information and the opportunities they need to deal with (and to help others deal with) death, dying and bereavement.


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The ACCRINT Function is an Excel Financial function. The function will calculate the accrued interest for a security that pays interest on a periodic basis.
ACCRINT helps users calculate the accrued interest on a security, such as a bond, when that security is sold or is transferred to a new owner on a date other than the issue date or on a date that is an interest payment date.
The ACCRINT function was introduced in MS Excel 2007 and hence is not available in earlier versions.
The ACCRINT function uses the following arguments:
Issue (required argument) – This is the security's issue date.
First_interest (required argument) – This is the first interest date of the security.
Settlement (required argument) – The security's settlement date. It is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
Rate (required argument) – The security's annual coupon rate.
Par (required argument) – The security's par value. If omitted by the user, the function will take the par value as $1,000.
Frequency (required argument) – This is the number of coupons payments per year. The function will take for annual payments, frequency = 1; for semiannual, frequency = 2; for quarterly, frequency = 4.
Basis (optional argument) – This is the kind of day count that is used for calculating the interest on a given security. If we omit the argument, the basis is set to 0. Basis can be any of the following values:
Day Count basis
0 or omitted
8. Calc_method (optional argument) – It is either 0 (calculates the accrued interest from first_interest_date to settlement_date) or 1 (calculates the accrued interest from issue_date to settlement_date).
How to use the ACCRINT Function in Excel?
To understand the uses of the ACCRINT function, let's consider a few examples:
Suppose we are given the following details:
Issue date: 2017/01/01
First interest date: 2017/03/31
Settlement date: 2022/02/15
Basis – 2: 2
Calculation method: 1
The formula to use is:
The result we got is $3,203.13, which is the interest on maturity that we will receive.
The function calculated ACCRINT using the formula below:
Ai is the number of accrued days for the quasi-coupon period within the odd period.
NC is the number of quasi-coupon periods that fit in the odd period. Fraction is raised to the next whole number.
NLi is the normal length in days of the quasi-coupon period within the odd period.
We get the result below:
Example 2 – Using DATE with ACCRINT
If the dates given are not in date format, we can use the DATE function along with ACCRINT to get the interest receivable on maturity. Suppose we are given the following data:
The formula used was:
We get the result below:
Things to remember about the ACCRINT Function
_TAG_! error – Occurs when:
The given rate argument is ≤ 0 or the provided [par] argument is ≤ 0.
The given frequency argument is not equal to 1, 2, or 4.
We provided issue ≥ settlement.
The given basis argument is not equal to 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
_TAG_! error – Occurs when:
The given issue, first_interest, or settlement arguments are not valid dates.
Any of the arguments provided is non-numeric.
When we input the issue and settlement dates, they should be entered as either:
References to cells that contain dates; or
Dates that are returned from formulas; or
If we attempt to input these date arguments as text, Excel may incorrectly interpret them, due to different date systems or date interpretation settings.
Thanks for reading CFI's guide to important Excel functions! By taking the time to learn and master these functions, you'll significantly speed up your financial analysis. To learn more, check out these additional CFI resources:
To master the art of Excel, check out CFI's FREE Excel Crash Course, which teaches you how to become an Excel power user. Learn the most important formulas, functions, and shortcuts to become confident in your financial analysis.


Describe Formation of Lenticel
On the bark of woody plants, there is some lens-shaped or egg-shaped pores present called lenticel.
i) For the convenience of gaseous exchange cork cambium, in different places, produces thin-walled round parenchymatous cells instead of cork tissue.
ii) Due to the formation of parenchymatous cells, cell division occurs rapidly in them. Thus, a pressure falls on epidermal tissue and the epidermal cells rupture and form lens-shaped pores
iii) The parenchymatos cells below the lens-shaped pores are known as complementary cells. These lens-shaped pores and the area of complementary cells lying below the lens-shaped pores are known as lenticels.
i) The main function of lenticel is to perform gaseous exchange between air and inner tissues.
ii) Often a little transpiration may occur through lenticel.
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Government expenditure and economic growth in Kenya: An empirical analysis (_PHONE_)
Njuguna, Joyce N
MetadataShow full item record
This research was triggered by the need to analyze the effects of Government Expenditure on economic growth. This was informed by the fact that, since 1963, economic growth has experienced upswings and downswings. On average, the economy grew at an annual average rate of 6.71 percent between 1963 and 1973. The years that followed saw a recess in economic growth hitting a nadir of -0.3 in the fiscal year 2000/2001. This saw a revival of the economy in the fiscal year 2003/2004 accelerating to 6.1 percent in the fiscal year 2006/2007. The above scenario was beside the fact that expenditure allocations in the various sectors of the Government exhibited an upward slope since 1963 except in the fiscal year 1969/1970 when there was a sharp drop in the expenditure allocations. Thus, there is a cause of concern to policy makers on the implications of the expenditure levels to economic growth. A methodology adopted from Abedian and Standish (1984) is used to analyze the trends and composition of Government expenditure and the contribution of such expenditure components to economic growth. The results of the analysis show that there is need for the Government to prioritize expenditure allocations in the productive sectors of the economy for example, agriculture, health, infrastructure and education and streamline others. These sectors would help to improve the investment environment to the private sector which is the engine of growth. Moreover, it would improve the welfare of the citizens by increasing employment levels and per capital income.


