text:
What Is a Letter of Intent?
Letters of intent, commonly referred to as 'heads of agreement', are used to indicate the terms under which two or more people intend to enter into a contractual relationship when doing business together.
The term 'letter of intent' has no legal significance. However, the courts have often treated so-called letters of intent as contracts capable of being enforced, so care must be taken when drafting them.
One legally binding clause that is normally included in a letter of intent is the confidentiality clause in which it is agreed that confidential information acquired during negotiations will not be disclosed to any third party or otherwise used.
Why Use Letters of Intent?
Many letters of intent are really a mechanism by which the parties to a deal give each other reassurance of their intentions. They provide strategic guidance as to how a deal is to be done. They are also useful when outsiders need to be brought into the picture. For example, a takeover deal may need to be financed by institutional investors. The letter of intent is a valuable tool for them in their decision-making.
A letter of intent can be submitted to the relevant authorities in order to obtain a clearance that a particular way of structuring a deal will not cause problems: for example, obtaining a tax clearance from the Inland Revenue.
What Problems Might Arise?
Letters of intent can present problems. Unless drafted carefully, a letter of intent can create a contract, enforceable in the courts. For example, the use of the words'subject to contract', which normally operate to show that contractual relations will be created later, are not always effective in this regard. Similarly, the courts have ruled on several occasions that work done following agreement of a letter of intent should be paid for at a reasonable rate, when the anticipated contract did not materialise.
If negotiations fail, there may be a damaging 'loss of face' if details have been disclosed to third parties.
In addition, UK tax law will often catch 'arrangements' in which a series of predetermined steps is carried out with the effect that tax payable is reduced. The existence of a letter of intent could justify the tax authorities arguing that an arrangement was in effect. This can be of particular importance in management buyouts, sales of businesses and similar deals.
What Should be Included?
Normally, letters of intent should contain the following clauses:
- a statement of the law under which the letters are drafted;
- a statement that they are not binding, or clear identification of any parts that are intended to be contractually binding;
- any provisions for non-completion (e.g. where one side must do work to progress the deal, and whether they will be compensated for this);
- a 'lock out' clause is common, in which the parties agree not to have negotiations with competitors for a period;
- a non-disclosure ('confidentiality') clause defining to whom (if anyone) disclosure of terms can be made.
Recently, the court issued guidance regarding when letters of intent might most usefully be used in construction agreements. In the court's view, letters of intent are most suitable for use when the following are agreed or there is little chance of dispute regarding them:
- the scope of the works;
- the price of the works;
- the date of completion of the works and any 'milestones' prior to final completion; and
- the main contract terms.
The use of letters of intent is also most appropriate when there are good reasons to commence the works prior to the formal contract documents being in place.


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Hydraulic modelling and research
Since more than 30 years Svašek Hydraulics works on the development of hydrodynamic models. The main set of in-house developed hydrodynamic models is based on the Finite Element Method.
The main items of the total package are the hydrodynamic flow models FINEL2D, FINEL3D (resp. 2- and 3-dimensional) and the harbour resonance model HARES. Within FINEL2D, the MORFIN morphological modules are available to compute sediment transport and seabed development, both for sand and silt. MORFIN is also dynamically linked to the wave model SWAN.
Typical for the finite element method is that the model area is divided into a number of triangles, the so-called elements. The size and shape of these elements may vary within the model area, allowing flexible schematisations.
Characteristic features of a specific region, like tidal channels and flats, the geometry of harbour moles and basins and the configuration of the shore line can easily be incorporated in the model. In the area of interest smaller element sizes can be applied. Hence, complicated nesting techniques are not required in this approach.
Being part of the same package the results of the various modules can easily be exchanged, e.g. changes in seabed level computed with MORFIN are directly linked to the hydrodynamic model.
Our models are continuously subject to research and development. If required, we will adjust the model to suit specific questions, instead of having to simplify the problem to fit it to an existing model.
Besides the in-house developed software, Svašek Hydraulics applies software packages developed by other parties. For a detailed model descrition and some applications of the software packages, select a model from the list.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


FSDU Dictionary
FSDU Glossary of Terms
FSDU glossary of terms
The world of free-standing display units is full of unique words and acronyms. Most of these mean very little to the new or occasional visitor!
See below for definitions of the most common (and most confusing!) terms:
What does FSDU stand for?
Foamex and Cardboard FSDU POS Display Unit
FSDU stands for Free Standing Display Unit or Floor Standing Display Unit. The terms' usage is fairly equal; however, FREE standing display units is a slightly more common interpretation than FLOOR standing display units. Typically FSDU refers to customised cardboard display units. Occasionally, however, this term is used to refer to display stands made of other materials. Other materials used include Foamex stands, and general point of sale stand displays, as long as they are free-standing displays.
What does CDU stand for?Premium CDU with spot UV
When talking about retail displays, CDU stands for Countertop Display Unit. The acronym CDU normally refers to cardboard countertop display units. Occasionally, however, the term is also used for other tabletop or counter display units such as Perspex display units. Beware of other interpretations outside the world of cardboard display stands – _URL_ lists no less than 38 definitions for CDU, the most common being the Christian Democrats Union party in Germany! But to us, a CDU is always a countertop display unit.
What is a Pallet Wrap Display Stand?Pallet Wrap Display Stand
This is a very misleading term to someone not familiar with the point of sale industry. It is nothing to do with the plastic shrink-wrap sold by the packaging industry! Instead, it refers to a cardboard or Correx FSDU display that fits onto a standard pallet. This gives a highly mobile point-of-sale solution that is sometimes sent to the retailer fully-stocked and ready-to-go. Also, these are a great option if you need a mobile display and your budget doesn't allow display stands with wheels.
What is an Off-Fixture Display Unit?Off Fixture Display Unit
An off-fixture display is simply an FSDU or point of sale stand that stands alone apart from the permanent display fixtures in the retail outlet, e.g. isle end stands, fill-in stands, or stand-alone foyer displays and lobby displays. These are a great way to get access for your goods into major retailers, as competition for existing shelf space is high, but major retailers like Tesco, Asda, Boots, and Debenhams welcome any extra selling space you can offer them! Of course your brand enjoys more exposure as well.
What is a Dump Bin?Cardboard Catalogue Dump Bin
The rather unglamorous term 'Dumpbin' is widely used to refer to an FSDU display stand that holds brochures or catalogues or products. It is certainly nothing to do with a conventional bin! Catalogue dump-bins are typically a high-capacity unit displaying a stack of promotional literature. Catalogue dump-bins are not the same as literature display units, where smaller quantities of brochures are displayed in a more upright position. Catalogue dump bins are commonly used at exhibitions and trade counters.
Product dumpbins are typically a large fully-printed display box containing the product for sale. Product dump bins are commonly found in large retailers.
What are POP Displays and POS (Point of Sales) Display Stands?
POS Cardboard Cubes Display
Point of Sales Display Stands and Point of Purchase Display Stands
These terms tend to refer to FSDU displays that hold products for sale and are usually positioned near the checkout areas.
What is a Mop Tray?
mop tray
A mop-tray is a clear plastic tray that fits underneath an FSDU or floor-standing point of sale item to protect it from rising damp (and the cleaner's mops)! Normally only around 5cm high, occasionally higher mop-trays are recommended, particularly in environments where there are animals, such as vets waiting rooms or pet shops, to protect from other fluids!
Euro Hook ProngWhat is a Euro-hook?
A euro-hook is a standard-sized 2-prong hook that loops around at the end, designed to take products with the standard 'Euro-slot' hole. The term sometimes refers to any kind of display prong that products hang from. These work well on FSDUs. These are also widely used in general display fixtures in retail environments.
What are Shelf Edge Pricing Strips?Shelf Edge Pricing Strip
Typically a clear plastic strip designed to contain SEL (shelf edge labels) displaying pricing and product details. The labels can easily be removed and replaced to allow short term promotions and 'Promotional SEL' (Promotional Shelf Edge Labels). Fixed retail shelves often have these, as well as FSDUs. You can see a video of an FSDU for BASF below:
Scroll to Top


text:
A Bill Gates-backed concentrated solar energy company called Heliogen has reached temperatures greater than 1,000°C.
The start-up claims is the first time this has been achieved commercially and says the feat was accomplished at its commercial facility in Lancaster, California – it used advanced computer vision software to accurately align a large array of mirrors and efficiently reflect sunlight onto a target.
Heliogen says previous commercial concentrated solar thermal systems have been designed to reach temperatures of up to only 565°C, which it notes are useful for power generation but "insufficient for many industrial processes", such as the production of cement, steel and chemicals.
It suggests many of these processes require much higher temperatures, which have traditionally been generated by burning fossil fuels.
In the future, the company aims to reach temperatures up to 1,500°C, at which point it would be able to perform carbon dioxide-splitting and water-splitting to make 100% fossil-free fuels such as hydrogen or syngas.
Bill Gates has invested in the business – he said: "Today, industrial processes like those used to make cement, steel, and other materials are responsible for more than a fifth of all emissions. These materials are everywhere in our lives but we don't have any proven breakthroughs that will give us affordable, zero-carbon versions of them.
"If we're going to get to zero carbon emissions overall, we have a lot of inventing to do. I'm pleased to have been an early backer of Bill Gross's novel solar concentration technology. Its capacity to achieve the high temperatures required for these processes is a promising development in the quest to one day replace fossil fuel."


