text:
In you used Windows 7, 8 or 10 to partition your hard drive, your partitions are likely to be already aligned. But this article will be useful for you if you edited partitions in Windows XP or cloned partitions using various third-party software. Here is how to check the alignment of HDD or SSD and align a partition using free utility without formatting and risk of data loss.
How to Check if the Partition is Aligned and Align it if Necessary
We recommend to use AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard for aligning partitions. This program is able to align a partition without formatting it and all your information will not be deleted. But it should be said that alignment can take a long time depending on the size of the partition and used disk space.
- Download and install AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard which is freeware: _URL_ :
- Launch the program.
- Select the partition you are interested in (left click on it).
- Click on Partition Alignment in the left pane:
- Click OK to optimize the partition:
Attention! If your partition is already aligned you will see "The current partition is already optimized thus there's no need to align it again". In this case just click Cancel:
- Click Proceed to start the alignment: Your data won't be lost!
- Wait. If you align the system disk your PC will reboot:
Your computer will restart when done and you will be able to work again.


text:
Tczew (chĕf) [key], Ger. Dirschau, town (1992 est. pop. 60,000), Pomorskie prov., N Poland, a port on the Vistula River. It is a rail junction, with railroad workshops and shipyards located there. Chartered in 1260, Tczew became part of Poland in the late 13th cent. but was held by the Teutonic Knights from 1308 until 1466, when it reverted to Poland. It passed to Russia in 1772 and was not reincorporated into Poland until 1919.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Polish Political Geography

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The road to 'pollination heaven' is narrow - not broad
So working out whether these insects follow the broad path, paved with pollinating riches - or instead strike along the straight and narrow - has big implications for the survival of the Gomortega tree. And it could help find the best way to manage this important hotchpotch of a landscape.
Now a paper in the latest Current Biology has demonstrated that, when it comes to arranging 'connecting flights' between the few surviving stands of Gomortega, the broad path of flower-rich farmland can be too much of a distraction. It seems that narrow, rocky, resource-poor road may be better, if pollinating nirvana is to be achieved.
That runs counter to many previous, simpler ways of looking at how broken-up conservation areas can be stitched back together, so as to improve the flow of pollen between them. And because hoverflies are such generalist pollinators, the implications of the study is likely to spill far beyond Chile's Valdivian Forests.
Dr Dan Bebber, in charge of climate change research at Earthwatch, and co-author of the paper said: 'This study complements our forest research in the UK, where scientists from Earthwatch and the University of Oxford are investigating how moths and small mammals are using landscape corridors such as hedgerows and trees to move among habitat types. Landscape connectivity through corridors can enhance species migration, and could prevent the extinction of vulnerable species.'
Tracking the gene flowIn order to track the meanderings of hover-flies, who are major pollinators of the Gomortega trees, the team conducted a pain-staking mapping of 80 square kilometers of jumbled landscapes. They also took DNA samples from 1000 seeds taken from 443 Gomortega trees. This enabled the scientists, which also included Tonya Lander, from the University of Oxford, to work out which trees which pollinating which others.
From this they produced a map of the Gomortega's 'gene flow' - which was effectively a map of the preferred routes taken by the hoverflies. Two computer models were then used to tease out how the varied landscape influenced the choices made by the hoverflies.
What the team found was something of surprise. The land between the remaining fragments natural forests contained some areas rich in flowers and pollen - including farmland. It was thought that the hoverflies would be attracted from the forest into these - and so be drawn to other fragments of forest on the other side. But instead, the results showed that it was the resource-poor pine plantations that best helped to funnel the insects between the Gomortega trees.
The Circe Principle
The team called this type of behavior the 'Circe principle'. It reminded them of a tale from the Greek legend of Odysseus; Odysseus' crew were waylaid for months, on their journey home, by the lavish feasts laid on by the enchantress, Circe. As an approach to describe gene flow, it makes a break with previous simple ecological models.
They tend to look at the problem in black-or-white - natural landscapes are seen as 'permeable' to gene flow, whereas most man-made ones are seen as 'barriers'. But as a general principle, it does need more research. Dr. Bebber, proposes a novel way of testing this out, involving tagging of pollinating insects. 'The Circe Principle does need further validation,' he said. 'Direct measurements of pollinator movement, for example by tiny GPS tags, would be one way to achieve this.'
Not all habitats pristine
Looking at conservation in this way - modeling the complex interlayering of man-made and natural landscapes - has often been shied away, from according to Dr Bebber. 'Scientists and conservationists have tended to focus attention on 'pristine' ecosystems. Understanding natural ecosystems is hard enough: including human disturbance makes things even more difficult. However, we need to do this because most ecosystems are affected by people to some degree.'
But doing so could be positive for getting better results in saving endangered species, whether trees, butterflies or tigers. 'It is often assumed that managed habitats are just simply bad for conservation, but this is not necessarily the case. There are many different ways of managing a landscape, which provide different levels of productivity and conservation benefit. Scientists need to find out what those trade-offs are.'
Top Image: Hoverfly on blue daisy © CS


text:
|Heritage > Miramar/Seatoun|
Miramar means "Behold the sea" or "Wonderful Sea" and was named by the first settler on Watt's peninsula area, resident James Coutts Crawford, who arrived in Wellington in 1840. In 1872 he changed the name of Watt's Pennisula to Miramar. Miramar was the name of a house built for him by his brother-in-law, Major McBarnett. The original Maori name of the area was Whataitai.
On 18 November 1904, the Miramar Borough was formed.|
Seatoun was developed by James Coutts Crawford in 1879, and the name originates from a place in Forfarshire (UK) which was owned by the Crawford family.
Ataturk Memorial Historic Reserve (1990) Tarakena Bay. |
A memorial commemorating modern Turkey's first president, Mustafa Kemel Ataturk (1881 - 1938). Ataturk led Turkey's defence against the allies in the battle of Gallipoli in World War I. Beneath the memorial is a container of soil from Anzac Cove, Gallipoli.
Beacon Hill Signal Station (1864)
Wellington Harbour Radio (Beacon Hill) is the Port's permanently manned signal station and will receive all communications from vessels on a 24 hour basis.
This opening between Rongatoi and Miramar was constructed in 1910, at the same time as work on Burnham wharf was undertaken. A steam driven mechanical shovel was used in its construction.
Fort Ballance (_PHONE_) Point Gordon
Located by Mount Crawford, Karaka Bays, Wellington's primary military fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened, Fort Ballance was closed in 1945 but remnants still remain.
Massey Memorial (1927), Point Halswell
The entrance is off Massey Road. This is a white marble memorial to William F Massey (former premier of NZ) who died in office in 1925. The Memorial was designed by Gummer and Ford.
Mount Crawford Prison, Point Halswell (1915)
In 1919 it was to become a female only prison. In 1924 it became a reformatory with a prison wing, offering work experience and skills. It is no longer a female only prison.
Rangitau Historic Reserve and Maori Historic sites
Rangitau Pa - Wellington's only remaining untouched pa site.
Scorching Bay Domain
Bathing sheds were first erected in 1931 on this popular swimming beach. The Chocolate Fish cafÃÂÃÂ© is located across the road.
The Eastern Walkway - runs from the Pass of Branda to Tarakena Bay. The walkway was opened in 1982; it was re-routed in the 1990s to its present state. The track is 2.5km long and takes about 1.15 hrs to walk. With superb views to the South Island from high coastal cliffs, this is one of Wellington superior walks. Guide maps can be purchased from the Tourist Information Centre.
Wahine Memorial Park - This park has the Wahine's anchor and replicas of its ventilators. She hit Barrett Reef on 10 April 1968 and sunk off Steeple Rock.
All about the Wahine
Library resources on the Wahine Disaster
Weta Studios - Set of Lord of the Rings, Miramar. Peter Jackson's special effect studios are in this suburb.
|Notable People who have lived in the suburb|
James Coutts Crawford. A former Royal Naval Officer who arrived in Wellington in 1839. He settled on Watts peninsular to set up a large dairy and butchery business.|
Jonah Lomu (1975- )
The first rugby superstar in professional rugby. He exploded on the world rugby stage at the 1995 Hong Kong sevens. One of the youngest and biggest wingers ever and made his All black debut when only 19 years 45 days old.
Peter Jackson (Film Director and Producer) (1961-)
His first film was the home made horror movie "Bad taste" filmed in 1987. He recently completed the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Church of the Holy Cross, Miramar (1960) - located on the corner of Hobart St and Miramar Ave. This is an impressive building with buttresses supporting a cantilevered overhang of the curved roof, (a first for a church in New Zealand). The bell was shipped from Limerick in Ireland for the church by the church curate.|
Fort Dorset; (1911) a battery of 12 pounder guns was set up here during WWII. This land was formerly the site of Oruaiti Pa, an old Rangitane stockaded village near where Kupe landed.
Pilot's Cottage, 229 Marine Parade, Worser Bay. The first occupant was Captain J A Scott.
St George's Anglican Church (1896), Seatoun.
Current church building opened in 1957. There is a carving of St George and the Dragon on the glass window at the west end.
Whetu Kairangi Pa
Built by the maori chief Tara when he bought his people here to settle. The name refers to stars in the heavens. The place was so named because villagers could see no other villages at night, or, from the beach, the cooking fires looked like stars. Art and Craft House, Seatoun
|Book titles on Whekenui|
Early days on the Miramar Peninsula / by J.M. & B.M. Kenneally. 1981. |
Miramar headland, prospects and possibilities: proceedings and report of a seminar held on 24 September 1995, St Patrick's College, Kilbirnie. 1995!
Miramar Peninsula: a historical and social study / by John Struthers. 1975.
Miramar Peninsula: a snapshot of the people and the Peninsula. Wellington City Council.
Saint George and the seaside dragon : a centennial history of the Parish of Seatoun-Strathmore. Author Tannock, David A. (David Alexander), 1946-
The Streets of my City: Wellington, New Zealand. Irvine-Smith, F.L.; 1948.
Those were the days / by Bernard Kaiser. 1983.
Waka, ferry, tram: Seatoun and the bays before 1958 / by Bob O'Brien.
|To look at newspaper vertical file information on Miramar/ Seatoun., please ask at the enquiries desk. For more newspaper clippings, ask at the 2nd floor enquiry desk at the Central library.|


