Creating MMS Message Files
Creating MMS Message Files – MMSCOMP
The over-the-air MMS message file format is a binary file format, and special tools are required to create MMS message files. The MMSCOMP utility is provided to assist in the creation of MMS message files. The MMSCOMP utility accepts text input files to create a binary MMS Message file.
Please note that it is not necessary to create binary MMS message files in order to send MMS messages. NowSMS supports a variety of APIs for sending MMS messages., and only the MM1 interface uses the binary MMS message file format created by MMSCOMP. The binary MMS message file format is what is used for the actual over-the-air delivery of MMS messages to a mobile phone. Please refer to the article MMS Messages and How MMS Works for further background and discussion of MMS protocols and formats.
When creating a binary MMS message file with the MMSCOMP utility, you are creating an MMS message that is pre-packaged for direct MMSC delivery. This file is placed on a standard web server, with the.MMS file extension mapped to the MIME content-type application/vnd.wap.mms-message. To send the MMS message, an MMS Notification message is sent to the recipient, referencing the URL from which the MMS message can be retrieved.
A standard format is not defined for a text version of an MMS message file, however a format can easily be derived based upon the OMA MMS Encapsulation Protocol Specification. The MMSCOMP utility accepts as input a file that contains text representations of the MMS header, and one or more files (image, sound, text, etc.) to comprise the multipart message content.
MMSCOMP is a command-line utility that accepts the following command-line format:
MMSCOMP [–ccharset] header.file [data1.file [data2.file [data3.file …]]]
-ccharset is used to specify a character set for the text components of the input files. This parameter is not required. The default character set is iso-8859-1. Other supported character sets include big5, iso-10646-ucs-2, iso-8859-1, iso-8859-2, iso-8859-3, iso-8859-4, iso-8859-5, iso-8859-6, iso-8859-7, iso-8859-8, iso-8859-9, shift_JIS, us-ascii, and utf-8.
header.file is a text file that contains text representations of the MMS message header. Supported MMS message headers include:
X-Mms-Message-Type: m-retrieve-conf (required)
X-Mms-Transaction-Id: text-string
X-Mms-Version: 1.0
Message-Id: text-string (usually x@x format)
Date: HTTP-date-format
From: address@domain or +InternationalPhoneNumber/TYPE=PLMN (Address-present-token is assumed)
To: address@domain or +InternationalPhoneNumber/TYPE=PLMN (use multiple headers for multiple recipients)
Cc: (optional, same format as To)
Bcc: (optional, same format as To)
Subject: text-string
X-Mms-Message-Class: Personal, Advertisement, Informational or Auto (default is Personal)
X-Mms-Priority: Low, Normal or High (default is Normal)
X-Mms-Delivery-Report: Yes or No (default is No)
X-Mms-Read-Reply: Yes or No (default is No)
Content-type: MIME-Type (default is application/vnd.wap.multipart.related, override default with caution!)
X-NowMMS-Content-Location: filename;content-type (optional, use multiple headers for multiple files)
Only the X-Mms-Message-Type header is required, other headers are optional. It is recommended that From and Subject headers always be included.
Note that while the message may contain multiple recipients in the To, Cc and Bcc headers, the gateway itself will only send the MMS notification message to one recipient at a time, as specified in the PhoneNumber parameter passed in a URL request.
At least one data file must be specified to provide the content of the MMS message. This data file can be specified on the command line (e.g., data1.file, data2.file, data3.file, …), or it may be specified in the MMS header file with one or more X-NowMMS-Content-Location headers.
If the first data file is a SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) file, then MMSCOMP will automatically parse all "src" references in the SMIL file and include any referenced files in the MMS multipart message file automatically.
If a SMIL file is to be included for presentation of the MMS message, it is recommended that the SMIL file always be specified as the first data file to the MMSCOMP command.
MMSCOMP determines the MIME type of each file based on the file extension, or when using the "X-NowMMS-Content-Type" header, the content type can be specified following the file name. File extensions of.jpg,.jpeg (image/jpeg),.gif (image/gif),.txt (text/plain),.wbmp (image/vnd.wap.wbmp) and.smil (application/smil) are recognized automatically. Other file extensions are read from the MMSCTYPE.INI file, or the Windows registry, under the registry key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.extension, where ".extension" is the extension of the file. For best results, please ensure that any file types that you are using with MMSCOMP are defined in the MMSCTYPE.INI file.
The output of the MMSCOMP command will be stored in a file that matches the name of the input header file, but with ".MMS" as the file extension.
Assume that:
 1. You have created an MMS message header file named "test.hdr".
 2. You have created a SMIL file named "testfile.smil". The "testfile.smil" file references three external files through the following references in the SMIL file:

 3. The "image.jpg", "sound.amr" and "text.txt" files referenced by the "testfile.smil" file are located in the same directory as the "testfile.smil" file.
To create a binary MMS file, run:
MMSCOMP test.hdr testfile.smil
MMSCOMP test.hdr testfile.smil image.jpg sound.amr text.txt
If you want to specify a character set for the text file, include the –cCHARSET parameter:
MMSCOMP -cUTF-8 test.hdr testfile.smil
The output of the MMSCOMP file will be "test.mms" (e.g., the same filename as "test.hdr", but with a ".mms" file extension).
To send the compiled MMS file, you can either:
 1. Submit it as a content file to the Send MMS Message option in the Web Menu Interface.
 2. Store the file on a web server using a MIME content type of "application/vnd.wap.mms-message", and use the gateway to send an MMS Notification Message.
 3. If the message recipient is defined to the MMSC built into the gateway, attach the file to an e-mail message and send the message to username@mmsdomainname, where "username" is the alias name defined for the user on the "MMSC Users" dialog, and "mmsdomainname" is the "Domain Name for MMS E-Mail" defined on the "MMSC" dialog. Please refer to the section titled MMSC Messaging Server for information on configuring the MMSC to send and receive e-mail messages.
The MMSCOMP utility works well in conjunction with tools such as the SonyEricsson MMS Composer. The SonyEricsson MMS Composer creates SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) files, which are often used in MMS messages, but it does not create the complete binary MMS message file. To use the output of the SonyEricsson MMS Composer, use File/Export to export your MMS message to a specified directory. The composer will output a SMIL file and any included MMS message components to the directory specified. Create an MMS message header file, and then run MMSCOMP passing the name of the MMS message header file and the name of the SMIL file output by the SonyEricsson MMS Composer.


text:
Talk Math 2 Me
Day: Every Friday
Time: noon - 1 p.m.
Talk Math 2 Me is a seminar for students by students. Talk Math 2 Me provides students, both graduate and undergraduate, an opportunity to present anything related to mathematics to an audience of their peers. Undergraduate and Graduate math students or any students interested in mathematics are highly encouraged to attend. The talks are each 15‐60 minutes long and possible speaking topics include Undergraduate and Graduate mathematics research, math history, and STEM research with a heavy footing in mathematics. By presenting, students gain great experience communicating mathematics while developing presentation skills in a relaxed environment. By attending the seminar, students will be introduced to new mathematics and see applications of mathematical concepts in different perspectives. Some weeks will even include visits from professors to discuss how students can get involved with research and the math department.
- March 29: Casey Schlortt, Texas State University, Bootstrap Percolation
- April 19: Hunter Schuler, Texas State University, Enrico Betti & Persistent Homology of Range Image Patches
Contact _EMAIL_ to sign up to speak!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Date of Final Oral Examination (Defense)
Type of Culminating Activity
Master of Science in Civil Engineering
Arvin Farid, Ph.D.
Bhaskar Chittoori, Ph.D.
Jim Browning, Ph.D.
Electromagnetic (EM) waves of various power levels and frequencies can be used to alter the hydraulic conductivity of soil with minimal heat generation. The result can lead to a number of potential applications such as contamination remediation and liquefaction mitigation. In this research, the possibility of radio-frequency (RF) waves' effect on the excess pore-water pressure (EPWP) generation and hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils has been investigated.
Impact tests were performed on glass beads to examine the effect on the generation of EPWP due to RF waves. These tests were performed on a rigid box made of Plexiglas. The impacts were produced by shaking the box with periodic impact, and the generated EPWP was measured using a pore-water pressure (PWP) transducer. A loop antenna was installed inside the specimen to launch RF-waves. The RF-stimulated impact tests were performed at a constant frequency of 498 MHz and input power levels of 10, 25, 40, and 50 Watts. There were no noticeable changes observed in the EPWP generation within the glass-bead sample due to the application of RF waves.
In order to better understand the above-mentioned potential of using RF waves to mitigate liquefaction, a different set of experiments, hydraulic-conductivity measurements, were performed on two types of samples: (i) glass beads and (ii) natural sand. These tests were conducted using a customized, rigid-wall, cylindrical permeameter placed inside a box made of Plexiglas. Constant-head (D2434, ASTM, 2010) tests were performed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of these samples. The soil samples were placed within a cavity made of Plexiglas covered with transparent conductive film (resonant cavity). A chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)-cased monopole antenna sharing the same electric ground as that of the cavity was placed within the soil sample at its center and used to launch RF waves. Various sets of tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of the power of RF waves on the change in the hydraulic conductivity. For both samples, the tests were conducted at a constant frequency of 726 MHz and input power levels of 10, 25, and 40 Watts. The hydraulic conductivity of both natural sand and glass-bead samples increased with the RF stimulation, and the increase was larger at higher RF power. At the input power of 40 Watts, the hydraulic conductivity of glass-bead sample increased by 8.7% of the unstimulated value, whereas the increase in natural-sand sample was only measured to be 25.4%.
Measurement of the electric-field component of RF waves was performed and plotted to verify the pattern of the electric field to evaluate both the impact and the hydraulic-conductivity tests. The electric field was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics and validated against the experimentally measured electric field. In the case of the hydraulic-conductivity tests, a finite-difference numerical model was developed in MATLAB interface to analyze the seepage flow. This numerical model was also validated against experimentally measured hydraulic conductivity. This numerical model was then used to find the spatial variation of the hydraulic head within the soil specimen.
Acharya, Rakesh, "Electromagnetically Induced Alteration of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Applications" (2016). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. 1209.


