the indicator function 1(yiβxi0)\mathbf{1}(y_i \beta x_i \leq \mathbf{0}) over all ii samples. This is exponential in the inputs, as since there are two possible values for each pair, there are 2n2^n possible configurations to check for n total sample points. This is known to be NP-hard. Knowing the current value of your loss function doesn't provide any clue as to how you should possibly modify your current solution to improve, as you could derive if gradient methods for convex or continuous functions were available.
Sequence Modeling
Write the equation describing a dynamical system. Can you unfold it? Now, can you use this to describe a RNN?
Let us consider a dynamic system whose present state is a function of (depends on) the previous state. It can be expressed compactly, with cycles, as below:
state,st=f(st1;θ)\text{state}, s_{t} = f( s_{t-1} ; \theta )
This is a recursive/recurrent definition. The state at time 'tt', sts_t is a function (ff) of previous state st1s_{t-1}, parameterized by θ\theta. This equation needs to be unfolded as follows:
s3=f(s2;θ)=f(f(s1;θ)θ)s_{3} = f( s_{2}; \theta ) = f( f( s_{1}; \theta ) \theta )
Consider a little more complex system, whose state not only depends on the previous state, but also on an external signal 'xx'.
st=f(st1,xt;θ)s_{t} = f( s_{t-1}, x_{t}; \theta )
The system takes a signal xtx_t as input during time step 'tt', updates it's state based on the influence of xtx_t and the previous state, st1s_{t-1}. Now, let's try to think of such a system as a neural network. The state of the system can be seen as the hidden units of a neural network. The signal 'xx' at each time step, can be seen as a sequence of inputs given to the neural network, one input per time step. At this point, you should know that we are using the term "time step" interchangeably with steps in a sequence.
The state of such a neural network can be represented with hidden layer hth_t, as follows:
ht=f(ht1,xt;θ)h_{t} = f( h_{t-1}, x_{t}; \theta )
The neural network we just described, has recursion/recurrence in it. Let's start calling it an RNN. It can be compactly represented as a cyclic circuit diagram, where the input signal is processed with a delay. This cyclic circuit can be unfolded into a graph as follows:
Notice the repeated appliation of function 'f'.
Let gtg_t be the function that represents the unfolded graph after 'tt' time steps.
Now we can express the hidden state at time 'tt', two ways:
 - as a recurrence relation, as we have seen before: ht=f(ht1,xt;θ)h_t=f(h_t-1,x_t;\theta)
 - as an unfolded graph: ht=gt(xt,xt1,...x1)h_t=g_t(x_t,x_{t-1},...x_1)
Suriyadeepan Ram's Blog gives excellent examples of extending this to forward propagation through RNNs, Markov properties, converting vectors to sequences, Seq2Seq, bidirectional RNNs, and deep RNNs.
What determines the size of an unfolded graph?
'unfolding' is dependent on the length of the input sequence. To understand this, suppose you want to lay down the exact computations that are happening in an RNN, in that case, you have to 'unfold' your network and the size of your 'unfolded' graph would depend on the size of the input sequence. For more information refer to this page. It says that "By unrolling we simply mean that we write out the network for the complete sequence. For example, if the sequence we care about is a sentence of 5 words, the network would be unrolled into a 5-layer neural network, one layer for each word."
What are the advantages of an unfolded graph?
The unfolding process introduces two major advantages:
 1. Regardless of sequence length, learned model has same input size (because it is specified in terms of transition from one state to another state rather than specified in terms of a variable length history of states)
 2. Possible to use same function ff with same parameters at every step
What does the output of the hidden layer of a RNN at any arbitrary time t represent?
The output of the hidden layer at time tt (hth_t) represents the outputs of a function on the input xx at time tt and the ouput of the hidden layer from time t1t-1 (ht1h_{t-1})
Are the output of hidden layers of RNNs lossless? If not, why?
Like standard backpropagation, [backpropagation through time] consists of a repeated application of the chain rule. The subtlety is that, for recurrent networks, the loss function depends on the activation of the hidden layer not only through its influence on the output layer, but also through its influence on the hidden layer at the next timestep.
Supervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks, 2008
RNNs are used for various tasks. From a RNNs point of view, what tasks are more demanding than others?
Compared to architectures like 1D Convolutional layers, looking back and looking ahead are tasks that are more demanding for RNNs (this may require constructing a Bi-directional RNN).
RNNs are limited in how far back they can remember information from. While LSTMs are an improvement, remembering information from more than 10,000 time steps back is extremely difficult. This is made more difficult if the time series data is extremely varied (and could subject the RNN to gradient instability earlier in training).
Another issue of RNNs is that they are not hardware friendly. It takes a lot of resources we do not have to train these network fast. Also it takes much resources to run these model in the cloud, and given that the demand for speech-to-text is growing rapidly, the cloud is not scalable.
RNNs and LSTM are difficult to train because they require memory-bandwidth-bound computation, which is the worst nightmare for hardware designer and ultimately limits the applicability of neural networks solutions. In short, LSTM require 4 linear layer (MLP layer) per cell to run at and for each sequence time-step. Linear layers require large amounts of memory bandwidth to be computed, in fact they cannot use many compute unit often because the system has not enough memory bandwidth to feed the computational units. And it is easy to add more computational units, but hard to add more memory bandwidth (note enough lines on a chip, long wires from processors to memory, etc). As a result, RNN/LSTM and variants are not a good match for hardware acceleration.
Discuss some examples of important design patterns of classical RNNs.
RNN Design Pattern Illustration Example
One-to-one (Tx=Ty=1T_x=T_y=1) Traditional neural network
One-to-many Tx=1,Ty>1T_x=1,T_y>1 Music generation
Many-to-one Tx>1,Ty=1T_x>1,T_y=1 Sentiment classification
Many-to-many Tx=TyT_x=T_y Name entity recognition
Many-to-many TxTyTx \neq Ty Machine translation
Write the equations for a classical RNN where hidden layer has recurrence. How would you define the loss in this case? What problems you might face while training it?
For each timestep tt, the activation aa^{< t >} and the output yy^{< t >} are expressed as follows:
a=g1(Waaa+Waxx+ba)andy=g2(Wyaa+by)\boxed{a^{< t >}=g_1(W_{aa}a^{< t-1 >}+W_{ax}x^{< t >}+b_a)}\quad \\ \text{and} \\ \quad \boxed{y^{< t >}=g_2(W_{ya}a^{< t >}+b_y)}
where Wax,Waa,Wya,ba,byW_{ax}, W_{aa}, W_{ya}, b_a, b_y are coefficients that are shared temporally and g1,g2g_1, g_2 activation functions.
the loss function L\mathcal{L} of all time steps is defined based on the loss at every time step as follows: L(y^,y)=t=1TyL(y^,y)\boxed{\mathcal{L}(\widehat{y},y)=\sum_{t=1}^{T_y}\mathcal{L}(\widehat{y}^{< t >},y^{< t >})}
One challenge of this loss is that it is difficult to capture long term dependencies because of multiplicative gradients that can be exponentially decreasing/increasing with respect to the number of layers
What is backpropagation through time?
Backpropagation is done at each point in time in the update process for an RNN. At timestep TT, the derivative of the loss LL with respect to weight matrix WW is


text:
This qualitative study explored the interactions between social class background and the professional identity development in the lives of 10 working class graduate students pursuing their doctoral degrees in community and or clinical psychology. The rationale for this study was based on three assumptions. First, social class is a primary feature in the development of a professional identity. Second, social class is a primary determinant in who will pursue a doctoral degree as well as how this goal will be pursued and achieved. Third, social class is a primary influence on how and where an individual will choose to practice psychology after graduation. Theliterature review examined research
and literary works related to the objective and subjective experiences of early social class membership and its effects on personal, social, and professional identity development. The narrative data gathered from both individual and group interviews was examined utilizing qualitative analysis; Seven primary themes emerged from the data illustrating family relationships, formative class-based familial beliefs, attitudes, and values, community relationships, experiences of social marginalization and belonging, experiences related to the decision to pursue a higher education, experiences related to class background within the system of higher education, and class-based character, values, and life skills that remain primary to the participants' personal and professional identities. Social class background was found to be a primary factor in the participants'
professional identity development. Class-based character attributes, values, and
interpersonal skills were sited by the participants as central to their initial attraction to and fit within the discipline of psychology. Differences in class culture experienced both in graduate school and in the work environment were experienced most intensely in terms of language, communication styles, and social awkwardness related to different social norms and mores. The assumption that social class background is a primary determinant in the pursuit of a doctoral degree was complimented by the life stories of the study's participants. Class-related experiences in the lives ofthe participants also served as a powerful influence on their career choices.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


1. ASEAN Declaration on The Strengthening of Adaptation to Drought
 2. ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)
 3. ASEAN Declaration on One ASEAN One Response: ASEAN Responding as One to Disasters in the Region and Outside the Region:
 4. ASEAN Declaration on 'Culture of Prevention' for a Peaceful, Inclusive, Resilient, Healthy and Harmonious Society


text: Geo-energy is a resource available widely on Earth that consist in using the first 10-100 meters bellow surface where the temperature is low and constant during the year. This 12 to 15°C is ideal for heat pumps to provide heat and cold with an excellent coefficient of performance. Despite a very high potential, this resource is not often integrated in France. One of the main reasons is the lack of knowledge of rocks capacity to deliver sufficient power on surface. More than 2 millions of scanned documents are available on the french geological survey. We propose a way to classify and analyze them in order to quantify the underground resource.


