Standing waves in Bohr's atomic model
The purpose of this demonstration is to give some insight on Bohr's atomic model and to symbolically and visually show how a wave, following a circular closed path, can stand still.
This requirement (standing waves) brings forth the quantization condition for the allowed orbital radii in Bohr's atomic model.
A standing wave (n integer in the demonstration) interferes constructively with itself and doesn't show any apparent movement (so there's no acceleration, no electromagnetic emitted radiation and no loss of energy).
On the contrary, if the wave is not a standing wave (n not integer in the demonstration) there's destructive interference and movement (so there's acceleration, radiation, loss of energy and no possible stable orbit).
Video preview
Geogebra demonstration (new March 2018)
Geogebra Resources:
CDF Demonstration
How to run a CDF Player simulation
download 2DBWebBohrAtom_Sim.cdf
download 2DBWebBohrAtom_Sim.nb (Mathematica notebook)
Usage of the controls
The main controls are the time slider and the n (number of wavelengths in the circle) slider.
For the time there are two possible modes: finite time range and infinite time. In the first mode it's possible to move manually the slider. To make increasingly finer adjustment to the wave progress it's possible to press the Alt key or Ctrl+Alt or Ctrl+Shift+Alt keys while moving the time slider. Alternatively it's possible to play the animation with the slider animation controls. In this case the cycle will restart after reaching the maximum time value. This maximum time value can be changed through the Finite time duration slider that operates on multiple integers values of 12 \pi (six full cycles). The second mode (infinite time) can be started by pressing the Start button below the time slider. In this mode the time will go on forever and it's no more possible to manually move the time slider. It's however possible to revert the simulation to the finite time mode by pressing the reset button. The animation will stop and time will be reset at its initial value. In both modes it's possible to interactively change the n value (there's also an option to change this value to the nearest integer to make the wave a stable standing wave), the wave amplitude and the animation rate.
The problem and the solution
According to Rutherford's model the electron orbits around the nucleus like a planet around the sun. The problem was that an accelerated charge emits electromagnetic waves and, in doing so, loses energy. The unavoidable result would be an electron quickly collapsing in the nucleus.
To solve this problem Bohr's model (with the support of De Broglie's arguments) introduced the particle-wave duality: an electron behaves both as a particle and as a wave. Only specific discrete orbits are allowed.
But how does this bold hypothesis solve Rutherford's problem? Be the electron wave, be it particle or be it a mix of both, come what may, that doesn't actually change the fact that it must have some energy, some movement to counterbalance the attractive electric force. Even as a wave the electron should orbit around the proton and have an acceleration, and that cannot be. So it must have energy and it must stand… something like a wave (has energy) that stands still… How can it be?
… but there's a possible solution …
A standing wave
It's a wave so it has energy, yet it stands still. That should be the possible answer, the way to go.
Another way to bring forth the same underlying concept (more physically correct but more difficult to be visually represented ) is that a non standing wave would interfere with itself destructively.
On the other hand a standing wave always interfere constructively with itself and that makes it exist as a physical entity (and makes it stay alive).
But how does an electron know which way to go around the nucleus?
Following Feynman's way of reasoning we could think that it actually goes all ways through all possible paths and orbits. But along the paths where there's destructive interference there's no resulting wave, so no "real" electron left, no physical entity and no possible path/orbit. Just a faint theoretical ghost that cannot surface the boundary between nothingness and the dimension of a physical measurable reality.
Historical notes: Bohr's and De Broglie's contributions
Niels Bohr elaborated his atomic model in the years _PHONE_. He found out the quantization condition of angular momentum just because that was necessary to account for the experimental data (and for the Balmer's formula of spectral lines). He also followed, with great ingenuity, pure dimensional arguments. But he himself was aware that his model didn't explain anything.
It was only in 1924 that Louis De Broglie reached a deeper and wider perception of what was behind Bohr's quantization condition of angular momentum: the wave nature of the electron in a stable state and the standing wave condition.
The standing wave condition gives an elegant and deeper reason to Bohr's (unexplained) quantization formula of the electron angular momentum.
With De Broglie's contribution the Bohr's model became more meaningful: a fresh starting point towards a new paradigm and towards a better understanding of the basic principles of the early quantum mechanics theory.
Notes about the cdf demonstration
In this demonstration the Bohr's model is applied to a single electron orbiting around a single proton (hydrogen atom). The number n (number of wavelengths in a complete circular orbit) is connected with the possible orbital radii and with the possible energy levels. The stable states are only the ones associated with an integer value of n. The standing wave condition is \lambda n=2 \pi r (with n integer). In this model the main formulas for the possible orbital radii (r_n), orbital speeds (v_n), orbital periods (T_n) and energy levels (E_n) are:
 \[r_n=\frac{n^2 \left(h^2 \epsilon _0\right)}{\pi e^2 m_e}; \ \ \ \ \ v_n=\frac{e^2}{n \left(2 h \epsilon _0\right)}; \ \ \ \ \ T_n=\frac{n^3 \left(4 h^3 \epsilon _0^2\right)}{e^4 m_e}; \ \ \ \ \ E_n=-\frac{e^4 m_e}{n^2 \left(8 h^2 \epsilon _0^2\right)};\]
The time unit used in the demonstration (in the main slider) is a symbolic one, only proportional to the actual physical time \tau. For convenience here t is just the angle spanned by the wave front (t=\alpha (\tau)) so that the orbital period (T) is just 2\pi. The formula to convert this time unit (t) to the real one (\tau) is:
 \[\tau =\frac{n^3 t \left(4 h^3 \epsilon _0^2\right)}{(2 \pi ) \left(e^4 m_e\right)}\]
By changing the value of n also the orbital radius should change accordingly. This is not presented in the simulation as it's out of its scope (there is just a qualitative change in the blue disk size, symbolically representing the nucleus, to evoke a change of scale).
In this simulation the wave is traced only for a limited time span (3 periods) and it fades away with time within this interval. This is just an artifice to emphasize the wave movement in case of non standing waves.
In the case of not standing waves (not physically possible) occurring when n is not an integer number, the wave seems to move around with a speed that is different from the speed of the wave front. It's slower when n approaches an integer number and when n is higher. It can be shown that the absolute value of the wave speed v_w (with respect of the front speed v) goes like v_w=\frac{v \left| \text{Round}[n]-n\right| }{\text{Round}[n]}. Its local maximum values occur when n=k+\frac{1}{2} with k=1,2,3,\text{...} and there are discontinuities around these special values. The maximum wave speed occurs n=1.5 where v_w=\frac{v}{2}.
Maybe there is some connection between this relationship and the phase velocity/group velocity relationship of wave mechanics but I didn't investigate it further.
Some useful link
Author: Luca MoroniJanuary 2014, March 2018
Last edited on March, 23 2018


