text:
- Must be a direct quote from Scripture by a person or entity
- Must be of a reasonable length and not exceed two verses
- The quizzer does not have to quote the quotation word perfect, but at least all key components are required
- Permissible interrogatives are: who said it, to whom, how, why, when, where or about whom.
- A maximum of three situation questions may be asked about the quote (e.g. at most 3 of the interrogatives)
- The quote must start either at the beginning of a quote or at the beginning of a sentence within a quote.
- Syntax: "Question number two is a situation question, I need to know who said it and how, question number two, question, "The virgin will be with child..."
- The best way to prepare for situation questions is to make a list of all quotations, along with answers to each of the possible interrogatives.
- Keep in mind that if a quotation has a more distinctive "how" or a "when" the quizmaster is more likely to ask those. Keep in mind that quizmasters are more likely to write situation questions on memorable quotations. Keep in mind that if a quotation has a distinctive "when" or "where" it's pretty unlikely for a quizmaster to ask that situation question and not require the "when" or "where." This can be helpful for distinguishing between similar quotations. In all of this, remember that these are guidelines and likelihoods, and not requirements of the quizmaster.


text:
The laws governing the National Park were laid down in 1980, and define the purpose of the Park's existence as follows:
«The Swiss National Park is a reserve in which nature is protected from any human interference, and in particular the entire fauna and flora are left to develop naturally.»
The law provides the framework for the protection of the National Park. Detailed regulations covering the aims of protection, paths, prohibitions and penalties are laid down within the cantonal ordinance.
Download (in German): Nationalparkgesetz
Download (in German): Nationalparkordnung

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A Bloody Mary is a popular cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and usually other spices or flavorings such as Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, beef consommé or bouillon, horseradish, celery, salt, black pepper, cayenne pepper, lemon juice, and celery salt.
Preparation and serving
A Bloody Mary, as well as the non-alcoholic Virgin Mary, is commonly served in the morning (as are mimosas and screwdrivers).
While there is not much complexity in mixing vodka and tomato juice, more elaborate versions of the drink have become trademarks of the bartenders who make them. A common garnish is a celery stalk when served in a tall glass, often over ice. A beer chaser may also be served with the Bloody Mary, although this varies from region to region.
Bloody Mary recipe courtesy of the New York School of Bartending:
- 1 oz. to 1 1/2 oz.vodka in a Highball glass filled with ice.
- Fill glass with tomato juice
- 1 dash celery salt
- 1 dash ground black pepper
- 1 dash Tabasco
- 2-4 dashes of Lea & Perrin's Worcestershire sauce
- 1/8 tsp. horseradish (pure, never creamed)
- Dash of lemon or lime juice
Garnish with celery stalk.
May be shaken vigorously or stirred lazily, as desired. Garnish with a celery stalk; a skewer of olives, pickles, carrots, mushrooms, or other vegetables; or even meat or fish (salami, shrimp, etc.) and cheese (see photos). Occasionally, pickled asparagus spears or pickled beans are also used.
Prepackaged Bloody Mary mixes that combine the spicy, non-alcoholic components of a Bloody Mary are commercially available.
Variations in alcohol
- Bloody Philip
- Thailand Lao Khao (literally white liquor} 80 proof, rice distilled, replacing vodka in equal measure
- Bloody Bishop
- Sherry in equal measure to vodka
- Bloody Fairy, Red Fairy
- Absinthe replacing the vodka.
- Bloody Geisha
- Sake replacing vodka.
- Bloody Maria
- Tequila replacing vodka.
- Brown Mary or Whiskey Mary
- Whiskey replacing the vodka.
- Bloody Pirate
- Dark rum replacing vodka.
- Bloody Scotsman
- Scotch replacing vodka.
- Bloody Maureen
- Guinness replacing vodka.
- Michelada Clementina (or simply "Chelada")
- Mexican beer replacing vodka, usually flavored with a couple of dashes of Worcestershire sauce and Maggi Sauce and Tabasco sauce. Usually the proportion of beer equals the tomato juice.
- Ruddy Mary
- Gin replacing vodka.
- Red Eye, Calgary Red Eye, or Saskatchewan Red Eye
- Beer replacing vodka, usually in a 50/50 mixture with Clamato in place of the tomato juice.
- Red Eye
- 1 Pint Glass, 1 Shot Of Vokda, Filled Half Way With Beer, Then Topped Up With Tomato Juice, Then An Egg Cracked In (DO NOT STIR) Then Drunk.
- Red Hammer
- Through the 1950s in the north eastern USA, while vodka was scarce, gin instead of vodka was known as a Bloody Mary; once vodka became readily available in those regions, the traditional vodka-based Bloody Mary was known as a Red Hammer for a time
- Virgin Mary, Bloody Shame, or Bloody Virgin
- Without alcohol; the second term is commonly used in Australia.
Variations in mixers
- Bloody Bull
- Beef bouillon and tomato juice. The drink originated at Brennan's restaurant in New Orleans and is served at Commander's Palace as well as other Brennan Family Restaurants.
- Bull Shot
- Beef bouillon or beef consommé in place of tomato juice. It may also contain salt, pepper, lemon juice, Tabasco sauce and Worcestershire sauce.
- Caesar, Bloody Caesar, or Clammy Mary
- Clamato replacing tomato juice, much more popular in Canada than the traditional Bloody Mary.
- Bloody Eight or Eight Ball
- V8 replacing tomato juice, or a mixture, usually equal parts
- Harry's Original
The original Bloody Mary created at Harry's New York Bar in Paris, was only vodka and tomato juice
Variation in drink format
- Frozen Bloody Mary
- Placed in a blender with ice.
- Flaming Bloody Mary
- A small amount of 151 rum is floated on top and a string hangs outside the glass and is ignited for a cold weather drink.
- Flaming, Frozen Bloody Mary
- A frozen Bloody Mary is topped with 151 rum and ignited. Also called "Bloody Fire and Ice". (Note be sure to use a ceramic mug to avoid shattered glass)
- Bloodless Mary
- Without tomato juice
- Bleeding Mary
- Without tomato juice, 1:1 Tabasco to vodka.
- Screaming Emo
- Traditional Bloody Mary, but with a habanero pepper added to it for more heat.
- Screw Mary
- Equal parts vodka, orange juice, and tomato juice or V8, spiced to taste.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Logo of Phnom Penh Post newspaper Phnom Penh Post - Administrative Officer
Administrative Officer
Cambodia Climate Change Alliance - Phase 3
The Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA)-Phase 3 is a multi-donor initiative funded by EU, Sweden, and UNDP with a comprehensive and innovative approach to address climate change in Cambodia. The overall objective is to strengthen national systems and capacities to support the coordination and implementation of Cambodia's climate change response, contributing to a greener, low carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable and knowledge-based society. The specific objective is to contribute to the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2023.
Job Title:
Contract Type:
Administrative Officer
Contract Staff
One year with possibility of extension
Please visit ុ_URL_ or contact the Department of Climate Change for detailed TORs.
To apply, please send a cover letter and a curriculum vitae including names of three referees to the following address:
The Department of Climate Change (DCC), the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development (GSSD), c/o Ministry of Environment (MoE)
MorodokTecho Building, Lot 503, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel: _PHONE_/089 887 884
E-mail: [email protected] / Website: _URL_
Closing date: 22 January 2021 (17:00)


text:
Facing Obstacles to Solve Them
"I am here to learn how I can make a difference," shared Aung San Suu Kyi who offered the keynote address of the Summit.
"Imposing assistance on people with intellectual disabilities is not the correct approach. It is they who really know their own needs and who are best placed to shape their own futures. They should be given the opportunity to participate in decision-making and to be active in their communities."
The Summit discussed the obstacles faced by people with intellectual disabilities. In every community around the world, people with intellectual disabilities and their families face stigma and stereotype that results in low expectations for what they can accomplish and apathy and ignorance that limits their access to health care, education, housing, and employment.
They also experience a lack of protection under the law that denies them their humanity, robs them of their dignity, subjects them to poverty and abuse, and threatens their freedom to participate as full and equal members of society.


DataDOMEventObject Interface
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DataDOMEventObject Interface (Microsoft.Office.Interop.InfoPath.SemiTrust)
An event object that is used during Microsoft Office InfoPath 2007 data validation events.
Namespace: Microsoft.Office.Interop.InfoPath.SemiTrust
Assembly: Microsoft.Office.Interop.InfoPath.SemiTrust (in
public interface DataDOMEventObject : DataDOMEvent, DocActionEvent, DocReturnEvent,
The DataDOMEvent object provides a number of properties and a method that can be used within a data validation event to programmatically interact with the data that is being validated and to provide a response if the data is not valid.
The DataDOMEvent object is passed as a parameter to the OnBeforeChange, the OnValidate, and the OnAfterChange events
The OnValidate event can occur without a change in the form's underlying XML document.
The DataDOMEvent object is used to get information about the XML Document Object Model (DOM) node that is being changed, and it also provides a property for getting a reference to a form's underlying XML document. In addition, it provides properties for handling the change in data, including rejecting the change and creating an error message.
The DataDOMEvent object is passed as an argument to one of the data validation event handlers. Its properties and method are only available during the event that it is passed to.
In the following example, the DataDOMEvent object is used to check the value of the node using the Site property. If the data validation fails, the ReportError method is used to create a custom error.
[InfoPathEventHandler(MatchPath="/my:myFields/my:field1", EventType=InfoPathEventType.OnValidate)]
public void field1_OnValidate(DataDOMEvent e)
if(e.Site.text!= "")
 int quantity = int.Parse(e.Site.text.ToString());
 if(quantity > 50)
 e.ReportError(e.Site, "Invalid quantity. The total number of each type of block cannot exceed 50.", false, "", 2,"modeless");
 if(quantity < 0)
 e.ReportError(e.Site, "Invalid quantity. The total number of each type of block cannot be less than 0.", false,"", 2,"modeless");
© 2015 Microsoft


