The Historic Village at Allaire (US)
Member of EXARC
Member of ICOM
The Historic Village at Allaire is a living history museum that interprets the Howell Iron Works Company founded in 1822. The museum demonstrates historic crafts such as blacksmithing, hearth cooking, carpentry, tinsmithing, and many others...
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The Historic Village at Allaire was once an iron-producing, factory-town known as the Howell Iron Works, Co. The Village was a self-sufficient community containing a carpentry and pattern making shop, a blacksmith shop, a bakery, a boarding house, a blast furnace, mills to finish iron products, a school, a church, a general store with a post office, and workers' home. Iron produced at the village was shipped to New York City by wagon and steamship. It was used to produce steam engines parts in a factory also owned by our proprietor, James P. Allaire. The Howell Iron Works was a typical community at the time and speaks to the experiences of the economic and social changes of those who experienced early Industrial America.
The 23-acre museum is located within Allaire State Park. The property was donated to the State of New Jersey for use as an educational and recreational center by the estate of Arthur Brisbane.
40.158611, -74.128889


Date: _PHONE_
Language: French
Origin: alarme, from Old Italian all' arme 'to the weapon'
1 noun
a‧larm1 S2
1 [countable]DT a piece of equipment that makes a loud noise to warn you of danger
a burglar/fire/smoke alarm
I forgot to set the burglar alarm.
He set off the alarm (=made it start ringing) by accident.
The fire alarm's going off (=it is ringing).
a sophisticated alarm system
2 [uncountable] a feeling of fear or worry because something bad or dangerous might happen
alarm at
There is growing alarm at the increase in crime.
in alarm
She looked up in alarm.
Scientists have said there is no cause for alarm.
3TMC [countable] an alarm clock:
I've set the alarm for 7 o'clock.
I was still asleep when the alarm went off.
raise/sound the alarm
especially British English to warn people that something bad is happening:
Neighbours raised the alarm when they smelled smoke.
alarm bells ring
if alarm bells ring, you feel worried that something bad may be happening:
Alarm bells started to ring when he failed to return home.
Explore CHRONOLOGY Topic


Using Policy Controller in a CI pipeline
This page describes how to integrate Policy Controller with Cloud Build by creating a Continuous Integration (CI) pipeline that checks policy validations synchronized with a Git repository.
If you are a developer and want to validate your app against company policies, read Validating your app against company policies in a continuous integration pipeline instead.
Creating a CI pipeline with Policy Controller allows you to:
 - Enforce defined policy configurations and provide feedback to developers as soon as possible. Policies allow platform admins to lock down access. Development teams must then comply with those policies rather than removing or circumventing them.
 - Set default fields on your Kubernetes Objects that should always be present. For example, you can automatically add labels for owners or cost center.
This page focuses on a Cloud Build CI pipeline using a GitHub config repository. You can use the same pattern to set up other CI tools or version control systems supported by Anthos Config Management.
This pipeline is built with KPT functions. KPT functions enable you to develop client-side container images to validate, transform, or generate Kubernetes configurations.
This topic uses pre-built KPT functions from the KPT Functions Catalog. A subset of the functions in the Catalog has been mirrored to a Google-supported Container Registry and is available to all projects.
Before you begin
 - You must have an Anthos entitlement to install Policy Controller using Anthos Config Management.
 - You need a cluster with Config Sync already installed.
 - Set up Policy Controller.
 - Have permission on your Google Cloud project, and have permission on the Cloud Build API. These permissions are required to enable the Cloud Build service account, see more details at Enabling APIs.
 - Enable Cloud Build in your project. This can be done through the Google Cloud Console.
Using an unstructured repo
This tutorial includes the option to use an unstructured repo. Unstructured repos do not require the default Anthos Config Management directory structure.
Configuring Cloud Build
You must grant the "Kubernetes Engine Developer" role to the Cloud Build service account in each Project where you configure the pipeline.
 1. Open the Cloud Build Settings page
 The Service account permissions page appears.
 2. Find the row that contains Kubernetes Engine and set the Status to Enabled.
For more information, see Setting service account permissions.
Setting up your environment
To configure Policy Controller to work with Cloud Build, see the example Git repo.
Clone the repo with git.
git clone
If you are using a hierarchical repo, you must edit configuration files in this repo after setting up Cloud Build.
Directory structure
In the repo anthos-config-management-samples, there are two directories that contain configs for a hierarchical repo (ci-pipeline/) and an unstructured repo (ci-pipeline-unstructured/). Choose the appropriate directory for your cluster type.
The ci-pipeline/ and ci-pipeline-unstructured/ directories in the repo use the following hierarchy:
 - config-root/ is the root of the repo and contains all of the configs for this example.
 - config-root/.../*-constraint.yaml and *-template.yaml define Policy Controller constraints and templates which all configs in config-root/ must pass.
 For example:
 - The file ci-pipeline/config-root/cluster/required-labels-constraint.yaml requires that each namespace must have a cost-center label.
 - The file ci-pipeline-unstructured/config-root/constraints/banned-key-constraint.yaml enforces that no ConfigMap Objects contain a field named private-key.
 For more information, see Creating constraints.
 - cloudbuild.yaml is the Cloud Build configuration file that defines build steps. These build steps are triggered by a commit to the repo.
 Using a hierarchical repo, the pipeline builds the contents of your repo with nomos hydrate, concatenates them, and validates them with Policy Controller.
 In an unstructured repo, Policy Controller builds your configuration without using nomos or connecting to your cluster.
 For more information on the contents of a configuration file, see Creating a basic configuration.
Configuring Cloud Build
In this section, you connect Cloud Build to your source repository so that Cloud Build can build the code in that repository.
Creating a build trigger
Cloud Build executes build triggers when a commit is pushed to the branch. To configure a build trigger in Google Cloud Console, perform the following steps.
 1. Open the Triggers page in the Google Cloud Console.
 Open the Triggers page
 2. Select your project from the project selector drop-down menu at the top of the page.
 3. Click Open.
 4. Click Create trigger.
 5. Create a Name for your trigger.
 6. For Event, select Push to a branch.
 7. Select your Repository. If you have not connected your repository, complete the following steps:
 1. Click Connect Repository.
 2. Select the repository where you've stored your source code.
 If you select GitHub (mirrored) or Bitbucket (mirrored) as your source repository, Cloud Build mirrors your repository in Cloud Source Repositories and uses the mirrored repository.
 3. Click Continue.
 4. Authenticate to your source repository with your username and password.
 5. From the list of available repositories, select the desired repository, then click Connect repository.
 8. From the list of available repositories, select the repository anthos-config-management-samples.
 9. Select your Branch, master.
 10. Under Build Configuration, set your Cloud Build Configuration File as ci-pipeline/cloudbuild.yaml or ci-pipeline-unstructured/cloudbuild.yaml.
 11. Click Create to save your build trigger.
You can also create build triggers with gcloud. For more information, see Creating and managing build triggers.
Configuring your repo
After Cloud Build is configured to connect to your repo, complete your configuration for Anthos Config Management.
 1. Edit the file csp-config-management/CODEOWNERS and replace _USER_ with your GitHub username or the email alias of the platform admin team. To learn more about the CODEOWNERS syntax, see About codeowners.
Select if you are using a hierarchical (default) or unstructured repo below.
 1. Edit the configuration file
 Edit the file csp-config-management/ci-pipeline/cloudbuild.yaml.
 Replace CLUSTER_NAME and ZONE with the cluster name and zone of a GKE cluster with Anthos Config Management and Policy Controller installed.
 No configuration change is necessary with an unstructured repo in this example. Anthos Config Management and Policy Controller validate your repo without connecting to your cluster.
 2. Add and commit your changes to the repo.
 cd ci-pipeline
 git add.
 git commit -m "[COMMIT_MESSAGE]"
 cd ci-pipeline-unstructured
 git add.
 git commit -m "[COMMIT_MESSAGE]"
 After the commit, Cloud Build runs a policy validation on the repo.
 3. Open your Cloud Build history and click the most recent Build.
 The Build Details page appears.
 4. The sample in the anthos-config-management-samples repo contains an error.
 Select the most recent build from the top of the list, that includes the icon.
 5. The last step that Cloud Build runs terminates with an error. The error follows.
 Error: Found 1 violations:
 [1] All namespaces must have a cost-center label that points to your division
 name: "shipping-prod"
 path: namespace_shipping-prod.yaml
 Step #2: Error: Found 1 violations:
 [1] The following banned keys are being used in the config map: {"private_key"}
 name: "super-secret"
 path: configmap.yaml
 6. Next, fix the error by editing a file in your repo.
 Edit the file /ci-pipeline/config-root/namespaces/online/shipping-app-backend/shipping-prod/namespace.yaml and set a value for metadata.labels.cost-center. Your namespace.yaml should look like the following:
 apiVersion: v1
 kind: Namespace
 name: shipping-prod
 env: prod
 cost-center: ""
 audit: "true"
 Edit the file /ci-pipeline-unstructured/config-root/configmap.yaml. Change the field named data.private_key to data.public_key. Your edited YAML looks like the following.
 apiVersion: v1
 kind: ConfigMap
 name: super-secret
 namespace: default
 public_key: no secrets here
 Next, commit and push your changes.
 git add.
 git commit -m "[COMMIT_MESSAGE]"
 git push origin [BRANCH]
 7. Open your Cloud Build history and click the most recent Build.
 The Build Details page appears.
 8. Your new build should be Successful.
Problem: My Cloud Build build fails and the history includes the following error.
 [1] KNV1021: No CustomResourceDefinition is defined for the type "" in the cluster.
 Resource types that are not native Kubernetes objects must have a CustomResourceDefinition.
Solution: Confirm your installation of Policy Controller.
What's next


