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Assume that a 100 pW He-Ne single-mode last emits light at 633 nm in a TEM00 Gaussian beam.
(a)What is the mean number of photons crossing a circle of radius equal to the waist radius of the beam $W_0$ in a time T=100 ns?
(b) What is the root-mean-square value of the number of photon counts in (a)?
(c) What is the probability that no photons are counted in (a)?
Here is my solution. Could somebody please double check it?
A. $h=6.63 \times 10^{-34}$
Photon flux = $(100\times10^{-12})/((h)(4.74\times10^{14}))=3.18\times10^{8}$
Mean number of photons = $3.18\times10^{8} *(100\times10^{-9})=31.8$
B. $\sqrt{((31.8)^2/(100\times 10^{-9})}$
C. probability = 1-.86 =.14
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closed as too localized by Qmechanic, David Z Nov 14 '12 at 6:33
Hi John - generally we discourage questions that just ask for someone to check your work. Once you have identified the specific concept that you're not sure about, that's the point at which it's appropriate to ask a question here. – David Z Nov 14 '12 at 6:33


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Advantages of macadamized roads.
Advantages of macadamized roads.(a) They were durable with three layers of small broken stones.(b) They were cheap to construct using stones as the basic material for construction.(c) They had a smooth motoring surface since the gravel layer was bound together by the weight of vehicles.(d) They were straight hence reduced occurrence of accidents.(e) They were easily drained due to their smooth surface and being raised.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


RE: The Catcher in the Rye help with homework Chapter 14
Chapter 14
 1. Is Holden religious? Supply proof for your answer.
 2. On page 103, Holden says, "I thought I was dying." In Chapter 1 Holden says, "…I felt like I was sort of disappearing." Find two statements he makes in this chapter to indicate his mental state.
 3. After Sunny leaves, what does Holden think about?
 4. Why does Sunny come back to Holden's room?
 5. Back at Wooten, what had Holden often discussed with his friend Arthur Childs?
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5 Answers
Why does Sunny come back to Holden's room?
Holden gets into bed and thinks about religion and Jesus. He considers himself an atheist. He hears a knock on his door and opens it, still wearing his pajamas. Maurice and the prostitute, Sunny, come into his room and demand five dollars. Holden refuses to give it to them, even when Maurice threatens him. Sunny takes Holden's wallet and pulls out five dollars. He begins to cry and calls them thieves. Maurice snaps him in the privates, punches him in the gut, and leaves him crumpled on the floor. Holden pretends he's been shot and fantasizes his revenge.
Answered on 08.06.2017.
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text:
There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the words "hot springs" defined as:
* any geothermal spring
* a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings
* a natural spring with water temperature above body temperature – normally between 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) and 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)
* a natural spring with warm water above body temperature
* a thermal spring with water warmer than 36.7 °C (98.1 °F)
* a natural spring of water greater than 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) (synonymous with thermal spring)
* a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperatures
* a type of thermal spring in which hot water is brought to the surface. The water temperature of a hot spring is usually 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) or more above mean air temperature. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not synonymous with the term "hot spring".
* a spring whose hot water is brought to the surface (synonymous with a thermal spring). The water temperature of the spring is usually 8.3 °C (14.9 °F) or more above the mean air temperature.
* a spring with water above the core human body temperature – 36.7 °C (98.1 °F).
* a spring with water above average ambient ground temperature, a definition favored by some.
* a spring with water temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)
(The above definitions of hot springs were copied from wikipedia.)
If you find a spring that you believe meets at least one of the criteria above, this is the place to waymark it!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This guide includes information on Novell® NetStorage, which provides secure Internet-based access to files and folders on a NetWare® server in your network using either a browser or Microsoft* Web Folders.
The following are included in this guide:
In this documentation, a greater-than symbol (>) is used to separate actions within a step and items within a cross-reference path.
A trademark symbol (®, ™, etc.) denotes a Novell trademark. An asterisk (*) denotes a third-party trademark.
When a single pathname can be written with a backslash for some platforms or a forward slash for other platforms, the pathname is presented with a backslash. Users of platforms that require a forward slash, such as UNIX* or Linux*, should use forward slashes as required by your software.
We want to hear your comments and suggestions about this guide and the other documentation included with Novell OES. Please use the User Comment feature at the bottom of each page of the OES online documentation.


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An absence of facts required for conviction under a criminal statute. For example, a defendant accused of robbery who never illegally took anyone's property is actually innocent of the charge.
Defendants often claim actual innocence when appealing criminal convictions. To prove actual innocence, the defendant must submit additional evidence that undermines the court's confidence in the verdict reached by the trier of fact. Appellate rules normally require that this evidence must not have been available to the defendant at the time of the trial.
"A finding of actual innocence, as that term has come to be used in federal habeas corpus jurisprudence, is not the equivalent of a finding of not guilty by a jury or by a court in a bench trial." Lambert v. Blackwell, 134 F.3d 506, 509 (3d Cir. 1997).
House v. Bell 311 F.3d 767; 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 23930; 2002 FED App. 0406P (6th Cir.)


Drought Stress lawn conditionDrought Stress
Drought Stress is a condition that usually occurs during the summer months when periods of high heat and reduced water-fall take their toll on turfgrass. Initially it usually begins along edges of driveways and sidewalks where the combination of the above factors and the surrounding concrete or blacktop aid in the loss of moisture to those areas. While turfgrasses are very resilient and will usually recover from moderate periods of stress, regular watering during extended dry periods are crucial to preventing serious damage from drought stress.


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The Hyde-Macraes shear zone in Otago: A result of continental extension or shortening? A kinematic analysis of the Footwall Fault
Degree GrantorUniversity of Canterbury
Degree NameMaster of Science
Mineralised shear zones in Otago are often truncated by regional low-angle faults, which juxtapose schist of different metamorphic grade. The Footwall Fault and the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone are one example for this kind of tectonic setting, and are the subject to this study. Although, the mechanisms for the development of the mineralised thrust-origin shear zones are well studied, the relationship to the truncating faults is still poorly understood. Currently, the truncating low-angle faults are assumed to be related to crustal extension, starting in the early Cretaceous after the schist passed the ductile-brittle transition. This study presents new kinematic data for the Footwall Fault, suggesting development of normal sense movement under ductile conditions due to an abundant shear band cleavage in the footwall, which dynamically recrystallises quartz grains. However, brittle high-angle normal faults truncating these shear bands indicate either reactivation of normal sense movement after passing the ductile-brittle transition or continuous normal sense movement during the transition. Furthermore, this study presents a model, which suggests a regional scale rolling hinge development, consisting of an array of individual low-angle normal faults along the boundary of the textural zone change from TZ IV to TZIII, and strike-parallel high-angle faults at the NE margin of the Otago schist.


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When a bearing moves circumferentially between the bearing ring and the bearing seat it is said to 'creep'. Bearing creep can occur at the shaft or the housing and the result of excessive creep can include overheating and erosion of smooth bearing surfaces.
Bearings are made to exacting tolerances and they should always be fitted to a shaft and a housing taking these tolerances into consideration. When a bearing is not the right size for the application in which it is used it's inevitable that creep will occur. To stop bearing creep the shaft and the housing to which the bearing is fitted must be thus machined extremely accurately.
If the ring and the seat are to rotate without creep, the bearing should usually have an interference fit or a press fit. A circlip or other type of clamp is also a good idea as this can stop lateral movement.
Even if a bearing is fitted using a press fit, creep can occur if the applied load is not in a direct rotating nature. This will cause the bearing to be either pulled or pushed on the shaft which can cause wear and hence cause creep to occur.


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Errors by Those Who Should Know Better
Interlace can be simple to understand if explained properly. However, much of the stuff on the net and elsewhere is wrong or at least misleading. For what it's worth, here's my little list.
The EducatorProfessor Kelin J. Kuhn in his 'Conventional Analog Television - An Introduction' page says that even fields are composed of even lines and odd fields of odd lines. He doesn't see the contradictions resulting from this (or chooses to ignore them). His 21 line raster diagram (lines wrongly numbered) has line number zero not labelled at all (it is ideosyncratic to have a line zero anyway and as this is in both odd and even fields I infer that Prof Kuhn thinks that zero has the unique property of being both an odd and even number). Line 21 is also absent.
The Prof isn't consistent though and in the text just before the picture of the raster he says (talking about the 525 line NTSC system):"However lines number 248 to 263 and 511 to 525 are typically blanked to provide time for the beam to return to the upper left hand corner for the next scan."Now implying (correctly) that lines are numbered in time (the line numbers that he says are blanked are not entirely correct though). His figure immediately following the 21 line raster, showing a 525 field scan, is also correct (but lines misnumbered as before).
Toshiba says:"Traditional Interlace scanning mode reproduces scanning lines of either odd number or even number in each field which creates the following two problems.
- Noise caused by a frame being composed of two fields in a stripe pattern with a time lag.
- Flickering due to many pictures appearing and disappearing in a second."
It's not clear to me what Mr Tosh is trying to say.. it sounds as though he's saying that odd fields are composed of odd lines and even lines comprise the even field and futhermore that odd fields have one more line than even ones (which, if his initial assumption were true would be a necessary consequence; if this is what he's saying then he's the only one who's spotted this inconsistency - without recognising that it is an inconsistency because he goes on to say that a field consists of 312½ lines).
Why Mr Tosh thinks that interlace increases flicker and noise he doesn't say. In fact, interlace reduces flicker and since it conserves bandwidth it also reduces noise. Further illustration of Mr Tosh's grasp of the subject can be seen a few sentences on when he says:"For viewing not illusion of grille images of interlace but continuation of frames like a movie film, the following effects can be gained:...."
Doesn't inspire confidence in Tosh's products, does it?
Elantec's 1881 datasheet has a figure reproduced, it says, from an EIA document - this shows the field beginning at the start of the equalising pulses (page 7) and on page 10 tells us that 'there is an odd field that includes all the odd lines, and an even field that consists of the even lines'; oh dear - that sounds very odd!
Perhaps some might think that I am being pedantic in highlighting these errors. Maybe I am, but for someone seeking information and hoping for a coherent exlanation from these people will, not only be disappointed, but may end up confused rather than enlightened. Educators and international electronics manufacturers ought to be able to get simple things right.
|TV Synchronisation||Electronics Index||Feedback Form|


