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Before I publish a blog post, I read through my work several times. I first read through it in its word publishing document, then I review it on my blog's editor tool and finally proofread once more on my website in preview mode.
I'm reviewing this blog post extra carefully because a keen eye holiday is coming up: National Proofreading Day is on March 8!
As writers, we don't take proofreading for granted. Whether we proofread our own writing or spot an error instantly in a peer's email, we edit as much as we write.
That's why it's easy for us to understand the importance of this editorial holiday. But what is National Proofreading Day? Why do we celebrate on March 8? And how can we participate in National Proofreading Day?
So, What Is National Proofreading Day?
We celebrate National Proofreading Day every year on March 8 as a way to shine a light on the importance of proofreading your writing. National Proofreading Day promotes reviewing your writing so that you submit or publish mistake-free work.
Even the best grammarians make mistakes. This day is to promote reviewing what you write and recognizing spelling or grammatical mistakes in your work so that you make corrections.
Why Is National Proofreading Day on March 8?
National Proofreading Day exists thanks to Judy Beaver. She created this writing holiday as a way to remember and honor her mother who loved correcting one's spelling and grammar. Judy chose March 8 after her mother's birthday as a fun way to remember her each passing year.
How Can I Participate in National Proofreading Day?
There are many ways that you can partake in National Proofreading Day:
- Proofread everything you write today—and always!
- Offer to proofread a project that your colleague or friend wrote.
- Thank a friend or peer who often proofreads your work.
- Write a thank you card to a teacher who helped you write with correct spelling and grammar.
- Treat yourself to a new book or at least some reading time—and see if you find any grammatical errors.
- Check out the proofreading resources on Judy Beaver's website.
- Share your celebration on social media with _TAG_.
For more ideas on how to participate in National Proofreading Day, visit nationalproofreadingday.com.
How do you plan on celebrating National Proofreading Day? Share your plans below.


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Taste evaluation is not solely based on the objectivity of food, such as the biological and innate preferences for special flavors etc. Individual and cultural differences in food preferences illuminate the role of subjectivity in taste evaluation.
According to the self-congruity theory, consumers pick products that are congruent with their self-concepts, i.e. a collection of beliefs about themselves. They do so because they strive for consistency in beliefs and behaviors (read more about self-verification).
Products and self-concepts may influence each other reciprocally. This means that products have the potential to change self-concepts through a process of self-reflexivity. Self-reflexivity is influenced by cultural values, i.e. the values that the product symbolizes.
Taste evaluation will depend on how much you can identify yourself with the value that the products symbolizes. If your values are congruent with the values of the product, then the taste evaluation is likely to be positive, and as a result, one is more likely to purchase the product.
A study by Allen and colleagues (2008) examined the role of self-concepts in the taste evaluation of food and beverage. Here are two examples of how self-concepts influence taste evaluation:
"Participants preferred the taste of Perrier over Old Fashioned Seltzer when the two options were labeled; when the products were offered without labels, participants did not show a preference" (p. 294).
"Participants who supported the values symbolized by Pepsi (exciting life, enjoying life, social power, and social recognition) had a more favorable taste evaluation, attitude, and purchase intention when told they had tasted Pepsi than when they thought they had tasted the low price Woolworth cola." (p. 302).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


About Us
More About Robomax
Robomax is a Product of PTC Circle. We are the best robotics lab provider in Rohtak. We are working with man schools and have a great response from them about our work. We will help you to set up your Labs in your school. We can help you to set up STEM Lab and Atal labs also for your school. Robomax has held many seminars in many schools and got a great response from the student. Students are taking an interest in these seminars. Every school should set up a robotics lab in school so students can interact with future technology. By doing practical in labs students will get interested in future technology which is AI (Artificial Intelligence). Robotics has a big scope for jobs in MNC's and many International companies.
Why Robotics is Important?
In addition to exemplifying technology by programming the robot directly, students also learn about science, engineering, and mathematics. Robotics is the future technology and going to build the future. The future will be of robots and Artificial Intelligence. This will help students to learn everything about robots and Artificial Intelligence. There is no need for learning theoretical when we can do practically. The lab will help students to learn practical things and implement all the theories in the lab. The Robotics lab in School has all the equipment which builds interest of the students in the Robots and Artificial Intelligence.
Why Robotics is Important in The Future?
Robotics and AI (Artificial Intelligence) is the future of this world because you can see robotics and technology everywhere. You are all surrounded by technology which is made by robots and AI. As you have heard about the robot receptionist in a big Company so everyone is looking for new technology and RObots. Robots pay a big role in this world as many companies are using them on a big scale to manufacture their products.


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Simcad Pro Training and Tutorials
Object Assembly and Disassembly Simulation
simulation training & tutorials
Author: CreateASoft Inc./Friday, May 23, 2014/Categories: Assembly and DisAssembly
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 - In the "Object Definition and Containment" interface, create 2 objects "Boxes" and "Truck." Select the "display object value" box.
 - Click on the Truck object and select object components.
 - Add Boxes to the definition of the truck, define 6 boxes per truck. Do not check any other option in the component definition.
 - Create a Start process that creates trucks. In the Object creation rules, check the "Stop after…" box, and define 2 in the number section. The start process will create only 2 trucks.
 - Create a Start process that creates boxes.
 - Create a generic process called Load truck, Open its buffers/capacity settings (Row 2) interface. Click on Define Q limits.
 - Add Truck and Boxes to the Q Limits section, and then set the count of 2 for trucks, and 3 for boxes. That separates the queue into different capacity segments.
 - In the advanced settings, open the Assembly/Disassembly interface. Click on "Enable object assembly" and select the "Assemble" column for truck to indicate that the truck will be assembled.
 - Create a Generic process called Unload Truck and set its Assembly/Disassembly settings to split the grouped object, and split after processing. Do not delete the container as the truck will be reused for another load.
 - Create an End process called End Boxes.
 - Create the flow;
 - Start (Trucks) to load truck
 - Start (Boxes) to load truck
 - Load truck to unload truck
 - Unload truck to load truck
 - Unload truck to end boxes
 - Edit the properties of the Unload truck and select object routing from the process routing settings.
 - Edit the routing, and set the object based routing option where;
 - Boxes go to the End boxes process
 - Truck go to the Load truck process
 - Run the simulation, 2 trucks are loaded in the Load truck process, then unloaded in the unload truck before they cycle again to the loading area.
Link to Object Assembly and Disassembly (PDF)
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How the Molas of the San Blas Islands Became A Symbol of Cultural Identity
The San Blas Islands off the coast of northeast Panama attract visitors with their coconut palms, white-sand beaches, and turquoise waters. But it's the vividly colored, boldly designed material panels called "molas"—usually affixed to traditional blouses—that truly distinguish this autonomous territory of about 365 Caribbean islands. Hand-made by indigenous Guna (also called Kuna) Indian women, they often depict stylized animals, plants, geometric patterns and other scenes of daily life. As an essential symbol of indigenous cultural identity, a mola offers a sustainable souvenir to take home from Guna Yala, the natives' name for the islands ("Guna land").
A mola blouse consists of two panels of appliques that are first drawn, then cut from multiple layers of different colors of cotton, and finally stitched together. Limited only by the maker's creative imagination, the designs roam the natural world widely, from fish, jungle birds, turtles, sea urchins, monkeys, humans, fishing to farming. But they can also depict historic scenes, like Columbus' ships off the Pacific coast of Panama, and Bible stories like Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden or Jesus carrying a cross. Some also find inspiration in local maps, illustrations and ads from magazines and newspapers, coins, matchbook covers and other objects.
Molas were traditionally expressions of art that were painted on the female body/Lucia Griggi
Finding Inspiration in Pop Culture and Politics
After the United States completed the construction of the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914, American influence grew stronger throughout the country. That's why, fascinatingly, you may spot the face of former President John F. Kennedy or the even official U.S. seal emblazoned on these textiles. And because phonographs became popular after missionaries brought them to Panama, don't be surprised if you spot a dog listening intently to a stereo—the logo of RCA Victor.
In 1919, when Panama's government began policies to restrict Guna customs and ban women from wearing molas, it sparked the Guna Revolution of 1925. While the government eventually granted some autonomy to the islands, the mola forever became a symbol of political resistance, according to Diana Marks, author of the book "Molas: Dress, Identity, Culture." She writes, "The purposeful promotion of political and social issues displayed on dress may be considered a direct form of activism." Eventually, Panamanian social and political trends, like women's right to vote after the 1948 election and the military dictatorship that began in 1968, would also inspire designs.
A Guna Yala woman wears traditional mola textiles and traditional jewelry/Lucia Griggi
From Expressions of Body Art to Textiles
While the oldest example that Marks found dated back to 1906, she determined some mola patterns originated centuries ago, but not as textiles. "Molas were traditionally expressions of body art primarily painted on the female body," explains Kira Brereton, a Panamanian-American travel advisor whose parents, who are community activists and educators, instructed her in local culture and history during her childhood in Panama. "With time and the introduction of Spanish settlers to Panama, the expression converted from painted body art to the woven panels found today on clothing and Panamanian art and crafts."
Today, mola textiles are an essential source of income for Guna Yala women. In the 1960s, Peace Corps volunteers helped establish textile co-ops for them to make and sell molas to tourists for economic development, which helped perpetuate the handicraft in recent decades. They're now sold most often as pillow covers, wall hangings or purses.
You can find molas in some ethnographic and textile museums in the U.S. and Europe. A splendid collection of 315 molas (with online descriptions and photos of the staggering variety and design categories) is at the University of Connecticut Benton Museum of Art. There's a soft spot in my heart for the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in New York, whose collection of 32 molas was the first I'd ever seen, and Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which has 91 molas. But browsing the riot of colors and patterns of these symbols of indigenous identity is even more rewarding on a trip to the San Blas Islands, or Guna Yala, their place of origin.
An inhabitant of Guna Yala constructs makeshift shop to trade molas with travelers/Lucia Griggi


