text:
The general scheme for translating declaration of a field or local variable holding a multiarray reference is illustrated in Figure A.13. The single variable in the source program is converted to variables in the output program, where is the rank of the array.
The macro TRANS_ID transforms the identifier of the field in a way that encodes the dimension signature of the result. This encoding is necessary in order that the HPJava type signature of a field can be reconstructed from the class file of a translated (and compiled) class. Note that the element type of the multiarray field is known from the type of Java array in translated field--this information is automatically encoded in the Java class file.
The values returned by the TRANS_ID macro and the macros TRANS_ID_BAS and TRANS_ID_DIM all start with the the original string, followed by the suffix separator ''__$''. This is followed by a string characteristic of the individual macro, described next.
The characteristic string for TRANS_ID() is a
string of letters, each of which is ''
D'' (for a distributed
dimension) or ''
S'' (for a sequential dimension).
The characteristic string for TRANS_ID_BAS()
The characteristic string for TRANS_ID_DIM(, )
is the decimal representation of the constant integer value.
will hold a reference to the
Java array containing the locally held elements of the multiarray.
This is the value that would be returned by the inquiry
in the source program.
will hold an
instance of the class ArrayBase.
Instances of this class
contain a group object (the value that would be returned by
.grp() in the source program)
and an offset from the start of the Java array, where the first locally held
element of the multiarray is stored (the value that would
be returned by the inquiry
.bas() in the source program).
will hold descriptors for the dimensions of the arrays.
The macro DIMENSION_TYPE is defined as
), respectively, in the source program. These values are stored in the fields range and stride of ArrayDim. The class SeqArrayDim is a subclass of ArrayDim that contains extra information that can be used to simplify the computations associated with subscripting a sequential array dimension.
If, for example, a class in the source program has a field:
The first translation applies for non-HPspmd methods, the second for HPspmd methods.


When you read the word "abundance" what comes to mind, what do you automatically think of?
The Empress from Tarot Illuminati Deck
The Empress from Tarot Illuminati Deck
For many people the word "abundance", particularly when it comes to the deliberate creation practices of manifesting abundance, generally has a meaning or a feeling that has something to do with money. An abundance of money. Living the good life, without a financial worry. Being able to afford to live the life of your dreams. Which are all fine and good, except….
The reality is that the word 'abundance' simply means a large quantity of something. And 'something' could be anything.
An abundance of money; living the good life without financial worry. etc. can all manifest through a variety of ways – all of which can be related to the word 'abundance' but not all ways are ones that reflect how we want 'abundance' to show up in our lives.
Trying to manifest abstract concepts like the word 'abundance', or 'joy', or 'freedom' can sometimes be tricky. There's nothing physical about these concepts that we can interact with through any of our senses, so it's challenging for us to gain crystal clarity on exactly what we are looking for, what we are trying to manifest. We know exactly what a 'car' is. If we are trying to manifest a new car we can find photos of the exact car we are trying to manifest. We can easily 'feel' ourselves sitting in the driver's seat of the car we want and clearly visualize the experience of driving it.
But because of the abstract nature of words like abundance, or joy, or freedom, each individual has a slightly different understanding of, or meaning for the word that's based on that individual's education, life experiences, and understanding of what 'abundance' or 'joy' or 'freedom' means to them. And sometimes these concepts can be slippery enough that it's difficult, if not impossible, to actually put into words or visuals exactly what these concepts mean to us.
To manifest abundance we first have to translate "abundance" into exactly what we mean, what we are wanting to manifest, and how we want these to show up in our lives.
As an example of how differently the same word or concept can be interpreted and understood, both Tarot cards on this page are of The Empress, the archetype that reflects abundance (among other things) in the Tarot. In each card, the meaning of the Empress is being understood and expressed in very different ways. Each card reflects a very different, very personal understanding of what, or feeling towards what, The Empress card means. Each meaning has manifest into our lives, into reality, in a very different visual image of the same concept.
So what does this have to do with manifesting abundance?
The Empress from the Thoth Deck
The Empress from the Thoth Deck
When we try to manifest something like 'abundance', we need to gain clarity on what it is that we are trying to manifest so that what we are trying to manifest shows up in our lives and in a way or a form that we want it to show up. For example, if we are trying to manifest an abundance of free time, what we don't want is to lose our jobs.
In fact, what we are looking to manifest might not actually even be 'abundance'. What we are wanting to manifest could be something similar but very different from 'abundance' and we just didn't realize it.
For years I believed that what I was trying to manifest was 'freedom'. It was only after trying every different manifesting technique I could think of without success, that an amazing life coach mentioned that what I was actually trying to manifest was "authentic self expression", not "freedom". This was definitely one of those lightbulb moments when everything falls into place and clarity appears.
The one thing I hadn't done over the years of trying to manifest 'freedom' was to gain that crystal clarity on exactly what freedom meant to me and how I wanted 'freedom' showing up in my life. I had a vague intuitive understanding of what freedom was, but not really any understanding on how the feeling of freedom should be showing up in my life.
Before gaining that clarity around what freedom looked like in my life, I had been going after all the wrong things. I had been thinking of quitting my job, perhaps living on my own, perhaps selling everything and becoming nomad!! The more I tried to achieve freedom, the more I failed, and the more frustrated I got. Once I gained the clarity that what I actually meant by freedom was authentic self expression, I started incorporating more authentic self expression into my life and achieved the feeling of freedom that I had been looking for.
Gaining that level of clarity is not always easy. Sometimes our mind accurately makes the connection between what our intuition has identified as being what we are looking for and how our logic wants to interpret, communicate or conceive it. Sometimes it takes someone outside of ourself to make that connection or interpretation for us. Either way, without that clarity, trying to manifest 'abundance' or 'joy' or 'freedom' or whatever, can be an upstream battle of frustration, delay, and struggle.
Powerful manifesting always begins with clarity.
If you enjoyed reading this article and are interested in learning more about manifesting and gaining clarity, then sign up for my bi-weekly newsletter at Anne Bolender, Clarity Strategist Newsletter


text:
Nondestructive determination of fresh and spent nuclear fuel rod density distributions through computerised gamma-ray transmission tomography
The morphology of single PWR UO2 fuel rods has been investigated by employing computerised gamma-ray transmission tomography. Four highly burnt fuel rods of different burnups (from 52 GWd/t to 126GWd/t) and a fresh rod have been investigated. This paper describes the tomographic station built to acquire the projections together with the related experimental procedure, followed by the description of the image reconstruction techniques implemented. The principal results obtained are presented and analysed at three levels. First, the derived linear attenuation coefficient matrix, which is very useful for the implementation of emission tomography, is discussed. Second, the variation of density as a function of rod radius is presented, showing an interesting morphological change of the fuel with burnup. Particularly for the highest burnup sample, the periphery is characterised by a lower density (a steep decrease of almost 10% from the adjacent region) characteristic of an ultrahigh-burnup high-porosity structure. Finally, the nondestructive derivation of the volume-averaged fuel density was performed, compared with other experimental data, and plotted as a function of burnup, so that an interesting linear relationship between density and burnup was established, providing a potential indicator for the noninvasive determination of nuclear fuel rod burnup. Atomic Energy Society of Japan.
Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Record created on 2010-09-17, modified on 2016-08-08