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We're looking for an enthusiastic, adaptable Preschool Teacher in Florin, who has a passion for working with children's,
Our Florin Teachers are committed to making their center successful and know that creating meaningful relationships with children, families, and their team play role in that success, Apply Preschool teaching jobs hiring nearby Florin CA
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The Preschool teaching job in Florin is responsible for the planning and implementation of the Creative Curriculum, Teaching Strategies, assessment, and supervision of the Florin children's, refer details to know more about job role.
Qualifications of Pre School teacher :
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- Knowledge of teamwork, parent involvement, problem identification, as well as family and group dynamics.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Policy and Procedure
Student Support Services is one of the Federal TRiO Programs funded by the U.S. Department of Education. TRiO began in the 1960's as a result of the Educational Opportunity Act of 1964, the original War on Poverty statute that initiated the Upward Bound program.
The Higher Education Act of 1965 followed, which provided the foundation for the Talent Search program. The reauthorization of the Higher Education Act in 1968 led to the creation of the Special Services program, now called Student Support Services. Thus, by 1968, the original TRiO programs had been created: Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Special Services.
The original three programs have grown into eight, which now include Educational Opportunity Centers (1972), Training Program for Federal TRiO Programs (1976), Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Program (1986), Upward Bound Math/Science (1990), and the TRiO Dissemination Partnership (1998).
The general purpose of TRiO programs is to provide educational access and opportunity to at-risk high school and college students who are first generation, low-income, or have disabilities. The purpose of Student Support Services is twofold: 1) to increase the retention and graduation rates of eligible students and 2) to foster an institutional climate that is supportive of first-generation, low-income students and students with disabilities.
Students must apply and be accepted to be a part of the program. SSS offers a variety of academic support services, which increase the retention and graduation rates of eligible students. Because the program is federally funded, all services are free of cost to accepted students. SSS at The University of Virginia's College at Wise is funded to serve 190 participants.
SSS at UVa-Wise has been in existence since 1973 and has provided assistance to thousands of eligible students. National studies completed on the effectiveness of SSS programs reveal that participants in SSS are more than twice as likely to remain in college than eligible students who did not participate in the program.
- Is enrolled at the College or accepted for enrollment for the next academic term
- Is a U.S. citizen or meets the residency requirements to receive Federal financial aid
- Is low-income, first generation or has a physical or learning disability
- Has a need for academic support
The U.S. Department of Education requires that two-thirds of all participants be first generation and low-income or be students with disabilities. The remaining one-third may be first generation, low-income or have a disability. Of those students with disabilities, one-third must be low-income.
IDENTIFICATION, RECRUITMENT, AND SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS
Student Support Services staff identifies eligible students with the cooperation and assistance of the Offices of Enrollment Management and Financial Aid.
- The Office of Enrollment Management provides SSS with the list of students who have been accepted to the College and confirmed. Information collected by both the Offices of Enrollment Management and Financial Aid is used to identify eligible students.
- Then, a targeted pool of eligible students who have a need for academic support is identified. Those students meet the following criteria: 1) are admitted with less than a 3.0 academic GPA 2) have less than 900 on both the critical reading and math sections of the SAT 3) placed into a remedial course 4) are undecided about a major 5) are non-traditional students 6) were participants in a pre-college TRiO program (Upward Bound, Talent Search) and 7) self-identify themselves as having a need for academic support.
- Referrals are sought from other TRiO programs in the area as well as from outside agencies, faculty, and staff.
- SSS staff participates in the College's summer orientation at which it introduces incoming students to the program. Students who apply to SSS and have been determined to be eligible by program staff participate in a separate SSS Orientation at which students receive academic advising.
- Applications are evaluated on the basis of the eligibility requirements established by the Department of Education: first generation, low income, and/or disability. Participants must also have a need for academic support. This is determined by information provided on the application, transcripts, and placement and test scores. In addition, candidates are interviewed prior to selection.
- Once accepted, students must complete an intake form (LIFE Plan) which serves as the contract by which they accept the terms of membership. Students who fail to meet the conditions of the contract or fail to receive services regularly from the program over the course of one year are placed on inactive status. Inactive students do not receive the full benefits of the program.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Click here to visit the Ignatius Critical Editions website
Written in the sixth century, The Consolation of Philosophy was one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages. Boethius composed the masterpiece while imprisoned and awaiting the death sentence for treason. The Christian author had served as a high-ranking government official before falling out of favor with Roman Emperor Theodoric, an Arian. In the Consolation, Boethius explores the true end of life-knowledge of God-through a conversation with Lady Philosophy. Part prose, part poetry, the work combines Greek philosophy and Christian faith to formulate answers to some of life's most difficult and enduring questions.
About the Editor/Translator:
Scott Goins, Ph.D., is Professor of Classics and Director of the Honors College at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana. He received his Ph.D. and M.A. from Florida State University and has published writings on several authors including Virgil and Boethius.
Barbara H. Wyman, M.A., M.F.A., teaches English and Latin at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Besides Boethius, she has published writings on George Herbert, Hopkins, and others


Welcome To Dan-Tam Concrete
Contact Us
Stamped Concrete FAQ
Nature Stone Overlays FAQ
Why do most basement floor coverings periodically need to be replaced? It's because of the concrete and the moisture. Concrete is porous and damp. Moisture and dampness migrate up through the concrete and get trapped beneath carpet, tile, wood, linoleum and paint, not allowing for normal evaporation to dry things out. This results in mold and mildew forming beneath carpeting, tiles becoming loose, and paint blistering and peeling. Nature Stone is designed to breathe allowing evaporation to take place naturally and eliminating these common problems.