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The History of Golf(1)
Golf as we all know it was invented in Scotland, but its roots stretches back to Flanders. The first record of "Chloe" is from 1353 and portrays something that could possibly be described as a mix between hockey and golf played in Flanders (Belgium) with ping g15 irons. The game was preferably played on ice and the players used sticks curved at the bottom to move balls from starting point to finish point. Since Scottish and Dutch merchants traveled a lot between the two regions and traded together with each other, the game played in Flanders with taylorMade r9 forged irons quickly spread to Scotland where it developed on the grassy Scottish fields and very soon ceased to be a winter game. It was the Scots that began to dig holes in the ground instead of simply selecting a finishing point with callaway diablo octane tour driver. Digging a hole in the Dutch ice had normally not seen a good idea. Although the game changed a great deal after being introduced in Scotland, the balls where still generally imported from Flanders. The more patriotic Scots claim that golf instead evolved from different stick-and-ball games that we understand were played all over the British Isles as early as the middle Ages. These games were inspired by a stick-and-ball game and introduced to the British Isles by the Romans. The first record of the term golf is from 1457 when King James II of Scotland outlawed golf and even soccer, given that the games were so popular with the clubs of taylormade r11 fairway wood that they made the king's archers skip their practice and play golf and soccer instead. James III re-issued this law in 1471 and James IV followed in his footsteps with all new bans in 1491. Golf did however keep on its development in Scotland in spite of the ban. Even during these early days, almost all the essential parts of golf such as Callaway RAZR Hawk Fairway Wood had already been invented. The players used a club to swing a ball into a hole in the ground. The player who managed to get the ball into the hole using the least amount of strokes won. The word gold is derived from the Old Scots words "Goff" or "glove", and these words in turn derive from "kolf" or "kolve", medieval Dutch words which simply meant club such as cheap golf clubs. When the words kolf and kolve were imported to Scotland, the old Scottish dialect transformed the letter K into G, and the game was named Goff, Glove, Glove and Growl.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Animal Imagery
By Mary Nooter Roberts
University of California, Los Angeles
Nigeria; Benin Kingdom artist
L. 69 cm (27 3/16")
National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria, 52.13.1, 52.13.2
Photo by Dirk Bakker
Animals provide apt metaphors for leadership and power in African thought and expressive culture. The representation of an animal can empower a hunter or evoke the authority of a king. Regalia frequently depict animals in scenes of domination, such as a leopard eating an antelope; these images are intended to declare a king's might. In other cases, animal imagery refers to a state of liminality.


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Q: At the company where I work, the project managers use the phrase "speak to" like this: "Would you be able to speak to this question?" Is that usage correct? Or is it just another "office-ism"?
A: People use the expression "speak to," meaning to address an issue, in two different ways.
The first usage, as in the example "increased crime speaks to the need for vigilance," goes back to the 17th century, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. In this sense, "speak to" means to influence or to constitute evidence of something.
The second usage, as in "let me speak to that," also goes back at least as far as the 17th century. The OED cites several published examples of "speak to" in the sense of to deal with or discuss or comment on. The first citation is from 1610: "I desire them therefore to speake to these foure points."
So both usages are well-established. But these days they're also much overused, especially in muddy or imprecise writing. I find the second one the most annoying. When I hear people say, "Let me speak to that," I expect them to speak around a point without really addressing it. In other words, here comes a half-baked comment.
Buy Pat's books at a local store or Amazon.com.


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The Origin of War Driving
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Why does "war driving" use the term "war?" Admittedly, the practice of war driving is an attempt to obtain information illicitly, but a better term might be something like "Eavesdrop driving."
The term "war chalking" seems to have come along as a Johnny-come-lately term for "war driving." War driving was already firmly entrenched in the Wi-Fi counter-culture, so when the newer grass-roots activity of marking Wi-Fi hotspots came along, perhaps it seemed natural to use the "war" word. But how was "war driving" named in the first place?
The term derives from "war dialing," which was the pre-broadband hacker practice of programming a computer to dial hundreds of dial-up access numbers, hoping to find one that was not protected (or could easily be cracked). It was popularized by the movie War Games (1983).


Plumbers are mostly called in for leaky pipes, problems with toilets and showers and water heaters but most homeowners don't realize that specialty plumbers are trained to install and maintain gas lines.
Do Plumbers Install Gas Lines?
Do All Plumbers Work On Gas Lines?
Absolutely not. Plumbers who are trained and licensed to work with natural gas have the expertise to work on gas lines.
Make sure that you use a plumber with these credentials!
Although not all plumbers are trained and licensed to work with gas lines, here at Atlantis Plumbing we DO have natural gas plumbers that work on installing and repairing gas lines.
So, if you're looking for the right professional who installs gas lines for stoves, fixes gas leaks, etc. - look for plumbers with the expertise and licensing to work with natural gas.
How Much Does A Gas Line Installation Cost?
According to, the cost range for gas line installs is anywhere from $120 to $1350. "Most homeowners spend between $256 and $768."
Cost of material, labor cost, obtaining permits and costs due to following local building codes and complexity of the project all play a part in the overall cost of the installation.
Do Plumbers Fix Gas Leaks?
Before we answer this question let's talk about safety first.
Natural gas leaks can set off an explosion. If you suspect that you have a gas leak, open as many windows and doors in your home as possible, quickly and then leave the home immediately.
Call your gas supplier or the fire department from your cell phone or a neighbor's phone.
 - Do not try to light the stove or use any appliance
 - Don't turn on any lights
 - Do not touch any light switches
 - Don't use a landline phone
IMPORTANT: Gas leaks can't always be detected by smell, especially by the elderly whose sense of smell may be impaired.
We highly recommend that you use a combustible gas leak/carbon monoxide detector that is approved by UL or CSA. You can find these at your nearby home supply store, like The Home Depot or Lowe's.
So, to answer the question, "Do plumbers fix gas leaks?" - the answer is YES. Specially trained plumbers who deal with natural gas can fix gas leaks.
If you have any questions concerning gas lines in your home or business in the Atlanta, Georgia area, call Atlantis Plumbing today at _PHONE_. We are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
We Offer Gas Line Services in Metro Atlanta and Surrounding Areas


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Managed by | Updated.
Workflow scripts can fail and errors must be handled appropriately. A common approach is to have a failing workflow script exit with a non-zero exit code so that Funnelback can detect the problem and fail the update (sending a notification email if it has been configured).
To achieve this in shell scripts, make sure you set the -e flag in the hashbang line: #!/bin/sh -e or #!/bin/bash -e. This will cause the shell to immediately exit with an error code if one the script commands fail.
To achieve this in Groovy script, throw an exception with a message of why the script cannot continue:
throw new Exception("Unable to connect to remote system");
Never use System.exit() as it will cause the JVM to shutdown. Depending on the context it may have bad consequences, such as shutting down the Jetty webserver if the script is being run by Jetty.


