text:
23 July 2009
The first known example of a liquid protein has been made by chemists at the University of Bristol opening up the possibility of a number of medical and industrial applications including high-potency pharmaceuticals and protein-based coolants and lubricants.
Professor Stephen Mann and Dr Adam Perriman of the University's School of Chemistry, along with Helmut Cölfen of the Max Planck Institute for Colloid and Interface Research in Germany, have made a liquid form of the iron storage protein, ferritin. Their technique modifies the surface of the protein so that it melts into a viscous liquid.
The Bristol team attached positively charged amine groups to the surface of the ferritin, which then acted as binding sites for electrostatic attachment of a negatively charged polymer surfactant, creating proteins that bristle with long hairs. This ferritin-polymer composite forms a solid that melts at around 30°C to a liquid crystal with an orderly orientation of particles. When heated to 50°C, the liquid appears to act like an ordinary fluid, with disorder in the positions and orientations of particles.
The work has just been published in the chemistry journal, Angewandte Chemie, and preliminary results on other proteins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin - proteins that carrying oxygen around the body - indicate that the method may be of general application.
The liquid protein is more highly concentrated than a protein dissolved in water which means that higher doses of medically useful proteins could be administered, for example in new wound dressing treatments which could deliver oxygen more efficiently to a wound in order to promote healing. Enzymes that break apart other proteins could also be used to clear wounds of debris from dead cells.
Professor Mann said: "This is a very exciting result with fundamental significance for understanding liquids comprising nanostructured components. Also, it represents a possible way forward to a novel state of biomolecular matter, and could therefore have a number of important applications. We hope to explore some of these – for example in biomedical and sensor technology – over the next five years or so."
University of Bristol,
Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
Tel: +44 (0)117 _PHONE_


text:
The effects of introductory economics course on students' beliefs and aptitudes in economics
In a 2002 paper, Meyer and Shanahan claimed that there are subject-specific aspects of learning which cannot be uncovered using generalised student learning inventories; these generalised inventories are thus insensitive to subject-specific sources of variation in learning. The authors argue that there is a need to'seek additional sources of variation that are perhaps conceptually unique... within the discourse of particular disciplines'. This paper reports the findings of a survey study built on, and aimed to extend, Shanahan and Meyer's findings. The survey investigated (a) commencing students' economic beliefs, and (b) their capacity for economic thinking. A 30-item questionnaire was constructed and administered twice, first at the beginning, and then at the end of summer semester of 2003 (November 2003 – February 2004). Using factor analysis, the three economic belief constructs – economic misconception, economic methodology and economic assumption – were validated. Students with high scores in economic misconception were found to have a lower capacity for thinking like an economist. After one semester of study in introductory economics, it was found that students, on the whole, possessed more economic misconception, as compared to beginning of semester, and they had not demonstrated an increase in their ability to think like an economist.
Citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases.
Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||For more information, please refer to the journal's website (see hypertext link) or contact the author. Author contact details: _EMAIL_|
|Keywords:||First year economics, economics education, student learning, assessment, learning outcome, student learning inventory, economic misconceptions|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > ECONOMICS (140000)|
|Divisions:||Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > QUT Business School|
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2004 Australasian Journal of Economics Education|
|Deposited On:||20 Jun 2007|
|Last Modified:||05 Jan 2011 23:31|
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Error message
Are fish and other marine creatures attracted to Biorock reefs?
Mon, 03/26/2012 - 03:41 -- admintps
Like an oasis in the desert, all forms of coral life are quickly attracted to Biorock reefs. Many forms of reef life have been observed to be attracted to the structures, and none repelled.
However it is the organisms with limestone skeletons, such as corals, clams, oysters, barnacles, tube worms and sand-producing algae that are especially benefited, allowing them to outgrow weedy algae that often smothers and kills corals in polluted waters.
The result is that mineral accretion structures quickly become real coral reefs dominated by corals with a wide variety of normal reef creatures.


text:
Design review (U.S. government)
In the United States military integrated acquisition lifecycle the Technical section has multiple acquisition "Technical Reviews". Technical reviews and audits assist the acquisition and the number and types are tailored to the acquisition. Overall guidance flows from the Defense Acquisition Guidebook chapter 4, with local details further defined by the review organizations. Typical topics examined include adequacy of program/contract metrics, proper staffing, risks, budget, and schedule.
In NASA's engineering design life cycle, a phase of design reviews are held for technical and programmatic accountability and to authorize the release of funding to a project. This article describes the major phases of that systems engineering process. A design review provides an in-depth assessment, by an independent team of discipline experts and managers, that the design (or concept) is realistic and attainable from a programmatic and technical sense.
Design review is also required of medical device developers as part of a system of design controls described in the US Food and Drug Administration's governing regulations in 21CFR820. In 21CFR820.3(h), design review is described as " documented, comprehensive, systematic examination of the design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems." The FDA also specifies that a design review should include an independent reviewer.
The list of reviews done by an effort and the content, nature, process, and objectives any review uses vary enormously by the organization involved and the particular situation of the effort. For example, even within the U.S. Department of Defense, System Requirements Review cases include such as (1) a 5 day perusal of each individual requirement, or (2) a 2-day discussion of development plan documents allowed only after the system requirements have been approved and the development documents reviewed with formal action items required, or (3) a half-day powerpoint with content determined by the Project Manager with attendance limited to high-level (non-technical) stakeholders with no output other than the PM being able to claim 'SRR done'.
Some of the reviews that may be done on an effort include:
- Mission Concept Review (MCR)
The MCR affirms the mission need and examines the proposed mission's objectives and the concept for meeting those objectives.
- System Requirements Review (SRR)
The SRR examines the functional requirements and performance requirements defined for the system and the preliminary program or project plan and ensures that the requirements and the selected concept will satisfy the mission.
- Mission Definition Review (MDR)
The MDR examines the proposed requirements, the mission architecture, and the flow down to all functional elements of the mission to ensure that the overall concept is complete, feasible, and consistent with available resources.
- System Definition Review (SDR)
The SDR examines the proposed system architecture and design and the flow down to all functional elements of the system.
- Preliminary Design Review (PDR)
The PDR demonstrates that the preliminary design meets all system requirements with acceptable risk and within the cost and schedule constraints and establishes the basis for proceeding with detailed design. It will show that the correct design options have been selected, interfaces have been identified, and verification methods have been described.
The following are typical objectives of a PDR:
- Ensure that all system requirements have been allocated, the requirements are complete, and the flowdown is adequate to verify system performance
- Show that the proposed design is expected to meet the functional and performance requirements
- Show sufficient maturity in the proposed design approach to proceed to final design
- Show that the design is verifiable and that the risks have been identified, characterized, and mitigated where appropriate
- Critical Design Review (CDR)
The CDR demonstrates that the maturity of the design is appropriate to support proceeding with full-scale fabrication, assembly, integration, and test. CDR determines that the technical effort is on track to complete the flight and ground system development and mission operations, meeting mission performance requirements within the identified cost and schedule constraints.
The following are typical objectives of a CDR:
- Ensure that the "build-to" baseline contains detailed hardware and software specifications that can meet functional and performance requirements
- Ensure that the design has been satisfactorily audited by production, verification, operations, and other specialty engineering organizations
- Ensure that the production processes and controls are sufficient to proceed to the fabrication stage
- Establish that planned Quality Assurance (QA) activities will establish perceptive verification and screening processes for producing a quality product
- Verify that the final design fulfills the specifications established at PDR
- Production Readiness Review (PRR)
A PRR is held for Flight System and Ground Support projects developing or acquiring multiple or similar systems greater than three or as determined by the project. The PRR determines the readiness of the system developers to efficiently produce the required number of systems. It ensures that the production plans; fabrication, assembly, and integration enabling products; and personnel are in place and ready to begin production.
- Test Readiness Review (TRR)
A TRR ensures that the test article (hardware/software), test facility, support personnel, and test procedures are ready for testing and data acquisition, reduction, and control. This is not a prerequisite for KDP E.
- System Acceptance Review (SAR)
The SAR verifies the completeness of the specific end products in relation to their expected maturity level and assesses compliance to stakeholder expectations. The SAR examines the system, its end products and documentation, and test data and analyses that support verification. It also ensures that the system has sufficient technical maturity to authorize its shipment to the designated operational facility or launch site.
- Operational Readiness Review (ORR)
The ORR examines the actual system characteristics and the procedures used in the system or end product's operation and ensures that all system and support (flight and ground) hardware, software, personnel, procedures, and user documentation accurately reflect the deployed state of the system.
The following are typical objectives of an ORR:
- Establish that the system is ready to transition into an operational mode through examination of available ground and flight test results, analyses, and operational demonstrations
- Confirm that the system is operationally and logistically supported in a satisfactory manner considering all modes of operation and support (normal, contingency, and unplanned)
- Establish that operational documentation is complete and represents the system configuration and its planned modes of operation
- Establish that the training function is in place and has demonstrated capability to support all aspects of system maintenance, preparation, operation, and recovery.
- Flight Readiness Review (FRR)
The FRR examines tests, demonstrations, analyses, and audits that determine the system's readiness for a safe and successful flight or launch and for subsequent flight operations. It also ensures that all flight and ground hardware, software, personnel, and procedures are operationally ready.
The following are typical objectives of a FRR:
- Receive certification that flight operations can safely proceed with acceptable risk.
- Confirm that the system and support elements are properly configured and ready for launch.
- Establish that all interfaces are compatible and function as expected.
- Establish that the system state supports a launch "go" decision based on go/no-go criteria.
- Critical path method
- Technical peer review
- Systems Development Life Cycle
- Engineering design process
- Integrated Defense AT&L Lifecycle Management Chart[dead link]
- Technical Review Definitions
- Systems Engineering Technical Reviews slider
- Defense Acquisition Guidebook
- NAVSEA Technical Review Manual
- NASA Procedural Requirements, Subject: NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements, Appendix G Responsible Office: Office of the Chief Engineer, NPR 7123.1A, Effective Date: March 26, 2007, Expiration Date: March 26, 2012[dead link]
- _URL_ link]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Primary intraocular lymphoma: treatment outcomes with ocular radiation therapy alone
Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) treatment in the absence of other involvement of the central nervous system is controversial. We evaluated the outcome of ocular radiation therapy (RT) alone in 18 patients with PIOL who had no imaging evidence of brain or meningeal involvement, treated from 1999 to 2011. Median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range 32-82). Median follow-up was 25 months. Eleven had bilateral ocular involvement. All received external-beam orbital RT to a median dose of 36 Gy. Twelve patients received ocular RT alone; seven remain relapse-free at a median follow-up of 30 months. Five experienced brain or eye recurrence and were effectively salvaged with chemotherapy +/- RT. Six patients received chemotherapy before ocular RT; three relapsed and received salvage therapy. Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 94%. Two-year freedom-from-relapse was not different between the groups. Ocular RT alone resulted in excellent ocular control of PIOL, and relapses were effectively salvaged.
School of Medicine


