Are there really tannins in coffee?
15 October, 2020
Are there really tannins in coffee?
by BH Learn
At Barista Hustle, we talk about tannins fairly often. We have posted about how tannins are responsible for astringency, the mouth-drying feeling you get in coffee, and how they may be the culprit behind some of the negative flavours associated with 'over-extraction' and channelling. Because astringency is such a key component of over-extraction flavours, and because controlling channelling is so important in achieving high, even extractions, this topic comes up frequently.
And yet, there is some debate, going right back to the 1920s, as to whether coffee contains tannins at all.
Until now, we've mostly skirted around this topic, talking about pseudo-tannins or tannin-like molecules as well as tannins. We want to finally address this, and be clear about what molecules we're referring to when we talk about tannins.
Our position is that there is plenty of evidence that some kind of tannins are present in coffee. In fact, the broadest definition of tannins includes familiar molecules like the chlorogenic acids.
We expect that larger tannins are responsible for much of the negative flavours and mouthfeel associated with channelling and over-extraction. While there's some evidence that such molecules may exist in coffee, it's not yet known exactly which molecules are involved. Until we learn more about the specific compounds involved, 'tannins' is the most accurate and precise word that we can use.
In the rest of this paper, we'll explain why.
What are tannins?
Broadly speaking, tannins are polyphenolic biological molecules that bind to and precipitate proteins. Different types of tannins are found all over the plant kingdom, including in tree heartwood and bark, in unripe fruits, and in the leaves of plants such as tea.
Because tannins bind to proteins, they have an astringent effect in foods. The dry feeling of astringency in the mouth results from tannins binding to salivary proteins and interfering with the ability of saliva to lubricate the inside of the mouth.
The word 'tannin' comes from the leather industry, where tannins derived from plants were used to 'tan' animal skins, making them more durable. One of the main sources of tannins was oak bark, called tann in ancient Celtic languages, but any plant compound that would bind the proteins in animal skin could be used.
Because of the importance of this effect, whether a particular compound is considered a tannin is generally determined by its ability to bind proteins, rather than a specific chemical structure. This means that unlike some categories of chemicals, the definition of what constitutes a tannin is not necessarily rigid or universally agreed on, and different definitions have been proposed over the years (S Quideau 2009).
Most tannins fall into one of three main categories, based on their chemical structure: Hydrolysable tannins, based on gallic acid; condensed tannins, based on flavanol, and the phlorotannins, found in brown algae. However, other types of tannin have been identified and our knowledge of these compounds is always expanding: for example, a group of chemicals called oligostilbenoids were first identified to act as tannins in 1993 (Boralle et al 1993).
In the early twentieth century, some tannin-like compounds were isolated from coffee and called 'caffetannic acid', assumed to be a type of tannin like those found in tea. However, 'caffetannic acid' turned out to be not a type of tannic acid but instead a mixture of molecules, mainly chlorogenic acids (Ukers 1922). This led Lingle in the Coffee Brewer's Handbook (1996) to state that the phenolic compounds in coffee were "incorrectly classified as tannins", based on this early research. However, the fact that this one isolate turned out to be mainly chlorogenic acids does not prove that no tannins are present in coffee at all. Plenty of research testing for tannins in coffee has found that they are present — for example, one paper finds that roasted coffee contains about half as much tannin as tea (Savolainen 1992).
Testing for tannins
Since tannins bind proteins, classification of tannins often depends on whether they show a positive result in various chemical tests that involve testing the ability of the tannin to bind protein. One such test is called the 'Goldbeater's Skin Test', in which the presence of tannin causes a distinctive blue-black colour to appear on a thin layer of cattle intestine. Other tests use different protein sources such as gelatin or albumin as the basis of the test.
However, whether a tannin binds to a protein depends on the protein used in the test (Hagermann 1998), so not all tests work equally well with all tannins. As a result, some molecules are classified as tannins by some tests, but not by others. Compounds that show tannin activity in some tests, but that don't show a positive result in the Goldbeater's Skin Test, are called pseudo-tannins. One such compound is chlorogenic acid, which is abundant in coffee.
Despite the name, pseudo-tannins are considered a sub-category of tannin by some sources — so a pseudo-tannin is still a tannin. By this definition, chlorogenic acid itself can be included as a tannin, and indeed it is listed as a tannin in the National Library of Medicine's PubChem database. However, chlorogenic acid is readily soluble in water, so a significant proportion will be extracted even in a well-extracted brew. When we talk about the importance of tannins in the correct extraction of coffee, we are really talking about larger molecules, that will only dissolve in large amounts if we've done something wrong.
Larger tannins
Whether or not chlorogenic acid (CQA) 'counts' as a tannin, it's clear that there are also other, larger molecules responsible for the harsh astringency of a channelled brew. One possible culprit is dichlorogenic acid (di-CQA) — a type of chlorogenic acid that has two caffeic acids attached to the quinic acid instead of one.
Chlorogenic acid (left) and dichlorogenic acid (right). Dichlorogenic acid has two caffeic acid units, so is a larger molecule and binds to proteins more strongly.
Dichlorogenic acid binds to proteins much more strongly than chlorogenic acid (Okuda & Ito 2011) and so has stronger tanning activity, and many sources that don't count CQA as a tannin do include di-CQA. Dichlorogenic acid may be responsible for the astringency associated with unripe coffee beans, since unripe beans contain a higher proportion of dichlorogenic acid.
More recently, other tannin-like compounds have also been identified in coffee. Using modern techniques that can pin-point the molecular structure of individual molecules, Low et al (2015) found evidence of other types of tannin-like compounds in spent coffee grounds, including catechins, the building blocks of tannins found in tea, as well as the appropriately-named molecule 'astringin', found in wine. The way the molecules are extracted for testing makes it hard to definitively say if these building blocks are joined together to form large tannins in the coffee itself, or if they just exist as individual subunits. However, the authors suggest that the larger tannins are likely to be present.
Why call them tannins?
If we're not sure exactly what type of molecules are causing the astringent effect that we see in coffee, then why do we still generally use the word tannins when talking about problems with brewed coffee?
For us, the reason is that the word 'tannin' is mainly used to tell us what the molecule does, rather than what it looks like. We know that some astringency in coffee is caused by molecules that bind to proteins in the way that tannins do, and that astringency is very important in determining the quality of a brew. Using a more general term such as 'phenolic compounds' includes lots of molecules that don't have this effect, and behave quite differently in an extraction.
For this reason, we need a word that specifically describes larger molecules that bind to proteins and cause astringency, and 'tannin' fits the bill exactly. This word is widely used this way, in both the coffee industry and in the scientific literature. In fact, having chosen our preferred definition of tannins, to use another word such as 'phenolic molecules' is both less accurate and less precise. As always, we are happy to update our position as new information becomes available, or widely accepted definitions change, but as things stand we are quite confident in saying that yes, there are tannins in coffee.
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text:
- Dry Transfer is a definitely more realistic medium than existing water
slide decals for modeling.
- It is an easier and faster method than decals in transferring and finishing.
- There is no silvering effect after transferring.
- In most finishing cases, you do not need to try to spray and spray with
top coats to hide decal film on your work.
- Of course, you also do not need to use other decal solutions or solvents.
- The surface of marking after transferring can be polished flatter than
- Missing transfer dots or fragments can be easily fixed with modeling
enamels or paints of the same color.
- Effective long-term preservation
(Well preserved Dry Transfers over 10 years old have been successfully
applied without failure)
Yes there are some Defects.
- You need to be more careful not to scratch or crack the transferred
marking with rough handling.
- It is impossible to change location after transferring.
- It is harder to transferring on the surface of irregularly curved, sharply
bent or tightly cornered areas.
- You need to be more careful in multi transferring than multi decaling
(other color markings over the first transferred marking)
- Printing requires a more difficult process, resulting in higher prices.
Things you should be careful in working on NMF(Natural Metal Finish) surface
Thank you Mr. Derek Bradshaw for this comments
There could be adjustment problems with dry tranfers when used on models that have been finished in buffable metallic coatings (Alclad, for example).
The transfers adhere imediately with little pressure (before burnishing), and are likely to tear if repositioned, so please be careful if you are applying these transfers to any model finished with this type of paint.
If the model has a sealing coat of varnish, and then has the tranfers applied, the problem does not occur.
We also advise that, after application of the transfers, that an additional (light) sealing coat of varnish is applied to the model.
Foil finishes, and car type (or other hard silver finishes) are OK, and are not affected in this manner, only the buffable finishes that use powdered metal in conjunction with the paint.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Next: , Previous: Guru Interface, Up: FFTW Reference
4.6 New-array Execute Functions
Normally, one executes a plan for the arrays with which the plan was created, by calling fftw_execute(plan) as described in Using Plans. However, it is possible for sophisticated users to apply a given plan to a different array using the "new-array execute" functions detailed below, provided that the following conditions are met:
The alignment issue is especially critical, because if you don't use fftw_malloc then you may have little control over the alignment of arrays in memory. For example, neither the C++ new function nor the Fortran allocate statement provide strong enough guarantees about data alignment. If you don't use fftw_malloc, therefore, you probably have to use FFTW_UNALIGNED (which disables most SIMD support). If possible, it is probably better for you to simply create multiple plans (creating a new plan is quick once one exists for a given size), or better yet re-use the same array for your transforms.
For rare circumstances in which you cannot control the alignment of allocated memory, but wish to determine where a given array is aligned like the original array for which a plan was created, you can use the fftw_alignment_of function:
 int fftw_alignment_of(double *p);
Two arrays have equivalent alignment (for the purposes of applying a plan) if and only if fftw_alignment_of returns the same value for the corresponding pointers to their data (typecast to double* if necessary).
If you are tempted to use the new-array execute interface because you want to transform a known bunch of arrays of the same size, you should probably go use the advanced interface instead (see Advanced Interface)).
The new-array execute functions are:
 void fftw_execute_dft(
 const fftw_plan p,
 fftw_complex *in, fftw_complex *out);
 void fftw_execute_split_dft(
 const fftw_plan p,
 double *ri, double *ii, double *ro, double *io);
 void fftw_execute_dft_r2c(
 const fftw_plan p,
 double *in, fftw_complex *out);
 void fftw_execute_split_dft_r2c(
 const fftw_plan p,
 double *in, double *ro, double *io);
 void fftw_execute_dft_c2r(
 const fftw_plan p,
 fftw_complex *in, double *out);
 void fftw_execute_split_dft_c2r(
 const fftw_plan p,
 double *ri, double *ii, double *out);
 void fftw_execute_r2r(
 const fftw_plan p,
 double *in, double *out);
These execute the plan to compute the corresponding transform on the input/output arrays specified by the subsequent arguments. The input/output array arguments have the same meanings as the ones passed to the guru planner routines in the preceding sections. The plan is not modified, and these routines can be called as many times as desired, or intermixed with calls to the ordinary fftw_execute.
The plan must have been created for the transform type corresponding to the execute function, e.g. it must be a complex-DFT plan for fftw_execute_dft. Any of the planner routines for that transform type, from the basic to the guru interface, could have been used to create the plan, however.


