text:
The Administration of NSW Volume 1
Politics‚ Patronage and Public Works
The early 1840s saw the campaign for colonial self-government gain momentum driven by massive social and political change. Pressures such as the growth and dispersal of the population; the government's direct responsibility for expensive infrastructure; and the democratic, disorganised nature of colonial politics necessitated administrative innovation and improvisation.
Hilary Golder's history locates administrative developments in their social and political context, showing how the administration of New South Wales developed in response to a set of distinctively Australian problems and solutions. She has drawn on parliamentary papers, politicians' private correspondence and the rich resource of surviving government records to attempt a more sympathetic reading of administrative challenges in a growing colony.
Government was responsible for an exponential growth in the number
of colonial public servants, including armies of railway workers and teachers. By 1895 this expansion had become unaffordable and the Public Service Board was set up to retrench and regulate government employment and priorities - reformers condemning the previous arrangements as extravagant, inefficient and even corrupt.
To purchase a copy
The price of the guide is $59.95 over the counter or $71.95 by mail.


text:
Altair 8800 Computer with 8 inch floppy disk systemThe MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975, based on the Intel 8080 CPU and sold as a mail-order kit through advertisements in Popular Electronics, Radio-Electronics and other hobbyist magazines. The designers intended to sell only a few hundred to hobbyists, and were surprised when they sold thousands in the first month. Today the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution of the next few years: The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC. History
While serving at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base, Ed Roberts and Forrest M. Mims III decided to use their electronics background to produce small kits for model rocket hobbyists. In 1969, Roberts and Mims, along with Stan Cagle and Robert Zaller, founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in Roberts' garage in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and started selling radio transmitters and instruments for model rockets.The model rocket kits were a modest success and MITS wanted to try a kit that would appeal to more hobbyists. The November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics featured the Opticom, a kit from MITS that would send voice over a LED light beam. Mims and Cagle were losing interest in the kit business so Roberts bought his partners out, then began developing a calculator kit. Electronic Arrays had just announced a set of 6 LSI ICs that would make a four function calculator. The MITS 816 calculator kit used the chip set and was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. This calculator kit sold for $175 ($275 assembled.) Forrest Mims wrote the assembly manual for this kit and many others over the next several years. He often accepted a copy of the kit as payment.The calculator was successful and was proceeded by several improved models. The MITS 1440 calculator was featured in the July 1973 issues of Radio-Electronics. It had a 14 digit display, memory and square root. The kit sold for $200 and the assembled version was $250. MITS later developed a programmer unit that would connect to the 816 or 1440 calculator and allow programs of 256 steps.In additions to calculators, MITS made a line of test equipment kits. These included an IC tester, a waveform generator, a digital voltmeter and several other instruments. To keep up with the demand, MITS moved into a larger building at 6328 Linn NE in Albuquerque in 1973. They installed a wave soldering machine and an assembly line at the new location. In 1972, Texas Instruments developed its own calculator chip and started selling complete calculators at less than half the price of other commercial models. MITS and many other companies were devastated by this, and Roberts struggled to reduce his quarter-million-dollar debt. Popular Electronics
January 1975 Popular Electronics with the Altair 8800 computerIn January 1972, Popular Electronics merged with another Ziff-Davis magazine, Electronics World. The change in editorial staff upset many of their authors and they started writing for a competing magazine, Radio-Electronics. In 1972 and 1973 some of the best construction projects appeared in Radio-Electronics. Art Salsberg became editor in 1974 with goal of reclaiming the lead in projects. He was impressed with Don Lancaster's TV Typewriter (Radio Electronics, September 1973) article and wanted computer projects for Popular Electronics. Don Lancaster did an ASCII keyboard for Popular Electronics in April 1974. They were evaluating a computer trainer project by Jerry Ogdin when the Mark-8 8008 based computer by Jonathan Titus appeared on the July 1974 cover of Radio-Electronics. The computer trainer was put on hold and the editors looked for a real computer system. (Popular Electronics gave Jerry Ogdin a column, Computer Bits, starting in June 1975.) One of the editors, Les Solomon, knew MITS was working on an Intel 8080 based computer project and thought Roberts could provide the project for the always popular January issue. The TV Typewriter and the Mark-8 computer projects were just a detailed set of plans and a set of bare printed circuit boards. The hobbyist faced the daunting task of acquiring all of the integrated circuits and other components. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a complete kit in a professional looking enclosure.The typical MITS product had a generic name like "Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter." Ed Roberts was busy finishing the design and left the naming of the computer to the editors of Popular Electronics. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976) editor Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter, Lauren. "She said why do not you call it Altair - that's where the Enterprise is going tonight." The Star Trek episode is probably Amok Time, as this is the only one from The Original Series which takes the Enterprise crew to Altair (Six).A more probable version is that the Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Les, Alexander Burawa (associate editor), and John McVeigh (technical editor) decided that "It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star." McVeigh suggested "Altair", the twelfth brightest star in the sky.Ed Roberts and Bill Yates finished the first prototype in October 1974 and shipped it to Popular Electronics in New York via the Railway Express Agency. However, it never arrived due to a strike by the shipping company. The first example of this groundbreaking machine isthereforelost to history. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine and the article was based on them. Roberts got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover is an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel. The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine. The January 1975 issues appeared on newsstands a week before Christmas of 1974 and the kit was officially (if not yet practically) available for sale. Intel 8080
Ed Roberts had designed and manufactured programmable calculators and was familiar with the microprocessors available in 1974. The Intel 4004 and Intel 8008 were not powerful enough, the National Semiconductor IMP-8 and IMP-16 required external hardware, the Motorola 6800 was still in development so he chose the 8-bit Intel 8080. At that time, Intel's main business was selling memory chips by the thousands to computer companies. They had no experience in selling small quantities of microprocessors. When the 8080 was introduced in April 1974, Intel set the single unit price at $360. "That figure had a nice ring to it," recalled Intel's Dave House in 1984. "Besides, it was a computer, and they typically cost thousands of dollars, so we felt it was a reasonable price." Ed Roberts had experience in buying OEM quantities of calculator chips and he was able to negotiate a $75 price for the 8080 microprocessor chips.Customers would ask Intel if they could get same the low prices that MITS must be paying for 8080 family chips. Some salesmen said that MITS was getting cosmetic rejects or otherwise inferior chips. In July 1975, Intel sent a letter to its sales force stating that the MITS Altair 8800 computer used standard Intel 8080 parts and that no one should make derogatory comments about valued customers like MITS. The letter was reprinted in the August 1975 issue of MITS Computer Notes. The "cosmetic defect" rumor has appeared in many accounts over the years despite the fact that both MITS and Intel issued written denials in 1975. The launch
The induction of the Altair 8800 happened at just right time. For around ten years colleges had required science and engineering majors to take a course in computer programming; typically using the FORTRAN or BASIC languages. This meant there was a sizeable customer base who knew about computers. In 1970, electronic calculators were not seen outside of a laboratory but by 1974 they were a common household item. Calculators and video games like Pong introduced computer power to the general public. Electronics hobbyists were moving on to digital projects such as digital voltmeters and frequency counters. There were Intel 8008 based computer systems available in 1974 but they were not powerful enough to run a high level language like BASIC. The Altair had enough power to be actually useful, and was designed as an expandable system that opened it up to all sorts of applications.Ed Roberts optimistically told his banker that he could sell 800 computers and he knew they needed to sell 200 over the next year just to break even. When readers got the January issue of Popular Electronics, MITS was flooded with inquires and orders. They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February MITS received 1000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days but it was months before they could meet that. Roberts focused on delivering the computer; all of the options would wait until they could keep pace with the orders. MITS claimed to have delivered 2500 Altair 8800s by the end of May. The number was over 5000 by August

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
where pattern is any keyword or text string.
The help command invokes the built-in help function in magic, which lists the summary usage information that has been compiled into magic for each command. The summary help information is usually only a single line of text. Commands that have complicated sets of options have their own help option, which is not part of the help command.
Without arguments, help reports a summary usage for every command in magic. With arguments, magic filters the output to report only those commands matching the indicated text pattern.
The output is divided into general-purpose and window-specific sections. The window-specfic section depends on the active window. For instance, with a single layout window present, help cleanup returns no information. However, the command specialopen netlist followed by help cleanup will report the usage of the command cleanup, which is a command that can only be invoked from the netlist window.
help is implemented as a built-in command in magic. Note that there is no general-purpose command-line-based help method for Tcl commands, so the help command will not provide any information about magic commands written as Tcl procedures, such as openwrapper or pushstack. The general convention is for each Tcl procedure to allow the option help and provide its own usage information.
|Return to command index|
Last updated: March 7, 2020 at 1:06pm

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
06 Oct 2022 Recommendation for the eIDAS toolbox
Eurosmart, the Voice of the Digital Security Industry, started working on digital identity topics in 1999 – long before the eIDAS Regulation was even enacted. The association has developed strong expertise in the field, including standardisation aspects.
In this new document, Eurosmart would like to focus on specific points that deserve attention in the context of the eIDAS toolbox. This document builds on the set of technical guidelines that Eurosmart prepared at the beginning of the year.
Eurosmart's recommendation concerns six topics:
- Security and data protection
- Specific functionalities of the Wallet that need to be considered in the design phase or for which there is a lack of standardisation
- The level of trust that relying parties can place in the attestations of attributes
- Gatekeepers' ecosystems
- Governance aspects
- The format of attestations of attributes
In addition, readers will find an Annexe that compiles standards per Wallet functionality.
For the eIDAS toolbox, the most relevant European standardisation working groups are CEN/TC 224/ WG 17 and WG 20) and ETSI TC ESI. Their past and ongoing work is particularly useful for the eIDAS toolbox and often mentioned in this paper.Eurosmart_recommendation_eIDAS_toolbox_FINAL


