text:
Completely clear all formatting of a range in Excel
In Excel, you can apply the Clear Formats function to quickly clear only the formatting that's applied to selected cells, and it cannot clear the formatting that's applied to the data or contents. But with Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format, you can quickly clear all formatting from a range, no matter the formatting that's applied to the cells or the contents in Excel.
1. Select a range that you want to clear all cell formatting.
2. Click Kutools >> Format Tools >> Clear All Cell Format, see screenshots:
3. Click Yes button. All of the cell formats have been removed completely. See screenshots:
The differences between Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format and Excel's Clear Formats:
In the following screenshot, you will see there are two cells, the cell 1 which has been applied the font color BLUE. But the cell 2 is using the font color BLACK, but the some contents in this cell have been applied to other font colors. See screenshot:
Let's see what will happen after applying both functions.
After applying Excel's Clear Formats:
After applying Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format:
As you can see, the Clear Formats in Excel won't clear the formatting that's applied to the contents.


text: Residual Fuel Oil Definition:A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D 396 and D 975and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO SymbolF-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and issued for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Can someone please tell me how to determine all $\mathbb{Q}$-automorphisms of some splitting field $F$ of $X^3-3 \in \mathbb{Q}[X]$ and to determine $[F:\mathbb{Q}]$?
I think $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$, since I can construct a specific splitting field containing the three (complex) roots of the polynomial $X^3-3 $, but I don't know how to prove that it equals $3$. And for the automorphisms, I don't even know how to approach it.
share|cite|improve this question
the reason why you can't prove $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$ is that $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=6$ – user8268 Nov 6 '12 at 22:12
yes, once you have in hand one of the roots of the polynomial, you need to write down explicitly what the other roots are. Then you need to notice what other irrationality needs to be adjoined to the setup to get all three in any field. You'll see that there is a unique quadratic extension of $\mathbb Q$ there, and three different cubic extensions. This is an exercise that everyone must do for her/himself. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:27
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Let $F$ be a field. Let $F^\times$ be the multiplicative group of $F$. Let $(a, b) \in F^\times \times F$. We denote by $\lambda(a, b)$ the permutation $x \rightarrow ax + b$ on $F$. Let $(a, b), (c, d) \in F^\times \times F$. Since $a(cx + d) + b = acx + ad + b$, $\lambda(a, b)\circ\lambda(c, d) = \lambda(ac, ad + b)$. Hence $\{\lambda(a, b) | (a, b) \in F^\times \times F\}$ is a permutation group on $F$. We call this group the affine general linear group of degree $1$ on $F$ and denote it by $AGL(1, F)$. Since $\lambda(a, b)(0) = b$ and $\lambda(a, b)(1) - b = a$, $(a, b)$ is uniquely determined by $\lambda(a, b)$. Hence $|AGL(1, F)| = |F^\times \times F|$.
Proposition Let $p, q$ be prime numbers which may or may not be equal. Let $a$ be an integer which is divisible by $q$, but not not divisible by $q^2$. $X^p - a$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ by the Eisenstein's criterion. Let $K$ be the splitting field of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. Then the Galois group $G$ of $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is isomorphic to $AGL(1, F)$, where $F = \mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$.
Proof: Let $\zeta$ be a primitive $p$-th root of unity. Let $\alpha$ be a root of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. $\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1}$ are distinct roots of $X^p - a$. Hence $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1})$. Since $\zeta = \alpha\zeta/\alpha \in K$, $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha, \zeta)$.
Let $\sigma \in G$. Since $\sigma(\zeta)^p = 1$, there exists an integer $b$ such that $\sigma(\zeta) = \zeta^b$. Clearly $b$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$ and $b$ (mod $p) \in F^\times$. On the other hand, there exists an integer $c$ such that $\sigma(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. Clearly $c$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$. We denote $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p、c$ mod $p) \in AGL(1, F)$. Hence we get a map $\phi\colon G \rightarrow AGL(1, F)$. Let $\sigma, \tau \in G$. Suppose $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p, c$ mod $p$) and $\phi(\tau) = \lambda(d$ mod $p, e$ mod $p$). Then $\sigma\tau(\zeta) = \zeta^{bd}$ and $\sigma\tau(\alpha) = \sigma(\alpha\zeta^e) = \alpha\zeta^c\zeta^{be} = \alpha\zeta^{be + c}$. Hence $\phi(\sigma\tau) = \phi(\sigma)\phi(\tau)$. Hence $\phi$ is a homomorphism. It is easy to see that $\phi$ is injective.
It remains to prove that $\phi$ is surjective. Since $[\mathbb{Q}(\zeta) \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p - 1$, $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}(\zeta)] > 1$. Let $H$ be the Galois group of $K/\mathbb{Q}(\zeta)$. Let $\tau \in H$. There exists an integer $c$ such that $\tau(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. We define a map $\psi\colon H \rightarrow F$ by $\psi(\tau) = c$ mod $p$. It is easy to see that $\psi$ is an injective homomorphism. Hence $|F| = p$ is divisible by $|H|$. Since $|H| > 1$, $|H| = p$, Hence $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p(p-1)$. Hence $\phi$ is surjective. QED
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Seems to me that OP is a real beginner, and that your explanation will be too highfalutin for her/him. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:29
_USER_ It is a proof rather than an explanation. I believe anyone who knows basics of Galois theory and group theory can understand it. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 3:18
Makoto, you may be right. But, reading between the lines, I bet OP doesn't know what a semi-direct product is, and won't derive much benefit from your efforts, at least, not this year. – Gerry Myerson Nov 7 '12 at 5:42
_USER_ If there are people(including the OP or otherwise) who can understand the proof and learn something from it, that would be my pleasure. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 21:32
_USER_ +1 for your answer, but it would be good if you added a section that addressed beginners. For example, state all the automorphisms of the extension (in the usual way that we show that the Galois group of the polynomial above is $S_3$). Even for me reading your post takes some time to fully digest what is going on, what about for a beginner? – user38268 Dec 15 '12 at 14:04
Your Answer


Listening in on Lightning
Concepts: thunderstorms, static electricity
Materials: AM radio w/ antenna, inflated rubber balloon
An AM radio makes an excellent lightning detector. During a thunderstorm you can listen in on individual lightning bolts on your AM radio. Tune the radio to a station and each crackling sound that you hear is from the radio waves emitted by a lightning bolt. You will notice that you hear the static crackle at the same moment you see a flash of lightning. This is because radio waves and visible light both travel at the speed of light. The sound of thunder travels at the speed of sound (about 1,000 feet per second) and thus lags behind the flash of light (or AM crackle)*. You will notice that there will be some lightning bolts that you detect that are not seen. These are lightning bolts that are high up in the thunderstorm cloud or even in another thunderstorm cell.
You can make your own lightning strikes (on a much smaller scale) and detect them on your AM radio. Tune your AM radio to a station with its antenna extended. Take an inflated balloon and rub it back and forth for awhile on your own clean, dry, oil-free hair (fur works well also). Slowly bring the balloon close to the antenna. You may need a quite classroom to hear the effect, but the static crackle becomes audible as you bring the balloon slowly near the antenna.
* You can use the time lag between lightning and thunder as an excellent way to judge the distance to the lightning. Count the seconds after you see the flash of lightning. Each second equals about 1,000 feet or five second equals about a mile. If you see the flash of lightning and then hear the thunder by the time you count to ten (or sooner) you are within two miles of the lightning and could be at some risk of getting a lightning strike!
Connect to:
 - Weather in Your Classroom
 - Science Alliance Demos


text:
Western wins grant for endangered species breeding study
The National Leadership grant, from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, will allow a team at the school to study how genetics can be used to maximize diversity and robustness in breeding endangered species. The study will focus on snow leopards, but researchers believe the findings could be applied to other endangered species in the future.
The research team at Western University will collect DNA samples from snow leopards and form a draft of its genome, which will be used to identify specific genes associated with immune function.
Oregon State University, the Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum of Natural History and the Snow Leopard Species Survival Plan also will be involved in the study.


text:
There is a property in the "%COLLATION_HOME%\etc\collation.properties" file that improves readability of the logs by separating the logging into per-sensor log files.
To enable this, set the following property:
If you do not set this property to true, default logging for all sensors is dumped in "%COLLATION_HOME%\log\services\DiscoveryManager.log". This property separates the logs into the following directories: "%COLLATION_HOME%\log\sensors\\sensorName-IP.log" ex: sensors/20070621131259/SessionSensor-10.199.21.104.log The runid includes the date of the discovery run and the log file name includes the sensor name and IP address of the target. When using this option, the logs are not automatically cleared, this must be done manually, if required.
The following logging levels are valid:
Setting the logging level for the Topology JVM to DEBUG can cause performance problems on some systems. You should set the level for this JVM to DEBUG only when you need to debug storage errors or other topology issues. If a problem takes more than a few minutes to reproduce, more space should be allocated for the Topology logs. Review the following properties in the collation.properties file, and increase the values of these properties as needed:
# File size of a rollover log file com.collation.log.filesize=20MB Number of logfiles before rollover com.collation.log.filecount=5
When all the space is used as allocated by the values of these properties, the oldest data is deleted. A common setting for most issues is to set the global logging level to DEBUG and set the logging level for the Topology JVM to INFO, as shown in the following example:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
>The short answer is that in this case the resistance of the switch went
>from essentially zero to some larger value, but the circuit still has
>anohter element, the brake lights. Therefore the current way have been
>reduced somewhat by the increase in reistance in the switch, but the switch
>now is carry a somewhat reduced current, but at a greater currect so it ws
>heating up, as power = I*I*R.
>69 MGC-GT coming together.
Let's try this again. Purely theoretical:
If the brake circuit consisted only of the switch and brake lights (and a
12 volt battery), and the brakes normally drop 12 volts, and the switch
zero, than the brake lights are dropping all the voltage and therefore
dissipating all of the heat. If the switch takes on resistance, let's say
equal to that of the brake lights combined, each part, the brake lights and
the switch, will drop 6 volts, assuming they are in series. It is this
voltage drop, dissipating power, which creates heat (or motion in a motor,
or whatnot, but in the switch, it had nothing to do but heat up). Before
the switch took on resistance, it had no voltage drop, and therefore
dissipated no heat, and since power=I*E, or current times voltage,
(resistance of the component determines the voltage drop of the component,
and total resistance of the circuit determines the current in the circuit,
but resistance is not part of the formula for power), then the switch
In the real world, wires and the contacts of a switch actually do have a
tiny bit of resistance, but that's why we use larger wires and switches for
higher power applications. The switch should have been a negligible
resistance in this case, but was not.
Corrections to my corrections, anyone?


