I will make an effort to interpret answers based on wave functions, but I am a senior pursuing a bachelor's degree in Biology, so I don't have the background in quantum physics for a purely mathematical answer to make intuitive sense.
I would appreciate any partial answers which cover only carbon or only silicon, as well as partial answers that give the height and width of only the small node or only the large node of the sp3 orbital. I am asking about the width of the large and small nodes at their widest points, not at their center of electron density.
I am aware the sp3 hybrid orbitals only form when these atoms are bonded to four other atoms, so there are no empirical observations showing the height of sp3 orbitals from isolated atoms (for this question, assume a tetrahedral lattice composed purely of carbon or silicon). That said, any estimates based on halving bond lengths should account for orbital overlap in these bonds so that the height of the orbital from each bonding atom is not underestimated.
Pieces of information that I would find very useful as an addendum to answering my main question are estimates of the electric potential energy, kinetic energy, and total energy (constant) of an electron as it travels in the largest ellipse contained within the sp3 orbital of either a carbon or silicon atom in a lattice – including the large and small nodes, and assuming this ellipse does not move from one bonded atom to another.
Thank you!
EDIT to update: Having taken organic chemistry I and II, I am also aware that orbitals are simply the 95% confidence interval for finding an electron. I am also aware that the common understanding of electron movement in orbitals is that they can move between states of equal energy without occupying all of the states in between. In my question about an electron moving in an elliptical path, I am asking for answers to assume that the electron is following such a path, and that this path is a planar ellipse which corresponds to a cross-section of the outer edge of the 95% confidence interval. Smaller elliptical paths would have lower energy, and I'm asking this because it is the highest energy path an electron would take in the orbital if it were following a planar elliptical path.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Please realize that those pretty pictures in the books are not real. Think of them as some kind of contour plot to give you the general idea of what the electron distribution looks like. To get a better (but more difficult picture) you can start with the Laplace spherical harmonics, and then hybridize them to sp3. You will then have to determine what you mean by 'width' by defining a differential probability distribution. $\endgroup$ – Jon Custer Mar 14 '16 at 13:15
 - $\begingroup$ You just can't assume that electron is running along elliptical path. True, there was once so-called Bohr-Sommerfeld model which managed (by a combination of serendipity and sheer luck) to get some things right. But that model would not let you describe hybridization, or even atoms with more than one electron, let alone molecules. Also, sp3 hybridization does not require 4 other atoms, sometimes 3 are enough, and you may "see" a "naked" sp3 orbital. But it does not have anything like "height" or "width". $\endgroup$ – Ivan Neretin Mar 14 '16 at 18:11
So, after I get past the shock and awe that you are asking us to describe a fictional object,
this page has some pictures which will be suitable for you to construct visualization: Orbital mixing].
I eyeball it as about 4 times larger in all three dimensions for the 2s/2p level. The radial distribution function for 3s/3p has its highest density about 2.2 times further away from nucleus as the 2s/2p level Radial Distribution Function]
Your Answer


Difference between revisions of "XDSGUI"
From XDSwiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 56: Line 56:
the tab is currently non-functional
As long as the tab is non-functional, put the following into a "User-defined command" of the Tools tab:
echo | xdsstat > XDSSTAT.LP
Revision as of 14:47, 23 May 2013
to display existing 2-dimensional data frames, or to start XDS data processing by displaying a raw data frame. In the latter case, the "generate XDS.INP" button runs the generate_XDS.INP script for the raw data frame that is being displayed. The blue circles correspond to the areas of the detector that are within TRUSTED_REGION; the green circles correspond to INCLUDE_RESOLUTION_RANGE, and the red hatched regions correspond to EXCLUDE_RESOLUTION_RANGEs. The locations of the circles are not as accurate as those that XDS uses internally, because a simplified formula is used to calculate the resolution; this e.g. does not take care of detector swingout or otherwise skew geometry. Untrusted areas can be specified by the user, using two (UNTRUSTED_ELLIPSE; UNTRUSTED_RECTANGLE) or four (UNTRUSTED QUADRILATERAL) right mouse clicks. The resulting areas are shown with red outline, and the keyword/parameter pairs are shown in the XDS.INP tab.
this shows the current XDS.INP file. Coloured items correspond to the circles of the Frame tab. Changes can be made with the simple editor, and the new version can be saved. A run of xds_par can be started (and killed).
The XDS.INP tab is directly connected with the Frame tab; changing a value in XDS.INP results in immediate change in the Frame tab. This means that e.g. an UNTRUSTED area that was positioned wrongly can be edited or simply removed in the XDS.INP tab.
Output from XDS
shows INIT.LP
offers possibilities for running short scripts. Several such scripts are pre-defined; the user may create her own scripts. The first item offers to run XDS-viewer for displaying the predicted pattern of reflections for a user-specified frame, together with the frame itself. The other pre-defined scripts run commands that either simplify to save/restore the current data processing files to/from a "save" directory, or to manipulate XDS.INP in several ways, or to run e.g. pointless on the generated XDS_ASCII.HKL file.
echo | xdsstat > XDSSTAT.LP
The program is under development and has bugs. If it crashes, it should simply be restarted. A crash of the program does not interfere with the operation of XDS.
The current version of the program can be downloaded from [1] (Linux 64bit), [2] (Linux 32bit), or [3] (Mac OSX 10.7).
The program depends on the availability of generate_XDS.INP, XDS-viewer, and of course xds_par, xds, xdsconv, and xscale. One of the items in the Tools tab requires xxdiff. The xdsstat tab requires xdsstat.
program updated May 22 14:40 CEST
Known bugs / problems / workarounds
 1. TOOLS: "Show frame..." It creates everything shown in the commandline but it seem to us that everything runs in the background. Therefore xds-viewer does not open anywhere as it is not seen. Also, it would be great if this image together with the predictions would be re-directed to the Frame tab.
 On Linux, the xds-viewer window is brought to the foreground automatically, whereas on the Mac this does not seem to happen. However, an icon for xds-viewer appears in the dock (on the right) and I can double-click it to see the xds-viewer window. I have no idea how to bring xds-viewer to the foreground automatically, and I need input from people who know Macs and tell me how to do it (on the commandline!). The reason why we do not open automatically in the Frame tab is that one can have several xds-viewer windows open at the same time, and compare the patterns. As a workaround, you can manually open the resulting temp/FRAME_$X.cbf in the FRAME tab.
 2. TOOLS: "Further analyses" Again pointless runs nicely but there is no output for the user.
 Could it be that you started xds-gui by double-clicking its icon in the Finder? In that case, there is no output visible, because there is no console. Unfortunately, for all the Tools, the output is in the console window where xds-gui was started. We will try to find out how to open a window where the output is then shown. Thus, currently the workaround for this problem is to start xds-gui in a console window.


Connect with us
How Do I Date
Will You Be Lonely And Depressed in 20 Years?
Lonely woman in 50's
Will You Be Lonely And Depressed in 20 Years?
Will you be lonely when you're in your fifties?
Research uncovers striking connections between current and future friendships.
As social animals we have a fundamental need to feel connected to others. Indeed,loneliness can be a devastating psychological condition, hugely damaging to our physical as well as psychological health. But is there a way to predict who might be at risk for becoming lonely later in life?
A new study in the journal Psychology and Aging(link is external) examined whether the nature of the connections we forge at different stages of adulthood has an impact on our likelihood to become lonely later in life. Specifically, using data collected over a 30-year span, researchers examined how the quantity and quality of the social connections we make in our 20s and 30s are related to emotional and psychological well-being in our 50s.
A 30-Year Study
Cheryl Carmichael, a professor with the Graduate Center and Brooklyn College CUNY, and colleagues used data from people who had participated in a diary study in 1974 and 1980 (when they were 18 and 22 years old, respectively) in which they documented any social interactions that lasted over 10 minutes and rated them on how pleasant or unpleasant the experience was, as well as on how intimate the exchanges felt. Similar data were collected from same participants between 1985 and 1986, when they were 27-to-31 years old.
The researchers then contacted the participants again in 2007, when they were between the ages of 48 and 52, and collected data about their emotional and psychological well-being; the quantity and quality of their current social connections; how big their social networks were; how socially isolated they felt (loneliness); and whether they were depressed.
The results indicated that in our 20s, it is the quantity of our social connections that predict whether we are likely to be lonely in our 50s. The more connections we have, the lesslikely we are to be lonely and depressed decades later. But once we reach our 30s, it is the quality of our social connections that matters—the more intimate and close our connections are at that stage, the better our emotional well-being is likely to be decades later.
The question is: Why does the function of our social connections shift between our 20s and 30s?
Our 20s mark a developmental stage in our lives in which we're exploring the adult world for the first time independent of our families. As such, we tend to engage in social information seeking, so we can learn as much as we can about the world and gain knowledge about people and relationships that can then allow us to better navigate the relational complexities of modern life in both personal and professional settings.
Once we reach our 30s and we have quenched, at least somewhat, our desire for interpersonal knowledge, our focus shifts. We begin to seek more stable and long-lasting connections, and therefore become more focused on the emotional closeness our connections provide. As a result, the quality of our relationships becomes more important than the quantity.
In fact, having too many social connections in our 30s might even interfere with our ability to increase the emotional closeness and intimacy of our relationships. The study found that people who had an abundance of social connections in their 30s actually fared a little worse in their 50s than those who did not.
We might tend to think of people with thriving social lives as being immune from loneliness—but loneliness is defined purely subjectively. Whether you're lonely depends entirely on whether you feel emotionally or socially disconnected from those around you. Therefore, people who have many friends but lack the deeper intimacy of emotionally close relationships might actually feel extremely lonely despite being surrounded by many friends and acquaintances.
Given the danger loneliness poses to our quality of life as well as our longevity, it is important to take action if you are lonely at any age by becoming informed about the dangers it presents and learning about the steps you can take to alleviate emotional suffering.
[Guy Winch]
Click to comment
Leave a Reply
More in Loneliness
Best Dating Sites
Must Reads
To Top