Wikipedia Diversity Observatory
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Wikipedia Diversity Observatory
A project to understand and increase diversity within Wikipedia content and communities
Research Resources
Browse other cultures, peoples and places. Find the gaps you care about!
The Wikipedia Diversity Observatory (WDO) is a space to study diversity in Wikipedia's content and communities, identify and discuss needs and gaps, and propose and develop solutions to bridge them.
Mission and Vision
The Diversity Observatory mission is to help align the movement to achieve more diversity in the content of the different projects and in the movement overall. This includes diversity based on culture, geography, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic group, language, among others.
We envision the Wikimedia projects with more knowledge equity, and we envision the Movement as a fair representation of humanity taking into account all the existing diversity.
This page is a joint space for editors, researchers and all sort of contributors to study and fight against the knowledge gaps and include more people in the communities. Hence, we provide strategic valuable data and tools to organize and take action. We want to centralize our internal knowledge to potentiate the initiatives working on diversity.
Among the main activities of the project, there is the research of content gaps, the study of the Movement's diversity, the task of raising of awareness on the gaps and barriers, the creation of tools to provide points of action, and the dissemination of these efforts and results to the world through academic and general publications. As far as content diversity, the project raises awareness on Wikipedia's current state of diversity according to specific topics and categories and provides datasets, visualizations and tools to improve it.
The Diversity Observatory is a place to discover the current state of diversity in the Movement, find out who is missing, and join efforts. As we move towards the 2030 Strategic horizon, we will be evaluating whether we are improving on our goals.
Categories for diversity
There exist some specific categories that are especially relevant for diversity as they tend to be underrepresented on Wikipedia. To achieve more diversity in content and fight for knowledge equity, it is necessary to represent all the different 1) places (geographical entities), 2) peoples (characteristics such as gender, sexual orientation, religious groups, ethnic groups, and indigenous group), 3) cultural concepts for each group of people and place, and 4) languages (national, indigenous and marginalized) of the world on Wikipedia.
The language gap manifests itself in a lack of a Wikipedia language edition for all the languages that are spoken in the world. Depending on the language status (e.g. minoritized), the number of speakers (e.g. a minority or a majority of the population), among other factors, it will be more difficult to engage speakers into becoming contributors. It is necessary to understand every linguistic situation. We created this page to provide statistics and analysis to see which languages could obtain their Wikipedia more easily.
There are several tools to bridge these gaps (e.g. gender is addressed by Wigi, Delenezh, and WDCM Biases dashboards). In this page you can read more about the definitions, community initiatives and tools to bridge the gaps.
List of dashboards with tools and visualizations
This is a list of the different dashboards created to visualize the gaps and tools to provide points of action to work on them. They do not limit to cultural diversity but include other kinds of diversity based on geography or gender. These are the ones hosted at
Presentation of the Diversity Observatory at the conference OpenSym '20
Other diversity tools hosted in other platforms
We also want to provide a short overview on the different other tools and research papers created outside this project that are useful to understand and detect cultural differences between language editions and possibly bridge the gaps or work on other diversity problems like the content gender gap.
Background goals
These are the three main outcome goals the Diversity Observatory is working on to increase the diversity within the Wikimedia projects:
Main outcome goals:
 - Every Wikipedia language edition ensures a coverage of all the human groups of people that are currently underrepresented (e.g. gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnic group, etc.).
 - Every Wikipedia language edition ensures a minimal representation of their own territories' cultural and geographical context (from geography to biographies, traditions, language, and others) and a minimal coverage of every other language cultural context content.
 - Every Wikipedian has information about marginalized languages without a Wikipedia, so he can help out their speakers to create one and start representing their cultural context.
In order to reach these goals, we detail some other more specific goals in community engagement and research and development activities of the project.
Community engagement goals:
 - Every Wikipedia language community is aware and knows about the knowledge inequalities in the entire Wikipedia project.
 - Every Wikipedia language community is aware of the importance of representing her own culture so the rest of language editions users can import and learn from it.
 - Every Wikipedia event and community organized contest considers dedicating sections and activities aimed at mitigating the cultural knowledge gaps and derived inequalities.
 - Every Wikipedian has access to some data on the world's languages without a Wikipedia in order to disseminate the importance and try to engage in creating one.
Research and development goals:
 - Every Wikipedian has access to some data visualization tools in order to browse the gaps and create new valuable articles.
 - Every Wikipedian has access to some statistical analysis on the extent of the gaps and understands the priorities in order to bridge or cover them.
 - Every Wikipedian can get access to information on the needs and barriers that affect every other (potential) Wikipedian.
 - Every Wikipedian can see which are the underrepresented groups, their defining characteristics and access to content about them.
The Diversity Observatory also aims at raising debates on the different types of diversity and how to work on them. You can always contact us and engage in diversity-related strategic discussions.
Disseminations timeline
These are the latest actions we did in order to raise awareness on the cultural diversity problem in Wikipedia. It is the dissemination of research results, concepts, and tools.
Get involved
The Observatory does need dissemination in order to reach all the possible Wikimedia events and activities where it could provide some value. If you want to collaborate, get involved. Leave your username and e-mail us at If you have any question, you can also message marcmiquel.
Getting involved can be useful in order to find a meeting point or a place to start working on diversity. In case you want to code some extra visualizations, you can find the project's code here: github page.


text:
Definition of Cryptitis
Cryptitis: A term that is used to describe one of the abnormalities that is seen under the microscope when small intestinal or colonic tissue is examined. The intestinal crypts are tubular structures composed of cells that protrude from the inner lining of the intestines and into the walls of the intestines. These crypts contain the cells that give rise to all the other cells that move out of the crypts and eventually line the inner lining of the intestines. Inflammation of the crypts is known as cryptitis. Cryptitis is seen in inflammatory bowel disease, both Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis, but it also can be seen in other inflammatory conditions of the intestines. It is not a disease itself but a histologic manifestation of several different diseases.
Cryptitis also may refer to inflammation in the anus. Two centimeters from the anal orifice (anus) the lining tissue of the anus begins to change into the specialized lining of the colon. This junction is called the pectinate line. At the pectinate line are small mounds of tissue that protrude into the anal canal. Between these protrusions into the anus are small out-pouchings from the anus and into the surrounding tissues. These out-pouchings are the anal crypts. Although they are covered with flaps of anal lining tissue, the anal crypts communicate with the anus and colon above. Inflammation of the crypts, probably caused by the trauma of passing stool and/or infection, is referred to as cryptitis. If infection progresses, it can extend further into the surrounding tissues and lead to the formation of an abscess or fistula.
Author:Jay W. Marks, M.D.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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Paint | Characteristics of an ideal paint - Ishwaranand
Paint | Characteristics of an ideal paint
Characteristics of an ideal paint
Paint, Characteristics of ideal paint, An object of Paint, Constituents of Paint oil Paint, Types of Paints, Classification of Paints,
An object of paint
 1. It protects wood from decaying
 2. It prevents corrosion of metal
 3. It protects the surface from the harmful effects of atmospheric agencies
 4. It gives a decorative and attractive appearance that the surface
 5. It makes the surface safe & clean
Characteristics from an ideal paint
 1. It should be cheap & economical
 2. It should stick well to the surface and should be able to seal the porous substrate.
 3. Its consistency should provide easy workability.
 4. Each thickness of the paint layer should be adequate during good protection including decoration of the surface.
 5. The paint film should dry rapidly.
 6. These dried paint film should be ready to withstand the adverse weather effect for a lengthy time without spending shining.
 7. It should offer resistance to failure by checking, cracking also flaking separate within thin pieces.
 8. It should possess good moisture resistance.
 9. Its colour should not fade beyond time.
Constituents about Paint Oil Paint
Oil paint is commonly made up of 6 principal constituents
 1. A base
 2. An inert filler or extender
 3. Colouring pigment
 4. A vehicle
 5. A solvent or thinner
 6. A drier
 1. It is generally, metallic oxide and is used in the form of powder.
 2. It a pigment that forms the chief ingredient of paint.
 3. The most important purpose of adding a base in paint is to make an opaque(non-transparent) coating to hide the surface to be painted.
 4. It provides resistance to abrasion and prevents shrinkage cracks likely to be formed in the film, during drying.
 5. White lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and titanium whites are the bases commonly used.
Inert filler or extender
 1. It is a cheap pigment added in the paint to reduce its cost.
 2. It modifies the weight of the paint and makes it more durable.
 3. The commonly used inert fillers or extenders are Barytes (Barium sulfate), lithopone, silica, silicate of magnesia or alumina, whiting, gypsum, charcoal, etc.
 1. It is a white or coloured pigment, mixed in the paint to get the desired colour of the paint.
 1. It is a liquid that acts as a binder for the various pigments, bases, extender and colouring pigment.
 2. The vehicle makes the paint in the state of fluid and helps to spread its ingredients uniformly over the surface to the painted
 3. Here forms as elastic, resistant to abrasion including a reasonably impermeable film about drying
 4. Refined linseed oil is a commonly used vehicle in oil paints.
 5. Tung, perilla, soybean, fish, sunflower, tobacco seeds are also being used as vehicles in various combinations with linseed oil or without linseed oil
Solvent or thinner
 1. That is a liquid which thins the consistency of the paint including evaporates after some paint film has been applied
 2. It imparts good properties such as brushability, smoothness, and flow
 3. Turpentine's, pure oils, petroleum spirit, and highly solvent Naptha are commonly used as solvent or thinner
 1. It containing metallic compounds and are used in small quantities for accelerating the drying of the paint film.
 3. Litharge, lead acetate, manganese dioxide, including cobalt are the driers commonly practised.
 4. Not more than 10% (by volume) of the drier should be used in an oil point.
 5. If used in excess, they tend to destroy the elasticity of the paint which finally leads to its flaking.
Types of Paints
The various types of paints
 1. Aluminium paints
 2. Anti-corrosive paints
 3. Asbestos paints
 4. Bituminous paints
 5. Bronze paints
 6. Cellulose paints
 7. Casein paints
 8. Cement-based paints
 9. Enamel paints
 10. Oil paints
 11. Rubber base paints
Classification of paints
Based on binders
 1. Oil paints
 2. Paint based on non-oil resins
 3. Waterbased paint
 4. Miscellaneouspaint
Based unused
 1. Primer(undercoat & finishing coat)
 2. Acid& alkali resistant paints
 3. Fire-resistance paints
 4. Fungicidalpaints
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Child benefit withdrawal will make it better to work less for families with over seven children
And come 2076, that will be the case for every family in the nation.
The child tax credit withdrawal, taking effect on Monday, will lead to marginal tax rates of over 100 per cent on families with more than eight children earning between £50,000 and £60,000.
The IFS explains how the marginal rates are calculated:
They offer a chart with the rate calculated up to four children:
By seven children, the marginal rate rises to 99.35 per cent, and by eight, it breaks 100 per cent (106.32 per cent, to be exact). This means that any individual with a family of eight kids earning between £50,000 and £60,000 would be better off if they reduced their salary back down to £50,000. In fact, for that individual, they would have to earn £61,105 before their post-tax income was the same as it was at £50,000.
It's unclear whether any families actually exist matching that criterion - rather wonderfully, my back-of-the-envelope maths (which assumes that the exponential decrease in the number of families of each size continues: e.g., there are 1/8th the number of families with three or more kids as there are with two or more, so I'm assuming that there are correspondingly 1/8th the number of families with four or more as there are with three or more, and so on) suggests that there may be exactly one – but even if there are none at the moment, there's no reason why there won't be one in the future. Families with eight children do, after all, exist.
In fact, as time goes on, this problem will get worse. The IFS points out that child benefit is uprated with inflation, while tax bands aren't. Currently, each extra child after the first increases your "marginal tax rate" by around seven per cent, but suppose child benefit is uprated by two per cent a year. In that case, the marginal tax would exceed one hundred per cent for families with seven children next year; for six children in the year 2020; for five children in the year 2028; and, eventually, for families with just one child – i.e., every family – in the year 2076.
Hopefully the law will be changed before then, of course. But as a rule of thumb, laws which become ridiculously damaging unless you actively intervene ought not be signed in the first place. Oops.
Children. Photograph: Getty Images
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David Osland: "Corbyn is actually Labour's only chance"
I spoke to Osland on the telephone yesterday.
Why did you decide to put this pamphlet together now?
How would we stop them?


