Polish census of 1931
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Polish census of 1931
Mother tongue in Poland, based on 1931 census
GUS languages 1931
Media related to Polish census of 1931 - Statistics of Poland at Wikimedia Commons
The Polish census of 1931 or Second General Census in Poland (Polish: Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności) was the second census taken in Poland, performed on December 9, 1931 by the Main Bureau of Statistics.[1] It established that Poland's population amounted to 32 million people (over 5 million more than in the previous census of 1921).
The census was organised following the rules established by an act of the Polish Parliament of October 14, 1931. In contrast to earlier census of 1921, the 1931 census did not count national minorities and detailed information on types of farms, leaving only the question of the overall area of land owned by the citizen.[2] The part related to education was expanded to include questions of ability to read and write.
The results of the census were being published in 39 volumes between 1936 and 1939 in a publishing series "Statistics of Poland". A list of all settlements in Poland was also prepared, but only a part related to Wilno Voivodeship was published.
The population was categorized by mother tongue primary language in the following categories: Polish, Ukrainian, Ruthenian, Belarusian, Russian, Lithuanian, German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Local (the local peasant language, e.g., Podlesian), Other, and Not Declared.
Total: 31,915,779 (100%)
Polish: 21,993,444 (68.91%)
Ukrainian: 3,221,975 (10.10%)
Ruthenian: 1,219,647 (3.82%)
Belarussian: 989,852 (3.10%)
Russian: 138,713 (0.43%)
Czech: 38,097 (0.12%)
Lithuanian: 83,116 (0.26%)
German: 740,992 (2.32%)
Yiddish: 2,489,034 (7.80%)
Hebrew: 243,539 (0.76%)
Local: 707,088 (2.22%)
Other: 11,119 (0.03%)
Not Declared: 39,163 (0.12%)[3]
The population was also categorized by religion. Most Jews spoke Yiddish, and some spoke Hebrew. However included with the Jews are 372,000 Polish speakers who are sometimes classified with the Polish group. Included with the Poles are 984,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups by those seeking to assign ethnicity based upon religion.[4][page needed] Statistical differences existed between Ruthenians and Ukrainians. Ruthenians nationwide were 96.5% Catholic but only 3.2% Orthodox, compared to Ukrainians who were almost equally divided at 52.4% Catholic and 46.6% Orthodox.[3]
Nationality question and criticism[edit]
Veracity of the census' results has been questioned already in the 1930s, particularly in the part related to national minorities. Contrary to expectations on the side of national minorities themselves, the census used the concept of mother tongue and religion to classify the respondents, rather than nationality. The 1921 census had included a nationality question which was replaced in the 1931 census by the "mother tongue" question; this change was protested by Ukrainians and Jews, many of whom were bilingual or trilingual.[5] Moreover, many Jews considered Polish to be their mother tongue.[6]
This situation created a difficulty in establishing the true number of non-Polish citizens of Poland. Some authors used the language criterion to establish the actual number of minorities, which left Belarusians seriously under-represented, as over 707,000 people declared they speak "local" rather than any other language.[7][8] Other authors used approximation based on both language and declared religion.[9][8] After World War II in Soviet bloc countries the interpretation of the census was used for political purposes, to underline the officially-supported thesis that pre-war Poland owned areas where non-Polish population made up the majority of inhabitants. For this purpose some authors combined all non-Polish speakers in South-Eastern Poland (namely Ukrainians, Belarusians, Rusyns, Hutsuls, Lemkos, Boykos and Poleszuks) into one category of "Ruthenians".[10] In fact, the census had counted speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Ruthenian languages as separate categories)[3]
Some authors explain that the change in questions asked by the census officials was due to Polish government's wish to minimise the presence of minorities[6][11][12] and represented an attempt to maximize the effects of a decade of educational policies stressing the Polish language.[13] Tadeusz Piotrowski called the 1931 census official but "unreliable", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles, and that in particular, Poles were not a majority in the Nowogródek Voivodeship and Polesie Voivodeship.[14]
After World War II the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, Edward Szturm de Sztrem, while living under Communist rule, stated that the returns had indeed been tampered with at the executive level, particularly in the east and south-east, although the extent of any possible tampering remains unknown.[6][15]
 1. ^ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932). Drugi powszechny spis ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931r. Formularze i instrukcje spisowe (in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. p. 128.
 2. ^ Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland (1931). Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 2 września 1931 r. w sprawie przeprowadzenia drugiego powszechnego spisu ludności (pdf) (in Polish). Warsaw. Dz.U. 1931 nr 80 poz. 629.
 3. ^ a b c (Polish) Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932) "Ludnosc, Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" (table 10, pg. 15)
 5. ^ Celia Stopnicka Heller (1993). On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars. Wayne State University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8143-2494-3.
 6. ^ a b c Joseph Marcus (1983). Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, _PHONE_. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-_PHONE_-6.
 7. ^ Ben Fowkes (2002). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-communist World. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-79256-8.
 8. ^ a b Piotr Eberhardt (2003). Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, and analysis. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
 9. ^ Jerzy Tomaszewski (1985). Rzeczpospolita wielu narodów (in Polish). Warsaw: Czytelnik. p. 35. , as cited in Piotrowski, op.cit., page 294
 10. ^ Henryk Zieliński (1983). Historia Polski _PHONE_ (in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum.
 11. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). "Belorussian collaboration". Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, _PHONE_. McFarland. p. 294.
 12. ^ Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (2001). Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, _PHONE_. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-1094-4.
 13. ^ Ilya Prizel (1998). National identity and foreign policy: nationalism and leadership in Poland. Cambridge University. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-57697-0.
 14. ^ Piotrowski, op.cit., page 143: [The Belarusians] were distributed as follows: Polesie, 654,000; Nowogrodek, 616,000; Wilno, 409,000; Bialystok,269,100
External links[edit


Concept of the Almighty Expanse.
The Almighty Expanse, otherwise known as The Expanse, The Reaches, or The Endless Expanse, is the null and void between worlds represented in A Legend's Legacy game series. It was the expanse formed from absolute nothingness, and emerged with the arrival of an omnipotent being, the Primearch.
To date, only Outhria, it's neighboring "moon" Skull Star, and the torn Kingdom of the New Sigil are the only planets within the expanse. However, there are several dimensions within the expanse, such as the domain of the Outer Old Ones, such as The Outer Regions. Many more dimensions and universes exist within the Almighty Expanse that are still to be discovered by the Golden Oculus.
The Almighty Expanse is the name given to the real "universe" within the game itself.


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The relationships between muscle length, fractional change in length (strain) and work output during cyclic contraction were examined in scaphognathite levator muscle L2B of the green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). The muscle was subjected to sinusoidal strain at 2 Hz and to phasic stimulation in the strain cycle.
At an average length and stimulus phase which are optimum for net work output, the work from muscle L2B during shortening rises to a peak or a plateau with increasing strain. The failure of shortening work to increase continuously with strain is due, in part, to the greater shortening velocity associated with greater strain, and to the consequent reduction in muscle force during shortening at higher velocity. The work required to re-lengthen a muscle following contraction is a complex function of strain, with an initial peak followed by a work minimum and then a monotonic rise in work with further increase in strain. The early work minimum is a result of shortening inactivation which reduces muscle force and thus the work which must be done to re-lengthen the muscle. Because shortening work rises to a peak or plateau with increasing strain while lengthening work, for the most part, increases with strain, there is a sharp optimum strain (about 8%) for net work output.
Muscle relaxation becomes slower with increasing muscle length. As muscle length is increased, fusion of tension from cycle to cycle becomes more pronounced and shortening inactivation becomes a more important determinant of optimum strain.
- © 1989 by Company of Biologists

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In this essay i will describe key elements of psychodynamic theory, person-centred theory and cognitive-behavioural theory i will also identify the key differences between the above theories i shall also describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise i will. Identify the key elements of psychodynamic cognitive behavioural and person centred theories of counselling giving consideration to how each theory develops the relationship between client and coun. Key features of the psychodynamic approach are: our behaviour and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences relationships (particularly parenting) are of primary importance in determining how we feel and behave. Person-centered therapy, elements of good therapy rogers identified six key factors that stimulate growth within an individual.
Extracts from this document introduction write an essay describing the key concepts and the principles of the person centred approach and your understanding of how these principles are applied to the counselling setting. Counselling should empower girls and boys to participate fully in, and most sub-saharan african societies have, in the past, been held together by elements unique. This ethical framework for good practice in counselling and psychotherapy is published by the british association for counselling and psychotherapy, bacp house, 15 st john's business park, lutterworth, leicestershire, le17 4hb. Law and counselling lecture 3 contracts in counselling the court will look at the three key elements to determine if a contract has been form: 2.
Six basic principles form the foundation of acceptance and commitment therapy so a key component of receive australia's most popular electronic counselling. Counselling micro skills chapter 1 - introduction in this course you will briefly consider the core communication skills of counselling: those fundamental. The functions of supervision will have found that all three elements were supervision' in counselling can be seen as a key factor in the spread of non.Careers in counselling training to be a counsellor search for jobs work for bacp. Counselling theory essay skills theories theory essay written introduction in this essay i will describe key elements of psychodynamic theory, person-centred theory and cognitive-behavioural theory. Family systems therapy holds that individual concerns are related to issues within the family of origin elements of good therapy ethics in therapy. Transcript of psychoanalytic group counseling roles of group counselor key concepts sigmund freud goals and the unconscious elements. Being an ethical practitioner of counselling requires us as therapists to take the framework has 6 elements the principles of good practice: self-respect.
The authors of several recent papers have advised that interviews about breaking bad news should include a number of key the essential elements in. Counselling contract all counsellors will work to the british association of counselling and psychotherapy (bacp) code of ethics,. 5 key elements of effective change management these five key elements of successful change management will work if you approach them in order and with good.
The first risk that someone considering counseling can face is a bad therapist you read that correctly, some psychotherapists are just not good. The therapeutic relationship in humanistic therapy it is through the relationship that the therapist provides the three critical elements of therapy: 1). Counseling private practice: key elements for success adrianne frischhertz, phd, lpc-s, crc _PHONE_ [email protected]Download
2018. Education database.