Skip to definition.
Adjective: polemic pu'le-mik
 1. Of or involving dispute or controversy
 "Preaching and exegetical literature might also have a polemic purpose";
 - polemical
Noun: polemic pu'le-mik
 1. A writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology)
 - polemicist, polemist
 2. A controversy (especially over a belief or dogma)
Derived forms: polemics
See also: controversial
Type of: arguing, argument, author, contention, contestation, controversy, disceptation, disputation, tilt, writer
Encyclopedia: Polemic


text:
Overcoming obstacles to parkland acquisition: an analysis of the City of Toronto's parkland acquisition tools, why they have failed the downtown, and what can be done about it
thesisposted on 25.05.2021, 07:15 by Sophie Lewis Knowles
Since the mid-1900s, municipal parkland acquisition in North America has occurred largely through the development process. This paper asks how well Toronto's existing acquisition tools and policies are meeting the needs of present and future populations in the downtown. Research was conducted through a review of the literature, policy and budgetary analysis, and twelve key informant interviews with municipal parks staff, councillors, developers, a planning consultant, and community advocates. The research finds that there are many factors that have impeded parkland acquisition in the downtown, including lack of a strong planning framework, historical disbursal of cash-in-lieu funds city-wide, governance challenges, underfunding of existing operations, limited land supply, a perception of land as overpriced, inability to purchase at market price and in a timely fashion, and limited knowledge of existing tools. The paper acknowledges what has worked and concludes with recommendations to improve the City's parkland acquisition and development framework.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
present work has therefore been broadened to include aspects of ionospheric radio propagation which were Cited by: If we assume that the transverse radio waves propagate parallel to Bo, the Equation of Motion for electrons trapped in this ionospheric plasma is given by.
m d 2 x/dt 2 - e/c Bo X dx/dt = -e E e-iwt, where the influence of the B field of the transverse wave has been neglected compared to the static induction Bo and the electron charge is given.


text:
(From the publisher):
The 14th century gives us back two contradictory images: a glittering time of crusades and castles, cathedrals and chivalry; and a dark time of ferocity and spiritual agony, a world plunged into a chaos of war, fear and the Plague. Barbara Tuchman anatomizes the century, revealing both the great rhythms of history and the grain and texture of domestic life as it was lived.
Original title: A Distant Mirror
Genre: Fiction→ Nonfiction (admin Use Only)


Go Down
Topic: [solved] Lilypad Erratic Temperature Sensor Output (Read 1 time) previous topic - next topic
Andrew T.
Jun 12, 2013, 11:30 pm Last Edit: Jul 01, 2013, 04:50 pm by Andrew T. Reason: 1
Hello, I am new to Arduino but I am looking forward to learning about it and using it for some practical applications. Currently, I am using a Lilypad Simple Board with the MCP9700 temperature sensor, both of which have been disconnected from the protosnap board. My goal is to measure the ambient temperature and read it off of the COM port. However, I am getting erratic readings on screen.
The board is connected to the computer via USB, with the sensor connected to the board in what I understand to be the correct way: hot to hot, ground to ground, and data to pin A2 (my own choice).
The code I am using I found online:
Code: [Select]
//TMP36 Pin Variables
int sensorPin = A2;
_TAG_ BANDGAPREF 14 // special indicator that we want to measure the bandgap
* setup() - this function runs once when you turn your Arduino on
* We initialize the serial connection with the computer
void setup()
 //to view the result open the serial monitor
void loop() // run over and over again
 // get voltage reading from the secret internal 1.05V reference
 int refReading = analogRead(BANDGAPREF);
 // now calculate our power supply voltage from the known 1.05 volt reading
 float supplyvoltage = (1.05 * 1024) / refReading;
 Serial.print(supplyvoltage); Serial.println("V power supply");
 //getting the voltage reading from the temperature sensor
 int reading = analogRead(sensorPin);
 // converting that reading to voltage
 float voltage = reading * supplyvoltage / 1024;
 // print out the voltage
 Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(" volts");
 // now print out the temperature
 float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ; //converting from 10 mv per degree wit 500 mV offset
 Serial.print(temperatureC); Serial.println(" degress C");
 // now convert to Fahrenheight
 float temperatureF = (temperatureC * 9 / 5) + 32;
 Serial.print(temperatureF); Serial.println(" degress F");
 delay(2000); //waiting a second
However, my output is unrealistic:
2.67V power supply
0.15 volts
-34.63 degress C
-30.33 degress F
6.76V power supply
0.40 volts
-9.72 degress C
14.51 degress F
7.17V power supply
0.72 volts
22.10 degress C
71.78 degress F
7.85V power supply
0.82 volts
32.01 degress C
89.61 degress F
7.91V power supply
0.66 volts
15.62 degress C
60.12 degress F
Troubleshooting, the code was modified to output the analog read of Sensor Pin A2. The read out was erratic, increasing and decreasing regardless of when heat was applied to the sensor. The temperature sensor was then replaced with the included light sensor. There, the analog readout would increase with increasing light and vice-versa. This leads me to believe that the problem may lie with the hardware (the temperature sensor). On the other hand, I know that the sketch was meant for a different temperature sensor, but I do not see why it would not work in this case. Any insight is appreciated.
I don't know where you have the bandgap code from but it's wrong.
One of the first lines of analogRead() is
Code: [Select]
if (pin >= 14) pin -= 14; // allow for channel or pin numbers
so you're actually reading the value of A0. You probably wanted to set the analog MUX to the internal voltage source:
Code: [Select]
But that doesn't work with analogRead().
Please describe what you want to achieve and why you're not just reading the value from A2.
Andrew T.
I agree, there really isn't any reason to include it. I modified the code. The readings are now consistent but still incorrect (negative values). The voltage output from the sensor is now decreasing with increasing temperature. Is that characteristic of the sensor?
Code: [Select]
int sensorPin = A2;
void setup()
 pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
void loop()
 int reading = analogRead(sensorPin);
 Serial.print(reading); Serial.println(" Bits");
 float voltage = reading * (5000 / 1024); //5000mV supplied by USB
 Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(" Volts");
 float tempC = (voltage - 500)/10;
Serial.print(tempC); Serial.println(" degrees C");
float tempF = (tempC * 9 / 5) + 32;
 Serial.print(tempF); Serial.println(" degress F");
You have negative results from analogRead()? Please post the actual output you get.
This code
Code: [Select]
probably doesn't produce what you expect it to. It's exactly the same as
Code: [Select]
float voltage = reading * 4;
That's the different between integer and float arithmetics.
Andrew T.
Here's my output (reading taken every 3 seconds). Heat is applied from the 108-bit reading onward.
80 Bits
320.00 Volts
-18.00 degrees C
-0.40 degrees F
96 Bits
384.00 Volts
-11.60 degrees C
11.12 degrees F
84 Bits
336.00 Volts
-16.40 degrees C
2.48 degrees F
86 Bits
344.00 Volts
-15.60 degrees C
3.92 degrees F
87 Bits
348.00 Volts
-15.20 degrees C
4.64 degrees F
89 Bits
356.00 Volts
-14.40 degrees C
6.08 degrees F
108 Bits
432.00 Volts
-6.80 degrees C
19.76 degrees F
0 Bits
0.00 Volts
-50.00 degrees C
-58.00 degrees F
0 Bits
0.00 Volts
-50.00 degrees C
-58.00 degrees F
97 Bits
388.00 Volts
-11.20 degrees C
11.84 degrees F
24 Bits
96.00 Volts
-40.40 degrees C
-40.72 degrees F
0 Bits
0.00 Volts
-50.00 degrees C
-58.00 degrees F
0 Bits
0.00 Volts
-50.00 degrees C
-58.00 degrees F
0 Bits
0.00 Volts
-50.00 degrees C
-58.00 degrees F
Also, you're correct, I didn't take into account floating point approximation. I'll look into fixing that as well.
Please take a picture of your setup and post it. Take care that every wire is visible on the picture. Your output doesn't look like the readings of a thermal sensor, so let's check the wiring.
Andrew T.
The picture is attached. Here's the reference:
Red: + on Arduino, + on Temp Sensor
Black: - on Arduino, - on Temp Sensor
Green: A2 on Arduino, S on Temp Sensor
Black USB: to computer
My guess is that you don't have a connection with the crocodile connectors. Solder wires and try again.
Andrew T.
I soldered the wires but no luck. I ended up buying a new temp sensor and everything is working properly; I'm getting room-temperature readings. I decided to go back to using the bandgap reference because I can't assume 5000mV is supplied by the USB. It also means that I don't have to worry about floating vs integer arithmetic since the supply voltage reading is a floating point number. Overall, this was a good learning experience. Thanks for your help.
Go Up


