text:
Published: August 12, 2008
Thomas Nelson Community College is launching a major campaign to raise awareness about the importance of recycling on our campuses. Called Think Green… Recycle, the campaign strives to reduce the amount of waste the College produces by increasing the amount of material TNCC recycles. The goal is to help conserve the environment.
The effort seeks participation from students, faculty, staff and administrators alike with everyone using the large blue bins that have been placed throughout campus for recyclable items? newspapers, magazines, steel/tin and aluminum cans, unwanted mail, phone books, books, cardboard, plastic and glass bottles. Desk side recycle containers are also available for office areas upon requests to the College's Night Operations Manager Jerry Golden.
Also as part of Think Green… Recycle, electronic waste such as batteries, printer cartridges, and other hazardous materials will be collected for recycle but not in the blue bins or regular trash cans. TNCC's Buildings and Grounds Supervisor John Mason can answer questions about the proper disposal of College generated hazardous materials.
"Recycling is something everyone can help with to ensure that the College becomes more environmentally friendly," says Mason. "There are three magic words that the College community should live by whether it is at work, at school or at home to help the environment: reduce, reuse and recycle."
In addition to helping the environment, recycling can also result in significant monetary savings for the College, adds Mason. "It costs less to dispose of recyclable materials because a business can make a profit by separating and selling the waste. Regular waste just sits in a landfill." Recyclable containers are picked up at a much lower cost than regular waste containers.
Mason says the goal for next year is to increase the amount of material TNCC recycles by 25 percent. An informal Green Team Recycling committee comprised of TNCC employees who are concerned about the environment meets throughout the semester to brainstorm and implement new recycling initiatives. Anyone interested in joining the committee may contact Human Resources Director Lisa Johnson at _PHONE_.
The committee is working in conjunction with other departments on special activities to support the College's green initiatives. Among the events planned for this upcoming academic year are:
1. Green Day – Wear Your Green to Work
All College Day – Aug. 18
2. Green Beverages for All College Day
Meals provided during the event will feature an array of green drinks such as Gatorade and Green Tea.
3. 40th Anniversary Tree – August 11, 2008, 11:00 a.m.
President Charles A. Taylor will participate in the tree planting ceremony. tree will be planted behind Moore Hall in honor of the environment to serve as a reminder of the importance of conserving energy, water, recycling and other measures to take better care of our planet.
4. Commemorating 40th Anniversary by planting 40 Plants & Trees – August 14, 9:00 a.m. Templin Hall
Forty perennials will also be planted outside of Templin and Hastings Halls.
5 Pledge your support to the Think Green Campaign and receive an "I Recycle" memento to place on your desk.
6 The E-Flagstaff will carry a "green tip of the week" promoting environmentally friendly practices.
7 Marketing materials that promote the Think Green Campaign will also be generated.
|Category: General News||Tags: awareness, campaign, environment, recycle, think green|


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version (9.66 KB) by Antonio Trujillo-Ortiz
Bootstrap Interval Prediction of a Single Value for a Geometric Mean Regression (RMA).
Updated 16 Apr 2014
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Here, we use the Non-parametric Bootstrap. Non-parametric bootstrap is simpler. It does not use the structure of the model to construct artificial data. The vector [yi, xi] is instead directly resampled with replacement. The parameters are constructed from the pairs.
BOOTGMREGRESSPI is a bootstrap Model II procedure to obtaining the interval prediction of a single value for a Geometric Mean Regression (Bootstrap Reduced Major Axis Regression, RMA). It takes s bootstrap samples and standardize variables before the slope is computed. Each of the two variables is transformed to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. The resulting slope is the geometric mean of the linear regression coefficient of Y on X. Ricker (1973) coined this term and gives an extensive review of Model II regression. Given a comment of the Jolicoeur and Mosimann (1968) and later continued by McArdle (1988). It is also known as Standard(ized) Major Axis.In short, the OLS slope is divided by the correlation coefficient.
Confidence intervals is a better way of describing variability when when dealing with non-normal distributions. A 95 confidence interval contains the middle 95 of the numbers in a list.
The herein Matlab bootstrap procedure is by first time developed using the statistical fundamentals given by Efron and Tibshirani (1993). Taking advantage of the bootstrp (Matlab Statistics Toolbox) and gmregresspi ( m-functions. Plotnick (1989) gives a broad review of this procedure and it is applied to the simple allometry equation transformed into a linear regression by log-transformation of the data.
Friedman et al. (2013) states that, when there is no scientific reason to define one variable as dependent on the other in the usual regression sense, a method such as RMA may be more appropriate. RMA fits the line to data which minimizes the sum of the areas of the right triangles which have legs parallel to the x-axis, y-axis, and hypotenuse on the fitted line. Thus given n data points (xi,yi) and the model yi = a + bxi + ei, RMA minimizes,
i=1_Sum_n(abs((yi - (a + bxi))*(xi - ((yi - a)/b))))
Complementarily, we broadly recommend you to review the 2009 Smith's paper 'Use and Misuse of the Reduced Major Axis for Line-Fitting'.
[B,X0,BPINT] = BOOTGMREGRESSPI(S,X,Y,X0,ALPHA) returns the vector B of regression coefficients in the linear Model II, XO given predictor value, YO predicted response value and the PINT interval prediction.
BOOTGMREGRESSPI treats NaNs in X or Y as missing values, and removes them.
If nargout is empty, it just gives the interval prediction.
Syntax: function [b,xo,pint] = bootgmregresspi(s,x,y,xo,alpha)
s - boot times or number of Bootstrap simulations (resamplings)
x - independent variable vector data
y - dependent variable vector data
xo - given predictor value
alpha - significance level (default = 0.05)
b - regression statistics in the linear Model II
xo - given predictor value
bpint - interval prediction
Cite As
Antonio Trujillo-Ortiz (2021). bootgmregresspi (, MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved.
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Video Subtitling and WebVTT
by.
We currently have no means to provide information about what's happening or being said in the video, which means the video isn't very accessible and the user can't easily navigate to a particular section of the video. Thankfully, there's a new format specification in the works called WebVTT (Web Video Text Tracks). As of now, it's only in the WHATWG spec, but the recently established W3C Web Media Text Tracks Community Group should introduce a WebVTT spec to the W3C soon.
You may recall a similar format called WebSRT (Web Subtitle Resource Tracks) that was recently under discussion. WebSRT was renamed to, and has been replaced by, WebVTT.
A WebVTT (.vtt) file is simply plain text containing several types of information about the video:
The transcription or translation of the dialogue.
Similar to subtitles, but may also include sound effects and other audio information.
Intended to be a separate text file that describes the video through a screenreader.
Intended to help the user navigate through the video.
Information and content about the video, which isn't intended to be displayed to the viewer by default, though you may wish to do so using JavaScript.
This article will mostly be talking about subtitles and captions, but it will briefly touch on chapters too.
Beyond the scope of this article but worth mentioning is the text track API, which, amongst other things, denotes how many text tracks there are and which ones have loaded and are ready for use. If you have used this API, let us know.
How to Make and Link to a WebVTT file
All you need to make a WebVTT file is a simple text editor. Type WEBVTT as the first line of the file and save it as a.vtt file. In the future, we expect existing captioning tools such as Universal Subtitles to export to WebVTT format.
The simplest possible valid WebVTT file
That's all you need to get started. Next, we have to link to the file in the HTML document. We do this via the element, which is a child of the video element. The element has several optional attributes:
 - the source WebVTT file (src),
 - the language of the track (srclang),
 - a user-readable label, and
 - what kind of track it is. The values of the kind attribute come from the list above (i.e., subtitles, captions, etc.).
In the following example, we're using a element for subtitles:

A few notes about the attributes:
 - If no kind is specified, the default is subtitles.
 - If the kind is subtitles, then srclang is required.
 - There should not be two tracks of the same kind with the same label.
In the above example, we use a element with two different elements (for cross-browser loveliness). After the sources comes the element. You can have several elements as you might have subtitles, captions, and descriptions all in different languages.
 doesn't presuppose a particular file format. the TTML format, but this format will not be implemented by other browser vendors.
WebVTT Contents
We now know how to make a WebVTT file and how to reference it in an HTML document, but what goes inside it? Within the file, we list what are known as "cues". The WebVTT file might only have one cue, but it can contain as many as you want. Each cue starts with an ID, followed by the time settings, followed by the text. Each cue is separated by a blank line. Here's an example of captions:
This is the first line of text, displaying from 1-10 seconds
00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:20.000
And the second line of text
separated over two lines
WebVTT example content
The above example has two cues. Times must be written in hh:mm:ss.mmm format, so the timings in this example occur in the first twenty seconds. The second cue will split the text over two lines automatically.
If you have a segment of text that needs to appear in a karaoke/paint-on caption style, then you can place timers inline with text:
Never gonna give you up <00:00:01.000> Never gonna let you down <00:00:05.000> Never gonna run around and desert you
Karaoke-style captioning
Styling Options
The previous examples specify the minimum configuration you need for subtitling and captioning, but you can style your captions too. Let's start with the cue settings, which are done on the same line as the time settings:
D:vertical / D:vertical-lr
L:X / L:X%
A:start / A:middle / A:end
To make use of these settings, put them alongside the time settings, like this:
which would result in something like the following:
Examples of subtitle display
Examples of subtitle display and alignment
Along with the above cue settings, you can use inline styles for text:
Bold text
Lorem ipsum
Italic text
dolor sit amet
Underlined text
consectetuer adipiscing
Ruby text
Finally, you can add a declaration representing the name of the voice: Hello world. This declaration accomplishes three things:
 1. The caption will display the voice (Tom) in addition to the caption text.
 2. The name of the voice can be read by a screenreader, possibly event using a different voice for male or female names.
 3. It offers a hook for styling so that, for example, all captions for Tom could be in blue.
You can provide a chapter list for the video the same way you would provide subtitles or captions. Start with the same WEBVTT declaration, and then for each cue, declare the chapter number, the start and stop times, and the chapter title:
HTML element for providing chapters to a video
Chapter 1
00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:10.000>
Introduction to HTML5
WebVTT file containing video chapter markers
Browser Support
One slight glitch with WebVTT: not a single browser currently supports it. All major browsers have started working on implementations, so we should see some results soon. Thankfully, in the meantime, there are several JavaScript polyfills available:
We've put together a quick demo which uses the Playr polyfill. We started using MediaElementJS, but it doesn't sport as many features as Playr, such as separate lines of text and CSS classes. In the demo, the subtitles start at 2 seconds and 15 seconds and use bold, underline, and custom styles. Here's the associated WebVTT file.
This article covers the basics of creating a WebVTT file suitable for subtitles or captions for a video. We know how to add cues and chapters and how to add styles and change how the text appears on the video. Although no browser yet supports it, there's a lot more to come for accessible video, so stay tuned to the W3C Web Media Text Tracks Community Group.
What are your thoughts on WebVTT? Are any of you using it now? How can it be improved?
Finally, let's thank _USER_ for taking the time to answer some questions about WebVTT and for her tremendous work in this field.
21 Responses on the article "Video Subtitling and WebVTT"
 - Marcia says:
 Shouldn't the A:end subtitle text in the middle image be right-aligned? And what does "line number" refer to, pixels from top?
 - Thanks Marcia, that image is actually incorrect. Whoops :(
 I'll get a new one uploaded…
 - New image uploaded.
 Line number, if not a percentage (from the top of the video) then it is based on the size of the first line of the cue.
 - Ronny says:
 Hi Tom,
 to make your picture examples little bit more correct you should add the cue text lines to the cue time line + settings examples since the second picture shows a cue of two text lines while the other pictures only shows a cue of one text line.
 - I had been looking for out of the box.SRT (format defined on youtube to upload caption and provide accessible content to the user on flash videos, more info at functionality earlier, got to see finally implemented in HTML5 Video.
 That's cool and looks like promising to see the same step taken.
 One more reason to go for HTML5 video :)
 - Patrick Hall says:
 I find myself wondering: why do we need a whole separate language for marking up these kinds of annotation? Couldn't it be done with a tag or a microformat (something like a line like this) or something to that effect?
 I'm not trying to be contrary or complain, WebVTT looks very useful and I'm sure there are good reasons for doing it this way… I'm just wondering what those are.
 - foobar says:
 IE10 PP4 supports with both WebVTT and TTML.
 - cees says:
 i was trying to get