text:
Acceptance by silence is a type of acceptance of a contract. Generally a contract cannot be accepted by silence. However, a contract will be considered as accepted even in case of silence in the following cases:
1. in case of past dealings of the parties;
2. in case if the offeror has waived communication by indicating that acceptance may be made by silence or inaction;
3. if one party requests to change the terms of the contract; and
4. offer to renew an insurance policy is sent to the insured.


Tu sei qui
Yogic Living: Yogic Numerology & the 10 Bodies of Light
Yogic Numerology is a simple, elegant tool for self-mastery. It gives us a framework to understand our strengths and weaknesses. The system is simple to learn, quick to apply, and accurate.
This is a good time to learn something new and start a practice that will help you embrace your individual gifts and overcome your personal weaknesses. It is also a time when we can share Yogic Numerology with friends and family—strengthen connections while offering something new, simple, fun and uplifting.
Yogic Numerology provides an effective way to align with your higher Self and excel via the technology of Kundalini Yoga.
The Yogic Numerology System
Yogic Numerology
Free Numerology Reading
Suggested Personal Sadhanas
Calculating the Numbers
The Ten Bodies
Introduction to the Ten Bodies by Shakti Parwha Kaur
Characteristics of the Ten Bodies
Kundalini Yoga and Tantric Numerology by Guruka Singh
Kundalini Yoga Technology
Kriya for Awakening to Your Ten Bodies
A great favorite Kundalini Kriya - 16 exercises take a minimum of 35 minutes.
To Master the 1st Body (Soul):
 1. Recite Japji Sahib by Guru Nanak daily for 1,000 days.
 2. Come from a place of great humility, relax into the flow of God energy and use it to create beauty. Raise the Kundalini and open the heart.
 3. Exercise Set for Balancing Head and Heart
 4. Pulse Meditation
 5. Guidance of the Soul meditation.
 6. Meditation into Being - I Am I Am
To Master the 2nd Body (Negative Mind):
 1. Recite Shabad Hazare by Guru Arjan daily.
 2. Value your discipline; develop conscious relationships of integrity; strengthen the Positive Mind if the Negative Mind is overdeveloped
 3. Chant the mantra Wahe Guru, Wahe Guru, Wahe Guru, Wahe Jio, out loud, 8 repetitions per breath, for 31 minutes daily.
 4. Meditation for Negating False Identity in The Ten Light Bodies of Consciousness (page 52).
 5. Meditation for the Negative Mind.
 6. Chii-a Kriya
 7. Chant Ang Sang Wahe Guru.
To Master the 3rd Body (Positive Mind):
 1. Read Anand Sahib by Guru Amar Das daily.
 2. Strengthen the Navel Point (Third Chakra); use positive affirmations; strengthen the Negative Mind if the Positive Mind is overdeveloped.
 3. Rebirthing Meditation
 4. Sing or meditate on the mantra Ardas Bhaee.
 5. Meditation for the Positive Mind.
 6. Kirtan Kriya.
To Master the 4th Body (Neutral Mind):
 1. Sing the songs of Guru Ram Das or meditate on Guru Ram Das using the mantra Guru Guru Wahe Guru, Guru Ram Das Guru.
 2. Regular meditation practice.
 3. Meditation for the Neutral Mind.
 4. Meditation for Guidance.
 5. Sodarshan Chakra Kriya.
To Master the 5th Body (Physical Body):
 1. Engage in strong physical exercise daily.
 2. Read Sukhmani Sahib by Guru Arjan every day.
 3. Teach.
 4. Meditation for Protection and Projection from the Heart.
 5. Prosperity Meditation in The Ten Light Bodies of Consciousness (page 135).
 6. Kriya for Healing the Self.
 7. Breath of Fire.
 8. Kundalini Bhakti Mantra.
To Master the 6th Body (Arcline)
 1. Meditate daily for at least 31 minutes with any meditation.
 2. Awaken the pituitary gland.
 3. Chant Mere Man Lochai daily.
 4. Drib Dhristi Lochina Karma Kriya
 5. Ajna Stimulation Kriya
 6. 8 Stroke Breath Meditation in Man to Man on page116.
 7. Meditation for the Arcline and to Clear the Karmas.
To Master the 7th (Auric) Body:
 1. Sing out loud, often and joyfully. Elevate others with your singing.
 2. Wear white clothing made of natural fibers.
 3. Balancing the Aura.
 4. Meditation for the Divine Shield.
 5. Strengthening the Aura.
 6. The Seventh Body Meditation.
 7. Grace of God Meditation.
To Master the 8th (Pranic) Body:
 1. All pranayama.
 2. Narayan Kriya on p. 96, Man to Man.
 4. Do any or all of the Ra Ma Da Sa, Sa Say So Hung Healing Meditations.
 5. Master the technique of Long Deep Breathing.
 6. Develop Your Pranic Energy.
 7. Meditation for a Stable Self.
To Master the 9th (Subtle) Body:
 1. Any meditation that you do consistently for 1,000 days will work on the ninth body.
 2. Breath Meditation Series for Glandular Balance in Kundalini Yoga Sadhana Guidelines.
 3. Meditation for Conquering Death in The Ten Light Bodies of Consciousness (pages 196 & 197).
 4. Meditation to Clarify the Subtle Body.
 5. Laya Yoga Chant
 6. Chant Gobinday Mukunday.
To Master the 10th (Radiant) Body:
 1. Keep your hair long and uncut.
 2. Recite Jaap Sahib by Guru Gobind Singh daily.
 3. Guru Gobind Singh Shakti Mantra Meditation.
 4. Archer Pose for 11 minutes (each side) every day.
 5. Varuyas Kriya in Kundalini Yoga Sadhana Guidelines.
 6. Gobinda Meditation in The Ten Light Bodies of Consciousness (page 223).
 7. Meditation to Develop the Radiant Body.
 8. The Radiant Body Meditation for Women.
 9. Chattra Chakkra Vartee.
To Master the Number Eleven:
 1. Read from the Siri Guru Granth Sahib every day for 1,000 days.
 2. Chant Long Ek Ong Kars
 3. Chant the mantra Ek Ong Kar Sat Gur Prasad Sat Gur Prasad Ek Ong Kar for 31 minutes daily.
 4. Ra Ma Meditation
 5. Chant the Aquarian Sadhana Mantras.
Yoga manuals, books and other resources are available through KRISikh Dharma International, or Spirit Voyage.
From the Blog
Master the Moment with Your Mastery Number by Nam Hari Kaur
The 11th Body in the 10 Body System by Lynn Roulo
My Heart Number by Nam Hari Kaur
Gemstones for the 10 Bodies By Alyson Atma Simms
All About the 3 Mental Bodies by Nirvair Singh
Mastering My Negative Mind by Sewa Singh
Numerology and the Sacred Science of Sound by Sangeet Kaur
Strengthening Your Radiance: Be the Light
Gemstones and the 10 Bodies by Siri Radha Kaur
The 3 Functional Minds
Our 7th and 8th Bodies: Living Life Strong by Savitree Kaur
The 3 Minds in Relationship: He Said, She Said, Soul Said by Catalyst Yogi
For More Information:
Akara Numerology by Nam Hari Kaur
The Ten Light Bodies of Consciousness by Nirvair Singh
Tantric Numerology: Create your Destiny by Guruchander and Kirn Khalsa
Numerology for Self Mastery by Guruchander Khalsa
Let the Numbers Guide You: The Spiritual Science of Numerology by Shiv Charan Singh


text:
I've used this term previously and some people have asked "What exactly does VB'ified mean"?
VB'ified is a term I use to describe code that has been modified to "feel" like VB. This may sound simplistic at first glance; however, there's a lot of areas where this term apply. So let me point out a few of them:
Instead of blindly taking a C# Windows Form and converting it to VB, where much of the "Forms Designer Generated Code" may be scattered across a few area, refactor the code so that it is structured as if you created a new form from scratch using the designer. Switch code to use Handles instead of AddHandler/RemoveHandler. Utilize Form_Load where appropriate (yes, I use Form_Load since that is still the default event handler for a form when you double click on it... unless there is a specific reason for it to be avoided based on the project type).
Remove unnecessary Imports (ones that are already included by default in VB projects).
Utilize as much of the intrinsic functionality provided by the language. For example, use MsgBox instead of System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show. Use Handles instead of AddHandler (unless a reason to do otherwise). Use Cxxx instead of System.Convert.xxx. Use My functionality where possible/appropriate.
Code Format and Naming Guidelines
Of course, as I'm converting code, I make every attempt to conform to my own guidelines. ;-)
In the end, VB'ified refers to completely porting a project so it not only functions, but it appears as if it were originally written in VB; thus VB'ified.