text:
Macroscopic Properties and Microscopic Models
As a simple example of how the macroscopic properties of a substanceA material that is either an element or that has a fixed ratio of elements in its chemical formula. can be explained on a microscopic level, consider the liquidA state of matter in which the atomic-scale particles remain close together but are able to change their positions so that the matter takes the shape of its container mercury. Macroscopically, mercury at ordinary temperatures is a silvery liquid which can be poured much like water—rather unusual for a metalAn element characterized by a glossy surface, high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.. Mercury is also the heaviest known liquid. Its densityThe ratio of the mass of a sample of a material to its volume. is 13.6 g cm–3, as compared with only 1.0 g cm–3 for water. When cooled below –38.9°C mercury solidifies and behaves very much like more familiar solid metals such as copper and iron. Mercury frozen around the end of a wooden stick can be used to hammer nails, as long as it is kept sufficiently cold. Solid mercury has a density of 14.1 g cm–3 slightly greater than that of the liquid.
When mercury is heated, it remains a liquid until quite a high temperature, finally boilingThe process of a liquid becoming vapor in which bubbles of vapor form beneath the surface of the liquid; at the boiling temperature the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid. at 356.6°C to give an invisible vaporThe gaseous state of a substance that typically exists as a liquid or solid; a gas at a temperature near or below the boiling point of the corresponding liquid.. Even at low concentrations gaseous mercury is extremely toxic if breathed into the lungs. It has been responsible for many cases of human poisoning. In other respects mercury vapor behaves much like any other gas. It is easily compressible. Even when quite modest pressures are applied, the volume decreases noticeably. Mercury vapor is also much less dense than the liquid or the solid. At 400°C and ordinary pressures, its density is 3.6 × 10–3 g cm–3 about one four-thousandth that of solid or liquid mercury.
A modern chemist would interpret these macroscopic properties in terms of a sub-microscopic model involving atoms of mercury. As shown in the following figure, the atoms may be thought of as small, hard spheres. Like billiard balls they can move around and bounce off one another. In solid mercury the centers of adjacent atoms are separated by only 300 pm (300 × 10–12 m or 3.00Å). Although each atom can move around a little, the others surround it so closely that it cannot escape its allotted position. Hence the solid is rigid. Very few atoms move out of position even when it strikes a nail. As temperature increases, the atoms vibrate more violently, and eventually the solid melts. In liquid mercury, the regular, geometrically rigid structure is gone and the atoms are free to move about, but they are still rather close together and difficult to separate. This ability of the atoms to move past each other accounts for the fact that liquid mercury can flow and take the shape of its container. Note that the structure of the liquid is not as compact as that of the solid; a few gaps are present. These gaps explain why liquid mercury is less dense than the solid.
In gaseous mercury, also called mercury vapor, the atoms are very much farther apart than in the liquid and they move around quite freely and rapidly. Since there are very few atoms per unitA particular measure of a physical quantity that is used to express the magnitude of the physical quantity; for example, the meter is the unit of the physical quantity, length. volume, the density is considerably lower than for the liquid and solid. By moving rapidly in all directions, the atoms of mercury (or any other gas for that matterAnything that occupies space and has mass; contrasted with energy.) are able to fill any container in which they are placed. When the atoms hit a wall of the container, they bounce off. This constant bombardment by atoms on the sub-microscopic level accounts for the pressure exerted by the gas on the macroscopic level. The gas can be easily compressed because there is plenty of open space between the atoms. Reducing the volume merely reduces that empty space. The liquid and the solid are not nearly so easy to compress because there is little or no empty space between the atoms.
You may have noticed that although our sub-microscopic model can explain many of the properties of solid, liquid, and gaseous mercury, it cannot explain all of them. Mercury's silvery color and why the vapor is poisonous remain a mystery, for example. There are two approaches to such a situation. We might discard the idea of atoms in favor of a different theory that can explain more macroscopic properties. On the other hand it may be reasonable to extend the atomic theory so that it can account for more facts. The second approach has been followed by chemists. In the current section on Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Reactions as well as Using Chemical Equations in Calculations we shall discuss in more detail those facts that require only a simple atomic theory for their interpretation. Many of the subsequent sections will describe extensions of the atomic theory that allow interpretations of far more observations.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Recently I was involved in a workshop on killing chickens. I went through the entire process from killing to dressing to cooking and eating. This is the process as was taught to me
Step One: Catch the Chicken
This part can be rather tricky. If you've never caught a chicken before, my experience is that the easiest way is to catch them off guard in the coop. Just grap the chicken by the legs and lift it off the ground holding the chicken upside down by the legs. The chicken may flap around a bit, but if you're careful, and have a good grip on the legs the chicken won't get away. The important thing to remember is not to let the chicken go, because its going to be really hard to catch it again now that its on its guard.
Step two: Kill the Chicken
There are two methods that I've seen to kill a chicken. One is to simply lie the chicken on a chopping block and cut off its head. This can be rather bloody, but its a sure way to be positive that the chicken is dead.
The second method (and the one I'm going to discuss here) is to wring the chicken's neck. If this is done correctly it's a lot less messy.
So, take your chicken by the legs (you are still holding it right?). In your other hand pull down on the neck and then bend it upward very quickly. If you've done it correctly, then you will feel a snap, and the chicken will reflexivly begin to flap its wings. At this point my great grandmother would drop the chicken and let it run around the yard until it's body finished dying.(hence the term run around like chickens with their head cut off)
If you've broken the neck, then the next step is to drain out some of the blood. Hang the chicken upside down over a bucket. Then with a sharp knife reach into the mouth slightly down the throat and cut across cutting the jugular. Be very careful not to cut through the back of the neck.
Step Three: Pluck the Chicken
This step can be quite time consuming, but it's quite simple. Hang the chicken (preferably over something to catch the feathers). It's best to begin with the larger wing feathers, and simply pull in a downward motion. Take care not to try pulling in large clumps, if you try to pull too many at a time, then you risk tearing the skin. Be sure to get all the large feathers and as many of the small ones from the areas of the chicken that you plan to eat.
After you've plucked as much as you can stand, singe off the remaining feathers. Simply hold the chicken over an open flame.
Step Four: Dressing the Chicken
This step is not for the weak of stomach.
With a sharp knife, cut around the anus. Take care not to cut the intestines. Once you've cut all the way around the anus and freed the intestines from its connecting membranes move to the head of the chicken.
At this point you'll need a heavy knife or a pair of clippers. Cut off the head at the base of the neck. Reach your hand into the chicken from the neck, and try to loosen as many of the internal organs as possible. Now simply remove the internals from the anus end. If necessary reach inside the chicken to be certain that you've removed all the insides.
Step Five: Finishing up
To finish up cut off the feet, and pull out any remaining feathers. If you so desire, now is the time to skin the chicken. Then wrap the chicken and refrigerate it as soon as possible. REMEMBER, wash the chicken thoroughly before preparing.
That's it... you have yourself a fresh chicken. Now, go find yourself a good recipe.
CapnTrippy says to avoid getting poop on everything during step 4 tie a string around the anus before trying to remove it.
I grew up in a small fishing village on the north coast of British Columbia called Dodge Cove. Several of our neighbours in this village raised chickens, and one time, when I was quite young, my mother bought a few of these chickens, with the intention of killing, plucking & dressing them.
My mother is not a squeamish person. Not in the least. She was, however, new to chicken slaughter. A date was arranged for the chickens to meet their maker, and as this day drew near, she undertook a brief inquiry into the finer points of pollocide(?). She visited all the local chicken owners and their advice was consistent:
"What's there to say?"
"Cut off the head. Chicken dies."
"Piece of cake."
Soon the sun was rising on the fateful day. Or so we assume. We couldn't actually see the sun for the heavy grey clouds and misty rain. Yes, the chicken fields were slick that day. Indeed, my brother and I had great fun, running and sliding through the mud. My mother was not so amused. First, she had to catch the chickens. Chickens do not go gentle into that good night. Even, it seems, after their heads have been removed. Headless chickens ran amok, blood and head-guts splurting and mixing with the mud and the sliding children. For a short while, Chaos truly reigned.
The next day my mother regaled our chicken raising friends with the harrowing tale.
"Well shucks," they replied. "You should have hung them up by their feet for a while first. Calms them right down, so they don't run around like."
An acquaintance of mine dabbled in chicken farming as a summer side business. It turns out that raising "cage free" chickens is a fairly easy thing to do. You buy the chicks in the spring and put them out in the yard, inside a wire mesh house. The house has an open bottom, and you move it every day so the chick(en)s have fresh grass. Half of the house is covered with fabric to provide shade. The main purpose of the enclosure is to keep out predators and maintain flock coherence; there will inevitably be escapees, but rather than running for the hills they just wander around and eventually get lost or eaten if you don't bring them back in. Domestic chickens are observably very stupid. But of course you're not here to learn about raising chickens, you're here to learn about the periand postmortem excitement!
If you're a part-time chickenisto, when harvest/slaughter time comes you go and get the kill cart. This is a special trailer designed for the efficient killing and processing of chickens, collectively owned and time-shared by the local chicken farmers. An entrepreneur need only buy in to the group and, on their appointed day, fetch the cart from the last user. This system makes it easy to enter the business without a significant investment of time and money.
The kill cart is all stainless steel. Every surface is either full of holes or sloped toward a particular drain, keeping fluids out of the way and allowing the whole to be conveniently hosed down for cleanup. There are particular stations around the perimeter of the trailer for different parts of the process, some of which are connected to the large propane tank mounted just aft of the hitch.
Chickens enter at the front of the cart, several at a time. They are placed into "kill cones", metal funnels which hold inverted chickens with their heads poking out the bottom. These prevent the victims from flailing about and damaging themselves, and position them for convenient slaying and draining. It is important to note that the chicken's heart keeps going even after it is arguably dead, getting the blood out quicker. (This is the first problem with industrially processed chickens. They are typically electrocuted, instantly stopping the heart and leaving more blood in the body for the later stages.)
Dead, bloodless chickens are removed from the cones and passed to the plucker, who removes some larger feathers before putting the corpses in a convenient cleaning device. This is somewhat like a washing machine, having a rotating drum with thick rubber prongs on the walls. Hot water cleans the chickens and loosens the feathers, which are then stripped off by the prongs.
The naked, pink, dead, bloodless chickens are put on the evisceration table, where a couple more technicians perform Step Four, as described above by mrklaw. The table is ergonomically designed and directs unwanted guts into easily emptied catches, while channeling fluids out the bottom to the ground. At the end of the table, also the end of the trailer, is the first of two dedicated quality control workers. Their job is to make sure that all guts have been removed, and especially that no feces has been spilled during the evisceration. (This is the second problem with factory chickens. Bulk processing requires mechanical evisceration, which is indelicate and likely to rupture guts and intenstines. Individual hand-treatment greatly reduces the risk of infectious contamination.)
Moving back up the other side now, the naked, pink, dead, bloodless, gutless chickens are tidied up through removal of feet, necks, and other unwanted protrusions. They are then plunged into an icy water bath, under the supervision of the second quality controller. This is the terminus of the process, the output queue of the kill cart. At the end of the day the prepared chickens will be transferred to a larger basin of ice-water, from which customers can choose their own.
The comprehensive facilities of the kill cart and the (dis)assembly line division of labor enable approximately seven people (three would be a skeleton crew, and with ten the cart would be pretty crowded) to slaughter the whole flock of 50-100 in one fun-filled afternoon. Cleaning up is relatively


