Understanding Brake Judder
Brake judder can be felt as a vibration. It is a sensation that can be felt through the steering wheel, your brake pedal and potentially through your seat. Depending on the severity of the judder, you may even feel the car shake. Brake judder can often be an uncomfortable, frustrating and disconcerting experience which may result in the driver reducing their braking pressure to reduce their discomfort, increasing stopping distances as a result.
Drivers and mechanics often jump to one conclusion; that the brake discs are no good and have 'warped'. To fully understand brake judder and diagnose the causes we need to break it down into immediate brake judder or brake judder that has developed over time.
Brake judder symptoms and its causes
If you fit a new set of brake discs to a vehicle and brake judder is immediately felt, the conclusion maybe that discs have been manufactured incorrectly. However, all Apec brake discs are tested before leaving the factory to ensure that this scenario does not occur. Immediate brake judder can only be as a result of a mechanical issue that has not been diagnosed, e.g:
 - A severely worn or damaged hub, hub flange and/or wheel bearing.
 - Severely worn or loose steering and suspension components.
 - Loose wheel bolts.
 - Incorrectly seated wheel/discs.
 - Damaged tyres.
 - Buckled rims.
 - ABS fault.
 - Loose brake components (i.e: carrier).
The list is not exhaustive, however common sense should prevail. If these underlying issues are not resolved, then the issue will remain and potentially lead to catastrophic mechanical failure.
Most frequently, brake judder is not felt immediately and will develop over time. The assumption is that the brake discs are poorly manufactured and are unable to withstand the heat from braking and have warped. However due to modern manufacturing processes and materials used, it is extremely rare for any brake disc to warp. For warping to happen you will need a combination of extreme conditions – eg glowing hot discs and then driving through standing water, or excessive overheating and insufficient cooling.
The true causes of brake judder are far more complicated than the disc warping. The brake disc developing DTV (Disc Thickness Variation) over time, is the most common cause of judder.
DTV – What is it?
Disc Thickness Variation is when the disc has worn unevenly, causing the two friction surfaces of the disc to no longer be parallel with each other (see Figure 1). This is often confused with disc warping. Warping is defined as distortion, where the disc is a uniform thickness in width as shown in Figure 2. There is often little diagnosis that is carried out to solve the issue of brake judder, apart from test driving the vehicle. As soon as judder is experienced, which is blamed on the disc warping, the brake discs are removed and replaced with a new set, curing the issue for the next 2000-5000 miles only for the juddering to return. Disc Thickness Variation is a condition that develops over time, but what causes it?
The primary cause of DTV is uneven material transfer.
What is material transfer?
During the bedding in process, and subsequent braking applications, a microscopic layer of brake pad friction material must transfer evenly from the pad to the surface of the brake disc. This is known as the adherent friction process (please see "material transfer" article). Anything that will affect this process – eg mechanical, or braking style (especially during the initial bedding in period) will result in uneven material transfer, which starts the process of DTV.
Due to uneven friction material transferring across the surface of the disc, this will lead to high-spots. The high spots will heat excessively in comparison to the rest of the disc. If the temperature at these high-spots exceeds 650 deg. C, cast iron changes structurally, transforming into a harder substance called Cementite. As the disc is now composed of varying materials of different hardness, the two materials will wear at a different rate. The important point to note is that this will not immediately induce brake judder but has provided the foundations for a vibration that will eventually lead to irreparable damage to the braking disc, although this may not occur for over 2000-5000 driven miles. This explains why customers often return with their vehicles complaining of brake judder months after the discs were originally installed.
With DTV the disc surface will not have warped, but if measured with a micrometer at (at least) 8 equal points around the brake disc, there will be a variation of thickness. A disc thickness variation greater than the manufacturer's tolerance will result in the symptom of 'brake judder' caused by the brake pads pulsating over the uneven surface. This in turn causes the pistons to kick back over every high spot causing the pedal to pulsate replicating brake judder symptoms. If the manufacturer's data is unavailable, please refer to the below guide.
The precise threshold varies from model to model, dependent upon the general compliance built into the vehicle's braking, suspension and steering systems.
To ensure that the new brake discs that you are fitting do not already have DTV all Apec brake discs are tested before leaving the factory and will have a disc thickness variation of <13µm (<0.013mm).
Skimming the discs will temporarily remove the high spots and judder, however the hard spots of cementite will remain under the surface and the high spots and judder will return after several thousand miles.
As detailed above, a major cause of brake judder is uneven material transfer, leading to Disc Thickness Variation (DTV). The single biggest cause of uneven material transfer is lateral run-out.
Lateral runout
Lateral runout is when the disc is not parallel to the hub surface and therefore deviating from its true axis (see Figure 3).
What causes lateral runout?
 - Not following best practice.
 - Insufficient cleaning of the hub surface (even minuscule particles of rust or debris caught between the disc face and hub can lead to excessive lateral runout).
 - Corrosion build up after the new discs have been fitted. (Using copper grease on the hub surface? not replacing a missing disc location screw).
 - A worn or damaged hub, hub flange and/or wheel bearing.
 - Worn steering and suspension components.
 - Over torqueing of the disc location screw.
 - Over torqueing of the wheel bolt.
 - Low quality refurbished alloy wheels (uneven paint thickness).
 - This list in not exhaustive (further information on lateral runout can be found in our "lateral runout" article).
Other causes of uneven material transfer…
 - Not following best practice
 - The brake pads rubbing on the disc while not braking due to a sticking pad, slider bolt or caliper.
 - The brake pads not contacting the disc evenly when braking due to a sticking pad, slider bolt or caliper.
 - Failure to adhere to the correct bedding in process.
 - Sitting with the brake applied for long periods of time while stationary. (Pad etching).
 - Severe over heating of the discs.
Please see material transfer article for further information.
What else can cause judder?
Static spots
If a vehicle is parked up for an extended period, especially in an area of high humidity and salt content, such as close to the coast, then this can cause corrosion to build up between the disc and pad causing them to adhere to each other. The brakes can be freed off by softly twitching the vehicle by speedily releasing the clutch. The corrosion leads to the formation of static spots which causes severe judder under braking. Should the corrosion be so severe it will also cause damage to the brake pads. Dependent on the level of corrosion on the brake disc there will be judder temporarily while the corrosion is present on the surface of the disc. Should this judder continue, the resolution to cure the judder would be to replace the brake discs.
Brake disc below the minimum thickness
A brake disc is subjected to compressive and centrifugal force, which creates a force of traction. Compressive strength of the disc is the capacity of the disc to withstand clamp load from the brake pads. The compressive strength of a worn disc decreases as it wears. If it exceeds the material's resilient limit, deformation begins as soon as the disc cools down leading to cracks appearing or warping. Therefore it is crucial to replace the brake discs when the braking surface thickness is less than the minimum thickness engraved on the outer disc diameter.
Now that you have a better understanding of the root causes of most cases of brake judder, we can move on and explain the best practices that always need to be adhered to and other preventative steps to eliminate it.
TECHMATE is here to make your life easier
When you need to know more about braking with Apec, ask TECHMATE. Call 01174 288090 or email _EMAIL_


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Combining microfluidics and FT-IR spectroscopy: towards spatially resolved information on chemical processes
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes. FTIR spectroscopy gives access to the microscopic chemical composition of samples, which can be correlated with their macroscopic properties. This approach is widely used in chemistry or biology to get insights into reactive media. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of flow chemical reactors offers many advantages such as the small amount of products used or the versatility of the reactors. Coupling these two approaches creates major opportunities for the analytical field, although it raises additional challenges. Emphasis is placed on the most recent developments and limitations concerning the integration of infrared spectroscopy techniques within microfluidic devices, while current applications and future opportunities will be discussed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Commas School
Irish derived place name Cam Eas, meaning either 'The Bend in the River' or 'The Crooked Stream is a townland in the civil parish of Kinawley, barony of Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland.
Its chief geographical features are Cuilcagh mountain which rise to 2,188 feet above sea level, Binbeg mountain which rises to 1,774 feet, mountain pools, the River Cladagh (Swanlinbar), mountain streams, waterfalls, underground streams, river swallowholes, ravines, caverns and forestry plantations. Commas is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 2,551 statute acres and is the largest townland in County Cavan.
In the 1609 Plantation of Ulster, Commas formed part of the mountain of Cuilcagh which were granted to John Sandford of Castle Doe, Co. Donegal)
The 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks stateThe Swanlinbar or Claddagh River rises in this townland, being the collection of a great many small streams which unite near the east side of the townland and runs towards the south-east.
Commas National School, Roll No. 5270, was actually situated in Knockranny townland.
Commas Census
In the Census of Ireland 1821, there were two families living in the townland.
In the 1901 census of Ireland, there was one family listed in the townland.
In the 1911 census of Ireland, there was one family listed in the townland.
Commas School
Commas School
Situated about 3km south west of Swanlinbar, just a 3 minute drive.
Coordinates : 54.17588,-7.74184
What 3 Words : ///taller.framed.taker


