text:
is a peninsula of the roadstead of Brest
The roadstead of Brest is a roadstead or bay located in the Finistère department in Brittany in northwestern France. The surface area is about 180 km². The port of Brest is located on its northern edge and one of the two French naval bases...
. It is the base of the SNLE, the French ballistic missile submarines, and as such one of the most secretive and heavily defended places in France.
Île Longue is a peninsula
A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. In many Germanic and Celtic languages and also in Baltic, Slavic and Hungarian, peninsulas are called "half-islands"....
on the commune of Crozon
Crozon is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.Crozon is located on the Crozon peninsula on the west coast of Finistère. It is bordered by the communes of Camaret-sur-Mer to the west, Roscanvel to the northwest, Lanvéoc to the north, Landévennec to the...
, attached to the Crozon peninsula. its altitude is 42 metres. It is located at 48°18'07.6"N 4°30'35.57"W.
Originally the isthmus was a mere sand bank, and crossing was only possible at low tide. During the 19th century, it was improved with a stone pathway. During the construction of the strategic base (1967–1972), it was widened, made insubmersible, and changed into a parking space.
The peninsula is a stone plateau surrounded by cliffs. It harbours several water springs, which made human habitat possible. In the 19th century, three villages were built on the peninsula: Kernalleguen (less than a kilometre of the isthmus), Kermeur (1.5 km of the isthmus) and Bothuelc'h, slightly North.
Exploitation of porphyry
Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts...
started in the 18th century. By the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. Up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. The largest, Vengleuz Braz, was located west from Kermeur.
With its cliffs, local water resources, isthmus crossable only at low tide and its location defending Brest harbour, Île Longue is an easily defendable, strategic location. It was fortified by Vauban and Dajot as to render the roadstead impossible to hold by an enemy fleet and to allow a counter-attack against an enemy landing party attempting to seize Quélern
Quélern is a hamlet in Roscanvel, in the department of Finistère, in western France.-Fortified lines:The Quélern lines defended the entrance to the goulet de Brest against capture from behind the defences of the Roscanvel peninsula. They are 1.22 km long and form the only surviving non-urban...
Dajot had a fort constructed at the top of the peninsula around 1776. It featured a hemicircular lower battery with small buildings protected by a ditch, with a bastion
A bastion, or a bulwark, is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall, facilitating active defence against assaulting troops...
and a drawbridge
A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. The term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges.-Castle drawbridges:...
In 1879, a wall was built South of the peninsula, as to defend it against the land. It featured a drawbridge defended by a
casemate and two bastions. Remains of the main gate and of the casemate still exist, but are enclosed in the military area, and not accessible to the general public.
First World War
From 1914 to 1919, Île Longue was used as an internment camp for German citizens captured after the seizure of the ship Nieuw Amsterdam
, intercepted by the French 2nd Light Squadron on the 2 September 1914.
From the 3 September to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at Crozon fort and in Brest; from the 4 November, they were transferred to a camp built on Île Longue for the occasion. The last prisoners were released on the 31st December 1919.
Second World War
During the occupation, the Germans used Île Longue as an anti-aircraft battery, which remained active until 1944. Megalithic monuments were destroyed by the construction of bunkers.
Île Longue strategic submarine base
In 1965, President Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
chose Île Longue as home for the sea-based component of the Force de frappe
The Force de Frappe is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, seaand land-based nuclear weapons intended for dissuasion, and consequential deterrence...
. The place was chosen because it was close to a large harbour, yet distant enough to stay out of the public's eye, and was easily controlled and defended.
Work began in 1967 and took 5 years. The peninsula was completely changed, as the isthmus was widened and consolidated, and the peninsula itself gained 30 hectare
The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres, and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2...
s. Two dry docks were built, as well as numerous habitation, engineering and defence buildings.
In 1972, the base was made operational and Le Redoutable
departed for her first patrol. Île Longue has been the base of the SNLE of the Force Océanique Stratégique
The Force océanique stratégique is the ballistic missile submarine force of the French Navy. It is one of the two components of the submarine forces of the French Navy and the sea-based component of the French nuclear deterrent.- History :The FOST was created in the early 1960s, around the need...
ever since.
Maintenance of the submarines is done at Île Longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components (warheads and fuel bars). Chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in Guenvénez, 4 km away.
The base is divided into three colour-coded zones:
- Zone Blue comprises the security installations and personnel, including the fire department and the Fusiliers Marins responsible for the defence of the site. This zone also comprises offices and catering.
- Zone Red encompasses the pyrotechnics and bunkers to hold nuclear warheads.
- Zone Yellow encompasses the harbour and submarine installations, notably two roofed 200-metre long docks. A 170-metre long bunker between the two docks is used to load and unload nuclear materials.
Since 2006, work has been undertaken at Île Longue to prepare the base for the new M51 SLBM
The M51 SLBM is a submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by EADS Astrium Space Transportation, and deployed with the French Navy. Designed to replace the M45 SLBM The M51 SLBM is a submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by EADS Astrium Space Transportation, and deployed with the French...
External links French Ministry of Defence Satellite photographs
on Google Maps
Google Maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free, that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API...


text:
This article was originally published in the November/December 1995 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Home Energy Home Page | Back Issues of Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online November/December 1995
The blower door as we know and love it today springs from technology first used in Sweden in 1977, where it was actually a blower window. The idea migrated to the United States with Ake Blomsterberg, who came to Princeton University to do research in 1979. We started using it because we were trying to understand infiltration, says David Grimsrud, who was a researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley, California, at the time.
According to Grimsrud, the Princeton researchers decided to mount the fan in a door because door sizes are more uniform than windows. Ken Gadsby (who was and still is at Princeton) recalls that they based the height of the lower door panel on his inseam length! With the help of the blower door, the researchers discovered that hidden leaks accounted for a much greater proportion of air leakage in a home than the more obvious culprits, such as windows, doors, and electrical outlets--a giant leap forward in our understanding of how a house operates (and malfunctions). Researchers at LBNL began to see how useful the blower door would be in weatherization and retrofitting work.
Blower door companies started springing up to serve the new market. LBNL energy researcher Max Sherman even got into the business of manufacturing blower doors for a short time. The Department of Energy put out a solicitation to buy ten blower doors, so my father and I started a company and bid on the contract and we won, Sherman remembers. These were big, heavy, clunky blower doors, made of plywood and Formica.
We were all working out of our garages, recalls Gary Anderson, cofounder of the Energy Conservatory. In 1986, Home Energy (then Energy Auditor and Retrofitter) identified 13 blower door manufacturers, with combined revenues for sales and testing nearing $10 million per year (see A Healthy Outlook for the Blower Door Industry, EA&R May/June '86, p. 6). Home Energy estimated that blower door sales alone reached $1.2 million in 1985. The focus at that time was on making more powerful fans in more manageable sizes.
The industry has consolidated today, with only three North American manufacturers--the Energy Conservatory, Infiltec, and Retrotec--now vying for sales in a growing market.
The Energy Conservatory
Of the three, Energy Conservatory (manufacturer of the Minneapolis Blower Door) is easily the largest, selling 800 to 1,000 blower doors per year, along with Duct Blasters, digital pressure gauges, and other diagnostic tools and procedures.
The Energy Conservatory was hatched over lunches between partners Gary Anderson, then an auditor in St. Paul, and Gary Nelson, an engineer at the Minnesota Energy Agency, during which they would discuss the latest discoveries in residential energy efficiency. The blower door was one advance that captured their imagination.
It got to be an expensive hobby, Anderson recalls. The pair retrofitted a two-story garage to use as a calibration chamber and strove continuously to create a design that would be more practical for mainstream contractors. That meant it had to be less expensive, lighter, and easier to use. They worked to make blower door testing more friendly, accurate, and efficient, and helped develop protocols for weatherization programs to prioritize air sealing efforts.
In the late 1980s, the Energy Conservatory was involved in research that led to the understanding that duct leakage is a big problem--not just for energy waste, but also because pressure imbalances caused by the duct system can result in backdrafting and indoor air quality problems. This realization led to the development of a duct leakage testing fan (the Duct Blaster) and a digital manometer for more precise pressure measurements.
Infiltec sells blower doors, in addition to developing energy software and conducting indoor air quality studies for the Environmental Protection Agency.
We sold our first blower door in 1980, says Infiltec's David Saum. Saum got into the business when his retired father was looking for ways to make his home more energy-efficient. Saum did some research and found articles on the Super Sucker, the window-mounted unit being used in Texas. We decided that we could do better, Saum says. In addition to blower doors, Infiltec now sells duct testers, mostly for testing ducts in new construction. Infiltec has recently taken its blower doors to Russia to test multifamily buildings there (see To Russia with Blower Doors, HE Sept/Oct '95, p. 8).
The Canadian firm Retrotec concentrates on selling units for testing fire protection systems, and on teaching HVAC contractors how to use the blower door to boost their business (see HVAC Contractors Discover Blower Doors). Retrotec has also been in business since 1980. The founders originally opened their factory because they needed blower doors to use in research projects for Natural Resources Canada (the equivalent of the U.S. Department of Energy).
At the time, you couldn't buy a blower door, vice president Brendan Reid says. Retrotec now offers seven models--all different configurations of the same equipment. Four of these are used in testing industrial fire protection systems. The company offers an optional panel system made of molded plastic sheets, which Reid says installs faster than the standard doors and looks better, although it is less adjustable. Retrotec also sells a sealed smoke puffer, and a duct leak testing system for new construction. With nine employees and two independent sales contractors, the company has annual revenues of just over $1 million.
Old-timers in the industry can best appreciate the evolution of blower door technology over the years. They're the ones who remember struggling with a heavy, bulky fan and door panels. We had a chance to use one of Max's blower doors, Gary Anderson recalls, and when we'd lug the blower door out there, two things happened. We'd be blown away by what we were learning, but at the same time, we were frustrated by how long it took.
Our first blower door moved 4,200 cubic feet per minute (CFM) maximum flow, weighed about 55 lb, and was about 28 inches long, says Anderson. Then we made a 10-inch long fan that moved 6,400 CFM, increasing flow by 50% with a shorter fan. Refining the frame was the next major improvement in the blower door, and the Energy Conservatory went to a cloth-covered aluminum frame.
Infiltec's design also evolved over time, switching from a DC to a much less expensive AC motor. They also introduced a flexible door panel and started using fan rpm instead of just pressure drop to measure flow, improving the accuracy of calibration.
The equipment has pretty much evolved to optimum, says Anderson. The fan weight has dropped from 60 lb to 35 lb, at the same time increasing flow. The next step is toward computerization and improved error analysis. A computerized, digital blower door will make data more accurate and repeatable at lower house pressures. It will also make it easier for researchers to track a wide variety of conditions. For example, David Grimsrud is now at the University of Minnesota, where he is conducting blower door tests by remote control, tracking measurements by computer to study backdrafting in buildings. His studies use the newest development by the Energy Conservatory: a 16-channel data acquisition system that processes input from carbon dioxide monitors and pressure and temperature sensors.
Super Sucker, the Sequel
In another interesting development, a monster blower door that takes the name of the window-mounted unit used in Texas all those years ago is being used to test large residential and commercial buildings in Canada. The Super Sucker is a whopping 55,000 CFM fan that is 40 ft long and 5 ft in diameter. It is transported to the site on a flatbed trailer, and it takes a team of five people to hook it up (to a pair of double doors) and perform the test.
A Blower Door for Windows
At the other end of the spectrum, the Canadian consulting firm CanAm Building Envelope Specialists Incorporated is marketing an individual window depressurization testing kit, called the MiniLab, which is used to identify and quantify air leaks around windows. This mini-blower door allows retrofitters to demonstrate improvements in air leakage when they replace or seal windows, and enables new home builders to specify and measure the performance of their windows.
Window leakage is tested by installing 6-mil plastic on the inside around the window frame, cutting a hole in the middle of the plastic and attaching and sealing a tube in the hole. The hose is then connected to the blower, which pressurizes the space between the plastic and the window. The device has flow meters and a Magnahelic gauge, like a blower door, to measure flow in CFM at a given pressure. New standards in Canada require windows to meet air leakage ratings at 75 Pascals (Pa) of pressure.
The market has changed from year to year, says Infiltec's Saum. Originally it was entrepreneurs during the energy crisis; then it changed to utilities and weatherization agencies; and then a few years ago, to the fire protection business. Blower doors are used to test fire protection systems that use halon gas instead of water (to prevent water damage in case of a fire