text: An adequate reproducibility in the description of tissue architecture is still a challenge to diagnostic pathology, sometimes with unfortunate prognostic implications. To assess a possible diagnostic and prognostic value of quantitiative tissue architecture analysis, structural features based on the Voronoi Diagram (VD) and its subgraphs were developed and tested. A series of 27 structural features were developed and tested in a pilot study of 30 cases of prostate cancer, 10 cases of cervical carcinomas, 8 cases of tongue cancer and 8 cases of normal oral mucosa. Grey level images were acquired from hematoxyline-eosine (HE) stained sections by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera mounted on a microscope connected to a personal computer (PC) with an image array processor. From the grey level images obtained, cell nuclei were automatically segmented and the geometrical centres of cell nuclei were computed. The resulting 2-dimensional (2D) swarm of pointlike seeds distributed in a flat plane was the basis for construction of the VD and its subgraphs. From the polygons, triangulations and arborizations thus obtained, 27 structural features were computed as numerical values. Comparison of groups (normal vs. cancerous oral mucosa, cervical and prostate carcinomas with good and poor prognosis) with regard to distribution in the values of the structural features was performed with Student's t-test. We demonstrate that some of the structural features developed are able to distinguish structurally between normal and cancerous oral mucosa (P = 0.001), and between good and poor outcome groups in prostatic (P = 0.001) and cervical carcinomas (P = 0.001). We present results confirming previous findings that graph theory based algorithms are useful tools for describing tissue architecture (e.g., normal versus malignant). The present study also indicates that these methods have a potential for prognostication in malignant epithelial lesions.


text:
European Party Politics and Gender : Configuring Gender-Balanced Parliamentary Presence
Sammanfattning: In the late 20th century, the proportions of women and men elected into European national parliaments became increasingly equal. Political parties shape these outcomes by selecting and fielding candidates in elections. Scholars recognise that parties' actions do not occur in isolation; yet there is little systematically comparative research about the configurations of conditions in which these actions occur. Previous research also often relies on studies of West European parties. This doctoral thesis investigates how conditions inside and outside parties combine to create gender-equal parliamentary presence. The thesis examines the extent to which Western European experiences apply to Central and East European parties, and explores the conditions that stand in the way of progress towards gender balance. It presents three empirical studies. The first is a qualitative comparative analysis of 57 West European parties during the late 1980s, a period in which the trend towards equality accelerated. The second study applies the knowledge produced in the first analysis to cases in Central and Eastern Europe. It uses an original dataset covering six parties in four EU member states in a structured focused comparison. Finally, the thesis presents an in-depth case study of an unexpectedly gender-balanced Latvian party. The analyses show that gender-equal parliamentary presence is achieved when conditions inside and outside parties combine, and that no condition is necessary or singularly sufficient. The absence of gender-equal parliaments is sustained by combinations other than the absence of those that lead to gender-balance. Operationalisations from Western Europe turn out to be largely applicable to cases in Central and Eastern Europe. These latter cases also demonstrate that organisational instability need not impede women's presence in elected office.
KLICKA HÄR FÖR ATT SE AVHANDLINGEN I FULLTEXT. (PDF-format)


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I looked on Oxford's online dictionary and was able to find the names identifying orders of a given degree:
 1. primary
 2. secondary
 3. tertiary
 4. quaternary
 5. quinary
 6. senary
 7. septenary
 8. octonary
 9. nonary
 10. denary
 11. -- no term for 11th degree??
 12. duodenary
I am curious as to what would be the sequence of terms regarding a set of 'n' items? I have up to four:
 1. unary
 2. binary
 3. ternary
 4. quaternion
but, I cannot seem to find anything beyond that. Anyone know where this list may be?
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3 Answers
up vote 9 down vote accepted
The problem is that English uses two different kinds of adjectives to mean "first, second, etc". The ones in -ary without the -n- come from the Latin ordinals, "first, second, etc."; but they are different after 3.
 1. Primus — primary "first"
 2. Secundus — secondary "second"
 3. Tertius — tertiary
 4. Quartus — *quartary
 5. Quintus — *quintary
The -arius suffix is also used in Latin with ordinals, and secundarius means something like "second, pertaining to two, second in rank", though it often comes very close to the simple ordinal secundus. It usually adds some connotation of ranks and order in a grand system. There is also secundanus, which I believe isn't much different.
The -n- ones come from Latin distributive adjectives, "one each, two each, etc."; they are always used in plural. They were sometimes also used in a sense roughly similar to the ordinals, which is probably why English uses them in an odd way.
 1. (Singuli — single "one each")
 2. Bini — binary "two each"
 3. Terni/trini — ternary/*trinary
 4. Quaterni — quaternary
 5. Quini — quinary
 6. Seni — senary
 7. Septeni — septenary
 8. Octoni — octonary
 9. Noveni — *novenary
 10. Deni — denary
 11. Undeni — *undenary
 12. Duodeni — duodenary
 13. Terni/trini deni — *ternidenary/*tridenary
I believe the ones derived from ordinals were originally used to mean "second [in order]" in English, and the distributive -n- ones to mean "of two parts", or "characterised by the number 2". But then, because these meanings are related and often overlap, they got mixed up, resulting in the current defective lists, where the -n- forms serve both senses from 4 up.
The number one is the strangest exception of all, where a new word unary was made up, though no Latin equivalent exists (there is only unus, "one", but that is like using *duary from duo, "two"). Nonary is odd as well.
These are the Latin cardinal numbers for reference:
 1. Unus/una/unum/etc. (depending on gender and case) — "one"
 2. Duo/duorum/duarum/etc. (depending on case and gender) — "two"
 3. Tres/trium/etc. (depending on case)
 4. Quattuor
 5. Quinque
 6. Sex
 7. Septem
 8. Octo
 9. Novem
 10. Decim
 11. Undecim
 12. Duodecim
 13. Tredecim
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ah, that's why I couldn't find a separate listing... that's fine then for my purposes; the terms were going to be used in naming functions/classes in a library I am developing, and I was trying to be as grammatically accurate as I could. That's not usually a big deal for us programmers, but I tend to be more finicky about certain things than others. – Will May 13 '11 at 12:51
_USER_: An excellent attitude! Users of the future with literary tastes will appreciate it in your software! – Cerberus May 13 '11 at 12:56
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 - Nullary means 0-ary.
 - Unary means 1-ary.
 - Binary means 2-ary.
 - Ternary means 3-ary.
 - Quaternary means 4-ary.
 - Quinary means 5-ary.
 - Senary means 6-ary.
 - Septenary means 7-ary.
 - Octary means 8-ary.
 - Nonary means 9-ary.
Hope this helps.
share|improve this answer
...and for 10... decimal. – Mitch May 13 '11 at 1:04
...and alternatively base n. – Mitch May 13 '11 at 1:05
_USER_ No, bases are a different meaning. The words "binary" and "ternary" are used for both, but "octary" and "octal" are different. – aschepler May 13 '11 at 2:29
_USER_: oops, you're right. what would the sequence be then for base n? – Mitch May 13 '11 at 2:32
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I know I'm a little late here, but I thought it might be worth mentioning that Wikipedia has a great list of base systems, which goes all the way up to 16 (Hexadecimal, of course) without holes, and then on to 85 (Pentaoxagesimal). Here's a quick reproduction of part of it:
 1. unary (not actually on the main list, but listed farther down as being used in tally marks)
 2. binary
 3. ternary
 4. quarternary
 5. quinary
 6. senary
 7. septenary (used in weeks)
 8. octal
 9. nonary
 10. decimal (everybody's favorite!)
 11. undecimal
 12. duodecimal (used in hours, months)
 13. tridecimal
 14. pentadecimal
 15. pentadecimal
 16. hexadecimal (Base16 encoding)
18 is octodecimal
20 is vigesimal
It's interesting to note that even our method of naming these systems reflects our attachment to the decimal system, as we begin to add prefixes after decimal. Also, if you want to form a higher number, it appears that you can use the following formula:
prefix for 2nd digit + prefix for 1st digit + gesimal
So, 27 is septemvigesimal. I invented this formula in answer to this question, but it appears to fit every case on the list.
Wikipedia also lists −2 as negabinary and −3 as negaternary. Theoretically, you can add the negaprefix to anything, but I have no idea what you would use it for.
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Your Answer


text:
The sciences division was the corps of officers within Starfleet who specialized in both scientific and medical research and control functions on starbases, aboard starships, and at Starfleet Command. Members of the sciences division specialized in sensors, research, theoretical and physical laboratory work, biological studies, and also as technicians, medics, and surgeons.
Officers who belonged to the sciences division sometimes wore the division color of a department other than that in which they specialized. For example, if a science officer became a department head, he might have worn the colors of command division, or if he had a dual specialty in an operations division department, an alternate color might have been worn.
Beginning with the Earth Starfleet of the 2140s and 2150s, line officers and noncoms of science division wore blue division stripes on their uniforms. This use of blue continued through several uniform styles until 2260s. On starships, such as the USS Enterprise, science division crewmembers had a specialty insignia in their insignia patch, a circle with two longitudinal lines dividing it.
By the 2270s, new uniforms showed different division colors, with the sciences division signified by two differing colors. Science research and technical staff wore orange behind their Starfleet badge, on uniform bands, accessories, and epaulets. Medical crew wore green badge backings and accessories.
The sciences division was changed again with the 2280s uniforms, with green continuing to represent medical personnel, but science and technical staff now wore gray colors (which was a style shared by services personnel of operations division). The insignia used gave the officer the option of wearing command division white uniform insignia, with another department color like sciences' banded across, or the opposite, with department color insignia (green or grey, in this case) with command white banded across.
On the uniforms used from 2350s onward, blue had again become the sciences division color.
The second variant of the 2371 uniform, while still referred to as blue, was actually a shade of green, jungle green. The color was later be applied to the 2373 uniforms as well.
|Starfleet uniform sciences division colors:|
|22nd century||2230s||AR 2250s||2250s-2260s|| Mid 2260s-|
|Mid 2270s||Late 2270s-2350s||2350s-2370s|| Late 2360s-|
R&D and Technical
R&D and Technical
- During the original Star Trek, sciences blue first appeared in "The Cage" and was regularly worn by the science station officers, medical personnel, and security personnel who later wore red after 2265. (TOS: "The Cage", "Where No Man Has Gone Before") Science Officer Spock wore sciences blue, although he briefly wore command gold for his dual position as executive officer. (TOS: "Where No Man Has Gone Before") Some scientists (like astrobiologist Ann Mulhall and historian Marla McGivers) even wore operations red, suggesting they had more operational primary duties. The work coveralls were muted variations in the pilots from the duty uniforms and were light blue in color. Later they matched the blue of the standard duty uniform.
- Apparently officers with degrees of scientific or technical training held positions in other departments than just science and medical. Extra characters in blue uniforms were often seen occupying posts normally occupied by command or operations division personnel, up to and including captaincy. One notable example is Hoshi Sato who performed the role of an operations communications officer, while wearing the department color of a exolinguist.
- In the movie era, Star Trek: The Motion Picture featured Spock wearing orange bands and McCoy wearing green. By the Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan uniforms, McCoy continued to wear green, but science officers wore grey, according to schemes and insignia of the later movie-era uniforms by Robert Fletcher.
- The decision to switch the meaning of the colors for command and ops divisions between the TOS and TNG uniform styles was made in pre-production of "Encounter at Farpoint". However, the TOS blue was kept as the sciences division color.
- Most often, in the Federation Starfleet, all captains and admirals wore command division colors; however there were exceptions, which proves that this was not a requirement. In TOS, Captain Krasnovsky wore a science blue dress uniform, the only captain in Trek to ever do so.


From Joomla! Documentation
Revision as of 17:36, 22 March 2010 by Doxiki (Talk | contribs)
Replacement filing cabinet.png
[Edit Descripton] Description:JUserHelper
Defined in
Method name Description
addUserToGroup Method to add a user to a group.
removeUserFromGroup Method to remove a user from a group.
setUserGroups Method to set the groups for a user.
activateUser Method to activate a user
getUserId Returns userid if a user exists
getCryptedPassword Formats a password using the current encryption.
getSalt Returns a salt for the appropriate kind of password encryption. Optionally takes a seed and a plaintext password, to extract the seed of an existing password, or for encryption types that use the plaintext in the generation of the salt.
genRandomPassword Generate a random password
getProfile Gets the user profile information
jimport( 'joomla.user.helper' );
[Edit See Also] SeeAlso:JUserHelper


January 2006
The Second Rockdale Math Competition
The second competition should have taken place in January 2005.
Unfortunately, a severe ice storm hit the area the night before the competition was to take place. Due to other conflicts, it could not be rescheduled until the following January.
Once again, middle and high schools were invited to send unlimited numbers of students to compete in subject-specific levels: Pre-Algebra, Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, and Comprehensive. The Competition involved a 30-problem, written multiple-choice test and four rounds of five-problem ciphering.
For the competition papers, click here...
Trophies were awarded to the top 3 teams in each subject level per classification, and the top 15 individuals were recognized with a trophy. Additionally, the first place winner received a graphing calculator. The Pre-Algebra, Algebra I, and Geometry winners received TI-83s, and the Algebra II and Comprehensive winners received TI-89s. Listed here are all team rankings per subject level and the top 15 individual winners in each category.


Comparing chemical restraint and anesthetic protocols used for blood donations in cats: One teaching hospital's experience
Years of experience with The Ohio State University blood bank led these authors to a consensus about which intramuscular or inhalant drug protocol works best for feline blood collection in their donor program.
The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital has had an organized blood bank for small-animal transfusion medicine for more than 20 years. We currently process one to two units of feline blood a week and store both packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma.
Before 1998, cats were housed at the hospital to be on-demand donors of whole fresh blood. Because of the nature of on-demand donation, cats were not typically fasted at the time of blood collection, and the choice of chemical restraint (sedatives and anesthetics) was based primarily on time, expense, and ease of administration. During those years, intramuscular injections of ketamine hydrochloride were used with minimal complications. However, several aspects of chemical restraint with ketamine as a sole restraint agent were undesirable, such as the pain associated with administration, the extended recovery periods, and the worsening fractiousness of the cats with each subsequent donation. From 1998 to 2003, we evaluated several chemical restraint protocols for blood donor cats to improve the quality and efficiency of the blood bank, as well as the donors' quality of life.
We investigated the use of various chemical restraint protocols to facilitate quicker recovery times with minimal adverse effects, since the donors now have a scheduled time for donation, are appropriately fasted, and are to be sent home with the owners as soon as they recover. In this article, we review the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of chemical restraint used by The Ohio State University Transfusion Medicine Service. We evaluated ketamine, midazolam hydrochloride and ketamine, medetomidine hydrochloride and atipamezole hydrochloride, acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate, and sevoflurane. We chose not to evaluate propofol, another commonly used induction agent in private practice, because it has a short duration of action, it is best administered by intravenous catheter, it can induce apnea, and it has a high cost per average dose.
TABLE 1: Criteria for Evaluating Chemical Restraint Protocols for Feline Blood Collection
The subjective criteria used by the Transfusion Medicine Service staff to evaluate these restraint protocols are listed in Table 1. Table 2 presents additional information on the chemical restraint protocols we evaluated. A blood collection was considered successful if a minimum of 50 ml blood was collected.
TABLE 2: Comparison of Chemical Restraint Protocols for Collecting Blood for Transfusion in Cats
Blood donors were neutered males and spayed females between 2 and 7 years old. Twenty to 30 cats were enrolled in the donation program at any given time. The cats weighed at least 8 lb (3.6 kg) and had negative test results for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and heartworm infections. Most had type-A blood, though a limited number of type-B cats were also used in the program. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profile results and thyroid hormone concentrations for all donors were within reference ranges for our laboratory.
For each collection, the cat was sedated or anesthetized, the hair over the jugular vein was clipped, and the site was scrubbed with chlorhexidine and cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. Each cat was placed on a circulating warm-water blanket, and ophthalmic lubricant was administered. A 20-ga butterfly catheter was placed in the jugular vein, and the blood was collected into a 60-ml syringe containing 8 ml acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution. The blood was then transferred to a blood collection bag and separated into plasma and packed red blood cells. On rare occasions, the blood was used as whole fresh blood. Lactated Ringer's solution (50 ml) was administered subcutaneously to each donor immediately after donation. The cats' heart and respiratory rates and capillary refill times were monitored during donation and recovery.


BASF Agricultural Solutions UK
What are the implications of crop lodging?
According to John Nix's guide, the gross margin on a crop of feed wheat is £656/ha. Early lodging at ear emergence can result in up to 75% yield loss. In financial terms, this is a cost of almost £500/ha. We want to help you to reduce your lodging risk and maximise your profitability.
So how can I reduce my lodging risk?
Crop Variety
Varieties have different resistance to lodging scores as each variety demonstrates differences in terms of growth habit (height, tillering capacity, stem strength and speed of establishment). Varieties with a score of 7 or less on the Recommended Lists should be considered at risk of lodging. Be sure to check the Recommended Lists on the HGCA website.
Drilling Date
Earlier drilled crops can produce heavier ears which have a higher yield potential. These heavy ears put weight on the stem, meaning a crop with higher yield potential is more likely to lodge. It has been estimated that each tonne per hectare above 9 t/ha reduces the resistance to lodging score by 0.5 points. As a result, delaying drilling can be a useful cultural control to help reduce lodging risk.
Nitrogen Applications
The AHDB Nutrient Management Guide is a great place to start to understand your nitrogen (N)requirements [link:]. Residual nitrogen in the soil from previous crops can significantly affect lodging risk by creating thick, dense canopies that are more prone to stem lodging. Delayed and reduced applications of nitrogen can help to manage canopy size and reduce lodging risk.
Plant Population
A high seed rate can increase the risk of root lodging, where the plant's rooting structure is insufficient to hold it upright against the leverage of the rest of the plant. Reducing the seed rate can help to reduce lodging risk, as well as disease risk.
Spring Rolling
Weather permitting, spring rolling can help to consolidate soils, creating a better structure for plant roots to anchor into. Spring rolling should occur before GS30 to avoid crop damage.
PGR applications
A good plant growth regulator, such as Canopy or Medax Max will reduce plant height, improve rooting and increase straw strength. All of these agronomic benefits help to reduce lodging risk. What's more, with two active ingredients, BASF PGRs are fast acting and reliable at a range of growth stages and temperatures.


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Dec. 14, 2012 All a question of timing: When bushcrickets mate, the male attaches a sticky package, the so-called spermatophore, to the female's abdomen. Alongside the sperm themselves, this 'bridal present' consists of a protein-rich mass that the female eats after mating. It then takes several hours for the sperm to find their way into the female's reproductive tract. But, who decides when that will happen? A study by the Bielefeld biologists Professor Dr. Klaus Reinhold and Dr. Steven Ramm suggests that it is the male who determines the dynamics of this process even when he has long 'hopped off' somewhere else.
They published their results at the beginning of December in the online first version of the journal Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology.
In contrast to direct sperm transfer, the use of a spermatophore could grant the female more influence over the fertilization or non-fertilization of her eggs. However, the results of the Bielefeld study cast doubt on this assumption. They suggest a high degree of male control over this decisive stage in reproduction. For their study, Professor Dr. Klaus Reinhold and Dr. Steven Ramm from Bielefeld University paired males and females from two subspecies of the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus in whom the time between pairing and sperm transfer differ. Whereas in the subspecies Poecilimon veluchianus minor, sperm are transferred within the first three hours, the transfer in Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus starts only after four hours. If the two subspecies are interbred -- the researchers thought -- then the number of transferred sperm after three hours would indicate whether it is the male or the female who determines how long this transfer takes.
The researchers mated nine to twelve pairs in each of the four possible combinations of Poecilimon veluchianus minor and Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus. Three hours after mating, they examined how many sperm they could find in the female's reproductive tract. The result: the sperm from the males of the 'faster' subspecies Poecilimon veluchianus minor could be found in the females of both subspecies. In contrast, the males in the'slower' sub-species Poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female.
The researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control the speed of transfer over the sperm package. However, this does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the female is powerless. Females can also influence whether sperms are transferred by how quickly they eat the spermatophore. In addition, the larger the male, the larger the size of the sperm package, and this influences how long the females need to consume the protein. As a result, the sperm have more time to transfer to the female -- and the female's eggs have a greater chance of being fertilized by a 'high-quality' male. Professor Reinhold stresses, 'Our findings show that the females do not determine the transfer -- not that they could not do so.'
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Klaus Reinhold, Steven A. Ramm. Male control of sperm transfer dynamics in a spermatophore-donating bushcricket. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s00265-_PHONE_-4
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Detect the language of the user, using the.mo
I have a little doubt. Using 2.9.2 and Wp BP 22.214.171.124.
The way that we can change the language from wp-config.php for example in Spanish. Do not use google translator or other service.
BP would be possible to detect the user's language and load the activity in Spanish or English. In the same way that Facebook loaded into Spanish in Spain and in English in the USA.
- The topic 'Detect the language of the user, using the.mo' is closed to new replies.


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Identity Development, Risk, and Resilience among Gender Diverse Populations
Walter O. Bockting, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
Previous research has found that the vast majority of transgender individuals experienced discrimination and documented health inequities. Much of the data, however, is limited by the use of small convenience samples of transgender women with a history of sex work, recruited from AIDS and social service agencies. The goal of this study is to move beyond these limitations by using purposive, venue-based sampling to recruit a broad, diverse sample of transgender people in 3 U.S. cities--New York, San Francisco, and Atlanta-and enroll them into a mixed-method longitudinal study to test an adaptation of the minority stress model, investigating vulnerability, risk and resilience in the context of identity development. The aims of the study are: (1) To describe the process of transgender identity development based on qualitative lifeline interviews with a sample of 90 transgender individuals ages 16 and older, and identify periods of acute vulnerability and characteristics of resilience; (2) Informed by findings from Aim 1, to refine a model combining identity development, minority stress, and resilience, and to develop/adapt measures to assess the model's key constructs; (3) To test the model of resilience in a cohort of transgender individuals (N = 480) stratified by city, gender, and age, and follow them over time (baseline, 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow up interviews); and (4) To triangulate qualitative and quantitative data on identity development and minority stress processes in order to inform the future development and testing of intervention strategies aimed at fostering resilience and reducing stigma and discrimination. By achieving these aims, this study will make a significant advance in scientific knowledge about gender identity development, minority stress processes (enacted stigma, felts stigma, concealment, shame and their impact on health and psychosocial adjustment), minority coping (on an individual as well as community level), and the development of resilience over time. The study is innovative in its focus on an understudied minority population, the application of the lifeline interview method to this population, and the adaptation and testing of the minority stress model within the context of transgender identity development.
U.S. TRANSGENDER POPULATION HEALTH SURVEY
WALTER BOCKTING, PH.D.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: ILAN MEYER, PH.D.
TransPop Study, a first-of-its-kind U.S. transgender population health survey, is being conducted by researchers at the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law, Columbia University, Harvard University, and The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health. The study will be the first national probability sample of transgender individuals in the U.S. and thus will be provide a more accurate and detailed picture of the issues faced by transgender people. The study will provide researchers and policy makers with unbiased estimates about demographics, health outcomes and well-being, and health care needs of the transgender population, which will be crucial for designing evidence-based public health and policy interventions.
The TransPop study aims to:
- Describe demographic parameters of the U.S. transgender population, such as race/ethnicity, age, gender identity, education, employment, etc.
- Describe basic health outcomes and health behaviors, such as health status, health care access, quality of life, etc.
- Describe experiences of transgender people with interpersonal and institutional discrimination in areas such as healthcare, employment, housing, etc.
- Describe transgender identity history and transition-related experiences.


Is there a difference between linear array 3dB beam width and linear array bearing resolution?
 - $\begingroup$ A little more context is suggested to help readers answer your question $\endgroup$ – Laurent Duval Apr 6 '17 at 12:22
The answer will be NO, but to be precise especially in case of conventional beam forming.
Theoretical Derivation
The antenna electric field pattern of array antenna can be given by
where N is the number of antenna elements
d is the spacing between antenna elements
In order to find the beamwidth (3 dB), the above equation should be equated to and solve for
The solution will come to be as
where D is the total aperture distance and can be approximated as
For spacing of the equation simplifies and can be approximated as
Thus beam width of planar antenna can be represented as
Angular Resolution Using FFT Over Antenna Elements
In order the prove the lemma that the angular resolution obtained by performing the FFT across antenna dimension equals to the beamwidth of the antenna array, we have to obtain the angular resolution using FFT.
The below diagram shows the frequency obtained due to path difference between the antenna elements which occurred due to the angle of arrival other than the broadside angle
enter image description here
The frequency resolution using FFT can be represented as where N is the number of samples but in our case it is equal to number of antenna elements.
The angular resolution can be found by equating the difference in frequency of different angles and
The frequency resolution becomes:
Solving we get and if we put and we get the same resolution as the beamwidth i.e
Thus for summarizing the above discussion using FFT we can only achieve the max angular resolution equals to the beamwidth of the antenna array which is equal to angular resolution = antenna array beamwidth = 2/N
Kindly note that this equality is true for the case of conventional beam forming only, there exist also some advance beam former where your angular resolution is better than the 3db beam width
This is the same answer which I provided on ULA beamwidth and angular resolution, might this will be helpful.
Your Answer


Almaz - Meaning of Almaz
What does Almaz mean?
[ syll. al-maz, alm-az ] The baby girl name Almaz is pronounced as AELMaaZ †. Almaz is mainly used in Ethiopian and it is of African-Ethiopia origin. The name Almaz means diamond.
See also the related categories, diamond and ethiopia.
Baby names that sound like Almaz include Almaas, Almas (Arabic and Turkish), Allma, Alma (English, German, Hebrew, Italian, and Spanish), Almah, Almha (Irish), Almog (Hebrew), Ahlama, Alanah (English), Alanice (English), Alanis (English and Irish), Alannis (English), Alannys, Alanya, Alanza, Alawna (English), Alhenah, Alimah, Allena (English), and Alleynah.
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text:
Orthogonal Complements and the Lattice of Subspaces
We know that the poset of subspaces of a vector space is a lattice. Now we can define complementary subspaces in a way that doesn't depend on any choice of basis at all. So what does this look like in terms of the lattice?
First off, remember that the "meet" of two subspaces is their intersection, which is again a subspace. On the other hand their "join" is their sum as subspaces. But now we have a new operation called the "complement". In general lattice-theory terms, a complement of an element in a bounded lattice (one that has a top element and a bottom element ) is an element so that and.
In particular, since the top subspace is itself, and the bottom subspace is we can see that the orthogonal complement satisfies these properties. The intersection is trivial, since the inner product is positive-definite as a bilinear form, and the sum is all of, as we've seen.
Even more is true. The orthogonal complement is involutive (when is finite-dimensional), and order-reversing, which makes it an "orthocomplement". In lattice-theory terms, this means that, and that if then.
First, let's say we've got two subspaces of. I say that. Indeed, if is a vector in then it for all. But since any is also a vector in, we can see that, and so as well. Thus orthogonal complementation is
Now let's take a single subspace of, and let be a vector in. If is any vector in, then by the (conjugate) symmetry of the inner product and the definition of. Thus is a vector in, and so. Note that this much holds whether is finite-dimensional or not.
On the other hand, if is finite-dimensional we can take an orthonormal basis of and expand it into an orthonormal basis of all of. Then the new vectors form a basis of, so that. A vector in is orthogonal to every vector in exactly when it can be written using only the first basis vectors, and thus lies in. That is, when is finite-dimensional.


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The badminton court is rectangular in shape, and has different dimensions for singles and doubles.
The full doubles court has a measurement of 13.4m (44′ 0″) by 6.1m (20'0″):
The badminton net goes across the middle and is 1.52m (5′ 0″) high at the middle and 1.55m (5'1″) high at the posts.
The net is made of dark fine cord and is 76cm (2'6″) in depth.
The line that you must stand behind when you serve is called the short service line and it is 1.98m (6′ 6″) from the net.
Singles court measurement
The singles court only makes use of the shaded area:
The area not shaded above is called the 'tramlines'.
In singles the long service line is the very back line of the court, parallel to the net. In doubles this is the line 76cm (2′ 6″) nearer the net. The area between these two lines in called the back tramlines.
The line perpendicular to the net that bisects the court is called the centre line, and the outer edges of the side tramlines are called the sidelines.
Each line is part of the court, so that if the base of the shuttle touches any part of a line, it is considered as being 'in', ie having landed within the area of the court.
The lines need to be easily distinguishable, usually white or yellow in colour.
They are 4cm (1.5″) wide.
Sometimes you will find two short lines either side of the long service line for doubles. These are what the shuttle should land between when being tested from the opposing back line.


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The Importance of an Accurate Temperature in a Commercial Oven
Commercial Oven
Anyone who works in a restaurant or other large kitchen understands the critical need for a consistent and accurate temperature in the establishment's commercial ovens. Maintaining the proper temperature can be tricky, however, if you do not utilize quality, restaurant-grade equipment. Here are some other facts to help you understand the importance of maintaining accurate temperatures in a commercial setting:
The control process
First, it is necessary to understand the basics of the process. Kitchen ovens – even the best commercial ones – use a very simple on/off temperature control scheme. The oven is set to a particular temperature – 350°F – for example. Once the internal temperature reaches that level or slightly above, an internal thermostat turns the heat off. Later, when the internal temperature falls below the preset level, the heat is tuned back on. This process results in a temperature oscillation around the 350°F level rather than a completely steady one.
Features of commercial ovens
In general, commercial ovens are larger in size and greater durability that allows them to handle far more food over a much longer useful life than ovens typically found in the home. In addition, commercial ovens have a number of extra features that allow them to cook more safely and more economically. In particular, they heat faster and to a higher temperature, they are better insulated to keep the heat in and they often utilize steam absorbents to keep fresh foods crisper while being cooked. Finally, they are usually highly energy efficient to help keep utility costs down.
Natural versus "forced" convection
A final, vitally important difference between home and commercial grade ovens is the way that heat is transferred to the food. In an electric home oven, a current is passed through a coil at the bottom of the oven causing the coil to heat up. The air around the coil then heats up and naturally rises up to where the food is located. A commercial electric oven, however, has a heat coil located at the back of the oven and a fan behind the coil. As the coil heats that fan forces the air towards the food. The latter is a much more efficient process that maintains a more consistent temperature.
If you would like your commercial oven checked for accurate heating, or any other issue, please contact us online at _URL_ or reach us directly at _PHONE_.


How to protect your phone in cold weather
Smartphones can experience performance problems, and break more easily, in extreme cold temperatures.
Story highlights
 - Smartphone batteries can drain faster and can suddenly shut down in cold weather
 - There are special cases and gloves for using smartphones in freezing temperatures
 - The glass on phones can break if exposed to extreme cold
Smartphones are not built for the extreme cold.
The plunging temperatures that have frozen much of the U.S. in recent weeks are not all that hospitable to phones and tablets.
But since that snowball fight didn't really happen unless you Instagrammed and tweeted it, here are some tips for using your device this winter.
Cold weather touchscreen tips
Winter gear is important to keep your extremities warm and cozy, but those mittens and gloves won't work on capacitive touch screens, which is the technology currently used on most smartphones and tablets. These screens depend on your body's ability to conduct electricity to work, and a thick insulating layer of wool prevents the screen from registering your taps and pokes.
There are inexpensive gloves that include special, conductive fabric on the tip of the index fingers so you can touch your screen without fumbling around to take off protective gear. To make your own gloves touchscreen compatible, thread the fingertips with conductive thread using this Make tutorial.
Another option for smartphones and tablets is a handheld stylus, which is better than a fuzzy finger if you need to do any volume of typing or work in the cold.
More snow coming to Midwest, Northeast
In a pinch, you can sometimes use the tip of your nose -- but precision navigation is tricky, and typing is a nightmare.
What happens to a chilly phone
Some smartphones list the optimum range of temperatures in their technical specs. For example, when it's turned off, the iPhone 5S can withstand temperatures between -4° and 113° Fahrenheit. When it's turned on, the range is much more narrow.
Apple suggests 32° Fahrenheit as the lowest operating ambient temperature. Other phones are rated for much lower temperatures, and some can go as low as -4° Fahrenheit while in operation.
"In the event that your phone does shut down, do not restart it until you're inside and give time for your phone to warm up. Restarting your phone immediately could actually cause more harm to your phone and actually shorten your battery life," recommends Jeremy Kwaterski of CPR Cell Phone Repair.
It's not just the battery, says Kwaterski. Smartphones are made up of other delicate electronic parts, like their LCD screens, that can malfunction in extreme temperatures.
Freezing temperatures can also make a phone's glass surfaces more sensitive to cracks and breaks, especially if there's already a flaw or nick in any of the glass. There have been reports of the glass on the back of the iPhone shattering in extreme cold temperatures.
In Finland, where the average high temperature in the winter is 1°C, the government Consumer Agency has warned citizens that the phones might suffer performance issues in the cold weather.
Prevent phone freeze
To keep phones from getting too chilly, don't leave them alone for long in frigid places, like a parked car. Stashing them inside pockets closest to your person, where they can absorb some of your body heat, is best. If you do need to leave it behind, turn the phone off instead of just putting it to sleep.
Cases also help to keep phones warm. There are even cases especially built to regulate a phone's temperature in extreme situations.
Still a Kickstarter project, the dapper-looking Salt Case claims it refracts the heat given off by the device back to the phone to keep it warm in winter weather. It also adds on some additional layers of insulation. The makers say they based the technology on the thermally protective materials NASA developed for its spacecraft.
One last tip: If you're depending on a phone to make outgoing calls in case of an emergency -- say, while driving on icy roads -- keep a back-up power source with you.


Columbia County Health Officials Report 'Significant Increase' Of COVID
(Columbia County) Public health officials in Columbia County say the coronavirus activity level has seen a significant increase. In a press release, Health Officer Susan Lorenz says Columbia County had a total of 47 positive cases at the beginning of June. As of Thursday, the county has seen 63 new positive cases since June. That accounts for 57-percent of the 110 total cases experienced since March. Thirty-four (34) people are being actively monitored by local health officials.
Younger people comprise the largest group of new cases with those in their 20s making up the largest single age grouping of positive cases at 22-percent. People in their 30s are in the second largest group of new cases at 20-percent. Lorenz says the majority of the cases are being transmitted from unknown sources, meaning they are not close contacts of a household member or a known case investigation, they are acquired in the general community.
When someone tests positive for coronavirus, the county health department interviews them to ask about places they have been and who may have had close contact with them. Columbia County health officials are in contact with them daily to monitor their symptoms and ensure they are following isolation instructions.
Health officials also monitor people who may have come in contact with someone who tests positive for coronavirus, through a method called contact monitoring or contact tracing. The standard contact investigation for any communicable disease includes letting them know they may have been exposed, giving them information about symptoms to watch for, and making sure they quarantine themselves if they meet certain criteria.
Lorenz says the best protection against COVID-19 is to continue to maintaining a six-foot social distance, wearing face coverings when you cannot maintain that distance, avoiding large gatherings, washing hands and disinfecting surfaces regularly, and staying home when you are sick.


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Ginseng Rush in Minnesota
Lass, William E
This article discuses the history of the ginseng "boom" that took place in Minnesota, including the lower Minnesota River Valley, in the late 1850s. the gathering of wild ginseng root for sale to markets in China was a major economic activity for the region, and helped to mitigate the impact of a financial depression following the bank failures of the Panic of 1857. Ginseng became known as the "weed that saved Minnesota." The author also describes the ginseng market following its boom period, and the shift form wild to cultivated ginseng in the early twentieth century.
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Mission and values
Our mission
Go le Grand defiThe Grand défi Pierre Lavoie's mission is to encourage young people to adopt healthy life habits.
To achieve its goal, the Grand défi has partnered with Quebec schools to help kids make healthier choices in their everyday lives, to build habits that will become the norm for future generations. Our three areas of action are physical activity, healthy eating and perseverance at school.
In parallel, we also seek to raise parents' awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle for their children's health and, of course, for their own health.
In November 2008, the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie became the largest health-related event to ever be organized in the province.
Official legal name of the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie: Go le Grand défi Inc. Registration number: 848466298RR0001.
Our values
For an organization whose success depends on the commitment and dedication of thousands of people—teachers, volunteers, partners, employees—mutual respect is a core value. At the Grand défi Pierre Lavoie, we believe in the importance of maintaining a collegial atmosphere that values everyone's contributions and sets a positive example for young people.
Going into homes and schools in Quebec and changing people's life habits take courage. You have to be audacious to succeed. From the beginning, we have dared to think outside the box in our activities and communications because we believe that to get young people interested, you have to be original.
To meet the individual and collective challenge of promoting healthy lifestyles, we believe that it is essential to surround ourselves with people driven by a desire to devote themselves completely to the cause, pushing their limits to make change happen. From organizers to participants, everyone shares the same passion.


Alternative_rock : definition of Alternative_rock and synonyms of Alternative_rock (English)
definition - Alternative_rock
definition of Wikipedia
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Alternative rock
Alternative rock
Stylistic origins Punk rock – post-punk – hardcore punk – New Wave
Cultural origins Late 1970s–early 1980s, United Kingdom and United States
Typical instruments Vocals – electric guitar – bass – drums – keyboards
Britpop – College rock – Dream pop – Grunge – Indie rock – Indie pop – Jangle pop – Math rock – Noise pop – Noise rock – Post-Britpop – Post-grunge – Post-rock – Paisley Underground – Shoegazing
Fusion genres
Alternative dance – Alternative metal – Industrial rock – Madchester – Post-punk revival – Psychobilly – Riot Grrrl
Regional scenes
Other topics
Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt rock or simply alternative) is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular by the 1990s and 2000s. Although the term was most commonly associated in its commercial heyday with a loud, distorted guitar sound, its original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to either the musical style, or simply the independent, D.I.Y. ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music.[1] At times, "alternative" has been used as a catch-all description for music from underground rock artists that receives mainstream recognition, or for any music, whether rock or not, that is seen to be descended from punk rock (including some examples of punk itself, as well as New Wave, and post-punk).
Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. By the end of the 1980s magazines and zines, college radio airplay and word of mouth had increased the prominence and highlighted the diversity of alternative rock, helping to define a number of distinct scenes such as gothic rock, jangle pop, noise pop, C86, Madchester, industrial music, and shoegazing. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü and R.E.M., had even signed to major labels. But most alternative bands' commercial success was limited in comparison to other genres of rock and pop music at the time, and most acts remained signed to independent labels and received relatively little attention from mainstream radio, television or newspapers. With the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became commercially successful.
 The term alternative rock
Before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms.[2] In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about.[3] College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the college radio circuit and the tastes of college students. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture. According to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called "Alternative Charts". The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980; it immediately succeeded in its aim to help these labels. At the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records.[4] By 1985, it had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, rather than simply distribution status.[5]. The use of the term alternative to describe rock music originated around the mid-1980s;[6] at the time, the common music industry terms for cutting-edge music were new music and post modern, respectively indicating freshness and a tendency to recontextualize sounds of the past.[1][7] Individuals who worked as DJs and promoters during the 1980s claim the term originates from American FM radio of the 1970s, which served as a progressive alternative to top 40 radio formats by featuring longer songs and giving DJs more freedom in song selection. According to one former DJ and promoter, "Somehow this term 'alternative' got rediscovered and heisted by college radio people during the 80s who applied it to new post-punk, indie, or underground-whatever music".[8] At first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by "heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave" and "high-energy dance anthems".[9] Usage of the term would broaden to include New Wave, pop, punk rock, post-punk, and occasionally "college"/"indie" rock, all found on the American "commercial alternative" radio stations of the time such as Los Angeles' KROQ-FM. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder and Jane's Addiction frontman Perry Farrell coined the term Alternative Nation. In the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific.[1] In 1997, Neil Strauss of The New York Times defined alternative rock as "hard-edged rock distinguished by brittle, '70s-inspired guitar riffing and singers agonizing over their problems until they take on epic proportions".[9]
Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word. Alternative can describe music that challenges the status quo and that is "fiercely iconoclastic, anticommercial, and antimainstream", but the term is also used in the music industry to denote "the choices available to consumers via record stores, radio, cable television, and the Internet."[10] Using a broad definition of the genre, Dave Thompson in his book Alternative Rock cites the formation of the Sex Pistols as well as the release of the albums Horses by Patti Smith and Metal Machine Music by Lou Reed as three key events that gave birth to alternative rock.[11] Until recent years when Indie Rock became the most common term in the US to describe modern pop and rock,[12] the terms "indie rock" and "alternative rock" were often used interchangeably; whilst there are aspects which both genres have in common, indie rock was regarded as a British-based term, unlike the more American alternative rock.[13]
 Alternative rock in the 1980s
—Mark Josephson, Executive Director of the New Music Seminar speaking in 1988 [19]
 The American underground in the 1980s
By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black, The Jesus Lizard[27]) and industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction.[14] Around the same time, the grunge subgenre emerged in Seattle, Washington. Grunge was based around a sludgy, murky guitar sound that synthesized heavy metal and punk rock.[28] Largely based around the Seattle indie label Sub Pop, grunge bands were noted for their thrift store fashion which favored flannel shirts and combat boots suited to the local weather.[29] Early grunge bands Soundgarden and Mudhoney found critical acclaim in the U.S. and UK, respectively.[14]
By the end of the decade, a number of alternative bands began to sign to major labels. While early major label signings Hüsker Dü and The Replacements had little success, acts who signed with majors in their wake such as R.E.M. and Jane's Addiction achieved gold and platinum records, setting the stage for alternative's later breakthrough.[30][31] Some bands such as the Pixies had massive success overseas while they were ignored domestically.[14]
 British genres and trends of the 1980s
Gothic rock developed out of late-1970s British post-punk. With a reputation as the "darkest and gloomiest form of underground rock", gothic rock utilizes a synthesizer-and-guitar based sound drawn from post-punk to construct "foreboding, sorrowful, often epic soundscapes", and the genre's lyrics often address literary romanticism, morbidity, religious symbolism, and supernatural mysticism.[33] This genre among bands that took inspiration from late-1970s British post-punk groups, Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees.[34] Bauhaus' debut single "Bela Lugosi's Dead", released in 1979, is considered to be the proper beginning of the gothic rock genre.[35] The Cure's "oppressively dispirited" albums Seventeen Seconds (1980), Faith (1981), and Pornography (1982) cemented that group's stature in that style and laid the foundation its large cult following.[36]
Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's "melancholy noise" with Beach Boys pop


Turning the camera off in your video chats can actually help save the environment....now there is a regal idea.
According to an article on Studyfinds.org, researchers from MIT, Yale, and Purdue University say videoconferencing and streaming high-definition content greatly increases a person's carbon footprint.
With the coronavirus pandemic shifting all sorts of activities to online-only, it's no surprise internet usage skyrocketed in 2020.
Despite a record drop in global carbon emissions during the year, study authors say the way the internet stores and transfers data still poses a serious concern for the environment.
The study finds just one hour in a video conference or streaming HD shows emits between 150 and 1,000 grams of carbon dioxide.
For comparison, a car burning one gallon of gasoline emits nearly 9,000 grams of carbon dioxide.
That hour in a video call also requires two to 12 liters of water and demands a land area the size of an iPad Mini.
Researchers say this is the first study to examine the internet's impact on water and land footprints, in addition to its carbon emissions.
The study estimated the carbon, water, and land footprints of each gigabyte of data used on several websites including YouTube, Zoom, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok.
The team also calculated the impact of online gaming and general web surfing. Ah ha...just as researchers expected, the more video playing in an app, the greater the environmental impact.
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NASA Puts New World Cup Ball to the Test
Dr. Rabi Mehta uses smoke and lasers to inspect the flow pattern around an adidas Brazuca football.
NASA Ames Research Center
Knuckle is a word without many positive connotations. Thugs use brass knuckles; people knuckle under to pressure; knuckle-dragging has never been a cool-looking locomotion technique; knuckle balls drive baseball hitters crazy; and soccer balls can "knuckle," flying through the air with an unpredictability that can earn the enmity of players.
The 2010 World Cup ball, the Jabulani, had a knuckling problem. If it was kicked with none or very little spin it would fly unpredictably. Simply put, it took some pretty crazy flight paths through the air.
To address those concerns, adidas for the 2014 Cup created the Brazuca, which, the company hoped, would handle better, and provide a truer flight path, than the Jabulani.
PHOTOS: World Cup 2014: How the Soccer Ball Has Evolved
The Brazuca has only six panels, where the Jabulani had eight. But the seams are longer and deeper. The panels are also covered with small bumps. The overall result is a rougher ball, one built to decease the incidence of knuckling at regular kicking speeds.
Did adidas succeed? Is the Brazuca an improved soccer ball, truer in flight? The folks at NASA -- no slouches when it comes to testing objects in flight -- decided to find out.
Rabi Mehta, chief of the Experimental Aero-Physics Branch at NASA's Ames Research Center, set out to study the aerodynamics of the Brazuca. (Aerodynamics, in simple terms for we ordinary civilians, looks at how air and fluid flow around something. That something could be an airplane, a satellite or a soccer ball.)
Mehta put the Brazuca through its paces in a 2x2 wind tunnel, which blew air past the ball at varying speeds. To increase visibility of the air path around the ball, the team used a controlled flow of laser-lighted smoke over the ball's surface (see photo below).
A close up of the Brazuca ball in Ames' Fluid Mechanics Laboratory's two-foot by two-foot wind tunnel. Smoke highlighted by lasers visualizes air flow around the ball.
NASA Ames Research Center
What Mehta wanted to find was the speed at which the smoke pattern made an abrupt change, which would show the speed at which knuckling occurred.
The fanciful Jabulani, from 2010, knuckled at about 50 miles per hour, which is right in the typical kicking speed zone of a skilled World Cup striker. So the "ordinary" speed of play in 2010 saw some quite extraordinary ball behavior.
By contrast, Mehta found the new Brazuca to maximum-knuckle at a much slower speed of around 30 miles per hour, well below regular ball-striking speeds. (The traditional 32-panel soccer ball -- the kind we're all used to seeing -- also knuckles at around 30 miles per hour, Mehta observed.)
"The materials used, the ball's surface roughness and its distribution determines its aerodynamics," said Mehta. The rougher surface of the Brazuca had decreased the knuckling effect seen in the smoother Jabulani.
The net result? The Brazuca should offer a more predictable flight path. "The players should be happier with the new ball," said Mehta. "It is more stable in flight and will handle more like a traditional 32-panel ball."
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Mechanisms of stress assignment in Greek and English skilled reading
Kyparissiadis, Antonios (2018) Mechanisms of stress assignment in Greek and English skilled reading. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
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Assignment of lexical stress to the appropriate syllable is an integral part of reading polysyllabic words. The attention of reading research and computational modelling of reading has recently shifted from the monosyllabic to the polysyllabic domain, hence making more apparent the need to understand the stress assignment process. The great amount of cross-linguistic variability regarding the type and the amount of information that each language provides to its readers about stress position indicates that the stress assignment mechanism is not a uniform process among different languages. Research on the stress assignment mechanism investigates how diverse sources of information on stress position in each language interact with and shape the process of assigning stress to polysyllabic words. The main focus of this thesis was to enhance theoretical knowledge regarding stress assignment by collecting and analysing data in two languages with quite distinct linguistic characteristics regarding stress, namely, Greek and English.
The sources of information on stress position can be generally summarised in lexical contributions by access to the stored position of stress for each word in the mental representations, the explicit indication of stress position by orthographic stress marks, and language-dependent statistical regularities between orthography and/or phonology and stress position. In Greek, stress position is explicitly and consistently marked orthographically by means of a diacritic over the vowel of the stressed syllable but only in lower and not uppercase words. Hence, it provides an ideal platform for investigations with naturalistic manipulations of the availability of this information through manipulation of case. A default metrical bias to stress a specific syllable, the prefinal, has also been observed. With the utilisation of reading aloud and lexical decision experiments, it was investigated: 1) how the different sources of information interact with each other; 2) how the shift in reading strategies has an impact on this mechanism; and 3) within the framework of a computationally implemented theory of reading, what levels of representation stress is encoded at.
Experiments with Greek skilled readers in reading aloud showed that the stress assignment mechanism is directly dependent upon shifts of processing strategies in reading with lexical processing encouraging the extraction of stress position information directly from the lexicon. The default bias was also found to be active and dominant in the absence of other sources but also of relatively limited contributions when the other sources are present. Effects of case type of presentation were also disentangled from any potential effects from the availability of the diacritics. Case type was found to have an independent role in reading regardless whether this coincides with the presence of stress marks (in lowercase) or not (in uppercase). Experiments with skilled readers in visual word recognition showed evidence that stress is a multifaceted feature encoded in several levels of representation in the reading system, including as an independent unit processed at the letter level, stored in the phonological representations, and embedded in the orthographic representations of known words.
Additionally, statistical analyses of the statistical characteristics of Greek orthography, which eventually led to the development of a new psycholinguistic database (Kyparissiadis, van Heuven, Pitchford & Ledgeway, 2017), showed that, in similarity with other languages such as English, the orthographic patterns in the endings of Greek words can be associated with specific stress positions. It remains to be investigated whether such regularities have a behavioural dimension and inform the stress mechanism as an additional source of information on stress assignment. This has been shown in other languages that present similar regularities. Furthermore, it was shown that the default metrical bias, which has universally been accounted as the result of a statistical preponderance of stress on a specific syllable, does not present a uniform statistical dominance in Greek. The process of adding part-of-speech information to the database elucidated that not all grammatical categories are predominantly stressed on the default position. In contrast to other languages, in which readers have been shown to be sensitive to the shift of statistical regularities within different subsets of the language's battery, a lexical decision experiment in Greek showed uniform conformance of readers to the default bias even in a subset or words that does not present this statistical dominance. This raises questions regarding the origins of the default bias and warrants further investigations.
In English, in conjunction to lexical retrieval, stress assignment is argued to be heavily affected by associations between orthography and the stressed syllable. Investigations on the default metrical bias in English have given rise to inconsistent results. Direct comparison of the contributions of the default mechanism against lexical activations in stress assignment showed no evidence for a default pattern being active in English reading in the presence of lexical information. However, the shifting of stressing strategies induced by a subsequent implicit priming experiment suggests that stress assignment through lexical access can be still affected by sublexical processes. Computational simulations with a leading computational model of reading showed a heavier reliance of the model on lexical contributions rather than orthographic information when these two sources where contrasted against each other. However, the model showed sub-optimal performance when simulating the behavioural results of the first experiment in English reported above. The reasons behind this inefficiency of a model that is able to simulate a wide range of behavioural patterns are considered and discussed. Finally, results of simulations from a preliminary word recognition model in Greek are presented and future directions for these modelling investigations are discussed.
Overall, the results of this body of research indicate the stress assignment mechanism is multi-facetted and language-dependent. This has implications for universal models of written word recognition and reading aloud that future research will need to address.
Supervisors: Pitchford, Nicola J.
van Heuven, Walter J.B.
Timothy, Ledgeway
Subjects: B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology
Item ID: 50451
Depositing User: Kyparissiadis, Antonios
Date Deposited: 19 Jul 2018 04:40
Last Modified: 19 Jul 2020 04:30
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The following three Benchmarks are now running continuously:
Anatomy Benchmark: Segmentation
Anatomy3 continuous: The Benchmark tasks are the segmentation of bones, inner organs and relevant substructures. The Benchmark runs under a continuous evaluation approach - results on the test set can be obtained at any time.
***NOTICE: VISCERAL cloud services had to be turned down due to the lack of funding***
Detection Benchmark: locating lesions
Detection2: The goal is to automatically detect lesions in images. We will distribute training data with a large number of expert annotated lesions for training of detection algorithms. During the evaluation these algorithms will be applied to new data. The lesions are in bones, lungs, brain, liver, lymphnodes.
Retrieval2: The objective of retrieval algorithms will be to find cases with similar anomalies based on query cases.


