Integration tests with maven
Implementing unit tests with maven is something ordinary and most of us are familiar with the project structure and where the unit tests reside.
However Integration tests are a different case and most of times they have pretty different requirements.
For example it is ok to have your unit tests operate on a h2 in memory database but when it comes to integration tests and complex queries, it is best for them to be executed against an actual relational database like the one used in production.
Considering the above example, chances are that our integration tests might have different configurations and dependencies.
So our goals for our integration tests is to keep them separate from other tests and to execute them separately.
Regarding our maven structure within the source directory we have the main 'folder' and test 'folder'.
In the same fashion we will add an extra directory called 'it'.
The 'it' directory will contain a java directory for our java sources and a resources directory. Same structure with the test directory.
Then we should give instruction to maven on building our code and adding it to our test sources.
By using the build helper maven plugin we can instruct maven to add extra test source directories to our our build.
The next step is to instruct maven to run our unit tests. To do so we will use the maven failsafe plugin.
The Failsafe Plugin is designed to run integration tests while the Surefire Plugin is designed to run unit tests. The name (failsafe) was chosen both because it is a synonym of surefire and because it implies that when it fails, it does so in a safe way.
Then to execute the integration tests we should issue.
mvn verify
As expected our integration tests run separately.
To sum up, we want to have integration tests separated from our unit tests. Also we want them to run separately. This can be achieved by utilizing the maven failsafe plugin.
You can find an example project on github.
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 1. Thank you for taking the time to put this content online, as it is the only useful DynamoDB posts that I have been able to find. Having these examples helped me to then better understand the AWS documentation which can sometimes be very difficult to work through. I hope that you continue doing this work as it is very helpful for those new to DynamoDB.
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text:
Using 5-in.-diameter Si(Li) detectors with a detector thickness of 1, 2 and 3 mm combined with 62 mm × 62 mm position-sensitive Si detectors, an excellent isotope telescope has been constructed for the Geotail mission. The performance of the telescope and the individual detectors has been investigated using 56Fe beams with energies between 430 and 696 MeV/n. The nonuniformity of the detector thickness as measured by exposing the detectors to a monochromatic Fe beam is 0.44% for 1 mm thick detectors, 0.54% for 2 mm thick detectors and 0.15% for 3 mm thick detectors. The secondary isotopes of Al through Fe produced by 430 MeV/n 56Fe in a polyethylene target were clearly resolved by the telescope. The measured mass resolution for Si, Ca and Mn were 0.36 amu, 0.42 amu and 0.44 amu in FWHM, respectively. The telescope has the following two key features: an excellent resolution (better than 0.5 amu) and an exceptionally high sensitivity (SΩ = 43 cm2sr) for a broad range of species from He through Ni with energies between 2.4 and 210 MeV/n.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Top 3 Commercial Door Repairs
Commercial doors are essential to the overall safety and security of any commercial space. It is imperative that you monitor the condition of your commercial doors closely. If you allow your doors to fall into disrepair, you make it easier for your commercial space to fall victim to theft.
Many business owners have discovered that there are a few common problems that plague their commercial doors. Learn more about these problems so that you will be prepared to make timely repairs.
1. Hardware Damage
The average commercial door sees significantly more use during the course of a day than a residential door would. Employees and customers are constantly entering and exiting your commercial space, which can put your door's hardware at risk of sustaining damage.
Be sure that you conduct routine inspections of your door to check for loose handles, damaged springs, or bent hinges. Repairing these small hardware issues as soon as they arise will help you avoid a more serious malfunction in the future.
2. Bent Frame
Your commercial door frame supports the weight of the door. If this frame becomes bent, you may experience problems opening and closing the door smoothly. A bent door frame is a weak point that can make it easier for would-be criminals to enter your commercial space.
It's important that you address any frame damage to your commercial door with an alignment service. An experienced technician can correct the frame damage to restore proper function to your door.
This will enhance the overall accessibility of your commercial space for customers and employees and ensure that your space remains safe and secure.
3. Damaged Seal
Commercial doors are typically equipped with rubber seals. The primary role of these seals is to prevent any air from passing between the door and the frame. Damaged seals can have a negative impact on your company's bottom line.
Air transfer makes it difficult to regulate indoor temperatures, requiring you to rely more heavily on your building's HVAC system. You will likely see an increase in heating and cooling costs when your commercial door seals are damaged.
A technician can replace damaged seals to restore the airtight seal of your commercial door.
Proper maintenance and timely repairs are essential if you want to keep your commercial door functioning properly.
Keep an eye on the hardware, frame, and seals of your door so that you can invest in the repair of these elements before minor damage becomes a major problem. Contact a company that offers commercial door repair services to learn more.


TY - JOUR U1 - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed) A1 - Shrena, Ismail A1 - Eisele, David A1 - Bardong, Jochen A1 - Mayer, Elena A1 - Reindl, Leonhard Michael T1 - High-precision signal processing algorithm to evaluate SAW properties as a function of temperature JF - IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control N2 - This paper presents a signal processing algorithm which accurately evaluates the SAW properties of a substrate as functions of temperature. The investigated acoustic properties are group velocity, phase velocity, propagation loss, and coupling coefficient. With several measurements carried out at different temperatures, we obtain the temperature dependency of the SAW properties. The analysis algorithm starts by reading the transfer functions of short and long delay lines. The analysis algorithm determines the center frequency of the delay lines and obtains the delay time difference between the short and long delay lines. The extracted parameters are then used to calculate the acoustic properties of the SAW material. To validate the algorithm, its accuracy is studied by determining the error in the calculating delay time difference, center frequency, and group velocity. KW - Signaltechnik KW - Verfahrenstechnik KW - Akustische Oberflächenwelle Y1 - 2013 SN - 0885-3010 SS - 0885-3010 U6 - _URL_ DO - _URL_ VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 805 EP - 813 ER -


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The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture has launched a new Invasive Species Web Site. By visiting the site, producers and consumers can learn how Pennsylvania is protecting against invasive plants, animals, and insects. Governor Rendell created the PA Invasive Species Council in 2004. It is the task of the council to develop and implement invasive species management plans for Pennsylvania.
Visit the site at:


Saturday, August 9, 2014
No horns?
When Annabelle decided to take a break from city life, she landed in a small village in the outskirts of the city.
Enjoying her sabbatical, she ventured into a farm. Patting one of the animals, she asked the farmer, "Why is this cow without horns?"
Farmer Joe was silent for a moment. Then he said, "Let me explain to you ma'am. Cattle can sometimes cause harm with horns, so we use various measures to prevent the harm. Either we trim 'em with a chainsaw,
or we catch them young & apply acid where horns grow to stop the growth. There are also breeds that don't grow horns at all. But none of the above reasons applies to this cow. You know why? Cos it's a horse!"


text:
Nero Fiddled While Rome Burned
By Mary Francis Gyles
The Classical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1947)
Introduction: Curiosity concerning the origin and development of the expression "Nero fiddled while Rome burned" leads to an investigation which has traversed the fields of History, Philology, Literature, and Music. The extent to which this phrase is used by the public in everyday speech and its frequent appearance in popular literature have placed it in the position of an adage. On examination its usage is found to hinge upon the meaning of the word fiddle. This word is defined by the New English Dictionary as "fiddle, substantive, a stringed instrument of music; usually the violin, but also, (with defining word as in bass fiddle) applied to other instruments of the viol kind." The verb, as given by the same dictionary, means to play a fiddle. Since musical historians agree that the viol class of instruments did not develop about the eleventh century, it is conclusive that Nero could not have fiddled in this sense of the word while Rome burned.
There is another meaning of the word fiddle in use today. It is often employed to indicate the idea of accomplishing nothing, and is so defined by the New English Dictionary. The common remark, "He's just fiddling around," is an excellent illustration of this usage. It suggests a lack of proficiency and an aimless or frivolous attitude.
The phrase "Nero fiddled while Rome burned" is used to express both these meanings of the word fiddle. First it presents the picture of an individual playing a musical instrument as he took a sadistic pleasure in the terrible misfortunes of others. Secondly it represents ineffectual effort. That is, Nero, who should have made himself useful, was fiddling. Although this conception is, in point of fact, unjust, it does not curtail the frequency with which it has been so used.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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NEW STRENGTHENED RULES FOR FOOD FOR INFANTS, YOUNG CHILDREN AND FOOD FOR SPECIFIC MEDICAL PURPOSE 12/06/13
Today, the European Parliament gave its green light on a set of clearer rules protecting specific groups of consumers such as infants and young children. The aim is to better protect consumers on the content and marketing of these "special" food products, and to provide a better environment for businesses, as well as better application of rules.
More and more food products exist on the market that target specific groups of the population. The EU rules in force for these products are complex and fragmented since different sets of rules and concepts can overlap and create confusion for businesses and national authorities who apply the rules.
This new Regulation on food for specific groups will streamline the rules that apply throughout the EU, by eliminating those that are unnecessary and contradictory and by replacing them with a new, simplified Framework.
The new Framework will cover:
- food for infants and young children;
- food for people with specific medical conditions;
- food for weight control that replace the totality of the daily diet.
The new Regulation will do away with the dated broad concept of 'foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses', which has proven not fit for today's market and legal context.
Under the new approach, food for other population groups will fall under different legislation. For example, rules on food for coeliacs will be transferred to the Regulation on Food Information to Consumers.
The Regulation will be published in the EU Official Journal in the coming weeks and will only apply from 2016 to allow time for businesses to adapt their commercial practices. No products will however have to be withdrawn from the market.
Over the next two years, the Commission will: adopt detailed rules (delegated acts) on food covered by the Regulation; and present two reports on the necessity to develop, in the future, specific rules for so-called 'growing up milks' for young children and food for sports people.
The Commission will also adopt specific rules on the use of statements on the absence or reduced presence of lactose in foods.