text:
Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol.492, 283-292, 2008
Effect of Complex Ion Beam/Plasma Treatment of the Surface Functionalization and Crystal Phase Transition of Piezoelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
We scrutinized the effect of complex ion beam and plasma treatment on the surface functionalization and crystal phase change of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. The stretched and poled PVDF films were used for this investigation. Ion-beam and plasma treatment were employed for the surface modification of PVDF. The surface treatments induced some changes of chemical composition as well as changed the morphology of PVDF surface. It had a large influence on the interfacial adhesion with thermally deposited metal electrodes on the PVDF. Surface modifications such as ion beam irradiation and plasma treatment played a pivotal role in the determination of interfacial strength between PVDF and electrodes as well as the change of crystal structure in electromechanical PVDF film. While the amount of beta-phase crystal in PVDF decreased with treatment time, the interfacial adhesion increased with the modification time. In this research, we were able to find optimum treatment conditions for enhancing the adhesion and retaining piezoelectric structure.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Here's the code I have which takes a string and reverse it
 name = "I CAN REVERSE THIS"
 def reverse_string(name_string)
 string_arr = []
 string_arr = name_string.split('')
 for i in 1..(string_arr.length)
 new_string = "#{new_string}#{string_arr[-i]}"
 _TAG_ new_string
 new_name = reverse_string(name)
 puts new_name
Why does my reverse_string function returns "1..18" if no return actions is called inside the function, but returns expected results if return action is called?
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Are you trying to rewrite reverse method?? – bjhaid Feb 26 '12 at 12:56
New to Ruby; was just exploring; seems like best way to learn is to rewrite simple methods. – ZeTradr Feb 27 '12 at 15:52
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
In Ruby, a method's implicit return value (if no explicit call to return is being made) is the return value of the last statement in that method. In this case that is the for, which apparently returns what it iterated over.
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make sense; Thanks! – ZeTradr Feb 26 '12 at 8:29
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text:
Production is, together with taxation and trade, one of the three primary sources of income in Europa Universalis IV. It represents the amount of income generated by local trade good producers and is, unlike in EU3, added directly to the country's monthly income. In contrast to trade income, it is not subject to the competition with other nations via merchants or light ships, but based in your provinces. Like taxation, it is therefore a natural source of income for large sprawling empires, in particular those who lack the strategic location and/or ideas (naval, diplomatic) to effectively compete in the open trade market (such as land-locked nations). Larger nations will benefit greatly from having at least one production increasing modifier.
A nation's production income is the sum of the production income of all its provinces. Territorial provinces will usually generate less production income due to the higher local autonomy floor. The values shown in the provincial economic detail box are monthly values (yearly values are shown in the extended tool-tip). Production income can be further broken down into the below 4 key factors.
- Main article: Trade goods#Goods produced
- See also: Development
Goods produced represents the amount of goods the province can produce and is greatly affected by occupying hostile forces and war-exhaustion.
The value can be increased by constructing manufactories or by development of the province's base production value (an increase of +0.20 local goods produced per production point).
- Main article: Trade goods#Trade value
Trade value represents the total value of the goods transferred to local trade node from the province. It is largely determined by the local goods, amount of local goods produced and triggered event price modifiers.
Production efficiency is a key factor to describe how efficiently a given province or a whole country can produce goods. The global production efficiency slowly increases over the course of the game with the increase of Administrative technology modeling the arrival of new and more efficient production methods over the course of centuries. In addition, the player may encounter various events, decisions, triggered modifiers, and mission rewards during his campaign that may affect either local or global production efficiency.
Note: The base value is not mentioned in the expanded province tooltip and has to be added to the value mentioned (i.e., 80% production efficiency is calculated as 180%).
Production efficiency has a base value 100% and is further modified by the following:
|+20%||Administrative tech: Ahead of time|
|+5%||Parliament issue: Conduct nationwide land survey|
Consider the province Ghent (as seen on the right) with its Cloth trade good (with New Draperies price modifier), owned by Flanders. The nation has constructed a manufactory and a production building as well as invested in Administrative technology and Economic idea group increasing its production efficiency. The province has some local autonomy and war exhaustion.
Note: The displayed values only show 2 digits after the decimal, but include 3 digits after the decimal when performing any calculations.
- See also: Buildings
Prioritize constructing production buildings in the order prescribed below:
- Provinces with high value trade goods, i.e.: Silk, Dyes, Ivory, Iron, Cocoa etc.
- Provinces with very high base production value.
- Territorial provinces (which are beneficial to player's trade) with high value trade goods / high base production value.
- Provinces with trade goods which the nation is trying to become a production leader or trading leader (for the given bonus).
Notes: Gold provinces do not benefit from production efficiency and can deplete at any level of production above 1 (the chance is much smaller at lower levels of production). Also, consider that some trade good provinces may be worthy of investments in manufactories and production buildings in the early game due to their timed peak value.
|Available only with the Common Sense DLC enabled.|
Increasing production development requires expenditure in Diplomatic power. However, Diplomatic power is considered to be very valuable (compared with, for example Military power) due to its use in the crucial tasks of integrating other nations and reducing war exhaustion. Although investing some production points can yield high monetary return taking all of aforementioned into account, it is best to spend it on development only when there are no other avenues left.


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Throughout history, there have been numerous hotly-debated topics. That's even more so the case today—we'll debate about almost anything. But I don't think there's a segment of the population that debates issues so intensely as the web design and development community. Don't get me wrong, we certainly have some great debates about important topics, but whoa do we argue over some ridiculous stuff too. Look no further than the debate over, of all things, the pronunciation of an image format: GIF. Some people even go so far as to make a dedicated website of such things. Crazy, right? So anyway, I made this website on how to really pronounce GIF.
Why is it the correct pronunciation?
It's the most natural, logical way to pronounce it. That's why when everyone comes across the word for the first time, they use a hard G.
How is it the logical pronunciation?
Every word that starts with G, then a vowel, then an F, is pronounced with a hard G. For example:
Gaffe. Gift. Guff. Guffaw.
Most one-syllable words that start with G have a hard G (not an exhaustive list):
Gab. Gad. Gag. Gal. Gam. Gap. Gas. Gay. Get. Gig. Gill. Gimp. Gird. Girl. Git! Give. Go. Goal. Gob. God. Gone. Gore. Got. Guide. Guild. Guilt. Gull. Gulp. Gum. Gun. Gust. Gut. Guy.
The word "gift" is the closest word to GIF, and it has a hard G. To pronounce GIF, just say "gift" without the "t".
What about Gin, Gem, Gym, Geo, and Gel?
Gin is not a good counterexample because it's a drink derived from juniper berries, so its name is from the Dutch jenever for "juniper". Gem comes from the Latin gemma for "jewel". As for the other words, they are abbreviations of larger words, so they inherited their pronunciations.
Does the G in "GIF" stand for a word that has a soft G?
No, GIF is an acronym for Graphics Interchange Format. The word "graphics" does have a hard G, but that doesn't necessarily influence the pronunciation. That's why JPEG, an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group, is not pronounced jay-feg, but rather jay-peg. Pronunciation of acronyms tends to follow pronunciation rules like any regular word. So the point here is, because the word behind the G in GIF is "graphics", it eliminates any possible argument that could be made if the word happened to have a soft G.
Why does anyone pronounce GIF with a soft G then?
The creator of the GIF image format, Steve Wilhite of CompuServe, when deciding on the pronunciation, said he deliberately chose to echo the American peanut butter brand, Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF(jif)", playing off of Jif's television commercials. If you hear anyone pronounce GIF with a soft G, it's because they know something of this history. If the Jif peanut butter company never existed, he would have never pronounced GIF with a soft G.
Speaking of Steve Wilhite, when he explains the pronunciation of GIF, he himself has to explicitly write, "It's pronounced 'JIF'." He has to explain it this way because it goes against how it would naturally be pronounced.
Are there any valid arguments for pronouncing it "JIF"?
No. There are some websites out there (like this one) that try to convince people to use a soft G, but they rely solely on the way Steve Wilhite says it is. Mr. Wilhite was given a lifetime achievement award at the 2013 Webbys (Congratulations!). He used the occasion to mention again, "It's pronounced 'JIF'." In an article in the New York Times Blog, Bits, he says:
"The Oxford English Dictionary accepts both pronunciations. They are wrong. It is a soft 'G', pronounced 'jif'. End of story."
Not so fast. John Simpson, Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, disagrees with Mr. Wilhite:
"However, the pronunciation with a hard g is now very widespread and readily understood. A coiner effectively loses control of a word once it's out there…"
I'm sure you would agree, it's far more likely that these masters of the English language understand better than anyone how to pronounce a word.
Wilhite also mentioned that he is annoyed there is still debate over the pronunciation. To be frank, isn't it his own fault for choosing a pronunciation that simply doesn't make sense?
So what now?
Now you can go forth and freely pronounce GIF with a hard G as you naturally would, because you have every right to do so. If you feel compelled to honor the pronunciation given by the GIF's creator out of some sense of obligation, that's perfectly fine too. Just don't give those of us who pronounce it correctly a hard time. :-)


