Galois representations/motives. It has two steps: attaching Galois representations, or even motives, to (certain) automorphic forms, and, conversely, showing that all Galois representations of motives arise in this way. (This converse direction typically incorporates the Fontaine--Mazur conjecture as well, which posits a purely Galois-theoretic criterion for when a Galois representation should arise from a motive.)
If one is given the direction automorphic to Galois, then there are some techniques for deducing the converse direction, namely the Taylor--Wiles method. However this method is not a machine that automatically applies whenever one has the automorphic to Galois direction available; in particular, it doesn't seem to apply in any straightforward way to Galois representations/motives for which some $h^{p,q}$ is greater than 1 (in more Galois-theoretic terms, which have irregular Hodge--Tate weights). Thus in particular, even if one could attach Galois representations to (certain) Maass forms, one would still have the problem of proving that every even 2-dimensional Artin representation of $G_{\mathbb Q}$ arose in this way.
As to constructing Galois representations attached to automorphic forms, here the idea is to use Shimura varieties, and one can hope that, with the fundamental lemma now proved, one will be able to get a pretty comprehensive description of the Galois representations that appear in the cohomology of Shimura varieties. (Here one will also be able to take advantage of recent progress in the understanding of integral models of Shimura varieties, due to people like Harris and Taylor, Mantovan, Shin, Morel, and Kisin, in various different contexts.)
The overarching problem here is that, not only do not all automorphic forms contribute to cohomology (e.g. Maass forms, as discussed in Kevin's answer), but also, not all automorphic forms appear in any Shimura variety context at all. Since Shimura varieties are currently the only game in town for passing from automorphic forms to Galois representations, people are thinking a lot about how to move from any given context to a Shimura variety context, by applying functoriality (e.g. Taylor's construction of Galois reps. attached to certain cuspforms on $GL_2$ of a quadratic imaginary field), or trying to develop new ideas such as $p$-adic functoriality. While there are certainly ideas here, and one can hope for some progress, the questions seem to be hard, and there is no one black box that will solve everything.
In particular, one could imagine having functoriality as a black box, and asking if one can then derive reciprocity. (Think of the way that Langlands--Tunnell played a crucial role in the proof of modularity of elliptic curves.) Langlands has asked this on various occasions. The answer doesn't seem to be any kind of easy yes.
share|improve this answer
I happened to come across this paper yesterday, but haven't been able to read it because of the prohibitive price. You may access this article for 1 day for US$12.00. Ash, Avner; Gross, Robert Generalized non-abelian reciprocity laws: a context for Wiles' proof. Bull. London Math. Soc. 32 (2000), no. 4, 385--397. – Chandan Singh Dalawat Feb 16 '10 at 4:02
if you google for the title, the second link gives you the pdf file. The authors expanded on this in their book "fearless symmetry", btw. – Franz Lemmermeyer Feb 16 '10 at 8:33
For me it was the first search result. Vielen Dank. – Chandan Singh Dalawat Feb 16 '10 at 14:11
I don't know a whole lot about the Langlands program, but if there is one tool that seems to come up a lot in geometric Langlands, it's perverse sheaves. You see a lot of singular algebraic varieties in geometric Langlands, and perverse sheaves are meant as a singular generalization of a vector bundle with a flat connection. Ordinary sheaves are already a singular generalization of vector bundles, but not the relevant one. Perverse sheaves (which are made from sheaves but not sheaves themselves) are a more apropos generalization that incorporates and sort-of just is intersection (co)homology.
I can also say that I wasn't going to learn about perverse sheaves until I had to. However, I have now seen several important papers, in the related categorification program, that read this way: "Perverse sheaves + necessary restrictions = a good solution". So now I might be slowly getting used to them. I can also see that even the formalism perverse sheaves or intersection homology is sort-of inevitable. In some of the simpler constructions, the varieties (over $\mathbb{C}$, say) are non-singular and certain answers arise as ordinary cohomology products or intersection products. For instance, the Schubert calculus in a Grassmannian manifold. What choice do you have if the Grassmannian is replaced by a singular variety $X$? For some of these categorification/Langlands questions, you can either propose wrong answers, or ad hoc answers, or you can automatically get the right answer by using intersection homology on $X$. (With middle perversity, as they say.)
share|improve this answer
Intersection cohomology (either l-adic or Betti or Hodge) also plays a central role in the cohomological study of non-compact Shimura variety and the application of trace formula methods, see e.g Zucker's conjecture or Sophie Morel's PhD thesis. But I don't really see why this is a feature of the Langlands program, rather than a by-product of the fact that many interestingly singular varieties pop up in compactifications of moduli problems. – Simon Pepin Lehalleur Aug 8 '10 at 19:49
Your Answer


text:
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. Leftover, scrap of food that remains after a meal is finished. 2. A scrap, a piece of trash that is left over from any job, as cleaning up the orts on a construction site.
Notes: This word is remarkable in that it is one of the few words in English actually spelled as it is pronounced. It has been in the English language since the 14th century and is making yet another comeback in the 21st. How is that for staying power? It is almost always used in the plural, orts, just as is the case with its near synonyms, leftovers and crumbs.
In Play: The original meaning of today's word apparently was "leftover animal feed", but my experience with animals leads me to believe that animals are careful not to leave food behind. In fact, they tend to help us out with our leftovers: "Ernie, would you let the dog back into the kitchen to clean up the baby's orts?" However, orts can be any kind of leftovers you can imagine: "Oh, the good committee posts go to the senior faculty; junior faculty are left the orts." (Sounds like a faculty feeling its orts, doesn't it?)
Word History: Today's Good Word is probably the reflex of an unattested Old English noun that we surmise was something like *oręt, a cognate of Early Modern Dutch ooraete, now found in a few dialects as oort or orte "remains of food or fodder". If this guess is correct, oris an old prefix of uncertain meaning found in a few frozen forms like ordeal. It would be akin to the German prefix ur- "proto-" seen in that word every spelling bee enthusiast knows, Ursprache "proto-language". The T is what remains in
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


British Council caught in a real life 'absurd episode'
With the British Council forced into the spotlight amid deteriorating Anglo-Russian relations, Matthew Weaver looks into organisation's background
The Third Man
The Third Man: featuring an earlier British Council crisis
The British Council features in Graham Greene's classic thriller The Third Man where, as the narrator puts it, "the absurd episode of the British Council lecturer" is a central part of the story.
The council now finds itself at the centre of non-fictional "absurd episode" worthy of a Greene novel. It involves a poisoned former spy, a cold-war style diplomatic stand-off and alleged intimidation of British Council officials.
The dispute is not about the British Council itself, which promotes British culture, business and the English language.
Instead, the organisation, which has been operating all over the world for more than 70 years, has become embroiled in worsening relations between Russia and the UK following the death of the former KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko, poisoned in London in 2006.
"The British Council is a cultural organisation and should not be involved in political disputes," says the council's Russia director, James Kennedy.
It was drawn into worsening Anglo-Russian relations when Moscow ordered the UK to close the council's offices in St Petersburg and Yekaterinburg.
Russia accused the council of tax irregularities - a charge it denied. The British government regarded the allegations as spurious and defiantly kept the offices open - a stance described by the Russian foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, as "colonial".
Now the St Petersburg office director, Stephen Kinnock, has been stopped by the Russian authorities accused of drink driving.
The British government suggests he is being picked on. Kinnock is the son of the former Labour leader, Neil Kinnock, who is the British Council's chairman.
The organisation was set up in 1934 and is answerable to the Foreign Office. Its remit is "to build mutually beneficial cultural and educational relationships between the United Kingdom and other countries, and increase appreciation of the United Kingdom's creative ideas and achievements".
The French and German equivalents are the Institut Francais and the Goethe-Institute.
The council has an annual turnover of more than £500m, including almost £200m of government grants. Much of its activities are devoted to providing language classes.
Its cultural promotion includes funding a production of Love's Labour's Lost in Afghanistan, the first Shakespeare production there for 17 years, but it has prompted controversy in recent years by broadening its traditional arts role into other areas including technology and tackling climate change.
This has prompted anxiety from arts establishment, who are concerned that it does not become a producer of propaganda for the British government.
In an interview in the Observer last August, the novelist Fay Weldon accused the council of squeezing library funding in favour of increasing activities in the Muslim world.
"We're trying to impose our culture and values on the culture of countries that don't share them," she said
And last week, leading artists including Peter Blake and Anthony Caro expressed their dismay at the disbanding of the council's individual art departments.
In response, the chief executive Martin Davidson says: "The British Council remains deeply committed to the arts in all its forms. But like any organisation, we need to review our focus from time to time."
With events becoming increasingly murky in Russia, it may certainly be forced to review its focus there.
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LED Beam Moving Head Light
What are the wash lights and its effect?
Oct 15, 2020
The wash lights can be used in many places, such as parties, weddings, bars, outdoor buildings, bridges, etc., because of their various colors, uniform brightness, and easy installation. They can also create unexpected atmospheres and atmospheres and are widely used.
So what is the LED wash light?
The LED Wash light, as the name suggests, is a light that can make the lighting like the water wash the wall; it is mainly used for decorative lighting and light effect beautification of architectural projects, such as commercial buildings, bridges and docks, and also used to emerge the outline of large buildings. In additional it can create a variety of atmospheres in some places, such as parties, bars, etc.
How the LED wash light works?
The wash light mainly redefines its projection distance and condensing uniformity by adjusting the two-way light-emitting angle of the LED light source through the secondary light distribution. Its function is more focused on expressing the appearance of the building outline from line to surface. From the perspective of light emitting effect, it belongs to "surface light". There are also many types of wash light shapes, which are long, round, square.length, and size which can be selected by the user are suitable for installation and use of different modelling building. The LED wash light brings a new visual experience through the clever combination of colorful light and projection angle, and makes people immersed in the unpredictable color world;
Lighting Effect of 6 in 1 waher light
12x12W 6-in-1 Washer light
Rainstar lighting's 12x12W 6 in 1 wall washer is a new generation of environmentally-friendly lighting products with an all-aluminum alloy structure, IP65 waterproof rating and RDM control function. And its color is rich, LED colors are red, green, blue, white, yellow and cyan, 6 in 1. It can bring agile,dreamlike and new visual feelings,moreover immerse people in the unpredictable color world through the organic combination of colorful light and water,
How does LED wash light achieve the effect?
The LED wash light is controlled by a built-in microchip. In small-scale engineering applications, it can be used without a controller. It can achieve dynamic effects such as fade change, step change, color flashing, random flashing, and fade change alternation. It can also be controlled by DMX to achieve effects such as chasing and scanning. At present, the main application fields are: exterior wall lighting of single building and historical buildings; building interior and exterior lighting, indoor local lighting; green landscape lighting, billboard lighting; medical, cultural and other special facilities lighting; Atmosphere lighting in entertainment venues such as bars, dance halls, etc.
Send A Message
welcome to Rainstar


