git-forest (1) - Linux Man Pages
git-forest --- display the commit history forest
git-forest [-a] [--no-rebase] [--style=number] [--sha] [--svdepth=depth] [rev-list-options] [refspec...]
git-forest is a command-line zero-lookahead git repository history visualizer with Unicode output with a bit of gitk resemblance.
Why another program?
The tree visualization of gitk is very useful, but there were (git 1.5.4 timeframe) no decent visualizers that can run in a console window, without the need to have X around (which gitk depends on). tig has numerous limitations, it cannot display octopus merges or octopus branching. As of git 1.5.6, there are still no other Unicode-output programs known to me.
A bit of internals
git-forest originally was a zero-lookahead visualizer, i.e. branches were accomodated when they have first been seen. Since mid-June 2008, git-forest has a lookahead tunable that controls how long an inter-merge vine (a branch in the graphical sense) can be.
Display author for each commit.
Do not show the rebase pseudo-refs.
Use single-line visuals (default).
Use double-line visuals.
Use specific rounded Unicode visuals for edges; glyphs might only be available with X11 terminals and appropriate fonts.
Use single bold-line visuals. Not readily usable with VGA console fonts without special unimaps.
Display (abbreviated) SHAs for each commit.
This option controls the maximum length of merge subvines. It defaults to 2.
All other options and arguments are passed down to git-log. Commonly useful options are --all and --topo-order.
git-forest --all | less -RS
git-forest origin/master | less -RS
This tool does not try to minimize the empty space between branches like gitk does. Take it as a feature.
See also


'Fighting for Thirlmere'
A 19th century struggle over a narrow English lake still frames arguments for and against conservation of rural areas, according to MIT historian Harriet Ritvo.
In addition, a wider view of environmental rights--that the citizenry as a whole has a vested interest in preserving certain rural landscapes--took hold during this struggle and persists today, Ritvo writes in a new article, "Fighting for Thirlmere--The Victorian Roots of Environmentalism," published in Science magazine on June 6, 2003.
In the Science article, Ritvo portrays the Victorian-era conflict over Thirlmere, a lake located in England's famed Lake District.
In 1876, everyone had a vision for Thirlmere, a lake about the size of one of New York's smaller Finger Lakes and renowned for its natural beauty. Those who lived near Thirlmere wanted it to remain untouched; those who lived in Manchester, an industrial city 100 miles away, wanted to dam the lake, raise its level by 50 feet, and pipe its water to the city's cisterns to support its growing demand for water.
Also, people with no formal ownership or connection to Thirlmere at all felt they, too, should weigh in on its future. Their "spectatorial rights," common today as people in one region express opinions about environmental issues elsewhere, were a "novel idea 125 years ago," Ritvo said.
The Thirlmere Scheme, as the development plan was known, won out, and in 1894, a dam was completed. The effect of the controversy was greater than water gushing to Manchester, Ritvo writes.
"What made the Thirlmere Scheme predictive... was the prominence of interests unconnected with property in the narrowest sense. [It] was broached at a time when the notion of public ownership of landscape was being expanded and consolidated. In tandem with organized attempts to protect physical access to private property, there came assertions of a new kind of spectatorial right or lien on land," Ritvo writes.
In her article, Ritvo states that grand-scale river dam projects, such as the Aswan on the Nile and the Three Gorges dam on the Yangtze, have been debated using arguments arising from the Thirlmere controversy, but with far greater--and growing--environmental, demographic and political impact.
Topics: History
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In a novel study, researchers claim to have identified a gene linked to human kidney aging.
Kidneys age at different rates, such that some people show little or no effects of kidney aging whereas others show rapid functional decline.
Determining genetic factors associated with different rates of kidney aging can help researchers understand the molecular mechanisms underlying human aging process.
Lead researcher Dr. Stuart Kim used genome-wide transcriptional profiling to determine that 630 genes change expression with age in kidney tissue.
They further found that 101 of these age-regulated genes contain DNA variations among individuals that associate with gene expression level. gene that encodes an extracellular matrix protein (MMP20) was revealed to be significantly associated with kidney aging, providing the first gene association with kidney aging.
The researchers suggest that more aging genes are discovered and confirmed, the particular genetic variants belonging to a person could one day be combined to better predict the aging trajectory of the kidney.
The study appears in PLoS Genetics.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Exploring Static Electricity with Sticky Balloons
based on 54 ratings
Author: Shelly Smith
Grade Level: Preschool to Kindergarten; Type: Physics
This project introduces children to static electricity and the idea that electricity is more than lights and plugs and electric shocks.
Research Question:
Can static electricity make a balloon "sticky"?
 - One or more balloons
 - Wool sweater or rug
 - Wall
Experimental Procedure:
 - Blow up the balloons.
 - Feel the balloons and the wall. Are they sticky? Does the balloon stick to the wall?
 - Rub a balloon several times across the wool sweater or rug.
 - Place it against the wall. Does it stick to the wall?
 - Rub the balloon across the sweater or rug again.
 - Bring it close to a friend's hair. Does her hear leap up and stick to the balloon?
 - What else will a rubbed balloon stick to?
 - Extension A: Blow up many balloons and stick them to the walls in fun and colorful patterns.
Terms/Concepts: Static electricity, what causes static electricity?
References: Science Made Simple: What Causes Static Electricty?
Add your own comment


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Author(s): Sivapullaiah PV, Savitha S
Bentonite, commonly used for liner constructions in waste containment systems, possesses many limitations. Illite or illite containing bentonite has been proposed as an alternative material for liner construction. Their properties in different types of pore fluids are important to assess the long-term performance of the liner. Further, the illite-bentonite interaction occurs and changes their properties. The effect of these interactions is known when the pore fluid is only water. How their properties are modified in electrolyte solutions has been brought out in this paper. The index properties have been studied since they give an indication of their engineering properties. Due to reduction in the thickness of the diffused double layer and consequent particle aggregation in bentonite, the effect of clay-clay interaction reduces in electrolyte solutions. In electrolyte solutions, the liquid limit, the plasticity index, and free swell index of bentonite are lower than illite. The plasticity index of bentonite is further reduced in KCl solution. Clays with a higher plasticity index perform better to retain pollutants and reduce permeability. Hence, the presence of both illite and bentonite ensures better performance of the liner in different fluids.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The effect of air moving through a roof cavity between vents.
The effect of air moving between vents in a roof cavity.
Placement of vent openings so that air flows in one vent, over insulated space, and out the other. In attics, a combination of eaves and ridge or high gable vents is best for cross-ventilation, because this takes advantage of natural convection.
The effect that is provided when air moves through a roof cavity between the vents.
Air that enters on one side of a room and leaves on a different side of the same room.
Use of windows or vents on opposite sides of an area to circulate air.


Skip to main content
While grep and sed are commoly used, awk fills a valuable niche when processing structured text, avoiding multiple pipes or more complicated regex extractions. Here is a handy flowchart to pick the ideal tool for your text processing task:
A plaintext chart and a simple example making use of several awk features can be found here:


Mathematical English Usage - a Dictionary
by Jerzy Trzeciak
[see also: apart from, besides
for all n except a finite number
for no x except the unique solution of......
[Note the difference between besides, except and apart from: besides usually "adds'' something, except "subtracts'', and apart from can be used in both senses; after no, nothing etc., all three can be used.]
Then G is differentiable except for a jump at x=0.
Except for these two lemmas, we make no use of the results of [4].
That is---except the use of relaxed controls---precisely the stochastic Bellman equation.
Then F is invertible except possibly on an at most countable set.
Thus, F is invertible except where x=0.
Hence F is invertible except at countably many points.
The desingularization of f is X except when Q and Q' have a common factor, in which case......
We have not required f to be......, and we shall not do so except when explicitly stated.
 The trivial cases when the family consists of only one set are excepted.
Back to main page


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College, technical or professional training are tools you may use to launch your children or grandchildren into a future life of independence. After all, in a knowledge-based economy like ours, what your children know and can contribute can be of substantial value to different employers and therefore generate higher pay for them.
There are three ways to pay for the training - beforehand, during and afterwards.
1. Beforehand means putting money aside from income or assets into an account that will be available to pay tuition, books, room and board, and other expenses when the time comes to pay the bills. This approach has time working for you; the money you have contributed into your account may earn interest and dividends and even grow.
2. During means using your income to pay the bills directly while your (grand)children are in school. This approach can work great, but with current high educational expenses you need to have substantial discretionary income to find enough money.


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In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model for minimizing the anticipated regret in combinatorial optimization problems with distributional uncertainty in the objective coefficients. The interval uncertainty representation of data is supplemented with information on the marginal distributions. As a decision criterion, we minimize the worst-case conditional value-at-risk of regret. The proposed model includes the standard interval data minmax regret as a special case. For the class of combinatorial optimization problems with a compact convex hull representation, a polynomial sized mixed integer linear program (MILP) is formulated when (a) the range and mean are known, and (b) the range, mean and mean absolute deviation are known while a mixed integer second order cone program (MISOCP) is formulated when (c) the range, mean and standard deviation are known. For the subset selection problem of choosing $K$ elements of maximum total weight out of a set of $N$ elements, the probabilistic regret model is shown to be solvable in polynomial time in the instances (a) and (b) above. This extends the current known polynomial complexity result for minmax regret subset selection with range information only.
View A Probabilistic Model for Minmax Regret in Combinatorial Optimization


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| Business History
Wealth-Making in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Britain: Industry v. Commerce and Finance
This paper refutes the hypothesis put forward by W.D. Rubinstein that a disproportionately large share of Britain's wealth makers were active in commercial and financial trades in London. We use a data set of businessmen active in nineteenthand early twentieth-century Britain and quantitative methods to show that the pattern of wealth holding was much more diverse than supposed by Rubinstein. A large fortune could be made in a variety of regions and occupations. Big industrialists active in the provinces were equally capable of generating wealth similar in size and significance to the City elite. More generally, London was not the centre of wealth making in this period. Neither was there a subordination of industrial and manufacturing to commercial and financial wealth.
Wealth and Poverty;


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Explore / Online Tours
The objects included in this tour are all related to religion in some way. They were selected, and the commentaries written, by a group of young people who worked together during a week-long programme of activities at the British Museum. One of the participants describes the project:
'Seventeen young people of seven different faiths joined together to create a faith trail in the British Museum. It has been a great experience through which people of different religions have been brought together in the common goal of improving inter-faith dialogue. We learnt a lot through the curators about the history of different faiths and the links to modern culture. We particularly enjoyed being behind the scenes and learning about the functioning of the museum. It has been interesting to connect people's interpretations of objects with their own and other religions.' Seeta, Hindu
The tour, which can also be followed in the museum's galleries, includes a wide range of objects - from contemporary art to an ancient Egyptian sarcophagus - all of which provoked strong reactions in the commentators.
This project was a working partnership with Save the Children as part of Diversity and Dialogue, an interfaith initiative to promote dialogue between people of different faiths.


