text:
If the city feels hotter to you in the summer, you're right.
The Japan Meteorological Agency has proved that all the asphalt and tall buildings and exhaust heat are indeed to blame.
"Urban heat islands" raised the daily August temperatures by 1 to 2 degrees in Japan's three biggest megalopolises of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, the JMA said July 9.
This is the first time the JMA has analyzed the effects of urban heat islands, where asphalt, buildings and heat from the exhaust of automobiles and air conditioners and other factors contribute to a rise in temperatures.
The JMA used data from last August to simulate air temperatures on the assumption that all ground surface was covered by grassland and that there was no exhaust heat from human activities in the three megalopolises, and compared the numerical outcomes with what was actually recorded.
The urban heat islands accounted for rises of about 2 degrees in the cities' central areas and about 1 degree on their outskirts, JMA officials said.
It is believed that air temperatures have risen about 3 degrees in the three big cities during the last 100 years due to both global warming and urban heat islands, but the JMA has never evaluated to what extent the urban heat islands are responsible.
"Urbanization accounted for as much part of the temperature rises as global warming," a JMA representative said. "The situation is thought to be similar in other regions of advanced urbanization."
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I am making a recommendation system (kind of) and I have to recommend the item a user is most likely to buy in his next purchase. Doesn't matter if he already bought this item.
Given this, I'm treating this problem as a multiclass-classification problem with 4000 categories (number of different items users can buy).
Searching in Wikipedia I found this link and decided to use the One vs -rest method. So I decided to train one random forest for each item using as covariates flags if the user bought each item before (so I have around 4000 covariates). Then I will decide a rule to decide the recommended item (something like the one which has the largest probability to be bought or the largest lift.)
My problem is that it's taking too long to train (5 to 10 min per item):
> 5*4000
[1] 20000
> 20000/60
[1] _PHONE_
> _PHONE_/24
[1] 13.88889
So in the best case it would take 2 weeks to train.
I would like to know if the method i'm using is right, and if there's another faster method to achieve this.
You might have more luck with a Naive Bayes Classifier. It can handle a large number of target classes, and is relatively fast to train, since you largely just calculate a bunch of univariate stats to plug into at prediction time. It won't capture fancy interactions as much as a random forest though, so if you are concerned about "they only buy shoelaces if they bought shoes but NOT shoeshine" vs "they often buy shoelaces if they've bought shoes" then it may disappoint. You may also want to incorporate a time component, but I'm not sure what you're doing.
_URL_ may also be relevant.
 - $\begingroup$ I managed to reduce the number of variables using some simple rules and I could train all random forests. Like you said, naive bayes was less accurate but was faster to train. Thanks for your answer! $\endgroup$ – Daniel Falbel Jul 28 '16 at 14:49
Your Answer


text:
How long is one minute? There is the objective answer of sixty seconds, but there is also the subjective personal perception. One minute can feel like a blink of an eye, but it can also last an eternity. When working in the lab, I often experience both perceptions within a workday. The days are always too short, and I regularly wish that I could live in the lab to work into the evenings. However, during each experiment, time often seems to have stopped moving. One experiment can appear to take forever, and I constantly have to prolong the allotted time for the tests. The temporal aspect of making is amplified, and patience is much required to conduct this slow research.
Taking time to manipulate a material is imperative to observe how matter changes its behavior gradually. The quality of the product usually relates to the time spent on the process as well. Almost every experiment I have done on grinding pigments from various natural sources circle back to the issue of time, when the tools I use to grind them remain consistent. Minerals, such as lapis lazuli, take much longer to grind to fine particles due to their hardness, whereas earth pigments like ochres are less time-consuming because they are generally softer. These observations do not come as a surprise, but going through the motion of grinding makes experiencing time much more intense than reading about it in historical recipes. A recent experiment might be able to visibly demonstrate what time does to change a material.
It is known that over-grinding of certain minerals can result in the pigments losing their brilliance and turning the colors dull. However, how long it takes for a pigment to pass the threshold and become over-ground can vary drastically depending on the type of the mineral and the quantity of the pigment. I wanted to see how easy it is to over-grind malachite using the simple technology of a glass muller and a granite slab. To do so, I put on a batch of malachite powder and ground it with water for ninety minutes. The powder was prepared from a previous experiment, in which I simply broke the stone into small pieces, crushed the pieces into coarse powder, ground the powder with the muller and slab until it no longer produced a cracking and scratching sound, and removed impurities through levigation. I took a little pigment out of the batch every ten minutes to see how the sizes of the particles changed during this ninety-minute process.
Time-lapse is a fascinating film technique which condenses a long sequence into a short period of time. The video (Fig. 1/Vid. 1) of me grinding malachite gives a deceptively brisk working pace that appears to be full of energy and excitement. In reality, the process was agonizingly long and taxing. Ten minutes into grinding, I was already losing my patience. The ten-minute marks never arrived fast enough, and there were still so many ten minutes to go. When grinding, there was no highly noticeable visual and tactile difference in the texture of the powder-water mixture. It was smooth and easy to be pushed around. However, the color of the mixture gradually became ever-so-slightly paler in the first half hour of grinding, and it was most observable when placing a small sample of the mixture onto the plate at the end of each ten-minute mark (Fig. 2). The color of the mixture stopped changing around the forty-minute mark, but I continued to complete the full ninety minutes of grinding.
Fig. 1/Vid. 1. Time-lapse of the malachite grinding experiment (or click here to see the video on Flickr).
Fig. 2. Samples of pigment ground for different lengths of time.
I left the pigment samples on the plate to dry and called it a day in the lab. Two days later, I returned to the samples and bound them with gum water to turn them into watercolor paint. Each sample became a small swatch painted over a strip of black India ink to test its opacity (Fig. 3). Immediately, the powder that did not undergo further grinding (0 minute) shows that the particles are too coarse to make a good paint. The sample with ten minutes of grinding time shows an improvement in the paint quality, but still not good. The swatches painted with pigments ground for thirty minutes or longer are more similar, in their colors and the smoothness of the paint surfaces.
Fig. 3. Swatches painted with watercolor paints made from pigment samples ground for different lengths of time.
Despite the change in color to a paler green, I do not think that I have over-ground the malachite. The darker greens have appealing colors, but the paints did not behave well. The higher grinding time resulted in finer particles, but more grinding did not further alter the color of the pigments in a highly visible manner. Rather, pigments with higher grinding time can be more evenly mixed with gum water to make paints with a better flow. Time, in this experiment, is a critical element to produce usable pigments, and it needs to be accompanied by the patience of repeating the same motion for a minimum of thirty minutes.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


[Beowulf] 96 cores in silent and small enclosure
David Mathog mathog at caltech.edu
Fri Apr 9 12:43:03 PDT 2010
Jonathan Aquilina wrote:
>also would distilled water collected from dehumidifiers be
> non conductive as well?
Well "non-conductive" is a relative term, it won't be as conductive as
ocean water, nor as non-conductive as you want for this application.
Any type of ions in the fluid will drive the conductivity up, and if all
you are doing is precipitating water out of the air with a typical
commercial A/C component it will not be very clean. Labs that need
really clean water usually distill it multiple times or put it through a
chain of filters. Some of these systems have a resistivity meter at the
end, as that's an easy way to check that the water is as pure as is
needed. We had a system like that when I was in grad school, and the
water just sitting in it would increase in conductivity over time as
ions leached out of the internal parts. So when it was turned on the
first part of the flow would be quite conductive, and it would be
directed into the sink. Only when the meter showed the water was clean
enough would water be collected.
David Mathog
mathog at caltech.edu
Manager, Sequence Analysis Facility, Biology Division, Caltech
More information about the Beowulf mailing list