text:
Fact Sheet 2012–3070
This brief report, drawing from a multi-year effort by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), identifies significant decreases in rainfall and increases in air temperature across Chad, especially in the eastern part of the country. These analyses are based on quality-controlled station observations.
First posted June 21, 2012
For additional information contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Funk, C., Rowland, J., Eilerts, G., Adoum, A. and White, L., 2012, A Climate Trend Analysis of Chad, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012–3070, 4 p.
Food Security Context: Drying Trends in Food Insecure Areas in Eastern Chad
Rainfall Declines in the 2000s
Much Warmer Air Temperatures
Population Pressure and Stagnating Agricultural Growth
A Convergence of Evidence
Some Implications for Food Security and Adaptations
Objectives and Methods


text:
- NYT Crossword
- May 14 2023
- Fifth in a scale
Fifth in a scale
While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Fifth in a scale crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on May 14 2023 NYT Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for Fifth in a scale has a total of 3 letters.
Hints & Tips
Here are some hints and tips before revealing the whole word. It may actually help you find the correct solution by yourself.
1. The first letter of the answer is: S
2. The last letter of the answer is: L
3. There is 1 vowel in the hidden word:
|• ||The sun.|
|• ||Gold; -- so called from its brilliancy, color, and value.|
|• ||A syllable applied in solmization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale.|
|• ||The tone itself.|
|• ||A sou.|
|• ||A silver and gold coin of Peru. The silver sol is the unit of value, and is worth about 68 cents.|
The word SOL is a 3 letter word that has 1 syllable's. The syllable division for SOL is: sol
Get All The NYT Crossword Answers In Your Inbox!
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We have found 10 other crossword clues with the same answer.
We have found 0 other crossword answers for this clue.
Other May 14 2023 Puzzle Clues
There are a total of 141 clues in May 14 2023 crossword puzzle.
If you have already solved this crossword clue and are looking for the main post then head over to NYT Crossword May 14 2023 Answers


text:
Given the grammatical structure and syntax, we can easily reduce the possible meanings of love (of which there are 28, according to Dictionary.com) down to a subset that have slightly different meanings, but all basically translate as, have a strong liking for. According to Wikipedia, there are over 30 potential meanings for the word Jaguar. We look at how words are formed (morphology), how phrases and sentences are structured (syntax) and determining the meaning of the word based on how it sounds (phonology). If there is no ambiguity with the words involved, that should be sufficient to interpret the meaning.
Full text available for a fee.


Telling Tales – discovering the authentic story of Leeds
Leeds is a city full of fantastic contradictions, creative and brilliant conversations on and offline and real complexity. Guest blogger Nick Copland asks how do we make it work better and create a dynamic dialogue?
A tale of our city Leeds
Leeds is a wonderful place of surprises, hidden gems and well-kept secrets… But how can we publicise mystery, how can we celebrate the unexpected? Photograph: John Baron/
A very clever Russian called Mikhail Bakhtin once described the complex language of the novel as 'heteroglossia'.
Put simply, heteroglossia is a dynamic dialogue of'social dialects, characteristic group behaviour, professional jargons, generic languages, languages of generations and age groups,languages of the authorities, of various circles and of passing fashions'.
His concept provides a valuable insight into the novel as our most, populous, sophisticated and complex literary forms – and one that presents a fascinating approach to the representation of a city like Leeds.
If, perhaps, an epic poem is like a country house or a bridge, and a short story is like a provincial town then a city, with its astonishing array of cultures, functions, qualities and characters, is like a novel. Like a novel, a city is multifaceted, multi-voiced, and almost impossible to sum up. Like a novel, a city only releases its reality - its truth - through interaction, conversation and dialogue.
Destination marketing
Until recently 'destination marketing' - the promotion of various places for people to visit - had operated in precisely the opposite way, taking the complexity of a place and reducing it to a singular set of simple,'sticky' ideas – so Florida is 'The Sunshine State', New York is 'The Big Apple', Chicago is the Windy City' etc. And back when the media was limited to print, film, radio and TV, this was a useful shorthand.
Marketing wonks still use this approach. Recently Malmesbury branded themselves the 'philosophy town' with the aim of celebrating 17th century thinker Thomas Hobbes, who was born there. They are hosting a two-day festival, and a long-distance walk to the birthplace of John Locke, and have heady hopes to 'transform a building into an "ideas place", containing bookshops and a coffee house'.
This probably works for Malmesbury – it generates nice colour supplement column inches, gives the town a focal point for promotion, and shows initiative – but it works because it is a town, not a city. Malmesbury is compact, with a finite number of stakeholders, and little else to say for itself (sorry Malmesbury). A brief scan of the first page of a Google search for Malmesbury brings up only the official voices of tourist and council sites, local attractions etc.
Even in our modern world of Twitter, Blogs, peer reviews, Facebook, mobile technology and smart phones, this single-concept approach can work for a town. But cities resist such a reduction to a single idea, and that resistance often comes from within, as a result of their many competing voices, official and unofficial conversations.
Leeds is full of fantastic contradictions and creative conversations
Leeds is a city full of fantastic contradictions, creative conversations and real complexity. And unlike many other similar large cities, has no obvious unified notion - no USP - no tower, no Royal Mile, no unrivalled football team/musical heritage etc.
No, Leeds is rather a wonderful place of surprises, hidden gems and well-kept secrets… But how can you publicise mystery, how can we celebrate the unexpected?
Well, we already have an amazing array of voices – as Leeds and as the heart of Yorkshire. Sites like Guardian Leeds, My Life in Leeds and The Culture Vulture, and blogs like Hebe Media present opinions, information and generate discussion from multiple authors, bloggers, reviewers and critics.
independent leeds screenshot
A screenshot of Independent Fullstop Public Domain
Keeping track of our many independent events is easy with the rather
clever interactive map of Independent.Fullstop, while the mysterious and delightful can be found at Exploring Leeds blog and Secret Leeds, and there are feisty forums like Leeds Forum and the inimitable Leeds Music Scene.
There is even site-specific storytelling with Leeds Stories where you can scan QRcodes at locations around the city and access geographically relevant stories… and Leeds also features in some great cultural collaborations like Yorkshire Telly.
There are, of course, the official voices too - Marketing Leeds, Visit Leeds, the many attractions and communities, government, local and national…
And it's not just online - Culture Vulture hosts face-to-face Cultural Conversations, there is TEDxLeeds and the Leeds chapter of the Yorkshire Mafia regularly attracts hundreds of business people, and Leeds regularly benefits from events like Bettakultcha and TestSpaceKitchen… not to mention Geek-Ups, Tweet-Ups and plain old meet-ups…
These are all brilliant, distinctive, unique voices, that engage, entertain, inform and converse with the people who live and work in Leeds, as well as visit it.
How do we make it work better?
This is brilliant news. Leeds is in an enviable position. We have quality and quantity. But how can we make it better? And how can we make it work harder for us?
Well, as my Russian friend says – it is not just the quantity, or the quality of the voices, but the 'dynamic dialogue' they create by interacting.
According to Bakhtin, great novels reflect reality by setting their many voices in dialogue.
It is only through the interaction of distinct language genres that a novel breathes life and creates emotion, and draws the reader into its wonderful complexity. And perhaps that is what Leeds must do now too.
ExpLeeds is not trying to replicate or replace any of the voices already speaking out, merely to make a space – online and elsewhere - where these distinct speakers can interact, collaborate and co-operate – and engage with each other without compromise.
Check out the next ExpLeeds event here.
Guest blogger Nick Copland helps businesses create values and vision statements that inspire and inform their people, and drive their brand forward.


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Prior research has shown that theory of mind (ToM) development is delayed in children who are deaf and hard of hearing. Although research has demonstrated a delay in ToM development in children who are deaf and hard of hearing there are not many suggestions for how ToM is or should be addressed in deaf education. The current research addressed this issue by compiling an extensive literature review and sending 113 surveys' to OPTION schools for the deaf around the country.
Program in Audiology and Communication Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine
Deaf children; Deaf - Education; Teachers of the Deaf
West, Julia L.
Beauchemin, Ashley, "Research on theory of mind in deaf education" (2011). Independent Studies and Capstones. Paper 632. Program in Audiology and Communication Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine.


