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I am trying to write a conditional batch insert based on Java Parameters, for example
List params = new ArrayList();
params.add(new Object[]{1, 2, 3});
"INSERT INTO SomeTable( colA, colB, colC)" +
 " VALUES(?,?,?)" +
 " WHERE EXISTS ( // some condition )", params);
This obviously does not work, and the closest example I have found involves selecting the INSERT values from tables, instead of the List arguments, which is what I need. How can I reference the Object[] parameters as part of the INSERT values?
Thank you.
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2 Answers 2
I'd say that you should move this condition in a separate SELECT.
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Can you provide an example? The problem with SELECT, is that I believe I have to be referencing table values, whereas I just want to reference the parameter java variables. – meiguoren Nov 9 '10 at 4:05
As your example, you should try following syntax and the SimpleJdbcOperations.update method:
 " SELECT srcA, srcB, srcC" +
 " FROM src_table" +
 " WHERE EXISTS ( // some condition )",
Additionally, I've been using StringTemplate for generation of dynamic SQL. It's the best language I ever use.
for Example(As StringTemplate Syntax):
StringTemplate tmpl = new StringTemplate(
 " SELECT *" +
 " FROM some_table" +
 " WHERE 1 = 1" +
 "$search_age:{ AND age =?}$" +
 "$search_name:{ AND name =?}$"
 * if param_age is not null, "AND age =?" would be included in argumented sql,
 * same as param_name
tmpl.setAttribute("age", param_age);
tmpl.setAttribute("name", param_name);
// :~)
String sqlTmpl = tmpl.toString(); // final SQL generated
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The traditional Khoikhoi year began with the August rains. Their names for the major annual events corresponded roughly to Western months. The moon has major significance, and four of the "months" are named after the moon. Early European visitors to the area actually thought the Khoikhoi worshipped the moon. This was probably never the case, but the moon was important to them as a manifestation of a major deity, and rituals and dances usually accompanied the new moon and the full moon. The deity represented by the moon was most likely Tsui//goab, the Creator and controller of rains, thunder and lightning.
In light of these facts, it is possible that the calendar itself followed the cycles of the moon, but it seems more likely that the "months" had no set lengths at all, referring instead to loosely-defined times of year like "the hungry time" and "when the eland begin mating." If this was a lunar calendar, there must have been some adjustment method for keeping the months synchronised with the actual seasons. This method, if it existed, has been forgotten.
(Note that this is the Southern Hemisphere - July and August are the coldest months, January and February the hottest.)
 1. AUGUST - ≠ha!am ("broad green"). Rains mark the beginning of the year.
 2. SEPTEMBER - Xoub/gu//khab ("shit moon"). The Khoikhoi drank large quantities of milk during this period, making their feces noticeably different from other times of year.
 3. OCTOBER - hoo≠gais ("speckled ear"). The veldt would now begin to dry.
 4. NOVEMBER -!kani//khab ("eland's moon"). This was the time the eland would begin to mate.
 5. DECEMBER - /ga!kani ("little eland").
 6. JANUARY - kei!kani ("great eland").
 7. FEBRUARY - ong//o-ha ("star death").
 8. MARCH -!hoa≠gais ("twisted ear"). Dassies give birth.
 9. APRIL - gama/ais ("crooked fire"). Time of hunger.
 10. MAY - ≠nu//khab ("black moon"). Grass begins to grow.
 11. JUNE - //hei//khab ("pale moon"). Grass is thick, flowers blossom.
 12. JULY - //gai/ab ("chewing wood"). Cold period begins.
Source: Boonzaier, Malherbe, Berens and Smith, The Cape Herders; Ohio University Press, 1996. Based mostly on Col. Robert Gordon's 1779 report on the Khokhoi.


text:
[out-n-ou-ter, -nd-ou-] /ˌaʊt nˈaʊ tər, -ndˈaʊ-/
a person who does things with excessive thoroughness; extremist.
a thoroughgoing or perfect example of a kind.
a thorough or thoroughgoing person or thing
a person or thing that is excellent of its kind
/ˌaʊtəˈsaɪt/ adjective, interjection (slang) 1. another term for far-out Related Terms out of sight
[out-ahr-gyoo] /ˌaʊtˈɑr gyu/ verb (used with object), outargued, outarguing. 1. to outdo or defeat in : That man could outargue the devil himself.
[out-uh-sahyt] /ˈaʊt əˈsaɪt/ adjective, Pronunciation Spelling. 1..
[eet] /it/ verb (used with object), ate [eyt; especially British et] /eɪt; especially British ɛt/ (Show IPA) or (Archaic) eat [et, eet] /ɛt, it/ (Show IPA), eaten or (Archaic) eat [et, eet] /ɛt, it/ (Show IPA), eating. 1. to take into the mouth and swallow for nourishment; chew and swallow (food). 2. to consume by […]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
*Master Gardener Approved*
*TN Naturalist Approved*
Volunteers work under the supervision of horticulturist, Sherri McCalla to prepare a diverse array of seeds for seeding exchange events. During this time, volunteers learn about planting techniques and uses for the seeds and plants they are preparing in a small, individualized setting.
Regular volunteers are eligible for special discounts on plants, soil, seeds and more (dependent upon availability)


A simple concept built on sound foundations
Small teams
Mindstack.io divides your group into small teams of 3 or 4 people.
This feature allows you to enhance your participant's engagement in the work.
The small number of teammates increases the participants' sense of belonging to their team creating a sense of positive interdependence.
Everyone feels more responsible for creating an answer.
This dynamic of positive interdependence is developing within the teams, increasing the motivation of participants to collaborate and reflect on the problem.
This team size also encourages rich and diversified interactions.
Mindstack.io sessions are always structured around the same objective:
provide an opportunity for everyone to learn and take part in the discussion.
Mindstack.io offers a thoughtful process, organizing the work in stages, in order to allow each team to progress, step by step, towards the construction of a common answer.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Monday, 1:00 PM
Wenesday, 1:00 PM
Friday 1:00 PM
Time is an essential element of Mindstack.io.
By defining clear deadlines for each step, participants have the necessary freedom to learn at a time that suits them best, to reflect and contribute at their own pace, and to be encouraged to do the work required.
Everyone knows exactly what is expected of them. This increases the sense of individual responsibility of all participants.
Competition vs cooperation
Mindstack.io plays positively with group dynamics to create a balance between competition and cooperation.
Participants are thus more engaged in the progressive development of the collective answer.
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text:
Kids don't just play video games anymore – they make them! The winners of the 2012 National STEM Video Game Challenge were recently announced in Washington, D.C. Inspired by President Obama's "Educate to Innovate Campaign," the competition seeks to motivate interest in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) learning by tapping into students' natural passion for playing and making video games. "Well-designed video games can help students excel in STEM and have fun doing it", said Tom Kalil, Deputy Director for Policy in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Twenty-eight middle school and high school students from across the country were selected as winners for their original game designs. In addition, two winners were awarded in the Collegiate category and three in the Educator category. Game highlights for the winners can be found online.
National STEM Video Game Challenge Winners Announced
June 6, 2012 by wgbyeducation

