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We characterize the ETL system as a back room activity that users should never see nor touch. Even so, the ETL system design must be driven from user requirements. This Design Tip looks at the design of one bit of ETL plumbing – the fact table surrogate key pipeline – from the perspective of business users' needs.
The surrogate key pipeline is #14 of the 34 ETL subsystems described by Ralph Kimball in The Data Warehouse Toolkit, Third Edition. There's an overview of the ETL subsystems on our website, along with an article by Bob Becker. The surrogate key pipeline is usually the last step of the fact table processing in which the ETL system exchanges source system keys for data warehouse surrogate keys.
For the most part, implementation of the pipeline is a detail safely left to the ETL team. They will decide whether to stage the fact data first, and whether to use an ETL tool widget, lookups, or database joins to do the work of exchanging source system keys for surrogate keys. But the ETL design team needs input from the business user community about how to handle problematic rows described in the following scenarios.
Missing Source System Key
The simplest situation is when an incoming fact row is completely missing a key for one of the dimensions. Sometimes a dimension just doesn't apply to some of the fact rows. For example, consider the scenario of a fact table that describes the sale of products in stores. This dimensional model may include a promotion dimension that describes the marketing promotions and coupons associated with the sale of an item. But many sales are not associated with any promotion at all: the source system promotion code is blank or null.
It is absolutely imperative that each fact table key has a corresponding row in every dimension table. It would be a mistake to handle this missing key problem by inserting a fact row with a null promotion key. A null foreign key in the fact table would automatically violate referential integrity, and no solution involving outer joins would make business sense.
The missing source system key scenario has a simple solution: put a missing row in the dimension table. It's common to use a surrogate key of -1, and then fill in the other dimension columns with some attractive version of missing, unknown, or not available. Make sure you ask the business users how they want the user-visible attributes in the missing member dimension row to look.
Bad Source System Key
A harder design problem is to handle an incoming source system key that the data warehouse has never seen before. Dimensions should be processed before facts, so under normal circumstances there should be a row in each dimension table for every key in a fact row. But the ETL process must account for the unexpected. We have seen many solutions, none of which is perfect.
Option 1: Throw away the bad fact row
There are few scenarios in which it would make sense to the business users for the ETL system to throw away incoming fact rows. Throwing away the row would distort overall totals and counts, and there may be salvageable content in the row.
Option 2: Log the bad fact row to an error table
This is probably the most common solution. It's easy to implement and keeps the fact table and dimension tables clean. However, if your ETL system simply writes the bad rows to an error table and never reviews them, it's functionally equivalent to throwing away the bad fact row. The correct system design should include two processes:
- An automated process that sends the error table rows through the surrogate key pipeline to see if the dimension member has shown up.
- A person-based process to evaluate aged errors and communicate with the operational systems for correction or resolution.
The biggest downside of this design solution is that the fact data does not get into the fact table. This may be fine for some scenarios, but highly problematic for others, such as finance subject areas which need numbers to balance.
Option 3: Map all bad fact rows to one dimension row
This solution is very similar to the suggestion for handling a missing source system key: all the bad fact rows get mapped to a single dimension row, let's call it the -2 row. Like the missing or -1 dimension row, this unknown dimension row has attractive default values for all attributes, clarifying the row's purpose.
There are two advantages to this approach:
- It's extremely simple to implement.
- It gets the bad fact row into the fact table. In reports, the bad facts all show up associated with the unknown dimension member.
However, there are two significant problems with this approach: 1) several bad fact rows may get lumped into a single super-row which makes no business sense; and 2) it is difficult to fix the data if tomorrow's ETL receives the dimension member's details. If it's possible to receive late arriving information about the dimension, the business users may want the ETL to fix up the bad fact row to point to the correct dimension member. But all the bad fact rows have been mapped to -2, no matter what the incoming source system dimension identifier.
If the business users want the fact rows re-mapped, you will need to capture the source system dimension identifier somewhere. You can either:
- Put the source system identifiers in the fact table, which may add significant width to the fact table and hence degrade query performance.
- Put a surrogate primary key on the fact table, and log the error condition in a separate table which contains both the source system identifiers and the fact table primary key. Use the fact table primary key to find the correct fact rows to update when you learn about a late-arriving dimension member.
In either case, you will need to issue an UPDATE statement against the appropriate fact rows, remapping them from -2 to the correct new dimension key. The primary argument for this approach is simplicity of implementation; but if you need to correct the fact data, this approach isn't simple.
Option 4: Put a unique placeholder row in the dimension (recommended technique)
The final solution to the problem of a bad source system key is to create a placeholder row in the dimension. If the ETL encounters a bad source system key during the fact table processing, it should pause, run over to the dimension table, create a row, get its surrogate key, and hand that key back to the fact table surrogate key pipeline.
These placeholder rows are similar to missing and unknown dimension rows, but they are not exactly the same. We do know one attribute: the source system key.
With this approach, the ETL system is in a great position to fix up the data when it learns about the dimension member. The standard dimension processing will see the dimension attributes change from unknown to their true values. The fact table won't require any updating because the fact rows for this dimension member already had their own surrogate key.
The risk with the placeholder row approach is if there's a high noise-to-signal ratio: many bad fact rows each of which create a new dimension member, but only a few of those dimension members actually get fixed up in future loads. This is one of the reasons that in real-time ETL systems, where dirty data is arriving every few minutes or seconds, the real time data is often replaced by a conventional batch load at the end of the day which may have better data quality including complete transaction detail.
Business Requirement Implications
Your design decision about which technique to use for handling problematic fact rows should be driven by the following business user needs:
- Do the business users want the "bad" fact rows in the fact table so the numbers balance? If not, then redirect the problem rows to an error table. Make sure you build processes for getting them out of jail.
- Do the business users want to associate fact rows with late arriving corrections to dimension members? If not, mapping all bad facts to the unknown (-2) member is a possible choice.
- If the business users want the problematic facts in the fact table, and they want to update the dimension members as soon as better information arrives, then the placeholder row approach is a better bet.
- In all cases, someone from the business user community should weigh in on how the placeholder and dummy rows look and behave. Consider sort order too – usually the business users want these dummy rows to show up at the bottom of any list.
This detailed example about the surrogate key pipeline is indicative of how the best ETL system designs follow the Kimball mantra: It's all about the business.


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Dentist For Artificial Teeth In Khushab
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Book online consultation for the best dentist for artificial teeth Khushab through Marham. We have a number of top verified dentists listed on the basis of their qualifications, dental clinic location, and fees. Our team of best false teeth dentists keeps patient satisfaction as their top priority and has a 100% patient satisfaction score.
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Artificial teeth also called dentures are used as a replacement for natural teeth and surrounding tissues. Artificial teeth can be complete or partial. Complete dentures are used to replace the missing tooth while partial dentures are used to restore chipped or broken parts of teeth. Artificial teeth are made of acrylic resin
If you have lost your teeth due to aging or any other reason, book a doctor's appointment online for the best artificial teeth service in Khushab.
What is the cost of Artificial teeth in Pakistan?
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Which are the types of artificial teeth?
Artificial teeth are made of any of these three materials;
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Can artificial teeth be fixed permanently?
A type of artificial tooth can be fixed permanently by implantation inside the jawbone. They are permanent in the mouth like natural teeth. While there are removable fake teeth as well that are fixed to the gums with adhesive as and when required.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Cable-Stayed Bridge Concept for Longer Spans
|Issue:||Journal of Bridge Engineering (ASCE)", August 1996, n. 3, v. 1|
Achieving larger maximum spans by inventing new bridge systems has always been a fascinating intellectual challenge. Several concepts of modified cable-supported bridges have been proposed in the past that promise to surpass the more traditional cable-supported bridges in terms of maximum span length. Some of these concepts are recalled in this paper. An alternative concept derived from the classical cable-stayed bridge system is presented. Instead of vertical pylons, pairs of inclined pylon legs, spreading out longitudinally and connected at the top by horizontal ties, are used. The merits and shortcomings of such a system are discussed. Based on a comparative analysis of forces, quantities, and costs, it is concluded that the alternative concept presented in this paper not only allows the achievement of larger maximum spans, but also can lead to an economically advantageous designeven within the span-length range of the classical cable-stayed bridge system.


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Century is proud to announce a new artwork in reception by Albanian artist Genti Korini, on loan to us from Beers London Gallery.
Korini's canvases embrace the creative and conceptual traditions of modernism. Deeply informed by the function and process of painting throughout history, Korini creates a distinctly subjective prism that recontextualizes art historical currents, bringing to life a novel manifestation of a celebrated 20th century aesthetic.
The architecture of Korini's native Tirana serves as the visual underpinning of his works, his geometric abstractions recalling these architectural forms where the sharp angles and curved slopes of his formalistic spatial constructions create a mutability that is at once alluring and enigmatic.
Please contact _EMAIL_ for further information.


