text:
Franchising gained popularity for entrepreneurs to start their businesses without creating everything from scratch. Franchises are available in various industries, including fast food, retail, real estate, education, and health care.
Several franchising models exist, including product distribution, business format, and management franchising. Each model has its unique characteristics, benefits, and risks.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Franchising
Depending on the franchise and the individual owner's goals and circumstances, franchising can have advantages and disadvantages for franchisee and franchisor alike. Here are some of the most commonly recognised advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages of Franchising for Franchisees:
- Established brand and business model: Franchisees can leverage the franchisor's established brand name and business model, which can help them attract customers and run a successful business.
- Lower risk: of failure for franchisees than independent business owners because they operate under an established and proven business model.
- Economies of scale: Franchisees can benefit from the economies of scale that come with being part of a larger organisation, which can help them obtain supplies and inventory at lower costs.
- Training and support: Franchisors provide extensive training and support to franchisees, including assistance with marketing, operations, and management and some help with recruitment.
- Access to financing: Franchisees may have access to funding through the franchisor or their network of lenders, which can help them obtain funding more easily.
Disadvantages of Franchising for Franchisees:
- High initial investment: Franchisees must pay a significant upfront fee to purchase the franchise and ongoing royalty and advertising fees.
- Limited flexibility: Franchisees must operate their business according to the franchisor's guidelines, which can limit their ability to make independent business decisions.
- Shared profits: Franchisees must share a portion of their profits with the franchisor, which can impact their profitability.
- Limited territory: Franchisees may have a specific geographic region, limiting their ability to expand their business in certain areas.
Franchising for Franchisors
Becoming a franchisor can be complex and challenging, but it can be a lucrative business opportunity if done correctly. It's essential to do your research and seek guidance from experienced franchise professionals to ensure you're setting yourself up for success.
Advantages of Franchising for Franchisees:
- Growth: Franchisors can rapidly expand their business by recruiting franchisees to open new locations.
- Revenue: Franchisors can generate revenue from franchise fees, royalties, and other fees.
- Brand recognition: Franchisors can benefit from increased brand recognition as their franchise network grows.
- Shared risk: Franchisors can share the risks associated with business expansion with their franchisees.
- Economies of scale: Franchisors can benefit from the economies of scale that come with a larger organization, such as lower costs for supplies and inventory.
Disadvantages of Franchising for Franchisors:
- Legal issues: Franchisors may face legal matters related to the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee.
- Training and support costs: Franchisors are responsible for providing extensive training and support to franchisees, which can be expensive.
- Quality control: Franchisors must ensure that all franchisees maintain the same level of quality and consistency, which can be difficult.
- Reputational risk: If franchisees do not operate their businesses consistently with the franchisor's standards, it can damage their reputation.
Trending Franchise industries
As times change, so do trends, and that's why franchisors and franchisees need to adapt in the industry to stay competitive and successful through regular research. Let's look at some industries that trended during 2022 in the franchise sector.
Franchises will continue to grow by integrating technology into their business models, including online ordering, mobile apps, and digital marketing.
Focus on health and wellness:
Health and wellness franchises, such as fitness centers and healthy food options, are expected to grow in popularity as consumers prioritise health and wellness.
Franchisors are exploring new sites for their franchises, such as airports, hospitals, and college campuses, to reach new customers and expand their market.
Franchisees increasingly own multiple units of the same franchise, which allows them to benefit from economies of scale and streamline operations.
Franchises continue to evolve by adopting eco-friendly practices, such as reducing waste and using sustainable materials, to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.
Virtual and remote business models:
The trend accelerated after the COVID-19 pandemic toward virtual and remote business models, and franchises continue exploring these options to increase flexibility and reduce costs.
Should you franchise?
Franchising can be a positive experience for both the franchisor and the franchisee. It provides the franchisee with a roadmap to success, ongoing support, and access to resources and expertise that may not be available to them if they were to start a business independently. Get in touch with the experts and get the advice you need to make your dreams a reality!
Shaun M Jooste, Point Franchise ©


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Texas Wild-rice (Zizania texana)
- Texas Status
- U.S. Status
- Endangered, Listed 4/26/1978
- Texas wild-rice has long green leaves up to 45 inches in length and 1/4 to 1 inch wide. Rice "seeds" are black or brown.
- Life History
- Texas wild-rice is an aquatic perennial grass found only in the upper two miles of the San Marcos River in central Texas. It is related to the wild-rice grown for human food. On a sunny day, this plant's bright green leaves can be seen waving in the current near the river bottom in areas where the water is clean and clear. This plant is endangered because the river water is being impacted by the growth of the city of San Marcos and increasing numbers of people swimming, canoeing, and tubing the river. Because more people are using water, less underground water is flowing from the springs. Nutria, a non-native rodent that lives in wetland areas, is also a threat because it eats the wild-rice.
- This plant grows in clear flowing spring-fed waters.
- This species grows in the San Marcos River in Hays County, central Texas; Edwards Plateau region. Currently, only one population is known.
- You can help save this plant by not pulling it up or disturbing it. Do your part to conserve water and keep the San Marcos River clean.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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One such challenge involves breaking cracked rocks to reveal stowed away insider facts, collectibles, and new paths. This guide will dive into various strategies and techniques to break these obstinate obstacles, including fusing to create a demolishing weapon, utilizing bomb blossoms, and harnessing the power of the Sage of Fire. By mastering these procedures, you'll uncover stowed away treasures and open additional opportunities in TotK.
Fusing to Create a Demolishing Weapon:
Cracked rocks can be formidable barriers, yet with the right hardware, you can easily conquer them. One compelling strategy involves fusing things to create a powerful weapon capable of shattering even the sturdiest of rocks. Here is a bit by bit guide on the most proficient method to accomplish this:
Distinguish the necessary things: Search for explicit things or assets within the game world that can be combined to create a demolishing weapon. These things could include a solid hammer, a magical pearl, or a rare material.
Acquire the necessary materials: Investigate prisons, complete missions, or engage in side activities to gather the expected materials for the combination cycle. These materials may be concealed in chests, dropped by defeated foes, or rewarded for completing explicit challenges.
Locate a combination master: Search out NPCs or characters within the game world who have the information and abilities to meld things. These specialists may be tracked down in specialized shops, secret locations, or within certain story-driven missions.
Initiate the combination cycle: Interact with the combination master and follow the on-screen prompts to initiate the combination cycle. Select the ideal things to be intertwined and affirm the combination.
Test your recently created weapon: When the combination is finished, prepare the recently created demolishing weapon and approach cracked rocks. Utilize the weapon's one of a kind abilities to break them apart and reveal stowed away areas, treasures, or easy routes.
Utilizing Bomb Blossoms to Obliterate Rocks:
In the vast expanse of TotK, bomb roses are nature's dangerous gift to adventurers. These volatile plants can be used as powerful tools for breaking cracked rocks. Here is an aide on using bomb blossoms really:
Spotting bomb blossom patches: While exploring TotK, watch out for patches of bomb blossoms. These vibrant and distinctive plants are often tracked down near rough areas or within prisons.
Approach with caution: Bomb blossoms are profoundly hazardous, so practice caution while interacting with them. Avoid striking or jostling them, as they can detonate and cause damage.
Picking up bomb blossoms: Approach a bomb bloom patch and carefully interact with a completely developed bomb blossom. Link, the protagonist, will get it, allowing you to involve it as a dangerous tool.
Throwing bomb blossoms: Aim your toss by adjusting Link's heading. Be mindful of the trajectory and distance to guarantee accurate placement. Recollect that bomb blossoms have a restricted clock before they detonate.
Breaking cracked rocks: Stand at a safe distance and toss the bomb bloom towards the cracked stone. The blast will shatter the obstacle, granting you access to stowed away areas, treasures, or alternate routes.
Breaking Cracked Rocks Using the Sage of Fire Power:
As you progress through TotK, you'll experience strong sages, each possessing special elemental powers. The Sage of Fire is particularly adept at breaking cracked rocks using their blazing abilities. This is the way you can harness their power:
Embark on the journey: Engage in the main storyline or seek after unambiguous side missions that lead you to the Sage of Fire. Follow the pieces of information, interact with NPCs, and unravel the secrets surrounding their whereabouts.
Earn the Sage's favor: To harness the power of the Sage of Fire, you should substantiate yourself commendable. Complete trials, address confuses, or satisfy journeys assigned by the sage. Demonstrate your determination and expertise to gain their trust.
Learn the Fire spell: After earning the Sage's favor, they will impart their insight and teach you the sacred Fire spell. Master the expected procedures and motions to channel the flames really.
Approach cracked rocks: Locate the cracked rocks obstructing your path. They may be tracked down in prisons, far off areas, or within intricate mazes. The Sage's fire power is particularly compelling against these obstacles.
Cast the Fire spell: Center your energy and invoke the Fire spell. Direct the flames towards the cracked stone, allowing the intense heat to fracture the obstacle, granting you access to stowed away mysteries and treasures.
In Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, breaking cracked rocks is an essential ability to investigate stowed away areas and uncover valuable rewards. By utilizing various procedures, for example, fusing to create a demolishing weapon, utilizing bomb blossoms strategically, and harnessing the power of the Sage of Fire, you'll defeat these obstacles and uncover the mysteries that lie past.
Make sure to approach these challenges with patience and careful observation. Investigate the universe of TotK completely, interact with its inhabitants, and embark on missions to find new tools and abilities that will aid you in your stone breaking endeavors.
Thus, furnish yourself with the information and abilities shared in this aide, and let the sound of shattered rocks be the herald of your victory in Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Several times we have used this English word "Kid" to refer to our own children. We keep repeating this word even while knowing a kid actually refers to a young goat. Why then do humans take pleasure in calling their young children kids and not babies or any other befitting name? The story goes that because a he-goat has a goatee it wears about as it matures, its young was named a kid. In the same manner because humans also interestingly sometimes grow goatees, they look so much as he goat with a goatee that it became necessary for children sired by men with goatees to be called kids. Today, even men without goatees have no problems calling their own children Kids.