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George Eastman is best known as the inventor of photographic film and founder of Eastman Kodak Co, but his century-old legacy of entrepreneurship now rides on the lesser-known Eastman Chemical Co.
That was hardly the case in 1994, when Eastman Kodak spun off its chemicals business to help pay down debt. At that time, Kodak was still a colossus in photography whereas Eastman Chemical was a small player very much in its parent's shadow.
But because of a sea change in digital technology and different approaches to business, Eastman Chemical's stock market value has since increased 71 percent to $5.5 billion today, while Kodak's has plummeted 99 percent to about $185 million.
Interviews with former executives, retirees and analysts describe two companies that were polar opposites in many ways, despite their shared heritage: where Eastman Chemical was swift to move into new markets, Kodak rested on its laurels for too long; where Chemical had a management team obsessed with the bottom line, Kodak retained cushy employee benefits even when the advent of digital cameras caused film demand to crater.
Speculation flared in September that Kodak was on the verge of bankruptcy, after the Rochester, New York-based company hired restructuring experts. Last month, Kodak warned that unless it could raise $500 million in new debt or sell some patents in its portfolio, it might not survive 2012.
"George Eastman's legacy will be Eastman Chemical and not Eastman Kodak," said Willy Shih, a Harvard Business School professor who ran Kodak's digital imaging business from 1997 until 2005. "I am absolutely convinced of that."
George Eastman, a high-school dropout from rural New York, founded Eastman Kodak Co in the late 1880s and built it into the world's biggest photographic film supplier and camera maker. He patented roll film when he was 30 and quickly became a wealthy man. In 1919, he gifted one-third of his Kodak stock -- worth roughly $10 million at the time -- to employees.
Eastman established a chemicals subsidiary in 1920 to supply acetic acid and other photographic chemicals to Kodak, a business that grew strongly in the next 50 years, gaining many customers beyond its sibling.
After Eastman Chemical was spun off, it continued to expand and innovate by staking out new niche chemical markets, such as fibers for cigarette filters and plastic free of bisphenol A, a potential carcinogen.
Kodak, on the other hand, invented the digital camera in 1975 when one of its engineers developed a prototype that was as big as a toaster and captured black and white images.
But it failed to capitalize on that innovation, and it was only when Kodak's film business began to decline a decade ago that it tried to catch up with rivals by launching mass-market digital cameras with the Easyshare line.
"We had something that was so good, but now it's deteriorated to the current state of affairs," said Bob Shanebrook, a former Kodak executive who ran the professional film business and retired in 2003. "We thought $40 per share was a ridiculously low stock price, but now it's below a dollar."
Kodak's five-year credit default swaps were quoted at distressed levels earlier this month, reflecting a 92 percent chance of default on its debt in the next five years.
The city of Rochester itself seems resigned to Kodak's fate. At one point, the company employed more than 60,000 people in the area -- now, that number is closer to 7,000.
A PATERNAL HISTORY
To be sure, Eastman Chemical has been fortunate to be in an industry that has changed little compared to the technology sector, which has forced other American icons including International Business Machines Corp and Corning Inc to reinvent themselves. The type of chemical products may change, but the science of producing them does not.
Nonetheless, people familiar with both companies give Eastman Chemical credit for a corporate culture change that has helped it eschew the Kodak legacy.
In March 2009, for example, Eastman Chemical asked all employees from the CEO down to take a 5 percent pay cut to prevent widespread layoffs. The tactic worked, layoffs were averted, and the prior pay levels were restored later that year.
"We needed to understand that we were not a family; we were a team," Brian Ferguson, who joined Eastman Chemical in 1977 and was chief executive from 2002 through 2009, said in an email. "We had difficulties dealing with these issues due to the paternal history of Kodak, which implied employment for life, benefits forever unchanging and general conflict avoidance."
Kodak, in contrast, was much more generous with its employee benefits. Even after the decline in its business forced massive layoffs -- it has 18,800 global workers today, down from 86,000 in 1998 -- the company offered lucrative severance packages.
"They could have just said, 'Thanks for coming, goodbye,'" said Shanebrook, the former Kodak executive. "Instead, they gave people at all levels separation packages based on how long they worked. They continue to provide medical coverage for retirees."
Kodak's U.S. pension plans, which cover 65,000 people, were underfunded by nearly $200 million at the end of 2010. The funds slipped into the red after a surplus of more than $2 billion as recently as 2008, according to filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
When asked for comment, Kodak spokesman Gerard Meuchner said in an-email that the company has cut its post-employment benefits by two-thirds since 2005 and lowered its severance benefits from two weeks per year of service to 1.5 weeks.
The differences in Kodak and Eastman Chemical's cultures are reflected in the management styles of their leaders. Eastman Chemical Chief Executive Jim Rogers, a former naval aviator and corporate treasurer, has a reputation for being pragmatic and low-key. Kodak CEO Antonio Perez is known for his charisma, but some of his spending decisions have raised eyebrows.
Perez's liberal use of corporate jets has become a popular topic among Kodak pensioners on Internet message boards. Perez, who is on the President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, flew with his wife in 2006 on a Kodak plane to a Super Bowl football game viewing party at the White House.
The plane was later destroyed when a hangar near Dulles International Airport collapsed after a snowstorm. Perez decided to lease another one.
In 2010, he racked up a $309,407 bill using Kodak's jet for personal travel, according to regulatory filings. Starting in 2011, the company said Perez would have to pay out of pocket if his personal travel bill eclipsed $100,000.
Rogers, by contrast, used Eastman Chemical's jet infrequently in 2010 for personal travel. The cost was so small -- less than $10,000 -- that Eastman Chemical said in filings it would not bother to report it.
Among the handful of Wall Street analysts who still follow Kodak, three advise selling the stock. By contrast, at least seven Wall Street analysts say the shares of Eastman Chemical are a good buy. StarMine, a Thomson Reuters data service that aggregates leading analysts' expectations, believes the stock's true value is nearly double current levels.
Earnest Deavenport, who was chief executive of Eastman Chemical when it first became independent, said the company would not have flourished if it had remained part of Kodak.
"The cash needs of the chemical group and the rest of Kodak were out of phase with each other," Davenport said. "Kodak did not see the global expansion of the chemical group's manufacturing base as strategic to the parent company."
As an independent company, Eastman Chemical had to learn to compete with Dow Chemical, BASF and other global chemical giants. It never grew complacent the way Kodak did with its near-monopoly of the photographic sector.
Kodak has been hamstrung by Asian competitors that have experience making cheaper electronics. In 2010, Kodak held about 7 percent of the digital camera market, in seventh place behind Canon, Sony Corp, Nikon and others, according to research firm IDC. Its position has slipped since 2007, when it was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6 percent share.
Kodak's spending on research and development fell 10 percent last year to $321 million. Eastman Chemical spent $152 million on research in 2010, up 23 percent from the previous year.
If Perez cannot find a way to revitalize Kodak, Rogers could soon find himself the only CEO of a company with "Eastman" in its name.
In 1932, sick and frail from a spinal disorder, George Eastman took his own life with a bullet to the heart, feeling that his legacy had been cemented by both the film and chemical businesses. He left a note, unaware that Kodak would one day fall on hard times.
"To my friends," Eastman wrote. "My work is done. Why wait?"


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Composition Vector Method Based on Maximum Entropy Principle for Sequence Comparison
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4 Author(s)
Chan, R.H. ; Dept. of Math., Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ; Chan, T.H. ; Hau Man Yeung ; Wang, R.W.
The composition vector (CV) method is an alignment-free method for sequence comparison. Because of its simplicity when compared with multiple sequence alignment methods, the method has been widely discussed lately; and some formulas based on probabilistic models, like Hao's and Yu's formulas, have been proposed. In this paper, we improve these formulas by using the entropy principle which can quantify the nonrandomness occurrence of patterns in the sequences. More precisely, existing formulas are used to generate a set of possible formulas from which we choose the one that maximizes the entropy. We give the closed-form solution to the resulting optimization problem. Hence, from any given CV formula, we can find the corresponding one that maximizes the entropy. In particular, we show that Hao's formula is itself maximizing the entropy and we derive a new entropy-maximizing formula from Yu's formula. We illustrate the accuracy of our new formula by using both simulated and experimental data sets. For the simulated data sets, our new formula gives the best consensus and significant values for three different kinds of evolution models. For the data set of tetrapod 18S rRNA sequences, our new formula groups the clades of bird and reptile together correctly, where Hao's and Yu's formulas failed. Using real data sets with different sizes, we show that our formula is more accurate than Hao's and Yu's formulas even for small data sets.
Published in:
Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IEEE/ACM Transactions on (Volume:9, Issue: 1 )


Before the terms streetwear or luxury existed, he was bringing forth street culture ideas through the high fashion system." — Virgil Abloh in Dazed
Virgil Abloh, Louis Vuitton's men's artistic director and founder of haute streetwear label Off-White, paid tribute to Kim Jones, his LV predecessor and former mentor, now creative director for Dior Homme. Abloh admits to learning a lot from Jones, who he first met in 2007 when he was a virtual unknown and Jones was a prominent designer renowned for successfully blending high fashion and streetwear. During a series of talks with streetwear fans in London in 2017, Abloh noted, "I slept on his couch in a front room in Maida Vale and forced him to teach me stuff, I spent a summer sitting there with him."
Like every aspiring innovator, Abloh knew that working closely with stars such as Jones would be good for him. Indeed, stories of junior designers learning from creative masters are common in various industries. So, what do you get from working with a creative star beyond fame and connections? And does it actually make you more creative?
Creative stars contribute far more than just status and additional knowledge to a collaboration. They bring a superior set of creative skills that allows them to push existing paradigms into new territories; to see new possibilities that others overlook; to uncover similarities across different perspectives; and to iteratively refine the most promising ideas. These stars typically have the ability to synthesise diverse ideas in a way that maximises creativity, leading to exceptional innovations.
Collaborating with stars provides non-stars with the opportunity to learn and develop these superior creative skills, increasing the likelihood they will go on to create a series of radical innovation. The non-star can become more creative, and even gain their own star status.
Star designers are adept at creative synthesis
Where does outstanding innovation come from? Common belief associates breakthrough innovation with a lightning strike, with a lightbulb moment or an apple that's fallen onto a head. It assumes that there is a flash of insight, an incredible moment where a genius establishes novel connections between different elements and thus makes a breakthrough. To understand the benefits of working with a creative star, it is, however, crucial to recognise the role of an alternative view of creating breakthrough innovations: creative synthesis. This less understood approach to innovation focuses on the notion that radical innovations are likely to emerge by taking a single idea and persistently reframing, refining and retesting it until it shines. Although the quality of the raw concept is certainly important, it is the work that follows that determines whether an idea becomes great. Creative synthesis has been likened to sculpting a complex shape or creating vanguard cuisine. It is a holistic and artistic approach to creative tasks requiring wisdom and experience.
People who master creative synthesis share certain tacit, intricately linked traits and behaviours. They are consummate questioners who constantly challenge common assumptions and are adept in connecting disparate fields, problems and ideas. They are better at being able to clarify and define complex problems, and focus collective attention not only on the "what is" but also on "what could be". When collaborating with others, they attend to ideas in a way that each member of a group can understand, helping to facilitate communication that pushes innovation forward. They are also persistent and are better at pacing the creative process, knowing when to continue evaluating ideas and when it is time to start enacting them.
Creative synthesis is the mystical touch that transforms
These skills are not something that can be fully learned by reading a book or attending a design class. For many creative stars, they are intuitive or gained through experience. However, the likelihood of someone learning these skills (and eventually becoming a star themselves) is significantly higher if they work in close proximity to someone who possesses them.
This was the hypothesis put forward and tested in our recent study Where Do Stars Come From? The Role of Star Versus Non-star Collaborators in Creative Settings. Our research, which examined the collaboration patterns of 144,288 designers granted design patents by the United States Patent and Trademark Office over 35 years, found that star designers who created the most influential patents (those most cited by other future patents) exhibited more creative synthesis behaviours than non-star designers. Specifically, they spent more time refining a potentially ground-breaking idea than non-stars. We noted that non-stars working with stars were more likely to imitate this behaviour, suggesting that non-stars learn creative synthesis from the stars with whom they collaborate.
Optimum conditions for star power
Admittedly, creative synthesis is not the only approach to develop a breakthrough. There is the well-established approach to creativity that sees innovation as a new way of combining existing elements. This view is central to an evolutionary theory of innovation put forward by Nobel laureate Joseph Schumpeter and supported by a stream of academic research. It involves the combination of as many diverse ideas as possible increasing the chance of creating a potentially ground-breaking concept. Based on this claim, you need to rely on a pool of diverse collaborators to ignite the creative spark.
Creative synthesis and the combinatorial approach of creativity can both bring extraordinary results and work well in tandem. However, creative synthesis is the skill, if mastered, which will ultimately transform your creativity.
It is important to note that optimal working conditions and collaboration processes differ depending on whether innovators are working with stars or non-stars.
Our research confirmed previous findings which showed that when teams of non-stars work together, diversity is the key to creativity. The greater the divergence in knowledge and ideas brought to the project, the greater the chance something new and significant will be created. In these cases, to maximise the likelihood of a breakthrough and eventually nurturing a creative star, managers should make decisions that limit redundant social connections to the team and bring in new members whose expertise and experience are different from others in the group.
On the other hand, when collaborating with stars, a very cohesive environment brings better results. Shared social connections and closer similarities of expertise help to build a common understanding of new paradigms and encourage collaborators to see similarities among their different perspectives. As well as increasing the likelihood of breakthrough innovations, this facilitates the transfer of creative synthesis knowledge and skills to non-star collaborators, significantly increasing the chance of one day becoming a creative star themselves. Indeed, organisations like Pixar and El Bulli (the former highly influential three-starred Michelin restaurant) have generated remarkable innovations in their small, close-knit creative teams where creative synthesis skills were learned from star members' superior abilities.
In short, when working with a star, creative synthesis is the key skill an aspiring innovator should focus on – a skill more likely to be learned by working with those who exhibit it. To magnify this effect, special attention needs to be paid to maximising shared social connections and expertise around star collaborations.
Jürgen Mihm is an INSEAD Professor of Technology and Operations Management and the Programme Director of the INSEAD Strategic R&D Management Executive Education programme.
Haibo Liu is an Assistant Professor of Management at University of California, Riverside. He received his PhD from INSEAD.
 Follow INSEAD Knowledge on Twitter and Facebook.