text:
by Teslime Kagar and Cem Kagar
We love hearing from the community members, sharing their inspiring stories. This time we would like to take you to a beautiful small town called Payas, in Hatay (Antioch), Turkey. What makes Payas special is the work of the local council, who have focused on providing educational opportunities to reduce inequality amongst the young people and children within their community. Payas council opened their STEM centre to help children especially those coming from disadvantaged backgrounds to develop 21st century skills. They have highly qualified teachers, helping children develop transferrable skills that are vital for both learning and employability.
The story of PAYAS Stem Centre
The key person who made it possible fort the STEM centre to open is the mayor of the city, Bekir Altan. He attended training sessions at Harvard University in politics and whilst he was completing his training he decided to complete a reserach on STEM education in the US. He concluded that STEM learning would help children develop skills that are vital for learning in both school and life. He also noted that these skills were a must for the jobs of both today and the future. He shared his thoughts with teachers from local schools and suggested that they should look into ways that they could provide children and young people with STEM learning opportunities. The team of teachers from local schools undertook research to find out about the impacts of STEM education on children's learning, challenges and issues around designing STEM learning experiences. They shared their report with the mayor of Payas, and he directly asked them to design the STEM centre. In November 2016 they opened the first STEM centre that was funded directly by the local council to rpovide free STEM workshops for children and young people. Their aim is to provide inclusive education for all and for this they work colloboratively with experts to support children with SEND. They organise workshops in many different areas, using a wide range of tools. For example they run Lego robotics workshops for children and the mayor was very impressed with Berat Mustafa Izgi's work in this area. In February 2017 children from the Payas STEM centre took part in a Turkey wide Lego competition and in April they went to Silicon Valley for an International Robotic competition and received the Judges special prize for their excellent work.
When we look around the World, we see that the importance of STEM learning is mainly understood and valued in developed countries. We need to act quickly and provide our young people with the opportunities to develop STEM skills that will help them with their learning both at school and in life and also with their employability. This would also contrubute to the country's economy. At Payas council, in our STEM centre we aim to help children to develop the knowledge and skills that would inspire them to become future scientists by providing activities in the area of science, engineering, programming, brain games and astronomy.
Students at Payas STEM Lab
One of the aims of Turkey's 2023 development plan is to support high quality education programmes. This is also one of the EU's 2020 strategy. Keeping this in mind, we aim to provide free STEM education, especially to girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds, as we think that they are the future of Turkey and in order to reach the level of developed countries we need to prepare them for future opportunities and challenges. We believe that there is a relationship between, economy, development, and advancement in innovation and capacity to design & create technology.
Economy is based on information, therefore we need to educate the generation that will produce this information. For this we need to help them to develop transferrable skills that they can use for solving a wide range of problems. STEM education offers such an opportunity. We were inspired by Turkish scientist Prof.Dr.Aziz Sancar, who is the member of a team that won the Nobel prize. In Turkey he has been leading a Project called GIS ( Girls in Stem). His aim is to help girls in Year 6 to develop an understanding of global education, knowledge exchange and cultural interactions.
At our STEM centre we focus on; robotics, mathematical modelling, scientific inquiry, brain and vocabulary games. We use sensors, electronic circuits, 3d printers, Lego Mindstorms EV3 and many other engaging tools for teaching and learning.
In every century people have faced different problems. Scientific inquiry skill helps people to solve these problems not only in the field of science and mathematics but also in social sciences. Through our Project based learning approach we help our students to manage their learning process and design creative solutions collaboratively with their friends.
In robotics lessons students learn about:
- Digital literacy
- System design
- Team working
- Dijital design and animation
- Creating projects that will enable them to apply skills & knowledge from other subjects
- Product design and turning this into reality using programming skills
We cannot say whether we are educating the new Ibn-i Sina or Biruni, but we do know that we are cultivating curiosity and creativity in young learners. They are enthusiastic about learning through cross curricular approach and learning through making. We are delighted that we were able to establish this centre and set an example to other local authorities to take the inititive in education. There are incredible developments in Artificial intellegence and machines are becoming very clever for us. We need to be ready for this new era and this is only possible by educating the new digital makers generation.
Example activities from PAYAS STEM Centre
Developing Scientific Inquiry
In year 7, children focused on the mirror and light absorption and created a periscope. We first provided them with this information:
A periscope is an optical tool for making movement easier. In the past both the sea and land wars, if people couldn't see their target from safe distance, they would use a periscope. Also technicians and nuclear engineers use periscopes when they observe a deangerous area. Periscopes are mostly used in submarines.
We then asked the children to design and create their own persicopes. They used mirrors and cardboard to create their own periscopes. In this activity they learned about scientific concepts but at the same time experimented with different materials in the process of designing and making a periscope. This inter disciplinary approach to learning allowed students to link their understanding of concepts from different subject studies to construct their new knowledge.
Learning to code through robotics
In this session with Year 7 children we created an application to model time, period and frequency. For this project we asked children to form a group of 3. We asked them to explain time, period and frequency. They used their lesson notes and the Internet to complete a research and form their answers. In groups they brain-stormed their ideas.
We asked them to create an Arduino application.
We provided each group with 6 led, arduino, breadboard and cables. We asked them to ensure that their application meets the following conditions:
- Place the 6 LED next to each other
- Each LED light should turn on 1seconds after another.
- After all the LED's are turned on, the program should return to the beginning and repeat the process forever.
- They should share the jobs. One should do reserach, one should calculate, one should create the design and one should write the script.
- When they have completed the application, they should find the time period of the application first LED to last LED.
We gave students 40 minutes to complete the task. Apart from one group they all completed it successfully. We asked the group that had difficulties to find their error and debug it. They found that when they were writing the code, they forget to use ( ; ) and they also connected one of the cables to wrong place.
In this project Year 6 children were learning about decimals numbers. We asked them to complete an online research on the size of coins. We then gave them paper, scissors, and ruler and asked them to create coins (They called these STEM coins) at equal sizes. They then used these coins to shop from the STEM supermarket.
They completed their shopping and calculated the total of how much they spent in Turkish lira. They converted their STEM Money into Turkish lira. This allowed them to develop their understanding of decimal numbers in a daily life context.