text:
When uploading images to the media library, WordPress will automatically generate several thumbnails so that a more optimized image size can be used.
Since different themes and plugins will often use different sizes, you might need to periodically regenerate your those resized images. In this article, we'll show you how to regenerate your image thumbnails using WP-CLI.
Regenerating All Thumbnails
To regenerate all thumbnails for all images inside your WordPress media library, you can use the following command:
wp media regenerate --yes
Once the command is run, all thumbnails for all images will be regenerated. Of course, if you have a large number of images inside your media library, it might take some extra time to run through them all.
Regenerating Missing Thumbnails
What if you updated your theme to add an additional image size but don't want to regenerate the thumbnails that already exist? You can regenerate thumbnails for only the missing image sizes using the --only-missing option like this:
wp media regenerate --only-missing
Regenerating Thumbnails for Specific Images
If you want to regenerate thumbnails for a specific image, you can specify it by including the attachment ID after the command like this:
wp media regenerate 123
To regenerate thumbnails for multiple specified attachment IDs, just add them to the command like the following example:
wp media regenerate 123 456 789
Keeping Old Thumbnail Sizes
When regenerating your WordPress media library image thumbnails, the default behavior is to delete the old thumbnails. If you want to keep them, you can use the --skip-delete option:
wp media regenerate --skip-delete
Regenerating Specific Thumbnail Sizes
In addition to being able to specify a specific image to regenerate thumbnails for, you can also define a specific thumbnail size to regenerate. To regenerate a specific size, use the --image_size option with the name of your thumbnail size as the value like in the following example:
wp media regenerate --image_size=large


text:
Another Newbie question :)
Keith.Wansbrough at cl.cam.ac.uk
Wed Nov 5 12:27:35 EST 2003
> I seem to understand the basic idea behind the fold function, i think but do
> not seem to be able to write them myself. My understanding is that it works
> by replacing every constructor with a fold?
I think you mean "replaces every constructor with a function or
Think of a list [1,2,3]. Recall this is "syntactic sugar"
(abbreviation) for 1:(2:(3:)). That looks like
Recall (+) is the function that takes two arguments and returns their
foldr (+) 0 [1,2,3]
What happens is that (:) is replaced by the first argument (+) and
is replaced by the second argument 0, as follows:
This is just 1+(2+(3+0)), which is 6.
You can see this from the definition of foldr:
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
foldr f z = z
foldr f z (x:xs) = f x (foldr f z xs)
where clearly every is replaced by z and every : by f.
A similar fold can be written for any datatype; it just takes a
different number of arguments, one for every constructor. The general
term is "catamorphism". E.g.:
data Expr = Num Int
| Plus Expr Expr
| Times Expr Expr
foldExpr :: Int -> (b -> b -> b) -> (b -> b -> b) -> b
foldExpr n p t (Num i ) = n i
foldExpr n p t (Plus e1 e2) = p (foldExpr n p t e1) (foldExpr n p t e2)
foldExpr n p t (Times e1 e2) = t (foldExpr n p t e1) (foldExpr n p t e2)
Hope this helps.
> Could anyone please point me in the direction of a suitable resource of
> attempt to explain this to me :)
You could try googling for "catamorphism", or looking at some of Erik
Meijer et al's papers on "bananas, lenses, and barbed wire" and so on.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Community™ Skills
Measure Skills and Knowledge
With Community™ Skills, organizations finally have an explicit way to measure knowledge and experience, providing a solid foundation to establish equity in the workforce.
Community™ Skills Measures Experience
You can finally understand your employees' accumulated skills and knowledge to make confident talent management decisions for your organization.
"Community Skills is objective and deliberate at the same time. We like how it aligns our internal programs on recruitment, recognition through pay, capacity planning and learning, and development, and our staff feel empowered knowing where they are and what development activities they need to do to grow more in the company."
— Carel Ariola, Corporate Services Manager, Birches Group
What Community Skills Can Do for You
Community™ Skills consists of a progression of five Skills stages, which can be used to measure the growth of an employee's capacity. Skills ratings can be aligned to compensation, recruitment, learning and development, succession planning, and more.
Managing Pay Movement
As employees build skills, they increase their value to the organization. Using Community™ Skills, compensation policies can be developed to align and link skills growth with pay increases.
Guiding Learning and Development
Creating a learning plan starts with understanding the skills required for the job and the skills gaps in your workforce.
Assessing Capacities in the Workforce
Staff development can be tailored at every job level to be able to push out more of the work that is essential to the organization's success.
Community™ Skills Products and Services
Community™ Skills is about measuring the stages of skill and knowledge growth. Using the Birches Group Community™ job levels, we have developed explicit measures for each job evaluation indicator, arrayed over five separate skill levels.
The Community™ Skills framework defines the five stages of progression from Basic to Master aligned to the same three factors and levels used in the Community™ Jobs standard. For each job evaluation factor, two indicators have been identified, resulting in a total of thirty milestones of Skills through which staff progress within their grade, and can serve as milestones for the progression to the next higher grade.
The Community™ Skills assessment tool can be used for multiple purposes, including ensuring unbiased application of starting salaries, managing pay, learning and development planning, succession planning, and promotion readiness to name a few.
Track Employee's
Learning and Growth
Through the articulation of the five Community™ Skills stages and six indicators for each stage, managers can now measure the skill levels of their staff and identify indicators where further development is needed. Over time, it is possible to observe Skills growth and align it with pay adjustments and determine readiness for the next grade or assignment.
Establish Fair
and Equitable Hiring Practices
Community™ Skills makes it possible for organizations to target the right candidate they need by allowing them to define the appropriate skill level required for a role. And because assessments are purely based on the candidate's skill level, setting starting salaries during the recruitment process is simpler, more objective, and easily justifiable to management.
Manage Pay Movement Clearly and Objectively
With the five stages of knowledge mapped across the different points in the salary range, Community™ Skills makes it possible for organizations to fully utilize their salary ranges and manage pay clearly and objectively. As staff build skills, they move across the stages driving movement in pay within their salary grade, and personal biases such as gender, race, etc. will have no impact on the increase that an employee receives.
Prepare for Career Pathing
Through the five stages of Community™ Skills, managers can plan the career paths of their staff ahead of time, ensuring promotion readiness to assume the responsibilities expected either at the next higher grade or deeper into the next skill stages of their current grade level.
Create Learning and
Development Assignments
Creating learning plans is now a collaborative effort between the manager and staff. Because each skill stage is predictable and explicit, staff can equally take ownership of their development by providing feedback/suggestions that will further refine their individual initiatives that facilitate skills growth.
Charting Your People's Growth and Skills
If you're ready to overhaul your talent management tools or just get access to better skills data,
Community™ Skills can finally connect careers with compensation.


text:
Mickael Tanter interviewed in the French magazine La Recherche
In an interview given to the French magazine La Recherche, Mickael Tanter, director of the laboratory Physics for Medicine Paris (Inserm/ESPCI Paris/PSL University/CNRS), showcases functional ultrasound imaging and its expected impact in neuroscience.
The article goes through the past research work which gave birth to ultrafast ultrasound imaging, and details the more recent applications developed for brain imaging, including the latest results obtained in the past months : monitoring complex cognitive tasks and investigating sleep phases in animals, mapping and monitoring the brain activity of pre-term neonates in clinics.
Currently distributed in kiosks: La Recherche, issue 551, September 2019. Preview available here


text:
Some differences between tungsten and titanium are that they belong to different groups on the periodic table, tungsten has a higher boiling point and titanium is known as the only element that burns in nitrogen. Tungsten belongs to group 6, and titanium belongs to group 4 on the periodic table. Since these elements belong to different groups, they have dissimilar chemical properties.Continue Reading
Of all the metallic elements, tungsten has the highest melting point, which is 6,192 degrees Fahrenheit. The melting point of titanium is 3034 F. Another difference between these elements is that titanium has a lower density at 4.5 gram per cubic centimeter, while tungsten's density is 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
Although these are some differences, tungsten and titanium do have some things in common. They are metals that are white in appearance. In nature, tungsten and titanium are not found as pure elements but in minerals.Learn more about Atoms & Molecules


text:
Neural network-based sensorless direct power control of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2016
In this paper, a sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive was presented based on direct power control (DPC) technique. To estimate the rotor's position and speed of PMSM, a drastic sensorless strategy was developed according to artificial neural network (ANN) to reduce the cost of the drive and enhance the reliability. The proposed sensorless scheme was an innovative model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed observer for DPC control PMSM drives. The suggested MRAS speed observer employed the current model as an adaptive model. The ANN was then designed and trained online by employing a back propagation network (BPN) algorithm. Performance of the proposed strategy was adopted using simulation analysis. The results showed the fast dynamic response, low ripples in motor's currents, power, and electromagnetic torque, as well as good performance in tracking speed and power references.
Artificial neural network
Direct power control


text:
Nota di Lavoro, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei 75.2015
The article proposes a social network analysis of the main European capitalisms and its correspondence with an index of economic freedom. The analysis relates to two kinds of economic liberties taken from the concept of freedom formulated by Isaiah Berlin. While the first kind of freedom (negative freedom) depends on the external system (e.g. the constraints on the firm defined by the regulations), the second refers to the internal obligations within the business system itself that prevent the free exercise of business (positive freedom): specifically, the social network, in which the company is embedded. After an operationalization of the two concepts of freedom, the analysis of a comprehensive database allows us to explore the relationship between the two kinds of freedom.
Social Network Analysis Antitrust Policies Interlocking Directorates Europe Positive Freedom Negative Freedom


text:
Nuclear Waste and Caves
What are the benefits of storing nuclear waste in
subterranean salt mining caves?
The main advantage is that since the salt has been in its deposit for
millions of years, there could not have been groundwater flowing through the
deposit for at least that long. If there had been, it would have carried
the salt away. So, if nuclear waste is placed inside the salt bed, chances
are good that groundwater won't carry it anywhere else. The nuclear waste
will decay away to nonradioactive elements before it leaves the salt
Richard E. Barrans Jr., Ph.D.
PG Research Foundation, Darien, Illinois
Click here to return to the Physics Archives
Update: June 2012


General Tools.
1. Frame Rate/Disk Space Calculator - Useful if you need to calculate various timing aspects of a particular animation. Will calculate: Total Frames, and Total disk space needed.
2. Maya2Softimage - More of a Tutorial than a tool, written by Stefan Andersson: how to import models created with Maya into Softimage.