How to Clean Travertine Stone Flooring
Tile travertine Flooring
DougBennett / Getty Images
 - Total Time: 1 - 2 hrs
 - Skill Level: Intermediate
Travertine is a type of stone flooring that is quarried from the earth and then refined into tiles for architectural use. It has been used in a variety of building applications for thousands of years. A form of limestone, travertine is indeed "hard as a rock," but it is also relatively porous when compared to some other natural stone construction materials. For this reason, it has certain inherent vulnerabilities that need to be considered when cleaning and caring for these materials. This includes both long-term, regular maintenance concerns, as well as specific instructions and precautions you should follow whenever working with these surfaces.
How Often to Clean Travertine Flooring
Regular sweeping or vacuuming, plus mopping, should be done weekly with travertine floors, or whenever the surface is visibly soiled. Sweeping or vacuuming the floor removes small particles that can cause minor abrasive scarring to the surface of the tile. Over time, these tiny particles can wear down the luster and finish of the material while also removing the protective sealant coat, leaving the stone beneath vulnerable to discoloration and staining. In addition to regular cleaning, there are three other parts to cleaning and maintaining travertine floors:
 - Disinfect floors during monthly maintenance.
 - Clean grout lines every few months depending on how dirty your floor gets.
 - Surface-seal travertine every three to five years according to most stone flooring manufacturers, though harsh chemicals and heavy use may wear out the sealer more quickly than that, requiring additional applications.
What You'll Need
Equipment / Tools
 - Broom or vacuum cleaner
 - Mop or sponge
 - Mop bucket
 - Towels
 - Small, narrow scrub brush for grout
 - 1 tablespoon mild, non-acidic dish soap
 - Baking soda
 - Warm water
 - Stone cleaner (optional)
 1. Sweep or Vacuum the Floor
 Sweep or vacuum the floor to eliminate small particles of dirt and grit.
 2. Mop the Floor
 Apply a small amount of plain warm water to the floor with a sponge or mop that is nearly wrung dry so that the travertine surface gets just barely damp. Do not saturate travertine tiles with water, as it can penetrate down past sealant or into grout lines, causing discoloration, degradation, and the growth of mold and mildew.
 3. Disinfect the Floor
 If it is time to disinfect the floor, add a tablespoon of mild, non-acidic dish soap to a gallon of water. Damp-mop the floor with this solution. Mop a second time with clean water to remove any lingering residue that may exist. Toweling the surface dry is also recommended.
 4. Clean the Grout Lines
 Cleaning the grout around travertine tiles can be tricky because you don't want to mar the stone, but you need something abrasive to clean the grout. If the grout lines are due to be cleaned, mix equal parts baking soda and water to create a gritty paste. Carefully scrub this slightly abrasive paste onto the grout with a tiny brush as you avoid scratching or etching the edges of the tile with the tool. Also, try a specially formulated stone cleaner (approved to use on travertine) to try to clean the grout.
Tips on Sealing Travertine Stone Flooring
Natural travertine has microscopic pores in the surface which give it a rustic look, but which can also soak up liquids, leading to stains, discoloration, material degradation, and mold growth. The way to combat this is to ensure that the material is properly sealed both during and after installation, and then again periodically throughout its existence.
Types of Sealant
There are two types of sealants used on travertine floors. The first is a deep penetrating material that will seep down and clog the pores, making it difficult for moisture to invade the stone. A surface barrier sealer can then be used to create a clear coating over the tiles to stop spills from causing discoloration. Once the initial below-surface sealer is brushed on, a barrier surface coating can then be reapplied every few years to maintain the treatment.
Color Effects of Sealants
Travertine tiles tend to be light in color, but adding sealer can deepen those hues, and give them a slightly glossy appearance. Some people like this look, and if that is your desired effect you can reapply the sealant frequently. On the other hand, others prefer a weathered look which can be achieved by using the sealer less often.
Tips to Keep Your Travertine Tiles Clean Longer
Maintaining travertine comes down to using mild cleaners and taking care of the grout. Never use abrasive chemical cleaners or anything acidic when caring for travertine floors. Travertine stone is by nature an alkaline substance, and it can stain and discolor if it comes in contact with acidic substances.
The grout lines between tiles are the most vulnerable points in your travertine flooring installation, as these spaces are susceptible to water penetration, stains, discoloration, and the growth of dark, unsightly, and unhealthy mold. Do not use commercial grout cleansers used for ceramic tile because they often contain bleaches which may etch travertine stone.
If necessary, grout lines can also be completely removed and replaced, which can give your flooring installation a brand new and revitalized look. While regrouting can be moderately difficult, it is a much easier and less expensive option than replacing an entire travertine floor.


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|Nepenthes candalaga Lagunday & V.B.Amoroso, |
in Lagunday, Rosa, Cleofei, Patano, Coritico & Amoroso, 2022.
A new endemic species, Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthes sect. Alata) from Mt. Candalaga (eastern Mindanao, Philippines) is here described and illustrated. This new taxon resembles N. justinae but can be easily distinguished in having the lamina with 2‒3 longitudinal nerves, orbicular lid, non-bifid lid spur tip, triangular lid appendage, short banner-shaped trap wings, and absent upper pitcher rim. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CE) according to the IUCN criteria. This novelty is the 38th species of Nepenthes in Mindanao making the island with the highest concentration of Nepenthes species in the Philippines. This discovery increases the number of Nepenthes species in the Philippines to 61. The new taxon described faces threats of deforestation and habitat loss without legislative protection.
Keywords: Eudicots, Taxonomy, Nepenthes, threatened species, Mt. Candalaga
Nepenthes candalaga Lagunday & V.B.Amoroso
NEPENTHES CANDALAGA, DAVAO DE ORO'S NEWEST ENDEMIC SPECIES


find the length of the laus rectum of the parabolaplz help..thanx in advance!!
2 years ago
Answers : (2)
the above equation can be written as
 ( 2y-5)^2=2(x+4)
 therefore the length of the latus rectum is 2
2 years ago
A small mistake in the above post.
(2y-5)2 = -2x-17+25 = -2x+8 = -2(x-4)
or, (y- 5/2)2 = -1/2 * (x-4)
So Latus Rectum is 1/2.
2 years ago
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A coin is tossed twice and a die is rolled once. Find the probability that at most 1 head is tossed and a number less than 4 shows.
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text:
DFT Study of II-VI Semiconducting Nano-Clusters: An Overview
Pp. 239-254 (16)
Semiconductors have been potential materials for device grade applications due
to their exceptional properties. In range of other compound semiconductors, II-VI's are
such compound semiconducting materials having cations from the Group II and anions
from Group VI of the periodic table. Keeping research and technological importance of
these materials, density functional theory (DFT) based study of II-VI semiconducting nanoclusters
was carried out and is described in this chapter.
II-VI semiconductors, Density Functional Theory, Raman scattering.
Physics Department, University of Gujrat, Pakistan.