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Draw Waluigi Step 6
Step 6: Draw Waluigi's big ear by drawing a curve that looks like a backwards letter C on the right side of his face. Underneath the original square shape, draw a curved line that's similar to a letter U for this video game character's pointy chin.
Draw Waluigi Step 7
Step 7: That's it for the initial sketch of Waluigi from Nintendo's Mario Brothers video games! You have the basic Waluigi shape, so now go in and tighten your drawing. From this point on, press harder with your pencil in order to get darker lines and a more defined sketch.
Draw Waluigi Step 8
Step 8: Using the original shape as a guide, darken in Waluigi's nose and make it rounder and curvier.
Draw Waluigi Step 9
Step 9: Now draw Waluigi's thin, evil moustache. Draw a thick line that angles up; it kind of resembles the letter L. Draw the right side of his moustache smaller because of the perspective.
Draw Waluigi Step 10
Step 10: Darken in the shape of Waluigi's mouth and make the bottom curve down slightly. Shade in the left side of his mouth to represent the inside of it. Inside his smile, draw three horizontal lines to indicate the section where Waluigi's teeth come together.
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Hitler's 'poison' taster
Then, a few months after her 95th birthday, she revealed the truth about her wartime role — as Adolf Hitler's food taster.
Woelk, then in her mid-20s, spent 2 1/2 years as one of 15 young women who sampled Hitler's food to make sure it wasn't poisoned before it was served to the Nazi leader in his "Wolf's Lair," the heavily guarded command center, in what is now Poland, in which he spent much of his time in the final years of World War II.
"He was a vegetarian. He never ate any meat during the entire time I was there," Woelk said of the Nazi despot. "And Hitler was so paranoid that the British would poison him. That's why he had 15 girls taste the food before he ate it himself."
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updated Jan 27, 2009 12:07 pm | 4,375 views
The term "account harvesting" refers to the attacking technique or activities of grabbing legitimate user IDs and even passwords to gain access to target systems for illegal or malicious purposes.
The term account harvesting refers to the attacking technique or activities of grabbing legitimate user IDs and even passwords to gain access to target systems for illegal or malicious purposes.
Javvin Technologies
Account Harvesting is the process of collecting all the legitimate account names on a system. Sniffing software is often used to harvest accounts.
Account Harvesting is often used to refer to computer spammers, individuals who try to sell or seduce others through email advertising or solicitation. Account harvesting involves using computer programs to search areas on the Internet in order to gather lists of email addresses from a number of sources, including chat rooms, domain names, instant message users, message boards, news groups, online directories for Web pages, Web pages, and other online destinations.
Account harvesting is a type of authentication attacks. It usually works out for applications that respond differently to a login request with an incorrect user ID and/or an incorrect password. Different reponses from the server to valid versus invalid authentication requests may allow the valid accounts on the system to be guessed and harvested.
It is noteworthy that different login error messages may sometimes be intentional - simply to let legal users know immediately what login information is wrong. However, the difference in the application response provides the attacker with significant hints to the correct account information.
Difference in the application response may be classified into the following:
COMMON DEFENSIVE MEASURES
Here are some common defensive measures against account harvesting:
Ensure that consistent error messages are utilized for account-relevant requests with multiple outcomes (e.g., incorrect user id and/or incorrect password); To defend against the enumeration of valid accounts, use generic messages like "Login Invalid".
Ensure that the accompanying information items listed below are consistent for different account-relevant error messages:
Ensure that error messages are returned in approximately the same time. It is also an option to set a random wait time for all responses to conceal the timing details from the attacker.
Accounts can be locked out temporarily when account harvesting is detected.
The attack can be considerably slowed down by the required additional information to access the secret question for a valid account. The additional information can be the birthdate of the user's mother, the combinition of the user's and his wife's birth years, last six of the user's SSN or some numbers on a credit card. without providing the additional information, the access to the selected secret question of an account should not be allowed.
Monitor and analyze login logs via application intelligence for suspicious login patterns. Such patterns may cover a series of login failures across a list of accounts, a series of login failures across a single account, and a series of login failures for invalid accounts. That will help to detect account harvesting attempts.
Most of account cracking tools, key-stroke loggers, packet sniffer tools, packet capture utilities, rootkits and Trojan login programs can be leveraged for account harvesting.
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parallel.
But why can we do this? The answer is associativity. The reason why this functions is because the max operation has the nice property of
 max(max(a,b),c) = max(a,max(b,c))
which by definition is the mathematical property of associativity. It's the independency of order of operation that give us the guarantee we need to abstract away and parallelize immediately.
There is yet a catch, however. Associativity help us abstracting the funcitonal power by avoiding dealing with order of operations but we still need to track the number of operations in transit. Sounds strange? Lets imagine that we have the max operation running into 3 different threads and we want to avoid deal directly with the low level operation of distributing accuratelly all the elements to compute.
Imagine that I have A=[a,b,c,d] and max_1, max_2, max_3 the max function running on three threads. We could compute the final result as
 res = max(max(max_1(A1),max_2(A2)),max_3(A3)) where A1=[a,b], A2=[c,d], A3=[]
notice that max_3(A3) doesn't make much sense because as it is would force us to break this function composition. But notice that under these semantics max([]) is equivalent to compute max(0,0) assuming a,b all positive. So the result is the same as
The same goes if A3=[f]. This would be equivalent of computing max(f) = max(f,0)
So what are we talking about here? The presence of identity over the operation give us a way to abstract the number of function composition. So we add a new layer of abstraction over the tooling of functional programming.
Ok. But in the beginning you talk about monoids. What does all this mumbo jumbo have to do with them.
Well by definition a monoid is just that, a set with an operation that have associativity property and identity element.
Deep, Dark web
An ocean of data
Yes. You can see the internet as an ocean. When you think of the ocean it comes to your mind, most certainly, two very different pictures of it. One above, another bellow the ocean surface. Much like the case of an Iceberg, you
_URL_ 31 Mar 2018 12:40:08 GMTDeep, Dark web
An ocean of data
Yes. You can see the internet as an ocean. When you think of the ocean it comes to your mind, most certainly, two very different pictures of it. One above, another bellow the ocean surface. Much like the case of an Iceberg, you know that much more has to be seen bellow the surface than that above. Well, the same happens with internet data. On the internet the ocean surface is the data that is indexable by the search engines. Some also call it the visible web. This is because people mainly use search engines to search for new data. If some data is availabe on the internet but is not indexable by a search engine we say that this belongs to the deep web.
Yeah sure, but what about the dark web?
Dark web is not indexable by search engines so it is certainly a part of the deep web. The term is not particularly clear but we can say that these are contents that are available on the internet in the form of an overlay network. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are a particular case of a overlay network which, also, is not indexable by search engines. Most certainly it should be considered part of the dark web, but it isn't. The same happens for contents presented in mail servers, private cloud providers and so on. So the definition it seems to be a little bit wrong. From what we see in popular culture. The best definition found was
This seems more accurate. With this definition it is easy to see why mail server contents, vpn networks and data based in private cloud service providers don't belong to the dark web.
Tor and the Onion Services
One particular case of service that definetly belongs to the dark net is all the content served in The Onion Router. The Onion Router is a routing system of the best onions on the planet? Well, not exactly. But yes it is a routing system. The Onion Router has its name derived from the way it routes the traffic, onion routing
Onion Routing
The above picture is a good visual explanation for what is happening when your surf the web through the TOR system. Your traffic is encripted and sent into a total of three hoops from a pool of available peers.
Tor Hoops
The traffic is encrypted beetween all the nodes to provide secrecy. By avoiding direct connections between nodes and services it adds another feature some degree of anonimity. Note, however, that the traffic between the last tor node and the end service may be not encrypted and so can leak confidential and compromisable information. The nodes in the tor network that forwards the messages are called relays and the last, the one that does the last jump, is called exit relay. In the picture above the node that communicate directly to Bob is the exit relay.
Tor and VPN
Virtual Private Networks are a particular case of overlay network that sits on top of an underlying network, usually internet. Since tor is a web based application used to route http/https services it is possible that other applications running in your pc leak important information that enable eavesdropping through data correlation. To add a higher level of anonymity it is usual to see a combination of tor and vpn services.
Onion Services
Initially Tor was developed to achieve privacy and anonymity on web browsing with the use of an onion routing system. This had been of great help for many human beings that were behind the censorship of many, not so open, countries. However the onion routing only solves one side of the censorship. While many people found a way to connect to censored data they were not able to publish their own information. Imagine Bob in North Corea. With onion routing Bob was able to read the Le Monde in France. Bob was not able, however, to build his own version of Le North Corea web site. Why? Services on the web follow the traditional domain approach. For this he would need to register a domain and host his own website with the newspaper data. To block the access and identify the person responsible for the site is a trivial job. By following this road Bob would end, quickly, in one small cell in a cold place in North Corea.
It was needed a reverse onion routing system
To achive bi directional anti censorship mechanism the tor project devise a scheme called onion services. The idea is an extension to the onion routing already implmented, a rendevouz point and a service discovery mechanism.
Onion Service
The service discovery, responsible to resolve an identifier into a host, is implemented as a distributed hash table a descentralized data structure. With a descentralized approach tor difficults the mission of censorship agents.
But wait! If the service discovery resolves to Bob he is in a nasty situation.
Thats true. Hence a rendevouz endpoint. Rendevouz endpoints are nodes that will bridge the contents provided by Bob. While these onion hidden services are not bulletproof they offer a pretty good way of censorship circunvention.
All very interesting. But what has all this has to do with dark net or deep web?
Fair enough. First note that onion services run on the onion routing framework. Since TOR is an overlay network in the internet the content available as a onion service is not indexable by web search engines since these target primary content available in the primary network, the internet.
But there is more. By looking to the main goal of tor arquitecture we also must conclude that onion services belong to the dark net since tor adds a fair amount of secrecy and anonymity.
Yes this is all very interesting but what are we really talking about here? Where can I find and use these dark sites?
Since they run on the tor overlay network you will not find them with your tradicional browser and google queries. First you must download tor browser. This is a mozilla firefox based browser that was addapted to route your traffic through the onion.
But yeah. What now? Now you must search for.onion endpoints. These are not readily available from traditional search engines. However after some digging you'll find specialized onion search engines like the TORCH or Ahmia.
Underworld Services
After spending some hours these are some of the hidden services found
These are some of many, many more hidden services available. Unfortunately these are bad examples that give bad reputation to the network. The problem with this type of services is that they give bad reputation to a good tool. In the future if the gross majority of tor traffic is used for criminal activities those who need this tool the most will mostly suffer from increase censorship from states.
The idea with this post was to serve as an introduction to a not so mainstream set of tools the cons and pros and ultimately the future of private privacy as we know it.
And so..
In the previous post we had quick overview over the history of web development, how and why virtualization happens to be a huge success and all of this without a single line of code.
Impressive, the power of the mumbo jumbo we can deliver...
In this post we
_URL_


Your question: Did yoga originate in Africa?
It is a little-known fact that Yoga first began in Africa, specifically Kemet (ancient Egypt). … According to the book The Metu Neter by Ra UN Nefer Amen, these ancient Africans migrated to India and became what are now known as the Dravidian Indians.
Did Yoga originated in Africa or India?
The popular understanding is that yoga asana dates back at least 5,000 years and was practiced by ancient Indian ascetics. But some say its earliest documentation is actually 10,000 years ago, depicted on temple walls in Egypt.
Where did yoga originated from?
Is yoga an Egyptian?
Kemetic yoga originated in ancient Egypt, then known as "Kemet". Its modern day practice was developed by claiming association with many hieroglyphic texts from the time as well as the wall carvings and paintings on Egyptian temples which portray pharaohs in stretching postures.
IT IS INTERESTING: How many poses are in a yoga sequence?
When was yoga really invented?
How old is the practice of yoga?
Researchers and historians trace the development of yoga back 5,000 years. Some take yoga origins even further back to 10,000 years. Now that's ancient! But because the philosophies and practice of yoga were originally transmitted orally, some mysteries may always remain.
What is Smai Tawi?
Who is known as father of yoga?
Is yoga older than Hinduism?
Who is founder of yoga?
International Yoga Day: The Adi Yogi Shiva is the founder of Yoga. Yoga was developed by the Indus-Sarasvati civilization in Northern India over 5,000 years ago. The word Yoga was first mentioned in the oldest sacred texts, the Rig Veda.
IT IS INTERESTING: What happens if you do 10000 push ups?
Why was ancient Egypt called Kemet?
How long does it take to reach Samadhi?
Samadhi is a painful experience to begin with because you are awarded an extra dimensional layer of spirit. During the initial phase your nerves gets charged from the heavens and it can be disruptive. This process alone takes 4 and a half years to complete.
Is yoga a Hindu or Buddhist?
What happens to your body if you do yoga everyday?
If you do yoga every day, you will get stronger
"You will become stronger and physically fit because you use your body weight to strengthen all your major muscle groups," she explained to The List. "It takes great strength to build up to certain poses that require coordination, poise, and power."
Can Christians do yoga?
This is the beauty of the modern yoga practice – it helps us unite the different parts of ourselves (body, mind, heart, and spirit) and from this place of integrated wholeness, be one with God. … Nevertheless, there are people who will say Christians should not participate in any sort of yoga because of its roots.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: What can I do with a yoga block?
Beauty Fitness