Simple Adoption Law & Legal Definition
A simple adoption refers to a type of adoption that establishes a new legal parent-child relationship between the child and his/her adoptive parents, without terminating the parent-child relationship which existed before the adoption.
In simple adoption, adoptive parents have parental responsibility for the child. It allows some of the legal bonds between an adopted child and his/her birth family to remain. However, it is less restrictive in its requirements and less radical in effects than plenary adoption.


Faculty Member in Computer Science
College of the Atlantic (COA) seeks a full-time faculty member in Computer Science. The anticipated start date is August, 2016. The successful candidate will be the first faculty member in computer science at COA. The faculty member will offer a range of classes to help students gain basic to advanced programming skills, while introducing students to the central questions of computer science and exposing them to the styles of thought and habits of mind associated with computer scientists. The faculty member is expected to help students make connections between computer science and other areas of the curriculum, including art and design and the humanities, as well as the natural and social sciences.
In addition to introductory and intermediate programming classes, we are interested in a candidate who can offer engaging and challenging courses that explore the intersections of computer science and computing with different aspects of the human experience and academic and creative areas. Examples of such classes might include some of the following: cryptography and computer security, information visualization, human-computer interaction, machine learning and artificial intelligence, generative art, digital humanities, agent-based modeling, data mining, micro-controller programming (e.g, Arduino and Raspberry Pi devices).
The successful candidate must have the ability and interest in teaching some courses in mathematics or related areas. These might not be math classes per se, but it is essential that this faculty member's classes connect strongly with the existing mathematics curriculum and offer courses that meet the college's quantitative reasoning requirement. It is essential that the faculty member has a background in computing and programming and be enthusiastic about and focused on developing creative ways to teach computer science to students with a wide range of backgrounds and goals.
The faculty member should have a Ph.D. in computer science, engineering, computational science, applied mathematics, physics, or a related area and demonstrated potential for excellent and innovative teaching.
College of the Atlantic is an interdisciplinary college of approximately 340 undergraduate students and 30 faculty members. Its oceanfront campus is adjacent to Acadia National Park. COA's faculty are not organized by departments, and all students design their own major in human ecology. The average class size is 13. Faculty teach five courses a year distributed across three ten-week terms; faculty also advise students, direct independent studies and final projects, and contribute to the shared governance of the college. COA is a highly interdisciplinary college seeking to understand the relationships between humans and their built, natural, and social-cultural environments, where theory is tied to practice, and where friendship and cooperation help define our community. Through both teaching and scholarship, we aim to foster the capacity to make improvements within the world and ourselves.
Interested candidates should submit a CV, a cover letter addressing interest in and qualifications for the position, and a brief statement of teaching that includes a discussion of the roles of computer science in an interdisciplinary curriculum. The CV should include contact information for three professional references; please do not have references send letters. For full consideration, please submit all application materials as a single pdf file to _EMAIL_ by December 7, 2015.
College of the Atlantic is seeking a person with outstanding cooking skills, to cook in an award-winning college kitchen. Emphasis on creative, healthy, scratch cooking. Must work well in a congenial atmosphere. A knowledge of vegetarian and vegan cooking and at least 5 years cooking experience in a professional setting required.
This position will normally work early afternoon through dinner. Must have flexibility to work with catering and special events. 11 month position per year; benefits. Send resume with references to _EMAIL_ or Ken Sebelin, Cook Search Committee Chair, College of the Atlantic, 105 Eden Street, Bar Harbor, Me 04609. Electronic applications are preferred. Review of applications will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled.
College of the Atlantic is committed to academic excellence, cultural diversity, and multicultural education. COA is an AA/EEO employer. Applications are especially encouraged from persons who could enhance the ethnic, gender, and cultural diversity of the College.


text:
Biomod/2011/Caltech/DeoxyriboNucleicAwesome/Random Walk Formula
< Biomod | 2011 | Caltech/DeoxyriboNucleicAwesome
Random Walk Formula
General Modeling Idea
The random walk on DNA origami can be modeled as one dimensional random walk with a reflecting and an absorbing barrier (Figure 1). Tracks in the same column are grouped into rectangles, and each step is defined as walking from one rectangle to the adjacent one.
Consider a random walk on a line segment with N+1 sites denoted by integers (0,1,2, …, N) (Figure 2). The walker starts random walk at site i, 0 < i ≤ N. Let p be the probability for the walker to move one segment to the left, q be the probability for the walker to move one segment to the right. The probability for the walker to stay at a particular site for the next unit time is thus r = 1 – p – q. When the walker reaches site N, the partially reflecting barrier, it has a probability of β to be reflected back to site N – 1, and a probability of α = 1 – β to stay at site N in the next unit time. When reaching site 0, the absorbing barrier, it stays there for 100% probability and the random walk ends.


text:
Question: What is the importance of chemistry in pharmacy?
What is the importance of chemistry for pharmacist? Why should we pharmacist have to learn chemistry? So let us find out the importance and role of chemistry in pharmaceutical industry. As we all know that, directly or indirectly chemistry is related to pharmacy. So below are some of the points where chemistry plays an important role. Let us check it out.
Answer: Different aspects of the pharmaceutical chemistry are as follows:
- As we all know that chemistry is the base of the pharmacy. Without chemistry, any pharmacist cannot understand the chemical formula of drug. Hence he cannot design new drugs without a good knowledge of chemistry.
- If the pharmacist does not know about chemistry then he cannot prescribe drugs to the patients.
- Any drug or medicine or drug which is used contains chemicals so it can only be understood by the person who knows chemistry.
- By making changes in the chemical structure pharmacist makes drug more potent and reduces side effects.
- With the knowledge of organic chemistry pharmacist synthesize new drug or a molecule.
- Pharmacist discover new drugs only using knowledge of chemistry.
- Structure activity relationship (SAR)
- Physical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry


text:
Log In to Anagrammer
Scrabble word: QUOTIENT
In which Scrabble dictionary does QUOTIENT exist?
Definitions of QUOTIENT in dictionaries:
- noun - the ratio of two quantities to be divided
- noun - the number obtained by division
- The number obtained by dividing one quantity by another.
- n - the number resulting from the division of one number by another
There are 8 letters in QUOTIENT: E I N O Q T T U
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to QUOTIENT
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word QUOTIENT plus a wildcard: QUOTIENT?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word QUOTIENT
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for QUOTIENT
- quotient is the answer to a division algorithm
- Here when 35 7 the quotient would be 5 while 35 would be called...
- The quotient Rule
- The Derivative of a quotient
- When you divide a number the answer you get is the quotient.
- quotient Rule
- quotient rule example 2 step 2
- quotient of Powers
-... with parts of division dividend divisor quotient remainder


Tempest Druid
Many of the druids who train under the aegis of the Storm Kindlers focus on different areas of nature than those classically paid homage to by their kind. These so-called tempest druids see the personification of nature in the fury of the storm alone and to some extent eschew the veneration of plant or animal life, and the nature of their powers shifts accordingly. They still understand the place of plants and animals in the natural order, however; they simply view such entities-and indeed, all forms of life-as subservient to the true power found in the storms that lash the world.
Alignment: The beliefs held by tempest druids are inherently more chaotic than those held by most druids, and as a result, tempest druids must be chaotic neutral.
This alters the druid's alignment.
Weapon and Armor Proficiency
A tempest druid is proficient with the trident, in addition to the druid's normal armor and weapon proficiencies.
This alters the druid's armor and weapon proficiencies.
Spontaneous Domain Casting
A tempest druid can channel stored spell energy into domain spells that he has not prepared ahead of time. He can -lose- a prepared spell to cast any domain spell of the same level or lower.
This replaces the druid's normal ability to spontaneously cast summon spells.
Nature Bond (Ex)
As a result of his beliefs, a tempest druid has little connection to the spirituality of animals or plants. He can't choose an animal companion, and must instead select a domain or subdomain from the following list when he gains the nature bond ability: Air, Aquatic, Cloud, Storm, Swamp, Weather, or Wind.
This alters nature bond.
Sodden Shore Sense (Ex)
A tempest druid gains a +4 bonus on Knowledge (nature) and Survival checks in coastal or marshy lands.
This ability replaces nature sense.
Electrical Resistance (Ex)
At 3rd level, a tempest druid gains electricity resistance 5. As a standard action, he can transfer this resistance to another creature for 1 hour, after which time it reverts to him.
This ability replaces trackless step.
Eyes of the Storm (Ex)
At 4th level, a tempest druid can see through 10 feet of magical fog, mist, rain, wind, or similar inclement weather conditions, ignoring any concealment such conditions might grant. This distance increases by 5 feet for every 4 levels beyond 4th.
This ability replaces resist nature's lure.
Bend Bolt (Su)
At 9th level, a tempest druid can redirect nearby electrical attacks. As an immediate action, the druid can shift the area or target of an electricity attack by 5 feet in any direction. If the electricity affects an area, the druid selects one square to be unaffected and an adjacent square to be affected. If the adjacent square is already in the area, this has no additional effect in that square. If the electricity affects a target, the druid selects an adjacent target. For example, if he were in the line of a wizard's lightning bolt, he could have the spell skip his square and instead affect an adjacent square, even if this meant the spell did not form a continuous line. If another druid attacked him with call lightning, he could shift the called bolt to an adjacent square, affecting a creature in that square (if any).
He can't redirect electricity damage conducted to him by physical contact with an object or creature (such as a shocking grasp or a shock weapon). He can use this ability a number of times per day equal to his Wisdom bonus.
This ability replaces venom immunity.
Section 15: Copyright Notice