text:
'Indigenous war service: two exhibitions at the National Archives of Australia', Honest History, 2 May 2017
A review of two exhibitions, Indigenous Australians at War from the Boer War to the Present (touring from the Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne) and Facing Two Fronts: the Fight for Respect, also focusing on Indigenous uniformed service. The article also includes a summary of recent efforts by national cultural institutions to chronicle the many aspects of a nation at war, including Indigenous service. It can be read in conjunction with our recent review of the For Country, for Nation exhibition at the Australian War Memorial.
Michael Piggott is Treasurer of the Honest History association and an archivist of many years' experience. He has a chapter in The Honest History Book. The chapter is about the Australian War Memorial and the legacy of Charles Bean.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
One of the most frequent questions I'm asked at Maker Faire is what the difference between Arduino and Netduino is. If you think it's that the Netduino is just an Arduino that has something to do with the internet, you'd be incorrect! While the Netduino is an open source microcontroller that looks like a black and blue Arduino, the key difference is that it's programmed using the Visual C#.NET programming language developed by Microsoft. This makes it perfect for people that are already familiar with.NET and don't want the hassle of learning another variation of code.
Thanks to the Maker Shed's Getting Started with Netduino Kit, learning to use this ARM based microcontroller is easy! This full featured package includes the Getting Started with Netduino book by Chris Walker, the creator of the Netduino platform. By following along in the book and using the included components you'll learn how to:
- Install the free Visual C# Express.NET Micro Framework and Netduino SDK.
- Turn an LED on and off.
- Increase the capabilities of the Netduino using shields.
- Interact with digital and analog signals using the MakerShield.
- Dim and brighten LEDs using pulse width modulation and control RGB LEDs.
- Use electrical pulses to play a song and control servos.
- Create an app to control your Netduino over the internet.
So if you have ever been curious about the Netduino but don't know where to begin, this is the kit for you!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Fun Easy English - new-american-english-reductions-reduced-words-topic-word-to-have-to-hafta.
American English Reductions - Hafta
In this lesson you will learn the American English reduction hafta.
Quick Links
what + is + word whassup whatser whatsiz
word + me gimme lemme
word + have coulda mighta musta shoulda woulda
word + to gonna gotta hafta hasta oughta wanna
do + not + know donno dunno
did + you + word jeet jev jever
word + you betcha doncha getcha gotcha howarya howdya howjya howujya
jya whaddaya whaddaya wancha whajya whenjya wherjya whojya
word + of frunna kinda kindsa lotsa lotta outta sorta typa
Reductions: "hafta"
 - This American English reduction is formed when you combine and reduce the following words.
 - hafta = have + to
 - This American English reduction is used in the following way.
 - I hafta work overtime tonight.
 - This American English reduction has the following meaning.
 - I have to work overtime tonight.
Examples: "hafta"
 - Do you hafta be so crazy all the time?
 - (Meaning: Why can't you act normally?)
 - What do you hafta do today?
 - (Meaning: What are you required to do today?)
 - Why do you hafta go there?
 - (Meaning: Why are you required to go there?)
 - You hafta pay for your food.
 - (Meaning: You must pay for your food.)
 - They hafta travel to Buffalo, New York today.
 - (Meaning: They are required to travel to Buffalo, New York today.)
Note: Hafta can be used with singular or plural pronouns like I, you, we, and they. Hafta cannot be used with the singular pronouns he and she. Hafta can be used for interrogative (question) sentences.
From YOUR Teacher: Hafta
This American English reduction is used often in everyday conversation.
Note: Reductions
Remember the following:
 - Reductions are reduced forms of English words.
 - Reductions, such as hafta are not real words in English.
 - You need to use reductions in order to sound more natural.
 - You need to know reductions in order to understand conversations between native English speakers.
 - Reductions are used extensively in American TV, movies, music, literature, and in conversations among native English speakers.
Reductions In Music and TV
Fun Easy English - Reductions
This is the Fun Easy English reductions introduction video.
Hey Friends,
I really tried to find a good video for this REDUCTION.
If you know a good song, TV commercial, or movie clip with this reduction, please post the link in the comments section at the bottom of this page.
Reduction Tips
Audio Program
(Beginner - Listening)
Wanna, Gonna, Hafta: Getting Relaxed With Reduced Forms of Speech - A five minute audio program of the written script below. The English is spoken at 75% of normal speed.
AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: reduced forms in spoken American English.
RS: We're talking about forms like whaddaya -- meaning "what do you," as in "whaddaya say?" "Whaddaya Say?" is also the title of a popular teaching book on reduced forms by Nina Weinstein.
AA: She did extensive research on the subject as a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, and as a teaching fellow at Harvard.
NINA WEINSTEIN: "There were a lot of assumptions. People felt that maybe it was a sort of uneducated kind of speech or maybe it was caused by informality or things like this. So my master's thesis is actually on what causes reduced forms.
"And what I found was speed of speech was statistically significant as a cause for reduced forms, not informality. Though in informal speech we tend to speak more quickly, and so we think it's the informality, but actually it's the speed of speech."
RS: "What do you find? Do you find certain patterns of reductions? Is there a way in which you can almost predict, if you are a speaker of English as a foreign language, that you can almost predict when or how it's going to happen?"
NINA WEINSTEIN: "Yes, yes -- in fact, you can learn the reduced forms before. There are fifty to seventy common reduced forms that everyone should know from a listening point of view. Sometimes, I think, teachers feel that students will just pick this up. And they do pick up some, but they don't pick up all of them."
AA: "Can you give us a few of the most common reduced forms?"
NINA WEINSTEIN: "The three most common reduced forms are wanna, which is the spoken form of 'want to'; gonna, which is the spoken form of 'going to' plus a verb; and hafta, which is the spoken form of 'have to.' And one of these forms will occur about every two minutes."
AA: "On average in a conversation?"
NINA WEINSTEIN: "Yes, in unscripted spoken English."
AA: "That's amazing. And we're talking about common, everyday speech. And yet I could see maybe some students who are learning English who want to maybe apply for a job or meet with an employer or someone, a professor, and maybe they're afraid that they're going to sound uneducated or that they're too informal. What do you say about that?"
NINA WEINSTEIN: "Informality -- informality actually is a very, very large part of American English. And as I tell my students, the majority of English is informal, though we do have situations that call for formality. I don't think that students should worry about their own use of the reduced forms because non-native speakers generally don't reach the speed of speech to have reductions. And so their speech will not reduce naturally.
"I don't advise students unnaturally adapting these forms because, as I said, they're a natural flow of spoken English. But what I do suggest that they do is, if they want to sound more natural, regardless of whether it's an interview situation or just in everyday speech, they could adopt the three most common reduced forms in their speech because these are almost like vocabulary items. They're that common.
"As far as the job interview goes, as I said, I don't think students should adopt the fifty to seventy common reduced forms in their own speech. But they need to understand the interviewer, who will be using reduced forms."
RS: "Now beyond these top three, is there a top ten?"
NINA WEINSTEIN: "I wouldn't say there's a top ten. If I were to just give you some really common ones, one of the more common question forms would be 'what do you/what are you' changing to whaddaya. You can put that together with want to -- 'what do you want to' would be naturally pronounced as whaddaya wanna: 'Whaddaya wanna do?' 'Whaddaya wanna have?' Of course, we talked about gonna, which is 'going to' plus verb.
"We've got gotta, which is 'have got to': 'I've got to do this.' 'I've got to go there.' I think those are common, but I think the ones that are represented in 'Whaddya Say?' are really the most common. And I can't cut it off at ten, because actually in my research I found three hundred and five reduced forms."
A: Nina Weinstein, the author of "Whaddaya Say? Guided Practice in Relaxed Speech," speaking with us from VOA's Los Angeles bureau.
RS: And we gotta go. That's Wordmaster for this week. To learn more about American English, visit our Web site, _URL_.
AA: And our e-mail address is _EMAIL_. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti.
Audio Program
(Beginner - Listening)
To Master Rhythms of English, You Really Hafta Learn Reductions - A five minute audio program of the written script below. The English is spoken at 75% of normal speed.
RS: "Can't ya, don'tcha."
AA: Slangman David Burke, talking about reductions in a segment from two thousand. You can learn about his language teaching materials at slangman.com. And that's WORDMASTER for this week. Archives are at _URL_. And our e-mail is _EMAIL_. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti.
Reduced Forms
Broadcast on "Coast to Coast": January 16, 2003
AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble and this week on Wordmaster, English teacher Lida Baker explains some of the shortcuts that work their way into conversational American speech.
RS: They're called reduced forms, or reductions. And, since it was noon when we spoke to Lida, she served up the perfect lunchtime example:
BAKER: "So tell me, jeet yet?"
RS: "No we haven't eaten yet (laughter)."
BAKER: "See, you understood what I


text:
Where and When?
Flunstellas are thoughts that appear floating with a life of their own in social spaces, such as cafes, libraries, schools, hospitals and shops. Not everyone can see them, of all age groups children, teenagers and older people seem to see them the most. Often people have claimed to have seen them after intense emotional experiences.
What do they look like?
There are many different breeds and species of Flunstellas, each with different shapes, colors, markings and sizes. Some glow, some fade and some display information as text, pictures or moving images.
How do they move?
They move around in a variety of different ways, some smoothly, some aggressively, some choosing to just hover at a particular point. They are highly social, they have been seen following each other and flocking in groups and attacking each other. They seem to be able to sense what is happening around them, acting differently when close to different people, objects and other thoughts. They don't seem to be intelligent in themselves, in fact individually they seem quite dumb.


text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. In Rom. archæol., a room in a large dwelling. The word occurs in Vitruvius and Pliny, in ways that have suggested to modern writers the idea that it had a technical meaning; but it was merely the Greek word transferred.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
'œcus' hasn't been added to any lists yet.
Looking for tweets for œcus.