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Auto-splitting video file in equal chunks with ffmpeg and python
UPDATE: The source code for this simple script has been moved to GitHub, get it here:
Recently I needed to upload a whole bunch of long video files. Maximum allowed length for each video was just few minutes, while the actual length of files I tried to upload were about an hour each. FFmpeg is really great for splitting the video files and Python is quite handy for automating the task. Combining two together in this handy little script(see below). The script below takes a video file and a chunk size in seconds and splits the video file into chunks using ffmpeg, so each chunk is self contained, playable video.
Source code:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import subprocess
import re
import math
from optparse import OptionParser
re_length = re.compile(length_regexp)
def main():
 (filename, split_length) = parse_options()
 if split_length <= 0:
 print "Split length can't be 0"
 raise SystemExit
 shell = True,
 stdout = subprocess.PIPE
 print output
 matches =
 if matches:
 video_length = int( * 3600 + \
 int( * 60 + \
 print "Can't determine video length."
 raise SystemExit
 split_count = math.ceil(video_length/float(split_length))
 if(split_count == 1):
 raise SystemExit
 for n in range(0, split_count):
 split_str = ""
 if n == 0:
 split_start = 0
 split_start = split_length * n
 print "About to run: "+split_cmd+split_str
def parse_options():
 parser = OptionParser()
 dest = "filename",
 help = "file to split, for example sample.avi",
 type = "string",
 action = "store"
 dest = "split_size",
 type = "int",
 action = "store"
 (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 if options.filename and options.split_size:
 return (options.filename, options.split_size)
 raise SystemExit
if __name__ == '__main__':
 except Exception, e:
 print "Exception occured running main():"
 print str(e)
Or download it here: splitting video file script link
18 thoughts on "Auto-splitting video file in equal chunks with ffmpeg and python
 1. Hi there,
 I found this blog entry to be just what i needed. I am currently trying to split a single video file into several pieces. However, after tinkering around with your script, i have a few questions that i need help with:
 1. What video files is the script meant for? I tinkered with AVI, MOV, and WMV so far, and i'm not having much luck getting mov and wmv to split and play correctly.
 2. Although my avi file does get split, i hit two problems:
 ___a. some of the split files aren't the correct chunk size (ie. i had the split_size = 30 (seconds), yet some of the files were 60 or more
 ___b. the first split file played the video correctly, but the rest merely displayed a still image and audio continued. Know what is happening?
 3. Could you point me in the right direction to learn more about ffmpeg btw?
 Thanks again for this entry and your help in advance.
 Please let me know! And please don't consider this spam!
 2. Hey Matt,
 Glad that you found this useful.
 In regards to your questions:
 1. This script is really just a convenience wrapper around FFmpeg, so you can use whatever formats your install of ffmpeg supports. To add support for more formats you may need to recompile ffmpeg. For mov and wmv you need to make sure you have appropriate codes. I think you need libx264 for mov. Not sure what you need to wmv. Try googling ffmpeg wmv or something like that
 2. This might be a bug… or your ffmpeg missing some libs. Can you upload your avi file to something like http// and give me a link to take a look at? Also what command line params did u use?
 3. FFmpeg docs are pretty good – but might be a bit rigid. Just google for ffmpeg commands to get a bunch of articles about various handy things you can do with it
 3. I've also found that splitting WMV's does not seem to work. No matter what you specify in the -t option, it will always encode the whole video (which I believe is a bug in ffmpeg).
 4. I know this is somewhat late from when this was originally posted, but for me this script raises an invalid range() argument exception – math.ceil() returns a float (at least for me in python 2.7.1 and all 2.x.x as far as I recall). Thus line 33 should read:
 5. The script should also set '-acodec copy' so that the audio is not re-encoded when the file is split up. Just split the audio with the video.
 Also, the range error is still broken – can you update that?
 6. I put the int fix in and added -acodec copy but also changed ffmpeg instances to avconv. Worked on large mp4 videos.
 Thanks very much for the script.
 Now I can incorporate it all into a batch spilitter in bash.
 7. Pingback: Application for slicing video [duplicate] | XL-UAT
 8. Pingback: Using Python script to cut long videos into chunks in FFMPEG | 我爱源码网
 9. Pingback: Using Python script to cut long videos into chunks in FFMPEG | FYTRO SPORTS
 10. Pingback: Splitting an MP4 file | XL-UAT
 11. Pingback: What to use to quickly cut Audio/Video - Popular Ubuntu Questions
 12. My brother suggested I might like this web site.
 info! Thank you!
 13. Pingback: Ubuntu:What to use to quickly cut Audio/Video – Ubuntu Linux Questions
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text:
Is giving birth to a baby through a coin-sized hole more painful than the crippling pain of being kicked in the groin?
Nociceptors are nerve cells that send pain signals to the spinal cord and brain. These sensory neurons fire once a certain threshold has been crossed, and the frequency of that firing determines the intensity of the pain. Both the agony of childbirth and getting kicked in the balls ramp-up that neural firing.
So which then is more painful: childbirth or getting kicked in the balls? AsapSCIENCE provides a scientific breakdown of this burning question.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Containing the triangle of combustion | Wrightstyle
Containing the triangle of combustion | Wrightstyle
Photo source
Date: 22 May 2018
Tim Kempster, Wrightstyle's managing director, explains the dynamics of fire.
A year ago, on 14th June, seventy two people lost their lives in the Grenfell Tower fire, which will likely go down in fire safety history as a catastrophe that should never have happened.
While it's too early to finally point accusing fingers, with the public inquiry only just beginning, it's perhaps worth remembering some well-known basics on what fire is, and therefore how it should be dealt with.
Simply, fire involves a fundamental relationship between fuel, oxygen and heat – the so-called fire triangle on which all fires, intentional or otherwise, depend.
Get those three elements together and the fire triangle is joined by a fourth element – the chemical chain reaction that is actually the fire. In technical jargon, the triangle of combustion then becomes a tetrahedron.
Fuel and oxygen
Containing the triangle of combustion | WrightstyleIt's a geometry that can either be friend or foe, as fuel and oxygen molecules gain energy and become active. This molecular energy is then transferred to other fuel and oxygen molecules to create and sustain the chain reaction.
In an uncontrolled fire in a building, how it spreads depends on a whole range of factors – from the type of fuel (everything from ceiling tiles to furniture) to building construction and ventilation.
Taming fire generally involves the removal of heat, in most cases using water to soak up heat generated by the fire. This turns the water into steam, thereby robbing the fire of the heat used. That's what a building's sprinkler system is there to do.
Without energy in the form of heat, the fire cannot heat unburned fuel to ignition temperature and the fire will eventually go out. In addition, water acts to smother the flames and suffocate the fire.
But what is also needed is containment – to prevent the fire spreading from its original location. Those protective barriers, often external curtain walling or internal glass screens, must also provide protected escape routes for the building's occupants.
Fire resistant glass
That's where fire resistant glass and glazing systems are so important, because modern steel systems are so technically advanced that they have overcome the limitations inherent in the glass itself.
The biggest limitation is that glass softens over a range of 500˚c to 1500˚c. To put that in perspective, a candle flame burns at between 800˚c and 1200˚c. In a typical flashover fire inside a building, temperatures can reach between 1000˚c and 1400˚c.
These temperatures can disrupt the integrity of conventional panes of glass, which are liable to crack and break because of thermal shock and temperature differentials across the exposed face. This will compromise the compartmentation of the building's interior allowing fire to spread from room to room.
That can, incidentally, be a problem that a sprinkler system actually causes. There have been several notable cases where cold water from a sprinkler system has come into contact with heated non-fire rated glass – causing the glass to break and allowing more oxygen to the seat of the fire.
As a fire escalates, the amount of heat produced can grow quickly, spreading like a predator from one fuel source to another – devouring materials that, in turn, produce gases that are both highly toxic and flammable.
Thermal expansion
To make things worse, due to thermal expansion, these flammable gases are usually under pressure and able to pass through relatively small holes and gaps in ducts and walls, spreading the fire to other parts of the building. Heat will also be transmitted through internal walls by conduction.
As the fire worsens, and when unburned flammable gases reach auto ignition temperature, or are provided with an additional source of oxygen – for example, from a fractured window – an explosive effect called 'flashover' takes place.
Flashover is the most feared phenomenon of any fire fighter and signals several major changes in the fire and the response to it. First, it brings to an end all attempts at search and rescue in the area of the flashover. Simply, there won't be anybody alive to rescue.
Second, it signals that the fire has reached the end of its growth stage and that it is now fully developed as an inferno. That then signals a change in fire-fighting response because it marks the start of a worse danger – the risk of structural collapse.
The main lesson for building designers is not simply to build in passive and active fire systems, but to look at the whole building's capacity to withstand a fire. For the glazed components, that should mean analysing the level of containment the glass will provide and its compatibility with its framing systems.
In many instances, untested combinations of glass and frame are still being specified separately – despite the fact that, in a fire situation, the glass will only be as good as its framing system, and vice versa. Insisting on tested, and therefore proven, compatibility, and specifying it as a requirement of the tendering process, should be a matter of course.
When a fire starts, it's imperative to extinguish it as quickly as possible. However, and just as important, it's vital that the fire is contained within one discrete area, minimising the risk to life and damage to property. That's what advanced glazing systems are there to do.
Sadly, at Grenfell Tower, there was no sprinkler system and the fire wasn't contained. But maybe, just maybe, new fire and building regulations will make sure that nothing similar ever happens again.
600450 Containing the triangle of combustion | Wrightstyle
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++ed by:
2 PAUSE users
1 non-PAUSE user.
Tomas Doran
 # Terminal 1:
 # Terminal 2:
 $ message-passing --output STDOUT --input ZeroMQ --input_options '{"socket_bind":"tcp://*:5552"}'
A ZeroMQ transport for Message::Passing.
In your application emitting messages, you can either use Message::Passing::Output::ZeroMQ directly, or you can use it via Log::Dispatch::Message::Passing.
 use Log::Dispatch;
 use Log::Dispatch::Message::Passing;
 use Message::Passing::Output::ZeroMQ;
 use Message::Passing::Filter::Encode::JSON;
 my $log = Log::Dispatch->new;
 name =>'myapp_aggregate_log',
 min_level => 'debug',
 output => Message::Passing::Filter::Encode::JSON->new(
 connect => 'tcp://',
All consumers will get a copy of every message.
Both Message::Passing::Input::ZeroMQ and Message::Passing::Output::ZeroMQ support either binding a server or connecting to a remote host, due to the fact that ZeroMQ connections can be in any direction, as noted above.
Therefore, each input or output should have one (but not both!) of the following attributes:
Connects to a remote server, e.g. tcp://
Binds a server and waits for connections from clients, e.g. tcp://*:5222
This defaults to SUB for Message::Passing::Input::ZeroMQ and PUB for Message::Passing::Output::ZeroMQ, however you can override it to PUSH/PULL as appropriate for your use case if desired.
 # The message distributor:
 # Workers
 package MyApp::MessageWorker;
 use Moo;
 sub filter {
 my ($self, $message) = _USER_;
 return undef; # Do not output the message..
 --filter '+MyApp::MessageWorker'
 --output STDOUT
Tomas (t0m) Doran
This module exists due to the wonderful people at Suretec Systems Ltd. who sponsored its development for its VoIP division called SureVoIP for use with the SureVoIP API -
Copyright Suretec Systems 2012.
GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3