Community Speaker Series Presents Nicholas Epley on 4/20
Presented by The Community Speaker Series, D181 and D86.
Nicholas Epley: Mindwise – A Guide to Understanding the Minds of Others
You are a mind reader, born with an extraordinary ability to understand what others think, feel, believe, want and know. It's a sixth sense you use each day in every professional and personal relationship—but how well do you really know what your coworkers, employees, competitors or customers want or are thinking? How good are you at knowing the minds of others? How well can you guess what others think of you, your business or your product? In this illuminating exploration of one of the great mysteries of the human mind, University of Chicago award-winning psychologist Nicholas Epley introduces audiences to what scientists have learned about our ability to understand the most complicated puzzle on the planet—other people—and the surprising mistakes we often make. Why are we sometimes blind to the minds of others? Why do we so routinely believe that others think, feel and want what we do, when in fact they do not? In his presentation modeled after his book, Mindwise, Epley will not turn other people into open books, but will give you the wisdom to revolutionize how you think about them—and yourself.
Date: Tuesday, April 20, 2021
Time: 7:00 – 8:15 p.m.
Format: Zoom Webinar
Register: Click here or visit
For more information, please see attached flyer.


text:
Thinking Like Non-Lawyers: Why Empathy is a Core Lawyering Skill and Why Legal Education Should Change to Reflect its ImportanceJournal of the Association of Legal Writing Directors (2011)
AbstractThis article is an exploration of some of the issues raised by the recent Carnegie Report on legal education, and contains a recommendation that law schools change the way they teach especially first year law students in order to make them more empathetically aware of the circumstances by which the court opinions they study arose and the effects those opinions will have on others. This recommendation is made not just because it will make students better people, but also because it will make them better lawyers; the article analyses in depth the dangers inherent in an overemphasis on the "logical" form of analysis taught in law schools, especially when lawyers attempt to communicate with non-lawyers, something they do all the time. It also offers specific proposals to help ameliorate the dangers of an over-emphasis on "thinking like a lawyer." Although the article is written primarily from a litigation perspective, it makes clear that these dangers arise in all branches of lawyering practice.
Citation InformationIan Gallacher. "Thinking Like Non-Lawyers: Why Empathy is a Core Lawyering Skill and Why Legal Education Should Change to Reflect its Importance" Journal of the Association of Legal Writing Directors Vol. 8 (2011)
Available at: _URL_


text:
Definition of acetabular
a. - Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform. 2
The word "acetabular" uses 10 letters: A A A B C E L R T U.
No direct anagrams for acetabular found in this word list.
Adding one letter to acetabular does not form any other word in this word list.Words within acetabular not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from acetabular by changing one letter
Browse words starting with acetabular by next letter


For eye care professionals
Measure the Difference with Visioffice X
08 April 2020
Measuring your patients' vision is the very core of your optical practice, so it's important that it is done to a high standard.
Measuring your patients' vision is the very core of your optical practice, so it's important that it is done to a high standard. Visioffice X is a measuring system that can do so much more for your practice, offering a chance to reinvent the patient experience. Creating a more engaging visit to the optician, a routine eye examination can suddenly become much more interesting thanks to installing Visioffice X.
Advanced technology in the optical industry can make it much easier for you to dispense the right lenses, based on patients' individual needs. Considering a device like Visioffice X could bring a number of benefits to your practice, both for you as the optician carrying out the measurements, and the patient.
Interactive process
Visioffice X includes the patient in the measuring process, allowing them to play an active part in the examination. This encourages each patient to be more involved in understanding their eye health and current vision capabilities.
With visual and audio guidance, the patient is guided through the process alongside the optician. Through this, Visioffice X can deliver greater analysis and understanding both for the patient and for you, where previously they may not have understood the impact of their behaviour on what lenses are best suited.
This can create a greater appreciation for the eye measuring process.
Improved accuracy
Visioffice X has been designed with multiple cameras in order to provide heightened precision, offering a measuring system like no other. With an accuracy of 1/10 of a degree, the device can offer incredibly precise results.
Markers on the frames, worn by the patient during the process, allow for further analysis of the patient's natural posture, taking into account natural behaviour during the measurement process.
As each eye is unique, Visioffice X allows you to measure each eye separately, which makes a big difference in achieving accurate and relevant results to dispense the right lenses.
Personalised service
The ability to measure patients' vision so accurately means that each patient walking into your practice receives a completely personalised service. Providing measurements and advice tailored to their specific behaviour and needs, Visioffice X helps you to recommend lenses based on precise results.
This can help you to deliver optimal visual comfort for your patients, confident in the knowledge you have provided them with lenses that suit their exact vision requirements.
Patient loyalty
In the long run, Visioffice X can offer an impressive service to your patients, transforming their experience in visiting an optician. In turn, they will be more receptive to your advice thanks to a better understanding of the process. What's more, they may be more likely to come back to you for future examinations and other services.
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text:
Lesson plans, interactive activities, and other resources to help students learn about and explore our solar system
Because the sole source of the Moon's heat is derived from its illumination by the Sun, its mean temperature would be about that of the Earth except for the lack of atmosphere. Its extremes are very different. The Moon's surface at its equator can reach 130° C (266° F), but it cools off rapidly and by dawn descends to -173° C ( -280° F) - a range extending from above the temperature of boiling water to that of liquid air. These extremes are, however, attained only in the lunar "tropics" and only on the surface exposed to outer space. Because of the insulating properties of surface material, the effects of the daily heat or cold wave do not penetrate deeper than about half a meter (half a yard). Thermal radiation from these depths in the radio spectrum remains constant day and night and corresponds to a mean temperature of about -30° C ( -22° F).
Appears in This Collection


ecuador Print this page
Cuy in the realm of cuisine is both its most obvious and common usage in the Andes. Foreign visitors to Ecuadorian and Peruvian cities are often struck by the sights, sounds, and smells of roast cuy being sold on the streets just as hot dogs are sold in the United States. Live cuys are sold at markets, and restaurants often feature an assortment of cuy dishes. Methods of preparation include but are certainly not limited to: broiling, usually with an oil or lard glaze; roasting; frying, known as chactado or frito which involves hammering the meat first; in soups or broths, called locro de cuy; boiled or chanka de conejo; and barbequed, prepared by and for the community and locally called pachamanca. Upper class dining establishments have begun to sophisticate traditional methods of preparation by incorporating the meat into foreign dishes such as cuy fricassee or cuy casseroles, but roasted cuy is almost universally accepted to be the best way to eat it. Supposedly roast cuy best showcases the best qualities of the cuy: sweet, smoky, aesthetically pleasing, a homogeneous temperature, and served whole. Roast cuy is also the most labor intensive means of preparation, limiting its consumption to special occasions and celebrations. To be served roasted cuy in an Andean household is to be honored with particular distinction, equivalent to killing the "fatted calf" in English idiom. [A lyric in a popular Quechuan folk song is "Hey old lady, if you want me to be your son-in-law, open your door and serve me a whole cuy."]
Just as there are a variety of ways to cook cuy, the best method of slaughter is disagreed upon and varies by region. A quick neck breaking is considered by many to be the most humane and leave the best tasting meat. In Ecuador, the butcher presses the head forward, resulting in a quick death and conservation of most of the blood. Other methods include cutting the throat, used primarily in Bolivia and parts of Peru, and asphyxia, common in Colombia. However, cutting the throat is condemned for allowing too much blood to escape the meat leaving it dry and flavorless, and asphyxia supposedly pains the cuy an excessive amount. Regardless of the means of death, the cuy is then submerged in boiling water for a few seconds, skinned, and eviscerated.
No matter how the cuy is killed or prepared, it is always eaten with the hands and fingers – never a fork and knife. This practice leaves a tell-tale sweet smell on the fingers of the eater called tufo, making it difficult to explain a night of cuy eating and beer drinking with the boys to a waiting wife. Cuy is almost always accompanied by beer and potatoes, but of course each restaurant and region prides itself on its own special means of cooking the cuy itself: La Namorina in Peru is famous for fried cuy; Chola Flora in Bolivia serves boiled cuy; and in Ecuador many restaurants astound guests with broiled cuy turned on a spit. Ceremonially, cuy is treated as a food marking special occasions or transitions from one stage of life to the next. Examples of household or community cuy feasts include marriages, christenings, a boy's first haircut, to request a favor, and to negotiate courtships and marriages between two families. Of late, gatherings centered around cuy have been extended to incorporation into street fairs or fundraising for non-profit organizations.
Recipe for Roasted Cuy
For 2-3 large animals; serves 4-6
2 red onions, chopped
4 cloves of garlic, chopped
2 tsp cumin
1 tsp white pepper
2 tsp of salt
2 tablespoons water
2 tablespoons oil
annatto [for coloring]
Mix ingredients well and spread over the inside and outside of the animal. Allow to marinate for up to one day to allow flavors to meld. Before roasting, remove excess marinade to avoid scalding. The spit should be inserted into the back part of the animal and exit from the jaw. Once on the stick, tie the front and back feet, stretching out the legs. Put on grill, turning manually. Continue to apply lard to the skin to avoid drying out the meat. The cuy is ready when the skin is close to bursting. Serve with boiled potatoes sprinkled with coriander, chilies, and the following peanut sauce. If your community is especially progressive, rice may be substituted for the potatoes.
Peanut Dipping Sauce
2 tablespoons lard
annatto coloring
2 white onions, chopped
2 cloves garlic
pinch of cumin
1 large cup of roasted and ground coffee with peanuts
3 ½ cups milk
Fry onions until golden brown, then add other ingredients. Cook at low heat for at least half an hour.
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st: Increase speed of -replaceFrom "" <>
To "" <>
Subject st: Increase speed of -replaceDate Thu, 8 May 2008 12:31:52 -0700
I am looking for a way to increase the speed of -replace-. I have a
long string variable consisting of several words that should be
reduced to a shorter string, depending on the text in each
observation. The problem can be reproduced with the auto data. Assume
that we want to replace the text in the variable "make" by a single
word. Assume further that the text we are looking for (e.g. "Chev.")
is not necessarily at the beginning of the string but that it can be
anywhere in the variable. My solution is shown below but it is slow
with more than 200 -replacecommands and about 150,000 observations.
Is there a faster solution?
sysuse auto
replace make = "AMC" if strpos(make,"AMC")>0
replace make = "Buick" if strpos(make,"Buick")>0
replace make = "Cadillac" if strpos(make,"Cad.")>0
replace make = "Chevrolet" if strpos(make,"Chev.")>0
replace make = "Dodge" if strpos(make,"Dodge")>0
* For searches and help try:
* For searches and help try:


STH-10 - Sales Tax Holiday - Qualifying Computers
A computer is defined as a central processing unit (CPU), along with various other components including monitor, keyboard, mouse, cables to connect components, and preloaded software. While the CPU may be purchased separately, other items must be part of a bundled computer package in order to be eligible.
Items excluded from the holiday are individual computer parts, such as monitors, keyboards, speakers, and scanners when not sold in conjunction with a CPU; individually purchased software or other software not part of a preloaded software package on the initial purchase of a computer; storage media, such as diskettes and compact disks; handheld electronic schedulers; personal digital assistants (PDAs); e-readers, video game consoles; and computer printers and supplies for printers, such as paper and ink.
Not finding answers? Submit a request
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AALL Rebranding Initiative
The American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) is currently investigating rebranding the name of the Association.
AALL's comprehensive, Association-wide rebranding initiative is steadily moving forward. At its November 7 meeting, the AALL Executive Board voted unanimously to recommend to the membership a new name, "Association for Legal Information." This is our opportunity to redefine and reinvigorate the value of the law librarians and legal information professionals and to shape the brand to align with and support our strategic goals.
From the FAQs:
Why the name Association for Legal Information?
An Association is an organization of people who work for a common purpose (legal information).
With the object or purpose of legal information.
Legal Information
Knowledge concerning a particular subject.
Why is AALL undertaking a branding project?
AALL, its members, and the legal profession have undergone significant changes in recent years. Rapid advances in technology, the proliferation of information, and the compression of the legal profession have transformed what it means to be a law librarian. As physical law libraries shift to virtual information hubs, new skills and expertise are required.
Today, 51 percent of AALL members do not have "librarian" in their titles, and 57 percent work in an organization that does not have "library" in the name. AALL has a tremendous opportunity to be at the forefront of this change.
This project allows us to clarify who we are and what we do, and to tell the story about our work and profession in a way that makes it clear and compelling.
My first question: why is AALL spending up to $185,000 on this? We should stop worrying about how others perceive us and let our actions speak for us. We should use this money, instead, to explore comprehensive consortiums that take into account the fact that most law libraries are starting to license the majority of information publishers. We need a plan in place to deal with the inevitable roadblocks that we will face, etc....
Even if we do rebrand, why ALI? Who are we trying to kid, here? "Librarian," in today's world, can mean legal information professional. We don't have to be originalists. The meaning of our name can evolve. AALL has such a strong, rich identity. It was founded in 1906. When I talk about "AALL" with my law school colleagues, they know what I mean. I don't feel good about saying that I am a member of ALI (even if pronounced "ally"). I already feel like I spend a lot of time defending what I do, and I don't feel like explaining this new ALI affiliation - as in, "no, I am not a member of the American Law Institute."
Ultimately, I chose this profession because I want to be a law librarian - one who is cutting edge and deals in the legal information profession.
The AALL member discussion board on topic seems to reiterate our unease with this change. And, in some ways, this plays into the stereotype of librarians as old curmudgeons who are adverse to change. Well, in this case, it may just be true - although the consensus seems to be that we are not opposed to a change, rather, just this particular change.
What if the members do not vote for the name change?
The rebranding project will proceed to phase two, creative development, using the name American Association of Law Libraries. A new visual identity and comprehensive messaging will continue to be developed and implemented.
Phase two of the project should have been phase one. Now let's move forward.
For a great post on why the name should change, see Dewey B. Strategic.
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More blog items
All About Washers and Why They Are Used
Many fastenings involve the use of washers. But people often ask the questions: what are washers for and are they essential? In this post we aim to provide all the information you need on the subject of washers including how they are used, the various types that exist, the materials they are made from and the standards they are required to meet.
What are Washers?
A washer is a perforated plate or disc, made from a variety of materials, that's sandwiched between two surfaces subject to rotative friction. For example, between a threaded fastening, such as a bolt or a screw, and the surface into which the fastening is bolted or screwed. We're all familiar with metal disc washers, such as 'penny washers', commonly used in a variety of applications.
The origin of the word 'washer', in this context, is not known but it has been used since the 14th century when it was spelled 'whasher' and defined as "an iron hoope, amongst gunners called a whasher, which seves to keepe the iron pin at the end of the axeltree from wearing the nave". This reference appears to describe the use of washers in gun or canon axle assemblies where the washer prevented wear.
What are Washers Used For?
People often question whether washers are essential in fastenings. Here are the main reasons why washers are used and the functions they perform.
 - When a fastening is tightened the washer distributes pressure evenly over the surface ensuring maximum fastening security.
 - Washers provide a smooth, even, level surface for the fastening which reduces the possibility of loosening due to uneven surfaces.
 - Washers are commonly used to protect surfaces to which fastenings are attached.
 - Washers are sometimes used to create seals to prevent leakage or the ingress of water.
 - Washers are sometimes used for spacing, when a fastening is too long.
 - Specialist insulating washers are used in electrical applications.
Washers help ensure the integrity of fastenings, enabling them to remain tight and secure, often under extreme conditions involving vibration, stress and pressure.
square washer
Square Washer
Types of Washers
Washers take many forms but can be broadly categorised as either plain washers or spring washers.
Plain washers distribute the load imposed by a tightened fastening, preventing surface damage and ensuring the fastening is secure. Plain washers are also used in electrical applications.
Spring washers are typically used to prevent fastenings from loosening due to vibration. Locking washers are a form of what are effectively spring washers that are intended to prevent fastenings from becoming loosened.
Washer Forms
Washers are available in many forms, which can be confusing. Flat washer forms are classified from A to F where each classification identifies the outside diameter of the washer along with its thickness. Here's a summary of the primary and most popular washer forms and designs along with their typical applications.
Plain Washers
plain round metal washer
Plain Round Metal Washer
Round washers with a central perforation are the most common washer form design, but other shapes are also sometimes used. For example, square washers are often used for specific applications such as roofing.
Form A flat washers are one of the most ubiquitous washer forms, used in almost every assembly. These are often manufactured to conform with the DIN 125 standard.
Form B flat washers are like form A but are thinner. Manufactured to BS4320 standard.
Form C flat washers are the same thickness as form A but are of slightly larger diameter. Manufactured to BS4320 standard.
Form D flat washers are thin, like form B, and larger diameter like form D. Manufactured to BS4320 standard.
penny washer
Penny Washer
Penny washers are also known as fender washers or repair washers. These are amongst the most widely used and recognised form of flat washer. They have a large diameter and are typically used to protect surfaces when tightening fastenings.
Spring Washers
Spring washers are available in a variety of forms, typically used to help prevent bolted joints from loosening due to vibration. Here are some of the most common forms of spring washer.
square section spring washer
Square Section Spring Washer
Square section spring washers are generally used with socket head style screws and bolts. Manufactured to DIN 7980.
rectangular section spring washer
Rectangular Section Spring Washer
Rectangular section spring washers are generally used with hexagon head bolted fastenings. Manufactured to DIN 127.
conical spring washers
Conical Spring Washers
Conical spring washers, also known as Belleville washers, disc spring washers, coned-disc spring washers and cupped disc washers. These have a distinctive, conical cup shape which acts as a spring when under pressure in a fastening. Manufactured to DIN 6796.
wave spring washer
Wave Spring Washer
Wave spring washers are another commonly used type of spring washer that helps prevent fastenings from loosening when subject to vibration. Manufactured to DIN 137.
locking shakeproof washers
Locking Shakeproof Washers
Locking or shakeproof washers typically feature serrations around either the internal or external washer edges. They are designed to help prevent the accidental loosening or release of a fastening. Commonly found on electrical connections such as car batteries.
Anti-loss or retaining washers typical feature small protrusions from the central hole which prevent the washer from slipping off a matching fastening bolt.
Spacer washers are sometimes used to enable fastenings to be effectively tightened, sometimes by stacking multiple spacer washers.
Saddle washers are specifically designed for use with round tubing such as that used to manufacture camping chairs and folding furniture.
countersunk washers
Countersunk or Cup Washers
Cup and countersunk washers are primarily used for aesthetic purposes, protecting or concealing the head of a fastening. Cup washers may also involve a cap which will completely conceal the screw or bolt head.
Washer Materials
Washers are available in a variety materials both metallic and non metallic.
Metal Washers
Steel is by far the most commonly used metal for washers. Carbon steel, spring steel and various grades of stainless steel are typically used in various applications. Other metals used to manufacture washers include: zinc, iron, copper, brass, aluminium and titanium.
Corrosion resistance is an important attribute so many steel washers undergo treatments such as metallic coating (e.g. zinc), electroplating, chemical plating or browning (sometimes called bluing).
Non-Metallic Washers
Materials used to manufacture not metallic washers include:
 - Nylon
 - Fibre
 - Felt
 - Acetal
 - Rubber (TPR or thermoplastic rubber)
 - Cork
 - Sponge
 - More...
nylon washers
Nylon Washers
Non metallic washers can provide a number of benefits over their metallic counterparts, in some applications. For example:
 - Wear resistance. Plastics like Nylon, PTFE and Acetal provide natural lubricity which increases resistance to wear and can contribute toward extending the part life of bearings, rollers, gears and seals.
 - Corrosion resistance. Non metallic washers simply don't corrode and are therefore highly resistant to corrosive environments.
 - Excellent sealing properties. Since some non metallic washers compress under pressure they are far more suitable for sealing applications such as tap washers.
 - Impact resistance. Some non-metallic washer materials, such as Nylon and Polyurethane, will absorb impact shock and therefore provide some shock and stress protection.
 - Electrical insulation. Non metallic, insulating washer materials are commonly used in electrical applications.
 - Lightweight. Non metallic washers are commonly used in applications where weight is an important factor, such as aircraft manufacture.
 - Low cost. Non metallic washers tend to cost less than their metal counterparts.
rubber tap washers
Rubber Tap Washers
Washer Sizes
The UK began moving away from the traditional, imperial system of weights and measures, originally established in 1824, to the metric system in 1965. The dimensions and measurements for nuts, bolts washers and fastenings on sale in the UK today are all defined using metric units.
UNC and UNF Washers
The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is commonly used in the United States and Canada as the main standard for nuts, bolts and a variety of fasteners. UNC stands for 'unified coarse' and UNF refers to 'unified fine'. UNC and UNF washers are designed to be used with respective nuts and bolts for which they will provide the required clearances.
Washer Dimensions
washer dimensions
Washer Dimensions
When specifying and ordering washers you will typically need to define:
 1. The overall dimension (OD) of the washer. This refers to the overall diameter of a circular, flat washer.
 2. The internal dimension (ID). This refers to the diameter of the hole in the centre of the washer.
 3. The thickness of the washer.
In addition you will need to specify the washer form (as previously noted, form A...F) along with the washer material and required finish.
Washer Standards
High quality washers are manufactured to conform with defined standards. Typically you might see ISO 7089, DIN 125 and BS4320.
ISO stands for International Standards


