pycassa.pool – Connection Pooling
Connection pooling for Cassandra connections.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionPool(keyspace, server_list=['localhost:9160'], credentials=None, timeout=0.5, use_threadlocal=True, pool_size=5, prefill=True, socket_factory=, transport_factory=, **kwargs)
A pool that maintains a queue of open connections.
All connections in the pool will be opened to keyspace.
server_list is a sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The port defaults to 9160 if excluded. The list will be randomly shuffled before being drawn from sequentially. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
If authentication or authorization is required, credentials must be supplied. This should be a dictionary containing 'username' and 'password' keys with appropriate string values.
timeout specifies in seconds how long individual connections will block before timing out. If set to None, connections will never timeout.
If use_threadlocal is set to True, repeated calls to get() within the same application thread will return the same ConnectionWrapper object if one is already checked out from the pool. Be careful when setting use_threadlocal to False in a multithreaded application, especially with retries enabled. Synchronization may be required to prevent the connection from changing while another thread is using it.
The pool will keep up pool_size open connections in the pool at any time. When a connection is returned to the pool, the connection will be discarded is the pool already contains pool_size connections. The total number of simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size + max_overflow, and the number of "sleeping" connections the pool will allow is pool_size.
A good choice for pool_size is a multiple of the number of servers passed to the Pool constructor. If a size less than this is chosen, the last (len(server_list) - pool_size) servers may not be used until either overflow occurs, a connection is recycled, or a connection fails. Similarly, if a multiple of len(server_list) is not chosen, those same servers would have a decreased load. By default, overflow is disabled.
If prefill is set to True, pool_size connections will be opened when the pool is created.
Example Usage:
>>> pool = pycassa.ConnectionPool(keyspace='Keyspace1', server_list=['', ''], prefill=False)
>>> cf = pycassa.ColumnFamily(pool, 'Standard1')
>>> cf.insert('key', {'col': 'val'})
Whether or not a new connection may be opened when the pool is empty is controlled by max_overflow. This specifies how many additional connections may be opened after the pool has reached pool_size; keep in mind that these extra connections will be discarded upon checkin until the pool is below pool_size. This may be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit. The default value is 0, which does not allow for overflow.
pool_timeout = 30
If pool_size + max_overflow connections have already been checked out, an attempt to retrieve a new connection from the pool will wait up to pool_timeout seconds for a connection to be returned to the pool before giving up. Note that this setting is only meaningful when you are accessing the pool concurrently, such as with multiple threads. This may be set to 0 to fail immediately or -1 to wait forever. The default value is 30.
recycle = 10000
After performing recycle number of operations, connections will be replaced when checked back in to the pool. This may be set to -1 to disable connection recycling. The default value is 10,000.
max_retries = 5
When an operation on a connection fails due to an TimedOutException or UnavailableException, which tend to indicate single or multiple node failure, the operation will be retried on different nodes up to max_retries times before an MaximumRetryException is raised. Setting this to 0 disables retries and setting to -1 allows unlimited retries. The default value is 5.
logging_name = None
By default, each pool identifies itself in the logs using id(self). If multiple pools are in use for different purposes, setting logging_name will help individual pools to be identified in the logs.
Gets a connection from the pool.
Returns a connection to the pool.
execute(f, *args, **kwargs)
Get a connection from the pool, execute f on it with *args and **kwargs, return the connection to the pool, and return the result of f.
Adds connections to the pool until at least pool_size connections exist, whether they are currently checked out from the pool or not.
New in version 1.2.0.
Closes all checked in connections in the pool.
Sets the server list that the pool will make connections to.
server_list should be sequence of servers in the form "host:port" that the pool will connect to. The list will be randomly permuted before being used. server_list may also be a function that returns the sequence of servers.
Returns the capacity of the pool.
Returns the number of overflow connections that are currently open.
Returns the number of connections currently in the pool.
Returns the number of connections currently checked out from the pool.
Add a PoolListener-like object to this pool.
listener may be an object that implements some or all of PoolListener, or a dictionary of callables containing implementations of some or all of the named methods in PoolListener.
exception pycassa.pool.AllServersUnavailable
Raised when none of the servers given to a pool can be connected to.
exception pycassa.pool.NoConnectionAvailable
Raised when there are no connections left in a pool.
exception pycassa.pool.MaximumRetryException
Raised when a ConnectionWrapper has retried the maximum allowed times before being returned to the pool; note that all of the retries do not have to be on the same operation.
exception pycassa.pool.InvalidRequestError
Pycassa was asked to do something it can't do.
This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
class pycassa.pool.ConnectionWrapper(pool, max_retries, *args, **kwargs)
Creates a wrapper for a Connection object, adding pooling related functionality while still allowing access to the thrift API calls.
These should not be created directly, only obtained through Pool's get() method.
get_keyspace_description(keyspace=None, use_dict_for_col_metadata=False)
Describes the given keyspace.
If use_dict_for_col_metadata is True, the column metadata will be stored as a dictionary instead of a list
A dictionary of the form {column_family_name: CfDef} is returned.
Returns this to the pool.
This has the same effect as calling ConnectionPool.put() on the wrapper.
class pycassa.pool.PoolListener
Hooks into the lifecycle of connections in a ConnectionPool.
class MyListener(PoolListener):
 def connection_created(self, dic):
 '''perform connect operations'''
 # etc.
# create a new pool with a listener
p = ConnectionPool(..., listeners=[MyListener()])
# or add a listener after the fact
Listeners receive a dictionary that contains event information and is indexed by a string describing that piece of info. For example, all event dictionaries include 'level', so dic['level'] will return the prescribed logging level.
There is no need to subclass PoolListener to handle events. Any class that implements one or more of these methods can be used as a pool listener. The ConnectionPool will inspect the methods provided by a listener object and add the listener to one or more internal event queues based on its capabilities. In terms of efficiency and function call overhead, you're much better off only providing implementations for the hooks you'll be using.
Each of the PoolListener methods wil be called with a dict as the single parameter. This dict may contain the following fields:
 - connection: The ConnectionWrapper object that persistently manages the connection
 - message: The reason this event happened
 - error: The Exception that caused this event
 - pool_id: The id of the ConnectionPool that this event came from
 - level: The prescribed logging level for this event. Can be 'debug', 'info', 'warn', 'error', or 'critical'
Entries in the dict that are specific to only one event type are detailed with each method.
Called when a connection returns to the pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called once for each new Cassandra connection.
Fields: pool_id, level, and connection.
Called when a connection is closed.
dic['message']: A reason for closing the connection, if any.
Fields: pool_id, level, connection, and message.
Called when a connection to a single server fails.
dic['server']: The server the connection was made to.
Fields: pool_id, level, error, server, and connection.
Called when a connection is recycled.
dic['old_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is being recycled
dic['new_conn']: The ConnectionWrapper that is replacing it
Fields: pool_id, level, old_conn, and new_conn.
Called when an attempt is made to get a new connection from the pool, but the pool is already at its max size.
dic['pool_max']: The max number of connections the pool will keep open at one time.
Fields: pool_id, pool_max, and level.
Called when a pool is disposed.
Fields: pool_id, and level.
Called when the pool finalizes its server list.
dic['server_list']: The randomly permuted list of servers that the pool will choose from.
Fields: pool_id, level, and server_list


text:
Activity time: 10 minutes
Materials for Activity
- Copies of Singing the Journey, one for all participants
- Copies of Taking It Home
- Optional: A piano or a recorded version of the song
Preparation for Activity
- Optional: Arrange for musical accompaniment.
Description of Activity
To close the workshop, ask for a couple participants to share brief reflections from the journaling exercise about their beliefs, feelings, and actions in response to today's workshop. Wrap up the sharing after five minutes.
Tell participants that Unitarian Universalists have many favorite songs about freedom. Some are in our hymnbooks, and are drawn from various sources and traditions. Ask them to name any that they know or have sung. Introduce the song, "Building a New Way" by Martha Sandefer and Jim Scott, a song that calls for building a new way of peace and freedom for all. Many of the well-known freedom songs are African American spirituals from the times of slavery or the Civil Rights era of the 1950s and 60s. This song, however, is more recent, reminding us that the struggle for freedom continues.
Invite participants to rise in body or spirit and sing Hymn 1017 in Singing the Journey. Invite a participant to extinguish the chalice and distribute copies of Taking It Home.
Including All Participants
An invitation to "rise in body or spirit" accommodates participants of all physical abilities.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Modern Adultery
Europa, Io, and Semele
Three took part in a marriage disassembly.
Zeus played his wife like a chess piece.
He visited clubs, went downtown, and attended rancid parties.
The university they attended together overflowed with fraternities and sororities.
Europa on sixth street, Io dancing the night away
Semele dressed in a makeshift toga with a red cup clasped in her hand
All three caught the young eye of Zeus,
Who forgot about Hera, a young woman who remained loyal,
And he went down sixth street,
Danced the night away,
Drank until he fell in the arms of a young woman,
In a makeshift toga,
with a red plastic cup clasped in her hand.
Zeus, a modern story of adultery.
This poem is about:
Our world
Need to talk?


text: The shar-pei, or Chinese fighting dog, is covered with folds of loose skin. It stands 18 to 20 inches (46 to 51 centimeters) tall and weighs up to 50 pounds (22.5 kilograms). Its solid-colored coat can be black, red, fawn, or cream. The dog originated in Tibet or the northern provinces of China some 2,000 years ago. The People's Republic of China put such a high tax on shar-peis, however, that few people could afford to keep them, and the dog was in danger of extinction. But a few specimens were smuggled out of China, and the breed has made a comeback in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Although bred as a fighting dog, the shar-pei is generally an amiable companion.