Adding Joomfish functionality to custom components
From Joomla! Documentation
Revision as of 03:06, 20 September 2010 by Batch1211 (Talk | contribs)
Replacement filing cabinet.png
This tutorial shows how make your custom components work with Joomfish 2.0. Joomfish is an extension for Joomla, that allows you to manually translate all your Joomla content. When installed, it works with all native Joomla content, but if you develop a custom component, you have to code a little bit yourself.
I will use the custom component from the "Developing a Model-View-Controller Component" as example. For those of you who haven't read the tutorial, please refer to the Joomla Docs. Install the component available for download in part 4 of the tutorial, and we're ready to go.
Creating the Content Element XML file for Joomfish
Joomfish uses XML files to know how to translate content elements. These content element XML files are located in administrator/components/com_joomfish/contentelements. All you have to do is make a new XML file and save it into this directory, and Joomfish will know how to translate the component. Let's explain how to build this new XML file step-by-step:
First, create a new XML file in your favourite code editor and save this as hello.xml in the contentelements folder. It is important that the XML file is named exactly as the component, and because our component is called com_hello, we call the file hello.
Write the following in the new XML-file:
Rune Skjoldborg Madsen
Definition for the Hello World component

 ID
 Greeting
The first 6 lines are just simple information to Joomfish. We declare the XML version, tell Joomfish that it's a new content element to translate, Tell the name of the component, the author name the version of the component, and a small description.
It is inside the tags we tell Joomfish what to translate. Inside the reference tags, we tell Joomfish what table to translate from. In our example, the Hello Component use a table called jos_hello, and therefore we write the following:
Inside the table tag, we have 2 field tags. The first tells Joomfish, that our column "id" is the primary key, and we set translate to 0, because we don't want the use to be able to translate the id of the greeting:
The next field tag is of the type "titletext", which tells Joomfish two things: 1) that the "greeting" column in our MySQL table holds data from a simple input field 2) That the "greeting" column should be used as the "title" field in the Joomfish component in the admin section. Offcourse we set the name corresponding to our MySQL column "greeting" and we also set the translate property to true:
To get a definition of which fielstypes are available in Joomfish (such as "titletext, "text", so on), read the Creation of Content Elements tutorial. Now our component is ready for Joomfish translation, and we just need to fix some MySQL queries to make everything work.
Fixing MySQL queries in the hello component
When dealing with Joomfish, you always have to select your primary field when you do a query. Even though you don't actually use it, Joomfish needs it to be able to do the translation.
Open up the model file located in components/com_hello/models/hello.php. Find the following line:
$query = 'SELECT greeting FROM _TAG_';
And replace it with:
$query = 'SELECT * FROM _TAG_';
By doing this we also select the "id" column that Joomfish needs to translate the greeting.
And that's it! All you need is to go into the Joomfish Admin section and translate the greetings to whatever languages you have installed and activated. It's as easy as that.
Remember that the component only selects and shows the first greeting no matter what. If you want to see all greetings, you have to use the loadAssocList() function instead of the loadResult() function in the same model file as above. Then you're able to loop through the rows array in your view template file.


text:
Maximal expiratory flow at 25% forced vital capacity (V25), V25 divided by height (V25/HT), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated from the same forced expiratory maneuver performed in welding workers. The values were compared to determine variations between individuals and changes with age and chest X-ray findings. The results showed that MTT may be a less variable and equally sensitive measurement of the function of peripheral airways as compared with V25 and V25/HT. Its usefulness in the detection of the early changes of pneumoconiosis, however, must be further investigated in a prospective cohort study on workers exposed to various kinds of dust.
Magnetic field at the chest in 93 male workers exposed to asbestos dust in an asbestos products factory in China was studied by local magnetization and flux-gate gradiometry. The average field intensity at 12 measurement points over the anterior chest wall was compared among workers with and without asbestosis and among workers of different working age. The field intensity in workers with asbestosis and those suspected to have asbestosis on the basis of X-ray findings was significantly higher than that in workers without asbestosis. It was also found that the field intensity increased with working age. It is suggested that dynamic measurement of magnetic field in the lung of workers exposed to dust containing ferrimagnetic particles would at least serve as a quantitative method for estimating lung dust loads and be valuable for pneumoconiosis prevention.


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An agglutinative language is a language in which the words are formed by gluing morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point of view. Agglutinative languages are the most common form of synthetic language, and are usually highly inflected. The name was derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together".
The opposite of a synthetic language is an analytic, or isolating language. Synthetic languages which are not agglutinative are called fusional languages; they combine morphemes by "squeezing" them together, often changing the morphemes drastically in the process.
"Agglutinative" is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic, although it technically is not. When used in this way, the word embraces fusional languages and inflected languages in general. It is also worth noting that the distinction between an agglutinative and a fusional language is often not a sharp one. Rather one should think of these as two ends of a continuum, with various languages falling more toward one end or the other.
As you can see, agglutinative languages are not entirely grouped by the family (although Finnish and Hungarian are related, as are possibly Japanese and Korean). Rather, convergent evolution had many separate languages develop this property.


text:
Select the diagnostic action to take if Simulink® software makes a minor adjustment to a sample hit time while running the model.
Simulink software takes no action.
Simulink software displays a warning.
Simulink software might change a sample hit time if that hit time is close to the hit time for another task. If Simulink software considers the difference to be due only to numerical errors (for example, precision issues or roundoff errors), it changes the sample hits of the faster task or tasks to exactly match the time of the slowest task that has that hit.
Over time, these sample hit changes might cause a discrepancy between the numerical simulation results and the actual theoretical results.
When this option is set to
the MATLAB® Command Window displays a warning like the following
when Simulink software detects a change in the sample hit time:
Warning: Timing engine warning: Changing the hit time for...
|Safety precaution||No impact|


Line Shaft
Get Line Shaft essential facts below. View Videos or join the Line Shaft discussion. Add Line Shaft to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Line Shaft
Four wool spinning machines driven by belts from an overhead lineshaft (Leipzig, Germany, circa 1925)
A line shaft is a power-driven rotating shaft for power transmission that was used extensively from the Industrial Revolution until the early 20th century. Prior to the widespread use of electric motors small enough to be connected directly to each piece of machinery, line shafting was used to distribute power from a large central power source to machinery throughout a workshop or an industrial complex. The central power source could be a water wheel, turbine, windmill, animal power or a steam engine. Power was distributed from the shaft to the machinery by a system of belts, pulleys and gears known as millwork.[1]
Variable speed belt drive for a lathe. The fixed pulley on the upper shaft is driven at constant speed by a belt from the power source. The loose pulley ('idler') allows the machine to be stopped in isolation - necessary for changing speed. The stepped pulleys (left) provide three drive speeds for the machine tool (not shown), depending on which pair of pulleys is connected by the belt.
From turbine to line shaft at Suffolk Mills in Lowell, Massachusetts
From line shaft to power looms at Boott Mills in Lowell, Massachusetts
A typical line shaft would be suspended from the ceiling of one area and would run the length of that area. One pulley on the shaft would receive the power from a parent line shaft elsewhere in the building. The other pulleys would supply power to pulleys on each individual machine or to subsequent line shafts. In manufacturing where there were a large number of machines performing the same tasks, the design of the system was fairly regular and repeated. In other applications such as machine and wood shops where there was a variety of machines with different orientations and power requirements, the system would appear erratic and inconsistent with many different shafting directions and pulley sizes. Shafts were usually horizontal and overhead but occasionally were vertical and could be underground. Shafts were usually rigid steel, made up of several parts bolted together at flanges. The shafts were suspended by hangers with bearings at certain intervals of length. The distance depended on the weight of the shaft and the number of pulleys. The shafts had to be kept aligned or the stress would overheat the bearings and could break the shaft. The bearings were usually friction type and had to be kept lubricated. Pulley lubricator employees were required in order to ensure that the bearings did not freeze or malfunction.
In the earliest applications power was transmitted between pulleys using loops of rope on grooved pulleys. This method is extremely rare today, dating mostly from the 18th century. Flat belts on flat pulleys or drums were the most common method during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The belts were generally tanned leather or cotton duck impregnated with rubber. Leather belts were fastened in loops with rawhide or wire lacing, lap joints and glue, or one of several types of steel fasteners. Cotton duck belts usually used metal fasteners or were melted together with heat. The leather belts were run with the hair side against the pulleys for best traction. The belts needed periodic cleaning and conditioning to keep them in good condition. Belts were often twisted 180 degrees per leg and reversed on the receiving pulley to cause the second shaft to rotate in the opposite direction.
Pulleys were constructed of wood, iron, steel or a combination thereof. Varying sizes of pulleys were used in conjunction to change the speed of rotation. For example, a 40" pulley at 100 rpm would turn a 20" pulley at 200 rpm. Pulleys solidly attached ("fast") to the shaft could be combined with adjacent pulleys that turned freely ("loose") on the shaft (idlers). In this configuration the belt could be maneuvered onto the idler to stop power transmission or onto the solid pulley to convey the power. This arrangement was often used near machines to provide a means of shutting the machine off when not in use. Usually at the last belt feeding power to a machine, a pair of stepped pulleys could be used to give a variety of speed settings for the machine.
Occasionally gears were used between shafts to change speed rather than belts and different-sized pulleys, but this seems to have been relatively uncommon.
Early versions of line shafts date back into the 18th century, but they were in widespread use in the late 19th century with industrialization. Line shafts were widely used in manufacturing, woodworking shops, machine shops, saw mills and grist mills.
In 1828 in Lowell, Massachusetts, Paul Moody substituted leather belting for metal gearing to transfer power from the main shaft running from a water wheel. This innovation quickly spread in the U.S.[2]
Flat-belt drive systems became popular in the UK from the 1870s, with the firms of J & E Wood and W & J Galloway & Sons prominent in their introduction. Both of these firms manufactured stationary steam engines and the continuing demand for more power and reliability could be met not merely by improved engine technology but also improved methods of transferring power from the engines to the looms and similar machinery which they were intended to service. The use of flat belts was already common in the US but rare in Britain until this time. The advantages included less noise and less wasted energy in the friction losses inherent in the previously common drive shafts and their associated gearing. Also, maintenance was simpler and cheaper, and it was a more convenient method for the arrangement of power drives such that if one part were to fail then it would not cause loss of power to all sections of a factory or mill. These systems were in turn superseded in popularity by rope drive methods.[3]
Near the end of the 19th century some factories had a mile or more of line shafts in a single building.
In order to provide power for small shops and light industry, specially constructed "power buildings" were constructed. Power buildings used a central steam engine and distributed power through line shafts to all the leased rooms. Power buildings continued to be built in the early days of electrification, still using line shafts but driven by an electric motor.[1]
As some factories grew too large and complex to be powered by a single steam engine, a system of "sub divided" power came into use. This was also important when a wide range of speed control was necessary for a sensitive operation such as wire drawing or hammering iron. Under sub divided power, steam was piped from a central boiler to smaller steam engines located where needed. However, small steam engines were much less efficient than large ones. The Baldwin Locomotive Works 63-acre site changed to sub divided power, then because of the inefficiency converted to group drive with several large steam engines driving the line shafts. Eventually Baldwin converted to electric drive, with a substantial saving in labor and building space.[1]
Printing presses in 1870
With factory electrification in the early 1900s, many line shafts began converting to electric drive. In early factory electrification only large motors were available, so new factories installed a large motor to drive line shafting and millwork. After 1900 smaller industrial motors became available and most new installations used individual electric drives.[4]
Steam turbine powered line shafts were commonly used to drive paper machines for speed control reasons until economical methods for precision electric motor speed control became available in the 1980s; since then many have been replaced with sectional electric drives.[5] Economical variable speed control using electric motors was made possible by silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) to produce direct current and variable frequency drives using inverters to change DC back to AC at the frequency required for the desired speed.
Most systems were out of service by the mid-20th century and relatively few remain in the 21st century, even fewer in their original location and configuration.
Disadvantages and alternatives
Compared to individual electric motor or unit drive, line shafts have the following disadvantages:[1]
 - Power loss with line shafts varied widely and was typically 25% and often much higher; however, using roller bearings and good quality lubrication could minimize losses. Roller and spherical bearings gained acceptance in the decade before electrification of factories began.
 - Continuous noise
 - Maintenance costs were higher.
 - The systems were more dangerous.
 - Down time due to mechanical problems was higher.
 - It was not as easy to change speed.
 - Factory layout was designed around access to the line shafts, not in the most efficient manner for the work flow.
 - The line shafts and millwork took up a lot of space; Baldwin Locomotive Works estimated 40% more than electric drive.
 - The shafts and belting were in the way of lighting, overhead cranes and ventilation ducts.
 - Alignment of the system was critical and problematic for long shafts that were subject to expansion and contraction, settling and vibration.
 - The belting shed dust and kept it continuously circulating in the air.
 - Oil dripped from the overhead shafting.
Firms switching to electric power showed significantly less employee sick time, and, using the same equipment, showed significant increases in production. Writing in 1909,[where?] James Hubbart said that "We can scarcely step into a shop or factory of any description without encountering a mass of belts which seem at first to monopolize every nook in the building and leave little or no room for anything else