As the new year begins and the school year rolls on through winter, there is a new concern that looms for educators and students. At least one report has brought up the question about Regents exams in New York this year.
I remember when I attended high school in East Aurora and having the option to take Regents courses. I remember the math books were a different color for each year of Regents that we took. I may not remember much about the actual match, but I sure remember the books for some reason.
We have a son in Pre-K and it has been a great experience watching him learn. He attends school in-person twice a week and is on a remote learning class a few other times a week. His normal learning routine includes computers and wearing a mask when at school. It is something that would have never seemed possible even a few years ago let alone when I was in school in the 1990s.
As we wait for the vaccine for COVID-19 to be administered to the public, remote learning will be around for at least the rest of this year in one way or another. While most of the schools in Western New York are back to classes in some fashion, Buffalo schools plan to go back to in-person around February 1.
Top 10 Public High Schools in WNY


text: Riverside Unified School District (RUSD) Nutrition Services Director, Rodney Taylor, knows the face of hunger in his community. On a daily basis, Rodney's team serve lunch to about 34,000 RUSD kids, 61 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced price meals. While the RUSD staff offer these students a fresh, healthy, nutritious meal during the school year, where do students eat during the summer? In previous years, many students ate lunch at summer school. However, steep budget cuts in 2008 and 2009 forced many school districts, including RUSD, to drastically reduce their summer school sites to only three schools, leaving about 25,000 kids without a place to eat. Without the summer school program, where would those kids eat? That is where the RUSD's summer barbeques come in.


National Geographic Society
 - Connect:
American Behemoth
Missouri River, MO, USA: Host Zeb Hogan holds a recently netted paddlefish on the Osage River in Central Missouri.
Check your local listings.
One of the oldest and most bizarre-looking freshwater fish on the planet can be found in the American Midwest. That's where Dr. Zeb Hogan travels to find the paddlefish. It once teemed throughout the Mississippi and Missouri River systems, but its population has plummeted  disappearing from four states and rapidly decreasing in others. Zeb teams up with biologists and conservation officers to better understand what's causing the decline of this American behemoth.


Groat (coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the hulled and crushed grains of various cereals, see groats. For the surname, see Groat (surname).
Edward I of England
AR Groat. _PHONE_.
The groat is the traditional name of a long-defunct English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and one shilling.
The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the Groschen (grosso), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in the 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The immediate ancestor to the groat was the French gros tournois or groat of Tours, which was known as the groot (Dutch for "great" or "large") in the Netherlands.
The name groat also refers to a range of other European coins such as those of the Italian peninsula known as a grosso including the grosso of Venice and the Kraków grosz. Marco Polo referred to the groat in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire.[1] His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 bezant = 20 groats = 133⅓ tornesel.[2]
David II of Scotland
++DAVID x REX x SCOTORVm Crowned bust left holding sceptre before; star at base of sceptre Outer circle: +DNS PTECTOR MS F LIBATOR MS - inner circle: VILL A ED InBV RGh Long cross quartered with of five points mullets.
AR Groat (3.11 g). Light coinage, _PHONE_. Edinburgh mint.
Henry VIII: Irish groat
Henry VIII minted these irish groats, crowned coat-of-arms over cross fourchee; mm: trefoil FRAnCIE ET hIBERnIE REX, crowned harp; crowned h and crowned R flanking (henricus Rex).
AR Groat (25 mm, 2.32 g, 12h). Second harp issue, as king of Ireland, _PHONE_. London mint (exported).
It was after the French silver coin had circulated in England that an English groat was first minted under King Edward I.
Scots groats were not issued until the reign of David II. Scots groats were originally also worth fourpence, but later issues were valued at eightpence and a shilling.[3][4]
Irish groats were minted first in 1425 and the last ones were minted under the reign of Elizabeth I of England. There were also two more issues, both emergency coinage.[5]
While strictly speaking, the English groat should have contained four pennyweights or 96 grains (6.2 grams) of sterling silver, the first ones issued weighed 89 grains (5.8 g) and later issues became progressively lighter. The weight was reduced to 72 grains (three pennyweights or 4.7 g) under Edward III, 60 grains (3.9 g) under Henry IV, and 48 grains (3.1 g) under Edward IV. From 1544 to 1560 (the weight being reduced to 32 grains (2.1 g) in 1559) the silver fineness was less than sterling, and after the 1561 issue they were not generally issued for circulation again for about a hundred years.
From the reigns of Charles II to George III, groats (by now often known as fourpences) were issued on an irregular basis for general circulation, the only years of mintage after 1786 being in 1792, 1795, and 1800. After this the only circulating issues were from 1836 to 1855, with proofs known from 1857 and 1862 and a colonial issue of 1888. These last coins had the weight further reduced to about 27 grains (1.9 grams) and were the same diameter as the silver threepenny pieces of the day although thicker. They also had Britannia on the reverse, while all other silver fourpenny pieces since the reign of William and Mary have had a crowned numeral "4" as the reverse, including the silver fourpenny Maundy money coins of the present. Some groats continued to circulate in Scotland until the 20th century.
At times in the past, silver twopenny coins have been called "half-groats."
The groat ceased to be minted in the United Kingdom in 1856, but in 1888 a special request was made for a colonial variety to be minted for use in British Guiana and the British West Indies. The groat remained in circulation in British Guiana right up until that territory adopted the decimal system in 1955.
Royal Navy chaplains[edit]
In the 1600s and 1700s, chaplains were employed in English Navy ships of war by the Captain, and paid out of a "groat" per month deducted from the wages of the seamen. The Navy's wages did not rise between 1653 and 1797 (see Spithead and Nore mutinies), during which time the Ordinary Seaman was paid 19 shillings, as was the chaplain.[6]
Cultural references[edit]
The word "groat" has entered into a number of English and Scottish expressions, many of them now archaic.
In the north of England, there is the saying "Blood without groats is nothing" meaning "family without fortune is worthless." The allusion is to black pudding, which consists chiefly of blood and oats formed into a patty. "Not worth a groat" is an old saying meaning "not worth a penny", i.e. worthless.
Benjamin Franklin, in his book, Necessary Hints gives the following thrifty advice:
He that spends a groat a day idly, spends idly above six pounds a year." (actually £6 plus one shilling eightpence)
In Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, there is the following riddle:
"Riddle me, riddle me, rot-tot-tote! A little wee man in a red red coat! A staff in his hand, and a stone in his throat; If you'll tell me this riddle, I'll give you a groat."
The answer is "a cherry."[7]
According to Hawkins' History of the Silver Coins of England,[8] groats were also known as "Joeys",
"so called from Joseph Hume, M.P., who strongly recommended the coinage for the sake of paying short cab-fares, etc."
This refers to the Victorian fourpenny piece. The mention of cab fares is related to the fact that the standard minimum was fourpence, so many passengers paid with a sixpenny piece, allowing the cabbie to keep the twopence change as a tip. The slang name "Joey" was transferred to the silver/cupronickel threepenny pieces in use in the first third of the twentieth century.
In A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett, Sara Crewe picks up a fourpenny piece from the street and uses it to buy buns. The original story was set in 1888.
John o' Groats, a place name in the north of Scotland, is not derived from "groat" but is a corruption of "Jan de Groot", the name of a Dutchman who migrated there in the reign of James IV.[9][10]
The monetary unit of Federation, the forerunner of the currently active Federation II text-based roleplaying game, was the groat.
Terry Pratchett's first book in the Moist von Lipwig series of novels, Going Postal, introduced a supporting character named Tolliver Groat.
As Anne Boleyn is being crowned in the film Anne of a Thousand Days, the gathered crowd give her a negative reception. Thomas Cromwell asks Thomas Boleyn: "How much did you pay them to cheer?", to which he responds: "A groat each".
Although not used in the monetary system of his fictional world of Westeros, author George R. R. Martin uses the term to refer to things of little worth in his series, A Song of Ice and Fire. For example, in the fourth book, A Feast for Crows, Cersei Lannister, in reference to Margaery Tyrell, thinks: "For half a groat she would have slapped the blushing bride right there upon the dais, in view of half the court."
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Yule, Henry; Cordier, Henri. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. Third edition (1903), revised and updated by Henri Cordier. Plain Label Books. p. 1226-27. (ISBN _PHONE_)
 2. ^ Henry Yule. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. Third edition (1903), revised and updated by Henri Cordier. Plain Label Books. p. 1229-30. (Note) (ISBN _PHONE_)
 3. ^ Mackay: Coin...
 4. ^ Stewart: Scottish...
 5. ^ Gr


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As the walk along Long Meadow to Eastcote Gardens is popular with many Pinner Residents you may be interested to hear about the Backwater project by the River Pinn currently being implemented by Hillingdon Council:
London Borough of Hillingdon has received funding from Big Green Fund to create two backwaters on the River Pinn, on areas where a meander and a backwater used to be in the past. It is also proposed re-profiling a small section of steep river bank by the footbridge to create a safe and gradual approach to the river.
The works will be undertaken as a partnership between LBHillingdon, Groundwork, Green Corridor, the Friends of Eastcote House Garden, Eastcote Resident's Association and River Pinn Volunteers.
Benefits of the Backwaters include:
- It will improve the ecological value of the land and provide a new and important wetland area for amphibians and aquatic invertebrates.
- Pre planted coir rolls will be installed to encourage marginal vegetation and purification of water.
- It will create additional offstream flood storage potential.
- Scrub and tree management would open river views and overgrown swims. Openings along the river would be aesthetically pleasing.
- Open river views and well managed paths would contribute to the general landscape of the site.


