text:
Category: Feature of Size
Maximum Material Condition or for short, MMC, is a feature of size symbol that describes the condition of a feature or part where the maximum amount of material (volume/size) exists within its dimensional tolerance. The callout also removes GD&T Rule#2 which states that all geometry tolerances are controlled independently of the feature size.
When you have a feature that Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing is called on:
If it is a hole or internal feature: MMC = smallest hole size
If it is a pin or external feature: MMC = largest size of the pin
In each of these cases, the part will have the maximum amount of material that would be allowed within the part tolerances.
Max Material Condition is one of the dimensional limits on a part. The other side of the tolerance range would be the Least Material Condition.
The only GD&T Symbols where Max Material Condition can be applied are:
Reason for Use:
If you want to ensure that two parts never interfere, or limit the amount of interference between the parts when they are at their worst tolerances, MMC can be called out. Take a shaft that must go through a hole with clearance between the two.
The MMC of the shaft would be the Maximum diameter
The MMC of the hole would be its Minimum diameter
If you made sure that the MMC of the shaft was always smaller than the MMC of the hole, you guarantee there will always be clearance between the parts. This is important for any tolerance stack to ensure that when the tolerances are at their least desirable condition, the part still functions properly.
Gauging Max Material Condition:
Maximum material condition comes in handy when it comes to making a functional gauge for the part. If you want to limit the size of your feature, you can specify the max material condition call out additionally control it with Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
For example if you wanted to ensure that a pin always fits into a hole when the hole is at MMC, we could design a pin gauge that
mimics the lower limit of the hole. The gauge that controls the Max Material Condition of a part is called a Go-Gauge (Meaning the Part must always Go into it)
The Go-Gauge for a hole or internal feature would exist of a pin that is just a tiny bit (few microns) smaller than the Maximum Material Condition of the hole. The gauge pin would then be inserted into the hole and as long as the pin Goes into the hole, the part is in spec.
(Note: The pin gauge may be made slightly smaller (a few microns) than the MMC to account for any straightness or tolerance issues that may be inherent in producing the gauge)
*Remember when no GD&T is called on the hole the envelope principal applies – meaning the geometric and size effects of the hole cannot be larger or smaller than the tolerances specified.
Combination Gauging with GD&T Symbols
The true benefit of using the maximum material condition on a feature is the ability to call out GD&T with dimensional tolerances and be able to gauge for them at the same time. When geometric control and material control are used together, they form the true maximum envelope or virtual condition that the part can be in and still be to specification.
For example, you have a pin with a dimensional and perpendicularity call outs. The pin needs to be within both perpendicular enough and small enough so that it doesn't get stuck when inserted into its mating hole at a 90° angle to the face of the part. In this case all you really care about is the pin fits into the hole at the worst case limits (MMC and max perpendicularity tolerance make up the maximum envelope of the part)
The virtual condition can be controlled with a functional gauge. Functional gauges can be a huge benefit to production environments where measuring on the line quickly is critical.
Gauging for MMC with Geometric tolerances:
For the Gauging of a hole with perpendicularity call out:
Gauge Ø (pin gauge)=Min Ø of hole (MMC)–GD&T Symbol Tolerance
For Gauging of a pin with a perpendicularity callout:
Gauge Ø (hole gauge) = Max Ø of pin (MMC) + GD&T Symbol Tolerance
Note on Bonus Tolerance:
When a functional gauge is used for Perpendicularity, any difference the actual feature size is from the maximum material condition would be a bonus tolerance. The goal of a maximum material condition callout is to ensure that when the part is in its worst tolerances, the Perpendicularity and size of the hole/pin will always assemble together. This means that if you make a pin smaller, you make more bonus tolerance for yourself. This bonus can be added to the GD&T tolerance and would widen the perpendicularity tolerance.
Bonus Tolerance = Difference between MMC & Actual condition
Features of Size:
Maximum Material Condition is one of three features of size callouts in GD&T. The other two are Least Material Condition and Regardless of Feature Size. All of these specify the condition that the part or feature must be in to apply the specified geometric tolerance.
Default to Regardless of feature size
When there is not call out to Maximum Material Condition or Least Material Condition, the part, by default, is measured regardless of feature size (RFS). This means there is no bonus tolerance and the envelope of the part is not defined. The part must be controlled geometrically regardless of what size the feature is at.
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text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
An arrow. The feathers under the beak of a hawk were called barb feathers (beard feathers). The point of an arrow has two iron feathers, which stick out so as to hinder the extraction of the arrow. (Latin, barba, a beard.)
N.B.The barb is not the feather on the upper part of the shaft, but the hooked iron point or head.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In protocols for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) I often see instructions to degas the gel solution by putting it under vacuum for 10-15 minutes before polymerizing the gel.
I usually don't do this, and when I tried it once I couldn't see any difference. So I'm wondering what exactly the degassing is meant to achieve and how big the effect should be.
 - What effect is degassing the gel solution supposed to have?
 - How important is degassing to achieve good gels?
Any literature that examines the effect of degassing would be appreciated.
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2 Answers 2
up vote 18 down vote accepted
The reason for degassing your gels is to remove oxygen. Oxygen in the gel interferes with polymerisation, slowing it down and making it less consistent, so degassing makes it faster and more uniform.
From the EncorBio SDS-PAGE protocol:
Polymerization is quicker and more uniform if you degas the first three solutions for a few minutes in an Ehrlenmeyer flask on a house vacuum prior to addition of the last three reagents. Molecular oxygen inhibits polymerisation by reacting with the free radical SO4- ions, which is actually the reason why PAGE gels are poured in tubes or between plates and not in open top horizontal apparatuses, as can be done with agarose. Also it's a good idea to layer some isopropanol on top of the gel as this prevents oxygen getting in and inhibiting polymerisation.
Oxygen can also lead to oxidation of protein products, which might be crucial if you then want to extract the products and use them for something else (e.g. Sun & Anderson, 2004).
Finally, having bubbles in your gel can distort the results and make them less reproducible, as the bubbles will not form consistently with each repetition and they disrupt the physical medium of the polyacrylamide. So another purpose of degassing is to ensure repeatability.
The Bio-Rad acrylamide polymerisation info sheet has the best info I could find:
The formation of polyacrylamide gels proceeds via free radical polymerization. The reaction is therefore inhibited by any element or compound that serves as a free radical trap (Chrambach 1985). Oxygen is such an inhibitor. Oxygen, present in the air, dissolved in gel solutions, or adsorbed to the surfaces of plastic, rubber, etc., will inhibit, and in extreme cases prevent, acrylamide polymerization. Proper degassing is critical for reproducibility. Therefore, one of the most important steps in the preparation of polyacrylamide gels is the evacuation, or "degassing" of gel solutions immediately prior to pouring the gel. This is done by placing the flask of gel solution in a vacuum chamber or under a strong aspirator. In some cases, a vacuum pump may be required.
Buffer stock solutions and monomer stock solutions are usually stored at 4°C. Cold solutions have a greater capacity for dissolved oxygen. The process of degassing is faster and more complete if the gel solution is brought to room temperature (23–25°C)‚ before degassing begins. Furthermore, if a cold gel solution is placed under vacuum, the process of evacuation tends to keep the solution cold. Pouring a gel with a cold solution will have a substantial negative effect on the rate of polymerization and on the quality of the resulting gel.
Polymerization in which riboflavin is used as one of the initiators calls for degassing. The conversion of riboflavin from the flavo to the leuco form (the species active in initiation) actually requires a small amount of oxygen (Gordon 1973).
This explains why polymerization initiated primarily by riboflavin can be completely blocked by exhaustive degassing. However, oxygen in excess of that needed to convert riboflavin to the active form will inhibit polymer chain elongation, as it does in reactions initiated only by ammonium persulfate and TEMED. Thus, while degassing is still important for limiting inhibition, it must not be so extensive that it prevents conversion of riboflavin to the active form. For polymerization initiated by riboflavin/TEMED, or riboflavin/TEMED/ammonium persulfate systems, degassing should not exceed 5 min.
A consequence of the interaction of riboflavin with oxygen is that riboflavin seems to act as an oxygen scavenger. This is supported by the observation that the addition of riboflavin (5 µg/ml) to stacking gel solutions containing ammonium persulfate/TEMED initiators results in cleaner, more uniform polymerization at gel surfaces exposed to oxygen (such as combs). The same effect could likely be achieved by more thorough degassing of solutions without riboflavin.
Whether using chemical polymerization (ammonium persulfate/TEMED) or photochemical polymerization (riboflavin/TEMED or riboflavin/TEMED/ammonium persulfate initiators), reproducible gel quality and separation characteristics require careful attention to gel solution temperature before degassing, and to degassing time, temperature, and vacuum. These parameters should be kept constant every time gels are prepared.
Sorry for the long quotes, but they are pasted here in case the original sources disappear.
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I have to say this is a very well laid out answer. In most applications of typical western blots conducted in our lab, we do not degas the gels and the results are very good. We do make the gels in tubes and pour between plates, effectively removing most of the oxygen from the reaction. – leonardo Mar 22 '12 at 0:36
I have been running gels with different Acrylamide/Bisacrylamide ratios recently. People usually work with 1:37.5, 1:29 ratios which are commonly used for DNA and Protein gels. I have noticed that when you work with lower ratios 1:200 - 1:500, degassing becomes fundamental to guarantee reproducible resolution of my proteins. If I don't degass the mix in one of these gels some of the proteins I am resolving (which migrate really close to one another) won't separate well enough. Also, the time it takes to polymerize the gel can go from 20 to about 45 minutes if I don't degass the solution beforehand. Degassing solutions with normal 1:29, 1:37.5 crosslinker ratios doesn't, in my experience, seem to have much of an effect other than having quicker polymerization times. Perhaps it makes a difference with lower concentration gels (8-5%), but I honestly wouldn't worry too much about this if I was routinely running 10-15% gels and reproducible resolution wasn't a concern.
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text:
Pole Buildings / Post Frames
A pole buildings (also known as a "post frame") uses wood beams buried in the ground as the primary support structure for the outer walls and roof trusses. Most pole buildings include all wood poles as the support beams and a metal shell for the outer walls. Sometimes a concrete foundation is added, but it is not necessary if you are content with a dirt floor. Materials and construction costs are typically lower for a pole buildings than for a steel or stick-built structure.
Benefits of Pole Buildings
- Low-cost way to manage simple storage, workshop and agricultural needs
- Adaptable to different uses, can be modified over time
- Easy to create higher-pitched roofs, attractive rooflines, overhangs, dormers, offsets, etc.
- Fast construction