text:
Describes the calculation of standard cell potentials.
Demonstrates how calculate cell potential for a given chemical reaction.
Reviews the calculation of standard cell potentials.
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
Covers the applications of electrochemical cells and the power output of these cells.
These flashcards are here to help you better understand high school chemistry.


text:
The online EBITDA Margin Calculator is used to calculate the EBITDA margin.
EBITDA margin is a measure of a company's profitability, calculated as EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) divided by total revenue. The value of EBIT margin measures the extent to which cash operating expenses use up revenue.
The EBITDA Margin calculation formula is as following:
EBITDA Margin = EBITDA / Total Revenue


Deploy ASP.NET MVC on IIS 6, solve 404, compression and performance problems
There are several problems with ASP.NET MVC application when
deployed on IIS 6.0:
 - Extensionless URLs give 404 unless some URL Rewrite module is
 used or wildcard mapping is enabled
 - IIS 6.0 built-in compression does not work for dynamic
 requests. As a result, ASP.NET pages are served uncompressed
 resulting in poor site load speed.
 - Mapping wildcard extension to ASP.NET introduces the following
 - Slow performance as all static files get handled by ASP.NET and
 ASP.NET reads the file from file system on every call
 - Expires headers doesn't work for static content as IIS does not
 serve them anymore. Learn about benefits of expires header from
 . ASP.NET serves a fixed expires header that makes content
 expire in a day.
 - Cache-Control header does not produce max-age properly and thus
 caching does not work as expected. Learn about caching best
 practices from
 - After deploying on a domain as the root site, the homepage
 produces HTTP 404.
Problem 1: Visiting your website's homepage gives 404 when
hosted on a domain
You have done the wildcard mapping, mapped.mvc extention to
ASP.NET ISAPI handler, written the route mapping for Default.aspx
or default.aspx (lowercase), but still when you visit your homepage
after deployment, you get:
You will find people banging their heads on the wall here:
Solution is to capture hits going to "/" and then rewrite it to
You can apply this approach to any URL that ASP.NET MVC is not
handling for you and it should handle. Just see the URL reported on
the 404 error page and then rewrite it to a proper URL.
Problem 2: IIS 6 compression is no longer working after
wildcard mapping
When you enable wildcard mapping, IIS 6 compression no longer
works for extensionless URL because IIS 6 does not see any
extension which is defined in IIS Metabase. You can learn about IIS
6 compression feature and how to configure it properly from
my earlier post
Solution is to use an HttpModule to do the compression for
dynamic requests.
Problem 3: ASP.NET ISAPI does not cache Static Files
When ASP.NET's DefaultHttpHandler serves static files, it
does not cache the files in-memory or in ASP.NET cache. As a
result, every hit to static file results in a File read. Below is
the decompiled code in DefaultHttpHandler when it handles a
static file. As you see here, it makes a file read on every hit and
it only set the expiration to one day in future. Moreover, it
generates ETag for each file based on file's modified date.
For best caching efficiency, we need to get rid of that
ETag, produce an expiry date on far future (like 30 days),
and produce Cache-Control header which offers better control
over caching.
So, we need to write a custom static file handler that will
cache small files like images, Javascripts, CSS, HTML and so on in
ASP.NET cache and serve the files directly from cache instead of
hitting the disk. Here are the steps:
 - Install an HttpModule that installs a Compression Stream
 on Response.Filter so that anything written on Response gets
 compressed. This serves dynamic requests.
 - Replace ASP.NET's DefaultHttpHandler that listens on *.*
 for static files.
 - Write our own Http Handler that will deliver compressed
 response for static resources like Javascript, CSS, and HTML.
Here's the mapping in ASP.NET's web.config for the
DefaultHttpHandler. You will have to replace this with your
own handler in order to serve static files compressed and
Solution 1: An Http Module to compress dynamic requests
First, you need to serve compressed responses that are served by
the MvcHandler or ASP.NET's default Page Handler. The
following HttpCompressionModule hooks on the
Response.Filter and installs a GZipStream or
DeflateStream on it so that whatever is written on the
Response stream, it gets compressed.
These are formalities for a regular HttpModule. The real
hook is installed as below:
Here you see we ignore requests that are handled by ASP.NET's
DefaultHttpHandler and our own StaticFileHandler that
you will see in next section. After that, it checks whether the
request allows content to be compressed. Accept-Encoding
header contains "gzip" or "deflate" or both when browser supports
compressed content. So, when browser supports compressed content, a
Response Filter is installed to compress the output.
Solution 2: An Http Module to compress and cache static file
Here's how the handler works:
 - Hooks on *.* so that all unhandled requests get served by the
 - Handles some specific files like js, css, html, graphics files.
 Anything else, it lets ASP.NET transmit it
 - The extensions it handles itself, it caches the file content so
 that subsequent requests are served from cache
 - It allows compression of some specific extensions like js, css,
 html. It does not compress graphics files or any other
Let's start with the handler code:
Here you will find the extensions the handler handles and the
extensions it compresses. You should only put files that are text
Now start handling each request from
Here you decide the compression mode based on
Accept-Encoding header. If browser does not support
compression, do not perform any compression. Then check if the file
being requested falls in one of the extensions that we support. If
not, let ASP.NET handle it. You will see soon how.
Calculate the cache key based on the compression mode and the
physical path of the file. This ensures that no matter what the URL
requested, we have one cache entry for one physical file. Physical
file path won't be different for the same file. Compression mode is
used in the cache key because we need to store different copy of
the file's content in ASP.NET cache based on Compression Mode. So,
there will be one uncompressed version, a gzip compressed version
and a deflate compressed version.
Next check if the file exits. If not, throw HTTP 404. Then
create a memory stream that will hold the bytes for the file or the
compressed content. Then read the file and write in the memory
stream either directly or via a GZip or Deflate stream. Then cache
the bytes in the memory stream and deliver to response. You will
see the ReadFileData and CacheAndDeliver functions
This function delivers content directly from ASP.NET cache. The
code is simple, read from cache and write to the response.
When the content is not available in cache, read the file bytes
and store in a memory stream either as it is or compressed based on
what compression mode you decided before:
Here bytes are read in chunk in order to avoid large amount of
memory allocation. You could read the whole file in one shot and
store in a byte array same as the size of the file length. But I
wanted to save memory allocation. Do a performance test to figure
out if reading in 8K chunk is not the best approach for you.
Now you have the bytes to write to the response. Next step is to
cache it and then deliver it.
Now the two functions that you have seen several times and have
been wondering what they do. Here they are:
WriteResponse has no tricks, but
ProduceResponseHeader has much wisdom in it. First it turns
off response buffering so that ASP.NET does not store the written
bytes in any internal buffer. This saves some memory allocation.
Then it produces proper cache headers to cache the file in browser
and proxy for 30 days, ensures proxy revalidate the file after the
expiry date and also produces the Last-Modified date from
the file's last write time in UTC.
How to use it
Get the HttpCompressionModule and
StaticFileHandler from:
Then install them in web.config. First you install the
StaticFileHandler by removing the existing mapping for
path="*" and then you install the HttpCompressionModule.
That's it! Enjoy a faster and more responsive ASP.NET MVC
website deployed on IIS 6.0.
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21 thoughts on "Deploy ASP.NET MVC on IIS 6, solve 404, compression and performance problems"
 1. Hi Mehfuz,
 ActionFilter is a great way to selectively enable compression on some requests. My solution turns on compression for all requests. This way you don't need to include the filter attribute on all action methods.
 2. Hi Omar, as Mehfuz said I see a number of benifits of Action Filters over HttpModules, but before that just want to correct that You can apply the action filter on the Controller which in turn applies to all the action/public methods, it is not required to decorate method.
 1. I do not have to stick with a Fixed Cache Duration.
 2. Unable to exclude or need to have some kind of rule engine to exclude it from caching.
 3. One of the main reason of MVC becoming so poplular is TDD, with HTTPModules it is harder and sometime impossible to fit in TDD.
 3. Hi Kazi,
 I believe there's a confusion here. I


PCI Scope
PCI Readiness Series: Scoping the Assessment
How to Scope a PCI Assessment
Knowing how to scope a PCI assessment is crucial to your organization's compliance. Defining a correct scope is the first and most important step. Scoping is so vital that assessors should not even begin the assessment until they have fully determined the scope. So, how does your organization determine if an asset is in scope? Any people, process, or technology that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data is considered to be within your cardholder data environment and in scope for your PCI assessment. If your people, processes, or technology has the ability to impact the security of account data and sensitive authentication data, then your organization needs to have the appropriate controls applied in the appropriate places.
This webinar will help you understand why something would be considered out of scope. For an asset to be considered out of scope, there must be absolutely no connectivity to the cardholder data environment; it must have no ability to impact the security of the data.
This webinar will also help you to understand topics such as:
 - Defining the scope and the cardholder data environment
 - Determining what is considered out of scope
 - Identifying what documents an assessor will collect and review during a PCI assessment
 - Discussion on how wireless networks affect scope
 - Discussing on the impact of sampling
Whether it be ePHI, cardholder data, financial information, or any other type of data, you need to understand where your assets reside and what controls you have in place to protect them. If you don't know where your assets are, how do you expect to them?
To learn more about scoping a PCI assessment, watch the full webinar, watch Establishing Scope, or contact us today.