text:
2014-10-15Zeitschriftenartikel DOI: 10.18452/7566
In the Name of Brâncuşi: Complexes, Projections, and Historical Symptoms
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
This essay focuses on a specific case study: the relationship between the Romanian artist Constantin Brâncuşi and the Venice Biennale. In a broader sense, the paper analyzes how notions such as nationalism are configured through an artistic personality who had (and still has) a tense affiliation to Romanian culture, Brâncuşi's place of origin. Being rather a report on a phenomenon that is still active in the contemporary local mentality, this analysis focuses on different types of situations that the art historian encounters when looking at Brâncuşi's presence in the context of the national representation at an international art event such as the Venice Biennale, during a longer period of time, between 1924 and 2013. It explores the official art history, as well as an alternative one which is characterized by the notion of potential.
Dateien zu dieser Publikation

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


What is Organic Towel?
What is Organic Towel?
Undoubtedly, one of the most common words we come across recently; organic. With the consumer turning to the natural, a wide range of organic products from food to textiles started to increase. We can even say that the word organic has turned into a separate category for many brands. So what does organic mean in real terms and what positive contributions does choosing an organic towel have for you?
In its simplest terms, it means "naturally made" organic. In fact, although we come across the phrase organic in many places, we are not sure whether all of them really deserve this label. In order for a product to be organic, it is not enough to use natural raw materials during the production phase of the product, at the same time, it should not be exposed to external factors such as chemicals during the entire production phase, and the production should be made under the necessary sensitive conditions.
Contrary to popular belief, organic towel production is a process that is subject to very serious controls. Therefore, it is necessary to talk about organic agriculture before organic textile. Organic cotton is collected by planting in fields where synthetic pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers have not been used for at least 3 years, and chemicals such as synthetic dyes, bleaches, brighteners and heavy metals are not used at any point of the production stage. For this reason, in order for a textile product to be organic, not only the brand that produces cotton and its production, but also all manufacturers supplying products to that brand must be working in accordance with the standards. Brands that make such production are regularly checked and certified. To summarize briefly, it is essential for organic textiles that the whole process starting with the collection of cotton from the field and until it reaches the consumer is natural.
The company that sells with the organic product label must make a contract with one of the certification bodies. This certificate, owned by the brand, is a guarantee that all processes until the raw material turns into a product do not contain substances harmful to the environment and living life and that they are inspected. Therefore, you can tell whether a product is really organic or not from the certificate logos or numbers on the product.
With the development of environmental awareness, the value of organic products has become more known in recent years. So what are the advantages of choosing an organic towel?
As we have explained above, an organic product has been produced without harming the environment. By choosing this product that is produced in harmony with nature, you will protect the water resources contaminated by pesticides and the soil against erosion. Choosing a product that does not disturb the ecological balance is also of great importance for your health.
It is known that chemical products used in agricultural practices and production processes cause diseases such as cancer and lung diseases, which are frequently encountered in recent years. Nature-friendly products do not pose any danger to your health as they do not contain any chemicals. Organic cotton is more pure and natural. It allows your skin to breathe more easily. The natural nature of products such as towels and bathrobes that directly contact your skin eliminates risks such as allergic reactions. Since there are no chemical residues in these products, which adjust the heat balance of the body, you will not have skin problems.
Since no chemicals are used in the growing, processing and production process of cotton, we can say that the towel you have purchased is of higher quality and longer life than standard cotton products. Organic towels and bathrobes that offer an extra softness will leave a more pleasant impression on your skin and make you feel more comfortable.
If you want to explore this experience by using organic towels or bathrobes, you can take a look at the products of the Hotexhome brand, which has the Global Organic Textile Standards (GOTS) certificate.
Timely Shipments, Appropriate Quality & Competitive Price!


text:
Until further notice, Waterfall Arts requires that all guests and artists registering for our classes and workshops are fully vaccinated for COVID-19. A digital or physical copy of your vaccine card can be presented at the door at the time of the class or emailed directly to our programming director. Masks must be worn throughout our building and during all programs.
** For youth programs, we ask for proof of vaccination of the household adults. If your child is vaccinated, you may submit the child's COVID-19 vaccination information, instead.**


EU energy rules could cost NHS more than £70m a year
Plans for a European Union directive designed to encourage countries to reduce energy consumption are 'too rigid and top-heavy' and could cost the NHS millions of pounds.
That is the view of the NHS Confederation's European Office, ahead of a vote in the European Parliament's Industry, Research and Energy Committee on the proposed Energy Efficiency Directive tomorrow (December 20).
The NHS Confederation fears the directive, which aims to reduce Europe's primary energy consumption by 20% cent by 2020, because it contains a requirement on public bodies to renovate 3% of its floor space of their total building stock to high energy efficiency levels each year.
Total NHS floor space is about 28m square metres, and according to the Confederation, applying the annual 3% refurbishment target of 840,000 square metres, at an average cost of £100 per square metre would result in the cost of implementing the measures at more than £70mi a year for buildings alone.
While the confederation says the NHS 'leads the way' in many areas of the green agenda, its European Office claims the directive, as proposed, will have a major impact on the health service at a time when it is striving to achieve £20billion in savings over the next four years.
The NHS Confederation's European Office estimates that this measure could leave the NHS liable for annual costs of more than £70 million in meeting this part of the directive alone. It says that given the NHS' vast, and often Victorian-era estate, the proposal would be especially damaging for acute services, with significant costs incurred to meet high-energy efficient specifications.
NHS Confederation's European Office director, Elisabetta Zanon, said: "The NHS is fully committed to improving its energy efficiency and has made great progress in recent years to become more sustainable and eco-friendly.
"As the NHS owns a vast and complex estate, we appreciate the need to modernise our buildings, and consume energy more efficiently.
"But these EU proposals are too rigid and top-heavy, they will create a real headache for organisations that are already trying to find sizeable savings.
"We really don't want to find ourselves in a scenario where we have to divert money away from patient care to pay for costly building renovations."
The full European Parliament is expected to vote on the directive in April 2012.
Luke Walsh


text:
The online learning hub for professionals and students.
Master Model and Simulation - Based Systems Engineering tools for future power electronic and power systems engineers.
Enroll and learn in-demand skills through various online courses. Earn industry relevant certificates.
Watch focused step-by-step hands-on tutorials hosted by power industry experts and learn how to design, test and validate future power systems.
Digital control of grid-tied converters
In this course, you shall learn how to design and validate the different controllers required for the proper operation of grid-tied converters using real-time simulation in Typhoon HIL.