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COVID-19 and its impact on (inclusive) education
On 25 September 2020, PhoenixKM's CEO Karel Van Isacker will be one of the panel members of the virtual "International scientific conference on philosophy of mind and cognitive modelling in education – PCE2020 – Plenary lecture", starting at 10.00 a. m. CET. A detailed programme is available via the conference website.
The virtual conference will address the impact of COVID-19 on the educational system in various EU countries. Our focus will be on Belgium and Bulgaria, and especially how it has impacted inclusive education.
This event is organised by the University of Maribor, Slovenia.
Following topics will be addressed for Belgium and Bulgaria:
 1. Overall situation regarding the pandemic in your respective countries.
 2. How has the pandemic affected schoolwork; what kind of solutions have you come up with; what has been the response?
 3. What kind of preparations have you made for the current school year, and how did you start the year?
 4. What were the responses of the entire society and teaching profession to the proposed concept of school for the school year 2020/2021?
Presentations will be followed by short discussions.
Following projects and their outcomes will be introduced:


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In my app I have the following structure:
Activity A calls activity B, and finishes, removing itself from the stack; Activity B receives an intent from activity A that specifies some action to perform, when these actions are performed, the user will see a message indicating it (still in activity B).If the user presses the home button the app will go to background, calling "onPause" and then "onStop". All works as expected.
The problem is that if the user leaves the app in background for a few hours, and tries to open the app again (after a few hours) the onCreate method in activity B will be called with the exact same intent as it received some hours ago from activity A.
(if the user goes back to the app a few minutes after, he will see activity B just like when he left)
What I wanted was that in this case my app would open activity A and not activity B or, activity B but with the message that was on screen when user left.
Looking at the activity life cycle it seems that the app is killing by the OS, all of this makes sense, what I really don't understand is why activity B opens with onCreate method and the same intent as before.
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3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Use onSaveInstanceState() to record the state of ActivityB. Android will call this before it kills the process. When the user returns to the application, it will recreate the process and then recreate whatever activity was on the top of the activity stack (in your case, ActivityB). When it does that, it will pass the saved instance state to the activity as a parameter in the onCreate() call. You should be able to put something in there so that your ActivityB can tell that it is being recreated after a process kill/restart. In that case, ActivityB could just show the user the message again (which it would have to save in the onSaveInstanceState() method) or it could just redirect the user back to ActivityA so that he can start all over again.
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thanks this was the solution i implemented and it worked just fine. – paulo Nov 26 '12 at 20:05
This is the expected behaviour described in the Activity lifecycle.
When an activity is started it always receives an Intent object. The intent that was used to start your activity B was preserved by the OS when your ativity was killed, and resend when the activity was returned to "live".
It's up tu your activity preserve the status and restore it as needed. Based on your problem description I would suggest to use onStop() so save to SharedPreferences the activity status and message, and onResume() to read it back. In onDestroy() you should clear the preferences to ensure a new clean cycle start.
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I ran into same problem, I DO NOT know if its the way or its right to do so, but i just changed the Intent Extra when needed.
intent.putExtra(SEARCH_EXTRA, false);
So your activity does not perform the operation, since it didn't receive what it wants.
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This is off topic and not understandable. – Ixx Nov 23 '12 at 22:06
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A beautiful lava tube in the National Park Thingvellir
Gjábakkahellir (aka 'Little Girl's Cave') is a 360 meter long lava tube located in the National park Thingvellir.
It is easily accessible as there is only 50 meter walk from the road to the opening of the cave and once inside it has all the typical features of a lava tube, the lava falls and shark tooth stalactites being particularly impressive.
The cave floor is covered with large rocks that have fallen from the cave ceiling in the cooling phase of lava field and participants will in places have to use both hands and feet to navigate through the rough terrain.
The cave was first discovered in 1907 when workers were preparing a road between Thingvellir and Geysir for the King of Denmark which at that time ruled Iceland as a colony.
Since then more than a dozen of caves have been discovered in the area and one of those appears just as a hole into the ground within a 20 meter distance from Gjábakkahellir.


I have read Mimblewimble paper.
Certainly, Transaction merging process is non-interactive.
However, Transaction creation process seems to be not non-interactive.
To create transaction, a sender must interact a receiver because a sender shouldn't know all output's blinding factor(except change). If a sender knows output's blinding factor, he can spend output.
Is my understanding of this correct?
It is possible to create MW transactions interactively, and if you're creating multisignature outputs I think this is actually necessary. But ordinary transactions can be created non-interactively (well, with half a round of interaction, as in Bitcoin where one party sends an address to another party who builds a transaction) in two ways:
Suppose the sender is trying to send 5BTC to the receiver.
 1. The sender can create a transaction that doesn't balance unless a 5BTC output is added. Aside from this discrepancy the transaction is valid; she sends this to the recipient. The recipient then adds a 5BTC output, adds another kernel to the transaction so that the blinding factors still add up, and the transaction is complete.
 2. The sender acts as above, but sends the opening of the kernel. This is a bit dangerous because it gives the sender the ability to reverse the transaction long after the fact, but I'm unsure what sort of attack this would enable.
Note that both cases require a secure channel from the sender to the receiver because anyone who gets the incomplete transaction could add their own 5BTC output to it.
It's also possible to do this in reverse: the recipient sends the sender an incomplete transaction that needs a 5 BTC input to balance, and the same considerations apply.
 - Does the kernel means excess value? and What is opening? – chikyukotei Feb 3 '17 at 6:32
 - 2
 Kernel is the more generic term for excess value. Opening means being able to spend. – Pieter Wuille Feb 4 '17 at 5:04
 - Could some form of DH be used for the secure channel and passive receiving? Like, I publish some pubkey (A=a*G) of mine, you generate some random one-time private key (R=r*G), and publish the (R, H(r*A), unbalanced transaction encrypted with H(r*A)) to the blockchain. I can claim this TX at any time (unless you double-spend?), after which it could be purged from the blockchain. – JollyMort Oct 14 '17 at 17:38
 - There is a fundamental flaw in (1), the transaction which consists of 2 parts, whose the blinding factors are balanced, whereas the sum is not. So there are donor and acceptor parts. The attacker (malicious Node) may brute-force the sum that you're trying to send, and eventually puzzle out its structure. And then it just removes the intended acceptor part, and substitutes its own. – valdo Aug 30 '18 at 23:19
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This interesting name has two possible origins, the first of which is Anglo-Saxon, and forms either a metonymic occupational surname for a grower or seller of pears, or a topographical name for someone who lived by a conspicuous pear tree or by a pear orchard. In this instance the name derives from the Old English pre 7th Century 'pere, peru', pear, itself derived from the Latin 'pirum', and which became 'pe(e)re' in Middle English. The second possible source for the modern surname, found as Pear, Peare, Pere, Peer and Peear, is from the Medieval English 'nickname' surname for a companion, peer, a'match', derived from the Middle English 'pere', developed from the Old French 'per, peer', a peer, paragon, from the Latin 'par', equal.The marriage of one John Peare and Agnes Ashe was recorded at St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, London, on February 25th 1592. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Osbert Pere, which was dated 1230, The Berkshire Pipe Rolls, during the reign of King Henry 111, 'The Frenchman', _PHONE_. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2017


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Training and Aesthetic Concerns
Large farms and ranches are advised to develop personnel training programs for proper instruction of humane euthanasia techniques. As indicated in the previous discussion, the skill and experience of personnel are of paramount importance when gunshot or penetrating captive bolt/exsanguination or pithing and/or the injection of KCl are used for euthanasia of sick and debilitated animals. Experience has shown that many people (even those experienced in handling livestock) are not aware of the anatomical landmarks for proper execution of these techniques. Furthermore, persons should be aware that there is significant danger for the operator (or for bystanders with gunshot) whenever these methods of euthanasia are used. On large farms or ranches, most, if not all, persons should be familiar with these procedures and several should be specifically trained to perform this task. However, only those who can demonstrate a working knowledge and proficiency with the techniques should be permitted to perform euthanasia procedures. When these methods are not properly performed, animals may become injured, have varying degrees of consciousness, and experience needless pain and distress.
Experienced persons should assist in the training of inexperienced persons and utilize carcasses to demonstrate anatomical landmarks and application of the various techniques. Carcasses should be used for practice by trainees until they become competent with the euthanasia devices and procedures. People must also be aware of how to confirm death.
Both gunshot and penetrating captive bolt are aesthetically displeasing procedures. Euthanasia by either technique results in involuntary movements that may be inaccurately interpreted as painful to an inexperienced person. Therefore, when and where possible, it is recommended that such procedures be performed in areas out of the public view.