text:
The Lumina project, which is engaged in development of LED-lighting equipment, primarily for use in developing countries and in applications where people do not have access to conventional power, has studied the quality of White LEDs (WLED). The results are remarkable! In 26 batches studied, there is a huge variation in efficacy (Lumens/Watt) by a factor of 5! Even within the batches, there are enormous variations. So, quality management and assurance is of major importance for WLEDs before they can compete for any applications.
But that is not all!
A system to use PV-charged devices contains several other components to function properly. The study made by LBL therefore also suggests 14 different protocols to ensure the quality of the systems. Again, this is proof that it is now a simple swap to get new technology onto the market and serve people the way it is intended to.
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text:
Are you looking for the correct Say "Whomever did this …," say crossword clue answer? While searching our database for the query, we were able to find 1 possible answer for this crossword clue. You can find the closest and possible answer for this clue below.
Say "Whomever did this …," say Crossword Clue
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- Sounds of bells Crossword Clue


text:
RoboBlox is a 4X4 3D Blox artwork which comprises of a sculptural frieze, interactive artwork and a 'making of RoboBlox' video (see below). While the artwork is inspired by Thieri Foulc's 2D-Morpholo Tile Game and the Oulipo French Movement, the muse of RoboBlox's sculptural frieze is the windy Brisbane/Maiwar river. The artwork uses rules and constraints to trigger the creation of the blocks which also serves as the basis of interactive creative engagement between the public and artwork. To create the individual block designs, QUT Design Robotics and UQ researchers coded a novel computational workflow into an industrial robotic arm to hotwire-cut polystyrene into the desired designs.
The making of RoboBlox Video
As robots will be commonly used in design education and fabrication, this artwork is an exploration into finding novel ways to communicate robotic design processes. This is important as designers and architectural manufacturers are likely to rely on robotic systems for the production of design and architectural work in the coming future. In keeping with this approach, a video which explains the design and manufacturing process of RoboBlox was placed within the exhibition. It elaborates on the workflow where open-source plug-ins were used particularly to develop a web-based interactive design platform and code that translates 2D graphics into 3D forms. It further documents the eventual robotic fabrication of the frieze pieces.
RoboBlox was exhibited in Brisbane, Australia at:
- Brisbane Art Design (BAD) festival from 10 May – 11 August 2O19
- Robotronica 2019 on 18th August 2019.
More on RoboBlox and related work:


Pokémon Wiki
9,183pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 23:57, May 19, 2013 by (Talk)
[[File:Type Ice.gif|link=Ice type]]
Species Fresh Snow Pokémon
Abilities Snow Cloak
None ← 471 → None
Kanto N/A Johto N/A
Hoenn N/A Sinnoh N/A
Unova N/A Kalos N/A
Evolves From [[Eevee]]
Evolves Into None
(グレイシア Gureishia)
[[Generation IV]]
Evolutionary Line
No evolution line
Weight Height
Pokédex Color Egg Group
Blue
Body Style Footprint
Glaceon (Japanese: グレイシア Gureishia) is an Ice-type Pokémon and is one of the seven evolutionary forms of Eevee.
Glaceon bears a resemblance to several types of animals, much like its pre-evolved form, including a dog, cat and fox. Its fur is a light-blue color, with diamond-shaped patterns on its back, tail, and ears in a darker shade of blue. Glaceon also has diamond-like shapes on its forehead.
Special Abilities
Glaceon have the ability Snow Cloak, which will raise their evasion in hailing weather. Glaceon tend to freeze their fur into protective needles it can fire when endangered.
According to the Pokédex, Glaceon can control their body heat and freeze the air around them to create a diamond-dust flurry.
Glaceon is the evolved form of Eevee. Eevee evolves into Glaceon when leveled up on Route 217 near Ice Rock in Platinum or Pokémon Diamond and Pearl. In Pokémon Black and White, this evolution happens when Eevee levels up near the ice-covered rock in Twist Mountain.
In the anime
Main article: May's Glaceon
May and Glaceon
May of Petalburg City evolved her Eevee into a Glaceon at Ice Rock. It debuted in A Full Course Tag Battle! when May appeared in the Diamond and Pearl anime. May used her Glaceon in the Wallace Cup in Strategy With A Smile! against Dawn's Piplup, but lost by only a couple of points.
There was a statue of Glaceon and Leafeon in the bell tower in the Pokémon movie The Rise of Darkrai. Also, Glaceon and the rest of the evolutions of Eevee made a brief cameo appearance at the beginning of Giratina and the Sky Warrior.
Cynthia Glaceon
Cynthia's Glaceon.
Game Info
Glaceon is a Generation IV Pokémon, first appearing in the Diamond and Pearl games.
Glaceon Locations
Version(s) Location Rarity
Diamond/Pearl Evolve Eevee None
Platinum Evolve Eevee None
HeartGold/SoulSilver Trade None
Black/White Dream World Event
Side Game Locations
Glaceon Locations
Game(s) Location
Lower Crevice Cave (B1F-B4F)
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia Ice Lake
Pokémon Rumble Rocky Cave
Pokédex Entries
Pokédex Entries
As a protective technique, it can completely freeze its fur to make its hairs stand like needles.
It causes small ice crystals to form by lowering the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.
Black 2
White 2
Side Game Data
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia
No. Pokémon Group Field Move Poké Assist
R- PR Glaceon Sprite Glaceon Ice SOA Crush 3 Crush 3 SOA Ice Ice
Capture Points* On Sight**
Browser Entry
It shoots an icy beam from its mouth. It also attacks with hunks of ice.
Diamond Pearl Platinum HeartGold SoulSilver Back
Glaceon DP Glaceon(P)Sprite Glaceon(P)Sprite GlaceonGenIVBack
Glaceon Shiny DP Glaceon Shiny Pt Glaceon Shiny Pt GlaceonGenIVBackShiny
Black White Black 2 White 2 Back
File:Glaceon BW.png Glaceon Back V
Glaceon Shiny BW Glaceon Shiny Back V
X Y Omega Ruby Alpha Sapphire Back
Design origins
Like many of the Eeveelutions, Glaceon shares characteristics of foxes, dogs and cats. It is more closely based on an Arctic fox, due to their habitat. However, its large ears are similar to a Fennec fox.
The name Glaceon comes from the Latin word glacies, meaning ice, from which we also get the term glacier, a large, slow-moving mass of ice and snow accumulated over the course of centuries, capable of destroying mountains and reshaping whole continents in its wake.
 - Glaceon's Japanese name, Glacia, has the same name of one of the Hoenn Elite Four, Glacia.
 - According to the Diamond and Pearl Pokédex, Glaceon and Leafeon's footprints are the same (it may also may be related to the fact they both evolve under similar conditions, levelling up near a special rocks).
 Glaceon Toy
 - Glaceon has the highest Special attack of non-legendary Ice-type Pokémon.
 - Glaceon is tied with Espeon for the highest Special Attack of the Eeveelutions, although Espeon has a higher Speed and Glaceon has a higher Defense.
 - Glaceon's highest stat (like Jolteon has Speed, Flareon has Attack, etc.) can be evasiveness, due to its ability, Snow Cloak.
 - Despite Aurora Beam being an Ice-type move, Glaceon cannot learn it via levelling up, yet another evolution of Eevee's the water-type Vaporeon can. This could be due to the move's association with other pure water-type like the legendary Suicune.
 - Like Umbreon, Glaceon has a type-advantage against its evolutionary counterpart (Espeon and Leafeon respectively). The Dark-type Umbreon is strong against the Psychic-type Espeon and the Ice-type Glaceon is strong against the Grass-type Leafeon.
 - Both, Glaceon and Leafeon are weak against Flareon's Fire-type move's.
 - However unlike its counterpart Leafeon, Glaceon is weak against only a single of the evolutions of Eevee, while Leafeon (and Vaporeon which is weak against Leafeon and Jolteon) is weak against 2 (the Fire-type Flareon and the Ice-type Glaceon). It shares this trait with Flareon and Espeon (as Jolteon, Umbreon, and Eevee itself posses no weakness against the other Eeveelutions) both of which are weak to only one evolution of Eevee.
 - Like Flareon, Jolteon, Vaporeon, Umbreon, and Leafeon,Glaceon have a type-advantage against at least one of the Evolutions of Eevee types (Eevee and Espeon being the only ones not to possess a type advantage against any of the Eeveelutions).
 - Glaceon bears some appearance and power similarities as Oyuki from Urusei Yatsura series. It also shares the same species with Vanillite as them both being the Fresh Snow Pokémon.
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Forest Therapy
Nature Based Therapy
Forest Therapy is a nature based therapy or treatment intervention designed to support people with specific needs. It is grounded in the Forest Bathing practise of sensory connection through immersion in the forest atmosphere. A Forest Therapist works in partnership with healthcare professionals to create and design therapeutic nature based programmes.
Forest Therapy can be a supportive, complementary therapy for many different populations. Nature Interventions and Green Prescriptions can be designed for Wellness, Stress Management, Rehabilitation, Mental Health and Cancer Patients. It is a guided practise to enhance physical, mental and social wellbeing of the group. Each programme or course is precisely tailored to meet clients requirements.
Participants are given the tools to develop their stress management skills. Forest Therapy increases a sense of purpose through nature connectedness, leading to enhanced self awareness. This in turn improves individuals mood, reduces anxiety and empowers them with better emotional control. Knock on effects include more energy, higher levels of focus and creativity, more meaningful engagement in activities and higher self esteem. Many trees give off organic compounds called phytoncides,which increases our NK (natural killer cells ) which increase our white blood cells, helping to fight disease and infections.


About Our Crops
How we grow our crops and what makes our crops unique
Seasonal Fruits
To many people, our Seasonal Fruits are the taste of summer! We've become famous throughout the south of England for our natural, Seasonal Crops, and people travel hundreds of miles for our delicious Fruit.
We make huge efforts so that we can guarantee that everything we sell at Roundstone 'Pick Your Own' Farm is 100% natural. Due to our efforts, we are able to assure you that all of our produce contains the healthy nutrients that normally get lost when foods are commercially grown for supermarkets. This allows the flavour of our fruit to be superior to what can be found in the shops - and if you don't believe us you should come and see for yourself!
Seasonal Vegetables:
Just like our Fruit, our vegetables are incredibly fresh and delicious. Our wide selection of Vegetables allows everyone to find something they enjoy. We have vegetables at the beginning of may until the end of September, which change through the season.
Crops such as Pumpkins, Butternut Squash, Marrows, Courgettes and Runner Beans are all hand planted, hand weeded and hoed by our skilled team to ensure maximum growth and attention to each plant. This ultimately benefits our crops and makes them taste that much better.
Our home grown potatoes will continue to be available for you to purchase from the checkout in the summer and into October.
Organic Carrots


It is commonly stated that the low energy theory of some non-relativistic fermion band structure with a linear dispersion $E = vk$ implies the
 1. low energy effective theory is a relativistic fermion theory.
 2. there is an emergent Lorentz symmetry at or near the node
Of course $E = vk$ is necessary condition, but it does not seem to be sufficient to show 1 and 2. Also the Lorentz spinor degrees of freedom is unclear.
My questions
 - why 1 and 2 are true? What conditions guarantee those? (Sketch a physics proof?)
 - How to determine which relativistic fermions they have at low energy: Dirac, Majorana, Weyl or Majorana-Weyl spinors? as Lorentz spinors?
 - why are they Lorentz spinors? (they can be approximate spatial rotational symmetries, but not the Lorentz spacetime boost + rotational symmetries?)
enter image description here
Figure from _URL_ _URL_


How Do I Pull A Call Recording From Stages?
Follow these steps to learn how to pull recordings from the calls made on your accounts. You can use them to audit service quality and ensure your customers are being taken care of.
 1. To pull a call recording, first log into the Stages portal here:
2. Once you have logged into Stages, The first step to pulling a call recording is to open the site data screen for the account under "Site," in the main menu.
3. After opening the data screen window, click on the triangular "play" button at the top right of the account's history section.
4. To filter the results, you can enter the date of the signal you are looking for before pressing the play button.
5. Once you found the recording you are looking for, simply press the "speaker" button at the left of the event.


"The chapels of Antinous and his temples"
During the latter part of Hadrian's reign, the cult of his deified male lover, Antinous, came briefly to rival the cults of Mithras, Isis and Christ for importance within the religious life of the Roman Empire. It is known that chapels or temples dedicated to him existed in his native Bithynia (modern Turkey), at Mantineia in Greece, and in Athens, but none of these survived into the modern era. In 2002 a temple complex of Antinous was discovered on the site of Hadrian's estate at Tivoli, and details of this can be found at: _URL_


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What Was That Again? 10 Words With Difficult-to-Remember Meanings
Do you have trouble remembering the meaning of uncanny, unabashed, or panache? You're not alone. Our friends at Vocabulary.com share 10 words with difficult-to-remember meanings.
Sometimes there are words that you've seen, read, and maybe even used in conversation whose meaning you can never keep straight. Even after looking it up, the right definition doesn't stick. From our friends at Vocabulary.com, here are 10 words with definitions that can be difficult to remember. Some look like they have a negative element in them, but either because their positive counterpoint has fallen out of use or because it never existed in the first place, the word doesn't really have a negative sense. Other words below are often confused for their opposite or have come to have connotations not quite reflected in their dictionary definitions.
filled with bewilderment
If it looks like there's a negative at the beginning of this word, it's because etymologically speaking there is — it's from Latin non plus, "no more, no further". Still, there is no word plussed, and that can get confusing.
only partly in existence; imperfectly formed
It may look like the inat the start of this word would be the same as the one at the start of words like incomplete or inadequate. Although that may be a good way to remember it, the first letters of this word are not a negative. The word comes from Latin inchoare which meant "to begin." Inchoate things are often just beginning.
an indication of approved or superior status
distinctive and stylish elegance
Shades of meaning between cachet and panache are often confused. Cachet is more about prestige, and panache is more about style. Having high tea at Buckingham Palace can have a lot of cachet in your social circle, but the genteel way you sip your tea can have a lot of panache.
showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality
In Latin, it was possible to defatigare or "to tire out," but only the negative version prefixed with insurvived the journey into English (via French). Indefatigable is a word you almost have to say quickly, and if you get through all those syllables, it's almost as if you've proven the definition: it takes "unflagging vitality" to reach the end.
surpassing the ordinary or normal
The word canny is rare but not unknown as a word that means "cunning" or "sly." The only problem is that that's not the meaning of canny contained in uncanny. Canny used to mean "knowing and careful," and therefore uncanny meant "mischievous," coming to refer to supernatural spirits who toyed with mortals. Comic book fans have a huge head start with this word, having grown up with the "Uncanny X-Men," who all have supernatural powers.
This word is one where the positive version did exist but has fallen out of use. Abash meant "perplex, embarrass, lose one's composure" in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, so unabashed means "not embarrassed."
This word is confusing because it sounds like it's potentially related to words like dilate or even depilatory. It's not related to either of those words, but luckily there are ways to remember what dilatory actually means—the word almost sounds like delay or dilly dally, both of which relate to the word's definition.
someone who demands exact conformity to rules and forms
This word looks and sounds like marionette, the stringed puppet, which is a pitfall to avoid, because it can lead you to believe that martinet means the exact opposite of what it actually means. A martinet has some power, and no one is pulling their strings.
10. hoi polloi
the common people generally
This is confusing because it's an obscure word for the common folk, and sometimes it's hard to keep straight whether the upper or lower crust is being discussed. Hoi polloi literally means "the many," with polloi being the plural of the well-known Greek prefix poly.
To see more words with difficult-to-remember meanings, and to add them to your vocabulary-learning program, see the full list at Vocabulary.com.
Image courtesy of Shutterstock.


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
This research follows two aims in case of the Iranian economy. First, study of the presence of inflation persistency, and second, looking for an optimal monetary policy rule. Results show that inflation in the economy of Iran is persistent, in which, short-term and long-term effects of monetary policy should be considered. For this purpose, a loss function for the central bank with arguments of inflation, output gap and the money supply growth, subject to the demand and Phillips curves, is minimized.
The importance of this issue is that by expansionary monetary policy, the economic growth in the short-term can be increased with high inflation bias. On the other hand, by contraction monetary policy, benefits gained in the form of inflation reduction at the cost of lower short-term growth. Therefore, balancing among costs and benefits of inflation targeting policy with regard to the output stability is crucial, as it is optimal for the central bank to allow for a high degree of policy gradualism or money supply smoothing.
JEL Classificat?on: E31, E32, E52, E58


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Schoodic Institute and Friends of Acadia share the common goal of helping create the brightest future for Acadia National Park, a philosophy that we can add value by working together and coordinating our efforts, and an understanding that the success of both organizations is in the best interest of Acadia and our region.
1. What are the missions of Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute?
The mission of Friends of Acadia is to preserve, protect, and promote stewardship of the outstanding natural beauty, ecological vitality, and distinctive cultural resources of Acadia National Park and surrounding communities for the inspiration and enjoyment of current and future generations.
The mission of Schoodic Institute at Acadia National Park is to guide present and future generations to greater understanding and respect for nature by providing research and learning opportunities through its outstanding Acadia National Park setting, unique coastal Maine facilities, and innovative partnership programs.
2. Are Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute affiliated with each other?
Each organization is an independent 501c3 nonprofit, dependent for its success, at least in part, on philanthropic support from individuals and foundations.
3. Do contributions to either organization support the other?
Although there are areas in which each organization's work is relevant to the other, and some areas of direct partnership, in general, contributions to one organization do NOT directly support the other. Each contributes to Acadia and local communities in distinct ways, and each must raise its own operating budget.
Friends of Acadia is a long-established grant-maker to Acadia National Park. Grants from Friends of Acadia may support Acadia National Park programs that occur in partnership between Acadia National Park and Schoodic Institute, or in certain instances, grants may be made directly to Schoodic Institute for such programs.
4. What are some areas where Friends of Acadia and Schoodic Institute work together?
The primary areas of partnership are in our shared commitments to youth and to resource protection. Delineating roles for each of these areas and how we are working together – or separately on complementary projects – will help ensure efficiency for each organization, clarity for our donors, and the best end result for Acadia National Park.


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A research conducted by Gallup reveals that Singaporeans stand as the less emotional nation in the world, while Filipinos are their absolute opposite.
Over 150 countries have been involved in Gallup's direct or telephone interviews. The survey started in 2009 and ended in 2011, with about 1,000 people over the age of 15 have been interviewed, Live Science
People were offered five positive emotions (enjoyment, smiling and laughing a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect and learning or doing something interesting) and five negative ones (sadness, anger, physical pain, stress and worry) and were asked to say whether or not they had felt these emotions throughout the previous day.
Making an average between the countries' inhabitants and the number of people who gave an affirmative response to the given emotions affecting them, researchers concluded that Singaporeans were the most emotionless people studied.
Only 36% of Singaporeans manifest these emotions on a daily basis.
Singapore was followed by Georgia, Lithuania, Russia, Madagascar and Ukraine in the top of the less emotional countries.
At the opposite side of the list stood the Philippines, with 60 percent of inhabitants declaring to be experiencing these emotions daily. After the Philippines come Salvador, Bahrain, Oman, Colombia, Chile and Costa Rica. (See full list of most and least emotional countries here
Researchers have also made a hierarchy considering the negative and positive emotions separately.
It turned out that North Africa and countries in the Middle East register the highest level of negative emotions, with Iraq, Palestinian Territories and Bahrain standing on top of the list.
Meanwhile, Latin America comes first in terms of positive feelings, with Panama, Paraguay and Venezuela on top.
Although the relation between a country's economic status and its population's level of negative feelings experienced appears clear in the hierarchy above, researchers say that even with a substantial melioration in this field the problem might not get solved.
Singapore can be given as example: with one of the lowest unemployment levels in the world and one of the highest gross domestic products, it is still a people with very few positive feelings.


text:
The goal of the research project, which is also the subject of this paper, is twofold. It aims to demonstrate that through the appropriate management of a sports program, specifically of water polo, it is possible to achieve both an increase in the sports performance by a group of disabled athletes, and an increase in their health and well-being level. The 10 athletes were subjected to a series of trainings, planned and performed by staff specialized in water polo and in the management of individuals with disabilities, for a period of 8 months, and have performed two series of assessments at the beginning and at the end of such period of sports activity. Improvements both in terms of the sports skills and in terms of the level of psycho-physical well-being of all individuals with disabilities who took part in this project were recorded. This proved that sports activity, if managed efficiently, can provide benefits on the athletic performance and on quality of life for persons with disabilities.
|Titolo:||Management of sport to improve the performance and status of the wellbeing of people with disabilities|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2017|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


text:
Mace4 is a finite domain constraint solver. The constraints are given as statements in first-order logic with equality.
Mace4 is used primarily for two purposes:
Here is a Mace4 job that solves a particular Sudoku puzzle.
mace4 -m -1 -f example.in > example.outSee the input and output files (the solution is in "function(f(_,_)...").
Our Web interface simply constructs an input file similar to example.in and runs Mace4 on it.
Colors in the answers.
Ok, let's do Sudoku!
Back to Home


text:
Maintenance Knowledge of Small Dth Drilling Rig
I. Installation of DTH drill rig:
1. The size of the rock drilling space preparation space can be determined according to the type and method of drilling.
2. Bring gas water near the point of use (if water and dust removal is needed), pipes, lighting circuits, etc.
3. Hole position According to the design requirements, we guarantee the stable positioning of the rig.
Second, check before operation:
1. When starting work, please carefully check whether the gas and water (if water and dust removal) pipes are tightly connected, especially if the Fengshui pipe joint and the Fengshui pipe are tightly connected to prevent tripping. You should check for injuries and not allow all joints to leak.
2. Make sure the oil mist is full of organic oil (not too much).
3. Check whether the screws, nuts, joints, etc. of each part of the small-scale down-hole drilling rig for photovoltaic piles are tightened, and that the positions are firm and firm.
3. Drilling work procedures and rod removal methods:
1. When opening the hole, first drill the hole with low impact energy, thrust and low speed so that the drill bit can be easily placed first (if dust removal is required, please provide enough water). Reduce dust) When drilling a drill bit of about 10 cm, use a complete shock absorber to dampen shocks, increase propulsion and increase speed (when dust removal is required, maintain a proper gas-to-water mixture ratio). After drilling the drill pipe, stop the operation of the wind motor and stop supplying air and water to the impactor. Insert the fork into the drill pipe slot of the bracket, turn the wind motor, push the slider backward, and then remove the joint from the drill pipe. Then connect a second drill pipe for drilling to work continuously.
2. Unloading method of small down-hole drill: The unloading method of the drill pipe is semi-automatic. When the lever is removed, the rotating machine moves backward. If the second groove of the drill pipe (the groove of the male joint of the drill pipe is close to the center of the drill pipe) is exactly opposite to the four corners of the bracket, please insert the second groove with a fork and reverse it. If it is the unloader's quadrangle and the first groove of the drill pipe (the end groove of the drill pipe joint is near the end of the drill pipe), insert it with the second fork and remove the first fork. On the front fork of the frame) to operate the propelling cylinder, so that the rod shifter drives the drill rod again. When the second slot of the second drill pipe is aligned with the holder slot, the motor reverses. After disconnecting, remove the first drill pipe and then separate each drill pipe in turn.
We are dth drill rig manufacturer. We provide high quality drilling equipment. If you have any needs for our products, please feel free to contact us.
Dth Drill Rig


