Often asked: Why Shiva Is Called Rudra?
Are Shiva and Rudra same?
Shiva as known today shares many features with Rudra, and Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures. A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda. The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva. In RV 2.33, he is described as the 'Father of the Rudras', a group of storm gods.
Who created Rudra?
The Bhagavata Purana Canto 3 Chapter 3 mentions that Rudra is born from the anger of Lord Brahma. The names are mentioned in Canto 3 Chapter 3 and Verse 12 as follows: Manyu.
What is real name of Rudra?
Rudra Oberoi Real name " Leenesh Mattoo " Actors and cast in Game Of Love, StarLife.
Why is Hanuman called Rudra?
Pawanputra Hanuman was an incarnation of Lord Shiva and is considered to be an exemplification of strength, devotion, and perseverance. Lord Shankar, is known as Rudra. Hanuman is known as his incarnation, that is why he is known as Rudra Avatar.
Who are the 11 rudras?
You might be interested: Readers ask: Why Lord Vishnu Sits On Snake?
Who is father of Lord Shiva?
How did Lord Shiva died?
What are the 19 avatars of Lord Shiva?
The nineteen avatars of Lord Shiva
 - Piplaad Avatar. This avatar of Lord Shiva was born to Sage Dadhichi and his wife, Swarcha.
 - Nandi Avatar. This form of Lord Shiva was born to Sage Shilada.
 - Veerabhadra Avatar.
 - Bhairava Avatar.
 - Ashwatthama Avatar.
 - Sharabha avatar.
 - Grihapati avatar.
 - Durvasa avatar.
What are the 12 adityas?
In the Bhagavata Purana, the names of 12 Ādityás are given as:
 - Vamana.
 - Aryaman.
 - Indra.
 - Tvashtha.
 - Varuna.
 - Dhata.
 - Bhaga.
 - Parjanya.
Who is Rudra God?
Rudra, (Sanskrit: "Howler"), relatively minor Vedic god and one of the names of Śiva, a major god of later Hinduism. In the Vedas, Rudra is known as the divine archer, who shoots arrows of death and disease and who has to be implored not to slay or injure in his wrath.
What is Rudra mantra?
The literal translation of this mantra is "I bow down to Lord Shiva". Powerful Rudra mantra. "Om Namo Bhagavate Rudraya" Meaning: This is one of the most powerful and simplest Rudra mantras used widely for holy chants, worship and meditation.
You might be interested: Often asked: Why Shiva In Linga Form?
Is Rudra a good name?
In Moon sign based Vedic Astrology, person with name Rudra have an inherent quality to take everything very easily. These people are easily loved and preferred by other people. They also like to be praised by their romantic partner. These particular people do not like to drift away from their goal.
Is Hanuman a God?
Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn/; Sanskrit: हनुमान्, IAST: Hanumān) is a Hindu god and divine vanara companion of the god Rama. He is an ardent devotee of Rama and one of the chiranjivis. Hanuman is also son of the windgod Vayu, who in several stories played a direct role in Hanuman's birth.
Who is Hanuman wife?
Who is Hanuman's son?
Although he was a brahmchari, He had a son 'Makardhawaja'. Hanuman's Son Makardhwaja was born from the might fish of the same name when Hanuman after burning the entire Lanka with his tail dipped his tail in the sea to cool it. It is said that his sweat was swallowed by a fish and thus Makardhawaja was conceived.
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Man Linux: Main Page and Category List
 dict - DICT Protocol Client
 dict word
 dict [options] [word]
 dict [options] dict://host:port/d:word:database
 dict [options] dict://host:port/m:word:database:strategy
 transaction based query/response protocol that provides access to
 dictionary definitions from a set of natural language dictionary
 databases. Exit status is 0 if operation succeeded, or non-zero
 See EXIT STATUS section.
 -h server or --host server
 Specifies the hostname for the DICT server. Server/port
 combinations can be specified in the configuration file. If no
 servers are specified in the configuration file or or on the
 command line, dict will fail. (This is a compile-time option,
 ./configure --enable-dictorg, which is disabled by default.) If
 IP lookup for a server expands to a list of IP addresses (as
 does currently), then each IP will be tried in the
 order listed.
 -p service or --port service
 Specifies the port (e.g., 2628) or service (e.g., dict) for
 connections. The default is 2628, as specified in the DICT
 Protocol RFC. Server/port combinations can be specified in the
 configuration file.
 -d dbname or --database dbname
 Specifies a specific database to search. The default is to
 search all databases (a "*" from the DICT protocol). Note that
 a "!" in the DICT protocol means to search all of the databases
 until a match is found, and then stop searching.
 -m or --match
 Instead of printing a definition, perform a match using the
 specified strategy.
 -s strategy or --strategy strategy
 Specify a matching strategy. By default, the server default
 match strategy is used. This is usually "exact" for
 definitions, and some form of spelling-correction strategy for
 matches ("." from the DICT protocol). The available strategies
 are dependent on the server implementation. For a list of
 available strategies, see the -S or --strats option.
 -C or --nocorrect
 Usually, if a definition is requested and the word cannot be
 found, spelling correction is requested from the server, and a
 list of possible words are provided. This option disables the
 generation of this list.
 -c file or --config file
 Specify the configuration file. The default is to try ~/.dictrc
 and /etc/dictd/dict.conf, using the first file that exists. If
 a specific configuration file is specified, then the defaults
 will not be tried.
 -D or --dbs
 Query the server and display a list of available databases.
 -S or --strats
 Query the server and display a list of available search
 -H or --serverhelp
 Query the server and display the help information that it
 -i dbname or --info dbname
 Request information on the specified database (usually the
 server will provide origination, descriptive, or other
 information about the database or its contents).
 -I or --serverinfo
 Query the server and display information about the server.
 -M or --mime
 Send OPTION MIME command to the server.
 NOTE: Server's capabilities are not checked.
 -f or --formatted
 Enables formatted output, i.e. output convenient for
 postprocessing by standard UNIX utilities. No, it is not XML ;-)
 Also error and warning messages like
 " No matches...", " Invalid strategy..." etc. are sent to
 stderr, not to stdout.
 -I, -i, -H and similar:
 hostportstrategy1short description1
 hostportstrategy2short description2
 hostportdatabase1database description1
 hostportdatabase2database description2
 -a or --noauth
 Disable authentication (i.e., don't send an AUTH command).
 -u user or --user user
 Specifies the username for authentication.
 -k key or --key key
 Specifies the shared secret for authentication.
 -V or --version
 Display version information.
 -L or --license
 Display copyright and license information.
 --help Display help information.
 -v or --verbose
 Be verbose.
 -r or --raw
 Be very verbose: show the raw client/server interaction.
 Specify the buffer size for pipelineing commands. The default
 is 256, which should be sufficient for general tasks and be
 below the MTU for most transport media. Larger values may
 provide faster or slower throughput, depending on MTU. If the
 buffer is too small, requests will be serialized. Values less
 than 0 and greater than one million are silently changed to
 something more reasonable.
 --client text
 Specifies additional text to be sent using the CLIENT command.
 --debug flag
 Set a debugging flag. Valid flags are:
 The same as -v or --verbose.
 raw The same as -r or --raw.
 scan Debug the scanner for the configuration file.
 parse Debug the parser for the configuration file.
 pipe Debug TCP pipelining support (see the DICT RFC and
 serial Disable pipelining support.
 time Perform transaction timing.
 The configuration file currently has a very simple format. Lines are
 used to specify servers, for example:
 or, with options:
 server { port 8080 }
 server { user username secret }
 server { port dict user username secret }
 the port and user options may be specified in any order. The port
 option is used to specify an optional port (e.g., 2628) or service
 (e.g., dict) for the TCP/IP connection. The user option is used to
 specify a username and shared secret to be used for authentication to
 this particular server.
 Servers are tried in the order listed until a connection is made. If
 none of the specified servers are available, and the compile-time
 option (./configure --enable-dictorg) is enabled, then an attempt will
 be made to connect on localhost and on at the standard part
 (2628). (This option is disabled by default.) We expect that
 will point to one or more DICT servers (perhaps in round-robin fashion)
 for the foreseeable future (starting in July 1997), although it is
 difficult to predict anything on the Internet for more than about 3-6
 0 Successful completion
 20 No matches found
 21 Approximate matches found
 22 No databases available
 23 No strategies available
 30 Unexpected response code from server
 31 Server is temporarily unavailable
 32 Server is shutting down
 33 Syntax error, command not recognized
 34 Syntax error, illegal parameters
 35 Command not implemented
 36 Command parameter not implemented
 37 Access denied
 38 Authentication failed
 39 Invalid database
 40 Invalid strategy
 41 Connection to server failed
 dict was written by Rik Faith ( and is distributed
 under the terms of the GNU General Public License. If you need to
 distribute under other terms, write to the author.
 The main libraries used by this programs (zlib, regex, libmaa) are
 distributed under different terms, so you may be able to use the
 libraries for applications which are incompatible with the GPL --
 please see the copyright notices and license information that come with
 the libraries for more information, and consult with your attorney to
 resolve these issues.
 If a dict: URL is given on the command line, only the first one is
 used. The rest are ignored.
 If a dict: URL contains a specifier for the nth definition


text:
Shooting from vehicles is unsafe, unethical, and in many instances illegal.
- In many states, it is illegal to hunt from any motorized vehicle, including ATVs; this includes molesting, stirring up, or driving any game animals or game birds with a motorized vehicle.
- It is illegal in some states to operate an ATV off the trail, or there may be trails specifically closed to ATV use.
- In many states, it is prohibited to operate an ATV off roads or trails in a manner that damages or disturbs the land, wildlife, or vegetation.
- Some states require that ATVs be equipped with approved and operating spark-arresting mufflers and that they comply with sound regulations.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Why is supranationalism important?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Supranationalism is the idea that countries need to give up some of their sovereignty to larger organizations like the EU. This idea is important only because it is affecting Europe to a large degree.
The EU is, if we take it as one economy, the largest economy in the world. It seems to be moving towards more of a supranational body as it tries to tell countries like Greece what to do with their internal finances. Since the health of European economies affects the whole world, the idea of supranationalism is important to the whole world.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes


Does One Moldy Tomato Ruin The Rest?
Does one moldy orange ruin the rest?
Does one moldy orange ruin the rest.
One bad orange can spoil the whole bunch.
If you spot a little mold on one of your oranges – toss the whole bunch.
If it's a small soft or moldy spot, just cut it away and enjoy the rest..
Can you eat a tomato that is sprouting?
It is best to discard the fruit as well as the sprouted seeds. The sprouts of tomato seeds are toxic, so you should not eat the fruit. And since tomatoes purchased at the grocery are likely to be hybrid in origin, the plants grown from their seeds would be of unpredictable quality.
Is Orange mold dangerous?
How Dangerous Is Orange Mold? Orange mold is visually disgusting, and it is unpleasant to the touch. However, it's not technically considered to be life-threatening. Yet if it goes unchecked, it has the potential to do significant damage to the structure of your home, which might also decrease its market value.
What is the white stuff in tomatoes?
The spots of white pithy tissue directly under the skin of your tomatoes is caused by stinkbug feeding. The white corky areas in your friend's tomato may be caused by one or more of the following factors: tomato variety, high temperatures, low potassium levels, and cool spring weather followed by hot weather.
Can powdery mildew be cured?
Powdery mildew is a common summer problem on many types of vegetables and cut flowers. … But most powdery mildew can be avoided or cured with inexpensive, homemade remedies that have been proven to work as well as or better than commercial fungicides.
Is coffee grounds good for tomato plants?
How long can tomatoes last in the fridge?
Tomatoes Expiration DateCounterRefrigeratorFresh Tomatoes last for1 Week2 WeeksCanned Tomatoes last for1 Year – 18 Months (Unopened)7 Days (Opened)Apr 21, 2015
Is it safe to eat tomatoes with black spots?
If small, sunken spots or what looks like bruises appear on your ripe tomatoes, that's anthracnose. This fungus emerges as the weather gets hot and humid – usually 80° or warmer. So, harvest ripe tomatoes as soon as possible. These are safe to eat if you cut off the bruises.
Can you cut mold off tomatoes?
The USDA advises cutting off at least one inch around and below the mold. … But if you see mold on soft fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, peaches and tomatoes, throw them away; the mold will have penetrated far below the surface.
How can you tell if tomatoes have gone bad?
Look – the most reliable sign of whether a tomato has gone bad is mold. This mold will look like dark green or black spots on the skin of the tomato, as well as a fuzzier white kind. If the skin shows sign of wrinkling, it has also gone bad. Bad tomatoes also tend to leak fluid.
How do you keep tomatoes from getting moldy?
Plant tomatoes in an area that receives full, all-day sunlight. Tomato plants grow best in unobstructed sun and fungal spores are less likely to grow in a sunny location. Mist the foliage with water in the morning then finish watering the plants at the base of the stem so the leaves aren't soaking wet.
Do tomatoes go bad in the fridge?
Ripe tomatoes should still be kept at on your counter, uncovered, if you are going to enjoy the tomato in the next day or two. But any longer than that – the recommendation is to refrigerate. … They found that good quality, ripe tomatoes fared just fine in the refrigerator.
Why did my oranges mold so fast?
Oranges are very susceptible to "Blue Mold" or "storage rot". Fungal spores penetrate through small injuries in the skin and are transferred by contact from one fruit to another. … Thus there is really a very short period to enjoy an Orange. Refrigeration and low moisture once purchased is key to extending shelf life.
Is orange peel mold dangerous?
It is important to note that under most cases the mold that ultimately invades the Apple or the Orange is normally not toxic. However the Orange skin can produce Aflatoxins/Mycotoxins that can be quite harmful to most people ( Get those moldy Oranges away from everything!
Is mold on tomatoes dangerous?
Tomatoes that have black spots or white mold on them should be tossed out, says MSU's Oakland County extension educator in food safety and nutrition. "Some of the molds that grow on fruits, they can be dangerous and they can make you sick." So the best practice is to be safe and pitch them.
What does mold look like on tomatoes?
Often the first symptoms of gray mold occur on the tomato stems. They may show up as dark spots or as dark rings that completely girdle the stem. In humid conditions, spotting will be evident on the stems and leaves and may start as low as the soil level.
Does vinegar kill mold?
Can mold make u sick?


The Thien Audible Tension Gauge for Bandsaws (Beta)
Copyright (c) 2009, J. Phil Thien. All rights reserved.
The purpose of this interactive worksheet is to determine the frequency a properly tensioned bandsaw blade should generate when plucked. By entering just six numbers, we will compute that frequency. Sample files of "virtual blades" being plucked aid the user of this worksheet in adjusting their saw's tension.
More on tension
Questions & answers
Step #1. Determine the weight of your bandsaw blade. To do this, weigh the blade on a digital kitchen scale set to GRAMS. We use grams instead of ounces because most kitchen scales are more precise when resolving in grams.
blade weight (grams!)
Want to give it a test-spin? Try entering 84 grams, the weight of my 72-1/2" Blade Runner blade.
Step #2. For our computations, we need to know the length of the blade, in inches.
blade length (inches)
Want to give it a test-spin? Try 72.5, which is the length of saw blade for my saw.
Step #3. Now we need to know the thickness of your bandsaw blade. For best results, measure with one of those inexpensive digital calipers. You should also be able to get this data from the blade manufacturer.
blade thickness (inches)
Want to give it a test-spin? Try.022, which is the thickness of my Blade Runner blade.
Step #4. We're getting there. Now we need to know the blade's width at the narrowest section (in the gullet). I'll get a picture up how to measure this up soon. But basically, you want to measure the blade body (not counting the teeth).
blade width (inches)
Want to give it a test-spin? Try.390, the width of my 1/2" blade runner excluding the teeth.
Step #5. Almost done. Now we need to install the blade on the saw, and tension it. Just take the slack out of the blade, that's all the tension we need. Now, measure the distance between the two centers of your bandsaw's wheels. This is our beam length, or how long of an unsupported distance the blade spans.
wheel separation (inches)
Want to give it a test-spin? Enter 19.75, the distance between by axles when the blade is pre-tensioned.
Step #6. Now we just need to know the tension you desire. Manufacturers of blades typically suggest everything from 15000 up to 30000-PSI, with 20000-PSI pretty common for woodworking blades.
desired tension (PSI)
Want to give it a test-spin? Enter 15000, the PSI suggested by the manufacturer for my Blade Runner blade.
Step #7.
Enter the values above, then click on the "calculate" button to determine the tuning frequency...
If you were following the test-spin, you should have received an answer of 78.95-Hz.
Frequency samples
Once we've computed the frequency, you can use the files below to hear what a blade tensioned to that frequency should sound like. These are MIDI files, which should open in MS MediaPlayer (or any other suitable MIDI player).
20.601-Hz (midi16.mid)
38.890-Hz (midi27.mid)
73.416-Hz (midi38.mid)
138.591-Hz (midi49.mid)
21.826-Hz (midi17.mid)
41.203-Hz (midi28.mid)
77.781-Hz (midi39.mid)
146.832-Hz (midi50.mid)
23.124-Hz (midi18.mid)
43.653-Hz (midi29.mid)
82.406-Hz (midi40.mid)
155.563-Hz (midi51.mid)
24.499-Hz (midi19.mid)
46.249-Hz (midi30.mid)
87.307-Hz (midi41.mid)
164.813-Hz (midi52.mid)
25.956-Hz (midi20.mid)
48.999-Hz (midi31.mid)
92.498-Hz (midi42.mid)
174.614-Hz (midi53.mid)
27.500-Hz (midi21.mid)
51.913-Hz (midi32.mid)
97.998-Hz (midi43.mid)
184.997-Hz (midi54.mid)
29.135-Hz (midi22.mid)
55.000-Hz (midi33.mid)
103.826-Hz (midi44.mid)
195.997-Hz (midi55.mid)
30.867-Hz (midi23.mid)
58.270-Hz (midi34.mid)
110.000-Hz (midi45.mid)
207.652-Hz (midi56.mid)
32.703-Hz (midi24.mid)
61.735-Hz (midi35.mid)
116.540-Hz (midi46.mid)
220.000-Hz (midi57.mid)
34.647-Hz (midi25.mid)
65.406-Hz (midi36.mid)
123.470-Hz (midi47.mid)
223.081-Hz (midi58.mid)
36.708-Hz (midi26.mid)
69.295-Hz (midi37.mid)
130.812-Hz (midi48.mid)
246.914-Hz (midi59.mid)
PLEASE NOTE: As I'm still in the testing phase, I encourage you to proceed with caution. If it seems like you are overtensioning or undertensioning, please contact me and let's work through it. You assume all responsibility for using this site and my method.
More on tension
The topic of bandsaw tension is perhaps second only to dust collection in its ability to spark heated discussions among woodworkers.
My current bandsaw (a Delta BS150LS) has no tension gauge. It is a direct-drive 10" bandsaw with a 1/2-HP motor, and 7" of resaw capability (and I've resawed 7" stock with it, too). But like I said, there is absolutely no tension gauge to guide the user in setting blade tension. The manual instructs the user to turn the tension knob until all the slack is removed from the blade. Then, depending on the size of the blade, the user is instructed to turn the knob from 3 to 7 more times (3 turns for a 1/4" blade, 7 turns for a 3/8" blade).
This has worked sorta alright. The results were very repeatable, but I had no idea if I was achieving the 15k to 25k-PSI tension that the band manufacturers typically recommend. Thicker stock (resawing) tended to give me more problems than cutting thinner stock. I often assumed the tension had something to do with that, but I had no way of knowing for sure.
I had even greater difficulty when I decided to try a 1/2" Blade Runner band on the saw. The Blade Runner (from Iturra Design) is made from the same Atlanta Sharptech stock as the Wood Slicer blades from Highland Hardware. These blades have done very well in the reviews (winning the Fine Woodworking blade shoot-out, for example). But, the manual for my saw offered no guidance in tensioning a 1/2" blade. While the band fit, and I seemed to have no problem achieving lots of tension with it in place, I had no idea how many turns of the tension knob were required to properly tension it.
So I considered purchasing an aftermarket tension gauge. Typically selling for $100 to $300, these clamp to the blade and measure how much a band stretches as it is tensioned. Young's modulus is used in order to convert the measured stretch to tension (in PSI). However, Mark Duginske, a noted bandsaw expert and author of at least a couple of bandsaw books, has argued that these aftermarket gauges fall short. Testing performed by Mike Cutler (a materials engineer) on Mr. Duginske's behalf indicated that the gauges are neither accurate, nor repeatable. Mr. Duginske announced these findings in one of the woodworking forums and both Mr. Duginske and Mr. Cutler had to immediately begin defending their findings. Several users of the gauges were unwilling to accept the results of the tests. However, it is clear that the tests were exhaustive, with standards traced back to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Testing). Mr. Cutler spent hours speaking with engineers at Delta and blade manufacturers. The results were accurate, the aftermarket gauges were not.
I was aware of shop-made gauges. These pretty much emulate the spendy aftermarket gauges I mention above (clamping to the blade to measure stretch). While they're certainly much less expensive to make than to buy ($20 instead of $100 and up), if the $100 to $300 gauges are neither accurate not repeatable, I didn't see the sense of making a copy of one. Yet on one rainy Saturday afternoon I did experiment with shop-made solutions. I had less than satisfactory results.
[The reason I imagine these gauges don't work well (in case you were wondering) is that they rely on the user's ability to get them on an untensioned blade such that the blade is perfectly straight and true between