text:
Geometric Shapes Building Set
A "Sea" and Build Geometry Set. Combine sticks in 3 sizes, along with curves for making circles and cylinders, with 2 different types of connecters to build 2-D shapes. Then, combine them to make new 2-D shapes or even 3-D shapes! Child-friendly set features durable sticks, curves, and connectors. Geometric Shapes Building Set. Includes 90 sticks, 32 curves, and 48 connectors.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Object.defineProperties (seemingly) requires transactional behaviour
Oliver Hunt oliver at apple.com
Mon Sep 21 18:35:04 PDT 2009
To have a truly correct implementation of Object.defineProperties (as
currently defined) an implementation would in effect have to implement
transaction updates to Objects, as [[DefineOwnProperty]] is
polymorphic and behaviour cannot be guaranteed.
As a simple example (excluding host objects even)
myArray = [1,2,3,4];
Object.defineProperties(myArray, {length: {value:2}, 2:{value:4}})
Even if an implementation were to implement two versions of
[[DefineOwnProperty]] for every object (one that did the logic to
determine whether a given call to [[DefineOwnProperty]] was correct,
one that actually defined it -- and this behaviour should be
specified, currently the definition of defineOwnProperties seems
woefully inadequate), both the assignment to length and the assignment
to property 2 are valid during preflight. Once we call
[[DefineOwnProperty]] with the intention of actually setting the
values we set the length property, subsequently removing the property
2, which in turn means that setting property 2 must fail.
This is nuts -- i am leaning towards the belief that defineProperty,
defineProperties, seal, preventExtensions, et al. should only work
when applied to pure objects, not any host object, nor any of the
special builtins. All other paths seems to lead to absurd and/or
complex and unexpected behaviour.
More information about the es5-discuss mailing list


Daniel Kessler: Emergency pill
Last April, Governor Owens vetoed House Bill 1042, which required all hospitals to inform rape victims about emergency contraception. As it stands now, hospitals are not required to educate rape victims about this option to prevent unintended pregnancy.
On behalf of rape victims denied access to emergency contraception, Planned Parenthood is offering women one free pack of EC-to-go to keep at home -- just in case. The offer is for Friday, July 1 and is available at all of our Colorado health centers, including Steamboat's. Emergency contraception is the best way to prevent unintended pregnancy in cases of rape, incest or contraceptive failure. Planned Parenthood believes all women should have access to it.
Emergency contraception can be effective only if women are informed about it and have prompt access to it. If legislators want to reduce the number of abortions, they should support access to emergency contraception. Experts estimate that wider access to EC could prevent 1.7 million unintended pregnancies and 800,000 abortions every year.
Daniel Kessler
Planned Parenthood
Requires free registration
Posting comments requires a free account and verification.


Virtual Machine (Windows, OS X and Linux)
Airway Inspector is now provided as a Fedora (Linux) virtual machine based on VirtualBox. VirtualBox is an free open source virtualization software to run a guest operating system on top of your laptop/desktop operating system. This is done to optimize the performance of Airway Inspector.
 1. Download and install VirtualBox for your OS (
 2. After installing VirtualBox, install the VirtualBox Extension Pack (
 3. Download the Airway Inspector Virtual machine
 4. Import the Virtual Machine: File->Import Appliance
Launching Airway Inspector
 1. Launch Virtual Box
 2. Select the Airway Inspector Virtual Machine and click "Start"
 - A new window will appear initializing a Linux system. This might take a few seconds.
 3. In the login window, log in the "Airway Inspector" account:
 - Password: airway
 4. You will find a folder in your desktop with Airway Inspector.
 5. Enjoy!
How to access your local files from the Airway Inspector virtual machine
You can access your local files from your virtual machine to be able to share data. There is not need to copy your data back and forth between your host system and the virtual machine. This is how you can access a given folder in your disk.
 1. Make sure that the Airway Inspector virtual machine is not running (otherwise power it down).
 2. Select the Airway Inspector Virtual Machine in VirtualBox and select "Setting"
 3. In Settings, go to "Shared Folders"
 4. Click on
 5. Select the folder path that you want to see from the virtual machine (path to your data, for example)
 6. Click on "Auto-mount"
The next time you launch the virtual machine, you will be able to access the shared folder in "/media"
Legacy Binary Builds
A full version of the 3D Slicer with the COPD module and airway inspector can be downloaded as a compressed file for the following platforms:
 2000 or XP (
Mac OS X
 Intel Mac (slicer2.8-dev-darwin-x86-2011-09-23.tar.gz)
 PowerPC Mac (slicer2.8-dev-darwin-ppc-2007-07-09.tar.gz)
 32 bits (slicer2.8-dev-linux-x86-2011-03-11.tar.gz)
 64 bits (slicer2.8-dev-linux-x86_64-2011-09-23.tar.gz)
Subpages (2): For Developers For Users


str.utf16) var revbuff = reverse(buff) // You now have a buffer loaded with bytes!! if let aStr = String.stringWithBytesNoCopy(&revbuff, length:revbuff.count*sizeof(UInt16), encoding: NSUTF16LittleEndianStringEncoding, freeWhenDone:false) { aStr // returns "dnuorgyalp,olleH
Swift: Bytes for Beginners (Part II)
Last time a string was converted into bytes and then transformed from bytes back into a string. Following on from this, I'm going to start by creating two separate byte arrays: let strA = "Hello, " var buffA = [UInt8](strA.utf8) let strB = "playground" var buffB = [UInt8](strB.utf8) Note: I've simplified the construction of the byte arrays (aka buffers) since the last post and created them all on one line. This is thanks to reading this StackOverflow post. Joining byte arrays together Now I'm simply going to join the two byte arrays together. buffA += buffB And the same as last time transform this back into a string. if let a = String.stringWithBytes(buffA, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) { a // returns "Hello, playground" } Reversing a byte array As you can see the byte array is being treated like any other array. Now let's take this a step further and use one of Swift's algorithms to manipulate the array: buffA =
Swift: Bytes for Beginners (Part I)
Talk of buffers and bytes can be quite daunting and before you know it people are wanting you to XOR. But the code that I'm going to post in this series is going to move slowly. First of all we're going to start with a string: var str = "Hello, playground" You should be comfortable with this first of all. Next we're going to create a buffer. Don't run away. A buffer is simply an array. And our buffer is going to be an array of unsigned 8-bit integers: var buff = [UInt8]() Why unsigned 8-bit ints? Well these are the code units that a UTF8-encoded string works with. So that's the only thing we can use for this example. But how do we know the string is UTF8-encoded? It isn't yet, but we're going to extract the utf8 bytes and then append them to our buffer (array) like this: buff += str.utf8 Painless. Next let's transform those bytes back into a string for completeness: String.stringWithBytes(buff, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) A Stri
Pure Swift: Conversion of Cocoa dependent code (Xcode 6 Beta 5)
Original methods (using Cocoa) A week or so ago, I wrote a series of methods for a Gist String extension fork that simply borrowed unthinkingly from the Cocoa Framework: extension String { func splitStringByCharacters() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: self.startIndex, end: self.endIndex), options: NSStringEnumerationOptions.ByComposedCharacterSequences, { (substring, substringRange, enclosingRange, bool) -> () in arr.append(substring)}) return arr } func splitStringBySentences() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: self.startIndex, end: self.endIndex), options: NSStringEnumerationOptions.BySentences, { (substring, substringRange, enclosingRange, bool) -> () in arr.append(substring)}) return arr } func splitStringByLines() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: se
Pure Swift: A little deeper into generics (Xcode 6 Beta 5 and Beta 6)
At the end of the last blogpost I delivered myself a challenge to write a method that could remove duplicates from a String or an Array of any type. And here's progress so far. I'm half way and I'm not sure how much further I can continue without some serious brainwork. This is what I have: func identifyDuplicates(s:seq, contains:(seq, seq.Generator.Element, Int) -> Bool) -> [Int] { var sequence = s var indArr = [Int]() var i = 0 for a in sequence { if contains(sequence,a,i) { indArr.append(i) } i++ } return indArr } This generic method can take an array or a string and can be called respectively: let dupArr = identifyDuplicates([1,2,2,3,4,3,4,4], { (a:[Int], b:Int, c:Int) -> Bool in contains(prefix(a, c),b)}) var str = "Hello, playground" let dupStr = identifyDuplicates(str, {(a:String, b:Character, c:Int) in contain
Pure Swift: My First Generic Method (Xcode 6 Beta 5)
I was thinking about how to transform an Array instance into a Set, where duplicates are removed. And to do this for an Int array was fairly straightforward, func removeDuplicates(array:[Int]) -> [Int] { var arr = array var indArr = [Int]() var tempArr = arr var i = 0 for a in enumerate(arr) { if contains(prefix(arr, a.index), a.element) { indArr.append(a.index) } i++ } var ind = 0 for i in indArr { arr.removeAtIndex(i-ind) ind++ } return arr } but I didn't want to write a new method for every type of Array. I therefore took advantage of generics to write a method that took an Array of items that adopt the Comparable protocol, because that's exactly what we're doing to find duplicates; we're comparing the values of the items to one another. func removeDuplicates(array:[T]) -> [T] { var arr = array var indArr = [I
Pure Swift: A one-line method to add insert functionality to String instances (Xcode 6.3; update for Xcode 7, iOS 9)
This is the third blogpost focusing on writing pure swift methods and extensions. And here's a really simple one to add insert functionality to String instances: extension String { func insert(string:String,ind:Int) -> String { return prefix(self,ind) + string + suffix(self,count(self)-ind) } } "Hello World!".insert("Swift ", ind: 6) Enjoy! Update: 14 April 2015 I wrote this post in the early days of Swift and in fact there's a much easier way of inserting a string called splice(). var aString = "Hello World!" aString.splice("Swift ", atIndex: advance(str.startIndex,6)) So while there are any number of ways that we can approach the insertion of a String without splice, for example using subscripting ( inspired by a StackOverflow post ): extension String { mutating func insert(str:String, atIndex:String.Index) { self = self[Range(start: self.startIndex,end: atIndex)] + str + self[Range(start: atI
Pure Swift: A method for replacing occurrences of a string within a string (updated for Xcode 6.3.1, Swift 1.2 and Xcode 7 beta 1, Swift 2)
rangesOfString In the last blogpost, I created an extension to the String type to add a rangesOfString: method that was written purely in Swift. extension String { func rangesOfString(findStr:String) -> [Range] { var arr = [Range]() var startInd = self.startIndex // check first that the first character of search string exists if contains(self, first(findStr)!) { // if so set this as the place to start searching startInd = find(self,first(findStr)!)! } else { // if not return empty array return arr } var i = distance(self.startIndex, startInd) while i<=count(self)-count(findStr) { if self[advance(self.startIndex, i)..