text: BARN OWL PELLET LAB WHAT DOES A BARN OWL LOOK LIKE? White heart shaped face Whitish belly with dark spots Upper body golden with dark flecks Dark brown eyes Body Length: 15 to 21 inches; long legs Wing span: 43 to 47 inches HABITAT and SENSES OF THE BARN OWL The Barn Owl is found on every continent except Antarctica. They are found in farm lands, grass lands marshes, deserts and suburbs. Owls are nocturnal and have many adaptations that enable them to hunt at night. A two pound owl has eyes the same size as the human eye. Both the eyes and the ears are located at the front of the head which enables excellent depth perception. The feathers around their eyes and ears are shaped to funnel light and sound to their eyes and ears more precisely. Their ears are at different heights which enable them to locate their prey with extreme accuracy. Their sense of hearing is so acute they can hear a mouse's footsteps 30 yards away flying 10 feet over the field in total darkness. ear opening Owls along with hawks, eagles, osprey and other birds of prey are known as Raptors. RAPTORS Hawks, eagles, osprey and owls are types of raptors. Raptors have hooked beaks and talons (sharp claws) adapted for seizing prey. NOTE! PELLETS ARE NOT OWL POOP! Golden Eagle Red Tail Hawk Red Tail Hawk Barred Owl Osprey Hawks, eagles and osprey tear and swallow small pieces of flesh and avoid swallowing most fur and bones. However, owls swallow prey whole or in large pieces and have a specialized digestive system in which pellets are formed and regurgitated to dispose of the indigestible parts of their prey. DIGESTION: OWL PELLETS A crop is a loose pouch inside the throat of most birds that stores food and allows birds to pulverize hair, bones and teeth so that they can be eliminated from the body. Owls have no crop. The owl's stomach has two parts. The anterior part is called the proventriculus which produces enzymes, acids and mucus. The second part is called the ventriculus or gizzard which compresses the indigestible part of prey (hair, bones, teeth, feathers, etc.) The stomach muscles form the undigested parts into a wet, slimy pellet. The pellet passes into the proventriculus and remains there for up to ten hours before being regurgitated. When an owl eats more than one prey within several hours, the remains are consolidated into one pellet. New prey cannot be swallowed until the pellet is ejected. Barn owls produce one to two pellets per 24 hours. Much can be learned about an owl's diet and environment by examining its pellets. Studies of dissected owl pellets provide information about changes in feeding habits that occur from season to season as well as the different species of animals and/or plants that are found in the owl's habitat. This information allows us to see what role an owl plays in the ecosystem and how they are adapted to their niche. HOW THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS WHAT AN OWL EATS A food chain shows the relationship between producers (plants) and consumers (animals that eat the plants or that eat other animals). Food chains only go in one direction. A food chain starts with what gets eaten and has arrows pointing towards what does the eating. Food Webs show how plants and animals are interconnected by different paths. In the wild, animals eat more than one thing and can belong to several food chains. A food web is an elaborate version of a food chain. EFFECTS of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION on pH Pollution can change a water's pH, which in turn can harm animals and plants living in the water. Not only does the pH of a stream affect organisms living in the water, a changing pH in a stream can be an indicator of increasing pollution or some other environmental factor. Excessively high and low pHs can be detrimental for the use of water and can alter the food sources available. One quick way of determining the changing pH of water is to use pH indicator paper as seen in the picture to the right. POWER of the FREE HYDROGEN and HYDROXIDE IONS pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxide ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxide ions is basic. Since pH can be affected by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically. In ecosystems, plants and animals are all connected. If any one part is removed, it can affect the whole ecosystem.


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Compute 3-D streamline data
XYZ = stream3(X,Y,Z,U,V,W,startx,starty,startz)
XYZ = stream3(U,V,W,startx,starty,startz)
XYZ = stream3(...,options)
XYZ = stream3(X,Y,Z,U,V,W,startx,starty,startz) computes streamlines from vector data U, V, W.
The arrays X, Y, and Z, which define the coordinates for U, V, and W, must be monotonic, but do not need to be uniformly spaced. X, Y, and Z must have the same number of elements, as if produced by meshgrid.
startx, starty, and startz define the starting positions of the streamlines. The section "Specifying Starting Points for Stream Plots" provides more information on defining starting points.
The returned value XYZ contains a cell array of vertex arrays.
XYZ = stream3(U,V,W,startx,starty,startz) assumes the arrays X, Y, and Z are defined as [X,Y,Z] = meshgrid(1:N,1:M,1:P) where [M,N,P] = size(U).
XYZ = stream3(...,options) specifies the options used when creating the streamlines. Define options as a oneor two-element vector containing the step size or the step size and the maximum number of vertices in a streamline:
[stepsize, max_number_vertices]
If you do not specify values, MATLAB® software uses the default:
 - Step size = 0.1 (one tenth of a cell)
 - Maximum number of vertices = 10000
Use the streamline command to plot the data returned by stream3.
This example draws 3-D streamlines from data representing air currents over regions of North America.
load wind
[sx sy sz] = meshgrid(80,20:10:50,0:5:15);
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text:
The definition of gruesome is something unpleasant or causing horror.(adjective)
An example of something that would be described as gruesome is a violent murder scene.
See gruesome in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < dial. grue, to shudder (< ME gruwen, akin to MHG < IE base *ĝhreu-, to grind down > grit) + -some
See gruesome in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: Obsolete grue, to shudder (from Middle English gruen, from Middle Dutch grūwen or Middle Low German gruwen)
Origin: + -some1.
Learn more about gruesome


text: Look at the photo of the reindeer. 1. Tap the button. 2. Use the button to write at least three adjectives about the reindeer. Change the style of the label if you want to be creative. 3. Use the button and write a sentence that describes your reindeer. 4. Use the button to record your sentence. 5. Tap the to add to your journal.