text:
Presenting a clear picture for Hoya Krimson Queen vs Princess comparison as they have a lot of similarities and differences from each other. The difference lies in the color of leaves or the variegation of leaves.
Hoya Krimson Queen leaves have a center which is of green color with white colored edges whereas the princess has leaves with a center of creamish or white color with green colored margins. Though there is little difference between the plants, the Hoya Krimson Queen shows faded pink colored flowers and has a brown colored stem, while the krimson princess has dark pink colored flowers with a pink colored stem that looks extraordinary.
These plants are popular among houseplants due to their beauty and elegance they bring indoors, placed on a wooden table. These plants are known for their super glossy and waxy leaves. They are so easy to grow that many beginners prefer to start the game with these plants. Just not that they look super attractive in the hanging pots so they are a great alternative to vines.
Hoya Krimson Queen vs Princess
In this article, we will let you know all the differences between these two plants and the related information that you need to know. So buckle up! And let's get started!
What is Hoya Krimson Queen?
Originally belonging to Asia and Australia, the Hoya Krimson Queen plans have the scientific name Hoya Carnosa Rubra that are popular for the lanceolate leaves that have no variegations and the reddish pink colored flowers that are ultra pretty.
What is Hoya Krimson Princess?
The Hoya Krimson Princess is a lot similar to queens as they also belong to the same culture that is hoya carnosa and are native to Asia and Australia. Their scientific name is Hoya carnosa albomarginata. The flowers of these plants have a pinkish appearance and look really unique. The leaves of these plants mostly have variegated forms of leaves.
As indicated before both of these plants belong to the same cultivar Hoya carnosa which is why they look related to hoya in different ways.
It is obvious that they belong to the same family and the family is Apocynaceae, which mostly has flowers star-shaped or star-shaped.
In Leaf Color, Size, and Texture
The leaves of Hoya Krimson Queen are larger than the princess. Even the krimson princess has thicker and more fleshy leaves which is not the case with the queen.
Also, the Hoya Krimson Queen and Princess leaves appear glossy due to the waxy coating on the leaves surface. The texture is present more on the leaves of the queen than on the princess.
The leaves of krimson queen have a white margin and the green color is deep dark with brown stems whereas the krimson princess plants have green borderlines with a creamy white center. The leaves have variegation that could be pink, white, or green in color.
The flowers of Hoya Krimson Queen are complete of pink color whereas the flowers of Hoya Krimson Princess have reddish pink colored flowers. Though both of the flowers are very pretty. The krimson princess flowers have a reddish center that looks really attractive and fabulous. Both of the plants will bloom in outdoor conditions instead of indoor conditions.
The Hoya Krimson Princess plants don't get much tall when they are indoors, reaching 4 ft in length only whereas when they are outside or in the native habitat they can get to the height of 16-18 feet. Anyhow these are still shorter than the Hoya Krimson Queen plants. The Krimson Queen plants reach 7 feet height indoors whereas 25 feet tall when outdoors.
The Krimson Queen plants grow with more speed than the Hoya Krimson Princess plants due to the low amount of photosynthesis doing pigment called chlorophyll in Krimson Princess plants.
To know more about the plant world, you may also read related articles, Golden Pothos vs Hawaiian Pothos (Actual Differences and Similarities)
The water needed depends on the thickness of the leaves. So the Krimson Queen with thin leaves demands water more frequently than the Krimson Princess plants that have thick leaves. You can water the Krimson Queen plant two times a week which is once a week for the princess plant.
The Krimson Princess plant needs more sunlight than the Krimson Queen. By this, we mean that the plant would do great if it gets morning direct sunlight. The Krimson Queen needs indirect and bright sunlight. These both are tropical plants but still, the sunlight requirement varies a little in both cases.
Using an organic fertilizer or compost is beneficial for the Krimson Queen plants. The compost would also be great for adding nutrients to the Krimson Queen but the Krimson Princess needs fertilizer that is diluted into half and then used. Both of these legendary plants don't need much fertilizer so make sure not to overdo it.
Which is more pricey: Krimson Queen or Krimson Princess?
The Krimson Queen lately is getting more pricey than the Krimson Princess. Though there's not a big difference between their prices. The average price of Krimson Queen plants is in the range of $30 to $50 whereas the price of Krimson Princess is in the range of $18 to $20, this price is based on the plant size. Though the price may vary according to the location.
Similarities between Hoya Krimson Queen and Krimson Princess?
- Have similar flowering seasons
- Both of the plants don't need much pruning
- Both Krimson Queen and Krimson Princess like humidity to be in the level of 70-80%
- The Krimson Queen and Princess both being tropical plants love humidity and also high temperatures that are in the range of 65-95 degrees Fahrenheit
- The Krimson Queen and Krimson Princess plant-like soil is well draining and has good aeration. Though these plants in the outdoor conditions hang on the other plants with the roots in the air. The potting mix you use indoors for these plants can be improved by adding peat moss, bark, and perlite.
- Both of these plants don't like repotting that much. They can still be repotted every 3-4 years into a large pot and well-draining soil.
Is Hoya Krimson Queen the same as Tricolor?
Hoya Krimson Queen has another name as tricolor as they are derived from the cultivar Hoya carnosa known for the variegated leaves and the colors on the leaves like pink, green, and creamy white making them really attractive.
Does the Hoya Krimson Princess turn pink?
There are chances that your Krimson Princess can change color which depends on the amount of sunlight they get in a day. If the pink leaves are showing on the plant there is nothing to worry about as the plant is getting the optimum amount of sunlight.
How do you make Hoya Krimson Queen pink?
By giving more or extended time of sunlight exposure the leaves of Krimson Queen can be turned pink. The light can be direct but not for too long a time, it's like you give them indirect sunlight for most ™ and for an hour provide the plant direct sunlight.
- The Best Watering Wands for your Garden in 2022 (With Reviews) - November 21, 2022
- Holy Basil vs Basil – What's the actual difference? - November 21, 2022
- How to Bottom Water Plants effectively? (The perfect way) - November 21, 2022


text:
George Barton Simpson
compiled by Columbian staff in 1989
George Barton Simpson, who opened a law office in Vancouver in 1907 and went on to become chief justice of the Washington State Supreme Court, was a man who never could seem to do enough for his community.
Simpson's list of achievements went far beyond the legal field. During his almost half-century of residency here, he was at various times a founder of the local Boy Scout movement, founder and president of the Clark county golf and Country Club, first chairman of the Clark County Game Commission and a leader in numerous other civic and service organizations.
Because of his long work with the Boy Scouts, Simpson was awarded the Silver Beaver, Scouting's highest honor. Another indication of his interest in youth was the fact as juvenile court judge he helped reduce the rate of juvenile appearances in court from 12 percent in 1932 percent to 3.2 percent in 1936.
Simpson also is credited with having initiated the local trout hatchery.
Born Aug. 12, 1881, in Pomeroy, Wash., Simpson came to Vancouver in 1907 right after graduation from the Willamette University School of Law. He was elected Vancouver City attorney in 1915 and in three years in that position never lost a case.
In 1920, Simpson became a judge of the Superior Court and held this position until 1937 when he was appointed to the state Supreme Court. He was elected in 1938 and again in 1944 and served two terms as chief justice.
In the election of 1950, Simpson finally was defeated for re-election. He returned to Vancouver, where he practiced law with his son Donald, until his death in June of 1954 at age 72.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Why is seed source important
Many British native trees have been growing in the UK for over 8,000 years. During that time they have become well adapted to their local growing conditions, i.e. the climate, altitude and soil fertility. Seed collected from these trees will therefore produce the most suitable progeny for planting back into that locality when compared to using plants from continental Europe for example. For many years, plant specifiers have not asked enough questions regarding the source of the nursery stock they are planting. Much of the stock used to plant native woodlands has come from unsuitable sources outside the UK.
Local provenance - What does it mean? Why is it important?
The Forestry Commission has divided the UK into four Regions of Provenance; 10, 20, 30 and 40. These are then subdivided into 'local seed zone provenances' as shown on the Forestry Commission seed zone map. The local provenance boundaries are mainly based on natural boundaries formed by geological and climatic features of the UK. Maelor Forest Nurseries Ltd has been a key player in promoting the use of British seed sources, and endeavours to supply planting stock from as wide a range of UK provenances as possible each year. We recommend the use of the Forestry Commission's map of Seed Collection Areas (see below) and the associated table of native species to be encouraged in each zone. These are published in Forestry Commission Practice Note no. 8 and are helpful when choosing the right species for the right location. At Maelor, our seed collections are batched according to these areas. Plant specifiers should use the map as a tool for describing to nurserymen the provenance from which they wish to buy stock. The seed zone identity numbers shown on the map are listed in our catalogue against each batch of native plants.
There are a number of reasons for using local provenance stock for native woodland creation purposes:
Improved survival rates and productivity
Trees grown from British seed sources are able to withstand British weather conditions. Generations of trees living and reproducing in one location results in the trees adapting to expect, and thrive on, the local prevailing amount of rain, warmth, light etc. Trees subjected to a differing climate than their genetic origin has programmed them for will probably be less productive than local provenance trees, if indeed they even survive.
Protection of Environment and Wildlife
If a tree from Italy, France or even the south of England is planted in Scotland it is likely to flush (open buds) much earlier than the existing local trees, as its genetics require a much shorter cold period to convince it that winter is over and spring has begun than the local trees do. Differences like this will have knock on effects, for example the wrong amounts or types of food or shelter may be available at critical times of year. Leaves, flowers or fruits may not develop in time for when local insects or animals require them, or may develop too early and be damaged e.g. by late frosts.
Conservation of genetic material
Importing of European tree sources has resulted in hybridisation of tree genetics which could result in significant changes to the aesthetics and ecology of our landscape, for example there are very few native black poplar left in the UK - virtually all poplar seeds contain either hybrid or entirely introduced genetics.
As the UK's climate alters the trees that have adapted well to the previous weather patterns may begin to struggle! Woodland management approaches are altering; creating productive woodlands for the future will probably be best achieved by planting a carefully considered variety of species and provenances.
Effects of climate change on tree planting
Global climate change is widely accepted - wetter, warmer winters are predicted in the UK coupled with hotter drier summers, in the near future. Although this pattern hasn't been clearly seen in recent summers or winters, it is apparent that the UK weather is changing.
Concerns over the productivity of British woodlands in the future British climate have led to much debate and consultation regarding the sourcing of planting stock, and research is currently underway regarding this topic. The overriding conclusion seems to be that we cannot predict the future weather, and the only prediction we can make is that we expect more frequent and more extreme weather events.
The recurring ideas regarding insurance against a changing climate seem to include:
- Plant species mixtures - not all species will be affected to the same extent and some will be much more tolerant to varying conditions than others. The range of tolerance of any given species is important to be aware of, as extreme weather events (e.g. sharp winter frosts / storms or summer heatwaves/ droughts / floods) may end the survival of some species that previously survived in Britain.
- Provenance mixtures will provide some insurance, however tree species should be well matched to site conditions, e.g. trees from southern provenances may suffer frost damage in spring if planted on a more northerly site. The actual characteristics of the planting site must be considered, i.e. altitude, climate and even aspect when selecting planting stock. A damp north-westerly facing slope may suit an entirely different provenance or species than a warm dry south-easterly facing slope in a nearby location.
Provenance is everything when selecting planting stock, whether it is for native woodland creation or commercial timber production. Plant buyers should be fully aware of the characteristics of their site and their requirements, and request the most suitably sourced stock from nurseries to achieve maximum productivity in the long run. Forestry Commission bulletin 124 An Ecological Site Classification for Forestry in Great Britain (2001), by G. Pyatt, D. Ray and J. Fletcher is applicable to all types of woodland. It matches key site factors including soil classification with the ecological requirements of different tree species / woodland communities, and is a useful forest planning tool for a wide range of management objectives.
Where are our trees sourced from?
We produce the majority of our broadleaf stock from our own seed collections in all corners of the UK; we are therefore always on the look out for new seed collectors and new sites to collect seed from. If you are interested in collecting seed, or are a landowner or manager with a native woodland or large hedgerow that may be suitable for seed collections, then please contact Kirsty Brown by emailing _EMAIL_ or telephoning 01948 710606. Rates of pay for seed collections / landownership royalties on asking.
Our coniferous stock for productive commercial forestry is propagated or raised from the very best genetic material. Seed is obtained from seed orchards or specific stands with desirable characteristics. We are keeping up to date with current thinking and keeping aware of plans for forestry in the future, and selecting our seed sources accordingly to produce stock that will achieve the maximum possible productivity throughout its lifetime, even in the face of a changing climate. Our seed sourcing extends beyond the UK and we have links with companies across Europe and North America, this network allows our seed to be sourced from the best the world has to offer for a given species.
Seed Testing Station
Maelor Forest Nurseries has been appointed as an official facilty to carry out statutory seed testing in Great Britain. This allows us to carry out official tests on seed for sale.
View Our Seed Testing Authorisation Certificate
(Authorisation extended until December 2016, pending recertification)