The SPIN@COSY polarized-beam team has found unexpectedly strong higher-order spin resonances when using 2.1 GeV/c polarized protons stored in the COSY COoler SYnchrotron at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. These results may help to increase the polarization in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven when it is used as a 250 GeV/c polarized proton collider. The data were taken in April 2004 and presented in part at the International Spin Physics Symposium at Trieste the following September. However, the many partly overlapping data points had an unusually large scatter, so they allowed no firm conclusions to be reached. Now, after a challenging reanalysis, the team has published results that may spell good news for the work at RHIC.
In all of the other experiments by SPIN@COSY, the data showed the expected spread when beam parameters were varied upwards, e.g. in steps of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and then downwards, e.g. in steps of 9, 7, 5, 3, 1. However, this was not true for the April 2004 data. Indeed, when several of the sweeps were repeated for the second and third times, the data-spread increased. Clearly, these data needed a reanalysis, which began in 2009 after the other data from SPIN@COSY had been published.
The team obtained data for each resonance by measuring the polarization after sweeping COSY's vertical (and later horizontal) betatron tunes slowly through the resonance with a narrow tune range of 0.002 in 2s, giving a tune sweep-rate of 0.001/s. The sweep-rate through all of the other resonances was made about 250 times faster by sweeping through a much larger range in a shorter time, typically a range of 0.125 in 0.5s. This reduced the effect of all of the other resonances by about 250-fold.
One possible cause of the spread in the data was a variation in the polarization stability of the polarized H ion source. Polarized ion-sources are sensitive devices, with several sextupoles and RF transition units, whose fields and frequencies must be precisely matched to maximize the polarization. The source polarization at COSY is measured by a low-energy polarimeter (LEP) and the values stored on a nearby computer; but in 2004 this computer was not connected to the computers in the main control room, where the 2.1 GeV/c data were stored. Fortunately, however, the stored LEP data from 2004 were still available in 2009, so that several gigabytes of data could be transferred from COSY to Michigan. There, a small team of two post-docs and four undergraduate students matched the LEP data from the source in time with the corresponding 2.1 GeV/c data. When the 2.1 GeV/c polarization data were renormalized to the LEP polarization data, much of the spread disappeared.
The team then refined the vertical betatron-tune data further by using what is possibly a new technique for combining many partly overlapping data points in an unbiased manner. Thirty-six pairs of data points were sequentially recombined, whenever both lay within a sequentially increasing (in 0.001 steps) range in betatron tune. This recombination continued for 76 steps until the results of recombining the data from low-to-high vertical betatron tunes and from high-to-low tunes were all identical. In the horizontal data only five pairs of overlapping points needed to be recombined.
Figure 1 shows the results of this two-step reanalysis. The data clearly revealed that the long-held belief that lower-order spin resonances always caused more depolarization than higher-order resonances, and vertical spin resonances always caused more depolarization than horizontal resonances, was not correct for the 2ndand 3rd-order resonances. The results showed that the single 2nd-order vertical resonance was far weaker than two of the 3rd-order vertical resonances (figure 2). They also showed that, while the 1st-order vertical resonance was so much stronger than the 1st-order horizontal resonance that it fully flipped the spin direction, this was certainly not true for the 2ndand 3rd-order resonances. These unexpected results may help the RHIC polarized collider to increase its 250 GeV level of polarization further towards the 100 GeV level.


Quick Answer: Why Do You Say God Bless?
What does saying God bless mean?
God bless you (variants include God bless or bless you) is a common English expression generally used to wish a person blessings in various situations, especially as a response to a sneeze, and also, when parting or writing a valediction.
The phrase has been used in the Hebrew Bible by Jews (cf..
How do you say God bless you in different ways?
god blessgod rest. phr.god help me. phr.god save. phr.be well. phr.bless your heart. phr.godspeed. n.adios.god forbid. phr.More items…
What's another word for God Bless?
What is another word for god bless?bless someone's heartbless yougod bless youblessings
What do you reply when someone says God bless you?
Just say "thank you". You don't have to share their faith or make a big thing about it. "Thank you. God bless you too."
What to say instead of bless you?
In non-English-speaking cultures, words connoting good health or a long life are often used instead of "bless you," though some also use references to God. In some Asian cultures such as Korean and Japanese cultures, the practice of responding to another person's sneeze does not exist.
What does it mean when a guy says God bless you?
Does your heart stop beating when you sneeze?
What is stay blessed?
"Stay blessed" means "May you stay in God's favour," which would be expressed in an older English as, "May God never turn His face from you." [ wordreference.com] Stay blessed is more of an imperative, meaning, the speaker realizes that the person he is speaking to – Is doing good (behavior).
Is it appropriate to say God bless?
There's no difference, although God Bless is more often used as a farewell greeting, and God bless you is more often used as an interjection, for example as a way of saying Thank you for a favour performed. In the same way, Bless you! is used, with exactly the same meaning, to express sympathy when someone sneezes.
Why shouldn't you say Bless you?
A "bless you" was uttered to protect you from the evil that a sneeze left you susceptible to. … In the absence of a "bless you," an alternative could be for the sneezer to say "excuse me," as one might with any other involuntary bodily function (ok, gas).
How do you bless someone?
bless something to make something holy by saying a prayer over it The priest blessed the bread and wine. bless somebody/something (formal) to call God holy; to praise God We bless your holy name, O Lord. bless somebody/something (old-fashioned) (informal) used to express surprise Bless my soul!
What's another word for bless?
Bless Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for bless?sanctifyconsecratedevote to Godinvoke benefitsinvoke happinessinvoke happiness onoffer benedictionpray forpronounce holydeify30 more rows
Do you say thank you after someone says bless you?
The history and the reasons behind being blessed when someone sneezes is irrelevant really and really doesn't even or shouldn't have any regard or hold any weight to decide not to say thank you. It shouldn't matter. Just say "thank you " when someone blesses you.
What do you reply to a blessed day?
Answers. If you don't believe, you won't have/get a 'blessed day' anyway. They are friendly, even wishing you the best (from their point of view), so I would just say thank you, out loud, (for nothing (because it has no meaning to you), silently).
Is it illegal to say Gesundheit?


text:
From Rob Collins:
The name [quire] comes from Medieval Latin quaternus "a set of four" which
became quaier in Old French and quire in English.
I assume you could add Spanish
cuaderno [notebook] to the list of quaternus
From Steve Whitelaw:
About 40 days. I recall reading, although I have forgotten the source, that
the ancient scrolls contained a word that meant something like "quite a while", which in translation became "40 days", and that explains why so many
events in Biblical times lasted for 40 days, or "40 days and 40 nights." Any
information on that?
We checked for occurrences of 40 days in the Old Testament and the
New Testament. The corresponding Hebrew word in the Old Testament was 'arba'iym,
and the corresponding Greek word in the New Testament was tessarakonta.
Both of these mean "forty". If there are any Hebrew or Greek
scholars out there who are aware of different nuances to these words, do let
About "Old Dart". This is just wild speculation of the worst kind, but is
there any chance that the reference was to Dartmoor, the infamous English prison? If it was in existence at that time, many of those sent to Australia
many have been in Dartmoor.
This connection is discounted by every etymologist
who discusses the term Old Dart.
Great site. First thing I look at on Monday morning. Cheers me right up.
From Anson Young:
No quarter: I didn't see this sense of
quarter (meaning'sparing the lives of surrendering enemies') in you recent discussion of
Well we did consider including
this but decided against it because the derivation of that
particular meaning is rather obscure and we do like to be sure of ourselves.
(Well, the site is called Take Our Word For It). One suggestion is that it arose
from the notion of "giving quarter" or quarters, to
prisoners. If a prisoner is to be put to death, he isn't given a place
to stay for any length of time. This sense arose in the early 17th
From Bruce Yanoshek:
In this week's issue, you called the possessive
its irregular. If it were a noun, its possessive form would be irregular, but no apostrophe is regular for possessive pronouns.
You are correct in that it is not irregular with
regard to other pronouns. Please forgive our lapse from perfection - we'll go
back and change it.
From Greg Umberson:
Just wanted to make a small comment on the story behind
tragedy. You say that "the original Greek word was tragodia which seems to be formed from
tragos, "goat" +ode, "song" but there is little agreement on why this should be so." I thought some of your readers might be interested to know one theory mentioned in a few books about why this should be so. The early Greeks held contests with three plays on a tragic theme, followed by a burlesque play involving a satyr, a mythical creature being part man and part goat. Thus the contest comprised 3 plays followed by a "goat song". Another possible connection between goats and tragedy (are goats inherently more tragic or comic?): a sacrificial goat was often the prize for these early contests.
There's also an interesting connection between tragical goats and
aegis. The original Greek for "goat" was aix/aig (the x
would be pronounced as a "g" in certain derivations). The shield (or cloak) entrusted by Zeus to Athena was supposed to have been covered with (or made of) goatskin and called
aegis (Zeus having been suckled by a she-goat as a baby). So where does the "tr" come from in "tragedy"? Prefix to
aix/aig the Indo-European t(e)r/tor, meaning "rub, gnaw, crush, etc.", to get
tr + ago. Now you have the Greek tragos, meaning a "gnawing goat" or "he-goat" (as opposed to
aix/aig which was used for she-goats).
Thanks again, keep up the good work, and a Happy 4th of July.
We hope you had a good
Independence Day, yourself. As for the tragic goat connection [hmm... good
title for a movie?], that is all quite interesting. We'd like to see
whether the author(s) of these theories are making educated guesses or have
some evidence to back them up. Thanks, Greg.
From Ramona Boersma:
"Almost infinite" means a very large number of unknown extent, but that is not technically infinite (without end). Does "almost without end" bother you? It is effective at getting the point across, and is much more elegant than saying something like "extremely numerous," which lacks the emphasis that "almost infinite" has.
From Felix Hoffman:
Firstly, a comment about almost infinite.
While I agree that this does not make literal sense, it nevertheless represents a valid idea which may be roughly paraphrased as 'no limits need
to be taken into account for present purposes'. Almost unlimited/limitless means much the same thing but appears to be more acceptable. Perhaps we
should think of it as a manner of speaking, like "The sky is the limit". Infinity itself is very much a theoretical concept, something that may be
approximated but never reached. For example, parallel lines are said to meet in infinity (but I'm not on firm territory here).
Secondly, I am a bit miffed about the condescension you show by stating
"For any speakers of English as a second language out there (and any native
English speakers who just don't know), it's is a contraction of "it is", while its is the possessive (albeit irregular) form of it."
By this you insinuate that anyone whose first language is not English has no hope of getting the distinction right.
My claim is that someone who bothers to learn a foreign language in a systematic fashion (at school age or even later in life) is more, not less
likely to know such basic details. I invariably see this error made by people posting on the net (maybe they're
just too lazy to reach for the apostrophe key). Anyway, it is worth remembering that the use of the apostrophe is a mere
typographical convention which serves to distinguish a pair of perfect homophones. The linguistic value of such distinctions is questionable (after
all, you are not likely to confuse it's and its when listening to spoken English).
Of course we were referring to the literal sense
of infinity, but your discussions were nonetheless interesting.
for addressing "speakers of English as a second language" in the
discussion of it's vs. its, we did so because the person
initiating the conversation was a non-native speaker discussing the difficulty
that non-native speakers have with those homophones. We do not believe
that we insinuated to even the slightest degree that non-native speakers have
no hope of getting it right. We simply addressed the speakers of English
as a second (or third or fourth...) language as that is what the writer was
talking about. We agree that some non-native speakers are more likely to
use it's and its correctly than native speakers for the reasons
From Pierre Roberge:
I really enjoy your website, but... Yes, there is a "but", I'm sorry to say.
Today is the First of July, Canada Day; being a proud Canadian, I feel I have to comment on your reply to Ms. Pizzolato (Issue 161, Word to the Wise). You write "Some of them simply hopped across the border into Maine and the rest traveled all the way to the deep south..." That implies that all or most Acadians chose to migrate there. The fact is that they were forcefully expelled from their homes by the British, then deported. The "Acadiens" call it "Le grand dérangement", that is, "The Great Trouble".
Just thought you'd like to know about that shameful bit of British history.
I'll sign off now lest gloom settles in; after all, today should be all about celebrations! So... Vive le Canada!
We apologize if it sounded as
though we were trivializing the move of the Acadians to the U.S. We did
not intend to do so. We have Cajun friends in Louisiana who are proud of
their heritage and communicate their history quite readily (and ably).
Thank you for that clarification.
From Erica Hruby:
To drag out the discussion of now words meaning "later":
I was in South Africa last year, and I recall a similar distinction being drawn locally between now and the near future:
now now means "right now," while just now means "in the near future."
I hope I am recalling this verbiage correctly.
Thanks, Erica. The thought that now has
shifted meaning so much that folk must say now now to make themselves
understood has quite made our day. On the other hand, it has caused us to
wonder why people say now now to soothe a baby.
From Mats Tölöberg:
A small comment on the little Welsh
sentence in the recent edition of Curmudgeon's
Corner: As a multilingual Swede, having studied in Wales but currently living in Luxembourg, I fully agree with Mike that Welsh names are more
beautiful than English ones. In addition it always warms my heart a little