text:
Travel Vaccinations for Cuba
Yellow fever vaccination certificate required for travellers aged 9 months or over arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and for travellers having transited for more than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
- Yellow Fever vaccination £60 per dose
How much will it cost?
Per Dose £60 Doses per course 1 Price per course £60
- Hepatitis A vaccination £55 per dose
Hepatitis A is a viral infection which causes an inflammation of the liver. In countries where hep A is prominent, many people catch it as a child. The infection tends to be mild in children but can occasionally cause complications. In adults, however, it can lead to liver damage or even liver failure. Although infection rates appear to be on the decrease, hepatitis A is endemic to Sri Lanka and the vaccination is recommended for all travellers.
Per Dose £55 Doses per course 1 Price per course £55
- Hepatitis B vaccination £49 per dose
Hepatitis B is a blood borne disease. It is transmitted during sex as well as via contaminated needles (for example when undergoing a medical procedure or a cosmetic procedure involving equipment that hasn't been sterilised). The vaccine is usually recommended for travellers who are visiting a country where hepatitis B is endemic for a longer period of time as well as anyone likely to come in close contact with the local population (for example aid workers and volunteers). The nurse or pharmacist may also recommend it if you're planning any activities that put you at a higher risk of injury. Hepatitis B can cause a range of symptoms. It can become chronic and cause liver damage.
Per Dose £49 Doses per course 3 Price per course £147
Why do I need a consultation?
It is difficult to say which vaccines you need without asking a medical professional. Your itinerary, your medical history and the activities you have planned all affect which vaccinations you need. It is important that a trained travel nurse or pharmacist checks what you need.
Exactly the travel vaccinations you need - no more, no less.
During your consultation, our nurse or pharmacist will talk you through the health risks at your travel destinations to check which vaccines you need. If a vaccine is not essential, we will explain your options so you can decide whether you would like to have it.
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitoes. You cannot be vaccinated against malaria.
- Malaria not normally present unless the illness was contracted abroad.


text:
Intermediate Wildland Fire Behavior, S-290Pre-Course WorkThe pre-course work is designed to ensure that students come to class with a basicunderstanding of the fire environment in order to learn Intermediate Fire Behaviorconcepts.The pre-course work is divided into seven parts that correspond to questions on thepre-qualifying test. Complete the pre-qualifying test using the information on theStudent CD.When you have completed the pre-qualifying test, mail it back to the coursecoordinator in the provided envelope. You must receive a passing score of 70% orhigher to be considered for admittance to the course.
Part 1 – Basic Firefighter MathObjective: Define and apply the concept of ratios and percentages.A ratio is a proportional relationship of one value to another such as the ratio ofgas to oil in a chain saw fuel mix. Ratios can be written as a fraction (½) or inratio notation (1:2). The value of a ratio is the division of the first number by thesecond number.Example: A chain saw manufacturer specifies that the proper fuel mix is 32:1,which means, one unit of 2-cycle oil is added to 32 units of gas.Ever hear the phrase, "Do not exceed a two to one (2:1) work/rest ratio?" Thismeans for every two hours worked, one hour of rest (or off-shift time) is provided.If you work a 16 hour shift, how many hours of rest are you supposed to have?Answer: 16 hrs worked, 24 hours available in a day.24 hours – 16 hrs 8 hrs of rest time available.Does this meet the 2:1 ratio?By applying work hours to rest hours as a ratio:16 hrs/8 hrs is the ratio, and by simplifying (dividing each by 8) we get 2/1 or 2:1,or 2x.Note that 2x indicates a two-fold increase, or two times the original value. Thismakes it easier to visualize in the fire environment.As part of a map scale, a representative fraction is also a ratio. Common 7.5minute topography maps have a representative fraction of 1:24,000, which meansevery 1 unit of map distance is equal to (represents) 24,000 units of actual grounddistance. Note that a common unit of measure when working with representativefractions is inches.
A percent compares things to one another, or the amount less than or greater thana common base of 100 (70 right answers out of 100 possible 0.7 or 70%). Wethen relate this percentage to some threshold or relevant value to give meaning.For example, we know that a 10% slope is a slight incline, not terribly difficult towalk up. But a 70% slope is steep, requiring much more energy to climb. Todetermine a percent, you divide the ratio fraction and multiply by 100. What is thepercentage if you score 37 correct answers out of a possible 48?Answer: 37/48.771 x 100 77% (rounded).Slope is expressed as a percentage and determining slope percent is based on a ratioby applying this formula: Slope% rise (in elevation)/run (horizontal distance) x100 between two points. Note that run is always a flat map distance, not theincline distance you would walk from one point to another.Given a rise of 500 feet in elevation and a horizontal distance between two pointsof 1200 feet, we plug these numbers into the equation and can determine slope %.Answer: 500 feet rise/1200 feet run.416 x 100 42% (rounded).To test your understanding, answer the questions under Part 2 of the pre-qualifyingtest.
Part 2 - MapsPart 3 contains excerpts from the Map and Compass publication located on theStudent CD.Objectives: Identify important elements found on a map legend.Identify features commonly found on topographic maps.Determine aspect from a topographic map.A map is designed for the purpose of permitting you to visualize a portion of theearth's surface, drawn to a specified scale, with pertinent features properlypositioned to facilitate planning and organizing operations. Maps, although drawnto a scale, are not absolutely accurate because they represent a curved and unevensurface on a flat piece of paper. Furthermore, photocopying, scanning, or othergraphic reproductions can further skew a map. Care must be taken to ensure thatthe map you are using reflects true map distance to ground distance measurements.There are three basic types of maps:1.Planimetric MapsPlanimetric maps show the positions of features without showing theirrelationship to the hills and valleys of the land. They can include rivers,lakes, roads, boundaries, or other human-made, symbolic features. Forexample:a.Common road mapsRoad atlas, street maps, and Thomas Guides.b.Specific area mapsPreplan maps, floor plan maps, storm drain, sewer and water systemmaps.c.Schematic mapsAgency maps (unit, aviation, resource, district response maps).
2.Topographic MapsTopographic maps show both the horizontal and vertical (relief) positions offeatures. Topographic maps are often referred to as quadrangles or quads,for example:a.Contour mapsThese are the most common method of representing the shape andelevation of the land. A contour is a line of equal elevation on theground that delineates the same elevation above or below a specificreference elevation, usually sea level.b.Shaded-relief mapsThese are pictorial. They are shaded to simulate sunlight on theterrain. This shadow effect accentuates the shape of the physicalfeatures.For fire behavior purposes, we generally work with topographic maps.3.Orthophoto MapsOrthophoto maps depict terrain and other features by color-enhancedphotographic images. It is an aerial photograph of the land.Some orthophoto maps are overlain with contour lines and other featurescommonly associated with topographic maps. These maps are corrected forscale and are the same size as U.S.G.S. quads.
Key map parts:Map Legend: A legend shows information needed to interpret a map. Each typeof map has information represented in a different way relating to its subject matter.The legend can explain map scales, symbols, and color.Map Scale: The map scale indicates the ratio or proportion of the horizontaldistance on the map to the corresponding horizontal distance on the ground.Representative Fraction (R.F.) Scale: Expresses the ratio of the map distance to theground distance in like units of measurements. It is usually written as a fraction orratio. A representative fraction is always written with the map distance as one. Arepresentative fraction of 1/24,000 (1:24,000) means that one UNIT ofmeasurement (inches, millimeters, feet, etc.) on the map is equal to 24,000 of theSAME UNITS on the ground. You CANNOT mix units in a representativefraction. If it is one INCH on the map, it is 24,000 INCHES on the ground.Graphic scale (G.S.) or Comparison Scale: This is entirely different. It usuallyCOMPARES map distances to the ground distance in DIFFERENT units ofmeasurements. Usually a graphic scale is a line marked off on a map indicating somany inches or millimeters equal so many feet, kilometers, chains, or miles on theground. A comparison scale of 1" to 2000 feet means that 1 inch on the map isproportioned to 2000 feet on the ground. We are comparing inches and feet whichare DIFFERENT UNITS of measurement.Table 9, found in the Fire Behavior Appendix B is a useful tool to easily see mapscale conversion factors of various representative fractions.Contour Lines: A contour line is a line on a map or chart connecting all points ofthe same elevation. Any point on a contour line is the same elevation as all theother points on the same line. In other words, contour lines connect points of equalelevation.Contour Interval: This is the difference in elevation between two adjacent contourlines. On U.S.G.S. maps they could be drawn at any elevation, but in practice theyare drawn at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 feet. Occasionally you will find amap with a 25 foot contour interval or metric units, but not often.
Index Contour: To make the contours easier to read, every fifth one is printeddarker and has the elevation marked every so often in the line. The thinner orlighter colored contour lines are called intermediate contours.Contours have certain general characteristics. Following are characteristics whichare not rules but guidelines that are helpful in many cases. Usually have smooth curves. Exceptions are large outcrops of rocks, cliffs,and fractured areas of the earth's surface. Are "V" shaped in stream beds and narrow valleys. The point of the "V"always points uphill or upstream. Are usually "U" shaped on ridges with the "U" bottom pointing down theridge. Are usually "M" or "W" shaped just upstream from stream junctions. Tend to run perpendicular to streams. Tend to parallel each other, each approximately the shape of the one above itand the one below it. Do not cross or touch. Exception is overhanging cliffs. Do not fork. Never end on the map, only at the map edges and sometimes at overhangingcliffs. Indicate steep terrain by being closely spaced. Indicate a uniform slope by being equally spaced. Indicate depressions or pit by a hachured (short lines extending from thecontour