How Does a Muslim Face Mecca When Praying in Space?
Jason H. asks: How does an Islamic person know where to face when they're in space and supposed to be praying towards Mecca?
meccaThe first Muslim person in space was Royal Saudi Air Force pilot Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1985 aboard the United States shuttle Discovery. He was followed up by the first Muslimah in space, Anousheh Ansari, who, upon immigrating to America from Iran in her teens subsequently got a degree in electrical engineering and computer science and then, not long after, cashed in her life-savings to co-found Telecom Technologies Inc. The result of all this was Ansari eventually amassing a personal fortune of about $750 million, becoming one of the wealthiest women in the world.
Using some of this self-made fortune, in 2006 she paid an undisclosed sumspeculated to be about $20 millionto buy an 8 day stay aboard the International Space Station, where she helped out with various experiments during her stay and in her spare time became the first person to publish a blog post from space. (You can read more about her remarkable story in her book My Dream of Stars: From Daughter of Iran to Space Pioneer.)
However, as far as we can find, the issue of how these two, from a practical standpoint, should adhere to certain facets of their religion while slipping the surly bonds of Earth never came up, at least not publicly. This all changed in 2007 when Malaysian-born Muslim astronaut and orthopaedic surgeon Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor mused about how exactly he'd pray towards Mecca while orbiting the Earth at about 17,136 mph (27,577 km/hr), as well as what the proper protocol was for him given part of his stay in space would fall on Ramadan.
To answer Shukor's question and set out general guidelines for future Islamic space travelers, Malaysian National Space Agency and the Department of Islamic Development invited 150 Muslim scholars and academics to a two day conference to determine exactly how a devout Muslim should practise their faith in space.
For anyone unfamiliar, the Quran stipulates that a Muslim must utter a short prayer (known as the Salat) five times a dayonce before dawn, once at midday, once in the late afternoon, once in the evening and once after sundown. In addition, Muslims are asked to "Turn then thy face towards the Sacred Mosque: wherever ye are, turn your faces towards it…" (The Quran, Al-Baqarah, 2:149)
cubeIn regards to the first stipulation, the question arosehow exactly does said individual define when the morning even is when a manned craft orbiting the planet will do so approximately 16 times in a 24 hour period? Is the morning when the sun rises according to the individual's perspective from the window of the spaceship? So in that case, if one was to follow the word of the Quran literally, a Muslim astronaut would technically have to pray 80 times per 24 hours, or once every 18 minutes. This would obviously be impractical given how full astronauts' schedules typically are. Likewise, it would be exceptionally difficult for said individual to continually face Mecca as the Earth rapidly spins below the astronaut.
Lucky for Shukor and future Muslim space travelers, all of these issues, along with countless others, now have answers thanks to the aforementioned meeting of Islamic scholars who drafted what they called A Guideline of Performing Ibadah at the International Space Station.
For example, Muslims in space, rather than praying based on sunrise/sunset schedules from their perspective, are instructed to pray according to the day cycle of the last place on Earth they were located, which for Shukor was at the launch site in Baikonur in Kazakhstan. In the event prayer would interrupt an astronaut's duties, the guideline explains that a Muslim astronaut can forgo or shorten their prayers and say longer ones when they have the time. As for Shukor, he rang in on this very note, stating, "I am Islamic, but my main priority is more of conducting experiments."
As for deciding where Mecca is and continually facing it during the duration of the prayer, a Muslim astronaut is simply asked to use their best judgement with said religious scholars agreeing that as long as an earnest attempt is made by an astronaut to face Mecca as prayer begins there should be no religious issue. The specific guideline in determining the direction state,
Qibla direction is based on what is possible, prioritizing as below:
i.The Ka'aba
ii.The projection of Ka'aba
iii.The Earth
iv. Wherever
Yes, if one cannot otherwise even determine the direction of the Earth itself, then facing "wherever" is acceptable. As Dr. Khaleel Mohammed of San Diego State University explained,
In space, the ritual prayer might be offset for more of a prayer that is allowed when on jihad … for the lack of gravity and directional accuracy makes it legitimate to do as one sees fit. God does not take a person to task for that which is beyond his/her ability to work with.
Other issues addressed include what a space-faring Muslim should do in-lieu of standing, bowing, prostrating, and repeating while praying- a difficult thing to pull off while in a state of perpetual free-fall around the Earth. The solution is to prioritize as follows:
a. If upright standing is not possible, then any standing posture,
b. Sitting. Bowing is by bringing down the chin closer to the knee or the prostrating place,
c. Lying down on the right side with body facing the direction of Qibla,
d. Lying flat
e. Using the eye lid as an indicator of the changing of postures in prayer,
f. Imagining the sequence of prayer.
Again, this all just seems to be looking for a best effort here. And if no effort can produce the desired results, then simply imagining doing it is fine. This is largely because, to quote Dr. Kamal Abdali:
The pamphlet drafted by the Islamic scholars also outlines what to do if one's trip in space coincides with Ramadan (which Shukor's partially did), where it is required to fast from sunrise to sunsetthe guide says this is largely up to the individual and they can choose to fast as usual using the same timescale as they pray to or, if necessary given the duties at hand, forgo the fast and make up for it when they arrive back on Earth.
It's also interesting to note that the document explicitly states that "travelling to space is encouraged" by Islam, as is the obligation of Muslims to "maintain sustainability of the space environment" and observe peace with all "other beings" one encounters in spacemeaning the official policy of Islam, according to the 150 Islamic scholars who came up with the guide, requires Muslim astronauts to maintain peaceful relations with aliens, if any are ever encountered.
Bonus Facts:
 - There's a disagreement of sorts between Islamic academics about whether or not it's okay for Muslims to take part in a mission to colonize Mars. On one side some feel that such a mission would pose an unacceptable risk to the individual Muslim's life, whereas others feel that it is the duty of Muslims to explore all of Allah's creation, including Mars. So far, this issue has yet to have a conclusive solution.
 - The first thing ever eaten on the moon was a small piece of communion bread by Buzz Aldrin as part of a private religious ceremony he held to symbolically be with his church and family on Earth. Aldrin originally planned to say his communion prayer over the radio so people on Earth could hear it too but was convinced not to by NASA as the moon landing was a mission being conducted on behalf of all faiths, not just Christians. Aldrin was also the first person to pee on the moon. Take THAT Mr. "One small step…"
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Suppose that you want to test the claim that the mean weight of ocelots is 30 pounds or less. You collect a sample of 100 ocelots and find that the mean weight in the sample is 30.8 pounds. The standard deviation is 4 pounds.
Part (a) (3 points)
Please consider the following statement: %u201CSince the sample mean is greater than the claimed population mean, it is not necessary to carry out a hypothesis test and we can just reject the null hypothesis.%u201D
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Category: Cultural Diversity / Vulnerable Populations
Research over the last twenty years has documented a strong link between experiences of discrimination and psychopathology, however there are few measures specifically designed to capture symptoms that may emerge as a result of perceived discrimination. The Anxiety Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (ASDS) is a 21-item self-report measure that asks respondents about trauma, socially avoidant, and anxiety symptoms based on "past experiences of discrimination." Respondents can be of any race or ethnicity and describe any form of discrimination. Each item is rated on a scale of 1-4 ("Never," "Rarely," "Sometimes," and "Often"), and summed for a total score. We gave the ASDS to a racially diverse group of students (N=212) that was 53.1% White, 34.6% Black, 5.2% Asian, and 7.1% Biracial/Other. Of these, 2.4% identified as Hispanic and 75% were female, with a mean age of 21.5 (SD 4.04). Reliability of the ASDS was excellent (alpha=.97). We conducted a principal components analysis on the ASDS with a Varimax rotation, and two components emerged that explained 71.4% of the variance. One component focused on worry and avoidance (12 items), and the other focused on loss of emotional control (9 items). We then compared Black and White participants on the ASDS and found significant differences in total scores (t=5.0, p <.001), with Blacks scoring higher (mean 41.7, SD=15.4) than Whites (mean 30.7, SD=13.0). Total ASDS scores were also significantly correlated to existing measures of racial microaggressions (RMAS), general ethnic discrimination frequency and stress (GEDS), anxiety (BAI), and negative affectivity (PANAS) in both Black and White students, although these correlations were stronger in Black students. When allocating percentages to the various types of discrimination experienced, Black participants attributed 51.1% to racism, whereas White participants attributed 6.9% to racism. Implications of findings and future directions will be discussed.


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Thursday 30 March 2017
The boys in PP2 had an exciting term in their Spanish lessons, learning about planets and how to form sentences to describe them. After a lot of hard work, the boys created their own planet books. When you open the two halves of the planet, you reveal a concertina book with many facts about planets. All the work is written in Spanish and made entirely by the boys. Well done PP2.


Friday, July 17, 2015
How Many Monks?
No comments :
how many monks riddle
There's a monastry of fifty monks that have taken a vow of silence. They go through the same routine every day. They wake up, pray. They go to lunch, their only meal of the day, were they all sit round a big circular table, and eat a simple meal. Then they go back to their rooms and pray. Then they fall asleep.
One day, the head monk of the area comes to visit. He's a bit different - he's allowed to talk and has a life outside the monastry. He tells them that there is currently a plague ravaging the land. People everywhere are dying. The disease manifests itself as red blotches on the forehead. The blotches are the only manifestation of the disease for three months, whereupon the next stage starts, a horribly painful death.
The head monk tells them that at least one of their midst will have the disease, probably more. Anybody with the disease should kill themselves, to save all of the pain and suffering. By killing themselves, they will restrict the movement of the disease, and will go to heaven. Anybody with the disease will show the first symptoms within a month. The chief monk then leaves. He returns two months later, to find that all of the infected monks have killed themselves, and they all did it on the same day.
Bear in mind the following:
 - They have no mirrors or any other way of seeing themselves
 - The blotches appear only on the forehead and cannot be seen by the monk
 - Infected monks feel no different - the only manifestation of the first part of the disease are the blotches.
 - The monks cannot talk to each other or in any other way communicate.
 - Any monks with the disease will display the blotches within a month of the head monk leaving.
 - At least one monk definitely has the disease.
 - The monks only see each other once per day, at lunch, when they are all sat round the round table.
 - These monks are brighter than the average monk....
How did they know whether or not they were infected and why did they all kill themselves on the same day?
How Many Monks? Puzzle Solution
The way they work this out and the reason it happens on the same day is as follows. It is important to note that not only are the monks intelligent but they all know all their fellow monks are as well.
Start with one monk:
He knows he is the only one who can have the disease so he kills himself on
day 1.
Then two monks:
They know that either one of them has the disease or both do. If monk1
doesn't see the mark of the disease on monk2 then he will realise that he
must have it so will kill himself. If he sees the mark then he knows that
monk2 will following the same reasoning and kill himself. If the next day
the other monk is still alive then he realises that the other monk must have
seen the mark on him and so they both have the disease and he must kill
himself. Both follow the same reasoning and kill themselves on day 2.
Three monks:
If only one of the monks has the disease he will see no mark on the other
two and so diagnose himself. He will kill himself on day one. If two monks
have the disease then they will each see one monk with the mark and one
without. When they see each other again the next day they will deduce that
the monk they see with the mark would only not have killed himself if he
could see someone else with the mark. They know it is not the third monk so
it must be them. Both diseased monks follow the same reasoning and kill
themselves on day two. If all three monks have the disease then they are all
in the same position as the healthy monk in looking on in the previous
example. Each of them can see two diseased men. When they haven't both
killed themselves on day two there can be only one reason - the viewing monk
must have the mark as well. All taking the same reasoning they all kill
themselves on day three.
And so on...
N monks all with the disease will all kill themselves on day N.
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Post a Comment