text:
A Great Aridness: Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest
William deBuys, a conservationist based in Mexico, tells the story of the American southwest through water. The story encompasses global weather patterns, the mysterious histories and farming practices of the native people whose settlements rose and vanished in the desert, and the firefighters, biologists, anthropologists, water administrators, and others who deal with increasing dryness today and seek to plan for an even drier tomorrow. The book is a compelling read that soberly connects global climate change to the impacts already playing out in the United States. Several of ECCo's scientists work on climate change ecology (the study of how the shifting environment will affect plants and animals) and help to develop strategies that will help species and systems adapt and be resilient to the changes expected to occur in the Chicago Wilderness region.
Published by Oxford University Press ISBN13: 978-0-19-977892-8


text:
Franco-Scottish alliance against England one of longest in history
12 Aug 2011
A University of Manchester historian has uncovered evidence which shows how a defensive alliance against England between Scotland and France might never have formally ended – potentially making it the longest in history.
In a paper to be published next year, Dr Siobhan Talbott argues the Franco-Scottish Auld Alliance of 1295 survived centuries of enmity and war between Britain and France – even after the Act of Union was signed in 1707. Trade, she says, is a major reason for its longevity.
The prevailing view of historians that Scotland sided with the English, moving away from her friendship with France after 1560, when the country converted to Protestantism, is also disputed by Dr Talbott.
J. Macpherson, published in Scottish Field in 1967, says Dr Talbott, showed that France refused to accept Westminster's abrogation of the Scottish side of the Auld Alliance in 1906, following the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France. By French law, a Scotsman born before 1907 still possesses the full rights and privileges of Franco-Scottish nationality.
The 716-year-old citizenship and trading privileges enjoyed by Scots in France, she suggests, are possibly intact today.
Dr Talbott said: "It's going to be difficult to prove conclusively that Auld Alliance of 1295 is the longest in history - but there is strong evidence to suggest that this could indeed be the case.
"If we accept 1906 as an 'end date', this would make the Auld Alliance 611 years old, compared to 638 years for what many regard as world's oldest alliance between England and Portugal.
"However, when Charles de Gaulle spoke in Edinburgh in June 1942, he stated that the Auld Alliance was 'the oldest alliance in the world'."
Previously, historians have argued the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh, along with Scotland's conversion to Protestantism, ended the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France.
But not so according to Dr Talbott: some French troops remained in Scotland and there is no reference to ending the Alliance in the text.
Even during the eighteenth century – after the Act of Union was signed – Scotland and France continued to have an active and close relationship, based on the historic Auld Alliance.
Trade flourished between the two countries, even though France was Catholic and Scotland Protestant.
Scottish merchants paid less or no customs at some French ports, whereas some ports would not trade with the English at all.
The Scots exported a range of goods including coal, wool and animal skins to France.
And French exports included salt, wine, luxury cloth, musical instruments, furniture, beds and spectacles.
Despite some difficulties for Protestant Scots, there were well established communities in Bordeaux, Paris and La Rochelle throughout the seventeenth century.
Dr Talbott said: "It has been previously recognised that trade continued to take place between the two countries in the eighteenth century.
"But by examining merchants' records from the period, I can now say that it was much more extensive than realised, and that it continued despite conflict such as war which many historians have maintained prevented it.
She added: "Scots saw their country as an independent entity throughout the eighteenth century, even after the Union of the Scottish and English monarchies in 1603 and the Union of their parliaments in 1707 - and other European nations regarded them like that too.
"This might explain why Scots seem to have more of a notion of independence than the English, who appear to more readily see themselves as 'British' - and it will be interesting to see if the results of the 2011 Census and the proposed 2014 referendum on Scottish Independence reflects this."
Dr Talbott's research has been awarded the prestigious 2011 Pollard Prize by the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, for the best seminar given by a scholar within one year of completing their PhD.
Notes for editors
The paper by Dr Talbott will be published in the journal Historical Research and is entitled: 'If you were hier you could gaine what you please, for there is many English and severall Scots that you might deall with': British Commercial Interests on the French Atlantic Coast, c. _PHONE_'.
It will be published in the IHR's journal, Historical Research next year.
'Beyond 'the antiseptic realm of theoretical economic models': New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century' is being published later this year in the Journal of Scottish Historical Research, 31:2 (November 2011). It won the Economic and Social History Society of Scotland's Research Essay Prize for 2009.
The research was carried out in national and regional archives of France, USA and UK.
Dr Talbott is available for interview
For media enquires contact:
Faculty of Humanities
The University of Manchester
0161 _PHONE_


text:
When fall rolls around, if you're like a lot of people, you automatically bring out your warmer clothes, including those made out of materials such as fleece or flannel. If you've wondered about the differences between fleece vs flannel fabric, you're in the right place. The questions of, what is flannel and what is fleece, are about to be answered.
There is one main difference between fleece and flannel you should be aware of: fleece is made out of synthetic material, usually polyester; while flannel is made out of natural material, usually cotton. Fleece is also a knitted fabric, while flannel is usually woven very loosely.
What Are Fleece and Flannel Fabrisc Used for?
The good news is that these wonderful, soft materials are used to make numerous items, including pajamas, all types of winter wear, bedding, and so much more. If you've ever slept on a set of flannel sheets, you know how wonderful it feels. Even some scarves, shirts, and slippers can be made out of fleece or flannel.
Another huge advantage of both fleece and flannel is that both of them are easy to sew with and inexpensive to purchase. This means you can easily use these materials to complete a variety of projects, and you'll absolutely love the results.
You don't have to wait for the cold weather to wear something made of flannel or fleece. In fact, even crisp cool weather is a great time to bring out anything you have that is made out of either of these two fabrics.
Fleece vs Flannel: Some Basic Differences
While both fleece and flannel have the ability to provide great insulation, there are a few basic differences between the two fabrics. Here are some important characteristics of fleece:
- It holds in heat a little better than flannel and is therefore a little warmer.
- It is extremely strong and durable, it can be washed over and over without wearing out.
- It will not shrink when you wash it.
- It usually doesn't wrinkle very much.
- It is lightweight.
- While reasonably priced, it can be more expensive than flannel.
- When you sew with it, it usually doesn't unravel when it's being cut.
By comparison, you can count on the following characteristics when it comes to flannel:
- It keeps you warm but not hot, thanks to a cotton weave that is breathable.
- Over time, it will actually get softer as it wears out.
- It can shrink if you put it in the washing machine a lot.
- It sometimes resists wrinkling.
- It is mediumto heavy-weight.
- It is generally inexpensive.
- When you sew with it, it can unravel while you're cutting it.
If you're getting ready to start a project and you're wondering whether you should use fleece or flannel, these characteristics can help you decide between the two fabrics. The more you learn about each of these materials, the easier it can be to make the right decision.
What Is Fleece Fabric? Things You Should Know
Fleece is very soft and warm, and it is a brushed type of knit. Contrary to what many people believe, fleece is not a type of flannel. Ever since the 1970s, fleece has been used for manufacturing winter clothing and so much more.
Fleece is a bit on the fuzzy side and looks similar to the coat of a sheep; hence, its name. It keeps moisture away from the skin and is used not only for winter outerwear but also for sportswear. It is very plush and super comfortable, and it is the result of a clothing manufacturing company looking for a less-expensive alternative to wool fabric.
Oddly enough, fleece starts as a melted plastic; namely, polyester, which is derived from petroleum. But thanks to the multi-step manufacturing process used, it ends up a material with a very soft pile and a surface that has a very velvety nap.
There are several types of fleece, one of which is polar fleece. Polar fleece fabric has a double pile. Simply put, this means that it is soft and fuzzy on both sides of the fabric.
The fact that it can keep moisture away from your skin and is lightweight means it is the perfect fabric for many types of athletic clothing. Fleece is often used to make mittens, winter pajamas, hats, blankets, and even coats.
What Is Flannel Fabric? Things You Should Know
Flannel is a very popular fabric, especially in the fall and winter months. It is made from cotton that is loosely spun and brushed on just one side of the fabric, which gives it a very soft nap. It used to be that nearly everything made of flannel had a plaid design to it, although that is no longer the case.
Flannel has been around since the 1600s and was much heavier back then. Today, it is warm but also breathable, and it is not as heavy in weight as it once was. That being said, some types of flannel can contain other types of fibers, such as wool and silk fabric.
Of course, the familiar plaid flannel shirt is still popular today, but flannel can also be found in other prints and designs and even in solid colors. Flannel is great at regulating body temperature since it is usually made out of breathable cotton fibers.
Flannel also has some breathability, though not as good as fleece. It is soft and warm, and it is used in the making of items such as shirts, bedsheets, jackets, and even the linings of items such as boots, coats, and jackets.
Fleece vs Flannel Fabric: Other Notable Differences
When it comes to fleece vs flannel, there are both differences and similarities. To help you understand the differences between these two incredible fabrics, let's take a look at a few of their traits one by one. As we go through them, keep in mind that fleece is made from synthetic fibers, while flannel is made from natural fibers.
As a general rule, it costs less to produce synthetic materials than it does natural materials such as cotton, but that doesn't mean that fleece is always less expensive than flannel. Other factors have to be considered, such as the overall quality of the material and the specific kind, not to mention the brand name.
Polar fleece, which was mentioned earlier, usually costs more than flannel. While flannel products are often more expensive than fleece products, this is not always the case. A lot of factors come into play when determining which fabric will be costlier to purchase.
Fleece usually has a nap that is thicker than the nap of flannel, which means it is warmer than flannel. Fleece consists of tiny polyester fibers that will trap and hold onto heat. A rare exception is flannel that contains wool fibers, which is warmer than fleece.
That being said, fleece usually wins out in the warmth category when compared to flannel.
Care of the Fabric
Neither fleece nor flannel is easier to care for than the other. The most important thing to remember is that you absolutely must check the instructions on the product's label and never stray from these instructions.
Much of the time, you'll be washing both fabrics on a gentle cycle in cold water. Keep in mind that when washed incorrectly, both fleece and flannel can become damaged and will wear out much faster.
Flannel can shrink in the dryer because of its cotton fibers. Fleece, on the other hand, can gather electricity when placed in the dryer.
Durability and Strength
Generally, fleece will outlast flannel. Why? First of all, cotton shrinks and can wear out quicker than polyester, which doesn't biodegrade. Fleece also doesn't pill, while flannel usually collects those annoying bobbles over time.
Of course, fleece sometimes gets less fluffy over time because it can lose microfibers every time it is washed. Flannel will actually get softer every time you wash it. Both fleece and flannel will last a while if cared for properly, even though fleece usually lasts longer.
Sustainability and Environmental Differences
So, when we answered the question, what is flannel, we discovered it is usually made out of cotton. Answering the question, what is fleece, told us it is usually made out of polyester. Unfortunately, neither of these fabrics is good from an environmental standpoint.
Producing and growing cotton takes a ton of water and usually requires a ton of pesticides as well. On the other hand, most polyester is derived from petroleum, which is nonrenewable. Fleece even loses minute pieces of microfibers when you wash it, which become part of the food chain for humans.
However, it is not all bad news. You can look for fleece that is made out of recycled materials or flannel that is made out of organic cotton. Just keep in mind that most of the time, both fleece and flannel can be bad for the environment.
Softness and Breathability
Fleece is usually softer than flannel, unless you choose a type of flannel that is made from silk fibers. Both are actually very soft on at least one side of the fabric. Fleece has a thick, deep pile, and flannel is slightly fuzzy on the surface.
When it comes to how breathable they are, flannel usually wins out in this category. Fleece can trap heat and therefore tends to be less breathable than flannel. Fleece also has fibers that are not permeable and allow only small amounts of air to pass through it.
So, after you've learned the answer to the question, what is fleece, the next logical question might be, what are some of the things made with fleece? The answer may surprise you