text:
These pages provide a water model of an electrical circuit. In this case, the gerbil running in its wheel and the bucket pump are the equivalent of a battery. The water represents the flowing electrons. The membrane in the middle is the circuit's capacitor. The spinning waterwheel represents the resistor which powers the light bulb. This model is part of the UVA Virtual Lab collection.
This project is supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, the University of Virginia, IBM, and Discreet Corporation.
Please note that this resource requires
%0 Electronic Source %A Bean, John %D July 5, 2006 %T UVA Virtual Lab: Capacitor Water Tank Analogy %V 2013 %N 25 May 2013 %8 July 5, 2006 %9 video/quicktime %U _URL_
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.


text:
Living snow fence utilization is one of the most sustainable engineering actions DOTs can do along highway corridors. Living snow fences are designed plantings of trees and/or shrubs and native grasses along highways, roads and ditches that create a vegetative buffer that traps and controls blowing and drifting snow. These strategically placed fences have been shown to be cost effective in reducing highway maintenance associated with blowing and drifting snow conditions.
This is not a new concept. As early as 1905 railroad companies planted trees as barriers to control blowing snow along rights of way. By 1915, the Great Northern Railway Company had planted over a million trees. In North Dakota over 96,000 trees and shrubs were established. This action reduced snow drifting, line closure and helped maintain an expected level of service along the rail line.
Many Highway road system designs do not take into account the potential of using living snow fences. It is possible that DOT and/or consulting designers do not understand the long term cost benefits of these snow fences and are not taking a big picture look at the long term highway maintenance operations and costs, when planning for wintertime conditions.
Many DOTs use wooden slat fencing in areas with large open areas and fetches that are expensive to purchase, install and maintain. The maintenance of snow fences was estimated to be $3 per mile per year, compared to $185 per mile per year for a 4 foot slat fence (USDA, 1994). In Minnesota, benefit/cost ratios range from 9:1 to 46:1 in favor of living snow fences (University of Minnesota, 2002).
Why is the implementation of living snow fences such a great sustainable transportation action for highway DOTs? The living snow fence concept really incorporates all the components associated with sustainable actions such as environmental condition improvements, consideration of financial resources and cooperation with the local landowners/community. The following summarizes the main advantages of living snow fencing and why DOTs should consider increasing their use along highway corridors:
- The service life of living snow fences is 50-75 years in comparison to the 20-25 year life of a slat fence.
- Living mature trees can capture up to 12 times more snow than slat fences.
- Living snow fences can be installed to address tree mitigation from highway construction projects
- Trees and shrubs sequester carbon that can reduce a DOTs overall carbon footprint
- Wildlife habitat is enhanced
- Maintenance plowing activities and the potential of road closures are reduced
- Reduced soil erosion along the right of way
- Reduced amount of snow plowing thus minimizing fuel consumption and costs, and green house gas emissions
- Increased vegetation provides enhanced aesthetic features along the highway corridor
- Maintenance free when trees are established
The challenges to living snow fences are that they require more space than the wooden slat fencing, plantings need to be protected from livestock and wildlife and it takes 5-7 years to provide effective snow control and up to 20 years for trees to reach full maturity. There may be site conditions such as shallow soils, arid climate and soil pH issues that may challenge plant establishment.
The design and implementation of living snow fences requires acceptance and cooperation of stakeholders. Generally for large open areas living snow fences need to be 150-200 feet away from the road surface which many times requires planting off the DOT right of way. Coordination with the following stakeholders may make the planning process more complex: 1) the local landowner, 2) county commissioners, 3) resource conservation districts, 4) state and federal forest services, 5) land management agencies and 6) local environmental organizations. Cooperation among stakeholder is critical to the success of the living snow fencing in regards to the following:
- site access
- tree plantings
- irrigation water
- fencing from livestock or wildlife
- weed maintenance
- erosion control
The Minnesota Department of Transportation initiated a Living Snow Fence Partnership Program with the US Department of Agriculture, Minnesota Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. The intent of the Program is to efficiently manage blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota roadways to reduce accidents and save lives. The Living Snow Fence Partnership Program is very proactive in establishing work groups, raising public awareness, cost sharing among stakeholders and defining specific program roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders.
Living snow fences can be a win/win for both the DOT and landowner by increasing the number of planted trees to sequester carbon, improving soil stability, improve aesthetics, and wildlife habitat improvements.
There needs to be more emphasis on using living snow fences along highway systems. It makes economic and environmental management sense for many DOTs to implement living snow fence programs. DOT's environmental, maintenance and engineering professionals need to work together and review potential construction sites for implementing living snow fencing especially during the design-NEPA phase of the project. It is possible to directly specify the use of living snow fences in the NEPA document that must be incorporated into the final design. A landscaping plan that incorporates the NEPA requirements should be developed and provided to the selected construction contractor. DOTs should consider increased education, training and awareness about snow fencing design opportunities. Finally, DOTs could perform a state-wide, landscape GIS study to identify existing road corridors where cost effective living snow fences could be implemented along and near the existing highway right of ways.
The reader is directed to the following websites for living fence design criteria:
_URL_ (Colorado State University Extension)
_URL_ (USDA National Agroforestry Center)
_URL_ (University of Minnesota Extension)
_URL_ (Minnesota DOT)


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Who We Are
Fighting Back Against The Churn
We Help Transform Lives and Restore Community
Right now, 20 million people are stuck in The Churn in the United States—including millions of stressed parents and children without a stable place to grow.
Since we opened our doors in 1999, we have seen how homelessness and poverty trap people in a cycle of hardship, temporary relief, and dependency. This cycle is what we call The Churn—it's a costly and futile cycle that captures the most vulnerable and keeps them and their loved ones trapped.
Our goal is to teach people to fight The Churn, and help them overcome to live happy, independent lives.
Our Approach
Common methods for addressing poverty are usually temporary and one-size-fits-all. They do more harm than good by not providing people a solid foundation to defeat The Churn. People experiencing homelessness, poverty, chronic unemployment and dependency are all different. They need unique, tailored solutions so they can overcome their challenges and transform their life.
That's where Solutions for Change comes in. We offer real solutions to anyone seeking to Overcome. Our programs don't put Band-Aids over the symptoms of poverty. We get to the root causes of each individual's struggles and solve them.
Through Solutions Academy, Solutions Enterprise and Solutions in the Community, we educate, equip and inspire students to take their lives back, provide employment training and career pathways to sustain themselves and their families, and empower our community to support and celebrate the Overcomers.
Why We Fight to Solve
We fight to stop The Churn and restore community.
Many public assistance programs offer inadequate responses for family homelessness. Shelters, motel vouchers and even government subsidized housing provide a Band-Aid, but not a permanent solution–because they do not address or resolve the root causes of homelessness and poverty.
We create solutions for the future generations.
There are about a half a million children caught in The Churn here in the United States, and unless we commit to solving it, these children face a greater likelihood of falling into the pattern of generational poverty and homelessness in the future.
How Our Model Creates Permanent Solutions and Lifts Families Out of The Churn


text:
You can use Nelio Popups to specifically show a popup to visitors using a specific device type.
In this article, you'll learn how to target users of devices to show your popup.
Using Device Condition
When you are ready to use the Device condition, follow these steps:
- Go to Nelio Popups » All Popups and edit the one you want.
- In the editor sidebar, go to the Settings panel, and open the Conditions tab.
- Add or modify a condition by selecting 'Device'.
Then, you can select if you want to target users whose device is one of the list, or those whose device is not in the list. To do so, select the 'is' or 'is not' condition from the selector.
Finally, select the list of devices for the condition. You can select amongst the following values:
- Smart TV
After setting the condition, save the popup and then it will open if the condition is met.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


This graphic shows the order in which Oracle returns the rows for a query of a hierarchical tree. Beginning with the root row, Oracle returns one child row of the root, and then one child of that child row, and so forth until a leaf row (one without children) is encountered.
At this point, Oracle goes up in the hierarchy until the next row with a child row is found, and the Oracle returns that child, and so forth until the next leaf row is returned.
This process continues, with Oracle returning to the root row for the next child only when all of the "descendants" of the first child row have been returned.


