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Nag Panchami is not only a public display of wrestling as a particular way of life, but also a general celebration of exercise, physical fitness, and strength. In Banaras on Nag Panchami akharas sometimes put on demonstrations of strength. Wrestlers lift heavy weights and swing large joris and gadas. In the context of this discussion of snakes, milk, and fertility, one may interpret the exercises which wrestlers do in terms of contained sexuality and displaced passion.
A gada is a large round rock fixed to the end of a meter-long bamboo staff which is lifted and swung for exercise. It may weigh as little as five or as much as fifty to sixty kilograms. In the Ramayana and Mahabharata the gada is often mentioned as a weapon. In popular religious art and iconography Hanuman is almost never depicted without one. It is not only the symbol of his strength but also of his countenance. The gada he carries is highly decorated and made of gold. At championship bouts wrestlers are awarded gadas made of silver. The gada is, then, clearly the mark of a wrestler's prowess. Given the preponderance of phallic symbols in the akhara and the gada's general shape it is evident that swinging a gada has clear symbolic overtones of sexual potency and virility. Each time the gada is swung it is brought to a balanced position, erect from the wrestler's waist.
The phallic aspect of the gada is also evidenced by its association with snakes. In the Harivamsa(chap. 83) Akrura dives into the serpent world where he sees Ananta asleep on top of a mace (Vogel 1926: 92). As the manifestation of Baladev, "the mace carrier," Shesha Nag is also often depicted carrying a mace in one of his four arms (ibid: 196).
In shape a gada resembles the churning stick used to make butter and buttermilk. A parallel between churning and sexual energy has been drawn above. By swinging the gada one might say that a wrestler is churning his body to increase his store of semen.
Joris are swung like gadas but they come in pairs weighing between ten and forty kilograms each. Joris are often decorated with colorful designs, and many akharas have special pairs which are brought out only on such occasions as Nag Panchami and Guru Puja. In contrast to gadas, joris are named—the "white pair," the "shiny ones," the "thorny ones," the "flowery ones," the "mountainous ones" (many are named after a particular person who either made them, commissioned them to be made or swung them the most number of times). While gadas have clear phallic qualities, joris symbolize breasts (recognizing, of course, that breast and phallic symbols are highly mutable and multivocal to the point of being almost interchangeable). Not only do joris come in pairs, they are also swung from an inverted position with the wrestler holding firmly onto the titlike handle-grip as though he were milking a cow or buffalo. If churning is the dominant metaphor of swinging a gada, milking is associated with swinging a pair of joris.
Most of the wrestlers in Banaras are dairy farmers, and so the motifs of milking and churning are particularly appropriate. In fact, milking itself is referred to as an exercise by many young wrestlers who brag that they can milk ten or fifteen buffalos without tiring. In this instance the motif clearly refers to milk as a female substance which contributes to the development of male semen.
One of the most important exercises in a wrestler's regime involves digging the pit. The wrestling pit is dug with a pharsa (a short, heavy hoe) in much the same way that a field would be plowed. That is, a person digs the pit into furrows. A great deal of emphasis is placed on making the pit look like a well-cared-for field. I asked a number of wrestlers if there was not a contradiction in the fact that digging is prohibited on Nag Panchami while it is an integral part of pit preparation for the akhara festivities. I was told that there was no contradiction; the implication being, I think, that plowing is an overt act of planting or putting seed into the earth so as to take substance out. Digging the pit, on the other hand, enriches the soil by mixing things in. It is true that wrestlers draw strength from the soil but they are never seen as violating the earth. On a symbolic level they never pose a threat to the snake's potency. The wrestler is to the earth as a child, while the snake—as cloud, rain, and lightning—is emblematic of the sky father. A wrestler never challenges the virility of the snake but turns instead as a child to his mother's lap. All feelings of sexual attraction, either towards the mother or against the father, are sublimated beneath a symbolic cloak of non-sexual virility. It is not a question of who has sexual access to (or repressed desire for) whom, but of how sex itself can be held in check. The digging of the earth, as with many of the other symbols discussed here, represents the potential of sexual power turned into nurturing growth.
Once the earth of the akhara pit is dug it is smoothed out by harnessing a wrestler to a flat log which he drags around the pit behind him. In this exercise wrestlers are compared, through association with draft oxen, to bulls (see plate 15). Bulls are ubiquitous in Banaras and although they go on rampages and can be dangerous they are generally regarded as non-aggressive. They are, however, the very embodiment of strength and brute force.
While associated with Shiva, the bull in Hindu mythology is not a symbol of phallic aggression or erotic desire. As O'Flaherty points out, the bull represents controlled, passive sexuality: the inverse of Shiva's potent sexuality. The bull is "virility held in check" on two fronts: by Shiva's ascetic power on one hand and on the other by the mother (cow) who "overwhelms and blocks" the impulses of the bull (1980: 253). The bull is, then, the perfect image of the wrestler whose passion, like that of the snake, is cooled by mother milk, and whose seed is never spent.
One of the most common metaphors used to describe a wrestler's strength is to compare him to the oxen who draw huge leather buckets of water out of rural irrigation wells. These wells are sunk deep into the ground. An incline is built for the oxen to walk up and down as they pull the water up on a cantilevered pulley. Again, the motif of the impregnating bull is reversed, as it were, and instead the bull-like wrestler harnesses himself to the rope and draws out the life-giving milk/water fluids of the earth. Not coincidentally, the ox, as a castrated bull, is here associated with fertility and strength but not sexuality.


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This approach is similar to the weighted sum method but instead of
directly using the ratings of similar items it uses an approximation
of the ratings based on regression model. In practice, the
similarities computed using cosine or correlation measures may be
misleading in the sense that two rating vectors may be distant (in
Euclidean sense) yet may have very high similarity. In that case using
the raw ratings of the ''so called'' similar item may result in poor
prediction. The basic idea is to use the same formula as the weighted
sum technique, but instead of using the similar item N's ''raw''
ratings values Ru,N's, this model uses their approximated values
Ru,N' based on a linear regression model. If we denote the
respective vectors of the target item i and the similar item N by
Ri and RN the linear regression model can be expressed as
The regression model parameters and are determined by going over both of the rating vectors. is the error of the regression model.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A Deposit to Begin:
We ask for a 50% deposit to begin making your new bicycle. If you prefer, we can set your bike up as a lay-a-way, and you can pay smaller payments. Some people pay small payments of $150 or $200 for example, and when the 50% is reached, we begin production.
Payments can be made by the following methods:
 - Call us _PHONE_) with a credit card number (most common)
 - Send a check or money order in the snail mail
 - R+E Cycles
 5627 University Way NE
 Seattle, WA 98105
The full online ordering procedure is here.


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Curriculum Monitoring Programme
Note: This report was originally intended for release earlier this year, but was postponed due to the global health emergency. We are now making it available online for your information.
In 2018/19, CCEA initiated a curriculum monitoring programme, designed to allow us to hear the views of teachers and other stakeholders about the curriculum.
The purpose of this first stage of the Curriculum Monitoring Programme was to engage with teachers and principals in relation to curriculum, assessment and qualifications and use the responses to inform CCEA's future planning and support.
We sought views on:
- the implementation of the curriculum – the benefits and challenges;
- progression and continuity across key stage transitions;
- the effectiveness and relevance of the Cross-Curricular Skills and Thinking Skills & Personal Capabilities;
- assessing progress; and
- awareness/usefulness of CCEA curriculum support materials and areas to prioritise in the future.
Almost 1,000 teachers provided their feedback. Thank you to those who took part in a range of direct feedback, surveys and focus groups.
We hope to be able to undertake the next phase of research in the 2020/21 academic year and that this will incorporate pupil voice. We will also be seeking detailed feedback on specific areas such as progression from Key Stage 3 to 4.
The Northern Ireland Curriculum was introduced in 2007 and covers all 12 years of compulsory education. It's a curriculum that focuses on the learning process and learners' needs, as well as their knowledge, understanding and skills.
Watch the short video below to find out more.
Assessment is the cornerstone of good learning and teaching. It can make a vital contribution to improving educational outcomes for all pupils. It's about collecting, interpreting and using information to give a deeper appreciation of what pupils know and understand, their skills and capabilities, and what their learning experiences enable them to do.
Watch the short video below to find out more:
We have collaborated with Parentkind throughout the Curriculum Monitoring process and held events across Northern Ireland to ensure that parents' views were captured. The rich feedback and information received is illustrated through the following video:


Event Definitions can be created by taking the following steps:
 1. Click the goto the Configuration Desktopon the left part of the sreen.
 2. On this Desktop open the Event Definitions Listbox.
 4. Fill out the information on the Event Definitions Form. Where You can add Triggers and Actions directly to this form, or use their tabs in the following steps.
 5. Click the 'Trigger' Tab, and Add Trigger to Event,
 6. Click the 'Action' Tab, and Add Action to Event
 7. Move the Event Definition to the Active Object State by pressing the 'Next' Icon.
The step sequence is shown in the following figure:
How to Create a New Event Definition
Information on the General Tab
 - Event Name: (required) Use a descriptive name so that it is easy to add event records to Step Definitions.
 - Description: A short description for this event.
Trigger Tab
Action Tab
Useful Links


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During the winter months centipede grass does not enter a truly dormant state. The grass can suffer severe damage if the weather is harsh and cold with warming stretches. A freeze will kill the top growth of centipede grasses. The grass can return once the weather warms again, but another freeze can cause damage to the root system if the cycle continues to repeat. The top foliage and the root system of the grass can easily be killed when the weather cycles between warm and freezing several times in a season. If this occurs, replanting will be necessary. Centipede grass should only be planted in areas that are temperate and do not offer dramatic wintertime fluctuations.
Mow centipede grass at a height of 2 inches during the winter months. Mowing grass to a shorter height can cause the grass to weaken and be more susceptible to wintertime damage. Keeping the grass at 2 inches will help protect the centipede grass roots during a frost. Allowing the grass to grow longer than 2 inches will cause excessive thatch buildup in the spring.
Fertilize in the late fall using a 15-0-15 fertilizer. Phosphorus should not be applied to centipede grass because it can easily deplete the iron supplies that the grass will need throughout the winter. Apply approximately 1 lb. of fertilizer per 1,000 square feet. Water the fertilizer into the lawn thoroughly. Apply fertilizer again in January.
Apply a pre-emergent herbicide to the centipede grass during the wintertime to kill any weeds that might try to compete or take over the centipede grass. A hormonal herbicide will prevent many broad leaf weeds from reaching maturity. Apply the herbicides according to the instructions on the label.
Water centipede grass during the winter at a rate of 1/2 inch every three days. Sandy soil conditions will require more frequent winter watering to maintain the centipede grass. Water the grass any time that the temperature is predicted to drop below 20 degrees Fahrenheit. The water in the soil will help keep the centipede grass warm during an extremely cold night.