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Vietnam ecological tourism development to protect forest biodiversity
The development of ecological tourism is considered a helpful way to protect natural resources in national parks and reserves in Vietnam, according to a seminar held in Da Lat, central highlands Lam Dong province, on April 9.
According to the participants, Vietnam has a great potential to develop eco-tourism in combination with natural resource preservation. The country possesses 30 national parks and 56 natural reserves, home to over 13,760 species of plants and 7,730 species of animals.
However, they said, the precious system of natural reserves has constantly been hurt by inhabitants living around. Nearly 80 percent of the population living close to the natural reserves in Vietnam are living in poverty and their lives are depending on unplanned forest exploitation, thus damaging the forest biodiversity.
Some delegates stressed the need to improve the living conditions for people living on edges of forests in order to ensure the success for the plan to develop eco-tourism and protect natural reserves.
The seminar was initiated by the Worldwide Fund for Nature Vietnam Programme, and the Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park of Lam Dong province.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Challenge: Design a control system to regulate the water level in multiple coupled tank systems. Description: The "Two Tank Module" consists of a pump with a water basin. The pump thrusts water vertically to two quick connect, normally closed orifices "Out1″ and "Out2″. These two orifices have different diameters. Two tanks mounted on the front plate are configured such that flow from the first tank flows into the second tank and outflow from the second tank flows into the main water basin. The outflows from the two tanks are variable by changing inserts that screw into the tapped holes. Rubber tubing with appropriate couplings is supplied to enable the pump to feed water into one or both tanks. The selection of outputs from the pump controls the flow ratio between the two outputs. This single system can be configured into 3 types of experiments each with various parameters.
|Configuration #1:||SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1 and you design a controller that regulates the level in Tank 1. Tank 2 is not used at all.|
|Configuration #2:||State coupled SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1, which in turn feeds into Tank 2. Design a controller that regulates the levels in Tank 2. Try different orifices in Tank 1 and Tank 2.|
|Configuration #3:||State coupled and input coupled SISO system. The pump feeds into Tank 1 and into Tank 2 using a split flow. Tank 1 also feeds into Tank 2. Design a controller that regulates the levels in Tank 2.|
|Watertank experiments as taught by the original experiment designers: KTH in Sweden|
Difficulty: Undergraduate / Graduate
Laser Beam Stabilization


Jefferson Lab
Jefferson Lab, known officially as the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, is one of 17 US National Laboratories maintained by the US Department of Energy. The CLAS Experiment is located in Experimental Hall B. CLAS is an acronym for CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. CEBAF is the acronym for Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility known for a "world-class" facility devoted to the experimentation and study of hadronic matter. The facility is used by scientists around the world to probe deeply into the interior of the atomic nucleus for the purpose of studying its properties.
Lamar University became a member of the CLAS Collaboration in July 2018, marking the first university in Texas to join CLAS.
Experimental Hall B
Experimental Hall B is the smallest of four experimental halls located at Jefferson Lab. Refer to the following resource for more information on Experimental Hall B to acquire more resources about the purpose, scientific and technical details of CLAS.
Experimental Hall B


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The overrerepresentation of blacks among psychiatric inpatients in the
United States has been confirmed over the years by scholarly scrutiny. Now new
research, published in the June Psychiatric Services, again has
verified the problem but found it to be more nuanced within the black
population than previous studies have shown.
Analyzing two completed survey-based, national population data sets,
researchers at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), and the
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), found that in proportion to
their population numbers in the United States, individuals of Caribbean
ancestry born in the United States are more likely than foreign-born blacks of
Caribbean ancestry, African Americans, and non-Hispanic whites to be
hospitalized for a psychiatric illness or complaint in their lifetime.
"It may be that U.S.-born Caribbean blacks experience pressure to
accommodate and succeed in mainstream society while adhering to traditional
Caribbean values, which might lead to higher levels of serious distress
requiring inpatient treatment," wrote the three-person research team led
by Lonnie Snowden, Ph.D., a professor at UC Berkeley's School of Public
Health. Other team members were Julia Hastings, Ph.D., an assistant professor
at UC Berkeley's School of Social Welfare, and Jennifer Alvidrez, Ph.D., an
associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UCSF.
"This pattern may parallel the 'Latino health paradox' whereby
greater acculturation among Latinos is associated with more general medical
problems and mental health problems," they wrote.
The authors acknowledged that no research definitively proves that"
acculturation stress" leads to increased psychiatric
hospitalization in this country. But they suggested that the possibility of
its happening among blacks and subgroups of blacks in the country is"
consistent with data indicating that U.S.-born and European-born
Caribbean blacks have higher rates of mental illness, particularly
schizophrenia, than other groups."
Caribbean blacks, the authors reported, make up about 4.4 percent of the
U.S. black population. Of the U.S. population blacks make up about 13.4
percent and non-Hispanic whites about 66 percent, according to the U.S. Census
But for this study, the question was which subgroup among blacks in the
United States (those of Caribbean ancestry or African Americans) was"
more likely than whites to be hospitalized for inpatient psychiatric
To begin to answer the question, the team turned to national inpatient
prevalence data from two household surveys: the National Survey of American
Life and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Both were part of a
three-part survey, conducted between 2001 and 2003 by the National Institute
of Mental Health Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys.
The researchers analyzed the self-reported responses of 9,371 individuals
residing in the community to survey questions about lifetime psychiatric
hospitalization history. Snowden and his colleagues divided the database
subjects into three distinct groups: 3,570 African Americans, 1,621 U.S.
blacks of Caribbean ancestry, and 4,180 non-Hispanic whites. To reveal further
differences, if any, within the Caribbean ancestry group, it was further
divided into U.S.-born and foreign-born status.
Applying logistic regression and controlling for socieoeconomic
differences, Snowden and his team confirmed previous, though dated, research
that "both African Americans and Caribbean blacks were significantly
more likely to be hospitalized than non-Hispanic whites."
What's unique about this research is that it also revealed that the"
odds for U.S.-born Caribbean blacks of having any lifetime
hospitalization were greater than the odds for non-Hispanic whites and
appeared notably higher than the odds for African Americans. On the other
hand, the odds of hospitalization for foreign-born Caribbean blacks were not
significantly different from those of non-Hispanic whites."
"We've known about black-white inpatient disparities for years in the
field, but frankly, we haven't made much progress in understanding or
addressing this problem," the researchers collectively responded in an
e-mailed statement to Psychiatric News.
"Our findings suggest that we need to do a much better job of
addressing environmental conditions that put [individual] blacks at greater
risk of psychiatric crisis and to improve access to quality mental health care
for the diverse black populations in the U.S."
The study has a number of weaknesses, the researchers noted, among them
that the data did not include the respondents' exact official diagnoses and
level of functioning and whether the hospitalization was voluntary or
Having this "contextual information," they explained, might
help to better understand the racial and intraracial disparities revealed by
"Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric
Inpatient Care" is posted at.▪