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Letter to the Editor
Effects of dust on light-curves of ϵ Aurigae-type stars
Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatranska Lomnica, Slovak Republic
Received: 23 May 2011
Accepted: 15 July 2011
Context.ϵ Auriga is one of the most mysterious objects in the sky. Previous modeling of its light-curve assumed a dark, inclined, non-transparent or semi-transparent dusty disk with a central hole. The hole was necessary to explain the light-curve with a sharp mid-eclipse brightening.
Aims. The aim of the present paper is to study the effects of dust on the light-curves of eclipsing binary stars and to develop an alternative physical model for ϵ Aur-type objects that is based on the optical properties of dust grains.
Methods. The code Shellspec was modified to calculate the light-curves and spectra of these objects. The code solves the radiative transfer along the line of sight in interacting binaries. Dust and angle-dependent Mie scattering were included in the code for this purpose.
Results. Our model of ϵ Aur consists of two geometrically thick flared disks: an internal optically thick disk and an external optically thin disk, which absorbs and scatters radiation. Disks are in the orbital plane and are almost edge-on. We argue that there is no need for a highly inclined disk with a hole to explain the current eclipse of ϵ Aur even if there is a possible shallow mid-eclipse brightening. We demonstrate that phase-dependent light scattering and the optical properties of the dust can have a significant effect on the light-curves of these stars and can even produce a mid-eclipse brightening. This is a natural consequence of the strong forward scattering. We also demonstrate that shallow mid-eclipse brightening might result from eclipses by nearly edge-on flared (dusty or gaseous) disks.
Key words: accretion, accretion disks / scattering / binaries: eclipsing / circumstellar matter / stars: individual:ϵAur
© ESO, 2011


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The stripe on the back of a credit card is a magnetic stripe, often called a magstripe. The magstripe is made up of tiny iron-based magnetic particles in a plastic-like film. Each particle is really a very tiny bar magnet about 20 millionths of an inch long.
The magstripe can be "written" because the tiny bar magnets can be magnetized in either a north or south pole direction. The magstripe on the back of the card is very similar to a piece of cassette tape fastened to the back of a card. (See How Tape Recorders Work.)
Instead of motors moving the tape so it can be read, your hand provides the motion as you "swipe" a credit card through a reader or insert it in a reader at the gas station pump.
On the next page, see how information is stored in the mag stripe and read by different types of machines.


But what the Yonces and thousands of other peach growers still don't know is this: How does a peach know when the cold winter weather is over and it is time to grow?
"It's an interesting phenomenon," Clemson plant biologist Doug Bielenberg said. "These plants count the cold hours and days. If it gets warm for a bit, they stop, and then they pick up counting where they left off."
"The weather controls our destiny, basically," said Yonce, who has been growing peaches for four decades. The family business is J.W. Yonce & Sons farm, founded by his grandfather in 1932 in Edgefield County.
The fruit was perfect for the area. Winter nights are cold enough for the chemical reactions that make peaches sweet, but not cold enough to kill the fruit as it grows. Peaches later need warm to hot weather for the fruit to mature. That's why the Georgia joins California and South Carolina as the nation's leading peach-producing states.
Research from Clemson and the University of Georgia has helped up farmers considerably over the years. One of the Yonce farm's best-sellers is a peach, developed through years of breeding, that doesn't need as many chill hours so it ripens in May, but has the color, texture and sweetness of peaches that used to not hit the market until July.
Yonce takes his knife and cuts open a bloom. The tiny fleck inside is black. That flower would yield no peach, but Yonce wouldn't have known until after the pruning.
"Growing peaches is like legalized gambling," he said.
And that's something that science will likely never be able to change.
Follow Collins at


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Why do older male birds father more illegitimate children?
When female birds have chicks as the result of an extra-marital fling, the fathers are almost always older males, and scientists are finding out why.
Many birds, particularly songbirds like sparrows, form social pair bonds. They usually stick with one partner for life to raise chicks, but may have affairs that result in 'illegitimate' children. From previous studies, it is known that older males are more likely to sire illegitimate children, but exactly why has remained a mystery.
Now, a team of researchers led by Imperial College London have studied the behaviour of a captive population of sparrows at the Silwood Park campus to find out why older males are so successful. Their results are published this week in the current issue of Scientific Reports.
They tested two possibilities: that older males are better at coercing females into extra-pair affairs (the'male manipulation' hypothesis), or that females solicit more sex from older males than from younger males (the 'female choice' hypothesis).
The team observed more than 450 mating attempts by males, and found that older males did not try to make females cheat any more often than younger males, casting doubt on the male manipulation hypothesis.
In fact, they found that successful affairs were more often solicited by females, suggesting they are the ones to choose when, and who, to cheat with. However, the females did not choose older males more often than younger males, suggesting the 'female choice' hypothesis may not be correct either.
Lead author of the study Antje Girndt, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Germany, said: "There is a difference between what we observe and what the outcome is: we didn't observe older males cheating more often than younger males, but they do father more offspring. This suggests there is another factor at work, such as older males having more competitive sperm."
The researchers suggest that 'post-copulation' mechanisms might be driving the older male's success. An element of female choice might still be a factor, as female sparrows can store sperm internally for some weeks, and may 'decide' which sperm to use for fertilisation – although the authors admit this is hard to study.
The team study sparrows to investigate the evolution of monogamy in animals, and the behavioural and biological factors that drive it.
Lead researcher Dr Julia Schroeder, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said: "Sparrows are socially monogamous but sexually promiscuous, staying with one partner for the security of raising chicks, but with the males not necessarily raising their own chicks.
"We found that there is likely to be a biological effect, rather than a behavioural one, for why older males are more successful at siring illegitimate children. It has been thought that females might choose older males as they are more 'genetically fit', but our research casts some doubt on this."
Original Sourcehttps://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/186510/why-older-male-birds-father-more/ _URL_


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Definitions of Coventry:
- noun: an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century
- noun: the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent)
Example: "The association should get rid of its elderly members--not by euthanasia, of course, but by Coventry"
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #41052)
Search for Coventry at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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Daily thoughts, observations, and speculations
Value-Chain Analysis to Identify Resources and Capabilities at Under Armour
The resource-based view (RBV) of a firm lies primarily in the application of bundle of valuable interchangeable and intangible or tangible resources at the firm's disposal. For a firm to transform a short-run competitive advantage into a sustained competitive advantage requires these resources be heterogeneous and immobile. This is perhaps the biggest struggle Under Armour faces – the challenge of maintaining a differentiated product. Herein UA is limited by its package of productive resources.
A closer look at UA's value chain helps to properly identify its productive resources. The diagram below adequately summarizes the performance apparel industry's global value chain.
Next, the strategic thinker should look at the firm's individual value chain to understand UA's productive resources. The picture below is an accurate description of their Value Chain.
The first picture shows resources used by the sports performance industry. The second picture demonstrates UA's internal value chain. The RBV stresses a firm's resources are its inputs or factors available to help it perform its operations or carry out its activities. The theory states the resources can be financial, physical, human, or organizational. The resources above can be categorized in one of those four categories. A subsequent look at the application of the RBV also breaks the resources into its key resources. The theory evaluates whether these resources fulfill the following criteria: Valuable, Rare, In-imitable, and non-substitutable. Arguably UA's biggest challenge most of its resources are imitable and even the resources considered high-value to UA are easily produced by competitors. UA's primary differentiating resource is its design and style (organizational). UA has revolutionized the t-shirt to wick away sweat from the athletes. Furthermore, they have re-invented women's athletic apparel. But all of this is easily imitated by competitors – competitors with very deep pockets. Bottom line is that with all of the threats UA faces, and its low barriers to their resources, they are going to have a hard time sustaining their competitive advantage.


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Moving and Resizing Tiles
When adding an item to a Dashboard, Customer Insights adds the new item to the "end" of the Dashboard, using a size based on both the type of item being added and the amount of space available on the Dashboard. For example, suppose you have a Dashboard that looks like this:
If you add a new Look to that Dashboard, the Dashboard will then look similar to this:
That may or may not be where you wanted the new tile to go, and that may or may not be the size you wanted for the tile. Fortunately, that doesn't matter: Customer Insights makes it easy to move and (or) to resize elements on your Dashboards.
If you click an element on your Dashboard, you'll see several items appear on that element, including a Move handle (the three bars in the upper left corner) and a resizing handle (the solid triangle in the bottom right corner):
If you want to move an element to a new location on the Dashboard, click the Move handle, hold the mouse button down, and then drag the tile to its new location. As soon as you have the tile positioned correctly, release the mouse button, and the Dashboard will rearrange the other elements as needed:
To resize an element, click the resizing handle, hold the mouse button down, and drag the mouse until the tile is the desired size. When you release the mouse button, the tile will change size and the other elements on the Dashboard will automatically be moved to make as much room as is needed:


By Topic
Compensating for the Initialization and Sampling of EWMA Run-to-Run Controlled Processes
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3 Author(s)
Good, R.P. ; GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Austin, TX, USA ; Pabst, D. ; Stirton, J.B.
The exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) filter is commonly used for state estimation of run-to-run controllers in semiconductor manufacturing. It is widely known that, when at steady state, the EWMA filter provides the minimum mean square error (MSE) forecast for an integrated moving average (IMA) process. The forecast, however, is optimal if and only if every output of the IMA process is measured. If an EWMA controller is implemented utilizing sampled process data, then it is necessary to retune the controller to maintain optimal performance. Furthermore, in practice, the complex interacting selection criteria of advanced sampling applications often cause measurement frequency to be highly irregular. In this paper, a sampling compensation algorithm (SCA) is derived based on the minimum-norm IMA (MNIMA) forecast. The algorithm provides the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) forecast of an IMA process for irregularly sampled processes and is robust to initialization.
Published in:
Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:23, Issue: 2 )