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I have all the needed parts listed in the wiki, but I'm lost at "inverting the signal"? I can follow directions and solder easily enough, but have little electrical knowledge. Can someone please help?
Pulling a pin low or high means applying 0V or +5v to it (you have to check the datasheets of the chip for exact values, though most chips work with +5v.). One of the ICs turns emphasis on if it's pulled low (0v on the emph pin), the other turns emphasis on if it's pulled high (+5v on the emph pin). You need to invert the signal, so whenever chip A sends 0v, chip B receives +5v. You can use a hex inverter IC for this.
Or, you can measure the voltage of the emph pin with a multimeter and apply the inverted signal directly, since I doubt that the console actually changes emphasis during function. Meaning if the PCM1725 pin 12 measures 0v, you can just solder +5v to pin 3 of the cs8406.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Why is the air conditioning not always on? At what temperatures is it turned on?
In response to a Taipei City Government directive aimed at saving energy, the Library maintains a temperature of 26-28 degrees centigrade. The temperature is adjusted depending on the number of visitors and temperature changes. If you feel hot in the Library, you are welcome to inform one of our clerks.
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Gladstone and Disraeli
Published February 15th 2005 by Routledge – 208 pages
Gladstone and Disraeli surveys and compares the careers of these two influential Prime Ministers. Stephen J. Lee examines how Gladstone and Disraeli emerged as leaders of the two leading parties and goes on to consider their time in power, analyzing many different aspects of their careers.
Using a wide variety of sources and historiography, Lee compares and contrasts the beliefs of Gladstone and Disraeli, their effect on the economy, social reform, the Irish problem and parliamentary reform, and on foreign policy.
Introduction. Outline Chronology 1. Gladstone and Disraeli Before 1868 2. The Ideas of Gladstone and Disraeli 3. Social, Economic and Institutional Reforms 4. Constitutional Reforms 5. Foreign Policy 6. Imperialism and Empire 7. Ireland 8. Gladstone, Disraeli and Their Political Parties
Stephen J. Lee is Head of History at Bromsgrove School. His many publications include The European Dictatorships, _PHONE_ (2nd edition, 2000) and in this series, Imperial Germany, _PHONE_ (1998), Hitler and Nazi Germany (1998), The Weimar Republic (1998) and Lenin and Revolutionary Russia (2003).


Server Programmer vs. Graphics Programmer
Learn what a server programmer does versus a graphics programmer from gaming industry expert Anthony Castoro in this Howcast video.
The difference between a server programmer and a graphics programmer is a
good question because they're really on opposite ends of the spectrum on
programming. A server programmer is someone who works on the logic and code
in an online game that is in the server set, and controls everything that
happens behind the scenes. Whereas, a graphics programmer is someone who works on
the code that runs on your computer or on your console and displays all of the
different graphics: controls the special effects, the animations, all the rendering that's going on.
If you're looking to be a programmer in the game industry, you
have to ask yourself, What you really want to be involved in? Are you really
good at 3D math? Do you know what left hand versus right hand means when
it comes to mathematical formulas, or do you really like Linux and
distributive computing and you really want to be in that part of the
If you're really thinking about getting in, and you have some aptitude for
software programming, there are a wide variety of things that you can do. You should really play to your strengths. The good news is; the pay is really
good on either side of the spectrum.
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Equity-based Crowdfunding Explained
08 March 2016
Until recently, financing a business has involved asking a small number of people for large sums of money. Start-up companies are often reliant on banks to provide a significant loan to allow it to get off the ground. However, demands that a company must have sufficient assets to back a loan (which is particularly unsuited to tech-based companies) or a certain level of profits often means that the banker feeds the relevant information into the computer and the bank says 'no'.
In the absence of bank funding, only high net-worth individuals, sophisticated investors or investors with certified investors could purchase equity in an unlisted company. Following the economic downturn, entrepreneurs have generally found raising seed capital through such avenues to be an increasingly challenging prospect.
However, alternative funding options are gaining pace. As a product of the internet age, equity-based crowdfunding is one such funding option which has turned the approach to financing on its head, becoming established as a legitimate alternative or supplement to more traditional forms of financing.
What is it and how does it work in practice?
Equity-based crowdfunding is a way of raising finance whereby a larger number of people (the "Crowd") invest smaller amounts of money in an unlisted company in exchange for shares in that company. Crowdfunding provides the opportunity for companies to take control of fundraising from their own network of friends, family and customers as well as the general public.
In practice, the company seeking investment creates a campaign on a recognised crowdfunding website which is marketed via PR and social media. The company may upload a short video pitch which will then be viewed by potential investors. If a viewer likes what they see they can to invest in the company directly through the website and become part of the Crowd. If the campaign fails to reach its target within the set timeframe the Crowd will money paid by the Crowd will be refunded.
Once part of the Crowd, if the company receiving the investment succeeds the shares owned by the investor will become worth more than that originally paid for them. However, if the venture fails, any investment made in the company may be lost entirely.
Can anyone be part of the Crowd?
Equity-based crowdfunding is now regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA"). The FCA has issued rules that state that, given the risks investors face when investing in unlisted companies, such crowdfunding should only be promoted to a restricted category of investors who:
· are sophisticated or of high net worth;
· have received advice from an appropriate adviser in respect of their investment; or
· are investing no more than 10% of their net assets (excluding homes and pensions).
Investors who have not been advised will need to pass an 'appropriateness test' that they have the knowledge and experience to understand the risks associated with crowdfunding.
Is equity-based crowdfunding right for my business?
Equity-based crowdfunding is primarily used by start-up or early stage companies. It can be used by such companies as part of its marketing strategy, providing an opportunity to engage with the potential customer base and to validate demand for the product or service provided by the company.
Crowdfunding has also been used by larger companies to the same effect. However, as banks are often more willing to lend money to such established companies, it may be prudent to avoid parting with equity in the business unless absolutely necessary as doing so will also dilute the shareholding of the founders who have invested significant time and money into the company.
Crowdfunding works best for companies that have a story to tell. People need to feel inspired to invest so it is best to have either a charismatic pitch or be able to display evidence of outstanding innovation. Pitches that are uninspiring or struggle to explain a complex business idea are more likely to struggle to attract funding.
However, crowdfunding is not without risk. An unsuccessful campaign may damage a company's reputation and potentially deter future investors. With that in mind, here are some dos and don'ts to bear in mind when considering equity-based crowdfunding.
Have a proper business plan:Many companies that want to raise money via crowdfunding are unprepared. Not having a proper business plan is like having a car with no wheels, you won't get very far. Realistically planning short and long-term goals for your business is essential.
Build your network before you need it: If you're not prepared, don't expect a Crowd. In order to be successful in online fundraising you need to prepare a database of people you can contact. Before launching your campaign you need to get involved with social media, e.g. Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. Your connections will already know you and are more likely to invest in what you're doing. This network will help you to spread the word when you launch your campaign.
Produce a short 'elevator pitch' video: First impressions are everything. Produce a compelling promotional video which showcases your product or service and allows the general public to connect with you. If you're not a technology minded person who can produce their own video, find someone who can!
Choose the right platform: While the general outcome will be the same (raising funds), different platforms offer different services. A prime example is the difference in the model used for investors between two of the major platforms, Seedrs and Crowdcube. Crowdcube allows all investors to become shareholders in the company. However, only the largest investors' shareholdings will grant voting rights. Seedrs operates a 'nominee' system whereby the crowdfunding platform buys the shares on behalf of the investor. The investor becomes a beneficial owner, while Seedrs acts as the legal, 'nominated' shareholder. While this means that the business will only have to deal with one legal shareholder, the Seedrs model conveys voting rights to all the beneficial owners. Seedrs also requires amendment to the Company's articles of association, which can prove difficult where the company has already gone through an investment round via another route. These models can have a significant impact on the future running and decisions of the business as well as its ability to raise future investment.
Be realistic: You do not want your campaign to fail. Choose a realistic financial target which you think is achievable and will provide the company with the funds that it needs to move forward. You also need to choose a realistic timescale. You do not want your campaign to lose momentum. Equally you do not want the timeframe to be so short that you do not have time to maximise marketing.
Slow down:Market your company shamelessly and relentlessly. You must commit the necessary time and resources into generating and maintaining momentum via social media, news articles and any other resources available to you. Crowdfunding campaigns that involve simply posting the pitch then waiting for investors are likely to fail.
Forget the power of notable investors: Often people don't want to be the first person to invest in a new idea. However, if you have notable people within your network who are willing to invest even a small sum of money, ask them to do so. You can then spread the word of those investments via social media to validate your idea to others and convince them to invest.
Forget to protect your idea: Seeking funding for a business that is currently only at the concept or idea stage can prove risky. Ideally, finance should be sought for a business that has produced or created something that can be protected through copyright, patent, trade mark or design registration.
Exclude other options: Crowdfunding may not always provide the best financing option. Business owner's should thoroughly research all the options available, including the more traditional sources of raising capital.


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Hopi Symbols and their Meanings
Hopitu-shinumu (Hopi) means Peaceful People; this serves as a background to understanding their use of symbols.
The Hopi are expert craftspeople, and possess uncommon agricultural skills.
Their connection with the land, cultivating, and harvesting is truly superior. Specifically, their ability to skillfully coax yielding corn from the desert sands is to be commended. This connection to earth, and nature is constantly exhibited in Hopi symbols.
Art is a way of life for the Hopi; it expresses their visions, beliefs and dreams to themselves and others. As artisans, they incorporated their Hopi symbols into an array of dazzlingly beautiful baskets, weavings, and pottery.
Hopi are also the crafters of kachina dolls and costumes. For more information on this are of Hopi tradition, click on:
A few Hopi symbols and their meanings are provided here with an aim to bring about understanding and respect to these diverse and skillful people.
Mother Earth or Maze Symbol:
This is a common symbol among many Native American tribes, including the Hopi. One of its representations is that of mother and child (see Mother Symbolism. page) In a broader sense, the connection of earth mother to us as her children. The beginning, straight center-line represents the child – or our philosophical beginnings – the surrounding maze represents the enfolding energies of mother earth. Note the maze does not enclose the center –line representing the child. The symbolism then is strong when we realize the support of the mother is constantly around yet our ability to venture out on our own is always available. Also reference my page on Earth Symbols here.
Hopi World Symbol:
This symbol signifies world to the Hopi The "cosmic cross" or four bars represent north, south, east and west correspond to the outermost points on the horizon where the sun passes through the year; the solstice and equinox points. The four circles inside the outer outline represent the four nations (the first four tribes of mankind), which came to the world to keep balance. See also my blogpost on Cosmic Direction and Compass Symbolism.
Hopi Sun Symbol:
A symbol of creative and natural energy. The supreme god due to the Hopi's dependence upon it for the growth of corn, and other sustaining crops. The sun symbol represents the heart of the cosmos and deals with vitality, growth, and passion.
Hopi Spiral Symbol:
This rendition of the Hopi spiral is also common among North, South and Central Native American Indian tribes. The spiral represents the number of journeys or treks a tribe or nation has made to the four corners of the earth. Engraved on stones, the spiral suggests an intricate journey made to the Otherworlds on back. Generally, the spiral represents a broadening of consciousness, which is the destination arrived after a long journey.
Hopi Kachina Sun Symbol:
Also known as a Tawa kachina, it is a spirit symbolizing of life, growth, strength of spirit, and abundance. The likeness of this spirit is donned during the solstice ceremony to beckon the sun's return, and begin the growing season. See Kachina Properties for more information on Hopi kachinas and their meanings.
I hope you enjoyed these Hopi Symbols. Be sure to check out the in-site links at the end of this page for more Native American symbols and their meanings. Thanks for reading!


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Coupling Multi-Component Models with MPH on Distributed Memory Computer Architectures
- Author(s): He, Yun
- Ding, Chris
- et al.
A growing trend in developing large and complex applications on today's Teraflop scale computers is to integrate stand-alone and/or semi-independent program components into a comprehensive simulation package. One example is the Community Climate System Model which consists of atmosphere, ocean, land-surface and sea-ice components. Each component is semi-independent and has been developed at a different institution. We study how this multi-component, multi-executable application can run effectively on distributed memory architectures. For the first time, we clearly identify five effective execution modes and develop the MPH library to support application development utilizing these modes. MPH performs component-name registration, resource allocation and initial component handshaking in a flexible way.


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Both villains and monsters are considered antagonists, but there are differences between the two. You'll want to choose which version of antagonist you're using based on the purpose and tone of your story.
Monsters and Villains: What's the Difference and When Do I Use Them?
The Main Difference Between Villains and Monsters
You probably think this is an easy one. "Well, monsters are... monstrous. Villains aren't." This isn't quite correct. The concentration in this statement is on looks. You're probably thinking about size, shape, and "otherness." But there can be "monstrous-looking" villains (Two-Face, for instance) and monsters that are humanoid (Sil, discussed later).
The main difference between villains and monsters is pretty simple: it all comes down to motivation.
You probably consider motivation with your protagonist, but do you do it with your antagonist? You should. Otherwise, your antagonist is flat and uninteresting. Not to mention probably not really scary (if scary's what you're going for).
No matter what character you're writing (including B characters!), you should always, always understand their motivation.
The Monster vs. Villain Spectrum
Consider a spectrum. On the left side is a pure monster. The right side is a pure villain. There's a sliding scale in between.
I said this all comes down to motivation, right? So your pure monster on the left has base motivations, like breeding, feeding, and surviving. There's no reasoning with a monster, as they have no sympathy for you. They are pure id.
Examples: Jaws, The BlobAlien. All of these monsters have the desire to eat and/or breed. They are a machine in that respect.
(A machine can also be an antagonist, by the way, though whether it's a monster or a villain depends on how it came to be. A sentient AI, for example, would be more villain. A rogue robot would be more monster.)
Note: Just because monsters have simplistic motivation doesn't mean you don't have to put work into their development. Check out this post on how to create great monsters.
Now let's look at the right side of the spectrum and consider the motivation of the pure villain. There is no right answer to the motivation of a villain. A villain is (typically) humanoid, and as such has a wealth of backstory, personality traits, and goals/desires. A villain is more difficult to develop because of this. You need to spend just as much time considering them as you do your protagonist.
Examples: Hannibal Lecter, Voldemort, Nurse Ratched, Lex Luthor, the Joker, Darth Vader... I think you get the point. Villains are rounded characters with often relatable and/or sympathetic characteristics. They're capable of interacting without violence and can be thoughtful instead of rash. They're complicated.
The Spectrum's Middle
So you've got your pure monster to the left and your pure villain to the right. What's in the middle?
Let's consider Dracula. He's humanoid, but he's not human. His motivations include feeding, but that's not the only thing he wants. He's a complicated mix of monster and villain, so he goes in the middle. I would place him to the right of the middle, as his motivations (and looks) are more humanoid than monstrous.
Now let's look at Pennywise, the clown from Stephen King's It. He's mostly inhuman in appearance (especially in the book), compulsively generates fear, and feeding is definitely up there on his priority list. Those are checkmarks for the monster column.
But he also loathes the band of friends, is able to communicate without being violent, and revenge plays a major part in his motivation to terrorize the main characters. Those are villainous qualities. Pennywise goes in the middle of the spectrum as a nice mix of villain and monster.
One more example of someone in the middle: Sil from the movie Species. Sil is humanoid (she's alien DNA spliced with human DNA and considered very beautiful), yet her motivation is to survive so she can breed.
While Sil does have a sympathetic background (she was made in a lab and her creators tried to kill her as a child), she's not a sympathetic character in the slightest. She's single-minded and often unnecessarily violent.
Sil belongs in the middle, quite close to the left/monster side of the spectrum, despite being humanoid in appearance most of the time. See, not every monster is monstrous-looking.
When to Use a Monster
Since monsters have rather simplistic motivations, they add a threat to a story and to your main characters. There's a lot of fear surrounding monsters, so they are much more common in horror stories than anywhere else. Not that villains can't inspire fear, but the nature of a monster makes fear a more natural state.
Monsters are, after all, "other" and more unsympathetic. It's easier for the protagonist to kill a monster.
A story using a monster as an antagonist has plenty of room for character development for your protagonist. Use a monster when you want to put a lot of focus on your main character and their struggles.
There's very little in the way of explaining a monster's backstory or worrying about his motivations (because he's trying to eat you). The focus is on survival for the main characters and their character arcs in the process.
The most common character arc here is the main character going from "weak" to "strong" in order to defeat the monster.
When to Use a Villain
Villains bring tension to your story. Like monsters, they can also bring fear, but since their motivations are more cerebral and they tend to look human, pure fear is less common.
The character arc of your protagonist is directly affected by the villain, as it is by monsters, but in a more nuanced way. Protagonists can often be tempted by, or sympathetic toward, villains in a way they can't be with monsters. Character arcs for your main characters when up against a villain are also more interesting.
Rather than focusing more on survival for your main characters, you can look at morality, wit, dedication to ideals, anything really.
What's the Purpose of Your Story?
The purpose is where you should start with every story. In other words, what's your story's motivation?
Are you going for a fear fest? Are you wanting to point out problems with society? Are you wanting your main character to struggle with their own morality? Do you want to develop a really kickass creature to let loose on a town?
What if it's a little bit of all of the above? Then develop a monstrous villain or a villainous monster!
Your antagonist in every situation is there to serve your story. Think about how you want them to serve your story, and the best way to have them do so, before you start writing and you'll be well on your way to developing an awesome story!
Think about Frankenstein's monster. Where do you think he falls on the Monster vs. Villain Spectrum? Let me know in the comments!
Today you're going to develop an antagonist. First, choose whether you want to develop a monster or a villain. (If you're going for monster, definitely check out this post on building great monsters. If you're going for a villain, you'll need backstory, personality traits, etc.)
Then, set a timer for fifteen minutes. Develop your monster or villain. In either case, DON'T FORGET THE MOTIVATION!
When you're done, share your writing in the comments. Don't forget to comment on your fellow writers' work!
Sarah Gribble
Sarah Gribble
Sarah Gribble is the author of dozens of short stories that explore uncomfortable situations, basic fears, and the general awe and fascination of the unknown. She just released Surviving Death, her first novel, and is currently working on her next book.
Follow her on Instagram or join her email list for free scares.
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The Community-Based Drinking Water Monitoring Program aims to raise awareness of environmental health hazards regarding water, food and vector borne illnesses, including health problems associated with indoor air quality. The program identifies and defines health risks, monitors environmental conditions and their risks and supports activities in the following areas:
Drinking water and sewage
Facilities health inspections
West Nile Virus
The Community-Based Drinking Water Monitor is a liason between community members and Health Canada.


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FM256 Fluxgate Gradiometer
The FM256 instrument can be used in either scanning mode, to search rapidly for disturbed areas, or in logging mode, where detailed data are collected in parallel or zig-zag traverses. The data-logging facilities, with integral sample trigger, provide powerful functions for fast and efficient surveying, keeping track of survey position, and giving both audible and visual indication of current survey position. Data can be collected at up to 16 samples/m and stored in a 256000 reading memory.
Readings are displayed on an LCD display in either digital or analogue bar-graph form, the latter being useful for scanning. Backlight control for the LCD display enables work to continue in poor light conditions or short winter days; contrast adjustment improves visibility over temperature extremes. A Real Time clock facility is included which can be used to monitor progress since wristwatches are too magnetic for operators to wear. A Hold facility, which freezes the reading, is provided to allow easy sensor balancing. Although not often required, owing to the excellent stability of the instrument, any change in the instrument zero may be logged at the end of each grid and used to correct for drift. Geoplot software has standard processing routines that usually make drift correction logging unnecessary.
Cost effective upgrade routes allow existing FM18 and FM36 users to convert their instruments to FM256 specifications.
Readings are logged in a 256000 reading non-volatile memory which may be partitioned into square or rectangular grids with dimensions of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 100m - typically these are 20m or 30m square grids. The wide range of grid sizes allows you to tailor logging to your survey requirements. Sample and traverse intervals can be set to 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 samples per metre, with 16 samples giving maximum resolution. The data logger keeps track of survey position, displaying the current grid, line and position and provides audio feedback. Instead of menu systems, the front panel has been designed to provide fast and direct access to logging functions using 8 dedicated keys. Readings and lines of readings taken by mistake can be deleted with one keystroke. A dummy reading can be inserted if a physical obstacle prevents a true reading being taken or a line may be completed with dummy readings, again with one keystroke. In zig-zag surveying these "Finish Line" dummy readings can be imaged with one keystroke - see keypad layout opposite. The 256000 reading memory is sufficient for 35 x 30m x 30m grids at 8 samples/m or 80 x 20m x 20m grids at 8 samples/m (about 3 hectares), allowing a full days data collection with no data transfer. Data is downloaded to a PC via an RS232 interface, typically into Geoplot or any other suitable program. Downloading the full 256000 readings takes as little as 15 minutes, depending on the output format chosen - 5 are provided. Logged data can be inspected without having to download first, allowing the user to monitor data quality as the survey proceeds.
SAMPLE TRIGGER OR MANUAL LOGGING
Data logging is usually performed under control of an integral sample trigger but can also be done manually, one reading at a time. Logging is usually performed using the start/stop switch or the keypad. If preferred, an external hand-log key is available for manual or sample trigger logging. Sample trigger logging provides increased data sampling and enhances data quality and interpretation without increase in survey time. Pressing the start/stop switch initiates a sequence of "beeps" that sound every metre whilst internally the gradiometer logs readings at the set sample interval. The operator walks along the survey line at a pace that ensures the "beeps" coincide with 1m marks along the tape - with practice the tape can be dispensed with for even faster surveys. The "beep" rate is variable between 0.4s and 3.0s, in 0.02s steps. Data can be logged at 8 samples/m at an average rate of 0.8s/m or faster, according to site. If a reading goes over-range, this is recorded in the data and is distinguishable from dummy readings. Both manual and sample trigger logging can operate in the digital averaging mode for improved data quality.
The FM256 automatically integrates the readings at all times so as to minimise system noise. Digital averaging can be selected to improve further the signal to noise ratio, useful on sites where anomaly strength is comparable with system noise. A wide range of averaging cycles (2 to 32), allows the user to optimise the trade off between significant noise reduction and optimum speed. Digital averaging is automatically used when Zeroing and using Log Zero Drift for improved accuracy.
The FM256 is powered by 2 "C" sized cells, either a NiMH battery pack with temperature sensor or 2 standard alkaline cells mounted in the holder provided. The instrument operating period with NiMH cells is 21 hours without LCD backlight, 15 hours with LCD backlight (44 hours and 31 hours respectively for alkaline cells). The NiMH cells can be fast charged in 4 hours from the universal voltage power supply which is supplied with worldwide pin adapters (the charging circuit prevents accidental charging of alkaline cells). Charging status (fast or trickle) is shown by a dual colour LED. Operation from standard alkaline cells allows operation in remote locations with no charging facilities. A separate, easily obtained, lithium battery is used to backup the non-volatile memory for up to 10 years. The main and backup batteries are housed under the instrument housing in two separate sealed compartments with external access, making battery changes simple. This preserves environmental seals and isolates any alkaline battery leakage.
PRACTICALITY AND DESIGN
The FM256 builds upon the rugged and reliable design of its predecessor, the FM36, making it an instrument that can be used in a diverse range of demanding environments, such as harsh desert conditions, the tumbles of student field courses, time critical commercial surveys and peace time military environments. The design retains the proven benefits of a 0.5m sensor separation which gives good mobility, good ground clearance and the option to carry the instrument higher above the ground. This flexibility allows it to operate in scrubland, brushwood, long grass and in other overgrown areas, where other sensor systems operating nearer the ground may be difficult to use. The use of a short tube means it is much less prone to buffeting by the wind which can introduce significant measurement errors. A 0.5m sensor separation provides good rejection of signals from nearby ferrous clutter such as iron or barbed wire fences allowing you to survey close to such interference.
The versatile and ergonomic design incorporates many features requested by FM36 users, provides an economic upgrade route for existing FM18 / FM36 users and can be expanded into a dual gradiometer system. Environmental sealing to IP65 standard or better is used and a gold connector system is used internally for maximum reliability, especially in higher humidity climates. A rugged tube is used to support the fluxgate sensors which are housed in a robust outer case. A geared alignment system provides excellent stability and very fine control when aligning the sensors for optimum performance.


text:
We are the Local Environment Group for the area around Prestwood in Buckinghamshire, including Great Missenden,
The Hampdens, The Kingshills, North Dean and Speen
We aim to protect and enhance the quality of the natural environment through the involvement of local people.
The Chilterns are renowned for their wide diversity of Natural Habitats - from chalk grasslands to ancient woodlands - from rich farmland in the valleys to poor heathland on the hilltops.
Each habitat supports its own range of Notable Species.
Follow the links above to explore the richness of our natural environment.
The first 41 well-illustrated sections of this comprehensive flora by Tony Marshall documents trees and large shrubs, spore-bearing plants and some monocotyledons.
|Activities for Children|
|Publicity & Liaison|
|Walks and Visits|
|Junior Photo Competition|
|Junior Photo Competition Entry Form|
|2017 Photo Competition Results|
|Great Missenden Library|
|Angling Spring Wood|
|Hedges and Special Trees Project|
|Kiln Common Orchard|
|Prestwood Nature Reserve|
|Boug's Meadow History|
|Why no car park at Boug's Meadow|
|Butterfly Transect Route|
|Kiln Common Orchard Planting Plan|
|Ecological Flora of the Central Chilterns|
|Flowering Plants: Arable Land|
|Flowering Plants: Disturbed Land|
|Flowering Plants: Meadows|
|Flowering Plants: Ponds|
|Flowering Plants: Roadsides|
|Flowering Plants: Woodlands & Hedgerows|
|Grasses, Sedges & Rushes|
|Bees and Wasps|
|Mosses & Liverworts|
|Ancient Trees & Parkland|
|Heathland & Acid Grassland|
|Collings Hanger Pond|
|Kiln Corner Pond|


text: The transverse dimensions of pulp fibres influence strongly their response to the papermaking process, and most end-use properties of products. However, fibre transverse dimensions are difficult to measure. Confocal microscopy combined with image analysis has been used for rapid and accurate measurement of fibre wall cross-sectional area,perimeter, and thickness. Results on kraft pulp fibres obtained from a variety of wood species are presented. They demonstrate how fibre transverse dimensions are distributed within a species, and can be described analytically. Comparison between different species shows that species with coarse or thick-walled fibres are likely to be more heterogeneous. Implications for pulp quality and fibre selection for end-use requirements are discussed.


text:
It came much more quickly than the three years it took the Ferdinand Magellan expedition, but not nearly as fast as the 80 days it took Jules Verne's fictitious Phileas Fogg.
On Friday, the world's first around-the-world solar expedition pulled into Monaco, completing its historic journey in 584 days. But the bigger number was the zero ounces of fuel needed to power the 31-meter-long PlanetSolar.
The catamaran has a solar PV surface area that covers more than 530 square meters with a capacity of 93.5 kilowatts. That onboard power has been enough to lead the crew from Monaco through the Straight of Gibraltar, past Cuba, to Miami and Mexico, through the Panama Canal, across the span of the Pacific, to the eastern coast of Australia, up through Southeast Asia to Hong Kong, westward to the southern tip of India, into the Gulf of Iman, back down and into the Red Sea, where it crossed through the Suez Canal and back into the home waters of the Mediterranean.
The final leg of the trip ended Friday as the five-member onboard crew was met by a throng of international reporters and boating enthusiasts. Swiss adventurer Raphael Domjan took center stage amid the glitz of Monaco as he spoke about the journey, the idea he hatched in 2004, how it ultimately came together and how his expedition offers further proof of the viability of solar power for applications never thought possible.
Read blogs, watch video or view photos from many of the stops along its historic journey at PlanetSolar.org.
To add your comments you must sign-in or create a free account.


text: We used microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) to carbonize an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor to form carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fibers at different evolution stages. It was found that MPECVD-carbonized PAN fibers do not exhibit any significant change in the fiber diameter, whilst conventionally carbonized PAN fibers show a 33% reduction in the fiber diameter. An additional coating of carbon nanowalls (CNWs) was formed on the surface of the carbonized PAN fibers during the MPECVD process without the assistance of any metallic catalysts. The result presented here may have a potential to develop a novel, economical, and straightforward approach towards the mass production of carbon fibrous materials containing CNWs.


text:
There is no doubt that animals and animal industries are integral to the socio-economic wellbeing of rural and urban Australia. Climate change brings with it a variety of environmental stressors which will have range of negative impacts on animal industries, threatening food safety and security, animal and human health, and local and national economies.
Adaptation of production animals to climate change is the key to minimising impacts. Adaptation relies on better awareness of the effects of climate change on animal productivity and health, and identification of the vulnerabilities and opportunities that climate change presents to animal industries. This knowledge can inspire proactive farm, industry and social changes that will in turn lead to more sustainable, healthy and productive animal industries.
The animal health, production and biosecurity theme aims to build awareness of the climate change threats to animal farming industries and communities. The theme aims to encourage multidisciplinary climate change research in animal sciences that will provide holistic solutions to key climate change issues including:
- land, feed and water availability and usage
- genetics and breeding
- infectious disease control
Ultimately participants in this theme, both academic and non-academic, will provide inspiration and instruction to foster sustainable animal farming in a changing climate.
The theme plans to produce informative climate change adaptation fact sheets for key industries, develop online discussion forums and cutting edge research updates, and visit farming communities over the next two years.
We encourage researchers, farmers, local and national government representatives, and rural and urban communities involved with the animal industries to get involved with this PIARN theme as active members. Member input is valued and encouraged as we work to adapt our animal industries to climate change.