text:
April 28, 2004
Effect of Fires on Saltcedar Growth
The Effect of Bosque Fires on Saltcedar Growth
Rachel Clements, 14, Albuquerque, N.M.
Leah Crowder, 14, Albuquerque, N.M.
Finalists, Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge, 2003
Project background: Saltcedar trees are a non-native, invasive species that drink up to 300 gallons of water a day in the riverside forest known as the bosque in New Mexico. The trees' massive taproots also tend to interfere with the water table. A professor at the Bosque Ecosystem Monitoring Program challenged Leah and Rachel to see if saltcedar trees grow better in the open or under the cottonwood canopy of the forest. A recent fire provided an opportunity to see if, after a summer of growth, there would be more saltcedars in the burned areas than in the unburned areas.
Tactics and results: The girls counted the number of saltcedars on either side of a firebreak. They divided areas on the burned and unburned sides into 10-meter by 10-meter plots and recorded the height, health, and relationship of the saltcedars to the cottonwoods.
Rachel and Leah found that there were more saltcedars in the burned areas than the unburned areas. Further studies are needed to see if this is because the cottonwood canopy inhibits saltcedar growth or because saltcedars thrive in areas cleared by fire.
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text:
Is 3 to the power of P > 2 to the power of q?
(1) q = 2p
(2) q > 0
Can anyone explain this.
From my understanding the answer to this question is E.
But the explainantion says the correct ans is C.
from now on, you should actually say
what "your understanding of the problem" is
; it's hard to respond to your post if we have to mind-read.
kyle's approach (testing cases) works.
if you have statement 2, you can also substitute q = 2p into the question:
Is 3^p > 2^q?
Is 3^p > 2^(2p)?
which is the same as...
Is 3^p > (2^2)^p?
Is 3^p > 4^p?
The answer to this question is No if p is non-negative and Yes if p is negative. therefore, if you have the two statements together, it's a definite No.


Monitoring Heartbeat per Day to Motivate Increasing Physical Activity.
In: UbiComp Workshop on Interaction with Ubiquitous Wellness and Healthcare Applications (UbiWell)
Innsbruck (2007)
Buchaufsatz / Kapitel / Fach: Informatik; Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Physical activity is one of the most basic human
functions and essential for physical and mental health and
has major beneficial effect on chronic diseases such as
heart disease, stroke, etc. Awareness of this condition has
been one of the focuses for researching over recent years.
One common way for making this awareness is monitoring
the number of steps taken by a person and comparing it
with the minimum amount of steps s/he needs. In this
paper we suggest that instead of this, heartbeat can be
monitored to aware physical activity.
Dieser Eintrag ist freigegeben.


Public Release:
Turning good vibrations into energy
Mechanical trees become power 'plants' when they sway in breeze
Ohio State University
COLUMBUS, Ohio--New tools for harvesting wind energy may soon look less like giant windmills and more like tiny leafless trees.
A project at The Ohio State University is testing whether high-tech objects that look a bit like artificial trees can generate renewable power when they are shaken by the wind--or by the sway of a tall building, traffic on a bridge or even seismic activity.
In a recent issue of the Journal of Sound and Vibration, researchers report that they've uncovered something new about the vibrations that pass through tree-shaped objects when they are shaken.
Specifically, they've demonstrated that tree-like structures made with electromechanical materials can convert random forces--such as winds or footfalls on a bridge--into strong structural vibrations that are ideal for generating electricity.
The "trees" themselves would be very simple structures: think of a trunk with a few branches--no leaves required.
"Buildings sway ever so slightly in the wind, bridges oscillate when we drive on them and car suspensions absorb bumps in the road," he said. "In fact, there's a massive amount of kinetic energy associated with those motions that is otherwise lost. We want to recover and recycle some of that energy."
At first, the idea of using tree-like devices to capture wind or vibration energies may seem straightforward, because real trees obviously dissipate energy when they sway. And other research groups have tested the effectiveness of similar tree structures using idealized--that is, not random--vibrations.
But until now, researchers haven't made a concerted effort to capture realistic ambient vibrations with a tree-shaped electromechanical device--mainly because it was assumed that random forces of nature wouldn't be very suitable for generating the consistent oscillations that yield useful electrical energies.
He and his colleagues tested the mathematical model in an experiment, where they built a tree-like device out of two small steel beams--one a tree "trunk" and the other a "branch"--connected by a strip of an electromechanical material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), to convert the structural oscillations into electrical energy.
They installed the model tree on a device that shook it back and forth at high frequencies. At first, to the eye, the tree didn't seem to move because the device oscillated with only small amplitudes at a high frequency. Regardless, the PVDF produced a small voltage from the motion: about 0.8 volts.
Then they added noise to the system, as if the tree were being randomly nudged slightly more one way or the other. That's when the tree began displaying what Harne called "saturation phenomena": It reached a tipping point where the high frequency energy was suddenly channeled into a low frequency oscillation. At this point, the tree swayed noticeably back and forth, with the trunk and branch vibrating in sync. This low frequency motion produced more than double the voltage--around 2 volts.
"In addition, we introduced massive amounts of noise, and found that the saturation phenomenon is very robust, and the voltage output reliable. That wasn't known before," Harne said.
Contact: Ryan Harne, _PHONE_;


text:
Photolysis of CpW(CO)3Me (1) in n-heptane generates mostly the solvated intermediate CpW(CO)2Me…n-heptane (2), detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR). The reactions of 2 with CO, PPh3, and N2 have been studied and appropriate second-order rate constants obtained. A small amount of the radical CpW(CO)3• (5) is also generated on photolysis of 1 and can be characterized by the photolysis of [CpW(CO)3]2 (6).
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry


text:
Common name: Black Mulberry
Latin name: Morus nigra
Other names: Mulberry, Common Mulberry
Habitat: Black Mulberry is native to eastern and central China.
Description: Black Mulberry is a deciduous tree, growing 10 to 13 meters. It has a dense head of branches, springing from a rough trunk. Leaves are thick, blunt toothed and lobed, with short, stiff hairs on the upper surface. Berry-like black fruits have a unique and refreshing, sweet taste.
Parts used: Fruit.
Useful components: Glucose, protein, pectin, tartaric and malic acids, ash.
Medicinal use: Traditionally, Black Mulberry has been used in cases of kidney disorders, fatigue, anemia and premature hair graying. Now it is commonly used for its antioxidant and laxative properties. It is considered to be beneficial in cases of urinary incontinence, vertigo and constipation. It is also used as a blood tonic.
Safety: Some herbs could react with certain medication. Therefore, it is advisable to consult your doctor before consumption of any herb.


Types of Projects
How do projects differ?
A useful way of defining differences between projects is according to differences in:
Risk to the University
Project Budget ($)
The relationship between the three aspects is not always simple. Low $ projects can still be complex and might involve significant risks to the University.
For example, a requirement to conform to a particular safety standard might involve a low $ project budget but the consequence of the project failing might result in high risks to the University.
Risks can be defined in both quantitative ($) and qualitative terms.
Loss of prestige or environmental damage are risks that are difficult to define in $ terms.
High $ projects can sometimes be less complex than low $ projects.
For example a large building complex might involve a high budget with high risks attached but because the building industry has well-established project management methods the level of complexity might be lower than for an organisational change project which has a much lower $ project budget.
One way of assessing the potential complexity of a project has been suggested by Turner and Cochrane who have developed a 'Goals and Methods Matrix'.
Goals and Methods Matrix
From this Matrix we can assess if the project is Well Defined. Projects can also be defined as "fuzzy projects", that is projects that have unclear goals, where some time is needed in defining the project. Both types of projects can be viewed in the following pages. Well Defined Projects and Fuzzy Projects.
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Sun Sep 27 20:15:25 EST 1998
Dear Sir:
I want to know how can I get the reagent of
DAPI(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole),I also
want to know the mechanism of the reaction of this reagent with DNA,does
there have
some differences between the reactions of this reagent with dsDNA,ssDNA and RNA?
This reagent can form a compound with DNA,and then we can check the result
by fluroscence detector,I wnat to know does there have some differences when
we check the result inliquid phase and solid phase?
Thank you very much!
Pei Jian-Feng
More information about the Methods mailing list


text:
There are several problems with TE modules used in waste heat recovery applications. First, the TE modules themselves are not very efficient; although some heat energy gets converted into electricity, still much of it is wasted. The next problems have to do with construction of the module itself and durability in its desired environment. Inside a TE module, semiconductors are soldered in series to copper pads to conduct the electricity. They are limited by temperature; in many situations where waste heat recovery would be the most desirable, higher temperatures exist than the melting point of the solder used to hold the modules together. The modules would literally melt and fall apart. Another problem has to do with the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). When the module is heated, brittle intermetallics form due to the diffusion of Ni (the coating) into the substrate (Bi2TE3). The CTE of the newly formed Ni2Te3 is drastically different from the CTE of the surrounding materials. It is easy to see how the shear stresses at the interface generated by high or cyclic temperatures would have a tendency to crack the brittle intermetallic that forms in the modules. See project details.
Currently, most of the processes commonly used in bridge fabrication are fusion welding processes. The problem with fusion welding is that molten and resolidified metal in the weld deposit remains as-cast microstructure in the structure and has mechanical properties greatly dependent on chemistry/dilution and cooling rates. These processes inherently have a potential for creating weld discontinuities such as solidification cracking in the fusion zone [figure 1] or gas and slag entrapment. Generic concerns remain in HAZ grain coarsening and loss of toughness in fusion welds.See project details.


text:
About the Refuge
Surrounded by development and industry, the Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge supports the last known populations of the endangered Antioch Dunes evening primrose, the Contra Costa wallflower, and the Lange's metalmark butterfly.
Last Dunes Standing
Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge is the only national wildlife refuge in the country established to protect endangered plants and insects – the Antioch Dunes evening primrose, the Contra Costa wallfl ower, and the Lange's metalmark butterfly.
Created in 1980, the 55-acre refuge was once part of a larger sand dune system that stretched two miles along the southern bank of the San Joaquin River east of the City of Antioch. The sand dunes were formed by ancient deposits of glacial sands carried downriver from the Sierra Nevada. Over thousands of years, ocean winds and bay tides slowly shaped these aeolian (wind-blown) sands into dunes that approached 120 feet in height. Isolation of these dunes resulted in the development of species of plants and insects that were found nowhere else in the world.
Large-scale sand mining and industrial development fragmented the sand dune habitat until only a small portion of the original ecosystem remained. What is left today are two disjunct parcels (the Stamm and Sardis Units) containing sand dunes varying from 0-50 feet high, making up refuge.
Due to the
sensitivity of the habitats and the endangered species, the refuge is not open to unsupervised use by the public. However, refuge staff and local educators conduct on-site
environmental education efforts through monthly guided tours and special events. Volunteers also regularly assist refuge staff with habitat restoration
projects and endangered species surveys.