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Session 2006-07,14 December 2006
New inquiry: Climate change and the Stern review: the implications for HM Treasury policy on tax and the environment
The Treasury Committee has decided to undertake an inquiry into the implications for HM Treasury policy of climate change and the Stern review, following the publication of Sir Nicholas Stern's review of The Economics of Climate Change on 30 October 2006. The Committee will examine the effectiveness of steps taken by HM Treasury to tackle climate change in the context of tax and the environment.
In particular, the Committee will consider:
progress made by the Government on the undertakings set out in its Statement of intent on environmental taxation, published in 1997, and subsequently endorsed in its 2002 paper, Tax and the environment: using economic instruments
the Government's use of environmental or 'green' taxes that are specifically targeted at tackling climate change
the extent to which the Government uses environmental taxation to encourage behavioural change, rather than solely to raise revenue, and the social impact of such taxation; and
looking forward, the appropriate role of environmental taxation, in the context of the range of means by which the Government can seek to achieve its environmental policy aims-for example, by means of regulation, a voluntary agreement or a spending measure.
In relation to the Stern review, the Committee will give particular consideration to:
the innovative and novel aspects of the economic analysis carried out in the review, in order to examine what new perspectives the review has brought to the climate change debate; and
both the design and the parameters of the economic modelling used in the review.
The Committee will not seek to examine the environmental science of climate change, except where it relates to the economic modelling undertaken in the Stern review.
Written evidence should reach the Committee by
5.00 pm on Wednesday 17 January. Further information for those submitting written evidence is given in the notes below.
1. Written evidence should be in Word or rich text format-not PDF format-and sent by e-mail to
The body of the e-mail must include a contact name, telephone number and postal address. The e-mail should also make clear who the submission is from. The deadline is
Wednesday 17 January 2007 at 5.00 pm.
Submissions must address the terms of reference. They should be in the format of a self-contained memorandum and should be no more than 3,000 words. Paragraphs should be numbered for ease of reference, and the document must include an executive summary. Further guidance on the submission of evidence can be found at
Submissions should be original work, not previously published or circulated elsewhere. Once submitted, your submission becomes the property of the Committee and no public use should be made of it unless you have first obtained permission from the Clerk of the Committee. Please bear in mind that Committees are not able to investigate individual cases.
The Committee normally, though not always, chooses to publish the written evidence it receives, either by printing the evidence, publishing it on the internet or by making it publicly available through the Parliamentary Archives. If there is any information you believe to be sensitive you should highlight it and explain what harm you believe would result from its disclosure; the Committee will take this into account in deciding whether to publish or further disclose the evidence.
For data protection purposes, it would be helpful if individuals wishing to submit written evidence send their contact details in a covering letter. You should be aware that there may be circumstances in which the House of Commons will be required to communicate information to third parties on request, in order to comply with its obligations under the Freedom of Information Act 2000.


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- n. (noun) A woman whose hair is disheveled, and hanging about her face; a slattern.
- n. (noun) A hot-tempered, unjustifiably angry woman, usually stereotyped as a red-haired Irish woman (used largely by Anglo-Saxons by due cause of nationalistic and racial tensions).
'Blowsabella' may come from Blousalinda, 'the country girl in Gay's pastoral poem, The Shepherd's Week (1714).' 'Blowze' is slang for 'a ruddy, fat-faced wench; a blowzy woman.'
"By and by, indeed, a leisurely Blowsabella of a serving maid lays a coarse, clean cloth and some knives and forks in what she calls the bavilion, a homely arbor at the garden end; and thither the Professor at once repairs, and seating himself at his place before the empty table, lays his watch before him, and seems to derive a bitter solace from counting the numerous moments as they pass, and announcing them by five at a time aloud to Brooks."
"About half-past eleven, when the music was at its loudest, the mummers at the merriest, and queens, goddesses, nymphs, and heroines were all jumping all like Bowsabella of the Village Green; when from the alcoves near us men were bawling songs, whose words, happily, were lost to us, we rose to go, sorry to leave the scene of so much mirth, yet anxious not to witness the scenes of disorder which take place later."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Graphing a Probability Density
Graphing the probability density or cumulative probability density of an uncertain variable is easy in Analytica. You need only select Probability Density or Cumulative Probability from the Result menu, or from the result mode dropdown at the top-left corner of a result window. In these cases, Analytica's GUI automatically knows how to show statistical results when the computed result is a sample indexed by Run.
However, if you compute a PDF or CDF histogram yourself, you end up with a 2-D array of histogram points. To plot this as a histogram, you set up a coordinate index. This mini-tutorial walks you through the steps.
Setting up the Data
Let's begin by computing some histograph data.
1. Start Analytica. In the model object window, title the model "Plotting Histogram Data". Then close the object window.
2. On the diagram, create a chance node, Ch1, and set its definition to
3. Press ResultToolbarButton.jpg to view the result.
That doesn't look like the PDF of a gamma distribution, does it? In this graph, the bin coordinates (X) are being plotted as one series, and the density values (Y) as a second series. To plot the PDF, we need to plot X versus Y, rather than plotting X and Y as separate series.
Before doing this, let's examine how the underlying data is organized.
4. Switch to table view, i.e., press the TableModeIcon.jpg button in the graph window. For easier viewing, pivot the table so that the Step index forms the rows, the DensityIndex the columns.
The values that we wish to plot on the X-values are stored in the first column of the data. The values we wish to plot on the Y-axis are in the second column. Hence, the Step index dimensions a set of 2-D data points. Each row of this table represents one point having an (X,Y) coordinate given by the two column values.
To use each row as a coordinate, we must tell Analytica to use the DensityIndex as the coordinate index (i.e., the index that dimensions the coordinates of each point).
5. Press the XYbutton.jpg at the top-left corner of the result window. Select "Use Coordinate Index".
Use Coordinate Index dialog.jpg
6. Finally, graph the data by pressing GraphModeIcon.jpg, and we have the desired density graph.
See Also
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Future Safety Requires New Approaches to People Development
"It is easy to presume that the railway system will become safer and safer as it evolves. However, it can't do that if our thinking about how to manage safety and develop our people doesn't evolve with it" – Ann Mills, Head of Health and Safety Management, RSSB
In the previous 'Over the horizon' series, George Bearfield showed that rail is the safest form of land transport in the UK, and the safest of the largest EU railways. We owe our success to a complex recipe of safety management, operational learning, regulation, technology and the skills and dedication of our people at all levels.
It is easy to presume that the railway system will become safer and safer as it evolves. However, it can't do that if our thinking about how to manage safety and develop our people doesn't evolve with it. This article explores new thinking in safety and what it means for talent development. How can we evolve our development approaches to build on our strong safety pedigree and enhance our safety even further?
Currently, the rail industry relies heavily on procedural control to ensure safe operations. A primary focus of development and training for safety critical staff is around rule compliance. In many organisations, new recruits for safety critical roles are subjected to weeks of theory-based training, covering rules, instructions and technical information, before they experience the real context in which they will be working. Before people can work unsupervised they must demonstrate that they are 'competent' and a large part of our initial and ongoing development activity is geared towards a pass/fail competence judgement. There is a tendency to forget that competence is on a continuum with people at various stages along it such as novice, not yet competent, competent, proficient and expert.
Our railway is a complex socio-technical system. Complex systems are always capable of surprising those working with them. Although we do an admirable job of rule creation, there are already just too many states to comprehensively cover with rules. Thinking about the future rail system, this is even more so the case. There will be more complexity with more interlinked systems working together. There will be complex interfaces and interactions between existing and new systems. It isn't hard to foresee that the role of many of our staff will change dramatically. The railway system of the future will require different skills from our workforce. There are likely to be fewer roles that require repetitive procedure following and more that require dynamic decision making, collaborating, working with data or providing a personalised service to customers. A seminal white paper on safety in air traffic control acknowledges the increasing difficulty of managing safety with rule compliance as the system complexity grows: 'The consequences are that predictability is limited during both design and operation, and that it is impossible precisely to prescribe or even describe how work should be done.'
Since human performance cannot be completely prescribed, some degree of variability, flexibility or adaptivity is required for these future systems to work.
The new approach to safety
Recent safety literature has been calling for a new approach to safety, to supplement and strengthen our current approaches. It goes by several different names: Safety II, Safety Differently, New View of safety and Resilience Engineering, to name the main ones. There are two common themes. Firstly, recognition that work is safely and effectively achieved almost all the time. This is despite, and perhaps because of the variability of human performance. Hence, the next step in improving safety is to learn from successful work as much as from incidents and accidents. Secondly, the potential of people within the system to make the system more resilient is acknowledged and celebrated.
One key concept in this way of thinking is the difference between 'work as imagined' and 'work as done'. Although associated with this new approach to safety, this is a concept that has been around since the middle of the last century (see Steven Shorrock's excellent article for a fuller explanation). 'Work as imagined' is how different layers of an organisation think work takes place. 'Work as done' is what people actually do. There are overlaps of course but 'work as done' occurs in the real context which is often not quite what was imagined. 'Work as done' responds to the reality of conflicting goals, degraded situations and social context. To meet these real demands, people in the system make compromises and create solutions. 'Work as done' includes the whole range of performance of the system, star performance, poor performance, different ways of doing things, good days and bad days and everything in between.
Safety differently, development differently
When we think about safety differently, we are inspired to think about development differently. When we design a training programme, assessment or competence standard, or even when we write an objective for someone we manage, we are thinking of 'work as imagined'. This means we are missing an understanding of real work that could be invaluable to our development approach, now, and especially in the future. Equally, recognising that there will ALWAYS be a difference between 'work as imagined' and 'work as done' is critical.
How can we make the most of this difference rather than be caught out by it?
- Invest in manager skills to build a trusting relationship at all levels. Managers and supervisors need to be set free from the office and get onto the front line more to experience the context of real work and build their understanding of 'work as done'. They are likely to discover a rich diversity of practice including innovative work arounds and difficulties they may not have been aware of. But, to do this successfully, they need to develop the right skills, and organisational policy and the other demands of their job must be enablers not barriers. For example, what should they do if they discover a routine violation that is critical to keeping the service running?
- Explore 'work as done' with an open mind. Seek to shift the focus away from 'work as imagined' towards the reality of 'work as done' as much as possible. Development activities need to include more real context and complexity. For example, this might include learning with a diverse group of people who are at different places on the competence continuum, who don't communicate clearly or who don't always strictly follow the rules. Development activities need to reflect realistic operational scenarios such as equipment failures, incomplete information and bad weather. Acknowledge the gap between work as imagined and work as done and include the hazards arising from this in training. This does not mean that violations should be tolerated, it is about being realistic and proportionate.
- Shift focus of development activities onto 'how to make things go right' not just 'how to avoid things going wrong'. Recognise the skill and flexibility that people are using within their work to get things done safely and effectively and work out how to pass those skills on to new recruits. It's about learning how to make sensible and robust decisions in a world of changing circumstances, within the constraints that are important for safety. In this way, the conflict between safety and productivity, or safety and train performance, that is sometimes seen to exist disappears. 'Making things go right' means safe and effective.
- Harness the power of 'experts' to help develop newly competent people within the context of normal work. What is it that makes an expert better than someone who has only just learned the job? It is likely around their accumulated experience over time and how they have learnt from their own mistakes and successes in dealing with different situations. Consider opportunities to use the skills and experience of these experts to accelerate the development of less experienced colleagues.
- Recognise that workers may know more about what it takes for the system to work safety and efficiently than your trainers, and managers. Give more empowerment to staff at all levels to determine their own development needs and encourage them to take more responsibility in maintaining and developing their own competence. Let them say what they need to do their job even better and how they can best learn it.
The benefits of taking this approach will be hard to measure but a new approach is critical for us to successfully adapt to the future and compete with other transport modes as a service and as an employer. As the complexity of our rail system increases, it will simply become unwieldy to rely solely on rule compliance as one of our major safety defences. If we can be more flexible and take an approach inspired by new safety thinking, we will reap the benefits in terms of system resilience. We will learn about underlying weaknesses in our system that could lead to an accident. We will improve staff engagement and motivation. We will also learn more about how to continuously improve the effectiveness of our system from the experts operating it every day.