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Spanish Glossary: M
market: 1. (noun) In Spanish cultures, a traditional market is where vendors gather to sell their goods. Markets may be open or under a roof, and they offer a less formal shopping environment than typical supermarkets or grocery stores. Prices are usually negotiable. 2. (verb) To advertise and sell an item.
mood: 1. A characteristic of a verb that indicates the manner in which the action occurs. 2. A characteristic of a person that indicates the overall emotional state of that person.


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Meaning of doubt
Pronunciation: (dout), [key]
- to be uncertain about; consider questionable or unlikely; hesitate to believe.
- to distrust.
- to fear; be apprehensive about.
- to be uncertain about something; be undecided in opinion or belief.
- a feeling of uncertainty about the truth, reality, or nature of something.
- a state of affairs such as to occasion uncertainty.
- fear; dread.
- with certainty; definitely.
- in a state of uncertainty or suspense: His appointment to the position is still in doubt.
- There is no doubt an element of truth in what you say.
- certainly:There is no doubt an element of truth in what you say.
- unquestionably; certainly.
- doubt (Thesaurus)


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About Dates and Times
Date and time objects allow you to store references to particular instances in time. You can use date and time objects to perform calculations and comparisons that account for the corner cases of date and time calculations.
At a Glance
There are three main classes used for working with dates and times.
NSDateallows you to represent an absolute point in time.
NSCalendarallows you to represent a particular calendar, such as a Gregorian or Hebrew calendar. It provides the interface for most date-based calculations and allows you to convert between
NSDateComponentsallows you to represent the components of a particular date, such as hour, minute, day, year, and so on.
In addition to these classes,
NSTimeZone allows you to represent a geopolitical region's time zone information. It eases the task of working across different time zones and performing calculations that may be affected by daylight savings time transitions.
Creating and Using Date Objects to Represent Absolute Points in Time
Date objects represent dates and times in Cocoa. Date objects allow you to store absolute points in time which are meaningful across locales, calendars and timezones.
Working with Calendars and Date Components
Date components allow you to break a date down into the various parts that comprise it, such as day, month, year, hour, and so on. Calendars represent a particular form of reckoning time, such as the Gregorian calendar or the Chinese calendar. Calendar objects allow you to convert between date objects and date component objects, as well as from one calendar to another.
Performing Date and Time Calculations
Calendars and date components allow you to perform calculations such as the number of days or hours between two dates or finding the Sunday in the current week. You can also add components to a date or check when a date falls.
Working with Different Time Zones
Time zone objects allow you to present absolute times as local—that is, wall clock—time. In addition to time offsets, they also keep track of daylight saving time differences. Proper use of time zone objects can avoid issues such as miscalculation of elapsed time due to daylight saving time transitions or the user moving to a different time zone.
Special Considerations for Historical Dates
Dates in the past have a number of edge cases that do not exist for contemporary dates. These include issues such as dates that do not exist in a particular calendar—such as the lack of the year 0 in the Gregorian calendar— or calendar transitions—such as the Julian to Gregorian transition in the Middle Ages. There are also eras with seemingly backward time flow—such as BC dates in the Gregorian calendar.
How to Use this Document
If your application keeps track of dates and times, read from "Dates" to "Using Time Zones." The
NSTimeZone classes described in these chapters work together to store, compare, and manipulate dates and times.
If your application deals with dates in the past—particularly prior to the early 1900s, also read "Historical Dates" to learn about some of the issues that can arise when dealing with dates in the past.
If you are new to Cocoa, read:
Cocoa Fundamentals Guide, which introduces the basic concepts, terminology, architectures, and design patterns of the Cocoa frameworks and development environment.
If you display dates and times to users or create dates from user input, read:
Data Formatting Guide, which explains how to create and format user-readable strings from date objects, and how to create date objects from formatted strings.
© 2002, 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Last updated: 2013-04-23)


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Make storytelling stones so your toddler can write a story.
- Collect smooth rocks on walks with your toddler.
- Cut out pictures of some of your toddler's favorite things (animals, vehicles, props) and places.
- Paste the pictures on the rocks and coat with another layer of glue or Mod Podge.
- Arrange the stones in any order, and use them to tell a story.
The stones make a fun, tactile way to tell a story.


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A battered 18th century Native American boat believed to be the world's oldest canoe has been lifted to the Maritime Museum in Falmouth in a daring restoration bid which could see it repatriated to Canada.
Curatorial experts at the National Maritime Museum in Cornwall gave the vessel daylight for the first time in decades by removing it from a shed on the Enys Estate in Penryn and transporting it to the nearby museum.
The estate belongs to the family of Lieutenant John Enys, a soldier who was part of a battle to save Canada from an American siege in the 1776 American War of Independence and discovered the canoe while travelling during breaks from his regiment.
"Moving the canoe is the beginning of a whole new journey back to Canada for this incredible find," said Andy Wyke, the Boat Collections Manager at the museum.
"For more than 200 years, the canoe has belonged to the Enys family. It's incredible to think its legacy has been resting in a barn in Cornwall all this time."
Wendy Fowler, a relative of Enys, reported the canoe to the Maritime Museum after consulting her personal records from the 13th century.
"The Estate is very special to us and holds many secrets, but I believe this is the most interesting to date," she suggested.
"The grounds hold a host of wonders, but this really is very special. The Maritime Museum are brilliantly ensuring and repatriating another element of our great family history and I'm most grateful that John's travels have led to such a major chapter of boating history being discovered in Cornwall."
Captain George Hogg, an Archivist at the Museum, admits staff had "no idea" how important the find was when Fowler called them.
© John Buxton
"We knew we had something special, but having worked with the British Museum on the artefacts and the Canadian Canoe Museum in Peterborough, Ontario, we now believe that this is one of the world's oldest Birch Bark Canoes," he revealed.
"This is a unique survival from the 18th century."
A team of investigators will conserve the wood, research the history and recreate the original look of the canoe before it heads to the Canadian Canoe Museum in September 2011, where curators say they are "especially excited" to see it.
Organisers in Falmouth are hoping to put the canoe on display in the Main Hall of the museum by the end of January.


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Network Monitoring and Scanning
Phirelight will deliver on-demand, point-in-time, network situational awareness, providing visibility into every IP asset, host, node, and connection, utilizing active techniques to index the network. The result is a comprehensive view of the entire routed infrastructure.
Phirelight will scan using a variety of techniques in order to index a network, similar to how an Internet search engine analyzes websites to index the World Wide Web. This indexing is comprised of Network Discovery, Host Discovery, Device Profiling, Service Port Discovery, Leak Path Discovery and Enhanced Perimeter Discovery, allowing network and security managers to accurately visualize what's on the network, drilling down to analyze potential areas of risk, and identify appropriate preventive action and remediation.


Submitting your Abstract
9th international conference on smart materials and nanotechnology (smartmaterials2021) welcomes submission of abstracts for original contribution to the field in the following scientific tracks:
Track 1: Materials and science engineering
Track 2: Emerging smart materials
Track 3: Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and composites
Track 4: Material synthesis and characterization
Track 5: Optical, Magnetic and Electronic Materials
For detailed descriptions of each scientific track,View All Tracks
Download Abstract template here :
* Marked fields are
1Your Primary Details
2Abstract submission Details


Homework 7, due Monday, Nov 10 (then extended to Monday, Nov 17).
This week you are going to put together the first pieces of a scan-line z-buffer renderer.
For this week I'm going to ask you just to do the first pieces of the scan-line conversion, using the simplest approach to shading interpolation, Gouraud Interpolation, in which your Vertex Shader computes Red,Green,Blue, and your Pixel Shader pretty much does nothing.
I would like you to make some interesting scene consisting of sphere meshes. You can make a snowman, a pile of bowling balls, a sugar molecule, the iconic logo of some large entertainment corporation, or anything else that strikes your fancy.
You're going to be making a picture of your model. You can use the same Phong shading model that you used in your ray tracing assignment. Remember that you can't set the Specular power very high without getting artifacts, since you'll be using Gouraud Interpolation, which does a really bad job with specular highlights.
The reason I want you to use spherical shapes is that this makes it really easy to compute the normal vector at each vertex. If the center point of your sphere is c, and your vertex is at surface point s, then the normal vector at s is always simply: normalize(s - c).
Your algorithm should use the following algorithm:
 Compute and store the surface normal vector at all vertices
 Initialize the zbuffer
 For each polygon
 For each vertex:
 Compute (r,g,b)v = shade(surfacePointv, surfaceNormalv)
 Compute perspective coords (px,py,pz) = (fx/z,fy/z,1/z)
 Viewport transform (px,py) to get pixel coords of vertex
 Scan-convert the polygon into pixels, interpolating (r,g,b,pz)
 At each pixel (i,j):
 if (pz < zbuffer[i][j]) {
 framebuffer[i][j] = packPixel(r,g,b)
 zbuffer[i][j] = pz
I recommend that to scan-convert a polygon you first split it up into triangles, and then split each triangle into two scan-line aligned trapezoids:
Polygon to trapezoids: One trapezoid in detail:
Within each trapezoid you should obtain the value at the left and right edges of each scan-line by linearly interpolating (r,g,b,pz). Then within each scan-line you should obtain the value at each pixel by linearly interpolating (r,g,b,pz) between the left and right edges of that scan-line.