_USER_ {Meister2012, title = {When can we use KinectFusion for ground truth acquisition?}, journal = {Proc Workshop on \ldots}, year = {2012}, pages = {3{\textendash}8}, abstract = {Abstract{\textemdash}KinectFusion is a method for real-time capture of dense 3D geometry of the physical environment using a depth sensor. The system allows capture of a large dataset of 3D scene reconstructions at very low cost. In this paper we discuss the properties of the...$\backslash$n}, url = {_URL_ _URL_ author = {Meister, Stephan and Izadi, Shahram and Kohli, Pushmeet and M H{\"a}mmerle} }


text:
Definition of Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A type of operation designed to tighten up flabby tissues and enlarge the upper air passages. The operation involves reshaping the uvula (uvulo-), soft palate (-palato-) and throat (-pharyngo-).
The uvula is a small piece of soft tissue that can be seen dangling down from the soft palate over the back of the tongue. The uvula is described variously shaped like a U, a tear or a grape. (Its name comes from the Latin word for "grape," uva.) The uvula has its own little muscle, the musculus uvuae, to help it stiffen and change shape, so it helps fill in the space at the back of the throat. It helps keep food from going down the wrong way down the breathing passage when one swallows. Singers credit the uvula with letting them produce a vibrato, a wavy up-and-down sound.
The uvula is one of the soft-tissue structures commonly blamed for snoring and for sleep apnea (a break in breathing during sleep). Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a treatment for these conditions.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Find out what women really need.


text:
This page explains how to import and export SLEUTH image data using ArcInfo Grid.
The world file contains cell size and geographic corner point information for a particular image. It is created when a grid is exported from ArcInfo using the command GRIDIMAGE and can be used import that image, or another image derived from the same, back into Arc using the command IMAGEGRID. It is related to an image by its file name. (e.g.; the world file output.tfw refers to the image file output.tif). The data contained in the world file is general to all grids with the same geographic extent and are therefore transferable between files. See the Arc Docs for more information on world files.
A grid of urban extent is transformed into a TIFF image as part of processing input data for SLEUTH.
Arc: gridimage urban_data # urban_data.tif TIFF
Two files will be generated from this command: urban_data.tif and urban_data.tfw. The first file is the new TIFF image. The second is the world file and contains geo-reference information.
Now let's say we have a SLEUTH output file that has the same extent as urban_data.tif and we'd like to bring it into a ArcInfo for analysis. SLEUTH uses GIF images as input and generates GIFs as output. Therefore the GIFs first need to be transformed into an ArcInfo friendly image format (such as TIFF) using an image editor software such as xv or Photoshop.
sleuth_output.gif -> sleuth_output.tif
Next the TIFF image can be brought into Arc using the IMAGEGRID command. In order for the image to be geo-registered after the import the a related world file must be in the same directory as the TIFF file being imported.
In a directory:
Arc: imagegrid sleuth_output.tif sleuth_output
Use PROJECTDEFINE to define the new grid's projection.
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text:
Tallahassee, FL -- March 14, 2012 --
The bottom of Lake Iamonia, north of Tallahassee, is cleaner than it's been in years, thanks to a host of volunteers, county and state personnel.
Cleaning up the lake was the idea of Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) Officer Charles "Bucky" Higman, a 32-year-veteran officer who lives in Tallahassee, and Katie Woodside, an FWC freshwater fisheries biologist. Higman reached out to Josh McSwain, supervisor of parks for Leon County Parks and Recreation, and about 20 FSU students wanting to take part in community service work.
The group collected more than 2,500 pounds of litter, including cans and bottles, bait cups, broken chairs and even a recliner. The litter had been left on the banks of the receding lake by anglers over the last one to two years.
Leon County provided garbage bags and transported the filled bags to the county transfer station.
At full pool, Lake Iamonia covers just over 5,700 acres. It now covers approximately 200 acres, due to below-average rainfall in the area.
Hydrologists say Iamonia and several nearby lakes are "perched" lakes. Perched lakes sit over a thin limestone shelf over the Floridan aquifer. Also called karst formations, perched lakes typically have sinkholes. During a drought, when the water table drops, the water leaves the lake through the sinkholes.
"Our hope is people will help us by taking their trash and empty containers with them," Higman said. "This is a wonderful resource and we need everyone to help keep it clean."
While the lake is down, the FWC is working with contractors to remove approximately 24 acres of decaying organic material down to the mineralized soil. When normal rainfall returns, fisheries biologists say that many types of fish need the clean lake bottom for spawning and feeding.
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text: It is well known that there is a spectrum of pores in a soil profile. The conventional use of a single lumped value of soil hydraulic conductivity to describe a spectrum of hydraulically active pores may have unintentionally impeded the development of field-scale chemical transport theory and perhaps indirectly hindered the development of management protocols for chemical application and waste disposal. In this study, three sets of four field-scale tracer mass flux breakthrough patterns measured under transient unsaturated flow conditions were used to evaluate the validity of an indirect method to quantify equivalent pore spectra of macropore-type preferential flow pathways. Results indicated that there were distinct trends in how pore spectra of macropore-type preferential flow pathways changed when a soil profile became wetter during a precipitation event. This suggests that the indirect method has predictive value and is perhaps a better alternative to the lumped soil hydraulic conductivity approach in accurately determining the impact of macropore-type preferential flow pathways on water movement and solute transport under transient unsaturated flow conditions.


Kitchen Table Economics
Federalism: Laboratories of Democracy
Recent reports reveal that a growing number of Californians are fed up with the state's high taxes and bad policy. These disaffected Californians are now fleeing to states with low taxes, affordable housing, and friendlier business environments—among other attractive factors.
Similar stories are playing out in other states, including New York and Illinois. This shows why federalism is important.
Federalism is the framework that gives states the opportunity to enact their own policies regardless of others. This framework is often referred to as "laboratories of democracy." This means states can try new social and economic experiments without bringing risk or harm to the rest of the country.
In this grand experiment, some states will enact good policies while others will enact bad ones. This should be viewed as a valuable learning experience that helps all states improve while discovering which policies are best—and which are best avoided.
This also safeguards against onerous policies imposed by the federal government—keeping many governing decisions at the local or state level.
By putting this check on federal power and allowing more local governments to investigate differing policy paths, we are all the stronger for it.


skip to main content
Before banks existed people left their gold coins with goldsmiths for safe-keeping. In exchange they were given a note promising to pay that amount on demand. People soon found it easier to carry around these notes than heavy coins. The goldsmiths also lent money to earn themselves interest.
The first banks in England started in London during the 17th century, the Bank of England being founded in 1694. During the 18th century 'country' or 'provincial' banks began to appear. These were set up by people with spare money such as landowners and traders.
Evidence exists that Whitchurch had two country banks: Whitchurch Old Bank and Whitchurch Shropshire Bank.
The old Whitchurch Museum had some original banknotes in its collection but nobody knows what happened to them when the museum closed in the 1970s.
Until The Country Bankers Act of 1826 only the Bank of England could issue notes for fixed amounts. After 1826 joint-stock banks with more than six partners and situated more than 65 miles from London were also allowed to do this.
One of the banks that took advantage of the new law was The Whitchurch & Ellesmere Banking Company that was formed in 1840. The bank was located on the corner of High Street and Pepper Street. The bank got into difficulties and in 1881 was taken over by Lloyds. During the 1860s Randolph Caldecott was one of their employees.
The Whitchurch Savings Bank was established in 1818. By 1842 it was situated in St Mary's Street. According to records in Shropshire Archives (c.1845) it opened on the first and third Saturdays in each month from 3 until 5 o'clock. On 20th November 1844 there were 1532 accounts open and £52,472 on deposit. Interest payable stood at £2 18s. 4d. per £100. In 1846 a purpose-built property was constructed at Number 3 St Mary's Street. Around 1925 the bank became part of the Trustee Savings Bank Group. The grade II listed building is still there today.


text:
intagg module provides an integer aggregator and an enumerator.
intagg is now obsolete, because there are built-in functions that provide a superset of its capabilities. However, the module is still provided as a compatibility wrapper around the built-in functions.
The aggregator is an aggregate function
int_array_aggregate(integer) that produces an integer array containing exactly the integers it is fed. This is a wrapper around
array_agg, which does the same thing for any array type.
The enumerator is a function
int_array_enum(integer) that returns
setof integer. It is essentially the reverse operation of the aggregator: given an array of integers, expand it into a set of rows. This is a wrapper around
unnest, which does the same thing for any array type.
Many database systems have the notion of a one to many table. Such a table usually sits between two indexed tables, for example:
CREATE TABLE left (id INT PRIMARY KEY,...); CREATE TABLE right (id INT PRIMARY KEY,...); CREATE TABLE one_to_many(left INT REFERENCES left, right INT REFERENCES right);
It is typically used like this:
SELECT right.* from right JOIN one_to_many ON (right.id = one_to_many.right) WHERE one_to_many.left =
This will return all the items in the right hand table for an entry in the left hand table. This is a very common construct in SQL.
Now, this methodology can be cumbersome with a very large number of entries in the
one_to_many table. Often, a join like this would result in an index scan and a fetch for each right hand entry in the table for a particular left hand entry. If you have a very dynamic system, there is not much you can do. However, if you have some data which is fairly static, you can create a summary table with the aggregator.
CREATE TABLE summary AS SELECT left, int_array_aggregate(right) AS right FROM one_to_many GROUP BY left;
This will create a table with one row per left item, and an array of right items. Now this is pretty useless without some way of using the array; that's why there is an array enumerator. You can do
SELECT left, int_array_enum(right) FROM summary WHERE left =
The above query using
int_array_enum produces the same results as
SELECT left, right FROM one_to_many WHERE left =
The difference is that the query against the summary table has to get only one row from the table, whereas the direct query against
one_to_many must index scan and fetch a row for each entry.
On one system, an
EXPLAIN showed a query with a cost of 8488 was reduced to a cost of 329. The original query was a join involving the
one_to_many table, which was replaced by:
SELECT right, count(right) FROM ( SELECT left, int_array_enum(right) AS right FROM summary JOIN (SELECT left FROM left_table WHERE left =
item) AS lefts ON (summary.left = lefts.left) ) AS list GROUP BY right ORDER BY count DESC;
If you see anything in the documentation that is not correct, does not match your experience with the particular feature or requires further clarification, please use this form to report a documentation issue.