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Everything you need to understand or teach Sonnet XXIX by Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
Barrett Browning's first statement ("I think of thee!") is, in part, the subject of the poem, for the entire sonnet attempts to imitate, through its imagery and sound, the dynamics of her mind dwelling on Browning, her fond yet absent lover. (Though readers customarily use the term "speaker" to note the difference between a poet and the voice behind his or her work, in the case of "Sonnet XXIX" one can speak of Barrett Browning as the speaker, since the poems are deliberate and undisguised addresses to her husband.) Barrett Browning compares her thoughts of Browning to "wild vines" that "twine and bud" about a tree here, the "tree" is Browning. Like vines, Barrett Browning's thoughts of Browning grow more profuse with the passing of time; eventually, they grow to such length and density (as they "Put out broad leaves") that they cover the tree that gives them a place... View more of the Sonnet XXIX Summary


SAT Sneak Attack
Two students take the SAT. One uses a brain, a pencil and scratch paper. The other
uses all of these, plus a dictionary, math assistant, concierge and advisor. Who wins?
Today's high school students feel the pressure to succeed on standardized tests like
no other generation. In this short ebook journalist Peter Wayner uncovers how a group
of elite students use tools that are allowed by the College Board, and by repurposing
them, get close to that elusive perfect score.
Playing completely by the rules, you'll be surprised at how easily students beat the SAT
at its own game, making the playing field unlevel. Many wonder how relevant the SATs
are in the age of super-cramming and endless tutoring sessions, and this book will add
fuel to that argument. SAT Sneak Attack reveals the exam's open secret and is a mustread for those who want to know how clever computer hacks beat the test.
The official website is here.
To Buy:
List price: $7.00
Price: $4.00
Weight: 3 oz
Dimensions: 9 in × 5 in × 0.25 in
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text:
Miniature Fountain Grass is the smallest Pennisetum
A dense clump, with downy bottlebrush spikes and yellow autumnal colouring, Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Little Bunny' has the same traits as the very popular Pennisetum 'Hameln'.
The difference is that this miniature less than 40 cm in height and that it is the ideal ornamental grass for small gardens or pot growing.
Preferably grow in the sun in ordinary, well-drained soil.
- 9,5cm pot
- Hardiness zones : zone 7-10
- Height: 30 to 50cm
- Plant spacing: 40 cm
- Flower colour:
- Flowering period:
Easy to grow plant£3.99
This fountain grass forms vigorous clumps of straight, bluish leaves.from £3.49
Giant Fountain Grassfrom £3.99
A remarkable cultivar£4.29
For natural gardens.from £3.99
Oriental Fountain Grass or Designer's Dream!from £3.99
Synonyms: Pennisetum massaicum, Pennisetum 'Red Bunny Tails'£6.29


text:
Diocesan Supplemental Lessons/Activity Ideas
Supplementary craft / innovative activities related to OCEC curriculum prepared and submitted by Diocesan Church School Teachers.
A Treasure trove of supplemental lessons, ideas, and resources for the various liturgical seasons of the year compiled by Phyllis Onest, Director of Religious Education, Greek
Orthodox Metropolis of Pittsburgh
The Prayer Corner
Daily Scripture Readings, Lives of Saints, Liturgical Resources From ACROD Website.
Prologue From Ochrid
Lives of the Saints Compiled By St. Nicholas Velimirovich. Dates are according to the Julian (Old) Calendar
The Orthodox Reading
A Library of Orthodox
Christianity from the ACROD Website.
Gallery of Icons from Churches and Institutions of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of the USA
Games On-line To Explore and Learn The Orthodox Faith
The Department of Internet Ministries is
pleased to announce an exciting new web site at where kids and adults of all ages can explore, create, play, learn,
discover, and grow in the Orthodox Faith. The site features online games and
puzzles in a colorful, engaging environment, all with an Orthodox theme. The
games are suitable for kids from ages 5 on up and currently features a coloring
book, jigsaw puzzles, a memory game, a word finder, crossword puzzles, and more
Buy Books and Resources at Orthodox Goods
On-line shopping source of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese, featuring Religious Items, Books, Media, Gloria Incense and Liturgical Publications.
Orthodox Christian Education Commission (OCEC) The official Educational Agency of the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA). Contains an on-line catalog of Church School Curriculum for Pre K to High School.


text:
First Olympic Appearance: 1896 (men); 2000 (women)
by John Gettings and Mark Zurlo
It's impossible to put an exact date on the first weightlifting competition, but to give you an idea, ancient Chinese texts and Greek statues commonly depict the feat. Not much about the sport has changed since then. The winner is still the man—and finally the woman—to lift the most weight.
Women's weightlifting made its first Olympic appearance in 2000. Both men and women must complete two different lifts in this event. In a "snatch lift", the barbell is pulled from the platform to above the head in one continuous motion. In a "clean-and-jerk" the lift is done in two motions. First, the bar is pulled up to the shoulders as the lifter goes into a squat and follows that with a burst into an upright position. Once there, with the bar resting on their chest, the lifter must extend his/her arms and raise the bar above their head and wait for the referee's signal.
The maximum weights the lifter is able to successfully lift using both techniques are added together to determine the winner.
If you want to keep track of how much each competitor is lifting it's easy because the plates at either end of the bar are color coded according to their weight: Red 25 kg/55 lbs; Blue 20 kg/44 lbs; Yellow 15 kg/33 lbs; Green 10 kg/22 lbs; White 5 kg/11 lbs; Black 2.5 kg/5.5 lbs; Silver 1.25 kg/2.75 lbs; Record Disks.25 kg/.55 lbs. And don't forget the bar-the men's bar weighs 44 pounds and the women's bar weighs 33 pounds.
Men compete in eight weight classes, and the women seven. The maximum weights for each of those classes were new in 2000, therefore, each gold medallist automatically established a new Olympic record in their weight class.
The weightlifting competition at the Beijing Games will feature 170 men and 90 women and will be held at the 5,400-seat Beijing University Gymnasium.
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Published by Alexander Hitchcock on 11 September 2015
- Our Work
- The Reformer Blog
26 September 2014
The Work Programme aims to increase the number of unemployed individuals finding long term work through the introduction of payment by results. This means that finding a way to evaluate performance is vital. Currently, the success of the individual service providers is based upon the number of participants who receive a job outcome per year as a proportion of the number of unemployed individuals referred to them. The provider is then compared to set minimum performance levels (MPLs). This method of assessing success is flawed for a number of reasons.
Firstly, the method used to evaluate the success of the providers is problematic, as outlined by Paul Lester CBE in his government commissioned review on MPLs. Providers' performance is calculated as the number of job outcomes per year as a proportion of new referrals that year, despite there being no obvious relationship between the two. For example, Candidate A receiving a job outcome at the start of the year will be included, despite perhaps being referred two years previously. Candidate B who has been referred at the end of the year will also be included, despite there being very little chance of him yet receiving a job outcome. The use of one year as a time frame to compare the two is arbitrary, and influxes of referrals and fluctuations in outcomes have the potential to seriously distort the figures. Assessing providers on a cohort basis would remove this fluctuation, and create a more intuitive and representative assessment of each provider.
Further, pre-determined MPLs do not respond to changes in the job market. For example, a boom in the market would lead to a higher success rate for the provider, but no increase in the static MPL. Incentive payments are given to the contractors for performances higher than the MPL and there have been concerns companies could then make potentially unreasonable profits. What is more likely is a lack of profit for the contractors – Deloitte's selling off of its contract last year was widely reported as a strategic exit for this reason. Payment by results was introduced by the government to ensure that contractors were providing a high quality service. However, when these financial incentives are so greatly reduced by hard to reach targets, the motivation to invest the best time and effort is removed.
This is exacerbated by the fact that MPLs are standardised across the country. Latest ONS statistics show unemployment in the North East as 9.4 percent, but at only 4.4 percent in the South East. When contractors are so clearly facing a harder task in different parts of the country, to assess and reward them based on the same target is unreasonable. Cumulative figures over the whole Work Programme show that in the North East, job outcomes have been found for 20.5 percent of referrals, in comparison to 22.7 percent in the South East. Regional differences are then reinforced, as the government pays the most money to the companies doing well, which are often in the easiest areas to succeed in, whilst the hardest parts of the country suffer from lack of funds and lack of incentive, leading to worsening outcomes.
It is hard to truly assess the success of the Work Programme when the methods used to do so are so flawed. If the government is committed to using payment by results in welfare as a way to achieve more for less, then the models used to assess the performance of their contracts must be reformed. The current model is not representative or effective, and the incentive structures lost by these errors have far-reaching consequences for those that need help the most.
Catherine Wyatt, intern at Reform