By Hana Namrouqa
AMMAN – Conservationists on Sunday called on the public to report to the authorities any individuals emptying materials into the Gulf of Aqaba, following the discovery of dead fish in the Red Sea.
On September 5, Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan (JREDS) teams recorded several dead fish floating in the Gulf of Aqaba, JREDS Executive Director Fadi Sharaiha said yesterday, noting that samples were sent to labs to identify the cause of death.
"Lab tests indicated that the fish were poisoned by a chemical substance," Sharaiha told The Jordan Times over the phone yesterday.
He noted that the society informed the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) for further investigation as a precautionary measure, noting that the incident was the second registered case since the beginning of the year.
Sharaiha speculated that the poisoning was either due to a person illegally dumping chemical substances into the sea or a fisherman's botched attempt to sedate the fish.
"We urge people to contact authorities about any individual dumping substances into the seaة preserving marine life is a joint responsibility," Sharaiha highlighted.
Meanwhile, ASEZA Environment Commissioner Salim Moghrabi confirmed the incident, but stressed that the number of dead fish was "very limited" and refuted speculation that fishermen sedated the fish.
"Fishermen in the Gulf of Aqaba are law-abiding and they use legal and traditional ways to catch fish. ASEZA carries out strict and systematic monitoring of the beaches as well as meat and fish sold at markets," Moghrabi told The Jordan Times over the phone yesterday.
He noted that authorities have not received any health-related complaints regarding fish unfit for human consumption.
The environment commissioner said he suspected that the death of the "limited number of fish" was caused by people who illegally use chemical substances to sedate tropical fish living in the coral reefs to catch and sell them as pets on the black market.
Reputed for having one of the world's most unique coral reef systems, Aqaba's Red Sea waters are a prime attraction for both tourists and divers.
Some of the underwater treasures include around 127 species of hard coral and 300 kinds of soft coral, and thousands of plants and animals that have coexisted in the gulf for hundreds of years.


text:
A certain string-processing language offers a primitive operation which splits a string into two pieces. Since this operation involves copying the original string, it takes n units of time for a string of length n, regardless of the location of the cut. Suppose, now, that you want to break a string into many pieces. The order in which the breaks are made can affect the total running time. For example, if you want to cut a 20-character string at positions 3 and 10, then making the first cut at position 3 incurs a total cost of 20 + 17 = 37, while doing position 10 first has a better cost of 20 + 10 = 30.
Give a dynamic programming algorithm that, given the locations of m cuts in a string of length n, finds the minimum cost of breaking the string into m + 1 pieces.


istat (1) - Linux Man Pages
istat: Display details of a meta-data structure (i.e. inode)
istat - Display details of a meta-data structure (i.e. inode)
istat [-B num ] [-f fstype ] [-i imgtype] [-o imgoffset] [-b dev_sector_size] [-vV] [-z zone ] [-s seconds ] image [images] inode
istat displays the uid, gid, mode, size, link number, modified, accessed, changed times, and all the disk units a structure has allocated.
The options are as follows:
-B num
Display the addresses of num disk units. Useful when the inode is unallocated with size 0, but still has block pointers.
-f fstype
-s seconds
-i imgtype
-o imgoffset
The sector offset where the file system starts in the image.
-b dev_sector_size
Verbose output of debugging statements to stderr
Display version
-z zone
An ASCII string of the original system's time zone. For example, EST5EDT or GMT. These strings are defined by the operating system and may vary. NOTE: This has changed since TCTUTILs.
image [images]
Meta-data number to display stats on
Brian Carrier


text:
Last name: Ackerman
This long-established surname is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and is a status name for a bond tenant who was employed as a ploughman for a manor. The derivation is from the Olde English pre 7th Century "aecermann", a compound of "aecer", field, ploughed land, cognate with the Old Norse "akr", and "mann", man. On many medieval manors there were separate tenements held by "acremen" in return for ploughing service, and a quotation from "Lay le Freine" reads, "The foules up, and song on bough, And acremen yeld to the plough". Early examples of the surname include: Robert le Akerman (Essex, 1233); Roger le Acreman (Oxfordshire, 1273); and Hugh Akerman (Cambridgeshire, 1273). The "Historical English Dictionary", dated 1389, tells us that "both prestis and knightis mosten bicome acremen and heerdis". In the modern idiom the surname has four spelling variations: Ackerman(n), Akerman and Acreman. On August 15th 1568, Anna Ackerman and John Habet were married at St. Dionis Backchurch, London. A notable namebearer mentioned in the "National Biography" was Rudolph Ackermann who, in 1801, patented a method for making articles waterproof, and established art lithography in England (1817). A Coat of Arms granted to the Ackerman family in 1761 is described thus: Quarterly per fesse indented first and fourth gules, in chief a maunch argent, in base an acorn sprig or, second and 3rd or, three dragons' heads couped of the first. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Acreman, which was dated 1100, in the "Chartulary of Ramsey Abbey", Huntingdonshire, during the reign of King Henry 1, known as "The Lion of Justice", 1100 - 1135. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research _URL_ 1980 - 2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|A Number Pyramid is composed of the 10 different numbers 0-9 with
a top row of 1 number resting on a second row of 2 sitting on a third row
of 3 supported by a bottom row of 4. For example, a Number Pyramid
3 4 5
6 7 8 9
Given the clues below, can you determine the composition of Number
- The number at the top of Number Pyramid 6 minus the leftmost
number in row 2 equals 6.
- Both the four leftmost numbers in each row and the three numbers in row
3 sum to 17.
- In the bottom row of the pyramid, the second number from the left minus
the leftmost number equals 5.
- The rightmost number in row 3 minus the rightmost number in row 4
- The four numbers in the bottom row sum to 19.


text:
INCREASING RAIN IN THE DESERT:
three continents come new ways of solving an old problem
Scientists believe it may be possible
to increase rainfall in arid areas. (Photo by Digital Vision/Getty
Because of a population boom in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), government
leaders are facing a fundamental challenge: keeping up with demand
for water. The mostly desert country, which has grown from about 50,000
residents in 1975 to more than 3 million today, relies on desalination
plants and underground aquifers. But desalination is very costly, and
the aquifers are quickly becoming depleted.
In the past few years, the UAE has begun to explore an innovative solution.
What if modern technology could produce more rain?
Scientists at NCAR, the UAE Department of Water Resource Studies, University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, and elsewhere are analyzing
the potential for cloud seeding. They hope to find storm clouds that
can be induced to release rain over regions where the water would most
benefit society by falling on crops or replenishing aquifers.
"This is a multidisciplinary analysis that considers hydrology,
cloud science, atmospheric chemistry, and other disciplines," explains
NCAR scientist Roelof Bruintjes, who oversees the project. "Increasing
the rainfall is just one aspect. We also have to consider what the
impact would be. It might not help to seed clouds over a desert. If
90% of the rainfall evaporates, it may not be worth it."
Making droplets bigger
NCAR is building on weather modification projects it has led or participated
in over the last few years in Mexico and South Africa. The center has
refined a technique to increase the size of particles in clouds and
promote the coalescence of water droplets. Called hygroscopic
this technique uses flares mounted on aircraft to seed clouds with
small salt particles. Water droplets can bond to the particles and
grow large enough to fall out of the cloud
Initially, researchers used airplanes and a network of radars to examine
clouds that form along the UAE's coast during the winter. But
only about 10 frontal systems form during a typical winter, and fewer
than half contain the convective motions needed to produce rain.
Researchers next turned to the Oman Mountains, which form the boundary
between Oman and the UAE. Although the mountains had received little
attention from climate scientists in the past, the team discovered
that clouds there typically form and release rain during about 40 days
in the months of June, July, and August.
NCAR's Roelof Bruintjes (left) with
Al Mangoosh, director of UAE's Department
of Water Resources Studies. (Photo by Brant Foote, NCAR.)
The research team has launched a randomized experiment to seed clouds
over the mountains, measure the resulting rainfall, and trace the
movement of the water once it reaches the ground.
If cloud seeding produces significantly more rain in the area, the
UAE can compare the costs and benefits with desalination and decide
whether to launch a multiyear cloud seeding program.
In the near future, NCAR is likely to expand its research on weather
modification to other regions as well. Oman is considering working
with the center to build on the UAE program, and officials as far
away as Thailand may explore the technology.
The African nation of Burkina Faso, where many rely on subsistence
farming, may also benefit from weather modification. With technical
assistance from NCAR, Burkina Faso has implemented a pair of state-of-the-art
software systems to support cloud seeding efforts. The software is
used to display and analyze radar data about cloud systems and precipitation,
thereby guiding cloud seeding operations and helping scientists evaluate
Bruintjes cautions that weather modification is still a developing
field. In Mexico and South Africa, hygroscopic seeding trials produced
more rain 30 to 60 minutes after seeding. But researchers need to
conduct more experiments to evaluate the extent to which overall
precipitation was increased.
Even if hygroscopic seeding proves effective in the UAE, that does
not assure its success somewhere else. Only certain types of clouds
produce rain. And air pollution may complicate the situation by changing
the dynamics of clouds and precipitation.
Bruintjes stresses that nations interested in weather modification
need to conduct thorough research before launching a full-scale program.
"If cloud seeding works in one area, it may not work in another," Bruintjes
says. "We shouldn't just go out there and seed clouds
blindly and hope for the best."
More information about the UAE
rainfall enhancement project
Accurate weather forecasts are much needed in Africa,
especially where tropical cyclones and floods pose an ongoing
threat. But the continent has relatively few observing
stations for monitoring the skies, and forecasters are
limited by lack of access to data and models appropriate
for the weather conditions in their regions.
Emmanuel Kploguede of the African School of Meteorology
and Civil Aviation. (Photo ©Daily
To improve the situation, UCAR is working with collaborators
in Europe and Africa on an initiative known as the African
Satellite Meteorology and Training Project (ASMET). The
goal is to train African meteorologists to interpret data
from European satellites that gather atmospheric information
UCAR's Marianne Weingroff and the rest of the ASMET
team, including instructors at regional meteorological training
centers in Kenya, Niger, and South Africa, produce educational
modules on topics such as forecasting tropical cyclones and
integrating satellite imagery with model data. The modules
are used at the training centers to teach hundreds of African
meteorologists each year. They are also disseminated to forecast
offices to permit self-paced training. EUMETSAT, the European
Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites,
funds the project and distributes the modules on compact
discs and the Web.
Better forecasts, including daily and seasonal rainfall predictions,
are critical to Africa, where millions of lives depend on
the current year's crops from farms of all sizes. "ASMET
modules are making a real contribution to the improvement
of forecasts in Africa," says Emmanuel Kploguede, a
member of the ASMET team and instructor at the African School
of Meteorology and Civil Aviation in Niamey, Niger. "This
is particularly important because most African countries
are in the tropics where the weather can change quickly—either
helping farmers by distributing rain widely or hurting society
with strong storms that can flood croplands, livestock areas,
More Middle Eastern and African Collaborations:
Restoring Lake Victoria
of Africa's Climate
Overview | Asia | Middle
East/Africa | Oceania/Antarctica | Europe | The
Americas | Global Research | Worldwide
| NCAR | UCAR | UOP|


text:
Bubble Wrap City Artwork
If you and your family shop online, there's a good chance you have some bubble wrap around the house. It always feels a shame to throw it out! Instead, use leftover packing materials to make a great city skyline! Making this skyline is a great way to recycle some bubble wrap, learn the very basics of printmaking, and consider some urban architecture.
small paint roller (usually available in 2 packs at dollar stores or similar)
tempera or acrylic paint
big sheets of paper for printing
1. protect your work surface and kid's clothes – this one's messy!
2. cut shapes from bubble wrap. We tried different squares, rectangles, and triangles.
3. squirt some paint into bowls or plates. Making an urban landscape seemed to call for black, grey and blue, but you could try some other colors!
4. have kids coat roller in paint, then roll paint onto the "bubbly" side of the bubble wrap, one piece at a time.
5. when pieces are quite covered in paint, have your artist flip them over and press onto the paper (like a stamp) with their hands.
6. try different colors on different pieces. You can use the same roller, and let the colors mix. Watch as your "city" emerges!
Scissor-ready kids can try cutting their own shapes (keep in mind, bigger shapes are easier to work with).
If you have some on hand, try different sizes and patterns of bubble wraps for different effects.
Note how different combinations of shapes can make different buildings!