Quantum ESPRESSO (pw) & phono3py calculation
Quantum espresso package itself has a set of the force constants calculation environment based on DFPT. But the document here explains how to calculate phonon-phonon interaction and related properties using phono3py, i.e., using the finite displacement and supercell approach.
An example for QE (pw) is found in the example-phono3py/Si-QE directory.
To invoke the QE (pw) interface, --qe option has to be always specified:
% phono3py --qe [options] [arguments]
When the file name of the unit cell is different from the default one (see Default unit cell file name), -c option is used to specify the file name. QE (pw) unit cell file parser used in phono3py is the same as that in phonopy. It can read only limited number of keywords that are shown in the phonopy web site (_URL_
 1. Create supercells with displacements
 % phono3py --qe -d --dim="2 2 2" -c Si.in
 In this example, probably 111 different supercells with displacements are created. Supercell files (supercell-xxx.in) are created but they contain only the crystal structures. Calculation setting has to be added before running the calculation.
 2. Run QE (pw) for supercell force calculations
 Let's assume that the calculations have been made in disp-xxx directories with the file names of Si-supercell.in. Then after finishing those calculations, Si-supercell.out may be created in each directory.
 3. Collect forces
 FORCES_FC3 is obtained with --cf3 options collecting the forces on atoms in QE (pw) calculation results:
 % phono3py --qe --cf3 disp-00001/Si-supercell.out disp-00002/Si-supercell.out...
 or in recent bash or zsh:
 % phono3py --qe --cf3 disp-{00001..00111}/Si-supercell.out
 disp_fc3.yaml is used to create FORCES_FC3, therefore it must exist in current directory.
 1. Calculate 3rd and 2nd order force constants
 fc3.hdf5 and fc2.hdf5 files are created by:
 % phono3py --qe --dim="2 2 2" -c Si.in --sym-fc
 2. Calculate lattice thermal conductivity, e.g., by:
 % phono3py --qe --dim="2 2 2" -c Si.in --pa="0 1/2 1/2 1/2 0 1/2 1/2 1/2 0" \
 --mesh="11 11 11" --fc3 --fc2 --br


text:
This paper identifies and evaluates qualitative methods appropriate for use in conducting policy-relevant research on the experiences, motivations, agency and life histories of autonomous and semi-autonomous children and adolescents, including those who migrate independently of parents and adult guardians. It presents an overview of qualitative research practice and the potential for qualitative research to extend and deepen knowledge of children's varied and independently negotiated life circumstances. It argues that qualitative approaches are necessary to understand and meaningfully respond to the experiences of diverse physical, social and cultural environments. Research ethics are discussed from several points of view, highlighting both the importance of maintaining, and difficulty of defining, ethical engagement with subjects whose vulnerabilities and capabilities are manifest in ways that unsettle many traditional conceptions of children.
The longer section of the paper presents illustrative examples of qualitative research techniques. An illustrated inventory of research tools is presented with seven categories: surveys; interviews and focus groups; observation and participant observation; life histories and biographical methods; visual and textual methods; performance, play and arts-based methods; and virtual and computer-aided methods. Particular attention is given to practical details of field research, including subject recruitment/sampling, research setting, facilitation of interaction with subjects through intermediary contacts and organizations, and the specific steps taken to collect qualitative data. The concluding section synthesizes the information presented and provides guidance on how to incorporate qualitative methods, and qualitative methodologies, into research on children who live independently of parents and adult guardians or who exercise autonomy in more limited contexts.


small text medium text large text
U.S.S. Jenks
Scanned photo of U.S.S. Jenks.
Caption: DE 665, the U.S.S. Jenks, was the first destroyer escort launched
into the Ohio River. Named for a World War II naval hero, the Jenks was one of 28 such vessels built by Dravo during World War II.
Notes: Courtesy of Dravo Corp., Neville Island.
Heading: Pittsburgh. Wars. World War II.
#: P1541.
From the Collections of the Pennsylvania Department,
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.
Up Return to the top


I'm trying to write an algorithm to calculate the area created by multiple paths that can be overlapping or not. Here is an example:
Example Paths
 - 4 separate paths (A,B,C,D) which are a collection of vertices (A1,A2,...)
 - Area desired is represented by green
Edge Cases
 - As shown with B, a path might have segments that don't contribute to a filled shape
 - As shown with C, a path might be completely enclosed by other paths and therefore should basically be ignored.
 - As shown with D, paths may create independent shapes
 - As shown with A and B, it should be a union of all the shapes
My first question is if an algorithm for this already exists. If it does, it would save me a lot of effort :). I tried searching around but I don't even know how to describe this problem concisely.
Assuming one doesn't exist for this exact purpose I have to move on to figuring it out myself. I'm assuming the right data structure for the job is a graph. I'm thinking I will add points for each intersection (highlighted in red) as I insert paths into the graph.
Then "all I need" is an algorithm for tracing around the outside of each shape because calculating the area of those irregular polygons will be simple. Does something like that already exist? My primary hangups when I think about how to do this are:
 - What vertex do I "start" at?
 - How do I account for multiple shapes (D as well as A,B,C)?
 - How do I account for the parts of shapes like formed by A1,A5,A5 where I'll be visiting that intersection point multiple times?
I'm not necessarily looking for a complete solution, I'd love thoughts on if you think I'm approaching this the best way so far and if you have any ideas/suggestions on how to achieve this.
Thanks in advance!
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ The Shoelace formula gives your the area. $\endgroup$ – plop Aug 8 at 19:20
 - $\begingroup$ (_USER_ well, the example is not a simple polygon.) $\endgroup$ – greybeard Aug 9 at 1:26
 - $\begingroup$ There is line sweep. $\endgroup$ – greybeard Aug 9 at 1:30
 - $\begingroup$ It's unlikely you'll find an algorithm for this problem, because it's a multistep one... At first you need to find all intersection points and split all the edges, which contain them. Then you'll need to find all simple polygons, then check their pairwise containment. Also this is not graph theory problem, I'd say it's computational geometry problem $\endgroup$ – HEKTO Aug 9 at 22:32
With the help from some of the hints on this post and elsewhere, I came up with a solution.
The Data Structure
The data structure is relatively simple. It is a collection of Nodes that are connected by Edges.
The Data Structure
Each node stores the coordinates of where it lies in space and each segment is represented by two directional edges, one in each direction. Each intersection of line segments is broken up with a new Node. Note the coordinates of the intersections are left off the diagram but are included in the data structure.
The Algorithm
Find All Cycles
 1. Pick any edge and choose the next edge that is closest to clockwise from the edge you entered the node on.
 1. Record whether the angle between the connecting edges is a reflex angle (> 180 degrees) or not.
 1. Record the series of nodes visited
 1. Mark the edge as used
 1. Follow that new edge to the next node and repeat until reaching the first node again.
At the end, the cycle will have the points that it is composed of and a count of reflex and non-reflex angles. If there are more reflex angles, it is considered to be an outside cycle and is thrown out. Otherwise, it is included in a preliminary list of polygons to include in the final result.
Repeat this cycle finding process until every edge has been used.
Filter Polygons
Filter out any resulting polygons that are entirely inside another. This can be done by testing only the first point of one polygon to see if it's inside another. That's because we know we will never have any intersecting polygons.
Calculate the Area of Each Remaining Polygon
At this point, we just need to calculate the area of each polygon and add them together for our solution.
Some Details
It's important to note that in the case where we get to a node and the only remaining edge is the returning edge, it counts as a 360 degree angle and therefore a reflex angle.
Also, it's important to note that each angle of each cycle must be counted towards the reflex and non-reflex count, including the first and last. Otherwise, a plus sign arrangement of simple paths (+) will result in a valid polygon.
All of the cycles from my original example are represented here:
enter image description here
For more information on my process and a walk through of the algorithm, you can see my case study.
| cite | improve this answer | |
 - $\begingroup$ This is good self-answer, but it's not about Computer Science. People here used to care a lot about computational complexity, and you don't talk about it. For example, the famous Bentley-Ottmann algorithm (_URL_%E2%80%93Ottmann_algorithm) can be used to compute all the intersection points... That's why you got some comments about sweeping. $\endgroup$ – HEKTO Aug 14 at 5:37
 - $\begingroup$ I did consider determining the computational complexity of it, but it isn't particularly relevant for me right now. I definitely appreciate the link to the Bentley-Ottmann algorithm, it will definitely come in handy if performance becomes a problem for me. $\endgroup$ – drewag Aug 14 at 6:01
 - $\begingroup$ Also, _USER_ side note, I don't know why you have to say it's not computer science. Perhaps your goal is to keep people like me (definitely more of an engineer than a scientist) off this stack exchange? It certainly doesn't make me feel welcome. I think I put a lot of effort into this post, especially considering very few people will ever see it. I'm sorry it doesn't fit your narrow definition of computer science. $\endgroup$ – drewag Aug 14 at 6:03
 - $\begingroup$ I'm trying to help you, and I've actually upvoted your question. A notion of a problem in CS is more narrow than in engineering - it should be minimal, self-contained, formalized etc. There is a number of such subproblems, which can be extracted from your question - ideally we should research them separately. $\endgroup$ – HEKTO Aug 14 at 16:41
Your Answer