Turnips and red kidney beans
Terrific Turnip Recipe
Turnips can be eaten raw, boiled, fried or cooked with other vegetables. Here is a terrific recipe for turnips and kidney beans, which makes a delicious, unique side dish.
History of turnips
The turnip originated in Hellenistic and Roman times, becoming a well-established crop during this period in history. Wild forms of turnips can be found throughout Asia and Europe. Turnips are root vegetables, like carrots, and they grow most easily in temperate climates. Because of the ease in growing turnips, they are popular throughout the world and are prepared in a great variety of ways.
They are a good crop to grow because of the many nutrients that they contain for the soil. As a staple food, they grow in great abundance and can be used to feed both humans and livestock, increasing their versatility.
Turnips nutrition
Turnips are only high in Vitamin C but turnip greens are a good source of vitamin A, vitamin K, folate and calcium. The greens are also high in lutein. Turnips are edible cooked or uncooked and they are often found in salads. In order to eat turnips, you must first trim off any hairy roots and then peel them. Then, you can chop them or slice them depending on what you plan to do with them.
Turnips preparation
Younger turnips can be sliced and eaten raw, for example in a salad or as a dipping vegetable. You can also shred them as part of coleslaw, and they make great parts of vegetable medleys. Older turnips often have a milder flavor, and if you overcook turnips, they lose their flavor and become unpleasant. If you plan to boil your turnips, only cook them until they become tender, which takes about 20 to 30 minutes. You can also microwave, steam and roast your turnips, using your imagination to give character to this versatile, tasty plant. Here is a recipe for kidney beans and turnips that makes a delicious side dish.
Turnips and red kidney beans
 - 1 1/2 cups red kidney beans (soaked)
 - 4 large turnips
 - 1 large onion
 - 1/4 tsp ground ginger
 - 1 tsp salt
 - 1/2 tsp cayenne pepper
 - 4 Tbsp vegetable oil
 - 3 garlic cloves (chopped)
1. Place kidney beans in a large pot of water and bring to a boil. Boil vigorously for 15 minutes. Reduce heat and simmer, partial covered for 90 minutes.
2. Peel turnips and slice into wedges. Chop onion in half and then slice. Combine spices with 1 tablespoon of water in a small bowl.
3. Heat vegetable oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Cook the turnip wedges in the oil until golden brown, then remove. Fry the onions for 2-3 minutes, reduce heat and add garlic and spice paste. Stir for a few seconds and then turn off heat.
4. After the beans have cooked halfway through (45 minutes), add turnip and onion mixture to the pot and stir. Allow beans to finish cooking.
5. Serve hot with rice.
Vegetable recipes
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neurocam wearable camera reads your brainwaves and records what interests you
neurocam wearable camera reads your brainwaves and records what interests you
"Right now, the iPhone's camera is ready to record what's in my line of sight through a prism. The iPhone shows what the camera has captured, so it feels as if it's reading my mind. My brain-waves are analyzed by an iPhone app, which quantifies my level of interest on a scale from 0 to 100. If the level exceeds 60, the number turns red, and the camera starts to record automatically, producing a 5-second GIF animation."
"We're using the iPhone so that analysis and capture can be done with one device. But this is still a concept model. So, we think there are lots of possibilities, such as turning this into a wearable camera."
The neurocam arose from the neurowear project, which is involved with items that use brain-waves and bio-sensors, like necomimi, which works using brain-waves. The algorithm for quantifying brain-waves was co-developed with Associate Professor Mitsukura at Keio University.
In the future, the project team aims to create an emotional interface, which could link a range of devices and services to people's individual thoughts and feelings.
"Because this system is hands-free, we think it could capture a life log, which would be different from deliberately pressing a shutter to capture things you like. As an application in a B2B environment, neurocam could determine what goods in stores interest people. And because the information includes position data, you can do mapping, so it could also show what places people are interested in as an aid for urban development planning. We think it could be used in lots of ways like that."
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text:
Create your own face tracking, pan and tilt camera on the Raspberry Pi!
This tutorial will demonstrate use of the OpenCV (computer vision) library to identify and track faces on the raspberry pi using two servos and a USB webcam. For the interested, I previously covered a more thorough overview of the installation of OpenCV from source here, however, I have found that the apt package is sufficient for all but the most bleeding edge of projects.
This project is based on the OpenCV face tracking example that comes along with the source-based distribution. In short, it performs face detection using haar-like features to analyze the video frame, and locates any faces present within it. In the live video window, identified faces are surrounded with a red rectangle. For additional information about how face detection works as well as the specifics of face detection with OpenCV, I recommend this article by Robin Hewitt.
Using the coordinates of the rectangle vertices, my script calculates the (X,Y) position of the center of the face. If the face is sufficiently on the left side of the screen, the pan servo will progressively rotate leftward, on the right side, rightward. This is likewise performed for the tilt servo as well, if the face is in the upper portion of the screen, it will pan upward, in the lower portion, pan downward. If the face is detected reasonably within the center of the image, no action is performed by the servos. This prevents unnecessary jitter once the camera has locked itself on the face.
- 512 MB raspberry pi
- 2x Hobby servos (Turnigy 9g fom Hobby King)
- Pan & tilt bracket (from Foxtech FPV)
- USB webcam (Microsoft LifeCam Show from Amazon)
- Power supply
- Hook-up wire
- Raspberry Pi enclosure (from Built to Spec)
Connect the red, power lines of the servos to +5v, the black ground lines to GND, and the yellow signal lines to the desired output pins, GPIO pins 22 and 23 in the example. Here is a diagram of the completed circuit (created with Fritzing):
And here is how it looks all put together:
Get the source.
The first step of this procedure is to install the required libraries and packages using the Raspberry Pi package manager. Open up terminal shell and run:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install git python-opencv python-all-dev libopencv-dev
This command will pull down all of the required packages (about 215 MB worth) including the git version control system, as well as the OpenCV development headers and Python bindings. The next step is to configure the Raspberry Pi for use with multiple pulse width modulation (PWM) outputs. Normally, the Raspberry Pi has only one channel of PWM output. However, thanks to the efforts of Richard Hirst, eight channels of PWM can be used through the use of this servoblaster kernel driver.The driver creates a device file, /dev/servoblaster to which commands can be sent to control the servos. The commands take the form "=" with servo number representing the desired servo (0-7 in this case) and servo position representing the pulse width in units of 10 µs. For example, to send servo 3 a pulse width of 120 µs: echo 3=120 > /dev/servoblaster To configure the servoblaster on the Raspberry Pi, first pull down the sources from Richard's Github repo:
git clone _URL_
Then change into the servo blaster directory, and install the module:
This command also sets up the necessary udev rules for accessing the /dev/servoblaster device. Note: using the 'install_autostart ' command will set up a Raspberry Pi to load the servoblaster kernel module on every boot. If you don't want this behavior, execute 'make install' instead. In either case, the module will not yet be loaded so go ahead and load it into the kernel using modprobe:
sudo modprobe servoblaster
Now that all the prerequisites have been installed and the servo blaster device configured, it's time to get the actual face tracking and servo moving code. Clone my repo from Github here:
git clone _URL_
Now change directory into the created folder, and run the script like this:
python./facetracker_servo_gpio.py 0
If you have a different servo bracket configuration, the pan and tilt axis may need to be inverted. To do so, invert the sign on the values of panStepSize and tiltStepSize. Similarly, increasing or decreasing these values will change the sensitivity of the movement, larger numbers corresponding to more degrees moved per face detection frame.
Google Talk/Chat/Messenger is normally used by humans to interact with other humans. However, its underlying technology can also be used as a mechanism to implement software robots. Internet bots, also known as web robots, WWW robots or simply 'bots' can also utilize the technology to perform automated functions over the web. There are many such bots in existence, offering a diverse spectrum of services from jokes (_EMAIL_) to URL Shortening using bit.ly (_EMAIL_), even mathematical calculation (_EMAIL_). Using such bots is quick and easy to configure, all that must be done is to add the bot as a contact to your messaging account. Then, whenever you desire data from the service, simply text the command to the bot and it will respond with the respective message.
The Raspi Bot is essentially the same as any other automated Internet robot. To configure it, it must first have its own e-mail address associated with a Google talk account. This e-mail address must also be added as a contact with the account that wishes to communicate to the bot. Then, whenever the script is running on the remote machine, it will log into Google chat and appear as a friend in your contact list.
The software itself is essentially just a Python daemon script that is a wrapper around the XMPP protocol. When executed, the script will sign in to Google talk using its own username and password. The Python script is derived from the open source project pygtalkrobot: An open source python gtalk(google talk) bot framework using XMPPPY and PyDNS libraries, that also references the source code of python-jabberbot.
The Raspi Bot requires several additional Python modules for use. The easiest way to install these is with the python pip package manager. If you don't have it installed, you can install them using apt-get:
sudo apt-get install python-pip git-core python2.7-dev
Then update the easy_install index:
sudo easy_install -U distribute
And install the GPIO, xmpppy, and pydns modules:
sudo pip install RPi.GPIO xmpppy pydns
Then clone my repo for the Raspi Gtalk robot:
git clone _URL_
Now change into the newly created directory:
Finally, you will need to configure the Raspi Bot's Gtalk username and password. This is done by editing the fields BOT_GTALK_USER, BOT_GTALK_PASS, and BOT_ADMIN, on lines 31-33 in the raspiBot.py file. It is recommended, though not required, to give the Raspi Bot its own Gmail account. Since access to the Raspberry Pi GPIO pins is restricted, the script needs to be run with sudo:
sudo python./raspiBot.py
This basic sample script supports the following commands:
- [pinon|pon|on|high] [pin] : turns on the specified GPIO pin
- [pinoff|poff|off|low] [pin] : turns off the specified GPIO pin
- [write|w] [pin] [state] : writes specified state to the specified GPIO pin
- [read|r] [pin]: reads the value of the specified GPIO pin
- [available|online|busy|dnd|away|idle|out|xa] [arg1] : set gtalk state and status message to specified argument
- [shell|bash] [arg1] : executes the specified shell command argument after 'shell' or 'bash'
For example, sending the message "pinon 10″ will turn on GPIO pin #10, "read 8″ will read the current state of GPIO pin 8, or "bash ps" to execute the shell command 'ps'.
The video demonstration uses a slide switch connected to GPIO pin 8 and an LED connected to GPIO pin 10. Here is a diagram of how this is wired (created with Fritzing):
Use case #1: Home automation
One of the most obvious usages of this technology is for home automation purposes. The Raspi Bot can be accessed anywhere with Google talk, which to my understanding, is nearly every system in existence. Send the Raspi Bot messages to turn on and off lights and other electrical appliances.
This is also useful to provide immediate notification in the event of intrusion detection. The Raspi Bot can be supplemented with additional security sensors, including infrared motion, and ultrasonic distance sensors. If any pre-programmed sensor violates any predefined condition, you can be immediately notified via message from the Raspi Bot.
Use case #2: Remote shell
The Raspi Bot can be used essentially as a remote shell. In this configuration, every message sent to the Raspi Bot will be interpreted as a shell command with the output piped back to the user in the form of a response message. Obviously, this could raise some security concerns. To protect against misuse, the Raspi Bot will only respond to Google chat messages from the Google user designated as the


