Monday, June 18, 2007
PeopleCode Basics
Component Buffer:
Only search Record Fields are available, remaining which are not search key or Alternate Search keys are not available in this buffer.
All Field values of Level-0 record are available, whether all record fields are placed in a page or not.
Primary scroll record fields are available
Only fields of derived work record placed on a component are available. Remaining are not available.
Declared translate fields are available remaining not.
Component Processor:
PeopleTool runtime engine controls the processing of the application from the time the end user requests a component from an application menu through the time that the DB is updated and processing of the component is complete.
Application Processor:
The engine dictates when PeopleCode executes; take care of which event has to fire in which situation.
The Application Processor controls how PeopleSoft manages applications from initial data retrieval through updating the DB.
Through this process the Application Processor applies PeopleCode at specific times.
PeopleCode is PeopleSoft's own proprietary language, used to incorporate sophisticated business rules into PeopleSoft applications. The language is designed specifically to interact with Component Processor, giving the capability to enhance applications beyond the capability of the PeopleTools.
Using PeopleCode, we can accomplish virtually any editor or validation, in addition to a tremendous amount of online processing. PeoleCode gives the flexibility to set default values, set display characteristics of fields, dynamically derive values for pages, and update other tables based on sophisticated business rules.
We can also place PeopleCode on Application Message, Component Interface and Application Engine Program.
Accessing PeopleCode
PeopleCode programs are accessed using the Application Designer. PeopleSoft treats PeopleCode programs as an attribute of an object definition. PeopleCode may be placed on all of the following:
· Record filed
· Page
· Component (at the component, record, and record field level)
· Menu item (for pop-up menus only)
· Component interface
· Message and Message Channel
· Application Engine
There are 2 ways to access PeopleCode programs by drilling down in the Project Workspace.
1. Existing PeopleCode programs are displayed beneath their associated record field with a lightning bolt icon. Double-click one of these items in the project to display the corresponding PeopleCode program.
2. Right-click a record, field, or PeopleCode event and select view PeopleCode from the popup menu. This displays the corresponding program, or the first encountered, if more than one applies.
PeopleCode is case-insensitive, except for quoted literals.
Referencing Fields in PeopleCode:
PeopleCode programs can refer to any field on any record definition. However, for the program to work, all of the fields referenced must be in the component buffer on the application server while the program is being performed. This is controlled by a process called Buffer allocation.
There are 3 methods of referencing to a field when entering PeopleCode. Regardless of the method used, in PeopleTools 8.4, all fields in a program must be fully qualified. That is, they must reference a specific record in the format RecordName.FieldName.
We can use a shortcut to refer to the field on the current record, instead of typing the entire field name, use the caret (^) character. When the editor formats your PeopleCode, it will replace the caret with the appropriate field name.
Referencing a field Meaning
^ The field is on the current record definition.
FieldName The field is on the current record definition.
RecoreName.FieldName The field is on the different record definition.
As in all types of program code, commenting can prove useful and imformative in PeopleCode. There are 2 different ways to insert comments in PeopleCode.
Remark ;
/* */
Fieldsname = |&||;
&variable = |&||;
If condition Then
PeopleCode applies NOT first, then AND, then OR.
The ERROR & WARNING statements
Error statements display a message to the user, informing him or her of invalid data. Processing stops until the user corrects the data and passes the error test.
Syntax: Error('');
Warning statements displays a message to the user, informing him or her of data that may be invalid. Unlike Error, warning allows processing to continue.
Syntax: Warning('');
The EVALUATE statement
There may be times when we need to analyze the different values of a field. Based on these different values, we many need the system to perform more complex logic. Many nested If statements could be used to accomplish this processing, but the code could become quite messy. A single Evaluate statement can check all possible values of a field.
An Evaluate statement is a more straightforward approach than having a series of If Statements. The syntax for an Evaluate statement is as follows:
When =
When =
When =
An Evaluate statement can have unlimited When clauses.
Evaluate field
When = 1
When = 2
When = 3
Multiple When clauses with no code between them act as an implied Boolean OR. Otherwise no Boolean logic used in a When clause.
The BREAK Statement
In an Evaluate statement, PeopleCode always examines each When clause, even after a match is found. If the values in the different When clauses can never be true at the same time, processing time can be saved by jumping out of the Evaluate statement; to the next PropleCode statement when a match is found. This can be accomplished with a Break statement.
Evaluate field
When = "1"
When = "2"
When = "3"
1. Every PeopleCode program is associated with an Application Designer component and with an event.
2. PeopleCode programs are input or modified in the PeopleCode Editor.
3. PeopleCode is not case-sensitive, except for quoted literals
4. The '^' caret character can be used to refer to the current field in a PeopleCode program.
5. To comment PeopleCode, the /*..*/ or the REMARK (or REM) statement can be used
6. The Evaluate statement allows to check for all possible values in a field
7. Each Evaluate must have a corresponding End-Evaluate.
8. The Break statement takes you immediately out of an Evaluate or looping statement.
The Component Processor
The Component Processor controls how PeopleSoft manages applications from initial data retrieval through updating the database. Throughout the process, the Component Processor applies PeopleCode at specific times.
Reset State and the Search Record
After logging on to the application (or exiting a component), application data is cleared from the buffer. This is called reset state. When the user selects a component from the portal menu, the Component Processor displays an Add or Search page. The Component Processor uses the entered or selected search criteria to identify what data to retrieve.
After the Search
At this point, the Component Processor can retrieve all the data needed for the entire component. It knows which tables to get data from based on the record definitions in the component. It also knows which rows of data to retrieve based on the search key selected. All the rows from the tables used in the component where the search key matches the search key entered in the search process will be selected.
Once all the data is selected, the Component Processor needs to allocate buffer space to hold the application data temporarily on the WebServer while the component in use. The amount of data allocated is determined by the rules of buffer allocation. After the Component Processor has allocated buffer space and loaded the appropriate data, it applies any record defaults, displays the component to the user, and waits for an action.
Field Action Events
The user may then decide to change one of the values of a field. In edit boxes and long edit boxes, a field is considered to be changed when we exit the box and the value is different from when the field was entered. Check box and radio buttons will record a change immediately. Drop-down lists are considered changed immediately when you select a different value.
After each field is changed, the Component Processor does some standard edits, such as formatting and checking against prompt tables. If the contents of the field don't pass the standard system edits, the Component Processor displays the page with an error or warning message and turns the field red. Until the error is corrected, the Component Processor will not let the changes be saved. If the contents of the field pass the standard system edits, the Component Processor accepts the change into the buffers and displays the page again.
Row Action Events
Scroll areas are used to move through rows of data online. Rows of data within a scroll area can either be added using a Row Insert or deleted using a Row Delete. The Component Processor adds or removes a row of data, then displays the page again and waits for another use action.
Save Action Events
A Component will be saved when the user clicks the Save Button
After the component is saved, the component issues the appropriate SQL updates to the database, after which a SQL Commit command is performed to finalize the changes. The Component Processor then evaluates whether it needs to display a new component. If the user has not requested a new component, the Component Processor displays the page and waits for another user action.
Pop-up Menu
If the end user clicks the pop-up icon next to a field a pop-up menu appears. This can be a default pop-up menu or one that has been defined by the developer. If the user clicks the Related Links button in the component toolbar, the pop-up menu for the page displays. PeopleCode may be placed on pop-up menus. The ItemSelected event is triggered when the user chooses a menu item from a pop-up menu.
PeopleCode and the Component Processor Flow
Every PeopleCode program is associated with one object and one PeopleCode event. PeopleCode events fire at particular times and particular sequences during the course of the Component Processors flow of execution. When an event fires, it triggers PeopleCode programs on specific objects.
Whenever we are coding PeopleCode to enforce a business rule governing your data, you will need to