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- Do pandas kill their babies?
- Why can pandas only eat bamboo?
- Are baby pandas dangerous?
- Do pandas kill humans?
- Why do pandas die?
- What do pandas eat and drink?
- What do baby pandas eat in the wild?
- Why do baby pandas die so easily?
- What do pandas do all day?
- Do pandas eat carrots?
- Do baby pandas eat poop?
- How long do pandas live for?
- How fast do baby pandas grow?
- What happens if you kill a panda?
- Why are baby pandas taken from their mothers?
- How many pandas are left in the world 2020?
- What do baby pandas drink?
- What eats a panda?
- Can pandas be pets?
- Has a panda ever killed anyone?
- Do people eat pandas?
Do pandas kill their babies?
Panda mothers can accidentally crush their babies.
The tiny pandas are especially vulnerable in the face of the mother's 200-pound (90-kilogram) frame.
In 2006, a giant panda in China accidentally killed her newborn as it nursed..
Why can pandas only eat bamboo?
Scientists think the iconic black and white bears switched to eating bamboo in part because it's extremely abundant and they don't have to fight with other animals to get it. Bamboo is high in fiber but has a low concentration of nutrients, so pandas have to eat 20 to 40 pounds of the stuff every day just to get by.
Are baby pandas dangerous?
Even in captivity, where pandas are used to being cooed over by humans, they can be dangerous. … The panda needs this impressive bite if it is to crack its way into the tough sheath of a bamboo stem.
Do pandas kill humans?
No matter how many adorable videos you've seen of pandas, don't approach a giant panda in the wild. They have strong grips and can deliver powerful bites that are strong enough to harm a human leg.
Why do pandas die?
Giant pandas first became endangered in 1990 due to excessive poaching in the 80s and deforestation, depleting their bamboo food source. … A fickle species, bamboo can grow extensively in mountainous or barren lands, but then dies in the winter.
What do pandas eat and drink?
A panda's daily diet consists almost entirely of the leaves, stems and shoots of various bamboo species. Bamboo contains very little nutritional value so pandas must eat 12-38kg every day to meet their energy needs. But they do branch out, with about 1% of their diet comprising other plants and even meat.
What do baby pandas eat in the wild?
BambooAfter 6 Months – Beginning to Eat Bamboo They begin to eat bamboo. It's about spring time and their growing process gets faster after 6 months. Male pandas generally develop faster than female pandas.
Why do baby pandas die so easily?
Giant Pandas Are Very Bad at Keeping Babies Alive At birth, newborns are only about the size of a stick of butter – approximately four inches long and four ounces heavy. Their small size and developmental immaturity combine for a panda infant mortality rate during the first year of 40%.
What do pandas do all day?
Giant pandas spend their lives eating bamboo and walking around the forest floor. They are good climbers and can also swim. They don't build dens (except to put cubs in) or hibernate.
Do pandas eat carrots?
In zoos, giant pandas eat bamboo, sugar cane, rice gruel, a special high-fiber biscuit, carrots, apples, and sweet potatoes. … To make up for the inefficient digestion, a panda needs to consume a comparatively large amount of food—from 20 to 40 pounds of bamboo each day—to get all its nutrients.
Do baby pandas eat poop?
Sometimes they eat and poop at the same time. 11. Pandas don't have the energy to walk around constantly because of the low nutrition of bamboo. … Baby pandas are the size of a Chihuahua puppy.
How long do pandas live for?
20 yearsIn the wildGiant panda/Lifespan
How fast do baby pandas grow?
Panda cubs grow quickly. They stay with their mother for one and a half to two years. When cubs leave their mother depends on if she conceives. They are fully grown in four years (up to 150 kg or 330 lb).
What happens if you kill a panda?
Under Chinese law, killing protected animals such as pandas can result in a jail sentence of up to 10 year. The Chinese government warned in 1987 that killing pandas could even result in the death penalty.
Why are baby pandas taken from their mothers?
The newborns are so small that they can't move or hold themselves up; a mother must constantly clutch her cub to her chest in order to allow it to feed. It's difficult to care so intensively for one helpless infant, let alone two.
How many pandas are left in the world 2020?
It is an achievement to celebrate. But pandas remain scattered and vulnerable, and much of their habitat is threatened by poorly-planned infrastructure projects. And remember: there are still only 1,864 left in the wild.
What do baby pandas drink?
>> A mother panda has four nipples for babies to drink nutrient-rich milk. Panda breast milk also contains various substances that help newborns resist disease.
What eats a panda?
Giant pandas face very few predators A fully grown panda is far too formidable a foe for most predators, but some animals can prey on cubs. Potential predators include jackals, snow leopards and yellow-throated martens, all of which are capable of killing and eating panda cubs.
Can pandas be pets?
There isn't anywhere you can keep a Panda as a pet. Or get your hands on one for that matter. As mentioned above, all the Pandas are owned by the Chinese Government and they are not permitting anyone to buy or sell Pandas. Anywhere.
Has a panda ever killed anyone?
Giant panda attacks on human are rare. There, we present three cases of giant panda attacks on humans at the Panda House at Beijing Zoo from September 2006 to June 2009 to warn people of the giant panda's potentially dangerous behavior.
Do people eat pandas?
Though humans apparently ate panda in prehistoric times, contemporary Chinese have little taste for the animal. There is an oft-cited saying that Chinese people will "eat anything with four legs except the table" — including braised camel hump, monkey brains, and shark's fin on the occasional (luxe) Chinese menu.


