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Exploring an organometallic redox complex for the remediation and reclamation of ionic contaminants.
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Ion exchange for the removal of ionic contaminants is typically considered a mature technology. However, recovery of extracted contaminants in a minimal volume of secondary waste and regeneration of ion exchange materials for use in subsequent extraction cycles continue to represent significant challenges for the separation chemist. Substantial progress in overcoming these barriers has been made by employing redox-switchable organometallic complexes for the extraction and recovery of ionic contaminants. As compared with traditional ion exchange, this approach offers an alternative redox-based stripping mechanism and affords quantitative recovery of a target contaminant in a minimal volume of secondary waste. In contrast to previous redox extraction and recovery processes (R2ER) which focus on selectivity and design of an organometallic extractant, we have developed a novel redox process with potential for adaptation to any existing ion exchanger. The lipophilic metal complex Fe(η5-C5H5)(η5-(3)-1,2-C2B9H9(n-C12H25)2) has been used in combination with tetra-n-heptylammonium salts to demonstrate an improved R2ER paradigm for aqueous anions. Liquid-liquid extraction of a generic contaminant was shown to follow a traditional ion-exchange equilibrium. Subsequent recovery of the extracted contaminant as a compact solid was promoted by treatment of the water-immiscible phase with zinc powder, and the spent solvent was regenerated by treatment with an aqueous oxidant. Using this method, 100 L of industrial waste simulant can be reduced to 25 mL of secondary waste in a single reductive step. As compared to previously reported R2ER processes for anions, the new process alleviates potential stability concerns related to the presence of charge dense anions and enables efficient regeneration of a variety of counter ions in tetra-n-heptylammonium ion pairs, including NO3−, Br−, Cl−. Repeatable extraction/regeneration cycles demonstrated no loss in extraction efficiency. Extracted contaminants were recovered in yields ranging from 97% to 100%. R2ER regeneration of OH is also discussed. Liquid-liquid extraction studies demonstrating the feasibility of the approach and extension of this chemistry to a polymer-supported format is presented.


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I have 2 layers, one representing streets, and one representing pipes. The pipe layer has a street field that I want it to be automatically filled (I want the pipe to show the street that it's on) I tried performing a spatial join based on 'closest' but I encountered the following problem: many pipes never intersect the center of the streets they're on (they are usually paralel), and, at the spatial join, those respective pipes don't get the needed data from the street they go along but from the ones that are perpendicular (cause they intersect the pipes, so they have one point that is closest). I would like some advice. Thanks a lot.
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Tudor I've face a similar problem and created a programatic tool that would:
 1. Shorten my street centerline. Here I would take it from.4 to.6 for example (in this case I would consider only the dashes)
 After shortening
 2. I would buffer it for a small ammout, let's say 10% of the original street lenght. Imagine that you are buffering only the dashes in the schematic "drawing above".
 3. Try to intersect it with pipes.
You can repeat 2 and three until you've found a certain number of pipes. The idea for shortening the center line is to eliminate the cases where you other perpendicular lines that you do not want.
Check a less ugly scheme:
enter image description here
Another approach is to just buffer, intersect and compare the angles. You can safely set a threshold of what "parallel" is. You will never have straight and parallel lines in this cases (some will be parallel, but that depends on digitizing). You take only the pipes that have similar angles to your centerline.
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Thanks for the answer, I hoped for a different answer, I will try to do something alike. – tudorbarascu Jul 25 '11 at 4:14
I'll see if I can find some code to help you. This method improves confidence of the results, it's not the most pratical, but it works great on regular grids. The more irregular the street network the less confidence you can have with it. – George Jul 25 '11 at 14:29
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Have you tried using the Near geoprocessing tool?
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Thursday, January 13, 2011
What freediving does to the body
Two and a half minutes on one breath.
Filmed underwater in real-time for Human Planet, Bajau fisherman, Sulbin,
freedives on one breath to 20 metres to catch a fish.
From BBCNews
With sea levels rising, can humans adapt to a more watery world?
The Bajau people of South-East Asia live in stilt houses and fish underwater for up to five minutes on one breath.
What does this do to the body?
Take a deep breath in - how long until the urge to gasp for air becomes too much?
Perhaps it comes after 30 or 40 seconds.
But the bodies of habitual freedivers, who hold their breath for minutes at a time, can change to be better adapted to the water.
The Bajau people, sometimes known as the sea gypsies of Malaysia and Indonesia, are renowned natural freedivers.
Traditionally, they are born, live and die at sea, and fish by diving 20m (more than 65ft) underwater for minutes at a time on one breath.
At this depth, water pressure is almost three times what it is on the surface, squeezing lungs already deprived of oxygen.
Filmed underwater in real time for the
BBC's Human Planet (see exclusive series trailer), Bajau fisherman Sulbin demonstrates his techniques off the east coast of Sabah, Borneo.
Wearing hand-made wooden goggles and armed with a spear, he first prepares himself mentally.
"I focus my mind on breathing. I only dive once I'm totally relaxed," says Sulbin, who goes into a trance-like state before entering the water.
This degree of mind control is crucial, says freediving instructor
Emma Farrell, the author of One Breath, A Reflection on Freediving.
"You have to be warm and relaxed - you don't want to hyperventilate before taking your last breath."
A Bajau stilt village, built on a coral reef - some settlements are far off shore
The mammalian dive reflex - seen in aquatic animals such as dolphins and otters, and in humans to a lesser extent - helps, says Farrell.
"It's a series of automatic adjustments we make when submerged in cold water. It reduces the heart rate and metabolism to slow the rate you use oxygen."
During breath-holding, oxygen stores reduce and the body starts diverting blood from hands and feet to the vital organs.
Our bodies have a way to compensate.
Underwater pressure constricts the spleen, squeezing out extra haemoglobin, the protein in red corpuscles that carry oxygen around the body.
"Not enough research has been done to know if it wears off when you're not diving," says Farrell. "But I know people who do a lot of deep training - as Sulbin does - whose blood is like that of people living at high altitude."
In high altitudes, there is less oxygen and so the amount of haemoglobin in blood increases.
Seeing underwater
For most of their history, the Bajau have lived on houseboats, or in stilt houses built on coral reefs - some far from shore.
Many report feeling "landsick" on the rare occasions they spend time on dry land.
Thanks to time spent in the water as children when the eyes are developing, the Bajau, in common with other coastal dwelling people, have unusually strong underwater vision.
Their eye muscles have adapted to constrict the pupils more, and to change the lens shape to increase light refraction.
This makes their underwater eyesight twice as strong, according to Anna Gislen, of Sweden's Lund University, who from 2003 has compared the water vision of sea gypsy children of Thailand and Burma with that of European children.
A gap that can narrow with training.
One part of the Bajau body that hasn't fared well is the eardrum, which ruptures at a young age, says Human Planet director Tom Hugh-Jones.
"Sulbin's hearing is shot because he doesn't equalise the pressure in his ears as he dives. He's never had formal dive training. He was taught by his father to hold his breath."
There are evolutionary theories - not widely accepted, he adds - that an early ancestor of modern humans had to adapt to a partially aquatic environment.
The aquatic ape theory suggests this is why humans are largely hairless and have a subcutaneous layer of fat for underwater insulation, and so are better adapted to swimming than near relations such as the great ape.
Bajau children's underwater vision is less blurred than landlubbers of the same age.
But Sulbin and other Bajau divers have little body fat.
The wiry frame of these subsistence fisherman may actually help.
A lean physique is more efficient at using oxygen.
And having little body fat makes Sulbin less buoyant, able to walk across the reef bed with ease.
"This type of freediving - repeatedly diving to depths of 10 to 20m - carries the greatest risk of decompression sickness," says Farrell.
"But you are less likely to get the bends if you are lean, or very well hydrated."
Some Bajau die of the bends from diving - also a risk for compression divers in the Philippines encountered by the Human Planet team.
"Anyone who thinks this is an example of what a non-smoker's lungs can do will be disappointed," says Hugh-Jones.
"Sulbin smokes like a chimney. He says it relaxes his chest."
Links :
 - YouTube : Pa-aling divers, one of the most dangerous fishing methods of all. A 100 strong crew in the Philippines dive to 40 metres, breathing air pumped through makeshift tangled tubes by a rusty compressor.
 - TheGuardian : Unsustainable sea-farers, the last Bajau sea nomads


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Since its inception, FAO has played an active role in forestry education and training. In 1956, a permanent group of experts in this field was established as a statutory body of the Organization, which from 1964 to 1997 was replaced by the FAO Advisory Committee on Forestry Education (ACFE). This Committee played an important role in the creation and strengthening of forestry education and training institutions in developing countries, and in fostering international cooperation in this field. Unfortunately, the Committee was abolished in 1997.
The Rabat expert consultation on forestry education (FAO, 2001) provided useful guidance in shaping the activities of FAO and member countries towards improving forestry education programmes and equipping foresters with the knowledge, abilities and attitudes necessary to ensure sustainable management of the world's forests for present and future generations. The consultation recognized the importance of regional networks of forestry education institutions and FAO decided to work together more closely with the existing networks. In this context, FAO invited the African Network for Agroforestry Education (ANAFE) and the Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) to design and implement a survey on forestry education in Africa south of the Sahara and in Southeast Asia.
This document describes the trends in forestry education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia over the ten-year period from 1993 to 2002. The final chapters are dedicated to the lessons learned, recommendations and conclusions.
FAO is hoping that cooperation with regional and subregional networks will enhance the much needed exchanges of information and perspectives, and the discussion on global issues related to forestry education.
Forestry Policy and Institutions Service

