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Torpedoing Conventional Thinking on the Cheonan
The narrative around the Mar. 26 sinking of the South Korean Navy Corvette Cheonan, and the death of 46 sailors, seems pretty straightforward: the ship was sunk by a North Korean (DPRK) torpedo. That was the conclusion by a South Korean (ROK) panel of 47 military and military-research experts and three international representatives. The only question left unanswered was the DPRK's motive, with fallout from an internal power struggle holding the inside track.
But two researchers from the University of Virginia and Johns Hopkins University are suggesting there may have been a rush to judgment, and that the evidence presented by the panel is deeply flawed. Seunghun Lee, a professor of physics at Virginia, and J.J. Suh, an associate professor of Korean Studies at Johns Hopkins, have analyzed the findings of the Joint Civil-Military Investigation Group (JIG) and found them wanting.
The JIG concluded that the Cheonan was ripped in two by an external explosion from a North Korean torpedo, which ROK naval units recovered. But according to Lee and Suh, those conclusions are "riddled with such serious flaws as to render the JIG's conclusion unsustainable." They even suggest that some of the X-ray data used to tie the torpedo to the explosion "may have been fabricated."
Americans who watch television saw a sobering re-creation of the event in which an exploding torpedo's powerful bubble destroyed a similar sized ship. But according to the two authors, the South Korean Navy has not been able to "produce a bubble simulation consistent with the information presented in the JIG report." The simulations run by the JIG instead show a bubble forming, striking the ship, deforming the hull, and making a small rupture, not tearing the ship in half.
According to the authors, "If the bottom of the ship was hit by a bubble, it should show a spherical concave deformation resembling the shape of a bubble, as the JIG's own simulation suggests, but it does not." Instead, the damage seems more consistent with a "collision with a hard object."
What is also missing is any sign of what is called the "pre-bubble shock wave," nor does internal damage and crew casualties appear to be consistent with those inflicted by a shock wave.
Lee and Suh also take issue with the chemical and X-ray analysis of the residue on the hull that the JIG found to be consistent with the chemical signature of an explosion caused by the recovered torpedo. According to the authors, the "critical evidence" used by the JIG "to link the Cheonan sinking to the alleged explosion of the torpedo is scientifically groundless and perhaps fabricated."
The two researchers also question the torpedo itself, and particularly a blue ink marking on the weapon spelling out "Hangul "in Korean. The torpedo's deeply corroded surface is consistent with an explosion that would burn off the weapon's protective paint. The only problem is that ink boils at a much lower point than paint, 150 degrees Celsius and 350 degrees Celsius respectively. "This inconsistency—the high heat tolerant paint was burnt but the low heat tolerant ink was not—cannot be explained and casts serious doubt on the integrity of the torpedo as 'critical evidence,'" write the two authors.
"While we emphatically note that our findings do not prove that North Korea did not do it, we conclude that the JIG has failed to prove that it did," the authors argue. "The seriousness of the inconsistencies in fact casts doubt not only on the validity of the JIG conclusions but also on the integrity of its investigation."
If North Korea didn't sink the ship, who did? Maybe it was not a "who but a "what." Some of the damage is consistent with a collision. Is there damage that might indicate an internal explosion? The DPRK certainly has a history of doing provocative things, but part of that reputation comes from the relentless demonization of Pyongyang. The North Koreans have always shown an affection for bombast, but they have been generally careful not to do something that would provoke a war.
It may turn out that the North Koreans did sink the Cheonan, but the evidence is hardly the slam-dunk it has been represented as in the media. And doubts about the DPRK's guilt may well explain China's reluctance to join in the pile-on condemnations of Pyongyang, as well as for the careful wording of the recent United Nations resolution that condemned the incident but avoided assigning blame.
What is clear is that in-house investigations are always open to suspicion. No matter what the Israeli's handpicked panel to investigate the attack on a Turkish ship comes up with, it will have no credibility outside of Israel.
Lee and Suh conclude that "given the inconsistencies" of the JIG investigation, the South Korean government should "re-open the investigation and form a new, and more objective" investigation. "The dead sailors deserve such a report. So does the international community."
Visit Conn's blog, Dispatches from the Edge.


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There are few hills or mountains that have been connected by railway lines. Some of the important features of these mountain railways are the following.
Gradients The gradients of mountain tracks are very steep. Normally tracks with gradients of 3% or more are considered mountain tracks.
Gauge Normally narrow gauges with gauge widths of 762 mm or 610 mm are adopted for mountain railways.
Curvature The curvature of mountain tracks is very sharp. Curvatures of up to 40° are normally adopted.
Alignment Mountain alignment is quite zigzag and not straight in order to gain heights easily. The type of alignments normally followed are zigzag, switch-back, and spiral.
Purpose Mountain railways have mostly been constructed for tourist traffic. In some cases, they may be constructed for exploiting hinterland or new areas.
Cost considerations The cost of construction of mountain railways is quite high because of the need for a large number of bridges and heavy earthwork. The cost, however, gets considerably reduced by adopting a smaller gauge, narrow gauge (0.762 m or 0.61 m), and then it is possible to have very steep gradients and sharp curvature.
Some of the important mountain railways existing in India today are: (i) Kalka-Shimla Railway, (ii) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, (iii) Matheran Light Railway,
(iv) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, (v) The Kangra Valley Railway, and (vi) Haldwani-Kathgodam Railway.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


/or matt) is recommended to avoid reflection from the display itself.
12. How can I conceal unwanted items around the screen (for instance the TV brand, etc.)?
Either by putting a passe-partout behind the MIRONA® glass, for example cardboard or foil (the most simple and flexible solution).
or by printing/painting the glass to reduce the screen surface.
IMPORTANT: Please make sure that the color of the masking or print/paint matches the color of the screen when it is switched off!
13. How can I avoid seeing a difference between the color of the passe-partout and the screen when the screen is turned off?
By optimally matching passe-partout color and the display color when the screen is switched off, and by leaving as little space as possible between MIRONA® and the screen.
14. How can we retain the functions of the remote control on the screen if the IR sensor is concealed?
By using a material (interlayer or print /paint) which is transparent to infrared signals. Alternatively, leave a small opening in the print and position it in front of the IR sensor.
15. Which SCHOTT MIRONA® types can be laminated?
In principle, all types of MIRONA® can be laminated. We can provide you with more information on the test reports from the German testing institute Friedmann and Kirchner on the lamination of MIRONA®. Using PVB or EVA film as an interlayer fulfils EN 12543-2 requirements. Laminating MIRONA® makes sense when, for example, a MIRONA® Beamsplitter with VSG properties is to be produced by combining MIRONA® High Reflective One Side Coated (Level 1) and AR One Side Coated (AR at Level 4).
16. Is it possible to print on a coated surface?
Yes, it is. The color shade may be slightly affected by the coating.
17. What kind of material is recommended for the passe-partout?
Cardboard, foil, organic and ceramic printing is recommended.
18. What kind of printing can be applied to SCHOTT MIRONA®?
Ceramic and organic printing can be used with MIRONA®. The technology for applying the ink (screen printing, digital printing, painting) doesn't really matter.
19. Which SCHOTT MIRONA® types can be thermally toughened?
All types of MIRONA® can be thermally toughened. Compared to MIRONA® Standard, MIRONA® High Reflective has a more complex layer structure, which means that only tempering furnaces with multi-zone temperature control and temperature monitoring are suitable for toughening. During thermal toughening, the reflective color may change slightly, which cannot be avoided due to the process.
20. Can SCHOTT MIRONA® be used outdoors?
MIRONA® is suitable for outdoor use. All types of MIRONA® have been tested at the Institut für Fenstertechnik (ift) in Rosenheim, Germany according to ISO 1096-2 and is classified as class A. DIN EN 1096-2 describes the testing and durability of coated glass in the construction industry.
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Falcons with Passport – Things You See Only in the UAE
Falcons are a significant part of the traditional culture of the UAE. With exact history not known as to when the Bedouins first started using them, Falcons have played a crucial role in the history of the United Arab Emirates. They have helped Bedouins hunt animals in the extreme hot desert environment. The one thing that set the Falcons apart from other predatory animals, is that they can be trained to deliver the hunt alive. This helped the Bedouins to ensure that the meat is halal.
Who are Bedouins?
Bedouins (or Bedawi in Arabic) are the oldest inhabitants of the deserts of Arabia. They are a nomadic group of desert-dwellers or local tribes who were always on the move. Bedouins used to travel thousands of kilometers in the deserts using just the sun and stars for navigation.
They were expert trackers, and it is believed that they could distinguish the footsteps of humans and animals in the sand, and also could say if the human being was a man or when and also could tell the approximate age of the person.
Bedouins were the first to use falcons for hunting and other pet purposes. But, today, Falcons are a symbol of one's status, and sometimes they sell for as high as $1 million each, making falcon trade attractive to smugglers. This is why the UAE Government has issues Passports for falcons too.
Falcon Passport in the UAE
Falcon Passport
The Ministry of Environment and Water can issue a falcon passport. This is usually valid for three years and costs around 130 USD. The falcon with a Passport gets an ID number which is tied to one of the legs of the falcon.
Falcons when traveling abroad go through the exact border control procedures as other travelers. The officials verify the ID number on passport and ensure the animal has got the same ID on his leg. Falcons get their Passport stamped when transferred abroad.
Falcon in Flight
Amusing Fact about Falcons:
They are the only animals in the UAE that are legally allowed to travel inside planes. However, Falcons can only travel in business and first class. So, next time if you see a falcon seated beside you, do not be surprised.
Lufthansa Airlines has a custom-designed "falcon tray" for the animals on-board.
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the tuning effect has less time to enhance slow-speed engine's operation.
It is important to note that an exhaust system can only be optimized over a small rpm band, typically 1,500 to 2,000 rpm. Therefore, be sure to tune the pipe diameter and length to the engine's most critical rpm band. In the case of a drag racing engine, this band should fall between peak torque rpm and peak horsepower rpm. With due diligence, you can tune a header pipe to the middle of the rpm band to achieve the highest average power.
For a lower-rpm street engine, it is normally best to tune pipe dimensions to peak torque rpm. Larger diameters and shorter length header pipes optimize high-rpm operation, while smaller diameters and longer pipe lengths favor low-end power.
Stepped Header Pipes
Various exhaust systems are designed with a stepped-header pipe. A stepped header includes the placement of pipediameter differentials in the pipe. The differentials are referred to as steps. Stepped headers are divided into two or more pipe sections (usually two or three) with each successive section at least 1/8-inch larger than the previous section.
Exhaust port shape and valve size are crucial for determining the optimum size differential and location ofsteps in a header pipe.
Although a stepped header generates more low-pressure waves than a non-stepped design, its waves are weaker. Steps help maintain a higher average gas velocity over the total length of header pipe. A stepped header won't necessarily make more power than a non-stepped pipe, but it can broaden the engine's torque curve by widening the scavenging wave's effect, which increases the time of negative depression.
This can result in a win-win situation: High torque at low rpm while maintaining high horsepower at high rpm. Since the engine views a stepped header as a tapered pipe, the greater the number of steps in a length of pipe, the greater the taper angle and the stronger the pressure waves. But as the pipe angle increases, the rpm band it affects gets narrower. On the otherm hand, a longer pipe with fewer steps results in a narrower angle, thereby widening the working rpm range but lessening the strength of the pressure wave. Stepped headers are most beneficial when used on large-displacement and/or high-rpm engines.
A reverse cone is fitted to a collector to augment, extend and smooth out the peak horsepower band. A reverse cone can improve top-end power without compromising low-end torque. This pipe includes heat shields to retain the show-chrome look.
A cam with a long overlap can benefit from a pipe design that produces a wide exhaust-scavenging wave because a greater portion of the overlap period is effectively covered. A stepped header is an excellent design for this application as long as the pipe taper is not too steep. Conversely, if the scavenging wave is too narrow, the overlap period will not be covered effectively and performance will be reduced. Increasing the amount of time the scavenging wave covers the overlap period tends to broaden the tuned rpm band. Combiningm a relatively wide scavenging wave with a short overlap or generating a wider wave with a long overlap are two ways to broaden the rpm band over which the exhaust system is effective.
V-Twin engine builders have various philosophies for stepped headers. Some favor equal length sections for a stepped pipe while others prefer unequal lengths. Still others achieve good results by making the first section 10 to 12-inches long, and then splitting the remainder of the header into equal length sections. Some tuners base the length of the first stepped section on valve diameter. Moreover, the location of the bend in the header immediately after exiting the port and the design of the bike's frame can dictate the length of the first step.
Most stock Harley mufflers are relatively small for aesthetic reasons, and include a healthy dose of internal baffling to satisfy EPA noise limitations. As a result, airflow is restricted and so is power. Large, touring model Harleys ship with large volume mufflers and a crossover pipe. This large interconnected design produces a few extra ponies over the Dyna/Softail models with smaller volume mufflers.
Adequate muffler volume for the engine displacement is important for keeping exhaust backpressure low at high rpm. Generally, muffler volume should be roughly 10 times the cylinder volume to make good high rpm power. However, horsepower is also a factor because the more horsepower an engine makes, the more exhaust flow it generates.
In other words, as engine airflow increases exhaust gas volumeor also increases. With increased exhaust gas volume, muffler airflow and volume must also be increased. For example, assume we have two 113 cubic inch engines, one producing 100 horsepower and another producing 125 horsepower. A muffler that barely provides adequate airflow for the 100 horsepower engine will surely be inadequate for making good top-end power with the 125 horsepower engine.
Large engines require a muffler with a large main body, free-flowing baffle and unobstructed exit. Since large mufflers do not look aesthetically pleasing on a V-Twin, it is difficult to make a pipe for a large-displacement engine that satisfies both aesthetics and performance. The easiest and least costly method for improving exhaust system performance is to modify the system.
Most 2-into-2 systems are tunable by modifying the internal baffles. Modifying baffles, especially those used in small-volume mufflers, can improve power. Increasing the number and/or size of holes in the baffles or shortening the baffles reduces backpressure and helps top-end power. However, remember that increasing flow too much can reduce bottom-end torque. Furthermore, tunable 2-into-1 systems offer a clear advantage over non-tunable collector systems, especially if engine displacement is large.
2-Into-1 Collector Systems
A 2-into-1 exhaust system terminates both header pipes into a tapered merge collector, which includes baffling that acts as a muffler. Some collector systems for the V-Twin are designed with replaceable baffles, which allows the tuner to select a baffle offering the optimum amount of airflow and backpressure for the application.
Since collector systems tend to increase torque below peak torque rpm, they typically improve low and midrange power. Highrpm race engines, such as Top Fuel motors, generally do not use a collector because the engines do not drop below peak torque rpm.
Early model Screamin' Eagle pipe by SuperTrapp Industries includes a series of diffusion discs at the pipe's end for tuning purposes. Between 15 and 23 discs are often used with various end-cap designs. Within limits, installing more discs increases airflow, sound and performance.
Optimum collector design requires cut-and-try testing, so there is no one size fits all solution. However, in general, the longer and smaller the diameter of the merge collector, the lower the point where peak torque rpm will occur. A long slow-tapering collector effectively spreads the reflected wave over a wider rpm band. Spreading the wave essentially tricks the engine into thinking the header pipes are longer than they actually are. On the other hand, a short and wide-angle collector creates the strongest return pressure wave but works over a smaller rpm range. Additionally, the merge angles of the header pipes and the internal design of the collector can have an influence on power production.
A slow-flowing port typically allows excessive amounts of exhaust gases to backup in the port and re-enter the combustion chamber (called reversion). The exhaust gases dilute the intake charge and ruin carburetion and throttle response. An anti-reversionary (AR) flange is often installed in a header pipe where the pipe intersects with the exhaust port. This feature helps when the exhaust port is inefficient and slow flowing. Essentially, an AR flange shrouds the port, thereby catching much of the back-flowing exhaust, which improves performance, particularly at low rpm.
Some exhaust ports are designed with a miss-match at the bottom of the exhaust header pipe. The miss-match functions in the same fashion as an AR flange by reducing exhaust backflow. The mismatch creates a ledge at the bottom of the port that stops reversionary exhaust gases from backing into the combustion chamber.
Stepped headers are divided into two or more sections, with each section being a minimum of 1/8-inch larger in diameter than the previous section. Stepped headers produce more but weaker low-pressure waves, which broadens the engine's torque curve by widening the scavenging wave's effect.
Key exhaust system considerations include pipe diameter and length. Both pipe variables should be optimized based on engine displacement, rpm band, cam timing, and application. If a collector is used, its diameter and length also must be considered. Bike weight, gear ratios, and the number of gears along with the application also enter into the equation for optimum exhaust design.
Header diameter (inside diameter) is typically the most important factor in exhaust system design because it sets the torque curve. Increasing diameter generally improves top-end power at the expense of low-end torque. Changing pipe length will move the torque curve either up or down the rpm scale. A shorter pipe favors top-end horsepower while a longer pipe caters toward low-end torque.
Some engine builders have found great power numbers using an exhaust system that appears contradictory to known rules: long large-diameter or short small-diameter header pipes. However, these designs can offer the best of both worlds-great low end torque and top-end horsepower. Straight pipes typically improve power above roughly 4,000 rpm, which is great for an engine that never drops below this rpm. However, at low rpm, straight pipes generally create big dips in the torque curve, reduce throttle response, and make jetting difficult.
2-into-2 straight pipes can improve top-end performance at the expense of low and midrange torque. Performance and


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Definition - What does Electrode Device mean?
An Electrode Device is a logging tool which is based on the arrangement of simple metallic electrodes which work at a low frequency. It includes conventional micrologs, electrical logs, laterlogs and various other microresistivity logs. The device is used for both measurement while drilling and wireline logs. The voltage and current in the Electrode Device can be measured on convenient electrodes or on the combination of electrodes. It is used to provide current via nonmetal objects and measure conductivity.
Petropedia explains Electrode Device
The Electrode Device is basically used for the purpose of logging and is considered as a logging tool which is basically the arrangement of metallic electrodes used in MWD and wireline logs. Appropriate electrodes or combination of electrodes are required for measuring the current and voltage in the device. The electrodes are the electromagnetic cells which are either anodes or cathodes. The electrons leave the cell at the anodes and enter the cells at cathodes and reduction takes place. Electrode devices are also used for measuring electrode resistivity.


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Author(s): Abbas MI
Abstract Share this page
Abstract Knowledge of the solid angle (and consequently, the geometrical efficiency) is essential in all absolute measurements of the strengths of radioactive materials and to calibrate detectors. The method of high-efficiency gamma counting by means of well-type HPGe and NaI (Tl) detectors is widely used and has proved a powerful tool, particularly when low-activity, small-volume environmental samples are to be analyzed by gamma-ray spectrometry. In the present work, we introduce a direct analytical method for calculating the solid angle subtended by a well-type detector at axial point, non-axial point, extended circular disk and cylindrical sources. The validity of the derived analytical expressions was successfully confirmed by the comparisons with some published data (experimental and Monte Carlo).
This article was published in Appl Radiat Isot
and referenced in Journal of Physical Mathematics


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Whether you're an ex-pat or a vacationer, sometimes you just want a taste of home. But it can be hard to find what you're looking for when your favourite dish is called by an unfamiliar name.
Keep reading to learn about 15 foods that have different names around the world, from French fries to peanut butter.
French fries (US) are called "chips" in the UK, and "frites" in French-speaking countries.
In the UK and Ireland, what people in America call French fries are called "chips" and are famously served alongside fried fish. Typically eaten with salt and vinegar, variations range from chips and curry to meaty chips and gravy.
French-speaking countries such as France and Belgium use the term "frites," short for "pommes frites" ― which itself is an abbreviation of "pommes de terre frites," or fried potatoes. Thanks to the popularity of French cuisine around the globe, you've probably seen frites listed on menus as part of dishes like steak-frites (steak and fries) and moules-frites (mussels and fries).
Brits say "crisps," Americans say "potato chips."
Since Brits refer to fries as "chips," they have a different name than Americans for potato chips ― "crisps."
In Europe, what Americans call hot dogs are called "Vienna sausages" or "frankfurters."
What Americans call hot dogs are known as frankfurters and wienerwurst (Vienna sausage), in Germany, Austria, and other European countries.
Although the phrase "hot dog" is used in Australia and New Zealand, the Kiwi iteration refers to a deep-fried dog (for a non-fried version, you need to request an "American hot dog").
What Brits call "prawns," Americans call "shrimp."
They're technically different species, but "shrimp" and "prawn" are interchangeable as far as British English is concerned.
If you want something similar to an American omelet in Spain, ask for a "tortilla española."
Don't order a tortilla in Spain if you're looking for the Mexican flatbread. A "tortilla española," or tortilla de patatas, is actually a potato-filled omelette.
And if you want a filling, egg-based meal in Italy, ask for a frittata. The name of the dish derives from the verb "friggere" (to fry).
If you're looking for porridge in America, ask for oatmeal.
What Americans call oatmeal is known as "porridge" in the UK and Ireland. Technically speaking, oatmeal is a type of porridge ― but porridge can consist of grains other than oats such as rice, corn, and millet. In fact, a rice porridge called congee is a staple in countries throughout Asia.
People in the UK call a "zucchini" by its French name.
In the UK and other Commonwealth countries, people refer to what Americans call a zucchini by its French name: courgette.
According to the BBC America blog Anglophenia, the original name stuck when Italian immigrants introduced the veggie to Americans because it was easy to say without being Anglicized.
Ditto with eggplant.
Brits also use the French word for what Americans call an eggplant: aubergine.
Cilantro is actually the Spanish name for coriander leaves.
Although you may think that cilantro and coriander are two different herbs, they're part of the same plant. "Cilantro" – what Americans usually call it – is simply the Spanish word for coriander leaves.
Though "coriander" refers to the seeds of the herb, it's commonly used to describe the entire plant in the UK.
"Rocket" is another name for "arugula."
If you're from America, you probably associate the word "rocket" with astronauts and outer space, but it's also an alternate name for what you call arugula, used in the UK and beyond.
Both words have origins in Italy. "Arugula" evolved from the standard Italian "rucola," while "rocket" can be traced to "ruchetta," the name of the plant in the northern-Italian dialect.
In several countries, what Americans call "bell peppers" are known by their genus, "capsicum."
In India, Australia, and New Zealand, what Americans call "bell peppers" are referred to as "capsicum," defined as "a genus of tropical American herbs and shrubs of the nightshade family."
A "jacket potato" in the UK is a "baked potato" in America.
Jacket potatoes are eaten as main dishes in Britain. Split in half and topped with fillings such as beans, tuna, and chilli, the souped-up spuds are known as "jacket potatoes," a reference to the intact potato skin.
Americans refer to a similar dish as a "baked potato" and it's typically topped with sour cream, chives, and cheese.
What Americans call "cookies" are known as "biscuits" in the UK.
You won't find any signs for "cookies" in a British supermarket. In the UK, the treats are called biscuits. Although American cookies range from hard to soft, British biscuits have more of a cracker-like consistency. Digestive biscuits, a semi-sweet variety, are one of the most popular kinds.
A scone is the closest thing to an American-style "biscuit" in the UK.
If you're an American in the UK and find yourself craving a buttery, flaky biscuit rather than a cookie, you'll want to ask for a scone.
The Dutch word for "peanut butter" translates to "peanut cheese."
In the Netherlands, peanut butter is called "pindakaas" (peanut cheese) due to a rule that only products containing butter can have that name.
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Strategies suggested below are from an article Learning How To Control Your Fast Rate of Speech rate
Strategy Training for Controlled Speech Habits
1. Speak Using Intonation, Particularly the Staircase Approach
Mastering the skill of intonation and speech rhythm will also complement your speed because you will be speaking with controlled pitch patterns and phrases. Your speech articulators will also be in a better position to follow through and say all of your ending sounds. When you use the Staircase Approach for intonation while practicing with one of the strategies presented below for speed, your overall speaking rate and articulation will sound clear, professional and you will be perceived as well spoken.
2. Feel Your Articulators Touch
Control your rate of speech by feeling your articulators make contact with one another. Your articulators are your lips, teeth, tongue, jaw and facial muscles. When speaking, feel your lips and jaw move as they touch, as well as your tongue contacting your teeth and jaw. The purpose of this strategy is for you to feel and notice the tactile sensation from your mouth while speaking. If you cannot feel the tactile sensation in your mouth from your articulators while talking, then you are speaking too fast. Take a moment to feel the contact in your mouth from your different articulators. Using this strategy will significantly help you reduce your speed. To demonstrate the amount of sensation that can be noticed, count from one to four and feel what your articulators are doing.
The objective is to notice the tactile feedback or sensation you feel from your articulators moving. If you can be aware of this sensation while speaking, your rate will automatically slow down. Feeling your articulators touch is a good internal strategy to slow your rate of speed. Give this strategy a chance.
3. Say Every Sound in Every Word as You Travel Down the Staircase
When speaking, concentrate on producing every sound in every word. Think of saying all of your sounds, particularly the ones at the ends of words. Be certain to say every sound in multi-syllable words. Give yourself the "mantra" of " say every sound in every word " as a way to prompt yourself to use this strategy. When this technique is used you are more aware of your articulators (i.e., lips, tongue and jaw) moving at a controlled rate so they do not trip over one another during connected speech. This strategy will assist you with slowing down your rate of speed while improving your overall articulation.
4. Hold your Vowel Sounds Longer
Many speakers who have a fast rate will often cut the duration of "long" vowel sounds too short. You want to get your message out fast so you chop the longer sounds. American and professional speech has both long and short vowel sounds that need to be said correctly to avoid sounding choppy to your listener. Be sure you hold your vowel sounds, especially the long ones, for the appropriate amount of time.
5. Match your Rate with Another Speaker
Be aware of other people's speech habits and identify other fast talkers. Then, find people who speak at a controlled and pleasant rate. When you can identify fast talkers and people who have a pleasant rate your awareness of your own speech behavior will be significantly improved. Think of family members, co-workers and friends and identify those who are fast talkers and who are not. Write down the three fast talkers and controlled speech talkers in your speech notebook for improving your own awareness. When you have an opportunity to speak with someone you feel is a good speech model, match your speaking rate with his or her speed during conversation. You may feel like you are speaking too slowly. You are not! Remember, you are the fast talker and need to slow down. If this new strategy feels funny or convoluted then you are probably doing it correctly!
added March 15, 2011


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In yet another example of reverse technology transfer, a product developed by Nualgi Nano Biotech (NNB), a low profile biotech company here, is helping Americans to clean up polluted lakes. A three-acre Duck Pond in Croton-On-Hudson in New York state has been restored to normal health thanks to 'Nualgi' - an invention by NNB founder Thothathri Sampathkumar.
Prior to the application of Nualgi in Aug 2011, the Duck Pond "was in a highly impaired state with a variety of water quality issues" such as bad odour, poor clarity and infestation with duck weed and algae, said John Tucci, president of Lake Savers, a small company in Richland, Michigan.
Lake Savers, which has about 2,000 acres of lakes and ponds, including the Duck Pond, under its management, uses a combination of oxygenation systems, beneficial bacteria and enzyme formulations in its restoration projects. According to Tucci, this however did not work well in extremely impaired water bodies like the Duck Pond and so the company wanted to assess whether the addition of Nualgi to its programme could speed up recovery of this water body. The US company obtained 50 kg of Nualgi from Sampathkumar in August 2011 to try it out.
In an email to the Bangalore company earlier this month, Tucci has acknowledged that the water quality in the pond showed a "remarkable and sustained improvement" after a single dose of Nualgi application. Duckweed disappeared in one month after application and did not come back till now, and no algae blooms either, while "fish productivity and health has improved dramatically with the pond becoming a favourite destination for local fisherman," he said.
Nualgi is a mix of micro nutrients in the form of nano particles including silica, iron and manganese, which triggers the rapid growth of a type of algae called diatoms, explained Mallimadugula Bhaskar, a collaborator of Sampathkumar. The oxygen released by diatoms through photosynthesis increases the dissolved oxygen level of water and thus keeps the pond clean and the diatoms converted into 'zooplanktons' provide food for the fish. One kilogram of Nualgi can treat four million litres of water, he said. Apart from India, Nualgi has been patented in the US, Britain, Germany and South Africa.
Encouraged by its successful experiment in Duck Pond, Lake Savers has obtained clearance from the US Environmental Protection Agency for using Nualgi on a large scale in the US. "We are now aggressively embarking on more intensive studies and applications of Nualgi in a variety of water bodies from 5 to 120 acres," Tucci said. The Lake Savers which has so far purchased 350 kg of Nualgi, has expressed intent to buy another one tonne this year, Bhaskar said.
According to Bhaskar, Nualgi is an economical alternative to treat sewage and organic wastes in "eutrophic" lakes and ponds as no skilled labor or energy is required. It is inexpensive and can be mass produced, he said.
An eutrophic lake is characterized by excessive growth of algae resulting from contamination by nitrogen or phosphorus compounds such as by laundry detergents, untreated sewage, and fertilizer run-off from agricultural land. "One obvious solution is to reduce these inputs but this is unrealistic," Bhaskar said, adding: "The other solution is to remove the nutrients from water. The Nualgi-diatom-zooplankton-fish food chain is the best way to achieve this. Thus all the polluted lakes and rivers can be restored to their original glory using Nualgi."
According to Bhaskar, Nualgi is being used in many lakes in southern India for the past seven years and fishermen are buying the product to increase their catch in water bodies. "In Delhi only 30 per cent of the sewage of about four billion litres is treated," Bhaskar told IANS. "If Nualgi is used, this can become 100 percent in one year without any capital expenditure."
It is likely that Nualgi will be effective in oceans too, Sampathkumar said, adding it can be used to prevent algae bloom, known as red tide, like the one a week ago that reportedly killed nearly one million fish in the Gulf of Mexico. Oceanographer David Karl of Hawaii University has taken a small sample of Nualgi and is testing it in ship-board experiments in the Pacific, Bhaskar said.
Nualgi's developers hope to promote its use worldwide to revive fresh water eutrophic lakes and the over 500 "dead zones" in coastal regions - so-called because they are so deprived of oxygen that they can't support any aquatic life.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The landscape of health and wellbeing in the workplace is changing. Ticking the boxes on a safety and compliance checklist and abiding workplace laws (while still very important to the success of any business) is not the only factor. Employers now recognise that creating a safe design and productive workplace is also about keeping their staff happy and engaged.
According to Safe Work Australia, the term "good work" refers to an environment where the hazards and risks are eliminated or reduced so far as reasonably possible. "Good work design" on the other hand, refers to where the work design optimises employee performance, job satisfaction and productivity.
What defines good work design?
There are three considerations of good work design and it all begins at the earliest opportunity, during the planning and conceptual phases of creating a job or workspace environment. Understanding effective work design can transform your workplace and benefit everyone involved – from the workers to the stakeholders, to the clients and the business itself.
The work itself:
- How is the work performed? This should factor in the psychical, mental and emotional demands of the tasks involved in the individual job, and help you have a clear understanding of the type of person capable of performing those tasks
- How long does each task take, and what is the frequency and complexity of that task?
- What is the context and systems of work?
Assessing the physical working environment:
- What will the workplace/worker require in terms of plant, equipment, materials and substances to complete the task?
- Factor in the specific vehicles, buildings and structures that are ideal workplaces
The wellbeing of the workers
- Consider the physical, emotional and mental capacities and needs of the workers
The ten principles of good work design
- The concept gives the highest level of protection for staff and employees as far as is reasonably possible
- It enhances health and wellbeing for all
- Good work design boosts business success and overall productivity
- It addresses the physical, biomechanical, cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of the work itself, in partnership with the needs and capabilities of the people (whether management or staff) involved
- Going through the process will define the business needs, context and work environment needed for success
- Good work design is not just applied to the workers but the supply chain and operational lifecycle too
- Good work design engages decision-makers and leaders within a business to strive to be better
- Its goal is to actively involve the people who execute the work, including those who are part of the supply chain and other networks to ensure open lines of communication for the best outcomes
- Good work design sets out to identify hazards, assess and control risks. This is to be continually monitored and improved upon.
- Good work design encourages all involved to learn from experts, evidence and experience
How does poor work design affect workplaces?
Most Australian's work up to 40 hours a week – sometimes more! If work isn't designed and planned in a way that encourages engagement, safety and performance, it will make for a very long, unsafe and demoralising work experience, and in turn, will affect both the employees and the overall business output. The good work design principles are there to support duty holder exceed their WHS strategy and laws and help achieve better business practice for all.
The Drake Groups commitment to good work design
At The Drake Group, we're renowned for making light work of heavy loads through our robust trailers. However, our dedication to quality and our customers doesn't mean we compromise the health and safety of our amazing team. Everyone who is a part of The Drake Group family, whether they help in the manufacture and design of our heavy haulage trailers or assist in our administrative duties, is fully health and safety trained and works within the guidelines of good work design and the relevant WHS regulations.
To see what a Drake Group Trailer can do for your business and its safety practices, get in touch with us today.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A Muslim scholar who interprets the shari'a.
- n. Civilian dress, especially when worn by one who normally wears a uniform.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A Mohammedan law-officer whose duty it was to expound the law which the kadi was to execute.
- n. In India, citizen's dress worn by officers when off duty: now commonly used in this sense in the British army.
- n. countable (Islam) A Muslim scholar and interpreter of shari'a law, who can deliver a fatwa
- n. uncountable (UK, New Zealand) Civilian dress when worn by a member of the military, or casual dress when worn by a pupil of a school who normally would wear uniform
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. An official expounder of Mohammedan law.
- n. One of the chief legal advisers to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- n. Colloq. Eng. Ordinary civilian dress when worn by persons who serve in a uniformed service, such as the military or police. It originally was used in reference to British naval or military officers, and originated with the British service in India.
- n. a jurist who interprets Muslim religious law
- n. civilian dress worn by a person who is entitled to wear a military uniform
- From Arabic المفتي (al-múftī ) (definite form). (Wiktionary)
- Arabic muftī, one who gives legal opinions, active participle of 'aftā, to decide by legal opinion; see ptw in Semitic roots.Probably from mufti1. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"A flunkey in mufti is as unseemly an object as a soldier on furlough, with his jacket unbuttoned and his neat stock replaced by a coloured neckerchief."
"In 2008, Umar left for South Africa to pursue a two-year master's degree in Islamic jurisprudence and earned the title "mufti."
"Predominantly old soldiers and, allowing for the dreadful appearance that men drilling in mufti always present, not a bad lot."
"He was embarrassed in 2006 when the Saudi daily inaccurately described him as the "mufti" - i.e. the chief Islamic religious official - of California."
"All Salah needs to become a mufti is the approval of the chief judge, or grand mufti, Ahmad Al-Tayyeb, but so far he has remained silent."
"Another Guantánamo detainee, also captured in Pakistan in 2001 and later released to a Saudi rehabilitation program is Ibrahim Suleiman al-Rubaysh, 30, who also disappeared and is now described as the mufti, or theological guide, to Al Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula."
"He and his companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of officers in "mufti" on the opposite sidewalk, and kept their eyes immovably to the front."
"There are the sentries to be squared, and the fellow who provides you with a suit of'mufti'."
"The resplendent uniforms of the members totally eclipsed that of the Duke, who was in "mufti"; but he readily understood that the division of attention was really not attributable to us."
"Any one looking at him in'mufti' would exclaim, 'what an unfortunate object!' and perhaps offer him a penny, while in his hunting habiliments lords would hail him with, 'Well, Tom, how are you?' and baronets ask him"
These user-created lists contain the word 'mufti'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
Words taken from Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace.
About leaders, particularly the authority-figure at the top of the tree.
A list of words whose meanings I am learning, either because a) I don't know the meaning b) I know the meaning, but could stand to better appreciate certain inflections or secondary meanings or c)...
found while reading
Words gathered while reading Speak, Memory by Vladimir Nabokov.
an addendum or Anhang to Prolagus's list 'The braggadocio recipe'
Words compiled while reading Presidents At War.
Looking for tweets for mufti.


text:
November 25, 2012
- quibble (verb)
- What does it mean?
- 1 : to talk about unimportant things rather than the real point2 : to find fault or argue over unimportant points
- How do you use it?
- We wasted so much time quibbling over the rules that when we finally agreed there was no time left to play the game.
- Are you a word wiz?
Which sentence do you think uses the verb "quibble" correctly?Don't quibble with B. Sentence A correctly uses "quibble" as a verb, but neither meaning of "quibble" fits here. The word "scribble" would work instead. Sentence C also uses "quibble" as a verb. But like A, it makes no sense. The students might have "agreed" on a favorite book. In sentence D, "quibble" is used as a noun. It's true that there is a noun "quibble." It means "a statement that deals with a minor matter and not the real point under discussion" and "a minor objection or criticism." Although D uses the noun correctly, it can't be the right choice since we were looking for the verb.


text:
This is an overview of domain separation and the Notifications application. Domain
separation enables you to separate data, processes, and administrative tasks into logical
groupings called domains. You can then control several aspects of this separation, including
which users can see and access data.
Support: Level 2
Domain separation is
supported in this application. Not all ServiceNow applications support domain
separation; some include limitations on the data and administrative settings that can be
domain separated. To learn more, see Application support for domain
Domain separation is specifically supported in Notifications but not in email accounts.
Notifications are not data-separated but they are process-separated. Notifications are also
triggered by specific actions.
How domain separation works in Notifications
There are two basic components of domain separation and Notifications.
- Notifications are process-separated (not data-separated).
- Notifications are triggered in two main ways:
- When a record is Inserted or Updated
- Notifications with matching conditions AND in the same domain as the
inserted/updated record are processed.
- When an event defined in the notification is triggered
- Events typically have a target record. For example, [incident.inserted] event
references the incident record being inserted.
- When an event is fired, notifications configured for that event in the same
domain as the event's target record are processed.
Domains and email accounts
Domain separation is not supported in email accounts for these reasons:
- Sending mail: There is only one SMTP sender per account. This prohibits providing
domains for each account, and they are not configurable.
- For receiving Inbound mail: You can set up multiple email accounts but cannot
meaningfully set the domain of an inbound email action. Inbound Actions are processed in
the domain of the user who sent the email. For example: User_A in Domain A sends an
email to a ServiceNow email account which executes the "Create an incident" inbound
email action. The resulting new incident created by the inbound action is in Domain
To learn more see Inbound email actions
Note: If the number of email accounts exceeds 20, reception of email slows down.
If an instance is using the
Domain separation plugin
and a new email notification is
defined for a domain that has the same event as the notification on the global domain,
the user receives two emails for the same event.
Solution: Set the [sys_overrides] field on the notification that belongs to the
domain so it overrides the setting on global. For more information, see


text:
NBI human factors team is comprised of individuals with expertise in various areas of psychology (experimental, organizational, educational, clinical), as well as other related fields such as cognitive science, behavioral neuroscience, medical science, physiology, pharmacology, kinesiology, and engineering.
Peer-reviewed data and case facts, and the use of widely accepted scientific methodologies, enable human factors experts at NBI to identify the cause of the accident, as well as to offer advice on reducing unsafe behaviors and practices. The application of knowledge about human behavioral and cognitive characteristics, abilities, and limitations provides an in-depth understanding of how people perform in various environmental conditions.
Human Factors Experts in Los Angeles
The Department of Human Factors at the National Biomechanics Institute (NBI) provides expert witness testimony in civil and criminal courts for both defense and plaintiff attorneys. NBI human factors team works across different sectors, and also provides consulting on human behavior and human error to insurance agencies, municipalities, and government entities.
Our experts rely on scientific knowledge of psychological, behavioral and engineering approaches and methods to help clients understand how people interact with, and react to, the environment and/or technology. We base our technical, forensic opinions upon various psychological principles such as cognition, information processing, decision-making, sensation, perception, attention and memory to analyze how people think and make decisions across different contexts.
- Driver accident avoidance strategies
- Speeding in accident causation
- Perception-reaction time and stopping sight distance requirements
- Driver judgement of speed and distance of other vehicles
- Driver "blind spots"
- Driver behavior and distraction, and use of in-vehicle technologies
- Driving and the effects of weather phenomena (e.g., rain, fog, dust, and snow)
- Driving and the effects of glare from sun and headlights
- Pedestrian perception and behavior
- Behavioral and cognitive effects of alcohol and marijuana
- Behavioral and cognitive effects of fatigue, sleep deprivation, and shift work
- Behavioral and cognitive effects of OTC medications (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines, anti-depressants) and illicit drugs
- Cognitive load, and working memory failure
- Cognitive expectancy, reaction time and response selection
- Sensory detection, and perceptual ability and failure (e.g., visibility, visual disturbance, motion processing)
- Illumination, nighttime visibility, and pedestrian conspicuity
- Psychosocial development, and adolescent risk-taking behavior and impulsivity.
- Monocular vision, and depth perception and field of view
- Awareness, attention and distraction (e.g., inattention blindness, visual attention, visual search behavior)
- Advance traffic warning signs, and risk perception and hazard anticipation
- Situational awareness, and individual differences
- Motor behavior, movement control, gait, coordination, and loss of balance
- Slip resistance, changes in walkway level
- Ergonomics, and workplace layout
- Product and equipment design-induced errors
- Design and maintenance of roadways, work zones, and parking lots
- Design and maintenance of floors, ramps, stairways, and stair handrails
- Design and maintenance of signs and lighting
- Eyewitness identification, perception, and memory precision and bias
- Police-involved shootings, and excessive force
- False confessions, and police interrogation tactics
- Decision-making, performance and memory under conditions of acute or chronic stress
- Age-related changes in behavior, performance, cognition, and learning and memory
IN OUR WORK, WE USE THE FOLLOWING TOOLS TO ASSESS FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR, PERFORMANCE, AND ERROR:
- Luminance meter for measuring photometric brightness;
- Rangefinder for assessment of distance;
- Interactive Driver Response Research (I.DRR) software for including human factors in accident reconstruction process
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TOOLS AND SOFTWARE THAT NBI HUMAN FACTORS EXPERTS USE IN THEIR FORENSIC WORK:
- Luminance meters are detectors that measure photometric brightness (i.e., they measure the amount of light reflected to the eye from the object and its background). "Luminance" refers to the amount of light that is available for vision. Human factors experts, for example, may use these detectors to measure object contrast, which refers to the relationship between the luminance of an object and the luminance of the object's background.
- Through a process of ranging, the rangefinder device is used to assess distance from the observer to a target. Estimating distance is an essential part of nearly every human activity such as walking or driving. The key to safe driving is anticipation, and, for example, a driver could hardly perform effectively without a reasonably accurate knowledge of her distance from the vehicle in front to calculate a safe following distance on the road.
- I.DRR software allows for inclusion of human factors in the process of accident/crash reconstruction. This software allows human factors experts to evaluate various factors such as age, gender, disability, fatigue, temporary distraction, general visibility, glare and dark adaptation that impact cognition, perception, reaction time and behavior in the context of driving performance.
HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVING PERFORMANCE, ROAD SAFETY, AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
There are more than 6 million police-reported traffic crashes annually, resulting in more than 1.7 million injuries and 32,000 fatalities. The medical bills and productivity losses associated with crash injuries and deaths exceed $63 billion in a one-year period. Statistics show that human-related behavioral factors are the single most important cause across all traffic accidents.
HUMAN FACTORS INFLUENCE THE PROBABILITY OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:
Various factors influence driving capability by shaping visual perception, judgment, decision making, and reaction time. Factors like inexperience, advanced age, disability and chronic disease can reduce capability for an extended period of time, whereas fatigue, sleep deprivation, temporary distraction, and acute stress or alcohol/drug intoxication are typically associated with short-term reduction of capability.
PERCEPTION-REACTION TIME (PRT) AND BRAKE/STEERING RESPONSE ANALYSIS:
The time needed to respond to a stimulus while driving must be estimated correctly. NBI experts rely on their professional experience, academic education, primary research, and peer-reviewed data whileexamining the facts of a particular casein order to estimate driver response times and the total stopping sight distance.The following are some of the variables that have an influence on response time while driving:
- Direction from which the hazard emerges (e.g., rear-end accident);
- Time to collision (e.g., car following distance);
- Traffic density (e.g., rush-hour traffic);
- Time of day and lighting (e.g., nighttime);
- Roadway surface and weather conditions (e.g., rain, fog);
- Driver distraction (e.g., in-vehicle technologies, passengers);
- Driver characteristics (e.g., inexperience, advanced age);
- Driver medical history (e.g., diabetes, cataracts).


text:
Types of Explosions
Any explosion that is the direct result of using a weapon; such as a sword laden with explosive magics, or a gun that's been given explosive bullets. The most obvious example is a grenade or a block of TNT. Most guns can be put into this category, given the common firearm mechanism of propelling a bullet out of the gun's barrel through an explosion in the chamber.
A larger scale example would be the atomic bomb that a player can detonate on the town of Megaton in Fallout 3.
Think Final Fantasy or Dragon Warrior for magic-based explosions in games. Spells such as "Flare" in Final Fantasy and "Explodet" in Dragon Warrior are good examples.
In other games, a character may motion with their hand to create a fireball or a beam of powerful light, which will explode upon impact. In Oblivion, the magic-wielding player motions forward with his/her arm and points to create a fireball, which then hurdles through the air, exploding upon any solid surface.
Magical "summonings" also create magical explosions, such as Bahamut's attack in most Final Fantasy games.
These explosions emanate from the world around the player. They can activate on their own, or be triggered by the player's actions. Classics, such as the exploding barrel and fuel tank are often large and loud explosions - and in some environments, they can connect with other exploding objects to create a chain-reaction.
This also contains objects such as vehicles, booby traps, and mines. This type of explosion can be very important to some games, as explosive environmental objects are often part of objectives or checkpoints in a game.
These explosions are the result of any living thing that is able to explode. A simple example of this would be any kamikaze enemy in a game that's willing to run up to a player and detonate themselves.


text:
Welcome to the website of the Clinimetrics group of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
Clinimetrics is a methodological discipline with a focus on the quality of measurements in medical research and clinical practice. The quality of measurements includes both the quality of the measurement instruments and the quality of the performance of the actual measurements
The clinimetrics group consists of a group of excellent and very active researchers in the field of Clinimetrics. Their activities are embedded in the Knowledgecenter Measurement Instruments of the VU University Medical Center, and in the Section Measurement of the Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Vu University Medical Center, Amsterdam. The Clinimetrics group was founded in 2002 with the appointment of Henrica C.W. de Vet as Professor in Clinimetrics.
The Clinimetrics group has the following objectives:


text:
Buckling Up Works
As Missouri eases into another hot and humid summer, more people are hitting the roadsboth for work and for recreation. With additional people on the road, the chances of motor vehicle accidents increase, so the Department would like to take this opportunity to remind drivers that buckling up saves lives.
Transportation incidents, which include highway, non-highway, air, water, and rail fatalities, and also fatalities resulting from being struck by a vehicle, were the leading event or exposure of fatal work injuries in Missouri in 2008 and again in 2009, accounting for 59 of the 142 work-related fatalities in 2009.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports that occupants are 45 percent more likely to survive a crash if they are wearing their safety belts correctly. Three out of four people who are ejected from a vehicle during a crash will die as a result. Seat belt usage saves an estimated 9,500 lives each year. Americans spend more than 100 hours a year commuting to and from work, and nearly 30 percent of all travel is work-related.
"Missourians spend hours on the road, driving to and from work, for work, or running errands. Buckling up increases their chances of making it to their destinations safe and sound, and should be an easy decision. Unfortunately, close to 25 percent of Missourians choose not to buckle up, a number we're hoping to change by raising awareness that buckling up works," says Department Director Larry Rebman.
Missourians should practice safe transportation habits both on and off the job. Wearing a seat belt not only saves lives, it helps save money. The U.S. spends nearly $18 billion a year in medical, insurance, and overhead costs due to injuries caused by collisions involving passengers and drivers without seatbelts. So when you hop in your car to drive from meeting to meeting, or hit the highway for a vacation road trip, remember to buckle up!


text:
i am having trouble with functions
write a program that outputs inflation rates for two successive years and determines whether the inflation is increasing or decreasing.
Ask the user to input the current price of an item (currPrice), its price one year ago (oneYearPrice) and two years ago (twoYearPrice).
To calculate the inflation rate for a year, subtract the price of the item (for that year) from the price of the item one year ago and then divide the result by the price a year ago.
For example, the current inflation (currInf) would be oneYearPrice subtracted from currPrice and then divided by oneYearPrice. Similarly, last years inflation (prevInf) would be twoYearPrice subtracted from oneYearPrice and than divided by twoYearPrice.
Your program must contain at least the following functions: a function to calculate the results, and a functions to output the results. Use appropriate parameters (function arguments) to pass the information in and out of the functions. (Do not use global variables).
The point of the exercise is to learn more about information passing between functions. Notice that the point assignment for this exercise is purely on function declaration and data exchange among functions.
I have some hints for you:
Your input is the price of an item (let's say the price of a gallon of gas) for the last three years. For example, user will enter the current price of a gallon of regular gas today (currentyear), last year today (lastyear), and two years ago today(twoyearsago).
Once you collect all the input you need in the main() function, you will need to compute the inflation.
Notice that, you will need to compute inflation twice. Inflation from last year to today, and inflation from two years ago to last year. I would write a function called (computeInflation()) that takes two prices of an item as input and computes and returns the inflation. I would need to call computeInflation() function twice, for the first call I send current year and the last year price as input and get last years inflation. The second call I would send the lat year's and two year ago price as input and get the inflation of two years ago. At this point you have two inflation rates in the main() function.
You should have a second function that prints out a nice output. You will need to send the two inflation rates you computed as input. The function would output the inflation rates and also tell us if inflation is on the rise or declining.
need some guidance in fixing up my code.
using namespace std;
int computeInflation(int oneYearPrice, int twoYearPrice);
double computeInflation(double oneYearPrice, double twoYearPrice);
double computeInflation(double oneYearPrice, int twoYearPrice);
double computeInflation(int oneYearPrice, double twoYearPrice);
if ( currInf > prevInf )
cout << "The inflation rate is increasing" << endl;
else if (currInf < prevInf)
cout << "The inflation rate is decreasing" << endl;
cout << "There is no change in the inflation rate" << endl;
cout << "what is the current price" << endl;
cin >> currPrice;
cout << "what is the price of one year ago" << endl;
cin >> oneYearPrice;
cout << "what is the price of two years ago" << endl;
cin >> twoYearPrice;
currInf = (currPrice-oneYearPrice) / (oneYearPrice);
currInf = (currPrice-twoYearPrice) / (twoYearPrice);
cout << "your total tax is $" << currInf << " per month" << endl;


text: Explaination: The Book of Negroes was a list compiled by commissioners appointed by the British Commander in Chief, Sir Guy Carleton, as the Loyalists were evacuating New York between April and November 1783. It contains the names and identifying information of African Americans departing with the Loyalisits, such information being the basis for any future compensation claims from Patriot slave owners. A copy was sent to Congress. The transcript is taken from the original document held in the National Archives of the United Kingdom. An incomplete archive of the copy sent to to Congress is also available on line at _URL_ Please note that about a quarter of the document sent to Congress is missing.


text:
Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster has been set free to drift around the solar system for the next billion years, or until the solar radiation makes it disintegrate. But according to a recent paper, it might not stay in space forever: a group of researchers give Starman a 6 percent chance of crashing back down to Earth sometime in the next million years.
Making exact predictions of where an object in our solar system will end up is not easy. Even over the span of a few years, tiny uncertainties in an object's speed and exact location can have significant consequences for where it will end up. Over millions or billions of years, predicting where a tiny solar system object like a Tesla Roadster will be is mostly a matter of probabilities.
An object like the Tesla Roadster is particularly difficult to predict, because its orbit regularly brings it close to Earth, Mars, and Venus. With each pass, the gravitational forces from these planets can alter the Roadster's trajectory. After a million years, Starman could end up anywhere.
However, with complex computer modelling, it's possible to predict the odds that the Roadster will hit a planet in the future. According to the model, there's a 6 percent chance that the car will impact Earth sometime in the next million years, and about a 2.5 percent chance of colliding with Venus. Over the next 3 million years, the odds of an Earth impact rise to about 10 percent.
Of course, space is a big, mostly empty place, and there's about a 50 percent chance that the Roaster will go tens of millions of years without hitting anything. Outer space can be crushingly lonely, after all.


Home Heritage Useful Scots words Useful Scots word: muckle, mickle and George Washington's muddle
Useful Scots word: muckle, mickle and George Washington's muddle
Want to read more stories about Scots? Consider donating to The Caledonian Mercury
George Washington
George Washington
By Betty Kirkpatrick
Muckle is now best known to most people for its appearance in the old adage Mony a mickle maks a muckle. This is popularly thought to mean that a lot of small amounts of something will make a large amount of it. It is often used to try and encourage people to save little amounts of money in the hope, one day, that these will become a fortune.
The sentiment may be admirable, but the saying as it stands actually does not make much sense. Mickle and muckle, far from being opposites in meaning, actually mean the same thing. As nouns they both mean a large amount or a great deal of something. As adjectives they both mean large or great in size. Many Scots words have variations in spelling and muckle/mickle is an example. Meikle is another variation of the same word, as in the meikle stane (stone) mentioned in Tam o' Shanter:
And past the birks and meikle stane,
Where drunken Charlie brak's neck-bane:'
How the saying Mony a mickle maks a muckle came about is a bit of a mystery. The most likely explanation is that the phrase started out life as Mony a pickle maks a muckle. Pickle, unlike mickle, is opposite in meaning to muckle and means a small amount. This phrase, then, has the merit of making sense.
If that is the case, a most unlikely person appears to have been involved in the faulty rewording of the saying. That person is George Washington. In 1793 he referred in writing to a Scots saying: "many mickles make a muckle" adding "than which nothing in nature is more true". I doubt if he single-handedly caused the mickle problem, but he certainly added to it.
Mony a mickle maks a muckle might be linguistically inaccurate, but it has spread its wings further into England than most Scots words and phrases have done. To add to the confusion, a version of the saying has appeared in some English dialects as Many a little makes a mickle.
The word muckle is derived from Old English micel, meaning great or large, which is associated with Old Norse mikill of the same meaning. Muckle can be used as a noun, as in the saying under discussion, or as in They dinna think muckle o' him, used to emphasize a poor opinion of someone. However, muckle is often used as an adjective in a wide range of contexts, as in a muckle tree, a muckle hoose, a muckle difference, a muckle eejit (idiot) and so on.
Muckle feck refers to the larger or lion's share of something, muckle coat to a greatcoat and muckle chair to a particularly large armchair. The muckle tae is the big toe and the town of Langholm in Dumfriesshire is frequently known as the Muckle Toon.
Muckle is also found in compound adjectives such as muckle-moued, having an exceptionally large mouth. Muckle-backit means having a good strong back, always an asset, and muckle-boukit, in one of its senses, means having a large powerful physique. In its other sense it means pregnant, hardly a flattering description of a mother-to-be.
Muckle has extended its senses to mean adult or grown up. Thus an expression such as someone's muckle dochter can be ambiguous. She can either be a large (probably not a compliment) daughter or a grown-up daughter. Muckle can also mean high-ranking or important, as in the muckle fowk (people) of the toon.
Muckle fowk have often achieved their muckledom by being wealthy. This reminds me of another muckle saying: Moyen (influence) does muckle, but money does mair (more). True, very true. Our wealthy Westminster politicians are living proof of it.
 - Pingback: Useful Scots word: pickle | Caledonian Mercury - Heritage
 - _URL_ Thrissel
 By coincidence I just came over the 'many a little makes a mickle' version, with a slightly different implication, in The House with the Green Shutters, p 115:
 [The average Scotsman] has expressed his love of festina lente in business in a score of proverbs – 'bit by bit's the better horse, though big-by-bi-g's the baulder'; 'ca' canny or ye'll cowp'; 'many a little makes a mickle'; and 'creep before ye gang'.


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Looking at the numerous meanings and usages of the preposition "zu" we can only give an incomplete answer here to cover some special cases where we have a loose rule indeed.
Whenever we use "zu" we also indicate some spacial correlation, a direction, or other defined relations.
Der Kellner beugte sich zu dem Gast herab.
Alle Besucher sind zu dem Fest gekommen.
When we consider this then a meaning of a sentence may change:
Er hat mir ein Muster gebracht. - He gave me a sample.
Er hat ein Muster zu mir gebracht. - He brought the sample to me.
Er gehört zu mir. He became a part of me.
Er gehört mir. "He is mine."
Now let's look at both of your examples:
Er hat etwas zu mir gesagt und nicht zu jemand anderem.
Er hat [zu] mir etwas gesagt, was andere nicht hören sollten.
Both have nearly the same meaning, but in the first case it is important that the speech was directed to you. Hence you can not leave out the "zu". This is different in the second case. The direction is not important, you leave out the "zu". When you inserting it there it is not wrong but it became a rather superfluous filler.
Sie hat das Geld zu mir gebracht und nicht zu Paul.
Sie hat mir das Geld gebracht und nicht Paul.
Again, direction is emphasized in the first sentence whereas it is the person whom she gave the money to who plays the important role in the second sentence. This would in theory not only work with "bringen" but also with "geben" but here it is simply not used this way. Therefore it sounds awkward and wrong to a native's ear.
It may be confusing, but in another context "geben" indeed is used with "zu":
Meine Urgroßeltern mussten ihren Sohn zu Pflegeeltern geben.
In this case it is not a direction but a change in relation being responsible for using "zu" (like in "Er gehört zu mir." above).


text:
Date of Award
Master of Public Health (MPH)
School of Public Health
Stigma persists through systematic exclusion of black persons from mobility and resources in society (i.e., structural racism). Residential segregation, like other forms of structural racism, may impair health by hindering access to important resources such as housing, food, health insurance coverage, and governmental benefits. Recent literature has proposed that stigma be considered a fundamental cause of population health inequalities.
We examined the relation between county-level residential segregation dissimilarity indices and various social determinants of health outcomes within Indiana using generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling. Primary outcomes included housing instability, food insecurity, health insurance status, and enrollment in governmental assistance programs (i.e., Medicaid and SNAP). We used social determinants of health data provided by the Indiana Department of Health collected by Indiana 2-1-1 and residential segregation dissimilarity indices calculated by the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute.
The GEE models, adjusted for county based on the assumption that subject responses within the same county are correlated, regressed SDOH outcomes against segregation indices. In the adjusted models, we controlled for race and income level. Interactions between residential segregation and race were tested. Residential segregation was significantly associated with housing instability (OR = 1.2916, 95%CI (1.0877, 1.5338), p = 0.0035), food insecurity (OR = 1.1294, 95%CI (1.0292, 1.2394), p=0.0103), and SNAP benefits (OR = 1.1640, 95%CI (1.0559, 1.2831), p = 0.0023). Residential segregation was not significantly associated with health insurance status or Medicaid enrollment.
Structural racism is a fundamental cause of some social determinants of health inequalities. People living in counties with higher residential segregation were found to have significantly higher odds of being food insecure, housing insecure, and receiving SNAP benefits. Insurance status and type were not found to be significant outcomes. State and federal governmental programs and policy changes, paired with anti-stigma campaigns, can be implemented to decrease structural racism and subsequently racial health inequities.
Good, Madelyn, "Structural Racism: A Fundamental Cause Of Social Determinants Of Health Inequalities In Indiana" (2020). Public Health Theses. 1939.


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Tamil Nadu Village Habitations Improvement (THAI) Scheme
THAI schemes was introduced by the state Government during 2011-15. Now THAI II Scheme focused on the following works during 2016-17.
- Improvements and Modernization of Minor Irrigation Tanks
- BT Roads
- Basic Amenities
- Water Supply
- Street / Lane Improvement
- Improvements to Burial Ground
- Approach Road to Burial Ground
Improvements and Modernization of Minor Irrigation Tanks
The main objective of the programme is to ensure comprehensive rehabilitation of Minor Irrigation Tanks which are under the control of Panchayat Union so as to restore the tanks to their full capacity, increase ground water recharge, prevent surplus runoff and breaches in the water bodies and also to regulate the storage of water for drinking and agricultural purposes, to achieve the goal of uninterrupted drinking water supply and increased crop productivity with area irrigated.
Basic Infrastructure Amenities and Roads
THAI II Scheme concentrates its focus on the critical gaps identified in providing basic infrastructures especially in tribal Habitations, SC habitations, SC colonies and certain major habitations and also the new habitations developed due to interventions in terms of Housing Schemes. The priorities are water supply, street lights, streets and lane improvement, improvements to burial ground and pathway to burial ground. Special focus is given to roads i.e Upgradation of the Non-BT roads to BT standards, Strengthening of Existing damaged roads, Maintenance of Existing damaged BT roads which require renewal.
People of the rural area.
Basic amenities to rural area


text:
Nail treatments are defined as the deliberate altering of the appearance or shape of the nails, typically for the purpose of cosmetic enhancement.
Nails are the hard, horn like piece at the end of human fingers and toes. Deliberate alteration of the touch, feel, or appearance of the nail is called a treatment. Nails are often the subject of many types of treatments, including coloring, reshaping, dipping, and moisturizing. An individual who performs nail treatments is called a manicurist.
The word manicure, defined as a treatment to improve the appearance of fingernails, derives from the Latin word manus meaning hand, and cura meaning care. Centuries ago in India, henna (a type of dye) was used for manicures. The word pedicure comes form the Latin words pes, which means foot, and cura, which means care. Pedicures - treatments to improve the appearance of toenailshave been traced back to ancient Egypt where a carving of a pharaoh's official was noted as representing pedicures and manicures.
Other services for nails include the application of artificial nails such as nail tips, acrylics and artificial nail gels. A manicurist may also apply treatments to real nails, such as filing, polishing and painting. Nail treatment sometimes may involve cutting the cuticle, the small line of raised skin surrounding three of the nail's edges.
Nail treatments do not appear to affect the physiological functioning of the people. However, nail treatments remain popular because of their cosmetic appeal.
Ablation, acrylic nails, cotton balls, cuticle, cuticle oil, cuticle remover, emery board, finger brush, fingernails, fungus, hand lotion, hand towels, hot oil manicure, ingrown toenail, manicure, massage lotion, nail clipper, nail fungus, nail polish, nail polish remover, nail scissors, nails, paraffin, pedicure, podiatrist, tinea unguium, trimming.


text:
How to access 'Open(Public)' forms or surveys
ClayHR allows you to create 'open' forms and surveys so they are publicly available to all your users to take and fill out at any time. Digital forms & surveys are widely used to collect data/information for different purposes, as they are less time-consuming and are customizable.
What is the use of Public Forms/Surveys?
Convenience is the keyIn ClayHR users have remote access to public forms and can fill out them according to their convenience. For filling these forms users don't need permission from the administration. For instance, If an employee wants to request a uniform and your organisation has a public form for it, the employee can simply fill it up and the administration can process the request accordingly.To access "Open (Public)" Forms
- To access 'Open' forms known as "Public" form, go to the "Forms" icon to the top right of the menu → "Public Form" sub-menu.
- Select the form you would like to complete.
- Fill out the form fields.
- Submit form.
To access "Open (Public)" Survey
- To access the 'Open' survey known as the "Public" survey, go to the "Forms" icon to the top right of the menu → "Public Survey" sub-menu.
- Select the survey you would like to complete.
- Fill out the survey fields.
- Submit the survey.


text:
Scripts are about as close to programming Doom 3 as you can possibly get without having to purchase Visual C++. The language is similar to C++, but is arguably a bit easier to learn and use.
There are three major components in Doom 3 that are controlled by scripts:
The scritping system is based around the idea of objects and events.
Objects are referenced with $name where "name" is the name of the object in DOOMEdit.
Events look like C++ member function calls, and you can really think of them that way. To send the 'hide' event to speaker_280, you'd write $speaker_280.hide();
There is a special object known as'sys' which is where all the system calls (like print)
hide. All the events (including system calls) can all be found in "doom_events.script"
|Copyright © 2004 id software|


text:
A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia by Indraneil Das | New Holland | September 2010 | Hardback | 376 pages | 74 colour plates | RRP: £34.99 | ISBN 9781847733474
South-East Asia is one of the richest parts of the world in terms of reptiles.
This first comprehensive guide to the reptiles of this region covers all the reptiles recorded from mainland South-East Asia, from Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, as well as the islands of the Great Sundas (including Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali).
A detailed account with key identification characteristics, habitat and behaviour is included for each species, from crocodiles, tortoises and turtles, to lizards and snakes.
Every recognized species is described, and 74 magnificent specially commissioned colour plates by top wildlife artists depict 700 major species in meticulous detail. Where useful, details such as plastrons (for turtles and tortoises), juveniles, variants and head patterns are also shown on the plates.
So those of you who, like me, like to know what other taxa they saw on a foreign trip in addition to the birds, will find a lot of answers here.
Buy this book from _URL_
Created: 14th Jul 2010


text:
Is Fiber Optic Networking Technology More Secure Than Copper?
August 19, 2020Download PDF
Fiber optic cabling is commonly perceived as a solid choice for mitigating network security concerns. Because optical connections transmit data using light, they don't radiate signals that can be intercepted. Security for traditional copper Ethernet connections can now be significantly enhanced, however, thanks to end-to-end encryption standards.
The MACsec IEEE standard (IEEE 802.1AE) enhances security on networks by providing point-to-point, Layer 2 encryption between devices on a virtual or physical local area network (LAN). This eliminates the need for a dedicated security device, in some instances. Though MACsec was introduced in 2006, its adoption has been gaining traction recently after support was added to the mainline Linux® kernel. As a result, modern MACsec-enabled network switches and computing hardware can now deliver enhanced security for LANs, regardless of network media. This reduces the security advantage fiber optics had over copper.
In addition to providing data confidentiality through Layer 2 encryption, MACsec defines a security infrastructure to provide data origin authentication, data integrity, and replay protection. The protocol authenticates nodes through a secure exchange of randomly generated keys, ensuring data can only be transmitted and received by MACsec-configured nodes. This prevents disruption or data loss from transmission or reception by unauthorized devices. In addition, each MAC frame carries a data integrity check value to ensure accuracy and consistency throughout transmission. That means all frames copied from the LAN cannot be resent into the LAN without detection.
When it comes to security, MACsec's strong encryption capabilities have given traditional twisted-pair (copper) networking stronger network security legs to stand on. This has positioned copper wiring for some applications where fiber optic cabling was formerly the sole contender.
For more information about copper and fiber optic cabling, download the white paper Copper or Fiber for Military and Aerospace Networks? Clearing up the Misconceptions about Copper Cabling and Fiber Optics


This website contains biographical information on over 550 ancestors and descendants of Henry Harold Harrison. They include Harold's siblings, parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins of all descriptions. Their lives collectively spanned over 300 years from the late 17th century.
Joseph Harrison (c. 1835–) Ellen Ball (1832–1893) Edward Barton (1839–) Ann Barton (c. 1840–) Henry Harrison (1860–1937) Alice Barton (1863–1897) Henry Harold Harrison (1886–1973) Agnes Durie (1885–1971) Henry Harold (Hank) Harrison (1911–1974) John Durie Harrison (1913–1986) Gordon Harrison (1914–2005) Douglas Harrison (1919–1994)
Harold's was a working class family. His earliest known ancestors were mainly farmers and agricultural labourers from Lancashire. As the industrial revolution unfolded, their children migrated to Wigan and the surrounding villages to take up work in the textile mills and coal mines that were sprouting up throughout the Midlands. Some became shopkeepers. Harold himself apprenticed as a joiner at the beginning of the 20th century before emigrating to Canada where he worked as a carpenter and builder. His children mostly became middle-class business people.
Most of the traced ancestors lived in and around Wigan during the 19th century, their lives following the patterns of the society in which they lived. The children frequently received little schooling, and some were illiterate as adults. They joined the workforce around age 13. They usually lived at home with their parents until they were married. Husbands worked to support the family while wives looked after the home and children. The women bore children more-or-less continuously during their fertile years, however, many of the babies died in infancy. The lives of adults were often cut short by illness.
The biographies for most of Harold's ancestors are a synopsis of the facts recorded in census records and birth, marriage, and death certificates. This information typically includes their places of residence and occupations at various dates. Sadly, almost nothing more is known about who these people really were; their character, personality, talents, friendships, associations, interests, circumstances, health, contributions, trials, and tribulations are, for the most part, lost to time.
In addition to Harrison, the family's surnames include Ball, Barton, Mawdsley and Swarbrick. They married Donahues, Masons and Woods, among others. Their biographies can be accessed through our surname index, or from the partial family tree shown above. The biography for each of Harold's ancestors and descendants is also linked to his or her parents, siblings, and children for convenience.


text:
Circling back to properties, when you set a value on an attribute or metadatum or author a relationship within a layer, you are effectively expressing an opinion on that value. This is named an opinion because value assignments can always be changed by others! This is a very important concept for composition.
A different way of looking at this would be that "setting a value" implies that that action is final and the value itself becomes immutable; whereas with opinions you merely mean
"Within this layer, I want the value for this to be
If the value already existed before, you are essentially "overriding" it


text:
Artist Statement - Poppy Transitory (2016)
Artist Statement - Poppy Transitory
Poppy Transitory investigates the sincere absurdity of processing loss with decorative memorials, themselves transitory tokens of grief. Based in a fiercely personal, yet oddly abstract pain, the series considers the story-infused space of mourning—colorful, obsessive layers behave like memory extracts.
Conflating the mysterious Mojave Desert deaths of my sister Cindy Adams (1972) and musician Gram Parsons (1973), I ask what it means to "know" someone through location-tied story; to "understand" events via embellished clues, just as I "knew" both individuals through family narrative. What does it mean to assuage loss through well-meaning transference? Do gifts for the dead resolve our perplexity?
To engage this, I use transparent layers to suggest recalled memory, story cycles, and the deluge of tokens posthumously offered to Cindy and Gram. I deconstruct and reframe the language of the Mojave Desert, the visual vocabulary of memorial shrines, and personal iconography from Cindy and Gram's clothing, whirling them into a sensitive system of overlaid shapes. The desert they loved represents and consumes them.
Aware of its own artificiality, the work earnestly embraces our candy-colored attempts to mediate the space of grief with flowers, cards, and condolences—the physical trappings of a cultural process of mourning, often our only recourse in grappling with the unexplained. Poppy Transitory is itself a fragile, momentary monument to the passage of imprints, the trace of Cindy and Gram, and to our moment, an undeniable passage of its own.


Definition of the Term "Church Key"???
From the January 1980 JFO Newsletter (by Don Bull):
In the Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins by William and Mary Morris, they explain the term "Church Key" as follows: "When I passed on through my newspaper column a question from a Maryland reader about why "the tool that punches a triangular hole in a beer can is called a church key," I received lots of explanations. Included was one amusing script - virtually a one-act play - purporting to prove that the name was coined by a pair of hung-over acolytes.
But then I had an explanation from - where else? - Milwaukee, the beer capital of the world. It seems so authentic that all other theories may now be put aside. For one thing, Mr. J. R. Oberhofer, an old-time brewery worker, pointed out that the expression church key is much older than the device that leaves a triangular hole in beer cans. Indeed, it goes back to early days of the brewing business, when beer was first dispensed in bottles. 'The expression church key is old in the brewing business,' he wrote. 'I worked in a brewery for about 35 years and everybody carried a bottle opener or church key, perhaps so called because it looked like the top end of the kind of heavy ornate key used to unlock church doors.
I am enclosing an old relic that is about 50 years old. It's made of cast iron and from its weight and appearance, you can see its resemblance to a church door key. With the coming of cans in the brewing business, the bottle opener gave way to the can opener that makes the triangular marks - but the name church key was simply transferred to the new device.' Mr. Oberhofer actually did send the cast iron bottle opener, and the evidence seems to me entirely persuasive. Thanks to him for settling a question that has puzzled me for many a year." (Editor's note from Don Bull) Thank you William and Mary Morris... I assume the reference is to a D Cast Iron Cap Lifter. Does anyone have any other theories on the origin of the term "Church Key"?
From the October 1984 JFO Newsletter, Research by Joe Young our "Tin Can Opener Man"
about Mr. J. R. Oberhofer is shared with us: Mr. Oberhofer, Sr. started at the A. Gettelman Brewing Company and returned there after Prohibition. He retired from Miller Brewing Company about 20 years ago. (Gettelman was purchased by Miller in 1961) Mr. Oberhofer was a truck driver, and in later years, worked in the garage.
Circa 1900s Cast Iron Openers
Styles cited in the above article
D-1-21 Valley Brew / Stockton
D-5-28 Budweiser
D-3-23 Vals Favorite (Val Blatz Brewing Co)
Circa 1930s-1960s Can Piercers/Bottle Openers
that many claim are "Church Keys"
I-7 Vaughan's Quick & Easy (1st Patented Can Opener 1935)
I-17-297 Hamms Beer (Painted made from the Ro-Loc Process early 1960s)
I-11-380 Lone Star Beer (Painted made from the Ro-Loc Process early 1960s)


The Climatology Tower Assesses and Improves the City Environment
By: Amelia Roblin - Published: • References: yankodesign
Many cities of the world have long had an interest in and an ability to track and analyze all sorts of local atmospheric data; however, the Climatology Tower proposes another level of connection beyond mere observation. This space-age skyscraper is a cutting-edge concept for a building that would actually be able to influence its environment.
Jia-Wei Liu, Yuan-Sung Hsiao, Hung-Lin Hsieh and Yuko Ochiai have proposed an extraordinary flower-shaped high-rise that bears a resemblance to the Supertrees within Singapore's Gardens by the Bay. Sheltered by a transparent elliptical membrane, the edifice would have the ability to filter air and absorb moisture, performing as a city-scale air purifier and a dehumidifier. The Climatology Tower would contain labs and offices where atmospheric data would be gathered and examined; ground-level and elevated garden terraces could be enjoyed by the public. Stats for Urban Atmospheric Adjustors Trending: Older & Buzzing
Traction: 2,647 clicks in 72 w
Interest: 0.7 minutes
Concept: Climatology Tower
Related: 83 examples / 64 photos
Segment: Neutral, 12-55+
Comparison Set: 30 similar articles, including: lotus-inspired concept buildings, otherworldly eroding architecture, and leafy living towers.


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That is a follow-up to this question: Gauge symmetry is not a symmetry?
Ok, gauge symmetry is not a symmetry, but...
... a redundancy in our description, by introducing fake degrees of freedom to facilitate calculations.
I want some simple and practical example for this.
So If I, say, take a simple $\phi^4$ theory, then I can gauge it by...
... introducing the proper fake degrees of freedom
Can I?
share|improve this question
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1 Answer
A trivial example:
Take your original field $\phi$ to be a free real scalar field on $\mathbb{R}^n$. Double the number of fields by adding another free real scalar field $\chi$ to your list of fields
Now introduce a gauge symmetry by making the group of functions $g: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ act by $g: (\phi,\chi) \mapsto (\phi,\chi+ g)$. So your group of gauge transformations acts trivially on the space of $\phi$'s and freely and transitively on the space of $\chi$'s.
Now fix a gauge in your favorite way. You can grind through the BRST machinery, or you can just choose the gauge slice $\chi= 0$. Either way your original free scalar field is precisely equivalent to the new theory with two fields and the wacky gauge symmetry I described above.
share|improve this answer
Could you explain what does gauge away mean? I came across this expression while reading about the Higgs mechanism but didn't understand what it means and what is the significance of doing it. I wanted to start a question on it but found it stated here, hence my question. (And by the way I'm trying to comprehend what you wrote here but this stuff is a bit heavy for me.) – user09876 Jun 22 '12 at 23:15
A gauge symmetry is a symmetry of the variables used to describe a physical system which isn't actually a symmetry of the physical system. Gauging away a variable means using a gauge symmetry to eliminate it from the description of the system. I was getting ahead of myself when I said 'gauge away' $\chi$, since I hadn't actually introduced the gauge symmetry or used it to eliminate $\chi$. Fixed that. – user1504 Jun 23 '12 at 2:08
When you say "not actually a symmetry" can you elaborate? Isn't U(1) symmetry of QED "due to" conservation of electric charge? I mean obviously since we're talking about a bundle over space-time the "translations" (phase changes) aren't actual translations but otherwise i'm not sure what you meant by this. – tachyonicbrane Jun 23 '12 at 2:50
Regarding gauge symmetry not being a real symmetry - see physics.stackexchange.com/questions/13870/… – DJBunk Jun 23 '12 at 3:32
_USER_: The imaginary part in your example in the comments is not a gauge field, it is just zero after the constraint. It isn't arbitrary, and you don't pick out a slice in the path integral. – Ron Maimon Jun 23 '12 at 11:14
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Is it possible to create an negative energy space or area using electromagnetism in varied methods? | PhysicsOverflow
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My question "Is it possible to create an negative energy space or area using electromagnetism in varied methods" is very general. I understand that, but at this time and instance I ask that you all humor me as I can not narrow it down further.
My question originates from the possibility of creating an compression field using electromagnetism in an unascertained method. The general hypothesis will have varied application, one being the measurement of negative energy and as of which the further applications will domino effect further out.
asked Feb 16, 2018 in Q&A by J [ no revision ]
There are two very well known examples of the "negative energy in space", namely, in interactions of charged particles. For example, a proton "creates" a negative potential energy for an electron, so they attract each other and tend to get closer. The closest state, though, is not something of a zero size, but a Hydrogen atom.
The same proton "creates" a positive potential energy for another proton or another positively charged particle, so they repulse each other.
Concerning QFT, there is a phenomenon called annihilation and it happens that an electron and a positron may create a Hydrogen-like "positronium" atom, but it is unstable and decays into several photons.
If you are speaking of the electromagnetic field energy solely, it is a positively defined quantity since it is an integral of positive functions $\int\left(E^2+H^2\right)dV$. But you should keep in mind that the fields have their "sources" and "sinks" - charged particles in motion.
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