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I'm trying to understand the usage of pipe.
A parent process will pipe and if the parent forks, the child process will inherit the pipe. So now we hae a direct link to the child process and they can communicate?
I get lost when we start to close pipes and redirect pipes. Does anyone have a good explanation on closing pipes and redirecting pipes?
Thank you in-advance.
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Here's the deal.
 1. A pipe is a software abstraction, that has two ends, each one a fd. Whatever you write on at one end (write fd), you can read off the other end (read fd).
 2. The trick in using a pipe is that you switch the stdin of some process with the read fd of the pipe. Now, you can write to the write fd of the pipe, and when the other process reads what he thinks is his stdin, he actually reads the read fd of the pipe (and gets your data).
 3. For two way communication, you can get another pipe, and switch the stdout of the process with the write fd of the pipe. Now, whatever the process writes to its stdout, you can read off the read fd of the pipe.
Here is what it looks like:
P1=[WR FD]===========[RD FD]=[STDIN]=P2
P1=[RD FD]===========[WR FD]=[STDOUT]=P2
P1 and P2 are processes. And "===" depict the pipes.
Your question was specifically about closing and redirecting. That comes into play when you perform the switch I referred to earlier. Let's say you have obtained a pipe by using the pipe() system call.
int fd[2];
Now you create a child process, and in that process perform the switch, like so:
if (!fork()) // 0 return value indicates that you are in the child process
 dup2(fd[0], 0); // dup2 first closes 0 in the child process, then duplicates
 // fd[0] as 0; keep in mind that 0 is stdin and fd[0] is the
 // read end of the pipe
 exec(something); // start the new process, which when it reads stdin, will be
 // reading the pipe instead
share|improve this answer
See Pipeline.
Simple example
ls -l | less
In this example, ls is the Unix directory lister, and less is an interactive text pager with searching capabilities. The pipeline lets the user scroll up and down a directory listing that may not fit on the screen.
Creating pipelines programmatically
alt text
share|improve this answer
You use the dup family of system calls to change a new file descriptor to one of the first three system calls.
int new_stdout = open("filename", O_WRONLY);
/*... error check... */
if (!fork()) {
 /* in child */
 dup2(new_stdout, 1);
 execve("program", argv, envp);
This makes "filename" write its standard out to "filename".
share|improve this answer
The child process inherits the parent's open descriptors. Default ones are stdin, stdout, stderr. They do not provide a means for the child to communicate directly with the parent since they actually go to the console. So typically you close or redirect those so you don't pollute the parent's console I/O.
But if you have a pair of pipes open you can use their descriptors as inherited by the child to communicate both ways between the two processes. Use one descriptor per direction.
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We often use a pipe. As says Amardeep, the child process inherits the parent's descriptor, including pipe.
Here is an example for 2 commands. I'm not sure of my algorithm for n commands :-)
void do__pipe(char** cmd1, char** cmd2)
 int fd[2]; /* fd[0] for reading fd[1] for writting */
 if (pipe(fd) == -1)
 switch (fork())
 case -1:
 perror("fork"); exit (1);
 case 0:
 close (fd[0]);
 dup2 (fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
 close (fd[1]);
 execvp (cmd1[0], cmd1);
 exit (1);
 switch (fork())
 case -1:
 perror("fork (2)"); exit (1);
 case 0:
 close (fd[1]);
 dup2 (fd[0], STDIN_FILENO);
 close (fd[0]);
 execvp (cmd2[0], cmd2);
 exit (1);
this code has been taken from a small shell I had to write for my studies, so char** cmd1 would be something like ["cat", "/etc/passwd"] and cmd2 could be ["wc", "-l"]
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Einstein Mass Energy Calculator
Einstein's mass energy states the amount of energy possessed by an object is equal to the mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light (c = about 3×108 m/s). The equation E = mc2 states that energy and mass are interchangeable among each other. Use our online Einstein mass energy calculator to calculate between energy, mass or speed of light based on the other two values.
Calculate Energy, Mass, Speed of Light in a Vacuum.
In other words, the equation states that any object that possessing mass has an equivalent amount of energy and vice versa. Use the Einstein mass energy formula given above to calculate the mass, energy and speed.


Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866
Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866 The female New York giants pose in front of the dugout at an unspecified game in 1913. (LOC/Flickr)
Amateur women's baseball teams existed as early as 1866
Lexile: 780L
Assign to Google Classroom
It was the bottom of the 9th. The bases were loaded and there was a full count. One run separated the two teams. Around 1,500 spectators filled the stands of the Lenox Oval. It was in uptown New York City. And on this particular Sunday, they were no doubt on the edge of their seats. The pitcher began her wind up. A cop walked onto the field to hand the third baseman a subpoena.
That's how a scrimmage game between the "Reds" and the "Blues" ended, according to an account in the New York Tribune. The game took place May 25, 1913. It is one of the few publicized outings of New York's female Giants. Historians don't seem to know much about this short-lived, unofficial female counterpart to the popular men's baseball team of the time. That's according to Greg Young and Tom Meyers writing for their popular New York City history blog/podcast. It's called The Bowery Boys.
Amateur girls baseball teams date to as early at 1866. This was long before candy honcho Phil Wrigley launched the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. That was in the 1940s. It was dramatized by A League of Their Own. They were dubbed "Bloomer Girls" for the baggy Turkish-style trousers they'd wear during games. These teams became particularly popular in the late 1890s and early 1900s. They typically challenged local men's teams to games.
Some men played alongside the women. They may have worn female clothing and masqueraded as girls. Meyers and Young point to a 1913 game in Washington, D.C. Fans stormed Union Field after an outfielder threw the ball from deep center to home plate. This supposedly revealed him to be a man.
Michael Carlebach is a historian and photojournalist. He pins the conception of this particular New York team on the shoulders of then-Giants manager John McGraw. Some of the girls were trained baseball players. They were recruited from local high schools. Others came from other sports. Ida Schnall served as their captain and had a background in swimming and diving. The U.S. Olympic Committee had barred women from competing in the 1912 games in Stockholm, Sweden. So she decided to try her arm at baseball.
The Lenox Oval is a sporting arena at the corner of 145th and Lenox Avenue. The infamous May 25th game was supposed to be an exhibition scrimmage where the team split up into two squads. The "Blue Stockings" and the "Red Stockings." They played each other. Things got exciting at the bottom of the 9th inning. Schall was pitching, but she never got to finish the game.
Under New York law, teams weren't allowed to sell tickets to games on Sundays. But a policeman had caught the third baseman, 17-yeard-old Helen Lenker, selling programs before the game. The cops shut down the game and ordered her to appear before a judge in Harlem. Lenker explained that she had simply been handing the programs out. Spectators (including the policeman) started giving her money of their own avail. Though the New York Tribune alleged that she had charmed her way out of the predicament, the next day the judge dismissed the charges.
The game likely received press coverage because the cops showed up, Meyers and Young posit. There's some evidence that the female Giants played against and with members of the men's New York Giants team. None appear to be wearing disguises. The team lasted about a year.
While the female Giants only took the field in 1913, "Bloomer Girls" teams remained popular until the 1930s.
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Why do you think little is know about these amateur women's baseball teams?
Write your answers in the comments section below
 - jamariw-orv
 3/20/2018 - 12:33 p.m.
 because the internet wasn't around back then so people couldn't post to much about it and get an international viewing
 - joeyw-orv
 3/21/2018 - 12:26 p.m.
 I think that not a lot of people know about the women baseball teams because during that time in the 1920's there were a lot of sexist people and it was probably a sexist time.
 - jeremyj-orv
 3/22/2018 - 11:31 a.m.
 I think most of everyone is or was focused on the MLB, rather than a small lady's team, but despite their small following, the team is still cool.
 - EmilyH-dec
 3/23/2018 - 08:42 a.m.
 I thought this story was kinda cool because it showed you that they played baseball on their free time.
 - CameronP-dec
 3/23/2018 - 08:44 a.m.
 Couldn't sell tickets, that must have sucked
 - GavinM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 11:04 a.m.
 I think it's really cool that women have rights and they get to anything they want.
 - AsherM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:01 p.m.
 This article informed me because i never knew there wa womens baseball that LONG AGO. You would never think until you read that there is.
 - ZekeK-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:39 p.m.
 I think that this is pretty cool. But why is it called baseball then and softball now?
 - ColeV-dec
 3/23/2018 - 01:46 p.m.
 Most people focused on male baseball more than female baseball.
 - LizziM-dec
 3/23/2018 - 02:18 p.m.
 People focus on male baseball more than female baseball but both should be equally enjoyed.
Take the Quiz Leave a comment


text:
Study participants who had a positive emotional style weren't infected as often and experienced fewer symptoms compared to people with a negative emotional style, say Sheldon Cohen, Ph.D., of Carnegie Mellon University and colleagues, writing in the July issue of Psychosomatic Medicine.
Cohen's team interviewed 334 healthy volunteers three evenings a week for two weeks to assess their emotional states. The volunteers described how they felt that day in three positive-emotion areas: vigor, well-being and calm. They were also questioned about three categories of negative feelings: depression, anxiety and hostility.
Other scientists have speculated that people who typically report experiencing negative emotions are at greater risk for disease and those who report positive emotions have less risk, says Cohen.
After their assessment, each volunteer got a squirt in the nose of a rhinovirus -- the germ that causes colds. The researchers kept the subjects under observation for five days to see whether or not they became infected and how they manifested symptoms.
"We found that experiencing positive emotions was associated with greater resistance to developing a common cold," Cohen reports. "Increases in positive emotional styles were linked with decreases in the rate of clinical colds, but a negative emotional style had no effect on whether or not people got sick."
A positive emotional style actually had no effect on how often volunteers were infected (as measured by replication of the virus) but produced fewer signs and symptoms of the illness, says Cohen. This suggests that inflammatory chemicals produced by the body may link the positive emotional style with colds.
Further analysis revealed that good health practices and lower levels of certain hormones did not account for the link between positive emotional style and illness.
Since the average person catches two to five colds a year, developing psychological risk profiles and considering ways to enhance positive emotion might reduce the risk of colds -- and by extension, other infectious diseases.
The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Health Behavior News Service: _PHONE_ or _URL_.
Interviews: Contact Jonathan Potts _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
Psychosomatic Medicine: Contact Victoria White at _PHONE_, ext. 5300, or _EMAIL_. Online, visit _URL_.
BY AARON LEVIN, STAFF WRITER
HEALTH BEHAVIOR NEWS SERVICE
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