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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of their often harsh bush existence.
The North Island Brown Kiwi is found only in the upper two-thirds of the North Island. They are widespread in Northland in a diverse range of vegetation types including exotic forests and rough farm land.
Okarito Brown Kiwi
In one sense, the new kid on the block. It was only in 1993 that the Okarito Brown, living in lowland forest just north of Franz Josef was identified as a distinct variety of kiwi. Tell-tale signs are its slightly greyish plumage sometimes accompanied by white facial feathers.
Squat and round and bigger than their northern Brown Kiwi cousins, they can grow to almost the same size as Great Spotted Kiwi. The Southern Tokoeka are found in Fiordland and on Stewart Island. They are the most communal of the somewhat reclusive kiwi.
The Haast Tokoeka, found in the rugged mountains behind Haast, was also identified as a distant variety of Kiwi in 1993. They spend their summers in the high sub alpine tussock grasslands but probably retreat to the lowland forests in winter.
Kiwi Sightings -- Where You Can See Kiwi
Few of us get the chance to see a kiwi in the wild but Brown Kiwi can be seen at the following places:


Trade Signal Definition
Signals of trading systems
Using Signals to Form a Trading Strategy
A trade signal is a trigger for action, either to buy or sell a security or other asset, generated by analysis. Key Takeaways Trading signals are triggers to buy or sell a security based on a pre-determined set of criteria. They can also be used to reconstitute a portfolio and shift sector allocations or take new positions.
Traders can create trading signals using a variety of criteria, from simple ones, such as earnings reports and volume surge, to more complex signals that are derived using existing signals.
What are Forex Signals
How a Trade Signal Works Trade signals can use a variety of inputs from several disciplines. Typically, technical analysis is a major component, but fundamental analysis, quantitative analysisand economics may also be inputs, as well as sentiment measures and even signals from other trade signal systems.
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 - The actual signal is given when a traders system determines all criteria necessary for a new buy signal are met and a new buy order can be placed by the trader.
The goal is to give investors and traders a mechanical method, devoid of emotion, to buy or sell a security or other asset. Aside from simple buy and sell triggers, trade signals can bin options is be used to modify a portfolio by determining when it might be a good time to buy more of one particular sector, such as technology, and lighten up on another, such as consumer staples.
Bond traders, meanwhile, could have signals for adjusting the duration of their portfolios by selling one maturity and buying a different maturity.
These Terms of Service affect your legal rights and obligations.
Finally, it can also help with asset class allocation, such as shifting money among stocks, bonds, and gold. There is no limit to how complex a trade signal can be.
Selecting The Right Trading Signals
Too many inputs would introduce complexity requiring more time than a trader has to offer. And since markets change over time, often with great speed, complex strategies could signals of trading systems rendered obsolete before testing is even finished.
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Example of a Trade Signal Trade signals tend signals of trading systems be associated with quick in and out trading. However, in reality, some signals are less frequent and based on reversion and dip-buying in equities. Great trading signals of this sort would be to look for periods where price action doesn't line up with the underlying fundamentals.
An example would be if the market is selling off due to fear headlines, but the fundamental data indicates good health. Traders may decide to buy the dip if their signal is flashing "good deal.
Traders can combine them as they wish to meet whatever criteria they use to select trades.
492# Forex Signals Trading System
Technical pattern breakout or break down. These can include trianglesrectangles, head-and-shoulders, and trendlines.
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Moving average cross. Most investors watch and day moving averages but there are many others in common use. The input could be when trading activity crosses above or below the average.
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Volume surge. Unusually high volume is often a precursor to a new move in the market.
Bollinger Bands Strategies THAT ACTUALLY WORK (Trading Systems With BB Indicator)
In the futures markets, open interest can also be used. Interest rates. Changes in rates can often suggest changes in stock and commodity markets.
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There are many ways to measure volatility and, as with other indicators, extreme highs or lows in volatility can trigger market changes. Markets of all types tend to ebb and flow over time, even if they are in a steady trend or in a non-trending condition. One of the more widely known cycles is the seasonal cycle for stocks— sell in May and go away —which could help determine if a strategy is operating in the strong or weak half of the year.
Sentiment extremes.
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Conversely, excessive bearishness can lead to market bottoms. An excessively high valuation compared to market, sector, or stock-specific measures can lead to sell signals.
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Man and Earth's Best Friend
By: Shani Lewis | February 11, 2021
Shani Lewis, VP of Environmental Issues YU Democrats
Everyone knows that a dog is man's best friend, but did you know that a dog is also Earth's best friend? Dogs have an enhanced ability of smell, in fact, their sense of smell is 10,000 times stronger than a humans.
Wildlife conservationists use dogs to help track down dangerous wildlife. Jaymi Heimbuch, a specialist in wildlife conservation, wrote that dogs are able to "[sniff] out invasive species like giant snails in the Galapagos or [detect] disease in beehives, dogs' noses can be put to work in searching out what shouldn't be there so that humans can act. Dogs are able to sniff out particular plant species, pointing ecologists to tiny patches of invasive mustard so that the plants can be removed before they take over an area."
This is a tremendous aid to wildlife conservationists who, according to Heimbuch, are only able to identify dangerous species of plants by sight when they are in full bloom. Which is ultimately too late since most plants once they are fully bloomed will spread their deadly nature to the wildlife around them. In addition to finding dangerous plants in wildlife, dogs are also able to sniff out endangered species, helping conservationists find and protect these species.
According to CNN, the dogs are trained to identify the endangered species from their feces. Many species have been saved, such as the San Joaquin kit fox, gray wolves, cougars, bobcats, moose, river otters, American minks, black-footed ferrets and even the North Atlantic right whale. With the help of dogs, conservationists around the world have been able to eliminate dangers to nature and protect wildlife that is endangered. Who knew man's best friend would also be a friend to Earth?
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The Quasi-Gaussian Entropy theory (QGE) is a new statistical mechanics theory (Amadei et al., J. Chem. Phys. (1996), 104, _PHONE_), that can be used to predict the physical-chemistry properties of real and simulated systems in a very wide temperature range. A new expression of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, based on the QGE, for the evaluation of the liquid-vapor equilibrium pressure of pure liquids, was developed. The new equation is able to predict the liquid-vapor equilibrium pressure curve, with high accuracy, over a large temperature range and for different fluids like water, methanol, and mercury.
The same theory was also applied to the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of a simulated Lennard-Jones fluid and ions in solution over a large temperature range.
Finally, we have developed a theoretical model, based on QGE theory, to study the thermodynamics of protein folding. The model is able to reproduce with high accuracy the heat capacity denaturation curve obtained from differential scanning calorimetry measurements of different proteins. A complete description of the theory
In a next blog, I will give a more detailed description of the theoretical method used in these studies.
- Amadei, D. Roccatano, M. E. F. Apol, H. J. C. Berendsen, A. Di Nola. Prediction of the liquid-vapor equilibrium pressure using the Quasi-Gaussian entropy theory. J. Chem. Phys., 105, 7022-7025 (1996).
- Roccatano, A. Amadei, M. E. F. Apol, A. Di Nola, H. J. C. Berendsen. Application of the quasi-Gaussian entropy theory to molecular dynamics simulations of Lennard-Jones fluids. J. Chem. Phys., 109, 6358-6363 (1998).
- D'Abramo, M. D'Alessandro, A. Di Nola, D. Roccatano, A. Amadei. Characterization of liquid behavior by means of local density fluctuations. J. Mol. Liq., 117, 17-21 (2005).
- Roccatano, A. Di Nola, A. Amadei. A theoretical model for the folding/unfolding thermodynamics of single-domain proteins, based on the quasi-Gaussian entropy theory. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 5756-5762 (2004).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Objective: Prologue, The Liberation Army Dancer, pgs. 1-18 The audition for the dance school went from being something fun and exciting for Ji Li to being something chaotic and frightening. The objective of this lesson will be to discuss how things like this are allowed to happen, and to explore some possible methods of avoiding this phenomena in the future.
1) Small Group Evaluation Activity: Split the class into 3 groups. Have one group write about how Ji Li felt when she was fist offered the chance to audition for the dance group. Have the second group write about Ji Li felt while telling her family about her offer to audition. Have the third group write about Ji Li felt after she was forced to forgo the opportunity to audition. Make sure they use examples from the book to support their ideas. Allow each group to present their information...
This section contains 12,161 words
(approx. 41 pages at 300 words per page)


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Media Sifter is a platform to consume media critically, it helps people to filter their news and get multiple opinions on specific topics.
Media sifter is a platform for people to critically consume media. Why? Have you ever yourself found it hard to believe something you have read or heard from the news media? If the answer was yes would you like a way, a tool perhaps that can give you a filter to that confusion and help you to make better sense of the actual current events?
The service is called 'Media Sifter' and it is a tool and a news aggregator that aids you in your interpretation of the news.
1 – Discover – Aggregating and sorting media sources
(Contextualising stories by history and geography not just by the author)
2 – Dissect – Providing tools above the actual article to allow for language and source analysis (Utilising natural language processing and machine learning)
3 – Disclose & Discuss – Flag words and statements in any given article (Utilising crowdsourced intelligence)