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Rural Development Foundation
Mid-day meals for children
assured_image Education Telangana
Support the midday meal of an underprivileged child
Awards & Recognition
Jamsetji Tata National Virtual Academy (NVA) Fellow, Maharashtrakanya Gaurav Puraskar, The Pride of India Award 2015
Last audited December 2018
The Rural Development Foundation (RDF), is an Indian nonprofit organization with the mission of providing quality education for underprivileged rural children. They founded and continues to operate four schools and one junior college in Telangana State, taking a unique holistic approach to education through innovative programs and methodology. Rather than using the conventional method of rote memorization, they focus on cultivating critical thinking skills and encouraging students to understand and apply concepts. They do this through special programs such as Social Awareness, Youth Empowerment, Student Leadership, and Sports. They strive to develop students who will become empowered leaders of their communities, thus working towards the vision of a transformed and prosperous rural India. Their schools strive to create India's future leaders, people who not only respect their rich, cultural heritage but are also ready to lead their country into the future. Their constant endeavor includes their sincere attempts to inculcate into young minds a civic sense and social responsibility. Beginning with a humble enrollment of 80 students, the number of children attending RDF schools has increased to 1900, as more villagers enroll their sons and daughter in the schools.
Leadership Vandita Rao
Regular access to healthy and nutritious food
Rural Development Foundation provides underprivileged children with a healthy meal every school day. This provides nutritious food to poor children and helps them concentrate on studies. It has also been noticed that when a midday meal is provided at school the number of children that discontinue education drops considerably. One unit of Donation to this program covers the cost of a midday meal for a child for a month. The RDF's Midday Meal program runs on all working days in the school year, which is close to 220 days. The meal is served to all the student and staff member in all the RDF schools. The midday meal program caters to close to 1023 students across 3 schools in Matendla, Redlawada and Rolakkal in Telangana A mess-in-charge maintains the purchase and utilization register which is reviewed every week by the accountant. Every month the actual expense as against budgeted cost is reported along with the budget for next month to the Head office. Groceries such as rice, dal, oil, spices etc are purchased monthly and perishables such as vegetables are purchased weekly. The food is cooked in a designated kitchen using firewood stoves within the school. The kitchen staff is hired from within the community. This serves as a source of employment for the community. The team is trained in cooking and basic hygiene. The raw material such as grains, vegetables, and spices are sourced locally. Some seasonal produce is also grown in the kitchen garden maintained by each school. The meals consist of rice, a dal or sambhar and a vegetable curry which addresses the basic nutrition requirements of the students. A student committee maintains a calendar which allocates the senior school students as serving staff based on their class timetable. All schools follow a code system using hand signs to request for additional servings of rice, dal, vegetables etc, so that the meal is eaten in silence with minimal interruption to service. Plates are rinsed and washed by students and teachers themselves and then placed in the stock room. Many children who attend the RDF schools come from families with very meager incomes. Due to the absence of any vegetables, fruit or proteins, the nutritional content of their food is very poor. This severely impedes the physical and mental growth of the children. By providing at least one tasty and nutritious meal to these kids, two issues are addressed; the health of the children and incentivizing the parent to send their child to school. When you donate to this program, you help in providing poor school going children with one good meal a day.
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There's no such thing as a free lunch
The economic theory, and also the lay opinion, that whatever goods and services are provided, they must be paid for by someone – i.e. you don't get something for nothing. The phrase is also known by the acronym of 'there ain't no such thing as a free lunch' – tanstaafl.
Before discussing the origin of 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' it would be useful to go back to the days in which lunches were free. Free lunch was a commonplace term in the USA and, to a lesser extent in Britain, from the mid 19th century onward. It wasn't used to describe handouts of food to the poor and hungry though, it denoted the free food that American saloon keepers used to attract drinkers; for example, this advertisement for a Milwaukee saloon, in The Commercial Advertiser, June 1850:
At The Crescent…
Can be found the choicest of Segars, Wines and Liquors…
N. B. – A free lunch every day at 11 o'clock will be served up.
Free lunches, often cold food but sometimes quite elaborate affairs, were provided for anyone who bought drink. This inducement wasn't popular with the temperance lobby and was also criticized for the same reason that others in the 20th century later introduced the TANSTAAFL idea to economic thinking, i.e. saloon customers always ended up paying for the food in the price of the drinks they were obliged to consume. Indeed, some saloon keepers were prosecuted for false advertising of free lunch as customers couldn't partake of it without first paying money to the saloon.
It was into this context that the economic theorists enter the fray and 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' is coined. It isn't known who coined the phrase. It certainly wasn't the economist Milton Friedman, who was much associated with the term. He was a celebrated Nobel Prize-winning economist and his monetarist theories were highly influential on the Reagan and Thatcher administrations in the 1980s and 90s. Friedman certainly believed that 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' and he published a book with that title in 1975, but wasn't, and never claimed to be, the originator of the phrase.
tanstaaflThe phrase appears to have come about in response to the libertarian views of Henry Wallace, the US Vice President between 1941 and 1945. He wrote an article which was originally published by The Atlantic Monthly in which he suggested a post-WWII worldwide economic regime offering "minimum standards of food, clothing and shelter" for people throughout the world and offering the opinion that "If we can afford tremendous sums of money to win the war, we can afford to invest whatever amount it takes to win the peace". Paul Mallon, a Washington journalist, responded to Wallace's article with a critical piece, published in several US papers, including The Lima News, January 1942:
"Mr. Wallace neglects the fact that such a thing as a 'free' lunch never existed. Until man acquires the power of creation, someone will always have to pay for a free lunch.
The first record I can find of the precise phrase there's no such thing as a free lunch, comes following year, in an editorial in The Long Beach Independent, October 1943, again referring to Wallace:
Now, our secret: Tanstaafl is mnemonic for "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch."


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In this technical note, we provide the connections, pins, and leads for the UltraVolt XS Series of microsize high-voltage power supplies. This document augments the datasheet. A complete datasheet can be found at _URL_.
The XS Series microsize units deliver 0 to 100VDC in a 0.1W miniature package. Output voltage polarity is fixed, either positive or negative. The input voltage available is 5 ±0.5VDC.
Figure 1: XS Series Functional DiagramConnections Overview
Pin 1, Positive power input:
This pin is the positive 5VDC input coming from the system AC/DC, DC/DC or battery low-voltage power source. The input source must be capable of providing at least 60mA (120% of the maximum input current required by the XS Series unit at full load).
Pin 2, Input Power Ground Return:
This pin is the return to the input DC source, the HV Return, and the return for the voltage control signal. This pin should be connected to the system common; however, care should be taken in making separate paths for the signal and HV Return in order to avoid interference.
Pin 3, Control input:
This pin allows the control of the high-voltage output by a low-voltage signal. Using a 0 to 2.5V ±1% positive voltage, the high voltage can be controlled from 0 to 100%. The control 2.5V signal source can be a DAC, op amp, etc. Pin 3 input impedance is 100kΩ. When zero volts is provided (or pin 3 is not connected), no output voltage will be present.
Pin 4, High Voltage Output:
This is the high-voltage output. The pin is located farther away from the other three pins in order to provide the proper clearance for the high voltage. When designing a system PC board, the proper creepage and clearance spacing must be observed.
Case metal tabs:
XS Series units are encapsulated in a tinned steel case with mounting tabs. The case and tabs are internally connected to the Input DC Return. It is recommended that tabs are soldered to the system ground plane. (See tab locations and dimension in the datasheet).
*** END OF TECH NOTE XS-1 ***


text:
Discovered: A camera that can see around corners, why we don't eat smelly foods, the super-Earth is not so super, noise pollution is also bad for plants and abnormal brain development might determine personality.
- This camera takes pictures of things it never saw. Remember that camera that could capture the speed of light we learned all about last December? The brains at the MIT media lab intended on using that technology for a camera that can see around corners. And, they have accomplished just that, creating a contraption that captures images of things around corners. It works like a periscope but instead of using reflective surfaces it uses walls, doors and floors -- things that do not reflect light. That sounds like straight-up magic to us. But, this video claims it's just science being science. [MIT Media Lab]
- Why we don't eat smelly foods. We didn't realize that not eating smelly foods was a thing, because we quite like smelly foods. But science says it's a thing and has also discovered the reason behind the aversion. Our brains and taste-buds tell us to take smaller bites of things with strong aromas because the smaller bites make us taste the food less than bigger ones. "Perhaps, in keeping with the idea that smaller bites are associated with lower flavour sensations from the food and that, there is an unconscious feedback loop using bite size to regulate the amount of flavour experienced," explains researcher Rene A de Wijk. All of this, one day, could be used as some sort of dieting scheme. [BioMed Central Limited]
- The Super Earth is not so super. That new "possibly habitable" Super-Earth science got all excited about isn't all that after all. (Go, original Earth!) It can maybe still support life, because liquid water could possible exist there -- it's all very dubious. One thing is for sure, though. The planet could never transfer life to another one of its solar-system neighbors. "Planet d would have a very small chance of transferring material to the other planets in the Gliese system and, thus, is far more isolated, biologically, than the inner planets of our own solar system," explained researcher Laci Brock. "It really shows us how unique our solar system is." So, should we start calling it not-so-Super-Earth now? [Lunar and Planetary Science]
- Noise pollution is also bad for plants. It makes sense that human noises would scare and probably harm animals, but plants? Science says yes. The animals react to the noise, and thus have different pollination and eating habits. The whole thing has an unintended consequences domino effect thing going on because once the plants change then the whole eco-system changes, attracting different types of animals. [National Evolutionary Synthesis Center]
- If you have this type of personality you might have a brain defect. Are you both gregarious and anxious? (Yes... ) Well it might have something to do with abnormal brain development, which cause a disease called Williams Syndrome, finds research out of NIH. "Scans of the brain's tissue composition, wiring, and activity produced converging evidence of genetically-caused abnormalities in the structure and function of the front part of the insula and in its connectivity to other brain areas in the circuit," explains researcher Karen Berman. [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]


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We thought you might find this article about New York artist Eve Mosher's work interesting. In 2007, she used art to illustrate the potential high water mark for a 100-year flood in New York City. Images from Hurricane Sandy last October show the reality of the flooding that occurred in some of the same places Eve had marked.
Here in Portland, we're working to protect and reconnect natural floodplains as important natural resources and to protect homes and businesses from flooding during some storm events. Environmental Services' East Lents project to restore part of the Johnson Creek floodplain is nearly complete—watch for the 150,000 newly planted native shrubs and trees to really take off this spring. And, last month we announced the exciting purchase of 54 acres of natural area in the Columbia Slough watershed. This property, with sensitive wetlands that store and filter rain water, is a rare remnant of the Columbia River's historic floodplain.
Aerial photo of the January 2009 Johnson Creek flood after a fresh snowfall.
The approx. 70 acre East Lents project area is circled in red.


Punishment of 10 lashes
Punishment of 10 lashes Punishment of 10 lashes
Download Urdu Download Hindi
A new teacher becomes master of the village school. He is a small man, and the parents are afraid that he will not be able to control their unruly children.
In the first class, the teacher tells the children to decide on the rules for class behaviour. Together they decide to abide by the following rules:
The teacher asks, "How should these crimes be punished?"
One of the senior boys says, "They should be punished with 10 lashes."
Later another boy steals the lunch of this senior boy. He is caught, and the teacher says that the crime must be punished.
However, the senior boy sees that the boy to be punished is weak and is not able to bear the punishment. So he tells the teacher to punish him instead.
This is what al-Masih did for us. He took on the punishment that we deserved.