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|Taekwondo Bible, Vol.2||
8. Unity of Samjae and Kang-Yu
8-3. Failure of Technique
People cannot use Taekwondo techniques although they've learned them. For they
didn't learn them exactly. For they didn't learn exact techniques. What is the
reason you don't learn exact techniques? First you don't understand the substance
of Kang-Yu, and second you have no idea of Samjae even though you understand
Kang-Yu substantially. What's the reason you don't understand the substance
of Kang-Yu? Because you only imitate the technical motions yet losing the truth
of Kang-Yu. What's the reason you have no idea of Samjae though you know Kang-Yu?
It is also because you lose its invisible foundation in the visible changes
Understanding Kang-Yu with the knowledge of Samjae and TAEKWONDO as its foundation you come to understand the importance of basics. And you also come to understand the importance of training, mental attitude, and furthermore, of the rightness in your life. The right life is the basis of the entire Taekwondo. If you ignore this fact only attached to magnificent motions you will go in vain and danger like those who have exaggerated reputation. Mencius warned of this mistake with his analogy to the water of no source. Hence saying ¡°if a thing has no source, it is like the rain water that collects after a downpour in the seventh and eighth months. It may fill all the gutters, but we can stand and wait for it to dry up. Thus a gentleman is ashamed of an exaggerated reputation.¡±2) Likewise, Taekwondo man should be ashamed of exaggerated magnificence of technique more than the firmness of basics.
To sum up, the foundation of Taekwondo technique is Kang-Yu; the foundation of Kang-Yu is Samjae; and its foundation is Ilgiyae as TAEKWONDO.3) And, the foundation of skill is basic motion; it foundation is training; and its foundation again is mental attitude. And the foundation of mental attitude is ethical(right) life. This is why we say the foundation of Taekwondo is verily ethical(right) life.
1) Diamond Sutra, 10c. ð³ÜÌß±Ø¤Ê¸ß± ëëåýãÀßæôèïäãý. ÝÕëëñ¬ßäßæãý. ÝÕëëñ¬á¢¡¤úÅ¡¤Ú«¡¤õº¡¤Ûößæãý.


History of the Turks and Caicos Islands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the Turks and Caicos Islands
The history of the Turks and Caicos Islands can be traced back to early European explorations of the Americas. The first recorded sighting of the islands now known as the Turks and Caicos Islands occurred in 1512. In the subsequent centuries, the islands were claimed by several European powers with the British Empire eventually gaining control. After the islands' settlement, the 18th century African slave trade brought many Africans to the Turks and Caicos Islands. Their descendants form a large part of Bahamas' population. The islands were governed by the British indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor and have remained a separate autonomous British Overseas Territory since.
Prehistory and early European contact[edit]
The first inhabitants of the Turks and Caicos Islands were Amerindians, who migrated from the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) around AD 700. After approximately 300 years, pottery styles suggest that these local inhabitants of the islands established a unique culture. The people inhabiting the islands in the Bahamian archipelago up to the period of contact are known as Lucayans.
The first European to sight the islands was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, who did so in 1512. Spanish slavers frequently raided the islands, enslaving the Caribs of the islands. Only a year after first being discovered, the entire archipelago was completely depopulated.
Colonial history prior to settlement[edit]
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the islands passed from Spanish, to French, to English (subsequently British) control, but none of the three powers ever established any settlements.
From about 1690 to 1720, pirates hid in the cays of the Turks and Caicos Islands, attacking Spanish treasure galleons en route to Spain from Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Spanish possessions in Central America and Peru.
The islands were not fully colonised until 1681, when salt collectors from Bermuda built the first permanent settlement on Grand Turk Island (thought to be so named due to the presence of cacti with, what appeared to them to be red fez-like structures on their tops, but this not likely to be true, since the fez was unknown to Ottoman Empire before 1826). The salt collectors were drawn by the shallow waters around the islands that made salt mining a much easier process than in Bermuda. They occupied the Turks only seasonally, for six months a year, however, returning to Bermuda when it was no longer viable to rake salt. Their colonization established the British dominance of the archipelago that has lasted into the present day. Huge numbers of trees were felled by the Bermudians to discourage rainfall that would adversely affect the salt mining operation. This deforestation has yet to be repaired. Most of the salt mined in the Turks and Caicos Islands was sold through Bermudian merchant houses on the American seaboard, including in Newfoundland where it was used for preserving cod.
Bermudian century[edit]
Bermuda spent much of the 18th Century in a protracted legal battle with the Bahamas (which had itself been colonised by Bermudian Puritans in 1647) over the Turks Islands. Under British law, no colony could hold colonies of its own. The Turks Islands were not recognised by Britain either as a colony in its own right, or as a part of Bermuda. They were held to be, like rivers in Britain, for the common use. As a result, there was a great deal of political turmoil surrounding the ownership of the Turks (and Caicos).
Spanish and French forces seized the Turks in 1706, but Bermudian forces expelled them four years later in what was probably Bermuda's only independent military operation. The Bermudian privateer, the Rose, under the command of Captain Lewis Middleton, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the Rose then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.[1]
A virtual state-of-war existed between Bermuda and the Bahamas through much of the Eighteenth Century. When the Bermudian sloop Seaflower was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of Bermuda Governor Bennett was to issue letters-of-marque to Bermudians vessels. The legal struggle with the Bahamas began in 1766, when the King's representative in the Bahamas, Andrew Symmer, on his own authority, wrote a constitution which legislated for and taxed the Bermudians on the Turks. The Secretary of State, Lord Hillsborough, for the Crown, issued orders that the Bermudian activities on the Turks should not be obstructed or restrained in any way. As a result of this order, Symmer's constitution was dissolved. The Bermudians on the Turks appointed commissioners to govern themselves, with the assent of the King's local agent. They drew up regulations for good government, but the Bahamian governor Shirley drew up his own regulations for the Turks and ordered that no one might work at salt raking who had not signed assent to his regulations.
Following this, a raker was arrested and the salt pans were seized and divided by force. The Bahamas government attempted to appoint judicial authorities for the Turks in 1768, but these were refused by the Bermudians. In 1773 the Bahamian government passed an act attempting to tax the salt produced in the Turks, but the Bermudians refused to pay it. In 1774, the Bahamians passed another, similar act, and this they submitted for the Crown's assent. The Crown passed this act on to the Bermudian government which objected to it, and which rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. The Crown, as a consequence, refused assent of the Act as applied to include the Turks, and, in the form in which it finally passed, the Bahamas, but not the Turks, were included.
The Bermudians on the Turks continued to be governed under their own regulations, with the assent of the royal agent, until 1780, when a more formal version of those regulations was submitted for the assent of the Crown, which was given. Those regulations, issued as a royal order, stated that all British subjects had the right ("free liberty") to rake and gather salt on the Turks, providing that they conformed to the regulations, which expressly rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. Despite this refutation by a higher authority of their right to impinge upon Bermudian activities on the Turks, the Bahamian government continued to harass the Bermudians (unsurprisingly, given the lucrativeness of the Turks salt trade).
Although the salt industry on the Turks had largely been a Bermudian preserve, it had been seen throughout the 17th century as the right of all British subjects to rake there, and small numbers of Bahamians had been involved. In 1783, the French landed a force on Grand Turk which a British force of 100 men, under then-Captain Horatio Nelson, was unable to dislodge.
Following this, the Bahamians were slow to return to the Turks, while the Bermudians quickly resumed salt production, sending sixty to seventy-five ships to the Turks each year, during the six months that salt could be raked. Nearly a thousand Bermudians spent part of the year on the Turks engaged in salt production, and the industry became more productive.
The Bahamas, meanwhile, was incurring considerable expense in absorbing loyalist refugees from the now-independent American colonies, and returned to the idea of taxing Turks salt for the needed funds. The Bahamian government ordered that all ships bound for the Turk Islands obtain a license at Nassau first. The Bermudians refused to do this. Following this, Bahamian authorities seized the Bermuda sloops Friendship and Fanny in 1786. Shortly after, three Bermudian vessels were seized at Grand Caicos, with $35,000 worth of goods salvaged from a French ship. French privateers were becoming a menace to Bermudian operations in the area, at the time, but the Bahamians were their primary concern.
The Bahamian government re-introduced a tax on salt from the Turks, annexed them to the Bahamas, and created a seat in the Bahamian parliament to represent them. The Bermudians refused these efforts also, but the continual pressure from the Bahamians had a degrative effect on the salt industry. In 1806, the Bermudian customs authorities went some way toward acknowledging the Bahamian annexation when it ceased to allow free exchange between the Turks and Bermuda (this affected many enslaved Bermudians, who, like the free ones, had occupied the Turks only seasonally, returning to their homes in Bermuda after the year's raking had finished).
That same year, French privateers attacked the Turks, burning ships and absconding with a large sloop. The Bahamians refused to help, and the Admiralty in Jamaica claimed the Turks were beyond his jurisdiction. Two hurricanes, the first in August, 1813, the second in October, 1815, destroyed more than two-hundred buildings, significand salt stores, and sank many vessels. By 1815, the United States, the primary client for Turks salt, had been at war with Britain (and hence Bermuda) for three years, and had established other sources of salt.
With the destruction wrought by


text:
Definition of electrically
adv. - In the manner of electricity, or by means of it; thrillingly. 2
The word "electrically" uses 12 letters: A C C E E I L L L R T Y.
No direct anagrams for electrically found in this word list.
Adding one letter to electrically does not form any other word in this word list.Words within electrically not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from electrically by changing one letter
Browse words starting with electrically by next letter