Lucent360™ Case Study:
Multiple LED Intensity / Catalyst Screening in a Single Experiment
The Lucent360™ LED modules and vial holders/reactors are interchangeable allowing the user to design the perfect experiment to fit their needs. With variable wavelength, light intensities vial arrangements and temperature control, the flexibility available to design a custom optimization are seemingly endless. The Lucent360™ allows you to quickly investigate the reactions parameters necessary to scale up a reaction at small scale with production using the same instrument.
A demonstration of the flexibility afforded by the Lucent360™ is shown by the following reaction light intensity and catalyst screen for the iridium catalyzed C-C bond formation (see Figure 1).
Figure 1:
Using the Lucent 360™ multi-light screener (HCK1021-01-010) capable of screening 16 reactions at 4 different wavelengths and light intensities, the following reaction screen was performed at 450 nm. Four iridium catalyst concentrations (1 mol %, 0.5 mol %, 0.1 mol %, 0.01 mol %.) were performed with four different light intensities on the Lucent360™. Based on the actinometry experiments performed in 2 ml reactions, each setting corresponds to running the reactions at 0.25 W, 0.54 W, 1.05 W and 1.2 W effective power. These effective powers correspond to photon flux ranging from 9.5×10-7 to 4.5×10-6 Einstein/s (moles photons/second).
Effective Power/
Reaction (W)
(+/-) Photon Flux (Einstein/s)
Quadrant 1 1.21 8.4% 4.54E-06
Quadrant 2 1.05 8.3% 3.94E-06
Quadrant 3 0.54 6.0% 2.03E-06
Quadrant 4 0.25 4.1% 9.50E-07
The multi-light intensity/catalyst screen was performed according to the following protocol (Table 1):
To each 4 ml vial equipped with a Teflon septa and stir bar was added a solution containing 1.1 mg Ni-glyme (5 mol %, 5 µmol) and 1.3 mg dtbbpy (5 mol %, 5 µmol) in methanol and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure (16 vials). To the resulting vial was weighed 48.9 mg Cs2CO3 (1.5 equiv., 150 µmol under inert atmosphere and capped. To this vial was added a 1 ml sparged solution in DMSO containing 19.9 mg bromoacetophenone (100 µmol), 35.6 mg Boc-Val-OH (1.5 equiv., 150 µmol) and 7.7 mg biphenyl (0.5 equiv., 50 µmol) as an internal standard. Ir(dF-CF3-ppy)2(dtbbpy) was added as a solution in DMSO to afford 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mol % catalyst. Additional DMSO was added to each reaction to bring total reaction volume to 2.0 mL DMSO. Reaction was performed at 30 °C in the Lucent360™ with 450 nm LED. Analytical samples were taken from each vial at 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes for analysis by LC-MS (10 µL dilution to 1 mL in DMSO).
Table 1: Experimental Details (for standard conditions)
Reagent Equivalent Amount (µmol) 0.05 M
bromoacetophenone 1 100 19.9 mg
boc-Val-OH 1.5 150 32.6 mg
Ir(dF-CF3-ppy)2(dtbbpy) 0.01 1 1.1 mg
Ni-glyme 0.05 5 1.1 mg
dtbbpyp 0.05 5 1.3 mg
Cs2CO3 1.5 150 48.9 mg
Biphenyl 0.5 50 7.7 mg
solvent DMSO 0.05M 0.002 L
Monitoring the reaction screen for 1 hr demonstrated clear trends in the product formation in relation to the catalyst concentration and light intensity (Table 2). Each reaction with 1 mol % Ir catalyst resulted in similar conversions (62-65%) at 60 minutes independent of the power setting. With 0.5 mol % catalyst 0.54 W or higher was sufficient to achieve a similar conversion. Lower catalyst loadings were detrimental to the conversion regardless of power setting.
Conversion at 60 minutes
Power (%)
Ir cat
0.25 W 0.54 W 1.05 W 1.21 W
1 62.0 63.5 65.6 65.2
0.5 47.8 65.1 67.7 65.8
0.1 15.7 33.7 45.2 47.7
0.01 1.0 0.2 2.6 2.6
While final conversion is similar for the seven conditions highlighted in green in Table 2, significant differences were observed in the initial rates and time to reaction completion (Figure 3). Both reactions at 1.0 W and 1.2 W are completed by 30 minutes with minimal additional product formation while the two lower power settings take the full 60 minutes for completion.
Figure 3: Plot of time course for 1 mol % at 0.25 W, 0.54 W, 1.05 W and 1.21 W
Based on the results, the reaction can be performed with 0.5 mol % photocatalyst and 0.54W to achieve similar conversions to higher catalyst loading and light intensity (Figure 4) albeit with a slower reaction.
Figure 4: Plot of time course for 0.54 W setting with 4 catalyst concentrations
Monitoring the initial rate of the reaction at 5 minutes, we can begin to see clearly the significant effect of the light intensity on the reaction. Increasing the initial rate of the reaction is a key parameter in determining the appropriate conditions to scale up a photochemical reaction. What does this all mean for this C-C bond formation reaction? We're not sure yet, but we know that without the easy setup of the Lucent360™ and the ability to monitor multiple light intensities at the same time, it would have taken us significantly longer to get all this data. Maybe for our next experiment using this reaction, we could look at 4 different concentrations of the nickel co-catalyst at each light intensity in comparison to the 0.5 mol % iridium catalyst, or screen or add additional wavelengths (365 nm, 380 nm, 405 nm or change the concentration of the substrates. Whatever we decide, we know that it will be easy to perform with the Lucent360™.
Figure 5:
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Gallon is a capacity to measure usually liquids, sometimes gas though. It is majorly used in British Imperial systems and US customary systems. A gallon is categorized under 3 definitions according to their different measurements, they are described below:
Imperial Gallon: The imperial gallon is widely used in UK countries. If we measure the gallon in pounds we will find it comes approximately to 10 pounds of water. In Commonwealth countries if we calculate the imperial gallon in liters, we will see it measures 4.54609 liters. It was widely used in U.K for measurement of volumes.
U.S. Liquid Gallon: Imperial gallon is heavier than U.S. Liquid gallon. U.S. gallon measure around 3.785 liters and approximately 231 cubic inches. The Liquid expands and contracts at a specific temperature, so overcoming the expansion and contraction for a gallon we should know how much a gallon will occupy at a specific temperature for the trade purposes it is very important. If we calculate U.S. liquid Gallon in pounds, it measures approximately 8.34 pounds at 62 °F.
U.S. Dry Gallon: It measures around 4.405 liters, it is not widely used in commerce purposes. Dry gallon is mostly used for measurement in Agriculture like (berries, grapes etc.)
U.S gallon is used for measurements by some Latin American countries and U.S. Many people use imperial gallon for measurement of volume, but it is no longer remained as an official tool. Most of the countries of Europe do not recognize the gallon and measures the volume in liters only. Countries bordering U.S have some idea of dealing with gallons like Canada.
Lets discuss different liquid and gas measurements of a gallon:
How much does a gallon of water weigh
At 62 °F a U.S. liquid gallon weighs around 8.3 pounds. The weight of a gallon can fluctuate as per the temperature because the density of the water can change accordingly. Because if you want to measure the energy you need to measure the temperature as they are correlated. When the energy is on higher side temperature will also become higher. If we take the case of water the, a higher energy will cause the water molecules to vibrate faster. Individual water molecules then push their neighboring water molecules and in turn all the molecules acquire lots of personal space. This is how the density of water can increase and decrease with the variation in temperature.
We can also take the example of a room when we can make a circle on the floor and accommodates 50 people in the circle. Assume the circle as a gallon and pack the people in the circle. Now infuse some energy into the room, you will find people moving here and there. Some are running out of the circle towards the corners of the room. Eventually you will notice that there are around 35 people in the circle, after the infusion of energy the others have moved out of the circle. As a result the space which was acquired by the individuals has increased. This example clearly demonstrates that how the temperature has the controlling power of the density of liquid, at 50 degrees of Fahrenheit the density of water will be 8.3450 lb/gal and at 200 degrees of Fahrenheit the density of water will be 8.0351 lb/gal.
How much does a gallon of milk weigh
As we all know that milk is an organic product so we can calculate the average value rather than exact values. The weight of the milk is slightly greater than the weight of water per gallon. The weight of milk is 3% more as compared to the weight of water. As the milk is already made up of about 87% of water that's why it does not differ much as compared to milk. Weight per gallon of milk comes about 8.4 pounds for the milk that has 2% of fat and comes approximately to 8.6 pounds of whole milk. As stated above water weighs differently at different temperatures, it can be assumed that milk which is comprised of 80-90 per cent of water can weigh differently at different temperatures too. The density of molecule's behavior in milk is very similar to the water. It varies with the percentage of fat and content of nutrients in the milk.
How much does a gallon of gas weigh
Water is more dense as compared to gasoline. Gasoline density not only varies with the variation of temperature but also the different seasons and weather of the year affects it too. Gasoline is not as pure as water, there are different chemicals who have blended into it, we can say it's a mixture of chemicals. You can easily recognize the difference between water, gasoline from summer gasoline. Gasoline approximately has 87 per cent of hydrogen and 13 per cent of water. A gallon of gasoline weighs approximately 6.3 pounds, but it can vary as per the density of gasoline. If we calculate the mass of gasoline, according to the metric system we will find that it is between 2.8 to 2.9 kilograms depending upon the density of gasoline. If we burn the gasoline the molecule having a molecular weight of 12 combines with two molecules of oxygen having weight of 16. The carbon forms a substance which is four times heavier by combining with oxygen.
How many pounds in a gallon as discussed above depends upon lots of factors depending upon the nature of the substance which we are measuring. Density of molecules present in the substance plays a vital role in measurement. Measurement can vary depending upon the density and movement of molecules at different temeratures in the substance. Gallon is no longer recognized as an official method of measuring the liquids as did anciently. It is replaced by other measuring tools like liters. But in U.S and the bordering countries gallon is still recognized and used as a primary tool for measuring volume.


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This gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun depicts the pharaoh wearing the following items:
--A headdress: possibly a cloth Nemes Headdress with a uraeus (cobra) on the front. The uraeus is a symbol of nobility and is a common addition to any of the various royal headdresses.
--A wide collar that is most likely created through intricate beading. These collars, generally, were not solid pieces of metal as they appear.
--A pectoral: a large amulet or pendant necklace that generally carried religious significance.
--A schenti: a wrapped linen skirt. It is possibly pleated.
--An apron: this is depicted with a large triangle. They could be heavily decorated with jewels, and were most likely ceremonial rather than functional.
--Sandals: possibly made of papyrus or rushes (reed-like plants) and gold.


