text:
- Gut your book. This is usually done by simply slicing down the inside cover where the cover meets the pages. Simply cut out the page block with an X-acto knife. Of course, you can save this for more projects, read it or recycle it!
- Cut out rectangles of fabric and heat and bond. They will need to be about 1-1.5″ wide and long than the front of your book that you will be covering with fabric.
- Iron heat-n-bond to fabric. Then square one of the long edges.
- Glue fabric to front of book, then flip it over and trim the corners. You will leave a little bit more than 1/8″ on the corner.
- Flip over top and side flaps to finish your book cover. Repeat on the other side.
- Let dry.
- Cut four squares of fabric that are about 2″ by 2″.
- Sandwich the zipper between these two layers of fabric with the end of the zipper peeking out. Then sew along the line indicated.
- Fold over the two flaps and press. Repeat with other side. And trim to width of zipper.
- Cut four strips as long as your zipper piece (including the fabric ends) and 2″ wide. Sew these onto the zipper like so:
- Repeat with the other side and you'll have a fully encased zipper with fabric all around. Now you're ready to glue it in.
- Start by gluing the end of the zipper. Fold over 1/2″ and glue underneath the fold. Then curve the fabric and start glueing one side of the fabric to the book. When you reach the corners, pivot and fold your fabric to fit.
- When you get to the end let it dry. Then open the zipper and repeat with the other side.
- Cover the inside spine with fabric. Turn under the raw edges at the top and bottom and glue it down.
- Now cut two pastedowns from fabric backed with heat n bond. They should be about 1/2″ smaller than the inside of the cover. Glue and press firmly.
- Let dry and you are done!
See Kate Sew


decorative image of earth-ride, 2017-07-06 12:49:55
Earth's Wild Ride
Show Length: 25 Minutes.
For Ages: Grades: 2 – Adult.
Earth's Wild Ride is a fast paced movie that immerses audiences in a 3-D tour of Earth's history and natural wonders. Set on the surface of the Moon in the year 2081, the movie opens with a grandfather and his grandchildren gazing into space on the evening of an Earth eclipse. As they watch the shadow of the Moon move across the Earth, the grandfather tells stories of crashing asteroids, erupting volcanoes, roaring dinosaurs, and electrifying lighting in a booming thunderstorm. While learning about eclipses, the ice age, Earth's water cycle and differences between the Earth and Moon, the audience is taken on a roller-coaster like ride through canyons of raging rivers and hot flowing lava.


Hyperbaric Therapy for Autism: How Can HBOT Treat Children Having Muted Fear Response?
Hyperbaric Therapy for Autism
One of the most talked-about neurodevelopmental disorders, autism in children, has reportedly shown muted responses to general human feelings. Children are often credulous, and they are known to express their feelings more profoundly compared to an adult. Thus, moments of joy, anger, anxiety, or fear elicits a wide range of emotions. However, when facing a circumstance that would otherwise make a child afraid, an autistic child grows weirdly silent. As they continue to confront such situations, a series of verbal as well as non-verbal communication make way for such repetitive…
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What School Subject Are You Best At?
Quiz Image
School has many different classes; some are core classes, some are electives. How well you do in a class can sometimes depend on just how naturally good you are with that subject.
I've come up with five core classes here. Which one are you best at? Is your mind hardwired to easily learn words, numbers, or dates? Find out right now with this quiz!
Created by: Fallout3
 1. You have to write a paper on one of these subjects for school. You write about...
 2. You're allowed to choose one of five homework assignments. You pick...
 3. If I asked you to define one of the following words, which one would you have the easiest time explaining to me?
 4. How do you feel about reading?
 5. Do you have a good memory?
 6. Without looking it up, do you know what began in the year 1914?
 7. Do you know what a graduated cylinder is?
 8. Do you recognize any of these names?
 9. Pick a random word.
 10. Finally, which core class is your favorite?
Remember to rate this quiz on the next page!
Quiz topic: What School Subject am I Best At?


What Is A Timing Belt And When Should You Replace it?
If you've ever been told that your car needs a new, you've probably found yourself wondering: What Is A Timing Belt?
A Timing belt is a heavy duty, reinforced rubber belt that synchronizes the rotation of the and the so that the 's valves open and close at the proper times during each cylinder's intake and exhaust strokes.
What Is A Timing Belt?: The Long Answer
It's a reinforced rubber band with teeth or notches on the inner side. It connects your engine's crankshaft (which moves the pistons) to the camshaft(s) (which move the valves).
When you start your engine, the crankshaft is rotated by the until the engine is able to keep it spinning on it's own. The internal combustion process is what makes that happen, and also what moves your car down the road. The rotation of the crankshaft moves the timing belt. The timing belt, in turn, moves the camshaft(s), which open the intake and exhaust valve(s). In a four-stroke engine (which is the type of engine found in most vehicles) there are four phases: the intake phase, compression phase, combustion phase, and exhaust phase.
On the intake phase, air and are pulled into the cylinder by crankshaft rotation moving the piston downward. At this time, the camshaft rotation keeps the intake valve(s) open, and the exhaust valve(s) closed.
During the compression and combustion phases, the crankshaft's rotation moves the piston upward. This upward movement is used to compress the air & fuel mixture so that it can be ignited by the spark plug. At this time, the camshaft's rotation keeps all valves closed. Igniting this mixture causes an explosion, forcing that cylinder's piston downward, which is how the crankshaft gets it's rotation.
The final stage is the exhaust stroke. During this time, the crankshaft's rotation moves the piston up and the camshaft's rotation opens the exhaust valves. The remnants of the ignited air/fuel mixture are pushed through the exhaust ports and out your car's exhaust pipe. Now the cylinder is empty so the next intake stroke can begin.
When Does My Timing Belt Need to Be Replaced?
As you're driving down the road, the four-stroke process described above is repeating thousands of times per minute. Your timing belt is the conductor of this mechanical symphony! Timing belts aren't one-trick ponies though. They also drive other components including the water pump, balance shaft, intermediate shaft, injection pump, and the pump. To work effectively, a timing belt must have a certain amount of tension controlled by the timing belt tensioner. In older cars, these tensioners would need periodic checking & adjustment (typically every few oil changes). Most modern vehicles are equipped with an automatic timing belt tensioner that does not require adjustment.
Over time, your timing belt will wear and stretch. Most timing belts are meant to last between 60,000 – 90,000 miles, so you should plan your vehicle's schedule accordingly. It's best to err on the side of sooner rather than waiting too long.
Related posts


For media companies, the fall TV season is when the rubber meets the road. Networks and agencies white knuckle themselves into a fervent state while they anxiously wait to see if audiences revel in their new program offerings. Meanwhile, agencies have already placed their ad bets and are intently watching to see what adjustments they need to make as the game plays out. Meanwhile, viewers hold all the cards, eagerly sampling the new shows, offering plenty of endorsement and critique along the way.
So with all this commotion around fall TV, what role does Twitter activity around new shows play in it all?
We dove into this question on the heels of the fall 2014 premiere season. We evaluated how Twitter TV activity, tracked on a 24/7 basis ahead of the premieres of brand new programs, could have been used to anticipate the sizes of the audiences that watched the premiere episodes of those programs. And in looking at the data, Twitter TV activity did prove out as an additional signal that could be used together with other factors to anticipate premiere audience sizes. This is notable because if Twitter TV activity could be used along side other data sources to help determine TV audiences, then agencies could fine-tune their buys before the premieres. Networks could identify potential winners and challenges earlier to maximize ad sales and course-correct marketing activities. And, to the extent that social media leads people to become aware of new shows, networks could leverage Twitter TV activity to better reach their intended audiences.
We analyzed 42 broadcast and cable series premieres, including Englishand Spanish-language programming, from late August through early November. To start, we looked for a correlation between how many times viewers 18-34 saw TV promotions for a specific program and the size of that program's audience for the premiere episode. Naturally, we would expect highly promoted programs to garner larger audiences, and that is what we saw. In other words, without including Twitter TV data in the analysis, we confirmed that programs that were promoted more substantially saw higher premiere audiences. To be truly useful then, Twitter TV activity would need to tell an additional story on top of what we already know from promotions alone.
So, can an understanding of Twitter TV activity before a premiere help networks and agencies to more precisely gauge audience outcomes than exposure to promotions alone? In other words, what additional value does Twitter TV activity bring in anticipating audience sizes?
To answer these questions, we created a model to determine the expected live+7 day (L+7) audience of 18-34 viewers using three variables:
 - Promotion activity: Commercial (C3) impressions
 - Twitter TV activity: Program-related Tweets (24/7 tracking)
 - Network type: Broadcast vs. Cable
The time period for both promotions and Twitter TV activity was the four-week period ending two weeks before the premiere date of each program, the same time period that was used in analyzing the correlation between promotions and audience sizes. We used this time period to ensure comparability across programs and to demonstrate that an agency or a network could potentially take action, in the weeks and days leading up to a premiere, using a similar approach.
We compared the results of our model to actual premiere audience sizes to understand how useful a similar model would have been at indicating premiere success. For example, the chart below shows that the model indicated an audience size of 1.5 million viewers aged 18-34 for the premiere of program A, almost exactly what the actual audience was for the premiere. While that audience size indicated by the model did not always exactly reflect the actual audience size of a program's premiere, you can see that expectations were directionally aligned with the actual audiences that premieres attracted. For example, this model correctly anticipated that programs A, B, C, D and E would be among the top 10 programs, based on their actual premiere audience sizes.
While this model is based on only 42 data points, the overall model and all three variables are statistically significant. The model explains 65% of the variance in the premiere audience sizes, compared with 48% using promotions data alone. So, these three variables together can explain nearly two-thirds of the difference in premiere audience sizes. Most importantly, an agency or a network could have used this model to identify the top 10 and bottom 10 program premieres more precisely than by relying on promotion data alone.
To be clear, the findings do not necessarily mean that Twitter TV activity causes larger audience sizes. But, even if the relationship isn't causal, our current and recent research efforts increasingly indicate that Twitter TV activity and reach data can help networks and agencies make superior, data-driven advertising and program marketing decisions.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the high explosive. For other uses, see Dynamite (disambiguation).
 1. Sawdust (or any other type of absorbent material) soaked in nitroglycerin.
 2. Protective coating surrounding the explosive material.
 3. Blasting cap.
 4. Electrical cable (or fuse) connected to the blasting cap.
Preparation of dynamite during the construction of the Douglas Dam, 1942.
Dynamite is an explosive material based on nitroglycerin, using diatomaceous earth (AmE: kieselgur; BrE: kieselguhr), or another adsorbent substance such as powdered shells or clay. Dynamites using organic materials as sorbents such as sawdust are less stable and such use has been generally discontinued. Dynamite was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, Germany, and patented in 1867.
Invention, purpose, and use[edit]
"Nobel's ExtraDynamite" manufactured by Nobel's old company, Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget.
Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder. Nobel obtained patents for his invention in England on May 7, 1867, in Sweden on October 19, 1867.[1] After its introduction, dynamite rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Nobel tightly controlled the patents, and unlicensed duplicating companies were quickly shut down. However, a few American businessmen got around the patent by using a slightly different formula.[2]
Nobel originally sold dynamite as "Nobel's Blasting Powder" but decided to change the name to dynamite, from the Ancient Greek word δύναμις dýnamis, meaning "power".[3][4]
An industrialist, engineer, and inventor, the Swedish Nobel built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. His construction work inspired him to research new methods of blasting rock. Today Dynamite is mainly used in the mining, quarrying, construction, and demolition industries. Dynamite is still the product of choice for trenching applications, and as a cost-effective alternative to cast boosters. Dynamite is occasionally used as an initiator or booster for AN and ANFO explosive charges.
Nitroglycerin by itself is a very strong explosive, but is extremely shock-sensitive (that is, physical shock can cause it to explode), and degrades over time to even more unstable forms, which makes it highly dangerous to transport or use. Dynamite combines nitroglycerin with adsorbents and stabilizers, rendering it safe to use, but retaining the powerful explosive properties of nitroglycerin. The most common composition of dynamite consists of three parts nitroglycerin, one part diatomaceous earth and a small admixture of sodium carbonate.
Dynamite is usually sold in the form of cylinders about 8 in (20 cm) long and about 1.25 in (3.2 cm) in diameter, with a weight of about 0.5 lb troy (0.186 kg).[5] Other sizes also exist. The maximum shelf life of nitroglycerin-based dynamite is recommended as one year from the date of manufacture under good storage conditions.[5] A stick of dynamite thus produced contains roughly 1 MJ of energy.
Storage considerations[edit]
Over time, regardless of the sorbent used, sticks of dynamite will "weep" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can then pool in the bottom of the box or storage area. For that reason, explosive manuals recommend the repeated turning over of boxes of dynamite in storage. Crystals will form on the outside of the sticks causing them to be even more shock, friction, and temperature sensitive. This creates a very dangerous situation. While the risk of an explosion without the use of a blasting cap is minimal for fresh dynamite, old dynamite is dangerous. Modern packaging helps eliminate this by placing the dynamite into sealed plastic bags, and using wax coated cardboard.
Dynamite is moderately sensitive to shock. Shock resistance tests are usually carried out with a drop-hammer: about 100 mg of explosive is placed on an anvil, upon which a weight of between 0.5 and 10 kg is dropped from different heights until detonation is achieved.[6] With a hammer of 2 kg, mercury fulminate detonates with a drop distance of 1 to 2 cm, nitroglycerin with 4 to 5 cm, dynamite with 15 to 30 cm, and ammoniacal explosives with 40 to 50 cm.
Major manufacturers[edit]
Advertisement for the Aetna Explosives Company of New York.
South Africa[edit]
For several decades beginning in the 1940s, the largest producer of dynamite in the world was the Union of South Africa. There the De Beers company established a factory in 1902 at Somerset West. The explosives factory was later operated by AECI (African Explosives and Chemical Industries). The demand for the product came mainly from the country's vast gold mines, centered on the Witwatersrand. The factory at Somerset West was in operation in 1903 and by 1907 it was already producing 340,000 cases, 50 pounds (22 kilograms) each, annually. A rival factory at Modderfontein was producing another 200,000 cases per year.[7]
There were two large explosions at the Somerset West plant during the 1960s. Some workers died, but the loss of life was limited by the modular design of the factory and its earth works, and the planting of trees that directed the blasts upward. There were several other explosions at the Modderfontein factory. After 1985, pressure from trade unions forced AECI to phase out the production of dynamite. The factory then went on to produce ammonium nitrate emulsion-based explosives that are safer to manufacture and handle.[8]
United States[edit]
Dynamite was manufactured by the E. I du Pont de Nemours Company until the mid-1970s. Other American dynamite makers of that time period included the Hercules Corporation, Atlas, Trojan US Powder, Austin, and several other smaller firms.
Currently only Dyno Nobel manufactures Dynamite in the US. The only facility producing it is located in Carthage, Missouri, but the material is purchased from Dyno Nobel by other manufacturers, who put their label on the dynamite and boxes.
Non-dynamite explosives[edit]
Other explosives are often referred to or confused with dynamite:
Though both TNT and dynamite are high explosives, there is little similarity between them. Dynamite is a stabilized form of nitroglycerine while TNT is a chemical compound called trinitrotoluene. The energy density (joules/kilogram or J/kg) of dynamite is approximately 125% that of TNT: 5.0 MJ/kg for dynamite vs 4.0 MJ/kg of TNT.
"Extra" dynamite[edit]
In the United States, in 1885, the chemist Russell S. Penniman invented "ammonium dynamite", a form of explosive that used ammonium nitrate as a substitute for the more costly nitroglycerin. Ammonium nitrate has only 85% of the chemical energy of nitroglycerin.
"Military dynamite"[edit]
"Military dynamite" is a dynamite substitute, formulated without nitroglycerin. It contains 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% SAE 10 motor oil, and 5% cornstarch, but much safer to store and handle for long periods than Nobel's dynamite.[9] Military dynamite achieves greater stability by avoiding the use of nitroglycerin and uses much more stable chemicals.[10]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Schück & Sohlman (1929), p. 101.
 2. ^ US Patent 234489 issued to Morse 16 November 1880
 3. ^ "dynamite." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 19 March 2013 _URL_
 4. ^ "dynamite." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. HarperCollins Publishers 19 March 2013 _URL_
 5. ^ a b "Austin Powder Guide, Dynamite series page 2" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-09.
 6. ^ Carlos López Jimeno, Emilio López Jimeno, Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Drilling and Blasting of Rocks, translated by Yvonne Visser de Ramiro from Manual de perforación y voladura de rocas (1987), Geomining Technological Institute of Spain (Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de Espan~a), Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 1995, ISBN 90-5410-199-7
 7. ^ AECI: South Africa - History of the Chemical Industry
 8. ^ "Historical Highlights 1980's". Web.archive.org. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on


text:
How to use
- Dial _PHONE_
- When prompted for "access code," enter 431256#
- At the tone, say your first name.
There will be no bill or charges, but you will have normal long distance charges.
Conference call etiquette
- Be somewhere quiet. Background noises can be very distracting to the whole group.
- Know how to use the mute button on your phone in case there are background noises or if you want to have an offiline conversation.
- Cell phones and speakerphones are not ideal because they often pickup a lot of background noise. If you use one of these options please have the mute button ready.
- When you join the call please say your name.
- Others will hear a "bling" sound as new people join, and should pause their speech long enough for the newcomer to identify.
- Each time you speak, say your name so we know who is speaking. A lot of voices sound alike so it can be tough to determine who's talking.
- If you must interrupt, quickly say your name, and wait for the facilitator to recognize you.
- The facilitator may ask the group to go "round-robin" or "talking stick" style, thus hearing from everyone.
Share your opinion
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Products on Show
Scalable measurement data acquisition for ADAS development
Powerful ECUs are used to coordinate the complex sensor networks that inform ADAS and autonomous driving platforms. These must be capable of processing huge quantities of data and deriving driving strategies from this data within milliseconds. To develop these complicated control strategies efficiently, development of the software functions is shifting to the lab. Wherever possible, virtualization is replacing experiments based on real hardware. This approach relies on adequate validation of the models with real environment data. This requires reliable, flexible tools for efficient data acquisition as well as the possibility of accessing data via a cloud or backend.
To manage data acquisition from multiple high-performance control units and vehicle sensors, ETAS provides its powerful GETK ECU interface technology. This can handle vast amounts of data and connect a microprocessor's PCIe interface to the recording system. The V-GETK (virtual ETK) comes into play during the prototyping phase, if a production-ready ECU and sensor hardware are not yet available.
In San Jose, ETAS will show RALO (Rapid Logging), a Linux-based, modular, scalable data acquisition control and recording system to develop ADAS ECUs. The system can be used during test drives or in virtual test environments. It is portable, Ethernet-based and can be run on any PC for logging external data.


text:
Master of Arts (MA)
Geography and Anthropology
Blood proteins and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) deposited in crime scene soil may remain biologically active and detectable after a considerable lapse of time. Soils were sampled from three sites of known criminal activity in the former Yugoslavia. From an execution site near Stutica, Kosovo, soil samples were analyzed for year-and-a-half-old blood proteins using an immunological test, cross-over immunoelectrophoresis. From a total of 72 samples, 44 returned positive results for human blood proteins. Soil solution from grave soils sampled at a cemetery in Duz, Kosovo, and a mass grave in Knin, Croatia were analyzed for VFAs using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Six samples were removed from four graves in the Duz cemetery for testing. Prior to exhumation and soil sampling, bodies laid in the graves approximately one-and-a-half-years. GC results from the cemetery revealed the presence of iso-butyric and valeric water soluble VFAs in one sample. MS examination of the samples was inconclusive. From the six-year-old mass grave in Knin, four samples were taken. However, one sample was discarded due to mold contamination. GC and MS analysis revealed the presence of iso-butyric and iso-valeric water soluble VFAs in two of the three remaining samples. In addition, MS analysis revealed the following non-water soluble VFAs in all three samples: capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic. Possible causes for inconsistent results between the cemetery graves and the mass grave may be attributed to the differences in burial styles, differences in soil moisture and clay content, and sampling handling. The positive findings of blood proteins and VFAs in the Kosovar and Croatian soils validate CIEP, GS, and MS analysis of older site soils. These methods may be used to successfully identify crime scenes, and especially suspected scenes more than a year old, in the absence of bodies or other physical evidence.
Document Availability at the Time of Submission
Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide.
Tuller, Hugh, "Dirty secrets: blood protein and VFA analysis of soil from execution and grave site in the former Yugoslavia" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 2693.


text:
The double star, Porrima, is a double star system located about 40 light-years away, relatively close to the Sun in the grand scheme of things. The two stars orbit each other about every 170 years, and as they do so, the apparent distance that separates them changes (from our Earth-bound point of view). Right now, the two are well separated, meaning that with a telescope pointed at Saturn you will see the two stars as distinct objects. Only a few years ago, their alignment was such that you would have needed a very powerful telescope to see the two stars in the Porrima system as individual stars. Right now, if you put Saturn into view in a small to medium telescope, you will also get the Porrima system in your field of view as well.
The diagram (above) illustrates where to find Saturn and Porrima over the next few days, and this article from Space.com also provides insight and additional diagrams to help you see this sight.
So seize the moment and be an amateur astronomer for a night, making a fun discovery for yourself.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
12th World Cancer Conference
National Hospital Abuja
Title: Anaemia in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: Our experience at the National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria
Biography: Chinedu S Aruah
Introduction: More than 50% of cancer patients will receive radiotherapy in the course of their therapy. Anaemia is the most common haematological complication in cancer patients. The cut-off value for anaemia varies from centre to centre, but Hb of 10 g/dl is a borderline value and administration of radiotherapy without adequate haematological support may tilt the patient into clinical anaemia.
Objective: To study the impact of radiotherapy on the haemoglobin level of cancer patients undergoing therapy.
Materials & Methods: A total of 63 patients with solid tumours with intent for radical treatment were recruited within a period of 8 months. Informed consent of participants was obtained and demographic characteristics of the cancer patients and their various oncologic diseases were gathered. Baseline or pretreatment Haemoglobin (Hb) was measured on the first day of consultation. Patients were simulated and treated with linear accelerator. Their Hb level was measured once every 2 weeks during therapy. The blood film pictures of the patients were examined in the course of treatment. The whole process was terminated after 3 consecutive Hb reading or after week 6. Anaemia was classified for this study into: Less than 10 g/dl-severe anaemia; 10–10.9 g/dl -moderate anaemia; 11–12 g/dl-mild anaemia;> 12 g/dl-no anaemia (Normal)
Results & Data Analysis: Data collected was analyzed using a standard statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 10. Out of 63 cancer patients, 92.1% were female and 7.9% were male. Age range was 25–75 years, with median age of 50 years. Breast 47.6% (30) was commonest site of tumour. 74.6% (47) presented with stage III disease. Prevalence of anaemia in the study was 42.9%. At the end of therapy, 55.6% (63) cancer patients had their Hb level between 11.52–12.13 g/dl. At P-value > 0.05 there was no statistical significance on distribution of mean Hb, standard deviation based on sex and treatment type.
Conclusion & recommendation: Prevalence of anaemia in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy was 42.9% as shown by the blood film. However, at 95% confidence interval (95CI) radiotherapy had no significant impact on Hb level, hence Hb: 11.52 –12.13 g/dl at the end of therapy. We recommend Hb of 11 g/dl as irreducible minimum level for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Nigeria Oncology Centres.


text:
Palm Springs, Calif.— The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a final rule Wednesday protecting Casey's June beetle as an endangered species and designating 587 acres of critical habitat for it in Riverside County, Calif. Known only from the Palm Canyon area of Palm Springs, the beetle is critically endangered by urban development. The Center for Biological Diversity, entomologist David Wright and the Sierra Club petitioned to protect the beetle in 2004. Wednesday's final rule is the result of a landmark legal settlement between the Center and the Service that will expedite protection for 757 imperiled species across the country.
"We're excited that this unique California beetle now has the Endangered Species Act protection it needs to survive," said Tierra Curry, a biologist with the Center. "Endangered Species Act protection with critical habitat designation is the most effective tool we have for saving species from extinction."
Once thought to occur from Palm Springs to Indian Wells in the Coachella Valley, the species now survives in only two populations in a small area in the southern part of Palm Springs. Remaining habitat consists of just 800 acres scattered in nine isolated fragments, primarily on private lands, and is actively shrinking due to the rapid pace of development.
"Clearly, habitat protection is the most important conservation measure for the Casey's June beetle," said Curry. "This announcement recognizes the dire straits of this scarab beetle, which is found nowhere else in the world, and gives it the habitat protection it needs to continue to exist."
Background on the Species
Casey's June beetles are medium-sized June beetles (June beetles are named after their tendency to fly in late spring evenings), about one to two inches long, and dusty brown or whitish with longitudinal stripes. Their reddish-brown antennae are clubbed, as is common in scarab beetles, with ends consisting of a series of leaf-like plates that can be held together or fanned out to sense scents. Adults emerge from holes in the ground to mate in late March through June. Females have rarely been found, and always on the ground rather than in flight. Males fly swiftly over the ground from about one hour before dusk to shortly after dark to look for females.
Contact Info: Tierra Curry, _PHONE_
Website : Center for Biological Diversity


text:
Collection Highlights: Western Art
Flask of imitation porcelain
Painted in underglaze blue with sprays of foliage and flowers. Italian, Florence, probably between 1575 and 1587, maximum height 18.5 cm. Marked beneath the base with the Dome of Florence Cathedral and F.
This is one of about seventy known surviving examples of the earliest successful attempt in Europe to imitate Chinese porcelain. The porcelain-making project was sponsored by the Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany between about 1575 and 1587. The firing temperatures were at the limit of contemporary Italian ceramic technology and the blue has run slightly in firing. The flask was bought in Naples in 1879 by Fortnum, whose gifts and bequest are still the basis of the Ashmolean's collections of sculpture and decorative arts of the Renaissance. [Bequeathed by C.D.E. Fortnum, WA1899.CDEF.C298].
Second Floor, Room 43, Italian Renaissance


text:
Each extra jump has a certain type, dictated by the accessory or mount. Jumps of the same type will not stack with each other but will stack with other types, allowing for more than two consecutive jumps. For example, equipping a Cloud in a Bottle and a Tsunami in a Bottle will grant two additional jumps, while combining a Cloud in a Bottle with a Cloud in a Balloon will only grants one extra jump. Each type displays a unique particle effect when used, which always occur in the same order: Summoned mount's jump first, followed by Sandstorm, Blizzard, Fart, Tsunami, and Cloud.
An extra jump uses the same jump speed as the base jump but with different a different jump duration. For example, with default jump speed, a sustained jump from a Sandstorm in a Bottle lasts 3 times longer than a base jump, reaching a maximum height of 21.18 tiles, which is an increase of 238% compared to the base jump reach of 6.27 tiles.
Accessories[edit | edit source]
Extra jumps are granted by the five types of bottle accessories and their upgrades, listed in the following table. As described above, while it is possible to stack multiple jumps of different types (i.e. different rows), it is not possible to stack multiple jumps of the same type (i.e. within the same row).
|Cloud||75%||11.46 tiles (+82.78%)|
|19.97 tiles (+218.5%)|
|Blizzard||150%||14.7 tiles (+134.45%)|
|25.69 tiles (+309.73%)|
|Sandstorm||300%||21.18 tiles (+237.8%)|
|37.15 tiles (+492.5%)|
|Fart||200%||16.86 tiles (+168.9%)|
|29.51 tiles (+370.65%)|
|Tsunami||125%||13.62 tiles (+117.22%)|
|23.79 tiles (+279.43%)|
Mounts[edit | edit source]
There are four mounts that allow an additional jump mid-air.
Notes[edit | edit source]
- Jumping underwater with Flippers will count as an extra jump, preventing that jump from being used after breaching the water's surface.
Tips[edit | edit source]
- Extra jumps can be used shortly before hitting the ground to reset fall damage.
- The maximum total jump reach from a sextuple jump (obtainable e.g. by equipping a Bundle of Balloons, a Fart in a Balloon, and a Sharkron Balloon) is 92.35 tiles (+1372.89%). This can be further increased by equipping some of the boosting accessories: With the Soaring Insignia, a Frog Leg, the Amphibian Boots, and the Moon Lord Legs, the maximum total jump reach from a sextuple jump would be 301.1 tiles (+4702.23%).
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- In relation to jump duration of the first jump.
- Assuming gravity is default, no other boosts are in effect, only the jump type from the respective row is used, and the second jump is activated immediately after the first one is completed. The increase in percent is referring to the increase from base jump reach (6.27 tiles).
- In relation to jump duration of the first jump with the mount.


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Average day and night temperature in Wolhusen (Canton of Lucerne) in celsius
The mean minimum and maximum temperatures over the year in Wolhusen, Switzerland.
Show the average temperatures in Wolhusen in Fahrenheit
- The months June, July and August have a nice average temperature.
- On average, the warmest month is July with 24.5° Celsius (76.1° Fahrenheit).
- On average, the coolest month is January with 3.0° Celsius (37.4° Fahrenheit).
- The average annual maximum temperature is: 14.0° Celsius (57.2° Fahrenheit)
- The average annual minimum temperature is: 4.3° Celsius (39.74° Fahrenheit)
Weather Forecasts for Wolhusen (Canton of Lucerne)
Patchy moderate snow


text:
Rapidly design, develop, and test cross-platform web applications
The Sencha Web Application Development platform simplifies the challenges of managing the software development lifecycle of web applications. Now you can seamlessly design, develop, and test data-intensive web applications and deliver the right user experience, on the right screen, at the right time.
Sencha Platform for Web Application Development
The Sencha portfolio of products and services forms an integrated, modular platform for designing, developing, and testing your cross-platform web applications. Sencha products can be deployed separately or together to form an end-to-end solution. With the Sencha Platform you can prototype, develop, theme, debug, and test your web applications on any device running any browser.
The Sencha platform helps you accelerate your web application development efforts with out-of-the box theming capabilities across all applications. We can help teams:
- Design visually compelling web applications using pre-built and pre-tested components.
- Improve agility and the overall design process with tools and resources, including Sencha Stencils, that make it faster and easier to mock up, style, prototype, and evaluate interface designs.
- Enhance collaboration between line-of-business and IT teams to move apps quickly to the development phase.
- Create customized themes in a visual environment, using Sencha Themer, without writing a single line of code.
- Build better applications faster with an enterprise-ready framework. See a comparison with other frameworks.
- Improve development efficiency by automatically handling critical issues such as rendering and cross-browser testing.
- Build higher quality applications with tightly integrated and well-tested libraries and components.
- Develop once for multiple platforms and devices.
- Improve productivity with a rich set of web application tools including JetBrains, Visual Studio, and Eclipse IDE plugins.
- Code and debug web applications just once for multiple device types – desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
Sencha Test provides the most comprehensive solution for testing Ext JS applications. We help developers and QA teams:
- Leverage the power of WebDriver in Sencha Test to create end-to-end tests.
- Run tests on any or all browsers on a local machine, connected mobile device, or on a browser farm.
- Maximize testing efficiency through automated test runs.
- Review results from automated and manual test runs.
- Identify and rectify code coverage gaps.
- Perform visual screen comparisons across test runs.
- Create robust tests by leveraging the deep integration between Sencha Test and Ext JS.
Learn More: Sencha Test
An Open Platform
We provide an open platform that integrates into your current IT environment. It integrates with back-end systems such as SAP and with Single Sign on, LDAP and more. Products in the Sencha Platform can be purchased individually.
The Sencha Platform is backed by expert support and services that round out the solution. Our dedicated team of engineers and consultants provides deep technical training, customized implementation, technical support, and professional services that include:
- Application Modernization
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- Test Development and CI Integration


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To test lung function, blow into any phone
"We wanted to be able to measure lung function on any type of phone you might encounter around the world—smartphones, dumb phones, landlines, pay phones," says Shwetak Patel. "With SpiroCall, you can call a 1-800 number, blow into the phone, and use the telephone network to test your lung function." (Credit: iStockphoto)
Most people in the developing world who have asthma, cystic fibrosis, or other chronic lung diseases have no way to measure how well their lungs are functioning outside of a clinic or doctor visit.
With that in mind, researchers have developed SpiroCall, a new health-sensing tool that can accurately measure lung function over a simple phone call.
Testing shows that that SpiroCall's results are within 6.2 percent of results from clinical spirometers used in hospitals and doctor's offices, meaning it meets the medical community's standards for accuracy.
"We wanted to be able to measure lung function on any type of phone you might encounter around the world—smartphones, dumb phones, landlines, pay phones," says Shwetak Patel, professor of computer science & engineering and electrical engineering at the University of Washington. "With SpiroCall, you can call a 1-800 number, blow into the phone, and use the telephone network to test your lung function."
The researchers will present a paper on the device at the Association for Computing Machinery's CHI 2016 conference.
In 2012, researchers from the UbiComp Lab introduced SpiroSmart—which lets people monitor their lung function by blowing into their smartphones.
"People have to manage chronic lung diseases for their entire lives," says lead author Mayank Goel, a computer science and engineering doctoral student. "So there's a real need to have a device that allows patients to accurately monitor their condition at home without having to constantly visit a medical clinic, which in some places requires hours or days of travel."
spirosmart test in Bangladesh
In testing SpiroSmart in clinics in India and Bangladesh, Mayank Goel (front row, center) and collaborators learned that many patients did not have access to a smartphone. (Credit: U. Washington)
Any phone in the world
SpiroCall transmits the collected audio using a standard phone channel—as opposed to a sound file that is transferred by a smartphone app over the internet. The team combined multiple regression algorithms to provide reliable lung function estimates despite the degraded audio quality.
[How you use your iPhone could reveal depression]
"We had to account for the fact that the sound quality you get over a phone line is worse," says co-author Elliot Saba, an electrical engineering doctoral student. "You can imagine how listening to someone play a song over a phone line would sound compared to listening to it on your music app—there's a similar difference with a spirometry test."
spirocall on cell
SpiroCall lets patients measure lung function over a phone call. It doesn't require a smartphone. (Credit: U. Washington)
Just whistle
The researchers also developed a 3D printed whistle that can be used in conjunction with SpiroCall that changes pitch when the patient exhales. The whistle is designed to address training challenges by enabling patients to hear what a "good" test sounds like. It also improved test performance for patients who are very ill and whose vocal cords are not able produce enough sound for the phone's microphone to pick up.
[Device rotates a single cell to take 3D images with a phone]
"Our research area is not just about sensing, but human-centered sensing," Goel says. "Because this project has been around for four years, we've been able to talk to a lot of patients about how they're able to use the technology, and that feedback has really helped us make smart improvements."
The Life Sciences Discovery Fund, the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, and the University of Washington funded the work.
Source: University of Washington


text:
With the DOM, you can access every node in an XML document.
Access a node using its index number in a node list
This example uses the getElementsByTagname() method to get the third element in "books.xml"
Loop through nodes using the length property
This example uses the length property to loop through all elements in "books.xml"
See the node type of an element
This example uses the nodeType property to get node type of the root element in "books.xml".
Loop through element nodes
This example uses the nodeType property to only process element nodes in "books.xml".
element nodes using node relationships
This example uses the nodeType property and the nextSibling property to process element nodes in "books.xml".
You can access a node in three ways:
1. By using the getElementsByTagName() method
2. By looping through (traversing) the nodes tree.
3. By navigating the node tree, using the node relationships.
getElementsByTagName() returns all elements with a specified tag name.
The following example returns all elements under the x element:
Note that the example above only returns elements under the x node. To return all elements in the XML document use:
where xmlDoc is the document itself (document node).
The getElementsByTagName() method returns a node list. A node list is an array of nodes.
The elements in x can be accessed by index number. To access the third you can write::
Note: The index starts at 0.
You will learn more about node lists in a later chapter of this tutorial.
The length property defines the length of a node list (the number of nodes).
You can loop through a node list by using the length property:
The documentElement property of the XML document is the root node.
The nodeName property of a node is the name of the node.
The nodeType property of a node is the type of the node.
You will learn more about the node properties in the next chapter of this tutorial.
The following code loops through the child nodes, that are also element nodes, of the root node:
The following code navigates the node tree using the node relationships:
Your message has been sent to W3Schools.


Adobe AEM (CQ5) and OpenText TeamSite: 10 things in common
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Among enterprise-class web experience management systems, the two most sophisticated systems that are often pitted against each other are HP TeamSite and Adobe Experience Manager. Both Forrester and Gartner rank these products highly and often place them as leaders in the digital experience (aka content marketing/ web experience management/digital engagement/ customer experience management) space.
Technologically, at their core, the products are very different. A developer may cringe to read "similar" and these product names in the same sentence. However, we are going to look at it from the perspective of a business user – a marketer who potentially uses this system versus a technical administrator or developer.
From a business perspective, they tend to serve a similar purpose for a similar audience. They both provide a way to manage, engage and measure digital customer experiences (See Forrester's Wave report or Gartner's Magic Quadrant)
In this blog, we talk about the common features between the HP TeamSite and Adobe Experience Manager (previously called CQ or CQ5).
1. Authoring & Publishing:
Both systems have an authoring and a rendering platform. Business Users author content by using a web browser. Content is activated/pushed/published/deployed to a separate runtime environment (server or group of servers) that renders and serves content to web visitors.
2. Page templates:
They both provide page templates and have a rendering process to display content. A Page template could be an empty shell or packed with business+design logic – allowing developers to create the necessary authoring experience.
3. Mobile friendly/Mobile First:
They both allow you to create Mobile versions of a website and provide emulators to preview content in various devices. Of course, client-side Responsive, or RWD is supported by both systems.
For adaptive design – where the server determines the HTML to be sent to the user's device, TeamSite uses Trilibis. Adobe Experience Manager uses similar HTML tags for rendering device specific content as explained here.
4. Page construction model:
They both use a page 'fragment model'. You build a webpage from smaller pieces of the page called "Components". AEM's Component model is more sophisticated as it allows a rich "clientlib" architecture that allows CSS and JS pre-processors. This means, with the right architecture, you can control and optimize your page footprint for faster performance. TeamSite, on the other hand, depends on client-side logic including newer fameworks like React.js to be used that more or less achieve the same result.
5. Dynamic content:
Both allow you to dynamically pull content from their respective content repositories and transform the content to meet web-page needs. AEM uses OSGi Bundles that allows you to do powerful java based processing, while TeamSite has a POJO like concept using Java 'externals'. From a business perspective, suffice it to know that they both provide "back-end" frameworks to integrate with other systems.
6. Workflows:
They both provide workflows to meet content governance needs. Their workflow management and development tools are built into the product, requiring no separate installations.
7. Multi-variate Testing:
They both allow you to do MVT and A/B testing. TeamSite has an add-on module called Optimost that lets you create such Tests. Adobe AEM's Test&Target module achieves the same.
8. Segmentation and targeting:
They both allow you to segment and target audience and provide customizable content depending on business rules.
9. Taxonomy management:
They both allow content to be Tagged. Tagging of content allows easy search and classification of content based on customizable taxonomies.
10. Customizable and (yes) Expensive:
Last, but not least, they are both intended to satisfy complex requirements, as is often the case for large organizations. They are both highly configurable which is both a good thing and a bad thing at the same time. The extensible nature of these products and the bells and whistles they provide are also a reason for their high licensing costs.


6.111 Labkit
 FPGA Labkit
for 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems
6.111 homeLabkit home → VGA Video Output
VGA Video Output
by Nathan Ickes
VGA is a high-resolution video standard used mostly for computer monitors, where ability to transmit a sharp, detailed image is essential. VGA uses separate wires to transmit the three color component signals and vertical and horizontal synchronization signals.
VGA Signals
Like any video format, VGA video is a stream of frames: each frame is made up of a series of horizontal lines, and each line is made up of a series of pixels. The lines in each frame are transmitted in order from top to bottom (VGA is not interlaced), and the pixels in each line are transmitted from left to right. Separate horizontal and vertical synchronization signals are used to define the ends of each line and frame. A composite synchronization signal (actually an XOR of the horizontal and vertical signals) is also encoded on the green color channel.
The ADV7125 video DAC reads an 8-bit value for each of the red, green, and blue channels on each cycle of the pixel clock. There is a two-cycle pipeline delay between when the digital codes are read by the DAC and when the corresponding analog voltages appear on the DAC outputs. The RGB input signals can be overridden by the sync and blank signals: The active low blank signal forces all three DAC outputs to their black level, while the active low sync signal forces the green DAC to a special sync level below the normal black level.
Each line of video begins with an active video region, in which RGB values are output for each pixel in the line. The active region is followed by a blanking region, in which black pixels are transmitted. In the middle of the blanking interval, a horizontal sync pulse is transmitted. The blanking interval before the sync pulse is known as the "front porch", and the blanking interval after the sync pulse is known as the "back porch". Note that the dedicated horizontal sync signal output from the FPGA directly to the VGA connector must be delayed by two clock cycles relative to the composite sync signal passed to the DAC chip, to account for the pipeline delay of the DAC.
Frames are constructed from lines in much the same way as lines are constructed from pixels. The beginning of a frame contains all of the lines that will actually be displayed on the screen, followed by a number of black lines that make up the front porch. Next comes a vertical sync pulse that lasts for several lines, and then more black lines to make up a back porch. Note that the composite sync signal embedded in the green channel appears inverted during the vertical sync pulse: remember that the composite sync is an XOR of the horizontal and vertical sync signals.
VGA Timings
The following table lists timing values for several popular resolutions.
Format Pixel Clock
Horizontal (in Pixels) Vertical (in Lines)
640x480, 60Hz 25.175 640169648 48011231
640x480, 72Hz 31.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
640x480, 75Hz 31.500 640169648 48011232
640x480, 85Hz 36.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 56Hz 38.100 80032128128 _PHONE_
800x600, 60Hz 40.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 72Hz 50.000 _PHONE_ 60037623
800x600, 75Hz 49.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 85Hz 56.250 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 60Hz 65.000 102424136160 _PHONE_
1024x768, 70Hz 75.000 102424136144 _PHONE_
1024x768, 75Hz 78.750 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 85Hz 94.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
Source: Rick Ballantyne, Xilinx Inc.
As with RS-232, the standard for VGA video is that there are lots of standards. Every manufacturer seems to list different timings in the manuals for their monitors. Fortunately, the exact values given in the table above are not particularly critical. On a CRT monitor, the lengths of the front and back porches control the position of the image on the display. If the image appears offset to the right or left, or up or down, try adjusting the front and back porch values for the corresponding direction (or use the image position adjustments on the monitor, which accomplish the same thing). LCD monitors will generally center the active video region automatically.
Generating the Pixel Clock
The pixel clock frequency can be synthesized from the 27MHz oscillator built into the labkits by using one of the twelve Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) built into the labkit FPGA. DCMs have numerous uses, one of which is generating a clock signal whose frequency is some multiple of the frequency of a reference clock.
DCMs cannot be inferred by behavioral Verilog: they must be explicitly instantiated. The following Verilog code illustrates how to instantiate a DCM in order to generate a pixel clock.
 DCM pixel_clock_dcm (.CLKIN(clock_27mhz),
The reference clock (clock_27mhz in the above example) must be supplied to CLKIN input of the DCM. CLKFX is the frequency-multiplied output clock. The above code fragment leaves many of the DCMs inputs and outputs unconnected: the unconnected ports can safely be ignored in this application.
The operation of a DCM is determined by a number of constraints, which can be entered as special comments in the Verilog code. For our simple frequency synthesis application, only two constraints are essential.
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_DIVIDE of pixel_clock_dcm is 9
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_MULTIPLY of pixel_clock_dcm is 26
The CLKFX_MULTIPLY and CLKFX_DIVIDE constraints determine the frequency of the output clock. In the example above, the 27MHz input clock frequency is multiplied by 26 and then divided by 9, resulting in an output frequency of 27*26/9 = 78MHz. CLKFX_MULTIPLY must be between 2 and 32 (inclusive), and CLKFX_DIVIDE must be between 1 and 32.
This has been a very minimal description of how to use a DCM: for a complete explanation of the features and capabilities of DCMs, see the Libraries Guide volume of the Xilinx documentation.
More Information
MIT 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems, Updated April 12, 2007


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What is Deferred Compensation?
- Deferred compensation is a certain amount of compensation from an employee that is put to one side to be paid at a later date.
- The different types of deferred compensation contain pension plans, stock option plans and retirement plans.
- A deferred compensation plan is a way for employers to motivate their key employees and hold onto them.
- Deferred compensation can also be qualified or non-qualified. These are the two types of deferred compensation.
- Qualified deferred compensation plans are governed by planned pension plans. If an organisation has this put into the position they must offer it to all their employees.
- Non - qualified deferred compensation plans are a way for employers to attract and motivate key employees in a workplace to stay.


Needed: 5% Participation to Overthrow Crony Capitalism
Kerrigon, David
Publisher: Dissident Voice
Date Written: 18/11/2013
Year Published: 2013
Resource Type: Article
Cx Number: CX15321
Erica Chenoweth, author of Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, explains how to overthrow U.S. crony capitalism: "In raw numbers, movements generally achieve systematic change (i.e., in the +80% likelihood category) when they mobilize over 5 percent of the population. The Iranian Revolution, among the largest popular uprisings, achieved about 10 percent mobilization. In the US with 311 million people, this would mean between 15.5 million and 31.1 million people."
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Autonomous system and autonomous system number
Autonomous system and autonomous system number
A group of networks that are under the control of a single administrator is called as an Autonomous System. All the networks must be controlled by a single entity.
Large organizations and Internet Service Providers are best examples of Autonomous Systems. The data packets in a Autonomous System are forwarded with the help of Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF etc. are the examples of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
If the data packets have to be transferred between two different autonomous systems, Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is used. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the best example of Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) forwards the packets between two different Autonomous Systems.
There are four types of autonomous systems and are as described below:
a. Multihomed Autonomous System: The Multihomed autonomous system is connected with more than one autonomous system.
b. Stub Autonomous System: In a stub autonomous system an autonomous system is connected only to one other autonomous system.
c.Transit Autonomous System: This autonomous system provides connections through itself. If network A wants to communicate with network C, it can either directly communicate with network C or the data can be passed from network A to network C through network B.
d.Internet Exchange Point Autonomous System: A physical infrastructure which helps the ISP (Internet Service Provider) to exchange data among their networks and are usually transparent.
Autonomous System Number (ASN) with Example
Each Autonomous System is allocated with a Autonomous System Number (ASN). The Autonomous System Number is a unique number and is used when the data packets are transferred between two different Autonomous Systems. Similar to public and private IP addresses, there are public and private autonomous system numbers are present.
Private autonomous system numbers are used when the communication between two autonomous systems is private (i.e. internet is not used as a communication link between two autonomous systems).
 When packet has to be forwarded from one autonomous system to other autonomous systems over the internet, public autonomous system numbers are used.
Autonomous System number was defined by 16 bits until 2007. Hence 216 autonomous system numbers can be generated. ASN 0 and ASN 65,535 are reserved numbers. The autonomous systems numbers between the range 64,512 to 65,534 are used as private autonomous system numbers.
 These can be used where internet is not used for communication. After 2007 32 bit Autonomous System Numbers came in to existence.
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) assigns block of autonomous system numbers to RIR (Regional Internet Registries). RIR assigns autonomous numbers to the entities within its area from the block give by IANA.
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Significant loss of marine life on renowned conservation site
The National Marine Aquarium has confirmed that the Scylla Reef - an artificial reef close to Whitsand Bay, Cornwall - has suffered significant damage and loss of marine life.
What could be an illegal fishing net was found caught on the reef by a team of professional divers yesterday (12 January), who began the process of removing the net and helping to free a number of marine animals which remained tangled.
However, marine experts' worst fears were confirmed when various species, including numerous crabs and fish were found trapped in the net, alongside a cormorant which had perished after becoming stuck.
It is thought that the 100m fishing net may have been illegally set close to the reef by unlicensed fishermen, before drifting onto the renowned conservation site, destroying a large section of the reef.
Home to more than 250 species of marine life - many of which have not been found on other dive sights around the UK - the reef had recently been nominated as a marine protected area.
Dead Cormorant (Photo by Rich Stevenson at Diving and Marine Solutions)
The Plymouth-based National Marine Aquarium, which has been involved with managing the reef since it was first sunk in 2004, is concerned that some of these uncommon species have now been destroyed, and may take many years to return.
Dr David Gibson, Managing Director at the National Marine Aquarium, said: "We are horrified by the extent of the damage which has been caused on the reef, and by the lack of care and attention as a result of irresponsible fishing practices.
"It has taken eight years to establish such a diverse community of marine life on the reef, something that is likely to take just as long - if not longer - to recover and return."
The National Marine Aquarium has advised against any dives over the reef, until further information is available.
Keep up with all the latest diving news and reviews by following Sport Diver on Facebook.


Can Birds Eat Peanut Butter?
A Good Snack for Birds - Or Is It?
Peanut Butter on Bread
theimpulsivebuy/Flickr/CC by-SA 2.0
Peanuts are a familiar and popular food for backyard birds, but can birds eat peanut butter? Checking the ingredient list on a peanut butter jar reveals hydrogenated vegetable oil, salt, molasses, sugar, and a range of other additives. Birders may worry about how healthy peanut butter can be for birds, but it can actually be a great treat to add to a backyard buffet.
About Peanut Butter
Despite minor additives in most peanut butter (the exact composition varies by brand) the main ingredient is always peanuts. Peanuts are an ideal source of fat, calories, and protein for birds, providing good energy for all their active needs. Peanut butter also has other nutritious components, including:
 - Iron
 - Potassium
 - Calcium
 - Magnesium
While these vitamins and minerals may only be present in small amounts, they are still essential for a bird's healthy diet and peanut butter can provide them.
Birds That Eat Peanut Butter
Most birds that eat nuts or suet will also happily eat peanut butter. It is favored by smaller birds since peanut butter is easier to collect in small bills and doesn't need to be cracked, shelled, or broken to be eaten. The most popular birds that will snack on peanut butter include:
 - Chickadees, tits, and titmice
 - Wrens, nuthatches, and creepers
 - Woodpeckers, especially smaller species
Larger nut-loving birds, including thrashers, grackles, starlings, blackbirds, jays, and other corvids may also try peanut butter. Larger species, however, are more likely to enjoy whole or shelled nuts rather than softer butters, leaving this treat for smaller birds. This can be ideal for birders who hope to encourage both large and small birds to visit their feeders, as offering both whole nuts as well as peanut butter will attract different species.
Best Peanut Butter for Birds
Any peanut butter that is safe for human consumption can also be safely fed to birds, but the most ideal options are peanut butter brands with the fewest additives or extra ingredients. Organic or fresh peanut butters are best, and many wild bird supply stores or nature centers offer peanut or other nut butters specially formulated with fewer additives for feeding birds. Other peanut butter brands can also be offered to birds, including generic store brands. Birds can have peanut butter that is past its best by date, but no butter that is rancid, moldy, or spoiled should be available to birds, as it could be toxic or dangerous.
Both creamy and crunchy peanut butter blends are equally attractive to birds. Peanut-butter-and-jelly products are not recommended, however, since different birds enjoy jelly and don't necessarily eat peanut butter. Similarly, peanut butters that are blended with other products, such as marshmallow fluff or cookie pieces, are also not good for birds. Sugar-free or low-fat peanut butters are not suitable for birds either, as they lack the nutritional composition birds need, and sugar substitutes can be dangerous for birds. When available, low-salt peanut butters are ideal, as it is uncertain whether too much salt is bad for birds. Conscientious backyard birders will not want to take chances by offering birds excess salt.
Of course, no peanut butter products such as cookies, cakes, candies, or fudge should ever be offered to birds. No matter how much peanut butter they may contain, the extra ingredients in these snacks are not healthy for a bird's diet.
Offering Peanut Butter to Backyard Birds
There are many different ways to make peanut butter accessible to hungry birds. Smaller jars can be hung as basic feeders for birds to enjoy, or peanut butter can be smeared on a tree, post, or fence. Take care, however, since the oil in peanut butter can easily stain wood or other permeable surfaces. Instead, peanut butter dollops can be added to small dishes or platform feeders for easy feeding and convenient cleanup.
Peanut butter is often used for simple do-it-yourself feeders, such as pine cone bird feeders. Homemade feeders often use peanut butter mixed with birdseed to be even more attractive to birds, or peanut butter can be added to homemade suet as well.
Because peanut butter can go rancid and may get soft and runny when it is warm, it is best to offer peanut butter only in shady areas out of direct sunlight. Offering the butter in smaller quantities can help keep it from going bad before birds can eat it all. It may also be necessary to take steps to squirrel-proof bird feeders to discourage other critters from enjoying the treat before the birds find it.
Myths About Peanut Butter
Despite how good peanut butter can be for birds and how easy it is to add to a backyard buffet, there are several persistent myths that surround this nutritious treat.
 - Birds can choke on sticky peanut butter.
 There have been no recorded, verified instances of birds getting peanut butter stuck in their throats or bills, or otherwise choking on peanut butter. Birds have different mouth, throat, and tongue structures than humans, and they are easily capable of eating peanut butter without problems. To completely eliminate any risk of sticky peanut butter, no matter how small, the butter can be mixed with flour, cornmeal, or dry oatmeal. This will make the peanut butter drier and more crumbly, which will be easier for birds to break apart and consume.
 - Peanut butter can coat feathers and make it harder to fly.
 While this is certainly possible, it is highly unlikely and has not been noted as a regular problem even among birds that are fanatics for peanut butter. To get coated with peanut butter, birds would have to rub on or roll in the butter, which they do not typically do. Even if they were coated, preening would easily remove the peanut butter without harming the birds. To avoid even the smallest risk, keeping peanut butter cooler or choosing brands with less oil content will make it more difficult for the butter to coat birds' feathers. Mixing the butter with drying ingredients such as flour and cornmeal can also reduce any potential problems with birds' plumage.
Peanut butter is a great treat for birds, and while there can be some minor problems with offering it in the yard or garden, it is easy to overcome those difficulties to offer birds a nutritious and delicious treat.


text:
A pulse oximeter is a device that checks how much oxygen is in the blood.
A small clip is put on a finger, toe, or earlobe. The light beam in the clip measures the oxygen of the red blood cells that move through the cells in the finger, toe, or earlobe. The person's oxygen level can be read on the display.
The pulse oximeter often has an alarm for blood oxygen levels that fall below a safe level.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
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text:
National Scientist Cites DDT Conference in Article
Suzanne Snedecker, a scientist at Cornell University, has written an
article about her participation in the Eugene Kenaga International DDT
Conference at Alma College last March.
The article, titled "View from the Pine River and Beyond: The Legacy of DDT Use and Health Effects," appears in The Ribbon, the newsletter of the Sprecher Institute for Comparative Cancer Research at Cornell University, Spring 2008 (Vol. 13, No. 2).
Click here to access the article.
Dr. Snedeker writes, "The conference allowed me not only to interact with scientists in other disciplines who are investigating and interpreting new data on health risks associated with DDT, but also to talk with members of the Pine River Superfund Citizen Task Force and hear the stories of their dedication, accomplishments and frustrations. The conference they and Alma College organized was excellent. Speakers included historians, federal agency personal, and academics in various human and wildlife health areas from the U.S. and South Africa."
Snedecker is associate director for translational research for the Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors at the Sprecher Institute.
The March 14 conference attracted international experts in the areas of public health and the environment. The scholars are drafting a consensus statement urging global policymakers to reconsider the future use of the synthetic pesticide DDT.
Posted: Wed, July 2nd, 2008 at 8:40AM


Geometric Mean Calculator Geometric Mean Calculator
Instructions: Enter the sample data below and the solver will provide step-by-step calculation of the geometric mean.
Type the sample (comma or space separated)
More About The Geometric Mean
First of all, the geometric mean is a type of a less commonly used measure of central tendency. In terms of its calculation, it is computed using the following formula
\[G = \left( x_1 \cdot x_2 \cdot \cdot \cdot x_n \right)^{1/n}\]
In general, for the sample \(\{x_1, x_2, …, x_n\}\), the arithmetic mean is larger than the geometric mean.
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ADDIE the Acronym - 1995
While the ADDIE model has been around since at least 1975, it was generally known as SAT (System Approach to Training) and later, ISD (Instructional System Design). The use of the ADDIE acronym did not come about until much later. Now there are probably earlier uses, but these are the earliest references that I have been able to locate that actually use the acronym of ADDIE.
1. Schlegel, M. J. (1995) A Handbook of Instructional and Training Program Design. ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED383281
I have not read the handbook, but rather an abstract that I found in my library's database (Sno-Isle Libraries). It reads in part:
The generic Design Model of Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) is utilized, and detailed job aids are provided in the form of rating sheets and checklists.
2. Molenda, M., Pershing, J. A., and Reigeluth, C.. M. (1996). Designing Instructional Systems. In Robert L. Craig (Ed.), The ASTD Training and Development Handbook 4th ed. (pp. 266-293). New York: McGraw-Hill.
On page 272, there is a chart showing the five phases of ISD. The caption reads: "Figure13-2. Breakdown of phases and steps in the ADDIE ISD Model."
3. Gayeski, D. M. (1998). OUT-OF-THE-BOX INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN. Training & Development, Apr 98, Vol. 52, Issue 4
The article refers to Rossett's (1987) writings on Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation model, or ADDIE. However, Michael Molenda writes in The ADDIE Model (submitted to Encyclopedia of Educational Technology, 2/5/03, to be published by ABC-CLIO) that Rossett's book does not contain the acronym ADDIE.
1995, 1996, 1998
Thus, it seems as if the term "ADDIE" did not make its way into the popular literature until the mid 1990s, while the model itself has been in use since 1975.
Return to the History of Instructional System Design
Rossett, (1987). Training Needs Assessment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, Inc.


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3 months.
Four Department of Education Teams received the prestigious Hammer Award in fiscal year 1996 for their work in helping to reinvent the Department and increase the efficiency of government. The Hammer Award is Vice President Gore's recognition to teams throughout the federal government who have supported the President's National Performance Review (NPR) principles---putting customers first, cutting red tape, empowering employees and getting back to basics. The following four teams received a framed hammer and a note from the Vice President: the Cooperative Audit Resolution and Oversight Initiative Team, the Performance Appraisal System Implementation Team, the Rehabilitation Services Administration Service Delivery Reform Team and the Reinvention Coordinating Council. The Department has received a total of ten Hammer Awards since the President's NPR initiative began in 1993.
In September 1996, the Department received the Eagle Award from the National Partnership Council for its success in transforming labor-management relations and for helping to build a government that "works better and costs less." The National Partnership Council recognizes achievements of labor-management partnerships working together to create better government. The Department was one of 93 federal agencies/installations nationwide nominated, and one of only five to receive the award.
Reengineered Management Processes
Fiscal year 1996 was also a year of significant redesign of management processes to better serve the Department's internal customers. In addition to the family-friendly program described above, several key management processes have been overhauled to improve the timeliness and quality of services. For example:


ute & or low pressure: i.e. "relatively little water"?
ψ unit of measurement?
MegaPascal MPa
water open to atm with solute causes ψ to...?
water open to atm, with solute has a lower water potential than zero its negative, any 0.1M solution=-0.23MPa, lower #= lower water pot, meaning less water or more solute, water with less solute has higher water potential = a less negative #.
Pure water water potential
What does pressure do to ψ?
pure water under a household pressure in a tap is MPa=.25Mpa i.e. more water in smaller area and higher water pot.
can you achieve a positive ψ using only solution?
In what way does water potential influence water movement across the memb.?
water moves across a mamb from an area of high water pot to an area of lower water pot. always goes to area of lower ψ. when a cell is in osmotic equilibrium with the environment, the ψ will be equal in the cell and the environment
What is the2nd law of thermodynamics
in time all things go from ordered to random any increase in complexity must be offset by a concomitant decrease in complexity elsewhere
How is water pot. used to access the movement of water in a U shaped Tube before Equil?
water pot ψ = pressure pot + solute pot
Transpiration stream definition?
the abs. of water and minerals by roots, transport through out the plt body and evaporation through the leaves
Where does the transpiration stream occur?
occurs in xylem, which forms a continuous branched system of pipes from the roots to the leaves
What fact does transpiration rely on?
transpiration relies on the fact that water has the emergent property of cohesion(water sticks to itself very tightly) water from xylem evaporates through the stomata of leaves
What are the 3 major compartments for water?
1)vacuole: main water storage area and is well able to increase and decrease its volume.
2)cytoplasm (sol) compartment = symplast: less able to change its volume due to physiological requirements.
3)region outside the cm=apoplast: in reality outside the cell but not necessarily outside the plt
why is water attracted by roots?
water is attracted to roots because plt cell walls are polar due to a polar carbohydrate structure, active transport of mineral ions espK+ into root cells, therefore roots have a lower ψ than the surrounding normal ground water, all the low ψ leads to root pressure which pushes water upwards, but amt of root pressure possible pushes water up only a couple of meters. so there is a problem
How do plts transport xylem sap to the tops of trees?
transpirational loss of water leads to developing water deficits in the leaves. (i.e. a negative ψ p lowers the ψ in leaves water evaporates through the stomata)
2 mechanisms by which transpiration (xylem transport) is driven?
1)root pressure (positive pressure, therefore high ψ potential) pushes water up the roots.
2)transpiration pulls water to the top of the tree via water evaporation, cohesion of water and bulk flow
transpiration notes
in some plts root pressure causes guttation in morning, before transpiration begins. most of water is abs through the rot hairs(cellular extensions from epidermal cells) or hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi
how can water be abs by the root cortex?
apoplastic, symplastic, or a combo of both
what happens after water is abs by the root hairs/hyphae
water travels through the cortex apoplast or symplast, water then reaches the endodermis, remember the endodermis is a hollow cylinder of tightly packed parenchmal cells. endodermal cells have a casparian strip: a gasket of suberin, like mortar around bricks, think of the endodermis as a brick wall with mortar(suberin) between the bricks
How is water "screened" and why?
before water can be apoplastic or symplastic, symplastic water passes through a cm, therefore it has been "screened", apoplastic water has not passed through a cm and needing to be "screened", must pass into the cells of the endodermis before entering the stele., Casparian strips act as a gasket, not allowing water to enter the stele before passing through a cm.
How does water enter cells of endodermis?
by osmosis, water enter cells of endodermis and is "screened". (i.e. enters symplast), water then can continue to travel to the conductive tracheids and vessel elements of xylem of the stele., remember that tracheids and vessel elements are dead and are therefore are part of the apoplast, so water once again wil pass from the symplast to the apoplast
What is xylem sap?
the liquid contents of the xylem is known as the xylem sap, xylem sap is dilute solution of water and minerals, but it has been screened by the cm of the root cells, water of the xylem sap is held together by cohesionand are very hard to pull apart, cohesion is the sticking together of identical compounds, in this case water molecules
what are the conductive cells of the xylem?
tracheids and vessel elements, both are continuous with each other via pits and perforated end plates, form the pipes of the stele
Transpiration is driven by?
water evaporating from the stomata, this creates a lower ψ in the stomatal space and this will create a draw on water below it in the xylem (this creates a tension on the water, as water sticks together due to cohesion).
How does transpiration, cohesion and tension all come together to accomplish the movement of xylem sap?
tension is generated by the draw of water upward and this will draw more water from the roots, cohesion and adhesion of water to the cell walls, also helps counteract the forces of gravity
Phloem and transport of phloem sap?
xylem moves fluid upwards from root to shoot only, good for moving water and minerals up into the plt from the ground, does not move PSthate, PSthate is made in the leaves and therefore must move from leaves down shoots and roots, called translocation and uses the phloem, moves PSthate both up and down in a plt
What does phloem sap contain?
up to 30% sucrose (derived from PSthate sucrose is the main form of transported C in plts), symplastic minerals, hormones, dissolved organic compounds
what is the conductive cell in phloem?
conductive cell is the sieve-tube members. sieve-tube members are arranged end to end to make sieve tubes.
where are sieve plates in phloem?
they are at the end of s.t members and about adjacent s.t. member's sieve plates. fluid transport between adjacent st members is very efficient
where is plasmodesmata in phloem?
s.t. pores are lined with cm and the cm extend from one cell to the next, therefore there is free communication between cells. the phloem set up begins to blur the distinction between one cell and the next
characteristics of a sieve tube members in terms of the phloem structure?
s.t. members are alive at maturity but s.t. members support most internal organelles (they are mostly just cytoplasm on inside)
what does the companion cell do?
each sieve-tube member has one or more companion cells along side of it to load phloem sap and care for the s.t. member, companion cells are small in diameter but long and spindle shaped with many ribosomes, comp. cells have a full complement of organelles, comp. cells are thought to provide the st member with normal cellular functions and food. in many plts, comp cell also load sugar into s.t. members
what is a sugar sink
any organ that is actively using or taking up sugar, therefore a sugar sink draws sugar from the phloem, meristems of roots and shoots, leaves, fruits.
what is a sugar source?
any organ that is actively making sugar by PS or is breaking down starch into sugar, therfore a sugar source moves sugar into the phloem, e.g. leaves, storage roots or stems, a sugar source will load sucrose into the phloem (symplastic or combo) mostly through active transport of sucrose into the s.t. members
What co-transport proteins of companion cells are used in loading of phloem from the sugar source?
ATPase and a sucrose H+, ATPase in the cm pumps H+ to the apoplast, making the [H+] there high, the sucrose pump uses the chemiosmotic potential of the [H+] of the apoplast to co-transport sucrose into the companion cell from the apoplast
phloem sap to sugar sink whats the process?
bulk flow moves phloem sap to sugar sink, once the sucrose at the source is loaded in the phloem symplast, the ψ at that point in the phloem is low, water will move into the area of low ψ from outside the phloem, that increases the ψ pot. inside the phloem and water will start to flow away from that area towards an area of lower ψ (=bulk flow or pressure flow), once the sugar


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An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Origins Available: French, Scottish
Where did the French Lorey family come from? What is the French Lorey family crest and coat of arms? When did the Lorey family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Lorey family history?The origins the old family name Lorey can be found within medieval France. While the patronymic and metronymic surnames, which are derived from the name of the father and mother respectively, are the most common form of a hereditary surname in France, occupational surnames also emerged during the late Middle Ages. Many people, such as the Lorey family, adopted the name of their occupation as their surname. However, an occupational name did not become a hereditary surname until the office or type of employment became hereditary. The surname Lorey was an occupational name for a person who worked at a granary. The name translates literally from the Old French as of the granary.
Spelling variations of this family name include: Delor, De Lor, Delore, Delaur, De Laur, Delaure, Deloret, De Loret, Delauret, De Lauret, Delorey, De Lorey, Delaurey, De Laurey, Loré, Lorée, L'Orée, Laur, Laure, Lauré, Laurée, Loret, Lauret, Lorey, Laurey, Loreillard, Laureillard, Loreilleux, Laureilleux, Loriet, Lauriet, Loriey, Lauriey, Deloriet, Delauriet, Deloriey, Delauriey, Deslor, Délor, Deslaur, Délaur, Desloret, Déloret, Deslauret, Délauret, Deslorey, Délorey, Deslaurey, Délaurey, Desloriet, Déloriet, Deslauriet, Délauriet, Desloriey, Déloriey, Deslauriey and many more.
First found in Picardy, where the family took their name from Delor, a village in the department of Aisne, in the district of Neufchâtel.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Lorey research. Another 143 words(10 lines of text) covering the years 1665 and 1785 are included under the topic Early Lorey History in all our PDF Extended History products.
Another 57 words(4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Lorey Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Lorey Settlers in the United States in the 18th Century
Lorey Settlers in the United States in the 19th Century
The Lorey Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Lorey Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 15 April 2013 at 08:47.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


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Braided, Braiding
BRAIDED, BRAIDING (πλέγμα, ἐμπλοκή [1 Tim 2:9; 1 Pet 3:3]). The braiding of the hair refers to the custom practiced by women of means during the Rom. period. It involved the elaborate entwining of the hair into knots or braids. The braids would then be folded about the head in a high ornamental fashion often including thin threads of gold, pearls or precious stones of various colors. Two of the NT church leaders speak against this practice because of its identification with the world system of that day. They felt that it brought undue attention to the physical attractions of women, thus causing them to be diverted from their basic calling in life.
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Set up a menu for callers and customize the call flow to fit your business needs best. Route calls based on set days and times, specify where they get routed, and what happens if the call goes unanswered.
From the Nextiva Voice admin dashboard, hover over Advanced Routing > Auto Attendants > Manage Auto Attendants. Select the Location > Pencil > Business Hours Menu or After Hours Menu. Select a Greeting. For more information on how to record a greeting, click here.
TIP: Select the Allow extension dialing during greeting checkbox to allows callers to dial the extension of the person they want to reach.
Create the business hours menu for the auto attendant > Save.
- Key: The numbered menu option that callers can press, such as press 0 for sales, 1 for support, 2 for billing, etc.
- Connection Data: The extension or external number calls should route to when callers press that numbered option. This does not apply to actions such as Disconnect Message or Repeat Menu.
- Connect To: Specify what happens when callers press that option. The most common option is Number/extension, which immediately forwards calls to an extension or external number. Options Include:
- Number/extension (prompt xfer): Send calls to a specified extension or external number and play a short message stating the call is being transferred.
- Number/extension: Sends calls to the specified extension or external number without playing any messages.
- Transfer to Operator: Sends calls to a specified extension or external number after playing a message that says, "please wait while your call is transferred to the operator." Callers who do not dial an extension or press a numbered option on the Auto Attendant will be transferred to the operator.
- Name Dialing: Send calls to an automated menu that prompts the caller to use their keypad to enter the name of the person they are calling.
- Extension Dialing: Send calls to an automated menu that allows callers to enter the extension of the person they are calling. This is not necessary if the Enable first-level extension dialing checkbox is selected.
- Voicemail Box: Send calls to the voicemail box of the Auto Attendant.
- Recorded Message: Play the selected message and send calls back to the main Auto Attendant menu.
- Repeat Menu: Replay the message.
- Disconnect Message: End the call.


text:
Borrowing from French chauvinisme (originally 'idealistic devotion to Napoleon'), named from Nicolas Chauvin de Rochefort, a soldier of the First Republic known for his excessive patriotism, especially famous after featuring as a character in Cogniard's play La Cocarde Tricolore.
- (RP) IPA: /ˈʃəʊ.vɪ.nɪ.zəm/, X-SAMPA: /"_EMAIL_.z@m/
- (US) IPA: /ˈʃoʊ.vɪˌnɪzm̩/, X-SAMPA: /"SoU.vI.nI.z@m/
- (Australia) IPA: /ˈʃəʊ.və.nɪ.zəm/, X-SAMPA: /"S@U.v@.nI.z@m/
- (pejorative) Excessive patriotism, eagerness for national superiority; jingoism.
- (pejorative) Unwarranted bias, favoritism, or devotion to one's own particular group, cause, or idea.
- Feminists say that male chauvinism is still prevalent in cultures worldwide.


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Say I have a sample of some alkali metal - Rubidium for example. A sample of Rubidium consists of approximately 27% $^{87}$Rb and 73% $^{85}$Rb. Does the vapor pressure of each isotope individual necessarily have to be in the same proportion? More specifically, assuming I have enough Rubidium around that I have enough atoms of each isotope to reach the saturated vapor pressure, is there any physical reason why the ratio of the vapor pressures would match their relative abundances?
I guess this is coming from this perspective - the linear absorption spectrum for a sample of natural rubidium at a specific fine transition (D2 line - 5S1/2 ->5P3/2 if you are interested) looks like image below, the $^{87}$Rb peaks (outer) are clearly smaller than the $^{85}$Rb peaks (inner), and this amplitude ratio is directly related to their natural abundances. If the atoms are in a gas, what forces their vapor pressure to have the same ratio as their relative abundance?
enter image description here
Along a similar line of questioning. A sample of Rb will naturally have some trace amount of Cs in it. The saturated number density of Cs at room temperature is ~$10^9$ atoms per cm$^3$, and I'm looking at a volume of say 1cm$^3$. If I have a droplet of 1 gram of Rb in the volume, which is.001 moles, even at.001% impurity I have $>10^{17}$ atoms of cesium in the sample, clearly enough to reach saturated density. -Does this imply that you can do spectroscopy on a volume with Rb and obtain the same spectrum as a volume with a droplet of Cs in it? If not, what prevents the Cs impurity in Rb to reach full saturation.
*Note: Perhaps I should make it clear : The linear absorption spectrum is proportional to the theoretical absorption (for a single atom) times the number density of atoms in the sample. The relative amplitudes of the peaks are therefore a proportional to the relative abundances of the two isotopes.
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2 Answers 2
From the logic side - if there were much difference in wapor pressure between isotopes, isotope separation would be much easier process than we see now. Surely there is a difference, but not something you can see on spectrum.
Can't comment on Cs saturation though.
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I posed this question to some coworkers outside of physics.se here is the first order answer that satisfied me.
Evaporation is effectively a statistical process that is determined by the probability of a certain atom from escaping its liquid bonds and becoming free. The process does not care about what atom evaporates (in the approximation that the two isotopes have the same mass and binding energy - which is reasonable), it effectively becomes a probability problem. You have a bag of atoms, some colored blue and some colored red. The probability of picking a red atom out of the bag (having 85Rb escape the liquid and go free) is given by its relative abundance to blue atoms, assuming that there are enough atoms around that the atoms lost to the vapor do not significantly affect the ratio of isotopes in the the liquid, we would expect, statistically, the abundance of isotopes in the vapor would match that of the liquid.
For Cs impurities, the same logic applies, although you have to modify a little bit due to the heavier weight of the Cs atom and potentially a difference in enthalpy of vaporization.
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Maharashtra, UP gets Tough Solar Targets for 2022
Maharashtra Solar Targets
The MNRE has recently handed over red-letters to solar-friendly states underlining targets and deadline for renewable energy generation and absorption. The letter pronounces Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh into the challenging solar energy targets by 2022, asserting Maharashtra to increase 30 times solar capacity to its existing
378.7 MW generating 11,926 MW.
UP also has a good start to its solar capacity generation of 140 MW and with this recommendation the state has to convince to raise its solar capacity to more than 75 times generating 10,697 MW.
MNRE Secretary Upendra Tripathy wrote to the chief secretaries of all states and Union Territories, setting out each of their targets so as to achieve the goals of 100,000 MW of solar power, 60,000 MW of wind power and a total of 175,000 MW of renewable energy (the rest coming from biomass and small hydro projects) by 2022.
With the stipulation that 8% of the power consumed by a state should come from solar sources by 2022, Maharashtra's target rises to 12,611 MW and UP's to 13,248 MW, though the shortfall could be drawn from other states.
The secretary further writes in his letter that the states have to respond with an action plan, breaking up their cumulative goals into yearly targets. "I propose to convene a meeting in the second week of March 2016 to discuss the State Action Plan 2022, a copy of which may be sent to me in advance.
Tarun Kapoor, Joint Secretary in the MNRE, has written to Power Secretary Pradeep Kumar Pujari to ensure that all state electricity regulatory commissions cooperate in meeting the states' obligation of drawing 17% of their total power from renewable sources by 2022, including a minimum of 8% from solar sources. He has also written similarly to the principal secretaries (power) in all states and Union Territories.
Rajasthan and Gujarat are best suited regions for solar energy making the states to easily achieve the given targets.
Rajasthan already has solar capacity of 1,264.35 MW installed and needs to raise it less than five times to 5,762 MW by 2022. Gujarat, with a solar capacity of 1,024.15 MW, has to increase it to 8,020 MW.