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Towers of technology
Reda Sadki _TAG_, Learning strategy
Opencast Mine / Tagebau - Garzweiler / NRW / Germany
Opening workplace learning
Reda Sadki Thinking aloud, Writing
For organizations, the paradigm of workplace learning remains focused on internal development of staff, on the premise that staff need to be learning to improve, if only to keep their knowledge and competencies current. In the past, education advocates struggled to gain recognition for the need to continually learn in the workplace. Opening workplace learning was difficult to justify or finance due to the economy of effort required to deploy educational activities. In today's hyper-connected world, organizations can no longer afford to restrict their educational activities to their own staff. Nor can they rationally allow for such activities to be limited to ad hoc face-to-face 'trainings' that do not scale. They need to reach their target audiences through education if they want the knowledge they produce to have more than superficial impact. This is part and parcel of sustainability. Closed learning restricted to the workplace is the knowledge economy equivalent of strip-mining. Photo: Opencast Mine, Germany (TablinumCarlson/Flickr).


text:
The Disputed History of the Tarzan Yell
Johnny Weissmuller made it famous. Carol Burnett made it funny. But the origin of Hollywood's iconic jungle cry is shrouded in mystery.
Back in 1932, in movie theaters across the country, the actor Johnny Weissmuller stood high on a cliff and let fly with a savage cry, roughly translated as "Aah-eeh-ah-eeh-aaaaaah-eeh-ah-eeh-aaaaah!"
The Tarzan yell has long been one of Hollywood's most recognizable and iconic sound bites, right up there with Rhett Butler's "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" and Captain Kirk's "Khaaaaaaannnnnn!"
But exactly how that jungle cry was produced remains a mystery. Was it really Weissmuller's voice? Or was it something more complex?
The yell was first introduced in the pages of Tarzan of the Apes, the 1912 novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs, where he described it as sounding like "the victory cry of the bull ape." Over the next fifteen years, Tarzan swung unto the silver screen several times. But those silent films left audiences to imagine the majestic sound of the yell.
Then in 1929, an early talkie called Tarzan the Tiger featured actor Frank Merrill making the first recorded attempt at the yell. Sadly, it sounded like the wailing of a drunken sports fan:
Three years later, Johnny Weissmuller, an Olympic swimmer with no acting experience, stepped into the loincloth and defined the role – and the yell - for decades to come. Weismuller later said his famous version of the Tarzan yell was inspired by the yodeling of his German neighbors, along with his own success in a yodeling contest he'd won as a boy.
But MGM, the studio that made the first Tarzan movies with Weissmuller, claimed to have enhanced the yell in post-production. Reportedly, they added and mixed the following:
1. A second track of Weismuller's voice, amplified
2. A track of a hyena howl, played backwards
3. A note sung by a female opera soprano, with the speed varied to produce a fluttery sound
4. The growl of a dog
5. The bleat of a camel
6. The raspy note of a violin's G-string being bowed
Another story claims that a famous operatic tenor was hired to record the yell, and the tape was then manipulated and run backwards, so that the second half of the yell was the first half in reverse.
Weissmuller denied that there was ever any sonic trickery, and in the many public appearances he did until his death in 1984, he always honored requests to perform the signature yell. If it lacked cinematic reverberation and hi-fidelity, it still sounded pretty much like what you heard on screen.
However the Tarzan yell was achieved, it was so pitch perfect in those early Weissmuller movies that the sound bite was re-used for decades. No matter which actor was playing Tarzan, when it came to the yell, they cued up Weissmuller's original "Ah-eeh-ah..." As an example, here's a scene from the 1981 Tarzan remake with Bo Derek:
Later, of course, comedienne Carol Burnett revived the yell for comic effect on her TV variety show (fast forward to 4:46).
Today, there are many YouTubers who've taken a crack at the yell. Here are three of the more entertaining Tarzan wannabes:


The Special Age Calculator shows your age in seconds, minutes, hours, days, or planet years. It can search for both round decimal and binary numbers.
How to Use the Special Age Calculator
 1. Enter the date and time of your birth.
 2. Click Calculator Alternative Birthdays
Note: If you leave Day, Month, or Year field empty, the calculator will default to the current date; an empty Hour, Minute, or Second field defaults to 00.
Additional Options
 1. Use the Calculate menu to choose what kinds of alternative birthdays you wish to find:
 - Round decimal numbers finds even numbers, such as 1,000,000,000 seconds or 15,000 days since you were born.
 - Round binary numbers is the perfect option for computer nerds or math buffs. It looks for even numbers in the binary number system, such as _PHONE_ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 seconds or 11 0000 0000 0000 days. These alternative birthdays do not correspond to an even number in the decimal number system: the above examples equal 1,073,741,824 seconds and 12,288 days.
 - Planet years searches for your birthdays based on the orbital period of the planets in our solar system (plus Pluto).
 2. The Frequency menu allows you to choose if you want to home in on the one big day when you are exactly, say, 1 billion seconds old (select Only very round numbers), or if you are in a hurry to celebrate your next alternative birthday and don't mind if the number is a little less round (select Slightly round numbers).
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Does it take into account Daylight Saving Time and leap seconds?
No, while most of our services take into account all Daylight Saving Time (DST) changes and leap seconds, the Special Age Calculator does not.
How do binary numbers work?
While there are 10 different numerals in the decimal system we use in everyday life (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9), the binary number system is made up of only 2 (0 and 1).
How do planet years work?
A year on Earth is defined as the time it takes our planet to complete a full revolution around the Sun. This is called a tropical year and takes 365.24219 days on average.
The other planets in our solar system orbit the Sun on different paths. The closer a planet's orbit is to the Sun, the less time it takes to complete a full circle. This means that a year on Mercury, the first planet from the Sun, is much shorter than a year on Earth, while the outer planets take over 100 Earth years to complete an orbit.
If you choose Planet years in the Calculate menu, the Special Age Calculator lists the moments when the planets in our solar system (plus Pluto) reach the same positions on their orbit as on the day you were born, marking your birthdays on each planet.
What is a Julian year?
The Julian year is a simplified version of this time span. It amounts to 365.25 days.
Do I have to start from scratch every time?
You don't. Scroll down past the results to find a form entitled Change calculation and frequency where you can make changes to the current calculation. Click on Change date to select a different date or time of birth.
How can I find out how many seconds, hours, or days old I am right now?
You can use our Countdowns for that purpose. Simply enter your date and time of birth and click on Create Countdown.
How does your algorithm work? Can you help me program my own?
We are a small team with a very extensive website to manage, so, unfortunately, we do not have the capacity to share detailed information about our algorithms or provide programming help.
The General FAQ Page answers your questions about, our services, site-wide settings, customization options, advertising opportunities, and copyright policies.
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Issues with benefit plans and pension payments arise both upon hiring an employee and when they leave the job. There are also laws that allow employees who lose their jobs to continue the health coverage they had with their employer while they look for new work.
In addition, the employer in Olyphant is required to make sure the employee receives any benefits that were guaranteed in a contract when the employee started their work. Sometimes benefits are paid directly by the employer, while other instances of benefits require voluntary contributions from the worker. Also note that there can be a required minimum amount of time spent working for the employer in order for the employee to receive benefits.
What Employee Benefits are Protected by Pennsylvania law?
Under Pennsylvania law, employers who provide employees with medical plans owe them particular legal duties. For example, they must disclose important health plan information, and employees must be provided with a fair process when reviewing their claims according to the plan. For employees who lost their jobs, there are some laws that allow them to continue the health care plan they had with their previous employer while they actively look for a new job.
Employers in the city of Olyphant also owe their employees legal duties with regard to pension plans. First, the law requires that they provide any benefits that were promised to their employee in any given benefit agreement. Second, employers bear the risk of any investments that are made on behalf of an employee according to a matched contribution plan
How can a Olyphant, Pennsylvania Pension and Benefits Attorney Help?


After VBS camp at Mt. Olivet
Time Travelers: Unlock the mysteries of Ancient eEmpires
Where? Mt. Olivet UMC
When? 20150717
Who? 3-12
EverWonder what it would be like to travel back in time?
If so, hop onto EverWonder's time traveler machine and join us as we journey back through time to explore the ancient empires around the world. While tomb hunting in Egypt we'll build ancient pyramids. In Greece, we'll climb atop the Acropolis to learn more about Ancient Greece's passion for government, math and theater. We'll spar lions and other wild beasts within Coliseum walls while spending time with Spartacus, the Gladiator and other Ancient Romans and so much more. Activities will include art, making and listening to music, movement, creative writing, games, dancing and so much more. Join us!


text:
Definition of blurt
v. t. - To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; -- commonly with out.
The word "blurt" uses 5 letters: B L R T U.
No direct anagrams for blurt found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after blurt (in bold), or to blrtu in any order:
a - brutal e - butler o - brulot s - blurts
Shorter words found within blurt:
blur brut bur burl but rub rut tub urb ut
List shorter words within blurt, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in blurt, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with blurt, words containing blurt or words ending with blurt
All words formed from blurt by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: bl lu ur rt
Browse words starting with blurt by next letter
Previous word in list: blurs
Next word in list: blurted
Some random words: khoum


text:
Origin of the Term Layman
Today I found out the origin of the term layman.
The term layman has today come to mean "a person who does not belong to a particular profession or who is not expert in some field." It also has a somewhat less commonly known meaning of "a person who is not a member of the clergy", which is its original definition. Layman derived from the two existing words "lay" (from the Old French "lai", meaning "secular") and "man", hence the "non-cleric" meaning.
The term layman popped up around the 15th century and within about 100 years the term laywoman also became common. In both cases, outside the non-cleric definition, they first particularly seemed to refer to people who were not specifically accredited in medicine or law, with the definition broadening from there to include any non-expert in a certain field.
The term "laity" has a similar origin as layman, deriving from the Middle English "laite", which in turn derives from the French word of the same spelling. The French word "laite" comes from the Latin "laicus", and finally from the Greek "laikos", meaning "of the people" or "common" ("laos" meaning "people").
The exact definition of laity varies slightly based on what religious sect one consults, but in general this word just means people who are not ordained, but belong to a certain religious group. So, for example, in the Catholic Lumen Gentium, laity is defined as follows:
The term laity is here understood to mean all the faithful except those in holy orders and those in the state of religious life specially approved by the Church. These faithful are by baptism made one body with Christ and are constituted among the People of God; they are in their own way made sharers in the priestly, prophetical, and kingly functions of Christ; and they carry out for their own part the mission of the whole Christian people in the Church and in the world.
Interestingly, the word 'man' was originally gender neutral, coming to eventually mean the same as the modern day word "person", though originally was more accurately defined as "the thinker." In addition to that, the word "men" used to just mean "to think" or "to have a cognitive mind" and was also considered to be completely gender neutral. It wasn't until about a thousand years ago that the words man and men started to refer to a specific gender (males) and it wasn't until the late 20th century that it was almost exclusively used to refer to males.
- Before "man" meant a male, the word "wer" or "wǣpmann" was commonly used to refer to "male human". This word almost completely died out around the 1300s, but survives somewhat in words like "werewolf", which literally means "man wolf".
- Women at that time were referred to as "wif" or "wīfmann", meaning "female human". The latter "wifmann", eventually evolved into the word "woman" and retained its original meaning. The word "wif" eventually evolved into "wife", with its meaning obviously being changed slightly.
- One interesting convention that was thought up in the early 1900s to deal with this issue of "man" coming to mean both male and female and also sometimes meaning males exclusively is, in literature, to do the following: when referring to all humans, "man" should be capitalized as in "Man"; when referring to "man" as in "male", it is to be left lower case. This convention was used in such literary works as "The Lord of the Rings" and was a key point in the prophecy concerning the Witch-king of Angmar: "no man can kill me", meaning that according to the prophecy, a woman, Eowyn, could kill him because "man" in the prophecy was not capitalized.
- The surname of "layman" (though not actually spelled like that) actually predated the "layman" term as we think of it today by about 600 years. This name originally came through the Old English "leah", meaning "a glade", with "mann", meaning more or less "a person responsible for something". Thus leahmann, layman, leyman, lyman, etc. would mean "a person who cares for a glade."
- In some religious sects, a lay priest once referred to someone who is a priest, but is not ordained in any specific order. In Buddhism, however, a lay monk or lay priest was once considered to be someone who was a Buddhist monk, but did not live in a monastery, rather, lived among the people.
- The term "layperson" didn't come about until the 1970s, as an alternate explicitly gender neutral version of layman or laywoman.
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Topic: Parallel In Serial Out Diasy Chaining (Read 747 times) previous topic - next topic
So for my engineering design project, I have to read in 12 buttons using just 4 arduino pins. I know it's possible to do it using 2 Parallel In Serial Out Registers, but I have no idea how to daisy chain them together. Can someone help me? Also, how would the code work?
In brief:
Serial out from one chip into serial in of the other, parallel the other control signals, parallel-load then clock for twice as many pulses...
Or use a MCP23S17 or a better yet with only 2 pins a PCF8575.
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text:
How to Change the Admin Password in Asset Manager
To change the Admin password, perform the following steps:
- Go to the Admin Console.
- Click on the Security tab in the left column and then click on Users.
- In the column to the right of the Security tab, click on the user named, "admin".
- In the "User Information" field, type the new password in the Password and Confirm Password fields. (**Remember the new password!!**)
- Click the Save Changes button.


text:
How to convert watts to kVA
Watts to kVA calculation formula
The apparent power S in kilovolt-amps (kVA) is equal to the real power P in watts (W), divided by 1000 times the power factor PF:
S(kVA) = P(W) / (1000 × PF)
So kilovolt-amps are equal to watts divided by 1000 times the power factor.
kilovolt-amps = watts / (1000 × PF)
kVA = kW / (1000 × PF)
What is the apparent power in kilovolt-amps when the real power is 3000W and the power factor is 0.8?
S = 3000W / (1000 × 0.8) = 3.75kVA