How Do You Know If There Is A Spark Between You?
Can you fall in love after a kiss?
Scientists agree that the first kiss can be make or break.
How long should a first kiss last?
How do you know if someone is constantly thinking about you?
Can someone feel you thinking about them?
Can You Really Feel When Someone Is Thinking About You? Yes, you can really feel when someone is thinking or talking about you because when they do so, they send out energy vibrations to you.
What does chemistry with someone feel like?
How long does it take to feel a spark?
5-30 minutes up to several hours at most. Usually you'll sense it almost instantaneously or within a few minutes.
How can you tell if two people are sleeping together?
What does it mean to feel a spark with someone?
We naturally feel comfortable with each other. A "spark" can also take the form of a sinking feeling, goosebumps, or butterflies in your stomach feeling when you look at them, get a call from them, they touch you, etc. — u/onekate. That spark is just being excited to be with them.
How do you know if there is a connection with someone?
Can two people feel a spark?
Final Thoughts on Recognizing a Spark of Chemistry. When two people feel an instant connection across the room or in a crowd, there can be sparks that instantly fly. It's as if you are being drawn together by forces outside yourselves. It's not something you can make happen.
Do you really feel sparks when you kiss your true love?
There's no 'right' way to feel during a kiss. … Different kisses mean different things. It's possible to still have 'sparks' with someone that you've known for a long time. If you're both fairly happy with your relationship, then it might be worth shaking things up a bit to see if you can up the sexual ante a bit.
Are you meant to feel something when kissing?
It varies person to person, everyone feels it a little differently, but if you enjoyed it, that's about it! There is no "normal" feeling for a kiss really, just people trying to explain what they individually felt from things.
Can a relationship work with no spark?
Can you feel mutual attraction?
Does chemistry ever go away?
Chemistry can also be felt with a complete stranger, as long as we can infer enough information that our value systems match. Over time, our value systems change, and chemistry may fade. Then there should be an understanding and maturity in the relationship.
What does a spark in a relationship feel like?
It feels like excitement, like anything could happen when you're with them and you want to find out what. I still get it when he comes home from being out, or we go on a date or something. I look at him and just being in that moment with him is enough. That 'spark' can definitely be created over time.
How do you know if there's chemistry between you?
What is a spark between man and woman?
It is the impulse that you have to see this other person again. It can be described as a profound connection, a bond, a "spark." As one woman put it, "I got tingles all over my body." Bodily sensations, such as getting tingles all over your body, is our experience of chemistry on a biological level.
What does romantic chemistry feel like?
Good chemistry can happen between a romantic partner and someone you just really click with. When it's a romantic partner, it's sexual. It feels magnetic, likes there's static or sparks in the air. You get goosebumps or a tingly warm feeling.
How do you know if the feeling is mutual?
Here are some signs of a mutual attraction, according to experts.There's Reciprocity. … There's A Special Look In Their Eyes When You Make Eye Contact. … You Like Their Smell & They Like Yours. … Your Hips Face Each Other When You Talk. … They're Curious About You & Remember Random Details About Your Life.More items…•Oct 11, 2019
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Low Labour Productivity And Unpaid Care Work
Date Published:
June, 2018
Document Author(s):
Thematic Area:
Care work is what individuals do every day when they spend time cooking, cleaning and caring for children, the ill, the disabled and the elderly, and maintaining a household. The total of all care work, paid and unpaid, comprises the care economy. The care economy is a relatively new but highly significant concept in thinking about the labour market, productivity and economic growth. Whereas paid care work is considered a service, and is counted as productive work and in national output, unpaid care work is not valued, counted or considered in national statistics or policy agendas.


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Iberian mesopotamia alignments
- The Toponym Monfurado Mountain Range Origin
José Cirilo Rodrigues
(Start editing on September 2014)
|This is a research project at Wikiversity.|
This project research is aimed to guide a new generation of scientific researchers using free tools and collaborate with wikipédia. Everyone with a critical thinking and wanting to explore our earth can use Google Earth and astronomy software to observe and analyze the Iberian Mesopotamia Alignments. The region between the three Iberian rivers: Tagus, Guadiana, and Sado in inner Alentejo, Portugal, was called as Iberian Mesopotamia by the archaeologist Manuel Calado. The alignments are located in the Monfurado (Holed Mountain) Mountain Range near the Almendres Cromlech.
Behind every Portuguese geographic accident, such as promontories, mountains, and rivers there are a lot of tales and mysteries. This article is intended to demystify the toponomic name Serra de Monfurado, which means in Portuguese language 'a mountain with a hole'. Monfurado maintain range is located in the inner Alentejo region south Portugal at a middle distance between the Iberian rivers Tagus and Guadiana and the Portuguese river Sado, so this region is known by archaeologists scholars as the Iberian Mesopotamia. This region constitutes the principal diffusion center of the megalithic culture with a central point at the Almendres Cromelech located 13 km west from the capital district city Évora. This study shows the alignment between the menir of Almendres, located at 1.5 km distance in the summer solstice sunrise - live direction, and the Cromelech with the most important stars for a shepherd people - the Capella star, Pollus and Regulus-. On the other hand towards the sunset - death direction at the equinox there exist some earthwork alignenment perfectly oriented east-west. This special construction - a mountain with a hole - is the name origin of the Portuguese toponym - Monfurado-. Due to the simplicity of the tools used and the probability to exist more similar constructions, it is highly recommended to continue searching for other possible alignments with satellite technology such as Google Earth and free astronomy software to better understand prehistoric megalithic science and scientists.
Keywords: prehistory science, archaeoastronomy, archaeology, prehistoric alignments, megalith, toponymy
In the late 1960th at the Portuguese primary school, every kid learned the place-name history of the Cape of the Good Hope, located at the bottom of the African continent, in South Africa. This cape was primarily named by Portuguese navigators as Cabo Adamastor, but, as it was refused by his majesty the King of Portugal, they still had tried the name: Cabo das Boas Tormentas to remember their difficulties without success. This story lets us remember that place-names are given by the authority of the people who needs them as references and the continuity of their use. The importance of the continuity of the place-name is well demonstrated in the recent archaeoatronomy study led by archaeologist Fabio Silva about the origin of the name of the Star Mountain range. Despite the Roman authority have called it as Montes Herminios during seven centuries. Fabio Silva study argues that the origin of the name - Star mountain range - is the due to the continuity of the name used by the first megalithic sheep herders which settled the region. These two examples illustrate the importance of place-names, as well as the reason why, today, to give or to change a place-name, it is a matter held by specialists of the United Nations and people directly affected. To be short, the study of place-names, must consider the authority and continuity of the people, which uses and needs them.
Following the above line of thought, this article is about the authority or prestige of the people since the first megalithic settlers of the Iberian Mesopotamia region, continuously used and needed to denominate the Monfurado mountain range, as a geographic reference seven millennia ago. According to some archaeologists, these first settlers, mixed with local people, implemented a new social style of life well tested, during some millennium after, in other distant places such as the middle east, Cantabria or Danube regions (*). The importance of the study of the Iberian Mesopotamia alignments is not only the ability to shape the mountain (with a hole – Monfurado -) but the scientific knowledge behind the live alignment - sun rise direction - of the manor of Almendres and to plan and dig the death alignment (sun set direction) of the dug hole. The mystic knowledge, which associates direction with life and death at the Cromelech of Almendres, has real meaning because the west direction is the Atlantic ocean and land to the east (see Figure 1).
Our ancestors made any difference between scientific knowledge and believe; everything was a question of death and life. For them orientation knowledge was a matter of survival as a social group sharing the same space and way of live. To better clarify and demystify our ancient society this study is divided in two parts: the live alignment and the death alignment, to discuss each specific method, tools and results separately.
Edwin C. Krupp in his book "In Search Of Ancient Astronomies" shows the vital importance of the star knowledge to develop agriculture and shepherds. The Menir of Almendres located 1.5 km northeast from Cromelech of Almendres indicates the sunrise direction at summer solstice (see figure Live Alignment). This article confirms that its scientific construction purpose is to indicate the stars rise direction as suggested by archaeologist (*). With specific free software, it is possible to simulate the sky five millennia ago and discover what stars were aligned at that time between the menir and the Cromelech.
The following two sections are focused on software and star names.
The two free astronomy software Stellarium and Celestia are available for many operating systems ready to install and use. Just set local coordinates of Almendres Cromelech (38.00, 8.00), select time to 3.000 BC, and start seeing the sky as five millennia ago as our ancestors used to do. Start moving the time scale to summer solstice, its possible to verify that the stars Capella, Pollus and Regullus rise at the same position.
Capella, Pollux and Regullux
Google earth has the ability to simulate the sun movement. At Almendres Cromlech the sun sets every day at a different point behind the Monfurado mountain range; from left in the winter solstice to the right in the summer solstice position indicated by the two respective yellow arrows as shown beside in figure Death Alignment.
The earthwork alignment reproduces the reflection phenomenon of the Arrábida mountain range, which became invisible at a distance greater than about 30 km during day light. For instance, from Cabrela, located at a middle distance between the Cromlech and Arrábida mountain range, this mountain is not visible during most part of the day. Just only one hour before sunset the "Two Sun Mountains", starts to reappear in the Horizont.
- Silva, Fabio (2012). "Landscape and Astronomy in Megalithic Portugal: the Carregal do Sal Nucleus and Star Mountain Range". w:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology (Ubiquity Press) 22: 99–144. doi:10.5334/pia.405. _URL_ Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- Cirlot, Juan-Eduardo (1984). Dicionário de Símbolos. São Paulo: Moraes. p. 430.
- Krupp, Edwin C. (1978). Krupp, Edwin C.. ed (PDF). In Search of Ancient Astronomies. New York: McGraw-Hill.