Wild Rice Vs Basmati Rice
Wild Rice Vs Basmati Rice – What's The Difference?
This vs That
Different countries has its own staple food to brag about, but rice is by far the kind of grain considered as staple food in many countries, especially in Northern America and Asia. Rice is nutritious even if it looks plain. It also complements almost any kind of dish you serve it with.
Rice is a versatile grain that comes in different variety and is available anywhere in the world. The two commonly eaten rice are called the basmati rice and the wild rice.
How can you distinguish basmati rice from wild rice? These two kinds of rice has different scent, texture, and color. Typically, the wild rice is grown in a semi-aquatic farm and can come in various color. It is also chewy when cooked. Basmati rice however is grown in soil and known to have originated in India. Basmati rice has a unique aroma.
Here is a more detailed description and difference of basmati rice and wild rice.
Wild Rice
Seeds from grass. Wild rice is considered seeds harvested from an aquatic grass of genus Zizania. Since these seeds are tiny that it also counted as grains. As for the grass, it is believed edible that even its stem is considered a type of vegetable in China.
This type of rice has been popular in China, Canada, and the United States. The latest study showed that 70% of wild rice in Northern America is cultivated in California.
Wild rice can be cooked and served with different kinds of dishes because it is tasteless and tenderly chewy. It is also very healthy especially when it is 100% organic.
Personally, I like wild rice distributed by Lundberg. It is purely organic, very affordable, and available to be purchased even online.
Wild Rice Nutrition
One cup of cook wild rice which is equivalent to one serving contains the following nutritive value:
 - 166 calories
 - 3 grams fiber
 - 7 grams protein
 - 35 grams carbohydrates
 - 3 grams fats
 - 1 gram sugar
Wild Rice Vs Basmati Rice
Wild Rice Vs Basmati Rice
Wild rice is also rich in protein unlike other kinds of grains. It is also rich in vitamin B6, niacin, magnesium, manganese, folate, phosphorus, zinc, folate, and fiber.
A study also showed that wild rice contains high amounts of antioxidants. Compared to white rice, its antioxidant content is 30 times higher and that is truly amazing because you can get antioxidants at a very affordable price simply by consuming wild rice.
Sadly, unlike freekeh or brown rice which is popularly known and has many different published studies, there is a very limited study on the nutritional value of wild rice and the health benefits we can get from its daily or regular consumption.
Flavor and Texture of Wild Rice
Naturally, wild rice has a bit earthy and nutty taste as described by those who love to eat wild rice. Some does not like its black tea scent, yet it does not taste like it. Cooked wild rice is tenderly chewy even if it looks firm.
If wild rice is undercooked, it remains almost like a hard grain and it is not chewable therefore, if you are cooking wild rice, you need to follow the instructions on the amount of water it needs and attend to it while it is being cooked to ensure it gets well-cooked.
Basmati Rice
"Basmati" is a Hindi word meaning "fragrant". Basmati rice is known for its fragrant grains with a mild nutty smell.
Considered by many as the true rice, basmati rice is also a healthy grain and is said to have originated in India.
Unlike wild rice that is planted in semi-aquatic farmlands, this is planted is soil. It is said that more than half of the supply of basmati rice comes from the Indian Himalayas and some harvested from Pakistan.
Basmati rice is famous to have two kinds, the brown rice, and the white rice. White rice is the most commonly eaten type of basmati rice and which is also less inexpensive compared to brown rice. The Indian biryani for example is a cultural dish that uses white rice as main ingredient. There are also other dishes that you can cook with either white rice or brown rice. There will also be a detailed comparison of these two kinds of basmati rice in this article.
Basmati Rice Nutrition
Having said that basmati rice has two types: brown rice and white rice. It is good to know what makes them different from each other. Let us get into the details of each type of basmati rice by starting with the nutritional value of brown rice.
Brown Basmati Rice Nutrition
Dry brown basmati rice with a serving size of ¼ cup has nutritional value equal to:
 - 180 calories
 - 5 grams protein
 - 4 grams fiber
 - 0 grams sugar
 - 5 grams fat
The nutritional value stated above can lure us to consuming this brown rice but there is also a downside to this.
Brown basmati rice has high arsenic content than other kinds of rice in the market and arsenic is not good for us.
So, why is arsenic bad for us and what is it? Arsenic are found in air, water, and soil. It is a natural element that is not toxic to our body but an inorganic or artificial arsenic which is produced commercially is very harmful to our health.
This artificial arsenic which we consider now as a dangerous chemical is used to fertilized soil to ensure the healthy growth of basmati rice. This chemical is being absorbed by the plant and make the rice also rich in this chemical thus, too much consumption or basmati rice grown inorganically could be dangerous to our health.
However, you can always choose which is grown organically to ensure that it is safe for consumption and truly healthy. Another option is, to choose white rice instead of brown rice.
Flavor and Texture of Brown Basmati Rice
It is expected of brown rice to be fluffy when cooked. It also looks firm yet very chewy because it is rich in fiber.
It is also aromatic, as others described its earthly smell, and it is slightly nutty too.
White Basmati Rice Nutrition
Dry white rice or white basmati in a single serving of about 125 grams contains nutritional value equivalent to:
 - 170 calories
 - 3 grams protein
 - 3 grams fats
 - 1 gram sugar
The nutritional value listed above might not look impressive. It has low protein and rich in sugar, but it is a good alternative to unhealthy brown rice due to its arsenic content.
Flavor and Texture of White Basmati Rice
Compared to brown rice, white rice has a mild floral scent and not as nutty. It is also tenderly chewy and has softer texture.
If you wonder if white basmati rice is bleached, the answer is "no" or not as what we literally mean by bleached.
White rice is naturally white because the bran that covers each grain is removed.
Rice is milled or processed to remove its husk so it can become edible. In this process, the bran and germ are also removed, thus it became white rice. The germ and bran of the grain usually contains the vitamins, fiber, and other minerals.
Since the bran and germ of the rice is removed, the nutritional content found in it is also removed, therefore the white rice becomes less nutritious but not unhealthy.
Many countries like Japan and China use white rice and consider it their staple food because of its health benefits.
Which Is Healthier: Basmati Rice or Wild Rice?
Each type of rice is different from each other and also has different nutritive levels, but they all provide health benefits.
Since we know the difference of basmati rice and wild rice, we can now decide which is healthier for us.
Personally, I would pick wild rice because of its high protein, antioxidant, and fibers content.
As the old adage says that everything should be taken in moderation, I believe we can have an ample amount of each or have it alternately so we can get all the health benefits each type of rice can give.
Related Questions
It is always good to learn more about the food we eat especially if we consider it as our staple food like rice be it basmati or wild.
Sometimes choosing what is best for our diet can be confusing too. So, here is more takeaway information for you.
Is Wild Rice Good for Weight Loss?
Wild rice has higher fiber and protein content and antioxidants compared to other types of rice that makes it the best grain to eat if you intend to lose weight.
Nevertheless, if you're on a diet plan and every calorie you put on the meal is counted, basmati could be the best for you.
Remember, if you are watching your diet due to your doctor's advice or if you have any health issues, it is always best to consult a dietitian to help you.
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What is the behavior of Conway's game of life when the initial position is random? -- We can ask this question on an infinite grid or on an $n$ by $n$ table (planar or on a torus). Specifically suppose that to start with every cell is alive with probability $p$ and these probabilities are statistically independent. This question was motivated by a recent talk by Béla Bollobás on bootstrap percolation.
Many thanks for all the answers. A related question that I thought about is what is the situation for "noisy" versions of Conway's game of life? For example if in each round a live cell dies with probability $t$ and a dead cell gets life with probability $s$ and both $t$ and $s$ are small numbers and all these probabilities are independent.
Another example is to consider the following probabilistic variant of the rule of the game itself ($t$ is a small real number):
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies with probability $1−t$.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives with probability $1−t$ on to the next generation.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies with probability $1−t$.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell with probability $1−t$.
Following some comments below I asked about the computational power of such a noisy version over here.
Update: Related question Is there any superstable configuration in the game of life?
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My experiments with GoL on a torus show that it eventually stabilises to a steady-state (modulo the alternating cross). You can see a video of one run at youtube.com/watch?v=tZTIiKcqdtI (the background is the same as what's happening on the torus). – Loop Space May 31 '13 at 11:39
_USER_: well, your question is surely interesting, but I don't see it anywhere in the OP's question. There is a wealth of interesting questions one can ask about the behavior of a cellular automaton on random initial configurations. Why e.g. not asking whether with positive probability every cell eventually dies out, which is more in the spirit of bootstrap percolation? – Algernon May 31 '13 at 14:21
_USER_ Stacey: It is rather naive to base an answer on experimentation. For example, there is a positive probability that somewhere in your system (lets take it to be infinite) you'll encounter this: _URL_:Gospers_glider_gun.gif – André Henriques May 31 '13 at 15:39
_USER_ Only on a mathematics forum could one argue that experimentation was no basis for assertion! Actually, I've yet to see a glider gun in my simulations so whatever that probability is then it'll be small. I suspect that it might be because it's on a torus so any glider gun that forms has a distinct possibility of shooting itself. – Loop Space May 31 '13 at 19:23
>so whatever that probability is then it'll be small< Let's say about $1−(1−(p^{20})(1−p)^{180})^{n^2/200}$. (I was too lazy to count the cells but you get the idea) Now here is the difference between a mathematician and a normal person. The mathematician believes that it is 1 and the normal person that it is 0. All existing computers are normal people, which makes it extremely hard to use them to do mathematics of this type... – fedja Jun 1 '13 at 0:23
7 Answers 7
The first study of the game of life with random initial conditions that I could find was this paper:
F. Bagnoli, R. Rechtman and S. Ruffo, Some Facts of Life, Physica A 171, 249 (1991) doi:10.1016/0378-4371(91)90277-J.
In it they attempt a kind of mean-field analysis (which I haven't digested) as well as do some numerical experiments which suggest that the system approaches a nontrivial asymptotic density for all $0\lt p\lt 1$.
Here's a plot from their paper of results on 256 by 256 toruses (their $\rho_0=p$):
figure 3 from Bagnoli, Rechtman and Ruffo 1991
They also investigated the temporal behavior, however I found more detailed simulations and discussion of scaling in this paper:
J. B. C. Garcia, M. A. F. Gomes, T. I. Jyh, T. I. Ren, and T. R. M. Sales. Nonlinear dynamics of the cellular-automaton ''game of Life''. Phys. Rev. E 48, 3345–3351 (1993)
Here is a plot showing the average number of connected clusters of live sites versus time.
figure 1 from Garcia et al 1993
They summarize their findings as follows (below $\varphi$ represents some quantity like the number of live clusters or the total number of live sites, etc.):
For initial occupation probabilities satisfying $0.15\leq p \lt 0.75$, each one of the different statistical functions $\varphi$ describing the dynamics of the GL may be divided in general in three intervals: First, a region extending from $t =0$ to $t\simeq L^{1/2}$ presenting large fluctuations in $\varphi$; second, a scaling region characterized by a power-law dependence between $\varphi$ and $t$, from $t\sim L^{1/2}$ to $t\sim L^{4/3}$ and finally the "steady state" or stabilization region (the SOC [self-organized criticality] state of Bak, Chen, and Creutz [4]) extending from $t\sim L^{4/3}$ to infinite and characterized by small fluctuations of $\varphi$ around some average value $\varphi_0$. These results are obtained from extensive numerical simulations on lattices with different values of L. The critical exponents obtained in the scaling region are robust and do not depend on $p$, for $0.15\leq p \lt0.75$. [...] For low initial occupation ($p\lt 0.15$) or high density occupation ($p \geq 0.75$) the scaling region disappears, and now the domain for large fluctuations of $\varphi$ extends from $t =0$ to $t\sim L^{4/3}$. This region is followed by the "steady state" characterized by small fluctuations around an average value.
I didn't see any rigorous arguments in the papers I found but that doesn't mean there aren't any out there. In particular as Gil hints there is a strong connection to bootstrap percolation, and perhaps some of the theorems proven there apply here as well.
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The most rigorous analysis of this that I know of is in:
N. M. Gotts. Self-organized construction in sparse random arrays of Conway's Game of Life. New Constructions in Cellular Automata, pp. 1–53. Oxford University Press, 2003.
In order to be able to actually prove something about what happens (in the face of undecidability results for general Life patterns) he considers the case of patterns that are very sparse (each cell initially alive i.i.d. with a very low probability $p$) for relatively short time scales (polynomial in $N=1/p$). Specifically, it looks from my reading that he calculates the asymptotic density of live cells for all times up to $N^{281/96}$, but cannot extend his methods past $N^3$ because somewhere between those two bounds events of unbounded complexity start dominating the density.
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Fundamental undecidability is not necessarily an obstacle to proving theorems about what will happen probabilistically. For example, even with Turing machines (which surely exhibit a robust undecidability phenomenon), we know with asymptotic probability one as the number of program states increases that the behavior of a Turing machine program on a one-way infinite tape is completely trivial. See jdh.hamkins.org/haltingproblemdecidable. For similar reasons, we might hope for advance also in the case of Life. Perhaps life is similarly decidable in most instances... – Joel David Hamkins May 31 '13 at 19:32
Remember that, with an infinite field, "most instance" include somewhere every possible finite pattern. In order to say something about denser configurations or longer numbers of steps we would need to resolve the question of whether it is possible for a pattern to exist that can survive and robustly reproduce itself in an environment filled with random junk. If they can exist, then they may eventually come to be a significant fraction of the population. On the other hand if they cannot exist, then it is plausible that more simplistic analysis techniques can be applied. – David Eppstein Jun 1 '13 at 1:00
_USER_ Eppstein. I like very much your rephrasing of the question: this is exactly what one needs to think about. My bet is that the answer is "yes": there do exist patterns that can survive and robustly reproduce themselves (with an extremely low reproduction rate) in an environment filled with random junk