text:
Color-code production control items in the IFC model
To color-code items in the IFC model according to their properties, use the Colorize command in the Model Viewer Interface dialog box. For example, you can color-code items according to their production status or sequence. You can also set filters to only color-code particular items in the model. By using a filter, for example, you could first filter the items by their sequence, and then color-code the items in that sequence by their production status.
- In the Production Control dialog box, right-click anywhere in the display area.
- In the context menu, click Model Interface.
If necessary, in the Model Viewer Interface dialog box, filter the items that you want to color-code:
- Click Set Filters.
- In the Estimating Filters dialog box, select a filter type in the Type list, and click Select.
In the Filter dialog box, do one of the following depending on the filter
Click the arrow buttons to move the items that you want to display in the model to the Included list.
Type the maximum and minimum values for the items that you want to display in the model.
Repeat steps b to d for all filter types that you want to set.
- Click Apply Filter.
- Click the arrow on the right side of the Colorize By list and select a property in the list.
- Click Colorize.
The items in the IFC model are color-coded according to the selected property.
To revert to the original colors in the IFC model, click Reset in the Model Viewer Interface dialog box.


text:
This is a simple test that can be used as a part of a neurological test or as a screening tool for Alzheimer's and other types of dementia.
The person undergoing testing is asked to;
Draw a clock
Put in all the numbers
Set the hands at ten past eleven.
Scoring system for Clock Drawing test (CDT)
There are a number of scoring systems for this test. The Alzheimer's disease cooperative scoring system is based on a score of five points.
1 point for the clock circle
1 point for all the numbers being in the correct order
1 point for the numbers being in the proper special order
1 point for the two hands of the clock
1 point for the correct time.
A normal score is four or five points.
The test can provide huge amounts of information about general cognitive and adaptive functioning such as memory, how people are able to process information and vision. A normal clock drawing almost always predicts that a person's cognitive abilities are within normal limits.
The clock Drawing test does offer specific clues about the area of change or damage.
Research varies on the ability of the Clock Drawing test to differentiate between, for example, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
The CDT has been shown to lack sensitivity for mild cognitive impairment.


text:
Why do companies need external IT consulting services?
IT consulting services are important. Especially if the solutions that you need are accurate and it need to be custom made. IT consultants analyze a company's IT systems to assist them meet their business objectives. They diagnose the company's IT infrastructure, understand the client's business needs, and design a technology solution.
Main duties of the IT consultants are:
- Company's IT system and infrastructure analyzing.
- IT system problems and weaknesses diagnosing.
- Understanding of business needs, implementation a technological solution to meet those needs.
- Security threats determining.
- Collaborating with the technical team of the company to ensure technology familiarity.
- To train staff and explain how to use the new IT system.
- Compilation of detailed reports on the effectiveness of the technology.
Why do you need consulting services?
Consulting services help clients evaluate different technology strategies and methodologies. These services support customers' IT initiatives. They provide strategic, architectural and implementation planning, and operational assessment related to the networks of the company.
- Strategic Planning helps clients assess their network requirements and develop system implementation plans.
- Architecture planning is a combination of strategic plans and knowledge of emerging technologies to create the logical design of the network environment.
- Operational assessment is important because it evaluate the operational efficiency and capacity of a client's network environment.
- Implementation planning is a service that advises customers on deploying and testing new network deployments.


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The more hours an IT employee works, the more productivity – up to a certain point. For tasks that require significant judgement and attention to detail, like IT, working additional hours results in additional stress, loss of sleep, and other work life balance issues. This drawback gets works as additional hours increase, and further productivity issues arise.
We can model this loss of productivity as a drawback as an exponential function:
Bringing productivity into the model we can see productivity eventually declines as the amount of mistakes made result in productivity loss. After a certain point, accumulated mistakes result in a net loss of productivity as these mistakes need resolved with more labor. This is modeled as:
Extrapolating to a team of full time IT employees, the combined productivity of the team under a constant high workload is not linear as the team size grows. Rather, initial productivity jumps greatly for additional employees, then tapers off. This is modeled as:
In the case of the modeled tram, we can view the productivity versus team size versus a standard model (where doubling team size doubles productivity).
How does the productivity of your team fit in?
Constants and variables used in model:
Drawback Constant: 1.1
Productivity Constant: 10
Workload Constant: 270


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A little known fact about the Statue of Liberty
Input text: A Trump is -4 feet left of and -4.8 foot above and -6 inches in front of the statue of liberty. The ground is water. The background is city. The statue is -10 feet above the ground. the statue of liberty leans 66 degrees to the left.The sun is silver. a tugboat is right of and -1.8 feet in front of the statue of liberty. it faces right. it is -2 feet above the ground. a 25.9 feet tall and 0.5 feet wide [hair] tube is -3 feet to the left of and -7 feet above the boat. it leans 38 degrees to the right. a small man is -7 feet left of and -5 feet above the boat. he faces left.


Delivery Driver
Harrell's LLC - Dallas, TX
This job posting is no longer available on Indeed. Find similar jobs: Delivery Driver jobs - Harrell's jobs
Drivers are responsible for pickup and delivery of products and equipment to customers in a safe and time efficient manner.
1. Assist dispatcher with planning route to insure most economical use of time and equipment.
2. Deliver and pickup products to customers and get receiving tickets signed.
3. Maintain contact with dispatcher via radio and telephone on a continuous basis and report any delays or problems.
4. Maintain truck mileage log as required by DOT regulations.
5. Perform routine inspection on assigned equipment and refer defects or repairs to supervisor; clean equipment. Document pre-trip and/or post trip inspections when applicable.
6. Perform all duties in conformance to appropriate safety and security standards.
7. Unload products, via donkey if required, at customers' sites.
8. Provide customer service any time it is necessary.
9. Complete paperwork required by customer or Harrell's.
10. Secure load prior to each run.
11. Must represent Harrell's in a positive manner at all times.
12. Ensure compliance with all Federal, State and Local ordinances affecting this position.
13. Ensure compliance with all Company policies and programs.
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Greg Kuperberg's calculus problem
"How good are you at calculus?"
This was the opening sentence of Greg Kuperberg's Facebook status on July 4th, 2016.
"I have a joint paper (on isoperimetric inequalities in differential geometry) in which we need to know that
(\sin\theta)^3 xy + ((\cos\theta)^3 -3\cos\theta +2) (x+y) - (\sin\theta)^3-6\sin\theta -6\theta + 6\pi \\ \\- 6\arctan(x) +2x/(1+x^2) -6\arctan(y) +2y/(1+y^2)
is non-negative for x and y non-negative and \theta between 0 and \pi. Also, the minimum only occurs for x=y=1/(\tan(\theta/2)."
Let's take a moment to appreciate the complexity of the mathematical statement above. It is a non-linear inequality in three variables, mixing trigonometry with algebra and throwing in some arc-tangents for good measure. Greg, continued:
"We proved it, but only with the aid of symbolic algebra to factor an algebraic variety into irreducible components. The human part of our proof is also not really a cake walk.
A simpler proof would be way cool."
I was hooked. The cubic terms looked a little intimidating, but if I converted x and y into \tan(\theta_x) and \tan(\theta_y), respectively, as one of the comments on Facebook promptly suggested, I could at least get rid of the annoying arc-tangents and then calculus and trigonometry would take me the rest of the way. Greg replied to my initial comment outlining a quick route to the proof: "Let me just caution that we found the problem unyielding." Hmm… Then, Greg revealed that the paper containing the original proof was over three years old (had he been thinking about this since then? that's what true love must be like.) Titled "The Cartan-Hadamard Conjecture and The Little Prince", the above inequality makes its appearance as Lemma 7.1 on page 45 (of 63). To quote the paper: "Although the lemma is evident from contour plots, the authors found it surprisingly tricky to prove rigorously."
As I filled pages of calculations and memorized every trigonometric identity known to man, I realized that Greg was right: the problem was highly intractable. The quick solution that was supposed to take me two to three days turned into two weeks of hell, until I decided to drop the original approach and stick to doing calculus with the known unknowns, x and y. The next week led me to a set of three non-linear equations mixing trigonometric functions with fourth powers of x and y, at which point I thought of giving up. I knew what I needed to do to finish the proof, but it looked freaking insane. Still, like the masochist that I am, I continued calculating away until my brain was mush. And then, yesterday, during a moment of clarity, I decided to go back to one of the three equations and rewrite it in a different way. That is when I noticed the error. I had solved for \cos\theta in terms of x and y, but I had made a mistake that had cost me 10 days of intense work with no end in sight. Once I found the mistake, the whole proof came together within about an hour. At that moment, I felt a mix of happiness (duh), but also sadness, as if someone I had grown fond of no longer had a reason to spend time with me and, at the same time, I had ran out of made-up reasons to hang out with them. But, yeah, I mostly felt happiness.
Greg Kuperberg pondering about the universe of mathematics.
Greg Kuperberg pondering about the universe of mathematics.
Before I present the proof below, I want to take a moment to say a few words about Greg, whom I consider to be the John Preskill of mathematics: a lodestar of sanity in a sea of hyperbole (to paraphrase Scott Aaronson). When I started grad school at UC Davis back in 2003, quantum information theory and quantum computing were becoming "a thing" among some of the top universities around the US. So, I went to several of the mathematics faculty in the department asking if there was a course on quantum information theory I could take. The answer was to "read Nielsen and Chuang and then go talk to Professor Kuperberg". Being a foolish young man, I skipped the first part and went straight to Greg to ask him to teach me (and four other brave souls) quantum "stuff". Greg obliged with a course on… quantum probability and quantum groups. Not what I had in mind. This guy was hardcore. Needless to say, the five brave souls taking the class (mostly fourth year graduate students and me, the noob) quickly became three, then two gluttons for punishment (the other masochist became one of my best friends in grad school). I could not drop the class, not because I had asked Greg to do this as a favor to me, but because I knew that I was in the presence of greatness (or maybe it was Stockholm syndrome). My goal then, as an aspiring mathematician, became to one day have a conversation with Greg where, for some brief moment, I would not sound stupid. A man of incredible intelligence, Greg is that rare individual whose character matches his intellect. Much like the anti-heroes portrayed by Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca and the Maltese Falcon, Greg keeps a low-profile, seems almost cynical at times, but in the end, he works harder than everyone else to help those in need. For example, on MathOverflow, a question and answer website for professional mathematicians around the world, Greg is listed as one of the top contributors of all time.
But, back to the problem. The past four weeks thinking about it have oscillated between phases of "this is the most fun I've had in years!" to "this is Greg's way of telling me I should drop math and become a go-go dancer". Now that the ordeal is over, I can confidently say that the problem is anything but "dull" (which is how Greg felt others on MathOverflow would perceive it, so he never posted it there). In fact, if I ever have to teach Calculus, I will subject my students to the step-by-step proof of this problem. OK, here is the proof. This one is for you Greg. Thanks for being such a great role model. Sorry I didn't get to tell you until now. And you are right not to offer a "bounty" for the solution. The journey (more like, a trip to Mordor and back) was all the money.
The proof: The first thing to note (and if I had read Greg's paper earlier than today, I would have known as much weeks ago) is that the following equality holds (which can be verified quickly by differentiating both sides):
4 x - 6\arctan(x) +2x/(1+x^2) = 4 \int_0^x \frac{s^4}{(1+s^2)^2} ds.
Using the above equality (and the equivalent one for y), we get:
F(\theta,x,y) = (\sin\theta)^3 xy + ((\cos\theta)^3 -3\cos\theta -2) (x+y) - (\sin\theta)^3-6\sin\theta -6\theta + 6\pi \\ \\4 \int_0^x \frac{s^4}{(1+s^2)^2} ds+4 \int_0^y \frac{s^4}{(1+s^2)^2} ds.
Now comes the fun part. We differentiate with respect to \theta, x and y, and set to zero to find all the maxima and minima of F(\theta,x,y) (though we are only interested in the global minimum, which is supposed to be at x=y=\tan^{-1}(\theta/2)). Some high-school level calculus yields:
\partial_\theta F(\theta,x,y) = 0 \implies \sin^2(\theta) (\cos(\theta) xy + \sin(\theta)(x+y)) = \\ \\ 2 (1+\cos(\theta))+\sin^2(\theta)\cos(\theta).
At this point, the most well-known trigonometric identity of all time, \sin^2(\theta)+\cos^2(\theta)=1, can be used to show that the right-hand-side can be re-written as:
2(1+\cos(\theta))+\sin^2(\theta)\cos(\theta) = \sin^2(\theta) (\cos\theta \tan^{-2}(\theta/2) + 2\sin\theta \tan^{-1}(\theta/2)),
where I used (my now favorite) trigonometric identity: \tan^{-1}(\theta/2) = (1+\cos\theta)/\sin(\theta) (note to the reader: \tan^{-1}(\theta) = \cot(\theta)). Putting it all together, we now have the very suggestive condition:
\sin^2(\theta) (\cos(\theta) (xy-\tan^{-2}(\theta/2)) + \sin(\theta)(x+y-2\tan^{-1}(\theta/2))) = 0,


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Exercise 1 - Finding the best evidence
In conversation with someone who is expecting, you are asked for your thoughts on whether they should consider having umbilical cord blood banked after they give birth. They are wondering if it is worth the cost, and if it poses any risks to the baby. You are unfamiliar with this practice, and want to provide the best evidence possible, but you know you won't have a lot of time to look it up.
 - Using the evidence pyramid as your benchmark, what is the strongest, most relevant piece of evidence on this topic you can find?
 - What tools/search words were most helpful?
What is the 6S pyramid?
The 6S evidence pyramid above is designed to help health practitioners prioritize evidence. The higher up the pyramid your evidence falls, the more weight you should give it in your clinical decision making process. Not every topic will have evidence at all levels – use the highest level that is available.
Currently, we do not have access to Systems level evidence at Mount Royal. The resources listed below will help you look for evidence at each of the remaining levels.
The image above is based on levels discussed in the following article:
DiCenso, A., Bayley, L., & Haynes, R. B. (2009). Accessing pre-appraised evidence: Fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evidence Based Nursing, 12. 99-101.
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Can somebody answer this question? What is your opinion or fact. If a very powerful laser hit a mirror on the reflective side, would it bounce back and hit you or would it cut through the mirror?
OK, let us go back to basics. Go outside on a sunny day. Take with you a small hand-mirror and a small piece of dark cloth. Put them side by side where the sun can shine on them, the mirror with its reflective side up. After five minutes, check with your finger to see which is warmer, the mirror or the cloth. Then ask your question again, but this time tell us what YOU think would happen, and why.
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I have to read and write binary data, where each element of data:
 - size = 2 bytes (16 bit)
 - encoding = signed 2's complement
 - endiannes = big or little (must be selectable)
Is it possible without using any external module? If yes,
 1. How to read such data from a binary file using read() into an array L of integers?
 2. How to write array of integers L into a binary file using write()?
share|improve this question
Have you looked at Python's struct module? – Kai Feb 17 '11 at 15:30
I'd say the struct module would be the best place to start – Exelian Feb 17 '11 at 15:31
Using struct would be quite inefficient, though, because you would have to unpack the values one by one. – Sven Marnach Feb 17 '11 at 15:34
_USER_ Marnach: Have you measured that? – S.Lott Feb 17 '11 at 15:47
_USER_.Lott: Yes, while answering this question last year. I don't remember the exact figures. – Sven Marnach Feb 17 '11 at 15:52
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I think you are best off using the array module. It stores data in system byte order by default, but you can use array.byteswap() to convert between byte orders, and you can use sys.byteorder to query the system byte order. Example:
# Create an array of 16-bit signed integers
a = array.array("h", range(10))
# Write to file in big endian order
if sys.byteorder == "little":
with open("data", "wb") as f:
# Read from file again
b = array.array("h")
with open("data", "rb") as f:
 b.fromfile(f, 10)
if sys.byteorder == "little":
share|improve this answer
More generally, seeing that the OP in effect wants a file_byteorder arg, use if sys.byteorder!= file_byteorder: b.byteswap() in both input and output. – John Machin Feb 17 '11 at 20:54
_USER_: That's why I wrote "example" above :) – Sven Marnach Feb 17 '11 at 21:04
Consider using
struct.unpack(byteorder + str(len(rawbytes) // 2) + "h", rawbytes)
where byteorder is '<' or '>' as desired, and similarly for packing. Note: I'm not claiming that this is faster than the array way, but I do note that the array way sometimes needs an additional byteswap step.
share|improve this answer
The struct way always needs an additional unpack() step. The main difference is that you will end up with a Python list, while you get an array when using array.fromfile(). – Sven Marnach Feb 20 '11 at 11:12
from array import array
# Edit:
from sys import byteorder as system_endian # thanks, Sven!
# Sigh...
from os import stat
def read_file(filename, endian):
 count = stat(filename).st_size / 2
 with file(filename, 'rb') as f:
 result = array('h')
 result.fromfile(f, count)
 if endian!= system_endian: result.byteswap()
 return result
share|improve this answer
array.fromfile() always takes two parameters. – Sven Marnach Feb 17 '11 at 15:55
Ugh. That's utterly inconvenient. :( – Karl Knechtel Feb 17 '11 at 16:01
Your Answer


text:
*Reposted; could you please show me a circuit and explain why they
Hello, If I were to construct this circuit on a breadboard, how
will I go on about it? Please note that this is for an electronics
1 course, so not too advanced.
Water Level Buzzer
Design a water level buzzer circuit using a 6 V dc supply and a
sensor. When the water level reaches the sensor, the circuit must
Please show a diagram, and reasons for choosing circuit components.