Migration file format reference
The config V3 migrations files generated by the CLI are pure SQL files.
Migration directory format
Each migration is stored inside a directory, which has the following structure:
A version which is the Unix timestamp in nanoseconds when the migration was created is the first part of the name of the directory. Followed by a name which is either manually added or auto-generated by the console. The files inside this directory indicates what step this is. up.sql file is supposed to have forward step(s), e.g. creating a table. The down.sql file should include the corresponding rollback step.


text:
The city of Toronto, Canada, is battered with its worst-ever snowfall on this day in 1944. Twenty-one people died as a result of the record storm, in which nearly 20 inches of snow fell in a single day.
The storm began hundreds of miles to the south near the Gulf of Mexico; it stalled after moving north over Toronto. In addition to the tremendous amount of snow, the winds from the storm were so high that visibility was reduced to nothing. The blizzard also created huge drifts that trapped people inside their homes. A streetcar on Queen Street was knocked over by the wind and snow, trapping 170 people and killing one person. All traffic and businesses in the city were shut down. Perhaps most importantly, as the storm took place during World War II, the city's ammunition factory was forced to close.
Thirteen of the 21 storm-related deaths came as a result of heart attacks caused by overexertion as people shoveled snow to dig themselves out of their homes. The Toronto Daily Star's headline the next day was "Whole City Stopped as if by Giant Hand." Mac's, a famous restaurant at the University of Toronto, had to close for the first time in its history.
Although it is difficult to measure snowfall to assess records, this blizzard was certainly close to a single-day high. In the 1998-99 winter, Mt. Baker in northeastern Washington reported its own record high—a remarkable 1,140 inches of snow. This is believed to be the all-time high for seasonal snowfall.


text:
December 28, 2019
The fighting and the humanitarian tragedy in Yemen remind older generations of Turks of a beautiful but sad folk song, "Yemen türküsü"[i], mourning the loss of thousands of Turkish soldiers in this far away part of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Its goes;
There are no clouds on air, why is this smog?
There are no deceased in neighborhood, why is this outcry?
Mum, I haven't died yet, why is this groan?
This is Yemen, its rose is grass
Those who go there do not return, I wonder why? Okumaya devam et


School Library for Girls in Northern Afghanistan
A microproject by Sahar Education
Thanks to your generous support, more girls will read. We will be able to help equip a school in Northern Afghanistan with a library that is more than just a space. The books in the library including text books, fiction, poetry and geography teach girls about math and science as well as stories about their own country and the wider world.
Educating a girl, which requires books, impacts every family member creating a ripple effect of change. A typical family in Afghanistan has 7 people and in rural Afghanistan where Sahar has 9 schools, a family has between 11-13 members and lives on about $1.00 per day.
Airokhsh grew up in Mazar-i-Sharif, an urban city in Northern Afghanistan. She worked for Sahar for two summers and visited several villages where Sahar schools provide programs including collecting books to build libraries.
"The most exciting projects I had all summer was to see the looks on the girls faces when I delivered the books to their schools. They were so happy. In many cases, they don't have the type of books that are necessary to study basic subjects in school like math and science. Or, they study the very basics but without books for the next levels of study, they can't possibly pass the exams for university admission. This will prevent girls from moving forward and ultimately entering the workforce."
Giving to Sahar is giving to girls futures. Advanced textbooks in higher math and science provide avenues for computer studies and other professions including becoming teachers and even returning to rural villages.
Fahima said, "when I look at the rebuilding of our school and I know that I'm going to be able to go to the library and sit down and study, I'm so happy. Our old school didn't even have a library and our books were torn apart by wear and tear. We didn't even have algebra or biology. I want to be a doctor and I was told I needed to know these subjects. Thank you to sponsors for helping with our library and books."
Thank you Donors
Thank you Donors
About Project Reports
Organization Information
Sahar Education
Location: Seattle, WA - USA
Website: _URL_
Project Leader:
Ginna Brelsford
Seattle, WA United States
Retired Project!
This project is no longer accepting donations.
Still want to help?
Find a Project


text:
HUBUNGAN KERUSAKAN TANAH DAN NERACA HARA SEBAGAI INDIKATOR PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN*)
(RELATION OF SOIL DEGRADATION TO NUTRIENT BALANCE AS
AN INDICATOR OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE)
Soil degradation and nutrient balance are important for ecological nutrient management in sustainable agriculture. Soil degradation in term of soil erosion is the single most important environmental concern in the developing countries. Eroded sediment also acts as both a physical and chemical pollutant. It has been become an ecological, social and economic problem. Loss of nutrient by erosion from agricultural areas in a sloping land is one of the major causes of land degradation in Indonesia, yet the process by which the nutrient is depleted has often not been answered by appropriate study. To relate soil degradation to nutrient balance becomes important tool for monitoring sustainable agriculture.
*) Artikel di Jornal JOGLO Vol. 23 No. 1, Juli 2011. ISSN: 0215-9546
**) Dosen Fakultas Pertanian UNISRI Surakarta
Selengkapnya: artikel joglo_riyo samekto


text:
FRIDAY, Dec. 23 (HealthDay News) -- Unlike adults and older
children, toddlers do not listen to the sound of their voice to
correct their speech, a new study finds.
Researchers had adults and 4-year-old and 2-year-old children
say the word "bed" repeatedly while simultaneously hearing
themselves say the word "bad."
This contradiction caused the adults and 4-year-olds to change
the way they said "bed" to something more like the word "bid."
However, the 2-year-olds kept saying "bed," the investigators
The findings, published online Dec. 22 in the journal
Current Biology, suggest that toddlers use a different strategy to control their speech.
For example, they may rely on their parents or other people to
monitor how they speak, study author Ewen MacDonald, of the
Technical University of Denmark, noted in a journal news
MacDonald pointed out that parents and other caregivers often
repeat back to young children what they've heard them say.
"As they play music, violinists will listen to the notes they produce to ensure they are in tune. If they aren't, they will adjust the position of their fingers to bring the notes back in tune," MacDonald said in the news release.
"When we speak, we do something very similar. We subconsciously listen to vowel and consonant sounds in our speech to ensure we are producing them correctly. If the acoustics of our speech are slightly different from what we intended, then, like the violinists, we will adjust the way we speak to correct for these slight errors," MacDonald explained. "In our study, we found that 4-year-olds monitor their own speech in the same way as adults. Surprisingly, 2-year-olds do not."
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association outlines
activities to encourage
children's speech and language development.