VOICES Voices Icon Ideas and Insight From Explorers
Surprise! Male Spiders Eat Females, Too
It's a spider-eat-spider world.
We've known for years that female black widow spiders and other arachnids eat males during mating.
Now, new research shows that males of a type of ground spider known as Micaria sociabilis also eat females, and scientists are trying to figure out what motivates this behavior.
spider picture
A male M. sociabilis attacks his mate. Photograph courtesy Lenka Sentenská
More than just a first date from hell, sexual cannibalism happens when one member of a species kills and eats a member of the opposite sex immediately before, after, or during mating.
This behavior is most common in arachnids like the black widow, as well as other invertebrates like insects, gastropods, and copepods. Most commonly, the female eats the male—but occasionally, the reverse is true. Male sexual cannibalism has been observed in another species of spider, Allocosa brasiliensis, and in crustaceans, but previously researchers had no idea what factors drove this behavior. (Watch a video of a male spider attacking a female one.)
Ultimate Sacrifice
On the surface, this seems like a pretty weird way to pass along your genes to the next generation. To scientists, however, sexual cannibalism can make a lot of sense. When prey is scarce and males are abundant, males become extremely valuable as a food source to females, noted study co-author Lenka Sentenská, a biologist at Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic.
Females invest much more energy into egg production than males do in sperm production, which tends to make them pickier about who they mate with. (See "Male Spiders Give 'Back Rubs' to Seduce Their Mates.")
As well, not all males seem to fight being cannibalized, said Sentenská, whose study appeared recently in the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
"Males of some species voluntarily sacrifice themselves to a female, because such behavior enables them to copulate longer and pass more sperm. Males who are trying to escape usually copulate for a shorter time. Sometimes, this behavior is also viewed as an extreme paternal investment of the male, who sacrifices his body to provide nutrients to his future offspring via the female," she said.
Deadly Dinner Date
Researchers have traditionally focused on female sexual cannibalism, both because of its relative frequency and perhaps because of humanity's attraction to the femme fatale.
spider picture
A female M. sociabilis. Photograph courtesy Stano Pekar
But in some species, such as M. sociabilis, females are also in danger of being eaten by males. Sentenská and her colleague Stano Pekár examined what factors drove male sexual cannibalism in this particular species. (Watch a video of the world's largest spider.)
These small brown spiders commonly live in trees in Central Europe. M. sociabilis has two generations of offspring each year—one in spring and one in early summer. Whereas females born in the springtime frequently survive to see the arrival of the second generation in June or July, male numbers drop precipitously in May. This creates some significant factors that the authors believe could lead to sexual cannibalism.
Males can choose among females of different size and quality—for instance, by mating with older females from the spring generation or with virgin females from the summer generation. (See pictures of spiders up close.)
To test whether these factors actually affect whether males ate females, Sentenská and Pekár paired adult male M. sociabilis with females of various ages and sizes. They found that larger males were more aggressive and much more likely to attack a female regardless of her age or size. Overall, however, males of any size were more likely to attack and eat females from the older generation.
Picky Males
Between 44 and 52 percent of the time, the males and females mated. In 20 percent of all of these trials, the male attacked and ate the female during copulation. However, the frequency of cannibalism varied depending on time of year. (See "'Castrated' Spiders Are Better Fighters, Study Says.")
"Males are usually viewed as nondiscriminatory machines eager to impress and mate with every female encountered. Our study shows that males can be choosy and that they can present their choice in a quite extreme way—by killing unpreferred females. Moreover, despite the rarity of such behavior, this strategy seems to be advantageous for them," Sentenská said.
These results might help explain male sexual cannibalism in other species, the researchers concluded.
However, Sentenská quipped, "I definitely would not encourage readers to try this strategy in their personal life."
 1. Anthony
 New Mexico
 January 22, 2014, 2:52 pm
 Haha well good for you. :3
 2. Oziee
 Lombard, IL
 May 18, 2013, 2:21 am
 _USER_ –> WTF?
 3. Jack Wolfe
 United Kingdom
 May 17, 2013, 9:36 am
 Well, that's one way of keeping the wife from finding out what you've been up to…
 4. Sparky
 May 15, 2013, 2:24 am
 Very interesting read, I wonder what the number of actual spiders are each year? Is the number going up or going down?
 Males were more likely to eat the older generation female? Sounds like survival of the fittest? But in a weird way, maybe the younger female was more likely to give better eggs? But then that would suggest that the older generation female spiders don't learn as much as one would think, and age and wisdom has nothing to do with letting generations live on? So out of all the spiders out there why is this the only species I hear of like this? Did they evolve to learn that instead of offering them self as vital food, they look at live in a longer period, by knowing that there is or will be younger female's available? More info is needed :)


text:
Compression provides the necessary force for holding the can against the chuck and to feed the flange of the body into the first roller. Every closing machine has a base plate and a chuck. The snugly fitting chuck holds the lid in place and provides support for the seaming rolls pressure. The base plate is spring loaded and pushes the can up against the chuck.
All round cans are classified with diameter x height dimensions, for example 307 x 409 and 307 x 200. Every time the diameter (the first number) changes, a proper chuck must be installed. In the above example the cans have different diameters so 307 and 301 chucks must be used. When a crank handle is turned, a set of gears transfers the movement to the chuck which starts turning. The grooves on the chuck force the lid to turn as well. The chuck fits snugly into the lid. Its disc has many groves on its side and those grooves lock the lid.
Turntable, also known as base plate, is a free spinning disc that supports the can. The chuck propels the lid that sits on top of the body of the can. Without pressure the lid will continue to spin on top of the can and the can will remain stationery. The lid and the can must be compressed together and this is accomplished with a locking lever. There are two designs for applying pressure:
- Ives sealer lever pushes the chuck downward towards the lid.
- All American sealer lever moves the turntable upward against the can.
The result is the same in both cases; there is pressure on a can from both ends and the whole system: the chuck, the lid, the can and the turntable starts spinning as one.
The tallest can may get the correct amount of pressure from the spring alone, however, a shorter can of the same diameter will need a spacer. For example a small salmon can 307 x 22 and No. 2 can 307 x 409. Both cans are sealed with 307 chuck, but they will need a different spacer to raise or lower the turntable.
A few spacers may be placed together, however, there is a limit how much the shaft may be raised before it starts to wobble. The table extension spacer is needed for sealing short cans. When ordering cans with different heights, make sure that you order the correct spacers.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: We aimed to estimate the impact of ingestion of a pure protein load on the glucose levels in T1DM patients treated with insulin pumps. We examined 10 T1DM patients (6 females, mean age-32.3 years, mean HbA1c-6.8%) treated with insulin pumps equipped with a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). In Phase I, baseline insulin infusion was optimized to minimize the differences in fasting glucose levels to less than 30 mg/dL between any two time points between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. In Phase II, the patients were exposed to single pure protein load. CGMS record was performed and the glucose pattern was defined for 6 hours of each phase. The maximal glucose level increment was similar for the entire duration of the fasting and the protein load test (26.6 versus 27.6 mg/dL, resp., P < 0.78). There was only a borderline difference in change between baseline versus 6th hour glucose (12.5 and 19.0 mg/dL, P = 0.04). Glucose variability, assessed by standard deviation of mean glucose levels, was 36.4 and 37.9 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.01). The administration of a pure protein load does not seem to have a clinically significant impact on glucose levels in T1DM patients treated with insulin pumps.


text:
Population control is the process of improperly altering the growth rate of people by controlling the birth rate, which is often authorized by the government.
INTRODUCTION The global and domestic catastrophe caused by the rapid and seemingly uncontrollable spread of coronavirus is not only unprecedented in modern times, but also
INTRODUCTION Competition law regulates the anti-competitive behaviour of businesses to encourage and preserve market competition. Public and private enforcement are used to enforce the competition
INTRODUCTION Artificial Intelligence is aiding in the ultimate development of the society, and a multilateral and multi-disciplinary approach procedure guarantees that AI benefits everyone and


How to Calm a Hyper Overactive Dog
Cuteness may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story.
Overactive dogs need a fun outlet.
Image Credit: Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images
If your dog becomes so excited when you return home that he can't settle down, all the while jumping, licking, barking or even urinating from excitement, you have a hyper overactive dog. Other signs of a hyper dog include lunging while walking on a leash, tail chasing and needing constant attention and activity. Hyper behavior isn't good for your dog; it signals boredom and lack of stimulation, says Cesar Millan on his website Cesar'sWay. This behavior can wear you out, but you can take steps to calm a hyper overactive dog.
Treat Any Medical Causes
Your dog might be hyperactive because of a medical reason. You should first take your overactive dog to a veterinarian to rule out any medical reasons, especially if this behavior is new. If your dog has a medical condition, you would need to treat it instead of trying a behavioral approach. Some medical conditions that cause a dog to be hyper include anxiety disorder, hyperthyroidism, allergies or cognitive decline, says veterinarian Dr. Karen Becker in The Huffington Post.
Provide Outlets
Some breeds, such as the Jack Russell terrier, are bundles of energy. Whether you have a naturally hyperactive breed or you just have an overactive dog, provide outlets for your dog to expend some of his energy. You can engage in vigorous daily interactive playtime with your pup, such as throwing a ball or stick, going to a dog park or playing tug of war. Long walks are good to help burn off excess energy as is agility training and other dog sports such as swimming. When your dog burns off energy, he has an easier time relaxing, says Millan.
Create a Calming Environment
Excitable and hyper dogs often respond to their environment. Create a calm and structured environment by setting up routines for when your dog eats, goes outside and naps coupled with daily exercise and training, and you can calm an excitable dog. You can make a hyper dog more overactive when you do the wrong things. For example, if you respond to the hyperactivity by restraining, chasing or yelling at the dog, you can escalate the excitement, says Pat Miller, dog trainer and author of "The Power of Positive Dog Training" in The Whole Dog Journal.
Set Up a Routine
If you want your bundle of energy to settle down at night, set up a routine that leads to sleep. Your routine could be that you sit with your dog while you watch TV or read a book. Maybe this quiet time includes brushing your dog. Then, when it's time for bed, turn off the TV or the lights, and say, "bedtime" or another similar phrase, and then direct your dog to her bed.
Try Calming Remedies
Aromatherapy works on dogs as it does on humans. After all, dogs have an excellent sense of smell. Lavender essential oil can soothe dogs, says registered aromatherapist Lisa M. Browder in The Bark. Other oils that calm an agitated dog include petitgrain, marjoram, vativer and sweet orange.


