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Modelling Conductive Heatflow Through A Heat-shielding Tile On A Spaceshuttle During Reentry
Tutorhunt asked me to upload an article but I'm not sure the formatting on this transfers well to tutorhunt, if you're actually interested I'll happily email it to you, descri ption in the abstract.
Date : 9/26/2016
This report investigates different numerical methods for solving PDEs which are used to model the temperature change and inner surface temperature through a heat shielding tile, which is on a space shuttle re entering earths atmosphere. Matlab is used for forward differencing, backwards differencing, the Dufort Frankel Model, and Crank Nicolson Method. The stability of these methods is discussed and the efficiency of the most stable method is investigated. It was found that the Crank Nicolson is the most stable and accurate method. It gave the ideal thickness to be between 60 and 80mm, depending on it's position the space shuttle.
Numerical modelling of PDE's is extremely important in designing real world systems where it is not always possible to measure there characteristics of a system. This could be due to it being extremely expensive, too large, or simply not feasible. In this report a space shuttle's heat shielding tile is modelled as it is heated whilst re entering earths orbit. During re entry a space shuttle experiences extreme heating due to friction between the air and the shuttles body. The shuttle hits the earths atmosphere at hyper-sonic speeds 100km from the surface. The friction from the air causes it to heat to over 1000 °C causing almost anything to burn up, the pressure from this causes objects with low compressive strength to explode. (1) For the shuttle to avoid burning up it's surface inside the tiles must not exceed 175°C (2).
⦁ The shuttle will always experience the same heating
The shuttles were reusable, and the heating effects from different ambient conditions, different entry speeds and angles was varied each time
⦁ The tile's thickness is uniform
The tiles are assumed to have a constant cross section, and are not damaged.
⦁ The tile's thermal properties are consistent.
The tiles were made batches, it's assumed that each batch had the same thermal properties.
⦁ The tiles don't degrade
The tiles had a long life time, it's assumed that their properties didn't change.
⦁ The tiles are only heated from one side
If there is any heating between the tiles it could cause them to behave differently. It's assumed that they're only heated from the external face.
Four different methods of solving PDEs are used to solve the Fourier Equation which describes the heat flow through objects:Also required is the thermal diffusivity:
Forwards Differencing has first order accuracy in time, and second order accuracy in space due to truncation of the Taylor Series. It's unstable when it's timestep. This is very limiting and makes it one of the lesser used methods for solving PDEs.
The Dufort Frankel model is an unconditionally stable version of the leap frog method, it is accurate to the second order in both time and space, however at large timesteps experiences oscillatory behaviour.
The Backwards Differencing method approximates at the new timestep, calculating by looking back in time, this is the reverse of Forward Differencing.
This is more stable, it has first order accuracy in time and second order accuracy in space.
The Crank Nicholson method uses approximations of Forward and Backward Differencing methods.
This method has second order accuracy in time and space, and is stable at large timesteps.
The stability of the methods is found by increasing the time step and plotting the inner temperatures. The more consistent the temperatures are the more stable the method, when the temperature deviates suddenly it will be unstable at all larger step sizes.
Fig.1 Stability graph, the Crank Nicholson method is most stable, and Forward dDifferencing is least stable.
The results agree with the theory, with Forward Differencing quickly becoming unstable, the Dufort Frankel Model experiencing oscillatory behaviour at large time steps, Backwards Differencing and Crank Nicolson are stable, with Crank Nicolson having second order accuracy.
The temperature data from the shuttle is found by converting a graph from NASA into a data vector on matlab. Tile 597 is used throughout this report. (3)
Fig.3 Temperature with time through the narrowest part of the tile.
This graph shows how the temperature inside the tile varies with time. The tile insulates the shuttle, as the inner surface is cooler than the outside. There is a thermal lag between the outside and inside, so the inner edge is still getting hotter when the outside is starting to cool down. This was also modelled in 3 dimensions, but the inner surface temperatures were identical. (appendix 1)
The temperature on the inside of the tile is found for different tile thicknesses, this should not exceed 175°C during re entry. The exact thickness required is found by using the shooting method to be 57mm. The bare minimum has no margin for error, so the inner surface temperature is found for a range of thicknesses.
Fig.4 Temperature for varying tile thicknesses, the thick purple line is the trendline from 100 thicknesses over the same range.
This shows an exponential change in maximum temperature for decreasing tile thickness. The greater the thickness the longer the delay before the maximum temperature is reached.
To illustrate how increasing the number of steps can cause a decrease in efficiency, the time to solve the problem was measured for a several numbers of time and spatial steps.
Fig.5 Graph of number of time and spatial steps against the time it takes to solve the problem.
Increasing either step size does not drastically impact the time taken, increasing both together can cause the program to become inefficient and take much longer requiring a lot more computing power. The final solution uses only 500 spatial and time steps, using more is unnecessary, but in larger models it may be unavoidable.
For the final result 500 time and spatial steps were used, this is fast enough, and gives precise results. Using fewer steps works, but the difference in the time it takes is negligible.
The solution was modelled using both one and two dimensions, and it was found that although there's a very small difference in some circumstances, normally there is no difference. This is because theat flows most quickly through the shortest path, so adding longer ones doesn't change anything. However modelling a defective tile would need two or three dimensions. Real world conditions perhaps create the biggest innaccuracies, when space shuttles re entering earths will not experience the same heating effect every time. On a colder day air is denser, and there is more heating, whereas on a hot day the shuttle will fall faster through the less dense air, which would change the heating on the tile.
Numerical modelling is clearly a very good way of determining how something will behave in real world conditions. But it is very hard to base a design off modelling alone. Real world measurements are needed to validate the results. Of course in the case of a space shuttle this is very hard to do, and the 57mm tile thickness found by the shooting method would be a good guide. The designers would then have to consider how much safety factor to build into the shuttle. Adding extra thickness would make it a safer, as any damage it more likely to be on the surface and not affect the the rest of the shuttle. The real shuttle used thicknesses ranging from 25 to 127mm, so clearly there is not one correct thickness. (4) As real world validation is not available, modelling is the next best thing.
⦁ Plottemp.m works automatically, and allows the user to select the temperature graph, first by cropping around the desired graph, then on the axes.
⦁ The program Thickness.m plots the temperature on the inside of the tile for a range of tile thicknesses, as well as a line through the maximum temperatures.
⦁ Timer.m creates a graph of the time taken by the program for varying number of steps. The data is saved at the end because it takes such a long time.
⦁ GUI2.m is a gui which runs plottemp and shuttle. It allows the user to change the variables and to select the temperature graph they want to use.
⦁ Shooting.m runs the shooting method to find the correct tile thickness for a desired inner surface maximum temperature.
⦁ Shuttle2D is exactly the same as shuttle, but instead uses two dimensions and plots the results changing in time. (6)
This resource was uploaded by: Sean


In our school teacher told that salutaion comes after subject ans fast
Dear student,
Salutation can be written both before and after the subject. However, it would be best if you follow the pattern which your teacher has asked you to follow as it would be in coherence with the latest marking scheme.
 - 0
hijo de puta
 - 1
What are you looking for?


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Chemistry in Context: A Citizen-First Approach to Foster Student Engagement and Motivation
WEBINAR (69 minutes) recorded April 9, 2020
Students are the next generation of citizens who will need to deal with the consequences of today's global challenges (i.e., climate change, air and water quality, nutrition). As such, all students need to understand basic chemistry principles to gauge the accuracy of media reports. In this webinar, we will present a strategy to introduce fundamental chemistry concepts through a context-first approach using the ACS textbook Chemistry in Context. With chemistry principles woven into discussions on a need-to-know basis, students can easily grasp how chemistry influences their everyday lives. We will describe how a variety of media (e.g., videos, simulations, labs, demos) can be used to initiate in-class discussions and assist students with retaining knowledge outside of the classroom.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Today's guest blog is from Zachary Kron, Architectural Designer and Software Analyst for Autodesk.
Have you ever seen those elegant, light masonry arches that seem impossibly thin? Along with a little mortar to just help things stick together, they only use gravity and careful form making to stand up. How can you find that kind of arched form where the bricks are held together by gravity? And how could you make a cool 3D model of it?
I did a little masonry experiment in Autodesk® Project Vasari, a design tool for creating building concepts that is freely available for download as a Technology Preview from Autodesk Labs. Along with integrated analysis for solar, energy, and carbon data, Vasari includes a physics based form finding tool called Nucleus. This feature allows designers to simulate gravity, wind, constraints, and collisions on surfaces with different physical properties. Combined with the paneling tools in Vasari, I was able to simulate a compression masonry structure.
In most fabrication scenarios, assembling this sort of structure out of individual pieces would be a nightmare of numbering, finding neighboring pieces, and creating temporary scaffold structures. In this experiment, however, the entire assembly was printed out on a Z Corp ZPrinter 450 pre-assembled, and the "scaffolding" was simply vacuumed out from underneath. No assembly required!
This form was relatively conservative in terms of stressing the compression system and creating tight joints. Next time we run this experiment, we'll try creating a more pronounced gap on a more dynamic form.
- ▼ April (4)


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Aspirin dose and thromboxane metabolism in African American stroke patients
Purpose:To evaluate thromboxane metabolism in African American stroke patients on different doses of aspirin. Methods:Consecutive African American patients within 3 month of non-cardioembolic stroke and not being treated with anticoagulation were recruited. Antithrombotic therapy at the time of sample collection was not prespecified and varied according to the practice patterns of the different attending physicians who treated the patients during their acute stroke. The thromboxane metabolite 11-dehydrothroboxane B2 (11-DTB2) was measured by enzyme immunoassay in random urine samples collected at the time of enrollment. Results:99 patients were enrolled but 15 could not give a urine sample at the time of enrollment. Data on the remaining 84 patients were evaluable. There were 49 men and 35 women aged 36–87 (mean 62) years. Based on antithrombotic treatment during sample collections, we divided patients into four groups: no aspirin N=16 (no antithrombotic drugs N=4 or ticlopidine N=12), aspirin 81–325 mg/d N=19 (81 mg/day N=1, 325 mg/day N=18), aspirin 650 mg/d N=19, aspirin 975–1300 mg/d N=30 (975 mg/d N=2 and 1300 mg/d N=28). After log transformation of the 11-DTB2 values the geometric means in the no aspirin, 81–325 mg/d, 650 mg/d, and 975–1300 mg/d groups were 1355, 912, 758, and 731 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. Based on one way ANOVA, the mean 11-DTB2 concentration was significantly different between the 4 groups (p=0.03). There was a significant negative relationship between aspirin dose and 11-DTB2 concentration (Pearson Correlation, r = -0.26, P=0.02). Conclusion:In African American stroke patients thromboxane production appears to be progressively inhibited by aspirin doses up to 650 mg/d. The clinical significance of this effect by aspirin doses ≤650 mg/d remains to be determined.