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This is a tool that is used by the Microsoft PSS team to analyze PSSDiag data. This tool has the capability of loading the Profiler Traces collected (provided ReadTrace is installed on the box).
In addition to this, it also loads the other.OUT files and the PerfStats script output file into the Nexus database. I use this tool regularly to analyze PSSDIAG data due to the following reasons:
1. Saves me time from manually opening each file and looking through them
2. Based on the graphs provided in the reports, I can quickly drilldown to the major bottleneck
The SQL Nexus reports act as a brilliant guide when you are analyzing PSSDIAG for the following scenarios:
1. High CPU
3. High IO
4. General Performance Problems
Since, the SQL Nexus Reports use Reporting Services client-side report viewer, you can create your own reports to work against the Nexus database and then deploy them to the %appdata%/SQL Nexus/Reports folder. Once, this is done, the new reports would show up along with the defult reports every time SQL Nexus is launched.
What are the advantages of this tool?
1. Shows aggregation reports for the Profiler Traces loaded into it
2. Blocking and wait statistics information based on the PerfStats script output. This helps in analyzing blocking on the server
3. Since, the data collected are loaded into tables, you can run queries against the database to draw inferences. If you use these queries frequently enough, you can create your own reports and deploy them to the above mentioned location
4. You can export the data from the SQL Nexus Reports into files (.XLS,.PDF,.JPG etc) and send them as reports
5. The reports let you narrow down to specific time frames which makes analysis easier
Download location: _URL_
Addition: April 4, 2011
A list of known issues documented with SQL Nexus:
Addition: April 6, 2011
A very common issue that I worked on multiple times after which I realized that it warranted a blog post:


the lake of burano Follonica - Discover Follonica
the lake of burano Follonica the touristical website about Follonica
Send a request to tourist activities
the lake of burano
the lake of burano
The lake of Burano is found on the Tuscany coast to south of the Argentario, the lago has an amplitude of approximately 400 hectares and is constituted from divided water salmastra from the sea from a earth border. The oasis is composed from a rigogliosa flora, wide cane field rows grows along the coast that separates the sea from the lago. In the inside verdeggianti prati, make space, during the autumnal season to the wide water mirrors, typical of the swampy zones. Between the plants that grow in these lands we remember the Giglio of sea, the marine Eringio, the Juniper, the Mirto and the Leccio. Between the fauna of the common oasis we find the Folaghe, the Fenicottero rose, the Fischione, the Cormorano and in spring the red Airone, the ghiandaia, the Cicogna white woman and other anchor. This area was proclamata protected oasis is in 1967, when the association of the Italian WWF verifying that the lago went gradually degrading itself, decided to take in management the entire zone.
Articles related to I parchi naturali


Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) workers in the UK have been hit harder by job losses during the coronavirus crisis than the population as a whole, according to new research.
The percentage of BAME people in employment fell to 67.4% in April from 72.0% in February, a drop of almost 5%, researchers from the University of Essex and other academic centres said.
Comparatively, non-BAME workers experienced a drop in employment of less than 2%, from 81.1% to 79.4%, according to the research based on data from the long-running Understanding Society survey led by the University of Essex.
The research also showed that fewer BAME people who had lost working hours due to the coronavirus crisis had been furloughed on the government's job retention scheme than non-BAME people in the same situation.
BAME people were also more likely to be behind on payments on their bills after seeing their incomes decrease due to the coronavirus, and they were also more likely to have borrowed money as a way to balance a loss in earnings.
Paul Fisher, one of the academics who worked on the report, said: "The BAME group is very heterogeneous and many questions remain unanswered.
"Which communities are being hardest hit? Can the different types of jobs done by different workers explain the pattern? These are questions which urgently need answering and further research is needed."
Meanwhile, in the US, data published last week showed unemployment among African Americans and Asians increased despite the overall unemployment rate falling unexpectedly in May.
The report comes as the killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis has sparked protests around the world, bringing renewed focus to the wider economic inequalities facing BAME people across the globe.
Source: Yahoo Finance


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Cargo ships account for a massive amount of carbon emissions each year, so reducing emissions is a global priority. One of the easiest ways to do that is to reduce the weight of said cargo ships. A group of EU researchers have developed a new material that is tough, lighter than water and could cut ships' weight by as much as 30 to 50 percent while maintaining the payload capability. That would take the equivalent of 55 to 60 trucks' worth of CO2 out of the equation per ship.
The material developed by the researchers is a lightweight aluminum foam that expands like a sponge when exposed to high heat. The material is sandwiched between two sheets of steel and sealed with heat, resulting in a very lightweight and tough building material. Under stress, the material bends but doesn't break, making it ideal for traveling even through dangerous ice-packed waters.