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|Grump Meter helps children control anger|
|Written by Ellen Portnoy, Contributing Writer|
|Wednesday, July 18 2012 10:12|
Sometimes uncontrolled anger in children and teens can lead to the one event that parents, teachers, doctors and friends cannot fix — suicide. Lynn Kaufman, who has a master's degree in social work, has devoted the last 22 years helping children and families talk about their anger, become aware of their angry moods, recognize oncoming anger signs and control their angry behaviors.
"I found the issues around families and children very interesting," said Kaufman. "I am interested in how relationships among people work. I am interested in children and families learning to control their anger and express it in positive and constructive ways. I am interested in people in a family understanding each other's anger so that each member of the family has ways to be known and understood."
This interest first brought her to KVC Behavioral Health Care in Wyandotte County in 1990. The focus of the treatment center was "anger control." Although the social workers were following a program on anger control developed by Arnold Goldstein, Ph.D., Kaufman decided that something more was needed.
"I decided that children would benefit from a tool that would help them identify their angry moods and escalating anger," she said. "I developed the Grump Meter and immediately saw how children used it and how it helped them identify their anger and put words and new thoughts to their angry moods."
She then started using the Grump Meter to teach anger control to families. Families were encouraged to acknowledge anger, frustration and fear connected to aggressive and destructive behaviors.
"To my surprise," she added, "the parents loved the tool and wanted to use it with their children."
The Grump Meter can be any size. It is basically a ruler with five categories, blue for calm; green for grumpy; yellow for caution; orange for stop; and red for explosion.
The tool became so helpful that Kaufman and her daughter, Janet Kaufman, Ph.D. decided to write a book. "The Grump Meter, A Family Tool for Anger Control," so that many more families could use the techniques to help negotiate and manage their expression of strong feelings in new ways.
"I recognized immediately that the color and the simplicity of the book were very helpful to family understanding of anxiety, sorrow, grief, loss and anger," said Kaufman. "The children were able to see from colors how they changed feelings during one day. This helped them be aware of where they were on the Grump Meter and to reach the goal of coming back to blue. The goal of the grump meter is to have a blue day and to avoid the ride to red."
Besides helping children and their parents know where a child is on the Grump Meter, the book also provides ways to bring a child down from the danger zones of orange and red, and move back to the calmer green and blue zones.
Others are also aware of the impact Kaufman has made on the children in Kansas. In April she was honored by the University of Kansas as the 2012 Outstanding KU Social Work Alumna. In her nomination of Kaufman, Hildy Flanigan stated:
"In 2004, KVC opened a licensed hospital for preteens and teens. Lynn was the first social worker on that unit. Most of the children admitted to the hospital came with suicide ideation and/or attempts to end their lives. To help children find the language to understand their own life stories and find reasons to live instead of die, and to help them find language and their own creativity and courage, Lynn turned to literature, writing, group process family dialogue and behavioral approaches, including anger control."
Kaufman said that 99 percent of children that she sees come in following suicide thoughts, feelings and actions.
"When shown the Grump Meter, they immediately point to red — the area of the most anger. They identify 'red' as the mood they were in when they attempted to end their lives," said Kaufman. "Once they started to drop to orange and yellow and green, they have no thoughts of suicide. That change can take place within hours of admission to the hospital where the 'work' begins."
"What is in their minds when they want to kill themselves?" Kaufman asks. "Why is this day different from all other days?' The answer is that every child has an answer to the question and describes an issue or a story or a crisis that they cannot solve. They feel hopeless to find answers and in those moments, they see no other way to solve their problems. Once they see options and consider new thoughts, their need to die is decreased. Every single child who survives an attempt to end their lives is glad they are alive."
Besides her work at KVC, Kaufman has also been an adjunct instructor for the KU School of Social Work and has been a field instructor for students for many years.
She and her husband, Andrew Kaufman, M.D. belong to The Temple, Congregation B'nai Jehudah. They are the parents of two daughters and four grandchildren. Two of the grandchildren also contributed to the book with the illustrations: Rachel and Jonah.
The "Grump Meter" is available from Amazon and from Kaufman's website: _URL_.


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HE WAS AN AMERICAN INVENTOR, WHO EARLY IN HIS CAREER WORKED FOR THOMAS EDISON ON DEVELOPING A CONDUCTING CARBON FOR USE IN THE ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB, AND LATER ON HIS OWN HE DISCOVERED THE ABRASIVE CARBORUNDUM AND PERFECTED A METHOD FOR MAKING GRAPHITE. HERE HIS HANDWRITTEN QUOTE SUMMARIZES WHAT HE FELT SHOULD BE THE INVENTOR'S CREED: "IF YOUR PURPOSE IS A WORTHY ONE, IT IS POSSIBLE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT."
EDWARD GOODRICH ACHESON (_PHONE_) SIGNED QUOTE, "Edward G. Acheson, New York, April 7th, 1919", on a card 4.25 x 3.5, by American chemist and inventor of the Acheson Process, which is still in use to make carborundum, which is used to form hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes and clutches, and ceramic plates used in bullet proof vests. He received 70 patents on devices, techniques, and compositions of matter in the field of mechanics, electricity, electrochemistry, and colloid chemistry relating to abrasives and graphite products. The Acheson Graphite Company was formed in 1899 to manufacture carborundum and graphite, and in 1928 it merged with the National Carbon Co. He also formed Acheson Colloids Co. to produce commercial forms of colloidal graphite products. His handwritten quote defines what he felt was the inventor's creed, in full: "If your purpose is a worthy one, it is possible of accomplishment." The card is boldly signed and is in fine condition, with minor age toning.


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Ramón Guevara Erra - Statistical mechanics of consciousness: maximization of information content of neuronal networks is associated with conscious awareness
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Duration: 0:20:50 | Added: 13 Oct 2019
Ramón Guevara Erra
Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS and
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
It has been argued that consciousness could be an emergent property of large neuronal networks, associated to the integration of information in the brain. However, it is not yet clear how is consciousness related to the complexity of functional brain networks. Based on a statistical mechanics approach, we sought to identify features of brain organization that are optimal for sensory processing, and that may guide the emergence of consciousness, by analyzing neurophysiological recordings in conscious and unconscious states. We find a surprisingly simple result: Normal wakeful states are characterized by the greatest number of possible configurations of interactions between brain networks, representing highest entropy values. Therefore, the information content is larger in the network associated to conscious states, suggesting that consciousness could be the result of an optimization of information processing. These findings help to guide in a more formal sense inquiry into how consciousness arises from the organization of matter.


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Medical Imaging Transmission
Medical images, such as those generated by Teleradiology equipment,
have large file sizes due to high resolution. Rapid transmission
between hospitals and medical centers requires high availability,
high bandwidth telecommunication services. For smaller offices
or infrequent use, a T1 data line might easily suffice. For medium
and larger facilities, DS3 or Ethernet fiber optic carriers are
What does Convergence mean?
Convergence is the merging of voice, data and often video onto
a single network. Most often that network is a company LAN with
enough bandwidth to accommodate all users and QoS or Quality of
Service control to ensure high quality voice and video transmissions.
What does flooding mean?
Flooding is a Ethernet process whereby switches that do not know
the destination for data packets they receive send that data to
all ports and wait for a reply to discover the actual address.
What is QoS and how do you
QoS means Quality of Service. Most often you hear about QoS when
referring to converged networks that transport both packet voice
and data. QoS mechanisms may include prioritizing voice packets
over data because voice is much more affected by latency and jitter.
Will Carriers "Light Buildings"?
Some will if their closest point of presence (POP) is within a
mile or so of your location. The farther away you are, the higher
the bandwidth commitment needs to be in order to justify the carrier's


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I was using while (true) to control some code that was supposed to run for a designated amount of time. I noticed the processor load spike by 40-60%. As there was no input to slow down execution, it was tearing through the code in the while loop and repeating as quickly as possible. Looked up a way to slow it down and discovered sleep(# of milliseconds in Windows.h. Is there either: a) a better way to go about controlling the rate of execution; or b) a cross-platform variant of sleep(time)?
Generally sleep() is not recommended. The alternative is to use events and signals to control the flow of a program. The reason for this is that programs should not be 'hanging' themselves but instead allow the user to do other tasks while the program is waiting for some new event to process.
while(true) is a brutal way to pause a program as you've seen. Depending on how you've implemented your 'timer' the actual sleep time could have been dependent on processor speed and the actual hardware you use instead of the equivalent seconds you programed it for.
All this said, there are still applications for a sleep() function and it is much better than most while variants. Since sleep functions make use of the system time they are OS specific but most OS do have some sort of sleep() function. It's just a matter of finding the right header.


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Cholesterol levels may change with seasonal fluctuations
March 9, 2013
According to a study by the State University of Campinas (Brazil), "Cholesterol levels may change with seasonal fluctuations causing an increased risk in the winter months, as evidenced by the investigation."
The study was presented at the Annual Cinetífica LXII Session of the American College of Cardiology, and demonstrates that "the prevalence of cholesterol is regulated by a similar pattern that heart attacks and deaths related to them, they also increase in the winter".
According to Dr. Filipe Moura Brazilian university center and lead author of the study, "cholesterol and triglyceride levels vary significantly during the year, which may lead to misinterpretation of the actual cardiovascular risk of a person. Therefore, some patients may be at greater risk than they realize."
"I do not mean they should undergo medical checks continuously, even if monitoring is required by the doctors."
To get there, researchers prospectively evaluated the lipid profile of 227,359 people.
And it was found that "low-density lipoprotein or bad cholesterol increased by an average of seven milligrams during the winter compared to the summer", and scientists say that "this figure translates into an increase of eight percent in the prevalence of cholesterol during these months. "
Moura explains: "These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the United States, Europe or other regions experiencing more extreme weather changes between winter and summer." To this also affect "the exercise and dietary habits."