Prime Minister of Turkey
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı) was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post had changed occasionally.
Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı (Turkish)
Former Seal of the Prime Minister
İsmet İnönü, First Prime Minister of the Republic
Government of Turkey
StatusHead of Government
Member ofCabinet of Turkey
National Security Council
Reports toThe Parliament
ResidencePrime Ministry Building
Prime Ministry Central Building
Çankaya Mansion
AppointerThe President
In accordance with voting in the Grand National Assembly
Term length5 years (same as the term of Grand National Assembly)
While commanding the majority in the parliament. No term limits are imposed on the office.
Constituting instrumentAnayasa
PrecursorGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Inaugural holderMustafa Kemal Atatürk (Ankara Government)
İsmet İnönü (Republic)
Formation3 May 1920 (Ankara Government)
1 November 1923 (Republic)
Final holderBinali Yıldırım
Abolished9 July 2018
SuccessionVice President of Turkey
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister
Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Referendum, Prime Minister was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the President.
Premiership in the Ottoman Era
In the Ottoman Empire, the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan held the title of Grand Vizier (Turkish: Sadrazam). After the Tanzimat period in the 19th century, the grand viziers came to assume a role more like that of the prime ministers of contemporary Western European monarchies. Later, with the Ottoman constitution of 1876, a parliament was established to oversee the prime minister, and the prime minister formed a cabinet. With the constitutional amendments that took place during the Second Constitutional Era, the prime minister was made answerable to the parliament rather than the sultan.
Premiership in the Government of the Grand National Assembly
After the establishment of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara by the Turkish National Movement, the 1st Parliament instituted a new government called "The Cabinet of the Executive Ministers" (Turkish: İcra Vekilleri Heyeti). The post was then held by the Speaker of the Parliament, who presided over the cabinet ex-officio.
Premiership in the Republic
Single-party period (1923–1946)
Following the declaration of the republic, the existing constitution of 1921 was amended, conferring the executive authority and the privilege to oversee governmental affairs to the Prime Minister, who was to be appointed by the President of the Republic.
Although the Presidency was established as a symbolic office with the President being unaccountable for his actions, Presidents Atatürk and İnönü had exercised executive authority as the leader of their party during the one-party period.
Multi-party period (1946–2018)
Prior to the general election held in 1950, the constitution was amended, disallowing the President-elect to remain the leader of their political party. These amendments resulted in the Prime Minister becoming the dominant figure in Turkish politics, sharply diminishing the role of the President.
After Prime Minister Adnan Menderes was ousted from power as a result of the 1960 Turkish coup d'état, the newly promulgated Constitution of 1961 reduced the powers of the government considerably, strengthening parliamentary supervision over the cabinet. These features of the constitution resulted in a fractured political system, causing many short-lived coalition governments to be formed until 1980.
In the aftermath of the 1980 Turkish coup d'etat, Constitution of 1982 (still in use) was implemented. Even though the Constitution of 1982 was quite similar to its predecessor, there were new measures taken to avoid the formation of short-lived coalition governments. These measures included the introduction of 10% electoral threshold, unicameral parliamentary structure, and enforced executive powers. Along with broad executive powers being vested in the post of the Prime Minister, the realm of authority of the cabinet ministries (with the exclusion of the Prime Ministry) was drastically reduced, placing the ministers under the direct supervision of the prime minister.
Later on, numerous amendments were made on the constitution, with the ones of paramount importance being the 2007, 2010, and 2017. Some of the changes approved by public vote were highly controversial.
According to some, the direct election of the President for the first time in 2014 resulted in a de facto transition into a semi-presidential system, bringing an end to the Prime Minister's dominant authority in Turkish politics. [1]
Following the general elections in 2018, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum officially took effect, marking the end of 98 years of parliamentary governance in Turkey.
Seal of the Prime Minister, in use between 2015 until the office was abolished in 2018.[2]
Living former prime ministers
Prime Minister Start Tenure of office
Tansu Çiller (1946-05-24) May 24, _PHONE_–1996
Abdullah Gül (1950-10-29) October 29, _PHONE_–2003
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (1954-02-26) February 26, _PHONE_–2014
Ahmet Davutoğlu (1959-02-26) February 26, _PHONE_–2016
Binali Yıldırım (1955-12-20) December 20, _PHONE_–2018
Longest track records
Prime Minister İsmet İnönü in 1964
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during a state visit to the United States.
NameNumber of daysRemarks
İsmet İnönü1 year, 20 days +
12 years, 205 days +
3 years, 93 days = 16 years and 318 days
The first two periods were
in the single-party period;
formed 10 cabinets.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan11 years, 167 daysFormed 3 cabinets.
Süleyman Demirel5 years, 150 days +
2 years, 82 days +
168 days +
305 days +
1 year, 177 days = 10 years and 152 days
Formed 7 cabinets.
Adnan Menderes10 years, 5 daysFormed 5 cabinets.
Executed by hanging.
Turgut Özal5 years, 322 daysFormed 2 cabinets.
Bülent Ecevit296 days +
20 days +
1 year, 311 days +
3 years, 311 days = 5 years and 208 days
Formed 5 cabinets.
Recep Tayyip ErdoğanMustafa Kemal Atatürk
See also
 - Air transports of heads of state and government
 - Official state car
 - List of prime ministers of Turkey
 - President of Turkey
 - List of presidents of Turkey
 - Vice President of Turkey
 - Constitution of Turkey
 1. Karagöz, Serdar (2014-04-14). "De facto semi-presidential system and Erdoğan". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
 2. "Başbakanlık logosu değişti (Başbakanlığın yeni logosu)". (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-07-12.


often colourful or evocative. Alternatively, blank cards, if you prefer that route, are cheap.
Here are some ideas for card-based player handouts:
 - The Black Deck
 Check out this cool tip from Jon Thompson
 - Equipment
 Equipment is served well by the card format. Give each piece of equipment a seperate card. As PCs travel, explore, or visit, have them put the equipment they're carrying into decks for fast reference and refereeing.
 For mounts and vehicles, players can clip together the cards of equipment stored on those to create distinct piles - one per mount/vehicle. Same goes with backpacks, portable holes and bags of holding, hirelings, and other containers and carriers.
 You can also note special properties or rules on equipment cards to speed up gameplay. For example, you could make a backpack card that you always keep on top of the stack of cards of the equipment it's holding.
 The backpack card lists carrying capacity along with rules for how long it takes to fish something out of the backpack during combat. You might also note the weight of each item on its equipment card in the lower right corner to make calculating current backpack weight fast - just add up the numbers in the right corners of the cards in the backpack stack.
 Players can note ammunition supplies and usage on equipment cards too. For the CCGs we play at work, we use a lot of glass beads to represent mana, wounds, points, and other constantly changing pools or totals. You can do the same for equipment for quantities or ammunition.
 For example, if a PC has 5 thunderstones, grab five beads and put them on his thunderstone card rather than making the player erase or update notes. As each stone is used, remove a bead. When the last bead is used, the player hands you back the card until more stones are found or purchased.
 - Treasure
 Treasure cards add a lot of fun and excitement to gameplay. For each treasure item, craft a card and hand it out as the item is found. You can make notes on cards about the treasure item, add a picture, pass the card in secret to players, note rules, and so on.
 In addition, you can rule that ownership of the card indicates ownership of the item to reduce arguments about who's got what at any given time.
 Check out this interesting product, GameMastery Item Packs, from Paizo.
 The art and blank back sides make these a cool and useful option for handing out treasure.
 As with ammunition, magic treasure with doses, charges, slots, and other accounting requirements make cards an excellent tracking solution.
 - Money
 Transform money from a boring accounting task to something more interesting with card-based money. Card money has pros and cons you should consider before implementing in your games:
 - You need enough pieces of money to represent the money in the game. That's why cards are a great solution - they're cheap and customisable. You can have a stack of cards ready, with denominations written on them.
 For example, what would you do if the PCs found 553 copper pieces? The general solution is to craft different denominations of money. Rather than handing out 553 cards of gold, you'd hand out 5 x 100, 1 x 50, 3 x 1.
 Other formats are possible, such as beads, poker chips, and counters, but with cards you can write denominations on them rather than forcing folks to remember red chips are 50, blue are 5, etc.
 - Game world currency. If you do use a denomination system, does it match your game world currency? If not, there's a small break in immersion. Not a big deal, but something to note. For example, if there's no 100 gold unit of currency in the world, but players have 100 gold card denominations, then what the players have doesn't exactly match what their PCs have (your players might also notice the cards aren't made of real gold too :).
 - You need a banker. Currently, players are pencilling in their updated wealth totals, leaving GMs free to do other things. If you move to a card currency system, someone needs to sort, hand out, and take in money during transactions. You can make a player a banker to save you time, but just be aware the banker function is required - unless you let your players make their own change and transactions.
 - Card money is fun. With a stack of money, everyone is clear on their funds. Card money can be stacked in with equipment and container cards, if you use such a system, so that everyone knows where their money is. The location of party wealth (and encumbrance) is also clear.
 Some card money resource ideas: If you don't want to design your own money, here's a commercial product, Fantasy Money by E.N. Publishing.
 Monopoly money is cheap to purchase, if you don't mind the designs.
 Tickets are cheap (i.e. tickets on rolls you buy for admission, raffles, etc.) and come in different colours.
 Settlers of Catan cards are fun too. For example:
 - brick = cps
 - wheat = gps
 - ore = sps or pps
 - Clues If your game includes written or visual clues, cards are a great solution. Format writing and art to your desire on your computer and print, or draw and write clues out manually. Use colour, if possible, to create evocative handouts
 Clue cards can be passed around, stored, and referenced at will by players. Also, players often miss noticing clues dropped by GMs. If you hand them a clue on a card, however, they'll take notice, keeping your plot and plans intact - for the moment, at least. :)
 Some clue ideas:
 - Poem fragments. A poem that provides the key or solution to a puzzle can be chopped up and found in pieces (cards) as the PCs explore.
 - Map fragments. Put pieces of maps on cards. Let the players puzzle over how the map fits together.
 - Picture puzzles. Design your own, or do a Google search for "picture puzzles".
 - Letters and notes written by NPCs.
 - Treasure piles
 Check out this cool tip from RatPunk at the ENWorld forums:
 "Whenever the party kills a bad guy, I throw an envelope on the table that contains index cards for all of his equipment. Whoever grabs the envelope is searching the body."
 RatPunk goes on to explain the rest of his card treasure system:
 "Initially, the cards just say the name of the item (i.e. longsword) and its weight on the top line. If it's masterwork or has a special description (i.e. large red ruby on the handle), that is written in the body of the index card. On the lower right corner, I make a notation of where the item was found (i.e. WC:7 = Room 7 of the Whispering Cairn). This allows me to look it up quickly when they sell it or get it identified. Once they get the item identified (if it's magic), they give the card back to me and I write what it is on the card. It's up to them to add any relevant stats."
 This works out really well for one shot items like potions and scrolls, since once they use it they just give me the card and I throw it in the pile to be recycled. Plus, the party rogue loves it because he can pocket stuff without anyone else knowing what it was. All in all it's been a big hit with the group." En World Forum: Homemade item cards?: RatPunk
 - Clip art
 el-remmen at ENWorld had this good tip about crafting item cards:
 "I use Google Image Search and other clip art to find what I need and use MS Publisher to create the template - but I am sure it can just be as easily made in Word." En World Forum: Homemade item cards?: el-remmen
 - Ammunition
 Consider putting ammunition on seperate cards. When the players find or buy more ammo, hand out more cards. For example, if a PC has 20 crossbow bolts or hand grenades, deal out 20 cards from the ammo deck. As each piece of ammunition is consumed, players hand back the card.
 This allows you to integrate special ammunition easily too. Each piece of magic or exceptional ammunition goes on its own card.
 This system lets PCs divide ammo up easily, especially if they are passing it around during combat.
 - Super pocket points
 My group uses pocket points (PPs), encouraged by player Dave who uses them in his own games, and based on this tip: Roleplaying Tips, Issue #93: "Player's Pocket" EXP Awards
 You could enhance this system with card-based super PPs. In my campaign, we use poker chips as PPs, but you could use cards instead. On some or all of the cards you could add special text that generates special results.
 For example, "Give this card to a player whose character acts bravely. This card is worth +2 when used."
Return to Contents
3. Reference
Cards are excellent reference tools. You can hold them easily in your hand, store them in boxes, sort them, and create your own card references in a short time.
A good approach is to determine what card references you could create that would benefit your group's gameplay most: speed, accuracy, knowledge, accounting.
For example, if combats are slow, craft some combat reference cards. If