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To successfully develop and monitor the progress of the development of the data economy in Europe, a sound measurement approach allowing an evidence-based assessment is essential.
Challenges of a cross-country analysis regarding the data economy
- Availability of representative data and metrics
- Common taxonomies that make indicators comparable across countries
The proposed analysis focuses on a restricted number of relevant indicators, published as part of official statistics or in relevant studies. The identified determinants of the data economy represent complex and multidimensional phenomena that can only be captured by several indicators, where each one of them reflects only some aspects of the underlying phenomenon. To get more comprehensive information on the capabilities of countries with respect to specific phenomena, different characteristics were combined to indices. For this purpose, the indicators used to measure the characteristics had to be normalised and weighted. Key determinants and indices used in the context of the observatory are provided below.
- Business sector performance
- Business environment
- Innovation potential of data economy
- Social participation in data related activities
- Infrastructural conditions
- Diffusion of Big Data related Technologies
- Security related aspects
- Privacy Protection
- Data openness
- Policy framework conditions
Composed EuDEco indices
- Business sector performance index
- Innovation potential index
- Index of social participation in data-related activities
- Key enabling technologies index
- Security index
- Privacy protection index
Get to know the EuDEco observatory of the European data economy and find out where the strengths of your country lie!


Dr Nina Burrowes is a psychologist who helps people understand the psychology of child sexual abuse, sexual violence and domestic violence. She uses illustrated books, videos and live events to explain why abuse happens, what the impact of abuse is, and what we can all do about it. Dr Burrowes works closely with police, prosecutors, barristers, and judges in England and Wales providing training and consultancy.


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In the theory of partial differential equations, elliptic operators are differential operators that generalize the Laplace operator. They are defined by the condition that the coefficients of the highest-order derivatives be positive, which implies the key property that the principal symbol is invertible, or equivalently that there are no real characteristic directions.
Elliptic operators are typical of potential theory, and they appear frequently in electrostatics and continuum mechanics. Elliptic regularity implies that their solutions tend to be smooth functions (if the coefficients in the operator are smooth). Steady-state solutions to hyperbolic and parabolic equations generally solve elliptic equations.
A linear differential operator L of order m on a domain in Rd given by
is called elliptic if for every x in and every non-zero in Rd,
In many applications, this condition is not strong enough, and instead a uniform ellipticity condition may be imposed for operators of degree m = 2k:
where C is a positive constant. Note that ellipticity only depends on the highest-order terms.
A nonlinear operator
is elliptic if its first-order Taylor expansion with respect to u and its derivatives about any point is a linear elliptic operator.
- Example 1
- The negative of the Laplacian in Rd given by
- is a uniformly elliptic operator. The Laplace operator occurs frequently in electrostatics. If ρ is the charge density within some region Ω, the potential Φ must satisfy the equation
- Example 2
- Given a matrix-valued function A(x) which is symmetric and positive definite for every x, having components aij, the operator
- is elliptic. This is the most general form of a second-order divergence form linear elliptic differential operator. The Laplace operator is obtained by taking A = I. These operators also occur in electrostatics in polarized media.
- Example 3
- For p a non-negative number, the p-Laplacian is a nonlinear elliptic operator defined by
- A similar nonlinear operator occurs in glacier mechanics. The Cauchy stress tensor of ice, according to Glen's flow law, is given by
- for some constant B. The velocity of an ice sheet in steady state will then solve the nonlinear elliptic system
- where ρ is the ice density, g is the gravitational acceleration vector, p is the pressure and Q is a forcing term.
Elliptic regularity theorem
Let L be an elliptic operator of order 2k with coefficients having 2k continuous derivatives. The Dirichlet problem for L is to find a function u, given a function f and some appropriate boundary values, such that Lu = f and such that u has the appropriate boundary values and normal derivatives. The existence theory for elliptic operators, using Gårding's inequality and the Lax–Milgram lemma, only guarantees that a weak solution u exists in the Sobolev space Hk.
This situation is ultimately unsatisfactory, as the weak solution u might not have enough derivatives for the expression Lu to even make sense.
The elliptic regularity theorem guarantees that, provided f is square-integrable, u will in fact have 2k square-integrable weak derivatives. In particular, if f is infinitely-often differentiable, then so is u.
Any differential operator exhibiting this property is called a hypoelliptic operator; thus, every elliptic operator is hypoelliptic. The property also means that every fundamental solution of an elliptic operator is infinitely differentiable in any neighborhood not containing 0.
As an application, suppose a function satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations form an elliptic operator, it follows that is smooth.
General definition
Let be a (possibly nonlinear) differential operator between vector bundles of any rank. Take its principal symbol with respect to a one-form. (Basically, what we are doing is replacing the highest order covariant derivatives by vector fields.)
We say is weakly elliptic if is a linear isomorphism for every non-zero.
We say is (uniformly) strongly elliptic if for some constant,
for all and all. It is important to note that the definition of ellipticity in the previous part of the article is strong ellipticity. Here is an inner product. Notice that the are covector fields or one-forms, but the are elements of the vector bundle upon which acts.
The quintessential example of a (strongly) elliptic operator is the Laplacian (or its negative, depending upon convention). It is not hard to see that needs to be of even order for strong ellipticity to even be an option. Otherwise, just consider plugging in both and its negative. On the other hand, a weakly elliptic first-order operator, such as the Dirac operator can square to become a strongly elliptic operator, such as the Laplacian. The composition of weakly elliptic operators is weakly elliptic.
Weak ellipticity is nevertheless strong enough for the Fredholm alternative, Schauder estimates, and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. On the other hand, we need strong ellipticity for the maximum principle, and to guarantee that the eigenvalues are discrete, and their only limit point is infinity.
See also
- Hopf maximum principle
- Elliptic complex
- Hyperbolic partial differential equation
- Ultrahyperbolic wave equation
- Parabolic partial differential equation
- Semi-elliptic operator
- Weyl's lemma
- Note that this is sometimes called strict ellipticity, with uniform ellipticity being used to mean that an upper bound exists on the symbol of the operator as well. It is important to check the definitions the author is using, as conventions may differ. See, e.g., Evans, Chapter 6, for a use of the first definition, and Gilbarg and Trudinger, Chapter 6, for a use of the second.
- Evans, L. C. (2010), Partial differential equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics 19 (2nd ed.), Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4974-3, MR _PHONE_
Rauch, J. (2000). "Partial differential equations, by L. C. Evans" (pdf). Journal of the American Mathematical Society 37 (3): 363–367.
- Gilbarg, D.; Trudinger, N. S. (1983), Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 224 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-13025-3, MR 737190
- Shubin, M. A. (2001), "Elliptic operator", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4