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ignore such records. On failure, returns -1 and sets errno.
- Retrieve the next record (key and value) from a cursor. Note that records are not guaranteed to be returned in any particular order. On failure, returns -1 and sets errno.
- Retrieve the next several keys and values from a cursor. Up to maxnum keys and values will be stored in the arrays pointed to by the keys and vals arguments. Returns the number of records retrieved. On failure, returns -1 and sets errno.
- Returns true if the cursor has reached the end of the quota store.
- Resets a cursor to point to the beginning of the quota store, allowing another pass over the data.
- For old-style quota v1 implementations, this function enables quotas for the specified ID type. To ensure that the quota files are consistent with the file system state, quotacheck(8) must have been run beforehand. As described above, the file system volume must be listed in fstab(5) and the corresponding old-style mount option, userquota or groupquota, must be set therein. The path name for the quota file is retrieved from fstab(5) and passed to the kernel. This function will fail if used on newer quota implementations with in-file-system quotas.
- For old-style quotas, this function disables quotas for the specified ID type. This function will fail if used on newer quota implementations with in-file-system quotas.
- A convenience function for initializing a struct quotaval instance to the default empty state.
ERRORSError conditions include:
- An inconsistency was detected during quotacursor_get() or quotacursor_getn(). The application should discard information collected so far and use quotacursor_rewind() to start the iteration over.
- The quota information requested from quota_get() does not exist.
- The path passed to quota_open() was on a volume whose quota support is not enabled.
- The path passed to quota_open() was on a volume that has no quota support. Or, the iterator functions, quota_put(), or other unsupported operations were attempted on an NFS volume, or on some other volume type that does not support the full semantic range of quota information.
SEE ALSOquota(1), edquota(8), mount_ffs(8), mount_nfs(8), quotacheck(8), quotaon(8), repquota(8), rpc.rquotad(8)
HISTORYThe libquota library first appeared in NetBSD 6.0.
AUTHORSThe libquota library was written by.
|February 13, 2012||NetBSD 7.0|


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An open source (FreeBSD license) screen space reflections implementation for Unity3D 5. Features GPU DDA for screen space ray casting (derived from Morgan McGuire & Mike Mara's work), backface depth buffer for per-pixel geometry thickness, distance attenuated pixel stride, rough/smooth surface reflection blurring, fully customizable for quality/speed and more.
Read more on implementation:
Add the SSR component to a Camera, see properties section below for details. Requires deferred rendering path and a scene made up of Standard Shader materials.
Currently tested and optimized for OSX & Windows. Physically correct handling of specular is faked for now.
Each of the 3 main passes can be optionally downsampled to trade quality for performance.
 - Backface Depth: The backface depth pass is used to calculate the 'thickness' of the current pixel by subtracting the frontface depth value. The frontface depth texture is always full resolution so downsampling the backface depth pass tends to only cause artifacts on object edges. Depending on scene depth range this can potentially be pushed pretty high with little affect on quality.
 - SSR: Downsampling the SSR ray cast pass drastically reduces the number of rays but obviously results in lower resolution reflections. For scenes with high roughness/low specularity this may be acceptable.
 - Blur: Downsampling the blur pass will increase the likelihood of halo artifacts but can be used to increase performance if needed.
For every pixel in the SSR pass a ray is cast. For every step of a ray the frontface and backface depth textures are sampled and ray intersection tests performed. This is the most demanding pass of the shader and so minimizing the number of steps per ray will have the biggest positive impact on performance. Depending on the scene it is possible to get acceptable results with a surprisingly small number of steps (less than 10 steps in some cases).
 - Iterations: The maximum allowed steps per ray. As this is a screen space ray cast, iterations can be thought of in pixels (iterations x pixel stride = maximum distance a ray can travel in pixels). Thus downsampling the SSR pass reduces the number of iterations required for a ray to travel the same distance in world space.
 - Binary Search Iterations: The number of iterations of binary search refinement to conduct on the final step of a ray cast. If pixel stride is set to 1 this is ignored. For higher pixel strides this can generally be set to around 1-5 with good results.
 - Pixel Stride: The number of pixels to jump each step of a ray cast. Higher values will result in less accurate reflections but allow rays to travel further for less iterations.
 - Pixel Stride Z Cuttoff: Pixel stride is attenuated based on surface distance from camera. This value is the distance from the camera at which point pixel stride becomes 1. For scenes with wide depth range (such as long shots of terrain) this allows for a large pixel stride to be used without affecting distant reflections.
 - Pixel Z Size Offset: This value is added to the calculated pixel "thickness" and can help mitigate artifacts caused by thin geometry or a downsampled backface depth pass. Generally this should be set to a low 0-1 range but depending on scene/settings may need to be set higher.
 - Max Ray Distance: The maximum distance a ray can travel in world space.
Reflection Fading:
Since SSR is a screen space effect, we rely on depth and normal passes for geometry information. This means that any geometry not rendered to the screen can not be reflected. To minimize the obviousness of this deficiency we can detect and smoothly fade these reflections.
 - Screen Edge Fade Start: A value between 0-1 that controls when reflections who's rays reach the screen edges will start to fade. 0 = center of screen, 1 = edge of screen. Values closer to 1 will result in a more abrupt fade, values closer to 0 will result in smoother fading. Generally 0.75 is a good value.
 - Eye Fade Start: The ray direction's Z value where reflections begin to fade. Reflections will be smoothly faded between this and the Z value set for Eye Fade End.
 - Eye Fade End: The ray direction's Z value where reflections are completely transparent.
Generally speaking, in PBR roughness/smoothness controls how sharp reflections appear. This is faked in the kode80SSR shader by using the roughness channel of the GBuffer to control the per-pixel radius of a bilateral blur pass.
 - Max Blur Radius: This value is the maximum radius allowed by the blur pass and is multiplied by the per-pixel roughness value from the Unity GBuffer. Setting this to 0 means reflection blurring is disabled regardless of roughness values.
 - Blur Quality: This value define the quality of the reflection blur. It depend from Max Blur Radius value.
An open source screen space reflections implementation for Unity3D 5.
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None None None
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Cowpeas is a protein-rich bean crop that leaves nitrogen in the soil and therefore has a beneficial effect on the follow-up crop. Sahaja Cowpea is procured directly from farmers' cooperatives. It is healthy, nutritious, 100% organic and free from chemical pesticides.
Health benefits - They help improve digestion, aid in sleep disorders, manage diabetes, and protect the heart. They also detoxify the body, promote healthy skin, aid in weight loss, and improve blood circulation.
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Rwanda's National AI Policy: Stakeholder Workshop
February 24, 2021
Kigali, Virtual
A National Artificial Intelligence Policy for the Republic of Rwanda
Second Collective Intelligence Workshop
Powered by Ministry of ICT and Innovation (MINICT), Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA), GIZ FAIR Forward and The Future Society (TFS)
For the past six months, the Ministry of ICT and Innovation (MINICT) and the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA), supported by GIZ FAIR Forward and The Future Society (TFS) have partaken in a multi-stakeholder process to develop National AI Policy framework and implementation plan for the Republic of Rwanda. The framework's mission is to accelerate AI adoption by enabling the rapid growth of Rwanda's AI ecosystem, foster the adoption of AI in high growth sectors, and scale public and private sector investment in AI. The ultimate goal is to promote and foster Rwanda's inclusive and sustainable socio-economic transformation.
The process for designing the framework launched with a collective intelligence workshop in September 2020, in which a diverse set of stakeholders gathered to identify and prioritize key AI opportunities, risks, and socio-ethical implications in the country. Since September, the team has continued to gather perspectives from government representatives, private sector leaders, academics, and members of the civil society in order to prepare a draft national AI policy.
This second collective intelligence workshop will discuss the key sections of the draft national AI policy, including seven concrete categories for policy intervention and implementation pathways plan for each. It will facilitate a conversation to gather participant input and to collectively fine-tune and polish the framework and implementation plan. While the workshop was originally intended to take place in Kigali, the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the virtual format (Zoom).
Screenshot of Participants in Second Stakeholder Workshop for Rwanda's National AI Policy