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|PORIFERA : HALICHONDRIDA : Halichondriidae||SPONGES|
Description: This sponge can be very polymorphic, varying from a cushion to almost a branching-repent form. A cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or, more typically, to a profusion of simple, solid, tassel-like branches with the oscules mainly along their length (cf. Halichondria panicea). In some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons, attaching to any suitable object they encounter. The colour is usually buff or cream, never green.
Habitat: On rock or other animals, even ascidian tests. It reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries, being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace Halichondria panicea (but there are reports of both species occuring together in silty conditions).
Distribution: A common species in the British Isles.
Similar Species: The variable nature of Halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively. The most likely confusion is with Halichondria panicea. The growth of tassels in H. bowerbanki seems to be a good character, but these are not present all year round. H. bowerbanki lacks the green colour that is present in H. panicea in well lit conditions and also the characteristic smell.
Key Identification Features:
Distribution Map from BioMar data for Ireland - Google Earth map: download this placemark (not got Google Earth installed?)
Distribution Map from NBN: JNCC MNCR Seasearch data - Grid map : Interactive map : National Biodiversity Network mapping facility, data for UK.
|Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C., 2010. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland |
|Copyright © National Museums of Northern Ireland, 2002-2012|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Two factor authentication plugin – FAQs
Two Factor Authentication
What are the shortcodes available in the two factor authentication plugin?
The following short-codes are available:
twofactor_user_settings : This short-code will display the whole user configuration. Use this to allow your users to get/set their TFA settings. Alternatively, to design the page yourself, you can use the individual short-codes, following:
twofactor_user_settings_enabled : Display the option to turn TFA on or off. If you supply the parameter style="require_current" then the user will have to enter the current code correctly to be allowed to activate TFA.
twofactor_user_qrcode : Display the user's QR code for scanning.
twofactor_user_emergencycodes : Display the user's emergency codes.
twofactor_user_advancedsettings : Display the user's advanced settings (e.g. selecting TOTP or HOTP).
twofactor_user_privatekeys : Display the user's private keys. Use the 'type' parameter, with values 'full' (default), 'plain', 'base32' or 'base64' to control exactly what is displayed.
twofactor_user_privatekeys_reset : Display a link for the user to reset (change) their private key.
twofactor_user_currentcode : Display the current TFA code.
twofactor_user_presstorefresh : Wrap this shortcode around any HTML that you want to cause the current TFA code (displayed by the twofactor_user_currentcode shortcode) to refresh when clicked. i.e. Use both an opening and closing shortcode tag; and whatever you put inside will cause an update if the user clicks on it. Example:
Example short-code usage
twofactor_conditional : Wrap this shortcode around any content that you wish to be displayed only if the condition is met. The condition is specified by the "onlyif" parameter, with valid values: active, inactive, available, unavailable. The content will be shown depending on whether the user has TFA available (i.e. the administrator has allowed it for their user level)/activated. You can use this, for example, to display notices to your users to suggest that they activate TFA, or to remind them that it is available, etc.
Here are a couple of screenshots of examples of using these shortcodes. In the first, the site owner is using the WordPress page editor to design his own TFA-setup page for users, using short-codes:
Designing your own page for users, using short-codes
In the second is an example of the twofactor_conditional shortcode (make sure that you do not have anything cacheing a page it is used on):
Conditional shortcode example
What is two factor authentication?
How does two factor authentication work?
Since "two factor authentication" just means "a second something is necessary to get in", this answer depends upon the particular set-up. In the most common case, a numeric code is shown on your phone, tablet or other device. This code could be sent via an SMS, but this depends on the mobile phone network working, and is technically easy to hijack (and so is not recommended by security professionals). So, this plugin does not uses that method. Instead, it uses a standard mathematical algorithm to generate codes that are only valid once each, or for only for 30 seconds (depending on which algorithm you choose). Your phone or tablet can know the code after it has been set up once (often, by just scanning a bar-code off the screen).
What if I do not have a phone or tablet?
If your pass-code used to work, but no longer does, then check that the time on your device that generates them is accurate (it needs to agree with the webserver within around 30 seconds; note that time zones are irrelevant to this – what they need to agree on is how many seconds have passed since it became the year 1970 in London).
If you cannot get in and need to disable two-factor authentication, then add this to your wp-config.php file, using FTP, SFTP, shell access or the file manager in your hosting control panel:
define('TWO_FACTOR_DISABLE', true);
Alternatively, if you have FTP, SFTP, shell access or cPanel access to your web hosting space, you can de-activate the plugin; see this article:
What are HOTP and TOTP?
How can I trigger an action when the user saves their TFA settings on the front-end?
When settings are successfully saved, the plugin triggers a jQuery event upon the document:
jQuery(document).trigger('tfa_settings_saved', resp);
So, you just need to add some JavaScript to your site (e.g. using one of the popular plugins for doing this, or using your own hand-coding) to hook that event.
For example, to reload the page after the settings are saved:
jQuery(document).on('tfa_settings_saved', function() {
Can the two-factor code be sent by email?
Our two-factor authentication plugin does not support sending codes by email, because this is not secure. This is because WordPress also sends password reset links by email (via the link on the login form for people who have forgotten their password). Thus, the email account would have access to both the ability to set passwords and read two-factor codes, meaning that it was not truly a second factor. This would be mitigated somewhat if the email itself was protected by two-factor authentication via another mechanism – but in this case a) users are already being expected to use something other than email, so that shouldn't be a problem for WordPress either, and b) it is outside of the control of the administrator of the WordPress website, which would nullify the plugin's features for handing them this control.
Email delivery is also unreliable and often unencrypted, which makes it an unsuitable communications channel to rely upon for time-dependent (two factor codes are time-limited) and security-related functions.
Is any user personal information processed (for GDPR etc.) purposes by the plugin?
No. Logging in, setting up TFA, and all other operations of plugin functionality do not send any data to any remote service.
If you connect the plugin to receive plugin updates using the WordPress plugin update mechanism, then it will periodically request information on update availability from our servers. The information contained in this update check (e.g. the identifier for your account with us, the WordPress and PHP version the plugin is running on) is not processed by us for any further purpose. It does not contain any information on how or by whom the plugin is used (i.e. "telemetrics") beyond the URL of the website it is installed upon. The HTTP request as logged by our webserver may remain in our webserver logs until they are periodically and automatically rotated, up to 6 months later.
I deliberately entered a wrong password, and the Two Factor Authentication plugin let me log in


What Can Optical Comparators Do For You?
Optical Comparators
Optical comparators are used to magnify an image of a part to gather a tremendous amount of information about that particular part in a short time. For those who are not very familiar with these kinds of machines, optical comparators are measurement tools that magnify images onto a glass screen using mirrors, lenses, and illumination sources for the purpose of making two dimension measurements.
Optical comparators have been used for more than five decades and they still remain a cost-effective and versatile technology for monitoring the quality and processes of a wide range of manufactured parts. Over the years, optical comparators have evolved into full-featured equipment that uses modern optical, electrical and mechanical technology to maximize cost savings and minimize inspection time. So, why should you invest in optical comparators?
Get Accurate Information
You can use optical comparators to gather simple length and width measurements. However, you can get more information about a manufactured part apart from dimensions. You can use the optical comparators to detect undesirable chamfers, indentations, scratches, or burrs by checking the magnified image of a part. In addition, the screen of a comparator can be viewed by multiple people and provide a medium for discussion.
Ability to Measure In 2-D Space
Unlike calipers and micrometers which are used to measure one dimension at a time, optical comparators are used to measure widths and lengths simultaneously. In order to do this, the operator lines up the screen centreline with the lower left-hand corner of the image to establish a zero point to get a simultaneously reading of both width and length. The optical comparator is able to obtain the straight-line distance with a single keystroke.
Noncontact Gages
This is a key advantage of why you need to invest in optical comparators. When measuring a part using comparators, only the light touches the part, meaning that no other direct forces are involved in the process that can change the shape of delicate parts. Unlike hand gages, noncontact gages eliminate the feel factor which can easily result in human error.
Save Time
Optical comparators are easy to use and their ergonomic designs reduce operator fatigue, retraining costs and the inspection, all while increasing throughput. The costs involved in parts setup times and handling are significantly reduced since comparators generally allow each part to be viewed in 2-D in one orientation. Custom hard gages, unlike optical comparators, need frequent recertification and are subject to wear which takes them out of service. Additionally, hard gages are inflexible and in case of minor product design changes, they would require costly modifications or rendered obsolete. On the other hand, optical comparators are easily adaptable to design changes, are general-purpose measurement devices and they are appropriate for either repetitious inspections or first-article.
Take Different Types of Measurements
There are different ways to measure dimensions using an optical comparator. Common types of measurements include:
 - Measurement by comparison
 - Measurement by screen rotation
 - Measurement by motion
Bottom Line
As mentioned earlier, optical comparators are used in different industry applications to measure manufactured parts around the world. They are available with numerous options and features to suit many applications. They can be used in machine shops, final inspection areas, assembly and production floors and R&D labs just to mention a few. Their return on investment, range of capabilities and versatility make comparators integral and indispensable to any quality plan.
by George Chitos
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How to Identify a Dragonfly
Field guides have long helped nurture nature lovers' passion for birds, and more recently butterflies. Now, they're helping people explore the astounding diversity of dragonflies and damselflies. Whether you're a longtime birder looking to tackle a new type of life list, a practiced dragonfly watcher craving for more information, or a novice who's interest in the darting, zipping jewels has just been sparked, there's a guide for you. Here, Audubon offers a selection of field guides for dragonfly enthusiasts, ranging from expert to beginner, and specific region to the entire continent.
Blair Nikula, Jackie Sones, Donald Stokes, Lillian Stokes
Little, Brown and Company, 150 pages, $9.99
Lightweight and portable, this guide can fit in a pocket or daypack for use in the field. The opening pages provide general information about dragonfly biology, and give tips on what to look for to aid identification. Species are organized into like groups, with a checklist in front to point readers in the right section. Although it doesn't cover every species, this book is a perfect introductory guide to dragonfly and damselfly identification.
By Sidney W. Dunkle
Oxford University Press, 266 pages, $29.95
Getting up close to identify flighty dragonflies can be difficult, so binoculars are an indispensible tool to help pinpoint a species from afar. In addition to the standard identification information, Dragonflies through Binoculars offers advice on different types of optics, and how to best use them to identify dragonflies. Dunkle, a biologist at Collin County Community College in Texas, also includes tips on where to find dragonflies. The guide's index doubles as a built-in checklist for enthusiasts to keep track of species they have spotted.
By Ed Lam
Biodiversity Books, 96 pages, $25
If your interest extends to damsels, not dragons, Damselflies of the Northeast: A Guide to the Species of Eastern Canada & the Northeastern United States is your go-to guide. An artist and authority on odes, Ed Lam's illustrations are both beautiful and extremely useful. Experts will enjoy the wealth of technical detail, while beginners will appreciate the tips to distinguish between similar species. Helpfully, Lam notes if a species can be identified in the field, or if capture and up-close inspection are optimal to pinpoint a species.
By Dennis Paulson
Princeton University Press, 576 pages, $29.95
Odonatologist Dennis Paulson's Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East is a great all-in-one guide to the 336 species in the eastern United States and Canada. The book contains helpful illustrations of the anatomical parts necessary for identification, in addition to large color photographs of each species. Also included is a glossary and index for quick navigation. Especially useful is the natural history section, which notes each species' unique behavior for better identification.
By Dennis Paulson
Princeton University Press, 536 pages, $29.95
The companion to the eastern edition, Dennis Paulson's guide features all 348 species of dragonfly and damselfly west of the Mississippi River. The book contains large color photographs of both males and females for each species, in addition to the standard species description, identification tips, habitat, and range. Like the eastern version, it has a section on odes natural history, with detailed notes on the unique behavior of each species.
By Giff Beaton
University of Georgia Press, 368 pages, $24.95
Covering southeastern species found north of Florida, naturalist Giff Beaton's guide is perfect for dragonfly enthusiasts living in Georgia and neighboring states. The text covers the 150 most common species in the region, many of which are found in the Mid-Atlantic States and Florida as well. Large color photographs make for easy identification, and the guide also includes information on flight seasons, range, similar species, habitat, and behavior.
By John C. Abbott
Princeton University Press, 360 pages, $39.50
Dragonfly lovers of the south-central United States now have a guide all their own. This comprehensive tome includes the 263 species of dragonflies and damselflies that inhabit Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Covering more than half of North America's species, it's also useful outside of the south-central states. Entomologist John Abbott's weighty guide is for serious enthusiasts, and includes a checklist, large bibliography, and helpful range maps.
By Kathy Biggs
Azalea Creek Publishing, 128 pages, $9.95
Naturalist Kathy Bigg's beginner-friendly book covers the 113 species of dragonflies and damselflies of California. The guide features a bold line showing the length of each species, to help compare dragonflies of different sizes. Color photographs of both males and females are included. The descriptions are detailed but succinct, so it's light enough to carry into the outdoors. Beginners will also appreciate the explanations of technical terms included in the glossary.


The Daily Need
A couple of pawns in a historic game of chess
While politicians are busy mining the intellectual works of the Founding Fathers for evidence to support their agendas, archaeologists in Virginia have uncovered actual physical evidence of how one such Father exercised his intellect at home. Archaeologists at Montpelier, James Madison's Virginia estate, recently discovered pieces of two pawns that belonged to the former president's chess set among a variety of artifacts excavated from a 19th century trash heap.
Historians have long known that our fourth president was an avid chess player. Madison frequently matched wits on the chessboard with his presidential predecessor, Thomas Jefferson, whose granddaughter Ellen Wayles Coolidge would later write that her grandfather, "a very good chess-player," sometimes participated in "'four hour games' with Mr. Madison," as the Associated Press recently pointed out.
James Madison chess set
A game of chess with Mr. Madison
Curators at his Montpelier home located a chess set they believe is very like the one Madison often used.
Pieces of two pawns were found among items recovered during excavations of a trash heap at Montpelier.
A game of chess with Mr. Madison
A game in progress at Montpelier.
A game of chess with Mr. Madison
A game in progress at Montpelier.
The games may have had special significance for the two presidents, who were close friends and allies. "You can play chess and just move people around, but those epic battles are very evocative of what their friendship was," said Matthew Reeves, director of archaeology at Montpelier.
Madison's leading role at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 earned him the nickname "Father of the Constitution," though his introversion has allowed more flamboyant characters like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin to overshadow him in the popular memory. Visitors to Montpelier in the years after Madison left the presidency recalled extensive discussions of politics, books and the beginnings of the nation. Chess was a game well-suited to the ex-president's quiet intelligence. His passion for the game "showed that he was an intellectual," said Reeves. "His intellectual nature extended into his personal life, into his daily activities. Even in games, he was very much an intellectual."
Reeves began searching for remnants of the former president's chess set after managers at Montpelier announced their wish to purchase and display a contemporary set. He found two small pieces of ivory that stood out, though barely, in a collection of sewing equipment excavated from the grounds in the 1990s. "If you weren't looking for a chess set," he said, "they looked like they might be part of a sewing bobbin."
Reeves sent a photograph of the pieces to a chess expert, who confirmed they were, in fact, part of a colonial-era "Washington-style set." The high cost and low availability of chess sets in Madison's time made them almost exclusively the property of the master of the house, which meant that Reeves had likely discovered a part of the set given to Madison by his colleague Benjamin Franklin and used in his matches with Thomas Jefferson.
Those ivory pieces provided Montpelier's curators with enough information to purchase an identical chess set dating from the same period. They unveiled it this week at Montpelier.
"It might seem like a simple little chess piece," said Reeves, "part of a pawn, but it helps us to add another detail to the rich tapestry of who Mr. Madison was."
 - thumb
 A health care legacy, revisited
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 Bloomsday, I said yes
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 A founding father's books discovered in Missouri library
 - Leah-Jamielynn
 - Will p
 Go Jed!!!