text:
On this day: Attack on the 405 bus
July 6 1989: Terror on the road to Jerusalem
Fourteen people were killed in an incident that has since been described as the first suicide attack on Israelis.
The attack, which also left 27 people with injuries, occurred on the number 405 bus from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The driver had reached the junction after the Israeli Arab village of Abu Ghosh, when a man seized the steering wheel and began shouting in Arabic.
He pulled the bus to the right and, despite a struggle with the driver, succeeded in making it go over the side of a cliff.
Among those killed were a Canadian schoolgirl and a 15-year-old from Jerusalem, whose father had been injured in a petrol bomb ten years earlier. The perpetrator was later identified as a 25-year-old Arab from a refugee camp. He was hospitalised and subsequently convicted of murder, hijacking and terrorism.
What happened prompted immense anger in Israel, with a number of retaliatory incidents, which Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir condemned as a "worrying phenomenon".
President Chaim Herzog said of the attack: "This tragic incident reminds that the fight against terror in our country has not ended."
The attack had another lasting impact – it prompted the creation of Israel's Orthodox disaster response organisation ZAKA, after yeshiva student Meshi Zahav was one of the first on the bloody scene. He later said of what he saw that it was "chilling and horrifying chaos".
What the JC said: The bus had just begun picking up speed on the long, straight stretch of the road after the junction at the Arab village of Abu Ghosh [which sided with Israel in the War of Independence in 1948], when an Arab passenger went up to the driver and wrenched the steering wheel to the right, sending the bus careering into a ravine. As the bus rolled over, finishing up on its roof and catching fire, most of the passengers were thrown out.
See more from the JC archives here


Jump to content
Recommended Posts
Hi guys,
So, we are making a project where we use 3 UV sensors.
We want to get the readings of 3 sensors connected together but we want the serial monitor to show only the readings of the highest intensity of the sensors. So whenever one of the sensor is been directed towards the sun we want only that sensor's readings to show up. And we are not sure how to make the 3 sensors all in one code
This is the original code of one sensor
//Hardware pin definitions
int UVOUT = A0; //Output from the sensor
int REF_3V3 = A1; //3.3V power on the Arduino board
void setup()
 pinMode(UVOUT, INPUT);
 pinMode(REF_3V3, INPUT);
 Serial.println("ML8511 example");
void loop()
 int uvLevel = averageAnalogRead(UVOUT);
 int refLevel = averageAnalogRead(REF_3V3);
 //Use the 3.3V power pin as a reference to get a very accurate output value from sensor
 float outputVoltage = 3.3 / refLevel * uvLevel;
 float uvIntensity = mapfloat(outputVoltage, 0.99, 2.8, 0.0, 15.0); //Convert the voltage to a UV intensity level
 Serial.print("output: ");
 Serial.print("ML8511 output: ");
 Serial.print(" / ML8511 voltage: ");
 Serial.print(" / UV Intensity (mW/cm^2): ");
//Takes an average of readings on a given pin
//Returns the average
int averageAnalogRead(int pinToRead)
 byte numberOfReadings = 8;
 unsigned int runningValue = 0;
 for(int x = 0 ; x < numberOfReadings ; x++)
 runningValue += analogRead(pinToRead);
 runningValue /= numberOfReadings;
//The Arduino Map function but for floats
//From: _URL_
This is the original code of the Sensor
Edited by SamSMK
Link to post
Share on other sites
Join the conversation
Reply to this topic...
× Pasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead
 Only 75 emoji are allowed.
× Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor
 - Create New...


text:
I've got a thin dielectric cylinder with radius $R$ and length $L$ with a uniform polarization along the axis of cylinder. I need to calculate the electric field above the center of the cylinder, just outside of it.
Because the polarization is uniform $\rho_b = 0$ and $\sigma_b = P\cdot n = \pm P$ at the endcaps and zero along the sides. So essentially this is just the electric field between two oppositely charged disks. But the fact that the point I'm evaluating the electric field at is not along the axis of the disks is making this harder.
Parametrizing one disk as $z=\frac L2$, $0\le r\le R\cos(\theta)$ (where I've aligned $z$ with the axis of the cylinder) and using the fact that I only want the component of the field parallel to the cylinder (because the other components will cancel out), I get
But I can't seem to evaluate this, and when I plug it into WolframAlpha it's giving me something involving an elliptic integral. And I really doubt my professor would give us something with that kind of result.
Where is my mistake?


text:
A decision-support modelling toolset for anthrax infection and treatment
The aim of this PhD project is to develop an anthrax modelling toolset, which can be used to inform hazard assessment, operational analysis and medical counter-measure studies.
The toolset will consist of two principal modules:
1) Human infection module: a within-host mechanistic model of the infection process of anthrax within humans will be developed (bacterial growth and toxin production). This module will predict the probability of infection and the time to symptoms for an individual exposed to a given dose of anthrax. Published data from animal models (primarily primate) will be leveraged, together with available human clinical case data.
2) Medical treatment module: a within-host mechanistic model of the effect of a range of treatments (e.g., different varieties of antibiotic) will be developed, allowing different dosing strategies to be tested. Published pharmacokinetic data will be leveraged in model development.
These two modules will be integrated to provide a tool that can be used to predict the consequences of a deliberate aerosol release of anthrax, and to investigate optimal treatment strategies in both military and civilian contexts. The toolset will allow different medical countermeasures to be tested in silico and will also allow alternative scenarios, such as antibiotic resistance, to be explored.


text:
By OBA I DONATUS, CNN
Updated 1034 GMT (1834 HKT) February 21, 2020The 46,000-year-old specimen was identified as a horned lark.
(CNN)Scientists studying the remarkably well-preserved remains of an Ice Age bird have identified the specimen as a horned lark.Buried and frozen in permafrost near the village of Belaya Gora in north-eastern Siberia, the bird was discovered by local fossil ivory hunters, who passed it on to a team of experts, including Nicolas Dussex and Love Dalén from the Swedish Museum of Natural History, for testing.Radiocarbon dating revealed the bird lived around 46,000 years ago, and genetic analysis identified it as a horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), according to a paper published Friday in the journal Communications Biology.Dalén told CNN that research showed the bird may be an ancestor to two subspecies of lark alive today, one in northern Russia and the other on the Mongolian steppe."This finding implies that the climatic changes that took place at the end of the last Ice Age led to formation of new subspecies," he said.The bird was found in north-eastern Siberia at a site which also contained other frozen specimens.The preservation of the bird is explained in large part by the cold of the permafrost, explained Dussex, but this specimen is in extraordinarily good condition."The fact that such a small and fragile specimen was near intact also suggests that dirt/mud must have been deposited gradually, or at least that the ground was relatively stable so that the bird's carcass was preserved in a state very close to its time of death," said Dussex.The next stage of research involves sequencing the bird's entire genome, said Dalén, which will reveal more about its relationship to present day subspecies and estimate the rate of evolutionary change in larks.
Is it a dog or is it a wolf? 18,000-year-old frozen puppy leaves scientists baffledScientists working in the area have also found carcasses and body parts from other animals such as wolves, mammoths and wooly rhinos.Dussex described such findings as "priceless" as they allow researchers to retrieve DNA and sometimes RNA, a nucleic acid present in all living cells."This in turn will open new opportunities to study the evolution of ice age fauna and understand their responses to climate change over the past 50-10 thousands of years ago," added Dussex.The horned lark was discovered at the same site as an 18,000-year-old frozen puppy, which Dalén and Dussex are also studying.Using carbon dating on the creature's rib bone, experts were able to confirm that the specimen had been frozen for around 18,000 years, but extensive DNA tests have so far been unable to show whether the animal was a dog or a wolf.Scientists can normally tell the difference relatively easy, and researchers hope that further tests on the remains will provide more insight into exactly when dogs were domesticated.