text:
Today IBM and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, together with Nokia, Pitney Bowes, and Sony, are announcing the creation of "The Eco-Patent Commons," a new collaborative effort focused on shared use of intellectual property to help the environment.
Together these companies are pledging dozens of patents in what we hope will be an expanding effort. As the industry moves to have greater openness and collaboration as part of their balanced intellectual property strategy, the Commons can help companies ensure that "green" is an essential part of that strategy.
The overview of The Eco-Patent Commons from the World Business Council for Sustainable Development website states that the goals are
- To provide an avenue by which innovations and solutions may be easily shared to accelerate and facilitate implementations to protect the environment and perhaps lead to further innovation.
- To promote and encourage cooperation and collaboration between businesses that pledge patents and potential users to foster further joint innovations and the advancement and development of solutions that benefit the environment.
The press release gives examples of some of the environmental benefits expected for pledged patents:
- Energy conservation or improved energy or fuel efficiency
- Pollution prevention (source reduction, waste reduction)
- Use of environmentally preferable materials or substances
- Water or materials use reduction
- Increased recycling opportunity
Patents in the Commons will typically relate to manufacturing or technical business processes that directly show an environmental benefit.
The idea for the Commons was originally proposed at a IBM Global Innovation Outlook conference. Today's Commons announcement follows IBM's patent non-assertion pledges for
- 500 patents to benefit open source in January, 2005,
- healthcare and education standards in October, 2005, and
- over 150 Internet, SOA, web services, and Web 2.0 core standards for interoperability in July, 2007.
Dave Kappos, IBM Vice President and Asst. General Counsel in Intellectual Property Law, and I recorded a podcast about this announcement that goes into greater detail. The press kit also has additional information.
Finally, if you and your company would like to participate, the Commons overview has contacts as well as this advice:
Contact your Intellectual Property (IP) function and examine your business's patent portfolio. Identify patents your business may want to contribute to the Eco-Patent Commons. Many businesses do not routinely patent innovations that benefit the environment, so some participants will have only a small number of patents to pledge. Contributing even one patent is sufficient for participation and can make a significant difference in helping to further sustainable development.
Selected Media Coverage:
- CNET: "Eco-Patent Commons shares earth-friendly tech", by Martin LaMonica
- Reuters, "IBM, Pitney-Bowes, others give free green patents"
- San Francisco Chronicle, "'Eco-Patent Commons' hopes to improve environmental innovation", by Tom Abate
- Bloomberg, "IBM Joins Sony, Nokia in Sharing Ecologically Friendly Patents", by Matthew R. Miller
- VNUNet, "IT industry forms green coalition", by Iain Thomson
- EARTHtimes.org, "IBM, Sony team up for Eco-Patent Commons", by Brian Holmes
- InfoWorld, "IBM, Nokia, and Sony back green-patent giveaway", by Ted Samson


text: Two critical tasks in multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) are to describe criterion values and to aggregate the described information to generate a ranking of alternatives. A flexible and superior tool for the first task is q-rung orthopair fuzzy number (qROFN) and an effective tool for the second task is aggregation operator. So far, nearly thirty different aggregation operators of qROFNs have been presented. Each operator has its distinctive characteristics and can work well for specific purpose. However, there is not yet an operator which can provide desirable generality and flexibility in aggregating criterion values, dealing with the heterogeneous interrelationships among criteria, and reducing the influence of extreme criterion values. To provide such an aggregation operator, Muirhead mean operator, power average operator, partitioned average operator, and Archimedean T-norm and T-conorm operations are concurrently introduced into q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets, and an Archimedean power partitioned Muirhead mean operator of qROFNs and its weighted form are presented and a MCGDM method based on the weighted operator is proposed in this paper. The generalised expressions of the two operators are firstly defined. Their properties are explored and proved and their specific expressions are constructed. On the basis of the specific expressions, a method for solving the MCGDM problems based on qROFNs is then designed. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the method is demonstrated via a numerical example, a set of experiments, and qualitative and quantitative comparisons.


text:
Prevent image to repeat itself, tiling or get stuck on scroll.
Are your images behaving strangely? Tiling, getting stuck or repeating on scroll?
Prevent image to repeat itself, tiling & get stuck on scroll.
Are you having problems with normal images repeating themselves, tiling, getting stuck and making strange lines all over your website when scrolling up and down? This might be because you have another background image set to repeat!? Follow these steps to prevent image to repeat itself, tiling or get stuck on scroll.
Steps to prevent image from repeat itself, tiling & getting stuck:
- Start by checking if this image problem is occurrin in every browser: Chrome / Safari, Explorer or Firefox. Good to know.
- Validate you code to make sure there are no obvious errors, for example unclosed elements or wrongly nested elements. Validate your website here: _URL_
- Correct all errors (if any) above.
- If you are floating elements or images, use class.clearfix to clear any floats after the element containing floats has ended. Clearfix CSS class might look something like this:
content: " ";
Simply add class.clearfix to any elements containing floats.
- Try to set the background to no-repeat on the element causing problems or the parent of the element causing problems.
- If none of the above works? Are you using several layers of background images on top of eachother? Some fixed, some repeated and so on. Try to remove the backgrounds one by one to see if this fixes the problem, or leads you in the right direction…
(Firefox browser have been having similar problems with images and icons tiling or repeating when this article is written)


Opening the Library painter
To open the Library painter:
 - Click the Library button in the PowerBar or select Tools>Library Painter.
What you can do in the Library painter
In the Library painter, you can:
 - Create a new library
 - Create new objects in targets in your current workspace
 - Copy, move, and delete objects in any library
 - Open objects in libraries that are on a library list in the current Workspace to edit them in the appropriate painters
 - Migrate, rebuild, and regenerate libraries in the current Workspace
 - Control modifications to library objects by using check-out and check-in or use version control systems
 - Create a runtime library that includes objects in the current library and related resource objects
What you cannot do in the Library painter
You cannot migrate or open objects in PowerBuilder libraries that are not on the library list. You also cannot rename a library.


text:
This interactive course introduces participants to the principles of writing reports concerning Police and Security Matters. Participants will learn the skills of report writing, Data Protection and Human Rights legislation.
This course is suitable for all Police Forces, Law Enforcement agencies and others engaged in investigation and prosecution of offedners. It can be adapted for other organisations required to comply with a formal reporting process. The course is interactive and participants will participate in exercises to enhance their report writing skills.
Aims and Objectives
Students will learn the principles and skills of writing reports concerning police and security matters
At the end of the course the student/participant will be able to:
- Understand and recognise what Security Reports are
- Understand the importance of Security Reports and how they can be tested.
- Recognise the different types of Security Report, and their purpose
- Understand what elements make up a Security Report
- Be able to write a competent Security Report
- Be able to review their own and others Security Reports using the SWOT model and other resources
- Understand and deliver Intelligence Reports and Briefings
- Comply with UAE Constitution and United Nations Human Rights Requirements
The course is made up of the following units:
Introduction to report writing
Applied report writing
No Reviews found for this course.


text:
The Coyote Point Museum for Environmental Education was founded in 1954, and welcomes more than 80,000 visitors every year with a variety of hands-on programs, science exhibits, wildlife encounters, gardens and more.
These are some of the museum's ongoing exhibits:
- Invertebrate Corner. Get up close to a Tarantula, Black Widow spider, or an array of Beatles at the museum's new exhibit. For more information visit the Coyote Point Museum website.
- Tinkering! Every invention, from a sewing needle to a solar cell, came about as the result of tinkering and experimentation. The museum's newest exhibit highlights tinkering in the process of innovation.
- Every day except for Sunday, at 11:00 a.m. the museum hosts a talk called "Animals in Action". Visitors will get to meet the Animal Keepers as they discuss a different animal every day and answer questions about animal behavior.
- Every day at 12:00 p.m. the museum hosts a River Otter Feeding. The river otters frolic and play during their daily feeding which can be observed from both above ground and through the underwater observation window.
- Every day at 1pm the museum hosts a Bobcat Feeding. Watch the playful young bobcats chow down during their afternoon feeding.
- Coyote Point Museum hosts a Paws and Claws Wildlife Show on Saturdays and Sundays at 1:30 p.m. and 2:30 p.m. Be entertained and learn more about wildlife.
On Sunday, the museum opens at noon.