Nov 27, 2020 in Member Spotlights by DIACC
Spotlight on ARUCC
1.What is the mission and vision of ARUCC?
The Association of Registrars of the Universities and Colleges of Canada (ARUCC) provides leadership in the post-secondary education field and service to its member institutions nationally and internationally, helping foster the advancement of registrarial practices in Canada. ARUCC strives to meet the needs of its members by adopting proactive measures reflecting changes in our professional environment.
Member institutions consist of universities, colleges and polytechnics that are recognized through either Universities Canada or the Colleges and Institutes Canada.
The need for online solutions increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. These solutions will become the norm as Canada and the global economy adapt to consumer expectations. As members of the post-secondary education field in Canada, we are not unfamiliar with the need for trustworthy digital identity given the increased demand for sending/receiving electronic documents.
3. How will digital identity transform the Canadian and global economy? How does ARUCC address challenges associated with this transformation?
Digital identity is most often managed as a gate to individual businesses through methods such as confidential passwords, PINs, and security questions. With each business having its own requirements (i.e., variations of password length and structure) it becomes nearly impossible for people to remember them all. Businesses and post-secondary institutions are forming allegiances to minimize the impact on the individual while maintaining trustworthy digital identity. An example of this is with CRA and banking passwords.
ARUCC also recognizes the need for trustworthy digital identity and is leading the implementation of a National Network with the core objective of improving permission-based, trusted access and portability of learner documents (i.e., transcripts, confirmation letters) across Canada and with trusted international partners for students, graduates, participating post-secondary institutions, provincial application centres and member 3rd party organizations.
Canada is in the global arena and is recognized as being trustworthy and reliable. From the post-secondary perspective, Canada has over 2.5 million students including more than 642 thousand international students[1] (based on 2019 statistics). As a destination for higher education it is imperative that trusted networks be established for identity management. The formation of the ARUCC National Network allows us to establish a 'made for Canada' solution that can also be tied to other trusted networks (i.e., My eQuals, CHESICC).
In 2018 Canada ratified the Lisbon Recognition Convention which demonstrates our commitment to the recognition of academic credentials, which need to be portable, as learners and alumni move to work and live around the globe. This inspires the work of ARUCC to enhance trusted document exchange and provide learner credential wallets.
5. Why did ARUCC join the DIACC?
ARUCC believes in working together to achieve common goals. We feel the purpose of ARUCC and the creation of the National Network to support learner mobility aligns well with DIACC's principals.
6. What else should we know about ARUCC?
ARUCC was formed in 1964 and became incorporated in 2018. It includes over 150 member institutions representing over 2.5 million current learners and millions of alumni from within Canada and around the globe.


Departmental Mission
The University of Oregon Department of Intercollegiate Athletics will provide an outstanding collegiate experience to our student-athletes while enabling them to pursue excellence in the classroom, the community and their lives while competing at the highest level in their chosen sport.
Our department is committed to the following principles:
 - Strive to recruit student-athletes who are academically prepared and make every effort to help each meet their academic commitments.
 - Provide academic support services so that our student-athletes will receive the best educational experience, including obtaining their degree.
 - Create a supportive family atmosphere where student-athletes feel connected to their peers, the community and the University.
 - Ensure that student-athletes will become responsible, contributing citizens through career counseling, development of life skills and community service opportunities.
 - Provide facilities and medical staff to enhance the physical fitness and wellness of all student-athletes.
 - Require all members of our department to demonstrate and promote the highest standards of integrity, leadership, sportsmanship, ethical behavior and a true respect for equity and diversity.
 - Maintain a quality comprehensive intercollegiate athletic program that is self-sufficient and self-sustaining in harmony with the mission and goals of the University.
 - Operate in accordance with all rules and regulations set by the University, the PAC-12 Conference and the NCAA.


Hen shoots farmer in Monaghan
Published: 7 March 1914
A farmer has died following a bizarre shooting incident at a farmhouse between Ballybay and Castleblaney, Co. Monaghan.
The farmer, Laurence Connolly, was taking out his gun to shoot magpies that had been taking eggs from the hen roosts when a hen ran across him. The gun struck the hen and discharged itself into the body of Mr. Connolly. He died several hours later.
Mr. Connolly had amassed considerable wealth in his youth in America. He married following his return to Ireland but his new wife died suddenly shortly afterwards.
He subsequently lived with his brother and it was at their farm that the incident occurred.
Century Ireland


Inter Alia
The phrase inter alia is a term commonly used in legal writing to mean "among other things." It may be used, for instance, in referring to a court decision, to indicate that there were other rulings made by the court, but only a specific part is being cited. To explore this concept, consider the following inter alia definition.
Definition of Inter Alia
in-ter ah-li-ah
 1. – among other things
1665 Latin
The Use of Latin in Legal Writing
Ancient Rome is considered to be the father of many languages spoken on Earth today, as is their system of law. The English language is full of words, phrases, and idioms that have their roots in the Latin language, though they have certainly evolved over the centuries. British colonists of the United States brought their system of law, and the Latin terms, with them.
Modern times find law professors and legal professionals alike replacing Latin, which is incomprehensible to most laypeople, with plain English in their writings. This began in creating contracts and agreements, as these are meant to be read and understood by laypeople, who are the parties to the agreements. Gradually, legal professionals have largely left the Latin behind. It is, however, still taught to most law students, as law schools teach 19th and 20th century case law, which is filled with Latin terms.
How is Inter Alia Used
When using Latin phrases in English writing, they are usually inserted where another common English phrase might be used, though they are commonly italicized. The phrase inter alia is used in sentences in place of the phrase "among other things," to indicate that what is being discussed is just one of a number of items or possibilities.
For example, "The judge said, inter alia, that the original contract did not appear to be valid." This would indicate that the apparent invalidity of the contract is just one issue brought up by the judge.
What is Inter Alios
While inter alia refers to "other things," the term is modified when speaking about people or entities to "inter alios." One might say, "John's favorite flavors are, inter alia, chunky chocolate banana, and French vanilla." If, however, the sentence refers to John's favorite actors, it would more properly be said, "John's favorite actors are, inter alios, Tom Hanks and Tom Cruise."
In a legal context, one might say, "Anita Smith has filed lawsuits against, inter alios, Maxwell Electronics." This indicates that Ms. Smith is not only suing the Maxwell Electronics company, but other people or entities as well.


text:
Sources Of Corporate Law Of Ukraine : Features Of Systematization
In the article research is carried out and such fundamental legal category as «source of right» is analysed. A concept «source of right» is today multidimensional, can be examined as in wide so in a narrow value. On the specific of sources of right can influence him branch belonging. In the presented article the «source of right» is examined in a formal aspect and answers formal definiteness.
On the basis of the general theoretic going near a concept «source of right» a concept «source of corporate law» is certain in the article. Drawn conclusion, that source corporate it is an external form of expression of norms of corporate law. It is marked that legal nature of sources of corporate law is related to the concept of corporate law and concept of corporate legal relationships.
The concept of the system of sources of corporate law is offered in the article. Signs over of the system of sources of corporate law are brought. Criteria are marked for classification of sources of corporate law, that are in basis of the system. Drawn conclusion, that basic structural parts of the system of sources of corporate law are normatively-legal acts, corporate acts, normative agreement, corporate customs, judicial practice.
In the article the author supported the position that corporate law is an integral part of civil law. Therefore, the sources of corporate law are an integral part of civil law sources. The author divides the sources of corporate law for their legal force, under the subjects of rulorcreativity, by means of acceptance, for the purpose of adoption. The article emphasizes the importance of corporate acts in the regulation of corporate legal relations. Corporate acts in the article are considered as actions aimed at emergence or realization of corporate legal personality of participants of corporate education. It is concluded that corporate acts have a contractual, and not a lawful nature. It is stated that when creating corporate acts both public and private interests of interested participants are taken into account.


