text:
Significance and Use
Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in all transportation vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contents to vibration inputs.
Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to package or product failure. Identification of critical frequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of these occurrences.
Vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, the confidence level may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment data. It is highly recommended that one understand the most common failures to one's products and packaging in distribution, and then attempt to replicate those failures in the laboratory. Once such replication is established, then that test can become the minimum necessary test for future packaged products to pass.
Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container, its interior packaging, means of closure, and contents. These tests allow analysis of the interaction of these components. Design modification to one or more of these components may be utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.
Methods A1 and A2, Repetitive Shock Tests, are suitable for tests of individual containers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle and may be suitable for tests of containers that might be subjected to repetitive shocks due to magnification of vibrations in unit loads or stacks.
Note 1—Methods A1 and A2 produce different vibration motions, and therefore, will generate different forces which may result in different damage modes and intensities. Results from these two methods may not correlate with one another.
Method B, Single Container Resonance Test, tests or determines the ability of an individual container and its interior packaging to protect the contents from transportation vibration, particularly when the container and its contents might exhibit resonant responses.
Note 2—Individual products that are palletized might be better tested using Method C.
Method C, Palletized Load, Unitized Load or Vertical Stack Resonance Test, covers the determination of the presence and the effects of resonance in palletized loads and multiple-unit stacked loads, and whether or not the strength of the containers is sufficient to withstand dynamic loads when stacked.
Any or all of these test methods may be employed, as determined by the appropriate performance specification, with test intensities, frequency ranges, and test durations as called for in the specification. Although these tests do not simulate the shipping environment, they are intended to create the damage-producing potential of the shipping environment. Results of any one of these methods may differ from the results of the others.
1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled shipping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container, with its interior packing and means of closure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection it provides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such as it experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitable for testing containers of any form, material, kind, design of interior packing, means of closure, and any size and weight. They are not intended for determining the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intended for tests of products in their operational configuration as other more suitable procedures are available for these purposes.,
1.2 The following methods appear:
Method A1—Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion).
Method A2—Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion).
Method B—Single Container Resonance Test.
Method C—Palletized Load, Unitized Load, or Vertical
Stack Resonance Test.
1.3 For testing of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) containing liquid hazardous materials, refer to Test Method D 7387.
1.4 These test methods fulfill the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 8318 and ISO 2247. The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for these methods.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods)
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
repetitive shock; resonance; shipping container; stack resonance; vibration; Repetitive shock; Resonances; Shipping containers/materials/applications; Shock test--shipping containers; Stack resonance; Vibration resistance; Vibration test--packaging/shipping materials;
ICS Number Code 55.040 (Packaging materials and accessories)
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the rows based on a condition by using filter transformation as in the following example.
Filter Image
We can group columns based on their values by using group by transformation as in the following example.
Group Image We can rename a column in DataFrame by using withColumnRenamed transformation.
Rename Image
Using SQL queries with DataFrames by using Spark SQL module
We can also use SQL queries to achieve the same things with DataFrames. Firstly, we should create temporary table by using createOrReplaceTempView method. We should give the name of temporary table as an argument to the method. Then, we can give any query we want to execute to SparkSession's sql method as an argument. Look at the following example.
Using SQL Image
Create RDD from external file
The second and most common way to create RDDs is from an external data set. To do this, we can use SparkContext's textFile method. In the following example, we use 5000_points.txt data set. To do this, we use path to data set as an argument to textFile method.
Create RDD Image
Create RDD Image 2
We can also further transform the splitted RDD to create a list of integers for the two columns.
Split RDD Image
Machine Learning with PySpark MLlib
PySpark MLlib is the Apache Spark's scalable machine learning library in Python consisting of common learning algorithms and utilities. We use K-means algorithm of MLlib library to cluster data in 5000_points.txt data set. First, we should define error method to calculate distance from every point to center of its clusters which the points belong to.
Machine Learning Image
We train the model with 4 different number of clusters from 13 to 16 and then calculate the error for all of them. As you see in the output, 16 clusters give minimum error. We retrain the model with the number of cluster with the smallest error. We then use clusterCenters attribute to see the center of all clusters.


text:
In addition to its widespread clinical use, the intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) is increasingly being employed as a tool to map the neural correlates of normal cognitive function as well as for developing neuroprosthetics. Despite recent advances, and unlike other established brain-mapping modalities (e.g. functional MRI, magnetoand electroencephalography), registering the iEEG with respect to neuroanatomy in individuals-and coregistering functional results across subjects-remains a significant challenge. Here we describe a method which coregisters high-resolution preoperative MRI with postoperative computerized tomography (CT) for the purpose of individualized functional mapping of both normal and pathological (e.g., interictal discharges and seizures) brain activity. Our method accurately (within 3mm, on average) localizes electrodes with respect to an individual's neuroanatomy. Furthermore, we outline a principled procedure for either volumetric or surface-based group analyses. We demonstrate our method in five patients with medically-intractable epilepsy undergoing invasive monitoring of the seizure focus prior to its surgical removal. The straight-forward application of this procedure to all types of intracranial electrodes, robustness to deformations in both skull and brain, and the ability to compare electrode locations across groups of patients makes this procedure an important tool for basic scientists as well as clinicians.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


September 13
Back to the Future Pro-Regression Technique
Regression to Cause Hypnosis
Question: You commented, "If you have time, you can amplify a negative feeling during a Future Pace and bridge back to where it's coming from. If not, make a note of it for the next session." Would you expand on that statement a bit? This sounds more detailed than what I have been doing. When future pacing, I usually have the client look back and see all the good decisions that they made in changing and then have them bring that knowledge back with them to the present. I have never amplified a negative feeling while placing them in the future. – Erick Lundin, CH
Everything we do after clearing an ISE is Future Pacing.
Some call this Age Progression.
We gather up all the changes in the Initial Sensitizing Event (ISE.)
We then we pace these changes forward through each Subsequent Sensitizing Event (SSE).
This allows us to do two things.
 1. Test the results
 2. Integrate changes
Pacing forward from the ISE through the SSEs allows you to test the results of the changes that occurred in the causal event. So, you can make sure that nothing remains of the problem.
Being thorough will result in lasting results for your clients and not merely temporary change.
If nothing remains of the problem, pacing forward through the SSEs encourages the Subconscious Mind to integrate all changes.
This makes all the changes available to the adult consciousness of the client.
This happens naturally through the process of growing the Child up into adulthood having those changes.
They become a part of the client's life experience (which is where all our programming comes from). So, what generally happens in a regression hypnotherapy session is as follows.
 1. Track back to the causal event (ISE).
 2. Resolve the negative thoughts and feelings trapped in the event.
 3. Test to ensure the event is clear.
 4. Gather up all the positive change that's occurred.
 5. Future Pace to carry these changes forward, testing and transforming SSEs.
 6. Integrate the accrued transformations into the client's present self (identity, circumstances, actions, etc.)
 7. Future Pace to test the results and instill a positive expectation for future.
The causal event itself doesn't change.
All we're changing are the thoughts and feelings associated with the event so that the client is no longer bothered by it.
The main difference that has occurred is that, Subconsciously, that event is finally over.
This means that the body-mind system can relax.
The client made it through. They're okay. So, there's no further need for the Subconscious Mind to dwell on it and generate the unwanted symptoms.
When the client is able to move through the ISE, just as it happened the first time, without feeling any emotional distress, the next step is to pace the Child forward into the next subsequent event (SSE). So you're moving the client forward in time along an imaginary set of tracks.
Linear time is a construct of the Conscious Mind, not the Subconscious Mind.
We use a linear process because it makes sense to the Conscious, Thinking Mind. That's where the change needs to occur. So, you are Future Pacing from the ISE. And you are creating a new timeline.
Some might say that you're building new neural pathways.
Using a linear timeline provides a sense of order which allows the Conscious Mind to find new meanings and make new decisions.
It also allows the client to transfer the benefits into their current life.
You can test the client's responses, and make adjustments as needed, to ensure a complete resolution of the problem.
This experience then compound all changes, making them more powerful.
When you pace forward from the ISE, the SSE should change.
This is a consequence of resolving the ISE.
What's changed in the ISE naturally ripples into subsequent events, changing them. So, they play out the way they would have, based on how the ISE was experienced.
Typically, what will happen is, either the situation in the SSE will play out the same way but the Child won't get triggered, or the situation in the SSE will be different.
It's possible that it never would have happened. So, things can play out very differently than they did the first time. For example, kids in the school yard don't reject the Child this time because the Child no longer perceives the situation as a threat.
Or the bullies in the schoolyard are still there, but this time, instead of freezing, the Child walks away or gets help.
Or the Child avoids a risky situation because she's no longer vulnerable to those things. She's "smarter" for having learned something in the ISE.
Or the Child is simply disinterested in the whole scenario and goes off to play.
Any change of this nature indicates that the changes made in the ISE have taken effect. This is what would have happened, had the client been able to make sense of things at that time.
Because the Child has changed, the Adult client has changed. As a result, s/he is now free to think, feel and act in a more resourceful way.
In a way, it's as if the ISE never occurred.
While the initial sensitizing event happened, and the Client can still remember it, the "sensitizing" effect has been extinguished.
The mis-perceptions and fears have been neutralized. So, the way the client remembers it is different, now.
There's no longer any emotional charge around the memory. This allows the memory to be shifted into long-term memory as "completed."
Memory is stored energetically, through emotion, and for the purpose of survival.
Think pain-pleasure motivation. So, over time, the memory will fade because it has no significance in the client's present life.
It no longer serves any purpose beyond what the client learned from it. And the SSE now reflects what would have happened had the client known, then, what she knows now.
In this scenario, the test has been passed.
This is when you want to compound the daylights out of the newer, better, more empowering thoughts and feelings and insights. So, as you move through each subsequent event, continue to reinforce all the changes.
This approach to future pacing is a process of accruing change.
The client is gathering experiences which reinforce a more resourceful state as they progress along their timeline, all the way up to being a Grownup in the chair.
Think of this as "bringing home" all those changes to the Adult client.
Sometimes there's a block.
When you pace forward from the ISE into a subsequent event, the client sometimes runs into difficulty. There's a block.
It might be some fear, or anxiety, or anger. But this is why we test.
Testing will tell you when there is something still calling for resolution.
If so, now you must decide. Depending on what comes up in that situation, and how much time you have left in the session, you need to decide on a course of action.
If the block is a recurrence of the original pattern, I would go back to the ISE and clear it there. That's the seed-planting event.
If it's a minor glitch, a little doubt, perhaps, I would address it in the SSE. I would then test the results in the next SSE.
Sometimes, you can shift things simply by reminding the Child about what s/he learned in the ISE. This can be enough to bring these new resources forward into the current situation.
Some new patterns just need to be practiced a few times to truly be owned.
If it's the same pattern, and there's still intensity to it, there could be another ISE that's feeding into the problem.
In this case, I would bring up the feeling and bridge back to an earlier time.
If you're short on time, wrap things up for next session.
Button the client up so that you can come back to the same event in the next session. Then, in the next session, begin with a review of the event to bring up the next layer and proceed from there.
As you move through the SSEs you are Future Pacing the Child.
When the ISE is totally clear, each SSE acts to reinforce the better-informed decisions made in the ISE.
As a result, the expectations for the future will change. And that's what's responsible for the symptoms.
The expectation – of self, others, the world, God, etc. – is a result of decisions made in the ISE.
Decisions form thoughts. And well-practiced thoughts become beliefs. A belief says, "this is how things work – this is what to expect."
The emotion connected to that belief is what makes it a self-fulfilling prophecy (we call it programming.)
As a result, the client thinks and feels and acts as if it were true because it has become a Subconscious "truth."
Compounding through the SSEs acts as a Convincer.
As you move through the SSE's you are compounding all the new responses.
These are better thoughts and feelings. So, the client gets an experience that helps her to realize that she has changed, that she does feel better.
NOW the client has proof that change has occurred.
This satisfies the Conscious Mind's need for reason. That's where the change needs to happen.
As a result, she feels more confident about


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iPhone App Reviews: Reiner Knizia's Monumental A Fun Cerebral Puzzler
Reiner Knizia's Monumental, yet another offering from the genius behind Robot Master, Roto, and Knights of Charlemagne, has been released by Conlan Rios in the app store. As usual, a clean interface mixed with "simple to learn, hard to master" rules is a recipe for a fun, cerebral puzzler.
Dr. Knizia's latest takes place in a Mayan setting, with a pair of 3 x 4 grids. A solid column separates the grids. This column fills with rectangular stones, which must be shuttled either left or right into the grids. Each stone has a distinct color and number of symbols upon its face. The goal is to fill rows on either side of the center column that match as many distinctive features as possible. Ideally, you would want to have three red stones with one bird on each, for example. This would earn an excellent score for matching colors, symbols, and number of symbols. Of course, it will be rare to match across all three elements. If you can place stones with the same symbols in a row, even if these are a blue, red, and yellow stone, or two stones with two birds and one stone with three birds, these still qualify as symbol matches. You also score points if you match an identical pair in a row, regardless of what is contained on the third stone. Broken stones without symbols will appear, too. These can only match by color.
When you slide a stone left or right, it must go to the end of the row. There is no scoring or bonuses for anything matching in columns. When a stone is moved, all stones above it drop down one row. Therefore, once a stone reaches the bottom of the center column, it has no where to go but in either side of the bottom row. Planning ahead is key to avoid being stuck having to place stones in certain spots. There is but one way to "fix" a mistake such as this. You'll notice a small jeep in the bottom left corner of the screen. Each move propels the jeep a small step closer to its base camp. When it reaches base camp, you are rewarded with a stick of dynamite. This dynamite can be dragged onto any one stone, blowing it up and removing it from the board. This dynamite can be used right away or saved for later use. You can even have more than one bundle in your inventory at the same time.
As you progress further into the game, more colors and symbols will appear, as well as greater numbers of symbols on some stones. This greater variety typically serves to make matching more difficult, requiring even greater care in the placement of stones. When a row of three is completed, it will indicate its point total, but will not add it to your overall score just yet. Rows remain uncleared until the bottom row on both sides is full. That full row will be cleared and any others in sequence above it until there is an empty row or a row that is not completely filled. As rows are cleared, their scores are added to your overall score. If the entire bottom row does not incur any points, the result will depend on the game mode that you are playing.
Monumental offers two modes of play: Challenge and Action. Challenge is untimed, allowing you to carefully plan your moves. The trade-off is that as soon as neither side of the bottom row scores points, the game ends. Action mode is a bit more lenient, but you are timed, limiting your ability to plan your moves. The face of the Mayan god at the top of the screen is surrounded by lighted dots and a timer in the upper right corner is drained while you decide which stone to move. Moving the first stone starts the time, and moving any subsequent stone resets the timer. If the timer runs out, one of the lights around the Mayan god is extinguished. Failing to match stones in the bottom row extinguishes multiple dots. Once all of the dots have gone dark, the game ends.
The graphics are appealing, with a great Mayan theme and bright colors. The sounds add to the experience, with cool gong noises and other effects occurring during the course of play. Music from your own library can be played as an alternative. Controls are simple, utilizing dragging to accomplish your goal. There is a quick how-to-play section in the form of a few pages of an explorer's journal. As with many Reiner Knizia games, the explanations often sound confusing. Everything tends to click within the first couple minutes of playing, so have no fear if you have had trouble following along.
There are local leaderboards, as well as country-specific and global leaderboards to which you can submit your scores. These, along with intelligent, addictive gameplay, add to the replay value of the game. The game also autosaves and allows you to resume your last game, making for easy pick-up-and-play. Monumental will set you back $1.99, a fair price for this 5-Dimple strategic puzzler.
Reiner Knizia's Monumental gets our AppSmile 5-Dimple rating:
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Resolving Individual Alarms - Veeam ONE Alarms Guide
Resolving Individual Alarms
In this article
 To resolve individual alarms:
 1. Open Veeam ONE Client.
 2. In the inventory pane, select the necessary object.
 3. In the information pane, open the Alarms tab.
 4. In the list of alarms, select one or more alarms and do either of the following:
 - Right-click the selection and choose Resolve from the shortcut menu.
 - In the Actions pane, click Resolve.
 Press and hold the [CRTL] or [SHIFT] key to select multiple alarms.
 1. In the Resolve Alarm window, specify a reason for changing the alarm status, or provide any other additional information.
 The message you specify will appear in the Comment field of the alarm history details, and in the email notification on resolved alarms. For details, see Viewing Alarm History and Notifications on Resolved Alarms.
 1. Click OK.


text:
Palace of HolyroodhouseEdit profile
Holyrood Palace is built beside the earlier Holyrood Abbey where Kings of Scotland were crowned. The abbey, the remains of which can still be seen (to the left of the Palace) was built by King David I in 1128. Much altered over the centuries, reroofing in 1758 with stone slab caused the vaulting to collapse ten years later. The abbey has been a ruin ever since.
In the 15th century, the Abbot's guest house became used by the Kings of Scotland as their Edinburgh residence in prefernce to Edinburgh castle which was deemed uncomfortable. In the 16th century it became the main Royal residence with the abbey becoming the Chapel Royal.
The Palace as we see it today, is a product of the late 17th century. It was rebuilt as a Viceregal Residence. The Palace has two eleborate gateways, one to the bottom of the Royal Mile and another leading towards Arthur's Seat. Still in use today, the Palace is open to the public and is the official residence in Scotland of Her Majesty The Queen. During The Queen's Holyrood week, which usually runs from the end of June to the beginning of July, Her Majesty carries out a wide range of official engagements in Scotland.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Upper limb recovery prediction after stroke rehabilitation based on regression method
- Publication Type:
- Conference Proceeding
- 2019, 21 pp. 380 - 384
- Issue Date:
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of a machine-learning algorithm using the Support Victor Machine Regression (SVMR) to predict the motor functional recovery of moderate post stroke patients during their rehabilitation program. To train the model, we used the recorded electromyography (EMG) signals from the upper limb muscles of the patients during their initial rehabilitation sessions. Then we tested the trained model to predict the later muscles performance of the patient during the same sessions. The results of this pilot study were promising; data were, to some extent, predictable. We believe such research direction could be essential to motivate the patient to complete the designed rehabilitation program and can assist the therapist to innovate proper rehabilitation menu for individual patients.
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text:
Agapanthus is bulb that produces alium like flower balls of clear blue in summer. Unfortunately it hasn't been winter hardy here - until now. Retired professional gardener John Bartlett has sucessfully tested the agapanthus variety 'Nikki' for winter hardiness in Milton in an exposed sunny area with heat retaining rocks in the soil. He grew the plants from seed from England. For more information, write John Barlett, 16 Burwell Road, West Roxbury, MA 02132.
Known as "lilies of the Nile" (though they're native to South Africa), the showy perennials in the genus Agapanthus have been avidly collected and grown since they were discovered by Dutch explorers in the 17th century. The few species in the genus have been hybridized intensively, yielding hundreds of interesting and dramatic cultivars. Despite their huge popularity among gardeners, however, they are not commonly used in New England because of their lack of winter hardiness.
Selected by R J Fulcher in 1998, 'Nikki' was named after his second daughter. It has deep blue flowers and has proved to be a very popular cultivar over the years in England.


text:
4-H Animal Science Needs Assessment Priorities
The 4-H Youth Animal Science Livestock Team has established priorities base on a priority setting model that divides issues into Low Difficulty, High Difficulty, Low Impact, and High Impact. The team will focus for the next year on the High Impact, Low Difficulty programming issues that follow.
High Impact, Low Difficulty Programming:
- Basic Production Livestock Practices:
- Basic Education for first time families and leaders including an activity for parents and youth that address the issue that the market animal is going to be processed for meat and that the animal will die.
- Helping leaders focus on life skills
- Focus showmanship as a life skills activity taught by teens.
- Quality Assurance…simplified version.
- Ownership and knowledge of real life animal prices
- Youth leaning marketing skills (and life skills) though their livestock project.
- Finishing techniques and feeds and feeding
- Fact sheet for junior livestock auctions about market floor prices, meat processors, packing plants (wholesale), and animal finishing feed lots.
- Marketing the 4-H livestock program to councils, fair boards, and associations as a life skills and career building program. (There appears to be a disconnect between the 4-H livestock program and some agriculture groups.)
- Contact/resources list of judges and animal science faculty
- On line livestock records that can be filled out on line and printed.
- Disease outbreak updates for youth audiences
- Public safety…hand washing, signage
- Fair education, Schools for judges and superintendents…encourage judges to participate in the "300" Extension livestock courses at WSU. Provide the Fairs Association a list of topics as QA and biosecurity that Extension Faculty could provide at the superintendent workshops, annual association meeting, and in the fair's newsletter.
- More online educational modules
- Face to Face livestock education programs at forum, district meetings and Program days
Low Impact, Low Difficulty programming:
- Information about local and/or accepted feed substitutes in including the value of grass feed cattle
- Showing grass fed cattle in 4-H classes.
- USDA harvest units for small animals…goats, poultry, rabbits (Oregon and WSU small farm group is working on this issue…we need to work with these groups.)
High Difficulty, High Impact Programming;
- Point person in each district to support animal science,
- QA train the trainers, and Master livestock advisors
WSU Football is partnering with 4-H on September 19!
WSU vs. Southern Methodist, Martin Stadium
Special reduced priced game tickets are available through the "group Ticket Window" until August 30, 2009. Sideline reserved Seats $27, End Zone Reserved Seats $13. For a flyer with ordering information go to _URL_
4-H will be recognized at the game and have a reserved cheering section. 4-Hers can also participate in an exceptional outing called "Future Cougar Day".
Future Cougar Day is a great way to learn more about WSU's world-class academics, experience the campus atmosphere, and, of course, cheer for the Cougars at a home football game.
Come to Pullman and campus on September 19, 2009 and be a part of the Cougar family for the day.
- Visit with faculty at the academic fair.
- Take a tour of campus.
- Learn more about academic areas that interest you.
- Enjoy a pre-game barbeque.
- Join in the traditional "Go Cougs!" cheer at a WSU home football game.
I encourage you to support 4-H and WSU by buying your tickets today. I'll see you there!
4-H Council Meeting Deadline Approaches
The deadline for recommendations to the Washington State 4-H Council is September 1, 2009. C0985, WA State 4-H Council Recommendation Form, may be ordered from WSU Extension Publishing and Printing by calling _PHONE_; or the form is available online at: _URL_
Recommendations are an important way for 4-H volunteers to suggest changes and improvements to the 4-H program. Recommendations should go through a process at the local county level to refine and approve them before being signed by County Council Presidents and 4-H staff.
Mail your completed and signed recommendations to:
WSU 401 Hulbert Hall
PO Box 626248
Pullman WA 99164-6248
This year's State 4-H Council Meeting will be held Sunday, October 18 at the Great Wolf Lodge, Grand Mound, as part of the State 4-H Forum, October 16-18. Watch for registration information online at: _URL_
The Council meeting is a chance for 4-H youth and volunteers to discuss issues critical to 4-H, suggest changes in the Washington State 4-H Youth Development Program, and elect representatives to the State 4-H Advisory Board and State 4-H Fair Board. All youth and adults may participate in the committee meetings. Registration material for the Council meeting will be included with the State 4-H Forum registration brochure. A complete agenda and copies of submitted recommendations and applications will be sent to county offices prior to the Council meeting.
The State 4-H Council Meeting is made up of 3 parts: district caucuses, committee meetings, and a general council session. During the district caucuses representatives are elected to the State 4-H Advisory Board and State 4-H Fair Board of Trustees. County-designated voting delegates will elect representatives from their own district. This is also an opportunity to discuss and plan district programming for the future.
The committee meetings are a chance to discuss recommendations from the counties for improvements to the 4-H program. If a committee doesn't have many recommendations or finishes early, it is a great chance to discuss project issues and plan for the upcoming 4-H year.
At the general session each of the committee actions on recommendations are accepted or rejected. The accepted recommendations then go on to the State 4-H Fair Board, State 4-H Advisory Board, statewide committees, or State 4-H Staff for approval. The State 4-H Program Director has final approval of all recommendations. In general, approved recommendations will be implemented October 1 of the following 4-H year.
Outstanding County Volunteer Awards
Each county may submit an outstanding volunteer to be honored at this years' Forum. Counties are encouraged to send a poster or display about the volunteer. Please submit the Outstanding County Leader form and electronic picture of the volunteer no later than September 15, 2009 to Joy Faerber at _EMAIL_. Forms can be found on the 4-H website at: _URL_
Once again this year the State 4-H Forum will feature both live and silent auctions. The live auction will take place on Saturday evening, October 17, 2009.
Be sure to fill out the form completely and mail or email it to the Grays Harbor County Extension Office. DO NOT mail the auction item to Grays Harbor County - bring it with you to the Forum. The Auction Form can be found on the State Forum website: _URL_
The auction is a great way to make money for your county 4-H program. The profits from the auction are divided between the 4-H entity that donated it and the State 4-H Advisory Board. More details about this division are on the donation form. Be sure to mail in your donation forms by September 30, 2009, so that your items may be included in the auction catalog.
APHIS Factsheet on County and State Fairs
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
This APHIS factsheet may be of assistance to you in approaching your county fair or perhaps planning for your 2010 fair.
MiTTNet Launch Successful!
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
The Managing in Tough Times resource directory, MiTTNet, officially launched July 30, 2009. The directory can be accessed at: _URL_. It is fully searchable and nearly 900 resources can be found in individual and family, farm and ranch, community, and youth topic areas. A national web conference to announce MiTTNet, to demonstrate the site and highlight its contents was held on July 30. For those who could not attend, the web conference can be viewed at: _URL_
To learn more about Managing in Tough Times contact Lyla Houglum at _EMAIL_, Jane Schuchardt at _EMAIL_, or Tom Coon, ECOP Programs Sub-Committee and Michigan State University Extension Director, _EMAIL_.
Job Opportunity, Iowa State University
--Submitted by Pat BoyEs
Iowa State University, one of the nation's leading land-grant universities, invites applications for the associate dean of the College of Human Sciences Extension and Outreach to Families and 4-H Youth Development.
Just a Reminder!
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Guess we have three functions, where one's result is being passed as second's input and so on. In this scenario how you will call all those functions? ( Share your thoughts on possible ways by commenting here 🤗 )
To call all functions in series or one by one, I've defined one simple function called pipe() which will take all functions as arguments in the same order of execution. And in return, it'll trigger left-to-right all functions in series by passing left one's result value to the right one's argument. Let me make it easy for you to explaining the snippet itself.
const pipe = (...fns) => fns.reduce((fn, g) => (...args) => g(fn(...args)));
As first, i've stored all functions arguments into array called fns by using spreading operator ( it's an concept of ES6 if you new to this word please check this first to learn in detail ) and in return i've called reduce method of array to execute every functions one by one and pass results one to another. And for same i've used again spreading operator to clone all results and passed it to current function. Let's use to know more it.
const add = (x, y) => x + y const square = (x) => x * x const display = (x) => console.log(x) const addNSquare = pipe(add, square, display); addNSquare(6,5) // 121 in console
Here, I've first defined three functions to add a number, to square number, and just display number into the console. where I needed to pass add the result as a square argument and square result to display argument. So next, I've defined a new function using pipe function and passed all three functions as an argument in the same order of execution I want. Now, I can call addNSquare() function with two values and it'll do it's the best job by executing all three functions in the order I passed functions as arguments.
This snippet helped me to call multi functions in series at many scenarios, so, I thought to share it with you guys too. I hope you liked my explanation (if yes, hit like ❤ button ) and if you found it informative then do follow from here because I'll learn and share every day.😋


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NLT Kids Slimline Bible, Matthew 7:8 Wisdom, Leatherlike
The new Kids Slimline Bibles in the New Living Translation were designed for kids ages 8-12. The presentation page, and cover create an overall theme.
The New Living Translation is an authoritative Bible translation, rendered faithfully into today's English from the ancient texts by 90 leading Bible scholars. The NLT's scholarship and clarity breathe life into even the most difficult-to-understand Bible passages—but even more powerful are stories of how people's lives are changing as the words speak directly to their hearts. That's why we call it "The Truth Made Clear."
- 53-page dictionary/concordance helping kids locate passages on various topics
- 8 pages of full-color maps
- Words of Jesus in red
- Ribbon marker
- 8-point text size
- 8.00" x 5.75"


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Click here for a free sample PDF
Pockets of Time is a reading comprehension activity which uses a hands-on, rather than fill in the blank, approach. For every chapter in a story, there is a set of flashcards with that chapter's main events on them. The flashcards are all color coded. All the student does is color the correct borders and then cut out the flashcards. These cards are to be placed into the pocket in the order they happened in the chapter. The color coded answer key makes checking the comprehension of the child as easy as a glance. The cards can be placed in the pockets as the story is read, or after finishing reading to help develop a longer retention period. We have Pockets of Time for a large assortment of elementary levels books.


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Circle station, and the D Line's Reservoir station)
- South Street
- Greycliff Road (to be closed temporarily)
- Boston College (at Lake Street, Brighton; serving Boston College)
The "Cleveland Circle" line is the second of the three lines that separate west of Kenmore. This line travels on the surface of Beacon Street through Brookline. The C Line stations are primarily named for the cross-streets of Beacon Street. These are a few of the notable ones:
- Coolidge Corner (Coolidge Corner, Brookline, Beacon and Harvard Streets)
- Washington Square (Washington Square, Brookline, Beacon and Washington Streets)
- Cleveland Circle (Cleveland Circle, Brighton, Beacon Street and Chestnut Hill Avenue; in easy walking distance of the B Line's Chestnut Hill Ave station, and the D Line's Reservoir station)
The "Highland Branch" is the third of the three lines that separate west of Kenmore. It is named for the Highland Branch railroad line from the 19th century upon whose right-of-way it was built. It travels parallel to and south of Beacon Street through Brookline and Newton.
The Newton Centre and Newton Highlands stations still feature classic station houses from the early 20th century. The Newton Centre station was renovated into shops in the 1980s, but the Newton Highlands station is not actively used.
- Fenway (near The Fenway, Boston, by the old Sears building)
- Longwood (Chapel and Longwood Streets, Brookline)
- Brookline Village (off Harvard and Washington Streets, and Route 9, Brookline)
- Brookline Hills (Cypress and Tappan Streets, Brookline, by the Brookline High School)
- Beaconsfield (Dean Road and Beacon Street, Brookline)
- Reservoir (Cleveland Circle, Brookline, named for the Chestnut Hill Reservoir; in easy walking distance of the B Line's Chestnut Hill Avenue station and the C Line's Cleveland Circle station)
- Chestnut Hill (Hammond Street near Middlesex Road and Route 9, Newton)
- Newton Centre (Newton Centre, Newton, near Beacon and Centre Streets)
- Newton Highlands (Lincoln and Walnut Streets, Newton)
- Eliot (Route 9, Lincoln Street and Meredith Avenue, Newton)
- Waban (Beacon Street at Waban Square, Newton)
- Woodland (Washington Street, Newton, serving the Newton-Wellesley Hospital )
- Riverside (Grove Street, Newton, exit 22 off I-95, named for the Charles River)
The "Arborway" line diverges from the other three lines just west of Copley. It travels mainly on the surface of Huntington Avenue, emerging from its subway just west of the Symphony Hall station.
- Prudential (Huntington Ave, Back Bay, Boston, serving the Prudential Center)
- Symphony (Massachusetts and Huntington Aves, Boston, serving Symphony Hall)
- Northeastern University (Huntington Ave and Opera Place, Boston, serving Northeastern University)
- Museum of Fine Arts (Huntington Ave and Ruggles St, Boston, serving the Museum of Fine Arts)
- Longwood Medical Area (Huntington and Longwood Ave, Boston)
- Brigham Circle (Huntington Ave and Francis Street, Boston; private right-of-way ends south of here)
- Fenwood Street (Huntington Ave and Fenwood Street, Boston)
- Mission Park (Huntington Ave and Mission Park, Boston)
- Riverway (South Huntington and Huntington Aves, Boston)
- Back of the Hill (South Huntington Ave, Boston)
- Heath Street (Heath Street, Boston)
Train service originally ran on the E Line beyond Heath Street to Arborway, but service was "temporarily" replaced in 1985 by the number 39 bus. Pursuant to environmental mitigation commitments made by the state regarding the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, service south of Heath Street is supposed to resume as soon as the tracks and overhead wiring are reconstructed and a sufficient number of low-floor streetcars are available to operate the service.
Older trains have a red diagonal line through the E on the rollsign, which dates from an early streetcar practice of using that to signify a short-turn route. Since the E with a slash is on the same panel as Heath Street, it must be used, even though the E has ended at Heath Street for a long time.
- Jonathan Belcher, "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA District, _PHONE_", Rollsign, November 28, 2003 ( - PDF)
- Flint, Anthony. "Mbta Halts Purchase of Green Line 'Lemons'." The Boston Globe December 12, 2004. ()
- A history of the Green Line
- MBTA official Green Line map
- Interactive Map (Unofficial)
- Operation manual for SLRV (Boeing) cars
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Client: City of Omaha
Location: Omaha, NE, United States
Completion date: 2003
Artwork budget: $1,200,000
Leo A Daly
Standing over 3-stories tall at 30 feet tall, "Labor" is currently the second largest labor monument in the country. The 271-ton design features the original ladles that were used in the Smelting Plant located at the same site as the monument. The massive design includes five larger-than-life 8-foot figures depicting hard work and dedication to this craft. This sculpture is showcased prominently as part of the newly developed riverfront in Omaha, Nebraska.
Chosen for his unique creative style and realism, Matthew combined realism and abstract concepts to create a spectacular work of art that is inspiring and motivational. Each of the figures, four men and one woman, have weathered expressions and hardened bodies from their daily arduous contributions to their family, community, and country. Incorporating the actual ladles from the original Smelting Plant was a challenge, as they were turned into a functional water feature to mimic their original use. In the colder seasons "Labor" still works as a stand-alone sculpture without running water.
Created from more than 39,000 pounds of steel and over 500,000 pounds of cement, this monument was built with the help of local cement masons, electricians, plumbers, steamfitters, laborers, carpenters, ironworkers, and operating engineers.


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Hawaii Teacher Requirements for Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists
The following information summarizes the requirements currently necessary to begin work in the public school system as an audiologist or speech-language pathologist.
This information has been collected by researching individual state department of education regulations and policy documents, state administrative code provisions and by contacting each state department of education. Please be advised that regulations and policy may change at any time, so always check with your state department of education for the most up-to-date information.
- Master's degree or its equivalent from an educational institution recognized by the Board of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists
- Evidence of eligibility for meeting the requirements of ASHA Certificate of Clinical Competence
- Passage of a written examination
Continuing Education Requirement
The information contained herein was collected and summarized annually. For detailed information on teacher certification requirements, contact the state department of education and visit these websites:
Board of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
Department of Education
Questions regarding state advocacy issues? Call ASHA at _PHONE_ and ask for the State Advocacy Team.


Detecting collision on lines which are on an angle
09-04-2001, 04:38 AM
I've got a program that generates random landscapes for my moon lander game
ive made a flat point etc to land on but my problem is detecting if the ship crashes into the lines that arnt the landing pad.
iam using an array of points that are joined up as lines
ive tried using gradients but i havent got that to work,
has anyone got some code or suggestions?
09-04-2001, 09:53 AM
I am assuming your landing ship is a picture box or an image made of a rectangle, correct?
Try this:
1. Each time you move the ship, calculate the location of the center point of the ship: (Left + Width)/2, (Top + Height) / 2
2. Determine a "radius" length from the center of your ship at which distance the ship would collide with an object. You can do a cheap estimate of this radius by taking the width or height of your ship (which ever is greater) and dividing by 2.
3. Loop through each point in your array of points to see if that point is within the radius distance from the center point of your ship. To calculate the distance between your ship's center point and a point on the landscape, use the Pythagorean Theorem (yes, there IS a use for school math!!). The Pythagorean Theorem is used to calculate the length between two different points. The formula is A-squared plus B-squared equals C-squared. Here's an example:
The ship's center point is at 50,50.
A point of land is at 60,60.
The ship's 'radius' is 10.
so, to compute (^2 means squared):
Distance^2 = (50-60)^2 + (50-60)^2
Distance^2 = 100+100
Distance^2 = 200
Distance is about 14
Thus, since the distance between the center of the ship and the point of land is about 14 (and 14 is greater than the ship's 'radius' of 10), there is no collision.
To do this in code, you could put something like this:
Dim Radius as Integer
Dim Distance as Single
Dim ShipX as Integer 'The X coordinate of the center of the ship
Dim ShipY as Integer 'The Y coordinate of the center of the ship
Dim LandX as Integer
Dim LandY as integer
ShipX = (Ship.Left + Ship.Width)/2
ShipY = (Ship.Top + Ship.Height)/2
LandX = TerrainPoint.X 'Or whatever you called your terrain point variable
LandY = TerrainPoint.Y
Radius = Ship.Height/2
Distance = Sqr((ShipX - LandX)^2 + (ShipY-LandY)^2)
if Distance <= Radius then
End if
I hope this helps.
09-05-2001, 10:00 AM
i dont quite understand how using the distant of the landscape between the ship will detect the collision
because i'll be using multiple lines and i want to be able to detect if the ship hits in between the lines
09-05-2001, 10:24 AM
This might be a complicated way to do it, but you could use the CreateRectRgn and CombineRgn API calls to create a region the shape of your terrain. Even if it is a bunch of angled lines, you could do it by approximating it into a large number of narrow rectangles and combining them together. Then you could use another function, whose name escapes me at the moment, to test whether or not a rectangle is within or touching the region. Something like "rectinrgn"....
Edit: RectInRegion....
"I have a plan so cunning you could put a tail on it and call it a weasel!" - Edmund BlackadderEdited by BillSoo on 09/05/01 12:18 PM.
09-05-2001, 10:29 AM
When you detect the distance between the landscape and the ship, all you're doing is calculating how close the ship is to the land. If the ship gets too close (i.e. the land comes in contact with the outer edge of the ship), then they collide.
If you're setting it up so that the ship flies between two lines, you could check to see if the ship is too close to one side, then check to see if it's too close to the other side. If it's too close to either side, there will be a collision.
09-06-2001, 08:26 AM
Billso i think your way is quite complicated
teric the problem using the distance betweent he two points is that if it is in the middle it wont detect it colliding as it thinks it will still detect it that much higher
hm i had a great idea yesterday but i forgot :)
09-06-2001, 09:00 AM
as it should only be the 2 bottom corners of your ship that would first hit the landscape you could use the GetPixel API to detect the colour of the pixel just offset of each corner, and if they are the colour of the landscape then you've got a hit
Private Declare Function GetPixel Lib "gdi32" (ByVal hdc As Long, ByVal X As Long, ByVal Y As Long) As Long
09-06-2001, 09:09 AM
Ah, I see what you're saying, andrewo. Yes, you're right--detecting the distance to just the end points of each line will not correctly detect collisions in some cases.
It looks like BillSoo's idea may be the best way to go. I would look into it.
09-06-2001, 11:37 AM
Yes it is complicated...but it's not that bad. And once it's done, it's easier to use.
Check out _URL_ for an example of a "skinned form". This is a form that conforms to any shape. It's done using this technique of combining strips of regions....
09-09-2001, 01:10 AM
it doesnt 100% work fast..but i just gotta rearrange my code abit to fix it and it sometimes detects the ship hitting the land a little bit over it but that must be some error i did typing
what i have got is
finding the equation of the line..represented as y=mx+b
and the ships x,y position
ok so to find the gradient of the line you got to have the two points
x1,y1 and x2,y2
you need the gradient(m) of the line first so to get the gradient you use (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
then you need the y-intercept(b)
you would use the equation
which is using the other working out:
b= y1-((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)*x)
so now you have the equation of the line
and to work out if the ship(a point) is above or below the terrain
you would put the ships x and y into the equation you worked out
y=mx+b or all together would be y= ((y2-y1)/(x2-x1))x +(y1-((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)*x))
Remember the 0,0 is at the top left hand of the screen
and x1,x2 are the two points of the line
so you write:
if y>= mx+b and x>x1 and x<2 then showcollision
sorta complicated but not really
and if you have lots of lines for your landscape you would use an array..heres an example of my code using an aray...
For i = 1 To 28
Pol.X = Ship.Left
Pol.Y = Ship.Top + Ship.Height
Pol.X1 = Points(i).X
Pol.X2 = Points(i + 1).X
Pol.Y1 = Points(i).Y
Pol.M = (Points(i + 1).Y - Points(i).Y) / (Points(i + 1).X - Points(i).X)
Pol.B = Pol.Y1 - (Pol.M * Pol.X)
If (Pol.Y >= Pol.M * Pol.X + Pol.B) And (Pol.X >= Pol.X1) And (Pol.X <= Pol.X2) Then showcollision
09-09-2001, 01:16 AM
hey thats a good idea Ad1
,checking if the colour of the bottom of the ship changes to the landscape..could you give me some example code, that would be more accurate then my current code
09-10-2001, 01:11 AM
i ended up working out how to use the getpixel method and it works great heres my code
For i = 0


How Many Left-Handed Presidents Has the US Had?
Herbert Hoover was the first known left-handed president.
The White House.
President James Garfield may have been either left-handed or ambidextrous.
Former President Harry Truman, who was left-handed.
Thomas Jefferson, who was ambidextrous.
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No one is entirely sure how many left-handed presidents the US has had, since there aren't really clear records before 1929. Of those presidents whose handedness is known, six were left-handed, including Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, and Harry Truman. Ronald Reagan was said to be ambidextrous, so if he is counted then half of the US presidents since 1929 have been left-handed.
In chronological order, the known left-handed presidents are: Herbert Hoover, Harry Truman, Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama. Other presidents who may have been ambidextrous or left-handed include Ronald Reagan, James Garfield, and Thomas Jefferson. If Reagan is counted as left-handed, then the United States was controlled by a left-handed president for 20 years from 1981 to 2001, which is unusual considering how rare left-handed people are in the general population.
There are some disputes about the list of left-handed presidents. Prior to the 20th century, left-handedness was regarded as a negative character trait, and it is possible that more presidents prior to the 20th century were left-handed, but they concealed that fact. "Retraining" of left-handed individuals was also very common well through the 20th century, with young children being forced to write with their right hands, even if their left hands were dominant.
Two of the presidents who could write with their left hands, Garfield and Reagan, experienced assassination attempts. Garfield probably would have survived if not for a series of mistakes on the part of his doctors, but he died after weeks of infection and misery. Reagan survived, as the bullet barely missed his heart. Truman and Ford were both vice presidents who succeeded to the office of the residency, after the death of President Roosevelt in 1945 and the resignation of President Nixon in 1974. Ford was the only president who never won a national election, as he was appointed to the office of the Vice-Presidency after Nixon's original running mate, Spiro Agnew, resigned from the office in disgrace after it came out that he took almost $30,000 US Dollars (USD) in bribes.
Given that an estimated seven to 10 percent of the population is left-handed, six out of 14 presidents since 1929 being left-handed is a pretty remarkable statistic, and a cause for pride among some members of the left-handed community. Left-handed individuals are supposedly more creative and articulate than their right-handed counterparts, due to differences in brain function, which may have something to do with the high number of left-handed presidents.
Discuss this Article
Post 9
Left handed people like me are very creative and have the ability to do a lot of things very well that right handed people cannot, like screw things into the wall or a window that is on the right side. Don't think so? See how difficult it is for you right handed people to put up a shade bracket on the right side of a window on the inside of the window frame. It's not as easy as you think, but then again, it's harder for us to do the left side. It's also easier for us to bowl. There are a lot of championship bowlers who are left handed. There are also a lot more successful artists who are left handed.
Post 7
I have a left-handed sister who fails to meet any stereotypical comments. She does absolutely nothing right-handed. By comparison, I a "righty," have over the years developed such a complete ambidexterity over the years, primarily to facilitate stroke recovery if necessary.
It's reached a point where I can now do certain things such as tying, washing dishes, etc. with my left hand without hesitating to make the choice. Despite all the changes I've failed to notice any hemispheric brain function except the growing satisfaction that post-stroke rehab won't be as big a chore.
Post 6
If Reagan was left handed, why did he write with his right hand and throw a baseball and football right handed? I saw him sign a lot of documents on tv and he always used his right hand and threw out the first pitch at baseball games right handed. Reagan may have had dexterity with his off hand that is very unusual, but he was clearly right handed, not left handed.
As for the comment that Reagan "was considered the best president the United States ever had", I don't think you would find one reputable historian in the entire country who would say that. Ever hear of Abraham Lincoln or the Roosevelts?
Post 3
Cupcake15-I know that many schools have difficulty finding left handed scissors.
They say that people that are left handed tend to have more logical reasoning ability which makes them good leaders.
President Ronald Reagan was left handed and was considered the best president that the United States ever had. Another accomplished left handed president was President Bill Clinton.
However, this theory does not always hold true because Herbert Hoover was also a left handed president and he failed miserably.
Post 2
Armas1313-Wow that sounds like a traumatic experience. I know that it could be difficult for left handed people to find comfort in using everyday things because most things are made for people that are right handed.
The exceptions of course are golf clubs and guitars. I have seen many left handed electric guitars also known as lefty guitars. They also have left handed basses and even have a left handed beginner guitar.
Lefthanded guitars are quite common as are golf clubs for left handed people. I think that when you try to change your manual dexterity and try to make the other hand dominant it can trigger problems with respect to your cognitive abilities.
Post 1
I have relatives who were educated in conservative Catholic elementary schools and forced to write with their right hands. The result of this forced change was a speech impediment of stuttering. The forced switch triggers a speech issue in the brain which can correct over time. Nevertheless, the resulting stuttering caused them a lot of ridicule and distress at an early age.
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Conservation Reserve
Gnangara Water Mound
Whiteman Park was established in order to protect the southern tip of the Gnangara Water Mound, a large underground water source that supplies drinking water for up to 60% of Perth.
The Gnangara Mound is Perth's largest source of groundwater, stretching from Gingin in the north, to the Swan River in the south.
Wetland and groundwater levels on the Gnangara Mound have been under considerable pressure in recent years due to a combination of the drying climate (less rainfall) limiting recharge of the mound, and extraction for irrigation and public water supply purposes.


text:
Last modified: 2013-03-26 by eugene ipavec
Keywords: kuwait | dhow | falcon | trapezoid |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
image by Željko Heimer
Horizontally divided green-white-red flag with a black trapezoid placed along the hoist. Flag adopted 07 Sep 1961 and officially hoisted 24 Nov 1961; coat of arms adopted in 1963. Used on land as the civil and state flag and at sea as the civil, state, and war ensign. Approximate color specifications (as given in Album des Pavillons [pay00]):
contributor unknown, 1998
"Kuwaiti flags came in all shapes and sizes from the establishment of Kuwait until 1961, when on gaining full independence the government decided to replace the old flag with a new design. This was promulgated by a law issued on 7/9/1961 (27 Rabi 1 1381 AH). The first article stipulated that Kuwait's national flag should consist of a horizontal rectangle which is twice as long as it is wide. This is divided into three equal horizontal stripes, the top one being green, the middle white and the bottom red, with the side next to the flag pole forming the base of a black trapezoid protruding into the stripes. The colors of the flag are derived from a poem by Safie Al-Deen Al-Hili."
Source: Kuwaiti Embassy in Japan, pages 1 and 2
Dov Gutterman, 01 Apr 1999 (relinked 2012)
The official explanation refers to the pan-Arab colours:
Another explanation says that white signifies honor, black stands for the sand whirled by Kuwaiti horsemen in the battle for freedom, green for the fields and red for gallantry.Source: Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of Arms [mch85]
Jarig Bakker, 21 Jul 1999
The colors of the Kuwaiti flag are an example of the use of the Pan-Arab colors used in the Arab revolt of World War I. According to the sources quoted there, the Pan-Arab colors represent the following:
image by Željko Heimer
Source: Album des Pavillons [pay00] and Law #26 on the flag.
from the website of the Kuwaiti embassy in Argentina
"The emblem of Kuwait consisted of 'a helmet with a falcon and two intersecting flags over it' until the middle of 1963, when the Council of Ministers decided to replace it with a new one. The present emblem of Kuwait is a falcon with outspread wings embracing a dhow (boom) sailing on blue and white waves. It is a symbol of Kuwait's maritime tradition."
Source: the Kuwait Information Center (website defunct)
The inscription is "Dawlat ul-Kuwait" (State of Kuwait).
Dov Gutterman, 21 Mar 2001


The Dorset Wildlife Trust in the United Kingdom announced that seahorses have once again been sighted off the coast of Dorset, suggesting that they are indeed alive and breeding contrary to what was initially believed that the sea creatures were already in decline.
Julie Hatcher, a member of the wildlife trust, spotted a female and male seahorse during a recent dive, describing the two sea creatures as large and in good condition.
Studland Bay is considered to be a vital habitat for both short-snouted spiny seahorses.
In 2008, both seahorse species were listed as threatened according to the Wildlife and Countryside Act.
A representative of the Dorset Wildlife Trust said that there was not enough information available that could help explain the lack of seahorse sightings in the seagrass meadows of Studland Bay in recent years.
The wildlife trust representative said that this could have been caused by the lack of people surveying for the sea creatures, or that the population of seahorses follow a cycle of boom and bust.
The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) has removed Studland Bay as a potential candidate to be included in the list of Marine Conservation Zones earlier this year.
In 2014, wildlife conservationists in the UK warned that the number of spiny seahorses spotted off the coast of Dorset has dwindled to just a single seahorse from what was once considered a thriving colony.
From the 40 individual seahorses previously observed by campaigners around Studland Bay back in 2008, the number has significantly dropped to only four seahorses in 2013.
Seahorse Trust director Neil Garrick-Maidment said that the isolated sighting of the sea creature was very sad and called the situation as the decline of a marine species.
Natural England, a non-departmental body of the British government responsible for the protection of the country's natural environment, said that it was difficult place the recent sighting of the spiny seahorse in context.
The meadows of seagrass located in Studland Bay have long served as the breeding ground for the protected spiny seahorse, which are known to grow to around eight inches in length.
The sighting of the lone seahorse was made by documentary film maker Andy Jackson.
Photo: Tim Sheerman-Chase | Flickr
ⓒ 2021 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.


Press Secretary Sean Spicer has been in the news because he said he chews and swallows 35 sticks a day.
By Kristin Canning
January 26, 2017
Credit: Getty Images
White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer's gum habit went viral this week, after a strange tidbit from a 2016 interview resurfaced on social media. Back in August, Spicer told the Washington Post that he chews and swallows 35 sticks of Orbit cinnamon gum a day(!)—before noon. As the factoid picked up steam, everyone's been speculating about whether it's actually safe to chew and ingest that much gum.
The short answer is no, says Roshini Rajapaksa, MD (who goes by Dr. Raj), Health's medical editor and gastroenterologist at New York University's Langone Medical Center. The issue isn't so much swallowing the gum (more on that later), but chewing and consuming high amounts of sorbitol, an artificial sweetener found in many sugar-free gums. (Sorbitol is the first ingredient in Orbit.) "Sorbitol can work as a laxative, and cause bloating and diarrhea," says Dr. Raj.
A 2008 report on two case studies published in the journal BMJ found that ingesting high amounts of sorbitol could cause chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and severe weight loss. One of the case study subjects was a 46-year-old man who was chewing 20 sticks of gum, and eating other foods with the sweetener.
In another small study published in the journal Gastroenterology in 1983, people began experiencing gas and bloating after consuming 10 grams of sorbitol, and cramps and diarrhea after 20 grams. (One stick of Orbit gum contains 2 grams of sorbitol.)
Poop problems aside, the sweetener does not cause any long-term damage to the intestines, says Dr. Raj. Sorbitol-related digestive issues are typically resolved when someone stops consuming the ingredient.
This doesn't mean Spicer is experiencing any gastrointestinal issues, Dr. Raj adds—sorbitol affects everyone differently. "Some people are more sensitive to it than others," she says. "It's not harmful if you're not experiencing any issues."
Whenever someone experiences unexplained gas, bloating, cramps, or diarrhea, Dr. Raj suggests cutting off sorbitol to see if it makes a difference. In addition to sugarless gum, sorbitol can be found in diet drinks, dried fruit, and sugarless candy. And, Dr. Raj says, people who are chronically bloated should avoid chewing gum altogether because it causes you to swallow extra air. "There can be a sort of double-whammy effect if you're chewing gum and it has sorbitol in it, so people who already have these issues should not be chewing gum."
There is one other relevant, though small, risk worth mentioning: If you swallow a large amount of gum every day, it could stick together and form a bezoar, which is a mass trapped in the gastrointestinal system that causes an obstruction, says Dr. Raj. But if you only swallow a stick of gum every once in a while, it's not a big concern: "It should pass around the same time as other foods, in one to three days."


text:
As space exploration continues to advance, so too do the risks involved for astronauts. While NASA takes every precaution to ensure the safety of its astronauts, accidents can still happen. That's why modern astronauts must secure life insurance before embarking on their missions.
But how exactly do they do that? In this article, we'll explore the unique challenges that modern astronauts face when it comes to securing life insurance, including the risks and costs involved. We'll also provide insights into the different types of life insurance available to astronauts, and offer tips on how to navigate the insurance process effectively.
Whether you're a space enthusiast or simply curious about the logistics of space travel, you'll gain a deeper understanding of the measures that astronauts take to protect themselves and their families while exploring the final frontier. So, if you're ready to learn more about how modern astronauts secure life insurance, let's dive in and get started!
Table of Contents
The Concept of Life Insurance for Astronauts
Life insurance is a contract between an individual and an insurance company that provides financial protection in the event of the insured's death. The policyholder pays a premium to the insurance company, and in return, the company agrees to pay a sum of money to the designated beneficiaries upon the policyholder's death.
For astronauts, life insurance is a critical consideration due to the inherent risks associated with spaceflight. These risks include the possibility of accidents, equipment failures, and exposure to radiation, among others. As a result, life insurance policies for astronauts are typically more expensive than those for the general population.
One of the unique challenges of providing life insurance for astronauts is the fact that they are often employed by government agencies, such as NASA. This means that their insurance coverage may be subject to specific regulations and restrictions.
In addition, the nature of spaceflight means that traditional life insurance policies may not provide adequate coverage. For example, a policy that only covers death due to natural causes may not be sufficient for an astronaut who is at risk of death from a myriad of other factors while in space.
To address these challenges, insurance companies and government agencies have developed specialized life insurance policies for astronauts. These policies typically provide coverage for a wide range of risks, including accidental death, disability, and illness. They may also include additional benefits, such as coverage for psychological counseling and rehabilitation services.
Challenges in Acquiring Life Insurance
Acquiring life insurance as an astronaut presents several challenges due to the nature of their profession. Astronauts are exposed to high-risk environments that can lead to injury or death. Insurance companies must evaluate the risks involved in insuring astronauts and determine appropriate premiums.
One of the main challenges in acquiring life insurance for astronauts is the limited number of insurance companies that offer coverage. The small pool of insurers that offer coverage for astronauts limits competition, which can lead to higher premiums. Additionally, the coverage offered by these companies may be limited, with exclusions for certain risks associated with spaceflight.
Another challenge is the difficulty in assessing the risks associated with spaceflight. The risks of spaceflight are complex and constantly evolving, making it challenging for insurers to accurately assess the risks involved. This can result in higher premiums or limited coverage for certain risks.
Finally, the high cost of spaceflight can also make it challenging for astronauts to obtain life insurance. The cost of spaceflight can be several million dollars, which can make it difficult for insurers to determine the appropriate coverage amount. This can lead to limited coverage or high premiums for astronauts.
Insurance Companies and Space Agencies' Collaboration
Insurance companies and space agencies have been collaborating to provide life insurance coverage for astronauts. These policies are designed to cover the risks associated with space travel, including accidents, illnesses, and death.
The collaboration between insurance companies and space agencies is crucial to ensure that astronauts have adequate coverage during their missions. The policies are tailored to the specific needs of each astronaut and take into account the risks associated with their mission.
Insurance companies work closely with space agencies to gather information about the mission, including the duration, destination, and potential risks. This information is used to determine the coverage needed for each astronaut and to calculate the premium for the policy.
Space agencies also play a role in ensuring that astronauts have access to life insurance coverage. They work with insurance companies to provide the necessary information and support to ensure that the policies are in place before the mission begins.
In some cases, space agencies may also provide their own life insurance coverage for astronauts. This coverage is designed to supplement the coverage provided by insurance companies and ensure that astronauts have adequate protection during their missions.
Government-Provided Insurance for Astronauts
Astronauts are exposed to a higher level of risk than the average person due to the nature of their job. Therefore, it is essential for them to have proper life insurance coverage. In addition to private insurance options, some governments have taken steps to provide insurance coverage for their astronauts.
NASA's Astronaut Insurance
NASA provides life insurance coverage for its astronauts through the Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance (FEGLI) program. This program is available to all federal employees, including astronauts. The coverage amount is based on the employee's salary, and the cost is shared between the employee and the government.
In addition to FEGLI, NASA also offers accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D) insurance to its astronauts. This coverage provides a lump sum payment to the astronaut or their beneficiaries in the event of an accidental death or dismemberment.
European Space Agency's Insurance
The European Space Agency (ESA) also provides insurance coverage for its astronauts. ESA's insurance program covers accidental death and disability, as well as medical expenses related to a space mission. The program also includes coverage for the astronaut's spouse and dependent children.
ESA's insurance program is provided through a consortium of insurance companies, and the cost is shared between the agency and the astronaut. The coverage amount varies depending on the mission and the astronaut's role.
Private Space Companies' Insurance Policies
Private space companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin have their own insurance policies to cover their astronauts. These policies are designed to cover the risks associated with space travel, including accidents, medical emergencies, and even death.
SpaceX's Insurance Policies
SpaceX has a comprehensive insurance policy that covers its astronauts during all phases of spaceflight, including launch, in-orbit operations, and re-entry. The policy covers accidental death and disability, medical expenses, and emergency medical evacuation.
The insurance policy is underwritten by a consortium of insurance companies led by Global Aerospace, a leading provider of aerospace insurance. The policy has a limit of $500 million, which is one of the highest in the industry.
Blue Origin's Insurance Policies
Blue Origin also has a comprehensive insurance policy that covers its astronauts. The policy covers accidental death and disability, medical expenses, and emergency medical evacuation.
The insurance policy is underwritten by a consortium of insurance companies led by AIG, a leading provider of aerospace insurance. The policy has a limit of $500 million, which is also one of the highest in the industry.
The Future of Life Insurance for Astronauts
As space exploration continues to expand, the need for life insurance for astronauts becomes increasingly important. With the risks involved in space travel, it is essential for astronauts to have coverage that protects them and their families in the event of an accident or death.
In the future, life insurance policies for astronauts may become more specialized and tailored to the unique risks associated with space travel. Insurance companies may consider factors such as the length of the mission, the type of spacecraft being used, and the astronaut's level of experience when determining coverage.
Additionally, advancements in technology may allow for more accurate risk assessments and personalized policies. For example, wearable technology and health monitoring systems could provide real-time data on an astronaut's health and well-being, which could be used to adjust coverage or premiums.
As private space companies continue to emerge, there may also be a shift towards commercial life insurance policies for astronauts. These policies could be offered as part of a benefits package or as a requirement for employment with a private space company.
Overall, the future of life insurance for astronauts is likely to be shaped by advancements in technology, changes in the space industry, and the evolving needs of astronauts and their families.


Community Education
Employee Training
The Human Performance Laboratory routinely helps local employers in their efforts to educate and encourage employees to make choices that will lead to healthier lifestyles. The topics of previous on-site training sessions include:
 1. Lower back exercises
 2. Safe lifting techniques
 3. Increasing one's physical activity level
 4. Blood pressure screening
 5. Assessment of body composition
 6. Home exercise programs
Some of the institutions at which on-site training sessions have been conducted include:
 1. St. Cloud State University
 2. Nahan Printing
 3. Electrolux
 4. Creative Memories
 5. District 742 Schools
 6. Health Partners of Central MN
Please contact us if you would like to schedule a training session.
Untitled Document


In Mixed letter coding type of questions, three or four complete messages are given in the coded language and the code for a particular word is asked. To analyse such codes, any two messages bearing a common word are picked up. The common code word will mean that word. Proceeding smilarly by picking up all possible combinations of two, the entire message can be analysed.
In a certain code, 'ile be pee' means 'roses are blue';'sik hee' means'red flowers' and 'pee mit hee' means 'flowers are vegetables'.
How is'red' written in that code?
A. hee
B. sik
C. be
D. Canont be determined
E. None of these
Answer: B. sik
In the second and third statements, the common code word is 'hee' and the common word is 'flowers'. So, 'hee' stands for 'flowers'.
Thus, in the second statement,'sik' stands for'red'.