1. Press POP-UP menu on the remote (GUIDE on Universal Remote).
 2. Select Setup.
 3. Choose Network and press ENTER (OK on Universal remote).
 4. In the Connection select: Wireless (WiFi).
 5. In the Mode section, it should be: Automatic (DHCP) by default.
 6. Click on Scan and press Enter.
 7. Wi-Fi Settings window pops up. Select your WiFi and press ENTER.
 8. In the Security select WPA2 AES.
 9. In the Password type the WiFi password using your remote.
 10. Click on OK to close the WiFi settings window.
 11. Click on Apply and press ENTER on the remote.
 12. 'Waiting for IP address' window pops up. Wait until the box gets IP address. If the IP address appears – the connection was successful. If the wait is longer than 60 sec check if you have the Internet.
DUNE boxes already have built-in WiFI, the antenna only makes the signal stronger.
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SCR Catalyst Testing
SCR Catalyst Testing in progressSCR catalyst testing is a required first step in devising an effective catalyst management strategy. Pilot testing and audits of SCR catalyst activity though laboratory analysis of catalyst samples can provide insight into methods for extending catalyst life.
Our in-house laboratories perform SCR catalyst testing and analysis to determine catalyst deactivation rates and provide corrective measures for system optimization.
How CORMETECH Measures SCR Catalytic Activity And Potential
Analysis objective
SCR Catalyst Activity Test Determine the catalyst activity under specific plant or standard conditions through the use of representative-size catalyst samples. Metrics include the catalyst SO2/SO3 conversion rate, pressure drop, initial activity (K0) and actual activity (K).
Physical Properties Test Evaluate physical properties of the catalyst such as its surface area (BET - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Test) and porosity (or pore volume).
Chemical Composition Test Chemical Composition Test: Evaluate the impact of coal and ash properties on the catalyst and its performance by measuring the catalyst's chemical composition using quantitative and Semi-quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analysis:
 - The XRF-Quantitative analysis is primarily used for manufacturing control and finished product quality assurance. This analysis ensures that manufacturing specifications of the elemental composition for the catalytic metals are met. Carefully-prepared sets of analytical standards, composed of the metals in the actual matrix to be analyzed, are used to set the calibration for these measurements.
 - XRF-Semi-quantitative analysis measures approximately 40 other elements to detect changes in surface and bulk chemical composition as the catalyst is exposed to flue gas.
Our testing program includes collection and compilation of field performance data, such as NOx levels, removal efficiency, ammonia-in-ash levels, operational data, and the like. CORMETECH also takes samples of SCR catalyst removed from the field and tests them in its laboratory to assess the catalytic potential against initial design requirements. These tests are done at either standard conditions (single-layer; MR=1), or at actual field conditions (multi-layer; field MR), and often at both conditions to ensure accurate evaluation of the test results. These tests, along with available fuel impact tests (FIELD GUIDE™), provide users current data to assess SCR catalyst system performance. This approach gives users added operational flexibility by analyzing a wide range of catalyst management "what-if" scenarios.
CORMETECH's testing equipment is state-of-the-art and methods are fully conforming to the SCR industry's best practices and VGB guidelines.


November 18: Nathaniel Palmer Discovers Antarctica
Born in Stonington, Connecticut in 1799, Nathaniel Brown Palmer, like so many other young men from Stonington, first set sail at an early age, working as a teenage deckhand on American ships running through the British naval blockade during the War of 1812. After the war, Palmer joined scores of Connecticut sailors who sought their fortunes by hunting seals for the lucrative and recently-established China trade, taking command of his first ship, the Galina, at the tender age of 19.
By the second decade of the 19th century, however, global seal populations were already experiencing a sharp decline from over-hunting, forcing sailors like Palmer to venture further and further southward into uncharted waters. During the fall of 1820, the 21-year-old Palmer was exploring the seas south of Cape Horn a captain of the small, seal-hunting sloop Hero when, on November 18, he spotted a land mass that had yet to be recorded on any known map. That land, which the young captain modestly named "Palmer Land," was the northernmost tip of the continent of Antarctica, known today as the Antarctic Peninsula.
In 1988, the U.S. Postal Service recognized Palmer's discovery of Antarctica with a stamp.
While Palmer's claim of being the first person to discover Antarctica is disputed — two other sea captains, one from Russia and one from England, claimed to have spotted the continent slightly earlier than the date given in Palmer's ship's log — he is credited with being the first American to do so. After his seal-hunting adventures drew to a close, Palmer returned to Stonington to become one of the port town's leading citizens and a renowned shipbuilder. His Victorian mansion in Stonington was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994, and is seasonally open to the public as a house museum operated by the Stonington Historical Society. Unlike his Russian and English competitors, Palmer's namesake "Palmer Land" remains on modern maps of Antarctica. In 1968, a new United States research station built on the peninsula was named Palmer Station in the Stonington captain's honor, ensuring that his legacy of exploration and seafaring lives on to the present day.
Further Reading
Nathaniel Palmer Discovers Antarctica,"
Erik Ofgang, "Did a Captain from Stonington Discover Antarctica?Connecticut Magazine
Captain Nathaniel B. Palmer House Museum website, Stonington Historical Society


Release: 1.4.18 current release | Release Date: June 10, 2021
SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation
The SQLAlchemy SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper is a comprehensive set of tools for working with databases and Python. It has several distinct areas of functionality which can be used individually or combined together. Its major components are illustrated below, with component dependencies organized into layers:
Above, the two most significant front-facing portions of SQLAlchemy are the Object Relational Mapper (ORM) and the Core.
Core contains the breadth of SQLAlchemy's SQL and database integration and description services, the most prominent part of this being the SQL Expression Language.
The SQL Expression Language is a toolkit all its own, independent of the ORM package, which provides a system of constructing SQL expressions represented by composable objects, which can then be "executed" against a target database within the scope of a specific transaction, returning a result set. Inserts, updates and deletes (i.e. DML) are achieved by passing SQL expression objects representing these statements along with dictionaries that represent parameters to be used with each statement.
The ORM builds upon Core to provide a means of working with a domain object model mapped to a database schema. When using the ORM, SQL statements are constructed in mostly the same way as when using Core, however the task of DML, which here refers to the persistence of business objects in a database, is automated using a pattern called unit of work, which translates changes in state against mutable objects into INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE constructs which are then invoked in terms of those objects. SELECT statements are also augmented by ORM-specific automations and object-centric querying capabilities.
Whereas working with Core and the SQL Expression language presents a schema-centric view of the database, along with a programming paradigm that is oriented around immutability, the ORM builds on top of this a domain-centric view of the database with a programming paradigm that is more explcitly object-oriented and reliant upon mutability. Since a relational database is itself a mutable service, the difference is that Core/SQL Expression language is command oriented whereas the ORM is state oriented.
Documentation Overview
The documentation is separated into four sections:
Code Examples
Working code examples, mostly regarding the ORM, are included in the SQLAlchemy distribution. A description of all the included example applications is at ORM Examples.
There is also a wide variety of examples involving both core SQLAlchemy constructs as well as the ORM on the wiki. See Theatrum Chemicum.
Installation Guide
Supported Platforms
SQLAlchemy has been tested against the following platforms:
 - cPython 2.7
 - cPython 3.6 and higher
 - PyPy 2.1 or greater
Changed in version 1.4: Within the Python 3 series, 3.6 is now the minimum Python 3 version supported.
Supported Installation Methods
SQLAlchemy installation is via standard Python methodologies that are based on setuptools, either by referring to directly or by using pip or other setuptools-compatible approaches.
Changed in version 1.1: setuptools is now required by the file; plain distutils installs are no longer supported.
Install via pip
When pip is available, the distribution can be downloaded from PyPI and installed in one step:
pip install SQLAlchemy
This command will download the latest released version of SQLAlchemy from the Python Cheese Shop and install it to your system.
In order to install the latest prerelease version, such as 1.4.0b1, pip requires that the --pre flag be used:
pip install --pre SQLAlchemy
Where above, if the most recent version is a prerelease, it will be installed instead of the latest released version.
Installing using
Otherwise, you can install from the distribution using the script:
python install
Installing the C Extensions
SQLAlchemy includes C extensions which provide an extra speed boost for dealing with result sets. The extensions are supported on both the 2.xx and 3.xx series of cPython. will automatically build the extensions if an appropriate platform is detected. If the build of the C extensions fails due to a missing compiler or other issue, the setup process will output a warning message and re-run the build without the C extensions upon completion, reporting final status.
To run the build/install without even attempting to compile the C extensions, the DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT environment variable may be specified. The use case for this is either for special testing circumstances, or in the rare case of compatibility/build issues not overcome by the usual "rebuild" mechanism:
export DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT=1; python install
Changed in version 1.1: The legacy --without-cextensions flag has been removed from the installer as it relies on deprecated features of setuptools.
Installing a Database API
SQLAlchemy is designed to operate with a DBAPI implementation built for a particular database, and includes support for the most popular databases. The individual database sections in Dialects enumerate the available DBAPIs for each database, including external links.
Checking the Installed SQLAlchemy Version
This documentation covers SQLAlchemy version 1.4. If you're working on a system that already has SQLAlchemy installed, check the version from your Python prompt like this:
>>> import sqlalchemy
>>> sqlalchemy.__version__
1.3 to 1.4 Migration
Notes on what's changed from 1.3 to 1.4 is available here at What's New in SQLAlchemy 1.4?.
Previous: Table of Contents Next: SQLAlchemy 1.4 / 2.0 Tutorial