PIL reads and writes Windows and OS/2 BMP files containing "1", "L", "P", or "RGB" data. 16-colour images are read as "P" images. Run-length encoding is not supported.
Info Properties
The open method sets the following info properties:
Set to "bmp_rle" if the file is run-length encoded.


text:
6.69 x 8.66 inches
French-born artist Guy de Cointet is known for his text and sculptural works, which were often combined as props and stage sets in theatrical performance pieces. This compendium of his plays builds on publications from the last ten years, the result of collaborations between critics, researchers, and the Guy de Cointet Society. The position of his oeuvre today is vastly different in comparison to a decade ago, having emerged from obscurity, while a careful reading of the notebooks he kept throughout the 1970s until his death in 1983 has spurred new insights. Included is a wealth of archival material, such as photos of performances and rehearsals, invitation cards and press articles.


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The School Improvement Project (SIP) was a series of pilot projects designed to promote better education outcomes for First Nations children in Manitoba.
SIP was implemented in four Manitoba First Nation communities - two northern communities (Fox Lake Cree Nation and Northlands Dene First Nation) and two southern communities (Brokenhead Ojibway First Nation and Long Plain First Nation). In total, approximately 350 students, 55 teaching and support staff participated in the project.
The initiative focused financial and human resources on baseline testing for all students in Grades 1-8, professional development of teachers, increased capacity for student transition, teacher mentoring and increased teacher/principal support for its pilot communities. The objectives of the project were to improve teacher instructional practices in English Language Arts, Mathematics, and Information and Communication Technology through professional development activities, provide the schools with the necessary material and resources to support these programs, and improve student achievement scores in both English Language Arts and Mathematics.
Starting in September 2007, SIP began assessing each student's level of learning and corresponding environmental impacts to determine how a student best learns. This information was used to help teachers tailor their teaching style and materials to best meet students' needs. Students were also grouped into clusters to address varying academic levels. Portfolios with assessments will travel with each student to aid them during their transition to new schools. As students progress through the education system, this testing will be done regularly to ensure that each child is learning and progressing. Tests will coincide with report cards in November, March and May.
The Manitoba First Nation Education Resource Centre (MFNERC) led this initiative in conjunction with the Province of Manitoba, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, University College of the North, Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak, and Southern Chiefs Organization.
The initiative was conducted over 18 months with an INAC investment of $2.7 million. The Province of Manitoba contributed approximately $250,000 through staff time and expertise to provide the four First Nations schools with professional development and teacher training.
All project schools have received shared professional development, ICT support and resources technology hardware (laptops, work stations, LCD projectors, printers, scanners and switchers), English Language Arts tool kits (classroom reading centres, guided reading kits, chapter books and novels, First Nations stories, Scholastic series, teacher instructional text supports, headphones/microphones, memory sticks, Franklin Electronic Spelling and Thesaurus), and math tool kits.
Manitoba First Nations have the lowest educational outcomes in Canada. Sixty-five per cent of all Canadians have completed high school compared to 37 per cent of First Nation citizens on-reserve. In Manitoba the number of First Nation graduates is only 28 per cent.


Skip to main content.
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
butterfly illustration
One Hall, Two Exhibits
The Partners in Evolution Hall is a free-admission exploration into how insects and other animals have co-evolved with plants. Discover how natural selection has shaped animals and plants together through their ancient and persistent dependencies, and defenses with one another.
Tickets are required for the Butterfly Pavilion, a live butterfly experience. Take a stroll among live butterflies and exotic plants! Located adjacent to Partners in Evolution, this tropical oasis offers visitors a rare opportunity to get close to a variety of living butterflies from all over the world.
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Interior Department Awards $15 Million for Forest Thinning on Public Lands
May 27, 2009
The U.S. Department of the Interior announced on May 21 that it will award $15 million to 55 projects that will thin overgrown forests and remove potential fuels for wildfires on public lands. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds will create jobs in rural communities in 12 states, and many of the projects will produce biomass that can be converted into energy. The so-called "hazardous fuels reduction" projects include efforts to remove accumulated deadwood and dense underbrush from forests near communities that are susceptible to wildfires. The wood removed during such projects is generally of a poor quality that is not wanted by lumber mills, but it can serve as an excellent source of biomass energy. The 55 projects are being carried out under the Interior Department's Wildland Fire Management program, and 23 of them are specifically designated as biomass utilization projects. Those 23 biomass energy projects are located in eight states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin. See the Interior Department's press release and list of projects.


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Compton is located in California.
Compton, California has a population of
family-centric than the surrounding county with
30.56% of the households
containing married families with children.
The county average for households married with children is 32.91%.
The median household income in Compton, California is
The median household income for the surrounding county is $38,801
compared to the national median of $50,935.
The median age of people living in Compton is
The average high temperature in July is 78
degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 44.9 degrees.
The average rainfall is approximately 14.5 inches
per year, with 0 inches of snow per year.


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This Online Tech Support page is focusing on Oracle user creation. To create user in Oracle database the simple syntax is:
CREATE USER IDENTIFIED BY ;
This command will create a new user and will apply the current database configuration setting on it. The first example will create user "john" with password "john1234".
CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY john1234;
While creating the users the best practice would be to let users to change their passwords on first logon and before getting access to the database. To apply this condition the additional command is PASSWORD EXPIRE. Take a look at the example below where the Oracle create user command will be executed with additional PASSWORD EXPIRE keyword:
CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY john1234 PASSWORD EXPIRE;
In addition, you can set to the user different Oracle tablespaces and initial quota that would be other than it is set by default. On this following example we are using the same username john and we will assign to it Oracle data tablespace JOHN_DATA and temporary tablespace JOHN_TEMP and his initial quotas will be set on 15 Mb and 10 Mb.
CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY john1234 DEFAULT TABLESPACE john_data QUOTA 15M ON john_data TEMPORARY TABLESPACE john_temp QUOTA 10M ON john_temp PASSWORD EXPIRE;
To create new users there is an option to use Oracle Profiles using them you can apply the same restrictions on many user. For example the restrictions could be like maximum amount of open sessions or connection times or giving grants commonly using the permissions profile.
The last part of this page we are explaining a bit a second type of user that you can create in Oracle. Those users are meant to be for external programs or tools that will only be used to connect to the database. The advantage is that these users need to be identified only first time by the external tool. When somebody is using database only via the same tool then the created user will get access only through the same program. This way create user cannot be used by any possible source and this gives a bit more security.
The next example will create Oracle user for external type of connection only.
CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY DEFAULT TABLESPACE john_data QUOTA 15M ON john_data;
Online Tech Support Home


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*The deadline for paper submission has passed.
1. Background and Purpose
In Japan, the population is aging at the fastest pace in the world. In order to establish a sustainable social security system, it is indispensable to construct a policy infrastructure by accumulating evidence based on high-quality micro-data on the diverse aspects of the lives of elderly people. As an important part of this process, Japanese Economic Review (JER) is very pleased to announce a special issue on the economics of aging. We invite the submission of original research contributions covering all aspects, broadly defined, of the economics of aging using the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR) and/or other family surveys such as:
- Health and Retirement Study (HRS)
- English Longitudinal Survey on Ageing (ELSA)
- Survey on Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
- Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA)
- Chinese Health and Retirement Survey (CHARLS)
- Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI)
Priority will be given to studies using JSTAR data.
3. How to submit your papers
By the end of October 15, 2014 (GMT)


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Paging, or pagination, is the process of splitting a dataset into pages, reading one page at a time. This is useful for optimizing bandwidth traffic, optimizing hardware usage, or just because no user can handle huge amounts of data at once anyway.
RavenDB makes it very easy to work with paging. In fact, with large data sets, it makes it mandatory (see: Safe By Default).
It is as simple as specifying a page size and passing a starting point. Using Linq from the Client API, it looks like this:
// Assuming a page size of 10, this is how will retrieve the 3rd page: var results = session.Query().Skip(20) // skip 2 pages worth of posts.Take(10) // Take posts in the page size.ToArray(); // execute the query
Finding the total results count when paging
While paging you sometimes need to know the exact number of results returned from the query. The Client API supports this explicitly:
RavenQueryStatistics stats; var results = session.Query().Statistics(out stats).Where(x => x.Category == "RavenDB").Take(10).ToArray(); var totalResults = stats.TotalResults;
While the query will return with just 10 results,
totalResults will hold the total number of matching documents.
Paging through tampered results
For some queries, RavenDB will skip over some results internally, and by that invalidate the
TotalResults value. For example when executing a Distinct query,
TotalResults will contain the total count of matching documents found, but will not take into account results that were skipped as a result of the
SkippedResults is greater than 0 it implies that we skipped over some results in the index.
In order to do proper paging in those scenarios, you should use the
SkippedResults when telling RavenDB how many documents to skip. In other words, for each page the starting point should be
.Skip(currentPage * pageSize + SkippedResults).
For example, assuming a page size of 10:
RavenQueryStatistics stats; // get the first page var results = session.Query().Statistics(out stats).Skip(0 * 10) // retrieve results for the first page.Take(10) // page size is 10.Where(x => x.Category == "RavenDB").Distinct().ToArray(); var totalResults = stats.TotalResults; var skippedResults = stats.SkippedResults; // get the second page results = session.Query().Statistics(out stats).Skip((1 * 10) + skippedResults) // retrieve results for the second page, taking into account skipped results.Take(10) // page size is 10.Where(x => x.Category == "RavenDB").Distinct().ToArray(); // and so on...