text:
DNA adduct formation by 12 chemicals with populations potentially suitable for molecular epidemiological studies.
DNA adduct formation, route of absorption, metabolism and chemistry of 12 hazardous chemicals are reviewed. Methods for adduct detection are also reviewed and approaches to sensitivity and specificity are identified. The selection of these 12 chemicals from the Environmental Protection Agency list of genotoxic chemicals was based on the availability of information and on the availability of populations potentially suitable for molecular epidemiological study. The 12 chemicals include ethylene oxide, styrene, vinyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 4,4'-methylenebis-2-chloroaniline, benzidine, benzidine dyes (Direct Blue 6, Direct Black 38 and Direct Brown 95), acrylonitrile and benzyl chloride. While some of these chemicals (styrene and benzyl chloride, possibly Direct Blue 6) give rise to unique DNA adducts, others do not. Potentially confounding factors include mixed exposures in the work place, as well the formation of common DNA adducts. Additional research needs are identified.
Uziel, M; Munro, NB; Katz, DS; Vo-Dinh, T; Zeighami, EA; Waters, MD; Griffith, JD
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Pubmed Central ID
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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
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text:
Subsidy vs. Installment Models-Economic Impacts
The key difference between wireless subsidized and financing/installment models is that a sizable portion of the phone price is carried by the carrier in the subsidized model. In the installment model, the full price is split monthly in equal installments over the full period of the plan with no subsidization. With the installment plan model, the wireless courier makes a marginally higher incremental margin. In both Canada and the United States, major wireless carriers no longer offer subsidized contracts. In addition, the cost of wireless phones is rising, resulting in a decline in subscriber growth. Below, we discuss this topic in more detail.
- A wireless subsidized model or contract bears a sizable portion of the cost of the phone paid by the carrier up front. The result is a smaller contract price for the consumer.
- To protect the initial cost of acquisition (COA) by the courier, the consumer must sign a contract for a period of months. This is typically 24 months in both Canada and the United States.
- The subsidized price is recovered over the length of the contract.
- In the installment model, the full retail price (FRP) is shown up front to the consumer.
- The FRP price is divided over the term of the plan into monthly repayments. Most plans are 24 months.
- In Canada, the installment plan can include a payment up front. If there is payment up front, it will reduce monthly repayments.
- Interest is not charged over the repayment period of the wireless phone.
- The phone belongs to the consumer at the end of the plan.
Model Cost Comparison
- When comparing the purchase of a wireless device of around $600 in value between a subsidy and outright payment contract model, the following applies:
- The following items are charged for in the subsidized model, a monthly service charge, activation and retention ETF/EU waiver.
- Total monthly cost of the $600 phone is $46.33.
- The following items are charged for in the outright payment model, a monthly service charge, activation, retention and the outright cost of the wireless phone.
- The total monthly cost of the phone on the installment plan is $69.99.
- From this exercise completed by NPI, the cost of an outright payment contract model is more expensive than a subsidized contract model. This is primarily because a subsidized phone contract has a reduced cost on the phone model bought.
- The idea of a subsidized model is about retention, keeping the consumer in the carriers stable for as long as possible, increasing your profit per client over time.
- In an installment model, there is a general incremental profit over subsidized contracts.
- Wireless carriers raise the finance for the phones through bank loans and public security.
- Because the cost of an ever-improving wireless phone is increasing constantly, the risks to profit margins are high for the carriers and have dropped the subsidized model.
- All the leading carriers in Canada and the United States only offer the installment model now. AT&T stopped using the subsidized contract model in 2016.
- The 24-months installment contract is the normal contract length, but longer installment contracts are now being explored by carrier companies. This will keep the consumer locked in for longer with increased profit margins.
- According to Verizon, their previous consumer subscribers are not replacing their phones. This indicates both the subscriber and profit margins are down.
- An article by the New York Intelligencer supports Verizon's findings and that a smartphone plateau has been reached. United States wireless sales are in a decline across the board. This is expected to continue into 2022.


Teachers union sues state over lost day
The Washington Education Association sued the state yesterday over a lost day of work.
The lawsuit, filed in King County Superior Court, challenges the Legislature's decision in 2002 to cut a non-student learning-improvement day for teachers. The 76,000-member union figures that cost the average teacher about $250.
"That day had become part of the definition of basic education in the state of Washington," said Charles Hasse, the WEA's president.
The lawsuit argues that the decision violates both the Washington Constitution's mandate that the state provide for basic education and Initiative 732's requirement that teachers be given annual cost-of-living raises.
The union hasn't been shy about challenging lawmakers before, especially in recent years, as tight budgets have prompted the Legislature to rein in spending.
Last year, the state Supreme Court agreed with the WEA's contention that lawmakers had violated I-732 by not providing raises for all school employees, not just those whose base pay came from the state.
This year, lawmakers amended the initiative to render that ruling irrelevant and suspend the yearly raises, although some money was allocated to increase pay for the newest teachers. The WEA has threatened to sue over that move as well, arguing that who gets pay increases should be dictated by local contracts between teachers and school districts.


text:
Interdisciplinary Middle Years Multimedia Model
The Interdisciplinary Middle Years Multimedia (IMYM) model grew out of the successful curriculum-based research and development project of the same name, which was piloted in the years _PHONE_.
The IMYM model demonstrated how the infusion of information and communication technologies (ICT) with promising instructional practices such as inquiry and constructivism could add value to teaching, learning, and assessing.
IMYM was assessed internally using action research strategies and externally by a Canadian educational research company. The IMYM model was piloted in nearly 100 rural and urban schools throughout Manitoba and is still being implemented voluntarily in schools and school divisions across the province.
Since 2005, the Literacy with ICT Across the Curriculum initiative carries on with the model first developed by IMYM.


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Key Links Digital Grows A Child's Reading Skills with Fun Technology
TWP is an active member in the education industry. Collaborating with the founders of Key Links, we created Key Links Digital, an application incorporating exciting, interactive features to foster a child's love for reading.
The benefits of Key Links Digital include:
- Suitability for use in classroom or home-based learning
- Easy-to-use bookshelf layout, titles are organised by colour and sequence
- Enhanced reading experience thanks to interactivity and animations
- Reinforcement of reading expressions through narration and vivid speech bubbles
- Develop bilingualism through optional translation
- Overview of child's progress with user login for teachers and parents
Download the Key Links Bookshelf and embark on a whole new learning experience or visit the Key Links Digital website to learn more!
Key Links Digital


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In this tutorial, you will learn how to reduce your Memory (RAM) usage of your computer. Memory usage (RAM) can grow significantly depending on the number of users and the type of applications they use. When a Cloud computer reaches 95% memory usage, it will become slow and might refuse remote connections. We will send you a friendly notification at that time and you have 2 options in your V2 Cloud environment:
- Upgrade your plan to increase the total memory
- Reduce memory usage (see below)
To see which user is using the most memory, right click on the Windows start menu icon at the bottom left and click Task manager
Then click on the Users tab
Even if a user is not connected or working, all the applications that are open in his/her desktop are using memory (RAM). You can logoff the user by right clicking on it and click Sign off.
Attention, this will close all their application and they might lose data if they have unsaved documents.
Alternatively, you can automatically sign off users after they have been disconnected for some time.
Google Chrome is known to be very intensive on memory. A user having multiple tabs of Chrome open for a long time will increase significantly the memory usage of your Cloud hosted desktop.
Keep in mind that sometimes the memory (RAM) is consumed by a system process (e.g. SQL server) rather than by a user session. You can see the memory usage of all processes under the Process tab.
Manually rebooting the computer will clear the memory of all processes and all users and Cloud Computers can also be automatically rebooted on schedule (e.g. every Saturday night when no one is working) to clear all the memory.


text:
Robert E. MacMaster was a prominent historian of Russian History and Literature. His major work, "Danilevsky: A Russian Totalitarian
Philosopher," is the only full-scale biography on the controversial, yet very significant Russian philosopher of the 19th
century. The collection contains research materials used by Dr. Robert E. MacMaster including extensive notes, research materials,
personal notes and personal letters.
Robert E. MacMaster (_PHONE_) was a prominent historian of Russian History and Literature at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and served as Chair of the History section from _PHONE_. He was educated at Harvard Graduate School where he
studied the classics of Russian and Germanic literature. Professor MacMaster authored the definitive work on Nikolay Yakovlevich
Danilevsky entitled, "Danilevsky: A Russian Totalitarian Philosopher," (1967). This collection includes research notes on
Tolstoy,Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky among other Russian thinkers.
Scholarly use within parameters of copyright law.
Supervised use only.


text:
Who made this product: Basha
The founder of Basha knew she had to do something when she met women living on train stations in Bangladesh, selling their bodies to survive. Today, Basha is part of a long-term programme whereby women can leave the sex industry and access education, medical support, counselling, and finally employment making beautiful jewellery which is sold all over the world. Each purchase of Basha jewellery means you're supporting a woman in Bangladesh who now has an alternative source of income to the trauma and degradation of working in the sex industry. In the Bengali language, 'basha' means house and 'asha' means hope. Committed to Fair Trade principles, they are truly building a 'house of hope' for women – many of them mothers - escaping trafficking and sex work.