Posted by: Sue Loh
I've been working with one of our customers the last couple of days, and found that there were a few handy tips for using the Platform Builder debugger with Windows CE that I knew and they didn't. So I am sharing them here.
Uninstantiated Breakpoints
If you've ever tried to set a breakpoint, but gotten the pink-color uninstantiated circle (indicating that the breakpoint is not yet set) instead of the maroon-color circle (indicating that the breakpoint is set), the problem might be something like this:
 - Wrong source file: The code you set a breakpoint in isn't actually running.
 - Bad source path mapping: The binaries and PDBs you use contain strings indicating where the source code came from. But those strings are inserted when they are compiled. If you are trying to set a breakpoint inside of code that Microsoft compiled, then the strings will indicate a location that does not exist on your machine. The "source path mapping" is a mapping from the locations that are compiled-in to the code (eg. c:\SomeMicrosoftBuildMachine\foo\...) to the corresponding locations on your machine (eg. D:\WINCE500\bar\...) If you have ever had Platform Builder ask you for a source location when you tried to set a breakpoint, it's probably a source path mapping question. If your source path mapping is wrong for the file you set the breakpoint in, or if PB gets confused about it somehow, then it may not understand properly that the code you're looking at is the code that's running on the device.
 - Bad symbols: The PDB files in your release directory don't match the EXEs or DLLs that are running on the device. Usually this results in the breakpoint being set in some random other location in the code.
 - Common issue #1: you built the.exe or.dll more
 recently than the.pdb. This can happen if you rebuild while debugging;
 Platform Builder will hold the.pdb open and the compiler won't be able to
 overwrite the.pdb. Fix by rebuilding while you are not debugging the
 - Common issue #2: you built the.pdb more recently than the.exe or
 .dll. Usually this happens if it's a file in ROM and you forgot to re-run
 makeimg. Or if you rebuilt the.exe/.dll but the old version is still
 running on the device.
 - At worst, all of these problems can be fixed by
 disconnecting from the device, rebuilding, re-running makeimg, and
 reconnecting. But as you get familiar with how the tools work you should be
 able to figure out quicker ways of working.
 - Optimizations: The code is optimized (= release build) and the source line with the pink breakpoint doesn't
 map to code the debugger understands. In this case you might have to switch to a disassembly window, examine the disassembly and place your breakpoint using that window. Or build a debug version of your code, so that the
 optimizations don't confuse the debugger.
 - Module not loaded: The breakpoint cannot be instantiated until the code is actually loaded. So if the DLL or EXE is not loaded, the breakpoint will stay pink. When the DLL or EXE is loaded it should become maroon.
 - Breakpoint is pending: The debugger only instantiates breakpoints while the device is stopped for debugging. Not while the device is running. Our debugger doesn't stop the device from running in order to add the breakpoint when you set it. Instead it waits until you break into the debugger before setting the breakpoint. PB also breaks into the debugger automatically for a very brief time whenever a DLL or EXE is loaded or unloaded. So you may find that the breakpoint becomes instantiated when that happens.
 - Debugger is not connected: Try running "s loaddbg" in the target control window. That will load debugger DLLs and connect the PB debugger. To run that, you will need: loaddbg.exe and kd.dll, and if present in your release directory you'll need hd.dll, osaxst0.dll and osaxst1.dll. You can also get the debugger to start automatically during boot if you make sure that the IMGNODEBUGGER flag is not set before you make a new image.
 - Flash ROM: You can't debug ROM. By that I mean, if your image is running directly from flash ROM, the debugger can't edit the ROM to insert your breakpoint. A breakpoint is just a replacement of the existing code with a call to stop in the debugger, so if the debugger can't edit the code it can't insert the breakpoint. You can debug if your image is running from RAM, or if your.dll or.exe is running from RAM (which is generally true if it's not in the MODULES section of ROM).
 - If the modules you are trying to debug are built with VS2005, there is a QFE to Platform Builder 5.0 to support VS2005 symbols. The update is in the 2005 update package at You can also just copy msobj71.dll into "Program Files\Windows CE Platform Builder\5.00\CEPB\BIN".
Breakpoints without source
You can set a breakpoint even if you don't have the source code to set it on. If you know the exact function name and module name you can use the breakpoint window to break on function entry. In the View menu, go to Debug Windows / Breakpoint List. You can also get there by clicking the "hand" icon on the debug toolbar or by hitting ALT + 9. In the breakpoint window, create a new breakpoint using this syntax:
 {,,modulename} function_name
That's an open curly-brace, two commas, module name, close curly-brace, function name. You can use this for EXEs or DLLs. For example:
 {,,nk.exe} SC_QueryPerformanceCounter
 {,,pm.dll} PlatformSetSystemPowerState
This syntax is not actually specific to breakpoints. It's just a way to tell the debugger that a symbol is specific to a module. For example if you want to look at a global variable in the Watch window, you can use this syntax there too. For example you could type {,,nk.exe}CurMSec in the Watch window to see that global variable inside the kernel.
By setting a breakpoint on a symbol instead of a source file line, you use only the PDBs to set the breakpoint. There is no dependency on having the right source file or source path mapping.
Don't just guess random function names when using this method though. OS APIs often have prefixes and postfixes that differ from their official names (eg. the implementation of CreateFile is FS_CreateFileW) and may be completely different (eg. for some reason the implementation of DeleteAndRenameFile is called FS_PrestoChangoFileName... I like that one :-) ). You can search the.map files in your release directory to get clues about what the API names are.
The other useful thing about the breakpoint window is that you can see if your breakpoint changes are pending. Like I mention above, if you set (or unset) a breakpoint while the target device is still running, the change will not occur until you stop in the debugger.
Other tips
If you have a bunch of breakpoints set you may notice that your device is running slower. Every time a DLL or EXE is loaded the debugger does work to figure out if it needs to instantiate a breakpoint inside the module. Unfortunately from my experience, deactivating the breakpoints does not help. I don't know why. You would have to completely delete the breakpoints in order to get back to normal speed. My advice is not to do that though. Delete breakpoints when you're totally done with them, but don't let debugger speed put you into the habit of setting & deleting breakpoints left and right. Slower speed is better than having to redo some debugging because you forgot to set something.
Happy debugging...
UPDATE Dec 9, 05: I added the "debugger is not connected" case above.
UPDATE Dec 4, 06: I added some more details to the "Bad Symbols" case and added the "Optimizations" and "Flash ROM" cases.
UPDATE Jan 5, 07: Added bullet about the QFE to support VS2005 symbols.
UPDATE Feb 14, 07: See also


text:
The Windows Sockets WSAAsyncGetHostByName function gets host information corresponding to a hostnameasynchronous version.
HANDLE WSAAsyncGetHostByName (
[in] The handle of the window which should receive a message when the
asynchronous request completes.
[in] The message to be received when the asynchronous request completes.
[in] A pointer to the null terminated name of the host.
[out] A pointer to the data area to receive the hostent data. Note that this must be larger than the size of a hostent structure.
This is because the data area supplied is used by Windows Sockets to contain not
only a hostent structure but any and all of the data which is referenced by
members of the hostent structure. It is recommended that you supply a buffer of
[in] The size of data area buf above.
This function is an asynchronous version of gethostbyname, and is used to retrieve host name and address information corresponding to a
hostname. Windows Sockets initiates the operation and returns to the caller
immediately, passing back an opaque "asynchronous task handle" which the
application can use to identify the operation. When the operation is completed, the
results (if any) are copied into the buffer provided by the caller and a message
is sent to the application's window.
When the asynchronous operation is complete the application's window hWnd receives message wMsg. The wParam argument contains the asynchronous task handle as returned by the original
function call. The high 16 bits of lParam contain any error code. The error code can be any error as defined in
WINSOCK2.H. An error code of zero indicates successful completion of the asynchronous
operation. On successful completion, the buffer supplied to the original
function call contains a hostent structure. To access the elements of this structure, the original buffer
address should be cast to a hostent structure pointer and accessed as appropriate.
Note that if the error code is WSAENOBUFS, it indicates that the size of the
buffer specified by buflen in the original call was too small to contain all the resultant information.
In this case, the low 16 bits of lParam contain the size of buffer required to supply ALL the requisite information.
If the application decides that the partial data is inadequate, it can reissue
the WSAAsyncGetHostByName function call with a buffer large enough to receive all the desired
information (that is, no smaller than the low 16 bits of lParam).
The error code and buffer length should be extracted from the lParam using the macros WSAGETASYNCERROR and WSAGETASYNCBUFLEN, defined in
_TAG_ WSAGETASYNCERROR(lParam) HIWORD(lParam)
_TAG_ WSAGETASYNCBUFLEN(lParam) LOWORD(lParam)
The use of these macros will maximize the portability of the source code for
WSAAsyncGetHostByName is guaranteed to resolve the string returned by a successful call to gethostname.
The return value specifies whether or not the asynchronous operation was
successfully initiated. Note that it does not imply success or failure of the
If the operation was successfully initiated, WSAAsyncGetHostByName returns a nonzero value of type HANDLE which is the asynchronous task handle
(not to be confused with a Windows HTASK) for the request. This value can be
used in two ways. It can be used to cancel the operation using WSACancelAsyncRequest. It can also be used to match up asynchronous operations and completion
messages, by examining the wParam message argument.
If the asynchronous operation could not be initiated, WSAAsyncGetHostByName returns a zero value, and a specific error number can be retrieved by calling WSAGetLastError.
The buffer supplied to this function is used by Windows Sockets to construct a hostent structure together with the contents of data areas referenced by members of
the same hostent structure. To avoid the WSAENOBUFS error noted above, the
application should provide a buffer of at least MAXGETHOSTSTRUCT bytes (as defined
The following error codes can be set when an application window receives a
message. As described above, they can be extracted from the lParam in the reply message using the WSAGETASYNCERROR macro.
| HWND hWnd,
| unsigned int wMsg,
| const char FAR * name,
| char FAR * buf,
| int buflen
The following errors can occur at the time of the function call, and indicate
that the asynchronous operation could not be initiated.
||The network subsystem has failed.
||Insufficient buffer space is available.
||name or buf is not in a valid part of the process address space.
||Authoritative Answer Host not found.
||Non-Authoritative Host not found, or SERVERFAIL.
||Nonrecoverable errors, FORMERR, REFUSED, NOTIMP.
||Valid name, no data record of requested type.
gethostbyname, hostent, WSACancelAsyncRequest
||A successful WSAStartup must occur before using this function.
||The network subsystem has failed.
||A blocking Windows Sockets 1.1 call is in progress, or the service provider is
still processing a callback function.
||The asynchronous operation cannot be scheduled at this time due to resource or
other constraints within the Windows Sockets implementation.
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text:
Dynamics of Piecewise Continuous Functions
Siddiqui, Sauleh Ahmad
MetadataShow full item record
In our paper, we explore the chaotic behavior of a class of piecewise continuous functions defined on an interval X in the real line. A function or curve is piecewise continuous if it is continuous at all but a finite number of points and the left and right hand side limits exist at those points. In particular we will be looking at the piecewise continuous function for which the pieces are affine. We will show that show that f is locally eventually onto, has dense periodic points, and has sensitive dependence on initial conditions. We also show that f is quasiconjugate to a shift map of finite type to prove that f is chaotic. While functions such as f are known to be chaotic through proofs developed by measure theory, our paper is unique in that we use topological dynamics to show f is chaotic. Future work may extend these results to other compact metric spaces and more general piecewise continuous functions.
Franklin and Marshall College Archives, Undergraduate Honors Thesis 2007
- F&M Theses Collection