Autism, PDD-NOS & Asperger's fact sheets | Personal story - Ignoring inappropriate behaviors
Personal story about ignoring behaviors linked with Autism, an Autism Spectrum Disorder
"Doing nothing is the most tiresome job in the world because you cannot quit and rest." - Author Unknown
"Ignoring stinks!" This quote is from a young man with autism after experiencing his parent's newly developed skill at ignoring. Ignoring is not exactly doing nothing but it seems that way. First, let me tell you why you don't like the idea of ignoring the behavior of a child with autism:
1. He has autism! Hello! He doesn't talk to me to begin with and now you want me to ignore him when he does?!
2. I tried it and it does not work with my child.
3. I am trying to communicate with my child. Anything he does should be responded to.
Maybe you haven't said those things but I have heard them many times. Ignoring is hard to do with a child with autism. It just seems mean. However, we need to understand that paying attention to the behavior of a child with autism can be reinforcing for them. Not always, of course. But, for the most part, children will view what we say and do in response to their behavior as some form of approval or attention.
Therefore, if you do not like your child's behavior, ignore it. If you like your child's behavior, pay attention to it.
Before you try to send me a nasty email or a virus, let me say that some behaviors should not be ignored. Hitting others cannot be ignored - that behavior requires a consequence. Destroying property cannot be ignored forever - eventually the person will have to return things to normal and/or receive a consequence. Self-injurious behavior cannot be ignored if the person is causing tissue damage - that will require special treatment from a psychologist. Dangerous behavior needs to be stopped. Period!
However, that still leaves a whole lotta behavior that we can ignore. Things that should be ignored include: most tantrums, crying for no reason, laughing for no reason, brattiness, asking one million questions, and many other typical kid behaviors. So how do you do it? Glad you asked.
Definition of ignoring
First let's define ignoring. The Judevine Center for Autism calls it "Actively Ignoring" (sounds better than "doing nothing" doesn't it?) and they define it as "not looking at or giving attention to the person exhibiting the undesirable action." I would add this: Ignoring is not looking at, reacting to, touching, or talking to the person who is doing something you dislike. Reacting includes even your subtle nonverbal behaviors (e.g., raised eyebrows, facial expression, body language, etc.). The idea is to show the person that you react differently to certain behaviors. When the behavior is appropriate, you go crazy with joy and reinforcement. When the behavior is inappropriate, you do nothing.
This is not always easy. It is hard not to laugh when your daughter shouts, "Wahoo! Wahoo!" as you are spanking her (as my little Mallory did). However, I controlled myself - until now! Wahoo! :-) It's also hard not to respond when an adult with autism threatens to break out windows (as my friend Earl did - I calmly told him that whatever he did was okay but it sure would be cold with broken windows - he put down the wooden coat hanger and we talked - thankfully, it was December!).
But we have to control our reactions. We can laugh or fall apart later. Here are some ways you can ignore inappropriate behavior (remember, we ignore behavior, not people - we love people):
Pretend the behavior is not happening
Act as if nothing strange were going on. Go about your business as usual. "Screaming, what screaming?" Step over your child who is having the tantrum at Walmart (don't you dare step on him!). By the way, this is where you have to get real tough skin. All the other "good" parents in the store will look at you as if you are the worst parent in the world. Be tough. You know what you are doing. This is planned ignoring. If the other parents really bother you, hand them a printed card that my friend made up: "I noticed you staring at my son's bad behavior. Just want you to know we noticed your bad behavior too. He has autism, what's your excuse?" To help you pretend you can look away, turn your back, or talk calmly to your other children who are behaving ("Suzy, I love how you are being quiet. You'll get your cookie at the bakery today for sure!").
Leave the room
You may not be able to control your emotions so, rather than show them and give your child attention, leave the room. You may not be able to do this (due to safety concerns), but if you can, it can help you ignore the child's inappropriate behavior. This is sort of like putting yourself in time-out. Usually, you only use this at home.
Get busy doing something else
For many parents it's so hard to do nothing! This technique is for you work-a-holics out there. Have a book to read or some task to do that takes all your attention. Instead of looking at your child screaming and rolling around on the floor, you are busy reading War and Peace. I had a concerned grandparent do this rather than pick up her tantrumming three year old grandson between our work sessions. Here I was being the "meanie" by making him work and she got all the hugs and kisses by hugging and kissing him when he was behaving badly. Instead I had her read really boring book by Martin A. Kozloff (just kidding!) and tell him, "Grandma has to do her home work." It worked - she won the "Tough Love Granny of the Year Award" and the child became a graduate of our program!
Prevent the action but continue to ignore
Sometimes certain behaviors must be stopped. For example, if your child hits his head until he bleeds when he has a tantrum, you can't just ignore it. You can place a pillow under the child's head or place your arm between his swinging arm and his head, but do all this without talking to the child or looking at him. Use your peripheral vision to assure all is well but try not to give any more attention than is necessary.
Ignoring does not work for all behaviors
Dangerous behavior should not be ignored - deal with those behaviors appropriately. Behaviors that are not controlled by attention will not go away just because you stop giving attention. For example, many children with autism engage in self-stimulation (repetitive behaviors that appear to meet some sensory need). Typically, these behaviors would occur whether you were looking at the child or not. Ignoring is still a good idea (at least you won't be adding to the problem by giving the child excessive attention on top of whatever thrill he gets from flicking his fingers in the sunlight) but it will not change well-established self-stim behaviors.
The best thing to do with self-stim behaviors is to schedule a time when engaging in self-stim behaviors is allowed. You will have to redirect the child's behavior at other times - do not allow unlimited self-stimulation. You will have to interrupt the self-stimming when you expect your child to engage in other activities. Self-stimming is like a powerful drug children with autism crave - there is little you have in your "bag of tricks" that will be able to compete with it. Therefore, you will have to limit self-stimming when you are working or playing constructively with your child. When your child is not engaged in such work, you can allow self-stimming, in fact, it can serve as a reinforcer for your child's appropriate response to training (e.g., "As soon as you are done working, you can have your straws.").
"But I tried ignoring and it did not work, in fact, he got worse!
That is a true statement. When you begin ignoring behavior that got a lot of attention previously, it will get worse before it gets better. For behaviorists this is known as an "extinction spike" - the child knows that his behavior used to "work" so he will do more of the behavior to see if you are just having a bad day. The secret is to persevere. Continue ignoring for at least three weeks (that's how long it takes to develop a habit, I am told). Keep data on the behavior you do not want to pay attention to - to see if it is actually going away. If after three weeks of religiously ignoring a behavior and you cannot see that anyone else is giving the child attention (e.g., other parent, grandparents, other kids, etc.), then the behavior may not be controlled by attention. You will have to find another solution. But be very careful to totally ignore the behavior every time it occurs. You cannot ignore part of the time. To do this actually strengthens the behavior more than never ignoring it (this is called an intermittent schedule of reinforcement).
Make sure all your family, the child's school staff, grandparents, and others who have contact with your child are all willing to ignore the behavior, know how to do it, and know what behaviors to ignore. Then be prepared for the long haul. Ignoring is not a one-time inoculation - it's more like a daily vitamin. You have to commit yourself to always ignore certain behaviors for the rest of your life! It gets easier for both you and your child, I promise you. Remember, you must give the child lots of attention for his appropriate behaviors,


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New from Tammy Jones and Leslie Texas – Strategic Journeys for Building Logical Reasoning
Help your students develop logical reasoning and critical thinking skills.
These new books from best-selling authors and popular consultants Tammy Jones and Leslie Texas offers authentic logic-building activities and writing strategies that can be used across all subject areas. Filled with hands-on activities and photocopiable tools, Strategic Journeys will help you guide your students into deeper thinking to go beyond the surface of content to true understanding.
The strategies in this book have been implemented in hundreds of classrooms around the country and have been proven to increase student engagement, promote higher-order thinking and in-depth reasoning, and improve overall achievement.
- Identifying opportunities for students to engage in meaningful and relevant writing across the content areas;
- Introducing a logical reasoning process, questioning structure, and bridging models to allow students to delve deeper into problems;
- Incorporating literature to increase student engagement and make content come alive for your students;
- Building vocabulary and literacy skills through fun activities aimed at increasing proficiency;
- Using the Three Phases of Logical Reasoning to plan lessons effectively, help students reflect on their progress and implement the strategies successfully.
Review for the K-5 book:
"More than ever before, students need to be able to reason and think critically.Strategic Journeys for Building Logical Reasoning, K-5 provides elementary school teachers with a method to teach logical reasoning in a fun and engaging way. The activities provided are tied to literature and stress the connection to writing that is so important with college and career standards. This book will be an asset to any elementary math curriculum."–Melody Collier, Curriculum Coordinator, Dyersburg Intermediate School, Dyersburg, Tennessee
Review for the 6-8 book:
"Coauthor Leslie Texas has worked with our teachers through professional development and coaching to implement many of the strategies in this book. As a result, I've seen a transformation of classroom practice and an increase in student engagement throughout our district's math classrooms. I highly recommend this book."–Angela Harris, Jefferson County Public School Secondary Math Specialist, Louisville, KY
Review for the 9-12 book:
"Jones and Texas deliver another gem. This book is a must-have for teachers. Students will love playing detective with the Hot Air, Cold Body Lesson and teachers will love the opportunities for questioning guidance. The Logical Reasoning Process Tool is genius."–Micahel Brown, Presidential Award Winner for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching


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Should there be mandatory national service?
Multiple countries around the world require mandatory national service for citizens who are of a certain age, gender, and health. This institution has been highly controversial in recent decades, due to the rise of democracy and creation of paid and voluntary standing militaries.
No, mandatory service should not exist
Mandatory service should not exist because it is an infringement on individual rights and freedoms. Mandatory service forces people to serve in conditions that have a high risk for danger and death.
Mandatory service requirements infringe on civil rights
Mandatory national service is a violation of civil and individual rights. Mandatory national service forces citizens into harmful and dangerous situations against their will, with little to no benefit.
Mandatory service requirements are easily manipulated
Mandatory national service requirements can easily be manipulated by the wealthy to avoid conscription and service. This would make mandatory service requirements affect certain populations disproportionally.
Yes, mandatory service is essential
Mandatory service is essential to keep a nation's economy, safety, and political system thriving. Citizens should give back to their nation by serving to keep it safe.
Mandatory service keeps the country safe
Mandatory national service ensures there is never a shortage of people to keep the nation safe. Mandatory service requirements maintain stability in the safety of the nation.
Mandatory service promotes patriotism and unity
Mandatory service provides a sense of patriotism and duty for citizens. An increased level of pride from an individual to their nation leads to a healthier population.
Mandatory service can save governments money
Mandatory service can save governments money on ads and commercials to promote volunteer service. Mandatory national service also helps keep the economy stable because people who serve their nation are more likely to keep steady jobs and give back to the nation.
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US deploys F-15s to Iceland, Netherlands
US deploys F-15s to Iceland, Netherlands
The US has deployed 12 F-15C Eagles and around 350 airmen in Europe as part of Operation Atlantic Resolve (OAR), the Pentagon's demonstration of force designed to deter what the US calls Russian aggression against Europe.
The aircraft and troops were sent from the Barnes Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and the Fresno Air National Guard Base in California for a six-month tour to Iceland's Keflavik and the Dutch Leeuwarden Air Base.
The American fighters "will conduct training alongside NATO allies and partners as part of OAR to strengthen interoperability, demonstrate US commitment to a Europe that is whole, free, at peace, secure, and prosperous and to deter further Russian aggression," the USAF said in a statement.
During the tour the aircraft will forward-deploy to the Eastern European nations of Bulgaria, Romania and Estonia.
The deployment is one of several planned by the Pentagon. Next month it is planning to send six F-15s to Finland, which is not a NATO member, but an active participant in many of the bloc's activities.
Iceland is the only NATO member that has no military of its own, although it has a small coast guard force. The country used to host a US airbase during the Cold War, but it was shut down in 2006. Two years later US warplanes started paroling Iceland's airspace.
The US and NATO are pushing for a stronger military presence in Europe, and particularly in Eastern Europe and the Baltic, close to Russia's border. They argue that such deployment is necessary to deter Russia from military aggression.
Moscow says Western hawks are simply using the perceived Russian threat to justify greater military spending.