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Kaizen's Industrial Enclosures
Industrial enclosures or industrial partition is a generally used technical term which is used to define a closed engineering structure or separation for a particular area specifically designed and built for the purpose of reduction, minimization or attenuation of noise and heat generated by the machineries or equipment's. Industrial enclosure is the most suitable solution to meet all storage requirement in an industry and also to monitor the day to day activities going on in the manufacturing plant. Kaizen Airtech solutions is the leading manufacturer & supplier of Industrial enclosures and partitions caters various industries for their diverse industrial requirements.
Insulated enclosures to protect machineries & equipment's from heat :
Modular enclosures are made up of individual panels that can be removed easily to facilitate access to enclosed machinery and equipment. They can even be completely disassembled and relocated in a different area of a facility—all without loss.
Dust Proof Enclosures :
Kaizen Airtech solutions provide dust proof, hygiene enclosure according required cleanliness. We have done many projects in cleanroom to control cleanliness and parameters such as temperatures and humidity at required level for various cleanroom classes.
Acoustic Enclosures :
Individual standard panels can be used as sound barriers in various interior and exterior scenarios. Outdoor applications include placement around:
Fabricated Enclosures :
There are a number of different types of commercial and industrial enclosures that can be fabricated and manufactured from metals.
Freestanding Enclosures :
Modular wall systems and support columns, it is easy to create all types of freestanding rooms and walls. These cost-effective structures utilize less material as they require no roof/with roof and can utilize lighting, fire suppression and HVAC service from the existing building.
Negative Pressure Isolation Room :
Negative pressure isolation rooms, airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR) are used by patients for hospitals and medical centres to prevent cross-contaminations and airborne infections from spreading throughout the facility.
These rooms are commonly recommended by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to help protect the public from diseases and infections that spread easily like tuberculosis, measles, and the coronavirus (COVID-19).


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JERUSALEM - An Israeli-Canadian journalist has tracked down two of the iron nails used to crucify Jesus to the cross.
Filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici found the actual nails used to nail Jesus to the cross.
While researching a segment for the History Channel series "Secrets of Christianity," Jacobovici learned something that startled him: In 1990, Israeli archeologists excavating a 2,000-year-old burial cave discovered two Jesus nails crafted by the Romans, but kept the discovery quiet.
They did publicize the discovery of two ossuaries — stone burial boxes filled with human bones — with the inscriptions "Caiaphas" and "Joseph son of Caiaphas." The latter intricately carved ossuary toured the world and is now prominently displayed in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
Two ancient nails were found in the tomb. Jacobivici's conclusion: They must be the nails used to crucify Jesus. "Put it all together and what you have is conclusive proof," he told WWN. "There are no other nails in the tomb."
According to the Gospels, Caiaphas was the Jewish high priest who handed Jesus over to the Romans for crucifixion.
"There's a general scholarly consensus that the tomb where the nails were found likely belonged to Caiaphas. Nails at that time were a dime a dozen, but finding one in a tomb is exceedingly rare," Jacobovici said outside the high stone walls of the Old City, where Jesus spent his final days.
When Jacobovici originally found a brief reference to the nails in the official archeologists' report, "my jaw dropped," he said.
"It would be as if, 2,000 years from now, archaeologists uncovered the cave of Muhammad Ali but neglected to mention the pair of boxing gloves found there. Sure, boxing gloves are common, but perhaps those particular gloves had special significance to the boxer?"
The history detective searched the IAA's vast warehouses and then tried to find the location of the long-sealed tomb, which now lies beneath a public park.
Finally, on a hunch, Jacobovici approached Israel Hershkovitz, a forensic anthropologist at Tel Aviv University, who is also expert on crucifixions.
"When I asked Hershkovitz if he'd received two nails about 20 years ago, he knew exactly what I was talking about and located them within minutes," Jacobovici recalled.
Hershkovitz could not say where the nails had been found because the original packaging lacked the information. He could not be reached for comment.
The limestone residue on one of the nails clinched it for Jacobovici, "because one of the nails was found in the ossuary, the other on the ground" of the burial cave, where it would be exposed to limestone.
Jacobovici is certain his research will withstand scrutiny.
"Skepticism is good. As with the Shroud of Turin, you can't be 100 percent certain, but believers don't need 100 percent certainty. They need a solid 'could be,' and that's what we're offering."


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2EQENV, C2EQSPEC and C2EQFIN, see the section "Updating the configuration files."
The UNIX directory where the collection process is to leave its data.
- Do not start the process until you finish updating your configuration.
- The first run fails with a CKR0945 message because the cutoff file does not yet exist. There is no harm in this failure; the file is created during this first job or started task. Just rerun.
Assigning a userid and preparing a directory to store the LEEF data
You must assign and prepare a UNIX directory where the LEEF data is stored for retrieval by QRadar. Like any UNIX directory, it must have both an owning user and an owning group. You probably want to use the home directory of the userid that runs the collection process (or a subdirectory of the home directory), and you probably want to use a dedicated file system.
zSecure provides three different jobs to create the required user and group, home directory, and file system:
1. Select the job that applies to your External Security Manager (RACF, ACF2, or Top Secret).
2. Adapt the job according to your conventions for users, groups, uids, gids, and data sets.
3. Depending on your choice for a batch job or a started task, uncomment the actions that create a SURROGAT or a STARTED profile, (for RACF, or the ACF2 or Top Secret equivalent). This step ensures that the process runs under the designated userid.
4. Specify the size of the file system, based on the amount of SMF data that is generated between two consecutive retrievals by the QRadar appliance. Allow for a margin to accommodate for SMF peaks or QRadar outages.
5. Run the job.
Make sure that the file system is mounted after subsequent IPLs. You might want to use the automount facility.
Updating the configuration files
If you want to use a new zSecure configuration data set (often called CKRPARM, although you can use any data set name), run job CKRZPOST. For information, see Chapter 6, "Deploying the software," in the IBM Security zSecure CARLa-Driven Components: Installation and Deployment Guide.
You can use an existing CKRPARM data set, but if it was created by an older level of zSecure, members C2EQENV, C2EQSPEC,and C2EQFIN might be missing. If so, copy these members from the SCKRCARL and SCKRSAMP libraries.
If you want further customization, also copy members C2EQ0ES, C2EQXES, and C2EQCES.
Then, customize the members:
1. Adapt member C2EQENV to specify your input: specify the UNLOAD and CKFREEZE data set that you refresh every day with the C2RJPREP job. See "Using a fresh CKFREEZE and UNLOAD each day" in the IBM Security zSecure CARLa-Driven Components: Installation and Deployment Guide.If you are using Top Secret, remove the UNLOAD allocation, because that does not apply to Top Secret.
2. Adapt member C2EQSPEC to specify your input and output:
a. Specify the same UNLOAD and CKFREEZE data set that you specified in member C2EQENV.
b. Specify the SMF that you selected as input, either as the name of a logstream, or by using the DSNPREF parameter. See "Making the SMF records available for QRadar" in the IBM Security zSecure CARLa-Driven Components: Installation and Deployment Guide.If you use the DSNPREF parameter, specify the DELETE parameter, so that the data sets that you created for this purpose during SMF offload are deleted after successful processing.
c. Specify the absolute path of the LEEF files. For log sources that do not occur in your system (for instance, for ACF2 when your system uses RACF, or the reverse), you can direct the output to /dev/null; this action avoids writing LEEF files that consist of only a zip header. For the other LEEF files, do not change the file name, and make sure that the directory part of the path matches the C2EQPATH parameter.
d. Specify the absolute path for the time-based cutoff file. This file is the one identified as TYPE=SMFHWIN and TYPE=SMFHWOUT. Make sure that you specify the same file in both cases.
Note: If you need to recover a lost SMF interval, blank out this file in order to prevent skipping the time period that you want to recover. After recovery is done, edit it back to the previous contents.
e. If desired, specify output options. The default options are in the zSecure-supplied sample member.
3. Adapt member C2EQFIN to specify the retention period (in hours) for the LEEF files.
4. Optionally, adapt members C2EQ0ES, C2EQXES, and C2EQCES as follows:
CARLa that is to be processed at the start of processing. You can use this member, for example, when IBM or vendor software writes badly formatted SMF records that cause errors. In this case, IBM Software Support can supply a set of CARLa statements to use until the problems with the OEM vendor are solved, or a more permanent solution is built.
You can also exploit this member to specify the right CCSID when translating, for example, double byte character set (DBCS) characters to UTF-8. For instance, for Japanese Latin extended Unicode, you can include the following CARLa statement:
CARLa EXCLUDEs for the SMF selection.
CARLa to customize the z/OS Log Source to also map installation-defined events. For example, you might have a product in place with its own SMF records.
Configuring QRadar to download the LEEF files
On the QRadar Console, specify the properties of the Log source. The following figure shows an example screen. See the Configuring DSMs Guide for QRadar for more information.
Configuring QRadar to show z/OS-specific event properties
QRadar shows a number of normalized event properties automatically. Additional fields can be added as custom properties in the QRadar user interface.
A list of appropriate fields that you will want to consider is listed in the document entitled QRadar Custom Event Properties for IBM z/OS in the IBM Security QRadar SIEM version 7.2.0 Product Documentation.
|Security||IBM Security zSecure Audit for ACF2||z/OS||1.13.0||All Editions|
|Security||IBM Security zSecure Audit for Top Secret||z/OS||1.13.0||All Editions|


(WEBINAR) Interoceptive Exposures for Youth Anxiety CBT Treatment: The Who What When Where and Why
CE Type:
# of CE's:
0.2 IACET CE's
Interoceptive, or "sensational" exposures, are a powerful therapeutic tool to support youth with anxiety to learn to manage and cope with the distressing physical symptoms associated with anxiety. These strategies guide youth to intentionally bring on physical symptoms associated with anxiety, practice experiencing rather than avoiding them, and become empowered to cope with them. This presentation will present the rationale for using interoceptive exposures and provide step by step guidance for clinicians to deliver them.
Learning Objectives:
 1. Delineate the rationale for using interoceptive exposures within the context of youth anxiety treatment.
 2. List the steps of an effective interoceptive exposure.
 3. Identify clients on their caseload that may benefit from interoceptive exposure exercises.
Intended Audience:
Practicing mental health clinicians with prior training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy who may encounter youth experiencing significant anxiety on their caseloads.
Instructional Level:
Completion Requirements:


Fisheries Infosite
Rough Skate 3, 4, 5 and 6 (Combined) (RSK3)
Maori name
Scientific name
Zearaja nasuta
Physical characteristics
Rough Skates are brown with multiple white spots on top and white undersides. As their name suggests, they have many small prickles covering their top surface that are more prominent on the males. Rough Skate can grow to a body length (not including tail) of 79 cm.
Life cycle
Rough Skate have a maximum age of 9 years. Maturity in females is reached at a length of 59 cm and 6 years of age. Males reach maturity at 52 cm and 4 years old. Rough Skate lay two eggs at a time in spring-summer, but it is not known how often this happens in a year.
Rough Skate are most commonly found around the South Island, but are known all around New Zealand. They are found on sandy or muddy bottom surfaces at depths down to 500 m.
Key statistics
Reported commercial catch1 (tonnes)
Quota value estimate2 (NZ$m)
Exports estimate2 (NZ$m)


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India's poorest areas suffer the heat, mostly in MP and Chhattisgarh, as govt plans target cities
Researchers used data from the 2011 Census, the district level household survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation to create a Heat Vulnerability Index that found 10 districts facing a "very high risk" due to the heat conditions.india Updated: May 20, 2017 13:09 IST
People living in underdeveloped parts of central India are most vulnerable to the health impacts of heat waves, a Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) for India has found.
The index considered various factors including a person's age, caste, income and health, as well as the green cover in an area, as having a bearing on people's heat vulnerability, and its analysis of 640 (of the 707) districts in the country finds 10 districts to be "very high risk." Six of these are in relatively underdeveloped areas in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. In contrast, the 20 districts in the "very low risk" category are mostly in the relatively developed states of Kerala and Goa and the union territory of Lakshadweep.
The Index was published in The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, in March 2017. Researchers used data from the 2011 Census of India, the District Level Household Survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation, combining it statistically to create the index, according to this Rand Corporation blog post by two of the authors, Gulrez Shah Azhar and Jaime Madrigo.
The very high-risk areas, concentrated in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, are less urbanised and people there have fewer household amenities as well as lower rates of literacy and access to water and sanitation.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
These high-risk areas are not the same as areas with high or rising temperatures — the correlation between the HVI and average land surface temperatures is moderate. "When we think of temperature, there are several issues to consider – in addition to temperature there is effect of humidity and radiant heat on mortality. At the same time, local populations are adapted to (used to) the prevailing temperatures. Deaths happen when heat exceeds these adaptation thresholds," Gulrez Shah Azhar, one of the authors, told IndiaSpend.
Azhar gave the example of Dehradun, which reported heat wave deaths at lower temperatures than neighbouring cities in UP last year. "In UP there were much higher temperatures but no reported deaths, since the much higher temperatures are normal for UP," he said, adding, "If we include temperature as a variable in the index itself, it would bias the results towards places with higher normal temperatures."
India's largest avoidable natural disaster
The number of deaths due to heat waves recorded in 2015 – more than 2,400 – was higher than the number of deaths caused by any other natural disaster, according to the ministry of home affairs. In 1998 the death toll was 3,000 and in 2002, over 2,000, according to data from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 2016 action plan for the prevention and management of heat waves. The NDMA is an agency under the ministry of home affairs.
A heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures (more than the normal maximum temperature) that occurs during the summer season, with the resultant atmospheric conditions causing physiological stress, and sometimes death, among affected populations, according to the NDMA.
The Indian Meteorological Department uses several factors to quantify a heat wave:
a. Hot weather conditions are not considered a heat wave unless the maximum temperature reaches 40°C in plain areas and 30°C in the hills.
b. If the normal temperature in an area is less than 40°C, an increase of 5-6°C above 40°C constitutes a moderate heat wave while an increase of 7°C or more is a severe heat wave.
c. When the normal temperature is more than 40°C, an increase of 4-5°C from this normal is considered a moderate heat wave, while an increase of 6°C or more is a severe heat wave.
d. When the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more for two consecutive days, irrespective of normal maximum temperature, it is considered a heat wave.
Despite casualties, and the fact that heat wave deaths occur due to atmospheric conditions, heat waves are not included in the notified list of natural disasters, according to this response by the ministry of home affairs to a question asked in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament.National Disaster Management Authority
Health impacts, mortality and preparedness
In 2016, the NDMA prepared guidelines for state governments to formulate action plans for the prevention and management of heat waves, outlining four key strategies: forecasting heat waves and enabling an early warning system; building capacity of healthcare professionals to deal with heat wave-related emergencies; community outreach through various media; and inter-agency cooperation as well as engagement with other civil society organizations in the region.
The NDMA says adopting these measures has brought heat wave-related mortality down in many places such as Ahmedabad. The city experienced a major heat wave in 2010, and registered over a 1,000 additional deaths in May that year that could be attributed to heat wave conditions. In 2013, the city adopted a 'Heat Action Plan' (HAP) that has reduced mortality in succeeding years. The primary objective of the HAP is to alert populations most at risk of heat-related illness to existing or impending extreme heat conditions, and to take precautions.
At the same time, the India Meteorological Department publishes daily bulletins containing information about the prevailing temperature and a warning for coming days. For example, on May 17, severe heat wave conditions were observed at isolated places over coastal Andhra Pradesh, and heat wave conditions at isolated places over Odisha, Vidarbha and Tamil Nadu, according to this IMD bulletin.
"The combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population makes India vulnerable to heat waves. Vegetable vendors, auto repair mechanics, cab drivers, construction workers, police personnel, road side kiosk operators and mostly weaker sections of the society have to work in the extreme heat to make their ends meet and are extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of heat waves such as dehydration, heat and sun strokes," the NDMA guidelines say, "Therefore, it is not surprising that these workers, homeless people and the elderly constitute the majority of heat wave casualties in India."
The HVI confirmed as much. Pointing out that the high and very high HVI districts are in the central part of the country,the paper said that with a higher tribal population, these states have been at the lower end of various health, education, economic and population growth indicators.
a. Further research using sub-district level data to provide separate indices for urban and rural areas to enable more targeted geographical interventions.
b. Deeper analysis of urban ward-level data to provide intra-city vulnerability patterns.
c. Provision of public messaging (radio, TV), mobile phone-based text messages, automated phone calls and alerts.
d. Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing comfortable clothes.
e. Popularization of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water storage tanks and insulating housing materials.
f. Provision of drinking water within housing premises and indoor toilets.
(Patil is an analyst with IndiaSpend)


Thomas Doyle:
Marine Biologist
Your name?
Thomas Doyle
Your job title?
Marine Biologist
Describe your job and what are your main tasks / responsibilities as a Marine Biologist?
In general, I spend 35% of my time lecturing to undergraduate students, 35% doing research and then the remaining 30% on administration and other university activities including outreach. I teach a range of undergraduate courses (marine zoology, community ecology, introduction to invertebrates). My research expertise is in biotelemetry (animal tracking) and jellyfish ecology.
How do you use mathematics within your job?
I use mathematics all the time, especially for my research. Mathematics is actually at the heart of most of science. For example, as a scientist, I make observations from which I might formulate a hypothesis. However, to test this hypothesis I need to come up with a prediction (based on my hypothesis) that I can test. I then go out and collect data to test my prediction. Then using mathematics (or more specifically 'statistics') I can accept or reject my hypothesis. (Note: generally you develop a 'null hypothesis' as it's impossible to prove a hypothesis is true.)
What type of mathematics do you use to solve problems?
Mostly I use statistics.
Definitely statistics.
What is your education to date?
In terms of sciences subjects, I did biology and physics for my leaving certificate. I then trained (and worked) as an electrician before going back to college to get a Certificate in Sciences at Galway Mayo Institute of Technology (1999). After that I transferred to National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG) to do a BSc in Zoology (competed in 2002). Once I graduated I travelled and worked abroad for a year and then began a PhD on the behaviour and ecology of leatherback sea turtles in Irish waters in 2003. I am now a lecturer in zoology at NUIG.
What advice would you give to someone considering your job?
I would follow the advice that someone once gave to me… find a subject that you love doing and stay true to it. Don't worry about where the jobs are, if you really enjoy a subject you will get really good at it and then a job with find you.
Doing fieldwork is one of the highlights for sure. It's great to be out on a boat or on a rocky shore studying animals. Challenges? Trying to inspire 120 students on a Monday morning about the joys of parasites.