text:
Kissonerga-Skalia: An Early-Middle Bronze Age settlement in western Cyprus
Director: Dr Lindy Crewe
The area surrounding Kissonerga village, near Paphos in western Cyprus (Figure 1), is extremely rich in prehistoric remains, primarily dating from the earliest Neolithic occupation of the island through the Chalcolithic period, investigated through survey and excavation since the 1970s by the University of Edinburgh's Lemba Archaeological Project (LAP) (Peltenburg et al. 1998, 2003; Philip 1983). The University of Manchester project is the first time that a settlement dating to the Early-Middle Cypriot Bronze Age (EC-MC, ca 2400-1650 BC) has been excavated in the area. In addition to the prehistoric occupation, the village was inhabited from the Late Roman through Medieval periods. Given the area's rich past, the overarching aim of the project is to integrate all of the archaeological evidence at Kissonerga over its 10,000-year history. In future seasons we will integrate environmental, survey and previous excavation data towards this aim.
Although some of the site was destroyed by levelling for agricultural purposes during the early 1970s, Kissonerga-Skalia remains extremely important for understanding the Cypriot prehistoric Bronze Age. Excavations in other parts of the island (see Alambra-Mouttes, Marki-Alonia and Sotira-Kaminoudhia in the bibliography below and on Figure 1) have revealed that EC-MC settlements shared many common features, such as architectural styles and technologies, but had pronounced regional differences in pottery styles (see Steel 2004 for an overview). The southwest has long been thought to be the home of a pottery style known as 'Drab Polished ware' (Figure 2), which is poorly understood, as only small amounts have been excavated from multiple-use tombs or as exports to sites in other parts of the island. Drab-Polished ware is the most common pottery style at Kissonerga-Skalia and obtaining a stratified sequence will enable us to build a framework for understanding the origins and duration of this extremely well-made pottery. Other characteristic features of settlements of EC-MC date have been their small rural nature, located by arable inland valleys and often near copper sources. Kissonerga-Skalia therefore also stands out for its exceptional coastal location, only 300m from the sea.
The 2007-9 Seasons
We have now conducted three seasons of excavation at the site, revealing well-preserved architecture and other features. During the preliminary season of excavation in August 2007 a series of test trenches were sunk in areas that had either been obviously truncated by the 1970s terracing, or potentially protected by overburden from levelling operations, to establish in which areas in situ architecture might be preserved. All trenches proved productive to some degree and the 2008-9 seasons have focussed on extending these to expose the preserved remains (Figure 3). Upper disturbed layers contained quantities of pottery, including EC-MC, Chalcolithic and Late Roman to Byzantine. Chalcolithic pottery has either eroded downslope from the neighbouring site of Kissonerga-Mosphilia (Peltenburg et al. 1998) or the occupants of Skalia were mining the remains of the Chalcolithic settlement to obtain building materials for their mudbrick houses.
In Trench D (Figure 4) stone footings of typical EC-MC dwellings have been revealed. The aim of the 2009 extension was to further expose stone wall footings revealed in previous seasons and to expose returns for these walls in order to obtain a bounded architectural unit to begin to establish a stratigraphic sequence for the site. This aim was achieved in the sense that we now have four walls at right angles forming a 'room' but the trench requires further excavation to the SE to reveal the entire extent. Two floor deposits were excavated within the room. Associated with the lowermost surface reached in 2009, surface 257, was a circular stone and mud plaster bin. Deposits overlying the floor were rich in animal bones and edible seashell remains, which along with coarse pottery cooking pots and storage vessels, suggest a domestic assemblage.
To the north in Trench B (Figure 5) we have exposed a large furnace-like structure (Feature 33). Feature 33 appears to have been a large mud plaster-built structure with thick curvilinear walls of at least 0.8m high, which the concavity suggests may have been a domed roof with a rounded opening, not dissimilar in appearance to a traditional village fournos. It measures 2.6m x 1.9m with an opening 0.8m wide in the southern side. Feature 33 saw a complex series of reuse and cleaning episodes, indicated by a series of ashy deposits in the interior and on the exterior to the west of the entrance, prior to collapse and later truncation by ploughing. The earliest level has now been exposed, revealing a large (c. 1.2m high), partially collapsed, pithos of coarse Red Polished ware embedded in a pit in the base. The pithos was placed upright with its mouth in front of and level with the entrance. At the base was an ashy deposit containing a cooking pot. Stylistically, the pithos is most similar to those excavated at Episkopi-Phaneromeni, dated to LC IA. Despite 100% floatation of the interior fills the function of Feature 33 remains enigmatic, with insufficient burning on the base and walls of the feature to suggest sustained exposure to high temperatures. The large scale, high walls, and free-standing nature of Feature 33 make it unique in the Cypriot archaeological record. Further work is required to investigate the associated exterior surface and its relationship with the two stone walls now partially revealed at the SW and NE limits of the trench.
Trenches G and G22
Within Trenches G and G2 (Figure 6) we have revealed the remains of an unusually wide (1.2m) rubble wall (Wall 67). After the 2007-8 seasons it was thought that Wall 67 was curvilinear at the northern extreme. Investigations in 2009 on the exterior of the wall to its foundation, on what appears to be a largely sterile subsoil, have revealed that the larger stones at the curve are likely to represent a later entrance blocking episode and the 2009 extensions indicate that the wall continues straight in either direction, meeting at an obtuse angle, rather than the more usual 90°. Trenches G and G2 have now exposed around 17m length of Wall 67 with no evidence for a return or any interior subdivisions. The latest occupation surface on the interior has been partially displaced by bulldozer teeth but reveals a series of plastered pit emplacements, pot spreads and ground stone tools. The latest pottery associated with the occupation dates to the threshold of the Late Cypriot, including late White Painted V-VI sherds imported from the northwest, probably the Ovgos Valley area. There is no pottery later than this in any of the disturbed deposits and it would appear that the site was abandoned during LC IA, following the pattern seen at other sites such as Episkopi-Phaneromeni and the houses at Kalopsidha. Wall 67 therefore makes most sense as part of the phenomenon of the construction of monumentalising architecture, often referred to as 'fortifications', seen on Cyprus at this time, and is therefore extremely important as the first building of this nature to have been excavated in the west. On the northern exterior of Wall 67 a second construction, similar in style to Wall 67 was partially exposed. The space between the two (0.20m) is not wide enough for a passage but they do not appear to be joined. An embedded pebble-and-sherd surface on the exterior also included a piece of high-quality copper slag, indicating that copper working was undertaken at the site. Further investigation and extension of Trenches G and G2 is required to understand these structures.
In addition to the preserved architecture, finds include beads, pendants and copper fragments. One complete bent copper needle (Figure 7) was found in the upper levels of the ashy fill in the lower pit in Trench B. We also have evidence of textile production in the form of spindle whorls and a loom weight, and numbers of chipped stone and ground stone tools, including agricultural types such as querns, and gaming stones. The site has also yielded evidence of faunal (cattle, deer, sheep/goat, pig) and marine (crab and shellfish) exploitation and well-preserved botanical remains (grape and lentil). Again, Kissonerga-Skalia's coastal position may supply information on marine exploitation strategies not attested at the inland sites. In order to address some of these questions and fully expose architecture, excavation will continue in future seasons.
The excavation runs during the university break as a summer field school for archaeology undergraduates. Thanks to the team for all their hard work over the last three seasons.
The project has been implemented with support from the Department of Greece and Rome, The British Museum; the Council for British Research in the Levant; and the British Academy.
Bibliography and further reading
- Coleman, J. E., J. A. Barlow, M. K. Mogelonsky and K. W


text:
The direct interface of fluid power components to digital computers requires electrohydraulic devices which can be actuated by a digital signal. High speed solenoid valves are devices ideally suited for this kind of application due to their on/off characteristics. In the last two decades, considerable research has been focused on developing fast responding on/off valves and this research has achieved some success. The fastest responding valves that have been reported are usually single stage and can only handle low flow rates. Two stage valves which can accommodate high flow rates have been developed, but they are either slow in responding or complicated in construction.
In this paper, the feasibility of a rotary based, single stage, fast responding digital valve is considered. The feasibility study consisted of developing a nonlinear model of the valve from which transient and steady state responses were simulated. Based on these simulation studies, a prototype valve was designed and fabricated. The configuration of the valve is introduced in this paper. Some preliminary experimental results of the testing of this valve are presented.


I got a problem when calculating the out-of-sample performance of my model. I have the following settings:
 1. I have daily data.
 2. I use a rolling window of 1 week.
 3. I use the previous six months of data to estimate my model parameters.
Thus, the model parameters are estimated every week using the previous 6 month of data. Each time the parameters are estimated the investment control remains fixed for 1 week (I do not rebalance) until the parameters are next updated.
My question is: How do I calculate performance/return including transaction cost? When I have estimated the parameters and make a trade to rebalance at day 1, do I then need to
 1. Calculate the daily return of the portfolio in the 1 week window and sum it to get the return for the week.
 2. Compute the new positions from the new estimated parameters.
 3. Compute the total expected trading cost from step 2).
 4. Subtract the total expected trading cost from the portfolio return calculated in 1.
 1. Holding period return would be more appropriate. Calculate your one week return by using your ending portfolio NAV. The easiest way to do this would to be to store number of shares in each position and multiply by price after one week to obtain your new NAV.
 2. Yes.
 3. Yes.
 4. No, subtract it from your ending portfolio NAV. The process is as follows:
 - Estimate parameters/train model
 - Determine positions through model
 - Calculate trades by netting new portfolio with current portfolio.
 - Determine position sizes in terms of % of pre-trade NAV. Add trading costs as % of pre-trade NAV. The total sum of the pre-trade position sizes will now exceed 100%. Proportionally resize such that the new positions plus trading costs sum to 100%.
 - Execute trades. Recalculate NAV at end of the week and restart.
Total period return minus trading costs is obviously $ \cfrac{{NAV}_{end}}{NAV_{start}}-1$. It's easier to keep everything in terms of NAV until you want to calculate a period return, since your trades will be calculated off of NAV.
Your Answer


Thursday, November 24, 2005
What Makes Laptops So Dangerous?:
Almost 22 million people are expected to travel on U.S. airlines during the Thanksgiving holiday period, and wait times at the airport may increase as a result. As usual, airlines are telling passengers they can save time if they remove laptop computers from their carry-on baggage before they get to security checkpoints. Why do computers get so much attention?


252 Guidelines for Dispatch Personnel
The following guidelines for Postal Service dispatch personnel are general in nature. Specific dispatch procedures for Postal Service operational employees are in the POM and applicable to the class and content of the mailpiece.
 1. Make sure that the hazardous material, restricted matter, or perishable matter is given proper handling to avoid damage or danger.
 2. Tender to the air carrier only those mailpieces that are properly packaged and marked. Before a shipment is tendered to a carrier, make sure that:
 1. A proper and strong packaging method is used.
 2. A secure method of package closure is used, and there is no visual evidence of leakage or damage. (If damage is detected, isolate the damaged mailpiece and notify the appropriate personnel in case of accident or incident and for proper spill response.)
 3. The outer packaging bears all required markings and/or labels.
 4. A properly completed shipping paper is attached to the outside of the mailpiece and to the dispatch document. The shipping paper must include the information detailed in 326 and Exhibit 326.
 5. If the mailpiece contains a material believed to be nonmailable, separate it from the rest of the mail to avoid introduction into the mailstream and treat it in accordance with POM 139.117-118, as appropriate.
See Chapter 7 for more information regarding the air transportation of mailable hazardous materials, restricted matter, or perishable matter.