text:
Garments Washing | Types of Washing | Garments Dying | Denim Washing
Normally garments washing means cleaning of dirty garments with soap or detergent. But industrial garments washing is a technology which is used to modify the outlook, appearance, comfortability and design of the ready-made garments made from solid color dyed or pigment printed fabric is called garment washing. Without proper knowledge of washing, we cannot give proper looking which is asked by the buyers in recent years. Garments washing is a new trend in Bangladesh but it has 50 years prior history. Now washing includes bringing different shades, dry processes, dyeing and so many process according to the buyer's requirement.
The sole purpose of garments washing is to:
- Remove sizing materials
- Remove dirt, dust, rust, oil, stain etc.
- Bring old worn fashionable outlook
- Develop softness by removing hardness
- Create new color and tinted effect on garments.
- To meet buyers requirement.
Types of Washing
Washing is specially applied on Denim fabric. Denim is a 2/1 or 3/1 cotton twill-weave fabric (Work-wear twill) with a dyed blue warp and raw white weft. The warp is sometimes dyed during sizing. During the weaving process, sizing materials are used into the warp yarn to strengthen the thread to resist the mechanical abrasion in loom. In that situation, to make the surface soft and smooth, the size materials are needed to remove for further washing processes. Different types of washing methods are applied in garments washing. It constitutes dry process and wet process or chemical process.
Garments Dyeing :
The process of dyeing fully made apparel product like t-shirts, pants, trousers, shirts, jackets, tops, pullovers, dresses and bottoms is called garments dyeing. In Conventional method, Garments are made with pre-dyed fabrics and then cutting and sewing. But now grey fabrics are dyed in required color after manufacturing. It has become popular in recent days due to cost saving and fashion trends. Also it is capable to react much closer to actual market demand if the apparel is post dyed which reduces lead time and increases forecasting accuracy.
Denim Washing :
The process which is applied on dry condition is called dry process. This is applied on unwashed garments. In this process, the sample garment goes through several types of mechanical abrasions which provides the garment old worn outlook. Without it denim garments does not look nice and it is done manually most of the time.
Different machines or tools used in dry process are listed below:
Crown heat gun, Chalk, pensil, Air dummy – horizontal, Air dummy – vertical, Rotating brush, Destroying machine with stones, grinding machine, Scrapping rubber pattern, Sprayer for P.P., 3D Crinkle machine, Tagging machine, Dryer, Whisker pattern, tie (Net, Socks, rope, Cable etc.), Heat setter and Quality table with light box.
After coming from the dry process section, Wet process like rinse, enzyme, bleach etc washes are applied on the raw garment to get the desired outlook. In this process the garment goes through several chemical processes to remove impurities in different manufacturing process, bring new outlook, make it soft and make ready for the buyer.
Different machines used in wet process are listed below:
- Front loading washing and dyeing machine
- top loading washing and dyeing machine
- chemical mixer machine
- dryer etc.
Stages of Washing
The following stages are carried out step by step. Wet process / chemical process is followed by the dry process. Those steps are selected according to the design and effect asked from the buyer.
Washing stages are given below:
Washing Normal, Enzyme & Acid wash etc
As garments washing is not fixed in normal washing like rinse, a lot of chemicals are helping in achieving the desired look as well as helps in the further washing procedures. All the chemicals used in washing are given below:
- Sequestering Agents
- Anticreasing Agents
- Desizing Agents
- Anti BackStainer
- Neutralizing Agents
- Softening agents
- Bleaching Agents
- Oxidizing Agents
- Reducing Agents
- Fixing Agents
- Wetting Agent
- Rubbing fastness improvers
- Tinting Agent
- Defoaming agents
- Antimeldew agents
- Whitening agents
- Hygroscopic agents
- Stiffening agent


text:
Peter Mazzacano, Osgoode Hall School, York University, has published Puritanism, Godliness, and Political Development in Boston and the General Court (_PHONE_) at 12 The Journal Jurisprudence 599 (2011). Here is the abstract.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
The goal of this article is to examine the degree to which Puritanism influenced early American political culture. That is, how did Puritan values and practices facilitate the development of an exceptional political culture during the formative years of Massachusetts Bay? Utilizing a case-study method of analysis, this article examines the political developments in the General Court and the town of Boston during the decade 1630 to 1640. The research methods used are primarily the writings of leading Puritans, and concomitant town, church, and colonial records. The main finding is that the Puritans paid little heed to notions of democracy, theocracy, oligarchy, or British political traditions; instead, Puritan institutions and practices were based on the primary Puritan ideal of godliness. However, the formative influence of the godly ideal inadvertently reinforced democratic and republican ideals. The conclusion is that the focus on godliness provides a comprehensive and multiple explanations for the course of political developments in early Massachusetts Bay.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Speysider/Tabber Code
5,375pages on
this wiki
< User:Speysider
This page explains how to generate a userpage with tabs similar to the one used here: User:Speysider
The tabber code is generated by using the following HTML:
You can use as many tabs as you want, but too many will cause the layout to become broken as this site is extremely narrow. This problem may not be present on other wikia's.
One Tab
This is the general usage for a one tab box using tabber.
Name of the tab=Content to appear
For example, if you wanted a tab called About Me, you would do this:
About Me=Hello, my name is X and I do Y on this wiki
This would generate something like this:
More tabs
It's important to note that a special breaker code is required in order to separate the tabs. That breaker code is this:
Every usage of this code will generate a new tab, similar to the | pipe character in a template. This would be the general usage of a multi-tab box.
Name of Tab #1=Content for Tab #1
Name of Tab #2=Content for Tab #2
You would just keep repeating the breaker code for every tab you create. For example, you could create something like this:
Tab #1=This is the content for Tab #1.
Tab #2=This is the content for Tab #2.
The output for that tabber code is this:
This is the content for Tab #1.
This is the content for Tab #2.
I hope this helps anyone wishing to generate a userpage like mine :D
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text:
The molecular structure of acetanilide is C8H9NO. Acetanilide is a stable, though combustible, solid that commonly appears as a gray or white powder. It is also known as N-phenylacetamide, acetanil and Antifebrin.Continue Reading
In the 19th century, acetanilide was used to synthesize dyes, rubbers and penicillin. It was also used to produce 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride, which is a key compound for manufacturing sulfa drugs.
The experimental melting point of acetanilide ranges between 112 to 154 degrees Celsius, based on studies by Alfa Aesar, Jean-Claude Bradley, Oxford University and others. The experimental boiling point of acetanilide ranges between 304 and 305 degrees Celsius.Learn more about Chemical Equations


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Alternative forms[edit]
From the Latin apodīcticus (proving clearly", "demonstrative), from the Ancient Greek ἀποδεικτικός (apodeiktikós, affording proof", "demonstrative), from ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeíknumi, I demonstrate).
 - (UK) IPA(key): /apəʊˈdɪktɪk/, /apəʊˈdaɪktɪk/
apodictic (comparative more apodictic, superlative most apodictic)
 1. Incontrovertible; demonstrably true or certain.
 - 1902, William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Folio Society 2008, p. 284:
 No religion has ever yet owed its prevalence to 'apodictic certainty'.
 - 1992, Alexander Jablokov, A Deeper Sea, Avon Books, p. 250:
 The orca spoke in the odd grammatical tense used either to describe dreams, or to make statements so true they were apodictic, such as "All things die" or "Before my conception I did not exist."
 2. A style of argument, in which a person presents their reasoning as categorically true, even if it is not necessarily so.
 Don't be so apodictic! You haven't considered several facets of the question.
 3. (theology, Biblical studies) absolute and without explanation, as in a command from God like "Thou shalt not kill!"
Derived terms[edit]


Meat Grinders
How to Use Meat Grinder
how to use meat grinder
It is easy to use the best meat grinder; assemble the grinder, place your meat on the plate, feed it down the hopper and then turn on the grinder. You then choose the speed you want the meat to be ground at, for KitchenAid, 6 to 8 is an ideal speed. You will be collecting your ground meat within no time. However, there are a few other things that are equally important. Here are some vital tips on:
How to Use Meat Grinder:
1. Keep Everything Cold
Keep everything cold
This is one very important consideration. Warm meat is bad for your grinder as it will smear, the fats leak out as well as have a cooked, pulpy and dry texture. To avoid this, ensure that your grinder spends an hour in the freezer before using it. Let you meat be well chilled up to the minute you start to grind it. For sausage meat which entails several grinds, place the ground meat into a bowl that is placed in another ice-filled bowl. This is to keep it well chilled.
2. Trim Your Meat
trim your meat
Smearing happens when the blade gets into contact with sinew thus making the blade become dull. The blade smooshes meat through the holes instead of cutting it. This results in a chewed up texture thus is in no way appealing. Therefore, trim your meat well
3. Look Out For Smearing
Smearing is visible and can, therefore, see it and correct it. Pieces of meat usually pass through the holes on the plate. In case you see both meat and fat coming out in one batch and often look wet and sticks on to the die surface, know that all is not well. Use the "reverse" function to fix the grinder if your grinder has one. Alternatively, disassemble the grinder, clean the blade and restart it.
4. Maintain a Sharp Blade
Maintaince sharp balde
The blade is one part that needs your attention. You shouldn't let it become dull as it will smear meat. However, you should know that most blades get better with repeated use. This is because of the microscopically grinding down of the metal thus making the contact between the plate and the blade tighter after every use. In case your blades become dull, sharpening them maybe once a year would be ideal to keep them in top-notch. You can as well opt to replace the blades once in a while.
5. Large To Small Plate
In case you need the very fine grind for your sausages, grinding the meat twice is the way to go. Start with the ¼-inch plate, chill the meat again and then grind it using the smaller die. This will not only produce finer pieces of meat but also avoid smearing. The more even grind will result in a fine-textured sausage.
6. Salt Meat before Grinding
salt meat before grinding
Salt dissolves some proteins and enables them to cross-link easier into a tight matrix resulting in the springier texture common in sausages.
Now you know that the best meat grinder doesn't always give you the best ground quality just like that. You need to take great care so that you don't compromise on the texture and quality of the ground meat.
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(I have written an extensive article on the topic of ikar and tafeil in berachos.) Rav Moshe deliberates whether the chocolate or the raisin is more important, in order to determine if the beracha on chocolate-covered raisins is ha'eitz, like the raisin,or shehakol, like the chocolate. Rav Moshe concludes that neither the chocolate nor the raisins can be considered of secondary importance (tafeil) to the other, and therefore, chocolate-covered raisins require two berachos, ha'eitz on the raisins and shehakol on the chocolate.
Rav Moshe then discusses which of the two berachos to recite first. Usually, one should recite the beracha of ha'eitz before reciting shehakol. However, Rav Moshe points out that one must eat the chocolate before reaching the raisin; thus, the beracha on the chocolate will have to be first. Rav Moshe concludes that the best thing to do is to recite ha'eitz on a regular raisin and then shehakol on the chocolate. (When this option does not exist, he rules that one should recite shehakol on the chocolate and then ha'eitz on the raisin. This would require biting off a bit of the chocolate first until he can reach the raisin.)
Clearly, Rav Moshe held that chocolate is definitely shehakol and not even questionably ha'eitz. I conjecture that he held so because chocolate undergoes so many changes and processes in its preparation, one should not consider the finished product a fruit at all. Alternatively, he may have held that since chocolate is liquefied and remains a liquid for most of its processing, it retains its status of being a liquid for hilchos berachos, and thus the correct beracha is shehakol. In any instance, the almost-universal custom is to recite shehakol before eating chocolate. (For other reasons why chocolate should be shehakol, see Shaarei Haberacha pg. 693 and Makor Haberacha pgs. 52-61.)
Notwithstanding that many authorities agree with Rav Moshe that the beracha on chocolate is shehakol, they disagree with his ruling that chocolate-covered raisins and nuts require two different berachos, contending that one should recite only one beracha. Among these poskim, there are two major approaches, those that hold that the beracha is always shehakol, since they consider the chocolate to be the ikar, and those who feel the beracha should be determined by whichever is greater in quantity (Yalkut Yosef, Vol. 3, pg 431; Vezos Haberacha pg. 97). I refer you to your own posek to decide which beracha you should recite before eating this delicacy.
As I mentioned above, the Aztecs considered chocolate a royal food. By studying the halachos of the berachos on this food, we elevate it to being a true royal food – since we are determining which beracha the mamleches cohanim vegoy kodosh, the holy nation that is a kingdom of priests, recites on this food.
Did the Brothers have a Right to Sell Yosef?
Question #1:
How could the righteous brothers of Yosef want to murder him in cold blood?
Question #2:
If I saw someone do something wrong, what should I do about it?
Question #3:
May I inform a parent that I saw his/her child do something wrong, or is this loshon hora?
By properly understanding the story of Yosef's sale, we will be able to answer these three seemingly unrelated questions.
Who are these brothers?
When studying the events leading to the kidnap and sale of Yosef, we must remember that all twelve of Yaakov's sons were pure, tzadikim gemurim.[1] In light of their tremendous stature, this already incomprehensible story is that much more difficult to understand.
Had this story taken place in the most dysfunctional family imaginable, we would still be shocked by the unfolding of its events. After all, even if brothers feel that their indulged, nasty kid brother is challenging their father's love for them, would they consider committing fratricide, or any other murder for that matter?
This would apply even to members of a poorly functioning family. How much more so when we are discussing great talmidei chachamim, who constantly evaluate the halachic ramifications of every action that they perform! How can we possibly understand what transpired? In other words, the Ten Brothers were far greater tzadikim than the Chafetz Chayim or Rav Aryeh Levin, greater talmidei chachamim than the Chazon Ish or Rav Moshe Feinstein (this comparison does not diminish the stature of any of these tzadikim; on the contrary, mentioning them in this context shows how much we venerate them). We cannot imagine any of these people hurting someone's feelings intentionally, much less causing anyone even the slightest bodily harm. It is difficult to imagine any of these tzadikim swatting a fly! Thus, how can we imagine them swatting their brother, much less, doing anything that might cause long-term damage?
Since we cannot interpret this as an extreme case of sibling rivalry, we are left completely baffled by the actions of the ten saintly and scholarly brothers. How could these ten great tzadikim consider killing their brother? And, then, decide that selling him into slavery was more appropriate? As we see clearly, for the next twenty-two years, they assumed that their decision had been justified, although they acknowledged that they should possibly have given Yosef a "second chance."
Yosef reports
Yosef was in the habit of reporting to his father dibasam ra'ah (usually interpreted as slander) – actions that he interpreted as infractions. Rashi quotes the Midrash that Yosef informed his father of whatever bad actions he observed in Leah's six sons. Specifically, Yosef reported:
(1) They were consuming meat without killing the animal properly, a sin forbidden to all descendants of Noach.
(2) They were belittling their brothers Dan, Naftali, Gad and Asher, by calling them slaves.
(3) He suspected them of violating the heinous sin of giluy arayos.
Others explain that Yosef accused the brothers of not caring properly for their father's flock.[2] Although Rashi makes no mention of this accusation, it is clear from his comments that, in his opinion, had Yosef suspected them of this, he would certainly have noted it to his father.
Is dibasam ra'ah equivalent to slander?
We must be careful not to define dibasam ra'ah as slander, which usually intimates malice and falsehood, and would imply that Yosef's intentions were to harm his brothers. Without a doubt, the righteous Yosef had no such intent. It is more accurate to translate dibasam ra'ah as evil report. Yosef did share his interpretations of his brothers' actions with his father, but they were not fabrications, and defaming them was not his goal.
Why is Yosef tattling?
Without question, Yosef's goal was the betterment of his brothers. He acted completely lishmah, with no evil intent, just as later, in Parshas Vayigash, he holds no grudge against his brothers, despite the indescribable suffering they caused him.
Indeed, Yosef's motivation was his sincere concern for his brothers. He knew well the halachah that if you see someone sin, you must bring it to the offender's attention, explaining to him that he will achieve a large share in Olam Haba by doing teshuvah.[3] A person giving tochacha must always have the interests of the sinner completely at heart, and consider how to educate the malefactor in a way that his words will be accepted.
Yosef knew, also, that whoever has the ability to protest sinful activity and fails to do so is liable for his lack of action. However, the Seforno comments that, due to Yosef's youth, he did not realize what might result from hisreporting to his father about his brothers.
At this point, we can already answer one of the questions I raised above: If I saw someone do something wrong, what should I do about it?
Answer: I am obligated to bring to the person's attention that it is in his or her best interest to do teshuvah and correct whatever he or she has done wrong. The admonition should be done in a gentle way, expressing concern, so that it can be received positively and thereby accomplish its purpose.
Why through Yaakov?
Without question, Yosef's goal in sharing his concerns with his father was that his brothers correct their actions. If so, why didn't Yosef admonish them directly?
Yosef wanted his father to take appropriate action to correct the brothers' deeds and, thereby, bring them to do teshuvah. The halachic authorities disagree whether Yosef was guilty of speaking loshon hora by using this approach in this instance. The Chafetz Chayim contends that Yosef was guilty of speaking loshon hora, because he should have shared his concerns directly with his brothers, rather than first discussing them with his father.[4]
Maybe his brothers are right?
Yosef should have considered


text:
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The Fresh Water Aquarium Fish like the Common Goldfish are very popular and about every living person know of their existence.
As a reminder again, when we talk about cold water (usually without a heating device) species of fish, we mean for 10°C (50°F) - 22°C (72°F) water temperature.
Learn interesting information and join us in exploring them and choose the fish most suitable to your liking for your Aquarium. Don't have an Aquarium yet?. See our freshwater Aquarium setup section to get you going.
BOTTOM: Orange and White Calico Oranda
Be cautious though for it is easy to let the colours and strange shapes of fancy Goldfish influence your choice as illustrated in the photos on this page.
It is most important to consider the future welfare of the fish first when selecting aquarium fish. If you are a beginner we would suggest choosing only hardier varieties, such as the common Goldfish, Fantail goldfish, Comet or small Shubunkins as fresh water species.
BOTTOM: Bristol Shubunkin
The following section describes the origin and some background of the most popular varieties of types of Goldfish. The entries given on individual species as futher on this page are indications as to compatibility, food requirements, water requirements, preferred habitat and water temperature range.
Fish are extremely adaptable to environments and therefor a lot of aquarists will most of the time differ on especially temperature figures at which they maintain a particular species.
Fancy tailed goldfish and Goldfish facts are recommended reading pages to give more indepth understanding of the fresh water goldfish, and highlighting one of the beautifull types that are available today. We will get you started on one of these aquariums in no time by following our valued setting up a new aquarium advice for aquarium fish living in cold fresh water.
Goldfish are available in over 100 different varieties. The features which distinguish them, such as coloration, body shape, finnage and the size and shape of the eyes, are the result of many years of selective aquarium fish breeding.
Herewith a listing with valuable information to some of the Goldfish cold Fresh Water Aquarium Fish species that is popular:
This is just a few that is standing out, but many variations are available in combinations of those listed here.
For a more detailed discussion on goldfish feeding and goldfish diseases, please read these linked pages.
Other species like Sticklebacks and Sunfishes are also frequently found cold fresh water aquarium fish that will surely make interesting reading to the aquarist.
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We all know those type of people around us calling themselves a go-getter. I have realized that the true success dwells in giving, not getting. I know it sounds corny, but it is true.
Being ambitious and going after your dreams is an important thing but to help others get what they want is more important. It doesn't help only them, but it moves us forward as well.
Here are seven reasons why being a go-giver will create a better quality of your life and attract what you desire:
1. You will grow
You will grow emotionally, spiritually, mentally. You will understand the real meaning of life, which resides in giving. And you will enjoy it. It will change your perspective on life and success itself. If you want more abundance in your life, the number one rule is to give without expecting getting anything back.
Don't help others only because you expect them to help you right after. Be real with people and don't make them feel like they owe you something. You are helping others to grow and live the positive life, not to benefit from them.
2. You will help others
Do you remember the time in the past when you were starting something and someone helped you? How did it make you feel? Can you imagine that you make someone else feel the same way? Your support can change someone's life forever or give them the right start.
We all have been there. We all were trying to accomplish something and struggled at first. Don't forget how it feels and the next time, be there for others and show your support.
3. You will attract positive things into your life
Everything good you have ever done will come back to you. There are no exceptions. You will attract more wealth into your life, better people and circumstances. On one hand you will be getting more because you are giving (let's call it karma).
On another hand, you will be getting more because you feel fulfilled and satisfied with yourself. Positivity will come to you from outside as well as inside.
4. You will create compelling relationships
By helping others, you will be changing their lives and become unforgettable to them. Remember that sometimes you are the only hope the person may have. You'll have the opportunity to create healthy relationships with people who you have helped, or even people who helped you.
Don't forget that these favorable connections will be useful to you one day, and they can change your life in return. Many people appreciate the help, and they keep you in mind. Creating honest relationships will make your life easier. People will know you as the thoughtful person, and they will always be there for you as well.
5. You will attract success
Have you ever heard that the most successful people are the ones who first give and then get? There is a reason behind it. They become successful because of using their inner potential. They are getting more from life because at first, they decided to give. Becoming a go-giver will bring into your life people and events that can change the course of your destiny.
The universe works in a miraculous way. By giving, you will attract the things you desire. Maybe you need the right business partner, or the money, or the right connection. Everything will fall into place once you understand the meaning of being a go-giver.
6.You will create a change
It will change you. It will change others and also your community. Making a change in people's lives is an incredible privilege. You cannot make a difference in the world within one day, but you can change yourself and others around you to live and fulfill life with higher meaning.
7. You will help yourself
Whether you like it or not there is always going to be a benefit to you. Even when you genuinely help others and don't expect anything back, you will feel satisfied and happier. And this is what makes you grow, what attracts better things into your life, what creates the real change around you. This quiet little voice saying, "You just did the right thing, keep doing it, be the change."
Commit yourself to do something for others at least once a week. Give others your hand and be there if they need you. Become a go-giver instead of a go-getter. By doing this, you will motivate your surroundings to do the same.
You can create a better environment for yourself and for those who you love. Most of the time, giving doesn't cost you anything. You have kindness inside, share it with the world.
How will you transform your life? Please leave your thoughts in the comment section below!


A molecular photoionic AND gate based on fluorescent signalling
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
961 Citations (Scopus)
MOLECULES that perform logic operations are prerequisites for molecular information processing and computation. We and others have previously reported receptor molecules that can be considered to perform simple logic operations by coupling ionic bonding or more complex molecular-recognition processes with photonic (fluorescence) signals: in these systems, chemical binding (the 'input') results in a change in fluorescence intensity (the 'output') from the receptor. Here we describe a receptor (molecule (1) in Fig. 1) that operates as a logic device with two input channels: the fluorescence signal depends on whether the molecule binds hydrogen ions, sodium ions or both. The input/output characteristics of this molecular device correspond to those of an AND gate.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)42-44
Number of pages3
Issue number6432
Publication statusPublished - 01 Jul 1993
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'A molecular photoionic AND gate based on fluorescent signalling'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


bog eying
1 [boh-gee; for 2 also boog-ee, boo-gee]
noun, plural bogeys.
a score of one stroke over par on a hole.
par ( def 4 ).
bogy1 ( defs 1–3 ).
Also, bogy, bogie. Military. an unidentified aircraft or missile, especially one detected as a blip on a radar screen.
verb (used with object), bogeyed, bogeying.
Golf. to make a bogey on (a hole): Arnold Palmer bogeyed the 18th hole.
1890–95; spelling variant of bogy Unabridged
2 [boh-gee] Australian.
noun, plural bogeys.
a swim; bathe.
verb (used without object), bogeyed, bogeying.
to swim; bathe.
< Dharuk, equivalent to būbathe + -gi past tense marker
3 [boh-gee] (sometimes initial capital letter) Slang.
verb (used with object), verb (used without object), bogeyed, bogeying, noun, plural bogeys.
1965–70; in reference to Bogey or Bogie, nickname of Humphrey Bogart Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To bog eying
World English Dictionary
bogey or bogy1 (ˈbəʊɡɪ)
1. an evil or mischievous spirit
2. something that worries or annoys
3. golf
 a. Compare par a score of one stroke over par on a hole
 b. obsolete a standard score for a hole or course, regarded as one that a good player should make
4. slang a piece of dried mucus discharged from the nose
5. slang air force an unidentified or hostile aircraft
6. slang a detective; policeman
7. (tr) golf to play (a hole) in one stroke over par
[C19: probably related to bug² and bogle1; compare bugaboo]
bogy or bogy1
bogey or (Austral) bogie2 (ˈbəʊɡɪ)
1. to bathe or swim
2. a bathe or swim
[C19: from a native Australian language]
bogie or (Austral) bogie2
[C19: from a native Australian language]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
World War II aviator slang for "unidentified aircraft, presumably hostile," probably ultimately from bogge, a variant of M.E. bugge "a frightening specter" (see bug). Thus it shares ancestry with many dialect words, such as bog/bogge (attested 16c.-17c.), bogeyman (16c.), boggart
"specter that haunts a gloomy spot" (c.1570, in Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire). The earliest modern form appears to be Scottish bogle "ghost," attested from c.1500 and popularized c.1800 in Eng. literature by Scott, Burns, etc.
in golfing, c.1891, originally "number of strokes a good player is supposed to need for a given hole or course;" later, "score one over par" (1946); from the same source as bogey (1), on the notion of a "phantom" opponent, represented by the "ground score." The word was in
vogue at the time in Britain because of the popularity of the music hall tune "Hush, Hush, Hush, Here Comes the Bogey Man."
"One popular song at least has left its permanent effect on the game of golf. That song is 'The Bogey Man.' In 1890 Dr. Thos. Browne, R.N., the hon. secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, was playing against a Major Wellman, the match being against the 'ground score,' which was the name given to the scratch value of each hole. The system of playing against the 'ground score' was new to Major Wellman, and he exclaimed, thinking of the song of the moment, that his mysterious and well-nigh invincible opponent was a regular 'bogey-man.' The name 'caught on' at Great Yarmouth, and to-day 'Bogey' is one of the most feared opponents on all the courses that acknowledge him." [1908, cited in OED]
As a verb, attested by 1948.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
Slang Dictionary
bogart definition
[ˈbogɑrt] and [ˈbogɑrd]
and bogard
 1. in.
 2. in.
 3. in.
Copyright 2007. Published by McGraw-Hill Education.
Cite This Source
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Dagdan Tree
Also known as Magebloom
The Dagdan Trees, or Magebloom, are found in the forests of Ismena and are well known for their unique properties. Not only do their blooms provide humans the ability to use small amounts of plant magic, but their wood is used for making objects of power for mages across much of Casimira.
Basic Information
Dagdan trees are the biggest known trees in Casimira. If allowed to grow to their full height and width, even dragons have a hard time flying above them and it takes over 400 average-sized humans stretching as far as they can to reach all the way around them. Their lowest branches are so high off the ground that only some form of flight allows anyone to reach them.
Beyond their size, Dagdan trees are also well known for their unique colors. The trunk itself appears to be nothing special on the outside, but inside is a deep purple color. The leaves are a wine red and when the sun shines through the forest canopy, it appears as if the very forest has a red tint.
When the trees are blooming, the branches are covered in clusters of delicate pink flowers.
Biological Traits
The trees have one specific property that makes them different from any other: they absorb any drop of magic sent their way. But not in the way that makes the forest around them feel stagnant, if anything it makes the forests they inhabit some of the most beautiful in the world.
Biological Cycle
Like other deciduous trees, the Dagdan do bloom in the spring and lose their leaves in the fall. While their leaves do not appear to have any magical properties, the blooms act in the same way as small pieces of crystal and allow even the least adept human to perform minor plant magics.
Additional Information
Uses, Products & Exploitation
Dagdan trees are primarily used in the creation of objects that hold crystals for use by a mage. It can take any shape, from a staff to a dagger, a table to a door, but because of its unique way of absorbing magic and resisting it, it has become immensely useful to those who cast magic. Crystals are embedded within the wood to allow magic to be channeled through it. Because the wood itself has resistance to that magic, no matter what is cast, the object will remain undamaged.
Whoever found that tree was a genius! I've burned clothing, books, even my eyebrows, but my pendant is never damaged! Not a single burn mark!
— A very grateful (and somewhat singed) fire mage
Objects created from the tree's wood also have the ability to hold the magic it absorbed before its creation. However, there is one major difference among these objects of power: whether they were given by the tree or taken from them. Cut wood can only release this magic at the holder's discretion, though ones made by the tree can still absorb magic and are often used to store more than the mage could normally handle alone.
In addition to the wood, many people across Casimira collect fallen leaves as a symbol of good luck. The blossoms are also collected when they begin to fall in late spring to be taken to farms to aid in growing a good harvest.
Releasing the magic stored within takes little energy from the mage and can be shaped and channeled through the embedded crystals just as any other spell. If any attempts are made to use the raw magic the wood has stored without a crystal focus, the explosion of power can be immense and has claimed the lives of many who have attempted this.
Geographic Origin and Distribution
Dagdan trees are only found in the forests of Ismena, despite several attempts to plant them elsewhere. However, instead of an entire forest full of them as there once was, now there are several groves that are carefully tended and protected.
Perception and Sensory Capabilities
While Dagdan trees have never appeared to have any kind of spirit within them, they are very much alive. Some say this is because of all the magic they have absorbed over the lifetimes they have existed.
Objects of power given freely by the trees also have this otherworldly sense that makes them seem alive. It is not yet known if that were to fade if all the magic was drained from it.
Civilization and Culture
The properties of the Dagdan trees were first discovered around the same time as the first school for mages. They had been searching for a long time for a way to hold a crystal focus that wouldn't involve damaging the crystal itself and embedding it into wood or metal seemed like an ideal solution. However, none of the materials they tried were able to withstand the raw power flowing through it. Eventually, the mages began searching deeper into the forests and discovered the Dagdan trees when their spells of light were absorbed and pulled away from them. Excited by the possibilities, the mages from the school resolved to find a way to cut down the trees and shape the wood by hand.
Even humans who have never touched magic could feel deep in their bones when the first tree was cut. Entire towns were moved to escape the sounds of the very forest crying out. The places where those trees died began to wither and die, the surrounding forest dying with it. Within a few years, cutting down Dagdan trees was banned and research was begun to find another way to approach these trees to create objects of power. It was then that mages began to realize that they could approach the tree with their crystals and good intent and merely ask. The lowest branches would wrap around the mage asking for their help and when they lifted back up, the mage would be holding a beautiful magic focus, made of the wood of the Dagdan.
Any magical focus or other object of power created by this peaceful method seems to be both an extension of the earth and that of the mage, as if the tree looked into their heart and created something perfect for them.
After the power held within the flowers was discovered, the yearly Blossom Festival sprung up to celebrate the trees and the connection that the people of Ismena have with them. The festival includes a walk through the forest to the groves to collect the first fallen blossoms.
Common Myths and Legends
Among dragons, the forest of Dagdan trees features prominently in their legends. Only plant dragons hold the True Memories, but glimmers of knowledge remain among the others of the forest on the day their race rose up and burned the world. It is said that pure, glimmering magic cloaked the forest that day and kept the flames and ash from reaching inside, protecting all living things that remained there. It is thought of as the last gift of the goddess of magic to the world.
The moment I stepped into the forest, the air around me shimmered, as if filled with magic. The sun shining through the leaves overhead painted the world, not in hues of gold as the outside world might expect, but in every shade of red imaginable. Even if I lived as long as the Dagdan, I could never do those colors justice.
— Anonymous Poet
Unknown, no one in recorded history has seen one die from old age
Conservation Status
The Dagdan trees are highly protected because of their unique properties. Groves are either grown in secret or heavily guarded by those who care for and nurture them. When it was first discovered, the species was nearly brought to extinction with overuse, but the remaining trees have been highly protected ever since to prevent this from happening again.
Average Height
around 820m
Average Length
around 82m in diameter
Geographic Distribution
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Eternal Sage AmélieIS
Amélie I. S. Debruyne
31 Mar, 2021 07:20
Great article! I'm happy to finally see it XD That sounds like a very useful tree :D Some notes I took while reading, feel free to ignore them if you don't have the time to do any edits or just don't want to bother: I think if you don't give more anatomy details, it would be good to compare your tree to a reference tree and say they look similar but bigger – like an oak for example. Lifespan: "die of age" should be "of old age" Conservation status; I just feel that it's missing a "again" at the end? OR maybe "actually happening". Random thought: is it a deciduous tree? IF so, do the leaves have special properties? Do people collect them in autumn? "ones made by the tree" do the trees actually make objects themselves? You have to explain this more :D – ah you see you've done that at the bottom. I think you can do some reordering of the sections there. In fact, coming back to this sentence it's a bit confusing "However, objects created from cut wood can only release this magic at the holder's discretion, ones made by the tree can still absorb magic and are often used to store more than the mage could normally handle alone." I get what you mean but you could change it slightly to make it clearer (by saying that the objects made from cut wood cannot absorb new magic, just release what they have right now) "but because of its unique way of absorbing magic and resisting it, it has become immensely useful to those who cast magic." I feel that this need a bit more elaborating, but you've already mentioned before that. The second paragraph from the biology should maybe be moved here, as it's more about uses than biology. Also, can the wood be used to absorb some offensive magic as a kind of


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How to add new row on top instead of defaulted to bottom, in slickgrid dataview impelmentation also it is appreciated someone provide example of deleting a row.
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2 Answers 2
Here is an example function that will work with the example 1-simple.html example..
To Add a Row at the top:
 function addRow(){
 var newRow = {title: "new Title", duration: "1 day"};
 var rowData = grid.getData();
 rowData.splice(0, 0, newRow);
 grid.scrollRowIntoView(0, false);
To Delete row, it is the same idea. Get the grid data collection/ slice the array to get the data out of you want to delete and then call setData and render...
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Sometimes Splice doesn't work. Try the code below:
DataView.insertItem(insertBefore, item) ///Here insertBefore can be 0
function addRow() {
 var newRow = columns,
 newId = dataView.getLength();
 newRow.id = newId + 1;
 dataView.insertItem(0, newRow);
and then you can call this function on button click. This really works. I have tried it myself.
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LCD display and viewing angle
 1. Jul 7, 2008 #1
 What is the detailed explanation of the limited viewing angle experienced with LCD displays? Since LCD relies on polarization, it seems to me that with reflective displays (i.e. ones without built-in light source, using onyl reflected external light) the amount of light reflected from the display depends heavily on the viewing angle, since the reflected light is polarized, so for some angles no light will be reflect at all etc. (as in Brewster's angle). However, how you explain this in backlit displays?
 2. jcsd
Can you offer guidance or do you also need help?
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In a German text, describing Russian sentences for Germans, they wrote a Russian sentence and after it
(zu Deutsch: …)
That means its translation, but why did they write "zu Deutsch" instead of "ins Deutsche" or "auf Deutsch"?
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that's a weird use but not unheard of. "Auf" and "in" or just "Deutsch" would be better in my opinion – Emanuel Dec 28 '13 at 20:34
3 Answers 3
One might add that sometimes, especially in colloquial use this phrase is used to indicate that a simplifying explanation is to come.
E.g. in a presentation:
"Multivariate Regressionsanalyse der Umsatzstruktur hat ergeben, dass das Geschlecht den Haupteinflussfaktor für den Erwerb von Cola Light ggu. Cola bildet. Zu Deutsch: Cola Light wird fast ausschließlich von Frauen gekauft."
In this context it would be similar to plain english
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Good example. In this sense (simplifying explanation), you would hardly use "auf Deutsch" (but possibly "auf gut Deutsch"). This somewhat explains, why you would never say "zu Englisch", as it doesn't simplify anything for a German speaker. – Martin Drautzburg Jan 9 '14 at 3:11
Well, some time ago it was not that rare. Just leaving this here:
enter image description here
And supporting the last statement of the existing answer:
enter image description here
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This is perfectly fine. The Duden explains zu Deutsch with auf Deutsch [heißt das]. It is also mentioned in the 21st edition of the book as „das heißt auf/zu Deutsch" (p. 210). Maybe it is considered a little old-fashioned these days, but I hear and read it quite often.
I haven't heard it as zu Englisch or in connection with other languages.
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text:
Table of Contents
- Pin a Window to a Desktop and set other Attributes
- Application on all Desktops and Handle One Child Window Uniquely
- Suppress a Window from showing on Pager
- Force a Window to the Top
- Multiple Rules per Application
The first example details all the necessary steps to create the rules. In order to keep this page a manageable size, subsequent examples only list steps specific to the example.
The Pager attribute refers to the Virtual Desktop Manager:
Pin Akregator to Virtual Desktop 2. Additionally, start the application with a preferred size and position. For each attribute, use the Apply Initially parameter so it can be overridden at run-time.
The KWin rule is created as follows:
Start Akregator on desktop two, size and position it to suit:
Right-click on the titlebar and select → :
Select the Window Rules in the left column and click on New...:
The Edit Window-Specific Settings window is displayed. Window matching is the default tab:
Click Detect Window Properties with 0s delay the cursor immediately turns into cross-hairs. Click (anywhere) inside the Akregator window (but not the title bar). The window criteria are presented. Match only by primary class name so leave the check boxes unchecked - for additional information see window matching:
Clicking OK the previous window back-fills the results in the Window Matching tab. Enter a meaningful text in the Description field (which is displayed in the KWin Rule window):
Enable the window attributes: Position, Size and Desktop. The initial values are set by Detect Window Properties and can be overridden:
Clicking OK in the previous window returns to the main KWin Rules. The new rule with its description is listed:
Click OK to close the window.


text:
Ray Tracing and Gaming - Quake 4: Ray Traced Project
Quake 4: Ray traced
An algorithm was invented for this work that uses rays for collision detection (CD). A polygon-exact CD is quite easy for direct weapons. Only one ray is needed to determine the target. Shooting this ray works through the exact same mechanisms and data structures as shooting a ray to get a color value in rendering.
(Polygon exact collision detection using ray tracing)
For the player model a bounding sphere was approximated through many rays like in a radar system.
(Bounding sphere approximated through rays)
An interesting special effect which I want to present here in more detail is water. As we expect it from nature water should reflect the surrounding environment and it should be possible to look through the water with some refractions going on. Water in motion should not look flat; there should be some visible height differences in the waves. I want to present you some examples of water in games that we have seen the last years. Of course these 'optimizations' had to be done to make the game render fast enough, so this should not be a critic of the game or company itself. It should just show how water looks today in some games, what it lacks and how it could look in ray tracing games.
('Far Cry' (2004): The reflection in the water shows only the mountains, not the trees.)
('Far Cry': Taking a close look at the reflections you see that the resolution is lower then the rest of the world.)
('Gothic 3' from 2006: Quite unspectacular water without any reflections)
The water in 'Quake 4: Ray traced' (_URL_ uses an animation set of many normal maps to simulate the height differences from the waves. One ray is used for reflection on that normal maps, one ray is used to get the refraction through the water. The result is nice looking water.
('Quake 4: Ray traced': The water reflects the environment and the player)
Samples from Q4RT in action can be seen in this video:


text:
|Submission Date||Feb. 19, 2018|
University of South Florida (Tampa)
EN-6: Assessing Sustainability Culture
|0.50 / 1.00||
Vice President for Student Affairs & Student Success
Does the institution conduct an assessment of sustainability culture (i.e. the assessment focuses on sustainability values, behaviors and beliefs, and may also address awareness of campus sustainability initiatives)?:
Which of the following best describes the cultural assessment? The assessment is administered to::
Which of the following best describes the structure of the cultural assessment? The assessment is administered::
A brief description of how and when the cultural assessment(s) were developed and/or adopted:
The annual Student Sustainability Survey is distributed to measure student opinions on campus sustainability. By taking the survey, students can directly promote a culture of campus sustainability that has the potential to benefit all USF students.
The Student Sustainability Survey is being conducted to assess our students' sustainability knowledge, sustainable practices, attitudes about sustainability topics, and awareness of the University's sustainability initiatives. This survey is entirely confidential and only the summarized results will be used.
A copy or sample of the questions related to sustainability culture:
A sample of the questions related to sustainability culture or the website URL where the assessment tool is available:
A brief description of how representative samples were reached (if applicable) and how the cultural assessment is administered:
The incoming students all receive this survey after mid-terms in the Fall semester. Subsequently students are re-evaluated upon graduation to be used as the literacy assessment while including key questions to evaluate Sustainability Culture and campus engagement.
A brief summary of results from the cultural assessment, including a description of any measurable changes over time:
Students immediately receive the results ofthe survey where they can directly read their scores and review the correct answers. This is a supplemental method for getting information about the many sustainability activities available on campus.
The website URL where information about the programs or initiatives is available:
Additional documentation to support the submission:
The Sustainability Literacy survey includes specific questions about USF sustainability to assess the Sustainability Culture
The information presented here is self-reported. While AASHE staff review portions of all STARS reports and institutions are welcome to seek additional forms of review, the data in STARS reports are not verified by AASHE. If you believe any of this information is erroneous or inconsistent with credit criteria, please review the process for inquiring about the information reported by an institution and complete the Data Inquiry Form.


text:
1. Minimum of Php 2, 000.00 outdoor activities must be availed.
2. Registration fee of Php 50.00 per child.
3. Open to kids aged 6 to 12 years old.
4. Kids will be a given a photo which would serve as clue.
5. Kids must find the ones indicated in the photo to obtain an easter egg.
6. Inside the easter eggs are puzzle pieces which they need to form to get the prize.
7. Prize can be the following: Chocolates, Drinks, Souvenir Shirts, Gift Certficates, Eco Bags, Button Pins, Tumblers, etc.
8. Formed puzzle pieces must be surrendered to Food and Beverage area to obtain prize.


Hot flashes triggered by anxious feelings are characterized by extra blood flow to the skin and perception of heat. Anxious hot flashes have a variety of extra minor side effects such as sweaty palms of your hands. Anxiety hot flashes are analogous to the hot flashes experienced by menopausal women.
Hot flashes are characterized by a feeling of heat, often felt first in your bosom and face. As an alternative, the shoulders, top of the back, and the neck may be the first places you feel the heat. From the starting point, the heat will typically travel in a meandering way down through the remainder of your body.
Some of the symptoms of anxiety hot flashes that may occur are shortness of breath and a sense of being on the verge of fainting. Dizziness and a tunneling of the vision can also occur while experiencing a hot flash. In some circumstances this feeling will lead to a real faint, which presents a genuine threat to your health. Your body becomes hot and sweat begins to visibly form on your face, neck, chest or head; anyplace that the hot flush is occurring. Although the hot flash can be very transient and continue only for a few minutes, always, it is an unpleasant and unwanted experience.
Feelings of embarrassment can accompany a hot flash, and your embarrassment can lead to anxious feelings about what other people are thinking about you. This can create a vicious cycle in which your anxiety hot flashes cause embarrassment, which promotes additional anxious feelings, which intensifies the hot flash. You can research more on how the various physical anxiety symptoms occur at the Anxiety Details info portal.
During your hot flash, you may breathe too quickly and lightly and feel as though the wind is being pressed out of your chest. Of course anxiety is the root cause of the hot flash, but being in a room with a high temperature can worsen the situation.
There are some easy and straightforward steps you can take to lessen the occurrences of your anxiety hot flashes, although they are not a permanent fix:
* Stay away from spicy meals
Spicy foods set off pain receptors and set off chemical chain-reactions that are very much like hot flashes. The basic act of eating a spicy meal can be similar enough to the experience of a hot flush that your body is stimulated into producing an actual anxiety hot flush. The recognizable hot flash feeling may also make you anxious, which then leads to a genuine hot flash from anxiety.
* Don't drink drinks with liquor
The alcohol-avoidance tip is really about making a reduction in your sum anxiety, not about hot flashes themselves. Should you decide to drink drinking alcohol to try and remove your anxiety, you'll actually end up exacerbating the problem and creating more anxious feelings. More anxiety leads to additional anxiety hot flashes.
* Stand in a cool shower
Excitement of your adrenal glands accompanies anxiety hot flashes. Reducing the body's temperature will constrict the veins and arteries up by your skin, moving blood into a more full coverage throughout the remainder of your body.
In the end the key to utterly abolishing anxiety hot flashes in your life is to remove the underlying anxiety. There is a chance for you to learn more about self-applied methods for banishing anxiety from your life totally and completely by reading the in-depth panic away review here.
The hot flashes could be your greatest issue troubling you at this time, but they are really just a component and a part of the underlying issue of anxiety; anxiety.
Author's Bio:
Kris began experiencing prolonged anxiety and panic attacks over 10 years ago. As she struggled through a divorce and loss of more than one job, she was nearly devastated by her condition. After a very long period of self education, experimentation and learning, Kris finally discovered the keys to kicking anxiety. She now maintains a resource portal ( dedicated to helping those that suffer from anxiety or panic.


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Image: Deinonychus attacking
Deinonychus attacking a plant-eater.
- Michael Skrepnick
- © Michael Skrepnick
This illustration of Deinonychus antirrhopus hunting an plant-eater is based on fossils from Montana. These fossils provided some evidence for pack-hunting as all these dinosaurs apparently died at the same time. However, it is also possible that their deaths were due to fighting over the recent kill, rather than co-operative hunting.


Andrew Hardin, a grad student at the University of Colorado, designed these neat, colorful maps that show how long it will take you to move around Boulder, Denver, San Francisco, or Seattle using public transit. Just click any point on the map, and colors pool out around it — like a heat map, but for time spent on buses or subways.
These maps aren't meant to tell you exactly how minutes it'll take a person to get from her front door to a favorite restaurant. FastCoExist:
Hardin's maps, which are based on Open Street Map data, aren't completely accurate. For example, they assume people cross rivers directly, when normally people take bridges or tunnels. "Frankly, better tool exists for planning your commute," he admits. The point is to offer approximations, so you know immediately how far two destinations are from each other.
But they show something more interesting than commute times — the shape of city, as determined by its public transit. You can see, for instance, the impact of train stops, which create distinct circles of time around them, like drops of food coloring on a liquid surface.
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Porting to Swift? Do it Gradually Using Extensions: Part 2
As a refresher from Part 1, we're trying to make the process of porting Objective-C to Swift code more gradual by porting classes method by method using Swift extensions. This is very helpful in keeping with the idea of "When it comes to porting, smaller steps are better."
This only gets us so far, though.
Some of the classes you want to port are going to contain business logic for your apps. Model data, calculations on that model data, transformations, etc.
Unfortunately, you cannot move those properties to your extension; extensions don't support adding stored properties to a class.
What does that mean? You can't use Swift-only types for your properties, such as structs, enums, Swift arrays, optionals, etc., because they need to be accessible from both Objective-C and Swift.
Does that mean I'm stuck with ugly Objective-C types like NSArray, NSDictionary, etc. in our Swift code, until the entire class is ported?
Thankfully not. While you can't add stored properties in an extension, you can add computed properties in an extension. By creating computed properties that bridge between the Objective-C properties and a Swift representation of that property, you can still port your class method by method, while still writing your new Swift methods using all of the power of the Swift type system.
This example is also a result of the porting work I am doing on 12 Strikes, my bowling score tracker app. This is continuing to port the BowlingGame class from Part 1.
One of the core structures of this class is an NSArray which stores a number of BowlingRoll objects, storing the result of each roll (number of pins knocked down, which ones, and other metadata).
I was doing a significant amount of calculation based on frames, which could have a number of specific states, and could be scored by expressing either which pins were knocked down, or just how many. But no advanced enums in Objective-C meant: NSArray of BowlingRolls. I wanted to do better in Swift, and represent the structures this way to greatly simplify the calculations:
There would be no way I could port this property on its own, because it would be impossible to use those advanced enums in Objective-C, and I wasn't ready to port everything that depended on this important property into Swift immediately (which is almost the entire class).
Enter our solution: the computed property.
Once I defined these enums for the new data structure I wanted, I created a computed property in my BowlingGame extension called frameResults that translates the existing NSArray of BowlingRolls into a [FrameResult] usable by Swift:
From there, I can port any Objective-C methods into Swift one by one, using the new, easier to use Swift computed property in the code I ported, while not disturbing any of the existing Objective-C code.
Eventually, once all of the Objective-C code is ported, this computed property can finally become a regular stored property in Swift, without disturbing any of the Swift code already relying on it.
Side note: you may have noticed in this case, I have a read-only property. Because computed properties also supports setters, it could be written to support writing back to that property as well, although with NSArray and NSDictionary, this would be somewhat more complicated, and possibly not worth the added effort.
In the third and final part, we'll cover issues when trying to port UIKit classes to Swift. Again, it requires some techniques that aren't immediately obvious, but using them, you'll be able to port those classes gradually as well. Sign up for the newsletter to be notified when those parts come out.
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Nov 7 2008 1:34pm
Here There Be Dragons: Or Sometimes Not.
Q: When is a dragon not really a dragon?
A: When you are looking at the tiles in a mah-jong set.
When I started my research into mah-jong in anticipation of writing Thirteen Orphans, I looked forward to learning the answer to a question that had puzzled me since the first time I'd looked at a set of tiles.
Why is the Red Dragon tile inscribed with the character that means "center"? What does "center" have do with dragons?
The answer is that "center" has absolutely nothing at all to do with dragons. In fact, even the idea of dragons entered mah-jong terminology fairly late in the development of the game.
In the earliest surviving sets of mah-jong tiles, there are only six "honors" suits: the four directions (or winds) and two tiles with no set association of any sort. One of these is usually labeled "center" and the other is usually left blank.
Experts still argue when the final honors suit—now called the Green Dragon—was added, but certainly it had appeared by the late 1800s, as it is included in a set purchased in either 1889 or 1890.
Just as the Red Dragon tile is actually "center," the late added Green Dragon tile is labeled with the character meaning "get rich." The White Dragon very well may have begun life as a blank replacement tile or a joker. However, as time passed, the White Dragon became a standard part of play. The tile was now sometimes labeled with "B" or "P", the first letter in the word "bai" or "pai" (depending on your transliteration system) meaning "white."
When the White Dragon became standard for play, additional tiles were added to serve as replacements or jokers. This is why in some sets you have both tiles that are blank and tiles labeled "B" or "P". Sometimes the spare tile has a border around the edges. If there is a pure white tile and a bordered tile, it's up to house rules which tile serves as the White Dragon.
But how did center, get rich, and white become three dragons, adding richness to the imagery of the game, and contributing to any number of poetically named limit hands?
Likely the transition had to do with the game's acquiring Western players. Western players would not recognize what the inscribed characters "center" and "get rich" meant, and a blank tile is just plain confusing. Someone sought for something to call those three odd honors tiles, and settled on the symbol almost universally associated with the mystic Orient. This is, of course, the dragon.
Moreover, because these tiles were often printed in red, green, and white, you ended up with three colors of dragons.
It is quite likely that the direction tiles had been associated with winds for a long while. Therefore, the honors tiles became known as Winds and Dragons, creating poetry where none had been initially, once again transforming a mere gambling game into something that inspires not only enjoyment, but strange twists of the imagination.
Please note: This is the fifth post I've written about various aspects of the game of mah-jong. Rather than repeat myself, you can find them here, here, here, and here.
1. Jei
I've been enjoying your posts about mah jongg. I play the National Mah Jongg League's version with friends on a (mostly) weekly basis. I have a friend who plays one of the Chinese versions & another friend who plays the Wright-Patterson version as well. My daughters & grandsons have learned to play. We always play at least one game when they come to visit.
- -
2. heresiarch
So this intriguingly mysterious appellation which Westerners find so fascinating came about because Westerners wanted an appropriately exotic name to go with their exotic game? Hm.
3. bookfoldbrewcineaste
I learned how to play Mah Jongg when I was living in Japan back in the early 90's. A wonderful Japanese couple, who were very generous to my wife and I during our stay in their city, taught us the game, and even presented us with one of their sets of tiles when we left.
I can't remember now if the husband--who had a wonderful sense of humor--referred to the red and green honors tiles as dragons, but I'll always remember what he called the blank white tiles. Whenever he drew one that he couldn't use, he would sigh and discard it with the dismissive exclamation, "Tofu!"
Jane Lindskold
4. janelindskold
I thought I posted a response to this thread...
I guess I punched the wrong button.
In any case...
"bookfold" you got me... I'm never, ever going to be able to look at the "White Dragon" without thinking "Tofu"!
Thanks for the laugh...
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Canada Trivia Quiz: How Much Do You Know About This Country?
canada quiz
Canada Quiz
Canada is one of the biggest countries in the world. Have you ever visited it? Or are you Canadian? How much do you know about this country? Start Canada Quiz and find out.
Canadians are associated with hockey, beavers, and cold winters, but do we really perceive them well? How did they evolve? How do they look at, and what do they have in common with their southern neighbors? Learn Canada's history.
Did you know that Canada has been ranked as the third-best country in the world? According to the 2019 Best Countries report by US News. Canada ranked third just after Switzerland and Japan. However, Canada ranked 1st in the "best quality of life" in 2019.
This country is known for many things. Can you list some of them? Well, let us give you some hints:
Ice Hockey is one of the most popular sports in Canada, if not the most popular. Canadians have the most successful hockey teams in the world.
Maple syrup
Have you ever tried maple syrup? Canadians love it. It is exported from Canada to over 50 countries all around the world. No wonder, this country produces 80 percent of the world's maple syrup.
Cold country
Canadian winters are cold. The lowest recorded temperature was -63 Celsius degrees! While it is considered normal when it is -40 degrees C. So cold!
Popular Canadians
Can you guess which celebrities, actors, or singers were born in Canada? Well, for example, Justin Bieber, Celine Dion, and Jim Carrey.
Read everything as it may help you in completing the quiz. 90% of Canadians can't complete it without making a single mistake, while 75% can't even reach the final page of the quiz. In which group are you?
Canada - Trivia
 - 80% of Canada's residents live within 300 km of the US border.
 - The Rideau Canal in the capital city of Ottawa, frozen in winter, is the world's longest ice rink.
 - Only 5% of Canada's land is used for agriculture, but Canada is a leading exporter of wheat, oats, and maize.
 - Maple leaves are the national symbol of Canada and are made into sweet maple syrup
 - The Golden Horseshoe is an industrial center located around Lake Ontario in Canada, they produce cars, steel, chemicals, and paper.
 - Canadians are known to say sorry all the time, even when the fault is definitely on the other person's side. They apologize so much that in 2009, the Apology Act was passed there. It allows you to say sorry in court without accepting that you are guilty.
Canada Quiz - How to Play?
The Canada Quiz contains 15 questions about various topics regarding Canada. The questions will cover literally everything from Canadian history itself, to politics, economy, Canadian celebrities, and even geography. So if you are Canadian, or someone who thinks they know the country inside out, you should get at least 10/15. The questions will be tough so don't even think about hitting 15/15, you won't make it. Good luck!


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The engine that drives NodeJS. Embeddable.
Learning V8 project
V8 Dev Blog:
- Oilpan is a standalone garbage collection library for C++ hosted by the V8 project.
- WebAssembly topics:
- Up to 4GB of memory: Thanks to recent work in Chrome and Emscripten, you can now use up to 4GB of memory in WebAssembly applications. That's up from the previous limit of 2GB.
wasm-decompile: wasm-decompile produces output that tries to look like a "very average programming language" while still staying close to the Wasm it represents.
- Emscripten and the LLVM WebAssembly backend: WebAssembly is normally compiled from a source language, which means that developers need tools to use it. Because of that, the V8 team works on relevant open-source projects like LLVM, Emscripten, Binaryen, and WABT. This post describes some of the work we've been doing on Emscripten and LLVM, which will soon allow Emscripten to switch to the LLVM WebAssembly backend by default — please test it and report any issues!
- Short builtin calls: we've realized that function calls between embedded builtins and JIT compiled code can come at a considerable performance penalty. This cost depends on the microarchitecture of the CPU. In this post we'll explain why this is happening, what the performance looks like, and what we're planning to do to resolve this long-term.
- Super fast property access: The super keyword can be used for accessing properties and functions on an object's parent.
- An additional non-backtracking RegExp engine: V8 ships with a new experimental non-backtracking RegExp engine (in addition to the existing Irregexp engine) which guarantees execution in linear time with respect to the size of the subject string.
- Indicium: This system analyzer is a unified web interface to trace, debug and analyse patterns of how Inline Caches (ICs) and Maps are created and modified in real-world applications. V8 already has a tracing infrastructure for ICs and Maps which can process and analyse IC events using the IC Explorer and Map events using Map Processor. However, previous tools didn't allow us to analyze maps and ICs holistically and this is now possible with system analyzer.
- Slack tracking: Slack tracking is a way to give new objects an initial size that is larger than what they may actually use, so they can have new properties added quickly. And then, after some period of time, to magically return that unused space to the system. Neat, huh?
- Understanding the ECMAScript spec: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4
- Blazingly-fast parsing: Part 1: the scanner | Part 2: lazy parsing
- Pointer compression in V8: There is a constant battle between memory and performance. As users, we would like things to be fast as well as consume as little memory as possible. Unfortunately, usually improving performance comes at a cost of memory consumption (and vice versa).
- Improving V8 regular expressions: In its default configuration, V8 compiles regular expressions to native code upon the first execution. As part of our work on JIT-less V8, we introduced an interpreter for regular expressions. Interpreting regular expressions has the advantage of using less memory, but it comes with a performance penalty. In this blog post we describe how we take advantage of the upsides of interpreting regular expressions while mitigating the downsides.
- A lighter V8: In late 2018 we started a project called V8 Lite, aimed at dramatically reducing V8's memory usage. Initially this project was envisioned as a separate Lite mode of V8 specifically aimed at low-memory mobile devices or embedder use-cases that care more about reduced memory usage than throughput execution speed. However, in the process of this work, we realized that many of the memory optimizations we had made for this Lite mode could be brought over to regular V8 thereby benefiting all users of V8.
(Lots more posts there, sorted by category as well: internals ECMAScript spec WebAssembly memory)
v8-android: Example Android Studio project that embeds v8 (plus some notes on compiling v8 for android)
Last modified 06 April 2022


text: This paper focuses on heritage conservation as it relates to, and intersects with, the realm of municipal finance. The thesis builds a case that municipal Heritage Property Tax Relief Programs (HPTRP's) in Ontario, as they currently exist, do not work as they were designed. HPTRP's are aimed at incentivizing heritage designation by offering a financial benefit to property owners, yet in their current configuration, result in additional costs that reduce their effectiveness. The ideal solution would be for the Province to review and redesign the program; however, this is unlikely. A practical solution, which is proposed in this paper, is for municipalities to create a Community Improvement Program (CIP) tool that off-sets some of the unforeseen costs associated with HPTRP's. The two programs have a history of working synergistically at the local level – and together can accomplish what HPTRP's were intended to achieve unilaterally.


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Adding Custom CSS To Show Form Submit Process
When a Form submits, it can take a moment to make the requests it needs. Here's how you can use CSS to show submission progress.
When a Form submits, it can take a moment to make the requests it needs. This is especially true with eCommerce Forms which need to make multiple requests for security reasons.
This Article will explain how you can use CSS to show submission progress and let the User know your Form is still submitting without errors.
The CSS Class
When you submit a Form, the HTML Form element has two class names added to it:
- "form_x_submitting" where x represents the ID of the Form in Admin
These classes should be removed if the Form is interrupted by a valid error, e.g. validation errors, so targeting one of these classes should tell you that the Form is busy submitting and the User should wait for completion.
The Simplest Example
In this example, we'll use CSS to select all Forms that are busy submitting globally. You may choose to select particular Forms differently.
A More Complex Example
In this example, a spinner icon has been added to the Form Layout in advance:
The CSS demonstrates how Front-End CSS is used to achieve a different effect:


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Workshop: Playwork theory
Length of workshop: one day
Number of participants: 6 to 15
Price for Play Wales members: £400 per workshop
Price for non-members: £500 per workshop
Playwork Principle 6 states that 'the playworkers response to children and young people is based on a sound up to date knowledge of the play process and reflective practice'. This workshop will provide an overview of current playwork theory and consider its application in practice.
It is intended as a refresh for current playworkers or practitioners new to playwork. A range of playwork theory can be explored to meet the agreed learning needs of the specific group.
Learners will explore:
- The Playwork Principles
- Current playwork theory as it applies to the play process
- The importance of reflective practice
Who is it for?
- Playwork practitioners
If you have any queries about the workshop or to book please contact us
Please note the workshop price does not include venue hire or refreshments


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Bethel Baptist Christian School, operated by Bethel Baptist Church, located at 1004 Yorktown Road, Yorktown, VA 23693, has disclosed in writing to the parents or guardians of children enrolled that the center is exempt from a license and the qualifications of personnel employed.
The center's physical facilities, enrollment capacity, food services, health requirements for the staff and public liability insurance has been described in writing to the parents or guardians of the children in the center. The above information has also been made available to the general public.
The Center has established and implemented procedures for:
- Hand washing by staff and children before eating and after toilet use, diapering and playground
- Appropriate supervision of all children in care, including daily intake and dismissal procedures to ensure safety of children
- A daily simple health screening and exclusion of sick children by a person trained to perform such screenings
- Ensuring that a person trained and certified in first aid is present at the Center whenever children are present
- Ensuring that all areas of the premises accessible to children are free of obvious injury hazards, including providing and maintaining sand or other cushioning material under playground equipment.
- Ensuring that all staff are able to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect
The Center is in compliance with the requirements of:
- Section 63.1-198.2 relating to criminal history record checks.
- Section 63.1-248.3 relating to the reporting of suspected cases of child abuse and neglect Chapter 3 (Section 46.2-300 et seq.) of Title 46.2 regarding a valid Virginia driver's license or commercial driver's license; of Article 21 (Section 46.2-1157 et seq.) of Chapter 10 of Title 46.2, regarding vehicle inspections; ensuring that any vehicle used to transport children is an insured motor vehicle as defined in Section 46.2-705; and Article 13 (Section46.2-1095 et seq.) of Chapter 10 of Title 46.2 regarding child restraint devices.


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In view of the popularity of catering establishments, the design of cafes and restaurants is a popular service today. Trusting such tasks is better than qualified specialists, because the project should take into account a lot of nuances. This is a link to the terrain, taking into account the infrastructure and location of neighboring buildings, and safety standards and sanitary norms, economic factors. Also it is necessary to take into account the expected maximum number of visitors, the location of equipment, design and other details. Designing food enterprises requires a deep understanding of the specifics of catering, knowledge of the basic principles of the restaurant business.
When designing a catering establishment, attention is paid to the following factors:
Let's start, perhaps, from the end, because for the establishment of food binding to the terrain is extremely important. Sometimes problems arise during construction in three cases, when a restaurant or cafe is planned to open in a residential building, which is not always welcome by its inhabitants. Or the future institution is located in the historical center of the city and can spoil the appearance. Such nuances should be taken into account in advance, making up the design of a cafe or restaurant.
Usually, customers insist on giving the main attention to the hall, because this territory is open to guests of the future institution. It is important to think about the location of the tables, competently design the bar and the reception desk. However, no less attention should be paid to what is hidden from the eyes of visitors. In particular, the kitchen with the accommodation of the necessary equipment must comply with the existing safety standards. Another key point that is important to think carefully is the design of the ventilation of the restaurant or cafe. This will directly affect the comfort of both staff and guests.
When planning the future establishment of public catering is necessary, in fact, the development of three projects:
Engineering design of cafes and restaurants includes the development of an architectural solution and the location of communications: electricity, ventilation, water supply, heating and others. The technological design takes into account the specificity of the equipment used, its layout and connection schemes, and an explanatory note is attached to it. And finally, the final stage - the design design of a restaurant or a cafe. At this stage, art solutions for the decoration of the facade, materials and colors of interior decoration are being thought through. The customer is presented a 3D project with full visualization of the future institution.
Our company offers competent and operative designing of cafes and restaurants taking into account all the wishes of the customer.
Write to us
Write to us


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Oxford Conference on Zoroastrianism 5-7 July 2010
The Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies announces a new series of conferences on the subject of Zoroastrianism. The first, which will be held in Oxford on 5-7 July 2010, aims to study Zoroastrian religion and culture throughout the Levant. The emphasis will be on exploring how Zoroastrianism interacted with Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Gnosticism and ancient Near Eastern non-biblical religions. Cultural interaction is the keynote.
Who is Aram?
Aram takes its name from "Aramaic" -- the Semitic language which was a focal point of ancient Syro-Mesopotamian cultures from the 8th century BC, when it became the official and commercial lingua franca of the Near East,* until the 7th-10th century AD when it was extensively replaced by Arabic following the spread of Islam. Aramaic was influenced at first by Akkadian, then from the 5th century BC by Persian, and from the 3rd century BC onwards by Greek, as well as by Hebrew, especially in Palestine. In the time of Jesus, it was widely spoken (as well as written) throughout the Semitic area and it was, of course, the language of Zenobia and the main tongue of Palmyra. It still survives today (as Syriac and Mandaic), especially for religious rites, in some scattered places.
Aram is not confined solely to Aramaic studies, however, but deals with all the cultures that were influenced by Aramaic civilisation across the greater Syro-Mesopotamian region and the so-called Fertile Crescent -- a great swath of territory over thousands of years.
In fact, as we learn from their website, the Aram Society is building the foundation for the study of continuity between the Aramaic culture and other Syro-Mesopotamian civilisations. Past conferences showed how closely intertwined they are, and that Aramaic civilisation would not have flourished without this intellectual cross-fertilisation. The many connections between the different cultures demonstrate that the Syro-Mesopotamian man** is born out of a process of uninterrupted cultural continuity since the beginning of history.
Zoroastrianism is just one piece of the puzzle along this cultural continuum.
Zenobia and Zoroastrianism
Zenobia has not neglected Zoroastrianism either.
Some background on the tight links between the Sassanian-Persian Zoroastrian religion and the Kings of Kings (Church and state were born of one womb, joined together never to be sundered) is described in Zoroastrian Stuff.
Then, Zenobia told the story of Tansar, the chief 'teaching priest,' and how he restored the true faith after the depredations of Accursed Alexander and his successors, in Zoroastrian Stuff II:
Do not marvel, Tansar says, "at my zeal and ardour for promoting order in the world, that the foundations of the laws of the Faith may be made firm. It is as if I heard the voices [of the spirits of the virtuous dead] uttering praise, and saw the gladness and radiance of their countenances. When we are united we shall speak of what we have done and be glad.And, finally, in Zoroastrian Stuff III, Zenobia covered the astonishing 'autobiography' written on a rock relief by the Chief Magus-Priest, Kirdir, who boasted of having established orthodoxy and persecuted heretics: From the beginning I, Kirdir, have laboured hard for the sake of the gods, rulers, and my own soul.
Cultural Interaction in Oxford
Scholars are invited to submit papers for the Aram Society's 2010 conference.
All queries should be addressed to the conference secretary Dr Shafiq Abouzayd
at the Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies,
The Oriental Institute, Oxford University, Pusey Lane, Oxford OX1 2LE, England.
Tel. ++1865-514041. Fax ++1865-516824. Email: _EMAIL_
Dr Abouzayd has kindly confirmed to me that non-specialists interested in the subject will be welcome to attend. I hope to be there.
* Circa 700 BC, the ambassadors of the Assyrian King Sennacherib and the son of the Judaean King Hezekiah negotiated in Aramaic before the walls of Jerusalem when they didn't want to be understood by the population: "Speak, I pray thee, to thy servants in the [Aramaic] Syrian tongue; for we understand it: and talk not with us in the Jews' language in the ears of the people that are on the wall." (2 Kings 18:26). A few hundred years later, it was the language of the people.
** I trust that Aram includes the female sex under the rubric of 'the Syro-Mesopotamian man'.
My note on Aramaic is based on K. Beyer, The Aramaic Language: its distribution and sub-divisions, Göttingen, 1986.
Above: Farashband Fire Tower (Firuzabad, Iran)
Below: Kirdir pictured behind the investiture scene showing Ardashir I, founder of the dynasty, receiving 'Divine Grace' from Hormizd, the highest god. Kirdir salutes both king and god with his right fist and pointed index finger, a sign of respect and obedience. In front of him is a long text, which tells us who he is and something of what he did.