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Surf Guides - Seasonal - World Surf League - Contract
Hospitality & Tourism
We are currently seeking Seasonal Surf Guides to work at our Leemore, CA, Surf Ranch location during the 2019 Season, April through to October, 2019.
Surf Guides play an integral role in guest safety and guest experience both in and out of the water at Surf Ranch. Under the direct supervision of the Surf Ranch Client Service Manager, Surf Guides perform various duties at the Surf Ranch facility. This includes, but is not limited to, facilitating guest surfing, enforcing rules, and providing quality guest service. The Surf Guide will work directly with guests to provide them with the best possible surfing experience during their time at Surf Ranch. The Surf Guide must have a thorough understanding of all 'wave system' operations including a working knowledge of the Surf Ranch Wave, as well as lifeguard duties as they pertain to emergency communication and response.
Responsibilities include (but not limited to):
- Instruct, advise, and assist guests with all surfing operations.
- Ensure the health, safety, and welfare of visitors.
- Maintain all surfing equipment such as boards, fins, leashes etc.
- Assist lifeguards in emergency medical aid and water response.
- Maintain training requirements.
- Provide clean locker room, including guest names on lockers.
- Maintain cleanliness and general upkeep of Surf Ranch facilities including the board room.
- Ensure all activities & operations are conducted in accordance with established procedures & policies.
- Enforce rules, safety regulations, and general facility rules.
- Provide in water surf coaching in a manner consistent with the company's surf coach program.
- Provide video analysis and coaching during feedback sessions following surfing activities in a manner consistent with the company's coaching program.
- Understand the 'Surf Ranch Water Safety & Rescue Operations'.
- Understand the 'Surf Ranch Wave System Theory of Operations'
- Knowledge of surf instruction that can be applied to all skill levels, fully incorporating the company's surf guide training program
- Strong communication skills to communicate to staff during emergency response via hand signals and other communication protocols
- 10+ years of surfing experience
- Surf Ranch specific water safety training
- CPR/AED & First Aid Certified preferred
- Previous surf lesson experience preferred
- Excited and enthusiastic outlook on work as it pertains to guests and Surf Ranch
- Optimism and energy for the brand and its future
- An open and collaborative nature
- A high degree of self-awareness of one's own personal style, strengths and weaknesses and motivational triggers.
- Integrity and honesty
- Physically able to swim, swim in rough and deep water, walk, run, walk or run over rough or uneven surfaces, bend, stoop, lift, push, pull, and carry loads.
- Must be able to swim at least 550 yards, dive at least 10 feet deep, swim with a 10 pound object for at least 20 yards, and tread water for at least 2 minutes.
- Must be able to watch and supervise groups of students in the ocean and/or bay while coaching technique and supervising safety.
- Must be able to recognize and respond to emergencies and prevent injuries or drowning.


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The accumulation and extrusion of Ca2+ in the preand postsynaptic compartments play a critical role in initiating plastic changes in biological synapses. To emulate this fundamental process in electronic devices, we developed diffusive Ag-in-oxide memristors with a temporal response during and after stimulation similar to that of the synaptic Ca2+ dynamics. In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle dynamics simulations both demonstrate that Ag atoms disperse under electrical bias and regroup spontaneously under zero bias because of interfacial energy minimization, closely resembling synaptic influx and extrusion of Ca2+, respectively. The diffusive memristor and its dynamics enable a direct emulation of both shortand long-term plasticity of biological synapses, representing an advance in hardware implementation of neuromorphic functionalities.
A new class of memristor were demonstrated as synaptic emulators that function primarily on the basis of diffusion (rather than drift) dynamics. The microscopic nature of both the threshold switching and relaxation of the di usive memristor is revealed for the first time by in situ HRTEM and explained by nanoparticle dynamics simulation.


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Lugalbanda is a character found in Sumerian mythology and literature. His name is composed of two Sumerian words meaning "young king" (lugal: king; banda: young, junior; small). Lugalbanda is listed in the postdiluvian period of the Sumerian king list as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1,200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Whether a king Lugalbanda ever historically ruled over Uruk, and if so, at what time, is quite uncertain. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd Millennium with unclear archaeological observations.
Lugalbanda prominently features as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Ur III period (21st century BCE), called by scholars Lugalbanda I (or Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (or Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different than either 18th century version These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar.
Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by a mythological text from Abu Salabikh that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun.
A deified Lugalbanda often appears as the husband of the goddess Ninsun. In the earliest god-lists from Fara, his name appears separate and in a much lower ranking than Ninsun, but in later traditions, until the Seleucid period, his name is often listed in god-lists along with his consort Ninsun. Ample evidence for the worship of Lugalbanda as a deity comes from the Ur III period, as attested in tablets from Nippur, Ur, Umma and Puzrish-Dagan. In Old Babylonian period, Sin-kashid of Uruk is known to have built a temple called É-KI.KAL dedicated to Lugalbanda and Ninsun, and to have assigned his daughter Niši-īnī-šu as the eresh-dingir priestess of Lugalbanda.
In royal hymns of the Ur III period, Ur-Nammu of Ur and his son Shulgi describe Lugalbanda and Ninsun as their holy parents, and in the same context call themselves the brother of Gilgamesh. Sin-Kashid of Uruk also refers to Lugalbanda and Ninsun as his divine parents, and names Lugalbanda as his god.
In the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Sumerian stories about the hero, the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, calls himself the son of Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the Gilgamesh and Huwawa tale, the hero consistently uses the assertive phrase: "By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!". In Akkadian versions of the epic, Gilgamesh also refers to Lugalbanda as his personal god, and in one episode presents the oil filled horns of the defeated Bull of Heaven "for the anointing of his god Lugalbanda".
See also
- Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project
- Vanstiphout, H. (2002) "Sanctus Lugalbanda" in Riches Hidden in Secret Places, T. Abusch (ed.), Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p.260; The name has no such connotations of 'crown prince'.
- English translation of Sumerian King List in The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Lugalbanda, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.117.
- Michalowski, P. (2009) "Maybe Epic: The Origins and Reception of Sumerian Heroic Poetry" in Epic and History, D. Konstans and K. Raaflaub (eds.), Oxford: Blackwells. p.13 and n.8; Tablet 6N-T638; as of March 2011 tablet awaits publication.
- For a detailed treatment of Enmerkar and Lugalbanda stories see: Vanstiphout, H. (2003). Epics of Sumerian Kings, Atlanta: SBL. ISBN 1-58983-083-0
- Jacobsen, Thorkild (1989) "Lugalbanda and Ninsuna", Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 69-86
- Ninsun (dLamma-Nin-sún) in Tablet I line 15, Lugalbanda in Tablet VII line 15.
- Exceptions exist. For a full summary of the god-list references refer to Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.118.
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.119-20. Nippur tablets indicate that all Ur III kings have made offerings to the deity Lugalbanda
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.120
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p. 131. See also Ur-Namma hymns and Shulgi hymns
- Sjöberg, Äke W. (1972) "Die Göttliche Abstammung der sumerisch-babylonischen Herrscher," Orientalia Suecana 21, p.98
- Ninsumun is another name for Ninsun. Both names Lugalbanda and Ninsun are written with divine determinatives. For two separate Sumerian versions of Gilgamesh and Huwawa see ETCSL.
- For a discussion of parentage of Gilgamesh and further references see: George, Andrew (2003), Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814922-0, p.107 ff.
- George, p.629.
|Lugal of Uruk
ca. 2600 BC or legendary
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
|Ante-Diluvian kings||Alulim · Dumuzid the Shepherd · Ziusudra||3rd Dynasty of Kish||Kubaba|
|1st Dynasty of Kish||Etana · Enmebaragesi||3rd Dynasty of Uruk||Lugal-zage-si|
|1st Dynasty of Uruk||Enmerkar · Lugalbanda · Dumuzid, the Fisherman · Gilgamesh||Dynasty of Akkad||Sargon · Tashlultum · Enheduanna · Rimush · Manishtushu ·
Naram-Sin · Shar-Kali-Sharri · Dudu · Shu-turul
|1st Dynasty of Ur||Meskalamdug · Mesannepada · Puabi|
|2nd Dynasty of Uruk||Enshakushanna||2nd Dynasty of Lagash||Puzer-Mama · Gudea|
|1st Dynasty of Lagash||Ur-Nanshe · Eannatum · En-anna-tum I · Entemena · Urukagina||5th Dynasty of Uruk||Utu-hengal|
|Dynasty of Adab||Lugal-Anne-Mundu||3rd dynasty of Ur||Ur-Nammu · Shulgi · Amar-Sin · Shu-Sin · Ibbi-Sin|