Planet of Geniuses
Planet of Geniuses
Broadcast: 0th November 19xx
Starring: John Campbell Jr
Added: Feb 21 2004
The term genius is fairly common in our language today. I wonder how many of you realise that the term originated with the old Arabian Knight's concept of the Genie, the magical creature that came in a bottle and had such wonderful powers. Laboratory scientists have as much fun as anybody else you know. One of the laboratory laws goes "In any laboratory experiment if something can go wrong it will". For this is a story about a planet size laboratory experiment in which something could go wrong…


text:
Join ARPEL (Association of Oil, Gas and Biofuels Sector Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean) and ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) at the fourth biennial International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference (IPG 2021) from June 21 – 22, 2021.
IPG 2021 is an international event to share knowledge, foster international cooperation, and promote technical progress by advancing the management of natural forces impacting pipelines – protecting the public, environment, energy infrastructure assets, and ensuring safe and reliable operations.
IPG 2021 will be presented in a virtual format. There will be opportunities to discuss papers and network with your fellow attendees as in prior versions.
Pipeline risk factors associated with natural forces include:
- Landslides and mass movement
- Tectonics/seismicity — including fault crossings and liquefaction
- Hydrotechnical — including river scour and channel migration
- Erosion and upheaval displacement
- Geochemical — including karst and acid rock drainage
- Unique soil structure — including residual and sensitive soils
- Desert mechanisms — including dune migration
- Volcanic mechanisms
- Freezing of unfrozen ground
- Thawing of permafrost terrain
These forces have become critical in the integrity management of pipelines, due to failures causing loss of life and damage to the environment. The risk factors, known as geohazards, result from geotechnical, geological, hydrological, or tectonic natural processes that represent potential threats usually induced during the pipeline construction and operations.
Geohazard management practices, including special design and construction, monitoring and inspection, risk assessment and associated data management, have seen considerable advancements in recent years as the topic has gained prominence within the pipeline community.
Who Should Attend?
The Conference will be of special interest to:
- Professionals from the oil and gas pipeline sector.
- Professionals from the mining industry.
- Professionals responsible for the facilities integrity, geotechnics, applied geomatics, risk analysis, operations, right of way maintenance, geotechnics instrumentation, pipelines design, construction and maintenance.
- Providers of goods and services.


text:
File size: 202 kb
File type: pdf
Last download on: Tue Mar 26, 2013 11:28:29 AM
Mobile robots are beginning to move out of the lab and into real environments [Roman, 1991]. However, as the convenience of a laboratory is left behind, development, debugging, site-installation, and end-user operation are becoming more difficult. While in the laboratory, many mobile robot developers use tethers to link the onboard computer to a convenient desktop monitor and keyboard.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Wireless Development System (WDS) for mobile robots. The WDS has unique features that can greatly facilitate the development and debugging process for mobile robots. In experimentation with mobile robots, a development cycle usually consists of two parts: run-time, and what we call "debug-time." Debug-time is the portion of the development cycle in which the experimenter modifies and compiles the software that controls the functions of the mobile robot. Then, during run-time, the robot is actually moving while the experimenter evaluates the effects of the software modifications. The described WDS provides a wireless user-interface for both components of the development cycle, allowing the experimenter full interaction with the onboard computer from a stationary location. The paper provides information on the three main components of the WDS: One component is a radio control-to-computer interface for wireless joystick operation. This interface is inexpensive, independent of the type of onboard computer, and provides important safety features. The second component is the wireless computer-computer interface, which is specifically designed for IBMPC type computers. The optional third component of the WDS provides graphical video feedback from the onboard computer during run-time.
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From Wikizilla, the kaiju encyclopedia
The Psychovultures' scientific name, Vultura Insanus, comes from the word "vulture" and the Latin word insanus, meaning "crazy" or "insane."
Psychovultures resemble hairless bats, though they lack prominent ears or noses.
- Thermal vision
- Electrical blast from mouth
- Although the Leafwing is described as being a subspecies of the Psychovulture, the creatures' species names indicate that they belong to different genera entirely, with the Leafwing's genus being named as Icarus while the Psychovulture's genus is Vultura.


text:
On Friday, we posed the following back-to-school-themed Fermi problem:
Assuming you're not in a big lecture hall and the professor shuts the door at the start of class, how long does it take for you and your classmates to deplete the oxygen enough to feel it?
We promised a surprising answer, and here it is. You decide if our back-of-the-envelope calculations are reasonable.
Let's build our classroom first. It's 16 feet wide and long, and 10 feet tall. In handy metric dimensions, that's:
5 meters by 5 meters by 3 meters, or 75 cubic meters.
A cubic meter is 1000 liters, so now we've got 75,000 liters of fresh air.
The oxygen content of air is about 21 percent, and at about 17.5 percent you'll run from the room screaming. To get from fresh and breathable to absolutely stifling, take the difference between 21 percent of 75,000 liters and 17.5 percent of 75,000 liters. That gives us 2,625 liters of oxygen to get through.
How much oxygen does a human consume? It was tough finding a reliable source, but this press release about the 2006 installation of a new oxygen generation system on the International Space Station provides a clue:
During normal operations, it will provide 12 pounds daily; enough to support six crew members.
Aha! So one person needs about 2lb of oxygen a day, or.9 kg. But how many liters is that? Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 grams, so oxygen gas, or O2, has a mass of 32 grams per mole. One mole of gas at standard pressure and temperature takes up 22.4 liters. Now, as my high-school chemistry would say, it's time to hop on the mole-train:
.9 kg x (1000 g/1 kg) x (1 mole O2/32 g O2) x (22.4 L/1 mole O2)
This gives us a daily oxygen intake of 630 liters per person. Let's get a more reasonable rate:
(630 L/day) x (1 day/24 hours) x (1 hour/60 mins)
Now we have the serviceable rate of oxygen consumption of.4375 liters per minute. We're almost there.
Now populate the classroom with 34 students and 1 teacher. The 35 occupants consume 15.3125 liters per minute. Now for the final calculation:
2625 L x (1 minute/ 15.3125 L)
It will take about 171 minutes, or 2 hours and 51 minutes for the room to become unbearably stifling. You can image that you'd start to feel pretty uncomfortable about an hour and a half into the lecture—a good argument for shorter classes.


Definition:Divisor (Algebra)/Real Number
From ProofWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Let $\R$ be the set of real numbers.
Let $x, y \in \R$.
Then $x$ divides $y$ is defined as:
$x \divides y \iff \exists t \in \Z: y = t \times x$
where $\Z$ is the set of integers.
That is, that $y$ is an integer multiple of $x$.
A more old-fashioned term for divisor is part:
In the words of Euclid:
(The Elements: Book $\text{V}$: Definition $1$)
Let $x \divides y$ denote that $x$ divides $y$.
Then the following terminology can be used:
$x$ is a divisor of $y$
$y$ is a multiple of $x$
$y$ is divisible by $x$.
In the field of Euclidean geometry, in particular:
$x$ measures $y$.
To indicate that $x$ does not divide $y$, we write $x \nmid y$.
Also known as
A divisor can also be referred to as a factor.
The conventional notation for $x$ is a divisor of $y$ is "$x \mid y$", but there is a growing trend to follow the notation "$x \divides y$", as espoused by Knuth etc.
From Ronald L. GrahamDonald E. Knuth and Oren Patashnik: Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science (2nd ed.):
The notation '$m \mid n$' is actually much more common than '$m \divides n$' in current mathematics literature. But vertical lines are overused -- for absolute values, set delimiters, conditional probabilities, etc. -- and backward slashes are underused. Moreover, '$m \divides n$' gives an impression that $m$ is the denominator of an implied ratio. So we shall boldly let our divisibility symbol lean leftward.
An unfortunate unwelcome side-effect of this notational convention is that to indicate non-divisibility, the conventional technique of implementing $/$ through the notation looks awkward with $\divides$, so $\not \! \backslash$ is eschewed in favour of $\nmid$.
Some sources use $\ \vert \mkern -10mu {\raise 3pt -} \ $ or similar to denote non-divisibility.
Also see
 - Results about divisors can be found here.


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How Do I Change a Tire
Sooner or later, it happens to the best of us, we get a flat tire. Most of us have a roadside assistance membership of some kind but it is always good to know how to do this.
Follow these simple steps to fix the problem and be on your way in no time...
- Find a safe spot to pull over. If you're on the highway, getting off is the safest bet, even if you have to drive on a blown tire. Otherwise, pull as far onto the shoulder as possible.
- Don't park in the middle of a curve, where approaching cars can't see you.
- Choose a flat spot, jacking up your car on a hill can be a disaster.
- If you have a manual transmission, leave your car in gear.
- Be sure to set your parking brake!
- Turn on your hazard lights.
- Get the jack, wrench, and spare tire from the trunk of the car and bring them over to the tire that is flat. Use other tools or supplies if needed.
Loosen the Lug Nuts:
- Use the wrench to loosen the lug nuts.
- You may need to remove the hubcap. Don't remove the lug nuts at this point; simply loosen them by turning the wrench to the left (counter-clockwise).
- If the lug nuts are really tight, try placing the wrench on the nut and standing on the wrench arm to use your full weight on it.
- You can also try hitting the wrench arm with a rock.
Attach the Spare Tire:
- Place the spare on the car.
- Line up the lug nut posts with the holes in the spare, and push the spare all the way onto the wheelbase until it can't go any farther.
- Put on the lug nuts.
- Don't put them on tightly, just make sure they're on enough for the spare to stay on the car for a moment.
- Lower the car back to the ground.
- Use the jack to bring the car back down to ground level.
- Remove the jack from underneath the car.
On the Ground:
- Make sure the lug nuts are tightened.
- With the car back on the ground, you can now tighten the lug nuts.
- Rather than tightening them one by one in order, start with one lug nut, tighten it about 50%, move to the opposite nut (across the circle) and tighten that one about the same amount.
- Keep tightening opposite lug nuts gradually in turn until each lug nut is as tight as it can be.
- Put your flat tire and tools back in your trunk.
- Make sure you don't leave anything on the side of the road.
If you are lucky a tire isn't completely destroyed when it goes flat. If the flat is caused by a nail or other sharp object, and you can't or don't want to change your tire you may be able to give yourself a few kilometers of leeway by using a flat-fix type spray. Simply follow the manufacturer's directions. In ideal situations, the spray foam will allow you to at least find a close off-ramp and pull into a service station or a rest stop before you have to change your tire. If your tires appear worn or you have had a flat tire and need it fixed or replaced, contact our service department for a fast and cost efficient solution.