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Ask Me: Madera County gold mining town was named for pioneer
Question: What is the history of the town of Hildreth in Madera County?
– Neil Simpson, Fresno
Answer: Hildreth, about 35 miles east of Madera, took its name from a pioneer family that came to California by wagon train in the 1850s.
According to "Madera" by Charles W. Clough, Jesse Hildreth established one of the county's largest early sheep herds in 1853.
In 1860, Emphrey Hildreth bought the Wideawake Ranch on the Millerton-Stockton road where it crossed a creek later named for the family.
The foothill mining town of Hildreth began in the late 1870s when Tom Hildreth opened a store to serve area gold miners, according to Clough.
Hildreth grew quickly and soon had two hotels, three general stores, about nine saloons, a millinery shop, a barber shop and other small businesses. A post office operated at Hildreth from 1886 to 1896.
Children from Hildreth attended the Hanover School, named for one of the area's mines, about a half-mile northeast of town.
By the 1880s, there were nine gold mines operating around the town, including the Hildreth mine, which produced about $100,000 in gold before it closed in the 1890s.
Nearly 5,000 people lived in Hildreth at its peak, but the town eventually was abandoned after the mine shut down.
The school building was later moved and can be seen from Road 210, also called Hildreth Road, near O'Neals.
Q: How did Temperance Avenue get its name?
– Bob and Carol Turner, Clovis
A: Temperance Avenue took its name from the Temperance Colony started by Moses Church, who developed Fresno County's canal system in the 1800s.
Church formed the colony in what is now the Sunnyside area of Fresno in 1877. He divided it into 32 parcels and put in a series of irrigation canals.
A devout Seventh-day Adventist who disapproved of drinking and smoking, Church named the colony "Temperance" because he would sell the 20-acre parcels only to buyers who pledged not to smoke or to make or sell intoxicating spirits. Despite the restrictions, Church sold all the parcels by the next year.
More on the Kearney peacocks
After the answer to a question about peacocks at Kearney Park ran on Dec. 12, Mimi English-Koch of Vashon Island, Wash., emailed more information about peacocks still found in the area.
"The birds are from a flock I started raising in the early 1980s when I lived on Cornelia Avenue between Church and Jensen," she wrote. "I started with two small chicks and by 1998 I had about 75 peacocks on my property, where they roamed freely."
English-Koch said she got the chicks from a family living south of Fresno.
Over the years, the flock has been thinned by predators, including coyotes and a pair of red-tailed hawks that prey on chicks, wrote English-Koch, who moved to Washington in 2005.
But several peacocks still roam freely on the five-acre property. "They truly are amazing birds and very intelligent. Many of them would come to me when I gave a special call," she wrote.
By Paula Lloyd


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Bandar Abbas
[buhn-der uh-bahs]
Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e 'Abbās (in Persian: بندر عباس; formerly known as Gombroon to English traders and Gamrun to Dutch merchants) is a port city and capital of Hormozgān Province on the southern coast of Iran (Persia), on the Persian Gulf. The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Straits of Hormuz, and it is the location of the main base of the Iranian Navy. It had an estimated population of 352,173 in 2005.
History and etymology
Ancient history
The earliest record of Bandar Abbas is during the reign of Darius the Great (between 586 and 522 B.C.). Darius's commander, Silacus, embarked from Bandar Abbas to India which is now present Pakistan and the Red Sea
During Alexander's conquest of the Persian Empire, Bandar Abbas was known under the name of Hormirzad.
Descendants of Gameronians
In the year 630 CE, Maharaja Derbar Raja of Gemeron was defeated in battle and escaped to Ceylon, and he was later blown off course by a storm to the remote shores of Kuala Sungai Qilah, Kedah (now Malaysia). The inhabitants of Kedah found him to be a valiant and intelligent person, and they made him the king of Kedah. In the year 634 CE, a new kingdom was formed in Kedah consisting of Persian royalty and native Malay of Hindu faith, the capital was Langkasuka. (see Kedah Sultanate and Early history of Kedah)
The Renaissance and Enlightenment
By the 1500s, Bandar Abbas was known as Gamrūn to the Persians. In 1565, a European navigator called it Bamdel Gombruc (that is, Bandar Gümrük, or "Customhouse Port"), citing this as the Persian and Turkish name. In 1612, the Portuguese took the city from Lorestān and transliterated the name to Comorão.
Almost two years later (in 1615), Comorão was taken by 'Abbās the Great after a naval battle with the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e 'Abbās, or "Port of 'Abbās". Backed by the British navy, 'Abbās developed Bandar-e 'Abbās (known to the English-speaking world as Gombraun) into a major port.
By 1622, the Portuguese and English names had been officially combined to form Combrù or Combu, although the inhabitants still called it Bandar-e 'Abbās. Sir Thomas Herbert said the official English name was Gumbrown, but pronounced "gŏmrōōn". He wrote in 1630 that "some (but I commend them not) write it Gamrou, others Gomrow, and othersome Cummeroon."
By the 1670s, the city was known as 'Gameroon
From 1740 onward, control of the town was sold to various Arab rulers, and from c. 1780 it was controlled by Muscat (now a governorate of Oman). In 1868, during Oman's decline, the town reverted to Persian rule.
Modern history
In the 1980s, the name "Gameron" was changed in favor of "Bandar Abbas", following similar movements with Iranian names (see Iran naming dispute).
Bandar Abbas serves as a major shipping point for mostly imports, and has a long history of trade with India. Thousands of tourists visit the city and nearby islands including Qeshm and Hormuz every year.
Bandar Abbas is situated on flat ground with an average altitude of 9 m (30 ft) above sea level. The nearest elevated areas are Mt. Geno, 17 km (11 mi) to the north, and Mt. Pooladi, 16 km (10 mi) to the northwest of the city. The closest river to Bandar Abbas is the River Shoor, which is rooted from Mt. Geno and pours into the Persian Gulf, 10 km (6 mi) east of the city.
Bandar Abbas has a hot and humid climate. Maximum temperature in summers can reach up to 49 °C (120 °F) while in winters the minimum temperature drops to about 5 °C (40 °F). The annual rainfall is around 251 mm (1 in) and the relative humidity is 66%.
minimum average temperature (°F) 53.8 57.2 63.5 69.6 76.5 82.4 86.5 86.2 81.9 74.3 64.4 56.3
maximum average temperature (°F) 74.3 75.9 81.9 88.9 97.3 101.1 100.8 99.9 98.2 95 86.7 77.9
rainfall (in inches) 1.56 1.87 1.37 0.42 0.19 0 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.2 0.94
days of rain 3.3 3.1 2.6 1.3 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.3
Source : World Meteorological Organization
Bandar Abbas International Airport has capacity and facilities for landing large transport airplanes.
Bandar Abbas is accessible via the following highways:
 - Bandar Abbas-Sirjan, 300 km (186 mi) to the northeast.
 - Bandar Abbas-Kerman, 484 km (301 mi) to the northeast.
 - Bandar Abbas-Shiraz, 650 km (404 mi) to the north.
 - Bandar Abbas-Zahedan, 722 km (449 mi) to the east.
Original Bandaris (residents of Bandar Abbas) speak Bandari (بندری), a dialect of Persian. Bandari may be similar to Middle Persian and Balochi. Bandari has loanwords from various European languages (e.g. tawāl, "towel") and Arabic (e.g. atā [اتا], "to come").
 - Transit goods, dates, citrus, tobacco, fishery; Bandar Abbas was formerly famous for its export of Iranian pottery, known as "gombroon".
# Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences
# University of Hormozgan
# Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas
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|The time it takes to build a home depends on many variables such as square footage, design, time of year, etc. A standard home can take between six months to a year to complete. Weather can heavily influence the speed in which construction proceeds. A very wet summer, for example, can keep your builder from pouring the foundation, which can hold up the process for months. On the other hand, once the foundation is poured and the roof installed, construction is no longer influenced by the weather.
On the other hand, completing the interior of the home is a slower process due to the interdependence of sub-contractors, such as electrical, plumbing, heating, etc. to be able to complete their portion of the work. The exterior of the home can typically move forward much faster than finishing the interior of the home.