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Intermittence fault is a known problem in aircraft due to a large number of electrical wire and complex systems that make an aircraft. Newer aircraft have more computer-based system which has even more wiring than legacy aircraft.
Why aircraft intermittences are so difficult to detect?
Finding a problem in a bundle of wire-harness is a complex challenge. Sporadic intermittences that appear in mid-air are detected and reported by pilots. Once the aircraft is back on the ground these intermittences are difficult, if not impossible for technicians to replicate. Aircraft vibration can not easily be replicated, and many times the intermittences happen in fractions of milliseconds.
Therefore, problems observed in mid-air can not easily be replicated on the ground. Technicians rely on ohmmeters to run conductivity testing, selecting line by line, looking for the problem. The tool of choice, a multimeter, is set up to find transients with millisecond accuracy. There are two challenges with this approach:
- Harnesses are interconnected systems of multiple wires, and a multimeter is only capable of testing one wire at a time.
- It is possible that the transients occur in less than a millisecond, undetectable by the multimeter.
Problems observed in mid-air can not easily be replicated on the ground.
Hence, the multimeter works to detect open circuits, which is considered hard or semy hard intermittences. But not accurate enough to detect random sporadic intermittences at low-level noise or micro-breaks.
New technology has emerged. It takes into consideration all electrical lines by testing each line simultaneously with a nanosecond accuracy in a closed-loop environment. This technology uses a hardware version of a neural network, in which signals are sent to each node combining all feedback back to the analyzer. Then, the system could be checked as a whole, and not each line separately, creating the necessary environment to detect any fault.
New technology has emerged. It takes into consideration all electrical lines by testing each line simultaneously with a nanosecond accuracy in a closed-loop environment.
The United States Department of Defense is one of the early adopters of this technology that tests LRU, by extending the mission capability of their fleet and reducing operating costs.
GE-90 Wire Harness Case Study
We have identified by Boeing 777 operators that the GE-90 115B engine typically shows intermittency problems in the wire harness. Our engineer group along with the team at Universal Synaptics developed an interface, to connect the bundle of wires into the IFD (portable).
The complexity of this task can only be solved by sending simultaneous pulses at a nanosecond speed through all cables simultaneously. The IFD (portable) connects in series with the wire harness and detects any possible anomaly.
This report shows the results of the test. GE 90 complex cables IFD Universal Synaptics
Lockheed Martin with F-16
Lockheed Martin currently uses the versions of the IFD on their different platforms. Check video below:
Several case studies have come to light recently and a selected group can be downloaded here:
Selected Aircraft Case Studies:
- F-16 Nose Landing Gear Harness.
- Boeing 777 GE90 Engine Harness
- Total Air Temperature Probes.
- Pratt & Whitney V2500 Engine Harness
- AH-64 Apache EWIS Testing
- Elevator and Aileron Computer (ELAC)
If you still have more questions or want to learn more about this technology, please fill out the form below.


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Inadequate consideration for maintenance during design was recognized some years ago in the Iowa Highway Maintenance Study (1959--1960, HRB Special Report 65). The problem persists to this day and is a contributing cause of increased maintenance work and inconvenience to highway users.
A process is needed for designers to be systematically aware of the maintenance implications of their designs. Designs must be developed and evaluated, recognizing a number of assumptions affecting maintenance operations and requirements. Knowing the implications of these assumptions will permit the documentation of maintenance needs to ensure that maintenance personnel, equipment, materials, and funds will be available when needed.
Designers must also be aware of design details that create maintenance problems and be willing to incorporate improvements to increase the "maintainability" of highway components. There is a need to specifically identify and communicate maintenance problems that can be addressed through better design. This need is gaining importance because of the greatly increased volume of traffic that makes it difficult to close traffic lanes for routine maintenance work. Although it would be desirable to design highway components (such as pavements, bridges, drainage features, and roadside appurtenances) with zero-maintenance requirements, this is not usually possible; therefore, designs should be developed to ensure maintainability at minimum life-cycle costs.
Accordingly, research was undertaken to address three objectives: (1) determine the current practice of incorporating maintenance concerns in the highway design process and identify successful techniques, weaknesses, and needed improvements; (2) recommend a design process that will achieve explicit recognition of the maintenance implications of designs; and (3) list and describe design details that create maintenance problems and suggest improvements to overcome them. These objectives have been accomplished through a research approach that involved a literature search, a survey of practices, interviews in selected state transportation agencies, and a demonstration.
The research results have been published as NCHRP Report 349, "Maintenance Considerations in Highway Design."


How To Start A Husqvarna Chainsaw
Before Start A Husqvarna Chainsaw, be sure to understand the operator's handbook for your particular saw since charges may differ among various models. Also, produce sure you perpetually observe ordinances in your city.
The chain brake should be initiated when you commence the chainsaw. It can begin many chainsaw models in what is perceived as a 'half-throttle position. In this situation, the chain can twist – if the cable brake is not initiated. There are two safe locations to begin your chainsaw: on the ground or with the chainsaw between legs
Ttarting husqvarna chainsaw
ps: Check our list of best 50cc chainsaw
On the ground
1.Confront your right foot in the back handle and hold a firm grip on your left hand's front arm. Save your left arm continuously.
2.Remove the author's name with your right hand. Iterate the engine fires continuously.
Begin the chainsaw within your legs
1.Install the rear arm within your left thigh and following your right knee.
2.Maintain the front grip firmly with your left palm. Make sure to have your left arm through.
Starting stihl chainsaw
1.Enter the cable drag.
2.If the saw (not hole saw) is provided with Air Purge/combustible pump, handle the bulb (prime) several times continuously. The fuel becomes visible and opens the carburetor.
3.Begin the choke and (on specific models) squeeze the decompression lever.
4.Pull the author handle continuously the engine fires. Push these choke (half-throttle) and draw again unto the saw starts.
5.Quicken (rev) so that the motor idles and then releases the train check.
We are beginning a hot engine.
The chainsaw begins without the choke if the generator is hot. Watch the instructions before, but ignore the details linking to the choke. If the motor is hard to start, apply a half-throttle. You enter the half-throttle use by first completely arousing the choke. Then move the government back.
Inertia function inspection
1.Please turn off the saw and keep it with the model bar over a projection or any other stable object. The distance between the projection and the design bar is subordinate to the chainsaw and model bar height.
2.Loosen the front arm and allow pressure to produce the chainsaw down, rotating around the rear handle towards the piece.
3.If the design bar hits the end, It should trigger the chainsaw brake.
Series damper inspection
1.Begin the saw. Take the chainsaw securely by the first and rear arms.
2.Quicken and then clear the feed.
3.push start chainsaw brake by turning your left wrist towards the keeper. Do not let go of the forward arm.
4.The cable should now stop quickly.
5.If the saw is provided with TrioBrake™, reform but now begin the rear brake protector by moving your best wrist upwards continuously, it touches and stimulates the brake. The chain should stop quickly.
Link(s) lube inspection
1.Begin the chainsaw. Take the saw above a stump or a block of wood and rev up the engine.
2.The cable lube is working if there is a line of oil moved on the projection or account.
1.Why will my Husqvarna chainsaw not start?
If the glow plug provides a spark and you still possess problems starting your chainsaw, it's time to reduce the gap. The glitter plug gap is an air gap within the ground terminal and the common electrode. If the gap is too short, the spark strives to light the fuel and air infiltration.
2.How do you start a Husqvarna 350 chainsaw?
Check the head grip firmly with your remaining hand. Pull the opener handle with your right palm. Repeat until the engine fires. Push the choke (half-throttle) and extract until the saw excites.
3.How do you start a chainsaw that won't start?
To resolve this dilemma:
 1. Remove the spark connection hole folding away from you to empty all the fuel in the container.
 2. Deactivate the choke by starting in button, then pull the author cord 6-8 times as you clasp in the accelerator control.
 3. Dry off the spark hydrant and refit it, pursuing in the station.
4.How do you warm up a Husqvarna chainsaw?
Fervent beginning, a chainsaw ( check our best chainsaw mills here) boils feathers to doing so when the engine is hot. While the plan is the same as freezing starting, bound everything to do with the choke. In the situation of a difficult start, we support warm lighting the engine on a half-throttle.
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text:
Background: Mefloquine and doxycycline are the two drugs recommended for prophylaxis of malaria for visitors to areas where Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to chloroquine.
Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of mefloquine with those of doxycycline as prophylaxis for malaria.
Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial of chemoprophylaxis of malaria.
Setting: Northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
Participants: 204 Indonesian soldiers.
Intervention: After radical curative treatment, participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of doxycycline per day and mefloquine placebo; 250 mg of mefloquine per week (preceded by a loading dose of 250 mg/d for 3 days) and doxycycline placebo; or placebos for both drugs. Prophylaxis lasted approximately 13 weeks.
Measurements: The primary end point for efficacy was the first occurrence of malaria, as documented by a positive malaria smear. Malaria smears were obtained weekly and when patients had symptoms suggesting malaria. Reported symptoms were recorded daily, and an exit study questionnaire was conducted.
Results: In the placebo group, 53 of 69 soldiers developed malaria (9.1 person-years), resulting in an attack rate of 5.8 cases per person-year (95% CI, 4.3 to 7.7 cases per person-year). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 57% of cases, and P. vivax accounted for 43% of cases. No malaria occurred in the 68 soldiers (16.9 person-years) in the mefloquine group; thus, the protective efficacy of mefloquine was 100% (CI, 96% to 100%). In the doxycycline group, P. falciparum malaria occurred in 1 of 67 soldiers (16.0 person-years), yielding a protective efficacy of 99% (CI, 94% to 100%). Both drugs were very well tolerated.
Conclusions: Mefloquine and doxycycline were both highly efficacious and well tolerated as prophylaxis of malaria in Indonesian soldiers.


text:
product description page
Constrained Markov Sequence Generation : Applications to Music and Text (Hardcover) (Franu00e7ois Pachet
About this item
This book deals with the problem of generating sequences in the style of a given corpus, in text or music. In particular, the authors study Markov models, which have long been used for capturing basic statistical information about how elements of a given alphabet are put together in representative sequences, formulating them as constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), a formulation which opens the door to many extensions of basic Markov models through the modularity of constraint satisfaction.
The book will be valuable to practitioners, researchers, and graduate students engaged with algorithmic composition and constraint satisfaction.