255 : B);
 pix[index] = 0xff000000 | (R << 16) | (G << 8) | B;
Bitmap bm = Bitmap.createBitmap(mPhotoWidth, mPhotoHeight, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);
bm.setPixels(pix, 0, mPhotoWidth, 0, 0, mPhotoWidth, mPhotoHeight);
if (null!= mBitmap) {
mBitmap = bm;
// Put the updated bitmap into the main view
pix = null;
Figure 2 shows the result after a user touches the screen.
Android Image Processing
Figure 2: Result After Touching the Screen
Putting All the Pieces Together
The previous sections explained how to import and export an image file, create a view for it, and process each pixel in the image. One thing you should add is a simple user interaction so that a sequence of events can happen in response to the user's input. OnTouchEvent() allows you to handle the screen touches that are key to the modern devices. The software is set to wait for the end of the screen touch event. When the touch is released, the picture will be tinted by a color angle of 60 degrees and its result will be saved onto an external storage file.
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
 switch (event.getAction()) {
 case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
 // Perform the tinting operation
 // Display a short message on screen
 Toast.makeText(TutorialOnImages.this, "Picture was tinted", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
 // Save the result
 return (true);
 case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
 return super.onTouchEvent(event);
Some Advice for Android Image Processing
Before you jump into image Android image processing, here are some pointers to keep in mind:
 - If it takes too long to process all the image pixels (approximately five seconds), you could get a popup dialog called Application Not Responding or ANR. You should create a child thread and do the complicated calculation there. That should keep the main thread running without interruption.
 - If the child thread needs to change the main view (called UI thread), you should use a message handler in the main thread to listen for the notification from the child thread and then update the view accordingly. A child thread cannot modify the view in the main UI thread directly.
 - Some enhancements can be made. For example, it can be modified to read the image file from browsing the folders or from a URL. Image animation can be done carefully through multi-threading and message handling along with rectangle clipping to produce smooth transition effects.
Hopefully, the information provided here has given you a rough idea of how Android image processing works. I hope you develop a neat image application for the Android platform with your own unique style. From Eclipse, you can create a new Android project by selecting "Creating project from existing source" and browse to the folder where the sample project is decompressed to.
 1. Download and save the entire software project
 2. Android Developers at:
 3. Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1994
About the Author
Chunyen Liu has been a software professional for many years. Some of his applications were among winners at programming contests administered by SUN, ACM and IBM. He has also co-authored U.S. patents, written articles, and reviewed books for various publishers. He holds advanced degrees in Computer Science and has written numerous hobby apps at Androidlet and The J Maker. On the non-technical side, he is a tournament-ranked table tennis player, certified umpire, and certified coach of USA Table Tennis.
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Card cover in VGC. Well illustrated, mainly in colour.
This remarkable book presents enthralling accounts of 1001 life-changing events that have taken place around the world since the Big Bang. From the foundation of Rome on 21 April 753BCE to the Charlie Hebdo shootings in January 2015, and from the Battle of Marathon on 21 September 490BCE to the discovery of the Higgs Boson, 1001 Days That Shaped Our World tells the history of the world through extraordinary moments, decisive encounters, memorable incidents, and natural disasters. Compiled by historian, Peter Furtado, and written by an international team of historians, journalists, and scientists, the book features a detailed and informative account of every event, together with an assessment of the longer term physical, cultural, social or economic impact. Evocative paintings and dramatic photographs complement the incisive text to make this book the one essential guide you'll need to understand just why the world is what it is today.


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The Identity Server has a number of core concepts regarding configuration that are important to understand. This sections walks through these and the following sections will guide the Administrator through examples and details for each concept.
The Identity Server validates all configuration before deploying it, to prevent any non-functional states to be deployed. This means that the entire system configuration is validated as a whole during a save. If something is found inconsistent, an error will be reported to the Admin, and no changes will take place.


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Uniform Rectangular Array
Support for Uniform Rectangular Arrays
You can implement a uniform rectangular array (URA) with phased.URA. Array elements are distributed in the yz-plane with the array look direction along the positive x-axis. When you use phased.URA, you must specify these aspects of the array:
 - Sensor elements of the array
 - Number of rows and the spacing between them
 - Number of columns and the spacing between them
 - Geometry of the planar lattice, which can be rectangular or triangular
Uniform Rectangular Array with Isotropic Antenna Elements
This example shows how to create a URA, get information about its element positions, response, and delays, and simulate its reception of two sine waves.
Create and view a six-element URA with two elements along the y-axis and three elements along the z-axis. Use a rectangular lattice, with the default spacing of 0.5 meters along both the row and column dimensions of the array. Each element is an isotropic antenna element, which is the default. Return the positions of the array elements.
hura = phased.URA([3 2]);
pos = getElementPosition(hura);
The x-coordinate is zero for all elements in the array.
You can plot the array response using the plotResponse method.
% Plot the response in 3D
Calculate the element delays for signals arriving from +/– 45 degrees azimuth and 0 degrees elevation.
hed = phased.ElementDelay('SensorArray',hura);
ang = [45 -45];
tau = step(hed,ang);
The first column of tau contains the element delays for the signal incident on the array from +45 degrees azimuth and the second column contains the delays for the signal arriving from –45 degrees. The delays are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign as expected.
The following code simulates the reception of two sine waves arriving from far field sources. One of the signals is a 100-Hz sine wave arriving from 20 degrees azimuth and 10 degrees elevation. The other signal is a 300-Hz sine wave arriving from –30 degrees azimuth and 5 degrees elevation. Both signals have a one GHz carrier frequency.
t = linspace(0,1,1000);
x = cos(2*pi*100*t)';
y = cos(2*pi*300*t)';
angx = [20; 10];
angy = [-30;5];
recsig = collectPlaneWave(hura,[x y],[angx angy],1e9);
Each column of recsig represents the received signal at the corresponding element of the URA, hura.
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Ran Eilam > Aspect-0.12 > Aspect::AdviceContext
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Source Latest Release: Aspect-0.97_02
Aspect::AdviceContext - a pointcut context for advice code
 $pointcut = call qr/^Person::[gs]et_/ & cflow company => qr/^Company::/;
 # using in 'before' advice code
 before {
 my $context = shift; # context is only param to advice code
 print $context->type; # 'before': advice type: before/after
 print $context->pointcut; # $pointcut: the pointcut for this advice
 print $context->sub_name; # package + sub name of matched sub
 print $context->package_name; # 'Person': package name of matched sub
 print $context->short_sub_name; # sub name of matched sub
 print $context->self; # 1st parameter to matched sub
 print $context->params->[1]; # 2nd parameter to matched sub
 $context->append_param($rdbms); # append param to matched sub
 $context->append_params($a, $b); # append params to matched sub
 $context->return_value(4) # don't proceed to matched sub, return 4
 $context->original->(x => 3); # call matched sub, don't proceed
 $context->proceed(1); # do proceed to matched sub after all
 print $context->company->name; # access cflow pointcut advice context
 } $pointcut;
Advice code is called when the advice pointcut is matched. In this code, there is always a need to access information about the context of the advice. Information like: what is the actual sub name matched? What are the parameters in this call that we matched? Sometimes you want to change the context for the matched sub: append a parameter, or even stop the matched sub from being called.
You do all these things through the AdviceContext. It is the only parameter provided to the advice code. It provides all the information required about the match context, and allows you to change the behavior of the matched sub.
Note that modifying parameters through the context, in the code of an after advice, will have no effect, since the matched sub has already been called.
If the pointcut of an advice is composed of at least one Aspect::Pointcut::Cflow, advice code may require not only the context of the advice, but also the context of the cflows. This is required if you want to find out, for example, what is the name of the sub that matched a cflow. E.g. for the synopsis example above, what method of Company started the chain of calls that eventually reached the get/set on Person?
You can access cflow context in the synopsis above, by calling:
You get it from the main advice context, by calling a method named after the context key used in the cflow spec. In the synopsis pointcut definition, the cflow part was:
 cflow company => qr/^Company::/
An AdviceContext will be created for the cflow, and you can access it using the key company.
Print parameters to matched sub:
 before { my $c = shift; print join(',', $c->params) } $pointcut;
Append a parameter:
 before { shift->append_param('extra-param') } $pointcut;
Don't proceed to matched sub, return 4 instead:
 before { shift->return_value(4) } $pointcut;
Call matched sub again, and again, until it returns something defined:
 after {
 my $context = shift;
 my $return = $context->return_value;
 while (!defined $return)
 { $return = $context->original($context->params) }
 } $pointcut;
Print the name of the Company object that started the chain of calls that eventually reached the get/set on Person:
 before { print shift->company->name } $pointcut;
See the Aspect pod for a guide to the Aspect module.
You can find examples of using the AdviceContext in any advice code. The aspect library for example (e.g. Aspect::Library::Wormhole).
Aspect::Advice creates the main AdviceContext, and Aspect::Pointcut::Cflow creates contexts for each matched call flow.
syntax highlighting:


What Does Transaction Incomplete Mean?
What happens when online transaction fails?
If the transaction failed, the money will be reversed back to your account.
As it requires the bank to manually settle the funds, allow 7 working days for the amount to get reversed to your bank account..
What does it mean by payment status not available?
What does that mean? CNBC reports that the statement is produced when a person doesn't receive a second stimulus payment automatically. … While many have already gotten their payment, those receiving the "not available" message will have to wait until they file their taxes.
What happens if money is debited but transaction failed?
If transaction at ATM fails but your account is debited then the card issuing bank is required to resolve your complaint by re-crediting your account within 7 working days from the date of complaint.
What happens when amount is debited but transaction failed?
Immediately dial the call centre of your credit card / debit card issuer and inform them about the disputed transaction. They will immediately record a complaint and assign a unique reference code, so you are now on record. In most cases, the money is refunded back to your bank account in 2-3 days.
Can I get scammed on venmo?
It's possible that the person who paid you will file a claim with Venmo, or even use a stolen credit card number to fund the payment. Eventually, the card's legitimate owner might complain, and the payment will be canceled.
What does PayPal payment mean?
PayPal is an electronic commerce company that facilitates payments between parties through online transfers. PayPal allows customers to establish an account on its platform, which is connected to a user's credit card or checking account.
What happens if money is debited but transaction failed on Google pay?
The transaction failed but the amount got deducted from the bank account. Banks usually take up to 3 business days to add money back to your account. Please wait for your bank to complete the reversal. Refer to the bank account statement to verify if your transaction has been reversed.
What does it mean when venmo says incomplete?
If a payment appears in the "Incomplete" section of the app or displays as "Pending" in your feed, this means you paid an email address or phone number that isn't associated with an active Venmo account.
Why would a bank payment be declined?
Declined (Card declined by issuer – contact card issuer to determine reason.) This generally occurs for one of two reasons: The customer's credit card issuing bank did not approve the transaction. This could be for insufficient funds, frozen account status, invalid credit card number or expiration date, etc.
What is the difference between paid and completed on Paypal?
Refunded: The recipient refunded your payment. If you used a credit card to make your payment, the money will be returned to your credit card. … Completed: The transaction was successful and the money is in the recipient's account.
What happens if someone accidentally Venmoed you?
What do I do if I paid the wrong person? Send them a charge request for the same amount with a note asking them to pay you back for the money you sent by mistake. … If you try to send money to someone you aren't connected with through the app, you'll get an alert asking you if you're sure you want to send funds.
How do you venmo someone not in your contacts?
You simply have to search for them, either by name or username.In the Search People Menu, type your friend's name or username into the search bar. … Tap on the profile you're looking for.Look at the picture and information on the profile to be sure it's the correct person, then tap "Add Friend" under their name.
How do I know if my PayPal payment is cleared?
From your PayPal app, here's how to check the status of a payment:Scroll down to Your activity near the bottom of the screen. Here you will see your most recent transactions.To see more, tap the arrow next to Your activity.To filter your transactions, tap the icon in the top right corner.
Can you keep money accidentally paid into your bank account?
Can u get scammed on venmo?
Hackers have discovered that they can use Venmo to trick users into providing their bank account information or Social Security numbers. Scammers have also used Venmo to make fraudulent purchases, leaving sellers without the product they were selling or any of the dollars they thought they were making from the sale.


Thursday, September 23, 2021
HomeNewsEthiopia launching national youth volunteer service program
Ethiopia launching national youth volunteer service program
August 8,2018
The Ethiopian government is launching what is poised to become Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's flagship program of "trans-boundary volunteers."
With this program, youth volunteers are to serve outside of their respective ethnic-based Federal states, seemingly which is why it is named "trans-boundary", in the country.
1000 graduating students drawn from different parts of Ethiopia are taking part in the program which is commencing today. And volunteer youth are to get credit for their participation when they are looking for employment after graduation.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed met with the volunteers today before they are deployed to where they are assigned.
"When you serve the community as volunteers, you also need to learn and acquire knowledge as well," the prime minister told the volunteers. He meant to emphasize that there is knowledge in the community outside of university and other institutions of higher learning.
Apart from providing new graduates with relevant work experience, the motive of the program is to foster what the government describes as "people to people relation" and national feeling.
Ethiopia has a history of mobilizing youth for volunteer work in the community. Soon after the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam's government embarked on a nationwide illiteracy eradication program by deploying hundreds of thousands of youth in the countryside in different parts of the country to provide basic education. The program was successful so much so that illiteracy was significantly reduced in the country.
Although Abiy Ahmed's initiative in launching the program seems to be positive and perhaps a move in the right direction, especially if the program is given Ethiopian character as opposed to practices in the west, the political situation in the country could prove difficult to achieve the goals of the program.
This past week, for example, there has been an organized ethnic-based violence in Jijiga and other nearby towns, South Eastern parts of Ethiopia, where more than 29 people were killed and more than 10 churches were burned. Seen from that angle, it is questionable if it is the right time.
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Definition of inexactly
adv. - In a manner not exact or precise; inaccurately. 2
The word "inexactly" uses 9 letters: A C E I L N T X Y.
No direct anagrams for inexactly found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after inexactly (in bold), or to aceilntxy in any order:
g - exactingly
All words formed from inexactly by changing one letter
Browse words starting with inexactly by next letter


Google Tag Manager provides a convenient method to control the code snippets you would like to include within your store - without needing to modify a theme's code every time. Please be sure to watch the Google Tag Manager Getting Started video to get up to speed on how to get going with the tool.
Upon signing up for your Tag Manager account, will be presented with a code snippet that looks like the code snippet in the following image. The next step will be to add this code into your theme as instructed:
Adding the Google Tag Manager code to your shop
Adding a code snippet to your theme is broken down in the following article. Please read the article and follow the steps: How do I add a code snippet to my shop?
When inserting the code into the 'theme' template, be sure to paste the snippet just after the opening tag, as demonstrated in the following screenshot:
Note that depending on your theme, the exact code will look different, but it's the opening tag you are looking for. From here, save changes and you're done!
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text:
In our world, each country follows a certain time-zone. These time-zones are crucial for expressing time conveniently and effectively. However, time-zones can sometimes be inexplicit due to variables such as daylight saving time, coming into the picture.
Moreover, while representing these time-zones in our code, things can get confusing. Java has provided multiple classes such as Date, Time and DateTime in the past to also take care of time-zones.
However, new Java versions have come up with more useful and expressive classes such as ZoneId and ZoneOffset, for managing time-zones.
In this article, we'll discuss ZoneId and ZoneOffset as well as related DateTime classes.
We can also read about the new set of DateTime classes introduced in Java 8, in our previous post.
2. ZoneId and ZoneOffset
With the advent of JSR-310, some useful APIs were added for managing date, time and time-zones. ZoneId and ZoneOffset classes were also added as a part of this update.
As stated above, ZoneId is a representation of the time-zone such as 'Europe/Paris'.
There are 2 implementations of ZoneId. First, with a fixed offset as compared to GMT/UTC. And second, as a geographical region, which has a set of rules to calculate the offset with GMT/UTC.
Let's create a ZoneId for Berlin, Germany:
ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin");
ZoneOffset extends ZoneId and defines the fixed offset of the current time-zone with GMT/UTC, such as +02:00.
This means that this number represents fixed hours and minutes, representing the difference between the time in current time-zone and GMT/UTC:
LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now(); ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin"); ZoneOffset zoneOffSet = zone.getRules().getOffset(now);
In case a country has 2 different offsets – in summer and winter, there will be 2 different ZoneOffset implementations for the same region, hence the need to specify a LocalDateTime.
3. DateTime Classes
Next let's discuss some DateTime classes, that actually take advantage of ZoneId and ZoneOffset.
ZonedDateTime is an immutable representation of a date-time with a time-zone in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 2007-12-03T10:15:30+01:00 Europe/Paris. A ZonedDateTime holds state equivalent to three separate objects, a LocalDateTime, a ZoneId and the resolved ZoneOffset.
This class stores all date and time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, and a time-zone, with a ZoneOffset, to handle ambiguous local date-times. For example, ZonedDateTime can store the value "2nd October 2007 at 13:45.30.123456789 +02:00 in the Europe/Paris time-zone".
Let's get the current ZonedDateTime for the previous region:
ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of("Europe/Berlin"); ZonedDateTime date = ZonedDateTime.now(zone);
ZonedDateTime also provides inbuilt functions, to convert a given date from one time-zone to another:
ZonedDateTime destDate = sourceDate.withZoneSameInstant(destZoneId);
OffsetDateTime is an immutable representation of a date-time with an offset in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 2007-12-03T10:15:30+01:00.
This class stores all date and time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, as well as the offset from GMT/UTC. For example,OffsetDateTime can store the value "2nd October 2007 at 13:45.30.123456789 +02:00".
Let's get the current OffsetDateTime with 2 hours of offset from GMT/UTC:
ZoneOffset zoneOffSet= ZoneOffset.of("+02:00"); OffsetDateTime date = OffsetDateTime.now(zoneOffSet);
OffsetTime is an immutable date-time object that represents a time, often viewed as hour-minute-second-offset, in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as 10:15:30+01:00.
This class stores all time fields, to a precision of nanoseconds, as well as a zone offset. For example, OffsetTime can store the value "13:45.30.123456789+02:00".
Let's get the currentOffsetTime with 2 hours of offset:
ZoneOffset zoneOffSet = ZoneOffset.of("+02:00"); OffsetTime time = OffsetTime.now(zoneOffSet);
Getting back to the focal point, ZoneOffset is a representation of time-zone in terms of the difference between GMT/UTC and the given time. This is a handy way of representing time-zone, although there are other representations also available.
Moreover, ZoneId and ZoneOffset are not only used independently but also by certain DateTime Java classes such as ZonedDateTime, OffsetDateTime, and OffsetTime.
As usual, the code is available in our GitHub repository.