Safe drinking Tap Water is my brand
Jenny Badger established Global Environmental Group in 2019, she bring group of humanity workers working together fight basic human rights for people around world, she realized drinking water quality is most essential for human health and live quality, to restore the ecological system needs a high quality water like safe drinking tap water, it is the highest standard of water quality of the World. it help people to receive the drinking water that could prevent diseases, keeps people stay healthy, lower healthcare cost burden, help agriculture grow and harvest healthy crop. it benefits to drinking water safety and food safety. she is a American Chinese. lived in different countries. speaks three language. She is a board member of Aqueous Solutions Global water treatment technology company, she bring the technology and humanity work together, Give full play to the role of all sectors of society.She called on the UN leadership to work together, do practical support and advancement for safe drinking tap water technology, technology is a weapon for leaders to make impact to climate change, without it any work for climate change just in vain.
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text:
, and fifteen others applied WTO rules to their
trade policies. Administered by a general council, trade dispute
negotiation panel, and secretariat.
- Religion founded in the sixth century B.C. by the Iranian prophet
Zoroaster. With monotheistic and dualistic aspects, it influenced
subsequently founded religions, including Christianity and Islam. Now
practiced most widely by Persian immigrants in India.


text:
This is the cheapest and easiest way to make a two-dimensional laser show projector.
It uses just one pivoting mirror, powered by the focusing mechanism from a CD or other optical drive.
They said it couldn't be done, but Ljudmila's skunkworks GRL research facility delivers anyway! ;) This design was first discovered in 2006 and sucessfuly made by several beginners at the Laser Tags workshop in 2007.
I hope this Instructable, my first, will help to spread it around and let all of you make, test and improve it!
Here shown using an Arduino for control, but you could hook some other signal into it easily, from a music player, a soundcard or some other electronic circuit.
Step 1: Gather materials and tools
- a broken CD-ROM, DVD or other optical drive (you only need the lens focusing mechanism, so you get lots of other cool parts left over)
- a LASER pointer of your choice (those small chinese ones will do fine too)
- the smallest and thinnest mirror you can find. we used small round mirrors meant for making mosaics. (bill buxton recommended trying mylar.) you can also use the very small mirror found inside the optical assembly of a CD drive (under the lens, sitting on an angle)
- a short piece of stiff wire (cut off leg of LEDs work for this)
- some soft wire for signals
- a stable housing - some kind of plastic box. bonus if it's transparent
- signal source - I recommend an Arduino as it's easy to use and program
- cross head screwdrivers, small and very small
- soldering iron for electronics
- wire cutters
- glue gun (or other glue)
- sharp pin for making a hole
- pliers can come in handy


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|_URL_ HOME PAGE||E-MAIL Contact Info|
What's a Sea-Bean?
AND OTHER COMMONLY ASKED SEA-BEAN QUESTIONS
Sea-beans (also known as drift seeds) are seeds and fruits that are carried to the ocean, often by freshwater streams and rivers, then drift with the ocean currents and (hopefully!) wash ashore.
Why do sea-beans float?
Sea-beans often float because they have an internal air pocket within the seed. This air pocket is often trapped by the hard outer covering of the hard beans called "shinies" (which can you can polish to a nice shine). Other seeds are less dense with a soft, punky outer covering (the "corkies") and may themselves be lighter than water (fresh water and salt water) but may also have tiny air pockets within. The late John Dennis is known for his foresight in testing the floatation duration for several seeds, with some tests now extending for 32 years!...Ed Perry now continues those experiments.
When and where can I find sea-beans?
Sea-beans drift onto beaches around the world, particularly after higher-than-normal tides during hurricane season. The number of beans you can find in a day will vary with time of year, Gulf Stream variations, offshore hurricane activity, wind and temperature changes, and tropical plant abundance for a particular year.
In Florida, September and October are typically the most bountiful times to find sea-beans. Tides leave behind drift seeds along with seaweed, driftwood, tar, trash, and toys. This line of debris on the beach is called the wrack. With each successive tide, the wrack is pushed farther toward the dune line. However, sometimes a high tide will sweep over the wrack and pull it back out to sea, carrying the seaweed and drift seeds to another beach. Ocean currents, connected to each other in a huge global transit system, can carry sea-beans from current to currentso, a seed from Jamaica could travel to Florida, then to New Jersey, and then across the Atlantic to the United Kingdom.
Can I eat sea-beans?
Sea-beans are studied for medicinal uses, and a few are available commercially as nutritional supplements. Edible drift seeds (when fresh from the plant!) are the coconut, the Tropical Almond and the Hog Plum.
What's A Sea-Bean?
© All rights reserved.


Sherlock Holmes web
The English Literary Canon
Home >
Whatever Happened to the Affluent Society?
Whatever ever happened to the 'Affluent Society'?
With economic markets in turmoil the world over, do we need a fresh rethink on the economy of the 'West'? Martin Hickes reports.
Just over 50 years ago, the renowned American economist and liberalist J K Galbraith published his seminal work 'The Affluent Society'.
Canadian-born Galbraith, lionised in some quarters as the 'Einstein' of the sometimes arcane world of economics, envisioned a new post-war liberalism, calling for a 'new economics' to reflect the rise of a war-torn world out of austerity and poverty.
With the direction of the US and the world economies at perhaps their biggest post-war crossroads ever, and at a time when the very nature of capitalism is being questioned, it is time for an economic re-think?
With many struggling to repay mortgages, and the global credit crunch biting hard, have we finally come to the end of the 50-year bubble of the US-led economy and Galbraith's socio-economic utopia?
With the collapse of major banks only just avoided recently, some dyed-in-the-wool stock market traders are considering the efficacy of the'system'.
Economists at home and abroad are beginning to consider whether a new 'Galbraithian' 're-boot' is needed.
Dr Stephen Dunn, author of the forthcoming book 'The Economics of John Kenneth Galbraith' (Cambridge University Press, pub. 2009), formerly at Leeds University, and an influential strategy director for the NHS, says it would do no harm to revisit Galbraith's philosophies.
He says: "Galbraith was considered an iconoclast by many economists and a hugely successful bestseller both in the US and Britain, reaching into the homes of the discerning reader on both sides of the Atlantic.
"He rejected the technical complex models of classical economics as being too remote from an economic reality and believed national and global economies could not be dictated by 'written in stone' laws.
"Rather he thought the big picture of world economics was a complex product of the cultural and political mix in which it existed, which defied 'conventional wisdom' - the phrase he coined - or typical economic models.
"In 'The Affluent Society (1958)', and also The Great Crash (1954) he opined, to become successful, post-World War II America should make large investments in items such as highways and education using funds from general taxation among other theories.
"But first and foremost he said economics must have a social relevance to the man on the street.
"Given he had the ear of more than one US president, the book became a best-seller and contributed to Kennedy and Johnson's 'war on poverty' and subsequent government-led public spending programme."
Harvard-educated Galbraith worked on the book while in Switzerland, and had originally titled it The Opulent Society but changed it to The Affluent Society at his wife's suggestion.
In such he wrote: 'The world is a newly affluent place. Economic growth has brought enormous changes to the ways in which the populations of the Western world live.
 'Society's perceptions are highly conservative. People invest heavily in these ideas, and so are heavily resistant to changing them.
 'Then the conventional wisdom quietly dies with its most staunch proponents, to be replaced with a new conventional wisdom.... it is armed with the evidence of recent events which make the current conventional wisdom increasingly untenable.'
 Dr Dunn adds: "Galbraith was a hugely influential figure on shaping and influencing the course of events and intellectual debate over the long twentieth century.
"Those seeking to develop a realist vision of the economy would be wise to further consider his economic and social theory.
"At 6' 8", both in style and physical appearance, he did not conform to the caricature of an ivory tower academic.
"He is principally associated with writing a series of intellectually demanding yet rewarding books aimed at a general readership in order to alert the public to the social consequences of the major transformations in economic structure that were occurring.
"His disdain and sarcastic wit targeted abuses of business power and the sometimes unjust accumulation of private wealth, in the context of poor and underfunded public services.
"Nevertheless many of the tributes and obituaries that followed his death in 2006 identified him principally with a vision of the Post War economy dominated by large bureaucratic corporations, unfettered by the demands of consumers and financiers alike – something unthinkable today.
"In the days that followed his death little serious reflection was given to Galbraith's enduring contributions to economic theorizing and many continue to write him off as a product of his age.
"The conventional reflection noted his colourful life, celebrated his mordant wit and prose, yet generally castigated his obsolete theorizing as without lasting merit.
"But for Galbraith the aim of a socially relevant economics was to be in touch with the great problems of our time. And as times change and history moves on, so must our analysis."
"Galbraith's monetary and financial analysis recognises the 'dark forces of time and uncertainty' and the euphoria and speculation that accompanies institutional evolution.
 "Easier credit checks, lower down payments, longer repayment terms, and other inducements for people to go further and further into debt are permanent are necessary fixtures of the consumer society described in The Affluent Society."
"He recognized the significant economic power held by large firms, and that such power was one of the main reasons for the success of the US economy in the post World War II era.
"But he also saw that this concentration of power also created a range of unintended problems – social and environmental.
"For these reasons he suggested society must counter the power of the large firm and the wealthy, and ensure the provision of those essential goods and services that are underprovided. The state must also use its power to mitigate macroeconomic problems such as financial instability, unemployment, inflation and poverty.
"Especially today, Galbraith's philosophies remain relevant. Individuals do not always act in ways that fulfil their happiness, challenging one of the basic building blocks in conventional economics.
"The recent Nobel Prize winner in economics Daniel Kahneman has shown that individuals do not conform to the rules of economic rationality and make systematic mistakes.
"Likewise, it has become more widely remarked that financial markets are driven by "irrational exuberance" and are not as efficient or rational as the conventional wisdom would have us believe.
"Many are concerned that large firms dominate the setting of prices and wages and shape consumer desires through advertising and marketing and that public goods such as transportation and universal access to health care are essential to social welfare and to economic growth.
"Increasingly in the popular press it is argued that fiscal policy – using government spending and changes in tax rates to stimulate growth – can be effective, but must be channelled to those that need it.
"For all these reasons, the economic contributions of J.K. Galbraith deserve lasting attention."