13th May 2021
What's a credit-builder card and should I get one?
credit builder card
If you have no credit history or poor credit score, you might find it difficult to get approved for a loan. This is because lenders don't know whether or not you're a reliable borrower. A credit builder card is aimed at helping people who need to build up a credit history from scratch, or improve their credit score.
How does a credit-builder card work?
 Credit-building cards usually have a high annual percentage rate (APR) and a low credit limit. This means you won't be able to borrow a large sum of money, while the interest rate will be higher than normal on outstanding balances.
If you repay the balance in full each month, you can avoid paying any interest. Over time, this will build your credit score and make you more attractive to lenders by showing you have your finances under control.
Top tips for managing your credit builder card:
 - It's important that you pay your card off in full every month so you don't pay interest.
 - Avoid late payments by setting up a direct debit or you may be charged a fee and your credit limit reduced.
 - Try to use below 25% of your available credit, or it could lower your credit score (if your credit limit is £2000, use below £500).
 - If you can't pay the outstanding balance in full, make the minimum repayment as missing a payment can damage your credit score.
How do I get a credit builder card?
You'll need to apply for a credit builder card and get approved. Although credit builder cards are generally designed for people with low credit scores this doesn't guarantee you'll be accepted, so you may want to try and improve your score before applying.
Each time you apply for credit, a hard search will be recorded on your credit report. This can temporarily lower your credit score. So, it's important to space out your applications and only make one at a time.
A good way to avoid hard checks is to use an eligibility checker that lets you see a range of credit cards and the likelihood of being accepted. It asks for a few details such as your name, address, income and financial situation, and then shows you a list of credit builder cards to compare.
Different cards will come with different interest rates and some will have added benefits. Choose the card that prioritises what you want from a credit-builder card.
Take away
It's important to only use a credit builder card to your advantage. If you end up paying interest on your debt, it will be very expensive. This will damage your credit score even more and force you to pay more for credit in the future.
There are other ways to boost your credit score to show lenders that you can manage your lending. The key is to keep making regular payments on time and (if possible) in full to prove that you're a reliable borrower.
Contact mal - consumer credit lender
Looking for more information on personal loans or boosting your credit score?
Personal loans
We explain how personal loans work and what to look out for when applying
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Everything you need to know about credit scores including how to improve yours
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As Validators agree on the latest transaction sets to apply to the ledger when do they know to update the data being stored in the archive nodes?
Is it based on the owner of an archive node listening for quorum from a validating node that it trusts and then updating the history as each transaction set is applied to the latest ledger?
An archiver node is a special kind of node:
when it sees a quorum (based on other basic/full validators on the network), it publishes to an archive.
Publishing is done every 64 ledgers if it's in sync with the network. You can read more about this in the history documentation
Your Answer


" and "CCC" as derived class of "AAA".
 if (m_ParsingTypedef)
 // m_ParsingTypedef = false;
 m_Str = newToken->m_Name;
Maybe, you would ask a question: where do these Tokens store? The answer is that all the Tokens will be recorded in "TokenTree class".
For example, If you add three item to the TokenTree.
- "" (0)
 \- "p" (4)
 +- "hysi" (2)
 | +- "cs" (1)
 | \- "ology" (3)
 \- "sychic" (5)
Animation of Patricia tree
A better animation demo of Patricia tree can be found in Search Tree Viewer. In this page, you can select the tree type, and enter some strings, then the tree will dynamically show in the window.
SearchTree Node
Node Lable
Cb tree node lable.png
How a new item is added to the tree
When you add a new key (string) to the tree, some node should be splited, and new node need to be added. For example this postshow some details.
Suppose we have two nodes in the tree, the node id is 0 (root node) and 1, the tree hold only one key string(item) "physics":
Adding word: physics
1 items in the tree
- "" (0)
 \- "physics" (1)
Now, if another key string "physiology" is added to the tree, we now firstly check "physiology" is already in the tree, if not, we need to find the common string "physi", so the node 1 should be splited after the common string, so you get the following result.
Adding word: physiology
2 items in the tree
- "" (0)
 \- "physi" (2)
 +- "cs" (1)
 \- "ology" (3)
Here, the middle node "physi" is added. the original node 1's lable is shorten to "cs", and a new node "ology" is added as a new child node to the middle node.
In the other case, the new added item does not cause a new node to be added to the tree, only a node need to be extended by its ledge. For example:
6 items in the tree
- "" (0)
 \- "p" (4)
 +- "aranormal" (8)
 +- "hysi" (2)
 | +- "cs" (1)
 | \- "ology" (3)
 \- "sych" (6)
 +- "i" (9)
 | +- "atrist" (10)
 | \- "cs" (5)
 \- "otic" (7)
Now, you add a new item "psychiatrists", pay attention to the node 10 in the above tree, we have already an item "psychiatrist", when the new item "psychiatrists" is added, we can just extend the node 10's edge from "artrist" to "artrists", thus no new node is needed.
7 items in the tree
- "" (0)
 \- "p" (4)
 +- "aranormal" (8)
 +- "hysi" (2)
 | +- "cs" (1)
 | \- "ology" (3)
 \- "sych" (6)
 +- "i" (9)
 | +- "atrists" (10)
 | \- "cs" (5)
 \- "otic" (7)
Note that now, the node 20 now contains two items. It is a map (depth -> item).
depth -> item
12 -> "psychiatrist"
13 -> "psychiatrists"
How to query a Token by a keyword
The parser collect all the Token information, and stored them in the TokenTree, the GUI function can query keywords from the database to show function tips or to build a Class Browser tree.
void ab()
Flexible Parser structure
The Parser class( in Parser.cpp and Parser.h ) has re-factored to support every project associate with a Parser object (svn revision > 6268 ). Which means: One Parser object per project, so, every project (xxx.cbp) will hold its own Token macro defines and Token trees.
Due to the new introduced conditional preprocessor handling mechanism, the same source file may give different Tokens due to the different macro defines in different project. Also, CC support parsing on the files which does not belong to any project.
 1. You open a project in CB, then all the files belong to the project( related to the project) will be parsed in CC.
 2. Now, you open another file( we call it a "separate file" later) which is not belong to the current project nor any other opened project.
 3. Then the CC will create a "temporary parser" named "NONE" parser, and add this separate file to the "NONE" parser.
 4. So, you can still see the class tree when viewing the separate file.
 5. Once you close this separate file, the "NONE" parser will automatically be removed.
The main idea is: Now, We can let the CC do parse on some separate files and support class browsing in Symbol browser.
Automatic Code Completion
Find the search scope
CC SearchScope.png
Break up the current statement
Do an AI match
CC AI Match.png
Here is the matching algorithm:
Code completion debugging support
Debug Log output
wxString name;
wxString args;
wxString m_Str;
codeblocks.exe --debug-log
Debug Log output panel
TRACE macro support
As you can see in the source file like "tokenizer.cpp" or "parserthread.cpp", there is a macro definition in the beginning of the source.
 _TAG_ TRACE(format, args...) \
 Manager::Get()->GetLogManager()->DebugLog(F(format, ##args))
 _TAG_ TRACE2(format, args...)
 _TAG_ TRACE(format, args...) \
 do \
 { \
 if (g_EnableDebugTrace) \
 } \
 while (false)
 _TAG_ TRACE2(format, args...) \
 _TAG_ TRACE(format, args...)
 _TAG_ TRACE2(format, args...)
This is a quite complex macro definition. So, if CC_CODECOMPLETION_DEBUG_OUTPUT is defined as 0, these debugging macros were disabled. If CC_CODECOMPLETION_DEBUG_OUTPUT is defined as 1, only the TRACE macro will be defined, so you can plot some messages to the Debug log. It is always the parser will parser many files, so the debug messages will be flooding. If we only interest in the debug message when we are parsing a specific source file, the best way was define CC_CODECOMPLETION_DEBUG_OUTPUT as 2. Now, TRACE macro will plot the message only in one source file. The source file name can be specified in token.cpp
const wxString g_DebugTraceFile = _T("myfile.cpp");
This way, only the debug message when parsing "myfile.cpp" will be traced.
Code-Completion debug tool dialog
When you press shift and ctrl key and double click on any entry of the navigator tree entry, a debug tool dialog will pop up to give a more detail about the selected token. You can query its information such as its member variables, its Ancestors and so on.
Debug Smart Sense log output
When you hold theshift and ctrl key and right click on any entry of the navigator tree entry, the context menu will have a "Debug SmartSense" menu entry shown. You can click it to enable it. See the image blow. Then, all the debug log information when doing an Auto-completion will be shown in the "Debug Log" panel.
Cc debug smartsense.png
Mutexs and lockers in CC
We need lockers to avoid multiply thread issues of wxString. More detailed can be found: wxString and the locker issue in our CC code, to avoid such issue, we need lockers. There are three main kind of lockers. wxMutex s_ParserMutex; wxMutex s_TokenTreeMutex; wxMutex m_ClassBrowserBuilderThreadMutex; The first one was to protect multiply access to Parser objects, this is a static variable. The second one tries to forbid the multiply access to the TokenTree, the last one is used to build the symbol browser tree(usually show in the left docked panels of the C::B main frame)
The associated Macros are below:
// For tracking, either uncomment:
//...or:
//..or none of the above.
 // [1] Implementations for tracking mutexes:
 _TAG_ THREAD_LOCKER_MTX_LOCK(NAME) \
 CCLogger::Get()->DebugLog(F(_T("%s.Lock() : %s(), %s, %d"), \
 wxString(_TAG_, wxConvUTF8).wx_str(), \
 wxString(__FUNCTION__, wxConvUTF8).wx_str(), \
 wxString(__FILE__, wxConvUTF8).wx_str(), \
 _TAG_ THREAD_LOCKER_MTX_LOCK_SUCCESS(NAME) \
 CCLogger::Get()->DebugLog(F(_T("%s.Lock().Success() : %s(), %s, %d"), \
 wxString(__FUNCTION__, wxConvUTF8).wx_str(), \
 wxString(__FILE__, wx


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Written and directed by David Engelbach, America 3000 takes place in Colorado, USA in the year 3000. It turns out a nuclear war occurred in 1992 and that has reduced humanity back to a stone age standard of living under the rule of a fierce female tribe. All men are either living in the wild or slaves! When the leader of the dominant female clan dies, there is a dispute over her vacated position; two sisters vie for the honour and are challenged by the leader of a another clan.
As the story develops we meet two young men called Korvis (Chuck Wagner) and Gruss (William Wallace) who escape their city boundaries and explore the area. During their exploration they find a bunker that once belonged to the President of the United States of America.
In the bunker they find a wide range of guns and ammunition and decide to use these to start a revolution!
Categories: Cult Movie Essentials


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Advanced Science, Simple Operation
Demonstrate the movement of invisible charged particles with this unique device. Designed in conjunction with the Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP), the Detector uses the analogy of magnetics. Students watch and plot the resulting paths of collisions between charged and neutral particles.
The two-layered detector comes with magnetic marbles, ordinary marbles, iron filings, and an instruction sheet. Size: 21 x 28cm.


