Integrating Go with C: the ZooKeeper binding experience
ZooKeeper is a clever generic coordination server for distributed systems, and is one of the core softwares which facilitate the development of Ensemble (project for automagic IaaS deployments which we push at Canonical), so it was a natural choice to experiment with.
The experience of integrating ZooKeeper with Go was certainly valuable on itself, and worked as a nice way to learn the details of integrating the Go language with a C library. If you're interested in learning a bit about Go, ZooKeeper, or other details related to the creation of bindings and asynchronous programming, please fasten the seatbelt now.
Basics of C wrapping in Go
Creating the binding on itself was a pretty interesting experiment already. I have worked on the creation of quite a few bindings and language bridges before, and must say I was pleasantly surprised with the experience of creating the Go binding. With Cgo, the name given to the "foreign function interface" mechanism for C integration, one basically declares a special import statement which causes a pre-processor to look at the comment preceding it. Something similar to this:
// _TAG_
import "C"
The comment doesn't have to be restricted to a single line, or to _TAG_ statements even. The C code contained in the comment will be transparently inserted into a helper C file which is compiled and linked with the final object file, and the given snippet will also be parsed and inclusions processed. In the Go side, that "C" import is simulated as if it were a normal Go package so that the C functions, types, and values are all directly accessible.
As an example, a C function with this prototype:
 void *context, struct Stat *stat);
In Go may be used as:
cstat := C.struct_Stat{}
rc, cerr := C.zoo_wexists(zk.handle, cpath, nil, nil, &cstat)
When the C function is used in a context where two result values are requested, as done above, Cgo will save the well known errno variable after the function has finished executing and will return it wrapped into an os.Errno value.
Also, note how the C struct is defined in a way that can be passed straight to the C function. Interestingly, the allocation of the memory backing the structure is going to be performed and tracked by the Go runtime, and will be garbage collected appropriately once no more references exist within the Go runtime. This fact has to be kept in mind since the application will crash if a value allocated normally within Go is saved with a foreign C function and maintained after all the Go references are gone. The alternative in these cases is to call the usual C functions to get hold of memory for the involved values. That memory won't be touched by the garbage collector, and, of course, must be explicitly freed when no longer necessary. Here is a simple example showing explicit allocation:
Note the use of the defer statement above. Even when dealing with foreign functionality, it comes in handy. The above call will ensure that the buffer is deallocated right before the current function returns, for instance, so it's a nice way to ensure no leaks happen, even if in the future the function suddenly gets a new exit point which didn't consider the allocation of resources.
In terms of typing, Go is more strict than C, and Cgo-based logic will also ensure that the types returned and passed into the foreign C functions are correctly typed, in the same way done for the native types. Note above, for instance, how the call to the free() function has to explicitly convert the value into an unsafe.Pointer, even though in C no casting would be necessary to pass a pointer into a void * parameter.
The unsafe.Pointer is in fact a very special type within Go. Using it, one can convert any pointer type into any other pointer type in an unsafe way (thus the package name), and also back and forth into a uintptr value with the address of the memory referenced by the pointer. For every other type conversion, Go will ensure at compilation time that doing the conversion at runtime is a safe operation.
Watch callbacks and channels
One of the most interesting (and slightly tricky) aspects of mapping the ZooKeeper concepts into Go was the "watch" functionality. ZooKeeper allows one to attach a "watch" to a node so that the server will report back when changes happen to the given node. In the C library, this functionality is exposed via a callback function which is executed once the monitored node aspect is modified.
It would certainly be possible to offer this functionality in Go using a similar mechanism, but Go channels provide a number of advantages for that kind of asynchronous notification: waiting for multiple events via the select statement, synchronous blocking until the event happens, testing if the event is already available, etc.
The tricky bit, though, isn't the use of channels. That part is quite simple. The tricky detail is that the C callback function execution happens in a C thread started by the ZooKeeper library, and happens asynchronously, while the Go application is doing its business elsewhere. Right now, there's no straightforward way to transfer the execution of this asynchronous C function back into the Go land. The solution for this problem was found with some help from the folks at the golang-nuts mailing list, and luckily it's not that hard to support or understand. That said, this is a good opportunity to get some coffee or your preferred focus-enhancing drink.
The solution works like this: when the ZooKeeper C library gets a watch notification, it executes a C callback function which is inside a Gozk helper file. Rather than transferring control to Go right away, this C function simply appends data about the event onto a queue, and signals a pthread condition variable to notify that an event is available. Then, on the Go side, once the first ZooKeeper connection is initialized, a new goroutine is fired and loops waiting for events to be available. The interesting detail about this loop, is that it blocks within a foreign C function waiting for an event to be available, through the signaling of the shared pthread condition variable. In the Go side, that's how the call looks like, just to give a more practical feeling:
// This will block until there's a watch available.
data := C.wait_for_watch()
watch_data *wait_for_watch() {
 watch_data *data = NULL;
 if (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 data = first_watch;
 first_watch = first_watch->next;
 return data;
if stat == nil && err == nil {
 event := <-watch
 // Use event...
This entry was posted in Architecture, Article, C/C++, Go, Project, Snippet. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to Integrating Go with C: the ZooKeeper binding experience
 1. Cody Schafer says:
 The code for waiting on the condition variable is incorrect, the condition is not garunteed to be true on return from the pthread_cond_wait function, thus
 if (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 should be
 while (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 I apologize if someone has already pointed this out or you are otherwise aware of the issue.
 2. Hi Cody,
 I actually thought about this, but decided to implement this way because there's a single consumer, which means the only way to make a non-empty queue empty again is with this lone thread.
 Since you mentioned it, though, I decided to dig a bit deeper, and found out that the thread can be awaken *without signaling*, which indeed would break this logic. Here is a link if someone else is interested:
 I'll fix it, thanks.
 3. Patrick says:
 Thanks very much, this will help me get started
Leave a Reply


text:
What is MS Polymer? A Comprehensive Guide to this Revolutionary Material
IntroductionIn today's fast-paced world, technological advancements continue to reshape various industries, and the field of construction is no exception. One such innovation that has gained significant attention is MS Polymer. But what exactly is MS Polymer? In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of MS Polymer, exploring its properties, applications, and the benefits it brings to the construction industry.
What is MS Polymer?MS Polymer, short for "Modified Silane Polymer," is a revolutionary adhesive and sealant technology that combines the best features of traditional polyurethane and silicone-based products. It is a versatile material that exhibits excellent adhesive strength, flexibility, durability, and weather resistance.
MS Polymers are developed by modifying the chemical structure of silane polymers, resulting in enhanced performance characteristics. They are typically solvent-free, low VOC (volatile organic compound), and possess excellent UV and water resistance properties, making them ideal for a wide range of applications in the construction sector.
The Advantages of MS Polymer
Superior Adhesive PropertiesMS Polymers offer exceptional bonding capabilities across various substrates, including metals, plastics, glass, concrete, and wood. The adhesive strength ensures a reliable and long-lasting bond, even in challenging environments.
Excellent Flexibility and ElasticityOne of the standout features of MS Polymers is their flexibility and elasticity. This enables them to accommodate movements and vibrations without cracking or losing adhesion. Such characteristics make them ideal for applications where joint movement or structural flexing is expected.
Weather ResistanceMS Polymers are designed to withstand extreme weather conditions, including temperature variations, UV radiation, and moisture exposure. They retain their performance properties over time, making them suitable for both interior and exterior applications.
Paint CompatibilityUnlike certain adhesive and sealant materials, MS Polymers are compatible with most paints, allowing for seamless integration into a wide range of construction projects. This feature ensures a smooth and aesthetically pleasing finish.
User-Friendly and Environmentally FriendlyMS Polymers are generally solvent-free, reducing the release of harmful emissions during application. Additionally, they are easy to handle and apply, making them user-friendly for both professionals and DIY enthusiasts.
Versatile ApplicationsThe versatility of MS Polymer is one of its strongest attributes. It finds application in various construction areas, including:
- Bonding and sealing of metal, glass, and plastic panels in curtain wall systems.
- Installation and sealing of windows, doors, and other fenestration elements.
- Waterproofing and sealing of roofs, balconies, and terraces.
- Bonding and sealing of joints in precast concrete panels and structural glazing.
- Automotive assembly and repairs, such as bonding body panels and windshields.
In summary, MS Polymer is a remarkable material that combines the best features of traditional polyurethane and silicone-based products. Its superior adhesive properties, flexibility, weather resistance, and ease of use make it an excellent choice for a wide range of construction applications. As the construction industry continues to evolve, MS Polymer plays a vital role in enhancing durability, sustainability, and overall performance.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Congratulations to graduate student Jarrod Moore of the Emili Lab, now a Kilachand Fellow in the Multicellular Design Program (MDP). Jarrod's research will focus on studying the pro-fibrotic cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in a novel model for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. This research seeks to generate holistic molecular maps of these interactions, which will assist in discovering novel approaches for counteracting this irreversible scarring process and advancing cardiac research for these patients.
The MDP aims to steward a self-sustaining, vibrant community of BU scientists by providing a platform for BU scientists from across computer science, physics, mathematics, engineering, biology, and medicine to uncover the design, assembly, and control principles governing multicellular systems.