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What to Do with Doggy Doo
Americans haven't always been so concerned about cleaning up after their canine companions. Until fairly recently, people let their doggies do their thing, and then left the doo on the streets and sidewalks. A few conscientious souls did take the time to curb their dogs. In doing so, they were following the advice of experts. But what exactly is curbing?
Curbing is the polite term for a canine waste disposal method that really should be called the Shove-It-Into-the-Sewer approach. A curbed dog is one who's been taught to poop in the street, right by the curb, so that the next rainstorm can sweep his deposits into the nearest gutter. Once in the gutter, the poop and lots of other waste wind their way through a city's sewer system and, eventually, into nearby creeks, streams, and rivers. Those final destinations are one reason curbing is a questionable canine waste disposal method.
Scientists have discovered that dog poop is a major cause of water pollution, and that such pollution poses a significant hazard to human health. In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says pet waste is a significant cause of water body contamination in areas where there are high concentrations of dogs.
Canine waste contains lots of nasty bacteria with almost unpronounceable names: fecal streptococcus and fecal coliforms are just two examples. In sufficiently high amounts, these bacteria can make people sick — sometimes very sick. For example, E. coli bacteria often causes gastrointestinal infections, as well as infections to the ear, eye, and throat. Another bacteria, campylobacter, can cause diarrhea in humans. Still another form of poop-loving bacteria, salmonella, can cause infections that trigger fever, muscle aches, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dog waste also contains other not-so-lovely disease-transmitting organisms such as roundworms. These parasites can cause their human victims to lose their vision temporarily, as well as trigger coughs and fevers.
Never thought your dog's doo could do so much damage, did you?
Curbing also jeopardizes a dog's safety. Forcing your dog to do his business in the street puts her dangerously close to fast-moving cars, buses, and trucks. A careless driver or spooked dog can easily trigger a traffic accident that would seriously injure or even kill not only the dog, but also human bystanders, passengers, and drivers.
The quickest, easiest way to get rid of a dog's poop is to put it in a plastic bag and either drop the bag in a trash can or flush the bag's contents down a toilet.
You might think that this method would have a high gross-out factor. And it does — if you use the wrong size bag. There's nothing more disgusting than using a teeny-tiny bag to pick up a great big piece of dog poop and having some of that poop end up on your hand instead of in the bag. But that doesn't have to happen. There are two keys to effective bagging: using the right size bag and developing the proper bagging technique.
For all but the tiniest dogs, a sandwich-sized bag or smaller just isn't big enough to pick up poop. It's far better to choose a larger size, such as an empty bread bag or the plastic bag that your morning newspaper was delivered in. Both these types of bags also carry a second advantage: They're oblong, which greatly eases your ability to get the poop into the bag instead of on yourself.
Before you use your bag, though, check to make sure that it doesn't have any holes. Picking up a bunch of dog doo only to have it hit the ground again is a surefire recipe for frustration.
After you have a large enough bag, it's easy to gather up the poop. Here's how:
1. Pull the plastic bag over one hand like a glove.
If you're cleaning up while walking your dog, loop the leash around your wrist and pull the bag over the leashed hand.
2. Pick up the poop with your bagged hand.
3. With your other hand, grasp the open end of the bag and pull the bag inside out.
The poop will now be inside the bag.
4. Knot the bag and drop it into the nearest trash can.
Alternatively, take the bag inside and flush the contents down the toilet. Throw the plastic bag in the trash.
Of course, if there's no trash can nearby, you'll need to carry the bagged poop until you find a suitable receptacle. But take heart. Soon, not even the thought of having to tote your dog's poop around town will gross you out. It'll just be a fact of life.
If you simply can't bear the idea of handling your dog's poop — even if there's a bag between the poop and your hand — you may want to consider using a pooper-scooper. These devices consist of various long-handled rakes, shovels, and/or spades that enable the owner to scoop up that poop without having to bend down and get close to it.
Pooper scoopers are a good choice for owners whose dogs confine their defecating to their own yards. Even though pooper-scooper laws don't apply to dogs who eliminate on their owners' property, it's still a good idea to pick up your dog's doodoo. That way you'll avoid stepping in it while you're gardening, mowing the lawn, or running to catch an errant toddler (and the toddler won't step in it, either). However, scoopers aren't as good as bags for owners whose dogs potty while walking, because the scoopers are relatively cumbersome to carry.
Pooper scoopers generally cost between $15 and $25. They're available at most pet stores, at pet product Web sites, and in pet supply catalogs.
If you don't want to put your dog's poop in the trash, or if you like the idea of high-tech waste disposal, you may want to acquire a waste digester system. These small, in-ground systems work the same way septic systems do: They liquefy any dog poop deposited there and drain the liquid into the surrounding soil.
The digester system has two parts: the digester unit itself (including the lid), and the digester mix. Here's how to use them:
1. Find a convenient but out-of-the-way spot in your yard to install the digester.
2. Dig a hole that's about 48 inches deep.
3. Install the digester and lid in the hole. The lid should be just a little bit above the ground.
4. When your dog poops, bring the poop to the digester, remove the lid, and place the poop inside.
5. Add some digester mix and some water and replace the lid.
The digester will then do its thing.
Digesters are a good option for the same people who go for pooper scoopers: owners whose dogs do most of their pooping in their own yards. In fact, the two methods can be used together: Use the scooper to transport the poop to the digester and use the digester to process the poop. Look for digesters at pet stores, in pet supply catalogs, and on pet retail Web sites. The cost, including both the digester unit and the digester mix, ranges between $50 and $75.


Tag Archives: pragmatic PR
3 Ways Pessimism is an Asset in PR
Does pessimism have a place in PR?
Half empty or half full?
An article recently published over at the MIT Sloan Management Review blog caught my attention. Essentially, the article asserted that in a world where optimism reigns, a little pessimism is a good thing.
In our culture, pessimism is generally perceived as a state of mind where one anticipates negative outcomes. We often classify individuals as either optimistic or pessimistic based on the age old question, "Is the glass half empty or half full?" We tend to classify those who answer "half empty" as stewards of a pessimistic outlook, always focusing on the negative and what's likely to go wrong.
Despite the stigma that pessimism has, can it be interpreted as an undervalued asset and a valuable tool in PR? Continue reading


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Here we present an approach for modeling sensory processing, termed the Nonlinear Input
Model (NIM), which is based on the hypothesis that the dominant nonlinearities imposed by physiological mechanisms arise
from rectification of a neuron's inputs. Incorporating such 'upstream nonlinearities' within the standard linear-nonlinear (LN)
cascade modeling structure implicitly allows for the identification of multiple stimulus features driving a neuron's response,
which become directly interpretable as either excitatory or inhibitory.
Because its form is analogous to an integrate-and-fire
neuron receiving excitatory and inhibitory inputs, model fitting can be guided by prior knowledge about the inputs to a
given neuron, and elements of the resulting model can often result in specific physiological predictions.
providing an explicit probabilistic model with a relatively simple nonlinear structure, its parameters can be efficiently
optimized and appropriately regularized.... "
McFarland JM, Cui Y, Butts DA (2013) Inferring nonlinear neuronal computation based on physiologically plausible inputs. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003143 [PubMed]


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Reworking the working coast: Economic change and the geography of opportunity in Southeast Louisiana
Published: Oct 16, 2019
In Southeast Louisiana, the changing nature of economic opportunity will shape the degree to which the Super Region, and communities within it, experience the effects of coastal land loss. Over the long term, underlying economic dynamics can constrain the capacity of coastal communities to invest in protection and adaptation. For example, as residents' access to jobs changes, so may their ability to pay rising property insurance rates. At the same time, local governments may face shrinking tax rolls due to lower property values, constraining government's ability to invest in flood protection. This brief examines the changing distribution and mix of industries and occupations in the Super Region to inform economic development decisions that can boost coastal communities' ability to be resilient in the face of rising seas.
Land loss, the risk of storm surge, and the threat of chronic inundation will be factors in the economy of Southeast Louisiana for the foreseeable future. Environmental risk will have impacts on the regional economy particularly because coastal Louisiana is a "working coast" with important job centers that are economically interconnected with larger job centers in New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The brief sheds light on the feedback loop between economic change and the region's prospects for resilience and adaptation.
The brief finds that front-line coastal areas have provided decent pathways to upward mobility. However, some of the sites of the greatest opportunity in the Super Region are among its most threatened. This brief highlights the fact that the response to coastal challenges hinges on non-environmental factors, such as the fate of key industries like oil and gas, the possibility of further losses of middle-earning occupations, and the availability of jobs in vulnerable coastal areas.


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About the Project
This project seeks to improve the resiliency of coastal communities by better understanding the trade-offs in single family residential (SFR) building design that is preferred for reduction of flood hazard exposure (via elevation) but, simultaneously, increasing exposure to wind-related hazards. Because flooding caused so much damage during Sandy, the adaptive response has been to change zoning regulations and building codes to require, in certain locations, elevation of single-family homes above new higher flood levels. For example, in Fairfield where flooding damaged thousands of homes, 48 single-family residences are now elevated with additional SFR elevations already in the planning stages. While elevating homes minimizes flood risk, these newly elevated homes may now be at greater risk from exposure to damaging winds.
Complicating wind hazard exposures in Connecticut and other New England regions are SFR building designs which tend to be multiple stories high (e.g., typical colonial) with steeply sloping roofs. These typical design elements exacerbate the potential risk from wind damage because building height and roof slope increase wind loads. And, while existing SFR homes must be elevated, no wind retrofit design elements are required to be installed during the elevation process. The question coastal communities' must consider is, do SFR elevation requirements without consideration of additional wind load exposure make their community more (or less) resilient? This project's goal is to help coastal communities answer this question by exploring the tradeoffs between flood and wind risks.
To evaluate these trade-offs, damage assessment methodologies for coastal communities under wind and flood hazards will be built and applied to real-world residential buildings in Fairfield and Milford. Deliverables include design parameters for new and retrofit SFR, such as recommended elevation height of low rise buildings to avoid flood hazard, building type or roof type and slope and educational materials on wind/flood hazard and recommendations to improve coastal community resiliency.
Resilient Coastal Communities Under Wind and Flood Hazards Report
Connecticut Sea Grant Research Awards
Funding for this project is provided by the NOAA Regional Coastal Resilience Grants under the NOAA Office for Coastal Management.
- Wei Zhang, UConn Civil & Environmental Engineering (Project Lead)
- Christine Kirchhoff, UConn Civil & Environmental Engineering
- Juliana Barrett, CT Sea Grant, Extension
This project is a part of the following topical areas:


BLS Pilates of Annapolis is a private Pilates studio in the Annapolis, MD area
specializing in classical Pilates. Lessons are offered by owner
Bette Lynn
Steiner both privately and as duets in a quiet, relaxing setting.
What is Pilates?
Contact Us
For more information or to schedule a lesson,
please complete the
contact form, email Bette
Lynn or call _PHONE_.
" one word? - Exercise... two words? - Corrective exercise...
" Michael Miller
"The attainment and maintenance of a uniformly developed body with a sound
varied daily tasks with spontaneous zest and pleasure.
" Joseph Pilates
About BLS Pilates of Annapolis
Bette Lynn Steiner
BLS Pilates Home
Schedule of Classes
BLS Pilates of Annapolis
1. Improve flexibility and mobility
2. Build strength without bulk.
3. Correct postural alignment
4. Improve coordination and balance
5. Reduce stress
6. Develop a mind-body harmony
What can Pilates do for you?


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This section explains the steps required to load an image to the image editor. Image editor has a built-in toolbar that has options to edit the image with shapes, path, text, crop, rotate and flip.
After installing Essential Studio for UWP, you can find all the required assemblies in the installation folder,
SfImageEditor is available in the following assembly and namespace:
In addition, you have to install a
Win2Dpackage to save the image.
Initialize the image editor
- Import the SfImageEditor namespace as shown below,
- Initialize the image editor as shown below,
SfImageEditor editor = new SfImageEditor(); grid.Children.Add(editor);
Loading an image to the image editor
It can be done by the following two ways:
- Using bitmap object
- Using Stream
Using bitmap object
You can load an image to the control as a bitmap object.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); BitmapImage bitMapImage = new BitmapImage(); image.SetSource(stream); imageEditor.ImageSource = bitMapImage;
You can load an image to the control as a stream.
IRandomAccessStream stream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read); imageEditor.Image = stream;
- After an image has been loaded to the SfImageEditor, you can start to edit an image by using the built-in Toolbar


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During a five-year period in the 1960s, dozens of students and a handful of educators contributed to an appreciation of Hungarian culture and life.
Almost 50 years later, Case Western Reserve was honored for its role with an Abraham Lincoln Award, presented by the American Hungarian Foundation.
Attendees at the recognition ceremony included August J. Molnar, president of the American Hungarian Foundation; special guests from the Hungarian American community; and the family of Ferenc Somogyi, the professor who taught the university's Cultural History of the Hungarian People course for five years.
President Barbara R. Snyder hosted the special event. "I often say that the mission of a research university is to advance knowledge and understanding. When we study the history and culture of other places, we inevitably gain new appreciation for what is unique and admirable about them. More, we discover ways in which that heritage helps shape the culture of our own country," she said at the event, which was held in late spring.
According to the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, at one time the city's Hungarian population was the second-largest in the world.
From 1962 to 1967, almost 100 students enrolled in the course, which also had teaching support from John Palasics, a well-known member of the Hungarian community, and Freda B. Kovacs, a writer and teacher who focused on Hungarian life and culture.
The American Hungarian Foundation sponsors grants, special events, lectures, educational scholarships and exhibits portraying the unique cultural and historical heritage of American Hungarians.
According to the foundation, "The Abraham Lincoln Award honors Case Western Reserve University for having enhanced the appreciation and understanding of Hungarian culture and heritage in America."
The award is inspired by the sixteenth president of the United States, who often spoke of the important role immigrants and their descendents played in American Life.
Additional resources: The Cleveland Hungarian Heritage Society.
Case Western Reserve University is committed to the free exchange of ideas, reasoned debate and intellectual dialogue. Speakers and scholars with a diversity of opinions and perspectives are invited to the campus to provide the community with important points of view, some of which may be deemed controversial. The views and opinions of those invited to speak on the campus do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration or any other segment of the university community.


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Posted by admin | Posted in Interactive Whiteboard, Knowledge (remember), Primary Elementary, Science, Secondary Elementary, Teacher Resources, Understand (describe, explain), Websites | Posted on 02-04-2012
What it is: The Office of Naval Research has a great interactive site filled with science and technology exploration for students. On the site, students can explore oceanography, space, and blow the ballast. Each section of the site has sub categories that let students narrow down their focus. The majority of the site is purely informational with accompanying images and short quizzes. My favorite portion of the site is the seasonal constellations. It really is the star of the site (no pun intended). The constellation interactive focuses on the constellations that can be viewed during each season. When students click on a season, they will see the constellations and options to show/hide the pictures, lines and names of the stars. The explanation of constellations and the seasonal impact on what students will see in the night sky is fantastic. In the Teacher's Corner, you will find great animations for each topic (space, oceanography, and submarines). These are fantastic visualizations of complex concepts made simple for students.
Please leave a comment and share how you are using Science and Technology Office of Naval Research in your classroom!


Ask a Paleontologist: How Did Dinosaurs Reproduce?
On Exhibit posts
How did dinosaurs reproduce? The Central Asiatic Expeditions, led by the Museum's Roy Chapman Andrews and Walter Granger, discovered some of the earliest, well-preserved dinosaur eggs in Mongolia during the 1920s. The oval-shaped eggs, about 20 cm long, were thought to belong to the most commonly found dinosaur at the Flaming Cliffs, Protoceratops.
However, Museum expeditions in the 1990s discovered identical eggs, one of which contained the embryo of an Oviraptor-like dinosaur, which altered our view of which dinosaur laid these eggs.
Oviraptor fossil with eggs
Oviraptor fossil with eggs
© AMNH/D. Finnin
Also, skeletons of Oviraptor were discovered squatting on top of clusters of eggs, with their arms folded back against their body, just like many living birds brood on their nests.


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Lake Waccamaw offers lessons in history and nature
To view our videos, you need to
install Adobe Flash 9 or above. Install now.
Then come back here and refresh the page.
At three miles by five miles, Lake Waccamaw covers nearly 9,000 acres. It is what is known as a Carolina bay.
"There are over 500,000 Carolina bay lakes. This is the largest bay lake," said Toby Hall with Lake Waccamaw State Park.
Carolina bays are oval shaped bodies of water that all have similar characteristics.
"You'll notice they all predominantly go the same direction, northwest to southeast," said Hall.
Several theories exist for how the Carolina bays were formed, from meteors to sinkholes. The most popular at this point is the oriented lake theory.
"Ocean waters receded to where they are today. Winds from the north-northeast came in and actually carved out these oval shapes," said Hall.
Most figure they are called Carolina bays because bays are bodies of water. That is a misconception.
"It does get its name from bay vegetation, the three trees that grow typically around Carolina bay lakes," said Hall.
The northern shore of Lake Waccamaw is limestone, which is exposed in several locations. That gives the water an unusual neutral PH and a great deal of biodiversity.
"There's 54 species of fish, 15 species of mussels and clams and 10 species of freshwater snails," said Hall. "They have seven endemic species that live only in Lake Waccamaw."
Because the neutral PH is so critical to the lake's ecosystem, the state park recently created a team of monitors to make certain the water is not becoming too alkaline or acidic.
"That is a very fragile balance in maintaining the water's chemistry out here on Lake Waccamaw," said Hall.
The tea color of the lake is not related to the PH level. It is generated as the four creeks, which feed the lake, pass through decaying vegetation.
There's plenty to learn at Lake Waccamaw State Park from early Native American presence and the discovery of several dugout canoes that are being kept under the surface of the lake to a new display featuring the bones of a baleen whale found in the lake.
"It's been carbon dated to about 2.8 million years ago, which actually shows that, yes this was ocean at one time," said Hall.
Put everything together and it adds up to what many think is a special place.
"This is a gem for North Carolina," said Hall. "The importance of its protection and the continuation for future generations is what we strive for here at the lake."


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Aalnc sentence example
- The American Academy of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC) offers a Legal Nurse Consulting Online Course that can help nurses prepare for this speciality.
- According to the AALNC, much confusion exists about the specific role of the nurse consultant.
- The AALNC maintains that the profession is a speciality in the field of nursing and it should remain distinct from paralegal work.
- Certification is available through the AALNC for nurses who have experience as legal consultants.


00:00 in the caption file aligns with the first frame of your sequence, no matter what time code the sequence starts at, I.e. the caption file time codes are not linked to the sequence time codes. See this diagram for a visual explanation.
 If your FCP sequence starts at 00:59:50:00 and the first caption is supposed to appear at 01:00:01:00, the first caption time in MacCaption should be 00:00:11:00, because the caption appears 11:00 seconds after the first frame of the sequence. If you incorrectly set the caption time code at 01:00:01:00 in MacCaption, the first caption will not appear until 01:59:51:00!
 The easiest way to work around this issue is to make sure your proxy/reference movie (for time stamping) includes the whole sequence from the very first frame (including any leaders which are on the timeline), and that the Movie Time in MacCaption/CaptionMaker is set to start at 00:00:00:00. This will ensure that everything syncs up both in MacCaption and in FCP.
 Another way to work with this in MacCaption is to have your Movie Time start at the FCP sequence start time (e.g. 01:00:00:00), and also have the captions match up with this movie time (e.g. first dialog in movie is at 01:00:01:00, and the first caption is at 01:00:01:00). In this case, when you export the QuickTime CC track, you MUST enable the checkbox called "Use Movie Time to position captions at 00:00:00:00". That checkbox should always be checked if the captions are timed relative to the movie's time code track instead of relative to 00:00:00:00.
 Note that the FCP generated leader options in the Edit to Tape/Print to Video dialog (such as FCP's bars & tone, countdown, etc.) DO NOT count towards the sequence time code. The caption track will start when the actual sequence starts to play. However, any bars/leaders/etc. which are in the sequence DO count towards the sequence time code.
 One more note about FCP: If the caption file is shorter in duration than the sequence, FCP will start to loop the captions from the beginning when it reaches the end of the caption file. This sometimes shows up as the first captions from the start of the movie start playing during the ending credits or during the tail after the movie. If you did not caption anything during the credits, the last caption in your project ends before the FCP sequence does, so the captions start to loop. The solution is simple: The caption file must be longer (or at least just as long) as the FCP sequence. You can fix this by putting a blank caption at the end of your project, and make sure that blank caption's time is at or after the end of the FCP sequence.
 - My first caption was cut off or appears late.
 Pop-on captions need a few seconds to pre-load the data before the caption actually appears. If you have a caption that starts very close to the start of the program or a cut point, the data for that caption might get cut off and the caption won't appear. See the "lowest limit" feature in the manual for more information. The workaround is to either set the lowest limit, or make the first caption in paint-on mode (which requires far less time to pre-load a caption).
 - Transcription issues: How to do it, speech recognition options, etc.
 There is no special trick to transcription. It is by far the most time-consuming aspect of the closed captioning/subtitling process. But, there are methods that ensure that you are transcribing in the most efficient way possible. Below are a few methods to transcribe a video.
 Use a Video File
 If you are not already doing so, make sure that you are using a video file, and not videotape, as your video source. Trying to transcribe from a tape can wear out your tape deck, and you'll spend too much time starting and stopping the tape.
 USB Foot Pedal
 A very popular tool for transcribing is a USB Foot Pedal. The VPedal is a tool that allows you to control QuickTime, Windows Media Video, and a number of other types of digital media. You can start, stop, rewind, and fast-forward your digital video with your foot, while typing directly into your word processor. What makes the foot pedal method so efficient is that you never have to take your hands off the keyboard. Eventually, you're able to get into a rhythm with your hands and foot so that you are constantly typing.
 Speech Recognition Software
 Speech Recognition Software has advanced greatly in the past few years, and has become a reliable transcription tool. The transcription method using speech-recognition employs "shadow speaking", whereby the user repeats what he or she hears in the video into a microphone. Before you use any type of speech-recognition software, such as Dragon Naturally Speaking or MacSpeech, you'll need to train with the software. This usually consists of reading stories provided by the software. After you've read a story, the software analyzes your voice and compares it to the text in the story. You'll also need to practice the technique of shadow speaking, which isn't difficult but takes time to get good at.
 At this time, there is no technology that can reliably take a video or audio file and automatically transcribe all of the text without human intervention. Speaker-independent speech recognition systems typically achieve around 60-70% accuracy, whereas 90-95% accuracy is the minimum for closed captioning.
 Transcription Service
 Often, it is more cost-effective to simply pay a service to transcribe your material. Transcription is faster and much less expensive than farming out the whole captioning process, so you can still save time and money by doing the captioning steps in-house. There are many online services that allow you to upload an.mp3 and they will provide you with a text transcription within a day. Ideally, you should be able to find a local individual whom you can trust for quick and accurate transcription.
 - How do I monitor my HD captions?
 See this white paper about the different options for monitoring HD closed captions. Basically, you can't monitor HD captions via HDMI or component outputs. The only baseband HD video that carries closed captions is HD-SDI. Also, most devices (except for the Matrox MXO2 and AJA FS-1) do not preserve the captions when down-converting HD to SD. You need an HD-SDI device that can decode HD (CEA-708) captions. Not all monitoring devices follow the complete CEA-708 spec, so the captions may not always appear exactly as intended.
 - How do I down-convert HD video with captions to SD without losing the captions?
 Only a few hardware devices (such as the Matrox MXO2 and the AJA FS-1) can preserve the closed captioning when down/up-converting a video. For other devices, you must use a separate workflow or separate output step to create the SD video with closed captions. For example, if you have a HD sequence in FCP, you can render this into a SD sequence and then use the SD captioning workflow. Or, you can print to SD tape (taking advantage of hardware down-convert), then capture SD back in and caption it using the SD workflow.
 See the AJA / Blackmagic / Matrox workflow pages for more info.
 - My Sony HD deck won't record HD video with closed captions.
 By default, most Sony HD decks are factory set to not record VANC Line 9 where the HD closed captions are stored. You must go into the deck setup or maintenance menu and look for the "VANC Packet RX" setting. This should be set to: VANC Line 9, DID 61, SDID 01. The exact menu depends on your deck. See this page for some of the settings we know, or please contact Sony for more information.
 XDCAM EX (solid state) and HDV decks do not support closed captioning.
 - My.CAP file is not working.
 Several different kinds of files have the same extension of.CAP. If the file isn't working then you are probably trying to import or export the wrong type. If you drag & drop the file into the text area, the software will automatically determine the right file type to import.
 If you need to export a.cap but you don't know what kind, try to determine if the file is supposed to be a CaptionMaker project file (.cap), Cheetah caption file (.cap), or NCI caption file (.cap). There are some other rare.cap formats as well.
 CaptionMaker.cap files are opened/saved in CaptionMaker using the File > Open and Save commands, whereas the other types are imported/exported using the File > Import and Export commands.
 MacCaption cannot open CaptionMaker.cap project files, but it can open the other types of.cap files. To move projects between the two platforms, we recommend using the Ultech.ult import/export for caption files, or the DVDSP.stl import/export for subtitle files. So if you have a CaptionMaker.cap file, open it in CaptionMaker (you can use your MacCaption dongle to run CaptionMaker and vice versa), and then export the captions as a Ultech.ult file to import into MacCaption


in,
Life Cycle Costing in Construction
What is Life Cycle Costing
One of the most important aspects of a construction company is a life cycle costing that is used by every business to outline the costs that lay ahead of them fully. To understand this, it's important to go over what a life cycle cost is, the benefits of life cycle costing, and what a building's life cycle cost is.
What is a Life Cycle Cost in Construction?
The name is what sort of helps an individual understand what a life cycle cost is. It's a method that determines the overall cost of a construction project and the cost of the entire building's life cycle.
It's often used in the early stages of a building's development. However, some companies like to use it as a tool for the entire process of a building. As noted, this is due to the fact that a life cycle cost determines the costs surrounding the entire life of a building such as the investment cost, maintenance cost, renovation cost, operating cost, and the end of life cost.
The entire stage of a construction process is a long one. Starting and ending with a concept, design, construction, operation of the project, and the end of life for the project. The amount of information surrounding this is the main reason why a life cycle cost is used. It's a tool that paints out the greater picture of cost surrounding a project to the construction team behind the project.
Life Cycle Costing in Construction Industry
Benefits of Life Cycle Costing
There are a lot of benefits for life cycle costing. One of the most important being the ability to allow a company to reduce costs. If it turns out that the company is going over their budget, they can look at a life cycle cost to help determine what alternatives they can go with to reduce cost. Alternatives such as the design, building components, and much more.
These factors are determined over the entire life span of the project allowing the company to encompass what they should do entirely.
However, it's important to know that a life cycle cost doesn't necessarily determine the cheapest option available for a construction team. It actually helps a company determine the largest economic advantage with consideration of cost and benefit over the life of a project.
Besides the ability to reduce costs, a life cycle cost helps a construction team determine the maximum benefit of their project. This is done by analyzing the cost with the benefits in mind. Combining the two is what determines the overall success rate of a project.
In simple terms, a life cycle cost is what can help determine alternatives for a more cost-effective and benefit based project.
What is a Building's Life Cycle Cost?
A life cycle cost is not just used in construction. It's something that is used in all sorts of projects because of how it determines current and future costs. This is why it's important to note the exact features of a building's life cycle cost.
A building's life cycle cost isn't too difficult to comprehend. Below is a list from beginning to the end of what a life cycle cost looks at.
1. Resource Extraction
A company will look at where the actual resources for the building should come from. Factors such as cost and environmental impact play an important role in determining where they should get the resources from.
2. Manufacturing
After the resources are extracted, the actual manufacturing of the materials needed for the project will be done. Determining what manufacturer is most suited for the job plays an important role in this method. Cost, reputation, environmental impact, and relationship plays the main factor in this step.
3. On-Site Construction
After the resources have been manufactured, the next step is the actual on-site construction. This is the main component of a construction company and is the most looked at area of the entire project.
4. Occupancy and Maintenance
Some people think that the on-site construction should be the last factor when looking at a companies costs. In reality, a life cycle cost determines everything after that as well. The occupancy and maintenance of a project should be just as heavily looked at as everything else.
5. Demolition
Once a company enters its final life cycle, demolition is the key factor in ending the life cycle of a building. The demolition is an important piece of this process, but it isn't the final step.
6. Recycling, Reuse, Disposal
After demolition occurs, the recycling, reusability, and how disposable the resources should be determined. Factors such as cost, environmental impact, and the ending of the process are what concludes the entire process of a life cycle cost.
As noted, the life cycle cost of a project is important for a company to analyze a projects entire cost and to compare and contrast alternatives for an economic benefit. It's an important tool that a lot of construction companies utilize.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Two hostile nations both claim a piece of territory. They may go to war over it. Or, they may negotiate some agreement. The agreement would be written down, and both governments would agree to keep the agreement.
- A football club wishes to buy a player from another club. A series of negotiations would take place between the clubs, the player and the player's agent. If the negotiations succeed, the player gets moved. In this case, and in many others, success is followed by a legal contract, or a court decision, which makes the agreement legal.


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Common Mistakes in Adopting CBD
- What Is Component-Based Development (CBD)?
- CBD Mistake #1: Underestimating the Adoption Costs
- CBD Mistake #2: Not Creating the Right Incentive System
- Harris Kern's Enterprise Computing Institute
As companies are increasingly adopting web services and realizing the benefits of a service-oriented architecture, component-based development (CBD) has received renewed interest. CBD provides an approach to modeling and documenting the services that are the foundation of a service-oriented architecture. These services should be defined in the context of the business processes that an organization provides both internally and externally. This article discusses some common pitfalls of adopting CBD.
What Is Component-Based Development (CBD)?
There are many definitions for the term component, but here's the commonly used definition we'll use for this article: "An identifiable piece of software that describes and/or delivers a set of meaningful services that are invoked via well-defined interfaces."
You may wonder how CBD is different from object-oriented technology (OOT), which also encourages separating the interface from the implementation. While this separation is encouraged in OOT, many organizations don't practice this approach. With CBD, this separation is enforced by explicitly declaring an interface and then an implementation for that interface. In many cases, the client program is actually written in a different language than that of the service provider (as is the case with CORBA and web services).
This is not to imply that the implementation of a component must be in an object-oriented language; in many cases, the implementation of the interface may be a series of applications written in a combination of scripting languages (such as Perl); procedural languages (such as C or COBOL); or even entire systems such as SAP, PeopleSoft, etc. In short, there is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between a service and the provider of that service. However, the client should not care about this; all it should need to know is the contract under which the service is offered. This contract defines the parameters required, the expected return values (if any), and any exceptions that may be raised.
CBD basically applies the façade design pattern; that is, defining a single service that corresponds to potentially many invocations behind the façade.
This separation promotes loose coupling between the client and the service provider and promotes reuse of functionality without requiring implementation in the same language. Contrast this with object-oriented technology, where reuse typically happens in the same language.
Examples of popular CBD platforms include.NET (for example, Visual Basic calling C#), Enterprise Java Beans (typically Java calling Java), and CORBA (multiple languages, but typically Java and C++).
These are the three basic phases of component-based development:
Planning, analyzing, and designing. Creating interfaces to adapt to rapidly evolving business processes.
Provisioning. This involves sourcing components, which includes determining whether the components should be built internally or purchased from external parties.
Deployment. Dealing with production issues.
In the process of adopting CBD, organizations make a number of common mistakes:
Underestimating the adoption costs
Not creating the right incentive system
Believing the "rapid progress" illusion
Not leveraging existing solutions
Underestimating the barriers of adoption
Not building for commercial quality
This article covers the first two mistakes from the list above: underestimating the adoption costs, and creating the wrong incentive system.
What Is a Framework?
One of the common terms that you'll encounter in any discussion of CBD is framework. A framework is a set of classes that are meant to be extended. Frameworks can be broadly organized into two categories:
System-level frameworks such as application servers (BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, etc.) that provide a set of services such as load balancing, replication, etc.
Business-level frameworks such as the San Francisco project (originally from IBM, now at Alphaworks), which provides business services such as inventory management.
While the examples in the following sections focus on organizations that build their own repositories and frameworks, these problems can occur even when using commercially available repositories (which are quite rare, especially business-level frameworks).


Chain of Responsibility Pattern in Java
Chain of Responsibility Pattern is a Behavioral Pattern in which, a Request is sent through a chain of handling Objects without knowing which Object will handle it. With Chain of Responsibility Pattern, we can avoid coupling the Sender of a request to received Objects and create a processing sequence automatically based on type of request.
Chain of Responsibility Pattern defines a set of Handlers that receive request from Sender. Each Handler processes it if possible or pass to another Handler, or does both: process and pass it on.
This is a simple diagram of the Pattern:
– We have an Abstract Handler class that contains inner Successor and handle method for processing Request and pass it to another Successor.
– All Handlers extend Abstract Handler class. Each Handler sets its own Successor (the next Handler).
– Client just gives Request for the first Handler to process, next Handler will handle Request automatically anytime it receives.
1. Project Overview
The customer has a problem with a specific level of difficulty. We have 3 people with different standards: Regular Developer, Senior and Expert. Depending on the problem level, we choose person to give customer advice. So we pass problem (level) to Regular Developer first, if he is not qualified enough to solve the problem (his level is not equal problem level), he will pass the problem to people who has higher standard, and so on.
2. Step by Step
2.1- Create AbstractConsultant class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public abstract class AbstractConsultant {
 protected int level;
 protected AbstractConsultant nextConsultant;
 public void setNextConsultant(AbstractConsultant nextConsultant) {
 this.nextConsultant = nextConsultant;
 public void giveAdvice(int level) {
 if (this.level >= level) {
 } else {
 abstract protected void advise(int level);
2.2- Create ProblemLevel enum:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public enum ProblemLevel {
 private int value;
 private ProblemLevel(int value) {
 this.value = value;
 public int value() {
 return value;
2.3- Create some Handlers class that extend AbstractConsultant class:
RegularDeveloper can give advice for problem level up to 2, Senior is up to 5, and Expert is up to 7.
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class RegularDeveloper extends AbstractConsultant {
 public RegularDeveloper() {
 this.level = 2;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Senior extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Senior() {
 this.level = 5;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Senior helps to solve problem level " + level);
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern;
public class Expert extends AbstractConsultant {
 public Expert() {
 this.level = 7;
 protected void advise(int level) {
 System.out.println("Expert helps to solve problem level " + level);
2.4- Create Client Test Class:
package com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.AbstractConsultant;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Expert;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.ProblemLevel;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.RegularDeveloper;
import com.javasampleapproach.chainofresponsibility.pattern.Senior;
public class MainApp {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 AbstractConsultant developer = new RegularDeveloper();
 AbstractConsultant senior = new Senior();
 AbstractConsultant expert = new Expert();
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---");
 ProblemLevel difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.NORMAL;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.DIFFICULT;
 System.out.println("--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---");
 difficultLevel = ProblemLevel.INSANE;
2.5- Run the code, the console window shows:
--- ProblemLevel = NORMAL ---
RegularDeveloper helps to solve problem level 2
--- ProblemLevel = DIFFICULT ---
Senior helps to solve problem level 4
--- ProblemLevel = INSANE ---
Expert helps to solve problem level 7
By grokonez | March 19, 2017.
Last updated on May 10, 2021.
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text:
The Adventure Game Machine stories are room-based, although a room can be a field, the top of a tower, a river bed, etc., and not just an actual room.
Here are the data needed for a specific room (note – the name shown is what will be used in the database as the field name):
roomid – This is an autoincremented integer.
name – Mainly for the authoring tool, this is what you call the room. Examples: Kitchen Pantry, Left Side of Grand Hallway
sdesc – The short description is shown at the top of the playing window, often this will be the same as the name field.
ldesc – The long description is shown inside the text area of the player.
lit – A boolean value that shows whether the room is naturally lit or not. If not, the player needs to have some sort of light source with them.
north, south, east, west, up, down – The roomid of the location in that direction. So each room "knows" where the possible exits lead. A blank value in a field means there is no exit in that direction.
entryevent – The ID of an event record that triggers when the player enters this room.
exitevent – The ID of an event record that triggers when the user exits this room.
audio – The ID of an audio record (more about that later). If this room was an outdoors location you could have bird sounds, wind, etc., or pots and pans for a kitchen.
picture – The ID of a picture record (more about that later). If you want more than text you can include a picture of the room.
That should be enough to get going. It's quite possible I forgot something major, or will come up with a need for another parameter, but we'll deal with that if/when it comes up.
[Edit: March 6, 2012]
Here's the SQL needed to create the room table in SQLite:
CREATE TABLE rooms
(roomid INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT,
lit INTEGER DEFAULT 1,
north INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
south INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
east INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
west INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
up INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
down INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
preenter INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
postenter INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
preexit INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
postexit INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
audio INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
visual INTEGER DEFAULT 0,


text:
U.S. researchers say warmer water and higher wind speeds have contributed to Lake Superior's near record low-water levels.
In the last 25 years, water temperatures on the lake have risen twice as fast as air temperatures, while wind speeds have increased by 30 percent, researcher Jay Austin, of the University of Minnesota-Duluth, told a Great Lakes conference Friday in Toronto.
Lakes Huron and Michigan, just inches above record lows, have been experiencing the same phenomenon, the Detroit Free Press reported Saturday.
"What we are finding is completely counter-intuitive," Austin said. "You would expect that a bigger lake like (Superior) would react more slowly to global warming."
But just the opposite is happening, he said, probably because Lake Superior, the world's largest freshwater lake, has so much more surface area to absorb heat. Lake Superior has warmed about 3 degrees Celsius since 1900, mostly in recent decades, Austin said.
Copyright 2007 by United Press International
Explore further: Source of life running out: water scientists


text:
Date of this Version
Published in Environ Toxicol (2007) 22: 1–8. DOI 10.1002/tox.20227
The potential ecological impacts of anaerobic degradation of vegetable oil on freshwater sediments were investigated. Sediment toxicity was evaluated using two regulatory biotests: the Microtox® Solid Phase Test and an amphipod (Hyalella azteca) bioassay. The results of the Microtox test showed that the toxicity of the vegetable-oil-contaminated sediments (about 17–33 g oil/kg dry sediments) increased after 2 weeks incubation and then decreased to near background levels after incubation for 8 weeks under anaerobic conditions. The amphipod toxicity bioassay showed that the toxicity of fresh contaminated sediments decreased over time and returned to background levels within 8 weeks. These results suggest that the impact of vegetable oils on organisms within sediments may be limited. To account for the significance of environmental conditions, additional studies over a wide range of incubation conditions (e.g., temperature, nutrient concentration) and other test organisms at various trophic levels are recommended for both acute and chronic toxicity assessment.


text:
This paper proposes a methodological and sociological reflection on the relationship between digital skills and social capital of families, through the
description of the activated procedures to assess the digital competency and the analysis of the first results of a pilot survey (already in progress) on a sample of pre-teens in Rome. Specifically, this paper presents the analysis of two of three main objectives of the survey: namely, 1. Planning a methodological path of mapping and systematization of all dimensions and all levels of digital competencies, through the planning and the testing of the first sociological research tool, according to the international and national policies for the digital agenda. 2. Giving back the first picture on the digital competencies of a preteens sample in the informal environment. 3. Deepening the relationship between clusters of digital competencies and the types of social capital connected to them.
Keywords: Digital Skills; Assessment; Rubric; Principle of Triangulation; Pre-teens.


text:
Atmospheric Cold Megawatts (ACM):
The Future of Power Generation
Utilizing a revolutionary new process, the ACM technology is capable of generating power at the scale of coal and hydro plants with virtually no environmental externalities. By leveraging the differences in atmospheric pressure at geographically separated locations, wind speeds approaching sonic levels can be generated within ACM pipelines. This energy may then be converted to a variety of desired forms using existing technology.
No fuel is required or consumed to produce the power. No pollutants are introduced into the atmosphere as the result of the generation process. The cost per KWh is a fraction of traditional (and alternative) generation methods. Because there are few moving parts, maintenance costs are minimal and the projected lifespan of installations is considerably longer than any other generation method.
The ACM technology is based on historical differences in atmospheric barometric pressure in different locations. Pipelines are built to both connect selected locations and concentrate the resulting air flow.
Click here for a detailed explanation of the ACM generation process.
ACM power generation delivers superior performance in terms of both environmental impacts and cost per KWh - delivering a win-win solution for investors, producers, and consumers alike.
Click here for a comparison of ACM with coal, nuclear, hydro, wind and solar


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If your linked server connection doesn't work, you won't get far when you try to run distributed queries. Here are some common problems you might encounter when configuring the Oracle client, along with ways to overcome them:
- Receiving an Invalid Login message. This problem occurs when the login you use to connect to the linked server isn't valid on the Oracle server. To test the login's validity, first try to connect using the Oracle sample Scott/tiger user ID and password.
- Receiving the message Credential Retrieval Failed. This message appears when the client machine is trying to use NTS authentication and authentication is failing. You can correct this problem by commenting out the following parameter in the sqlnet.ora file on the client machine: _TAG_.Authentication_services = (NTS). (The # symbol designates a comment). You can find the sqlnet.ora file in the \oracle\ora92\network\ADMIN directory.
- Can't connect from a WAN link or from a different subnet. This problem can occur when the Oracle listen port isn't available. Make sure port 1521 is open. If this port is open, double-check the Oracle listener's configuration to determine whether the default port has changed.


text:
January 12, 1773
America's First Museum
A museum is a building, place, or institution devoted to the acquisition, conservation, study, exhibition, and educational interpretation of objects having scientific, historical, or artistic value.
South Carolina was still a British colony when the Charleston Museum was founded in 1773 and is regarded as America's first museum. A fire destroyed many of the original collections in 1778, and operations were suspended during the Revolutionary War and again during the War Between the States.


text:
On this day in 1776, Phi Beta Kappa was founded.
On December 5, 1776, while fellow Patriots were held captive in British occupied New York, five students at the College of William and Mary gathered to start a new fraternity - Phi Beta Kappa. They intended to follow what they considered to be definitively American principles, such as "freedom of inquiry" and "liberty of thought and expression." The Greek initials, ΦBK, actually stand for a motto that translates to "Love of learning is the guide of life."
Now PBK is the nation's oldest and most widely known academic honor society, with 280 chapters amongst the elite academic institutions in the nation. Their mission is to celebrate and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences. They have been publishing The American Scholar since 1932.
Check out the History channel's timely reflection here.


text:
A team of US archaeologists has discovered the ruins of a city dating back to the period of the first farmers 7,000 years ago in
's Fayyum oasis, the supreme council of antiquities said on Tuesday. Egypt
"An electromagnetic survey revealed the existence in the Karanis region of a network of walls and roads similar to those constructed during the Greco-Roman period," the council's chief Zahi Hawwas said.
The remnants of the city are "still buried beneath the sand and the details of this discovery will be revealed in due course," Hawwas said.
"The artefacts consist of the remains of walls and houses in terracotta or dressed limestone as well as a large quantity of pottery and the foundations of ovens and grain stores," he added.
The remains date back to the Neolithic period between 5,200 and 4,500 BC.
The local director of antiquities, Ahmed Abdel Alim, said the site was just seven kilometres (four miles) from Fayyum lake and would probably have lain at the water's edge at the time it was inhabited.


Assignment 3 ------------ Erratum corrected 11PM Sun 3 Oct: the following line let tb = (make_list t12 (make_list t3 empty)) in originally read let tb = (make_list t12 t3) in This has been corrected below, and in the preloaded evaluator for working on assignment 3, available here: [[assignment 3 evaluator]].
Once again, the lambda evaluator will make working through this assignment much faster and more secure. _TAG_ recursive functions on version 1 style lists# Recall that version 1 style lists are constructed like this (see [[lists and numbers]]): ; booleans let true = \x y. x in let false = \x y. y in let and = \l r. l (r true false) false in let make_pair = \f s g. g f s in let get_fst = true in let get_snd = false in let empty = make_pair true junk in let isempty = \x. x get_fst in let make_list = \h t. make_pair false (make_pair h t) in let head = \l. isempty l err (l get_snd get_fst) in let tail = \l. isempty l err (l get_snd get_snd) in ; a list of numbers to experiment on let mylist = make_list 1 (make_list 2 (make_list 3 empty)) in ; church numerals let iszero = \n. n (\x. false) true in let succ = \n s z. s (n s z) in let add = \l r. l succ r in let mul = \m n s. m (n s) in let pred = (\shift n. n shift (make\_pair 0 0) get\_snd) (\p. p (\x y. make\_pair (succ x) x)) in let leq = \m n. iszero(n pred m) in let eq = \m n. and (leq m n)(leq n m) in ; a fixed-point combinator for defining recursive functions let Y = \f. (\h. f (h h)) (\h. f (h h)) in let length = Y (\length l. isempty l 0 (succ (length (tail l)))) in let fold = Y (\f l g z. isempty l z (g (head l)(f (tail l) g z))) in eq 2 2 yes no Then 'length mylist' evaluates to 3. 1. What does 'head (tail (tail mylist))' evaluate to? 2. Using the 'length' function as a model, and using the predecessor function, write a function that computes factorials. (Recall that n!, the factorial of n, is n times the factorial of n-1.) Warning: it takes a long time for my browser to compute factorials larger than 4! 3. (Easy) Write a function 'equal_length' that returns true just in case two lists have the same length. That is, equal_length mylist (make_list junk (make_list junk (make_list junk empty))) ~~> true equal_length mylist (make_list junk (make_list junk empty))) ~~> false 4. (Still easy) Now write the same function, but don't use the length function. 5. In assignment 2, we discovered that version 3-type lists (the ones that work like Church numerals) made it much easier to define operations like 'map' and 'filter'. But now that we have recursion in our toolbox, reasonable map and filter functions for version 1 lists are within our reach. Give definitions for 'map' and a 'filter' for verson 1 type lists. _TAG_ with trees# Linguists analyze natural language expressions into trees. We'll need trees in future weeks, and tree structures provide good opportunities for learning how to write recursive functions. Making use of the resources we have at the moment, we can approximate trees as follows: instead of words, we'll use Church numerals. Then a tree will be a (version 1 type) list in which each element is itself a tree. For simplicity, we'll adopt the convention that a tree of length 1 must contain a number as its only element. Then we have the following representations:
 (a) (b) (c)
 /|\ /\ /\
 / | \ /\ 3 1 /\
 1 2 3 1 2 2 3
[[1];[2];[3]] [[[1];[2]];[3]] [[1];[[2];[3]]]
Limitations of this scheme include the following: there is no easy way to label a constituent with a syntactic category (S or NP or VP, etc.), and there is no way to represent a tree in which a mother has a single daughter. When processing a tree, you can test for whether the tree contains only a numeral (in which case the tree is leaf node) by testing for whether the length of the list is less than or equal to 1. This will be your base case for your recursive functions that operate on these trees.
 1. Write a function that sums the values at the leaves in a tree. Expected behavior: let t1 = (make_list 1 empty) in let t2 = (make_list 2 empty) in let t3 = (make_list 3 empty) in let t12 = (make_list t1 (make_list t2 empty)) in let t23 = (make_list t2 (make_list t3 empty)) in let ta = (make_list t1 t23) in let tb = (make_list t12 (make_list t3 empty)) in let tc = (make_list t1 (make_list t23 empty)) in sum-leaves t1 ~~> 1 sum-leaves t2 ~~> 2 sum-leaves t3 ~~> 3 sum-leaves t12 ~~> 3 sum-leaves t23 ~~> 5 sum-leaves ta ~~> 6 sum-leaves tb ~~> 6 sum-leaves tc ~~> 6
 2. Write a function that counts the number of leaves.