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Most South Africans Used Restitution to Increase Net Economic Assets, Atuahene Report Finds
September 5, 2012, ABF news
Illustration from Mail & Guardian, "Land is not a Utopia for the dispossessed," by Bernadette Atuahene
In July, ABF Faculty Fellow Bernadette Atuahene released a report on the South African land restitution process entitled "Paying for the Past: Addressing Past Property Violations in South Africa." Contrary to popular belief, Atuahene found that in many cases the money has had an enduring economic impact.
The South African government commissioned this report in 2008 when Atuahene began her research. Atuahene interviewed 150 beneficiaries of the Land Restitution Commission, the government agency tasked with providing financial compensation or land transfers to South Africans who were forcibly removed under apartheid and colonialism.
Atuahene's report contradicts the Land Restitution Commission's belief that financial compensation has not had a long term economic effect. Among Atuahene's findings are:
- 30% of interviewees who chose a cash award used it to improve their primary asset—their home.
- 33% used the funds such that they moderately increased their economic assets.
- When the award did not have an enduring economic effect, the award was often very small.
In her report, Atuahene recommends that the Commission:
- engage in the complicated task of transferring land to people who have the requisite skill set or resources to develop it.
- consider the cash awards a viable alternative to land transfers – which are complicated and time consuming – for restitution claimants who have a valid legal claim, but not necessarily the requisite skills or resources to develop the land to which they are entitled.
- boost the effectiveness of cash awards by providing vouchers that are larger than the cash amount and can be used to purchase items with an enduring economic impact such as building materials or to make direct payments to educational institutions.
Atuahene conducted an extensive South African media tour after the report's release, and was featured in leading South African publications such as the Mail & Guardian, Business Day, and City Press. She also gave lengthy interviews on the South African Broadcasting Corporation's "Forum @ Eight" and "Evening Radio Show with Masechaba" programs. Upon her return, she gave an interview on Chicago Public Radio's "Worldview" program.
Atuahene's forthcoming book, We Want What's Ours: Redressing Past Property Violations in South Africa, is based on the interviews she conducted during this field work. She is also directing and producing a documentary film about one South African family's struggle to reclaim the land stolen from them during apartheid.
For more about the film, please visit _URL_.
« Return to ABF news


CLOSE THIS BOOKRoof Truss Guide - Design and construction of standard timber and steel trusses (BASIN - SKAT, 1999, 187 p.)
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.1 What is a roof truss?
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.2 When to use a roof truss
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.3 Roof shapes suitable for the truss
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.4 Loads on trusses
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.5 Load combinations
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.6 Truss spacing
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.7 Structural analysis
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.8 Roof truss selection step-by-step
VIEW THE DOCUMENT2.9 Stability of the Truss
2.1 What is a roof truss?
A truss is a structure with straight pieces forming triangles to support a load. The members of the triangles are placed under tension and compression but do not bend.
2.2 When to use a roof truss
Roof trusses are characterised by an economic use of construction materials (timber, steel). Composed of individual lightweight pieces, a truss can also provide considerable advantage in transport and assembly as compared to conventional roof structures. On the other hand, trusses are more labour-intensive and require connection devices. However, if a greater number of identical trusses can be manufactured, then considerable economies of scale can be achieved.
The structural height of a truss is usually larger than the height of similar structures using solid beams. For roofs, however, this is usually no disadvantage as roofs must often - depending on roof cover material used - be higher at the ridge and lower at the eaves to facilitate roof drainage and ensure water tightness.
Competitors of the Truss
While the use of steel for roof structures almost invariably calls for a truss, it is with timber structures where the truss has strong competitors. These are the purlin and the rafter roofs.
The purlin roof
The purlin roof consists of both rafters and purlins. The ridge purlin is supported by posts. The rafters act as simple supported beams between the purlins, either with or without cantilever.
The rafter roof
The rafter roof originates from tent construction. It consists of two rafters and a tie beam, which form a triangle. The simplest form of the rafter roof is thus identical with the basic element of the truss. Stiffness of the rafters can be increased with a collar beam near the ridge. A bevel shoulder traditionally made the connection between the rafters and the tie beam. This had the disadvantage that the slope of the roof was not uniform but became flatter at the rafter foot to accommodate the bevel shoulder. Today, steel connectors are often used and roof slopes remain uniform. The rafters can also rest on a concrete slab, which then replaces the tie beam.
The following table presents the main features, and the pros and cons of the three basic design options for roof structures. It can assist designers in selecting the most appropriate roof structure for a specific application.
Note, large hangars and halls are not considered.
Selection criteria
Table 1: Selection criteria for roof structures
Selection criteria
Purlin roof
Rafter roof
6 - 30 m
up to 4 m between purlins, but needs intermediate support (concrete slab, girder for posts)
up to 9 m
Distance between trusses / rafters
0.75 - 1.25 m (with battens only)
up to 4 m with timber and steel purlins
0.75 - 1.25 m (with battens only)
0.75 - 1.25 m
any slope (but most economically up to 35°)
25° - 35°
35° - 60°
Use of loft
restricted by diagonals and braces of truss
slightly restricted by posts and struts
Roof cover material
mainly for heavy tiles
Material input
low, but requires connectors, fasteners
high (requires rafters, posts, struts, purlins and battens)
less material input than for purlin roof
Labour input
high (considerable reduction potential if properly planned ahead)
Complexity / engineering input
low for standard truss and regular roof shapes; high for non-standard trusses
Disadvantage of truss
One of the main disadvantage of the truss is that the strength and stability of its elements is to be designed by an engineer while the other roof structures, especially the purlin roof, can be built by carpenters and steel workshops themselves. It is one of the aims of this guide to eliminate this drawback by providing a number of fully detailed trusses ready for fabrication.
2.3 Roof shapes suitable for the truss
Trusses are suitable for a number of roof shapes
Roof type
Gable or saddle
Single pitch
2.4 Loads on trusses
Two categories of loads on trusses can be distinguished: dead load and life load.
Dead load (G)
Dead loads for roof structures are basically the own weight of the materials used. These forces act vertically.
own weight of truss:
· for timber typically (per area covered) 0.25 kN/m2
· for steel: use the following formula:
where L = span in metre
typical weight of steel truss: 0.10 kN/m2
weight of purlins / battens
· for timber trusses with battens: negligible (since truss spacing is small, battens are mere laths)
· for steel trusses with steel purlins: 0.09 kN/m2
weight of roof cover
0.27 kN/m2 for MCR tiles
0.12 kN/m2 for steel roofing
0.47 kN/m2 for clay tiles (double depression, interlocking tiles)
weight of under-roof, timber 24 mm thick, 0.14 kN/m2
Note: Dead load per horizontal surface area of roof cover materials increases with the slope of the roof: multiply with 1/cosa where a is the roof pitch or slope. For a typical slope of 30°, the increase in load per horizontal surface area is 15%; hence, an MCR roof would weigh 0.31 kN/m2 of area covered.
Life load (Q)
Wind load: the magnitude of the wind load depends on the roof shape, wind direction and location of the building (see figures below). For lightweight roof structures and cover materials, the wind load is the most important load. Wind can also create suction forces and whole roof sections can be blown off. Appropriate fasteners and holding down bolts or anchors must be used (see manuals of roof cover manufacturer).
Snow load (according to climatic zones, typically 0.03 kN/m2 for each 10 mm of snow)
Concentrated load ("man load") due to foot traffic for fixing and maintenance, typically 0.8 kN. The man load is usually disregarded when analysing the truss as a whole. However, for sizing battens, the man load is the most important life load (see Annex 3.1 of the FCR/MCR Toolkit No. 24).
Wind loads increase with the elevation above ground level and the degree of exposure (open fields, coastal strips, mountain tops). The following assumptions have been used:
· max. wind speed: 100 km/h
· max. elevation above ground level: 8 m
The wind loads indicated below act perpendicular to the roof or wall surface.
2.5 Load combinations
Life loads need not be assumed as acting simultaneously in full magnitude. Maximum wind loads do not occur together with snow. It is also unlikely that somebody would step onto the roof at highest snow depth or during gale winds. In areas where snow occurs, a combination of wind, snow and dead load is taken as the design condition. Two cases need to be examined, one with the snow as the leading impact and one with the wind as the decisive life load.
Case (1): Total load S'1 = 1.0 G + 0.9 Qsnow + 0.7 Qwind
Case (2): Total load S'2 = 1.0 G + 0.9 Qwind + 0.7 Qsnow
It must also be checked whether dead load and either of the life loads (at 100 %, without reduction) exceeds any of the total loads of the above two cases.
Total vertical load of a typical truss for a 22° roof slope covered with MCR tiles in a tropical area (no snow) is:
S' = 1.00 kN/m2.
2.6 Truss spacing
The factors governing the spacing of individual roof trusses are different for steel and timber structures:
Timber: The sizes of sawn timber boards and beams are limited to widths / heights of 150 to 200 mm. With the given loading capacity of timber, the most economical spacing of timber trusses is around 1.5 to 2.0 m.
Steel: Small roof trusses are usually put in place without the use of cranes. The limiting factor for the spacing of steel trusses is therefore the weight of the individual truss (or portions of it, if it is assembled on site). The steel truss samples presented in this manual are not heavier than 3 kN (300 kg) per individual truss. The other factor to be considered is the size of the purlins. Purlins used for small roofs covered with MCR or steel roofing consist of equal angle bars or


Sun Java System Web Server 6.1 SP9 Administrator's Guide
Restricting Symbolic Links (UNIX/Linux)
You can limit the use of the file system links in your server. File system links are references to files stored in other directories or file systems. The reference makes the remote file as accessible as if it were in the current directory. There are two types of file system links:
For more information about hard and symbolic links, see your UNIX/Linux system documentation.
File system links are an easy way to create pointers to documents outside of the primary document directory and anyone can create these links. For this reason you might be concerned that people might create pointers to sensitive files (for example, confidential documents or system password files).
To restrict symbolic links, perform the following steps.
ProcedureTo restrict symbolic links
 2. Click Symbolic Links.
 3. Choose Entire Server from the resource picker to apply your change to the whole class, or navigate to the document root for a specific virtual server, or to a specific directory or within a specific virtual server.
 4. Choose whether to enable soft and/or hard links and the directory to start from.
 5. Click OK.
 For more information, see the online help for the Symbolic Links page.


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Our soil sprouts are grown in certified organic soil and are grown in shallow trays in our greenhouse. They are grown for 2 to 3 weeks and then harvested, washed, and packaged for market.
Soil sprouts are delicious raw and each has its own distinctive taste. Pea shoots can also be cooked. Sprouting releases the energy contained within the seed and makes it available for digestion. The plants are harvested young to maximize the nutrients available per sprout and keep the shoots tender. Each sprout is different, however each contains a multitude of vitamins and minerals. One sprout can contain more nutrients than the entire mature plant!


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I'm curious what the opinions are on uppercase versus lowercase diacritics height/size/positioning, and what one thinks is best practice.
I've seen examples of:
1. Either no, or almost no perceptible difference between uppercase/lowercase mark height and positioning
2. Difference in positioning only, uppercase/lowercase marks are equal in height (lowered positioning on caps to decrease overall vertical height of accented glyph)
3. Difference of mark height only (positioning looks more relative to lowercase, but uppercase marks aren't as tall, therefore again, decreasing overall vertical height of accented glyph)
4. Difference in positioning and height of mark (these are most extreme, greatly reducing overall vertical height of accented glyphs)
And then there are examples where the mark isn't necessarily adjusted in height linearly, but the form looks rotated to decrease its vertical reach.
Are these differences and the decisions behind these variations more genre specific overall or more personal preference?
Are the extreme examples more so typical in display faces where all caps setting with tight leading could be desired?


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Give projects a fabulous flower flair with the Flower Power stencils! Use our flower shapes, or create your own unique flower shapes with the petal stencils provided. 1. Cut out the flower and leaf shapes. 2. Glue them onto a thin piece of cardboard, such as a recycled cereal box or file folder. 3. After the glue dries, cut out the shapes. 4. Place your cardboard stencils down on paper, and trace lightly. 5. Use Crayola crayons, colored pencils, or markers to decorate the flowers. Use paint and glitter glue to add colorful centers and stems to your flowers.
STATS ON THIS COLORING PAGE


text:
|Quick Facts: Janitors and Building Cleaners|
|2010 Median Pay||
$22,210 per year
$10.68 per hour
|Entry-Level Education||Less than high school|
|Work Experience in a Related Occupation||None|
|On-the-job Training||Short-term on-the-job training|
|Number of Jobs, 2010||2,310,400|
|Job Outlook, 2010-20||11% (About as fast as average)|
|Employment Change, 2010-20||246,400|
Janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition.
Most janitors and building cleaners work indoors, but some work outdoors part of the time, sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. Because office buildings are usually cleaned while they are empty, many cleaning workers work evening hours. The work can be physically demanding and sometimes dirty and unpleasant.
Most janitors and building cleaning workers learn on the job. They do not need formal education.
The median hourly wage for janitors and building cleaners was $10.68 in May 2010.
Employment of janitors and building cleaners is expected to grow 11 percent from 2010 to 2020, about as fast as the average for all occupations. While overall job prospects are expected to be favorable, those with experience are likely to have the best opportunities.
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of janitors and building cleaners with similar occupations.
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Learn more about janitors and building cleaners by contacting these additional resources.


Saturday, November 28, 2015
National Drought Mitigation Center
Comparison of Major Drought Indices: Surface Water Supply Index
Description: The SWSI (pronounced "swazee") is designed to complement the Palmer in the state of Colorado, where mountain snowpack is a key element of water supply; calculated by river basin, based on snowpack, streamflow, precipitation, and reservoir storage.
Pros: Represents water supply conditions unique to each basin.
Cons: Changing a data collection station or water management requires that new algorithms be calculated, and the index is unique to each basin, which limits interbasin comparisons.
Developed by: Shafer and Dezman, 1982.
The Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI) was developed by Shafer and Dezman (1982) to complement the Palmer Index for moisture conditions across the state of Colorado. The Palmer Index is basically a soil moisture algorithm calibrated for relatively homogeneous regions, but it is not designed for large topographic variations across a region and it does not account for snow accumulation and subsequent runoff. Shafer and Dezman designed the SWSI to be an indicator of surface water conditions and described the index as "mountain water dependent", in which mountain snowpack is a major component.
The objective of the SWSI was to incorporate both hydrological and climatological features into a single index value resembling the Palmer Index for each major river basin in the state of Colorado (Shafer and Dezman 1982). These values would be standardized to allow comparisons between basins. Four inputs are required within the SWSI: snowpack, streamflow, precipitation, and reservoir storage. Because it is dependent on the season, the SWSI is computed with only snowpack, precipitation, and reservoir storage in the winter. During the summer months, streamflow replaces snowpack as a component within the SWSI equation.
The procedure to determine the SWSI for a particular basin is as follows: monthly data are collected and summed for all the precipitation stations, reservoirs, and snowpack/streamflow measuring stations over the basin. Each summed component is normalized using a frequency analysis gathered from a long-term data set. The probability of non-exceedence—the probability that subsequent sums of that component will not be greater than the current sum—is determined for each component based on the frequency analysis. This allows comparisons of the probabilities to be made between the components. Each component has a weight assigned to it depending on its typical contribution to the surface water within that basin, and these weighted components are summed to determine a SWSI value representing the entire basin. Like the Palmer Index, the SWSI is centered on zero and has a range between -4.2 and +4.2.
The SWSI has been used, along with the Palmer Index, to trigger the activation and deactivation of the Colorado Drought Plan. One of its advantages is that it is simple to calculate and gives a representative measurement of surface water supplies across the state. It has been modified and applied in other western states as well. These states include Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and Utah. Monthly SWSI maps for Montana are available from the Montana Natural Resource Information System.
Several characteristics of the SWSI limit its application. Because the SWSI calculation is unique to each basin or region, it is difficult to compare SWSI values between basins or regions (Doesken et al., 1991). Within a particular basin or region, discontinuing any station means that new stations need to be added to the system and new frequency distributions need to be determined for that component. Additional changes in the water management within a basin, such as flow diversions or new reservoirs, mean that the entire SWSI algorithm for that basin needs to be redeveloped to account for changes in the weight of each component. Thus, it is difficult to maintain a homogeneous time series of the index (Heddinghaus and Sabol, 1991). Extreme events also cause a problem if the events are beyond the historical time series, and the index will need to be reevaluated to include these events within the frequency distribution of a basin component.
Back to the Crop Moisture Index | On to the Reclamation Drought Index
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Copyright 2015 National Drought Mitigation Center


text:
Fifteen balls that represent gas particles (atoms or molecules) move inside a box. All of the balls start out moving with the same speed in random directions. For example, the 700 m/s speed is appropriate for neon at 392 K = 119 °C. As the balls collide elastically with the walls and each other (so their total energy is conserved), the speeds of the balls change.
The color of each ball shows its speed, as shown on the bar graph on the right side of the screen. The bar graph shows the average percentage of balls in each speed range. This average is taken over the time since the balls started moving.
1. Use the drop-down menu to select the initial speed of the balls.
2. Press the Start button to start the animation.
3. Press the Pause button to stop the motion of the balls.
4. Press the Reset button to run the animation again. You may change the value of the initial speed after you press the Reset button.
Warning: Remember that for a head-on collision, the balls will trade speeds. In this case, the balls will trade colors, and it may appear that the balls pass through each other. This is just an illusion caused by trading colors.


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AuthorSmith, Geoff C. author
TitleTopics in Group Theory [electronic resource] / by Geoff C. Smith, Olga M. Tabachnikova
ImprintLondon : Springer London : Imprint: Springer, 2000
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Descript XVI, 256p. 16 illus. online resource
We very much hope that this book will be read by the interested student (and not just be parked on a shelf for occasional consultation). If you want a comprehensive reference book on Group Theory, do not buy this text. There are much better books available, some of which are mentioned below. We have a tale to tell; the absolute essentials of the theory of groups, followed by some entertainments and some more advanced material. The theory of groups is an enormous body of material which interacts with other branches of mathematics at countless frontiers. Some parts of the theory are essentially complete, but in other areas all we see are questions. People happily read novels, so why not mathematics books? When mathยญ ematics was studied by only a few people, there was less need to try to write attractively or encouragingly since the likely readership consisted of a small group of highly motivated individuals who needed little encouragement. Even so, many talented academic writers managed to write brilliantly because they knew no other way. As higher education has opened up in economically develยญ oped countries, a much more diverse collection of people is exploring advanced mathematics and science. The challenge for authors is to produce books which engage this wider community without compromising the content
1. The Elements -- 2. Structure -- 3. Action -- 4. Entertainments -- 5. Law -- 6. Presentations -- 7. Appendix A: Fields -- 8. Appendix B: Relations and Orderings -- Further Reading -- Solutions
Mathematics Algebra Group theory Mathematics Algebra Group Theory and Generalizations
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Introduction by Peter Landé
This database contains the names of 671 Jews who emigrated to Peru from the early 1800's through 1947.
In the 1930s, European, especially German, Jews sought to emigrate wherever they could. Many went to Latin America. While the largest numbers went to Argentina and Brazil, smaller numbers went to virtually every country, including Peru. The attached list was taken from La Inmigración Judía al Perú, published in Lima, Peru in 1987. Most of the Jews listed arrived in the 1930s, with a few after World War II.
La Inmigración Judía al Perú _PHONE_ - A Documentary History of the Immigration of German Jews, by León Trahtemberg Siederer, offers a history of Jews in Peru, including community organization, going back to the early 19th century. Despite its subtitle, information is provided on Jews from anywhere in the world, not just Germany.
The book has a variety of birth, confirmation and death lists in the late 19th century and early 20th century (separate lists) but the primary emphasis is on arrivals during the 1930s and early 1940s, which provide more information on individuals, such as profession.
Since the book is unlikely to be widely available, inquiries regarding named individuals may be sent to Peter Landé at _EMAIL_.
This database includes 671 records from the following lists:
The fields for this database are:
The original source material came from the book La inmigración judía al Perú, _PHONE_: una historia documentada de la inmigración de los judíos de habla alemana (A Documentary History of the Immigration of German Jews), by León Trahtemberg Siederer, published in May 1987. The book is available at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington, DC.
In addition, thanks to JewishGen Inc. for providing the website and database expertise to make this database accessible. Special thanks to Warren Blatt and Michael Tobias for their continued contributions to Jewish genealogy. Particular thanks to Nolan Altman, coordinator of Holocaust files.
Searching the Database
Last Update: 15 Nov 2011 by WSB


Documentation of menutext
Function Synopsis
answer = menutext(HeaderText, varargin);
Help text
 Generate a text menu of choices for user input (no graphical menu)
 Presents a text menu in the command window. The menu-items will be
 presented as a numbered list in the command window.
 The functionality is nearly identical to menu. However, no graphical
 menu is presented.
 Syntax: answer = menutext(HeaderText, varargin)
 Input parameter:
 HeaderTextString containing the header / descriptive question for the text menu
 varargin - multiple strings or cell array of strings containing the mnu options
 Output parameter:
 answer - Scalar containing thenumber of the selected menu option
 >> choice = menutext('Select function', 'objfun1', 'objfun2', 'objfun6')
 ----- Select function -----
 1) objfun1
 2) objfun1
 3) objfun1
 Select a menu number:
 The number entered by the user in response to the prompt is
 returned as choice (i.e. choice = 2 implies that the user selected objfun2).
 See also: menu
Cross-Reference Information
This function calls This function is called by
The Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithm Toolbox is not public domain.
© _PHONE_ Hartmut Pohlheim, All Rights Reserved, (


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This puzzle's clock is well-suitable for a routine with the young child and help him to learn the time. Two spaces are use for the sunrise and the sunset time. Once the puzzle in place, two scales with two different colors help them to read hours and minutes.
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Scottish Parliament Votes To Allow 16 and 17-Year-Olds To Vote In Independence Referendum
By _USER_ on
Edinburgh, Scotland
A pro-independence rally in Edinburgh, Scotland. Reuters
The Scottish Parliament Thursday approved a bill lowering the voting age for next year's Scottish independence referendum to 16.
The bill had been widely criticized by all opposition parties when it was first introduced, with many claiming that the ruling Scottish National Party was taking advantage of youthful patriotism at the expense of life experience and general knowledge of the important issues. But when it came to the vote, the bill was supported by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, with only the Conservative Party (a small minority in Scotland) rejecting it.
Anyone born before September 1998 will be eligible to vote in the 2014 referendum.
The SNP's long-standing drive to lower the voting age was backed by teachers' unions, student unions and the electoral reform society.
The United Kingdom government originally opposed the bill, but it was eventually agreed upon in the Edinburgh Agreement, which sets out the terms for the vote and gave the Scottish government the legal green light to pursue the referendum.
Upon announcing the bill before the vote in the Edinburgh parliament Thursday, the SNP deputy first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, said it was a historic day for the people who will decide the future of the country.
A more controversial bill that would have allowed short-sentence prisoners the right to vote failed, however. In addition, citizens of Britain, the Commonwealth and the European Union may all vote provided they are resident in Scotland.
It has been said that Scottish Independence could have serious implications for the British economy and also on the "special relationship" between the United Kingdom and United States. If the country was to vote for independence, Scotland would immediately become an anti-nuclear state, forcing what's left of the United Kingdom to move its main nuclear weapon storage facility, the U.S.-owned missile delivery system and submarine base out of Scotland, thus giving the UK problems in fulfilling its global nuclear commitments.
The vote is due to take place Sept. 18, 2014.
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text:
I had a question about the specifics of finding a raw material deposit when prospecting squares with no already-known deposits. Are the locations of deposits pre-determined when the planet was created (or at some other specific time), or is a new deposit created when a scan is performed based on the probability given in the rules?
For example, lets say that from the equation given in the mining rules, I have a 20% chance of finding a deposit on a given scan of a square with no current known deposit. I then prospect that square. Which of the following scenarios is then true:
1. The database is checked to see if a deposit is there (one yet to be found). If a true comes back, there is then a 20% chance of finding it. If a false comes back, there is a 0% chance of finding it.
2. No such database exists. There is a 20% chance that a deposit is found, and if successful a new deposit appears.
If the latter is true, it seems that I could find a deposit on any square with a non-zero terrain probability if I just scan for long enough. (In the above example, I would have a 96% probability of finding something in the first 15 scans.)
In the rules it says "only 1 deposit can be found on a square at any given time," which makes me think that (2) is correct.
Sorry if this is a long question, but I wanted to be clear.
Screwed by Administrators who run the game with secret rules.
I was unaware of a percentage chance of locating. I believed the terrain with a deposit is given a certain number. If the number you have based on number of scanners and you're comp ops skill is higher then you find the deposit, if not you don't and won't until you make that number higher then the terrains.


text:
Introduction: Help! My Kitten's Toe Has Fallen Off! (April Fool's Prank)
You will need the following:
1. A kitten or cat (can be yours or someone elses :)
2. A pussy willow tree (_URL_
3. An unsuspecting victim!
4. Some tissue paper.
Step 1: The Prank
This is an easy one, it's really all in the delivery :)
Step 1. Take one little pussy willow or "catkin" off of the tree and stuff it in some kleenex.
Step 2. Walk non-chalantly up to your unsuspecting victim.
Step 3. Explain in a confused and somewhat upset voice that (insert name of kitten here) was acting all crazy this morning and you saw them pull of one of their toes and that you might need some help to figure out how to get it back on.
Step 4. Take the kleenex out of your hand and hand the little catkin to your unsuspecting victim
Step 5. Watch as they recoil in horror! :D
Step 2: Good Luck!
You can get more than one person with this prank, just make sure they are not within earshot of the first victim :)
Thank you to wikipedia for the images :)


text:
Well, you have already known about QuickBooks software and its amazing functions. Sometimes, you need to create multiple accounts in QuickBooks. Today, we are here to tell you about a clearing account that needs to be created to move money from one account to another. The information provided in the following article appears to be suited for a clearing account in QuickBooks. You can get all the aspects related to a clearing account in this article. So you have to be connected with us through this blog.
Now, we can proceed further and understand a payroll clearing account in QuickBooks and its uses.
Before knowing the steps to create a clearing account, you first must know what a clearing account is. This account will help you to move money from one account to another account in case of unable to move money directly. A clearing account usually contains a balance of $0.00 since you will be able to take back the amount that you transfer in it. This account is also called a Barter or wash account.
You might be looking for the uses of a clearing account in QuickBooks and thinking "why we need to create a clearing account". We have provided all the advantages of making a clearing account in QuickBooks for your convenience.
Once you have got all the information about "clearing accounts in QuickBooks", it is time to create the account. We have mentioned the complete steps that will help you in creating a payroll clearing account in QuickBooks.
After creating a clearing account in QuickBooks, you might be looking for the steps to use it. Below, you can find out the steps that will help you to use clearing accounts in QuickBooks. You can follow all the steps in order and make your accounting easier.
Hopefully, you have got all the essential information regarding a "clearing account in QuickBooks" with the help of this blog. In our assumption, you have successfully set up a clearing account and found the above article fruitful. Sometimes, you may get stuck into steps while setting up an account.
In such cases, you are free to take the assistance of our experts. All you require to do is get in touch with our experts by dialing the QuickBooks Support Phone Number _PHONE_). We will guide you in the right direction by setting up a QuickBooks payroll account.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: How can you remove a clearing account in QuickBooks?
A: The following are the steps to delete a clearing account in QuickBooks:
Q2: Where is the clearing account on the Balance Sheet?
A: A clearing account does not directly come under the balance sheet till gets disbursed. And, it is the suspense account shown under Assets.
Q3: Can a payroll clearing account consider as an asset?
A: A payroll clearing account is a general ledger account that comes under the assets section of the balance sheet.
Q4: How can you set up a payroll clearing account in QuickBooks?
A: The following are the steps to set up a payroll clearing account in QuickBooks:
Q5: What is the main purpose of a payroll clearing account?
A: The main purpose of a payroll clearing account is to separate a bank account that is used by the company to pay employees.


text:
Factors Involved in Tattoo Removal
Removing tattoos isn't as straightforward as erasing a pencil drawing. The variables introduced by the human body influence the removal process in all kinds of ways. Some of the factors that impact the number of laser treatments necessary to remove a tattoo are more obvious than others. Ink depth, density, and color, as well as skin type are a few factors you may figure would influence the process.
With any art, there are two players in the removal process — the eraser and the canvas. When using the best, most state-of-the art lasers, that means that the health of the canvas usually determines how successful the removal is. Generally speaking, healthier bodies see better results because the body processes the shattered ink faster.
With that said, here are five of the least known factors that can affect and even prolong the tattoo removal process.
- Location: Since your body is attempting to reabsorb and break apart the ink that the laser fragments, your blood flow plays a large role. Tattoos located closer to the heart where the blood flow is strongest fade quicker than those farther away. Because of this, the hands and feet can be especially troublesome.
- Smoking: Smoking or tobacco use inhibits the immune system and reduces circulation to your skin and extremities. Studies have shown that being a smoker can increases the time it takes for your body to dispose of the ink, and can increase the number of treatments. How many reasons do you need to quit?
- Physical Activity: As mentioned earlier, a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity helps the body's blood flow, immune system, and simply operate at a high level. A physically fit person will typically have a shorter tattoo removal process.
- Ink Type: Tattoo inks aren't regulated and most people don't know the chemical makeup of their embedded ink, let alone what to even call what was used on them. Some ink types are easier to remove than others. Regardless of whether you plan to have the tattoo forever, if you're getting tatted up, it's worth asking what type of ink they use so you can have that knowledge for anything that arises in the future.
- Age of the Tattoo : Fresh ink that hasn't had time to set in will often respond better to laser tattoo removal than older tattoos – so the longer you delay having it removed, the more you'll end up paying to have it removed.
About the Author: Cleighton DePetro is the owner of Sempurna Restoration Clinic, a Chicago tattoo removal clinic and med-spa. He is interested in helping people restore their bodies to their natural, healthy look through a variety of treatment options.


text:
- vulgar •
Pronunciation: vêl-gêr • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: 1. Of the unwashed masses, plebian, related to common people, the riff-raff, the hoi-polloi. 2. Common, base, ordinary. 3. Bawdy, foul, immodest, immoral, impure, indecent, indelicate, lascivious, lecherous, lewd, licentious, lubricous, lurid, obscene, offensive, profane, profligate, prurient, ribald, salacious, shameful, shameless, vile, wanton.
Notes: All the words we have for the third sense of today's Good Word makes us wonder why we had to corrupt a perfectly good word to create another. But so it goes. Over the centuries this word's good meaning has slowly tumbled one to a pejorative one. The noun for this word is vulgarity and a vulgar word is a vulgarism.
In Play: I hear today's bad Good Word used most often as a synonym of profane: "I was shocked to hear Ben de Hellenbaque use vulgar language around such proper ladies." However, the sense of commonplace remains: "Maud Lynn Dresser is a woman of vulgar tastes, especially in clothes."
Word History: Today's word comes from Latin vulgaris "related to common people", from vulgus "people, the masses, a crowd". Latin inherited it from the Proto-Indo-European root *welg- "to crowd, throng". which turned up in Sanskrit as vargah "division, group". It kept its original meaning in the Germanic languages: German Volk "people", as in Volkswagen "car of the people", and English folk. (Today's rather tawdry Good Word was suggested by Ella Minnow Pea of Smoketown, Pennsylvania.)


