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2012-2013: Gerd Kortemeyer, Philip Tan, Zach Sherin, Ryan Cheu, Steven Schirra & Sonny Sidhu
OpenRelativity is an open-source toolkit to simulate effects of special relativity by varying the speed of light. Developed by the MIT Game Lab, it contains open-source code for public use with the free and paid versions of the Unity engine. The toolkit was developed during the creation of the game A Slower Speed of Light.
An intuitive understanding of travel near the speed of light can be difficult to develop. The concepts involved in special relativity seem remote and inaccessible to us in our daily lives. Students and teachers of special relativity have very little in the way of tangible demonstrations, and are typically expected to develop understanding solely through the reading and working of theoretical problems.
Intended for game developers, educators, and anyone interested in physics, OpenRelativity can help people create, test, and share experiments to explore the effects of special relativity. By releasing the tool set as an open-source code library, interested developers can also create and distribute new games or simulations that feature the effects of traveling near the speed of light.
Education can be assisted through the use of games and other interactive media, especially for topics that frequently are hard to understand and visualize. The toolset can help educators create new demonstrations to provide an intuitive, useful understanding of a dense and complex topic. At the same time, these tools make the visually stunning effects of traveling near the speed of light available to game developers, increasing awareness about the topic to people who may have never encountered it. Our hope is that software created with OpenRelativity will allow a greater number of people access to a field that is often regarded as difficult to comprehend.
- 3D Lorentz transformation of stationary or constant-velocity geometry
- Time dilation of moving objects
- Relativistic doppler shift of objects moving relative to the camera
- Searchlight/headlight effect as perceived by a moving camera
- Runtime of light effects when events are perceived by the camera
Technical Support and Bug Reports
Please direct bug reports, technical questions, and problems to _EMAIL_.
See OpenRelativity in action in the following games (contact _EMAIL_ if you make a project with this toolkit and want it added to our list):
2012, MIT Game Lab
A Slower Speed of Light is a first-person game in which players navigate a 3D space while picking up orbs that reduce the speed of light in increments. Visual effects of special relativity gradually become apparent to the player, increasing the challenge of gameplay. Players can choose to share their mastery and experience of the game through Twitter. A Slower Speed of Light combines accessible gameplay and a fantasy setting with theoretical and computational physics research to deliver an engaging and pedagogically rich experience.


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2.4.9 Can the Degree of Disability be revised?
Yes, revising the degree of disability is an option.
Two years must have gone by from the original resolution for a person to be entitled to a revision.
The minimum time frame would not be necessary in the following situations:
- When an error in the diagnosis can be proved.
- When significant changes in the circumstances that led to the diagnosis of that degree have taken place.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


This 5000-year-old Mask of Warka is believed to be the oldest surviving mask.
"The whole company, indeed,
seemed now deeply to feel
that in the costume and bearing of the stranger
neither wit nor propriety existed."
E. A. POE, The Masque of the Red Death
Masks have been used since antiquity for ceremonial, aesthetic, and practical purposes and are worn whenever a person doesn't want to be recognised… IF there is a person to be recognised indeed… there is alway an UNHEIMLICH aspect in a mask as well…
What is a PERSON? The word derives from the Latin persona (per-sonare = to sound through) meaning "mask" or "character". Persona was originally called the mask worn by the actors at the Greek theatre. It was used to intensify the voice of the actor and to show the type of his role.
The word MASK came via French masque and either Italian maschera or Spanish máscara. Possible ancestors are Latin (not classical) mascus, masca = "ghost", and Arabic maskharah = "jester", "man in masquerade".
Nowadays people hide virtually behind an AVATAR which is derived from the Sanskrit word avatāra meaning "descent" (avatarati) and usually implies a deliberate descent into lower realms of existence for special purposes. Thus today's people usually are not wearing masks to amplify the characterization of their person but prefer incarnations into a lower (online) world where nobody should know their true identity… like some voluptuous Greek deities at that time….


Refugee Council of Australia
Colourful reports on shelf
Home > News > Homelessness and Hunger Among People Seeking Asylum During COVID-19
Homelessness and Hunger Among People Seeking Asylum During COVID-19
In August 2020, the Refugee Council of Australia surveyed charities, asylum support agencies and volunteer groups to understand better the situation that they and their clients are facing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are troubling: people seeking asylum have lost work, cannot find sufficient employment to support themselves, and excluded from the Federal Government's COVID-19 support systems like JobSeeker and JobKeeper, they are facing hunger and homelessness on a scale not previously seen in Australia.
In the few months since the survey, the lockdown restrictions have eased around the country; however, the situation for this group has not improved. Indeed, it has deteriorated further. We have heard of troubling accounts of people losing their homes as the eviction moratoria have lifted and medical providers have been treating young children in this group for malnourishment and related diseases. The health impact of the pandemic has not eased for people seeking asylum, and without urgent intervention, we fear it will worsen.
Finding work
People seeking asylum who lost work during COVID-19 have continued to search for employment: as one employer advised us, in October 2020, they advertised a part-time, 15-hours per week role that would suit many people from humanitarian backgrounds. Within three days, they had 400 applications. Agencies advised that between 55-60% of the people that they were assisting had lost their jobs as a result of the pandemic or had their hours so significantly reduced that they required financial assistance or access to a food bank.
Staying safe at home
Rent is the greatest single expense that people are facing. Of the agencies surveyed, the clients that they are supporting had weekly rents that averaged between $200-$350 per week. As people were let go from casual work (as employers could not access JobKeeper for employees who were people seeking asylum on temporary visas), they quickly used up any savings to pay their rent.
Over 88% of people seeking asylum asking for assistance from the service agencies and charitable groups had difficulty paying rent due to COVID-19
Of the thousands of people seeking asylum and accessing support from these groups, 56% are currently at risk of being evicted from their homes, and the groups estimate that 55% are at risk of homelessness (living on the streets). Over 14% are already currently experiencing homelessness (in a car, on the streets or in emergency accommodation).
Finding enough food and paying for water, electricity, and medication
The lack of access to any form of income during the pandemic has resulted in people not having money to purchase food. Over 70% of the charities' clients had to go without meals because of hardship and 75% had difficulty paying their utilities (water, heating, cooling, gas, electricity) because of hardship. The majority (60%) had to borrow money to cover rent, food costs, pay utilities, or to buy medication.
Support agencies and volunteer groups have outlined how deeply troubled they are:
"This group needs an income safety net, as NGOs can't sustain paying rents for the long-term. We are paying an extra $65,000/month on rentals and emergency relief since April and has increased to $80,000/month since October. Many people will be unable to get or return to work post COVID." ~Church-based group in Victoria
 "We've seen increases in hardship as the lockdowns have increased and as time has gone on where people have exhausted their Supersavings, and other supports. There are debts being accumulated, which are likely to result in substantial hardship and destitution for some time to come. This [data] does not account for people experiencing extreme hardship or at great risk who have been unable to access the centre or who are triaged as 'less in crisis'. We also have over 20 calls per day unanswered because of resource limitations. COVID seems to have reduced the options for people in obtaining employment or otherwise becoming independent." ~Asylum support agency
 "Clients have no safety net or opportunity to get on their feet upon arrival or after crisis. Clients' ineligibility for JobKeeper has caused a lot of distress, as they have paid tax and 'did the right thing' but still couldn't access JobKeeper like their [former] colleagues. People seeking asylum already struggled to enter the job market and are now up against even greater competition, with even more people and with more local experience and qualifications applying for the same jobs. ~ Non-for-profit service organisation in NSW
"People may come to us for one issue but do not want to raise the other issues they are facing so as not to appear 'greedy'. We are seeing people that have never accessed support before as they have been self-reliant and have had meaningful employment. We are observing increased mental health concerns. ~West Australian charity
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text:
Courtesy: National Museums Liverpool
By James Dacey
This unremarkable piece of paper belongs to a chapter in one of the most extraordinary lives of the 20th century.
It is the recently discovered landing card issued to Albert Einstein in 1933 when he arrived in Britain after fleeing Nazi Germany.
On Tuesday the card went on public display for the first time at the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, having been stored away for nearly 80 years at Heathrow Airport.
"We were keen on acquiring any documents relating to immigration but were stunned to find paperwork relating to such a prominent historical figure as Albert Einstein," Lucy Gardner, curator of the exhibition about customs and immigration.
The document brings proof that Einstein arrived in Dover on 26 May 1933 after sailing from Ostende in Belgium. The "professor" states that he was heading for Oxford, a city he had visited previously during stays at Christ Church College.
Einstein lists his nationality as Swiss having renounced his German citizenship only weeks earlier in angry reaction to Nazi policies. In April 1933 Hitler's party had passed a law barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. And during a visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology, Einstein – who was Jewish by birth – had learned that his name had been added to a list of Nazi assassination targets.
Upon his return to Europe Einstein resided in Belgium for a brief time before sailing to Britain. Shortly afterwards, Einstein took up his position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton an affiliation that lasted until his death in 1955.
"This tiny piece of paper brings to life Einstein's escape from the Nazis to England," said Gardner.
Curator Lucy Gardner with Einstein's landing card