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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coal mining cost analysis and detailed cash flow Cambodia
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Mining automation market demand and growth analysis mining economics & strategy textbook. learning outcomes describe best practice systematic mine planning. explain the importance of engineering decisions based on costs. create cash flow models. perform break even analysis. describe costs from an economic perspective. perform incremental & marginal cost analysis.
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Ibiki morino by alakazum-d4e4wsw.png
Ibiki Morino is the supporting character of the Naruto franchise. He is a tokubetsu jōnin of Konohagakure and the commanding officer of the Konoha Torture and Interrogation Force, Konoha Gomon/Jinmon Butai).
He was voiced by Taiten Kusunoki in the Japanese version, and by Kim Strauss in part 1, Daniel Woren in Twelve Guardian Ninja Arc, David Rasner in Akatsuki Suppression Mission, and Christopher Corey Smith in Pain's Assault Arc in the English version.
Ibiki is a very strict person, and has even been described as being a sadist by Kakashi Hatake. Compounded with this is his belief that pain is an effective form of communication, which he employed whenever he carries out his duties of torture and interrogation. Nonetheless, he did confess to his subordinates during the Konoha Crush that he was scared of Orochimaru as a child, noting him to be somewhat "inhuman, but in human form". He was also visibly shocked when Kisame massacred his own comrades to protect information. Nevertheless Ibiki has shown a more relaxed side, which shocked Temari during the Chūnin Exams due to the drastic change in personality. He also laughed after finding out that he had passed someone who didn't answer a single question in the exam. Despite his harsh interrogation methods, Ibiki is shown to also be quite reasonable. One example was when Karin agreed to forfeit all information regarding Kabuto, Sasuke, and the Akatsuki in exchange if she was fed a fried pork cutlet bowl, which Ibiki agreed to, even though it would take two days for a delivery and did not press the interrogation any further. He was noted to be fond of Naruto due to the child's energy and ability to inspire confidence, as well as his signature antics and sense of humour.
Ibiki is a master of interrogation both physically and psychologically, and plays an important part in the extracting of information, as he interrogates suspects and prisoners of war. He has the ability to subject people to great suffering without ever using physical torture. He has complete knowledge of human psychology; by attacking a person's mind, he can gain control over their spirit. His interrogation skills are so reputed that, once he discovered that Ibiki was the one going to interrogate them, Kisame Hoshigaki immediately decided to kill all his comrades of the Cypher Division to prevent them from revealing any information. He is also a sharp individual, able to easily tell if someone is lying, quickly seeing through Karin's elaborate story. In addition to being a master manipulator, Ibiki also has a strong resolution. In the anime, even after being horribly tortured by Aoi Rokushō, Ibiki never revealed any information to the latter, who years later openly acknowledged Ibiki's fortitude.
In the anime, during his fight against Pain's Animal Path, he is shown skilfully using the Summoning Technique, which he uses to summon a variety of torture devices, including an Iron Maiden and a Torture Chamber. Ironically, these summons are modelled after engimono statues — lucky charms that are commonly used to bless shrines and businesses with good fortune. Also some of these summoning were a double edge sword, where the summoner will receive the same amount of pain as the opponent. He claims this has something to do with becoming equals through pain (ironically being Pain's philosophy). He also carries a great deal of hidden weaponry and tools on his person, such as a piece of flint hidden in his molars, which he can use to ignite flammable substances, as well as a small dagger hidden in the heel of his boot. He has also shown some skill in taijutsu, capable of tripping and then injuring Aoi Rokushō even though he was battered and still tied to a chair.
 Naruto Logo.png Heroes
Hidden Leaf Village
New Generation
Naruto Uzumaki | Sasuke Uchiha | Sakura Haruno | Sai | Shikamaru Nara | Chōji Akimichi | Ino Yamanaka | Hinata Hyūga | Kiba Inuzuka | Shino Aburame | Rock Lee | Neji Hyūga | Tenten
Kakashi Hatake | Iruka Umino | Ebisu | Jiraiya | Yamato | Might Guy | Asuma Sarutobi | Kurenai Yūhi | Konohamaru Sarutobi | Shino Aburame | Hanabi Hyūga | Moegi Kazamatsuri | Udon Ise
Hashirama Senju | Tobirama Senju | Hiruzen Sarutobi | Minato Namikaze | Tsunade | Kakashi Hatake | Naruto Uzumaki
Akamaru | Chōza Akimichi | Shikaku Nara | Inoichi Yamanaka | Ibiki Morino | Anko Mitarashi | Shizune | Katsuyu | Gamabunta | Orochimaru | Kushina Uzumaki | Mito Uzumaki | Itachi Uchiha | Shisui Uchiha | Obito Uchiha | Rin Nohara | Yugao Uzuki
Leaders of Allied Shinobi Forces
A | Ao | Darui | Gaara | Inoichi Yamanaka | Kakashi Hatake | Kankurō | Kitsuchi | Mifune | Shikaku Nara | Shizune
Hidden Sand Village
Gaara | Temari | Kankurō | Chiyo | Kaura
Hidden Cloud Village
A | Killer B | Cee | Darui | Mabui | Karui | Samui | Omoi | Motoi
Hidden Mist Village
Mei Terumī | Chōjūrō | Ao | Kagura Karatachi
Hidden Stone Village
Onoki | Kurotsuchi | Akatsuchi | Kitsuchi
Tailed Beasts
Shukaku | Gyūki | Kurama
Ashura Ōtsutsuki | | Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki | Haku | Hamura Ōtsutsuki | Jūgo | Kabuto Yakushi | Karin | Konan | Nagato | Suigetsu Hōzuki | Utakata | Yahiko | Zabuza Momochi
New Generations
Video Game Heroes
Komachi | Towa | Yugao Uzuki