text:
International Festivals are common in all countries. However countries hosting international festivals are unaware of the expectations and behavior of travellers related to their food choice behavior before their visit. A study was conducted with specific reference to Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF), Sarawak, Malaysia, to explore the food choice behavior of international travellers relating to neophobic behavior. The study followed interpretive research philosophy and exploratory study design with phenomenological interpretations, case studies and Delphi method. The research design integrated a longitudinal design during 2016 to 2017 period to develop a food choice consumer behavior model with triangulated tools and methods, identified causative factors related to consumer food choices. The study followed purposive sampling with a sample of 148travelers during the festival and data collection was done with the triangulated tools of indepth interviews, content analysis and observation following phenomenology method. The investigators came up with a thematic model in relation to food choice behavior of RWMF travelers, by extending theoretical and practical contributions.
Kumar M., Dileep and S Govindarajo, Normala
"Consumer Food-Choice Behaviour Model,"
Interscience Management Review: Vol. 4
, Article 3.
Available at: _URL_


text:
Liko Vest for StandingShell is intended for raising patients who are practicing to stand with the aid of a standing shell.
A standing shell is much appreciated as an aid for disabled children and youths. However, applying the standing shell manually and raising the child in it can be very strenuous for the caregiver. But with the right lifting aids, these problems can be avoided.
We recommend the use of a lift and sling, for example SilhouetteSling, for lifting the child to the standing shell. For convenient access when it is time to lift the child out of the shell, SilhouetteSling is left inside the shell while the child is standing.
Vest for StandingShell is used during the actual raising operation and is placed outside the standing shell when the child is lying down, then connected to a patient lift. We recommend one of Liko's overhead lifts or the mobile lift Golvo. The raising is accomplished securely and controlled by patient lift.
Before lifting, keep the following points in mind:
- Choose a larger size of Vest for StandingShell than you would if you were using Liko MasterVest for the same patient.
- Leg Harnesses are included in the product to prevent the vest from sliding up along the standing shell.


A harbor or town having facilities for seagoing ships.
1. a port or harbour accessible to seagoing vessels
2. a town or city located at such a place
(ˈsiˌpɔrt, -ˌpoʊrt)
1. a port or harbor that accommodates seagoing vessels.
2. a town or city at such a place.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.seaport - a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargoseaport - a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo
landing place, landing - structure providing a place where boats can land people or goods
seafront - the waterfront of a seaside town
coaling station - a seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal
port of call - any port where a ship stops except its home port
anchorage ground, anchorage - place for vessels to anchor
ميناء بَحْري
námořní přístav
tengeri kikötõ
höfn, hafnarbær
námorný prístav
[ˈsiːpɔːt] Npuerto m de mar
sea port [ˈsiːpɔːrt] nport m de mersea power n [country] → puissance f navale
Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
[ˈsiːˌpɔːt] nporto di mare or marittimo
Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995
(siː) noun
1. (often with the) the mass of salt water covering most of the Earth's surface. I enjoy swimming in the sea; over land and sea; The sea is very deep here; (also adjective) A whale is a type of large sea animal.
2. a particular area of sea. the Baltic Sea; These fish are found in tropical seas.
3. a particular state of the sea. mountainous seas.
ˈseaward(s) adverb
towards the sea; away from the land. The yacht left the harbour and sailed seawards.
ˈseaboard noun
the seacoast. the eastern seaboard of the United States.
sea breeze
a breeze blowing from the sea towards the land.
ˈseafaring adjective
of work or travel on ships. a seafaring man.
ˈseafood noun
fish, especially shellfish.
seafood restaurants.
ˈseafront noun
a promenade or part of a town with its buildings facing the sea.
ˈsea-going adjective
designed and equipped for travelling on the sea. a sea-going yacht.
ˈseagull noun
a gull.
sea level
the level of the surface of the sea used as a base from which the height of land can be measured. three hundred metres above sea level.
ˈsea-lion noun
a type of large seal.
ˈseamanplural ˈseamen noun
a sailor, especially a member of a ship's crew who is not an officer.
ˈseaport noun
a port on the coast.
ˈseashell noun
the (empty) shell of a sea creature.
ˈseashore noun
the land close to the sea.
ˈseasick adjective
ill because of the motion of a ship at sea. Were you seasick on the voyage?
ˈseasickness noun
ˈseaside noun
(usually with the) a place beside the sea. We like to go to the seaside in the summer.
ˈseaweed noun
plants growing in the sea. The beach was covered with seaweed.
ˈseaworthy adjective
(negative unseaworthy) (of a ship) suitably built and in good enough condition to sail at sea.
ˈseaworthiness noun
at sea
1. on a ship and away from land. He has been at sea for four months.
2. puzzled or bewildered. Can I help you? You seem all at sea.
go to sea
to become a sailor. He wants to go to sea.
put to sea
to leave the land or a port. They planned to put to sea the next day.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.
References in classic literature?
Thus his nails and modesty were comparable to those of most gentlemen; though his ambition had been educated only by the opportunities of a clerk and accountant in the smaller commercial houses of a seaport. He thought the rural Featherstones very simple absurd people, and they in their turn regarded his "bringing up" in a seaport town as an exaggeration of the monstrosity that their brother Peter, and still more Peter's property, should have had such belongings.
Wellington is trim and neat and English; it reminds you of a seaport town on the South Coast.
-- We anchored in the Bay of Callao, the seaport of Lima, the capital of Peru.
The beach was a kind of public promenade where were displayed all the vagaries of a seaport on the arrival of a fleet from a long cruise.
On the Saturday in that same week, I took my leave of Herbert - full of bright hope, but sad and sorry to leave me - as he sat on one of the seaport mail coaches.
This seaport of Smyrna, our first notable acquaintance in Asia, is a closely packed city of one hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants, and, like Constantinople, it has no outskirts.


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Does height make any difference???
JeannieY posted:
Hi Rich,
I've always wondered how a person's height may or may not figure into the calories burned/exertion required? For example, I'm only 5'-1" and I normally run at 6.5 to 7mph for 45 minutes to an hour. Would a person who's 5'-6" for example, weighing the same and running at the same speed really burn the same number of calories? It seems over-simplified to calculate calories burned solely based on weight alone. Since my legs are shorter, I would have to work harder (taking more steps) than a taller person, doesn't that make any difference?
Maybe what I'm asking is a stupid question, but I've always wondered.
Rich Weil, MEd, CDE responded:
Hi Jeannie,
It's a good question. Theoretically, if you weigh the same, then the calories burned will be very similar. The basic physics of it is: work equals force x distance. That is, work equals the number of calories burned, force is body weight, and distance is miles (or however you measure your distance). You can see that body weight is the variable that has the effect on calories burned. With that said, there is biomechanical efficiency to consider. The person who is more efficient will burn fewer calories. That is, if your gait is different, which it could be with height differences (or no height difference), then there will be some effect. For instance, running when you are taller might involve more up and down motion of the hips which would be less efficient. More side-to-side motion would cause energy expenditure to be different. Foot strike can have an effect, and so can lateral distance between the feet during the landing (when feet land right in front of each other it's less efficient than wider because balance is easier when the base is wider. There's also the propulsive forces of pushing off to consider, which are affected by what are called the 'lever arms' (long or short levers), which are determined by the length of bones and the attachments of the tendons into the bones (less efficient lever arms, where greater force is necessary to propel the limb, will be a factor). Of course, attachments of the tendons could make up for bone length, and efficiency of the gait could make up for some of this too - the most efficient gait is one where the timing is such that the leg and arm swing are as smooth as a pendulum (a short leg could still be much less efficient than a long one). Stability and posture all have an effect as well. Less stability in the gait, or poorer posture, will cause more calories to be burned. And of course, the more fit you are the less likely you are to fatigue, and fatigue will have a detrimental effect on efficiency. There are even more factors to consider, but you get the idea.
So the answer isn't simple, and unless you could enter all of these factors into the equation, then the only real way to know for sure is to compare the two individuals in a lab where you can measure energy expenditure with the proper equipment and under controlled conditions.
I hope that helps!
JeannieY responded:
Thanks Rich. It's a lot more complicated than I thought.
Rich Weil, MEd, CDE replied to JeannieY's response:
You're welcome. It is complicated, but one simple thing you could do is compare heart rates. The correlation between heart rates and calories burned is fairly good and so you could get at least a ballpark estimate of who is burning more.
Take care,
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Entitlements System Features
Styra DAS for cloud-native Entitlements provides the following key features:
- Policy management lifecycle: Styra DAS provides policy lifecycle management capabilities, which include authoring policy, testing, deploying, and monitoring. It is explicitly designed to manage OPA and OPA policies throughout the entire lifecycle. Different policy authoring interfaces enable different personas to write policies and help others in the organization write policies.
- Data management: Data management relies on data that come from one or more systems of record that are often tier 0 (tier zero) services like Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) or Active Directory (AD). Synchronizing this data with Styra DAS is required to distribute the relevant data to the OPAs that need it through encrypted channels and keep those OPAs up to date as the systems of record change.
- Enterprise-grade governance: Often, Entitlements are the responsibility of multiple users throughout the organization. Examples of governance include ensuring proper controls over who can change policies when they can be deployed, what tests must pass, and what impact threshold must be met before release.
- API driven: Styra DAS is 100% API driven with Styra DAS Self-Hosted or Styra DAS SaaS offering. Styra DAS integrates with tools like Git, Prometheus, Kubernetes, S3, Datadog, and Slack.