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


- Compatibility After Effects
 Please check exact version compatibility under the "COMPATIBILITY" tab below
Author: Real Creations
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Quick Overview
Maze algorithm is now much faster with cleaner path results. Create random vector mazes (labyrinths) in After Effects. mazeFX can also generate a unique solution with effect controls to fully control the appearance of the maze. Finally, it can use masks to control each maze's shape and place all of the needed parts in a single shape layer or create separate shape layers for each part of the maze.
Add Your Tags
mazeFX splash
mazeFX is a tool for Adobe After Effects, specifically designed to create random vector-based mazes (labyrinths). mazeFX is able to generate a unique solution for each maze and also create the appropriate effect controls, to take full control of the appearance of the maze. Finally, it has the ability to use masks to control the shape of each maze and also can put all of the needed parts in a single shape layer or create separate shape layers for each part of the maze.
mazeFX is a native After Effects tool and does not require or depend on any extra plug-ins.
mazeFX - circuitFX - Bundle
mazeFX - start end options
mazeFX - start end options
You can select between multiple position options individually for the Start & End points
of the generated solution path.
mazeFX - less paths
older versions v1.40 and newer
The speed and efficiency of the maze generation algorithm is vastly improved in version 1.40.
mazeFX now produces over 60% less vertices and path shapes!
On the above example of a 30x30 (900cells) maze, the new algorithm generated
579 paths instead of the 1801 paths the old version did.
mazeFX v1.1 - bezier masks
v1.0 v1.1 and newer
Old versions of mazeFX supported only masks with linear points/vertices. If your mask(s) contained any
bezier (curved) points, it would just be ignored. From v1.1, mazeFX supports bezier masks natively!
 mazeFX v1.1 - null helper
mazeFX can now generate a null helper layer that is attached at the tip of the solution
path and follows its position.
The main purpose of this new null helper is to make it easier to parent any layer to the tip of the solution path.
This option is only available in After Effects CC2018 and above.
You can easily adjust the the X and Y grid dimensions,
for a more dense or scattered pattern.
grid controls
 mazefx grid
 mazefx - filled boxes
 mazeFX start/end walls
Combining mazeFX with standard AE effects, produces interesting results.
Below are examples of using mazeFX along with
Polar Coordinates (Effect Menu > Distort > Polar Coordinates)
and CC Sphere (Effect Menu > Perspective > CC Sphere).
 You can use mazeFX as a good starting point for designing simple maze game-maps.
The examples below where created by generating separate shape layers for each part of the maze.
maze games
mediaFX custom effect
mazeFX creates the appropriate effect controls to allow you full control over the appearance of each maze.


text:
We have investigated local element distributions in a Dy-doped Nd2Fe14B hot-deformed magnet by atomic-column resolution chemical mapping using an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (XEDS) attached to an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cscorrected STEM). The positions of the Nd and Dy atomic columns were visualized in the XEDS maps. The substitution of Dy was limited to a surface layer 2-3 unit cells thick in the Nd2Fe14B grains, and the Dy atoms preferentially occupied the 4f-Nd sites of Nd2Fe14B. These results provide further insights into the principal mechanism governing the coercivity enhancement due to Dy doping.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


text:
- About iGov
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The slow diffusion of new technology in the agricultural sector of developing countries has long puzzled development economists. While most of the current empirical research on technology adoption focuses on credit constraints and learning spillovers, this paper examines the role of individual risk attitudes in the decision to adopt a new form of agricultural biotechnology in China. I conducted a survey and a field experiment to elicit the risk preferences of 320 Chinese farmers, who faced the decision of whether to adopt genetically modified Bt cotton a decade ago. Bt cotton is more effective in pest prevention and thus requires less pesticides than traditional cotton. In my analysis, I expand the measurement of risk preferences beyond expected utility theory to incorporate prospect theory parameters such as loss aversion and nonlinear probability weighting. Using the parameters elicited from the experiment, I find that farmers who are more risk averse or more loss averse adopt Bt cotton later. Farmers who overweight small probabilities adopt Bt cotton earlier.
UC Berkeley on May 6-7, 2011 Link to Book


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NetLogo's logging facility allows researchers to record student actions for later analysis.
Logging in NetLogo, once initiated, is invisible to the student. The researcher can choose the type of events logged through a configuration file.
NetLogo uses the log4j package for logging. If you have previous experience with this package you'll find logging in NetLogo familiar.
Logging is supported only by the special NetLogo Logging application. It doesn't work in applets.
This depends on what operating system you are using.
There is a special logging launcher in the NetLogo directory called NetLogo Logging. Double click on the icon.
On Windows, the NetLogo directory can be found at C:\Program Files, unless you chose a different location when you installed NetLogo.
To enable logging, invoke the netlogo.sh script as follows:
netlogo.sh --logging netlogo_logging.xml
You could also modify the script to include these flags, or copy the script and modify the copy.
You can replace netlogo_logging.xml with any valid log4j XML configuration file, which will be discussed in more detail later.
When NetLogo starts up it will ask for a user name. This name will appear in all the logs generated during this session.
Logs are stored in the OS-specific temp directory. On most Unix-like systems that is /tmp. On Windows XP, logs can be found in c:\Documents and Settings\\Local Settings\Temp, where is the logged in user and on Windows Vista the logs can be found in c:\Users\\AppData\Local\Temp. On Mac OS X, the temp directory varies for each user. You can determine your temp directory by opening the Terminal application and typing echo $TMPDIR at the prompt.
There are two convenience commands that will help you manage the logs. __zip-log-files filename will gather all the logs in the temp directory and put them in one zip file, at the location specified. After doing __zip-log-files the existing logs are not deleted, you can do so explicitly by using __delete-log-files.
The following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the XMLLayout. All the loggers are found in org.nlogo.log.Logger. When referring to the loggers in the configuration file you should use the fully qualified name. So, for example, the logger GLOBALS would actually be org.nlogo.log.Logger.GLOBALS
|GLOBALS||a global variable changes||info, debug||
 FOO 51.0
|GREENS||sliders, switches, choosers, input boxes are changed through the interface||info||
 changed foo 51.0 0.0 100.0 1.0
|CODE||code is compiled, including: command center, Code tab, slider bounds, and buttons||info||
 compiled crt 1 O success
|WIDGETS||a widget is added or removed from the interface||info||
 added
|BUTTONS||a button is pressed or released||info||
 show 1 released once
|SPEED||the speed slider changes||info||
 0.0
|TURTLES||turtles die or are born||info||
 turtle 1 born TURTLES
|LINKS||links die or are born||info||
 link 2 7 born LINKS
The default logging configuration (netlogo_logging.xml) looks something like this:
NetLogo defines 8 loggers, all descend directly from the root logger, which means unless you explicitly set the properties (appender, layout, and output level) in the configuration they will inherit them from the root. In the default configuration the root is set to level INFO, the appender is org.nlogo.log.XMLFileAppender and layout is org.nlogo.log.XMLLayout. Together these generate a nicely formatted XML file as defined in the netlogo_logging.dtd which is based on the log4j dtd. If the appender is a FileAppender (including the XMLFileAppender) a new file is start each time the user opens a model.

This configuration, first defines an appender named "A1" of type XMLFileAppender with an XMLLayout. The appender defines where the logging data goes, in this case the data goes into a file. In fact, if NetLogo is given a FileAppender it will automatically start a new file every time the user opens a new model. The XMLFileAppender also does some formatting and writes the appropriate headers to the file. The layout defines how to write each individual message. Unless you are an advanced user there is no need change (or worry about) the appender or the layout.
At the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. All of the other loggers descend from the root logger and, thus, inherit the properties of the root unless explicitly set. This case is fairly simple, having set up the appender A1 we make that the default appender for the root (and all other loggers) and make the default priority "INFO". Messages that are logged at the INFO level or higher will be written, messages logged at lower levels will not. Note that with only one exception NetLogo always logs at level INFO. Sets to globals that don't change the value of the global are logged at level DEBUG. Which means that these messages are disabled by default, since debug is lower level than info. The rest of the body of the configuration file overrides properties of the root logger in a few specific loggers (or categories as they are known in the configuration file, the terms can be assumed to be synonymous for the proposes of this document). That is it turns off the WIDGET, TURTLES, and LINKS loggers, by default. To re-enable them you can changes the priority from off to info, like this:

or you can simply remove the entire reference to the category from the configuration file, as it is not serving any other purpose.
This is only a basic introduction to configuration files for logging in NetLogo. There are many more configuration options available through the log4j framework. See the log4j documentation.


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The subject of the drainage is circular pipes made of U-PVC material used to remove harmful water that occurs underground and above ground, from the area. It is used to transport the water coming with the help of collector pipes to places such as drainage channel, stream or river.
- Its underground life is 50 years and it is easy to transport and install.
- Since the holes on the pipe are opened to the inner surface of the wall rings, they do not clog.
- There is no possibility of fire.
- It is used on sandy soils without the need for filter material.
- If required, it can be produced without holes.
- In the removal of harmful waters in agricultural lands
- In the foundation drainage of the construction site
- For the improvement of muddy and loamy lands
- Highways in shoulder rehabilitation
- In the removal of ground water of structures with water at the bottom
It is made of U-PVC material. 100 and 125 mm diameters are produced in coils of 100 mt, 160 and 200 mm diameters are produced in coils of 50 mt each.


text:
The challenge this week is as follows: given a string in A2, return the single-word substring which immediately precedes the only occurrence within that string of a substring of the form XabcdY, where X and Y are either an asterisk or an obelisk and a, b, c and d are integers from 0 to 9.
- The string is delimited by single spaces
- Excluding the one substring of the form XabcdY, each of the other substrings may or may not have an asterisk or an obelisk at each end (providing of course that this will not result in more than one substring of the form XabcdY)
Solution next week. Best of luck!