Macedonian Holidays – a Comprehensive Guide
When you observe the hospitable and welcoming predisposition of Macedonian citizens, curiosity strikes right away – I wonder how these people are celebrating their holidays, how many they actually have, and to what degree these obstruct the normal flow of everyday commerce, business and administration?
new year in skopje macedonia
The handy guide below lists all of the public Macedonian holidays, their significance and celebratory tradition. It will help you plan upfront, knowing exactly when the country is taking a collective break.
Surely enough, like any nationality close to the Mediterranean, Macedonians like to have their celebrations. But while Macedonian holidays are numerous indeed, only 12 of them enjoy public holiday status. These public holidays maintain religious, national and ethnic tradition, with majority of them based on the orthodox faith.
The fact that some are movable and others have a fixed date, begs the necessity of drawing an annual chart. The one below, as you will notice, is based on the 2018 calendar year.
Macedonian public holidays 2018
The table presented is pretty much self-explanatory, so if you need to have a quick look and orient yourself properly just glance over.
For those of you who like to take a closer look, clicking the name of the holiday will take you down this page for a more detailed explanation. a detailed explanation is available below.
Looking at the table above, you'll notice 12 Macedonian holidays, signifying religious and national tradition.
If a holiday happens to fall on a weekend, the authorities will issue a proclamation that basically sets the observation on a different day, allowing the country to take a collective break. That being said, even people who are not of orthodox faith are getting a day off when celebrating Christmas of Easter. The same holds true for the Muslim holiday of Eid Al Fitr (the end of Ramadan).
Some of the ethnic and religious holidays are enjoyed by specific communities, but the public holidays provide a mandatory break regardless of your ethnic or religious background. The Macedonian holidays are regulated by the Law on Holidays in the Republic of Macedonia, 2007. It is this law which permits the authorities to proclaim additional non-working days for holidays if they are officially published.
The religious holidays are often celebrated traditionally in both the capital of Skopje, as well as around the country. Some of the national holidays are celebrated exclusively at specific locations, like for example Meckin Kamen near Krushevo, respecting historical context and tradition.
Macedonian public holidays described
Going over the public holidays in Macedonia, we will try and reflect on the meaning of each, describing the general perception, importance, and cultural appreciation.
New Year's Day
Observing the Gregorian calendar as all other countries in the world (except Israel), Macedonians are celebrating New Year's Day as a public holiday. The celebration traditionally starts at 00:00, with fireworks, music and public square concerts – majority of which have been discontinued recently, for the reason of charity donations. A practice described by many locals as an act of virtue signaling, and populist moves by a sharply divided political spectrum.
Orthodox Christmas Day (often googled as Macedonian Christmas)
christmas in macedonia
Observed every year on the 7th of January, Macedonians are celebrating the birth of Christ. The celebration is humble and confined to religious temples only, as opposed to the western consumerism craze happening around the holidays. If there is a parallel to be drawn, you can find much similarity to western enthusiasm with Christmas with the celebration of the New Year's Eve in Macedonia.
Much of this, as many believe, boils down to communist rule partly prohibiting excessive religion appreciation. Macedonia is long past the years of communism, but tradition seems to hold on.
Orthodox Easter Monday
The date itself is movable, and it changes every year. For 2018, the Orthodox Easter Day is celebrated on the 8th of April (Sunday – the day of week is fixed and never changes), and the public holiday is established on Monday the 9th of April, being a non-working day.
Easter, traditionally, is celebrated on midnight where many people gather inside and around every active church, to pray and wait for the resurrection of Christ. The traffic in Skopje is largely obstructed, for crowds of people are walking on the streets, visiting churches located in the city center.
Groups of friends, family and teenagers are covering the center, many of which are not paying attention to the religious aspect of the gathering, but are enjoying the social nature of the event.
The following day is considered the 2nd day of Easter (which is celebrated for 3 days in a row), where the family comes together for lunch. Recently, the trend is for people to flock the southern border, heading towards neighboring Greece, for a 2-3 day vacation.
Since Great Friday (observed by Orthodox Christians, and established as a non-working day for the people of the Orthodox faith) extends the weekend, which is further prolonged by the public holiday observed in Monday, many people decide to treat themselves with a short vacation. Putting this into consideration, we can say that the conservative tradition of Macedonians is definitely changing its shape.
Labor Day
May Day, which is associated with the commemoration of the achievements of the labor movement, is celebrated in over 80 countries as a public holiday. It is also known as Labor Day, or International Worker's Day.
In the States, the observation is moved to September, as to avoid commemorating some of the deadliest riots, while in Russia the holiday is meat to symbolize solidarity with the worker class.
In Macedonia, however, there is little appreciation of the ideological background of the holiday. It is, instead, a day reserved for weekend gateways (when the calendar year is gracious enough to place it next to a weekend), or hedonistic picnics in nature.
Saint Cyril and Methodius Day
Celebrated in both Bulgaria and Macedonia, this is a day of culture and literacy as much as it is of religious tradition. Observed on the 24th of May, it is also known as the Alphabet Day, proclaimed as a public holiday only in Macedonia.
Two Byzantine brothers born in the 9th century, Cyril and Methodius went as missionaries to present day Ukraine, spreading Christianity among the Slavic peoples of Great Morava, Pannonia and Bulgaria.
Credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet (precursor to the Cyrillic, named after Cyril), the transcribed religious book spreading both faith and literacy. As of today, over 300 million people use the Cyrillic script.
Eid al Fitr
Marking the end of Ramadan and the fast, the date of Eid depends on the sighting of the moon, with slight variations in the exact time of celebration around the world.
The law of holidays of the republic of Macedonia announced in the year 2007, established this as the first Muslim holiday elevated to the rank of a public holiday, making it a non-work day for people from all religious backgrounds.
Macedonian Republic Day
krushevo republic day macedonia
Marking two important events from Macedonian history – the Ilinden uprising in 1903 and the Republic establishment in1944 – this holiday is also known for its religious significance. Marking the prophet Elijah's ascension into heaven, it is therefore known as Ilinden (or Saint Elijah's Day – translated from Macedonian).
The formal celebrations take place in Krushevo, on Meckin Kamen (Bear's Rock), where the famous battle with the ottoman army took place during the 1903 uprising. Ethnic music and traditional Macedonian clothing are often decorating the celebration.
Macedonian Independence Day
Celebrating the referendum for independence in 1991, the Macedonian Independence Day marks the beginning of the modern Republic of Macedonia. When it falls on a weekend, the government additionally announces the observation day.
The country gained its independence from Yugoslavia, where within its borders it was only a federal state. After the Independence Day, Macedonia became a sovereign parliamentary democracy.
Taking place on September the 8th, 1991, over 95% of the voters have chosen Independence from Yugoslavia, granting Macedonia the only peaceful separation from the union, while the region has succumbed to conflict. Several official events are held, celebrating national pride.
Revolution day (Day of uprising)
Celebrated on the 11th of October, this is the day of the uprising against the fascist aggressor, when in 1941 armed insurgents form Prilep attacked Axis occupied zones in the city. The resistance continued well into the following years, lasting until the end of the war in 1994.
No significant celebration events are held during this day.
Day of the Macedonian revolution
Commemorating the establishment of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO – or VMRO in Macedonian), this day is celebrating the historical and patriotic importance of this liberation movement operating within the Ottoman Empire.
The organization was founded by Dame Gruev, Hristo Tatarchev, Peter Pop-Arsov, Andon Dimitrov, Ivan Hadzinikolov and Hristo Batandzhiev. It is celebrated on the 23rd of October, without excessive formality and celebratory events.
The day of the Macedonian revolution is only recently established as a public holiday, thanks to the right wing party bearing the name of the historic organization.
Saint Clement of Ohrid
A disciple of Saint Cyril and Methodius, St. Clement of Ohrid was born in 840. He was leading one of the Slavonic schools established by the Bulgarian King Boris, and is commonly accredited with inventing the Cyrillic alphabet.
An