changes to %home trigger stateful updates. Files in other desks can be built, but not installed into the system. This might be relaxed in the future.
The process of updating varies by layer. The Hoon and Zuse layers are stateless, so their newly rebuilt cores (Nock executables) must be stored (somewhere in the system's Nock tree, in memory; remember, Urbit is a single-level store), but they have no state that would need to be migrated. The Arvo kernel, vanes, and userspace agents are all live, stateful programs, so in order to update one of those, the system must extract the state from the old program, pass that data into the newly built program, then discard the old program and store the new one. Arvo and agent state injection routines can emit effects, but vane updates cannot.
To work around this limitation, Gall has a two-phase update process. First it enters a dormant "pupal" phase that stores not running agent cores, but only the agent states that the old Gall had extracted from its agents. When Clay notifies Gall that its agents have been rebuilt, Gall "molts" back into normal functionality by loading the agent cores from Clay and then running their +on-load routines to inject the old state.
If there's a change to files in /sys on the %home desk, Clay asks Arvo to update kernelspace. Clay sends a sequence of moves (effects) to Arvo to ask Arvo to perform any necessary updates to hoon, the kernel, Zuse, and vanes. This sequence is terminated by an extra move back to Clay itself, which will be received by the updated version of Clay after migrating its state. The rebuilt Clay can then use the newly rebuilt version of Zuse to rebuild userspace and notify clients of the update. One client is Gall, which molts when Clay notifies it.
Clay triggers updates, but the Arvo kernel is responsible for performing updates to all kernelspace layers, and Gall is responsible for updating userspace agents. Agents are stored in Gall's state, but all other layers are stored directly in the Arvo core's state, so the Arvo kernel contains the routines that reload Hoon, the kernel itself, Zuse, and the vanes.
The Arvo kernel reloads itself by receiving its new source code as a %lyra move from Clay, compiling this source into a core with empty state, then calling the new core's +load routine with the relevant parts of the old state. The state passed to the new Arvo now includes not just the vane cores and their states, but also the Arvo "duct" call stack, which maintains a stack of queues of moves to be passed from one vane to another, and a list of effects to emit to Unix at the end of the current Arvo event. If needed, Arvo could migrate the outstanding moves themselves -- if, say, the duct datatype changes.
Passing the Arvo call stack state to new Arvo allows a kernel update to happen in the middle of a more complex event without disturbing other sequences of processing steps happening concurrently in the vanes.
This entire update process happens in one Arvo event and doesn't break event-dispatching semantics. This not only provides atomic rollback, but allows the update to be combined with other actions into a larger transaction -- for example, to stage complex changes, user code could trigger two kernel updates in a row, both in the same event.
Note that this is the opposite situation from the entropically leaking asynchronicity described earlier. Now the guarantees don't deteriorate; they can be composed into stronger guarantees.
How Clay Validates a Desk
A desk is Urbit's answer to a git branch. It's almost identical, except all files are typed and validated, and whenever a commit becomes the equivalent of git's 'HEAD', it's assigned a semantically meaningful revision number, and all files are typed and validated.
If Clay has been asked to perform a commit, it needs to validate all the files in this desk and notify all subscribers to live queries of this desk's data. Gall, for example, maintains live queries on builds of its live agents. Validation uses the Ford build system, which as of this update is no longer a standalone vane but a core within Clay.
A Clay commit, like a git commit, is specified as the current value of all its changed files (and, separately, references its parent commits by hash), not as the diff from a parent commit. Unlike git, Clay is typed, and every file must be validated according to its "mark". A mark is named like a file extension, e.g. %txt, %png, or %noun, and Clay maintains a mapping from that name to behaviors of values of that type under various operations. The last segment of any Clay path specifies the mark to use for operations on that file, including validation.
Mark operations include conversion to and from other marks (such as converting %json to %txt), revision control operations (diff, patch, and merge), and validating an untyped noun. Operations for mark %foo-bar are defined by a core built using the source code at /mar/foo-bar/hoon, or if that doesn't exist, at /mar/foo/bar/hoon.
Consider a file at /web/foo/json. In order to validate this file, Clay must load the mark definition core and use its validation routine to ensure the untyped value of /web/foo/json is in fact valid JSON. To obtain this core, Clay must build the file at /mar/json/hoon from source and then process the resulting raw mark core using some mild metaprogramming to get a standard interface core for dealing with marks, called a $dais, whose type is defined in Zuse.
Since building a source file only makes sense if the file has been validated as a %hoon file, but mark definitions themselves must be built from source, there's a logical dependency cycle -- who validates the validators? To break this cycle, Clay hard-codes the validation of %hoon files. This allows mark definitions to be built from source, and in fact any file can depend on any other file of any mark as long as there are no cycles. As of Ford Fusion, Ford performs a cycle check to ensure acyclicity.
Since building a file is a pure function, Clay memoizes the results of all builds, including builds of marks, mark conversions, and hoon source files. These memoization results are stored along with the desk and are used by later revisions of that desk. Future work should allow merge commits to pull memoized builds from all parents, but for now only the previous revision of the current desk is used. This is a major simplification of previous Ford architectures, which maintained much more complex caches with less clear eviction semantics. Now on every commit, we just throw away any unused memoized builds from the previous revision's Ford cache.
Once Clay has validated every file in this new revision of a desk, it constructs and sends updates to any subscriptions that other vanes or agents have requested. More Ford builds may be run to fulfill these requests, including builds for any running agents whose dependencies changed in this commit.
When Gall receives a newly rebuilt agent from Clay, it calls the gate produced by the +on-load arm of the new agent with the state extracted from the old agent. If there is a crash in any +on-load calls or in the handling of any effects they emit (which can include more agent activations), then the whole event crashes, canceling the commit. This effectively gives any agent the ability to abort a commit by crashing.
It is a bit counterintuitive that an app reload failure could prevent a kernel update. The reason is that we don't want the system to update itself into a broken state. An Urbit can be rendered practically unusable by the presence of broken agents, even if the kernel hasn't lost integrity, so it's kinder to the user not to break their agents by installing an incompatible kernel update. This also puts virtuous pressure on kernel developers not to "break userspace", the importance of which has been insisted on for decades by Linus Torvalds, among others.
If an agent does crash a commit event that included a kernel update, the attempted commit is now trivially rolled back, and the system can deliver an error message to the user. This does not leave the system in an inconsistent or stuck state, so the user could modify the failing agent and try the kernel update again later. Supporting better workflows for keeping third-party agents up-to-date will be an important aspect of Urbit's upcoming software distribution work.
Ford Build Semantics
The Three Types of Ford Builds: Files, Marks, and Casts
The Ford build semantics have been simplified. There are now three kinds of builds that Ford can perform: files, marks, and casts, all of which happen synchronously as function calls inside Clay and are available (without memoization) as scry interfaces.
File Builds
A file build takes in a filepath containing Ford runes and Hoon source, runs the Ford runes to perform imports, and then compiles the source, producing a $vase, a noun tagged with its Hoon type.
Clay exposes file builds into the scry namespace with %ca: as an example,.^(vase %ca /~zod/home/3/lib/sole/hoon) will build the sole library.
Mark Builds
A mark build produces a $dais mark-interface core. It first performs a file build on the Hoon file in /mar that defines the mark core, then it does some metaprogramming to make the operations more convenient to use. If the raw mark core delegated revision control operations to another mark core


text:
In this section
Definition of Terms
Maintaining a safe environment for all patients
Educating families and carers
Considerations for discahrge
Falls are the most common cause of paediatric injury leading to emergency department visits. It is widely acknowledged that children are at risk of falls in the community and with many education programs supporting prevention, it is important that this education is reflected in the hospital environment. Children fall as they grow, develop coordination and new skills.and are often unaware of their limitations. Therefore one could conclude that all children are at some risk of falling.
The intention of this guideline is to raise awareness and educate nursing staff and the multidisciplinary team of the importance of maintaining a safe environment for all patients; assist with identifying patients who are high risk of fall; provide the tools to educate families and carers of the potential risk of falls and outline strategies to develop individualised management plans of care to reduce risk for high risk patients.
All paediatric patients are considered at risk of falling and simple prevention strategies should be put in place to ensure the risk of injury is minimized. A safe environment should be maintained for all patients within the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH). Standard safety measures should be put place for all patients regardless of identified risk, these include:
Half of falls incidents within the RCH occur when a parent or carer is present. Whilst most parents are aware of maintaining a safe environment for their children in the home environment, many are unaware of the environmental risks when in hospital due to being in an unfamiliar environment accompanied with increased levels of anxiety related to hospital admission.The hospitalisation of children provides an opportunity to reinforce parent/carer information and education concerning normal psychological and motor development of small children, which is related to falls risks and other hazards both inside and outside hospital.
The falls risk assessment score is documented in the Primary Assessment flow sheet in the EMR. The falls risk assessment tool does not replace clinical judgment, if a patient does not present with a high risk score but is thought to be high risk by medical or nursing staff, allied health, parents or carers extra precautions to protect such patients should be documented and actioned.
Factors influencing risk include:
See Clinical Guideline (Nursing): Nursing Assessment for more detailed assessment information.
Standard safety measures should be put in place for all patients regardless of the risk identified.Falls score equal to or greater than 3 necessitates the implementation of a Falls High Risk Management Plan which is located in the Primary Assessment flowsheet within the EMR.For all patients identified as high risk, i.e., those with a falls risk score of 3 or greater; a Falls High Risk Management Plan must be commenced. The plan will be developed in collaboration with the child's parent or carer and will be specific to the patient's individual needs.The plan will remain in use until the patient's falls risk score changes. If the falls risk score alters a new plan will be implemented as the patients needs may have changed. Patient risk should continue to be assessed daily, once the patient's risk score is less than 3 and the patient's risk of falling is reduced, a management plan is no longer required; however it is important that a safe environment is always maintained.A physiotherapist can advise as to how to safely support the patient during positioning, transfers, standing, walking and use of mobility aids.An occupational therapist can ensure safe setup of the ward bedroom, bathroom and toilet to minimise falls risks and recommend management techniques/assistive equipment for self-care tasks.In the event of the occurrence of a fall:
Documentation of a fall event
Some patients may have a high risk score at the time of discharge. For this patient group the following should be considered:
High risk patients may be eligible for Post Acute Care (PAC). To make a referral contact the RCH Complex Care Hub.
Little Schmidy Falls Risk Assessment Tool
Click here to view the evidence table.
Please remember to read the disclaimer.
The development of this nursing guideline was coordinated by Nadine Stacey, Clinical Lead, Quality and Safety, and approved by the Nursing Clinical Effectiveness Committee. Updated August 2017.