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History | Buffalo | Latino Communities
Mexicans continued to arrive in Buffalo in small numbers throughout the early part of the 20th century, and they formed the Junta Patriótica Mexicana to socialize and share their ethnic heritage. In 1947, they formally organized the Central Social Club Mexicano in Lackawanna. The club sponsored social events and celebrated Mexican national holidays. With the construction of its own building, it became a busy center for the community. Women club members also had their own group, the Club Latino Norteamericano de Mujeres.
During the World War II manpower shortage, Mexicans continued to arrive in the area to fill jobs left vacant by men leaving for the service. They worked as braceros to maintain the railroad lines; filled jobs in the steel plant, factories and mills; and also worked as migrant farm labor. Unfortunately, when servicemen came back from the war, many Mexicans lost their jobs. Those who had been brought to Buffalo as migrant labor went back to Mexico, while other Mexicans who had immigrated to Buffalo located to other areas to find work. By 1950, the Mexican community of the greater Buffalo metropolitan area consisted of a population of 203 residents. The economic decline that followed the closing of mills in succeeding years forced many of those residents to migrate to Chicago and other major urban areas. The result was that the Centro Social Club Mexicano became inactive.
Ethnic heritage: Culture and traditions of race or social group.
Braceros: Meaning "strong arm," Mexican migrant labor
brought to the U.S. in order to fill a labor need.
Greater Buffalo metropolitan area: The geographic area and towns surrounding the City of Buffalo.


How an 18th-century farmer's advice can help you to lower your risk when investing
Posted on June 10, 2021 at 11am
If we told you that a farmer's advice can help you to protect your investment portfolio, you might wonder if we've been watching too much Countryfile lately. But as strange as this might sound, it's also true.
To best understand this, we're going to step back in time to the 18th century, when a growing British population meant agriculture needed to rapidly change.
Some of the key lessons that they learned in this period can also be applied to the modern day. Read on to find out what an 18th-century farmer can teach you about protecting your investments.
Farmers increasingly diversified their crops to protect them from harvest failures
In the 18th century, the UK underwent a population boom, growing from around eight million in 1700 to more than 10 million in 1800. This growth meant that there were a lot more mouths to feed and so farmers had to adapt their methods.
Not only did they need to increase their yields, but they also had to reduce the likelihood of harvest failures, which were a significant issue at the time. Unlike in the modern day, because travel was so slow, it often wasn't possible to simply ship in food from another country when blight or bad weather affected their produce.
One of the ways that farmers began to adapt was to grow a more diverse selection of crops. Prior to this, many people had typically only grown monocultures of grains, such as wheat.
The obvious problem with this is that while you may get a strong harvest when times are good, they were also putting all their eggs in one basket. If the weather was not ideal for wheat to grow, or the region was impacted by a blight, then they ran the risk of all their crops failing.
Gradually, more and more people began to experiment with their practices to make their farms more resistant to harvest failures.
Instead of growing only one type of grain, they switched to growing several at once – where they used to grow only wheat, they switched to a mix of wheat, rye, and barley.
By diversifying what they grew, farmers could significantly reduce the risk of harvest failure, as a blight would only impact part of their crops. While rye bread may not be as tasty as bread made from wheat, it was definitely better than an empty stomach.
Working with professional agriculturalists helped many farmers to modernise
Another way that farmers benefited in this period was from the increasing professionalisation of agriculture. This was a period when farming became a science, and this meant that many farmers could benefit from others' knowledge.
Agriculture became increasingly professionalised in this period, particularly by scientists such as Charles Townsend, Robert Bakewell, and Jethro Tull, the latter's name you may recognise as the inspiration for the 60s rock band.
While many farmers could individually experiment with their practices, the work of these agriculturalists helped to speed up the process by adding a touch of professionalism.
They championed the widespread adoption of new fertilisers and encouraged farmers to grow nitrogen-fixing plants, such as beans and legumes, to improve soil quality. These helped improve yields and maximised the returns that farmers could get from a piece of land.
The professional agriculturalists also helped farmers to avoid amateur mistakes that were affecting their harvests.
For example, many farmers used had previously sown seeds by throwing them over lightly tilled soil. While this may have seemed like a good method, many of those seeds were lost due to being eaten by birds while others were planted too close together or too shallowly.
Instead, the professionals recommended the use of new seed-planting drills, which involved using machines to distribute the seeds evenly and plant them at the correct depth. This helped to ensure that the sowing gave the maximum yield.
Working with a professional can be the most effective way to grow your investments
While there isn't typically much overlap between farmers and investors, except perhaps for a shared love of bull markets, there are still some useful lessons to be learned.
One of them is the importance of diversifying your assets in order to protect your portfolio from market shocks. By spreading out your investments across different sectors, and different geographical areas, you can lower the risk that an economic downturn wipes them out.
Another important lesson is that working with professionals can be very useful. Like the farmers who took the advice of expert agriculturalists, by working with an adviser you can invest in a more effective way, helping you to grow your wealth faster.
Furthermore, while amateur investors can sometimes see strong returns, they don't typically do it as reliably as people who work with a professional. According to research by the International Longevity Centre, clients who sought professional advice were better off by £47,000 over a period of 10 years, on average.
This is because advised clients had a greater understanding of investing and so felt more confident in their ability to take risks, which led to higher returns.
As we discussed in our previous blog about the risks of investing based on unsubstantiated advice, one of the most important ways that working with an adviser can help is by acting as a sounding board. This can help you to get useful feedback about your investments, allowing you to make properly informed decisions to grow your wealth.
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I'm designing a sandwich and I want to include a fruit relish as a topping. Are there methods that don't include pickling?
Fruit relishes (including salsas, chutneys, and plain sauces like applesauce) can be made without vinegar. But they almost always include some extra acid - if not vinegar, then usually citrus juice.
The acidity balances the sweetness of the fruit, and it preserves the color.
So you can make a fruit relish, substitute lemon or lime juice for the vinegar, and use it. But of course, without a full pickling process, the fruit relish will only have a limited life in the refrigerator.
Your Answer


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The Map & Atlas Museum of La Jolla has added an important new volume to its collection: the 1588 "Le Voyage de Messire Francois Drake chevalier."
The book (originally published in English, French and Latin) is a journal of Sir Francis Drake's 1585 mission to America. An English privateer (some would say pirate), Drake was sent west to harass the Spanish as war broke out between the two countries.
Apparently, Drake was extremely successful, burning cities in what is now Colombia and destroying a fort in what is now St. Augustine, Florida. The journal includes several maps of his journey engraved by Baptista Boazio.
"There are six known extant copies of the 1588 'Voyage' with the (Map) Museum holding the only copy in a private collection," said the museum's founder, Mike Stone, in a statement. "Of the six copies, four are in American libraries, with only the Huntington and the Map Museum of La Jolla owning copies containing the maps."
Stone founded the Map Museum in 2011 from his own collection of maps, books and artifacts. It contains approximately 500 items dating back at least five centuries.
The museum is open 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays (although it will be closed Dec. 26 and Jan. 2) and the first and third Saturdays. Admission is free. Call _PHONE_ or visit