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This paper describes a new stress-intensity factor (SIF) solution for an external surface crack in a sphere that expands capabilities previously available for this common pressure vessel geometry. The SIF solution employs the weight function (WF) methodology that enables rapid calculations of SIF values. The WF methodology determines SIF values from the nonlinear stress variations computed for the uncracked geometry, e.g., from service stresses and/or residual stresses. The current approach supports two degrees of freedom that denote the two crack tips located normal to the surface and the surface of the sphere. The geometric formulation of this solution enforces an elliptical crack front, maintains normality of the crack front with the free surface, and supports two degrees of freedom for fatigue crack growth from an internal crack tip and a surface crack tip. The new SIF solution accommodates spherical geometries with an exterior diameter greater than or equal to four times the thickness. This WF SIF solution has been combined with stress variations common for spherical pressure vessels: uniform internal pressure on the interior surface, uniform tension on the crack plane, and uniform bending on the crack plane.
This paper provides a complete overview of this solution. We present for the first time the geometric formulation of the crack front that enables the new functionality and set the geometric limits of the solution, e.g., the maximum size and shape of the crack front. The paper discusses the bivariant WF formulation used to define the SIF solution and details the finite element analyses employed to calibrate terms in the WF formulation. A summary of preliminary verification efforts demonstrates the credibility of this solution against independent results from finite element analyses. We also compare results of this new solution against independent SIFs computed by finite element analyses, legacy SIF solutions, API 579, and FITNET. These comparisons indicate that the new WF solution compares favorably with results from finite element analyses. This paper summarizes ongoing efforts to improve and extend this solution, including formal verification and development of an internal surface crack model. Finally, we discuss the capabilities of this solution's implementation in NASGRO® v10.0.


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Date: 07/04/2001 at 14:21:07 From: karinny Subject: Pyramid Can I make a square pyramid with 1000 tennis ball?
Date: 07/05/2001 at 12:50:09 From: Doctor Achilles Subject: Re: Pyramid Hi Karinny, Thanks for writing to Dr. Math. Let's start out by looking at building triangles (looking at them from the side) with tennis balls; then we'll move on to pyramids. The first "triangular number" is 1, just a lone tennis ball: o The next is 3, so put two balls under the first one: o o o The next is 6; put three balls under that: o o o o o o The next is 10; put four balls under that: o o o o o o o o o o And so on. So the "triangular numbers" are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21,... The formula for "triangular numbers" is: 1, 1+2, 1+2+3, 1+2+3+4, 1+2+3+4+5, 1+2+3+4+5+6, etc. It's harder to draw pyramids, but I'll describe them as best I can (looking down from the top). The first "pyramidal number" is one, just a lone tennis ball: o The next is 5. You get that by putting four balls next to each other on the ground, and resting the fifth ball on top of them so it looks like a pyramid: Bottom row: o o o o Top row: o The next is 14. Put nine balls in a square, then put the next four balls on top of that, then put the last ball on top of the four: First row: o o o o o o o o o Second row: o o o o Third row: o The next is 30. Put 16 balls in a square underneath the 14-ball structure you just built: First row: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Second row: o o o o o o o o o Third row: o o o o Fourth row: o And so on. So the "pyramidal numbers" are 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91,... The formula for "pyramidal numbers" is (where n^2 means "n squared"): 1^2, 1^2+2^2, 1^2+2^2+3^2, 1^2+2^2+3^2+4^2, 1^2+2^2+3^2+4^2+5^2, etc. So just keep going with that until you get to 1000. If 1000 is a pyramidal number, then you can make a square pyramid out of 1000 tennis balls. Hope this helps. If you have any more questions about this or other math topics, please write back. - Doctor Achilles, The Math Forum _URL_
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Is there any known formulae for the derivative of the Bessel function with respect to the order of the Bessel function?
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which Bessel functions are you talking about? There are lots of different kinds. – Scott Morrison Nov 4 '09 at 0:26
5 Answers 5
series... from Maple
$${\frac {d}{dr}}{{\rm J}_r\left(2\right)}= \sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac { \left( -1 \right) ^{k+1}\Psi \left( 1+r+k \right) }{\Gamma \left( 1+r+k \right) \Gamma \left( 1+k \right) }}$$
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I suggest looking at Landau's paper:_URL_
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Abramowitz and Stegun give a couple of special cases but don't give a general result. Starting from some of the integral or series representations and differentiating you can get a corresponding integral or series for the derivative, but I would guess that it's unlikely to simplify to a "known" function in the general case. An example they give is (for the spherical Bessel function $j_\nu(x)$):
$$[ \frac{d}{d\nu} j_\nu(x) ]_{\nu=0} = \frac{\pi}{2x}(\operatorname{Ci}(2x)\sin x - \operatorname{Si}(2x)\cos x)$$
They also give examples evaluated at $\nu=-1$ and similar results for the case of the "other" spherical bessel $y_\nu(x)$.
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As I understand it you are looking for $D_\nu(x):=\frac{d}{d\nu} J_\nu(x)$. Perhaps you would like to explain a bit why you are looking at $D_\nu$?
I have worked a bit with the Legendre functions of the first ($P_\nu$) and second kind ($Q_\nu$). Where my primary interest was to find estimates in $\nu$ and both parameters. To find such estimates basically I used relations together with integral representations. At one point I estimated an integral expression for $\frac{d}{d\nu} Q_\nu(x)$ in order to see that for fixed $x>1$ it is decreasing with respect to $\nu$. (The main reason to these studies was to prove a Tauberian theorem for spaces like $L^1_w(G//K)$ - the double coset space of $G=SL(2,R)$ - where $\hat{f}(s)=\int_1^\infty f(x)P_s(x)dx$ is the Fourier transform.)
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The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) aboard the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) has provided the first full-sky linear polarization survey in the near-infrared, at 1.25 $\mu$m, 2.2 $\mu$m and 3.5 $\mu$m. A set of 41 weekly averaged maps include the linear Stokes parameters Q and U and their uncertainties for sky pixels measuring 0.35$\deg$ on a side. These data are best applied to studies of diffuse radiation, principally the zodiacal light. Polarizations of point sources should be derived from the DIRBE time-ordered data file, which includes calibrated intensities for all the polarization and total intensity channels, at a time resolution of 0.125 sec. This presentation describes the DIRBE polarization data products, with emphasis on the advantages and limitations of DIRBE polarimetry for studying the polarization of the diffuse sky and of point sources.
$^*$ The NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the design, development, and operation of the COBE mission. Scientific guidance is provided by the COBE Science Working Group. GSFC is also responsible for the production of the mission data sets. The data products are available from the National Space Science Data Center.
Tuesday program listing


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Sep 27, 2002
Power Chips to boost geothermal power and car engines
Power Chips of Gibraltar has announced that its Power Chips devices could help geothermal power plants become both more productive and widespread. The chips use quantum mechanical electron tunnelling to convert heat into electricity.
"We are actively seeking partners to bring this product to market," said Sean Kilgrow of Power Chips. "We look forward to working with members of the geothermal community to make this clean, renewable power source the preferred choice of power production in the geothermal industry."
Geothermal power plants convert the thermal energy from water and/or steam heated by the high temperatures beneath the surface of the earth into electrical power. Power Chips claims that its devices could make lower temperature geothermal resources a viable target for exploration. The company also says that the Power Chips could enhance output and reduce the cost per kilowatt at existing plants.
Power Chips devices convert heat into electricity by the thermotunnelling effect, which uses quantum mechanical electron tunnelling phenomena. High energy (or hot) electrons travel between electrodes that are spaced less than 20 nm apart to create a useable electric current.
The devices could also see applications in car engines - Power Chips claims that they may be able to increase an engine's effective power output by 75%. Typically, less than 15% of the energy in a litre of petrol reaches the wheels of a car, with most of the rest becoming heat.
According to the company, putting a panel of Power Chips against the radiator of a car could generate 8.7 kW of electrical energy, while devices wrapped around the exhaust pipe could produce 68 kW. That could allow designers to focus more of the engine's power on mechanical output rather than generating electricity for ancillary systems, such as air-conditioning or entertainment.
"If Power Chips devices realize their potential, they will be able to replace the alternator, power all auxiliary loads electrically (including climate control) and add significant shaft power to an automobile with an electric-assist drivetrain," Power Chips said in a recent paper. "The devices are designed to achieve this goal for less than $20 per kilowatt capacity, which is highly competitive with all alternator systems, but with no additional fuel cost for the energy generated."
Power Chips is a majority-owned subsidiary of Borealis Exploration Limited. Fellow Borealis subsidiary Cool Chips plans to use devices employing quantum mechanical electron tunnelling in cooling systems.
About the author
Liz Kalaugher is editor of nanotechweb.org.