ations. Let R = k[t_0,..., t_n]. The homogeneous ideal R_+ = \bigoplus_{d \ge 1} R_d is called the maximal homogeneous ideal (see also irrelevant ideal). As in the affine case, we let: for a subset S \subseteq \mathbb{P}^n and a homogeneous ideal I of R,
\operatorname{I}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(S) &= \{ f \in R_+ | f = 0 \text{ on } S \}, \\
\operatorname{V}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(I) &= \{ x \in \mathbb{P}^n | f(x) = 0 \text{ for all }f \in I \}.
By f = 0 \text{ on } S we mean: for every homogeneous coordinates (a_0 : \cdots : a_n) of a point of S we have f(a_0,\ldots, a_n)=0. This implies that the homogeneous components of f are also zero on S and thus that \operatorname{I}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(S) is a homogeneous ideal. Equivalently, \operatorname{I}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(S) is the homogeneous ideal generated by homogeneous polynomials f that vanish on S. Now, for any homogeneous ideal I \subseteq R_+, by the usual Nullstellensatz, we have:
\sqrt{I} = \operatorname{I}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(\operatorname{V}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(I)),
and so, like in the affine case, we have:[4]
There exists an order-reversing one-to-one correspondence between proper homogeneous radical ideals of R and subsets of \mathbb{P}^n of the form \operatorname{V}_{\mathbb{P}^n}(I). The correspondence is given by \operatorname{I}_{\mathbb{P}^n} and \operatorname{V}_{\mathbb{P}^n}.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Atiyah-MacDonald 1969, Ch. 7
 2. ^ Kollár, János (October 1988), "Sharp Effective Nullstellensatz", Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 (4): 963–975, doi:10.2307/_PHONE_
 3. ^ Sombra, Martín (February 1999), "A Sparse Effective Nullstellensatz", Advances in Applied Mathematics 22 (2): 271–295, doi:10.1006/aama._PHONE_
 4. ^ This formulation comes from Milne, Algebraic geometry [1] and differs from Hartshorne 1977, Ch. I, Exercise 2.4


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The dam is a weir on Cross Bayou. It allows inflow of Black River water into the system, an inflow that once was accomplished naturally but changed when hydrology was altered in the 1970s by agriculture practices, construction of the Catahoula Lake Diversion Canal and development of the Red River Waterway.
The weir and similar structures on Long Branch and Open Mouth Bayous are credited with restoring the lakes complex as a viable sport fishery.
Absence of the Black River water on a regular basis in the system precluded an annual "flushing" of the system.
Wildlife and Fisheries officials are assessing the damage and said repairs will begin as soon as possible. Such work is hampered by the remote location.


Vegetable Fat
 [ Vegetable_Fat ]
 Edible fat extracted from plants that are solid at room temperature, due to a higher level of saturation than vegetable oils. Typically vegetable fats come from tropical plants such as coconut, palm or cocoa.
 Despite the common use of the terms "coconut oil" and "palm oil", these are more correctly called "coconut fat" and "palm fat", unless they have been chemically processed to be liquid at room temperature.