text:
- Article Type: General
- Product: Aleph
- Product Version: 19.01
X SERVICE: ILL-BOR-AUTH does not work when verification and user ID contain both ampersand and dot. If only one is present, it works, if both are present, error message is generated.
Error in Verification is received
Should authenticate the user with ampersand and dot in user ID and verification
The problem here is not the combination of the characters "@" and ".". The problem is the length of the verification. In the example - _EMAIL_, the verification is too long for the encryption. Although the string is shorter than 20 characters, the encryption of this string that includes the "@" and "." is more than 20 bytes long and this is why it fails.
Instead of the example :
we tried :
which was successful as the string is short. This is system limitation which cannot be changed.
- Article last edited: 10/8/2013


text:
Issue Brief: Citizen Security
This Issue Brief addresses the topic of Citizen Security— the process of establishing, strengthening and protecting democratic civic order, eliminating threats of violence in a population and allowing for safe and peaceful coexistence— and how UNDP does it. UNDP's approach to citizen and community security attempts to tackle all of the potential causes of crime and violence. This multifaceted approach helps countries to integrate violence prevention and crime control measures; targeting a broad range of issues, such as lack of social cohesion, impunity, drug trafficking, the proliferation of illegal firearms, human trafficking and migration.
UNDP targets all levels of government; supporting the development of national policies; strengthening local and state institutions; helping the government to better coordinate security; improving the capacity of police to prevent violence; and training judges and court officials. Importantly, UNDP works with communities to understand their perceptions of the security challenges and takes practical action to address these, such as by imposing gun-free zones, keeping young people occupied and off the streets, improving job opportunities or simply fixing street lights to help reduce violence.


text:
The things they carried final essay assignment students need to organize their ideas around a thesis in the things they carried, o'brien writes. (required for ib students) the fourth book may be chosen from the preceding list or from the high school reading lists the things they carried plays with truth. Things ib students don't say 15k likes just the things ib students don't say message us for suggestions for any query of work-related enquiries. Get free homework help on tim o'brien's the things they carried: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, essays student life. The course embarks on the first year of ib language a: students will not only read with an acute critical eye the things they carried by tim o'brien. Tim o'brien's the things they carried (1990) if at the end of a war story you feel uplifted a good ib literature student is an engaged reader. Things they carried if it were written in the future or the past • some students didn't provide enough specific and relevant examples (ie references) from. The things they carried relied on the time of year now it was football read this term paper and over 1,500,000 others like it now the things students carry.
The international baccalaureate program ib provides for students to learn individually and also collaboratively, including lesson planning and research. To introduce students to tim o'brien's the things they carried, i just give them the title and some vague information such as, "clearly, the author discusses. Ib literature vacation reading project: the things they carried by tim o'brien. Home → sparknotes → literature study guides → the things they carried the things they carried tim o'brien table of contents plot overview summary.
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Essays for the things they carried the things they carried essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide. Read the things they carried free essay and over 88,000 other research documents the things they carried spring book review in the things they carried, tim oвђ. This is my iop for ib english about the psychological effects of being drafted into ar, being in war, and coming out of war this dance was complete improv.
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Bar'set higher' for ib students the alternative to a level is being underestimated carried out on behalf of the international baccalaureate organisation.
The things they carried some other world: an index to the things they carried a student-produced, very thorough index to the novel the things they carried. Hl ib group 2014-2016 for part 3, we will be reading tim o'brien's the things they carried instructions for finalizing written tasks students guide to. The things they carried iopthe ghost soldiers no description by alison holler on 18 october 2012 tweet comments transcript of the things they carried iopthe. The things they carried were largely determined by necessity among the necessities or near-necessities were p-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches. Tim o'brien lesson plans for the things they carried and other books - free english learning and teaching resources from varsity tutors.


text:
- The district occupied entirely by the city of Washington; chosen by George Washington as the site of the capital of the United States and created out of land ceded by Maryland and Virginia
- District of Columbia, D.C.
- An electric current that flows in one direction steadily
- direct current, direct electric current
Derived forms: DCs
Type of: electrical energy, electricity, federal district
Part of: America, the States, U.S., U.S.A., United States, United States of America, US, USA


[Pixman] [PATCH 0/7] lowlevel-blt-bench test pattern parser
Ben Avison bavison at riscosopen.org
Mon Apr 13 10:42:45 PDT 2015
On Mon, 13 Apr 2015 12:31:35 +0100, Pekka Paalanen wrote:
> Apart from restructuring, there is one significant(?) difference to
> Ben's patches: for a solid mask, Ben used a8r8g8b8, but my code uses a8.
I had to remind myself how things hang together to check if this is
significant or not...
When lowlevel-blt-bench tests a solid image (source or mask), it achieves
it not by calling pixman_image_create_solid_fill() but by creating a 1x1
pixel bitmap using pixman_image_create_bits(). However, the effect is
effectively the same because compute_image_info() detects single-pixel
bitmaps and records it in image->common.extended_format_code before we
start doing fast path lookup. However, image->type remains as BITS rather
than SOLID because the non-common parts of the pixman_image union retain
their original meaning - for a native solid fill image, it's just the
colour in three different formats, but for bitmap images it's a pointer
to and sizes of the bitmap and colour LUT (if applicable), various helper
function pointers and so on.
A typical ARM assembly fast path is written to assume that any argument
corresponding to a solid colour is already in an 8888 format where the
red-blue ordering is the same as the destination image. The magic that
ensures this is hidden in the wrapper C function generated by
PIXMAN_ARM_BIND_FAST_PATH_N_DST and similar, where it calls
_pixman_image_get_solid(). You'll see similar calls more explicitly in
pixman-fast-path.c (architecture-neutral fast paths) and the equivalent
sources files for other architectures.
There are a few circumstances where you might not want to use
_pixman_image_get_solid() - perhaps most obviously are the operations
which use a solid image in pixel format a2r10g10b10 because you'd lose 2
bits of precision per colour component. There are a few example of those
amongst those you picked out in special_patterns[].
It's worth noting that _pixman_image_get_solid() has optimised code to
extract the colour from image->type==BITS images if the source/mask image
is of format a8r8g8b8, x8r8g8b8 or a8. Other formats will still work, but
more laboriously.
Not that any of this should matter at all for the purposes of
lowlevel-blt-bench. _pixman_image_get_solid() is only called once per
call of pixman_image_composite(), so it is part of the overhead that
should be being accounted for by the code wrapped in _TAG_ EXCLUDE_OVERHEAD.
> should we also add a condition, that if a test has CA flag and a solid
> mask, then that mask needs to be a8r8g8b8?
That might be desirable, if only because lowlevel-blt-bench initialises
all its images using memset(0xCC) so an a8 solid image would be converted
by _pixman_image_get_solid() to 0xCC000000 whereas an a8r8g8b8 would be
0xCCCCCCCC. When you're not in component alpha mode, only the alpha byte
matters for the mask image, but in the case of component alpha
operations, a fast path might decide that it can save itself a lot of
multiplications if it spots that 3 constant mask components are already 0.
> None of the existing tests has a solid mask for CA tests. I'm not sure
> how much it makes sense.
When you're in component alpha mode, mathematically the source and mask
images are interchangeable. So you could implement over_8888_n_8888_ca by
calling over_n_8888_8888_ca, and we already have a number of fast paths
for operations of the latter form. (I'm not aware that Pixman is - yet -
aware that it can make such substitutions, but I'm sure it could be
> Ben, when we eventually get to the actual optimization patches, I expect
> I will reproduce the benchmarks myself while reviewing. Is that ok?
That's definitely fine by me, thanks for offering. Fingers crossed it
doesn't substantially change the results :-)
> What do you think of this series?
In general, it looks like an improvement to me. I don't think the test
programs have had this much attention in a while! One minor point in
patch 6's log message, you copied my typo:
should be
More information about the Pixman mailing list


text:
Xylophis captaini was probably originally an inhabitant of the rich rainforests of the western foothills of the Western Ghats mountains. It is still found in remaining patches of rainforest here, but it is mostly encountered in the plantations and gardens that have largely replaced forest in this region.
X. captaini hides (and perhaps feeds) in the soil and was only described in 2007, so little is known of its ecology. During the daytime the snake is generally found only by digging and turning over surface soil and leaf litter in rich, shady and moist habitats.
As with many other burrowing snakes, the scales of X. captaini are iridescent, which seems to be a by-product of having scales with minute ridges adapted to easily shed moist soil.
The details of its diet are not completely known, but includes at least small earthworms.
No reports of predation are known, but predators probably include other burrowing vertebrates.