General Question
Violet's avatar
What causes tartar build up on teeth?
Asked by Violet (6566 points ) February 25th, 2010
The dental assistant and I were stumped today during my visit. I take great care of my teeth, and she knows that.
I've been driving a lot of Sprite Zero, which has Phenylketonurics (aspartame, an artificial sweetener).
Could that cause tartar build up?
If not, what causes tartar build up?
Observing members: 0 Composing members: 0
14 Answers
Lightlyseared's avatar
It is a hardened form of dental plaque (a biofilm produced by bacteria in the mouth) caused by the continual accumulation of minerals from saliva on plaque on the teeth.
Violet's avatar
_USER_ and what causes that?
lilikoi's avatar
You should've asked your dentist for a better explanation while you were there.
Bacteria eat sugar so yes, drinking soda or eating anything with sugar will provide food for bacteria to multiply. They form plaque. When that sits around for a while, it eventually hardens to form tartar.
The back of your lower front teeth can be prone to plaque development because there are salivary glands near them.
I've been told by dentists that some people are just prone to plaque development while others are not.
Violet's avatar
She did explain this all to me. We just couldn't figure out why all of the sudden it was happening (like elevated salivary pH, heightened concentration of calcium in the saliva, increased bacterial protein and lipid concentration, increased concentration of protein and urea in submandibular salivary glands)
And there isn't any sugar in my soda.
loser's avatar
Not flossing.
Cruiser's avatar
Eat Cap'n Crunch, that stuff is like sand blasting your teeth. Eat a handful a day and you will never have to floss again.
dpworkin's avatar
It precipitates out of your saliva, so if you are holding saliva in a portion of your mouth (generally, near the bottom incisors) you will get more plaque in that are, no matter how much you brush and floss. There is also a genetic component to your propensity to form plaque.
CMaz's avatar
trailsillustrated's avatar
its your body ph. a more acidic ph will have less build up more of a propensity for tooth decayan alkaline ph will have lots of build up but low tooth decay. don't worry about it. get your teeth cleaned regularly maybe
neverawake's avatar
when you don't brush daily, drinking coffee constantly, and a lot of other things.
phil196662's avatar
_USER_… aspartame, asuflame, sucrolose is sugar! and changes the ph in your mouth and can contribute to plaque.
Check your diet too, are you eating your dark green leafies and enough whole grains? Go to your doctor and get a blood test and see if anythings changed to cause your plaque.
Remember, finger nails, teeth, skin and hair all tell a story of boy health and if this happened recently it might be worth checking into with your doctor!
Shuttle128's avatar
_USER_ All of those artificial sweeteners are very not sugar. None are metabolized like sugar (which is one of the main reasons they exist in the first place). Even if most of the structure of sucralose is similar to sucrose, it is not the same because hydroxides are replaced with chlorine. The sweeteners behave very similarly to sucrose but none act exactly the same whatsoever. In fact most sweeteners are several hundred times more sweet than sucrose itself.
phil196662's avatar
And what's that caustic work you used.. chlorine… ahhhclean out the insides! I simply use moderation and eat the real stuffwe still don't know the long range effects and if they are contributing to any diseases or ailments.
Shuttle128's avatar
Well, your body actually needs chlorine. You ingest chlorine any time you eat something seasoned with salt.
I don't particularly like the taste of artificial sweeteners and would rather eat real sugar in moderation anyway. There's no indication yet that artificial sweeteners cause any long-term harm though (that is unless you have phenylketonuria).
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text:
Pursuant to Illinois law, certain cases are eligible to be "expunged" or "sealed,"thereby removing them from a defendant's criminal history record or accessibility to the public, respectively. Individuals who have criminal records eligible for this procedure might seek to use it in order to obtain a job, protect a current job, help them with certain licensing prospects, or just eliminate the potentially damaging effects of a criminal history record. An individual must meet certain eligibility requirements and pay a mandatory fee in order to expunge and/or seal a criminal arrest or record.
It is helpful to review the process by which these petitions are filed in the Criminal Division and the steps through which they proceed in order to understand the Expungement/ Sealing Procedure. Upon the filing of a Petition to Expunge and/or Seal, the following steps occur:
- A petition is filed with the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court on the fifth floor of the Criminal Court Administration Building at 2650 W. California Ave., Chicago, Illinois, and it receives a case number.
- A copy of the petition along with a receipt for the fee is given to the petitioner.
- The Clerk's office sends out three copies of the petition to: the Illinois State Police, the arresting agency and the Chicago Corporation Counsel.
- A court sheet and index card are created for the petition, and it is logged into the Clerk's book and data is entered into the Clerk's computer system.
- The case is then assigned to the Presiding Judge of the Criminal Court who hears these cases at 1 p.m. on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays in courtroom 101.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm grabbing a portion of the screen and scanning through the pixels for a certain color range.
I looked at MSDN's Capturing an Image example and know how to use the functions.
I can get the bits into an array, but I'm not sure how to do it in such a way that I can loop through it as I would an image. A pseudo-example (which I'm sure is way off):
for ( x = 1; x <= Image.Width; x += 3 )
 for ( y = 1; y <= Image.Height; y += 3 )
 red = lpPixels[x];
 green = lpPixels[x + 1];
 blue = lpPixels[x + 2];
That's basically what I want to do, so if red, blue, and green is a certain color, I'll know what coordinate it's at (x, y) in the image.
I just don't know how to use GetDIBits in such a way, and how to setup the array appropriately to be able to accomplish this.
share|improve this question
add comment
4 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Apart from the good answers already given, here's an example of how to get a simple array structure to walk on. (You can use e.g. Goz' code for the iteration.)
GetDIBits reference @ MSDN
You have to select DIB_RGB_COLORS as flag for uUsage and set up the BITMAPINFO structure and the BITMAPINFOHEADER structure it contains. When you set biClrUsed and biClrImportant to zero, there is "no" color table, so you can read the pixels of the bitmap you get from GetDIBits as a sequence of RGB values. Using 32 as bit count (biBitCount) sets up the data structure according to MSDN:
The bitmap has a maximum of 2^32 colors. If the biCompression member of the BITMAPINFOHEADER is BI_RGB, the bmiColors member of BITMAPINFO is NULL. Each DWORD in the bitmap array represents the relative intensities of blue, green, and red, respectively, for a pixel. The high byte in each DWORD is not used.
Since a MS LONG is exactly 32 bit long (the size of a DWORD), you do not have to pay attention to padding (as described in the Remarks section).
HDC hdcSource = NULL; // the source device context
HBITMAP hSource = NULL; // the bitmap selected into the device context
MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(MyBMInfo.bmiHeader);
// Get the BITMAPINFO structure from the bitmap
if(0 == GetDIBits(hdcSource, hSource, 0, 0, NULL, &MyBMInfo, DIB_RGB_COLORS))
 // error handling
// create the pixel buffer
BYTE* lpPixels = new BYTE[MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biSizeImage];
// We'll change the received BITMAPINFOHEADER to request the data in a
// 32 bit RGB format (and not upside-down) so that we can iterate over
// the pixels easily.
// requesting a 32 bit image means that no stride/padding will be necessary,
// although it always contains an (possibly unused) alpha channel
MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 32;
MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biCompression = BI_RGB; // no compression -> easier to use
// correct the bottom-up ordering of lines (abs is in cstdblib and stdlib.h)
MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = abs(MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight);
// Call GetDIBits a second time, this time to (format and) store the actual
// bitmap data (the "pixels") in the buffer lpPixels
if(0 == GetDIBits(hdcSource, hSource, 0, MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight,
 lpPixels, &MyBMInfo, DIB_RGB_COLORS))
 // error handling
// clean up: deselect bitmap from device context, close handles, delete buffer
share|improve this answer
In the code there is a missing statement that initializes to MyBMInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(MyBMInfo ); – xMRi Feb 17 at 11:59
_USER_ You're right, thanks for spotting the error. I think it's fixed now, I moved the initialization before the first call to GetDIBits; AFAIK it's not necessary to re-initialize it after the first call. – dyp Feb 17 at 17:43
Hmmm. I am not sure about that. I tried this in my code and if I make the second call to GetDIBits I get an error that the local structure gets a buffer Overflow on the stack... I finally returned to a solution were I initialize the structure manualy. In some cases you don't want to have an compression. Resuing the informatiuon will reuse the compression... I am not sure if this Comes true. But I didn't had time to check this further. – xMRi Feb 17 at 17:53
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It's not so easy. Your algorithm will depend on the colour depth of the image. If it's 256 or less you won't have pixel colours, but indeces into a palette of colours. 16-bit pixels could be RGB555 or RGB565, 24-bit images will be RGB888, and 32-bit images will be RGBA or ARGB. You'll need the BITMAPINFOHEADER to find out.
Once you find out, the pixel data will just be an array of size width * height * (BitsPerPixel / 8)
share|improve this answer
+1. Alternatively you can try copy/blit to a bitmap with fixed/known color depth. – jdv-Jan de Vaan Sep 10 '10 at 21:31
I think the OP selects the bitmap into the DeviceContext, so has full control on the bitmap. Using 24 bit and no compression allow to read it as RGB888 easily. – dyp Sep 10 '10 at 21:32
add comment
GetDIBits returns a one-dimensional array of values. For a bitmap that's M pixels wide by N pixels tall and uses 24-bit color, the first (M*3) bytes will be the first row of pixels. That can be followed by some padding bytes. It depends on the BITMAPINFOHEADER. There is usually padding to make the width a multiple of 4 bytes. So if your bitmap is 33 pixels wide, there will actually be (36*3) bytes per row.
This "pixels plus padding" is called the "stride". For RGB bitmaps, you can calculate stride with: stride = (biWidth * (biBitCount / 8) + 3) & ~3, where biWidth and biBitCount are taken from the BITMAPINFOHEADER.
I'm not sure how you want to traverse the array. If you want to go pixel-by-pixel from top left to lower right (assuming this is a top-down bitmap):
for (row = 0; row < Image.Height; ++row)
 int rowBase = row*stride;
 for (col = 0; col < Image.Width; ++col)
 red = lpPixels[rowBase + col];
 // etc.
share|improve this answer
huh this is awful stride = (biWidth * (biBitCount / 8) + 3) & ~3 - took me a while to understand (rounds up to the next LONG = 4 [bytes]). But an easy way to pay attention to padding when you have to. – dyp Sep 10 '10 at 22:05
finally an example that takes stride into consideration...instead of requiring a conversion to 32 bit first :) – rogerdpack Feb 12 '13 at 17:13
add comment
In the link you post you create a 32-bit bitmap so I'll assume you are reading from a 32-bit bitmap (This assumption may be incorrect).
Therefore changing your loop to the following should work:
char* pCurrPixel = (char*)lpPixels;
for ( y = 0; y < Image.Height; y++ )
 for ( x = 0; x < Image.Width; x++ )
 red = pCurrPixel[0];
 green = pCurrPixel[1];
 blue = pCurrPixel[2];
 pCurrPixel += 4;
Things to bear in mind:
1.Arrays are 0 based in C/C++
2. You were stepping 3 pixels horizontally and vertically each time. Which meant you aren't visiting every pixel.
3. A bitmap is usually organised such that there are "height" spans of "width" pixels. Therefore you should step through each pixel in a span and then move to the next span.
4. As already pointed out make sure you aare reading pixels correctly. in 16-bit mode its more complex
share|improve this answer
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text:
UCL has today issued a public apology for its links to the eugenics movement.
The apology acknowledges the university's "fundamental role in the development, propagation and legitimisation of eugenics" – which it describes as a "dangerous ideology" – and is part of a range of actions addressing the university's links to eugenics.
These actions follow an independent inquiry into eugenics at UCL, which was commissioned in 2018 after an honorary senior lecturer was found to have been hosting secret, invite-only conferences on eugenics and intelligence with controversial speakers.
UCL's president and provost Professor Michael Arthur (pictured) said: "UCL considers its history of involvement in eugenics to be in direct contradiction to its founding values of equality, openness and humanity.
"As a community, we reject eugenics entirely and are taking a range of actions to acknowledge and address our historical links with the eugenics movement.
"These actions – including our public apology today – are important steps towards understanding and acknowledging inequality within our institution and acting to ensure that UCL becomes fully inclusive for all our staff and students."
We apologise for being slow to interrogate properly the history and legacy of eugenics at UCL, and for failing to act with sufficient speed to remedy the ongoing effects on those in our community who are the targets of the eugenic mentality – UCL
The inquiry published its report and recommendations in February 2020. Recommendations also came from a sub-group of the inquiry team. UCL is responding to both sets with initiatives it says will "acknowledge and address its historical links with the eugenics movement". In June 2020, the provider 'denamed' spaces on its campus that had been named after prominent eugenicists Francis Galton, who coined the term 'eugenics', and Karl Pearson.
Actions that UCL will now take forward include:
- Investment in a comprehensive review and action plan to improve access and experience of disabled students and staff, including addressing physical and digital accessibility issues, collecting more robust data on disability at UCL, improving institutional understanding of the spectrum of disability, and tackling discrimination and unconscious bias
- Improving access for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds through work to expand UCL's contextual offer scheme
- Greater prominence for the history and legacy of eugenics in UCL's teaching and learning activities
- Expanded opportunities for students to engage with the subject of eugenics, through activities including a specific module in the induction programme for new students, improved access to archives and special collections, and an ongoing programme of exhibitions and engagement, supported by a digital hub
UCL's eugenics apology in full
The apology, made by Professor Michael Arthur on behalf of UCL, reads:
"UCL acknowledges with deep regret that it played a fundamental role in the development, propagation and legitimisation of eugenics. This dangerous ideology cemented the spurious idea that varieties of human life could be assigned different value. It provided justification for some of the most appalling crimes in human history: genocide, forced euthanasia, colonialism and other forms of mass murder and oppression based on racial and ableist hierarchy.
"The legacies and consequences of eugenics still cause direct harm through the racism, antisemitism, ableism and other harmful stereotyping that they feed. These continue to impact on people's lives directly, driving discrimination and denying opportunity, access and representation.
"UCL considers its history of involvement in eugenics to be in direct contradiction to its founding values of equality, openness and humanity. As a community, we reject eugenics entirely.
"We apologise fully, and with humility, to all those who have suffered and to those who are still suffering because of our role in creating the conditions that enabled eugenics to become established and acted upon.
"We apologise for being slow to interrogate properly the history and legacy of eugenics at UCL, and for failing to act with sufficient speed to remedy the ongoing effects on those in our community who are the targets of the eugenic mentality.
"We apologise for honouring individuals who were leading eugenicists through the naming of spaces on campus.
"We recognise that the legacy of eugenics is ongoing and we commit to closing down any opportunity for this legacy to continue unacknowledged and unchallenged. We operate in a climate of academic freedom, but we recognise that the right to freedom of expression is not unfettered.
"UCL pledges to continue to confront its history of eugenics and ongoing legacies openly and critically, and to ensure that UCL staff and students are enabled to do the same."
You might also like: UCL pushes back return to campus until mid-February