Children urged to make waves
GET off the Xbox and get into the ocean this summer, with the North-West Vegemite SurfGroms children's program.
The robust, cutting-edge junior surf development program teaches kids all about surf conditions, surf survival, beach etiquette, basic first aid and ocean rescue skills - as well as how to surf a gnarly wave.
"We guarantee that you'll be standing up before you complete the course," SurfGroms instructor Joey Cotton said.
The Vegemite SurfGroms program is a national initiative available to anyone aged between five and 12, regardless of experience or ability.
This summer it will be offered in Devonport, Ulverstone and Hawley Beach.
"It's all about introducing kids to a healthy lifestyle that is inherently Australian. Too many kids aren't getting out enough and are opting for the Xbox instead. Summer's approaching, the water is getting warmer - why not make the most of the beach?" Mr Cotton said.
"There aren't too many patrolled beaches on the NorthWest Coast also, making it extra important for kids to be aware of the dangers out there.
"That's where we come in."
SurfGroms is the only surf school operating directly out of the North-West, the next-closest being Scamander on the East Coast.
"Tassie's pretty good in terms of beach fatalities - let's keep it that way," Mr Cotton said.
Tablet - Narrow
Tablet - Wide


By Huan Lee and Stephen Pomeroy, Lambient Technologies
High-speed dielectric cure monitoring has the unique ability to measure cure in real time under actual process conditions, which is valuable for studying materials that polymerize in seconds, such as H.B. Fuller U3345,1 the UV-curable adhesive used for this study. Under UV irradiation, U3345 reacts rapidly and exhibits dynamic behavior that would be difficult or impossible to see with other methods. The utility of dielectric cure monitoring allows measurement of the degree of cure and the response of UV-curable resins to irradiance and exposure.
Dielectric cure monitoring
Dielectric cure monitoring, also known as dielectric analysis (DEA), measures a polymer's resistivity (ρ) and permittivity (ε), which are a material's dielectric properties. Resistivity itself has a frequency independent (ρDC) component due to the flow of mobile ions and a frequency dependent (ρAC) component due to the rotation of stationary dipoles.
Although often called DC resistivity, frequency independent resistivity actually extends across a range of frequencies that includes DC (0 Hz). Because a thermoset's degree of cure affects both mechanical viscosity and frequency independent resistivity, the term ion viscosity was coined to emphasize the relationship between the two. Ion viscosity (IV) is therefore defined as:
Equation 1. IV = ρDC (ohm-cm)
This paper presents and discusses data for log(ion viscosity), which will be called log(IV) for brevity. At constant or near-constant temperature, the change in log(IV) often has a linear or near-linear relationship with the change in degree of cure, as measured by glass transition temperature and other methods.2,3,4 Because ion viscosity correlates with cure state, it is a useful probe of the material state of epoxies, polyurethanes, polystyrenes and especially UV-cured resins.
Dielectric sensors
Figure 1. Dielectric sensor with interdigitated electrodes
Dielectric cure monitors measure the resistance (R) and capacitance (C) of material between a pair of electrodes, which can be modeled as a resistance in parallel with a capacitance. A common configuration is the comb structure or interdigitated electrode, such as the example of Figure 1, the Quarto-Varicon5 dielectric sensor used in this study. This sensor is constructed as a thin polyimide flex circuit with an electrode width and separation of 100 microns.
As a rule of thumb, interdigitated electrodes with the same width and separation measure to a depth approximately equal to the electrode width. Consequently, the sensor used in this study makes a very localized measurement only 100 microns into the sample.
For UV curing, interdigitated sensors may be placed within a sample and away from the surface to avoid any confounding effects from oxygen inhibition, which prevents cure at the interface with the atmosphere.
Ultraviolet light source
The SunSpot 2 UV/Visible Light Curing System6 was the UV source for this study. The high-power output from its arc lamp is wide-band and intensity at the end of the light guide is typically >18,000 mW/cm2 in UVA (320 to 390 nm), with adjustable settings from I = 0 to I = 10 for intensity ranging from 60% to 100%, respectively, of full power.
This UV source uses both a dichroic filter and mirror to greatly reduce IR transmission through the light guide. Absorption of radiation in the remaining visible/UVA/UVB/UVC wavelengths, nevertheless, can produce considerable heating of samples at high irradiances.
U3345 is a UV-curable, modified acrylate adhesive using a phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide photoinitiator. After excitation, this photoinitiator undergoes cleavage to produce initiating radicals that drive cure. Since these photoproducts have reduced absorption in the visible/UV spectrum, the photoinitiator becomes bleached, enabling deeper penetration of UV and curing of thicker coatings.
Figure 2. Test set-up for UV cure
The experimental set-up is shown in Figure 2. At the end of the light guide, a collimator concentrated the light and projected it onto a platform for the sample. For each test, U3345 UVcurable adhesive was applied to a new dielectric sensor, resulting in a sample 7 mm x 20 mm in area and approximately 1 mm thick. The sample was placed on the platform at the estimated center of the irradiance profile. A thermocouple beside the sensor enabled temperature measurements during and after exposure.
Table 1. Relative irradiance for tested combinations of standoff and intensity
Each test used a standoff of 15 cm, 20 cm, 38 cm or 48 cm between the collimator and platform. UV source intensity was set to I = 0, 5 or 10, corresponding to 60%, 83% or 100% of full intensity, respectively. Lack of a UV meter prevented direct measurement of irradiance, so it was estimated from the rising and falling temperature profile during a test. These data were used to model a hypothetical thermal source for each exposure. The temperature of this hypothetical source was assumed to be proportional to actual irradiance at the sample and was used to derive the relative irradiances of Table 1. Without absolute UV power measurements, irradiance during a test was given a relative value from Table 1 to enable comparisons among results.
An LT-631 High-Speed Dielectric Cure Monitor7 measured ion viscosity with an excitation frequency of 100 Hz at a rate of 60 ms/data point. To ensure capture of the entire cure, the UV source was turned on five seconds after the start of data acquisition.
Cure from a single, low-intensity exposure
Figure 3. Ion viscosity of U3345, single exposure
After a single exposure of U3345 to brief, low intensity UV, the ion viscosity and temperature were measured for 60 seconds. Standoff was 48 cm and the UV source intensity setting was I = 0 with an exposure time of one second. From Table 1 the relative irradiance = 1.0. Ion viscosity data from this test, shown in Figure 3, reveals three events:
UV cure during exposure. Before irradiation, the U3345 is at 0% degree of cure and the initial log(IV) = 6.9. During the one-second exposure, ion viscosity suddenly increases to log(IV) = 7.0 due to the curing process. Thermocouple temperature increases about 0.5°C due to absorption of light. Measured as the change in ion viscosity, cure is relatively slight, probably due to a time lag in the presence of activated photoinitiators at sensor level as they diffuse from the surface.
Dark cure after exposure. The activated photoinitiators continue to diffuse to the sensor and drive cure, indicated by the increase in ion viscosity, for a considerable time after UV exposure ends. As the photoinitiators are consumed, the cure process slows and ion viscosity asymptotically approaches a constant value. Because the sample is approximately 1 mm thick, cure should be both quicker and more complete near the surface, or quicker and more complete with a thinner coating.
End of cure. The asymptotic value of log(IV) = 7.8 at the end of cure, which occurs at approximately 60 seconds after exposure.
Cure from cumulative exposures
Figure 4. Ion viscosity of U3345, multiple exposures of one second each
To investigate the effect of successive exposures, three samples of U3345 at different standoffs were exposed for one second at a time with UV source intensity = 0 and at one-minute intervals. The samples, which had standoffs of 48 cm, 38 cm and 20 cm, have relative irradiances of 1.0, 2.1 and 9.3, respectively, with each exposure. The results are shown in Figure 4.
The plot of Figure 3 actually is the first minute of the data in Figure 4 for a 48 cm standoff. Although the reaction in Figure 3 essentially ends after about 60 seconds, it is clear from Figure 4 that cure is incomplete at this point. Furthermore, the data show that maximum log(IV) after each incremental cure is proportional to the cumulative exposure. In each case, higher ion viscosity also corresponds to higher degree of cure.
The data show that two exposures at relative irradiance = 2.1 are sufficient to reach a plateau of log(IV) ~10.8, while only one exposure at relative irradiance = 9.3 is necessary. Also, once the plateau is reached, additional exposures do not change the ion viscosity level, indicating the U3345 has reached 100% degree of cure. It is important to note that Figure 4 describes the behavior of cure at the bottom of a 1 mm thick sample, with the cure rate there depending on the concentration of photoinitiators as they diffuse from the top. Coatings of different thicknesses would have different profiles of ion viscosity versus exposure and time, which in turn may yield information about diffusion rates.
Table 2. Standoff distances, relative irradiances and relative exposures
Table 2 lists the relative irradiances and cumulative relative exposures for each test. Max log(IV) is the value at the end of cure following each exposure and is indicated in Figure 4 as well as listed in Table 2. Figure 5 plots maximum log(IV) versus cumulative relative


I need a 8 m x 4 m x 0.6 m RC plinth (mechanical requirement) which needs to be built onto loose gravel. Obviously I am going to over excavate, back fill with selected material and bed my plinth on that.
The plinth accommodates 2 x 65 m3 water tanks, placed symmetrically. The tanks are $\phi$3 m, 9 m high and weigh 796 kN when full. The wind load on each creates a 206 kNm moment and horizontal force of 38 kN.
I need to design the plinth for bending and check the soil for shear failure. I assume the max. bearing capacity of the soil to be 150 kPa.
I want to simulate this using FEM. How do I address the support conditions. I understand that I should use springs as supports, but how would I get the equivalent spring constants if my spring is soil?
 - $\begingroup$ What is the purpose of the FEA? Is this a learning exercise, or do you just want to design the tank foundation and think that FEA is the way to go? Your answer to this comment is crucial as it differentiates between putting you in a world of hurt (and much cost) or a rather simple RC design... $\endgroup$ – Paul Uszak Dec 4 '15 at 21:52
 - $\begingroup$ This is a real design, for a real project. My design suite has a module that employs FEA for beams on elastic supports, i.e. ground beams. This module does meshing and modelling the springs in the background. But I wish to understand the FEA modelling side so I can use the 3D modelling software to do the same. $\endgroup$ – SlydeRule Dec 5 '15 at 5:27
Before jumping into elastic support conditions, you have to realise that it's not a ground beam. For three reasons:
 1. With a minor axis width to depth ratio of 6ish, it's not far away from a square. If you stick a wide support somewhere near the ends of the section, the load will simply arch over the supports in pure compression. You'd almost be able to build it in brickwork!
 2. Ground beams by definition span between supports. Your plinth is continuously supported by the fill. It's a raft if anything.
 3. Also, how will you apply the moment? Water does't transfer bending moment.
The approximations suggested by Wasabi of the ground elasticity will totally negate your efforts at an accurate assessment of stresses within both the supports and the plinth.
If you're going to use an FEA analysis, you'll be looking at modelling the plinth as several layers of concrete cubes, sat on several more layers of cubes of fill, all within a surrounding matrix of cubes representing the gravel. If you're designing a skyscraper have at it, otherwise the soil investigations and modelling effort required would make this one of the most over designed structures I've ever seen. Do the following:
 1. Treat the plinth as infinitely stiff
 2. Check that the allowable bearing pressure isn't exceeded by either the dead weigh with a uniform ground pressure, or a triangular ground pressure due to the moment when the tanks are empty, or both.
 3. Design the plinth for bending and shear due to the same load patterns
 4. Ignore the lateral 38. The plinth won't slide due to self weight and friction.
You could do this in an afternoon after getting back from the pub. Flippancy aside, I've done similar (your approach) for a multimillion pound project. Don't. It's a pig.
What you need is the modulus of subgrade reaction (MSR) of the soil. This is a measure of soil deflection under a given pressure, so the unit is in (for example) kPa/m, or equivalently, as I'm more accustomed to see it, kN/m3.
MSR is obtained via plate-bearing tests, but there are also quite a few different tables that give some "typical values" for different soil compositions (obtained via plate-bearing tests). That being said, these tables can present huge ranges for a given soil type. I've found some tables here (page 37), here (Table C.3 on pages _PHONE_) and here (Table 1.2 page 16).
Technically this does not mean, however, that you can simply get the MSR and multiply it by the tributary area of each element since MSR isn't a soil property but a shorthand for the interaction between the soil and the foundation (different foundation sizes and shapes imply in different MSR values). There are equations you can use to find the corrected MSR, references to which can be found here (section 5.2.2 starting on page 128).
That being said, I have seen some people (including books) simply adopt the default MSR, so do that at your own risk. Foundations aren't my specialty, so I can't even say how significant the correction equation is.
Your Answer


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Enderby Land is a projecting land mass of Antarctica. Its shore extends from Shinnan Glacier at about to William Scoresby Bay at, approximately 1⁄24 of the earth's longitude. It was first documented in western and eastern literature in February 1831 by John Biscoe aboard the whaling brig Tula, and named after the Enderby Brothers of London, the ship's owners who encouraged their captains to combine exploration with sealing.
Coasts and mountain ranges [ edit ]
Coastal features include Amundsen Bay, Casey Bay and Cape Monakov. Mountain ranges or sub-ranges being crests above pack ice (escarpments), are the Scott Mountains, the Tula Mountains, and the Napier Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Elkins at 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) Above Ordnance Datum (conventional sea level).
Nation state claims [ edit ]
Subject to the constraints of the Antarctic Treaty System, the longest-held nation-state claimant rights in the territory is Australia, being a large part of its claimed Australian Antarctic Territory up to various high latitudes towards the South Pole.
See also [ edit ]
- Church Nunataks
- Geology of Enderby Land
- Mawson Station
- History of Antarctica
- List of Antarctic expeditions
References [ edit ]
[ edit ]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enderby Land.|
- Australian Antarctic Gazetteer
- United States Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
- PDF Map of the Australian Antarctic Territory
|This Enderby Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
1. Compare and contrast the Ipsos-ASI Next*TV measure with rsc's ARS Persuasion method. 2. In the context of the discussion of single-source data, explain the difference between weight tests and copy tests. Illustrate your understanding of the difference between these two types of tests by designing a hypothetical weight test and then a copy test for the same brand. 3. With reference to Frito-Lay's copy tests in the results reveal that of the 23 commercials tested, only 57 percent of the tests generated significant differences in sales between the split panels tested. Assume that Frito-Lay's results are applicable to television advertising in general. What is your general conclusion from this key finding?
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School Assemblies Should Not Be Mandatory
School assemblies are draining, ineffective, and a waste of valuable time that could be used to educate students.
Assemblies are supposed to spread news to students, but often times students do not pay attention or just don't care about the information being shared. Students use assemblies as a way out of class to spend time with peers. Because of this, assemblies are a joke.
Instead of school assemblies being mandatory, Howell should make assemblies optional.
Some students enjoy pep assemblies, and the festivities that occur during them. Others view assemblies as unproductive and boring.
Students should sign up to attend the assemblies prior to the day they will occur.
Those who don't attend the assembly would instead go in classrooms, or into the small gym, as this space will not be used during the time of the assembly. Staff members not attending would watch over the students.
Those who don't go to the assembly would use the time as a study hall or for other educational purposes. Students could also spend the assembly time in the small gym by participating in games or activities arranged by teachers.
Eliminating forced attendance to assemblies would be a positive, and would encourage more participation and school spirit.
Students who choose to attend assemblies would get a better opportunity to absorb the information being shared. The gym would also be a lot less crowded if people were given the choice to attend assemblies. Those who enjoy attending the assemblies would have a better opportunity to enjoy the experience, as it will not be as jampacked.
Students who view assemblies as a free time with their peers also will not disrupt those paying attention when information is being given. Not forcing assemblies on students would enable everyone to use their time in a more positive and productive way.
School assemblies should not be mandatory. Demanding that all students come to assemblies causes more chaos, and makes the assemblies less enjoyable because they are forced. Giving students the freedom to choose would make assemblies much more enjoyable for everyone, and would help encourage school spirit.


their length. Patient questions were divided into quartiles each containing 25% of the messages (Table 4). This confirmed that for most of the questions, the effect of question length on answer time was negligible. The answer time was 2.1 minutes (95% CI 1.9–2.3) for the shortest 25% of questions and 2.4 minutes (95% CI 2.2–2.7) for the longest 25%.
Time physicians spent answering patients' questions by question length
Patient question length Number of answers Physician answer time in minutes (95% CI)
Quartile Number of characters
1 0–308 278 2.1 (1.9–2.3)
2 309–398 280 2.3 (2.1–2.5)
3 399–594 277 2.2 (1.9–2.5)
4 595–3315 278 2.4 (2.2–2.7)
Hypothesis B states that the longest questions would consume an unreasonably large amount of physicians' time resources. These questions were defined as being the top 10% of questions (110 questions) with regard to length (>916 characters) (see Table 5).
Time physicians spent answering the longest 10% of patients' questions
Number of questions Patient question (mean number of characters) Physician answer time (minutes)
Shortest 90% of questions (≤916 characters) 1003 420 2.2
Longest 10% of questions (>916 characters) _PHONE_ 2.6
As shown in Table 5, the 10% longest patient questions were approximately 3 times the length of shorter questions (420 characters versus 1300 characters). However, the physicians spent on average 18% more time answering the 10% longest questions (2.6 minutes compared with 2.2 minutes). These results were not in favor of hypothesis B.
The results give mixed support to the hypotheses. As expected, the length of patients' questions predicted answer time, but the analysis also shows that the predictive value is negligible compared with the length of the physicians' answers. We did not find conclusive support for the hypothesis that very long patient messages should have a large effect on physician answer length and answering time. Instead, we observed a modest increase in physician answer length and only a marginal increase in answering time related to extremely long patient questions.
As noted, one of the main reasons physicians are skeptical about electronic communication is the potential for increased workload [12]; for instance, physicians might fear that patients would overuse it or that responding to questions would be time consuming. The results of the current study show, however, that these specific concerns might be unfounded. While it does take extra time to read long questions from the patient, this does not have large effects on the total time used by physicians to answer patient inquiries. In fact, a threefold (300%) increase in patient question length resulted in only an 18% increase in physician response time. Even though the average numbers may support the effectiveness of an electronic communication system, and other studies indicate that responses to email messages do not take more time than responses to nonelectronic patient messages [13], one may still question whether extreme cases will jeopardize these effects in a real-life office setting. Based on the current results these concerns appear unfounded. The average physician response time to a patient message was 2.3 minutes using the systems described in this study. Only 1.5% of questions took more than 10 minutes to answer. When compared against the average consultation time in Norwegian general practice (15–20 minutes) [14], even these unusual cases will have to be regarded as time saving, if the electronic messages substitute patients' office visits [6]. It is, however, unlikely that electronic messages can be a substitute for office visits in a one-to-one relationship. Other studies have shown that electronic messages can replace phone calls [7,8], and it is very likely that electronic messaging will find relevance as a supplement to personal encounters, for instance by recommendation of ethical guidelines [15].
Results from other investigations indicate that patients are willing to adapt to guidelines regarding the focus and content of messages [4], which should help to minimize the potential problem of lengthy patient questions. Obviously, the time-saving potential is highly dependent on electronic messages substituting for patient office visits [6].
This study included a considerable proportion of Norwegian physicians using electronic patient communication at the time the study was performed. It is not self-evident that the result would be valid for all physicians using similar services. An alternative approach would be to select a random sample of all physicians using electronic communication. At the time of the study, only a few Norwegian physicians were offering electronic communication services. A random sample could therefore be biased toward physicians being positive to electronic communication. In some countries, for instance Denmark [1], it has become mandatory for physicians to offer electronic communication services. In such contexts, a similar study based on random selection would be feasible.
The current study does not involve analysis of the content of the messages. The main challenge in doing this would be that it would require written consent from every patient. However, a prior study in similar populations has shown that only a small proportion of these messages are used for simple administrative purposes such as scheduling [11]. Instead, the majority of the patient messages are concerned with health-related questions, and requesting prescriptions, test results, and documentation for medical leave.
The average time spent answering messages might be influenced by factors such as workload and reimbursement policies. This limits the external validity of the current results. However, the investigated relationships between variables (eg, that the length of patients' messages had limited impact on the answer time), rather than their absolute values, are much more likely to also be valid in other cultural contexts.
Studies have demonstrated how email and electronic messaging systems can be used to promote balanced and patient-centered communication [16], in support of clinical decision making [17-19]. We believe the results reported here further extend the clinical usefulness of electronic communication between patients and health care providers by demonstrating the potential for saving time.
This study was supported by a grant from Helse Nord RHF. Thanks to Gro Berntsen, Trine S Bergmo, and Ellen Ersfjord for various contributions to this project.
None declared
Kummervold PE Chronaki CE Lausen B Prokosch HU Rasmussen J Santana S Staniszewski A Wangberg SC eHealth trends in Europe 2005-2007: a population-based survey J Med Internet Res 2008 10 4 e42 10.2196/jmir.1023 _PHONE_ v10i4e42 PMC2629359 Wallwiener M Wallwiener CW Kansy JK Seeger H Rajab TK Impact of electronic messaging on the patient-physician interaction J Telemed Telecare 2009 15 5 243 50 10.1258/jtt.2009.090111 _PHONE_ 15/5/243 Patt MR Houston TK Jenckes MW Sands DZ Ford DE Doctors who are using e-mail with their patients: a qualitative exploration J Med Internet Res 2003 5 2 e9 10.2196/jmir.5.2.e9 _PHONE_ PMC1550557 White CB Moyer CA Stern DT Katz SJ A content analysis of e-mail communication between patients and their providers: patients get the message J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004 11 4 260 7 10.1197/jamia.M1445 _PHONE_ M1445 PMC436072 Caffery L Smith AC Scuffham PA An economic analysis of email-based telemedicine: a cost minimisation study of two service models BMC Health Serv Res 2008 8 107 10.1186/_PHONE_-8-107 _PHONE_ _PHONE_-8-107 PMC2413229 Bergmo TS Kummervold PE Gammon D Dahl LB Electronic patient-provider communication: will it offset office visits and telephone consultations in primary care? Int J Med Inform 2005 09 74 9 705 10 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.06.002 _PHONE_ S1386-5056(05)00066-3 Liederman EM Lee JC Baquero VH Seites PG Patient-physician web messaging. The impact on message volume and satisfaction J Gen Intern Med 2005 01 20 1 52 7 10.1111/j._PHONE_.2005.40009.x _PHONE_ JGI40009 PMC1490042 Lin CT Wittevrongel L Moore L Beaty BL Ross SE An Internet-based patient-provider communication system: randomized controlled trial J Med Internet Res 2005 7 4 e47 10.2196/jmir.7.4.e47 _PHONE_ v7i4e47 PMC1550679 Visma Unique AS 2009 2011-08-25 Online Kontakt med Helsepersonell 61CuvtTe0 DIPS ASA, Profdoc Norge AS 2011 01 18 2011-08-25 minDoktor.no 61Cuxev47 Kummervold PE Trondsen M Andreassen H Gammon D Hjortdahl P [Patient-physician interaction over the internet] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004 10 21 124 20 2633 6 155346