Energy efficient system found in "walking" protein
October 11, 2005 – A protein called kinesin has a "walking" mechanism that is very energy efficient and could be used to develop future molecular-sized machines without worries about problems caused by heat, Japanese researchers said Monday, reports the Jiji Press.
Kinesin has been known as a nanometer-scale biological motor that transports various substances between cells and helps cell division. It produces eight-nanometer steps along microtubules and usually moves forward, though sometimes going backward.
Using a technique called "optical tweezers," the researchers, led by Osaka University Prof. Toshio Yanagida, discovered the mechanism of how kinesin sets its direction and walks one foot after another like humans.
Kinesin has sensors on its "feet" that determine which way the protein should go by interpreting thermodynamic information known as entropy, according to their report published online by Nature Chemical Biology yesterday.
The protein only consumes a very tiny amount of energy when it sets the direction, and requires no energy for a walk because it takes advantage of a phenomenon called Brown motion, in which surrounding water molecules that are moving randomly due to heat, hit kinesin's "legs" to eventually help them take steps forward.
"When you try to make highly integrated tiny devices like computer chips, you will find heat is a big problem," Yanagida said. "But further studying kinesin's walking mechanism, which does not produce heat but use it, could lead to a major breakthrough."


text:
Produced in our orchards
Virgin hazelnut oil is made with French hazelnuts produced in our orchards, in the heart of Lot-et-Garonne.
The hazel trees, of the Pautet variety, produce small, well-known fruits:
- for their tasting wealth,
- their nutritional qualities,
- their aromatic power,
- their high content of fatty acids.
An oil rich in vitamin E
The virgin hazelnut oil Gascony Pearls is a highly recommended ingredient in the implementation of cosmetic formulations, recipes or vitamin E-enriched food supplements.
Its high content of vitamin E, 47.5 mg of vitamin E per 100 grams of oil, or 80% of the recommended dietary intakes *, allows it to carry the regulatory functional claim relating to the protection of cell membranes.
* ANC per day for an adult with an average intake of 2000 kcal. These values may vary with age, sex and physical activity.
Source of Omega 9
Composed of 75% oleic acid, hazelnut oil is a concentrate of omega 9. It plays a beneficial role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and acts on cholesterolemia.


text:
As adjectives the difference between significant and famous
is that significant
is signifying something; carrying meaning while famous
is well known.
As a noun significant
is that which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol.
Signifying something; carrying meaning.
* Sir Walter Raleigh
- a significant''' word or sound; a '''significant look
Having a covert or hidden meaning.
Having a noticeable or major effect; notable.
- It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant, but not efficient.
- That was a significant step in the right direction.
Reasonably large in number or amount.
(statistics) Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).
- The First World War was a significant event.
That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol.
- In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts.
In the public eye.
- Some people are only famous within their city.
* famed, noted, celebrated, well-known, renowned
* famous last words


text:
Australian Bureau of Statistics
1352.0.55.086 - Research Paper: Socio-Economic Indexes for Individuals and Families (Methodology Advisory Committee), Jun 2007
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/08/2007 First Issue
|Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product|
The Australian Bureau of Statistics has released Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) based on the Census of Population and Housing since 1986. The SEIFA indexes are widely used measures of relative socio-economic status at a small area level. The indexes rank and identify areas that are relatively more, or less, disadvantaged. They provide contextual information about the area in which a person lives. Yet, within any area there will be individuals and sub-populations with very different characteristics to the overall population of the area. When we make judgments about individuals, based on the characteristics of the area in which they live, there is potential for error in our conclusions. This potential for error is referred to as the ecological fallacy.
These documents will be presented in a new window.
This page last updated 23 August 2007

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Ragi Porridge Recipe
Ragi malt and ragi porridge are the same things with different names. Ragi is cooked in either milk or water and it is very healthy for babies and adults alike. Ragi can be given to babies as early as they start on solids because it has high nutritional value; it is a good source of Vitamin B1 and B3, calcium, and iron.
Ragi is also known as finger millet and is widely consumed in southern parts of India. As ragi does not have a taste of its own, its porridge can be made in two ways, either sweet or salty. If you want to know how you can make ragi porridge for your baby, read on. We have a quick recipe for you!
Type of Meal
Any baby above 7 months of age
Breakfast or mid-morning snack or evening snack
For Sweet Porridge
|Ragi flour||4 tbsp|
|Sugar or dates or jaggery||1.5 tbsp|
|Milk (optional)||1 cup|
|Ghee (optional)||1 tsp|
|Cardamom powder (optional)||¼ tsp|
For Salted Porridge
|Ragi flour||4 tbsp|
|Salt||As per taste|
|Cumin powder||1 tbsp|
|Curry leaves||1 sprig|
|Coriander leaves (finely chopped)||1 tbsp|
|Oil or ghee||1 tsp|
Below is a step-by-step guide on how to make both salty as well as sweet ragi porridge.
1. First Method: Heat a pan, and take ragi flour in it. Next, add water to it. Mix it well and let it cook. Keep stirring it constantly to prevent it from burning and until the mixture thickens. Once it turns thick, your ragi malt will be ready. Turn off the heat and serve warm.
2. Second Method:
- Mix the ragi flour in ¾ cup of water.
- Heat the remaining water in a pan and bring it to a boil. Next, add the ragi mixture to it.
- Keep on stirring and cook it on medium heat.
- Turn off the flame when the mixture thickens.
- Now add dates or sugar or jaggery and milk to adjust the consistency and make it sweet.
- Add some ghee and dry fruits to make the recipe more nutritious.
- Your sweet porridge is ready to serve.
- Take ragi flour and water in a pan and cook well. Keep stirring until the mixture thickens.
- Now add salt and buttermilk to adjust consistency and bring taste.
- Salted porridge is ready to serve.
- If you wish to add a tempering then, heat ghee or oil in a pan. Add cumin seeds and curry leaves. Let them splutter. Switch off the flame. Put this seasoning and coriander leaves to the prepare ragi porridge to enhance the taste.
- Serve the yummy porridge to your little one!
Follow the below tips to enhance the nutrition content and taste of this simple ragi porridge recipe:
- It is better if you prepare the porridge without milk. Because adding milk reduces the iron content of ragi.
- Adding fruit like apple or banana helps in the absorption of iron from ragi. So you can add fruit to the sweet porridge.
Nutrition Information (Per 100 Grams)
|Dietary Fiber||11.1 g|
|Vitamin C||2.3 mg|
Note: These values are only for the sweet porridge.
Following is the list of benefits your child will get out of this homemade ragi porridge baby food recipe:
- Ragi is extremely beneficial for your growing child. As you can see from the table above, the calcium content of this recipe is so high. Calcium will help in the development of bones and teeth and avoiding bone-related diseases.
- Ragi is a good source of natural iron. When mixed with a fruit, the Vitamin C present in the fruit leads to easy absorption of iron. This helps in increasing the haemoglobin in kids.
- Not only iron and calcium, but ragi is also loaded with a good amount of protein, phosphorous and calcium. These minerals also serve as the building blocks in growing children.
- Ragi also keeps the child full for long.
Ideally, you should make ragi flour at home by sprouting the ragi grains and dry roasting them. After this, they can be powdered in the mixer. This serves best for the babies. But if you cannot prepare it at home, buy the prepared ragi flour from the supermarket!
Follow the instructions and prepare this effortless and nutritious recipe for your growing child. This will keep him healthy and energetic. Happy Parenting!


Re: CSS3 Paged Media Draft
From: Ian Hickson
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 00:12:58 +0100 (BST)
To: Robert Stevahn
cc: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
 1. string-set should take comma separated list.
 2. open|close-quote should be expanded in content not in string-set.
 3. hidden-policy is a good idea.
 4. _USER_/_USER_ rules need their scope defined.
 5. proposal for 'counter-step'.
On Tue, 28 Sep 1999, Robert Stevahn wrote:
> Please have a look at this new draft and provide feedback via www-
> style. Thanks in advance!
It looks great!
A few comments on Named Strings:
1.'string-set' should take a comma separated list of [identifier
(string)] because otherwise you can't make an element create more than
one string.
This would be important in a dictionary, where each page has a
first-word and a last-word header:
 _USER_ first { page-policy: first; }
 _USER_ last { page-policy: last; }
 dt { string-set: first content(), last content(); }
 _USER_ {
 _USER_ first-word {
 content: string(first);
 vertical-align: top;
 text-align: left;
 _USER_ last-word {
 content: string(last);
 vertical-align: top;
 text-align: right;
2. What are the exact semantics of 'open-quote' and 'close-quote' in
the context of the string-set property? When is the nesting counter
reset? To what is it relative?
For example, what quotes would be on the following?:
 :root { quotes: "1" "1" "2" "2"; }
 Q:before { content: open-quote; }
 Q:after { content: close-quote; }
 Q { string-set: quote open-quote content() close-quote; }
 X { content: string(quote); }
Would an element X have the content "1quote1" or "2quote2"?
What about here?:
 X { content: open-quote string(quote) close-quote; }
Would X read "11quote11" or "12quote21"?
I would suggest that the value of'string-set' should not be
"dereferenced" until the string is used (apart from attribute values
and element content, obviously), and so the quote nesting would be
based on what is going on where the string _is used_.
This seems to make more sense than expanding the string immediately,
and thus using the quote level at that point, or -- even worse --
assuming that the quote level is always "0" at the start of the
'string-set' property.
This _must_ be specified somewhere in the spec or you can guarantee
that the first two UAs to implement this will do it differently...
3. I think 'hidden-policy' is actually a good idea. (Yes, I know this
goes back on what I said before.)
The'string-set' property has been used to grab the value of the
 and tags. If this is the case, then we will no longer
be able to use display:none to hide the element. This seems
silly to me. I very much like the idea of making counting of counters
and setting of strings possible on non-box-generating elements.
In any case, "content:''" can conceivably end up creating an anonymous
empty inline element [1], and this would result in excess whitespace.
Using display:none guarantees that the layout will not be affected.
Using 'page-policy' does not make the situation worse than now: we
already have to have code checking to see if an object is generating a
box before we increment the counter. So, all this property would say
is that this check need only be made if the hidden-policy property was
"hidden" -- otherwise, 'display' is completely irrelevant (and we would
then be avoiding interactions with the 'display' property).
4. What is the scope of the _USER_ and _USER_ rules? I assume that
they follow normal cascade rules and so only the last one has any
effect. This would mean that the following:
 _USER_ headers { list-style-type: lower-roman; }
 h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { counter-increment: headers; }
 _TAG_ > hcount { content: counter(headers); }
 _USER_ headers { list-style-type: decimal; }
...would replace the "hcount" element by a decimal number, not a roman
numeral. The alternative is to use the most recent specified relevant
_USER_ at the point that counter/string is used. Again, this must be
specified in the spec, as otherwise it will be unclear.
From an implementation and DOM point of view, I would guess that it
would be a _lot_ easier if we used the final, cascaded value of
_USER_ and _USER_ rules, and not the rule "at that point". This is
identical to the way page box at-rules work, and is because unlike the
at-rules like _USER_, _USER_, and _USER_ (which must all appear
at the top of the stylesheet), the effect of _these_ at-rules depends
very much on the document and are thus still important _after_ the
stylesheet has been parsed.
5. While we are at it, why not add a 'counter-step' property to the
_USER_ at-rule? This would specify by how much the counter should
increase each time. For example:
 _USER_ decades { counter-step: 10; }
 h2="Decades" + ol { counter-reset: decades 1890; }
 h2="Decades" + li { counter-increment: decades; }
 h2="Decades" + li:before { content: counter(decades) ": "; }
 li:before { display: marker; }
...would display this list:
... like this:
 1900. abc
 1910. def
 1920. ghi
 1930. jkl
...and so on. This would be cool, and presumably really easy to
(BTW, yes, I know the syntax I used for content matching is not the
one in the latest draft. I will be proposing some slightly more
thorough selector syntax extensions in a few days and in that proposal
the "content exact match" is specified by ="xyz", much like with
attribute selectors. You can see a very very very early draft of this
document on the web at:
...but warning, this document is being edited daily and is absolutely
not ready yet. Comments are, of course, welcome. Especially from the
WG members working on the selector module... hint hint... :-) )
Ian Hickson
[1] If Kipp or David are reading this, they may relax. I am not going
to suggest the virtual-anonymous-empty-generated-inline-boxes idea...
Received on Tuesday, 28 September 1999 19:13:01 GMT


text:
Space Syntax was an industrial sponsor and project manager in the "RaCMIT" (Refurbishment and Customer Movement Integration Tool) research project. We worked alongside University College London, Railtrack PLC, British Land PLC and Laing PLC. The research investigated the effects of refurbishment in complex buildings on pedestrian movement patterns, and developed a model for forecasting the likely effects of proposed refurbishment works.
The research project analysed two case studies where the interaction between refurbishment and pedestrian movement is critical to business performance.
The objectives of the research at Victoria have been to investigate differences in pedestrian activity before and during refurbishment works in the station. These involved the closure of an important pedestrian route into the station.
In particular, the research has aimed to:
- establish patterns of movement at different times of the day during a weekday and weekend, both before and during the closure
- analyse the dispersal patterns of pedestrians to and from the station and surrounding area
- establish patterns of stationary pedestrian activity
- analyse movement into station retail facilities
- assess differences in spending patterns before and during the closure
- assess the degree to which changes in spatial layout can be implicated in changes to the patterns of pedestrian movement and customer behaviour. Thus far the research has found that customer flows can be robustly forecast on the basis of spatial analysis, as can areas of informal stationary activity


text: hi i am a beginner at physics. my teacher just gave me this problem for a make up work but he did not give me any equations on solving this problem due to some misunderstanding he got mad at me. so here i am stuck..... please help!! A discus thrower (arm length 1.2 m) starts from rest and begins to rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular acceleration of size 2.7 rad/s2. a. How long does it take for the discus thrower's angular speed to reach 5.7 rad/s? b. How many revolutions does it take for the discus thrower's angular speed to reach 5.7 rad/s? c. What is the linear speed of the discus at 5.7 rad/s? d. What is the linear acceleration of the discus at this point? e.What is the size of the discus's centripetal acceleration? f. What is the size of the discus's total acceleration? i searched all over the internet and i still can't find any equations that applys to my questions here is the only question i found.. i don't even know how to use this equation on solving those problems.. O=O(initial)+ W(intial)T + 1/2 XT(square) please begging on my knees for some help on solving this problem!! any helps would be appreciated!!


text:
Sawtooth National Forest,Idaho 83340
Rising 4th-7th Graders:
Join ERC for overnight camps north of Ketchum. Camp is nestled next to Prairie Creek, surrounded by acres of land for science discovery. New this year, meals are incorporated within the curriculum to highlight the importance of local and organic food systems. Days are spent discovering the diversity of nature with professional educators; while evenings are full of summer fun!
Plants and animals have adapted to our local environment in the most amazing ways. This camp will focus on these adaptations teaching participants about the fascinating ecology found in our montane biome.
8:1 Adult to Child Ratio
All Instructors CPR & First Aid Certified


In the largest randomized, controlled trial to date of the embrace Advanced Scar Therapy device, Neodyne Biosciences reported a highly significant improvement in scarring for patients treated with embrace versus control at 1-year follow-up.
embrace Advanced Scar Therapy actively relieves the tension surrounding a healing scar to minimize scar formation and uses technology initially developed at Stanford University and subsequently licensed to Neodyne Biosciences.
"These data further support the long-term value proposition of embrace, which has now been shown to improve results out to one year post-surgery. The differences were highly significant between embrace-treated and control-treated groups when analyzed by independent, blinded reviewers using the Visual Analog Scale [VAS]," said Geoffrey Gurtner, MD, FACS and Co-Founder of Neodyne Biosciences.
The REFINE trial enrolled patients who underwent abdominoplasty procedures, a challenging indication for scarring since the incision is closed under maximum tension. Half of each newly closed incision was selected randomly to be treated with the embrace® device. The remaining portion of the incision served as the "control" side and was treated according to the plastic surgeon's standard of care.
-At 12 months, the mean VAS score for embrace-treated scars was significantly improved compared to control-treated scars, (difference = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [0.14, 0.66], p = 0.027).
-Both subjects and investigators found that embrace-treated scars demonstrated significant improvements in overall appearance at 12 months using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively).
"The differences at one year between the embrace-treated and control-treated scars were highly significant, showing no regression to the mean and an extremely positive long-term benefit in scar reduction with the embrace device," said Michael Longaker, MD, FACS and Co-Founder of Neodyne Biosciences.
"Neodyne is committed to providing clinically proven technologies to both surgeons and patients looking to minimize scarring," said Bill Beasley, President of Neodyne Biosciences, "embrace® is the first scar management product of its kind, and to our knowledge, no other scar treatment is backed by the same wealth of clinical data."


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Alternative Dispute Resolution (Mediation Services)
The Maine Judicial Branch was an early pioneer in providing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the courts, starting in the late 1970s. We continue to support the use of ADR in many different types of cases. Today, ADR is available through the Maine courts in Family Matters, Small Claims, evictions, civil and commercial cases, and in land use and environmental disputes. In some types of cases, the parties must participate in some form of ADR before they can proceed to a contested hearing. The Office of Court ADR maintains statewide rosters of neutrals who can provide mediation, arbitration, or early neutral evaluation in court cases.
To find out who is on the statewide Superior Court ADR rosters for mediation, arbitration and early neutral evaluation in civil cases, go to the Directory of ADR Neutrals on Superior Court Rosters.
To find mediators on the District Court Civil Litigation Mediation Roster for civil cases, go to the Directory of District Court Civil Litigation Mediation Roster.
To find mediators on the Land Use/Environmental Mediation Roster, go to the Land Use/Environmental Mediation Roster.
More information about ADR in the Maine courts:
- What is alternative dispute resolution?
- In what types of cases is ADR available?
- What happens in mediation?
- How do I prepare for mediation in my Family Matters case?
- How do I select a mediator, arbitrator or early neutral evaluator for my Superior Court case?
- How do I become a mediator, arbitrator or early neutral evaluator for the court?
- How do I find out about the Land Use Mediation Program? (Click here to view the Land Use Mediation brochure).
- How do I find an exit survey? (Word) Requires either Microsoft Word or the free Word Viewer.
- How do I make a complaint about a mediator on the court rosters? (PDF) This file requires the free Adobe Reader.
- Where do I find the court rules that govern ADR in the Maine courts?
- What is the Office of Court ADR?
- Learn about the Foreclosure Diversion Program for foreclosure cases.
- Contact the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) staff.


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Prior information about the average dielectric properties of breast tissue can be implemented in microwave breast imaging techniques to improve the results. Rapidly providing this information relies on acquiring a limited number of measurements and processing these measurement with efficient algorithms. Previously, systems were developed to measure the transmission of microwave signals through breast tissue, and simplifications were applied to estimate the average properties. These methods provided reasonable estimates, but they were sensitive to multipath. In this paper, a new technique to analyze the average properties of breast tissues while addressing multipath is presented. Three steps are used to process transmission measurements. First, the effects of multipath were removed. In cases where multipath is present, multiple peaks were observed in the time domain. A Tukey window was used to time-gate a single peak and, therefore, select a single path through the breast. Second, the antenna response was deconvolved from the transmission coefficient to isolate the response from the tissue in the breast interior. The antenna response was determined through simulations. Finally, the complex permittivity was estimated using an iterative approach. This technique was validated using simulated and physical homogeneous breast models and tested with results taken from a recent patient study.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


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Nek ChandNek Chand Saini
A waterfall in Chand's Rock Garden Born December 15, 1924(1924-12-15) (age 83)
Barian Kalan, Shakargarh, Punjab, British Indian Empire(now in Pakistan) Nationality IndianField Architecture, SculptureMovement Outsider ArtWorks The Rock Garden of Chandigarh
Nek Chand Saini (नेक चंद सैणी)is an Indian self-taught artist, famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh, a forty-acre (160,000 m²) sculpture garden in the city of Chandigarh, India. His family moved to Chandigarh in 1947 during the Partition. At the time, the city was being redesigned as a modern utopia by the Swiss/French architect Le Corbusier. It was to be the first planned city in India, and Chand found work there as a roads inspector for the Public Works Department in 1951.
The Rock Garden
In his spare time, Chand began collecting materials from demolition sites around the city. He recycled these materials into his own vision of the divine kingdom of Sukrani, choosing a gorge in a forest near Sukhna Lake for his work. The gorge had been designated as a land conservancy, a forest buffer established in 1902 that nothing could be built on. Chand's work was illegal, but he was able to hide it for eighteen years before it was discovered by the authorities in 1975. By this time, it had grown into a twelve-acre complex of interlinked courtyards, each filled with hundreds of pottery-covered concrete sculptures of dancers, musicians, and animals.
His work was in serious danger of being demolished, but he was able to get public opinion on his side, and in 1976 the park was inaugurated as a public space. Nek Chand was given a salary, a title ("Sub-Divisional Engineer, Rock Garden"), and a workforce of 50 laborers so that he could concentrate full-time on his work. It even appeared on an Indian stamp in 1983. The Rock Garden is still made out of recycled materials; and with the government's help, Chand was able to set up collection centers around the city for waste, especially rags and broken ceramics.
When Chand left the country on a lecture tour in 1996, the city withdrew its funding, and vandals attacked the park. The Rock Garden Society took over the administration and upkeep of this unique visionary environment. The garden is visited by over five thousand people daily, with a total of more than twelve million visitors since its inception.
Chand's statues have found their way into museums across the world, including an environment at the Capitol Children's Museum in Washington, DC, the American Folk Art Museum in New York City and the main entrance to the Musée de l'Art Brut in Lausanne, Switzerland. The John Michael Kohler Arts Center in Wisconsin, USA owns the largest collection of Chand's work outside of Chandigarh. The pieces are currently on exhibition there through January 2008 as part of the museum's focus on artist environment builders, or outsider artists.
An exhibition of Nek Chand's work also took place at the RIBA gallery in Liverpool, England from April 16th to May 11th 2007. The exhibition displayed survey drawings of the garden's architecture and landscaping, and plans to be a traveling exhibition.
- Brooke Davis Anderson (2006), Concrete Kingdom: Sculptures by Nek Chand. Folk Art 31(1–2): 42–49.
- Iain Jackson (2007), Politicised Territory: Nek Chand's Rock Garden in Chandigarh. Global Built Environment Review 2(2):51–68.
- Nek Chand Foundation, includes information on Chand and pictures of the garden.
- Nek Chand's Story from The Folk Art Messenger.
- Nek Chand – the untutored genius who built a paradise from Raw Vision
- Recent research on Chand's work is described at _URL_ and the Liverpool School of Architecture.
- A PBS Travelogue on Chand.
- Nek Chand's Rock Garden, and essay with photographs.
- Nek Chand page at the John Michael Kohler Arts Center.
- India - Nek Chand - Jivya Soma Mashe, photos of an exhibition of Chand and Mashe (in French).
- Pictures and history of the garden (in French).
- The Mosaics of Nek Chand


Inkless Paper Discovered, Printed With Light & Reused 80 Times
Yadong Yin, a professor of chemistry at the University of California at Riverside, along with his team of researchers introduced an innovative and revolutionary type of inkless paper that is printed with light, erased by heating and can be reused 80 times.
The vast majority of the general population depends on wood-based paper to print documents and to jot down notes. Printers use ink cartridges to print out letters, symbols, pictures or illustrations onto a piece of paper and individuals use pens and pencils to create marks on paper.
However, various research initiatives and papers published by institutions including the NY Times revealed that paper can only be recycled four to six times through the traditional recycling process. Once paper is recycled four times, the quality drastically decreases, to the point where it is no longer usable for printers.
The American Forest and Paper Association also noted that only 63.4 percent of paper are recovered for recycling. That means, not only is 36.6 percent of paper left unrecycled but the possibility of the 63.4 percent of paper to be recycled four to six times is substantially low.
Essentially, the type of paper invented by Yin is a coating layer placed on top of a normal piece of paper. The coating is composed of nanoparticles made up of chemical analogues and titanium oxide which reacts to ultraviolet light in a specific way. Once ultraviolet light is shed upon the coating layer, electrons from titanium oxide moves away to the chemical analogues, allowing the blue coating layer to turn white.
Texts or symbols can be printed on top of the coating layer by shedding ultraviolet light into certain shapes. Once light goes through a shape, letters and symbols are immediately printed onto the coating layer.
An interesting element of this revolutionary printing process is that the paper can be reused if heated to 120 Celsius. Unlike the traditional recycling process, the resetting process of the coating takes 10 minutes. As soon as the coating layer is heated and left to cool, it can be reused 80 times to print letters or symbols.
In a study entitled "Photocatalytic Color Switching of Transition Metal Hexacyanometalate Nanoparticles for High-Performance Light-Printable Rewritable Paper," Yin stated:
"Developing efficient photoreversible color switching systems for constructing rewritable paper is of significant practical interest owing to the potential environmental benefits including forest conservation, pollution reduction, and resource sustainability. This novel system can serve as an eco-friendly alternative to regular paper in meeting the increasing global needs for environment protection and resource sustainability.
As seen in the photograph, a coating layer of nanoparticles can be placed on top of a piece of paper and print letters or symbols using ultraviolet light. If this solution or technology becomes commercialized, people can potentially place the coating layer on certain parts of a piece of paper or a document to print out letters or symbols without having to replicate printed documents.
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Godin O. A., V. U. Zavorotny, A. G. Voronovich and V. V. Goncharov (April 2006): Refraction of sound in a horizontally inhomogeneous, time-dependent ocean. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 31 (2), 384-401. doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.838690Full text not available from this repository.
Measurements of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of a sound-speed field in the ocean with the spatial and temporal resolution required for prediction of acoustic fields are extremely demanding in terms of experimental assets, and they are rarely available in practice. In this study, a simple analytic technique is developed within the ray approximation to quantify the uncertainty in acoustic travel time and propagation direction that results from an incomplete knowledge or purely statistical characterization of sound-speed variability in the horizontal plane. Variation of frequency of an acoustic wave emitted by a narrowband source due to a temporal variation of environmental parameters is considered for deterministic and random media. In a random medium with locally statistically homogeneous, time-dependent 3-D fluctuations of the sound speed, calculation of the signal frequency and bearing angle variances as well as the travel-time bias due to horizontal refraction is approximately reduced to integration of respective statistical parameters of the environmental fluctuations along a ray in a background, range-dependent, deterministic medium. The technique is applied to acoustic transmissions in a coastal ocean, where tidally generated nonlinear internal waves are the prevailing source of sound-speed fluctuations, and in a deep ocean, where the fluctuations are primarily due to spatially diffuse internal waves with the Garrett-Munk spectrum. The significance of 3-D and four-dimensional (4-D) acoustic effects in deep and shallow water is discussed
|Divisions:||Physical Sciences Division|


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Clear and Colored Acrylic Contact Balls
Clear and Colored Acrylic Balls
The most common type of contact ball is made from acrylic plastic. It comes in three types: clear, colored or ultraviolet (black light-activated). The Renegade acrylic balls are made to a high-quality standard. Perfectly round, without inclusions, scratches or blemishes. Contact jugglers often select colored acrylic balls or stage balls if they are going to be used outdoors. A clear acrylic ball can act as a magnifying glass and burn your hands if used in direct sunlight.
- Clear and colored acrylic balls made in small sizes (41mm, 52m, 64mm 70mm) are mostly used for multi-ball contact juggling or by people with small hands.
- Clear and colored acrylic balls in larger sizes (76mm, 82mm, 95mm, 100mm, 120mm) are for singlehand manipulation.
- Ultraviolet (UV) balls are made with a special pigment so they illuminate when under black lights. The balls glow with a bluish tint.
- Stage balls are a great way to learn contact juggling. They are cheaper than acrylic balls and do not make a noise when dropped.
Pro tips (advanced and intermediate contact juggler)
There is a big quality difference between brands of acrylic balls. The vast majority of contact balls are made of recycled acrylic. This affects the clarity of the ball. Using lower-grade material will result in a ball with a slight grey tint, which is from dust or dirt from the factory. The best balls are made from recycled acrylic produced by a Japanese automated factory that molds with new material. The worst balls come from Chinese factories, which are dirty and use recycled source material. Balls made with new acrylic are have the best clarity by far but cost at least twice as much. Our acrylic contact balls are made from Japanese regrind.


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Bears Discover Fire is a 1990 Hugo Award-winning short story by Terry Bisson. It follows an ordinary man going about his life shortly after bears discover fire. The focus of the story is mostly on the narrator and his nephew and mother.
Story provides examples of:
- Bears Are Bad News: Averted. The bears are not nice, but they aren't mean either. They're just bears.
- Cool Old Lady: The narrator's mother.
- Creepy Uncle: Entirely averted. The narrator is arguably a better parent to his nephew than his nephew's real parents.
- Death Is Such An Odd Thing: The narrator's mixed emotions over his mother's death at the end of the story.
- Inferred Holocaust: The events at the end of the story suggest that the humans and bears won't get along peacefully for long.
- Most Writers Are Human: The fact that bears have discovered fire is the central point to the story, but the focus is still on the human characters. Otherwise averted, as the bears of the story are given few human characteristics.
- Title Drop: Early on in the story.


- Attorney Joseph Soler
The police officer is lying: I never gave consent to search
It is becoming increasingly common to read police reports where evidence of drugs was allegedly found after a "consensual" search only to speak to the defendant who is adamant that he or she never gave the police officer consent to search. This is becoming common to the point that there is a judicially recognized phrase to define it; it is referred to as: "consent to search under objectively questionable circumstances."
If this has happened to you, do not give up all hope. Though it can be difficult to convince the judge that you are the one he or she should believe and not the police officer, it may not be impossible. This is because police officers often only know the law to a certain degree. They will think that they are saying and writing the "right" things to convict a person, but will overlook many details that, if accurately and properly presented to the judge, will indicate that any supposed consent to search was in fact not freely and voluntarily given.
There is a tremendous amount of case law detailing specific facts and circumstances that indicate when a search is consensual and when it is not. Whether a search was consensual or not turns on much more than the allegations of the police officer—various factors such as the amount of officers present, their specific words and actions, and where the officers were positioned are just a few variables that will affect whether a search was truly consensual or not.
The art and science of the criminal defense attorney involves discovering the necessary facts, presenting them to the judge in the proper fashion, and arguing the relevant case law.
If you would like to meet with one of our criminal defense attorneys for a free case evaluation, call _PHONE_.
Also, for an excellent article/commentary on this issue, see this from staugustine.com.
For more information on our law firm and how we defend drug possession cases, please visit the Soler & Simon Drug Crimes page.
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What is Doctor Shopping in Florida?
Doctor shopping can entail multiple charges. The most common "doctor shopping" charge is withholding information from a physician. Florida law requires a person seeking a prescription for a controlled


What We Do
Eleventh Century
The Household portray knights and soldiers from the army of William the Conqueror as well as a military encampment during the period surrounding the Norman Conquest.
Twelfth Century
The Household portray a unit of professional soldiers in the employ of a noble person during the twelfth century and regularly portray the defenders of castles under siege.
Thirteenth Century
The Household portray knights and their retinues during the early thirteenth-century conflicts surrounding Magna Carta, known as the First Barons' War.
Historical Characters
The Household provide medieval characters such as kings, castellans, monks and musicians from the period _PHONE_.
The Household has a large authentic encampment bringing the sights and smells of the Anglo-Norman period to life.
The Household demonstrate a number of medieval crafts including fletching, maille-working, embroidery, cooking and many more.


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With this function you can construct your weekly calendar of lessons, which is customized on the basis of the courses that you intend to follow.
Warning: the personal schedule does not replace the presentation of the study plan! It's an informal tool that can help you better manage the organization of class attendance before the study plan presentation.
After the study plan presentation we recommend you to use the Lecture timetable service in your Online Services.
To create your customized schedule follow these instructions:
To add or remove courses from your personal schedule, use the small icons which are found next to the courses:
- Please enter your last name followed by the name in order to determ which alphabetic grouping your professors belong to to. If you just enter the last name, the alphabetic grouping may not be determined correctly.
The sidebar on the left displays the number of lessons included in schedule.
- addition of the course
- removal of the course
- selection of the section of the Laboratory of Architecture
(Note: the effective area in which the teaching will be carried out will be determined after the presentation of the Study Plans)
There are also these commands:
When you have finished the entry, you can print the calendar you have made.
- View the schedule: allows the viewing of the weekly synoptic schedule
- Delete the schedule: cancels the selections made


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Here's the post from Wired.com
1888: The earliest known musical recording is made. The piece, Georg Friedrich Handel's Israel in Egypt, is recorded on a paraffin cylinder.
Israel in Egypt, assigned the catalog number HWV 54, is an oratorio, a form in which Handel excelled. Like his more famous Messiah, Israel in Egypt is composed using biblical passages, mainly from Exodus and the Psalms.
Unlike the Messiah, however, it didn't enjoy much of a reception when it premiered in 1739. As a result, Handel shortened the work and inserted a few Italian arias to lighten the mood a bit.
Nevertheless, it was selected by Col. George Gourand, Thomas Edison's foreign sales agent, for the first musical recording. Gourand made his recording in London's Crystal Palace, using Edison's yellow paraffin cylinder -- candle wax, essentially.
(Source: Stanford University, National Park Service)


Why it is necessary to check the cost of living information before relocating?
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At present, many people are relocating to a new location due to various reasons but while relocating it is better to know some information about the city. Many people would search for information about the new location before planning to migrate or for a trip; it is people nature to do so. However, people wish to relocate to the sophisticated city in that Maryland is the best place and for more information, it is better to visit _URL_ official site to get all details. Although people check for several information most of them would wish to know about the cost of living in Maryland. This helps the people to calculate the minimum amount of living cost that is the minimum amount required to sustain their life in the new location. Minimum amount in a sense it includes various factors like cost of food and grocery, house rental cost, basic cost utility, transportation cost, healthcare cost, and many taxes. All the above lists are an essential thing for people to survive which would not remain common in all locations it may get differed based on the state and cities. To check the current cost of living in Maryland people can check on _URL_.
What is the cost of living in Maryland?
The index of the cost of living is involved with many primary locations which remain to be deciding factors of prices. Here are some useful information for people who wish to relocate to Maryland are listed below which helps them to calculate or to make an estimation about the cost of living in Maryland.
 - When the cost of living in Maryland is compared with the USA nation, the overall expenses is 25% higher in Maryland than expenses in the whole This is due to higher rate charges in basic utilities.
 - Cost of Housing rentals: if people wish to buy a house in Maryland the lowest cost is $100,000, and the average price for homes remains to be $103,360. If people go for house rent, then the price would range based on facility starting from one bedroom flat $1,187 through wish people can hold their monthly salary.
 - Utility costs: the utility cost in Maryland is $139.68 which is higher than the nations utility cost and to the nearby states. People need to pay this cost every month until it is included with house rent.
 - Cost of Food and groceries: in Maryland the food and grocery costs are 3% higher than the whole nation's food and grocery cost. So it is better for people to have home cooking rather than having in restaurants which would cost more.
 - Transportation costs: the transportation cost is higher than whole nations cost in order to make people favor the passes are provided to use public transit which cost $68 per month. If not people wish to drive their own vehicle, then the average cost for gas is $1.844 which is 3% higher than the national cost.
Apart from all the higher cost people get medical cost somewhat lower than national cost about 3%. In addition to all these Maryland possess state income taxes which ranges of 2% to 5.75% and even more.
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Preaching in Troubled Times
Troubled times can be caused by global pandemics, national disasters, or more local challenges on a city or church level. In this world we will have trouble. And when trouble comes, the preacher gets to point people to God's Word to find the comfort and to stir the response of faith that is needed. The problem is, we don't do ministry in a case study. People don't tend to respond in a textbook fashion when problems come. Just a few verses after the one above comes Psalm 10:1 – "Why, O LORD, do you stand far away? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble?" By definition, these seasons of ministry are not easy, but here are five important things to keep in mind:
1. The Preacher's Relationship with God – Be Healthy. Maybe it is obvious, but it bears stating. You need to be in a healthy place to have the reserves to serve others effectively. Remember Martha. She was trying to do the right thing, but somehow she had gotten the two great commandments out of order. She was doing the classic evangelical mistake – "loving God by loving others." It is unsustainable. Be sure to sit at Jesus' feet and let him minister to you before you continue to minister to others. (And remember that being healthy is not just spiritual... what about sleep, exercise, diet? What about emotionally and relationally?)
2. The Preacher's Relationship with Listeners – Be Sensitive. Remember that different people react in different ways to the same crisis. Listening to our culture it would be easy to only address the fear of dying in the current pandemic. But for some their concern is finance, employment, other vulnerable people, loneliness, mental health, etc. We need to know what is really going on with the people we preach to, and they need to know that we are real too. Be appropriately transparent. A crisis is a time to offer strength and stability, but don't come across as Superman. You are allowed to struggle too, just invite others into a faithful response and share the journey together. When troubles hit, people tend to pull back. Be sure to pursue connections with people in your church. You may not see them on Sunday (or may not be allowed to meet in some strange circumstances), but you still have a phone. There are ways to stay connected. We need to do that if we are to preach effectively.
3. The Listener's Relationship with Circumstances – Be Hopeful. In the midst of crisis people need to have perspective. It is not helpful to dismiss a crisis. I remember a lecturer on 9/11 being dismissive of the situation (it didn't help!) But do offer perspective with gentleness. Remember also that people have troubles that are not "the trouble" too. I am waiting for someone to fix our hot water boiler right now... that is not a Covid-19 issue, but it is today's issue in our house! People still have other health concerns during a pandemic, people still have marital struggles during a war, people still struggle with parenting during a natural disaster. In the midst of it all, cast a vision. Could God be teaching us to pray like we have never prayed before? Is God growing greater depth and dependence on him in our church? Maybe God is shaking the culture to wake it up to spiritual realities? (Don't make prophetic pronouncements, just help people to look on their circumstances in light of Scripture.)
4. The Listener's Relationship with God – Be "Evangelistic." There will be people who are not yet believers and the crisis might be the perfect moment... point them to Jesus. There will be people who have been believers for years and they too need to be pointed to Jesus. Help people to know that God is who they need and he can be accessed through the Bible. That is, be biblical. Don't jettison your biblical preaching in order to offer personal wisdom, or to drift into political proclamation, or to distract people with empty entertainment. You may need to preach from somewhere else in the Bible, but do preach the Bible.
5. The Preacher and Preaching – Be Adaptable. Your eight month series in Ezekiel may not be appropriate when a crisis hits. It is ok to suspend a series and be a bit more targeted when necessary. After 9/11 a significant proportion of preachers just continued their series. That was a big missed opportunity to show love, care and a word from God in a key moment. So you may need to adapt your content, and you may also need to adapt your approach. In the last year many of us have learned to use new technology, to preach to camera, to shift to a mixed setting with some people present and others watching at home. Crises, big and small, tend to invite adaptability. By all means do things differently, just don't disappear.
What would you add? What things are helpful to ponder during challenging times?
How Long to Prepare a Sermon?
Seven Benefits of a Slow-Burn Project
A lot of ministry happens on fairly short notice. The weekly rhythm keeps ticking like a metronome, and it tends to get interrupted by emergencies. Church emergencies, outside ministry requests, family issues, as well as things going wrong in the house, etc., there is always something pressing. This is why sermon preparation tends to fit into the few days before Sunday. And sometimes it is like a game of Tetris making it fit!
If you don't already have one, consider adding one more thing to your load. A slow-burn, no-pressure, long-term project. Something that motivates you biblically and theologically.
Here are seven benefits of this kind of approach:
 1. Redeem the time without stress. When people talk about redeeming the time, it sometimes becomes a frantic multi-tasking that ends up costing us sanity and productivity. Having a slow-burn project allows you to use ten minutes here and there in a way that feels enriching rather than annoying.
 2. Read different materials. I don't tend to have the time to read journal articles when I am preparing a sermon. But with a slow-burn project I can accumulate and gradually engage with different types of materials.
 3. Get assistance in your research. It is rarely helpful to ask around for a resource when sermon prep is pressing (other than going to that friend who has a good commentary to borrow, of course). But with this kind of project I find that I ask more random people if anything comes to mind and sometimes get some very helpful things in return.
 4. Dig deeper into the text. When Sunday is coming, the sermon has to come sooner. But with a long-term project there is room to analyse the biblical text more thoroughly. If you have enough Greek or Hebrew you can really dig in and dwell in the text. You can become really familiar with a passage, its parsing, its logic, its nuances, its uniqueness. No pressure. No rush. (And if you are probing something theological or historical, you can probe so much deeper there too.)
 5. Find schedule-shifting motivation. When there isn't a deadline pressing you on a project, there will be times when that project lies almost dormant. And other times when you feel that spark that motivates you to move other things out of the way in order to make progress on the project. That is always the best kind of pressure, the kind that builds up inside your soul to give attention to something that is motivating you.
 6. There may be a surprising ministry outcome. Don't rush this part, but a slow project can yield surprising fruit. Obviously there may be a sermon or a series to be had, but don't rush into that. Could there be a seminar or workshop that would help others? It could also be a magazine, or journal, article. Maybe it will move you into an academic season and become a thesis or dissertation. Perhaps a book.
 7. There will be a welcome personal outcome. Whether or not your slow-burn project yields an outcome in terms of specific ministry, it will yield all the great fruits of long-term pondering on and dwelling in God's Word. It may be that it sparks an interest in another aspect of Scripture, or a writer from church history, or an aspect of theology, that becomes heart food for a future season of life and ministry. The slow-burn project may yield an outcome of real value for others, but it will almost certainly do something even deeper in you.
What slow-burn long-term project have you found has had a big impact in your life and ministry?
Strange Authority Speakers: 12 Concerns
Some time ago I heard someone speaking that I had never heard of before. I watched with a growing sense of dismay. What bothered me so much? I have pondered this speaker as well as others I have heard in the past, and have concluded that the unifying thread in my concerns was this: the strange authority with which this person spoke.
I am thinking out loud in this post, trying to help myself figure it out. Here are some concerning features of that strange authority that may be helpful to ponder. If any of these are true of your ministry, I would urge you to honestly talk through this post with a church leader or two. If several of these are true of someone you listen to, maybe you shouldn't be listening to them?
1. Having to declare their authority generally means they are not an authority. If you speak your subject well, then people will recognize your authority. But speak of your authority on a subject and people may feel that you are trying to make it so.
2


Riots, uprisings & plots
Atterbury Plot
The Atterbury Plot (1721–1722) was a conspiracy named after Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, aimed at restoring the House of Stuart to the throne of Great Britain.
Battle of Howe Bridge
The Battle of Howe Bridge took place on 4 February 1881 against the background of an acrimonious strike by 50,000 miners from pits on the Lancashire coalfield that was characterised by mobs of miners picketing working pits.
Five Members
Five members of parliament whom King Charles tried to have arrested in the House of Commons on 4 January 1642.
Fortescue Conspiracy
An attempt in 1558 to foretell the duration of the the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was an attempt to assassinate King James I and re-establish a Catholic monarchy by blowing up the House of Lords.
Leighth Feight
The Leighth Feight was a clash between Chartists and police in Leigh in Lancashire in August 1839.
Peterloo Massacre
The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.
Power-loom riots
The power-loom riots of 1826 took place in Lancashire, England, in protest against the economic hardship suffered by traditional hand loom weavers caused by the widespread introduction of the much more efficient power loom.
Waldegrave Conspiracy
The Waldregrave Conspiracy of 1561 was a supposed plot to kill Queen Elizabeth I and reintroduce Catholicism to England.


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I am working on the parallelization an algorithm, which roughly does the following:
- Read several text documents with a total of 10k words.
- Create an objects for every word in the text corpus.
- Create a pair between all word-objects (yes, O(n)). And return the most frequent pairs.
I would like to parallelize the 3. step by creating the pairs between the first 1000 word-objects the rest on the fist machine, the second 1000 word-objects on the next machine, etc.
My question is how to pass the objects created in the 2. step to the Mapper? As far as I am aware I would require input files for this and hence would need to serialize the objects (though haven't worked with this before). Is there a direct way to pass the objects to the Mapper?
Thanks in advance for the help
UPDATE Thank you for reading my question before. Serialization seems to be the best way to solve this (see java.io.Serializable). Furthermore, I have found this tutorial useful to read data from serialized objects into hadoop: _URL_


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purposes 70% is a C+ or a B. In some programs, 70% memory could qualify as an F. So following this rule to the letter probably wouldn't result in an exceptional GPA.
However, you can modify this rule when creating connections between ideas. Understand something to 70% proficiency, then dive deeper and understand the ideas around it. Here are some examples:
* Understand a formula 70%, and then dive into its proof.
* Learn a philosophical argument to 70%, and then examine the counterarguments.
* Read to understand a management theory 70%, then view it's applications.
* Remember 70% of the words of a new language, then practice using them in dialog.
If you use this approach to study, you can start building those connections earlier. Instead of waiting until you have something memorized before you start connecting ideas, you start exploring immediately. This reduces the burden of memorization and helps you learn faster.
When is Memorization Necessary?
Like all rules, the practice of connecting ideas has places where it doesn't work terribly well in. When you need to remember bulk information, with no particular meaning, sometimes rote memorization is the best way to go. Human brains are meaning-makers, and learning through connections is an approach built off that function. So when you have to understand copious amounts of information that have no logical relationship, you may struggle to form connections.
I hesitate to say this, however, because 95% of information isn't meaningless, otherwise you wouldn't bother learning it. There is a pattern, and if you invest some time in finding it, you greatly increase the chances it will stick to the inside of your skull.


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Slow movement resistance training increases muscle thickness and strengthPosted on Tuesday, 8 January, 2013 by anthony
Recent research has provided further evidence for the support of slow movement repetitions for muscle building. In this study older men and women performed low intensity (50% of 1 rep max) resistance exercises (leg extensions and flexion) to working the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups. One group completed the repetitions at a normal speed (1-second concentric phase [lifting phase], 1-second eccentric phase [lowering phase] and 1-second rest between each repetition) whilst the experimental group completed the repetitions at a much slower speed (3-second concentric phase, 3-second eccentric phase, and 1-second isometric with no rest between the repetitions).
The effect of slow movement resistance training on muscle size and strength
The researchers found that whilst both groups increased strength it was only the slow repetition group that showed significant increases in thigh muscle thickness. Therefore, for older individuals the combination of low intensity resistance exercise (i.e. 50% of 1RM) with slow movement speed (3-second concentric and eccentric with 1-second isometrics) appears to effective for muscle building.
Watanabe Y, Tanimoto M, Ohgane A, Sanada K, Miyachi M, Ishii N. (2013) Increased muscle size and strength from slow-movement, low-intensity resistance exercise and tonic force generation. J Aging Phys Act. 2013 Jan;21(1):71-84.Back to Muscle Building News


people of color | WAMC
people of color
Book cover for "Black Girl, Call Home"
It is National Poetry Month and we talk this morning with poet Jasmine Mans about her new collection: "Black Girl, Call Home." The collection explores the intersection of race, feminism, and queer identity. It is a deeply emotional and personal ode to the places we come from, and a piercing meditation on identity.
Mans caused a stir when a video of her performing her poem "Footnotes for Kanye" went viral on YouTube. Since then, she has continued to build a following through her live performances at venues like the Kennedy Center and Broadway's New Amsterdam Theater and on stages across the country,
Her new book "Black Girl, Call Home" is inspired and informed by her own life and offers an important perspective on the world we live in. Poems from the collection have been featured by Elle and O, The Oprah Magazine, part of the national dialogue about issues and events that deeply affect people of color.
The new book "400 Souls" is a unique one volume community history of African Americans. The editors Ibram X. Kendi and Keyshia Blaine have assembled 90 brilliant writers, each of whom takes on a five year period of that 400 year span.
The writers explore their periods through a variety of techniques: historical essays, short stories, personal vignettes, and fiery polemics. They approach history from various perspectives. Through the eyes of towering historical icons are the untold stories of ordinary people through places laws and objects.


Home > News > Technical Article > The Difference Of Frame Rate,.....
The Difference Of Frame Rate, Stream and Resolution
 - Author:mvteam
 - Source:mvteamcctv.com
 - Release on:2015-11-05
Frame rate is the quantity of image, resolution is the size of each image, that Means definition stream is the date quantity / second video after compressed, compressing is spantial reduce redundancy and time redundancy. So for stillness scenario, can getter better image quality, but for movement scenario, difficult to reach good image quality with high stream.
So Conclusion: setting Means realtime frame rate, resolution setting Means the image size, setting stream depends on the camera and scenarion, throuhg debut, until they get a acceptable image quality.
Frame Rate:
A frame is a stillness of the image, continuous frame forms of animation, like televison image. The frame rate usually we said, simple saying, image frame Transferred in 1 second, also can be understood is how many times the graphics image processor can update in 1 second. High frame rage can get more fluid and realistic image.
It Means used video data flow per unit time, it's the most important part in image quality control. Under the same resolution, the video stream of bigger, compressing smaller, higher quality image.
Resolution Means the size of image. Common resolution is 352 × 288.176 × 144.640 × 768 × _PHONE_, in the group digital, the former is the length of image, the latter is the width of image, two multiply, get resolution of image, usually we length: width is 4: 3.
MVTEAM Shenzhen Technology Co., Ltd. is China CCTV IP Camera manufacturer, focus on CCTV Surveillance for more than 10 years.


With the average daily U.S. commute at about 25 minutes, many workers are spending at least an hour traveling each day to and from work. For some densely populated cities, such as Chicago or New York, this average is 30 to 35 minutes, sometimes more.
Then, there are workers who are considered "extreme commuters," who travel more than 90 minutes each way to their jobs each day (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau). That's at least three hours spent in the car, on the bus, or otherwise, traveling every day to work.
While you might be eager at the chance to jump at any job opportunityno matter the commutethere are important things to consider before taking a job with a long commute. Here are some questions you may want to ask yourself:
1. Can you afford the costs? If you plan to commute with your personal car, the costs can be killer. Gas, car repairs, regular car maintenance, and public transportation costs are just some of the costs you might incur on your daily commute. Not to mention adding to pollution and increasing your health risks for things such as high blood pressure and musculoskeletal disorders.
2. Is the job really worth it? Sure, you might be getting paid more money than if you accepted a job in your local area, but does the increased salary really make up for the other things you'll need to worry about? Commuting costs, lost time, and more stress are just a few to consider.
3. Can you handle it? Will the trade-off ultimately be worth it? There are a lot of stories of workers taking on long commutes for what they think are good reasons, only to regret their decision in the end.
4. Will it eliminate a lot of your free time? Do you enjoy spending time off with family and friends? Do you like going to the movies during the week or enjoy helping your kids with homework? Think about how much free time accepting a job with a long commute might eliminate, and consider if you can accept not having as much time for things you enjoy.
What do you think? Would you accept a great job with a long commute? Have you had one before? Share your thoughts in the comments below.


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Atlas de Jordanie
The Atlas of Jordan provides 17 thematic maps on social and environmental issues, distributed over various areas and over time, including expansion of drought, water balance and polarization; population growth, density and distribution; migration and urbanization trends; land use planning and settlement patterns.
These maps contribute to identify existing and future physical and social vulnerabilities to disasters, such as land use plans, migration patterns and water shortage. The maps can serve as a source for sustainable development planning, with integrated disaster risk reduction measures.
The work combines different scales of analysis (localities, urban areas, subdistricts, districts, governorates and regions) to present the dynamics of the Jordanian territory in a new way.
The work on the Atlas of Jordan began in January 2006 with a team of researchers from the French Institute of Near East Studies, under the supervision of Dr. Myriam Ababsa. The 17 main plates of the Thematic Atlas of Jordan were exhibited in Amman in 2009. The project is finalized and the Atlas is expected to be published in 2011.
The Atlas is the result of cooperation with several Jordanian institutions including the Royal Geographic Centre, the Department of Statistics, the Ministry of Town Councils, the Ministry of Water, the Centre of Natural Resources, and the Land Registry Department.
The publication is supported by the French National Centre for Scientific Research, the National Research Agency (Citadain project), the Academic Agency of French speakers and the Delegation of the European Union in Jordan.
- Themes:Climate Change, Environment, Food Security & Agriculture, GIS & Mapping, Risk Identification & Assessment, Urban Risk & Planning, Water
- Hazards:Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Heat Wave


COMMAND is that they are currently subjected to automatic recognition of '-?' and '-help', i.e. to print out help on their respective subjects.
Options in general
The APPEXT options can be loosely grouped in debugging, logging and context setting options. Current options given below, bold are defaults:
APPEXT Options
flag explanation
By default makes available instances of a progress monitor implementation somewhat suitable for console use. If turned off, produces NullProgressMonitor instances. Individual commands must ask the context for an instance when needed.
-tmpdir Defaults to the value of, but can be set by the user to directory tmp files to another location. Individual commands must ask the context for the value and use it.
-log This is shorthand for turning on all logging and send it to stdout.
-logtofile Similar to --log but directs logging to a specific file.
-logconfiguration Allows the user to specify a specific log4j configuration rather than the defaults
Only applicable when --logtofile is used - either appends to the file or overwrites it.
Turns on/off trapping of System.out
-trapoutloggername In case the user has some exotic log configuration set by --logconfiguration, the name used to log System.out traps can be customized
Turns on/off trapping of System.err
-traperrloggername In case the user has some exotic log configuration set by --logconfiguration, the name used to log System.err traps can be customized
Turns on/off trapping of the regular Eclipse log
-trapeclipselogloggername In case the user has some exotic log configuration set by --logconfiguration, the name used to log Eclipse log traps can be customized
-pdelaunch (as described above)
Command names
But also as usual, users dislike typing so much - thus, APPEXT will attempt to match command names bottom up; as long as there's only one possible match, APPEXT is happy and will dispatch. But, if collisions arise, the user may need to become specific. E.g. the commands and can't be reached as 'foo'; they will have to be used as '' and '' respectively (or, obviously using the full names).


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Baker Hughes Announces Revolutionary Conformable Sand Control System
System reliably controls sand with "smart" shape memory polymer that conforms to borehole HOUSTON, TEXAS - March 10, 2011 - Baker Hughes (NYSE: BHI) announced today the commercial launch of its GeoFormTM conformable sand management system with shape memory polymer (SMP) technology. A completely new approach to sand control, the GeoForm system reliably conforms to the borehole in an openhole environment-radically reducing complexity versus traditional gravel pack systems while improving efficiency, reducing rig time and mitigating risks associated with conventional techniques.
The system uses shape memory polymer (SMP) that is manufactured to a desired shape and size, placed on the outside of base pipe-similar to conventional screens-and then "compacted" to a smaller shape conducive to running in hole. When exposed to bottomhole temperatures and a catalyst, this "smart" material expands to its original shape to fully contact the borehole wall; conform to borehole abnormalities; and provide a positive stress on the formation. This positive stress stabilizes the near wellbore region and controls sand migration.
"We believe that the GeoForm system is a revolutionary technology that can deliver a step change in reliable performance for our offshore and deepwater markets," says Derek Mathieson, president of products and technology for Baker Hughes. "We developed the'smart' materials used in the shape memory polymer in the GeoForm system while researching designer materials, and particularly how those materials from other scientific disciplines can be applied or modified for hydrocarbon exploration and production.
"We are especially encouraged by the commercial launch of our first product using this new technology and look forward to developing new products based on cutting-edge material science."
The ability of the GeoForm sand management system to conform to abnormalities and provide a residual borehole strain is designed to offer superior protection vs. standard gravel packs and expandable screens and to reduce the likelihood of plugging or loss of sand control due to compaction. These advantages can mitigate the risk of costly workovers. The system also affords better sand filtration efficiency covering a wider range of sand grains and requires a smaller installation footprint than traditional technology, which reduces equipment, manpower and rig time requirements.
Its modular design allows easy integration with existing Baker Hughes technologies such as EQUALIZERTM inflow control devices, SelectaflowTM screen isolation, or REPackerTM zonal isolation technology. Its flexibility also makes it an ideal solution for remediating existing sand control issues. The shape memory polymer can be deployed across the production interval to repair sanding problems through an existing completion.
Baker Hughes provides reservoir consulting, drilling, formation evaluation, completions, pressure pumping and production products and services to the worldwide oil and gas industry.


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Vista: Disable UAC for select applications
Microsoft has released a Knowledgebase article that explains how users can disable UAC, that is the User Account Control, for select applications in Windows Vista.
This solution requires an administrator account and the Application Compatibility Toolkit which can be downloaded from Microsoft directly.
The advantage of this solution is that you can disable the User Account Control for selected applications only while keeping it enabled for most programs.
This is for instance useful if you use an application day in day out but get UAC prompts whenever you fire it up. This can be annoying especially if you trust the program and don't think Windows should display the prompt each time as you accept it anyway.
The following process has to be run only once but it takes some time, here are the steps:
- Download and install the Application Compatibility Toolkit.
- In the Start menu, locate the new folder of the Application Compatibility Toolkit.
- Find the shortcut for Compatibility Administrator.
- Right click it and click Run as administrator.
- In the left hand pane, right-click on the database under Custom Databases and select Create New, and then Application Fix.
- Enter a name and other details of the application you want to alter behavior on and then browse to it to select it. Click Next.
- Click Next until you are in the Compatibility Fixes screen.
- On the Compatibility Fixes screen, find the item RunAsInvoker, and check it.
- Click Next and then Finish.
- Select File and Save As. Save the file as a filename.SDB type file in a directory you will easily find it.
- Copy the.sdb file to the Vista computer you want to alter the elevation prompt behavior on.
- Click Start>All Programs>Accessories. Right click Command Prompt and click Run as administrator.
- Run the command below: sdbinst \.sdb
- For example, if you saved the.SDB file as abc.sdb in the c:\Windows folder, the command should be this: sdbinst c:\windows\abc.sdb
- It should prompt: Installation of complete.
If everything went fine, Windows Vista should not display an UAC prompt anymore for the program.Advertisement


As installed, the Oracle ATG Web Commerce default configuration enables event messaging for distributed TCP caching mode; you only need to ensure that the das_gsa_subscriber table is properly created in your database.
Event server
All SQL repositories in a given Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance set their eventServer property to the same event server component. The default component path is:
Event server ports
By default, each event server listens for cache invalidation events on a port that is randomly assigned by the operating system. Alternatively, you can set an event server component's port property to a permanent port number—for example, in order to bypass a firewall.
Event server connection timeout
Occasionally, an Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance's event server is inaccessible—for example, the host machine has gone down. You can control the length of time allowed to establish a socket connection to an event server through its connectTimeout property—by default, set to 60000 milliseconds.
If a connection attempt times out, the event server attempting to connect prints a warning message. Also, the routing information for the item descriptor on the unresponsive Oracle ATG Web Commerce instance is removed from das_gsa_subscriber. The event server starts a new connection attempt after the time span specified in its connectRetryTimeout property, initially set to 120000 milliseconds.
GSAEvent timeout
An event server determines whether other event servers are alive by their responses to the GSAEvents that it sends. If an event server does not respond within the time span specified by its sendRemoteEventTimeout property—by default, 60000 milliseconds—the sending event server assumes an invalid socket connection to the non-responding event server and drops the corresponding GSAConnection from its connection table. It then attempts to reconnect within the time span specified by its connectTimeout property.
An event server uses its sendRemoteEventTimeout property only if its enableSendRemoteEventTimeout property is set to true (the default setting).


Walled garden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the technology term, see walled garden (technology).
The exterior of a typical walled garden where the stone acts as a slow-release reradiator of solar energy.
Creation of microclimates[edit]
The shelter provided by enclosing walls can raise the ambient temperature within a garden by several degrees, creating a microclimate that permits plants to be grown that would not survive in the unmodified local climate.
Most walls are constructed from stone or brick, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against the wall, allowing peaches, nectarines, and grapes to be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland.
Movable blocks to control the movement of hot air in the heated wall at Eglinton Country Park.
The ability of a well-designed walled garden to create widely varying stable environments is illustrated by this description of the rock garden in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris5ème arrondissement, where over 2,000 species from a variety of climate zones ranging from mountainous to Mediterranean are grown within a few acres:
Heated walls[edit]
A number of walled gardens in Britain have one hollow wall with openings in the stonework on the side facing towards the garden, so that fires could be lit inside the wall to provide additional heat to protect the fruit growing against the wall. Heat would escape into the garden through these openings, and the smoke from the fires would be directed upwards through chimneys or flues. This kind of hollow wall is found at Croxteth Hall in Liverpool (England), and Eglinton Country Park and Dunmore House, both in Scotland. In the 1800s, such walls were lined with pipes and connected to a boiler, as at Bank Hall in Bretherton.
The traditional design of a walled garden, split into four quarters separated by paths, and a wellhead or pool at the centre, dates back to the very earliest gardens of Persia. The hortus conclusus or "enclosed garden" of High Medieval Europe was more typically enclosed by hedges or fencing, or the arcades of a cloister; though some protection from weather and effective protection from straying animals was afforded, these were not specifically walled gardens.
Kitchen gardens[edit]
In the United Kingdom, many country houses also had walled kitchen gardens—which are distinct from decorative gardens—ranging in extent from one acre to 20 or even 30 acres, "depending on the size of the household. One acre was expected to supply enough produce for twelve people."[2] The very largest gardens served extremely large households; for example, the royal kitchen garden at Windsor, built for Queen Victoria in 1844, initially occupied 22 acres and was subsequently enlarged to cover 31 acres.[3] Kitchen gardens received their greatest elaboration in the second half of the 19th century.[4] Many of these labour-intensive gardens fell into disuse in the 20th century, but others have been revived to house primarily decorative gardens, some of which also produce fruit, vegetables and flowers for cutting.
Susan Campbell, in a book devoted to walled kitchen gardens, mentions several factors which contribute to the productiveness of a kitchen garden:
In literature[edit]
Psyche Opening the Door into Cupid's Garden, by John William Waterhouse
In the story of Susanna and the Elders, a walled garden is the scene of both an alleged tryst and an attempted rape. Because of the walls, the community is unable to determine which actually occurred.
In John William Waterhouse's interpretation of the myth of Cupid and Psyche, Psyche lived in Cupid's walled garden.
Much of the storyline of Frances Hodgson Burnett's children's story The Secret Garden revolves around a walled garden which has been locked for ten years.
"Rappaccini's Daughter", a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, takes place almost entirely within the confines of a walled garden in which Beatrice, the lovely daughter of a mad scientist, lives alongside gorgeous but lethal flowers.
British examples of elaborate walled gardens include Shugborough (England), Bodysgallen Hall (Wales), Alnwick Castle (England), Luton Hoo (England), Polesden Lacey (England), Myres Castle (Scotland) Muchalls Castle (Scotland), and Trengwainton Garden (Cornwall).
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Rodolphe Trouilleux, Unexplored Paris. Paris: Parigramme, 1996, 2009, p. 61
 2. ^ a b Susan Campbell, Walled Kitchen Gardens. Oxford: Shire Publications, 2013 (1998), p. 5.
 3. ^ Susan Campbell, Walled Kitchen Gardens. Oxford: Shire Publications, 2013 (1998), p. 6.
 4. ^ Susan Campbell, A History of Kitchen Gardening; Jennifer Davies, The Victorian Garden (1987, based on a BBC series)
Further reading[edit]


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Redirecting standard output and standard error
The first specifies that all error messages should be sent to /dev/null
The second says to redirect standard output to /dev/null and redirect standard error to standard output, meaning all output to both standard output/error are redirected to /dev/null.
The third, 2>&1 indicates that the standard error (2>) is redirected to the same file descriptor that is pointed by standard output (&1).
2 represents standard error and 1 standard output


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How to Make a Mosaic Wildflower Monolith Sign
Design a ceramic tile flower to decorate a stone sign.
Materials and Tools:
1-by-1-inch and 2-by-2-inch ceramic tile in various colors
PVA (polyvinyl acetate) glue
contractor-grade waterproof sealant
bucket of water
offset tile nippers
square of wood for work surface
1. Cut and shape the wildflower with offset tile nippers and ceramic tile. Quarter a 2-by-2-inch off-white tile, and shape each square meticulously into a flower petal.
2. Shape several off-white tile petals.
3. Shape the corolla in the same manner from a 1-by-1-inch deep-yellow tile.
5. Cut a square from fiberglass mesh using scissors. Cover a scrap piece of wood with wax paper to use as a work surface. Tape the wax paper onto the wood. This will prevent glue from leaking through the mesh and sticking to the surface.
6. Tape the mesh to the wax paper on the scrap wood. Mark the center and a border around the mesh.
7. Starting at the center, glue the tile pieces for the flower first, and then glue the background tiles around the flower with PVA glue. "Butter" each individual piece with glue and put it into place on the mesh. Let the glue dry.
8. Prepare the substrate by tracing a template the approximate size of the mosaic on the stone with a pencil.
9. Wearing safety glasses and a respirator, use a grinder to score the prescribed space to the right depth and chisels to remove the small chunks within. When you're done, there will be a recessed well the depth of the tile.
10. Mix the mortar with water and apply it to the space for the mosaic. Press the mosaic into the mortar to assure a good bond. Allow ample time for the mortar to cure, which will vary depending on how thick the mortar is mixed, with 12 to 24 hours being optimal.
11. Mix sanded grout with water to the consistency of pudding. Mask off the stone around the edges of the opening. Apply the grout to the mosaic with a float, filling all spaces between the tiles. Let the grout stand for about 15 minutes, and then clean the monolith wildflower sign with a wet sponge. Remove the grout haze with a terry-cloth towel. Pull off the masking tape.
12. Let the grout cure for a minimum of 48 hours, and then seal the mosaic sign with a high-quality sealant applied with a foam brush.