Clothed male, naked female
CMNF, or Clothed Male(s), Naked (or Nude) Female(s) is a term for a paraphilia involving one or more nude women and one or more clothed men. It is generally used as a label for pictorial erotica or pornography, or a sexual fantasy depicting such a scenario; however, CMNF gatherings of men and women interested in this type of erotic pursuit do occur as well. CMNF is also a type of sexual objectification of women by men.
The general category of "CMNF" is fairly broad, encompassing several different types of scenario. The most common subdivisions of the genre involve either an activity under the rubric of male domination, exhibitionism or entertainment; combination of all categories is somewhat rare, although several web sites cater to the subgenres separately.
Also striptease is a form of CMNF since the vast majority of visitors to strip clubs is male, whereas the strippers are female.
The stereotype of the damsel in distress was also portrayed in the 19th century as an CMNF scenario: the powerful knight in his armour comes to rescue the naked, helpless female.
One-sided nudity in art is a topic that has been popular for a long time; e.g. many 19th century paintings of slavery and odalisques depict nude women, fulfilling voyeuristic phantasies of mostly male audiences.
The topic of one-sided female nudity is featured in the book "Topping from Below" by Laura Reese. The journalist Nora Tibbs investigates the death of her sister Franny. She meets the boy-friend of Franny, "M.", a music professor, and becomes his new girl-friend. He forces her to be nude all the time when she is in his house. Her one-sided nudity is one of many tokens of her submission to him.
See also
This article is based on "Clothed male, naked female" from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia ( It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licencse. In the Wikipedia you can find a list of the authors by visiting the following address:


text:
Patient Engagement Wednesday, November 23, 2011
Patient engagement is an ongoing process in which patients take an active role in their own health care. Many factors—including personal skills, motivation, and behaviors—affect an individual's ability to effectively engage in care.
The featured Innovations describe one program that used a storytelling approach and another program that provided text messaging to encourage behavior change among vulnerable populations, leading to greater patient engagement and improved outcomes.
The featured QualityTools provide resources to help health care professionals partner with patients and families to involve them in care, and information to assist health care consumers in communicating effectively with providers about their health care.
Also in This Issue:
- Comprehensive Program Virtually Eliminates Preventable Birth Trauma
- Low-Overhead Medical Home Leverages Information Technology To Attract Both Providers and Patients in Underserved Rural Areas
- Community Health Navigators Use Pathways Model to Enhance Access to Health and Social Services for Low-Income, At-Risk Residents
- Hourly Nurse Rounds Help to Reduce Falls, Pressure Ulcers, and Call Light Use, and Contribute to Rise in Patient Satisfaction


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Sugar Glider - Petaurus breviceps
The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small, omnivorous, arboreal, and nocturnal gliding possum belonging to the marsupial infraclass. The common name refers to its preference for sugary foods like sap and nectar and its ability to glide through the air, much like a flying squirrel. They have very similar habits and appearance to the flying squirrel, despite not being closely related—an example of convergent evolution. The scientific name, Petaurus breviceps, translates from Latin as "short-headed rope-dancer", a reference to their canopy acrobatics.
The sugar glider is characterised by its gliding membrane, known as the patagium, which extends from its forelegs to its hind legs, one on each side of its body. Gliding serves as an efficient means of reaching food and evading predators. The animal is covered in soft, pale grey to light brown fur which is countershaded, being lighter in colour on its underside.
The sugar glider is endemic to parts of mainland Australia, New Guinea and certain Indonesian islands; and it was introduced to Tasmania, probably in the 1830s. It is a popular exotic pet but is prohibited in some regions, including parts of Australia and the United States.
(Text Source: Wikipedia)


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A Roho cushion is an inflatable cushion for wheelchairs and beds that can make it more comfortable to be in a wheelchair or be bed bound for long periods of time.
For people who have limited mobility and are either wheelchair-bound or bed bound for a large portion of the day, finding a comfortable spot can be a challenge.
Moreover, staying in one position for long periods of time, such as lying on a bed, can increase the individual's chance for developing painful conditions like bed sores. This is, in a large part due to the flat, solid design of many wheelchair seats and beds.
That is where the Roho cushion comes in.
So, what is a Roho cushion?
A Roho cushion is similar to an inflatable mattress or seat cushion, as it uses air to provide a soft surface for the user. Unlike other forms of cushioning for beds seating, Roho cushions are specially made to provide a comfortable, varied surface for both seating and lying down positions, which in turn helps prevent bed sores from developing.
Check out some top rated Roho Cushions on Amazon
Table could not be displayed.
Bed sores, also known as pressure ulcers, are formed when a portion of the skin spends prolonged periods of time resting on a single surface. Roho mattress pads are made to spread out this pressure over a wider, more flexible surface, reducing the impact of the pressure on the skin and allowing normal blood flow to reach the area.
Not only do Roho cushions make long periods of seating or lying down more comfortable but because they are inflatable, they are easily transported and carried around.
Roho cushions are especially useful due to their easy-to-clean surfaces and their high-quality air pressure systems.
Since Roho mattress cushions are specially made to fit over existing mattresses, they are lightweight and maintain their air pressure for much longer than traditional air mattresses do.
Roho cushions also come in other assistive forms, such as ankle brace cushions and toilet seat cushions, to provide additional comfort to those who need it.
For people with sensory-based ailments, such as fibromyalgia, having additional padding on everyday surfaces can help alleviate some of the symptoms presented by their illness, helping them stay more comfortable longer.
Roho cushions are specially made to adapt to the body's minute changes over various periods of time, relieving pressure on the areas where the skin comes into contact with a surface.
A Roho cushion can aid the long term health of the user by proper weight distribution. This helps in maintaining normal blood flow to the area affected, which can help prevent further injuries or discomfort in the long run.
While a wheelchair cushion or bed pad may seem like a small investment, for someone with limited mobility who spends a majority of their day in constant contact with the same surface, they can be a real blessing.
Roho cushions can help with both their physical well being, as well as their emotional health, as it can take away some of the discomfort of being in the same position for a long period of time.
Continue reading to discover more about how Roho cushions work and who can benefit from investing in comfort-based assistive things like Roho seat cushions, mattress pads, and other similar devices.
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How do Roho cushions work?
Studies show that functionality is one of the primary goals in mind when creating assistive devices like wheelchairs. At the same time, it is very important keep in mind the overall comfort of the person using these devices for long periods of time.
Things like mattress pads, wheelchair seat cushions, and comfortable hand and ankle braces may have a huge impact on the overall rehabilitation of an individual.
For many people, the comfort provided by the assistive comfort technology allows them to spend more time doing every day activities. This can be central in the rehabilitation process because it can help return a level of self-sufficiency and independence to their day to day lives.
Roho mattress pads provide patients added comfort of a mattress pad and the health benefits of normal blood circulation and prevention of bed sores.
This can have a marked impact on both the recovery time for patients who have been confined to bed rest for a long period of time, as well as an upward trend in the health of patients who are permanently bed bound.
Seat cushions are useful for people who find themselves spending a lot of time in the same spot. This can include someone who utilizes things like wheelchairs (you can read our review of lightweight transport wheelchairs here) and outdoor mobility scooters.
Seat cushions can be combined with things like portable commodes and shower chairs to provide additional comfort during day to day tasks. They can also be placed on a lift chair recliner for added comfort and blood flow throughout the day.
Roho seat cushions can also be easily transported and re-inflated on the go, allowing them to be kept with the individual throughout the day. This allows them to be used in a wider range of locations to help provide comfort while out and about.
Roho mattress pads are useful both for short-term healing processes, as well as for long-term treatment for individual patients. Roho mattress pads are most often used in cases of prolonged bed rest, where contact with an uninterrupted, solid surface can put the patient at risk for a wide range of skin irritations, including bed sores.
Roho mattress pads are used in hospitals and in-home care situations for patients of all levels of care.
For an individual who requires nightly kidney dialysis at home, for example, a Roho pad can help them be more comfortable during the process, and help ensure that the dialysis is able to clean more thoroughly due to the slightly increased blood circulation.
For patients who find themselves in bed for longer periods of time, a Roho cushion can help them feel less trapped, and make sure that their bed feels comfortable for extended periods of use.
Roho cushions can also be easily inflated or deflated to suit the needs of the user, making it more flexible than other mattress pads. Here is a YouTube video demonstrating the right way to set up a Roho cushion:
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Who Can Benefit from Roho Cushions?
Roho cushions and mattress pads are useful for people who experience mild to severe discomfort while sitting or lying down on flat surfaces for extended periods of time on a daily basis. This can include people who suffer from sensory-based nerve conditions, such as fibromyalgia and severe arthritis.
Roho mattress pads are also extremely useful for people who are on bed rest after a recent surgery or for people recovering from injuries, such as fractures or spinal injuries. Most pregnant women who have been advised bed rest until the end of their term find Roho mattress pads especially comfortable.
Roho cushions can also help people who spend a large part of their day in a sedentary position such as in the workspace. Most people find them more comfortable for long-term use as compared to traditional seat cushions or coccyx cushions.
Roho cushions can also be used in living areas to make certain types of furniture more comfortable for people who may find themselves needing the extra layer of padding between themselves and the surface of the chair, such as people who cannot easily move from one location to the other unaided without a high risk of injury.
Roho mattress pads are also much easier to transport and install than most other mattress pads, making them perfect for use on road trips and in hotel rooms to provide added comfort.
Roho mattress pads can take some of the pressure off of sore or broken areas of skin, and allow that part of the skin to rest and give it the time it needs to heal up.
You may also like Best Bed Pillow For Elderly
Conclusion – Roho Cushions
Overall, Roho cushions are meant to provide additional comfort to people confined to one position (either seated or lying down) for long periods of time.
Roho cushions are quite versatile in a variety of situations be it someone looking to take some of the pressure off of a sore hip after a long day of work or a patient who is in intensive recovery at the hospital.
With a durable design that is specially created to help reduce the pressure that is placed on the surface of the skin, as well as to encourage circulation, Roho mattress pads can help increase the speed of recovery in patients who have recently undergone surgery, as well as reduce the risk for skin sores and other long term bed rest related injuries.
For people who spend a large portion of their day in a wheelchair, Roho wheelchair cushions can provide a welcome rest to the base of the wheelchair seat, and can help return a level of freedom to individuals who suffer from mobility-related concerns.
We have also covered pillows and cushions for sciatica in another article.