set is cubical if it can be written as a finite union of elementary cubes. For example, one may consider pixels as elementary cubes. More precisely, let be a pixel of a 2D binary image. We view as an elementary cube. Binary images are unions of cubes of types, and hence, binary images are cubical. By way of notation we define the set. Now that we have a basic topological framework, we seek to provide a complementary algebraic framework. For this, we fix a ring and cubical set. We define the -th chain module over, denoted to be the formal span of its elementary cubes of dimension. In other words, by defining, where is the number of non-degenerate intervals in, we see
Note that since is finite, this defines an -module for each. Each element of a chain module is called a chain. The support of a chain is simply the elementary cubes with nonzero coefficients. Naturally then, we would like some way to connect these chain modules over all dimensions. To do this, we need the algebraic boundary map,. We define this map in pieces. For any interval, and for every degenerate interval. Now that we understand the map for intervals, we define for elementary cubes:
where if we have
and in the case is degenerate, we obtain. A fundamental proposition of boundary maps is the following.
Proposition 1.
[24] For any elementary cube, one has.
In fact, this operator extends naturally to a linear operator on the chain modules. In particular, given a chain [24] we see
Thus we see = 0. Notice also a single application of reduces the embedding dimension by at least 1. This means now is a map from the -chain module to the -chain module. Thus given a cubical set we can construct the chain complex which is the collection of all -chain modules along with their boundary maps along with the zero space. To avoid notation overload, we will write for when the context is clear. We can realize a chain complex as the following sequence
Now we call the kernel,, of the -th boundary map to be the -cycles or just cycles and the image to be the -boundary or just boundary. Notice that because we have is a normal additive subgroup of. Hence we define the homology group of to be
This gives rise to the mantra: "homology equals cycles mod the boundaries." We call the rank (or order) of the -th homology group the -th Betti number and write. Intuitively, the -th Betti number tells us how many -dimensional holes our underlying space has. The -th level Betti number counts the number of connected components, the first level Betti number counts the number of "circles" we have and the second level Betti number counts the number of "air pockets" or "spheres" the space has and so on.
4.3 Persistent Homology
At this point, we see the formal definition of Betti number and how to count them for a given set. The main application in this paper is to analyze texture images. However, we cannot directly compute or define the homology of a grayscale or color image, since grayscale or color images are functions rather than sets. This naturally leads to the development of the persistent homology.To study the shapes of functions, one common way is to consider sublevel sets (4.1) [20, 21]. There is a parameter that one may have to make the choice of. In general, selecting a parameter (such as in (4.1)) can be a difficult task. Persistent homology removes the need for choice and considers many parameter values at once, thereby creating a robust theory.
Figure 2: A grayscale image from Outex and a filtration representing the image
We need to be careful about the way we consider many threshold values. Suppose represents a cubical set and let represent the corresponding cubical complex. We define a function and require that whenever, we have. Such a function is called a filtering function. Let be a finite increasing sequence of real numbers where. Then a filtration of is the corresponding sequence. An image has a natural filtration associated to it by considering the sequence. We create a filtering function for by the function.
Suppose that we have a filtration of a cubical complex,
The inclusion induces homomorphism between the homology groups so that for each we have
where each is a homomorphism. We say a homology class is born at if we have and. We say dies at if and one of the following hold:
 - is trivial; or
 - if is born at and is born at and.
In the last condition we employ the elder rule, which allows us to uniquely define the death of a class. This rule says in the choice between two classes, we choose to keep the "oldest" class. We can guarantee that every homology class for some has a birth time. We cannot guarantee that each class has a death time. For such classes, we assign the "death time" as. This procedure allows us to define a unique set of points for each homology class where is the birth time of the class and is its death time. We will define the persistence diagram, but first let us recall the concept of a multi-set. A multi-set is a set along with a multiplicity function, we denote a multi-set by the tuple. Suppose we have a filtering function of a cubical set. A persistence diagram is a multi-set where consists of all unique birth-death pairs along with the diagonal and assigns the multiplicity of the birth-death pairs and for each diagonal element. An example of a diagram can be found in Figure 3(c)-(d). We will often denote by when the context is obvious. Figure 3 shows an example of persistence diagrams of a grayscale image. Although Figure 3(a) is a grayscale image, visual inspection suggests that there are "white" pieces and "black" holes. Its persistence diagrams as shown in Figure 3(c)-(d) confirms the intuition. There are () points that are away from the diagonal line in (), and that suggests they persist for a long period of thresholds. Hence, they are likely the robust features.
We would like to know that this summary of our data is stable in some sense. For us, this means that if we perturb the original points by a small amount, we want the diagrams to different by a small amount. This so-called stability theorem is the cornerstone of persistent homology. A natural question arises: how can one measure the difference of persistence diagrams?
To answer this question we turn our attention to the Wasserstein p-metric for, which we define as follows. Given two diagrams and
for and
The Wasserstein -metric is also known as bottleneck distance. The Wasserstein distance searches over all possible pairings to find an optimal one. It should be noted that an optimal pairing is not necessarily unique. Given the necessity of the bijections, it now becomes apparent, why we need the diagonal to have infinite multiplicity. Otherwise, a pairing would not be possible. This brings us to the popular stability theorem that states that the bottleneck distance is 1-Lipschitz with respect to the -norm on the filtering functions. That is to say if is a cubical set then
The proof of which first appeared in [12]. We end this section with a note that cubical homology and sublevel sets are just one example of many processes by which persistence diagrams arise. In the following section, we will present persistence curves, which rely on persistence diagrams and not the process by which they were created.
(a) Original image.
(b) Binary image thresholded at.
(c).
(d).
Figure 3: A toy example of persistence diagrams of a grayscale image. (a)By visual inspection, one expects the Betti numbers are. (b) Binary image is obtained from thresholding the at. Betti number of this binary image are. (c)-(d) Persistence diagrams of. The rectangular boxes enclosed by the pink dotted and solid line are the fundamental boxes defined in (1). and.
5 Persistence Curves and Stability
This section contains the main idea to construct the persistence curves. The essential idea is the Fundamental Lemma of Persistent Homology [17] which is derived from the elder rule. This lemma states that given a filtering function on a space, one has the following calculation for the corresponding -dimensional diagram,
where represents the counting measure. Figure 3(c)-(d) shows an example of (1). In particular, the rectangular boxes in (c)-(d) enclosed by the dotted line represents the set for, respectively. It is straightforward to observe that and, which are the Betti numbers of Figure 3(b) by visual inspection. However, (1) does not fully utilize the information of the set. Thus we seek to generalize (1) in the following way. Let represent the set of all persistence diagrams. let represent the set of all functions so that for all. Let represent the set of statistics or operators on multi-sets; more precisely, any is a map that takes a multi-set into a scalar. Finally let represent the set of functions on.
Definition 1.
We define a map where
The function is called a persistence curve on with respect to and.
To better understand persistence curves, we begin by discussing examples.
Example 1.
Let if and otherwise. Let be the summation operator,. By Definition 1, we have
Furthermore, if are the -dimensional diagrams associated to a given filtration. Using the Fundamental Lemma of Persistent Homology, we may define the Euler Characteristic of the space corresponding to a threshold is the alternating sum of the space's Betti numbers


text:
1 image with subject Virginia.
Virginia. ONE OF THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN POPULATION IN 1860, 1,097,373 WHITES. POPULATION IN 1860, 495,826 SLAVES. NUMBER OF SQUARE MILES, 61,362. From Original Acrostics on All the States and Presidents of the United States, and Various Other Subjects, Religious, Political, and Personal. Illustrated with Portraits of All the Presidents, and Engravings of Various Other Kinds.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Shot glass
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Three shot glasses of varying shape and size
Shot glasses with a variety of designs. Shot glasses such as these are often collected as novelty items
A shot glass is a small glass designed to hold or measure spirits or liquor, which is either drunk straight from the glass ("a shot") or poured into a cocktail. A "shot" of liquor is not the same as a "shooter".
Name origin[edit]
The Oxford English Dictionary's first citation for the term "shot glass" is in The New York Times during the 1940s, but the earliest known written reference was in a 1913 book by Dr. Jehu Z. Powell, " A History of Cass County Indiana from its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time" [Lewis Publishing Company, 1913]. On page 655 Dr. Powell recounts an incident c. 1857 in the small town of New Waverly, Indiana, occasioned by a local man attempting to open a saloon against fierce local temperance opposition. The initial stock was a barrel of whiskey, which had arrived by train and was sitting on the open freight platform awaiting delivery to the would-be barkeeper. A local man who was an ardent temperance supporter fired his rifle from an upper floor window in his house and shot a hole in the barrel, draining it of its contents. "The remedy was effectual, and the saloon was not opened, and ever after, when the boys wanted a drink they would ask for a'shot of redeye.'" New Waverly is located just outside of Logansport, Indiana, which was an important transportation hub for northern Indiana in the 19th century as a riverboat port on the Wabash River and a stop on the Wabash and Erie Canal, as well as an important railroad engine maintenance and repair center during the first half of the 20th century. This intensive involvement in transportation could account for the gradual dissemination of an otherwise obscure local expression over a much broader geographic area.
Several examples also exist from the 1930s.[1][2] However, although it was used by some,[3][4] the term apparently did not come into common usage until much later.
Many references from the 1800s describe giving a jigger of whiskey or rum to workers who were digging canals. Most shot glasses are found in the United States, but shot glasses from before the 1940s are very rare.[5]
Before Prohibition in the U.S. in the early to mid 1900s, thin-sided whiskey glasses were common. After Prohibition, these were replaced by shot glasses with a thick base and thick sides.[citation needed]
Because the word shot also means "dose" or "small amount", it may simply be that these small glasses are called shot glasses because they hold small, powerful amounts. However, there are a range of more complex stories about the origin of the style of glass and its name. Few of them stand up to much scrutiny – either they place the origin decades before the term appeared in print, or they describe an item that had nothing to do with drinking liquor:
Country Small Single Double Notes
Australia 30 mL 60 mL A single shot is sometimes called a "nip".[6] At 30 mL, a typical spirit with 40 percent alcohol is roughly equivalent to one Australian standard drink.[7]
Canada 28.41 mL (1 ounce[8][not in citation given]) is a short shot (pony shot) 42.61 mL (1.5 ounces) 71 mL (2.5 ounces) In Canada, a "shot" generally refers to the province's definition of a "standard drink" under liquor licenses. Although sizes may vary, most provinces cite amounts similar to Ontario's guidelines of 0.6 oz. or 17 mL of pure alcohol; since a "shot" is typically a spirit with 40 percent alcohol, this makes the shot 1.5 oz. or 42.62 mL (though many establishments serve a lower "standard drink" of only 1 oz.).[9] A double shot in North America may be either 2.5 or 3.0 fluid ounces.[10] A smaller 1.0 fl. oz. shot is usually referred to as a "pony shot" or "short shot".[11]
Finland 40 mL In Finland, the maximum amount of strong alcohol restaurants are allowed to serve is regulated by law to one 40 mL portion at a time per customer. Doubles cannot be legally served.[citation needed]
Germany 20 mL 40 mL In Germany, shot glasses (German: Schnapsglas, Pinnchen, Stamperl) are smaller.[citation needed]
Greece 45 mL 90 mL A shot is commonly referred to as a "sfinaki" and it can be made of one liquor or a cocktail mix. There is also an 3 oz - "bottoms up" version of "sfinaki", called "ipovrihio", Greek word for submarine. It's served in a standard liquor glass half full of blonde beer, where the bartender adds a glass shot filled with vodka or whiskey.[citation needed]
Hungary 20 or 30 mL 40 or 50 mL 80 or 100 mL In Hungarian, shot glasses are called felespohár (feles meaning "half", standing for 0.5 dL), pálinkáspohár (for pálinka), kupica or stampedli.[citation needed]
India 30 mL 30 mL 60 mL A shot is commonly referred to as a "peg", and is measured as a "small" (chhota), or a "large" (bud-da) peg. A 90 mL shot in India is called a Patiala peg.[citation needed]
Ireland 35.5 mL 71 mL Derived from the use of a quarter-gill (35.516 mL) as the traditional Irish spirit measure.[citation needed]
Israel 30 mL 50 or 60 mL In Israel, the common word for a small shot is צ'ייסר ("chaser").[citation needed]
Italy 30 mL 40 or 60 mL In Italy, the common word for a shot is cicchetto or, more informally and used mainly in nightclubs by young people, shortino. In North Italy, the cicchetto is the most-common way to taste grappa from at least two centuries.[citation needed]
Poland 25 mL 50 mL 100 mL To take shots in Polish slang is to take po pięćdziesiątce, meaning to take "by fifties" (50 mL).[citation needed]
Romania 50 mL 100 mL A single shot is traditionally known in the Romanian language as unu mic (una mică) or cinzeacă, meaning "a small one". A double shot is simply called unu (una mare), meaning "one (big)".[citation needed]
Serbia 20 mL 30-50 mL 50–70 mL A single shot is traditionally known in the Serbian language as чашица за ракију and ракијска чашица, meaning "small glass for rakija" and "rakija glass", or simply as мера – мерица, meaning "measure". A double shot is simply called Дупли, meaning "a double", while the smallest, 20 milliliter glass, is known as dvojka meaning "two".[citation needed]
Sweden 20 mL 40 mL 60 mL A single shot is referred to as a fyra, meaning "a four" and a double is referred to as a sexa, meaning "a six", as Swedes will generally use centiliters rather than milliliters for any measure larger than 10 mL[citation needed]
Slovakia 20 or 25 mL 40 or 50 mL 80 or 100 mL The most-common single-shot size is the pol deci (literally, "half a decilitre", 50 mL).[citation needed]
South Africa 25 mL The South African government has an official definition for the single-shot size.[citation needed]
United Kingdom 25 or 35 mL 50 or 70 mL Shots sold on-premises must contain either 25 mL or 35 mL measures of whisky, gin, rum, or vodka, as defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1985. This requirement does not extend to other spirits. A 2001 amendment allowed a double shot of 70 mL to be served. Generally, a single measure is equal to 35 mL in Northern Ireland and 25 mL in the rest of the United Kingdom.[12]
United States 30 mL (1.0 US fl oz) 44 mL (1.5 US fl oz) 89 mL (3.0 US fl oz) There is no standard size for a single shot, except in Utah, where a shot is defined at 1.5 fl. oz.[13] Elsewhere in the U.S., the standard size is generally considered to be 1.25–1.