text:
Behavior Analysis Graduate Certificate
The Core of the Program: Applied Behavior Analysis Competencies
The University of Cincinnati online Behavior Analysis Graduate Certificate teaches students methods to develop effective interventions to address a wide array of learning and problem behaviors across typically developing populations and disability categories in both clinical and educational settings. Grounded in the ethical and best practices recommended by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, the program examines the specific and comprehensive use of learning principles, such as operant and respondent learning. It also places emphasis on prevention and early intervention.
- 6 courses, each 15 weeks in duration
- Courses approved by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board as meeting the coursework requirements for eligibility to take the Board Certified Behavior Analyst Examination (additional supervised experiences are required in order to be eligible to sit for the BCBA exam)
- Immediate application of coursework to your current position
- Ability to maintain your current position and income while you earn your degree
- Option to complete the program in 1 or 2 years, depending on the number of classes taken per term
- 100% online; no on-campus residency
- Convenience of 24/7 access to coursework anywhere there is Internet connectivity
Transfer credits are not accepted for this program.
Leave a Reply
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Are these sentences interchangeable?
 1. I think I have left my keys at home.
 2. I must have left my keys at home.
 For example: If somebody asks us "where have you left your keys?" which answer would be correct to this question, 1 or 2? and why?
 - 2
 What does Cambridge dictionary tell you about the verb must? What does it mean in English? When you understand that, you'll be able to answer your own question! I think I have expresses uncertainty. What does I must have express? The two expressions are close in meaning, but not interchangeable. I think I left my keys at home means that I'm not sure where I left them. I must have left my keys at home means that I know where I left them. – P. E. Dant Reinstate Monica Sep 12 '16 at 8:35
 - 4
 _USER_.E.Dant - Cambridge says: We use must have + ed form to talk about deductions in the past. It always refers to deduction, not obligation. – Mehrdad Moshaver Sep 12 '16 at 8:45
 - 1
 _USER_ I think this question has potential. Please remember to include more details with every post, like your thoughts on the matter and any research you have done. Specifically, I recommend that include the text from the Cambridge dictionary in your post and explain why you think 2 is equivalent to 1. Also, have a look through past questions on must have. You might find useful information, if not the answer to your question. – Em. Sep 12 '16 at 9:06
 - 1
 Your first sentence is speculation. You are pretty sure, but not fully sure, that you left your keys at home. You think, which means: Think. v. : to believe that something is true, that a particular situation exists, that something will happen, etc.--Webster's. So you believe they are at home. To say this, you use a noun clause as a direct object of the verb "think": (that) I have left my keys at home. [To be continued in my next comment] – Arch Denton Sep 12 '16 at 9:38
 - 1
 In the second, using the helping verb must which means, —used to say that something is very likely--Webster's. in your verb phrase "must have left" is saying, "I likely have left my keys at home." Why is it likely? Why is it likely they are at home and nowhere else? Because there is a reason, of which in the first sentence there is no reason or inferred reason, being inferred using the word "must." [Con't] – Arch Denton Sep 12 '16 at 9:40
We can consider the usage naively, in terms of the speaker's intent, and as perceived by the hearer.
Naively, the first is deduction (due to think) or speculation (due to the lack of explicit facts), while the second expresses certainty (due to must).
In terms of intent, the first expresses uncertainty and the second expresses a form of certainty. The following definitions support this.
I think so 1 a. used for saying that you are not completely certain about something: 'Is James coming tonight?' 'I think so, but I'm not sure.' - Macmillan Dictionary
Must 1 used for saying that you think something is probably true because nothing else seems possible: They must have got lost or they'd be here by now. - Macmillan Dictionary
However, the reasoning assumed for must is often weak or absent in conversational use of the term. When absent, this use borders on false bravado.
To the hearer, then, both can be perceived to be uncertain, but in different ways.
Nevertheless, the terms are not interchangeable because the intent and connotations they convey are different.
I think I left my keys at home.
I must have left my keys at home.
Neither of those phrases has an "exact" meaning. The first talks about what you think may be true. A thought can just pop into our heads. The second talks about what you have concluded to be true. Conclusions take at least a little bit of reasoning.
We use "must" after we have eliminated some possibilities, for example, they're not in your other pocket either, and not in your brief case, and you don't remember locking the front door on your way out of the house. You'd probably remember locking the door if you had done so, and so the keys must still be inside the house.
Either one of those statements would be a grammatical response to the question "Where have you left your keys?" So would "It's none of your business, dude, where I left my keys."
X must Y means for some reason, X believes that Y is true or had been true and X is unaware of any reason to the contrary.
Valid reasons include:
 - logical inevitability: *John turned left so he must be at Mike's house (Mike lives down that street.)
 - you did something or saw something previously and have received no evidence to the contrary since then: "My keys must be in my top drawer (You put them there earlier)"
 - something bad will happen and the speaker/writer is sure you want to avoid it: "You must pay your rent."
 - a really strong version of should: "You must come over and play this game sometime."
 - sometimes used to issue commands. "You must put my keys away next time!"
X think(s) Y just means that X believes Y is true or had been true, but is leaving open the possibility he/she may be wrong.
My keys must be in the car. (For example, I am remembering that I left them there)
I think my keys are in the car. (I'm not really sure where they are but I'm saying this is likely.)
The right answer depends on how confident you are that Y is true. Must means you are very confident, think means you are not completely confident.
 - 1
 I would say there's a third option with even more certainty: "My keys are in the car". And in fact, that's what I would use in your first case (if I remember that they're there, then I am sure that they are there). I feel the "must" case does include a slight lack of confidence, because you've arrived at the conclusion by eliminating alternatives but don't have any direct evidence for that case itself. (E.g. your keys aren't in your pocket or on the table, and you had them when you got in the car, so you can't think of any other place they could reasonably be.) – Andrzej Doyle Sep 12 '16 at 15:12
 - 2
 Yes, it's counterintuitive to native speakers, but must actually adds uncertainty. – snailplane Sep 13 '16 at 8:06
 - Interesting, not a way of looking at it that I ever considered before. – LawrenceC Sep 13 '16 at 12:45
 - Andrzej's comment is fascinating, and I've never seen it discussed here. It certainly could be incorporated in your answer. For clarity though _USER_ - it's the construction must have that adds uncertainty, especially in things like I must have left my keys somewhere. – P. E. Dant Reinstate Monica Sep 15 '16 at 21:45
 - _USER_.E.Dant That is not correct. You may be interested in reading a book on this subject before commenting further, for example Geoffrey Leech's Meaning and the English Verb. – snailplane Sep 15 '16 at 22:45
Your Answer


text:
Lift-off of methane jet flames in O2/CO2 atmospheres
MetadataShow full item record
Turbulent jet diffusion flames and flame lift-off have been the topic of a great deal of research due to its complexity in combining both turbulent flow and combustion. The mechanisms controlling flame lift-off however, are not yet properly understood and is still an active field of research. In this report, experimental studies of lift-off characteristics for oxy-fuel combustion with methane have been conducted for oxygen concentrations ranging from 34% to 50%. Three different fuel nozzles were used, with diameters of of 2mm, 4mm and 5mm. In addition to oxy-fuel combustion, experiments were carried out in air, and oxygen enriched air, as a reference case.The goal has been to observe how oxy-fuel flames differ from regular diffusion flames burning in air with regards to lift-off. Lift-off heights and velocities were found to be strongly dependent on oxygen concentration, with increasing concentration causing shorter lift-off heights and higher lift-off velocities. It was also discovered that the combustion chamber wall temperature seemed to have a great impact on flame stability. Higher wall temperatures had a stabilizing effect on the flame, probably due to lower heat loss and higher burning velocities.Results from the air cases were compared to data from other studies, and were found to deviate some, most likely due to the presence of co-flow.


text:
Downstream users are companies or individuals who use a chemical substance, either on its own or in a mixture, in the course of their industrial or professional activities.
Downstream users have a key role to play in advancing the safe use of chemicals by implementing safe use at their own site and communicating relevant information both to their suppliers and their customers.
Who is a downstream user?
Roles and obligations
Communication in the supply chain
Communication with suppliers
Effective communication between downstream users and suppliers at all stages in the REACH process ensures that relevant information is provided in the supply chain.
Communication with customers
Formulators need to communicate relevant safety information further down the supply chain to their own customers.
Chemical safety assessment
Downstream user chemical safety assessment
Downstream users may choose to carry out a chemical safety assessment if they use a substance outside the conditions described in the exposure scenario provided by the supplier, or if the use is advised against by the supplier.
Downstream user report
Downstream users have to report unsupported uses to ECHA in certain cases.


Paint Format tool in Google documents
Google documents lets you copy the formatting you've applied to a specific section of text to another section using the paint format tool. If you're familiar with the paint format tool in Google spreadsheets, this works in a similar manner.
To use this tool, select the text that's formatted in the way that you want to copy. Then, click the paint roller icon in your toolbar, and select the text to which you want to apply the formatting. The formatting from the original text will be copied to the selected text.
To change the formatting in multiple places within your document, double-click the paint roller icon. You'll enter a mode that lets you highlight multiple text selections, and apply the same formatting to each selection. When you're done applying formatting to these selections, click the paint roller icon again.
You can also use the paint format tool with keyboard shortcuts. To copy the formatting of selected text, press Ctrl + Alt + C (Windows or Chrome OS) or ⌘ + Option + C (Mac). To apply the formatting you copied to a different text selection, press Ctrl + Alt + V (Windows or Chrome OS) or ⌘ + Option + V (Mac).
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text:
by Hui Wang, Xiaolan Zhou, Ciyong Lu, Jie Wu, Xueqing Deng, Lingyao Hong, Xue Gao, Yuan He
School bullying is an emerging problem in China. The present study aimed to measure the prevalence of bullying behaviors among Chinese adolescents and to examine the association of bullying and being bullied with family factors, school factors and indicators of psychosocial adjustment. Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 8,342 middle school students were surveyed in four cities in the Guangdong Province. Self-reports on bullying involvement and information regarding family factors, school factors and psychosocial adjustment were collected. Descriptive statistics and multi-level logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the prevalence of school bullying and explore potentially influential factors. Results
Of the total sample, 20.83% (1,738) reported being involved in bullying behaviors. Of the respondents, 18.99% were victims of bullying, 8.60% were bullies and 6.74% both bullied themselves and bullied others. Factors that were determined to be correlated with bullying behaviors included grade, parental caring, consideration of suicide, running away from home, time spent online per day and being in a physical fight. Conclusion
Bullying was determined to be prevalent among Chinese adolescents. Given the concurrent psychosocial adjustment, family and school factors associated with bullying, as well as the potential long-term negative outcomes for these youth, this issue merits serious attention, both for future research and preventive intervention.