Tom Godwin
The Survivors
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The Survivors (aka Space Prison) is a science fiction novel by Tom Godwin.
Ragnarok has a gravity 1.5 times that of Earth, and is populated by deadly, aggressive creatures and it contains little in the way of usable metal ores. This, combined with a terrible deadly fever that kills in hours, more than decimates the population. The novels follows the stranded humans through several generations as they try to survive there, and their unswerving goal to repay the Gerns for their cruelty.
The Survivors was first published in 1958. The novel was published again by Pyramid Books in 1960 under the title Space Prison. The novel is an expansion of Godwin's story Too Soon to Die which first appeared in the magazine Venture. AUDIO: read by Mark Nelson, reading time 5 hours 55 min. Unabridged full version. Also available as E-Book: ePUB, 54,500 words, average reading time 4 hours, 30 min.
Tom Godwin (_PHONE_) was an American science fiction author, who published three novels and thirty short stories.
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WV Code
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WVC 52-1-5 §52-1-5. Master list; method for compilation; additional freeholder list; lists to be available to public.
(a) In each county, the clerk shall compile and maintain a master list of residents of the county from which prospective jurors are to be chosen. The master list shall be a list of individuals compiled from not less than two of the following source lists:
(1) Persons who have filed a state personal income tax return for the preceding tax year;
(2) Persons who are registered to vote in the county;
(3) Persons who hold a valid motor vehicle operator's or chauffeur's license as determined from the drivers' license lists provided by the division of motor vehicles.
The clerk shall compile the master list by combining all the names from each source used and eliminating all duplicates or by selecting a sample of names from each source used by means of a random key number system. If a sample of names is selected from each source list, the same percentage of names must be selected from each list. One source list shall be designated a primary source. Names selected from the second source shall be compared with the entire list of names on the primary source. Duplicate names shall be removed from the second source sample and the remaining names shall be combined with the sample of names selected from the primary source to form the master list. If more than two source lists are used, this process shall be repeated, using the previously combined list for comparison with the third source list, and so on.
(b) The master list so compiled shall be used for a period of two years or such other period as designated by the chief judge.
(c) In addition to the master list required to be compiled under the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the clerk shall compile a list of persons who pay real property taxes to compile and maintain a list of freeholders to be used as jurors in condemnation cases.
(d) Any public officer of an agency, department or political subdivision of this state having custody, possession or control of any of the source lists designated to be used in compiling the master list shall make the source list available to the clerk for inspection, reproduction and copying at all reasonable times: Provided, That the tax commissioner shall be exempt from this requirement. The master list and the freeholder list shall be open to the public for examination.


text:
The jaggery wrapped in a variety of smooth Kenda leaves.
The golden sugar of the kithul palm adds a consumate sweetness to life in Sri Lanka
Words Daleena Samara and Madhawa Nagahawatte Photography Rasika Surasena
Sri Lankans with a sweet tooth will tell you that there is no better sweetener than kithul jaggery. This unrefined sugar, prepared from the treated sap of the graceful kithul or fishtail palm (Caryota urens), is the best of the country's original sweeteners - soft, honeyed and healthy. Kithul jaggery's two local contenders, coconut palm jaggery and palmyrah jaggery, cannot match its distinctive sweetness. White refined sugar is a pale imitation.
The fishtail palm, called kithul in Sinhala and koondalpanai in Tamil, belongs to the family Caryota urens, a native of tropical Asia. It flourishes in Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar and Nepal. Growing to heights of 20 metres, it proliferates in the luxuriant forested areas of Sri Lanka's low-country wet zone, especially in the Sabaragamuwa Province and in mixed species perennial gardens in the central highlands.
For lovers of sweets, it is the kithul flower that holds the magic
For lovers of sweets, it is the kithul flower that holds the magic. It is only when the palm has reached its maximum height after a period of about 20 years that it begins to blossom; florets bearing budding cascades of flowers that will eventually turn into hard cherry-sized fruit, begin to appear at the topmost intersection of branch and trunk. New blooms progressively arrive on the lower branches, until the appearance of the last bloom on the lowest branch sounds the death knell for the palm, which dies shortly after it produces fruit.
Sri Lanka fell into the kithul palm's honeypot centuries ago. The palm is mentioned in numerous historical records including the Ummagga Jathaka. The islanders learned early that they could harvest the flow of sugary sap, called thelijja in Sinhalese, in the floret and turn it into a heady liquor called toddy, or boil it down into a delicious treacle or jaggery (hakuru in Sinhalese).
They refined the art of making jaggery that they were able to prepare five different varieties of the sweet: sudu (white) hakuru, a rare, soft and sweet pale jaggery made of refined sap; the rock-like wax or iti hakuru, prepared with slightly fermented sap; madol hakuru, which is soft and easily soluble; the grainy weli hakuru, traditionally prepared by pouring treacle into a pouch made of areca nut leaves and drying it over a fireplace, and the very common kithul hakuru, infused with subtle woody and smoky flavours.
Kithul jaggery is a food fit for royalty. It is said that a certain monarch from the Kandyan period had a special fondness for sudu hakuru.
An old man famed for his sweet and soft sudu hakuru was tasked with keeping the King happy with a supply of his favourite sweet. One day, the King asked him how he was able to prepare such delicious sudu hakuru. The man answered: "Oh, King, the hakuru is prepared on a full moon night, under the shelter of a white sheet and on a floor covered with white, in a golden pot, over a fire of white sandalwood and stirred with a silver spoon."
Intrigued, the King disguised himself as a commoner and visited the man's house situated in a jungle. He found the man preparing the hakuru in a simple mud hut. Dressed in a simple sarong, he was stirring the liquid with a spoon made of coconut shell over an ordinary wood fire.
When the King revealed his identity, the man trembled. He fell on his knees and said, "May you attain Buddhahood, Oh King... for is it not said, that everything is but an illusion."
Pleased with the man's reply, the King pardoned him and was able to enjoy a continuous supply of sudu hakuru. Like the old man, Upali Ranjith, a professional tapper for 30 years, lives in a humble home in a village bordering the Sinharaja Forest. He makes a living tapping clusters of privately-owned trees deep in the forest. In return, he gets a day's wages and two thirds of the thelijja that he collects from the trees.
His wife transforms this produce into jaggery or treacle. She boils the watery thelijja into a thick syrup in a large pan, adds crushed herbs into it, and sets it aside for a few days. The liquid forms into a thick dark gold treacle. To make jaggery, she boils the treacle three times, then pours it into coconut shells that have a little hole at one end. The mixture hardens in a day and she is able to pop it out of the shell by pushing it through the hole in the coconut. She wraps the jaggery in a special smooth leaf called "hakuru kenda". The process is not as easy as it sounds, because the trick in making the best hakuru is to know how to stir it and when to take it off the fire.
Kithul tapping is a hazardous occupation. The palm grows very tall, and its smooth bark has little grip. In the past, the task was dominated by a special skilled caste of tappers who made a living from it. Today, it is a general occupation of villagers dwelling on the outskirts of forests. Often, a village would have a small group of tappers who tap all the palms in the neighborhood. In recent years, government initiatives have been set in place to invigorate the industry and get more rural folk to take up tapping as an occupation.
A skilled tapper respects his trees. He would never tap the first flower of the palm, because its seeds make the best kithul saplings and the palm must be propagated. He also cleans out the ridges on the trunk left behind by branches as a mark of respect. He twists a ladder of bamboo fibre around the tree to help his climb and erects a platform beside the flowers. He begins tapping with the second flower from the top when it is about two months old, priming it by warming its base, removing part of its sheath, and tying a poultice of herbs on it to stimulate the flow of thelijja. He makes a deep incision into the flower, which will then, he says, "shed a tear" because it is losing the nutrients it has collected from the sky and earth. He sets up a pot at the base of the floret to collect the thelijja. A master tapper can make a single flower produce thelijja for two months, and each palm will yield up to seven flowers in a lifetime.
Tapping is done in either the morning or the evening, but never at noon when the supply of sap drops. The supply increases during the rains. Often, wild animals and birds help themselves to some of it; Upali does not mind this because he says they have to eat as well.
Sri Lanka's indigenous system of medicine - ayurveda - treats kithul jaggery as a very rich food, which can make you gain weight in a healthy way. Ayurveda posits that if you are thin and weak, you will gain weight by eating kithul jaggery, but never gain weight in excess. Rich in calcium, minerals, salts and fibre, this sweet is slower to digest, thus it doesn't provide the rush of energy that refined sugar delivers. Like its South American counterpart, panela, it is said to be a source of iron and vitamins.
Kithul jaggery is the sweetener of Sri Lankan gastronomy. It is kithul jaggery and no other that takes pride of place as the perfect sweet accompaniment to the auspicious dish of milk rice on festive occasions. It is the sugar substitute to be nibbled on with a cup of herbal tea, the sweetener with congee and the honey in the rich dessert wattalapam. More recently, it has become the flavour of modern sweet treats like cake and ice cream, available in large supermarket chains and confectionery stores.
Undoubtedly, kithul hakuru is the nobility of Sri Lanka's original sugars. From forest to gourmet dining, it has marked a trail of incomparable sweetness across the land.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
There is an unfortunate side effect when using gdb to debug multi-threaded programs. If one thread stops for a breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a system call, then the system call may return prematurely. This is a consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals that gdb uses to implement breakpoints and other events that stop execution.
To handle this problem, your program should check the return value of each system call and react appropriately. This is good programming style anyways.
For example, do not write code like this:
The call to
sleep will return early if a different thread stops
at a breakpoint or for some other reason.
Instead, write this:
int unslept = 10; while (unslept > 0) unslept = sleep (unslept);
A system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still conforming to its specification. But gdb does cause your multi-threaded program to behave differently than it would without gdb.
Also, gdb uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to monitor certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction. When such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop.