text:
Public and private partnerships (KPS) or public private partnerships (PPP) are needed to answer problems such as increasing production capacity, productivity, quality of production, increasing market access, and encouraging the downstream process of multi-stakeholder cooperation in increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of the food and agriculture sector. PPPs appear not only to increase productivity and growth in the agricultural sector but rather because of the lack of the government's ability to fulfill its duties in maintaining food security with its own resources. The resources in question are not only in terms of funding but also technology, networks and so on.
Partnerships between agricultural companies and small farmers are assessed as one of the most prospective approaches can raise the economy of farmers. It is assumed that with these partnerships small farmers can be scanned to get a greater share of added value from an agricultural business. It's just that this kind of partnership approach is still often applied in a reductive manner in contractual farming or contract farming.
The first style presents a network or relationship structure or contractual relationship of interests between actors in an agricultural business. The second pattern, share farming, is a special contractual agriculture that presents a relationship structure that shares the duties, responsibilities and risks of agricultural business as a manifestation of contractual relationships.
On the basis of the importance of lifting the practice of PPP implementation in the regions, Perkumpulan Prakarsa conducted research in three regions, namely: Sragen Regency, Mojokerto Regency, and Malang Regency. Sragen Regency represents rice farming areas, while Mojokerto and Malang districts represent corn farming areas. This study reviews the social, economic and political dynamics that influence the policy environment. Research "Public Private Partnership in the Agricultural Sector: Study of Rice and Corn Commodity Sub-Sector" This is a research that was made to photograph the phenomenon of economic activity between the government, the private sector and farmers to ensure justice in the supply chain under the PPP scheme.
This research report can be a learning material for we are in the framework of developing policies and safety nets in agriculture. However, it needs to be looked at further about the impact of the partnership between the public and the private sector, because until now there has not been a partnership scheme established to guarantee the rights and obligations of each actor in it.


University of Halabja and Islamic Azad University Held a Meeting
On the 9th of February 2021, the UoH president Dr. Mahabad Kamil Abdullah and the Islamic Azad University president Dr. Jahanshir Amini together with both universities council members had a meeting in which both sides discussed the ways of conducting scientific joint-works in detail.
At the beginning of the meeting, Dr. Mahabad discussed the importance of the building academic bilateral relations between UoH and other universities nationally and internationally. Then, she appointed the UoH council to organize and conduct scientific works with Iranian universities. Later, Dr. Jahanshir highly appreciated the UoH president and other key staff members for organizing such a meeting and stated that the Islamic Azad University is ready to perform scientific works with UoH.
Besides, both sides discussed the steps they need to take in order to improve the scientific levels of both universities so as to reflect a development in scientific process and education level in the near future. After that, both sides agreed that the results of the meeting will be written in a MoU in a suitable time.
The subject matters of the meeting are followings:
1- The Islamic Azad University offers the UoH a full cooperation concerning academic staff mobility with all the scientific departments of UoH being dependent on the requirements.
2- The Islamic Azad University will do the necessary preparations regarding providing labs for conducting researches for lecturers and MA and PhD students at UoH based on a scientific agreement.
3- Both sides will conduct joint-research and publish them in high impact factor journals.
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Synonyms of cosmopolitan
1. cosmopolitan, cosmopolite, sophisticate, man of the world
usage: a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries
1. cosmopolitan (vs. endemic), widely distributed
usage: growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution"
2. cosmopolitan (vs. provincial), traveled, travelled
usage: composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world; especially not provincial in attitudes or interests; "his cosmopolitan benevolence impartially extended to all races and to all creeds"- T.B. Macaulay; "the ancient and cosmopolitan societies of Syria and Egypt"; "that queer, cosmopolitan, rather sinister crowd found around the Marseilles docks"
3. cosmopolitan, ecumenical, oecumenical, general, universal, worldwide, world-wide, comprehensive (vs. noncomprehensive)
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
All rights reserved.
Definition and meaning of cosmopolitan (Dictionary)


text:
Cover page: The Bear and the Wolverine face each other. The Wolverine has a paw on the Bear, as if he were speaking to him with great interest.
1. The Wolverine is on a tree branch. He looks at the Bear, in the distance, eating small red berries.
2. The Wolverine climbs down from the tree.
3. The Wolverine starts to speak to the Bear. The latter is eating the little red berries.
4. The Bear seems happy to look at the Wolverine. They look at a patch of small red berries.
5. We see two bears building a round tent.
6. A bear applies red berry juice to the Wolverine's eyes. They are inside the round tent. We also see round stones that are used to make steam in a sweatlodge.
7. The Bear and the Wolverine face each other. There is a bubble above the Wolverine in which we see branches and a stone. The Wolverine is explaining to the Bear how to build a round sweatlodge.
8. The Bear, standing up, holds a branch in his paws. He is getting ready to build a round tent. The sneaky Wolverine turns his back because he thinks what a good meal the Bear will make.
9. The Bear and the Wolverine are inside the round tent. They are sitting in front of a heap of stones.
10. Two people are sitting in a round tent in front of stones.
The wolverine is an omnivorous mammal, but mostly carnivorous. It looks like a small bear with a furry tail. Its fur is dense and does not retain water, allowing this animal to resist the severe cold of its habitat. It measures from 75 to 110 cm. It has a round, wide head, small eyes and short, rounded ears. Its paws are short and robust and each foot has five toes. Its long claws are curved and semi-retractile, so it can draw them in partially. These claws are used to climb and to dig. The wolverine has solid teeth, and can be recognised by its facemask and its furry tail. The wolverine is considered the most ferocious animal in the Far North.
Bears have dense fur, a short tail, a keen sense of smell and hearing and five non-retractile claws. Bears have big bodies and powerful members. On their hind paws, they walk upright, almost like humans. The have large paws, a long muzzle and round ears. They use their teeth for defence and as tools, and the teeth depend on the bear's diet. Bears use their claws to rip, dig and catch.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Published: 2022 Januar
Organisation: 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)
Trust transfer is a promising perspective on prevalent discussions about trust in AI-capable technologies. However, the convergence of AI with other technologies challenges existing theoretical assumptions. First, it remains unanswered whether both trust in AI and the base technology is necessary for trust transfer. Second, a nuanced view on trust sources is needed, considering the dual role of trust. To address these issues, we examine whether trust in providers and trust in technologies are necessary trust conditions. We conducted a survey with 432 participants in the context of autonomous vehicles and applied necessary condition analysis. Our results indicate that trust in AI technology and vehicle technology are necessary sources. In contrast, only vehicle providers represent a necessary source. We contribute to research by providing a novel perspective on trust in AI, applying a promising data analysis method to reveal necessary trust sources, and consider duality of trust in trust transfer.
Download: Media:HICSS55-Necessary Conditions of Multi-Source Trust Transfer in Artificial Intelligence.pdf


text:
World Atlas of Total Sky-Cover.
Environmental research papers,
AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA
Pagination or Media Count:
The purpose of this atlas is to establish a global cloud climatology that details seasonal and diurnal variations. The Boehm Sawtooth Wave BSW simulation model is used to devise a method for describing the frequency distribution of total sky-cover. Two parameters, scale distance and mean sky-cover, permit the calculation of the sky cover distribution from clear to overcast. This is an efficient means of data storage, since two numbers define the entire frequency distribution. Hence, the frequency distribution of sky cover can be found for locations world-wide using the global analyses of mean sky cover and scale distance given in the atlas. Twenty maps are presented for each of these parameters - one set 4 times daily 0000-0200, 0600--0800, _PHONE_, _PHONE_ LST, for each midseason month January, April, July, and October, and another set of monthly means for all hours for each midseason month.


text:
In Danger of Extinction: Many military bases use the desert as a practice area and people drive off-road vehicles killing the wildlife and crushing baby desert tortoises. The population dropped 90% since 1980, just in the Mojave Desert. The desert tortoises were considered "threatened" species in the California state Endangered Species Act in 1989 and the federal Endangered Species Act in 1990. Disease is also a big factor in the decline of desert tortoise population. A disease called Upper Respiratory Tract Disease. If an ill tortoise leaves scat and another eats it, that tortoise is now affected with the disease. Population goes down hill when the habitat of these animals are destroyed also. Vandalism is another problem. When vandalizing ones area there becomes less of it because it can't survive without it's everyday things.
Desert tortoises. Adult and baby.
and Media Sources:


Practice Psychometric Tests
Written Exercise
Employers often use a written exercise to assess job candidates. Written exercises usually test a combination of: common sense, comprehension skills, verbal reasoning, the ability to structure a letter, an essay or an argument, note taking ability and written communication skills.
A candidate's knowledge of specific industry issues or work procedures is not usually tested. The subject of your written exercise may also be used as the basis for a discussion in a later interview.
Written Exercise Examples
Examples of written exercises used by firms include:
 - Write a report on the pros and cons of a takeover bid, based on 12-pages of material provided.
 - Summarise the facts of a case file, listing its strengths and weaknesses.
 - Summarise a Law report for a client who is concerned with the issues it covers but has no specific legal knowledge.
 - Write a letter of complaint to a local council on behalf of an elderly resident.
You will typically be given between 40-60 minutes to complete a written exercise.


text:
Are you dealing with a legal issue related to housing, education, transportation, or the environment? Then you may need to look at local ordinances when you are doing your research. Cities and towns have the authority to make local laws in many areas, including planning and zoning, building and construction standards, noise and nuisance regulation, business licenses, and public health and safety. If you deal with these kinds of issues on a regular basis, or if you frequently represent small business owners or landlords, you will definitely be dealing with local ordinances, or municipal codes, at some point.
There are a number of online sources that provide selected municipal codes from cities and towns across the country. Sources that provide codes from Connecticut municipalities include Municipal Code Corporation, General Code Publishers, and American Legal Publishing. Some Connecticut cities and towns provide access to their local ordinances on their websites, as well as in their respective city and town clerk's offices. You may also be able to find a copy of a city or town's municipal code at its public library. The law library also has the municipal codes for the city of Hartford and the town of West Hartford in print.