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Detect Edge Chipping and Optimize Cutting Edges of Tools
Do not compromise when it comes to the quality assurance of your tools. In this webinar we present you the new features for automatic measurement and optimization of cutting edges.
Learn More About
- fully automatic chipping measurement
- tool roughness measurement with both profile and areal based parameters
- MultiEdgeMeasurement (Measure multiple edges in only one measurement cycle) and
- measurement of angles in respect to the tool axis, among them clearance angle, wedge angle and rake angle.


Statalist The Stata Listserver
st: RE: Dear statalist,
From "Nick Cox" <>
To <>
Subject st: RE: Dear statalist,
Date Thu, 10 May 2007 13:44:21 +0100
If the ids are numeric, then
gen both = string(min(pupil, friend)) + " " + string(max(pupil, friend))
and if they are string, then
gen both = cond(pupil < friend, pupil, friend) + " " + cond(pupil < friend, friend, pupil)
Now search for -duplicateson both.
Suppose "Tony" names "Gordon" as his best friend, and vice versa.
It is true that "Gordon" < "Tony" as inequalities with strings are
based on alphanumeric order.
Either way,
pupil friend
42 24
24 42
will both be mapped to "24 42"
pupil friend
Tony Gordon
Gordon Tony
will both be mapped to "Gordon Tony". Then, as said, look for
Phillip Sinclair PhD (Lond) MSc BSc
> I have a data list of the following form:
> 1. pupil id... friend id
> 2. pupil id... friend id
> 3. etc
> Each pupil can have several friends, each listed as a
> separate case i.e. there can be several cases with the same
> pupil id each case identifying a separate friend.
> I wish to create a new variable to identify reciprocated
> friendship choices e.g. where pupil A names pupil B as a
> friend and pupil B names pupil A as a friend.
> Please can you tell me of a simple way of doing this in STATA.
* For searches and help try:


New Superhero, 3,200 Years Old, Turns CO2 Into Wood Superfast
The giant sequoia's ability to grow faster as it ages makes it a champ at carbon sequestration.
Actually, it's a poster tree: Sequoiadendron giganteum, the giant sequoia. And thanks to Professor Steve Sillett and his team at Humboldt State University, here's what we now know: these trees do more growing when they're older than when they're younger. The older they get, it seems, the faster they grow.
Let me say that again: Giant sequoias grow faster later in life than earlier in life."
Robert Krulwich reports for NPR December 4, 2012.
Wednesday, December 5, 2012


From Misunderstanding to Understanding 3
Misunderstanding causes a lot of problems. Misunderstanding causes relationship breakdowns. Misunderstanding the Bible would produce followers with strange behaviors. Similarly, when human beings misunderstand God, the outcome would be distorted beliefs and actions.
By and large, Jonah's actions are indications of his misunderstanding of God. One of the misunderstandings is God's salvation plan for the Gentiles.


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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Fading is a technique applied in behavior therapy, particularly behavior modification, as well as skill training settings, where an initial prompting to perform an action is gradually withdrawn until the need for it fades away.
The overall goal is for an individual to eventually not need prompts. As an individual gains mastery of a skill at a particular prompt level, the prompt is faded to a less intrusive prompt. This ensures that the individual does not become overly dependent on a particular prompt when learning a new behaviour or skill.
This approach built on studies in operant conditioning in which a new stimulus was presented alongside an existing one to which a response had been learnt. The old stimulus was gradually faded out, by a process of stimulus attenuation, its frequency or intensity reduced, and it was shown that this allowed the new stimulus to gain control of the response.