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Hornyfqnz is an online slang dictionary that defines common texting and internet communication slang phrases. The name "hornyfqnz" is a mixture of the terms "horny" and "fun." It refers to someone who is entertaining and makes you want to have sex with them.
1)What does Hornyfqnz mean?
"Hornyfqnz" refers to someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual action. The term frequently indicates someone seeking or engaging in sexual activity.
2)The meaning of Hornyfqnz
"hornyfqnz" refers to someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual action. The term is frequently used to describe someone "turned on" or "horny" by another person. It can also refer to someone who is sexually attracted to another person.
- What exactly does hornyfqnz mean? It's a little mysterious, but we can make some educated guesses.
- The most likely reason is that it's a misspelling of "horny." This makes sense because "horny" is a slang term for sexually aroused.
- Another suggestion is that it's a play on the word "horny," with the "h" replaced by an "f" to sound more like the word "horn." This might be used to describe someone who is having an especially sexual mood right now.
- Whatever the case, we can be certain that "hornyfqnz" is a phrase used to describe someone who is sexually aroused. So, if you see someone using this expression, they are most likely trying to communicate that they are horny!
4)What is the meaning of Hornyfqnz?
Hornyfqnz is an abbreviation for someone sexually stimulated or interested in sexual activity. The term is frequently used to describe someone who is hornier than usual.
5)What does Hornyfqnz stand for?
- Hornyfqnz is an abbreviation for "Horny For No Reason." The phrase is frequently used to describe someone sexually aroused for no apparent reason.
- There are several reasons someone could feel horny for no apparent cause. They may be sexually dissatisfied and haven't had sex in a while. It could also be a symptom of an underlying medical illness, such as a hormone imbalance.
- If you're feeling horny for no apparent reason, there are a few things you can attempt to alleviate the urge. You can begin by masturbating. If that doesn't work or you're uncomfortable, try distracting yourself with other tasks. If the sensation persists, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying problems.


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Come discover the Town of Stephenville – the natural environment needed to turn a career into an educational adventure!
People and Culture
The Town of Stephenville, located on the north shore of St. George's Bay in southwestern Newfoundland, is 48 degrees north latitude and 58 degrees west longitude. This area was once known as the Acadian Village. From 1848 until 1870, Stephenville was called Indian Head. The name Stephenville was first introduced in 1874. The Acadian Village was a settlement which stretched along the coast from Kippens in the far west to Seal Cove in the far east. This covered a total distance of seven miles.
The Acadian Village consisted of a majority of Roman Catholics who fished and farmed to earn a living. The village was established because of poverty and strife existing in Nova Scotia and the excellent fishing grounds and farm land that western Newfoundland had to offer. Not many details are known about this era.
The Acadian Village was founded in 1844 by two English families. William Hunt and James Penney settled near the Blanche River. They were from Margaree, Cape Breton.
A year later, Felix Gallant and his family arrived. They lived in a hut that had been left by visiting French fishermen. In the same year, on September 3, they had a son and named him Stephen. The following year, they revisited Margaree to have their child baptized. While there, they told their friends about this new "Paradise" where there was exceptionally good arm land and pleasant weather. He persuaded some of his friends to return to Newfoundland with him. Things were hard during the early years of the Town. People did not have enough food or supplies to support themselves. The winter of _PHONE_ was one of the worse that they had experienced. The Gallants and other settlers faced many hardships.
There is still some controversy over how Stephenville got its name. Some believe that Stephen Gallant was the first person born in the area and the town was named after him. However, some believe that Stephen LeBlanc was the first born and that it is after him the town is named.
Since its beginning in May of 1844, Stephenville has grown. The first census report in 1844 cited 103 inhabitants in the area. Today there are over 8,000. Stephenville has grown into an efficient and vibrant community. Today it is the second largest community on Newfoundland's west coast. It provides an exceptional quality of life and has a high level of industrial activity.
Stephenville's past American influence is still very evident in the town. There still remain underground ammunition depots, large airstrips, aircraft hangars and the streets names after American states. Few reminders exist of our past prior to the Americans.
In 1941 the United States obtained rights to construct an air force base in the St. George's Bay area of Newfoundland. The U.S. 76th Congress approved the 99 year lease and in April, 1941, construction began.
The air force base was originally referred to as Stephenville Air Base; however, it was renamed Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in June 23, 1948, in honour of Captain Ernest Emery Harmon. Harmon was a U.S. Army Corps ace who was killed in an air crash in 1933.
On September 1, 1943, the Newfoundland Base Command transferred control of the Harmon Field to the North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command. The base became a part of the Northeast Air Command in October, 1950. Then in April of 1957, the Strategic Air Command assumed control.
The mandate of the base was to maintain a tanker alert force and its capability to meet and refuel Strategic Air Command jet bombers on route to targets. The KC-97 was employed in this task. The base was also used as a refuelling stop for transatlantic military flights. In addition, Harmon supported three Air Defence Command units.
In 1957, the Canadian Department of Transportation constructed an air terminal building to accommodate Trans Canada Airlines. 1966 saw the closure of the U.S. Air Force Base in Stephenville. The airport is now owned and operated by a local airport authority.
Stephenville Airport was officially designated as an alternate in the Trans Oceanic Plane Stop (TOPS) program on July 23, 1970. On April 1, 1990, the airport was further designated for alternate use, fuelling only, by international scheduled air transport and for international general aviation regular use.
In recent years, Stephenville has become a favourite technical stop for international flights on route to Europe.
The Town of Stephenville was built on the shores of Bay St. George, with the Table Mountains to the northwest and the Indian Head Range to the east and northeast. The Lewis Hills, the highest elevation on Newfoundland Island at 2672′ above sea level, lie at the coastline of Port au Port Bay about 20 kilometres north.
How to get here
Stephenville is only hours away from eastern North American cities by air. The largest runway in Newfoundland, in excess of 10,000 feet, Stephenville Airport is ideally located and equipped to service both domestic and international flights.
By way of Route 460 or 490, Stephenville is 166 kilometres from the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in Channel-Port aux Basques. A regular trans-island bus service, DRL Coach Lines, makes regular daily stops in Stephenville.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do we calculate the effective mass of an electron in an Aluminium lattice? Is there any simple analytical way to work it out?
share|improve this question
I think the answer is "no", almost without qualification... – genneth Mar 17 '11 at 23:18
_USER_ please correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't the inverse effective mass given by an expression of the form $m^{-1} = \partial^2 E(k)/\partial k_a \partial k_b $, where $E(k)$ is the dispersion relation, $k_a, k_b$ are directions in momentum space, and for simplicity we assume that $m^{-1}_{ab} := m^{-1}$? So given the energy spectrum of Aluminum one can calculate the effective mass for any excitation of momentum $k$ in its brillouin zone? – user346 Mar 18 '11 at 0:33
The last sentence is meant as a statement, not a question. – user346 Mar 18 '11 at 1:05
That gives the band mass, but actual electron masses (the things one measures via heat capacity, for example) also get renormalisations from the Coulomb interaction. The 2nd bit is where the calculation breaks down. However, I don't remember which dominates in Aluminium --- it's a bit of an odd material electronically speaking. In any case, even a band-structure calculation is not "simple analytic" --- I have a whole group of people around me who spend their lives working out better/faster ways to do it with massive supercomputers :-) – genneth Mar 18 '11 at 11:49
1 Answer 1
The effective mass can be determined from a exactly known band structure. As genneth already mentioned there is no simple analytical way to get a from first principles to the Aluminium band structure.
In practice there are a number of very successful numerical approaches to calculate band structures, e.g. Hartree-Fock, LDA+U, DMFT, Tight binding and the list goes on depending on the exact material and properties you are interested in.
If you use a number of material parameters as the electron density, Fermi energy or others you can express the effective mass in those terms but that is more a reformulation than a way to calculate it.
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Your Answer


Tau protein test
Tau protein test
A tau protein test is used to confirm whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is leaking from the brain.
CSF is a colourless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.
Following a severe head injury, such as a skull fracture, the membranes that cover your brain and spine could tear. If this happens, CSF can leak out of the tear, causing a watery discharge from your ear or nose.
As tau protein is only found in CSF, testing for it will help rule out other fluids, such as nasal secretions and other bodily fluids.
Page last reviewed: 21/11/2013
Next review due: 21/11/2015
Tau protein test


text:
Duijff, P. and Kuip van der, F.J. (2011) Morfeemfinale r-deleesje yn bûgingen, ôfliedingen en gearsettingen. Us Wurk. Tydskrift foar frisistyk, 60, 44-59. ISSN 0042-1235.
|PDF - Published Version |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
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In all Germanic languages, weakening or even deletion of r is possible. In Frisian, r-deletion before consonants is even rather common. Since about 1900, r-deletion in Frisian has often been discussed in linguistic literature, but a complete picture of this phenomenon is still lacking. The aim of this article is to present a complete description of r-deletion in Frisian at the end of morphemes in derivations as well as in compounds. Taking as point of departure our own pronunciation of Frisian, we will describe the realisation of r in different linguistic environments: before inflectional and derivational suffixes, at the end of prefixes and at the end of the first part of compounds. Every individual realisation will be compared with those given in relevant linguistic literature. We will conclude with a sketch of a pattern of r-deletion, which turns out to be obligatory if there is no syllable boundary after r and optional before a syllable boundary. Moreover, r-deletion is more predictable after a long vowel than after a short one. The exceptions to the rule will be discussed at the end of the conclusion.
|Deposited On:||08 Sep 2011 02:00|
|Last Modified:||10 Jan 2012 11:37|
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CNN Student News - December 12, 2013
CNN Student News - 12/12/13
CNN Student News - 12/12/13
 CNN Student News - 12/12/13
CNN Student News - 12/12/13 09:59
Story highlights
December 12, 2013
On Thursday, CNN Student News gives viewers a ground-level view of the tension on the streets of Ukraine's capital, and we explain why many Ukrainians are not protesting. After following up on some recent stories, we reveal the 2013 TIME Person of the Year, and we discuss why some people preferred the runner-up. Plus, we meet a young entrepreneur and a homeless man who teamed up to develop an environmental app.
Media Literacy Question of the Day:
Why might other news organizations cover TIME's Person of the Year? Should they? Explain.
1. Pope Francis
2. mobile app
3. vaccine
Fast Facts: How well were you listening to today's program?
1. According to the report, why is Ukraine politically divided? What is the capital of Ukraine? What happened during recent protests there?
2. What did three New York courts decide regarding an effort to get chimpanzees some of the same rights as humans? What action does the Nonhuman Rights Project say it will take next?
3. Describe the rapport between software engineer Patrick McConlogue and software developer Leo Grand. What is the purpose of the app he developed?
Discussion Questions:
1. What are your thoughts on TIME's Person of the Year for 2013? What benefits and risks might come with choosing a "person of the year"? What would be your criteria for your person of the year? Whom would you select?
2. What is your opinion of what Merrill Newman said about a statement he gave in North Korea?
3. What characteristics of homeless coder Leo Grand stand out to you? Why do you think he chose to develop an app aimed at helping the environment? If you could develop a mobile app, what would it do?
Download PDF maps related to today's show:
Thank you for using CNN Student News!
Click here to submit your Roll Call request.


text: If you are like me, you practice at home, have a large dog, and he makes regular visits for attention while you are working. ALWAYS wash your hands after touching your pet during practice (on a string instrument). Sounds silly but not at all!! Many dogs possess a coat rich in oils for protective purposes. When these oils emulsify with the moisture from your hands, the result is a grease that forms between the windings of your strings, and will instantaneously stifle the string's resonance.


text:
Problem Identification: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is prevalent among people with cancer; therefore, it is important to determine whether interventions offered to this population are effective in alleviating FCR. This review summarizes randomized, controlled trials in the literature about the effect of psychosocial interventions on FCR in people with cancer.
Literature Search: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library.
Data Evaluation: Extracted data included cancer type, number of participants, intervention type and duration, follow-ups, and primary and secondary outcomes.
Synthesis: 10 studies met inclusion criteria. Types of interventions included mindfulness-based therapy (n = 3), cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 4), psychoeducational interventions (n = 1), gratitude interventions (n = 1), and communication interventions (n = 1).
Implications for Practice: Psychosocial interventions are beneficial for alleviating FCR and positively affect depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with cancer.


text:
The following sections cover the prerequisites that should be completed in order to publish information relating to the processing carried out by WSO2 Identity Server (WSO2 IS) in the Analytics Dashboard of WSO2 Analytics - IS.
The binary distribution contains the binary files for both MS Windows, and Linux-based operating systems. You can also download, and build the source code.
- Go to the WSO2 IS product Identity Server previous releases page.To download WSO2 IS Analytics, click Analytics.
- Select Version 5.2.0.
Enter your email address and click Download as shown below:
Installing WSO2 IS Analytics


text:
Who's Who — The A to Z Encyclopedia on People of Color who did it first by Eugene LaCorbiniere
Price: $9.99 USD. 351440 words.
Language: English. Published by Fideli Publishing on February 13, 2010. Nonfiction » Reference » Encyclopedias.
Who's Who is the only people of color historically based reference book of its kind. It's a book that contains the names, faces, and life stories of Africans, African Americans, and many other people of color from around the world who have achieved great goals first. We honor those who have made the sacrifice, and gone beyond the boundaries of what was expected of them to better humanity.


text:
Background: Isolated populations are a useful resource for mapping complex traits due to shared stable environment, reduced genetic complexity and extended Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) compared to the general population. Here we describe a large genetic isolate from the North West Apennines, the mountain range that runs through Italy from the North West Alps to the South.
Methodology/principal findings: The study involved 1,803 people living in 7 villages of the upper Borbera Valley. For this large population cohort, data from genealogy reconstruction, medical questionnaires, blood, anthropometric and bone status QUS parameters were evaluated. Demographic and epidemiological analyses indicated a substantial genetic component contributing to each trait variation as well as overlapping genetic determinants and family clustering for some traits.
Conclusions/significance: The data provide evidence for significant heritability of medical relevant traits that will be important in mapping quantitative traits. We suggest that this population isolate is suitable to identify rare variants associated with complex phenotypes that may be difficult to study in larger but more heterogeneous populations.


Research suggests many individuals 'unaware of IHT rules' when gifting money
Research carried out by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) and the National Centre for Social Research (NCSR) has suggested that only 45% of individuals seeking to gift money are aware of inheritance tax (IHT) rules and exemptions.
According to the IFS, the research aimed to 'analyse individuals' awareness of IHT rules and exemptions'. It also 'explored the prevalence of gifting in the general population and how it varied between different groups', and considered the 'nature of gifting'.
The research found that just 25% of so-called 'gifters' have a 'working knowledge' of IHT rules in relation to gifting. However, many individuals have sought additional information on the rules.
12% stated that they wouldn't have given a gift had IHT rules or exemptions not been in place. The research suggested that, of those who reported that they were influenced by IHT rules, only 38% said that passing on assets was a purpose of the gift.
Older people are'more likely' to be gifters than young people, according to the data. 24% of individuals aged 70 and over have gifted in the past two years, compared to just 3% of those aged between 18 and 29.
Integrated with Accomplish CMS


Ingram Blog
Tips to Optimize Your Book Descriptions
By: Jake Handy (_USER_) and Margaret Harrison (_USER_)
(Excerpt from Metadata Essentials)
Your long and short book descriptions should be an accurate, compelling, and comprehensive guide to the inside of the book.
In this blog, we'll provide best practices designed to optimize your descriptive copy, both for machines (e.g. Amazon, Google and other search engines) and humans (potential readers considering the book) in general search and at retail stores.
Long Description
A long description (often simply just called the description) is exactly that: a lengthy, detailed description of the work you're distributing. Effective descriptive copy should meet established criteria and best practices for structure, length, and content, and it should provide rich, full information about the book.
Structure: Anatomy of a description
A well-constructed book description is critical for search engine optimization (SEO) and consumer conversion. Proper description structure comes in three parts: the headline, a detailed exposition, and a strong close.
 - Make it clear and punchy. Highlight the big things that matter about the book from a reader's perspective (genre, key topics and themes, major brands, awards). Get them to want to find out more or simply purchase based on what they've already seen.
 - A headline should have a strong selling focus—less about plot and the specific details and more about why a busy reader should want this book. If someone didn't know the book existed, what might they be looking for that would bring them to this book?
 - Remember that the headline will often be seen on retailer pages before consumers are prompted to "read more."
 - Make the text bold and follow it with a paragraph break.
 - Work in a couple keywords to help your title get indexed in search engines.
Detailed Exposition
 - If a consumer clicks "read more," you want them to find rich details about the book.
 - Convey the notable topics, themes, plot elements, and features of the book.
 - For fiction titles, describe the plot, settings, and key characters.
 - For nonfiction, detail the subjects covered, as well as important people, places, and things.
 - This is where you can "set the mood" and give readers an idea of the style and tone of the book.
 - Use paragraph breaks and bulleted lists as appropriate to add structure and break up large blocks of text.
Strong Close
 - Emphasize why someone should buy the book. If a potential consumer has read this far, they are interested—now make the sale.
 - Who is the book for? "Fans of….", "Great gift for…"
 - Consider including awards, nominations, and/or a strong review quote. (If included here, do not exclude them for their respective specific metadata attributes.)
Book description as seen on, captured December 2017.
Content: What to include
While it is not essential to incorporate every element listed here, these are the major components that impact online discovery and consumer-purchasing decisions. We strongly recommend that you include them in the description when and as appropriate:
 - Genres, topics, and themes
 - Important and directly related people and brands
 - Locations and time periods
 - Special features and selling points specific to the edition or format
 - Contributors' other titles, series, and awards
 - Audience or age appropriateness
 - Adjacent people, organizations, experience, media properties, and other important connections
 - Bestseller history, critical reception, and awards (these can be retroactively added to a description following the book's initial sales cycle)
Use consumer keywords, topics, and phrases to align your description with the ways in which potential buyers talk about and look for books. Speak their language!
HTML markup is accepted by most retailers in the description, and you should use it to include formatted and structured content:
 - Use paragraph breaks or break tags () to break up large blocks of text, making the description easier for search engines and human beings to parse.
 - Bold and italic text provides emphasis and draws attention to important points.
 - Bullet points are useful (for nonfiction descriptions in particular) to highlight key aspects of the book.
We recommend an overall copy length of 200–750 words, though some books will lend themselves more readily to longer descriptions than others. Typically, the more information you can provide, the better.
Within ONIX, the description has no real text limit, but most distribution platforms will place a character limit on it to prevent extremes. We recommend a maximum of 4,000 characters and a minimum of 200 characters.
Short Description
The short description can be thought of almost as an expanded headline, however be careful to not just repeat your headline. The short description should vividly and precisely describe what a consumer would want to know about the book in as few characters as possible, while also conveying what sets it apart from other novels that may share similarities.
Often, distributors will display the short description and cover art or brief metadata about your book alongside various other products. Therefore, it's important that your book's cover art and short description deliver a one-two punch that compels consumers to dive in and learn more.
The ONIX character limit for a short description is 350 characters, but we recommend something even more concise, around 150 to 200 characters.
In closing, a book's short description and long description are rarely displayed side-by-side and should work in tandem to complement each other and provide a rich and vivid narrative. The short description should house what you believe buyers will find most important, prompting them to take the next step to the long description, where further attractive details await in the headline and beyond.
Metadata Essentials Book
Metadata Essentials: Proven Techniques for Book Marketing and Discovery provides clear and easy-to-implement recommendations so you can focus your efforts on the industry's most relevant metadata. For more information and to purchase the book, click here.
Ingram's Book Metadata Enhancement Service
Smart Metadata, from Ingram, is a book metadata improvement service that helps you improve your books' discoverability through data-driven analysis and industry expertise.
Learn More:
Why Does Metadata Matter?
Improve the Book Metadata that Matters
Make Your Books More Discoverable with a Good Description & Author Bio
Metadata for Books: The Current Landscape
How Books Are Discovered Online


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I found that all the commutative rings with involution I know are the following:
 - complex number with complex conjugation (plus similar constructions based on rationals and its extensions),
 - any commutative ring with trivial involution,
 - direct sum of two copies of a ring with involution * (not necessary nontrivial) with involution which sends pair $(a,b)$ to $(b^*,a^*)$,
 - direct sum of involutionary rings with involution acting component-wise.
My question is: are there any other commutative rings with involution?
share|improve this question
The ring of rational functions of one variable under $X\mapsto 1/X$? Or $R[X]$ under $X\mapsto -X$? – Henning Makholm Oct 5 '11 at 21:08
_USER_'s examples fit in Qiaochu's example of quadratic extensions very nicely. – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Oct 5 '11 at 21:13
_USER_. Oh, shame on me for not noticing such obvious examples. – andrei Oct 6 '11 at 8:44
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Let $X$ be a set and let $\sigma:X\to X$ be an involution. If $k$ is a ring, then there is an induced involution $\sigma:R\to R$ in the ring $R=k[X]$ of all functions $X\to k$.
By restricting this general situation, you get new examples. For example,
 - if $X$ is a topological space, $\sigma:X\to X$ is continuous, $k=\mathbb C$ and $R=C(X)$ is the ring of all continuous real functions on $X$;
 - if $X$ is a manifold, $\sigma:X\to X$ is differentiable, and $R=C^\infty(X)$ is the ring of all smooth real functions on $X$;
 - &c.
In a sense, all examples are of this nature. Indeed, let $R$ be a comm. ring and let $\sigma:R\to R$ be an involution. If $X=\mathrm{Spec}\;R$ is the sprectrum of $R$, then there is an induced morphism $\sigma^*:X\to X$ and we recover the action of $\sigma$ on $R$ by looking at the action of $\sigma^*$ on the ring $\mathscr{O}_X$ of global sections of the structure sheaf on $X$.
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The situation turns on whether $R$ contains nonzero solutions of $x+x=0$ (2-torsion) and whether $x+x=y$ can be solved for all $y$ (2-divisibility).
If $R$ admits division by $2$ then there is an additive decomposition $x =\frac{x + \sigma(x)}{2} + \frac{x - \sigma(x)}{2}$ as a sum of invariant and anti-invariant parts with respect to the involution. $R$ is an extension of its invariant subring $R_0$ by a set of elements on which the involution acts as $-1$.
Otherwise, consider $\Bbb{Z}[X,Y]$ and $\Bbb{Z}/2[X,Y]$ each with the involution exchanging $X$ and $Y$. In the first case there are subrings of symmetric and anti-symmetric functions but sums of those do not fill the whole ring. In the second case there is no canonical projection onto the invariant subring.
share|improve this answer
For $X$ any topological space, the ring of continuous functions $X \to R$ where $R$ is any topological commutative ring with involution is itself a commutative ring with pointwise involution (consider in particular the case $R = \mathbb{C}$ with the usual topology). For $X$ compact Hausdorff we get important examples of $C^{\ast}$-algebras.
Note also that if $k$ is any field, any quadratic extension $L/k$ is a commutative ring with involution where the involution is the unique nontrivial automorphism of $L$ as a $k$-extension.
Really there are many examples and many ways of constructing examples.
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Your Answer


Ramen noodles, the quintessence of Japanese cuisine
Japanese people are very proud of the long-standing cultural tradition as well as the most difficult taste in the world. Soba, ramen, udon, and somen are famous Japanese noodles. In this article, let's find out about Ramen noodles – the most popular dish of this country! When it comes to Japanese noodles, it is impossible not to mention Ramen. Currently, noodles have many different variations, but the original taste of each noodles is still preserved as a culinary culture of Japan.
Ramen noodles are considered the most popular type of noodles in Japan. In 1937, the Ramen noodles craze spread throughout the land of the rising sun. Although appearing later than other famous noodles such as soba noodles, udon noodles, somen noodles … but Ramen noodles still have a certain foothold, representing the soul of Japan.
Mì Ramen, tinh hoa ẩm thực Nhật Bản - ảnh 1
Ramen noodles are made from wheat flour, water, salt and ship ash water. Ash wood is the most important flavor that makes the distinctive yellow color of noodles. It is this same material that helps the noodles become soft and increase the toughness.
When eating ramen noodles, Japanese people often use it with meat or fish broth. The broth of Ramen noodles is the perfect combination of Dashi (broth made from chicken bones, beef bones, pork bones, dried shavings of fish, kelp, sardines …) and Tare (spices are added to the broth like Shio, Shoyu and Miso …).
To get the proper flavor of Ramen noodles, it is necessary to have scallions, boiled eggs, marinated with soy sauce and Chashu pork, dried seaweed.
Ramen noodles are quite different from other types of noodles, ramen is made from wheat flour, water, salt and ship ash water. The form of Ramen noodles is also quite rich but basically, they are all the same in terms of ingredients and recipes.
Ash wood is an indispensable ingredient for making ramen, which increases the toughness and creates the flavor and yellow color of noodles. Noodles are divided into three types: fresh noodles, dry noodles, instant noodles.
Shoyu is the "soy sauce" in Japanese, so Shoyu Ramen noodles are characterized by soy sauce combined with the light aroma of soy. The noodles of Shoyu Ramen are usually small fibers that help the broth quickly absorb inside or enjoy the noodles and the taste of the broth easily.


text:
Vocal ontogeny in bat pups
My Ph.D. student Ahana Fernandez studies the ontogeny of the vocal repertoire in bats. Ahana's particular interest is the conspicuous babbling behavior in which Saccopteryx bilineata pups engage regularly (Knörnschild et al. 2006). During ontogeny, pups of both sexes learn territorial songs by imitating adult male tutors (Knörnschild et al. 2010a). Since precursor songs often appear in babbling bouts, babbling probably constitutes vocal practice (Knörnschild 2014). To date, Saccopteryx bilineata is the only non-human mammal that is both a babbler and a vocal imitator, making this bat expecially well suited for biolinguistic studies.
Ahana recording Saccopteryx bilineata pups in a tree (© Stifter).
Ahana descibes the ontongenetic trajectories of different syllable types produced by babbling pups. Moreover, she studies the phonological syntax of babbling bouts and uses playback experiments to test whether pups can discriminate between syntactically correct and incorrect babbling bouts.
Babbling Saccopteryx bilineata pup roosting next to its mother (© Stifter).
Babbling pups utter long sequences of various syllables in a repetitive and juxtaposed fashion reminiscent of human canonical babbling or avian plastic song (Catchpole & Slater 1995, Doupe & Kuhl 1999, Hultsch & Todt 2004). Precursors of all adult vocalization types known to date are found in babbling bouts of pups (Behr & von Helversen 2004, Knörnschild et al. 2006), making it highly probable that babbling plays a crucial role in the species' vocal repertoire acquisition.
Excerpt of a babbling bout from a female Saccopteryx bilineata pup (© Knörnschild).
Listen to the babbling bout excerpt (© Knörnschild):


- Elseya albagula;
 - turtle;
 - diving;
 - bimodal respiration;
 - water impoundment
This study investigated the diving behaviour and performance of the bimodally respiring turtle Elseya albagula within the Burnett River, central Qld, Australia. Diving parameters were recorded using pressure-sensitive time-depth recorders for turtles residing within a free flowing versus regulated reach. Maximum submergence time recorded for El. albagula (greater than 3 hours) is among the longest recorded for a voluntarily diving vertebrate, and is attributed to the turtle's ability to respire aquatically. Median dive times logged for El. albagula within the regulated reach (6.7 min) were threefold longer than values recorded for turtles residing within a naturally flowing creek (1.9 min), with discrepancies in dive duration possibly due to the variable hydrologic flows recorded below the weir. No correlation was observed between dive duration and subsequent surfacing intervals, suggesting that dives remained aerobic throughout the study. Despite considerable differences in the magnitude and daily variation of water flow between the two locations, similar diel activity and surfacing trends were recorded for El. albagula. Turtles undertook deep resting dives (>1.5 m) during the day before moving into shallower habitats (<1.0 m) for the night, while the crepuscular hours were characterized by elevated surfacing frequencies attributed to periods of increased activity possibly associated with foraging.


Carnegie Mellon University
Green Ideas for Transportation
Green Task Force on Transportation Makes Recommendations
Second Nature LogoSecond Nature's National Transportation Policy Task Force of 15 college and university presidents is recommending major changes in transportation policy to advance clean energy goals, reduce dependence on foreign oil, build healthy communities, create jobs and assure global competitiveness.
Carnegie Mellon's Jared L. Cohon is a member of the policy task force that this week urged Congress and the Obama administration to overhaul transportation policy to make reduction of greenhouse gas emissions a top priority. The university presidents said that their organizations and others like them are aggressively pursuing innovative strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all aspects of campus operations.
At the same time, colleges and universities are teaching students about the connections among energy, the environment and the economy to prepare them to contribute to the creation of a clean energy economy. The task force goes on to make several recommendations in areas such as vehicle efficiency, cleaner fuels, financing, and addressing local transportation needs in communities. The task force also stressed the need to encourage innovation and expand research, data collection and evaluation.
You can read more about the task force's recommendations at
Teresa Thomas