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'The British Vampire's Slavic Roots'
Fri, January 22, 2010 • 3:00 PM • Tom Lea Rooms, HRC 3.206
Thomas Jesus Garza, Texas Language Center
Bram Stoker can be credited with creating the modern Western vampire, but his vision of the legendary monster would not have been possible without the historical accounts of real-life figures from Eastern Europe. Tom Garza will reveal the origins and history of the vampire in Europe and Britain from the nineteenth century through the twentieth. The myth pervades popular culture to the present day.
Thomas Jesus Garza is University Distinguished Teaching Associate Professor of Slavic and Eurasian Studies and the Director of the Texas Language Center. He received his Ed.D from Harvard University in foreign language education. He teaches courses in Russian language, culture, and literature, including a popular course on the history of the vampire. He is working on a book on Russian and Mexican contemporary film.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Year 7 - Autumn Term 2015
Pupils will explore:
What do we mean by Signs and Symbols?
How useful are signs and symbols in everyday life
Religious symbols and their meanings
The importance of symbols to religious believers
Food and symbolism
A local church – St Oswalds at Bidston
Visit from the local vicar to talk about his role and the place of the Church in the community
The nativity story and its symbolism
Christmas celebrations around the world
Activities will include food tasting, exploring religious artefacts, making a Christingle, ICT research on Christmas traditions and drama.
Year 8 Religious Education – Autumn Term 2015
Pupils will explore three World Religions this year. In the first term, they will focus on the religion of Judaism. They will find out about:
Jewish beliefs about God
Abraham - the founder of Judaism
The importance of Moses to the Jewish religion
The festival of Passover
The Seder meal and symbolic foods
The ten commandments
The Torah and its importance in everyday life
Objects associated with prayer
The Synagogue and Worship
Activities to include storytelling, acting out a seder celebration, tasting symbolic foods, designing their own Passover plate and making their own Torah scroll.
Year 9 Religious Education – Autumn Term 2015
Students will study Festivals and Celebrations this term. They will explore:
What is a Festival?
Research special days and festivals from around the world
Consider the importance of special days to us as individuals and as a community
Interview someone about their special day, find out how they celebrate and why it is special
Chinese New Year
The Jewish festivals of Purim and Hanukkah
Harvest and Sukkot
Activities will include ICT research, class presentations, conducting interviews, puppet play, craft activities and designing a Jewish Sukkah.


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I notice that we recently passed the 40th anniversary of the invention of the mobile phone. The telephone is now ubiquitous but you might be surprised at how quickly it arrived in Brisbane after its invention. Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the first practical telephone in 1876 and published details in the Scientific American on 6 October 1877. The first experiments with telephones in Queensland were conducted at the Brisbane GPO on 26 January 1878 by W. J. Cracknell, Superintendant of Telegraphs. Cracknell was able to set up a demonstration of the telephones at the Exhibition in August of that year along with some other startling scientific exhibits as reported in the minutes of the National Association published in the Brisbane Courier.
That to Mr. W. J. Cracknell, Superintendent of Telegraphs, your committee are indebted for the promise of several highly interesting scientific exhibits at next month's exhibition, all of which are comparatively unknown in Queensland, viz.:
1. The electric light, to be displayed every evening.
2. Explosion of torpedoes in the creek running through Bowen Park, by means of electricity.
3.Telephones fitted up in the main building, and in the park, by which visitors may, at distant points from each other, converse through the medium of these wonderful instruments.
These early telephones could only be used for communication between two fixed points but January 1878 saw the opening of the first commercial telephone exchange which allowed multiple telephone users to be connected and made the instrument truly practical. Brisbane's first telephone exchange was set up at the GPO linking several Government offices in October 1880 and by 1881 there were 36 telephones connected including several private ones. By 1883 a continuous 24 hour service was being provided and 175 telephones were connected. The first country telephone exchange in Australia was opened in Maryborough in 1882 with 32 subscribers.
The first telephone exchanges employed message boys to operate the equipment, however, the boys quickly earned a reputation as inefficient, unruly and impertinent, and in an effort to improve customer service these first operators were replaced by women specifically employed for the job. In 1889 positions were advertised for thirteen telephone exchange switch-board assistants, at a salary of 10 shillings per week, 1671 young women applied. Mrs Dick was appointed as Supervisor.
Mrs William Heddle Dick, First Lady Superintendent of the First Telephone Exchange in the Colony of Queensland
Alterations were made to the building to allow for the employment of female operators, who worked from 8 am to 6 pm, the night shift being deemed unsuitable for female employment. An article published in The Queenslander and attributed to 'Delphia' provides a detailed description of the working environment of these early telephonists.
Group of the first female telephonists in Brisbane, Queensland started in June 1899
The new switchboard on the Telephone Exchange is now in working order; and the female operators are shaping to their novel experience in a manner that augurs well for their future utility, and for the increased convenience of the public service. Mrs. Dick, the lady superintendent, assisted by a monitress, has twelve operators under her charge. Perhaps a more capable-looking assemblage of young women could hardly be found In Brisbane; had the qualification been appearance only, instead of capability, they could well have stood the test. It is somewhat surprising, considering the small amount of salary offered, that such a refined and superior class of workers should have tendered their services, especially when. It is found that some of them come from a distance, as far as Ipswich even, and have to deduct travelling expenses from their earnings. They, no doubt, look upon the appointment as a beginning of better things, and anticipate future promotions in the Government service. It must also be borne in mind that, although they, have passed the necessary education tests, they are ignorant of the telephone duties, until patiently inducted into the method, under the personal supervision of Mr. Hesketh.
The girls enter their offices through a private door on the right hand of the Post Office lane, near Elizabeth-street. After ascending, two flights of narrow stairs, we find the lavatories on the right hand, with necessary fittings, and a comfortable little sitting-room on the left. Around the walls, convenient lockers are fitted up, a separate one, with lock and key, for each operator ; the open doors show a good arrangement for hanging hats and cloaks, and shelves for cups, lunch, books, &c.; outside, they look like wardrobes of polished Maryborough pine. One or two cane lounges, plenty of comfort-able chairs, a large table, and writing secretaire form part of the comfortable furnishings. In one corner a small gas stove is fitted, and a large kettle supplies hot water for the acceptable cup of tea at lunch time. The pretty light tint chosen for the wall colouring gives a brightness to the room and in every way possible in so small a space has the comfort of the girls when off duty been considered. Mrs. Dick is ever on the alert to see that the girls are relieved of duty for a time, when they feel the nervous strain too much, or when the incessant vibration tells upon their endurance. That there will be cause for watchfulness and anxiety in this respect a visit to the switchboard room will show. Such a babel of confused and subdued voices, in the strident, "are you-there" tone. The operators sit in chairs constructed upon pedestals to move slightly from side to side, so as to quickly operate upon the numbers from right to left. Each operator has 100 connections under her charge. To watch the incessant manipulation of the plugs, one would imagine that every telephone-owner spent a good part of his time with a transmitter at his mouth. Ten in the morning is the busiest hour, between 12 and 2 the switching slackens, and increase afterwards up to 4 o'clock.
Interior of Brisbane Central Telephone Exchange, Brisbane, Queensland, 1903
Each operator wears a leather band over the head, with a receiver pressed to the left ear and transmitter near the mouth. The indicators, at the top of the switchboard, rise and fall, showing the number which wants to be switched on. Below are the round holes, bearing the numbers of the telephones—one set called the questioning jacks, the other set the answering jacks. These are connected by plugs, and the connection is made as rapidly as possible. The work to a certain extent is mechanical, but needs the utmost smartness and dexterity, and will prove a trying test to nervous organisations. Being apparently such mechanical work, one is inclined to question the relevancy of such examination posers as the following, which appear on the papers submitted to the applicants as examination tests :—"State what you know of the Brisbane River under the following heads :—Source, course, affluents, outfall, basin, and watersheds." "Where in Queensland are sugar, wheat, coffee, arrowroot, and cocoa-nuts grown? Where are gold, copper, tin, opals, and pearlshell found?" "The side of a square paddock is 440 yards long. How many palings, each 4 In. wide, will be used in fencing the paddock?" Other arithmetic questions about papering walls, bags of marbles, thousands of oranges, barrels of ale, and boxes of matches, but not one question about modern science, the discovery and development of telephony, or reference to the life of Edison, or the principles of acoustics and the transmission of sound.
The operators look very business-like and comely in their uniforms of dark-blue serge and neat white collars and cuffs. The lady superintendent and monitress wear black. The hours are not heavy—altogether about eight hours a day, with relieving operators to take charge at intervals of rest. At present there are boys employed on the switchboard, as well as the girls, but Mr. Hessketh hopes to replace them in time by the women, and is very sanguine of good results.
Inside the Brisbane Central Telephone Exchange, ca. 1927
The work of the exchange operators continued in much the same fashion until the Brisbane exchange was switched over to an automatic exchange in 1929. Trunk operators were still required for interstate and international calls until a new type of automated exchange, the Crossbar system, allowed the introduction of Subscriber Trunk Dialling in the 1960s. The first Crossbar exchange in Australia was installed at Toowoomba in 1960. In 1963 a new eight story telephone exchange was planned for construction in Elizabeth Street, Brisbane.
Model of the new telephone exchange to be built on Elizabeth Street, Brisbane, 1963
The John Oxley Library holds several titles on the development of telephone exchanges. The Palace of winged words : the development of telephone exchanges in Australia published by Telecom Australia in 1980 and Resistance on the line : a history of Australian Telephonists and their Trade Unions, _PHONE_ by Jeff Rickertt.
Simon Miller – Library Technician, State Library of Queensland


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When it comes to the underwater world, there are countless creatures that captivate our attention. One such creature is the Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel. With its striking appearance and unique characteristics, this eel is a true marvel of nature. In this blog post, we will explore the fascinating world of the Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel and uncover some interesting facts about this elusive species.
What is a Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel?
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel, scientifically known as Gymnothorax polyuranodon, is a species of eel that belongs to the Muraenidae family. Unlike its saltwater counterparts, this eel inhabits freshwater environments, such as rivers and lakes, in Southeast Asia. It is known for its vibrant coloration, which consists of dark green or brownish-black spots on a yellowish background, resembling the stripes of a tiger.
How Big Can They Grow?
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel is a relatively large species, with adults reaching an average length of 1.5 meters (5 feet). However, some individuals have been known to grow even larger, measuring up to 2 meters (6.5 feet) in length. These eels have a slender body shape, allowing them to navigate through narrow crevices and holes in their freshwater habitats.
What Do They Eat?
As carnivorous predators, Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels have a diverse diet. They primarily feed on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Using their strong jaws and sharp teeth, they are able to capture and swallow their prey whole. These eels are known for their voracious appetite, consuming a significant amount of food in a single feeding session.
How Do They Reproduce?
Reproduction in Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels is an intriguing process. They are oviparous, which means that they lay eggs. The female eel releases her eggs into the water, where they are fertilized by the male. The eggs then develop and hatch into larvae, which eventually transform into juvenile eels. It is worth noting that the reproductive behavior of these eels is still not fully understood, and further research is needed to uncover all the details.
Are They Dangerous to Humans?
While Freshwater Tiger Moray Eels possess sharp teeth and a powerful bite, they are generally not considered a threat to humans. These eels are shy and elusive, preferring to hide in crevices and only venturing out to hunt for food. However, if provoked or cornered, they may defend themselves by biting. It is important to exercise caution and respect their natural habitat when encountering these magnificent creatures.
The Freshwater Tiger Moray Eel is a truly remarkable species that showcases the diversity of life in our planet's freshwater ecosystems. With its striking appearance and unique behaviors, it continues to captivate the interest of researchers and nature enthusiasts alike. By understanding and appreciating these fascinating creatures, we can contribute to the conservation and preservation of their fragile habitats.