Egg tooth
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A Senegal parrot chick at about 2 weeks after hatching. The egg tooth is near the tip of its beak on the upper mandible.
Borneo short-tailed python (Python breitensteini) hatching with egg tooth visible
A red-eared slider hatchling with an egg tooth.
In some egg-laying animals, the egg tooth is a small, sharp, cranial protuberance used by offspring to break or tear through the egg's surface during hatching. It is present in most birds and reptiles, and similar structures exist in monotremes, Eleutherodactyl frogs, and spiders.
Some lizards and snakes develop a true tooth that is shed after use; other reptiles and birds generally develop an analogous epidermal horn that is reabsorbed or falls off.
A mother bird delivers her young encased in an eggshell; an external protective covering consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The shell protects the chick until it is ready to survive in the outside world. The chick breaks open the shell when it is strong enough and ready. Since the beak and the claws of the bird are not fully developed and cannot penetrate the eggshell, the "egg tooth" is the unusual structure that helps the bird break through the shell. It is only found in emerging chicks and lost soon after hatching, after it is used to penetrate the hard shell that once protected the embryo.[1]
In birds, the process of breaking open the eggshell is commonly referred to as pipping.[2]
Chicks have a pipping muscle on the back of their necks. It is this muscle which gives them the strength to force the egg tooth through the inner membrane of the eggshell.
When a chick becomes too large to absorb oxygen through the pores of its eggshell, it uses its egg tooth to peck a hole in the air sac located at the flat end of the egg. This sac provides a few hours worth of air, during which the chick breaks through the eggshell to the outside. The egg tooth falls off several days after hatching.
Kiwis lack an egg tooth, instead using their legs and beak to break through a relatively thin eggshell. The superprecocial megapodes possess an egg tooth in their early embryonic development, but instead use their claws during hatching.
Baby snakes generally hatch from eggs with tough, leathery shells. A baby snake's egg tooth tears a hole directly through the shell, and falls off the first time the snake sheds its skin. Lizards have similarly leathery eggshells.
A baby crocodile has an egg tooth on the end of its snout. It is a tough piece of skin which is resorbed less than two months after hatching. Crocodile eggs are similar to those of birds in that they have an inner membrane and an outer one. The egg tooth is used to tear open the inner membrane; the baby crocodile can then push its way through the outer shell. If conditions are particularly dry that year, the inner membrane may be too tough for the crocodile to break through, and without assistance it will simply die inside the egg. Generally, however, the mother crocodile is there to help free it.[3]
 1. ^
 2. ^ "Definition and etymology of "pipping"". Webster's Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
 3. ^ Britton, Adam. "Crocodilian Biology Database - Teeth (Egg tooth)". Florida Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 27 December 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2005.


text:
Cattle sorting is an art that grew out of necessity. Ranches in the American prairie lands often butted up against each other. As a result, cattle herds became mixed up and ranchers lost track of their valuable property. Ranchers solved this problem by branding their cattle with an identifying mark and then sorting their cattle into a pen using special tools.
Cattle sorting sticks feature a paddle end used to shepherd cattle into a designated area. Successful sorting depends on a keen understanding of cattle behavior. For instance, handlers need to stay outside of the cattle's comfort zone – sometimes a distance as large as 300 feet – in order to get them to move without spooking. A handler's positioning outside this comfort zone helps to influence the cattle's movement.


Edit Article
Tomatoes are not only food a person can eat, but also it can help refresh your face and reduce any pimples.
 1. 1
 Wash and dry your face before starting.
 2. 2
 Cut a tomato in half.
 3. 3
 Pour about a spoonful of sugar in a shallow dish.
 4. 4
 Gently press the tomato half into the sugar.
 5. 5
 Press the tomato half onto your face and move it around in circles.
 6. 6
 Wait 10 minutes.
 7. 7
 Wash your face and feel fresh.
 - It's good to do this method twice a week.
 - Avoid putting too much sugar on the tomato.
 - Discard the used tomato half afterwards.
Things You'll Need
 - Sugar
 - Shallow dish
 - 1/2 tomato
 - Knife
Article Info
Categories: Handmade Cosmetics | Facial Preparations
In other languages:
Español: usar un tomate para limpiar tu piel, Italiano: Usare il Pomodoro per Pulire la Pelle, Русский: использовать помидоры для очистки кожи, Português: Usar um Tomate para Limpar a sua Pele
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text:
In partnership with Xavier University, the Freedom Center has been working with an undergraduate course around the exhibition Women Hold Up Half the Sky. This course takes a pedagogical approach to topics of sociology, human trafficking, maternal health and domestic violence. Students will gain a deeper understanding of sociological practice through a marriage of theoretical knowledge and practical experience. In collaboration with the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center this course includes a service learning component and emphasizes theory as a tool to understand activist experiences, and practice. The students started the course with intense study of the content of the exhibition to prepare them for the experience.
Starting on Saturdays beginning March 1st from 11:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. the students will begin their experience as tour guides in the exhibit.
As part of the internship period each week the students will write a reflection blog about their experiences, interaction with public, and their personal thoughts about the content. This week's blog is titled Why does Half the Sky Matter?
We hope that you will check back each week for a new blog entry and get involved in the conversation.
Manager of Content Development & Interpretation
Why does Half the Sky matter?
As I sat in the maternal health section of the Women Hold Up Half the Sky exhibit last Saturday, I looked at a bright green homemade banner that read "We lost our only surgeon". The story was of a thirty-four year old woman and successful surgeon in Uganda who lost her life in childbirth. Though she gave birth in a hospital, there were not enough nurses to attend to her, and she died without any doctors or nurses around.


text:
Glossary (talk like a chef): Transfer
Sometimes we need to transfer the contents of a pan to a dish or plate.
This is often to rapidly stop something cooking, as the dish it is transferred to will always be cooler, or it might simply be to free up the pan for something else.Example:
"Transfer the lardons to a dish.
Meaning: Take the lardons out of the frying pan where they have been cooking and put in a dish.
Remarks: Professional kitchens are equipped with trays or pans (usually stainless steel and rectangular) for this, with high sides and a large surface, to help with rapid cooling.
Last modified on: August 11th 2023


Request Account Name Change
Important: Legal documentation must be provided in order for CollaborateMD to process your request. If the required fields and/or confirmation checkboxes are not completely filled out, CollaborateMD will be unable to process the request.
 1. Select Account Administration > Account Management.
 2. Click the Edit Account Information link.
 3. Click the Request Account Name Change link.
 4. Once the Request Account Name Change window is displayed, enter the following required information:
 1. New Account Name
 2. New Account Phone Number
 3. New Account Email Address
 5. Click the Next button.
 6. Check the box confirming you understand and agree to send the required Legal Documentation.
 7. Click the Next button.
 8. Check the box confirming you have fully read and agree the Customer Software Agreement and the Business Associate Agreement.
 9. Click the Submit button.
 10. Send your document(s) to the Accounting Department via fax at _PHONE_ or email them to


text:
- Witches' brooms, a clump of small weak branches arising from one point on a larger branch, form in infected trees
- Needles on brooms are pale green to yellow in summer
- Needles die and fall off in autumn, leaving a clump of bare branches in the winter
- Yellow to orange bumps form on needles within the witches' broom, and may release powdery orange fungal spores in summer
- The branch at the base of the broom may be unusually swollen or cracked
- Also infects chickweed, causing orange spots or blotches on leaves
- More information on Broom rust...


text:
Rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia increased substantially in six high-income countries during the initial months of the pandemic and remained elevated through 2021, researchers reported yesterday in JAMA Psychiatry.
To examine trends in antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia before and during the pandemic, a team led by researchers from the University of Hong Kong analyzed electronic health record and claims data from eight databases in Germany, France, Italy, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States from 2016 through November 2021. The study included all patients aged 65 years and older who had a diagnosis of dementia, and 365 days of observation, within the study period.
The study identified a total of 857,238 people (58% female) with a diagnosis of dementia. Although reductions were observed in the incidence of dementia and the total number of people with dementia prescribed antipsychotic drugs in the early phase of the pandemic in all countries except Germany, rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing for people with dementia increased markedly in six databases representing all countries.
Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years.
Compared with the corresponding month in 2019, the most pronounced increase was observed in May 2020 in South Korea (rate ratio [RR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 3.02) and June 2020 in the United Kingdom (RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.09).
The rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing in these six databases remained high in 2021. Interrupted time series analyses revealed immediate increases in the prescribing rate in Italy (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.58) and in the US Medicare database (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.71) after the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions.
"Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years," the study authors wrote. "This suggests that the burden of unmet needs in people living with dementia was substantial and that this population faced continued challenges in care even after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic."


A person walks into a room that has, on opposite walls, two plane mirrors producing multiple images. Find the distances from the person to the first three images seen in the left-hand mirror, when the person is 11.0 ft from the mirror on the left wall and 4.00 ft from the mirror on the right wall.
first image
second image
third image in feet
Get this answer with Chegg Study


text:
Buying snake fruit, if you're not from Asia perhaps is not as common as buying apple, banana or papaya. Outside Asia, this fruit is actually a rare gem. However, when you find it in the fruit stall in your country, how would you choose the tastiest one?
Picking snake fruit with the perfect ripe condition is not as easy as what you might think it is. So, have you ever wondered why the snake fruit you bought from that fruit stall is not as tasty as what the seller tells you? Did you hesitate to buy it? Because the last time you get it from that shop tastes bitter, too tart or even worse, it's rotten?
If that's the case, then you should definitely know how to buy the tastiest snake fruit from your nearest fruit stall, if any. Take my tips and you will never get that ugly snake fruit ever again.
How to buy the perfect ripe snake fruit from your local fruit stall
- Pick the best cultivar
Did you know: In Indonesia alone, there are at least 30 known snake fruit cultivars, some of them have several varieties and the genus of salacca has 22 species.
First of all, the best cultivars are actually Salak Pondoh, Salak Bali and Salak Padang Sidempuan. The others aren't that tasty, so when purchasing the fruit you should ask the seller if it is one of that cultivars.
- Pick the fruit that has yellowish brown skin color
Snake fruit that has a perfect ripe condition will have yellowish brown skin color. So, every time you buy snake fruits from the fruit stall, you should obviously check the skin color.
- Pick oval shaped snake fruit
The sweetness of a snake fruit, especially from Pondoh cultivar can be spotted from the shape. The more oval the shape, the sweeter it gets. So, make sure you choose the most oval shaped snake fruit.
- Pick snake fruit with wide gaps in its scale
The gap in snake fruit scale marks weather it's ripe or not. A perfectly ripe snake fruit will have wide gaps in its scale, conversely young snake fruit has little gaps. So, make sure you pick the one that has the most wide gaps.
- Try to press the tip gently
Press the tip gently, see if it spits water. If it does, then you shouldn't pick that one. When the tip spits water, it simply means that the fruit is overripe or it might actually rotten.
- Pick the fruit yourself
More often than not, when buying a kilo or two snake fruits, the seller will pack it for you. So, it is better to select several fruits then give it to the seller to pack. So you don't end up getting cheated or bringing home overripe snake fruits.
That's how to buy the tastiest snake fruit. Make sure to check all the tips above before buying one. Do you have any good or bad experiences when buying snake fruit? Share with us your story in the comment section below.