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Start Evolves Webinar: Dan McClure on feedback loops for complex systems
07 July 2017
The Start Network's vision is a humanitarian system in which funding will be dependable and predictable, responses are based on humanitarian need and context-appropriate. For this to become reality, the Start Network needs to evolve into a global, decentralised 'network of networks'.
But what kind of organisation can help deliver such a complex system, one that can impact across the humanitarian sector? In this webinar, Dan McClure of ThoughtWorks discusses the importance of feedback loops in achieving emergent change, and how we can move away from traditional organisational structures.


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The King's English is Kingsley Amis's authoritative and witty guide to the use and abuse of the English language. A scourge of illiteracy and a thorn in the side of pretension, Amis provides indispensable advice about the linguistic blunders and barbarities that lie in wait for us, from danglers, four-letter words to jargon and even Welsh rarebit. If you have ever wondered whether it's acceptable to start a sentence with 'and', to boldly split an infinitive, or to cross your sevens in the French style, Amis has the answer - or a trenchant opinion. By turns reflective, acerbic and provocative, The King's English is for anyone who cares about how the English language is used.With a new introduction by Kingsley Amis's son, the novelist Martin Amis.
Bio de l'auteur
Sommaire / contenu


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Prostitution has existed in Bahrain for many years and the British Agency Annual Reports include data on this topic. There was an increase in prostitution reported between 1926 and 1937 in the British reports. A number of foreigners earning good pay came to Bahrain from Persia, Iraq, and India without their families, and this caused an increase in prostitution which is a matter of supply and demand.
The history of prostitution in Bahrain since World War I has been discussed in various sources. Designated brothel areas were established (Rumaihi, 1976:193). There was formerly a section of west Manama, between Naim and the Police Fort, known as Gubla and an area in Muharraq known as Al Grandol. There were brothels in these areas with female prostitutes, and the male prostitutes were almost as numerous as women. A February 8, 1937, court decree ordered that prostitutes should live and work only in these two designated places. Prostitutes living or working elsewhere would be deported. The court ruling also ordered the deportation of those highly professional prostitutes. The female prostitutes were predominantly from Persia, Iraq, and Oman, with Persians commanding the highest prices, then Iraqis and Omanis respectively. The female prostitutes were all known as Daughters of the Wind according to Belgrave (1960); Bahraini informants report they were known as Daughters of Love.
The male prostitutes were chiefly Omani boys (Belgrave, 1960). All the Omani men did not live in this area, as some also lived with families who could afford their services. Later, there were Bahraini women who were the children of former slaves also working in these areas, while Belgrave notes the presence of foreign women who had become Bahrain subjects by the simple expedient of marrying Bahrainis (1960). Among these various groups of women, some were divorced, more commonly they were poor, and a few married women did it for the money or even pleasure. The brothels themselves were attended by men of all socioeconomic classes and ethnic groups.
Bahrainis now in their early forties or older all reported a range of knowledge regarding this topic and the location of the districts. Some knew of such a former Red Light district, but they were not sure where it was exactly. Some said they used to visit it with their parents while on business trips, for example, to collect rent. Others reported they visited the area because it was where all the action was. One informant said he collected bottles and cans for recycling and used the money to visit the ladies. Another informant reported she was very young, but she remembered seeing a man with a young boy. When she asked her mother why the man had the young boy, her mother answered he is married to him.
The term Grandal is still used in another context by elderly people to describe or comment on an individual whose behavior is loose according to preferred standards. Such a woman is called a Grandal, or it is said she is acting like a Grandal. Older people listening understand the connotations of the term. The areas designated for prostitutes started to decline in the early 1970s, and prostitution activities became more dispersed throughout the country with the opening of hotels. Still, women reportedly can still be seen standing in doorways in the old Gubla area in Manama.
Various reasons are given for the decline of this area in town and the recent changes seen in prostitution patterns. First, in the early 1970s, there were major political and economic changes seen in Oman. The current Sultan deposed his father and began investing millions of rivals in major infrastructure improvements in the country. There was an improvement in job opportunities, so many Omanis returned home. Second, the local, economic development of the 1970s due to the boom in oil prices resulted in the building of many new apartment blocks so there were flats (apartments) available in many parts of the city. Also the British military wanted flats and villas in which to live, so there was a building boom, and then Bahrainis moved into these dwellings also (Taki, 1974). People could have more privacy away from their families. Third, the economic boom of the 1970s also meant people had more disposable income and could afford extras like paying for a small flat or small villa. Fourth, the economic boom of the 1970s resulted in an increase of expatriate laborers between 20 and 50 years of age, including those from the Philippines and Sri Lanka. These two groups, all informants state, are highly involved in prostitution in Bahrain. Some Filipinas are paid a monthly salary or gifts of sometimes up to BD400 (US$1,000) or more by their male friend. Because of the low opinion of Filipinas in general, women with families and even elderly women over 60 report being approached directly or indirectly for prostitution (money is brushed on their arm or flashed so they can see it). Finally, after Bahrain gained full independence from the United Kingdom in 1971, U.K. residents were granted special visa privileges, i.e., no visa was required for the first three months of entry. Many U.K. residents came to Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates in the Gulf looking for jobs and employment opportunities. Some of the British women found jobs, others sponsors, and others travel between Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates and are seen frequenting the hotels working as prostitutes. This visa law was changed in 1996, and a visa is now required for U.K. residents due to reciprocal changes instituted by the European Union.
After the opening of the Saudi Causeway in late 1986, local women experienced many problems while they were walking on the streets, in shopping malls, or attending parties in hotels. The Causeway also led to an increase in the number of incidents reported by women who said they or their friends were approached by Saudis. Western women with their children reported being approached in shopping malls by Saudi men and being offered money for their services. Bahraini women, because of the problems, began avoiding hotels even for wedding parties on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays to prevent such situations from occurring. Women working in public areas in Government buildings are given hotel phone numbers by Saudis, and many have requested job changes to less public areas as a consequence. These situations were predicted by Wilsher in 1982, and reflect an expansion of the prostitution activities described by Faroughy (1951:20) who stated that prostitution forbidden in Saudi Arabia has greatly increased under the complacent eyes of the authorities and Bahrein has become a kind of pleasure island.
Solicitation for prostitution is quite open. Expatriate men report being approached by women in hotels and shopping malls. One first-time consultant visitor from the U.S.A. in 1989 was invited to look at a photo album of women by a taxi driver, taking him from the airport to his business appointment. The visitor reported being absolutely amazed to see this in a strict religious country. A Filipino man attending a hotel disco with a group of friends approached a Western woman and asked for a dance and was told you cannot afford me.
The nationality of female prostitutes has changed through the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1980s, Filipinas could be seen going off with men they picked up, even while in family pizza restaurants. Sri Lankans were available on certain streets in various areas of Manama. Also there continues to be a main street in Adliya commonly referred to as the meat market where Filipinas walk about at night. New nationalities of prostitutes have been seen during the 1990s. Since the breakdown of Communism, Russians began traveling freely to the Gulf. Many came to Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates for shopping, and there was a billion dollars in Russian trade for the United Arab Emirates during 1995 alone. Some of the women also came to sell small items, while others came as prostitutes. Russian women were available in some of the expensive hotel restaurants frequented by Saudis, outside twoand three-star hotels and other restaurants frequented by other tourists. Many of them advertised their services for BD20 ($53) dollars by holding up two fingers. One informant asked to see the C.P.R. (Central Population Registry) residence cards of Russian women outside an expensive restaurant. They had current C.P.R. cards and their profession was listed as business. By the summer of 1996, Bosnian female prostitutes were reportedly working out of one of the mid-size hotels. These women usually asked for the equivalent of BD25-50 or a gift such as a watch if money was not available. Adolescent Ethiopian prostitutes have been seen on the Exhibition Road area with pagers.
Prostitution is not illegal in Bahrain, and it must be mentioned that solicitation for prostitution is not as blatant in Bahrain as that seen in Abu Dhabi where women constantly walk up to men standing alone on the street, or while waiting for transport.
All pornographic materials are strictly prohibited by law and are confiscated by customs officials if detected. Most, if not all, expatriates coming to Bahrain are told that three items are strictly prohibited, i.e., pornography, items on the Israeli boycott list or made in Israel, and cultured pearls. The latter two classes of items are seen, however. Cultured pearls are not to be sold in Bahrain, but are worn, and the boycott list has changed since the Gulf War.
Pornography is available in Bahrain, e.g., magazines, as they are not picked up by security upon arrival as easily as metal items (by the metal detector), or drugs (by drug sniffing dogs) or computer diskettes containing pornography. All videos are viewed by customs agents at the airport upon arrival; others are retained and can be