text:
With both scientific and artistic essay writing, a message is being expressed. In one case the message is very direct and determined, while in the other, the message must be sought after and discovered. Although scientific and artistic writing may seem to be on opposite sides of the spectrum, one could not exist without the other. Artistic writing, like scientific writing must have a meaning, however deeply disguised it may be. Scientific writing, although objective, takes some creativity to easily display the message.
When writing a term paper, the author must find a balance between scientific and artistic writing. The message of the writing must be extractable by the reader, but must also be enjoyable. All kinds of writing share two important characteristics: they result from deeply personal, natural thought processes, and they take on widely public, conventional forms. Although scientific writing and artistic writing can be seen as opposites, they compliment each other to the point that one could not exist without the other.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This section illustrates you how to read and write from/to a serialized file through the hash table in Java. This section provides an example with the complete code of the program. Following program has the facility if the specified serialized file does not exist the the program creates the serialized file otherwise. This program first write to the specified serialized file if it exists otherwise read all contents by de-serializing the file.
FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("HTExample.ser"):
Above code creates an object "fileOut" of the FileOutputStream with it's constructor which takes a file name which contains ".ser" extension that determines for the serialized file either which has to be created or written with the specified value in a hash table in the program.
Here is the code of the program:
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.


text:
Sentences for beef. College students, readers, and those taking online classes might especially benefit from this page. The lines of text below use beef in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for beef.
- Antonia stood at the sideboard carving beef for him, and in the window sat Thea with her Persian kitten. (8)
- Barter thought themselves far from the old beef and beer, port and pigskin types of the Georgian and early Victorian era. (8)
- Melville, as became a tall islander, carved beef, and ate of it, like a ruler of men. (10)
- Now Ale, which is to Beef what Eve was to Adam, threatens to take possession of the field. (10)
- Roast beef stood eminent behind the souffle and champagne. (10)
- They were beef and pudding on legs; in some quarters, beer amiably manifest, owing to the flourishes of a military band. (10)
Glad you visited this page with a sentence for beef. Perhaps also see a sentence for bagarag and ways to use becomes in a sentence. Now that you've seen how to use beef in a sentence hope you might explore the rest of this educational reference site Sentencefor.com to see many other example sentences which provide word usage information.


text:
There isn't much doubt about it. People came to Arizona because of the mining opportunities. Gold, silver and copper were the natural resources that eventually led to Arizona becoming a state. Prospectors left California, came to the Arizona territory and brought with them the people who would support the mining efforts--the people of mining towns. Ghost towns aren't necessarily spooky or haunted by spirits, evil or otherwise. Philip Varney, in his book Arizona Ghost Towns and Mining Camps
defines a ghost town as having "two characteristics: the population has decreased markedly, and the initial reason (such as a mine or a railroad) no longer keeps people in the community."
Here are some details and links about the more interesting Ghost Towns that are within about 100 miles of the Phoenix area. They are all day trips from the Phoenix area, although you may want to spend some more time at a few of them. Some of them are open to the public. Still, today, there are people looking for lost treasures associated with some of these mines.
Links to the Ghost Towns
The Vulture Mine


text:
Every frontend framework tries to answer the same question - what is the best way to manage the application state. There are many approaches - MVC, MVVM, Flux, Redux... - and Keechma also has it's own.
Each of this approaches is giving the answers to the following questions:
- How to communicate with the rest of the world (calling an API)?
- How to respond to user interactions (mouse clicks, key presses...)?
- How to mutate the application state?
Keechma apps implement this kind of code in controllers. Controllers are a place for all the dirty, impure parts of your app code, and they act as a bridge between your (pure) domain code and code that has side effects (storing a user on the server).
How are controllers different?
While philosophically close to Redux actions and reducers, Keechma controllers differ significantly in the implementation.
- Keechma controllers have enforced lifecycle
- Keechma controllers are route driven
- Keechma controllers can implement a long-running process that can react to commands
Drivers of change
Changes in the application state happen for a few different reasons:
- Page reload
- Route change
- User action
Keechma treats page reload and route change as tectonic changes - a lot (or all) of the data in the application state will probably change when one of these happen. User actions are more of an incremental change, they will probably affect a small amount of data (for instance, the user might favorite a post - this is a small, incremental change to the application state).
Keechma controllers have their lifecycles controlled and enforced by the URL. Each controller implements a
param function which tells the controller manager if that controller should be running or not. Controller Manager (internal part of Keechma) has a set of rules which determine what should happen when the route changes. Whenever the URL changes, Controller Manager will do the following:
- It will call the params function of all registered controllers
- It will compare the returned value to the previous value (returned on the previous URL change)
- Based on the returned value it will do the
- If the previous value was nil and the current value is nil it won't do a thing
- If the previous value was nil and the current value is not nil it will start the controller
- If the previous value was not nil and the current value is nil it will stop the controller
- If the previous value was not nil and the current value is not nil but those values are same, it won't do a thing
- If the previous value was not nil and the current value is not nil but those values are different it will restart the controller
- If the previous value was nil and the current value is nil it won't do a thing
Controller manager ensures that the same controllers will always run for the same URL - it doesn't matter if it's a route change or a full page reload. This makes reasoning about the application state easier, you can treat every route change as if it was a full page reload. This was inspired by the React's way of reasoning where you don't care how the DOM is changed, you can mentally treat it as a full re-render.
Minimal layer of abstraction
Redux and similar frameworks model state changes as a combination of actions and reducers.
The only way to change the state tree is to emit an action, an object describing what happened. To specify how the actions transform the state tree, you write pure reducers.
While I like the simplicity of this approach, I feel that it's pushing the state management complexity to the application layer. If you model every state change as a (synchronous) action, every interaction that talks to the outer world will require multiple actions. This makes the flow hard to follow.
Instead of abstracting that kind of code, Keechma gives you complete control of how and when you change the application state. Controllers get full (read / write) access to the application state, and you can use any approach that fits your application.
Here's an example of a non-standard controller:
(defrecord Controller controller/IController (params [_ route] ;; This controller is active only on the order-history page (when (= (get-in route [:data :page]) "order-history") true)) (start [this params app-db] ;; When the controller is started, load the order history (controller/execute this :load-order-history) app-db) (handler [this app-db-atom in-chan out-chan] ;; When the controller is started connect to the websocket. ;; This way we can receive the messages when something changes ;; and update the application state accordingly. ;; ;; connect-socketio function returns the function that can be ;; used to disconnect from the websocket. (let [disconnect (connect-socketio in-chan)] (go (loop (let [[command args] ( app-db (assoc :articles-status :loaded) (assoc :articles value))) (rescue! [error] (pp/commit! (assoc app-db :articles-status :error))))
This approach was inspired by the Railway Oriented Programming talk, and the nice thing about it is that it was possible to implement a system like this because controllers give you a full access to application state. Pipelines are not a core Keechma feature, they are implemented in a separate library.
Controllers give you a full control over your application. They don't presume that you can fit your problem into any pattern or way of thinking. Their abstraction level is intentionally low, and you have a complete access to the application state. This makes it possible to solve non standard, specific problems with them. When you need an easy way to handle standard problems (like data loading, or user interaction) - use pipelines.
We're working hard on the v1 release, and if you want to keep track of Keechma news and releases, subscribe to our newsletter:


Kevin Hodes, CEO of Credit Card Processing Company Swypit Shares the Closing Article of a Two-Part Series on Setting Goals in Life and Business.
Frisco, TX – November 2, 2020 – Kevin Hodes, CEO of Swypit has published a new article entitled "When Setting Goals in Life and Business, Is the Outcome or the Process What Really Matters?" In the piece, Hodes concludes his exploration of how strategic goal setting, with a plan for achievement, can improve both personal and professional outcomes in our lives.
Picking up where he left off with the benefits of goal setting when done properly, Hodes goes on to discuss the importance of the process and not just the outcome when we strive to achieve our goals.
Hodes says, "Remember, our goals will determine our behavior. Similarly, goal setting theory also states that the most simple and direct explanation for why some people perform better than others is simply because they set higher goals."
Specifically, he adds, "Yes, setting higher, harder, or more challenging goals means we work harder and almost always, perform higher. In other words, goal setting and performance are related in a linear way. People adjust their level of effort, motivation, and determination based on how hard or easy the goal they set is."
Hodes goes on to say that this means if we want to see bigger results, we should set bigger goals.
He elaborates, "If we set bigger goals, we will do more—expend more effort and stay more motivated—to achieve them because the strength or size of the goal will determine the strength or size of our effort. Therefore, even if we "fall short" on the actual result we attain, we will still likely achieve MORE in the process than if we had set smaller or less challenging goals."
You can read the entire article here:
About Kevin Hodes:


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I'm wondering about the pros and cons of storing summed values in a field vs. performing a sum() operation on a separate table. An example would be retrieving a list of items along with the number of purchases for each item. In this case, one could have an Items table and Purchases table whose purchases would need to be summed.
The pros of a summed value:
 - Simpler, faster SQL statements (no JOINs necessary, e.g., Items.item_id=Purchases.item_id)
The pros of sum():
 - Don't have to maintain 2 ways to obtain the values which could get out of sync because they require both an UPDATE and INSERT statements to change them (e.g., an INSERT of the purchase in the Purchases table and an UPDATE of the purchase_count field of Items.
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THere is no right answer to such a question. The answer depends entirely on how the data is being used.
Two extremes. If you are rarely querying the data and there are lots of changes to historical data, then your system could spend a lot of effort keeping the sums consistent, when they are not needed.
On the other hand, if the data is "insert-only", and every record is repeatedly retrieved with the sum, then having the sums saves effort.
In general, the tendency is to favor the more normalized approach -- that is, doing the sum() at query time rather than maintaining it as a business rule. One clear advantage is that the values are consistent over time.
A second advantage is that the analytics can vary. Maybe today you need count of items. Maybe next week, you need the count of units. And the count of dollars. Or the net price difference. These change over time. Trying to capture them all up-front is challenging. The solution here is the break the problem into two pieces. Store the normalized data (with no magical sums) in one "database". Store summaries in "data marts" that can be modified to meet end-user goals. The data marts would be updated periodically -- once per day or once per week.
Normalized base data with period summaries is a strong architecture that meets many needs. But, there may be some cases where it is really a better idea to do the calculations on insert/update/delete rather than on select. Because such a solution often involves much more complexity (multiple triggers for instane), it has to justify itself strongly over a more normalized solution.
Wikipedia: Database Normalization
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It depends on the application nature and usage.
You should make a calculation or review the usage(for an existing application) about which of the queries are more often. DML types of queries:
 - Summed value approach: suitable for more SELECT queries for browsing items and displaying information regarding the items - for example regular e-shops.
 - Using sum() approach: suitable for more UPDATE/INSERT queries - for example heavy store application that mainly consist of managing the store inventory.
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text:
Social Issues in Sport
Title: Social Issues in Sport
Author: Woods, Ronald B.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Call No.: GV706.5.W655 2007
From the Publisher: Sport is all around us. Yet few of us look critically at how it affects our lives—and even fewer look at how we as a society affect sport. Social Issues in Sport is an outstanding introduction to the multifaceted roles of sport and physical activity in society and the perfect tool for examining sport from a critical perspective. The text's engaging writing style, full-color format, and sound learning tools make it accessible and effective at getting students involved in and excited about the material. A full array of instructor resources make this book a highly functional and enjoyable way for instructors to introduce this subject to their students.
While the book is solidly grounded in research, it does not dwell on theory. Social Issues in Sport is written to whet the appetite of students in sport management and sport studies for a deeper look at the issues, contradictions, and confusion that characterize our love–hate affair with sport. In Social Issues in Sport, students will find heavy emphasis on areas that other texts often overlook—including the role of coaches, importance of lifetime sport and fitness, sport in education, and sport for special populations such as the physically and mentally challenged and the elderly. As a result, students gain a complete view of what constitutes sport and physical activity and a firm grasp of the sociocultural considerations vital to their understanding of sport. Students are encouraged to see the sport world not only with their eyes wide open to the problems but also with an optimistic, encouraging view of its future.
Author Ronald Woods draws on a lifetime in sport as a participant, observer, fan, teacher, coach, administrator, and critic. His wide-lens view of sport helps students make sense of the world of sport and physical activity and, more important, apply it to their own personal and professional lives. Woods' easy-to-comprehend distinction between sport for recreational participation, high performance, and spectating illuminates for students the profound differences in how sport can be viewed and challenges their thinking about their own roles as participants and spectators. Woods' diverse background in sports gives him a unique perspective and allows him to write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate.
This full-color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. Part I sets the stage for studying sport in society. Part II examines the scope and effect of sport on society. Part III explores sport as an institution and how it functions within other institutions such as schools, colleges, and the Olympic movement. Part IVfocuses on the interaction between our society's culture and sports.
In 19 chapters, the book enthusiastically invites students to explore many issues, such as how a participant, spectator, coach, and administrator may have differing views of sports; how to distinguish between different levels of play, games, and sport when assessing the role of sport; and what trends to expect in the future and how to be part of a positive development of sporting structures.
Social Issues in Sports contains the following features that encourage learning:
-An engaging writing style, rich with examples and pedagogical aids, gets students excited about and invested in the sporting world around them.
-Interesting sidebars include up-close profiles of significant people and organizations (In the Arena With), examples of how sport is viewed in the public (Pop Culture), and insights from those who study the subject extensively (Expert's View).
-Activity Time-Outs, nicely integrated with the text, invite readers to recognize and assess the sociocultural issues that sport raises and apply the book's concepts to their own lives.
-An instructor guide, test package, and presentation package provide instructors with tools and assignment ideas to ensure that students remain engaged.
Social Issues in Sport is an engaging, in-depth, and inspiring resource that will help students understand the value of sport and its limitations and equip them to make choices about the role sports will play in their lives.
About the Author: Ron Woods,Ph.D is a performance coach at the Human Performance Institute in Orlando,Florida and an adjunct professor at the University of Tampa and the University of South Florida. Ron formerly worked for the United States Tennis Association for twenty years as director of player development and community tennis. Formerly, a professor at West Chester University of Pennsylvania in exercise science and coach of men's tennis. He has been honored by the International Tennis Hall of Fame, national coach of the year for United States Professional Tennis Association and was inducted into the athletic Hall of Fame at both East Stroudsburg University and West Chester University.


3. Select when the timer should end
In the section labelled Time remaining, select a countdown time. There are two methods to select from.
Countdown Timer
The countdown timer begins counting down from a specified time (e.g. 12 hours) when the visitor to the store loads the product page.
The current time is stored locally so that if the visitor reloads the page, the timer will continue.
If the repeat timer on loop setting is enabled, when the timer reaches zero, it will begin again from the original time.
Date Timer
Clicking on the Date field will open a date picker that will a date and time to be selected. The timer will count down to the selected date and time.


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Is there support in the Talmud or later rabbinical literature to interpreting the Torah term "eitz," commonly translated as "tree," to also mean "thought". This of course, is a common usage in Yiddish, where Eitzos (plural of Eitz) refers to "ideas". If there is such support then could it be that the Bereshis 2:17 (Genesis 2:17) episode in Gan Eden where Adam is instructed to avoid the Eitz Hadas ("tree" of knowledge) really means that Adam was instructed to not "eat" (i.e., imbibe, engage, or believe in) thoughts which apparently differentiate between "good" and "evil". In other words, the Torah may be relating that such conceptual discrimination led to the expulsion from Gan Eden (Paradise)?
Is there support in the Talmud or later writings to this interpretation?
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Sounds like a question for _USER_! – Double AA May 21 '12 at 1:41
Hersh, while your question intrigues, note that if you meant it just as you asked it then you're laboring under a misapprehension. Etzos isn't the Yiddish plural of etz: it's the plural of etza, as in Hebrew. And while I'm far from being a Yiddish expert, I suspect that, as in Hebrew, etzos in Yiddish means "suggestions" or "pieces of advice" rather than "ideas". Etz (as in gan Eden) is a wholly different word. That said, I called your question intriguing, because of what Dan & DoubleAA mention, that similar words sometimes are related, whether etymologically or in drasha. – msh210 May 21 '12 at 4:24
The Yiddish Eitzos doesn't mean ideas. It's also not Yiddish. It is Hebrew, and it is the plural of 'Eitzah, which means advice. – Seth J May 21 '12 at 15:56
_USER_ I don't know about this case, but the two don't have to be mutually exclusive. – Double AA May 21 '12 at 21:11
_USER_ What's the "right" question, and what makes it so? – EEE May 21 '12 at 22:14
2 Answers 2
Here's one:
When the Alter Rebbe was still in Vitebsk he once expounded on the verse "You stand..." (Deut. 29:9). Taking eitz (wood) as an idiom of eitza (counsel), he interpreted "choppers of wood" to mean that one must chop out "the many thoughts (counsels) in the heart of man."
(Hayom Yom, 19 Elul)
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Alex - thank youOT -- the full quote from Tanya Ch.1 includes "Those who draw water," he interpreted - one must drain out the water that "makes all enjoyments grow."3 Maybe that's why Moshe Rabbeinu was named so -- Min Hamayim Mishisehu - Moshe was pulled from the water (Even more OT... water "Mayim" in Torah may be refering to what in the east is called "Maya" or illusion/delusion... Moshe was free off Mayim/Maya :) – Hersh May 22 '12 at 14:35
According to the Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, עץ is dervied from the verb עצה which means "to close the eyes... Arabic also to be hard, firm." This is also where the word spine is derived from.
"Thoughts," as described above, is separate, and not part of the etymology.
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do you have a link to the book? if not to the actual text, then to the book on amazon or the like? – Menachem May 22 '12 at 0:44
PDF of entire text. Indispensable resource. – EEE May 22 '12 at 4:03
_USER_- I really don't know where to go with the re-write suggestion as Alex's quote is good enough for me (i.e., it gives precedent for infering Eitz to be interpreted as "thought (counsel)"-- Beyond that, it may be far-fetched to say the story in Gan Eden is about the relationship between pure perception (Eden) and evaluative or interpretive thinking (Das Tov v'Ra) but that's the connection this mind makes and I'm happy to be the only person seeing it this way :) – Hersh May 22 '12 at 14:42
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I'm having a hard time getting my head around the maths to locate a target in 3D given a number of known points (4 or more) and a value that indicates the signal strength (range 0–100).
I've looked at the simpler answer in the 2D case but I'm unsure how to generalise the idea of normalising the signal strengths for the 3D case. It might even be that this answer is too simple for my requirements. I know that in my case the signal strength is proportional to distance-2 but do not know the propagation constant.
I've also seen this question, but it's not quite what I'm after as I want to use the signal strengths from a larger number of nodes to improve the estimate.
share|improve this question
Sorry, no answer, but I think if you're trying to improve the estimate (in the overdetermined case), you're going to have to include some form of per-measurement error. Good luck with it. – BradHards Aug 4 '12 at 22:47
You could try to post the same question in math.stackexchange.com. – Chau Aug 5 '12 at 9:44
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
The solution here was a simple one. I have a number of signal values, S, which are proportional to the distance d:
S = k / f (d)">
The function f is known, and the constant k cancels out in the interpolation, so all that's needed is to apply the inverse of the function to each of the magnitudes before normalisation.
In my case, it means I simply calculate the square root of the signal strengths.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
In the electromagnetic field computation in consideration of nonlinear magnetic anisotropy, the solution by the Newton-Raphson method has some problems which are an asymmetric matrix and poor convergence characteristic. We applied the Fixed-Point method to the electromagnetic field computation in consideration of nonlinear magnetic anisotropy and examined the usefulness of the Fixed-Point method through comparing the Fixed-Point method with the ordinary Newton-Raphson method. The Fixed-Point method with a symmetric matrix is quite faster than the Newton-Raphson method with an asymmetric matrix. Therefore, the Fixed-Point method is a very useful technique in nonlinear magnetic anisotropy problems.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