Can you close a script?
There's lua_openscript myscript.lua but is there a close function or is it file:close?
You seem to have a misunderstanding of what lua_openscript does. It opens the file and reads it, and then automatically closes it. It takes the resulting string and runs it through the compiler. The compiler turns this into bytecode, which is then loaded into the runtime environment, and stays there until the environment is shut down(client disconnecting or map switch, for example ).
What do you mean by close?
lua_openscript is a command to load the script file and run it once the script is done executing (by reaching the end of the file) that's it. There's nothing to "close".
Darn. Ninja'd.
(client disconnecting or map switch, for example ). is there a way I can for close it?
Again, you misunderstand. At the most simple level, this is what the game is doing:
RunString( file.Read( "filename.lua", "LUA" ) )
file.Read automatically closes the file after reading it.
What are you trying to accomplish? I can most likely help you solve whatever problem you have in a different way.
he probably means undoing whatever the script did, like removing hooks and timers.


text:
Back to Results
Physical Therapist PRN
Fair Oaks Hospital 617250 Part Time 3600 Joseph Siewick Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22033, USApply
Job DescriptionAs a Physical Therapist – Pro Re Nata (PRN) Weekday, you will select evaluation and treatment methods appropriate to the diagnosis, age group and physical/emotional status of patients while formulating appropriate treatment plans. To help achieve our mission, you will demonstrate essential skill competencies in the use of treatment modalities, equipment and protocols. Your ability to perform re-evaluations according to department guidelines, while adjusting treatment plans accordingly, is of vital importance. Adhering to department policies regarding timeframe, form and content of written evaluations, progress notes and discharge summaries is required. Communicating effectively with patients, families, medical staff, healthcare team members, students, supervisors and outside contacts is expected.
- Documents evaluation results clearly and completely while including all essential elements according to department policy.
- Completes daily progress notes that reflect patients' responses to treatment, actual performance and an assessment as to status, relevant to treatment plans, eventual discharge needs and treatment summaries, if needed.
- Completes discharge notes that include a summary of the course of treatment, progress toward goals, discharge needs, recommendations for follow-up and patient and/or family education.
- Documents clearly, concisely and legibly within established timeframes (e.g. allows other therapists to continue treatment, allows for interpretation by payers, supports reimbursements, etc.).
- Documents evidence of patient and family/caregiver education.
- Contacts families, physicians or other healthcare team members in anticipation of special needs of patients and/or families in a timely manner to facilitate effective treatment plans.
- Provides educational materials and methods appropriate to patients' levels of understanding and motivation.
- Includes families/caregivers in education and training when appropriate.
- Demonstrates collaboration in communication with team members while being open to feedback and receptive to change.
- Gives appropriate instruction and supervision to assistive personnel consistent with program/clinic policies and regulatory requirements.
- New graduate physical therapist eligible. One year of experience in acute care preferred.
- Bachelor's of Science, Physical Therapy.
- BLS certified through the American Heart Association.
- Virginia License required upon start.


How Can I Produce High-Quality Breathing Air and Save on Energy Costs?
Problem: I need a breathing air system for my business, but I want to make sure my energy costs aren't going to increase. What can I do to keep costs down?
Solution: Pneumatech's Breathing Air Purifiers are built to provide high-quality breathing air while running efficiently to keep energy costs down. The BA Series offers advanced energy management for low operating costs.
How does the BA Series help you save on energy?
 - Compressor synchronization
 - Purge nozzle optimization
 - PDP control - Dew Point switching
Sync your air compressor to the breathing air purifier to ensure that both units are running or not running when needed. Purge nozzle optimization helps reduce the amount of air waste, and PDP control changes dew points as needed depending on the environment and current ambient conditions.
The BA Series also offers best-in-class performance thanks to unique valve and exhaust design (patent pending), lowest pressure drop during drying and lowest purge loss by ensuring maximum purge air expansion during regeneration.
Specially engineered valve manifolds includes the pilot air controlled 3/2 valves with reliable and fast switching helps to reduce the pressure drop to a minimum. This does not only result in a low-pressure drop over the dryer, but also ensures maximum purge air expansion during regeneration. That lowers the purge air consumption drastically. The gas sensors are available as an option to optimize the system further. The possibility to connect the signals to the PureLogic Controller offers optimal control and monitoring.


Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has recently developed a graphite foam that useful in doubling the LED lights' lifespan. Graphite foam itself is a lightweight and flexible graphite crystal structure material to work with, creating the possibility of cheaper design with more effective passive cooling elements for LEDs.
This is perhaps also a remark for new wave of game changing technology, where electric car owners will start using electricity to recharge their vehicles, and a reduce in household's lightbulbs electricity usage will in short term, contribute to balance the overall energy consumption level. And hopefully in the long run, more household green energy harvester will be invented, thus further decrease or eliminate electricity bills whenever it is possible.
Base on research conducted by Oak Ridge,'s scientists, a 10-degree decrease in the temperature on an LED is capable to double its lifespan. This is the particular reason behind why LEDs are designed with heat sink components that usually made of copper or aluminum.
[Â Source: CleanTechnica ; Oak Ridge National Laboratory ]


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I am looking for a way to do the following:
A Project : Defines an abstract class that is called when some events happen (event handler if you will) Defines the engine that will fire the events using the event handler above
B Project: Defines the implementation for the abstract class Runs the engine.
How can i register the implementation class and make sure that is the one being called when the engine runs.
EDIT 1: By register i mean i must somehow define which is the implementation that should be called for that given abstract object
Sorry if the question isn't too clear, let me know if you need some more details