text:
The Investigation Phase is the second step along the path to resolving your family law case. This phase—stated simply—consists of gathering information with the help of your experienced North Texas family law attorney.
Assets & Debts: Goals
- Locate all assets (including hidden assets)
- Determine fair values for each asset
- Determine all marital debts
- Identify separate property—and the necessary proof
Child-Related Matters: Goals
- Determine all evidence the other side intends to use in Court
- Learn the identity of the other side's witnesses
- Gather evidence to support your arguments in Court
- Locate witnesses who will testify favorably for you in Court
The Investigation Phase is better known as the Discovery portion of the case. This is when written discovery is exchanged between the parties. The goal of this is to gather information that the other side has to better prepare for your day in court. Additionally, oral depositions can occur to obtain the testimony of the other side—and any witnesses—before going into Court. Finally, documents can be obtained from third persons through the issuance of subpoena's. This is often a vital part of preparing because information from disinterested third-parties is often the most persuasive to a Court.
There are many rules relating to each form of Discovery. The rules of discovery are a constant source of disagreement between attorneys, and where you will find a lot of "gamesmanship" played. Gerald Tadlock is an experienced North Texas family law attorney who has extensive experience in cutting through these tactics and getting the information his clients need to properly prepare for their day in Court.
Once the Investigation Phase of the case has concluded, then it is time to evaluate the information obtained.


text:
Invented by Ernest H. Wright, liquid smoke is a savory additive that adds a hint of smokiness to foods. Liquid smoke allows nonsmoked foods to have the same flavor as smoke-cured foods, such as ham. Originally produced by collecting the condensed smoke from the top of a stovepipe, you can make your own liquid smoke at home by forcing smoke to condense and then collecting the liquid.
Video of the Day
To condense your own smoke at home, use a smoker or a grill that has a chimney, such as a clay Mexican cooking oven. The type of wood you use will affect the flavor of your smoke, so choose your wood carefully. Frequently used woods include apple, olive, hickory and mesquite. Light charcoal, placing it in the chimney and then cover it with the wood or chips. Soak the chips or wood in water beforehand to ensure a good smoke. Place a Bundt pan on the top of the chimney, and cover it with an upside down metal mixing bowl. Place a bag of ice over the metal bowl. As the smoke rises up the chimney, through the hole in the pan, it will collect in the mixing bowl. The ice cools the mixing bowl, causing condensation to run down the sides of the bowl, into the pan.
Homemade Vs. Store-Bought
Homemade liquid smoke guarantees that there are no chemical additives for color or flavor — manufactured liquid smoke often contains little to no "real" smoke. Homemade liquid smoke also lets you control the flavor of your smoke, as you can choose what type of wood to use. It is also cleaner tasting than store-bought liquid smoke. However, making it yourself is a labor intensive process, and you will often get only a little bit of smoke after several hours.


text:
Reduced posterior cingulate glutamate measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hyperthyroidism.
OBJECTIVES: Patients with hyperthyroidism frequently have neuropsychiatric complaints such as lack of concentration, poor performance in memory, depression, anxiety and mania. These symptoms suggest the dysfunction of brain. However, the underlying process of this dysfunction is not well understood. At the same time, glutamatergic system has been considered important in neuropsychiatric process by recent studies. Thus, this study is to investigate the change of glutamate concentration in patients with hyperthyroidism using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
METHODS: Fifteen untreated patients with hyperthyroidism and fifteen ageand gendermatched controls participated in the study. The region of the posterior cingulate cortex was examined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a technique referred as TE-averaged PRESS at 3T field strength. The concentrations of N-Acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and glutamate were assessed using jMRUI v4.0 software.
RESULTS: Hyperthyroid patients, compared with controls, showed a decrease of glutamate concentration (P<0.047) and glutamate/creatine ratios (P<0.009) in the posterior cingulate cortex. The decrease of choline concentration (P<0.004) and choline/creatine ratios (P<0.012) were also discovered. No significant difference was found in the concentrations of N-Acetylaspartate or creatine between patients and controls.
CONCLUSION: Concentration of glutamate decreased in the region of posterior cingulate cortex in patients with hyperthyroidism. This reduction indicated a possible involvement of glutamate in the brain dysfunction in hyperthyroidism....


text:
Local forecasting for predictive smart home/object control
Local forecasts will become a system component of intelligent houses and objects. This work examines the local forecast of three expected loads or generation of electrical energy, which are to be integrated into an intelligent energy management. These are the household load, photovoltaic feed and the charging load of electric vehicles. Forecasts were performed using linear stochastic signal models, neural networks and deep learning networks.


Bumping is the common name for the process of colliding a ship into another ship or celestial object, resulting in a change of position for the ships involved in the collision.
General Bumping
Bumping can occur when a ship comes out of warp in a position "inside" of the geometry of a Station, Stargate, Ship, Sentry gun, Starbase Forcefield, or other object. The bumping produced can be severe, launching ships at hundreds to even thousands of meters per second away from the other object.
Bumping in Battle
Bumping a targeted ship is common, and typically used to push a ship away from a Stargate to be outside of the maximum jump range (2,500 meters away from the stargate), away from a station to be outside of its docking radius (500 meters), or away from the direction the ship is traveling to prevent it from warping to a celestial object.
POS bowling is an example of an infamous bumping strategy.
EVE's Physics Engine does not calculate damage for collisions, even ships as small as frigates. Frigates can slam into capital ships without negative consequences.
How to
To bump another ship, you can;
 - Set your ship to approach the other ship at high velocity through the right click menu, typically with a MicroWarpdrive running. The MWD increases both speed and mass, making collisions more violent.
 - Manually steer your ship to collide with another ship.


text:
Burger that: horses for courses won't do
Chevaline … a horsemeat butcher in Paris. Photo: Reuters
THE eating of horses has a long history. Many prehistoric cultures both ate and sacrificed horses, and the ban on horsemeat by Pope Gregory III in 732 was in part an attempt to eradicate pagan rituals in the Germanic states.
From the early Middle Ages, the horse grew in importance. It made no sense to consume an animal rich in symbolism and expensive to buy and maintain, when farming gave us ready supplies of other, similar foodstuffs, namely beef and mutton. So entrenched was this view that by the 17th century eating horses was banned in most European countries.
And when horse as food started to be popularised in the mid-19th century, it was partly driven by the need to feed growing numbers of urban poor when meat prices were rising sharply.
Its proponents in England and France argued that thousands of horses went to waste every day, mainly elderly cab nags, which were worked to death and then slaughtered for glue and pet food.
In France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland, the medical and culinary establishment lauded horsemeat, and the working classes gradually accepted it.
Legally, in France, it could only be sold in designated chevalines, clearly signposted by the still-visible golden horses heads above the door (it is now available in supermarkets as well).
In England the arguments fell on deaf ears. The idea the English could consume these noble animals, these long-lived friends of the family, was regarded with revulsion.
Guardian News & Media


text:
This book contains a study of the system of liability under the Hagueand Hague Visby Rules. The application of the Rules under American, English and Dutch law and incidentally Australian and Canadian law is researched to determine if the Rules are construed and applied uniformly. Where it is found that there are differences in the way a Rule is applied the intended construction of the Rule is established.
After a chapter on the construction of the Rules, the duties of the carrier contained in article III(1) and III(2) are discussed. Some of the most important exceptions of article IV and the relationship between those exceptions and the duties of the carrier are discussed in two separate chapters. There is also a chapter on the division of the burden of proof.
The book ends with a chapter containing the conclusions derived from the comparative legal research throughout the book.
A summary is included in English and Dutch.
N.J. Margetson is a lawyer in Rotterdam at Hampe Meyjes.
List of abbreviations
1.1 When do the H(V)R apply?
1.2 Construction of the Rules
1.3 Research question
1.4 Method used to answer the research question
1.5 Researched legal systems
1.6 Topics of research
1.7 The UNCITRAL draft convention
2 Construction of the Hague (Visby) Rules
2.3 Aids to the construction of the H(V)R
2.4 Problems regarding uniform construction of the H(V)R
2.5 Ways to improve uniform construction of the H(V)R
3 Duties of the carrier
3.2 What is meant by 'voyage'?
3.3 What is meant by 'before and at the beginning of the voyage'?
3.4 Why is the requirement restricted to the period 'before and at the beginning of the voyage'?
3.5 What is meant by 'due diligence'?
3.6 Is the duty to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy delegable?
3.7 What is the meaning of seaworthiness?
3.8 What is meant by 'properly and carefully'?
3.9 Is the duty contained in art. III(2) delegable?
4 The relationship between the duties of the carrier and the exceptions
4.2 Causes of damage
4.3 The expression 'overriding obligation'
4.4 The requirement of causal connection
4.5 Doctrines concerning the relationship between art. III and art. IV
4.6 Concurrence of culpable and non-culpable causes of damage
4.7 Why is art. III(2) not also considered an overriding obligation under English law?
4.8 The intended construction of the relationship between the duties and the exceptions
5 Art. IV(1) and some of the exceptions of art. IV(2) H(V)R
5.1 Art. IV(1): loss or damage due to unseaworthiness
5.2 The 'nautical fault' exception
5.3 The fire exception
5.4 Perils of the sea
5.5 The catch all exception
6 Division of the burden of proof under the H(V)R
6.2 In general
6.3 Common law
6.4 Dutch Law
6.5 Some other continental authors
6.6 The author's opinion: the division of the burden of proof depends on the invoked exception
6.7 The intended division of the burden of proof
7.1 The intended construction of the H(V)R
7.2 Duties of the carrier
7.3 Overriding obligation
7.4 Art. IV(1): loss or damage due to unseaworthiness
7.5 The 'nautical fault' exception
7.6 The fire exception
7.7 Perils of the sea
7.8 The catch all exception
7.9 Division of the burden of proof
Appendix I Hague Visby Rules
Appendix II Harter Act
Appendix III Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936
Appendix IV Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971


text:
Browse thousands of healthcare degrees from around the world.
Healthcare professions are in high demand and require specialized degrees. HEALTHCARESTUDIES connects students with medical schools and healthcare degrees around the world. As one of Keystone Education Group's trusted family of student-centered websites, HEALTHCARESTUDIES helps future doctors, nurses, veterinarians, therapists, researchers, and allied healthcare professionals find the right degrees and courses for their career aspirations. And because healthcare is a global need, HEALTHCARESTUDIES is available in 40+ languages, making it easy for the right healthcare students to find the right medical degrees.