Home > Class Reference > %SYS namespace > %iKnow.Classification.Methods.naiveBayes
class %iKnow.Classification.Methods.naiveBayes extends %iKnow.Classification.Methods.Base
This classification method relies on the Naive Bayes theorem to calculate the probability a document belongs to a category based on probability scores for the individual terms.
Given this probability-based approach, the document vector local weights and normalization settings are fixed at "binary" and "none" respectively.
Method Inventory (Including Private)
Methods (Including Private)
method %BuildClassificationMethod(ByRef pClassifier As %iKnow.Classification.Definition.Classifier, pVerbose As %Boolean = 1, pIncludeBuilderParams As %Boolean = 1) as %Status [ Language = objectscript ]
Inherited Members
Inherited Properties (Including Private)
Inherited Methods (Including Private)


represented in the datagram as follows:
 20 | decimal 10 | s |
 22 | o | m |
 24 | e | d |
 26 | o | m |
 28 | a | i |
 30 | n | decimal 3 |
 30 | c | o |
 30 | m | decimal 0 |
This translates to the perl string:
 where 10 becomes hex \x{a}
 $string = "\x{a}somedomain\x{3}com"
The offset of the query QUESTION is:
 ETH header 16
 IP header 20
 UDP header 8
 Query head 12
and the snaplen needs to be long enough to alway capture the domain name. There, our example configuration becomes:
 match => "\x{a}somedomain\x{3}com",
 snaplen => 90,
 # eth head + ip head + udp head + query head
 payload => 54,
The dump file is written in a format compatible with that produced by Data::Dumper. It may be imported for analysis using Perl's 'do' or by using File::SafeDO.
 # start: _PHONE_, Mon Apr 24 17:00:12 2006
 # current: _PHONE_, Mon Apr 24 17:02:14 2006
 # hits: 3832 per minute
 # bytes: 5927 per second
 # users: 1234 users now
 # device: eth1:1 non-promiscuous
 # bpf: dst host my.host.com
 # [optional if match/nomatch present]
 # fragment: nn -- mm
 # contains: match.string
 # excludes: nomatch.string
 my $dump = {
 '' => {
 B => 240,
 C => 4,
 E => _PHONE_,
 N => ['hostname1','hostname2','...'],
 R => 723,
 S => _PHONE_,
 T => _PHONE_,
 W => 43359,
Only one function is exported by Sniffer.pm. This function is called in the nc.sniffer.pl.sample script to launch the nc.sniffer daemon.
Launch the nc.sniffer daemon.
 input: config hash
 returns: nothing (exits)
The pcap library (libpcap) which is part of tcpdump and is included in most *nix distributions. Available from:
NetAddr::IP::Util which is part of distribution NetAddr::IP
There is a memory leak when run under Perl 5.0503 that has not yielded to debug attempts. This leak is not present in Perl 5.0601. Not tested in other versions. From reading through the Changes file for the transition between versions 5.005 and 5.6, I'm reasonably sure it is a scalar leak in Perl itself that was corrected with the updates to 5.6.
My recommend fix for now when running with Perl versions older than 5.6 is to restart the daemon daily to prevent excessive memory consumption.
COPYRIGHT 2004 - 2014 ^
Michael Robinton
All rights reserved.
 a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
 later version, or
 b) the "Artistic License" which comes with this distribution.
You should have received a copy of the Artistic License with this distribution, in the file named "Artistic". If not, I'll be glad to provide one.
 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
or visit their web page on the internet at:
Michael Robinton
 man (1) tcpdump
 man (3) pcap
syntax highlighting:


Scientists are investigating and if confirmed would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Suspected meteorite
Image: The deadly impact left a large crater and shattered nearby windows
A bus driver was killed and three others injured by a meteorite in India, according to the authorities.
If confirmed it would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Scientists are now investigating the blast at the engineering college in the southeast state of Tamil Nadu, which left a small crater and broken windows.
Suspected meteorite
Image: Samples from the scene of the impact are to be analysed by experts
Chief minister Jayalalithaa Jayaram said: "A meteorite fell within the college premises."
The man "sustained serious injuries and died while on the way to the hospital," she added.
Video: Hundreds Hurt As Huge Meteorite Hits Russian Town
The victim's family has been awarded 100,000 rupees (£1,018) in compensation.
The bus driver was standing on a patch of grass near the college canteen when he was killed, while two gardeners and a student were also hurt, officials said.
Government officials initially thought the blast was caused by explosives leftover after building work, but no evidence of this was found at the site.
A district official said: "When no evidence of explosive material was found, we moved to the theory that it might be a meteorite.
"It is not confirmed yet as samples need to be analysed."
A team from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics is expected to visit the scene to collect samples.
The principal of the college in Vellore district, said: "It was a sound like nothing I've ever heard before.
The last reported death from a meteorite strike was in 1825, records show.
Simon Goodwin, an astrophysics expert at the University of Sheffield, said meteorite deaths are rare because the rocks usually burn up when passing through the Earth's atmosphere or land in the ocean or remote areas.
"When you look at the fraction of the Earth's surface that is heavily populated, it's not very much," he said.


text:
By recycling steel fenders for new cars, the world's airliners could fly almost 100 million miles alone with the energy saved, according to a new study by the University of Colorado for the United Recyclers Group.
"The CU study estimates that nearly 11 million vehicles are taken off the road in America each year when they reach their so called 'End of Life' (EOL)," said Michelle Alexander, URG executive director, in the report. "This process of attrition is caused by accidents and also occurs as vehicles age. There are tremendous quantifiable environmental and financial benefits for consumers that are provided by the green American automobile recycling industry as these vehicles are processed both for the reuse of certain parts (known as 'green parts') and recycling of most of the remainder."
Alexander went on to say that already, thanks to the auto recycling industry, auto manufacturers have begun to lower their carbon footprint, reduce energy consumption, and mine and refine less materials.


text:
- To promote MRI education and knowledge by encouraging and facilitating Continued Professional Development for MRI radiographers and other professionals and students associated with MRI.
- To support, encourage and facilitate the exchange of MRI information between professional bodies and individuals by encouraging and developing MRI educational courses and conferences, support best practice guidelines and advise on MRI issues.
- Three meetings per year of the Policy Board.
- Production of a bi-annual MRI Newsletter.
- Facilitate a website for members to access up to date MRI information.
- Annual Conference and AGM at venues across the UK and Ireland.
- Provide high quality MRI Courses for healthcare professionals interested in the field of MRI safety, physics, artifacts, scanning techniques and pathologies.
- Provide members with access to experts and information forums, thereby encouraging sharing of ideas and knowledge within the membership.
- Encourage members to develop their skills and confidence to present their specialist knowledge to their peers through conferences, presentations and publications.
The Constitution Document is available to members for further information.


Quick Answer: What Was The Biggest Type Of Pirate Ship Called?
What type of ship is the Black Pearl?
galleonWith a length of 156 feet and armed with 32 cannons in the movie, the Black Pearl is a hybrid of a galleon and East Indiaman ships..
What did Romans use for toilet paper?
Are there any old pirate ships left?
What is a yacht with 3 masts called?
Schooner – a sailing vessel with fore and aft sails on three masts. The foremast being shorter than the mainmast which is no taller than the mizzen mast.
What ship is bigger than a galleon?
I'm sorry, but that is not a quantifiable statistic. A ship size bigger than a galleon would quite frankly be a frigate rather than a man o war/ship of the line. Frigates are actual predators as far as ships go, designed to seek and destroy/capture enemy ships and raid merchants.
Why is the black pearl so special?
In the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, the Black Pearl was able to easily beat the speed and firepower of the HMS Interceptor, which was the fastest warship in the British Royal Navy fleet and specially designed to crush pirates.
Why was the Black Pearl cursed?
Barbossa, who was Jack's first mate aboard the Black Pearl, led a mutiny against Jack and marooned him on a desert island. Sometime after finding the treasure, the crew suffered under the Aztec curse; a curse they originally thought to be a ridiculous superstition and didn't believe to be true.
Where did they poop on old ships?
It is a nautical or naval term that goes back to the day of the old sailing ships. Let's start at the back of the ship. The upper-most rear, or the stern, was called the poop deck.
What is the poop on a ship?
In naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that forms the roof of a cabin built in the rear, or "aft", part of the superstructure of a ship. The name originates from the French word for stern, la poupe, from Latin puppis.
What was the biggest wooden warship ever built?
The longest wooden ship ever built, the six-masted New England gaff schooner Wyoming, had a "total length" of 137 metres (449 ft) (measured from tip of jib boom (30 metres) to tip of spanker boom (27 metres) and a "length on deck" of 107 m (351 ft).
What are big ships called?
Tanker Ships Tanker ships are specialised vessels for carrying a large amount of liquid cargo. Tankers are further sub-divided into different types on the basis of the cargo they carry.
How rare is a black pearl?
Black pearls are formed when that piece of sand gets stuck in the body of a very specific type of oyster, the Tahitian black-lipped Pinctada margaritifera. … This, however, is rare; it occurs in only one in 10,000 pearls.
What was the first ship to sink?
The first cruise ship ever built to ply the frigid waters off Antarctica became the first ever to sink there. The red-hulled M/S Explorer struck ice Friday, took on water as 154 passengers and crew members scrambled to safety aboard lifeboats and rafts, and then it went to the bottom.
What does Galleon mean?
: a heavy square-rigged sailing ship of the 15th to early 18th centuries used for war or commerce especially by the Spanish.
What is a boat with 3 masts called?
A barque—a three-masted sailing ship with square sails on the first two masts (fore and main) and fore-and-aft sails on the mizzenmast.
What is a boat with 2 masts called?
A ketch is a two-masted sailboat whose mainmast is taller than the mizzen mast (or aft-mast), generally in a 40-foot or bigger boat. The name ketch is derived from catch. The ketch's main mast is usually stepped in the same position as in a sloop.
What are pirate ships called?
Sloops. Sloops were the most common choice during Golden Age of Pirates during the 16th and 17th century for sailing around the Caribbean and crossing the Atlantic. These were commonly built in Caribbean and were easily adapted for pirate antics.
How did pirates poop on ships?
What is the biggest ship in the world?
Seawise GiantThe largest ship in the world by length is the oil tanker Seawise Giant at 1,504 feet (458.46 meters). It was in service from 1979 to 2009. In the decade since its retirement, no ship has surpassed its length.
What is the oldest ship in the world?
Pesse canoeThe Pesse canoe is the world's oldest known ship, dating between 8040 and 7510 BC.
What are the small boats on a pirate ship called?
yawl (or dandy) A ships small boat crewed by rowers. A two-masted fore-and-aft-rigged sailing vessel similar to the ketch but having a smaller jigger or mizzenmast projecting out behind the rudder.


text:
Ep. 173 - Creating An Allyship + Feminism for All with Rachel Cargle
Today we are joined by Rachel Cargle; activist, writer, and lecturer. Her activist and academic works are rooted in providing intellectual discourse, tools, and resources that explore the intersection of race and womanhood. Rachel also created an organization called The Loveland Group, which houses multiple companies dedicated to lifelong culture, learning, and opportunity. Rachel was in town from NYC, so the girls hopped on the opportunity to spend time with Rachel in person. She is leading the movement on some incredibly issues plaguing our society. In today's episode, we talk about what it was like for Rachel growing up in a predominantly white community, socioeconomic differences between races, and using her platform to create accessible educational lectures. Rachel shares her view on the feminist movement, how the health and wellness space reacts to her, and the way that the welfare system works. We hope this conversation inspires you to have conversations within your community, friend groups, and families—conversations that might not be comfortable but conversations that could, ultimately, change history.


text:
Twelve Pound CannonballEngagement at Fort Mile Creek
This item is a part of the 1812 History digitization project. This project was made possible with the support of the Department of Canadian Heritage through the Canadian Culture Online Strategy.
- Media Type
- A 12 pound cannon ball that is believed by some to have been one of the shots lobbed ashore by the schooners of the British Fleet during the Engagement of Forty Mile Creek, June 8, 1813. It may also have been the property of American troops and was left behind in the retreat. The cannonball was found buried 3 feet deep in the ground at the corner of Patton and Elizabeth streets in Grimsby. It is unknown whether it is British or American.
- Local identifier
- Geographic Coverage
Latitude: 43.1981918704866 Longitude: -79.5599949359894
- Recommended Citation
- Image courtesy of the Grimsby Museum
- Please contact the Grimsby Museum for any reproductions of this image
- Grimsby MuseumEmail:_EMAIL_


Routing in ASP.NET MVC
Tutorialsrack 18/02/2021 C# ASP.NET MVC
In this article, we will learn about routing in ASP.NET web applications. Routing plays a vital role in the ASP.NET MVC web applications.
In this article, we will discuss
 - What is Routing in ASP.NET MVC?
 - Why use routing?
 - How does it work?
 - Properties of Route
 - Basic Understanding of the Routing
 - Types of Routing
 - Custom Routing
By the end of this article, you have a basic understanding of Routing in ASP.NET MVC.
What is ASP.NET Routing?
The ASP.NET Routing is a pattern matching mechanism that is responsible for mapping the incoming request from the browser to specific controller actions.
Why use routing?
In the ASP.NET WebForm application, each URL must match with a particular ".aspx file. For example, a URL "_URL_ must match with the file "empinfo.aspx which contains the code and markup for rendering a response to the browser.
To Overcome the problem of mapping each URL to the physical file. ASP.NET introduces the Routing. In ASP.NET WebForm request handler is ".aspx" file and in ASP.NET MVC request handler is a controller and an action method.
For Example, "_URL_ can be mapped to "_URL_ in ASP.NET Webforms and the same URL can be mapped to Employee Controller and Index action method in MVC.
How does it work?
 - When the web application is running then the application registers one or more patterns with the framework's route table to tell the routing engine what to do with any requests that match those patterns.
 - When the route engine receives a request at runtime, it matches the requested URL pattern against the pattern URL registered with the route table and returns the response according to the pattern match.
 - If the Incoming URL pattern found in the RouteTable returns the desired response and if the incoming URL pattern is not found in the RouteTable then it returns the HTTP 404 error which means URL Not Found.
Properties of Routes
A URL contains the Following properties as follows:
 - Route Name: A route name may be used as a specific reference to a given route. And it Must Be unique. By defaults, RouteName is the default.
 - URL Pattern: A URL pattern can contain literal values and variable placeholders (referred to as URL parameters). The literals and placeholders are located in segments of the URL that are delimited by the slash (/) character.
 When a request is made, the URL is parsed into segments and placeholders, and the variable values are provided to the request handler. This process is similar to the way the data in query strings is parsed and passed to the request handler. In both cases, variable information is included in the URL and passed to the handler in the form of key-value pairs. For query strings, both the keys and the values are in the URL. For routes, the keys are the placeholder names defined in the URL pattern, and only the values are in the URL.
 - Defaults: When you define a route, you can assign a default value for a parameter. The default is an object that contains default route values.
 - Constraints: A set of constraints to apply against the URL pattern to more narrowly define the URL that it matches. In other words, You use route constraints to restrict the browser requests that match a particular route. You can use a regular expression to specify a route constraint.
Basic Understanding of the Default Route
The ASP.NET MVC framework comes out with a default route. The default routing template also displays the property names of the route attributes, so it is easier for a beginner to understand what's going on. You can find the Default Routes in the App_Start folder in RouteConfig.cs file. Let's have a look at the default route:
Example - Default Route
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) {
 // Ignore the Url thats end with.axd Extension
 name: "Default", // Route Name. Each Route has a Unique Name
 url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL Pattern to be Mapped
 // Default Values for the URL
 defaults: new {
 controller = "Home",
 action = "Index",
 id = UrlParameter.Optional
 - Each route has a unique name. The default name of the route is Default.
 - URL attributes describe the pattern of the URL. And the default pattern of the URL is "controller/action/id".
 - The defaults Attributes sets default properties for the controller, action, and sets the id as optional. The default values are used when no values for the attribute are passed.
The valid URLs for this route are as follows:
 - /
 - /Home
 - /Admin
 - /Home/Index
 - /Home/Index/123abc
 - /Home/Index/abc
Additionally to the default route, the ASP.NET MVC template implements the routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");.
This is used for ignoring the Url that ends with.axd Extension or you can define other extensions to ignore routes.
Types of Routing
There are two types of routing in ASP.NET as follows:
 1. Convention Based Routing
 2. Attribute-Based Routing
Convention Based Routing: To define the Convention Based Routing, we call the MapRoute method and set its unique name, URL pattern, and specify some default values.
Example of Convention based Routing
Example - Convention based Routing
 name: "Default", // Route Name, Each Route has a Unique Name
 // Default Values for the URL
 id = UrlParameter.Optional }
Attribute-Based Routing: The Attribute Routing introduced in ASP.NET MVC 5. To define the Attribute-Based Routing, we specify the Route attribute above the action method of the controller or above the controller. To use attribute-based routing, you need to enable it first in RouteConfig.cs file.
Example for Enable Attribute-Based Routing
Example - Enable Attribute-Based Routing
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
 // Ignore the Url thats end with.axd Extension
Example of Attribute-based Routing
Example - Attribute based Routing
public ActionResult Index() {
 return View();
Custom Routing in ASP.NET MVC
For most of the requests, your web application's default route will work fine, however, you might have different needs to which are not satisfied by the default routing of ASP.NET MVC. So you can create a custom route for your web applications.
For example, sometimes you need to URL structure like this as given below:
 - "{language}-{country}/{controller}/{action}"
 - "{date}/{controller}/{action}"
 - "blog/{articletitle}"
So you can create your own custom routing for your controller action methods.
Note: when you create a custom route for your web application, keep one thing in mind that the custom routing is always placed above the Default Route in case of Convention Based Routing.
Example of Custom Routing
Example - Custom Routing
public class RouteConfig {
 public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) {
 //Custom Route
 name: "CustomRoute", url: "blog/{articletitle}", defaults: new {
 Controller = "Home",
 action = "articleDetails"
 // Default Route
 name: "Default", url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new {
 controller = "Home",
 action = "Index",
 id = UrlParameter.Optional
I hope this article will help you to understand the basic concepts of routing in ASP.NET MVC.
Share your valuable feedback, please post your comment at the bottom of this article. Thank you!
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text:
The Cybercrime/ Cyber Security training course will focus on preparing students for the in-demand Security Plus certification from the Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA). CompTIA is a non-profit trade association that issues professional certifications for the IT industry.
The cybersecurity training program is divided into two main parts:
1. Train students to fill in-demand cybersecurity jobs in the following areas:
- Incident response
- Ethical Hacking
- Federal Information Security Management Act(FISMA) compliance
- CompTIA Security+ certification training
2. Career/mentorship Counseling
- Provide cybersecurity Mentors to coach students about cyber jobs
- Lifelong access to cyber resources including labs
- Assist students with the development of professional cyber-related resumes
- Conduct mock job interviews to ensure students are prepared for actual interviews
- Lifelong reach back capabilities
Instruction format will be conducted as such:
The training will cover:
- Introduction to Cybersecurity
- Ethical Hacking
- Risk Management Framework
- Incident Response
- CompTIA Security plus training
- Students are trained in In-demand cybersecurity skills
- Students attained baseline certification including CompTIA Security+
- Employers have access to technically savvy cybersecurity workforce
- Provide employment matching to those students seeking cybersecurity careers
Potential Earnings and Wages:
- Certified Fiber Optic Technician nation-wide is $59,870 or $23.13 per hour.
- The average salary for a Drone Operator is $47,803.
- The average salary for a Real Estate Appraiser is $60,414.
- The average salary for a Cyber Security Analyst is $76,410 / yr.
- The average salary for a Welder is $17.86 per hour.
- The average hourly pay for a Construction Worker is $16 an hour.


text: Erosion wear experiments on Nickel-Chromium cast iron were tested by MCF-30 erosion test machine. The structure and surface morphology of these samples were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and XRD. The influences of the impact angle and acidity on erosion wear property were analyzed. The discipline of the erosion wear property was discussed as well. The experimental results indicate that after oil quench at 960°C and temper at 250°C, the alloy carbide (Fe, Cr)3C which works as the wear resistance skeleton distributes uniformly in the matrix ; the shape of erosion wear curve is "M". and the biggest wear loss is when the impact angle is 60°; the erosion wear property is affected greatly by the strong acid, but is little even can be ignored when pH≥3. The erosion wear mechanism of Nickel-Chromium cast iron is selective wear.


text:
Rolls-Royce History: Frederick Royce and Charles Rolls got together in 1904 and formed Rolls-Royce Limited a couple of years later. In 1931 Rolls-Royce bought their primary competitor, Bentley Motors. In 1971 Rolls-Royce was over extended from developing the RB211 jet engine and England nationalized the company. In 1973 England sold off the car division so that Rolls and Royce could concentrate on Jet engines.
In 1998 Volkswagen bought Rolls-Royce Motors, consisting of Rolls-Royce and Bentley. However Rolls-Royce Limited (the jet engine makers) sold the name and logo to BMW. In 1998 BMW and Volkswagen made an alliance that said BMW would provide the engines and Volkswagen would build the cars. BMW purchased Rolls-Royce and Bentley From Volkswagen in 1998.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Edict of Worms
The Edict of Worms was issued by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on May 29, 1521 at Worms, at the end of the Diet of Worms. It contained a condemnation of Martin Luther and declared him to be an outlaw and a heretic for his opposition to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Among other things, this ruling permitted anyone to kill Luther without suffering legal consequence, and the property of Luther's followers and supporters could be seized by force. Luther was, however, charged to go along the passage across the Holy Roman Empire and thus returned to Wittenberg where he was protected by the Elector Friedrich until 1522 when he felt compelled to return from his exile there to defend his views in the context of the revolution they had caused.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
Shoefresh: how it works
- Why do shoes smell?
- How does the Shoefresh tackle smelly shoes?
- What is Active Oxygen (ozone)
Does the Shoefresh also remove the smell of old shoes?
Yes, the smell of old shoes is also hugely decreased with the Shoefresh. Usually the insoles of old shoes smell the worst. Therefore we advice to replace the old insoles with our specially developed Shoefresh insoles with bamboo.
- Why does the fan continue to spin for another 10 seconds when the program has finished?
- Does the Shoefresh need refills?
- What is the difference between the Shoefresh and other shoe dryers?


Please do the following to adjust your crawl rate at Bing:
1. Login to Bing Webmaster Tools
2. Add your site to Bing Webmaster Tools, if you have not done so already.
3. Click on the Crawl tab in the top navigation.
4. Click on Crawl Settings in the left navigation.
5. Select your website from the drop down list, if not already selected.
6. Select the radio button "Use the selected crawl rate below" to set a custom crawl rate and pattern.
7. Use the graph to specify the crawl rate and crawl pattern by dragging the graph areas to the desired
 settings. You can click on individual vertical columns to set the crawl rate individually by hour.
8. If your website is built in AJAX, select the check box labeled "Configure Bing for Ajax site crawling"
 so that BIng handles your website properly.
9. Click the Save button to save your settings.


text:
Pupil's Home Address
A pupil's home address is considered to be a residential property that is the child's only or main residence, and is either:
- owned by the child's parent(s) or the person with parental responsibility for the child; or
- leased to or rented by the child's parent(s) or the person with parental responsibility under a lease or written rental agreement of not less than twelve months duration
Evidence of ownership or rental agreement may be required, plus proof of permanent residence at the property concerned.
Where parents have shared responsibility for a child, and the child lives with both parents for part of the week then the main residence will be determined as the address where the child lives the majority of the week. Parents may be requested to supply documentary evidence to support the address used when offering places.
We measure from the address point of your home to the centre of the school (unless otherwise stated) using a computerised mapping system called Cartology.
Distances are in metres and are calculated on the basis of a straight line measurement. We consider this to be the fairest way to treat all applicants. It does not take into account walking, cycling, or driving routes.
Websites which provide a distance measuring facility do not measure home to school distances as defined by us and therefore will produce different measurements.
If you move house after you have submitted your preference form you should contact School Admissions and Pupil Placements who will advise if the change in circumstances can be considered. (See contact detail in the essential information section)


text:
The photo above shows guttation on native strawberry. It's a funny-sounding word, but an interesting phenomenon. The drops on the leaf margins are not dew, but the result of a process called guttation. Guttation occurs at night, when plants accumulate excess water through their roots, but transpiration through stomata on leaf surfaces has stopped. The excess water is released through pores on the leaf margins. Plant is native wild strawberry, or Virginia strawberry, Fragaria virginiana, and photographed on 25 March 2012 in our Biodiversity Garden. Native wild strawberry is an incredibly fast-growing and spreading, sun-loving ground cover with pretty white and yellow flowers and delicious edible fruits. Plant it this season instead of non-native ground covers, such as the invasive periwinkle, Vinca minor.
Life Cycle of a Strawberry Patch
Updated 12 April 2012 Posted by Nina Zitani, 22 December 2011 All photos by Nina Zitani
The strawberry patch in our Biodiversity Garden is the subject of a mini photo-documentary. Every few weeks I'll photograph the same patch and post it here, in order to track the changes it undergoes throughout the year. Plant is native wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana.
12 April 2012
25 March, morning, water droplets on leaf margins are the result of guttation, not dew
2 March 2012
6 February 2012, early morning hard frost
3 February 2012, Approximately two feet of snow has come and gone
19 January 2012, Fresh snow covers the strawberry patch
19 December 2011
7 am, October 28th 2011, first frost of the season


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barahumi official video by nazir M. Ahmad (Sarkin Waka)
The song about the Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II. In the song Nazir describes how Danmajen Kano Sanusi Lamido became Muhammadu Sanusi II Emir of Kano. 'Barahube' in this context is best understood by its use in the song. Nazir uses it to describe the Emir as the first among equals, a prince and Emir, blessed, favoured, highly educated, commands respect, overcomer, chosen by Allah among other. 'Barahube' seems to be an adjective that describes many things at once not as synonyms but as distinct features of any noun. Nazir uses 'Barahube' to describe how the Emir overcame opposition to ascend the throne of his fathers.


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Xanthan gum-based fluid thickener can lower blood glucose levels after eating, study shows
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common lifestyle disease that is prevalent worldwide. It can often lead to complications, such as diseases of the heart, and increased risk of death, but preventive measures, such as a healthy diet, can reduce these risks. Now, a study in Japan has shown that xanthan gum-based fluid thickener can lower blood glucose levels after eating.
Several studies have shown that heart diseases and metabolic disorders, such as Type 2 diabetes, are associated with the blood glucose levels after eating. However, certain foods, like the condiment vinegar, are reported to help decrease these levels if eaten with a meal. Another food product that produces a similar effect are dietary fibers. These fibers are also known to increase insulin response, improve fat metabolism, and have positive effects on the gut microbiome.
One such soluble fiber, xanthan gum, is used in a range of foods, including fluid thickeners, to prevent aspiration (choking) for patients who have difficulty swallowing. However, the biological effects of fluid thickener on postprandial blood glucose levels, gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract, and gut microbiome have not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fluid thickeners have additional effects, particularly on postprandial blood glucose levels related to gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiome.
The rats were divided into two groups; those that were administered liquid thickened with a xanthan gum-based fluid thickener or saline for 5 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed 4 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The blood glucose levels of rats were measured before glucose was given and at set intervals afterwards. The RNA from different parts of the gastrointestinal system tissues were collected for qPCR method. Thereafter, the gene expression in the ileum and gut microbiome were comprehensively analyzed using a next-generation sequencer, which enables a comprehensive analysis of the amount of gene expression and DNA derived from microorganisms by decoding large quantities of DNA sequences at high speed.
Results showed that blood glucose levels at 60 and 90 minutes after being given glucose were significantly lower in rats given thickened liquid.
The mechanism by which this happened is very interesting. Giving thickened liquid decreased blood glucose levels associated with Glp1 and Glp1r expression in the ileum."
Haruka Tohara, Senior Author
Furthermore, comprehensive analysis revealed that cholesterol homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism, and glucose metabolism were enriched in the ileum.
Gut microbial composition was also altered after drinking the said thickened liquid. There was an increase in the numbers of two 'good' intestinal bacteria, Erysipelotrichales and Christensenellaceae, which is associated with Glp1 and Glp1r expression in the ileum. These bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that protect intestinal and pancreatic cells, which assist insulin secretion.
Type 2 diabetes and heart disease are global phenomena that are increasing in many parts of the world. This research showed that xanthan gum-based fluid thickener can prevent aspiration and also assist in the improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism.
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Nagasawa, Y., et al. (2022) Xanthan gum-based fluid thickener decreases postprandial blood glucose associated with increase of Glp1 and Glp1r expression in ileum and alteration of gut microbiome. Journal of Functional Foods. _URL_.1016/j.jff.2022.105321.
Posted in: Molecular & Structural Biology | Medical Research News | Biochemistry
Tags: Bacteria, Blood, Choking, Cholesterol, Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, DNA, Dysphagia, Fatty Acids, Food, Gastrointestinal Tract, Gene, Gene Expression, GLP1, Glucose, Glucose Metabolism, Heart, Heart Disease, Insulin, Metabolic Disorders, Metabolism, Microbiome, Research, RNA, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Swallowing, Type 2 Diabetes
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Definition of bigly
a. - In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently. 2
The word "bigly" uses 5 letters: B G I L Y.
Direct anagrams of bigly:
List shorter words within bigly, sorted by length
All words formed from bigly by changing one letter
Browse words starting with bigly by next letter


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Author: Amanda Morris, 2021 Programs, Co-Vice President
Welcome to another exciting year of Guild programs. This year we want to get back to our roots with a year long exploration of modern quilting elements. We've designed our programs to give everyone an opportunity to show off their "go-to" modern quilting skills as well as experiment with new skills that might not have been tried before.
To get started, we feel it's important to give everyone the same reference point. Though two people might differ on determining how "modern" a quilt is, they can certainly both recognize the common design elements that differentiate modern quilts from traditional quilts. For our work this year we're going to consider the following elements as our foundation to Make It Modern.
Alternative Gridwork serves to break up the predictable nature of a standard grid. It creates visual tension as the left side of the brain seeks to recognize a pattern and a rhythm to the block layout. It's a useful tool to move the viewer's eye around the layout of the quilt as they seek out that pattern.
Notice, in Sarah's quilt, how your brain wants to line up the colorful ovals and the outlined ovals, with the offset grid laid down in the quilting.
Similar to alternative gridwork, our brains naturally seek out symmetry as a way to organize the information received from the eyes. Asymmetry is a useful tool to draw the viewer's attention throughout the quilt as it seeks balance.
Kathleen's quilt is a great example of Asymmetry, and yet she's also achieved a wonderful balance between the active blocks and the weight of the dark background.
Dense quilting creates an overlay of both texture and pattern that is separate from those same elements derived from the piecing and fabric selection. This is a useful tool to enhance the story you are telling with the piecing.
Barbara has used her dense quilting as a wonderful contrast to the pieced blocks.
Bold graphic shapes and high contrast palettes are the most common elements of modern quilting.
Looking at Kathy's quilt, we see she has used bold, diagonal elements which imply a lot of movement. She's got high contrast with her white background and the vertical columns of black to navy piecing which are crossed with more diagonal elements in bright, high-saturated colors.
Improvisation is a tool often used by modern quilters as a way to break the mould of traditional quilting. Improv embraces the concept of Wabi-Sabi and frees us from the expectations of perfectly straight seams and precise points.
Bev has used a creamy neutral as her main fabric while delegating the red ombre fabric as the background. The parallel quilting combined with the organic piecing produce a wonderful sculptural effect.
Maximalism is all about aesthetic excess. It is the boldest of statements in the loudest of voices. In a maximalism quilt, even the background fabric has something to say.
Looking at Annette's quilt we see bold gestures in each of the rainbow ribbons. The echoed lines of the quilting imply the ribbons are moving or vibrating.
Minimalism is the act of reducing the elements of your quilt down to the purest expression of your concept. The minimalist artist is always asking, "If I remove this element, does the design stand or fall apart?"
Amy has diligently designed each of her Disney inspired blocks utilizing Minimalism. You can see in this photo that she has pared down the colors and shapes to the point that the character's face isn't necessary to know immediately the reference being made.
The updated colors and graphics in modern prints also serve to reinforce the concepts of modern quilting while adding pattern and contrast.
Katie's use of modern prints create a subtle rippling effect in the horizontal bands, while the overall color saturation of the modern prints serves to pop the bands forward from the neutral background.
Modern quilting has its roots in the traditional patterns and methods that came before us. Taking a traditional block and updating it or manipulating it in a new way creates a sense of play and experimentation in a modern quilt.
Veronique's quilt evokes a cartoon animation of a traditional block expanding and floating away.
In contrast with the borders typically found on traditional quilts, modern quilters often forego a quilt border; choosing instead to let the graphic nature of their designs stand on their own over the entirety of the quilt surface.
Notice how the shibori patterns in Amanda's quilt could continue indefinitely because they are not constrained by a border.
Play on Scale
Making the expected, unexpected through play on scale is a common tool of modern quilting. An exaggerated scale can create a sense of play or, when combined with several sizes of the same block, can create a sense of depth of field against the negative space of the quilt, as seen in Tricialyn's quilt.
The use of solid fabrics helps reinforce the graphic nature of modern quilt designs. Though typically seen as a flat shape, a sense of transparency can be achieved through subtle shifts of solid colors adding a sense of 3 dimensional depth. In the same way, an artist can play with the warmth and coolness of color to "push it forward" or "send it backwards." This effect is much more dramatic in solid fabrics than in prints due to the saturation of color inherent in solids.
The colors in Rhonda and Rochelle's quilt are playing off each other in unexpected ways.. The background fabric is warm and therefore wants to come forward. The shaped pieces are all cool versions of navy, pink and green and would therefore be expected to visually recede. Yet, despite their coolness, the intense saturation of the pieces pop them forward of the background. The result is a delightful tug of war between the pieces and the backdrop.
Vast Use of Negative Space
The use of a vast field of negative space serves many purposes in a modern quilt. You can't have a "positive" without a "negative" to contrast against. In this way, the negative space serves as a backdrop for the more "meaty" focal point. This also gives the viewer's eye a place to rest when the focal point of the quilt is more loud and boisterous.
Jennifer's quilt implies a sense of volume that holds the smaller hexagons as they float away from their fellow hexies.
I think this list gives us plenty to talk about in our year long conversation about what it takes to 'Make It Modern!' Now the fun part begins.
Throughout the year, I encourage you to do some self assessment. Periodically ask yourself:
- Where is my comfort zone on the modern quilt spectrum?
- What are my 'go-to' modern quilting skills?
- What are my weaker skills?
- Do I want to challenge myself to strengthen those weaker skills?
Above all, have fun playing with the elements of modern quilting.


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The Food Standards Agency:
Bringing Data Strategy To The Table
The Food Standards Agency has a wide and complex remit - to ensure food standards are functioning at all times across the entire UK food chain, from farm to fork.
The burden of management of such a remit is obviously extensive, and the FSA realised that data strategy could become pivotal to its future development and lightening this load. With DEFRA undertaking to open up data across all its agencies, the FSA realised that more open and shared data could reduce this burden of management.
What We Did
Visceral Business was asked to help explore and develop the opportunities by holding a series of workshops with FSA
partners and potential partners - from farmers to food providers and retailers, large and small, across a range of food production areas. We designed a data canvas and explored current and future practices with this group and how management reporting could be radically changed, from resource intensive inspection regimes to a national data infrastructure, using exceptional reporting whilst maintaining quality control and reducing costs for the FSA and its partners.
A fundamental change of management approach, with the prospect of radically reduced operating costs is underway as a result of digital business design. This work is ongoing and has led to development of a detailed digital strategy.


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Audio Description Performance
What is audio description?
Audio description is a verbal commentary that tells visually impaired theatre-goers what is happening on the stage during the parts of the performance where there is no dialogue (i.e. during fight scenes). The description does not interfere with the performance but fills in the gaps, describing facial expressions, costume, scenery and action sequences so that anyone with a sight problem can follow the plot fully and independently. Many visually impaired theatre-goers are enthusiastic about audio description.
How does audio description work?
The trained describer sits in a soundproof booth or box in the theatre and explains what is happening on the stage. Usually, the describer has seen the performance three or four times before and is well prepared to describe the performance. Visually impaired theatre-goers are equipped with a headset or earpiece before the performance and the description is relayed from the booth to the headset/ear-piece via an infrared or radio sound system.
Can theatre-goers sit in any seat in the theatre?
No, specific seats are allocated in the theatre, mostly in the Stalls or Dress Circle, so there is clear transmission between the describer and the headsets.