Assortment analysis: identifying weak links
26.07.2013 13868
Assortment analysis: identifying weak links
How, using assortment analysis, can you understand which product categories are the "weak link" that constantly create stocks? The most powerful way is to use ABC market analysis based on the Pareto principle. Clever Fashion's experts tell you how to apply this principle to the assortment of a shoe store.
(Only part of the article "To make the leftovers become sweet" is published here. Read the full version of the material in Shoes Report # 108).
The Pareto principle says that 20% of the effort gives 80% of the result, and in relation to the assortment implies that the largest amount of profit (80%) comes from a fairly small group of products and customers (20%). Using the Pareto principle, all inventories can be divided into 3 main categories:
And - especially valuable goods, which make up 20% of stocks in a warehouse and form 80% of sales;
B - goods of average value, comprising 30% of stocks in a warehouse and 15% of sales;
C - the least valuable goods: 50% of stocks in a warehouse and 5% - sales.
Before applying Pareto principle to product categories, analyze sales at a point of sale. To do this, you need to divide all the parameters and resources that you encounter when working into groups according to the degree of importance and effectiveness. This is especially convenient with tables. To compile them, do the following:
Identify the ones that matter to your business objectsfor example, customers (regular, casual, wholesale customers, those who are looking for rare sizes or models, etc.), suppliers (seasonal shoes, exclusive shoes, discounted shoes, etc.), groups and subgroups of goods.
· Determine what parameters you will evaluate efficiency these objects for your store. This may be the volume of sales provided by this object, the total income earned from the object, the average inventory, the number of sales units per object, the number of orders from the object, etc. For example, you analyze sales and you see that a certain regular group of customers buys the entire size range of certain shoes every season, another group - only a few popular models, and another customer group is focused on a particular brand. Or, looking at the income earned, you see that from one group of goods profit is 3 times more than from another. Make several tables for each such object, and consider all its parameters in the table. The numbers may surprise you!
· Sort Objects in importance and profitability for your store. These tables will help to understand with whom cooperation is more effective. Do not forget to analyze the ratio of the tables to each other - this way you can find that, for example, a certain group of customers buys the entire size range each time, but this does not bring the highest percentage of profit due to the pricing policy. And some supplier doesn't deliver the most popular models, but it is them who are guaranteed to buy regular customers: in this way, the products of this supplier practically do not form residues in the warehouse.
· After analyzing all the data, matching all the numbers and graphs, go to the definition priority product groups using the Pareto principle.
Analiz objektov
How exactly to apply the Pareto principle to the information obtained from the tables? As noted above, group A - these are the models and sizes that bring the main part of the profit, suppliers whose products diverge the fastest, and customers who provide most of the turnover. Therefore, in the final data, objects of this group are very easy to notice: these are the most popular models in the collection, the most popular sizes, shoes that most meet the demand of buyers and suppliers who offer just such products.
The goods of group A practically do not form residues in the warehouse, therefore also look for objects that are sold as quickly and fully as possible. In general, all the products you selected in this group will amount to no more than 20% of the total.
Next Popular Products group B form in comparative tables about 30%. These are objects that provide a good average level of sales - something that will most likely be sold out, but a certain number of pairs can get stuck in the warehouse: sandals will linger in the fall, and several pairs of boots will also stand in the spring.
Products group C they generate income less than others, but more often than others they turn into long-term stock balances. This is usually a specific product - amateur shoes, extreme sizes, exotic models. Such products also find their buyer, but this happens extremely slowly.
How, using assortment analysis, can you understand which product categories are the "weak link" that constantly create stocks? The most effective way is to use ABC market analysis,...
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To the beginning


text:
Got Nutrients? Dietary Comparison of Medieval European and 21st-century American Food Pyramids
Produced by Gabriel G. Alvarez, Mark Twain Middle School, 2009.
Published: Thursday, May 13, 2010
Dietary Comparison of Medieval Europe and 21st Century
in Relation to the Food Pyramid and the Six Nutrients of Life
Introduction: The students will take an inventory of their lives by keeping track of their daily food intake for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and any snacks in between for three days. They will also ask an adult to do the same survey for three days so that they can compare both surveys with the dietary intake of people of medieval Europe. The students will compare their results with what the food pyramid says they should eat and the six nutrients of life, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and water in order to see who is healthier Medieval Europeans or us today? This lesson should take about a week's span to survey their food intake, research the diet of Medieval Europe, and time to write up their results and conclusions.
Related History and Science/Health standards:
7th grade history standard that will encompass this lesson will be:
- 7.6.1- geography of Europe and Eurasia including vegetation and climate and the relationship to life.
7th grade Science Standard: (Investigation and Experimentation)
- 7.b. Use a variety of print and electronic resources (including the World Wide Web) to collect information and evidence as part of a research project
- 7c. Communicate the logical connection among hypotheses, science concepts, tests conducted, data collected, and conclusions drawn from the scientific evidence.
- 7e. Communicate the steps and results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations.
7th grade Health guidelines:
- 5.1.N Use a decision-making process to evaluate daily food intake for nutritional requirements.
- 1.2.N Identify nutrients and their relationships to health.
- Report writing handout
- Food log or survey form x 2
- Computer lab – medieval research (websites)
- Medieval dietary handouts (see attached)
- Blank Food Pyramid (labeled) x 3
- Blank Food Pyramid (unlabeled)
- Venn diagram
- Six nutrients lecture notes
- Food Pyramid for display (see and handout)
Prior to the students getting to compare their diets to that of the people of medieval Europe the student are frontloaded in understanding the six essential nutrients of life, water, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, & carbohydrates. Also understanding the vocabulary terms they will use with the food pyramid information and what is required on a daily bases to ingest as guided by the food pyramid. Students must also be able to understand serving sizes like what the food pyramid is specifying. Once having that information in the students toolbox they will be prepared to extend the understanding of food through the analysis of what they eat and what people from the past to see who is healthier.
To do: copy all appropriate handouts before the lesson:
- Report writing handout
- Food log or survey form x 2 per student
- Medieval dietary handouts (see attached) per group
- Blank Food Pyramid s
- Venn Diagrams
Day # 1
- In the 1st day the best way to start this small unit is to put the students into small groups of about 3-4 in order to do a brainstorming session as to what food is needed to stay alive and why?
- After they try to figure out what is needed to stay alive they can be given a group copy of a blank food pyramid (unlabeled) to have them fill out with what they came up with previously. Students need use their prior knowledge to fill out the handout and really analyze what they think they should be eating before being told.
- As a group we share out what they came up with before going over the food pyramid and lecture notes on the six essential nutrients. In going over the food pyramid make sure the students understand proportion sizes, this will be important for the homework assignment food log survey.
- Lecture notes for six essential nutrients (see attached) and any food pyramid to go over. Visuals and hands on examples for EL students
- Explain to the students the Hw in which they write down for three days the food they are eating for breakfast, lunch, dinner & snacks along with the amounts or proportion sizes. The students will need to give the sheet for an adult in their lives to keep track for three days as well.
Day # 2
- Lecture notes are finished in class or can be printed and given to students.
- Go over day one of the food log survey to make sure they are filling it out correctly.
- Begin going to the computer lab to look up information on the diets of Medieval Europeans or handout can be given to the groups of 3-4 if no computers are available. The students will be given a blank food pyramid (labeled) to keep track of the food being eaten by the common people of medieval Europe to keep for their records and writing assignment. The EL & special ED students can also draw the pictures of some of the foods to help them remember the items. Once the pyramid is filled out, they can see what categories are missing and can try to figure out why those items are missing and where they could get those things through trade. STUDENT Homework or discussion questions—Why did the people of Medieval Europe have those categories missing as part of their diet? Was it due to geography, religion, achievements (lack of), politics, economics, or social structures (G.R.A.P.E.S.)?
Day # 3
- Second day of research of the medieval diet followed by a class discussion of the common findings.
- One thing you can do is having poster around the room with the food pyramid and giving post it™ notes so they can place the six essential nutrients of the correct posters along with the food items they found from the research they did. The EL & special ED students can also draw the pictures of some of the foods to help them remember the items.
- A gallery walk can be done with the students to see if the students agree with the placements of the items or they can leave a comments next to the post it™.
- Once the students complete the gallery walk and discussion can be done over the disagreements on the placement of some of the items.
Day # 4
- By day four the students should have the food log survey completed so they can also complete the blank food pyramid (labeled) from their data and the adult that they will analyze. STUDENT discussion questions, why did you and the adult you surveyed have those categories missing as part of their diet? Was it due to geography, religion, achievements (lack of), politics, economics, or social structures (G.R.A.P.E.S.)?
- Once the students have had time to analyze both their own and the adult's surveys, they can make a Venn Diagram (fig. 1) comparing both surveys to that of Medieval Europe.
- The Report writing handout and rubric can now be given, explained so they know how the write-up should be done and so they know how they will be graded.
Day # 5
- Class time can be given to start their rough drafts and to ask question of their group and to the teacher.
- What will be collected as part of the report:
o Lab write-up (typed or hand written)
- Both food log surveys (raw data)
- Discussion questions
- Food pyramids for their survey and adult
- Food pyramids for Medieval Europeans
- Venn Diagram comparison
- Before collecting the reports you have the students self score their work or trade with another student to score it before you.
Download File: Got_Nutrients_Attachments.docm