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When set to hair mode, particle system creates only static particles, which may be used for hair, fur, grass and the like.
The first step is to create the hair, specifying the amount of hair strands and their lengths.
The complete path of the particles is calculated in advance. So everything a particle does a hair may do also. A hair is as long as the particle path would be for a particle with a lifetime of 100 frames. Instead of rendering every frame of the particle animation point by point there are calculated control points with an interpolation, the segments.
The next step is to style the hair. You can change the look of base hairs by changing the Physics Settings.
A more advanced way of changing the hair appearance is to use Children. This adds child hairs to the original ones, and has settings for giving them different types of shapes.
You can also interactively style hairs in Particle Mode. In this mode, the particle settings become disabled, and you can comb, trim, lengthen, etc. the hair curves.
Hair can now be made dynamic using the cloth solver. This is covered in the Hair Dynamics page.
Blender can render hairs in several different ways. Materials have a Strand section, which is covered in the materials section in the Strands Page.
Hair can also be used as a basis for the Particle Instance modifier, which allows you to have a mesh be deformed along the curves, which is useful for thicker strands, or things like grass, or feathers, which may have a more specific look.
- Regrow Hair for each frame.
- Enables advanced settings which reflect the same ones as working in Emitter mode.
- Set the amount of hair strands. Use as little particles as possible, especially if you plan to use softbody animation later. But you need enough particles to have good control. For a "normal" haircut I found some thousand (very roughly 2000) particles to give enough control. You may need a lot more particles if you plan to cover a body with fur. Volume will be produced later with Children.
Settings for adding movement to hair see Hair Dynamics.
- Draw hair as curves.
- Draw just the end points if the hairs.
- The number of segments (control points minus 1) of the hair strand. In between the control points the segments are interpolated. The number of control points is important:
- for the softbody animation, because the control points are animated like vertices, so more control points mean longer calculation times.
- for the interactive editing, because you can only move the control points (but you may recalculate the number of control points in Particle Mode).
- 10 Segments should be sufficient even for very long hair, 5 Segments are enough for shorter hair, and 2 or 3 segments should be enough for short fur.
Hair can be rendered as a Path, Object, or Group. See Particle Visualization for descriptions.
- Fur Tutorial, which produced (Image 4b). It deals especially with short hair.
- Blender Hair Basics, a thorough overview of all of the hair particle settings.


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What is in this article?:
A traditional herbal plant, calendula produces a fast-drying oil that can be used in paints and varnishes, surface coatings, lubricants, pesticides and cleaning solvents. Calendula oil is a safe substitute for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have been banned or restricted in California, Europe and elsewhere. "The demand for VOC alternatives has greatly increased," says Gesch, who is part of a national team developing management practices for the new crop.
The plant: Annual oilseed with bright yellow flowers, 20-30 in. tall, with a strong taproot; seeds contain about 17% oil.
Production: Plant in very early spring as soon as hard frost risk has passed; harvest 100-120 days after planting.
Yield: In Midwest, 1 ton/acre or more.
In a corn-soybean rotation: Harvest window falls after spring wheat, before soybeans; residue may suppress soybean cyst nematode reproduction.


ticking off
1 [tik]
a slight, sharp, recurring click, tap, or beat, as of a clock.
Chiefly British Informal. a moment or instant.
a small dot, mark, check, or electronic signal, as used to mark off an item on a list, serve as a reminder, or call attention to something.
Stock Exchange.
a movement in the price of a stock, bond, or option.
the smallest possible tick on a given exchange.
Manège. a jumping fault consisting of a light touch of a fence with one or more feet.
a small contrasting spot of color on the coat of a mammal or the feathers of a bird.
verb (used without object)
to emit or produce a tick, like that of a clock.
to pass as with ticks of a clock: The hours ticked by.
verb (used with object)
to sound or announce by a tick or ticks: The clock ticked the minutes.
to mark with a tick or ticks; check (usually followed by off ); to tick off the items on the memo.
Verb phrases
tick off, Slang.
to make angry: His mistreatment of the animals really ticked me off.
Chiefly British. to scold severely: The manager will tick you off if you make another mistake.
what makes one tick, the motive or explanation of one's behavior: The biographer failed to show what made Herbert Hoover tick.
1400–50; late Middle English tek little touch; akin to Dutch tik a touch, pat, Norwegian tikka to touch or shove slightly. See tickle
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To ticking off
World English Dictionary
tick1 (tɪk)
1. a recurrent metallic tapping or clicking sound, such as that made by a clock or watch
2. informal (Brit) a moment or instant
3. a mark (√) or dash used to check off or indicate the correctness of something
4. commerce the smallest increment of a price fluctuation in a commodity exchange. Tick size is usually 0.01% of the nominal value of the trading unit
vb (when tr, often foll by off)
5. to produce a recurrent tapping sound or indicate by such a sound: the clock ticked the minutes away
6. to mark or check (something, such as a list) with a tick
7. informal what makes someone tick the basic drive or motivation of a person
[C13: from Low German tikk touch; related to Old High German zekōn to pluck, Norwegian tikke to touch]
tick2 (tɪk)
1. See also sheep tick any of various small parasitic arachnids of the families Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks), typically living on the skin of warm-blooded animals and feeding on the blood and tissues of their hosts: order Acarina (mites and ticks)Related: acaroid
2. any of certain other arachnids of the order Acarina
3. any of certain insects of the dipterous family Hippoboscidae that are ectoparasitic on horses, cattle, sheep, etc, esp the sheep ked
Related: acaroid
[Old English ticca; related to Middle High German zeche tick, Middle Irish dega stag beetle]
tick3 (tɪk)
1. the strong covering of a pillow, mattress, etc
2. informal short for ticking
[C15: probably from Middle Dutch tīke; related to Old High German ziecha pillow cover, Latin tēca case, Greek thēkē]
tick4 (tɪk)
informal (Brit) account or credit (esp in the phrase on tick)
[C17: shortened from ticket]
tick off
1. to mark with a tick
2. informal chiefly (Brit) to scold; reprimand
ticking off
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
"parasitic animal," O.E. ticia, from W.Gmc. *tik- (cf. M.Du. teke, Du. teek, O.H.G. zecho, Ger. Zecke "tick"), of unknown origin. Fr. tique (1464), It. zecca are Gmc. loan-words.
1440, "light touch or tap," probably cognate with Du. tik, M.H.G. zic, and perhaps echoic. Meaning "sound made by a clock" is probably first recorded 1549; tick-tock is recorded from 1848. To tick (someone) off is recorded from 1915, originally "to reprimand, scold;" meaning "to annoy" is recorded from
"credit," 1642, shortening of ticket (q.v.).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Medical Dictionary
tick 2 (tĭk)
 1. Any of numerous small bloodsucking parasitic arachnids of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae, many of which transmit febrile diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and lyme disease.
 2. Any of various usually wingless, louselike insects of the family Hippobosciddae that are parasitic on sheep, goats, and other animals.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Science Dictionary
tick (tĭk) Pronunciation Key
Any of numerous small, parasitic arachnids of the suborder Ixodida that feed on the blood of animals. Like their close relatives the mites and unlike spiders, ticks have no division between cephalothorax and abdomen. Ticks differ from mites by being generally larger and having a sensory pit at the end of their first pair of legs. Many ticks transmit febrile diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Cite This Source
Slang Dictionary
tick definition
 1. n.
 a minute; a second. (See also sec.) : This won't take a tick. Sit tight.
Copyright 2007. Published by McGraw-Hill Education.
Cite This Source
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There are two statements about the grassmannian (of complex k-planes in n-space embedded via Plucker coordinates) that I have encountered in several places never accompanied with a proof or reference.
 - The topology inherited from projective space coincides with the Zariski topology.
 - The map from the Chow ring to the cohomology ring is an isomorphism.
I'm looking for nice explanations of these two facts.
EDIT: by the topology inherited from projective space I do not mean the Zariski topology, but the classical topology (given by balls in the Euclidean metric on the affine space from which we construct projective space, say). Since I have no intuition for the Zariski topology in this embedding, I'm not even sure I've got the statement correct: one place where it occurs is on page 147 in Fulton's Young tableaux book.
EDIT 2: I have gotten it wrong; Fulton claims only that the Zariski closures of the open cells equal their classical closures. But he also calls it a general fact. I guess the proper version of my first question should be: why are the Zariski closures of the open schubert cells equal to their classical closures in the Pluecker embedding, and is there a general fact from which this follows?
share|cite|improve this question
The topology inherited from what topology on the projective space? – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Apr 3 '14 at 18:43
The classical topology on projective space does not induce the Zariski topology on the Grassmannian; it induces the classical topology on the Grassmannian. Many topological statements about the Grassmannian are true for both choices of topology because in practice, most of arguments involving open sets in the classical topology can be made using only open sets from the Zariski topology. – Michael Joyce Apr 3 '14 at 19:41
I updated my answer. – Dan Petersen Apr 3 '14 at 19:50
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
$\!$Hej Erik! Your first question asks why an open Schubert cell has the same closure both in the Zariski and in the classical topology. This is the same as asking why the closure of a cell is a closed subvariety. But each cell is defined by a collection of polynomial equations ($f = 0$) and inequations ($f \neq 0$), and it's easy to check that the closure in the classical topology is obtained by just discarding the inequations. Then it's clear that the closure is a subvariety.
For your second question, this follows because Grassmannians admit an algebraic cell decomposition (i.e. they are the disjoint union of locally closed subvarieties isomorphic to some $\mathbf C^d$), the Schubert cell decomposition. See this question: For which varieties is the natural map from the Chow ring to integral cohomology an isomorphism? and the reference to Fulton's book in Donu Arapura's answer.
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Probably the OP is asking why the Pluecker map is a closed immersion, in particular, why it is a homeomorphism from the domain to the image. – Jason Starr Apr 3 '14 at 19:09
Your Answer


text:
The Mazza Museum Resource Center offers story kits
to help teach students about picture book artist and/or themes. Kits
include books, puppets or soft toys, and media. Each kit includes a
teacher notebook containing background information about the artist, a
book list and ideas for relating lessons to these books. These
resources will make it easy and fun to introduce art and literature by
these renowned artists!
Your class can learn about Norman Bridwell, Jan Brett, Eric Carle or
have fun celebrating the 100th Day of School or Dr. Seuss. We also have
kits that will reinforce skills like Maps and Poetry.
Kits can be checked out to teachers or librarians by visiting the
Mazza Resource Center. They are yours to borrow for one month with a
$20.00 refundable deposit. Reserve a kit by contacting Mary Miller by
phone at _PHONE_ or email at _EMAIL_.
Themed Story Kit Contents
Artist Story Kit Contents


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8.6.1 Creating Text Labels
The easiest way to add text labels in your Origin windows is to use Origin's WYSIWYG text creation and editing tools:
- Use the Text tool on the Tools toolbar to create your labels.
- Use the Format and Style toolbars, Mini Toolbars and the text object's Properties dialog to set format and style options, link objects to LabTalk variables and scripts, control object attachment method and object location, etc.
- Use the Symbol Map -- available by right-clicking while in internal-edit mode -- to add special symbols to your labels.
- Use Insert Info. Variables -- available by right-clicking while in internal-edit mode – to add metadata and column labels to your label.
Creating and customizing a label
- Click the Text Tool button.
- Click at the desired text entry point on your Origin window (graph, worksheet, etc.).
- Right-click at the desired location in your Origin window.
- Select Add Text from the shortcut menu.
type your text and customize it using some combination of the following:
- Select your options using buttons on the Format and Style toolbars.
- When a text object is selected, you can use buttons on the object's Mini Toolbar (e.g. Alignment of text).
- To toggle text-wrapping on and off, click the Wrap Text button on the object's Mini Toolbar; or check the Wrap Text, Adjust Height box on the Frame tab in the Properties dialog (see next bullet).
- For acess to all text object properties, right-click on the object and choose the Properties.
Note: When creating text labels, if you click inside the layer frame and create your text label, the label is automatically attached to the layer frame (see this discussion of Object Attachment and Scaling). When text labels are attached to the layer frame, moving or resizing the layer will force the text object to move/resize with respect to the layer frame's size and position. If you click outside of the layer and create your text label, the label is automatically attached to the page, in which case the label does not move or resize with the layer.
Shortcut keyboard combinations for general editing of text labels
If you prefer using shortcut keys over setting style and format options using toolbar buttons and drop-down lists, you can use the following keyboard combinations:
||CNTRL + B, CNTRL + SHIFT + B
||CNTRL + I, CNTRL + SHIFT + I
||CNTRL + U, CNTRL + SHIFT + U
||CNTRL + G, CNTRL + SHIFT + G
||CNTRL + SHIFT + =
||CNTRL + =
||CNTRL + -
|Increase Font Size
||CNTRL + SHIFT + >
|Decrease Font Size
||CNTRL + SHIFT + <
||CNTRL + A, CNTRL + 5 (numpad)
Resizing a text label
To resize a label object:
- Click once on the label.
- Select the desired font size from the Font Size box on the Format toolbar.
2.Click the Increase Font or Decrease Font buttons on the Format toolbar.
Note: For quick adjustments to the size of the text object, select the object and drag a control handle.
Rotating a text label
To rotate a label:
- Click twice (pause long enough between clicks to avoid a double-click). A locus of rotation symbol displays in the middle of the label and round rotation handles display at the corners of the label.
- Grab a rotation handle and rotate the label to the desired angle.
Note: You can specify a precise rotation angle in the Object Properties dialog box (Format: Object Properties).
To disable second-click access to label rotation mode:
- Select Preferences: Options to open the Options dialog box.
- Select the Text Fonts tab and then select the Simple Selection Mode check box.
Turning off in-place (WYSIWYG) editing of text labels
This information is provided primarily for long-time Origin users who prefer the older (prior to version 7) text editing methods.
To turn off in-place text editing:
- Select Preference: Options to open the Options dialog box.
- Select the Text Fonts tab and then select the Disable In-place Editing check box.
- Click OK. When asked to save as a startup Option, say Yes to make this the default behavior (say No to apply it to the current session only).
When the in-place editing mode is disabled, double-clicking the label opens the Object Properties dialog box. This dialog box predates Origin's WYSIWYG methods. Most would consider its functionality to be less intuitive than newer WYSIWYG methods.
Insert Links and Variables
The most basic text label is a simple, static object but Origin labels can be dynamically linked to variable values via the text object's Properties dialog box. There are two ways to link labels to variables:
Object Properties, advanced control of text labels
In addition to label-variable linking, other controls available from a text objects's Properties dialog including controls specific to Legend and Annotation objects:
- The Text tab allows editing and styling of text objects.
- The Symbol tab (Legend objects only) allows customization of legend symbols.
- The Frame tab allows customization of object frame, fill, padding, etc.
- The Position tab provides control of object position, movement, etc.
- The Leader Line tab (Annotation objects only) provides control over annotation leader lines.
- The Programming tab includes controls for linking the object to variables and scripts.
Using LabTalk for custom formatting of text labels
When creating templates, etc. you can incorporate LabTalk script to format a text label using Origin Formats.
The procedure is:
- Create the text label and enable LabTalk substitution, as demonstrated below.
- Right-click on the label and choose Properties, click on the Programming tab and set Link to (%, $), Substitution Level to 1.
Begin by selecting the Text tool and clicking on the graph or worksheet:
- Starting from the number 37.34255, you could format this as $(37.34255, D MS), yielding 37° 20' 33.
- Starting from the (Julian day) number _PHONE_, you could format this as $(_PHONE_, D1), yielding Tuesday, October 30, 2018.
- Starting from the number 203465987, you could format this as $(203465987, S*3), yielding 2.03E + 08.
For more information on custom formatting of text labels, see Origin Formats.
For more information on custom formatting of numeric data in the worksheet, see Custom Numeric Formats.
Using the Symbol Map to add special characters to your labels
To add special characters to your text labels:
- While in in-place text editing mode, right-click and select Symbol Map from the shortcut menu. This opens the Symbol Map dialog box.
- Choose the Font that contains the necessary special character from the drop-down list.
- Highlight the special character in the gallery and either double-click or click Insert to insert the special character into your text label.
The Symbol Map dialog used for inserting characters in text labels supports Unicode characters. You can enter a rich repertoire of mathematical/special symbols and variety of language characters (e.g., Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Korean, Chinese, Japanese, etc.) using Unicode-enabled fonts such as Arial Unicode MS.
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ABSTRACT It has been recognized for some time that a significant fraction of most organic contaminants that are introduced into a soil becomes rapidly and irreversibly bound to the humin fraction of naturally-occurring organic matter. The insolubility of humin in essentially any solvent has made the study of these "bound residues" difficult. The ability to fractionate humin into four components (extractable lipids, bound-humic acid, bound lipids, and mineral matter) using the methyl-isobutylketone partitioning procedure is providing new insights into the phenomenon of bound-residue formation and the fate of anthropogenic organic compounds in natural environments. Results will be presented describing the formation of PCBand PAH-bound residues in humin using 14C-labeled compounds. The distribution of the radioactivity among the components of humin will be compared and contrasted.
KEYWORDS: soil organic matter, humin, bound residues, PCB, PAH
This paper is from the Proceedings of the HSRC/WERC Joint Conference on the Environment, May 1996, published in hard copy and on the Web by the Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center.
To view the entire paper, you must haveAdobe Acrobat Reader. Click here to download Acrobat.
Click here to download the paper. (21 k)


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I've just returned from a long weekend in Bologna, Italy, and there I learnt that the word baloney in baloney sandwich is named after the town, or rather, the sausage that was first made in Bologna.
Baloney sandwich is not a well-known term in the UK, but here there is a sausage called polony, and that word, too, comes from the word Bologna.
We use the word baloney, also spelt boloney, a lot in the UK, but it means 'poppycock' or 'nonsense'. The OED says that the link with Bologna is 'conjectural', but Jonathon Green in his Dictionary of Slang refers to Ramon Adams, author of Western Words, who says that Bologna bulls are animals of inferior quality, whose meat is used to make Bologna sausage. Presumably people found the sausages inferior or 'rubbish' too, and the nonsense sense perhaps comes from this connection. Eric Partridge in A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English has a different theory. He thinks that boloney/baloney comes from the Romany word pelone, meaning testicles, and refers to the analogy of balls, which is slang for both testicles and nonsense.


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ScienceDaily (Aug. 5, 2012) It's a longstanding doubt in biology: How do cells know when to swell by a dungeon cycle?
In elementary organisms such as yeast, cells order once they strech a specific size. However, last if this binds loyal for mammalian cells has been difficult, in partial since there has been no good proceed to magnitude mammalian dungeon expansion over time.
Now, a group of MIT and Harvard Medical School (HMS) researchers has precisely totalled a expansion rates of singular cells, permitting them to answer that elemental question. In a Aug. 5 online book of Nature Methods, a researchers news that mammalian cells order not when they strech a vicious size, though when their expansion rate hits a specific threshold.
This first-ever regard of this threshold was done probable by a technique grown by MIT highbrow Scott Manalis and his students in 2007 to magnitude a mass of singular cells. In a new study, Manalis and his colleagues were means to lane dungeon expansion and describe it to a timing of dungeon multiplication by measuring cells' mass each 60 seconds around their lifespans.
The anticipating offers a probable reason for how cells establish when to start dividing, says Sungmin Son, a grad tyro in Manalis' lab and lead author of a paper. "It's easier for cells to magnitude their expansion rate, since they can do that by measuring how quick something in a dungeon is constructed or degraded, since measuring distance precisely is tough for cells," Son says.
Manalis, a highbrow of biological engineering and member of a David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research during MIT, is comparison author of a paper. Other authors are former MIT grad tyro Yaochung Weng; Amit Tzur, a former investigate associate during HMS; Paul Jorgensen, a former HMS postdoc; Jisoo Kim, a former undergraduate tyro during MIT; and Marc Kirschner, a highbrow of systems biology during HMS.
Tracking cells over time
Manalis' strange cell-weighing system, famous as a dangling microchannel resonator, pumps cells (in fluid) by a microchannel that runs opposite a little silicon cantilever. That cantilever vibrates within a vacuum. When a dungeon flows by a channel, a magnitude of a cantilever's quivering changes, and a cell's expansive mass can be distributed from that change in frequency.
For a new study, a researchers redesigned their complement so that they could trap cells over a most longer duration of time. The strange complement offering singular control over a suit of cells in a channel; cells could be mislaid or turn unviable due to accrued shear highlight from visit passages by a microchannel. Consequently, expansion could be monitored for reduction than 30 minutes.
To equivocate this problem, a researchers grown a proceed to precisely control a upsurge in a complement so that a dungeon could be stopped anywhere in a bypass channel. They also configured a upsurge to constantly feed nutrients and mislay waste. Now a dungeon passes by usually each 60 seconds and stays viable for several generations.
The new complement also measures fluorescent signals from a dungeon in serve to a mass. Cells are automatic to demonstrate fluorescent proteins during several points in a dungeon cycle, permitting a researchers to couple dungeon cycle information to growth.
A dungeon devotes itself to expansion in a proviso called G1. A vicious transition occurs when a dungeon enters a S phase, during that DNA is replicated in credentials for division. The researchers found that expansion rate increases fast during a G1 phase. This rate varies a good understanding from dungeon to dungeon during G1, though converges as cells proceed a S phase. Once cells finish a transition into S phase, expansion rates separate again.
Building on a underline of a new complement that precisely controls a environmental conditions inside a channel, researchers can also change a conditions really rapidly, permitting them to guard how cells respond to such disturbances.
"We are now measuring a cell's response on brief timescales to several perturbations, such as exhausting a sold nutritious or adding a drug," Manalis says. "We trust this could offer new forms of information that could not be performed from required proliferation assays."
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- Sungmin Son, Amit Tzur, Yaochung Weng, Paul Jorgensen, Jisoo Kim, Marc W Kirschner, Scott R Manalis. Direct regard of mammalian dungeon expansion and distance regulation. Nature Methods, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2133
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Disclaimer: This essay is not dictated to yield medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views voiced here do not indispensably simulate those of ScienceDaily or a staff.
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COPING WITH LIFE: Teach them to seek comfort in spirituality
IN any programme of suicide prevention, education is essential. Equipping youths with coping skills, including critical thinking and a sense of humour to laugh at oneself and life's problems will improve their coping abilities. But this approach alone is insufficient. Even the eight strategies of the Suicide Prevention Action Plan announced by the health minister (NST, June 5) do not go far enough.
Our thinking affects our emotions and behaviour. Suicide prevention programmes, to be more effective, must bring about transformation in the attitudes and perspectives of our youths towards life. For instance, it is crucial that youths are taught to acknowledge that life is complex and often unfair, and that everyone will inevitably go through extreme experiences of disappointment and sorrow at one time or another.
With the right attitude and perspective, these experiences are not so insurmountable that suicide is considered the best and only way out but are opportunities for self-examination and growth.
A person with suicidal thoughts is at the boundary between life and death, between hope and despair. This involves issues of a spiritual nature. Inculcating core spiritual values can give them the right perspectives of these boundaries.
First, youths must be taught that in times of trouble, they can call upon a spiritual resource for comfort and help.
Second, youths must be taught to accept a worldview that there is a higher intelligence, purpose or order that gives meaning and reality to the events and relationships in their lives.
So, if we believe that there is a divinely ordained sovereignty over all of us, then, when we go through extremely bad experiences, our response can be one of acceptance and how we may emerge a better person out of adverse experiences.
Third, youths inculcated with core spiritual values will have a community in which their transcendent reality and worldview are validated. These youths will not be alone and support through difficult times will be readily available.
These core spiritual beliefs cut across all religions. Once embraced, they give everybody the inner strength to ride through the worst crises in life. Only then are we attending to suicide prevention at the root of human behaviour, one that is not just inherently psychological but spiritual as well.


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A digital model of a bear was converted into a 3D printed cardboard sculpture. It's polygon sides create the contours of a landscape, illustrating the idea of migration. It represents the crossing of environments and a temporary shift in the daily landscape. The sculpture formed part of the exhibition 'Pop - up Culture' at The Design Museum in Holland. It was later bought by the museum and resides there as part of their permanent collection.
Collaboration Vinke Display


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Lotta User Interface
includes the first part of a gradual user interface refresh. Icons in the software may display with slight differences from the versions shown in the Help Center. In addition, you can now choose a light or dark user interface. For more information, refer to Appearance.
The following image shows the names for the different parts of the Lotta user interface.
2021.1 and newer
2021.1 and older
For an overview, check out the video: Lotta User Interface
For details, click on the following:
You can customize your working environment. For example, the background color in the 2D window
on your desktop, may be a different color. For more information, refer to Preferences


A bioswale (also known as bioretention area) is very similar to a rain garden, the main difference being its linear, swale shape. What distinguishes a bioswale from a conventional swale (or ditch)? The latter are typically vegetated with turf grass and are a conveyance tool, basically a grassy stormwater sewer that conveys water as quickly as possible from point A to point B. In fact, a lot of conventional swales or ditches are required by code to have a minimum flow velocity of, let's say, two feet per second.
We decided to install a bioswale that would infiltrate any overflow we may get from the adjacent cistern, once it is full. Because the bioswale was in the shade of the house, we planted it with native savanna and woodland species, including grasses and sedges that have taken very well. The bioswale turned the awkward, narrow fringe space just north of the house into an area that has beautiful floral and textural interest throughout the year. It also attracts a variety of wildlife.
You can download an INFO SHEET for more detailed information on the bioswale or browse images of the bioswale INSTALLATION, FIRST GROWING SEASON, and SECOND GROWING SEASON.


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Does the stigma around drugs and the people who use them cost lives?
Evidence demonstrates that many who could benefit from treatment can be discouraged from doing so by language, attitudes and behaviours that appear judgmental, even if these are displayed unwittingly. Stigma can negatively impact the morale of those providing support services, and friends and families of those at risk can often feel the effects of stigma by association, at a time when they too deserve support.
The Taskforce recognises that tackling stigma could make a significant contribution to reducing drug-related deaths in Scotland and has published a strategy paper supporting this and highlighting a way forward. We encourage all our stakeholders to be aware of the negative impact of stigma and work to ensure every touchpoint in support services projects a positive, encouraging outlook to those engaging with them. And we encourage our partners in their efforts to raise public awareness of the potentially devastating effects of stigma.
We also ask that anyone, including media, writing or commenting on issues relating to substance use, including drug related deaths, to do so without using the stigmatising language or imagery that perpetuates harm to those at risk. Instead, we support any effort to work together to create a safe space for those at risk, those in recovery, and people impacted by someone else's substance use.
Images of drugs, broken bottles, paraphernalia, and people in vulnerable conditions can tend to be the stock images of alcohol and drugs that are used in most media articles. Yet these are negative and stigmatising. Similarly, stigmatising language such as 'user' and 'addict' can be seen time and time again, together with terms such as 'drug abuse', 'drug user', and with people who are being interviewed are titled 'ex-addict' or 'former drug abuser'.
We support the approach recommended by Scottish Families Affected by Alcohol and Drugs (SFAD), and the Scottish Recovery Consortium in their joint research programme entitled Insert Standard Stigmatising Headline & Image Here: Rewriting the Media's Portrayal of Addiction and Recovery and the six recommendations it has for journalists and editors:
- Use positive imagery
- Adopt People First language
- Use your article as an opportunity to educate
- Always include support service information
- Learn about lived experience and the impact of stigma
- Include more positive stories reflecting recovery, support, and lived/living experiences
SFAD have also published a Reporting of Substance Media Toolkit which is available here: Reporting of Substance Media Toolkit - SFAD
In addition we would like to showcase the work of a young artist who has developed a comic displaying why language matters. The authors and funder have given permission to download for display or distribution.
Millie Strachan is a comic artist based in Dundee. She has been creating comics for the last four years after joining Dundee Comics Creative Space. Millie is starting the Art & Design (general foundation) course at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design in September 2020. She created the 'language matters' comic as part of a Society for the Study of Addiction funded knowledge exchange project led by Dr Tessa Parkes (University of Stirling) to examine the potential of a substance use prevention intervention, the Icelandic Model, in Dundee. Millie's comic captures a discussion of the project team around the need for person-centred language when talking about people who use drugs and/or alcohol.