In part one of our series on metal panel roof pitch, we looked at the engineering and strength considerations that need to be taken into account when designing or specifying a building. In part two, we'll review how to make the right metal panel selection for your building end-use by looking at the building type and roof pitch to find the optimal combination of form and function.
Types of roof panels:
Different types of metal roof panels are better suited for certain roof pitches and this mostly has to do with panel rib height and how they're seamed together. For instance, the lower the pitch, the taller the rib of the roof panel needs to be in order to optimize water carrying capacity. Also, the lower the pitch, the slower water runs off the roof; combined with wind pressure, this can hold water at the eave. As an example:
 - On 2:12 and lower pitches for commercial/industrial jobs, weathertightness warranties will use a mechanically seamed panel because it creates an impenetrable lock that keep water from seeping between the panels. Seamed panels can be thought of as more hydrostatic (resistant to water), whereas non-seamed panels are hydrokinetic, i.e., water runs off of them, but they are not designed to be a water barrier.
Panel Selection for Your Building End-Use
Building Type and Use:
Whether residential, post-frame or commercial, structures follow general design criteria regarding metal roof slope, based on to the building type and use. For instance:
Gabled v. Hipped: gabled roofs provide more interior headroom while with hipped roofs, endwall sheet height can be reduced, making for easier ordering and installation as you don't have to cut/miter the sheets.
 - Residential v. Post-Frame and Commercial Use: While it can generally be assumed that thicker-gauge panels are stronger, the type of building construction, location and end-use can affect the choice in panel thickness. Residential roofs generally have steeper slopes (often due to aesthetic sensibilities), while commercial and post-frame buildings will typically have a shallower pitch to increase the strength of the building. Buildings such as pole barns, post-frame buildings, warehouses and garages can require roof panels to span longer distances between supporting trusses and purlins and therefore require thicker panels to ensure the roof is structurally sound and can aid in reducing the chance of collapse under the weight of snow and water—particularly when the roof pitch is low. For smaller buildings—like residences—with supporting trusses and purlins that are typically closer together, thinner panels can be used in conjunction with thicker trim for an economic, structurally ideal residential metal roofing system. See our blog on metal panel gauges for more.
 - Economics: When a roof has a shallower pitch, less material is needed to cover the same roof span. This can be more economical since fewer square feet of material needs to be purchased, or at least help in offsetting the cost of the thicker panels commonly used on low-slope roof—a consideration often important to companies with multiple properties. Likewise, while more material may need to be purchased for a high-sloped roof, you may be able to buy thinner, less expensive panels since high-slope roofs don't typically need to be able to support heavier loads like low-slope roofs do.
 - Aesthetics: Traditional residences typically feature a higher roof pitch while this may be less important to commercial building owners. However—from a functional standpoint—thicker panels can be more forgiving of installation errors such as over-tightened screws and aren't as likely to transfer waves and bumps in sheathing.
Solar Panels and Roof Pitch:
The geographic location of a structure will determine the angle at which the solar panels should be installed. Generally. the closer to the equator you get, the lower the slope the solar panels can tolerate as roofs closer to the equator have more consistent exposure to sunlight as compared to those farther away. If you plan to add solar panels to your metal roof, be sure to check the Solar Reflective Index (SRI) values and minimum slopes set by the ASTM and local governing codes. These standards will advise adequate slope based on your location as well as help control things such as heat island effects, etc. For more information on solar reflectance and how it is affected by the color of your metal roof panels, see our blog post on cool metal roofs.
Roof slope is a factor that affects many decisions when it comes to any metal building roofing project regardless of the building's end use. When embarking on any metal roofing project, be sure that the panels you've selected meet local building codes and are produced by a quality manufacturer with knowledge and experience designing for different applications to ensure you get exactly what you're looking for. For more information on metal panel selection for your building end-use and to learn more about recommendations on roof slope for different building types, contact your local ABC representative today.
 Additional Resources:


California Tort Claims Act 2017
California's Tort Claims Act (CTCA) includes the rules and regulations that govern how claims are filed against a government entity. If the government is to be named in a lawsuit, the claim must fall within the guidelines of the California Tort Claims Act.
Situations wherein your claim will fall under the Act include:
 - You trip and fall in a government building
 - A county vehicle is involved in a motor vehicle accident with you
If a government employee or agency was negligent in some way, you'll need to follow the guidelines of the California Tort Claims Act. But if the government was not involved in any way leading up to your injury, a personal injury lawsuit can be filed.
Timely Written Claims: 6 Months to File
A public entity can only be sued if the plaintiff:
 - Provides a written claim for damages
 - Provides the written claim within 6 months of the incident
Unlike personal injury claims which have a two-year period to file a lawsuit, you must file a lawsuit against a governmental entity, or public entity, within a six-month period. Failure to make your claim within this time, which will be presented to the entity in question, will void your ability to file a claim.
The time starts to tick once the incident occurs – when you're filled with medical urgencies, financial issues and life-changing events.
If you've made your claim in accordance to the government code, you'll need to wait.
Public Entity Responsibility
If you've provided your written claim, the public entity must respond in a 45-day period after being served. The public entity will respond with the entity's action on the claim. The entity has four main options at this point in the claim process:
 1. Reject the claim
 2. Accept the claim
 3. Reject in part
 4. Compromise
Reject in part and compromise are the two options that provide the most concern. An entity has the legal right to reject in part, but accept the balance of the claim. A compromise will be a negotiation wherein you'll need to go back and forth with the entity.
What happens if you don't receive a response?
 1. If no response is given to your claim, the court will view this as a rejection. A rejected claim can be beneficial because a claim that's rejected provides a 2-year period from the date of the injury to file suit.
 2. If a proper response is given, you as the claimant, have just six months to file suit.
You have just six months to file suit, so it's imperative to file within the statute of limitations or lose your right to file. Government agencies and employees often respond to written notices. It's very unlikely that the notice will go unanswered, although it can and does occur.
Limitations and Expectations Under the California Tort Claims Act
CTCA encompasses all civil liability for money and damages. You can follow the Act when you're in a car accident with a government employee or you fall in a government building due to a negligent act that failed to make an essential repair.
Negligence of a government employee must fall within:
 - The scope of employment
 - In the course of a government function
For example, if a government employee was out on the weekend, enjoying a day off and was in a car accident, they cannot be sued as a government employee. A personal injury claim would need to be filed instead.
And if the employee decided to go to the bar when they were in the middle of work, the government agency can argue that the accident was caused by actions not within the scope of the employee's job.
Under the CTCA, you cannot file a claim against the negligent person directly.
So, if you can file a claim against the local government, you cannot target the employee directly in a separate case. This provides protection for employees and ensures that multiple cases for the same circumstance are not filed.
Public entitles are liable for injuries that are a result of the entity's failure to carry out their duty.
In essence, this means that if a public entity is tasked with protecting the public in some way and doesn't carry out their duty, they may face legal action. A fire department is a great example of a public entity that has a duty to the public.
If the fire department failed to respond to a call, the person injured in the fire can seek damages against the fire department.
But there are some exceptions to the law, too, such as:
 - Injuries related to failed or passed legislation
 - Injuries sustained by the National Guard
 - Injuries due to the issuing of a permit, license or order
 - Injuries due to failing to enforce the law
 - Injuries due to misrepresentation
You cannot sue the government for their failure to pass a legislation. You can also not sue the government because they supplied a driver with a license and said driver caused a motor vehicle accident.
The CTCA requires that the government or the employee had to act in some negligent manner to be held responsible under the CTCA.
Filing a Claim
If you plan to file a claim against a county, state or government entity or agency in California, you must provide a written notice with the following information:
 - Name and mailing address of the claimant
 - Mailing address where notices are to be mailed
 - Date of the incident
 - Location of the incident
 - Detailed description of the incident
 - Name of government entity or employees that caused the injury (when possible)
You'll also need to claim losses. If the losses are under $10,000, you must list the claim and note how the figure was calculated. If the claim of losses is more than $10,000, you'll need to determine if the case is a limited civil case, or a case where you're seeking less than $25,000 in damages.
Many municipalities in California offer a free form that will act as a written notice. I recommend searching for and using one of these forms when available. The forms streamline the notice process and ensure that you provide all necessary information to move forward with your claim.
If you or a loved one has been injured and it was not your fault you shouldn't hesitate to contact Hamparyan Injury Lawyers to arrange a free consultation to assess whether you are eligible to file a personal injury claim.
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and conditions. With spinlocks, taking the lock means just "spinning" (i.e. doing nothing in a loop) until noone else has the lock. With conditions, if a task attempts to take the lock but is blocked because another task holds it, the newcomer enters a wait queue; the release operation signals to any waiting task that the lock is now available.
(These explanations are not enough to let you implement a lock, because I haven't said anything about atomicity. But atomicity is not important here.)
Spinlocks are obviously wasteful: the waiting task keeps checking whether the lock is taken. So why and when is it used? Spinlocks are often very cheap to obtain in the case where the lock isn't held. This makes it attractive when the chance for the lock to be held is small. Furthermore, spinlocks are only viable if obtaining the lock is not expected to take long. So spinlocks tend to be used in situations where they will remain held for a very short time, so that most attempts are expected to succeed on the first try, and those that need a wait don't wait long.
There is a good explanation of spinlocks and other concurrency mechanisms of the Linux kernel in Linux Device Drivers, chapter 5.
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