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Kids Explain Climate Change to Trump on Jimmy Kimmel Video
Jimmy Kimmel Got 2 Kids to Explain Climate Change to Donald Trump
The youth of America would like to explain a few things about climate change to President Donald Trump. Following a tweet on Monday night that saw Trump dismissing "Global Waming" (aka global warming) because of the extremely low temperatures that are currently sweeping across the Midwest, Jimmy Kimmel enlisted the help of two kids to educate the POTUS with a brief summary of how global warming actually works. In a segment that aired during Tuesday night's episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live, 10-year-old Kaitlynn and 8-year-old Apollo took a moment to break down how the greenhouse effect works, while later explaining the difference between climate change and weather — and why it's a pretty important issue that we shouldn't continue to ignore. Watch the full video above.
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Actor, Prince David Osei has described the President, Nana Akufo-Addo as a deep thinker.
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Actor, Prince David Osei has described the President, NAna Akufo-Addo as a deep thinker.
This description comes on the back of the President's move to build 88 District hospitals across the country in a year.
To Prince David Osei, it's only deep thinkers like Akufo-Addo who will decide to build 88 hospitals because the number 88 is spiritual and representative of enlightenment.
The actor made this known through a post on his social media handles saying "The Intelligence and smartness behind the number 88. The NUMBER 88 is the master NUMBER,it is the powerful,significant NUMBER in the numerology.It has the power to provide analysis of ANY condition that leads to long term benefits.88 is a NUMBER that has repetition of same amount.The presence of the double digits is the sign of an enlightened individual according to numerologist.NUMBER 88,with regards to the environment signs towards business,legal proceedings,financial check,indication of future prosperity"
"88 represent A new world order and these we can all attest to,since the emergence of COVID19 there has been a new world order.How we live as human beings on Mother Earth has changed, no more handshakes,hugs,we practicing social distance,wearing masks etc.For once no part of the world is safe to travel to??A phase of our lives has ended and a new one has begun that will bring prosperity and wealth..NUMBER 88 is also the Universal Spiritual Laws of Cause and Effects.88 equals stability and abundance in our nation.In the Bible 88 plays a major role,Elijah performed 8 miracles in the Bible (1 Kings 17-1,1Kings 17:14-16,1Kings 17:22-23,1Kings 18:25-38,1Kings 18:41-45,2Kings 1:9-10,2Kings 1:11-12,2Kings 2-8)B,Elisha who got a double portion of Elijah's anointing performed 16 miracles 8+8=16,Genesis 6vs 8 Noah had 8people in the Ark during the flood disaster,and after the end of the flood was 8 people who stepped out of the Ark and took responsibility of starting a new era ;Acts 9&Acts 40,God made 8 agreements or covenants with Abraham.. NUMBER 8 if double or tripled is a new birth and a unique NUMBER of Jesus which stands for Resurrection and Regeneration"
"I can go on and on?? will suffice to say that His Excellency President Nana Akuffo Addo is a DEEP THINKER?? Hence 88 hospitals???????.. The President of Ghana says his administration is building 88 hospitals in one year not 70,not 80,not 90 or 100 but 88.?? The Unassuming Philosopher PDO aka Snipperdee"
President Akufo-Addo during his eighth update to the country said the deadly Coronavirus has exposed how weak Ghana's health system has been over the years and therefore there is the need for the country to invest in its health infrastructure.
With that background, the President promised of building 88 District hospitals and 6 regional hospitals in the newly created regions in the country.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm taking an algorithm course at the university, and for one of my projects I want to implement a red-black tree in C# (the implementation itself isn't the project, yet just something i decided to choose to help me out).
My red-black tree should hold string keys, and the object i created for each node looks like this :
class sRbTreeNode
 public sRbTreeNode Parent = null;
 public sRbTreeNode Right = null;
 public sRbTreeNode Left = null;
 public String Color;
 public String Key;
 public sRbTreeNode()
 public sRbTreeNode(String key)
 Key = key;
I already added some basic methods for printing the tree, finding the root, min/max key (by alphabet), etc...
I'm having trouble inserting nodes (hence, building the tree). Whoever's familiar with red-black trees knows that when adding a node to one side, you could have changed the balance of the tree. To fix this, you need to "rotate" around nodes on the tree in order to balance the tree out.
I wrote a RightRotate and LeftRotate method in pseudo-code, and then when i tried to implement it in C#, i ran into a bunch of reference problems with the sRbTreeNode object i created.
This is the pseudo-code I wrote for the LeftRotate method :
LeftRotate(root, node)
 y <- node.Right;
 node.Right <- y.Left;
 if (y.Left!= null)
 y.Left.Parent <- node;
 y.Parent <- node.Parent;
 if (node.Parent = null)
 root <- y;
 if (node = node.Parent.Left)
 node.Parent.Left = y;
 node.Parent.Right = y;
 y.Left <- node;
 node.Parent <- y
I received a suggestion to implement it straight forward, but without using the'ref' keyword, which i tried at first. This is how i did it :
public static void LeftRotate(sRbTreeNode root, sRbTreeNode node)
 sRbTreeNode y = node.Right;
 node.Right = y.Left;
 if (y.Left!= null)
 y.Left.Parent = node;
 y.Parent = node.Parent;
 if (node.Parent == null)
 root = y;
 if (node == node.Parent.Left)
 node.Parent.Left = y;
 node.Parent.Right = y;
 y.Left = node;
 node.Parent = y;
Now, when i debug, i see that it works fine, but the objects i pass to this method are only rotated within the scope of the method. When it leaves this method, it seems like there was no change to the actual nodes. That is why i thought of using the'ref' keywords in the first place.
What am i doing wrong?
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As Andras says, show us the code so far and we'll give it a shot. – C. Ross Feb 12 '10 at 13:20
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3 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Because in the body of your method you do this:
root = y;
you need to pass root in with a ref modifier. node doesn't need one, becausenode itself is never updated to point at a different ndoe..
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Just tried it, and it finally works!! I can't believe it was that easy, and i didn't realize that!... Thanks a lot! – gillyb Feb 12 '10 at 14:39
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I don't see why you should have had any issues with references - the Left/Right/Parent nodes can be copied just as in this pseudo-code.
You should be able to expand it to C# without too much fuss - unless you're using the'ref' keyword, in which case you could very well get unpredictable results.
Perhaps if you could show the code you've actually written thus far, and we can help debug that.
share|improve this answer
Well, i was trying to use the ref keyword, and i thought that was the right way to do it... I'll try without using ref, and see how it goes, Thanks. – gillyb Feb 12 '10 at 13:24
I just edited the question with the code i tried so far, maybe it will help you help me, since it doesn't fully work, I explained why in the edited question above. – gillyb Feb 12 '10 at 14:27
Well - there you go - _USER_ sorted it for you! – Andras Zoltan Feb 12 '10 at 14:41
add comment
My recommendations:
 - Do not include parent pointers. They are not essential for the insertion or deletion algorithms and will make your code more complex. For example LeftRotate can be written with just one parameter and will be about half as long if you do not use parent pointers.
 - Use an enum for the Color property rather than a string, and initialise it in the constructor.
 - Read this article if you haven't already.
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I need the parent pointers for something else that has to do with the structure. This will make it much faster to travel along the tree. – gillyb Feb 12 '10 at 13:21
Even if you do need them, it might be easier to implement the algorithms without them first and add them in later. – finnw Feb 12 '10 at 13:43
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text:
This lesson will feature how to decorate a masquerade mask with mixed media.
I demonstrated how to sculpt a mask out of clay in How to Make a Masquerade Mask Part I.
Here are the supplies you will need:
- A clay mask, plaster cloth mask, or paper mache mask
- Golden's Regular Gel (Matte)
- An assortment of scrapbook paper
- Acrylic paints
- Embellishments as desired, such as feathers


text: Hi guys. I have two spreadsheets. One of them has a whole range of data, with about 2000 rows and 20 columns. The first column is called 'Code' and each piece of data in this column is a 6 digit number. They are all different. The second spreadsheet is very similar but has 3000 rows (and 20 columns like before). Again, the first column is called 'Code' and is filled with 6 digit numbers. Now, many of the fields in this first column are identical to those found in the first spreadsheet. Does anyone know of a way for me to open to the second spreadsheet (the one with 3,000 lines) and have Excel check to see which of the fields in the 'Code' column are already present in the 'Code' column of spreadsheet 1 and automatically remove them, leaving me with the remaining 1,000 unique lines that are only present in the 2nd spreadsheet? If anyone can help that would be awesome. Thanks.


text:
What is the significance of the veil in the Harry Potter series? What does it mean? Why is it never explained?
When asked, JK Rowling responded saying: It's been there as long as the Ministry itself.
As stated on the Veil page on the Harry Potter Wikia:
The veil is located deep within the Department of Mysteries, which contains many of mysteries of the wizarding world. I believe the significance of it is greater than the mystery it represents. As J.K. Rowling has said, "It's been there as long as the Ministry itself."
This artifact presents something historically significant, although it is impossible to say how. In the fifth movie and book, it is significant because Bellatrix shot a spell at Sirius and sent him through the veil, never to be seen again. In the movie, he was dead before he entered the veil, having taken an Avada Kedavra curse. In the book, the spell Bellatrix used may not have been the Killing Curse and so the veil may have been Sirius' cause of death, rather than a method of body disposal.


colour symbolism
 - role in religious symbolism
 TITLE: religious symbolism and iconography: Diagrammatic and emblematic
 SECTION: Diagrammatic and emblematic
 ...Latin cross, Tau (T), ankh, Saint Andrew's cross (X), and forked (Y)—may symbolize human beings and their extremities. Among various peoples and in different religions a number of basic colours have at times different and sometimes even opposite meanings. White, for example, may signify joy and festivity or death and sadness. Red has the most pronounced symbolical value: it refers...
 - views of Kandinsky
 TITLE: Wassily Kandinsky: Bauhaus period
 SECTION: Bauhaus period
 ...und Linie zu Fläche ("Point and Line to Plane"). In his first treatise, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, he had emphasized in particular the supposed expressiveness of colours, comparing yellow, for example, to the aggressive, allegedly earthly sound of a trumpet and comparing blue to the allegedly heavenly sound of the pipe organ. Now, in the same spirit, he...


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Let $G= SL(2, F)$, given a torus $T$, the Weyl group with respect to $T$ is defined to be $W=N(T)/Z(T)$, the quotient of the normalizer $N(T)$ of the torus by the centralizer $Z(T)$ of the torus.
My question might be basic and elementary for some of you, but I would like to be in a complete understanding.
Why Weyl group of $SL(2, F)$ is the group $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$?
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It's not made explicit here what field $F$ is given, though the tag p-adic-groups is suggestive. Usually "the" Weyl group is defined for an algebraic group over an arbitrary algebraically closed field, relative to any given maximal torus (all such tori being conjugate). It would help to know what kind of textbook source you are starting with, since the question is certainly "basic and elementary" once the context is clear. But more precision is needed if you start to look at fields of definition which are not algebraically closed. – Jim Humphreys May 6 '12 at 13:53
The field $F$ is non-Arch. local field and the tag for p-adic group because am dealing with $SL(2,F)$. – Dragon May 6 '12 at 15:52
3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Two people (so far) have tried to provide some sensible information, but I think the question itself is too loosely formulated to have a real answer. What you are looking at is the group of rational points of an algebraic group of rank 1 over a certain type of infinite field, which could be of characteristic 0 or not. This group itself is just an abstract group, which doesn't immediately have a definite "Weyl group" attached. It makes more sense to start with the algebraic group $G=\mathrm{SL}_2$, which is defined and split over any prime field. (The language of group schemes is appropriate here.) Over any field $F$, the group of rational points is just the usual group of $2 \times 2$ matrices of determinant 1 over $F$. It makes no difference for your question what $F$ is.
In $G$ there is a single well-defined (up to isomorphism) Weyl group $N_G(T)/T$ which just has order 2, as described concretely by Mrc Plm in the split case. All maximal tori of $G$ are conjugate as well as self-centralizing, so the choice doesn't matter.
However, if $F$ fails to be algebraically closed, the resulting abstract group $\mathrm{SL}_2(F)$ is more challenging because $G$ typically has more than one class of maximal tori defined over $F$. In your rank 1 case it's not so bad because there are just two possibilities, the "split" and "anisotropic" (or "compact") types of maximal tori. The structure of the normalizer modulo centralizer of each type has to be looked at case-by-case in terms of the "absolute" Weyl group. In higher ranks the situation gets more complicated. Anyway you have to take account of the variation of structure in the points of $G$ over an arbitrary field.
Again I'd emphasize that the basic theory coming from study of algebraic groups doesn't depend on which field of definition $F$ (even finite) you are ultimately interested in, though of course the end results about rational points depend heavily on that field. There are somewhat different expositions of all this in standard textbooks, but the idea is always the same in your limited situation.
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Let $T$ be a split torus over a field $F$.
The Weyl group is by definition a subgroup of the group of outer morphisms (defined over $F$).
There are only two automorphism (the inverse and the identity) of $T$ (defined over F), so the group of outer automorphism is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/2$.
Both can realized by the conugation via the non-trivial element $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -1 \newline 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$ and by the identity elment respectively.
So the Weyl group has at least two elements, hence exactly two elements.
Similiar you can argue for the maximal split torus in $SL(n)$ or $GL(n)$.
For non-split tori, the question is more difficult to answer. I know only the $GL(n)$-situation. In $GL(2)$, the tori is isomorphic to a multiplicative group of a quadratic field extensions, and the outer automorphisms of the tori are isomorphic to the Galois group. Now these can be realized by conjugation of elements $GL(2)$, but they can not be realized by elements of determinant $1$.
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For your last sentence, note that $O_2(\mathbb{R})$ does not embed in $SL_2(\mathbb{R})$. – S. Carnahan May 18 '12 at 8:19
Yes. I guess it is clear that every thing should be defined uniquely up to conjugation, and surely the determinant will be preserved, so I win my bet;) – Marc Palm May 18 '12 at 11:20
One can approach this from different point of views:
On a matrix level, the subgroup consisting of the diagonal matrices is an example of a torus $T$. Its centralizer is $T$ itself, and its normalizer $N(T)$ the group of monomial matrices in $G$. One then verifies that $N(T) / Z(T)$ is the cyclic group on two elements.
One can also use the projective line $\mathbb{P}^1(F)$. Then the centralizer is the subgroup fixing the 'apartment', which in this case is a pair of points of the projective line, pointwise. The normalizer is the subgroup of $G$ stabilizing this apartment. The Weyl group (the quotient) is then the group of faithful automorphisms of the apartment. So the Weyl group here consists of the identity and an involution switching the two points of the apartment.
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AR Conference
From Wikiversity
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AR.js Example with Kanji Marker with Water Molecule as 3D object
Kanji Marker[1] for AR.js - places the animated 3D model of an AR Conference participant on the marker in camera image. Users can place the participants according to the markers in the camera image.
Joseph Gatt wearing the Mo-Cap suit for Kratos during production of God of War II and III in April 2010
Two repetitions of a walking sequence recorded using a motion-capture system[2]. Watch the reference points and regard the reference point for the moving body as input stream of an AR conference to place the member of the conference in the room and assign the real movements of the AR conference participant on the AR model in AR conference.
This learning resource is about the requirements and constraints of Augmented Reality (AR) Conferences.
Objective[edit | edit source]
The learning resouce elaborates on basic concepts of AR conferences, requirements and constraints within the use of web-based technologies. The AR conference should be usable in low-bandwidth environments is available.
History of Learning Resource[edit | edit source]
The concept of the learning resource was driven by use of standard video conferencing systems in times of COVID-19 and missing physical presence in lecture room, where you can look around and watching the different participants speak or other students in the seminar room or classroom. Learning environment using video conference are screen focused, while classroom or seminar room is an open space where learners interact with material in room look at eachother while interacting with the learning environment. This comparison of the real classroom situation and learning environment with a video conference leads to this learning environment about Augmented Reality Conferences
Requirements and Constraints[edit | edit source]
 - the learning resource follows the Open Community Approach and share the content of the learning resource on Wikiversity and
 - uses OpenSource to implement prototypes and small test scenarios to explore the basic constitutent of AR conferences
Learning Tasks[edit | edit source]
 - (3D Modelling) Explore the learning resource about 3D Modelling and learn about basic concepts of generating 3D models of the lecture room or classroom
 - (3D Design of Classrooms) Explore the OpenSource software Sweet Home 3D for generating the classroom in 3D.
 - (Augmented Reality with Markers) Assume that all participants are in larger room, which is sufficient for 5 participants. Explore marker based Augmented Reality and assume that you place a marker for all of the 5 people and everyone places the marker at a chair for the camera position or the position of the single participant in the room. Assume that the face animation of the remote participant is displayed on the marker in room and the other participants wear a head mounted display for the web-based application (e.g. with AR.js) so the other people are projected into the real camera image.
 - (Audio-Video-Compression) Analyze the learning resource about Audio-Video-Compression and identify possibilty to reduce the bandwidth, e.g. using a GIF animation for silence and talking projected on a plane in the Aframe model.
 - Use silence detection in the audio stream to select which GIF animation is displayed in the Aframe plane of the AR.js environment.
 - 3D modelling needs a lot of client performance of rendering photo realistic faces. Therefore we use in the learning resource GIF animation of short videostream.
 - Assume you have multiple GIF animations for different emotions. Is is possible to detect emotions in an audio stream and display the appropriate GIF animation in AFrame model for the AR conference.
 - Assume you use phonem recognition and transmit just the phonem sequence in low-bandwidth enviroments, how do you use the animation features in Aframe model the mouth appropriate for the speaking the words e.g. the "o" in "onion" or the "sh" in "shark".
 - (Motion Capture) Motion capturing is a standard method of transfering movements of an actor to an digital model (e.g. a robot, an fictional character in a movie, a dinosaur,...). How can motion capturing be used in Open Source software. Assume you transmit the position of markers on the face instead of the real camera image. What is the compression rate roughly for an HD video stream?
 - (Read Words from Face Expression) Some people that have difficulties to hear someone speaking have the skill to read the spoken word from the face. How can this expertise be used for improving speech recognition and sending the recognized word instead of the audio stream. How this feature be used for supporting handicapped people in AR video conference?
 - (AR Conference on Mars) We use the remote location on planet Mars to explain the concept of Augmented Reality video conference in the context of a learning environments. Assume we use a Mars rover with a stereoscopic 360-Degree image (for visual information for left and right eye).
 - 5 learners and a teacher can meet in physical room (Greenbox) with Motion Capture option of the 6 people in the green room. All people in the room wear a head mounted display and the green screen method will replace the background with a real 360 degree image from the mars (keep in mind the 8min latency from Mars to Earth).
 - Now we replace the real stereoscopic camera image from the Mars rover with 3D model of the Mars surface (see Digital Elevation Model (DEM)). Now teachers and learners can jump to different location on the Mars explore surfaces and the Modelling allows to view the situation on Mars when water was available on Mars.
Transfer the remote AR conference on Mars to an island that is affected from climate change and learner can explore the situation on that island in an AR conference. Compare AR conference with a real visit on that island and talking to people, that live on that island and where exposed to rising sea level. Discuss also the carbon footprint of learning environments.
 - (Mathematical Modelling) This learning task was created for learners with a mathematical background. Assume you have a body position encoded with 25 points and 25 frames per seconds. Every point
with and
consists of a and coordinate. One single coordinate is represented by a real value (stored as float variable in a programming language). The movement is recorded for 4 sec (i.e. 100 frames). Calculate the number of real values that you need to encode the body movement 4 sec. Compare the required storage to the storage of the whole body surface encoded as 3D points. What are the benefits and drawback of such an encoding? How would you apply that on facial motion capture of an AR Conference?
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
 1. Kanji Marker provided by ARToolkit on Github (accessed 2017/12/12) -
 2. Olsen, NL; Markussen, B; Raket, LL (2018), "Simultaneous inference for misaligned multivariate functional data", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, 67 (5): 1147–76, arXiv:1606.03295, doi:10.1111/rssc.12276


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During broadcasts of the evening World Cup games, Das Erste TV offers its viewers a special, eye-catching treat: images taken from space zooming directly into the playing fields show the World Cup stadiums in a whole new perspective. Such views, not previously available, are made possible thanks to satellite data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).
These animated zoom views should not be compared with images usually found on the web. Instead, they comprise data from actual satellite photographs combined with sophisticated digital image processing and high-resolution computer animation. Additionally, the satellite images are enhanced with high-resolution picture data gathered by aircraft in order to make additional details recognizable.
The space images are provided by scientific satellites conducting Earth observation missions and the animated zooms are created by processing images taken at different resolutions. Among other support, the commercial firm European Space Imaging served as partner to DLR and supplied very high-resolution images taken by the IKONOS satellite having a resolution on the ground of about 1 metre.
With this project, DLR and WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) continue to foster their close and long-established cooperation. One goal of the project is, against the background of the World Cup championship, to boost the visibility of Germany's sophisticated technical capabilities in the area of space.
DLR is Germany's national research centre for aeronautics and space. Its extensive research and development work is integrated into national and international cooperative ventures, particularly with ESA, the European Space Agency. As Germany's Space Agency, the German federal government has given DLR responsibility for the forward planning and implementation of the German space programme as well as international representation of Germany's interests. Germany's cutting-edge space technologies range from manned space travel, microgravity research and reentry technology to robotics, camera technology, navigation, communications and Earth observation. The World Cup TV zoom shots were processed from satellite data by the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) located at the DLR facility in Oberpfaffenhofen and were formatted using the new HDTV television standard.
Within the ARD consortium of public broadcasters, WDR is responsible for transmitting FIFA's World Cup 2006 to the the pool of international broadcasters.


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This initiative, in the Regional Park Oglio Sud, is increasing the sustainability of poplar plantations in an area under intensive use, by linking social and ecological benefits with economic aspects through the spread of FSC® certification in local farms. In this way, a compliance requirement is transformed into an opportunity to protect nature.
"Ecopay" is expected to have economic, ecological and social impacts. Funding for interventions in the Park will increase, along with income for farmers, while, by the end of the project, there will be more restored and maintained habitats in the Park and more sustainable management of poplar tree farms. Finally, the main social impact expected is the improved quality of life for farmers.
Research / Knowledge
Second MAG Meeting
First MAG Meeting
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In Georgia, a defendant in a personal injury case arising from a car accident may argue what is known as the "sudden emergency" defense. Put simply, this means the defendant alleges he or she was presented with a sudden emergency and had insufficient time to react. If this was the case, the sudden emergency relieves the defendant of any and all liability for any accident arising from the sudden emergency.
Woodard v. Dempsey
The key to this defense is that the defendant could not have reasonably foreseen the emergency—otherwise it is not really a "sudden" emergency. An ongoing federal lawsuit in Atlanta illustrates how factual disputes over whether a defendant has alleged an actual emergency may arise.


Do Lions Chuff Like Tigers?
In their younger ages, lions can indeed make similar sounds to a meow.
Most older lions will resort to low moans and groans when socially bonding with one another, often trying to drown each other out with their sounds!
It's their equivalent of a purr, or in the case of some other big cats, the equivalent of a "chuff."
What does a lion Chuffing mean?
Prusten is also referred to as chuffing or chuffle (verb and noun). It is described as a short, low intensity, non-threatening vocalization. The vocalization is produced by tigers, jaguars, snow leopards and clouded leopards. Prusten has significance in both the fields of evolution and conservation.
What does it mean when a tiger Chuffs at you?
She also found that to greet one another (or their human keepers), tigers make a special noise called a prusten, or chuff, by keeping their mouths closed while pushing air through their nostrils. "The forests aren't the way people often picture jungles with tigers.
How do you chuff like a tiger?
Suggested clip 119 seconds
How to chuff – YouTube
Start of suggested clip
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Do cats chuff like tigers?
Domestic cats don't chuff. Tigers chuff. It is a form of communication made at close range and part of the tiger's greeting behaviour. The tiger chuff is sometimes described as a 'prusten'.
Are there tigers in Bali?
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
In the past, Indonesia had three subspecies of tigers: Bali, Java, and Sumatran tigers. The Bali tiger was extinct in the 1930s and Java tiger in 1970s. The last of Indonesia's tigers are holding on for survival against deforestation, poaching, and human-tiger conflicts.
Do lions roar to scare prey?
When lions get old and lose teeth, they are no longer able to hunt and attack, so they become the guards of the pride. Their entire purpose is to roar and scare any approaching prey towards the younger lions, so they can attack. All he can do is roar to scare us.


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Encyclopaedia of DesignTheory: Latin squares
|Experimental||Other designs||Math properties||Stat properties|
In this representation, the Latin square is an an orthogonal array of degree n, strength 1 and index 1, over an alphabet of size n. This means that
There is another important representation of a Latin square as an array. Assume that the symbols in the square are 1,2,...,n. Then let S be the set of n2 triples of the form (i,j,k), where the symbol in row i and column j of the square is k.
For example, given the square
we obtain the following nine triples:
This is an orthogonal array of degree 3, strength 2 and index 1, over an alphabet of size n. This means that
Conversely, from any orthogonal array of degree 3, strength 2 and index 1, we can reconstruct a Latin square, by putting symbol k in row i and column j if the row (i,j,k) occurs in the array. The order of the Latin square is the number of symbols in the array.
Table of contents | Glossary | Topics | Bibliography | History
Peter J. Cameron
27 November 2002


Science of the Spirit
The pain of social exclusion
© iStockphoto/Peter Brutsch
"Social" pain hurts physically, even when we see it in others
Our memory for sounds is worse than touch or sight
© Carolyn Williams
Our memory for things we've seen or touched is much better than for what we've heard, a new study reveals. The study had people listening to a variety of sounds, shown pictures and given things to touch (Begelo & Poremba, 2014). The researchers found that it was the things people heard that they were most likely to forget, more than things they had seen or touched. This study provides a fascinating insight into how memory works. Lead author James Bigelow explains:
In the study people were exposed to all sorts of everyday sounds, sights and tactile experiences. They watched basketball games, heard dogs barking and touched a coffee mug that was hidden from view.
Researchers prove that it's possible to die of a broken heart
© David Goehring
New research proves you can die of a broken heart
Experts studying the impact of bereavement on people's health have found that the chances of a heart or stroke attack doubles after a partner's death.
Bereavement has long been known as a risk factor for death and this study increases our understanding of its effects on cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes.
The study showed the likelihood of a heart attack or stroke doubled in the crucial 30 day period after a partner's death for those experiencing loss of a loved one.
Grief leads to extra physical stress and also may make people forget or lose interest in taking their medication, according to experts.
Dr Sunil Shah, senior lecturer in public health at St George's University of London, a co-author of the report, said: "We often use the term a 'broken heart' to signify the pain of losing a loved one and our study shows that bereavement can have a direct effect on the health of the heart."
People 2
The four things that kill a relationship stone dead
© liquidnight / Flickr
For over 40 years the psychologist Professor John Gottman has been analysing relationships, both good and bad.
He's followed couples across decades in many psychological studies to see what kinds of behaviours predict whether they would stay together in the long-term or were soon destined for the divorce courts.
How new ideas change your brain cells
© MR McGill
Our ability to remember and learn is powered by a crucial molecular change.
A new study has identified an important molecular change which takes place in the brain when we learn and remember (Brigidi et al., 2014).
Learning changes the way a fatty acid in the brain attaches to a protein called delta-catenin.
This change is essential in adjusting the connectivity between brain cells, which enables us to learn.
One of the study's authors, Shernaz Bamji, explained:
The results come from the study of an animal model. They found that after learning about new environments, the levels of modified delta-catenin were almost doubled.
Evil Rays
Sick cities: Why urban living can be bad for your mental health
© Allstar/Cinetext Collection/Sportsphoto
Sometimes city living can just get too much for us to take – as depicted by Michael Douglas's everyman William Foster, in the film Falling Down.
Is our headlong rush to live in cities bound to increase incidences of stress and other mental disorders?
They set you some rather confusing maths problems to solve against the clock, and you are doing your best, but they aren't happy. "Can you please concentrate a little better?" they keep saying into your headphones. Or, "You are among the worst performing individuals to have been studied in this laboratory." Helpful things like that. It is a relief when time runs out.
Dimming the lights can help people make more rational decisions, think more objectively
Scientists claim that turning down the lights (illustrated) reduces emotional intensity, allowing you to keep a clear head when making difficult decisions
Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the university and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University, conducted a series of studies to examine the unusual paradox of lighting and human emotion.
While other studies have shown that people can be more optimistic about the stock market on sunny days, while gloomy days can result in seasonal affective disorder, Professor Xu said: 'we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed'.
Childhood amnesia: The age at which our earliest memories fade
© mexico rosel
Can you remember anything from before the age of three?
Most adults can't remember much, if anything, from before the age of three. It's what Sigmund Freud first termed 'childhood amnesia'. But it wasn't always this way: there must have been a time in childhood when memories from before the age of 3 could be recalled.
A new study of childhood memory reveals that childhood amnesia sets in at around the age of seven (Bauer & Larkina, 2013). For their study, the researchers began interviewing a group of children at the age of three, asking them what they could remember. They were then followed up at the ages of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 to see what they could remember from before.
The results showed that between 5 and 7 years-of-age, the children could remember between 63% and 72% of the events they'd first recalled at the age of three. However, by the age of 8 or 9, the children only remembered about 35% of the events. Their memories had, though, undergone an interesting transformation. At the age of 5 or 6, children remembered more events, but their narratives of these events were hazy. When older, though, despite remembering fewer events, what they did recall had greater detail.
Alarm Clock
Loneliness is killing us - we must start treating this disease
© Ocean/Corbis
'Feeling isolated can disrupt sleep, raise blood pressure, weaken immunity, increase depression and lower subjective wellbeing.'
A report says loneliness is more deadly than obesity - the challenge now is to help lonely people connect.
How aging changes what makes you happy
© Flickr/ Victor Bezrukov
"We are the sum of all the moments of our lives - all that is ours is in them." - Thomas Wolfe
The study asked over 200 people between the ages of 19 and 79 about happy experiences they'd had that were both ordinary and extraordinary (Bhattacharjee & Mogilner, 2014).
Naturally, happy extraordinary experiences - like a expensive foreign travel - happen less frequently, while ordinary happy experiences - like seeing your family - are much more common.
Across all the age-groups in the study, people found pleasure in all sorts of experiences; both ordinary and extraordinary.


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The MaxSafe Bacteriostatic (Disinfection) Water Cartridge is a must have to complement drinking water purifiers such as reverse osmosis (RO) systems, drinking water conditioners, coolers, and filters. It offers better performance and results as compared with Ultrafiltration or Ultraviolet Sterilization
- Removes objectionable tastes and odors from drinking water
- Inhibits the growth of bacteria in a device filter to prolong the life of the filter
- Inhibits the growth of bacteria within the water system, lines, and reservoir or other in-line container
- Inhibits bacterial recontamination and keeps water fresh for storage by inhibiting bacterial fouling
- Installs easily in-line with systems using push-to-connect fittings
- Filter Media:Bacteriostatic media that disinfects bacteria and viruses
- Material:Food-grade ABS and polypropylene
- Inlet/Outlet Port Size: ¼
- Operating Temperature: 50 ᵒC (140 ᵒF)
- Feed Pressure: 100 psi
- Case Quantity: 100 pcs
- Case Dimensions (mm): 480 x 405 x 270
- Case Weight: 7 Kg
To be stored in a cool, dry place. Avoid excessive moisture and temperatures above 40°C during storage.
IMPORTANT: The cartridge is engineered for use in drinking water treatment devices that treat potable water or municipally treated tap water and is not designed to provide primary disinfection.


The polling interval determines how often the endpoint sends its status and receives commands, for example, every 15 minutes or every hour. If needed, you can change the polling interval in Basic Configuration of the group's policy or you can force an immediate update as described in this procedure.
For more information, see Changing Policy Settings.
To force an update:
 1. From the endpoint, in the system tray, right-click the Webroot icon.
 2. From the drop-down menu that displays, select Refresh configuration.
 The system updates.


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I'm kind of confused - you seem to be asking both about loading data from XML as well as how to implement a generalized casting system.
Anyway, as for the implementation details, if I remember correctly. warcraft 3 used to have standardised names for different things. Spell animations were given names such as Spell1, Spell2, etc. Attack animations had names such as Attack1, AttackCrit and AttackSpin. The game engine would pick an animation out of a "list" of animations that you allowed. So for example, an attack might have two animations enabled by it - Attack1 and Attack2. Whereas a specialized spell might only have one animation attached, such as SpellSummon. you only needed to supply the animation names. The animations were build into the models (the animations could be baked into the models using 3dSMax. I'm not sure about how it was done, as I've never ventured into the modelling side of things, but I'm pretty sure there was a plugin provided by blizzard for animation.)
As for particle effects and particle systems, the were known as "buffs". Buffs had no gameplay impact at all. They were used to attached particles and trails to "attachment points" on the model. these attachment points were also baked into the model. common attachment points included (hand,left), (hand,right), and chest. There were also other, more specialzed attachment points that only worked on a few models such as (mount). Anyway, these buffs could have a duration associated with them, and the particles expired after the duration.
When the particles were created, they played their "created" animation. and then they looped an intermediate animation. on being destroyed, they played their "destroyed" animation. Like I said, particles were controlled indirectly through buffs.
As for storage, blizzard has it's own format (.MPQ I think), with it's custom method for storing objects. I don't remember the details, but the wikipedia page has some decent information.
Hope this helps


Design rules
The MOSIS design rule numbering system has been used to list 5 different sets of CMOS layout design rules. These are:
Layout is usually drawn in the micron rules of the target technology. When a new technology becomes available, the layout of any circuits which can be migrated needs to be adapted to the new design rule set. This can be a problem if the original layout has aggressively used all the minimum widths and spacings which are then incompatible with the rules of the new technology.
A solution made famous by Mead and Conway is to draw the layout in a nominal 2µm layout and then apply a lambda scaling factor to the desired technology. This actually involves two steps.
 1. A lambda scaling factor based on the pitch of various elements like transistors, metal, poly etc.
 2. Under or over-sizing individual layers to meet specific design rules.
Thus, for the generic 0.13µm layout rules shown here, a lambda scaling factor of 0.055 is applied which scales the poly from 2µm to 0.11µm. Then the poly is oversized by 0.005µm per side to bring its width up to 0.12µm. If the foundry requires drawn poly geometries of 0.13µm, then the oversize is set to 0.01µm per side.
I think Mead and Conway used 2µm technology as their reference because it was the leading edge technology of the time. It does have the advantage that the rules can be kept integer … that is the minimum segment length is 1λ. Other reference technologies are possible, and the Alliance sxlib uses 1µm.
The layout rules includes a generic 0.13µm set. Generic means that layout drawn with these rules could be ported to a 0.13µm foundry with no scaling, but some individual layers (especially contact, via, implant and poly) might need to be over or undersized.
The scaling factor from the pharosc rules to the 0.13µm rules is λ=0.055, and for scmos-DEEP it is λ=0.07. A factor of λ=0.055 has been used for the sxlib, although this gives design rule violations in the final layout. The ssxlib has been created to overcome this problem. The scmos rules will need a scaling factor even larger than λ=0.07 because the rule set is not well tuned to the requirements of deep submicron layout.
For some rules, the generic 0.13µm rules are more aggressive than the lambda rules scaled by 0.055. This implies that layout directly drawn in the generic 0.13µm rules could be denser. However, the risk is that this layout could not then easily be ported to other technologies.
When we talk about lambda based layout design rules, there can in fact be more than one version. The layout rules change with each new technology and the fit between the lambda and micron rules can be better or worse, and this directly affects the scaling factor which is achievable.


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The platform/terrace knob was common before the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE). To increase literacy the mainland Chinese have, since the 1950s, used "simplified" characters. As a result one simplified character may be used for more than one traditional Chinese character, leading to confusion. One modern mainland Chinese author translates this knob shape as a "table knob" because the traditional character 檯, pronounced "tai," means table or desk. The traditional character 臺, also pronounced "tai"—and the one that should be used for this knob (as can be seen by the shape), means a platform or terrace. Both use the the simplified character 台 pronounced "tai." Since the two words are pronounced the same and differ only in the addition of the "wood" radical for the word "table" I suppose it is easy to see why they chose the same simplified character for both. In spoken context they would probably not be confused.
- Pinyin: tái niŭ


The Avodah Blog
Supporting Survivors of Violence: A conversation with Kelsey Saragnese
In honor of Sexual Assault Awareness Month, we spoke with Avodah Fellowship 2018-2019 alumna Kelsey Saragnese about her work in the field of violence prevention.
Kelsey Saragnese photoA fervent advocate for violence prevention, Kelsey Saragnese has dedicated her career to helping people understand how to support and empower survivors of interpersonal, domestic and sexual violence.
Her passion for human rights dates back to childhood, but it wasn't until college that she was exposed to the complexities of oppression and social justice. She attended University of Missouri and worked in a resource center that sought to shift the campus culture around issues of violence and justice. Kelsey felt pulled toward facilitating dialogues and working with people on culture change.
"It lit a spark for me. I was always really passionate about issues that predominantly affect women, girls, and queer and trans people. As a kid I was interested in human rights issues but never had the perspective of seeing how violence and oppression was affecting my own community. A lot of people in my personal life have been affected by domestic or interpersonal violence. I came to understand the intersecting systems that create conditions for poverty, suffering and violence."
Kelsey graduated with a degree in women's and gender studies and relocated to Kansas City. She has been able to carry on her passion for anti-violence and social justice work into her career, and now does education and prevention at a rape crisis center. The job isn't easy, but she says two things keep her going: the women, queer, and trans people who did this work before her and the next generation of leaders she gets to work with. She likens it to a quote from Alice Walker, who said, "Activism is the rent I pay to live on this planet."
Kelsey works with youth, primarily middle and high school students, who inspire and motivate her. The language and skills that they have, compared to where she feels she was at as a high schooler herself, makes her hopeful for the future. The youth she works with want people to be safe and authentically themselves, and Kelsey offers them a space where they can be those things.
"People come in with all sorts of backgrounds, experiences, beliefs and ideas. Sometimes we just scratch the surface of what violence is. Sometimes, people are grappling with complicated questions. 'What does it mean if the world isn't a safe place?' 'What does it mean if they have to challenge things they learned from other people?' Do they trust me enough to challenge those ideas? I try to have a really authentic conversation."
Recently, many of the conversations have centered on police brutality. There is a history of white Americans falsely accusing men of color, particularly Black men, of violence, leading to violence against them and wrongful charges. According to the National Registry of Exonerations, innocent Black people are seven times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder than innocent white people. Kelsey helps her audience navigate those conversations and struggle with what it means to believe survivors in a flawed system.
When asked how people can support survivors of interpersonal, domestic and sexual violence, Kelsey has one key piece of advice — listen.
"Listen authentically without questioning, without judging, without wanting to jump in and save the day and offer a solution. Let them know they can trust you. So often, even the most well intentioned people — when we hear someone important to us has been hurt — we want to fix it. The most important thing to remember is the person who's been in that situation, their power has been taken away. The agency over their own body and life wasn't important to that person who was hurting them. We can put that power back in their hands by really hearing them."
She understands that talking about sexual violence can feel really taboo and scary. She wants people to know that an experience of violence does not define who somebody is.
"It doesn't mean that person is broken, it doesn't mean that person won't be able to heal, that they're not whole. We might feel like we have to tiptoe around the idea that people have been hurt but a huge part of the healing process for a lot of folks is reclaiming their narrative. 'This is something that happened and this is what happens next.'"
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DISCLAIMER: This is a blog post written originally for the Leiden Madtrics blog in which we summarize our findings in our most recent paper published in eLife. The original blog post can be accessed here.
Researchers collaborate specializing in specific tasks. However, the research evaluation system only rewards specific profiles of researchers, threatening the diversity of the science ecosystem.
In this blog post we discuss recent findings on the relation between career trajectories and task specialization. Research careers are commonly envisioned in evaluation schemes as homogeneous pathways in which individuals have to take a series of steps to advance. In each of these steps, researchers must comply with certain expectations, usually so embedded into our way of thinking of scientists that many countries and supranational agencies even explicitly address what is expected of individuals at each stage. The rationale behind this is to ensure that career paths align with academic positions, and describe the whole process from apprentice to colleague.
Examples of such simplified vision of research careers can be found for instance in the Research Profiles defined by the European Commission (Figure 1), in which four stages are defined along with the expectations and requirements needed to reach each of them. In the description of such profiles words such as excellence and leadership are common, in many cases even used as interchangeable, sending the message that a hierarchical structure is expected in research teams, and that this hierarchical structure is directly linked to seniority. But one might question to what extent those expectations match reality. Is there such a strong link between career stages and researcher profiles? And what happens when researchers deviate from such expected roles?
In this post we discuss our findings after designing a model based on a machine learning algorithm to predict the probability of scientists to contribute in specific ways over their complete career, based on the contribution statements of a seed of their publications. Based on our predictions we were able to identify different archetypes of researchers across career stages. We distinguished between four career stages and compared differences between archetypes of researchers based on their career length, productivity, citation impact and gender. We observed differences on career length based on the archetype, plus gender differences on the type of profile researchers have at their early-career.
Distribution of labour and archetypes
There is increasing evidence that scientists tend to specialize on specific tasks during their career in order to be more efficient when collaborating to distribute the work among co-authors. Authors' contribution to publications is commonly associated with their position in author order, signaling middle positions as those conducting more technical and specialised (e.g., applying advanced methodologies) tasks, while first and last positions are commonly reserved to those leading the work. Of course, if the unique career path ideal resembles reality, one would expect junior scientists to be earning their stripes first in middle positions and contributing with technical expertise and later on moving towards leading roles. But in a recent study published in PNAS, the authors suggested that there is an increasing number of middle authors who never reach these leading positions, and furthermore, that their presence is crucial to ensure scientific progress. But, is their middle position related to task specialisation as they seemed to imply?
To answer this question, we trained a prediction model using a dataset of over 70,000 publications from PLOS journals (all data has been made openly accessible). This model used bibliographic and bibliometric variables to predict the probability of a given author to conduct a given contribution. We then retrieved the complete publication history of over 200,000 researchers from the original dataset, and predicted the probability of contributions for each paper and author. Figure 2 shows the distribution of our predicted probabilities distinguished by the career stage in which researchers conduct each contribution.
Just from inspecting these distributions, we do observe that some contributions are indeed more aligned with career stages than others, but that such distinction is not as clear as one would imagine. Still, we are not able to discern if individuals consistently carry on the same contributions when collaborating.
This is where we used Robust Archetypal Analysis, a technique that identifies archetypes, which accentuates specific features of individuals' population. To our surprise we found consistent similarities between archetypes across stages, with two archetypes at the junior stage (specialized and supporting), three at the earlyand mid-career stages (leader, specialized and supporting), and two at the late-career stage (leader and supporting). Leader profiles are characterized by high probabilities on writing the paper and conceiving and designing the study. Specialized archetypes are researchers who are in charge of performing experiments, but also may play a role on the writing, conception of the study and analysis of data. Finally, supporting authors conduct more marginal contributions to papers.
Career trajectories, productivity, impact and gender
The archetypal analysis provides evidence that scientists specialize on specific tasks during their careers, but do they exhibit the same profile during their whole trajectory? Are there differences in their performance? Do we observe differences by gender on the profile of scientists? To answer these questions, an archetype was assigned to each researcher, at each career stage, and the trajectories of archetypes inspected. Figure 3 shows these flows. The first thing we notice is that a researcher's profile seems to influence their possibility of making it to the next stage. A larger share of leaders make it to the next stage, followed by specialized and last, supporting. Furthermore, leader profiles seem to be more versatile than the rest, that is, they seem to more easily shift from the leading profile to any of the other two.
In terms of productivity and citations however, leaders and supporters show a better performance than specialists. This means that evaluation based on productivity and citation metrics may be undermining specific and indeed valuable profiles of researchers. But most worryingly, we find that there are gender differences at the early-career stage. That is, most male scientists at this stage show either a specialized or leader profile, while for women there is a strong bias towards the former. At this critical stage, this could be affecting women's career prospects in a definite way, as their performance is hindered by the type of tasks they perform, as our results suggest.
Revising assumptions and looking forward
This study is part of the 'Unveiling the Ecosystem of Science' project, in which we aim to systematically analyze the diversity of profiles in science, with the hope of devising methodological tools that can improve current evaluation systems. With this specific study we also look into the potential of surpassing the well-known limitations of authorship by going beyond equal attribution of credit among authors. An example of this can be observed in Figure 4, where we look at the share of scientists by archetype and career stage publishing either as first, middle or last author. Here we observe that neither seniority nor archetype are always the ruling criteria as normally assumed.
With this study we hope to continue the conversation into looking at diversity in science. How to design tools that can improve our understanding of this diversity, and design evaluation tools that can contribute to maximize efforts and ensure an hospitable work environment for researchers. We need to ensure that evaluations do not add constraints and stress that can destabilize the ecosystem of science. Narrow definitions of excellence and poorly designed research careers, not only work against the progress of science, but affect attitudes towards success and failure, as it "generate(s) hubris and anxiety among the winners and humiliation and resentment among the losers".


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Porcelain fuse cut out 24kV/100A（200A）
1.Using Environment Conditions:
1.1 Product Normal Using Conditions
1.1.1 Product normal temperature: -40℃~+40℃;
1.1.2 Altitude :≤1000M.
1.1.3 Max. Wind speed :≤ 35m/s.
1.1.4 Earthquake intensity: ≤ 8 degree.
1.2 Product is not suitable for following location:
1.2.1 Inflammation or explosive dangerous area.
1.2.2 Intensive shake or shock area.
1.2.3 Conducting electric,chemical gas as well as heavy pollution & salt fog area.
2.1 Mountingthe fuse cutout on the bracket and fix it by bolt.
2.2 Setting the fuse cutout to the suitable position and fix it,making sure it is safe and stable.
2.3 Connecting the conduct wire with upper and lower joint clamp by boltt,it must be connected firmly.
IEC 62217IEC60255 IEC60282


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Solving Succession Planning:
Best Practices Workshop
Succession planning is a critical link in the talent management lifecycle to ensure continuity of performance, and a proactive, long-term approach is key.
Close the loop of your talent management knowledge and skills with this step-by-step workshop on effective succession planning in the digital workplace.
Delegates will be equipped with practical guidelines on how to execute a successful succession planning strategy, including the relevant theories, tools and approaches to ensure a comprehensive, objective approach.
Why is Succession planning important?
98% of organisations feel that succession planning is critical for effective performance. However, only 35% have a succession plan in place. There's a big disconnect in organisations between the need for a succession strategy and the ability to implement a structured, objective process.
This workshop aims to close that gap by providing a comprehensive approach to succession planning: what it is, why it is important, and how to go about implementing it in your organisation.
Who is it aimed at?
The workshop is aimed at HR professionals who work in the talent management space. Prior experience with succession planning and HFMtalentindex tools is beneficial, but not required.
Psychologists, psychometrists, line managers and independent HR consultants will also benefit by rounding off their talent management skills.


Parent Teacher Meeting
Primary to O level
Dear Parents,
We welcome you to the first Parent Teacher Meeting (PTM) for the session 2019-20 scheduled on Saturday, 21st September, 2019.
During the meeting, you will have an opportunity to review the academic performance of your child and discuss the strategy for her progress. Kindly make sure to attend the meeting. We request you to comply with the following rules and regulations to make this day successful for all concerned.
 1. Only parents should attend the meeting.
 2. Students, siblings, relatives, tuition-teachers, etc are not allowed to attend the PTM. Kindly do not bring small children along.
 3. Punctuality is very important and will be appreciated. Be considerate of others; attend and complete your meeting within the given time slot.
 4. Carry your PAC for entry into the school premises and follow the directions of the guards, and attendants for parking outside the school.
 5. Also bring along the time slot slip and follow the slot strictly to avoid inconvenience.
 Note: Kindly check your child's diary for the time slot.
Principal O level


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- Balancing Data Between Text and Display Items
This means getting the right balance between the data you report in the text of your
manuscript and the data displayed in Figures and Tables. Avoid repeating everything from your display items in the text. I am sure that this advice is given in every book about scientific writing, but authors all over the world ignore it. Does it matter? If you want to get published in a journal with a good name and a high impact factor, it probably does matter.
Let's try the following exercise. Please review Table 1 and select the data you think are
important enough to mention in the Subjects and Methods section of a manuscript, and then list the items below. We will assume that there are no significant differences between the men and women (although that information is not in the Table).
The number of items in the list provides a clue. Hopefully you selected data from the All Subjects column because I just mentioned that there are no significant differences between the two groups of subjects, so it is better to give the overall picture of the patient population. Also because with a group of 125 subjects, you can meaningfully report percentages. The data could be reported as follows:
"The 125 subjects with hyper_____________ (80 men and ___women) had a mean age (+SD) of ________ and a mean body_____ index (BMI) of 27.8 kg/m2. With regard to
comorbidities, __________ (20.8%) had diabetes, 15 patients (12.0%) ________, and 32 patients (_____) had hyper______."
Please fill in the gaps and then compare with the text below.
"The 125 subjects with hypercholesterolemia (80 men and 45 women) had a mean age (+SD) of 67+9 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.8 kg/m2. With regard to comorbidities, 26 patients (20.8%) had diabetes, 15 patients (12.0%) had angina, and 32 patients (25.6%) had hypertension."
Table 1a Subjects in a clinical trial of Drug X
Read the text together with Table 1a and you can see that the presentation of information is balanced. You can also see something else. How does Table 1a differ from Table 1? The information contained in the table is the same, but I have rearranged it to place All Subjects first. Which way do you think the data are easier to understand, or are both the same? In this case, I would say the original Table 1 is easier, because it has the full group of subjects on the right, which is where I would expect to see the totalled data. On the other hand, you might argue that it is better to have the full group on the left and then break it down into subgroups, as in Table 1a‐this will depend on your cultural perspective.


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Habbes - what does Habbes surname mean?
Recorded in many forms including Habbert, Happert, Hobbert, Hobart, Hobbart, Habert, Happel, Hadeke, Habbema, Hobbema, Hapke, Hatje, Hablet, Hablot, Habbes, Haps, Habben, Hobben, Hobbing, and Hubbard, this ancient surname can only be described as 'European'. It derives from the Anglo-Saxon personal name Hugibert or Hubert, itself a compound of the elements 'hug' meaning 'heart', and 'beorht' - bright or famous, a translation which no doubt contributed to its early popularity. The name was probably introduced in Britain by the Saxon invaders of the 8th century, although its first known recording would seem to be that of 'Eudo filius Huberti' (Eudo, son of Hubert) in the Domesday Book of 1086. This was not of course a surname, the first of these being Roger Hubert, who appears in the 1199 Fine Court Rolls of Northumberland, whilst other examples of the recordings include William Hobard of Suffolk in 1291, John Hobart also of Suffolk in 1346, whilst Pastor John Hubbard who embarked from London on 17th April 1635, bound for Virginia was one of the early settlers in the New England colonies. He was also one of the first students at the fledgling Harvard University, of which in 1688, he became President. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Roger Hubard, which was dated 1327, in the Subsidy Rolls of Somerset, during the reign of King Edward 111, known as the Father of the Navy, 1327 - 1377. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to 'develop' often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
Get the Habbes surname meaning widget for your website!
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Saltern Microbial Communities Dine on DNA
In our paper, we show that DNA can be used as a source of phosphorus by a microbial community of a saltern. Yet, these microbes do not consume just any DNA…
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Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is present in every habitat, but is found at its highest concentrations in hypersaline environments. Laboratory experiments have shown that the model halophilic archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, is capable of utilizing DNA as a source of phosphate, and has a bias for some sources of DNA over others. To better understand usage of DNA in a natural microbial community, we developed an experiment wherein a mixed microbial community (sampled from a solar saltern in Isla Christina, Spain) was supplemented with various combinations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, and DNA and measured the impact of this supplementation on the community.
Sequencing revealed that the composition of DNA from the water column was quite different from the DNA obtained from cells. One might expect that the DNA present in the water column would just be a reflection of composition of the cellular fraction, and that the populations from the water column and the cellular fraction of a water sample would be the same, as all the dissolved DNA would be consumed at the same rate, regardless of composition. The dissimilarity instead suggests that there is a considerable amount of bias in consumption of DNA, and the DNA remaining in the water column could represent the accumulation from populations with DNA that is less "palatable". We were pleased to see that bias in DNA consumption is not limited to Hfx. volcanii.
In our work, we fed the sampled community with DNA or inorganic phosphate. Interestingly, the supplementation of DNA or phosphate alone did not allow the communities to grow, but the addition of carbon and nitrogen along with a phosphate source did, suggesting that the DNA was only being utilised as a phosphate source, rather than also supplying other elements as well. The growth of communities given DNA was comparable to those given phosphate, suggesting that consumption of DNA is a common means for the present cells to acquire a source of phosphate, but the growth was slightly more robust with phosphate than when DNA was supplied. Analysis of remaining phosphate after any of the treatments revealed more organic phosphate (DNA) being left behind than inorganic phosphate. This shows that inorganic phosphate is the most readily consumed, and again speaks towards there being a bias towards the source of phosphate as food. Supplying the communities with nitrogen alone showed no appreciable growth, carbon alone showed a small amount of growth, and a combination of carbon and nitrogen without phosphate showed growth, albeit not as much as when phosphate was also supplied. We believe this shows that all elements can be a limiting resource in the context of a natural saltern.
Sequencing also revealed that the composition of microbial community will shift depending on the type of nutrient supplementation. Because of this, we can't help but wonder if the composition of a community could be driven by the nutrients available, and if it might even be possible to predict the response of a community to the added nutrients. Future studies are needed to explore these ideas.
Andrea Makkay
Research Associate, University of Connecticut


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What does VU mean in Physics?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand VU in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Physics terminology in particular.
Find a translation for VU in other languages:
Select another language:
What does VU mean?
- Volume Unit


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Posts tagged with "Awards"
Posted by Ms. A on 06/13/12
Did you know that audiobooks "count" as reading in our Summer Reading Program? That's because librarians know something you might not; Listening isn't cheating! There are great benefits to hearing stories read aloud. Audiobooks can help your child become a better reader.
- Hearing a book read aloud helps the story come alive. The narrators are very skilled with voices, sound effects, and dramatic emphasis. For example, actress Anne Hathaway narrates The Princess Diaries. An audiobook might be the perfect way to hook your reluctant reader into books.
- Your child might be able to listen to a story that is more complex than he can read on his own. This will help him develop listening and comprehension skills, as well as introduce him to new vocabulary words and help stretch his imagination.
- How many times does your child hear the word, "façade" in everyday conversation? If he sees it in a book, will he be able to pronounce it correctly? Listening to audiobooks helps with pronunciation. It also helps improve understanding. What does it mean when a character responds "ruefully?" An audiobook can express the meaning of this word.
- Audiobooks provide a model of fluent reading and engaging storytelling. Listening to a great story read aloud gives children an example of how to become a better reader and can motivate them to read more.
To choose a great audiobook for your child or for your family to listen to together, ask a librarian for suggestions or visit the American Library's Association's award page for audiobooks. Enjoy!
The Best Book is not always the Gold Medal Winner
Posted by Mizz J on 09/19/11
We all know that; and yet we want to read the one that won. This is especially true of the Newbery Award, but we should remember that several other books also make the cut into this inner circle. They are the Newbery Honor booksalso distinguished. They just didn't win the gold.
Why do I make a point of telling you this? Because the winner of the Newbery Award for 1953 was Secret of the Andes. Guess which title was only a Newbery Honor book? Charlotte's Web. Enough said.
Browse the list of Newbery Honor books which we own. You can also check our website for all the Newbery Award winners.


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Predicted and Predictor Variables
By default, all quantitative variables are used for EM and regression estimation. If needed, you can choose specific variables as predicted and predictor variables in the estimation(s). A given variable can be in both lists, but there are situations in which you might want to restrict the use of a variable. For example, some analysts are uncomfortable estimating values of outcome variables. You may also want to use different variables for different estimations and run the procedure multiple times. For example, if you have a set of items that are nurses' ratings and another set that are doctors' ratings, you may want to make one run using the nurses' item to estimate missing nurses' items and another run for estimates of the doctors' items.
Another consideration arises when using the regression method. In multiple regression, the use of a large subset of independent variables can produce poorer predicted values than a smaller subset. Therefore, a variable must achieve an F-to-enter limit of 4.0 to be used. This limit can be changed with syntax.
To Specify Predicted and Predictor Variables
This feature requires the Missing Values option.
- From the
- In the main Missing Value Analysis dialog box, select the variable(s) for which you want to estimate missing values using the regression method.
- Select EM or Regression in the Estimation group.
- Click Variables.
- If you want to use specific rather than all variables as predicted and predictor variables, select Select variables and move variables to the appropriate list(s).