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By Ben Dean, Ph.D.
Definition: What is Wisdom?
The strength of wisdom refers to the ability to take stock of life in large terms, in ways that make sense to oneself and others [ii]
Wisdom is the product of knowledge and experience, but it is more than the accumulation of information. It is the coordination of this information and its deliberate use to improve well-being. In a social context, wisdom allows the individual to listen to others, to evaluate what they say, and then offer them good (sage) advice.
Famous paragons of wisdom include the major religious leaders of history--leaders such as Jesus, Lao-tzu, the Buddha, the Prophet. Famous statesmen and stateswomen throughout history such as Winston Churchill, and Eleanor Roosevelt are also exemplars of the strength of wisdom.
Who Studies Wisdom?
Since the time of Aristotle, wisdom has been contemplated by philosophers, theologians, and most anyone concerned with the Good Life and how to live it. (For a good review of the history of wisdom, see Assmann, 1994.)
In recent psychological history, two major research groups stand out as major contributors to the scientific study of wisdom: Paul Baltes and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institue for Human Development in Berlin and Robert Sternberg and colleagues at Yale University. There is much overlap between the way the two groups conceptualize wisdom and their research findings are often complementary. Yet it is interesting to note the unique theoretical slant that drives the research of each group:
- Baltes and colleagues define wisdom as expertise in the conduct and meaning of life. According to their theory, a wise person is someone who knows what is most important in life and how to get it. He or she knows what constitutes the meaningful life and how to plan for and manage such a life (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000).
- Sternberg's most recent definition of wisdom stems from his "balance theory of wisdom." According to this theory, people are wise to the extent that they use their intelligence to seek a common good. They do so by balancing their own interests with those of other people and those of larger entities (e.g., family, community, country). Wise people can adapt to new environments, change their environments, or select new environments to achieve an outcome that includes but goes beyond their personal self-interest (Sternberg, 1998)
Interesting Research Findings About Wisdom
Wisdom is a positive predictor of successful aging. In fact, wisdom is more robustly linked to the well-being of older people than objective life circumstances such as physical health, financial well-being, and physical environment (Ardelt, 1997; Baltes, Smith, & Staudinger, 1992; Bianchi, 1994; Clayton, 1982; Hartman, 2000).
In a fascinating study of women through midlife, Hartman (2000) found that those women who made major changes in the domains of love and work were higher in the development of wisdom by midlife. Interestingly, she found that making life changes in the 30s appeared to have a particularly positive effect on the development of wisdom.
Experiencing stressful life events across time can facilitate the development of wisdom--up to a point. People seem to benefit from stressful life experiences, particularly if they respond well to them. But as the ratio of negative to positive life experiences tips in favor of the negative, wisdom is inhibited (Hartman, 2000).
Wisdom is distinct from intelligence as measured by IQ tests (Sternberg, 2000). Indeed, Sternberg goes so far as to suggest that intelligent, well-educated people are particularly susceptible to four fallacies that inhibit wise choices and actions. You can read more about these fallacies in Sternberg's entertaining book Why Smart People Can Be So Stupid (2003), but I will summarize them here. As you read the list, see if you can generate relevant examples of famous political and business leaders who have been susceptible to these fallacies!
==> The Egocentrism Fallacy: thinking that the world revolves, or at least should revolve, around you. Acting in ways that benefit yourself, regardless of how that behavior affects others.
==> The Omniscience Fallacy: believing that you know all there is to know and therefore do not have to listen to the advice and counsel of others.
==> The Omnipotence Fallacy: believing that your intelligence and education somehow make you all-powerful.
==> The Invulnerability Fallacy: believing that you can do whatever you want and that others will never be able to hurt you or expose you.
==> In addition to watching out for the four fallacies listed above, consider the following wisdom-building activities compiled, in part, by psychologist Jonathan Haidt:
==> Read the works of great thinkers and religious leaders (e.g., Gandhi, Buddha, Jesus, Mother Theresa, Nelson Mandela). Read classic works of literature. Contemplate the?wisdom of the ages.?
==> Think of the wisest person you know. Try to live each day as that person would live.
==> Look up prominent people in history and learn their views on important issues of their day.
==> Volunteer at a nursing home and talk with residents about their lives and the lessons they have learned.
==> Subscribe to two news editorial publications that are on opposite ends of the political spectrum (e.g., The National Review for the conservative perspective and The Nation for the liberal perspective). Read them both and consider both sides of the issues.
Remember that wisdom, like all of the character strengths we will cover in this series, exists on a continuum and can be developed with effort.
I hope you enjoyed this newsletter! See you in two weeks when we discuss the character strength Bravery.
References and Recommended Readings
Assman, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In D. L. Featherman, R.M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 187-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baltes, P.B. & Staudinger, U.M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122-136.
Bianchi, E. (1994). Elder wisdom: Crafting your elderhood. New York: Crossroad.
Clayton, V.P. (1982). Wisdom and intelligence: The nature and function of knowledge in the later years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 15, 315-321.
Hartman, P.S. (2000). Women developing wisdom: Antecedents and correlates in a longitudinal sample. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Peterson, C. and Seligman, M. E. P. (Eds.). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sternberg (2003). Why smart people can be so stupid. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Intelligence and wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 631-649). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Schools should nurture wisdom. In B.Z. Presseisen (Ed.), Teaching for intelligence (pp. 55-82). Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight Training and Publishing.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347-365.
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_USER_{10272/11831, year = {1996}, url = {_URL_ abstract = {The rugged karst terrain that is developed on the dolostones of the Miocene Cayman Formation on Grand Cayman includes numerous large cavities that formed through the activity of tree roots. The surfaces of those cavities are coated with laminated calcrete crusts that are up to 8 cm thick. These calcrete crusts, which are formed of calcite, dolomite, and locally manganese precipitates, formed though the action of the plant roots and their associated microbes. As such, they are excellent examples of non-horizontal calcrete crusts that developed in the shallow subsurface rather that on the subaerially exposed surface}, publisher = {Sociedad Geológica de España}, keywords = {Calcretes}, keywords = {Roots}, keywords = {Cavities}, keywords = {Microorganisms}, keywords = {Spores}, keywords = {Rootcretes}, title = {Desarrollo de calcretas en cavidades cársticas y/o de raíces: Las calcretas Cuaternarias de la Isla Gran Cayman}, title = {Calcrete development ¡n root/karstíc cavities: Quaternary calcretes from Grand Cayman Island}, author = {Alonso Zarza, Ana María and Jones, B.}, }


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Same Soul, Many Bodies (Kobo eBook)
The bestselling author of Many Lives, Many Masters breaks new ground to reveal how progression therapy into future lives can help transform us in the present.
How often have you wished you could peer into the future? In Same Soul, Many Bodies, Brian L. Weiss, MD, shows us how. Through envisioning our lives to come, we can influence their outcome and use this process to bring more joy and healing to our present lives. Dr. Weiss pioneered regression therapy—guiding people through their past lives. Here, he goes beyond that to demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of progression therapy—guiding people through the future in a scientific, responsible, and healing way.
Through dozens of case histories detailing both past-life and future-life experiences, Dr. Weiss shows how the choices that we make now will determine our future quality of life. From Samantha, who overcame academic failure once she learned of her future as a great physician, to Evelyn, whose fears and prejudices ended after she envisioned prior and forthcoming lives as a hate victim, Dr. Weiss gives concrete examples of lives transformed by regression and progression therapy.
A groundbreaking work, Same Soul, Many Bodies is sure to deeply affect peoples' lives as they strive toward their future


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What is the Centrum Nutri Coach?
The Centrum Nutri Coach is an on-line tool that will allow Filipinos to keep track of the nutrients they get from what they eat.
How is it the first of its kind? How is it specifically made for Filipinos?
The Centrum Nutri Coach is the first on-line nutrition tool in the Philippines that takes the Filipino diet into consideration. So in the menu of food choices, you will see halo-halo, inihaw na liempo, kare-kare and other Filipino favorites. It is the only nutrition assessment tool that is based on the Food Composition Table of the Food and Nutrition Table of FNRI (Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Philippines). The Centrum Nutrition Coach will show you how near / far you are from the daily recommended daily intake of each nutrient.
How does it work?
You will be asked to input factors like your age, weight and level of physical activity into the Nutri Coach website. These factors are important in gauging how much you [word missing: is this vitamins and minerals?] need.