text:
Get started with log queries in Azure Monitor
You can work through this exercise in your own environment if you are collecting data from at least one virtual machine. If not then use our Demo environment, which includes plenty of sample data.
In this tutorial you will learn to write log queries in Azure Monitor. It will teach you how to:
- Understand query structure
- Sort query results
- Filter query results
- Specify a time range
- Select which fields to include in the results
- Define and use custom fields
- Aggregate and group results
For a tutorial on using Log Analytics in the Azure portal, see Get started with Azure Monitor Log Analytics.
For more details on log queries in Azure Monitor, see Overview of log queries in Azure Monitor.
Follow along with a video version of this tutorial below:
Writing a new query
Queries can start with either a table name or the search command. You should start with a table name, since it defines a clear scope for the query and improves both query performance and relevance of the results.
The Kusto query language used by Azure Monitor is case-sensitive. Language keywords are typically written in lower-case. When using names of tables or columns in a query, make sure to use the correct case, as shown on the schema pane.
Azure Monitor organizes log data in tables, each composed of multiple columns. All tables and columns are shown on the schema pane in Log Analytics in the Analytics portal. Identify a table that you're interested in and then take a look at a bit of data:
SecurityEvent | take 10
The query shown above returns 10 results from the SecurityEvent table, in no specific order. This is a very common way to take a glance at a table and understand its structure and content. Let's examine how it's built:
- The query starts with the table name SecurityEvent - this part defines the scope of the query.
- The pipe (|) character separates commands, so the output of the first one in the input of the following command. You can add any number of piped elements.
- Following the pipe is the take command, which returns a specific number of arbitrary records from the table.
We could actually run the query even without adding
| take 10 - that would still be valid, but it could return up to 10,000 results.
Search queries are less structured, and generally more suited for finding records that include a specific value in any of their columns:
search in (SecurityEvent) "Cryptographic" | take 10
This query searches the SecurityEvent table for records that contain the phrase "Cryptographic". Of those records, 10 records will be returned and displayed. If we omit the
in (SecurityEvent) part and just run
search "Cryptographic", the search will go over all tables, which would take longer and be less efficient.
Search queries are typically slower than table-based queries because they have to process more data.
Sort and top
While take is useful to get a few records, the results are selected and displayed in no particular order. To get an ordered view, you could sort by the preferred column:
SecurityEvent | sort by TimeGenerated desc
That could return too many results though and might also take some time. The above query sorts the entire SecurityEvent table by the TimeGenerated column. The Analytics portal then limits the display to show only 10,000 records. This approach is of course not optimal.
The best way to get only the latest 10 records is to use top, which sorts the entire table on the server side and then returns the top records:
SecurityEvent | top 10 by TimeGenerated
Descending is the default sorting order, so we typically omit the desc argument.The output will look like this:
Where: filtering on a condition
Filters, as indicated by their name, filter the data by a specific condition. This is the most common way to limit query results to relevant information.
To add a filter to a query, use the where operator followed by one or more conditions. For example, the following query returns only SecurityEvent records where Level equals 8:
SecurityEvent | where Level == 8
When writing filter conditions, you can use the following expressions:
|!=, <>||Check inequality
(both expressions are identical)
|and, or||Required between conditions||
To filter by multiple conditions, you can either use and:
SecurityEvent | where Level == 8 and EventID == 4672
or pipe multiple where elements one after the other:
SecurityEvent | where Level == 8 | where EventID == 4672
Values can have different types, so you might need to cast them to perform comparison on the correct type. For example, SecurityEvent Level column is of type String, so you must cast it to a numerical type such as int or long, before you can use numerical operators on it:
SecurityEvent | where toint(Level) >= 10
Specify a time range
The time picker is next to the Run button and indicates we're querying only records from the last 24 hours. This is the default time range applied to all queries. To get only records from the last hour, select Last hour and run the query again.
Time filter in query
You can also define your own time range by adding a time filter to the query. It's best to place the time filter immediately after the table name:
SecurityEvent | where TimeGenerated > ago(30m) | where toint(Level) >= 10
In the above time filter
ago(30m) means "30 minutes ago" so this query only returns records from the last 30 minutes. Other units of time include days (2d), minutes (25m), and seconds (10s).
Project and Extend: select and compute columns
Use project to select specific columns to include in the results:
SecurityEvent | top 10 by TimeGenerated | project TimeGenerated, Computer, Activity
The preceding example generates this output:
You can also use project to rename columns and define new ones. The following example uses project to do the following:
- Select only the Computer and TimeGenerated original columns.
- Rename the Activity column to EventDetails.
- Create a new column named EventCode. The substring() function is used to get only the first four characters from the Activity field.
SecurityEvent | top 10 by TimeGenerated | project Computer, TimeGenerated, EventDetails=Activity, EventCode=substring(Activity, 0, 4)
extend keeps all original columns in the result set and defines additional ones. The following query uses extend to add the EventCode column. Note that this column may not display at the end of the table results in which case you would need to expand the details of a record to view it.
SecurityEvent | top 10 by TimeGenerated | extend EventCode=substring(Activity, 0, 4)
Summarize: aggregate groups of rows
Use summarize to identify groups of records, according to one or more columns, and apply aggregations to them. The most common use of summarize is count, which returns the number of results in each group.
The following query reviews all Perf records from the last hour, groups them by ObjectName, and counts the records in each group:
Perf | where TimeGenerated > ago(1h) | summarize count() by ObjectName
Sometimes it makes sense to define groups by multiple dimensions. Each unique combination of these values defines a separate group:
Perf | where TimeGenerated > ago(1h) | summarize count() by ObjectName, CounterName
Another common use is to perform mathematical or statistical calculations on each group. For example, the following calculates the average CounterValue for each computer:
Perf | where TimeGenerated > ago(1h) | summarize avg(CounterValue) by Computer
Unfortunately, the results of this query are meaningless since we mixed together different performance counters. To make this more meaningful, we should calculate the average separately for each combination of CounterName and Computer:
Perf | where TimeGenerated > ago(1h) | summarize avg(CounterValue) by Computer, CounterName
Summarize by a time column
Grouping results can also be based on a time column, or another continuous value. Simply summarizing
by TimeGenerated though would create groups for every single millisecond over the time range, since these are unique values.
To create groups based on continuous values, it is best to break the range into manageable units using bin. The following query analyzes Perf records that measure free memory (Available MBytes) on a specific computer. It calculates the average value of each 1 hour period over the last 7 days:
Perf | where TimeGenerated > ago(7d) | where Computer == "ContosoAzADDS2" | where CounterName == "Available MBytes" | summarize avg(CounterValue) by bin(TimeGenerated, 1h)
To make the output clearer, you select to display it as a time-chart, showing the available memory over time:
- Learn about writing search queries


A general framework for moment-based analysis of genetic data
In population genetics, the Dirichlet (also called the Balding--Nichols) model has for 20 years been considered the key model to approximate the distribution of allele fractions within populations in a multi-allelic setting. It has often been noted that the Dirichlet assumption is approximate because positive correlations among alleles cannot be accommodated under the Dirichlet model. However, the validity of the Dirichlet distribution has never been systematically investigated in a general framework. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a general overview of how allele fraction data under the most common multi-allelic mutational structures should be modeled. The Dirichlet and alternative models are investigated by simulating allele fractions from a diffusion approximation of the multi-allelic Wright--Fisher process with mutation, and applying a moment-based analysis method. The study shows that the optimal modeling strategy for the distribution of allele fractions depends on the specific mutation process. The Dirichlet model is only an exceptionally good approximation for the pure drift, Jukes--Cantor and parent-independent mutation processes with small mutation rates. Alternative models are required and proposed for the other mutation processes, such as a Beta--Dirichlet model for the infinite alleles mutation process, and a Hierarchical Beta model for the Kimura, Hasegawa--Kishino--Yano and Tamura--Nei processes. Finally, a novel Hierarchical Beta approximation is developed, a Pyramidal Hierarchical Beta model, for the generalized time-reversible and single-step mutation processes.
TidsskriftJournal of Mathematical Biology
Sider (fra-til)1727-1769
Antal sider43
StatusUdgivet - 2019
Se relationer på Aarhus Universitet Citationsformater
ID: 144294222


Dividing small businesses in divorce can be difficult, complex and of course contentious. This is usually because the business is the family's largest asset, and the parties may have very different views about what it is worth, as well as their respective shares. One party may believe that the business is failing and is only a fraction of its perceived value, whereas the other party may insist that it is a budding enterprise that is worth much more than is being explained. These views can be especially difficult if only one party primarily owns or operates the business, for the other may believe that they are being denied their fair share of the proceeds.
When emotions drive each party's sense of entitlement, costly litigation is a certainty. However, the following tips can help parties properly value a business, determine how it should be divided in divorce and avoid further acrimony over their rightful share.
First and foremost, it is important to understand the difference between a business as "property" as opposed to "income." A business labeled as property (such as a rental property) is subject to Illinois' asset division laws and will be divided as such. A business known for its income (such as a doctor's private practice) will invariably lead to spousal maintenance payments based on the revenue produced by the business. Some businesses may be considered both "property" and "income." In these instances, the two must be separated to avoid double dipping (i.e., dividing the business and then paying maintenance based on the income from it).
Also, finding the valuation method appropriate for your business is critical. The fair market value method assesses a business' worth by determining what it would sell for on the open market. Essentially, a valuation is reached by comparing values of similar businesses or comparable sales. Some businesses are valued through the capitalization of earnings method, which considers the business' prospective rate of return, its history of earnings and the risks involved. Regardless of the method used, the higher the business value, the more each party stands to receive.
Ultimately, dividing a small business can be a very complicated process. An Illinois divorce attorney with a business background can advise you on what method would be appropriate for your business.


text:
Tropical Waves Characteristics
Interval/Period of 3-4 Days Between Waves
- Lasting from one week to several weeks
- Propagating at 10-15 KT
Wavelength of 2,000-2,500 Km
Extend Vertically Between SFC-5Km
A westward traveling tropical wave manifests quite well on the lower atmosphere. In the absence of satellite imagery, RAOBS, ship synoptic and surface observations are the best tools for finding these perturbations.
Knowledge of climatology across the region is key for tropical wave detection, as shifts on the prevailing wind flow will be the first clue of an approaching tropical wave.
Over the eastern Caribbean, the prevailing easterlies will take a more NE component as a tropical wave approaches. As the wave axis moves over the area the easterlies will return, but as it passes the winds will take an ESE component.
Over the southeastern Caribbean the tropical waves are harder to find, as their circulation tends to be masked by the ITCZ anchoring low over the Gulf of Panama. Over Panama-Costa Rica the flow during the wet season has a NE component, except when a tropical wave moves west across the region inducing an ESE rotation of the mean flow. Strong waves can then draw the ITCZ north across Panama/Costa Rica into the southern Caribbean.


text:
How To Read Your Propane Gauge
One of the most important things to understand about your propane tank is that the fuel gauge shows you the fuel level as a percentage of the capacity of your tank, not the total amount of gallons in the tank.
While not all propane tanks have the same gauges, their purpose remains the same: to show you how much propane is left in the tank. Most gauges are "float gauges," (like the fuel gauge in a vehicle), which reads the level of liquid propane in the tank via a floating arm. As the level drops, so does the float gauge.
If you have a propane tank for home energy usage, then you've probably noticed that after a propane delivery, the tank gauge reads 80%.
Don't worry, you're not being scammed and there is nothing wrong with your tank or the gauge. Although you use propane in gas form, propane is stored as a liquid in your tank to allow it space to expand and contract as the ambient temperature rises and falls. The maximum fill percentage is always going to be 80%.
You can perform some simple math to determine how much gas is in your propane tank. Just multiply the tank's capacity by the reading on the tank gauge.
For example, if your 500-gallon tank is showing a gauge reading of 60%, that means you have 300 gallons of gas remaining in your tank (500 x 0.6).


text:
Beinecke Library Construction Photographs, _PHONE_
Documenting the construction of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, this collection of photographs captures the transient stages of a massive, three year project.
One of the largest buildings in the world devoted entirely to rare books and manuscripts, the library was designed to have room in the central tower for 180,000 volumes and in the underground book stacks for over 600,000 volumes; it now contains well over 500,000 volumes and several million manuscripts.
The building, of Vermont marble and granite, bronze and glass, was designed by Gordon Bunshaft, of the firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill; the George A. Fuller Construction Company of Hamden, Connecticut was the general contractor. Work began on the building in 1960 and was completed in 1963. The white, gray-veined marble panes of the exterior are one and one-quarter inches thick and are framed by light gray Vermont granite. These marble panels filter light so that rare materials can be displayed without damage from harmful ultraviolet light. From the exterior, however, the building's powerful stone geometry serves to dominate the space it occupies in Hewitt University Quadrangle, amidst neo-Classical and neo-Gothic neighbors.
The building and its endowment are the gift of Edwin J. Beinecke, Yale 1907; Frederick W. Beinecke, Yale 1909; Walter Beinecke, Yale 1910; and their families.
Over 500 photographs by C.T. Alburtus and unknown photographers, varying in size, 20.7 x 25.5 cm. and smaller, in color and black and white


DOWNLOAD the labour Proclamation No. _PHONE_
Proclamation No. 1156/2019
25th Year No. 89 ADDIS ABABA 5th September, 2019
WHERE AS, it is essential to ensure worker-employer relations are governed by basic principles of rights and obligations with a view to enabling workers and employers to secure durable industrial peace; sustainable productivity and competitiveness through cooperative engagement towards the all-round development of our country;
WHEREAS, it has been found necessary to lay down a working system that guarantees the rights of workers and employers to freely establish their respective associations and to engage, through their duly authorized representatives, in social dialogue and collective bargaining, as well as to draw up procedures for the expeditious settlement of labour disputes, which arise between them;
WHEREAS, there is a need to create favorable environment for investment and achievement of national economic goals without scarifying fundamental workplace rights by laying down well considered labour administration; and determine the duties and responsibilities of governmental organs entrusted with the power to monitor labour conditions; occupational health and safety; and environmental protection together with bilateral and tripartite social dialogue mechanisms; political, economic and social policies of the Country;
WHEREAS, it has been found necessary to reformulate the existing labour law with a view to attaining the aforementioned objectives and in accordance with the and in conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments to which Ethiopia is a party;
NOW,THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55 (1) and (3) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows:
1. Short Title
This Proclamation may be cited as the "Labour Proclamation No.1156/2019".
2. Definitions
In this Proclamation unless the context provides otherwise:
1/ "Employer" means a person or an undertaking who employs one or more natural persons in accordance with Article 4 of this Proclamation.
2/ "Undertaking" means any entity established under a united management for the purpose of carrying on any commercial, industrial, agricultural, construction or any other lawful activity.
Any branch carrying on the activities of an undertaking which is designated separately and which enjoys operational or organizational autonomy shall be deemed to be a separate undertaking.
3/ "Worker" means a person who has an employment relationship with an employer in accordance with Article 4 this Proclamation.
4/ "Ministry" or "Minister" means the Ministry or Minister of Labour and Social Affairs respectively.
5/ "Appropriate authority" means, a Regional state organ vested with the power of implementing labour laws.
6/ "Work rules" means internal rules which govern, subject to the provisions of this Proclamation and other relevant laws, working hours, rest period, payment of wages and methods of measuring work done, maintenance of safety and prevention of accidents, disciplinary measures and their enforcement as well as other conditions of work.
7/ "Condition of work" means the entire field of labour relations between workers and employers including hours of work, wage, leave, payments due to dismissal, workers health and safety, compensation to victims of employment injury, dismissal because of redundancy, grievance procedure and any other similar matters.
8/ "Regional state" means any State referred to in Article 47(1) of the Constitution of Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and includes the Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa city administrations.
9/ "Social dialogue" means a process of information exchange, dialogue or negotiation of bilateral or tripartite nature between employer and employees or involving the Government on economic and social issues of mutual interests towards arriving at common understanding.
10/ "Managerial employee" means an employee who, by law or delegation of the employer, is vested with powers to lay down and execute management policies, and depending on the type of activities of the undertaking, with or without the aforementioned powers an employee who is vested with the power to
hire, transfer, suspend, layoff, dismiss or assign employees, and includes a legal service head who recommend measures to be taken by the employer regarding such managerial issues, using his independent judgment, in the interest of the employer.
11/"Sexual harassment" means to persuade or convince another through utterances, signs or any other manner, to submit for sexual favor without his/her consent.
12/ "Sexual violence" means sexual harassment accompanied by force or an attempt thereof.
13/ "private employment agency" (herein after "Agency ") means any legally licensed person, to provide one or two of the following local Employment services without charging directly or indirectly any fee from the worker:
a)Local employment exchange service without being a party to an employment relation; or
b) Deploying of employees under its authority to the service of a service user enterprise, by entering into contract of employments with such employees; or combines both services.
14/ "License" means a certificate to be issued by a competent organ certifying that the entity is qualified to engage in private employment exchange service.
15/ "Discrimination" any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of nation, race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction, social origin, HIV/AIDS status, disablement and others which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation.
16/ "employment of private service" means an employment of a nonprofit careening, cleaning guardianship, gardening, driving and other related services for the employer and his family consumption.
17/ "commercial traveler and Representatives" shall have the meaning prescribed under commercial code.
18/ "Person" means any natural or juridical person.
19/ Provisions of this Proclamation set out in the masculine gender shall also apply to the feminine gender.
3. Scope of Application
1/ Without prejudice to Sub-Article (2) of this
Article, this Proclamation shall be applicable to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exist between a worker and an employer including recruitment process.
2/ This Proclamation shall not, however, be applicable to the following employment relations:
a) contracts for the purpose of upbringing, treatment, care or rehabilitation;
b) contracts for the purpose of educating or training other than apprentice;
c) where the employee is a managerial employee ;
d) contracts of personal service ;
e) contracts relating to persons such as members of the Armed Force, members of the Police Force, employees of state administration, judges of courts of law, prosecutors and others whose employment relationship is governed by special laws;
f) Contracts relating to a person who performs an act, for consideration, at his own business or professional responsibility.
3/ Notwithstanding the provision of Sub-Article(1) of this Article:
a)unless the Council of Ministers by regulation decides, or an international agreement to which Ethiopia is a signatory provides otherwise, employment relations between Ethiopian n a t i o n a l s and foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations operating with in the territory of Ethiopia shall be governed by this Proclamation;
b)the Council of Ministers may, by Regulation, determine the inapplicability of this Proclamation to employment relations established by religious or charitable organizations; c)the Council of Ministers shall issue Regulation governing conditions of work applicable to personal services
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In this tutorial you will learn How to create a half monster face skull using Adobe Photoshop. The basic idea behind this tutorial is very simple. Even a beginner can try this tutorial. We will be using any random image and a face of any random ghost, skull, zombie etc. The normal image will be opened in Photoshop and we will place the skull face on the image. Then using the brush tool, we will rub out half of the skull face.
To be perfect in this tutorial, you just need to know how to use the brush tool in Photoshop. That's all we need to know. You can create wonderful horrific images using this tutorial and also by adding some extra effects.
The Final Image
The Image files links are given below for download. You can download the same files and create this tutorial first. Then you can head over to your own images and skull faces. You just need to use the brush tool properly to master and be perfect in this tutorial. So let's get started.


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1.cooling, washing and lubrication, keep cooling and […]
1.cooling, washing and lubrication, keep cooling and lubrication clean, control the grinding heat within the allowable range, and prevent thermal deformation of the workpiece. Improve the cooling conditions during grinding, such as the use of sinking wheels or internal cooling wheels. The cutting fluid is introduced into the center of the grinding wheel. The cutting fluid can directly enter the grinding area to effectively cool down and prevent burns on the surface of the workpiece.
2. Minimize the quenching stress after heat treatment, because the meshed carbonized structure under the quenching stress and the grinding force causes the structure to undergo phase transformation and easily cause the workpiece to crack. In order to eliminate the residual stress of high-precision mold grinding, low temperature aging treatment should be carried out after grinding to improve toughness.
3. In order to eliminate the grinding stress, the mold can be immersed in a salt bath at 260～315℃ for 1.5min, and then cooled in 30℃ oil, which can reduce the hardness by 1HRC and the residual stress by 40% ~ 65%.
4. For precision grinding of precision molds with dimensional tolerances within 0.01mm, attention should be paid to the influence of ambient temperature and constant temperature grinding is required. According to calculations, when the temperature difference is 3℃, the material changes about 10.8m (10.8=1.2×3×3, and the deformation per 100mm is 1.2m/℃), and the influence of this factor should be fully considered in each process. The finishing process.
5. Electrolytic grinding is used to improve mold manufacturing accuracy and surface quality. In the electrolytic grinding process, the grinding wheel squeezes the oxide film instead of grinding the metal. Therefore, the grinding force is small, the grinding heat is small, and there will be no burrs, cracks, burns, etc. Generally, the surface roughness can be better than Ra0.16 m. In addition, the grinding wheel wear is very small. For example, when grinding cemented carbide, the amount of wear of a silicon carbide grinding wheel is about 400% to 600% of the weight of the cemented carbide. In electrolytic grinding, the wear amount of the grinding wheel is only 50% to 100% of the grinding amount of cemented carbide.


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In recent years, brownfield site developments and urban concentration projects have become more important in the context of site and regional development. The use of test planning and urban design study processes allows us to help our clients to optimize sites in terms of how they are used and developed. We employ a number of different approaches to achieve these results.
Various constraints present considerable challenges when it comes to developing sites and districts; these include spatial constraints within built-up areas, as well as planning/regulatory and environmental constraints, and a diverse range of demands from different stakeholders. In order to arrive at a mutual understanding and find solutions, there must be dialog and discussion, and the various options must be narrowed down. Test planning and urban-planning study processes are tools which aid this purpose.
We support our clients in the development of complex sites and regions through test planning and urban design study processes, specifically, through:
- Generating the substantive program content and carrying out preliminary investigations,
- Drafting proposals for the assessment board, teams, and experts, working together with our clients to configure these groups,
- Generating a final or summary report,
- Organizing and moderating workshops
- Planning and supporting the entire process.


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Unless you forget the Sunday joint in the oven, a burning smell from any electrical appliance is something you should take very seriously. It's generally a sign that the machine is about to break down, and it could well indicate that it's in a dangerous condition. If you smell burning in or around your washing machine you need to take immediate steps.
Where is the Smell Coming From?
If the smell is clearly coming from the washing machine itself, switch it off and unplug it immediately. If the smell appears to be coming from the plug, plug socket, or wire, switch off the power to the circuit and wait for everything to cool down before unplugging.
In either event, don't use your machine until it's been assessed by a service engineer. A burning smell from this appliance is a sign that you need urgent washing machine repairs. There are a number of things your engineer will check.
1. The drive belt
A worn or damaged drive belt can slip, this causes friction which leads to the belt overheating, resulting in a very distinctive burning rubber smell, indicating that the worn belt needs to be replaced. While this task isn't especially complicated it's still best undertaken by a qualified repairman. Washing machine motors generate a lot of static and it's possible to get a very nasty shock from one even when the appliance is unplugged.
2. Drive motor pulleys
Pulleys can rust or degrade over time, and once this has happened they will generate friction when the machine is in operation. At worst a damaged pulley can seize up totally, which will put a strain on the drive belt and lead to overheating.
3. The drive motor
Like the pulleys and belts around it, the drive motor itself can overheat and cause a burning smell. Sometimes this is as a result of a primary fault in the motor, other times a fault in a belt or pulley can cause the motor to burn out. A competent engineer will generally check all of this, to determine the full extent of the work to be done before starting your washing machine repairs. Replacing one or two components is likely to be cost effective but if several parts are faulty it might be more cost-effective to replace the machine.
4. Electrical faults within the machine
Faults in the wiring or water coming into contact with the electrical components of your machine could result in an electrical burning smell from within the washing machine. Switch it off, isolate it from the power supply and call an engineer.
Reduce the risk of your washing machine developing faults
Every home appliance has a usable lifespan and sooner or later faults will develop, but there are a few things you can do to maximise the chances of getting the longest possible use from your washing machine. Attending to faults as soon as you notice them will always keep your washing machine repair bills down in the long run. A single faulty component could cause a cascade of other problems to develop, so delaying repairs may increase the work that needs to be done and the cost of doing it. Apart from this, the very best favour you can do your washer is to not overload it. Overloading puts excessive strain on the belt, the pulleys and the motor itself making their failure more likely.


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Castles of the World Inside And Out
When we were little I'm sure all of us imagined how it would be like to be part of royalty. Little girls would imagine themselves as princesses in big castles just waiting for their night in shining armor. After that, they all lived happily ever after in their huge castle. Well here's a collection of weird, funny and interesting facts about some of the biggest, most luxurious and extravagant castles in the world.
1. The Chateau of Chambord
The property contains the castle itself, the village and the park and is situated in the department of Loire-et-Cher, central France (Loire Valley). For many years, this castle was a retreat for the French Kings, especially the fierce Louis XIV.
Interesting facts about the castle of Chambord:
- This castle is one of the most famous manor houses on the planet. It was built by King Francois I in order for him to be close all the time to his mistress Comtesse de Thoury.
- The Chambord Chateau is the largest castle found throughout the Loire Valley and it was used as hunting domain.
- It has an impressive number of roms, chimneys, fireplaces: 440 rooms, 365 fireplaces, to be more exact.
- The most interesting facts about the Chateu of Chambord are the double helix staircase (just one of the 84 staircases).
Take a look at some beautiful pictures for the castle's interior:
A king-size bed, the deer show the hunting motif.
2. Neuschwanstein Castle
The picture speaks for itself, this castle is probably the most charming one of all, despite it's controversial origins.
Interesting facts about Neuschwanstein Castle:
- The name Neuschwanstein actually means: New Swan Stone, inspired by Wagner's Swan Knight. Many of te castle's rooms are inspired by Wagner's operas, yet Wagner never visited the castle because of his early death.
- It was built for King Ludwig II and was designed for only one person, the king, yet in some days it is visited by a large number of people, up to 6000/day.
- This castle insipred Walt Disney's Sleeping Beauty castle in Disneyland.
- The woodwork in the bedroom alone lasted more than 4 years to complete and was made by 14carpenters.
- There's no Throne Room in the castle, because King Ludwig II died before it was completed.
- The designer of the castle, Christian Jank was only a theatrical designer, not a real architect.
Even though there are no cameras allowed, Neuschwanstein Castle is one of the most photographed castles in the world. Take a look at some inside pictures.
The Palace of Versailles is one of the most extravagant buildings in the world.
Intresting facts about Versailles:
- The entire domain is bigger than the island of Manhattan and larger than Paris.
- The costs of construcing the palace rise up to 2 billion dollars, based on existing records.
- The palace was so luxurious and opulent that even the stables built for the kings 2000 horses had fireplaces.
- It's Hall Of Mirrors has 17 large chandeliers and another 26 smaller ones made out of solid silver.
- The Chapel took over 28 years to complete because of Louis's demands of total perfection.
- The queen's dormitory is one of the largest rooms because she had to give birth in public.
The gates of Versailles were designed to look like the Gates of Heaven.
4. Chateau de Chenonceau
Interesting facts about the castle of Chenonceau:
- It's also referred to as The Castle of Ladies, due to the implication of feminine figures in it's design.
- The castle we know today was built in 1513 by Charles XVIII of France, he used his wife's extremely good taste in design to make this castle one of the beautifulest castles in France.
- In 1547, Diane de Poitiers who was King Francis I's mistress who contributed with the exquisite gardens.
- Catherine de' Medici forced the mistress out of the palace and brought her own conmtribution to the palace: splendid gardens.
- Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont lost her mind while living in the castle due to her husband's assassination.
Next time you visit France, make sure you see the Chateau de Chenonceau, because it's one of the most visited palaces in France.
Intresting facts about Linderhof:
- Linderhof was built by King Ludwig II (1845 – 1886), one of Bavaria's most eccentric kings. The palace is one of the king's smallest palaces, even tho it's spectaculaty large.
- It has 10 types of marble in it.
- The staircase is a smaller replica of the famous Ambassador's staircase from, Versailles, it being the inspiration source for the entire castle.
- The position o the bed and the balustrade give the impression of an altar built in the king's honor.
Find more amazing stuff on our sister website CoolWeirdo
If you enjoyed this article please share it.


How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get Published
How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get published by Sophie King is a very practical guide to, as the title suggests, writing short stories and getting them published in magazines.
I will focus on the first eight chapters here, giving you a taste of what is on offer in the book. Although it does not come across here fully, most chapters discuss ideas in conceptual terms and in practical context, and feature writing exercises plus an actual short story by Sophie King in which she has applied the ideas.
The book is full of ideas which you can apply or adapt for your writing straight away and demonstrations of the ideas in practice.
1. Identifying Your Market
What kind of stories do you want to write? What kind of magazines do you want to write them for? Who reads particular magazines and what do they want in stories for the magazine?
Familiarise yourself with the magazines to maximise your chances of being published – not just the fiction pages but also the articles and ads, read the submission guidelines.
King gives a detailed examination of several specific magazines and how to determine what to write for each.
2. Good Idea!
Ideas come from life all around you, you just have to notice them and build on them by asking "what if?".
Carry a notebook with you and write down anything interesting you notice. The things you notice don't have to be extraordinary and exotic. They could quite easily be everyday things like clues from the laundry (grass stains, an object in a pocket such as a note), questions from the checkout (why did the customer react that way when they didn't have enough money?, why did that guy buy 30 tins of sardines?) which might trigger a story idea when you explain them by asking "what if?". Write these in your notebook as the seed of an idea and let them grow as you think about them and come back to add more detail.
3. Nice To Meet You
In short stories you have a small amount of space to establish your characters, so it can be useful to find ways of establishing characaters quickly.
Characters can be quickly established with the assistance of techniques such as a trademark behavioural habit, physical characteristic, or trademark phrase.
King explains that she puts a dog in her stories to bring out each character's personality based on how they interact with the dog (A variation of this technique was also used in the film There's Something About Mary when Magda says to Mary that her dog Puffy will tell them everything they need to know about Pat Healy. Pat decides he does not want to take any chances with Puffy, who hates him, so he decides to drug Puffy so he can make a good first impression.)
Set up the character, then move onto the predicament.
Make a list of your characters and write what their function in the story is and what would be missing if they were removed. If the answer is "not much", then it may be better to remove the character or merge their function in the story with one of the other characters.
If you want a twist, set up a misleading impression of one or more characters, or the story predicament, and reveal the situation more fully later in the story.
4. Plotting Your Short Story
King covers how she plots her stories as well as how some of her writer friends do it, and encourages you to try different methods for themself to determine what you like most and works best for you.
5. Viewpoint: Whose Shoes Are You Standing In?
Avoid confusing viewpoint changes. You can change viewpoints as long as you indicate this clearly to the reader, usually by starting a new chapter or enough space indicate a clear separation.
Exercise: pick a story you know well and write it from the point of view of a different character. This will help you learn about multiple perspectives and ways they could fit together in the teling of the same story scenario.
6. Who's speaking please?
Don't get bogged down in dialogue. The reader also needs to know who is speaking, what they are doing and where they are.
Who is saying or thinking what (or reporting that another character is saying or thinking what)?
7. First person or third?
First person has more potential for hiding details to reveal in a twist later. However, third person "can alllow you to see and describe your characters in depth." Stories with multiple points of view allow aspects of both.
Exercise: Write something in first person, then re-write it into the third. This will help you learn about different ways in which each can be used.
8. Beginnings and Endings
Exercise: Read the beginnings and endings of a number of short stories you have not read before. Take the beginning and the ending then fill in the middle. This will help you learn about how stories can progress from one situation at the beginning to a different one at the end. (Then you can compare your version of the middle to the real version of the middlefor more ideas on way to progress from a specific beginning to a specific ending.)
Chapters 9-18 cover writing different types of short stories, as well as other topics such as writing for short story competitions, writing courses, and the internet.
More on Sophie King and her writing can be found at You can listen to her interview with Stratford Communty Radio here. She writes short stories and novels, offers a manuscript appraisal service for fiction writers, and teaches creative writing at Oxford University and privately. Sophie King also has an article on The Australian Literature Review called Taking the Pain Out of Plot.
The Australian Literature Review
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3 Responses to How to Write Short Stories for Magazines – and get Published
 1. Michael says:
 All good points, but for me at least, first person does not always fit for short stories.
 On the plus side, the shorter form allows you to get away with characters more, throw everything you have into them without risking making the reader tired of them. but on the negative I find third person gives more freedom to give details of the story the main character would not see or be aware of.
 But then again I'm not published.
 2. auslit says:
 Hi Michael,
 Thanks for raising your point about first and third person.
 Sophie King has discussed the various merits of first person, third person and multiple point of view stories in the book. A few sentences have been added on third person and multiple point of view stories to avoid giving the impression that she supports first person over the others.
 The coverage of each chapter in the review is just a little taste of what is in the chapter. (A comprehensive summary would need to be much longer.)
 Often point of view will be discussed as:
 1) first person providing immediacy and creating identification between a reader and a character and third person creating a detached sense of distance between a reader and a character
 2) first person narration being less reliable because first person implies a story told by a character with emotions, agendas and limited psychological capacities (such as memory) and third person being more reliable because they (usually) are outside the immediate events of the story, outside the fictional story world or are an idealised narrative technique beyond the frailties and vested interests of a person.
 Sophie King writes about point of view based on her own ideas and in relation to a number of fiction writing strategies, rather than repeating the same old lines (Does first person actually increase immediacy? Is there actually an intrinsic difference in reliabilitybetween first and third person narration? Or are they ideas that are more based in people repeating theory than what readers actually experience and think about what they read?)
 3. Michelle says:
 i have several books at home of hers and have just about worn them out with use i find her books invaluable when i am writing and feel that without her books writing would be almost impossible and a nightmare to say the least. Most writing help books are useless except for hers she could turn the most illiterate person into a best seller writer i absolutly adore her and am one of her biggest fans i dream of being able to undertake her writing course one day at least twice.
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International Studies Abroad ®est. 1987
Universities in Townsville
James Cook University - Townsville
As Queensland's second oldest university, James Cook University (JCU) is world renowned for its research and instruction focused on the tropics. The University is surrounded by numerous ecosystems including the Great Barrier Reef, rainforests of the Wet Tropics and more where students are able to apply their studies within the diverse environment. JCUTownsville is recognized by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Australia. At JCU there are hundreds of study areas for students to choose from, many offering exciting, hands-on field components. Popular study areas include:
Marine Biology
Tropical Biology and Zoology
Rainforest and Coastal Science
Earth Sciences/Geology
Indigenous Australian Studies
James Cook University's Townsville campus is the University's largest campus, boasting approximately 12,300 students, including over 1,400 international students. The campus surroundings provide students with easy access to everything they will need during their time at JCU, including a large variety of outdoor activities, visits to the Great Barrier Reef and nearby islands and resorts, historic outback towns, and World Heritage listed rainforests. Diverse environments, vibrant communities, and challenging academic programs are just a few of the reasons why so many students choose to study abroad at James Cook University.
Times Higher Education has ranked James Cook University within the top 300 universities (2016).
James Cook University supports ISA students with four $500 AUD awards per year.
Cricos Code: 00117J
Our programs at the James Cook University - Townsville


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Sarah Dazley - Murder
The development of forensic science in the 19th century
A case study for Key Stage 3, Britain 1750 - 1900 and GCSE History
This case study outlines the case of Sarah Dazley, a young widow, who at the age of 28, was tried and found guilty of the murder of her 2nd husband, William Dazley.
The case is interesting in many ways:
- Forensic Evidence was used to make the case against Sarah - this was an early use of forensic science to determine the cause of death.
- Heresay gossip from villagers counted against her.
- Sarah Dazley was the last woman to be publicly hanged at Bedford Gaol.
In this section you will find background information and activites relating to the case of Sarah Dazley, the detection of crime and the treatment of those accused of murder in the 19th century.
The KS 3 & 4 activities are aimed at students but provide a wealth of additional information and insight to the life of a young woman during the 19th century.
A case study for Key Stage 3, Britain 1750 - 1900 and GCSE History. The materials can also be used for general interest.
This section has reports and documents relating to the life of Sarah Dazely that can be used for research or for completing the activities provided with this case study.