text:
New York, April 14th, 2022 – BloombergNEF (BNEF) today announced the twelve winners of its 2022 BNEF Pioneers – early-stage companies that are pursuing significant low-carbon opportunities. The winners' innovations fill important gaps that address the challenges of generating 24/7 clean power, achieving net-negative carbon-capture, and decarbonizing aviation. Additionally, BNEF selected three wildcard winners.
Since the inception of the BNEF Pioneers program over a decade ago, cheap, clean technologies such as renewable energy and electric vehicles have seen continuous growth and uptake. Although these technologies have the potential to decarbonize large parts of the world economy, there are still many hurdles to fully achieving net-zero emissions. With this decade being pivotal in reaching long-term decarbonization goals, the Pioneers awards recognize transformative technology solutions that fill some remaining net-zero innovation gaps. This year BNEF called for nominations from companies, non-profits and projects that specifically addressed three climate-tech innovation areas:
- Providing round-the-clock zero-emissions power
- Scaling long-term carbon removal technologies
- Decarbonizing aviation
The competition received over 270 applications from 27 different countries. A team of lead analysts at BloombergNEF evaluated candidates against three criteria: the potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions and the planet, the degree of technology innovation and novelty, and the likelihood of adoption and potential scalability.
The 2022 BNEF Pioneers by challenge:
Challenge 1: Providing round-the-clock zero-emissions power
- Energy Dome (Italy) has invented a CO2 battery to make long-duration energy storage an economically viable proposition.
- Kairos Power (U.S.) has developed a novel advanced nuclear reactor technology to complement renewable energy sources.
- Nuvve (U.S.) offers a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology to manage power among EV batteries and the grid.
- Reactive Technologies (U.K.) helps grid operators, electric utilities, and regulators to measure grid inertia more accurately.
Challenge 2: Scaling long-term carbon removal technologies
- Carbfix (Iceland) captures CO2 and turns it into stone underground in less than two years.
- Climate Robotics (U.S.) develops agricultural implements to produce biochar – a soil amendment that improves soil health while sequestering carbon.
- Verdox's (U.S.) technology removes CO2 from industrial emissions and the air with 70% energy savings versus conventional approaches.
Challenge 3: Decarbonizing aviation
- Twelve (U.S.) transforms captured CO2 into critical chemicals, which can be made into materials and fuels, using a patented CO2 PEM electrolyzer.
- ZeroAvia (U.S.) designs and develops zero-emission, hydrogen-electric aviation powertrains, targeting a 500-mile range for a 10–20 seat aircraft.
- Addionics's (Israel) 3D electrodes increase energy density and power, enhance safety, extend lifetime, and lower cost for lithium-ion batteries with any chemistry.
- Blue Frontier (U.S.) combines efficient building air conditioning products with integral, low-cost energy storage.
- Carbon Clean's (U.K.) technology reduces the costs of carbon capture when compared to existing solutions.
Claire Curry, selection committee co-chair and global head of technology, industry & innovation research at BloombergNEF, commented: "This year we selected three specific areas – 24/7 power, negative carbon removal and decarbonizing aviation – where BNEF believes new technologies must play an important role in decarbonization. We are cognizant of how essential new technologies are for tackling climate change, and how hard it is to scale innovation. Since 2010, this award has been a positive influence on climate-tech innovation, and we believe it is now more urgent than ever to highlight the technology gaps to reaching net-zero and the entrepreneurs addressing them."
While solar, wind and batteries will be able to provide 75% of power demand in the future, other technologies will be essential to reach net-zero. BNEF Pioneers solve these issues in a number of ways, with Reactive Technologies measuring grid inertia to allow more renewables integration, Kairos Power increasing the safety of nuclear power, Nuvve increasing vehicle-to-grid adoption, and Energy Dome allowing for long-term energy storage via CO2 liquefaction.
Carbon removal from the atmosphere and its effective sequestration for long periods of time will increase in importance to meet decarbonization goals. Verdox's new electrochemical direct-air-capture technology allows for energy-efficient carbon removal at any location, Carbfix can sequester captured CO2 in sub-surface stone, and Climate Robotics allows biomass-trapped carbon to be sequestered back into soil as biochar.
Commercial aviation is one of the hardest sectors to abate, as certifications for new aircraft technologies require lengthy processes and take a long time to integrate once certified, given 30+ year lifespans of aircraft. Sustainable aviation fuels are one solution, which Twelve's CO2 electrolyzer and technology can play a key role in producing. Another route is zero-emission fuels aircraft, such as those propelled by hydrogen drivetrains, which ZeroAvia is in the process of constructing.
Alongside these three challenge areas BNEF selected three wildcard winners – innovations that did not fit specifically in the selected challenge areas but each address unique decarbonization issues. Addionics integrates 3D electrodes into batteries, Carbon Clean increases efficiency and decreases the cost of point-source carbon-capture, and Blue Frontier uses load shifting AC units to reduce building emissions.
Quotes from the 2022 BNEF Pioneers:
"Better performing, safer and cheaper batteries are integral to increasing EV adoption and realizing a net zero future. We are deeply honored to receive this recognition for our efforts to build the best battery architecture in the world and unlock the full potential of next-generation chemistries. With the support of our OEM and supplier partners, we look forward to accelerating our product development and laying the groundwork for commercialization in support of global electrification."
Moshiel Biton, CEO, Addionics
"We at Blue Frontier are beyond excited about this recognition. This validates our mission to eliminate the tremendous climate impact of indoor comfort systems. We at Blue Frontier are developing next-generation air conditioners that not only have dramatically higher efficiencies than conventional units, but also intelligently shift their electricity consumption to match grid renewable energy generation, without compromising the comfort of building occupants. Widespread deployment of our units will fundamentally change the load shape of buildings, making them compatible with low-cost net-zero grids. This is an enormous mission and through this award BloombergNEF and its partners are lending us a big hand in helping us achieve it."
Daniel Betts, CEO, Blue Frontier
"We are proud, honored, and grateful to have been selected as a 2022 BNEF Pioneer winner. The award comes at an exciting time for Carbfix, as we work towards implementing our proven technology on a significantly larger scale than before. The potential for applying permanent CO2 mineral storage in basalts around the globe is enormous, and increasingly being recognized. We are very much looking forward to maximizing the impact of the Carbfix technology in coming years."
Edda Aradottir, CEO, Carbfix
"It's an honour to be selected as a 2022 BNEF Pioneer winner – this recognition highlights the critical role carbon capture technologies will play in transitioning to a net zero world. Carbon Clean is revolutionising industrial decarbonisation for essential hard-to-abate industries such as cement, steel, refineries and energy from waste. Our latest breakthrough product, CycloneCC, reduces the size of carbon capture technology by 10x and physical footprint by 5x. Inclusion in the program reinforces the impact we're making to enable capturing 1 billion tonnes of CO2."
Aniruddha Sharma, CEO, Carbon Clean
"We are honored to be selected along with so many amazing companies helping to decarbonize our planet. At Climate Robotics, we are developing solutions to durably sequester atmospheric carbon in the soil as biochar, while improving the economics of commercial row-crop agriculture. By deploying our equipment on farms around the world, we will sustainably increase global soil health while sequestering over 1 billion tonnes of CO2 each year."
Jason Aramburu, CEO, Climate Robotics
"For years, BloombergNEF has been the stand-out information platform in the global energy sector. To be selected by them as a 2022 BNEF Pioneer is not only a huge honor but also a strong validation of our product, the CO2 Battery, of which we are truly proud. We believe that our approach, relying on tried and tested components, combined with a low cost and high efficiency, paves the way for rapid adoption of the CO2 Battery in the global power sector. We believe that the CO2 Battery will help to significantly accelerate the energy transition by replacing baseload fossil fuels with fully dispatchable solar and wind energy."
Claudio Spadacini, CEO, Energy Dome
"Kairos Power is thrilled to be named a 2022 BNEF Pioneer; it's an honor to be the first advanced nuclear company recognized in the award's 13-year history. We believe nuclear power is necessary to fight climate change and we must deliver a cost-competitive and safe technology to achieve our mission of enabling the world's transition to clean energy. Kairos Power's dedicated team is working hard every day to solve difficult problems and accomplish a feat that has never been done before. We are grateful to have BNEF Pioneers award recognition as we progress on our path toward commercialization."
Mike Laufer, CEO, Kairos Power
"We're proud BloombergNEF has named Nuvve a P


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How to Create Effective Fallback Strategies
Users can browse the web using a variety of popular and sophisticated web browsers, each with unique development approaches and release strategies. As a result, it is likely that your websites will be visited by browsers that do not support the same set of standards or features. It is therefore prudent to create fallback strategies for web browsers that do not fully support standards-based techniques. (A fallback strategy is an alternate approach to be used if the preferred standards-based approach is not supported.)This article shows how to create effective strategies that allow webpages to display correctly when viewed with web browsers that do not support features defined by stable, widely supported standards.
HTML Element Fallback
You may be familiar with HTML element fallback, which allows you to specify what happens if a certain technology is not supported. The following example uses object fallback to display a traditional image when Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is not supported.

When creating webpages that incorporate HTML elements that may not be supported by browsers that view those webpages, use care to properly define fallback strategies, even if the fallback strategy is to display a message indicating the availability of a richer experience using a different web browser, as shown in the following example.

 The audio element is not supported by your browser.
This example displays a message for browsers that do not support the audio element. It is a simple fallback strategy, one that provides information that the user can then use to determine the next course of action.
JavaScript Fallback
When creating fallback strategies with JavaScript, use feature detection to test preferred approaches over more limited ones, as shown in the following code sample.
function registerEvent( sTargetID, sEventName, fnHandler )
 var oTarget = document.getElementById( sTargetID );
 if ( oTarget!= null )
 if ( oTarget.addEventListener ) {
 oTarget.addEventListener( sEventName, fnToBeRun, false );
 } else {
 var sOnEvent = "on" + sEventName;
 if ( oTarget.attachEvent )
 oTarget.attachEvent( sOnEvent, fnHandler );
This example shows a function that uses feature detection to register events for a webpage and is discussed in more detail in How to Detect Features Instead of Browsers. It uses the preferred standards-based alternative before the proprietary alternative. This approach means that the function works in modern browsers that support the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Events standard as well as older versions of Windows Internet Explorer that do not support that standard. This version of the sample adds supports for other web browsers that do not fall into either of the other categories.
When creating JavaScript fallback strategies, design for the standards-based solution first and then provide support for alternative browsers. This helps ensure that your webpages behave as intended in a wide range and reduces the negative impact for older or non-traditional browsers.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Fallback
You should also use fallback strategies when creating Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) rules, especially when using CSS properties that may not be widely adopted yet. To create effective CSS fallback strategies, define fallback rules before defining the preferred rule.
To illustrate, the CSS specification defines the opacity property for controlling the transparency of objects displayed in a webpage. Because Windows Internet Explorer 9 supports the opacity property, you can use it to control the appearance of a div element, as shown in the following code sample.
 _TAG_ {
 opacity: 0.5;
In this example, objects with an id attribute value of _TAG_ are displayed at 50% transparency. This example works in Internet Explorer 9 and other modern browsers. However, to control transparency in earlier versions of Internet Explorer, you need to use the alpha filter, as shown in the following code sample.
 _TAG_ {
In order to create a CSS fallback strategy, combine the previous examples as shown in the following code sample.
 _TAG_ {
 opacity: 0.5;
In this example, multiple rules are used to specify opacity to a given object. The least desirable approach, a behavior originally supported by Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5, ensures that opacity will be displayed when the webpage is viewed by older versions of Internet Explorer. If the webpage containing this rule is displayed in a web browser that supports the Cascading Style Sheets, Level 3 (CSS3) standard, it will use the opacity property to display the page and ignore the rule containing the alpha filter.
© 2015 Microsoft


us how hot the junction gets when (1) the regulator is dissipating a given amount of power and (2) the regulator is sitting in open air, at a given ambient temperature. Suppose that we need to design our regulator to only work under modest commercial conditions, that will not exceed 60 °C. If we need to keep the junction temperature under 125 °C, then the maximum temperature rise that we can allow is 65°C. If we have RthJA of 50 °C/W, then the maximum power dissipation that we can allow is 65/50 = 1.3 W, if we are to prevent the regulator from going into thermal shutdown. That's well below the 4 W that we would expect with a 1 A load current. In fact, we can only tolerate 1.3 W / 4 V = 325 mA of average output current without sending the regulator into thermal shutdown.
This, however, is for the case of the TO-220 radiating to ambient air– almost a worst-case situation. If we can add a heat sink or otherwise cool the regulator, we can do much better.
The opposite end of the spectrum is given by the other thermal specification: the thermal resistance junction-case, RthJC. This specifies how much temperature difference you can expect between the junction and the outside of the TO-220 package: only 5 °C/W. This is the relevant number if you can quickly remove heat from the package, for example if you have a very good heat sink hooked up to the outside of the TO-220 package. With a big heat sink and perfect coupling to that heat sink, at 4 W, the junction temperature would rise only 20 °C above the temperature of your heat sink. This represents the absolute minimum heating that you can expect under ideal conditions.
Depending on the engineering requirements, you can start from this point to build a full power budget, to account for the thermal conductivity of every element of your system, from the regulator itself, to the thermal interface pad between it and the heat sink, to the thermal coupling of the heat sink to the ambient air. You can then verify the couplings and relative temperatures of each component with a spot-reading non-contact infrared thermometer. But often, it's a better choice to re-evaluate the situation and see if there's a better way to go about this.
pin numbers - 15
For the present situation, one might consider moving to a surface mount regulator that offers better power handling capability (by using the circuit board as a heat sink) or it may be worth looking into adding a power resistor (or zener diode) before the regulator to drop most of the voltage outside the regulator package, easing the load on it. Or better yet, seeing if there's a way to build your circuit without the lossy linear regulator stage.
Inside the monster
We have covered the basics of understanding power dissipation in a few simple, dc circuits.
The principles that we have gone over are quite general, and can be used to help understand power consumption in most types of passive elements and even most types of integrated circuits. There are real limitations, however, and one could spend a lifetime learning the nuances of power consumption, particularly at lower currents or high frequencies where small losses that we have neglected become important.
In ac circuits, many things behave very differently, but the power rule still holds in most circumstances: P(t) = I(t) × V(t) for time-varying current and voltage. And, not all regulators are all that lossy: Switching power supplies can convert (for example) 9 V dc to 5 V dc with 90% or higher efficiency– meaning that with good design, it may only take about 0.6 A at 9 V to produce 5 V at 1 A. But that's a story for another time.
17 thoughts on "Basics: Power dissipation and electronic components
 1. Good article, but… (1) its hard to compare sizes of the resistor when the photos have different resolutions (2) any guidelines on how much we can trim the leads, as they are important for power dissipation?
 1. If I use a resistor of more than 1/2W, I always make sure to leave a gap between the bottom of the resistor and the PC board. As well, I am careful not to put temperature sensitive components right by it. The resistor can take the heat, but you can be sure the PC board will cook eventually, and diodes will leak (electrically) and transistor biases will drift, etc… Under the PC board, I trim the leads like any other components.
 2. Dropping from 9V (say a PP3 battery) to 5V (for a microcontroller) is a pretty common situation and so a great example. 1A is probably more than you might typically need for that application but add in a couple of 1W LEDs and you could easily get there.
 I would be very useful if you could indicate what sort of common heat-sink might typically sovle the over-power issue and allow a safe 4W heat dissipation. Obviously it would only be a guide but somewhere between bolting it to an old key and taking the heat-sink off a Pentium-4 there must be a "this ought to do it" level that can be judged from experience.
 Interested to know what you would pick if faced with this situation and a box of mixed heat-sinks.
 1. Heat sinks (sold for that purpose) have ratings. If you know the power dissipation, you can look up all the thermal resistances and calculate the temperature rise from ambient all the way back to the die. Basically, you take the various theta's and add them together. You have theta from junction to case, theta from case to heatsink, and the heatsink has a theta to ambient. All those thetas times the power will give you the temperature rise above ambient. Then you figure your max ambient and you can calculate the junction temp. The math is all tractable, and you can rearrange to solve for whichever variable is of interest.
 For improvised heatsinks, I think you would really have to have a lot of experience. But one thing that might help is to just imagine an incandescent lightbulb. A 25 watt bulb is too hot to touch. But if you ran a 25-Watt bulb at 4 Watts, it would probably just be warm. So if you need to dissipate 4 Watts, you probably need a heat sink with the area of a good old-fashioned light bulb or so. Hope that helps.
 Another way to get rid of heat is to use a large copper pad on the PCB. If interested, read app notes on National's website about heat dissipation with different types of pads for SOT223 transistors and regulators.
 Some very small SMT devices have thermal pads on the bottom that have very low thermal resistance to the die. If you design the PCB right, you can pull an enormous amount of heat out of these tiny packages.
 3. What's the device in the last photo? Or better yet, maybe you should send it to Bunnie for one of his "Name That Ware" contests.
 4. Great article! Thank you especially for the sidebar about why P = I * V.
 One typo though: "to drop some most of the voltage"
 Also, thank you for the Eggbot! It's been well worth the money in terms of entertainment/learning/inspiration. :)
 1. There are a lot of different symbols used– not just by country but by academic discipline as well. There's also (for example) J for current, E and U for electric potential, and so forth. Not everyone uses the same symbols, which is the reason that we are careful to explain what *our* symbols mean when we use them.
 Windell H. Oskay
 5. Switching regulators are the way to go. They are really not that complicated and the efficiency just makes obsolete most of the discussion about power dissipation in those LM317's and 7805/7812 linear regulators. I was powering a GPS in my car that needed 3v, and it only draws 240ma or so, this heated up an LM317 pretty hot, even with a heatsink, on 12v. I scrounged an old cell phone charger with a 34063a chip which is adjustable just like a LM317 and tuned it to 3v. This only draws about 60ma @ 12v on the input side, and makes no measurable heat, has no heatsink, in fact the ceramic package of the 34063a is about a quarter inch square, very tiny compared to the TO-220 package that the LM's come in.
 1. Linear regulators are still widely used and not likely to go away. One reason is that they can produce cleaner power. Another is that they are cheaper. In mass production, if power is not a big concern, nobody is going to fork out the extra money for an inductor and switching regulator when they could just use an LDO.
 But when power is a concern, either because of heat dissipation or because the design will be battery operated, then switchers are often the better choice.
 6. The calculations for a resistor can be simplified.
 We start with P = I × V
 But in the case of a resistor, we can also write V = I × R
 So we can deduce two new equations :
 P = I × I × R =


text:
Effects of Pollution on Fish: Molecular Effects and Population Responses
August 2003, Wiley-Blackwell
This price is valid for United States. Change location to view local pricing and availability.
This is a Print-on-Demand title. It will be printed specifically to fill your order. Please allow an additional 5-6 days delivery time. The book is not returnable.
Other Available Formats: E-book
Effects of Pollution on Fish brings together the work of many international experts each of whom have examined the literature on marine and freshwater fish and, where appropriate, invertebrates, to produce comprehensive chapters covering all major aspects of the impacts of pollution on fish and fisheries. The book describes these impacts in detail, from the molecular and sub-cellular level, through organism to population and community levels, and subsequently to socio-economic implications.
The editors of this thorough and timely book have drawn together contributions encompassing molecular genetics, biochemistry, physiology, population and community biology, and fishery economics. As such, this important book will be of great use and interest to students and professionals studying and teaching in all those subject areas. Fish biologists, environmental scientists and ecotoxicologists, marine and freshwater ecologists, fisheries managers, aquaculture personnel and fish farmers, as well as fish veterinarians will all find much of great value within this book. Libraries in universities and research establishments concerned with these areas should all have copies of this book on their shelves.


Estimating Ulka EP5 Pump Inductance
As part of my work to modulate the Ulka EP5 pump pressure in my Espresso machine, I decided to try and simulate the pump in SPICE. This would necessarily be a very simplified model, but might be useful nonetheless to understand the behaviour of snubber circuits for the pump PWM controller. To create the model, I needed an estimate of the pump inductance.
Previous attempts
I could only find one previous reference to the pump inductance online. It's not clear which Ulka pump was used, but it looks like an E5 type (EP5 or EX5) and a circuit diagram refers to 41W rating (consistent with the 120V 60Hz EP5). They took the approach of measuring the current drawn by the pump at 0.57A and, assuming a line voltage of 120V, calculated the reactance as follows:
XL = V/I = 120V / 0.57A (AC) = 211
With the formula XL = 2πfL = 2π * 60Hz = 377L, the inductance L was estimated as follows (for a 120V 60Hz pump):
L = 211 / 377L = 0.56H = 560mH
However, XL = VPEAK/IPEAK and the above voltage current values may be average or RMS values rather than peak values. For 120V AC mains the peak voltage would be VPEAK =12√2 = 170V. Similarly, when measuring AC current, some multimeters only give accurate results for a sinusoidal AC waveform, and may not be accurate for AC chopped by the series diode in the Ulka pump. This doesn't necessarily mean the result is wrong of course, just difficult to be certain.
Manufacturer data on the pump
The manufacturer data states that:
 - Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz is rated at 48W
 - Ulka EP5 120V~60Hz is rated at 41W
Estimating pump electrical properties
There's an integrated series diode in the pump, but the type is not indicated. However, based on similar Ulka pump models described in Ulka/CEMA specifications, the diode is assumed to be 1N4007 which according to manufacturer datasheets have a typical forward voltage VF = 1.0V when IF = 1.0A (noting that there are some small variations in the specifications for 1N4007 between manufacturers).
Attempting to measure the pump coil resistance directly with a resistance meter could give misleading results, due to the internal diode. To overcome this, a known DC voltage and current can be used to estimate the resistance.
With a ~12V DC power supply connected across the Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz pump, the measured voltage was 12.33V and the measured current was 70.1mA. At this relatively low current, it is likely that the diode forward voltage will be less than 1.0V. To estimate the diode VF, an individual 1N4007 diode was connected in series with a 220R resistor and ~12V power supply, giving IF = 51.9mA and VF = 0.775mV.
Assuming that VF = 775mV at IF = 70.1mA, the actual voltage across the coil will be reduced to (12.33 – 0.775) = 11.56V and therefore a first estimate of the pump coil resistance is as follows:
R = 11.56 / 70.1×10-3 = 165Ω
To calculate the inductance, the manufacturer voltage and power ratings are used to estimate the reactance as follows:
Although the Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz model is rated 48W, the internal diode means that the pump is only active for half the cycle. Considering the coil without the series diode, we therefore assume that the AC power consumption would be 96W and use this figure to calculate the AC current:
P=VI therefore I=P/V
IRMS = PRMS/VRMS = 96/240 = 0.4A
Note that the mains line voltage and current will of course vary in practice due to local mains supply quality.
The peak voltage and current are then estimated as follows:
VPEAK = VRMS√2 = 24√2 = 339V
IPEAK = IRMS√2 = 0.4√2 = 0.57A
The inductive reactance for an inductor energised by a sine wave is calculated as follows:
XL = VPEAK/IPEAK = 339 / 0.57 = 599.27
The inductance can be calculated based on the reactance and frequency as follows:
L = XL / 2πf
Where f is the mains line frequency 50Hz:
L = 599.27 / (2π × 50) = 599.27 / 314.159 = 1.91H
However, on closer inspection, I noticed that the exact pump model I tested is labelled 230V~50Hz on the side. Repeating these calculations with 230V, the following results are obtained:
IRMS = 96/230 = 0.42A
VPEAK = VRMS√2 = 23√2 = 325V
IPEAK = IRMS√2 = 0.4√2 = 0.59A
XL = VPEAK/IPEAK = 325 / 0.59 = 550.59
L = 550.59 / 314.159 = 1.75H
So this estimate puts the pump inductance for the 230V~50Hz EP5 pump at somewhere between 1.75H and 1.91H and the resistance at 165Ω.
Simulating the pump in SPICE
Running an LTSpice model with a 240V, 50Hz AC supply in circuit with a 1N4007 diode and an inductor modelled with L=1.75H, R=165Ω gives the following results:
Iavg=0.34A, Irms=0.46A, Vrms=240V, Pavg=35.67W
This doesn't look too far off, however it is obviously lower than the rated power of 48W indicated by the manufacturer. Adjusting the LTSpice model inductance to L=1.37H gives results closer to the manufacturer ratings:
Iavg=0.39A, Irms=0.54A, Vrms=240V, Pavg=47.93W
Measuring the pump inductance
More recently, another attempt was made to directly measure the inductance. This was achieved by drilling a small 1mm hole in the pump to access the coil terminal before the series diode. The measured inductance and resistance was L=854mH and R=165Ω. The series diode forward voltage was measured as 706mV.
Modelling the pump as a simple inductor is obviously a gross simplification, as the pump is a spring loaded solenoid, whose inductance will vary as the internal plunger vibrates. Also, the hydraulic pressure in circuit is not considered. Finally, with high frequency PWM switching, the parameters estimated at 50Hz / 60Hz frequency may not be correct.
Nevertheless, the inductance values above when used in SPICE provide a first approximation which may be useful to estimate how the system will behave in practice, and do seem to give behaviour very similar to the real system.
If anyone has any corrections, comments, improvements or information to add, drop me a line in the comments below.
5 thoughts on "Estimating Ulka EP5 Pump Inductance"
 1. Hey!
 One simple remark. The pump, of course, converts electrical work to mechanical work.
 This means that for higher mechanical power (pressure times flow rate), you would also be taking a higher electrical power.
 In your model this means that your electrical resistance (not the one generating losses due to the wire resistance, and core losses in the inductor) simbolizes mechanical power, and is dependent on the operating point that you're measuring.
 One simple and very crude way to measure the inductance, if you have an oscilloscope, is to charge a capacitor with some voltage, then connect them in parallel and measure the frequency. It's surprisingly accurate given its simplicity. (use f=1/(2pi sqrt(LC)) )
 1. Hi Andres
 Thanks for the comments above. I assumed that the series diode built into the pump would prevent a resonant/tank circuit with a parallel capacitor from working? (the diode is encased in the pump and there seems no easy way to take it out of circuit without damaging the pump)
 2. Very interesting calculations, but i actually arrived here in a much simpler way.
 I have measured a voltage difference between the metal framing of the pump and ground of approximately 35Vac when using the rubber mounts and connected to a 230Vac supply.
 there is little technical info on the Ulka website, or indeed other sites of companies manufacturing similar pumps, and i wanted to know if that voltage reading would be normal?
 I assume if it is then it would


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Monday, June 13, 2016
Simple Method to Log Charging and Discharging of Li-Ion and Lipo cells
For my Raspberry Pi automatic power supply design with a UPS function (see another post), I wanted to learn more about the charging and discharging characteristics of Li-Ion and Lipo cells.
In several of my supply designs, I use the Adafruit Powerboost 1000c circuit. It uses an MCP73871 charge controller, that is set to deliver up to 1 Amp of charge current. It does not use a Thermistor to monitor the cell temperature, and I wanted to use a variation of cells.
The cells I tested were a TR 18650 with 2400mAh, a TR 14500 with 1200mAh, both are Li-Ion cells, and one small Lipo cell, model 043040 with 500mAh.
Before I modified the Powerboost circuit to limit the charge current to 500mA or a little less, I wanted to profile the charge/discharge characteristics of these three cells.
I used a RPi Model 3 powered by my automatic UPS supply, and I used another RPi, a Model (1) B, together with an A-2-D convertor circuit to monitor the current of the cells powering the Model 3.
The monitoring circuit is based on yet another post, and modified to measure the cell voltage together with the charging or discharging currents. Here is the circuit:
I used the following Python script to show the progress on the console and log the results into a file that I could upload to Excel to graph curves.
# Name: MCP3002 Measure 5V
# Purpose: Measure the voltage and current of a Li-Ion cell
# Author: paulv
# Created: 22-10-2015, Modified 10-06-2016
# Copyright: (c) paulv 2015, 2016
# Licence:
import spidev # import the SPI driver
from time import sleep, time, strftime
import subprocess
import sys
import os
# ==== constants
__author__ = 'Paul W. Versteeg'
VERSION = "1.0"
DEBUG = False
vref = 5.0 * 1000 # V-Ref in mV (Vref = VDD for the MCP3002)
resolution = 2**10 # for 10 bits of resolution
cal_CH0 = 0 # calibration in mV
cal_CH1 = 0
interval = 10 # interval between measurements in seconds
sample_interval = 2 # interval between samples in seconds
log_interval = interval - (2 * sample_interval) # log interval in seconds
# MCP3002 Control bits
# 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
# X 1 S O M X X X
# bit 6 = Start Bit
# S = SGL or \DIFF SGL = 1 = Single Channel, 0 = \DIFF is pseudo differential
# O = ODD or \SIGN
# in Single Ended Mode (SGL = 1)
# ODD 0 = CH0 = + GND = - (read CH0)
# 1 = CH1 = + GND = - (read CH1)
# in Pseudo Diff Mode (SGL = 0)
# ODD 0 = CH0 = IN+, CH1 = IN-
# 1 = CH0 = IN-, CH1 = IN+
# M = MSBF
# MSBF = 1 = LSB first format
# 0 = MSB first format
# SPI setup
spi_max_speed = _PHONE_ # 1 MHz (1.2MHz = max for 2V7 ref/supply)
# reason is that the ADC input cap needs time to get charged to the input level.
CE = 0 # CE0 | CE1, selection of the SPI device
spi = spidev.SpiDev(),CE) # Open up the communication to the device
spi.max_speed_hz = spi_max_speed
def read_mcp3002(channel):
 Function to read the data channels from an MCP300 A-2-D converter
 Control & Data Registers:
 See datasheet for more information
 send 8 bit control :
 X, Strt, SGL|!DIFF, ODD|!SIGN, MSBF, X, X, X
 0, 1, 1=SGL, 0 = CH0 , 0 , 0, 0, 0 = 96d
 0, 1, 1=SGL, 1 = CH1 , 0 , 0, 0, 0 = 112d
 receive 10 bit data :
 receive data range: 000..3FF (10 bits)
 MSB first: (set control bit in cmd for LSB first)
 spidata[0] = X, X, X, X, X, 0, B9, B8
 spidata[1] = B7, B6, B5, B4, B3, B2, B1, B0
 LSB: mask all but B9 & B8, shift to left and add to the MSB
 if channel == 0:
 cmd = 0b01100000
 cmd = 0b01110000
 if DEBUG : print"cmd = ", cmd
 spi_data = spi.xfer2([cmd,0]) # send hi_byte, low_byte; receive hi_byte, low_byte
 if DEBUG : print("Raw ADC (hi-byte, low_byte) = {}".format(spi_data))
 adc_data = ((spi_data[0] & 3) << 8) + spi_data[1]
 return adc_data
def write_log(msg):
 Function to create a log of the readings with a time stamp.
 The fiels are seperated by a tab, so the file can be easily imported into
 an Excel spreadsheet to graph the results.
 The log results are appended, so the log file should be deleted for every
 dstamp = strftime("%d-%m-%Y")
 tstamp = strftime("%H:%M:%S")
 # open the log file and append results
 with open("/home/pi/lipo.log", "a") as fout:
 # Tabs are used to seperate the fields so technically it's not a real CSV format.
 # MS-Excel reads it anyway.
 fout.write (str(dstamp)+"\t"+(tstamp)+"\t"+str(msg)+"\n")
 except Exception as e:
def main():
 # create and setup the log file
 if not os.path.isfile('/home/pi/lipo.log'):
 # create the file and set the access mode
 ['touch /home/pi/lipo.log'], shell=True, \
 stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
 ['chmod goa+w /home/pi/lipo.log'], shell=True, \
 stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
 write_log("\n===== Starting Log =====")
 print("Voltage and Current log from Li-Ion/Lipo cell")
 print("SPI max sampling speed = {}".format(spi_max_speed))
 print("V-Ref = {0} mV, Resolution = {1} bit".format(vref, resolution))
 print("SPI device = {0}".format(CE))
 while True:
 # average three readings to get a more stable result
 Vdata_1 = read_mcp3002(0) # get CH0 input (Volt)
 Cdata_1 = read_mcp3002(1) # get CH1 input (Current)
 Vdata_2 = read_mcp3002(0) # get CH0 input
 Cdata_2 = read_mcp3002(1) # get CH1 input
 Vdata_3 = read_mcp3002(0) # get CH0 input
 Cdata_3 = read_mcp3002(1) # get CH1 input
 Vdata = (Vdata_1+Vdata_2+Vdata_3)/3
 if DEBUG : print("V_Data (bin) {0:010b}".format(Vdata))
 v_result = round((((Vdata * vref) / resolution)+ cal_CH0),2)
 if DEBUG : print ("V_result {} mV").format(v_result)
 voltage = round(v_result/1000.0,2) # convert to mV with 2 decimals
 print("Voltage : {} V".format(voltage))
 Cdata = (Cdata_1+Cdata_2+Cdata_3)/3
 if DEBUG : print("C_Data (bin) {0:010b}".format(Cdata))
 Vcurrent = round((((Cdata * vref) / resolution)+ cal_CH1),2)
 if DEBUG : print ("Vcurrent : {} mV").format(Vcurrent)
 current = int(Vcurrent/5) # convert to mA (gain 50, R = 0.1 Ohm)
 print("Current : {} mA".format(current))
 if DEBUG : print("-----------------")


The Benefits of Lipreading
Lipreading helps people understand more speech by watching for and identifying mouth movements that are associated with speech.
Being able to see speech helps people communicate better, especially in challenging listening environments like when there is background noise.
Improving Your Everyday Life
On monday morning Sarah asked her coworker if they did anything fun over the weekend. Sarah heard "I took my blank to the blank yesterday". By lipreading, Sarah could identify the words she missed by watching her coworkers lips. "I took my dog to the park yesterday."
Like Sarah's situation above, lipreading helps people comprehend speech more clearly and connect to more conversations.
We can use hearing assistive technology and what hearing we have available to help us understand speech, but sometimes it's hard to catch every word a person says.
Lipreading is a tool that can help you fill in the blanks and pick up more words and make it easier to process what someone is saying.Picture of a mouth and ear with letters jumbled around it.Lipreading helps you feel more comfortable interacting in social situations because it allows you to understand speech without having to rely on your ears to pick up every sound.
Lipreading can boost your confidence.
Improving your lipreading skills can help you understand more speech giving you the opportunity to connect and engage with more conversations.
Learning and building your lipreading skills can enhance your listening skills and help you feel confident that you are able to successfully contribute to conversations.
Lipreading can help you interact with others, improve your communication skills, and help remove feelings of isolation as a result of living with hearing challenges.
Lipreading is a tool for those with or without hearing loss.
Lipreading comes with the benefit of learning about how to manage hearing challenges present in your everyday life.
It's very common to feel uncomfortable when talking about and communicating your hearing challenges to others. Learning to lipread is a soft approach to managing these challenges and a way to help yourself feel more comfortable with the hearing challenges present in your life.
Although learning to lipread is about understanding more speech, it's also about ensuring you feel comfortable talking about and telling others about the challenges you're experiencing. You're allowed to be assertive and comfortable with asking people to repeat what they've said and making sure your hearing needs are met.
Lipreading can help you feel more in control.
Knowing how to lipread gives you the opportunity to have more control in certain listening environments.
Feeling more in control of your hearing challenges can help you feel more connected to those around you. Good communication is an important part of building relationships and lipreading can help with that. By improving your communication skills you can more effectively connect with others
Lipreading is knowledge and knowledge is power. Lipreading courses like Read Our Lips teach you how to identify and watch for speech movements on the mouth and how to manage and adapt to different listening environments. These skills can help you minimize the effects of hearing challenges and increase effective communication.
Lipreading can help you be more independent.
Lipreading allows you to manage communication more independently and can impact how well you understand conversations.
Lipreading is also a tool that can help reduce the likelihood of feeling isolated or left out. As you learn how to understand more speech you will be able to do more things on your own with less difficulty and less reliance on others to hear for you.
Learning to lipread has proven to be beneficial for many people of all ages and backgrounds. Lipreading is a skill that takes time and practice to perfect, but the more you learn the more you can benefit!
Read Our Lips is here to guide and support you on your lipreading journey. Jump right into learning and practicing today - we're giving you the first lesson for free to get you started!
Stay in touch! Subscribe to the Read Our Lips newsletter.


text:
Children can share the fun of zooming wooden beads through a challenging maze in this eco-friendly Tunnel Mountain Maze. This mountain of graceful blue and yellow arches, green zig-zags and curling loops tower over a giant red tunnel. All wires are securely anchored to the wooden base. The is an excellent co-operative play center for 2-6 children.
This product is made from sustainable, renewable and durable materials that can endure children's play. The materials used include Birch plywood, solid Chinese Maple, TPE (black) Plastic, Stainless Steel, Water-Based paints & lacquer, and silk printing ink.
Support your child's development with imaginative toys that are created using environmentally-friendly materials and manufacturing processes. Hape explores innovative ways to create quality toys using natural organic rubber woods and sustainable bamboo while ensuring industry-safe standards, including EN71 and ASTM. Help your child experience a healthy connection to the natural world as they learn through play.


text:
SCOLA: Broadcast Television from Around the World
SCOLA is a service that allows students and instructors to view broadcast television from around the world. Students can view the video to assist in their language learning objectives. Instructors can take advantage of these video-materials as well as ready-to-use "Insta-class" comprehension modules, which are complete with translation, transcription, vocabulary, a and quiz!
- This subscription service is currently available and accessible through CLICC computer labs, the CDH PC lab, as well as on your course websites (for instructor access only). Please check the CLICC or CDH Labs website for location, hours, and reservation information (for instructors).
- Once at CLICC or CDH Labs, follow these instructions for accessing SCOLA.
- If you are an instructor and would like to use SCOLA materials for your course, contact the Ecampus Support Team. An ITC will be able to assist you to either use the material "as is" on your Ecampus Course Website, or assist you with any editing that you would like to do before using the video. SCOLA videos are copyright free for UCLA instructors and TAs! Also, you can discuss ideas on how to use SCOLA for your course. Check out what languages are available below!
SCOLA at UCLA!
SCOLA is available and accessible to UCLA students and instructors through CLICC computer labs or the CDH PC Lab (At this time it is not available from any other location - on or off campus). As a student, you can watch programming in a language that you are learning or maintaining. As an instructor, you can use this video in your lesson plans, or inform your students of the availability of this service so that students can view authentic television in the language they are seeking to learn or maintain. Instructors can also take advantage of "Insta-Class" modules: ready-made comprehension modules that include a transcript of a portion of the broadcast in the original language, an English translation of that same portion and online quizzes for self-checking! Navigate to the "Insta-Class" section of the SCOLA site to access these modules.
What is SCOLA? (excerpt from _URL_)
SCOLA is a non-profit educational organization that receives and re-transmits television programming from around the world in native languages. These programs are available via satellite, cable TV and the Internet to students of language study, ethnic communities and anyone seeking a global perspective. SCOLA currently provides four 24/7 channels of programming.
- SCOLA Channel One: Authentic Programming (News, Weather and Cultural) highlighting regions of greater Eurasia. Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova,Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia Montenegro, Slovenia and Spain among others.
- SCOLA Channel Two: Programming from Bulgaria, Croatia, Ethiopia, Germany, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and other countries.
- SCOLA Channel Three: (Chinese Teaching Channel) Featuring educational and cultural programming from the People's Republic of China.
- SCOLA Channel Four: Featuring programming from the emerging nations of: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Tajikistan, Thailand, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
Published: Friday, October 07, 2005


Commons:Naming categories
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Jump to: navigation, search
This project page in other languages:
English | 日本語 | +/−
This page provides guidelines to choose a correct name for a Commons category page. You have to make such choice:
 1. when you create a new category page to categorize media related to a new subject in Commons;
 2. when there are several duplicate categories about the same subject, and you want to choose the correct category to gather media files and subpages in a single category page;
 3. when there is one or several duplicate category(ies) about a given subject, but no correct category name(s), and you want to create a new category page about an existing subject.
Category names should generally be in English (see Commons:Language policy). However there are exceptions:
 - Proper names of individual people, places, buildings, organizations etc. and other specific names of local phenomena, should in general use the name most frequently used in English-language literature. For subjects of only local relevance, proper names in the original language are used generally. However, consensus for global policy isn't achieved yet, so observe current practices and see related discussion pages.
 - Modern personal names are generally not translated
 - Place names widespread in English form are used so (usually countries, capitals, continents, oceans and seas, biggest mountains and mountain ranges and other most known places). Place names of local relevancy (smaller cities, towns, villages, streets, squares, natural feautures) are generally not translated. In some types of names (churches, train stations) the naming usage varies by country. Generally, if the English form of the name is commonly used in English-language texts as stand-alone (not together with the local name as its explanation) and is usually used in English-language maps, it should be used also as the category name.
 - Names of organizations are translated only in some cases. Organization of international relevancy are generally named in English. Abbreviated and acronymic names are generally not translated if the English form is not established. Proper names compound only from common nouns are sometimes translated, sometimes not translated (dependently of their type, relevancy and common and local conventions).
 - For biological taxa, the scientific Latin names should be used (see Commons:WikiProject Tree of Life). However, foods and products derived from biological sources should still use English names, for example, Category:Apples.
 - For some themes, there exists no identical or usable English term, for example Umgebinde, Studentenverbindungen, Légion d'Honneur, Hórreos, Saltimbocca, Vierschaar, Bar mleczny, Smörgåsbord
Original names from non-Latin writing systems are transcribed.
Sadly, We still lack internationalization for category names, but this issue should be resolved with appropriate changes to the MediaWiki software (see bugzilla:29928). Creating intermingled category structures in different languages would only make things worse. Planned connection to Wikidata items seems to be a way to solution.
However, the practical details of this policy are a serious difficulty, so we must bring out some basic principles in order to implement this policy.
Category names use Latin alphabet. Non-English category names from non-Latin writing systems are transcribed to English spelling of Latin alphabet. Names in Latin-derived alphabets are used in original form, including diacritics and additional letter forms. Non-Latin letters are used rarely in some special cases (as symbols, marks etc.).
Grammatical number
Category names that refer to type of objects or group of people should generally be in plural form: Category:Tools, Category:Artists, Category:Lakes, Category:Cephalochordata etc, as opposed to category referring to general theme (Category:History, Category:Weather, Category:Music) or to particular individual object (a person, an organization, a building, a monument, an artwork, an one-shot event etc.).
The Commons categories are an organization system for media files in Wikimedia Commons. The destination of these files is the illustration (act of clarifying or explaining) of Wikipedia articles. So, categories are for Wikimedia Commons what articles are for any Wikipedia. As a result, Commons rules regarding the naming of categories will differ from the matching Wikipedia rules:
 - Names of Commons categories should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.
 - Category naming should prefer what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making categorization of media files easy and second nature.
Universality principle
A single name by given subject: we should not use different names to label a single subject. In particular, translations in other languages, or language variants are not an acceptable way to specify subdivisions of the main subject.
Selectivity principle
We should not classify items which are related to different subjects in the same category. Preferably, categories should have unambiguous names. If the name is ambiguous then it is necessary to add a text to the category page in order to specify its unique subject.
Modularity principle
This principle applies to categories which combine two (or more) different criteria. We will call them "compound categories".
First criterion: to be a church (root category Category:Churches)
Second criterion: to be located in Russia (root category Category:Russia)
The modularity principle asserts that a compound category name is made up from basic names (matching the criteria), which are put together according to a fixed form. These forms are specified in general rules or schemes.
According to Commons:By location category scheme, the pattern, for the category name which matches example 1, is: "[object] in [location name]".
Therefore, the category name will be Category:Churches in Russia.
Simplicity principle
This principle suggests not to combine too many different criteria. "Compound categories" combining more than three criteria tend to require too many parent categories and become difficult to manage.
Implementation of the principles
We have to realize that Commons Wikimedia project is not a Wikipedia project, and that we have limited competences regarding Encyclopedic matter. Therefore, we should not repeat debates, in Commons, about issues which have been resolved after hard word and sustained discussions in a Wikipedia project.
Which project? Inevitably due to the language policy rule, the English Wikipedia will be the reference for any encyclopedic issue, there is little choice but to use matching English Wikipedia articles as the basis for Commons category names.
However, there are several exceptions where the English Wikipedia article name would not be used:
 - the Wikipedia article name would not appropriately identify the subject of the category. That is the case, in particular, when the subject of the Commons category does not exactly match the subject of the Wikipedia article example?
 - the Wikipedia article name does not comply with the Wikipedia naming conventions
 - the Wikipedia article name is excessively verbose
 - the Wikipedia article name does not comply with a specific Commons rule
 - the Wikipedia article has been renamed (In Commons, we don't move a category each time a matching Wikipedia article is renamed)
In practice, different conventions may have evolved for different parts of Wikimedia Commons. Please see if there exists a category scheme or a commons project for your topic, and follow the conventions described there.
Categories by CRITERION
Commons:Meta category
These are special categories which are useful to group other related pages (not media files) according to a given criterion. They hold only other categories and should be marked with {{MetaCat}} template.
You can choose any appropriate criterion. Many criteria are currently used in Commons, most often used are:
 - by country (nationality, its English Wikipedia variant, is deprecated in Commons)
 - country subdivision, like: by state, by county, by city, by district, etc.
 - by year
 - other time units, like: date, decade, century, etc.
 - People related
For a given criterion, you must associate a set (often a finite set) where you'll pick elements to build the names of the subcategories.
Example Assume (it's not a recommendation) you want to group pictures, which are Category:Spheres, showing spheres of a given color. The associated set is an indefinite list of colors, like red, yellow, green, crimson, periwinkle blue, and so on. The matching categories would be:
 - Category:Red spheres
 - Category:Yellow spheres
 - Category:Green spheres
 - Category:Crimson spheres
 - Category:Periwinkle blue spheres
and they'd be categorized in Category:Spheres by color.
Notice that you must not put a category like Category:Wooden spheres in this group, because wood is a material, not a color (you can find natural wood of different colors, and also cover it to change its natural color).
So, normally, the name of the special category is built as follows:
PARENT CATEGORY can, in some cases, be a special category as well; however it is not recommended to create categories with more than 2 criteria.
Example: Category:Politicians > Category:Politicians by office > Category:Politicians by office by country


text:
kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
Great Northern Diver
|Great Northern Diver|
| Gavia immer|
The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.
This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater. It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch, sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.


text:
Self-advocacy and cancer: a concept analysis
Version of Record online: 24 JAN 2013
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Journal of Advanced Nursing
Volume 69, Issue 10, pages 2348–2359, October 2013
How to Cite
2013) Self-advocacy and cancer: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 69(10), 2348–2359. doi: 10.1111/jan.12084& (
- Issue online: 13 SEP 2013
- Version of Record online: 24 JAN 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: 15 DEC 2012
- National Institute of Nursing Research. Grant Numbers: T32 NR011972, R01 NR010735
- cancer survivorship;
- concept analysis;
To report an analysis of the concept of self-advocacy among individuals with cancer to clarify its meaning, to differentiate this meaning with related concepts, and to unify understanding of the concept in cancer research and practice.
Cancer survivors are increasingly required to assume an active role in their health care. A thorough analysis of how survivors advocate for themselves is a crucial aspect in supporting survivors' ability to engage and manage their care throughout all stages of cancer survivorship.
Walker and Avant's eight-step process of conducting a concept analysis was used.
PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched for articles, reviews, editorials, and grey literature directly addressing self-advocacy.
A broad inquiry into the literature from 1960 to 2012 that produces a definition of self-advocacy. Model and contrary cases of self-advocacy demonstrate the concept's application and intricacies.
Antecedents to self-advocacy include particular personal characteristics, learned skills, and attainable support. The essential element of self-advocacy and what differentiates it from related concepts, is the internalization of these antecedent resources into self-advocacy thoughts and actions while incorporating personal values and priorities in a way that upholds the survivors' goals and beliefs. A full realization of self-advocacy facilitates a cancer survivor attaining a strong self-concept, sense of control, and adaptation to a life with cancer.
Self-advocacy is a process of internalizing skills and resources to act in a way that supports survivors' needs and goals.