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At the Eurogamer Expo today Alex Hutchinson and Jonathan Cooper from Ubisoft Montreal answered the question on the lips of every fan of Russia or Japan: 'why America?'
"In looking for a suitable setting for AC we look for times that have been a turning point in history, and a time and place most gamers haven't been," explained Alex. "Many gamers have been to America, but not in the 18th century."
The pair talked about the themes of the American Revolution and how they synced perfectly with those of the Assassin/Templar feud - liberty or death, power vs slavery, control vs freedom. They had also noted that players liked interacting with Leonardo da Vinci in previous games because he was a known name, and the revolution offered plenty of those.
It was also important, as they explained, to make Connor be stuck in the middle - not king & country, not Mel Gibson from The Patriot. So a Native American was chosen. (they also noted how difficult it was to find a Native American actor who hadn't been in Twilight) They finally noted to the very British audience that AC3 was not about the Revolution, it was merely as a backdrop to their own story, and that everyone is actually British in the game "until the end" - perhaps hinting the game will finish on July 4th perhaps?


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Oskar Hansen (_PHONE_) is a polish architect, urban planner, teacher and theorist. Graduate of the Technical College in Vilna (now Vilnius, Lithuania)in 1942 and student at the Faculty of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology (1945 –1950). In 1948–1950 he visited France, Italy and England, and studied under Fernand Léger and Pierre Jeanneret in Paris; he also became acquainted with Le Corbusier, Henry Moore and Jerzy Sołtan. From 1950 to 1983, he lectured at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. He was a member of the Groupe d'Etudes d'Architecture Mobile (GEAM) and of Team 10. Hansen's theory of Open Form rejected modernist anthropocentrism in architecture. Instead, it placed priority on individual subjectivity considered in all its myriad of complexity in relation to the world.
Open Form focused on identifying and interpreting the processes that determined the diversity and uniqueness of individuals, seen in the context of the entirety of factors shaping their existence. The process-based Open Form was to formulate an adequate response to the new concept of subjectivity—subjectivity in an on-going process of evolution. Hansen's theory rejected the idea of the unity (identicalness) of all people, and acknowledged their diversity. It served to highlight such differences while offering techniques and methods to guarantee tolerant coexistence and mutually friendly curiosity in society. Hansen contrasted Open Form with Closed Form, the latter denoting a reductionist approach to the human being. Closed Form, found in nearly all kinds of traditional art and architecture, subordinated the individual, reducing him or her to the role of a passive element in greater, dominant and hierarchical structures. Above all, Hansen's theory deconstructed the architect's superior position toward the resident, instead introducing a symmetrical (dialogue-based) relationship of communication.
Oskar Hansen. Courtesy Igor Hansen.


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xxxOriginally Posted by enghueiHello:
I am new to this forum and i have some question about the real meaning of some words in this article, considering its unique context.
the article is as follow:
The barometer of his time, Jagger yet resisted the temptation to branch out from the Rolling Stones into too many uncharted areas. An appearance in the movie Ned Kelly revealed that he was unable to come up with a convincing Australian/Irish accent. The experiment was not repeated. Jagger was even less concerned about expressing himself in a literary form, unlike others of his generation. The most articulate of the Rolling Stones has frankly admitted that he could not even remember sufficient details of his life to pen a ghosted biography.
there are some questions regarding some words in the passage
1. what is the real meaning of "barometer" in the first sentence? Indicator
2. what does it mean by "uncharted area"in the 2nd sencence? unknown
3. what is a "ghosted biography"? the basics to be embellished by a ghost writer whose name will not be published
hopefully someone can help me here
thanks in advance for the help


text: Symbol of the satanic goat. BAPHOMET is portrayed as a half-human, half-goat figure, or a goat head. The origin of the name BAPHOMET is unclear. It may be a corruption of Mahomet or Muhammad. The English occult historian Montague Summers suggested it was a combination of the Greek words, baphe and metis, or "absorption of knowledge." BAPHOMET has also been called the Goat of Mendes, The Black Goat, and the Judas Goat. In the Middle Ages, BAPHOMET was believed to be an idol, represented by a human skull, a stuffed human head, or a metal or wooden human head with curly black hair. The idol was said to be worshipped by the Order of the Knights Templar as their source of fertility and wealth. The best-known representation of BAPHOMET is a drawing by the 19th-century French magician Eliphas Levi, called "The Baphomet of Mendes." Levi combined elements of the tarot devil card and the he-goat worshipped in antiquity in Mendes, Egypt, which was said to fornicate with its women followers-as the church claimed the Devil did with witches. The Church of Satan, founded in 1966 in San Francisco, adopted a rendition of BAPHOMET to symbolize Satanism. The symbol is goat's head drawn within an inverted pentacle, enclosed in a double circle. In the outer circle, Hebraic figures at each point in the pentagram spell out LEVIATHAN, a huge water serpent demon associated with the Devil.


text:
What you eat directly impacts your body and brain. So be very specific about the food you eat before or in the flight. Experts also say that what you eat before or during the flight impacts how you feel during and after the flight. So avoid these food disasters while boarding in a flight to India
Fried or Fast Food
Health experts always advise you to avoid fried fast food. Above 35000 feet above the ground, digestion is tough. And eating saturated fats can restrict blood flow inside your body that causes blood clotting. It leads to DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis).
Alcohol! But it's not a food technically. Yes, you are right but it is something that will impact your body. This is the reason you are advised to avoid to drink in access, it can lead to dehydration. It is not that you are prohibited to have any alcoholic drink on the airplane but you should take care of your body yourself in the flight.
Stay away from cauliflower, broccoli and cruciferous vegetables when you are travelling in the air. You might know that the airplane cabin is pressurized but it is not same on the ground. When you take off the air pressure decreases and air expands by 30 per cent in the cabin. This causes swelling in the stomach. This leads to an expansion in the small intestine and produces a blot feeling within your body.
Carbonated beverages are also a contributor in blotting. So avoid beverages like soda, coke and beer. Just imagine that air bubbles in your stomach! They will expand in your stomach with pressure changes. This is surely not a comfortable feeling. Keep this thing in your mind and rather than buying a carbonated beverage go for simple water.
Sugar-Free Gum and Candy
Sugar-free gum and candies are like a boon for diabetes patients. But eating them before you fly is a bad idea. Because it contains artificial sweetener and our body is not designed to digest these kinds of things. It can cause blotting, gas and other laxative effects on your body.
The food contains garlic is delicious but you should avoid it. It will linger on your breath. The reason is that it includes a sulfuric component and whenever you inhale oxygen it will be there even after brushing your teeth. Besides that, you will not smell good and it may also bother your seatmates. So avoid everything which contains garlic inside it.
Airplane provided water
It is advised to carry your water bottle along with you rather than using airplane provided water. It is the report of a test done by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) one out of every 7 airplanes one does not meet federal standards. And there are chances that the bottle you will get from an airplane is refilled by that tank water. So keep your bottle, keep yourself hydrated and make your journey easy and healthy. Furthermore, it is only not the water but coffee and tea also that could be made of that water. So pass them also.
Avoid having beans and Legumes before you fly or in your journey. These are not easy to digest and are considered as major gas culprits. Many other types of legumes and beans contain indigestible complex sugar. So eating legumes can cause on-board blotting.
These are some food items that you should avoid to have before flying. Otherwise, you will have problems with your digestion and your long journey can be quite uncomfortable.


January 26, 2021
Why Functional Threshold Pace Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
The Functional Threshold Pace (FTPa) field test is useful for determining training zones and tracking fitness progression. Here's how to do it.
Related Articles
Why MAF Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
Do This! Performance Directives For Endurance Athletes
How To Calculate Heart Rate Zones
If you want a way, outside of racing, to track improvements in your running performance, Functional Threshold Pace (FTPa) field testing could be just what you're looking for.
The best thing about this test is that it's free, anyone can do it, and it can be done almost anywhere and at any time. It's similar to the MAF Test we talked about previously, but where the MAF Test tracks your aerobic progress, this test tracks your (as the name implies) Functional Threshold.
Besides providing a way to track your fitness progression, the test's output also allows you to calculate training zones specific to your current level of fitness.
What Is Functional Threshold Pace?
Simply put, FTPa is the best average pace you can currently sustain for around 60 minutes. It's a measure of both your speed and endurance, and it provides useful feedback about your current fitness across all distances from 5km to marathon.
Knowing your threshold running pace is valuable for three reasons:
 1. It indicates your current running fitness.
 2. You can use it to determine your training zones.
 3. You can use the test results to help predict your time or pace for other races.
Three Common Ways To Determine Functional Threshold Pace
There are three common methods that runners and triathletes use to determine their FTPa.
 1. Lactate testing in a lab.
 2. 60-minute field test.
 3. 20-minute field test.
Lactate testing is my preferred method, but not everyone has access to a lab or wishes to invest the money. The 60-minute test is arguably the next most accurate behind the lactate test, but it puts a tremendous load on your body. It can interfere significantly with your training due to the recovery needed post-test.
The final option is the 20-minute test, my preference when lactate testing is not an option, and that's the focus of the remainder of this article.
Factors To Consider Before Your Test
Before deciding when to run an FTPa field test, you need to consider certain factors to maximise your run and get the most reliable result to establish your training zones.
Below are the factors that you have control over, and that can influence your test. Please consider each carefully and aim to keep things as consistent as possible between tests.
Physical Condition
The 20-minute test is challenging and puts a tremendous strain on your body. Do not attempt this test if you are ill or suffering from any form of niggle. You want to be in good condition when you run this test.
Time Of Day
Depending on where you live, we recommend that you conduct this test early morning or late evening when it is cooler. That way, you can avoid the added stress of heat and humidity.
Make sure you adequately hydrate before the test. If you are conducting the test in the morning, you will wake from sleep dehydrated. Preload with sodium (300-500mg) to assist your cardiovascular system 30-minutes before you start. The same applies if you run late in the evening. Hydrate well throughout the day and preload with added sodium 30-minutes before you start your run.
When conducting this test, you must run on a flat surface. Research a route near you beforehand where you know there is little to no change in elevation. The test must be continuous and uninterrupted, so plan a course that does not have traffic lights in your way. Stay away from tall buildings to avoid GPS and pace errors because they can cause interference with your monitor that could put your results at
risk. If you run on a treadmill, set the gradient to 1.5%.
Hours Of Sleep
Getting enough sleep is paramount when it comes to assisting your body. Aim for 7+ hours the night before the test. A lack of sleep will force your body to work harder than usual to manage the test's applied stress. This fatigue can lead to elevated heart rate, reduced output, and a false result.
Heart Rate Monitor
We strongly encourage you to use a heart rate strap for this test. Straps provide more accurate and reliable measurements and increase the validity of your results.
If that's not possible, use your wrist-based monitor, but ensure it's tight and reading as accurately as possible before you begin.
Cut Race Times, Not Corners.
Racing at your potential and enjoying training is easy when you're following the right programme.
How To Do A 20-Minute Functional Threshold Pace Field Test
 - Before the test, run Easy for 10 – 15-minutes, with Accelerations (optional), to warm-up adequately. An effective warm-up is essential to maximising your performance and minimising your injury-risk.
 - Next, run a 20-minute time trial all by yourself (no training partners and not in a race). Running alone is crucial for ensuring the most accurate result.
 - Run the test as if it was a race for the entire 20-minutes – that is, hard. You should run all 20-minutes at the maximum pace you can sustain for 20-minutes.
 - Aim to run an even pace throughout. If you end up slowing down significantly towards the end, then you pushed too hard at the start, and you should adjust for future tests.
 - Upon completion, do an Easy 10min jog to cool down properly. We also recommend you do some light stretching to aid in recovery.
What Now?
Upon completing the test, take your average heart rate and pace of the entire 20-minute time trial. Subtracting 5% from each number will give you an approximation of your lactate threshold pace and heart rate.
With lactate threshold pace and heart rate established, you can plug those numbers into an online calculator to determine your training zones.
You can also compare your results to past results or races to gauge how your fitness progresses over time.
When To Test Again
Testing every 8 – 10-weeks is a good guideline, although you should not be dogmatic and should set your testing schedule to suit your goals and current physical condition.
Related Articles
Why MAF Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
Do This! Performance Directives For Endurance Athletes
How To Calculate Heart Rate Zones
Ben Pulham
Ben Pulham is the founder of Coached, a personalised training programme that helps runners & triathletes optimise, track and enjoy their training.


The stupid question is the question not asked
Fabric calculator - a better way to do it?
by ailie (Friar)
on Dec 06, 2001 at 04:04 UTC ( #129813=perlquestion: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
This is a script I wrote to calculate how much fabric I need when making various quilt blocks. At the moment it's run from the command line, but I'd like to eventually get it so it can be run from a web page. That's where I really started to get frustrated. Alternately, a GUI might be sort of neat.
Anyway, I would be interested in receiving feedback on the script as it stands now. I have a vague feeling that perhaps there are better, cleaner ways to do much of what I've got, and I'd like to learn them.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; # How many fabrics are you using? my $j; my $number_of_fabrics; print "How many fabrics are you using? \n"; chomp($number_of_fabrics = ); for ($j = 1; $j <= $number_of_fabrics; $j++) { # How wide is the fabric you are using? my %fabric_width; my $fab_width; print "How wide is fabric $j? \n"; chomp($fab_width = ); $fabric_width{$j} = $fab_width - 2; print "To be safe, we'll use a width of $fabric_width{$j} for fabri +c $j. \n"; # How many different shapes is a block made of? my $number_of_shapes; print "How many different shapes of fabric $j is a block made of? \ +n"; chomp($number_of_shapes = ); # What are the dimensions of the shapes? my $i; my %width; my %height; my %shape; my $piece; for ($i = 1; $i <= $number_of_shapes; $i++) { my $shape_width; print "What is the width of shape $i? \n"; chomp($shape_width = ); $width{$i} = $shape_width; my $shape_height; print "What is the height of shape $i? \n"; chomp($shape_height = ); $height{$i} = $shape_height; $shape{$i} = $shape_width. "x". $shape_height; } print "Shape dimensions: \n"; foreach $i (keys (%shape)) { print "The dimensions of shape $i are $shape{$i}\n"; } # For each shape, how many can be made per yard of fabric? my $number_per_fabric_width_strip; my $strips_per_yard; my $number_per_yard; my $number_of_pieces; my %pieces; my $number_of_strips; my $strip_yardage; my $remainder; my $fabric_yardage; my $number_of_blocks; my $total_pieces; foreach $i (keys (%height)) { $number_per_fabric_width_strip = $fabric_width{$j} / ($height{$i +}); $number_per_fabric_width_strip = int $number_per_fabric_width_st +rip; print "You can get $number_per_fabric_width_strip piece(s) of sh +ape $i per $width{$i}\" strip of fabric $j.\n"; $strips_per_yard = 36 / ($width{$i}); $strips_per_yard = int $strips_per_yard; print "You can get $strips_per_yard $width{$i}\" strips per yard +. \n"; $number_per_yard = $number_per_fabric_width_strip * $strips_per_ +yard; print "You can get $number_per_yard of shape $i per yard of $fabric_width{$j}\" of fabric $j. \n"; print "How many of shape $i do you need per block? \n"; chomp($number_of_pieces = ); $pieces{$i} = "$number_of_pieces"; print "You need $number_of_pieces per block. \n"; print "How many blocks are you making? \n"; chomp($number_of_blocks = ); print "You are making $number_of_blocks blocks. \n"; $total_pieces = $number_of_pieces * $number_of_blocks; print "You need $total_pieces of shape $i. \n"; if ($total_pieces <= $number_per_fabric_width_strip) { print "You will need one $width{$i}\" strip of fabric $j. \n" +; } else { $number_of_strips = $total_pieces / $number_per_fabric_width_ +strip; $number_of_strips = int $number_of_strips; $remainder = $total_pieces % $number_per_fabric_width_strip; $strip_yardage= $number_of_strips * $width{$i}; if ($remainder == 0) { print "You will need exactly $strip_yardage\". \n"; } else { $fabric_yardage = $strip_yardage + $width{$i}; print "You will need $fabric_yardage\" of fabric $j. The last +$width{$i}\" strip will have only $remainder pieces cut from it. \n"; } } } }
Thanks for any advice.
Comment on Fabric calculator - a better way to do it?
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Re: Fabric calculator - a better way to do it?
by jynx (Priest) on Dec 06, 2001 at 09:36 UTC
 A few suggestions,
 Most of these are rather cosmetic, but they should help readability.
 Considering how many times you read from STDIN you may want to farm that part out to a subroutine. It would remove clutter from the rest of the code and should be a bit more maintainable later.
 For structures like %width an array seems to make more sense than a hash. It works either way, but it's probably a good idea to try and use more appropriate tools when possible.
 Also you can reduce the number of variables you have to keep track of by using a hash for multiple things. For example, your $number_of_* variables in the last section could probably be written as (using a subroutine for getting STDIN):
 my %number; $number{blocks} = get_input("How many blocks are you making?"); $number{strips} = int( $total_pieces / $number_per_fabric_width_strip) +; etc...
(crazyinsomniac:) Re: Fabric calculator - a better way to do it?
by crazyinsomniac (Prior) on Dec 06, 2001 at 11:42 UTC
 This is me just being a monkey and testing the script out:
 F:\dev>perl How many fabrics are you using? 2 How wide is fabric 1? 1 To be safe, we'll use a width of -1 for fabric 1. How many different shapes of fabric 1 is a block made of? 1 What is the width of shape 1? 1 What is the height of shape 1? 2 Shape dimensions: The dimensions of shape 1 are 1x2 You can get 0 piece(s) of shape 1 per 1" strip of fabric 1. You can get 36 1" strips per yard. You can get 0 of shape 1 per yard of -1" of fabric 1. How many of shape 1 do you need per block? 23 You need 23 per block. How many blocks are you making? 2 You are making 2 blocks. You need 46 of shape 1. Illegal division by zero at line 88, line 7. F:\dev>
 I'll update this node after I've messed with the code.
 My monkeying around immediately proves insightful into how you can improve this (at least it appears so to me).
 A good strategy might be to turn this into a module, and then, write "interfaces" for it, like commandline, CGI, GUI. All I have to say at this point is, not bad quiltmaker (some of your math may be funny, but useful to real people and immensly perlmonkish -- no prog/perl bg, good practices at the beginning). I see sanity checks, units of measurement conversions, price estimation.... ;D
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; # How many fabrics are you using? my $number_of_fabrics; print "How many fabrics are you using? \n"; chomp($number_of_fabrics = ); $number_of_fabrics =~ s/\D//; # only allow number input ## $number_of_fabrics ||= 3; # assume default quietly unless($number_of_fabrics and $number_of_fabrics >=3 ) { warn "Ahem!!! You must enter a NUMBER >= 3, but that's ok, default + is 3"; $number_of_fabrics = 3; } #... more to come... ;D
 Disclaimer: Don't blame. It came from inside the void
 Wow. It never even occurred to me to put in widths like that, since quilting fabric is


Manifestations of the Holy Spirit
What does the Bible truly say about manifestations of the Holy Spirit? Find the answer here.
manifestations of the holy spirit
What does the Bible say about manifestations of the Holy Spirit?
Are manifestations of the holy Spirit biblical? When you look around on the internet you can find many different opinions on this topic and everyone claims to be 'biblical' and telling the 'truth'. But what is REALLY the truth and what does the Bible say about it?
Manifestations of the holy Spirit are occurring in tens of thousands of churches worldwide. It's definitely not tied to a certain ministry, church or movement. It's a phenomenon which has been seen throughout the church history. Many great revivals were marked with manifestations like laughing, crying, shaking, shouting, falling etc. Because of the odd appearances many people ask themselves the question: is this really of the holy Spirit? Is God doing this? Or is this an eveil spirit and is it pure deception by satan? Can you find manifestations of the holy Spirit in the Bible?
Jesus Christ warned us that there would be many false prophets and heretics. The apostle Paul specifically invokes the Christians not to trust any spirit, but to test the spirits.
So it is important to be vigilant and to examine from the source.
Thankfully Jesus Christ as well as the apostles and prophets have left clear advice on how to discern the spirits. The Bible contains various keys to help us intercept deception. Furthermore the Bible shows us that the holy Spirit wants to give us the gift of discernment. (1 Cor 12:10) God wants to protect us against every form of deception and wants to perfect us in spiritual discernment.
The question we ask ourselves is: how do you discern whether a manifestation is from the Spirit of God or from a demon?
What's important to understand is that nowhere in the Bible it says that a manifestation is from a demon, just because it looks weird. Yes, manifestations can be perceived as weird, like someone suddenly falling backwards, bursting into laughter without visible obvious reason, starting to shake severely or start to cry intensely. But biblically seen we cannot label something as demonic just because it looks unusual. An important message in the Bible is rather that God judges things in a very different way than we do. Man is inclined to judge a verdict purely on the basis of what we superficially hear or see. But God sees much deeper.
God rebukes his own prophet Samuel because he judged on the basis of his human perception.
Samuel saw the sons of Isai and found that they physically met the criteria to become the next king of Israel. But God reproached Samuel and said:
'You look at the outward appearance, but I LOOK AT THE HEART.' (See 1 Samuel 16)
This is a distinguishing mark of us people: we are not used to look deeper than the superficial, visible and audible. What we tend to do too quickly is think: 'It looks like this, so I am convinced that is such and such.' This is however not a valid way to determine if a manifestation is from God or not. God's word says:
We live in a supernatural, invisible world which you cannot always identify with your human senses.
A demon can make a person sit down very pious, rigid, neatly and good, while the Spirit of God can liberate somebody from bonds and allows the person to freely laugh, cry, sheer and dance of joy. The man that is demonically bound can look very pious, fitting and smooth but his heart can be a source of bitter poison, judgement and slander. The person that laughs or cries loudly and starts to tremble with his whole body can be deeply filled with the love, truth and freedom of Jesus Christ. So you cannot know at first sight what is truly happening inside somebody's heart.
manifestations holy spirit eye
You have to learn to look deeper than the outward. Otherwise you will be deceived by your own wrong judgement.
God says in the Bible that He functions on a very different level than our human way of thinking and making judgement:
The danger of misinterpretation is clearly seen with the scribes, the 'bible experts' in the days of Jesus. They that taught the people about God and his word. They didn't recognise Jesus Christ and accused Him to be a servant of the devil. They misjudged and became enemies of what God was doing in their midst. The same thing is happening today. People who have a lot of theoretical knowledge about the bible, name manifestations as demonic, just because it doesn't fit in their thinking boxes. But that is not a biblical way of checking. This way you can severely misunderstand the Spirit of God like the bible experts did who lived in Jesus' time.
Manifestations in the Bible
When you read the Bible, you will notice that God doesn't work as fitting, controlled and safe as we want to make Him in our established, churches and meetings, controlled by people. God will always break through our limitations and astonishes man time after time. After a while you start wondering why He will never adjust to our traditions and habits.
God often does thing that are shocking, different, amazing and confusing. That is God's hallmark.
He is indifferent to our need of control and ignores totally our human habits and sends his messengers in a way He chooses, free from the traditions of people. Prophets sometimes were feeling sick and perplexed after seeing a vision from God.
'Then I, Daniel, was exhausted and sick for days. Then I got up again and carried on the king's business; but I was astounded at the vision.' (Daniel 8:27)
Not only the prophetic visions would upset God's prophets, the manifestations would be perplexing at times as well.
manifestations holy spirit saul
A Biblical example: King Saul was furious at David because the Spirit of God chose him to lead the people instead of himself. David had hidden himself in the house of the prophets. Three times Saul sent a group of soldiers to take David captive, but what happened? Every time the soldiers would approach the house of the prophets, the Spirit of God would come over them (against their will) and brought them into spiritual ecstasy. (Spiritual ecstasy is originally translated to prophecy)
'Then Saul sent messengers to take David, but when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, with Samuel standing and presiding over them, the Spirit of God came upon the messengers of Saul; and they also prophesied.' (1 Samuel 19:20)
After sending a group of soldiers three times, who were brought into ecstasy every time (against their will) causing them to start to prophesize, Saul decided to go there himself. What happened there?
'He proceeded there to Naioth in Ramah; and the Spirit of God came upon him also, so that he went along prophesying continually until he came to Naioth in Ramah. He also stripped off his clothes, and he too prophesied before Samuel and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Therefore they say, "Is Saul also among the prophets?" (1 Samuel 19:23-24)
Some claim this manifestation was caused by the evil spirit of Saul but it states clearly in this bible passage that the spirit of God overpowered Saul, just like his soldiers.
Moreover Saul's weird behaviour caused people to say: "Is Saul also among the prophets?" That is extremely bizarre and goes against everything we think about God who according to us would never let somebody prophecy for a whole night against his own will. That is not possible, is it? The Bible shows that God is not bothered by what we think is acceptable or not. God is God, we are not.
Another example from the Bible is that the Spirit of God forced Ezekiel to lie on the street for 390 days and had to eat food that was baked on faeces:
'You shall eat it as a barley cake, having baked it in their sight over human dung.' (Ezekiel 4:12)
The Bible is clear: God sometimes does extremely weird things.
Think about Jesus Christ who made mud of his saliva and rubbed it into the eyes of a blind man. 'Gross! That can't be from God? No, that is impossible. God isn't that filthy! And yet it was Jesus Christ who did that. And the blind man was healed.
You can't judge something solely on the basis on what it looks like.
God is infinitely much bigger and different than us humans and it speaks for itself that He can do things that break through our boundaries. Still people always want to limit God and create a safe zone where they are in control and not God. The truth is: if you really want to serve God, He will be your safety, and not your doctrines, not your tradition, not your controle, not your habits. God is your safety, even if He does inexplicable things.
That is why it is only truly possible to test manifestations if you live in deep surrender in the arms of God and if you are willing to let Him be who He is. If you want to put God in boxes from every angle, you will miss out on God. You will do exactly the same as the scribes did with Jesus: accusing God to be the devil.
Biblical guidelines to test manifestations
manifestations of the holy spirit test the fruit
God wants to let us grow in wisdom and insight so we will become strong sons and daughters of Him. That is why the Bible gives us principles to test:
1. Look at the fruits of the tree
'Either make the tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree bad and its fruit bad; for


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Tall Tales Reading Comprehension | Pecos Bill passages and questions
American folktales are a fun component of Common Core State Standards. Incorporate these wacky, student-friendly tidbits about Pecos Bill into your tall tale reading, writing and language lessons (or speech/language therapy sessions!)
These passages are just the right size to keep readers of all skill levels engaged and to keep struggling readers from becoming frustrated. For nonreaders, this can be used as a great listening comprehension activity!
* Includes 20 short passages discussing all kinds of fun facts and background about the Pecos Bill Tall Tale with 2-4 corresponding critical thinking questions per passage.
- Students can read passages independently (silently or aloud) or passages can be read aloud by teacher or therapist. For non readers, an adult should read the cards and the students can respond.
- Questions require students to use skills ranging from simple recall, making personal connections to deciphering vocabulary in context, drawing conclusions, making inferences, giving opinions, identifying figurative language and justifying responses. A whole range of critical thinking skills can be applied! Although the passages can be used in any order, they are numbered in the recommended sequence.
- Literature circle forms for the "jobs" of "connector, summarizer, and predictor."
- Character trait writing activity
- Teaching tool/reference tool that explains how tall tales came about as well as characteristics that tall tales have in common
Just print, cut and use! No wasted paper!
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Preserving and protecting the dynamics of future pedestrian space?
abstract · Forming a physical Ring of Steel, bollards are traditionally considered essential to secure and define the public space around St. Paul's and One New Change shopping centre. With a reduction in their use and a change to increased pedestrian space, urban design can move, without loss in safety, towards effective shared spaces in the future City of London.
A chapter in More than One New Change by Theo Jones
MORE THAN ONE NEW CHANGE
An architectural edited book of five chapters exploring protected space / urban conflict in St. Paul's and Cheapside, London. The book was kept in a tear open protective sleeve.


text: Using a qualitative community-based research approach, this study examined the role of family, social support and place attachment during a wildfire evacuation of Indigenous residents in remote Northern Ontario. A total of 56 interviews and two focus group discussions were completed with evacuated band members, those who stayed behind, and people who had a management role during the evacuation. In order to obtain diverse perspectives, two focus groups were conducted with different groups, the first with councillors and elders and the second with youths. The results from the interviews and the focus groups illustrated that evacuation experiences of residents were affected by a range of factors, which overall compromised the resilience of the community to the disruptive impacts of the evacuation. More specifically, the study has shown that scattering residents to twelve hosting communities throughout Ontario and Manitoba caused four major problems: communication and information-sharing were more difficult, families were separated, community cohesion and support services were disrupted, and residents' sense of place attachment was impacted. These findings contribute to a robust understanding of the social and cultural factors influencing wildfire evacuation experiences of Indigenous people and how these influence the ability of residents to cope with or adapt to evacuation-related disruptions. Evacuation planning that takes into account the unique socio-cultural characteristics and vulnerabilities of First Nations can minimise the adverse consequences of hazard evacuations and enhance resilience in the face of disruptions.


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Dental health begins in the womb. Researchers have found that babies born to women who consume cheese and other dairy products during pregnancy are likely to have better dental health than babies born to non-dairy-consumers.
A new study published in the Nutrition Journal went beyond previous studies examining the importance of calcium in the development of a fetus. Researchers at the Fukuoka University, University of Tokyo and Osaka City University took their study one step further; they wanted to find the long-term effects of prenatal cheese and dairy consumption on an infant's tooth development.
Researchers tracked 315 Japanese mother-and-child pairs, recording prenatal diets and dental examinations of children between 41 and 50 months of age.
The study, believed to be the first of its kind, found a strong connection between both cheese and total dairy consumption during pregnancy and decreased risk of childhood dental caries, such as tooth decay and cavities. The children of women who consumed more cheese during pregnancy had fewer dental problems than women who didn't. Similar findings were uncovered for prenatal dairy consumption.
Researchers believed that the link between prenatal dairy consumption and dental health in children was related to calcium, which might influence tooth mineralization during fetal development, increasing acid-resistance in tooth enamel.
While cheese proved to be the best option for improved pediatric dental health, researchers had no immediate explanation for their finding.
"In the current study, the risk reduction associated with maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy did not appear to be confounded by calcium intake," researchers said in the report. "Thus, components of cheese other than calcium might be responsible for the protective effects of maternal cheese intake against dental caries in children."


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Healthy Foods, Healthy Communities
What's to love about food co-ops? So much! Co-ops have a cool way of doing things differently. They're people working together for better food, stronger communities and a healthier world. And cooperative grocers are making a big impact. A new study, Healthy Foods Healthy Communities: The Social and Economic Impacts of Food Co-ops,* quantifies the impact food co-ops have as compared to conventional grocery stores. The study's compelling results demonstrate the many ways that food co-ops do well while doing good.
Unlike their conventional counterparts, co-ops are owned and governed by member-shoppers and rooted in principles like community, voluntary and open membership, economic participation and cooperation. Because of these principles and practices, food co-ops inherently serve and benefit the communities where they are located. For example, the study finds that for every dollar spent at a food co-op, $0.38 is reinvested in the local economy compared to $0.24 at conventional grocers.
Supporting Local Food Systems and Sustainable Foods
Though "local" has popped up in conventional grocery stores in recent years, retail food co-ops are leaps and bounds ahead of the pack. Where conventional grocers work with an average of 65 local farmers and food producers, food co-ops work with an average of 157. Likewise, locally sourced products make up an average of 20 percent of co-op sales compared to 6 percent at conventional stores.
Years after creating the market for organic foods, co-ops are still the place to find them. Of produce sales at food co-ops, 82 percent are organic, compared to 12 percent for conventional grocers. And, organics make up 48 percent of grocery sales in food co-ops, compared to just 2 percent in conventional grocers.
Local Economic Impact
The economic impact that a grocery store has on its local economy is greater than just the sum of its local spending, because a portion of money spent locally recirculates. For example, food co-ops purchase from local farmers who, in turn, buy supplies from local sources, hire local technicians to repair equipment, and purchase goods and services from local retailers. To some extent, conventional grocers do too, but the gap is still significant. For every $1,000 a shopper spends at their local food co-op, $1,604 in economic activity is generated in their local economy—$239 more than if they had spent that same $1,000 at a conventional grocer.
The average co-op earning $10 million per year in revenue provides jobs for over 90 workers. In total, 68 percent of those workers are eligible for health insurance, compared to 56 percent of employees at conventional grocers. Co-op employees also earn an average of nearly $1.00 more per hour than conventional grocery workers when bonuses and profit sharing are taken into account.
Grocery stores—co-ops and conventional alike—generate a significant amount of waste. What sets retail food co-ops apart is what they do with that waste. Co-ops recycle 96 percent of cardboard, 74 percent of food waste and 81 percent of plastics compared to 91 percent, 36 percent and 29 percent, respectively, recycled by conventional grocers.
- Impact Report - to see the impact up close, view the Healthy Foods Healthy Communities: The Social and Economic Impacts of Food Co-ops report.
- Infographics – find a PDF of the above and an additional infographic in Healthy Foods Healthy Communities Study Infographics.
- Videos – Find the animated video above along with other videos about food co-ops on our YouTube channel: _URL_
* The study behind this report was commissioned by National Cooperative Grocers Association (NCGA), the organization of grocery cooperatives that brings you this site. NCGA partnered with the ICA Group—a national not-for-profit consulting firm with expertise in cooperatives, economic development, and business research.


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RHETORIC AND THE CASE OF LINEARISATION IN POST GRADUATE STUDENTS' ESSAYS
This study pertained to analysis of rhetoric, linearization, and grammaticality within essays. The data were gathered from 24 essays that were written by English post graduate students of Mataram University in academic year 2015. The essays were taken from the subjects of ELT Curriculum and Materials Development and Teaching English for Young Learners (TEYL) as the final assignments. The research approach used qualitative method in which the entire findings were spelled out in form of writing (words). The purpose of study was to find out rhetorical problems, linearization problems, and grammatical errors which appear in English post graduate students' essays. There were 10 rhetorical problems, 12 linearization problems, and 158 grammatical errors found based on data analysis as the result of study. Rhetorical competence, linear structure of idea, and grammatical competence are required by English post graduate students in order to be highly literate English learners properly, so that they could produce the outstanding essays particularly in English.
Keywords: Rhetoric, Grammatical Competence, Linearization Problem, Essay.


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Total renewable water resources: 0.03 cu km (1999)
Definition: This entry provides the long-term average water availability for a country in cubic kilometers of precipitation, recharged ground water, and surface inflows from surrounding countries. The values have been adjusted to account for overlap resulting from surface flow recharge of groundwater sources. Total renewable water resources provides the water total available to a country but does not include water resource totals that have been reserved for upstream or downstream countries through international agreements. Note that these values are averages and do not accurately reflect the total available in any given year. Annual available resources can vary greatly due to short-term and long-term climatic and weather variations.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of February 21, 2013
© 2013 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.


How To Longboard Pump
Want to learn how to longboard pump? The longboard pump is a common skating move, but learning how to master it takes a little practice and time. The longboard pump is a uncomplicated process of stringing moves together to prolong your ride without the use of your foot as a kicker. Learning to pump a longboard will actually be one of the first things you should learn to master. When you are out on a longboard, pumping will enable you to maintain your stride and keep you riding longer then kicking. This article will look at the process of pumping on a longboard. The process of pumping on a longboard is defined below. Learn the art of pumping on a longboard and enjoy a longer and easier ride.
 1. Stretch out and get yourself ready to ride. Longboarding can be a fun recreational activity as well as competitive sport. So, being limber and warmed up is always important. Strap on your gear and get ready to take the longboard for a spin.
 2. Push off and pick up a fair amount of speed. Place both feet on the longboard and position yourself somewhere near the middle of the board. Bend your knees slightly, placing your arms where you best like them for balance.
 3. Begin rocking your feet back and forth. The motion will cause your entire body to move back and forth. This will make the longboard sway on its trucks. This motion will keep the board moving back and forth, keeping momentum and movement. The faster you move the faster the action.
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The Climate Bulletin wants to answer some of the questions people are asking: Has this month been warmer or colder than last year? Has it rained more than usual this summer?
Andorra's climate bulletins are monthly and cover the analysis of monthly, seasonal and annual periods. This information is complemented by climate mapping of temperature distribution, precipitation, and climate anomalies on a monthly, seasonal, and annual scale. This work is based on the analysis of data provided by the country's weather stations and is compared with the Digital Climate Atlas of Andorra (ACDA, _URL_)
In addition, temperature and precipitation graphs are prepared for the Central station of FEDA (Forces Elèctriques d'Andorra) and, during the winter, the evolution of the snow cover at the Sorteny station.
At the same time, the mapping for the water balance of Andorra has been elaborated, following the methodology of the climate bulletins with the available stations in the country and including two stations in the nearest area: L'Ospitalet and Aston.


text: With an increased demand for thin-gauge metals, quality control during the cold rolling process has become a larger field of focus. Companies in the cold rolling industry have faced issues controlling and maintaining profile consistency during the cold rolling process. To reduce the amount of scrap material created when rolling steel sheets, an accurate and fast design model that predicts stress concentrations is needed. While winding a strip with a non-ideal profile, variations in stress accumulate along the width of the strip and can cause failure. Also, a sensor roll cannot distinguish between winding stresses and deformation stresses caused by the rolling operation. A method is needed to filter out the winding stresses from the sensor measurement. Using applied elasticity theory, an Airy Stress function can be derived and used to predict stresses in the rolling direction as well as shear stress behavior. Simulating the boundary conditions during the winding process allows for analysis of stress distributions and the prediction of certain modes of failure; herringbone, tearing, walk-off, etc. With an accurate model, the desired output stress profile can be adjusted according to the predicted winding stresses, and the correct mill modifications can be performed to arrive at higher quality product.