text:
EFM140™ Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The EFM140 Electrochemical Frequency Modulation software is a non-destructive corrosion rate measurement technique. It allows for measurement of the corrosion rate without prior knowledge of the Tafel constants. In addition, the technique determines the Tafel constants and provides 2 internal validity checks.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) software is a powerful non-destructive method for measuring the corrosion rate. It is an ideal and inexpensive companion to DC105 DC corrosion techniques software. It was developed at the University of Leuven in Belgium with support from the Electric Power Research Institute.
EFM is a harmonic technique that relies on the non-linear nature of the corrosion reaction to extract information about the corrosion rate and the Tafel constants. Two sinusoidal voltage waveforms are summed and applied to a corrosion sample. The resultant current response is recorded. The data are further transformed from the time domain into the frequency domain where the frequency response is analyzed to yield corrosion rate information.
The EFM140 operates within the Gamry Framework, and is available for use within the Sequence Wizard. The technique is also compatible with the ECM8 multiplexer.
- Gamry PCI4/Series G, Reference, or Interface Family Instrument
- Microsoft® Windows™ XP SP3/Vista/7/8 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The standard EFM technique which calculates a single corrosion rate.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation Trend
This experiment performs multiple EFM measurements over a period of time to build up a corrosion rate versus time trend graph.
Multiplexed EFM Trend
EFM Trend measurements, with multiplexer functionality.


text:
Xocai chocolates are sold on a multi-level marketing scheme, which is often considered similar to a pyramid scam, although it is legal in the United States. There is some evidence that the health benefits of Xocai chocolates are overstated by sellers.Continue Reading
Multi-level marketing schemes rely on distributors to recruit new sellers. The new sellers are the people who supply the bulk of the money. This can be done ethically and is legal because there is a product to sell, but many multi-level marketing schemes are not good investments. Xocai requires monthly purchases by each distributor and is structured so that commissions from recruits account for up to 50 percent of high-earning distributors' incomes.
In addition, Xocai is often marketed as a healthy chocolate, but there is no evidence that it is more healthy than any other dark chocolate. It does have a high antioxidant content, but it also contains artificial ingredients, such as sucralose, and is not organic.
The distributors of the product make weight loss claims, but the subjects of the studies are required to maintain a calorie-restricted diet and exercise regularly, so it is unclear whether the addition of Xocai to the diet is responsible for weight loss or if it is simply a matter of better diet and exercise.Learn more about Sweets


text:
Earth Day Celebration|
On April 22, 1998, the Reed Middle School celebrated Earth Day by listening to speakers who addressed environmental topics such as: Backpacking, wildflowers, snakes, ground water pollution, zebra mussels and their affect on the Great Lakes, bees and pollination. We sent a group of students to sweep the beach (pick up trash). Other students used shovels and buckets to move stone to improve the appearance of paths in our nature center. Some students planted flower bulbs, some repaired the walkway and others cleaned and purified the pond in our courtyard, which was built by students. This is the fourth year that the Reed Middle School, with the cooperation of community volunteers, teachers, students and staff members has combined forces to enhance our school and community with a positive environmental impact.
CARRIED OUT BY:
Reed Middle School, Grades 5-8
Bridgman, MI, USA
RESPONSIBLE TEACHER / SUPERVISOR:
SCHOOL PRINCIPAL / GROUP DIRECTOR:
Kevin Ivers/Gail Weede


Surface of revolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A portion of the curve x=2+cos z rotated around the z axis
A surface of revolution is a surface in Euclidean space created by rotating a curve (the generatrix) around an axis of rotation.[1]
Examples of surfaces of revolution generated by a straight line are cylindrical and conical surfaces depending on whether or not the line is parallel to the axis. A circle that is rotated about any diameter generates a sphere of which it is then a great circle, and if the circle is rotated about an axis that does not intersect the center of a circle, then it generates a torus which does not intersect itself (a ring torus).
The sections of the surface of revolution made by planes through the axis are called meridional sections. Any meridional section can be considered to be the generatrix in the plane determined by it and the axis.[2]
The sections of the surface of revolution made by planes that are perpendicular to the axis are circles.
Some special cases of hyperboloids (of either one or two sheets) and elliptic paraboloids are surfaces of revolution. These may be identified as those quadratic surfaces all of whose cross sections perpendicular to the axis are circular.
Area formula[edit]
If the curve is described by the parametric functions x(t), y(t), with t ranging over some interval [a,b], and the axis of revolution is the y-axis, then the area A_y is given by the integral
 A_y = 2 \pi \int_a^b x(t) \ \sqrt{\left({dx \over dt}\right)^2 + \left({dy \over dt}\right)^2} \, dt,
provided that x(t) is never negative between the endpoints a and b. This formula is the calculus equivalent of Pappus's centroid theorem.[3] The quantity
comes from the Pythagorean theorem and represents a small segment of the arc of the curve, as in the arc length formula. The quantity 2\pi x(t) is the path of (the centroid of) this small segment, as required by Pappus' theorem.
Likewise, when the axis of rotation is the x-axis and provided that y(t) is never negative, the area is given by[4]
 A_x = 2 \pi \int_a^b y(t) \ \sqrt{\left({dx \over dt}\right)^2 + \left({dy \over dt}\right)^2} \, dt.
If the curve is described by the function y = f(x), axb, then the integral becomes
A_x = 2\pi\int_a^b y \sqrt{1+\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2} \, dx = 2\pi\int_a^bf(x)\sqrt{1+\left(f'(x)\right)^2} \, dx
for revolution around the x-axis, and
A_y =2\pi\int_a^b x \sqrt{1+\left(\frac{dx}{dy}\right)^2} \, dy
for revolution around the y-axis (Using ayb). These come from the above formula.
For example, the spherical surface with unit radius is generated by the curve y(t) = sin(t), x(t) = cos(t), when t ranges over [0,\pi]. Its area is therefore
 &{}= 2 \pi \int_0^\pi \sin(t) \sqrt{\left(\cos(t)\right)^2 + \left(\sin(t)\right)^2} \, dt \\
 &{}= 2 \pi \int_0^\pi \sin(t) \, dt \\
 &{}= 4\pi.
For the case of the spherical curve with radius r \,, y(x) = \sqrt{r^2 - x^2} rotated about the x-axis
 &{}= 2 \pi \int_{-r}^{r} \sqrt{r^2 - x^2}\,\sqrt{1 + \frac{x^2}{r^2 - x^2}}\,dx \\
 &{}= 2 \pi r\int_{-r}^{r} \,\sqrt{r^2 - x^2}\,\sqrt{\frac{1}{r^2 - x^2}}\,dx \\
 &{}= 2 \pi r\int_{-r}^{r} \,dx \\
 &{}= 4 \pi r^2\,
A minimal surface of revolution is the surface of revolution of the curve between two given points which minimizes surface area.[5] A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution.[5]
Rotating a function[edit]
To generate a surface of revolution out of any 2-dimensional scalar function y=f(x), simply make u the function's parameter, set the axis of rotation's function to simply u, then use v to rotate the function around the axis by setting the other two functions equal to f(u)\sin v and f(u)\cos v. For example, to rotate a function y=f(x) around the x-axis starting from the top of the xz-plane, parameterize it as \vec r(u,v)=\langle u,f(u)\sin v,f(u)\cos v\rangle for u=x and v\in[0,2\pi].
Geodesics on a surface of revolution[edit]
Geodesics on a surface of revolution are governed by Clairaut's relation.
A toroid generated from a square
A surface of revolution with a hole in, where the axis of revolution does not intersect the surface, is called a toroid.[7] For example when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow square-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is a circle, then the object is called a torus.
Applications of surfaces of revolution[edit]
The use of surfaces of revolution is essential in many fields in physics and engineering. When certain objects are designed digitally, revolutions like these can be used to determine surface area without the use of measuring the length and radius of the object being designed.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Analytic Geometry Middlemiss, Marks, and Smart. 3rd Edition Ch. 15 Surfaces and Curves, § 15-4 Surfaces of Revolution LCCN 68-15472 pp 378 ff.
 2. ^ Wilson, W.A.; Tracey, J.I. (1925), Analytic Geometry (Revised ed.), D.C. Heath and Co., p. 227
 3. ^ Calculus, George B. Thomas, 3rd Edition, Ch. 6 Applications of the definite integral, §§ 6.7,6.11, Area of a Surface of Revolution pp 206-209, The Theorems of Pappus, pp 217-219 LCCN 69-16407
 4. ^ Singh (1993). Engineering Mathematics (6 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.90. ISBN 0-07-014615-2. , Chapter 6, page 6.90
 5. ^ a b Weisstein, Eric W.. "Minimal Surface of Revolution". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
 6. ^ Catenoid at MathWorld
 7. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Toroid", MathWorld.
External links[edit]