text:
Across East Africa, only 1 in 6 pupils in Standard 3 passed a Standard 2 English test
Across East Africa, children from poorer households perform worse on tests at all ages
Our District level results show there is substantial geographic variation in literacy and numeracy skills within each country.
There are minimal differences between boys and girls in their literacy and numeracy skills, although girls outperform boys in the lower grades
Two in every 10 children in Standard 7 in East Africa do not have Standard 2 level literacy and numeracy competencies
The gap in results between public and private schools is largest in Tanzania
Uwezo means 'capability' in Kiswahili. Uwezo is a four year initiative that aims to improve competencies in literacy and numeracy among children aged 6-16 years old in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, by using an innovative approach to social change that is citizen driven and accountable to the public.


text:
the following characteristics:
- Two seater aircraft having an all up weight of not more than 450 kg (992 lb) without parachute and 472 kg (1,041 lb) with parachute
- A stall speed of less than 80 km/h (43 kn)
- A maximum level speed of less than 220 km/h (119 kn)
- 1 or 2 seats
- A single engine, reciprocating, rotary or diesel
- A fixed or ground adjustable propeller
- Un-pressurized cabin
- Wing area more than 10 square metres
- A fixed landing gear, except for operation on water or as a glider
Indian ultralights require aircraft registration, periodic condition inspections and a current permit to fly which has to be renewed annually.
New Zealand
In New Zealand microlight aircraft are separated into two classes, basically single and two seat aircraft. All microlights are required to have a prescribed endurance testing period when they are first flown, and all microlights must have a minimum set of instrumentation to show airspeed (except powered parachutes), altitude and magnetic heading.
- NZ Class 1
- Single seat aircraft with a design gross weight of 544 kg (1,199 lb) (landplanes) or 579 kg (1,276 lb) (seaplanes or amphibians), or less, and a stall speed in the landing configuration of 45 knots (83 km/h) or less. Requires aircraft registration, and annual condition inspections, but does not require a permit to fly.
- NZ Class 2
- Two seat aircraft with a design gross weight of 544 kg (1,199 lb) (landplanes) or 614 kg (1,354 lb) (seaplanes or amphibians), or less, and a stall speed of 45 knots (83 km/h) or less in the landing configuration. Must meet minimum type acceptance standards which may be foreign standards which have been deemed acceptable, or via a temporary permit to fly and flight testing regime. Requires aircraft registration, annual condition inspections, and a current permit to fly.
An aircraft that does not possess an aircraft type certificate issued by any country/state. It is, of simple design and constriction, either a homebuilt or a kit built variety and for recreational and sport use, day VFR condition only.
A class of non-type certificated aircraft is applicable to all classifications, including powered parachutes, gyrocopter, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.
United States
The United States FAA's definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the United States is FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles, which specifies a powered "ultralight" as a single seat vehicle of less than 5 US gallons (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds (115 kg), a top speed of 55 knots (102 km/h or 64 mph), and a maximum stall speed not exceeding 24 knots (45 km/h or 27.6 mph). Restrictions include flying only during daylight hours and over unpopulated areas. Unpowered "ultralights" (hang gliders, paragliders, etc.) are limited to a weight of 155 lb (70 kg) with extra weight allowed for amphibious landing gear and ballistic parachute systems.
In 2004 the FAA introduced the "Light-sport aircraft" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories.
In the United States no license or training is required by law for ultralights, but training is highly advisable. For light-sport aircraft a sport pilot certificate is required.
Types of aircraft
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2011)|
While ultralight-type planes date back to the early 1900s (such as the Santos-Dumont Demoiselle), there have been three generations of modern, fixed-wing ultralight aircraft designs, which are generally classed by the type of structure.
The first generation of modern ultralights were actually hang gliders with small engines added to them, to create powered hang gliders. The wings on these were flexible, braced by wires, and steered by shifting the pilot's weight under the wing.
The second generation ultralights began to arrive in the mid-1970s. These were designed as powered aircraft, but still used wire bracing and usually single-surface wings. Most of these have "2-axis" control systems, operated by stick or yoke, which control the elevators (pitch) and the rudder (yaw) -- there are no ailerons, so may be no direct control of banking (roll). A few 2-axis designs use spoilers on the top of the wings, and pedals for rudder control. Examples of 2-Axis ultralights are the "Pterodactyl" and the "Quicksilver MX".
The third generation ultralights, arriving in the early 1980s, have strut-braced wings and airframe structure. Nearly all use 3-axis control systems, as used on standard airplanes, and these are the most popular. Third generation designs include the CGS Hawk, Kolb Ultrastar and Quad City Challenger.
There are several types of aircraft which qualify as ultralights, but which do not have fixed-wing designs. These include:
- Weight-shift control trike: while the first generation ultralights were also controlled by weight shift, most of the current weight shift ultralights use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies. Trikes generally have impressive climb rates and are ideal for rough field operation, but are slower than other types of fixed-wing ultralights.
- Powered parachutes: cart mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.
- Powered paragliding: backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.
- Powered hang glider: motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.
- Autogyro: rotary wing with cart mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to autorotate or "spin up" to create lift. Most of these use a design based on the Bensen B-8 gyrocopter.
- Helicopter: there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America. Two examples that do are the Mosquito Air and XEL designs from Innovator Technologies, Inc.
- Hot air balloon: there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are hopper balloons, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.
Electric powered ultralights
Research has been conducted in recent years to replace gasoline engines in ultralights with electric motors powered by batteries to produce electric aircraft. This has now resulted in practical production electric power systems for some ultralight applications. These developments have been motivated by cost as well as environmental concerns. In many ways ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.
In 2007 Electric Aircraft Corporation began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 hp motor weighs 26 lb (12 kg) and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kwh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The power system for a trike costs USD $8285. to $11285. The company claims a flight recharge cost of 60 cents.
Notable microlight/ultralight manufacturers
See also
- Aerosport (airshow)
- Backpack helicopter
- Experimental Aircraft Association
- Recreational Aviation Australia
- United States Ultralight Association
- United States Powered Paragliding Association
- Boric, Marino, Spoilt For Choice, Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al (editors): World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, page 10. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X
- Transport Canada (October 2010). "Summary of the Canadian Civil Aircraft Register - Number of Aircraft by Category of Aircraft - October 2010". Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- An overview of the legislative framework enabling sport and recreational aviation Accessed 7 January 2012
- Synopsis: the Light Sport Aircraft category Accessed 7 January 2012
- Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (undated). "The HGFA". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- Recreational Aviation Australia Inc (August 2007). "About the RA-Aus association and our mission". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- Legal Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority (July 2007). "PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- "RBHA 103A regulation, in portuguese". Retrieved 21


text:
Question of the Week
Answer: Flame weeding is a non-chemical weed-control technique common among organic farmers. Flame weeding, also referred to as flame cultivation, often uses propane gas burners to produce a carefully controlled flame that briefly passes over weeds. The intense heat blanches the leaves, causing a disruption within the plant's cell walls. Flamed weeds usually wilt and die anywhere from within a few minutes to a few days after flaming. One quick way to check to see if the plant foliage has been adequately flamed is to see if a thumb print is retained on the leaf when pressed between your thumb and finger.
Weeds are most susceptible to flaming when they are oneto two-inch-tall seedlings. Broadleaf weeds are more susceptible to flaming than grasses as grasses develop a protective sheath by the time they are approximately one inch tall. Therefore, grasses may require a second flaming. Repeated flaming can also be used to suppress perennial weeds such as field bindweed. Flame weeding is commonly used in the stale seedbed method, which involves allowing weeds to grow in order to be killed by the flame (or other method). This method is usually repeated prior to planting a cash crop as another flaming may be used after planting and before germination of the cash crop.
Flaming on dry, sunny days is recommended as any moisture can give the plants some resistance to the heat. For larger areas, working in sections can help establish effective fire breaks, particularly when flaming dried material, such as stubble, as it can ignite. Green plants usually do not ignite when treated with a flame.
Most flame weeders are designed to not radiate large amounts of heat. Their purpose is to sear the leaves of plants (weeds) in order to change the protein structure of the plants. As a result, stress kills the weeds, not the torching of them. Due to the design and purpose of flame weeders, there is no soil disturbance and generally not enough heat is produced to penetrate the soil and effect soil life. As stated above, timing is everything.
There are several different designs commercially available for tractor-mounted flame weeders. Some flame weeders burn propane in the gas state, while others burn gas in the liquid state. It is important to note that tractor-mounted tanks should be rated for "motor fuel" as they will be mobile and not stationary. Another design difference is whether the gas flows directly from the tank to the burners, or is distributed through a manifold first. In addition, the burners may be fixed or adjustable, with the latter offering the ability to adjust the position of the flame. Having individual shut-off valves for each burner provides flexibility in using a flame weeder so that the flames can be directed or broadcast over an area. Flame weeders are available with different BTU (British Thermal Unit) ratings.
In addition to weed-control benefits, flame weeders can also be utilized for other applications. According to some resources, potato plants up to eight inches tall can be flamed to kill Colorado Potato Beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, without causing undue damage to the potato plants. Flamers can also be used to incinerate fallen fruit and mulch.
For more information on flame weeding, see ATTRA publication Flame Weeding For Vegetable Crops, available at _URL_
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