Please to understand what I mean, see the picture below :
Laser cutting speed chart
I don't understand why it is not a linear curve (or almost), because at first sight it should be no?
If you need 10 sec to cut a length of 1mm thickness, why not 20 sec for a 2mm and 30sec for 3mm... I can't figure this out!
If you have an answer, please don't hesitate to share your experience with me!
 - $\begingroup$ if the laser is cutting via thermal process (typical), it might be the consequence of how the heat transfer works out vs the thickness $\endgroup$ – Pete W Mar 12 at 16:42
 - $\begingroup$ I've never cut steel with a laser but I can see that with thinner material the conductive losses are lower and increase as the sheet gets thicker but the proportional increase is less. Eventually you reach a point where there is so much conductance that making the plate thicker makes little difference. $\endgroup$ – Transistor Mar 12 at 16:55
 - $\begingroup$ do you know the type of laser that this diagram comes from? more specifically the duration of the laser pulse? $\endgroup$ – NMech Mar 12 at 18:59
 - $\begingroup$ Cutting is usually done with cw, not pulsed $\endgroup$ – OpticalResonator Mar 12 at 19:04
To see why this graph can only have a hyperbolic shape, it can help to take a look at the energy balance of the laser cutting process with absorbed laser power $P_A$.
$$P_A = \underbrace{vtw}_{V_M}\cdot \rho \cdot \underbrace{(c_p \Delta T_P + h_M + \xi h_E)}_{\text{process energy}}+\underbrace{P_L}_{\text{losses}}$$
The term labelled "process energy" doesn't bother us further here, it describes the energy we need to put in to bring the material from environment temperature to process temperature and is constant for a given material. Same with the power losses $P_L$, maybe a little unintuitive, but experiments showed that they depend mainly on the thermal conductivity of the material, so we approximate them as constant as well. The material's density $\rho$ is of course also constant.
What remains? $V_M$, the molten volume per time, which consists of cutting velocity $v$, the sheet thickness $t$ and the width of our cut $w$. The width $w$ depends on the laser beam diameter, so we also consider $w$ constant.
In the end, only $v$ and $t$ are left. We consider everything in the energy balance except those two constant, so let's claim:
$$ v \cdot t = const.$$
A product being constant? That is just the equation of a hyperbola with the axes as asymptotes.
Your Answer


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"Chicken Little" is a very good story for young students, with its high level of repetition and simple, cumulative story. But I also like it as a lead-in to disaster preparedness issues for the older ones.
"Chicken Little" is also sometimes called "Chicken Licken." It is even sometimes called "Henny Penny." By any title, this is a story about a little chicken who has something fall on him (or her) and thinks that the sky is falling. What falls on Chicken Little varies, but his reaction is always to rush around to all his friends and tell them, "The sky is falling! The sky is falling! And we must tell the king!" Actually, the words used vary quite a bit, but I like the rhythm of that version, and that is what we always use when we tell the story. All the barnyard friends go along with Chicken Little, wandering around looking for the palace, until a fox offers to show them the way. The birds follow the fox, who intends to eat them, and sometimes they do get eaten. Sometimes they are "never seen again," and sometimes they escape and Chicken Little learns a lesson. It depends which version of the story you read.
- An online version which is no longer available explained that the story was about "atmospheric dynamics and speculative meteorology." Nothing special about the telling of the story, but I like that explanation.
- An easy reader version with nice vintage illustrations. A warning, here — this is a version in which the birds all go into Foxy Loxy's den and never come out again.
- Rick Walton's personal take off on the story.
- Steven Kellogg's Chicken Little is recognizable as the traditional story, but of course there are some witty changes in the illustrations, especially.
- Rebecca and Ed Emberley's Chicken Little pokes fun at the original story.
- Jonathan Allen's Chicken Licken is a lift-the-flap book, which makes it appealing for young children, as long as your group is small enough that everyone can see the flaps.
- Vivian French's Henny Penny is a bit more clever and resourceful than the usual hero of this story, and the pictures are charming.
- Paul Galdone also has a version called Henny Penny. Galdone is one of our favorites, and this book is awesome.
- Jane Wattenberg's Henny-Penny uses updated language ("chicka-chicka-bunga" and "What's buzzin', Cousin?" for example) and arresting photo montages to present the story.
- "Chicken Little" includes a number of birds, and in particular birds which are farm animals. Use the story as a starting point for sorting farm animals into birds and mammals. Start with Farm Picture Cards or a list of farm animals written on sentence strips, and have students sort the cards into birds and mammals. Once they've sorted, come up with a list of characteristics of birds (they lay eggs, they have feathers, they have two feet and two wings) and of mammals (they have hair or fur, they have live babies, many have four feet, few have wings). Pack it up after class and use it to make a center.
- In some versions of the story (and we always tell it this way) each bird asks the previous bird how he knows that the sky is falling. "Ducky Daddles told me," says Goosey Loosey, and so on till they get to Chicken Little, who says, "I saw it with my eyes and I heard it with my ears, and part of it fell on my tail." This could be a fine introduction to a discussion of evidence and observation.
- Chicken Little believed he was facing an emergency, but he didn't have a very good plan for coping with it. He thought he would go tell the king, but didn't know where the king was. He wasn't accurate in his assessment of the danger, either, or even of the type of emergency he might be facing. He was not well prepared. The government site for kids to prepare for emergencies, including PDF files and online games about preparing an emergency kit and making a plan. This page at that site has definitions of various kinds of natural disasters, which could kick off an earth science unit.
- "Chicken Little" and "The sky is falling!" are often used to suggest that people are overreacting to things like global warming or the diminishing supply of fossil fuels. Let older students enjoy the story and then do some research to compare concerns about climate change to the birds' worries about the sky falling. Have them write a paragraph agreeing or disagreeing with the accusation.
- The coronavirus pandemic is going on as of this writing, and Chicken Little's experience could be a good way to start a conversation about one of the controversies it has brought up. There are people who think it is very serious, and people who think it's just another flu. Search online news sources to find evidence for one view or the other. With older kids, you might also look at how different political leaders have responded. Has your state issued a stay at home order or closed businesses? Some have and some have not. Compare the reasons the governors have given for their decisions.
- "Chicken Licken" has so much word play — again, depending on the version you use — that you should use it in your preK-2 classroom just for that. In most versions, the birds' names rhyme: Henny-Penny, Goosy-Loosey, Turkey-Lurkey, Foxy-Loxy. In some, they use alliteration: Ducky Daddles. Use these names for phonemic awareness activities.
- The repetitive sections are perfect for choral reading. Many retellings leave these out, but for preschool and kindergarten, this is the best part. Help your students develop a good rhythm and unison sound, and their future teachers will thank you.
- This is a simple story, so it is a great choice for a first experience of identifying the beginning, middle, and end of a story. Have students join you in creating a sentence for each part: "An acorn fell on Chicken Little's tail, and he thought the sky was falling," "He told all his friends, and they went to tell the king, but they met a fox along the way," and "The fox ate them" or "The fox almost ate them but they escaped" are possibilities. These sentences allow you to work on conjunctions, but you could also divide them into simpler sentences for your younger students. Ask the kids to draw pictures for each of the parts of the story, and make a bulletin board with their creations.
- Cut strips of paper about 1″ by 6″ for each student. Have the kids write the names of all the characters on the strips. Make the "Chicken Little" strip into a loop and glue it closed. Put the next animal (often Henny Penny) through the first loop and glue it closed. Continue, putting the animals in order to make a chain which follows the order of the story.
- List the vivid alternatives for "said" in Stephen Kellogg's fun non-traditional version of Chicken Little.
What is the moral of "Chicken Little"? As is so often the case, you can take your pick from several interpretations. I say, pick the one that goes best with your curriculum goals.
- "Chicken Little" can be about courage. Chicken Little overreacts to a perceived danger, so much so that he misses the clear signs of a real danger in the person of Foxy Loxy. For the same reason, this story can give a message about making accurate estimates of danger.
- "Chicken Little" can be about stranger danger. Chicken Little puts not only himself but also his friends in danger by listening to Foxy Loxy.
- The story can also be about gossip. The information that Chicken Little was spreading was false, but it still spread very quickly. You can play the game "rumor" or "gossip" with the kids to show that even information which is accurate at the source can end up distorted. Here's how to play the game: have the kids get into lines of 10 or so and give each team a fairly complicated sentence written on paper. The first player whispers the sentence to the next player in line, and so on to the end of the line. The last player says the sentence aloud. Usually, the sentence has gotten mangled along the way. After the game, ask the students to write about a time — real or fictional — when a rumor hurt someone.
- "Chicken Little" can also provide a lesson about reacting to situations. Chicken Little went with an immediate emotional response instead of investigating further or giving himself time to cool off before deciding how to respond. Discuss with the class how Chicken Little could change his response the next time a worrying situation arises in his life.
- A couple of the earlier suggestions dealt with evaluation of evidence and drawing conclusions from information. These are essential critical thinking skills, as well as skills for science and writing.
- Finally, you could examine Chicken Little's decision to go and tell the king. Going to a person in authority for help in an emergency is certainly something you want students to learn, and that should be pointed out. But the animals decided to go see the king even though they didn't know where the king was. Perhaps there was a better choice of helper available to them. Use graphic organizers to help the class determine all the sources of help that they have available, and to make a flow chart showing whom they should approach.