Thermoregulatory Sweat Test
Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is a heritable, progressive disease that causes the buildup of amyloids, or clumped proteins, in the nervous system and elsewhere. These amyloid deposits cause the death of nerve cells and interfere with the function of the tissue in which they accumulate.
Diagnosing FAP is challenging because the symptoms are similar to those of other neurodegenerative diseases. A thermoregulatory sweat test can help physicians determine a FAP diagnosis.
How is the thermoregulatory sweat test performed?
Sweat glands are controlled by nerves in the skin; autonomic nerve signals are sent from the brain to tell the glands to secrete sweat. In FAP patients, this nerve signal can be interrupted by the formation of amyloid deposits around the nerves.
The thermoregulatory sweat test is performed at a hospital or clinic. Patients have an area of skin (usually hands, feet, arms, or legs) dusted with a powder that responds to moisture by changing color. The patient sits or lies down in a warm, moist room to encourage sweating for a set period of time. The degree of color change at the end of the test is proportional to the amount of sweat produced, which is, in turn, is proportional to nerve activity.
What do results of the test indicate?
Results of the thermoregulatory sweat test indicate whether a patient has loss of nerve function, which may indicate a neurodegenerative disorder such as FAP.
On its own, the thermoregulatory sweat test does not mean that the patient has FAP specifically, but can indicate that a nerve defect is present.
The thermoregulatory sweat test can also be used to measure disease progression once a diagnosis has been reached. As the disease progresses, scores will change, reflecting the decrease in nerve function.
The thermoregulatory sweat test may be performed in combination with a quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), another measure of nerve activity.


text:
This delightful little box showcases 27 timeless etiquettes from the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (S), and gets your child to adopt them. Here's how:
Playing miming and charades games SHOW your child the effects of good manners so they can see their effects for themselves.
Active engagement through play means your child is immersed in a positive environment that encourages the best of behaviour and makes it the norm.
Each card has a pair so a memory game can be played to increase the versatility and fun so your child can enjoy continuous learning of polite manners.
A reference game is included for each of the manners so your child can feel the spiritual connection from their newly formed good habits.
There are 27 lofty characteristics presented in this box so your child will have comprehensive coverage of what it takes to become a well-rounded polite individual.
Each card has a vivid illustration and clearly titled cards in both English and Arabic so your child can relate to the context of each manner and gain an instant understanding of its effects.
The cards are produced on thick card which is laminated on one side making them durable for long-term use.
The cards measure 8cm in diameter making them ideal for little hands, yet large enough to showcase each manner.
Some of the manners covered in this game include:
Kindness to parents
Knocking before entering
Surpressing the yawn
Sharing (food and other items)
Starting from the right side


Marguerite Yourcenar
Laureate Erasmus Prize 1983
Theme: Literature
To mark the 25th anniversary of the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation in 1983, four Erasmus Prizes were awarded. The recipients were Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Leszek Kolakowski and Marguerite Yourcenar.
Historical figures play an important role in the work of the writer Marguerite Yourcenar (_PHONE_), originally from Brussels. Her powers of empathy enabled her to go back into the past. By using historical figures, she made clear the unique but at the same time universal qualities of the individual in time, as demonstrated in her best-known books: Alexis ou le Traité du vain combat (1929), Mémoires d'Hadrien (1951) and L'Oeuvre au noir (1968). She was also able to explain her fundamental humanist belief in the unchanging nature of man.
Marguerite Yourcenar grew up in France and moved to the United States in 1939. She established her name not only as a novelist but also an essayist, dramatist and translator. In 1980 Marguerite Yourcenar was admitted to the Académie Française – the first woman to receive that honour.
Marguerite Yourcenar donated her portion of the Erasmus Prize to the World Wildlife Fund in the United States.


Average Weather Data for Logansport, Louisiana
Monthly Averages
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Monthly high in °F: 57° 61° 69° 76° 83° 89° 92° 92° 88° 78° 67° 58°
Average Monthly low in °F: 35° 38° 44° 53° 62° 69° 71° 70° 64° 53° 44° 36°
Yearly Averages
What's The Average High Temp in Logansport? 75.8 °F
What's the Average Low in Logansport? 53.3 °F
What's the Average Temperature in Logansport? 64.55 °F
How Many Inches of Rain per year does Logansport get? 51.96 inches
How Many Rainy Days a year are there in Logansport? N/A
How Much Sunshine each year is there in Logansport (in hours)? N/A
How much, if any, snow falls each year in Logansport? N/A
Logansport Temperature and Rain Graphs
Average high in °F
Average low in °F
Average precipitation in inches


text:
A unique and essential item of rainforest life was an elegantly constructed, crescent-shaped, woven basket. These beautifully crafted baskets were made from lengths of split lawyer cane, a prolific climbing plant found throughout the rainforest. The lawyer cane was not collected until needed because the basket-maker had to complete the task within five days—after this time the cane could no longer be made pliable by soaking. The distinct crescent shape of the basket was formed by stringing the ends of the split lawyer cane like a bow and attaching it by top-stitching to the inner surface. Two handles, one small, one long, were fitted to the mouth and held there by tightly woven thin strips of split lawyer cane.
Undecorated crescent-shaped baskets were used to gather and leach foods. … In flood times women caught large quantities of small fish with these baskets. Very large baskets were used to ferry goods—and also children—across rivers. Crescent-shaped bark baskets were also made for carrying honey or water.
Painted baskets were used by men for various purposes: to carry ritual objects, for trading purposes, or as a gift to a friend.
(Kate Khan, 'Adornments and design in north Queensland: A view from the nineteenth century' in Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture, 2000, p.181)
This basket was purchased for the national collection in 1998, having been acquired by the vendor c.1988 from an opportunity shop. The vendor related to Gallery curators how the basket was put to use in their kitchen to hold fruit such as oranges. The vendor also described how the remaining ochres were unfortunately scrubbed from the basket when they decided to wash off decades of accumulated grease.


text:
of removing it, and Word will make all of the spacing changes required to keep your document properly spaced.
Click References, followed by Table of Contents. At the bottom of the popup menu, you should click on the Remove Table of Contents entry. You may have to verify the selection.
Should you change your mind again and want to reinsert the table of contents, Word will remember all of the customization changes you've made, saving you from having to rebuild your table of contents from scratch.
To reinsert your deleted table of contents, just click References, followed by Table of Contents. Then click Automatic Table 1, Automatic Table 2, or Manual Table, and Word will restore your previous table of contents settings.


text:
In order to contribute to the increase of the body of knowledge on the sensitivity of tropical indigenous species to pesticides, acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Tests were carried out with the active ingredients diuron and carbofuran and one of their commercial formulations, the Diuron Nortox® 500 SC and the Furadan® 350 SC, respectively. For carbofuran, the active ingredient was more toxic than the commercial product, whereas for diuron, the commercial product appeared more toxic. In addition, hormetic effects on fertility were recorded for intermediate diuron concentrations. Acute and chronic toxicity data indicated that C. silvestrii was among the most sensitive invertebrate species for both test compounds. Based on concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, these compounds represent ecological risks for causing direct and indirect toxic effects on C. silvestrii and other aquatic organisms. Our results support previous claims on the advantages of using native species to better tune ecological risk assessment of chemicals in tropical ecosystems.
- Active ingredients
- Aquatic ecotoxicology
- Commercial formulations
- Species sensitivity distribution


text:
Code Listing 14: Query that demonstrates the LENGTH function
SQL> select first_name, LENGTH(first_name) length
2 from employee
3 order by length desc, first_name;
a query that uses the LENGTH function to
display the length of all FIRST_NAME values
from the EMPLOYEE table.
The online version of this article at bit.ly/
JAQPk3 includes examples of LENGTH and
other character functions in WHERE and
ORDER BY clauses.
8 rows selected.
SQL> select INSTR('Mississippi', 'issi',
2 from dual;
you with this task. Listing 12 shows a query
that uses the SUBSTR function to extract the
first three characters of every LAST_NAME
value from the EMPLOYEE table. The SUBSTR
function takes two required parameters
and one optional input parameter. The first
parameter is the literal or column value on
which you want the SUBS TR function to
operate. The second parameter is the position of the starting character for the substring, and the optional third parameter is
the number of characters to be included in
the substring. If the third parameter is not
specified, the SUBSTR function will return
the remainder of the string.
Listing 13 demonstrates the SUBS TR and
INS TR functions working together to display
the portion of every LAS T_NAME value from
the EMPLOYEE table that contains the "ton"
substring. In this example, the output from
the INS TR function provides the value for the
input parameter that specifies the position
for the SUBSTR function's starting character.
In the LAST_NAME values in which the substring "ton" is not found, the entire LAS T_
NAME value is returned, for two reasons:
SUBSTR treats a starting position of 0 the
same as a starting position of 1 (that is, as the
first position in the string), and because the
query omits the optional length parameter,
the full remainder of the string is returned.
function takes as input the literal or column
value you want to search, followed by the
substring pattern to search for. In Listing 11,
the INS TR function finds the "ton" pattern in
only two column data values—both of them
Newton—and returns 4 as their position.
Because it did not find the search string in any
other values, the output for those values is 0.
Two additional parameters—starting
position and occurrence—are optional. The
starting position specifies the character in
the string from which to begin your search.
The default behavior is for the search to
begin at the first character—otherwise
known as character position 1. The occurrence parameter lets you specify which
occurrence of the substring you'd like to find.
For example, the word Mississippi includes
two occurrences of the "issi" substring. To
search for the starting-position location of
the second occurrence of this pattern, you
must provide the INSTR function with an
occurrence parameter of 2:
This article has shown you how character
functions can be used in SELECT statements
to manipulate the ways data is displayed.
You've seen how to convert data values to
uppercase, lowercase, and mixed cases and
how to search for strings within strings.
You've also seen how to pad and trim data
and how to specify a string's total length.
By no means does this article provide an
exhaustive list of the Oracle character functions. Review the documentation for more
The next installment of SQL 101 will
discuss number functions and other miscellaneous functions.
Melanie Caffrey is
a senior development
manager at Oracle. She
is a coauthor of Expert
for Oracle Developers
and DBAs (Apress, 2011) and Expert Oracle
Practices: Oracle Database Administration from
the Oak Table (Apress, 2010).
INSTR('MISSISSIPPI','ISSI', 1, 2)
1 row selected.
EX TRACTING STRINGS FROM STRINGS
Sometimes you need to extract a portion of
a string for your desired output. The SUBS TR
(for substring) character function can assist
WHEN SIZE MAT TERS
Occasionally you need to determine a
string's length—for example, to determine
the maximum number of characters a form
entry field should permit. Listing 14 shows
online-only article content
SQL 101, Parts 1–5
READ more about relational database
design and concepts
Oracle Database Concepts 11g
Release 2 ( 11. 2)
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g
Release 2 ( 11. 2)
Oracle SQL Developer User's Guide Release 3. 1
DOWNLOAD the sample script for


