text:
CIVIC: Community Voices Informed Choices
What is CIVIC and how does it relate to community resource development in Broward County?
CIVIC is UF/IFAS Extension community development programming and the acronym stands for: Community Voices Informed Choices.
It is a UF/IFAS Extension initiative that builds capacity for communities to work toward enhanced quality of life leading to solutions directed at local challenges by:
- Raising awareness
- Exploring differences and common perspectives
- Generating ideas for moving forward and
- Working with partners to create recommendations
The role of Extension is to offer research-based knowledge that is applicable to answer difficult questions and provide solutions. Extension educators' roles are to support people in the development of a broadened perspective, so they are prepared to make reasoned judgments about the critical public issues we face today.
CIVIC can address many different community issues across all Extension initiative areas, such as poverty, community safety, crime, affordable housing, lack of resources, water quality, land use and the opioid crisis.
Why do we need the CIVIC program?
Communities are faced with a variety of challenges these days. For some issues, there is wide agreement about the solutions. For others, there may be a common belief that something should be done, but little clarity and discussion about the specific actions that should be taken. Other issues are filled with disagreement. People may disagree on the facts, or not trust the science that provides the facts. People may disagree on which factors should be considered, believing more attention should be paid to things such as the economy, environmental protection, or community safety. For other issues opposing sides can't even discuss options as division deepens over time. There are often difficulties addressing these contentious issues.
People do want to participate in meaningful ways to improve their community.
Through UF/IFAS Extension, we can help build capacity in our communities to increase partnerships and enable people to obtain information, weigh costs and benefits and discuss needed options.
Community deliberative discussions may be an important step forward, helping people better understand why alternative solutions are appealing to different people. Discussing the options can help people find common ground, areas of agreement and hopefully a few solutions.
"CIVIC benefits communities through meaningful conversations among community members. By bringing together all members of the community, everyone's voice is heard. Different perspectives are shared…maybe even a perspective that no one had considered that could lead to positive change."
-Linda Seals, UF/IFAS Extension Southeast District CRD Regional Specialized Agent
Extension agents in Florida are engaged in many activities working with their communities to:
1. Identify critical needs
2. Frame issues for reasonable discussions
3. Facilitate discussion groups
CIVIC forums provide an opportunity to discuss local issues of concern and explore the reasons people prefer various solutions, which is an important step in finding common ground.
CIVIC helps communities help themselves through enhanced civic engagement. Participants will gain knowledge on the concepts and theories of community development and will be able to apply citizen participation processes, methods and techniques that will assist in managing for change in local communities.
Extension educators can use research-based information to address current issues in communities and to educate policy makers, so they are informed when making policy decisions about critical issues.
Does your group need help with facilitation?
Our UF/IFAS Extension and Broward County CIVIC team members are available to guide your group to success. This forum includes community conversation, brainstorming future ideas and solutions and/or getting everyone on the same page. If you are interested in group facilitated discussion around a contentious issue, please contact UF/IFAS Extension Broward County at _PHONE_ and ask to speak to the Family and Consumer Sciences Agent.
For further information:
UF/IFAS Extension, How Problems Gain Importance and Become Contentious Issues through Agenda Setting _URL_
UF/IFAS Extension, Effective Practice for Building Cross Sector Partnerships


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If I got
Dim myRect As Rectangle = New Rectangle(0,0,100,100)
Is it necessary or just fine to later do this:
myRect = Nothing
Or it isn't necessary? Thank you.
IF it is necessary, are there other cases it isn't for my variables?
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2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
In general, as Joel said, it's unnecessary.
In your specific example, though, it is actually pointless. Rectangle is a value type, so setting it to Nothing is not even affecting an object's reference count; it's assigning a new value (the default value for Rectangle) to your myRect variable. This is analogous to having an Integer variable and setting it to 0 at the end of a method. Doesn't buy you anything.
I should point out that the claim "Setting any variable to Nothing [or null in C#] never accomplishes anything"* is a myth. It is entirely possible that you may have a field in a class which you might as well set to null if the object referenced is no longer needed but you still have a reference to the class instance itself.
As a simplistic example, suppose you had some container class which wraps a T[] array, and you give this container an Empty method. It might make sense to set the container's internal array to null in this method, which would result in zero references to the array object, qualifying it for garbage collection. (You would then create a new array when external code next tried to add a T to the collection.) If you did not set the field to null on Empty, then there would still be a reference to the array (i.e., the field), and so that would be a small amount of memory being used that you really don't need.
Like I said, that's a simplistic example. And honestly, it's rare that you ever need to consider scenarios like that. I just thought I would mention it so that you don't get the wrong impression that setting a field to Nothing literally never accomplishes anything.
*I'm not actually quoting anyone specific here; this is just an over-generalization I've heard stated more than once.
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What if it was an Image type variable? – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:44
_USER_: Then Joel's answer applies (Image is a reference type). Setting it to null per se is not really valuable. On the other hand, Image implements IDisposable so you should take care to dispose of it properly (by calling Dispose or, better, wrapping the variable in a using block outside of which you no longer need it). – Dan Tao Jan 27 '11 at 19:46
Thanks then! :D – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:50
add comment
Don't do it. This was important to do in the vb6 days, but for.Net it's possible (though very unlikely) for it to actually throw the garbage collector off and have other unexpected side effects.
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Your Answer


One of the core concepts in OpsMgr is modules. There are four modules types in OpsMgr: DataSource, Condition Detection, Probe, and Write Action. When you write any workflow such as rule/monitor/discovery/task/diagnostic/recovery you are using one or more module type that are already defined in system management packs. One of the hard things sometimes is to actually figure out what modules exist and what are their properties such as:
1 - What parameters need to be passed to a module?
2 - What is the input and output type of a module?
3 - Which parameters are mandatory and which are optional?
4 - What are the data types of the parameters?
To try to simplify this a bit, I wrote a small utility last night to provide some visibility into the library of modules and information about each module. The utility shows a tree of modules. At the top of the tree are the code based modules and the child nodes are the modules that use these code based modules.
This is the first version of the utility so it might not answer all the questions that one might have. I would really appreciate feedback as to how I can make this tool more useful.
Use of included utilities are subject to the terms specified at


text:
Long term vision for the future
Our native red squirrel populations are secure and have expanded beyond their current strongholds. Our woodlands are flourishing and can continue to deliver multiple benefits for future generations
The UK Squirrel Accord consists of 32 leading woodland, timber industry and conservation organisations in the UK. It was created at the invitation of HRH Prince Charles – who had the aim of bringing a concerted and coordinated approach to securing the future of our red squirrels and woodlands, and to controlling the introduced grey squirrel.
Why control grey squirrels?
Grey squirrels need controlling because they are causing major economic, social and environmental damage to the broadleaved woodlands of the United Kingdom.
The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) was introduced to the UK from North America in 1876 and its population has grown rapidly since then.
The problem of grey squirrels was first recognised in 1930 when a law was passed making it illegal to release a grey squirrel into the wild. Today it is estimated that could be as many as 3 million grey squirrels in the UK and this number continues to grow.
Forest damage and the impact on the UK's woodland industry
Grey squirrels damage our forests by stripping bark from trees' main trunks (at the base and up in the canopy) and branches. When they strip a complete ring of bark around the tree, it will kill the tree.
The impact of grey squirrels on red squirrels
This colonisation has had devastating consequences for our native red squirrels as the grey squirrels were first introduced to England from North America in 1876 as an ornamental species to populate the grounds of stately homes. Around 30 separate introductions occurred until 1930 when the damage caused by the grey squirrel was recognised and it was made illegal to release a grey squirrel to the wild. Grey squirrels have rapidly spread and colonised much of mainland England with detriment to our native red squirrel.
The most significant threat associated with grey squirrels is the spread and transmission of a disease called squirrelpox virus (SQPV). It can take only one grey squirrel to introduce this virus to a local population of red squirrels and then the virus can spread throughout the reds with devastating effect. Where a grey squirrel introduces SQPV, red squirrel population decline has been observed at between 17-25 times quicker than through competition alone.
The Squirrel Accord commitment to the future
Our commitment to the effective and targeted control of grey squirrels and the protection of red squirrels will be achieved through the following key areas. Ensuring the public understand the importance of our work. Communicating to the public through platforms such as engaging with Landowners and local groups. Working with and building on existing partnerships to ensure that all relevant landowners are aware of the impact of grey squirrels. Offering practical support and advice on grey squirrel management. A long term commitment to practical action and scientific research, ensuring our work is in line with available national research and guidance, developing and trialling innovative control methods, research and monitoring, developing a series of case studies highlighting exemplary management, coordination and communication and so bringing groups together to ensure they work effectively and to a common purpose

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to restain furniture darker
How to restain furniture darker
How do you darken already stained wood?
To darken the wood without altering it drastically, choose a darker version of the existing color; for example, add depth to light walnut with polyurethane tinted with dark walnut. Dip a tapered paintbrush in the polyurethane and apply a thin coat on the furniture until the brush runs dry.
Can you stain over stain to make it darker?
Can you stain over already stained furniture?
If the wood you are refinishing already has a clear protective finish, you need to test for adhesion before applying PolyShades®. A few simple rules to keep in mind: PolyShades® will work over stained wood (meaning it does not have a clear protective finish ) or wood topcoated with a polyurethane-based finish.
How can I lighten wood stain without sanding?
Do you have to remove old stain before restaining?
You might be interested: Who buys used furniture in tampa
How can you tell if a stain is dry?
Do you have to remove old stain before restaining furniture?
Can you stain a lighter color over a darker color?
If you try to apply a light – colored stain on top of an existing dark finish, you will not notice much difference. To completely alter the color of the wood's finish, remove the existing paint using an oil based solvent. Once you have removed the original finish from the wood, you can add a lighter color stain.
How do you Restain a wood table?
Step 1: Clean the Surface. Use gentle soap and water to remove dirt and oils from the table's existing finish. Step 2: Apply Stripper. If the table is painted or varnished, you'll need to strip the surface. Step 3: Clean With Mineral Spirits. Step 4: Sand Table Surface. Step 5: Apply Stain. Step 6: Apply Finish.
How do you stain wood that has already been stained?
For a deep stain, leave the stain on the wood for 5 to 10 minutes before wiping it off with a cloth. For a lighter stain, wipe the surface immediately after application. Allow the stain to dry for 24 hours before applying the topcoat of your choice.
You might be interested: What is distressed furniture
How can I darken wood furniture without stripping it?
Step 1: Lightly Hand Sand. Using a light grit sanding block, lightly hand sand the entire surface of the wood piece that you would like to darken. Step 2: Clean Wood. Clean your entire piece thoroughly using a mild cleanser. Step 3: Apply Dark Gel Stain. Apply the gel stain using a chip brush. Step 4: Seal.
How can I darken my oak cabinets without stripping?
Coating Selection Polyurethane stain blends are available in the most-common wood stain colors. They are applied over the old finish, and aren't designed to soak in, so you don't have to sand or strip off the polyurethane. Another option is oil-based paint, but its opacity can mask the wood grain.
How do you stain dark brown wood?
Combine some steel wool and white vinegar in a mason jar and allow to sit for a few days. The vinegar and steel wool will have a chemical reaction. When applied to the tea treated wood, the vinegar will immediately start to oxidize the tannins in the wood and turn the wood dark.
Roy Barker
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text:
The leader in tool presetting
The KENOVA set line h7 stands out due to its long-term stability, excellent repeatability and unrivalled precision. KeNOVA set line h7 is
predominantly used in setting rooms. The measuring and presetting of various tools for turning, drilling and cutting work determine its range of operation. The device completes these tasks with the highest level of precision.
Its stable design makes the KeNOVA set line h7 an ideal device for workshops. It can be used optimally and has low maintenance requirements, so there are almost no follow-up costs.
The guideways are covered with metal plates which prevents soiling from oil, chips and dust while guaranteeing protection for the glass scales and drive shafts. This means the measurement-relevant components are optimally screened and there is virtually no possibility of damage.
Facts at a glance:
-The measuring and presetting device is self-supporting with a high degree of intrinsic rigidity
-Resistance to interference factors such as oscillations and vibrations.
-The large rotary table can be extended by a position monitoring system and guarantees a high level of flexibility with a wide variety of working processes.
-The motor-driven axis control is equipped with three speeds and additional one-hand operation.
-Manual or partially automated working is possible with or without target data.
-CNC drives are available on all levels and ensure ease-of-use.
-A travelling command centre ensures operator comfort and reduces improper operation and saves time.
-Workshop compatible design with integrated measurement control and industry PC.
-Modular precision spindles for the highest degree of reproducibility when changing different insert modules.
- Self-supporting structure with integrated switch cabinet
- Travelling command centre for a high level of operator comfort
- high load-bearing capacity and stability
- 2 axes, CNC
- 3rd axis manual or automatic
Cutting edge scanning:
- CCD camera with telecentric lens and reflected light
- Optional: optical turning centre measuring equipment
Electronic measurement equipment:
- PC electronics with intelligent image processing
- 24" TFT colour monitor
- X = 520 mm (∅); Z = 500 mm
- X = 520 mm (∅); Z = 800 mm
- Turntable 800 mm


text:
Are you like me and tend to write lots and lots in your cells in Excel 2007? It might be a good idea to make the text wrap.
What does wrapping text mean? Basically it is where you take one long line of text, and make it "wrap" around onto a number of lines instead. That way you have a nice readable block of text, instead of the line that goes on forever.
How to you wrap cell text in Excel 2007? Simple!
- Select the cell with all the text
- In the ribbon menu, on the "Home" tab, look for the "Alignment" group
- Click on the "Wrap Text" button.
'till next time!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
By stripping waste and other non-value-added steps from the production process, lean manufacturing has saved companies billions
of dollars. But why stop there? If a company is using traditional testing methods to release its products to market, the adoption
of rapid microbial methods (RMMs) is one of the most important additions a company can make to its lean initiatives.
THE VALUE OF RAPID METHODS
Lean quality is achieved by extending the principles of lean manufacturing to microbial testing. RMMs are being adopted by
increasing numbers of pharmaceutical companies around the world to reduce lead times while ensuring product safety. Implementing
rapid methods can unlock huge savings by shortening microbial hold times to just 24 hours for microbial limits, and cutting
sterility testing time by more than 50%. This translates into an average 5–year net present value savings of $500,000 or more
Improved efficiency also reduces recovery time in the event of contamination. During production, when so much is at risk,
the benefits of rapid methods are doubled. The faster that corrective action can be initiated, the faster recovery can occur,
which reduces the potential impact on customer relationships and the bottom line.
PHOTO COURTESY OF THE AUTHOR
HOW RAPID METHODS WORK
Products that are susceptible to microbial contamination but expected to be shipped contamination free are screened before
being released into distribution. That screening adds multiple days to the production cycle and extends lead times. Microscreening
typically takes 3–7 days for microlimits testing and 14 days or more for sterility. That's a long time to wait when there
is a good production process in place that is turning out products free from bioburden almost all the time. The wait time
is frustrating, and expensive.
Well-validated, rapid methods are just as effective as traditional microbiological methods, only faster. Results can be delivered
in as few as 24 hours using a rapid method featuring adenylate kinase (AK). AK-amplified bioluminescence combines the use
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the gold standard of rapid detection methods, with a patented enzyme technology to deliver
accurate results quickly.
All living organisms contain the compound ATP as a vital part of their energy metabolism. In the standard bioluminescence
test, when ATP is detected, a reaction occurs that generates a photon of yellow-green light, similar to that of a firefly.
It is a very sensitive technique, but limited by the fact that an organism contains only a small amount of the metabolite
Adenylate kinase (AK) is another vital part of energy metabolism. When supplied with an excess of ADP (adenosine diphosphate),
AK acts as a catalyst, converting ADP into ATP. Because AK is an enzyme rather than a metabolite, it can be harnessed to generate
almost unlimited amounts of its product. After 25 minutes, for example, the amount of ATP can be 1000 times greater than that
which the organism originally contained. As a result of this amplification and the reduced dependence upon microbial growth
for detection, AK-amplified bioluminescence provides faster results when screening for microbial contamination.


text:
Only one day before the ICES workshop on fish condition (WKFICON) starts in Girona, we have been informed that Professor Georgiy Shulman passed away on 13 November 2016 at the age of 87.
Dr. Shulman was a renowned marine zoologist specializing in fish ecology and physiology. His well-known investigations have had great significance in the areas of fish adaptations, biodiversity, life history and productivity, and fishery problems. His research was carried out at the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas in Sevastopol, Ukraine. He was the author of many books and articles that provided an undeniable and substantial contribution to fish condition studies.
We all mourn the loss of an excellent scientist and teacher who inspired us. We hope to continue his work.


Medical social work
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Britain and Ireland[edit]
Medical social workers in Britain and Ireland were previously known as Almoners, or Hospital Almoners. In Ireland, the origins of medical social workers go back to Dr. Ella Webb, who, in 1918, established a dispensary for sick children in the Adelaide Hospital in Dublin, and to Winifred Alcock, who trained as an Almoner and worked with Dr. Webb in her dispensary.[1]
In 1945, the Institute of Almoners in Britain was formed, which, in 1964, was renamed as the Institute of Medical Social Workers. The Institute was one of the founder organizations of the British Association of Social Workers, which was formed in 1970. In Britain, medical social workers were transferred from the National Health Service (NHS) into local authority Social Services Departments in 1974, and generally became known as hospital social workers.
United States[edit]
The Massachusetts General Hospital was the first American hospital to have professional social workers on site, in the early 1900s. The position was created by Richard Clarke Cabot to help patients to deal with areas of their life that made treatment difficult. This was important from an epidemiological point of view, as it made it easier to control and prevent outbreaks of syphilis and tuberculosis.[2]
The medical social worker profession[edit]
Role and required skills[edit]
Medical social workers play a critical role plan that will meet the patient's needs and allow the patient to leave the hospital in a timely manner. There are a number of factors that influence the timing of discharge; in private, community hospitals, it can be costly to allow patients to remain inpatient when it is no longer medically necessary. Discharge delays can prove costly to the hospital and to the patient depending on the patient's funding source.
For example, a medical provider informs the medical social worker that a patient will soon be "cleared for discharge" and will need in-home services. Depending on the setting, it may be the medical social worker's responsibility to arrange in-home services to coincide with the patient's discharge date. If the home care service is not in place at time of discharge, the patient may not be able to leave the hospital, resulting in a delay in discharge and the patient being placed on alternate level of care status (that is, deemed no longer requiring acute level of medical care, for which the hospital will receive a substantially lower rate of payment) until the necessary services are arranged.
Another skill required of medical social workers is the ability to work cooperatively with other members of the multidisciplinary treatment team who are directly involved in the patient's care. Medical social workers also need to have excellent analytical and assessment skills, an ability to communicate clearly with both patients and staff, and an ability to quickly and effectively establish a therapeutic relationship with patients. But of paramount importance, medical social workers must be willing to act as advocates for the patients, especially in situations where the medical social worker has identified problems that may compromise the discharge and put the patient at risk.
For example, a medical provider may report that a frail elderly patient, who lives alone, is medically stable for discharge and plans to discharge the patient home with in-home services. After assessing the patient's psychosocial needs, the medical social worker determines that the patient does not have the ability to manage at home safely even with the intervention of a home care worker. The medical social worker informs the medical provider that the proposed discharge plan may place the patient at risk and the discharge plan is deferred pending further assessment. The medical social worker can then collaborate with multidisciplinary providers to develop a more appropriate discharge plan even if that leads to discharge delays.
Medical social workers value the ethical concept of patient self-determination although this value can conflict with the values and ethics of other disciplines in a medical setting. Medical social workers strive to preserve the patient's right to make his or her own decisions about goals of care, treatment planning, discharge, etc. as long as the patient is capable of making those decisions him/herself. Patients often make decisions that medical professionals disagree with but the medical social worker advocates for the patient's right to self-determination. If the patient is not able to make his/her own decisions based on a cognitive or other impairment, the right of self-determination can be superseded by concern that a patient is a risk to self or others.
As medical social workers often have large case-loads and have to meet tight deadlines for arranging necessary services, medical social work is a demanding job. Medical social workers often deal with highly complex cases involving patients who come into the hospital with multiple psycho-social issues, all of which require assessment and treatment. It is not uncommon for medical social workers to treat cases involving homelessness, chronic unemployment, lack of income, lack of health insurance coverage, history of incarceration, and substance abuse problems. Any of these problems, separately and together, can impede timely discharge. Sometimes situations as seemingly mundane as the patient needing bus fare or a decent pair of shoes can lead to delays in discharge, especially if these needs are not identified quickly and early. This is why a complete and timely assessment of the patient's psychosocial needs is critical.
 1. ^ Kearney, N and Skehill, C (2005). Social work in Ireland: historical perspectives. Institute of Public Administration. ISBN 1-904541-23-2, ISBN 978-1-904541-23-3
 2. ^ Beder, J. (2006).Hospital Social Work: The interface of medicine and caring. Routlege: New York
External links[edit]


Glossary, Definitions and Help - literature library
Proportion of Households with Firearms
Definition and Selection Criteria
In a given jurisdiction the number of firearms held by civilians could have risen, while in the same period the proportion of households containing firearms could have fallen, or vice versa.
Counting the proportion of households with firearms might reveal trends in which existing gun owners acquire more or fewer guns, while at the same time a decreasing or increasing proportion of households contain firearms.
ID: G175


Return to Return to Chapter 2 Main Page
Tray Components
The function of a weir is to maintain a desired liquid level on the tray. Typical weir height is between 2 - 4 inches. Low weirs are frequently used in low pressure or vacuum columns. Notched (rectangular or V-shaped) weirs are commonly used for low liquid loads. see the Figure below for some examples:
Weir types
The higher the liquid level, the higher the tray pressure drop. Higher liquid level also imply more liquid hold-up on the tray, which may be undesirable if the liquid is toxic or hazardous.
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Downcomers are used to guide liquid flow from an upper tray to a lower tray. The most common is the segmental-type, which can be either straight or sloped (angled). See the Figure below.
Downcomer types
The straight, segmental, vertical downcomer is widely used as it provides good utilization of column area for downflow and has cost and simplicity advantage. Sloped downcomer can be used if vapour-liquid disengagement is difficult (e.g. due to foaming). Sloped downcomer also provide a slightly larger active area for vapour-liquid contact, but it is also more expensive.
A downcomer must be sufficiently large to allow liquid to flow smoothly without choking. Sufficient time must also be provided in the downcomer to allow proper vapour disengagement from the down-flowing liquid, so that the liquid is relatively free of vapour by the time it enters the tray below. Inadequate downcomer area will lead to downcomer choking, whereby liquid backs up the downcomer into the tray above and eventually flood the column.
Downcomer sealing can be achieved primarily by 2 means: (1) inlet weirs, and (2) recessed seal pan as shown in the Figure below. These devices provide a positive seal on the tray. The disadvantage is that they create a pocket of stagnant liquid where dirt, sediments, etc can build up. A large amount of such build up can restrict the downcomer outlet area and lead to premature flooding. Thus, the use of these devices is not recommended in fouling or corrosive services.
Downcomer Sealing: 2 methods
[ Back on Top ]
Tray Spacing
The most common tray spacing used in practice is 18 - 24-inch, although in some applications, up to 36-inch tray spacing had been used. Tray spacing is usually set to allow easy access for maintenance.
A spacing of 24-inch or larger makes crawling between trays easier and is often desirable where frequent maintenance is expected, e.g. as in fouling and corrosive service. Increasing tray spacing necessarily adds to the column height requirements. Larger tray spacing may be required where the trays require elaborate support structures (e.g. beams) that may interfere with vapour disengagement.
Tray Layout (Configuration)
The cross-flow tray is the most commonly used. It is simple in design and economic in construction. In most applications, single-pass cross-flow tray design as shown is adequate. 2 or more pass trays are usually used for large diameter columns, where a high liquid load is expected. Use of multi-pass trays can lower the tray or downcomer liquid loading by splitting the liquid into 2 or more paths. For example, a 2-pass tray will halve the liquid load on the tray.
Single-Pass Cross-Flow Tray2-pass cross-flow Tray
Whenever possible, the number of passes should not exceed 2. This is because increasing the tray passes shortens the path length. Shorter path lengths will reduce the tray efficiency. Multi-pass trays are also more expensive. In addition, trays containing 2 or more passes may be sensitive to liquid and/or vapour mal-distribution if the flow paths are not symmetrical.
Other Considerations for Trays
Materials of Construction
Generally, trays are made of stainless steel, e.g. Type 304, 316 or 410. The main factors affecting the choice of materials of construction of tray parts are:
Compatibility with the chemicals processed
Compatibility with the column materials of construction
Anticipated rate of corrosion
Procedure and expected frequency of cleaning
Cost (e.g. maintenance, replacement, effects on plant operations, etc)
Tray Manways
Tray manways allow maintenance workers and inspectors to travel from one tray to another. Manway size should be at least 16 x 20-inch. For multi-pass trays, one tray manway should be provided for each tray pass, as the central downcomers restrict access from one side to the other.
[ Back on Top ]


Amazing photos of Ethiopian tribe maintaining 500-year-old traditions - are they at risk?
AN ISOLATED tribe living along the Omo River in South Ethiopia were captured on film by an American explorer, showing the 500-year-old traditions they maintain to this day. However, modern changes to their surrounding natural environment could be set to change the one life the Karo tribe have ever known.
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Ethiopia tribe africa
Travel: Incredible photos of the Ethiopian Karo tribe (Image: Mediadrum )
An American was lucky enough to meet the incredible Karo Tribe, one of the smallest tribes in South Ethiopia who have been maintaining their traditional way of life for around 500 years. The tribe, which fluctuates between 1,000 and 2,000 group members, live along the Omo River and are known for their beautiful body artwork which they wear both as decoration and for battle.
Made from a mix of ash and water, these intricate patterns are worn even by the smallest of tribe members.
Over the years the Karo people have lived on the surrounding agriculture and natural annual flooding of the nearby river.
Along with their time-honoured body paint, the tribe are also well known for their dancing.
Though largely isolated from modern society, the Karo tribe welcome foreign guests and are often keen to partake in photographs.
They are also known to craft jewellery from day-to-day items given to them by visitors. In one of the images, an elder woman even uses a drinks straw as jewellery.
READ MORE: How 'secret Inca city' was found hiding below Amazon jungle
travel tribeswoman in ethiopia
Travel: A tribeswoman in Ethiopia uses a straw as jewellery (Image: Mediadrum)
Male members of the tribe wear large clusters of beads around their neck, often signifying big game kills.
Meanwhile, scars and lacerations from ritual combats between clans, often after the harvest, become highly esteemed marks of valour and can help the men attract a woman.
These scars often symbolise that a man has taken on and defeated an enemy or a large animal.
Similarly, lacerations which are rubbed with ash and raised over time are deemed as marks of beauty on the females of the tribe.
Women inflict lacerations and cuts on their chests, stomachs, or backs using knives or razors, to produce intricate patterns of scars all for the purpose of beauty.
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In the images members of the tribe can be seen holding weapons, gifts they have been given over the last 50 years by foreign visitors and something they use to ward off enemy tribe or protect their much-loved cattle with.
Many of the weapons have also been filtered in due to conflict in surrounding countries such as Sudan and Somalia.
Jim Zuckerman, 72, from Franklin, USA captured these latest images and describes his time meeting the people of the Karo tribe as a "welcoming and friendly" experience.
He said: "The Karo were very welcoming and friendly, more so than most tribes."
koro tribe ethiopia
Travel: The male members of the tribe wear jewellery which often signifies big game kills (Image: Mediadrum)
"They seemed like they enjoyed the attention of being photographed and liked seeing their images on the LCD screen on the back of my camera.
"They posed quite willingly and were very cooperative – I'd love to see them again."
He continued: "The way the Karo decorate their faces and bodies is fascinating.
"They use a mixture of ash, animal fat, and water to create striking designs.
"Their body decorations are for two reasons – for beauty and for battle.
"The men decorate themselves brighter than the women so they look more attractive and courageous.
"In addition, tribal people are often very superstitious, and a painted warrior looks fearsome to outsiders."
However, it seems the future is uncertain for the tribe, and the way of life could be set to change forever.
"The Karo is the smallest tribe in South Ethiopia fluctuating between 1000 and 2000. They live along the Omo River and practice 'flood retreat cultivation'. This means they use the silt left by floodwaters that occur during the monsoon season to fertilise their crops," said Mr Zuckerman.
"But recently the Ethiopian government, needing to create more electricity, built a dam on the Omo River.
"This affects the flooding of the river, and this, in turn, causes disruptions in the natural fertilisation of farmland as well as impacts the traditional flow of water to the tribes below the dam."
ethiopian tribe
Travel: Even the youngest embers of the tribe wear war paint (Image: Getty Images)
Additionally, according to, much of the tribe's farmland, home for their pride and joy cattle, is being sold to global companies.
Geographical information site claims: "Many international companies have been given fertile tribal land from the government to grow cash crops like palm oil and cotton, and for biofuels."
A combination of fear of conflict, and the government fearing a loss in tribal tourism is cited by ArcGIS as a reason why the tribe may not be receiving aid or relocated to a new society.
Despite this, there is some hope for the tribespeople.
Though relocating may be a scary prospect, moving further upstream, past the Gibe III dam, could help aid their survival and allow them to keep their incredible, timeless traditions.
ArcGIS concludes: "As long as there are no war tribes further up the Omo river, this solution should work.
"The Karo tribespeople would only have to adapt slightly to a different way of life upstream as the river is much wider up past Gibe III."


text:
Data Mining was developed to find the number of Hits (string occurrences) within a large text. To use Data Mining, use the File > Open menu to load a plain text file or paste the plain text to be searched into the window, enter the strings (case-sensitive) into the fields (28 fields provided) and click on the "Start Mining" button. Hits will be shown to the left of each string. The contents of the 28 search fields are saved when you quit and restored when you relaunch. To use the Ad Hoc search capability, type the search string (case-sensitive) into the Ad Hoc String field and click on the "Ad Hoc" button. The result will more...
- Compatible with OS X 10.10's default security
- OS X 10.6 or later
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text:
fieldSpec ::=integer " " name [", " name] The meaning of the entries is given in the following BNF-like semantic statement. fieldSpec ::=fieldLength " " fieldSource ["," fieldflag]
The above statement provides an explicit description of fields. A 1024 bit data field, requiring modulation coding in the subblock of the format illustrated in FIG. 1, would be written as follows:
1024 ext, enc, req, data The additional programming requirements, such as various bases for number representation and mnemonics, can be added in an assembler. Here the base usually will always be 10, unless noted otherwise, and mnemonics are preferably chosen for readability.
The significant notions, then, involved in control are:
1. Use of loop counters;
2. Branching that supports hierarchical descriptions; and
3. Use of programmable registers to hold loop counts or fixed pattern contents. Below is the BNF syntax for control specifications. The vertical bar symbol (/) represents alternatives. Optional items are enclosed in <>.
______________________________________ controlSpecs ::= loadregister / conditionaljump loadRegister ::= "ld " name "," integerconditionalJump ::= name <"!"> name "," address[","name] Address:: = integer / name______________________________________
A semantic similar to that for the field is shown below for the alternatives of the control segment.
______________________________________loadRegister ::= "ld " registername ","registerValueconditionalJump ::= opCode <"1">condition ","destination ["," countEnables]______________________________________
The complete BNF grammar for FDL is set forth below.
______________________________________BNF Format Syntax______________________________________format ::= version [ comment / statement] endFormatversion ::= "V" integer ";"statement ::= ";" label ::= name ":"formatAction ::= fieldSpec <"/" controlSpec> ";"fieldSpec ::= integer "," name ["," name]controlSpec ::= loadRegister / conditionaljumploadRegister ::= "ld " name "," integerconditionalJump ::= name <"/"> name "," address [","name]address ::= integer / namecomment ::= "#" characterString ";"endFormat ::= "ENDFILE;"______________________________________
______________________________________Format Semantics______________________________________version ::= "V" versionNumber ";"fieldSpec ::= fieldLength "," fieldSource [","fieldFlag]loadRegister ::= "ld " registerName "," registerValueconditionalJump ::= opcode <"/">condition ","destination ["," counterEnables)______________________________________
With the language in place, it is appropriate that a complete descriptive example of the format illustrated in FIG. 1 be included. FIG. 15 is that description with comments.
The elements of the programmable formatter, generally indicated at 39 in FIG. 16, comprise a micro-sequencer. The architecture of the programmable formatter 39 is essentially that of a memory-driven clocked state machine.
The programmable formatter includes a program memory 41, which stores the program instructions that describe the format hierarchy, each instruction comprising, for example, 32 bits (see FIG. 17), which are read out of the data port DATA in accordance with a given address received at the address port ADDR. An instruction register 43, which is connected to the data port DATA of the program memory 41, captures and holds, for example, the twenty two most significant bits (MSBs) of each instruction read out from the program memory 41, appropriate portions of these twenty two MSBs being provided to other elements of the programmable formatter 39 as will be more fully described with particular reference to FIG. 17.
An instruction decoder 45, connected to the output of the instruction register 43, receives and decodes that portion of each program instruction which requires decoding to see what the instruction requires. The instruction decoder 45 has a control output port for communicating control instructions to the outside world, for example, a microprocessor (not shown), which then provides control inputs to a next state logic circuit 47 via a control in port thereof.
The next state logic circuit 47, also connected to the output of the instruction register 43, receives that portion of the program instruction from the instruction register 43 which indicates the next address, i.e., next state, of the program instruction to be provided by the program memory 41. The next state logic circuit 47 provides this next address to the address port ADDR of the program memory 41 in accordance with a DONE signal received from a field state machine and/or in accordance with the control input provided from microprocessor via the control in port.
The field state machine 49, connected to the data port DATA of the memory 41, receives, for example, the ten least significant bits (LSBs) of the 32-bit program instruction read out from the program memory 41 to establish the time length (number of clock pulses) of the instruction, i.e., the total time required to perform the particular instruction. The field state machine 49 is essentially a counter which counts down the number of clock pulses as specified by the 10 LSBs and provides the DONE signal to the next state logic circuit 47 when decremented to zero to indicate to the next state logic circuit 47 that the current instruction has been completed.
Also connected to the output of the instruction register 43 as well as to the instruction decoder 45 are counters and shift registers 51. The counters, for example, three counter, keep track of the various states of the formatter 39, i.e., the counters form a control type device for building loops and performing iteration operations within the program in accordance with inputs received from the instruction register 43 and the instruction decoder 45. The counters also indicate to the next state logic circuit 47 when the iterations have been completed. The shift registers, for example three shift registers, permit the building of data of fixed patterns, from the program instructions, which are transmitted to the formatted data stream via a Shift-- data output port for merging with user data to form a complete data format stream.
Referring to FIG. 17, a sample format instruction diagram is provided which illustrates the various parts of, for example, a 32-bit instruction outputted by the program memory 41. The 32-bit instruction comprises a control portion 20x, 20y, 20z which includes bits 15-31 of the instruction and a field portion (20z) which includes a flag portion (bits 10-14 labeled Flags) and the 10 LSBs (bits 0-9 labeled field length).
The control portion, which is provided to the instruction decoder 45 for decoding, will always be either a load instruction (LD) or a branch instruction (JSR, RTS, JMP). The bits 31 and 30 (20y) of the control portion indicate to the instruction decoder 45 whether or not the control portion 20y is a load instruction (LD) or a branch instruction (JSR, RTS, JMP).
If the control portion 20y is a load instruction, the programmable formatter 39 looks at bits 27, 28, 29 (labeled Register Transfer) (20x) which designate the identity of one of the counters or registers or a combination thereof and bits 26-15 indicate what to load into the designated counter and/or shift register. This information, once decoded by the instruction decoder 45, is loaded into the counters and shift registers 51.
If the control portion 20y is a branching instruction (JSR, RTS, JMP), bits 27-29 (20x ')(labeled Condition) indicate what the branching condition will be, i.e., what condition must be satisfied in order to execute the branching instruction. For example, tc0 indicates when counter 0 has exhausted, tc1 indicates when counter 1 has exhausted, tc1*tc0 indicates when counters 1 and 0 have exhausted, and go and function relate to external control inputs from, for example, the microprocessor. Bit 26 (20x ') (labeled Polarity) indicates whether or not it is necessary to consider if the condition is true or false. Bits 19-25 indicate the address of the branching instruction, i.e., where to jump, and bits 15-18 (labeled Enables) indicates when to decrement a counter, i.e., to set an interim, and is active only during the last clock pulse of an instruction.
The field portion includes bits 0-9 (20z) (labeled Field length) which do not require decoding and are typically inputted directly from the program memory 41 to the field state machine 49 to indicate the length of the instruction. Bits 10-14 design the type of flag, for example, a request data flag indicate when to provide user data. The flag is active during the entire instruction.
In operation, bits 15-26 of a load instruction 20x), i.e., the value to be loaded into a counter and/or shift registers 51, are inputted to the counters and shift registers 51 from the instruction register 43. The instruction decoder 45 receives bits 30-31 to determine the op code, i.e., load or branch, and also receives bits 27-29 from the instruction register 43 to determine if the instruction is a register transfer or what the condition is. The decoder 45 also receives bit 26 to determine polarity of the condition.
The next state logic circuit 47 receives address bits 19-25 as well as some of the bits on the condition check of a branching instruction. Once the conditions are satisfied and the designated counters have decremented to zero, the next state logic circuit 47 outputs the address information to the program memory 41 to designate the address of the next instruction to be outputted by the memory


Can a Palace Really be Sustainable? - Case Study of Versailles
SJR 04 - 05 - 2010
When one first looks at the Versailles Palace in France, the immediate thought that comes to mind is something to the effect of "over-the-top," or "gaudy." Sustainable is NOT what a visitor thinks, but on closer look some sustainable principles start to emerge. The palace was home to not only the king, but also the nobles of the court. Therefore the people not only lived at the palace, they also worked and entertained themselves in the palace on the grounds. This is similar to the concept of mixed-use in present day planning. A designer tries to create places that can meet every need of the residents. Along with residences, these mixed-use projects include grocery stores, offices, coffee shops, clothing stores, bars, restaurants, gathering spaces, and much more. Another feature that can be taken away from Versailles is the range of activities the grounds provide. In the center of the gardens in the mile-long Grand Canal around which people could walk or take a boat. The areas on either side of the canal offer a range of different size spaces for gathering. Some are large, like the formal gardens and the amphitheatre. Others are smaller and more intimate, like Apollo's Tree Grove. The lands beyond the gardens were used for horse-back riding and hunting. No matter what a person wanted to do, the Versailles grounds had it all. Inside there were numerous ballrooms and dining rooms for parties, as well as the different apartments. Also there are a lot of windows in the palace that allow the rooms to be naturally lit. While the concept behind Versailles can be seen as sustainable, the manner in which it was create wasn't. There is a large amount of unused space in the palace interiors and the excess of material, like the gold leaf covering many of the surfaces. The fact that the site was once a swamp meant that in order to construct the palace and grounds, all the land had to be drained. Then over a hundred fountains were added in the gardens. In fact there are so many fountains that they can't all be run at one time! So while the palace at first glance isn't a very sustainable piece of architecture and landscape architecture, there are plenty of concepts and principles that we as present-day designers can learn from. Hall of Mirrors and Plan of Versailles Grounds
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Production function
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Graph of total, average, and marginal product
In economics, a production function relates physical output of a production process to physical inputs or factors of production. The production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories, used to define marginal product and to distinguish allocative efficiency, the defining focus of economics.The primary purpose of the production function is to address allocative efficiency in the use of factor inputs in production and the resulting distribution of income to those factors, while abstracting away from the technological problems of achieving technical efficiency, as an engineer or professional manager might understand it. Production function denotes an efficient combination of inputs and outputs.
The theory of production functions[edit]
In general, economic output is not a (mathematical) function of input, because any given set of inputs can be used to produce a range of outputs. To satisfy the mathematical definition of a function, a production function is customarily assumed to specify the maximum output obtainable from a given set of inputs. The production function, therefore, describes a boundary or frontier representing the limit of output obtainable from each feasible combination of input. (Alternatively, a production function can be defined as the specification of the minimum input requirements needed to produce designated quantities of output.) Assuming that maximum output is obtained from given inputs allows economists to abstract away from technological and managerial problems associated with realizing such a technical maximum, and to focus exclusively on the problem of allocative efficiency, associated with the economic choice of how much of a factor input to use, or the degree to which one factor may be substituted for another. In the production function itself, the relationship of output to inputs is non-monetary; that is, a production function relates physical inputs to physical outputs, and prices and costs are not reflected in the function.
In the decision frame of a firm making economic choices regarding production—how much of each factor input to use to produce how much output—and facing market prices for output and inputs, the production function represents the possibilities afforded by an exogenous technology. Under certain assumptions, the production function can be used to derive a marginal product for each factor. The profit-maximizing firm in perfect competition (taking output and input prices as given) will choose to add input right up to the point where the marginal cost of additional input matches the marginal product in additional output. This implies an ideal division of the income generated from output into an income due to each input factor of production, equal to the marginal product of each input.
The inputs to the production function are commonly termed factors of production and may represent primary factors, which are stocks. Classically, the primary factors of production were Land, Labor and Capital. Primary factors do not become part of the output product, nor are the primary factors, themselves, transformed in the production process. The production function, as a theoretical construct, may be abstracting away from the secondary factors and intermediate products consumed in a production process. The production function is not a full model of the production process: it deliberately abstracts from inherent aspects of physical production processes that some would argue are essential, including error, entropy or waste, and the consumption of energy or the co-production of pollution. Moreover, production functions do not ordinarily model the business processes, either, ignoring the role of strategic and operational business management. (For a primer on the fundamental elements of microeconomic production theory, see production theory basics).
The production function is central to the marginalist focus of neoclassical economics, its definition of efficiency as allocative efficiency, its analysis of how market prices can govern the achievement of allocative efficiency in a decentralized economy, and an analysis of the distribution of income, which attributes factor income to the marginal product of factor input.
Specifying the production function[edit]
A production function can be expressed in a functional form as the right side of
where is the quantity of output and are the quantities of factor inputs (such as capital, labour, land or raw materials).
If is not a matrix (i.e., a scalar, a vector, or even a diagonal matrix), then this form does not encompass joint production, which is a production process that has multiple co-products. On the other hand, if maps from then it is a joint production function expressing the determination of different types of output based on the joint usage of the specified quantities of the inputs.
One formulation, unlikely to be relevant in practice, is as a linear function:
where are parameters that are determined empirically. Another is as a Cobb-Douglas production function:
The Leontief production function applies to situations in which inputs must be used in fixed proportions; starting from those proportions, if usage of one input is increased without another being increased, output will not change. This production function is given by
Other forms include the constant elasticity of substitution production function (CES), which is a generalized form of the Cobb-Douglas function, and the quadratic production function. The best form of the equation to use and the values of the parameters () vary from company to company and industry to industry. In a short run production function at least one of the's (inputs) is fixed. In the long run all factor inputs are variable at the discretion of management.
Production function as a graph[edit]
Quadratic production function
Any of these equations can be plotted on a graph. A typical (quadratic) production function is shown in the following diagram under the assumption of a single variable input (or fixed ratios of inputs so they can be treated as a single variable). All points above the production function are unobtainable with current technology, all points below are technically feasible, and all points on the function show the maximum quantity of output obtainable at the specified level of usage of the input. From point A to point C, the firm is experiencing positive but decreasing marginal returns to the variable input. As additional units of the input are employed, output increases but at a decreasing rate. Point B is the point beyond which there are diminishing average returns, as shown by the declining slope of the average physical product curve (APP) beyond point Y. Point B is just tangent to the steepest ray from the origin hence the average physical product is at a maximum. Beyond point B, mathematical necessity requires that the marginal curve must be below the average curve (See production theory basics for further explanation.).
Stages of production[edit]
To simplify the interpretation of a production function, it is common to divide its range into 3 stages. In Stage 1 (from the origin to point B) the variable input is being used with increasing output per unit, the latter reaching a maximum at point B (since the average physical product is at its maximum at that point). Because the output per unit of the variable input is improving throughout stage 1, a price-taking firm will always operate beyond this stage.
In Stage 2, output increases at a decreasing rate, and the average and marginal physical product are declining. However, the average product of fixed inputs (not shown) is still rising, because output is rising while fixed input usage is constant. In this stage, the employment of additional variable inputs increases the output per unit of fixed input but decreases the output per unit of the variable input. The optimum input/output combination for the price-taking firm will be in stage 2, although a firm facing a downward-sloped demand curve might find it most profitable to operate in Stage 1. In Stage 3, too much variable input is being used relative to the available fixed inputs: variable inputs are over-utilized in the sense that their presence on the margin obstructs the production process rather than enhancing it. The output per unit of both the fixed and the variable input declines throughout this stage. At the boundary between stage 2 and stage 3, the highest possible output is being obtained from the fixed input.
Shifting a production function[edit]
By definition, in the long run the firm can change its scale of operations by adjusting the level of inputs that are fixed in the short run, thereby shifting the production function upward as plotted against the variable input. If fixed inputs are lumpy, adjustments to the scale of operations may be more significant than what is required to merely balance production capacity with demand. For example, you may only need to increase production by million units per year to keep up with demand, but the production equipment upgrades that are available may involve increasing productive capacity by 2 million units per year.
Shifting a production function
If a firm is operating at a profit-maximizing level in stage one, it might, in the long run, choose to reduce its scale of operations (by selling capital equipment). By reducing the amount of fixed capital inputs, the production function will shift down. The beginning of stage 2 shifts from B1 to B2. The (unchanged) profit-maximizing output level will now be in stage 2.
Homogeneous and homothetic production functions[edit]
There are two special classes of production functions that are often analyzed. The production function is said to be homogeneous of degree, if given any positive constant,. If, the function exhibits increasing returns to scale, and it exhibits decreasing returns to scale if. If it is homogeneous of degree, it exhibits constant returns to scale. The presence of increasing returns means that a one percent increase in the usage levels of all inputs would result in a greater than one percent increase in output; the presence of decreasing returns means that it would result in a less than one percent increase in output. Constant returns to scale is the in-between case. In the Cobb-Douglas production function referred to above, returns to scale are increasing if, decreasing if, and constant if.
If a production function is homogeneous of degree one, it is sometimes called "linearly homogeneous". A linearly homogeneous production function with inputs capital


Home » Android » core » ui » ImageButton » Android ImageButton Selector Example
About Ilias Tsagklis
Ilias Tsagklis
Android ImageButton Selector Example
In Android you can use the ImageButton component to display a normal Button with a custom image as a background. Take a look at our previous tutorial to remember the use of ImageButton. The fact is that you can do more than just an Image which is also a button. In this tutorial we are going to use two different images that will reflect the status of one button. When the button is released, the green Android logo will be the background image of the button. When the button is pressed, the green Android logo will be the background image of the button.
For this tutorial, we will use the following tools in a Windows 64-bit platform:
 1. JDK 1.7
 2. Eclipse 4.2 Juno
 3. Android SKD 4.2
1. Create a new Android Project
Open Eclipse IDE and go to File -> New -> Project -> Android -> Android Application Project and click Next.
You have to specify the Application Name, the Project Name and the Package name in the appropriate text fields and then click Next.
In the next window make sure the "Create activity" option is selected in order to create a new activity for your project, and click Next. This is optional as you can create a new activity after creating the project, but you can do it all in one step.
Select "BlankActivity" and click Next.
You will be asked to specify some information about the new activity. In the Layout Name text field you have to specify the name of the file that will contain the layout description of your app. In our case the file res/layout/main.xml will be created. Then, click Finish.
2. Adding a picture in the appropriate project folder
As you would have noticed in the Package explorer, there are 4 folders that contain the image resources of the project :
 1. res/drawable-hdpi
 2. res/drawable-ldpi
 3. res/drawable-mdpi
 4. res/drawable-hdpi
You can copy the images you want to put in you're application in any one of these folders. Android SDK will automatically recognize any images you put on any one of these folders as drawable resources. So, copy the images in the folder you want. If the image does not appear in the Package Explorer under the folder you've copied it into, right click on the project name and select Refresh. Now the image should be under the correct folder. As you can see, I've three images in res/drawable-hdpi:
3. Create the Selector for different button states
We want to use the Selector component as a drawable resource in our main.xml file. Right click on the res/drawable-hdpi folder and select New -> Other -> Android -> Android XML File:
And provide the requested attributes as shown in the picture below, and Click Finish:
As you will notice, on the Package Explorer a new folder has been created (res/drawable) that contains mybutton.xml:
So now mybutton.xml is a drawable resource. Open that file and paste the following code:

4. Create the main layout of the Application
Open res/layout/main.xml file :
And paste the following code :
 android:orientation="vertical" >
 android:background="_USER_/mybutton" />
Now you may open the Graphical layout editor to preview the User Interface you created:
5. Code
Go to the java file that contains the code of the activity you've just created:
And paste the following code:
package com.javacodegeeks.android.imagebuttonselectorexample;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
 Button button;
 public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
 public void addButtonListener() {
 button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
 button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
 public void onClick(View view) {
 Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"Button is clicked!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
The above code is pretty straight forward. When we press the image button, a short message will be displayed.
6. Run the application
This is the main screen of our Application. Remember that the image is also a button:
Now, when you press the button and keep it pressed:
When you leave the button :
Download Eclipse Project
This was an Android ImageButton Selector Example. Download the Eclipse Project of this tutorial: AndroidImageButtonSelectorExample.zip
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text:
The ocean is an awe-inspiring sight with a seemingly endless expanse of rolling water that stretches to the horizon. The ocean can be calm and relaxing, fun and playful, romantic and mysterious, or fierce and powerful. The details of the water -- the constant movement of the ocean and the rhythm of the waves -- can be hard to capture on canvas. A subtle detail like the white foam of a rolling breaker or the spray of a cresting wave, however, can easily add movement and realism to your painting that might otherwise be lacking.
Locate a suitable reference to work from. Sea foam is a rapidly changing and dynamic subject that might be very hard to create convincingly from memory alone. Find multiple photographs of breaking waves that you can refer to. You do not have to copy the details exactly, but you want to observe the way the foam interacts with the waves. If you are painting from real life, study waves at each point in the life cycle. Waves break the same almost every time; the only thing that changes is the scale of the wave.
Video of the Day
Paint the seascape and the waves. Work your way from the underlying basic colors to the more specific hues of the water. The ocean is not a single color, so use a mixture of different hues and shades to create a convincing seascape.
Form contours of waves with long smooth brush strokes. Follow the path of the water with your brush. The texture of the paint will help create the illusion of shape and movement. Taller waves will have slightly darker water at the base of the wave, while the top will have more light shining through, creating a lighter hue or even a slight glow.
Add the sea foam with a small brush and short quick brush strokes. You can also use a sponge and gently dab to create foam. Use white paint with just a hint of the primary hue of the sky in it. The ocean in real life reflects the color of the sky and the sea foam often will have a hint of this as well. Avoid creating solid blocks of a single color and let flecks of the water peek through, giving the illusion of spray and foam.
Create depth and detail to the foam by adding shadow and shade. When sea foam rolls into a beach or tops a breaking wave, it's a three-dimensional object. The underside of the foam will often be slightly darker than the foam on top. This is easier to see if you are using a photograph as your source. With a small brush, apply a slightly darker hue to the underside of rolling foam or anywhere the light may not be able to reach as well. Blend the transition from dark to light smoothly for a nice, rounded edge.


text:
The CTOD toughness evaluation of repaired weld joints (presence of two weld deposits, complex mechanical heterogeneity and high residual stresses) requires some modifications of commonly used specimen geometry and testing procedure. This paper presents the results of the single edge bend (SENB) specimens with shallow (a/W = 0.16) and deep notches (a/W = 0.3-0.5) extracted from 20 and 30 mm thick multipass submerged arc welded (SAW) joints repaired with hyperbaric (16 bar) welding process at the toe region of the original SAW weld deposits. The results show that an acceptable toughness level can be achieved for hyperbaric repair weld metals deposited at 16 bar (160 m water depth). The repaired single-bevel joint on 30 mm thick StE 445.7 TM steel contained low toughness HAZ (LBZ) regions, whereas another repaired X-joint on 20 mm thick StE 52 steel produced high toughness. The CTOD toughness evaluation (according to BS 5762 standard and CTOD (δ5) technique) of both plates contained a series of shallow and deep cracked SENB specimens notched (through thickness and surface) at various locations of the repaired welded joints. The directly measured CTOD (δ5) values are consistent with the calculated CTOD BS5762 values. An effect of weld metal overmatching on through thickness shallow cracked SENB specimen results was observed as these specimens can produce low CTOD values despite their lower crack tip constraint.
Keywords: CTOD toughness, hyperbaric repair weld, submerged arc welding, StE steel


Island leaf economics trait synthesis
Durée : 2021 - 2022
Programme : CEntre de Synthèse et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversité(CESAB) / LabEx CeMEB
Portée : Internationale
Islands harbor a unique and diverse flora that is currently threatened by biological invasions. Recent studies provide a framework to better quantify the functional aspects that make island natives unique and thus potentially vulnerable to continental invaders. However, these broad characteristics lack a mechanistic link to species growth strategies, which hampers our ability to predict how invasive continental species can displace island species. We propose a meta-analysis to better understand functional differences between island and continental plant species, which can help improve sciencebased decisions on conservation strategies.
 - University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa


text:
Letter I (long i) > Ice Cream
Crafts > Learning Toy Colors
| Numbers >
Ice Cream Cone Color and Numbers Craft
Holidays & Events >
*June > Dairy Month
*July > National Ice Cream Month
Nutrition > Dairy
Products > Ice Cream
This ice cream cone with a "tower of
ice cream scoops" can be a learning tool or homemade toy for
learning colors and numbers.
The ice cream cone is not meant to be assembled all at once by the
children, but instead by stages. The cone can also be used as
an educational display / bulletin board item or to make individual
suggestions for presenting it are below.
You may want to consider laminating the
elements: scoops, cones, and labels (colors and numbers) for
extended use. After it is laminated attach Velcro to
assemble the scoops and the labels. The pieces can be stored and
reassembled again and again.
The vertical format is also an easy and convenient way to display colors and numbers
in a compact space and can be adapted for use in bulletin boards in
*Make single cones to display children's pictures.
*Make individual cones with one scoop for a vertical display
Activity #1: Craft - Ice Cream Cone Colors and Numbers 1 to
Suggestions sequence of presenting
the cone craft:
Toddlers: (Under 36 months)
1. Display individual cones with primary colors for practice.
2. Select a cone with three colors (primary colors: yellow, blue, red).
Cut out pieces and the children can assemble the cone. Provide
the color labels so they can match to the cones. Separately
conduct a number activity for numbers 1 to 3.
Progressively add a secondary color (orange, green and purple) to the cone as well as a
color word card and number.
Preschool: Ages 3+ and older.
Rainbow Colors Theme: Choose a cone with primary colors and
then present a color mixing activity that demonstrates how secondary
colors are obtained. Assemble the cone with six scoops --
primary colors and secondary colors. Separately introduce
1. Option #1: Print color templates and select from
two cone options. Review assembly below. Optional: Select
color word cards and/or number cards to add to the cones.
2. Option #2: This option is best for large
groups. Use black and white templates and print directly to color paper or construction paper.
You will print 2 ice cream
scoops of the same color per paper, which can be separated
later. Print your choice of cone to tan or brown paper. Divide the the scoops so each child has
the number of scoops for the activity. Optional: Print your choice or color or
black and white color words or number labels. For color labels,
fill the numbers and dots with markers.
1. The pieces can be precut or children can help cut some of the
pieces. Six scoops and the cone are probably too much for the
children to cut out on their own.
Learning about Primary Colors and Secondary Colors:
Before the assembly, the ice cream scoops can be used to make a
presentation about primary colors and how these mix to form secondary
colors. Print and cut out additional cones to make a graph or
use these materials and presentation for this purpose.
The scoops can be arranged from top to bottom by placing the primary
colors first, secondary colors next and brown/gray and pink last or free style. After the scoops
are organized and glued they can be pasted onto to the cone.
Distribute color labels or number labels depending on which you wish
Visit the related alphabet letter I
ice cream lesson plan.
*Red & Yellow
*Orange & Purple
*Brown & Pink
*Black & White
Black & White Templates:


Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) crushing using EPF
In previous posts we discussed how electric pulse fragmentation works and why it has selective properties. This information provides a grounding to understand how these properties of electric pulse fragmentation can provide advantages in a variety of processing environments. This post focuses on the advantages of treating incinerator bottom ash (IBA) with electric pulses.
IBA is the by-product of municipal waste incineration – or the burning of household refuse. Anything that cannot be burned will become part of the incinerator residue, IBA is essentially a solid fused mass, similar to a rock, containing the burned remnants of whatever was in the incinerated waste such as metals, stone, glass, and ceramics, etc.
In some cases IBA can be used for construction, for example in breeze/cinder blocks, or as infill in road or pipe bedding. Depending on local laws, the IBA (and metals within) can be put back into the ground, however in places with stricter environmental legislation such as Switzerland, this contaminated material cannot be used in construction, and there are penalties to landfilling metal bearing waste.
Top: Ferrous; Middle: non-ferrous; Bottom: glass and ceramic phases after EPF treatment and sorting of IBA.
The goal is to recover as much metal and other raw materials as possible from IBA. Traditional crushing reduces all of the IBA to the liberation size of the smallest metals allowing their recovery. This gives excellent recovery of metal, however the 'mineral' fraction of the IBA, the more rock like parts such as the fused slag and brick, ceramics, glass, etc, are now also crushed and are unable to be recycled, meaning more material must be landfilled or otherwise put back into the ground.
This problem requires disaggregation of the IBA without significant crushing of the material: We want to recover the metal while leaving the slag, glass and other phases as large as possible for later re-use. That's were EPF comes in.
The discharge is preferentially attracted to areas with high permitivity contrast (PC), for example, a gold nugget within a rock, or a piece of metal within IBA. In this instance, the discharge will travel through the material (Situation I, below). The converse is also true and if the highest permitivity contrast is between the target particle and the surrounding water, the discharge will travel around the particle at the particle-water contact instead of through it, causing minimal breakage (Situation II & III).
Three Situations in which particles of varying composition are treated with electric discharges. From Weh and Mosadegghi (2016).
Particles with metal are broken more than those without metal: IBA particles containing metal will preferentially have internal discharges, and be broken more, liberating the contained metals, while more homogeneous IBA particles and those without metals will have the discharge travel around the particle and experience only minimal or 'surface' breakage.
The end result is that in addition to liberating metals, the glass, ceramic and particles without metals remain larger, more intact, and potentially recycleable, creating an additional stream of decontaminated inert material that can be recycled or reused as a construction aggregate, without putting more metal into the ground.
At our plants, we produce four product streams: ferrous, non ferrous, inert and slag, and we recover down to 2mm and below in each of these streams. All but the slag can be recycled in Switzerland, and we roughly half the amount of material that must go to landfill. We're proud of our achievements and are doing our part for the environment.
Further reading:
Article – Pre-concentration of copper ores by high voltage pulses.
Article – Breakage characteristics of incinerator bottom ash in the HV pulse power process
Article – Electrical breakdown channel locality in high voltage pulse breakage
Produced by Lightning Machines, Images by Alexander Weh.


text: This article is a theoretical examination of tactility in the Czech surrealist filmmaker Jan Švankmajer's film Down to the Cellar (1983). Švankmajer's deployment of tactile images in a surrealist context shows the need for a discussion of the imagination's role in the embodied film experience. Departing from Laura Marks's The Skin of the Film, this article seeks to explore the surrealist embodied imagination through surrealist poetics of analogy, as defined by Andre' Breton, and the link between these and Walter Benjamin's writings on mimesis. Finally, the film is viewed from the perspective of Gaston Bachelard's ideas of ''the imagination of matter,'' where matter is seen as a highly potent stimulant for the imagination. Bachelard's notion of the imagination's multisensory properties further lends credence to Švankmajer's aims to liberate the imagination of the spectator through images that invoke touch.


How to remove undefined index error in php
How can remove Undefined offset error in php?
This error means that within your code, there is an array and its keys. But you may be trying to use the key of an array which is not set. The error can be avoided by using the isset() method.
What is undefined index in PHP?
Definition: Undefined index error; this happens when you try and reference a variable or in this instance an element of an array that hasn't been given state/value yet.
How do you solve undefined?
We learned that a numerical expression is undefined when there is no answer or when you get division by zero. We might get division by zero for those numerical expressions with variables and a denominator. To find the points where the numerical expression is undefined, we set the denominator equal to zero and solve.
What is undefined variable error in php?
Otherwise, PHP cannot tell whether you are shadowing the global variable with a local variable of the same name. The second error ( $y is undefined), is because local scope is just that, local. The whole point of it is that $y doesn't "leak" out of the function.
How do I fix Undefined offset 1 in PHP?
In your code: $parts = array_map('trim', explode(':', $line_of_text, 2)); You have ":" as separator. If you use another separator in file, then you will get an "Undefined offset: 1" but not "Undefined offset: 0" All information will be in $parts[0] but no information in $parts[1] or [2] etc.
What is undefined offset error in php?
An offset is undefined if it doesn't exist in the array. The notice is thrown the first time you reference the element, then PHP initializes the element and sets it to NULL. To avoid the notice you must initialize the offset. You can test if an offset exists either through array_key_exists or using isset.
See also: How to start php
What is an index php?
The index. php is a PHP file that is the entry point of any website and application. It is a file used for templates that contain a mixture of codes that will be delivered as a PHP code. It will also be modified before delivery as the system will be used by anyone with a simple HTML website.
Is set in PHP?
PHP isset() Function
What value is undefined?
In computing (particularly, in programming), undefined value is a condition where an expression does not have a correct value, although it is syntactically correct. An undefined value must not be confused with empty string, boolean "false" or other "empty" (but defined) values.
What is a undefined?
without fixed limits; indefinite in form, extent, or application: undefined authority; undefined feelings of sadness. not given meaning or significance, as by a definition; not defined or explained: an undefined term.
Where is a function undefined?
A function is said to be "undefined" at points outside of its domain – for example, the real-valued function. is undefined for negative. (i.e., it assigns no value to negative arguments). In algebra, some arithmetic operations may not assign a meaning to certain values of its operands (e.g., division by zero).
How do I fix undefined index error in php?
To solve such error, you can use the isset() function, which will check whether the index or variable is set or not, If not then don't use it.2 мая 2018 г.
See also: How does php work with apache
How do you fix a undefined variable error in php?
Ways to deal with the issue:
 1. Recommended: Declare your variables, for example when you try to append a string to an undefined variable. …
 2. Set a custom error handler for E_NOTICE and redirect the messages away from the standard output (maybe to a log file): set_error_handler('myHandlerForMinorErrors', E_NOTICE | E_STRICT)
Leave a Comment


Home » JVM Languages » Scala » Probability distribution for programmers
About Tomasz Nurkiewicz
Java EE developer, Scala enthusiast. Enjoying data analysis and visualization. Strongly believes in the power of testing and automation.
Probability distribution for programmers
This is one of these very simple programming puzzles I came across recently: given a function returning random integers from 0 to 4 inclusive with equal probability, write a function returning random integers from 0 to 6 inclusive.
Of course the solution should also return equally distributed numbers. So let's start from an input function sample definition:
def rand4() = (math.random * 5).toInt
Your task is to implement rand6() by only using rand4(). Give yourself few minutes and continue reading.
The first approach is pretty straightforward but happens to be completely broken:
def rand6() = rand4() * 3 / 2
As simple as that. In ideal solution each output value from 0 to 6 should appear with the probability of 1/7. Can you tell from the code above, what's the probability of rand6() returning 2 or 5? That's right, it's no more than 0, you'll never get these values. I hope it's clear why. So let's go for something more sophisticated:
def rand6() = (rand4() + rand4()) % 7
Looks better, but still pretty far. The code above has two major flaws. First of all the results of rand4() + rand4() expression range from 0 to 8 but we need 0 to 6. The obvious solution is to use % 7 operation. However this results in 0 and 1 being returned twice as often because 7 and 8 are overflowing to 0 and 1. So what about this:
def rand6(): Int = {
 val rand8 = rand4() + rand4()
 if(rand8 > 6)
I hope the recursion (which can easily be turned into loop, but I leave that work to the Scala compiler) is not obscuring the intent – if the sum of two rand4() invocations is above expected result, we simply discard it and call rand6() again. However there is still one subtle but striking bug, quoting Wikipedia on uniform distribution. The sum of two independent, equally distributed, uniform distributions yields a symmetric triangular distribution. If you don't quite get the above, have a look at this live demo in JavaScript using illustrating what Wikipedia means:
This program simply places pixels at random (X, Y) positions on each panel. In the first panel I use one Math.random() * 300 call scaled to fit whole canvas. As you can see the distribution is more or less uniform. But we can't tell that about second and third panels. On the second panel I am using the sum of two uniformly distributed variables, in principle: (Math.random() + Math.random()) * 150). Even though this expression can return anything between 0 and 300, the points are very biased toward the middle of the canvas (triangular distribution). The same behaviour is emphasized on the third panel where ten invocations of Math.random() are used.
The correct answer
The approach I'm taking is based on the observation that rand4() is capable of producing two random least significant bits. So let's start from implementing rand3() with known semantics:
def rand3(): Int = rand4() match {
 case 4 => rand3()
 case x => x
rand3() returns uniformly distributed values from 0 to 3 doing so by rejecting 4 output of rand4(). How will that help us? Well, we now have two random bits, each one being either 0 or 1 with 50% probability. We can easily widen it for larger sequences, e.g. rand15() and rand7():
def rand15() = (rand3() << 2) + rand3()
def rand7() = rand15() >> 1
You should be rather comfortable with the bit fiddling above. Having the ability to produce two random bits I can easily generate 4 and 3. Now rand6() is a no-brainer:
def rand6() = rand7() match {
 case 7 => rand6()
 case x => x
Just to make this lesson a little bit more interesting, let's implement randN(n: Int) on top of rand4(). randN() should return uniformly distributed natural values from 0 to n. I'll begin by implementing helper method atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) returning… at least K random bits:
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int): Int = k match {
 case 0 => 0
 case 1 => rand3() >> 1
 case 2 => rand3()
 case b => (atLeastKrandBits(k - 2) << 2) + rand3()
Alternative implementation with foldLeft():
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) = (0 to (k + 1) / 2).foldLeft(0){
 (acc, _) => (acc << 2) + rand3()
…or if you really hate those to maintain your code:
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) = (0 /: (0 to (k + 1) / 2)){
Having any of the implementations above randN(n: Int) is simple:
def randN(n: Int) = {
 val bitsCount = java.lang.Integer.highestOneBit(n)
 val randBits = atLeastKrandBits(bitsCount)
 if(randBits > n)
You might ask yourself a question: why should I even care? If you fail to understand probability distribution your application might produce random output that's actually quite easy to predict. It's not a big deal if you are writing a game and enemies are more likely to appear at some places on the map (but the players will discover and abuse it!) But if you need random numbers for security reasons or you rely on uniform distribution e.g. for load-balancing purposes – any bias might become fatal.
Reference: Probability distribution for programmers from our JCG partner Tomasz Nurkiewicz at the Java and neighbourhood blog.
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One comment
 1. Hello,
 I think you could do with rand4 function only (and some additional function, say F)
 First divide 0..4 to two sets containing 2 arbitrary integers each, e.g {0,1} and {3,4}
 F would return 0 if rand4 returned 0 or 1 and 1 if rand4 returned 3 or 4 (or run rand4 again if there was 2)
 Then you generate binary sequence, and the first 3-element fragment of it different from, e.g 111 (but again, this is arbitrary, but taken for simplicity as it is 7 in binary) is our random number from 0..6. The are of course 8 different 3-element sequences, but all of them are equally probable, 1/8, and we are only interested in space of 7, so (1/8)/(7/8) gives us 1/7
Leave a Reply
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text:
Whether you're an agriculturalist, a professional meteorologist or a weather hobbyist, building your own weather station can be a really rewarding project. When you're measuring weather, however, you need some pretty specialized sensors. This kit represents the three core components of weather measurement: wind speed, wind direction and rainfall.
None of the sensors in this kit contain active electronics, instead they use sealed magnetic reed switches and magnets so you'll need to source a voltage to take any measurements. The positive side of this is that the sensors are easy to interpret:
The rain gauge is a self-emptying bucket-type rain gauge which activates a momentary button closure for each 0.011″ of rain that are collected. The anemometer (wind speed meter) encodes the wind speed by simply closing a switch which each rotation. A wind speed of 1.492 MPH produces a switch closure once per second. Finally, the wind vane reports wind direction as a voltage which is produced by the combination of resistors inside the sensor. The vane's magnet could potentially close two switches at once, allowing up to 16 different positions to be indicated, but we have found that 8 positions are more realistic.
All of the included sensors are supplied with RJ11 terminated cables, for information on the pin-out of the cable, check out the datasheet.
- Wind Vane
- Cup Anemometer
- Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
- Two-Part Mounting Mast
- Rain Gauge Mounting Arm
- Wind Meter Mounting Bar
- 2 x Mounting Clamps
- 4 x Zip Ties
Para trabajarlo de manera sencilla con Arduino o similares, se recomenda usar este shield al cual debera añadirle conectores RJ11 (no incluido)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The $f$-localization I mean is the one described and studied in detail in the book by E. D. Farjoun; $L_f$ is a homotopy idempotent functor which associates to each space $X$ an $f$-equivalence $X\to L_f(X)$ where $L_f(X)$ is $f$-local.
$f$-localization has a kind of uniqueness: if $F$ is some other coaugmented functor with the property that $F(X)$ is $f$-local for every $X$ (I'm happy to assume that $F = L_g$ for some map $g$), then there is a commutative square of functors and natural transformations, which I don't know how to draw here. The square would show that the composites $$ id \xrightarrow{\iota} L_f \xrightarrow{L_f(j)} L_f\circ F \qquad \mathrm{and} \qquad id \xrightarrow{j} F \xrightarrow{\iota_F} L_f \circ F $$ are equal. And $\iota_F$ is a weak equivalence for every space $X$; thus $F$ factors through $L_f$ 'up to weak equivalence'.
My Question: Suppose $X\to Y$ is an $f$-equivalence; then $L_f(X) \to L_f(Y)$ is a weak equivalence; does it follow that $(L_f\circ F)(X) \to (L_f\circ F)(Y)$ is a weak equivalence?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
If you allow $F$ to be a continuous functor, which it appears you do since localization functors are continuous, then I believe this is true. Corollary 2.1.1 in the following paper seems to be useful:
E.Dror Farjoun, Higher homotopies of natural constructions, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Volume 108, Issue 1, 8 April 1996, Pages 23-34, ISSN 0022-4049,
It says that if $\phi: X \rightarrow Y$ is a map and $G$ is a continuous, coaugmented, idempotent functor such that for all spaces $A$, the induced map $map(Y,GA) \rightarrow map(X,GA)$ is a weak equivalence, then $G(\phi): G(X) \rightarrow G(Y)$ is a weak equivalence. Letting $G = L_f \circ F$ should give the result you want. The induced map will be an equivalence since $\phi$ is an $f$-equivalence and $L_f\circ F(A)$ is $f$-local for all spaces $A$.
share|improve this answer
I think that in general the answer is 'no', since your functor $F$ need not preserve $f$-equivalences. Take $f\colon \ast \to \ast$ to be the identity map or any other weak equivalence, then the $f$-local objects are the fibrant objects and $L_f$ is equivalent to the fibrant replacement is simplicial sets. Now take any functor $F$ which does not preserve weak equivalences and takes fibrant values. For example, $F(-) = \mathrm{fib}(\mathrm{hom}(A,-))$, where $\mathrm{fib}$ is a fibrant replacement functor and $A$ a non-trivial space. Then $L_f\circ F$ does not preserve weak equivalences (which are also $f$-equivalences) of non-fibrant simplicial sets.
I think that the condition that you need to assume about $F$ is that $F$ preserves $f$-equivalences.
share|improve this answer
I really like this example. I never considered this $F$ before, but it does exactly what you want. I also agree that in situations like this the condition you suggest sounds right – David White May 1 '13 at 15:46
An $f$-equivalence is a map $\alpha:X\to Y$ which induces a weak equivalence $\alpha^\ast:map_\ast(Y,Q)\to map_\ast (X,Q)$ for all $f$-local spaces $Q$; equivalently, $L_f(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence. Therefore the assumption implies that every $g$-local space is $f$-local, so an $f$-equivalence $\alpha$ is also a $g$-equivalence; so $L_g(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence.
share|improve this answer
So this answers it for $F=L_g$, and Matthew Sartwell's answer is slightly more general, but Boris shows you can't go more general than that. Interesting. +1 to everyone – David White May 1 '13 at 15:36
Your Answer


text:
What is a'similar establishment' to a hotel, inn, or boarding house?: characteristics and functions associated with hotels, inns and boarding houses
The following is a list of characteristics and functions often associated with hotels, inns and boarding houses.
Clearly, for something to be a 'similar establishment' it is not necessary for all the features to be present; in many cases a small number of features will be sufficient to conclude that the establishment is similar to, for example, a basic hotel or boarding house.
- The accommodation is provided on a temporary basis, generally to persons who are away from their home. It is accommodation for a transient class of people or people who are temporarily homeless (but see paragraph 2.1, Notice709/3). It is taken with a view to moving on in due course.
- The hotel or similar establishment provides the accommodation as its main purpose, generally with a view to making profit. Providing the accommodation represents the main commercial exploitation of the property. In this respect the establishment will differ from one whose function is educate, imprison or provide care and support. Equally, an establishment which aims to provide pastoral care or create a family concept, such as some educational establishments, is unlikely to be a similar establishment.
- The hotel or similar establishment will normally provide accommodation on a non-selective basis to persons who turn up and can pay.
- They usually provide breakfast. However, this is no longer the case with all such establishments. Some hotel chains, for example, now provide only sleeping accommodation. Breakfast can be provided as a prepared meal or as basic ingredients (a food parcel). The provision of breakfast in the form of a supermarket voucher is not seen as a characteristic of 'hotel' accommodation.
- Sleeping accommodation is provided with a range of services and facilities, such as room service, laundry, cleaning of rooms (as opposed to cleaning of common areas), bed making, TV rooms, telephone services, receptionist, etc. The level of services will vary according to the status of the establishment. The service provided in a bed and breakfast establishment, for example, might be very basic, consisting of no more than room cleaning and laundry. This would not in itself prevent it from being treated as a 'similar establishment'.
- Residents will normally enjoy a degree of privacy by being provided with their own lockable rooms.
- There will normally be a resident manager, proprietor or member of staff on the premises at all times. Some establishments may have annexes where this is not the case. However, management will be contactable at the main premises. Greater supervision and management is a feature of this sort of accommodation.
- There is normally a booking service.