Gender: Female
Usage: Soha is a popular first name. It is more often used as a girl (female) name.
People having the name Soha are in general originating from Saudi Arabia, United States of America.
The Growth number corresponding to this first name is 7.
Learn more with our free
The name Soha is ranked on the 3,806th position of the most used names. It means that this name is commonly used.
We estimate that there are at least 87500 persons in the world having this name which is around 0.002% of the population.
The name Soha has four characters. It means that it is relatively short-length, compared to the other names in our database.
We do not have enough data to display the number of people who were given the name Soha for each year.
We do not have a name day for Soha.
For other names check our Name Day Calendar


text:
Thursday, May 24, 2001 06:34 AM
The only way for antlr to lex X number of characters to make a token is for you to keep your own counter and use a semantic predicate. You might find it easier to do the initial lexing by hand or use another lexer toolkit and then hand that off to antlr.
If I were doing it myself based only on the example you give, and I would make my own table of lengths and token types and make my own object implementing TokenStream (which is just one method--nextToken()). Then I would just read the specified number of characters, create a token object with the correct type, and bump my table pointer to the next position for the next token.


text:
STEEL WIRE AND NAIL MAKING. The importance of the steel wire and nail in dustry in the United States may be measured by the fact that in 1902 there was produced a total of 1,574,293 tons of wire rods of which nearly 500,000 tons were made into wire nails. In 1909 the production of wire rods was 2,514, 504 tons, valued at $67,440.000. The 1918 out put is estimated as 3,000,000 tons, of the value of $100,000,000. About one-fourth of this goes into nails. Time was when both wire and nails were manufactured entirely from wrought iron, and to secure the toughness and high tensile strength required, great care had to be used in the preparation of the iron, the cost of the prod uct being proportionately high. It was only a question of time before steel, because of its less cost and its high strength, became the standard material in this as in other branches of the iron and steel industry; and today practically the whole of the wire and wire nails used are made from either Bessemer or open-hearth steel, the latter being specified where wire of the special grades with higher physical prop erties is required.
Physical Properties of Steel As showing the great increase in strength of steel over iron wire, it may be mentioned that while good black iron wire will show an ultimate tensile strength of about 25 tons to the square inch, and bright hard-drawn wire a strength of 35 tons to the square inch, Bessemer steel wire will stand a strain of 40 tons and open-hearth steel wire 60 tons to the inch. Of the 'Ispecialp grades of wire a high-carbon open-hearth steel will stand about 80 tons, crucible cast-steel wire about 100 tons, and the best cast steel, or as it is sometimes called, °plow* steel wire, 120 tons to the square inch; while certain qualities of cast-steel wire, made under specifications calling for a particular composition and requiring very elaborate working, have been produced, showing an ultimate breaking strength of from 150 to 170 tons to the square inch; The process of wire-drawing serves greatly to improve the physical qualities, and the smaller the size to which the wire is drawn down the greater is the ultimate breaking strength. The wonderful
qualities of piano wire are proverbial, the average strength of English piano wire as given by the manufacturers ranging from 225 pounds for No. 12 music wire gauge, which is 0.029 inch in diameter, to 650 pounds breaking strength for No. 22, which is 0.052 inch in diameter. Re duced to the square-inch unit, the ultimate ten sile strength per square inch would range from 300,000 pounds to 340,000 pounds. The com position of this remarkable wire is as follows: Carbon, 0.570; silicon, 0.090; sulphur, 0.011; phosphorus, 0.018; manganese, 0.425. An analy sis of another wire of unusual strength known as "plow,o shows 0.828 per cent of carbon, 0.587 per cent of manganese, 0.143 per cent of silicon, 0.009 per cent of sulphur, 0.030 per cent of copper and no phosphorus. The tests of this wire ran from 200,000 pounds per square inch for wire 0.191 inch in diameter to 350,000 pounds for wire 0.093 inch in diameter. Of course, with such high tensile strength the elongation or stretch was very small, ranging from 0.75 to 1.1 per cent only.
Billet bulk of the wire and wire nails of commerce are manufactured from Bes semer billets. Open-hearth billets are worked up into rods for the manufacture of chain, for special grades of wire and for various finished products in which high tensile strength is called for. In each rod mill billet continuous-heating furnaces are continually at work. The billets, which are 4 X 4 inches in section and 36 inches in length, are fed transversely into the furnace, side by side. They are pushed through the fur nace door by a hydraulic charging machine, and by the time they have been heated to the proper temperature for rolling, they are pushed, one after the other, out through the rear door of the furnace and fall upon a conveyor, by which they are carried down into the rod mill.


text:
TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE functions. There is one predefined MAP function named IDENTITY that returns (key, value) pairs unchanged. Although (key, value) are the default parameters, you can specify other prototypes as needed.
- TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE
- TRANSITION, CONSOLIDATE and FINALIZE are all component pieces of REDUCE. A TRANSITION function is required. CONSOLIDATE and FINALIZE functions are optional. By default, all take state as the first of their input PARAMETERS, but other prototypes can be defined as well.
A TRANSITION function iterates through each value of a given key and accumulates values in a state variable. When the transition function is called on the first value of a key, the state is set to the value specified by INITIALIZE of a REDUCE job (or the default state value for the data type). A transition takes two arguments as input; the current state of the key reduction, and the next value, which then produces a new state.
- If a CONSOLIDATE function is specified, TRANSITION processing is performed at the segment-level before redistributing the keys across the Greenplum interconnect for final aggregation (two-phase aggregation). Only the resulting state value for a given key is redistributed, resulting in lower interconnect traffic and greater parallelism. CONSOLIDATE is handled like a TRANSITION, except that instead of (state + value) => state, it is (state + state) => state.
- If a FINALIZE function is specified, it takes the final
state produced by CONSOLIDATE (if present) or
TRANSITION and does any final processing before emitting the
final result. TRANSITION and CONSOLIDATE
functions cannot return a set of values. If you need a
REDUCE job to return a set, then a FINALIZE is
necessary to transform the final state into a set of output values.
- Required. A name for the function. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as function, task, input and output names). You can also specify the name of a function built-in to Greenplum Database. If using a built-in function, do not supply LANGUAGE or a FUNCTION body.
- Optional. Specifies the full body of the function using the specified LANGUAGE. If FUNCTION is not specified, then a built-in database function corresponding to NAME is used.
- Required when FUNCTION is used. Specifies the implementation language used to interpret the function. This release has language support for perl, python, and C. If calling a built-in database function, LANGUAGE should not be specified.
- Required when LANGUAGE is C (not allowed for other language functions). To use this attribute, VERSION must be 18.104.22.168. The specified library file must be installed prior to running the MapReduce job, and it must exist in the same file system location on all Greenplum hosts (master and segments).
- Optional. Function input parameters. The default type is
MAP default - key text, value text
TRANSITION default - state text, value text
CONSOLIDATE default - state1 text, state2 text (must have exactly two input parameters of the same data type)
FINALIZE default - state text (single parameter only)
- Optional. The default return type is
MAP default - key text, value text
TRANSITION default - state text (single return value only)
CONSOLIDATE default - state text (single return value only)
FINALIZE default - value text
- Optional optimization parameters for the
STRICT - function is not affected by NULL values
IMMUTABLE - function will always return the same value for a given input
- Optional. Specifies the number of rows returned by the function.
MULTI - returns 0 or more rows per input record. The return value of the function must be an array of rows to return, or the function must be written as an iterator using yield in Python or return_next in Perl. MULTI is the default mode for MAP and FINALIZE functions.
SINGLE - returns exactly one row per input record. SINGLE is the only mode supported for TRANSITION and CONSOLIDATE functions. When used with MAP and FINALIZE functions, SINGLE mode can provide modest performance improvement.
- Required. A REDUCE definition names the TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE
functions that comprise the reduction of (key,
value) pairs to the final result set. There are also several
predefined REDUCE jobs you can execute, which all operate over a
column named value:
IDENTITY - returns (key, value) pairs unchanged
SUM - calculates the sum of numeric data
AVG - calculates the average of numeric data
COUNT - calculates the count of input data
MIN - calculates minimum value of numeric data
MAX - calculates maximum value of numeric data
- Required. The name of this REDUCE job. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (function, task, input and output names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- Required. The name of the TRANSITION function.
- Optional. The name of the CONSOLIDATE function.
- Optional. The name of the FINALIZE function.
- Optional for text and float data types. Required for all other data types. The default value for text is ''. The default value for float is 0.0. Sets the initial state value of the TRANSITION function.
- Optional. Defaults to [key, *]. When using a multi-column reduce it may be necessary to specify which columns are key columns and which columns are value columns. By default, any input columns that are not passed to the TRANSITION function are key columns, and a column named key is always a key column even if it is passed to the TRANSITION function. The special indicator * indicates all columns not passed to the TRANSITION function. If this indicator is not present in the list of keys then any unmatched columns are discarded.
- Optional. A TASK defines a complete end-to-end
INPUT/MAP/REDUCE stage within
a Greenplum MapReduce job pipeline. It is similar to EXECUTE except it is not immediately executed. A task
object can be called as INPUT to
further processing stages.
- Required. The name of this task. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as map function, reduce function, input and output names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- The name of an INPUT or another TASK.
Optional. The name of a MAP function. If not specified, defaults to IDENTITY.
Optional. The name of a REDUCE function. If not specified, defaults to IDENTITY.
- Required. EXECUTE defines the final INPUT/MAP/REDUCE stage within a Greenplum MapReduce job pipeline.