Evaluating Performance of a DC Motor
This example shows how to simulate systems that span electrical and mechanical domains. You learn how to model physical components with Simscape™ blocks, connect them into a realistic model, use Simulink® blocks as well, and then simulate and modify a motor model.
The model is based on a Faulhaber Series 0615 DC-Micromotor. The model uses equivalent circuit parameters for the 1.5V motor to verify manufacturer-quoted no-load speed, no-load current, and stall torque. You can use the model to assess motor performance in a given application by adding the requisite mechanical load model.
Explore the Model
 1. To open the Permanent Magnet DC Motor example model, type ssc_dcmotorssc_dcmotor in the MATLAB® Command Window.
 Main Model Window
 The main model window contains a DC Motor subsystem with two electrical and two mechanical rotational ports.
 For improved readability of block diagrams, each Simscape domain uses a distinct default color and line style for the connection lines. In this block diagram, for example, the electrical circuit is indicated by the dark-blue color of the connection lines, while the connection lines between the mechanical rotational ports are light-green. Physical signal lines are brown.
 The electrical ports of the motor connect to the electrical circuit, which consists of an Electrical Reference block, representing an electrical ground, a 1.5 V DC voltage source, and a current sensor. The current sensor connects, through a PS-Simulink Converter block, to a Simulink scope labeled Motor Current.
 On the mechanical side, a Mechanical Rotational Reference block represents a reference point for the other elements. An ideal rotational motion sensor connects, through a PS-Simulink Converter block, to a Simulink scope labeled RPM.
 The motor load is represented by an Ideal Torque Source block, which on one side connects to a Mechanical Rotational Reference block, and on the other side to the motor shaft. A regular Simulink Step source provides the control signal. A Simulink-PS Converter block converts the control signal into a physical signal and applies it to the control port of the Ideal Torque Source block.
 The diagram also contains a Solver Configuration block, which is required in any Simscape model. It contains parameters relevant to numerical algorithms for Simscape simulations.
 2. Double-click the DC Motor subsystem to open it.
 DC Motor Subsystem
 The motor consists of an electrical circuit and a mechanical rotational circuit, connected by the Rotational Electromechanical Converter block. The electrical circuit consists of a Rotor Resistance block and an Inductance block L. It contains two electrical ports, corresponding to the V+ and V- electric terminals of the motor. The mechanical circuit contains a Rotational Friction block, Motor Inertia J, and two mechanical rotational ports, C and R, corresponding to the motor case and rotor, respectively. Notice how the C and R ports of the Friction block and the Rotational Electromechanical Converter block are connected to the C and R ports of the motor, to preserve the correct direction of variables in the Physical Network.
Run the Model
 1. Double-click the Motor Current and RPM scopes to open them. During simulation, these windows display the motor current and shaft speed, respectively, as functions of time.
 2. In the toolbar of the model window, click to start the simulation. The Simscape solver evaluates the model, calculates the initial conditions, and runs the simulation. This process might take a few seconds. The message in the bottom-left corner of the model window provides the status.
 3. Examine the simulation results in the Motor Current and RPM scope windows.
 For the first 0.1 seconds, the motor has no external load, and the speed builds up to the no-load value. Then at 0.1 seconds, the stall torque is applied as a load to the motor shaft. Zooming in on the RPM and Motor Current scopes shows that the model matches the manufacturer parameters for no-load speed, no-load current, and stall torque.
Change the Supply Voltage
Reduce the supply voltage to 1.25 volts (to simulate the battery running down) and vary the load torque to find the maximum torque at this reduced voltage.
 1. Double-click the 1.5V DC Voltage Source block. Set Constant voltage to 1.25 V.
 2. Run the simulation. Note the effect of reduced voltage on the no-load speed.
 3. Try varying the load torque to find the maximum torque at this reduced voltage. Double-click the Step source block, enter different final values for the input signal, and rerun the simulation.
 The next illustration shows the simulation results for Final value set to -0.2e-3, which corresponds to (1.25/1.5)*0.24mNm, as the magnitude of the torque-speed curve is proportional to voltage for a DC motor.
Change the Motor Load
Replace the torque source with a simple mechanical load, for example, a fan, for which the torque is defined by alpha*speed^2, where alpha is -1e-10 Nm/(rad/s)^2.
 1. Delete the Step source and the Simulink-PS Converter block from the model.
 2. In the Simscape block library, open Foundation Library > Physical Signals > Functions.
 3. Drag the PS Product block and the PS Gain block to the model window.
 4. Connect the blocks as shown in the following illustration. To rotate a block, select it and press Ctrl+R.
 5. Double-click the Gain block to open its dialog box. Enter Gain value of -1e-10 and click OK.
 6. Run the simulation and assess motor performance with the new load.
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Self-organizing map learning nonlinearly embedded manifolds
One of the main tasks in exploratory data analysis is to create an appropriate representation for complex data. In this paper, the problem of creating a representation for observations lying on a low-dimensional manifold embedded in high-dimensional coordinates is considered. We propose a modification of the Self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm that is able to learn the manifold structure in the high-dimensional observation coordinates. Any manifold learning algorithm may be incorporated to the proposed training strategy to guide the map onto the manifold surface instead of becoming trapped in local minima. In this paper, the Locally linear embedding algorithm is adopted. We use the proposed method successfully on several data sets with manifold geometry including an illustrative example of a surface as well as image data. We also show with other experiments that the advantage of the method over the basic SOM is restricted to this specific type of data.


What does Harmony Stand for?
Harmony comes from the Latin harmonĭa, which derives from the Greek ἁρμονία , which means agreement, concordance, combination, and the verb ἁρμόζω (harmozo), which means to adjust, connect.
Harmony occurs when there is a balance and a convenient and adequate proportion, concordance and correspondence of some things with others, and where appropriate, pleasing to the senses, for example, to the eye, such as colors. Something in harmony is usually something really beautiful, cheerful, pleasant, relaxing and peaceful, although in music, for example, there is also harmony that produces tension, or is dissonant.
In music, especially in western music, harmony is the art of uniting and combining different sounds, but consistent and pleasing to the ear, which are emitted simultaneously.
It is also called harmony to science, technique and discipline that allows both the formation, succession and modulation of the chords (combination of three or more different notes that sound simultaneously or in an arpeggio), such as the chaining and combination of these forming a musical composition.
The harmony works as accompaniment, frame and base of one or more melodies.
In the literature, harmony is called the pleasant variety of sounds, pauses and measures that results in both verse and prose for the proper combination of syllables, voices and clauses used.
The expression 'have harmony with' or 'live in perfect harmony' can mean having an agreement, a good friendship or relationship, a relationship of peace, good communication and good correspondence or compatibility of opinion and action with someone or with a group.
However, the concept of harmony depends on each culture and each era, that is, what was harmony in the second century, may not be in the twentieth century and what is harmony in China, may not be in Spain.


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Safe Solid Waste Disposal
English: % of households that dispose of their solid waste in a safe way
French: % de ménages qui jettent leurs déchets solides d'une manière sûre
Portuguese: % de agregados familiares que depositam os seus resíduos sólidos de forma segura
Czech: % domácností, které se pevného odpadu zbavují bezpečně
What is its purpose?
The indicator assesses the proportion of households which dispose of their solid waste in a way that does not threaten human and environmental health (which can occur, for example, from the breeding of flies and rodents or from polluting water sources).
How to Collect and Analyse the Required Data
Collect the following data by conducting individual interviews with a representative sample of your target group members:
RECOMMENDED SURVEY QUESTION (Q) AND POSSIBLE ANSWERS (A)
Q1: Where do you dispose of your household's solid waste?
1) bury it
2) burn it
3) carry to a designated waste disposal site
4) carry it to an unofficial waste dump
5) other – specify: …………………………
NOTE: Only answers 1-3 count as "safe disposal" (option 3 only if it is an officially designated place posing no health hazards).
To calculate the indicator's value, divide the number of households that dispose of their solid waste in a safe way (i.e. answers 1-3) by the total number of interviewed respondents. Multiply the result by 100 to convert it to a percentage.
Disaggregate the data by location.
1) BHA phrases this indicator differently, as "percent of households targeted by the WASH promotion program that are properly disposing of solid waste".


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Evidence for an increase in cosmogenic 10Be during a geomagnetic reversal
G.M. Raisbeck; F. Yiou; D. Bourles; Dennis V. Kent
- Evidence for an increase in cosmogenic 10Be during a geomagnetic reversal
Kent, Dennis V.
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
- Permanent URL:
- Book/Journal Title:
- Reversals in the geomagnetic field, which occur every few hundred thousand years, represent a dramatic change in the Earth's environment. Although there is no satisfactory theory for such reversals, it is generally accepted that the dipole field intensity decreases to s atmosphere during the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal 730,000 yr ago. In addition to confirming an increase in cosmogenic isotope production, the results provide information on the magnitude and duration of the geomagnetic intensity decrease during such an event, and the depth at which remanent magnetism is acquired in marine sediments.
- Item views:


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VANCOUVER - A brick unearthed decades ago at Fort Vancouver is back in the spotlight.
The brick was first discovered buried in the ground on the site around 1950, but a recent analysis of its make-up now shows the brick dates back some 2,000 years, all the way back to the Roman Empire.
One of the most interesting aspects of the brick is what was likely not supposed to be on it.
If you look closely at one of its corners you'll see two tiny paw prints. Archaeologists suspect it's the work of an ancient Roman kitty cat.
"We kind of jokingly call it the 'Celtic Kitty,' jumped up on this wet brick probably close to 2,000 years ago and memorialized itself for all eternity," said Bob Cromwell, an archaeologist at Fort Vancouver.
The big question: How in the world did this ancient brick end up in Vancouver?
Cromwell says it likely came over on an English ship where it was used as ballast, basically just weight to help balance the ship.
"Somebody in England basically recycled, or took apart, a Roman ruin or maybe a cobblestone road and it probably ended up as a ballast load in a Hudson's Bay Company ship," said Cromwell.
The ancient brick is on display inside the Fort Vancouver National historic site.
Visitors can see the brick, but because it's being stored in a special climate-controlled room, they must make a viewing appointment.


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About Barter Bucket
To barter means to negotiate the trade of goods or services without the need for money. Both parties have something the other wants or needs, so these items are traded in exchange for each other. Barter transactions can occur simply between two people, or they can be more complex involving third-parties and organized barter markets. Throughout history, bartering has been beneficial to societies in times of economic stress or when currency was not available.
The benefits of bartering include increased communication and interaction with society. The goods and services traded and exchanged are often handcrafted or performed by the parties themselves, so goodwill is fostered and people are able to see the amount of work that it takes to obtain such items.
Your Own Barter Bucket
Bartering can be particularly beneficial to anyone who produces their own goods, such as farmers who can trade livestock, eggs, and produce. Service professionals, health practitioners and tradespeople may also find bartering advantageous for exchanging services. Often, services can be traded for goods and vice-versa.
Websites like Craig's List make it easy for you to barter. You can create free ads listing specific items you need or want, in return for specific goods and/or services you can, and are willing, to provide in return. Users of Craig's List can then contact you if they are interested in working out a trade.
Whether you exchange small items or large items and services, a fair trade barter transaction can help you learn more about others in your community while saving you time and money.