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Relations between Portugal and France go far back in time. To avoid people living in one of the countries, but receiving income from the other, having to pay double the taxes, there's a tax treaty between France and Portugal on dual taxation. This tax treaty between France and Portugal dates to 1971 but was reformulated in 2017.
So, if you are French and your salary or pension is paid through France, but you live in Portugal, you should be aware that there is a tax treaty between Portugal and France which helps you avoid dual taxation. This treaty saves you from paying income tax twice if you've already paid in one of the two countries. The first tax treaty between Portugal and France was published in 1971 but underwent some changes in 2017.
The tax treaty between Portugal and Spain to avoid dual taxation stipulates that income paid by "one of the Contracting States, or by a political or administrative subdivision, or by local or territorial government, or by a legal person under public law to an individual, for services rendered to that state, or subdivision, or local government or legal person, can only be taxed in that State". As for pensions, they can only be taxed in the country where they are paid.
Nonetheless, in both cases the pension or worker's income "are taxable exclusively in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that state and if the individual is a national and does not also have the nationality of the former State", decree 105/71 goes on to explain. If this treaty did not exist, then the State of residence could tax income even if it had already been taxed in the other country.
Taxes covered by the tax treaty between France and Portugal
This treaty covers the following taxes:
- Income Tax (l'impôt sur le revenu);
- Corporate Tax (l'impôt sur les sociétés);
- Corporate Tax surcharge (les contributions sur l'impôt sur les sociétés);
- General Social Contributions (les contributions sociales généralisées);
- Social Debt Repayment Contribution (les contributions pour le remboursement de la dette sociale); including withheld taxes (retenues à la source and précomptes) and advances (avances) deducted from these taxes; (hereafter referred to as 'French tax');
- Income Tax (IRS);
- Corporate Tax (IRC);
The tax treaty between France and Portugal also stipulates that there be exchange of information between both countries, as well as provision of "mutual aid to the effect of collecting respective tax credits".
Better tax regime for dividends
Besides salaries and other income, the treaty between Portugal and France to avoid dual taxation also covers capital income, such as distribution of stock dividends and interest received outside of the country of origin.


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Comparing and Contrastion Ancient Egyptian and the USA Social Classes
Contrasting Ancient Egypt and the USA Social Classes
How social classes are different in ancient Egypt and the USA...
- In the United States, there is social mobility, meaning people can move up in social classes, and down. In ancient Egypt, if your mother was a slave, you would most likely be a slave.
- In the United States, what social class you are in mostly depends on how much money you have. In ancient Egypt, it depended on your heritage.
Comparing Ancient Egyptian and the USA Social Classes
How social classes are simular in ancient Egypt and the USA...
- The most powerful people are at the top of the social pyramid/ladder.
- If you are at the bottom of the social pyramid/ladder, you probably don't have lots of money, or power.
Ancient Egyptian Social Pyramid
USA Social Ladder


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Riemann Sums for Functions of Two Variables
Visualize and calculate a Riemann sum for a real–valued function of two real variables. The x and y axes are partitioned into subintervals of equal width. Set the point on each subrectangle where the function is evaluated to determine the height of the rectangular solid constructed over that subrectangle.
This Demonstration is meant for students of multivariable calculus. It illustrates the concept of a Riemann sum for a real–valued function of two real variables. Choose one of four functions. Then you can freely select a uniform partition of either the x or y axis into 5, 10, 20, or 40 parts. You may also select the point on each subrectangle at which the function is evaluated (to determine the height of the rectangular solid to be constructed over that subrectangle). Initially, the function is evaluated at the center. This feature is included to show that as the partition becomes finer, the choice of this point becomes less consequential, suggesting that in the limit it simply does not matter.


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- More example sentences
- He taught them drills based on Indian yoga practices which resembled the movements of the 18 main animals in the Indo-Chinese iconography.
- This missile like structure, which commemorates the Indo-Chinese War of 1940-41, serves as transport hub for Bangkok.
- I had Indo-Chinese fried fish which was even better than I remembered.
Pronunciation: /CHīˈnēz, -ˈnēs/adjective & noun
Definition of Indo-China in:
- The British & World English dictionary


Map of CanadaCITE has Sections that provide localized services to members. With your ITE membership, you are automatically a member of a District (CITE) and an associated Section, depending on where you live. The number of activities in each Section varies according to the Section leadership, and distribution of its members. Some Sections have a large geographic area yet a small number of members spread over that large area, whereas conversely, other Sections have a large membership confined within a relatively small geographic area.
For those Sections with a large membership, the option exists to form Chapters in order to better meet the specific needs of members within their area. However, the formation of these Chapters is only possible if enough members are prepared to take on the leadership role.
Another type of Chapter that also exists within the structure of ITE is specific to student members, and is usually tied to an educational institution such as a university. Again, there must be enough students prepared to take on the leadership roles required to operate a Student Chapter, and there must also be a member of faculty prepared to step into the role of Student Advisor.
Both forms of Chapters are responsible directly to the Section where they are geographically located.


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Greater Sand Elemental (3.5e Creature)
From D&D Wiki
GREATER SAND ELEMENTAL
When summoned to the Material Plane, an sand elemental consists of whatever types of sand, dust, ash it was conjured from. If summoned in magically enhanced sand, dust or ash, it gains the magical properties it contains. A sand elemental cannot enter water or any other liquid. A body of water is an impassable barrier unless the sand elemental can step or jump over it.
Sand elementals speak Terran but rarely choose to do so.
Sand elementals can be crafty. They use their amorphous ability to hide until unsuspecting opponents get within range for it to use its engulfing ability. Once engaged in combat, the sand elemental attempts to engulf as many opponents as possible before using its slam attack against other creatures.
Engulf (Ex): A sand elementalcan engulf a creature of one size category or smaller as a standard action. It cannot make a slam attack during a round in which it engulfs. The sand elemental merely has to move over the opponents, affecting as many as it can cover. Opponents can make attacks of opportunity against the sand elemental, but if they do so they are not entitled to a saving throw. Those who do not attempt attacks of opportunity must succeed on a DC 35 Reflex save or be engulfed; on a success, they are pushed back or aside (opponent's choice) as the creature moves forward. Engulfed opponents are considered grappled and are trapped within the sand elemental's body. The sand elemental automatically deals slam damage to trapped opponents each round after the one in which it engulfed them. Opponents that need to breathe risk suffocation. The save DC is Strength-based.
Amorphous (Ex): Sand elementalsare amorphous and can do anything sand would be expected to do—hide perfectly atop other sand, form into dunes and drifts, and pour through small openings (although passing through an opening two size categories smaller than the creature takes a full-round action). While hiding in areas with sand, they gain a +10 bonus to their SRD:Hide skill checks.
Sand Sift (Ex): An sand elemental can sift through sand as easily as a fish swims through water. Its sifting leaves behind no tunnel or hole, nor does it create any ripple or other signs of its presence. A move earth spell cast on an area containing a burrowing sand elemental flings the elemental back 30 feet, stunning the creature for 1 round unless it succeeds on a DC 15 Fortitude save.
Brownout (Ex): The dust cloud that surrounds a sand elemental produces a constant condition of brownout, a common side effect of sandstormsSandstorm. Creatures within 10 feet of a sand elemental take a –4 penalty on Dexterity-based skill checks, as well as Search, Spot, and any other checks that rely on vision. These effects end when the creature leaves the 10-foot area around a sand elemental. The sand elemental can suppress this ability and reactivate it as a free action.
Stifle (Ex): When a sand elemental strikes a living creature, some of the sand that forms its body forces its way into its opponent's mouth and nose, causing that creature to suffocate. The opponent must make an immediate DC 10 Constitution check, repeated each round with the DC increasing by 1 for each previous check, until it can clear the sand from its lungs. A stifled creature can clear the sand from its blocked airways by spending a full-round action that provokes attacks of opportunity. When the opponent fails a Constitution check, it begins to suffocate.
|Greater||36 ft.||54,000 lb.|


Can I Mix Gesso With Acrylic Paint?
Do I need to gesso a store bought canvas?
If a pre-stretched or bought canvas says it's been primed for acrylics, you don't need to do anything to it, you can start painting on it straight away (with acrylics or oils).
Or even several layers, using some sand paper to smooth the gesso or primer surface if you want..
Can I use paint primer instead of gesso?
Gesso is the same as a primer, as in 'pre-primed canvas'. It is made from a combination of paint pigment, chalk and binder. Traditional Oil 'glue gesso' was made with an animal glue binder, usually rabbit-skin glue, chalk, and white pigment, usually Titanium white.
What do you mix with acrylic paint to make it thinner?
Adding up to 30 percent water to acrylic paint thins it but still allows it to coat a surface. Adding 60 percent or more water creates a watery paint application called a wash. Rubbing a wash into an absorbent surface so that only a hint of the color remains is called a stain.
Is gesso necessary for acrylic painting?
A common question regarding acrylic painting is if you need to use a gesso primer. Technically, you don't. It provides you with a nice, slightly more absorbent surface to work on, especially if your working on board or raw canvas, but for a pre-primed canvas it's unnecessary.
What is the difference between gesso and gel medium?
Paper texture Using clear gesso on the paper will give a grittier texture than gel medium. … Medium will dry with a smoother texture but you can still use oil pastels over it, but they somewhat "slide" on the medium. Gesso has a grittier texture that is more suited to dry pastels and oil pastels.
Should I wet my canvas before painting?
If you don't do this, you'll end up with rivulets of water running down your canvas and ruining your painting. If you use acrylic paint as a watercolor, by adding water to the paint before applying it to your canvas, you won't need to worry about disturbing the effect once it has dried.
What is the difference between gesso and primer?
"Primer" is the name used to denote a lead-white-in-oil ground used for oil paintings. … So "gesso" refers to the water based grounds, that is, the traditional hide glue/calcium carbonate or the modern acrylic polymer variety, while "primer" is the name reserved for an oil based ground for oil painting.
Is clear or white gesso better?
The word "gesso" is Italian for chalk or plaster. … We think higher proportions of pigment and calcium carbonate make original, heavy-bodied white gesso the ideal choice for thicker, fatter oil paint, but Clear Gesso works great for most applications.
How many layers of gesso should I use?
two coatsIt is recommended to apply at least two coats of Gesso to any surface, but especially when painting on canvas or linen. The first coat will penetrate the support and reduce the likelihood of paint de-lamination. The second coat bonds with the first layer and begins to even out the surface.
Can you use gesso as a medium?
Gesso is an important art supply that is used to get your canvas ready for painting. It is very similar to white acrylic pain, but has a much greater versatility. … You can apply a layer of gesso on fabric, burlap, paper, wood and you can then paint on it with acrylics! The possibilities are endless!
Is Mod Podge the same as gesso?
No, it's very different. Mod Podge is a sealer and an adhesive. Gesso is more like a primer. It's a heavy acrylic=type paint that is used as a base coat for paper, canvas, and other porous surfaces.
What is the difference between acrylic paint and gesso?
Gesso is very similar to white acrylic paint, only thinner. It dries hard, making the surface more stiff. Gesso prepares (or "primes") the surface for painting, making the surface slightly textured and ready to accept acrylic paint. Without gesso, the paint would soak into the weave of the canvas.
Can I add gesso to acrylic paint?
When you add gesso to your acrylic paint, you'll achieve a matte or, depending on the ratio of acrylic paint to gesso, a satin finish. Often the first layers of my paintings, although painted with acrylic, are applied in a very fluid and thin manner, much like watercolor.
What can I substitute for gesso?
What are the alternatives to gesso? You can prime a canvas with acrylic mediums, clear gesso, or rabbit skin glue. If you work with acrylics, you can also paint directly on raw canvas without priming it first. Oil paints require a primer to protect the canvas from the linseed oil found in oil paints.
Can you use gesso as a primer?
If it is wooden, it will reliably accept gesso as a primer. You should apply at least 2 – 3 coats of gesso to any wooden support. If you want a smooth surface, you can lightly sand the gessoed wood with a fine-grit sandpaper in between each coat of gesso. … After that dries you can then prime the surface with gesso.


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Various Drugs And Their Detection Periods
Different hard drugs have different detection times and if you are a frequent user, you should be aware of their detection periods so that you know when to stop and start if there is a drug test coming along. The main types of drugs that are tested and their detection times are as following:
 1. Amphetamines whose detection time lasts from two days up till 5 days.
 2. Cannabinoids such as Marijuana or THC lasts in your system from five days up till sixty days depending on the amount and quantity that you consume. This will be discussed later on.
 3. Euphorics such as Shrooms and Ecstasy can be detected from five days up till seven days.
 4. LSDs stay in your system for up till ten days.
 5. Nicotine present in cigarettes can be detected in your blood and system for up to ten days as well, but it isn't considered to be a hard drug.
 6. Peptide hormones cannot be deducted through drug tests.
 7. Steroids are considered to be an immensely hard drug since it stays in your system from fourteen days up till twenty eight days. This detection period is for steroids taken orally.
 8. Opiates can stay in your system from five days up till seven days.
 9. For steroids that are injected using injections, these substances can be detected from one month till up to three months.
As for the use of cannabinoids like marijuana, a lot of people want to know how long does weed stay in your system. The detection period of THC differs due to the varying quantities that you consume. If you consume it for a single time, it will stay in your system up till eight days. If taken two to three times a week THC can stay for up till twenty to thirty days and if taken daily it can be detected in drug tests till up to sixty days or two months!
Also, detection time depends on detox methods you use, for example drinking a lot of liquids and exercising will help you get marijuana out of your system faster.


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The solitaire diamond has a timeless allure. With its singular brilliance and simplicity, it's no wonder that it continues to captivate us. But beyond their beauty, some diamonds have achieved worldwide fame due to their size, quality, and fascinating stories. This article will take you on a journey through the histories and mysteries of the top five most famous solitaire diamonds in the world.
1. The Hope Diamond: A Legend Shrouded in Blue
The Hope Diamond, a dazzling testament to nature's wonder, is arguably the most famous diamond in the world. This 45.52-carat gem is distinctive for its rare blue colour, caused by trace amounts of boron atoms. The diamond's history is steeped in legend, with tales of a curse that brings misfortune to its owners. This has only amplified its allure and intrigue. The Hope Diamond currently resides in the Smithsonian Institution, serving as a gleaming reminder of our enduring fascination with gemstones.
2. Kohmu-i-Noor: The Mountain of Light
The Koh-i-Noor, or "Mountain of Light" in Persian, has a history as rich and complex as its cut. Once considered the largest known diamond in the world, this 105.6-carat diamond has been passed among various Indian, Persian, and British rulers. Each fought fiercely to claim this gem, adding to its mystique. Today, it sits among the British Crown Jewels, set into Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's crown. This diamond's historical journey only enhances its beauty, making it a true treasure.
3. The Cullinan Diamond: A Gem Among Gems
The discovery of the Cullinan Diamond in 1905 caused a sensation. This diamond, the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, originally weighed a staggering 3,106.75 carats. The diamond was eventually divided into nine major stones and 96 smaller stones. The largest cut gem, known as Cullinan I or the "Great Star of Africa," is the largest clear-cut diamond globally. This diamond, now part of the British Crown Jewels, continues to captivate us with its unmatched size and splendor.
4. The Centenary Diamond: A Paragon of Perfection
Unearthed in the Premier Mine in South Africa, the Centenary Diamond is one of the world's largest and most flawless diamonds. This diamond, weighing 273.85 carats, is distinctive for its impeccable quality. The Centenary Diamond is a D-color diamond, the highest grade for colourless diamonds, and is both internally and externally flawless. This diamond has not been seen publicly since 1991, adding a layer of mystery to its story.
5. The Regent Diamond: The Pinnacle of Clarity
Discovered in India in 1698, the Regent Diamond is revered for its perfect cut and unparalleled clarity. This diamond, weighing 140.64 carats, has been owned by numerous historical figures, including Louis XIV, Napoleon Bonaparte, and King Louis XVIII. Today, it shines in the Louvre Museum, enhancing the splendour of Louis XV's crown.
Understanding the Value of Solitaire Diamonds
Solitaire diamonds, by definition, feature a single diamond, and their appeal lies in this simplicity. This design choice places the focus squarely on the diamond, allowing its natural beauty to shine unimpeded. The quality of a solitaire diamond is of paramount importance, as there are no other stones in the setting to distract from any potential flaws.
Read more – Wholesale Custom Jewelry
There are several factors to consider when assessing the quality of a solitaire diamond, known as the Four Cs: Carat, Cut, Color, and Clarity. The carat refers to the weight of the diamond, while the cut determines how well the diamond interacts with light, influencing its sparkle. The colour rating assesses how colourless a diamond is, with a D rating being the highest. Finally, the clarity grade evaluates the presence of internal or external flaws, known as inclusions and blemishes, respectively.
The Cultural Significance of Solitaire Diamonds
The enduring allure of solitaire diamonds extends beyond their physical attributes. Over centuries, diamonds have been imbued with deep cultural and symbolic significance. For many, they symbolize eternal love and commitment, making them the gemstone of choice for engagement rings and wedding jewellery.
Furthermore, the rarity and value of diamonds have led to their association with royalty and status, as evidenced by their prominence in the Crown Jewels of various nations. The stories of the Hope, Koh-i-Noor, Cullinan, Centenary, and Regent diamonds are a testament to this, each having been owned or worn by royalty and notable historical figures.
From the Hope Diamond's captivating blue hue to the Regent Diamond's exceptional clarity, these famous solitaire diamonds are a testament to the enduring allure of these precious gems. They encapsulate the mystery, romance, and sheer brilliance that diamonds have come to symbolize over centuries. As each solitaire diamond carries its unique tale, it's essential to remember that when you choose a solitaire diamond, you are not just selecting a gemstone, but also becoming a part of its ongoing story.


Society of African Journal Editors
Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal
Knowledge is the key to riches. Is the law (or anything else) protecting it adequately?
Authors: D van der Merwe
Journal: Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal
Information has brought about a new way of thinking and trading and a new concept of what is really valuable. In the present article the author explores whether efforts to catch up in various areas of law have kept pace with these developments. In the process some nice distinctions have to be made between data, information and intelligence and the various senses in which these terms are being used, depending on the context. In the end, one has to turn to legal philosophy and concepts such as post-modernism and empiricism in order to try to find a satisfying answer. PER/PELJ Vol. 4 2008: pp. 2-30


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Sewtec recognises the importance of developing partnerships with local communities.
Supporting our local community
Developing lasting partnerships with local communities is important to Sewtec, which we demonstrate through the following initiatives:
- Sourcing products and services from local businesses wherever feasible.
- Regularly supporting charitable initiatives; for example, fundraising for Yorkshire Air Ambulance.
- Providing work experience to pupils from local schools who are pursuing a career in engineering.
- Sourcing and developing apprenticeships in collaboration with local colleges.
- Creating stronger relationships with local colleges and universities through offering work placements and graduate positions.


text:
This tip was originally published in the Developer's Club on the Uniface web site by Leo van den Berge, but it is so useful I just have to repeat it here.
File name entry and ASN file redirections
When a function within IDF requires the name of a file it allows the user to either enter a name manually, or displays a standard filebox which allows the user to browse through the directory structure. However, a filename which is chosen via a filebox is always returned fully qualified (eg:
C:\projects\data\fname.txt) whereas a name entered manually may not be. If the ASN file contains an entry that matches that filename (eg:
*.TXT = TEXT/*.TXT) then this redirection is applied to the fully qualified filename, turning it from a valid name into an invalid one. This can cause hours of confusion as the function within IDF is given a perfectly valid file name, but it refuses to work because it is being redirected to a non-existent folder.
To avoid this confusion any redirection specified in the ASN file should NOT be applied to any fully qualified filename.
Assignments for FilenameSpecification is based on a 3 parts recognition.
general disk + directory specification separated by a colon ':' a slash '/' or a backslash '\'
type or extension separated by a dot (.)
All these parts can be specified separately to allow more flexible assignments. Therefore the problem mentioned here that specs loaded via a filebox are remapped due to assignment can simple avoided by be more specific in the assignment.
this will indeed map all files with the extension "bmp" to directory c:\bitmap but with the following assignments
*\*.bmp *\*.bmp *.bmp c:\bitmap\*.bmp
means that when a (bmp) file has a directory specification it will be mapped to its own, and only when there is no directory specification it will mapped to directory
This was just an example for bitmaps but a more common assignment will be:
[FILES] *\*.* *\*.* ; keep all files with disk/directory spec *.txt c:\text\*.txt ; map following by specific (defaults) *.bmp c:\bitmap\*.bmp ; map etc etc etc
2nd November 2001


Maximum Collatz sequence length
Easy Accuracy: 0.0% Submissions: 0 Points: 2
Starting with any positive integer N, we define the Collatz sequence corresponding to N as the numbers formed by the following operations:
If is even, N→ N/2
if is odd, N→ 3N+ 1
It is conjectured but not yet proven that no matter which positive integer we start with; we always end up with 1.
For example, 10 → 5 → 16 → 8 → 4 → 2 → 1. You have to give the maximum collatz sequence length among all the numbers from 1 to N(both included).
Example 1:
Input: N = 1
Output: 1
Explaination: Here N can have only one
value 1.
Example 2:
Input: N = 3
Output: 8
Explaination: For N= 3 we need to check
sequence length when sequence starts with
1, 2, and 3.
when sequence starts with 1, it's : 1
length = 1
when sequence starts with 2, it's : 2->1,
length = 2
when sequence starts with 3, it's :
3->10->5->16->8->4->2->1, length = 8.
Your Task:
You do not need to read input or print anything. Your task is to complete the function collatzLength()which takes N as input parameter and returns the maximum collatz sequence length.
Expected Time Complexity:O(N)
Expected Auxiliary Space: O(N)
1 < N < 106
to report an issue on this page.
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Maximum Collatz sequence length
Output Window


From LifeWiki
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A polyomino (or simply omino) is a finite collection of orthogonally connected cells. The mathematical study of polyominoes was initiated by Solomon Golomb in 1953. Conway's early investigations of Life and other cellular automata involved tracking the histories of small polyominoes, this being a reasonable way to ascertain the typical behaviour of different cellular automata when the patterns had to be evolved by hand rather than by computer. Polyominoes have no special significance in Life, but their extensive study during the early years lead to a number of important discoveries and has influenced the terminology of Life.
A cross.
During the course of its evolution a polyomino could regain its original form, thereby constituting one phase of an oscillator, as seen in the (infinite) cross family. The only other known examples are the block (which has period 1), the blinker, the toad, the star and (in two different phases) the pentadecathlon. Were a recurring polyomino displaced, it would be participating in a spaceship, though the only known examples are the lightweight spaceship, the middleweight spaceship, and the heavyweight spaceship. Of course, its evolution could follow other trajectories, possibly very long lived.
Sizes of polyominoes
Polyominoes of with n cells for n = 1, 2, 3, 4,... are called haplominoes, dominoes, triominoes, tetrominoes, pentominoes, hexominoes, heptominoes, octominoes, and n-ominoes in general. The number of distinct polyominoes with n cells for n = 1, 2, 3,... is given by the sequence 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285,... (Sloane's A000105).
There is only one haplomino (also called monomino or dot) and by itself it dies after one generation. Several objects, such as the middleweight spaceship, produce dot sparks.
There is also only one domino and by itself it too dies after one generation. A number of objects, such as the heavyweight spaceship and the pentadecathlon, produce domino sparks.
Based upon that instant dying property of the domino, Squaredance is a low density dominos agar and phoenix.
There are exactly two distinct triominoes. The term is rarely used in Life, because the two objects in question are simply the blinker and the pre-block.
There are five distinct tetrominoes, each of which is shown below. The first is the block, the second is the T-tetromino, and the remaining three rapidly evolve into beehives. The fourth is commonly referred to as a tail and is often attached to small still lifes.
The five distinct tetrominoes. From left to right: O, T, I, J, Z.
Manipulate via Java: click here
Download RLE: click here
There are 12 distinct pentominoes. John Conway assigned them all letters in the range O to Z, loosely based on their shapes, and they are all shown below in order.
 - The O-pentomino is a traffic light predecessor, though not one of the more common ones.
 - The P-pentomino is a common spark that dies in generation 4.
 - The Q-pentomino is a traffic light predecessor.
 - The R-pentomino is a methuselah and by far the most well-known pentomino.
 - The S-pentomino dies in generation 5.
 - The T-pentomino is a common parent of the T-tetromino.
 - The U-pentomino dies in generation 4.
 - The V-pentomino evolves into a loaf in generation 3.
 - The W-pentomino is a common loaf grandparent.
 - The X-pentomino is a traffic light predecessor.
 - The Y-pentomino dies in generation 3.
 - The Z-pentomino dies in generation 3.
There are 35 distinct hexominoes, the majority of which behave in uninteresting ways. The most interesting and well-known examples are century, stairstep hexomino, table, toad and Z-hexomino.
There are 108 distinct heptominoes. Those with names in common use are the B-heptomino, the bullet heptomino, the C-heptomino, the Herschel and the pi-heptomino.
There are 369 distinct octominoes. Despite the abundance of octominoes, the following fairly common octomino (or its two-generation successor), which stabilizes after 386 generations into two traffic lights and four beehives, is often referred to as simply the octomino:
The octomino and its two-generation successor.
Switch Engine
Charles Corderman discovered the switch engine by running an exhaustive computer search on all decominoes. The machine that discovered the decomino seed was unique, possessing an unusual architecture.
The name is a back-formation from 'domino', which explicitly refers to a pair of orthogonally connected live cells. According to the Life Lexicon, the pluralised name can be spelt two different ways: 'polyominos' and 'polyominoes' are both equally acceptable. The same applies to the systematic names of each of the polyomino sizes.
See also
External links