text:
Earth Day Photo & Essay Contest
31 July 2010 | News story
More than 800 students in grades 5-8 took part in a unique national contest to photograph our changing world. The contest was organized by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. From CEC Specialty Group Leader Nancy Colleton of IGES.
Arlington, Va.-- More than 800 students in grades 5-8 took part in a unique national contest to photograph our changing world. The winning photos capture nature in action across the country, from the rocky California coast, to the vulnerable Louisiana wetlands, to the picturesque north shore of Long Island.
This was the fourth-annual Earth Day Photo & Essay Contest held by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).
"We're delighted that so many young students had the chance to discover the value and fun of documenting the nature and science of our changing planet through photography," said IGES President Nancy Colleton. "The quality of the entries was truly remarkable and made it quite challenging to select the winners."
Along with their photograph of something changing in their local environment, middle schoolers submitted an essay answering the following questions:
- What is the change taking place in your photograph?
- What may be causing the change?
- Was the change expected?
- How might the change impact surrounding areas, including people?
- How might this picture look different in the future?
Entries were judged by IGES staff based on relevance to the contest theme (depiction of change in the environment), uniqueness and overall appearance of the photo, and quality of the written explanation.
Martin Serrano, a sixth-grader from Rye Brook, N.Y., earned first place with his photograph of a yellow jacket building a nest. "Our environment is constantly changing in beautiful ways. What we see in my photograph is a queen yellow jacket building a nest after having mated with one or several male wasps," reads an excerpt from Serrano's essay. "This yellow jacket will soon lay eggs and store them separately in the small cavities of the sack also shown in the photograph. This way every egg will have its own cell."
Jessica Steinort, a seventh-grader from Scarborough, Maine, won second place with her picture of a road flooded out by a torrent of water. Steinort wrote: "This road was changed by the force of nature faster than a running gazelle, as are many natural disasters. Hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis, these are all this flooded-out road on a massive scale. One change, one extra inch of snow, one more droplet of water, can change the world forever. Blink and you'll miss it."
Third place went to Andrew Broffman, an eighth-grader from East Norwich, N.Y., whose colorful snapshot captured flowering tree branches framing a blue sky with clouds and birds.
The top three winners receive a digital camera, digital photo frame and digital photo keychain, respectively. The top 10 (including the top 3) winners receive their photograph in a commemorative frame.
To view the winning photos from this year and previous years, please visit:
About IGES: Located in Arlington, Va., IGES was established in 1994 and is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization supported by public and private entities. IGES is a trusted leader in Earth and space science education, communication and outreach, and in fostering national and international cooperation in observing the Earth.
Sponsor a Student Contest: Is your company or organization looking for a way to support science education? Contact IGES at _EMAIL_ sponsorship opportunities. In addition to the photo contest for grades 5-8, IGES offers a science-themed art contest for students in grades 2-4, and cash awards for grades 9-12 students demonstrating the best use of geospatial tools or data to study Earth.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies


Video Library
This is the main page for the video library.
The purpose of the video library is to provide a valuable resource for members of the Write Group. There are three sub-pages, each containing links to videos on a specific topic. The sub-pages are writing, publishing and book marketing. Each topic will have video links for the topic, discussions and interviews.
Videos made by the Montclair Write Group will have an intro slide similar to the above graphic. If the video doesn't have this graphic, it's a publicly displayed video from another site.
Over time, the number of videos in the library will grow.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The Green's functions of Stokes flow represent solutions of the continuity equation $\nabla\cdot {\bf u}=0$ and the singularly forced Stokes equation $$-\nabla P+\mu \nabla^2{\bf u}+{\bf g}\delta({\bf x-x_0})=0 \tag{*}$$
where ${\bf g}$ is an arbitrary constant, ${\bf x_0}$ is an arbitrary point, and $\delta$ is the three-dimensional delta function. Introducing the Green's function ${\bf G}$, we write the solution of (*) in the form $$u_i({\bf x})=\frac{1}{8\pi\mu}G_{ij}({\bf x,x_0})g_j$$
The following is how to find $G_{ij}$ in the free-space infinite unbounded flow from C. POZRIKIDIS's Boundary Integral and Singularity Methods for Linearized Viscous Flow
Replace the delta function with $$ \delta(\hat{x})=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\nabla^2\left(\frac{1}{r}\right) \tag{1} $$ where $r=|\hat{x}|$, $\hat{x}=x-x_0$. Recalling that the pressure is a harmonic function, and balancing the dimensions of the pressure term with those of the delta function in (1), we set $$ P=-\frac{1}{4\pi}g\cdot\nabla\left(\frac{1}{r}\right) \tag{2} $$ Substituting (1) and (2) into (*) we obtain $$ \mu\nabla^2 u=-\frac{1}{4\pi}g\cdot(\nabla\nabla-I\nabla^2)\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)\tag{3} $$ Next, we express the velocity in terms of a scalar function $H$ as $$ u=\frac{1}{\mu}g\cdot(\nabla\nabla-I\nabla^2)H \tag{4} $$ It will be noted that the continuity equation is satisfied for any choice of $H$. Substituting (4) into (3) and discarding the arbitrary constant vector g we obtain $$ (\nabla\nabla-I\nabla^2)\left(\nabla^2H+\frac{1}{4\pi r}\right)=0\tag{5} $$ Clearly, (5) is satisfied by $\nabla^2H=-1/(4\pi r)$. Using (1), we have $\nabla^4H=\delta(\hat{x})$. Thus $$ H=-\frac{r}{8\pi} \tag{6} $$ Substituting (6) into (4) we find $$ u_i(x)=\frac{1}{8\pi\mu}G_{ij}(\hat{x})g_j $$ where $$ G_{ij}=\frac{\delta_{ij}}{r}+\frac{\hat{x}_i\hat{x}_j}{r^3} $$
There are several places I don't understand:
 1. Why can we write the pressure function $P$ in (2)? What does "Recalling... we set" mean?
 2. Why can we express the velocity $u$ as (4)? How do we know it can be of this form?
 3. What's the difference between $\nabla\nabla$ and $I\nabla^2$?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
 1. (2) is obtained by taking the divergence of the whole equation, using that $u$ is divergence free, and (formally) inverting the Laplacian (by which I mean that you get an expression like $\nabla^2 P = g\cdot\nabla (\nabla^2)\frac1r$ from which you formally "cancel" out the $\nabla^2$ from both sides).
 The sentence "Recalling..." is horribly written and factually wrong. In the free Stokes flow with no source term, the pressure is a harmonic function. But when driven by a source, the pressure solve a Poisson equation and is not harmonic any more. What the author meant by "balancing dimensions" is basically counting the derivatives, and is the same as the "cancelling the Laplacian" trick I gave above.
 2. Expression (4) is called an "ansatz". Basically you guess that the solution can be written in that form, and see where that logically leads you. If you don't run into any contradictions, then you are gold (but note that this only gives you one of the possibly many solutions). As to how this ansatz is made: if $\mathscr{P}$ is a partial differential operator, and $\mathscr{Q}$ is another partial differential operator, and if $\mathscr{P}\mathscr{Q} = \mathscr{Q}\mathscr{P}$ (that they commute), then a solution $u$ to the equation $$ \mathscr{P}u = \mathscr{Q}f $$ can be found if we can write $f = \mathscr{P}h$. For in this case, $u = \mathscr{Q} h$ will solve the equation. This is an analogue of the classic integrability condition for differential forms (in which case $\mathscr{P} = \partial/\partial x$ and $\mathscr{Q} = \partial/\partial y$, which commute since they are both partial derivatives).
 Note: An ansatz doesn't always work. It is sort of like puzzle-solving or detective work by inference. When it works, you write it down, wait for people to ask how you saw the ansatz, and smile smugly. When it doesn't, you toss the paper into the trash bin and hope no one finds out. :-) For example, it could be that in the above example, the function $f$ is in fact not possible to be written as $\mathscr{P}h$, in which case the ansatz will fail. A trivial example for this is if $\mathscr{P} = \mathscr{Q} = d$, the exterior derivative. Let $f$ be a one-form such that $df \neq 0$. Then we violate the integrability condition and so we cannot write $f = dh$. On the other hand, the equation is trivially solvable by setting $u = f$.
 3. $\nabla\nabla$ is the double gradient. $I\nabla^2$ is the Laplacian times the identity matrix. Given a function $F$, $\nabla\nabla F$ is a matrix valued function, whose components are $$ \left( \nabla\nabla F\right)_{ij} = \frac\partial{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j} F $$ where $I\nabla^2 F$ is also a matrix valued function whose components are gived by $$ \left( I\nabla^2 F\right)_{ij} = (\nabla^2 F) \delta_{ij} $$ where $\delta$ is the Kronecker symbol.
share|improve this answer
Physically the interpretation is that pressure $P$, which is like a force, can be written as the gradient of a "potential". – Willie Wong Mar 27 '12 at 8:37
Your answer is really helpful, especially your explanation about the "ansatz"(It's from German, isn't it?). It reminds me that reading math sometimes (or large amount of time?) is not easy --- at least for an inexperienced student --- it is not easy to find the underlying ideas. I have never known one can write an "ansatz" this way. – Jack Mar 27 '12 at 12:47
Yes, ansatz is from German, originally meaning something like "approach" or "starting point". (Though t.b. can probably give you a better definition.) – Willie Wong Mar 28 '12 at 6:34
$\nabla^2$ may have a kernel. Think back to linear algebra: if $A$ is not invertible, then $Ax = Ay$ does not imply $x = y$. You only get $x = y + k$ where $k$ is some vector such that $Ak = 0$. In ordinary derivatives: $\frac{d}{dx}\left( x^2 + 3\right) = \frac{d}{dx}\left(x^2 + 10\right)$, but $x^2+3\neq x^2 + 10$. – Willie Wong Mar 29 '12 at 18:32
"Can I think that this is the very difference between doing math and writing math?" Yes. The quote from Abel applies: the mathematician 'is like the fox, who effaces his tracks in the sand with his tail.' – Willie Wong Mar 29 '12 at 22:10
Responding to (3) only,
Griffiths does a really good job explaining the nature of the laplacian in the first chapter of Introduction to Electrodynamics.
He uses the del


text:
DNA Discovery Center
DNA is the thread that connects all life on Earth—from microscopic bacteria, to mushrooms, to humans. But not all humans are aware of that fact. A new, permanent Field Museum exhibition is answering basic and complex questions about DNA and how DNA research is changing what we know about life on our planet.
At the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice DNA Discovery Center, you can experience the Field Museum's Pritzker Laboratory, a working, state-of-the-art DNA research facility where dozens of scientists are currently analyzing the DNA of thousands of different species—from the fungi of Antarctica to the birds of the Amazon. Comparing these genetic codes allows scientists to map out the relationships among all species on Earth and add to the giant Tree of Life.
In the laboratory viewing area, you'll have an opportunity to witness DNA research in action and speak directly with scientists about their work (weekdays from 11 am to noon). And in the surrounding exhibition, you can explore hands-on interactives, videos, and engaging displays that will brief you on the basics of DNA and provide you with a behind-the-scenes look at the incredible diversity of the Museum's collections.
Only a few museums in the world have DNA research facilities inside their walls; The Field Museum's lab is one of the ones you can view close-up. So don't miss your chance to see science in action and watch discoveries unfold daily at the DNA Discovery Center.