text:
Realtime Access Map
Discrimination of bio-crystallogram images using neural networks
MetadataShow full item record
This study utilized a unique neural network model for texture image analysis to differentiate the crystallograms from pairs of fresh red pepper fruits from conventional and organic farms. The differences in visually analyzed samples are defined as the distribution of crystals on the circular glass underlay, the thin or thick structure of crystal needles, the angles between branches and side needles, etc. However, the visual description and definition of bio-crystallogram images has major disadvantages. A novel methodology called an image neural network (INN) has been developed to overcome these shortcomings. The 1,488 × 2,240 pixel bio-crystallogram images were acquired in a lab and cropped to 425 × 1,025 pixel images. These depicted either a conventional sweet red pepper or an organic sweet red pepper. A set of 19 images was utilized to train the image neural network. A new set of 4 images was then prepared to test the INN performance. Overall, the INN achieved an average recognition performance of 100 %. This high level of recognition suggests that the INN is a promising method for the discrimination of bio-crystallogram images. In addition, Hinton diagrams were utilized to display the optimality of the INN weights.


text:
The poverty impact of climate change in Mexico
This paper examines the effects of climate change on poverty through the relationship between indicators of climate change (temperature and rainfall change) and municipal level gross domestic product, and subsequently between gross domestic product and poverty. The evidence suggests that climate change could have a negative impact on poverty by 2030. The paper proposes a two-stage least squares regression where it first regresses temperature and rainfall (along with geographic controls and state and year fixed effects) on municipal gross domestic product per capita for 2000 and 2005 The resulting gross domestic product per capita is used in a second equation to estimate municipal poverty on the same years.
The authors then incorporate projections of temperature and rainfall changes by 2030 into the estimated climate-gross domestic product coefficients to assess the effects of climate change in economic activity and how this in turn will influence poverty. At the same time, they account for the potential adaptive capacity of municipalities through higher population densities and economic growth. Both would reduce poverty by 31.72 percentage points between 2005 and 2030 with changing climate. However, poverty could have been reduced up to 34.15 percentage points over the same period had there been no climate change. This suggests that climate change slows down the pace of poverty reduction. An alternative reading is that poverty is expected to increase from 15.25 percent (without climate change) to 17.68 percent (with climate change) by 2030. Given the existing population projections for 2030, this represents 2,902,868 people remaining in poverty as a result of climate change.


text:
Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to the number of equally-abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant). Species diversity consists of two components, species richness and species evenness. Species richness is a simple count of species, whereas species evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the species are.
Calculation of diversity
The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q - 1. In the equation, S is the total number of species (species richness) in the dataset, and the proportional abundance of the ith species is. The proportional abundances themselves are used as weights. The equation is often written in the equivalent form:
The value of q defines which kind of mean is used. q = 0 corresponds to the harmonic mean, and gives values equal to species richness because the values cancel out. q = 1 corresponds to the geometric mean and q = 2 to the arithmetic mean. As q approaches infinity, the generalized mean approaches the maximum value. In practice, q modifies species weighting, such that increasing q increases the weight given to the most abundant species, and fewer equally-abundant species are hence needed to reach mean proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small values of q for the same dataset. If all species are equally abundant in the dataset, changing the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness.
Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species (diversity) would exceed the actual number of species (richness). As q approaches negative infinity, the generalized mean approaches the minimum value. In many real datasets, the least abundant species is represented by a single individual, and then the effective number of species would equal the number of individuals in the dataset.
The same equation can be used to calculate the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified into genera or functional types, represents the proportional abundance of the ith genus or functional type, and qD equals genus diversity or functional type diversity, respectively.
Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness, the Shannon index, the Simpson index and the complement of the Simpson index (also known as the Gini-Simpson index).
When interpreted in ecological terms, each one of these indices corresponds to a different thing, and their values are therefore not directly comparable. Species richness quantifies the actual rather than effective number of species. The Shannon index equals log(qD), and in practice quantifies the uncertainty in the species identity of an individual that is taken at random from the dataset. The Simpson index equals 1/qD and quantifies the probability that two individuals taken at random from the dataset (with replacement of the first individual before taking the second) represent the same species. The Gini-Simpson index equals 1 - 1/qD and quantifies the probability that the two randomly taken individuals represent different species.
Depending on the purposes of quantifying species diversity, the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful ecological interpretations require that the dataset is appropriate for the questions at hand. In practice, the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals in them can be observed and identified to species, but a sample of the relevant individuals has to be obtained. Extrapolation from the sample to the underlying population of interest is not straightforward, because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in the entire population. Applying different sampling methods will lead to different sets of individuals being observed for the same area of interest, and the species diversity of each set may be different. When a new individual is added to a dataset, it may introduce a species that was not yet represented. How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q: when q = 0, each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one effective species, but when q is large, adding a rare species to a dataset has little effect on its species diversity.
In general, sets with many individuals can be expected to have higher species diversity than sets with fewer individuals. When species diversity values are compared among sets, sampling efforts need to be standardised in an appropriate way for the comparisons to yield ecologically meaningful results. Resampling methods can be used to bring samples of different sizes to a common footing. Species accumulation curves and the number of species only represented by one or a few individuals can be used to help in estimating how representative the available sample is of the population from which it was drawn.
Trends in species diversity
The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species diversity of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from a similar environment. Increasing the area sampled increases observed species diversity both because more individuals get included in the sample and because large areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small areas.
- Alpha diversity
- Beta diversity
- Gamma diversity
- Relative species abundance
- Species-area curve
- Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
- Genetic diversity
- Harrison, Ian; Laverty, Melina & Sterling, Eleanor. "Species Diversity". Connexions (cnx.org). William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Maxfield Foundation, and the Connexions Consortium. Retrieved 1 February 2011. (Licensed under Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution Generic).
- Hill, M. O. (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54, 427–432
- Tuomisto, H. (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33, 2-22. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.2009.05880.x
- Tuomisto, H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4: 853–860. doi:10.1007/s00442-_PHONE_-0
- Krebs, C. J. (1999) Ecological Methodology. Second edition. Addison-Wesley, California.
- Magurran, A. E. (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- Jost, L. (2006) Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363–375
- Jost, L. (2007) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology, 88, 2427–2439.
- Tuomisto, H. (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23-45. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.2009.06148.x
- Colwell, R. K. and Coddington, J. A. (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 345, 101-118.
- Good, I. J. and Toulmin, G. H. (1956) The number of new species, and the increase in population coverage, when a sample is increased. Biometrika, 43, 45-63.
- Chao, A. (2005) Species richness estimation. Pages 7909-7916 in N. Balakrishnan, C. B. Read, and B. Vidakovic, eds. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. New York, Wiley.


