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How to find an initial guess for an optimization
Nonlinear optimization routines enable you to find the values of variables that optimize an objective function of those variables. When you use a numerical optimization routine, you need to provide an initial guess, often called a "starting point" for the algorithm. Optimization routines iteratively improve the initial guess in an attempt to converge to an optimal solution. Consequently, the choice of a starting point determines how quickly the algorithm converges to a solution and—for functions with multiple local extrema—to which optimum the algorithm converges.
But how can you produce a "good" starting point for multivariate functions? Some analysts use a constant vector, such as a vector of all 0s or a vector of all 1s. Although this practice is widespread, this default initial guess might not converge to a global extremum. You can usually do better by choosing a starting point that is based on a few easy evaluations of the objective function.
I recently described how to use the EXPANDGRID function in SAS/IML software to construct a set of ordered k-tuples that are arranged on a uniformly spaced grid. By evaluating a function on a grid, you can visualize the function and determine a starting point for an optimization algorithm. This "evaluate on a grid" technique is sometimes called a "pre-search" technique. This article shows how to choose an initial guess when there are no constraints on the parameters of the objective function ("unconstrained optimization").
Defining objective functions in SAS/IML
To use the pre-search technique, you should write your objective function so that you can pass in a matrix. The columns of the matrix are the variables in the equation for the objective function. Each row of the matrix is a point at which to evaluate the function.
The NLP routines in SAS/IML will work even if your objective function evaluates only scalar values, but the pre-search technique is much more efficient if you write a vectorized function. To vectorize a function, use the elementwise multiplication operator (#) in your formulas. For example, if your objective function is g(x,y) = x2 + x*y + y2, define the following SAS/IML function:
proc iml;
start g(m);
 x = m[,1]; y = m[,2]; /* variables are columns of m */
 return( x##2 + x#y + y##2 ); /* use elementwise multiplication */
m = {0 0, /* test it: define three points in the domain of g */
 0 1,
 1 2};
z = g(m); /* one call evaluates g(x,y) at three points! */
By writing the function in a vectorized fashion, you can evaluate arbitrarily many points (rows of a matrix) with a single call.
Visualizing a function of two variables
There are several "test suites" of functions that are used to test optimization algorithms. One test function is called the "four-hump camel function" because it has four local maxima (from Dixon and Szego (1978), "The global optimization problem: an introduction"). Some people call it the "six-hump camel function" because it also has two local minima, but that's a misnomer. The camel function is a polynomial equation in two variables:
 f(x,y) = (4 - 2.1 x2 + x4 /3) x2 + xy + (-4 + 4 y2) y2
The following SAS/IML function defines the four-hump camel function, generates a uniform grid of points on the rectangle [–3, 3] x [–2, 2], and creates a rotating surface plot by using the RotatingPlot graph in the SAS/IML Studio application:
proc iml;
/* four-hump camel has two global maxima:
 p1 = {-0.08984201 0.71265640 };
 p2 = { 0.08984201 -0.71265640 }; */
start Camel(m);
 f = ( 4 - 2.1*x##2 + x##4 /3) # x##2 + x#y +
 (-4 + 4 *y##2) # y##2;
 return( -f ); /* return -f so that extrema are maxima */
m = ExpandGrid( do(-3, 3, 0.1), do(-2, 2, 0.1) ); /* SAS/IML 12.3 */
z = Camel(m);
/* In SAS/IML Studio, visualize surface with 3D rotating plot */
RotatingPlot.Create("Camel", m[,1], m[,2], z);
The surface plot is shown at the top of this article. It indicates that the function is fairly flat on top, but has small bumps that contain local maxima. By using the interactive graphics in SAS/IML Studio, it is easy to find the absolute maxima (there are two), or you can find the maxima programmatically by using the following statements:
optIndex = loc(z=max(z)); /* find maximum values of z */
optX = m[optIndex,]; /* corresponding (x,y) values */
print optX;
Prior to these computations, I had never seen the "camel function" before. I did not know where the maxima might be. However, by evaluating the function on a coarse grid of 2,500 points, I now know that if I want to find global maxima, I should look in a neighborhood of (–0.1, 0.7) and (0.1, –0.7). These would be good choices to use as starting points for an optimization algorithm.
Visualizing a function of three variables
Although it is harder to visualize a function of three variables (the graph is in four-dimensional space!), you can still get a feel for high and low values of a function. You can evaluate a function of three variables on a uniform grid and then color each point in the grid according to the functional value at that point. This generalizes the two-dimensional example that I wrote about in the article "Color scatter plot markers by values of a continuous variable." As an example, define the following quadratic function:
 Q(x,y,z) = –(x - 1.1)2 – (y - 2.2)2 – (z - 3.3)2
By inspection, the function Q(x,y,z) has a single global maximum at the point (1.1, 2.2, 3.3). The following statements evaluate the function on a 3-D grid of half integers:
start Q(x);
 return( -(x[,1] - 1.1)##2 - (x[,2] - 2.2)##2 - (x[,3] - 3.3)##2 );
m = ExpandGrid( do(0,5,0.5), do(0,5,0.5), do(0,5,0.5) );
f = Q(m);
optIndex = f[<:>]; /* find maximum values of Q */
optX = m[optIndex,]; /* corresponding (x,y,z) values */
print optX;
The result shows that (1, 2, 3.5) is the point on the grid for which the function is the largest. If you start a numerical optimization from that point, you will converge very quickly to the optimal solution. The 3-D scatter plot at the beginning of this section is a scatter plot of the grid, where each point has been colored according to the value of Q. The big blob of red indicates where the function is the largest. This graph crudely visualizes the function by showing where it is large and where it is small.
Finding an initial guess for an extremum
In theory, the pre-search technique works for any multivariate function. However, the size of the grid grows geometrically as the number of variables increases, so you will need to reduce the coarseness of the grid for functions of many variables. For example, if you use k grid points for each variable of a 10-dimensional function, then the grid will contain k10 points! Clearly, you should choose k to be small. If k = 5, then the grid contains 510 = 9.7 million points, which is large, but still computationally manageable. For functions with more than 15 variables, the pre-search technique on a "full factorial" grid becomes impractical.
Nevertheless, a coarse grid gives you more information than no grid at all, and a starting point based on the pre-search technique is usually superior to an arbitrary starting point. It is easy to implement the pre-search technique in the SAS/IML language, and you can often use it to provide a good initial guess to a nonlinear optimization routine.
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How to generate a grid of points in SAS
In many areas of statistics, it is convenient to be able to easily construct a uniform grid of points. You can use a grid of parameter values to visualize functions and to get a rough feel for how an objective function in an optimization problem depends on the parameters. And of course, grids are used to construct a full factorial design, which is an experimental design in which every setting of every factor appears with every setting of every other factor. I have previously blogged about how to generate two-dimensional grids in SAS, but this article describes how to generate grids with more dimensions.
In the SAS DATA step, you can


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Christianity is a religion of the image. What does the image seek to do? It attempts to show the Divine, and in this art becomes a pictorial theology and a meditation on the sacred.
Faith Underground: The Art of the Catacombs
A specifically Christian Art emerged hundreds of years after the Gospel Texts. Two hundred years after the birth of Christ. Christian art emerged underground in the catacombs, most notably in Rome. This particular class looks at faith underground. Participants are reminded that the art of the catacombs was not art for art's sake, but art for inspiration and instruction. Christians needed a reminder of the fundamental doctrines of their faith, especially the reassurance, in the face of persecution, that death was not the end.
In three two hour classes the following topics will be presented and discussed:
- Christians in Rome
- Death and Burial in Rome
- History of the Catacombs
- People of the Book
- Christian Iconography
- Frescos of Faith
- Faith in Stone

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Asian American community is the fastest growing minority in the United States and has a very significant impact on the U.S. economy. This means that as a business owner or C-level executive, you cannot afford to ignore this growing community, and more importantly, you should start thinking about positioning your marketing efforts in a way to attract potential customers in this segment of the whole American Market. Here are some of the main reasons why you should start creating tailor-made marketing campaigns to Asian Americans.
1. Fast Demographic Growth
Asian Americans are extremely diverse, coming from around 40 Asian countries, resulting in close to 6% of the entire American Population. From 2000 to 2010, the population of Asian Americans grew by roughly 46%, and that continues to grow. As they become a significant percentage of the entire U.S. population, there's no reasons for businesses not to engage in marketing activities especially targeted at this group of individuals.
2. Entrepreneurs and Business Owners
22% of the American startups valued at over $1 billion were founded by Asian Americans. They are entrepreneurs, inventors, and create jobs for other Americans in fast-growing companies and industries. According to the U.S. Census, between 2007 and 2012, businesses owned and operated by Asian Americans, grew by nearly 25%, and registered the highest growth of sales revenue (nearly 40%).
3. Highly Educated
Asian Americans tend to have a very high level of education. By norm, the Asian culture has work ethic and formal education as two very important pillars. 42% of all adults in this segment of the population have at a minimum a college degree, which is higher than any other group of the American population. Not to mention that they tend to score the highest GPAs both in high school and college.
4. Purchasing Power
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2014 the median Asian American wage was about $74,000 per year, this is over 30% more than that of a White American. They have the greatest purchasing power of the whole American Population, which means that they'll most definitely consume more, spend more money, invest more, this is all good for business.
If you're not tailoring your message to this hugely important segment of the American population you're definitely missing out. Asian Americans have the lowest rate of unemployment, great education and high purchasing power.
AAM Team
Content Manager at Asian American Media
Asian American Media is a media website with content about business, marketing, and the Asian American community. We bring you the best videos and articles on these topics from experts in their respective fields.
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text: The stop() action forces the process that fires the enabled probe to stop when it next leaves the kernel, as if stopped by a proc(4) action. The prun(1) utility may be used to resume a process that has been stopped by the stop() action. The stop() action can be used to stop a process at any DTrace probe point. This action can be used to capture a program in a particular state that would be difficult to achieve with a simple breakpoint, and then attach a traditional debugger like mdb(1) to the process. You can also use the gcore(1) utility to save the state of a stopped process in a core file for later analysis.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
One of the historical costs of paving has been the labor and material expenses to stake out the jobsite with pins and stringlines. This is an estimated expense of $1 per linear foot. If you begin utilizing Leica's 3D stringless paving, you can eliminate the pins, string, and most of the labor associated with setting them. Is it a good investment? Take a look at a real paving example below:
- Existing Job – Paving an 11-mile, 4-lane divided highway. This means you are paving 22 miles and setting 6 stringline set-ups with ramps.
- Setting stringline for a total of 696,960 linear feet.
- Estimated cost per linear foot for stringline is $1.00.
- Total estimated cost for setting stringline for ONE job is nearly $700,000.
For the cost of setting the stringline for one project, you can easily purchase, have installed and be trained on two mainline paving systems and have money left over. You will also be able to continually reuse the systems, reducing costs for future jobs.
There are also additional benefits to going stringless that should be considered that can positively impact your financials:
- Increase jobsite safety
- Improve project logistics
- Reduce time to complete the job
- Potentially a better ride quality
- Potential to obtain a higher percent of smooth-ride bonus
- Reduce material waste


text:
Oberon Carter and Neville Walsh
Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment, November 2006
ISBN 1 74152 342 7
About the plan
The Concave Pomaderris Pomaderris subplicata is listed as Vulnerable under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Threatened under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. The species is endemic to north-eastern Victoria, where there are only two wild populations containing about 220 plants. Major threats to populations include weed invasion, grazing and lack of regeneration, and accidental damage.
This national Recovery Plan for P. subplicata details the species' distribution and biology, conservation status, threats, and recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure its long-term survival.


Tag Archives: Kompromat meaning
Kompromat, and polezni durak
The Kremlin / Wikimedia Commons
The Kremlin / Wikimedia Commons
Kompromat (Russian: компромат; short for компрометирующий материал, literally "compromising material") is the Russian term for compromising materials about a politician or other public figure. Such materials can be used to create negative publicity, for blackmail, or for ensuring loyalty.
Will kompromat be 2017's word of the year?
And while we're on the subject of Russian turns-of-phrase: a "polezni durak" is how Michael Hayden, a former head of both the CIA and NSA, has described President-elect Donald Trump. Translation: a "useful fool." This term (полезный дурак, tr. polezni durak) has been attributed to Lenin by some Russian writers (e.g. Vladimir Bukovsky in 1984) and Western commentators. However, in 1987 American journalist William Safire noted that a Library of Congress librarian hadn't been able to find the phrase in Lenin's works. The book They Never Said It also suggests the attribution is false.


Explore BrainMass
Japan vs United States: marketing environments
Select a non English speaking country other than one in North America. Compare and contrast marketing in Japan and in the United States. Plus be sure to analyze the marketing environments of each country including, but not limited to cultural, political, legal, and economic influences.
Solution Preview
The response addresses the queries posted in 845 words with references.
//Before writing about the Compare and Contrast marketing in Japan and in the United States, it is essential to know about the economy of the two Countries. One should know about the exporting condition of these two Countries, which further will assist in performing the Comparison and contrast, in an effectual manner.//
Marketing is defined as the process of creating, pricing, distributing and promoting goods, services, individuals, places or ideas. (Kotler, 2000). Japan is turning to be a fast changing economy as far as its markets are concerned. Companies find it hard to enter Japanese market. In comparison, it is relatively easier to enter the US markets. Before 1990, Japan had an image of a prolific exporter but a reluctant importer. There are various trade barriers to check against the invasion of foreign companies. Japan has the world's second largest GDP even after facing recession in 1990's. This amounts to two third of the USA's GDP (Japan's Business Environment in the Globalizing Economy, 2008).
Japan is the number one exporter in production of cars, ships, robots and machine tools. Japanese markets have been very lucrative for investors. One of the most peculiar features of Japanese industry is that it has been protected by competition. For example, Finance industry was well protected by the government during recession. In the US, this kind of protection is not offered.
Marketing Environment can be defined as the sum total of...
Solution Summary
The response addresses the queries posted in 845 words with references.


Jewish Surrogacy
How Judaism influences Surrogacy and Egg Donation Arrangements
Q. How does Judiasm affect Surrogacy and Egg Donation situations?
A. Jewish Surrogacy and Egg Donation allows Jewish Intended Parents to use the services of a surrogate or egg donor to expand their families allowing the resulting child(ren) to be considered Jewish under Jewish Law.
Q. Why do Jewish Intended Parents need this type of service?
A. Many Jewish Intended Parents do not. However, many Jewish Intended Parents who are of the Orthodox faith, who live in the country of Israel absolutely need a Jewish Surrogate or egg donor, in order to follow the halachic views of their Rabbi or the faith.
Q. What is the reason for these views?
A. These views are guidelines for Jewish Intended Parents who want their future children considered Jewish in the eyes of the Jewish faith, without the need of conversion. As well, a child born Jewish reaps certain benefits of citizenship, in Israel. However, each Rabbi may have their own rules about using a surrogate or egg donor, based on their own individual interpretations of Jewish law.
Q. Give me an example of rules that may need to be followed by these Intended Parents.
A. Examples include:
1) A Surrogate/Egg Donor must be unmarried or married to a non-Jew.
2) A Surrogate/Egg Donor must be Jewish based on her mother being Jewish and her maternal grandmother being Jewish.
3) The egg donor must not be Jewish at all. (in some cases)
Q. How can we prove a surrogate or egg donor is Jewish?
A. It is helpful and sometimes important to have some type of documentation that the Surrogate or Egg donor is Jewish. Documents showing maiden names of the surrogate's mother and grandmother, Bat Mitzvah or baby naming documentation, the Donor/Surrogate's Parents' Ketubbah, can be very helpful.
Certification can be done by a national Beth Din organization. I can arrange ceritification with the Beth Din. Their charge is typically $100-$300. In some cases documentation is unavailable or no longer exists. In these cases we have to use maiden names in hope she can be certified or accepted by your Rabbi.
For some Rabbis, documentation is not necessary.
Q. How easy is it to find a Jewish surrogate or egg donor?
A. Unfortunately it is very difficult to find a Jewish Surrogate, especially an unmarried surrogate. The demand is significantly higher than the supply. It can take many months to a year to find a Jewish surrogate, if not longer. It is much easier to find a Jewish Egg Donor, but again the demand is much greater than the supply.
Q. How can Fertility Alternatives, Inc. help?
A. Fertility Alternatives specializes in Jewish matches. However, it takes time to find the right Jewish Surrogate or Egg Donor. Being Jewish myself, and experiencing first hand what it is like to be Surrogate and Egg donor, I am able to narrow down my search and recruiting options. I am also experienced in arranging Jewish certifications for the Carriers/Donors with the Beth Din of America and the Rabbinical Council of California.
It is important to me to find more Jewish women out there willing to help infertile couples and individuals.
Assisted Reproduction and Judaism
by Miryam Z. Wahrman, Ph.D


Review of John Q – Essay Sample
Home Essay Examples Movies Review of John Q – Essay...
John Q is an emotionally-packed movie that surrounds the unfortunate medical circumstances of John, played by Denzel Washington, and his son. The purpose of the film was to raise the many issues surrounding poor health care in the United States, and even less empathy from hospital administration and insurance companies. After John's son collapses at a baseball game, the doctors diagnose him as having a heart that is too large for his body and declare that he must receive an immediate transplant to survive. Quickly, the hospital administration informs John that his insurance plan does not cover such an operation and an immediate payment of $100,000 must be made just to get his son's name on the donor list. There are multiple issues surrounding the problems of John and his family, and through the use of cinematic techniques the director, Nick Cassavetes, brings these issues to life and sparks a national discussion on health care.
The movie contains multiple scenes of close-up camera shots, highly emotional scenes and the use of poignant music to emphasize the heightened emotions of the situation. In many scenes where John is speaking with his sick son, the camera is zoomed in to show the particular facial expressions of the characters. As the actors and actresses begin to shed emotional tears of fear and joy, the audience is able to experience the heightened emotional pull on the importance of the scene. The quality actors are able to act in a way that makes the audience believe in the magnitude of the situation. Washington convinces viewers as he immerses himself in the role and communicates an exceptional believability through communicating with the doctors, administrators and even his own wife. Finally, the director utilizes the power of music to express the heightened emotions surrounding the situation. For instance, in the first scene classical music is playing in the car of a woman as she performs dangerous turns in her car while driving. Quickly, the audience is able to understand that the woman's death has a higher purpose in the overall story and her imminent death is preceded by the poignant, emotional music.
The overall goal of the movie is to communicate the importance of health care reform and the problems surrounding the current health care system with employer-sponsored health insurance. Within the first half hour of the movie, the villain becomes clear: "it's all the fault of a healthcare system that caters to the rich and well-insured middle classes while denying quality care — or even life itself — to the uninsured and to poor people" (Lockard). This villain becomes magnified through the events of the plot; whereby, the employer has changed John's insurance plan without notification and the hospital administrators and doctors are unsympathetic towards the pleas of the family. Through the use of and excellently written screenplay, John Q is able to explain the goal of the movie. The audience is educated from the hospital administrator, played by Anne Heche, "that over forty million Americans do not have health insurance, and many more have inadequate insurance" that increases morbidity and mortality rates through insufficient health care (Lockard). Part of the goal of this movie has been to begin a strong nationwide discussion for changes in the health care system, including the potential of moving towards a universal health care system.
Many individuals place blame on the entire health care system in the United States as being flawed and based solely around putting more money in the pockets of doctors and medical or insurance companies, rather than providing quality health care. Some individuals even claim that if the United States had universal health care, such as the system found in the northern neighbors in Canada, John Q and millions of other individuals would not experience nearly the headaches and heartaches. Unfortunately, universal health are poses its own problems for John Q, as explained by John Vincent from the Objectivist Center. First of all, the Canadian government has total control over paying for the health care system and makes all decisions on the wait lists and treatments that can be provided to all people. In other words, similar care would have been provided to John Q and his son in Canada, and would have likely reached the same diagnosis. However, the government becomes responsible for placing his son on the donor list and the government also decides if and when the patient will receive the surgery (Vincent). Therefore, the financial problems for John Q and the insurance struggles would no longer be the concern, instead the Canadian government would become the villain and John Q's son may never receive his transplant, even with John Q's decision to take hostages – it is out of the control of hospital administrators and doctors.
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text:
American rabbi who on June 6, 2009, became the first female African American to be so ordained. Though the Reform and Conservative movements in Judaism had begun ordaining women rabbis in the 1970s and '80s, Stanton's ordination drew national attention to the growing number of African Americans converting to Judaism.
Stanton was raised as a Pentecostal Christian. She first became interested in Judaism as a child, when her family moved to a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood in Cleveland Heights. She converted to Reform Judaism in 1987 while a student at Colorado State University (CSU), where she earned a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1988. The unmarried Stanton, mother of an adopted daughter, was unusual among converts to Judaism, most of whom make the conversion for the sake of an upcoming marriage. Stanton then earned a master's degree in education from CSU in 1992 and received a professional counselor's license in 1998; she earned another master's degreein Hebrew lettersfrom Hebrew Union CollegeJewish Institute of Religion in 2009. Working as a psychotherapist in Aurora, Colo., she specialized in grief and loss counseling, often working with abused and neglected children. After the Columbine shootings in 1999, she counseled the grieving students.
In 2002 Stanton became a student at Hebrew Union CollegeJewish Institute of Religion, studying first in Jerusalem and then in Cincinnati, Ohio. While a student, she was assigned a summer internship for a Jewish congregation in Dothan, Ala. Although the arrival of a black rabbinical intern in a small Southern town at first created a stir, Stanton won over her congregation with her warmth and kindness. Following her ordination in June 2009, she became the spiritual leader at Congregation Bayt Shalom in Greenville, N.C., a predominately white congregation affiliated with both the Conservative and Reform movements.


How to Query into RDS MySQL Using AWS Lambda
Lab Details
 1. This lab walks you through the creation of an RDS MySQL Database, creating a table and inserting some values using MySQL Workbench. Now we will create a Lambda function and write MySQL queries to read and write data into the database.
 2. Duration: 60 minutes
 3. AWS Region: US East (N. Virginia)
 1. For testing this lab, it is necessary to download the MySql GUI Tool, To download it, go to the Download MySQL Workbench page. Based on your OS, select the respective option under Generally Available (GA) Releases. Download and Install.
Task Details
 1. Login to AWS Management Console
 2. Create a security group for RDS Instance
 3. Create an IAM Role
 4. Create RDS Database Instance
 5. Connect to the RDS instance using MySQL Workbench
 6. Create a Lambda function
 7. View the Table data in Lambda
 8. Insert values to RDS from Lambda
Architecture Diagram
Step 1 : Login to My-Account


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grant, Sir Patrick
GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804–1895), British field marshal, was the second son of Major John Grant, 97th Foot, of Auchterblair, Inverness-shire, where he was born on the 11th of September 1804. He entered the Bengal native infantry as ensign in 1820, and became captain in 1832. He served in Oudh from 1834 to 1838, and raised the Hariana Light Infantry. Employed in the adjutant-general's department of the Bengal army from 1838 until 1854, he became adjutant-general in 1846. He served under Sir Hugh Gough at the battle of Maharajpore in 1843, winning a brevet majority, was adjutant-general of the army at the battles of Moodkee in 1845 (twice severely wounded), and of Ferozshah and Sobraon in 1846, receiving the C.B. and the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the battles of Chillianwala and Gujarat in 1849, gaining further promotion, and was appointed aide-de-camp to the queen. He served also in Kohat in 1851 under Sir Charles Napier. Promoted major-general in 1854, he was commander-in-chief of the Madras army from 1856 to 1861. He was made K.C.B. in 1857, and on General Anson's death was summoned to Calcutta to take supreme command of the army in India. From Calcutta he directed the operations against the mutineers, sending forces under Havelock and Outram for the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow, until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell from England as commander-in-chief, when he returned to Madras. On leaving India in 1861 he was decorated with the G.C.B. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1862, was governor of Malta from 1867 to 1872, was made G.C.M.G. in 1868, promoted general in 1870, field marshal in 1874 and colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and gold-stick-in-waiting to the queen in 1885. He married as his second wife, in 1844, Frances Maria, daughter of Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord) Gough. He was governor of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, from 1874 until his death there on the 28th of March 1895.


Different Areas, Times, People, Truths
 1. Churchwork
 Over the two thousand years of church history, various churches have been raised up at different times. This we may call the cause of time. Then as churches have been formed in different areas, area has become a cause. Also, with the raising up of different human instruments used in the planting of churches, people have become a cause. In addition to these three causes of time, area, and person, there is further the cause of emphasis on a particular truth in the Bible. The Word of God contains so many aspects of truth that people tend to establish churches based on one special truth. Maybe in a certain area there arises a special need and someone comes forth with a particular emphasis on one aspect of truth.
Results 1 to 1 of 1


text:
Salina South High School730 E Magnolia Rd
Salina, KS 67401
Design Achievement – DLR Group's design for the additions and renovations at Salina South High School responds to the District's goals of creating an engaged learner through flexible and adaptable spaces in a safe and secure environment. The design includes two major classroom wings and an auxiliary gymnasium, along with an improved new main entrance to the high school. The school is organized around two distinct learning environments – one centered on the Humanities and one centered around STEM. CTE courses are dispersed between the two learning environments to reinforce the connection between the core curriculum and the advanced CTE curriculum. Large sliding doors further increase the connection between spaces and create a highly flexible and collaborative environment. The commons and media center link the two learning environments together and become a hub for activity within the school.
Scope Summary - The 275,000 SF high school accommodates 1,477 students in two distinct learning environments centered around Humanities and STEM. The organization within each learning environment reinforces the overall building concepts of flexibility and collaboration. Each learning environment contains CTE courses adjacent to the core curriculum spaces. These CTE courses offer high visibility from the circulation space to showcase and enhance awareness of the rigorous coursework happening within and enhance the learning environment and academic interaction for students. Collaboration space is located centrally in the learning environments connecting to both the learning environments and CTE courses. The student commons connects the existing performing arts and athletic spaces, allowing the commons to be a preand post-function space for public events and activities. DLR Group provided architecture, engineering and interior design services for this project.


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Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy
Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy by Jose Antonio Cheibub
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US$ 24.00
This book addresses the following question: why are presidential democracies more likely to break down than parliamentary ones? Conventional wisdom among political scientists pointS to the incentives generated by the form of government itself; the independence of the executive and legislature that defines presidentialism generates incentives that are not conducive to the consolidation of democracy. On the basis of a data set that covers all democracies between 1946 and 2002, this book demonstrates that this is not the case: the incentives generated by presidentialism are as conducive to the consolidation of democracy as the ones generated by parliamentarism. The book argues that what kills presidentialism is the fact that it exists in countries where democracies of any type are not likely to survive. This book will be of interest to academic researchers, graduates and advanced undergraduates enrolled in courses on comparative politics and political economy.
Cambridge University Press; November 2006
222 pages; ISBN 9780511254727
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy
Author: Jose Antonio Cheibub
Buy, download and read Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy (eBook) by Jose Antonio Cheibub today!


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Matapa, also known as the empire of the Mwene Matapa; Matapa also spelled Mutapa, a Southern African empire ruled by a line of kings known as the Mwene Matapa. Matapa encompassed the territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, in what is now Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. It is associated with the historical site known as Great Zimbabwe.
Oral traditions ascribe the dynasty's foundation to Mbire, a semimythical ruler of the 14th century. His great-great-grandson Nyatsimba, who ruled in the late 15th century, was the actual creator of the empire. During his reign the centre of the state was shifted from Zimbabwe north to Mount Fura on the Zambezi River. In the 16th century the Matapa empire was invaded by the Portuguese, who moved in from the east coast beginning in the 1530s. When the reigning Mwene Matapa attempted to expel them in 1629, they deposed him and forced his successor to grant them extensive trading and mining privileges. By the late 17th century, the Matapa empire was overshadowed by the Rozwi empire of southwestern Rhodesia.


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Durham University Parent-Infant Sleep Lab, with support from La Leche League, NCT, and UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, has launched a new website – Infant Sleep Information Source, or ISIS.
The website has been designed to provide parents and health professionals with clear, evidence-based information on 'normal' sleep, defining normal as "what is biologically expected for humans". It is hoped that this will help both parents who want to make informed choices about how their baby sleeps, and health professionals whose role is to support parents.
The website project is funded by a grant from the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) 'Follow-on Fund' to facilitate and support the translation of research conducted by UK and overseas researchers on issues regarding infant sleep (e.g. development, environments, safety) into an online informational resource.
The site contains information on:
- Why babies sleep the way they do
- Sleep development
- Sleep training
- Different sleeping environments
- Coping at night
- Research evidence
Click here to visit the website.


mod_xbsunclock v1.0.1
3rd Dec 2016
SunClock is a novel clock. Rather than displaying the time since midnight, it displays the time since the last sunrise, and optionally time to the next sunset or sunrise.
Midnight as the start point for timing a new day is a bit arbitrary and doesn't easily relate to anything you can simply detect in the real world. Notionally 12 hours after the sun reaches its zenith in the sky - you could determine midday using a sextant or similar instrument and start a timer to count 12 hours from then. But midnight itself is not something you can directly observe.
Much more natural to use sunrise as the defining point for the start of a new day and then count time from that point.
Of course you can define sunrise in different ways, but at least it is something you can directly observe.
One consequence of this is that the length of the day varies slightly throughout the year, during spring when the sun rises earlier each day the length of the day will be slightly less than 24 hrs, correspondingly during autumn it will be a few minutes more than 24 hrs. The precise amount will depend on your latitude and the time of year.
As well as displaying the time since the last sunrise you can also optionally show the time until sunset, or since the sun set if it has already gone down.
You can also display the duration of the sun being up and down and the total length of the day between sunrises.
In addition you can display a count of days since the Winter Solstice or from the previous or until the next solstice or equinox. You can also display the calendar dates of the next four equinox & solstice events.
All of these options are shown in the example on the right. The simplest use just shows the hours, minutes and seconds since sunrise.
You need to set your latitude and longitude in the parameters (simple way to find the lat/long for any location is to drop a marker on Google Maps and copy down the numbers it gives you). You can also set various other options - additional text to be displayed in the module, layout options etc.
If you want to change the names used for the solstices, eg Alban Arthan for the winter solstice, then you can find them and edit in the language file (language/en-GB/en-GB.mod_sunclock.ini)
There is a style sheet (found after installation in media/mod_suntime/css/suntime.css). Classes in this sheet are prefixed with "sut_". Set the prefix to a space in the options to use any corresponding template class names, or to "xyz" to disable the style sheet. More simply you can override the style sheet colours in the module settings (Styling tab)
NB The time is updated by a javascipt window timer. Hence you can only display one instance of the module on a page or the 1 sec timer gets confused and the clocks get updated wrong.
v1.1.0 30th Dec 2016
Added solstice and equinox dates. Improved timing routines.
v1.0.0 8th Dec 2016
 First release version


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In the above noted case, a plaintiff was awarded considerably less than she had claimed for a whiplash injury. The judge, in deciding how much this whiplash case was worth, stated that she would have to "exercise caution" in assessing this claim. This injury, like in many whiplash claims, was not objective. As I've stated in previous posts, an objective injury is an injury that is physically observable in some way. Examples of objective injuries are visible cuts and bruises or x-rays showing broken bones. Although you can dispute how the plaintiff got those injuries; you cannot dispute that they exist. Soft tissue injuries, which are common in whiplash events, on the other hand, are not usually observable and you can dispute that they actually exist.
In coming to their final decision, judges will typically put more weight on the credibility of the plaintiff in cases without objective injuries. In this particular case, the judge cited problems with the plaintiff's credibility, as she had given inconsistent statements. Additionally, the judge also found an adverse inference against the plaintiff, as the plaintiff had not called their family doctor to provide evidence.
This case illustrates many of the common pitfalls in whiplash claims.


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vessel with a stem of 9ft (2.7m).
Based on the historical record, in particular the report of its sinking and abandonment, the location in which it was found, its dimensions, probable age, type of construction, probable schooner rig and a comparison with other lake schooners, the vessel was identified as Excelsior.
The schooner Excelsior was one of Lake Champlain's largest nineteenth century commercial sailing vessels. Brief glimpses into the schooner's 35 years of service on Lake Champlain are provided by sporadic newspaper accounts and its enrollment papers.
Excelsior was built in Willsboro, New York in 1850 (O/N 8092). Its enrollment documents describe it as a wooden vessel with one deck, two masts, a moulded bow, pain head and transom moulded stern. Its enrollment documents between 1870 and 1884 give her measurements as 87ft (26.5m) long, 25ft (7.6m) in beam and 7ft (2.1m) deep, while slightly larger measurements of 25.5ft (7.8m) in beam and 7.2ft (2.2m) deep are reported between 1868 and 1870.
Excelsior's first known enrollment was issued in April 1865 at Plattsburgh and surrendered there in May 1868 because of a change in ownership. The vessel's new owner was C.D. Landon of Whitehall, New York with O. Landon as the schooner's master. Excelsior's 1868 enrollment was surrendered at Plattsburgh in July 1870 because of a change in ownership. The next owner was W.T. Foote, with O. Landon continuing as its master. In 1872 Excelsior changed hands again with Rufus C. Landon of Whitehall as the owner and master. In 1879 another enrollment was issued because of a change in ownership and district change, however, Rufus Landon is still listed as the boat's owner. The port of hail is Whitehall, while the master is Henry Dupee. Excelsior's last enrollment was issued in 1884 and surrendered in Burlington the following year. The vessel was "abandoned as unfit for service." The schooner's last owner was Mary A. Kiernan, while Henry Dupee was still the master.
In addition to Excelsior's enrollment documents, researchers have located a number of newspaper accounts of the schooner's career.
Made first trip of the season between Burlington and Port Kent on 28 March 1860.
Made last trip of the season between Burlington and Port Kent on 21 January 1866.
The EXCELSIOR took advantage of a favorable wind, and started for Port Henry yesterday, carrying several large boilers for the iron company at that place.
The schooner Excelsior has gone into winter quarters at Plattsburgh. She was built at Willsboro Bay in 1853 by Captain Landon and is 110ft (33.55m) long and 28ft (8.5m) wide – one of the largest sailboats on the lake.
The schooner Excelsior, loaded with stone, made her last trip to Port Henry last week.
The old schooner EXCELSIOR, well known to many of our readers, is again engaged this season freighting limestone from Westport to the Cedar Point furnaces. She is one of the very oldest vessels on the lake, and is commanded by Capt. Dupry, who has been on board of her every season for 22 years.
The spars on the old schooner Excelsior, which was sunk at the mouth of the cove last fall, were removed yesterday. This was one of the largest schooners that used to ply on the lake.
For historical references and sources see:
Adam I. Kane, A. Peter Barranco, Joanne M. DellaSalla, Sarah E. Lyman and Christopher R. Sabick, Lake Champlain Underwater Cultural Resources Survey, Volume VIII: 2003 Results and Volume IX: 2004 Results. Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, 2007.
Adam Kane, Christopher Sabick and Sara Brigadier, Lake Champlain Underwater Cultural Resource Survey, Volume VI and Volume VII, Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, 2003.


- The Redeye
Should Pilots be Allowed to Sleep on the Flight?
Do you get enough sleep?
Picture this: You're soaring through the atmosphere. You get on the mic to address the cabin and crew.
However, instead of your normal message, you end up saying "This is your captain speaking. From dreamworld."
Startled, you wake up and realize it was just a dream. But you're really on a plane, and you're not going to get fired for sleeping.
Sound a bit farfetched? Well, pretty soon it may not be. Having unconscious pilots on board appears to be what the aviation industry needs to improve safety.
Why Pilots Need Naps
Pilot fatigue is a big deal. It can lead to minor issues, such as a change in disposition, to major life-threatening ones. Fatigue, in the general sense, is brought on by a poor sleep schedule. This can mean either an amount of sleep less than 8 hours or a simple lack of consistency in your schedule.
Additionally, pilots suffer from work fatigue, which is slightly different from regular fatigue. Work-related exhaustion comes from extended periods of work without a somewhat equivalent time off period.
Foregoing these important stretches of rest and relaxation can lead to a build of mental or emotional turmoil. And given enough time, this stress can cause any of the issues below.
Making poor decisions Not adapting quickly to a situation Missing situational cues Forgetting details....
These are not symptoms we want from pilots entrusted with the safety of so many.
Now, general and work-related fatigue are bad on their own, but pilots experience both on a semi-regular basis (i.e. working 12-hour shifts) in addition to a few other unique situations.
Captains and co-pilots often start their work day in one time zone and then end it in another. This leads to internal time zone variance. For example, pilots can clearly see it's 12:00 PM where they are. But that doesn't change the fact they physically feel like it's 1:00 AM.
The collective stress of all three types of fatigue has led to a call for "Controlled-Rest In Position" or CRIP.
What is CRIP?
To alleviate pilot fatigue, pilots may be allowed to nap during a flight for a short period of time. Specifically, pilots may be allowed CRIP for 40-minutes. Studies suggest this brief period of rest having positive results.
That said, there will be strict regulations associate with it such as those listed below.
Captains and co-pilots must tell each other about their intended nap before doing so Both must be awake a half hour before the landing Take 15 minutes to fully wake up before resuming work, unless it's an emergency CRIP is a humane and straightforward way to address pilot fatigue. Taking a 40-minute nap can provide the relief pilots desperately need. And the 15-minute grace period ensures pilots are able to get their bearings without rushing back to work.
Nevertheless, if the public does not understand why CRIP is important, they won't support the movement for more naps.
According to a survey conducted by Florida Institute of Technology, most consumers find the idea of an unconscious pilot frightening. That said, the test goes on to reveal people tend to feel better about the idea once they understand why CRIP is needed. Reducing pilot fatigue improves safety, even if sleeping pilots might be counterintuitive.
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5 Tips to Encourage and Retain Yogis
Students take a break from yoga for many reasons: travel, injuries, or maybe they just couldn't find the time to visit their mat for a few months. If you are working with a student that has recently come back from one of these breaks, you have a unique opportunity to help them fall back in love with yoga.
Hold space for each of these students with patience, kindness, and the following tips:
Find out what brought them back
If you are teaching private lessons, start off by asking the student what brought them back to the mat. What feelings are they looking for when they practice today? Is this different than what they were seeking the first time they began practicing? We all attend yoga classes for different reasons, and these reasons may change over the years. Even if you are familiar with the student and how they practiced in the past, be prepared to hold space and teach in a different way than before. Adjust your classes based on the student, not your past perception of the student.
Coming back to yoga after a hiatus can be a bumpy ride. Even if the student had years of practice under their belt, hitting them with a fast-paced vinyasa class filled with arm balances may do more harm than good. Start students off with extra props, restorative poses, and a slower flow so they can ease back into practice.
Hold space for each student, no matter where they are or have been in their practice. If you teach group classes, the best way you can get to know your students is to ask them about their practice before and after classes. Sometimes an extra support, even just asking how the person enjoyed the class, can be the final pull to bring someone back into a regular routine.
If the student left their practice due to an injury, check in after class about how they are feeling and if they had any issues during the practice. Offer specialized alternative movements so that the student can still practice, but ease into using areas that have been affected by an injury.
Students may have just left their practice due to time constraints or falling out of habit. If the student is still exploring their entry back into yoga, talk about alternative ways of practicing. If you offer classes at different times of the day or week, or have online resources, share these with your students. Help students figure out what is right for their practice and their lifestyle.
Remind your students that yoga is a journey…
…and that journey isn't always a straight line. Doing a headstand once does not guarantee that you will do a headstand twice. When we are out of practice, we may lose the ability to maintain our focus or hold certain poses. This doesn't make us "bad" yogis or less advanced students. Remind students that their past practice wasn't wasted or lost because they haven't been on their mat recently. What matters most is that they have arrived.
Ready, Set, Teach!
We have all been at a place in our lives where yoga was not our top priority, or even a thought in our minds. Be empathetic and remember to hold space as you discuss and teach yoga with students who are coming back to practice. Our dedication to sharing this practice in this moment is of the utmost importance.


Cambridge Universities 2019
Talk2tom; provides digital media marketing support services, publishes, and sells literature,both fiction and non fiction, mainly raising awareness of Mental Health Globally. Talk2Tom is a socially focussed enteprise.
According to the charity Mind, 1 in 4 people will experience a mental health related issue in a year.
In fact the below list (fig 1.1), most importantly gives us an idea of the types of issues that our employees, colleagues, customers, shareholders, children or other family members could be facing and perhaps you would never know.
Many people go to work, school, university everyday with a mental health issue, some of them not knowing that they have a mental health issue.
Our goal is to support, advocate and raise awareness around mental health in organisations, schools, universities, public services etc.
Primarily, we do this by our written works, both fiction and non fiction available from all major bookstores, Amazon, Itunes and Google Play.
Number of Mental Health issues per 100 people 2018 (Fig1.1)
Generalised Anxiety Disorder 5.9 in 100 people
Depression 3.3 in 100 people
Phobias 2.4 in 100 people
OCD 1.3 in 100 people
Panic Disorder 0.6 in 100 people
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 4.4 in 100 people
Mixed anxiety and depression 7.8 in 100 people
Psychotic Disorder 0.7 in 100 people
Bipolar Disorder 2 in 100 people
Antisocial personality disorder 3.3 in 100 people
Borderline personality disorder 2.4 in 100 people
Suicidal thoughts 20.6 in 100 people
Self harm 7.3 in 100 people
Source: Youtube


2.3. Radial Wavefunctions and Quantum Defects
In this tutorial we show how to access quantum defects and wavefunctions, which are used for the computation of matrix elements, using the Python API. Some aspects of this are discussed in Appendix A of the pairinteraction paper J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 50, 133001 (2017).
This feature is mostly used internally and therefore the interfaces are not so user-friendly.
Ahead of our Python code, we call an IPython magic function to make the output of plotting commands displayed inline within the notebook.
%matplotlib inline
Our code starts with loading the required modules for the computation. It is irrelevant whether we use the pireal or picomplex modules here, because we do not calculate any matrix elements.
# Arrays
import numpy as np
# Plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# pairinteraction :-)
from pairinteraction import pireal as pi
Keep in mind that pairinteraction is a Rydberg interaction calculator. All techniques presented below work well for the high-\(n\) states of Rydberg atoms, but fail miserably for low-lying states.
While the pairinteraction software normally uses the unit system described in the introduction, for the wavefunction it has proven advantageous to perform the calculation in atomic units, i.e. all units below are atomic units (in contrast to the presentation in Appendix A of the pairinteraction paper, where we use SI units throughout).
2.3.1. Coulomb wavefunctions
Using non-relativistic quantum defect theory it is possible to find radial wavefunctions. Therefore the Schrödinger equation is solved for a given energy eigenvalue, which results in modified radial wavefunctions with an effective (non-integer) quantum number \(n^*\). The derivation is discussed in more detail in M. J. Seaton, Reports on Progress in Physics 46, 167 (1983) (around equation 2.77).
\[r\;\Psi^{\text{rad}}_{n^*l}(r) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n^{*2} \Gamma(n^*+l+1) \Gamma(n^*-l)}} W_{n^*,l+1/2}\left( \frac{2 r}{n^*} \right).\]
where \(\Gamma(z)\) is the Gamma function and \(W_{k,m}(z)\) is the so-called Whittaker function. These wavefunctions are highly accurate for large distances and have the correct binding energy. You can access these wavefunctions in pairinteraction using the Whittaker class.
2.3.2. Numerov's method and model potentials Model potentials
Another method to determine the radial wavefunctions is by solving the Schrödinger equation numerically using an effective Coulomb potential. The so-called model potential is usually decomposed into three contributions
\[V_{\text{mod}}(r) = V_{\text{C}}(r) + V_{\text{P}}(r) + V_{\text{s.o.}}(r).\]
The first term is the charge contribution resulting from the charged core which is screened by the filled electron shells
\[% (18a) in Dalgarno1994 V_{\mathrm{C}}(r) = - \frac{1 + (Z-1)\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_1 r} - r(\alpha_3+\alpha_4 r)\mathrm{e}^{-\alpha_2 r}}{r},\]
with coefficients \(\alpha_{1,2,3,4}\) depending on the atomic species and the orbital angular momentum \(l\). These coefficients are provided with pairinteraction in an embedded database. It is possible to substitute these coefficients with your own at runtime.
For the core polarization, only the leading dipole term is considered, which results in:
\[V_{\mathrm{P}}(r) = -\frac{\alpha_d}{2 r^4} \left[ 1 - \mathrm{e}^{-(r/r_c)^6} \right].\]
Here, \(\alpha_d\) is again the core dipole polarizability and \(r_c\) is the effective core size, obtained by comparing the numerical solutions with the experimentally observed energy levels.
In addition to these two terms, we add an effective expression for the spin-orbit interaction
\[V_{\mathrm{s.o.}}(r > r_c) = \frac{2 \alpha}{r^3} \mathbf{l}\cdot\mathbf{s} = \frac{\alpha}{r^3} [j(j+1) - l(l+1) - s(s+1)].\]
where \(\alpha\approx1/137\) is the fine-structure constant. Numerov's method
Numerov's method can be used to solve differential equations of the form
\[\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2} + g(x) y(x) = 0.\]
The iterative solution can be achieved as follows:
\[y_{n+1} \left( 1 - \frac{h^2}{12} g_{n+1} \right) = \left( 2 + \frac{5 h^2}{6} g_{n} \right) y_{n} - \left( 1 - \frac{h^2}{12} g_{n-1} \right) y_{n-1} + \mathcal{O}(h^6).\]
where \(y_{n}=y(x_{n})\), \(g_{n}=g(x_{n})\), \(s_{n}=s(x_{n})\), and \(h=x_{n+1}-x_{n}\).
To save space it is useful to reduce the sampling towards large distances from the core as the periods of osciallations become longer and longer. To this end we introduce the square root scaling:
\[x = \sqrt{r} \;,\quad X^{\text{rad}}_{nlj}(x) = x^{3/2} \Psi^{\text{rad}}_{nlj}(r).\]
This scaling keeps the number of grid points between nodes of the wave function constant. In this scaling the \(g(r)\) in Numerov's method is given by
\[g(r) = \frac{(2 l + 1/2)(2 l + 3/2)}{r} + 8 r (V_{\text{mod}}(r) - E).\]
We integrate the equation from outside to inside. Since the wavefunction has to decay to zero at infinity we choose \(y_0 = 0\). Now depending on the number of nodes of wavefunction we decide whether to set \(y_1 = \pm\epsilon\), where \(\epsilon\) is a small number. As the inner cutoff we choose an augmented version of the classical turning point
\[r_{\text{min}} = n^2 - n \sqrt{n^2 - (l-1)^2}.\]
Other schemes for terminating the integration exist which are based on identifying nodes but for large \(n\) the augmented classical turning point works well and is easy to implement.
2.3.3. Quantum defects and model potential in pairinteraction
The model potentials and quantum defects are stored in a database which is shipped together with pairinteraction. For performance reasons it is baked into the binary so that it is available in memory at all times. The internal database can also be swapped out with a user-provided one at runtime.
To obtain the parameters from the database we use the QuantumDefect class.
qd = pi.QuantumDefect("Rb", 50, 0, 0.5)
The parameters of the model potentials can be accessed like member variables of the qd object. They have mnemonic names to mirror their meaning in the model potentials presented above.
print("Core polarizability: ac =",qd.ac)
print("Effective coulomb potential")
print(" Z =",qd.Z,"(core charge)")
print(" a1 =",qd.a1)
print(" a2 =",qd.a2)
print(" a3 =",qd.a3)
print(" a4 =",qd.a4)
print("Effective core radius: rc =",qd.rc)
Core polarizability: ac = 9.076
Effective coulomb potential
 Z = 37 (core charge)
 a1 = 3.69628474
 a2 = 1.64915255
 a3 = -9.86069196
 a4 = 0._PHONE_
Effective core radius: rc = 1.66242117
The effective principal quantum number in quantum defect theory is defined as series expansion
\[n^* = n - \delta_{nlj} \quad\text{with}\quad \delta_{nlj} = \delta_0 + \frac{\delta_2}{(n-\delta_0)^2} + \frac{\delta_4}{(n-\delta_0)^4} + \frac{\delta_6}{(n-\delta_0)^6}.\]
Similarly the effective energy eigenvalues are given as
\[E_{nlj} = - \frac{1}{2 R_\infty} \frac{R^*}{n^{*2}}.\]
The parameters \(\delta_{0,2,4,6,\dots}\) and \(R^*\


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Backups / Restore page consists of screenshots from the Backups/Restore Screen in Backup Bank WordPress Plugin.
This page gives an idea about the how to create and manage the following backups :
- Existing Backups : Existing Backups provides ability to manage the Existing Backup.
- Start Backup : Start taking Backup with different Backup Options & Compression Types.
- Schedule Backup : Schedule Backup can schedule backups to either run at a different time or to run repeatedly.
You can perform extra following actions in Existing Backups :
- Apply Button
- Start Backup
- Schedule Backup
- Purge Backups


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Elicitation of Diagnosis Strategy During Scanning Chest X-Rays from Eye Tracking Stimulated Retrospections
Authors: Hirotaka Aoki, Koji Morishita, Marie Takahashi, Rea Machida, Kousuke Hirata, Atsushi Kudoh, Tsuyoshi Shirai
Abstract: In the present paper, we apply a debriefing technique aided by eye movement recordings to elicitation of clinical reasoning processes during chest x-rays diagnosis. It can be expected that this technique allows us to obtain elaborated information regarding hidden cognitive processes compared to conventional verbal protocol approach. Two experiments where medical tasks of 20 medical doctors (10 majoring in radiology/ respiratology and 10 majoring in surgery/acute medicine) on diagnosis of chest x-rays images were recorded with a video camera and an eye tracking system were performed. In the first experiment, each one of 5 chest x-rays having four patterns of cancer, pneumonia, normal and others were shown. A participant was asked to make his/her diagnosis decisions about whether each of chest x-rays. Immediately afterwards, a debriefing where each eye tracking recording was used as a cue to verbalize the participant's implicit diagnosis processes was conducted. In the second experiment, a comparative diagnosis on the current patient's status was carried out. Five pairs of x-rays images were shown to each participant. In each pair, one was a current image and the other one was an image taken a year ago. The participant examined the current patient's status by identifying small changes with time. The debriefing stimulated by eye movement recordings was performed just after the task. Based on the verbal protocols form the debriefing session, each participant's reasoning processes were traced. The results indicated that there were mainly four effective reasoning strategies as followings: Postponement of lung field interpretation, avoidance of preconception by applying redundant scanning rule, critical area revisited, and complying with one's mental check-list at any moment. At the same time, one problematic strategy was also identified that can be named as "single lesion focusing strategy." Based on all results as well as implications obtained, we discuss insights relating to effective medical reasoning processes as well as validity of verbal protocols/comments on eye mark recordings.
Keywords: Expertise analysis, clinical reasoning process, chest x-rays, debriefing using eye movement recording
Cite this paper:


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Summary: Solid carbon dioxide is added to a large beaker of water containing universal indicator. As the CO2 dissolves, the indicator changes from neutral (green) to acidic (orange).
Dry Ice is extemely cold, use gloves or tongs when handling.
Chemicals and Solutions:
universal indicator solution
2 lbs. dry ice
25 mL of 0.l M NaOH solution
6 M NaOH solution
4 liter beaker of water
Add univeral indicator solution to the water and make the solution purple by adding some 0.1 M NaOH solution. Then just start adding dry ice to the solution. The dry ice will sublime causing the solution to bubble and it will also dissolve in the water forming carbonic acid causing the indicator to change colors as the solution becomes more and more acidic. The solution will change from purple to blue to green to yellow to orange and finally to red. Once the red color is reached 6M NaOH can be added to take the color back up to purple and the cycle can begin again.


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Studies have shown that although guilt is a feeling that is more common among men, women tend to feel this emotion more intensely. In this study, researchers tried to analyze if feelings of guilt and their intensity, especially when habitual, could be different between the sexes. Researchers also attempted to understand other factors like "interpersonal sensitivity" and anxiety coupled with aggression, which could affect guilt. Results have shown that the difference between the sexes does indeed lie in these two factors and that, "habitual guilt was found to be more intense in women than in men in all age groups."
Researchers had in a previous study explored feelings of guilt in teenagers between ages 15 and 19 and among adults in the 25 to 48 age group. They noted that teenage girls experienced deeper guilt than teenage boys but that adults showed no such gender disparity. For this study, the researchers tried to explore if these differences persist in adulthood. There have been studies that show that "problems in interpersonal relationships tend to evoke guilt (interpersonal guilt) and moral dilemmas more often in women." This is labeled as "interpersonal sensitivity." Besides, anxiety along with outward anger and inward anger known as "anxiety aggressiveness" also guides guilt. There have been no studies exploring the difference between the genders, caused by these factors "interpersonal sensitivity" and "anxiety aggressiveness," and this prompted the present study.
- The study group of 360 participants was divided into three age groups. The first one consisted of 156 teenagers (ages ranging from 15 to 19). The second group involved 96 adults (aged 25 to 33) and the third group had middle-aged adults (ages ranging from 40 to 50).
- They were all given an initial questionnaire that asked them to relate a situation that made them feel guilty and rate the amount of guilt that they felt. Based on this, they were determined to be habitually guilty or not.
- The guilt-evoking situations were also analyzed to see if they were interpersonal or not. For example, not visiting one's aged mother was interpersonal while indulging in an extra drink was not.
- Similarly, from a questionnaire that quantified the anxiety and anger felt due to these guilt-evoking situations, measures of "anxiety aggressiveness" were also determined.
- Results showed that "the experiences of habitual guilt reported by women were more intense than those reported by men."
- These results are different from a previous study by the researchers that showed that adult men and women suffer from guilt equally.
- More women reported interpersonal events (86.5 percent) than men (76.5 percent), in all the age groups. Also the anxious-aggressive factor was seen more among women, irrespective of age. Women in their middle age had the highest anxious-aggressive component.
- Of concern is the fact that "interpersonal sensitivity" is the lowest among young men between ages 25 and 33.
One of the perceived shortcomings of this study was some of the gender behaviors in reporting feelings. Earlier studies have said that men may hide their actual emotions and women may exaggerate their emotions and expressions; in this study, sometimes women may have held back from expressing themselves, making analysis unpredictable. Researchers plan to explore these questions in future studies.
This study shows that women feel habitually guilty more often than men. This gender difference is mainly due to interpersonal relations and the anxiety and anger that they feel, if placed in a situation that evokes a feeling of guilt. One of the expected results from this study is the lack of empathy towards relationships and family, in young men. On the other hand, "anxious aggressiveness" can lead to deeper mental health problems than habitual anxiety. This lack of "interpersonal sensitivity" as well as "anxious aggressive" behavior could be tackled by a change in "educational practices and socializing agents," according to the study authors.


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- Educate the Princeton community about the ethical options that underlie their apparel choices.
- Motivate individuals to act on their values and their rationality.
- Inspire people to think of their smallest actions as having the potential to contribute to human welfare.
- Connect people to organizations and companies that compensate workers with a living wage.
To educate organizations and individuals on the importance of a "living wage" and to connect those who want to start making a difference to organizations that work specifically with living wage contractors by emphasizing the morality and rationality of buying living wage made products.


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Background The efficacy, safety, and clinical importance of extended-duration thromboprophylaxis (EDT) for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in medical patients remain unclear. We compared the efficacy and safety of EDT in patients hospitalized for medical illness. Methods and findings Electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to March 21, 2019. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) reporting use of EDT for prevention of VTE. We performed trial sequential and cumulative meta-analyses to evaluate EDT effects on the primary efficacy endpoint of symptomatic VTE or VTE-related death, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) major or fatal bleeding, and all-cause mortality. The pooled number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one symptomatic or fatal VTE event and the number needed to harm (NNH) to cause one major or fatal bleeding event were calculated. Across 5 RCTs with 40,247 patients (mean age: 67-77 years, proportion of women: 48%-54%, most common reason for admission: heart failure), the duration of EDT ranged from 24-47 days. EDT reduced symptomatic VTE or VTE-related death compared with standard of care (0.8% versus 1.2%; risk ratio [RR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.83; p = 0.002). EDT increased risk of ISTH major or fatal bleeding (0.6% versus 0.3%; RR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.42-2.91; p < 0.001) in both meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Pooled NNT to prevent one symptomatic VTE or VTE-related death was 250 (95% CI: 167-500), whereas NNH to cause one major or fatal bleeding event was 333 (95%CI: 200-1,000). Limitations of the study include variation in enrollment criteria, individual therapies, duration of EDT, and VTE detection protocols across included trials. Conclusions In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 randomized trials, we observed that use of a post-hospital discharge EDT strategy for a 4-to-6-week period reduced symptomatic or fatal VTE events at the expense of increased risk of major or fatal bleeding. Further investigations are still required to define the risks and benefits in discrete medically ill cohorts, evaluate cost-effectiveness, and develop pathways for targeted implementation of this postdischarge EDT strategy.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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Life After Sepsis
Now that you or someone you care about has survived sepsis, you may have many questions about what comes next. According to statistics, there are more than 1.4 million sepsis survivors every year in the United States alone. Many who survive are left with life-changing challenges.
Some of the long-lasting effects of sepsis are obvious, such as missing limbs or organ dysfunction, like kidney failure. How long it takes for the body's organs to begin working properly again varies widely between people. Other after effects of sepsis are less obvious, such as memory loss or the inability to do simple arithmetic.
There is so much that we don't know yet about sepsis and we don't have many hard answers. But as sepsis becomes more present in the news and as more people ask and talk about it, using the word, it is being noticed. As attention increases, through efforts by the general public and by Sepsis Alliance, we will get more answers.
In September 2010, the Society of Critical Care Medicine in the United States held a conference to discuss issues relating to rehabilitation for patients recovering from severe illnesses, like sepsis. Dr. Carl Flatley, founder of Sepsis Alliance, participated. The rehabilitation – or after care – is needed not only in the hospital environment, but at home as part of community care.
Through conferences like this, experts are learning about how survivors need to be helped following critical illnesses. As medical technology improves and saves more lives, this issue will only continue to grow.
The conference participants concluded that there is an urgent need to address the long-term needs of survivors of severe illnesses, like sepsis, for both the patients and their families. This includes raising awareness and education, identifying barriers that may get in the way of post-intensive care rehabilitation, and identifying research gaps and resources that need to be addressed in order to improve long-term care for survivors.
Here are some of the more common issues and questions that are asked by people who have had sepsis or who know someone who had it.
Life After Sepsis - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Life After Sepsis - Amputations
Life After Sepsis FAQs


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Wavelet Technology Allows Measurement of Long-Distance Infrasound
Phenomena that generate a type of low-frequency sound known as infrasound could become easier to detect and measure thanks to a new technique under development at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI). Infrasound, which cannot be heard by humans, is produced by tornados, earthquakes, explosions, wind turbines, the motion of large vehicles, aircraft and many other natural and human-created sources.
Infrasound waves can travel long distances – hundreds of miles – and are largely unaffected by obstacles in their way. Generally defined as frequencies below 20 Hertz, infrasound has until now been detected and measured using arrays up to an acre in size that use hollow pipes or elements similar to garden soaker hoses to separate the sounds of interest from noise created by the wind.
GTRI researchers have developed a novel infrasound analysis technique based on wavelet technology, a mathematical approach that represents a signal at different scales, using unique features at each scale. This technique, when applied to infrasound recordings, separates the wind noise from other signals of interest. That allows infrasound sensors to become small enough to be easily portable, permitting new types of measurements – including tracking small and large aircraft and studying effects on humans.
"We have been able to implement wavelet technology to get data more accurate than what has been possible using other methods of removing wind noise," said Krishan Ahuja, Regents Professor and Researcher and head of GTRI's Aerospace and Acoustics Technologies Division. "We have come up with a way to completely eliminate the hoses and reduce the size of the windscreen. This can all be done with signal processing."
Hydrodynamic noise produced by wind has frequencies comparable to those of infrasound, so wind noise must be suppressed to obtain useful measurements. The most common way to achieve this has been to use long pipe arrays or large arrays of soaker hoses to gather the sound. The arrays allow pressure variations to be averaged over the length of the structure, thereby reducing the impact of the turbulent wind field. Other approaches to reduce wind noise use large tents covering the infrasound sensors, which also limits where they can be used.
The technique developed at GTRI uses smaller windscreens – or no windscreens at all – along with a wavelet denoising technique that breaks down the signal mathematically and then partitions out what is wind noise before reconstructing the remaining infrasound for analysis, explained Alessio Medda, a GTRI senior research engineer. The resulting reconstruction produces an infrasound signal in which the noise is greatly reduced.
GTRI researchers compared infrasound signals gathered with a traditional 50-foot radius soaker hose array against the signals produced by the wavelet technology. Except at the very lowest frequencies, signals produced by the two techniques were in agreement, demonstrating that the wavelet denoising technique can be used on a signal measured – even without the use of a windscreen.
The GTRI research team has used infrasound to plot the flight path of a small aircraft, detect a building demolition explosion 25 miles away from their instrumentation site, and even to monitor the approach of tornados during severe storms. Beyond the location of the source, analysis of infrasound signals can determine if the source under observation has rotating equipment such as fans, uses machinery that produces continuous waves or produces explosions that create impulses.
"By using the right number of sensors in an array, you can pinpoint the source of the infrasound," Ahuja said.
In addition to development of the wavelet technique, GTRI researchers have also expanded their infrasound research through new techniques and testing programs. These included:
- Detection of small aircraft took place at a commercial airport in North Georgia, where the research used a six-element array consisting of two concentric isosceles triangles, one 50 meters high and the other 25 meters high. One triangle used soaker hoses for wind noise suppression, while the other used tents. The array demonstrated an ability to track a single-engine Cessna 182 aircraft as it flew patterns within a five-mile radius of the airport.
- Measurement of infrasound associated with severe storms was done as part of GTRI's Severe Storms Research Center using the GTRI Atmospheric Infrasound Array (GAIA). A standardized set of ambient, environmental infrasound measurements have been made since 2018 to provide a long-term database of low-frequency sound. GAIA uses four sensors located under wind tents atop a GTRI building. In addition to severe storms, these sensors have detected earthquakes, trains, microbaroms (believed to be from the Atlantic Ocean) and rocket launches.
- Detection and measurement of infrasound around military training ranges was conducted to evaluate potential effects on trainees and training instructors exposed to high acoustic and infrasound pressures. In collaboration with Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, GTRI researchers used their wavelet-based denoising and analysis techniques to measure infrasound emitted by infantry weapons such as hand grenades, machine guns, grenade launchers and anti-tank weapons.
- Development of three sources for generating controlled infrasound for use in calibration and testing of infrasound sensors and arrays. These included (1) a very low frequency unit reactivated from an existing sonic boom simulator to produce sound in the 1 to 6 Hertz range, (2) Helmholtz resonators producing sound in the 6 to 10 Hertz range, and (3) an oscillating propane burner creating sound in the 0.1 to 0.4 Hertz range.
- Evaluation of infrasound sensors and both in-house and externally-developed array processing algorithms and systems. This also included the development of a system for rapid infrasound array deployment with remote measurement capabilities with six infrasound sensors connected to a data logger, a weather station for monitoring meteorological conditions, and a solar panel to provide continuous power without the need to be connected to the power grid.
Going forward, the researchers plan to collaborate with medical research teams to study the effects of infrasound on the human body. Cavities such as the heart, head, stomach and chest resonate at different frequencies, and can cause symptoms of illness when exposed to certain frequencies of infrasound.
"Explosions that are not large enough to cause traumatic brain injury can still create symptoms, particularly during repeated exposures," said Rob Funk, a GTRI principal research engineer. "Studying this may help improve the health of military personnel who may be exposed to infrasound."
Writer: John Toon
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Atlanta, Georgia USA
The Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) is the nonprofit, applied research division of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). Founded in 1934 as the Engineering Experiment Station, GTRI has grown to more than 2,800 employees supporting eight laboratories in over 20 locations around the country and performing more than $700 million of problem-solving research annually for government and industry. GTRI's renowned researchers combine science, engineering, economics, policy, and technical expertise to solve complex problems for the U.S. federal government, state, and industry.


Eucalyptus Gunnii (cider gum)
The full Moon ablaze in the night sky
Beams down on the dead and dying Cider Gums
Their ghostly silhouettes, so white and stark
Now just a reminder of the past
The Central Plateau, the High Country of Tasmania
Is or was home to these magnificent trees
Now there bleached skeletons tell the story
That the environment in which they flourished has changed
Grazed extensively by native and domestic animals
Used by the aboriginals, settlers and trappers
The Cider Gum leaf, was used to make cider
And the sweet scent used to freshen homes
Eucalypts Gunnii (Cider Gum) unique to Tasmania
Once so prevalent and used in a variety of ways
Now standing forlorn, dead and slowly dying
Their limbs and branches bleached white by the sun
Many attempts have been made to re-introduce the gums
But the changing environment and pressure from the wildlife
Has meant that the Cider Gum is facing a loosing battle
For the seasons have changed, not enough rainfall and hot summers
And the snow no longer on the ground for weeks on end
Such a unique and magnificent shade tree, stepped in history
Will soon be a distant memory and extinct
Will be left to the old timers to tell about the Cider Gums
For I have doubts that mother nature can revitalize Eucalyptus Gunnii100_1082


A Sinking Historical Treasure
A sinking historical treasure
Venice, a northeast city of Italy, is built on 117 small islands that are separated by 150 canals. A canal is a kind of "road of water" made by humans to get things from one place to another. People cross the canals by many small bridges. They can also be taken for rides along the canals in boats.Venice is very famous for its beauty and historical buildings and artwork.
Scientists say Venice is sinking into the water five times quicker than previously thought and the city is also gradually tilting eastwards into Adriatic sea, as it is hit by more floods than ever before.
The government of Italy is trying hard to build systems to protect from floods and to slow down the sinking of the city.
Some interesting facts:
Is Venice the only city that is sinking? No, Coastal cities like New Orleans are sinking faster.
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This thesis examines Western rationality, contextualizing that subject in British colonialism and Western modernity. Using Scott Lash's description of academic characterizations of modernity, I explore the "high" modernity of the social sciences represented in the books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle. I then explore the cultural studies critique of that characterization of modernity in the book Arrow of God by Chinua Achebe. Using the theory of Jean Francois Lyotard, Martin Heidegger, and Theodor Adorno, I look at Western rationality through its manifestation in British colonialism. I argue that colonialism is a site where rationality's negative legacy is manifest, and that the paradoxical representations of rationality in the books by Carroll and Doyle indicate a problem with the assumption that Western rationality was a universal epistemology. Contrary to the British's own ideas of their rationality, I find that Western rationality is ultimately a culturally-grounded discourse. Using Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God, I examine the intersection between Western rationality and other forms of cultural knowledge, an intersection that occurred through British colonialism. Achebe argues against the universal model of Western rationality and posits instead a relative valuing of each culture's methods of arriving at truth. I use his novel to illustrate the limits of Western rationality and its claim to universality.
College and Department
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Schultz, Andrew B., "Holmes, Alice, and Ezeulu: Western Rationality in the Context of British Colonialism and Western Modernity" (2007). All Theses and Dissertations. 1149.
rationality, rational, enlightenment, reason, logic, Western Rationality, the West, colonialism, modernism, modernity, postcolonial, postcolonialism, eurocentrism, ratiocentrism, eurocentric, ratiocentric, Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Chinua Achebe, Arrow of God, Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle, Hound of the Baskervilles


CPP invests in for-profit US prisons
Source: _URL_
The Canada Pension Plan controls over $366 Billion dollars on behalf of 20 million Canadians. They're investing our monthly contributions to make sure we have money at retirement. Naturally, everyone wants them to play it safe when investing that money.
But have you considered exactly what are they investing in?
The Guardian quoted a CPPIB spokesman, saying, "CPPIB's objective is to seek a maximum rate of return without undue risk of loss. This singular goal means CPPIB does not screen out individual investments based on social, religious, economic or political criteria."
When I read that I hear warning bells. Do they really mean they will take any lucrative investment, even if it's an ethical quagmire?
The CPPIB's own ethics statement is clear:
Source: _URL_
tldr; only dollars matter; no screening of company ethics, only operations.
What drew my eye is their statement about about "private engagement." This is the term used for conversations concerning ethical or moral issues with a company they are, or are considering, investing, in. The Board has decided they will never make these conversations public. Nor even acknowledge the conversations even occurred. They are also clear they refuse to bow to public pressure when deciding who and when to engage.
Let's be real here — the practical effect is that these conversations do not occur. That they could choose to invest into such a morally repugnant enterprise as a for-profit prison says all we need to know about the usefulness of "private engagement."
So to sum it up, all of the pension monies of millions of Canadians is being invested with absolutely no ethical considerations about how that money will be used.
Are we okay with this?
Can we develop a mechanism to trigger automatic, and public, engagement?


Excel Conditional Formatting: Date Data
Turning your cluttered spreadsheet of data into living, actionable information can be as simple as adding visual cues. Unless you are really good at doing date calculations in your head, conditional formatting is especially helpful when determining ages or anticipating birthdays and anniversaries. The following steps show how to perform a common Human Resources task: Finding and Highlighting Birthdays.
Highlight Upcoming Birthdays
If you are in charge of sending a birthday message to every employee each month, you can use conditional formatting to quickly highlight who has a birthday in the current month without sorting or filtering.
How to Do It:
 1. Select the range of cells that contains the birthday data. Do not include headings.
 2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting.
 3. Select New Rule.
 4. Select Use a formula to determine which cells to format.
 5. Use Excel's MONTH function to find the cells that contain birthdates in the current month. Use the TODAY function as your comparison date so the spreadsheet will always be current when you open it. (The example was written on April 20.) Your formula would be:
 1. Click the Format button to specify how you want the matching cell to appear.
 2. Click OK.
To follow using our example, download FPS_Conditional Formatting Date Data.xls
More Ideas:
 - Calculate birthdays occurring in the current week: =WEEKNUM(C2)=WEEKNUM(TODAY())
 (WARNING! Note that dates can fall on different weeks in different years just as your birthday won't be on the same day of the week each year. This method will work for highlighting upcoming birthdays on a regular basis, but may not be appropriate for other uses.)
 - Color code by department:
 - Use the AND function to specify multiple criteria for the condition. Specify the Department in the formula, and the formatting you want in the dialog box: =AND(MONTH(C2)=MONTH(TODAY()),D2="Sales")
 - Then, follow the steps above to create separate Rules for the other departments. Your results might look something like this image:
Highlight Specific Anniversaries Each Month
If you want to highlight specific upcoming birthdays – such as a 65th birthday – or anniversaries, that will take a little more formula work.
 1. Our first condition will find birthdays happening this month as we did above with the formula: =MONTH(C2)=MONTH(TODAY())
 2. Then we'll use the YEAR function to find birth years that are 65 years ago: =YEAR(TODAY())-YEAR(C2)
 3. The AND function combines the two for our conditional formatting result of: =AND(YEAR(TODAY())-YEAR(C2)=65,MONTH(C2)=MONTH(TODAY()))
Each time you open the workbook, you wil find the current month's 65th birthdays highlighted.
Hint! To make your birthday calculations even more visually appealing, highlight the entire row instead of just the date cell.
Local Seminars Related to this Topic:
Microsoft® Excel® Basics
Microsoft® Excel®: Beyond the Basics
Related Conditional Formatting Articles
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How Setting Small Goals Can Boost Mental Health
By Brandi Goodman
Mental health struggles can be a challenge to manage. You may want to feel better and no longer experience symptoms of depression, but that is easier said than done. Stress and negative thinking can drastically alter our mood and well-being. Starting out with small goals, however, can help you make major improvements in your mental health journey.
Small Goals are Easier to Achieve
If you start by setting a large goal, such as no longer feeling depressed, this may be difficult to accomplish. Setting smaller goals gives you something easier to achieve. You're more likely to reach a goal of a smaller magnitude than a significant one. Simply say you want to find one positive thing in the day to make you smile or get up and finish one task around the house. These smaller options can earn you a huge reward when you start to notice how many you've achieved.
Small Goals Can Make Up a Large One
You can still have a large overall goal that you want to reach. You just need to break it down into several smaller steps along the way. As you reach each one, you will start to see a clearer path to the finish line. Say you have four small goals that will result in the final one. You achieve one and you're already a quarter of the way there. Reach two and you're halfway with only half more to go. It's a more positive way at looking at the situation which can improve your mindset.
Achieving Goals Releases Dopamine
Every time you set a goal for yourself and actually achieve it, you feel good. This is because your brain releases dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that sends signals to the brain to feel good. If you are consistently meeting small goals, you're consistently receiving a shot of dopamine that can make you feel motivated, concentrated, and blissful. These feelings can drastically improve mood and mental health, leading you from negative thoughts and feelings to positive emotions.
Struggles with mental health will not go away easily. They may not ever go away at all. However, you can try to set small goals for yourself that will help you to feel better over time and have more good days than bad. Taking care of yourself and striving to ease your mental health struggles one step at a time is a step in the right direction.
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Definition of evidence
< Middle English < Old French < Latin evidentia ("clearness, in Late Latin a proof") < evidens ("clear, evident"); see evident.
- Facts or observations presented in support of an assertion.
- (law) Anything admitted by a court to prove or disprove alleged matters of fact in a trial.
to evidence (third-person singular simple present evidences, present participle evidencing, simple past and past participle evidenced)
- (transitive) To provide evidence for, or suggest the truth of.
She was furious, as evidenced by her slamming the door.
The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit) and exhibits (e.g., physical objects) or other documentary material which is admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law).
In every jurisdiction based on the English common law tradition, evidence must conform to a number of rules and restrictions to be admissible. Evidence must be relevant - that is, it must be directed at proving or disproving a legal element.
However, the relevance of evidence is ordinarily a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the admissibility of evidence. For example, relevant evidence may be excluded if it is unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or cumulative. Furthermore, a variety of social policies operate to exclude relevant evidence. Thus, there are limitations on the use of evidence of liability insurance, subsequent remedial measures, settlement offers, and plea negotiations, mainly because it is thought that the use of such evidence discourages parties from carrying insurance, fixing hazardous conditions, offering to settle, and pleading guilty to crimes, respectively.
Exclusion of evidence
Under English and Welsh law, evidence that would otherwise be admissible at trial may be excluded at the discretion of the trial judge if it would be unfair to the defendant to admit it.
Evidence of a confession may be excluded because it was obtained by oppression or because the confession was made in consequence of anything said or done to the defendant that would be likely to make the confession unreliable. In these circumstances, it would be open to the trial judge to exclude the evidence of the confession under Section 78(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), or under Section 73 PACE, or under common law, although in practice the confession would be excluded under section 76 PACE.
Other admissible evidence may be excluded, at the discretion of the trial judge under 78 PACE, or at common law, if the judge can be persuaded that having regard to all the circumstances including how the evidence was obtained "admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it."
- Wiktionary. Published under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.


Families > Fall >
Christiana Fahl Gravestone
posted May 18, 2010, 6:35 AM by James Wise [ updated Aug 29, 2010, 10:32 PM by Travis Wise ]
Gravestone of Christiana Fahl found through "FindAGrave" at Beavertown Cemetery, Beavertown, Snyder Co, PA. According to the gravestone she was born around Jan 16, 1777 and died Feb 7, 1861. She was 84 years and 22 days old. Other Falls found using "FindAGrave" in the Beavertown Cemetery were Samuel Fall and Cora Fall.
Could Christiana Fahl and Christena Falls be the same person. It is possible, since consistent spelling of names was hit or miss. As far as ages, according to Christiana's gravestone in 1861 when she died she was 84 years old. Her approximate birth date would have been 1877. On the 1860 Census, Christena's age was indicated at 75, giving her a possible birth date around 1885.
Neither the differences in names or age preclude them from being the same person, but more information is needed to know either way.


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Local Atomic Structure of a High-Entropy Alloy: An X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Study
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Guo, W., Dmowski, W., Noh, JY. et al. Metall and Mat Trans A (2013) 44: 1994. doi:10.1007/s11661-_PHONE_-0
- 1.4k Downloads
By using high-energy synchrotron X-ray and neutron scattering, the local structure of a ternary high-entropy alloy Zr1/3Nb1/3Hf1/3 is characterized by means of pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Results show that this alloy is a body center cubic (b.c.c.) phase in both bulk sample and in a thin film ~1.5 µm thick. The PDFs obtained from X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction agree well with each other. The measured PDFs differ from the calculated PDF, particularly in the peak shape of the first two peaks, indicating local lattice distortion due to different atomic sizes in the solid solution.