The effect of potassium deficiency on growth and N2-fixation in Trifolium repens
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review
The effects of potassium (K) deficiency on growth, N2-fixation and
photosynthesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were investigated
using natural occurring gas fluxes on the nodules in real time of plants
under three contrasting relative addition rates of K causing mild K
deficiency, or following abrupt withdrawal of the K supply causing
strong K deficiency of less than 0.65% in dry matter. A steady-state
below-optimum K supply rate led to an increase in CO2-fixation per unit
leaf surface area as well as per plant leaf surface. However,
nitrogenase activity per unit root weight and per unit nodule weight was
maintained, as was the efficiency with which electrons were allocated
to the reduction of N2 in the nodules. Abrupt K removals stimulated
nodule growth strongly without delay, but as K concentrations decreased
in the plant tissue a significant decline in nitrogenase activity per
unit root weight as well as per unit nodule mass occurred. Further, the
rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area was unaffected, while the CO2
acquisition for the plant as a whole increased due to an expansion of
total leaf area whereas the leaf area per unit leaf weight was
unaffected. The ratio between CO2-fixation and N2-fixation increased,
although not statistically significant, under short-term K deprivation
as well as under long-term low K supply indicating a downregulation of
nodule activity following morphological and growth adjustments. This
downregulation took place despite a partly substitution of the K by Na.
It is concluded that N2-fixation does not limit the growth of
K-deprived clover plants. K deprivation induces changes in the relative
growth of roots, nodules, and shoots rather than changes in N and/or
carbon uptake rates per unit mass or area of these organs.
Original languageEnglish
JournalPhysiologia Plantarum
Issue number3
Pages (from-to)440-449
Publication statusPublished - 2003
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The effect of potassium deficiency on growth and N2-fixation in Trifolium repens'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
The Alberta Legislative Assembly Office operates a beautiful retail store called Alberta Branded. Each year they have a juried showcase around a specific theme and I have the honour of being one of ten Albertan artists who will create new works for this year's exhibition. The theme is Façonner, which means to shape, fashion or mould. New works will be created all year long and I'm eager to continue to explore the theme, allowing it to unfold and adapt over these next months. I'm also quite intrigued to see the works of the other artists and how they have approached the theme from their own medium and point of view!
Façonner: We shape to adapt a form, thereby directing a course. We fashion to reflect personal style and the current nature of the world. We mould to influence, creating a matrix. - Alberta Branded
The artwork I have created (and will continue to create this year) for Façonner is rooted in natural elements. Each piece is formed in response to the unfolding story I see revealed to us through Creation. Extracting basic lines and shapes from the intricate natural world, I explore an elemental approach to my experiences. Observing light, colours, shapes and lines, the subjects are deconstructed then fashioned into layered mixed media artworks. Natural materials (like birch bark and wildflowers collected to dye fabric and paper) are incorporated into each piece along with conventional materials (like acrylic, watercolour, paper and clay). The process of gathering and preparing materials allows me to infuse more of what I encounter into each work.
My story reflects the observations and reflections within the beauty of the Province of Alberta, including our five National Parks and my home in the Northern boreal forest. As I continue to witness the unfolding story around me, I am left with a peaceful clarity that has shaped my life. Reflecting these experiences and this clarity are integral parts of these works.


Star Facts
 - Category Motion Pictures
 Address 1724 Vine Street
 Ceremony date 02/08/1960
Robert Benchley
Harvard, MA
Death Date:
Addition Websites
Robert Benchley
Although Benchley was known for misleading and fictional autobiographical statements about himself, he actually was the great-grandchild of the founder of Benchley, Texas: Henry Wetherby Benchley who was jailed for his help with the Underground Railroad. Robert Benchley was born on September 15, 1889 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Charles and Maria Benchley.
Robert's older brother, Edmund, was rushed to the Spanish-American War days after graduation from West Point, and was a casualty almost immediately. The Benchley family was attending a public Fourth of July picnic when a bicycle messenger brought the notification telegram. In unthinking, stunned reaction, Maria Benchley cried out "Why couldn't it have been Robert?!", then standing by her side at the age of nine. Mrs. Benchley apologized profoundly and tried hard to atone for the remark. Edmund's death had a considerable effect upon Robert's life. Lillian Duryea, the bereaved, wealthy yeast heiress and fiancee of Edmund, undertook the funding of Robert's education; she made him a loan which, after he began to make money, she later called due. One theory holds that Edmund's death in battle seeded pacifist leanings in his writings. The period, however, was full of literary abreaction to the Great War, and Benchley was aware of the published remorse of A.A. Milne.


text:
Whether and how we should be making line breaks is currently a controversial topic amongst the GitLab folks; it's an issue of style as well as ease of use. In this post, we're presenting the two current views held, and giving you the opportunity to speak your mind (in the comments or on Twitter) about how we should handle this in our style guide.
The current policy laid out in the style guide is that you should:
Split up long lines, this makes it much easier to review and edit. Only double line breaks are shown as a full line break in GitLab markdown. 80-100 characters is a good line length.
The understanding is that you if you create a line break after 80 characters, the text becomes easier to review.
However, quite a few people feel that this isn't helpful and creates stylistic and/or visual messiness when, for example, edits are made which cause the line breaks to go amok. Basically, there are two options if your line exceeds 80 characters:
- Wrap the text as the author of the code.
- Rely on the reviewer to wrap the text with their local editor, and insert a new line for every sentence.
DON'T WRAP IT.
Some of us at GitLab are in the don't-wrap camp, positioning that it's better to rely on the reviewer. If you modify text, you don't want to have to realign the rest of the text when edits are made because the line breaks are uneven. Rewrapping requires a feature that some editors (including GitLab) don't have. Some people might have it but not know they have it, or not know where to find it in their editor. If you do rewrap with your editor, the diff might get messy and make it hard to work out what's visually changed. Plus, that 80- to 100-character limit is more of a guess than an exact limit. It can be different depending on your editor/screen size.
This is how a paragraph looks like after a few reviews when you choose to wrap the text. It's odd, as it has long lines and short lines distributed unevenly:
However, when you don't wrap it, a collaborator needs to point to the portion of the text before explaining the change, which can be very time consuming. For example, in the paragraph below, the collaborator needs to identify the link first, and repeat the section with the proposed changes:
DO WRAP IT.
The company's official position is of the do-wrap variety, with the main reason that when people view and edit the text, they can do so without scrolling horizontally ad infinitum, which drives some people nuts. As a result, the comment box sometimes extends beyond the edge of the viewport, making it difficult to use any of the buttons on the right-hand side.
To compare to the last example, the following screenshot of a text already wrapped, it's easy to comment inline directly, without having to identify what you're talking about first and commenting afterwards.
Comparing Similar Views
When editing a file in the GitLab UI, this is how wrapped text looks like:
And this is how an unwrapped code looks like:
Even when you're reviewing locally, check how a wrapped text looks like on Sublime:
And how it looks when unwrapped:
Clearly, wrapped text can be considered better for both reading and reviewing through inline comments. But it can also be annoying when writing and editing the file.
Particularly, while I'm writing, I don't wrap the text. I'll do that just when it's ready for review. This way, I save myself some time when writing and editing, but I still leave it wrapped for facilitating the reviewers to add inline comments in my merge request.
But yes, there are pros and cons for both cases, of course. The question is, what can we do to make it less painful for everyone?
One of the possible actions we could take going forward is to set a max-width both on the comment box container, and on the editor, so that it remains in a usable state, regardless of code length.
Other ideas? We're open to them. Let us know what you think, and how you do that with your team.
Note: Currently for blog post technical articles we follow the Style Guide, but the Blog Post Style Guide is an override or addendum to that. The consensus has been that wrapped text facilitates review. We have a lot of guest writers and many reviewers, and this seems to be their preference, so we've tried to honor that.


text:
New Genotype Form
alpha-1-genotype-tool results comments
*The Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery Guidelines recommend an annual evaluation of liver function (includes an analysis of ALT, AST, bilirubin, albumin and coagulation tests).
†The Journal of the COPD Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend annual monitoring of individuals with AAT deficiency (includes an analysis of ALT, AST, GST, bilirubin, albumin, INR, platelet and liver ultrasound); the recommendation is strong with a low quality of evidence.
‡The American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Joint Statement recommends regular physical examinations that include liver function tests and ultrasound examination; in individuals with decompensated cirrhosis periodic CT imaging.
§Strength of the evidence and grading of recommendations: Grade 2B means the strength of the recommendation is weak, with desirable effects closely balanced with undesirable effects2 with the quality of evidence based on randomised trials with limitations including inconsistent results or major methodological weaknesses (B). Grade 2C means the strength of the recommendation is weak, with desirable effects closely balanced with undesirable effects2 with the quality of evidence based on observational studies and generalisations from randomised trials in one group of patients applied to another.
AAT: alpha1 antitrypsin; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT: computed tomography; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GST: glutathione S-transferase; INR: international normalised ratio.