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Care and Repair of Violins or Violas: When to Call the Repair Shop
Become a more knowledgeable instrument owner with this helpful guide.
In the step-by-step video tutorial (five minutes), luthier Joan Balter demonstrates that an opened seam can be detected by tapping lightly on the top of the violin or viola.
In the written guide (two pages of instruction), you'll learn:
- How to recognize a major problem
- How to prevent accidental damage
- What to do when a problem occurs while on the road
By James N. McKean


20/10/2017 What is your lab called and where is it? UBU lab, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. What sorts of projects and activities form the core of your work? Is there a specific temporal or technological focus for your lab? 1. Researching creativity in the digital age (e.g. Digital experiments, Demoscene, electronic literature, media art, creative […]


Classical Splendor Painted Furniture for a Grand Philadelphia House Alexandra Alevizatos Kirtley, Peggy A. Olley, Jeffrey A. Cohen
Publication date:
03 Jan 2017
Yale University Press
160 pages: 254 x 279mm
170 color + 22 b-w illus.
Sales territories:
This handsome book explores in depth a group of stunning painted and gilded furniture designed by the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820), best known for originating the plans for the United States Capitol. The furniture was made in Philadelphia for one of the city's finest houses—the home of William and Mary Wilcocks Waln, which Latrobe also designed. Drawing on a multiyear conservation and research project, Classical Splendor reveals new insights into the patrons, makers, and history behind these extraordinary pieces. In addition to extensively documenting each item, the book attests to Latrobe's significant contributions to American furniture design—his pieces for the Waln house introduced, and served as exemplars of, a classical style rooted in ancient Greek and Roman design.
Alexandra Alevizatos Kirtley is the Montgomery-Garvan Curator of American Decorative Arts and Peggy A. Olley is the associate conservator of furniture and woodwork, both at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Jeffrey A. Cohen is senior lecturer and chair of the Growth and Structure of Cities Program at Bryn Mawr College.


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Families & Visitors<< Back to November 2012 Newsletter
Agreeing to Disagree
How disagreements can be good for your relationship!
During the Thanksgiving break – and beyond – some new discussions may come up between you and your student. It's all part of the fact that she's learning new, exciting things, while also testing her own thought processes and perspectives.
As a result, you and your student may not always see eye-to-eye on certain topics. Politics, diversity, religion… there are any number of hot-button issues that can start a verbal tussle. And with the emotion of Election Day coming around this month, it's a good reminder that these disagreements can actually be good for your parent/student relationship.
Keeping an Open Mind
The key is agreeing to disagree in a respectful, open-minded manner. You can both do that by:
- Engaging. Let your student know that, just because you have had differences in opinion before, you're still very interested in hearing what he has to say about things. Don't avoid the tough topics.
- Listening. Allow your student to say her piece, without interrupting to inject your opinion. Sometimes just knowing that you're being listened to makes all the difference in the world.
- Keeping an Open Mind. We can all change our minds once we hear the facts – or those facts can clarify a pre-existing opinion. It's all part of being a growing, engaged human being.
- Not Taking Differences of Opinion Personally. If your student takes a different stance than you do, it's not because he hates you or disrespects you. It's likely because he has had experiences that have led her to form a different opinion. It's really not about you.
- Sharing Your Pride. The fact that your student is an independent, critical thinker, no matter her opinion, can be a source of great pride. Don't forget to praise your student for her abilities and curiosity.
Having an intentional discussion about agreeing to disagree is an important step in developing an adult relationship with your student. Let the conversations begin!
Politics, diversity, religion… there are any number of hot-button issues that can start a verbal tussle.


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High Performance Leadership of the Elephant
High Performance Leadership of the matriarch is all-important. High Performance Leadership means that the matriarch, the oldest and most experienced elephant, indicates direction, 'coaches' the herd towards a new goal, monitors the solidarity of the herd and leads strongly by example.
What are the characteristics of this High Performance Leadership behavior?
The matriarch always acts in the interest of the group, is in the lead to protect the herd, is result-oriented, decisive and establishes a clear framework. For instance, the matriarch indicates when and where the herd will stop to drink or sleep, and when they will continue walking. This is HPO (High Performance Organization) behavior that serves to protect the next generation.
In short: A successful High Performance leader builds relationships of trust by combining honest and coaching leadership with strong role-model behavior, fast decision-making (also regarding non-performers) and result orientation, all of which is based on a long-term vision.
For more information about the HPO Framework, HPO Diagnosis, our lecturers, HPO Experts, workshops and Master Classes, please contact us (_EMAIL_ or T. +31 (0) 35 – 603 70 07).


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In BriefResearchers have discovered that wax worms eat through polyethylene plastic, biodegrading it. If the scientists can determine how the process works, they may be able to devise an industrial-scale solution for plastic waste management.
Caterpillar vs. Plastic
Scientists have discovered that wax worms can eat and biodegrade polyethylene, the rugged, common plastic used to make the shopping bags that are currently glutting landfill sites. The discovery was serendipitous. In an attempt to remove the pesky parasites from her honeycombs, an amateur beekeeper placed the worms into shopping bags, only to find that they'd begun to eat their way out.
Fortunately, that amateur beekeeper is a professional scientist: Federica Bertocchini of the Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC) in Spain.
Bertocchini teamed up with colleagues Christopher Howe and Paolo Bombelli from the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge to conduct a timed experiment based on her observations. The researchers exposed a plastic shopping bag from a supermarket in the U.K. to approximately 100 wax worms. After 40 minutes, holes began to appear in the bag, and after 12 hours, the scientists observed a 92mg reduction in plastic mass.
Though unexpected, this isn't entirely surprising, as the composition of the bags isn't that different from the worms' natural food source, beeswax. "Wax is a polymer, a sort of 'natural plastic,' and has a chemical structure not dissimilar to polyethylene," said Bertocchini in a University of Cambridge news release.
The researchers proved that the chemical bonds in the plastic were breaking via spectroscopic analysis. They observed un-bonded "monomer" molecules, the result of the worms biodegrading the polyethylene into ethylene glycol. This was more than a chewing action because smearing mashed-up worms onto bags had the same effect.
"If a single enzyme is responsible for this chemical process, its reproduction on a large scale using biotechnological methods should be achievable," according to Bombelli.
Compared to other recent discoveries, the worms' rate of degradation is extremely fast. For example, in 2016, scientists reported that a strain of bacteria called PET could biodegrade some plastics, but it did so at a rate of only 0.13mg a day.
Humans create approximately 78 million tons of plastic from packaging alone in a single year, and 32 percent of it ends up in the waters of the planet — that's about one garbage truck of plastic every minute. Plastic cups, bags, and cutlery have all been banned in Delhi, India, and all of France will follow suit starting in 2020. Almost 75 percent of beaches in the U.K. are covered with "nurdles," tiny plastic beads that are used in the manufacturing of larger plastic goods. These beads are harmful to wildlife and release toxic chemicals as they slowly degrade.
The Earth's oceans contain 269,000 tons of plastic. That's about 5.25 trillion pieces that are destroying ecosystems around the world. In fact, experts estimate that there will be more plastic than fish in the world's oceans by 2050. Polyethylene, in particular, is mostly used in packaging, which means almost all of it ends up in landfills. Globally, about a trillion plastic bags are used every single year.
As the research team working with wax worms unravels the molecular details of the biodegradation process, they hope to devise an industrial-scale biotechnological solution for managing polyethylene waste. The other part of the solution is also clear: decreased demand for polyethylene will result in less waste. We need to find better solutions for packaging and make smarter choices as consumers.


1. kahukura
 Rainbow, also refers to an atua (god) / significant ancestor in Ngāi Tahu traditions, and the native red admiral butterfly
 2. kai
 3. kai sovereignty
 4. kaikaranga
 Person who performs karanga
 5. kaikōrero
 Orators, speakers
 6. kaimahi
 Worker / staff
 7. kāinga
 8. kaitātaki
 9. kaitiaki
 Guardian / custodian over natural resources.
 10. kaitiakitanga
 Manaing and conserving the environment as part of a reciprocal relationship, based on the Māori world view that we as humas are part of the natural world.
 11. kaitoro
 12. kapahaka
 Māori performing group.
 13. karakia
 Ritual chants, Blessings
 14. karanga
 The karanga is an exchange between tangata whenua and manuhiri (visitors) to ascertain the nature of the visit and the visitors, thus providing the basis for the whaikōrero. It is also a chance for women well-versed in the art of karanga to express their own opinion on topical matters.
 15. kaumātua
 Male elder
 16. kaupapa
 17. kaupapa māori
 A Māori epistemology
 18. kawa
 19. kōrero
 Conversation, discussion, dialogue
 20. koru
 21. kotahitanga
 Unity, collaboration, community
 22. kuia
 Female elder


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6. The manufacturer of a particular all-season tire claims that the tires last for 22,000 miles. After purchasing the tires you discover that yours did not last the full 22,000 miles. Suppose that a sample of 100 tires made by that manufactures lasted on average 21,819 miles with a sample standard deviation of 1,295 miles. Is there sufficient evidence to refute the manufacturer's claim that the tires last 22,000 miles? Let α = 0.05. Assume that the population standard deviation is σ= 1300.
State the null hypothesis.
State the alternate hypothesis.
What is the appropriate rejection region?
Compute the test statistic.
What is the final conclusion? Explain.
(Question also in attachment below)