text:
NTRIP (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol)
NTRIP is a protocol for streaming Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data over the Internet. Based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1. NTRIP began as an RTCM standard designed for disseminating differential correction data (e.g in the RTCM-104 format) or other kinds of GNSS streaming data to stationary or mobile users over the Internet, allowing simultaneous PC, Laptop, PDA, or receiver connections to a broadcasting host.
NTRIP is designed to be an open non-proprietary protocol and has gained wordwide recognition as a useful means of transporting GNSS data.
Wireless Internet services and Mobile IP Networks like GSM, GPRS, EDGE, or UMTS are all quite capable of carrying NTRIP streams.
Major characteristics of Ntrip's dissemination technique are:
- Based on the popular HTTP streaming standard; comparatively easy to implement when having limited client and server platform resources available.
- Application not limited to one particular plain or coded stream content; ability to distribute any kind of GNSS data.
- Potential to support mass usage; disseminating hundreds of streams simultaneously for up to thousand users possible when applying modified Internet Radio broadcasting software.
- Considering security needs; stream providers and users don't necessarily get into contact, streams often not blocked by firewalls or proxyservers protecting Local Area Networks.
- Enables streaming over any mobile IP network because of using TCP/IP.


text:
When we have two variables and want to swap them, we need to be careful about how we do this. We might try to just take what's stored in variable x and assign it to y, then take what's stored in variable y and assign it to x. This would NOT work! If we want to make a swap, we need to make a new variable to temporarily use to help us out. Let's check out some code to break this down:
let x = 110; let y = 101; // attempt with just these two variables x = y; // x is assigned the value 101 y = x; // y is also assigned the value 101
This attempt at swapping with only x and y did not work. We ended up losing 110, which was the original value stored in x, and both our variables ended up storing the value 101! So, now we'll see how using a third variable can help us get the results we want:
let x = 110; let y = 101; let temp = x; // temp is assigned the value 110 x = y; // x is assigned the value 101 y = temp; // y is assigned the value 110
This time it worked! We used the temp variable to store the original value of x so we could get it back later after we reassign x ( let temp = x; ).
Then, we assigned x to hold the value originally stored in y ( x = y; ).
After that, we wanted to get back our original x value which we put in temp and give it to y. To do this, we assign y to hold the value stored in temp ( y = temp; ).
This successfully performed the swap! x started as 110 and ended as 101, and y started as 101 and ended as 110!


text:
The thematic field is dedicated to the conception, development and prototypical implementation of IT-based, everyday assisting applications for home and mobile use.
In the context of demographic change, ifak researches and develops concepts and IT-based solutions for maintaining independence at home into old age.
The ifak develops intelligent assistance systems to support people with impaired mobility in order to maintain their independence even outside of their home into old age.
The thematic field focuses on the design of systems for a secure and intuitive knowledge management of diverse personal, vital and operational data. In order to ensure a consistent exchange of data between all actors involved, the interoperability and standardization of applications, data models and data structures are considered. The activities focus on ease of use, data security and data protection.


text:
bio man page
bio — Barry Input / Output
bio -i [input args] -o [output args] [-o ...]
bio is a command line tool that treats devices, backups, and data streams as input and output. bio supports the following types of IO (actual type name shown in bold):
tar (backup files)
boost (serialization files and streams)
human readable and hex text dump
sha1 sum output
cstore for extracting Content Store records
Each command line consists of at least one input and output option, along with their switches. More than one output can be used, as long as they do not conflict with each other. For example, it is not possible to read and write from the same device PIN.
This tool combines a lot of the functionality of btool, btardump, brecsum, and bs11nread, but does it more flexibly, and improves functionality in some cases, such as Boost archives being able to contain more than one database.
Device Type Options
The device type is used to read or write from a device connected via USB. Some of the options below are valid only in one input or output mode, some in both.
- -d db
Name of database to load, when using the device type as input. Can be used multiple times. See btool -t for a list of databases on the device.
Selects all databases found on the device, instead of adding them manually via the -d option.
- -p pin
PIN of device to talk to. Valid for both input and output. Only needed if you have more than one Blackberry connected at once.
- -P password
Simplistic method to specify device password. In a real application, this would be done using a more secure prompt.
- -w mode
Set write mode when using the device type in output mode. This must be specified, or nothing will be written. Can be one of: erase, overwrite, addonly, addnew.
erase Erases all records from existing database and adds all new records to the device, using their Unique IDs, if available. This is what you would normally use to restore a backup.
overwrite Adds any new records, and for records with Unique IDs that already exist on the device, overwrite them.
addonly Adds any new records, but if a record exists in the device with the same Unique ID, skip that record and don't write it to the device.
addnew Adds all incoming records as brand new records, generating a new Unique ID for each one, and leaving any existing records intact. This may cause data duplication if you're restoring data that initially came from this same device. Use this for copying data from another device, while keeping your existing records.
Tar Type Options
The tar type is used to read or write from a backup file created by btool or the backup GUI.
- -d db
Name of database to load, when using the tar type as input. Can be used multiple times. Note that if no -d options are specified, bio defaults to reading all available databases.
- -f file
The tar backup file to read or write from. Bio uses gzip compressed tar files, so suitable extensions would be.tgz and.tar.gz. Unfortunately, due to internal limitations, an actual file must be specified here, and not - for stdin / stdout.
Boost Type Options
The boost type is used to read and write parsable records in Boost Serialization format. These files were historically written and read by btool and bs11nread. Bio is more flexible, in that it can contain multiple databases in one serialization archive.
- -f file
Filename to read from or write to. Use - to specify stdin or stdout. If not specified for input, defaults to stdin, but since output can contain non-ASCII chars, you must use -f - if you want to write to stdout.
Ldif Type Options
The ldif type is used to read or write ldif output, like the output of the LDAP command line tool ldapsearch.
- -c dn
When using ldif as output, specify the base DN.
- -C dnattr
Again, for output, specify the attribute name to use when building the FQDN.
Mime Type Options
The mime type is used to read or write VCARD, VEVENT, VTODO, or VJOURNAL records based on the Address Book, Calendar, Tasks, or Memos databases respectively.
- -f file
Filename to read from or write to. Defaults to - for stdin or stdout.
Dump Type Options
The dump type is used only for output, and sends human readable record data to stdout. Parsable records are parsed; unknown records are dumped in hex format.
Use hex format for all records.
Show only the names of the databases.
Sha1 Type Options
The sha1 type is used to mimic the behaviour of the brecsum command. It calculates a SHA1 sum on the raw record data and sends the sum to stdout.
Include the DB Name, Type, and Unique record ID in the checksum for each record.
Cstore Type Options
The cstore type is used to parse Content Store records.
List the filenames and folders found in the Content Store database.
- -f file
Select a filename from the above list to extract and save locally. Specify the entire path as shown in the -l list. If the file is found in the device, it will be written to the current directory, using the base filename as the name. If a file by that name exists already, the filename will be modified to avoid overwriting local files.
Displays a detailed summary of command line options.
- -I cs
Set the international charset for string conversions. Valid values here are available with iconv --list
Show list of supported database parsers and builders.
Dump verbose low level protocol data during USB operations, to stdout.
- 1) Backup a full device to tar backup:
bio -i device -A -o tar -f mybackup.tar.gz
- 2) Read a backup file and convert the Address Book to MIME
bio -i tar -f mybackup.tar.gz -d "Address Book" -o mime
- 3) Restore a single database to a device
bio -i tar -f mybackup.tar.gz -d "Address Book" -o device -w erase
- 4) Copy the Calendar from one device to another, and dump
the records to stdout in human readable format at the same time
bio -i device -p 3009efe3 -d Calendar -o device -p 204062f3 -w erase -o dump
- 5) Read LDIF input and convert the contacts to MIME format
ldapsearch -x | bio -i ldif -o mime
- 6) Test the record code by running the Tasks database through
the Boost storage and back to human readable
bio -i device -d Tasks -o dump
bio -i device -d Tasks -o boost -f - | bio -i boost -f - -o dump
bio is part of the Barry project.


text:
Sesame Street Walking Letters was one of the earliest lines of Sesame Street toys, produced by Educational Toys, Inc. (a division of Topper Corp.) in 1971. The sets featured plastic letters that "walked" on little feet down a ramp or across a table.
Big Bird's Basic Walking Letters Set included a ramp and a set of six walking letters.
Big Bird's Blunderproof Walking Letters Set was more elaborate, with twelve correcting keys, 7 letters (C, H, O, M, P, T, A) and a ramp with a box at the end that judged whether a combination of three letters spelled a word correctly. The child playing with the toy selects a picture of a three-letter word, like a cat, or the sun. The child inserts the picture piece into the slot, and then spells the word out with walking letters. If the word is spelled correctly, a figure of Big Bird pops out of the box to reward the child. If the word is spelled incorrectly, the offending letters fall off of the ramp.
The letters were also sold separately.


Sustainability Services
Water Conservation Programs for Commercial Irrigation Management
5 Ways Sustainability Services Can Help You
 1. Execute custom water conservation programs to reduce water use by 50% and achieve a payback within 3 years
 2. Comply with local water restrictions and maximize every watering opportunity to avoid fines for non-compliance
 3. Identify and apply for applicable rebates for each local site
 4. Monitor system alerts to ensure maintenance issues are identified and completed
 5. Limit liability and reduce damage from overwatering


text:
In order to better understand the potential for both policy and technological improvements to aid carbon abatement, long-term historical information on the time-path of transition from more traditional to cleaner fuels is useful. Knowing how this varies by socio-economic, demographic and geographic factors is also crucial in designing targeted policies. This research examines the timing and determinants of residential gas connections at area level within Ireland. We merge a unique dataset on gas network roll-out over time, with other geo-coded data and employ an instrumental variables technique in order to simultaneously model supply and demand. Results indicate a non-linear relationship between the proportion of households using gas as their primary means of central heating and the length of time the network has been in place in each area. Proximity to the gas network, peat bogs, and areas which have banned the consumption of bituminous coal also affect gas connections. Variations in socioeconomic and dwelling characteristics at area level can also help explain connections to the gas network.
Gas network Residential heating Spatial economics Instrumental variables estimation


text:
- Add a Content Editor Web Part to the Main Page of the site.
- Modify the Web Part and click on Source Editor.
- Paste in the following code while changing the URLs to match your target.
- I set the redirect time to 0, but you can set it higher if you like. 1 sec = 1000, 2 sec = 2000, etc.
- Save the code changes.
Redirecting you to the new location. If you are not redirected, click HERE.


Does A Statement Need To Be Signed?
What is a statement of truth?
A statement of truth states that a party believes the facts stated in a document to be true and accurate.
It should be signed either by the party or, in the case of a witness statement, by the maker of the statement..
What evidence is needed for a conviction?
beyond a reasonable doubt." – Not only must the prosecution introduce evidence of guilt, it must prove the defendant's guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt." If the prosecution presents some evidence, but not enough to clearly prove that the defendant committed the crime, the jury should find the defendant not guilty.
How do you write a signed statement?
Tips in Writing an Official Statement LetterBe direct. … Write succinctly, meaning you should be brief.Provide necessary data and supporting details to make it clearer.Use easy to understand words. … Be accurate and factual.Provide a call-to-action, should it be necessary.Proofread and edit.
Is an unsigned witness statement valid?
Overall for most of the Tribunals there is nothing in the rules to say that a witness statement must be signed, therefore judicial discretion is applied if a unsigned witness statement is accepted. … Rule 16(1) empowers the Tribunal to order or require one.
Who can sign the statement of truth?
What happens if I recant my statement?
a prosecutor can still file criminal charges against a defendant, and. if a person recants a statement because it was false or a lie, that person could face criminal consequences.
What does a statement of truth look like?
1. The Statement of Truth will state "I believe the facts stated in this document [for example a statement] are true". Therefore, a person signing it must believe the content of the document is true. … The person signing the Statement of Truth must sign their usual signature and print their full name.
What happens if you lie on a statement of truth?
CPR 32.14 sets out the consequences of submitting a false statement of truth – notably that a party can make an application for proceedings for contempt of court against an individual who makes, or causes to be made, a false statement in a document that has been verified by a statement of truth without possessing an …
Does a police statement have to be signed?
Giving a written statement Once the statement has been written, the police officer will ask you to read it to check it's accurate. You can ask the police officer to read your statement to you. You will be asked to sign the statement to say that it is an accurate account of what you think happened.
Can a statement of truth be signed electronically?
An electronic signature could, for example, be in the form of the following being included next to a statement of truth: a tick box, a printed name, an image of a signature or a digital signature generated by commercial software.
How do you sign off a statement?
How do you write a statement for something that happened at work?
How to Write a Statement on Coworkers ArguingAssess the Situation. Jot down notes about everything that is relevant to the specific incident. … Begin Your Formal Letter. … Address Your Letter. … Write the Body of Your Letter. … Write the Conclusion of Your Letter. … Sign Your Letter. … Include Any Relevant Materials.
How do you convince a prosecutor to drop charges?
Though challenging, you can persuade a prosecutor to dismiss criminal charges for several reasons. The primary reasons are weak evidence, illegally obtained evidence, and procedural and administrative errors. Know, however, that a prosecutor may dismiss or drop a case and then refile it.
What evidence Cannot be used in court?
Can you take back a statement made to police?
If you withdraw your statement, the case might still go to court if the police think they have enough evidence to prosecute the suspect. If you want to withdraw your statement because you're worried about giving evidence, you should tell the police how you feel.
Is a witness statement confidential?
Are witness statements confidential? Not quite. Once your witness statement is served, it may only be used for the legal proceedings for which it is produced. the witness statement has been put into evidence at a hearing to be held in public, ie in open court.
What should be included in a witness statement?
It should contain all of the evidence that you want the court to have about the case and the reasons why you want the judge to make certain orders or directions. A witness statement should be factual and state what was seen, heard or felt by the person writing the statement.
How do you begin a statement?
Start with why you chose it, then try and summarise this in one or two sentences. Be original and refer to personal experiences as a way to draw attention. Avoid overused opening sentences, quotes and clichés like 'when I was young…' They want to know about you now, not your childhood or Shakespeare!
Can I withdraw my victim statement?
If you're a victim or prosecution witness, you can ask the Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) to see your statement again before you go to court to refresh your memory. You can add things to your statement if you remember them later on, but you cannot withdraw it.
Can a written statement be used as evidence?
Usually a written statement has to be notarized in order to be used in court. However, if there is a trial then the person would have to be present to testify and be cross-examined by the other side.
Is a witness statement enough to convict?
Witnesses are evidence. Their evidence is eyewitness testimony. The rule says that one witness is enough to convict, if the jury believes that witness. … People have been convicted of crimes on the testimony of a single witness without any physical evidence.


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The code to check the dropdown list is more or less the same as for radio buttons. Here it is:
The only difference is in the IF Statement. Between the round brackets we have the following:
Dropdown lists have a selected property at the end. This means whether an item was selected from the list or not. Again, we're looping over all of the items. Whichever item was chosen will be placed in the variable called chosen. But it's the value property we want to place in the variable. This gets you the text of the item on the list.
We want to detect if the user has left it on the default option of "None". If so, it's an error and we can ask the user to try again.
Test your code out. Don't select an item from the list. When you click the submit button you should see this:
Select an item and then click the button again. The error message will vanish.


text:
This blog posts explores some questions behind an article written by Levy Yeyati and Pienknagura – Wage compression and the decline in inequality in Latin America: Good or bad?". We summarise the authors claims behind the decline in Latin American income inequality, and explain whether the decline is good or bad for Latin America.
The authors claim that there are 3 possible factors behind the decline in Latin American income inequality: increasing access to education, a decline in the demand for skill-intensive industries or a worsening of the educational system. Before we analyse these effects, it is important to note that the compression of the educational premium only accounts for half of the decline in inequality, so other factors must also be involved. [...]


text:
Microlaze, a system for automated laser micromachining, is the main tool used to construct the kit of parts.
Based on a G-code file translated from a DXF file, this system can cut or score a variety of materials.
Details of how it is used to make the parts can be found in the construction kit part recipes section.
fixture is the addtional tool needed (besides the Microlaze system
mentioned above) to fabricate the hollow, triangular cross section,
stainless steel beam kit components.
is the tool at the heart of the automation process. It is used to
perform the automated or semi-automated dexterous manipulation of the
construction kit parts into their final 2D configuration.
Hardware Manual for Constructing the Ortho-tweezers


What is the difference between the Express and Comprehensive Diagnostic modes?
The express diagnostic checks every device on you laptop once to determine how much power it consumes, the comprehensive diagnostic checks three times. Testing multiple times improves the accuracy of the results generated from the diagnostic. We recommend that you try a comprehensive diagnostic as it will give you better results for future use of the product.
Sorry this did not help. What problem are you experiencing?
Great! Thanks for the feedback.
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Can patient safety improvement still learn from the aviation industry?
How can we tackle healthcare staff burnout?
What is the link between staff burnout and patient care?
Burnout and wellbeing in mental healthcare staff: Our review
It was an article that started life as a conversation. We sat around a table in March 2016, discussing mental healthcare staff wellbeing. Someone pointed out the increase in burnout they had seen in mental… View Post


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Sweden's energy minister, Maud Olofsson, announced yesterday that the country would install 2,000 wind turbines over the next decade that would add to 10 terawatt hours of clean energy per year.
The country is also aiming to have 50 percent of its electricity come from renewable sources by 2020. To reach that goal, Sweden will be adding another 15 TWh of renewable energy from sources like solar power and biofuels in addition to the wind power.
Sweden already gets 20 percent of its energy needs from renewable sources, mainly hydroelectricity plants, so the 50 percent mark will not be impossible for them to reach.
written by April, March 04, 2010
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Enter a URL
In the digital landscape, websites are interconnected through a vast network of links, forming the backbone of the internet. As a website owner or digital marketer, it's essential to have a clear understanding of the number of links present on your website. This is where the Website Links Count Checker comes into play. It is a valuable tool that enables you to determine the number of links on your website, providing insights into its structure, navigation, and SEO performance. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the Website Links Count Checker, understand its significance, and learn how to utilize it effectively. Get ready to unveil the number of links on your website with the power of the Website Links Count Checker!
Website links serve as pathways that connect web pages, enabling users to navigate between different pages and explore related content. Links are vital for various reasons:
Navigation: Links facilitate easy navigation, allowing visitors to move seamlessly across different pages within a website.
User Experience: Well-structured links enhance user experience by providing clear pathways and logical flow between pages.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Links play a crucial role in SEO, influencing search engine rankings and helping search engines understand the relevance and relationships between web pages.
What is the Website Links Count Checker?
The Website Links Count Checker is a tool designed to determine the number of links present on a website. It provides a comprehensive count of both internal links (links within the same domain) and external links (links pointing to other domains). By using the Website Links Count Checker, you can gain insights into the link structure of your website and make informed decisions to improve its navigation, user experience, and SEO performance.
How Does the Website Links Count Checker Work?
The Website Links Count Checker operates by scanning the HTML source code of web pages within a given website. It identifies and counts all the anchor tags (
) that contain valid URLs, representing the links on the website. The tool then presents the total count of internal and external links separately, allowing you to analyze the link distribution.
Using the Website Links Count Checker
To determine the number of links on your website using the Website Links Count Checker, follow these simple steps:
Checking the Links Count
Analyzing the Results
Interpreting the Link Count
When using the Website Links Count Checker, the results may reveal the following insights:
Enhancing Your Website's Link Structure
Based on the results obtained from the Website Links Count Checker, you can take actions to optimize your website's link structure:
Internal Linking: Ensure that your website has a logical and well-structured internal linking system. Link important pages together to enhance navigation and user experience.
Broken Links: Regularly check for and fix broken links on your website. Broken links can negatively impact user experience and SEO performance.
Link Relevancy: Evaluate the relevancy and context of your links. Ensure that the anchor text and destination URLs accurately reflect the content they point to.
External Link Quality: Assess the quality and relevance of external links on your website. Linking to reputable and authoritative sources can enhance your website's credibility.
Link Diversity: Aim for a diverse range of links, both internal and external. A balanced link profile contributes to a healthy and natural website structure.
Frequently Asked Questions about Website Links Count Checker
Website links are clickable elements that connect web pages, allowing users to navigate between different pages within a website or to external websites. They are represented by anchor tags (
) in HTML code.
Knowing the number of links on a website is important for several reasons:
The Website Links Count Checker scans the HTML source code of web pages and counts all anchor tags (
) that contain valid URLs. It distinguishes between internal links (within the same domain) and external links (pointing to other domains) to provide a comprehensive link count.
While the Website Links Count Checker itself does not directly improve SEO performance, the insights obtained from analyzing the link count can inform SEO strategies. It helps in identifying areas for improvement, such as optimizing internal linking, fixing broken links, or ensuring link relevancy.
The Website Links Count Checker is a useful tool, but it has some limitations:
The frequency of checking the link count depends on the size and activity of your website. It is recommended to periodically check the link count, especially after making significant changes to the website's structure or content. Regularly monitoring the link countcan help you identify any issues and ensure that your website's link structure remains optimized.
The Website Links Count Checker is a valuable tool that provides insights into the number of links on your website. By understanding the link count, you can evaluate your website's structure, improve navigation, enhance user experience, and optimize your SEO efforts. Regularly checking the link count and taking appropriate actions based on the results can contribute to the overall success of your website. Harness the power of the Website Links Count Checker to unlock the potential of your website's link structure and elevate its performance in the digital realm.