The Ultimate College Student Health Handbook
As a new college student straight out of high school, alone for the first time, it can be scary to become sick. Many kids are used to their parents taking care of them and giving them advice. However, once you are in college you must take care of yourself. The Ultimate College Student Health Handbook provides the essential tips and tricks a student would need to prevent an illness or take care of themselves when they fall ill. This exceptional guide will help you determine whether you just need a warm tea and some sleep or a doctor visit.
The Ultimate College Student Health Handbook is the perfect book for parents to slip into their kids luggage when they go off to college. Written by a doctor, it is filled with reliable and factual information presented in easy and understandable terms. It prepares young adults and enables them to be self reliant. Nothing tests your capability like being sick with no one around to care for you as your mother would. You are vulnerable and weak. You have to make important decisions like how high a fever is too high.
The Ultimate College Student Health Handbook has a laid back style with a pinch of humor. It covers a wide range of topics from hangovers to real health issues. Jill Grimes, MD, FAAFP, has tailored the content to a specific demographic, but it is also accessible to everyone else. While you could just Google 'hangover cure', the results you get are not always accurate and could lead you down a rabbit hole of bizarre stories. This informative and engaging guide comes from a medical professional. Jill Grimes has created a book that is perfect as a quick reference for common issues. It's easy to flip to a section, learn about symptoms, treatment, and prevention.
What I liked most about this book was how it distills issues down into easily understood pieces of information. While it could be easy to spend a whole page or two explaining why things occurred, Jill Grimes is able to sum up issues in a small paragraph followed by bulleted points. The accompanying illustrations are simple, cute, and effective.
I know this book is aimed at college kids, but I really think that this book is a great medical reference guide for everyone. Again, you could go to the internet, but then you have to dig through ads, comments from non-professionals, and misleading information to find what you need. If you are a parent with a child about to depart for college, give yourself peace of mind by gifting this book to them. I found it immensely helpful.
Pages: 333 | ASIN: B084G9BF3P
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عنوان مقاله [English]
Abstract: Considering the increasing trend of salinity development and lack of desirable land for agriculture in the world, the use of saline resistant species or the use of compounds that reduce the effects of salinity stress and induction of resistance to stress in plants is very important. Salicylic acid is one of the beneficial compounds for plants, which plays an important role in the resistance of plants to environmental stresses, including salinity stress. To evaluate the potential beneficial effects of salicylic acid on some of the physiological and morphological parameters of an experiment, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors: salinity including sodium chloride at 0, 100 and 150 mM and salicylic acid at two levels 0 and 1 mM with four repeats. At the end of experiment, vegetative traits, chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoids, starch, sucrose and total protein content were measured after 28 days of treatment. The results of salinity and salicylic acid interaction showed that salinity significantly reduced the weight and dry weight of the shoot, root dry weight and root, root penetration depth, and the height of the forage plant. Salinity of 150 mM significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll a and b. In addition, the amount of sucrose and starch and protein decreased by salinity. Treatments with salicylic acid increased vegetative traits, sugars, chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein under salinity stress significantly.


scalawag (n.) Look up scalawag at
also scallawag, "disreputable fellow," 1848, American English, originally in trade union jargon, of uncertain origin; perhaps an alteration (by influence of wag "habitual joker") of Scottish scallag "farm servant, rustic," itself an alteration of Scalloway, one of the Shetland Islands, wit the reference being to little Shetland ponies (an early recorded sense of scalawag was "undersized or worthless animal," 1854). In U.S. history, used from 1862 as a derogatory term for anti-Confederate native white Southerners.


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This week's book giveaway is in the General Computing forum. We're giving away four copies of Arduino in Action and have Martin Evans, Joshua Noble, and Jordan Hochenbaum on-line! See this thread for details.
Thanks for giving reply of my question. Their is another method with the name of parseInt it has two arguments parseInt(String, int); I cannot understand the meaning of int argument in this method. Please help me in this regard. Again thanks to all who gave me reply. Ahmer Arman
Ahmer The int argument is the radix that the String integer is in. In other words its base. A String such as "12349" would be base 10 so the parseInt call would be parseInt("12349", 10);. A String that is a hex representation could be something like "AF", so parseInt would be parseInt("AF", 16);. Basicaly your telling the method that this String your passing it is in a different base than base 10. hope that helps
------------------ Dave Sun Certified Programmer for the Java� 2 Platform
Well, since any number of classes COULD have a parseInt method - I am going to use my ESP and guess that you are talking about the one in the Integer class. That method is just saying that if you feed in a number in String format, and you specify that "base" that the number is being displayed in (that would be the second parameter), the method will feed you back the value of that number in base 10. Of course the String can only use digits that are valid in the base that you say that it is in - so if you say it is in base 5, then the String should only have digits 0,1,2,3 and 4 or else it will throw a NumberFormatException. The api gives a whole list of examples:


A dip into our work
Meet our senior advisors
Strategic Intelligence
Hill+Knowlton Strategies is the only communication agency in the Netherlands with a Strategic Intelligence department. We established this department realizing that the best advice is not possible without deep insights in aspects that influence the situation of our clients.
Strategic Intelligence Hill+Knowlton Strategies
Our researchers and analysts have the task to gather, interpret and analyse information, in order to generate relevant insights for the development of a successful communication strategy.
They use several public sources both online and offline. Think of tools like Factiva, Lexis Nexis, different search engines, social media, interviews with stakeholders and opinion polls. They also interpret information that clients generate themselves for example via market research.
Our Strategic Intelligence department performs research into all relevant stakeholders for the assignment. We map their opinions and arguments, their impact on the clients' environment and their relative positions towards each other. Our researchers also show which information about both the client as well as relevant stakeholders is known, who influences this information, which channels are used and what the tone of voice and frequency of this information is. These insights often make the difference in the recommendations to our clients.


Article ID : 00197941 / Last Modified : 29/06/2018
The camera doesn't turn on or off after a firmware update.
 After updating the firmware, the camera may become unresponsive or not turn on or off. This may be caused by an incomplete installation of the firmware, or may also be due to a low battery. Follow these steps to address the issue:
 1. Make sure the battery is fully charged. If you have the optional AC power adapter, connect it to the camera and a working electrical outlet.
 NOTE: Batteries discharge faster when used in cold weather conditions.
 2. Check if the USB cable is working properly.
 3. Perform a manual reset on the camera.
 1. Remove the battery from the camera.
 2. Set the power switch to ON.
 3. Press and hold the shutter button for 30 seconds.
 4. Set the power switch to OFF.
 5. Insert the battery back to the camera.
 6. Set the power switch to ON to see if the camera will turn on.
 4. If the camera doesn't turn on, run the firmware again.
 5. If necessary, use a different computer.
 6. If the issue is still unresolved, service may be required.


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Codominant stems, trunk and branch structure
Trunks need enough wood tissue arranged appropriately to hold the tree up in stormy weather. Branches well attached to the trunk can remain secured for a long time (left and center photos). Weakly attached branches (right photo) can split from the tree. Trees with weakly attached branches fail more often than trees without these defects.
The two codominant stems on the right are weakly attached because they are the same size and because of the bark inclusion between them. The codominant stems below are better attached because there is no bark inclusion. Cabling and bracing can be used to help hold certain trees together (See: cabling and bracing). Trees can also be structutally pruned to either prevent or modify the impact of this defect.