text:
White sesame seeds are more commonly used in the West and Middle East, while both the pale and black varieties are used in Asian cuisines. Sesame seeds often appear on breadsticks, crackers, bagels and hamburger buns. In Syria and Lebanon sesame seeds are part of the condiment zatar. Sesame is a key ingredient in halva, the Middle Eastern confection, and is ground into tahini, widely used throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean in such delicious spreads as hummus.
These flat, tiny seeds have a rich, nutty, sweet flavor. Sesame seeds come from a flowering plant of the same name. Typically, the Sesame Seed we use in the US is pale white in color, but can also be found black.
It is thought that sesame originated in sub-Saharan Africa, but according to Assyrian legend, when the gods met to create the world, they drank wine made from sesame seeds. Sesame seeds figure prominently in Hindu legends and beliefs, where they are a symbol of immortality. "Open sesame", the phrase from Arabian Nights, reflects the distinguishing feature of the sesame seed pod, which bursts open when it reaches maturity.


text:
Multicore Scheduling for Lightweight Communicating Processes
Process-oriented programming is a design methodology in which software applications are constructed from communicating concurrent processes. A typical process-oriented design involves the composition of a large number of small isolated component processes. These concurrent components allow for the scalable parallel execution of the resulting application on both shared-memory and distributed-memory architectures. In this paper, the authors present a runtime designed to support process-oriented programming by providing lightweight processes and communication primitives. The runtime's scheduler, implemented using lock-free algorithms, automatically executes concurrent components in parallel on multicore systems.


text:
Megabee is one of the Medabots of Samantha. It was used during combat against Coop in his Megas. It eventually was destroyed by the Megas.
- Origin: Medabots/Jollibee
- Affilation: DSC,Mandark,Samantha
- Gender: Unknown
- Status: Destroyed
- The Megabee's name is similair to the name of the main medabot of Medabots who is called Metabee.
- The design given to Megabee is identical to the mascot of a popular filipino restaurant, Jollibee


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Most important factor affecting drag is frontal area. Almost all frontal area of the engine pod is the intake and it has to have the size it does to collect the air the engine needs. So there is not so much drag to be saved.
Beside that, embedding the engine in wing roots like De Havilland Comet did has many disadvantages, most of which also apply to the central engine of three-engined jets (B727, DC-10):
- The wing root carries the weight of the aircraft, so weakening it by embedding the engine is design and construction complication.
- Access for maintenance is difficult. Engines need a lot of maintenance and sometimes need to be replaced.
- Uncontained failure is more dangerous (see UA232).
- There is not much structure to damp vibration, so it is awfully noisy.
- And last but not least, modern high-bypass turbofans are huge. They would not fit in the wing anyway.
And reasons for not attaching the engines directly to the fuselage or wing are already mentined in Why do we use pylons to mount the engines on jetliners?. Mainly, the inlet needs:
- Free space around it from which it can draw air at slow speed.
- Free space around it to which it can spill the excess air at high speed.
And the engines mounted forward of wing actually improve the distribution of cross-sectional area according to the Whitcomb area rule and they dampen flutter, so the wing can be slightly less stiff and thus slightly lighter.


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I am doing research estimating the value at risk for non-normally distributed assets. I need help in the process of estimating the parameters of Student's t distribution and which method to use. I would highly appreciate any assistance in this issue.
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Should this question perhaps be migrated to stats.SE? – Tal Fishman Aug 8 '11 at 3:22
Thank you for help. I will be thankful If you can be more detailed in the approach to the direct estimate method, Which software should I use for the estimation? Thanks – fariz Aug 8 '11 at 15:30
2 Answers 2
In software R use the function fitdistr ( package MASS). For more information:
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Hi GrAra, welcome to quant.SE and thank you for your contribution. Please consider registering in order to track your answer and receive credit for your contributions to the site. – Tal Fishman Aug 9 '11 at 11:56
The pdfs of Student-t distributions have asymptotically Paretian tails, and the tail shape parameter (aka the maximal moment exponent) is equal to the distribution's degrees of freedom parameter. Assuming you have enough observations, you could estimate the Pareto parameter using the so-called Hill method (named after Bruce Hill, 1975). A word of caution: Use of the Hill method (and derived methods) is often criticized in fairly broad and rather unqualified ways. The main point to remember when using Hill's method is to use only observations that fall "safely" in the distribution's tails. Where this region lies differs from distribution to distribution. The only reasonably "safe" way is to plot the data in double-log coordinates: if the distribution does have Paretian tails, you'll see it in the graph, and you'll know where to set the cutoff for the observations that belong in the respective left and right tails.
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Joined: 16 Mar 2004
|Posted: Thu Dec 21, 2006 2:47 pm Post subject: Nanoscale capacitor feasibility studied
|Nanoscale capacitor feasibility studied
U.S. scientists say they have discovered why the size of capacitors, often the largest components in integrated circuits, can't be cut to nanoscale.
Researchers at the University of California-Santa Barbara say their finding answers a 45-year-old question: Why is the capacitance in thin-film capacitors so much smaller than expected?
Scientists have tried to use high-permittivity materials to achieve more capacitance in a smaller area but nanoscale devices have yielded lower-than-expected capacitance values. Those low values have limited the performance of thin-film capacitors and prevented further device miniaturization.
University of California-Santa Barbara Professor Nicola Spaldin and post-doctoral researcher Massimiliano Stengel used quantum mechanical calculations to prove a so-called "dielectric dead layer" at the metal-insulator interface is responsible for the observed capacitance reduction.
Spaldin and Stengel say the fundamental quantum mechanical properties of the interfaces are the root cause of the problem and show that metals with good screening properties can be used to improve the properties. "Our results provide practical guidelines for minimizing the deleterious effects of the dielectric dead layer in nanoscale devices," they said.
This story was first posted on 13th October 2006


Raytheon Company awards Carmel Valley brothers scholarships
Solana Pacific sixth-grader Arjun Nichani and his brother, Carmel Valley Middle School eighth-grader Eshaan Nichani received scholarships from Raytheon Company, two of only 150 middle school students in the country to receive the honor.
Eshaan and Arjun Nichani
The students were each awarded $1,000 scholarships to be used for a math, science or technology camp or program, or the scholarship can be saved for college.
Additionally, both Arjun and Eshaan's schools will be rewarded with a matching grant from Raytheon. Raytheon has awarded $300,000 to schools and students across the country as part of its MathMovesU program, an initiative designed to engage middle school students in math and science,
For more information on MathMovesU scholarships, visit