OpenUnison is a new approach to identity management. OpenUnison combines web access management and provisioning services into a single system. Utilizing an internal virtual directory, powered by MyVirtualDirectory, OpenUnison can combine identity data from several sources such as Active Directory, LDAP directories and relational databases. OpenUnison combines most of the features of the commercial version of Unison, with the main difference being that OpenUnison is packaged as a J2EE application that is deployed into any J2EE container such as Tomcat or JBoss where as Unison is packaged as a stand alone service with a UI and management system.
Marc BoorshteinOpenUnison


text:
Local environment surrounding Zr atoms in the thin films of nanocrystalline zirconia (ZrO2) has been investigated by using the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique. These films prepared by the ion beam assisted deposition exhibit long-range structural order of cubic phase and high hardness at room temperature without chemical stabilizers. The local structure around Zr probed by EXAFS indicates a cubic Zr sublattice with O atoms located on the nearest tetragonal sites with respect to the Zr central atoms, as well as highly disordered locations. Similar Zr local structure was also found in a ZrO2 nanocrystal sample prepared by a sol-gel method. Variations in local structures due to thermal annealing were observed and analyzed. Most importantly, our x-ray results provide direct experimental evidence for the existence of oxygen vacancies arising from local disorder and distortion of the oxygen sublattice in nanocrystalline ZrO2. These oxygen vacancies are regarded as the essential stabilizing factor for the nanostructurally stabilized cubic zirconia.
Soo, Y. L.; Chen, P. J.; Huang, S. H.; Shiu, T. J.; Tsai, T Y.; Chow, Y. H.; Lin, Y. C.; Weng, S. C,; Chang, S. L.; Wang, G.; Cheung, Chin Li; Sabirianov, Renat F.; Mei, Wai-Ning; Namavar, Fereydoon; Haider, Hani; Garvin, Kevin L.; Lee, J. F.; Lee, H. Y.; and Chu, P. P., "Local Structures Surrounding Zr in Nanostructurally Stabilized Cubic Zirconia: Structural Origin of Phase Stability" (2008). Physics Faculty Publications. 1.


text:
The ABC Creative Music Pack for Year 4/Primary 5 helps children:
- Develop small group composition and performance on untuned and tuned percussion further, using downloadable handouts and the audition format.
- Use rhythm, pitch and lyrics to compose songswhich can be adapted to different topics.
- Develop drum rudiment skills with the Star Drummer Packusing left and right sticking patterns in composition and performance.
- Learn large scale compositions as a whole class on chime bars, shakers and percussionto prepare pieces for performance and learn notation, arrangement and instrumental skills.
- Develop improvising skills using voice and percussion.
- The simple shape notation used in the previous packs is expanded with 'sticks' added to the shapes in a step towards understanding conventional notation.
- Concepts of call and response, AABA Phrases and resolution/variation are explored.
- Improvisation skills are developed using Repeat, Alternate, Jumble activities on chime bars.
- Group work starts in earnest with an emphasis on composing and rehearsing for performance.
There are no reviews yet, would you like to submit yours?


text:
BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet (MeDi) is known to prevent cardiovascular events but the mechanisms mediating this association are not fully understood.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the association between MeDi adherence and the presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid, femoral, and aorta territories and its relationship with risk factors in asymptomatic middle-aged adults.
METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the Aragon Workers' Health Study, a cohort of 2588 subjects (94.9% men aged 51.3 +/- 3.89 years) without previous cardiovascular history. Participants underwent carotid, femoral, and aorta ultrasound for the quantification of number and thickness of plaques and intima-media thickness. To estimate the participant's adherence to MeDi, we computed the Alternative MEDiterranean index (aMED).
RESULTS: The overall aMED score was 4.19 +/- 1.70, representing a moderate adherence to MeDi. aMED score was associated with the presence of plaque in femoral arteries (odds ratio highest vs lowest aMED score quartile: 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.83; P trend =.045) independently of risk factors and mediators. The strongest association between aMED quartiles and presence of plaque was found among smokers, both in femoral (0.39 [0.22-0.69]; P trend =.001) and in any territory (0.33 [0.14-0.79], P trend =.008). aMED was inversely associated with the number of plaques in all territories except for carotids.
CONCLUSION: MeDi adherence showed a dose-dependent protective association with the presence, number, and thickness of plaques independent of other risk factors. The association was strongest for femoral arteries and among smokers. (C) 2017 National Lipid Association. All rights reserved.
- Mediterranean diet
- INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL
- SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- PRIMARY PREVENTION


text:
What is the CLA Licence?
The CLA (Copyright Licence Agency) was set up by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) and the Publishers' Licensing Society Ltd (PLS) to enable creators and publishers of original work to receive a fair recompense whenever their work is re-used. More details here
The University holds a CLA licence which allows content to be re-used within the legal requirements of copyright law. You can check what is covered here


text:
Theorem: If A and B are two independent events, then the probability that both will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.
Proof: Let event
A can happen is n1ways of which p are successful
B can happen is n2ways of which q are successful
Now, combine the successful event of A with successful event of B.
Thus, the total number of successful cases = p x q
We have, total number of cases = n1 x n2.
Therefore, from definition of probability
P (A and B) =P(A∩B)=
We have P(A) =,P(B)=
If, there are three independent events A, B and C, then
=P(A) x P(B) x P(C).
In general, if there are n independent events, then
Example: A bag contains 5 green and 7 red balls. Two balls are drawn. Find the probability that one is green and the other is red.
Solution: P(A) =P(a green ball) =
P(B) =P(a red ball) =
By Multiplication Theorem
P(A) and P(B) = P(A) x P(B) =


Monday, January 14, 2019
Drop in resting energy expenditure with weight loss
The Study
There is evidence that after weight loss, resting energy expenditure (REE) drops to levels lower than predicted. This is a major reason why so many people quickly regain lost weight. In this case-control study, three different groups of subjects had their resting energy expenditure measured. The first group included 34 subjects that had lost over 30 lbs. and kept the weight off for 1 year. The second group included 35 normal weight subjects. The third group included 33 overweight and obese subjects. Resting energy expenditure was predicted by standardized formulas and then precisely measured with indirect calorimetry. There were several interesting results:
-In the subjects that lost at least 30 lbs., there was no significant difference between predicted and measured resting energy expenditure.
-However, in the 34 subjects that had lost over 30 lbs. and kept it off for a year, there was a lot of variability. When comparing the expected to the actual resting energy expenditure, the range was -257 to +163 calories per day.
-In the weight loss maintainers, a lower than predicted REE was positively correlated with maximum weight, maximum BMI and maximum weight lost. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018; 108:658-66.
Take Home Message
There are 3 really interesting things about this study:
1) The more weight that a subject had to lose, the more severe the reduction in resting energy expenditure. This supports the idea that the more weight you lose, the harder it is to keep it off.
2) Even though these subjects lost a lot of weight, their REE did not drop all that much from what would be expected given their new weight. This is somewhat surprising given previous results.
3) There was a lot of variability in resting energy expenditure after weight loss. The range was 257 calories per day lower than expected to 163 calories higher than expected. It is encouraging that even subjects who had a serious drop in REE were able to maintain their weight loss for over a year. It has been previously argued that a drop in REE makes it impossible to keep lost weight off.
The REE response to weight loss is a fascinating topic that we need to learn more about in order to increase weight loss success. The fact that it varies so much at the individual level is a new concept to me. Is this because of exercise habits, genetics or something else? We'll have to stay tuned as further research evolves on this topic.
No comments:


text:
The Association exists to encourage the scientific, educational, historical and interpretive activities of the National Park Service at George Washington Carver National Monument, and to promote the legacy of Dr. George Washington Carver.
Did You Know?
The Carver Birthplace Association (CBA) is the cooperating association of George Washington Carver National Monument. CBA was established in the early 1940's and began the letter writing campaign to bring the park into existence. CBA was incorporated, February 26, 1963.


text:
This week on Kentucky's Backroads we travel to a place where an autumn tradition intersects with the Civil War. A 135 acre farm in northern Garrard County has an eleven acre corn maze featuring three and a half miles of paths. What makes Matt Howland's maze unique is its focus on the Civil War. The maze is laid out in the shape of 13 southeastern U-S states with paths to key battles in the War Between the States.
"We're trying to match the fun with getting a little bit of education out of it," said Howland. "As you're going through you're actually going to travel from state to state along the same pathways the troops would have traveled."
The maze matches a fifth grade curriculum which focuses on Kentucky's role in the war and the Underground Railroad. But, the day we visited the maze, it was little kids who were romping in the maze.
"Those kids just want to see how fast they can run from one side to the other and they're having a good time and you know when they're ready to learn they'll come back."
To find out more about Howland's farm, which also includes a bed and breakfast and an equestrian center, you can click on this link.


Lillian Gertrud Asplund
770pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
Comments0 Share
Lillian Asplund
Lillian Gertrud Asplund
was a Third Class passenger of the Titanic, aged five at the time of the disaster. She survived the sinking.
Early Life Edit
She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on October 21st, 1906, the daughter of Carl & Selma Asplund. Lillian was a fraternal twin and her twin brother was Carl Edgar. Her other brothers were Filip OscarEdvin Rojj Felix and Clarence Gustaf Hugo.
Lillian's family came originally from Alsema in the Smaland region of Sweden but had for some years been settled in Massachusetts. In 1907 they had returned to Sweden to settle Mr. Asplund's father's estate upon his death and to care for his mother. In 1912, Lillian's father, Carl O. Asplund, was set to go back to his previous position as a labourer at Spencer Wire Works in Worcester. According to a letter written by Mr. Asplund to his sister, the family was very much looking forward to returning to the United States. Four of Lillian's aunts (3 being her mother's sisters and 1 her father's) and their families lived in Worcester at the time.
Titanic Edit
In an interview conducted with Miss Asplund, some time ago, she recalled the disaster and relayed how she remembered being passed through what she described as a window (later identified as the First Class Promenade) into a descending lifeboat and looking back up at the sinking Titanic. Having left 3 of her brothers, including her twin, Carl, and her father on board the doomed ship, she maintains she was haunted by their faces peering over the rail at her for much of her life. She recalled her father was holding her twin and her 2 older brothers were on each side of them. Lillian was rescued in lifeboat 15 with her mother and brother, Felix. After rescue by the Carpathia, they were brought to St.Vincent's Hospital in New York City.
After the Sinking Edit
Upon their eventual arrival in Worcester, they resided at 151 Vernon St., the family's original intended destination, at the home of Lillian's aunt and uncle. The devastated family had lost all of their possessions including their life savings on the Titanic. The city of Worcester, shortly thereafter, held a very successful fundraiser and benefit for the family with the total sum raised reaching nearly $2,000. That money was supposedly invested and the interest paid to the family with access to funds as needed. The mayor of Worcester at the time, the honorable Mayor David F. O'Connell, was one of the trustees. In 1951, Lillian and her family moved to Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.
After the disaster, Lillian was employed at various secretarial jobs in Worcester but retired early to care for her elderly mother. Her mother passed away on the 52nd anniversary of the disaster that claimed the lives of 4 members of her family, at the age of 90. Her younger brother, Felix, passed away at the age of 73, 18 days shy of his 74th birthday. Neither Lillian or her brother ever married and never had children.
Lillian Gertrude Asplund was the last living survivor of the Titanic disaster with actual memories of it. She lived in Massachusetts until her death on May 6th, 2006. Lillian's hobbies, when she was able, included gardening, flowers (especially roses) and it was said her favorite snack was pepperoni pizza. She declined ever to discuss the disaster, as had her mother.
Ad blocker interference detected!