text:
Zillions of Games file for Cleopatra Chess
This is a zip file of a rules file for Zillions of Games and its accompanying graphics. Zillions of Games is a Windows program that will let you play any puzzle or strategy board game you can feed it the rules and graphics for.
Instructions on downloading this Zillions file:
- Download the.zip file
- Extract the contents of the.zip file to your Zillions of Games folder
- Be sure to keep the folder structure intact when you extract the files.
By Dan Troyka.
- Browse items that also start with the letter C.
- Browse items that also start with the letters Cl.
- Browse items that also start with the letters Cle.
- Browse similar items.
- Browse items with a similar board.
- Add a comment or rate this item.
- Skip to comments section.
- Cleopatra Chess. No captures, but your Cleopatra (Queen) can seduce opposing pieces to your side. (8x8, Cells: 64) By Dan Troyka.
- Cleopatra Chess. No captures, but your Cleopatra (Queen) can seduce opposing pieces to your side. Author: Ed Friedlander. Inventor: Dan Troyka.
- Cleopatra Chess. Dan Troyka game, similar to Benedict Chess but with only one color-changing piece. Cleopatra "seduces" any piece she sees. Author: Jeremy Gabriel Good. Inventor: Dan Troyka.
SELECT * FROM IndexEntry LEFT JOIN Item USING (ItemID) WHERE LinkItemID = 'CleopatraChess' AND IsHidden=0 AND IsDeleted=0 ORDER BY CONCAT(Type,LinkText)


Searching for contamination is essential to the creation and delivery of safe edible products to the public. However, detecting physical intrusions in the form of these items below is similar to finding a needle in a haystack.
To accomplish responsible food production, the food and beverage industry needs accurate equipment they can trust. SRO Technology is an Australian leader in accurate and reliable food safety equipment. With a quality range of metal detectors, check weighing and x-ray detection systems to choose from, food processors can be assured their production line is free of physical contaminants.
SRO Technology specialises in designing, configuring, installing and maintaining a wide variety of instrumentation solutions, from x-ray inspection to metal detection. Our personnel understand industryand process-specific needs, and are therefore capable of delivering custom, effective food and beverage solutions.
Choosing the right inspection equipment
As a food processor, it is essential to have reliable and accurate dynamic detection systems that can ensure your production line is free of contamination. SRO Technology identifies the ideal product inspection solution for you to ensure your food production processes are as safe as possible. There are three main areas of inspection:
Mitigating risks
Globalisation and advances in technology have created a truly international supply chain. Food processors are no longer simply dealing with domestic standards but also complex and often contradictory international requirements.
A lack of quality food safety equipment, such as x-ray detection systems, can jeopardise the products and the integrity of a food processor's reputation. Yet, responsible food production can be achieved through innovative and advanced technological food safety instruments.
As a manufacturer or supplier monitoring, detecting and maintaining a hygienic and responsible food production supply chain can safeguard the quality of your products. Food contaminants of any kind can lead to serious consequences for companies due to product liability legislation.
Dynamic detection systems are essential for reducing the risks companies shoulder and mitigating the potential negative consequences.


text:
I'm new to VTK and I'm struggling to understand what setOrigin and setPosition mean in vtk3DProp. I'm trying to display multiple cubes ( with specific x, y, z lengths and x, y, z co-ordinates with labels) using vtkAnnotatedCubeActor. Unlike vtkCubeSource, I cannot specify a center or x, y, z lengths for vtkAnnotatedCubeActor. As I understand I can use SetOrigin, SetPosition and SetScale to achieve the result I want but I'm failing to understand how these map to each other. Can anybody explain these to me? Any help is greatly appreciated!
My two cents: setOrigin() sets the object's origin with respect to the world whose origin is 0,0,0. setPosition() sets the postion of the actor with respect to its origin. setOrigin() is very useful if your model has local coordinate systems.
For example, suppose you're modeling the Solar System. You place the Sun actor at origin=0,0,0 and position=0,0,0 so it occupies the center of the Solar System. Then you place the Earth actor 150 million km away from the Sun, but you make Earth's origin at the Sun because the former orbits the latter: origin=0,0,0 and position=150000000,0,0. Then you place the Moon actor with respect to the Earth, not the Sun and 400,000km away from the Earth: origin=150000000,0,0 and position=300000,0,0. This way, you don't need to make complicated computations to make the Moon orbit the Earth while it orbits the Sun with only global heliocentric coordinates.
setScale() will scale the XYZ values of the actor with respect to its origin. In the example above, if you apply a 2x,2x,2x scale to the Moon actor, it will double in size and end up twice further away from the Earth.
I hope this helps casting some light on the subject.


text:
Old Abe (1861? – March 28, 1881), bald eagle, was the mascot of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War and is the screaming eagle mascot depicted on the insignia of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division....That storied creature is for Abe Sauer just some absurdity that Awl readers should laugh at. Laugh at the stupid people in Wisconsin who think there's some meaning embodied in the carcass of a bird.
Company C named the eagle after President Abraham Lincoln, and designed a special perch on which they carried the bird into battle. Old Abe participated in the Second Battle of Corinth (in which the 8th Wisconsin lost half of its men) and the Siege of Vicksburg, among other battles. In battle, Old Abe quickly became legendary, screaming and spreading his wings at the enemy. Confederate troops called him the "Yankee Buzzard" and made several attempts to capture him but never succeeded. Several times he lost feathers to bullets and saw his handlers get shot out from under him. When passing by, Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and William Rosecrans were known to doff their hats to the eagle.
In 1864, Old Abe returned to Wisconsin with several veterans who did not reenlist. Nevertheless, he remained famous and was invited to, among other events, the 1880 Grand Army of the Republic National Convention, and the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When not at public events, his caretaker kept him in the Wisconsin State Capitol.
Crushing ignorance from Abe Sauer.
IN THE COMMENTS: "But Old Abe's carcass indeed is gone."


text:
The dangers of feeding lorikeets
Lorikeet feeding habits
Lorikeets are brightly coloured parrots of the family Psittacidae and sub-family Loriinae (lories and lorikeets). Six species are found in Australia, although further species occur in New Guinea, Indonesia and many South Pacific islands.
The tip of a lorikeet's tongue holds a brush-like appendage, enabling the bird to feed on pollen, nectar and fruits. Because lorikeets are mainly seen feeding on blossoms, it was long thought that nectar was their staple diet. However, studies have now shown that pollen is probably their major food. They also eat insects and insect larvae, together with other invertebrates found in foliage and blossom.
Lorikeets travel in small, swift flocks which attract attention with their piercing calls. The birds locate blossoms by sight and by the calls of other birds already feeding. When food is abundant, large numbers gather in the blossoms and foliage, clamouring noisily.
Lorikeets have a very simple digestive system. Proteins and fats are obtained from pollen and insects, and carbohydrates come from the sugars found in nectar. They spend a large amount of time foraging for food, which indicates that carbohydrates are extremely important to them. Their diet is high in energy, and low in protein.
The dangers of feeding lorikeets
Many people have taken to encouraging lorikeets into their gardens by giving them a variety of alluring foods. These foods are usually based on sugar, honey or jam, which will ensure regular visits to the garden by these wonderfully happy, colourful birds. However, it is this very act of 'kindness' that can cause the death of lorikeets at an unnaturally early age.
OEH officers became concerned at outbreaks of lorikeets dying in large numbers for no apparent reason, and decided to investigate. Autopsies were carried out by NSW Agriculture. With other investigations, these autopsies established that the lorikeets were dying from a disease called necrotizing enteritis. A bacteria called clostridia was isolated as the organism responsible.
Necrotizing enteritis is associated with poor hygiene and an inadequate diet, and it was found that the disease is not normally associated with lorikeets living a natural way of life. The scientists could directly relate the lorikeets' deaths to inadequate artificial diets, and to the unsanitary conditions of trays and other containers from which they were being fed.
Another disease is also having a serious impact on lorikeets. Called psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) or psittacine circovirus disease, it is considered the most important viral disease affecting cockatoos, parrots, lories, lorikeets and macaws around the world. Affecting the immune system of the birds, it often results in an AIDS-like condition. The keratin in the birds' bodies breaks down, causing deformed beaks and feathers, and feather loss. The disease is usually fatal, but infected birds may not display symptoms for many months or even years.
Infected birds can drop faeces, which contain the potentially infectious circovirus particles, into the environment to infect other birds. Unfortunately, there is a great potential for the virus to spread at places like feed stations. Clustering in large numbers, many birds may come into contact with contaminated perches and food dishes.
Preventing lorikeet deaths
Obviously the best solution to these problems is to stop feeding the birds altogether. The only feeding method recommended by OEH is to plant a variety of flowering native shrubs, such as grevilleas, callistemon (bottlebrushes) and banksias, around your garden. These plants not only look good; they also provide safe, healthy food for blossom-feeding birds such as lorikeets and honeyeaters.
Page last updated: 15 April 2011


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Is meniscal allograft transplantation chondroprotective? A systematic review of radiological outcomes.
Smith NA., Parkinson B., Hutchinson CE., Costa ML., Spalding T.
PURPOSE: The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the hypothesis that meniscal allograft transplantation is chondroprotective by identifying and appraising studies that have assessed the progression of osteoarthritis following meniscal allograft transplantation. The secondary aim was to identify and appraise radiological measures of meniscal allograft integrity following surgery. METHODS: Clinical studies on human participants undergoing meniscal allograft transplantation with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included. The primary outcome measure was any radiological osteoarthritis progression measure. Secondary outcomes included magnetic resonance measures of meniscal integrity including meniscal size, shape, healing, extrusion and signal intensity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies with 1056 allografts were included. The weighted mean joint space loss was 0.032 mm at 4.5 years across 11 studies. Other radiological classification systems were reported in small numbers and with variable progression rates. Meniscal extrusion was present in nearly all cases, but was not associated with clinical or other radiological outcomes. Meniscal healing rates were high, although the size, shape and signal intensity were commonly altered from that of the native meniscus. The quality of the included studies was low, with a high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: There is some evidence to support the hypothesis that meniscal allograft transplantation reduces the progression of osteoarthritis, although it is unlikely to be as effective as the native meniscus. If this is proven, there may be a role for prophylactic meniscal allograft transplantation in selected patients. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to further test this hypothesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review of studies, Level IV.


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The Government of Canada introduced Securing an Open Society: Canada's National Security Policy (NSP), in April 2004. All levels of government must work together to prevent and respond to the threat of terrorism.
The National Security Policy included measures to address terrorist threats. One such measure was the creation of the Integrated Threat Assessment Centre (ITAC), which entered into operation on October 15, 2004.
In June 2011, ITAC was renamed the Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre in order to renew its focus on the terrorist threats to Canadians and Canadian interests.


Depending on the version of Excel you are using, you can get the following message when you try to open the exported file. This message is displayed because the file is in HTML format for easy formatting of content. So there is no risk to open the file in Excel. Click on 'Yes' and Save the file in Excel format to keep a copy (File -> Save As -> File Type: Excel Workbook).


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Boundary friction characterisation of a used cylinder liner subject to fired engine conditions and surface deposition
journal contributionposted on 12.11.2018, 14:51 by Rickie Bewsher, Michael Leighton, Mahdi Mohammadpour, Homer Rahnejat, Gunter Offner, O. Knaus
In cylinder friction contributes as a primary source of parasitic dissipations in IC engines. For future engines to become more efficient, with enhanced fuel economy and increased power output, accurate prediction of new designs is required over the full lifetime of an engine. The work carried out presents use of a local pressure coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities value, taking into account the localised effects of surface texture, coating and surface deposition. XPS spectra analysis was also carried out to identify the surface depositions as a result of combustion, not previously taken into account during piston ring pack simulation. Friction was shown by simulation to drop by up to 30% between the compression and combustion stroke as a result of using a carriable coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities. It was found that piston varnish on the liner corresponded to higher values of the pressure coefficient of boundary shear strength of asperities, therefore showing the importance of using real system components run under representative operating conditions or numerical analyses.
The authors of this work wish to show their thanks to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and to our industrial collaborators AVL List GmbH for the financial and technical contributions they have made to this research.
- Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering


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Story: European exploration
When Europeans arrived in New Zealand, most of the country was already known to Māori. Yet throughout the 19th century, a number of European men set out on journeys of exploration. Missionaries, gold miners, farmers, scientists – many endured great hardship in their travels. They discovered new routes, made maps and gave new names to the landscape.
Full story by Jock Phillips
Main image: Exploring party in the Wairarapa
The Short Story
A quick, easy summaryRead the Full Story
Exploring New Zealand
When Europeans began exploring New Zealand, Māori already knew most of the country. Māori guides often helped the new explorers.
Explorers found new routes, made maps and named places. They showed great courage and made some very difficult journeys.
Missionaries often went into unexplored areas, looking for Māori to convert to Christianity. Samuel Marsden travelled around the northern North Island between 1814 and 1820. Later, other missionaries went further south, and saw Mts Ruapehu and Tongariro.
New Zealand Company
The New Zealand Company planned to bring people from Britain and settle them as farmers, so it needed land. In the 1840s, men from the company travelled from Port Nicholson (Wellington) to Taranaki and the Wairarapa. By the mid-1840s, Europeans had visited most of the North Island.
In the 1840s, the New Zealand Company looked for land for settlers in the Nelson area. Thomas Brunner went inland to explore the region. His third trip down to the West Coast lasted 550 days, and he got so hungry that he ate his dog.
The first Europeans in Canterbury, Otago and Southland lived mostly around the coast. Later, some moved inland to find land for sheep farms.
Looking for a pass
In the 1850s and 1860s, people hunted for a way through the mountains of the Southern Alps so they could get from the east to the West Coast of the South Island. Several passes were found. In the end, Arthur's Pass became the main route.
Hunting for gold
After gold was found in Central Otago, people rushed to the area. They explored the mountains west of Lake Wakatipu, looking for gold.
The last explorers
By the mid-1860s, Europeans had visited most of New Zealand. There were only a few areas left in the Southern Alps. Some of these last places were explored by Charlie Douglas, who made maps and drawings of them. Mountaineers also travelled there.


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This distinctive succulent is endemic to the area I'm now in. It ranges in height from about 2,5 to 5 meters and occurs in dry rocky deserts, among boulders and stony hillsides.
The name "Halfmens", translated from Afrikaans means 'Half Person' - or 'almost human'.
According to local legend, these trees are half man and half plant. This makes sense because, when seen against the skyline from a distance, they could easily be mistaken for humans.
An unusual feature of this plant is that the tip of the stem always inclines towards the north.
Related Post: Halfmens In Bloom


👏 You can access ncp package with using ncp variable in browser devtools!
Asynchronous recursive file copy utility.
code/package/bundle size
bundle minified
bundle gzipped
ncp - Asynchronous recursive file & directory copying
Build Status
Think cp -r, but pure node, and asynchronous. ncp can be used both as a CLI tool and programmatically.
Command Line usage
Usage is simple: ncp [source] [dest] [--limit=concurrency limit] [--filter=filter] --stopOnErr
The 'filter' is a Regular Expression - matched files will be copied.
The 'concurrency limit' is an integer that represents how many pending file system requests ncp has at a time.
'stoponerr' is a boolean flag that will tell ncp to stop immediately if any errors arise, rather than attempting to continue while logging errors. The default behavior is to complete as many copies as possible, logging errors along the way.
If there are no errors, ncp will output done. when complete. If there are errors, the error messages will be logged to stdout and to./ncp-debug.log, and the copy operation will attempt to continue.
Programmatic usage
Programmatic usage of ncp is just as simple. The only argument to the completion callback is a possible error.
var ncp = require('ncp').ncp;
ncp.limit = 16;
ncp(source, destination, function (err) {
 if (err) {
 return console.error(err);
You can also call ncp like ncp(source, destination, options, callback). options should be a dictionary. Currently, such options are available:
 - options.filter - a RegExp instance, against which each file name is
tested to determine whether to copy it or not, or a function taking single parameter: copied file name, returning true or false, determining whether to copy file or not.
 - options.transform - a function: function (read, write) { read.pipe(write) }
used to apply streaming transforms while copying.
 - options.clobber - boolean=true. if set to false, ncp will not overwrite
destination files that already exist.
 - options.dereference - boolean=false. If set to true, ncp will follow symbolic
links. For example, a symlink in the source tree pointing to a regular file will become a regular file in the destination tree. Broken symlinks will result in errors.
 - options.stopOnErr - boolean=false. If set to true, ncp will behave like cp -r,
and stop on the first error it encounters. By default, ncp continues copying, logging all errors and returning an array.
 - options.errs - stream. If options.stopOnErr is false, a stream can be provided, and errors will be written to this stream.
Please open an issue if any bugs arise. As always, I accept (working) pull requests, and refunds are available at /dev/null.
🔎Explore Package🔎CDN Script


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If pixels are missing from your photos, follow the advice below.
If this is the case, the first thing you should do is try and clean your camera.
It's important to remember the following thing when cleaning your Nintendo DS:
1. Do not use any type of solvent to clean it.
2. Do not pour water directly onto your system.
3. Never place your system in liquid of any kind.
1. Slightly dampen the corner of a cloth then lightly rub the lens of your camera to shift any stubborn dirt.
2. Using a dry corner of the same cloth, wipe away any other stains from the lens.
3. Wrap some tape around your fingers so that the sticky side is facing outwards. Then dab at the lens and repeat steps 1 & 2.
If you've cleaned your lens using the steps above and your photos are still missing pixels, it's likely there's a problem with your Nintendo DS.
You can book your Nintendo DS in for inspection by the Nintendo Customer Support Team.


Algebraic Integer
Also found in: Wikipedia.
algebraic integer
[¦al·jə¦brā·ik ′in·tə·jər]
The root of a polynomial whose coefficients are integers and whose leading coefficient is equal to 1.
Algebraic Integer
a number that is a root of an equation of the form xn + a1xn – 1 + · · · + an = 0, where a1,..., an are integers. For example, Algebraic Integer is an algebraic integer, since Algebraic Integer.
The theory of algebraic integers developed in the 1830's and 1840's as a result of the work of K. Jacobi, F. Eisenstein, and E. Kummer on reciprocity laws of higher degree, on Fermat's theorem, and on the generalization of the arithmetic of complex integers.
The sum, difference, and product of algebraic integers are algebraic integers; that is, the set of algebraic integers forms a ring. The theory of the divisibility of algebraic integers, however, differs from the theory of the divisibility of ordinary integers. Algebraic integers of the form Algebraic Integer, where m and n are ordinary integers, are discussed in IDEAL.
References in periodicals archive?
It was proved in [1] that if N C Fin([beta]) then [beta] is a Pisot number, that is, a real algebraic integer greater than 1 with all conjugates strictly inside the unit circle.
Algebraic integer (AI) encoding [11] has been proposed for addressing this problem.
By making use of Euclidean lengths of algebraic integral numbers in a related algebraic integer ring, we discuss the Frobenius expansions of algebraic numbers, theoretically and experimentally show that the multiplier in a scalar multiplication can be reduced and converted into a Frobenius expansion of length approximate to the field extension degree, and then propose an efficient scalar multiplication algorithm.
Let [theta] be an algebraic integer, and f (x) the minimal polynomial of 9 over Q.
The field F will be called norm-Euclidean if, for every pair ([alpha],[beta]) of algebraic integers in F with [beta] [not equal to] 0, there exists an algebraic integer [gamma] in F such that [absolute value of ([N.sub.F]([alpha] - [gamma][beta]))] < [absolute value of ([N.sub.F]([beta]))].
Then ([GAMMA], S) has the exponential growth rate [tau] = lim [sup.sub.k[right arrow][infinity]] [kth root of [a.sub.k]] which is a real algebraic integer bigger than 1 ([5]).
Let [theta] be an algebraic integer in [k.sub.1] satisfying the following conditions:
Therefore [omega] > 1, the reciprocal of R, becomes a real algebraic integer whose conjugates have moduli less than or equal to the modulus of!.
Let n be a divisor of [q.sup.*], let [L.sub.n] be a subfield of K = Q([zeta]) with [[L.sub.n]: Q]= n and let [O.sub.n] be the algebraic integer ring of [L.sub.n].
Dubickas, Additive Hilbert's Theorem 90 in the ring of algebraic integers, Indag.
Rumely's introduction to this exposition on the Fekete-Szego theorem includes a sketch of the basic proof and contextualizes its development with the Robinson theorem on totally real algebraic integers in an interval and Cantor's extension with splitting conditions.
On the other side, algebraic integers lying in an extension field of the rationals are generated with the same linear polynomials.
Full browser?


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Infrared IR ) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres ( Âµm), and extending conventionally to 300 Âµm. These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz, and include most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Microscopically, IR light is typically emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements.
Sunlight at zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.


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We feel more rapport with animals every day?we now know that mice construct road signs so they can find their way around and birds can be duped by "advertising."
Pavel Stopka and David Macdonald wondered how wood mice find their way through fields. They discovered the mice move objects around to mark sites that contain food or a quick route home to their burrow. As the mice explore, they rear up on their back legs to look for one of their signposts.
Researchers already knew that mice piled up leaves and twigs, but thought they were hiding their nest holes. But when some escaped from a box they were being kept in, Stopka says, "One dug a hole through the side, and the last one out marked it with a leaf. We repaired the hole?but when we put them back in they still ran towards the leaf."
Store managers know that if they place an eye-catching sign near an item they want to sell, more people will buy it. The positioning of items in stores is considered to be a science. Researchers wanted to find out if birds could be influenced the same way, so they studied the behavior of hummingbirds.
Scientists created a fake flower bed on a plastic sheet that had small feeding holes filled with different concentrations of sugar water. Normally, the birds would head for the holes with the greatest concentration of sugar, but putting an attractive item next to a hole with less sugar made them go there instead. Dr. Melissa Bateson says, "This research shows that birds, like humans, are actually more irrational than we previously thought."
Don't be a bird brain?find out what's really going on in the world.
To learn more,click here and here.
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


Extreme Wave Events In Ireland
PROFESSOR FREDERIC DIAZ from the School of Mathematics in Trinity College, Dublin speaks to Eoin Drinan about a scientific paper that they have recently published.
Frederic talks about the occurrence of extreme wave events in Ireland they the report recorded as part of a study, the wave buoys assigned to the west coast of Ireland to gather further information, the recorded wave events in the south coast of Ireland, how he uses common vocabulary to describe the data being gathered and the myths of extreme waves killing people in Ireland dating back to the 17th century.
Duration: 10'59" DATE: July 25, 2013
Interviewer:Eoin Drinan
Producer:Eoin Drinan
Interviewee:Frederic Diaz
Themes:Global Issues with a Local Focus
Keywords:extreme wave events, trinity college, wave buoys, recorded data, myths
LocationIreland Time Period:2013
Type:Sound Language:English
Creator:Near FM Publisher:Near FM
Rights:Creative Commons License


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Editor's note: MainSail is CNN's monthly sailing show, exploring the sport of sailing, luxury travel and the latest in design and technology.
(CNN) -- One of the world's largest private superyachts is the latest to set sail on an expedition to uncover the secrets of a British battle cruiser lost during World War II.
Octopus -- a 414 foot megayacht -- was donated to the British Navy by Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft. Allen will fund the recovery and research expedition, sparing the British government any cost.
This week the recovery team will return to the wreck site with a two-fold mission: Retrieve the ship's bell and document the remains of the battle cruiser in the hopes of later determining what happened in the Hood's final moments.
David Mearns, director of Blue Water Recoveries, said the ship's bell was "lovingly looked after" by the crew. Its recovery is seen by those who lost loved ones as a way to commemorate those who died.
The HMS Hood was sunk during a battle in the North Atlantic with German battleship Bismarck in 1941. The Hood remains the largest Royal Navy vessel to have gone down, and resulted in the largest loss of life suffered by any single warship in British history.
The wreck of HMS Hood is designated under the Protection of the Military Remains Act, meaning the recovery team had to seek permission from the British Navy in order to retrieve the bell.
The mission was agreed to by the British Government, and the Ministry of Defence say the bell -- if recovered -- will form a tangible and fitting memorial to the ship and the 1,415 men who died when she sunk in the North Atlantic.
Mearns recalls the astonishment of the team when they located the ship's bell, on their first dive, in 2001.
"There was just a miscellaneous pile of twisted and torn metal... most of it was very angled steel but there was this curved shape," Mearns remembers. "We pushed in on the camera and, lo and behold, there was the bell sitting basically unattached, not connected to the ship [and] all by itself on its side."
The team, Mearns recalls, "were just stunned by it."
The 40,000 ton wreck is strewn over two and half kilometers of seabed, and uncovering the bell was a stroke of luck for the recovery team.
"It's a really iconic item and personal symbol of the ship, but we were there conducting this investigation on a 'don't touch' basis. It never occurred to us, even for a second, 'What if we recovered the bell? Should we attempt to?'" Mearns tells CNN.
By the time Mearns and his team had returned to land, news of the bell's discovery had broken. A public debate had erupted over the ethics of disturbing a wreck where so many lives had been lost.
Mearns gained the support of the HMS Hood Association -- whose members include veterans and relatives of those who died -- before seeking financial support to return and recover the bell.
The association's president, rear admiral Philip Wilcocks, said in statement on the mission: "There is no headstone among the flowers for those who perish at sea."
Wilcocks added, "future generations will be able to gaze upon [the Hood's] bell and remember with gratitude and thanks the heroism, courage and personal sacrifice of Hood's ship's company who died in the service of their country."
If recovered, the bell will go on display in 2014, at an exhibition at the Royal Navy Museum in the southern English port of Portsmouth -- where the Hood was based.
Mearns says: "It's been out there as a wish of the association to do this and I've just been looking for the right sponsor to do it in the right way and to get the permission to do it.
"I'd been working with Vulcan, Paul Allen's company, and it just so happened we could combine the availability of Octopus in the region at the right time, because you can only really work in this area two months of the year."
The Octopus, the world's 13th largest megayacht, is a "fantastically capable vessel," Mearns says.
Despite being classified as a yacht, the Octopus carries equipment including a deepwater diving ROV [remotely operated vehicle] and survey and navigation equipment. The Octopus, says Mearns, "is very qualified" for the job.
The British Royal Navy has asked the team to place an ensign on the site of the wreck, Mearns added.
The mission also hopes to shed light on the final moments of the battle cruiser, which broke in two during the attack. It was under sustained fire from the Bismarck, but its own ammunition also exploded. The cause of its sinking has never been clarified.
"I think we are going to make a real improvement in the imagery and information that we bring back from the wreck to allow naval architects to look at and come to some firm conclusions about the damage," Mearns added.
"This isn't just a trophy hunt to go get the bell."


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Here's a neat new method for your robot to move around. The goal of the project was to create a gearless drive system, but the creator found out his concept had actually been around since the 1930s. The idea didn't create a lot of excitement back then, but with modern electronics and robotics, it looks like the idea may have a second life.
The hemispherical omnidirectional gimballed wheel, or HOG wheel, is a simple rubber hemisphere that spins like a top. When the rubber hits the road, it creates the torque necessary to move the object attached to it in any directions. Based on how the gimballed wheel is placed, change directions with split second speed. Awesome!