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Why is argon used in titanium extraction?
Traces of oxygen or nitrogen in the titanium tend to make the metal brittle. The reduction has to be carried out in an inert argon atmosphere rather than in air. Titanium is made by a batch process. The titanium is then separated from the waste products, and an entirely new reaction is set up in the same reactor.
Why can Titanium be extracted using carbon?
Titanium cannot be extracted by reducing the ore using carbon as a cheap reducing agent, like with iron. The problem is that titanium forms a carbide, TiC, if it is heated with carbon, so you don't get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide makes the metal very brittle.
How does Titanium react with oxygen?
Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in air, and at 610 °C (1,130 °F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. It is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.
How do you make titanium from titanium dioxide?
To extract titanium from it's ore, you need to convert the ore (titanium dioxide) to the tetrachloride (TiCl4). This is done by heating the ore, with a mixture of chlorine gas and carbon to produce a liquid with a melting point of -24C.
What is the correct chemical name for titanium dioxide?
Can titanium dioxide kill you?
Scientists can't prove titanium dioxide is dangerous and they can't prove it's safe — but this common food whitener is almost impossible to avoid, and manufacturers aren't required to list it as an ingredient.
What is wrong with titanium dioxide?
The Health Concern When inhaled, titanium dioxide is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans. This means that in products that contain powdered titanium dioxide like loose powders, pressed powders, eyeshadows, and blushes in which the makeup is in powder form, titanium dioxide can be inhaled.
Is there another name for titanium dioxide?
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It is used as a pigment under the names titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. It is typically extracted from ilmenite, rutile and anatase.
Is titanium dioxide cancerous?
The World Health Organisation's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that titanium dioxide is a "possible carcinogen for humans". In 2017 the French Government's scientific assessment found that titanium dioxide is a carcinogen when it is inhaled.
Is titanium dioxide safe in vitamins?
Dangerous Ingredient #5: Titanium Dioxide Titanium dioxide is yet another one of the nasty and dangerous ingredients in your vitamins or supplements; it is used as a colorant (it's also used in many cosmetics).
Is titanium dioxide considered natural?
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a naturally occurring mineral that is mined from the earth, processed and refined, and added to a variety of foods, as well as other consumer products. White in color, it is used to enhance the color and sheen of certain foods and is also key for food safety applications.
Is there titanium dioxide in milk?
with the Dairy Research Institute, "Titanium dioxide is not added to whole fluid milk period." Sam Jones-Ellard, public affairs specialist at USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) confirms, "Titanium dioxide is definitely not allowed in organic production."
Is titanium dioxide safe to use on skin?
What about topical application? Titanium Dioxide is considered safe once it's on our skin. Even Titanium Dioxide nano-particles aren't able to penetrate deep into the skin, when they're coated with materials like Silica, Alumina, and Dimethicone³.
What products have titanium in them?
Titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in a variety of foodstuffs including candy, coffee creamer, baking and cake decorations, and white sauces. It is added in the form of food additive E171.
What does titanium dioxide do for your skin?
Titanium dioxide works as a UV filtering ingredient in sunscreen – it helps protect a person's skin by blocking absorption of the sun's ultraviolet light that can cause sunburn and is also linked to skin cancer. Learn more about titanium dioxide and sunscreen.
Which is better titanium dioxide or zinc oxide?
Compared to zinc oxide, titanium dioxide is as effective at blocking UVB rays, but it's somewhat less effective for short UVA rays (UVA II), and almost completely ineffective against long UVA rays (UVA I). In short, titanium dioxide is inferior to zinc oxide for broad-spectrum coverage.
Is Titanium good for the body?
Safe in the body Titanium is considered the most biocompatible metal – not harmful or toxic to living tissue – due to its resistance to corrosion from bodily fluids. This ability to withstand the harsh bodily environment is a result of the protective oxide film that forms naturally in the presence of oxygen.
Is it safe to eat titanium dioxide?
To date, titanium dioxide is considered safe for consumption. Most research concludes that the amount consumed from food is so low that it poses no risk to human health ( 1, 3, 6, 14).
Is titanium dioxide banned in Europe?
European Parliament calls on European Commission to remove titanium dioxide from the EU list of permitted food additives. France banned sales of food products containing titanium dioxide on January 1, 2020.
Is titanium dioxide safe in lipstick?
Natural lipsticks are safer The most common minerals found in natural lipsticks are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (for color and SPF protection), and iron oxide, mica, and silica (for color, shine, and texture). They are not considered dangerous so long as they have not been micronized.
What is titanium dioxide made out of?
Titanium dioxide – also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania – is the naturally occurring compound created when titanium reacts with the oxygen in the air. As an oxide, titanium is found in minerals in the earth's crust. It also found with other elements, including calcium and iron.
How titanium dioxide works as a photocatalyst?
Titanium dioxide, in thin film and nanoparticle form has potential for use in energy production: as a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon.
How do you extract titanium dioxide?
TiO2 is produced from either ilmenite, rutile or titanium slag. Titanium pigment is extracted by using either sulphuric acid (sulphate process) or chlorine (chloride route). The sulphate process employs simpler technology than the chloride route and can use lower grade, cheaper ores.
Does Titanium get rusty?
In vacuum-like environments, where oxygen is limited, titanium will corrode and rust quickly. Pure titanium that is completely rust and corrosive resistant, however, is rare and hard to find and produce.
How long will Titanium last?
What is the current price of titanium?
Can the body reject titanium?
These metals ions bind to proteins in the body. For those who react, the body's immune system will attack this new protein/metal structure. This may start an immune reaction. The MELISA test a scientifically-proven test which can objectively test for the presence of titanium hypersensitivity and measure its severity.
Is Titanium more valuable than gold?
Titanium is usually cheaper than white gold. However, because of its hardness, titanium is not as easy to work with. In such cases, the additional labor costs may make the price of a titanium ring comparable to that of a white gold one (or even higher).
How much is a kg of titanium?
1 Kg Titanium Price
|Titanium Grade 1 Price (per kg)||Origin||Price in USD (per kg)|
|UK / Europe||Japanese||$28|


The Script Manager button accesses the script management system for building, configuring, and selecting your active script for live calls.
This button opens the home screen for the script management system. The script management system features are:
Script Manager
 1. Documentation - View our complete documentation for the script management system here.
 2. Create New Script - Create a new blank script.
 3. Script Name - Your script name. Is not shown to callers.
 4. Edit - Open the script editing system to edit the script.
 5. Delete - Completely and permanently remove the script.
 6. Duplicate - Make an identical copy of the script.
 7. Rename - Rename the script.
 8. Active - Select this script as the live script for callers. If multiple scripts exist, only one can be designated active. Active scripts will update within 5 minutes for callers.
Please review the complete documentation for our script management system here for more details and instruction.


text:
Cebu City told: Get ready for bus transit project-A A +A
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
CEBU CITY – Vehicular traffic will be disturbed. There may be pollution, loss of vegetation and trees. Power, water, telecommunications and other utilities may be disrupted.
These are among the environmental impacts of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Cebu City once its implementation and construction will start.
But project proponents assured these environmental impacts will be temporary and will last only during the construction period.
Representatives from the World Bank, Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), and Woodfields Consultancy Inc. presented on Monday to the different stakeholders the potential environmental impacts of the project. Woodfields is the consultancy firm that conducted the environmental impact assessment.
Dr. David Green, the environmental specialist from Woodfields, listed on Monday in his presentation 14 environmental impacts in the construction phase of the BRT and six others during the project's operation phase.
To address all these concerns, Green said there is a need to establish an environmental management plan (EMP), which will outline specific strategies to offset any harm done on the environment.
During the construction, among the environmental impacts are the disturbance of pedestrians and the flow of traffic in the city. Construction materials will have to be stockpiled inside and around the project site.
The supply of power, water, telecommunications and other utility systems and services may also be interrupted, particularly along the BRT corridor.
The BRT route in the city will be from Bulacao, passing through N. Bacalso Ave., then to Osmeña Blvd., Escario St. and straight to Barangay Talamban.
Green added that the BRT will cause pollution due to solid and liquid wastes, hazardous wastes, and excavation spoils. There will also be noise pollution, which could be an issue for schools and hospitals.
Aside from these, Green said there will be "localized" ponding and flooding within the project site, construction camps and other areas adjacent to the project. The project may also cause siltation of nearby drainage channels and waterways.
There will be loss of vegetation and trees along the BRT corridor once the project will be implemented. Roadways in the city will have to be widened to give way to the buses that will be used for the mass transport system.
For the operation phase, Green said the environmental impacts of the BRT project will include noise pollution, air pollution, pollution due to solid and wastewater generation, conflict on power and energy sources, and traffic congestion and vehicular mobility.
Green said there is a need to make sure that the BRT project will comply with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' (DENR) noise standards and vehicle emission standards, among others.
There is also a need to formulate a solid waste management plan that will be in line with Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.
Green also sees the need to use solar panels to minimize reliance on the city's local power provider.
As to the disturbance to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, Green said a holistic traffic management plan is recommended.
There is a need for a utility re-provisioning plan, to deal with interruptions in power, water, telecommunications and other utilities.
Other recommendations include the provision of a construction material management plan, drainage management plan, excavation protection and runoff control plan, and provision of vegetation and tree replacement and landscaping plan, among others.
Green said all these plans, which will be contained in the EMP, will be formulated by them with the help of the agencies and the City Government.
"The EMP is a working document. If there are unexpected impacts that will arise during the construction period of the project, then we have to include them in it," he said.
Delfin San Pedro, environmental impact team leader, assured that the environmental impacts of the BRT project will only be temporary.
"Majority of these will only be experienced during the construction period of the project," he said. San Pedro said the construction of the BRT system in the city will take one to two years.
Proponents of the BRT had said they are aiming for an October 2013 start and for the system to be operational by 2015.
San Pedro said they are already working with the EMP and its final draft will be submitted to the World Bank and DOTC by August for feedback. (Sun.Star Cebu)
Published in the Sun.Star Cebu newspaper on July 17, 2012.