What is DIM and where is it found?
DIM (DIINDOLYLMETHANE) is a phytonutrient derived from cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts. It is thought to have cancer-protecting properties and promote a healthier estrogen metabolism.
.What are the benefits?
DIM if often take to prevent colorectal, breast, and uterine cancer. Some use it to treat PMS and to prevent BPH (enlarged prostate).
Are there interactions with food or medications?
A doctor should be consulted before starting DIM if you are taking estrogens, diuretics or CYPA12. There is conflicting evidence if DIM acts like an estrogen or block estrogen, so it should be avoided with hormone-sensitive conditions.
Are there side effects?
None reported.
Posted in Blog, Supplements.


text:
Use the video and step-by-step drawing instructions below to learn how to draw Namine from the Kingdom Hearts video games. A new cartoon drawing tutorial is uploaded every week, so stay tooned!
Intro: Start drawing Kingdom Hearts' Namine with a pencil sketch. In the beginning stages, don't press down too hard. Use light, smooth strokes for sketching.
Step 1: To draw Namine, start with an egg shape in the middle of the page. You don't have to draw the egg shape perfectly; it's just a guide for Namine's head.
Step 2: Underneath the egg shape, draw two wavy lines that extend outward toward the sides and then curve down toward the bottom. These lines make Namine's neck and shoulders.
Step 3: Next, draw two intersecting lines across Namine's head shape, one vertical and one horizontal. In between the horizontal line and the bottom of the head, draw a small horizontal line. Below that one, draw a slightly longer horizontal line. These will be construction lines that will help you place Namine's features later on.
Step 4: Now draw the basic shapes for Namine's eyes, which are two small ovals with pointed ends, like footballs. Draw these ovals so they sit on top of the horizontal construction line on either side of the vertical construction line.
Step 5: Draw some guides for Namine's hair. Draw a line that starts at the top of her head and then moves left around her head and a bit below the left shoulder. Draw another line on the opposite side that ends right on top of the right shoulder.


text:
Streetscape and Townscape of Metropolitan New York City, _PHONE_
Between 1850 and 1950, the population of New York City grew from just under 700,000 to more than seven million. This collection of 1,300 photographs documents the manifold changes that characterized New York City's urban environment in this 100 year period. The photographs are gathered from several collections: 1896 street views by Staten Island photographer Alice Austen, 1911 panoramas of Fifth Avenue, Washington Irving's home in the 1860s, 31 photo-lithographics of mid-1800s Hudson River mansions, the Sperr collection of 335 photographs taken between 1931 and 1942, and a general collection of photographs divided by city borough. Highlights include Austen's images of New York City laborers (organ grinders, bootblacks, police men, messenger boys) and of her home life among the State Island elite—both rare subjects for this period, and the Sperr collection's documentation of the construction of the Belt Parkway. Part of the New York Public Library's renowned digital library collection, this website is essential for those interested in U.S. urban history, architecture, the history of New York City, and the built environment.


Update 4/26/11: This post has been updated to include additional steps to ensure Kerberos authentication can be used for OAB downloads by domain-connected Outlook clients.
With Exchange 2010, a major change was instituted in the way clients connect and access mailbox related data. Unlike previous versions, clients no longer connect directly to the Information Store on the Mailbox server role to access mailbox data. Instead, clients connect to a set of services on the Client Access server (CAS) role and services within the CAS role access mailbox data using MAPI/RPC from the Mailbox server on behalf of the connecting user.
This architectural change provides many benefits, including:
 - A common code path for different client types for message body content conversion.
 - Data validation logic. For example, calendar versioning which is used by the Mailbox Assistant, the Calendar Repair Assistant.
 - Compliance features like Single Item Recovery or Legal Hold.
 - Better client experience during switchovers/failovers by obfuscating the Mailbox server hosting the active mailbox database copy.
 - A unified interface for Address Book-related data.
To facilitate high availability and fault tolerance, customers must deploy multiple Client Access servers within the Active Directory sites that host Mailbox servers. To achieve high availability and fault tolerance, you must deploy one or more unified namespaces that are mapped to a virtual IP address of a load balancer. The load balancer must be configured to accept requests over specific TCP ports and provide persistence, where required, for the client protocol being used.
Kerberos Authentication Explained
Typically, domain-joined clients/applications either leverage NTLM or Kerberos for authentication. Other clients, like web browsers, can also use Basic authentication secured with SSL encryption, regardless of the client's location (inside or outside of the corporate network). The actual authentication mechanism used depends on the configuration of both the client and the server and they negotiate the authentication to be used during the establishment of the connection. MAPI supports Kerberos authentication and the default setting in Outlook 2007 and later is to negotiate the strongest authentication available when not running in Outlook Anywhere mode.
In Exchange 2010, MAPI clients connect to load-balanced array of servers, and not an individual server with its own unique network identity. This change in the messaging architecture presents a challenge, however. In previous Exchange versions, clients connected directly to the Mailbox server which was a single identity on the network. This meant that the client, if capable, could utilize Kerberos authentication for establishing the session with the Mailbox server.
To understand the legacy behavior and how this is a challenge in Exchange 2010 let's review Kerberos authentication, as documented in How the Kerberos Version 5 Authentication Protocol Works:
 1. The client contacts the Key Distribution Center's authentication service for a short-lived ticket (a message containing the client's identity and —for Windows clients –SIDs) called a ticket-granting ticket (TGT).
 2. The authentication service (AS) constructs the TGT and creates a session key the client can use to encrypt communication with the ticket-granting service (TGS). The TGT has a limited lifetime. At the point that the client has received the TGT, the client has not been granted access to any resources, even to resources on the local computer.
 3. The client wants access to local and network resources. To gain access, the client sends a request to the TGS for a ticket for the local computer or some network server or service. This ticket is referred to as the service ticket. To get the ticket, the client presents the TGT, an authenticator, and the name of the target server (the Service Principal Name or SPN).
 Important: SPNs are unique identifiers for services running on servers. Every service that uses Kerberos authentication needs to have a SPN set for it so that clients can identify the service on the network. If a SPN is not set for a service, then clients will have no way of locating that service. Without properly set SPNs, Kerberos authentication is not possible. Additionally, in Windows Server 2003, KDCs will not issue a service ticket for an account that does not have a SPN.
 4. The TGS examines the TGT and the authenticator. If these are acceptable, the TGS creates a service ticket. The client's identity is taken from the TGT and copied to the service ticket. Then the ticket is sent to the client.
 5. After the client has the service ticket, the client sends the ticket and a new authenticator to the target server, requesting access. The server will decrypt the ticket, validate the authenticator, and for Windows services, create an access token for the user based on the SIDs in the ticket.
 6. Optionally, the client might request that the target server verify its own identity. This is called mutual authentication. If mutual authentication is requested, the target server will take the client computer's timestamp from the authenticator, encrypt it with the session key the TGS provided for client-target server messages, and send it to the client.
With Exchange 2003 and Exchange 2007, each Mailbox server would have the following SPNs created and assigned to the Mailbox server's computer account in Active Directory:
 - exchangeMDB/
 - exchangeRFR/
 - exchangeAB/
These three SPNs enabled a client that was configured with either Negotiate or Kerberos authentication to successfully obtain a service ticket from the TGS. In turn, the Mailbox server could decrypt the service ticket and create an access token and provide access to the mailbox data.
Exchange 2010, however, leverages a load-balanced namespace for accessing mailbox data. The FQDN that a client uses to connect to Exchange resolves to a group of load-balanced Client Access servers. Given that an SPN can only be registered to one unique entity within the Active Directory environment, this means:
 1. During CAS install, Exchange Setup cannot create load-balanced namespace SPNs for the address book, referral and RPC Client Access SPN records.
 2. Administrators cannot manually register the same load-balanced namespace SPNs on each CAS computer account.
To understand this problem and why either of the above items would not work, let's assume the Outlook profile is configured to use the load-balanced namespace outlook.contoso.com for its home server property and it is connecting to the CAS member cas1.contoso.com:
 1. Client contacts KDC and obtains a TGT.
 4. cas1.contoso.com fails to decrypt the service ticket because:
 1. Its name does not match outlook.contoso.com.
 5. Client fails to obtain an access token using Kerberos authentication.
As a result, when a mailbox is moved to Exchange 2010, Outlook and other MAPI clients that are configured to use Negotiate will ultimately end up using NTLM authentication.
NTLM Authentication Concerns
Why is using NTLM authentication for Outlook and other MAPI clients a concern? Let's take a look at the authentication process:
 1. The user launches Outlook.
 2. The user's computer sends traffic to the server (load-balanced namespace) specified in the Outlook profile. This traffic includes the user's integrated authentication information (in other words, NTLM authentication).
 3. The load balancer directs the traffic to a specific CAS member within the load-balanced array.
 4. The CAS member needs to verify the user's credentials. It does this by sending traffic to a specific domain controller, the one which it has an associated secure channel binding, requesting a verification of the user's credentials.
 5. The domain controller responds to the CAS member with the information on the user's credentials.
 6. The CAS member generates an access token and services the request.
The problem here is that each connection from the client must follow this same process. Therefore, as the number of connections increase, there is potential for a bottleneck in terms of handling the NTLM authentication. The bottleneck is a result of the following two issues:
 1. The CAS member only uses a single domain controller for all authentication requests. In addition, there is no load distribution mechanism across the CAS members in the load balanced array to ensure that each CAS is using a different domain controller for its secure channel binding.
 2. Windows limits the number of concurrent secure channel calls. There are a specific number of threads that can handle NTLM authentication (controlled by MaxConcurrentAPI value, with default equaling 2).
 Each MaxConcurrentAPI thread can only deal with one authentication request at a time. However, attributes like network latency, the number of hops the authentication requests have to go through, and the volume of requests can introduce a bottleneck in the authentication process, resulting in some of these transactions waiting longer than a remote client can tolerate. If you have a heavy load, you are more than likely going to hit that limit when these clients authenticate via NTLM. You can monitor for NTLM failure events using the Netlogon performance counters (see KB 928576), as well as, the frequency of event ID 5783.
Windows Server does have a means to increase the number of concurrent secure channel calls up to 150 when you deploy KB 975363. However, increasing the number of concurrent secure channel calls up as far as 150 is also not recommended, as it can have adverse effects on domain controller performance.
The Recommendation
If increasing the number of concurrent secure channel calls is not the answer, then what