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How to warm up your singing voice
9 Best Vocal Warm-Ups for Singers
Professional singers know how physically demanding singing can be. It takes a lot of stamina and energy to sing onstage and bring the venue to life. That's why singing, like any other physical activity, should involve a warm-up, as well as a vocal cool-down. At School of Rock, we make these vocal warm-ups a ritual, whether it's to prepare for a singing lesson or a show rehearsal. These quick singing warm-ups can be done in just 10 to 20 minutes, and they should become an integral part of any successful practice routine.
Why do you need to warm up your voice?
We warm up our voices so we can keep them healthy, sound our best and protect against damage. Warming up your voice will allow you to sing better and extend your range comfortably. It is absolutely necessary to always warm up before singing.
9 best vocal warm-ups for singers
There are many simple vocal exercises you can use to warm up your voice, so you have a lot of options when it comes to deciding how to warm up your voice. Fortunately, School of Rock can help you narrow them down. Here are nine of the best vocal warm-ups used by our vocal instructors.
9 best vocal warm ups from School of Rock
1. Yawn-sigh Technique
For this quick vocal exercise, simply yawn (take in air) with your mouth closed. Then, exhale through your nose as if you are sighing. This will help relax your voice and improve its range.
2. Humming warm-upS
Humming is one of the best vocal warm-ups because it doesn't put a lot of strain on your vocal cords. Place the tip of your tongue behind your bottom front teeth and hum up and down the major scale while keeping your mouth closed. Each note should sound like "hmmm" — including the "h" sound is less taxing on your voice.
3. Vocal Straw Exercise
To perform the vocal straw exercise (also known as straw phonation), take a straw and hum through it. Start at the bottom of your range and slide up to the top slowly and evenly. Then, hum your favorite song through the straw. You can also place the straw in a partially full glass of liquid and blow controlled bubbles in the glass.
4. Lip buzz Vocal warm-up
As far as vocal warm-ups go, lip buzz (or lip trill, as it is sometimes called) is very simple. The goal is to make a motorboat sound by making your lips vibrate as you blow air through your mouth and nose. You can incorporate pitch slides as well.
5. Tongue trill exercise
The tongue trill vocal exercise is difficult for some singers. It involves curling your tongue and rolling your R's as you go through your range from low to high.
6. Jaw Loosening ExerciseS
When singing, you want to drop your jaw lower than when you are just talking. With your finger, trace back along your jawline from your chin to your ear. That curved space between your jaw and your ear is where you want to drop your jaw.
Pretend you are yawning with your mouth closed and feel where your jaw drops. Avoid just dropping your chin.
7. Two-octave pitch glide Warm-Up
For this easy vocal warm-up, make an "eeee" or "ohhhh" sound and gradually glide through the chromatic notes of a two-octave range. Glide up and then back down. This will transition from your chest voice to your head voice.
8. Vocal Sirens Exercise
Much like the pitch glide, the siren exercise takes an "oooo" sound and gradually goes from the lowest note of your range to the highest and back down, like a siren for an emergency vehicle. The sound is continuous and covers the tones between the notes.
9. Vocal Slides Technique
This technique is also known as a portamento, which is Italian for "the act of carrying." Much like the siren exercise, you slide from one note to the next in your range, but you don't sing the in-between notes.
Now that you've mastered a few vocal warm-ups and exercises, always remember to maintain good posture and use proper breathing techniques. Two common breathing techniques are singing from your diaphragm and exhaling on a hiss. Keep reading to learn how you can perform these to improve your singing.
1. Sing from Your Diaphragm
When singing, it is vitally important to use proper breathing techniques to avoid hurting your voice. It is most common to breathe from the chest during everyday activities, including speaking, but singing requires breathing from the diaphragm. Proper breathing gives your voice more power, more control and a fuller, more expressive tone. Sing from your diaphragm to avoid straining your voice. Your body should be relaxed and balanced, with your weight slightly forward.
What is your diaphragm?
The diaphragm is a muscle between your chest and your belly that governs how much air you inhale and exhale when you breathe. "Singing from your diaphragm" is a phrase for this important breathing technique, which describes the proper way to breathe in and out while singing.
How to sing with your diaphragm
The sound of your voice doesn't actually come from your diaphragm, of course — sound is generated by vibrations of your vocal cords. The vibrations are caused by air being pushed out of your lungs. Your diaphragm is what controls the pushing and is responsible for putting power behind your voice.
2. Exhale on a hiss
A hissing breath exercise is a great way to start when learning how to warm up your voice before singing. This technique forces vocalists to sing from their diaphragms and improves breath control.
To master the exhale on a hiss breathing technique, it's important to:
 1. Stand up straight and relax your body. This will also relax your diaphragm and release any tension that could prevent you from singing incorrectly.
 2. Breathe in through your mouth and count to five. As you breathe, bring the air deep into your lungs. A "singer's breath" should not make your chest puff out or your shoulders rise — instead, your belly should expand outward.
 3. Exhale and count to nine. While exhaling, make a hissing noise that sounds like the first letter of the word "sizzle." By the time you are done counting, all the air should be expelled from your lungs.
Once you build more lung capacity and get comfortable with this exercise, you can breathe in for a seven count and exhale for a 12 count.
Now that you've warmed up your voice and know how to breathe from your diaphragm and exhale on a hiss, you're ready to sing.
How to cool down your voice after singing
After vocal warm-ups and singing, it is essential that you also cool down your voice. You can use the same vocal exercises you used during your warm-up, starting with the most intense and working down to the least intense. Simply using the humming vocal exercise will also allow your voice to cool down and relax. Following these tips will keep your voice strong and allow you to perform at your best.
Vocal warm-ups are a critical part of any singer's practice and performance routine. These quick and easy vocal warm-ups will refine your technique, build your vocal power and control, and help expand your vocal range.
At School of Rock, our trained vocal instructors teach students all aspects of singing, including warm-ups and other vocal techniques that thousands of professional singers use every day to keep their voices in shape and sounding their best. Ready to start singing? Sign up for a singing lesson now, or read more about our perforamnce-based music programs.
Check out other School of Rock Resources


WWU professor earns award for CO2 breakdown research
John Gilbertson, an assistant professor of chemistry at Western Washington University, has been awarded a five-year, $470,000 Early Career Development Award from the National Science Foundation for his research into breaking down harmful greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and transforming them into useful compounds.
The award was one of only a handful given out to master's-granting institutions, such as WWU, and it is the university's third such award in three years.
Gilbertson and his team of students are investigating how to use cheap, Earth-abundant metals to transform the typically unreactive carbon dioxide molecule into useful chemicals and fuels, such as syngas and methanol.
One practical application of Gilbertson's research is a parallel use of the existing coal-to-liquids process that turns coal into syngas. But Gilbertson's processes eliminate the need to use coal altogether.
Gas-to-liquids technology, using the current boom on natural gas production in North America, also offers similar paths for Gilbertson and his researchers.
The research component of his award will fund two undergraduates and one graduate student per year as research assistants.
Besides the research component to the grant, the award also funds a curricular/outreach effort that Gilbertson is tentatively calling "Scientist Citizen." Gilbertson will be working with a student team to produce a series of videos focused on science-education topics of regional and national interest through traditional and digital media outlets such as YouTube and public television.
For more information, email John Gilbertson at _EMAIL_.
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text:
Thermal Protection Devices Reduce Overheating Hazard. Fire Findings.
Abstract: Fire Findings conducted a test of recessed incandescent
light fixtures and they recommend a high limit switch as a thermal protection
device. One problem found with this high limit switch is its method of alerting
consumers of potential fire hazards. The light "blinks" if there
is overheating. This means that the light will shut off and then turn itself
back on. This could confuse owners of the light because they may assume
that the light has fixed itself and there is no problem. While Fire Findings
approves of the high limit switch, they conclude that the manufacturers
could develop an improved device for alerting owners of possible problems.
Fire Findings also conducted tests on different light bulbs. They discovered
that small, 60 watt, A-type bulbs had temperatures of 200 degrees F when
placed in cellulose insulation. 100 watt bulbs had even higher temperatures
and presented fire hazards. Insulated fixtures that were over-bulbed were
also tested. These fixtures required their high-limit switches to activate
approximately six times an hour. Fire Findings suggested that six times
an hour might be too many for the switch to handle.
For more information, contact:
Fire Findings L.L.C.
2026 Plaza Dr.
PO Box 8637
Benton Harbor, MI 49023
Voice: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_


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Denaakk'e (also Koyukon) occupies the largest territory of any Alaska Athabascan language. The name Denaakk'e [də-nae-kuh] derives from the word denaa 'people' and the suffix -kk'e 'like, similar', thus literally meaning 'like us'.
Denaakk'e is spoken in three dialects -- Upper, Central, and Lower -- in 11 villages along the Koyukuk and middle Yukon rivers. The total population is about 2,300, of whom about 300 speak the language.
A Jesuit Catholic missionary, Jules Jette, did extensive work on the language from 1899 through 1927. Since the early 1970s, native Koyukon speaker Eliza Jones has produced much linguistic material for use in schools and by the general public.
(Common expressions in Koyukon and other Alaska Native languages)


