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Grinding lathe tool cutter bits involves setting the tool on a grinder and carefully shaping it using specific angles and techniques. To do this, you will need the appropriate grinding wheel for your lathe, as well as knowledge of the angles and shapes required for different types of cuts.
Lathe tool cutter bits are essential tools for creating precise cuts on a variety of materials. Grinding your own cutter bits provides greater control over the cutting edge's geometry, resulting in better accuracy and surface finish. However, it requires both knowledge and proper technique to achieve optimal results.
In this article, we will cover the steps for grinding lathe tool cutter bits, including the equipment needed, tips for selecting the right grinding wheel, and techniques for achieving specific angles and shapes. By the end of this article, you will have the knowledge necessary to confidently grind your own lathe tool cutter bits.
Introduction To Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Definition And Function Of Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Lathe tool cutter bits are an essential tool for metalworkers and amateurs alike. These are machining tools that are used to remove material from a workpiece by rotating it on an axis, creating a symmetrical object. They are a core component of any lathe machine, as they help in cutting and shaping the material with precision.
Here's what you need to keep in mind about the definition of lathe tool cutter bits:
- They are made up of high-speed steel or carbide, offering excellent resistance to heat, friction, and other stresses.
- Lathe tool cutter bits work by cutting the workpiece material through shear deformation, which means applying a lateral force on the metal piece until it deforms and breaks off in the desired shapes.
- Lathe tool cutter bits come in various sizes and angles to perform different cutting tasks.
The function of lathe tool cutter bits is to provide precision cuts to the workpiece material. These tips rotate at high speeds to remove excess material and shape the workpiece to a specific design. The operator adjusts the lathe tool cutter bit's position and rotation speed, based on the required cut and the material they are working with, to ensure the desired shape and quality of cut.
Types Of Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Lathe tool cutter bits come in different types, each designed for specific applications and materials.
Let's dive into the details of different types of lathe tool cutter bits:
- Turning tool bit: This is the most common and versatile tool bit, designed for roughing, finishing, and shaping materials like wood, metal, and plastic. It has a flat base with either a left-hand or right-hand cutting edge.
- Parting tool bit: Parting tool bits are designed to separate a workpiece from the main stock by cutting it off. It has a shorter blade with a square or rounded edge, used for cuts perpendicular to the workpiece.
- Threading tool bit: Used to cut internal or external threads on the workpiece, threading tool bits have a sharp-angled tip that matches the pitch and size of the threads they create.
- Boring tool bit: Boring tool bits are designed to cut holes that are concentric with the lathe machine's axis. They come in various shapes and sizes, suitable for different materials and hole-diameter.
- Grooving tool bit: Designed to form grooves and slots with precision, grooving tool bits typically have a straight and narrow blade that allows for precision cutting in tight spaces.
Lathe tool cutter bits are versatile, precision tools used to shape and cut workpiece materials in a lathe machine. They come in different sizes and shapes for specific cutting tasks and applications. Understanding their functions and types can help you pick the best tool for your project, leading to efficient and high-quality results.
Understanding The Fundamentals Of Grinding Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits is an essential process that every machinist must learn. The process involves carefully sharpening blunt tool bits, effectively enhancing their efficiency and precision. To master this skill, machinists must first comprehend the fundamentals of grinding lathe tool cutter bits.
Importance Of Proper Grinding In Enhancing Efficiency And Precision
Proper grinding of lathe tool cutter bits is essential since it directly impacts the efficiency and precision of the machined parts. When the cutter is sharp, cutting efforts are reduced, and power consumption lowered. A blunt cutter, on the other hand, consumes more power and produces inaccurate results, ultimately decreasing the efficiency of the process.
Here are a few key points to note on the importance of proper tool grinding:
- Regular maintenance and proper grinding help maintain consistent accuracy, quality, and tool life.
- Dull tools not only increase processing time, but they also create unusually sized parts and cause wastage of the workpiece material.
- Keeping the tool sharp decreases the cutting forces applied to the workpiece, reducing the tool's wear and extending its tool life.
It is therefore of utmost importance to maintain and sharpen lathe tool cutter bits regularly, particularly before starting a new project. By doing this, you can guarantee high-quality and accurate output, while simultaneously reducing wastage of resources.
Evaluation Of The Geometry Of The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Before grinding your lathe tool cutter bits, it's essential to evaluate the geometry of the tool carefully.
- The relief angles: These angles ensure that the rake face is not in contact with the finished part but acts as a cutting edge instead.
- The nose radius: When the radius is small, the tool will cut more freely, while a large radius will give the tool more strength and longer tool life.
- The rake angle: This is the angle measured between the top face of the tool bit and the surface of the workpiece. Grinding the rake angle correctly is crucial for maintaining efficient cutting performance.
- The clearance angle: The clearance angle ensures that the tool doesn't contact the workpiece material unnecessarily.
By understanding these parameters and evaluating the tool's geometry, you can achieve a longer tool life, reduce waste, and improve your machining results.
To grind your lathe tool cutter bits effectively, it's crucial to understand their fundamentals, evaluate their geometry carefully, and sharpen them correctly. These practices will positively impact the efficiency and precision of your machining operation, resulting in high-quality and accurate output while reducing wastage.
Step-By-Step Guide On How To Grind Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits is an essential skill that every machinist or metalworker needs to master. A properly ground lathe tool cutter bit can help you achieve better precision, accuracy, and surface finish. We will go through a step-by-step guide on how to grind lathe tool cutter bits.
We will also discuss safety measures and other essential details. Let's dive in!
Preparation For Grinding The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Before grinding a lathe tool cutter bit, you need to prepare for the process.
- It would be best to have a clear and clean workspace to prevent accidents and to help you focus.
- Ensure that you have the appropriate lathe machine and grinding equipment necessary for the task at hand.
- Check the lathe tool cutter bit's integrity before and after grinding. If it is damaged or faulted, it needs to be replaced immediately.
- Make sure to wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory masks while grinding.
Selection Of The Appropriate Grinding Wheel
Choosing the appropriate grinding wheel is crucial to achieve optimum results in grinding a lathe tool cutter bit.
- The grinding wheel's grit depends on the material you are working with. A coarse grit size is suitable for grinding hard materials such as tungsten carbide, while a finer grit size is ideal for softer materials like aluminum.
- The hardness of the grinding wheel should match or exceed the material hardness you are working with.
- Before use, ensure that the grinding wheel is thoroughly inspected for any damage or faults that may cause accidents or harm while in operation.
Grinding Of The Side, Face, And Top Of The Lathe Tool Cutter Bit
Grinding a lathe tool cutter bit involves three major operations: grinding the tool's side, face, and top.
For grinding the side:
- Position the tool's side to the grinding wheel at an angle of 10-15 degrees.
- Move the tool back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired angle and shape.
For grinding the face:
- Position the tool's face to the grinding wheel and move it back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired shape and angle.
For grinding the top:
- Position the tool's top to the grinding wheel and move it back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired shape and angle.
Honing The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Honing is the final step in the grinding process, and it is crucial in achieving a smooth and sharp edge.
- Use a honing stone to sharpen and smoothen the lathe tool cutter bit's edges.
- Move the honing stone in a circular motion until you achieve the desired results.
Inspection Of The Ground Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
After grinding and honing the lathe tool cutter bits, you need to inspect them for any visible damage or faults.
- Check the tool's edges for any chips or cracks that may affect its performance.
- Ensure that the tool's shape and angles are within the limits of the design specifications.
- If any damages are found, replace the tool immediately before using it.
Safety Measures During Grinding
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits can be dangerous if not done correctly.
- Wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory masks.
- Keep your workspace clean and organized to prevent accidents or harm.
- Inspect all the equipment before use to ensure that no damage or fault is present.
- Follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines when using all grinding equipment and tools.
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits


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Deer in Metro – level 3
Commuters in Virginia got a shock when a deer ran through a metro station. Main surveillance cameras captured the galloping deer.
It is not clear how the mammal made it into the subway, but eventually it managed to make it back out unharmed.
You can watch the video news lower on this page.
What do you think about this news?
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
News in Levels is designed to teach you 3000 words in English. Please follow the instructions
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Do the test at Test Languages.
- Go to your level. Go to Level 1 if you know 1-1000 words. Go to Level 2 if you know _PHONE_ words. Go to Level 3 if you know 2000-3000 words.
- Read two news articles every day.
- Read the news articles from the day before and check if you remember all new words.
- Listen to the news from today and read the text at the same time.
- Listen to the news from today without reading the text.
- Answer the question under today's news and write the answer in the comments.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Twelve Dogs of Christmas, by Kevin Whitlark, is a lovely take on 'The Twelve Days of Christmas', with each day being represented by a different breed of dog doing the things dogs love to do!
Here are some activities:
- Sing 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' or 'The Twelve Dogs of Christmas' – you could even make up your own version of the songs about another animal…what would 'The Twelve Cats of Christmas' sound like?
- There is a movie of this name that has some nice reviews that you might like to explore – let us know if you think it's worth a watch! 🙂
- Practice counting while reading this book with a younger child.
- Talk about the similarities and differences between different dog breeds and sort them out according to their characteristics.
Watch out for our next Christmas book review and activities, and happy reading!
Jenna Golab – Speech Pathologist, Listening & Spoken Language Specialist


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Creating long-term goals for married couples is an excellent way to keep the relationship alive. Marriages grow and change, and each person in a committed relationship will have different needs over time. It is a good idea to have mutual goals, which will help to prevent challenges that may tear a relationship apart. Setting high goals for your relationship also encourages you to keep it going and maintain a high level of communication between the two of you.
When you create a long-term goal for a marriage, it is important to keep it realistic and attainable. Remember that the first year of a marriage is a crucial time for your relationship, so try not to set unrealistic expectations. Instead, try setting a realistic goal that can be accomplished over a period of time. Aiming to spend at least two nights a month together is a very reasonable goal, and you'll both benefit from it in the long run.
Setting a long-term goal for a married couple means setting a common purpose and a sense of common purpose for your relationship. It can be anything from making more money to making more memories. The key is to keep the goal realistic. Once you set your long-term goals, the two of you will be more motivated to reach them. Even if they're a little more expensive, you'll both feel more satisfied with the results.
Creating a long-term goal for a marriage requires time and dedication. It also helps to create agreements that reinforce the importance of taking care of each other. A couple's long-term goal should include rebuilding relationships quickly, building happy memories and being each other's rock during difficult times. However, it is important to set reasonable goals that will benefit both of you. You might not be able to achieve every goal, but achieving two or three dates a month can help strengthen your marriage in the long run.
Long-term goals for married couples can range from buying a house to starting a business. Whatever your goal, the couple must have a shared vision for the future. Whether it's a car, a home, or a real-estate investment, setting long-term goals for married couples is a great way to create a positive future for their relationship. This is the basis for a successful marriage.
Once you've tied the knot, you can set long-term goals for married couples. If you want to strengthen your bond, set realistic goals that are both achievable and beneficial. The goal should also be SMART, not too demanding, and attainable. The best marriages are built on long-term plans, so your marriage should be no different. So, make long-term goals for married couples a priority.


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What is the Asyra?
Asyra is a biofeedback device, using digital homeopathy to assess and balance your body. As you relax and hold its brass handles, the asyra:
* READS AND ASSESSES your organs, glands and systems via resonance vibration. Depending on your symptoms, it can conducts specific assessments, such as: * dental * hormonal * emotional * vertebral * constitutional * toxic stressors * food sensitivity * lyme disturbances * heavy metals * allergies and MANY more.
* DETECTS many disturbances at the vibrational level–before they become symptoms or disease states.
So the client with a disease state doesn't know that a vaccination disturbance from childhood, pesticide exposure from fruits and vegetables or too many X-rays have caused a burden that has taxed their body for decades, ultimately rendering them weakened.


Top 10 Metrics Your Legal Department Should be Tracking [Whitepaper]
Unlike other business departments, legal departments have traditionally not busied themselves with tracking graphs, charts and metrics on their department's performance. This has been changing in recent years as the complexity of running a legal department and the scrutiny legal departments are under from the executive level has increased. The question then becomes, what metrics are the most valuable to manage a legal department and show its value to stakeholders in the company?
This whitepaper provides a starting point of metrics legal departments should be tracking.
 1. Spend to budget
 2. Staff workload metrics
 3. Spend by matter type and business unit
 4. Outside counsel evaluations
 5. Outside and inside spending as a percentage of company revenue
 6. Invoice savings
 7. Timekeeper rate increases
 8. Litigation exposure over time
 9. Internal trainings vs. ethics complaints
 10. Lessons learned by matter
Subscribe toLegal Insight


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General Position Summary:
The Intervention Specialist serves as a full-time liaison in support of students' school performance. Targeted interventions for At-Risk students will be communicated through the classroom teacher, parents, administrators, counselor and other necessary certified support staff members or outside agency personnel. They will report to the building principal.
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Identify at-risk students based on data collected.
- Consult with classroom teachers at grade level meetings to determine strategies for assistance and help with setting intervention groups.
- Utilize, implement, and promote ongoing staff development for teachers and paraprofessionals with respect to MTSS.
- Implement and document for the purpose of the General Education Intervention, along with classroom teachers.
- Implements targeted student achievement curricular at Tier II while providing regular updates to principal and classroom teachers.
- Collaborates with building officials and support staff to design an individualized plan for each identified at-risk student.
Knowledge, Skills, Abilities:
- Bachelor's degree is required; Master's degree preferable
- Current Kansas Teaching License
- Minimum of three successful teaching years of experience with involvement in collecting assessment data and developing interventions.
Applications for this position may be found at _URL_ and mailed to USD 208, 527 Russell Ave, WaKeeney, KS 67672 or emailed to _EMAIL_


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10 Oct Why do you have 2 teachers in a classroom with twice as many kids? Would it not be easier to split classes and have 1 teacher and half as many kids?
Yes, it is probably easier for the master schedule. However, we have found you give up 50% of the connections that can be made by having a math and a CTE teacher in the same classroom. It is the connections that make this class exciting for the students.


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Rural public health systems and accountability politics: insights from grassroots health rights defenders in Guatemala
Date: May 2020
Author(s): Julia Fischer-Mackey, Benilda Batzin, Paulina Culum & Jonathan Fox
Publication type: Scholarly Journal Article
Published by: The Journal of Peasant Studies
Note: This article was originally published in The Journal of Peasant StudiesVolume 47, 2020 – Issue 5.
As the pandemic reveals how multiple intersecting inequalities affect public health, the work of rural activists defending their communities' rights to health, land, and gender, ethnic and environmental justice demonstrate how intersectional analysis can be put into practice. In the interviews that follow, Guatemalan Maya Tz'utujil activists Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin describe how 'health rights defenders' seek justice for rural indigenous communities – work that the pandemic makes more critical than ever. Their strategies and insights have implications for addressing rural health rights around the world.
Preface: Framing struggles for rural health rights
April 22, 2020
The world is rethinking what the right to health means in practice. Researchers are no exception, and the global pandemic is obliging us to think beyond our sectoral silos. Many rural activists have long been doing this, defending their communities on multiple fronts at the same time – including the fight for health rights along with their struggles for land, gender, ethnic and environmental justice. The Journal of Peasant Studies' 'Grassroots Voices' section is well positioned to contribute, creating a space to listen and learn, in keeping with the journal's goal of 'special attention to questions of "agency" of marginalized groups in agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and change – their condition.' Health rights struggles are an arena of agency that has so far received little attention in agrarian studies.1 The interviews that follow with Guatemalan Maya Tz'utujil activists Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin shed light on how grassroots 'health rights defenders' put intersectional analysis into practice. They challenge social exclusion at one of the state's most significant interfaces in their communities: the public health system.
Just as the pandemic reveals multiple preexisting inequalities, analysis of health rights struggles sheds light on state-society relations more broadly. Like other public services, public health systems both produce and reproduce multiple, mutually reinforcing inequalities. Health systems have been studied primarily through a public health lens, rarely from a rural development perspective.2 Conventional approaches to health system governance address accountability issues, but primarily through the lens of 'upwards accountability,' whereby frontline service providers report to managers, who in turn report to policymakers, who report to elected officials, as well as to international donors and national financial sector technocrats who control the purse-strings. In contrast, the lens of 'downwards' accountability focuses on whether and how public service providers actually serve the public. Adding these adjectives to accountability is not mere academic parsing – the concept itself is so ambiguous and contested that effective communication requires specifying its inherently relational nature. Who is to be held accountable by whom? Is the term part of a bureaucratic audit culture, imposed from above, or is it a banner to be waved in democratic struggles against impunity and injustice, as movements call on public servants to serve the public? Accountability is a trans-ideological concept and is therefore both contested and up for grabs (Fox 2018).3
Accountability agendas in the public health field focus primarily on health workers, often to the exclusion of more systemic analyses of 'who gets what.' The pandemic is redefining the roles of health workers – an umbrella category that ranges from highly privileged professionals to low status paraprofessionals and volunteer community leaders. In contrast to these sharp, often gendered hierarchies, the shared threat of contagion has led 'health worker' to become a more inclusive collective identity. In contrast with classic frames as caregivers or functionaries, the identity of 'frontline workers' is also being socially (re)constructed and broadened.4 Against the backdrop of social science research that has treated health workers as the target of audit cultures and top-down accountability measures, researchers face a new imperative to understand how and why some health systems manage to inspire service providers with a sense of mission, while others do not.5 Now, because of the pandemic, totally new arenas of rights struggles are also emerging, as health workers begin to fight for the right to protect themselves while doing their jobs, while their lack of protection is already leading to discrimination and stigma from those who may perceive them as contaminated threats. The shared interest between health workers and citizens in protecting health workers from contagion creates new coalitional possibilities.
Yet for experienced grassroots rights defenders like Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin, whose struggle has been to exercise their legal right to oversee the state's interactions with indigenous communities, relationships with government health workers are complex and sometimes contested. On the one hand, health workers represent what little access to formal health care that most rural citizens have, working with the very limited public resources that the central government provides to clinics in indigenous territories. At the same time, doctors and nurses sometimes transmit hegemonic practices of racial, linguistic, gender and class discrimination, both to their patients and to lower status health workers. They may engage in charging illegal user fees and other abuses.6
This focus on health rights as a key state-society interface leads to the role of community health workers (CHWs), who play a bridging role between state and society.7 They are expected to both represent the state to society, as cogs in the system, while also (sometimes) representing their communities to the state (Schaaf, M. et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2020). This frontline role is often referred to as the 'last mile,' a term that implies a view from above, from centers of power and decision-making. In contrast, seen from the community level, these paraprofessional outreach workers are the first mile, in term of accessing the state (Boydell, Fox, and Shaw 2017).
The community health worker tradition goes back to the 1930s and was famously expanded in Maoist China as 'barefoot doctors.' Promoted by the watershed 1978 Alma Ata global health summit, many countries have long deployed vast armies of these community paraprofessionals (e.g. Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Malawi, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, Thailand, South Africa, among others). CHWs are likely to be called upon to help to address the pandemic.
In some countries, CHWs are organized into large unions, which are needed to defend both community health rights and their own rights as workers (e.g. Brazil, India, Pakistan). India's National Rural Health Mission, launched in 2005, dramatically increased the size of the government's CHW program and they are unionized in several states.8 Notable Indian CHW innovations include the Mitanin program in the state of Chhattisgarh, where a semi-autonomous government agency recruits, trains and supports nearly 70,000 CHWs with a community organizing ethos, working mainly with women from indigenous and Dalit backgrounds through a train-the-trainer approach (Garg and Pande 2018; Nabiar and Sheikh 2016). CHWs often serve their own and/or neighboring communities and speak multiple languages, enabling them to build trust and effectively communicate essential health information. Governmental respect for CHWs as community voices can help to address the lack of trust between citizens and health authorities that has impeded public health measures in epidemics such as Ebola (e.g. Yamanis, Nolan, and Shepler 2016).
Many governments also promote community health committees that nominally play an oversight or co-management role for rural clinics and health posts. Though these local committees often exist only on paper, some governments have experimented with large-scale efforts to activate them to bolster citizen oversight, most notably in India.9
A different strategy to encourage public health systems to become more responsive to rural communities relies on networks of completely non-governmental citizen monitors, such as the defenders profiled here. Public health practitioners have joined with grassroots leaders to experiment with these independent community-based health system oversight strategies.10 The testimonies from Paulina Culum and Benilda Batzin are emblematic of these rural health rights struggles. They represent the Network of Community Health Rights Defenders (REDC-Salud) and the Center for the Study of Health System Equity and Governance (CEGSS), organizations that are committed to an especially strategic, power-shifting approach in the emerging field of 'accountability work.' Their approach to building public accountability into state-society relations is distinctive in at least eight ways.
First, their grassroots health rights struggle invented a public collective identity of 'defender,' grounded in elected, organic community leadership and gender equity.11 The defenders wear their politically constructed identity proudly, with the term emblazoned on the backs of their distinctive work vests in its gender-neutral form – Defensor(a). Their mission includes educating their own and neighboring communities about their rights, interviewing people at clinics to document possible abuses and seek recourse, while broadcasting rights messages on community radio in Mayan languages that appropriate claims drawn from national laws that would otherwise just gather dust.
Second, in the world of civil-society-building, the alliance between CEGSS and REDC has constructed a balanced CSO-grassroots movement relationship – always easier said than done. While CEGSS emerged from the field of public health, it has more recently transitioned to take on a broader democratic reform agenda. The network of volunteer indigenous defenders recruits experienced community leaders, many with long track records of campaigning for indigenous


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Starkad, Starkotter, Starkodder, Starkadhr (ice.), Störkudhr (ice.) or Starcatherus (Gesta Danorum) was a Scandinavian legendary hero and skald whose adventures are retold in Gesta Danorum and in Icelandic sagas.
He managed to survive a shipwreck after which he was received by the Danish king Fródi. Fródi gave him a longship and the task of patrolling the shores. No mortal man was his equal as he was endowed with superhuman strength and a noble disposition.
He was not only remarkable by his size and courage but also by his skaldic skills. Odin bestowed upon him the life of three men so that he would be able to commit as many atrocities.
He served many kings, such as Erik and Alrik.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Abstract The ecological impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on phenological events such as reproductive timing is increasingly recognized. In birds, previous experiments under controlled conditions showed that ALAN strongly advances gonadal growth, but effects on egg-laying date are less clear. In particular, effects of ALAN on timing of egg-laying are found to be year-dependent, suggesting an interaction with climatic conditions such as spring temperature, which is known have strong effects on the phenology of avian breeding. Thus, we hypothesized that ALAN and temperature interact to regulate timing of reproduction in wild birds. Field studies have suggested that sources of ALAN rich in short wavelengths can lead to stronger advances in egg-laying date. We therefore tested this hypothesis in the great tit (Parus major), using a replicated experimental setup where eight previously unlit forest transects were illuminated with either white, green, or red LED light, or left dark as controls. We measured timing of egg-laying for 619 breeding events spread over six consecutive years and obtained temperature data for all sites and years. We detected overall significantly earlier egg-laying dates in the white and green light versus the dark treatment, and similar trends for red light. However, there was a strong inter-annual variability in mean egg-laying dates in all treatments, which was explained by spring temperature. We did not detect any fitness consequence of the changed timing of egg-laying due to ALAN, which suggests that advancing reproduction in response to ALAN might be adaptive.
Artificial light at night, in interaction with spring temperature, modulates timing of reproduction in a passerine bird


Updated date:
The Ancient Art of Naalbinding
Ethnic Knitting Style at Norstead Viking Village
Woman knits with one needle carrying on centuries-old tradition.
Woman knits with one needle carrying on centuries-old tradition.
An Ancient Form of Viking Knitting Resurfaces in Modern Times
Twenty-first century crafters have discovered the art of medieval naalbinding, turning to a form of ancient knitting that involved knitting with one needle. Knitters have adapted this method for use in modern times.
How does naalbinding knitting differ from the knitting we know of today? Naalbinders use a spiral knitting technique that connects one row to the next and to the loops on either side. It is a challenging craft, one that is time-consuming and labor-intensive, but modern naalbinders gain a better understanding of crafters that have gone before, and they feel the results are well worth the effort.
What makes naalbinding distinctive is that a person doesn't have to use patterns to produce knitted goods. Each naalbinder develops his or her own particular style and this is expressed in unique, one-of-a-kind creations.
Needle-binding is similar to sewing, darning but because yarn is used, it produces a fabric that looks similar to that which is knitted. Naalbinders use a single-eyed needle and yarn to create a series of loops, which makes every stitch secure and produces a stretchy material. Increases are made by working two stitches into one stitch in the previous row; decreases involve combining two stitches.
Short lengths of yarn are used because the yarn is pulled all the way through each stitch. Yarn is added as a piece progresses. Colored yarns are also woven into the work.
Sturdy Mittens Made With Naalbinding
Sturdy Naalbinded Mittens--a hardy people learned how to make knitted items to ward off the cold.
Discoveries of Ancient Knitting
Naalbinded items have been found in different parts of the world, some fragments dating back to the neolithic period. Items have been discovered in Iceland, Finland and Poland, to name a few.
Naalbinding continued in Scandinavia and the mountain areas of Central Asia, probably due, in part, to climate.
While, In other locations, knitting largely replaced naalbinding, the craft still survived over the centuries in certain areas and thus, has come down to us from antiquity and gives us insights as to how warm and sturdy garments were made in the past.
Roman Socks
An ancient method of knitting produced dense socks.
An ancient method of knitting produced dense socks.
Quick Look
Literally translated as "needle binding" or "binding with a needle," naalbinding is a time-honored method of creating fabric that is considered to be older than crocheting or knitting. The process was based on:
 - Use of one needle rather than two
 - Needles were flat and fashioned from materials at hand, such as moose or antler wood
 - The entire length of a short yarn strand was used create each loop or loops
 - Because of short lengths of yarn, different yarn colors could easily be added, which, of course, made for interesting-looking garments.
 - A loop was created and the needle was passed through the loop
 - A chain of loops were created
Naalbinding and the Vikings
Talented knitters in Norse settlements employed naalbinding to fashion clothing items to ward off winter's chill.
This ancient knitting method required many hours of labor, using a bone needle and wool to construct almost indestructible warm garments, such as knitted socks, leggings, mittens, gloves, hats and scarves, and other necessary clothing items. In a sense, naalbinded garments were survival gear, which equipped these hardy and hard-working people to protect themselves against the elements.
Norse naalbinding ranged from simple stitches to very complicated techniques. It is believed that over one thousand variations of naalbinding are possible.
On the Northern Tip of Newfoundland, Naalbinding is Alive and Well
A visit to L'anse Aux Meadows up in St. Anthony, Newfoundland, offers knitters a way to step back in a time. Knitters can tour Norstead, the Viking village, and chat with women dressed in traditional garb, seated 'round a fire and knitting with one needle. A shop on the site offers an assortment of naalbinded items, such as warm socks, mittens, hats and scarves, a delight for visitors who want to purchase naalbinded items.
Norstead--Viking Village in Newfoundland
Getting to Norstead Viking Village
Naalbinding Was Done Using Materials at Hand
Image: Needle and Sample of Naalbinding Knitting
Image: Needle and Sample of Naalbinding Knitting
Materials Ancient People Used to Naalbind
When winter winds were howling, ancient people passed the dark winter months creating many useful and usable items for their families.
 - Needles were flat and carved out of antler, wood, or bone.
 - Wool was particularly well-suited for one-needle knitting because of how it felted.
Table With Naalbinded Items
Everyday items to make life more comfortable for the Norsemen.
Everyday items to make life more comfortable for the Norsemen.
A Look at Naalbinding: Knitting With One Needle
Stitches Used in Naalbinding
Different stitches are used in Naalbinding, some relatively easier and more common and others more complex.
Pattern codes describe the action needed: "go over or under" and how many times, thus someone reading directions might see codes like: O/UO, UO/UOO, and any number of variations.
Different variations of naalbinding are used to yield different degrees of both elasticity and thickness when creating fabric.
If you want to learn naalbinging, attending a class can be a real boon, but if there are no classes in your area, a good instructional book can guide you.
Oslo Stitch
How do Naalbinded Stitches Differ From Knit Stitches?
In a row of knitting, each stitch or loop is connected to stitches above or below it. In naalbinding, each loop is connected to at least one loop on either side.
In the basic technique, a loop is formed and the needle and yarn are passed through the loop, but not all the way. The yarn forms a new loop. The needle is then passed through the new loop and thus a chain is formed.
At the end of a row, the work is turned, and each stitch is now passed through its partner but also in a loop from the previous row. This makes for sturdy fabric.
As with knitting, the work may also be performed "in the round," depending on what item is being created.
York Stitch
Naalbinding in Modern Times
In modern times, the art of naalbinding has enjoyed a revival as interest has grown in this ethnic knitting style. This method has been turned to as a valuable resource for crafters who desire to master different knitting techniques to produce naalbinded items for their own use and/or for cottage industries.
Ribbing and More
Resources For Modern Naalbinders...
 - Classes in naalbinding offer instruction in different single-needle stitches
 - Knitters learn from experienced naalbinders who share their techniques
 - Naalbinding pamphlets and booklets teach basic stitches
 - Online sites discuss naalbinding techniques and offer naalbinding instructions
Rediscovering an Ancient Crafting Method
Certainly, the past steps on the heels of the present as knitters master a style of knitting that once spelled survival for our hardy forebears who produced many useful and warm items using natural materials they had on hand, and thus were well-equipped to brave challenging temperatures on land and at sea.
Ethnic Crafting
© 2013 Athlyn Green
Related Articles


text:
The term 'rosette' is commonly used to describe plants that grow leaves around a central growth point making a circle of layers, much the way petals unfold in a rose. Some plants that grow in a rosette look flower-like, others are less obvious. Succulents like aloes, aeoniums and agaves (Century plants) demonstrate the spiral form of growth clearly whereas the lettuce is a little harder to notice. Most plants that grow in a rosette form are neat-looking in the garden. They conform well to container growing and can be used to good effect in a formal or controlled landscape design.
Amazon Carousel Widget


text:
Tagging lexical words in the text and/or linking to lemmata for purposes of indexing or search.
Explicit markup of words (tokenization) and identification of their dictionary headwords (lemmatization) are both optional. Many projects simply leave these features unmarked, or rely on automated processes in search software to detect word-breaks and link to lemmatizing tools such as Morpheus. (The Papyrological Navigator, Perseus, and the TLG all use methods similar to this.)
To explicitly mark-up lexical words in a papyrological or epigraphic text, however, each word in the text should be enclosed in a element. (For ease of processing, it is advised that inter-word spacing, punctuation and other features be left outside of this element, and if possible there should be no spaces or carriage returns within the element.)
To record the lemma or dictionary headword of the word in question, the simplest solution is to enter the uninflected form in a lemma attribute, which may be used, for example, to generate the entries in a lexical index to the corpus.
A slightly more sophisticated solution is to enter in a lemmaRef attribute a URL or other URI that points to the entry for the word in question in a database or online dictionary. This solution allows for better disambiguation of homonymous words, for example, or linking to morphological and statistical information about the word.
If a single word tag contains more than one indexable word (e.g. "populusque" in Latin or "κἀκ" in Greek), or an incomplete word is ambiguous and might correspond to either of two or more lemmata (e.g. ΕΚΦΕΥΞ), then all lemmata that should be indexed may be included in the lemma attribute, separated by spaces:


text:
Homeschool High School Health and Nutrition Course
Students who study a high school health course in their homeschool gain an awareness of how they can actively promote a healthy lifestyle throughout all the stages of their lives. Health is something too many people often take for granted and address only when an issue occurs. It's also something that is typically related to physical function only, but in reality, it is so much more.
Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition
God's Design for Your Body, Mind, and Soul
This homeschool high school health and nutrition curriculum explores the physical, social, mental, and spiritual concepts that are needed for a healthy lifestyle. With detailed illustrations and photos, clear explanations, and enhanced readability, Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition will prepare high school students for college-level studies as well as life beyond the classroom.
What Information You Will Find on This Page
Sample Video And Free Preview
General Overview of Apologia's Homeschool High School Health and Nutrition Course
Apologia developed Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition to help high school students recognize that while they are each a unique individual in the entire history of the universe, there will always be layers of their lives that define, and sometimes dictate, just who they are in a given time period. Giving students the knowledge they need to navigate the different stages of their lives will help them see their lives are a gifted mystery. They are part of something even bigger than their physical, social, mental, and emotional context here on Earth. They are a spiritual being, created in the image of God.
How much of our lives is coded into our genetics; how much of it is learned; and how much of it do we choose? How do we navigate new experiences? With Apologia's homeschool health curriculum, students learn that as time passes, we all create and recreate who we are and how we interact with our world. Students will understand the subtle influences in their daily lives and begin to notice what roles those influences have on their interpretation of a situation.
General Topics Include:
- Practical topics include information on the things that students encounter every day, such as hydration and sleep. Realistic nutritional advice is presented in a form that allows students to take charge of their eating habits. And while most high school health courses only deal with physical health, Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition recognizes that health is just as dependent on social, emotional, mental, and spiritual vitality.
- Exploring Creation with Health and
Nutrition,covers the difficult topics too. We live in a culture polluted by sexual dysfunction. Apologia designed this health curriculum totell the truth to teens about the beauty of married sex, the developing baby, and the joy of being parents. We warn teens about the dalliance into immodesty, pornography, and casual sexual activity.
- Apologia also recognizes that some teens struggle, so we tackled the topics in a way that is gentle on the young person who struggles with mental illness, with a disability, or a poor prognosis. We emphasize that each person must do the best he or she can with what is
givento them by God, who numbers our days. We even included a chapter on peace. We don't seek peace as Americans; we distract and entertain ourselves and miss the rewards of simple living. Too often we have to get old before we discover the secret to peace. Apologia wants students to know the importance of peace in their day-to-daylives.
Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition is a high school health curriculum that can help teens avoid the pitfalls in life, take advantage of God's provision, and recognize God's incredible love for us in His design of our bodies.
Please note: Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition is a full health textbook for high school. Some students may not be mature enough to discuss some of the topics. The reproductive systems are covered in detail, including accurate, yet respectful, illustrations and descriptions. We respectfully discuss the act of marriage, sexual misconduct, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases. We discuss alcohol and drug abuse, depression, pornography and other topics that also require maturity. Please use your knowledge of your students to decide when this homeschool health and nutrition high school course is appropriate for their maturity levels.
Topics Covered in this Homeschool High School Health and Nutrition Course
At the core of this high school health curriculum is the understanding that humans are created in the image of the one, true God and are His image-bearers. As such, we are to steward His gifts to us with excellence. It is not an anatomy and physiology text, but this course covers the basics of how nutrients are absorbed by the body and which ones are essential to our diet. It is not a Bible study, but the author explains that a relationship with God through His Son, Jesus Christ, is the only way to have true peace in life.
- Why health matters
- Physical influences on thoughts and feelings
- Mental & emotional health
- Healthy interpersonal relationships
- Communication skills and conflict resolution skills
- Human body systems
- Digestion, nutrition, and hydration
- The five senses
- Food science:
- Importance of diet and exercise
- Personal hygiene
- Alcohol and drug abuse
- The gift of reproduction
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Components of this Homeschool High School Health and Nutrition Curriculum
Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition for high school grades does have over 50 projects, noted in the textbook and included in the student notebook. These projects cover materials such as nature versus nurture, personal temperament, good decision-making skills, boundary setting, analyzing food intake and activity levels, and many more. Project assignments, such as keeping a food journal and sleep journal, setting personal health goals are also included.
Students are graded on project completion and exams. Solutions are available for free on the Book Extras site for this title.
There are three components required to successfully complete this homeschool high school health and nutrition course:
- The student textbook contains all the health content that the student will study during the school year.
- The Student Notebook contains all the project instructions, study guides, and exams.
- The Test and Solutions Manual, made available for free on the course's Book Extras site, contains answers to the study guide and exams.
The Importance of a Student Notebook in a Homeschool Health and Nutrition Curriculum
Taking good notes while reading a high school science text can make the difference between mastering a concept and not quite understanding it. Good notes provide the following advantages:
- Students stay focused on what they are reading.
- Students pay closer attention, which will increase their retention.
- Students have their own version of the text to review for tests.
- Students learn to connect new information to what they already know.
The Student Notebook for our homeschool high school health and nutrition course are specifically designed to help students be independent and take responsibility for their science studies as they gain and maintain the personal abilities to create structure and logic through note taking.
Apologia Student Notebooks are strongly linked to their corresponding textbooks. They provide structured space for:
When During Their Homeschool Years Should High School Students Take This Health and Nutrition Course?
Apologia recommends that Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition is best studied at the same time as biology in 9th grade. However, this is not a requirement. A maturity level, whether it be in middle school or high school, that can comprehend and sensibly discuss a whole-health course covering mature topics such as human sexuality and alcohol and drug abuse
Apologia's Exploring Creation with Health and Nutrition is not only teen-approved, but it's also my teen's favorite subject. And, not just this year. It's her all-time favorite in her entire homeschooled existence!
Receive the Free Guide to Apologia Science and How to Write a Lab Report homeschooling resources from Apologia


.03(1g)(c) (c) "Prevention" means action to reduce the instance, delay the onset or lessen the severity of mental disorder, before the disorders may progress to mental illness, by reducing risk factors for, enhancing protections against and promptly treating early warning signs of mental disorder.
51.03(1g)(e) (e) "Stigma" means disqualification from social acceptance, derogation, marginalization and ostracism encountered by persons with mental illness or persons who abuse alcohol or other drugs as the result of societal negative attitudes, feelings, perceptions, representations and acts of discrimination.
51.03(3) (3)


text:
Automated Audit using WAPITI
WAPITI is a simple command line to tool to automate the audit of a web application. It's free and open source and has had some recent edits and updates (WAPITI homepage). The pplication is available for contribution at (WAPITI Repository).
Please be aware this command line does not replace a manual audit but can be useful to perform a first validation or exploration of legacy projects.
It is also recommended that you perform a build of the app:
python setup.py install
python wapiti _URL_ -n 10 -b folder -u -v 1 -f html -o /tmp/scan_report
-n: Define a limit of urls to read with the same pattern (prevent endless loops), here limit to 10.
-b: Set the scope of the scan, here we analyze all the links to the pages which are in the same domain as the URL passed.
-u: Use color to highlight vulnerables parameters in output.
-v: Define verbosity level, here we print each url.
-f: Define report type, here we choose HTML format.
-o: Define report destination, in our case it must be a directory because we choose HTML format.
Attack modules used by WAPITI:
- backup: This module search backup of scripts on the server.
- blindsql: Time-based blind sql scanner.
- crlf: Search for CR/LF injection in HTTP headers.
- exec: Module used to detect command execution vulnerabilities.
- file: Search for include()/fread() and other file handling vulns.
- htaccess: Try to bypass weak htaccess configurations.
- nikto: Use a Nikto database to search for potentially dangerous files.
- permanentxss: Look for permanent XSS.
- sql: Standard error-based SQL injection scanner.
- xss: Module for XSS detection.
- buster: Module for a file and directory buster attack - checking for "bad" files.
- shellshock: Module for Shellshock bug detection.
A sample TXT report is available here.


text:
After the New Jersey Legislature was relocated to Trenton from Perth Amboy during 1790, a new state house was constructed during 1792 by Philadelphia-based architect Jonathan Doane. Subsequent additions were made to the building during the 19th century. Architects who contributed to the New Jersey State House during the 19th century include John Notman (1845 created office wing on North side) who was a Philadelphia architect and Samuel Sloan (1871 designed new wings) who was also a Philadelphia architect. On March 21, 1885, a large fire caused the destruction of the State Street wing. Lewis Broome, from Jersey City helped to redesign the building.
The New Jersey State House attained its present size during 1911 and has not been changed significantly other than by modernization of the main corridor during 1950. A 1960 plan, calling for the replacement of the oldest sections of the State House with modern... Read More


Airframe structure
Cessna Anglais
The Wings
The wings of an aircraft can be attached to the fuselage at the top, mid-fuselage, or at the bottom. They may extend perpendicular to the horizontal plain of the fuselage or can angle up or down slightly. This angle is known as the wing dihedral.
Wooden structure wing
The ribs are they are strengthened in some wings by tapes that are woven above and below rib sections to prevent sidewise bending of the ribs. Drag and anti-drag wires may also be found in a wing.
Aile bois Anglais
Wing rib
Wood ribs are usually manufactured from spruce. The three most common types of wooden ribs are the plywood web, the lightened plywood web, and the truss types.
Nervures Goussets
Metal structure wing
Often, the skin on a wing is designed to carry part of the flight and ground loads in combination with the spars and ribs. This is known as a stressed-skin design. The all-metal, full cantilever wing section illustrated below shows the structure of one such design.
Aile metal Anglais
The fuselage forms the main body of the aircraft to which the wings, tail plane, vertical fin, and engine (in the case of a single-engine aircraft) are attached. In some aircraft designs, the engines and landing gear also attach directly to the fuselage structure.
Truss type fuselage
The truss type fuselage frame is usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.
Fuselage Tubulaire Anglais
Monocoque Type
The true monocoque construction uses formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads to give shape to the fuselage. The heaviest of these structural members are located at intervals to carry concentrated loads and at points where fittings are used to attach other units such as wings, powerplants, and stabilizers.
FuseMonocoque Anglais
Semimonocoque Type
Il se compose également d'assemblages de cadres, de cloisons et de coffrages utilisés dans la monocoque. Mais, de plus, la peau est renforcée par des membres longitudinaux appelés longerons. Les longerons s'étendent généralement sur plusieurs membrures et aident la peau à supporter les charges de flexion primaires
FuseSemicoque Anglais
Empennage or Tail
The stabilizing surfaces of most aircraft are located at the tail and are known as the empennage. Typically they comprise the horizontal surfaces of stabilizer (tailplane) and elevator, for longitudinal stability and control, and the vertical surfaces of fin and rudder for directional stability and control.
Empennage Complet Anglais
Image Suite


Breaking News
More () »
Are Minnesotans really more 'Cold Hardy' than everyone else? Or are we making that up?
This week Minnesota and Florida share the same weather, but residents have two very different reactions to it. Does that mean Minnesotans are more "cold hardy?"
Up here we like to think of ourselves as hardy Minnesotans.
To us, a 30-degree day is a walk in the park.
But down in Florida, 30-degrees to many Floridians feels like the end of the world.
This week, both states have similar temperatures, but the way residents feel about them couldn't be more different.
In Minnesota, residents see 30-degrees as a respite from the cold, but in Florida, theme parks are shutting down and iguanas are falling from the trees.
If you haven't seen the videos yet, check it out.
Iguanas are literally so cold in this 30-degree weather that their bodies are shutting down, stunning them, and sending them crashing to the ground.
It got us thinking, do humans have similar physiological reactions to cold and hot weather?
Can we literally evolve or adapt to our surroundings and become more tolerant of the weather?
Many Minnesotans pride themselves on being "cold hardy" but is that actually a real thing?
Turns out "cold hardiness" has little to do with our bodies, it's mostly our minds.
"There's nothing in our body that makes us cold hardy," Hennepin Healthcare emergency physician Dr. Ashley Strobel says.
"It's because we're mentally used to this, we're prepared. It's an attitude. It's a perspective."
Think about it this way, in Minnesota, a 40-degree day in October, you're running to grab your coat.
But 40-degrees in April it's like bring on the shorts!
Same temperature, same place, but mentally it's different.
"It's all about your perspective. In the Fall you're coming off hot temps in the summer and colder weather might feel even colder. In the spring you're coming off winter and the same temperature will feel warmer. You're mentally prepared to think and feel the weather a certain way," Strobel says.
Now, there are exceptions to all of this.
Certain medical conditions will affect the way you adjust to cold and hot weather.
Your weight, age and metabolism can also play a role, and certain people, scientists don't exactly know why, are just better at dealing with cold and hot weather.
"If you're someone who is always on the go, always moving, you can't sit still, perhaps you have a higher basal metabolic rate, so then, you may feel like you run a little bit warmer than others and that's because you're turning and burning energy continuously and so you are creating some of your own heat," Strobel explains.
But this whole idea that up here in the north our bodies have somehow evolved to handle the cold, that's just not the case.
"The truth is there's not much to that. That's not what research has shown," Strobel says.
"One could say it is something in us, because it's our fortitude. It's mental toughness. So, maybe you could say Minnesotans are tougher than Floridians? I don't know, there might be something to that."


text:
, the informal fallacy of affirming the presence of a causal relationship on anything less than adequate grounds. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc is a common variety of this fallacy. Example: "After drinking milk for twenty years, Melanie became addicted to cocaine. Therefore, drinking milk caused her cocaine addiction".
[A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names]
Try this search on OneLook / Google


- Duration 6-8 hours (single day)
 - Format Interactive group activities
 - Batch Size up to 20 people
 - Charges Write to for our corporate packages
 - Instructor Puneet Gupta (Director / Playwright)
 - Training Team Mad Hats Theatre
What is the workshop about?
This is a workshop designed especially for corporates and uses theatre as a medium to improve life-skills that can play a vital role in the day to day well-being of employees in their professional lives. In particular, our focus is on the following corporate skills:
1. Team building
2. Building trust and openness
3. Conflict management
4. Effective communication
We combine the use of creative, self-exploratory and interactive activities that allow the participants to learn how to express openly with team-mates, conquer their challenges and experience techniques that they could apply to many situations in professional life. Mad Hats Theatre accomplishes all of this in a light and enjoyable day-long workshop. We guarantee it to be much more than any outing to a resort would ever achieve! Request more details by writing to
MHT organizes basic theater workshops focused on understanding the fundamentals of theater in a creative, exploratory and interactive manner. The participants shall learn to express, conquer their inhibitions and discover a part of self that they had not yet embraced. The techniques and performances from this workshop would be applicable to many real-life situations. Mad Hats Theater aims to accomplish all of this in a light and enjoyable manner. We do workshops for corporates, educational institutes and individuals…


text:
Sometimes while playing your favorite game on Xbox you might encounter certain errors. In most cases these errors are relatively harmless, but some errors can be severe. Users reported Required storage device removed error on their Xbox, and today we're going to show you how to fix it.
Fix Xbox Error "Required storage device removed"
Fix Error Solution #1: Clear system cache
According to users, they managed to fix this error simply by clearing the system cache. Your cache can sometimes become corrupted and that can lead to this and many other errors. You can fix this error easily by following these steps:
- On the Xbox Home screen go to System.
- Select Storage.
- Select any device and press the Y button on your controller.
- Select Clear System Cache option.
- After clearing the cache, restart your console and check if the problem is resolved.
Fix Error Solution #2: Format your hard drive
Users reported that clearing the cache doesn't always fix the issue, therefore you might want to try formatting your Xbox hard drive. Keep in mind that formatting your hard drive will delete all files from your drive, therefore be sure to back up all important files. To format your hard drive, do the following:
- Start your Xbox without a disc in its tray.
- Go to Settings > System.
- Select the Storage option.
- List of all storage devices will appear. Highlight your hard drive and press the Y button on the controller.
- Select the Format option.
- You should see the confirmation message on the screen.
- Choose Yes to start the formatting process. During this step you might be asked to insert the console's serial number, so be sure to do that. You can find the serial number of your console on its back side.
Fix Error Solution #3: Use an 8GB USB flash drive or larger
Users reported this issue while using a 4GB USB flash drive with their Xbox. To fix this problem you just need to replace the 4GB flash drive with an 8GB drive or larger. After doing that, format the 8GB flash drive by following the steps from Fix Error Solution 2. Once your USB drive is formatted, the issue should be resolved.


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Porites and 'Christmas Tree Worms'
By Rob Toonen. Posted to Reefkeepers emailing list, Sunday the 12th of December 1999.
I'm not sure where the idea that Spirobranchus worms feed on the mucus from Porites first originated, but I see it quite often. As far as I know there is absolutely no research that supports that claim (although if someone knows of some references to the contrary, I would appreciate knowing about them!). The worms are feeders on plankton and although they are obligate associates of live corals, they are found in a variety of species, and Porites is actually one of the species that they do *worst* in (I'll explain this more below). It's sort of a complicated system, and no one has really figured out exactly what is going on yet, other than the fact that Spirobranchus "giganteus" is an entire species complex rather than a single species, and several "morphs" of the species have turned out to be completely infertile when crossed.
The reason that the worms are found on specific corals seems to be a result of larvae showing a strong settlement preference for corals such as Porites asteroides and Millepora complanata and ignoring corals such as Siderastrea, Dendrogyra and Agaricia. However, when researchers examined the growth and survival rates of worms on different coral species, worms that settled on Diploria strigosa did the best, followed by those living in Montastrea annularis, M. cavernosa, and Porites porites came in dead last in every measure of growth for the worms! Just to make things more complicated, different researchers find different results in different regions (such as larval preferences for specific corals), suggesting that there is a lot of variation among the worms throughout their range, or that there are a lot of similar but unidentified species that are mistakenly being tested as the same animal. Until these issues are properly addressed, it is difficult to make accurate generalizations.
As far as I can tell from the research done on these worms, the primary reason that they are found almost entirely in association with live corals has nothing to do with nutrition. In fact, researchers have examined the boring invertebrate communities in corals that are live, to those in which 50%, or 100% of the colony was dead, and they found big differences. In living corals, only 3 species were commonly found (a bivalve, a vermetid snail and the Xmas tree worms). The number of species boring through the colony and the amount of carbonate skeleton lost to that activity increases with the proportion of the colony that is dead. Completely dead colonies were rapidly colonized by 17-18 species of boring invertebrates (the most significant of which are the sipunculans, or peanut worms) which remove an average of 14.2 kg of carbonate skeleton per m^3. In addition, parrotfishes and grazing echinoderms (including urchins, brittle & serpent stars) removed an additional 5.25 kg per m^3 and together these boring activities are pretty likely to ensure that the worms don't survive for long once the coral dies. It also seems likely that the boring invertebrates would not differentiate between the calcareous tube of Spirobranchus and that of the dead coral, exposing the worm to attack from predators, pathogens and other additional stresses not experienced when the worms inhabit a healthy live coral. Hence, it is not surprising that the worms aren't found in many dead coral skeletons, but it doesn't mean that the worms are eating coral snot ;)
Unlike many worms that only live for relatively short times (a few years), Spirobranchus are a relatively slow growing worm that lives for a long time in the wild. Researchers used X-rays to determine the age of the worm by counting the annual growth rings of the corals in which they were embedded, and found that most animals were over 10 years old and some were more than 40! On average a healthy worm grows about 0.2mm in the diameter of the tube opening each year, but under ideal conditions the maximum growth rates are up to 1.0 mm increase in orfice diameter per year. In any case, these worms should easily outlive the average reef tank, and you cannot delude yourself into thinking that the animals died of old age if they fade in your aquarium.
As I mentioned above, there is no indication that these worms feed on anything different than other tube-dwelling serpulid polychaetes (a mixture of primarily phytoplankton with some small zooplankters thrown in as the worm grows to maturity), but I am not familiar with any specific studies of prey preference or gut content analyses of Spirobranchus in the wild (as I said above if anyone knows of any such studies that I have missed, please let me know!). The fact that Spirobranchus are generally imported with pieces of Porites does not mean that they are obligate associates of this coral, nor does it mean that they are feeding off the mucus of the coral. In fact, depending on the source you check, the most likely associate for Spirobranchus is likely to be P. lutea, P. lobata, P.lichen or even Montipora informis. In any case, until I see a study demonstrating that Spirobranchus is physically dependant on the living coral for anything other than protection (as outlined above), the assumption that this worm feeds in a substantially different manner than the other serpulids inhabiting live corals seems utterly unfounded to me...
Created by liquid
Last modified 2006-11-24 18:42


Skip to definition.
Noun: control key
 1. (computing) the key on a computer keyboard that is used (in combination with some other key) to type control characters
 - command key
Derived forms: control keys
Type of: key
Encyclopedia: Control key


Loreto Education Trust
Both Mary Ward and Teresa Ball responded to the needs of their time by establishing schools and using the work of education to spread the message of the Gospel. These schools flourished and, by the middle of the 20th century, there were over 30 schools in Ireland which drew their defining ethos from the spirit of the Loreto Congregation. Over time, lay colleagues shared in the delivery of education, the leadership and management of the schools. The final link in that chain was sharing in the trusteeship of the schools. In 2004, the Provincial and her Council established the Loreto Education Trust with responsibility for this trusteeship. Both sisters and lay people are appointed as directors of the Trust. This body will ensure that the Loreto ethos is both safeguarded and developed in the schools into the future.
To explore further the trusteeship of Loreto education and the work of the schools, please log into the following website: _URL_


text:
Definition of craniometry in English:
The scientific measurement of skulls, especially in relation to craniology.
- The SAP physicians were far more rigorously quantitative in their craniometry.
- Some of the examples he discusses may remind us of the metaphorical appropriation of biology by racist craniometry in the nineteenth century.
- The nineteenth-century interest in craniometry had assumed that intelligence was both biological and inheritable.
- Example sentences
- Thus, this anatomical region is favorable for sex determination due to its craniometric characteristics.
- The results of the present craniometric analysis are compared with other lines of evidence.
- This article examines the potential contribution of archaeological human skeletal material, in particular craniometric data.
Words that rhyme with craniometrygeometry, micrometry, optometry, psychometry, pyrometry, sociometry, trigonometry
Definition of craniometry in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Aspirin Can Prevent Hearing Loss From Ototoxic Medication
Editor: Researchers at the University of Michigan have discovered that
aspirin can prevent hearing loss that would otherwise occur in users of a
common family of antibiotics. The obvious question is whether aspirin can
prevent hearing loss from other medications. How about from noise exposure?
Around the world, inexpensive antibiotics known as aminoglycosides have
been used for the past 60 years in the battles against acute infections and
tuberculosis, as antibacterial prophylaxis in cystic fibrosis and other
patients, and in and other conditions. But for all of the good they do, the
drugs also have been widely linked to irreversible hearing loss.
Now, researchers at the University of Michigan's Kresge Hearing Research
Institute and their Chinese colleagues, working under the leadership of
Jochen Schacht, Ph.D., and Su-Hua Sha, M.D., have found that the hearing
loss can be prevented in many people with the use of another inexpensive,
widely available medication: aspirin. The results appear in the April 27
issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.
The researchers studied 195 patients in China who received 80 to 160
milligrams of gentamicin (a type of aminoglycoside) intravenously twice
daily, typically for five to seven days. Of those, 89 patients were given
aspirin along with the antibiotic, and 106 were given placebos along with
the antibiotic. The results were dramatic: The incidence of hearing loss in
the group that was given placebos was 13 percent, while in the aspirin group
it was just 3 percent, or 75 percent lower.
"We would like to see the word get around to the medical community around
the world that you can take some precautions to minimize the risk to your
patients. Aspirin is available everywhere, and it's cheap," says senior
author Schacht, professor of biological chemistry in otolaryngology at the
University of Michigan Medical School and director of the U-M Health
System's Kresge Hearing Research Institute. Gentamicin is not commonly used
in the United States.
He notes that this research builds on earlier U-M studies that showed
promise in combating drug-induced hearing loss in the laboratory.
"Previously we found that such a treatment works well in mice, but I am very
excited that this worked so well in humans," says Schacht. "Translating
animal studies into clinical practice is not an easy thing to do. We were
fortunate that our extrapolation from mice to men and women worked in the
The research is exciting, says lead author Sha, because hearing loss
caused by these antibiotics is so prevalent. The incidence of aminoglycoside-induced
hearing loss averages 8 percent but the numbers may be higher in developing
countries, she notes, where aminoglycosides are frequently the only
affordable antibiotics and are sold over the counter. No therapy currently
exists to prevent ototoxicity.
This research began in 1999 with a collaboration with Chinese hospitals.
Working with Schacht, Sha - associate laboratory director of U-M's Kresge
Hearing Research Institute's Biochemistry Laboratory - got in touch with her
colleagues in China. The two traveled to China and presented their ideas,
and ultimately began a partnership with the Fourth Military Medical
University in Xi'an, China. The third author on the paper, Jian-Hua Qiu,
M.D., represents the colleagues of the Fourth Military Medical University.
After receiving approvals from institutional review boards at U-M and the
Fourth Military Medical University, the otolaryngology department in Xi'an
conducted the prospective, randomized, double-blind trial at Xijing Hospital
and Airforce Chengdu Hospital from 1999 to 2003. All of the participants
were ages 18 to 65, and were inpatients who were scheduled for treatment
with gentamicin. Hearing damage, or ototoxicity, was defined as a shift from
a person's baseline hearing by at least 15 decibels at both the 6 and 8 kHz
frequencies, which are the first affected by the drugs. The effectiveness of
the gentamicin as an antibiotic did not lessen when it was paired with
Schacht notes that even though gentamicin has been linked widely with
hearing loss, and its use has been declining in industrial countries, it is
not practical to think that it will be replaced in the near future by other
antibiotics because it has specific applications and is so inexpensive and
available, especially in poor countries. While aspirin shows promise, and he
hopes that health care providers pair it with gentamicin, he also notes it
is not yet the perfect solution because of the potential side effects of
aspirin, including gastric bleeding. And he notes that this is an off-label
use of aspirin, which may inhibit some practitioners from giving it to
patients in such instances.
He hopes that further studies will lead to the development of new and
safer antibiotics, or another drug that can be paired with gentamicin that
has fewer side effects than aspirin. He and Sha are exploring partnerships
with other countries to conduct future research.


Breaking Barriers
Spratlens gift to ensure opportunities for students of color
THADDEUS SPRATLEN AND LOIS PRICE SPRATLEN, '76, UW emeritus professors who broke barriers and raised the bar for women and people of color in higher education, have presented the UW with a $1 million lifetime gift to ensure that students of color will have the opportunity to benefit from a UW education.
Thad, professor of marketing from 1972 to 2006, was the first African American faculty member at the UW Foster School of Business, the first to receive tenure and the first to receive emeritus status. He worked to establish the Business and Economic Development Center (BEDC) that supports small businesses owned by minorities and women.
Lois, who earned her Ph.D. in urban planning from the UW in 1976 and was a nursing professor from 1976 until 2010, wrote an influential book on how women are treated in university settings. She also was the first female UW ombudsman.
Their gift will ensure that BEDC will flourish. Since 1995, the BEDC has helped generate millions in revenue and more than 6,000 jobs.
What Do You Think?


text:
COUPLING OF THE FAST BOUNDARY-DOMAIN INTEGRAL METHOD WITH THE STOCHASTIC COLLOCATION METHOD FOR FLUID FLOW SIMULATIONS
Free (open access)
237 - 241
JURE RAVNIK, ANNA ŠUŠNJARA, JAN TIBAUT, DRAGAN POLJAK, MARIO CVETKOVIČ
In this paper we present the development of a Fast Boundary-Domain Integral Method for the solution of fluid flow and heat transfer problems. Adaptive cross approximation of integral matrices is performed on a hierarchically decomposed matrix structure. We couple the developed flow simulation algorithm with stochastic modelling of input parameters. In order to assess the influence of input parameters on the simulation results, we employ the stochastic collocation method as a wrapper around the deterministic code. We apply the developed numerical tool for the simulation of flow and heat transfer of nanofluids.
Boundary-Domain Integral Method, stochastic collocation method, sensitivity analysis, nanofluid, natural convection


text:
TRectangle = class(TShape)
class PASCALIMPLEMENTATION TRectangle : public TShape
TRectangle defines 2D rectangles with customized corners. It inherits TControl and can be used in styles to construct controls.
The rectangle size and position are defined by the following properties of the TRectangle object:
- The shape rectangle ShapeRect defines the initial size and position of the rectangle.
- You can use the scaling factors to the TRectangle object to proportionally scale rectangle coordinates along local coordinate axes. Scaling moves the rectangle and changes its size.
Note: Scaling not only scales the shape of an object proportionally to the scaling factors, but also changes the StrokeThickness of the contour proportionally to the scaling factor for each axis.
- You can use the rotation axis RotationCenter and rotation angle RotationAngle of the TRectangle object to rotate and move the rectangle.
- The Corners, CornerType, XRadius, and YRadius properties customize the shape of the rectangle corners.
TRectangle draws the contour and fills the background with the Paint method.
Paint draws the contour and fills the background using the drawing pen and brush with the properties, color, and opacity defined by the Stroke, StrokeThickness, StrokeCap, StrokeDash, StrokeJoin, and Fill properties of the TRectangle object.


text:
Since a particle in one dimension can only move in a straight line. Is it possible to have potential energy? And how would the kinetic energy and potential energy differ in higher dimensions?
Sure, a particle can have potential energy in one dimension. Just look at Hooke's Law or the gravitational force. Both of those are conservative forces in one dimension ($x$ and $r$, respectively) that have a corresponding potential energy.
In higher dimensions, nothing has to change, but it is possible to have potential energies which depend on the value of more than one of the dimensions (for instance, take $U(x,y)=x^2y^2$).
If your question is about how particular forces would change if the world we lived in were of lower dimension, well, that's more complicated. Suffice it to say that, mathematically, one can write whatever one wants, but physically, it is generally taken to be the case that lower dimensional forms of gravity and the electrostatic force would not be inverse-square laws. In one dimension, it is possible that the inverse-square laws that we all know and love might be constant forces (to maintain a lower dimensional form of Gauss's Law). Constant forces correspond to linear potentials (i.e. $U(x)=kx$); examples of this would be the electric field between a set of parallel plate capacitors or the gravitational potential near the surface of the Earth ($mgh$).
Kinetic Energy is much simpler. In most situations kinetic energy is taken (to a good approximation) to be a quadratic degree of freedom (read: proportional to $v^2$) for all dimensionality.
Yes, a particle can have potential energy in one dimension as potential energy depends upon the configuration of the body. We can have configuration in one dimension as in hook's law and hence potential energy.


text:
Posted: Oct 9, 2012 3:00 PM by Robert Preidt
TUESDAY, Oct. 9 (HealthDay News) -- A gene test that can identify people at risk for mouth cancer has been developed by British researchers.
The test detects precancerous cells in patients with benign-looking mouth lesions and could lead to earlier treatment for at-risk patients and improve their chances of survival, according to the team at Queen Mary, University of London.
They used the quantitative Malignancy Index Diagnostic System test -- which measures the level of 16 genes -- on more than 350 head and neck tissue specimens from nearly 300 patients and found that it had a cancer detection rate between 91 percent and 94 percent.
The study was published Oct. 4 in the International Journal of Cancer.
Mouth cancer affects more than half a million people worldwide each year, and that number is expected to rise above 1 million by 2030, according to World Health Organization figures. Most cases of mouth cancer are caused by either smoking or chewing tobacco, or drinking alcohol.
Mouth lesions are common, but only 5 percent to 30 percent may turn into cancers. Until now, no test has been able to accurately detect which lesions will become cancerous. Many mouth cancers are diagnosed at later stages, when the chances of survival are greatly reduced.
"A sensitive test capable of quantifying a patient's cancer risk is needed to avoid the adoption of a 'wait-and-see' intervention," study lead investigator and test inventor Dr. Muy-Teck Teh said in a university news release. "Detecting cancer early, coupled with appropriate treatment, can significantly improve patient outcomes, reduce mortality and alleviate long-term public health care costs."
Although this study shows that the test is effective for early cancer detection, further clinical trials are needed to evaluate its long-term clinical benefits.
The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more about mouth and other types of oral cancer.
SOURCE: Queen Mary, University of London, news release, Oct. 4, 2012
Copyright (c) 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


Nokia C3-01 - Change the time and date
Select Menu > Settings and Date and time.
Change the time zone when traveling
 1. Select Date & time settings > Time zone:.
 2. Select the time zone of your location.
 3. Select Save.
The time and date are set according to the time zone. This makes sure that your device displays the correct sending time of received text or multimedia messages.
For example, GMT -5 denotes the time zone for New York (USA), 5 hours west of Greenwich, London (UK).
Related topics


Connecting Node-RED to Azure IoT Central
2019年1月22日 に投稿済み
Principal PM Manager, Azure IoT
Today I want to show how simple it is to connect a temperature/humidity sensor to Azure IoT Central using a Raspberry Pi and Node-RED.
As many of you know, Raspberry Pi is a small, single-board computer. Its low cost, low power nature makes it a natural fit for IoT projects. Node-RED is a flow-based, drag and drop programming tool designed for IoT. It enables the creation of robust automation flows in a web browser, simplifying IoT project development.
For my example, I'm using a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B and a simple DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor, but it should work with other models of the Pi. If you have a different kind of sensor, you should be able to adapt the guide below to use it, provided you can connect Node-RED to your sensor.
Configuring Azure IoT Central
 1. Create an app.
 2. Create a new device template.
 - Temp (temp)
 - Humidity (humidity)
 3. Create a real device and get the DPS connection information.
 4. Use dps-keygen to provision the device and get a device connection string.
 - Identify the three parts of the resulting connection string and save them for later.
Connecting the DHT22 sensor
Before we can get data from our DHT22 sensor, we need to connect it to the pi. The DHT22 typically has three pins broken out, but some of them have four. If you have one with four, check the datasheet to confirm which pins are voltage (may be shown as +, VCC or VDD), data (or signal), and ground.
With the pi powered off, use jumper wires to connect your DHT22 as shown below:
Use jumper wires to connect your DHT22
NOTE: The power jumper (red) should go to 3.3V, data jumper (yellow) should go to GPIO4 and the ground jumper (black) should go to ground. Some boards are different, so double-check your connections!
Installing required software
I started by installing Raspbian Lite using the guide. Then, I installed Node-RED. At this point you should be able to open a browser and visit to see the Node-RED interface. Next, install the Azure IoT Hub nodes for Node-RED. The easiest way to do this is from the Node-RED interface, using the Manage Palette command.
Install the DHT22 nodes. Unfortunately, since this node has some lower-level hardware requirements, it can't be installed through the Manage Palette command. Please follow the instructions using the link above.
Configuring the flow
Now that you have Node-RED up and running on your pi, you're ready to create your flow. By default, Node-RED should already have a flow called "Flow 1," but if you can easily create a new one by selecting the (+) icon above the canvas.
Starting the flow with the inject node
The first node we will add to this flow is an input node. For this example, we will use the inject node which simply injects an arbitrary JSON document into the flow. From the input section in the palette, drag the node from the palette on the left onto the canvas. Then, double select it to open the configuration window. Set the node properties as shown below:
Starting the flow with the inject node
This node will simply inject a JSON object where the payload is set to a timestamp. We don't really care about that value. This is just a simple way to kick off the flow.
Getting data from the DHT22
In the Node-RED palette, find the rpi dht22 node and drag it onto the canvas. Double click on it to open the configuration window, and set the node properties as shown below:
The rpi dht22 node configuration window
Connect the inject node to the rpi dht22 node by dragging the little handle from one to the other.
Reformatting the message
The JSON message produced by the DHT22 node isn't formatted correctly for sending to Azure IoT, so we need to fix that. We will use the change node to do this, so drag it out from the palette onto the canvas and connect it to the DHT22 node. Double click on it to open the configuration window and set the node properties as shown below:
How to edit the change node
For the functional part of this node, we will use JSONata, which is a query and transformation language for JSON documents. After selecting the JSONata type in the to selector, select the […] button to open the editor and enter the following:
Expression editor
Here we are extracting the temperature and humidity values from the input JSON message and putting them inside the data element in the resulting JSON message. We're also adding the device ID and shared access key which you got from the Device Connection String earlier.
Sending the data to Azure IoT Central
Now that we've got the JSON message ready, find the Azure IoT Hub node in the palette and drag it onto the canvas. Again, double click on it to open the configuration window and set the properties as shown here:
Azure IoT Hub node
Confirming your message and debugging
The final node we will add to our flow is a debug node, which simply outputs the message it is given to the debug panel in Node-RED. Connect it to the end of the flow (after Azure IoT Hub) and set the name to "Hub Response."
If you're interested in seeing the JSON message at any point in the flow, you can add more debug nodes anywhere you want. You can enable or disable the output of a debug node by selecting the little box on the right side of the node.
The flow
Here is what your flow should look like. I've added a couple of extra debug nodes while developing this flow, but you can see that only the Hub Response node is enabled.
The flow
Before you can run the flow, you need to deploy it from the workspace. To do this select the red Deploy button at the top right of the Node-RED screen. Then, simply select the little box on the left of the every minute node and it will start. Since we configured that node to run every minute, it will continue to send messages to Azure IoT Central until you stop it by either disabling the flow or redeploying.
Pop back over to your IoT Central app and you should start seeing data within a minute or so.
IoT Central App
As you can see, connecting Node-RED to Azure IoT Central is pretty simple. This is a great way to quickly prototype and experiment with different sensors and message payloads without having to write any code! You can also use this approach for creating gateways or protocol translators so you can easily connect almost anything to Azure IoT Central.
Appendix: Flow source
If you want to just copy-paste the whole thing in instead of building it up yourself, you can import the following JSON into Node-RED and just update the three values from your Device Connection String (see the instructions above).
[{"id":"9e47273a.f12738", "type":"tab", "label":"DHT22-IoTC", "disabled":false, "info":""}, {"id":"b3d8f5b6.a243b8", "type":"debug", "z":"9e47273a.f12738", "name":"Hub Response", "active":true, "tosidebar":true, "console":false, "tostatus":false, "complete":"true", "x":740, "y":340, "wires":[]}, {"id":"117b0c09.6b3a04", "type":"azureiothub", "z":"9e47273a.f12738", "name":"Azure IoT Hub", "protocol":"mqtt", "x":520, "y":340, "wires":[["b3d8f5b6.a243b8"]]}, {"id":"ee333823.1d33a8", "type":"inject", "z":"9e47273a.f12738", "name":"", "topic":"", "payload":"", "payloadType":"date", "repeat":"60", "crontab":"", "once":false, "onceDelay":"", "x":210, "y":120, "wires":[["38f14b0d.96eb14"]]}, {"id":"38f14b0d.96eb14", "type":"rpi-dht22", "z":"9e47273a.f12738", "name":"", "topic":"rpi-dht22", "dht":22, "pintype":"0", "pin":4, "x":400, "y":120, "wires":[["f0bfed44.e988b"]]}, {"id":"f0bfed44.e988b", "type":"change", "z":"9e47273a.f12738", "name":"", "rules":[{"t":"set", "p":"payload", "pt":"msg", "to":"{\t \"deviceId\":\"{YOUR DEVICE ID} \", \t \"key\":\"{YOUR KEY}\", \t \"protocol\":\"mqtt\", \t \"data\": {\t \"temp\": $number(payload), \t \"humidity\": $number(humidity)\t \t }\t\t}", "tot":"jsonata"}], "action":"", "property":"", "from":"", "to":"", "reg":false, "x":280, "y":


Common Floor Cheers for Cheerleading
Floor cheers for cheerleading are a major part of riling up a crowd during any sports event. These cheers are practiced on cheerleading mats and then used at the game on the sidelines, especially when the game gets so noisy that regular cheers can't be heard.
The Basics Of Floor Cheers
Floor cheers are choreographed with rhythmic claps, stomps and beats. Since they rely so much on stomping and beating on a hard surface, they are mainly used at basketball games, where they have the most impact thanks to the basketball floor.
Many different types of floor cheers can be performed during breaks in the action of a game. While people often think of floor cheers as large routines that are done in the middle of the court or field, some floor cheers take as little as 30 seconds to perform on the sidelines. Floor cheers are designed to fit wherever they need to during the course of the game, so the head cheerleader is prepped with a variety of different cheers of different lengths. She pays attention to the game so she knows what type of cheer to use and when.
Standing Floor Cheers
Many cheers are done while the cheerleaders are standing in a line in front of the bleachers. They perform a series of stomps and claps, along with a chant that can be echoed by the crowd. The cheerleaders will normally move in unison during a standing floor cheer, but they might add in some acrobatic moves toward the end of the cheer, like toe touches, depending on how long the cheerleaders have to complete the cheer.
Sitting Floor Cheers
Cheerleaders all sit together in a line in between the game and the crowd. The sit with their knees pointed in the same direction, also called pinwheel seating. Once the cheerleaders are seated, they all wait for the captain to start the cheer by saying "Ready, Okay." They use their hands and feet to create a rhythm on the floor. The stomps and claps can be heard even above the din of the game and the roars of the crowd, which make them a perfect fit for basketball games. They also give the cheerleaders a break to rest while still keeping the spirit of the game up.
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