text:
Em is how the letter M is pronounced.(noun)
An example of em is how you'd say "M" when reciting the alphabet.
Em is defined as a casual or informal way of saying them.(pronoun)
An example of em is telling someone that you called your friends over; you called em over.
See em in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: taken as corruption of them, but also < ME hem, dat. pl. of 3d pers. pron. used as acc. & later replaced by them
See em in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: From Middle English hem
Origin:, from Old English him, heom
Origin:, dative and accusative pl. of hē, he; see he 1.
Learn more about em


text:
An abecedarian is a person learning the alphabet, a beginner; a person teaching the alphabet or the basic elements of a subject. [Webster's New World Dictionary] An abecedary is their practice medium.
The oldest known abecedary is the Tel Zayit abecedary. It is confidently dated to the 10th century BC. This practice writing is carved into a 38 pound chunk of limestone - the back of which could be a bowl. The practice nature of this writing is reinforced as the letters are not in the conventional order.
Next time someone is carping about the rigors of keyboarding (oh the carpal tunnel syndrome), remind them that once people had to learn their alphabets by carving the letters in limestone (oh my thumb). Maybe the carving in stone was a final exam.


text:
This works, but looks a little bit ugly:
s = :shop s.to_s.pluralize.to_sym # => :shops
Is there a nicer way to pluralize a
Join Stack Overflow to learn, share knowledge, and build your career.
You can pluralize a
String, which represents actual text.
Symbols are a bit more abstract.
So, by definition, no. However, perhaps you could open up the Symbol class definition and add:
class Symbol def pluralize to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
Then, you can just call:
:shop.pluralize # => :shops
If you're comfortable altering Ruby's classes, then this works:
class Symbol def pluralize self.to_s.pluralize.to_sym end end
I have yet to find a more elegant solution, although I suspect if there was, it would probably just be Rails implementing something similar to what I have above.


text:
Write a "B1FF filter" that reads a message entered by the user and translate it into B1FF-speak:
Enter message: Hey dude, C is rilly cool
In B1FF-speak: H3Y DUD3, C 15 R1LLY COOL!!!!!!!!!!
Your program should convert the message to upper-case letters, substitute digits for certain letters (A->4, B->8, E->3, I->1, O->0, S->5), and then append 10 or so exclamation marks. Hint: Store the original message in an array of characters, then go back through the array, translating and printing characters one by one.


text:
Restore and prepare ancient textiles and lace materials for display.
What does a Lace and Textiles Restorer do?
Restores and prepares ancient textile and lace materials for display in textile museum: Cleans fabric, using cleaning compounds and techniques based on historical knowledge of fabric manufacture and effect of cleaning upon fabric. Develops new cleaning compounds and methods when available means are inadequate or tend to harm fabric. Repairs and reweaves worn, torn, and decayed fabrics, using techniques based on knowledge of weaving and lace methods. Mounts fabric in frame or other suitable background.


Peaches Geldof has signed up to Aleister Crowley's sex cult OTO
The celebrity tweeted a picture of one of the cult's books, and has inked the initials on her body too. But what do we know about OTO?
Peaches Geldof: believes in a thing called Thelema.
Peaches Geldof: believes in a thing called Thelema. Photograph: Michael Bowles/Rex Features
Age: Founded in Germany in 1904. So 109.
Appearance: Daft tattoos on daft people.
What does OTO stand for? Ordo Templi Orientis.
Meaning? The Order of the Oriental Templars.
And what does the Order of the Oriental Templars stand for? The "wisdom and knowledge" of, among many others, the Gnostic Catholic Church; the Rite of Memphis; the Order of the Sat Bhai; the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light; and the Illuminati.
So why is it in the news? Why are stupid cults ever in the news?
Ah. Because of a famous stupid cultist? Bingo. In this case, Peaches Geldof.
Daughter of Bob? Yes, that Peaches Geldof, former dabbler in Scientology and present owner-operator of a heart-shaped "OTO" tattoo.
What has she done? Tweeted a picture from one of the cult's books to her 148,000 followers with the message: "#93 _TAG_ _TAG_.t.o for all my fellow Thelemites on instagram!"
And what exactly is a Thelemite? A believer in Thelema.
Which is? The religion created by occultist, practitioner of "sex magic", "wickedest man in the world" and former head of the Order of the Oriental Templars, Aleister Crowley, based on the central tenet: "Do what thou wilt."
Meaning? Meaning, in practice, rituals based around sexual exhaustion and, for the highest level members of the Order of the Oriental Templars, instruction in secret techniques for masturbation, heterosexual and homosexual sex. Crowley wrote the religion's founding text, The Book of the Law, in 1904, after an angel and messenger of the Egyptian gods named Aiwass appeared to him while he was on holiday in Cairo with his wife. Although obviously that didn't happen.
I think she may have been better off with the Scientologists. Now there's a sad state of affairs.
Do say: "Why does anyone follow this utter charlatan?"
Don't say: "Her tweets aren't even good."


text:
The first major construction project for the Air and Space Museum will start this summer.
- This is the first major construction project for the building in Southwest Washington, DC, since its opening 41 years ago.
- Visitors will start seeing changes to the museum in summer 2018.
- The museum will remain open through the project by dividing the construction into two major phases.
- The project is scheduled to take seven years.
- All 23 galleries and presentation spaces will be transformed.
- The museum is raising $250 million through private donations to fund the future galleries.
- The project also includes the complete re-facing of the exterior stone, replacement of outdated mechanical systems, and other improvements supported by federal funding.
By the numbers:
- 13,000: stone slabs replaced
- 23: new galleries or presentation spaces
- $250 million: fundraising goal
- 1,441: newly displayed artifacts
- 7: years scheduled for completion
- 0: days closed for construction
The museum has released artist renderings highlighting the exciting changes to come. These renderings represent the first nine galleries scheduled for renovation. New galleries will be organized by theme, helping you find your favorite stories and make connections across eras.
All information and images courtesy of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.


7 Of The Most Common Mistakes People Make With Pasta
Who doesn't love a good bowl of pasta? Pasta is there for us in our times of need, like when we forget about dinner and people are starting to get hangry. Noodles, meet sauce—and dinner is served!
But here's the thing about our favorite quick and easy dinner: with a few low-effort changes to our cooking, we can all make pasta that is perfectly cooked and genuinely delicious! All it takes is avoiding a few key pasta mistakes.
So today I'll be sharing 7 of the most common mistakes that people make when it comes to pasta. By avoiding these behaviors, you can take your pasta dishes from a pile of noodles to a gourmet meal! :-)
7 Pasta Mistakes That Are Surprisingly Common
1. Using A Too-Small Pot
Sure, it can be a bit of pain to wash your big pasta pot, but it's no excuse to use a smaller pot! You'll always get better results cooking your pasta in a big pot with lots of water than a small pot with less water.
The extra space gives the pasta room to move around while it cooks. And the more it can move, the less likely it is you'll end up with sticky, unevenly cooked pasta globs.
2. Pouring Sauce On The Pasta
The final stages of the cooking process can make or break a pasta dish! The simple act of marrying your pasta and sauce together on your stovetop can make the difference between a delicious, gourmet pasta dish and a bowl of sauced noodles.
While the pasta is cooking, make or warm your sauce in a wide pan on your stovetop. When the pasta is 1-2 minutes shy of being done, move it over to the sauce and finish cooking it there.
It only takes a couple of extra minutes, and you'll love the difference it makes!
3. Not Using The Pasta Water
That salty, starchy pasta water can make a big difference in your finished dish! The starchiness will help add body to your sauce, and help the sauce stick to the noodles themselves.
You can either save a small amount of the pasta water to add to your sauce, or just make sure your noodles are still a bit wet when you transfer them over to your sauce.
4. Adding Oil To The Cooking Water
You don't need to add oil to your pasta water. Some people do this to prevent long noodles from sticking together, but noodles are supposed to be sticky and starchy! (If they aren't, the sauce won't really adhere to them.)
And if you finish your pasta in the sauce, you won't have to worry about the noodles sticking together anyway. So skip the oil!
5. Serving Pasta On A Plate
Even if you have a relatively thick pasta sauce, it's still a good idea to serve pasta in a bowl instead of on a plate. The curved bowl will keep your pasta warmer for longer than a plate, and it usually makes it a bit easier to eat.
6. Not Waiting For The Water To Boil
I realize that as an impatient person myself, it's a bit rich for me to be advocating for patience. But we should all be a bit more patient when it comes to bringing our pasta water to a boil!
If you add your noodles to the water before it starts boiling, it will take even longer to get it up to the boiling point. And until that happens, your noodles will just be steeping in warm water and their texture will likely suffer for it.
7. Putting Pasta In Your Garbage Disposal
Leftover pasta should go in your fridge, the trash can, or really anywhere other than your garbage disposal! Pasta expands considerably when wet, and anything that expands spells out bad news for a garbage disposal.
So avoid those potentially nasty clogs and expensive repairs by making your disposal a No Pasta Zone!
What's the best pasta dish you've ever eaten?
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Before beginning the steps below, confirm that a GL Account Number has been assigned to "Bad Debt Account" on the GL Defaults List. If you have any questions regarding this system parameter setting, please contact your Veracross account manager for assistance.
To write off an unpaid AR Invoice Item, perform the following steps:
- On the Accounts Receivable homepage, locate the invoice by running a report or query with criteria that will cause the invoice to be included in the results.
- Click on the Invoice Number to open the detail display of the invoice.
- Locate the item to be written off and click on the item "detail" icon.
- Once on the invoice item detail, click in its "General Ledger" tab.
- Enter a "Tent. Adj. Date:" (typically around the current date).
- Select the Reason, "Write-off".
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Item" button.
- Close the invoice item detail, and return to the AR Invoice Header.
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Header" button.
- A new unposted line item is created (note that it reflects a zero $ amount).
- Click on this new item's "detail" and view the amount that appears in the "Write Off Amount" box.
- After confirming that all looks good, click on the Action button and select the option "Post Invoice/Items"
- Review the invoice and the JE generated by posting operation to confirm all looks good.
Please watch the video below demonstrating How to Write Off an AR Item by clicking directly on the screen. You can make the video larger by clicking on the Full-screen button.


Office of Recruitment and Admissions
Concurrent enrollment
If you are a high school senior that wishes to enroll at A&M-Corpus Christi during your last year of high school, you may do so by applying for admission through our concurrent enrollment program.
What is concurrent enrollment?
Concurrent enrollment allows you to enroll for a college class or classes (pending approval) prior to graduating from high school. A student admitted to the program enjoys the same rights and privileges as a regular degree-seeking student, and is subject to the same federal rules and regulations.
What's the difference between dual credit and concurrent enrollment?
Both programs are for high school students desiring to attend college while in high school. Dual credit enables a student to earn both college and high school credit at the same time. Concurrent enrollment is when a high school senior enrolls in a college course for college credit only.
How to apply
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How Salesforce Shield Can Provide Data Protection and Compliance?
How Salesforce Shield Can Provide Data Protection and Compliance
How Salesforce Shield Can Provide Data Protection and Compliance?
Research suggests that cybercrime is the most lucrative crime globally; more profitable than all global drug trade put together! This has resulted in several regulations and compliance standards being established by local, national and international authorities across the globe. Fortifying data security and protecting the privacy of users is not just about fulfilling the requirements of these regulation and compliance standards, but about user (customer/ employee/ other stakeholder) trust. So, a data breach is a gross violation of their trust, even when data is collected and used with permissions from individuals as mandated by law.
According to an IBM Study, the global average cost of a data breach is USD 3.92 million as of 2019 which includes not just financial costs (post-incidence response cost, escalation costs, penalties, etc.) but also reputational costs (as the business will face immense erosion of brand image, reputation and goodwill). This has made data privacy and data protection are the most challenging and critical business concerns of today.
Despite the scary numbers, the cloud adoption rate and trust in cloud-based products and solutions have only seen an increase over the past few years. The increase in trust and adoption of the cloud is often attributed to forward-thinking organizations like Salesforce. This is because organizations like Salesforce which only offer cloud-based products and solutions equip their enterprise clients with robust features to ensure heightened data security to businesses and in turn, their customers.
How Does Salesforce Ensure Trust, Data Protection and Compliance?
To fortify the security of the Salesforce org and to enhance trust and compliance, Salesforce offers a wide array of power-packed features.
Salesforce Trust: A customer-facing website, Salesforce Trust, provides the Salesforce Community with information and insights on system performance and security status. Users get access to information and updates on malware and phishing attacks, as well as, remediation methods to mitigate risks.
Salesforce and Compliance: Salesforce maintains a large set of rigorous compliance certifications and attestations including ISO 27001/27018, GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, SOC 1, SOC 2, Safe Harbor, etc. to validate the core value of trust. Using a shared security model for data privacy and security, Salesforce provides technical and physical security to regulated data while requiring customers to be accountable for the type of data collected and its usage, quality and integrity.
Security Health CheckThis is one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for a Salesforce Administrator. It empowers administrators with a summary score to gauge the strength of their configuration settings from a security standpoint when compared to recommended baseline settings. This security score is a combination of factors like password strength, invalid login attempts, session timeout, forced re-logins, etc. Security Health Check enables administrators to cohesively identify and remediate vulnerabilities in security settings.
Unique Identifiers for Each Session: Being a multi-tenant platform, Salesforce ensures that none of its customers can access another's Salesforce instance, even accidentally. This is made possible by giving unique identifiers to each of its clients. These identifiers, then on, get associated with each session initiated by a user within the client company.
In-built Security Features: Salesforce offers several in-built features that empower administrators to secure their data against internal and external threats. The platform also provides immense flexibility to administrators to implement controls based on the sensitivity of data. Two of the most critical features are auditing and robust access control.
 - Through the auditing feature, administrators can trace login attempts up to 6 months. By turning on the field history tracking, they can assess the value changes made on fields and the users who made it.
 - Through the range of access control options such as two-factor authentication, custom login flows, object-level permissions, role hierarchy, field level permissions, encryption, etc., administrators can effectively control who gets access to what data and what actions can be performed.
 - Through IP range restrictions, another important access control feature in Salesforce, administrators can effectively decide which users can login to the system, from where and when (time duration). This way, unauthorized access by unknown IP addresses and phishing attacks can be avoided.
Salesforce Shield: One of the newest offerings, Salesforce Shield, offers additional layers of security to Salesforce clients, admins, and developers.
Let us take a closer look at Salesforce Shield and how it helps businesses to immensely amplify security.
What is Salesforce Shield?
Introduced in 2015, Salesforce Shield empowers enterprise clients with a trio of point-and-click tools to deeply strengthen trust, compliance, security, transparency and governance across their business-critical apps.
Distinguishing Features of Salesforce Shield to Strengthen Data Protection and Compliance
 1. Platform Encryption
 With enterprise clients increasingly using Salesforce to store confidential/ sensitive/ proprietary data and PII, maintaining confidentiality and privacy of such data to meet compliance standards has become essential. The Platform Encryption feature of Shield empowers administrators to encrypt all data at rest including data stored in fields and files being uploaded to Salesforce. This is done while retaining critical app functionality like search, workflow and validation rules. While the enterprise clients are provided full control over the encryption keys over the lifecycle of managing the key, it is still stored in the Salesforce environment. The clients also have full control over setting encrypted data permissions to prevent unauthorized users from accessing sensitive/ confidential data,
 2. Event Monitoring
 By providing visibility into security, user behavior and application performance, Shield enables administrators and security professionals to monitor, tune and optimize performance, user adoption, end-user experiences and security across apps. With Event Monitoring, all interactions can be tracked and visualized. Administrators get visibility into who, from where and when is viewing what critical business data. When event logs from Shield are combined with third-party app monitoring and data visualization tools, potential insider threats can be analyzed and identified.
 3. Field Audit Trail
 The Field Audit Trail feature of Shield dramatically expands tracking beyond the default capabilities provided by Salesforce's standard Field History Tracking feature. In Shield, field history can be tracked as far back as 10 years across contacts, leads, opportunities, custom objects, cases, etc. for 60 fields per object. In comparison, in standard Field History Tracking, field history can be tracked and retained for only 18 months up to 20 fields per object. It empowers enterprises to build a forensic data-level audit trail to know the state and value of data for any date, at any time, whether it is for regulatory compliance, internal governance, audit or customer service.
 4. Single Sign-In
 Salesforce Shield ensures that multiple devices do not login using same credentials at a time. When one device signs in using a credential, all other devices are logged out automatically.
Salesforce products and solutions, by design, are enabling enterprise clients to strengthen their security posture and build transparency, compliance, trust, security, data privacy and protection into business-critical apps. To understand how you can fortify the security posture of your Salesforce org, take expert help from a Salesforce Gold Consulting Partner like Manras now.
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This tutorial shows how to send modifications of code in the right way: by using patches.
The word developer is used here for someone having a KDE SVN account.
We suppose that you have modified some code in KDE and that you are ready to share it. First a few important points:
Now you have the modification as a source file. Sending the source file will not be helpful, as probably someone else has done other modifications to the original file in the meantime. So your modified file could not replace it.
That is why patches exist. Patches list the modifications, the line numbers and a few other useful information to be able to put that patch back into the existing code. (This process is called "patching" or also "applying a patch.")
The main tool for creating patches is a tool called diff, which makes the difference between two files. This tool has a mode called unified diff, which KDE developers use. Unified diffs have not just the difference between the file but also the neighborhood around the differences. That allows to patch even if the line numbers are not the same anymore.
The most simple patch is created between the modified file (here called source.cpp) and the non-modified version of the file (here called source.cpp.orig.)
diff -u -p source.cpp.orig source.cpp
That lists the difference between the two files in the unified diff format (and with function name information if possible.) However it only displays it to screen, which is of course not the goal. So you need to redirect the output.
diff -u -p source.cpp.orig source.cpp > ~/patch.diff
~/patch.diff is here an example and you can create the file where you prefer with the name that you prefer. (You will soon find out that it is probably not a good idea to create a patch where the source is.)
But normally, you do not just change one file and you do not keep the original version around to be able to make the difference later. But here too, there is a solution.
The program svn, which is used on the command line interact with the SVN server, has a diff function too: svn diff.
You can run it like this and it will give you the difference of the current directory and all sub-directories below it. Of course, here too, you want to redirect the output.
svn diff > ~/patch.diff
There are useful variants too (shown here without redirection)
Note: even if svn can make the difference of another directory (svn diff mydirectory), it is not recommended to do it for a patch that should be applied again. (The problem is that the person that will apply the patch will have to be more careful about how he applies it.)
Note: for simple diff, like those shown in the examples above, svn diff can be used offline, therefore without an active connection to the KDE SVN server. This is possible, as svn keeps a copy of the original files locally. (This feature is part of the design of SVN.)
By default, svn diff does not have a feature like the -p parameter of diff. But svn allows that an external diff program is called, so you can call diff:
svn diff --diff-cmd diff --extensions "-u -p"
The procedures described above work very well with text files, for example C++ source code. However they do not work with binary files, as diff is not made to handle them. And even if SVN can internally store binary differences, svn diff is not prepared to do anything similar yet, mainly because it currently uses the unified diff format only, which is not meant for binary data.
Therefore, unfortunately, there is little choice but to attach binary files separately from the patch, of course attached in the same email.
First, you need to make svn aware of files you have added.
svn add path/to/new/file /path/to/another/new/file
Then run svn diff as before.
Note that if you do svn revert, for example, the files you created will NOT be deleted by svn - but svn will no longer care about them (so they won't show up when you do svn diff, for example). You will have to rm them manually.
(TODO: are there any other issues with adding new files if you don't have commit access?)
Now you are ready to share the patch. If your patch fixes a bug from KDE Bugs, then the easiest way is to attach it there, see next section.
The main way of sharing a patch is to email to a mailing list. But be careful not to send big patches to a mailing list, a few 10KB is the limit.
If you find that the patch is too big to send to a mailing list, the best is to create a bug report in KDE Bugs and to attach the patch there, after having created the bug report.
Another possibility, however seldom used, is to post the patch on a public Web server (be it by HTTP or FTP) and to send an email to the mailing list, telling that the patch is waiting there.
Another variant is to ask on the mailing list which developer is ready to get a big patch. (Try to give its size and ask if you should send it compressed, for example by bzip2.)
A last variant, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, is to send the patch to a developer directly. (But here too, be careful if your patch is big. Some KDE developers have still analog modems.)
In this section we assume that you have chosen to add your patch to an existing KDE bug or that you have created a bug report just for your patch.
Even if this tutorial is more meant to send patches to a mailing list, most of it can be applied to adding a patch to KDE Bugs.
You have two ways to do it:
To send an email to a bug report, you can use an email address of the form _EMAIL_ where 12345 is the bug number. Please be sure to attach your patch and not to have it inlined in your text. (If it is inlined, it would be corrupted by KDE Bugs, as HTML does not respect spaces.)
Note: if you send an email to KDE Bugs, be careful to use as sender the same email address as your login email address in KDE Bugs. Otherwise KDE Bugs will reject your email.
Note: if you create a new bug report just for your patch, be careful that you cannot attach a patch directly when creating a new bug. However as soon as the new bug is created, you can then attach files, one-by-one, therefore also patches.
Warning: sometimes your patch will be forgotten because the developers do not always closely monitor the bug database. In this case, try sending your patch by email as described below. If that also does not help, you can always talk to the developers on IRC
Assuming that you have chosen to send the patch to a mailing list, you might ask yourself: to which one?
The best destination for patches is the corresponding developer mailing list.
In case of doubt, you can send any patch for KDE to the kde-devel mailing list. (However with an increased risk that you would miss the right developer.)
Of course, if you know exactly which developer will process the patch and that you know or that you suppose that he currently has time, then you can send the patch to him directly.
Now you have a patch redirected into a file (for this example called patch.diff), you are ready to send it by email. But the first question: where?
Now that you have entered an email address, a good practice is to attach the patch to your file before writing anything else in the email. So you will not forget to attach it.
A little note here: yes, in KDE (unlike for the Linux Kernel for example), we prefer to have the patches sent as attachments.
Now you are ready to write the rest of the email. Please think of a title that matches your patch. (Think of having to find it again in the archives in a few months or even years.) A good habit is to precede the title by [PATCH]. So for example a title could be [PATCH] Fix backup files.
As for the body of the email, please tell to which file or directory your patch applies. For example for a file: The attached patch applies to the file koffice/kword/kwdoc.cpp or for a directory: The attached patch applies to the directory koffice/kword. This help the developers to have an overview of which code has been modified. Also tell for which branch it is meant, for example for trunk.
Then tell what your patch does. If it fixes a bug, then please give the bug number too. If the bug was not registered in KDE Bugs, then please describe instead the bug that is fixed. Similarly, if you know that the patch fixes a bug introduced from a precise SVN revision, please add the revision number.
Tell also what could be useful to the developers, for example if you could not completely test the patch (and why), if you need help to finish fixing the code or if it is a quick&dirty solution that should be fixed better in long-term.
Now check the email again to see if you have not forgotten anything (especially to attach the patch) and you can send the email.
One popular way of submitting patches is KDE's reviewboard. A big advantage over using the bugtracker of KDE is that the patches are less likely to be forgotten here. Also, the reviewboard allows inline review of diffs and other gimmicks.
First you need to check if the project you've created the patch for is actually using reviewboard. For this, go to the groups section and see if the project's group is listed there. If it is listed there, you should use the