text:
Tennessee BBS 4: Flycatchers to Corvids
35 year change: +1.43 (+22%) ± 0.65
Pewees showed a statistically significant modest upward trend in numbers on BBS routes in Tennessee, though this appears to have primarily occurred in the _PHONE_ period. Recent data suggest a possible slight decline.
35 year change: +1.32 (+50%) ± 0.50
Tennessee's only widespread Empidonax species has increased significantly, especially since 1990. Though this may in part be an "Appalachian bump," the upward trend appears to be sustained up to the present
35 year change: -0.01 (-18%) ± 0.02
Very limited data from a small number of routes showed no significant change in numbers of this uncommon and local nesting species.
35 year change: -0.03 (-81%) ± 0.02
Also uncommon, local, and with very limited data, the Least Flycatcher nonetheless showed a statistically significant downward trend. The skimpy data do not necessarily indicate an ecologically meaningful trend, however.
35 year change: +3.89 (+147%) ± 1.02
Phoebes have shown a dramatic increase on Tennessee BBS routes, especially since about 1985.
Great Crested Flycatcher
35 year change: +1.10 (+48%) ± 0.42
This species has also increased steadily, though less dramatically, throughout the BBS period.
35 year change: -0.24 (-5%) ± 0.70
Kingbird numbers have remained relatively stable on Tennessee BBS routes over the period.
35 year change: -2.31 (-90%) ± 0.54
As has been widely noted, shrikes have declined drastically and exponentially over the BBS period. There are hints that his decline may have stabilized in the last decade or so; even if it has, it still represents a huge decline from the 1966 levels.
35 year change: +3.57 (+72%) ± 1.54
All five species of Vireos recorded on Tennessee BBS routes have shown substantial and statistically significant increases over the period. In the case of the White-eyed this appears to have taken the form of a rapid rise beginning rather suddenly in the 1990s.
35 year change: +1.01 (+66%) ± 0.32
This species has shown a steady, modest increase over the BBS era.
35 year change: +0.16 (+195%) ± 0.07
Primarily restricted as a breeder to the eastern parts of Tennessee, the Blue-headed Vireo has increased dramatically since the early 1980s. This rise began well before the "Appalachian bump" period of the early 1990s and continues steadily to the present. This puts the apparent nesting pair I found in Lewis County in 2010 (well to the west of the typical breeding range) in context.
35 year change: +0.52 (+363%) ± 0.14
In contrast to the Blue-headed, the Warbling Vireo is primarily a bird of west Tennessee. It has shown an even more dramatic increase in numbers, rising steadily from near zero in the 1960s to being widespread, even abundant on some routes, in recent years.
35 year change: +6.05 (+77%) ± 1.07
This most ubiquitous vireo in Tennessee rose in number steadily from 1966 until about 1995, then apparently reached a plateau or even began a slight decline.
35 year change: -6.94 (-34%) ± 2.35
Blue Jays are not at their most conspicuous during the BBS season but nevertheless they are detected in large numbers on nearly all routes. The average counts have declined modestly but steadily over the decades. I found it interesting that there is no noticeable effect of the arrival of West Nile Virus in the early 2000s; the decline was ongoing before then and has continued at about the same rate since.
35 year change: +11.78 (+43%) ± 2.36
One of the most conspicuous and ubiquitous birds on the Tennessee BBS, American Crows have increased modestly over the period. Again, there is no noticeable West Nile Virus effect.
35 year change: +0.05 (+175%) ± 0.06
The "other" crow is only recorded in small numbers on a few Tennessee BBS routes. The apparent upward trend is not statistically significant overall, which is more a reflection of limited data than an indicator of real stable populations.
35 year change: +.03 ± 0.02
Ravens did not appear on the Tennessee BBS until the 1990s, and have been recorded in small numbers on a very few routes in east Tennessee in most years since then. There is a suggestion of a continuing upward trend but the data are too limited to evaluate this statistically.
Tennessee BBS index:
1: Waterfowl to Herons
2: Vultures to Doves
3: Cuckoos to Woodpeckers
4: Flycatchers to Corvids
Next: 5: Larks to Wrens
6: Gnatcatchers to Waxwings
7: Wood Warblers
8: Towhees to Buntings
9: Icterids to House Sparrow
Ups and Downs


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on the type of value you want to display. In this case, I use %i because I have int variables.
The format string is followed by a comma, and the name of one variable for each marker you used. It's critical that the variable names come after the closing quote and a single comma.
Cocoa programs use NSLog instead of printf, but the formatting rules are almost identical.
Type Casting
Sometimes you need to convert a variable from one type to another. For example, you might have a float that you need to use in a function that requires an int.
Sometimes you can just use an int variable in place of a float without any errors, but it's better to do the conversion yourself. This conversion is called casting.
int multiply (int x, int y) { return x * y; } int trips = 6; float distance = 4.874; int approxDistance = (int)distance; int total = multiply ( trips, approxDistance );
So casting is basically putting the desired type in parantheses, just to the left of the value.
The results of casting vary on what you're converting to and from. Converting a float to an int will simply chop off the digits after the decimal point. Casting does not round numbers up.
Casting temporarily converts the contents only, not the variable itself. In the above example, distance is a still a float variable after the cast, so you have to use the cast again every time you want it treated as an int.
More Casting Examples
Here's a way to call the function without using the approxDistance variable. I can just do the cast inside the function call instead:
int result = multiply (trips, (int)distance);
Sometimes you need to convert the data returned from a function into a different type. You use the same form for that:
int multiply (int x, int y) { return x * y; } float result; result = (float) multiply (3, 6);
From the function definition, I can see that multiply returns an int. I want to store the result in a float, so when I call the function, I use a (float) cast before the function name. The result variable will have a value of 18.0.
Header Files
Since you need to declare all functions in C before you can use them, it would be helpful to group related function declarations and manage them in a single place. This is what header files do.
Header files are vital in large projects because they give you an overview of source code without having to look through every line of code.
Create a Header File
Here's a sample header file. Copy the contents into a file named math_functions.h
int sum (int x, int y); float average (float x, float y, float z);
Here are the function implementations. Paste the contents into a file called math_functions.c
int sum (int x, int y) { return (x + y); } float average (float x, float y, float z) { return (x + y + z) / 3; }
In the average function, I separated the addition from the division using parenthesis. If I didn't, only the last number would be divided. It's always good practice to group all the values used in a single math operation.
Using Header Files
Here's a program that uses the functions declared in the header file. Copy the contents into a file called test3.c
_TAG_ _TAG_ "math_functions.h" main () { int theSum = sum (8, 12); float theAverage = average (16.9, 7.86, 3.4); printf ("the sum is: %i ", theSum); printf ("and the average is: %f \n", theAverage); printf ("average casted to an int is: %i \n", (int)theAverage); }
After the standard stdio.h, I include math_functions.h. This allows the program call the sum and average functions.
Inside main, I call the sum function and store the result in an int variable. Then I call the average function and store the result in a float variable.
The program uses printf three times. Once using the %i symbol for the int variable theSum, once using %f for the float variable theAverage, and once with %i by casting theAverage to int.
The stdio.h include is in angle brackets because it's from a C library (more on that later). The math_functions.h file is specific to this program, so it's in double quotes.
Compile the Example
You should now have three files, all in the same directory:
math_functions.h - math function declarations
math_functions.c - math function implementations
test3.c - the actual program
Switch back to Terminal, and change to the directory which contains the three files. To compile the program, type "gcc test3.c math_functions.c -o test3".
Run the program by typing "./test3"
host% gcc test3.c math_functions.c -o test3 host%./test3 the sum is: 20 and the average is: 9.386666 average casted to an int is: 9 host%
This time we gave gcc two input files: test3.c and math_functions.c. The gcc command combine the contents the two.c files into a single program.
I don't need to list the header file math_functions.h on the command line. I just use the _TAG_ statement instead.
Structs are structured groups of variables. Here's an example of a struct designed to store song information.
typedef struct { int lengthInSeconds; int yearRecorded; } Song;
Struct Diagram It looks like I'm declaring two int variables, but I'm actually creating a new type of variable. The typedef statement assigns a name to the struct. In this case, the name is Song.
Every Song variable I declare will hold two values: lengthInSeconds and yearRecorded. In this case, both fields hold int values, but a field in a struct can be any type (even another struct).
Once you define a struct, you can use it the same way you'd use int, float or char. You can make as many Song variables as you want, each with their own length and year.
You assign a value to field in a struct using the dot syntax:
Song song1; song1.lengthInSeconds = 213; song1.yearRecorded = 1994; Song song2; song2.lengthInSeconds = 248; song2.yearRecorded = 1998;
I created a variable called song1 and gave it a type of Song. I then set the length and year using the dot syntax. The variable song2 is also a Song, but it has different values for its fields.
Structs in Functions
Functions can specify structs as input or output. These function declarations and the struct itself can be put in a header file.
Paste the following code into a file called song.h
typedef struct { int lengthInSeconds; int yearRecorded; } Song; Song make_song (int seconds, int year); void display_song (Song theSong);
In this header file, I defined the Song struct. I also declared two functions, make_song and display_song. Now we need to create the method implementations.
Paste the following code into a file called song.c
_TAG_ _TAG_ "song.h" Song make_song (int seconds, int year) { Song newSong; newSong.lengthInSeconds = seconds; newSong.yearRecorded = year; display_song (newSong); return newSong; } void display_song (Song theSong) { printf ("the song is %i seconds long ", theSong.lengthInSeconds); printf ("and was made in %i\n", theSong.yearRecorded); }
The make_song function takes two int values and returns a Song struct. The display_song function takes any Song struct as input, and displays its values. Note that the make_song function calls display_song when a new Song is created.
I had to include song.h in song.c because the functions use the Song type. You have to include the song.h header in any file which uses Song in any way.
Structs in Use
Now we need a program that uses the song.h and song.c files. Paste the following code into a file called test4.c
_TAG_ _TAG_ "song.h" main () { Song firstSong = make_song (210, 2004); Song secondSong = make_song (256, 1992); Song thirdSong = { 223, 1997 }; display_song ( thirdSong ); Song fourthSong = { 199, 2003 }; }
In this program, I create two Songs using the make_song function. Rather than using make_song for the third song, I use a special syntax that involves putting comma-separated values between curly brackets.
Note that when I don't call make_song to create a song, the display_song function doesn't get automatically called. So on the next line, I call it manually. The fourth song is created in the same way, but since I never call display_song for it, it's never displayed in Terminal.
It's better to use a function to create a new struct instance so you can control the process more precisely. In this case, I can automatically display information about each Song that's created.
Compile the Example
Now that you have song.h, song.c and test4.c, you can compile them and see the output.
Switch to Terminal, change to the directory that contains the three files, and enter the command "gcc test4.c song.c -o test4".
Type "./test4" to run the program.
host% gcc test4.c song.c