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In the making guide we mention 'nodes' as a good idea if you want to create more complex 3D designs. But what is a node and how do you create a good one?
A node is typically used if your design has multiple parts that need to join together either by slotting or with a tab and hole joint.
Nodes are little bumps located in the slots or on tabs in your product that are there to help compensate for material thickness variations and the laser kerf. This idea is they compress when a product is assembled providing friction at points rather than along the whole surface of the slot. This means the slot can be fractionally wider at the opening allowing the pieces to be slotted together easily but still create a snug joint.
Finding the right balance between easy to put together but tight when assembled is no mean feat and is probably quite subjective. What I find easy to put together, some people don't. It's best to get a few people to have a go putting your design together if you intend to sell it as a flat pack item.
So what is the key for a successful node?
Symmetry – It's best to have nodes on both sides of a slot mirroring each other. This will minimize any potential twisting that might occur if nodes are offset.
Shape – A gentle curve works well. Something that leads on easily but provides good friction when it's on.
Multiple sets – If the length of the slot allows, you can have two or more sets of nodes. Again will minimize any twisting that might want to happen. Have one pair near the start of the slot and one about halfway between the middle and the end of the slot.
Length of the node – The longer the node the gentler the curve which seems to make the pieces easier to slide on and off. The minimum length of the node should be approximately 0.2in or 5mm.
Width of the node – This will depend on the material you are using. If the material is dense, like MDF, and has little compression then the nodes should be shallow about 0.01in or 0.2mm each. So taking into account of nodes on both sides of the slot, that allows for 0.02in or 0.4mm in variation. If the material is less dense, like Eurolite Poplar, and therefore can compress more then you can use a bigger node, 0.02in or 0.5mm. It might pay to test a few different sizes in some mock ups (like the examples below) before committing to your full design to test exactly what will work with the material you wish to use.
This information will work best with the plywood and timbers offered on Ponoko. The timbers tend to be a lot more forgiving when creating interlocking designs whereas Acrylic can be brittle and a bit trickier to work with. I'll go into more detail about plastic joints in a later post.
Below are diagrams of the experiment I did to illustrate the differences in node types with a video showing the physical results.
Now this information is to be used as a guide to help you reduce the number of prototypes needed when creating products with Ponoko. It should be used in conjunction with the information on the laser kerf in a previous post to help make a best guess at how to design your joints. Feel free to be creative with nodes and let us know any successes or failures so we can learn from them.


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Sobre el uso de los procesos sinópticos objetivos y los modelos meteorológicos a alta resolución para el estudio de los patrones circulatorios a escala regional
Document typeExternal research report
Rights accessOpen Access
This contribution describes the methodology developed for the automatic classification of what are called the Objective Synoptic Processes (OSP), which is based in the analysis of the evolution, during three days, of surface pressure and geopotencial height at 500 hPa. The procedure has been applied over an appropriate domain covering the Iberian Peninsula to obtain OSP for the period July-August. Next, for a characteristic day for some of the OSP, a mesoscale meteorological model has been run at high resolution for the region of Catalonia in order to describe the circulatory patterns associated to a given synoptic situation.


Friday, February 22, 2013
How to estimate earthwork construction period.
How to estimate the duration required to complete Earthwork Excavation? Estimation on the numbers of days required to complete the task by utilisation of machinery does not required complex calculation. All it take is simple mathematics and some knowledge on the efficiency of machine capability. Below is an example of the calculation.
1. Quantity of the Earthwork Excavation = 1000 cu.m.
2. The machinery needed = Excavator and Lorries
 Assumption : 1 no. of Excavator and 1 no. of lorry required.
 : Excavator need 3 minutes to make a cycle of excavation works.
 : Excavator Capacity = 1.5 cu.m
 : Lorries capacity = 10 ton
 : Lorry need 5 minutes to make a cycle of transportation.
 : Specific Gravity of the earth = 2.7
Base on the assumption, the calculation is as follows;
 a) Duration required to fill a 10 ton lorry
 : 10 ton lorry bucket capacity = 10/2.7 = 3.7 cu.m
 : cycle require to fill the lorry bucket = 3.7/1.5 = 2.4666 Cycle or 3 cycle.
 : hence, time required for filling the lorry = 3 cycle X 3 minutes = 9 minutes
 b) Duration required for lorry to complete a cycle of transporting and unloading =5 minutes
 : Therefore total time taken for one cycle of earthwork = 9 minutes + 5 minutes = 14 minutes.
 : 14 minutes is required to complete 3.7 cu.m of earthwork.
 c) Duration required to complete 1000 cu.m earthwork;
 : 1000 cu.m / 3.7 cu.m = 270.27 cycle = 271 cycle.
 : hence, time require to complete 1000 cu.m earthwork = 271 cycle X 14 Minutes = 3794 minutes
 d) Number of working hours per day = 8 hours
 e) Convert the Duration in minutes into days;
 : 3794/ (8 X 60) = 7 days.
Therefore total number of days to complete the 1000 cu.m of earthwork (cutting and cart away for a short distance) by utilised 1 number of excavator and 1 number of 10 ton lorry is 7 days. Hence your construction period is only 7 days. However this example is excluding number of unworkable day due to rain.
If the number of lorry is going to be increase to 2 then some correction can be make to the duration required to complete the whole cycle by by 5 minutes. this is because the waiting time for the excavator can be reduce by 2.5 minutes each for both lorry. Therefore the complete cycle can be consider as 9 minutes only.
With this free example hope that you will have nice time to plan for your earthwork construction.
 1. Aero Bina, thanks for the explanation. Can you also show work estimate for formwork & concreting as well. Thanks
 2. Anonymous, Thanks for the comments? How do you rate the information publish on this blog? As per Formwork & Concreting, I will include it in my post As soon as possible.
 I wish if you could state how do you want me to address yourself instead of being appeared as anonymous. Once again Thank you for your support.


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Hello, This is regarding Multi-crrier IM measurement for GSM Base station. I am using MXA (N9020A) for this measurement. ACP mode under spectrum Analyzer is used for this measurement. Noticed thata there two methods for the ACP measurment, IBW method and RBW method. What are the differnce between them. Can somebody point me some literature on this?. Is this ACP method valid only for WCDMA and LTE?. I mean is this ACP screen is valid for measuring GSM multi-carrier IM?. For the following configuration 6 GSM carriers and the offset is 2.8 MHz. IBW method with IBW of 100 KHz, RBW/VBW 100 KHz Span 25 MHz. I am sseeing a spike in the 2.8 MHz offset (around 5 dB higher than nornal IM signal) with ACP screen. But with normal swept SA method with above seetings, the spike is not there. Just wondering is this ACP method adding anything.
The difference between the Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) method and Integrated Bandwidth (IBW) method is that the RBW method tunes to each offset and sets the resolution bandwidth to a value close to the bandwidth of the offset and sweeps the offset in zero span. The average power is then computed from the time domain trace and the relative power to the carrier is calculated.
The integrated bandwidth method integrates the power in each of the offsets and calculates the relative power to the carrier. The integration technique is discussed in detail in App Note 1303.
This RBW method is primarily used for cdmaOne and cdma2k where there is a 30 kHz offset close to the carrier. This offset is small relative to the span so the IBW method variance is large due to the small number of trace points in this narrow offset. The IBW method is recommended in almost all other cases including WCDMA and LTE.
I would also recommend the N9071A GSM/Edge application which has been updated to handle multi-carrier signals and automates these measurement. More information is available here:
Hello, Thanks for the reply. I do have N9071A-3FP installed in my MXA. The version is 1.3.48804.23899. Is it latest?
Regarding the Multi-Carrier IM measurement, I am using the ACP screen in the SA mode. I have 6 GSM carriers spaced at 2.8 MHz. In the "offset limits" tab, I am entering offset freq as 2.8 MHz (I am interested only for offset A=2.8 MHz). There are two options for measuremnt, IBW and RRC Weighted. What is the "RRC Weighted method"? As per 3GPP method, The IM productes should be measured in 100 KHz RBW and the carrier also at 100 KHZ RBW. So, I am selecting 100 KHz as IBW. Under the offset BW, I am selecting RBW=100 KHz and VBW=100 KHz. Is this set up correct?. I am confused about the IBW and RBW settings here. Appreciate your help.