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The User's Perspective
Interperiod Equity and What It Means to You
The notion of interperiod equity really should be pretty straightforward, but it is described in a variety of ways that sometimes seem similar and other times seem quite opposite. GASB Chairman Bob Attmore describes it as the state at which current-year taxpayers have provided adequate resources to pay for the cost of current-year services. Another way to look at it is as a state of equilibrium in which a government is neither deferring costs to the future nor using accumulated resources to provide current-period services. It is important to note that for financial reporting purposes, interperiod equity is a relevant metric to assess accountability rather than a goal that is expected to be met in any specific reporting period. For users of financial statements, the concept of interperiod equity is particularly important because it addresses the implications of fiscal decisions a government makes today but that may be felt well into the future.
A financial reporting objective related to both accountability and decision usefulness, interperiod equity makes its first appearance in GASB literature in Concepts Statement No. 1, Objectives of Financial Reporting. In that document, the GASB uses companion notions like "living within our means" and "balanced budget" and "fairness" to help illustrate the concept. The idea is that by achieving interperiod equity, taxpayers of today pay for the services that they receive and the burden of payment for services today is not shifted to taxpayers of the future. Of course, whether interperiod equity is achieved is a policy decision of the government. From a financial reporting perspective, the extent to which interperiod equity has been achieved can be indicated and a determination of whether taxpayer contributions are appropriate can be assessed.
In Concepts Statement No. 4, Elements of Financial Statements, the GASB added a description of interperiod equity as "the state in which current period inflows of resources equal current period cost of services." When this is achieved, it goes on to say, "the burden of the cost of [current period] services is borne by present-year taxpayers and revenue providers" rather than "shifted to future-year taxpayers or revenue providers through an increase in the level of borrowing" or paid from net resources accumulated in past periods. It is easy to understand why the GASB considers this a relevant metric to assess accountability.
Interperiod equity should not be interpreted as meaning that governments should live only from year to year, and not do financial planning for the long term. Again, that decision is based on the policies of the government. For example, many would argue that it is appropriate to use long-term debt to pay for capital assets, or to accumulate resources annually over many years to do so.
How the GASB's Standards Address Interperiod Equity
As an example of the relevance of this concept today, the GASB is currently examining its pension and other postemployment benefits (OPEB) standards to determine, among other things, whether the existing standards help financial report users to assess the degree to which interperiod equity has been achieved and, if not, consider if the standards should be amended to better allow for that assessment.
Let us be clear—GASB standards do not take a position on whether it is most appropriate to pay for all costs in the periods they are incurred, or to accumulate assets over time to make future payments, or to shift current costs to future periods. The standards are objective in this regard. Rather, because it is clearly important to many kinds of users to be able to tell if costs are being covered within a given period or not, the standards require reporting of information that allows users to make that assessment.
Furthermore, it should not be assumed that governments that pass a burden of debt down the road for future generations to contend with do so because they are unscrupulous. More commonly, the explanations may be found in the political pressures of annually balancing the budget or a lack of a full understanding about the long-term implications of the benefit promises that were made to employees. Statement No. 45, Accounting and Financial Reporting by Employers for Postemployment Benefits Other Than Pensions, was met with resistance from some corners when it was issued because it requires governments to recognize the costs of benefits as they are earned, rather than later when they are paid to retirees and to estimate and report the size of their long-term obligation. In retrospect, however, it has served to shine a spotlight on the magnitude of the costs of health insurance and other OPEB, allowing financial statement users a more comprehensively informed view of a government's financial commitments.
Interperiod equity is not limited to recognizing costs—expenditures or expenses—in the proper period, but also extends to revenues. A GASB pronouncement that addresses the concept of reporting revenues in their appropriate periods is Statement No. 48, Sales and Pledges of Receivables and Future Revenues and Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets and Future Revenues. Under the 1998 U.S. tobacco industry agreements with state governments that released the companies from present and future smoking-related liabilities, the companies agreed to make payments to the affected governments in perpetuity based on future tobacco sales. Some sought to securitize the money to be received in the future through bond sales. A question arose: Could they recognize all of the proceeds of the bond sales as revenue now? The Board concluded in Statement 48 that the answer is no from a financial reporting perspective—affected governments had to recognize the revenue over the periods to which the future inflows relate.
As governments seek ways to close budget gaps and meet capital investment needs, "public/private partnerships" are financing options that more and more governments are considering. The GASB is currently engaged in a project addressing service concession arrangements, which are a type of public/private partnership in which a public entity, like a state highway department, enters into an agreement with a private entity to build or operate a public asset, for example, a toll road. The project, for which a proposed Statement was issued in June (see the accompanying article), raises questions directly related to interperiod equity, including how inflows from upfront payments to the public entity should be recognized, and whether and how the government should report the property as a capital asset. In some circumstances, the GASB's approach to those questions involves amortizing such payments over the life of the contract or the capital asset.
The accrual basis of accounting itself is intended to ensure that costs and revenues are reported in keeping with the appropriate period and that the government is living within its means. Under full accrual, all flows of resources—and therefore all changes in net assets—during the year are recorded regardless of whether they involved cash flowing into our out of the government. When a government follows full accrual, it reports in each year's financial statements every transaction that occurs during the year that has an impact on its finances, even if cash did not change hands. The nature of this basis of accounting, then, is well-suited to allow users of financial statements to make judgments about what kind of job a government is doing with respect to interperiod equity.
The notion of fiscal sustainability considers whether a government is on a path that can be sustained into the future. Earlier this year, the United States Treasury Department published a report that concluded the current financial path the U.S. government is on is not fiscally sustainable. Without getting into the details, the current fiscal policies are projected to produce a relatively flat level of revenues in the next decades, but the corresponding debt service and entitlement program spending commitments are projected to grow by multiples over that same time horizon. During the course of the next generation, according to the projections, the federal government not only will lose its discretionary spending capacity, but also its ability to pay for entitlement programs will be severely challenged due to surging debt service payments.
The federal government has, until now, bridged its fiscal gaps by issuing additional debt rather than attempting to achieve interperiod equity. State and local governments, however, are generally required to balance budgets. The GASB has been studying the importance of the notion of fiscal sustainability to the users of state and local government financial reports and the kinds of information they use to assess it. The GASB will consider whether a project should be added to its current technical agenda to better address economic condition and fiscal sustainability reporting.
"What is to be done then?" you might ask. The purpose of this article is simply to bring these issues into focus and to show how this important concern of users is taken into account in standards of accounting and financial reporting. In keeping with the GASB's goals of improving transparency and providing better accountability, citizens and other users of financial statements ought to be able to look at financial reports and be able to discern the fiscal path a government is on.
For 25 years the GASB has worked to develop accounting standards for state and local governments that result in transparent financial reporting. At the same time, it has helped these entities to be more accountable to their citizens and taxpayers by giving them the tools to demonstrate their stewardship over the resources entrusted to them. A concept like interperiod equity is not in itself the solution, but it is certainly part of it.