text:
Harvested from the gardens at Monticello, the seeds of this common annual represent the species or wild form of French Marigold as it appears naturally in South America. The plants have a uniquely sprawling habit, are four feet in height, and the single yellow flowers bloom through the summer. Jefferson likely grew both African and French Marigolds at Monticello.
French marigolds are the easiest of flowers to grow. Sow the seeds in a well prepared, sunny site after the last spring frost date, and thin or transplant the seedlings so they are two feet apart. The plants will create a dazzling display until the first frost in the fall.
Approximately 20-25 seeds per pack.


text:
A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
SYNDERESIS or SYNTERESIS
The habit of knowing the basic principles of the moral law; the knowledge of the universal first principles of the practical order. Sometimes applied to conscience, which is, however, rather the mind's concrete application of known principles, judging on the moral goodness or badness of a specific human action. (Etym. Greek synteresis, spark of conscience.)
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.


text:
Tree Cutting in Farming Simulator 15
In Farming Simulator 2015 tree cutting was introduced as a new feature. The goal was to offer maximum freedom in how trees are cut. The player can decide the position and angle of the cut. This means that the tree mesh models cannot be pre-cut. The meshes are cut on the fly, and become a physical object once separated. Meshes thus need to be stored in a representation that enables real-time splitting. Furthermore, since falling trees may collide with the environment, the collision skin of the tree needs to be computed on the fly as well. The mass and moment of inertia of a cut tree varies with the location of the cut and also need to be computed in real-time.


Plaque Forming Unit
∞ generated and posted on 2016.02.25 ∞
Entity capable of initiating the localized, observable clearance of immobilized cells, such as bacteria suspended within agar.
A Plaque-Forming Unit is something other than necessarily an individual, e.g., virus particle (virion), but instead takes into account that viruses or other plaque-forming infectious entities can clump prior to plating or, instead, may be plated as virus-infected cells.
Ideally each PFU produces one plaque though this correspondence can fail if plaques are too crowded upon such that plaques substantially overlap.
An additional consideration is that not only can plaque-forming units be virions but so too can plaque-forming units be virus-. Key is that an effectively point-source exists for the formation of a single plaque.
Compare and contrast with colony-forming unit. See also plaque-forming unit in Phage Terms.


text:
MCLE Self-Study: Putting Intent in Its Place: A New Direction for Title VII
By Noah Zatz
Noah D. Zatz is Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law. His teaching and research focus on work and inequality in contexts such as employment discrimination, social welfare policy, and low-wage work. Before beginning his academic career, he practiced at the National Employment Law Project as a Skadden Fellow.
At its fiftieth anniversary, Title VII faces a fork in the road. One path is well-markedâthe path of Ledbetter, Wal-Mart, and Ricci.1Along that path robust commitments to civil rights are choked off by the stranglehold of discriminatory intent. But what is the alternative? Piecemeal protests at particular results have failed to marshal a compelling competing theory of antidiscrimination law. I propose that we find new direction by taking as our compass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), Title VII's younger cousin.
The ADA's signature contribution is to characterize denial of reasonable accommodation ("nonaccommodation") as disability discrimination. Appreciating why that is can cast Title VII jurisprudence in a new light. It highlights the affirmative duties Title VII already imposes on employers, and it reveals how persistent legal puzzles might be solved with new tools.


text:
Ileal branch of the ileocolic artery
The ileal branch of the ileocolic artery is one of five branches that exist in the ileocolic artery. The ileocolic artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery's concavity and is the lowest branch to do so. The superior mesenteric artery comes from the abdominal aorta's anterior surface, just below the beginning of the celiac trunk. The colon is supplied from the duodenum's lower part, the pancreas and through two-thirds of the longest portion of the colon (the transverse colon). After the ileocolic artery comes from the superior mesenteric artery, it crosses downwards towards the right iliac fossa, directly behind the peritoneum. The peritoneum helps to form the lining of the abdominal cavity. The ileal branch of the ileocolic artery runs to the left and upwards on the ileum's lower portion and connects with the end of the superior mesenteric artery. The other branches of the ileocolic artery include the colic branch, the iliocecal, the anterior and posterior cecal and the appendicular artery.
Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team
In Depth: Ileal branch of the ileocolic artery


text: =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > >=20 > > > > I appologize for the error, and now ask you to address this correct= ed > > > > claim. > > > > > > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > > > Phillips > > > > > > In that he was wrong. > > > > > > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > >=20 > > Leuchter was wrong about a number of things. If nothing else, he > > demonstrated that he is not to be taken seriously as a "gas chamber > > expert". He demonstrated that he knew very little about gas chambers or > > the use of cyanide gas to kill people as opposed to vermin. >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > Phillips >=20 > You are entitled to your opinion but both TIME magazine and > Warden Bill Armentrout would vigourously disagree. > >=20 > > > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D No they wouldn't. TIME has admitted that Leuchter pulled a fast one on them. They rececently (December 27, 1999) wrote a quite unfavorable article, "Mr. Death: the Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter Jr", about him (_URL_ ml). Warden Bill Armentrout ordered a gas chamber from Leuchter's company, but it was never built. So much for the continued enthusiasm of TIME and Warden Bill Armentrout. [deletions] >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > Phillips >=20 > His conclusions are NOT "demonstrably" wrong. There is a > veri strong probability (though not a certainty) that they > are right. >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D No there isn't.His conclusions have been shown to lack scientific validity. The issue of "right" or "wrong" does not apply to them. It's a "garbage in =AD garbage out" type of situation [deletions] > > > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > >=20 > > The basis is this nonsense about sealing and venting. If a room lacking > > proper sealing and venting could be fumigated, it had all the > > attributes necessary to enable it to serve as a gas chamber. >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D > Phillips >=20 > Do we know for a fact that the fumigation chamber did NOT > have sealing and venting? >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D The fumigation chambers *did* have sealing, although at least some of them were vented directly into the ambient air by opening the windows and cross-ventilating them, but that's not what we are talking about. We are talking about the gas chambers. If, as Leuchter claims, the traces of cyanites he found in his gas chamber samples are from fumigation, the issue of weather or not the rooms were sealed and vent


text:
To be a good NC/CNC programmer you must understand how the radius of a tool affects your programming points. The radius may be on the end of a lathe tool or the radius of a milling cutter.
The following is excerpted from the FAQ section of 7 Easy Steps to CNC Programming: Book II, Beyond the Beginning.
CNC Tool Nose Radius
Lathe tools rarely have a perfectly sharp corner at the tool nose. As a result, when you program lathes, it is important to compensate for the tool nose radius.
As you look at the tool nose radius example below, imagine these two situations. Assume you are using a tool with a.031 nose radius. As you cut down the face of the part, if you stop at X0, the tool, the actual cut will be.031 above the center of the part, leaving a.062 nub at the center of the part. Then if you want to drill a hole in the center of the part, the drill walks off center because of the nub.
In another situation, assume you are using the same tool to cut a profile. If the program does not compensate for the tool nose radius the part will be cut under / over size.
The solution is to program the desired tool path relative to the center of the cutter. This is true for lathes as well as mills.
When programming a lathe, use the center of the tool nose radius. This is particularly important when manually programming machines. If you are generating G-code using a Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) system this is less critical.
Programming to the center of the cutter is essential for correctly applying the math to generate accurate machine control data.
Fig. 13 (from 7 Easy Steps to CNC Programming: Book II, Beyond the Beginning) above shows how a 1.00" cutter must be programmed so that there is 5" between parallel cuts if you need the part 4" wide.
Examine the previous Tool Nose Radius example. Notice that if you program using the center of the tool nose radius, programming an X0 will move the tool so that its center stops at the center of the part. That's the good news. The bad news is that the tool would then cut with the center of the tool on the profile, thus making the part too small.
You must compensate the tool path for the tool nose radius by adding the tool nose radius to the part diameter. For example assume the following:
- The the small diameter of the finished part is 1.000
- The Tool Nose Radius is.031
- The machine is programmed in the radius mode
- The program is written for the center of the tool nose radius
In this case, the center of part would be programmed as X.0 Z.031. The X dimension to turn the diameter would be X.531.
Many lathes let you enter diameters instead of radii. In this case, the center of part would be programmed as X.0 Z.031. The X dimension to turn the diameter would be X1.062, the diametrical result of changing the cutting radius by.031.
So, when facing to the center of a work piece with a.031" radius tool, you can actually program the cutter to go to X0
Note: The above descriptions are "old school" in that most machines on the shop floor today have offsets for tool nose radius. Using offsets allows you to program right to the dimensions of the part. But goodCNC programmers know that, just because the machine can do something, does not excuse them for knowing how it works or how to do it manually.


Dec 28, 2019 Viewed: 3830 Tags: cncmachining cnc machining 3dprinting injection
What are the advantages and disadvantages of nylon?
Advantages of nylon:
1. High mechanical strength, good toughness, high tensile and compressive strength. The specific tensile strength is higher than that of metal, and the specific compressive strength is comparable to that of metal, but its rigidity is not as good as that of metal. The tensile strength is close to the yield strength, which is more than double that of ABS. It has a strong ability to absorb shock and stress vibration. The impact strength is much higher than that of general plastics and better than acetal resin.
2, outstanding fatigue resistance, the product can retain the original mechanical strength after repeated repeated inflections. PA is often used in common occasions where the escalator handrails and new-type bicycle plastic rims have a cyclic fatigue effect.
3. High softening point and heat resistance (such as nylon 46, etc., high crystallinity nylon has high heat distortion temperature, can be used at 150 degrees for a long time. After PA66 is reinforced with glass fiber, its heat distortion temperature reaches above 250 degrees).
4, smooth surface, small friction coefficient, wear resistance. It is self-lubricating when used as a movable mechanical component, low noise, and can be used without lubricant when the friction is not too high; if a lubricant is really needed to reduce friction or help dissipate heat, water, oil, grease, etc. can be selected. Therefore, as a transmission component, its service life is long.
5, corrosion resistance, very resistant to alkali and most salt solutions, but also weak acid, motor oil, gasoline, resistant to aromatic compounds and general solvents, inert to aromatic compounds, but not resistant to strong acids and oxidants. It can withstand the erosion of gasoline, oil, fat, alcohol, weak pimple and has good anti-aging ability. Can be used as packaging materials for lubricants and fuels.
Disadvantages of nylon:
1. Poor water absorption and poor dimensional stability.
2. Poor low temperature resistance.
3. The antistatic property is not good.
4. Poor heat resistance.
More blogs


text:
Tax Administrators. Membership is open to employees of any First Nation who are interested or engaged in the development, implementation or administration of a program, or department of taxation or revenue generation on behalf of a First Nation.
How do I transition to the FMA from s.83?
In order to transition to the FMA from s.83, you must first pass a resolution of Council to be added to the schedule of the FMA. Once on the schedule, you must develop new property tax and assessment laws to replace existing s.83 by-laws. For more information and further steps, go to the property tax toolkit
How do I borrow under the FMA using property tax revenue?
As with other jurisdictions collecting property tax, First Nations now have the ability to use their tax revenues to access long term debt financing. Under the FMA, First Nation governments can participate in the debenture financing system, and borrow money based on the certainty of collecting property tax each year.
To begin borrowing with property tax revenues under the FMA, First Nations must satisfy several prerequisites. Briefly, First Nations must have:
- Property tax jurisdiction under the FMA;
- Financial management system certification from the First Nations Financial Management Board;
- FNFA Membership;
- Sufficient borrowing room capacity; and
- An eligible project.
First Nations opting to lever their property tax revenues to access long term capital financing through the provisions of the FMA may only do so through a FNTC approved borrowing law made under section 5(1)(d) of the FMA. The Commission has developed a sample borrowing law, and a sample borrowing agreement law. Debt servicing will be based on a percentage of annual property tax revenue. The percentage will depend on the composition of the tax base, support of membership, security of leasing arrangements, expenditure obligations, and other factors.
Are there any other types of taxes beyond property taxation?
Provision of Services
Whereas property taxes generally serve the entire reserve area of a First Nation, taxes for the provision of services are imposed on a specific area within a First Nation to fund the service or improvement applied to a particular area only.
The taxes are generally applied to parcels of land. This means that the owner of the parcel of land is responsible for paying the services tax. A services tax is allocated as an annual charge that may be levied for a set number of years depending on the law. Types of local services include:
- Street improvements;
- Bridge developments;
- Sewer and water-works; and,
- Park acquisitions and improvements.
The cost of work undertaken as a provision of services is paid up front by the First Nation then recovered from property owners within the service area using the tax. The tax may be based on a single amount for each unit or the taxable frontage of the parcel. In some instances, owners may commute the charges imposed on them for payments in cash. Typically, First Nations will contribute a portion of the cost from the local revenue generated through the First Nation's property tax law.
Development Cost Charges
Development Cost Charges ("DCC") are taxes collected from developers of reserve land to pay the capital costs of servicing the development with transportation (roads), water/sewer/storm-water drainage, and providing park and recreation lands and facilities. DCCs must be collected under the authority of a DCC law made under
As a taxpayer on reserve, how are my interests considered?
There are many measures that are taken to ensure the interests of taxpayers are taken into account.
For instance, a First Nation must give fair and adequate notice to taxpayers. This includes notice of their property tax laws, assessment inspections, assessments, assessment appeals, taxation, enforcement, and any FNTC reviews.
First Nations are required to provide 60 day noticeand an opportunity for persons to make representations concerning most local revenue laws. The Council must consider these representations before it makes its law. Some First Nations may also have taxpayer representation to Council laws which provide a formal structure for taxpayer representation to Council.
Taxpayershave access to the First Nation and the First Nations Tax Commission in the event disputes arise. Formal mechanisms for dispute resolution are also available through the FNTC.
The FNTC has taxpayer representation on the Commission with considerable expertise in the field of real property taxation which is represented in all decision-making.
In addition, the FNTC has a policy objective dedicated to reconciling the interests of taxpayers with those of First Nations. First Nations may develop Taxpayer Representation to Council Laws to support the interests of taxpayers. These laws provide formal structures and procedures to address taxpayer issues or concerns.
Taxpayers are encouraged to form and participate in taxpayer advisory bodies and associations. Individual and collective ideas in dialogue can create greater awareness of how real property taxation can improve services to taxpayers.
Can assessments be appealed?
Yes. Each First Nation provides a right to appeal to a First Nation appointed appellate body. Sometimes called an Assessment Review Board or Board of Revision, the appellate body uses procedures that are similar to assessment appeal procedures used throughout Canada. The process ensures appeals are conducted in an efficient, timely and fair manner. In some cases, a First Nation may have two appellate bodies for appeals.
As an efficient alternative to launching a formal appeal, some First Nations use a mechanism called a request for reconsideration of assessment. A request for reconsideration, in this instance, is where a taxpayer asks an assessor to reconsider the original assessment.
Taxpayers usually have 30 days from the time the assessment notices are mailed to make a request for reconsideration. Specific deadline dates are printed on the assessment notice. In this process, the assessor reviews the assessment of the taxable property in question and provides the taxpayer with the results of the reconsideration. If the assessor modifies the assessment, a revised notice is sent to the person who requested the reconsideration and to any other persons who were sent an assessment notice concerning the property. Typically, a request for reconsideration will deal with valuation; however, reconsiderations can also concern classification, errors, omissions, or use of exemptions.
For more information, contact the First Nation Tax Administrator.


- Close brace
Note that some tokens have a value (e.g. the constant token has value "2") and some don't (like parentheses and braces). Also note that there are no whitespace tokens. (In some languages, like Python, whitespace is significant and you do need tokens to represent it.)
Here are all the tokens your lexer needs to recognize, and the regular expression defining each of them:
 - Open brace {
 - Close brace }
 - Open parenthesis \(
 - Close parenthesis \)
 - Semicolon ;
 - Int keyword int
 - Return keyword return
 - Identifier [a-zA-Z]\w*
 - Integer literal [0-9]+
If you want, you could just have a "keyword" token type, instead of a different token type for each keyword.
☑ Task:
Write a lex function that accepts a file and returns a list of tokens. It should work for all stage 1 examples in the test suite, including the invalid ones. (The invalid examples should raise errors in the parser, not the lexer.) To keep things simple, we only lex decimal integers. If you like, you can extend your lexer to handle octal and hex integers too.
You might notice that we can't lex negative integers. That's not an accident - C doesn't have negative integer constants. It just has a negation operator, which can be applied to positive integers. We'll add negation in the next post.
The next step is transforming our list of tokens into an abstract syntax tree. An AST is one way to represent the structure of a program. In most programming languages, language constructs like conditionals and function declarations are made up of simpler constructs, like variables and constants. ASTs capture this relationship; the root of the AST will be the entire program, and each node will have children representing its constituent parts. Let's look at a small example:
if (a < b) {
 c = 2;
 return c;
} else {
 c = 3;
This code snippet is an if statement, so we'll label the root of our AST "if statement". It will have three children:
 - The condition (a < b)
 - The if body (c = 2; return c;)
 - The else body (c = 3;)
Each of these components can be broken down further. For example, the condition is a binary < operation with two children:
 - The first operand (variable a)
 - The second operand (variable b)
An assignment statement (like c=2;) also has two children: the variable being updated (c), and the expression assigned to it (2).
The if body, on the other hand, can have an arbitrary number of children - each statement is a child node. In this case it has two children because there are two statements. The children are ordered - c=2; precedes return c; because it comes first in the source code.
Here's the full AST for this code snippet:
Image of diagram; text outline follows
 - if statement
 - condition: binary operation (<)
 - operand 1: variable a
 - operand 2: variable b
 - if body: statement list
 - statement 1: assignment
 - variable: c
 - right-hand side: constant 2
 - statement 2: return
 - return value: variable c
 - else body: statement list
 - statement 1: assignment
 - variable: c
 - right-hand side: constant 3
And here's pseudocode for constructing this AST:
//create if condition
cond = BinaryOp(op='>', operand_1=Var(a), operand_2=Var(b))
//create if body
assign = Assignment(var=Var(c), rhs=Const(2))
return = Return(val=Var(c))
if_body = [assign, return]
//create else body
assign_else = Assignment(var=Var(c), rhs=Const(3))
else_body = [assign_else]
//construct if statement
if = If(condition=cond, body=if_body, else=else_body)
For now, though, we don't need to worry about conditionals, variable assignments, or binary operators. Right now, the only AST nodes we need to support are programs, function declarations, statements, and expressions. Here's how we'll define each of them:
program = Program(function_declaration)
function_declaration = Function(string, statement) //string is the function name
statement = Return(exp)
exp = Constant(int)
Right now, a program consists of a single function, main. Later on we'll define a program as a list of functions. A function has a name and a body. Later, a function will also have a list of arguments. In a real C compiler, we'd also need to store the function's return type, but right now we only have integer types. A function body is a single statement; later it will be a list of statements. There's only one type of statement: a return statement. Later we'll add other types of statements, like conditionals and variable declarations. A return statement has one child, an expression - this is the value being returned. For now an expression can only be an integer constant. Later we'll let expressions include arithmetic operations, which will allow us to parse statements like return 2+2;.
As we add new language constructs, we'll update the definitions of our AST nodes. For example, we'll eventually add a new type of statement: variable assignment. When we do, we'll add a new form to our statement definition:
statement = Return(exp) | Assign(variable, exp)
Here's a diagram of the AST for return_2.c:
Image of diagram; text outline follows
 - Program
 - Function (name: main)
 - body
 - return statement
 - constant (value: 2)
Finally, we need a formal grammar, which defines how series of tokens can be combined to form language constructs. We'll define it here in Backus-Naur Form:
 ::=
 ::= "int" "(" ")" "{" "}"
 ::= "return" ";"
 ::=
Each of the lines above is a production rule, defining how a language construct can be built from other language constructs and tokens. Every symbol that appears on the left-hand side of a production rule (i.e. , , ) is a non-terminal symbol. Individual tokens (keywords, ids, punctuation, etc.) are terminal symbols. Note that, while this grammar tells us what sequence of tokens constitutes a valid C program, it doesn't tell us exactly how to transform that program into an AST - for example, there's no production rule corresponding to the Constant node in the AST. We could rewrite our grammar to have a production rule for constants, but we don't have to in order to parse the program.
Right now the grammar is extremely simple; there's only one production rule for each non-terminal symbol. Later, some non-terminal symbols will have multiple production rules. For example, if we added support for variable declarations, we could have the following rule for deriving statements:
 ::= "return" ";" | "int" "=" ";"
To transform a list of tokens into an AST, we'll use a technique called recursive descent parsing. We'll define a function to parse each non-terminal symbol in the grammar and return a corresponding AST node. The function to parse symbol S should remove tokens from the start of the list until it reaches a valid derivation of S. If, before it's done parsing, it hits a token that isn't in the production rule for S, it should fail. If the rule for S contains other non-terminals, it should call other functions to parse them.
Here's the pseudocode for parsing a statement:
def parse_statement(tokens):
 tok =
 if tok.type!= "RETURN_KEYWORD":
 tok =
 if tok.type!= "INT"
 exp = parse_exp(tokens) //parse_exp will pop off more tokens
 statement = Return(exp)
 tok =
 if tok.type!= "SEMICOLON":
 return statement
Later, the production rules will be recursive (e.g. an arithmetic expression can contain other expressions), which means the parsing functions will be recursive too - hence the name recursive descent parser.
☑ Task:
Write a parse function that accepts a list of tokens and returns an AST, rooted at a Program node. The function should build the correct AST for all valid stage 1 examples, and raise an error on all invalid stage 1 examples. If you want, you can also have your parser fail gracefully if it encounters integers above your system's INT_MAX.
There are a lot of ways to represent an AST in code - each type of node could be its own class or its own datatype, depending on what language you're writing your compiler in. For example, here's how you might define AST nodes as OCaml datatypes:
type exp = Const(int)
type statement = Return(exp)
type fun_decl = Fun(string, statement)
type prog = Prog(fun_decl)
Code Generation
Now that we've built an AST, we're ready to generate some assembly! Like we saw before, we only need to emit four lines of assembly. To emit it, we'll traverse the AST in roughly the order that the program executes. That means we'll visit, in order:
 - The function name (not really a node, but the first thing in the function definition)
 - The return value


text:
This paper discusses tetrahedra with rational edges forming a geometric progression, focussing on whether they can have rational volume or rational face areas. We examine the 30 possible configurations of such tetrahedra and show that no face of any of these has rational area. We show that 28 of these configurations cannot have rational volume, and in the remaining two cases there are at most six possible examples, and none have been found.
Journal of Number Theory Vol. 128, Issue 2, p. 251-262


text:
Significance of Item Category / Account assignment category
Can any tell what is the significance of Item Category / Account assignment category in Sap. Why it is used.
The account assignement comes into picture when you order the material as Indirect. In case of direct it gets valuated under raw material, semi finished, finished etc (Valuation class).
In Account assignment you assign a specific G/L account to a cost center. In reality you can have different cost centers like Production, Maintenance, Quality etc and different G/L accounts like Raw material consumption, machine tools, computer software, buildings, machineries etc.
Suppose if a machine has been procured for production purposes it gets accounted in the machineries G/L account and the cost is accrued by production. Same case if a measuring instrument is procured by Quality department it gets accounted in machineries G/L account and the cost is accrued by Quality department.
It helps in analysing the spend of each department as per the allocate d budget and also helps in allocating budgets to respective departments for future purposes.


IBM-Q states that the real devices available for public use have a set of "basis" gates consisting of u1,u2,u3 and CNOT. However in Qiskit the circuit can be built with many gates which are not directly one of these. For example the controlled u1 gate is an "elementary operation" in QISKit, but it is not a basis gate in for the device.
In order to have such a circuit be executed on a real device these gates must be decomposed into the device's basis gates. I assume this is handled by the compile function.
Is there an easy way in QISKit to see the quantum circuit after this step has taken place?
The function that handles this is transpile(), which could be found in qiskit.compiler. When you call transpile(circuit, backend) it goes through the compilation process for the input circuit based on the backend you provide. It returns a new circuit that will be valid to run on the provided backend.
You can then view this new circuit just like you would with any circuit, either print(circuit) or circuit.draw().
Your Answer


text:
This muscle sensor from Advancer Technologies measures a muscle's activity by monitoring the electric potential generated by muscle cells. This is referred to as electromyography (EMG). The sensor amplifies and processes the complex electrical activity of a muscle and converts it into a simple analog signal that can easily be read by any microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), such as an A-Star or Arduino – or even a Maestro servo controllerlike Pololu show in this blog post. As the target muscle group flexes, the sensor's output voltage increases. The exact relationship between the output voltage and the muscle activity can be fine-tuned using an on-board gain potentiometer.
The MyoWare Muscle Sensor is an updated version of Advancer Technologies' older Muscle Sensor v3 with a number of improvements, notably single-supply operation (no need for a negative voltage supply) and built-in snap connectors for electrodes. Other new features include a raw EMG output, reverse power protection, a power switch, and LED indicators.
In order to attach to skin, the sensor requires three electrodes (not included) that snap into the sensor's snap-style connectors, which make it easy to attach and detach electrodes. Two connectors are located directly on the PCB, and the third is located at the end of the attached reference electrode cable. The board's pins have a 0.1″ pitch and work with 0.1″ male headers and 0.1″ female headers.
For more detailed information about the muscle sensor, including instructions on how to use it, see the Advancer Technologies MyoWare Muscle Sensor datasheet (1MB pdf). Example Arduino programs can be found on the MyoWare GitHub page.
- Dimensions: 2.1″ × 0.8″ (excluding reference electrode cable, which is about 3″ long)
- Operating voltage: 2.9 V to 5.7 V (unlike previous sensor versions, no negative supply is required)
- Analog voltage output from 0 V to +Vs (supply voltage)
- Adjustable gain
- Both EMG envelope and raw EMG outputs available
- Embedded electrode connectors – electrodes snap directly into MyoWare (alternatively, external electrode cables can be connected)
- LED Indicators – one power LED, and one LED that brightens when the muscle is flexed
- Power switch
- Reverse voltage protection
- Two mounting holes (suitable for M3 or #4 screws)
- Informative user's guide (1MB pdf)
This product is listed in:
Documentation and Resources:
- The Maker Revolution
The Maker Revolution celebrates the creation of new devices and the modification of existing ones - the transition from a consumer buying goods to eventually having a major part in their creation. The Maker Revolution places strong emphasis on free (...
- Getting Hands-on with Sensors
What good is a robot if it can't interact with the environment around it? Sensors are the backbone of almost every electronics project as they allow your program to make decisions based on external stimuli. We've got sensors for all kinds...
- IoT Plant Monitor
So, my wife wanted to have some small plants in the house. I didn't, so we compromised, and got some plants. The only thing is that neither of us remembers to water them, so I wanted to build a sensor array to monitor the moisture content of the soil, and notify us when they needed watering. We've got 3 plants, all fairly close to each other, and I wanted to create an IoT project so that it could send an email notifi...
We deliver Australia-wide with these options:
- $3 for Small Items (4-6 days, not tracked, only available on selected small items)
- $6.95 for Standard Post (2-4 days, tracked)
- $8.32 for Express Post (1-2 days, tracked)
- Pickup - Free! Only available to customers who live in the Newcastle region
International Orders - the following rates are for New Zealand and will vary for other countries:
- $11.49 for Pack and Track (3+ days, tracked)
- $16.50 for Express International (2-5 days, tracked)
If you order lots of gear, the postage amount might increment based on the weight of your order.
Our physical address:
Unit 18, 132 Garden Grove Parade
Please checkout our customer service page if you have other frequently asked questions such as "do we do purchase orders" (yes!) or "are prices GST inclusive" (yes they are!). We're here to help - get in touch with us to talk shop.


text:
Manufacturing Productivity: Effects of Service Sector Innovations and Institutions
A major international transmission channel of productivity increases is trade in intermediate products and services. This paper analyses international rent spillovers at the industry level and for the first time investigates effects from the service sector in this international framework. The World Input-Output Database (WIOD) allows us to improve over the traditional approach of using trade in intermediates in the estimation of international spillovers by making use of input-output linkages between industries in different countries. Our results using this novel approach confirm the productivity effects from international manufacturing spillovers found in recent literature. As regards services, which provide a substantial component of the manufacturing sectors' inputs, our results indicate significant positive productivity effects from innovations in this sector. Furthermore, we control for the effect of domestic institutions on productivity. A high quality of contract enforcement and property rights protection is found to foster firm development and increase productivity in the country. Last but not least educational institutions in the reporter country are an important determinant of productivity developments.
Keywords: productivity, research and development, services, spillovers, institutions
JEL classification: F14, F43, O31, O43
Countries covered: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, USA, Australia, Great Britain
Research Areas: International Trade, Competitiveness and FDI


text:
We investigate the role of trust in strategic information sharing in global supply chains with both empirical and theoretical lenses. The canonical theory predicts that when economic incentives are far apart, no information will be effectively shared in any equilibrium. In sharp contrast, we show that a continuum of spontaneous trust exists among human decision makers who interacted in experimental supply chains (Experiment 1). We further demonstrate that cultural differences between China and the U.S. significantly affect how spontaneous trust manifests in within-country versus cross-country supply chains. In addition, repeated interactions lead to distinct behavioral dynamics between Chinese and U.S. individuals (Experiments 2 and 3). Finally, we develop the first analytical model of trust in strategic supply chain information sharing, and we show that the model can explain our experimental observations well.
Bienvenue à tous!


text:
Pataka Museum is about to open another exciting show on 13 November 2011. The exhibition, called Germany and Samoa – Old Ties and New Relationships, investigates the impact and legacy of the profoundly significant historical relationship between Germany and Samoa from 1900 – 1914. The exhibition will feature photos, artefacts, and information collected and curated by Professor Hermann Hiery, a leading expert on the colonial era in the Pacific. It is co-curated by Helen Kedgley at Pataka, and this is the first ever exhibition of its kind in the world. The exhibition will run alongside a showcase of paintings and sculptures by renowned Pacific artist Michael Tuffery.
Part of Germany and Samoa – Old Ties and New Relationships, will be several significant objects from Te Papa.
This sextant (navigational instrument), for example, was made in 1917 by German merchant marine cadet, Walter von Zatorski. At the time, he was interned as a prisoner of war on Motuihe Island in the Hauraki Gulf, about 11 kilometres northeast of Auckland. He had been captured when New Zealand forces took the Pacific Island of German Samoa (now the Independent State of Samoa) during World War I (1914 – 1918).
The sextant and its case are totally improvised. They were made using the fuel tank from a Primus stove and the brass hinges from a rudder that had washed ashore. The adjusting screw came from the handle of a safety razor. Von Zatorski ordered tools and solder through the camp canteen to assemble the instrument.
In December 1917, von Zatorski's sextant was put to use when a party of prisoners, lead by Count Felix von Luckner ('Sea Wolf'), escaped from Motuihe and captured the scow Moa. Using von Zatorski's handmade instrument and a map copied from a school atlas, the men navigated an accurate course to the Kermadec Islands – around 1000 kilometres northeast of New Zealand – before they were recaptured.
You will be able to visit the exhibition at Pataka Museum until 19 February 2012.


text:
In optical imaging, the resolution of the imaging system is not only limited by the aperture and imperfection of the lens, but also by the CCD nonzero pixel size and separation between the two consecutive pixels. We deal only with the geometric superresolution and assume that the size of the CCD pixels is much smaller in comparison with the separation between the pixels. The separation between the pixels limits the resolution of the CCD camera. Our object is to address this problem. In the proposal, we focus on exceeding the geometric resolution with a new approach in which no moving element of the imaging system is used, but only a mask is placed at the Fourier transform plane. This mask encodes the input data. The encoded image is captured by the CCD. The captured image is then Fourier transformed and a decoding mask is used to nullify the effect of undersampling by the CCD. Mathematical modeling and simulation in one dimension are presented.
© 2010 Optical Society of America
Original Manuscript: January 5, 2010
Revised Manuscript: April 14, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: April 18, 2010
Published: May 21, 2010
Vol. 5, Iss. 10 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Mohammad Sohail and Asloob A. Mudassar, "Geometric superresolution by using an optical mask," Appl. Opt. 49, 3000-3005 (2010)


text:
Paint correction is a craftmanship of refining the surface, permanently removing as many defects as possible such as swirl marks, scratches, water etching or any defects that are topical and/or sub-topical thru mechanical abrasions via machine polishing, without jeopardizing the clear coat. It takes skills and patience in order to truly complete the highest degree of paint correction, displaying a true "optical clarity" on the surface.
Why consider a paint correction?
Many factors needs to be taken in consideration to determine if any paint correction is needed on a vehicle, given the environmental challenges the surfaces have endured.
- water etching
- bird etching
- swirl marks caused from improper wash methods
- Poor machine polishing
- Oxidation (lack of reflection)
Sadly, a combination of these can leave the car finish looking less than perfect, dull and a surface that refracts light instead of reflecting due to the heavy defects. Not only does this detract from the vehicle appearance, but it ultimately reduces the value.
Paint correction can improve the vehicle appearance by reducing or fully removing the defects and imperfections throughout the vehicle's surface. By doing so, this process can add an increased in gloss, depth of reflection, clarity and slickness.
Read "Paint Correction: How To Address The Ugly Secret Lurking In Your Brand New Car's Paint"
by Karl Brauer at Forbes.com


Home > Help center > AppCell > Appcell Storage
Appcell Storage
Depending on the business needs and preferences, some AppCell plugins may require their own data storage. This is done through ETCD storage.
Plugins, such as cPanel and Plesk do require the use of having their own storage, as they include data such as their location, IDs, DNS, ID security, login information, etc. Most often the Plugin must write/update its data. Having security in mind, it is best not to allow the plugin access to the main database (Billia). Rather, an alternative mechanism is offered as a recommendation to use for storage - the ETCD storage.
What is ETCD storage
ETCD is a type of a distributed key-value storage, which provides a reliable way to store data. It can then be accessed by a distributed system or a cluster of machines. Applications of any complexity can read data from and write data into ETCD.
ETCD also includes a vast library for the more popular programming languages - JavaScript, Python, Java, C++, Swift, SQL, Ruby, etc.
Why use ETCD storage
Using ETCD is a more simplified process for storage than most. Other options may include more complicated methods for storage and data distribution, such as e.g. using relational databases with a complex structure. The ETCD storage, on the other hand, works with predefined credentials used to access a personal "sent box" in the storage space, where the data for the specific plugin is kept.
Moreover, each plugin that is being installed, would be provided with its own separate ETCD sent box. These ETCD sent boxes also have security, where one Cell cannot access or read the data of another Cell. This way passwords, login and server information cannot be accessed or taken without authorization.
One Cell can access its own storage and read its own data only. But AppCell is the only software able to access and read all Cells' data.
How it works
When a Cell is in the process of being installed, the four Appcell installation files are used: Appcell.json, Plugins.json, Resources.json and Settings.json.
In the installation file AppCell.json, "etcd": ">=3.0" can be specified, which means that during that installation process an ETCD storage is automatically created, with the dedicated database, username, Cell name, and password. It will provide the ETCD host name, password and available access.
"appcell": {
 "etcd": {
 "username": "examplecell",
 "password": "L8bw8BS7jcpkmF1t",
 "access": "/examplecell/*"
Inside this storage is where the application can be configured and where it can read and write its data when changes occur.
In the case ETCD is not requested in the AppCell.json installation file, no such will be created.
Two methods of work are present in regards to assigning/creating an ETCD storage.
 1. Either a personal ETCD storage will be automatically created during the installation of the Cell, or;
 2. A specified API, called AppCellSentboxStorage, can be used instead, which will generate pre-set testing storage boxes. These boxes are available for the application while it's being developed. During that time, data can still be written in it and when it's time - it can be easily erased.


text:
New EU Environment Action Programme neglects wildlife in crisis
The new Environment Action Programme adopted today is a clear signal that the environment remains a priority for the European Union. However, the continued unsustainable use and abuse of wildlife calls for more urgent and drastic measures than those outlined in the programme according to the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW - _URL_). As an international animal welfare NGO with local expertise and projects from South Africa to Russia, from Australia to Canada, IFAW has first-hand and daily experience with the disappearance of wildlife.
"Last year more than 25,000 elephants were killed for their ivory, there are only 3,000 tigers left in the wild, prices for polar bear pelts have doubled and the number of skins up for auction has tripled (in the last five years)," said IFAW EU Director Sonja Van Tichelen. "Saving the environment can only be done in conjunction with a halt to the devastation of the world's most charismatic wildlife."
The first opportunity to stop the carnage of our wildlife will be the Conference on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) this March in Thailand. The EU is currently drafting the position for the Irish-led delegation.
"IFAW would like to see the EU meet with and work to support wildlife law enforcement officials at the CITES conference. This support would strengthen law and order in developing countries, punish those who seek to profit from the demise of a species or animal and stop the loss of our shared biological heritage," continued Van Tichelen.
40 years of environmental policy at an EU level have accomplished a great deal but much remains to be done. Unsustainable trends in biodiversity and the use of natural resources must be confronted directly and soon.
About IFAW (the International Fund for Animal Welfare)
Founded in 1969, IFAW saves animals in crisis around the world. With projects in more than 40 countries, IFAW rescues individual animals, works to prevent cruelty to animals, and advocates for the protection of wildlife and habitats. For more information, visit _URL_. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


text:
[This documentation is for preview only, and is subject to change in later releases. Blank topics are included as placeholders.]
Gets or sets the text trimming behavior to employ when content overflows the content area.
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
XMLNS for XAML: _URL_ _URL_
This example demonstrates the usage and effects of the values available in the TextTrimming enumeration.
The following example defines a TextBlock element with the attribute set.
 One two two Three Three Three four four four four Five Five Five Five Five six six six six six six Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven
Setting the corresponding TextTrimming property in code is demonstrated below.
There are currently three options for trimming text: CharacterEllipsis, WordEllipsis, and None.
When is set to CharacterEllipsis, text is trimmed and continued with an ellipsis at the character closest to the trimming edge. This setting tends to trim text to fit more closely to the trimming boundary, but may result in words being partially trimmed. The following figure shows the effect of this setting on a TextBlock similar to the one defined above.
When is set to WordEllipsis, text is trimmed and continued with an ellipsis at the end of the first full word closest to the trimming edge. This setting will not show partially trimmed words, but tends not to trim text as closely to the trimming edge as the CharacterEllipsis setting. The following figure shows the effect of this setting on the TextBlock defined above.
When is set to None, no text trimming is performed. In this case, text is simply cropped to the boundary of the parent text container. The following figure shows the effect of this setting on a TextBlock similar to the one defined above.
Windows 8 Consumer Preview, Windows Server 8 Beta, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 SP2, Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core Role supported with SP1 or later; Itanium not supported)
The.NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see.NET Framework System Requirements.


Negatives without "ne"
Discussion in 'French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais' started by s0uper, Nov 11, 2006.
Thread Status:
Not open for further replies.
 1. s0uper
 s0uper Member
 Hey everyone, new here :) I hope this isn't too much of an obvious question. My French teacher's never mentioned it, but she does have a tendency to do that with pretty important things XD (I didn't get taught about putting pronouns before verbs until I asked!)
 I've come across people using the following; [subject] [verb] [pas], eg. "Je sais pas" - missing out the "ne" prior to the verb. Is this just a colloquialism? Or does it have a different nuance to "Je ne sais pas" etc.?
 Thanks for any help! :D
 2. carolineR
 carolineR Senior Member
 Indian Ocean
 this is just oral French as opposed to written French. Same meaning exactly :)
 3. john_riemann_soong
 john_riemann_soong Senior Member
 Singapore / United States
 English, Singlish, Chinese; Singapore
 What is the role of the initial "ne" anyway? How did it come about? In Latin (I don't know Latin), I assume one particle was used, as I observe from Spanish use of "no".
 Usually leaving out the "ne" in "ne...pas" and "ne...rien" statements can work because you can literally translate "je sais pas" to "I know not" (which actually sounds stronger than "I do not know" or "I don't know").
 I'm curious, because currently I think the only role "ne" has is in current language is to clarify the negativity of the particle (where plus could mean "more" or "no more", "personne" can both mean "person" and "no one", "je ne sais quoi" to clarify the negativity of the "quoi", etc.) but it was the original particle from Latin.
 4. Franglais1969
 Franglais1969 Senior Member
 English English, français rouillé
 There is a thread on this forum about this very subject, which was done recently.
 Unfortunately, I am unable to locate it at the moment.
 5. s0uper
 s0uper Member
 Thanks for the explaination, Caroline. I suppose it makes sense, since it's obvious what's meant with or without the "ne", right? :)
 John, I initially thought the same thing - "I know not" etc. I'm going with Caroline's explaination though, since I've really only heard it in speech. "I know not" seems to be more of a formal, written expression I think :)
 6. gilou Member
 France - french
 Yes, this is one of the weird thing that you learn with french étymology:
 ne is the négative particle (from latin).
 First step:
 At some point in french history, a complement to verbs was added in the négative form (to make the negation stronger). I think that this was already the case in vulgar latin.
 So we get:
 Je ne bois goutte (I don't drink a drop) [still in modern french as "Je n'y vois goutte"]
 Je ne mange mie (I don't eat a crumb)
 Je ne marche pas (I don't walk a step)
 Je ne vois point (I don't see a speck)
 Je ne vois personne (I don't see a human being)
 With that construction, some words acquired a negative meaning:
 Je ne vois rien (I don't see a thing) which gave to rien (latin res, rem thing) the meaning of nothing in modern french (but still its old meaning in idioms like "ni rien ni personne").
 same for jamais (Latin iam magis, yet more) which got the negative meaning of never, nevermore.
 Second step:
 the construction ne + verb + pas and ne + verb + point becomes the standard way to negate any verb (and are never more a stronger negation). The meaning of point as speck and of pas as step is lost in the verbal construction at this stage.
 (other constructions with rien, personne, jamais, are used as a stronger negation)
 Third step: ne + verb + point diseappears, only ne + verb + pas remains in standard french (ne + verb + point exists in french dialects ("patois"))
 Last step: modern colloquial french: use of verb + pas instead of ne + verb + pas.
 7. john_riemann_soong
 john_riemann_soong Senior Member
 Singapore / United States
 English, Singlish, Chinese; Singapore
 It is indeed only a colloquial expression... but I think in English it's a curious thing too. "I know not" sounds so strong because it is archaic-sounding, I bet when the dummy "do [not/n't]" auxiliary was first introduced those centuries back, it would have sounded stronger because of the emphatic meaning.
 8. david314
 david314 Senior Member
 Clayton, Missouri
 American English
 See recent thread "C'est pas grave"? D.
Thread Status:
Not open for further replies.
Share This Page


text: The Welsh SpeechDat(II) FDB-2000 database contains the recordings of 2,000 Welsh speakers (918 male speakers et 1,082 speakers) recorded over the British fixed telephone network. The FDB-2000 database is partitioned into 10 CDs, which comprise 200 speakers sessions each. Speech samples are stored as sequences of 8-bit 8 kHz A-law. Each prompted utterance is stored in a separate file. Each signal file is accompanied by an ASCII SAM label file which contains the relevant descriptive information. This database was validated by SPEX (the Netherlands) to assess its compliance with the SpeechDat format and content specifications. Each speaker uttered the following items: * 6 application words * 1 sequence of 10 isolated digits * 4 connected digits (1 sheet number –5 digits, 1 telephone number –9/11 digits, 1 credit card number –14/16 digits, 1 PIN code -6 digits) * 3 dates (1 spontaneous e.g. birthday, 1 word style prompted date, 1 relative and general date expression) * 1 word spotting phrase using an embedded application word * 1 isolated digit * 3 spelled word (1 spontaneous e.g. own forename, 1 city name, 1 real/artificial for coverage) * 1 currency money amount * 1 natural number * 5 directory assistance names (1 spontaneous e.g. own forename, 1 city of birth/growing up, 1 most frequent city name out of a set of 500, 1 common forename and surname) * 2 yes/no questions (1 predominantly "yes" question, 1 predominantly "no" question) * 9 phonetically rich sentences * 2 time phrases (1 spontaneous time of day, 1 word style time phrase) * 4 phonetically rich words The following age distribution has been obtained: 509 speakers are between 16 and 30, 645 speakers are between 31 and 45, 565 speakers are between 46 and 60 and 281 speakers are over 60. A pronunciation lexicon with a phonemic transcription in SAMPA is also included.