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||This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (June 2009)|
|Look up award in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
An award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field; a certificate of excellence. Awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. An award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient; for example, the Nobel Prize for contributions to society or the Pulitzer Prize for literary achievements. An award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize.
Awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. Usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. For instance, a special presidential citation (as given by the President of the United States) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor (e.g., President Ronald Reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the Disney Channel for its excellent children's television programming.)
However there are exceptions like some quality labels, for which it is neither person nor organizations that are rewarded, but products. This is the case for the World Quality Selections organized by Monde Selection. These international awards are assigned to beverages, foods, cosmetics and diet products, which stand out for their quality.
People who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the Nobel Prize, a championship title in a sport, or an Academy Award (Oscar), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. To distinctly be categorized as an 'Award', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. Generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a 'popularity contest' is considered to be an authentic award.
Mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular. They are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. Popular mock awards include:
- Golden Raspberry Awards (Razzies), a satirical counterpart to the Academy Award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to offer
- Ig Nobel Prize, a satirical counterpart to the Nobel Prize, given for achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think."
- Darwin Awards, "given to people who seem to improve the human gene pool by accidentally killing or sterilizing themselves during a foolish or careless mistake."
One common type of award in the United States is the Employee of the Month award, where typically the recipients' names are listed in a prominent place in the business for that month. A common mock award is the wooden spoon, given to an individual or team which has come last in a competition.
Some awards are given only after a fee is paid by the recipient, such as the German Design Award.
- The Kentucky Derby Trophy is an award worth $70,000 with an estimated 1000 man hours of labor.
- Ken Bensinger (2006-12-14). "The Bogies: Radar nominates the most bogus awards in America". Radar Online. Archived from the original on 2007-06-03. Retrieved 2007-06-07.


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Demonstrations 21 - 40 of 95
Collatz Sequence Computed by a Turing Machine
Twelve-Tone Equal-Tempered Scales
Collatz Sequence Computed by a Tag System
Uniform Convergence of a Sequence of Functions
Two Types of Hexagonal Polyominoes Counted by Area and Number of Columns
Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind and Nonattacking Rooks
Almost Repunit Primes
The Sequence of Primes
Fibonacci and Padovan Spiral Identities
A Procedure to Compute the Digit Sequence of a Rational Number
Difference in Digit Sequences by Changing Initial Conditions
A Procedure to Compute the Digit Sequence of a Square Root
Mrs. Perkins's Quilts
A Family of Generalized Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
Regular Paperfolding Sequence
A Graph Theory Interpretation of the Sum of the First n Integers
Plot of a Geometric Sequence and Its Partial Sums
The Four-Number Game
Periodicity of Euler Numbers in Modular Arithmetic
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Information Retrieval and E-Service: Towards Open Information Retrieval
Proceedings of International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM)
The concept of Information Retrieval (IR) could be extended towards an Open Information Retrieval (Open IR) approach. Open IR gives users a wider range of access methods when retrieving business objects (e.g. projects, products, skills, people, deliverables…) using Web applications. Open IR is based on the concept of the "Entity", as defined in the Hypertopic model. The Hypertopic model is a knowledge representation language we propose for mediating various "socio-semantic Web" applications, using topic maps co-constructed by members of a community. We briefly describe in this paper how Hypertopic "Entities" can be viewed "semiotically", depending on various topics and points of view. We describe how entity-based Hypertopic maps can be used to facilitate users' search efforts. For this purpose, we illustrate Open IR in the field of e-commerce: we examine complex features which could be proposed on electronic market places to describe/retrieve entities such as products proposed by multiple providers. Keywords: knowledge engineering, e-commerce, e-market place, information retrieval, socio semantic web.


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I'm self-studying abstract algebra (slowly but surely), and I have a question about my answer to the following prompt:
Problem statement:
Show that there are $(q-1)(p-1)$ generators of the group $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$, where $p$ and $q$ are distinct primes. (Where $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$ is the additive group of integers modulo $n$)
I can use a theorem from my textbook that says:
The integer $r$ generates the group $\mathbb{Z}_n$ iff $$1\le r\lt n \quad\text{and}\quad \gcd(r, n) = 1$$
My attempt at a proof:
Let $p$ and $q$ be distinct primes and $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ be the additive group of integers modulo $pq$.
An element $a \in \mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ is a generator of $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ iff: $$1\le a\lt pq \quad\text{and}\quad \gcd(a, pq) = 1$$ There are $p-1$ positive multiples of $q$ less than $pq$. Also, there are $q-1$ positive multiples of $p$ less than $pq$. These are the only elements of $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ that are not coprime to $pq$. Finally, $0$ is not a generator of $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$.
There are $pq$ elements in $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$, so the number of generators is: $$\begin{align} pq - (p-1) - (q-1) - 1 &= pq -p -q + 1 \\ &= p(q-1) - (q - 1) \\ &= (q-1)(p-1) \end{align}$$
My questions:
 - Obviously, if there's a flaw in the proof, I'd like to know. :) Aside from that...
 - When I assert "these are the only elements of $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ that are not coprime to $pq$," do I need to further show that this is true? It is patently obvious to me, but I know that just claiming "this is obvious" is not a valid method of proof.
 - I'd like to have some input on the style/format of my proof. Is there a better (read: more formal/traditional) way to phrase something in this proof, or is there a format that I'm not following? As I'm self-teaching, I don't want to learn bad habits...
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On your second point, the general rule that I like to follow is: If you need to ask whether something has to be justified then it doesn't hurt to actually justify it. People find different things to be obvious and what's obvious to you may not be obvious to me. – EuYu Sep 20 '13 at 1:22
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I don't see anything wrong with your proof.
For your second question, you could expand a bit on that statement, perhaps saying something like "since $1$,$p$, $q$ and $pq$ are the only divisors $pq$, any integer $n$not divisible by $p$ or $a$ must have $\gcd(n,pq)=1$, and be coprime to $pq$", but in situations like this, where a moment's though and writing down a few definitions will give a proof, omitting it is usually safe.
In writing proofs, I have found the following idea helpful: a proof is really intended to convince someone (a reader, a teacher, yourself) that a theorem is true. If, after reading your proof and spending a little time thinking about each step, this person could still doubt that your theorem is true, then you should add more. Otherwise, your safe. This reasoning, however, is very audience-dependant. For some audiences, the following would be an acceptable proof of your theorem:
The generators of $\Bbb{Z}_{pq}$ correspond with integers less than and coprime to $pq$. Since these are counted by Euler's $\phi(n)$, $\phi(n)$ is multiplicative, and, for any prime $p$, $\phi(p) = p-1$, the number of generators of $\Bbb{Z}_{pq}$ is $\phi(pq)=\phi(p)\phi(q) = (p-1)(q-1)$.
For lots of other audiences, it would not be.
Remember, a proof doesn't always have to be written down, finalized, and perfect. It can be more of a conversation.
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above.[8] Since the major cost of trucking is the fixed cost of the same trailer with its driver the cost per ton of operating with truckway size and weight allowances is 35 to 40 percent below the cost of operations on the non-truckways.[9]
 - In some areas, the lane adjacent to the curb is reserved for non-moving vehicles.
 - A parking lane is reserved for parallel parking of vehicles.
 - A fire lane is the area next to a curb, which is reserved for firefighting equipment, ambulances, or other emergency vehicles. Parking in these areas, often marked by red lines, usually warrants a parking ticket.
 - A loading lane (loading zone in the United States) is an area next to a curb, which is reserved for loading and unloading passengers or freight. It may be marked by a sign ("LOADING ONLY" or "LOADING ZONE") or by a yellow or white-painted curb.
 - A hard shoulder is sometimes called an emergency lane or a breakdown lane, when it is reserved for vehicle breakdowns, and for emergency vehicles. On some congested roads, the shoulder is used as a vehicle lane during peak travel hours.
 - By law or custom, outside (British usage of the word) lanes are often reserved for faster traffic, and inside lanes are used by slower traffic.[citation needed]
 - An overtaking lane is the lane furthest from the shoulder of a multi-lane carriageway/roadway (sometimes called the fast lane, although this is deprecated by the authorities), i.e. the leftmost lane where traffic drives on the right, or the rightmost lane where traffic drives in the left.
 - The slow lane is the lane nearest to the shoulder of a multi-lane carriageway/roadway, i.e. the farthest from the overtaking lane.
These usages lead to the phrases life in the slow lane and life in the fast lane, used to describe relaxed or busy lifestyles, respectively and used as the titles of various books and songs.
Lane width[edit]
Assumed widths and heights in road design (in meters)
The widths of vehicle lanes typically vary from 2.7 to 4.6 m (9 to 15 ft). Lane widths are commonly narrower on low volume roads and wider on higher volume roads. The lane width depends on the assumed maximum vehicle width, with an additional space to allow for lateral motion of the vehicle.[citation needed]
In the United States, maximum truck width had been 96 in (2,400 mm) in the Code of Federal Regulations of 1956, which exactly matched then standard shipping container width of 8 feet (2,400 mm). Maximum truck width was increased in 1976 to 102 in (2,591 mm) to harmonize with the slightly larger metric 2.6 m (100 in) world standard width.[10] The same applies to standards in Europe, which increased the allowable width of road vehicles to a current maximum of 2.55 m (100 in) for most trucks, and 2.6 m (100 in) for refrigerator trucks. These widths do not include side mirrors, but only the vehicle body. The minimum extra space had been 0.20 m (7.9 in) and it is currently assumed to be at least 0.25 m (9.8 in) on each side. The international standard allows roads with less traffic to add a second or third lower width lane in the same direction for cars 1.75 m (69 in) - those that have been built exclude trucks from these narrower lanes; however lower width lanes are not a recommended design principle for new roads, as this could be risky if traffic becomes heavier in future.
In the United States, the Interstate Highway standards for the Interstate Highway System use a 12 ft (3.7 m) standard lane width, while narrower lanes are used on lower classification roads. In Europe, laws and road widths vary by country; the minimum widths of lanes are generally between 2.5 to 3.25 m (98 to 128 in).[11] The federal Bundesstraße interurban network in Germany defines a minimum of 3.5 m (140 in) for each lane for the smallest two lane roads, with an additional 0.25 m (9.8 in) on the outer sides and shoulders being at least 1.5 m (59 in) on each side. A modern Autobahn divided highway with two lanes per direction has lanes 3.75 m (148 in) wide with an additional clearance of 0.50 m (20 in) on each side; with three lanes per direction this becomes 3.75 m (148 in) for the rightmost lane and 3.5 m (140 in) for the other lanes. Urban access roads and roads in low-density areas may have lanes as narrow as 2.50 m (98 in) in width per lane, occasionally with shoulders roughly 1 m (39 in) wide.[12]
Extra lane width in horizontal curves[edit]
Depending on speed, road curvature and vehicle properties, heavy goods vehicle (HGV) combinations exhibit a phenomenon called 'high speed outside offtracking'. This means that the rearmost axle of the trailer does not follow the lateral path of the truck tractor unit, but may travel significantly—up to 1–3 meters (3–10 ft)—away from the curve center. Hence, narrow lanes on sharp curves have to be designed slightly wider than on straight road. The phenomenon is much larger on slippery snow-covered roads than on bare asphalt or cement concrete, calling for even larger lane widening.[citation needed]
Effects of lane width[edit]
In general, wider lanes are associated with a reduction in crashes,[citation needed] but in urban settings both narrow (less than 2.8 m (9.2 ft)) and wide (over 3.1~3.2 m (10.2-10.5 ft)) lanes increase crash risks.[13] Wider lanes (over 3.3~3.4m (10.8-11.2 ft)) are associated with 33% higher impact speeds, as well as higher crash rates. Carrying capacity is also maximal at a width of 3 to 3.1 metres (9.8 to 10.2 ft), both for motor traffic and for bicycles. Pedestrian volume declines as lanes widen, and intersections with narrower lanes provide the highest capacity for bicycles.[13] As lane width decreases, traffic speed diminishes.[14] Some new urbanists argue that safety and capacity are not adversely impacted by reducing lanes widths to as little as 10 ft (3.0 m).[15]
Lane markings[edit]
A typical rural American freeway (Interstate 5 in the Central Valley of California). The yellow line is on the left, the dashed white line in the middle, and the solid white line on the right. The rumble strip is to the left of the yellow line.
Painted lane markings vary widely from country to country. In the United States, Canada, Mexico, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands and Norway, yellow lines separate traffic going opposite directions and white separates lanes of traffic traveling the same direction, but such is not the case in many European countries.
Lane markings are mostly lines painted on the road by a road marking machine, which can adjust the marking widths according to the lane type.[16]
Lane numbering[edit]
Traffic reports in California often refer to accidents being "in the number X lane." The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) assigns the numbers from left to right.[17] The far left passing lane is the number 1 lane. The number of the slow lane (closest to freeway onramps/offramps) depends on the total number of lanes, and could be anywhere from 2 to 8.
Lane capacity varies widely due to conditions such as neighboring lanes, lane width, elements next to the road, number of driveways, presence of parking, speed limits, number of heavy vehicles and so on – the range can be as low as 1000 passenger cars / hour to as high as 4800 passenger cars / hour but mostly falls between 1500 and 2400 passenger cars / hour.[18]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Lane – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on February 4, 2015.
 2. ^ "Home - Public Services". Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 3. ^ "MDOT - Hines, Edward N. (_PHONE_)". Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
 4. ^ Douglas V. Jones: The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield – A Commemorative History, Westwood Press 1994, ISBN 0-_PHONE_-7-2.
 5. ^ Zeitreise der Markierungstechnik
 6. ^ "Glossary". Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
 7. ^ "Rule 14–61 Tandem Trailers on Florida's Turnpike". Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
 8. ^ "The 2015 Florida Statutes, 316.515(3)(b)2". Archived from the original on December