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Definition of Unit
1 Meaning of UnitIt is an amount taken as expressing uniqueness in number (one) or quality (e.g. "the Group has unit criteria"). It serves as a reference for comparing, cannot divide unless its essence is destroyed, or lose its functionality.
Measurable things used as basis for this measurement, the unit, which is always one, could not be zero, because that does not measure can not count. One is the drive itself, two is the sum of two units. The first units of which splits to form all the numbers are called absolute units. The TENs are units of second order, hundreds, of third order, fourth-order, thousand units, and so on.
The unit of measure is a number, constant, immutable and repeatable, same species to which you wish to measure. The set of interrelated units is a system of units. The international system of measurements, contains seven fundamental units, which correspond to the following quantities: length is the meter, of mass is the kilogram, the time, is the second, intensity of electric current is the ampere, thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin, of the amount of substance is the mole, and luminous intensity is the candela.
The monetary unit is the pattern of legal tender of a country, of which all others are derived.
In astronomy, the unit, are the 149.500.000 of km. that separate the Earth from the Sun.
In the military sphere under the command of a Chief, armed group is called military unit.
Unit, in the process of teaching and learning, includes the whole of sub themes, included in one central, which keep relationship and systematization among themselves and with the following and preceding units. For example "history of this year includes seven thematic units".
2. Definition of UnitWord that comes from the latin, unitas and refers to the property of all being, by virtue of which cannot divide its essence is destroyed or alter. Amount taken as a measurement or comparison with the of the same species (element unit) pattern.
In statistical terms, it refers to each elemental facts that constitute the whole study. In mathematics, is the name given to the first natural number; that is the 1. An absolute unit, in physics, is which can be defined directly on the basis of the fundamental units of length, mass and time.
A term that also defines a formation of army that can act under the orders of a single-head (head of unit), which has, in addition, can disciplinary. They are called the misunderstood from Brigade up, large units and small, the remaining.
In computer science, is the name that receives generally entire apparatus which is part of the treatment and data processing system, and which has awarded him a well-defined task. For example, we find that a disk drive, is the name given to a computer peripheral that uses diskettes (floppy disks) as support for the storage of data.
It consists of a mechanical system that spins to the disc, and a head for recording and reading magnetic data. They derive from the magnetic drums (mass memory) that unlike the disk do not have mobile recording heads, although its use is very similar to the one of them.
There are two main types, the hard drive, which uses hard disks larger and more expensive than the flexible, and the floppy disk or floppy.
3 Concept of UnitThe concept of unity is an abstract concept that is used to designate all that is uniform, United and such in the world. The idea of unit comes precisely from the one, that is one thing, a single element. Thus, for example unit of matter is present when different parties unite to become something greater or more complex that encompasses them. In scientific terms, the unit represents order, but in social terms the unit can often be understood as a negative if it is considered that the unit represents the annulment of different or distinct.
When we talk in terms of scientific, biological, chemical, physical, etc., the unit represents the conjunction of elements occurring naturally or artificially in different circumstances. So, for example when several specimens of the same species of animal are joined together in a group (a flock of birds) they become more complex, a unit since all Act and move together. A unit artificially attained by man can be for example when gets several ingredients to preparing a plate of food service; each element is different from the rest but altogether becomes all in one unit, something new.
In the case of social phenomena, the idea of unit has two aspects, one positive and the other negative. In the same way that in science, the unit can represent a phenomenon positive when he represents order and working together, for example when all persons of a company or a family Act ranked and securely, forming a unit and each role. The social unit has to do with the idea to unite all despite our differences for a purpose in common, for example, peace.
However, the unit can also be negative when in certain forms of Government, regimes or social and cultural ideas separate or different is understood as something bad or dangerous that should be eliminated. Thus tends to the disappearance of the differences that make us who we are and that we engage in a homogeneity in which none of us stands out for their own traits, characteristics, achievements, etc.


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Begin Again Toys Dinosaur A-Z Puzzle
Click Image for Gallery
The 26 piece friendly Stegosaurus teaches letters with fun puzzle play. Once built this stegosaurus can stand on his own for more play fun. This brightly stained puzzle is carefully crafted from plantation grown rubber wood and is sure to bring hours of fun and learning to your preschooler. The Dinosaur A to Z Puzzle comes with an easy clean up storage box made from Beech wood.
- 2 puzzles in 1
- Teaches alphabet and letter recognition: both upper and lower case
- Made from eco friendly materials: Natural Rubber wood stained with child safe stains, box made from Beech wood


Companion Guide to the Commitment to Peacemaking
The Companion Guide to the Commitment to Peacemaking accompanies the Commitment to Peacemaking. It assists congregations, mid councils and theological institutions as they make, reaffirm and deepen their commitment to peacemaking. The Guide outlines a unique process of worship, spiritual grounding and reflection, community building and partnership, study and preparation, and direct action and advocacy, Presbyterians are invited to engage in an intentional "development" of their peacemaking work and witness. It provides a set of original and curated resources, designed to help Presbyterians engage a peacemaking area of emphasis of their choosing: poverty, violence, racism, climate change, or immigration/migration.


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, but it becomes quicker at night when foraging for food, and when being blown by the wind, the origin of the Thai name "Ling Lom". When startled, it will cover its face with its arms, the origin of another Thai name, "Nang Ai". It is not often that they show themselves in Khao Yai National Park.
Scientific Name : Arctictis binturong
This carnivore is a viverrid in the same family as civets and genets. Its face resembles a bear and it is sometimes called a "bearcat", in Thai "Meekhor". It has a thick coat of coarse black hair. The tail is bushy like a squirrel, earning another Thai name, "Mee-krarork". The tail is prehensile and able to grip branches. The ears are rounded and terminated by tufts of black hair. Hair on the head is grey, but some binturongs have white hair on their face. They mostly forage at night and rest by day in tree hollows or bushes. Usually solitary, it is possible to sometimes to see a small group, such as a mother with a pup. Its diet is fruit, insects and small reptiles. It is an exceptional tree-climber with its prehensile tail gripping one branch after another. It can also swim well. Like the loris, it is rather rare in Khao Yai National Park.


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Meaning of punctuate
Pronunciation: (pungk'ch-āt"), [key]
— v., -at•ed, -at•ing.
- to mark or divide (something written) with punctuation marks in order to make the meaning clear.
- to interrupt at intervals: Cheers punctuated the mayor's speech.
- to give emphasis or force to; emphasize; underline.
- to insert or use marks of punctuation.
- punctuate (Thesaurus)


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A console applicaton, such as a telnet emulator, needs to implement a console window for the user to type commands. It is not that easy to code everything that a text editor does. Windows' edit control does everything for us, so why do not use it?
The following example indicates how to do this. CConsoleBox derives from CEdit. By customizing several standard behaviors, it works like a console.
Above is a demo to show how to use CConsoleBox. What the user types will be converted to upper case and echoed back at the console.
The user can call back previously typed commands by pressing the Up/Down keys.
Note: Not all "key combinations" and "Windows command messages" are implemented. You need to write your own code to do what you want.


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Brora: the industrial capital of Sutherland
A small pocket of Jurassic rocks containing coal on the east coast of Sutherland at Brora gave rise to its place in history as the industrial capital of the Highlands. Coal was mined here for 400 years. The first reference to coal in Brora occurs in a Sutherland Charter of 1529. The last pit closed in 1974. Coal powered a range of local industries including brickworks, textile making, distilleries and of course salt panning. No trace of the coal industry upon which the one-time prosperity of Brora so largely depended, now remains.
"The ancient glory of Brora...laid bare"
These words from the Inverness Advertiser in 1869 were reporting an
event in which "the sand banks along the shore have been considerably
encroached upon, and at Port Cheaniraidh (winter port), a mile to the
west of the river, the action of the sea against the banks has laid
bare a row of buildings which must have been for ages lain imbedded
in the sea… Numbers of people flock to visit this long hidden relic
of the ancient glory of Brora". Read more about recent uncovering
of long hidden buildings and new discoveries about Brora's former salt
pan sites in our Archaeology pages.
Local participation and events are the foundation and the strength of the Brora Saltpans Project. Find out more - and find yourself! on our Gallery pages.


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Seeds are the major inputs that drive improvements in agricultural productivity. High Quality seed alone contributes a 15-20% increase in output levels. Covid-19 is putting Nepal's small scale producers and farmers under strain. The lockdown measures may help Nepal win against the virus but it has create many problems in agricultural sector. It has hit already struggling Nepalese farmers in terms of markets, prices of the agricultural goods.
As, 65.75% of the population of our country depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. But few months ago, there was lockdown up to 6-7 months, all the vehicles were stopped, so that the agricultural goods such as seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and other agricultural equipment needed for the farmers could not be taken from one place to another. All the markets, agrovets, seed producing companies were seized. Due to this farmers cannot get certified seeds. Only some of the vehicles carrying agricultural goods were running with taking pass from the government, so farmers cannot get needed equipment in time and also the cost of vehicles was high.
A majority of seeds used by farmers across Nepal for both grains and vegetables come from outside country, mainly India. But, Indian boarders are not fully opened and the quality seed could not entered in our country. Farmers cannot get certified seeds and they are using locally available seeds which has create the problems in seed germination, which causes low crop stand establishment and finally low yields. During the season of cultivation of rice, due to shortage of seeds, farmers used locally available seeds. So, many problems had seen such as poor germination, poor crop stand establishment and finally there is low yield. The vegetable seeds needed for farmers is also not available, so most of the lands are left bare. The cost of certified seeds is increasing day by day due to this havoc and the farmers cannot afford them. Thus, there will be decrease in yield which is responsible for food shortage in coming days.
To summarize, constant increases in agriculture production and productivity is largely depends upon the quality of seeds. Increase productivity is the key to agricultural growth and helps in food security of the country. In recent time due to havoc of corona, there is shortage of seed. As a result agriculture production is decreasing which cause the food crisis in coming days. The agriculture sector should be put into consideration by government to minimize the possible crisis that could result because of this pandemic. Government should make the provision of supply the quality seeds to every corner of the country. Agriculture scientists can provide the awareness program about the idea of using locally available seeds using various measures through radio, television etc. In rural areas, there should be focus on the cultivation of locally available seed varieties and promotion of under –exploited fruits and vegetables. The concerned authorities and stakeholders need to emphasize the risk that the farmers will encountered to maintain the production. In the reduction of trade deficit situation, Nepal can focus on the agriculture sector by moving towards food selfsufficiency through the mobilization of available resources.


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Thursday, March 02, 2006
"The Oldest Road In St. Louis County"
"St. Charles Rock Road, the first road through St. Louis County, was laid out in 1772 as "The Road to St. Charles" by the Spanish. The road began in St. Louis (where it was called "Kings Road"), followed in a general direction the route now used and led to the bank of the Missouri River opposite St. Charles. In 1819, St. Charles Road was established as a post and stage road; in 1837 it was first incorporated as a turnpike. In 1865, St. Charles Road was rebuilt with macadam (successive layers of small broken stones) and renamed St. Charles Rock Road. In 1921, it became the first concrete state highway in St. Louis County."
Excerpted from the official website for the City of St. John, St. Louis County, Missouri.