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. Any of various containers made from cardboard or coated paper: cans packed in cartons; a milk carton.
- n. The contents of a carton: dyed the whole carton of eggs.
- v. To place (something) in a carton.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A kind of thin pasteboard.
- n. A box made from such pasteboard.
- n. Same as cartoon.
- n. In rifle practice: A white disk fixed on the bull's-eye of a target. It is of much smaller size than the bull's-eye, and is chiefly used in deciding ties and at a pool. A shot striking the carton: as, to make two bull's-eyes and a carton.
- n. An inexpensive, disposable box-like creation fashioned from either paper, paper with wax-covering (wax paper), or other lightweight material. It is designed to hold things for a short period of time and be discarded or recycled after use.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. Pasteboard for paper boxes; also, a pasteboard box.
- n. a box made of cardboard; opens by flaps on top
- n. the quantity contained in a carton
- From French carton. (Wiktionary)
- French, from Italian cartone, pasteboard, augmentative of carta, card, paper, from Latin charta, carta, paper made from papyrus; see card1. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"It's a mix of everyone from the poor to the politicians, from those whose homes are covered in carton to those living behind the gates."
"But don't be surprised to see your cartoon -- cartoon -- carton, that is, of orange juice become more expensive."
"The twelve eggs in a carton are the twelve disciples."
"Apr 2010 --- Tetra Pak will supply more than 100 million FSC-labelled carton packages to Carrefour stores across France during 2010, the two companies have announced."
"Tetra Pak launched the first FSC-labelled carton package, Tetra Recart, in 2007."
"The front of the carton is a pale blue, with a green circle that features the Pacific logo."
"Secondary nest - often found inside infested wood; made up of material called carton, consisting of soil and chewed wood particles cemented together."
"This study shows a comparison between nectar packaged in glass and in carton, which is a key study for shelf life evaluation in the fruit packaging industry and for consumer awareness of the impact of different packaging on food quality," they added."
"- maybe 1/2 cubic foot in capacity - put inside a carton, which is placed on a legitimately tagged and fully wrapped pallet that's sealed in a container has "
"You would think a rational smoker would buy by the carton which is cheaper than by the pack.... we aren't even talking about the savings from buying off the Internet yet!"
These user-created lists contain the word 'carton'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
includes words of the "Prodcom list"
Idea from Will Shortz's NPR puzzle feature. Two words that share a common letter (end of first word and start of second word) and forming a larger word, e.g., mill and lion = mil-l-ion. Variants...
Words I like mostly because of the way they sound and feel.
Looking for tweets for carton.


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WASHINGTON (AP) - After more than a century, the Census Bureau is dropping its use of the word "Negro" to describe black Americans in surveys.
Instead of the term that came into use during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation, census forms will use the more modern labels "black" or "African-American."
Nicholas Jones is chief of the Census Bureau's racial statistics branch. He tells The Associated Press that the change will take effect next year, when the bureau distributes its annual American Community Survey to more than 3.5 million U.S. households.
According to Jones, months of public feedback and census research concluded that few black Americans still identify with being Negro, and many view the term as offensive and outdated.
The term Negro was first used in the census in 1900.


Mi'kmaq language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Míkmaq language)
Jump to: navigation, search
Native to Canada, United States
Region Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Gaspe Peninsula (Quebec), Newfoundland, northern Maine, Boston (Massachusetts)
Ethnicity Mi'kmaq people
Native speakers
8,300 (2010 & 2011 censuses)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-2 mic
ISO 639-3 mic
Glottolog mikm1235[2]
The Mi'kmaq language (spelled and pronounced Micmac historically and now often Migmaw or Mikmaw in English, and Míkmaq, Míkmaw or Mìgmao in Mi'kmaq) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11,000 Mi'kmaq in Canada and the United States out of a total ethnic Mi'kmaq population of roughly 20,000.[3][4] The word Mi'kmaq is a plural word meaning'my friends' (singular Míkm[5]); the adjectival form is Míkmaw.[6] The language's native name is Lnuismk, Míkmawísimk[7] or Míkmwei[5] (in some dialects).
The phonemic inventory of Mi'kmaq is shown below.
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
plain lab.
Plosive p t k
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative s x
Nasal m n
Approximant w l j
The obstruents (/p, t, k, kʷ, t͡ʃ, s, x, xʷ/) are voiceless initially or next to another obstruent, but allophonically voiced [b], [d], [ɡ], [ɡʷ], [d͡ʒ], [z], [ɣ], [ɣʷ] between sonorants (vowels or the voiced consonants /m, n, w, l, j/). Thus Mi'kmaq, phonemically /miːkmax/, is pronounced [miːɡmax].
Mi'kmaq distinguishes not only between long and short vowels, but between long and short consonants, symbolized orthographically in Listuguj by doubling the consonant. Beyond expanding in length, long consonants add a schwa when preceding other consonants. For instance, compare /en.mitk/, written in Listuguj as enmitg ("flow away") with /en.nə.mit/, written in Listuguj as ennmit ("stick into"); or, /tox.tʃu.pi.la.wek/, written in Listuguj as toqju'pilaweg ("hoist"), with /ge.si.gaw.wek/, written in Listuguj as gesigawweg ("loud").
Listuguj orthography occasionally begins words with consonant clusters, such as with gta'n ("ocean") or mgumi ("ice"). However, such clusters are pronounced over separate syllables, with a schwa preceding the cluster: for instance, gta'n is pronounced /ək.ta:n/ while mgumi is pronounced /əm.ku.mi/. On the other hand, word-final clusters, such as in asigetg ("investigate") are pronounced over a single syllable: compare the pronunciation of asigetg, /a.si.getk/, with mest'g ("taste"), /mes.tək/.
Mi'kmaq uses free word order, based on emphasis rather than a traditionally fixed order of subjects, objects and verbs[clarification needed]. For instance, the sentence "I saw a moose standing right there on the hill" could be stated "sapmi'k ala nemaqt'k na tett ti'am kaqamit" (I saw him/there/on the hill/right-there/a moose/he was standing) or "sapmi'k ala ti'am nemaqt'k na tett kaqamit" (I saw him/there/a moose/on the hill/right-there/he was standing); the latter sentence puts emphasis on the moose by placing ti'am (moose) earlier in the utterance. Further complicating matters is the fact that Mi'kmaq, as a polysynthetic language, has verbs which usually contain the sentence's subject and object: for instance, the aforementioned sapmi'k translates to "I saw him".
While it is thus difficult to classify Mi'kmaq under traditional word-order categories such as SVO or SOV, a more fixed aspect in the language comes in the morphology of its verbs. Certain areas of internal morphology of verbs in Mi'kmaq have regular placement: for instance, when the aspect of a verb is included, it appears as the first prefix, while the negative marker always appears directly after the verb root. An example for both of these instances can be seen in the Mi'kmaq verb kisipawnatqa'ti'w (kisi-paw-natq-a'ti-w), translated as "they cannot get out": the prefix kisi marks the verb as being in the completive aspect, whereas the negative marker, w, appears directly after the verb root a'ti ("the two move"). Unfortunately these solidly-placed elements of verbs are paired with markers that can appear throughout the word, depending again on emphasis; animacy in particular can appear fluidly throughout verbs. In short, while a few specific aspects of Mi'kmaq can be predicted, its syntax in general is largely free and dependent on context.
Writing system[edit]
Mi'kmaq-language stop sign in Elsipogtog First Nation
Mi'kmaq is written using a number of Latin alphabets based on ones devised by missionaries in the 19th century. Previously, the language was written in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially native origin. The Francis-Smith orthography used here was developed in 1974, and adopted as the official orthography of the Míkmaq Nation in 1980. It is the most widely used orthography, used by Nova Scotian Mikmaq and by the Míkmaq Grand Council. It is quite similar to the "Lexicon" orthography, differing from it only in its use of the straight apostrophe'or acute accent ' instead of the colon : to mark vowel length. When the Francis-Smith orthography was first developed, the straight apostrophe (often called a "tick") was the designated symbol for vowel length, however due to software applications incorrectly auto-correcting the tick to a curly apostrophe, a secondary means of indicating vowel length was formally accepted: the acute accent. The barred-i ɨ is sometimes replaced by the more common circumflex-i î. In Listuguj orthography, an apostrophe marks long vowels, and the letter g is used instead of the letter k. The 19th-century Pacifique orthography omits w and y, using o and i for these. It also ignores vowel length. The 19th-century orthography of Silas Tertius Rand is also given in the table below; this orthography is more complex than the table suggests, particularly as far as vowel quantity and quality is concerned.
Mi'kmaq orthographies
IPA a e i ə k l m n o p x s t u w j
Francis-Smith a a'/á e e'/é i i'/í ɨ j k l m n o o'/ó p q s t u u'/ú w y
Listuguj a a' e e' i i''j g l m n o o' p q s t u u' w y
Lexicon a a: e e: i i: ɨ j k l m n o o: p q s t u u: w y
Pacifique a e i tj g l m n ô p s t o
Rand ă a â ĕ ā ĭ e ŭ ch c k l m n ŏ o ō b h s d t ŏŏ oo u w y
Number system[edit]
1 newt
2 ta'pu
3 si'st
4 ne'w
5 na'n
6 as'gom
7 lluigneg
8 ugumuljin
9 pesgunateg
10 ne'wtisga'q
Mi'kmaq uses a decimal numeral system. Every multiple-digit number is formed by using one of the first nine numerals as a prefix or a preceding word, as seen in the number for ten, ne'wtisgaq, a combination of the prefix ne'wt - (derived from newt) and the root isga'q meaning ten (the pattern can be seen in tapuisga'q for 20, nesisga'q for 30, etc.) While 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 all use a single word containing a prefix, the tens between 60 and 90 use the numeral as a preceding word to a separate word meaning ten, te'sisga'q: for instance, 60 is written


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Eduard Dubin, Olesya V. Grishchenko, and Vasily Kartashov
Abstract: We study the asset pricing implications of a general equilibrium Lucas endowment economy inhabited by two agents with habit formation preferences. Preferences are modeled either as internal or external habits. We allow for agents' heterogeneity in relative risk aversion and habit strength. We explicitly compute aggregate prices, such as equity premium, equity volatility, Sharpe ratio, interest rate volatility, and asset holdings for both types of preferences. Equilibrium quantities are computed using a recently developed algorithm of Dumas and Lyasoff (2011), which is refined to capture time nonseparability induced by habit. We obtain that internal habits provide for a considerable improvement in obtaining aggregate asset pricing quantities consistent with historically observed magnitudes as opposed to ''catching up with Joneses" preferences.
Keywords: Consumption-based asset pricing models, external habit, internal habit, heterogeneity, time nonseparability, general equilibrium, recursive solutionFull paper (296 KB PDF) | Full paper (Screen Reader Version)