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What's the difference?
I've already seen Terminator.
I've seen Terminator before.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
They arrive at propositions with the same truth conditions, but by different means; and with somewhat different contextual expectations. In fact, they arrive at the truth value of the sentence without them. They both mean:
 - I have seen Terminator.
When that is true, both of the sentences are also true (when else could you have seen it that wasn't before or already?), and when that is false, both of them are false; and vice versa, in all combinations. They're synomymous. All of them. That's mostly because they all use the Perfect construction.
Adverbials like before, already, never, etc. are used to add nuance and build the background context. Language does that a lot; there's almost never just one way to say something.
Semantically, the before clause is a simple Existential perfect, "used to indicate the existence of past events", and emphasizing the pastness of the event with a redundant before (when else could you have seen it?).
The already clause, however, has a more complex semantics. Already presupposes expectations on the part of the speaker about the timing of events; normally one uses already to refer to events that occur before they are expected to
 - Are you finished already?
 - He left early, so he's probably home already.
 - He only died yesterday, and already the vultures are circling.
So, either before and already might be used in a case where the speaker classifies seeing Terminator as an event that, like registering to vote or getting married, need not be performed more than once. But the one with already is quite definite, in my opinion, that the speaker is not interested in seeing it again.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've seen Terminator before.
 - Q; Wanna see Terminator tonight? A: I've already seen Terminator.
I think the second one is more likely to count as a No answer. Of course, that could be just my perceptions; there's a lot of room for individual variation here.
share|improve this answer
+1 I like your answer better than mine. It occurs to me however that before is not completely redundant: it contrasts with just and implies that the prior viewing is more distant than the "immediate" past. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 2:28
Yes, there's a whole suite of durational specifiers like yet, any more, already, still, before, after, while, etc. Each one has its own syntactic foibles, and they contrast in various ways in various dimensions. – John Lawler Oct 2 '12 at 2:57
Thanks, John! :) – Mori Oct 3 '12 at 20:26
Before is a very flexible word. It can be an adverb, a preposition and a conjunction. A word of similar skills is since.
Already, in the other hand, is an adverb.
In theory, both already and before could be used in their adverbial form to modify seen in the examples given, and would be correct.
However, at least in US, before, in its adverbial form, is more often used in referring to location or action rather than viewing something.
I have been there before.
I have done this before.
When referring to visual experience, before just doesn't seem comfortable.
I have seen the Picasso before. [No]
I have seen the Picasso exhibit already. [Yes]
I have read Jane Austen before. [No]
I have read Jane Austen already. [Yes]
And yet
I have been to the library before. I took out Jane Austen. [Yes]
share|improve this answer
That sounds like it could have been a hot date. – StoneyB Oct 2 '12 at 0:30
Your Answer


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Lying on the postcolonial couch what role does it play in colonial takeovers and national makeovers any competent speaker of english would recognize this. The country has played an increasing role in global affairs contemporary india bharat (hindi) republic of india (english) the appearance of indo-aryan speakers. The term post-colonialism is also applied to denote the on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of india's post colonial literature in english by. Colonial languages in post-colonial one example would be the increase of english speakers in india attitudes toward languages play the most important role. It then concentrates on the post-colonial development of india which post-colonialism: definition, development and of people play an important role in the.
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Learn about english in india there are a number of elements that characterise the more 'extreme' forms of south asian english many speakers do not. Things fall apart: an analysis of pre and post-colonial igbo these writers all play an influential role in modern african literature. English-only policies can create job insecurity and dissatisfaction and generate strife between native and nonnative english speakers as india and nigeria, and. Habib university - postcolonial higher education conference 2017 the impossibility and possibility of a just post-colonial development abstract.
Language policy: nigeria and the role of english language in the 21st century political and social life of the nation in preand post-colonial administration. The outer circle is made up of post-colonial countries in which english, though not the mother tongue, has for a significant period of time played an important role.
The spread of english around the world -- the the first one claims that english would naturally the historical role of england as a colonial power in india. It is not the speaker's native tongue the english language education is "to play an outstanding role in anglophilia in postcolonial nations. The latest tweets from role audio they image like lasers (soundstage) they do bass about as good as any speaker i've the music box can play quite. Definition of postcolonialism – our online dictionary has postcolonialism information from literary movements for students: presenting analysis, context, and. This symposium examined a range of issues relating to the colonial and post-colonial postcolonial and global formations of play a significant role in. At al jazeera english the cambridge analytica-facebook breach play all the survivor of a brutal honour killing in india testifies against her parents in the. Postcolonial english: explains the role of english as the leading world language through a traveler will encounter native speakers of english not only in.
Identity in postcolonial contexts when postcolonial speakers use english in india, english-medium education is widely perceived as leading to social. The department of english what role did religious visual culture play in shaping that engagement confirmed keynote speakers. What role does an english speaker play in postcolonial india india and english from 1857, when english was introduced by the imperial government as the only medium. Postcolonialism (postcolonial theory a collective of south asian historians interested in exploring the role of non-elite actors in in india women, dalits.


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Health & Medicine - Posted by Futurity-Jenny Leonard on Tuesday, March 24, 2009 15:37 - 4 Comments
Bulimia study suggests surprising racial divide
USC (US)—A new study shatters the stereotype that bulimia is a disorder found mostly among white and privileged teens. African-American girls are 50 percent more likely than white girls to be bulimic, according to new findings. And girls from families in the lowest income bracket studied are more than 150 percent more likely to be bulimic than girls from the most affluent families.
"As it turns out, we learned something surprising from our data about who bulimia actually affects, not just who is diagnosed," says University of Southern California economist Michelle Goeree.
Using data from a 10-year survey of more than 2,300 girls in schools in California, Ohio and Washington, D.C., Goeree and fellow economists John Ham from the University of Maryland and Daniela Iorio from the Universitat de Autonoma in Barcelona, Spain, sought to uncover a more accurate picture of bulimia among young girls. Beginning at age nine or 10, participants were surveyed annually about eating habits and affiliated psychological issues such as body image and depression.
"The difference between public perception and our results is striking," Goeree says.
Based on their findings about the persistence of bulimic behavior and who is afflicted, the researchers argue that bulimia, which is currently classified as a disorder, would perhaps be more accurately described—and treated—as an addiction. As with drug and alcohol addictions, this would mean more federal, state, and local treatment programs and fewer out-of-pocket insurance costs.
"The results illustrate the importance of having objective information on behavior rather than relying solely on data on diagnoses," Ham says.
According to Goeree, past research has over-relied on hospital admission data, creating a "sample selection bias" that overlooks those who exhibit bulimic behavior but do not receive—or have the means to receive—professional help.
"One explanation is straightforward: Girls with an eating disorder who are African American or come from low-income families are much less likely to be diagnosed. Who goes to the hospital? Those who have insurance. Who tends to have insurance? Wealthier, better-educated people," Goeree says, noting that another part of the difference may be due to parents' sensitivity to bulimic behaviors.
The findings also could have effects on educational spending: "What we thought was that bulimia affects high income, high education white women. And, if that's the case, then you should try to tailor educational programs—because education is expensive—to the group that it will help the most," Goeree explains. "Now we're finding that it's really important to reach a completely different group than we thought."
According to the National Eating Disorders Association, more than 9 million females in the United States struggle with bulimia. Severe health consequences include heart failure, possible rupture of the esophagus from frequent vomiting, tooth decay, and, among adolescents, potentially irreversible effects on physical development.
Only about half of those diagnosed with bulimia fully recover, and many struggle with bulimia for decades. According to Goeree, the results of the survey reveal that as much as three-fourths of bulimic behavior persists due to state dependence even when controlling for personality characteristics, and affects a much larger cross-section of young women than previously thought.
"Remarkably little is known about... the factors determining the incidence of bulimia," Iorio says. "Results based on data from diagnosed individuals can present a very misleading picture of the incidence of eating disorders. We present evidence that suggests this is a very real problem, not just a potential one."
For the latest University of Southern California news, visit _URL_


text:
S. Korea just registered their Jindo Dog as a livestock with the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO).
Instead of trying
to curtail their dog consumption, S. Korean government is trying to solidify
their basis for animal cruelty by registering Jindo dog as a traditional
livestock animal with the UN FAO.
Translation of Korean News (YTN)
24 varieties of
traditional livestock animals such as Striped Ox (called Chilso) and Jindo
Dog has been registered in the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (UN FAO).
So far five livestock animal species of 77
varieties are registered with the UN FAO, making our country's genetic
resources even more richer. Young-Kwon Cho reports.
Striped Ox sung
by the poet, Jiyong Jeong has been registered in the international
organization as our traditional livestock animals.
Along with Black
Ox, it's been officially registered as our traditional livestock animals in
the UN FAO's Animal Diversity Information System. Striped Ox that can be
seen in the Joseon Dynasty's literature has been in danger of being extinct
but it's finally accepted as our traditional livestock as a result of effort
from livestock scientists.
[Interview: Sungwoo Kim, Agricultural
Development Bureau, Director of Livestock Animal Genetic Resources
"We have started collecting Striped Ox, a Korean cattle
and a rare genetic resource about 10 years ago. Until now, through
artificial insemination and embryo transfer, about 2,000 striped ox are
proliferated in our country."
Jindo Dog, designated as Natural
Treasure No. 53, has also been registered as our traditional livestock
Two breeds of black goats have also been registered as a
traditional livestock. The number of Dangjin black goats and Tongyoung black
goats found in our country is only about 300 and making them hard to find in
National Livestock Research Institute added 5
livestock species of 24 breeds to the FAO's Animal Diversity Information
System thus making the number of registered traditional livestock animals to
[Interview: Mijung Byun, Agricultural Development Bureau,
Director of Livestock Animal Genetic Resources Experiment]
"Developing varieties of livestock breeds based on our country's reality
which enables us to claim our rights and continuing to prepare the
scientific basis for these claims... these are all important for our
country's national interest."
As a nation that owns genetic
resources, our traditional livestock animal's registration in the
international organization is becoming more important from the perspective
of providing basis for ensuring the sovereignty and national interests.