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Thread: Polymorphic DB Tables
 1. #1
 Join Date
 Dec 2006
 Polymorphic DB Tables
 (Summary: I want to have an is-a relationship in PHP also be in the database, and if I search for something in the table of the base class, it will also search in the table of the child class. I also need this treatment with updating, inserting, and deleting. Does anyone know of a framework that will do this?)
 So, I've been dealing with some pretty crazy ideas. But I'm absolutely positive that others have thought of this and perhaps even implemented it, though google and forum searches reveal nothing.
 In PHP, I have a base class:
 - Person, with property "name".
 Two subclasses of Person:
 - Programmer, with property "IQ" and inherited property "name".
 - Quarterback, with property "Apishness" and inherited property "name".
 The question is how to represent this class "Tree" in the database.
 === Implementation 1 ===
 In the database, there is one table:
 - Person, column "type", column "name", optional column "IQ", and optional column "Apishness"
 The idea is that the database be able to:
 - Pay attention to the "IQ" column only if "type" = "Programmer" (likewise for Apishness/Quarterback).
 - Only look through the Programmer subset when I only want a Programmer (likewise for Quarterback).
 - Instantiate a Programmer object if the row is a Programmer (likewise for Quarterback).
 === Implementation 2 ===
 In the database, there are three tables:
 - Person, column "name".
 - Programmer, columns "name" and "IQ"
 - Quarterback, columns "name" and "Apishness"
 The idea is that the database be able to:
 - Look through all three tables when I want a Person.
 - Look through only the Programmer table when I want Programmers (likewise for Quarterback).
 - Instantiate a Programmer object when I recall from the Programmer table (likewise for Quarterback).
 Either way, the usage will be the same. So far, something like this:
 class Notification extends DBData {
 const childTables = "NewGameNotification, ChatNotification";
 const columnsDDL = "time int, playerID int";
 public $time, $playerID;
 class ChatNotification extends Notification {
 const childTables = "ColoredChatNotification, EmotedChatNotification";
 const columnsDDL = 'fromPlayerID int, text text';
 public $fromPlayerID, $text;
 I hope by now, the idea is clear: I want to be able to have a Person, Quarterback, or Programmer object, be able to put it in the database, bring it back just as it was. I also want the luxury to be able to treat them all as Person, because they are all of type Person, after all.
 So, my official question is, is there a framework that will do this for me? I've already finished implementation 1, and am almost done with implementation 2, over 1000 lines already.
 The reason I need to know this is because either implementation has its drawbacks, implementation 1 has a lot of wasted space, but uses less queries, and is faster for small amounts of data. Implementation 2 is better for large amounts of data, but uses more queries, and can't do things like LIMIT, or ORDER without falling back on implementation 1 temporarily.
 Last edited by Verdagon; 08-29-2009 at 09:28 AM.
 2. #2
 Join Date
 Aug 2004
 I would define a "class" table that only has information about the class (not its properties). This table would be implemented to represent the hierarchical relationship between parent/child classes using either the "adjacency list" or "nested set" model. See _URL_ for more info. (I'd go with the nested set approach, myself, as being more flexible/powerful.)
 Then I'd have a separate table for properties, which would include a foreign key relationship to its class's primary key. Assuming your DBMS version/storage-engine supports it, you could use foreign key triggers to handle things like deleting all of a class's properties when a class is deleted.
 ~ Terry Pratchett in Nation
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the field collapses, the stored energy can not go back to the battery, so it enters the load. Since an inductive field collapse forces the continuation of current flow, which forces the voltage to rise to the point the load will accept by starting to operate (= normal operation draws current).
 Now a battery is built with a known amount of Zinc and Manganese, with less manganese than zinc so at the end the zinc container will stay together when the manganese runs out. With too much manganese the cell will eat out all the zinc container and fill the equipment with battery electrolyte = damaged equipment.
 As these operate, they produce a steady 1.5 volts. As it runs out, there are local shortages = less voltage = higher internal resistance.
 So no batteriser will make 800% more milliampere hours. What it can do is extend the battery life, AT VERY LOW CURRENT, for a lot longer.
 The break in described is a fake set up by the owner of the batterizer. Battery makers can easily make cells last longer = more manganese and more zinc = more money for the cells. Whey do you thing cheap chinese batteries do not last long and corrode – less zinc and less manganese = thinner walls that corrode sooner.
 The new joule thief charges 4 capacitors from the battery in parallel. It then disconnects the 4 capacitors and re-connects them in series. It uses fet switches to do this with a controller that controls the connection times to give 1.5 volts out. At first, when the voltage is 1.3 volts, it draws less, and can make 1.5 volts all the way down to 0.375 volts. fets, when on have near zero volttage drop
 1. Hi Bill, Just a quick question. You use the term 'Flyback' and I am interested to know what this term means and if it is commonly used. Where I am the only time this term is used if for 'Flyback Transformer' and this term specificity relates to the line output transformer (LOPT) in old glass tube screens. This tern is not used here for anything else. So I guess I am asking – what specificly about a transformer makes it a flyback transformer and what's the reason for the name 'Flyback'?
 1. Hi,
 When they refer to flyback, it refers to how the transformer is driven. As the name implies, transformers in televions are usually driven in a flyback topology. For comparison, other common driving methods can be seen here.
 2. OK, I think I have this sorted.
 What is called a flyback transformer here in my country is specificity the line output transformer (LOPT) of an old glass tube TV.
 What you (I assume America) call a flyback is any transformer that dumps primary current to magnet flux and then separately dumps the magnetic flux to the secondary load in such a way that the secondary is *not* loaded while the primary is driven.
 We call the above a Buck-Boost transformer where you reserve the term Buck-Boost for a specific type of circuit that uses an inductor rather than a transformer.
 2. Actually based on the curve I have posted below, it would do poorly for a light load. It is probably best when your load is moderate where the regulator is near its peak efficiency and not drawing more current than than the battery could delivery. (i.e. if your power supply impedance is smaller than the battery internal resistance.)
 These days high tech battery operated electronics if they are designed with battery life in mind. If they could get more battery life with a boost converter, they would have one already. Most them them are using Li-ion anyways.
 3. I was hoping someone would mention the Joule Thief. The idea that only 20% of the battery has been used at the time that equipment drops out sounded pretty suspect to me but I thought there was some potentially usable energy in those 'dead' batteries because I remember the Joule Thief.
 Of course that doesn't say anything about the fact that it only works at low amperages and that it increases the likelihood of a leaky battery.
 4. The Joule Thief, by its nature, is only capable of producing periodic pulses, not a continuous output. It's only related to the batteriser insofar as both of them are boost converters.
 4. FYI: the patent document you linked to is for a published patent application, not an actual patent. The published application hasn't gone through any kind of review; inventors can put anything they want into the application. My guess is when the USPTO actually does pick this up for examination, they'll reach the same conclusion [Dave Jones] did: "You guys are full of shit."
 5. Quote: "The positive terminal of a battery is also the metal can, while the negative terminal is just a tiny nib of metal seperated from the rest of the battery by a gasket".
 Back to front. The metal can is negative and the nib is positive for the common sizes like AA, AAA, C, D etc.
 Button cells and the like are the other way around.
 6. This is like the skit based on the story of a poor scholar who could afford candles, so he studies at night from the light of fireflies.
 "It is great that you study hard at night, but what do you do all day?"
 "I was collecting the fireflies…"
 The circuit is active all the time and cannot be a 100% efficient, so it chews up juice at all times. Let's be generous that it consume close to zero quiescent current when your electronic device is off.
 When the battery is running low, its internal resistance increases quite a lot. Since a boost converter actually try to delivery a constant voltage output, essentially it'll need to delivery constant power. At low voltage, it has to draw more current to maintain constant power output.
 Energizer has detail datasheets for their alkaline battery. Look under the curves "Constant Power Performance" to see how much more battery life you can get from 0.9V vs 1.2V. To use the graph, draw a vertical line where the X axis is your power consumption. The intersection points of that vertical line and the 1.2V and 0.9V curve are the respective battery life.
 Now also take a look at the voltage discharge curve at how sharply the battery voltage drops under 0.8V. Essentially they are telling you at 250mW, there is no difference in battery life whether you are draw down to 0.8V or 0.9V.
 tl;dr summary:
 At no point, the battery life shows 800% difference. You might get slight 130% more depending on your load. Heavier loads gets a bit more. Now that's without taken the efficiency of the boost converter which tends to get less efficient as you draw more load. The PMOS/NMOS have horrible r(on) when you only have 1.5V or so vgs to work with.
 I have work with switch mode power supply a bit to say this: (ref: my projects)
 The simple Joule Thief circuits are crap when you compare them to chip based designs as they do not have good inductor current control or use more efficiency PFM during low load. Further more, they use bipolar transistor that have high saturated voltage.
 1. Good summary. Joule thief type circuits are indeed not great for this kind of application in general, and they also tend to get worse and worse as the size of the inductor is shrunk – so I think we're all being very generous with how good their tiny device will be :)
 1. "Erik,
 This isn't a capacitor manufacturer selling me their prototype. This is a capacitor manufacturer, making MY prototype. I made the graphene and they built the capacitor. Need details? Online you'll find people who are making graphene in their blender. I use a ball mill with 6, 1/4″ ceramic balls, running for a week. Then the graphene is placed on a film that is electrostatically neutral and the graphene is give time to dry, in which I'm left with very long chains of carbon nano tubes"
 Yah this guy was full of it, you dont get CNT's from ground up graphite, you dont even get graphene. Just using buzzwords to swindle hipsters, eh I digress
 2. I love it how they talk about suing the developer. Take responsibility for your own actions backers!
 Kickstarter is just that, crowd investment. It carries the same risk that comes from any form of investment. If you don't have the foresight to see something is infeasible, don't back it or wear the consequence. Don't blame the developer.
 I almost hope the batteriser is successfully funded, just to see the backlash afterwards. "The damn thing wears out mah batteries faster dang nammit!"
 1. There's a big difference between fraud and an inability to deliver. Kickstarter is risky, but it's not a license to defraud your customers with no consequences.
 2. Why did you bother writing something that seems so full of misdirection and strange logic?
 1) Investors sue all the time if they are DEFRAUDED
 2) As others said, its not a investment in a corporation – it is a pre-order. For unestablished companies it also acts as "an investment" – but really we start to strain the


text:
We report the results of a 100-ps molecular dynamics simulation study of triple helical DNA with explicit water, counterions, and salt using periodic boundary conditions at 300 K. The simulation involved an antiparallel reverse-Hoogsteen-like homopolymeric CGG 7-mer triple helix, 837 water molecules, 21 Na+ ions, and 1 M NaCl. We have used the Ewald method to compute the electrostatic interactions. Specific ion and water associations as well as relative solvent and ion mobilities are reported. Specific patterns of ion and water molecule associations are found which are novel and may have implications for stability and recognition of triplex-forming oligonucleotides by duplex DNA. Exchanges of ions around neighboring phosphate were found to correspond to a concerted mechanism of displacement. Comparisons are made with available data from related systems.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry


text:
Statistics and Facts on Per Capita Expenditure
Per capita data is often used to make macroeconomic data comparable across countries of different sizes. Where absolute data is not comparable, per capita data can be used as it is independent of country size. The most commonly used per capita indicator is the GDP per capita. While the United States dominate absolute GDP rankings
, GDP per capita rankings
see smaller countries like Luxembourg and Norway on top. Another advantage of per capita data is that it makes numbers, that are otherwise hard to grasp, more understandable by putting them into context.
The GDP per capita in the United States
was 46,860 U.S. dollars in 2010. Alarmingly, the national debt per capita
was only slightly lower at 43,609 U.S. dollars. One large contributor to the excessive national debt of the United States is its large military expenditure. In 2010, U.S. defence/military expenditure per capita
amounted to 1,947 U.S. dollars. The magnitude of this number becomes clearer when comparing it to the 6.39 U.S. dollars per capita the federal government spent on the funding of arts and culture in 2009
Another factor contributing to the public debt problem is the United States' expenditure on health. In 2008, total health expenditure per capita in the United States
amounted to 7,538 U.S. dollars, which represents the highest value in the world by a wide margin. A little less than 30 percent of that money was spent by the federal government, which puts federal health expenditure in the scope of U.S. military spending.
Photo: sxc.hu / foxumon


Led by an Indian-origin researcher, computer scientists at University of Washington have built a low-cost gesture recognition system that runs without batteries and lets users control their electronic devices hidden from sight with simple hand movements.
The prototype, called 'AllSee', uses existing TV signals as both a power source and the means to detect a user's gesture command.
"This is the first gesture recognition system that can be implemented for less than a dollar and does not require a battery," said Shyam Gollakota, assistant professor of computer science and engineering at University of Washington.
"You can leverage TV signals both as a source of power and as a source of gesture recognition," he explained.
The researchers built a small sensor that can be placed on an electronic device such as a smart phone. The sensor uses an ultra-low-power receiver to extract and classify gesture information from wireless transmissions around us.
The 'AllSee' sensors then recognise unique amplitude changes created by specific gestures. Sensors use three to four times less power than existing gesture recognition systems by harvesting power from wireless transmissions.
"The user could gesture at the phone in a pocket or handbag to change the volume or mute the phone without having to touch or see the phone," noted Gollakota.