text:
2-aminopurine (2-AP) is a fluorescent analog of adenine (6-aminopurine). The fluorescence of 2-AP ia quenched once it is incorporated into the base-stacked structure of dsDNA. However, if the base stacking or base pairing of DNA is locally perturbed, the fluorescence of 2-AP is enhanced. Therefore the intensity of fluorescence emissions by 2-AP molecules can be used to monitor perturbations in DNA structure caused by interactions between DNA and proteins, such as DNA polymerase, helicase, and methyl transferase.
Subjects: Genetics and Genomics.


William T. Grant Foundation Invites Applications for Research Grants on Reducing Inequality
The William T. Grant Foundation is inviting applications for its Research Grants on Reducing Inequality program, which supports high-quality field-initiated studies from a range of disciplines and methodologies relevant to policies and practices that affect the lives of young people between the ages of 5 and 25 in the United States.
Through the program, grants of up to $600,000 over up to three years will be awarded in support of research that aims to build, test, or increase understanding of programs, policies, or practices that can reduce inequality in the academic, social, behavioral, or economic outcomes of young people. Descriptive studies that clarify mechanisms for reducing inequality or elucidate how or why a specific program, policy, or practice operates to reduce inequality are welcomed.
The foundation prioritizes studies focused on reducing inequality on the basis of race, ethnicity, economic standing, language minority status, or immigrant origin. It also supports studies from a range of disciplines, fields, and methodologies and encourages investigations into various systems, including justice, housing, child welfare, mental health, and education. Competitive proposals often incorporate data from multiple sources and often involve multidisciplinary teams. In addition to financial support, grantees receive significant time and capacity-building resources from the foundation. Projects led by African American, Latinx, Native American, and Asian Pacific American researchers are encouraged.
Letters of Inquiry are due August 4. Upon review, selected applicants will be invited to submit a full proposal.
See the William T. Grant Foundation website for complete program guidelines, application instructions, and descriptions of previously funded projects.
View another RFP related to children / youth
Deadline: January 27, 2021


Jain Navagraha Teertha and Digambar Jain Temple
History of the temple
Navagraha temple or digambara Dath Jain Temple is created by Shri Gundhar Nandi. He was supported by Sri Dharmasena Bhattaraka Swamiji and others. The temple was started to be built in the year 2005 January. The carvings of the statue were completed in 1 year. The deity in the temple was Lord Prashavanatha. The statue was carved in one single piece of rock.
About the temple
The temple is situated in Varur near hubli, Karnataka. Navagraha Jain temple or Digambara Jain temple is also known as Navagraha Teerth. The main deity was Lore Prshavanatha. The statue height is 109 foot (33m). The statue can be seen up to 4km away. The deity is in a standing position. The statue is 185 tons. They believed the Grahadhosas were removed by worshipping them. Recently a musical foundation and garden was planted to build near to the temple.
The temple is open for 24 hours every day.
Nearby places to visit
 1. Agadi thota
 2. Shri Siddharoodha Swamy Math
 3. Nrupatunga Betta
 4. Urban Oasis Mall
 5. Dharwad adventure Base.
Address:Adjacent to Pune Bengaluru Highway, Varur, Hubli, Karnataka, India
Contact No.:
Dharamshala: NO
Bhojanalay: NO


text:
String (default: "normal")
The type of stack to plot. The following types are supported:
- "normal" - the value of the stack is the sum of all points in the category (or group)
- "100%" - the value of the stack is always 100% (1.00). Points within the category (or group) are represented as percentages.


Heroin Withdrawal
Heroin Withdrawal
Approximately 4 million Americans have tried heroin at some point in their lives. Because of its addictive nature, many of these individuals end up having to suffer withdrawal from the drug. This article focuses on heroin withdrawal symptoms, the duration of withdrawal, and how to better understand someone trying to quit heroin.
What is heroin withdrawal?
Taking heroin regularly can lead to physical dependence. This means that the person needs to consume heroin regularly to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The severity of these symptoms can vary depending on the dosage, regularity, and the time frame (when they last took heroin). Heroin withdrawal symptoms will usually occur 6-24 hours after the last dose of heroin was administered.
What are some heroin withdrawal symptoms and how long do they last?
The length and severity of withdrawal symptoms will vary depending on the individual's tolerance towards heroin. Heroin withrawal symptoms include:
 - Sweating
 - Anxiety
 - Depression
 - Cramps
 - Insomnia
 - Cold sweats
 - Severe muscle aches, notably in legs
 - Nausea
 - Vomiting
 - Diarrhea
 - Fever
Heroin withdrawal can take between 3-7 days of physical withdrawal. However, complete psychological recovery can take several months. For a detailed description of the phases of heroin withdrawal, consult our heroin withdrawal timeline.
Can heroin withdrawal kill you?
While withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, heroin withdrawal is rarely fatal. However, people undergoing withdrawal will often consume large amounts of alcohol or other narcotics to lessen their symptoms. This can be extremely dangerous and can result in death.
How should I quit heroin?
For thorough recovery, we recommend checking into a rehab center. We have also written another article about how to quit heroin and a brief summary of withdrawal symptoms.
For Immediate Treatment Help Call
Call Now for Immediate Help:
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Guide On
Finding Treatment
Guide On
Guide On
For Immediate Treatment Help Call:
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If you've done a dab, you've been there. You hit the concentrate and inhale that sweet, potent, goodness and your lungs decide it's a great time to try and jump out of your throat. So you're sitting there, hacking up a lung with your eyes watering, wondering how you can prevent this in the future. There are actually ways to control coughing after you dab. In theory, this could also apply to smoking as well, but here are 5 things I've found helpful to control coughing.
1. Always have something to drink handy
Cannabis is a throat irritant when inhaled and an irritated throat is one of the main reasons people cough. Your body is trying to expel whatever it thinks is making your throat feel weird. So, to solve this, have a drink handy. Water and tea are especially helpful for calming down a coughing fit. Just take a sip right after you exhale. Some people even suggest taking a sip while you hold the vapor. It sounds messy, but I bet if you could master it it'd be helpful.
2. Deep Breaths
If I know I'm about to take a giant glob, I take a couple of deep breaths before I do it. I release all the air from my lungs and then refill them, repeating the process until I inhale my hit. Taking those deep breaths allowed my lungs to expand some to prepare for the deep breath I was about to take. Since my lungs could then accommodate it, I find myself exhaling normally more than actually coughing.
3. Dab more, but in smaller amounts
This one is two fold. If you want to avoid coughing, dab more. I know that seems counterintuitive, but since concentrated cannabis is a throat irritant, smoking more of it would help your body group a resistance to the irritating effects. The second part, dabbing smaller amounts, is equally as important. Dabbing is not a contest about who could take more. You end up wasting concentrate like that. Dabbing a smaller amount means there's less vapor to make you cough. You may even get more high because you're able to properly take the hit with smaller amounts.
4. Cool down your dabs
In order for you to take dabs with a rig, the heating of the nail is crucial. The downside to this, however, is the heat is also a throat irritant. If the dabs come off of the nail a little cooler, they may not irritate your throat as much. You could possibly even consider moving from a titanium nail to a lower heat nail like quartz or ceramic.
Dab on!


text:
Clustering Top-Ranking Sentences for Information Access
- Anastasios TombrosAffiliated withDepartment of Computing Science, University of Glasgow
-, Joemon M. JoseAffiliated withDepartment of Computing Science, University of Glasgow
-, Ian RuthvenAffiliated withDepartment of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde
In this paper we propose the clustering of top-ranking sentences (TRS) for effective information access. Top-ranking sentences are selected by a query-biased sentence extraction model. By clustering such sentences, we aim to generate and present to users a personalised information space. We outline our approach in detail and we describe how we plan to utilise user interaction with this space for effective information access. We present an initial evaluation of TRS clustering by comparing its effectiveness at providing access to useful information to that of document clustering.
- Clustering Top-Ranking Sentences for Information Access
- Book Title
- Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
- Book Subtitle
- 7th European Conference, ECDL 2003 Trondheim, Norway, August 17-22, 2003 Proceedings
- pp 523-528
- Print ISBN
- Online ISBN
- Series Title
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Series Volume
- Series ISSN
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
- Additional Links
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editor Affiliations
- 4. NetLab, Knowledge Technologies Group, Lund University Libraries
- 5. Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- Author Affiliations
- 6. Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K.
- 7. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XH, U.K.
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


projecting sign
A sign that is attached to a building but extends beyond the building structure. Regulators often set a predetermined distance that a sign must extend beyond a building for it to be considered a projecting sign. A decorated awning is an example of a projecting sign. (Also called blade sign.)