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Humming or Crackling Noise on an Induction Cooktop
Humming or Crackling Noises on your Jenn-Air Cooktop
A low humming sound may occur during cooking. The cause of this is the amount of energy which is transmitted from the appliance to the cookware. This sound will quiet or go away when the power is turned down.
A crackling sound may also occur when cookware consisting of different materials are used. The noise is caused by vibrations in the joint faces between the different layers. It may change depending on the amount and type of food being cooked. If desired, try a different power setting or cookware.
NOTE: People with a pacemaker or similar medical device should use care when standing near this induction cooktop while it is on. The
electromagnetic field may affect the pacemaker or similar device. Consult your doctor, or the manufacturer of the pacemaker or similar
medical device for additional information about its effects with electromagnetic fields of the induction cooktop.
Cooktop Induction.jpg


[[PageOutline(2-5,Contents,pullout)]] = Ticket Tree for Trac = A Trac plugin to display tickets in a tree, organized based on structured ticket titles. Often struggled with thousands of Trac tickets and missing a clear picture of where the problems are? Ticket Tree allows you to categorize your tickets based on the areas affected. Given this categorization, you can then display the tickets in a tree, getting a better picture of the areas and sub-areas with more problems. In addition to that, the tree view lets you navigate your tickets more easily. The categorization mechanism is really simple, as it's based on the ticket title. You will use the dash '-' character to define the category and sub-categories in your tickets. For example, giving the following title to a ticket: User Interface - Main menu - File menu - Unable to click on the "Open File" item will display your ticket in the tree as follows: + User Interface + Main menu + File menu Unable to click on the "Open File" item [[BR]] [[BR]] [[Image(screen2.jpg)]] [[BR]] '''The ticket tree, completely expanded''' [[BR]] [[BR]] [[Image(screen1.jpg)]] [[BR]] '''The ticket tree, partially collapsed''' [[BR]] [[BR]] == Statistics == Next to each category you will see the number of all tickets, and the detail of open and closed tickets, in that category. == Searching and Filtering == You can quickly search and filter tickets in the tree using the "Find" text box. Just start typing text in it to see your ticket tree reducing and highlighting only the tickets matching your text. You can type more than one word: only the tickets matching all of them will be displayed. Special words are "open" and "closed": they will limit the view to only open and closed tickets, respectively. [[BR]] [[BR]] [[Image(screen3.jpg)]] [[BR]] '''Searching for the "process" string in ticket titles''' [[BR]] [[BR]] == The Macro and how to use a Query == The plugin provides a macro, which lets you build custom ticket trees based on specific ticket queries. Used without any parameter, the macro will display a tree with all of the tickets. Edit your preferred wiki page and add the following snippet to use the macro without any parameter. It will display all of your tickets. {{{ [[TicketTree()]] }}} To use a query, add it in parenthesys. For example, the following query will display only tickets in the "new" status. {{{ [[TicketTree(status=new)]] }}} You can use the usual [_URL_ Trac Query syntax] for the query. == Simplified categorization == An interesting feature is the ability to open a ticket in a specific category directly from the tree. Next to each category you'll find a "open ticket" link, clicking which you will be opened the ticket creation page with the ticket's title already built with the corresponding category and sub-categories, and a place-holder for the ticket's short description to follow. [[BR]] [[BR]] [[Image(screen4.jpg)]] [[BR]] '''Opening a new ticket in a specific category using the "open ticket" link''' [[BR]] [[BR]] == Refreshing == The "Refresh" button is useful to perform the query again and update the tree. == Change History == (Refer to the tickets on trac-hacks for complete descriptions.) Release 0.9 (2011-06-01): o First release publicly available. == Bugs/Feature Requests == If you have any issues, create a [_URL_ new ticket]. Existing bugs and feature requests for TicketTreePlugin are [report:9?COMPONENT=TicketTreePlugin here]. [[TicketQuery(component=TicketTreePlugin,format=table,col=summary|status|severity|priority|milestone|type|owner|time|description)]] == Download == Project web page on!SourceForge.net: _URL_ Project web page on Pypi: _URL_ == Example == Use the provided!TicketTree macro in any of your wiki pages, or navigate to the provided "Ticket Tree" tab to see the default page, and display all of your tickets (or a custom query) in a tree form. == Recent Changes == [[ChangeLog(tickettreeplugin, 3)]] == Author/Contributors == '''Author:''' [wiki:seccanj] [[BR]] '''Maintainer:''' [wiki:seccanj] [[BR]] '''Contributors:'''


text:
The phrase, "piercing the corporate veil," relates to a circumstance in which a claimant is attempting to hold individuals (shareholders or members) liable for the debts and/or obligations of the entity. This issue is also confronted in a parent-subsidiary structure when the claimant is seeking to hold the parent liable for the debts and obligations of the wholly owned subsidiary. Courts are faced with applying a balancing test in deciding as to whether or not the corporate veil should be pierced in the above described circumstances.
The factors to be reviewed and method of applying the balancing test may vary from state to state; however, most state law or court decisions proclaim that the piercing of the corporate veil to expose shareholders and members to personal liability should be an extra-ordinary event. The Rhode Island courts generally apply a balancing test on a case-by-case basis, which is a similar approach to Delaware, by considering the following factors:
- Capitalization of the entity;
- Interlocking boards;
- Who are the officers and what is their authority;
- Do the shareholders/members share premises with the entity;
- Do they not deal together at arm's length;
- Is there confusion in the marketplace over the entity being part of the shareholder;
- Were corporate formalities observed, including keeping of separate financial and corporate records;
- Did the shareholder regularly siphon off cash of the entity;
- Did the shareholder provide or arrange the entity's capital in the form of loans so that the corporation was "thin";
- Did the entities use separate attorneys and professionals;
- Were employees shared;
- Did the shareholder guarantee the debts of the entity; and
- Does the fact pattern smell of fraud or sharp practices by which a counterparty would be misled to economic disadvantage?
In a parent-subsidiary structure, the analysis may involve capitalization; i.e., insufficient capital, or the advancing of loans by a parent to a subsidiary in less than arm's length fashion, which can result in adverse tax consequences. Thin capital in the tax sense is not determinative of a piercing situation in corporate cases; however, this fact may inform a decision maker in applying a balancing test of all factors. Courts are generally reluctant to pierce the corporate veil unless the facts demonstrate that the pierced entity is a sham designed to defraud investors and creditors.
Piercing the veil may occur when a tort has occurred, a contract has been breached, a corporation has been party to a fraud, or when a corporation is a mere agent of shareholders. A common-sense approach would be to answer the following question: Has someone been injured by being misled materially. Rhode Island courts look to inequity, fraud, undercapitalization or in a parent-subsidiary circumstance, the domination by the parent of the activities and decision-making of the subsidiary. For more information, please contact Managing Principal Gary R. Pannone at _PHONE_ or email _EMAIL_.
Disclaimer: This blog post is for informational purposes only. This blog is not legal advice and you should not use or rely on it as such. By reading this blog or our website, no attorney-client relationship is created. We do not provide legal advice to anyone except clients of the firm who have formally engaged us in writing to do so. This blog post may be considered attorney advertising in certain jurisdictions. The jurisdictions in which we practice license lawyers in the general practice of law, but do not license or certify any lawyer as an expert or specialist in any field of practice.


text:
Date of Award
Master of Science
The mammalian ovary contains a vast reserve of oocytes, most of which are enclosed within preantral follicles. A Biopsy Pick-Up (BPU) method was tested to determine the feasibility of retrieving preantral follicles from mare ovaries in vivo. BPU fragments were collected from 5 to 21 yr old mares during the breeding season and processed using a tissue chopper, submitted to histological analysis or submitted to in vitro culture for 1 or 7 days. In conclusion, the BPU method is a reliable way to repeatedly harvest large numbers of viable, morphologically normal preantral follicles from living mares without affecting ovarian function or general reproductive health. Additionally, equine preantral follicles undergo development and growth when submitted to in vitro culture in α-MEM for 7 days, with some follicles maintaining morphological normality throughout. These technologies could be used in the future to enable the use of numerous oocytes present within the equine ovary to preserve genetic material or for large-scale embryo production.
This thesis is only available for download to the SIUC community. Others should
contact the interlibrary loan department of your local library.