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- INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMS
- VISITOR CENTER
- WILDLIFE VIEWING
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, LA
Fish and Wildlife Service
Sabine NWR,about 8 miles south of Hackberry, on State Highway 27, was established in 1937 to provide habitat for migratory waterfowl and other birds. The refuge consists of a basin of wetlands located between the Gulf's beach cheniers (oak ridges)and the coastal prairie, which is one of the most productive and fertile areas of North America. It encompasses 124,511 acres of fresh,intermediate and brackish marshes and is one of the largest estuarine-dependent marine species nurseries in southwest Louisiana. It has also been designated as an "Internationally Important Bird Area" due to the numerous wading, water and marsh birds that utilize it throughout the year. Over 280,000 people visit the refuge annually. The exhibits in the refuge visitor center and the Wetland Walkway are considered two of the principal tourist attractions in southwest Louisiana. The refuge is an integral part of the Creole Nature Trail All American Road
Address:3000 Holly Beach Highway
Directions:Sabine NWR is located about 22 miles south of Sulphur, Louisiana. Take Exit 20 off of Interstate 10 in Sulphur. Turn south on Highway 27 and proceed south through Hackberry. The Refuge Headquarters/Visitor Center is located approximately 8 miles south of Hackberry on the East side of Highway 27.


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Home, interior design tips: Make your house colourful and vibrant with these decor ideas
Home is where one spends 2/3rd of their time so it is essential that one is never bored of that space. Check these tips to make your house colourful and vibrant
With no sun and cloudy days in monsoon, the interiors may start to appear gloomy and preparing homes for the monsoon can be challenging but understanding the appropriate colours, textures and configurations can help maintain the interior's character while overcoming the gloom. These efforts are needed because home is where one spends two-third of their time hence, it is absolutely essential that one is never bored of that space.
In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Ar Anupriya Sahu, Founder and Design Head at Alankaram in MP, revealed that some tips to make your house colourful and vibrant are to pick one primary colour and pop it up with secondary colours, and use colours through a balanced mix of printed, textured solids and patterns.
She said, "As the monsoon clouds roll in, bringing relief from the scorching sun, it's time to infuse some vibrant colours into your living space. Your home is more than just a place to live; it's your sanctuary, your haven, and the backdrop to countless memories. With the monsoon season here, it's the perfect time to infuse your living spaces with vibrant colours and creative décor. After all, home is where you spend a significant portion of your time, and it should never be a dull or uninspiring place."
She suggested the following creative décor ideas to transform your house -
1. Embrace a Vibrant Palette:
Start by selecting a primary colour that resonates with you and your space. It could be a cheerful sunshine yellow, a calming sea blue, or a lively leafy green. This primary colour will serve as the anchor for your décor theme, a background for highlighting either your furniture pieces or artworks.
2. Pop it up with Secondary Colours:
To add depth and personality to your space, introduce secondary colours that complement your primary choice. For example, if you've chosen a soothing blue, consider accents of coral, mustard, or even a lively fuchsia. These secondary colours can be infused through cushions, artwork, or smaller pieces of furniture.
3. Balance is Key:
Achieving a vibrant yet balanced look is the goal. Mix and match colours through printed fabrics, textured solids, and patterns. Consider adding colourful throws, rugs, or curtains to breathe life into your living room or bedroom. Layering neutral colours such as beige or off-white help maintain equilibrium.
4. Play with Patterns:
Don't shy away from using patterns, especially vibrant tropical ones. Geometric prints, floral designs, or ethnic motifs can add a playful and energetic vibe to your interiors. Incorporate these patterns through cushions, upholstery, or even wallpapers.
5. Bring in Nature:
Adding indoor plants or flowers can instantly lift the mood and create a refreshing atmosphere. Greenery not only adds colour but also contributes to a healthier indoor environment.
6. Wall Art and Paintings:
Consider adorning your walls with vibrant artwork or paintings. This can be an excellent way to introduce a burst of colour into your home. Look for pieces that resonate with your chosen colour palette.
Adding to the list of tips, Devika Khosla, Creative Director at The Works Interiors, recommended:
- Welcome Nature Indoors
Leverage the monsoon's favorable conditions for plant growth. Embrace the temperature drop and heightened humidity to introduce indoor plants that thrive during this season. Consider incorporating green wonders like Fittonias, Monstera Obliqua, Anthurium, Syngonium, and Ferns to infuse your interiors with a sense of freshness. These plant varieties are well-suited to survive with limited sunlight and demand minimal maintenance, making them ideal choices for a vibrant indoor display.
- Elevate the Ambiance with Fragrances
The power of scents can dramatically influence the atmosphere of a room. Choose the perfect fragrances to uplift spirits and combat any unpleasant odors that might emerge from stagnant rainwater. Use lightly scented candles, incense sticks, or essential oils to purify the air and create a delightful ambiance. Embrace the enchanting fragrances of Jasmine and Moringa, which are well-suited for the monsoon season, adding a touch of magic to your indoor spaces.
- Revamp the Design
The interior arrangement of your space plays a vital role in shaping its overall appeal. As each season brings its unique charm, it demands a fresh theme that harmonises with the surroundings. During the cold and damp monsoon season, curtains take on a significant role. Consider using sheer curtains in pastel and neutral tones adorned with textured patterns, allowing abundant natural light to brighten the space while imparting an air of sophistication.
(i) Infuse the ambiance with positivity by incorporating cushions, rugs and carpets boasting vibrant colours and inviting textures. To add an extra layer of design finesse, consider using cane and wicker baskets along with throws.
(ii) Artwork on the walls holds tremendous potential to enhance your interiors. Swap understated monotone artwork with vibrant pieces that can counter the dreariness of the monsoon. Additionally, updating your lamps can swiftly contribute to the ambiance of the space. Opt for lighting arrangements like ambient or mood lighting, which work exceptionally well in colder environments, creating a cozy and inviting atmosphere during the rainy season. By thoughtfully reimagining your interior arrangement, you can curate a space that thrives with vibrancy and style throughout the monsoon.
Revamping your interiors to suit the changing seasons is a wonderful way to infuse your living spaces with freshness and vitality. With thoughtful consideration and a touch of creativity, you can transform your living spaces into a cozy and refreshing sanctuary this monsoon season.
Embrace the beauty of the changing weather and let it inspire your interior revamp, making your home a delightful place to enjoy the rainy days. Whether you opt for lush potted plants, stylish upholstery or simple furniture pieces, not only enhance the decor scheme of your home but also create a more invigorating and vibrant atmosphere during the monsoon months.


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Surfindia » Recipe » East India Cuisine » Bihar & Jharkhand
Recipes in Bihar and Jharkhand
Bihari Litti To know about the history, geography, economical status and culture of the state of Bihar one can take a look at its cuisine. Food habits of Bihar shows how the cuisine of the state has evolved over centuries under the influence of various cultures and regimes which controlled it from time to time.
Lord Buddha attained enlightenment in Bihar and hence the impact of Buddhism is significant of the state.People are largely vegetarian though many are fond of chicken and meat dishes. Bihar has also been under the reign of mighty Moghuls and naturally the exotic Mughal cuisine affected the Bihar style of cooking and the taste of the inhabitants of the state. Remarkable factor of the Bihari cuisine is that the state has imbibed the best and most suitable aspects of the Gupta, Maurayan, Turk, Afghan, Persion and European style of cooking and at the same time retained a food culture that bears a distinct hallmark of Bihar.
Wheat and rice are the staple food of Bihar and Jharkhand (Jharkhand was till recently a part of Bihar and shares food habits with its parent state). Vegetables are grown in abundance and cooked in a variety. A regular Bihari meal consists of dal, bhat (rice), phulka (roti), tarkari (sabzi) and achar (pickles). But as the seasons change so does the Bihari thali. It is said that just as the seasons change four times in a year, so does the contents of the Bihari meals.
Striking feature of Bihari cuisine is their 'chhonkna' (tadka) with 'panchforan' (a mix of five seeds - saunf, sarson, methi, ajwain and mangraila). People here are very fond of doing 'bhoonjana' to food items, this implies light frying. Dishes are generally very spicy and colourful. Mainly mustard oil is used as a medium of cooking.
Dishes and drinks made from energy rich, sattu (powdered gram) are popular all over the country. Food habits differs in various regions of the state. Tribals which constitute a significant percentage of the state population have their own style of cooking food. Mahua flour, maize, millets and edible roots and tubers are are the chief ingredients of a typical tribal meal in Chhotanagpur area.
 1. Bihari Litti
 2. Pittha
 3. For suran (ole) chutney
 4. Khichdi
 5. Thekua (Dessert)
 6. Sattu
 7. Mitha Khaja (Dessert)
 8. Besan (Gatte) ki Sabzi
 9. Kala-Chana Ghoomni
 10. Aloo Chokha
 11. Subzi Jhingni/Nenua With Chana (Black Gram)
 12. Chana daal ki Kachree
 13. Pua and Singal
 14. Motichoor Ladoo
 15. Til Barfi
 16. Peda
 17. Makhana Kheer
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