Blossom in Spring
Plants & Us
Plum blossom is a symbol of celebration and luck in the Spring Festival, and has been regarded as auspicious since ancient times. Plum blossom traditionally formed "The Three Friends in Winter" (歲寒三友) alongside Pine and Bamboo. The ancients believed that plum blossom was representative of the four virtues of Yuan Heng Li Zhen (元亨利貞) and the five petals of its flower, symbolize the five blessings of: joy, happiness, longevity, smooth passage and peace.


text:
Actually, working in Dreamweaver is what gave me the inspiration to write the "Count Your Words" article because I wanted to do a word count while working on an HTML document, but couldn't. So, today I'll explain a bit about Dreamweaver's configuration mechanism, how commands work, and how to implement and incorporate your own word count function. Then you'll be able to count the number of words you've selected or those from the complete document.
To follow the examples, you'll need either Dreamweaver or Dreamweaver Ultradev version 3 or later. Since all configuration files are simple plain text, you can just use Dreamweaver to make the necessary changes. You can download a free 30-day trial version at Macromedia's Dreamweaver download page.
Dreamweaver_Home/Configuration/Commands/ and are selectable via the Commands menu.
So, let's see what happens internally when you invoke a command by selecting it in the Commands menu?
When you select and open the Commands menu, Dreamweaver reads all the command files that are defined for this menu. The menu and its items are defined in a separate configuration file,
menu.xml, which is explained in greater detail in the next section.
To determine if a command is suitable for a document or its selection, the function
canAcceptComand() is called, and it returns either true or false. In case of the latter, the menu item is grayed out. If you want your command to be always selectable, just leave this function.
To receive arguments, the function
receiveArguments() is called. This function receives its arguments either from the attribute property of the selected menu item or from
dreamweaver.runCommand(), which is the calling function.
To create the buttons on the right of the dialogue, the function
commandButtons() is called in the next step. Here you can create a array of button text and action strings, which must be returned from this function. To make l10n easier, you can use one the symbolic variables defined in
Dreamweaver_Home/Configuration/Shared/MM/Scripts/CMN/localtext.js. You can leave this function if your own command doesn't depend on arguments.
In order to become displayed, the HTML document must contain a
form element. If it has one, the function
windowDimension() is called, which is expected to return a string containing a comma delimited width and height pair. If this function can't be found, the size of the dialogue is determined by the document's content.
In the last step, the functions defined in the document's body
onload event handler are called, just as in any other HTML document. Now the command is prepared and ready to work. After completing its task, it's closed by a simple
We created an example file for you containing the needed skeleton with all functions of the Commands-API.
Now, let's see how a command is integrated into one of Dreamweaver's menus.
DreamWeaver 4: The Missing Manual
Earlier versions of Dreamweaver stored its menu structure in a set of HTML documents. Beginning in version 3, the complete menu structure is stored in one XML file,
Dreamweaver_Home/Configuration/Menus/menu.xml. This file defines menubars and shortcut lists that are associated to the different Dreamweaver windows by their ID. For instance, the shortcut list and menubar of the main document window are identified by
So, open this file and search for a
menubar element with ID
DWMainWindow, this menubar holds all menus displayed in sequential order like
Edit, etc. in
menu elements. The name attribute of a menu element defines the name displayed. Adding an underscore in front of a letter causes this item be become selectable with the keyboard when selecting the menu via the "Alt" key.
Inside each menu you can find two different types of elements, either a
menuseparator element. Since menu.xml pretends to be an XML document (which it's not, as it lacks a document element), you have to take care to close those elements properly when you create new ones, i.e. use a slash before the closing bracket to create a well-formed element.
Creating a new entry for our command is a very straight-forward task. Use the Commands menu for this task. Search for the menu with ID
DWMenu_Commands. You're free to create a new
menuitem like the one below wherever you want inside the menu element:
key attribute creates a hotkey combination for the item. The
enabled attribute value to
false causes this menu item be become grayed out and unselectable. The
checked attribute can be used to add a checkmark in front of the item with an attribute value of
Make sure you create a well-formed document, and when you're finished, just save the file. In case you messed up
menu.xml, you can find a default version in the same menu,
menu.bak, which just needs to be saved over your edited file to restore the default behavior.
Dreamweaver_Home/Configuration/Commands/ folder as
In order to have Dreamweaver reload its configuration, you can restart the application. Much easier is the following trick.
Fortunately you don't have to restart Dreamweaver every time you change something in your configs. Simply open the objects palette (Ctrl-F2), and click the small triangle on the upper right while holding the Ctrl key (see Figure 1).
You'll find a new menu item at the bottom,
Reload Extensions. Selecting it causes Dreamweaver to read the configuration files again, and recreate all configurable items like objects, menus, commands, etc.
To work with the new command, just select it via the Commands menu, or use the hotkeys if they are available. To count all of the words, don't select any text and you'll get a count for the entire document. Otherwise, make a selection and call the command for a count of a specific area.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


text:
ID#2123 made on
SSp2 - Environmental site assessment
LEED BD+C: Schools
The classroom project area is the subject of an Act 2 Consent Order and Agreement (COA) entered into between Owner and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). Pennsylvania's A...
The classroom project area is the subject of an Act 2 Consent Order and Agreement (COA) entered into between Owner and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). Pennsylvania's Act 2 of 1995 (the Land Recycling and Environmental Remediation Standards Act) encourages the voluntary cleanup and reuse of contaminated commercial and industrial sites. It also provides cleanup liability protection under state and federal environmental laws once the selected cleanup standard (background, statewide health, site-specific) has been demonstrated to PADEP's satisfaction. USEPA has granted Pennsylvania the authority to oversee remediation of such sites. Because a school is considered a residential use under Act 2, the areas of proposed construction must satisfy the most stringent unrestricted residential statewide health standards. We believe that the COA satisfies the intent of this prerequisite because these standards have been satisfied. However, the remainder of the project area requires the maintenance of a paved surface which is a land use restriction. The paving acts as a "cap" and is protective of human health and the environment. We are requesting clarification because of an apparent contradiction in the credit requirements. The requirements state that if the project site is contaminated, it must satisfy "local, state or federal EPA region residential (unrestricted) standards, whichever is most stringent," and documentation must be provided (such as EPA's 'Ready for Reuse' document) to prove that'safe' levels of contamination have been achieved." EPA's guidance on 'Ready for Reuse' determinations provide that EPA may issue a 'Ready for Reuse' for a property even if it has a land use or control or other environmental restrictions, such as the requirement to maintain a cap. Therefore, the "most stringent" and "unrestricted standard" reference appears to contradict the reference to 'Ready for Reuse' which permits land use controls or other environmental restrictions, which are not "unrestricted" by their very nature. Questions: 1. Do the requirements allow classroom buildings to be constructed on sites where land use restrictions exist? 2. Does the Act 2 Consent Order & Agreement permitting construction of this classroom building satisfy this prerequisite? 3. Is an ASTM E1527-05-compliant Phase I ESA required despite that PADEP and Owner have entered into a COA for the property? The presumed intent for requiring a Phase I is to identify recognized environmental conditions on the property that may require a Phase II follow-up investigation. The same result has been achieved via an equivalent process. We are able to provide the following documentation as part of the Design Submittal: - Confirmation that the recognized environmental conditions were identified as part of the site remediation process in 2001. This process was the Phase I ESA equivalent. - Confirmation that portions of the project parcel were contaminated. This work was completed as part of the site remediation process in 2001 and updated in 2007. This is the Phase II ESA equivalent. - The COA which documents DEP's approval for construction on the property as proposed.
First, school projects can be developed on a site with land use restrictions such as described in this inquiry, provided the site has been remediated to satisfactory levels. Second, Pennsylvania's Act 2 Consent Order & Agreement is a state standard pertaining to remediation of brownfields, and as such, can be used to satisfy the requirements. Last, the project can be exempted from performing an ASTM E1527-05-compliant Phase I ESA provided the rigor required for a COA is comparable to the activities performed for a Phase I ESA. Please refer to the LEED for Schools Reference Guide pages 30-31 for a description of these activities.
Related Addenda (Corrections & Interpretations)


text:
RMOBS is an opportunity provided by the
USGS for rapid mobilization of ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) to
monitor unanticipated seismic events such as earthquakes or volcanic
eruptions in the coastal and marine environments. This opportunity
recognizes the potential societal and scientific return from studies of
aftershocks of a significant earthquake or volcanic sources. It
represents a natural and responsible effort by the USGS to provide an
emergency response to natural hazards.
The USGS maintains sixteen OBS at the National OBS Instrument Facility (OBSIP) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). These OBS are equipped with three-component short-period (4.5 Hz) fully gimbaled (3 axes) seismometers on an external arm and a hydrophone. They are equipped with the Quanterra 330 data logger and have a wide (135 dB) dynamic range. They are light (100 lb.) and small, can be air shipped, and can be deployed from small vessels opportunities. Five of these OBS are dedicated to RMOBS.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Funerary sculpture from the Eastern Han period (25-220)
A Bixie (Chinese: 辟邪; pinyin: bìxié, Wade-Giles: Pi-hsieh; Japanese: 辟邪, へきじゃ, Hekija) is a type of lion-like mythological Chinese creature, or chimera. It is considered as an exorcising animal (辟邪 literally means "Avoid Evil") and is usually hornless.[1][2] See also Pixiu.
The Bixie can have a pair of wings, which makes it rather similar to the Tianlu (Chinese: 天禄, Japanese: 天禄, てんろく, Tenroku) in following early Chinese sculptural traditions of winged celestial beasts.[1]
The Bixie may have been an adoption from Mesopotamian art, through Persia and Bactria, as a consequence of extensive trade relations initiated by Emperor Han Wudi during the Han period.[3]
Some western scholars of Chinese art use the word "chimera" generically to refer to the bixie, qilin, and tianlu.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Chinese sculpture By Angela Falco Howard p.56
 2. ^ Text and ritual in early China By Martin Kern p.56
 3. ^ China: a history By Harold Miles Tanner p.129