text:
TEL AVIV, Israel, July 19 (UPI) -- Israeli researchers say cigarette cravings may be more a result of habit rather than addiction.
Researchers from Tel Aviv University suggest their study finding may help explain why nicotine patches and gum are often ineffective but psychologically based smoking cessation programs can be successful.
The study, published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, concluded the intensity of cravings for cigarettes has more to do with psychosocial elements of smoking than with the physiological effects of nicotine.
"These findings might not be popular with advocates of the nicotine addiction theory, because they undermine the physiological role of nicotine and emphasize mind over matter when it comes to smoking," Dr. Reuvan Dar, the study leader, said in a statement.
Dar and colleagues monitored the craving levels of flight attendants -- both women and men -- during a long flight of 10-13 hours, as well as shorter two-hop trips where each leg lasted 3-5 hours. They found flight duration had no significant impact on craving levels. In fact, craving levels at the end of each short flight were higher than those at the end of the long flight, the study determined.
|Additional Health News Stories|
WASHINGTON, June 18 (UPI) --General Motors said it would recall 231,000 model year 2006-07 vehicles due to a short in the driver's door that could spontaneously cause a fire.


text:
Selective processing of social threat cues following acute tryptophan depletion.
Munafò MR., Hayward G., Harmer C.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of low dose tryptophan depletion on recovered depressed patients both on and off antidepressant medication on an emotional Stroop task using social threat cues.Twenty-four healthy volunteers, 24 euthymic volunteers with a history of depression not currently on antidepressant medication and 24 euthymic volunteers with a history of depression and currently on antidepressant medication were randomly allocated to double-blind treatment with either a tryptophan depleting or a balanced mixture. All participants then completed subjective mood ratings and an emotional Stroop task using social threat cues. The recovered depressed group on medication demonstrated an increase in selective processing of social threat cues on the emotional Stroop task in the tryptophan depletion compared to the control condition. This was not the case for either healthy controls or the recovered depressed group not on medication. Although none of the patients showed a clinically significant relapse following tryptophan depletion, the medicated group showed a small but statistically significant increase in self-rated depression on the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Our data indicate that low-dose acute tryptophan depletion elicits both cognitive processing typical of the depressed state and subtle changes in subjective mood in the recovered depressed group on medication, but not in the recovered depressed group not on medication. This suggests that these two groups may differ in their underlying vulnerability to compromised serotonin function.


text:
Imagine a living organism 30 stories tall and wider than two parking spaces. It is humbling to stand amidst such giants in the ancient forests of Olympic National Park. The Olympic Peninsula lowlands, with their mild climate, deeper soils and generous rainfall grow world record trees. These old survivors record centuries of history in their massive trunks.
What is old growth forest?
Though there are old groves of subalpine firs, and huge trees amid the temperate rain forest in the park, when scientists use the term old growth, they are usually referring to Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests with these characteristics:
- Trees older than about 200 years
- Abundant downed wood on the ground
- A multi-layered canopy
- Standing dead trees called snags
Value of the Forest
What is the value of a tree, a forest? A tree might have so many board feet and thus be worth a certain amount to a homebuilder. Or a tree might be the only in the area with branches wide enough for a marbled murrelet to lay her egg on. Or a group of trees might anchor the soil on a slope above a town, or above a drinking water supply. Or a tree and its neighbors might filter the air, taking in carbon dioxide we've added to our atmosphere and helping to store it harmlessly, locked up in its woody tissue. In Olympic, you can walk the lowland forest and answer that question for yourself.
Where To See Lowland, Old Growth Forests
Explore the Sol Duc or Elwha valleys, or trails at Lake Crescent. Or visit the forest around Staircase in the southeast corner of the park.


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These feather-like crystals are both ingested by humans for health and used by them to scrub floors and get the gunk off tiles. Take a look at what they are, and why polarized light makes them look so amazing.
The picture above is citric acid crystals, viewed through a polarization microscope. Everyone reading this has had either citric acid or scurvy sometime in their life. Citric acid, as you might imagine, is in most citrus fruits, as well as a few berries, is used by companies as a way to serve Vitamin C, and is the powder that you see on the outside of sour balls and other sour candy. The acid also dissolves a lot of grime, and thus is used in household cleaners, which is why many cleaners contain 'lemon oil.' It's a useful molecule, but who expected that it could be prettied up?
A polarization microscope shoots polarized light at objects, especially crystals. Crystals tend toward double refraction. They split beams of light which aren't polarized into two beams, travelling at right angles to each other and polarized at right angles as well. When the beams exit the crystal the two waves, which have traveled at different speeds, are out of phase with each other. A second polarization filter combine, the peaks and valleys merging together to either create huge peaks of light or dark areas, and we get the image above.
It's not often we see the beauty in the everyday, so let us take a quick moment to appreciate the lovely thing we put in our mouths and use to clean our toilets.
Image: Jan Homann


PA News Feeds
Disabled flyers 'are humiliated'
Disabled people risk "hurt and humiliation" when they travel by air, according to a report.
The group is due to meet airlines, MPs and the Civil Aviation Authority to discuss the treatment of disabled air travellers.
A survey of young disabled air passengers showed that 90% of wheelchair users are unable to use airline toilets and therefore have to avoid drinking before or during flights.
Some 60% of disabled passengers say their wheelchairs have been damaged when travelling with an airline and 60% said they felt unsafe when they transfer from a wheelchair to an airline seat;
Another 50% have problems related to disability when booking airline tickets.


Brain-wave Belt
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Brain-belts, perhaps?
It is briefly mentioned in the Keen 3 ending sequence that Mortimer had been using some Brain-wave Belts to control the Vorticons and keep them in mental slavement. Nothing else is known about them. During their time of slavery, dark paintings with letters "GI" could be found in Vorticon homes. It can be guessed those were paintings of The Grand Intellect, and in the paintings, he has some sort of blue waves pulsating around his head — perhaps those are the brain-waves emitted by the belts.


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Alcohol Law In Singapore
chockyfoodie's picture
551551-alcohol-law-in-singapore.imagesqtbnand9gctk-qwsmzymvx5r7qllkbap5-ole7suqtpjaqrtixsclpfhthi1Alcohol law in Singapore is very strict and the country exercises stricter laws in terms of public conduct. According to recent statistics, Singapore tops the list of countries with low crime rates and it is partly due to strict alcohol and drug abuse law. Consumption or mere purchase of alcohol is not permitted to anyone below the age of 18. People who are found creating pandemonium in the public places under the influence of alcohol are subjected to heavy imprisonment of about three months and hefty fines are imposed too. Read through the blog to get familiar with the alcohol law in Singapore.
There are also strict laws regarding importing alcohol into the country. Only the alcohol which is meant for personal consumption is allowed to be imported into the country. A person has to pay hefty tax of $9.00 per liter of alcohol with 15% of alcohol.
Legalized Drinking Age and Related Problems
As indicated before, the legalized drinking age in Singapore is 18 years and anyone found violating the laws is punished severely. Despite all this the government is worried about the cases of drink abuses reported amongst the minors. According to some private blogs and articles every year hundreds of minors are admitted to hospital due to heavy drinking. Authorities believe that heavy restrictions related to drinking alcohol are driving the teenagers to go wayward. Experts believe that desensitizing alcohol will help to reduce underage drinking tendencies in teenagers. There are many organizations in Singapore like MADD, Mother Against Drink Driving, which forces the youngsters to seek parental permission before drinking. But instances have been reported when such youngsters who often seek parental permission show tendencies for heavy drinking.
Some reports suggest that binge drinking tendencies have increased among women. Frequent drinking incidents have been reported amongst women below the age of 18 and between the ages of 30-49. Also, reports suggest that due to stricter laws regarding alcohol consumption and due to various other reasons the tendencies for binge drinking has escalated amongst Singaporean population from _PHONE_.
Also, the cases of unrecorded alcohol consumption in Singapore have been traced to 1.0 liter pure alcohol for a population above the age of 15 years since 1995.
BAC Limits
In Singapore the BAC limits are 0.08%. The drunk driving is considered a non-compoundable offense in Singapore. Also, the law applies same for everyone, no matter who you are but punishment will be the same and harsher too. If you are caught driving under the influence of alcohol at the first instance then you may have to cough up $5000 or languish for 6 months in prison along with the humiliation of surrendering your license.
If you are a second time offender then you might be fined upto $10,000 with the imprisonment which lasts for a year and for the same time period your license will also be revoked. Subsequently the punishments will get harsher. If you are committing the offense for the third time then there are chances that you have to cough up $30,000 and 3 years of imprisonment. Also, the offenders involved in drunken driving accidents leading to death and serious accidents can be caned up to 6 strokes.
As said before the alcohol law in Singapore is one of the strictest in the world. So, you need to be doubly careful while handling alcohol in Singapore.
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