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Starfinder Ship Combat Cheat Sheet by
Cheat sheet for the roles in Starfinder combat
Combat Phases
1. Engineering Phase (Captain, Engineer)
2. Helm Phase (Captain, Pilot, Science Officer)
3. Gunnery Phase (Captain, Gunner)
The Science Officer can act before or after the pilot in the Helm Phase (2).
Captain Actions
Demand (Intimidate)
Grant a +4 bonus to one specific check by succeeding. You must use this action before the associated check is rolled, and you can grant this bonus to an individual character only once per combat. You cannot make demands of yourself
Encourage (Diplomacy DC 15 OR Same Skill at DC10)
Can encourage another member of the crew to give her a bonus to her action. This works like aid another (see page 133), granting a +2 bonus to the check required by a crew action.
Taunt (Push [Comms], Bluff or Intimidate)
Select an enemy vessel and phase and roll Bluff or Intimidate; if successful, each enemy character acting during the selected phase takes a –2 penalty to all checks for 1d4 rounds; the penalty increases to –4 if the enemy's check is made as part of a push action. Cannot target the same enemy twice in combat.
Orders (Level 6, Push, 1RP)
Can grant an additional action to one member of the crew by spending 1 Resolve Point and succeeding at a related skill check at the above DC. Computers for science officer, Engineering for engineer, gunnery (see page 320) for gunner, and Piloting for pilot. Target gains another action if successful, but cannot take the same action twice. You cannot give yourself orders
Moving Speech (Level 12, Diplomacy DC20 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
Use your action to give a moving speech to the crew during one phase of combat. For the remainder of that phase, your allies can roll twice and take the better result when performing crew actions.
Captain DC's are all 15 + 1.5xStarship Tier unless otherwise noted
Engineer Actions
Divert (Engineering, DC10 + 1.5xTier)
Make engineering check to divert power. If engines, speed increases by 2 this round. If science, science officers get +2 to checks this round. If weapons, damage rolls of 1 become 2. If shields, restore an amount of Shield Points equal to 5% of the PCU rating of the starship's power core (see page 296), up to the shields' maximum value. Evenly distribute the restored Shield Points to all four quadrants (putting any excess Shield Points in the forward quadrant).
Hold it Together (Engineering, DC15 + 1.5xTier)
Select one system; that system is treated as if its critical damage condition were two steps less severe for the rest of the round (wrecked becomes glitching, and a malfunctioning or glitching system functions as if it had taken no critical damage). This check isn't modified by penalties from critical damage to the power core.
Patch (Engineering, DC Varies)
Patch a system to reduce the effects of a critical damage condition. The number of actions and the DC of the Engineering check required to patch a system depend on how badly the system is damaged. The number of actions required can be reduced by 1 (to a minimum of 1 action) by increasing the DC by 5. Glitching: 1 action, DC 10 + 1.5xTier. Malfunctioning: 2 actions, DC15 + 1.5xTier. Wrecked: 3 actions, DC20 + 1.5xTier
Overpower (6 ranks Engineering, Push, DC15 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
If successful, this functions as the divert action, but you can send extra power to any three systems listed in that action. This action and the divert action can't be taken in the same round.
Quick Fix (12 ranks Engineering, DC20 + 1.5xTier, 1RP)
If successful, remove the critical damage condition from one system for 1 hour (allowing it to function as if it had taken no critical damage), after which time it must be repaired as normal.
Science Officer Actions
Balance (Computers, DC10 + 1.5xTier)
Can shift Shield Points (SP) from the shield in one quadrant another quadrant, including to depleted shields (after rebalancing, every shield must have at least 10% of the total current SP). Alternatively, you can add up the SP from all the remaining shields and evenly distribute them to all four quadrants, putting any excess SP in the forward quadrant.
Scan (Computers, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures)
If you succeed at this check, you learn the first unknown piece of information on the following list. For every 5 by which you exceed the check, you learn another unknown piece of information. Subsequent checks reveal new pieces of information, continuing down this list.
1. Basic Information: Living crew complement and ship classification, size, speed, and maneuverability.
2. Defenses: AC, TL, total and current Hull Points, total and current Shield Points in each quadrant, and core PCU value.
3. Weapon: Information about one weapon, including its firing arc and the damage it deals, starting with the weapon that uses the most PCU. Repeat this entry until all the starship's weapons are revealed.
4. Load: Information about how the starship's expansion bays are allocated and any cargo the starship might be carrying.
5. Other: Any remaining ship statistics.
Target System (Computers, Push, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures)
If you succeed, choose one system (core, engines, life support, sensors, or weapons). The next attack made by your starship that hits the enemy ship scores a critical hit on a natural roll of 19 or 20. If that attack deals critical damage, it affects the chosen system. For any further critical damage resulting from the attack, determine which system is affected randomly as normal. Your starship's sensors can target only one system on a specific enemy starship at a time, though this action can be used to concurrently target systems on multiple starships.
Lock On (Computers 6 ranks, Push, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures, 1RP)
If you succeed, your starship's gunners gain a +2 bonus to gunnery checks against the target for the rest of the round. This action can be taken only once per round.
Improve Countermeasures (Computers 12 ranks, DC5 + 1.5xTarget's Tier + Countermeasures, 1RP)
If you're successful, gunners aboard the target starship roll twice and take the worse result for gunnery checks during this round (including checks for tracking weapons).
Pilot Actions
No skill check, regular movement
Maneuver (DC15 + 1.5xTier)
Move up to speed, reduce distance between turns by 1 (minimum 0).
Stunt (DC Varies)
Back off (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move half speed backwards without turns. If fail, move back 1 hex only. Fail by 5 or more, no movement and -4 to AC and TL.
Barrel Roll (Piloting DC10 +1.5xTier, Large max size) Move half speed and facings inverted 1 round. Fail, no roll. Fail by 5 or more, no roll, -4 AC and TL.
Evade (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move speed, +2 AC and TL. Fail, no bonus. Fail by 5 or more, still move but -2 AC and TL.
Flip and Burn (Piloting DC15 + 1.5xTier) Move half speed and turn 180°. Fail, no rotation.
Flyby (Piloting DC15 + 1.5xTier) Move normal, can move through enemy w/o provoking. During gunnery phase, choose one arc of ship to fire at enemy and treat as close range. If fail, gunnery phase is normal and movement provokes.
Slide (Piloting DC10 + 1.5xTier) Move up to speed in forward-port or forward-starboard direction w/o changing facing. Fail, move forward half speed w/o turns.
Turn in Place (


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'll use an example from JavaScript to help clarify my question. Let's assume I have the following object:
sports = {
 soccer: {...},
 basketball: {...},
 baseball: {...}
If at some point in my script I have a variable, sportString, that simply holds a string, I can dynamically call one of the sports objects in the following way:
This frees me from having to use a bunch of nested if statements, testing the value of the string such as:
if(sportString ==='soccer'){
}else if(sportString === 'basketball){....
So, my question is how can I accomplish something similar to sports[sportString] in Objective-C, if sportString is an NSString object?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Use an NSDictionary as your sports object. Then you can do lookups like this:
[sports objectForKey: sportsString];
share|improve this answer
Thanks. Giving this one the answer since it's the first. – maxedison Jul 9 '11 at 11:47
The people saying you should use NSDictionary for general key/value storage are 100 % right. However, I think it's useful to know that you can call a message specified by a string:
SEL selector = NSSelectorFromString(@"foo"); // Or _USER_(foo) if you know it at compile time
id value = [object performSelector:selector];
You can also use selectors with up to two arguments, as long as they take objects:
SEL selector2 = NSSelectorFromString(@"setFoo:");
[object performSelector:selector2 withObject:value];
It's possible to invoke arbitrary methods using IMPs or casting objc_msgSend(), but now I'm getting way beyond the scope of your actual question. :-)
share|improve this answer
Thanks for posting this. Definitely useful to know about NSSelectorFromString and performSelector. I really appreciate it! – maxedison Jul 9 '11 at 16:23
Your JavaScript object sports would typically be an NSDictionary or NSMutableDictionary. Example:
NSMutableDictionary *sports = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[sports setObject:@"Foo" forKey:@"soccer"];
[sports setObject:@"Bar" forKey:@"basketball"];
NSString *sportString = @"soccer";
NSString *sportValue = [sports objectForKey:sportString];
NSLog(@"%@", sportValue); //logs "Foo"
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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A highly sensitive gas sensor for detection and analytical identification of hazardous gases was developed, by depositing partially crystalline powder from an aqueous suspension of CdS powder on an alumina substrate. When the deposited layers were promoted with catalysts from Pt-group metals, they exhibited high sensitivity to different gas molecules upon modulation with light of certain frequency, depending on catalyst and impurity concentration. Dark resistance and photosensitivity of the sensors were monitored against gas concentration, sensor temperature, and frequency of the modulating light. Depending on the gas and its concentration, a change of up to 100% in sensor response was observed. Variation of photosensitivity with dark resistance showed different slopes for different molecules. Variation of the low frequency phase angle with photosensitivity at different concentrations also produced different slopes, depending on the type of molecule. This differentiation likely comes about by different interactions of gas molecules with surface recombination centers, depending on the nature of physisorption and/or chemisorption on the surface. Thus, in addition to detecting the gas, it can be identified from their slopes of variation with light frequency, and the sensor can be used as an analytical tool. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.