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Exercises for Your Face
Want to look younger? Exercise Your Face
You have been focusing on your body, but did you know you can tone the muscles in your face? While studies have been inconclusive about whether you can combat the signs of aging skin with specific exercises, there are people who swear by them.
So why not give facial exercises a try for a few weeks before getting injections or surgery? There are quite a few sources of information on the subject but this article and Fumiko Takatsu's story peaked my interest.
The Face Yoga Method
Source: Face Yoga: The New Plastic Surgery?
Below are the face yoga exercises to combat four (4) common signs of aging. Watch this video of Takatsu demonstrating them. Face Exercise Video
More from Huffington Post: "Face trainer Erika Boldis of Desiredface has developed her own European Workout Facial to rejuvenate the facial muscles and skin for a more youthful glow."
Consciously engage underlying muscles throughout these exercises—don't rely on your hands to do the movements. Instead, use your hands to hold skin firmly in place to avoid forming any wrinkles.
Exercise List
Do these exercises once a day and you should start noticing a difference after a couple of weeks.
Forehead Relaxer
 Purpose: Forehead Wrinkle Exercise
3. Repeat this four times.
This exercise uses acupressure to remove tension and forces the forehead muscles to relax. It will help you relieve tension after a particularly stressful day at work.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Smile Lines
 Purpose: Exercise for the lines around your lips
3. Hold this pose for five seconds. Relax.
4. Repeat this three times.
This exercise smooths your smile lines by lifting the muscles around the cheeks, stimulating blood and oxygen flow to your face.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Droopy Eye Lids
 Purpose: Tighten Droopy Eyelids
This exercise works best in front of a mirror.
1. Relax and drop your shoulders downwards.
5. Repeat this exercise on your other side.
6. Do once more on each side.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Neck / Double Chin
 Purpose: Improve sagging neck or a double chin
3. Hold for three seconds. Repeat.
4. Repeat on the other side.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Purpose: This exercise helps to build muscles under the eyelid for more open, awake-looking eyes.
 1. With your index fingers and thumbs, make a "C" around the each eye with your pointer finger curved over the eyebrow and firmly against your skin, and your thumb firmly against your cheek.
 2. Shut your eyes then slowly squeeze your eyelids to close tighter, then relax the tension without opening the eye.
 3. Repeat 25 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Smooth Laugh & Under Eye Lines
Purpose: To help smooth laugh lines and fine lines around the undereye, try this.
 1. With each palm firmly against each cheek, pull the top of the upper lip and lip corners up toward the temples, exposing your upper teeth and gums.
 2. Hold this for 30 seconds, 3 times.
 3. Slowly press lip corners even further up, and release.
 4. Repeat 30 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Purpose: Smooth lines in the forehead with this exercise.
 1. Place each palm on each side of your forehead, with the bottom edges of the palms resting on the eyebrows, holding forehead skin firmly in place.
 2. Allow your eyebrow muscles to raise themselves, like a surprised look, and then back down, like an angry look.
 3. Repeat 10 times.
 4. Raise the eyebrows and hold for 30 seconds.
 5. Lower the eyebrows and hold for 30 seconds.
 6. Repeat the up-and-down motion 10 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Lip Lines
Purpose: Here's an exercise to help condition the lip muscles.
 1. Place the outer edge of each palm against your nasolabial folds (where laugh lines would be) and the bottom edges of each palm on the top of the jaw line.
 2. Apply pressure to the face with the whole surface of the palms.
 3. With your lip muscles, press the upper and lower lip together and hold for 20 seconds.
 4. Pulse the palms toward the sides of the nose for 10 seconds.
 5. Repeat 3 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
More Information For You…
(tap image to buy on Amazon)
The Ultimate Guide To The Face Yoga Method: Take Five Years Off Your Face
Face Yoga Method
The Ultimate Guide To The Face Yoga Method – Volume 3
Face Yoga
See more with examples…
Facial Massage
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CALL Scotland has written a guide to a well-hidden free Text to Speech facility in Microsoft Office 2010. It can speak selected text in Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote.
Anyone who wants to listen to a lot is likely to prefer software with synchronised hi-liting, but this best kept secret would be particularly good for hearing occasional words.
The guide explains how to put a good-sized icon on the Ribbon.
To add a small icon for 'Speak' to the Quick Access Toolbar at the top of the Word screen:
- Click on the tiny icon 'Customise Quick Access Toolbar.
- Choose 'More Commands'.
- In 'Choose Commands from', choose 'All Commands'.
- In the big window called 'Separator', scroll down to find 'Speak' and click on it.
- Click on 'Add' in the middle of the screen to put it in your Quick Access Toolbar contents on the right.
- Click on OK.
Then, in your document, highlight text, click on the 'Speak Selected Text' icon and it will read it aloud.