Get Rid of Sallow Skin Doing 6 Things A Day
Sallow Skin
Your skin says everything about your health, lifestyle, and even meal intake. Would you wonder if we tell whatever you do simply affects your face in any way, positive or negative?
It's a fact! In the case of meager hygiene conditions, elevated stress, bad lifestyle, and poor diet, your body outcries so that you get back to change it.
This is when your skin shows signs, and a Sallow Skin tone appears on your epidermis
What Is Sallow Skin?
Sallow skin pictures
Sallow skin is not an undertone or even a natural tone but a skin condition in which your skin appears different from its original complexion.
Sallow Complexion / Tone:
Sallow Skin Tone pictures
Image Sources pinterest, instagram
You may not notice the signs of sallow complexion at the start, but with time, you will find your face is losing its freshness, natural glow and looks tired and even saggy all the time.
Also, when sallow skin condition hits, the layer on the outermost part of your face appears brown or yellow.
 1. Sallow skin appears Brown or Tan in olive skin tone. Learn all about what is olive skin tone in the defined guide.
 2. Sallow skin appears Pale or Yellow on fair and pink skin tones. The veins on your arm can identify your skin tone.
How To Know If You Have Sallow Skin?
Here are some ways by using which you can identify if you have sallow skin.
1. Check Your Face In The Mirror:
what does sallow skin mean
To recognize if there is sallowness in your skin, you need a mirror and proper light.
Check if,
 1. Your skin looks dull, tired, and swollen
 2. Your skin has tan or yellow blemishes
 3. Your skin tone is different from its natural tone
 4. Your skin is two-toned
If any or all of these four conditions, you may have skin sallowness.
Remember: Sallow skin doesn't mean acne or scars appearing on your face. It simply means your skin has lost its naturalness.
2. Match Your Skin with the following images:
Match Your Skin
Image Sources instagram
Here are some pictures, taken from authentic sources, like doctors and patients, to let you identify the appearance of sallow skin:
These pictures show the brownish or yellowish tones and swelling that appeared on the faces of the people suffering from sallow skin conditions.
We're providing it aiming to help you identify properly how does sallow skin look like:
Remember: On the internet, you can find plenty of pictures targeting what does sallow skin looks like. However, not all of these pictures are authentic or true. So don't trust every picture you see to feel tensed about your skin.
3. Get Examined By An Expert: (Optional):
Sallow Skin Professional Treatment
You may skip this point if you have confirmed your skin tone. However, if you have a hard time understanding if your skin is sallow or aged, go to a dermatologist.
They will apply some tests, ask you some questions and give you a proper answer about your skin condition.
Remember: You should be persistent and check your skin for any changes on a regular basis to hack the issues at the start. If you can afford, monthly checkups can help a lot.
Once you are confirmed, conditions appearing on your skin relates to sallowness, you will have to move to the next thing to do, to help retreat your sallow skin.
Why Your Skin is getting yellow, tan, or losing its natural complexion?
Here are some causes explained:
Before you go into deep discussion, remember; You may have to change the way you live your life. It would help if you transformed your diet, your sleeping routine, and your overall routine schedule.
Why? Let's read a little more to know the answers.
Sallow Skin Causes and Triggers:
1. Hiding Sallow Skin with Makeup:
sallow skin makeup
Image Sources pinterest
If there are blemishes on your skin and you try to hide them from makeup, it is a good thing for a limited period; however, it is not an option for the long run.
When you hide sallow skin with makeup, you get used to living with the condition. This thing damages your skin, even more when time passes.
How to heal Sallow skin Permanently?
For this;
Hide your flaws through makeup outdoors, and after coming home, follow a good skincare routine. Such as:
 1. Cleanse skin with a good cleanser regularly
 2. Use toner
 3. Exfoliate with facial cleaners on a regular basis
 4. And always choose makeup without irritant-additives.
2. Poor Lifestyle Habits:
How to choose makeup for sallow skin
Though, from the past some years, skin awareness has increased. However, still, there's a lot more to do. Two types of lifestyle habits affect the skin and its health.
 - Use of cheap products:
When instead of buying good skincare products, people try to find cheap solutions for whitening and skin clearance, then the skin starts looking fine for a limited time.
But in the long run, the skin's outermost layer, we call dermis, gets damaged. Such creams and makeup products never let the skin breathe. Hence, it starts getting dry, dull, and tired.
 - Use of wrong products:
On the other hand, when instead of using products made for your skin type solely, people buy things without understanding the need of the time. Such as, instead of choosing a toner, they get just a cleanser.
How to Choose Makeup for Sallow Skin?
For this,
 1. Try to buy makeup, less but from good companies, especially foundations.
 2. Try to buy products according to your skin and do not skip using them.
 3. If going through a severe Sallow Skin condition, instead of hiding it with makeup, go for permanent solutions.
 4. Always clean makeup before you go to sleep to let your skin breathe during the night and keep from issues like dull, sallow skin and tired eyes due to allergic shiners.
3. Dehydration:
Sallow skin examples
Image Sources pinterest
Believe it or not, none of us completes our water intake. We drink water only when our throat feels dry or thirsty. But what if our skin is thirsty?
Long hours sitting in offices and at work don't let us feel thirsty more often because we are spending our day without moving our bodies.
Hence, our daily water consumption becomes lower and lower, and we remain unable to drink the recommended 8 glasses of fresh water every day.
When we don't feel like drinking water, our skin starts showing signs that it is thirsty, that we call, in other words, dehydrated.
As a result, this continuous dehydration becomes a cause of Sallow Skin.
How to Keep Skin From Dehydration?
 1. Drink eight glass of freshwater a day
Smoothies, juices, and flavored drinks don't serve your body as water does. However, quartz crystals can enhance the purity of water to influence your skin better. So, let your skin heal with natural quartz water.
 1. Decrease liquid consumption for caffeinated, carbonated, or alcoholic beverages and move to drinking healthy drinks.
 2. Splash water on your face thrice a day, and don't forget to put a good moisturizer afterward.
 3. Exfoliate your skin routinely at home.
 4. At night, let your skin breathe, so instead of applying creams and lotions that will block your skin's breathing pores, try to spray water from time to time before you sleep to keep it hydrated.
Remember, hydrating your skin doesn't just associate with water intake but also its consumption directly on the skin.
4. Stress and Anxiety:
Sallow skin causes
Stress is the biggest cause of skin problems. Ever heard the quote, "happy girls are prettiest"? It's a fact. If you are stressed about your skin condition, don't be as it will do NOTHING except worsening the issue.
Stress and anxiety come hand in hand, and there can be various causes of stress apart from your skin. Make your mind believe that stressing over an issue is not an option.
Remember, stress doesn't damage you outward, but it damages your inner beauty too. It makes you the most negative person on earth…
So, you will have to find ways of coping with stress for the sake of your inner and outer beauty:
For this:
 1. Try to meditate or do yoga every evening once you are free of all chores
 2. Stop overthinking and keep your brain busy with books and movies
 3. Have a company of good friends who cheer you up in the true sense
 4. Think about good things.
 5. Always revise in your head, YOLO.
Apart from these reasons, there also can be underlying medical conditions behind Sallow skin. In the net lines, we will be discussing those points:
6. Insomnia:
Sallow skin tone
Insomniacs always have a hard time sleeping but have you ever noticed the things this lack of sleep causing on your skin?
Insomnia is a condition in which a person has a hard time sleeping. They keep struggling on their beds for sleeping but take hours to finally fall asleep.
This thing causes swelling in the eyes and puffiness on the face, which becomes a cause of sallow skin in


text:
|Linux / Unix Command: fblocked|
NAMEfblocked - Test whether the last input operation exhausted all available input
The fblocked command returns 1 if the most recent input operation on channelId returned less information than requested because all available input was exhausted. For example, if gets is invoked when there are only three characters available for input and no end-of-line sequence, gets returns an empty string and a subsequent call to fblocked will return 1.
SEE ALSOgets(n), open(n), read(n)
Important: Use the man command (% man) to see how a command is used on your particular computer.


text:
Masimbaashe Chikuni, a third year Bachelor of Computer Science student in the College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance received special recognition in the 2020 MultiCity Challenge public engagement initiative for his project that looks at increasing resilience through Data Science & Flood Warnings in the City of Mutare.
5 African cities in collaboration with the UNDP and Gov Lab at New York University Tandon School of Innovation hosted the 2020 MultiCity Challenge initiative that aims to tackle urban challenges by partnering the people most affected by them, namely city residents. The participating cities included:
Accra, Ghana
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Kampala, Uganda
Masimbaashe provided context as to why his project focus zoned in on flooding drawing from the experiences and challenges posed by 2019's Cyclone Idai that affected the Chimanimani area of Manicaland.
"With the advent of global climate change, most countries are experiencing a significant weather change, both in temperature and precipitation. The rising temperature accompanied with altering precipitation patterns has accelerated hydrological cycles and increased the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters such as cyclones. Reviewing cyclone Idai that struck Zimbabwe in March 2019, it exhibited unusual characteristics that resulted in disastrous impacts. To date, an estimated 50 000 households were affected with the Chimanimani district being the worst affected because of lack of preparedness. For urban and peri-urban settlements, there is need to enhance climate resilience at different scales and with a range of different measures. By incorporating data science and flood warning systems, we will be better equipped to respond to natural disasters and prevent future disasters from occurring."
Speaking to the importance of research generated by Africa's youth and the prestige of receiving special recognition, Masimbaashe went on to say,
"Being recognized for my contributions to building urban resilience is a great honor that broadens my professional experiences, builds my confidence and increases my perseverance. It is encouragement to continue to tackle big challenges and reframe the future. I entered the initiative to test my ideas and see how viable they are especially when implemented in the real-world. It gives me a sense of accomplishment to know that I have a voice to add to the development narrative and it gives me the boldness required to develop new systems to emancipate and grow Africa."
The Africa University College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance has set a track record of excellence in studentled research and innovation. This award recognition comes on the back of a previous win by four students also in the Computer Science programme who won the UmojaHack Zimbabwe InterUniversity Hackathon that took place towards the end of 2020 and focused on the utilization of big data in realworld problem solving.
Mentorship by leading college academics such as Dr. Yogesh Kumar Awasthi lends students the critical support required in the knowledge generation process.
Dr. Yogesh said,
"Effective mentorship is critical to the success of early stage researchers, and has been linked to enhanced mentee productivity, self-efficacy, and career satisfaction. The Objective is to provide all students across the all technical fields with evidence-based mentorship and professional development programming that emphasizes the benefits and challenges of diversity, inclusivity, and culture within mentoring relationships, and more broadly the research workforce."
Dr. Yogesh went on to expand on the critical need for the creation of strong research structures and mechanisms to engage more young people in the process.
"The world is well into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and yet education systems have not kept pace. Young people are often not learning the skills they need to succeed in the 21st century and interact with their changing world, such as digital literacy, problem solving, and critical thinking. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of these skills for the future in education policies, very few education systems have adapted to this reality. On the African continent, where 60 percent of the population is under the age of 25, the teaching of 21st century skills will be necessary for Africa to transform itself into a continent of growth and opportunity. If young people do not learn how to use and create with technology, they are sure to fall further behind. To achieve the vision of 2030, technological advancement will play a vital role which is led by computer science."
He went on to put emphasis on the need to encourage, motivate and inspire students with academic staff being a conduit for budding researchers to contribute actively to the development of the continent.
Our young and energetic researchers should come forward and play their role in development of the country and continent. Awards and recognition like this motivates us and encourages us to show our best at social and economic research levels. As we know, Africa is grappling with lots issues therefore it is the responsibility of the universities to come forward and give their input for innovations and solutions of existing problems. Universities are not only made to provide degrees but now is the time to participate in the socio economic development of the nation."
The GovLab created the City Challenges model in 2016 under the notion that public institutions need to change how they work, becoming more data-driven, agile, innovative, and capable of tapping expertise from new sources to respond more effectively to novel challenges. The first pilot of this initiative was carried out in the municipality of San Pedro Garza García, Mexico. The Multi-City Challenge scales the previous model running the programme in parallel in different cities that share similar urban challenges. This programme allows them to pool the expertise of their civil servants and residents to define problems and to find innovative solutions to solve them creating synergies and economies of scale between them.(_URL_


text:
The Coriolis Effect
The Coriolis force comes from the rotation of Earth. Earth spins on its axis at a rate of one rotation per 24 hours. At the equator, this is equivalent to approximately 1,600 km per hour—this is the speed a person standing at the equator experiences. But at the North and South Poles, the speed is zero. This differential in speed causes eddies (swirling patterns) in the atmosphere. These in turn affect weather patterns.
Put a few drops of food coloring on a tennis ball, gently lower it into a tub of water, and give it a spin with your fingers. Note the patterns of motion that the food coloring makes in the water.
Hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere because of the Coriolis force.
We don't notice the spinning of Earth directly, because we move at constant velocity (speed and direction).
A popular myth holds that the water in toilets and sinks demonstrates the Coriolis effect (the observed effect of the Coriolis force) by draining counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. However, this actually has to do with the design of the toilet or sink rather than where it is located on Earth.
NASA scientists must take Coriolis effects into consideration when they launch rockets. In fact, space launching facilities, including the Johnson Space Center in Houston and Cape Canaveral in Florida, are located in the south to take advantage of the greater speed of Earth's surface at those latitudes (distances north or south of the equator, measured by imaginary lines running east to west parallel to the equator). This activity shows you several ways to demonstrate the Coriolis force and its effects.
- 2-L soda bottle
- food coloring
- metric ruler
- merry-go-round or a swivel chair and weights
- safety goggles
- steel washer, nut, or other small weight
- I-m nylon fishing string or line
These effects were first described by GaspardGustave de Coriolis (1792–1843), a French engineer and mathematician.
- Fill a 2-L soda bottle with water. Turn it upside down and let the bottle begin to pour out. Swirl the bottle clockwise until a miniature cyclone starts. Study the cyclone as the water pours out. Notice that the swirl will remain powered by gravity even if you hold the bottle still. For a more dramatic effect, first release a drop of food coloring from a height of 10 cm and allow it to settle into the water. As an extension, you can vary bottle sizes and mouth openings to find out what conditions work best to support this motion.
- Get on a small merry-go-round and give it a good spin. Move toward the center. Notice what happens to the rate of rotation. You spin faster because of a principle called the conservation of angular momentum.
- Put on your safety goggles, and swing a small weight in a circular orbit at the end of a I-m string. Let the string wind around your finger as shown. The result is always the same—as the length of the string decreases, the speed of the weight increases. The string may be compared to a nearly massless merry-go-round and the weight to a heavy person.
Angular momentum is a quantity that is based upon an object's mass and rate of rotation.
Move back to the edge and the spinning slows down. You can demonstrate the same effect in a swivel chair by holding weights in your arms, spinning, and then moving your arms toward and away from your body, or by observing figure skaters as they change their rate of rotation using their arms.
In physics terms, the weight has a radial velocity (speed of rotation in respect to angle) toward your finger because of the shortening of the string. The radial velocity interacts with the rotational velocity (the speed and direction the weight turns) to produce an acceleration that is tangential (touching but not intersecting) to the path of the weight and acts to speed up the weight.I
As artificial satellites fall toward Earth out of their orbit, the radius of their orbit (the distance to Earth's center) decreases and their speed increases, until friction becomes so great that they burn up in the atmosphere.
Rocket Science: 50 Flying, Floating, Flipping, Spinning Gadgets Kids Create Themselves by Jim Wiese (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).
The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion (Exploratorium Science Snackbook series) by Paul Doherty (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).
Warning is hereby given that not all Project Ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. Implementation of any Science Project Idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. Reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. For further information, consult your state's handbook of Science Safety.


text:
Caesalpiniaspinosa (Molina) Kuntze is an extensively used plant in the industry and folk medicine, and it is characterized by containing high quantities of tannins in its pods. Ultrastructure and chemical aspects of C.spinosa leaves were analyzed to identify their properties and the function of their specialized cells. Leaflets are amphistomatic with an internal bifacial structure. Subspherical idioblasts occur on the subepidermal area of leaflets and are immersed in the parenchymatous tissue of rachis and petiole. Histochemical analyses showed that tannins are widespread on the parenchymatous tissue of leaflets, rachis, and petioles, and subspherical idioblasts present a lipophilic nature containing essential oils and lipids. Glandular trichomes occurring on the rachis and petiole bear phenolic compounds. GC–MS analysis reveals the presence predominantly of monoterpenes in the leaf essential oil. The detected compounds may be related to the antimicrobialand antioxidant activity of C. spinosa extracts.
- Essential oil-containing idioblasts
- Leaf anatomy
- Phenolic compounds


How to know if a file is a text file
Nobody nobody at
Sun Nov 15 19:50:55 CET 2009
On Sun, 15 Nov 2009 04:34:10 -0800, Chris Rebert wrote:
>>> I'm looking for a way to be able to load a generic file from the
>>> system and understand if he is plain text.
>>> The mimetype module has some nice methods, but for example it's not
>>> working for file without extension.
>>> Any suggestion?
>> You could use the "file" command. It's normally installed by default on
>> Unix systems, but you can get a Windows version from:
> FWIW, IIRC the heuristic 'file' uses to check whether a file is text
> or not is whether it contains any null bytes; if it does, it
> classifies it as binary (i.e. not text).
"file" provides more granularity than that, recognising many specific
formats, both text and binary.
First, it uses "magic number" checks, checking for known signature bytes
(e.g. "#!" or "JFIF") at the beginning of the file. If those checks fail
it checks for common text encodings. If those also fail, it reports "data".
Also, UTF-16-encoded text is recognised as text, even though it may
contain a high proportion of NUL bytes.
More information about the Python-list mailing list


Portland Community College | Portland, Oregon
EAC Academic Standards and Practices Committee--Prerequisite Proposal
The Academic Standards and Practices Committee recommends that the EAC endorse prerequisite requirements for lower division collegiate transfer courses meeting a general education, distribution area obligation for AS, AAOT, AGS, or AAS degrees (including all courses on the A list, B list, and general education list currently in the catalogue). Minimum prerequisites in writing, reading, and math would be required for these courses no later than fall term, 2007:
Prerequisites: WR 115, RD 115, and MTH 20 (or instructor permission).
These prerequisites will be satisfied by
 1. a "C" or higher grade in WR 115, or reading and writing placement scores for WR 121,
 2. a "C" or higher grade in RD 115, or college-level reading skills demonstrated by an ASSET reading score of at least 45 (or a Compass score of 88), and
 3. a "C" or higher grade in MTH 20 or placement into MTH 60.
Satisfying these prerequisites will signify readiness for college-level reading and writing as well as readiness for math generally considered to be at the 9th-grade level.
Necessary Resources
To ensure our students have the appropriate courses and support, the administration will need to commit substantive resources in the following areas most likely affected by this proposal and its implementation:
 1. the developmental education and English-language learner programs (anticipating an increase in students redirected to work on their basic skills),
 2. student services (expecting more students who may need assistance with financial aid, transcript evaluation, testing, and course recommendations), and
 3. lower-enrolled courses during a transition period of up to 2 years (allowing courses with a dip in enrollment to continue with a minimum of 10 students).
SAC Opt-out
SACs may petition to opt out of these prerequisites for all or part of their affected courses, showing sufficient cause why such a waiver should be granted.
Academic Standards and Practices Committee/EAC Role
The EAC endorsement is conditional upon the PC or EAC having a strong advisory role in the implementation of this proposal. The EAC will create a transition team to provide oversight and guidance of the prerequisite policy implementation while making suggestions to improve the process.
Casual Students and Waivers
In order to reduce barriers for casual students who may have the prerequisite skills, but who may not want to go through our testing procedures, more pronounced language will be included in the Schedule of Classes and PCC Catalogue emphasizing the "instructor permission" option. Students who already possess an accredited degree beyond high school should also be able to waive these requirements.
Additional Recommendations
 1. The administration should work toward increasing the number of students acquiring college-level survival skills courses (particularly those who don't meet the prerequisites or who show themselves to be unable to perform with minimal academic success).
 2. SACs affected by these prerequisites should either consider implementing them prior to the fall of 2007 or, as an alternative, establishing language encouraging "Strongly Recommended: WR 115, RD 115, and MTH 20" as an interim transitional step. Such an interim step could be made effective by fall term of 2006.
 3. The following research should be undertaken immediately to prepare for the successful implementation of the prerequisite policy by fall term, 2007:
 1. Institutional research should look closely at the population of students who will be most likely directed to DE or English-language learner courses because of the prerequisite policy. The backgrounds of these students (by financial aid, ethnicity, and head-of-household status) should be determined so that a forecast can be made of DE or English-language learner needs during the transition phase and thereafter. In addition, we recommend that these students be tracked to evaluate this policy's effectiveness.
 2. The Basic Skills Task Force should be consulted to help determine what would improve student success in basic skills and tutoring specific to students of DE or English language.
 3. SACs should identify any courses appropriate for students with pre-college skills, so that a list may be compiled for (and promoted to) these students of DE or English language as they work to strengthen basic skills while qualifying for FT status (for financial aid purposes).
 4. Prerequisite policies implemented at other community colleges (like Mt. Hood and Clackamas) should be more carefully examined as well as any relevant studies in the research area of basic student preparation for academic success (including student retention).


text:
Beyond FUN: BLACK, WHITE, JUST RIGHT!
I'd seen this title on various lists of books for children of mixed-race heritage over the past few years. Published in 1993, it was clearly written with the goal of helping children of mixed-race parentage understand the special place they occupy in their families. The first-person narrator of this book, who never reveals her name, cheerfully runs through the various ways in which her parents differ, and how she fits very happily in the middle of those differences:
"Mama's face is chestnut brown. Her dark brown eyes bright as bees. Papa's face turns pink in the sun; his blue eyes squinch up when he smiles. My face? I look like both of them—a little dark, a little light. Mama and Papa say, 'Just right!'"
Colorful illustrations by Irene Trivas bring the words of author Marguerite Davol to life in a spunky, feel-good read. Davol's photo of herself with her two "just-right" grandchildren gives young readers an additional glimpse at a diverse family that just might reflect their own. The cover glimpse of a little girl smiling at herself in a mirror sets the tone of positive self-esteem and self-image that permeates this little gem of a book.


text:
Addressing student wellbeing for Work Integrated Learning success
Work Integrated Learning (WIL) students are seeking greater levels of support from universities to reflect the personal and financial stresses associated with their participation, according to a new report.
The research led by Dr Deanna Grant-Smith from Queensland University of Technology and funded by the National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education informed recommendations to improve WIL student outcomes through the refinement of program policies and practices.
Australian universities are under increasing pressure to support students to develop the graduate skills and knowledge required to transition from education into professional practice. The adoption of a range of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) approaches to achieve this aim represents an increasingly prevalent part of the tertiary education landscape. However, successes in increasing the participation of diverse groups in higher education challenge assumptions regarding students' extra-study commitments and the potential impacts of these on students' capacity to participate in WIL activities, particularly unpaid placements. Despite these shifts, there has been limited exploration of student experiences of WIL through a wellbeing lens or with an explicit focus on the equity considerations.
Objectives and methodology
Through the voices and experiences of WIL administrators and participants from the disciplines of health and social services, education and nursing this research identified the personal impacts of participation in WIL, beyond the impacts of professional development and in-situ learning. This research explored personal and other factors influencing students' experiences of WIL placements and their coping strategies for managing the reciprocal impacts of participation on other commitments.
Data for this study was collected using an online student survey, student focus groups, and staff focus groups. The survey and focus group data was analysed using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The analyses sought to identify the impact that personal and other factors can have on the practicum experience, the impact of the practicum experience on other parts of the student's life such as paid work commitments and work-study-life conflicts, and the perceived impact of this on their wellbeing.
In connecting WIL and wellbeing, researchers introduced the concept of WIL wellbeing as a construct to identify the impacts of WIL on participants' wellbeing within and beyond the learning context. Explicitly connecting WIL and wellbeing, and foregrounding the everyday life experiences of WIL participants, the research highlighted the contribution of personal coping strategies (many of which are taken into post-graduation professional practice) to managing a successful WIL experience. In the context of the broad scale adoption of WIL as a learning pedagogy, this research also considered how universities and WIL placement workplaces can better support students in preparation for, and during, their WIL experiences.
Key findings and recommendations
- WIL participants experienced considerable levels of financial stress as a result of undertaking a WIL placement due to the intensive unpaid nature of WIL placements; the additional costs incurred as a result of the placement; relational stressors; and the financial impacts of lost wages. Research participants, regardless of their familial or employment circumstances, suggested that additional financial assistance and support was required by many WIL participants to support their participation.
- WIL workplaces need better preparation and support to positively contribute to participant wellbeing and learning outcomes. Both WIL administrator and student participants in this research identified the impact of attitudes and behaviours of supervisors, co-workers and clients within the WIL workplace on student wellbeing. They concluded that better training, support and vetting of potential WIL workplaces and supervisors is required.
- Greater levels of institutional and community support are required to support WIL participant wellbeing. In addition to more supportive supervisory relationships within the WIL workplace, WIL participants are seeking greater levels of pastoral care, staff support and empathy from universities. Combined, peer, family, community and university support make an important contribution to a successful WIL experience, however, available institutional support and eligibility requirements need to be better communicated to students, particularly those that may not have existing support networks
Conclusions and considerations for policy
Examining the equity implications of WIL participation, this research revealed new insights about participant experiences and has the potential to inform WIL policies and practices to support student wellbeing.
Acknowledging the potential impact of extra-curricular commitments, such as paid employment and caring responsibilities, and other personal factors on the WIL experience and providing focused support is important for supporting student wellbeing, and increasing the potential for a successful placement. Both WIL administrator and student participants in this research proposed that universities and registration/accreditation bodies need to consider alternatives to unpaid WIL placements or structural changes to placement requirements which limit extended unpaid placements.
WIL wellbeing is determined by personal coping strategies and institutional and community support. It is therefore imperative that all stakeholders involved in managing, administering and promoting universal WIL participation are cognisant of the potential impacts of WIL on participants' wellbeing.
Read more here.


text:
Tethered Balloon Aerial Photography
A complement to Kite aerial photography when there isn't significant wind. Like KAP, often done under an entirely different legal regime (especially for commercial work) than UAVs. Prevention of twisting may be done with a picavet, or with multiple control lines.
 High Altitude Balloon
High-Altitude Ballooning (HAB) has become a popular hobby in recent years, as control solutions became easy & inexpensive (the Arduino project and competitors), and GPS functionality got cheaper. Using helium or hydrogen and remarkably little money, people can now experiment with conditions and views far higher than a passenger airplane travels.
A typical loadout might include:
- A 2 meter diameter (5 meter burst) latex balloon.
- A styrofoam cooler to protect against temperature extremes
- An Arduino control board
- A wide angle helmet cam set to video
- A small transmitter with helical antenna for telemetry
- A parachute designed to trigger after the balloon bursts
- A directional antenna on the ground
 High Altitude Glider
There is some interest in the combination of HABing with gliding planes or paragliders. A balloon that lifts a glider may fall into different legal categories than a powered UAV (which may be altitude-limited), but the lines are very blurry and there are significant legal questions of definition.
- The $150 Edge-of-Space Camera: MIT Students Beat NASA On Beer-Money Budget
- United Kingdom High Altitude Society, the dominant wiki in this area, is supplemented by Freenode _TAG_


text:
This book is a compilation of village level data collected through participatory GIS techniques. Participatory exercises were transferred to a GIS and overlayed with other spatial information, including satellite imageries, to be used for local level planning. The booklet showcases the power of participatory GIS as a tool for involving communities in a process of quantitative assessments of natural resources and their use and management.
The Village Resource Handbook
Booklets and Manuals
Anupama Pai, Benjamin Larroquette, Dandhapani S, Gaspard Appavou, Neil W. Pelkey, Rajendran K, Saravanan S, Shivarajan R, Srinivas V. 2004. The village resource handbook. 1st ed. Pondicherry, India: Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning.


French Grammar: Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
French Grammar: Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
Creative Commons Image via The LEAF Project
French Grammar: Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
la grammaire française: les verbes réfléchis réciproques
Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs in French help us identify actions done by two or more people – to each other!
Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs are a certain kind of Reflexive Verb in French. Be sure to review the lesson on Reflexive Verbs first before moving on to this lesson!
French Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs take the exact same pronouns as other French reflexive verbs. BUT, Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs are ONLY used in the plural – because the action always involves more than one person/subject.
Remember! The Reciprocal Reflexive Pronoun MUST match the subject(s) involved!
NOUS : ourselves/each other
VOUS : yourselves/each other
SE (or S') : themselves/each other
Note that the pronoun SE becomes S' before any verb that starts with a vowel (such as s'acheter and s'écrire).
Once you understand how to use Reflexive Verbs in French, learning how to use Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs is really easy! Just use the reflexive/reciprocal pronoun in front of the verb (action) that you want to express is mutual. Rule of thumb: If you would use the phrase 'each other' in English, then you'll use a Reciprocal Reflexive Verb in French!
Like Reflexive Verbs, a Reciprocal Reflexive Verb is identified by the reflexive pronoun SE that precedes it in its infinitive form. Here are some common French Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs:
s'acheter : to buy (something for) each other
s'adorer : to adore each other
s'aider : to help each other
s'aimer : to love each other
se comprendre : to understand each other
se connaître : to know each other
se détester : to hate each other
se dire : to tell/say to each other
s'écrire : to write to each other
s'envoyer (des courriels) : to send each other (emails)
se mentir : to lie to each other
se parler : to speak/talk to each other
se plaire : to like each other
se poser des questions : to ask each other questions
se promettre : to promise each other
se regarder : to look at each other
se rencontrer : to meet / to run into each other
se ressembler : to look like each other
se téléphoner : to phone/call each other
se voir : to see each other
See the ADAPT section for more examples!
Jacques et Marie se regardent.
James and Marie are looking at each other.
Les étudiants s'aident beaucoup.
The students help each other a lot.
Lucie et moi, nous nous voyons souvent.
Lucie and I see each other often.
Vous vous connaissez?
Do you all know each other?


text: The Dunsink Observatory is an astronomical observatory established in 1785 in what was then outside of Dublin by Trinity College Dublin. The site was selected for its elevated position and views over the surrounding landscape. At the time, Dublin was four miles away and Finglas was a small village, a perfectly dark location, far from the city lights, for star-watching. The design of Dunsink incorporated a number of novel ideas. The main telescope was mounted on a granite pier which is independent of the building that surrounds it. Circulation of air within the dome was intended to give sharper images of the stars. The observatory was restored in recent years. The telescope, then no longer state of the art, was used mainly for public 'open nights'.


text:
VAT avoidance - groups of companies statement of practice on the new Schedule 9A VATA 1994: conditions for the issue of a direction under the new Schedule 9A: relevant event
A relevant event is defined (Schedule 9A, paragraph 1(2)) as occurring when a company joins or leaves a VAT group registration, or when it enters into any transaction. The word "transaction" is capable of being given a very wide meaning when considered in isolation, but the key to understanding how Customs will interpret this in the context of the provisions is that a relevant event occurs when a taxpayer enters into a transaction. Generally Customs will take this to mean when the taxpayer enters into a contract or other disposition, such as a gift.
Take a lease of a building. Each payment of rent could be regarded as a transaction in itself. However, the mere payment of rent would not be regarded as covered by the term "enters into any transaction" as used in the legislation.
Customs will regard the entering into of the lease by the landlord or tenant as a relevant event, which would (if the other conditions are met), potentially bring a company within the scope of the provisions. Other examples falling within the scope of the provisions are an agreement for a lease, an assignment, variation or surrender. The performance of obligations under the lease, (e.g. the carrying out of repairs or the payment of rent), would not normally be caught unless, exceptionally, such obligation constituted the entering into of a separate contract.


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heritable Jurisdictions
|←Herisau||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 13
|See also Heritable jurisdictions on Wikipedia, and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.|
HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS, in the law of Scotland, grants of jurisdiction made to a man and his heirs. They were a usual accompaniment to feudal tenures, and the power which they conferred on great families, being recognized as a source of danger to the state, led to frequent attempts being made by statute to restrict them, both before and after the Union. They were all abolished in 1746.


How the PPSR Benefits Businesses in New Zealand
Being able to recover debt in the case of default is one of the major issues that face businesses in New Zealand and across the globe. Debt, being an integral part of everyday business transactions, cannot be avoided in any economy or market. The best anyone can do is to reduce the risks that come as a result of dealing in credit.
PPSR — what is it?
PPSR stands for 'Personal Property Securities Register.' The PPSR was established in accordance with the New Zealand Personal Property Securities Act 1999. The registry was operationalised in 2002 and is maintained by the New Zealand Companies Office — a branch of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
The PPSR is an amalgamation of the Register of Company Charges, Motor Vehicle Securities Register and Chattels Register that preceded it.
So what is it, this PPSR? The PPSR is a public-accessible database that keeps record of legal claims on personal property that has been used as collateral for loans and credit in New Zealand. Basically, if a business or individual uses a particular property as collateral for a loan or credit, the debt obligation to this property is recorded in the PPSR.
This ensures that property that has already been used as collateral is not used again as collateral to gain new credit or on-sold before the debt is repaid.
Almost all types of property that has value can be used as collateral and hence be put in the registry. This includes motor vehicles, machinery, intellectual property and the likes. But it excludes buildings, land and ships that are greater than 24 metres in length.
How does the PPSR work?
The PPSR works in a pretty straightforward way. Once a person or an organisation uses a property as collateral for a loan or credit, the creditor or lender goes ahead and records their underlying interest on the property in the PPSR.
This record will remain at the PPSR until the debt is cleared and the lender can then go ahead and remove the property. This prevents other lenders and creditors from accepting the same property for collateral in subsequent borrowing and thus preventing conflicting interests in case the borrower fails to pay back their debt and the collateral has to be recovered.
Because the registry is open and searchable by the public, lenders and creditors can search through it to determine whether a property presented as collateral has already been borrowed against. It also indicates if ownership of a property presented for sale legally belongs to the person or entity that seeks to sell it.
The benefits of PPSR to New Zealand businesses
Being able to keep records of property that has been used as collateral and retrieve such information on demand gives businesses a bunch of advantages that make the lending scene a whole lot safer. These are the benefits of PPSR:
1. Insight on potential clients and customers. Regardless of the industry you're in, you'll often be necessitated to sell your products or services on credit with the expectation of later payment. It's therefore in your best interest that your customer poses the ability to pay you back when the debt is due.
Because things are not always as they seem, you'll need to dig around to find information that indicates the debtor can pay their debt. For gathering this kind of information, the PPSR is indispensable for Kiwi businesses.
From a single database, you can find out all the property a prospect customer has put up as collateral to secure their debts. With this data, you can determine whether a business or individual is having liquidity issues or is about to go into bankruptcy. If you find that the prospect is overleveraged, then you have the opportunity to reconsider the credit facility you're offering.
2. Establish the validity of collateral. Quite often collateral is required to secure a loan or a line of credit. Collateral provides a guarantee to the lender in that they can take possession of the collateral property to recover their dues in case the debtor defaults. If the property has already been used as collateral for previous debts, reusing it could result in conflict of interest between the different lenders who claim its ownership.
From the PPSR, businesses can search a centralised database to determine if a property presented as collateral has already been used to secure other debts. This prevents a scenario where a single piece of property is used to borrow multiple times from different lenders.
3. Protection when buying pre-owned property. When buying property such as second-hand vehicles and machinery, or even intellectual property; it's important to find out whether there are any debt responsibilities associated with it before you complete the transaction.
It's possible to buy property and then later discover that the previous owner had not paid for it in full or had taken credit with the property as collateral. In this case, the responsibility of clearing the debt might fall on your hands as the holder of the collateral, even if you weren't aware of the circumstances during the purchase.
Before buying a pre-owned property, businesses can search the PPSR to find out the credit and financing history of the property.
4. Ensuring your credit liabilities are cleared. The PPSR relies on data provided by creditors and lenders. Debtors cannot edit the information on the registry — otherwise they'd just delist their listed properties. If a lender fails to remove your property from the registry after you have cleared your debt, it could have a negative impact on your credit rating.
As such, businesses that have cleared previous debts can search the database to find out if the collateral property has been delisted accordingly. If the property is still listed as debt security, then appropriate channels can be followed to ensure the information is updated to free the property from debt claims.
For any situation where collateral is required to access credit, the PPSR can be relied upon to determine whether the property in question qualifies to secure debt. This plays a huge role in protecting New Zealand businesses from fraudulent transactions involving property listed as collateral.
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text:
A process for proving mathematical statements involving members of an ordered
set (possibly infinite). There are various formulations of the principle of
induction. For example, by the principle of finite induction, to prove a
statement p(i) is true for all integers i ≥ i0, it suffices to prove that
(a) P(i0) is true;
(b) for all k ≥ i0, the assumption that P(k) is true (the induction hypothesis)
implies the truth of P(k+1).
(a) is called the basis of the proof, (b) is the induction step.
Generalizations are possible. Other forms of induction permit the induction step
to assume the truth of P(k) and also that of
P(k-1), P(k-2),...., P(k-i)
for suitable i. Statements of several variables can also be considered.


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|salicylic acid (ˌsælɪˈsɪlɪk)|
|a white crystalline slightly water-soluble substance with a sweet taste and bitter aftertaste, used in the manufacture of aspirin, dyes, and perfumes, and as a fungicide. Formula: C6H4(OH)(COOH)|
|[C19: from salicyl (via French from Latin salix a willow + |
|an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event; an exceptional example or instance.|
|a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.|
salicylic acid sal·i·cyl·ic acid (sāl'ĭ-sĭl'ĭk)
A white crystalline acid used in making aspirin and in the topical treatment of skin conditions such as eczema.
|salicylic acid (sāl'ĭ-sĭl'ĭk) Pronunciation Key
A white, crystalline acid used to make aspirin, to treat certain skin conditions, and to preserve and flavor foods. Salicylic acid is benzoic acid with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the carboxyl group (COOH). Chemical formula: C7H6O3.


request_post(path, data, initheader = nil) public
Sends a POST request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
When called with a block, yields an HTTPResponse object. The body of this response will not have been read yet; the caller can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
 # example
 response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...')
 p response.status
 puts response.body # body is already read
 # using block
 http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response|
 p response.status
 p response['content-type']
 response.read_body do |str| # read body now
 print str
Show source
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text:
Post-accident radiological consequences analysis relies on the use of computational tools to provide quantitative understanding of off-site radiological consequences. This intervention reviewed NNB Generation Company (HPC) Limited's (NNB GenCo) arrangements for providing radiological consequences analysis for design basis accidents in the Hinkley Point C (HPC) safety case. The key aims of this intervention were to assess the adequacy of the arrangements for validation of computer codes used for radiological consequences, and the arrangements for applying radiological decoupling criteria in Design Basis scenarios.
This intervention was carried out at a time when revised site-specific calculations are being produced in this topic area for inclusion in the PCmSR.
This intervention was performed in two parts, and assessed the following arrangements against License Condition (LC) 14:
Intervention 1: the implementation of "radiological decoupling criteria" within NNB's arrangements for producing the radiological consequences analysis for design basis faults
Intervention 2: NNB's processes for validating computer codes used for radiological consequences analysis in the Design Basis Analysis (DBA)
LC14 requires licensees to make and implement adequate arrangements for the production and assessment of safety cases consisting of documentation to justify safety during the design, construction, manufacture, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning phases of the installation.
The following guidance was used in this intervention:
Not relevant to this intervention.
The interventions highlighted that NNB GenCo is developing its Intelligent Customer role in the radiological consequences topic area, with several examples of good practice. Nevertheless, they identified a number of minor areas for improvement.
With regard to use of radiological decoupling criteria, the bulk of faults listed in the Fault and Protection Schedule (F&PS) appear to be bounded by a fault in the list of bounding faults. The process for identifying bounding faults appears to be an effective means of assigning bounding faults. Nonetheless, the intervention noted the following:
With regard to NNB GenCo's processes for validating computer codes, the intervention found that NNB GenCo is expected to provide technical leadership on methods and computational tools to ensure consideration of the UK context. At present NNB GenCo's code validation procedures and requirements rely heavily on the processes of its suppliers.
In order to improve its control and visibility of code validation, NNB GenCo should give consideration to strengthening its acceptance process for code validation.
The intervention noted the recent development of guidance on code validation for the main supplier in France, Direction Technical, and that there is now a legal requirement to provide validation for codes used in relation to the first barrier. It is unclear, however, what material impact this will have in the radiological consequences area.
While a number of findings have arisen from this intervention, these are not significant and can be addressed through the regular radiological consequences technical interactions. It is therefore considered overall that inspection ratings of Green are appropriate for LC14.


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How to Change File Permissions in Plesk
In some cases, you may wish to increase or decrease the security of a file; or you may need to adjust the permissions of certain script files before they can be run. It is possible to change those file permissions using Plesk. The instructions below will guide you through the process of changing file permissions in Plesk.
- Log in to Plesk.
- Click the Websites & Domains tab.
- If your account has more than one domain, click on the domain name for which you wish to modify file permissions. Click the File Manager icon for the site you wish to manage the files for.
- Navigate to the file that you wish to modify. Then, click the dropdown right next to the file or folder and select Change Permissions:
- On the right side, you will see a listing of users for whom you can set permissions. Select the user for whom you wish to set file permissions.
- Once you have selected the user, you will be able to make changes to the permissions on the right side of the screen.
- At the top of the screen, you can make some additional global permissions changes for the file or folder you have selected.
- Allow inheritable permissionswill set the file or folder to inherit the permissions of the parent folder.
- Replace permission entries-will propagate the selected permissions from the current folder to the child folders.
- Click Save to finalize the changes.


text:
Package: input-utils (0.0.20051128-4)
Links for input-utils
Download Source Package input-utils:
utilities for the input layer of the Linux kernel
This is a collection of utilities which are useful when working with the input layer of the Linux kernel (version 2.6 and later). Included are utilities to list the input devices known to the kernel, show the input events that are received by a device, and query or modify keyboard maps.
Other Packages Related to input-utils


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screen (GNU Screen) is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes, typically interactive shells.
- GNU screen official page: downloads and documentation;
- screen command reference;
- introductory article from kuro5hin.org, GNU Screen: an introduction and beginner's tutorial;
- Introduction to using the scrollback buffer for copy and paste within


Jesus and the fig tree
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For more information, see the Skeptic's Annotated Bible article:
For more information, see the Skeptic's Annotated Bible article:
There is little agreement as to what Jesus looked like.
The story of Jesus and the fig tree appears in the New Testament of the Bible, in Matthew 21:17-22 Bible-icon.png and Mark 11:12-14, 20-26 Bible-icon.png. In this story, Jesus is hungry and goes up to a fig tree to get something to eat, even though figs are out of season. When he finds that the tree has no fruit, he becomes angry and curses the tree to death. The story sometimes interpreted as a metaphor of the Pharisees "not bearing good fruit".
This is awfully strange behavior for an omnibenevolent god to indulge in. Why blame the tree for not bearing fruit when it is not supposed to bear fruit at that time of year? Behavior like this allows someone to declare that Jesus was mentally unbalanced, which satisfies the second choice of the Liar, Lunatic or Lord trilemma.
Some may draw a parallel between this story and that of original sin, where God blames people for acting in ways that were seemingly designed into them.
The story of the fig tree differs between versions, Matthew 21:19 Bible-icon.png says that "And presently the fig tree withered away." Whereas Mark 11:20 Bible-icon.png has the disciples find the dried up tree the following morning: "And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree dried up from the roots." -- Beyond being odd, the story is contradictory.
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This Scheme consisted of following sub-projects:
- Upgrade the capacity of Mutton Island WWTW including preparation of an EIS.
- Assess the existing sewerage network with regard to structural condition, hydraulic condition, infiltration and operation of Storm Overflows.
- Prepare outline proposals for Sewerage Rehabilitation of the network so as to improve the operation of the overall Sewerage System and to provide capacity to cater for new developments.
- Prepare outline proposals to extend the sewerage network to cater for new development in areas not currently served with a Sewerage Infrastructure.
- Development of a Wastewater Treatment Strategy for Galway City Council and Galway County Council for implementation over a 20 year period, in a short, medium and long term structure. This includes proposal for a new Galway East Wastewater Treatment Plant.
- Development of guideline Water Drainage Policies.
Manhole Surveying and CCTV Surveying
USA LTD undertook the contract for Manhole Surveying and CCTV Surveying the sewers for this project. CCTV Survey work commenced in 2004. In total the following was surveyed:
As a result of the CCTV Surveys carried out on the manholes and pipelines a proposal for Sewer Rehabilitation and Manhole Rehabilitation was outlined by USA ltd.


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Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict
Author: Syed Mansoob Murshed, Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin
Access full text: available online
This Journal of International Development article assesses two recent explanations for the onset of internal conflict: greed and grievance. The former reflects elite competition over valuable natural resource rents. The latter argues that relative deprivation, and the grievance it produces, fuels conflict. However, this article argues that neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict. Violent conflict requires institutional breakdown, or the failure of the social contract.
Pure versions of the greed hypothesis are, on their own, unsatisfactory explanations for the causes of conflict. In reality the competing greed versus grievance hypotheses may be complementary explanations for conflict. The greed explanation for conflict duration and secessionist wars works in cross-country studies, but has to make way for grievance-based arguments in quantitative country case studies. Grievances and horizontal inequalities may be better at explaining why conflicts begin, but not necessarily why they persist. Neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict, something which requires institutional breakdown, which we describe as the failure of the social contract.
The breakdown of the social contract captures institutional malfunctioning and it is also crucial in transforming grievances into collective violence. A failing social contract may be the real signal of the risk of civil war.
- In certain instances, where there are substantial quantities of natural resource wealth, greed may be the dominant factor prolonging conflict, but without group formation (for which some historical grievances are important), violent collective action cannot take place.
- Some societies, despite having conditions pre-disposing them to civil war, such as horizontal inequality, polarisation and natural resource rents, do not descend into conflict.
- For the forces behind either greed or grievance to take the form of large-scale violence there must be other factors at work, specifically a weakening of the 'social contract'. This is similar to the weak state capacity, and by implication poor institutional quality.
- Even if rents from capturable resources do constitute a sizeable prize, violent conflict is unlikely to take hold if a country has a framework of widely agreed rules.
- Such a viable social contract can be sufficient to restrain, if not eliminate, opportunistic behaviour such as large-scale theft of resource rents, and the violent expression of grievance.
The degradation of the social contract is more likely in the context of poverty and growth failure.
- As yet, no empirical models at the level of cross-national analysis exist to properly test for the relative power of greed vis-a-vis horizontal inequality type grievances in explaining conflict onset.
- Greed and grievance can and do co-exist; because one breeds the other a model of their simultaneous determination is required, along with the contribution of poverty (which is chiefly about the lack of growth) and institutional quality.
- Furthermore, the existing econometric literature regarding the causes of conflict allows us to infer little about the true nature of the causal links between the phenomena examined.
- The most robustly significant predictor of conflict risk and its duration is some indicator of economic prosperity. At a higher income people have more to lose from the destructiveness of conflict; and higher per-capita income implies a better functioning social contract, institutions and state capacity.
Access full text: available online
Murshed, S. M. and Tadjoeddin, M. Z., 2009, 'Revisiting the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict', Journal of International Development, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 87-111
Syed Mansoob Murshed


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In this section
Voted Scotland's most beautiful beach in 2010.
The sand dune system to the north and south of the Lunan water consists of mobile dunes backed by an established links area. In the northern section there is thick mantle of Marram Grass. Inland of the mobile dunes the habitat changes into a shorter dune pasture area.
The dune habitat also supports a number of invertebrate species, including grasshoppers, earwigs, many species of beetle, butterflies and moths. Cliff headlands bound Lunan Bay and fossil cliffs run along the back of the raised beach ranging from 250m-50m landward of the High Water Mark. The southern upper raised beach (15m OD) sits on the fossil cliffs and consists of rough pasture.
An extensive area of inter-tidal sand flats runs virtually uninterrupted for 3.5 km of Lunan Bay. There are also areas of estuarine Mud/ Sand Flats, Saltmarsh and Wet Grassland.
Submit a sighting
Seen anything interesting off the coast of Angus?
Submit a sighting to help us build a database of sightings.


Place:Deadwood, Lawrence, South Dakota, United States
Alt namesDeadwood Citysource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS46001697
Coordinates44.377°N 103.729°W
Located inLawrence, South Dakota, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Deadwood (Lakota: Owáyasuta; "To approve or confirm things") is a city in South Dakota, United States, and the county seat of Lawrence County. It is named after the dead trees found in its gulch. The population was 1,270 according to the 2010 census. The city includes the Deadwood Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
19th century
In early 1876, frontiersman Charlie Utter and his brother Steve led a wagon train to Deadwood containing what were deemed to be needed commodities to bolster business. The gamblers and prostitutes resulted in the establishment of several profitable ventures. Demand for women was high, and the business of prostitution proved to have a good market. Madam Dora DuFran would eventually become the most profitable brothel owner in Deadwood, closely followed by Madam Mollie Johnson. Businessman Tom Miller opened the Bella Union Saloon in September, 1876.
A saloon called the Gem Variety Theater, opened in April 7, 1877 by Al Swearengen who also controlled the opium trade. The saloon was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt in 1879. It burned down again in 1899, causing Swearengen to leave the town.
Deadwood became known for its wild and almost lawless reputation, during which time murder was common, and punishment for murders not always fair and impartial. The town attained further notoriety for the murder of gunman Wild Bill Hickok. Mount Moriah Cemetery remains the final resting place of Hickok and Calamity Jane, as well as slightly less notable figures such as Seth Bullock. Hickok's murderer, Jack McCall, was prosecuted twice, despite the U.S. Constitution's prohibition against double jeopardy, because of a ruling that Deadwood was an illegal town in Indian Territory and thus lacked the jurisdiction to prosecute or acquit McCall. This decision moved McCall's trial to a Dakota Territory court ("Indian Court"), where he was found guilty of murder and hanged.
As the economy changed from gold panning to deep mining, Deadwood lost its rough and rowdy character and developed into a prosperous town. In 1876, a smallpox epidemic swept through, with so many falling ill that tents were erected to quarantine the stricken. In 1876, General George Crook pursued the Sioux Indians from the Battle of Little Big Horn on an expedition that ended in Deadwood and is known as the Horsemeat March. The Homestake Mine in nearby Lead was established in 1877. For years, it was the longest continuously operating gold mine in the United States. Gold mining operations ceased in 2002, but the mine is still open to tourists. On September 26, 1879, a fire devastated Deadwood, destroying more than three hundred buildings, and consuming the belongings of many inhabitants. Many of the newly impoverished left town to start again elsewhere.
A narrow-gauge railroad, the Deadwood Central Railroad, was founded by resident J.K.P. Miller and his associates in 1888, in order to serve their mining interests. The railroad was purchased by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1893. A portion of the railroad between Deadwood and Lead was electrified in 1902 for operation as an interurban passenger system, which operated until 1924. The railroad was abandoned in 1930, apart from a portion from Kirk to Fantail Junction, which was converted to standard gauge. The remaining section was abandoned by the successor Burlington Northern Railroad in 1984.
Some of the other early town residents and frequent visitors included Al Swearengen, E. B. Farnum, Charlie Utter, Sol Star, Martha Bullock, A. W. Merrick, Samuel Fields, Calamity Jane, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, the Reverend Henry Weston Smith, Aaron Dunn and Wild Bill Hickok.
The gold rush attracted Chinese immigrants to the area. Their population peaked at 250. A few engaged in mining; most worked in service enterprises. A quarter arose on Main Street, encouraged by the lack of restrictions on foreign property ownership in Dakota Territory and a relatively high level of tolerance. Wong Fee Lee arrived in Deadwood in 1876 and became a leading merchant. He was a community leader among the Chinese Americans until his death in 1921.
The quarter's residents also included African-Americans and Americans of European extraction. The state sponsored an archeological dig in the area during the 2000s.
20th and 21st centuries
Another major fire in September 1959 came close to destroying the town again. About 4,500 acres were burned and an evacuation order was issued. Nearly 3,600 volunteer and professional firefighters, including personnel from the Homestake Mine, Ellsworth Air Force Base, and the South Dakota National Guard's 109th Engineer Battalion worked to contain the fire, which resulted in a major regional economic downturn.
In 1961, The entire town was designated a National Historic Landmark. But the town continued to decline for the next two decades. Interstate 90 bypassed Deadwood in 1964 and its brothels were shut down after a 1980 raid.[1] A fire in December 1987 destroyed the historic Syndicate Building and a neighboring structure.[1]
The fire fueled interest in the area and spurred the "Deadwood Experiment", in which gambling was tested as a means of revitalizing a city center.[1] At the time, gambling was legal only in the state of Nevada and in Atlantic City. Deadwood was the first small community in the U.S. to seek legal gambling revenues as a way of maintaining local historic qualities.[2] Gambling was legalized in Deadwood in 1989 and immediately brought significant new revenues and development.[3] Though the pressure of development may have an effect on the historical integrity of the landmark district.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Deadwood, South Dakota. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.


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Smoky, river, c.250 mi (400 km) long, rising in Jasper National Park, W Alta., Canada, and flowing generally NE to the Peace River. It receives the Wapiti and Little Smoky rivers. It was explored (1792) by Alexander Mackenzie.
More on Smoky from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Canadian Physical Geography


text:
The envelope theorem is used to solve maximization problems in the fields of microeconomics and finance. It is a fundamental result in the calculus of variations and is therefore often used in large deviations research.
We verify that the envelope theorem holds for the log-likelihood function when the underlying data are generated from a normal distribution. The evidence that the theorem is true is that the top and bottom pictures in the Demonstration are identical.
We explain the envelope theorem by way of a concrete example.
The log-likelihood maximization problem is to find parameters such that
Fix and define a new function such that
Now we view. Then the envelope theorem says that
The functions and are plotted in the top and bottom parts of the Demonstration output, respectively.
Roughly speaking, then, the envelope theorem says that fixing, maximizing over, and then taking the derivative with respect to is the same as taking the derivative with respect to, then fixing, and then substituting for the fixed the particular that maximizes.


kids encyclopedia robot
Melaleuca pauciflora facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Melaleuca pauciflora
Melaleuca pauciflora.jpg
Melaleuca pauciflora near Ashendon
Scientific classification
Melaleuca leptoclada Benth.
Myrtoleucodendron leptocladum (Benth.) Kuntze
Myrtoleucodendron pauciflorum (Turcz.) Kuntze
Melaleuca pauciflora is a shrub in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Its decussate leaf arrangement and its small heads of white flowers on the sides of its branches are diagnostic. This is probably the least spectacular of all the melaleucas.
Melaleuca pauciflora is a bushy shrub usually growing to a height of about 3 m (10 ft). Its leaves are in alternate pairs, the pairs at right angles to the ones above and below so that there are four rows of leaves along the stems. The leaves are 3–12 mm (0.1–0.5 in) long and 0.9–2.0 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide, glabrous and elliptic in shape but tapering towards the end.
The flowers are white, in small heads up to 6 mm (0.2 in) in diameter and contain 2 to 8 flowers. The petals are 1–1.4 mm (0.04–0.06 in) long and fall off as the flowers mature. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle with 2 to 7 stamens. Flowers appear in summer and are followed by fruit which are woody capsules 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in).
Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca pauciflora was first formally described in 1847 by Nikolai Turczaninow in "Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou". The specific epithet (pauciflora) is from the Latin words paucus meaning "few" or "little" and flos meaning "flower" or "blossom" referring to the inflorescences which are small and have few flowers.
Distribution and habitat
Melaleuca pauciflora occurs between the Perth area and Albany in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions. It grows in sand in estuaries, swamps and other winter-wet areas.
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Melaleuca pauciflora Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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Billings: Geography and Climate
Billings is located in southern Montana in the fertile Yellowstone River valley, with mountains on three sides. The Yellowstone River flows along the eastern boundary of the city. The mountains shelter the city from the most severe winter weather, but blizzard conditions are not uncommon in the spring and fall. Moist air from the Pacific Ocean, called "Chinook winds," often brings surprisingly warm weather in the winter and cooler temperatures in the summer. Spring features the most unpredictable weather, and summers are typically dry with cool nights.
Area: 33.82 square miles (2000)
Elevation: 3,126 feet above sea level
Average Temperatures: January, 22.8° F; August, 72.5° F; annual average, 49.2° F
Average Annual Precipitation: 13.65 inches
Discuss this city on our active forum.