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Yesterday the Missouri Senate voted to roll back Proposition B, the Puppy Mill Cruelty Prevention Act and, thus, said the heck with Missouri voters who approved the measure in November.
Lawmakers approved Senate Bill 113 sponsored and introduced by Senator Mike Parson who, ironically, titled the bill, the Canine Cruelty Prevention Act. Key points of the bill include:
- No limit on the number of breeding dogs.
- No requirement of ground level cages with access to the outdoors.
- No requirement that the dogs be sheltered from extreme weather and temperatures.
- No annual hands-on vet examinations will be required.
- Two visual inspections of dogs by veterinarians will be required.
- Depending on the number of dogs sold, breeders would pay fees ranging up to $2,500 instead of the current maximum of $500.
- Breeders would pay $25 per year to generate funds for additional state inspectors
- Breeders in violation would no longer be subject to prosecution for the misdemeanor crime of puppy mill cruelty. Instead, courts could assess civil fines or prosecutors could file misdemeanor charges of canine cruelty against repeat offenders.


Molybdenum Copper Alloy Properties
Molybdenum Copper Alloy Properties As Follows:
molybdenum copper alloyMolybdenum Copper Alloy nature - a special high-temperature performance
The melting point of molybdenum 2610 ℃, the melting point of copper is only 1083 cC, molybdenum-copper alloy at room temperature and the temperature, both good strength, but also a certain plasticity, and when the temperature exceeds the melting point of copper, the material of the copper can endothermic evaporation liquefaction, play a cooling effect (transpiration cooling). This performance can be used as high-temperature materials for special purposes, such as drug refractory lined combustion temperature nozzle throat, under the action of high temperature electrical arcing contacts and so on.
Molybdenum Copper Alloy nature - high conductance thermal conductivity characteristics
Molybdenum metal in addition gold, silver, copper and other metals, the conductivity and relatively good thermal conductivity element. Therefore, molybdenum and molybdenum-copper alloy composed of copper has a high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity.
Properties of Molybdenum-copper alloy - with low thermal expansion coefficient can be adjusted
High coefficient of thermal expansion of copper, molybdenum has a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Therefore, the application can be made of a combination according to different required components low thermal expansion coefficient, so that they can communicate with other material combinations of the thermal expansion coefficient matched to avoid excessive thermal expansion coefficient difference in thermal stress caused damage.
Copper-molybdenum alloy - good machinability
Pure molybdenum metal itself due to the high hardness and brittleness, machining more difficult. The copper-molybdenum-copper alloy material after the incorporation of lower hardness, ductility increases, so is conducive to machining, can be processed into complex shaped parts.
Copper-molybdenum alloy - non-magnetic
Molybdenum and copper are non-ferromagnetic metal, so the composition of the molybdenum-copper alloy is an excellent non-magnetic material.
Copper-molybdenum alloy - low gas content and good vacuum performance
Either molybdenum or copper, an oxide easily restore their N, H, C and other impurities can easily be removed under vacuum to maintain a very low outgassing performance with good vacuum.
If you have any interest in our molybdenum copper alloy or other molybdenum alloy products, please feel free to contact us by email:, or by telephone:86 _PHONE_.
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Adopted daughter needs a new passport but how do I go about applying for it?
Passport Frequently Asked Questions and AnswersQuestion: My wife and I were both born in the U.S. and are natural born citizens. We adopted our daughter from Canada in 2004 and she is now 8 years old. Her U.S. Passport expired on July 20, 2009. We do not have her Certificate of Citizenship but we do have her birth certificate from Canada that shows us as her parents. Also, we have the Canadian adoption certificate that also identifies her as being our adopted daughter. Will this be adequate documentation to renew her passport?
Answer: Being that she obtains a previously-issued passport, she can use that as evidence to prove her U.S. citizenship. Also, you will have to present a document stating your relationship with your adopted daughter. In this case, an adoption decree with the names of the adopting parents is acceptable. As long as a translation is present. A foreign document is acceptable with the passport application. Other necessary documents will be a copy of the parent's identification documentations and a current or recent passport photo.
Here is a list of passport application acceptance facilities.
Here are some facts about minor's passports:
 - To qualify for a minor's passport the child must be under the age of 16.
 - The passport will have a validity term of 5 years.
 - It usually requires consent of both parents. In some cases this is not the case.
 - Can be renew by appearing in person.
 - Use Form DS-11 application.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Kidding, kidding. But I do have a question about an $n$-line outline of a proof of the first case of FLT, with $n$ relatively small.
Here's a result of Eichler (remark after Theorem 6.23 in Washington's Cyclotomic Fields): If $p$ is prime and the $p$-rank of the class group of $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$ satisfies $d_p<\sqrt{p}-2$, then the first case of FLT has no non-trivial solutions. Once you know Herbrand-Ribet and related stuff, the proof of this result is even rather elementary.
The condition that $d_p<\sqrt{p}-2$ seems reminiscent of rank bounds used with Golod-Shafarevich to prove class field towers infinite. More specifically, a possibly slightly off (and definitely improvable) napkin calculation gives me that for $d_p>2+2\sqrt{(p-1)/2}$, the $p$-th cyclotomic field $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$ has an infinite $p$-class field tower. It's probably worth emphasizing at this point that by the recent calculation of Buhler and Harvey, the largest index of irregularity for primes less than 163 million is a paltry 7.
So it seems natural to me to conjecture, or at least wonder about, a relationship between the unsolvability of the first case of FLT and the finiteness of the $p$-class field tower over $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$. Particularly compelling for me is the observation that regular primes (i.e., primes for which $d_p=0$) are precisely the primes for which this tower has length 0, and have obvious historical significance in the solution of this problem. In fact, the mechanics of the proof would probably/hopefully be to lift the arithmetic to the top of the (assumed finite) p-Hilbert class field tower, and then use that its class number is prime to $p$ to make arguments completely analogously to the regular prime case.
I haven't seen this approach anywhere. Does anyone know if it's been tried and what the major obstacles are, or demonstrated why it's likely to fail? Or maybe it works, and I just don't know about it?
Edit: Franz's answer indicates that even for a relatively simple Diophantine equation (and relatively simple class field tower), moving to the top of the tower introduces as many problems as it rectifies. This seems pretty compelling. But if anyone has any more information, I'd still like to know if anyone knows or can come up with an example of a Diophantine equation which does benefit from this approach.
share|improve this question
+1, even though your title made my blood pressure go up by about +50 ;) – Yemon Choi Jan 29 '10 at 22:08
-1. Change the title – Boris Bukh Jan 29 '10 at 23:00
+1: I thought it was funny – Harry Gindi Jan 29 '10 at 23:04
+1: I thought it was very funny – Julio César Salazar García Jan 30 '10 at 1:54
+i: Write the title backwards. – Qiaochu Yuan Jan 30 '10 at 5:46
2 Answers 2
up vote 51 down vote accepted
Suppose you have a diophantine problem whose solution is connected with the structure of the p-class group of a number field K. Then you have the following options:
 1. Use ideal arithmetic in the maximal order OK
 2. Replace OK by a suitable ring of S-integers with trivial p-class group
 3. Replace K by the Hilbert class field, which (perhaps) has trivial p-class group.
Experience with descent on elliptic curves has shown me that ultimately, the equations you have to solve in methods 1 and 2 are the same; moreover, the approach using ideals is a lot less technical than using factorial domains in S-integers (the class group relations come back in through the larger rank of the group of S-units). I am certain that the route via the Hilbert class field is even more technical: again, the unit group in the class field will produce more difficulties than a trivial class group will eliminate.
Edit. As an example illustrating my point in a very simple example, let me solve the diophantine equation $x^2 + 5y^2 = z^2$ in several different ways. I will always assume that $\gcd(x,y) = 1$.
1. Elementary Number Theory
The basic idea is factoring: from $5y^2 = (z+x)(z-x)$. Since $d = \gcd(z-x,z+x) = \gcd(2z,z+x) \mid 2$ we have $d = 1$ or $d = 2$; moreover we clearly have $z-x > 0$. This gives $z+x = da^2$, $z-x = 5db^2$ or $z+x = 5da^2$, $z-x = db^2$. Solving for $x$ and $z$ yields $$ x = \pm \frac d2 (a^2 - 5b^2), \quad y = dab. $$
2. Parametrization
Set $X = \frac xz$ and $Y = \frac yz$; then $X^2 + 5Y^2 = 1$. Take the line $Y = t(X+1)$ through the obvious point $(-1,0)$; the second point of intersection is given by $$ X = \frac{1-5t^2}{1+5t^2}, \quad Y = \frac{2t}{1+5t^2}. $$ Dehomogenizing using $t = \frac ba$ and $X = \frac xz$ etc. gives the projective parametrization $$ (x:y:z) = (a^2-5b^2:2ab:a^2+5b^2). $$ If $ab$ is odd, all coordinates are even, and we find $$ x = \frac12(a^2 - 5b^2), \quad y = ab; $$ if $a$ or $b$ is even we get $$ x = a^2 - 5b^2, \quad y = 2ab $$ as above.
3. Algebraic Number Theory
Consider the factorization $$ (x + y\sqrt{-5}\,)(x - y\sqrt{-5}\,) = z^2 $$ in the ring of integers of the number field $K = {\mathbb Q}(\sqrt{-5}\,)$. The class number of $K$ is $2$, and the ideal class is generated by the prime ideal ${\mathfrak p} = (2,1+\sqrt{-5}\,)$.
The ideal $(x + y\sqrt{-5}, x - y\sqrt{-5}\,)$ is either $(1)$ or ${\mathfrak p}$; thus $$ (x + y\sqrt{-5}\,) = {\mathfrak a}^2, \quad (x - y\sqrt{-5}\,) = {\mathfrak b}^2 $$ in the first and $$ (x + y\sqrt{-5}\,) = {\mathfrak p}{\mathfrak a}^2, \quad (x - y\sqrt{-5}\,) = {\mathfrak p}{\mathfrak b}^2 $$ in the second case.
The second case is impossible since the left hand side as well as ${\mathfrak a}^2$ are principal, but ${\mathfrak p}$ is not. We could have seen this immediately since $x$ and $y$ cannot both be odd.
In the first case, assume first that ${\mathfrak a} = (a + b\sqrt{-5}\,)$ is principal. Since the only units in ${\mathcal O}_K$ are $\pm 1$, this gives $x + y \sqrt{-5} = \pm(a+b\sqrt{-5}\,)^2$ and hence $$ x = \pm (a^2 - 5b^2), \quad y = \pm 2ab. $$ If ${\mathfrak a}$ is not principal, then ${\mathfrak p}{\mathfrak a} = (a+b\sqrt{-5}\,)$ is, and from $({\mathfrak p}{\mathfrak a})^2 = 2(x+y\sqrt{-5}\,)$ we similarly get $$ x = \pm \frac12(a^2 - 5b^2), \quad y = \pm ab. $$
4. S-Integers
The ring $R = {\mathbb Z}[\sqrt{-5}\,]$ is not a UFD, but $S = R[\frac12]$ is; in fact, $S$ is even norm-Euclidean for the usual norm in $S$ (the norm is the same as in $R$ except that powers of $2$ are dropped). It is also easily seen that $S^\times = \langle -1, 2 \rangle$. From $$


Dividing songs
 You can divide one song into two songs.
 2. Click [] for a song that you want to divide in the content list, and then select [Edit song] – [Divide…].
 The [Divide] screen will be displayed and playback of the selected song will start.
 3. Decide the position from which divide the song by moving the [Step 1] slider, and click [Division points].
 Rehearsal playback will repeat from the position where you selected [Division points].
 If you want to reset the dividing position, click [Retry].
 4. Make fine adjustments to the dividing position by moving the [Step 2] slider.
 To adjust the dividing position, drag the playback position slider to the left or right, or click [-] or [+].
 - The actual dividing position may shift slightly from the set dividing position.
 5. Click [Divide].
 The song will be divided.
 "_1" will be added to the end of the title for the first half of the divided song. "_2" will be added to the end of the title for the second half of the divided song. Change the song title if necessary.


text:
Smart Bandage - A Hydrogel Supported Optical Microcavity Sensor
University of Rochester, US
biosensor, hydrogel, drug delivery, porous silicon, optical microcavity
Developing new medical diagnostic technologies that can be used in the home for early detection and disease prevention is a central focus at the University of Rochester Center for Future Health. This paper is concerned with developing a Smart Bandage concept envisioned as a therapeutic sheet containing an optical sensor designed to change color signaling an event that requires intervention such as the onset of infection or the detection of a pathogenic organism in a wound. Alternatively, the sensor can be designed to monitor the time released delivery of substances to promote wound healing. A device architecture representing a significant advance toward achieving these goals is presented. The Bandage is comprised of a porous silicon optical microcavity membrane sensor (5-7 ƒ_m thick) supported in a flexible hydrogel matrix. Key challenges in developing this technology are 1) maintaining an adequate sensitivity response and 2) developing methods to functionalize the sensor. Results are presented quantifying the magnitude of the bulk refractive index unit (RIU) sensitivity response demonstrating that the gel-supported microcavity device remains sufficiently sensitive to detect small changes in refractive index. The long-term stability of the sensor is also demonstrated.
Back to Program
Nanotech 2005 Conference Program Abstract


text:
The purpose of the Equality Indicators is to capture progress toward the betterment of the lives of the subgroups of the NYC population who are mostly likely to experience inequalities on a specific issue. Therefore, for most indicators we looked into the experiences of the most and least disadvantaged populations on that particular issue. We arrived at these groups and the issues to measure based on the review of the literature and feedback from experts and community groups. Although there are many other groups adversely affected by inequalities in NYC, groups which are the focus of specific indicators are:
Most of the individual indicators compare the most and least disadvantaged populations on a particular issue. For example, we compare: the percentage of people with and without a disability who are unemployed; and the percentage of women and men obtaining degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. Another example: the indicator on jail admissions—one of four indicators measuring fairness in the justice system—compares blacks to whites. In this way, the Equality Indicators captures progress (or setbacks) for specific groups in particular areas of life in which they tend to be disadvantaged. Cumulative progress for these groups across different areas of life would be a sign of increasing equality citywide.


We empower entrepreneurs in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Togo. The companies that they build sell solar lighting to the public. Rather than being forced to use dangerous kerosene to light their homes, these communities have a safer, more cost-efficient energy source. Families who invest in solar lights discover that their purchases pay for themselves in a matter of months.
How You Can Help
You can invest in these entrepreneurs with your donations for business startups in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Togo to spread safe, efficient and cost-effective solar lights.
Education Program
We have worked with schools in developing countries like Sierra Leone where we educate students about fire safety. They bring their knowledge back to their families, making their communities safer.
The children can use solar lamps to study and perform other tasks, improving their learning while eliminating a burn risk.
How You Can Help
Your purchase helps put lights in the hands of students.
Ready to be part of the solution? Start backing a Sorie Entrepreneur.
calculate your impact
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Map of planet Zi as it appears in the Manga
Planet Zi is a fictional planet in the Zoids universe. Zi is located 60,000 light years away from Earth, directly opposite its position in the Milky Way, and is home to the biomechanical lifeforms called Zoids.
Zi contains several continents, such as Nyx, Europa, Delpoi and the Eastern Continent.
In most timelines, Planet Zi has two moons.
Key characteristics[edit | edit source]
Planet Zi as seen during Rebirth Century
Below are characteristics of the Planet as mentioned in the Zoids Bible Promotional Zoids Prints:
 - Zi was originally the closest planet to its sun, but is now the second closest.
 - Zi's sun is an F-class yellow-white star.
 - Zi's average orbital speed is 101,326 km/h.
 - Zi's diameter is 10026km.
 - Zi's axial tilt is 26.3°.
 - Zi and its solar system were formed roughly 5 billion years ago.
 - 200 million years after formation, the heavy Planet Mi (1/4 of Zi's diameter) collided with Zi, becoming part of the planet and blowing 1/4 of its crust into space.
 - 78% of the heavy metals on Zi are thought to originate from Mi.
 - Fragments from Mi and crust from Zi became three moons: "De", "Se", and "Ae".
 - "De", the yellow moon, is the smallest moon and the closest to Zi. De is only 180,000 km from Zi and getting closer every day. [De was destroyed by the comet Thorne in Rebirth Century and Battle Story material.]
 - "Se", the middle moon, is blue, and "Ae" (the largest and most distant) is red. Due to its mass, Ae has a highly eccentric and inclined orbit. Ae is thought to be composed entirely of fragments from Mi's moon "Te".
 - 700,000 years ago, a group of 8 tiny planetoids crashed into Zi's equator, causing the current geography. The largest had a 16.2 km radius and was estimated to weigh 1.0008 trillion tons.
 - Zi currently has 6 major continents (Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, Central and Dark).
Timelines[edit | edit source]
Battle Story[edit | edit source]
Main article: Battle Story
The development of Zoids, from domestication of wild zoids to modern mechanical bodies.
In the older battle story, Zi had three moons. Life evolved on Zi, naturally developing into biometallic life. Original Zoids developed into dinosaur forms, but environmental changes drove the Dinosaurs to extinction on the planet's surface, allowing mammal Zoids to rise. around this time, the Ancient Zoidians evolved as well. The Zoidians would later discover that several types of Dinosaur Zoids survived underground.
Humans arrive on Zi
The Ancient Zoidians learned to domesticate Zoids, and eventually learned how to extract their cores and implant them into artificial bodies. Originally divided into clans, the Zoidians eventually fromed two mighty empires: the Zenebas Empire and the Helic Republic. Some time after this the Globally III, a large spaceship from Earth, crashed on the planet Zi, landing right on the border. Both superstates would lay claim to the survivors, incorporating their people and technologies.
The Republic would battle the Empire time and again, both the Zenebas and later the Guylos Empire.
In ZAC 2056, a comet struck one of Zi's moons, shattering it. The shards rained down onto the planet, causing massive destruction; the Central Continent broke into three pieces and large parts of Nyx sank.
Anime[edit | edit source]
As seen in Guardian Force, these two timelines take place on a continent that corresponds to the battle story's western continent.
Chaotic Century[edit | edit source]
Chaotic Century was set some thirty-three years after this disaster (in 2099), running parallel to the new battle story for some time. It deviates from the battle story, and as seen in the picture opposite, takes place entirely on the Western Continent (referred to as "Eupora" by Prozen in episode 7), thus moving the location of a few landmarks such as Red River. Furthermore, the actual location of the continent may be different, as New Helic City appears to be close to the North Pole (as, in Zoids: Chaotic Century Episode 17, the aurora emanating from the North Pole is able to affect New Helic City's communication), which would not correspond to the Western Continent, which is largely below the equator. It must be stressed that there are many possible explanations for thisas both this comment and the map were only referred to in passing, and as such were probably not scrutinized by the series' creators.
Guardian Force[edit | edit source]
Guardian Force takes place in the same timeline as Chaotic Century, and therefore inhabits the same Zi as Chaotic Century.
New Century[edit | edit source]
A satellite view in New Century.
The Royal Cup battlefield. (Deigan peninsula)
While not explicitly stated, there is evidence that suggests that New Century takes place on the same timeline as the first two series, albeit in the distant future, as the ruins of the Gravity-Cannon-equipped Ultrasaurus are found in the Gurrill Plateau, the same place where the finale of Guardian Force took place. Further supporting evidence stems from the Charge Particle Cannon in the Backdraft Group's possession appearing similar to the Death Stinger's tail and the common use of technologies that did not exist prior to Chaotic Century
Fuzors[edit | edit source]
While Zoids: Fuzors takes place on Planet Zi and still has two moons, the show almost never refers to the regions beyond Blue City, other than to give some random location names in passing (some of which are inconsistent throughout the series). Aside from mentioning that these names don't match with the names used in other series, since Fuzors is set entirely on the Eastern Continent (which was rarely mentioned in any other media), there is no useful information with which to describe the overall geography of the Planet Zi that appears in the Fuzors timeline.
A map of the main continent on which the Genesis anime takes place.
Genesis[edit | edit source]
In the Genesis anime, there was an apocalyptic upheaval on Planet Zi some time in the ancient past. Thousands of years before the events of the anime series, the whole planet shook. The planet's axis was moved, and what were once tropical landmasses became frigid wastelands. The continents broke up and the seas became turbulent, while volcanoes erupted en mass, resulting in the total reformation of Zi's surface.
The planet became inhospitable, and the once-great civilization that had thrived there was annihilated. To preserve the last relics of their technology, they built Sora City, a giant airborne colony which remained operational after the great change (dubbed by some as the "God's Fury"). They initially set about making the surface habitable once more, and to do so built the Generators, massive plant-like devices that stabilised the land, water, and atmosphere and produced the Zoid-fuel Reggel.
However, it took many decades to build the first one, and several more for each one after that. Even after they were built, it would be another century before they actually became operational. In this time, the people of Sora city initiated birth control policies and decided to live perpetually in their flying city. Due to this, the technology on the surface of Zi is incredibly low, far behind what would be seen in every other series (with a few exceptions, as Sora City was not entirely cut off from the surface and had ties with Digald).
The anime series takes place on only one continent, but Ron's comments indicate that there are more. Notably, the aforementioned Zoid energy source, Reggel, is a significant break from the Chaotic Century timeline, which used the Zoid Eve to power their Zoids. While some speculate the "God's Fury" was a natural (or divine) occurrence, others (such as Ron) promote the idea that it was man-made and that the warring of at least two forces, each lead by a Gil Dragon, was to blame for the cataclysm. It should also be noted that only one moon is shown during the Genesis timeline.
Wild[edit | edit source]
Unlike the previous series, Zoids Wild is not set on Planet Zi, and is instead set on "Ferroterra". The main cast visit many locations. A common joke through the series is moving into strange villages that each have an identifiable quirk. These include a village of large hats, a butt-slapping village, a con-artist village, and so on.
Several of the important locations are: The "Rural" Village where Arashi and his family hail from. The Ancient Ruins where the Mushi Hermit makes his home. The central Volcano near the Dark Metal Empire. Gallagher's throne room.
As few of these location are revisited, Sanratan is crucial to the main party. She sends home messages or money on behalf of the party.
Despite the vast areas explored by the main party, it's revealed to be only a tiny portion of the wold. Bacon's words that the "World is vast" is backed up late in the series by Arashi's Father, who even describes the Dark Metal Empire as a small part of the world.
Wild ZERO[


text:
Data Use for Continuous Quality Improvement
Data Use for Continuous Quality Improvement website, led by Margaret Heritage of the National Assessment and Accountability Comprehensive Center (AACC), contains four key components:
- A guide for the effective use of data to improve educational decision-making;
- A map of key capacities needed at each educational level to support effective data use;
- Standards and criteria for evaluating data tools and selecting diagnostic assessments;
- A comprehensive listing of research-based guidance on effective data use.
This resource is available at AACC website at _URL_


text:
You use the print function in Carerix. In the print preview you see more information than what is printed. It seems that the printer doesn't print certain parts.
As default Carerix only prints the first part. You can select which parts need to be printed in the print preview.
For example we use a Job order file. The method is the same for other default print files.
- Go to 'Files' | 'Job orders'
- Open the desired job order and click [Print]
A pop-up appears with the print preview.
- The print preview is divided in several parts, each with a dark bar. In the dark bar is a checkbox on the right.
- Check this box if you want to print this part.
- Follow the further instructions to print.


I didn't use Blender before, but from what I saw (e.g. on YouTube) I think I could use it for creating dynamic flow chart animations (that actually look good :-). Since I do not know how to start with this, I hope you could give me a hint and/or guide me the right direction. This is a schematic example on what I want to do:
enter image description here
For a series of time points, I get data for the temperatures inside a set of water tanks and the amount of water flowing between them from some computations that are done in Python. I would like to visualize the temperature within the tanks by color, and the mass flowing between them by thickness of the arrows, in both cases also stating the current values, and show their development over time with an animation (while the changes between time points do not necessarily have to be animated, a series of pictures showing the states at the time points would already be great).
Everything should be designed in a way that the animation can be automatically generated also for other data sets. Also in future, this animation will probably be extended. As I stated, I'm completely new to Blender, but advanced in Python.
All hints and advises are highly appreciated! Thank you very much for your help!
Edit: as suggested, I split up the question in several smaller ones step by step.
 1. Link to first question on how to create the curved arrows (solved)
 2. Link to second question on how to calculate object colors from external temperature data using a color map
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ yes, this is very possible - but as it stands you are asking a question which is multi faceted - or rather 4 or 5 considerably elaborate questions disguised as a concept. Someone could answer, but it would take a long time and only be applicable to a narrow audience. Let me suggest that you break it down. 1. How to make boxes at positions 2. How to script the splines to join them 3. How to make the arrows 4. How to animate Colour changes 4. How to animate spline Width changes. -- Also the design of how to spread these boxes and decide where the spline goes and what the arrow looks like. $\endgroup$ – zeffii Aug 9 '15 at 11:58
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ You are allowed to ask as many separate questions as you want in new Questions. The better you become at making your question modular, the better we can answer short and direct. $\endgroup$ – zeffii Aug 9 '15 at 12:01
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Thank you for your suggestions! In the meantime I found some hints on animation, and I managed to create the boxes (which are cylinders in 3D). So I will now first of all ask a question on how to make these curved arrows (which I think would be Question 2 and 3, but make sense to be asked together, right?), and link it to this question as well. $\endgroup$ – mindm49907 Aug 9 '15 at 13:06
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ yes! my response was definitely not intended to be discouraging, I love these kinds of questions..but splitting it up gives more people a chance to answer the individual elements. $\endgroup$ – zeffii Aug 9 '15 at 15:04
 - $\begingroup$ As zeffii explained, SE does better with shorter questions about specific operations; these are more likely to be applicable to other projects and thus more helpful for people looking for solutions in search engines. As it is now, this question is still too broad (your other question is great though :). Feel free to edit this question at any time, and we can re-open it accordingly. $\endgroup$ – gandalf3 Aug 9 '15 at 19:13


text:
Choose a Product Line:
Have a technical question?
Call: _PHONE_
Why ZIP System Performs Better
1Why ZIP System Sheathing is Superior to Housewrap
This document discusses the characteristics of ZIP System Sheathing and why it is superior to the traditional housewrap.
2ZIP System Sheathing Air Movement Test Methodology
This document discusses the testing methods use to assess the air barrier performance of ZIP System Sheathing.
3ZIP System Sheathing and Air Barrier Performance
General information about air barriers, how they function and how they affect energy efficiency is discussed within this document.
4ZIP System Air Barrier Testing Methods
This technical tip disccuses the various test methods used to evaluate the air barrier performance of ZIP System sheathing as an air barrier material (ASTM E2178) and air barrier assembly (ASTM E2357).


GEOM 2 | Lesson 3 | Think
Recall the ramps we discussed in the previous lesson. What was the ratio we discussed yesterday in relation to the ramp? What is the ratio defined as in terms of the sides in the triangle? What was true about that ratio for all angles of the same measure?
Explore & Watch


text:
Combo Pack 5: Four-Pack Spanish Bundle of Songs, Visual Cue Cards, and Juan Pablo Book
Included in this bundle:
- 10 Simple Songs for Better Behavior in the Classroom
- 10 More Simple Songs for Better Behavior in the Classroom
- How Are You Feelin', Juan Pablo Chameleon? Book
- Simple Lesson Visual Cue Cards
This comprehensive set features all songs, lesson visual cue cards, and Juan Pablo book for supporting behavior management concerns. Alternate teaching a song, then lesson, each week to cover all skills spread out throughout an entire school year.
For orders placed outside the United States, please send an email to _EMAIL_ for information regarding shipping costs.


text:
Betalen met een digitale euro: hebben wij daar nood aan?
The European Central Bank is currently examining the potential usefulness of a digital euro for households and companies and will communicate in October 2023 whether such digital currency will be launched and, if yes, in which form. Next to establishing a permanent access to public money in a more digital world, the digital euro can contribute to a streamlining of existing private digital currencies and payment systems, a more resilient digital payment system, and the preservation of monetary independence. The digital euro can, however, negatively impact the banking system if bank deposits get substituted by digital euro holdings. Research shows that this substitutability leads to an expected decline in profitability of banks which rely relatively much on bank deposits as their funding source. This negative effect can, however, be attenuated by limiting the quantity of digital euros. Moreover, an adequate determination of the supply of digital euros can limit the negative consequences on the banking sector to such extent that the introduction of a digital euro can offer welfare gains.


text:
Forward-Back Basic Step
Here is where the feet go on counts 1 through 4. It is 3 steps on 4 beats:
1 2 3 4 Men do left forward right (in place) left together (left next to right) hold (no step). Ladies do right back left (in place) right together (right next to left) hold (no step)
And then on counts 5 - 6 - 7 - 8, they each do what the other did on counts 1 - 2 - 3 - 4, like this:
5 6 7 8 Ladies do left forward right (in place) left together (left next to right) hold (no step). Men do right back left (in place) right together (right next to left) hold (no step)
Step, step, step, hold. Step, step, step, hold. Well, that's the feet part, but there is a lot more to learn to make it look like salsa, so we'll allow the pros to explain it. Stick with it. Good luck. --DanceTutor
Salsa 1 with Kana Kubota and
Helmut Salas of New York City
DanceTutor (DT): Well, thereís the feet, the beat and the hips. Letís start with the feet. Kana, we already have the diagram above, but in your words what are the feet doing?
Kana: Basically gentlemen start forward with left step and then right step and then the left steps next to right and the feet are together. That is first three steps.
Ladies step back with right, then left step, and right steps next to left and the feet are together.
DT: And the 4th, 5th and 6th steps?
Kana: Gentleman stepped with left step on 3rd step, so right foot is next, and he steps back, then steps on left, and then steps right next to left, and the feet are together.
Ladies stepped with right on 3rd step, so their next step is with left, and it is forward step. then right step, and then left steps next to right, and the feet are together and ready to start again.
DT: Okay, itís 6 steps, but itís in 3's, correct?
Starting Up Straight
Kana: For people with music background, best expressed 6 steps to 8 beats of music -- itís step, step, step hold (hold means donít step), step, step,step hold. Or one two three hold, one two three hold.
DT: And both the man and woman are stepping and holding on the same beats.
Kana: Yes, in the basic dance, yes.
DT: What about the hips?
Kana: Try not to force the hip movement, but let it come from floor and weight change. Your body weight change one foot to the other, when that happens from your ball of foot, flat foot, ankle, knee, hip move. But try not to initiate the move from your hip.
Helmut: In all the latin dances as Kana mentions you are just changing weight onto a bent leg and as it straightens -- as your body moves from one side to the other -- it looks like the hips are moving.
DT: Does your hip follow your feet or do your feet follow your hips?
Helmut: The hip follows the body weight change.
Stepping with bent knees.
Straightening the knees
as weight is shifted
causes the hips to sway
DT: When you step, what part of the foot is first to contact the floor.
Kana: Almost flat foot. I wouldnít think toe or heel, I would think almost flat foot, but always knee bent. Itís contacting the floor with the knee bent, then the knee is straightened and that is what causes the swaying in the hips.
Helmut: You don't move with stiff knees, and you try not to move with your hips side to side. Otherwise, you will end up with your feet too far apart.
DT: How long of a process is it for a new student to learn the hip motion?
Helmut: It will take awhile. Most people learn the steps first and after awhile they get the salsa look with the hip motion.
DT: Are there any exercises or tricks for learning the hip motion?
Helmut: No, nothing other than just doing it over and over, possibly in front of a mirror.
DT: Helmut, what are you doing with your arms? It looks as though you are making a circular motion with your left.
Helmut: I am keeping my left arm almost still, but I am moving my torso which makes it appear that the left arm is moving. Most people are not used to moving their upper body, so, -- to add to your previous question, -- squirming is a kind of exercise to improve flexibility and control.
DT: Do you have any general tips for leaders?
Helmut: Stay relaxed, keep time with the music.
The Keys:The same foot never steps twice in a row, so if the left was the last to step, the right will step next. The stepping of the feet is not too difficult, and in large part remains the same from salsa figure to salsa figure. The knee-hip action discussed above will take a good while for the beginner to master.
Table of Contents Next Page
Home Page Suggestion or Observation Email.
If referring to a particular video,
please indicate the number
4x's larger video
Copyright @ 2002 by
Dance Tutor, Ltd.


,,,,,,
Last time I introduced the DataCollector application, but didn't have room to get into the use of factory classes. There isn't often a need for a factory class, but they can be useful when you need to create objects at run-time without knowing their class until then.
The general approach involves a function that returns instances of a class based on run-time information. In some cases the instances are limited to a predetermined set of classes, in other cases it can any class the known to the code.
As a very simple example, suppose (in Python) we wanted a function that returns either a mutable list or an immutable list, depending on some run-time condition.
Here's one way we might do it:
def ListFactory (iterable, list_type):
 if list_type.lower() =='mutable':
 return list(iterable)
 if list_type.lower() == 'immutable':
 return tuple(iterable)
 raise RuntimeError('Unknown type: "%s"' % list_type)
list_items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
list1 = ListFactory(list_items,'mutable')
list2 = ListFactory(list_items, 'immutable')
Note also that this is an example of a factory that provides an instance from a limited set of classes (just two, either list or tuple).
The idea is that, at run-time, something would provide the list type, either "mutable" or "immutable" (maybe from a configuration file), and this would determine the kinds of lists the code creates.
A slightly more involved version looks like this:
def ListFactoryFactory (list_type='mutable'):
 if list_type.lower() =='mutable':
 return lambda xs:list(xs)
 if list_type.lower() == 'immutable':
 return lambda xs:tuple(xs)
factory1 = ListFactoryFactory()
factory2 = ListFactoryFactory('immutable')
list_items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
list1 = factory1(list_items)
list2 = factory2(list_items)
(Note that we're providing a default list type here. We could have done the same in the code above.)
Here we have a "factory-factory" that returns a function. The returned function (which takes an iterable object) is a factory that makes lists. Depending on the factory type, it makes either a list or tuple given some iterable object.
This allows multiple lists (of the same type) to be created by the factory object. We can also pass the factory object to some other function that uses it to make lists. We can change the kinds of lists that function makes depending on what kind of factory we give it.
One could just pass the type string to the other function and let it use the type factory to get instances, but that means it has to know about the type factory class. By giving it only an object it uses in simple fashion, the other function is as isolated as possible from the factory system.
The above uses strings to steer the code to creating instances from predetermined classes. This requires the code to know about all the classes it might create instances from.
Some languages provide access to classes by name (by strings at run-time), which allows creation of instances based on class name strings. In this case, a type factory need not know all possible classes.
The DataBridge application used this capability (in Java). The desired Input, Mapper, and Output, driver classes are named in the configuration file. The application creates instances of those classes at run-time and "plugs them into" the data flow.
The DataCollector application uses the same Input, Mapper, and Output, driver class architecture, which loads classes by run-time strings, but it also uses factory architecture for the web services stuff.
There were several reasons for this:
Firstly, there are tools that take WSDL files as input and generate a series of Java classes that implement the web services requests and replies. These classes can include the request/response protocol, so they do a lot of the work necessary.
If there are six record types and five request types (see previous post) that means there are 30 sets of classes. "Sets of classes" because each request type of each record type has several classes associated with it (request, response, comm layer, etc). Creating these by hand would be tedious and difficult, so the conversion tools are important.
The end result is that there is an automation that binds the desired run-time actions with specific names of record types and fields.
Secondly, the whole point is an architecture that allows selection of these classes at run-time based on string input. Therefore, some sort of factory is necessary.
Thirdly, the potential of adding new record types or actions and only reconverting the WSDL files (which can be done with a single command). It allows the potential of extending the application's scope without rewriting any code.
Or, as it turns out in the real world, without rewriting a lot of code.
Fourthly, flexibility. By deferring as much as possible to run-time, and by allowing new classes to be added without changing the existing application, it often happens the application has better longevity or scope than expected at design time.
Both DataBridge and DataCollector turned out surprising this way. Both more than paid for their development time. (Many times over, I'd say.)
Last time, I showed you a snippet that illustrates how DataCollector worked:
TypeFactoryFactory FF = new TypeFactoryFactory();
ITypeFactory TF = FF.getTypeFactory(record_type);
IQuery qry = TF.getQuery();
IRecord rcd = TF.getRecord();
This uses the factory-factory architecture. In fact, it takes it one step further in having the TypeFactoryFactory being itself the instance of a class.
That adds another layer of flexibility, since we could pass the code an instance of a different TypeFactoryFactory class so long as that class implemented or inherited the getTypeFactory() method.
For maximum flexibility, the TypeFactory, Query, and Record, types are all interfaces rather than classes. This allows use of any class hierarchy so long as the class implements the interface.
Putting it all together, it allows writing a small application like this:
TypeFactoryFactory FF = new TypeFactoryFactory();
ITypeFactory TF = FF.getTypeFactory(record_type);
// Create the query...
IRecord recd = TF.getRecord();
for (f in select_fields) {
 recd.setField(f.name, "");
for (f in where_fields) {
 recd.setField(f.name, f.value);
// Make the query...
IQuery qry = TF.getQuery();
qry.login(UserName, Password);
IRecord[] data = qry.get(recd);
// Process the query result...
SortRecords(data, orderby_fields);
for (d in data) {
 for (f in select_fields) {
Again there is a punt on the sorting. (Assume a function that, given the array of records and a list of fields within those records, sorts the array using those fields.)
The code above assumes four inputs:
 1. record_type: (string) The name of the table to query.
 2. select_fields: (list) List of fields we want in the response.
 3. where_fields: (list) List of fields with values for filtering.
 4. orderby_fields: (list) List of fields for sorting.
(The field lists are, in all cases, pairs of strings with a name and value.)
This is very much the sort of information contained in an SQL query:
SELECT select_fields
FROM record_type
WHERE where_fields
ORDER BY orderby_fields
Which was the main goal of the project.
Here, as with DataBridge, I used property files as input to configure what the program did. Creating a query (say for the code above) was as simple as:
Entity = Account
Select = \
 AccountName, \
 Location, \
 Description, \
 Address.Address, \
 Address.City, \
Filter = \
 [CreateDate] > '5/1/2007', \
 [Address.State] = 'MN'
Which is a lot like an SQL query. This would retrieve a list of Account records created since 5/1/2007 where the Address.State is Minnesota.
The same code could equally query for Contacts or any other record type and list any of the fields in the requested data.
Speaking of fields, the last aspect of the factory architecture is that I needed a third type of factory to generate instance fields.
The record types generally has a lot of fields — hundreds. A fully populated object was problematic in some cases, let alone an array of them. There was just no way to use fully defined record types.
So, instead, we define empty record types and, at run-time, add only the fields actually needed for the request. As the example above illustrates, most requests only use a handful of fields. The space savings is phenomenal.
This being Java, for every field we add, we also add a getter and setter function. The field name, and the access methods, follow a specific naming convention client code can anticipate based on the WSDL names.
Code that uses this library can access fields this way, but the preferred method (illustrated in the code above) are through using the getField(name) and setField(name,value) methods always present. These allow access to fields without knowing the field name ahead of time.
(The code above should make better sense now.)
This project turned out well. The irony is it was done under pressure after the first programmer given the project turned out not to be up to the job. I had to start fresh with clients already expecting a deliverable.
The double irony is it wasn't the first time I stepped


text: This paper considers semi-analytical solutions for a class of generalised logistic partial dierential equations with both point and distributed delays. Both one and two-dimensional geometries are considered. The Galerkin method is used to approximate the governing equations by a system of ordinary dierential delay equations. This method involves assuming a spatial structure for the solution and averaging to obtain the ordinary dierential delay equation models. Semi-analytical results for the stability of the system are derived with the critical parameter value, at which a Hopf bifurcation occurs, found. The results show that diusion acts to stabilise the system, compared to equivalent nondiusive systems and that large delays, which represent feedback from the distant past, act to destabilize the system. Comparisons between semi-analytical and numerical solutions show excellent agreement for steady state and transient solutions, and for the parameter values at which the Hopf bifurcations occur.


North Middletown, New Jersey: Basic Data
The average family unit size in North Middletown, NJ is 3.09 family members, with 61.9% owning their own homes. The mean home valuation is $228247. For those leasing, they pay an average of $1662 monthly. 70% of families have 2 sources of income, and a median household income of $93071. Average income is $33365. 5.7% of citizens exist at or below the poverty line, and 11.5% are handicapped. 6.5% of residents of the town are veterans of the military.
Visualization: Visualizing Success In North Middletown:
Law of Attraction may be the most powerful law of the universe.Law of Attraction may be the most powerful law of the universe. The Law of Attraction is in constant effect and in motion. It's similar to gravity. It is currently operating in your daily life. It is something that is always creating. You are creating your reality every moment of every day. Your destiny is being formed by every thought you think, consciously and unconsciously. Because creativity is never ending, you cannot choose maybe not to make something and take a break then from it. People often ask, "Is it real?" It is often asked, "does the law of attraction work? really" These questions are always welcome and I'm happy to clarify my place. Because I believe that understanding the Law of Attraction is crucial to anyone's success. Then it is important to understand your role in the Law of Attraction if you are looking to make a difference in your life, and to empower yourself to build a great future. You could expect the unexpected. Regulations of Attraction can bring you endless opportunities, unlimited prosperity and pleasure that is unending. There is no difficulty in using the Law of Attraction. It can transform every area of your life. To understand how the Law of Attraction can work in your life, we need to consider a few factors. This talk will cover the Law of Attraction and how you can use it to bring success to a number of areas. I also include a meditation technique, as well as money-making tips. Let's start at the beginning. How does the statutory law of Attraction work? Regulations of Attraction simply states that what you focus in will bring regarding your desired outcome. You will get back what you focus on and how energy that is much expend. This concept has a lot of meaning although it is a simple definition. You will attract positive things to your lifetime if your focus is on the good and beautiful aspects. Negativity will attract negativity to your life when you focus on the negative and dwell on insecurity. You attract what you like. If you're enthusiastic, joyful, passionate, happy, grateful, and thankful, then your energy is good.
North Middletown, NJ is found in Monmouth county, and includes a residents of 3179, and exists within the more New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA metropolitan area. The median age is 36.4, with 14.7% of the residents under 10 several years of age, 11.4% are between ten-19 several years of age, 11.9% of town residents in their 20's, 18.1% in their 30's, 13.6% in their 40's, 12% in their 50's, 8.6% in their 60's, 7.3% in their 70's, and 2.4% age 80 or older. 48.9% of residents are men, 51.1% women. 44.9% of citizens are recorded as married married, with 12% divorced and 38.7% never wedded. The percent of men or women identified as widowed is 4.4%.
The labor pool participation rate in North Middletown is 76.5%, with an unemployment rate of 4.4%. For all in the labor force, the average commute time is 32.7 minutes. 12.4% of North Middletown's residents have a masters degree, and 19.9% have a bachelors degree. For many without a college degree, 26.8% have at least some college, 33% have a high school diploma, and just 7.9% have an education lower than twelfth grade. 3.5% are not covered by health insurance.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
How can you make a specific action based on the url by base.html?
I have two if -clauses as context statements in base.html. If there is algebra in the GET, then the given context should be shown.
My url.conf
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
 (r'^algebra/$', 'algebra'),
 (r'^mathematics/$','mathematics'),
My base.html in pseudo-code
 {% if algebra %}
 ... -- do this --
 {% endif %}
 {% if math %}
 {% endif %}
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
An alternative to Ned's variable-value-based method is to use two different templates that extend a common base template. E.g.
In templates/base.html:
 {% block main_body %}
 {% endblock main_body %}
 etc., etc.
Then have your algebra view use templates/algebra.html:
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block main_body %}
 do algebra stuff here
{% end block main_body %}
and do something similar for math or whatever. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Pick the one that feels like the best fit to your problem.
Update: You pass "algebra.html" as the first argument to render_to_response(). It extends "base.html" in that it uses all of it except for the block(s) it explicitly replaces. See Template Inheritance for an explanation of how this works. Template inheritance is a very powerful concept for achieving a consistent look and feel across a large number of pages which differ in their body, but share some or all of the menus, etc. And you can do multi-level template inheritance which is extremely nice for managing sites that have subsections which have significant differences with the "main look" and yet want to share as much HTML/CSS as possible.
This is a key principle in DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) in the template world.
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What is your view -method? Is it def common_view(request): ctx = Context(); return_to_response("base.html", ctx)? – Masi Jan 5 '10 at 4:04
add comment
You don't show your view functions, but here's a simple structure:
def algebra(request):
 return common_view(request, algebra=True)
def math(request):
 return common_view(request, math=True)
def common_view(request, math=False, algebra=False):
 ctx = Context()
 ctx['algebra'] = algebra
 ctx['math'] = math
 # blah blah, all the other stuff you need in the view...
 return render_to_response("base.html", ctx)
(I might have some typos, it's off the top of my head).
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Your Answer


Mining your information
Get more intelligence from your data using Cypher and Neo4j - UPDATED for Neo4j 2.0
Graphs are on the rise. From the Facebook Graph to the Google Knowledge Graph, large internet companies are taking advantage of graph queries to improve the value they can get from data they already have. Neo4j is one of the new breed of graph databases that allow for similar capabilities in companies that can't justify building their own graph persistence or querying implementation from scratch.
In this article, we'll look at Cypher - the language for querying and updating graphs in Neo4j. It's a declarative, SQL like language for simply specifying graph based queries.
This tutorial is designed for the newest version 2.0 of Neo4j, which was released in December 2013.
Getting started
Start by downloading the Neo4j file at
 - On Windows: Run the installer and start the server with the Neo4j Desktop App.
 - On Linux/Mac OS unzip the file and start from the directory bin/neo4j start (stop it again with bin/neo4j stop)
Open the Neo4j Browser on http://localhost:7474 and you should see the following welcome screen. Feel free to explore the guides that are available.
Figure 1: The Neo4j Browser
Graph basics
Before we can jump into Cypher, we need to cover just a couple of key points about graph databases. In a graph database, we persist information in labelled nodes and typed, directed relationships that connect them. Both nodes and relationships can have arbitrary properties (key: value pairs).
So for example, in Figure 1, nodes are used to represent movies ("Cloud Atlas" and "The Matrix" labelled "Movie") and people (actors "Hugo Weaving" and "Tom Hanks" and director "Lana Wachowski" all labelled "Person"). Relationships are used to capture the fact that the actors have ACTED_IN the movies and the director has DIRECTED the movies. All of them have additional properties, e.g. the roles property on ACTED_IN.
Figure 2: The Movie Domain Model
Note that all relationships are directed. While you might be able to argue for a bidirectional relationship for concepts like friends, clearly it is not needed for modelling the domain. Only in domains where the direction is really relevant (e.g. twitter followship). In all other cases it is semantically equivalent as all relationships have a directionality, but they can be traversed either way. Whether I want to know all of the movies Tom Hanks has acted in or see all of the people who've worked at "Cloud Atlas" movie, I'm able to express and run both queries easily.
Also note that unlike a "relational" database where you'd probably add a many:many join table to capture the relationship between actors and movies, in Neo4j we can just add properties like the roles (characters) the actors have played right onto the relationship, making modelling both simpler and more natural.
Finally, notice that there is only an optional schema in Neo4j based on labels. Any node or relationship can have any properties. There might be unique constraints or indexes declared on certain labels and properties which are used for query optimization.
Figure 3: A graph to describe a graph
So a graph stores information in both nodes and relationships. Relationships are used to organize (and traverse) nodes, and both nodes and relationships can have any number of key:value properties.v
Importing Data
To import the movie dataset we'll be working with we can just run :play movies in the command line which will bring up a larger import statement. Click on that to bring it into the editor and hit the run button on the right side.
After a few seconds it will have imported the data, the visualization shows a single node.
To see a bit more of the graph, open the "star" tab on the left and run the "Get some data" query.
Click on one movie node to bring up a pop up for styling the graph. On the right small tab you can select the color, size and property to show ("title"), do the same for the people nodes and choose their name as property to display.
Figure 4: The Browser Visualization and Styling
Understanding Cypher
Historically, writing graph traversals has been painful enough to persuade many developers to put up with the limitations of a relational store for information that's better fitted to a graph database. With Cypher, that has changed. While it takes a little while to become comfortable with the syntax of Cypher queries, it doesn't take long to understand the power of the language and to get used to writing queries.
Feel free to run the queries we discuss directly in the browser and look at the results.
At its heart, Cypher allows you to describe the patterns you want to look for in a graph. Let's say that you wanted to look for any two nodes which had a relationship between the first and second nodes. This is the Cypher query you'd write:
MATCH (a)-->(b)
RETURN a, b;
We're describing a pattern in the MATCH clause, where the node we're starting on (a) has an outbound relationship to another node (b). As we want to return the information about both of the nodes and any properties that they might have we just RETURN a, b.
Naturally there are a lot of results as this is a pretty broad query (it finds all pairs of connected nodes). You see the visualization, and on the tabular view (right icon) you see the a rendering of the JSON representation for each row with the properties of the nodes.
Try the following query:
MATCH (a)-[r]->()
RETURN, type(r);
There are a number of differences in this query. Firstly, we don't care about what node we're connecting to, so we don't need to assign it a variable in the MATCH clause for referring to it in the RETURN clause.
Secondly, we're just displaying the name property of the first node rather than returning the entire node. Finally, we're using square braces to refer to the relationship and we're using a special "type()" function that allows us to know what *kind* of relationship connects the two nodes.
As an aside, there are only two absolute data integrity constraints in Cypher. Firstly, a relationship must always directionally connect two nodes (they can be the same node). Secondly, you must always give the relationship a type. The type can be anything you want, but whether it's a FRIEND, ROUTE, DEPARTMENT or YELLOW_ELEPHANT, you need to provide the type of a relationship when you create it.
Answering Real Questions
The queries above start to give us a sense of the syntax used by Cypher, but how about we look at some real queries to get a sense of how this works in practice?
Let's say we wanted to find all of the actors in our database and all of the movies they'd acted in. Try entering the following query and see what you get:
MATCH (a)-[r:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)
RETURN, r.roles, m.title;
What does this do? Well, we're still doing a full graph search - don't worry - we'll see later how to use bound nodes to run more performant, local queries. But now we're limiting the type of relationship to ACTED_IN, so we're not finding producers, directors or reviewers. Note that the movie node (m) is tagged with the label :Movie so that other engagements (e.g. tv-series) are not considered. Then we're returning the name of the actor, a collection of the roles they played in the movie and the title of the movie, so we get to see all of the actors, roles and movies in the database.
One of the types supported by Neo4j for properties is "array", so that's how we're getting an arbitrary set of roles. Another approach would have been to create one ACTED_IN relationship for each role an actor played in each movie, but in this case we're putting all the roles into a single relationship to show that property values in Neo4j are not just limited to numbers and strings.
So, we just wrote a query to find out all of the movie titles and roles that each actor has been associated to. If directors have a relationship with movies of type DIRECTED, what do you think the query would be to show all of the actors' names, movie titles and directors' names for every actor/director/movie combination in the database? Take a moment, have a go in the query console and see what you get.
Did you get it working? Here's a query that would do what we wanted:
MATCH (a)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m)<-[:DIRECTED]-(d)
RETURN, m.title,;
So we're still using a full graph search to start on every single node in the graph. We're trying to match a more complex pattern where an actor has an ACTED_IN relationship with a movie AND where the movie has a DIRECTED relationship from a director. For example, if a movie didn't have a director it wouldn't be a match, and if an actor acted in a movie with two directors, there would be two records - one for the actor, the movie and the first director and another for the actor, the movie and the second director. In the last line we're deciding what information to include in the result set. In this case it's the name of the actor, the title of the movie, and the name of the director. Run the query (if you didn't already) and have a look


text:
Australia is moving two hundred and fifty metres to the north east
While most people will not feel the earth move, census clients may have heard about the change to mapping systems and want to know how it will affect Census mapping products.
In the mid 1990s Australia's mapping agencies agreed to adopt a new Geocentric Datum for Australia (GDA94) and to implement this new model of the earth in their mapping systems by the year 2000. Implementation is slightly behind schedule but some States have changed to the new datum and others will change in the next year.
The adoption of GDA94 will make Australian mapping directly compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) which is widely used for professional and recreational navigation. It will mean, however, that the coordinates or latitudes and longitudes of all Australian mapping will change by about 250 metres to the north east.
All ABS spatial data such as the Master Spatial Database (MSD), used for Census Collection District design and mapping, and the Reduced Output Spatial Database (ROSD), used in CDATA96, are currently on the old datum (AGD66). All ABS digital boundary files (CD, SLA, etc) are also on the old datum. The ABS GDA implementation strategy is to convert the MSD to the new datum during 2001 and to make all 2001 Census output products GDA compliant. In the meantime ABS clients are advised that:
If you have any complex inquiries regarding GDA94 or map datums simply send an e-mail to _EMAIL_ and you will be referred to the appropriate area.
- all ABS spatial data is currently AGD66 datum;
- 2001 Census output products including CDATA topography and boundaries will be GDA compliant;
- Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) 2001 Edition boundaries will be GDA compliant; and
- a new version of ASGC 1996 Edition boundaries will also be created on GDA datum so that they can be directly overlaid with 2001 boundaries.
This page last updated 25 July 2007


text:
How do I add a payment method?
To view payment methods:
- Select the 'Settings' button situated on the tab on the left-hand side of your screen (at the bottom of the screen).
- A drop-down list will then open, once loaded select the 'View Settings' button.
- On this page it allows you to set the general settings of your venue and account. Select the icon to expand the 'Payments' section of the menu.
- While remaining on the 'View Settings' page select the button labelled 'Connect with Stripe'.
- Once selected you'll be taken to authorization screen where you'll need to fill out a form.
- Before submitting make sure all fields are correct and that all required (*) fields have been filled in. Once ready to submit your form click the 'Authorize access to this account' button located at the bottom of the page.
- After your form has been submitted you'll be taken back to the 'Payment Settings' page where it will automatically fill your Stripe credentials into the Token and Key fields.
- Save your updated settings by clicking the 'Update Settings' button located in the bottom left corner of the form.


text: Arctic journey was an experiential exhibition series that was realized as a part of HumanSee research project at the University of Lapland in 2016. The exhibition series seeked to experiment the multisensory ways of presenting personal experiences in the Arctic and to invite exhibition visitors into the co-creation of the installations. By exploring the exhibition formats, this article asks what is the role of co-design process in the construction of an arctic experience. Two of the exhibition cases included co-creation sessions, where the creation of the arctic experience was taken into a closer experimentation through the co-design process. Through qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis, the research findings suggest that arctic experience, even when not connected to personal experiences in the actual arctic region, is a reflection of the personal understanding of the marginal context that brings the stories of an individual into the core of the experience.


text:
view a plan
"Come to my Country" brochures are created in this geography lesson
Title – Come to My Country
By – Susan Stolley
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Secondary Subjects –
Grade Level – 7
Create a brochure that would attract tourists to a country in the Middle East. The purpose is to convince people to come vacation in the country you choose.
- Choose a Country: __________________________
- Gather Facts: To attract tourists, your brochure will need to include information about resources, environment and opportunities. You are to gather facts about the country you choose. Fill in the blanks for each section below with the information you collect.
Geography: Some of the important landforms and bodies of water in my country are:
Tourist Attractions: Some of the interesting locations tourists might want to visit:
People: The native people in my country are:
Government: The system of government in my country is:
Economy: The different ways in which people make a living in my country are:
Religion: The religious beliefs of the people in my country are:
Daily life: Some interesting aspects of daily life include:
Now… create bold, strong images that will make tourists want to come to your country. Remember that you are competing with other countries for valuable tourist spending dollars for your economy. Create pictures for the categories you gathered facts for. These images need to be done with colored pencils. Make your brochure professional and legible. There should be no errors or misspellings.
What you will be graded on:
______Geography (5 points)
______Tourist Attractions (5 points)
______People (5 points)
______Government (5 points)
______Economy (5 points)
______Religion (5 points)
______Daily Life (5 points)
______Pictures (5 points)
______Is your project completed? (5 points)
______Neatness (5 points)
______TOTAL POINTS (out of 50)
E-Mail Susan Stolley!


Skip to definition.
Noun: ringlet ring-lut
 - coil, whorl, roll, curl, curlicue, gyre, scroll
 2. A strand or cluster of hair
 - lock, curl, whorl
 3. A small ring
 4. Any of various butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae
 - ringlet butterfly
Derived forms: ringlets
Type of: band, butterfly, hair, ring, round shape
Part of: coif, coiffure, family Satyridae, hair style, hairdo, hairstyle, Satyridae
Encyclopedia: Ringlet, Malaysia