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FFC Cambridge process
The FFC Cambridge Process is an electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds, particularly oxides, are cathodically reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts. It is thought that this process will eventually be capable of producing metals or alloys more efficiently than by current conventional processes, such as titanium by the Kroll process.
The FFC Cambridge process was developed by George Chen, Derek Fray and Tom Farthing between 1996 and 1997 at the University of Cambridge. (The name FFC derives from the first letters of their last names.) They reduced oxide scales on titanium foils, as well as small pellets of titanium dioxide powder, to the metal by molten salt electrochemistry. A similar process was patented in 1904 as German patent 150557.
The intellectual property relating to the technology has been acquired by Metalysis, (Sheffield, UK).
The process typically takes place between 900 and 1100 °C, with an anode (typically carbon) and a cathode (oxide being reduced) in a bath of molten CaCl2. Depending on the nature of the oxide it will exist at a particular potential relative to the anode, which is dependent on the quantity of CaO present in CaCl2. The cathode is then polarised to a more negative voltages versus the anode. This is simply achieved by imposing a voltage between the anode and cathode. When polarised to more negative voltages the oxide releases oxygen ions into the CaCl2 salt, which exists as CaO. To maintain charge neutrality, as oxygen ions are released from the cathode into the salt, so oxygen ions must be released from the salt to the anode. This is observed as CO or CO2 being evolved at the carbon anode. In theory an inert anode could be used to produce oxygen.
When negative voltages are reached, it is possible that the cathode would begin to produce Ca (which is soluble in CaCl2). Ca is highly reductive and would further strip oxygen from the cathode, resulting in calciothermic reduction. However, Ca dissolved into CaCl2 results in a more conductive salt leading to reduced current efficiencies.
Cathode reaction mechanism
The electro-calciothermic reduction mechanism may be represented by the following sequence of reactions.
x+ x Ca → M + x CaO
When this reaction takes place on its own, it is referred to as the "calciothermic reduction" (or, more generally, an example of metallothermic reduction). For example, if the cathode was primarily made from TiO then calciothermic reduction would appear as:
TiO + Ca → Ti + CaO
Whilst the cathode reaction can be written as above it is in fact a gradual removal of oxygen from the oxide. For example, it has been shown that TiO2 does not simply reduce to Ti. It, in fact, reduces through the lower oxides (Ti3O5, Ti2O3, TiO etc.) to Ti.
The calcium oxide produced is then electrolyzed:
(2a) x CaO → x Ca2+ + x O2−
(2b) x Ca2+ + 2x e− → x Ca
(2c) x O2− → x/2 O2 + 2x e−
Reaction (2b) describes the production of Ca metal from Ca2+ ions within the salt, at the cathode. The Ca would then proceed to reduce the cathode.
The net result of reactions (1) and (2) is simply the reduction of the oxide into metal plus oxygen:
x→ M + x/2 O2
Anode reaction mechanism
The use of molten CaCl2 is important because this molten salt can dissolve and transport the O2− ions to the anode to be discharged. The anode reaction depends on the material of the anode. Depending on the system it is possible to produce either CO or CO2 or a mixture at the carbon anode:
- C + 2O2− → CO2 +4
- C + O2− → CO + 2
However, if an inert anode is used, such as that of high density SnO2, the discharge of the O2− ions leads to the evolution of oxygen gas. However the use of an inert anode has disadvantages. Firstly, when the concentration of CaO is low, Cl2 evolution at the anode becomes more favourable. In addition, when compared to a carbon anode, more energy is required to achieve the same reduced phase at the cathode. Inert anodes suffer from stability issues.
- 2O2− → O2 + 4
- Fray, D. J.; Chen, G. Z.; Farthing, T. W. (2000). "Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride". Nature. 407 (6802): 361–4. doi:10.1038/35030069. PMID _PHONE_.
- DRP 150557 "Verfahren der Gewinnung von Titan aus seinen Sauerstoffverbindungen auf elektrolytischem Wege". dpma.de
- Rideal, Eric Keightley (1919) Industrial Electrometallurgy, Including Electrolytic and Electrothermal Processes. D. Van Nostrand co. p. 137
- Metalysis Official Website
- R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2009). "Production of Ti-W Alloys from Mixed Oxide Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process". J. Electrochem. Soc. 156: E1–7. doi:10.1149/_PHONE_.
- R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2008). "Production of Ti-Mo Alloys from Mixed Oxide Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process". J. Electrochem. Soc. 155 (6): E63–69. doi:10.1149/_PHONE_.
- Ryosuke O. Suzuki (2005). "Calciothermic reduction of TiO2 and in situ electrolysis of CaO in the molten CaCl2". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 66 (2–4): 461–465. Bibcode:2005JPCS...66..461S. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.041.
- Il Park; Takashi Abiko; Toru H. Okabe (2005). "Production of titanium powder directly from TiO2 in CaCl2 through an electronically mediated reaction (EMR)". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 66 (2–4): 410–413. Bibcode:2005JPCS...66..410P. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.052.
- X. Ge; X. Wang; S. Seetharaman (2009). "Copper extraction from copper ore by electro-reduction in molten CaCl2–NaCl". Electrochimica Acta. 54 (18): 4397–4402. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.015.


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Cislunar space (alternatively, cis-lunar space) is the volume within the Moon's orbit, or a sphere formed by rotating that orbit. Volumes within that such as low earth orbit (LEO) are distinguished by other names. Practically, cislunar space is a useful label for "the volume between geostationary orbit and the moon's orbit". Beyond cislunar space lies translunar space.
Cis-lunar is Latin for "on this side of the moon" but also "not beyond the moon". Therefore, one might regard the Lagrange points L4 and L5, the stable regions of the Moon's Trojan points, as cislunar, but in practice they are so interesting as to be likely to be talked about in their own right.
|This article is a stub relating to space or space exploration. You can help Space Wiki by expanding it.|


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(Last Updated on : 14/10/2010)
Rough chaff is an upright and rigid yearly herb that grows thickly upto 50 cm in height. It has several branches, nearly round and somewhat ribbed stem, light green or light pink in colour and covered with small, taut and somewhat coarse hair. Its branches have prickles which are pointed downwards. The leaves of the plant are plain, egg-shaped and green. The flowers are tiny and face downwards. Older flowers are seen at the bottom and fresh ones on the upper part.
The herb occurs in temperate and sub-tropical Himalayas from Kishtwar to Sikkim and Khasi hills at 1200 to 1820 metres, Bihar, Konkan, Nilgiris and Travancore hills. The seeds and the dried plant are obtainable with grocers and dealers of unprocessed drugs all over India.
The char of the herb contains a rich proportion of potash and is an antacid. It is a crucial component of alkaline medicine, useful in counterbalancing acidity.
Methods of usage
Rough chaff has the power to repair chronic diseases like asthma, spleen enlargement, renal dropsy, cholera, menorrhagia or other infectious eruptions.
Healing Power and Medicinal Properties of rough chaff
Rough chaff is one of the imperative herbs used by villagers to cook mixed greens. The leaves are bland but assume a soft acrid taste after cooking. They also contain soft cellulose.
Asthma cured by rough chaff
Rough chaff is used to heal asthma. The method ordained in Ayurveda is as follows-- the leaves of the plant should be plucked in impenetrable darkness with no light falling on the plant at the time of plucking. This is because the presence of light ruins the remedial effect of the leaves. After plucking, 25 grams of the leaves are mashed together with two grams of black pepper on a stone. Six pills are made from the paste which is dried in a dark room the same night. An asthma patient has to take one pill with water on the 9th night of the 2nd half of the lunar month, and persist to follow the routine for 6 days upto new moon day.
Coughs cured by rough chaff
The char of the herb, mixed with honey, is useful for coughs. An assortment of the char and 4 times its weight of water should be allowed to coagulate for 24 hours. The residue obtained by vaporising the supernatant or upper layers of the liquid is the recognised Ayurvedic preparation 'aghada khara'. It is taken in dosages of 6 to 12 centigrams for alleviating coughs.
Spleen Enlargement healed by rough chaff
The herb is particularly handy for spleen enlargement. The pulverisation of the plant is used in 25 gram dosages twice everyday with a slight beaten curd. This fetches beneficial results in 3 to 4 weeks.
Cholera healed by rough chaff
The pulverised root of the herb is extremely functional for cholera. Approximately 6 grams of the grind should be blended with water and consumed.
Renal Dropsy cured by rough chaff
A decoction of the plant is useful in renal dropsy because it increases the secretion and disposal of urine. This decoction is developed by boiling 60 grams of the plant in 150 ml of water for 20 to 30 minutes. Almost 30 to 60 grams of this sieved mixture should be taken twice or thrice a day.
Stomach Disorders healed by rough chaff
The juice of the leaves is helpful in stomach illnesses like stomachache, bowel complaints and piles. A decoction of the powderised leaves, coalesced with honey or sugar candy is handy in the premature stages of diarrhoea and dysentery.
Menorrhagia healed by rough chaff
This is a condition of inordinate menstrual bleeding. The drug is useful in checking secretion or blood loss. It is thus valuable in unusually unwarranted menstruation. A concoction of the herb should be used in treating such conditions.
Skin Problems cured by rough chaff
The leaves of rough chaff are helpful in gashes and wounds from sharp-edged weapons like knives and blades. Juice of a few leaves from the plant is used to exhaustively dowse the wound. A leaf should be wrapped and bandaged over it. It mends within a day or two with a single application. A balm made from the char of the herb with orpiment is used for cleansing warts and ulcers.
Eye Disorders cured by rough chaff
The root of the herb is handy in instances of eye-disorders. A paste of the roots with water can be administered constructively in ophthalmia and opacity of the cornea.
Insect Bites healed by rough chaff
A paste of the leaves prepared with water has testified efficient in curing bites of toxicant insects, wasps, bees etc. It is mandatory to administer it externally over the affected portions.
- It is better for pregnant women to have the juice of the herb in light dosages, as large dosages may accelerate labour pains or induce miscarriage.
Other Uses of rough chaff
- Rough chaff seeds are valuable in alleviating easy and hassle-free delivery. The seeds are mashed well in water to make a fine paste and applied on the navel, pubis and vulva.


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The Museum was created in 1772 by Charles III of Spain as the Gabinete Real de Historia Natural, changing names several times until its current denomination. The museum originally hosted a collection donated by a spanish merchant, Pedro F. Dávila. In 1867, some facilities were separated to give birth to other museums (Archeology, Botanic Garden, Zoologic Garden). In 1987 the museum was restructured and grown with funds from two smaller museums.
Some of the more relevant components of the Museum collections are:
Image:Elefante disecado MCNM.jpg|African ElephantImage:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid)-Sala de Historia Natural.jpg|Section of Natural HistoryDiplodocus and other fossilsImage:Iberomesornis-model.jpg|Section of Natural HistoryIberomesornis... Read More


Laughing Yoga
Mindwell 4All
Breathing + Mindfulness + Yoga
A course that will allow you to gain greater control over your thoughts and emotions, increased empathy, and the reduction or elimination of long-standing physical pain. Students also learn foundational skills of mindfulness, yoga, and breathing that prepare them for more advanced courses in the future.
 1. 1 live Zoom session per week
 2. 1 weekly email with tips to help relieve stress and anxiety, fortify resilience and cultivate your well-being and equanimity.
 3. This class will have a monthly membership fee of $30.00 and meet every Monday at 8 a.m. PST
Laughing Yoga