Civil rights proponents picture 17 year old Trayvon Martin as an angelical 12 year old.17 year old football playing Trayvon-Martin! Angelic innocent 12 year old boy? child. The mainstream press shows nothing but 4 year old photos of little Trayvon. Are there no recent photos?
Trayvon's potentially lawless attitudes
are rarely mentioned.
 1. Why did the Martin family, and the entire world press, show only 4 year old Trayvon childhood photos?
 1. Maybe because, without exception, all the more recent photos are of the thuggish gang style rapper kind?
 2. Recent photos all were Trayvon with gold teeth, gang signals, typical for a self declared "NO LIMIT NIGGA" on Twitter?
 2. Was Trayvon an adept of thuggish violent rap Black Culture?
 1. with all its propensity for violence
 2. and the entitlement feeling that he is allowed to attack, punch, and punish a white man if he dares to racially profile, be suspicious of him, or follow him?
 3. Did Trayvon get suspended for punching a bus driver?
 1. did Trayvon have multiple suspensions in school, for graffiti, drugs, violence?
 2. Was Trayvon Martin really on a 10 day suspension?
 3. Would anyone but an inveterate serious repeat offender get a 10 day suspension?
 4. Was Trayvon a burglar?
 1. If Trayvon burglarized jewelry, the easiest place to steal would be the gated community of his father's girl friend and of George Zimmermann. There Trayvon could roam without appearing suspicious (except to paranoid George Zimmermann)
 2. When followed by George Zimmermann, did Trayvon avoid to go to his nearby home, afraid of being identified?
 3. Or did Trayvon Martin run because he had burglary tools, burglary loot, or drugs?
 4. Was the time between the seven-eleven surveillance video and George (Zimmermann)'s 911 call compatible with Trayvon Martin going straight home. Or was there time for having done mischief on the way?
 5. Did Martin go home, leave whatever incriminating evidence of burglary tools or drugs there; and then go back to confront Zimmermann?
 6. Or where else was Martin for the few minutes George was on the phone?
 7. Obviously Martin backtracked or went in circles. If you study the map, and the time line, this is obvious.
 8. Why would someone (Trayvon Martin) backtrack? Instead of going straight to one's nearby home, if one is really scared of a bad man (George) following?
 9. Was Trayvon Martin afraid of identifying himself to George Zimmermann, afraid Zimmermann would make the connection between his suspicious behavior and recent burglaries?
 10. Did Trayvon know who Zimmermann was and therefore was afraid of being discovered?
 11. Of course, Trayvon could have fled and hidden. Then returned an hour later. But that would be inconvenient in the dark and with the rain.
 12. Why is it ok to suspect a decent, law abiding neighborhood watch man of being a criminal, senselessly hunting down and shooting an innocent 17 year old 6′ 1" "child". For no reason, and with no apparent motive. But it is a sacrilege to suspect a black kid, on long term school suspension, to be a potential criminal? That would be racial profiling.
 1. Did the jewelry, allegedly confiscated from Trayvon Martin at school, stem from one or several of the frequent burglaries at George Zimmermann's gated community.
 1. That would be the perfect closure of the Trayvon Martin court case. It would explain Trayvon behaving in suspicious ways, well, like a burglar checking out houses.
 2. It would explain Trayvon Martin getting concerned, angry, and violent when followed.
 3. It would explain why Trayvon Martin did not want to go home, to be identified.
 4. I very much hope that George's lawyer will request an analysis of the jewelry (allegedly) confiscated from Martin.
 5. Of course, Trayvon Martin's girl friend would not volunteer such information, unless, maybe, under oath.
 2. We will have a chance to find out because
 1. George Zimmermann's defense wins right to Trayvon Martin's school records and social network data
 2. This is relevant to ascertain if Trayvon Martin is the type of person who would throw the first punch.
 3. It might be an attempt by the judge to cover his _USER_ when he inevitably has to acquit George. Only with overwhelming evidence, with acquittal for proven innocence can riots be avoided.
 We might be wrong
 The true 17 year old Trayvon MartinYes, our theory is a bit far fetched and more likely untrue then true.
 We try to be a provocative, thought provoking Devil's Advocate.
 Probably our theory is partially true.
 It is more likely and makes more sense then the theory of a neighborhood watch man being a senseless killer of innocent kids.
 We very much hope the New Black Panther Party will not put out a bounty on our head, dead or alive.
 It is scary and dangerous to be in favor of George Zimmermann, even for judges, witnesses or jurors.
 Alternative theories: If George Zimmermann is guilty of 2nd degree (non-premeditated) murder
 All the civil rights activist carefully avoid to give an alternative theory. How could the "murder" have happened, consistent with all evidence?
 1. Zimmermann sees a Black person and due to racial profiling suspects the innocent child is a criminal
 2. He calls police (strange, if you soon will murder someone)
 3. George follows innocent little Trayvon,
 4. George Zimmermann disobeys the suggestion (not order) of the dispatcher ("we don't need you to follow") and continues following Trayvon.
 5. Trayvon avoids going to the safety of his home
 6. Minutes later Zimmermann tracks down Martin exactly where Zimmermann started out a few minutes earlier.
 7. Trayvon Martin was going in circles when followed.
 8. Angrily George Zimmermann confronts Trayvon Martin
 9. Zimmermann screams for help, to create diversion (risking to have witnesses of his future killing)
 10. Or Trayvon screams for help, afraid of the gun, but is so scared he does not run away nor counter-attack
 11. Zimmermann shoots him point blank. (it has been determined that the shot came from close by). If you have a gun, you would be safer shooting from a distance, but Zimmermann planned his murderous act to look like self defense.
 12. Immediately, George Zimmermann threw himself on the ground, rubs his back on the wet grass, bangs the back of his head onto concrete slabs and punches himself in the eyes and breaks his own nose. He does so carefully, not to injure his own hands.
 13. Zimmermann convinces a neighbor to declare to police that he saw Trayvon on top of Zimmermann, punching him
 14. Thus Zimmermann has a witness that he committed normal self defense. No need to insist on stand your ground law if you are pinned to the ground getting slammed against concrete.
 To be fair, there is an alternate possibility. Zimmermann was beaten up, with Trayvon Martin mounted on Zimmermann. Somehow Zimmermann managed to escape, Once no more on top, Trayvon suddenly became peaceful. Zimmermann shot him point blank, as a racist revenge.
 Had Trayvon continued to attack when standing, Zimmermann could have invoked "stand your ground" (except, of course, that he had started the altercation).
 The alternative theory is pretty unlikely. Zimmermann could re-enact this travesty, without being caught at any inconsistency?
 Here is a video that makes a real effort to explain how a murder could have happened and tries to consider all facts (but very speculative)
 I give them credit for trying hard. In their theory, Trayvon ought to have a wet back with grass marks. I don't think that was the case. It also does not explain Zimmermann's wet back. Furthermore, Zimmermann has to be very whacko to call police before hunting down and shooting a guy.
 We will post more alternative theories in the next days.


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- About Kanakambar..
- How To Grow Kanakambar..
- Benefits of Kanakambar..
- Maintenance Tips
- Shipping Info
Firecracker flower makes a stunning house plant that blooms dependably from spring through fall. It is an ornamental / flower that typically grows as a perennial, which is defined as a plant that matures and completes its lifecycle over the course of three years or more. Its deeply veined, glossy leaves grow in opposite pairs, growing up to 5 in (13 cm) long. Orange flowers are most common, but other colors include red, yellow and pink. The flowers are held upright from green tubular bracts. Even young plants are eager to bloom, sending up clusters of flowers most of the year.
Potting Soil Mix
Every 12-13 Month
1. Crossandra like bright shade. Place them in bright, indirect light.
2. Apply any potting mix soil.
3. Crossandra need relatively high amounts of water. Keep them moist during the growing season and never allow them to dry out.
4. These plants need a week liquid fertilizer every week during the growing season. In the winter, cut back to once every month or so.
5. Crossandra should be deheaded regularly to keep the plant blossoming as long as possible. Snip off the flower stalks at the ground level to do so.
1. Highly Effective in Curing Wounds
2. Ornamental Purpose
1. In dry climates, mist the leaves weekly to provide enough moisture for them.
2. In the winter, provide as much light as possible.
1. In the winter, they need less water but should still never be allowed to dry out altogether.
2. Never over fertilize! You will see lots of weak, leafy growth and few flowers.


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ChefTalk.com › Cooking Terms › Sashimi
Pieces of raw or nearly-raw fish or other seafood served most often in Japanese restaurants, usually presented in an artistic fashion and using only the highest quality fish.
Common Misconceptions
Thickness: Most sashimi should not be sliced paper-thin, but rather thick enough that the individual type and cut of fish manifests its own distinctive texture. Second-rate or previously-frozen fish is often sliced very thin to disguise an inferior texture.
Raw: Not all sashimi is served raw. In particular, a number of fish are generally lightly salt-pickled, the most common of these being mackerel (saba). Some seafood may be served raw or cooked, notably many crustaceans. Some meatier fish, such as bonito, may be seared on the outside and sliced, a preparation known as tataki.
Soy and Wasabi: The most common dipping sauce for sashimi is certainly this combination, but the apparent simplicity covers significant variability. Japanese soy sauce (shoyu) --- do not use Chinese soy sauce, which has a quite different flavor --- comes in a range of styles and strengths, and these may be selected regionally, seasonally, and/or to complement particular fish. Wasabi is an uncommon and expensive root unrelated to horseradish, despite the taste similarity. The majority of wasabi, in Japan and especially elsewhere, is actually green-dyed horseradish, and lacks the subtle floral flavor of the real wasabi. Purists who insist that one should never mix wasabi into soy sauce to make a paste should be referring exclusively to real wasabi in combination with excellent, small-production soy sauce; otherwise, it makes very little difference, if any, how it is mixed.
Ponzu: An excellent alternative, particularly in hot weather, ponzu (ポン酢) is a combination of soy sauce, citrus juice, and sake, often enhanced in flavor through the use of kombu seaweed and dried bonito flakes (katsuo-bushi).
Tosazu: A sauce originally from the old province of Tosa (now Kōchi), in southern Shikoku. It is very good with oilier, stronger-flavored fish, such as bonito (katsuo), for which this province is famous (especially as katsuo-tataki). Tosazu (土佐酢) is made from soy sauce, vinegar and/or sake, deepened with dashi and/or kombu and katsuo-bushi; it may also be aged before use.
Regional Variation
In the Tokyo region (Kantō), the dish is known as sashimi or osashimi (お刺身). In Kyoto, and intermittently throughout the Kansai region, it is called otsukuri (お造り)
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ChefTalk.com › Cooking Terms › Sashimi


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are two very common relay events: the 4×100 metres relay and the 4×400 metres relay. Both events entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one-off men's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inner-most part of the circuit. For the second and third baton change overs, team mates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while team mates of the slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.
The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the 4×200 m, 4×800 m and 4×1500 m relays. Other events include the distance medley relay (comprising legs of 1200 m, 400 m, 800 m, and 1600 m), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the Swedish medley relay, which is popular in Scandinavia and held at the World Youth Championships in Athletics programme. Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or relay carnivals) are focused almost exclusively on relay events.
Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race (109.72 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9.14 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 110 metres hurdles, has remained largely unchanged. The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford, where (around 1860) a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6in) for the 400 m event.
By far the most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered the Olympic programme in 1932. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year).
Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original steeplechase competition found in horse racing. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the 1920 Summer Olympics marked the rise of the 3000 metres steeplechase as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a water jump on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance coming in 2008.
The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped furthest. Small weights (Halteres) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body.
The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a standing long jump contest exists requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.
Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3 m). The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the ancient Tailteann Games.
The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. A men's standing triple jump event featured at the 1900 and 1904 Olympics but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill.
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition soon followed in 1928.
Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors, Eastern cut-off or Western roll technique. The straddle technique became prominent in the mid-20th century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the Fosbury Flop – which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The standing high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.
In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in Cumbria, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. Bamboo poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing matresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.
The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto