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I am interested in studying moduli of complex surfaces which arise in computing the differential on the Heegaard Floer Homology chain complex. In particular, I am interested in the generic case, when the holomorphic discs in $\operatorname{Sym}^g\Sigma$ are as "bad" as possible. I have searched online for some examples of "generic"/"complicated" Whitney disks in the symmetric product, but most papers I see deal with special cases (namely where one can see by inspection and the Riemann mapping theorem that certain homotopy classes of Whitney disks are uniquely representable by holomorphic disks).
To elaborate on what I mean by "complicated" holomorphic disks, let's recall a certain (now standard) perspective on the Whitney disks. If we have a holomorphic disk $\phi:\mathbb D^2\to\operatorname{Sym}^g\Sigma$, then we can consider the fiber product: $$\begin{matrix} S&\xrightarrow{\tilde\phi}&\Sigma\times\operatorname{Sym}^{g-1}\Sigma\cr \downarrow& &\downarrow\cr \mathbb D^2&\xrightarrow\phi &\operatorname{Sym}^g\Sigma \end{matrix}$$ Then $S\to\mathbb D^2$ is a $g$-fold ramified cover (and the fiber over a point $p\in\mathbb D^2$ is "the $g$ points in $\Sigma$ given by $\phi(p)$"). Thus another way of viewing holomorphic disks in $\operatorname{Sym}^g\Sigma$ is as $g$-fold ramified maps $S\to\mathbb D^2$ along with a map $S\to\Sigma$. Thus, even though we consider only disks mapping to $\operatorname{Sym}^g\Sigma$, moduli spaces of more complicated Riemann surfaces naturally come in to play in Heegaard Floer Homology as moduli of the ramified cover $S$.
I am interested in the following "complicated" behaviour of $S$ and of the map $\tilde\phi:S\to\Sigma$:
 1. Can the map $S\to\Sigma$ fail to be an immersion? (I believe the answer is yes; in fact I think I know where to look for more information on this, I just haven't followed up on it yet).
 2. In general, what do the "slits" or "cuts" along the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ curves look like in $S$, and how does $S$ degenerate as these slits vary in length? Do the slits ever interact with each other (e.g. by colliding), or do they all give "independent" degenerations of $S$? (this is a bit vague, but if someone has an enlightening example, I'd really like to see it)
 3. Can $S$ have positive genus? This is the question I'm really most interested in. I have on good authority that the answer is yes, so actually what I really want is an example where $S$ has positive genus and contributes to the differential (or at least has Maslov index one).
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As for 3, doesn't Lemma 9.4 in Ozsváth and Szabó's "Holomorphic disks and topological invariants for closed three-manifolds" exhibit an instance where $S$ is an annulus? – Marco Golla Mar 11 '12 at 9:17
I do know of examples where $S$ is an annulus (I like the pictures in math.ucla.edu/~lwatson/pages/pdf/resume-CIRGET-liam.pdf), and can easily imagine how to get a sphere minus $k$ disks. But these all have genus zero. – John Pardon Mar 11 '12 at 20:15
Sorry - messed up between genus and Euler characteristic of the associated closed surface.. My comment was fairly useless. – Marco Golla Mar 11 '12 at 20:27
Have you looked at Robert Lipshitz's thesis? He takes something similar to this ramified cover approach. If I recall correctly, I heard him give a talk in which he mentioned in passing that one must consider curves with genus, though I don't remember what justification he gave. (You might also consider asking him directly. I'm sure he knows the answer to these questions. If you get an answer this way, please do come back and write up a summary for mathoverflow.) – Sam Lisi Mar 27 '12 at 0:06
1 Answer 1
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 1. Yes, $S \to \Sigma$ can fail to be an immersion. The failure is a branch point of the map $S \to \Sigma$, since it is (close to) a holomorphic map. This is fairly common as soon as the multiplicity of some region in $\Sigma$ gets higher than $1$. Of course, in the simple examples you can actually compute, this tends not to happen.
 2. A "slit" along the $\alpha$ or $\beta$ curves looks like a perfectly ordinary piece of the boundary upstairs in $S$, including at the end of the slit. It's best to think about the end of the slit as a boundary branch point, looking locally like the map $z \to z^2$ restricted to the upper half-plane in the domain. Slits cannot collide, due to boundary monotonicity: above each point on $\partial \mathbb{D}^2$, the $g$ different points map to distinct $\alpha$-curves. I don't know what you mean by "independent" degenerations, sorry....
 3. Yes, higher genus images can happen, and it's not too hard to construct examples that are forced by gluing, although again in most cases where you're able to compute Heegaard Floer homology by directly counting curves it does not. The index formula in Corollary 4.3 of Lipshitz's paper "A cylindrical reformulation of Heegaard Floer homology" will let you easily construct examples of high genus surface with index 1, and a little more playing around should let you see that some of these must actually have representatives.
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Thanks! I understand your answer to #3, and am satisfied with this construction of higher genus S. Given the vague phrasing of #2, your answer gives me the information I wanted (particularly that the slits do not collide). – John Pardon Apr 2 '12 at 2:24
I'm still confused about #1, though. More specifically, I thought that following the proof of Lemma 2.17 in Oszvath--Szabo "Holomorphic disks and topological invariants for closed three-manifolds" (or Lemma 4.1 in Lipschitz "A cylindrical reformulation of Heegaard Floer homology") gives for any domain D a surface S --> Sigma which is an immersion on its interior. And wouldn't every holomorphic disk in that homotopy class determined by D (say g>2) give the same map S --> Sigma except possibly differing by the lengths of the slits? – John Pardon Apr 2 '12 at 2:29
A map with interior branch points can be homotopic to one without them. Specifically, in the construction you refer to, they construct maps with corners of greater than 180 degrees. These can turn into slits, i.e., boundary branch points. Two boundary branch points in turn can trade off for an interior branch point. I now see my answer to #2 above was incomplete. When the boundary of $S$ maps with two U-turns (boundary branch points) in a row along a single boundary component, the two branch points can collide to form an interior branch point. – Dylan Thurston Apr 3 '12 at 9:15
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Dictionary Results for looking|
1. looking - noun
· the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually; "he went out to have a look"; "his look was fixed on her eyes"; "he gave it a good looking at"; "his camera does his looking for him"
Synonym(s): look, looking_at
Hypernym(s): sensing, perception
2. looking - noun
· the act of searching visually
Hypernym(s): search, hunt, hunting
3. look - verb
· perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards; "She looked over the expanse of land"; "Look at your child!"; "Look--a deer in the backyard!"
4. look - verb
· give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "This project looks fishy"; "They appeared like people who had not eaten or slept for a long time"
Synonym(s): appear, seem
5. look - verb
· have a certain outward or facial expression; "How does she look?"; "The child looks unhappy"; "She looked pale after the surgery"
6. look - verb
· search or seek; "We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest"; "Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!"
Hypernym(s): examine, see
7. look - verb
· be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to; "The house looks north"; "My backyard look onto the pond"; "The building faces the park"
Synonym(s): front, face
8. look - verb
· take charge of or deal with; "Could you see about lunch?"; "I must attend to this matter"; "She took care of this business"
Synonym(s): attend, take_care, see
Hypernym(s): care, give_care
9. look - verb
· convey by one's expression; "She looked her devotion to me"
10. look - verb
· look forward to the probable occurrence of; "We were expecting a visit from our relatives"; "She is looking to a promotion"; "he is waiting to be drafted"
Synonym(s): expect, await, wait
11. look - verb
· accord in appearance with; "You don't look your age!"
Hypernym(s): match, fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally, agree
12. look - verb
· have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis"
Synonym(s): count, bet, depend, swear, rely, bank, calculate, reckon
13. looking - adjective
· appearing to be as specified; usually used as combining forms; "left their clothes dirty looking"; "a most disagreeable looking character"; "angry-looking"; "liquid-looking"; "severe-looking policemen on noble horses"; "fine-sounding phrases"; "taken in by high-sounding talk"
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Record WLST Scripts
To help automate the task of configuring a domain, you can record your configuration actions in the Administration Console as a series of WebLogic Scripting Tool (WLST) commands and then use WLST to replay the commands.
WLST is a command-line scripting environment that you can use to create, manage, and monitor WebLogic Server domains. It is installed on your system when you install WebLogic Server.
The Administration Console does not record WLST commands for the following:
The main steps for recording WLST scripts are as follows:
 1. (Optional) Specify the name of the file in which you want to record WLST commands and set other preferences. See Set Preferences for WLST Recording.
 While setting preferences, you can specify WLST commands that the Administration Console inserts before and after the commands that you record. For example, you can insert a series of commands that connect WLST to an Administration Server and append commands that terminate the connection. Unless you add such commands, you cannot run your recorded commands as a WLST script.
 For examples of WLST scripts, see WLST Online Sample Scripts.
 2. Start WLST Recording.
 You cannot remove or undo a command once it has been recorded. Instead, you can edit the script file after you stop recording or you can set your preferences to overwrite the script file and re-record the commands.
 3. (Optional) View the commands that have been recorded. See View Recorded Commands.
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 5. If you record commands that get or set the values of encrypted attributes (such the password for a server's Java Standard Trust keystore), the Administration Console creates two files in addition to the script file: a user configuration file that contains the encrypted data and a key file that contains the key used to encrypt the data. Use the file system to limit read and write access to the key file. Users who can read the key file can read all of the encrypted data that you recorded.
 The key file and user configuration files are created in the same directory as the recorded script file and are named recording-fileConfig and recording-fileSecret where recording-file is the name of the recorded script file.
 6. (Optional) Open the script file in a text editor and modify the recorded commands. You specify the name and location of the script file when you set your recording preferences.
 7. Run the script in WLST. When you use WLST to run the commands, WLST must be connected an Administration Server. See Main Steps for Using WLST for more information.
 If you recorded commands that get or set the values of encrypted attributes, the user configuration and key files must be in the same directory as the script file. If you move the script file, you must also move the user configuration and key files. Only the key file that was used to encrypt the data can be used to unencrypt the data.
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What does it take to be an Elementary School Teacher?
Elementary School Teachers are responsible for the academic and emotional well-being of their students. As such a teacher will need strong communication skills as well as the ability to be patient and understanding with students of each level. A large amount of energy is needed for each day, as well as a great amount of creativity to keep students interested in learning.
Besides communication, patience, creativity and energy, teachers are generally required to gain a degree in Early Learning, with most states in the United States requiring a specific amount of educational credits to be earned over the course of study.
While requirements vary from state-to-state and country-to-country, one recurring theme is the requirement of a Teaching Certification. This Certification generally involves gaining a Bachelor's Degree as well as passing an exam, as well as performing a specified number of hours as a supervised practice teacher.
How you're compatible
Find your compatibility with this career and discover the career that you're meant for.
Elementary School Teachers on sokanu
Does your group have something to offer people in this career? Contact us at _EMAIL_ if you're interested in a partnership.


What Is a Midline Shift?
Individuals who experienced a severe head injury as the result of a car accident may experience a midline shift.
Causes of midline shift may include a head injury associated with a contact sport.
People who have had a stroke may have difficulty walking.
A severe blow to the head may cause a midline shift.
A head-on collision or other serious car crash is one of the most common causes of a midline shift.
Article Details
 - Written By: Steven Symes
 - Edited By: Rachel Catherine Allen
 - Last Modified Date: 02 August 2015
 - Copyright Protected:
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 - Print this Article
Midline shift refers to when a person's brain actually shifts beyond the center line of the brain. The shift is normally caused by a traumatic event involving the brain or head, and can indicate further problems with the brain, such as intracranial pressure or tumor growths. The brain normally shifts away from a traumatized section, causing neurological abnormalities that affect the behavior of the patient.
Causes of midline shift normally involve a violent event that impacted a person's brain negatively. A severe head injury, such as a car accident or serious collision in a contact sport, can cause the brain to shift. Other traumatic events that can affect the positioning of the brain include strokes, brain swelling or the development of a brain tumor.
People who have suffered a midline shift show some specific signs of the condition. A person might lean to the side of the body that matches the direction the brain has shifted, and experience problems with walking straight or running into obstacles. The patient's vision might also be affected, causing problems with perceiving spatial relationships and performing simple motor skills activities such as using playing cards. If a person is suffering from a shift, shining a light in his eyes does not cause the pupils to shrink as they normally would.
Treatment of midline shift might involve the patient using specialized prescription glasses. These glasses contain yoked prisms that affect the patient's visual perception, compensating for the shift's changes to the person's vision. Wearing the glasses, a person who suffers from this condition can once again balance and otherwise function normally. An optometrist might need to alter the glasses later as the person's condition changes, allowing them to continue operating without problems.
A neurosurgeon might decide to operate on a patient if the midline shift constitutes movement of about a fifth of an inch (five millimeters) or more. Such a dramatic shift of the brain constitutes a medical emergency since it threatens the patient's life. The surgeon might remove any growth, whether it is benign or malignant, that is causing the shift, or even remove part of the patient's skull if the brain is swelling, preventing permanent damage to the brain.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP) often goes hand-in-hand with midline shift. The causes of ICP include brain tumors, brain swelling or heart failure. Signs that a person is suffering from ICP might include unexplained vomiting, blurring at the edges of a person's field of vision and persistent back pain.
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Post 4
I had a ruptured brain aneurysm and a stroke in October of 2012. I have many problems with memory, my eyes, confusion and walking steady. I was diagnosed with a midline shift in July of 2013. Is it caused by the traumatic brain injury that I had or is my brain still swollen?
Post 3
I fell and hit my head on Labor Day weekend and was unconscious for 1 minute. I had a CT scan done with and without contrast. The CT images show no abnormality of the parenchymal density or enhancement. There is mass defect or midline shift. Impression unremarkable. Should I go for a second opinion?
Post 2
_USER_ - It sounds like they don't always bother to treat a midline shift directly though, but more often just treat the symptoms.
It's important to remember that we don't really have all the answers when it comes to the human brain and in some cases I guess it's just better to leave it alone and allow it to heal itself. Or, if that's no going to happen, to leave it alone so that we don't do anymore damage to it.
Post 1
If you've got the symptoms that they've described here, you should go to the hospital immediately, particularly if you've had a head injury.
I think it's all too often people just brush off the symptoms of head trauma as someone goofing off or just having a bad day.
But often these kinds of symptoms, like not being able to walk straight and having trouble with simple activities, are often signs of a stroke, or something like a midline shift and seconds can be critical.
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February 17, 2012
Dinosaurs once roamed in the vicinity of Washington D.C. They did not leave very much behind. No one has found a beautifully articulated skeleton under the city streets—the city's most famous dinosaur, "Capitalsaurus," is known from only fragments—but paleontologists can use isolated teeth to take a census of which kinds of dinosaurs were present in the area. In the video posted above, the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's dinosaur curator Matthew Carrano explains how paleontologists identify dinosaurs on the basis of teeth alone.
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Tuesday 21 May
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish (Euastacus setosus)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish fact file
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Mount Glorious spiny crayfish description
The Mount Glorious spiny crayfish (Euastacus setosus) is a highly threatened crayfish, of the Euastacus genus, which is the largest of the ten Australian crayfish genera and includes some of the largest and rarest species of crayfish in the world (2).
Often broadly referred to as the 'spiny crayfish', many species in the genus Euastacus are armed with prominent and well-developed spines. However, the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish has greatly reduced spines and, along with other less spiny species in the genus, it has been grouped into a distinctive complex from south-east Queensland, known as the setosus complex (3).
Like other crayfish, this large, freshwater species has a carapace that protects the head and internal organs. The six segments of the abdomen are individually encased, with a flexible membrane between them to allow movement. Crayfish also have a pair of large fore-claws, followed by four pairs of walking legs and then four pairs of small swimming legs, called 'swimmerets'. These swimmerets are covered with fine hairs, to which the female attaches her eggs. A central tail flap is surrounded by four other flaps that are used to move the crayfish rapidly through the water, as well as curling up to form a brood chamber. The eyes are each borne on an eyestalk, while a pair of large feelers (or antennae) and a pair of small, fine, centrally-located feelers (or antennules) make the crayfish's sense of touch and taste particularly sensitive.Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish biology
Very little specific information is available about the biology of the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish.
In general, freshwater crayfish have strong jaws and two pairs of secondary jaws, called maxillae, which allow them to consume a wide variety of both plant and animal matter (4) (5). Most crayfish are nocturnal, remaining in burrows during the day, or under stones and logs (5).
Breeding typically occurs in the autumn in most Euastacus species, when the male transfers sperm to the female to fertilise the eggs. In some species the first pair of appendages on the abdomen has grooves, along which the sperm flows, although the sperm may also be transferred to the female as a spermatophore (4). The female typically lays a large clutch of eggs which are attached to the bristles on the swimmerets, where they remain for the whole incubation period. Unusually among crustaceans, crayfish do not have a larval stage (4) (5).
Chemical signals are thought to play an important role in the crayfish life cycle, and may have a role in courtship, brood care and aggressive interactions between individuals. Aggression is a common crayfish social behaviour which establishes a dominance hierarchy, with more dominant individuals gaining better access to shelter, food and mating partners (6).Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish range
The Mount Glorious spiny crayfish is endemic to Australia. It is known only from the headwater tributaries of the Pine River, near Mount Glorious, Brisbane, where it occurs in a small number of sites at elevations above 500 metres (1) (2).
It is possible that the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish occurs elsewhere in the surrounding D'Aguilar Range, although extensive clearing of rainforest in the area means that suitable remaining habitat for this species is limited (1) (2).Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish habitat
A freshwater crayfish, the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish inhabits the cool waters close to the source of creeks and streams in areas of rainforest. Like other species of Euastacus, this species prefers heavily shaded, well-oxygenated waters, where it can burrow under logs and rocks (1) (2).Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish status
The Mount Glorious spiny crayfish is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish threats
The Mount Glorious spiny crayfish is a particularly vulnerable species due to its extremely restricted range. Localised threats, such as bush fires, poor forest management practices, habitat destruction and over-exploitation by collectors are all known to negatively impact this species' population. Additionally, introduced species such as the cane toad (Bufo marinus), as well as cats, foxes, pigs and goats, have all been found to affect crayfish populations (1) (2).
Climate change is also likely to pose a major threat to the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish (1) (2) (7), with increasing temperatures, decreased rainfall, which will alter hydrological regimes, severe weather events and loss of suitable highland habitat all likely to impact heavily on this threatened freshwater crayfish. This species has a limited thermal tolerance and, consequently, it is restricted to cool headwater streams in forested catchment areas. Therefore, increasing temperatures are likely to result in further range contraction of this species (1) (2).Top
Mount Glorious spiny crayfish conservation
The range of the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish coincides with Maiala National Park, which may afford this species some level of protection. However, there are currently no specific conservation measures targeted at the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish (1). All species in the Euastacus genus are designated as 'no take' species in Queensland under the Fisheries Act 1994, and must be released if captured (1) (2).
There is an urgent requirement to carry out further research on the Mount Glorious spiny crayfish, which will greatly aid any future conservation or management initiatives for the species. Information on its biology, life history, population size, habitat requirements, thermal tolerances and resilience to exotic species are particularly required (2).Top
Find out more
Find out more about Australian crayfish:
The Australian Crayfish Project:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
- In arthropods (crustaceans, insects and arachnids) the abdomen is the hind region of the body, which is usually segmented to a degree (but not visibly in most spiders). In crustacea (such as crabs) some of the limbs attach to the abdomen.
- Pair of sensory structures on the head of invertebrates.
- The top shell of a turtle or tortoise. In arthropods (insects, crabs etc), the fused head and thorax (the part of the body located near the head), also known as the 'cephalothorax'.
- Diverse group of arthropods (a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, woodlice and barnacles.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- The fusion of gametes (male and female reproductive cells) to produce an embryo, which grows into a new individual.
- A category used in taxonomy, which is below 'family' and above 'species'. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a 'binomial' Latin species name; the second part is the specific name.
- The act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible.
- Of the stage in an animal's lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.
- Active at night.
- Gelatinous jelly cone with a sperm cap deposited by a male during courtship and picked up by the cloacal lips of the female.
- Part of the body located near the head in animals. In insects, the three segments between the head and the abdomen, each of which has a pair of legs. In vertebrates the thorax contains the heart and the lungs.
IUCN Red List (June, 2011)
- Coughran, J. and Furse, J.M. (2010) An assessment of genus Euastacus (49 species) versus IUCN Red List criteria. Report prepared for the global species conservation assessment of lobsters and freshwater crayfish for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland.
- Coughran, J. (2008) Distinct groups in the genus Euastascus? Freshwater Crayfish, 16: 123-130.
- Campbell, A. and Dawes, J. (2004) Encyclopedia of Underwater Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Burton, M. and Burton, R. (2002) The International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Volume 10. Benchmark Books, Glasgow.
- Breithaupt, T. and Thiel,

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We assessed the accuracy of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for determining tumor size by comparing the preoperative contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient echo (3-dimensional [3D] volumetric interpolated breath-hold [VIBE]) MRI tumor size with pathologic specimen size.The records of 92 patients who had both preoperative contrast-enhanced 3D VIBE MRI images and detailed pathologic specimen measurements were available for review. Primary tumor size from the MRI was independently measured by a single diagnostic radiologist (P.M.) who was blinded to the pathology reports. Pathologic tumor measurements from gross specimens were obtained from the pathology reports. The maximum dimensions of tumor measured in any plane on the MRI and the gross specimen were compared. The median difference between the pathology sample and the MRI measurements was calculated. A paired t test was conducted to test for differences between the MRI and pathology measurements. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the association of disparity between the MRI and pathology sizes with the pathology size. Disparities relative to pathology size were also examined and tested for significance using a 1-sample t test.The median patient age was 64.5 years. The primary site was pancreatic head in 81 patients, body in 4, and tail in 7. Three patients were American Joint Commission on Cancer stage IA, 7 stage IB, 21 stage IIA, 58 stage IIB, and 3 stage III. The 3D VIBE MRI underestimated tumor size by a median difference of 4 mm (range, −34-22 mm). The median largest tumor dimensions on MRI and pathology specimen were 2.65 cm (range, 1.5-9.5 cm) and 3.2 cm (range, 1.3-10 cm), respectively.Contrast-enhanced 3D VIBE MRI underestimates tumor size by 4 mm when compared with pathologic specimen. Advanced abdominal MRI sequences warrant further investigation for radiation therapy planning in pancreatic adenocarcinoma before routine integration into the treatment planning process.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - "Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information".


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EXPORT, VALIE. Facing a Family, 1971. VALIE EXPORT Catalogue of the moving exhibition. Ed. Éditions de L'Oeil. Montreuil: 2003. (p73)
Although exceeding these terms, the work of VALIE EXPORT, can be analyzed for its relation with the house/home. Particularly, the TV-Action work from 1971, "Facing a Family", a piece of broadcasting video art in which a family is recorded watching television, and the viewer becomes the object of the family's gaze, while the family is the object of the viewer. This program was transmitted live through Austrian television, and the viewers could be other middle-class families watching television. By creating an eternal loop, VALIE EXPORT talks about the objectification of the family as a bourgeois ideal; the domesticity as a spectacle (as much as in the Dutch windows) and the incidence of the media into the family. In addition, she is 30 years ahead to problematics posed by Reality television.
From the point of view of the terms used in this bibliography, VALIE EXPORT is talking about the home. The home as an idea, with the objectification of the family and a place that needs sources of energy from outside. In this case, the external source of energy is communication. The question that follows this statement was formulated by Michel de Certeau: what do they make of what they "absorb," receive, and pay for? What do they do with it?


[QUOTE=dr bob] I made the mistake of thinking a Wratten 11 or 15 would bring out the "sparkles" in a local scene - wrong! The result was completely dark shadows without any detail (TX400). I rephotographed with a Wratten 47 (blue) and the shadows popped out perfectly. This seems to fly in the face of general logic until one considers that the shadows in a sunlit scene are illuminated by blue light.
Dr. Bob it seems to me that your stated experience verifies that shadows are illuminated with blue light. Yellow filtration would be minus blue and that would account for the deepening of shadow values that you noted. The 47 blue filter is plus blue and would account for the lightening of shadow values that you indicated.
This blue filter would have the effect of lowering local contrast within the snow itself since local contrast within the snow itself would contain small shadow areas that are lit by the same blue light that you noted in the shadows.
While a full scale scene may have shadow and snow both included, the actual scene would need to be evaluated to determine the exposure and development considerations. However for local contrast in the snow itself yellow filtration and expanded development would enhance local contrast.


text:
An essay on potassium and its importance
2018-6-14 inorganic ions plants they are also part of the hydrogencarbonate buffer system potassium ions, k +, are the main cations in intracellular fluids they. 2018-4-6 iron is what gives the red color to our blood that is a clear indication of the high content of iron and its importance high potassium is lychee fruit but its. Essay on the importance of potassium in plants school plant and its importance to teaching and learning in the school more about essay the importance of plants.
2018-4-30 plants can absorb co 2 from the atmosphere and also utilize the co 2 produced from its own essay # 12 importance of botany, plants, essay on plants. 2011-5-31 it is found within the cells as potassium chloride what is the importance of chlorine in human heavy salt intake puts an extra load on the kidney for its. The importance of potassium in plants essay - it is crucial to have potassium in the body but all within its limits potassium must be regulated,.
2018-4-3 what is the purpose of potassium in the human body also depends upon phosphorus contained in its structure for proper importance of. The element potassium - basic physical and historical information. 2015-9-16 the potassium content of kale may help reduce the biologically active aromatic compounds and its possible role to cite this article in your essay, paper or.2018-6-17 how potassium counters the effects of salt(sodium)to lower and reduce blood pressure. Potassium essay examples 8 total results an analysis of potassium, an essay on potassium and its importance 1,176 words 3 pages. Aqa a2 biology 20 sample synoptic (and others such as potassium the characteristics of an organism are encoded within its genes this essay will explore. 2008-3-9 the human heart the heart is one of calcium and potassium salts in order to contract that is blood that has already been to the cells and has given up its.
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2013-3-5 a product of the date palm and cultivated since approximately 6000 bc, the date fruit is one of the sweetest fruits around and also happens to. 2017-8-14 the importance of glucose photo credit: because of its high energy demands and inability to store glucose, the brain requires a constant supply of the sugar. Potassium in the human body importance of potassium in the a good essay on importance of potassium vitamins-minerals/potassium-why-its-essential.
Many other potassium salts are of great importance, including the nitrate, carbonate, needs to have its potassium replenished by adding potassium-based fertilisers. 2018-5-5 project report - components of food, essay, article, notes, project on vitamins, project on minerals, project on carbohydrates, water, roughage etc. Similar to the importance of their water-soluble pectins is the digestive importance of the potassium content of bananas as being the affect its quality, so.


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Types & Challenges
Two main types of ethnography
For non-participant observation, the researcher tries to observe the subjects from distance without interaction, trying not to influence the social behaviour of the subjects.
For participant observation, the researcher builds direct relationship with the subjects by staying in the field, observing and describing the behaviour of the subjects. S/he even participates in daily activities of the subjects to make sense of the meanings embedded in the social practices of the subjects in a specific cultural context.
Challenges of involvement and detachment
Continuous involvement and detachment from the field could be challenging to researchers because:
- They need to observe closely on the social life of their subjects as social actors;
- They also need to stand back and interpret the data collected as social scientists
It is not easy to strike a balance between these two roles (Gobo, 2008).
Therefore, researchers need to be self-reflective by constantly reflecting on what they have observed and participated in by making notes and asking questions to prevent themselves from completely immersed in the field of study (Duranti, 1993).


text: In this paper, a new algorithm based on Meshless Local Petrov-Galerking (MLPG) method is presented for analyzing the crack dynamic propagation. A new modified Moving Least Squares approximation is proposed to simplify the treatment of essential boundary conditions. Explicit central difference with lumped mass matrix is adopted for the time integral. Visibility criterion with crack edge node adding technique and the maximum hoop stress criterion are used to describe the crack propagation and forecast the crack propagation direction. Based on this algorithm, three-point bend specimen for impact fracture test is investigated. Comparing the results with those obtained by the laser caustic method and high-speed photographs, the accuracy of the present algorithm is proved.


grass. The dark-colored mice may be, overall, more fit than the light-colored mice, and at first glance, one might expect the light-colored mice be selected for a darker coloration. But remember that the intermediate phenotype, a medium-colored coat, is very bad for the mice—they cannot blend in with either the sand or the grass and are more likely to be eaten by predators. As a result, the light-colored mice would not be selected for a dark coloration because those individuals that began moving in that direction (began being selected for a darker coat) would be less fit than those that stayed light.
Practice Questions
Check Your Understanding
 1. Sahar S. Hanania, Dhia S. Hassawi, and Nidal M. Irshaid, "Allele Frequency and Molecular Genotypes of ABO Blood Group System in a Jordanian Population," Journal of Medical Sciences 7 (2007): 51–58, doi:10.3923/jms.2007.51.58.


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Here are five things to consider when migrating and running NFS shared storage in the cloud:
1. Maintain the Current NFS File Structures
You don't want to change NFS file constructs if your application already uses them. You should minimize file structure and application changes when transitioning to the cloud. The goal is to optimize performance by maximizing throughput, minimizing latency, and providing high availability simultaneously.
2. Ensure Business Continuity
During cloud migrations, it is essential to factor in downtime due to natural disasters and system failures. There are three components to ensuring business continuity:
- Maintaining high availability while minimizing data loss and recovery time.
- Deploying applications to be highly available and resilient to disasters or infrastructure failures.
- Having complete access during migration to the cloud while you continue to sync and update your systems after the initial migration.
3. Protect File Data
Cloud security should be your top priority to ensure that access to the file system is always under your control. Data security must be addressed at all levels to prevent losses. Data security and privacy regulations must also be met in the new environment.
4. Use Automation
You should automate the cloud migration process to save operational costs and time when deploying and managing multiple databases. Automating administrative tasks such as creating databases, managing backups, and monitoring is easy.
5. Cut Costs
When your NFS file shares are migrated correctly, you can reduce migration costs, lower ongoing cloud service costs, and minimize or eliminate developer costs. Data tiering enables you to run infrequently used, low-performance workloads on inexpensive storage and move high-performance workloads to high-performance drives.


There seems to be quite an amount of confusion over whether or not it's necessary to follow the manuals and fill up with 87 gasolene even at an elevation where 86 and 85 petrol is being sold as Regular.
When the discussion comes to whether there's any benefit to use Midgrade/Plus 89 or Premium/Supreme 91 in place of Regular 87, when the car manufacturer specifies 87, the consensus is that going with the higher graded fuel is simply a waste of money in most circumstances.
However, when it comes to 85 and 86, the picture is not as clear cut. Some claim that there was a major benefit of 85/86 many decades ago, whereas modern cars don't get any actual benefit. Others claim that it's actually detrimental for modern cars to not have the spec'ed 87 — the computer could still adjust, but you're going to lose fuel economy and power in the end.
What's going on?
As a starting point, this is what I found in regards to 85 vs. 87 in Colorado:
Research several years ago from the American Petroleum Institute showed that lower air pressure at higher altitudes allows vehicles to perform as well with 85 octane as they would with 87 at lower altitudes.
But a 2001 study by the Colorado Legislative Council, the state legislature's research arm, concluded that the altitude difference may apply only to older cars.
"Research findings indicate that newer vehicles manufactured in and after 1984 are equipped with sophisticated electronic control systems that minimize this altitude effect and may perform better using higher-octane gasolines," the report said.
I couldn't find the original report, but, frankly, after going back to the 87 and 89 debate, isn't the whole and only reason to use 89 is that it provides "more power"?! Is such loss of power with the use of 85 the only consequence that they've found?
However, this is what _URL_ says, although no specific sources are cited for the very claim w/r/t/ the effects of the elevation:
The sale of 85 octane fuel was originally allowed in high-elevation regions—where the barometric pressure is lower—because it was cheaper and because most carbureted engines tolerated it fairly well. This is not true for modern gasoline engines. So, unless you have an older vehicle with a carbureted engine, you should use the manufacturer-recommended fuel for your vehicle, even where 85 octane fuel is available.
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Understanding Carbon Arrows
Axis.jpgMany of today's serious bowhunters are finding that
carbon arrows offer real benefits. There are three kinds of carbon
arrows on the market right now: pultruded, cross-weave (internal
component) and carbon/aluminum composite. Pultruded carbon shafts
have uni-directional fibers that don't have enough burst strength
to withstand internal components. Therefore, the point and nock
fit into outserts that go over the outside of the shaft
instead of inserts that go inside. There hasn't been much
innovation in pultruded carbon shafts recently. Typically, they
are considered economical options to a company's top of the line
carbon shafts and weigh approximately the same as SuperLite aluminum
sizes in the same stiffness range.
Internal component
carbon shafts are made with a cross-weave of carbon fibers in alternating
layers. In this orientation the fibers
are able to counteract forces from the inside, permitting the shafts to support
traditional point inserts and nocks that slip inside the shaft. Internal component carbon arrows are where
most of the latest developments have been centered. They are available
from several companies and are much lighter in weight than aluminum
The final category of carbon arrows are hybrids, those composed of
both aluminum and carbon. The most popular and prevelant of these
shafts is the Easton a/c/c. Available in a variety of sizes these
arrows offer the straightness of an aluminum arrow combined with the
strength of a carbon arrow and are loved by bowhunters and archers who
demand the highest quality arrow available. However, they do cost
significantly more than both standard carbon or aluminum arrows.
While all styles of carbon arrows tend to be more bend-resistant and
penetrate significantly better than aluminum, they share one
disadvantage. Carbon arrows are smaller in diameter and require
that the arrow rest be positioned with the support arms closer
together. This makes it more difficult to achieve perfect arrow
flight as the fletching has less room to pass through. Although
the rather recent advances in total containment and dropaway arrow
rests have eliminated many of the fletching clearance problems of
two-prong rests and are gaining popularity with archers every day.
Testing done by AFC/Game Tracker, and confirmed several times since, has shown
that small diameter shafts (especially those made of carbon) produce better
penetration than large diameter shafts of the same weight shooting the same
broadheads. This is due to the reduced amount of surface area, and therefore reduced friction, of carbon shafts.
Just recently, several companies have begun producing even smaller
diameter, thicker walled carbon shafts that have quickly gained
popularity with bowhunters across the globe. Shafts such as the
Eason Axis ST, Beman Max 4, and Carbon Express Maxima are
micro-diameter carbon shafts that pack the punch of an aluminum arrow.
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Set up meeting exclusions
The following describes who does what to initially set up meeting exclusion rules:
 - Owner - Workplace Analytics administrator, data analysts with full access
 - Task - Set meeting exclusion rules to reflect your company's meeting norms and exclude meetings that are not relevant for analysis.
 - Outcome - Workplace Analytics administrators and analysts are satisfied that meeting query results are focused on the data relevant for analysis.
Workplace Analytics uses activities stored in a person's Microsoft 365 email and calendar to reveal internal and external collaboration trends. However, a person's calendar and email can contain a diverse set of activities (such as personal meetings, work-related social activities, all-day training meetings, and so forth) that are not relevant to work-related collaboration, and if included in the metrics, can skew query results.
Analysts can use the Meeting exclusions feature to create custom meeting exclusions that help ensure query results accurately represent relevant meeting norms within their company. Or, analysts may choose to use the default meeting exclusions that exclude a set of meetings that would commonly fall outside relevant collaboration for analysis.
Meeting exclusion rules


Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers
Tokushima's Vigorous Dance Festival
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Awa-odori is a traditional Japanese dance festival that occurs in Tokushima, a city on the east coast of Shikoku Island. This matsuri, or traditional festival, happens each year between August 12 and 15 during O-bon (the Japanese ancestor celebration) and is considered by many Japanese people to be the archipelago's best dance festival.
The festival, which is so beloved that the prefecture's airport was named after it, attracts about 1,5 million tourists every year, about 5–6 times the city's population. It is nicknamed "the fools' dance" because of its refrain: "The dancing fool and the watching fool are both fools, so why not dance?"
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers 2
A Buddhist dance born on Shikoku Island
The term "Awa-odori" entered use only in the 20th century, but this celebration dates back to the 16th century, when Tokushima Prefecture was called Awa. Its choreography is derived from dances for Buddhist prayers dating from the Kamakura period, as well as kumi-odori, a harvest celebration. This festival was then created while people were dancing during the "death festival," a Japanese Buddhist celebration during which ancestors' souls return to visit the living for a few days.
This matsuri became its own celebration in 1586 when the local daimyo (lord) Iemasa Hachisuka celebrated the completion of Tokushima Castle with a great deal of alcohol. Sake was distributed to citizens, who began to dance with their musical instruments. During this era, samurai were not allowed to participate in festivities, even if they were authorized to dance in their own homes. Officially permitted only during this 3-day period, dances could not take place in temples, and participants could not wear weapons or masks.
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Dancers and spectators
A nightly matsuri in the heart of Japanese summer
Today's Awa-odori Festival starts during the day with a few small performances, but the main event occurs from 6 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., with a lively parade through Tokushima's downtown streets. Troupes of about ten dancers, called Ren and wearing yukata or happi (kimono with shorts), begin their procession to the sound of traditional Japanese instruments: drums, flutes and shamisen. Downtown Tokushima is therefore closed to traffic and becomes a huge dancing scene where professional groups perform.
An area is arranged for seating, but we do not recommend buying tickets. Instead, walk in the streets and meet the population and the Ren groups who dance as they move forward. It is interesting to watch each team rehearse their own original version of the Awa-odori dance, from the traditional choreography to more contemporary ones. At the end of the itinerary, the groups encourage onloockers to dance as well! Lastly, yatai food stalls contribute to end the evening beautifully, in a convivial and joyful ambiance.
Note however that most accommodations in the area are booked a very long time in advance! Hotels are not numerous so it is almost impossible to stay in the city. We recommend trying the love hotels or renting a room at the inhabitants. One night only is not enough to see all the dancers' groups. Allow two to three days to enjoy the festival to the fullest.
Since 1983, this festival has lost ¥436 million (approximately ~4 million dollars). The local tourism association has started bankruptcy proceedings, but this should not affect the course of the festival.
Visitors eager to experience the festival can also visit its dedicated museum to discover the dance's history, customs and peculiar atmosphere. Moreover, for people who cannot travel to Shikoku, a twin festival begun in 1957 occurs on the last weekend of August in Koenji, in the western suburbs of Tokyo (Suginami ward) and is named Koenji Awa-Odori.
⬇ Further down this page, discover our visit guide in Awa-odori and around.
By Kanpai Updated on June 29, 2021 Awa-odori


The Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, William Alo, says Nigeria needs assistance from the U.S in tackling the unemployment challenges bedeviling the country.
He spoke in Abuja when he received in audience a delegation from the U.S. Department of Labor, led by Kurt A. Petermeyer, the Regional Administrator, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
The Minister stated that assistance from the U. S. to upgrade the skill acquisition centres in the country would be of immense benefit to Nigeria, as it would enhance job creation.
Listing such crimes as child labour, forced labour and other ills as fallouts of unemployment, he believed that the repositioning of the Skills Acquisition Centres in the country would create more employment opportunities for the unemployed youths and others.
The Permanent Secretary acknowledged the U. S. as a long-standing dependable partner to Nigeria, and felt assured that U.S' intervention would help to reduce the crime rate among the youths, as many of them would get off the crime track when employed.
He noted that the visit was a follow-up to an earlier visit where Nigeria had sought assistance from the U.S. on the upgrading of the country's Skill Acquisition Centres and on other areas that would help in reducing unemployment in the country.
Speaking earlier, the Regional Administrator, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Kurt A. Petermeyer, said the group was on skills and facilities assessment visit to determine areas of possible assistance to Nigeria.
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How to Wipe Cache on Samsung Galaxy A20
Does your Samsung Galaxy A20 run slow? Are you having app problems like unexpected crashes or apps closing on its own? Why not wipe cache on Samsung Galaxy A20 to enhance its performance?
As we use our smartphones over a period of time, it accumulates bits of information called cache. They are data stored in the phone's system that will be pulled up in case it needs for a certain process, like viewing websites in a browser.
Cache files play an important role on android devices, like the Samsung Galaxy A20. They allow a faster transaction when the phone needs a specific data to be used. However, old cache could go rogue and may affect the overall performance on the phone.
Just like any other data, cache could be affected by bugs and glitches. If this happens, they tend to affect certain processes, like how the device would pull up information, which may lead to a slower device performance. Lags and crashes are often the main indicator once cache goes rogue.
Aside from that, erratic cache files on your Galaxy A20 could also interact and affect with some apps. Once they do, apps may start acting up and certain issues would arise, such as app crashing unexpectedly, app stops working or apps closing on their own.
What you will find below are the procedures on how to wipe cache on Samsung Galaxy A20. You should make it a habit to wipe the cache partition on your device to prevent glitches from happening. Do not worry as this procedure will not affect your personal data.
 1. Turn off your Galaxy A20. This step is essential as we need to access the recovery menu.
 1. Once it is turned off, press and hold the Volume Up key and the Power key until the Samsung logo appears.
 1. If the Samsung logo appears on the screen, release both keys.
 1. Wait for the Recovery Mode menu to appear before pressing any buttons or doing anything. Doing so will null the procedure. Repeat prior steps if you do so.
 1. On the recovery options, scroll to the Wipe Cache Partition option. Use the Volume down key to highlight it.
 1. Once it is highlighted, press the Power key to make a selection.
 1. Highlight Yes and press the Power key to confirm. This will initiate the wipe cache procedure.
 1. Wait for the process to complete. A notification at the bottom part would indicate that it is done.
 1. After a successful wiping of cache, highlight Reboot System Now and press the Power key to restart your device.
After wiping the cache on your Galaxy A20, use your device as usual and expect to feel some difference with its performance from before. If you want to check other related stuff, you may want to factory reset a Samsung Galaxy A10. Please click here for more information.
We also have our Youtube channel if you want to watch interactive videos about tutorials and troubleshooting guides. Feel free to visit it anytime. Don't forget to subscribe and like the videos. Thank you.


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Why Your Next Industrial Structure Should Be Fabric
Our President/CEO, Ben Fox, recently spoke with engineering.com about the benefits of fabric structures for industrial use.
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Passive ventilation, also known as gravity ventilation, uses air pressure differences due to height and gravity to naturally pull air through a building, resulting in optimal air flow and improved air quality. Passive ventilation requires no powered or "active"...
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Ordering Browser Tabs Chronologically to Support Task Continuity
Product teams working on Firefox at Mozilla have long been interested in helping people get things done, whether that's completing homework for school, shopping for a pair of shoes, or doing one's taxes. We are deeply invested in how we can support task continuity, the various steps that people take in getting things done, in our browser products. And we know that in our browsers, tabs play an important role for people carrying out tasks.
Task continuity model
In 2015, Firefox researchers Gemma Petrie and Bill Selman developed a model to explain different types of task continuity strategies, which are represented in the middle of the diagram below.
Task continuity model diagram
Passive strategies include behaviors like leaving a tab open, such as a page for a product that one is considering purchasing. Active strategies include actions like emailing a link, for example a link to a recipe to cook at a later time, to oneself. Share strategies might involve using social media to share content, such as a news article, with other people.
Fast forward to this year and the team working on Firefox for iOS was interested in how we might support task continuity involving leaving tabs open. We continued to see in user research the important role that tabs play in task continuity, and we wanted to explore how to make tab retrieval and overall tab management easier.
In most web browsers on smartphones, tabs are ordered based on when a person first opened them, with the oldest tabs on one end of the interface (top, bottom, left, or right) and the newest tabs stacking to the opposite end of the interface. This ordering logic gets more complex if a new tab is prompted to open when someone taps on a link in an existing tab. A site may be designed to launch links in new tabs or a person may choose to open new tabs for links. The new tab, in that case, typically will open immediately next to the tab where the link was tapped, pushing all other later tabs toward the other end of the interface. All of this gets even trickier when managing more than just a few tabs. This brief demonstration illustrates tab ordering logic in Firefox for iOS before chronological tabs using the example of someone shopping for a food processor.
Based on a trove of user research, the iOS team raised the following question:
Would ordering tabs chronologically in Firefox for iOS make it easier for people to stay organized and feel more in control of their tabs?
The team conducted user research, led by Elisabeth Klann, in April of this year to understand current tab behaviors and to evaluate a basic prototype of the concept of chronological tabs.
A screenshot of the prototype used for the concept evaluation in April 2020, showing a fictional set of open tabs in Firefox for iOS
We recruited 10 adult participants in the US, half of whom were already using Firefox for iOS and half of whom used either Safari or Chrome as their main browser on their iPhone.
What we learned from the first round of user research
From asking participants about their existing behaviors with browser tabs on their phones, the Firefox for iOS team was pleasantly surprised to hear participants describe the order of their tabs in terms of time. Participants fell into three categories in terms of their tab habits:
 - "I keep it clean" when the participant generally tried to avoid clutter and closed individual tabs often
 - "I keep forgetting" when the participant was not conscious of accumulating tabs and typically closed tabs in batches when the experience became cumbersome
 - "I keep tabs open for reference…short term" when the participant was more strategic in leaving tabs open for a few sessions until a task was complete
All participants were able to discern the chronological ordering of tabs in the prototype and reported that the ordering was helpful, particularly the chronological ordering of the most recent tabs. It was important to participants that they be able to delete single tabs and batches of tabs, and we identified an opportunity for making batch deletion more discoverable in the UI. Following this round of user research, the team made numerous changes to the tab design, led by Nicole Weber, which were incorporated into a beta build of Firefox for iOS.
Tab date stamps before and after the concept evaluation
One change made after the concept evaluation was to attach dates to the "Today" and "Yesterday" categories of open tabs and to change the "Older" label to the more specific "Last Week."
Delete tab functionality before and after the concept evaluation
Another change made after the concept evaluation was to make the functionality for deleting a tab easier to access.
Continuing to learn with a beta build in a diary study
With the beta build, an early version of Firefox for iOS with chronological tabs and only available to research participants, the Mozilla team wanted to do another round of user research to understand the perceptions and utility of chronological tabs, this time in the real-world context with participants using their own devices rather than the pre-designed tabs of a prototype. We recruited 10 new participants, adults in Canada and the US and again a mix of people already using Firefox on their iPhones and people using other browsers.
Participants used the beta build of Firefox for iOS with chronological tabs as their primary iPhone browser for three days and answered a brief survey at the end of each of those days about their experience moving between web pages and of Firefox overall. Survey questions included:
 - Did you use Firefox Beta to visit more than one web page today?
 - Thinking about when you moved between tabs you were using today, was there anything particularly easy, difficult, and/or confusing about that?
 - Did you revisit any tabs from yesterday or before yesterday? If so, can you please describe what you were doing and what it was like to revisit that older tab?
After three days, we interviewed participants to discuss their survey responses and overall experience with chronological tabs.
From the second round of user research, we learned that while the chronological order of tabs did not seem to break any workflows, it was the overall design of the tabs themselves — the thumbnail image, page title and/or URL, and date stamp in a list-like format — that made tabs more helpful than existing designs such as the undated, untitled, deck-like tabs in Safari on iPhone. One participant explained that the formatting of the tabs reminded her of tasks she wanted to complete. She said:
"So is it was this layout that kind of nudged me because I was going back to a page. And I was like, oh yeah, I went to that one, too. That's right. And then I went back and did that task."
Another participant also said, in going back to the view of all of his open tabs with the small images, he remembered the shoes he was shopping for the day before and his desire to return to that shopping. He returned to the tab with the shoes during our interview.
Participant C1's open tabs in Firefox Beta, including a tab with a thumbnail of a shoe
There were instances, however, when the proposed design broke. A bug rendered some tabs unintelligible due to thumbnail images not populating. Also, several participants used enlarged text on their devices, a setting we did not anticipate that resulted in truncated tab titles and URLs. Participants for whom thumbnails were not populating and tab titles were truncated had a particularly difficult time discerning tabs. We also identified an opportunity, which we know is also an opportunity in the desktop browser, to make tabs more discernible in situations when a person has multiple tabs that look similar, particularly at thumbnail scale, like several Amazon pages or pages from different retailers all for the same product.
Participant C3's open tabs in Firefox Beta with blank thumbnail images and truncated tab titles and URLs
While we are actively working on fixing the bug related to the thumbnail images, it was nevertheless helpful to learn about situations where the design fell short — the key takeaway being that the different parts of the design, the date stamps, the thumbnail image, the page title, and the URL work in concert to help people remember pages they have visited and the context for those visits.
Next: Setting out to understand if iOS findings carry over to other platforms
The team, led by Ashley Thomas, plans to continue work on chronological tabs, such as investigating how we can make tab meta data populate more reliably and planning user research to evaluate the proposed design on Android, tablets, and desktop. Some of the questions the team is excited to pursue in coming weeks include:
 - Are there ways to improve further the accessibility of the proposed design?
 - Will complex workflows common to larger form factors help us uncover new insights about chronological tabs?
 - Is tab functionality most helpful when it is the same across platforms or might platform-specific designs better support task continuity?
 - Are there other ways of sorting tabs that would support people's workflows?
Thank you to the Firefox for iOS team and the many Mozillians, including people outside of the iOS team, who reviewed and provided valuable feedback on an early draft of this post.
Originally published on medium.com


text:
Vic. Essential Learning Standards
Connect to: Vic. Essential Learning Standards
This website provides an overview of the new approach to Victorian curriculum from Prep to Year 10. The new Standards replace the Curriculum and Standards Framework (CSF) as the basis for curriculum and assessment in Victorian schools from 2006. The Standards have been developed by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) through extensive consultation and collaboration with education sectors and the broader community.


text:
The Emergency Management Act 2013 (the Act) establishes Emergency Management Victoria (EMV) which consists of :
- The Emergency Management Commissioner (EMC) who is responsible for coordinating the response to major emergencies (including ensuring appropriate control arrangements are in place) and operating effectively during Class 1 and Class 2 emergencies. The EMC is also responsible for co-ordinating consequence management and recovery for all major emergencies.
- The Chief Executive of Emergency Management Victoria who is responsible for the day to day management of Emergency Management Victoria, and the coordination of investment planning for large scale strategic projects for the responder agencies including major procurement and communications and information systems
The Act also:
- Establishes the State Crisis and Resilience Council; which is responsible for providing emergency management policy and strategy advice to the Victorian Government. Its membership consists of the secretaries of all Government Departments, the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal Association of Victoria, the EMC, the Chief Executive of EMV and the Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police.
- Establishes the Inspector-General for Emergency Management; whose functions include developing and maintaining a monitoring and assurance framework, and evaluating the performance of the sector.
- Provides for the development of: the State Emergency Response Plan and the State Emergency Recovery Plan.
The 2013 Act operates concurrently with the Emergency Management Act 1986 with the intention that the 1986 Act will ultimately be repealed.
Both pieces of legislation can be found at _URL_


text:
reTriEval and aNalysis of heterogeneouS online content for TerrOrist activity Recognition
Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) across Europe face today important challenges in how they identify, gather and interpret terrorist generated content online. The Dark Web presents additional challenges due to its inaccessibility and the fact that undetected material can contribute to the advancement of terrorist violence and radicalisation. LEAs also face the challenge of extracting and summarising meaningful and relevant content hidden in huge amounts of online data to inform their resource deployment and investigations.
In this context, the main objective of the TENSOR project is to provide a powerful terrorism intelligence platform offering LEAs fast and reliable planning and prevention functionalities for the early detection of terrorist organised activities, radicalisation and recruitment. The platform integrates a set of automated and semi-automated tools for efficient and effective searching, crawling, monitoring and gathering online terrorist-generated content from the Surface and the Dark Web; Internet penetration through intelligent dialogue-empowered bots; Information extraction from multimedia (e.g., video, images, audio) and multilingual content; Content categorisation, filtering and analysis; Real-time relevant content summarisation and visualisation; Creation of automated audit trails; Privacy-by-design and data protection.
The project brings together industry, LEAs, legal experts and research institutions. It is expected that this collaboration will have significant impact on 1) ensuring the final system meets end-user LEA requirements, 2) enabling LEAs to access and examine terrorist generated content online bringing significant advantages to their operational capability, and 3) promoting industry's enhanced understanding of operational LEA requirements and their market competitiveness in the field of online organised crime, terrorism and harmful-radicalisation.


Palestine Activity Book
50 in stock
Keep kids entertained and cultivate their love for Palestine with this book. Its jam-packed with fun puzzles, crosswords and word-searches that teach them about the history of Palestine, including the night journey (al-Isra Wa-al Meraj) and Prophets who lived in and visited Palestine.
Recommended for ages 8-12.
SKU: 00032


text:
Search the 500+ resources on crisis-sensitive educational planning in our library.
Guidance & Tools
These resource kits provide practical tools, strategies and guidance on addressing safety, resilience and social cohesion in educational planning and in curriculum design.
Overview: Incorporating safety, resilience and social cohesion in education sector planning
Overview: Curriculum enhancement to promote safety, resilience, and social cohesion


The Testing Platform Cost Model
By Lawrence Long Bruce Larson Sydney Rosen Sarah Girdwood | |
This cost model provides a simple tool for analysts and decision-makers to determine the cost per test for a testing platform from a provider's perspective. For many developing countries, the decision to introduce or scale-up certain laboratory tests is influenced by the associated costs and effectiveness. For example, introducing point-of-care (POC) testing, or lowvolume testing technologies, into healthcare programmes may improve access, linkage to care and treatment. This tool can assist policy makers in answering questions related to the cost per test for different test technologies, for example CD4, viral load, Gene-Xpert etc., and ultimately improve programme efficiency.
Developed within this project: Cost and Budget Modelling


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Information Rights Management
Applies to: Exchange Server 2010
Topic Last Modified: 2009-12-07
- Understanding Information Rights Management
Learn about Information Rights Management (IRM), and how it helps you to protect sensitive messaging content.
- Understanding Transport Protection Rules
Learn how you can apply IRM-protection to messages based on your organization's messaging policy and content inspection.
- Understanding Outlook Protection Rules
Learn how you can automatically apply IRM protection to messages in Outlook 2010 based on recipient, department, or message scope.
- Understanding Transport Decryption
Learn how Exchange 2010 helps you apply messaging policies by decrypted IRM-protected content.
- Understanding Journal Report Decryption
Learn how Exchange 2010 helps you comply with regulations by journaling IRM-protected messages.
- Understanding Information Rights Management in Outlook Web App
Learn how Exchange 2010 allows your users to use IRM in Outlook Web App to read IRM-protected messages and apply IRM protection to messages they send.
- Managing Information Rights Management
Learn how to manage Exchange 2010 IRM features.


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This is covered by:
AQA 8035, Cambridge IGCSE, CEA, Edexcel A, Edexcel B, Eduqas A, OCR A, OCR B, WJEC
Soft Engineering for Coastal Defence
Soft engineering is sometimes described as 'working with nature' to protect the coastline. Unlike hard engineering with walls, groynes and 'built' defences, soft engineering consists of rejuvinating sand dunes, creating new dunes, replacing beach material lost through erosion, and re-shaping beaches to improve their durability. It also includes 'doing nothing' to protect the coastline.
These options cost less than hard engineering, have less impact on the environment, and are often more sustainable over time. They are also often less obtrusive and leave the coast looking more 'natural'.
Key forms of Soft Engineering covered in the GCSE are…


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Version 5 Manual
PingPlotter's web interface allows administrators to create custom user profiles to prevent users from editing PingPlotter targets and summaries.
Enabling multi-user management
To enable multi-user management, you must first create an admin login. In the PingPlotter program, under Edit → Options → Web Server, select Require Login and enter your preferred username and password.
To create a new user profile for PingPlotter's web interface, log into the web interface using your admin credentials. In the upper navbar, you will see the option to Manage Users.
On this screen, you can create a new user by selecting Create User. You will be asked to enter an email address (which will be used as the new username), a new password, and user permissions.
Defining user permissions
Each user permission enables specific management privileges for a section of the web interface:
- Trace Management — The user may:
- Add new targets to the All Targets summary and New Target windows
- Pause active traces
- Resume paused traces
- Reset and restart traces
- Stop and remove traces
- Summary Management — The user may:
- Create new summaries
- Rename summaries
- Delete summaries
- Add traces to summaries
- Remove traces from summaries
- Create Live Shares of summaries
- Edit Live Share link expiration dates
- Enable Live Share links
- Disable Live Share links
- Delete Live Share links
- Access all Live Share URLs
- User Management — The user may:
- Create new users
- Delete users
- Edit user passwords
- Edit user permissions
A user may also be given none of these permissions, essentially creating a read-only user login. In that case, the user will only be able to:
- View targets and summaries
- See live data
- Download data
- Open timegraphs
- View historical data
- Edit browser-specific views (Columns, column-width, focus, etc.)
Once a user is created, the login and permissions can be modified or deleted by the admin or anyone with User Management privileges.
**The feature in this topic is exclusive to PingPlotter Pro. See our product comparison page for more details**


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Devices like the Amazon Echo are capable of doing a lot of great things, ranging from controlling your music, reminding you of important things, setting timers, and much more. One nice feature of Alexa devices like the Amazon Echo is the ability to control your television, and it works with several brands. One of these brands is DirecTV. But how do you get Alexa set up to control DirecTV?
To set up your Alexa device with DirecTV, you need to enable the DirecTV skill in your Alexa app by searching in the Skills section of the app for DirecTV. Select it, and choose to enable the skill. Select Finish Setup and let Alexa search for DirecTV. Finally, pick the DirecTV device you want to use.
But are there other ways to set up an Echo device with a DirecTV device? And what do you do if one or both of the websites are not working properly?
How to Use Alexa to Control DirecTV
There are multiple things you need to have before you can use Alexa with your DirecTV. For one, you need to have DirecTV already so you have something to control. Also, you need to have a device that is capable of connecting to DirecTV and using Alexa through it. The compatible devices are limited to Echo devices like the Amazon Echo, Echo Dot, Echo Show, and other Echo devices. You cannot, unfortunately, use Alexa through a computer or mobile phone to control DirecTV. You also need to sign up for an Amazon.com account to use your Alexa device, much less use it to control DirecTV.
An additional consideration is to make sure that DirecTV and your Alexa device are both connected to the same Wi-Fi connection.
Enable the DirecTV skill by searching in the Alexa app
The best way to get Alexa connected to your DirecTV is to use the Alexa app. You can find the Alexa app on various app stores for both phones and tablets, such as the Google Play Store for many Android devices or App Store for Apple iOS devices. Once it's downloaded and set up with at least one Echo, you can then get to work on downloading the DirecTV skill.
Open the Alexa app, tap the Menu icon, and then select the Skills section. Once here, select the Search option, and then enter DirecTV. Select the DirecTV skill, and then enable it. Once enabled, you will be made to follow certain prompts, until you are given the option to Finish Setup. Allow your Alexa app to search for DirecTV devices (make sure that the device you want to connect to is powered on and connected to your Wi-Fi router). This will take upwards of 20 seconds.
Once the Alexa app has discovered one or more DirecTV devices, select the DirecTV device you want to set up with Alexa, and then choose which Alexa device you would like to control your DirecTV device with.
Enable the DirecTV skill in the Music, Movies & Books section
Another method to find the DirecTV skill is to simply navigate to the Music, Movies & Books section. You can find this by clicking the Menu icon, and then selecting that section. Once you are there, you will be able to find the DirecTV skill. Enable it, and follow the same steps as discussed in the above paragraph.
Enable the DirecTV skill through the Alexa website
While the Alexa app is the typical method to connect Alexa to your DirecTV account, it is not the only method you can use to do it. You can access the Alexa website on your desktop or laptop computer, which works essentially the same as the Alexa app. Once you have enabled the DirecTV skill through the Alexa website, follow the same instructions and prompts that come up after the first method. You can also download the DirecTV skill through Amazon.com's website.
Enable a different Alexa device to work with DirecTV
If you want to use a separate Alexa device to control DirecTV, your Alexa app can set that up for you. You can either set up multiple Echoes at the same time during either of the above-mentioned setup methods, or you can select Set up a DIRECTV Device to set up more Alexa devices with your DirecTV device(s).
Why isn't Alexa connecting to DirecTV?
There are a variety of reasons why Alexa is not able to connect to DirecTV. One of the most common reasons is due to your Internet connection experiencing difficulties. For example, if your Internet is completely down for the count, your Echo will not be able to do anything with your DirecTV. This is because Alexa can only function when she has access to the Internet, even with simple commands that seem like they would not require an Internet connection. If you try to use Alexa while the Internet is down, she will say something like "I'm having trouble connecting right now."
The next thing to do would be to check if the issue is with your Alexa device, or if your Internet is the problem. This can be done by testing the Internet on other devices. So, for instance, if your phone or computer is doing fine with the Internet connection, for example, the problem is likely with the Echo itself. However, if the problem appears consistent with these devices, you'll have to troubleshoot your Wi-Fi router.
The first thing you should try with the troubleshooting process is to unplug the Wi-Fi router from the power source. Wait about 15 seconds, and then plug the router back in. This has the possibility of making the router reset and begin to work properly again. However, another issue is if you recently changed the name of the router or its password. If you did, you need to also update that information on your Echo, using the same method you used to connect it to the Internet.


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Into Deepest Space
Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Hoyle
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Fred Hoyle's World of Sc, Fiction, Science fiction
An SF Gateway eBook: bringing the classics to the future.
Sequel to Rockets in Ursa Major
From a great distance the Yela's recorded message crackled through on the micro-earpiece: 'For the time being you have won. But I am not defeated so easily.'
That had been three years ago, after Dick Warboys had repulsed the invading Yela by firing a lithium bomb into the Sun. But now that threat seems near fulfilment as appalled scientists detect the rapid approach of a vast, engulfing cloud of hydrogen. Can humanity survive on Earth or must selected pioneers abandon it in search of a safer region of the Galaxy?
To find the answer Dick and his allies from Space suffer a perilous voyage into the realms that reach the ultimate in understanding the physical universe.
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Fred Hoyle
Sir Fred Hoyle (_PHONE_)


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Clearly we can't have three collinear points on a sphere. Look at the "on a sphere" case and assume there is a configuration where they do not all lie on a single sphere.
Any three points define a plane. The locus of points equidistant from these three is a line perpendicular to the plane (through the circumcentre). There are at most two points on such a line which are unit distance from the original three, $P$ and $Q$ say. These are the centres of two unit circles, and one of the remaining two points must lie on each sphere.
Note that $P$ and $Q$ are related by a reflection in the original plane. There are five sets of four points in the original configuration. Each set defines a unit sphere, and if two spheres are the same, then all are. So there are five spheres and the centres are related by reflections in the planes defined by triangles.
[From here is a bathtime intuition which, per comments doesn't work. However note that each pair of centres is related by a reflection, which may not map other centres to centres, and therefore creates an infinite group. I thought I could see the group acting on the centres, but I can't make it work - thanks for comments to put me right]
There is just one group of order 5 - cyclic - and this would imply that the centres of the five spheres formed a regular pentagon. Since this does not provide a suitable configuration, none exists. [Would need three points in each of five planes meeting in a single line, no three collinear]


NYC Wi-Fi Hotspots Interactive Visualization
December 14, 2018 - All
Image result for NYC wifi hotspots locations
Click to see the finalized NYC Wi-Fi hotspots interactive visualization in Tableau Public.
The project is to visualize the WiFi hotspots in New York City, which is the extension from my fourth lab project. Public WiFi hotspots are physical locations where people can obtain Internet access. They usually created by a business for public use, often found at airports, libraries, train stations, etc. The public can access the wireless connection by using a laptop or other suitable portable device, which is really beneficial that public like budget-tight students can gain tremendously from it. Even though public WiFi hotspots cannot guarantee the reliability and have some risks such as low security and low speed, they become more and more important in the modern society since the internet has become the basic amenities for the modern public.
For this project, based on the dataset—NYC WiFi Hotspot Locations from NYC Open Data, I aim to create an interactive visualization that can inform people of the exact locations of the WiFi hotspots in New York City, supported by analyses of the properties and configuration of the hotspots. By using Tableau Public, I intend to build a useful tool that people can search a specific WiFi hotspot and know its properties that may be helpful for them to plan to go.
1. Exploring deeply the dataset and deciding the design directions for the visualizations.
I first tried to find the data that have some degrees of relationship in between and may deliver useful information. For example, I found the data "postcode" and "number of records" may help to advise the number of hotspots in a region; I can use "location type" and "provider" to tell what the WiFi location type the provider supports. Ultimately, I decided to use the five primary data—"provider", "location", "location types", "connection types", "number of records", and "postcode" to form the four design directions:
 - The providers' hotspot locations
 - The number of WiFi hotspots in a region
 - WiFi connection types supported by providers
 - WiFi location types and their connection types
2. Grouping the data that is trivial
Before I started visualizing, I found the data "location type" contains some insignificant information that may not be useful or too trivial for people to know when searching a specific WiFi hotspot. For example, in the following picture, the data "indoor ap – community center – computer rm" includes too much minor details. Therefore, by using the internal grouping function from Tableau, I grouped them into four big categories and created another column for the new location types—indoor, outdoor, library, and subway station.
Figure 1. The original location types vs. new location types
3. Creating the visualizations respectively based on the four directions
A. The providers' hotspot locations
This is the main visualization for people. People can use it as a tool to locate a specific WiFi hotspot, knowing its provider, connection type, and location type. To best inform the locations, I created a dot map. Each dot is a WiFi hotspot location, and people can know the exact address of each hotspot with the tooltip when hovering over the dot. Also, I applied different colors with the color legend to differentiate the providers. In addition, to enhance the usability, I added the three filters—connection type, provider, and location type, so that people can quickly locate the WiFi hotspots they want by using these filters.
Figure 2. The providers' hotspot locations
B. The number of WiFi hotspots in a region
I used the postcode to create a choropleth map that reveals the average values of the regional number of WiFi hotspots with the hue progression. The darker color means the more numbers of WiFi hotspots in the region. When hovering over a region, people can know the postcode and number of hotspots in the region with the tooltip. I think people may get a sense of how WiFi hotspots distribute in New York City through this map.
Figure 3. The number of WiFi hotspots in a region
C. WiFi connection types supported by providers
I think the bar chart is the best way that people can compare different values at a glance. Providers are on the vertical y-axis, and the x-axis is the number of hotspots. Besides, I used different colors to represent different connection types that the provider supports. From this bar chart, people can know that most of the providers set up free connections and LinkNYC has the most numbers of free WiFi hotspots. I also created a connection type filter for people if they would like to see only one type of connection in a one time on the bar chart.
Figure 4. WiFi connection types supported by providers
D. WiFi location types and their connection types
I think location type is also an important point that people may concern when seeking WiFi hotspots. Same as the above, I also used a bar chart with connection type category to compare the four types of locations. The result uncovers that most of the WiFi hotspots are outdoor and over half of them are free.
Figure 5. WiFi location types and their connection types
4. Integrating the four graphs
I integrated the four graphs in the Tableau dashboard together and made the main three filters—provider, location type, and connection type applied to the four graphs that use these three data sources so that these four will vary at the same time when people apply the filters. With this way, I think people can gain more comprehensive information when interacting with the visualization.
Figure 6. Integrating the four graphs
1. Methodologies
After the interactive visualization was ready, I would like to know how ease of use of the interactive visualization was, so I started to prepare the usability testing and would like to see how people would interact with it.
For the testing, I built two versions of the interactive visualizations. One was with normal three main filters; another was to use the two bar charts as filters.
The aimed audience of the visualization can be anyone who seeks WiFi hotspots near his place or the target place. Therefore, I recruited three students to participate the usability testing and prepared to ask them to do the following tasks based on the two versions of visualizations—
A. Take a moment to explore the visualization and let me know what do you learn from each graph.
B. You are seeking AT&T WiFi outdoor free hotspots only and would like to know which region has the most number of this hotspots.
C. You are a commuter, seeking WiFi hotspots in subway stations. How many numbers of the subway hotspots in New York City? What's the connection type of the subway hotspots?
After the participants achieved these tasks, I asked them the following post-task questions—
A. How easy is the visualization to understand? (Rating from 1 to 5, 1 = difficult, 5 = pretty easy)
B. Any frustration that can be further improved?
2. Findings and improvements
Participants all think that the interactive visualization version A is easy to use and straightforward to comprehend the information from the four graphs, while the version B with two bar charts as filters is problematic even though the layout looks nicer and cleaner than the version A. Participants didn't know that the two bar charts are filters at the first glance and didn't realize how to return back once they clicked a specific bar in the graph. That means the usability of version B is pretty low. Participants even could not complete the tasks, so I decided to choose version A as the final visualization and some details can be further improved.
A. The title of each graph should be general to tell the main information.
One of the participants was confused about the titles for the two bar charts because he could not differentiate the main information of these two bar charts if he just looked at the title. For example, the title, location types and connection types, is not clear for him to know what the main information of the graph is.
Figure 7. The titles of the graphs are not clear to tell the main information.
Therefore, I renamed the title to only one main information that I would like to deliver to the audience, so I changed "providers and connection types" to "providers", and "location types and connection types" to " location types". The connection types on these bar charts are the supplement and secondary information.
Figure 8. New titles for the bar charts
B. The application of the filters should be obvious
According to the feedback from the participants, they originally thought that the filters were only for the dot map, so they feel surprised that the filters actually can be applied to the four graphs. I think it is maybe because the filters are all clustered next to the dot map.
Figure 9. All filters are clustered next to the dot map
To make the application of the filters more distinct, I tried to make each filter separated from each other, having gaps between them. In this way, I think it would be better to understand that the filters are for controlling the four graphs.
Figure 10. Filters are separated and have gaps between them.
C. Keeping color consistency is good but should care about not to mislead.
I kept the same colors for the choropleth map and the two bar charts. It looks nice but it actually would cause the misunderstanding. One of the participants thought that the color in the choropleth map had the same meaning as the bar charts, stating the dark blue means the region has more limited free WiFi hotspots.
Figure 11. Same colors in different graphs may have different meanings.
Thus, I changed the color progression to green in the choropleth map, hoping it won't be mixed up with the meaning of the colors in the two bar charts.
Figure


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There's no standardized way to verify if an application is cloud-native or not. There also isn't a standardized way to tell if a modern enterprise application can be legitimately described as a microservice.
In this quiz, test your knowledge of what it means to write cloud-native microservices that comply with the 12-factor app principles.
As a quick review, the following are the 12-factor app principles:
- code base
- backing services
- build, release, run
- port binding
- dev/prod parity
- admin processes


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Brain and Mental Performance Behavior Depression Neurology
Newly discovered node in brain could expand understanding of dysfunctional social behavior
4 months ago
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Posted on Apr 02, 2021, 3 p.m.
What's the difference between a giggle and a belly laugh? Or a yelp and an all-out scream? In many species, including humans, the volume and duration of a verbal sound conveys as much information as the noise itself.
A group of scientists, led by Scripps Research, has discovered a node in the brains of male mice that modulates the sounds they make in social situations. This discovery, published in Nature, could help identify similar locations in the human brain, and potentially lead to a better understanding of social disorders such as autism or depression.
"Identifying this node gives us signatures of what to look for when human behavior goes awry," says Lisa Stowers, Ph.D., a neuroscientist and professor at Scripps Research who led the study. "It's giving us clues to how information is organized in the brain, and how different features of information can be separated out in different brain regions."
As part of their courtship behavior, male mice produce "songs." These complicated whistles, which are too high for the human ear to detect, are louder and longer when the female mouse is nearby or when her scent is stronger. The researchers identified a specific type of neuron in a part of the hypothalamus called the lateral preoptic area that controls the emotional regulation of these sounds.
"The hypothalamus and the rest of the limbic system control body functions such as hunger, thirst and temperature regulation, as well as the basic features of emotional behavior like sex and fear," Stowers says. "It is fitting that the emotional aspect of these social noises are generated in this region of the brain."
By directly stimulating the right nodes from these neurons, the scientists could trigger the whole array of noises that go into a mouse song. Varying the level of stimulation allowed them to control how enthusiastic those sounds were.
When the researchers blocked these nodes, male mice encountering a female would attempt to court her in silence. (Female mice responded by kicking the males and running away.) If the researchers bypassed these nodes and activated the next node downstream, the male mice only made long, loud noises.
"They're basically just shouting," Stowers says. "By finding these neurons, it's telling us that this part of the brain is doing this emotional scaling and persistence. If you take that away, then you lose all of that affect, all of that emotional range, and the ability to have effective social communication."
Most research on noise production in the brain has focused on language development, Stowers says. But the sounds that even an infant can make -- a giggle, a cry, a scream -- don't have to be learned and are just as vital for communication. Identifying how the brain decides on these responses is the first step to understanding where things can go wrong in social behavioral disorders such as autism and depression.
"We are starting to get a detailed look at where in the brain different types of computations are being made," Stowers says. "Now that we know that this simple behavior is regulated in the hypothalamus, we can study whether others behaviors are also using similar circuits and if so, perhaps find a common mechanism -- and drug target -- for when emotions are not generated appropriately."
Funding was provided by the Dorris Neuroscience and Skaggs Scholarships, the Anandamahidol Foundation Fellowship, Career Award at the Scientific Interface from BWF and the National Institutes of Health (R01NS097772, R01DA049787, R01NS108439).
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Content may be edited for style and length.
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Read the "It is the east" Romeo & Juliet quote below with modern English translation & analysis:
Spoken by Romeo, Romeo & Juliet, Act 2 Scene 2
"It is the east, and Juliet is the sun"
"It is the east" Quote Translation
Romeo is looking up at Juliet's window and the light comes on. He is saying that he is looking eastwards and seeing Juliet would be seeing the sun coming up in the east. He is referring to her beauty and all those things associated with the sun. This line is part of the longer "What light from yonder window breaks" soliloquy spoken by Romeo.