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In the state of Florida, we're no stranger to high winds. However, many people don't realize that, in addition to the damage that they can cause to homes and personal property, high winds can also cause devastating auto accidents. As a driver, there are certain precautions you can take when operating your car, truck, or other motor vehicle in high winds to minimize the risk of such an accident and help protect your safety and the safety of others.
If you have been involved in an auto accident involving poor weather conditions, you may be entitled to compensation for losses and expenses related to any injuries you sustained. The personal injury attorneys of Chanfrau & Chanfrau have extensive experience and a history of success in handling cases involving auto accidents and high winds in the Holly Hill, FL region, and they would be pleased to evaluate your case and advise you of your legal rights and options.
Please contact our personal injury law firm today to arrange for an evaluation of your auto accident case. In the meanwhile, feel free to read the following tips to help you avoid auto accidents caused by high winds in the future.
Helpful Tips to Avoid Auto Accidents Caused by High Winds
By following these tips, you can minimize the risk of serious auto accidents caused by high winds:
- Maintain a safe driving speed: It is more difficult to keep control of your vehicle at higher speeds even when the weather is perfect; however, when the winds are high, speeding dramatically increases your risk of losing control. Keep yourself safe by slowing down during high winds.
- Stay away from large vehicles: If you drive a passenger vehicle, steer clear of large commercial trucks, buses, and other larger vehicles on the road. These taller, less aerodynamic vehicles tend to be more difficult to maneuver in high winds.
- Be on the lookout for flying debris: It isn't just the wind itself you have to be mindful of during high winds. Watch out for flying debris and remember that, the faster you are driving, the more dangerous the impact with such debris will be.
- Avoid downed power lines: Never assume that a downed power line isn't active. A high-voltage wire could still be alive and cause terrible injuries.
- Watch out for slippery conditions: When wind is accompanied by rain, snow, sleet, or hail, the roads become much more hazardous to drive. Hydroplaning is dangerous enough; when it is combined with a strong burst of wind, the results can be catastrophic.
- Keep a fully charged cell phone on hand: Make sure that if you must travel in high-wind conditions, you are able to communicate in the event of an emergency. Keep a fully charged cell phone on hand at all times.
Arrange for an Evaluation of Your Auto Accident Case
To arrange for an evaluation of your auto accident case, please contact Chanfrau & Chanfrau today.


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Tuesday 21 May
Mulanje cedar (Widdringtonia whytei)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Mulanje cedar fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Mulanje cedar description
The Mulanje cedar, declared the national tree of Malawi by the late Malawi president Hastings Kamazu Banda (3) (5), is considered a very valuable timber, important to socio-economic development (6). It is a tall, impressive, wide-crowned forest tree with a long straight trunk (4), often branchless up to a height of about 21 meters, making it useful for timber (2). Like the other three Widdringtonia species native to Africa, or 'African cypresses', this tree is referred to as a 'cedar' (7), possibly for the aromatic, cedar-like odour of its wood (2), but is actually completely unrelated to true cedars (7). As with many other species in the cypress family, Widdringtonia species have different juvenile and adult foliage. While seedlings have needle-like leaves arranged spirally around a stem, adults possess scale-like leaves, arranged in opposite pairs at right angles to one another, pressed tightly against the stem (7) (8).
- Also known as
- Mlanje cedar, Mlanje cypress, Mulanje cedarwood. Top
- Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust:
- Pauw, A.C. and Linder, P.H. (1997) Tropical African cedars (Widdringtonia, Cupressaceae): systematics, ecology and conservation status. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 123(4): 297 – 319.
- Bayliss, J., Makunga, S., Hecht, J., Nangoma, D. and Bruessow, C. (2007) Saving the island in the sky: the plight of the Mount Mulanje cedar Widdringtonia whytei. Oryx, 41(1): 64-69.
- Chapman, J.D. (1995) The Mulanje Cedar – Malawi's National Tree. Society of Malawi, Blantyre.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
- USDA Forest Service (September, 2007)
- Bayliss, J., Makunga, S., Hecht, J., Nangoma, D. and Bruessow, C. (2007) Saving the island in the sky: the plight of the Mount Mulanje cedar Widdringtonia whytei. Oryx, 41(1): 64 - 69.
- Pauw, A.C. and Linder, P.H. (1997) Tropical African cedars (Widdringtonia, Cupressaceae): systematics, ecology and conservation status. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 123(4): 297 - 319.
- Chapman, J.D. (1995) The Mulanje Cedar – Malawi's National Tree. Society of Malawi, Blantyre.
- UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory (September, 2007)
- Search.com (September, 2007)
- The Gymnosperm Database (September, 2007)
- UNEP-WCMC (September, 2007)
- Burfield, T. (2003) Unethical Use of Rare and Threatened Plant and Animal Products in the Aroma Industry. Endangered Species Update, 20(3): 97 - 106.
- Bayliss, J. (2007) Pers. comm.
- Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (September, 2007)
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- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Mulanje cedar biology
Widdringtonia species are hermaphroditic: having both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant (monoecious) (8). The seeds of most Widdringtonia species may be kept in the female cones for several years, and are usually only dropped after being scorched by a wildfire to grow on the newly cleared burnt ground (9). The Mulanje cedar is a pioneer species, which is unable to regenerate under a closed canopy. Protected from frequent fires saplings can be found growing sporadically on the forest edge (5). Very little else has been documented on the biology of this tree.Top
Mulanje cedar range
The Mulanje cedar is endemic to Mount Mulanje, a Forest Reserve in southern Malawi. Mount Mulanje covers an area of 650 m² and rises over 3,000 metres, making it the second highest mountain in southern Africa (1) (3) (5).Top
Mulanje cedar habitat
Scattered in sub-montane, moist, mixed, open forest between 1,500 and 2,200 meters above sea level (9).Top
Mulanje cedar status
Classified as Endangered (EN) by the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). There has been much debate on whether this species is actually a form or sub-species of Widdringtonia nodiflora, a more common southern African species (3) (4) (5). However, recent DNA research undertaken by the University of Cape Town has revealed that Widdringtonia whytei is indeed a separate species.Top
Mulanje cedar threats
The Mulanje cedar has been heavily exploited in the past (3) (5) (9), with its wood used as timber and its sawdust distilled to obtain oil for local use as an insecticide (3) (5) (10). The wood is considered enormously valuable, being very fragrant and resistant to termites, borers and fungal disease. It is used locally for making carvings, boxes and furniture sold to tourists and is also sold abroad for light construction and flooring. The timber is thought to be particularly good for boat-building, to the point that fishery officials have urged that remaining supplies be reserved for the Lake Malawi fishing industry. The Forestry Department of Malawi have recently agreed to supply Mulanje Cedar to build 450 boats for this purpose (11). The tree's decline has been somewhat stemmed by a ban on felling, allowing exploitation only of dead trees, but illegal felling and killing of trees continues at an alarming rate. The Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve is also generally threatened by encroachment and large-scale development, such as the continual threat of bauxite mining. Additionally, there is concern that mature individuals appear to be dying at a high rate, thought possibly to be due to their high sensitivity to forest fires and susceptibility to attacks by a species of aphid (3). Regeneration, on the other hand, seems to depend on fire and is extremely poor. In addition, Pinus patula (originally a commercial plantation species) has invaded a number of areas suitable for Widdringtonia colonisation (5) (9). All these threats have greatly impacted the Mulanje cedar; a 2007 study found that the remaining Mulanje cedar forests had been reduced by 40 percent over the previous 15 years (3). Out of the remaining 845.3 hectares of forest identified, over 32 percent of standing Mulanje cedar was found to be dead (3). As so much dead wood is available for utilisation, there should be no reason to cut live Mulanje cedar (3).Top
Mulanje cedar conservation
All Mulanje cedars are protected within the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve and licences are available now only for the exploitation of dead trees from the Forestry Department of Malawi (3) (9). The Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust has also been set up to provide long-term support for the research and conservation of biological diversity in the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve, and the sustainable utilisation of its natural resources. The Trust is working with the Forestry Department of Malawi in bringing in community participation to manage the resources of the forest reserve and maximise the benefits among resource users (12). Not only is the Mulanje cedar a national emblem to Malawi, but it is also of critical financial importance to this relatively poor country and, as such, its protection and sustainable use is a national priority (6).Top
Find out more
For more information on the Mulanje cedarwood see:
Authenticated (24/09/07) by Julian Bayliss (PhD), Ecologist, Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust, P.O. Box 139, Mulanje, Malawi.
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Why Should We Care About Low Probability Yet Catastrophic Events? By Eddie McCullough, Senior Vice P
Piper Alpha was the event which lead to the oil and gas industry reassessing its approach to safety. Even with new standards and an increased awareness of what causes large process safety events like these, almost 30 years on from one of the biggest disasters the industry has experienced, we continue to see large and fatal disasters occurring: Texas City, Buncefield and Richmond refinery to name a few.
However, it is not only the oil and gas industry which is at risk of high consequence, low probability events such as these. Any industry where quantities of dangerous substances meet the threshold outlined in the Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations are also at risk, including chemical, storage, explosives and nuclear sites. Distilleries are another industry at risk of a process safety event and some are even classed as top tier sites. Large events at distilleries have occurred, some within the last few years, suggesting a focus on process safety is required within this industry as well. The Burghead Malting Fire in Elgin (Scotland) in 2015, Cheapside Whisky Bond in Glasgow (Scotland) in 1960, and Silver Trail in Kentucky in 2015 are only a few distilleries to have experienced a major event.
Although the number of large events like those mentioned above occur less frequently these days, they still happen. In 2016, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) published their annual Safety Performance Indicators report which outlined the number and causes of process safety events in 2015 as reported by participating oil and gas organisations themselves. They reported 254 (rate 0.14) Tier 1 events (loss of primary containment (LOPC) with the greatest consequences) and 795 (rate 0.44) Tier 2 events (LOPC with lesser consequences). OGP also reported onshore Tier 1 process safety event rate (PSER) to be around 2.5 times the offshore Tier 1 PSER, and onshore Tier 2 PSER to be 1.6 times the offshore Tier 2 PSER.
High hazard industries, now more than ever, need to pay attention to not only their safety performance but also their process safety performance if they are to avoid experiencing the worst case scenario. It is important that high hazard industries such as COMAH sites operationalise their COMAH plan or process safety plan and ensure they are paying attention to even the weakest signals which may indicate the potential for an accident to occur.
However, the question is what can organisations do to prevent events like this from happening? The key to this is focusing on behaviours and decision making. Our experience has taught us that organisations tend to have all the systems and processes in place however how people interact with or use these systems opens the organisation up to the potential of a major event occurring. What influences a person's behaviour and how they make decisions is the culture they work in. Specifically, the organisation's safety culture; that is how much an organisation cares about their safety performance over their financial or operational performance and who within the organisation takes responsibility for safety.
There are specific concepts around behavioural safety that have been shown to make a real difference in improving a company's safety culture. The most effective way to influence an organisation's safety culture is by generating an input of care. When we talk about care we aren't talking about hugs and kisses, we are talking about feeling concerned or interested for something. Explicitly, we are talking about caring for people, the systems and processes, the plant and equipment. This care can be demonstrated in many different forms such as by asking your team "can we do anything more", or simply by following processes, rules and procedures, or even by maintaining your equipment and plant to ensure they are working effectively. If care is demonstrated in these areas, an organisation is likely to see an increase in their safety performance. Furthermore, with the creation of a culture of care, an organisation is also likely to see an improvement in their operational performance, the predictability of the performance of their people as well as their plant and equipment, and the efficiency in the way people and the organisation function, which itself can lead to a financial return.
Throughout our experience and research, and working with various high hazard industries including oil and gas, petrochemical, construction, mining, steel etc, the importance of process safety management has become apparent. Furthermore, as an organisation that is continually learning from our experience and the continuous research we do, we have noticed an increased focus on process safety wherever we go. As a result of this we have incorporated the creation of a process safety culture into how we create a culture of care.
Even with this increased attention being paid to process safety, one thing we have noticed is a lack of attention to the weak signals and warning signs which indicate the potential for danger. Through our in-field work and training workshops, we have discovered barrier defects in existence almost everywhere we go. For example, inhibits being put on fire and gas detection systems to allow work to be performed in that area without setting it off however these are not removed upon the completion of work meaning this barrier to detect something bad happening would be ineffective when it is needed. Furthermore, the level of knowledge that leadership and the workforce have in regards to process safety and the barriers to prevent a process safety event occurring is generally low. On a regular basis we often observe a mention of "pay attention to process safety hazards" from leaders to the workforce, however, this is not expanded upon to specify exactly what hazards people should be paying attention to. Combined with a low level of knowledge in regards to process safety hazards, it begs the question, is saying "pay attention" enough to prevent something bad from happening? Do people know what to pay attention to? If people aren't aware of what process safety is, the barriers their organisation has in place or need in place to prevent something bad from happening and, more specifically the role they play in managing process safety, the prevention of a major incident will be difficult for any organisation. It is therefore essential everyone, from the CEO to front line supervisors to the person on the tools, know and understand process safety management, and more importantly, their role in preventing accidents from happening.
With our experience and learning, we believe there is a necessity to raise awareness to high hazard industries including COMAH sites of the need to focus on their process safety management to prevent something bad from happening. It is important organisations who are at the greatest risk of a process safety event understand how they can operationalise their COMAH plan or process safety plan, that is how they can bring to life what is written on paper to prevent the worst case scenario happening.
Lives are precious and it is up to an organisation, specifically the senior leaders within it, to take responsibility to take care of those lives. Research shows that humans are heavily influenced by the culture they work in when they make decisions, if this culture does not see safety as a priority, how decisions get made and how people behave will reflect this. This means an organisations culture is crucial to keep people safe and by creating a culture of care, everyone can do the right thing.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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|Easton's Bible Dictionary|
Baalah of the well, (Joshua 19:8, probably the same as Baal, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:33, a city of Simeon.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
ba'-a-lath-be'-er ba'alath be'er "lady (mistress) of the well"; (Joshua 19:8 (in 1 Chronicles 4:33, Baal)): In Jos this place is designated "Ramah of the South," i.e. of the Negeb, while in 1 Samuel 30:27 it is described as Ramoth of the Negeb. It must have been a prominent hill (ramah = "height") in the far south of the Negeb and near a well be'er. The site is unknown though Conder suggests that the shrine Kubbet el Baul may retain the old name.
Baalath-beer (2 Occurrences)
Joshua 19:8 and all the villages that were round about these cities to Baalath-beer, Ramah of the South. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. (ASV BBE DBY JPS WBS YLT NAS)
1 Chronicles 4:33 And all the small places round these towns, as far as Baalath-beer, the high place of the South. These were their living-places, and they have lists of their generations. (BBE)


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Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation named after the French mathematician and physicist Simeon-Denis Poisson. Derived from Coulomb's law and Gauss's law, it is a second-order partial differential equation used for solving problems, such as finding the electric potential for a given charge distribution, or modeling gravitational fields. It is commonly used in the fields of electrostatics, mechanical engineering, and theoretical physics.
Chegg is for students
See what's inside!


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Nonprofit Worldreader gives Kindles to students in sub-Saharan Africa (and is working on a reading app for mobile phones). The organization just published the results of iREAD, its year-long pilot program in Ghana, and many of the findings are promising: Primary school students with access to e-readers showed significant improvement in reading skills and in time spent reading, and the program is cost-effective. The theft rate was "near-zero," but nearly half the e-readers broke.
USAID funded the Worldreader Ghana study and independent firm ILC Africa did the research. iREAD "involved the wireless distribution of over 32,000 local and international digital books using Kindle e-readers to 350 students and teachers at six pilot schools in Ghana's Eastern Region between November 2010 and September 2011."
The full results are here (PDF). Some findings:
- Kids learned to use e-readers quickly even though 43 percent of them had never used a computer before. Also, not surprisingly, they were quick to discover "the multimedia aspects of the e-reader, such as music and Internet features." (Kindle has an experimental web browser and can play MP3s.) Worldreader is "exploring ways to limit functions on the e-reader such as music" so that kids don't get distracted during class, but points out that e-readers can also be a useful "bridge" device for students who'd never used a computer before.
- Near-zero theft. Only two e-readers (out of 600) were lost in the whole study, partly because "community involvement was encouraged through e-reader pledges, community outreach programs, and support from community leaders."
- Kids got access to way more books. Before the study, primary-school students (whose average age was 11) had access to an average of 3.6 books at home. Junior-high students (average age 13.5 years) had access to an average of 8.6 books at home and high-school students (average age 16.6 years) access to an average of 11 books (mostly textbooks they had to buy for school.) With the e-reader program, kids had access to an average of 107 books, including books Worldreader "pushed" onto the Kindles as well as free e-books that kids downloaded themselves.
- Primary school students' test scores improved, but effects on older kids were less clear. The reading scores of primary-school students who received e-readers increased from 12.9 percent to 15.7 percent, depending on whether they got additional reading support. That was an improvement of 4.8 percent to 7.6 percent above the scores of kids in control classrooms without e-readers. But results for older kids were mixed: "Student reading was affected almost exclusively at the primary level, and not at the junior and senior levels. This conclusion supports external data that students are most affected by reading interventions at the primary school stages between the ages of 4 and 10."
- Students sought out access to international news. "Amazon data revealed that students were downloading The New York Times, USA Today, and El País etc., demonstrating that students want to access a wide range of reading materials that were previously inaccessible."
- Some teachers worried kids became too dependent on the e-readers. "For example, one teacher stated that students thought that everything on the e-reader was the 'absolute truth.' He had to correct them by explaining that the e-books may contain mistakes just as paper books do. Teachers also observed that some students have started to favor classes that use the e-reader and neglect classes that do not."
- Kids shared their e-readers with their families and friends. Students, even primary schoolers, got to take their e-readers home at night and many reported sharing the devices. Kids in the study had an average of five siblings, so "the e-reader's reach potentially extended to many people beyond the device's owner." Some kids whose parents were illiterate read to their parents from their e-readers.
- Kindles break too easily. Worldreader had not predicted how many Kindles would break: 243 out of 600, or 40.5 percent. Each time an e-reader broke, Worldreader sent it back to Amazon to conduct "a post-mortem analysis." Turns out "fragile screens are the main weakness" and Amazon is working on Kindles with reinforced screens (at the same cost), which started shipping to Ghana in October 2011. Plus Worldreader is providing more rugged cases for the Kindles and providing more instruction on how to use them (don't sit on it, for instance).
- The program appears cost-effective. Worldreader estimates that "for the years 2014-2018, using a calculation focused strictly on the provisioning of textbooks, the e-reader system would cost only $8.93-$11.40 more per student over a 4 year period [$0.19 to $0.24 per month] than the traditional paper book system." That calculation is made with the assumptions that e-reader prices will fall and e-readers will become more rugged (so they break less). And of course, e-readers give students access to many books, not just textbooks.


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To structure research and provide a suitable framework for faculty and students, the Graduate School is organised into five research areas:
Plural Traditions and Travelling Traditions focus on the construction and deconstruction of concepts, practices, and institutions resulting from interaction and communication or encounters and entanglements. Rethinking Social Order and Governance Contested investigate interactions, conflicts, and entanglements in the fields of society, law, and politics. Sacred Topographies attempts to illustrate all of these processes, drawing upon an especially rich field of investigation that cuts across subjects and disciplines.
To promote multidisciplinary research, the Graduate School aims to systematically connect cultural and social studies in each research area. Its study programme also addresses a number of cross-cutting themes like the critique of orientalism, alternate globalities, Islam as a reference, connected and translocal spaces, and entangled histories. Experience has shown that doctoral and postdoctoral researchers are strongly and at times even passionately engaged with debates that relate their projects to larger intellectual, social, and political concerns. The cross-cutting themes address these concerns.


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With a LEFT OUTER JOIN construction, the query compares each row of entity A with each row of entity B to find all pairs of rows which have an association and thus satisfy the join-predicate. When the association exists and the join-predicate is satisfied, column values for each matched pair of rows of A and B are combined into a result row. However, in contrast to the INNER JOIN construction, the query will also return rows of entity A which do not match entity B. When columns of entity B are specified, these columns contain a null value for these rows.
The syntax is as following:
LEFT [ OUTER ] JOIN entity_path [ ON ]
entity_path Specifies the entity to join and the path from an earlier defined entity in the FROM clause to this entity. The path _URL_.Customer_Address/Crm.Address defines a path from the earlier defined entity Crm.Customer to the new entity Crm.Address.
Constrains the specified entity in the JOIN component of the FROM clause. The constraint syntax is similar as those of the WHERE clause. Only the entities and from-aliases from the current JOIN element and each previous one can be used in the constraint.


text: Dust devil in convective boundary layer (CBL) was simulated by Euler-Lagrange approach. By means of large-eddy simulation method and smoothly stretched grid, flow fields of the small scale whirlwind were obtained. Movements of 20,000 dust particles were tracked by computing external forces and velocities with the aid of the simulated high-resolution air flow fields. Characteristics of the simulated airflow were in good accordance with field observations. Distribution of particles reproduced the shape of dust devil. Statistics of particle trajectories revealed basic properties of the movement of dust particles. Small particles with diameter of 0.04 mm were able to form a rolling cylinder and to be lifted easily to a certain height. 0.1 mm dust particles spiraled upwards like a cone with a small cone angle. Particles with diameters of 0.16 mm and 0.3 mm were obviously thrown outward with limited lifting height and fell back to the ground. The negative vertical pressure gradient in the dust devil strengthened particle lifting, unlike in the horizontal wind systems where the vertical pressure gradient isn't the major driving force. Numerical results showed why total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration exceeded the standard value greatly all the year round on the Loess Plateau, where the loess dust from the local ground was one of the major sources of air pollutants. 90% loess dusts were smaller than 0.04 mm in diameter, which made them easily lifted to a high altitude by dust devils even without obvious horizontal wind. Because thermal plumes are common in CBL, dust devils can occur frequently in multi-locations of the Loess Plateau. According to nature circumstances of the Loess Plateau and thermodynamic characteristics of dust devil, the dust-devil-scale simulation indicated one source of the background TSP on the Loess Plateau and how they were lifted into the atmosphere.


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Physical Sciences Division
The Oxygen Squeeze Play
Scientists first to discover tetraoxygen on the surface of a common catalyst
Oxygen molecules fill reactive pockets on the surface of rutile titanium dioxide. When heated, they split apart, with one oxygen staying put and the other filling a nearby vacancy (Top). When oxygen is added at low temperatures, two oxygen molecules fit into the vacancy. When heated, these molecules form a new species, tetraoxygen. Enlarged View
Results: When it gets cold on the surface of a popular catalyst, four oxygen atoms squeeze into a spot designed for just one, according to scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Initially, the atoms are paired up as two oxygen molecules or
2 O2. But, when the temperature rises, the two molecules react to form a new species, tetraoxygen or O4.
Why it matters: If researchers want to design a catalyst from scratch or improve an existing one, they need to predict how oxygen will react with the surface, said PNNL's Greg Kimmel, the principal investigator on the project. This very fundamental study revealed new information that will help predict oxygen interactions.
Methods: The researchers exposed a sample of rutile titanium dioxide or TiO2(110) to different amounts of oxygen at very low temperatures. Then, they heated the sample and studied the behavior of the oxygen using electron-stimulated desorption and mass spectrometry techniques.
The researchers began with a catalyst whose surface contained scattered reactive pockets, or vacancies, where oxygen atoms had left the surface. Next, they added (or adsorbed) molecular oxygen to see how it would interact with the reactive pockets. The oxygen was adsorbed at about 25 K or -414 degrees Fahrenheit, which required cooling the sample with liquid helium. In one experiment, they added one oxygen molecule per oxygen vacancy. In a second experiment, they added two oxygen molecules per vacancy.
For both experiments, no oxygen was released from the surface as it was heated. Instead the molecules reacted on the surface, but the type of reactions depended on whether the vacancies had one or two oxygen molecules.
For the sample with one molecule per vacancy, the oxygen molecule began to split apart at 150 K: one oxygen atom stayed put filling the vacancy, and the other adsorbed at nearby site on the surface. By 280 K, all of the oxygen had filled in surface vacancies.
However, when the sample that initially had two O2 per vacancy was heated above 200 K, these molecules transformed to tetraoxygen - a 4-atom arch poking up from the reactive pockets. By 500 K, the tetraoxygen decomposed, filling in nearby reactive pockets. But, to drive off all the oxygen and restore the vacancies, the scientists had to heat the sample to 700 K, about the temperature used to bake bread.
What's next? This fundamental research leads to more questions about the behavior of the common oxygen molecule on the catalyst's surface. The researchers plan to continue their research.
Acknowledgments: This research was done by Greg Kimmel and Nikolay Petrik at PNNL. The DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences Division funded the research.
Experiments were performed in the electron and photon stimulated desorption laboratory located in DOE's EMSL, a national scientific user facility at PNNL.
The work supports PNNL's mission to strengthen U.S. scientific foundations for innovation by developing tools and understanding required to control chemical and physical processes in complex multiphase environments.
Reference: Kimmel GA and NG Petrik. 2008. "Tetraoxygen on Reduced TiO2(110): Oxygen Adsorption and Reactions with Bridging Oxygen Vacancies." Physical Review Letters 100, 196102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.196102.


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Oil is essential for preparing any cuisine to be it sunflower oil, mustard oil or any other. It varies in fat content, flavour and heat roasting level. With the trend of consuming everything "organic", there are discussions about the difference between organic and Non-organic cooking oils. For your health and fitness, you want to get the best quality oil for cooking. As a resident of places like Delhi, NCR and Gurgaon, you have easy accessibility of organic and non-organic oils. So, before preparing your shopping list, consider these differences:
GMO VS Natural:
Initially, the GMO oilseeds were considered okay, but later it was found that it poses the threat of developing dangerous toxins that may lead to diseases. The seeds of the organically grown do not have any genetic changes done to increase nutritional value.
Eco-friendly Vs Non-eco-friendly:
Farmers use the chemicals to cultivate seeds in the form of farming fertilizers for nonorganic oils. Its production is harmful to nature as the synthesized substances make the soil unproductive. The pesticides applied reduce the quality of the product and kills the biodiversity. To the complete opposite, the organic oil seeds are grown without any chemical substances. You don't need to worry about any ill-effects on your health and environment. If you are environmentally conscious, naturally produce oils is the right choice.
Natural extraction Vs Chemical extraction:
The chemical solvent is used to extract non-organic oils from seeds. Its application on oilseeds pulls out the oil unnaturally. On the other hand, organic oils are extracted through an expeller machine. It is chemical-free and available in various varieties. You can even get natural regular and virgin coconut oil. Not only cooking oils but non-cooking ones such as flax oil is also organically produced.
Hopefully, these points have made a clear distinction between organic and non-organic oil. Visit the online or offline stores in Delhi, NCR or Gurgaon and make your purchase.


Reading versus readings
Discussion in 'English Only' started by Tenacious Learner, Dec 7, 2012.
 1. Tenacious Learner
 Tenacious Learner Senior Member
 Hi teachers,
 As a title, both of them are valid, aren't they? They are to express 5 readings together, readings from 5 different chapters.
 a) Reading chapters 1-5
 b) Readings chapters 1-5
 Thanks in advance.
 2. dreamlike
 dreamlike Senior Member
 Hi Thinking Spain,
 to be blunt, I don't really know what is it that you want to say by "Reading(s) chapters 1-5". It's supposed to be a title, but of what?
 Out of these two, it's "reading chapters 1-5" that makes sense to me, and I would take "reading" to be acting as a verb rather than a noun.
 reading chapters 1 - 5 -- performing the activity of reading of chapters from one to five.
 3. Tenacious Learner
 Tenacious Learner Senior Member
 Hi dreamlike.
 It is title of one of my manuscripts. Students have already done 5 chapters, each chapter has a reading at the end, a story that continues on and on. 20 chapter in total.
 Every 5 chapters I do a review of the structures and I also put, in this case, these five stories together.
 So, It is 'Reading Chapters 1- 5'.
 I would have never seen it that way. Thanks a lot.
 4. b3n5p34km4n Member
 American English
 If the idea is that from each chapter one through five, you select a few passages for students to read, then I can see "Readings for/from Chapters 1-5" or "Readings Chapters 1-5" to be more brief. Also, "Reading Chapters 1-5" makes sense to me only insofar as that could the the title of an assignment where the students must read all or part of those five chapters.
 5. Tenacious Learner
 Tenacious Learner Senior Member
 Thanks a lot for your help. They have to read all of those five chapters.
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about Klaus father's work during the 3rd Reich.
 Based on the records of Zurich based Esher Wyss and its German subsidiary in Ravensburg, the following represents my good faith attempt to reconstruct the diminimus historical records and discern the truth. Unfortunately, the record of Klaus' father and even the name of his father have been scrubbed [I challenge anyone to find the name of Schwab's father]. Given the importance of knowing who Klaus Schwab is and how he came to be the leader of the Great Reset, I offer this information as my opinion. It is only my opinion and I call upon Klaus Schwab and/or the WEF to correct any inaccuracies so the world might have a more complete picture of Klaus' formative years under the Fuhrer's rule.
 It would appear that the name of Escher Wyss' subsidiary in Ravensburg (where Klaus' father was managing director) was Andritz. It was established in Ravensburg in 1856 as a subsidiary of Escher Wyss & Cie., Zurich. In 1941, Andritz became part of the Duisburg Demag Group (DEMAG). From September 1942 to April 1945, DEMAG used slave labor from Sachsenhausen concentration camp to build Panzer armored vehicles for the Nazi War Machine. If in fact Klaus's father was the Managing Director of DEMAG, what was his role and responsibilities at DEMAG's slave labor facilities?
 Alternatively, A/G Esher Wyss (the parent company of the Nazi subsidiary which employed Klaus' father) had engineered the 14,500 HP turbine for the Norsk -Hydro Works heavy water plant in Rjukan Norway. The Norsk-Hydro facility powered by Escher Wyss, was the only industrial plant under German control capable of producing heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) essential for making plutonium for the Nazi atomic bomb. But for the Norwegian resistance fighters, who blew up Escher Wyss' power station on 27th February 1943, would Hitler have been able to drop an atomic bomb on England?
 Again, because the records have been scrubbed, (which is not atypical of Nazi's hiding their past – see Operation Paperclip) the public has no way of knowing Klaus father's exact role, if any, in utilizing concentration camp slave labor or assisting in the development of a Nazi atomic bomb.
 Given Klaus Schwab's preeminent position as head of the World Economic Forum, chief architect of the great reset and leader of the 4th whatever, We The Herd call upon Herr Schwab to release the records of his family history, so that we can know the full truth about this man who now seeks to re-set the world.
 - Sean says:
 Thanks. Sure. And screw him.
 - Martin says:
 Interesting stuff, Jt Kong. The WEF certainly does look like a BEAST to be reckoned with; and if this is the case the BEAST will certainly have a head…Klaus Schwab(?) I suggest you network with The Amazing Polly on bitchute. She is quite proficient in your ability to link people w/ people and other various associations.
 15. THX1138 says:
 "The British ministry have so long hired their gazetteers to repeat and model into every form lies about our being in anarchy, that the world has at length believed them, the English nation has believed them, the ministers themselves have come to believe them, & what is more wonderful, we have believed them ourselves. yet where does this anarchy exist? where did it ever exist, except in the single instance of Massachusetts? and can history produce an instance of a rebellion so honourably conducted? I say nothing of it's motives. they were founded in ignorance, not wickedness. god forbid we should ever be 20 years without such a rebellion. the people cannot be all, & always, well informed. the past which is wrong will be discontented in proportion to the importance of the facts they misconceive; if they remain quiet under such misconceptions it is a lethargy, the forerunner of death to the public liberty. we have had 13. states independant 11 years. there has been one rebellion. that comes to one rebellion in a century & a half for each state. what country before ever existed a century & half without a rebellion? & what country can preserve it's liberties if their rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance? let them take arms. the remedy is to set them right as to facts, pardon & pacify them. what signify a few lives lost in a century or two? the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. it is it's natural manure." — Thomas Jefferson
 Only a man who lives in a disarmed nation would come to a life and death struggle with paper, ink and stamps or votes. Here, we have not been disarmed yet. Can anyone in my country tell me what the signal is to start shooting?
 Our urgent "letters" regarding liberty are cast in lead and inserted in brass envelopes and rapidly dispatched with powder.
 16. kathleen kahl says:
 Everyone ready for the winter of darkness?
 - Paul says:
 "No one enters a room, & places THEIR LANTERN beneath the table, but rather, places IT upon the tabletop, casting light everywhere & illuminating the entire room."
 And so can YOU!
 Best Wishes.
 17. Erika says:
 Possible voter fraud on video evidence in Michigan.(two attornies document)
 Steven Crowder (youtube) election feed
 Keep your eye on it.
 18. Larry C says:
 The last time I saw a Time magazine, I mistook it for a piece of tissue paper.
 19. ReluctantWarrior says:
 The system is rotten to the core and it doesn't matter who wins.
 20. hayden says:
 As history shows to get away from tyranny/environmental change etc we all need to migrate to another land all come together and start our own nation up away from the corrupt nations. im sure there is plenty of us to migrate set up new country take up arms and fight for our way of life.
 No bastard owns the land im sure there are places still on the earth were we can all migrate too and start over.
 lets take our pick…_URL_
 and move to one of these regions and start fighting back, that how its always been and always will be. And when space flight becomes common there will be mass migrations with people trying to escape tyranny.
 I find it empowering being able to start your own way of life and not be owned by some bastards.
 21. Loop Garoo says:
 This is written in such a way that even Joe Sixpack and his wife, Karen, can grasp it. I plan to shorten it to fit a 1-page memo that I can personally pass out to restaurant and business owners who are still following orders from Trump, the Freemason. Employees tell me, "I need this job …" But, the company attorney needs his job, too. Few have the balls to resist. We are not the same men who fought WWII. Today, men are courteous little fellows in capri pants and man buns. No wonder the birth rate is down. 🙂
 22. Kia Kaha says:
 "We the people" of the world are actually in agreement. If we set aside these tools and mechanisms they use to manipulate us into a false perception of the world, into a state of psychosis, a separation from reality, from all that is available to us, we actually naturally agree.
 They live in fear of 7 billion people when they realize they are actually in agreement.
 That is real power.
 So any system they devise will never ever, not ever achieve that. Truth be told, they have actually run a rebellion against it throughout time. If we fall into the trap of defending any aspect of their fictional system, new or old, we fall into disagreement.
 There's a reason that happens.
 Every. Single. Time.
 Their entire system is built to benefit and protect them and their absolute freedom, to do as they will, no laws to limit them. That is why they are heavy on the use of labels, play the game of favoritism, class system, hierarchy, external rulers, and many other fabricated divisive tactics that do not, do not, do not exist in reality. All are superimposed misperceptions, misinterpretations, misunderstandings, misrepresentations, misdirections over the real world to mislead.
 Without agreement, these same arguments will repeat and never end.
 They don't want the arguments to end, because that means the end of them.
 And the thing that keeps you coming back to these issues are the unsettled, unfinished arguments that are never truly ever resolved, added to and perpetuated. A constant state of negativity, a destructive impact and influence on all of our relationships. It is the cause of discord. Not positivity that is life giving.
 Again, they fear 7 billion people when they are in agreement, so they built a fictional system based on the perpetuation of their historical lies. They not only re-write history to cover up their past deceptions, they re-write the recent past and present, and write plans for the future.
 If these people ever had to spend a few moments being one with their breath, they would likely consider it


OECD: Coronavirus disproportionately affects migrants
According to a new OECD report, migrants have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Migration itself has decreased significantly, with adverse effects on both countries of origin and destination.
The coronavirus pandemic has changed the lives of people all over the world, and particularly that of migrants, according to a new report by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Yet it also concludes that it's thanks to migrants that essential services have been provided in OECD member states, despite the restrictions imposed to curb the spread of the virus — particularly in the sectors of health care, retail and in delivery and courier services.
Even when borders were closed during the strictest lockdown period various governments, including Germany, introduced exceptions to allow workers into the country to help with the harvest.
Migrants make up 24% of doctors and 16% of nurses in OECD member states, and have often been on the front line in the fight against the virus. But they've also been disproportionately infected by COVID-19, as they are often in closer contact with contagious people and frequently live in close quarters.
According to the report, migrants are twice as likely to contract the virus than the rest of the population. A quarter of those who work in the hospitality industry in the EU are originally from non-EU states, a rate that is twice as high as in other economic sectors.
People working in this sector often only have temporary contracts, and migrants are usually the first to lose their job during an economic downturn.
The report noted that it's still too early to know the full extent of the damage caused by COVID-19, but said migrants living in southern Europe, in Ireland, Sweden, Norway and the US have been particularly badly hit.
Migrant children hit by school closures
The children of migrants have also been disadvantaged by school closures in many countries, and the subsequent transition to home schooling and online learning.
On average, these children were less likely to have access to a home computer, and were less likely to benefit from parental help with lessons due to language barriers. Children were also often at a disadvantage because of lack of space at home.
The pandemic has had a dramatic impact on migration in OECD member states, which reportedly decreased by as much as 50% in the first six months of 2020 due to border closures, travel restrictions and a decrease in flight availability.
The authors of the study don't think the current slowdown will change any time soon, even if the economy picks up again. They predicted that due to weaker labor demand and continued travel restrictions, people will become less mobile.
Those who have stopped going to their workplace will continue to work from home in the foreseeable future, if they can, and students will continue to attend online lectures and seminars.
Fears of rise in xenophobia
Countries of origin have also been affected by COVID-19. For instance, many migrants who regularly transferred money to their relatives back home have not been able to do so, and this has had a major impact on those local economies.
The report also raised concerns that destination countries will clamp down on illegal migration, leading to frustration in countries of origin.
The report also noted that racism and xenophobia could rise in OECD states as a result of increased unemployment, if migrants are perceived as economic rivals.
Some countries have introduced campaigns to combat such misconceptions. In some areas where migrants have been wrongly accused of being responsible for the spread of the virus, there have also been campaigns to raise awareness about the dangers of xenophobia.
The report concluded that migration remained an integral part of life. Stefano Scarpetta, director for employment, labor and social affairs at the OECD, said the restrictions and isolation brought about by the pandemic had shown how much we needed other people.
He also said there was a risk that the progress made with regard to migration and integration could be lost as a result of the pandemic, and suggested that governments should consider the integration of migrants as a long-term investment with advantages for everybody.


text:
Best practices in green freight for an environmentally sustainable road freight sector in Asia
The efficient movement of goods and services is important in achieving sustainable development. All main modes of freight – road, water, air, and rail – have impacts on the economy, environment, and society that need to be managed. Freight trucks account for 24% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transport vehicle use and also have a major impact on fuel use and fuel security, air pollution, traffic accidents, and HIV/AIDS. This paper focuses on the road freight sector as it is the dominant mode of freight in Asia. It is a sequel to the paper "Challenges and Opportunities for an Environmentally Sustainable Road Freight Sector in Asia" that was prepared for the 5th Regional Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum in 2010.


pedestrians find this makes their interaction with the movement of the bridge more predictable and helps them maintain their lateral balance. This instinctive behaviour ensures that footfall forces are applied at the resonant frequency of the bridge, and with a phase such as to increase the motion of the bridge. As the amplitude of the motion increases, the lateral force imparted by individuals increases, as does the degree of correlation between individuals. It was subsequently determined, as described below, that for potentially susceptible spans there is a critical number of pedestrians that will cause the vibrations to increase to unacceptable levels.
How was the Millennium Bridge's swaying different from the swaying that brought down the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940?
The movements that occurred on the Tacoma Narrows Bridge were a resonant response to forces exerted by wind rather than pedestrians. The pedestrian induced forces that cause Synchronous Lateral Excitation are self-limiting because above a certain level of movement, pedestrians stop walking.
How did ARUP fix the issue with the Millennium Bridge?
Although a few previous reports of this phenomenon were found in the literature, none of them gave any reliable quantification of the lateral force due to the pedestrians, or any relationship between the force exerted and the movement of the deck surface.
Arup therefore carried out tests in 3 universities, as well as crowd walking tests on the bridge itself, in order to quantify the force exerted on the structure. Arup then designed a system of passive dampers which are mobilized by the lateral movements of the bridge. These dampers are arranged beneath the deck over the full length of the bridge, as well as at the piers and at the south abutment.
In order to demonstrate that the solution performed satisfactorily, Arup carried out a crowd test with 2000 pedestrians — the most extreme dynamic test ever carried out on a bridge. The bridge movements were less than a sixth of the allowable movements.
The bridge reopened in February 2002.
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text:
First International Workshop on Social Innovation and Social Media (SISoM 2011)
Social innovation refers to new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that meet social needs of all kinds – from working conditions and education to community development and health – and that extend and strengthen civil society. [Wikipedia]
Objectives: The workshop seeks to integrate views at the intersection of several fields: computer and computational social science, policy design, social innovation, and technology development. The formal objective of the workshop is the collaborative drafting of a Manifesto on Social Media for Social Innovation, summarizing the challenges and proposals discussed at the workshop.
The workshop will explore two dimensions along which research might help social innovation to take place at a larger scale:
- The conceptual and computational development of new frameworks for public policy modeling and implementation to help public authorities to harness the full potential of Social Media and social innovation;
- The design of new Social Media tools offering better support to social innovators and policy designers.
Overview: There is an obvious interest in using Social Media to achieve greater proximity between administrations and citizens. Nevertheless, in most cases public policies are still developed following a top-down approach, with policy frameworks mainly determined by existing policy and Social Media tools. At the same time, the currently most available Social Media tools are quite limited in their support to the kind of interactions involved in sustained large-scale deliberations and cooperation agreements.
Social innovations, encompassing new forms of private-public partnership, are increasingly seen as necessary to better address a number of pressing social problems. The idea behind it is that new forms of engagement of citizens and private organizations can bring about substantial improvements of productivity in the "social sector" (public services plus charity).
Empirical research has allowed to identify some basic design principles and rules behind successful and sustained bottom-up collaborative arrangements, of which communication is one key ingredient. Therefore, it could be expected that properly applying existing and new Social Media tools to those communication procedures will be a means of achieving the improvements on speed and scale required to extend the reach of social innovation. At the same time, research in the design and modeling of policies taking full account of this potential will also be required.
Research Topics: Topics of interest include, but are not restricted to the following:
- Design of innovative tools for social participation and collaboration;
- Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of social participation;
- Challenges and opportunities regarding the use of Social Media to address public policy problems;
- Case studies of successful applications of Social Media to achieve social innovation (in particular, combined with large-scale Social Media data analysis);
- Policy areas best suited to apply Social Media as an instrument for social innovation (e.g. for inclusive audience: older people or developing countries).
Chairs: Ricard Ruiz de Querol (Barcelona Media, Spain), Fausto Giunchiglia (University of Trento, Italy), Imma Tubella i Casadevall (UOC, Spain), Mario Diani (UPF, Spain)
Local Organization: Andreas Kaltenbrunner (Barcelona Media, Spain), Karolin Kappler (Barcelona Media, Spain), David Laniado (Barcelona Media, Spain), Yana Volkovich (Barcelona Media, Spain)
Important Dates: March 22, 2011: Paper Submission / July 21, 2011: Workshop
Submission: We invite original anonymized position papers up to 4 pages long. Papers should focus more on highlighting agenda issues than on research results. Submissions must be in English, must be formatted according to the AAAI template; and must be made in PDF through EasyChair.
At least one of the authors of a submitted paper would be required to review other submissions, and at least one of the authors of an accepted paper would be required to attend the workshop. For further details on the submission process and the writing of the Manifesto, please check the Workshop's homepage.


text:
This example shows how to do freerun signal tracing using an Simulink® Real-Time™ host scope. After the script builds and downloads the oscillator model, xpcosc, to the target computer, it adds a scope of type 'host' to the real-time application and the signals 'Integrator1' and 'Signal Generator' to the scope. The application is started and the host scope is used for data acquisition and display. Note:
The model sample time is 250 usec.
The scope is set to acquire 200 samples with a decimation factor of 4.
This corresponds to a display length of 250e-6 * 200 * 4 = 0.2 seconds.
The scope is started in Freerun mode, and its status is monitored until it reaches the 'Finished' state. Next, the scope data is uploaded to the development computer and plotted. This process repeats 25 times. After every fifth run, the damping gain 'Gain1/Gain' is set to a new random value.
Use'slrtpingtarget' to test the connection between the development and target computers.
if ~strcmp(slrtpingtarget,'success') error(message('xPCTarget:examples:Connection')); end
Open the oscillator model, xpcosc. Under the model's configuration parameter Simulink Real-Time option settings, the system target file has been set to slrt.tlc. Hence, building the model will create an executable image, xpcosc.dlm, that can be run on a computer booted with the Simulink Real-Time kernel.
Build the model and download the image, xpcosc.dlm, to the target computer.
set_param('xpcosc','RTWVerbose','off'); % Configure for a non-Verbose build. rtwbuild('xpcosc'); % Build and download application.
### Starting Simulink Real-Time build procedure for model: xpcosc ### Generated code for 'xpcosc' is up to date because no structural, parameter or code replacement library changes were found. ### Successful completion of build procedure for model: xpcosc ### Looking for target: TargetPC1 ### Download model onto target: TargetPC1
Create the MATLAB® variable, tg, containing the Simulink Real-Time target object. This object allows you to communicate with and control the target computer.
tg = SimulinkRealTime.target; % Create a Simulink Real-Time target object tg.SampleTime = 0.000250; % Set sample time to 250us tg.StopTime = 10000; % Set stop time to a high value (10000s) start(tg); % Start model execution
Create, configure, and plot to the host scope during each run.
tPar = getparamid(tg, 'Gain1', 'Gain'); % Get index of parameter 'Gain1/Gain' signals(1) = getsignalid(tg, 'Integrator1'); % Get index of signal 'Integrator1' signals(2) = getsignalid(tg, 'Signal Generator'); % Get index of signal 'Signal Generator' sc = addscope(tg, 'host'); % Define (add) a host scope object addsignal(sc, signals); % Add signals to signal list of scope object sc.NumSamples = 200; % Set number of samples sc.Decimation = 4; % Set decimation factor sc.TriggerMode = 'Freerun'; % Set trigger mode figh = findobj('Name','scfreerundemo');% Does the plot figure exist? if isempty(figh) figh = figure; % No: Create figure set(figh, 'Name','scfreerundemo', 'NumberTitle', 'off'); else figure(figh); % Yes: Make it the current figure end % Loop to acquire 25 data packages from the scope object. m = 1; flag = 0; for n = 1 : 25 if isempty(find(get(0, 'Children') == figh, 1)), flag = 1; break; end % Change parameter Gain1/Gain every fifth acquisition loop % to a random value between 0 and 2000. if ~m setparam(tg, tPar, 2*1000*rand); end m = rem(m + 1, 5); start(sc); % Start scope object % Wait until scope-object has 'finished' acquiring the data. while ~strcmpi(sc.Status,'finished'); end; % Create time vector, upload scope data and display it. t = sc.Time; % Upload time vector plot(t,sc.Data); % Upload acquired data and plot title(['scfreerundemo: ',num2str(n),' of 25 data packages']); set(gca,'XLim',[t(1), t(end)]); set(gca,'YLim',[-10, 10]); drawnow; end if ~flag, title('scfreerundemo: finished'); end
When done, stop the application and close the model.
stop(tg); % Stop model close_system('xpcosc',0); % Close model


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st: RE: Data Extraction from Cells
From "Nick Cox" <>
To <>
Subject st: RE: Data Extraction from Cells
Date Mon, 12 Jul 2010 14:56:57 +0100
"cell" here appears to mean value of a string variable in an
"column" here appears to mean variable.
Stata is not a spreadsheet!
-substr()- is the appropriate function. See -help functionsand then
look under string functions.
gen part1 = substr(whatever, 1, 2)
gen part2 = substr(whatever, 3, 2)
gen part3 = substr(whatever, 5, 2)
Samuel Finkelstein
I am currently using a dataset that
includes multiple indicators within the same cell. For instance, if a
firm is publicly traded, was incorporated in the last five years, and
is in the utilities industry, a single cell may contain information
such as 1A3B3N, with each number/letter combination denoting one of
these characteristics (with no spaces in between the various
combinations). Is there a way that I can extract each of the
number/letter cominations into different (newly created) columns, such
that I have one column that has 1A, one column with 3B, and one with
3N? For my purposes, the columns can contain different
codes/identifiers. For example, the first column could have 1A for
Company A and 2F for Company B. I am only trying to use these codes
to identify firms with two or three specific characteristics.
* For searches and help try:


text:
Through funding from the Ontario Trillium Foundation, the Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (HALO) led a series of webinars on physical literacy and the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy.
Physical Literacy Assessment 101
The goal of this session is to provide attendees with an overview of physical literacy and introduce the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL). Attendees will be provided with a brief history of how the CAPL was developed and why it is a valid and reliable assessment of physical literacy for children 8 to 12 years of age. Attendees will also learn the benefits of using the CAPL within their program, including how assessment results can enhance program delivery.
A Practitioner's Guide to Doing the CAPL
During this interactive session, attendees will be provided with an in-depth description of the CAPL domains (Daily behaviour, Physical Competence, Knowledge and Understanding, and Motivation and Confidence) and learn how to administer each of the CAPL protocols. Attendees will learn the ins and outs of how the CAPL can easily integrate into their existing programs.
The Obstacle Course Advanced Skill Development
One of the CAPL protocols used within the Physical Competence domain is an obstacle course that assesses a child's fundamental, complex and combined movement skills. This session will use a hands-on approach to teach attendees how to administer, score and interpret the CAPL obstacle course.
What Do My Physical Literacy Assessment Results Mean?
It is important for leaders, parents, and children to be able to interpret the results of the CAPL assessment. During this session, attendees will be taken through the CAPL website step-by-step and learn how to calculate and summarize assessment results. After this session, attendees will understand what the CAPL assessment results mean for the child and programme provision.
Putting Physical Literacy within REACH (Recreation, Education, Allied health, Coaching, Healthcare)
Sometimes it may be easier to screen the children in their program for physical literacy deficits and only use the CAPL with children who are struggling on their physical literacy journey. During this interactive session, attendees will learn how to administer quick and easy physical literacy screening tasks that, in less than five minutes, will enable leaders to identify the children who are most like to be struggling on their physical literacy journey.


text:
A combined chemical x-ray fluorescence method is described for determining rare-earth elements in small amounts of complex rare-earth minerals. These elements yield a complex x-ray spectrum in which many of the analytical emission Lα lines of a given element coincide with the Lβ and/or Lγ lines of a lighter rare-earth element several atomic numbers removed. The proposed analytical scheme corrects for these interferences. Sixteen elements consisting of the lanthanides, yttrium, and scandium can be determined on as little as a 1-mg portion of the separated oxides. The oxides are dissolved in 1 ml of dilute acid, absorbed onto cellulose powder and pressed into a pellet for x-ray excitation. Chemically analyzed geologic standards are not required for calibration.
Harry J. Rose and Frank Cuttitta, "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Individual Rare Earths in Complex Minerals," Appl. Spectrosc. 22, 426-430 (1968)
References are not available for this paper.
OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.


type: QgsProcessingParameterFeatureSink
## Accepted data types:
## - str: destination vector file
## e.g. d:/test.shp
## - str: memory: to store result in temporary memory layer
## - str: using vector provider ID prefix and destination URI
## e.g. postgres:… to store result in PostGIS table
## - QgsProcessingOutputLayerDefinition
## - QgsProperty
## Outputs
## OUTPUT:
## Vertices
In our case the tool to extract the vertices is simple and only has one input and one output. The function run_qgis() executes a QGIS tool indicating the algorithm and its arguments. The advantage of using the algorithm directly from R is that we can pass objects of class sf (or sp) and raster that we have imported or created in R. As output we create a geojson, it could also be of another vector format, and we save it in a temporary folder. At the same time we indicate to import the result directly into R (load_output = TRUE).
river_vertices <- run_qgis(alg = "native:extractvertices",
 INPUT = river_line,
 OUTPUT = file.path(tempdir(), "rivers_world_vertices.geojson"),
 load_output = TRUE)
## [1] "C:/Users/xeo19/AppData/Local/Temp/Rtmpa4DrCj/rivers_world_vertices.geojson"
Currently on Windows there seem to be problems with the proj library. In principle, if the function ends up creating the river_vertices object, you should not worry. Otherwise, I recommend looking at the discussion in the issue opened at gitbub.
Before continuing with the distribution estimation of the angles, we filter some rivers of interest. The functions of the tidyverse collection are compatible with the sf package. In the last post I made an introduction to tidyverse here.
river_vertices <- filter(river_vertices,
 NAME %in% c("Mississippi", "Colorado",
 "Amazon", "Nile", "Orange",
 "Ganges", "Yangtze", "Danube",
 "Mackenzie", "Lena", "Murray",
## Simple feature collection with 94702 features and 11 fields
## geometry type: POINT
## dimension: XY
## bbox: xmin: -_PHONE_ ymin: -_PHONE_ xmax: _PHONE_ ymax: _PHONE_
## geographic CRS: WGS 84
## Warning in st_is_longlat(x): bounding box has potentially an invalid value range
## for longlat data
## for longlat data
## # A tibble: 94,702 x 12
## NAME SYSTEM name_alt scalerank rivernum Length_km vertex_index vertex_part
## *
## 1 Nile 1 4 3344. 0 0
## 2 Nile 1 4 3344. 1 0
## 3 Nile 1 4 3344. 2 0
## 4 Nile 1 4 3344. 3 0
## 5 Nile 1 4 3344. 4 0
## 6 Nile 1 4 3344. 5 0
## 7 Nile 1 4 3344. 6 0
## 8 Nile 1 4 3344. 7 0
## 9 Nile 1 4 3344. 8 0
## 10 Nile 1 4 3344. 9 0
## #... with 94,692 more rows, and 4 more variables: vertex_part_index,
## # distance, angle, geometry
Estimate the distribution
To visualize the distribution we can use either a histogram or a density graph. But in the case of estimating the probability density function, we find a mathematical problem when applying it to circular data. For circular data we should not use the density() standard function of R since in our data a direction of 360º is the same at 0º, which would cause errors in this range of values. It is a general problem for different statistical metrics. More statistical details are explained in the circular package. This package allows you to define the characteristics of circular data (unit, data type, rotation, etc.) as an object class in R.
So what we do is to build a function that estimates the density and returns a table with the angles (x) and the density estimates (y). Since rivers have different lengths, and we want to see differences regardless of that, we normalize the estimates using the maximum value. Unlike the density() function, in which the smoothing bandwidth bw is optimized, here it is required to indicate it manually. It is similar to defining the bar width in a histogram.
dens_circ <- function(x){
 dens <- density.circular(circular(x$angle, units = "degrees"),
 bw = 70, kernel = "vonmises",
 control.circular = list(units = "degrees"))
 df <- data.frame(x = dens$x, y = dens$y/max(dens$y))
Finally, we estimate the density of each river in our selection. We use the split() function of R Base to get a table of each river in a list object. Then we apply our density estimation function to the list with the function map_df() from the purrr package. The suffix _df allows us to get a joined table, instead of a list with the results of each river. However, it is necessary to indicate the name of the column with the argument.id, which will contain the name of each river. Otherwise we would not know how to differentiate the results. Also here I recommend reading more details in the last post about tidyverse here.
dens_river <- split(river_vertices, river_vertices$NAME) %>%
 map_df(dens_circ,.id = "river")
# results
## river x y
## 1 Amazon 0.000000 0._PHONE_
## 2 Amazon 0.704501 0._PHONE_
## 3 Amazon 1.409002 0._PHONE_
## 4 Amazon 2.113503 0._PHONE_
## 5 Amazon 2.818004 0._PHONE_
## 6 Amazon 3.522505 0._PHONE_
Now we only have to make the graph through the famous ggplot package. First we add a new font Montserrat for it use in this plot.
# font download
font_add_google("Montserrat", "Montserrat")
# use of showtext
showtext_opts(dpi = 200)
In the next step we create two objects with the title and the plot caption. In the title we are using an html code to color part of the text instead of a legend. You can use html very easily with the ggtext package.
# title with html
title <- "Relative distribution of river flow direction in the world"
caption <- "Based on data from Zeenatul Basher, 20180215"
The background grid that creates ggplot by default for polar coordinates did not convince me, so we create a table with x axis background lines.
grid_x <- tibble(x = seq(0, 360 - 22.5, by = 22.5),
 y = rep(0, 16),
 xend = seq(0, 360 - 22.5, by = 22.5),
 yend = rep(Inf, 16))
Next we define all the styles of the graph. The most important thing in this step is the element_textbox() function of the ggtext package to be able to interpret our html code incorporated into the title.
theme_polar <- theme_minimal() +
 theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
 axis.text.y = element_blank(),
 legend.title = element_blank(),
 plot.title = element_textbox(family = "Montserrat",
 hjust = 0.5,
 colour = "white",
 size = 15),
 plot.caption = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white"),
 axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white"),
 strip.text = element_text(family = "Montserrat",
 colour = "white",
 face = "bold"),
 panel.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
 plot.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
 panel.grid = element_blank()
Finally we build the graph: 1) We use the geom_hline() function with different y intersection points to create the background grid. The geom_segment() function creates the x grid. 2) We create the density area using the geom_area() function. 3) In scale_x_continous() we define a negative lower limit so that it does not collapse at a small point. The labels of the eight main directions are indicated in the scale_y_continous() function, and 4) Finally, we change to a polar coordinate system and set the variable to create facets.
ggplot() +
 geom_hline(yintercept = c(0,.2,.6,.8,


Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?
Juror announcing decision
moodboard/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
The trend of jurors asking questions while a trial is going on is becoming more popular in courtrooms across the country. There are some states that now require it by law, including Arizona, Colorado, and Indiana.
Many times highly technical testimony may alienate the average juror to the point where they stop paying attention and begin faking that they understand what is being said. Due to this, lawyers have become more reluctant to take cases where they risk verdicts that are derived from uninformed and bored jurors who do not understand the applicable laws.
Case studies of trials that have been reviewed have shown that when jurors could ask questions during the trial, there were fewer incidents of verdicts that lacked a sound understanding of the evidence that was presented.
CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines
Experimentation has been done to gauge the effectiveness of permitting jurors to ask questions during trial. An example was in the "CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines" trial.
Chief Judge Leonard Davis asked jurors to write down questions that they had after each witness testified. Out of earshot of the jury, the lawyers and judge then reviewed each question, which did not identify which jury member asked it.
The judge, with attorney input, selected the questions to ask and informed the jurors that the selected questions were decided by him, not the lawyers, to avoid a juror getting insulted or holding a grudge because their question was not selected.
The attorneys could then expound on the questions, but were specifically asked not to include the jurors' questions during their closing arguments.
One of the major concerns of allowing jurors to ask questions was the amount of time it would take to review, select, and answer the questions. According to Alison K. Bennett, MS, in the article "Eastern District of Texas Experiments with Jurors' Questions During Trial," Judge Davis said that the additional time added about 15 minutes to the testimony of each witness.
He also said that the jurors appeared more engaged and invested in the proceedings and that the questions asked showed a level of sophistication and understanding from the jury that was encouraging.
The Pros of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
Most jurors want to render a fair verdict based on their understanding of the testimony. If jurors are unable to obtain all the information that they need to make that decision, they may become frustrated with the process and ignore the evidence and testimony that they could not decipher. By becoming active participants in the courtroom, jurors get a more in-depth understanding of courtroom procedures, are less likely to misunderstand the facts of a case and develop a clearer perspective on which laws apply or do not apply to the case.
Jurors' questions can also help lawyers get a feel for what they are thinking and can influence how lawyers continue to present their cases. It is also a good tool to reference when preparing for future cases.
The Cons of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
The risks of allowing a jury to ask questions can mostly be controlled by how the procedure is handled, although there are still other problems that may arise. They include:
 - A juror who wants to display their superior understanding of the case or one that talks too much could become taxing and annoying to other jurors as well as add unnecessary time to the trial proceedings. It also puts lawyers and judges at risk if they display signs of fatigue or annoyance with trying to control someone with these characteristics. The fallout could result in the juror feeling alienated and resentful which could have a harmful effect on jury deliberations.
 - A question could be asked that jurors feel essential, but in reality, has little legal significance to the outcome of the trial. Such a question could end up carrying too much weight when jurors begin their deliberations.
 - There is also a risk that the questions not asked by a jury could imply that they do not understand the evidence being presented or realize the significance of the evidence presented. Alternatively, it may mean that they do not have additional questions because they completely understand what has been presented. This could put lawyers at a disadvantage. If the jury does not understand the evidence enough to ask questions, a lawyer may change their strategy and spend more time with testimony that helps explain the evidence. However, if the jury does have a full understanding of the evidence, additional time spent on the same information could be viewed as repetitive and boring and the lawyer risks being audibly muted by jurors.
 - The risk of a witness answering a juror's question that has been rendered inadmissible.
 - Jurors may take the position of being an adversary of a witness rather than being interested in all of the facts of the case.
 - Jurors may rate the importance of testimony if a judge does not elect to ask a witness a juror's question. They may feel it is not an important testimony because it was not worthy of additional time spent to review it.
 - A question may be allowed by a judge by mistake and become the reason the verdict is later appealed.
 - Lawyers fear losing control over their case and trial strategy, especially if a question is asked by a juror that lawyers have purposely avoided mentioning during a trial. There is a concern that jurors with questions may decide on their verdict too early.
Procedure Determines Success of Jury Questions
Most of the problems that could develop from jurors asking questions can be controlled by a strong judge, through careful review of the questions and through using a proactive process through which jurors can submit questions.
If the judge is reading the questions, and not the jurors, a garrulous juror can then be controlled.
Questions that do not have significant importance to the overall outcome of the trial can be skipped.
Questions that appear to appear bias or are argumentative can be reworded or discarded. However, it does give the judge an opportunity to review the importance of jurors remaining impartial until the trial is over.
Cases Studies of Jurors Asking Questions
Professor Nancy Marder, director of IIT Chicago-Kent's Jury Center and author of the book "The Jury Process," researched the effectiveness of juror questions and determined that the justice is fully served when a jury is informed and understands all the mechanisms that go into their role as juror, including testimony given, evidence shown and how laws should or should not be applied.
She goes on to emphasize that judges and lawyers can benefit by taking a more "jury-centric" approach to court proceedings, which means considering questions that jurors may have through the juror's perspective rather through their own. By doing so will improve the performance of the jury as a whole.
It can also enable a jury to remain present and focused on what is going on, rather than have them obsess on an unanswered question. Unanswered questions could promote a feeling of apathy towards the remainder of the trial if they fear that they have failed to understand important testimony.
Understanding the Dynamics of a Jury
In Marder's article, "Answering Jurors' Questions: Next Steps in Illinois," she looks at the pros and cons of several examples of what can happen when jurors are permitted or legally bound to ask questions, and one major point that she mentions is in regards to the dynamics that occur among a jury.
She discusses how within groups of jurors there is a tendency for those who failed to understand testimony to look to other jurors who they deem as being better informed. That person ultimately becomes an authority figure in the room. Often their opinions carry more weight and will have more influence over what the jurors decide.
When jurors' questions are answered, it helps create an environment of equality and each juror can participate and contribute to the deliberations rather than being dictated to by those who appear to have all the answers. If debate does arise, all jurors can inject their knowledge into the discussion without feeling uninformed. By doing this, jurors are more likely to vote independently, rather than to be overly influenced by a single juror. According to Marder's research, the positive results of jurors moving out of passive roles of observers to active roles that allow them to ask questions have far outweighed the more negative concerns of lawyers and judges.
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Your Citation
Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, Montaldo, Charles. (2021, February 16). Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials? Retrieved from Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo. (accessed July 27, 2021).


Primary-level intervention to check exploitation of resources
The government has empowered panchayat-level Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) to keep tabs on the state of the environment at the local level and report violations of environmental laws and regulations.
A Government Order issued by the Principal Secretary, Environment, has handed down a fresh mandate to the BMCs to alert officials in the department to environmentally disruptive activities. The order translates into a grassroots-level intervention to ensure speedy action against unregulated exploitation of natural resources and arrest the depletion of biodiversity.
Citing the recommendations of the Assembly committee on environment, the order proposes that the BMCs be given the responsibility to act as 'Environment Protection Groups.' The committees have been directed to inform the authorities about violations of environmental laws and any activity that could result in ecological degradation, create a public health hazard, or pose a threat to human life. These include unauthorised sand-mining and illegal operation of quarries and development projects. The BMCs will also have to take the leadership to organise health and sanitation programmes. The order instructs the BMCs to restore, protect, and ensure the sustainable utilisation of water resources at the panchayat level. BMCs have been tasked with organising awareness programmes.
They have also been given the mandate to constantly monitor the state of the environment and alert the authorities and recommend conservation activities for inclusion in the panchayats' annual Plan. The district-level Technical Support Group constituted by the Kerala State Biodiversity Board will extend support to the BMCs to keep tabs on the environment. The order directs the government officials concerned at the local level to initiate timely action on the recommendations of BMCs.


Tip of the week # 612
6 July 2020
Play a sound when pressing Caps Lock (Windows 10) *
Have you ever hit the Caps Lock button on your keyboard without realising? If so, and you are a "hunt-and-peck" typist and look at your keyboard rather than your screen when you type, you must have torn your hair out.
OK, you can use the Change Case button in Word, Outlook and PowerPoint (or press SHIFT + F3 to toggle between UPPER CASE, lower case and Sentence Case) but why not set an "alarm" to notify you when you - accidentally - hit Caps Lock.
Here's how:
 1. Press the WIN key (the one with the Windows logo) and type caps.
 2. Make sure Play a sound when pressing Caps lock, Num Lock or Scroll lock is selected and press ENTER.
 3. Click on the button under Use Toggle Keys.
In future, whenever you press Caps Lock, Num Lock or Scroll Lock, a sound will be played.
Related tips
 1. Set the Print Screen key to open screen snipping : tip_603.php
 2. Shortcut key to quickly vary the case of text : tip_19.html


text:
Monkeys Understand Basic Counting Skills
A team of researchers studying Old World monkeys have found that the primates have better numerical skills than previously believed, BBC News reports.
They found, using a basic numeracy test, that long-tail macaques were able to determine which of two plates had more raisins. However, in strange fashion, the macaques only excelled in the basic test if they were not allowed to eat the raisins used in the experiment.
The results of the experiments show that the animals have the ability to understand the concept of relative quantities.
The researchers, from the German Primate Center in Goettingen, Germany, first tested the macaques by showing them two different amounts of raisins. The primates were then fed the raisins that they pointed to. But the researchers noted that in this test, the monkeys usually got it wrong — choosing the smaller pile of raisins.
Vanessa Schmidt, lead researcher on the study, said that instead of thinking about the quantities, the monkeys were thinking more about how much they wanted to eat the raisins.
"This impulsiveness impaired their judgment," Schmidt told BBC News. "But when we repeated the test, this time showing them two plates of inedible objects – pebbles – they did much better."
To find out if the monkeys could actually distinguish quantities, the team decided to try another experiment.
"We wanted to know if they could simultaneously maintain two mental representations of the food items, first as choice, and second as food reward," said Schmidt.
In the new experiment, which was a little more complex than the original, the macaques were shown plates of raisins, but the reward for pointing to the correct plate was to be fed raisins that were actually hidden underneath.
"They perform as well in this task as they do when choosing the pebbles," said Schmidt. "This seems to show that they see the raisins as signifiers – representations of the food rewards they're going to receive."
Professor Julia Fischer, the study's co-researcher, said that young children displayed the same difficulty in suppressing their impulses. "There's a well-known experiment called the reverse reward paradigm," she said.
"You have two heaps of candies – one big, and one small. The child obviously points at the big heap – which is then given to another child, while the [first] child itself gets the small heap," Fischer explained.
"Young children have trouble comprehending that they should point at the small heap to get the big one, but if you replace the candies with numerals or other symbols, they can do it," she added.
Other studies of primates in the past, that have used food to test numeracy skills, may have had inconclusive results because of this effect, and therefore didn't really understand the real abilities of these types of animals.
The study is published in the journal Nature Communications.
On the Net:


Thank you for considering creating a translation for Andama Remote Deskop. Bellow is a guide that describes in detail how this can be done.
 1. Create a new thread at the forum about the new translation you would like to create. I will then create the language file that you will use for the translation
 2. Download and install Qt from this link: Choose the open source edition. Qt includes the software that we will use to create the translation. Also you can compile and run Andama if you would like to test the translation on your own.
 3. Clone the Andama github repository. If you have Windows/Mac you can download GitHub Desktop from this link: On Linux you can clone the Andama repository using the terminal. Type git clone -b develop to clone the repository.
 andama github clone
 4. To translate Andama you should use the Qt Linguist. On your Mac it is located inside the folder you installed Qt, at the path /Qt/5.7/clang_64/bin/ Similary you can locate the Linguist application on your Windows or Linux machine.
 5. The language file is located where you cloned the Andama repository. For example the Greek language file is located at /Andama-Remote-Desktop/src/Andama/Andama_el.ts
 6. Open Qt Linguist, go to File > Open and select the language file for the translation you would like to create. For example the file name for the Protuguese translation is Andama_pt.ts. In general, the title of the language files are in the format: Andama_.ts, where the is a two or four letter language code based on this table: (Table of Language Culture Names, Codes, and ISO Values Method [C++])
 7. Once you open the language file in Qt Linguist you can start the translation. A video that describes the translation process is available here: You should only tranlsate the language file from English to the target language. Everything else presented in the video is not required for you.
 8. After completing the translation, send me a pull request using the Github Desktop, or using your terminal. Alternative you can upload the language file at the related forum thread you created for the language translation
 9. As a small sign of my apreciation for your help on translating Andama, please send me your full name or nickname at the email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., so that I can include it at the contributers section of the andama website


"IV Tube Chemical Linked To Preemie Liver Woes"
The small study in a German hospital suggests a chemical known as a phthalate, used in some intravenous feeding bags and tubing, may raise preemies' chances for liver damage.
Rigorous research on phthalates' effects in humans is lacking, and at least one expert found the German study unconvincing. There is no solid proof implicating the phthalate studied, DEHP.
However, the researchers said their results show that hospitals treating newborns or preemies should turn to IV feeding equipment that doesn't contain DEHP. Some hospitals in the U.S. already have switched.
Premature babies' livers are immature so they are already at risk for liver complications. They also are often fed intravenously, a practice already known to increase liver problems. The new study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, says one possible reason is DEHP. Animal studies suggest the phthalate chemical may cause various health risks including liver abnormalities and reproductive system damage."
Lindsey Tanner reports for the Associated Press July 27, 2009.
Source: AP, 07/28/2009


text:
Pub. date: 2007 | Online Pub. Date: September 15, 2007 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412952651 | Print ISBN: 9781412924702 | Online ISBN: 9781412952651| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Measures of Association/Correlation Coefficient
Ronald S. Landis
In many situations, researchers are interested in evaluating the relationship between variables of interest. Such associations are important for testing theories and hypotheses in which changes in one variable are tied to changes in another. In other words, is an increase in one variable associated with a systematic increase or decrease in the other? The most frequently reported measure of association within industrial and organizational psychology is the correlation coefficient ( r ). Correlation is a standardized index of the extent to which two sets of scores vary together. As an index, correlation can vary between −1.00 (i.e., a perfect negative relationship) and +1.00 (i.e., a perfect positive relationship). Correlations near zero indicate the absence of a linear relationship between the variables of interest. Squaring the correlation (i.e., r 2 ) provides an indication of the percentage of variance in one variable that can be explained by the other variable....


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Consistent and Inconsistent Linear Systems
Systems with parallel or intersecting lines
Atoms Practice
Practice Consistent and Inconsistent Linear Systems
Practice Now
Who Done It?
Have you ever wondered how police use eyewitness statements to solve crimes? After interviewing several witnesses, it might at first seem impossible to find out "whodunit," but if investigators think of the collection of statements as a system of equations, they can start to put together the pieces of the puzzle.
Why It Matters
If one witness says the bad guy has black hair and is a man, while another one insists the criminal is female and blond, their statements are inconsistent. Based on these two statements, no conviction can be made. If two eyewitnesses both say that the criminal is an elderly gentleman with gray hair, a conviction still can't be made. That's because these are dependent statements.
To make a conviction, an officer of the law needs two independent statements that are consistent with each other. For instance, "The bank robber was middle-aged man with a red beard," and "The man who held up the bank was had a tattoo on his left arm." This same principle applies to system of equations: whether the equations are consistent, inconsistent, dependent, or independent will determine the number of solutions.
Take a look at what happens when inconsistent statements are given in court:
Explore More
Watch the video below to learn more about how forensic scientists use witness testimony to solve crimes.
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Original text


text:
In-situ investigation of discolouration processes between historic oil paint pigments
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Microchimica Acta, 2006, 155 (1-2), pp. 319 - 322
- Issue Date:
Discolouring interactions between paint pigments have been observed since the mid 19th century. The source of some of these discolourations is the production of copper sulfides from an interaction between cadmium sulfide pigments and copper containing pigments. In this work, the discolouring interaction between cadmium yellow and malachite pigments was observed dynamically using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: