text:
These are some excerpts taken from the book
"Fair is the Place" about early Cape Breton life.
Notes for RANALD MACDONALD:
Most of what follows is taken from "Fair Is The Place", by Mildred and
John Colin MacDonald of Judique, Nova Scotia.
Ranald MacDonald (Pioneer) was born on Eilean Shona, Scotland, on the
Baillie farm there. He was the son of James of Baillie and he followed
his father and brother Alasdair to Canada about 1796. Ranald was
probably married when he emigrated but his wife's name is unknown, and
unfortunately, nothing more is known of her. When Ranald came out to
Nova Scotia, he was more than likely accompanied by his wife and also by
his brother, Donald Ban. They probably landed at Pictou and then made
their way to the Arisaig area of Antigonish County where they would have
met up with other brother Alasdair (1730 - 1820's) and his family. No
doubt, their father James was either dying or already dead when they
arrived, so this must have saddened them. In 1798, Ranald and his family
crossed over to Long Point, Cape Breton, where he took up 180 acres just
south of his brother Alasdair's grant. Ranald's name and his son James
both appear in the 1818 census of Cape Breton.
In the years that followed their initial settlement, the "Clann Sheumais"
MacDonalds of Judique (named for James of Baille) developed a reputation
as strong fighters. Their men were considered proud and because they
were so often of such massive stature, they were rarely challenged
Notes for RANALD MACDONALD:
Ranald was of the first generation of our ancestors to be born in
Canada. When his generation came of age, there was no place left along
the shore to establish their homestead, so they were forced to clear the
lands in the back and build their homes there. So it was that Ranald and
Sarah settled in Rear Centennial where, it is believed, they built their
house in the 1820's. Ranald took over the property originally granted to
his brother James. Their house was built all of wood and there wasn't an
iron nail used in its construction. The house never know the luxury of
running water or electricity. There was not even a water pump in the
kitchen. Water had to be drawn from the well outside.
At some point in time, Ranald gave a half of his land to his son John
and the other half to son Joe and they, in turn, raised their own
families next door to each other along the Centennial Road.
Ranald and Sarah had seven children, four boys and three girls. Sarah
was born in Scotland in 1812 and was listed as a widow at age 59 in the
1871 census and head of house.
27. RANALD MACDONALD (JOHN, RANALD,
RANALD, JAMES OF
BAILLIE, DONALD MÓR, ALAISDAIR,
IAIN OG, IAIN
was born 1872 in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and died July 10, 1938 in
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. He married MARY JANE CHISOLM January 10, 1909
in St Paul's Church, Dorchester, Mass., daughter of ALLAN CHISOLM and
Notes for RANALD MACDONALD:
fishing to farming and so he tried to spend most of his time in pursuit
of the former. As a result, most of the farm chores were left to Mary
Jane, the children, and an occasional hired hand. Ranny, not unlike many
other men from the rear, would leave his home on Sunday night and not
return until Saturday evening. He would walk the five miles or so to the
shore where he had a shack equipped with a bed and a stove. He would
take with him provisions for a week's stay. He fished mostly for
lobsters from a dory in the waters in and around St. George's Bay.
Ranald, his wife, Mary Jane, and their family were the last of their
people to work the farm in Rear Centennial. Life on the farm had been
extremely harsh and difficult but because everybody around them lived
under the same conditions, the difficulties of everyday life were hardly
considered unusual. The farm was self-sustaining and, in spite of the
long, severe winters, there was usually ample food and wool to feed and
clothe a large family.
Mary Jane didn't leave the property for good until sometime in the
mid-sixties. By this time, most of the people had stopped farming for
their livelihood and had moved into newer homes with modern conveniences
closer to the main road, (Route 19).
One of the first ancestors to emigrate to
the United States below.
(JOHN, RANALD, RANALD, JAMES OF BAILLIE, DONALD MÓR,
ALAISDAIR, RUAIRI, ALAISDAIR, IAIN OG, IAIN MUIDEARTACH,
ALAISDAIR) was born 1874 in Centennial, CB, NS, and died February 7,
1944 in Portsmouth, NH. She married JAMES (SHEMAN GOUL) MACDONALD May
10, 1893 in Immaculate Conception Church, Portsmouth, NH, son of DOUGALD
MACDONALD and CATHERINE MACDONALD.
Notes for MARIAH MACDONALD:
Mariah MacDonald m.
James MacDonald on May 10th, 1893 at the Church of the Immaculate
Conception, Portsmouth, N. H. She was one of at least eight children
(four boys and four girls) born to John MacDonald and Catherine
MacEachern. She was born in the house believed to have been built by her
grandfather Ranald in the early 1820's. Her father was a farmer as were
all their neighbours and their house was located on the Centennial Road
between her uncle Joe's place on the south (her cousin, Mary Jess
O'Brien's family), and the MacInnis farm (more cousins) to the north.
Her husband, James, was known by his Gaelic nickname, "Sheman Goul"
(i.e., Jimmy, son of Dougald). He was the grandson of Peter and Margaret
MacDonald and the oldest of at least twelve children born to Dougald and
Katherine MacDonald of Creignish Rear and they lived on a farm at the
northeast quadrant of the crossroads in the Rear. However, when the
Empire census was taken in 1891, James was listed as a fisherman while
all his siblings were enumerated as farmers. James was the first of his
family to emigrate to the States. Local tradition has it that he
captained a fishing boat out of Gloucester, Mass. We know that his
brother Roderick (Rory) settled in Gloucester and he had at least one
son, Douglas, who visited Portsmouth a number of times. His brother, Dan
H., (the sixth son and eighth child), remained in the Rear and ran a
grocery store and post office at the crossroads.
According to Ann MacDonald Burke, Mariah's niece and daughter of Ranald,
James went off to the States to find work. When he was established, he
sent home for his young bride to be, Mariah, who was then nineteen years
old. They lived most of their years together at 30 Burkitt Street just a
few houses away from her sister, "Katie Bill" O'Brien. He died in N. H.
in December, 1943; she in early February, 1944.
Notes for JAMES (SHEMAN
James MacDonald m. Mariah MacDonald da. of John (Ranald) MacDonald and
Catherine MacEachern of Rear Centennial. (See pg. 399 Fair Is The Place
by Mildred and John Colin MacDonald). James was the only one of his
family listed as a fisherman. Local oral tradition has it that James
captained a fishing boat out of Gloucester, Massachusetts and when he
had enough money settled in Portsmouth, New Hampshire where he married
Mariah and raised his family. See also Notes on Mariah MacDonald.
our Canadian History page


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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Laboratory Investigation of Anion Exclusion Effects on Nitrate Mobility in Unsaturated Soil
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Summary: Nitrate derived from fertilizers applied at the surface of farm fields can leach downwards and contaminate underlying aquifers. Percolating water containing nitrate can also be intercepted by shallow subsurface drainage pipe systems and then discharged offsite into streams, rivers, and lakes; in turn potentially having an adverse impact on surface water quality at local, regional, and national scales. Therefore, solving environmental problems associated with nitrate (NO3-) requires a better understanding of how NO3- moves through the soil profile under unsaturated flow conditions.
To a large extent, NO3- mobility in soil is governed by electrostatic processes, particularly anion exclusion. Nitrate ions have a negative charge (i.e. nitrate is an anion), and anion exclusion processes occur when mineral/organic soil particle surfaces also have a net negative charge, which is typically the case. Pore-scale (micro-scale) anion exclusion processes begin with negatively charged NO3- anions being electrostatically repelled from the sides of pores comprised of negatively charged soil particles (Figure 1). The NO3- anions are then concentrated in the centers of the pores, where the fastest pore water is present (Figure 1). Consequently, where anion exclusion processes dominate, the NO3- anions move at a rate that is greater than the average pore water velocity. This is why the movement of NO3- in the subsurface is often quicker than expected. Various factors related to the solid soil matrix and the soil water can have a significant impact on NO3- anion exclusion processes.
Figure 1. Pore-scale conceptualization of anion exclusion processes under unsaturated flow conditions.
Consequently, a laboratory investigation with transient unsaturated horizontal column experiments was carried out to assess factors affecting the anion exclusion processes that substantially control NO3- transport in soil. A computer controlled syringe pump was used to inject water containing NO3- into the inlet of a horizontally mounted soil column (Figure 2). The computer controlled syringe pump maintained a constant water content at the inlet as the wetting front progressed into the column. Unsaturated conditions prevailed within the soil column during testing, and all tests were stopped before the wetting front reached the end of the column. Test results include water content and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) concentration profiles plotted versus column distance (from inlet) or the Boltzmann transform (distance from the column inlet divided by the square root of the test duration time) (Figure 3).
Figure 2. (a) Schematic of computer controlled syringe pump apparatus, (b) photo of computer controlled syringe pump apparatus, (c) close-up photo of syringe pump and horizontal soil column with controller in background, and (d) close-up of syringes inserted into column inlet
Figure 3. Example of water content (left) and NO3--N concentration (right) profile results from two transient unsaturated horizontal column experiments conducted with initially dry Teller loam soil. Profiles are plotted versus the Boltzmann transform. Note: As shown in these example results, and as is often observed for initially dry soils, anion exclusion processes concentrate NO3- at the wetting front edge. In this case, NO3--N concentration at the wetting front was more than twice its injected concentration.
Some of the major findings for the laboratory investigation are listed as follows.
1) For the experiments conducted, regardless of the initial soil water content, anion exclusion processes result in the measured NO3--N concentration at the column inlet having a value less than the injected NO3--N concentration. Because the inlet water content and NO3--N concentration remain constant during testing, an effective excluded water content for NO3- can be calculated at the inlet. If the soil is initially dry, anion exclusion processes concentrate NO3--N at the wetting front edge (see Figure 3). Therefore, given initially dry soil conditions, such as is common in arid climates, anion exclusion not only makes NO3- more mobile, but can potentially produce high concentration NO3- "pulses" that move through the soil profile.
2) For a particular soil, if the injected NO3--N concentration is not varied, then the NO3--N concentration measured at the column inlet tends to remain the same, regardless of the water content value maintained at the inlet. This result indicates that the NO3- excluded water content at the inlet is linearly dependent on the total inlet water content.
3) Soils that have a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) will exhibit a much greater NO3- anion exclusion effect that soils with a low CEC.
4) Anion exclusion processes influencing NO3- mobility in the soil are more affected by the total amount of anions and cations present in the soil solution (ionic strength) and not as much by the actual NO3- concentration.
5) The type of accompanying cation can greatly affect the magnitude of the NO3- anion exclusion effect. Monovalent cations increase the NO3- anion exclusion effect, while trivalent cations suppress the NO3- anion exclusion effect.
Last Modified: 7/20/2009


Antal surname meaning, origin - hungarian surname Antal
The meaning of the surname Antal is: Derived from the given name ANTAL.
The surname Antal is present in the lists: Male names, Surnames, Hungarian names, Hungarian surnames, Surnames start with letter A.
Number for the surname Antal
The Number of the surname three (3) denotes people who are capable and cheerful, easily perceive everything new, and thanks to this, achieve success in various fields. People with the surname Antal prefer to adapt to their environment, but only where profit is expected.
Stones of the number 3 for the surname Antal: amethyst, jet, sapphire, turquoise, chrysolite, hematite (Bloodstone), spinel (Lal), tourmaline-sherl, tiger's eye.
Planet of the number 3: Jupiter.
Zodiac Sign of the number 3: Sagittarius.
More: number of the surname Antal
Meaning of letters in the surname Antal
T - T carries very sensitive energies. In a person's surname Numerology, it highlights the importance of harmony in relationships and teamwork.
L - there's a friendly presence to people with L in their surname. They are influenced by magnetic, optimistic, and expressive energies.
Compatible with the surname Antal hungarian surnames
Balazs Hungarian surnames, Bartos Hungarian surnames, Borbely Hungarian surnames, Csintalan Hungarian surnames, Filep Hungarian surnames, Gabor Hungarian surnames, Hegedus Hungarian surnames, Jo Hungarian surnames, Karpaty Hungarian surnames, Kedves Hungarian surnames, Kis Hungarian surnames, Kobor Hungarian surnames, Kovats Hungarian surnames, Orosz Hungarian surnames, Pasztor Hungarian surnames, Prohaszka Hungarian surnames, Rozsa Hungarian surnames, Salamon Hungarian surnames, Sas Hungarian surnames, Seres Hungarian surnames...
Also check the compatibility of other surnames with the surname Antal.
Famous people with the surname Antal
 1. List of minor planets: 6001–7000
 September 14, 1990 Palomar H. E. Holt HOF 16 km MPC · JPL 6717 Antal 1990 TU10 Antal October 10, 1990 Tautenburg Observatory F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel...
 2. Antal Dunai
 Antal Dunai, also known as Dunai II (born as Dujmov Antal 21 March 1943) is a former Hungarian footballer with Yugoslav origins. He became a first division...
 3. Ferdinand Habsburg (racing driver)
 Ferdinand Zvonimir Maria Balthus Keith Michael Otto Antal Bahnam Leonhard Habsburg (born 21 June 1997) is an Austrian motor racing driver and heir apparent...
 4. Esterházy
 members went by both Hungarian and (rather distinct) German names. Thus, Pál Antal (Hungarian) was the same person as Paul Anton (German), and Miklós József...
 5. Antal Doráti
 Antal Doráti KBE (UK: /ˌæntæl dɔːˈrɑːti/, US: /ˈdɔːrɑːti, dɔːˈrɑːti/, Hungarian: [ˈɒntɒl ˈdoraːti]; 9 April 1906 – 13 November 1988) was a Hungarian-born...
 6. Antal (surname)
 surname include: Dana Antal (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player Dóra Antal (born 1993), Hungarian water polo player Márta Antal-Rudas, known as Márta...
 7. Ant (name)
 Andon Andoni Ant Antal Antanas Antão Ante Antek Anth Anthoine Anthon Anthoney Anthoni Anthonia Anthonie Anthonij Anthonio Anthonis Anthonius Anthony Antin...
 8. Antal (given name)
 the following: Antal Amade de Várkony (1760 – 1835), Hungarian count Antal Andrássy (1742 – 1799), Hungarian Roman Catholic bishop Antal Apró (1913 – 1994)...
 9. Antal van der Duim
 Antal van der Duim (born 16 September 1987) is a Dutch professional tennis player. He competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Futures, both...
 10. The Ant and the Grasshopper
 There have also been purely instrumental pieces; these include the first of Antal Dorati's 5 Pieces for Oboe (1980) and the first of Karim Al-Zand's Four...


Are Andalusian Horses Good For Beginners?
Andalusian horses, which, as their name suggests, originated in Spain, have been recognised as a breed for over 500 years and have become one of the most popular types of horse to keep, with worldwide registrations in the hundreds of thousands.
They are known for being well-built, elegant and compact animals, and are well-regarded for their relaxed temperaments and intelligence.
But are Andalusian horses suitable for beginners? This article will take an in-depth look into that question, weighing up the pros and cons of choosing an Andalusian horse as a beginner.
What Advantages Do Andalusian Horses Bring For Beginners?
Many wonderful attributes make Andalusian horses an excellent choice for beginners. One caveat, though – they need to be adequately broken and looked after well when they are raised because their temperaments can vary depending on how well their early lives have been handled.
Assuming these two things were done correctly, Andalusian horses can be a fantastic choice for novice riders.
First of all, they are an incredibly social breed and are known for being extremely docile and intelligent animals. They are also sensitive and brave animals, while they have an innate ability to learn new things, and generally do so quickly.
This means Andalusian horses can adapt to new situations quickly. All these qualities combine to make them an excellent choice for the beginner.
Perhaps one of the significant advantages of Andalusian horses for the beginner, though, is their pleasant nature, which means they tend to be easy to train as they are both obedient and cooperative.
As well as an excellent temperament, Andalusian horses are also an incredibly versatile breed. So, if you have ambitions beyond only riding your horse, but would like to learn other skills such as dressage, mounted athletics or jumping, they are likely to be quick and sensitive learners too.
Are Andalusian Horses Easy To Keep?
If you're a beginner, there's a good chance that the responsibility for grooming your Andalusian horse will be yours too.
Thankfully, Andalusians are a relatively easy breed to keep. You'll only require the standard tools when grooming your horse, including tail brush, mane comb and hoof pick.
However, among their features are long and thick manes and tails, so a little extra care will be needed to ensure these remain healthy and looking good along with the regular grooming responsibilities you'd expect of any other horse breed.
What Disadvantages Do Andalusian Horses Bring For Beginners?
Perhaps the biggest drawback of choosing an Andalusian horse as a beginner is that they can be powerful and athletic horses, meaning they can be a handful if they become distressed of if not handled correctly.
Therefore, it would probably be wise to include the help of an experienced keeper alongside you as you learn.
However, as explained earlier, as long as they have had a caring upbringing and appropriately broken, they should be primarily willing and compliant learners, meaning that their tremendous strength shouldn't often come between you and your learning experience.
Another thing to be mindful of is that because of their intelligence, Andalusian horses can also become bored quickly. Therefore it is vital to ensure your horse is stimulated regularly and not left alone in his stable for long periods.
As long as you are committed to your Andalusian's welfare, though, you'll be rewarded with a beautiful and elegant companion who'll be as willing to learn as you.
Andalusian horses are a beautiful and intelligent breed. These attributes, combined with their sensitivity and sociability, make them an excellent choice for beginners because they are quick learners and friendly.
They are also extremely versatile, so regardless of your horse-riding ambitions, there's a good chance an Andalusian will be able to learn quickly and become an excellent companion on your learning journey.
However, you must be committed to keeping them, as they require regular grooming and can get bored quickly.
It's also recommended that when buying an Andalusian, you go through a reputable dealer. That's because the nature of your Andalusian will, to some extent, be dictated by his upbringing.
If you take all this into account, an Andalusian horse will likely give you the best possible start to a life with horses and one that the horse finds every bit as rewarding as you.


Cutaneous Larva Currens
A Roundworm Infection
Magnified Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis in human stool. Cultura Science/Michael J. Klein, M.D. / Getty Images
What is cutaneous larva currens?
Cutaneous larva currens is a disease caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, and thus a type of strongyloidiasis. Strongyloides stercoralis is a roundworm parasitic to humans. S. stercoralis is endemic to places such as Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America and is most often encountered in fecally-contaminated soil or water and in tropical and subtropical regions.
This skin disease is characterized by itch of the skin as well as the appearance of snake-like, mottled hives around the waist and buttocks. It should be noted that cutaneous larva currens is not the same as the more well-versed skin condition cutaneous larva migrans (CLM).
How does cutaneous larva currens develop?
Each larva of this parasite enters the human by penetrating the skin, usually upon the host's contact with contaminated soil. The larva then enters the bloodstream which takes it to the lungs and, ultimately, the pharynx, where it is then swallowed into the gut. Upon reaching maturation in the small intestine, female members of the species will lay eggs into the intestine's mucosal layer. These eggs hatch into larvae that re-perpetuate the cycle within the host's body.
As the number of S. stercoralis increases in the host, they can spread to various other body parts. If these roundworms migrate to the skin, this can result in the dermatological condition known as cutaneous larva currens.
What are signs of cutaneous larva currens in the skin?
Signs of cutaneous larva currans generally begin within two weeks following larvae entry. The raised "track lines" that are characteristic of the disease highlight the trail of the larvae as they migrate through the top layer of the skin. The rate of migration may vary from 5 to 15 cm per hour.
As the disease progresses, red, inflamed skin marks can appear, as well as raised hives and occasional blisters. Fever is also sometimes present. Hive-like marks may last for several hours. In severe infection, bruising may be present around the umbilicus (belly button).
How can I prevent cutaneous larva currens?
Cutaneous larva currens can be prevented by avoiding contact with the Strongyloides larvae. One should avoid moist soil contaminated with animal feces, especially in a tropical or endemic country. Since beaches are common culprits for cutaneous larva currens infection, footwear should be worn on the sand, and a towel should be used if one is sitting on the ground.
How is cutaneous larva currens diagnosed?
Diagnosis is usually made by the dermatologist upon physical examination of the affected areas. If necessary, microscopy can also be used to identify the larva.
How is cutaneous larva currens treated?
The most effective treatments for cutaneous larva currens are antiparasitic drugs, such as ivermectin, albendazole, and thiabendazole.
Ivermectin (drug names: Heartgard, Sklice, and Stromectol, among others) is what is known as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent and is perhaps the most popular choice when it comes to cutaneous larva currens. It works by activating nonvertebrate-specific chloride channels and interferes with the parasites' nervous system, effectively killing adult S. stercoralis. However, multiple doses may be needed in order to completely eradicate the roundworms as it does not target S. stercoralis in its larval form.
Albendazole (drug name: Albenza) kills S. stercoralis by causing the destruction of cells in the parasite's intestines. Thiabendazole works by restricting specific enzymes within the worm. Notably, however, thiabendazole is known to have a higher level of toxicity than other antiparasitic drugs. This may be especially dangerous for patients with hepatitis or GI intolerance. Complete eradication of the parasite may take up to several years, as there is a tendency for strongyloidiasis to become chronic.
1) Smith, James D., Detlef K. Goette, and Richard B. Odom. "Larva Currens: Cutaneous Stronglyloidiasis." Archives of dermatology 112, no. 8 (1976): _PHONE_.
2) Stone, Orville J., Gordon B. Newell, and J. Fred Mullins. "Cutaneous strongyloidiasis: larva currens." Archives of dermatology 106, no. 5 (1972): 734-736.
3) Jelinek, T., H. Maiwald, H. D. Nothdurft, and T. Löscher. "Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients." Clinical infectious diseases 19, no. 6 (1994): _PHONE_.
4) Blackwell, V., and F. Vega‐Lopez. "Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveller." British Journal of Dermatology 145, no. 3 (2001): 434-437.
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Re: What's the difference between authenticated an
The status of the Freedmen in Indian Territory was a constant issue for the nations of Indian Territory. There are a variety of census records that were taken on the Freedmen from as early as 1867 in the Creek Nation up until the Dawes Commission begain its official process in 1898.
In the Cherokee Nation in 1880 there was another such enumeration of Freedmen taken. This list of names collected became known as the 1880 List of Authenticated Cherokee Freedmen. During the Dawes Commissio that began 18 years later many of the Freedmen who were adults by 1898 who applied for enrollment had already had their names listed on this 1880 list.
Note that a major issue in the Cherokee Nation was whether or not the Freedmen who was applying for enrollment was truly a Freedmen or descendant of a former slave who had returned to the Cherokee Nation by 1866. The Treaty of 1866 provided for the adoption of the former Cherokee Slaves. The Freedmen applying through the Dawes Commission had to prove that they had some longevity in the nation. Part of that proof was the fact that they had been in the nation in 1880 when the list of Authenticated Cherokee Freedmen was created. In one sense this strenghtened their case for enrollment and for their entitlement to a land allotment in the nation.
Admitted Freedmen were those who were admitted to the nation officially by the Dawes Commission. The approval of their application gave them status of now being considered
"admitted freedmen" Note that there were other enumerations also taken. The Wallace Rolls (of Cherokee Freedmen)were produced but were later rejected by the Cherokee Nation and were not used for verification by the Dawes Commission.
[12 Sep 1999]
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What's the difference between authenticated and ad
Re: What's the difference between authenticated an
18 Dec 2002 :: 14 Nov 2008
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text:
Computer scientists at the University of Glasgow are helping to develop an internet search engine that uses sensors located in the physical world to provide answers to search queries.
By collating data from sensors such as cameras and microphones, and cross-referencing it with results from social networks such as Twitter, users will be able to receive detailed responses to questions such as 'What part of the city hosts live music events that my friends have been to recently?' and 'How busy is the city centre?'
The European-funded project, known as SMART (Search engine for MultimediA Environment geneRated content), will be built on an open-source search engine technology known as Terrier that the university has been developing since 2004.
Partners include Atos, Athens Information Technology, IBM's Haifa Research Lab, Imperial College London, City of Santander, PRISA Digital, Telesto and Consorzio S3 Log.
"SMART builds upon the existing concept of'smart cities', physical spaces which are covered in an array of intelligent sensors which communicate with each other and can be searched for information," said Dr Iadh Ounis, of the University of Glasgow's School of Computing Science.
"The search results sourced from these smart cities can be reused across multiple applications, making the system more effective."
The team from Glasgow University hopes the SMART project will be ready for testing in a real city by 2014.
The news comes as the UK government launches a competition to encourage local authorities to turn their cities into "smart cities" by integrating transport, communications and other city infrastructure, for the chance to win £24 million of government investment.
The Future Cities Demonstrator programme, run by the Technology Strategy Board (TSB), aims to kickstart the market for integrated city systems, which is estimated to be worth £200 billion a year by 2030.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Chocolate moulding refers to the rapid transformation of chocolate material from fluid to stable solid. After the molding process, the chocolate product will obtain the best quality of gloss, fragrance and structure.
The following will mainly introduce the chocolate moulding process and equipment in the chocolate factory.
- Choose a mold that meets the casting requirements. Common is the polycarbonate chocolate molds.
- A chocolate depositing machine with good performance.
- The cooler ensures that the chocolate is demoulded normally.
Continuous Chocolate Moulding Process
Grind, refine and temper the chocolate.
The temperature-regulated chocolate material is sent to the mold casting machine, the temperature of the material is maintained by the jacket heating device of the hopper, and the material is accurately and quantitatively injected into the lower mold plate through the piston;
The mold plate enters the vibration zone composed of a group of vibration devices. The mold plate is used on the vibrator with adjustable frequency and amplitude to remove the bubbles in the material, and the material is evenly distributed in the mold plate;
The die plate enters into a cooling tunnel running in multiple layers. The cold air circulates in the tunnel to reduce the temperature of the material. The cold air temperature can be adjusted to maintain different cooling temperatures in each section.
After the chocolate solidifies and shrinks, the mold plate enters the demolding area. Before demolding, it undergoes another vibration, the mold plate is turned over, the chocolate and the mold are separated, and the chocolate is transported to the packaging system by the transmission belt.
What you need to know to make moulded chocolate continuously?
In chocolate molding, a very important factor is the viscosity of the material. If the material is too thick, it will affect the transportation and distribution of the material.
- The water content of the material has a great influence on the viscosity. The moisture content of the chocolate material cannot exceed 1%.
- Strictly control the temperature of the material. Generally, the casting temperature is kept at 27～29℃, and the viscosity should not exceed 20Pa·s.
- The cooling temperature and time are well controlled. It is advisable to solidify the chocolate material at 8～10℃, and the time is generally 25～30 minutes.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Indifference curve - download as word then the point at which an indifference curve is tangent to the budget line line an indifference map with perpendicular. You can show the preference of consumers for differing products though the use of indifference curves in excel the general data in excel is formatted using an xy scatter chart, and then the specific sets of data can be added to show different indifference curves on the same chart -- this is known as an indifference. These are the sources and citations used to research indifference curve this bibliography was generated on cite this for me on wednesday, budget line. Indifference curves/budget lines a hongli's indifference curves for utility levels of 892 and 714 a slope of the demand curve b the slope of the budget line.
Definition of indifference curve: a curve used in economics which shows how consumers would react to different combinations of products on the graph, a. How to derive consumer's equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and budget equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and. Draw an imaginary budget line (bl3) parallel to the new budget line (bl2) and make it tangent to the initial indifference curve (ic1), we get the tangent point c point c. Rank of indifference curve: can be represented as: o a a change in the slope of the budget line b a parallel outward shift in the budget line ° c a.
The consumer's equilibrium in explained by combining the budget line and the indifference map the price line pt is tangent to the indifference curve ic 2 at. Intermediate microeconomic theory, 10/9/2001 by pivoting the budget line, all will put her on a lower indifference curve when the budget line becomes. Price line or budget line: definition and explanation: the understanding of the concept of budget line is essential application of indifference curve analysis. Looking for homework assignment help for topic uses or application of indifference curve study contact us for assignment help. Problem set # 5 unless told where the indifference curve is tangent to the budget line now the budget-line equation is only an equation with one variable.Looking for help with applications of indifference curves for your the indifference curve is a straight line a provided budget line must be digression to. This is "indifference curve analysis: an alternative approach to understanding consumer choice", the indifference curve and budget line have the same slope at. Plot the consumer's budget constraint in exhibit 1 at the optimum, the indifference curve is tangent to the budget constraint so their slopes are equal. In this lesson we will discuss introduction to indifference curve analysis and its assumptions budget line and equation of budget unacademy user leave a. Indifference curve and budget line applications 1 suppose you spend some of your income on compact disks (cd) and the rest of your income (ig) on other goods. Indifference curves are also convex we must therefore bring together the indifference curve and the budget line to find out what quantities of. Microeconomics/indifference curves and budget lines from wikiversity indifference curves is the curve that represents the bundle of. Indifference curve & budget line curve indifference curve adalah kurve yang menunjukan berbagai kombinasi dari 2 macam barang yang memberi kepuasan yang sama kepada seorang konsumen.
An indifference curve is a line that shows combinations of goods among which a consumer is indifference curves on the budget line and 2). Lilly's preferences are shown by the indifference curves lilly's budget constraint, given the prices of books and doughnuts and her income, is shown by the straight line. Constructing an indifference curve indifference curves are plotted on a graph according to a system try your hand at these budget line and indifference curve.
When price falls to rs 10 and thereby the budget line shifts to pl 2, the consumer comes to be in equilibrium at point q 2 the price-consumption curve pcc where the budget line pl 2 is tangent to indifference curve ic 2. What are the properties of the indifference curves updated on how to derive consumer's equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and budget line. The indifference curve approach an indifference curve is drawn from the indifference tire slope of the indifference curve and of the budget line.
Indifference curve diagrams when let us suppose that in period 2 line 3 becomes the budget between line 3 and the new set of indifference curves at. An indifference curve is a line showing all the combinations of two goods which give a consumer equal utility in other words, the consumer would be indifferent to these different combinations the indifference curve is convex because of diminishing marginal utility when you have a certain number. The point of maximum satisfaction is achieved by studying indifference map and budget line with the constraint of budget line, the highest indifference curve,.Download
2018. Term Papers.


Organic Oatmeal Shampoos for Dogs
Help soothe his skin in the bath with the right product.
Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
It's important to choose the right shampoo to keep your dog's skin healthy and clean, and to keep his coat shiny. For dogs with sensitive or irritated skin, or dogs who suffer from allergies, an organic oatmeal shampoo may be just right to keep your dog clean and soothe his skin.
Organic oatmeal shampoos make a dog's coat soft and shiny. What's more, dogs with irritated, sensitive skin are at risk for developing infections due to an overgrowth of either yeast or bacteria, and these shampoos can soothe the irritated skin that is prone to those infections. Further, organic oatmeal shampoos are mild, which is perfect for dogs with skin allergies. If a dog's skin is already irritated, organic oatmeal shampoos are calming and provide anti-itch and anti-inflammatory benefits.
What to Look for
The first thing to look for when selecting an organic oatmeal shampoo for your dog is a seal that indicates the product is, in fact, organic. Terms like "all-natural" or "natural ingredients" do not mean the same thing as organic, so don't rely on those claims. Look for products that have additional healthy ingredients like vitamins A and E or aloe. Also, try to choose a product with a short ingredient list: that means fewer additives to potentially irritate your dog's skin.
What to Avoid
Not all organic oatmeal shampoos deliver the same benefits. Read labels carefully. When shopping for a shampoo, skip products that include perfumes or dyes. These ingredients can cause skin irritation, negating the beneficial effects of the oatmeal. Further, look for products that are free of synthetic ingredients. Most organic products do not contain synthetics; however, check the product label to ensure that is the case. Avoid products with long chemical names in the ingredient list.
Not all dogs will respond the same way to the same products. If you have a dog with sensitive or irritated skin, you may have to try several organic oatmeal shampoos before you find the one with the right combination of ingredients for your dog. If you're suspect your dog's sensitivity may be caused by an infection or an overgrowth of yeast, consult your veterinarian before using an organic oatmeal shampoo or any other products.


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OpenMCL calling conventions
The architectural CALL and RET instructions are not used, because CALL pushes a value onto the stack which will have an essentially arbitrary tag. It would be hard for the GC to look at that arbitrarily-tagged thing, recognize it as a pointer into a function, and then find that function.
(N.B.: It looks like this may be changing. See, e.g., r6290 ff.)
Therefore, there needs to be some way for the GC to recognize return addresses on the stack so that it can fix them up when it decides to move a function somewhere else in memory. If a return address is in a register, the GC again needs to be able to recognize that.
On x86-64, function objects have their own tag (_TAG_). Two additional tags (_TAG_ and _TAG_) are reserved for tagged return addresses.
Both functions (tag _TAG_) and tagged return addresses (_TAG_ or _TAG_) can be JMPed to.
While a function is executing, %fn (= %r13) usually points to the tagged address of the function (_TAG_...XXXF), which is the address of the function's first machine instruction. A function object consists of a number of words that contain machine instructions and other immediate data, follwed by some number of references to lisp objects that the function references as constants.
As the function's instructions are executed, the program counter contains arbitrarily tagged values, since x86 instructions are a variable number of bytes in length. Therefore, the value in the program counter doesn't make it easy for the GC to identify the containing function. However, as long as %fn (or something else...) refers to the function (i.e., is a pointer with tag _TAG_), the GC can find the function.
Suppose a function does a (simple, non-tail) call:
(defun foo (x) (bar x) nil)
This looks like:
(movq (@ -8 (% rbp)) (% arg_z)) ; (movw ($ 8) (% nargs)) ; (movq (@ 'BAR (% fn)) (% temp0)) ; (leaq (@ (:^ L53) (% fn)) (% ra0)) ; (movq (@ 10 (% temp0)) (% fn)) ; (jmpq (% fn)) ; L53 (leaq (@ (- (:^ L53)) (% ra0)) (% fn))
The instruction addresses that the disassembler prints are relative to start of the function (where the tagged _TAG_ pointer points); if the function's at "somewhere +15", the tagged return address at L53 is at "somewhere+68": its low 4 bits are _TAG_. If the disassemble were a little smarter, it'd show something like:
(jmpq (% fn)) ; (:align 3) L49 (:long 53) L53
The 32-bit word which precedes the tagged return address enables the GC to easily find the function associated with any return adddress.
Note that at instuction 26 we use %fn to access the symbol BAR. (The dissassembler shows us this constant reference symbolically, but of course BAR is stored in the constants area of the function, somewhere beyond the end of the code.)
At instruction 40 we indirect through the symbol BAR and load a new value into %fn. If a GC were to take place at this point, %fn isn't referencing the function. Even if nothing else referenced the function (if it was an anonymous lambda that had just been compiled, for instance), the thing that convinces the GC to retain it is the fact that the tagged return address (loaded into %ra0 at instruction 33) is indirectly (and unambiguously) referencing the function.
When the callee (BAR) returns, it'll do so by JMPing to the address it received in %ra0 (L53); the code at L53 recovers %fn by subtracting a constant (53, which is what (:^ L53) - "address of L53" - refers to) from %ra0.
To see this, evaluate (ccl::dbg), and type "b" to get a backtrace.
(_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 229 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 429 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 1917 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 133 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 133 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 773 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 701 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 397 (_TAG_) _TAG_ : # + 365
The first number is the address of the stack frame. The second number is the tagged return address associated with that frame: note that these addresses all end in _TAG_ or _TAG_. The 32-bit word stored before each return address enable the kernel debugger (and the GC) to find the tagged (_TAG_) pointer to the function object. (Note that all of the functions displayed in the backtrace have _TAG_ in the low nibble.)
This scheme wastes a bit of space, burns two tags, and assumes that it's reasonable to keep the "current function" and the "canonical return address" in registers, at least on function call and return.
(largely from email from Gary Byers)


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The role of different reproductive barriers during phenotypic divergence of isopod ecotypes.
Förlag: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc
The question of how diverging populations become separate species by restraining gene flow is a central issue in evolutionary biology. Assortative mating might emerge early during adaptive divergence, but the role of other types of reproductive barriers such as migration modification have recently received increased attention. We demonstrate that two recently diverged ecotypes of a freshwater isopod (Asellus aquaticus) have rapidly developed premating isolation, and this isolation barrier has emerged independently and in parallel in two south Swedish lakes. This is consistent with ecological speciation theory, which predicts that reproductive isolation arises as a byproduct of ecological divergence. We also find that in one of these lakes, habitat choice acts as the main barrier to gene flow. These observations and experimental results suggest that migration modification might be as important as assortative mating in the early stages of ecological speciation. Simulations suggest that the joint action of these two isolating barriers is likely to greatly facilitate adaptive divergence, compared to if each barrier was acting alone.
- Biology and Life Sciences
- ISSN: _PHONE_


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
text + -man
textman (plural textmen)
 1. (dated) One who is ready to quote texts.
 - Bishop Robert Sanderson
 Men's daily occasions for themselves or friends, and the necessities of common life require the doing of a thousand things within the compass of a few days, for which it would puzzle the best textman that liveth readily to bethink himself of a sentence in the Bible, clear enough to satisfy a scrupulous conscience of the lawfulness and expediency of what he is about to do []


tutorStudy Options
Vocabulary Quiz
somewhere • country • further out
crowded • outside
 1. He is mostly an dog, but when it's really cold he stays in the house.
 2. We need to find close to sleep tonight.
 3. The bus is usually when people are going to and from work.
 4. The city is very noisy for me because I grew up in the.
 5. Every year we move of the middle of the city.
Comprehension Quiz
Answer the following questions about the interview.
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102 A Million Dollars
Keith answers the questions, "What would you do with a million dollars?"
 - Transcript
 - Audio Notes
Probably somewhere near Tokyo.
'Somewhere' is a non-specific place. In the example, we are talking about a place near Tokyo, but we don't know the exact location. We can use this word to give a general location. Notice the following:
 1. Do you want to go somewhere with beaches for vacation?
 2. She lives somewhere near the post office.
Would you buy a house in the city or the country?
'Country' is the opposite of the city. It is a place where there are animals, trees, farms, rivers, and many other natural things. Notice the following:
 1. He lived in the country until he was 15 years old.
 2. On the weekends, we go to our house in the country.
further out
Well, a little further out of the middle of Tokyo.
If a place is a greater distance away from the middle of Tokyo then it is 'further out.' We use this word to talk about distance away from something important, like a city. Notice the following:
 1. Every day she swam a little further out from the side of the pool.
 2. I thought you lived further out than this.
Some place not too crowded.
If a place is 'crowded' it has a lot of people in it. Usually in crowded places it is difficult to move because of all the people. Notice the following:
 1. The bar was too crowded and there was no place to sit.
 2. I thought the concert would be really crowded, but there weren't a lot of people there at all.
outside dog
Well, maybe a dog, but an outside dog.
An 'outside dog' is a dog that lives outside of the house, maybe in a small dog house or a kennel. This would be a dog that could live in different types of weather, rain or snow. Notice the following:
 1. Because our dog is so big he has to be an outside dog.
 2. We have an outside dog to protect the house.


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Animal by-products are animal carcasses, parts of carcass or products of animal origin that are not intended for human consumption.
Animal by-products regulations
The handling, use and disposal of animal by-products is controlled by the European Union (EU) Animal By-products Regulation 2009 and the EU Implementing Regulation 2011. The main aim of these regulations is to prevent animal by-products from presenting a risk to animal or public health through the transmission of disease.
The regulations are enforced in England and Wales by the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (England) Regulations and the Animal By-Products (Enforcement) (Wales) (No2) Regulations 2011.
Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) and local authorities (usually trading standards) are responsible for enforcing animal by-products legislation.
Animal by-product permitting
Most activities involving animal by-products require authorisation from AHVLA. You can find further information about animal by-product controls on the AHVLA website:
If you are unsure whether you require an authorisation you should discuss your proposed activity with your local AHVLA office.
If the animal by-product is also classed as a waste then a permit or waste exemption is required from the Environment Agency in addition to authorisation from AHVLA. For example, if catering waste is being used as feedstock for a composting or anaerobic digestion plant, a waste exemption or an environmental permit will be required in addition to the AHVLA authorisation.
A waste exemption or an environmental permit is likely to be required if you are incinerating, landfilling, anaerobically digesting, composting or landspreading wastes containing animal by-products.
The revised Waste Framework Directive excluded certain wastes from its scope. This has resulted in some animal by-products no longer being classed as a waste.
If you handle or dispose of fallen stock or parts of animal carcasses, you must meet the requirements of the Animal By-Products Regulations. This imposes a ban on the routine on-farm burial or open burning of carcasses or parts of carcasses.
You may only bury animal carcasses in very limited circumstances, for example for emergency disease control or if you are located in areas designated as'remote areas' in the Animal By-Products Regulations. The Isles of Scilly and Lundy Island in England and Bardsey Island and Caldy Island in Wales are designated as 'remote areas'. More information can be found on:


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|Creating and Administering Oracle Solaris 11 Boot Environments Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library|
A boot environment is a bootable instance of the Oracle Solaris operating system image plus any other application software packages installed into that image. System administrators can maintain multiple boot environments on their systems, and each boot environment can have different software versions installed.
Upon the initial installation of the Oracle Solaris release onto a system, a boot environment is created. You can use the beadm(1M) utility to create and administer additional boot environments on your system.
Note - In addition, the Package Manager GUI provides some options for managing boot environments.
Note the following distinctions relevant to boot environment administration:
A boot environment is a bootable Oracle Solaris environment consisting of a root dataset and, optionally, other datasets mounted underneath it. Exactly one boot environment can be active at a time.
A dataset is a generic name for ZFS entities such as clones, file systems, or snapshots. In the context of boot environment administration, the dataset more specifically refers to the file system specifications for a particular boot environment or snapshot.
A snapshot is a read-only image of a dataset or boot environment at a given point in time. A snapshot is not bootable.
A clone of a boot environment is created by copying another boot environment. A clone is bootable.
Shared datasets are user-defined directories, such as /export, that contain the same mount point in both the active and inactive boot environments. Shared datasets are located outside the root dataset area of each boot environment.
Note - A clone of the boot environment includes everything hierarchically under the main root dataset of the original boot environment. Shared datasets are not under the root dataset and are not cloned. Instead, the boot environment accesses the original, shared dataset.
A boot environment's critical datasets are included within the root dataset area for that environment.


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manually twice, then you can delete it by requestID.
34.CAN U ADD A NEW FIELD AT THE ODS LEVEL?
Sure you can. ODS is nothing but a table.
35. CAN NUMBER OF DATASOURCES HAVE ONE INFOSOURCE?
Yes of course. For example, for loading text and hierarchies we use different data sources but the same InfoSource.
36. BRIEF THE DATAFLOW IN BW.
Data flows from transactional system to analytical system (BW). DataSources on the transactional system needs to be replicated on BW side and attached to infosource and update rules respectively.
37.AS WE USE Sbwnn, sbiw1, sbiw2 for delta update in LIS THEN WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IN LO-COCKPIT?
No LIS in LO cockpit. We will have datasources and can be maintained (append fields). Refer white paper on LO-Cockpit extractions.
38.Why we delete the setup tables (LBWG) & fill them (OLI*BW)?
Initially we don't delete the setup tables but when we do change in extract structure we go for it. We r changing the extract structure right, that means there are some newly added fields in that which r not before. So to get the required data ( i.e.; the data which is required is taken and to avoid redundancy) we delete n then fill the setup tables.
To refresh the statistical data. The extraction set up reads the dataset that you want to process such as, customers orders with the tables like VBAK, VBAP) & fills the relevant communication structure with the data. The data is stored in cluster tables from where it is read when the initialization is run. It is important that during initialization phase, no one generates or modifies application data, at least until the tables can be set up.
39.SIGNIFICANCE of ODS?
It holds granular data (detailed level).
40.WHERE THE PSA DATA IS STORED?
In PSA table.
41.WHAT IS DATA SIZE?
The volume of data one data target holds (in no. of records)
42.Different types of INFOCUBES.
Basic, Virtual (remote, sap remote and multi)Virtual Cube is used for example, if you consider railways reservation all the information has to be updated online. For designing the Virtual cube you have to write the function module that is linking to table, Virtual cube it is like a the structure, when ever the table is updated the virtual cube will fetch the data from table and display report Online… FYI.. you will get the information : _URL_ /index.sdn and search for Designing Virtual Cube and you will get a good material designing the Function Module
43.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES USED IN BEX?
Different Variable's are Texts, Formulas, Hierarchies, Hierarchy nodes & Characteristic values.
Variable Types are
Manual entry /default value
44.HOW MANY LEVELS YOU CAN GO IN REPORTING?
You can drill down to any level by using Navigational attributes and jump targets.
45.WHAT ARE INDEXES?
Indexes are data base indexes, which help in retrieving data fastly.
46.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2.1 AND 3.X VERSIONS.
Help! Refer documentation
47.IS IT NESSESARY TO INITIALIZE EACH TIME THE DELTA UPDATE IS USED?
48.WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KPI'S?
KPI's indicate the performance of a company. These are key figures
49.What types of partitioning are there for BW?
There are two Partitioning Performance aspects for BW (Cube & PSA)
Query Data Retrieval Performance Improvement:Partitioning by (say) Date Range improves data retrieval by making best use of database [data range] execution plans and indexes (of say Oracle database engine).
B) Transactional Load Partitioning Improvement:Partitioning based on expected load volumes and data element sizes. Improves data loading into PSA and Cubes by infopackages (Eg. without timeouts).
50.How can I compare data in R/3 with data in a BW Cube after the daily delta loads? Are there any standard procedures for checking them or matching the number of records?
You can go to R/3 TCode RSA3 and run the extractor. It will give you the number of records extracted. Then go to BW Monitor to check the number of records in the PSA and check to see if it is the same & also in the monitor header tab.
51.Types of Update Rules?
(Check box), Return table
Routines, which we write in, transfer rules.
Routines, which we write in Update rules
54.What is the difference between writing a routine in transfer rules and writing a routine in update rules?
If you are using the same InfoSource to update data in more than one data target its better u write in transfer rules because u can assign one InfoSource to more than one data target & and what ever logic u write in update rules it is specific to particular one data target.
55.Routine with Return Table.
Update rules generally only have one return value. However, you can create a routine in the tab strip key figure calculation, by choosing checkbox Return table. The corresponding key figure routine then no longer has a return value, but a return table. You can then generate as many key figure values, as you like from one data record.
Start routines u can write in both updates rules and transfer rules, suppose you want to restrict (delete) some records based on conditions before getting loaded into data targets, then you can specify this in update rules-start routine.
Ex: – Delete Data_Package ani ante it will delete a record based on the condition
57.X & Y Tables?
X-table = A table to link material SIDs with SIDs for time-independent navigation attributes.
Y-table = A table to link material SIDs with SIDS for time-dependent navigation attributes.
There are four types of sid tables
X time independent navigational attributes sid tables
Y time dependent navigational attributes sid tables
H hierarchy sid tables
I hierarchy structure sid tables
58.What does the number in the 'Total' column in Transaction RSA7 mean?
The 'Total' column displays the number of LUWs that were written in the delta queue and that have not yet been confirmed. The number includes the LUWs of the last delta request (for repetition of a delta request) and the LUWs for the next delta request. A LUW only disappears from the RSA7 display when it has been transferred to the BW System and a new delta request has been received from the BW System.
59.How to know in which table (SAP BW) contains Technical Name / Description and creation data of a particular Reports. Reports that are created using BEx Analyzer.
There is no such table in BW if you want to know such details while you are opening a particular query press properties button you will come to know all the details that you wanted.
You will find your information about technical names and description about queries in the following tables. Directory of all reports (Table RSRREPDIR) and Directory of the reporting component elements (Table RSZELTDIR) for workbooks and the connections to queries check Whereused list for reports in workbooks (Table RSRWORKBOOK) Titles of Excel Workbooks in InfoCatalog (Table RSRWBINDEXT)
60.What is a LUW in the delta queue?
A LUW from the point of view of the delta queue can be an individual document, a group of documents from a collective run or a whole data packet of an application extractor.
61.Why does the number in the 'Total' column in the overview screen of Transaction RSA7 differ from the number of data records that is displayed when you call the detail view?
The number on the overview screen corresponds to the total of LUWs (see also first question) that were written to the qRFC queue and that have not yet been confirmed. The detail screen displays the records contained in the LUWs. Both, the records belonging to the previous delta request and the records that do not meet the selection conditions of the preceding delta init requests are filtered out. Thus, only the records that are ready for the next delta request are displayed on the detail screen. In the detail screen of Transaction RSA7, a possibly existing customer exit is not taken into account.
62.Why does Transaction RSA7 still display LUWs on the overview screen after successful delta loading?
Only when a new delta has been requested does the source system learn that the previous delta was successfully loaded to the BW System. Then, the LUWs of the previous delta may be confirmed (and also deleted). In the meantime, the LUWs must be kept for a possible delta request repetition. In particular, the number on the overview screen does not change when the first delta was loaded to the BW System.
63.Why are selections not taken into account when the delta queue is filled?
Filtering according to selections takes place when the system reads from the delta queue. This is necessary for reasons of performance.
64.Why is there a DataSource with '0' records in RSA7 if delta exists and has also been loaded successfully?
It is most likely that this is a DataSource that does not send delta data to the BW System via the delta queue but directly via the extractor (delta for master data using ALE change pointers). Such a DataSource should not be displayed in RSA7. This error is corrected with BW 2.0B Support Package 11.
65.Do the entries in table ROIDOCPRMS have an impact on the performance of the loading procedure from the delta queue?
The impact is limited. If performance problems are related to the loading process from the delta queue, then refer to the application-specific notes (for example in


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Learn about seismic dangers near California schools
TO GET STARTED: To see all public schools within a county or city, choose a county or city from the lists below. Search for a specific school with the search box above the map.
Earthquakes are a fact of life in California, and many schools are near fault lines or other earthquake hazards. That doesn't mean they'll collapse in a quake, but many school construction projects have failed to follow basic safety standards. California Watch uncovered about 20,000 projects that lack Field Act certification. Another state report released in 2002 found 9,659 buildings at about 3,000 schools with potentially dangerous seismic hazards.
But the state's data is messy. Names are misspelled. Schools are located in the wrong district, or don't appear to exist at all. California Watch's investigation found about 1,400 "Letter 4" uncertified projects and about 4,500 AB 300 projects at public schools. But about 595 "Letter 4" uncertified projects and about 1,671 AB 300 projects could not be mapped and are not included. You can download more complete uncertified and AB 300 lists here.
Sources: California Department of Education, Division of the State Architect, California Geological Survey, Los Angeles Unified School District, California Watch research.


Help and Advice
Select a shower type and hit 'Apply'
Why does the water temperature from my mixer shower sometimes fluctuate from very cold to very hot?
your mixer shower is a manual type and not thermostatic. Common reasons for this symptom are:
 - Water being drawn off at other outlets or appliances is adversely affecting the pressure and flow to the shower.
 - Shower plumbed in wrong i.e. cold mains and gravity-fed hot water.
We always recommend thermostatic mixer showers.
The flow from my gravity fed mixer shower is less than I expected?
Flow rate from mixer showers varies depending on the available head of water (the hight of your cold water tank) and restrictions within the supply pipe work and shower valve. Commonly flow rates are between 3 and 5 litres per minute. To ensure optimum performance from a gravity fed shower the following guidance should be followed.
 1. Follow manufacturer recommendations regarding pipe size
 2. Ensure the mixer is specified for low pressure application
 3. check if suitable for a booster pump to increase flow/pressure
For gravity-fed systems Aqualisa mixer valves will usually provide better flow rates than other manufactures.
Is my water system suitable for a mixer shower?
Mixer showers manual or thermostatic, are compatible with the following plumbing systems,
 - Gravity-fed hot and cold supplies (Tank in loft and hot water cylinder in airing cupboard or both in loft)
 - Fully-modulating combination boiler / gas water heater
 - Mains pressurised unvented system
 - Mains pressurised thermal store
 - Gravity-fed hot and cold supplies via remote pump
if you have an existing gravity fed shower you can add a pump for a better preforming shower.
When I turn on my electric shower water starts leaking out from the bottom of the unit, why?
If water is leaking from a clear plastic tube or small plastic elbow,a small red rubber ball in Mira shower units then the Pressure Relief Device (PRD) has been activated.
The PRD is a safety device designed to relieve abnormal pressure from within the heater assembly of an electric shower when a restriction occurs.
The most common reasons for the PRD to activate are that the showerhead has become blocked or there is a restriction in the shower hose, if you squeeze or kink the shower hose while on, the pressure build up could blow the PRD.
What size supply fuse /mcb is required when installing an electric shower?
The mcb size must be equal to or the nearest size above the kilowatt rating of the shower see table below. Older type wire fuses are not recommended for electric showers
 - 7kW = 32amp mcb
 - 7.5kW = 32amp mcb
 - 8kW = 40amp mcb
 - 8.5kW = 40amp mcb
 - 9.5kw = 40/45amp mcb
 - 10.5kW = 45/50amp mcb
Shower isolation switch
A common problem regarding electric showers is the pull cord Switch, we replace this with a 50amp switch manufactured by MK or Crabtree as the cheaper alternatives do not seem to last.
Remember if the red light on the pull switch is on, it means power is getting to the switch but the switch may still be faulty, not allowing full power to reach the shower unit,It may have bad connections (high resistance) there must be 230v/240v in the shower unit connector block.
My electric shower is indicating low pressure what should I check?
Check you have good water pressure and flow at kitchen sink or outside tap,these are fed from the mains supply as is your shower.
Check stop cock and shower isolation valves and are fully open Check inlet filter is not blocked with debris if above all check out then you will probably require a new flow/regulator valve fitted
Which electric shower is suitable for a retrofit replacements?
It all depends on the layout of the shower you are replacing. Is the wall tiled behind the shower? not always, this may involve additional tiling or a shower with a larger footprint. There is no magic one shower will fit all.
The Triton T80Z is recommended as a replacement for all previous models of Triton T80, T80Mk3, T80i, T80si and T80xr.
The T80Z is also an ideal replacement for other makes and models as water and cable entry points can be connected to the left and right hand side of the unit.
The Mira jump specifically designed for replacement of right hand side water inlet electric showers, Retrofits Triton, Aqualisa and many other electric showers
The New Bristan range also has multiple cable and water inlet configurations and was designed as a replacement shower, and is available in four models.
All these showers have a good lay out for retrofits, with more flexibility in both the pipe inlet and electrical connections. And a decent footprint to cover existing holes in your wall.
There is no magic one shower will fit all.
Remember we can supply and fit a suitable shower, or alter your services to suit, if you want a particular model of shower.
Having reset the MCB my electric shower is now not heating the water fully, why?
The most likely reason why the unit is not heating the water fully is that a heating element has failed. Which would cause the mcb to trip.
Note: If an element has failed other parts within the unit may have been affected it is therefore important to check all the electrical circuits in the unit for signs of failure, Depending on the shower type and cost of replacement parts we might recommend a replacement shower.
Why does my electric shower cycle between hot and cold continually?
Electric showers heat cold water on demand via an integral heater tank. Should the water inside the heater tank become excessively hot, a safety device known as the thermal cut out switch ( t c o ) is activated which isolates the electrical supply to the heater tank and allows the water to cool. Once the water has cooled. to a safe temperature, the heater tank's electrical supply is restored so the shower will again and deliver heated water.
Any build-up of dirt soap hair etc. in the shower head restricts the flow, meaning water cannot escape quickly enough through the shower and remains in the heater tank for longer than necessary. The water will then overheat and cool down. (cycling)
 To fix this problem, you should ensure that the shower head is cleaned on a regular basis, Also a kink or blockage in the shower hose will also restrict the flow and result in this symptom, shower hoses and heads are available with different flow rates so check if these have been replaced and revert to the originals, make sure the main stop cock and any isolation valves to the shower are fully open to allow a full flow of water..If this doesn't work you will need to call us out to inspect the shower.
Can I seal or tile up to an electric shower on the wall?
Under no circumstances should an electric shower be sealed to the wall There are feet in each corner of the shower's rear-casing which keep it proud of the wall by a few millimetres and allow ventilation around the side and back of the shower unit Without this ventilation it will be prone to over heating which will subsequently cause failure or damage to the internal components.
If I have an existing combination boiler can I install a mixer shower?
It depends if your boiler is fully-modulating or step-modulating as far as showering is concerned your boiler must be fully-modulated.
Newer boilers are generally fully modulated, and are suitable for mixer showers.
If you are unsure whether your old combination boiler / gas water heater is fully-modulating or step-modulating you should check your instructions or contact the manufacturer for advice.( Most combination boilers are suuitable )
A wee bit techi....!
The heat output from a fully-modulating combination boiler can be varied from full off to full on, giving fine control between the minimum and maximum temperatures it produces. This is performed by the boiler's gas control valve automatically varying the amount of gas it allows through in direct relation to the water outlet flow (Good for mixer showers)
check your instructions or contact the manufacturer for advice. Link for manufactures contacts
The water temperature from my mixer is too cool, what can I check?
Check that the hot water temperature at basin taps is acceptable (this should be approximately 55 to 60°C). If it is not, then the thermostat on the hot water system (e.g. hot water cylinder or combination boiler) needs adjusting.
Check whether the showering temperature is acceptable by pressing the'maximum temperature stop' override button (if fitted on the mixer) and increasing it to a higher setting? If it is then you can reset the'maximum temperature stop. If these steps don't work, then we would have to inspect the shower valve and check the thermostatic cartridge
Why will my mixer shower not turn off?
This is due to failure of the flow control valve, there should be separate isolation valves fitted to the shower supply pipe. Turn these off, if you can not locate these turn main stop cock off.
What is the difference between a pressure-balanced mixer shower and a thermostatic mixer shower?
Mixer showers are supplied with hot and cold water and these supplies can vary in temperature and pressure. A pressure-balanced mixer shower recognises and compensates for fluctuations in the incoming water pressure in order to maintain a showering temperature within +/- 2°C.
However, pressure-balanced mixer showers do not make allowances for fluctuations in the incoming water temperature and under such circumstances the


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"If McDonald's can empower millions of franchise employees to make millions of perfect Big Macs a week, can a social enterprise empower hundreds of thousands to provide basic health care or education to their communities?
Of course Big Macs aren't the same as education or health care, but here are five practices from big companies that social enterprises or NGOs more broadly could adopt to deliver the same quality of goods or services to a huge number of people in a vast array of different contexts:"


Executive Director, School Police-Duval County Public Schools (FL)
Job Summary
To lead the Duval County School Police Department and continue to advance its commitment to safety for students, staff, and the community in a supportive teaching and learning environment. Administers a comprehensive school police function, including but not limited to, law enforcement, criminal investigations, records management, emergency communications, youth and gang violence prevention and intervention, professional training and development, and student/community education.
Essential Functions
1. Leads, directs, designs, implements, supervises and manages all School Police operations, policies, procedures, administrative guidelines, guiding documents and training programs including identifying, implementing and evaluating policies, procedures, and best practices associated with school safety/security, public safety, law enforcement, and emergency management.
2. Directs and supervises all law enforcement activities and insures that district law enforcement policies, practices, and standard operation procedures are in accordance with federal, state, and local laws including the creation of the annual report.
3. Oversees recruitment, selection, orientation, training, coaching, counseling, monitoring, appraising and disciplining of staff.
4. Works professionally and collaboratively with all district personnel. Responds to school needs, administrator and principal requests, and community inquires in a timely and effective manner.
5. Plans and coordinates with local law enforcement officers all requests for other police assistance.
6. Provides executive-level leadership in shortand long-term planning, organization, and implementation of District policing, law enforcement, safety, and security goals and objectives.
7. Directs and supervises the annual physical audits, safety/security assessments, briefings and safety-related training of all schools and buildings including school personnel, students, and staff. Recommends corrective action to the superintendent as appropriate.
8. Coordinates and designs protection/security strategies for large and special events held on school properties including travel.
9. Develops the department's budget and tracks all expenditures. This includes establishing criteria for purchasing, maintaining and replacing police equipment.
10. Performs other duties as assigned.
Education: Master's degree from an accredited college or university.
Experience: Fifteen (15) years police supervisory experience or five (5) years police administrative experience.
Certifications & Licenses: State of Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission Certificate as a Law Enforcement Officer.
For more information and to apply online, please visit: _URL_


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Given the diversity of individuals who undergo psychological assessment, examining whether cultural bias exists in psychological assessment instruments (i.e., differential validity) is crucial. This issue occurs when a measure systematically overor underpredicts a criterion across demographic groups or is associated with the criterion unequally across the groups. We tested the differential validity of a widely used psychological test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), as a function of gender (male, female) and ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic/Latino American) in large samples of forensic psychiatric inpatients. Regression models were estimated in a multigroup framework. The analyses yielded negligible to small statistical evidence of differential validity in MMPI-2-RF scores predicting the number of future suicidal behaviors and violent behaviors in the samples. This evidence supports use of the MMPI-2-RF as a generally unbiased instrument for predicting key criteria across genders and ethnicities in a forensic psychiatric population.
Tarescavage, Anthony M.; Glassmire, David M.; Burchett, Danielle; and Sellbom, Martin, "Examination of Differential Validity of MMPI-2-RF Scores by Gender and Ethnicity in Predicting Future Suicidal and Violent Behaviors in a Forensic Sample" (2019). 2019 Faculty Bibliography. 10.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.


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Postdoc / Researcher, Structures and Materials Lab, College of Engineering
2 days left
- Full Time
The Structures and Materials Lab at the college of engineering, Prince Sultan University, is multidisciplinary research oriented lab. We have Postdoc and researcher position openings for Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in the following research areas:
- Finite element analysis using ABAQUS
- Implant designs and biomechanics
- 3D printing of polymers/polymer composites
- Proficient in ABAQUS
- Skills on the design of implants
- Experience in 3D printing
- Mechanical testing
- A Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from a reputed university.
- This is a non-tenure-track, year-to-year appointment, renewable annually subject to satisfactory performance.
- The candidate should have a high H-index.
- Good skills on writing research papers.
- The start of the contract is August 15, 2022.
- A competitive salary and accommodation.
- Incentives for high ranked publications.
- Opportunity for small project grants.
- A full Curriculum Vitae, including google scholar profile
- A cover letter
- A complete list of publications, including the H-index
- Submit your documents by filling the google form: _URL_
- Email your documents at _EMAIL_
To be considered for this position, please download, complete and attach the PSU Application form, with a covering letter in the space below.
Apply for Postdoc / Researcher, Structures and Materials Lab, College of Engineering
Already uploaded your CV? Sign in to apply instantly


Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 13: 36-41 (1997)
Origin and morphogenesis of neurons in the frog cardiac ganglion.
R. D. Heathcote
This paper reviews the cellular events underlying the formation of the cardiac ganglion in the frog. The first neurons become postmitotic at the end of embryogenesis and begin differentiating in a functioning heart. Neuronal precursors in the heart continue dividing and differentiating at least through the beginning of metamorphosis. Since cell death is not a characteristic of early cardiac ganglion development, proliferation and differentiation alone regulate the addition of neurons to the heart. As new neurons are added, their position is unique and reflects their time of origin. The developmental addition of new neurons to the ganglion is neither time nor stage dependent, but matches the size of the growing heart, even into adult life. During this period, the shape and polarity of cardiac neurons is established through elimination of supernumerary axons that initially extend throughout the heart. The temporal and spatial accumulation of cardiac SIF cells occurs in parallel with cardiac neurons and may indicate a common mechanism underlying the origin of these neural crest derivatives. These studies contribute to our understanding of the cellular processes underlying the development of this important autonomic control mechanism and provide the background for current studies on the regulation of cardiac neurogenesis.


text:
Experimental Study on Matching Characteristics of Wave and Flame in Detonation
A series of single-shot detonation experiments was performed to understand the matching characteristics of wave and flame in DDT for H2/air mixures in a 60mm square tube that was 2m in length. The ion-probes and pressure transducers were respectively utilized to get the signal of flame and wave, and high-speed digital imaging was used to track flame propagation of DDT area. The matching rule of shock-flame was achieved by analyzing the intensity、velocity and position characteristics of wave and flame in different time along the tube. The results indicate that intensity of wave and flame is positive feedback characteristic and the velocity of wave and flame is alternant change process. The speed amplitude of flame is rapid than that of wave in deflagration phase. This result in the overdrivern detonation wave form and flame is temporarily in front of flame when flame catch up wave. Shock is in front of flame in phase which the overdrivern detonation evolve into steady detonation wave.
P. G. Zhang et al., "Experimental Study on Matching Characteristics of Wave and Flame in Detonation", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 343-344, pp. 124-129, 2012


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Pet Sematary Quiz
This Study Guide consists of approximately 71 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Pet Sematary.
Directions: Click on the correct answer.
Questions 1-5 of 25:
How does Jud die? (from Part 3, Chapter 58-Epilogue)
What does Louis buy on his way home from the airport? (from Part 2, Chapters 41-45)
How does Louis open the grave-liner? (from Part 2, Chapters 46-50)
What does Louis see when he looks out the window in Chapter 60? (from Part 3, Chapter 58-Epilogue)
Who doubts the wisdom of showing Louis the burial ground? (from Part 1, Chapters 26-30)
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A project involving countries from all over Europe faces the challenge of developing a common terminology and a common understanding of its basic ideas. Although the roots of IBST as the main approach to improving science teaching and learning in S-TEAM lead back to the early 20th century (Minner. Levy & Century, 2009), the seminars showed that no common definition currently exists at a European level. In many of the participating countries appropriate translations of the term in the national language were not found. In S-TEAM the following definition of IBST given by Linn, Davis and Bell (2004) was chosen as a common basis for discussion:
[Inquiry is] the intentional process of diagnosing problems, critiquing experiments, and distinguishing alternatives, planning investigations, researching conjectures, searching for information, constructing models, debating with peers and forming coherent arguments.
The S-TEAM proposal described inquiry-based science teaching as being characterised by activities that engage students in:
 - authentic and problem based learning activities where there may not be a correct answer
 - a certain amount of experimental procedures, experiments and "hands on" activities, including searching for information
 - self regulated learning sequences where student autonomy is emphasised
discursive argumentation and communication with peers ("talking science")
 - No labels


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Compare two files.
The cmp utility compares two files of any type and writes the results to the standard output. By default, cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the first difference occurred is reported.
Syntax cmp [option..] file1 [file2 [skip1 [skip2]]] Options -b --print-bytes Print differing bytes. -i SKIP --ignore-initial=SKIP Skip the first SKIP bytes of input. -i SKIP1:SKIP2 --ignore-initial=SKIP1:SKIP2 Skip the first SKIP1 bytes of FILE1 and the first SKIP2 bytes of FILE2. -l --verbose Output byte numbers and values of all differing bytes. -n LIMIT --bytes=LIMIT Compare at most LIMIT bytes. -s --quiet --silent Output nothing; yield exit status only. -v --version Output version info. --help Output help.
skip1 and skip2 are the number of bytes to skip in each file. SKIP values may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, GB 1,000,000,000, G 1,073,741,824, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
The offset is decimal by default, but may be expressed as a hex or octal value by preceding it with a leading '0x' or '0'.
info diff will return full examples for both diff and cmp
If a File is - or missing, read from standard input.
cmp exits with one of the following values:
0 The files are identical.
1 The files are different; this includes the case where one file is identical to the first part of the other. In the latter case, if the -s option has not been specified, cmp writes to standard output that EOF was reached in the shorter file (before any differences were found).
>1 An error occurred.
"First rate people hire other first rate people. Second rate people hire third rate people. Third rate people hire fifth rate people" - André Weil
diff - Display the differences between two files
cmp man page - Apple.com
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This paper presents modeling, controller design, and simulation study of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) distributed generation (DG) system. The overall configuration of the PEMFC DG system is given, dynamic models for the PEMFC power plant and its power electronic interfacing are briefly described, and controller design methodologies for the power conditioning units to control the power flow from the fuel cell power plant to the utility grid are presented. A MATLAB/Simulink simulation model is developed for the PEMFC DG system by combining the individual component models and the controllers designed for the power conditioning units. Simulation results are given to show the overall system performance including load-following and fault-handling capability of the system.
Date of Publication: June 2006


text: We present an efficient technique to simulate seismic wave propagation in structures including basins using localized discontinuous grids in combination with locally variable timesteps. The technique uses a 3D fourth-order, staggered-grid, finite-difference method based on the velocity-stress formulations of the elastodynamic equations. Discontinuous grids have 3D blocky form; thus, the boundary between the two adjacent regions of different grid spacings could be extended to the position of the Earth's free surface. As an example of application, ground motions in a small-scale basin in the Hongseong area, Korea, is simulated considering a hypothetical source of the 7 October 1978 Hongseong, ML 5, earthquake. The results show that the method can achieve distinguished reductions of computational memory and thus CPU time for models of the localized 3D structures compared with methods on grids with constant spatial and temporal steps.


situations.
Database State Control
SQL Server 2000 includes enhancements to the ALTER DATABASE statement that allow more control of database states through Transact-SQL. All database options can now be modified with greater control through the ALTER DATABASE command; sp_dboption and databaseproperty() will no longer be updated in future releases. The Transact-SQL commands sp_helpdb and DatabasePropertyEx() provide information about the state of your database.
The following table lists database state options.
Option typeAvailable settings
User accessSINGLE_USER
SQL Server also sets the following states in reaction to conditions within the database: restoring, recovering, and suspect. The database options can be set by using the SET clause of the ALTER DATABASE statement, the sp_dboption system stored procedure, or, in some cases, SQL Server Enterprise Manager.
When the database state is changed, the session making changes to the database state remains connected, while sessions inconsistent with the new state can be terminated and their transactions rolled back. Session termination options include the following:
 - Terminate immediately
 - Terminate after a specified time
 - Allow the ongoing processes to complete normally
 - Check for activity and disregard the state change if active user sessions are found
Here are two examples of the syntax:
alter database accting set read_only with rollback immediate
alter database accting set single_user with rollback after 60 seconds
For more information, see "Setting Database Options" in SQL Server 2000 Books Online.
System Process IDs and Units of Work
One additional administrative enhancement that helps when you need to stop a process is the KILL command. The KILL command has been enhanced with status feedback. So, if you want to learn the status of an outstanding KILL command, run the following:
If you try to stop a system process ID (SPID) that is being stopped by another KILL command, the system returns the same status information.
In SQL Server 2000, MS DTC transactions can exist without an associated connection or SPID. Therefore, a connection can be used for other processes while waiting for a transaction or unit of work to complete. When the MS DTC transaction manager sends a message that it has completed the task, you can either commit or roll back the transaction. This is referred to as a unit of work (UOW), which is the transaction identifier used by MS DTC for the transaction. A UOW does not have a SPID.
For more information, see SQL Server 2000 Books Online.
Dynamic Tuning
In SQL Server 2000, usage-based performance tuning is managed dynamically, without required or recommended manual adjustments. The static parameters have been eliminated, but administrative control has been retained for certain resources (for example, setting an upper limit on the amount of memory SQL Server can use). This method is far more accurate and responsive than a manually calculated system based on averages and estimates. This allows you to concentrate on the design aspects of database management. Traditional database systems require a great deal of manual management and tuning. For example, to tune the system in response to usage, the DBA would be required to monitor the system, recording a vast amount of statistics over time, in order to select a static setting that seems to provide the optimal advantage for the system. Then the DBA would re-evaluate the system to judge what effect the new setting has, and the tuning process would begin again.
SQL Server 2000 introduces a dynamic algorithm into the storage engine, which actively monitors usage of the server and adjusts the settings internally. Dynamic feedback and analysis in SQL Server 2000 keeps the setting within 10 percent of the absolute optimal value (see Figure 3), resulting in a better-tuned and highly adaptive system.
Figure 3. Adaptive algorithm tuning
Data Storage Components
SQL Server 2000 balances processing across all available CPUs in coordination with the Windows 2000 operating system. If you are running a dedicated instance of SQL Server, and no other applications produce a load on the same resources, leave the processor-related settings at their default to make full use of all the processors. SQL Server can take advantage of parallel processing across multiple processors for queries, index builds, DBCCs and other operations. For more information on parallelism, see "Degree of Parallelism" in SQL Server 2000 Books Online.
SQL Server 2000 Standard Edition can support up to four processors and 2 GB of physical memory (RAM). Enterprise Edition can scale upwards to new levels, to support up to 32 processors and 64 GB of physical memory (RAM).
The main source of memory for an instance of SQL Server is called its memory pool. Almost all data structures that use memory in an instance of SQL Server are allocated from the memory pool. Examples of objects allocated from the memory pool include the buffer cache, where recently read data pages are stored, and the procedure cache, which holds recent execution plans.
The assignments within the memory pool are highly dynamic. To optimize performance, SQL Server constantly adjusts the amounts of the memory pool assigned to the various areas. For example, when the number of stored execution plans is lower, the memory pool is adjusted to make optimal use of the resources by making more memory available for the data cache.
SQL Server 2000 is designed to use memory to minimize disk I/O as much as possible. To accomplish this, SQL Server uses the buffer cache to hold recently referenced data, in physical memory (RAM), where it can be reused. One potential way to reduce disk I/O and speed up your database system would be to add to the physical memory (RAM) available to SQL Server.
Normally, memory settings do not require any adjustment. However, they can be controlled in certain situations. For example, memory requires special attention where you are running multiple instances of SQL Server on the same server, especially if you use failover clustering. You also need to monitor memory usage if you are running applications in addition to SQL Server on the same server.
Figure 4: Memory usage with greater than 4GB RAM
SQL Server 2000 takes advantage of new capabilities in Windows 2000 to address physical memory (RAM) beyond 3GB. See Figure 4. SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition can use as much memory as Windows 2000 Advanced Server or Windows 2000 Datacenter Server allows.
For more information on large memory support in SQL Server 2000, see "Managing AWE Memory" in SQL Server 2000 Books Online.
Files, Filegroups, and Disks
SQL Server stores data and the log in disk files. In a basic installation, and as a default, data and log files are created in the default location specified in the server configuration. However, to maximize performance and manageability, you can apply a few basic principles:
 - Spread data over as many disks, channels, and controllers as possible.
In general, the more disks (spindles) you have (regardless of their individual size) and the faster your access to them (controllers and channels), the faster the storage engine can read and write data. The larger your system usage becomes, the more important it is to separate the data files from log files by storing them on different sets of physical drives. Also, because the use of tempdb has changed, you should now store tempdb on a large set of disks, for example, with the data files or on a set of disks.
 - Use filegroups to make your enterprise database more manageable.
Every database begins with one default filegroup. Because SQL Server 2000 can work effectively without additional filegroups, many systems will not need to add user-defined filegroups. However, as a system grows, the use of additional filegroups can provide more manageability, when implemented and maintained by a qualified DBA.
In SQL Server 2000, if you set a particular filegroup within a database to read-only, the data on that filegroup cannot be altered, but catalog information such as permissions can still be managed.
Note In SQL Server 2000, the number of asynchronous I/Os is now managed dynamically inside the database engine, and is not influenced by the number of files or filegroups used, as was the case in SQL Server 7.0.
When implementing or optimizing a database design, the Database Administrator (Database System Engineer) needs to consider the configuration of the database storage components, particularly the layout of physical and logical disks and the arrangement of the database files across disks.
For DBAs, increased flexibility and control over performance provides the freedom to focus their database technology skills and experience on managing the database code, design, and storage components as a unified approach to database system management. The SQL Server 2000 database engine provides general extensibility and flexibility for a wide variety of database implementations.
Suggested Reading
For information about operating a successful database system with professional people and processes, read about the Microsoft Certified Database Administrator program, and Microsoft Operations Framework.
SQL Server 2000 Books Online is included with SQL Server 2000. It is also available online at _URL_
For more information about hardware and SQL Server, see SQL Server 2000 on Large Servers in SQL Server 2000 Books Online.
For more information about SQL Server architecture and the storage engine, see SQL Server 2000 Books Online, as well as Kalen Delaney's Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2000.
For more information on capacity planning techniques, see the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Administrator's Companion.
Technical information about SQL Server for database administrators is located on the Microsoft SQL Server Web site and in MSDN and Microsoft TechNet.
Technical information about SQL Server for developers is located in the MSDN SQL Server home page.
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Using this experimental module, static friction and sliding friction, and the related friction vibrations and slip-stick effects can be clearly demonstrated. The unit is used in conjunction with the basic module TM 260. For the experiments, cylindrical weights are placed on a horizontally rotating stainless steel disc. This is prevented from turning by a cord. The cord is coupled to force measuring devices with a strain gauge via a tension spring. An open container surrounds the friction disc. Different lubricants can be placed in this beaker.
Learning Objectives / Experiments
- Observation of the transition from static friction to sliding friction - Influence of lubrication on stick-slip effects - Influence of the force between the components on the stick-slip
effects - Influence of the relative speed of the components on stick-slip effects
* Demonstration of the differences between static
friction and sliding friction
 Benchtop exp. module for investigating static friction and sliding friction, and slip-stick effects Operation in conjunction with TM 260 module Stainless steel friction ring, D=60/80mm Weight loading on the ring 0...40N Friction force measuring range 0...50N Friction force measurement using full bridge strain gauge Adjustable operating speed