Question 3: Is a collaboration contract a type of LC? What are the legal risks for Employers upon entering into a collaboration contract?
Is a collaboration contract a seasonal or specific job-based LC?
 1. Legal grounds for governing a collaboration contract
As a matter of law, a collaboration contract may be considered a type of service contract because of the existence of a relationship between the service provider and the service user. The concept of service contract is currently being governed by the two main sources of law, the Civil Code and the Commercial Law. The issue is in that which legislation, the Civil Code or the Commercial Law will be the governing source of law in this case? Considering the nature of a collaboration contract, it can be seen that this is an activity towards profits (by both the service user as enterprises and the service provider as individuals). Therefore, the governing source of law for the collaboration contract will be the Commercial Law pursuant to the principles of the governing scope of Articles 1.1 and 3.1 of the Commercial Law.
 1. May a collaboration contract be considered a type of LC?
Pursuant to the prevailing labour law, there are three types of LC which Employers may enter into with Employees: indefinite LC, definite LC and seasonal or specific job-based LC with a term of less than 12 months[1]. As a result, the collaboration contract is basically not a type of LC specified in the Labor Code. However, considering the content of an LC, the Labor Code defines an LC as follows: "An LC is an agreement between Employees and Employers on paid jobs, working conditions, rights and obligations of each party in the employment relationship"[2]. Specifically, an LC must contain some provisions related to Employees' rights, such as LC term (for seasonal LC, the maximum term is under 12 months), salary, salary payment time limit, salary allowances and other additions, salary raise regime, working time, rest breaks, overtime and etc.[3] Therefore, if a collaboration contract includes the same contents as an LC, the collaboration contract may be considered an LC, i.e. the labour relationship rather than the relationship of services supply established between the parties.
 - Legal risks for Employers upon entering into a collaboration contract instead of an LC
Firstly, for contracting entities, Article 2 of the Commercial Law states that commercial activities (including service provision) must be carried out by traders (namely, organisations and individuals that have registered for business registration), except for "individuals conducting commercial activities independently and regularly."[4] Individuals who conduct independent commercial activities on a regular basis and are not required to register for business are listed in detail in Decree 39/2007/NĐ-CP dated 16/03/2007, mainly performing retail services on a small scale such as shoe polishing, lottery ticket sale, lock repair, vehicle repair, wash and parking lot service, haircut, painting, photo taking and other services with or without any fixed location and these individuals will not be deemed as traders. Considering a relationship between individuals and enterprises (specifically the relationship of a collaboration contract), it is clear that enterprises do not hire individuals to regularly provide the said retail services, instead hire individuals who conduct activities related to some professional qualification and a certain level, and individuals who provide services (other than the said retail services) must register for business in accordance with the law to be eligible to carry out said services. Therefore, the fact that an enterprise signs a collaboration contract with an individual to perform services related to some professional qualification and a certain level may face a lot of potential risks because the service provider as individuals may not be legally recognised as "individuals falling out of the category of business registration in accordance with the Commercial Law" to be eligible to provide services to any trader as enterprises. On the other hand, as above analysed, a collaboration contract is not a type of LC that is regulated and governed by the Labor Code, but by nature the parties have established the labour relationship through collaboration contracts. As a result, there exist many risks for Employers. If a collaborator grasps the labour law and initiates a lawsuit with the court to protect his/her interests, enterprises may face a risk that the court will not recognise the legality of the relevant collaboration contract and enterprises will have to sign an LC with such collaborator to establish the labour relationship between the parties in accordance with the labour law. Then, in addition to having to sign LCs, enterprises might have to fulfil Employers' obligations to Employees for the period when they have worked for former enterprises under collaboration contracts (including benefits from compulsory insurance payments for Employees, overtime salary and etc.). Moreover, enterprises may be sanctioned with an administrative fine of up to VND 4,000,000 for failing to enter into the right type of LC with Employees[5]. From the said analyses, enterprises should consider signing seasonal LCs with their collaborators (i.e. they must comply with the labour law on seasonal contracts) instead of signing collaboration contracts in order to comply with the current labour law and limit any risk of such dispute. It should be noted that when signing a seasonal LC, enterprises will only be allowed to enter into seasonal LCs with a term of less than 12 months for non-recurring jobs (except for any case of temporary replacement of Employees on military service, maternity leave, due to their sickness, labour accident or other temporary absence. If the job is of a regular nature for 12 months or more, Employers must sign definite LCs with Employees as prescribed by the labour law.
[1] Article 22.1 Labor Code [2] Article 15 Labor Code [3] Article 23.1 Labor Code [4] Article 2 Commercial Law [5] Article 5 Decree 95/2013/NĐ-CP dated 22/08/2013 as amended and supplemented by Decree 88/2015/NĐ-CP dated 07/10/2015