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The 4 Different Coaching Styles: How To Connect with Your Clients
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Even if you're armed with all of the knowledge in the world, a lot of your success as a nutrition coach comes down to your rapport with your clients. While helping to identify ideal diets and macro breakdowns for your client is part of it, you have to present information in a coaching style that resonates with people and makes them want to change their current behaviors.
This often means reading peoples' personalities individually and figuring out the things that work for them, specifically. Because of that, one coaching style is not superior to the rest.
Depending on who you ask, there are three or four main coaching styles. Here, we cover all four.
1. Democratic Coaching Style
Democratic coaching involves garnering input from your clients and using that feedback to help with goal setting. The democratic coach outlines the overall program, and it's one of the most client-centered coaching styles. Democratic coaching aims to boost self-empowerment and improve decision-making skills.
A democratic coaching model may look like this:
 - As the coach, you listen to your client's goals and develop a loose plan.
 - After being on the plan for a little while, your client decides that something about the plan isn't working for him/her.
 - You use that feedback to work together to adjust the plan.
2. Autocratic/Authoritarian Coaching Styles
The terms autocratic and authoritarian are often used interchangeably to refer to both coaching and leadership styles.
Autocratic coaching involves telling, rather than asking. Instead of having an open dialogue between coach and client, the autocratic coach calls all of the shots and the client follows along with little to no involvement in decision making. In an authoritarian style of coaching, the coach decides what to do, how to do it and when to do it. They then present that information to the client in a structured way.
This type of coaching works best when the client is new to the fitness and nutrition world and needs a lot of direction.
Autocratic/authoritarian coaching styles may look like this:
 - Your client tells you his/her goals.
 - You develop a plan and dictate that plan to your client.
 - As you go, you adjust that plan as you see fit, rather than making changes in response to client feedback.
3. Laissez-Faire Coaching Style
Laissez-faire coaching styles are the opposite of an autocratic/authoritarian style of coaching. In this coaching model, all of the decision-making falls on the client. It has the least direction but the most autonomy. Instead of reaching out and guiding your client, you provide encouragement, guidance and support when asked.
Laissez-faire coaching styles may look like this:
 - A client comes to you and tells you his/her goals.
 - The client develops a plan on how to get there.
 - The client executes his/her plan, only coming to you for feedback and guidance when he/she decides.
4. Holistic Coaching Styles
When you take a holistic approach to coaching, you acknowledge that everything is connected. Holistic coaching is about addressing all areas of your life, like nutrition, fitness, sleep, stress management and social connection. This form of coaching also acknowledges that you can't really excel in one area without also paying attention to the other areas.
For example, if the client's goal is weight loss, an authoritative coach may develop a non-negotiable meal plan and fitness schedule that focuses on calories and macros, but a holistic coach will also call attention to the importance of managing stress levels and making time for fun.
While any of the coaching styles can be effective and there isn't necessarily one style that works best for everyone, holistic coaching is the most widely used. This is also the coaching method we try to adopt at WAG, for both our performance coaching and lifestyle coaching programs.
Tips to Becoming an Effective Coach
Throughout the coaching process, you'll learn that the best coaching style can be situational. It's common that a coach uses different coaching styles at different times depending on the specific goals. The best coaching styles can also depend on your client. Some clients respond really well to authoritarian styles of coaching while others like to feel more involved and prefer a democratic coaching style.
Part of what makes a great coach is being able to adapt to different situations and personalities so you can make sure you apply the most effective coaching practices for each specific client.
It's also not necessary to totally box yourself into a certain coaching label. You can combine ideas from the best of two coaching styles. This is called a combined coaching model.
Being able to toggle between different coaching behaviors takes practice. You may be the one guiding your clients to success, but as much as this is a learning process for them, it's also a learning process for you.
As you work with more clients and get a better understanding of which approaches work for what kind of people, you can develop new skills and use positive feedback from your clients—either through their words or their results—to adjust your approach and your coaching styles.
Create a judgment-free zone
No matter what kind of coaching style you have, one of the things that makes a good coach is creating a judgment-free environment. People perform better when they feel like they're safe to express their concerns and difficulties as well as their accomplishments.
Praise your client and reinforce the idea that mistakes are unavoidable parts of the journey. When you allow your client to come to you without judgment, you provide the comfort your client needs to be fully open and honest with you.
Provide positive feedback
Coaching is all about empowerment, and that's where positive feedback comes in. Even if your client is doing something "wrong" or having a hard time sticking to the plan, there's usually always something you can praise. Find the good things that your client is doing, and always make it a point to mention them. For example, your client may not be hitting their macros as well as you'd like to see, but if they're consistently nailing their workouts, give them the high-fives they deserve for that.
Even if you have a client who prefers autocratic coaching styles, make sure you provide positive feedback and focus on progress, no matter the speed with which that progress is made.
Bring more awareness to bad habits
Often, people don't realize they have persisting bad habits until you point it out to them. After all, they've been doing these things for so long that they don't even notice them anymore. Part of your job is to gently bring awareness to these bad habits so that the client becomes conscious of it.
But being a great coach isn't just about bringing this awareness—it's also about helping your client with problem-solving. Once you've identified and acknowledged the bad behavior, how are you going to work together to help fix it? This is a great time to work with your client on both short-term and long-term goal setting.
Ask open-ended questions
While directly bringing awareness to your client's bad habits or roadblocks is beneficial, it's also helpful to ask them open-ended questions that guide them toward making conclusions themselves. For example, you can ask:
 - What's your biggest challenge in sticking to your routine?
 - What are some things you do to stay motivated and/or disciplined?
 - What are some things that tend to throw you off track?
These questions encourage your client to reflect and notice their own patterns, and that awareness can benefit so many areas of their health. And when they come to these conclusions themselves, they're more likely to have lasting behavior changes than if you just pointed out bad behaviors and told them what to do.
Be relatable and vulnerable
There isn't a single person on the planet who knows everything. In the client-coach relationship, you may be the expert on nutrition and fitness, but that doesn't mean that you don't have hurdles or setbacks of your own. It's okay to admit that you struggle with certain areas or that you've made a mistake.
Rather than trying to be a picture of perfection, allow your clients to see some of your imperfections. This vulnerability makes you more relatable and less intimidating. It also fosters a great coach-client relationship that's built on trust and mutual respect.
Become a WAG Certified Coach
Want to take your learning to the next level? Add your name to the presale list for our next launch. In the meantime, learn how to get clients life-changing results as you build confidence in your coaching abilities with our Free Video Series.
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Posted by Lindsay Boyers
Lindsay Boyers is a holistic nutritionist specializing in keto/low-carb diets, gut health, mood disorders, and functional nutrition. Lindsay earned a degree in food and nutrition from Framingham State University and she holds a Certificate in Holistic Nutrition Consulting from the American College of Healthcare Sciences. She has written 11 books and has had more than 2,000 articles published across various websites, including mindbodygreen, Livestrong, Healthline, The Spruce and VeryWell.
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Definitions of stop:
- noun: a brief stay in the course of a journey
Example: "They made a stopover to visit their friends"
- noun: the act of stopping something
Example: "The third baseman made some remarkable stops"
- noun: (music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes
Example: "The organist pulled out all the stops"
- noun: the event of something ending
Example: "It came to a stop at the bottom of the hill"
- noun: a spot where something halts or pauses
Example: "His next stop is Atlanta"
- noun: a restraint that checks the motion of something
Example: "He used a book as a stop to hold the door open"
- noun: a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens
- noun: a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it
Example: "His stop consonants are too aspirated"
- noun: a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations
Example: "In England they call a period a stop"
- noun: an obstruction in a pipe or tube
- noun: the state of inactivity following an interruption
Example: "He spent the entire stop in his seat"
- verb: stop from happening or developing
- verb: cause to stop
Example: "Stop a car"
- verb: come to a halt, stop moving
Example: "The car stopped"
- verb: interrupt a trip
Example: "We stopped at Aunt Mary's house"
- verb: have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical
Example: "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"
- verb: put an end to a state or an activity
- verb: stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments
- verb: seize on its way
- verb: prevent completion
Example: "Stop the project"
- verb: hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of
- verb: render unsuitable for passage
Example: "Stop the busy road"
Search for stop at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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Bringing a Turtle, Snake, or Lizard into the United States
CDC does not regulate snakes or lizards, but does limit imports of small turtles, tortoises and terrapins and their viable eggs. Turtles with a carapace (shell) length of less than 4 inches and turtle eggs may not be imported for any commercial purpose. An individual may import as many as six small turtles or six eggs or any combination totaling six or fewer turtles and turtle eggs for noncommercial purposes. This rule was implemented in 1975 after it was discovered that small turtles frequently transmitted Salmonella to humans, particularly young children.
- Turtles with shell length (carapace) less than 4" and viable turtle eggs may NOT be imported for commercial purposes
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regulates the importation of reptiles. Regulations regarding reptiles, fish, injurious [PDF - 2 pages] or endangered species can be found on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service import/export website.