The In-Between Spaces
Designers and builders have an opportunity to elevate the alley as a neighborhood amenity.
By David Poppleton, RA
Considered radical 20 years ago, New Urbanist concepts are now commonplace in neighborhood design. The car and garage are being deemphasized, and higher value is being placed on the pedestrian experience. Great care and attention is being given to the design of streets, sidewalks, and fronts of homes.
But what about the alley? In many cases, it could be argued that the alley is the true front of the home: in the everyday routine of going to and from work, running errands, or heading out on a bike ride, families travel through the alley.
Yet while the alley is experienced many times a day, it is most often neglected as the back of the house. It's the place you take the trash and access the garage. A dark strip of asphalt, it is typically value-engineered to save money on details and finishes. The alley is the forgotten piece of the neighborhood.
It doesn't have to be this way
The alley could be so much more. If the alley were treated as more of a "front door" experience, it would improve and enrich the overall feel of the community. In London, the Mews have been transformed into highly desirable neighborhoods that bring character and charm to the densely packed city streets.
In other cities around the globe, alleys have been transformed into lively entertainment areas lined with small shops and restaurants, creating pedestrian-friendly zones between the busy car-dominated streets. Those in-between spaces have become the heart of the city, where businesses thrive and people come together to create community.
Could the same thinking be brought into neighborhood design? What if we reimaged the alley as a place that encourages community, connection, and play? How would the perception of the alley change if it was designed to be an engaging space?
Photo by TK Images
A thoughtful alley design can transform an ordinary neighborhood into a lifestyle community, increasing home values and sales. This "found" space becomes a lasting memory, a touch point that sticks in the head of a potential buyer–it sets a neighborhood apart, making it a destination.
When we think of the alley differently, it becomes a place that enhances people's daily lives and gives them a place they are proud of and can call home.
Here are just a few ways to turn the alley into a neighborhood amenity:
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Activity barns. The garage isn't just for cars or storage. Creatively placed doors allow the garage to become an extension of the backyard. Whether a place to escape the rain at a family barbeque, a game room, an artist studio, or workshop, the garage is a flexible space that can enhance and complement the outdoor area.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Home design. The massing of the home is designed to soften the alley; single-story massing will open the alley up and allow light to penetrate the yard and home. Well-placed trees reach up past the architecture and create a shade canopy that reduces the building mass and creates a welcoming environment. Ornamental trees, grasses, and shrubs create pops of color for year-round interest and engagement.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Covered patios. Creating a welcoming outdoor space is essential to activating the alley and making it into the neighborhood amenity it could be. Covered outdoor space encourages people to gather and hang out. Low fences and gates welcome guests to the "front" of the house while giving each home a little personality.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
The plaza. Replacing the predictable asphalt paving with permeable pavers helps mitigate water runoff and softens the utilitarian nature of how we typically view the alley. It also creates the perception that you aren't heading into the back of a home. Enhancing the alley with landscaping helps turn it into a plaza space that encourages people to get outside, be active, and engage with their community of neighbors.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Gardens. Home herb and flower gardens are a major trend in backyard design, but with lots getting smaller and smaller, it's hard to find enough land to plant a garden. Pulling the fence back and pushing the garden into the alley allows home owners to plant raised gardens for their favorite herbs, vegetables and flowers. The alley is activated as people water and tend to their plants, creating opportunities for neighbors to run into each other and develop friendships, reinforcing the feeling of community.
—David Poppleton, RA, is an associate/senior architect with DTJ Design in Boulder, Colorado
This article was originally published in the Best in American Living magazine 2017 fall issue.
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The Famous Denby Dale Pie From Yorkshire
Meat Pie
Getty Images
The village of Denby Dale nestles in the picturesque hills of West Yorkshire in Northern England. The town is famous for its monster meat and potato pies—they're even mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records. These gigantic pies are usually baked to celebrate national special occasions and events. The first time is believed to have been in 1788 to celebrate the recovery of King George III from his mental illness.
The History of Denby Dale Pies
Ten pies have been made as part of nine pie festivals over the years—one of the festivals was ditched in 1887. The pie that was made for the millennium celebration in 2000 weighed a staggering 12 tonnes. That's in excess of 26,448 pounds—a tonne equals slightly more than 2,204 pounds. The pie was 40 feet long, 8 feet wide and 3 feet 8 inches deep. It contained three tonnes of beef and a tonne of potatoes, and it was wetted down by 22 gallons of John Smith's Best Bitter, which is brewed in Tadcaster in Yorkshire. The pie was so big it had to be transported to the Pie Field on a 70-foot wagon. As befitting a work of such magnificence, it was blessed by the Bishop of the nearby city of Wakefield.
Not all Denby Dale pies are of such magnitude. More approachable pies are made to the same authentic recipe. The business wavered at one point, but the company was rescued and bought out of receivership by a team led by food entrepreneur Andrew Hayes, preserving 17 jobs in the region. More recently, Denby Dale Pies engaged the services of renowned Yorkshire bard Ian McMillan to write a poem—renamed a piem—in honor of the Denby Dale Pie. The poem was released in time for National Pie Week in the UK. National Pie Week is a week-long celebration of British pies both sweet and savory.
If you prefer to read your poetry rather than listen to it at the link above, here's how McMillan's work goes:
It's pleasing to the nose
And delightful to the eye
Wait till you taste that Denby Dale pie!
It's a symphony of crust,
Taties, gravy and meat
A Denby Dale pie makes your life complete!
They've been making pies in Denby Dale
For centuries and more
They're as Yorkshire as puddings and good strong ale
You can smell 'em through the cottage door!
They've been eating pies in Denby Dale
Since King George was a youth!
Each massive pie could tell a tale
or a slice of historical truth!
're making them again
And the pie-maker's art
Is once more close to this town's heart!
So all those in favour
Stand and bellow Aye! Then have a taste of that there Denby Dale Pie!
For those who aren't familiar with Yorkshire Dialect, "taties" means potatoes, "'em" means them, and "'re" means they are.


text:
Pathways to Professional Development
Benefits of Participating in the Career Lattice
- Strengthen the employment opportunities in the early childhood field. Statistics show there is a high rate of turnover in the early care and education field. Statistics also show offering training opportunities to staff enhances recruitment and retention. A professional development system can provide a means to enhancing recruitment and retention of staff.
- Improve the quality of care to children. Professional training and education enhances adult caregiver knowledge and skills, which leads to increased quality of care provided to children and families.
- Offer paths allowing practitioners to further their education and encourage their individual efforts to improve skills and knowledge. The Career Lattice offers recognition for a variety of paths practitioners can follow to continually develop their professional abilities such as:
- enrichment training,
- a national recognized Child Development Associate (CDA) credential,
- associate's degree, and more.
- Each practitioner determines her or his own path. Increased compensation should be attainable as people move from one level of the Career Lattice to the next.
- Encourage the development of articulation agreements supporting a continual pathway for transfer of education credits.
Training opportunities should support a practitioner's ability to advance her or his career in meaningful ways. Through the Pathways project, practitioners can support efforts early childhood training programs are making to recognize the previous training individuals have completed as they move forward to more advanced training levels.
- Enhance public recognition of early childhood practitioners as professionals. The foundation of the Pathways project is to promote public awareness of the important role that practitioners play in every community in South Dakota. By registering with the Career Lattice, a practitioner's professional achievements will be recognized within her or his program and local community.
- Offer support to new early childhood professionals.
The Pathways project is a professional movement providing training and support critical to retaining qualified people who have a passion for working with children and families.
- Encourage efforts toward increased compensation.
The early education field is one of low pay and little or no recognition, partly because there are minimal requirements to open a small child care business or to work in a child care program. Individuals who take the initiative to increase their training and education through the professional development system should see their compensation increase as a result.
- Combine resources and join forces allowing for more accessible, higher quality training. Individual practitioners, programs, early childhood agencies and organizations need to unite and share resources in innovative ways to increase the availability and affordability of quality training and professional development opportunities.
- Provide a consumer education tool for parents who have the right to learn about the qualifications an early childhood practitioner should have. The Career Lattice serves as a tool for parents to learn about the qualifications a practitioner should have in order to provide quality care and education to their children.