In a Surprise Discovery, Researchers Used a Laser Beam to Create a Stream of Liquid
This discovery could advance microchip technology.
8. 31. 17 by Dom Galeon
Kevin Doncaster/Flickr
A Force of Light
They're calling it laser streaming. No, it's not a new sport or some Netflix-like pastime. Instead it's a new observable phenomenon involving fluids and laser beams. Thanks to engineers from the University of Houston (UH) in Texas, we've now realized that it's possible for highly focused, beams of light — aka lasers — to transfer its momentum to create a stream of liquid.
"Transforming a laser beam into a mass flow has been a challenge both scientifically and technologically," the researchers, led by UH engineer Jiming Bao, wrote in a study published online. Usually, light simply passes through water, unless forced to interact with another medium it could "push" — like air.
"Here we report the discovery of a new optofluidics principle and demonstrate the generation of a steady-state water flow by a pulsed laser beam through a glass window." In short, they were able to use a laser beam to generate liquid streams inside a fluid.
Image credit: Jiming Bao, et al.
A Stream of Potential Uses
Bao and his colleagues found that it's possible for a laser to push water if it contains gold nanoparticles. To demonstrate this rather unique phenomenon, they shine a pulsed green laser through a liquid container's glass wall. Within minutes, it produces a current of liquid streaming along the direction of the laser beam. "The flows appear as liquid analogues of laser beams and move in the same directions of the refracted beams as if they are directly driven by photons of laser beams," they wrote. "We call this phenomenon laser streaming."
Click to View Full Infographic
Nanoparticles can absorb green light because it resonates close to the frequency of the electrons these contain. The particles expand and contract as they heat up and cool down with each laser pulse, generating acoustic waves in the water — a phenomenon long-known, called acoustic streaming.
This discovery has significant applications, particularly for lab-on-a-chip experiments where moving liquids at a microscopic scale can be crucial, as well is in nanofabrication and even laser propulsion. As Bao and his colleagues explained in their paper, "Laser streaming will find applications in optically controlled or activated devices such as microfluidics, laser propulsion, laser surgery and cleaning, mass transport or mixing, to name just a few."
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פורום בינלאומי לנושא סת"ם
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
where does the word "vellish" come from?
I was totally stumped today when someone asked me why sefardi sksav is called vellish and where the word comes from, particularly since it sounds like an ashkenazic name.
 1. A few years ago, I sent this question to Dr. Marc Caplan, Tadetnick Professor of Yiddish studies at Johns Hopkins University.
 He did some research and wrote back that "Vellish" is from the German "wälsch," which means "Foreign."
 The original German word literally means "Welsh," and is the old German/anglo saxon word for the celts, to whom they collectively labled: Welsh.
 How Vellish is that?!
 2. I also did some research on this a while ago and came up with a similar answer: "Vellish" is from the old German word welsch meaning "Romanic" — which was originally a reference to the French and Italians.
 In Yiddish the word came to refer to Jews from Spain and Portugal, and in STAM the word came to refer to all Sfardi-style writing.
 3. Good question and even better answer. Tks!
 4. A response from someone I know who has a good yedia in these sort of things...
 "My guess - and I bet I am right - is that it originally meant "Italian," since "welsch" and "welschland" were archaic German names for Italian and Italy. So it was probably the form of the ksav which originated, or was felt to originate, in Italy. Don't be thrown off by the fact that it refers to the Sefardi ksav. First of all, until recently Sefardim were called "Frenks" in Yiddish, which is obviously derived from "French." For that matter, the Sefardim in Greece and Turkey used to call Italian Jewish merchants who lived among them "Francos."
 By that token, by "Welsch" was also meant many things. See here:
 where you can see that it is a term that meant many things in different parts of Europe. It is the origin of Wales, and from it is derived the Celts and also the Gauls (which refer to the French). Similarly, it also used to refer to "Southern Europe" in general, and not only Italy.
 To sum up: I think it meant Italian, but don't assume that it actually came from Italy. Most people who used it were only calling it what they already knew it was called."
 As you can see a similar response to what is mentioned here already.
 5. i saw last week in a sefer (i forgot which, it was written at least 100 years ago), that vellish is the name of the city that first started using those letters for their printing press


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Time period: 3 Days, starting on March 6th, 2017.
Anonymous Review. Winners sponsored by EPIC Metals.
Prompt: The teachers at the Pittsburgh Environmental Charter School would like to create a prototype self-sufficient shelter to engage their students in learning about the universe through celestial observations. The prototype shelter will first be installed on their Milton Street site. After using and evaluating the prototype, the design will be refined through iteration and the actual shelters will be constructed and deployed in the Laurel Highlands. The shelter must produce all the energy that its occupants need from bio or renewable energy systems. It must protect the occupants from wind, rain and snow and allow night time observations of the sky.
Designed like a chashitsu (Japanese tearoom), the celestial observation shelter is a simple one-story space planned intentionally to be almost uncomfortably small, with little to no fenestration on each of the four walls. This provides an environment for intimacy and conversation, while directing attention towards the sky above.
This geometry is inspired by the hull of ships which represents adventure and discovery and the sextant, an instrument of maritime navigation and astronomical study, emphasizing the practical use of celestial observation as a means of way-finding and understanding our relative presence in the universe.
Complimenting this sense of curiosity with a greater understanding of its origins, a camera obscura allows for the entrance of the universe through a projection onto the floor, an opportunity to use the space as a dynamic learning environment. Bringing the wonders of the universe into the confines of a "classroom", where students can feel their presence amongst the stars.
Enhancing a sense of continuity, and constant awareness of being in a vessel. A single plane swoops from the entrance of the universe to its exit. The plane forms the space, acting as a floor system, an enclosure system and a structural system.
Loosing oneself as the universe opens up above. A series of operable windows slide open to allow for the eventual exit of the universe and accentuate the vertical relationship.
The shelter is designed as an aggregation of attach additional bays to the end in the event of an expansion. The adjustable footings produced in the sectional perspective below also allows situation in uneven terrains.


Lawrence Cemeteries: Haskell Children's Cemetery
Haskell Indian Nations University opened in 1884 as a boarding school for Native Americans. Due to poor conditions, many of those in attendance died and were buried at the southeast end of campus.
There is a marker just outside the cemetery that reads: "The Haskell Cemetery has approximately 100 students buried here. The child's name, tribal affiliation, date of birth and death are engraved on their headstones. Some causes of death were listed as consumption (Tuberculosis), pneumonia, accidental death, typhoid-malaria, heart and kidney problems. The earliest burial was 1885 and the last burial was 1943. Please, be respectful of the offerings left on the headstones."
Legend has it that the cemetery at Haskell is haunted, that you can hear the children buried there cry after dark.
As for me, I went during the day.