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musical bowArticle Free Pass
musical bow, stringed musical instrument found in most archaic cultures as well as in many in the present day. It consists of a flexible stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, strung end to end with a taut cord that the player plucks or taps to produce a weak fundamental note. The player may produce other notes by stopping the string with finger and thumb; by lightly touching the string to produce faint-sounding overtones; by tying the string to the stick to form two taut segments; or, on a mouth bow, by using the mouth as a resonator, varying its cavity in order to isolate overtones. In a gourd bow a truncated gourd attached to the stick serves as a resonator. Other musical bows may have separate resonators, such as a gourd or pot.
What made you want to look up "musical bow"? Please share what surprised you most...


Quick Answer: What Was The First Spanish Settlement In America?
What land did Spain claim in North America?
Why didn't Spain conquer North America?
Spain was the first Empire to colonize North America, but they lost control over it because they settled it for short-term gains, not for long-term growth. … Under order of the Pope, the Spanish Empire was allowed to colonize North America, however they needed to convert the Native population to Christianity as well.
What were the three types of Spanish settlements in the Americas?
Spanish law called for three kinds of settlements in the Americas—pueblos, missions, and presidios. Pueblos (PWEH • blohz), or towns, were centers of trade.
What is America's oldest city?
Who was in America before the British?
The Vikings were probably the first white people to reach America. A band of these venturesome seafarers is believed to have explored part of the east coast of North America about 1,000 years ago. However, the exploration and settlement of America by Europeans did not begin for another 500 years.
Who came first in America?
How did Spain get to America?
Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. … Christopher Columbus and his crew arrived in 1492 after sailing the ocean blue in a quest to find a faster trade route to Asia.
What parts of North America did Spain control?
Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America.
What was the first settlement in America?
When did the Spanish first come to America?
1492The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. This was the first part of the European colonization of the Americas.
What is oldest city in North America?
CholulaFounded by: Unknown Considered to be North America's oldest city (and with good reason!), Cholula is believed to have been founded by the arrival of Toltec refugees to the area following the fall of Tula in 1000 CE.


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7.3.3 ede-linux
The ede-linux project will automatically identify a Linux Kernel source tree, and enable EDE project mode for it.
It pre-populates the C Preprocessor symbol map for reasonable parsing, and has an optimized include file identification function.
Through the variables project-linux-build-directory-default and project-linux-architecture-default, you can set the build directory and its architecture, respectively. The default is to assume that the build happens in the source directory and to auto-detect the architecture; if the auto-detection fails, you will be asked.


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I will start by apologizing as many will not like this question.
I am reading the paper COHOMOLOGY THEORY OF GROUPS WITH A SINGLE DEFINING RELATION and having focused on typology throughout my studies i finding myself to be in a lost notation wise.
 1. Let $F$ be a free subgroup in $G$ with generators $x_i$, then elements in $F$ are represented by "words" or a final sequence of $x_i^{\pm1}$. In Page 650 (first one in this article) and 658 they state that every such word $R$ "can be expressed uniquely as a power $R=Q^q$ for $q$ maximal" Nowhere do they explain what is this $Q$, any ideas, links, resources for me to search in?
 2. Let $R$ be a normal subgroup in $G$, what does the notation $(R, R)$ symbolize? they used it in pages 650 and 658 without ever explaining.
Am i reading this paper wrong? Or are these notation so common they are never introduced?
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1. $R=xyz$ can be written as $R=(xyz)^1$, so here $Q=xyz$. $R=xyxy$ can be written as $R=(xy)^2$, so here $Q=xy$. 2. Is probably the commutator. – user641 Dec 1 '12 at 21:38
Oh, that makes sense, thank you very much, What about (R,R)? – user44874 Dec 1 '12 at 21:42
The general references for one-relator groups are two books, both called "combinatorial group theory" (the second was named in honour of the first!). The first was by Magnus, Karrass and Solitar, the second by Lyndon (he who wrote the paper you are reading) and Schupp. I suppose they're pretty out of date now, but they are excellent places to start: the tools laid down by Magnus in his 1931 thesis are still used today! – user1729 Dec 3 '12 at 10:24
1 Answer 1
 1. Maybe you prefer more elaborate would be a formulation like this: "For every word $R$ over the alphabet $A$ there exist $(Q,q)$ such that $Q$ is a word over the alphabet $A$ and $q\in\mathbb N$ and $R=Q^q$ is the $q$-fold concatenation of $Q$ with itself. One example of such a pair for arbitray $R$ is $(R,1)$ as trivially $R=R^1$. If $R$ is not the empty word, then $Q$ in such a pair cannot be the empty word and hence $q$ is bounded from above by the length of the word $R$. Hence there exist such pairs $(Q,q)$ for which $q$ attains te maximal possible value. Since $Q_1\ne Q_2$ implies $Q_1^q\ne Q_2^q$ (if $q\ge 1$), the word $Q$ for which the maximal possible $q$ is attained, is uniquely determined."
 2. Since they refer in passing to $R/(R,R)$ as the abelianized group, $(R,R)$ should denote the commutator. Today, writing $[R,R]$ seems to be the preferred notation.
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The government's being urged to set targets to eradicate child poverty following New Zealand's poor ranking in a new Unicef report. The report, Measuring Child Poverty, ranks New Zealand 20th out of 35 OECD countries based on the percentage of children living in relative poverty. That means children living in a household where disposable income is less than 50 per cent of the national median income.
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The direct application of interpolation, smoothing or mean-value algorithms to complex valued frequency response data may cause interference patterns and, due to this, not yield the expected result. This paper demonstrates the effect of the use of continuous phase in a variety of example-applications, such as interpolation between two frequency response curves, complex smoothing with down-sampling using a logarithmic grid and forming mean values of a set of complex frequency response curves. The continuous phase-approach takes into account the multi-valued property of the exponential function of the phase term.
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In computer science, the number of concurrent users (sometimes abbreviated to CCU) for a resource in a location, with the location being a computing network or a single computer, refers to the total number of people simultaneously accessing or using the resource. The resource can, for example, be a computer program, a file, or the computer as a whole.
Keeping track of concurrent users is important in several cases. First, some operating system models such as time-sharing operating systems allow several users to access a resource on the computer at the same time. As system performance may degrade due to the complexity of processing multiple jobs from multiple users at the same time, the capacity of such a system may be measured in terms of maximum concurrent users.
Second, commercial software vendors often license a software product by means of a concurrent users restriction. This allows a fixed number of users access to the product at a given time, and contrasts with an unlimited user license. For example: Company X buys software and pays for 20 concurrent users. However, there are 100 logins created at implementation. Only 20 of those 100 can be in the system at the same time. This is also known as floating licensing.
Concurrent user licensing allows firms to purchase computer systems and software at a lower cost because the maximum number of concurrent users expected to use the system or software at any given time (those users all logged in together) is only a portion of the total system users employed at a company. The concurrent licenses are global and shared by anyone who needs to use the system. This contrasts with "named-seats" licensing, in which one license must be purchased for each and every individual user, whether they are using the system or not.
If a company employs 400 system users in which 275 work during the day and 125 work at night, then they can opt to purchase only 275 concurrent user licenses since there will never be more than 275 users on the system during a normal work day. The night workers share 125 of the day users' licenses to use the system. For named-seat licenses, this same company would have to purchase 400 individual licenses, one for each user, and licenses would not be globally shared. The available options for licensing are entirely at the discretion of the vendor selling the product.
- Hohmann, L. (2003). Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 76–8. ISBN 9780132465946.
- Sharma, D.P. (2008). Foundation of Operating Systems. Excel Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9788174466266.
- Chauhan, S.; Saxena, A.; Gupta, K. (2006). Fundamentals of Computer. Firewall Media. p. 84. ISBN 9788170088547.
- Pallatto, J. (12 October 2005). "Study Shows Enterprises Favor Concurrent-User Software Licenses". eWeek. QuinStreet, Inc. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- Practising Law Institute (2006). Understanding the Intellectual Property License. Practising Law Institute. pp. 140–42.
- Sommer, T. (May 2013). "Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary Of Software Asset Management Terms". OMTCO. Retrieved 2 March 2019.


the parameters of the signal.
The __gproperties__ dictionary is a class property where you define the properties of your object. This is not the recommend way to define new properties, the method written above is much less verbose. The benefits of this method is that a property can be defined with more settings, like the minimum or the maximum for numbers.
The key is the name of the property
The value is a tuple which describe the property. The number of elements of this tuple depends on its first element but the tuple will always contain at least the following items:
The first element is the property's type (e.g. int, float…).
The second element is the property's nick name, which is a string with a short description of the property. This is generally used by programs with strong introspection capabilities, like the graphical user interface builder Glade.
The third one is the property's description or blurb, which is another string with a longer description of the property. Also used by Glade and similar programs.
The last one (which is not necessarily the forth one as we will see later) is the property's flags: GObject.PARAM_READABLE, GObject.PARAM_WRITABLE, GObject.PARAM_READWRITE.
The absolute length of the tuple depends on the property type (the first element of the tuple). Thus we have the following situations:
If the type is bool or str, the forth element is the default value of the property.
If the type is int or float, the forth element is the minimum accepted value, the fifth element is the maximum accepted value and the sixth element is the default value.
If the type is not one of these, there is no extra element.
Invoke the object method handler in the first emission stage.
Invoke the object method handler in the third emission stage.
Invoke the object method handler in the last emission stage.
The property is readable.
The property is writable.
The property is readable and writable.