text:
Referenced Document has non-matching Internal ID
When opening assemblies, users sometimes get a message saying the referenced document has a non-matching internal ID. Let's explore why this occurs and how to remedy the issue.
What's an internal ID?
The internal ID is a number that is automatically generated and assigned to any part you create in SOLIDWORKS. This is not viewable or changable by the user. Once created, the internal ID will remain the same throughout the life of that part.
If you rename the part, the internal ID will remain the same. If you create a copy of the part and give it a different name, both files will have the same internal ID. If two files have non-matching internal IDs, it means they have the same name but different internal IDs. This means they were created independently of each other and are most likely not identical files.
Still confused? Here's an example.
When Part B is created from Part A, both parts will have the same Internal ID. Also, Parts A and B will share the exact same topology. This means swapping A out for B in an assembly typically goes much smoother because the face names (topology) match up. This is also very useful for design automation products such as DriveWorks or TactonWorks.
When Part B is created independently from Part A, they will have different internal IDs. Unless the files are purposefully built identically, they will most likely not share the same topology.
For instance, one may be started on the front plane while the other may be started on the right plane. The resulting solid geometry may be identical, but the part topology is different. Swapping A out for B in this instance will likely require the mates to be reworked in the assembly.
What you can do to fix it:
When you open an assembly and it informs you the internal IDs are different, you must decide whether this is the correct part or not.
Option #1: Is the referenced file in the correct location? Is the path shown in the dialog the expected location for this file? If not, select "Let me browse for the original file" and select the correct file. You may also want to determine why you have multiple versions of the same part number in the vault.
Option #2: If the file is in the correct location, was the file replaced with a more current file? If so, click "Use this file anyway" and the assembly will open with the file. Check the mates for the part to make sure they are correct. In most cases, they will not be unless the files were created identically on purpose.
Option #3: At this stage, depending on how the parts were created, the assembly may blow up. If it does blow up, close the assembly without saving. Reopen the assembly, and when prompted to use the file or not, select the "Open without this document" option. Once the assembly is open, you can delete the suppressed part from the tree and add it back in using the Insert Components dialog.
After opening the assembly with the correct part, you will need to save the assembly to update the file references. Once the assembly is saved with the new part it should recognize the internal ID from then on.


text:
Modelling in Physical Geography
UNIVIE 290.044 PS3 WS2016 2015
In geomorphology, computer models are often employed to analyze or to predict spatial patterns, to improve process understanding, or even to anticipate the occurrence and characteristics of possible future processes. This course introduces to the key aspects of computer modelling. It builds on examples related to mass movement processes and fluvial geomorphology. The modelling techniques are strongly related to the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The course largely follows a concept of learning by doing. Specific real-world problems are taken as examples. The various aspects of modelling are elaborated by introducing step-by-step solutions of those problems. Even though the course is coupled to specific software packages, it introduces general skills which can be applied with various tools. It also attempts to convey a feeling for which methods are appropriate for which types of tasks. At the end of the course the participants will
- be able to critically evaluate model results;
- be able to apply computer models in an independent and responsible way;
- know the most important software packages for modelling of mass movements and their scope of application;
- know about the possibilities to develop their own model applications;
- be able to design simple model applications by themselves.
Some basic knowledge of GIS (in particular, raster analyses with ArcGIS) is expected from the participants.
The course takes place in the GIS laboratory on the 1st floor of the NIG Building (Universitätsstr. 7). It builds on eight lessons of introductory lectures and code development. Seven more lessons are dedicated to practice and to the final exam. Each lesson has a duration of three teaching units.
Further information on the course on u:find
All models are wrong, but some are usefulComputer modelling has become an extensive field with a variety of aspects. Some of the key concepts of modelling will be exemplified on the example of GIS-based landslide susceptibility modelling. The purpose of this type of modelling is to identify those areas in a certain region (ranging from the small catchment scale to the global scale) more likely to be directly affected by landslides than others. In the first lesson you will
- learn about the key aspects of modelling
- be introduced to modelling of landslide susceptibility
- implement a simple slope stability model with standard GIS functions
- write your own script for executing the infinite slope stability model
Learn how to program your own slope stability modelling toolWhilst ready-to-use software packages are available for complex tasks, it may be useful for simple applications or for very specialized tasks to design your own model code. Building on the code developed in the first lesson, you will use the Python programming language to develop a software tool for running the infinite slope stability model, making use of GIS functions. You will
- learn how to efficiently combine ArcGIS with the Python programming language
- learn how to automatically run an R script from your python code to produce a map
Parameters are uncertainModels have to be fed with input parameters. However, these parameters ar sometimes hard to determine and are most often highly variable in space. This means that they are uncertain, and these uncertainties reflect themselves in the model results. Appropriate strategies are needed to deal with uncertain parameters. In this lesson you will
- be introduced to the general aspects of parameter uncertainty
- extend your python script to account for the uncertainties of the key parameters of the infinite slope stability model
Model results have to be validatedUsing GIS, one may produce nice colourful maps with any type of model. However, in order to explore to which extent the model results are useful to make predictions they have to be validated against observations. In the case of landslide susceptibility models, these observations most commonly consist in a landslide inventory. You will
- learn about the key concepts and issues of model validation, back calculation and forward calculation
- apply ROC plots to validate your model results
Modelling needs practiceIn this lesson you will have the chance to finish up those calculations which have caused troubles in the previous lessons. You are further encouraged to practice everything learned until now. For example, you might try to further extend your python scripts in order to add more functionalities to your program codes.
Mass movements are more complexIn the previous lessons you have become familiar with the infinite slope stability model. However, this type of model - as all models - is suitable for a limited range of applications. More complex models are needed (i) to anticipate where deep-seated rotational slides are likely to happen; (ii) for modelling the propagation of mass movements; or (iii) for coupling slope stability to the hydraulic conditions of the soil or rock. Whilst (i) and (ii) will be introduced on a theoretical basis, you will use the open source software TRIGRS to couple the infinite slope stability model to a hydraulic model. In this lesson you will:
- learn about sliding surface models
- see what can be done for anticipating the propagation of mass movements
- gain an overview on GIS-based coupled hydraulic-slope stability models
- use the software TRIGRS to perform your own coupled hydraulic-slope stability model calculations
Rainfall and landslidesThe software TRIGRS offers a broad range of functionalities to explore the susceptibility of landslides as a response to rainfall events. Building on the previous lesson, you will
- learn more about the functionalities of TRIGRS
- explore these functionalities on your own
- use the Python programming language to automatize the execution of TRIGRS as well as the validation and visualization of the results
More practiceIn this lesson you will have the chance to finish up those calculations which have caused troubles in the previous lessons. You are further encouraged to practice everything learned until now. For example, you may try to find out how different rainfall scenarios and parameter combinations influence the model results.
More practice... and a little testYou are encouraged to practice everything learned until now. There will further be a small mid-term exam (duration: 60 minutes) concerning the content of the presentations and the general understanding of the possibilities and limitations of modelling gained up to this point. There will be no modelling tasks to be performed, the outcome of the exam will contribute 35 per cent to the final mark.
Evolution of river profilesRivers shape their valleys in various ways. Whilst they tend to equilibrate the longitudinal profile by retrogressive erosion and sedimentation, the transverse profile is influenced by factors such as the rate of incision or sedimentation and by the local geology. In this lesson you will
- hear about some general aspects of fluvial valley evolution
- write your own script for predicting the future evolution of river longitudinal profiles by incision into the bedrock, using Python
- create profile plots with R
The exciting life of a fluvial valleyThe development of river longitudinal profiles is influenced by a variety of factors such as the supply of sediment in the headwaters, blocking of the valley by natural or artifical dams, changes in the sea level, tectonic uplift or coastal erosion. Focusing on the effects of the latter two processes you will
- use and extend the scripts designed in the previous lesson to explore the response of the river longitudinal profile to changes in the key governing parameters
- produce profile plots illustrating the outcomes of certain scenarios
Recapitulation: programming with PythonWe will repeat the key aspects of Python programming, putting the pieces of code produced in the previous lessons into a broader context.
Recapitulation: spatial modellingWe will repeat the key aspects of spatial modelling, putting the exercises performed in the previous lessons into a broader context.
Prepare for the final exerciseIn this lesson you are encouraged to practice everything learned until now. A particular focus is put on preparation for the final exam.