Here at Wingate, Russotti, Shapiro & Halperin, LLP, we are passionate about personal injury law and guiding our clients through the legal process. We are not scientists. However, we often encounter science in our cases, requiring us to do some research or consult with an expert. One neat fact that we consistently deal with in our cases involves icy slip and falls and the role that salt can play in removing ice from a sidewalk.
How Does Salt Melt Ice?
When salt is added to water, a chemical reaction occurs that changes the freezing point of water. Water usually freezes at 32 degrees. However, with the right quantity of salt, the freezing point can drop to as a low as 2 degrees.
Salt is crucial during the winter time for two reasons. First, it can help prevent ice from forming. That's why New York City sends out giant trucks before snow storms to spray salt all over the roads. When the snow hits the pavement, instead of accumulating, it quickly melts. The salt will also work with freezing rain and sleet to prevent ice.
Second, salt can melt ice that has already formed. If a property owner did not salt his sidewalk in advance of a storm and ice forms, he can combat this ice by pouring salt. The salt will interact with the ice, causing it to rapidly melt.
Here is a fun experiment you can try with your children to demonstrate salt's amazing melting power: Place a glass of water in your freezer. As ice begins to form in the glass, remove it and pour regular table salt into the glass. Watch as the ice quickly melts!
What to Do if You Slip on an Icy Sidewalk
Unfortunately, not all property owners are proactive about salting their sidewalks during or after a storm. This can lead to painful slip and fall accidents, harming unsuspecting visitors. Property owners are responsible for taking reasonable steps to remove ice after learning of its existence. In New York, actual notice is not required; rather, the plaintiff must show that the property owner should have known of the ice.
In fact, Wingate, Russotti, Shapiro & Halperin, LLP represented a client in Long Island City who was delivering an item to the property owner. The client slipped on an ice patch, sustaining serious injuries to his head, neck, shoulders, and arm. The property owner claimed it had no notice of the ice, but our skilled New York Personal Injury Attorney was able to demonstrate to the jury that ice had formed in the parking lot the day prior and the property owner would have discovered the ice had it performed an inspection of the lot. We were able to secure a $1.75M verdict for our client.
Contact Us Today for a Free Consultation
If you or a loved one was injured in a slip and fall due to icy conditions, our New York slip and fall lawyers will evaluate your incident to determine if you have a claim. To schedule a free consultation with us today, call Wingate, Russotti, Shapiro & Halperin, LLP at _PHONE_.
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The company's DeepMind artificial intelligence subsidiary has developed an AI that has learned how to navigate like a human being, the company announced in a blog post. Specifically, DeepMind's AI has developed a system of spacial awareness that mimics human's and other mammal's grid cells–specific cells in the brain that allow for vector-based navigation, which allow us to calculate the direction and a distance to a location even if we've never traveled that route before. What's most impressive about the AI's mimicking of mammalian grid cells is that the AI did it on its own–it wasn't programmed to mimic them. As the company explained in a blog post:
As a first step, we trained a recurrent network to perform the task of localising itself in a virtual environment, using predominantly movement-related velocity signals. This ability is commonly used by mammals when moving through unfamiliar places or in situations where it is not easy to spot familiar landmarks (e.g. when navigating in the dark).
We found that grid-like representations (hereafter grid units) spontaneously emerged within the network – providing a striking convergence with the neural activity patterns observed in foraging mammals, and consistent with the notion that grid cells provide an efficient code for space.
Now that AI has spontaneously learned how to navigate to different places, maybe keep it as far away from those running robots as possible.


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The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is considered a promising biofuel feedstock producer due to its prodigious accumulation of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. B. braunii Race L produces the C 40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene via an uncharacterized biosynthetic pathway. Structural similarities suggest this pathway follows a biosynthetic mechanism analogous to that of C 30 squalene. Confirming this hypothesis, the current study identifies C 20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) as a precursor for lycopaoctaene biosynthesis, the first committed intermediate in the production of lycopadiene. Two squalene synthase (SS)-like complementary DNAs are identified in race L with one encoding a true SS and the other encoding an enzyme with lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS) activity. Interestingly, LOS uses alternative C 15 and C 20 prenyl diphosphate substrates to produce combinatorial hybrid hydrocarbons, but almost exclusively uses GGPP in vivo. This discovery highlights how SS enzyme diversification results in the production of specialized tetraterpenoid oils in race L of B. braunii.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Physics and Astronomy(all)


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The amount of product produced by electrolysis is limited by Faraday's law. Therefore, as I understand it, the amount of product produced depends on the amps rather than on the volts (although the minimum voltage for a given reaction plus overvoltage must be met).
For example, lets say you have a reaction that requires at least 0.3 Volts (0.3 volts includes the necessary overvoltage) to run. Instead of using 0.3 Volts you decide to double the voltage to 0.6 Volts. Volts X Amps = Watts, and Watts can be converted directly into Joules. Therefore, according to my calculations, it would require twice as much energy (IN JOULES!!!) to produce the SAME AMOUNT of product at 0.6 Volts than at 0.3 Volts EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVE DOUBLED YOUR ENERGY INPUT.
I want to know if this is really true. In other words, does increasing the volts beyond what is absolutely necessary really cause an increase in inefficiency (more energy input for the same amount of product)?
Please do not answer unless you are sure that you understand my question and know the correct answer based on experience.
Please understand I am NOT asking how to calculate the amount of current required to perform a given reaction. I am just asking about the efficiency of electrolysis IN JOULES, NOT CURRENT!!!
According to Faraday's law,
amount of substance (mols) deposited is proportional to current * time
(leave z and F as they are constants)
When you use 0.3v, let I1 be the current flowing through the circuit and A1 be the amount deposited and T1 be the time.
So, A1 proportional to I1 * T1 or take A1 = K*I1*T1 where K is a constant
when you use, 0.6volts, the current also doulbes according to Ohm's law I = V/R, R is a constant...
The solution provides and easy to follow explanation of the concepts and gives all mathematical steps wherever necessary.


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The Clayton Collection, which is owned by trustees and loaned to English Heritage, has 5,500 catalogued items from a variety of sites along the central section of the Wall. © Trustees of the Clayton Collection
The Clayton Collection - The Curator's Choice
Few people today have heard of John Clayton yet he is one of the single most important individuals in the history of Hadrian's Wall.
Were it not for this remarkbale Victorian gentleman collector and archaeologist large parts of Hadrian's Wall would have disappeared as the industrial revolution fuelled the need for stone to build factories and mills.
Now his collection, which resides at Chesters Roman Fort Museum - adjacent to the remains of the fort, has been re-displayed in a revamped space. The Clayton Collection has 5,500 catalogued items from a variety of sites along the central section of the wall.
Below, Chesters Fort Museum curator, Georgina Plowright, explains why these are her favourite seven objects from the collection:
John Clayton. © Trustees of the Clayton Collection
Incense burners from Coventina's Well near Carrawburgh Fort
The well lay within a small shrine dedicated to the goddess Coventina. She was not just a local Celtic goddess, as she is also known in France and Spain. Both burners have an inscription saying that they were made (and donated) by a man named Saturninus Gabinius.
Made of pottery with rather florid decoration, they are unique in Roman Britain. The small finds are in a case in the small gallery, and the numerous pieces of sculpture from the well are around the walls of the main gallery.
Stone altar giving the name of the first regiment stationed at Chesters
Found in the nearby river in 1978, it confirmed suspicions that the fort had originally been built for a cavalry unit. The altar shows that its name was the Ala Augusta Ob Virtutem Appelata, "the cavalry regiment called Augusta for Valour".
It would be an honour to be called the equivalent of 'the Emperor's Own'. Hadrian's name appears on the altar, confirming that it dates from the original building of Hadrian's Wall. It is under the window in the small gallery.
Part of the re-vamped collection at the Chesters Roman Fort Museum. © Trustees of the Clayton Collection
The Carvoran Modius, a large bronze corn measure found by the postman just outside the fort at Carvoran in 1915
It has lots of mysteries – the Emperor Domitian's name has been erased, its inscription says it contains the odd amount of 17½ sextarii which does not tie up with its estimated volume.
The most likely explanation is that it was the official measure against which a daily ration of 2½ sextarii of corn per soldier could be checked on a weekly basis, and Domitian's name was erased as he was damned after his death.
Finds excavated by John Clayton from the Commanding Officer's bath house in 1840
There are not many of them, and they are not all there, but when we started we didn't know we had any of them.
The combination of the fact that the Rev. John Collingwood Bruce illustrated them in his 1851 edition of The Roman Wall, and the fact that nearly 9,000 items in the collection have been catalogued, many with illustrations on the computer catalogue, meant that previously anonymous objects could be re-identified as coming from this early excavation.
A slection of stone altars (photographed prior to their re-display) in the Clayton Collection. © Trustees of the Clayton Collection
Three stones illustrating hunting themes
They have all been very simply carved with roughly incised lines, and very much have the appearance of being doodles, perhaps of a soldier's daydreams.
One shows two men hunting with a trident, another a man attacking a boar with a trident, and the third simply shows a fine beast, which may be a stag. They are all in different places and careful searching is needed to find them so it's a challenge you can set the kids during a visit.
Large stone with inscription beginning AQVA ADDVCTA'
It goes on to name the Second Cavalry Regiment of Asturians, who came from North West Spain and records that they brought water to Chesters.
The brilliant part is that you can still see the end of their aqueduct where it comes in at the side of the West gate of the fort. The stone is high up on the shelves of the North wall of the big gallery.
Mr Clayton's copy of John Collingwood Bruce's The Roman Wall, 1867 edition
This is the third and best edition with lovely illustrations. A lot of John Clayton's work came into the public domain through Bruce's publications and Bruce is effusive in his dedication about the help that Clayton gave him. It is lovely to think of Mr Clayton sitting in his study leafing through this very volume.
Chesters is one of four major visitor attractions along Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site in the care of English Heritage. It welcomes around 54,000 visitors a year.