text: Relentlessly, the wide health gap between different groups of people living in Britain continues to get even wider. This book presents new evidence (which was not available to the government's Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health) on the size of the gap, and the extent to which the gap is widening. In particular, new geographical data are presented and displayed in striking graphical form.It challenges whether the government is concerned enough about reducing inequalities and highlights the living conditions of the million people living in the least healthy areas in Britain. It presents explanations for the widening health gap, and addresses the implications of this major social problem. In the light of this evidence the authors put forward social policies which will reduce the health gap in the future.The widening gap synthesises all the information available to date and should be read alongside the report of the evidence presented to the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health (Inequalities in health, The Policy Press, 1999) and by all those concerned with reducing health inequalities.Studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion seriesSeries Editor: David Gordon, Director, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research.Poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. This exciting series, published in association with the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research at the University of Bristol, aims to make cutting-edge poverty related research more widely available. For other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page.


ASQ CQI Certification Exam Syllabus
CQI dumps PDF, ASQ CQI BraindumpsTo achieve the professional designation of ASQ Certified Quality Inspector from the ASQ, candidates must clear the CQI Exam with the minimum cut-off score. For those who wish to pass the ASQ CQI certification exam with good percentage, please take a look at the following reference document detailing what should be included in ASQ Quality Inspector Exam preparation.
The ASQ CQI Exam Summary, Body of Knowledge (BOK), Sample Question Bank and Practice Exam provide the basis for the real ASQ Certified Quality Inspector (CQI) exam. We have designed these resources to help you get ready to take ASQ Certified Quality Inspector (CQI) exam. If you have made the decision to become a certified professional, we suggest you take authorized training and prepare with our online premium ASQ Quality Inspector Practice Exam to achieve the best result.
ASQ CQI Exam Summary:
Exam Name ASQ Certified Quality Inspector
Exam Code CQI
Application Fee USD $70
Exam Duration 270 Minutes
Number of Questions 110
Passing Score 550/750
Format Multiple Choice Questions
Books / Trainings Certified Quality Inspector Certification Preparation
The Certified Quality Inspector Handbook
Schedule Exam Book Your Exam
Sample Questions ASQ CQI Exam Sample Questions and Answers
Practice Exam ASQ Certified Quality Inspector (CQI) Practice Test
ASQ Quality Inspector Syllabus Topics:
A. Basic Shop Math - Solve basic shop math problems using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of fractions and decimals, squares, and square roots. Use methods such as truncating and rounding to obtain significant digits for positive and negative numbers. (Apply)
B. Basic Algebra - Solve or simplify first-degree and single-variable equations. (Apply)
C. Basic Geometry - Calculate general parameters such as area, circumference, perimeter, and volume for basic geometric shapes. Calculate complementary and supplementary angles. (Apply)
D. Basic Trigonometry - Solve for angles and lengths using trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, tangent, and the Pythagorean Theorem. (Apply)
E. Measurement Systems - Convert units within and between English and metric measurement systems (SI) such as inch to micro-inch, liter to quart, and meter to millimeter. (Apply)
F. Numeric Conversions - Use various numbering methods such as scientific notation, decimals, and fractions, and convert values between these systems. (Apply)
II. METROLOGY (26 Questions)
A. Common Gauges and Measurement Instruments 1. Variable gauges
- Identify and use variable gauges, including micrometers, calipers, dial indicators, and Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). Understand linear scales, such as steel rule, and gauge blocks. Use borescopes, thermometers, and temperature probes. (Apply)
2. Attribute gauges
- Identify and use attribute gauges, including thread plugs, progressive rings, flush pins, pin gauges, and radius gauges. (Apply)
3. Transfer gauges
- Identify and use transfer gauges, including small-hole gauges, telescoping gauges, and spring calipers. (Apply)
4. Measurement scales
- Describe and distinguish between dial, digital, and vernier scales. (Remember)
B. Special Gauges and Applications - Identify and describe the following basic tools and components. (Remember)
1. Electronic gauging tools: oscilloscopes, multimeters, and pyrometers.
2. Automatic gauging components: machine vision, ultrasonic, X-ray, and laser.
3. Pneumatic gauging components: air columns, probes, and rings.
4. Force gauging: torque wrenches.
5. Environment instrumentation: hygrometers, chart recorders, and data loggers.
C. Gauge Selection, Handling, and Use 1. 10:1 rule
- Understand the 10:1 rule: inspection measurements require better than the tolerance of a dimension by a factor of 10, and calibration standards require better than the inspection measurements by a factor of 10. (Understand)
2. Gauge selection
- Select gauges according to the feature or characteristic to be measured, the applicable tolerance and the accuracy, environment, and the resolution and capability of the test instrument. Determine whether the type of measurement should be direct, differential, or transfer. (Apply)
3. Gauge handling, preservation, and storage
- Identify and apply various methods of cleaning, handling, and storing gauges. (Apply)
4. Gauge correlation
- Identify and apply methods for establishing the correlation between measurement instruments such as gauge-to-gauge or manual-to-automated process. (Apply)
D. Surface Plate Tools and Techniques 1. Surface plate equipment
- Select and use height gauges, V-blocks, and other indicators to measure various types of features. Understand the care, cleaning, calibration, and lapping of a surface plate. (Apply)
2. Angle measurement instruments
- Identify and use protractors, sine bars, and angle blocks. (Apply)
E. Specialized Inspection Equipment 1. Measuring mass
- Describe and apply weights, balances, and scales. (Apply)
2. Measuring finish
- Describe and apply profilometers, and fingernail comparators. (Apply)
3. Measuring shape and profile
- Describe and apply mechanical comparators, roundness testers, precision spindles, and profile tracers. (Apply)
4. Optical equipment
- Describe and apply optical comparators, optical flats, and microscopes. (Apply)
5. Software-based measurement systems
- Define and describe the use of digital cameras, in-line optical sensors, vision inspection systems (white light/blue light), articulating arms, laser trackers, contracers, and other digital systems for product inspection. Recognize software limitations with regard to locating functional datums, target points and areas, hole positions, and the basic operation of the x, y, and z axes. (Understand)
6. Measuring Inclination
- Define and describe the measurement of the slope or slant of various equipment (mechanical/laser). (Understand)
F. Calibration 1. Calibration systems
- Describe the principles and purpose of a calibration system, including the importance of establishing calibration intervals and uncertainty. Identify and use basic tracking and identification methods such as logs, stickers, radio frequency identification (RFID), barcodes, and other identification codes to control calibration equipment. (Apply)
2. Calibration standards and equipment traceability
- Describe the hierarchy of standards, from working standards through international standards and the documentation process of a measurement device traceable to the international standards. (Remember)
3. Gauge calibration environment
- Describe the effects that environmental conditions have on the calibration process, such as temperature, humidity, vibration and cleanliness of the gauge. (Apply)
4. Out-of-Calibration effects
G. Measurement System Analysis (MSA) - Define and describe the following elements of MSA. (Remember)
1. Bias
2. Stability
3. Precision
4. Accuracy
5. Linearity
6. Repeatability and reproducibility (R & R) studies
A. Blueprints, Drawings, Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T), and Model-Based Definitions 1. Blueprints, engineering drawings, and model-based definitions
- Define and interpret various sections of technical drawings: title blocks, tolerances, change or revision blocks, including notes, scale, and size details. (Apply)
2. Terminology and symbols
- Define and interpret drawing views and details for product specifications or other controlling documents. Define and use various terms and symbols from the ASME Y14.5M standard. (Analyze)
3. Position and bonus tolerances
- Calculate position and bonus tolerances from various drawings. (Analyze)
4. Part alignment and datum structure
- Determine part alignment and setup using the datum structure. (Analyze)
B. Sampling - Define and interpret the following terms related to sampling. (Apply)
1. Acceptance quality limit (AQL)
2. Random sampling
3. Lot and sample size
4. Acceptance number
5. Sampling plans
C. Inspection Planning and Processes 1. Inspection types
- Define and distinguish between inspection types such as incoming material, first-article (first-piece), in-process, and final. (Apply)
2. Inspection errors
- Identify potential inspection errors such as bias, fatigue, flinching, distraction, and poor time management. (Apply)
3. Product traceability
- Identify methods to trace products and materials such as age control, shelf life, first-in first-out (FIFO), barcoding, date codes, and lot and part numbering. (Apply)
4. Identification of nonconforming material
- Describe various methods of identifying nonconforming material such as tagging, labeling, and segregating. (Apply)
5. Levels of severity
Define and describe levels of severity (critical, major, and minor) and apply them to product features and defects. (Apply)
6. Disposition of nonconforming material
- Describe disposition methods including rework, reprocess, reinspect, scrap, and customer waiver, as determined by a material review board (MRB) or other authority. (Apply)
D. Testing methods - Define and use the following methods in various situations. (Apply)
1.