Machine-generated speech transcriptions are helpful for people that are hard of hearing or individuals who don't understand the spoken language to understand conversations that take place near them. Augmented reality glasses can display speech transcriptions to help users understand such conversations. However, the display of transcriptions can be distracting when the user wearing the AR glasses is herself speaking. This disclosure describes techniques to automatically identify speakers in a conversation and only display live transcriptions of speech from conversation participants other than the person to whom the transcription is being provided. Speakers may be identified using user-permitted factors, e.g., by use of a head-related transfer function (HRTF), biometric voice recognition, or facial feature (e.g., lip movement) recognition.
Creative Commons License
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


text: Despite remarkable successes, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is not robust to hyperparameterization, implementation details, or small environment changes (Henderson et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2018). Overcoming such sensitivity is key to making DRL applicable to real world problems. In this paper, we identify sensitivity to time discretization in near continuous-time environments as a critical factor; this covers, e.g., changing the number of frames per second, or the action frequency of the controller. Empirically, we find that Q-learning-based approaches such as Deep Q-learning (Mnih et al., 2015) and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (Lillicrap et al., 2015) collapse with small time steps. Formally, we prove that Q-learning does not exist in continuous time. We detail a principled way to build an off-policy RL algorithm that yields similar performances over a wide range of time discretizations, and confirm this robustness empirically.


text:
Toybox Shape Sorting House
Let's match up the shapes and slot them through the holes with the Early Learning Centre Shape Sorting House.
The perfect addition to your toy box, this sorting house is both fun and educational! Choose a shape and figure out where it fits. Can you match the colours and shapes and name each of them. When you're done, lift the roof or open the door and start all over again.
Sorting the shapes helps children develop with fine motor skills.


text:
The flexible bush Silentflex® (as know as Silentblock) has a rubber element enclosed between two metal sleeves. It's conceived to replace a greased bush when is necessary to limit vibration, wear and noises in mechanic assemblies.
The bush is characterized by the permissible:
- Radial static force and a corresponding eccentricity
- Maximum torsion angle α and a corresponding compensating torque
- Axial load and a corresponding elastic displacement
- Conical angle and a corresponding compensating torque
These flexible rubber to metal bushes are excellent as shock absorbers and high frequency vibration isolation elements, also to reduce friction and eliminate play between moving parts. Are used in mobile appliances and machines or between mechanic parts that shall be flexible in relation to each other. Are generally installed for all types of assembly must withstand axial thrust, radial, torsion or conical, advantageously replacing the hinges.
In automotive are used at both ends of the shock absorbers as excellent components for suspension bushing, to support combustion engines in vehicles, vibrating tables, construction machinery, industrial machinery (milling machines, lathes, drilling, etc.), military vehicles, food industry, cutting granite machines, sieves, strainers, quarries, aggregate screening, etc.


text:
The grass is greener near greenspaces
A recent UGA study revealed that environmental protection equals additional property tax revenue-good news for local governments looking to preserve greenspace.
The study, conducted by UGA's Institute of Ecology, looked at a variety of greenspace types, including bike and pedestrian trails, parks, tree-protected neighborhoods and lands adjacent to streams protected by Part V of the Georgia Planning Act. It found that, in general, property values rise as a result of proximity to protected greenspace.
The areas studied included Sandy Creek Park in Athens-Clarke County, the Silver Comet Trail in Cobb County and properties impacted by either Fulton County's tree protection ordinance or Habersham County's riparian (stream) buffer law. Houses within 1,500 feet of wildlife habitats were found to generate from $70 to as much as $1,566 more per year in tax revenue than similar homes not adjoining such areas.
Such income could offset the loss in local revenue normally associated with protected areas, said the study's author, Nanette Nelson, because such lands are often tax exempt or taxed at a lower rate. With this kind of information, local governments that rely on property tax revenue might think twice before developing "unused" land, especially since residential developments, on average, do not generate as much in revenue as they require in services, added Nelson, an economist and policy analyst at the Institute.
"Governments also don't consider the indirect revenue that protected areas can generate," said Nelson, citing recreational, restaurant and other consumer businesses that prosper near protected greenspaces. "It would be useful to see if that income differs significantly from nonprotected areas."


How to Tell If a Ceiling Fan Is Broken
John Smith
Like any appliance, ceiling fans wear out and eventually have to be replaced. When a ceiling fan is broken, it means it does not operate correctly. Some ceiling fans become broken beyond repair and need to be replaced. This particularly applies to fans with burned-out motors. Other ceiling fans can be fixed if only part of the fan is broken. A broken fan can be a safety (or fire) hazard. Look (or listen) for some obvious signs that a fan is broken.
 1. Check for electrical problems if the ceiling fan does not turn or does not make any noise at all. If it's not an electrical problem, the fan almost certainly has to be replaced,
 2. Notice if the fan produces a burning smell. A fan that smells may very well have a motor and ball bearings that are permanently damaged.
 3. Look to see if the blades turn normally. Blades that turn very slowly, or take longer than usual to begin to spin, are signs the motor and the fan are probably broken beyond repair.
 4. Listen for clicking or scraping noises. The source of the noises can be the result of many things, including a broken (or bent) blade. A blade that is warped can also create a noise and cause the fan to shake badly.
 5. Look to see if the fan has a severe wobble or shake. Some of these problems can be corrected by balancing the blades, but they can also indicate part of the fan is broken.
 6. Listen for a humming noise. A humming noise will often go away on its own, or could indicate a problem with the fan's motor.
 7. Know that some ceiling fans are "lemons'' like any other appliances. Fans can be broken in transit and simply need to be replaced.


text:
06 November 2019
Partners and Competitors: Forces Operating in Parallel to UN Peace Operations
By Lisa Sharland and Alexandra Novosseloff
Since the end of the Cold War, the UN Security Council has authorized or recognized the deployment of more than forty parallel forces that operate alongside UN peace operations. As the Security Council has deployed peace operations in increasingly non-permissive environments, the division of labor between UN missions and these parallel forces has blurred, and their goals have sometimes come into conflict. This raises the question of whether they are partners or competitors.
This report from the International Peace Institute examines the missions that have operated in parallel to UN peace operations to identify how to strengthen these partnerships in the future. It analyzes and categorizes the types of parallel forces that have been deployed and examines the rationales for deploying them. It also looks at strategic and operational challenges, including the challenges unique to peace operations operating alongside a counterterrorism force. Finally, drawing on lessons from past and current parallel deployments, it offers recommendations for member states, the Security Council, and the UN Secretariat. These include:
- Strengthening coordination of assessments, planning, and application of UN standards: The UN and actors deploying parallel forces should conduct joint assessments and planning when deploying or reconfiguring missions. The UN Security Council should also engage more regularly with parallel forces and encourage the continued development of human rights compliance frameworks for them.
- Clarifying roles, responsibilities, and areas of operation: Peace operations and parallel forces should clearly delineate their responsibilities and areas of operation, assess the risks of collocating, and improve strategic communications with the local population. The Security Council should also continue to put in place mechanisms to strengthen the accountability of parallel forces, especially when peace operations are providing support that could contribute to counterterrorism operations.


text:
A Feature is used to package a group of plug-ins together into a single installable and updatable unit.
Features have a manifest that provides basic information about the feature and its content. Content may include plug-ins, fragments and any other files that are important for the feature. A feature can also include other features. The delivery format for a feature is a JAR, but each included plug-in will be provided as a separate JAR.
Once you have created your plug-ins and fragments you can create a new feature by creating a New Feature Project.
You can also create Feature Patches in PDE. A feature patch is developed in the same fashion as a normal feature, but is used to edit an existing feature rather than create a new one.
New Feature Project
New Feature Patch Project


text:
Text::UnicodeBox::Text - Objects to describe text rendering
This module is part of the low level interface to Text::UnicodeBox; you probably don't need to use it directly.
The string representation of the text.
How many characters wide the text represents when rendered on the screen.
The following methods are exportable by name or by the tag ':all'
Given the passed text,
figures out the a smart value for the
length field and returns a new instance.
my $text = BOX_STRING('Test'); $text->align_and_pad(8); # is the same as # $text->align_and_pad( width => 8, pad => 1, pad_char =>'', align => 'left' ); $text->value eq'Test ';
Modify the value of this object to pad and align the text according to the specification. Pass any of the following parameters:
Defaults to the object's
length. Specifies how wide of a space the string is to be fit in. Doesn't make sense for this value to smaller then the width of the string. If you pass only one parameter to
align_and_pad, this is the parameter it's assigned to.
If the string looks like a number, the align default to 'right'; otherwise, 'left'.
How much padding on the right and left
What character to use for padding
Returns the value of this object.
Return array of objects of this string split into new strings on the newline character
Provides the count of
Return the length of the longest line in
my _USER_ = $obj->split( max_width => 100, break_words => 1 );
Return array of objects of this string split at the max width given. If break_words => 1, break anywhere, otherwise only break on the space character.
Copyright (c) 2012 Eric Waters and Shutterstock Images (_URL_). All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
The full text of the license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module.
Eric Waters


text:
Cape Town, South Africa – The population of South Africa increased by more than half a million, 530 000 to be exacy. The amount of people now living in South Africa is 49.99 million according to Statistics South Africa's Mid-year population estimates.
There are also more females in South Africa than males with females making 51% of the population.
There are 79 percent black people making 39.68 million and 4.58 million white people with 4.42 million coloured following.
Gauteng has the biggest population in South Africa standing at 11.19million followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 21.3 percent.
The Northern Cape has the least amount of people according to Stats SA.


A1 Institutions of Societal Integration: Market Economies, Organisations, and Welfare States
Modern market economies and advanced welfare states are under global and socio-economic pressures to change. Although these challenges seem relatively similar for all modern societies, historically evolved welfare regimes and market systems vary considerably across European and other OECD countries.
The nexus between market and non-market institutions, between production and protection systems, is at the centre of the research area's analytical and substantial focus. The theoretical starting point is the view that social action is embedded in specific social and institutional contexts that structure opportunities and constraints. Institutional change in market economies and welfare state reforms are partially dependent on societal support by collective actors and individuals, while also affecting the social relations and conditions on which they are based.
 The research area A1 combines projects that investigate market processes and organizations or public social policy interventions in a comparative perspective, often using both macro-institutional and micro-level data. A major fundamental question is the social and civic support for market economic activities and for welfare state policies. A connected second major topic is the analysis of the conditions for and process of welfare state reform and marketization. Finally, the research agenda also includes a concern for the consequences of changing production and protection systems for the life chances and social relations in Europe and other advanced economies.


The atg.repository.QueryBuilder interface defines the available query operations that repositories should support. The QueryBuilder interface enables you to build Query objects that can be passed to the repository. A Query is constructed from QueryExpressions. Each Query relates one or more QueryExpressions and a query operation. There are standard logical query operations, such as AND, OR, NOT, EQUALS, GREATER THAN, LESS THAN OR EQUALS, plus more complicated query operations like collection inclusion, pattern matching, and others. The implementation of QueryBuilder does not have to support all query operations — it depends on what query features the data store supports. For unsupported query operations, the method should throw a RepositoryException. You can use the atg.repository.QueryOptions class to limit the size of a query's result set or otherwise modify the query.
Query Creation Example
The following example creates a query that returns all repository items whose gender property is female:
loading table of contents...


Google Geocoding API error: The request was denied.
Iron sculpture Struktur
by Reinhard Scherer
This extraordinarily unique sculpture, made of iron, was created by Reinhard Scherer in 1990. It is located on the campus of the University of Stuttgart in Vaihingen.
Reinhard Scherer shows his distinctive understanding of space and dimensions in this work, and thereby, illustrates the possibilities related to these elements. He conceptualized his construction with the objective of encouraging dialog between his work and the surrounding landscape.
Through Struktur, Scherer plays with his artistic sensibilities for flat planes and lines with the understanding that the 17-meter high sculpture would seemingly move flexibly and elegantly in the air.
Scherer was born in 1948 in Wangen in Allgäu and first began to develop his career in the arts during his studies at the Freien Kunstschule in Stuttgart. Later, he went on to study sculpture at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Stuttgart. Scherer has participated in various national and international competitions and has won several scholarships.
He is a member of the regional artist league, Künstlerbund-Baden-Württemberg. Since 1990, he has been living and working as a freelance sculptor in Alfdorf-Pfahlbronn.
Universitätsstraße 34
70569 Stuttgart


Skip to definition.
Noun: celiac trunk
 1. An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric artery and the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery
 - celiac artery, truncus celiacus, arteria celiaca
Derived forms: celiac trunks
Type of: arteria, arterial blood vessel, artery
Encyclopedia: Celiac trunk


text:
Hierarchy Chart of African Countries
Explore the hierarchy chart of African countries. Gain insights into geographical, political, and cultural characteristics that bind these nations together and understand Africa's diversity.
Dive deep into the world of geopolitics with our detailed hierarchy charts, visualizing complex geographical and political structures globally. From countries' territorial hierarchies to the inner workings of political organizations, our webpage offers a comprehensive visual guide for students, researchers, and anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of our interconnected world. Turn global complexities into clear insights with our innovative chart designs.


text:
Root-Smart Example Video
Purchase the Root-Smart book to get all 57 roots with sentence completion exercises. The answer key is free.
Root-Smart Sentence Completions Workbook
This book contains 57 of the most essential root parts your children need in order to understand thousands of words they read. Each chapter provides the definition of the root along with sentence completion exercises to help the students understand words that have been derived from that root. Students will use the context of the sentence and the meanings of the roots to select synonyms that complete the sentence.


text:
Students took part in workshops and activities, offered by educators of the Programa Arvorar Jovem, to reflect on their emotions and the challenges of being a teenager
From October 17 to 25, Middle and High School students participated in the Adolescer Project offered by educators of the Programa Arvorar Jovem. Students took part in workshops and activities to reflect on their emotions and the challenges of being a teenager, especially in these post-pandemic times.
Expanding young people's awareness of their role as protagonists of their own lives in a world that is in transformation is one of the primary purposes of the Arvorar Jovem Program. Inspired by the principles of the Bahá'í Faith, the Program seeks to align its educational work with the principles and values of the Faith. According to Faezeh Shaikhzadeh, educational psychologist and co-leader of the project, the main themes students learn include viewing adolescence as a time of transformation and understanding the importance of identifying and expressing one's emotions.
"As we work with different segments, we use specific tools adapted for each age group. However, even with these differences, many things in common permeate the entire periods of pre-adolescence and adolescence," comments Faezeh.
For João Antônio Gomes, in Grade 8, the workshops will help him in his daily life as a student and teenager. "My experience was positive! The workshop will help because we need to focus on our studies and look at the positive side, such as understanding that our effort will bring us a better life."
The lecture, "Adolescer: Developing Skills for Life," allowed parents to share their concerns with educators and receive guidance on how best to support their children during this challenging phase.


text:
Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum
Arts for Transit Collaborative
New York City Architectural Artifacts from the Collection of the Brooklyn Museum, 2004
Terra cotta artifacts and glass mosaic on mezzanine and stairway walls
The Brooklyn Museum has long served as a repository for ornamental architectural forms salvaged from significant buildings that were being demolished. Seventy-eight of these artifacts are installed in the Eastern Parkway/Brooklyn Museum subway station, enriching the environment and creating an introduction to the museum above. Among these are plaques, lunettes, keystones, and other decorative elements that represent the city's architectural heritage. The project is a successful example of institutional collaboration. The Brooklyn Museum, working with MTA Arts for Transit and Vel Riberto Consulting, selected the artifacts and donated them to the project. New mosaic designs were added, to frame the objects and to make connections with the architecture of the station.
- Google Translate


Exclusive Trekking
A day spent trekking with our friend Nyoman Alit and his family is a very special experience. They live in a remote village high on the slopes of Batu Karu. This trek takes you through a veritable Garden of Eden as we explore jungle, bamboo forests and rice sawahs. This experience is a rare privilege providing a wonderful insight into a life which is fast disappearing. A photographer's dream.
Exclusive Cooking Class
Take a walk through a local village and learn about the Balinese traditions and customs. Then enjoy the hospitality and wisdom of Dewa and Jero as they explain the medicinal benefits of the food that we will prepare together.
Other Local Walks
Our staff can take you on walks through the rice fields and explain the rice growing process, the religious significance of the temples, and the traditional Balinese beliefs and ways of life.
If you wish, we can also organise:
Bali Bird Walk
Sui Made is a local lady with extraordinary knowledge relating to Balinese bird life. On her walks she points out the rice paddy animal and bird life that goes on around us.
Batik Courses
There are two kinds of courses available. One uses natural indigo dyes, the other has you creating batik hangings.


Importance in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Importance
being of great value or worth
Examples of Importance in a sentence
The doctor explained the importance of eating healthy meals and getting rest to the sick patient. 🔊
School isn't of much importance to the student, so he doesn't try very hard. 🔊
The importance of wearing safety gear was understood by all the workers. 🔊
One piece of trash didn't seem of much importance, but it was the clue that solved the case. 🔊
During his speech, the president said he understood the value and importance of bringing jobs to America. 🔊
Other words in the Significant category:
Most Searched Words (with Video)


text:
Seaparating Elliptical and Sprial Galaxies
In the paper, SDSS astronomers found a line that separates
galaxies into early (elliptical) and late (spiral) types. That line
corresponds to a u-r value of 2.2. You are now going to add that
line to your graph. Unfortunately, this is tedious to do in Excel,
so this page will show you how to add the line by hand.
Exercise 6: Print a copy of the more detailed
you made in Exercise 5. Use a ruler and a pencil to sketch a line with
the equation y = -x + 2.2 onto your graph. This line will
separate elliptical and spiral galaxies.
In the observable universe, 77% of galaxies are spiral (late)
and 20% of galaxies are elliptical (early). How does your
percentage of early and late galaxies compare to the universe?
Would you say the galaxies in the vicinity of Abell 2255 are
representative of the universe as a whole?


Sunday, April 14, 2013
Map Time!
A map I was working on yesterday while I zoned out watching a movie. It's a sinkhole mini crawl. I imagine this being in a wasteland/desert setting and it is an oasis 100' below the surface. There are small mesa like features (the green and brown thingies) two of which have caves, a cabin, stream and the black squares I haven't figured out. A series of obelisks? A graveyard? Small black boxes?
If you figure it out let me know. I'd love to know.
 1. Lovely map! The black squares grouped together like that make me think of some device of which they are all a part, which activates when some condition is met (moonlight hits them, they're all turned a certain way, etc.).
 2. The black things? Tents!
 3. The Black things? Obelisks made from obsidian. Strange glyphs cover each one, and on a full moon when it reaches its zenith the light shines upon the obelisks. The runes then glow a cold blue.
 On these nights strange sounds can be heard if one puts his ear to the stones. Whether its languages, animal noises, or something stranger one can not really tell.


text:
By Rachel Walsh
Old Faithful is a geyser in Yellowstone National Park that is powered by an instrusive pluton that is believed to be at a depth of 2.4 km to 4.8 km below the surface. The water is heated, and pumped through a plumbing system up through many geysers, one of which is old faithful. The height the water can reach is up to 56m. The duration of each eruption is 1.5 to 5 min. and the volume of water can reach up to 32 m3. I am going to investigate the rate, velocity of water at the hole and the possible pressure by the pluton.
- the plumbing is one vertical pipe of equal diameter through all 3.6 km (average) of the earth to the pluton.
- The eruption is at a constant rate.
- The change of temperature is irrelevant
- The pressure at the opening of the hole is atmospheric
Radius of opening: 0.2m
Possible viscosity of brine:1.3 x 10-3 Pa *s (Francke et al)
Density of brine: 1090 kg/ m3
Q= v/t to 32 m3 / 300s = 0.11 m3/s
Velocity of water:
pgh = ½ pv2 to (9.8 m/s)(56m) = ½ v2
v = 23.4 m/s
Change in pressure from pluton to surface:
Q = pR4(deltaP)/8hL à 0.11 m3/s = p(0.2m)4(deltaP)/8(1.3x10-3 Pa*s)(3600m)
deltaP = 1100 Pa
Francke, Henning. "Density and Viscosity of Brine: An Overview from a Process Engineers Perspective." Sci Verse. Cheme Der Erde - Geochemistry, n.d. Web.


text:
Artificial Sweeteners May Contaminate Water Downstream Of Sewage Treatment Plants And Even Drinking Water
Sewage treatment plants fail to remove artificial sweeteners completely from waste water. What's more, these pollutants contaminate waters downstream and may still be present in our drinking water. Thanks to their new robust analytical method, which simultaneously extracts and analyses seven commonly used artificial sweeteners, Marco Scheurer, Heinz-Jürgen Brauch and Frank Thomas Lange from the Water Technology Center in Karlsruhe, Germany, were able to demonstrate the presence of several artificial sweeteners in waste water.
Their findings are published online this week in Springer's journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.
A range of artificial sweeteners are commonly used in food and drinks, as well as drugs and sanitary products. The potential health risks of artificial sweeteners have been debated for some time. Until now, only sucralose has been detected in aquatic environments. Through the use of a new analytical method, the researchers were able to look for seven different artificial sweeteners (cyclamate, acesulfame, saccharin, aspartame, neotame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and sucralose) simultaneously, and show, for the first time, that a number of commonly used artificial sweeteners are present in German waste and surface water.


text:
The Death of Napoleon
So What Killed Napoleon?
The causes given for the demise of Napoleon range from the fantastical to the plausible. Some authorities have accepted the verdict of stomach cancer. As recently as March 2003, national newspapers printed an article of a study confirming that cancer was the cause of death. Others have not agreed.
In many respects, no historical person's medical record has been so microscopically examined. Many of the maladies supposedly suffered by Napoleon have little to do with his cause of death, but these speculations illustrate the bizarre accumulation of medically related issues. It has been suggested that Napoleon suffered from attacks of hemorrhoids so severe that they actually influenced the result at the Battle of Waterloo. In addition to scabies, the chronic skin disease neurodermititis (explaining Napoleon's penchant for prolonged baths), rages, weeping fits, migraines and dysuria (painful urination), a medical journal article in 1966 by Ayer proposed that all of these symptoms were the result of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, (acquired during the Egyptian campaign of 1798). To round out these speculations, Napoleon's hormones have been implicated as having important roles in his personality. These include suggestions of hyperthyroidism, Foehlich's Syndrome (pituitary deficiency), hypogonadism, Klinefelter's Syndrome (an extra X chromosome) and, as a bonus, undefined latent homosexuality.
Even the much examined Adolf Hitler, with his condition of hemicryptorchidism (one undescended testicle), never rivaled the encyclopedic medical record of Napoleon.
Then, of course, there are the poisoning theories.


RSVP for your your local TensorFlow Everywhere event today!
Builds part of a computation outside any current TPU replicate scope.
tf.tpu.outside_compilation() is used to run ops in computation on CPU instead of running on TPU. For example, users can run ops that are not supported on TPU's (e.g. tf.summary.write()) by explicitly placing those ops on CPU's. Below usage of outside compilation will place ops in computation_with_string_ops on CPU.
Example usage:
def computation_with_string_ops(x):
 # strings types are not supported on TPU's and below ops must
 # run on CPU instead.
 output = tf.strings.format('1{}', x)
 return tf.strings.to_number(output)
def tpu_computation():
 # Expected output is 11.
 output = tf.tpu.outside_compilation(computation_with_string_ops, 1)
Outside compilation should be called inside TPUReplicateContext. That is, tf.tpu.outside_compilation() should be called inside a function that is passed to tpu.split_compile_and_replicate() -- this is implied when outside compilation is invoked inside a function passed to TPUStrategy run(). If invoked outside of TPUReplicateContext, then this simply returns the result of computation, and therefore, would be a no-op. Note that outside compilation is different from tf.distribute.experimental.TPUStrategy.merge_call() as logic in outside compilation is replicated and executed separately for each replica. On the other hand, merge_call() requires a merge_fn to aggregate the inputs from different replicas and is executed only once.
For variables placed in TPU device, which includes variables created inside TPUStrategy scope, outside compilation logic must not include variable read/write. For variables placed on host, which is the case when variables created via TPUEstimator, variable read/write is only allowed if the variable is not accessed by any other ops in the TPU computation. Variable read/write from outside compilation cluster is not visible from TPU computation and vice versa. Therefore, if outside compilation logic contains such host variables read/write ops and if the variables are accessed by TPU computation as well, then this may lead to deadlock.
Internally, tf.tpu.outside_compilation() adds outside compilation attributes to all ops in computation. During later graph pass, these ops with outside compilation attribute is extracted out and replicated into a host-side graph. Inputs to this extract host-side graph is sent from TPU computation graph to host graph via a pair of XlaSendToHost and XlaRecvFromHost ops. Note that using tf.tpu.outside_compilation() may result in tensor transfer between TPU and CPU, leading to non-trivial performance impact.
computation A Python function that builds the computation to place on the host.
*args the positional arguments for the computation.
**kwargs the keyword arguments for the computation.
The Tensors returned by computation.


text:
Serialization is the process of converting the state of an object into a form that can be persisted or transported. The complement of serialization is deserialization, which converts a stream into an object. Together, these processes allow data to be easily stored and transferred.
The.NET Framework features two serializing technologies:
Binary serialization preserves type fidelity, which is useful for preserving the state of an object between different invocations of an application. For example, you can share an object between different applications by serializing it to the Clipboard. You can serialize an object to a stream, to a disk, to memory, over the network, and so forth. Remoting uses serialization to pass objects "by value" from one computer or application domain to another.
XML serialization serializes only public properties and fields and does not preserve type fidelity. This is useful when you want to provide or consume data without restricting the application that uses the data. Because XML is an open standard, it is an attractive choice for sharing data across the Web. SOAP is likewise an open standard, which makes it an attractive choice.
In This Section
- Serialization How-to Topics
- Lists links to How-to topics contained in this section.
- Binary Serialization
- Describes the binary serialization mechanism that is included with the common language runtime.
- XML and SOAP Serialization
- Describes the XML and SOAP serialization mechanism that is included with the common language runtime.
- Serialization Tools
- These tools help develop serialization code.
- Serialization Samples
- The samples demonstrate how to do serialization.
- Contains classes that can be used for serializing and deserializing objects.
- Contains classes that can be used to serialize objects into XML format documents or streams.


As I was playing in the Summit Forest level (which has a 'Hitman' kind of vibe to it), trying to take down enemies as stealthily as possible, this got me thinking: How do the stealth elements of the game work and how does the enemy AI detect the player?
Specifically, I would like to know:
 - Do the sounds you make matter? (from gunfire, walking on different types of floor, or through water, knocking over objects or bumping wind chimes)
 - Will walking instead of running lessen sound and likelihood of detection?
 - Are some guns or weapons 'quieter' than others? Does the bow and arrow, and a silenced pistol have the same or different noise levels?
 - Does sight or light levels matter? Will having a lit torch make you easier to detect? Can I lurk in the shadows? Sneak behind people? Hide behind objects? Being on a different level (a floor up or down)?
 - Once you're spotted, is hiding effective, or will the enemies instantly and constantly know where you're hiding?
 - Do enemies alert each other when of them has spotted you?
 - Will enemies be alerted when they come across a body you killed? How does this change their behavior and their likelihood of detecting you?
 - Any enemies with unique behavior when it comes to player detection?
 - Does difficulty matter?
 - 1
 To the downvoter(s): Could you please comment on why you downvoted this question? This is so I (and others) would know what was wrong with it, and so I could address that concern or edit the question to improve it. When downvotes are left without comments and the reasons for doing so are unclear, you'll often see users (like myself) wanting to know the reason why. – galacticninja Mar 12 '13 at 3:59
I'll try to answer your questions based on my experience with the game.
 - Walking/running and different types of floor don't matter. Not sure about water though, but I don't think it would matter. Changing arrow from normal to flaming also doesn't matter (not sure about if they can see, but a guard didn't hear it yesterday when I accidentally switched arrows behind his back). I also managed to knock some objects quit near enemies and they didn't notice. However, gunfire matters, they will hear you and immediately know where you are. Also, hanging salvage boxes that you can ignite draw attention when they drop on the ground (this happened to me yesterday).
 - As for lightning and sneaking, the game seems to be pretty forgiving about those. As long as you don't run directly in front of enemies, they don't appear to notice you. Stay in cover if they walk your way. Sneaking on people is easy for as long as they look different direction (it's even possible partially from the side, although that's risky), but the sound of your movement doesn't attract attention.
 - if you are revealed, I didn't find a way how to get back into stealth mode. They are pretty much after you and won't stop until they see your corpse.
 - enemies alert each other when they spot you or when you injure them; they start yelling for help. One of the game tips says that you can see in survival instincts view which enemy will get help (should be marked red), but I never saw it working.
 - if enemies find a body, they will move in to investigate and then stay alert and search the immediate area, but they will remain oblivious to you. No idea what happens then sorry, maybe they'll go about their business shortly (can anyone confirm that?).
 - I believe there are areas where it is not possible to sneak around, they will detect you as soon as you enter which triggers gunfight. You will know it because enemies will shout "That's her, kill her!" In other areas you can sneak in, eavesdrop on conversations and try to remove the opposition silently.
 - I only played on Normal difficulty so far, cannot say if difficulty changes something
Additional tips:
 - Bow is silent, I use this for stealth kills. One headshot kills most enemies (you get a diamond-shaped headshot-crosshair), but there are enemies with armour that cannot be one-head-shot or at least I couldn't do it (even with fully charged headshot). They can probably be killed with melee sneak attack, I didn't try it yet.
 - Silenced weapons are also quiet enough for when the guards are not too close to your position
 - You must one-shot the enemies silently otherwise they start yelling for help. If you can sneak behind an enemy, use melee attack to kill them silently.
As for the Summit Forest, you can kill all guards silently there, just make sure to wait until the initial conversation ends. After a few first guards are taken care of, you can assume position in the trees, observe their patrol paths and kill them from up there. Good hunting.
 - 4
 Also (from a tip on the loading screen) when looking at enemies with survival instincts on a red glow means that killing that enemy will alert another enemy – Steven Cunningham Mar 11 '13 at 16:05
 - 4
 Worth noting, you'll only get the headshot reticule if you put a point into the Bow Expert skill. – Niro Mar 11 '13 at 17:39
 - 1
 I've opened a locker (the mash-X loot kind), and they could hear that. A mook came strolling up to where the locker was. – Twon-ha Mar 12 '13 at 14:40
 - 2
 The tip referred to by Martin and Steven Cunningham is: If you look at an enemy in Survival Insticnt mode, they will glow yellow or red. If they are yellow, you can kill them silently (such as with the bow) and other enemies won't be alerted. If they are red, killing them will alert other enemies (usually because they are close to your victim or looking at your victim). If you wait long enough, the enemy might wander off and both will turn yellow. – Colmarr Mar 13 '13 at 2:22
 - _USER_-ha What area did that happen in? – galacticninja Mar 30 '13 at 3:01
In addition to the first answer:
 - In certain parts of the game lighting your torch with alert the enemies. e.g. at:
... the Chasm Stronghold level, when there are dozens of enemies around and you have to remain undetected. Lighting your torch is a sure way to get killed. screenshot
 - Comments in the first answer mention that using your 'Survival Instinct' (Q by the default in the PC) will highlight enemies in yellow or red, where yellow won't alert anyone else when that enemy is killed while red will alert other nearby enemies. In my experience, this isn't true in all cases. I have successfully killed enemies highlighted in red in Survival Instinct mode without alerting anyone. Just be sure to check if the enemy you want to kill has no one facing him.
 - In the Summit Forest, I have missed an enemy with my pistol with silencer attached and hit a nearby surface instead, but no one was alerted. It seems that even the projectile effects themselves are silenced if you have the silencer attached.
 - Also, in the Summit Forest: enemies will utter something like "in the water!", if they hear you splashing around in the water, but I haven't noticed any behavior changes. They weren't alerted and I wasn't spotted.
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text:
, Rosdiana (1997) A Morphological study of Malang reversion usage. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this repository.
Malang Walikan is a kind of language that uses reversed words in which Malang people use in their daily-conversation, especially in informal talks. Usually it is the younger generations who use such language more often than the older ones. There are three reasons why the writer is interested in analyzing Malang reversion. The first reason is because she has many friends who live in Malang and use the reversion everyday. The second is she is curious about the usage of Malang reversion. She becomes more interested in such reversion after she read a thesis of Malang reversion done by former student of IKIP Malang in 1976. This study tries to find out the various types of Malang Walikan. Another important focus of this study is to determine the source languages of Malang Walikan. This study is also a kind of further study of similar research conducted by Melik Sumanandar. The reason is to find out the proves of the writer's disagreement to Sumanandar's findings. After a thorough analysis, it is revealed that Malang Walikan can be divided into three types of words; Systematic reversion, Fluctuated reversion, and Slang. There is a particular formula to form systematic reversion, while the other two types could not be found any formula. The formula is: p l + P 2 +..... + p x becomes Px +P(x-1)+......+P1 The words of Systematic and Fluctuated reversions are derived from Indonesian and Javanese since the people of Malang are influenced by the usage of both languages. Thus, the domination of Indonesian words can be seen obviously in both types of reversion.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Bachelor)|
|Date Deposited:||23 Mar 2011 18:48|
|Last Modified:||31 Mar 2011 21:41|
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Why do ships use "port" and "starboard" instead of "left" and "right"?
Since port and starboard never change, they are unambiguous references that are independent of a mariner's orientation, and, thus, mariners use these nautical terms instead of left and right to avoid confusion. When looking forward, toward the bow of a ship, port and starboard refer to the left and right sides, respectively.
Source: NOAA
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I am working with a numerical application where some known techniques solve $\Delta u=\rho$ for $\rho(x,y)\geq0$ defined on a planar rectangle (given as the density of a large pointset). Since the application is related to transportation problems, I suspect that solving Monge-Ampere $\det(D^2 u)=\rho$ (with the same boundary conditions) may work better. Hence, the following questions.
 1. What are the most striking differences between the two PDEs? It would be useful to have examples of $\rho$ leading to very different solutions, and to identify general properties of individual solutions that differ between the two equations. For example, do solutions of Poisson's equation with nonzero $\rho$ minimize some useful functionals?
 2. Are the best numerical techniques for these equations essentially the same? The answers may differ if best is interpreted in terms of speed/convergence, robustness, ease of programming, support in Matlab, or availability of open-source solvers.
 3. Should I expect the (nonlinear) Monge-Ampere equation to be more difficult to solve (numerically) than the Poisson's equation with the same $\rho$ and the same boundary conditions? Is it possible/practical to solve Monge-Ampere by somehow solving/resolving Poisson's equation?
 4. What are good references on these topics?
Just in case, my $\rho$ can be heavily concentrated in small regions, often vanishes in other regions, and may experience sharp steps-like discontinuities. But this can be papered over by Gaussian smoothing (at some cost).
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Thinking aloud: for #1, we may want to consider two cases (1) $\rho$ with well-articulated saddle points and (2) $\rho$ without saddle points. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 9:56
Your reasons for wanting to consider the Monge-Ampere equation are rather vaguely stated, and your questions about the equation are quite broad. The differences are sufficiently big that you should not pursue this unless the application really does call for the Monge-Ampere equation, which is nonlinear, not necessarily elliptic, and therefore much more difficult to work with numerically. I also see that you are at Michigan, so I encourage you to consult colleagues in the math department and maybe even others in your own department about this. – Deane Yang Feb 6 '12 at 10:26
A basic difference is that the Laplacian is invariant under Euclidean motions, while the Hessian determinant is invariant under unimodular affine motions. – Dan Fox Feb 6 '12 at 14:40
Hmm... I am not sure how to exploit such invariance in my case, since the domain is bounded and $\rho$ seems unlikely to be invariant. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 23:22
Igor, my point was that the local geometry naturally associated to the two operators is different, so already in the case where the domain is the entire space and $\rho$ is a constant, or for the Dirichlet problem, the equations/solutions behave quite differently. The Monge-Ampere equation is more difficult than the Laplacian. As Deane Yang has pointed out above, the nonlinearity/linearity is one reason. The local geometry is another. On the other hand, by the arithmetic/geometric mean inequality there is some relation. In this regard see papers of Dean/Glowinski about the M-A case. – Dan Fox Feb 7 '12 at 8:22
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I agree with Deane Yang's comment and will try to expand on it in this answer.
First, the standard formulation of the Monge-Ampere equation is $ \det(D^2u)=\rho $.
Second, the Monge-Ampere equation and the Poisson equation are completely different, and the numerical techniques for the two problems are very different. The Monge-Ampere equation is fully nonlinear and will in general be much more difficult to solve numerically.
Finally, a recent paper on numerical methods for Monge-Ampere is S.C. Brenner, T. Gudi, M. Neilan, and L.-Y. Sung, C0 penalty methods for the fully nonlinear Monge-Ampere equation, Mathematics of Computation, 80:_PHONE_, 2011. The references inside should give you a starting point for your questions.
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Omitting $det$ in the question was a typo (sorry!) - I fixed that. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 17:16
_USER_, _USER_ - I am looking at ''A gradient descent solution to the Monge-Kantorovich problem,'' Chartrand et al (Applied Math Sci 2009, 3(22))…. This should explain my interest in $\det(D^2u)=ρ$ (but not the use of $Δu=ρ$ by others). Sections 3 and 4 apparently imply a straightforward numerical solution technique for Monge-Ampere --- consider $f_2=const$ in Formulas 14 and 24. How do I reconcile this with "much more difficult to solve numerically"? Thx for your help. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 17:32
Igor, I confess to being a pure mathematician who knows very little about numerical solutions of PDE's. My answer was based on the general belief that linear PDE's are usually much easier to solve numerically than nonlinear ones. But the paper you found does appear to find a very nice unconstrained variational approach to solving certain types of elliptic Monge-Ampere equation. If that's exactly what you need, then that's great! – Deane Yang Feb 6 '12 at 17:36
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