In my answer to Should we require minimum reputation to continue asking questions? I came up with a possible solution.
The essential problem is that some people come to SO, ask lots of lame questions, and never give anything back. The proposals have included only allowing a certain fraction of one's rep to come from questions and only allowing users to ask questions if they have a certain amount of rep, but neither of those seemed particularly popular.
This suggestion is:
Require that unqualified users have their questions reviewed like edits before being posted.
What is the qualification? It could be rep that's a certain multiple of their questions (say 10 rep per question) or a certain ratio of questions to answers, or some other criteria. We could also allow a certain number of questions to not require review (say, 5-10) so that a user would have to lose their ability to ask unreviewed questions rather than have to earn it.
Who reviews these questions? It could be 5k, 10k, 20k users, or maybe anybody above 2k who also has the ability to post questions without review. It could even be people with sufficient points in the applicable tags.
How would this mitigate the flood of bad questions? First of all, users would be rate-limited by only being able to have a certain number (1?) of questions in review at once. If a user keeps getting their questions rejected, they could lose the ability to submit for a period of time ("We are no longer accepting questions from this IP"). When two reviewers reject a question, nobody else will ever see it (maybe not even as a deleted question). Of course, there would be an "Improve" button so that reviewers could fix minor problems before anybody else ever had to read the problematic post.
Furthermore, upon clicking the "Reject" button, there could be a dialog box with a list of checkboxes to select reasons for rejection ("Off topic", "Spammy links", "Lack of formatting", "Not a question", "Missing sample code", "Too much sample code", "Poor English", etc.) and maybe even a box for remarks. This would allow the person asking the question to see why their question was rejected, fix it and resubmit (if applicable). This should train users how to write acceptable questions. The review page could have the question's preview remarks and deltas from the last submission, a link to the user's most recent rejections, or something in between.
What are the downsides? Unfortunately, this would increase the burden on reviewers. Hopefully the "training" aspect should reduce the ongoing burden of any particular user and not having the bad questions posted in the first place should eliminate edit reviews (i.e. review the question before it's posted so you don't have to review several edits to the question after it's posted). In other words, this is like unit testing -- it seems like it would add too much of a burden initially, but it actually ends up saving time and helps deliver a higher-quality product in the end.
Some users could be insulted by having their question criticized. This should be minimized by having standard rejection reasons that aren't personal, while the remarks would hopefully be a polite nudge in the right direction (e.g. "Just specify the OS you're using"). Of course some users would go away entirely after being confronted by this, but it's not clear that those are users we want.
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I seriously doubt if the gains weight up to the burden of this formal approach. And with burden I refer to the downsides you mention yourself. – Rogier Apr 7 '11 at 19:37
_USER_ I don't see any other solution than investing even more personal effort to educate users. I don't know of any automated system that can teach someone how to behave or how to communicate. – Octavian Damiean Apr 7 '11 at 19:40
_USER_ Damiean I'm not saying that investing more personal effort is not a good idea per se. But does it have to be this formal? Furthermore, the fact that a rejection by (only) two reviewers could prevent a question from being visible at all feels a bit like 'government censorship'. – Rogier Apr 7 '11 at 19:58
_USER_ I agree that this idea could be refined a bit but it doesn't sound bad to me as a start. – Octavian Damiean Apr 7 '11 at 20:01
_USER_ Damiean All effort to increase SE/SO quality, like the above question, is to be respected. – Rogier Apr 7 '11 at 20:07
This is an awful, awful job. Wouldn't wish it on anybody. – Uphill Luge Apr 7 '11 at 20:28
_USER_: I agree. However, the downsides would be somewhat mitigated by the rule being that you can lose the ability to answer questions, rather than having to earn it. I can't see doing it any other way, in fact. As proposed, a user gets a number of questions "free" (though I'd say more like 25), and as long as those questions are mostly not closed and downvoted, and as long as the user has some modest rep gain, e never need be subject to the review process. The tricky bit, as always, is where to set the threshold. – Josh Caswell Apr 7 '11 at 20:50
_USER_: To me this seems a bit like unit testing. This proposal would stop bad questions before they can become a problem, which in theory should reduce the overall amount of work and end up with a better final product. – Gabe Apr 8 '11 at 21:05
Sounds like it just makes more work for the people who are already burdened with answering (or editing, or closing) these poor quality questions. Not sure who this is really helping... – Cody Gray Apr 14 '11 at 7:59
_USER_: Let's say somebody posts a question with unformatted code. The idea is that rather than having to spend time editing a post, I could just click "Reject" (or "Fix your formatting" and "Reject") and let the OP fix it themselves. The OP learns how to format code (or never posts again), relieving the burden of everybody having to fix their crap, and everybody reading the site isn't burdened with their illegible post. – Gabe Apr 14 '11 at 8:09
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1 Answer
I don't really see the point of this.
Why not "review" questions as they are asked?
The existing flagging and downvoting mechanisms should suffice without adding Yet Another Queue of Work for more of our users to have to deal with and think about.
Also, questions which fail to get any significant activity are already auto-culled over time, and downvoted questions with no significant activity auto-culled even more aggressively still.
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I can't tell if your "why not" question is rhetorical or if you're actually asking it. – Gabe Apr 14 '11 at 7:57
I would want to believe he is actually asking because the review section works. Maybe it is hard to see it on SO due to the sheer volume, but I am sure if you ask mods on the rest of SE network... it works. – phwd Apr 14 '11 at 8:16
_USER_: Ah, I see. After the link was added it makes sense. The difference is that the "review" page doesn't have a "reject" button, so the person posting the crappy question doesn't have any impetus to learn. – Gabe Apr 14 '11 at 8:43
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
How big should a slice be for a DVD, assuming that the file system restricts the size?
should slices be 1GB or so? What's an efficient slice size?
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
According to the Wikipedia article,
It is, however, possible to circumvent this limitation by using the multi-extent (fragmentation) feature of ISO 9660 Level 3 and create ISO 9660 filesystems and single files up to 8 TB. With this, files larger than 4 GB can be split up into multiple extents (sequential series of sectors), each not exceeding the 4 GB limit. For example, the free software such as InfraRecorder and mkisofs as well as Roxio Toast are able to create ISO 9660 filesystems that use multi-extent files to store files larger than 4 GB on appropriate media such as recordable DVDs.
So a slice can be as large as a DVD (about 4.3 GB binary for a single-layer disc).
Limited file size
If, for whatever reason, you need to limit the file size to no more than max_file_size and the disk holds disk_size, make your slice size the largest disk_size / s less than max_file_size, where s is an integer. That way, you can fit s slices on the disk exactly (ignoring round-off error), wasting no space. For disk_size ≈ 4.3 GB and max_file_size = 1 GB, you could then make each slice 880 MB, fitting 5 slices per disc.
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pardon, I meant to state assuming that the file system prevents large files, what's the optimum slice size? – Thufir Sep 16 '12 at 0:22
_USER_: Okay. Edited. – Mechanical snail Sep 16 '12 at 0:41
I haven't tried that, so I've accepted the answer assuming your arithmetic is correct :) – Thufir Sep 19 '12 at 20:33
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I'm a newbie to medical and healthcare informatics. I need to access some raw telemedicine dataset including vital signs for a single person over a specific period of time. Basically my questions are:
 - How many possible vital signs can be measured, say in an emergency ambulance transfer? E.g. Heart Rate, SpO2, Co2, RR, etc.
 - What are the possible size and bitrate requirement for each? For this, if we have the dataset, we can calculate the size/time_period to get the bitrate.
Any advise on how to get these information?
In a typical ambulance operating at the paramedic level in the US, the following vital signs might be recorded:
 - Heart rate
 - Respiratory rate
 - BP
 - SpO2
 - GCS
 - EtCO2
 - Pupil size
The last two would be uncommon and only found with certain patients. It's likely there would be more than one set of vitals if the transport time is longer than a few minutes.
As for size, that's for a programmer who knows how the data is being transmitted and stored to figure out. It's not really a medical question, but using the maximum possible ranges of the numbers the minimum bit sizes I come up with are:
 - HR: 9
 - BP: 16
 - RR: 6
 - SpO2: 7
 - GCS: 4
 - EtCO2: 7
 - Pupils: 4
Total: 53
Recognize that those are the minimum sizes you could pack the data into. It's not likely stored in those minimal sizes but rather larger, traditional data types supported by modern databases and programming languages.
There is no way to calculate a bitrate requirement without knowing how much data has to be transmitted within what period of time. In any case, that's definitely not a medical question.
Your Answer


Take the 2-minute tour ×
For the sub-nuclear physics there is a database of the Particle Data Group, I was wondering if there was a similar on-line collection for astrophysics, such as energy absorption and emission spectra for different sources.
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up vote 5 down vote accepted
There are a wide variety of databases covering all sorts of data, and I won't try and list them all here (but I'll list some of the largest ones). There isn't anything as clear-cut as the Particle Data Group because astronomy deals with complex systems (as opposed to the more fundamental particles in sub-nuclear), and there's no saying that the spectrum of source XX won't change tomorrow. Some sources are more transient than others, and it's often possible to estimate a timescale for transience, but there's always the possibility of some unknown effect coming into play or some unresolved source entering the region and wreaking havoc on the status quo.
I think the closest thing to what you're asking about would be virtual observatories. There are a number of organizations/countries with VO projects, here are a few:
There are also a few source catalogs maintained by the Centre de Données de Strasbourg (Simbad, Vizier, Aladin) which are quite extensive, and another by NASA called NED.
Some of the largest collections of survey data are SDSS (>1/4 of the sky in 5 bands from about the near-IR to the near-UV with hundreds of millions of objects catalogued, and millions of spectra), 2MASS (all-sky survey in the near-IR), MAST (compendium of catalogs from the Space Telescope Science Institute). The data from the Planck (IR/radio, all sky), Fermi (gamma ray, all sky) and Chandra (x-ray) satellites are (or will be) publicly archived, and many other archives of data from particular telescopes exist as well.
If you're interested in a particular source (or type of source), or a particular waveband, I might be able to recommend a database.
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