text: It is enough to give medical students a nerve-ous breakdown. Yep, I'm talking about nerves—you know, those complex peripheral nerves, nerve roots, and plexuses that will give even the heartiest mind a headache. So then, just think of the Nerve Whiz app, developed by a University of Michigan neurologist, as the aspirin to ameliorate your sore brain. This app contains four basic modules that link rote memorization with clinical relevance. The nerve and muscle chart provides a list of important nerves that can be sorted according to muscle, nerve, roots, action, trunk, or cord. The muscle localizer lets the user select a muscle that is weak in the patient and subsequently gives a possible list of localizations. The sensory localizer performs a similar task for arms and legs. Finally, the nerve diagrams are useful references that place nerves within the context of plexuses.


text:
Click here to view an interactive map of the Northern Ireland dataset as currently collated by CEDaR.
The map is generated through the NBN Gateway using their Interactive Mapping Tool.
Coregonus autumnalis pollan Thompson
Pollan is a glacial relict of an Alaskan-Siberian whitefish species and is not found anywhere in Western Europe outside of Ireland. It is a good example of the importance of correct taxonomy in determining conservation importance. For most of the twentieth century, pollan was regarded as one or other of two coregonid species found in Britain. However, molecular studies in the 1970s showed conclusively that it was C. autumnalis, but that there were sufficient differences to regard it as a distinct subspecies C. a. pollan. In a recent revision, Kottelat has suggested that it should be designated as a full species C. pollan rather than a subspecies, which would make it an endemic Irish species. Further work is required to validate this proposal. Irrespective of its exact classification, pollan is one of the most unique elements of the Irish fauna. Pollan entered the Shannon system as a migratory fish at the end of the last Ice Age, some 14,000 years ago, and from there it spread to Loughs Erne and Neagh, all of which were interconnected in the period of glacial retreat. As the sea temperature and salinity increased, pollan lost its migratory habit and became restricted to freshwater. However, pollan have been found in the Erne estuary at Ballyshannon and downstream of Coleraine on the Lower River Bann. Since Neagh, Erne and Shannon (Ree and Derg) stocks have been isolated for over 10,000 years, undoubtedly genetic differences have evolved among them as a result of adaptation to local conditions and by genetic drift. There is also some evidence of distinct populations within Lough Neagh, presumably maintained as a result of natal homing to separate spawning areas.
Pollan is a silvery trout-shaped fish, with a dark greeny-blue back. Superficially, it resembles a herring but is easily recognised due to the presence of the diagnostic salmonid adipose fin, a small fleshy dorsal fin just in front of the tail.
Pollan spawn in December and January in shallow rocky areas of the loughs where wave action provides good oxygenation for the developing eggs. The young fish feed on animal plankton and on larger invertebrates as they grow older. $Mysis relicta$, a glacial relict crustacean, is an important food source in Lough Neagh, as are the abundant larvae of chironomid midges. Spawning takes place from about three years of age and individuals can generally live for about five years, although a seven-year-old has been recorded from Lower Lough Erne.
There are no similar freshwater species present in Ireland but two related whitefish species are found in Scotland, Cumbria, and Wales, although several populations of these have become extinct in recent decades.
How to see this species
Lough Neagh pollan are fished for commercially and can be seen as fishermen land their catches at various quays around the lough. They can be bought in some fish markets and shops during the fishing season (March to October). Pollan sometimes move down the Lower River Bann and they have been caught by anglers downstream of Coleraine.
Although still common in Lough Neagh, pollan is no longer found in Upper Lough Erne and has become very rare in Lower Lough Erne since the 1970s. It was abundant in Lough Erne in the early part of the twentieth century where it formed the subject of a substantial commercial fishery. Exploitation of Lough Neagh pollan is controlled by Fisheries Legislation, enforced by the Fisheries Conservancy Board Northern Ireland.
Why is this species a priority in Northern Ireland?
Pollan is not found anywhere else in Western Europe outside Ireland
Threats/Causes of decline
Pollan require water with a good level of oxygen and so eutrophication, due to nutrient enrichment, and climatic warming are major threats, especially in the deeper lakes where oxygenation due to wind-mixing is reduced. The other major threat is increase of non-native species such as pike, roach and zebra mussel, which have been linked to the decline in Lower Lough Erne, possibly as a result of predation and decline in zooplankton availability. The recent introduction of zebra mussel into Lough Neagh presents a serious threat to pollan in this lough.
Conservation of this species
An all-Ireland Species Action Plan was published in 2005. There is also a UK Species Action Plan which was published in 1995.
What you can do
Support the restoration of Northern Ireland lakes to high water quality status. Help prevent the further spread of zebra mussels within Lough Neagh.
Text written by:
Professor Andrew Ferguson