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MADRID.- The Museo de Arte Contemporáneo
in Madrid opened an exhibition showing how Bartolomé Ross camera portrayed the everyday life of soldiers in the Spanish protectorate of Morocco as well as visits of Alfonso XIII to the colony and meetings between Franco and Millán Astray.
The exhibition offers a look into an agitated period of Spanish history exposed with meticulous formality and documentary responsibility.
Bartolomés Ross photographic legacy covers the historical period that started in the final days of the Moroccan War and the beginning of Primo de Riveras dictatorship, which ended this conflict. His camera recorded the visits of famous figures to the Spanish Protectorate and the meetings between Franco and Millán Astray, founder of the Spanish Foreign Legion. Ros also witnessed the moments prior to the Spanish armys uprising against the Second Republic.
His account of that period captured moments of great historical value but also included scenes from the daily life of anonymous soldiers, who are depicted with an exquisite formal meticulousness and the documentary responsibility that characterised the European photographers of his era. This exhibition highlights the refined personality of his photographic oeuvre and the gaze of a man with liberal convictions who lived through the most tumultuous times in the history of twentieth-century Spain.
Bartolomé Ros (_PHONE_) was born in Cartagena but lived in Ceuta from 1918 until the mid-1950s. It was there that he learned photography and began to document civil and military society. Ros worked for the army photographing military acts and facilities, an activity that he supplemented by contributing to newspapers and magazines such as ABC, Mundo Gráfico and Blanco y Negro. He published a famous photo essay on Spain in the American edition of National Geographic. In the 1930s, he founded Laboratorios Ros, a pioneering company in the distribution and processing of photographic supplies.


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The Jompy Water Boiler, designed by David Osborne, is an innovation in the developing field of water purification for use in poor communities around the world. Traditionally the water is heated separately when cooking, by fuel fired stoves. Osborne, a plumber from Scotland, theorized that water purification could be integrated with cooking food over open flame stoves, as well as by using the sun's energy. By placing a an aluminum alloy coil between the flame and the cooking pot, water can be circulated across the top of the stove.
Cold water goes into one end, and thanks to the large surface area of the device it can be heated quickly to boiling point before it comes out of the other end. While it's being used, a normal pan can be placed on top of it to cook as normal, meaning that you don't have to use as much fuel. The device can also be used to heat water with the sun. Filling it full of water and leaving it out in direct sunlight should raise the internal temperature to about 80°C over the course of about 20 minutes. The hot, uncontaminated water that comes out can then be used to drink or to clean safely. An off-the-shelf digital thermometer can be placed into the output tube from the coil to monitor required temperatures for pasteurization.
The Jompy boiler weighs 700g and, over a fire, it can raise a liter of water every minute to about 86 °C -- hot enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and diarrhea. Rugid in design, it can withstand extended use. The device has been tested in Kenya and India earlier this year, and Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki has personally endorsed the Jompy, which is being rolled out around the country in supermarkets and through charities like the Red Cross.


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A cross country race is usually 5K (3.1 miles) for high school students and 3K (1.86 miles) for middle school students. The cross country season typically starts in September and ends in November. During a race, individuals and/or teams compete against one another to earn the fewest points.
|1. Event Logistics||6. Awards|
|2. Location and Course||7. Water|
|3. Organizing Heats||8. Wrap-Up|
|4. Timing||9. Additional Information / Ideas|
- The Event Planning Guide will help you consider the important elements in staging your athletic event.
- The Planning Timeline will help you carefully schedule your event preparations.
- The cross country Staffing and Supplies Checklist will help you assign roles to your colleagues and ensure you have everything you need for a successful event.
- The standard distance for a cross country race is 5K (3.1 miles) for high school students and 3K (1.86 miles) for middle school students, but the distance can be modified slightly to suit your students' needs.
- Make sure to measure the course accurately.
- Clearly identify the start and finish line(s) and mark the entire course for race day using cones or chalk.
- If participants will be out of sight for all or part of the race, plan on having plenty of marshals to guide runners and monitor the course.
- We suggest no more than 50 runners per heat.
- Decide how to organize heats in advance. You can divide participants by sex, class, age, height, skill, or simply by random assignment.
- Plan on a way to identify and separate heats. One option is to have separate areas with signs where each group can congregate. You can then walk each group to the start when it is their turn to run. Another possibility is to distribute colored or numbered stickers or wristbands to identify each heat, which you can then check as runners line up to run.
- Gather each heat 15 minutes before its start time so you can make sure all of the right participants are present for their heat.
- If you have time, you can start each heat so it finishes before the next one begins. If you are tight on time, you can space each heat several minutes apart. In that case, be sure heats are far enough apart that runners in different heats will not overlap with one another.
- Designate a timer at the finish line. If a printing stopwatch is available, click it each time a runner crosses the finish line to record their place and time. Later, you can use this information to compile the race results. Alternatively, assign a timer and a recorder. The timer will call out times as runners finish for a colleague to write down.
- Enlist several adults at the finish area to keep runners organized. When runners cross the finish line, keep them in order in a narrow area called a chute until you can note their finish places, names, and teams. Expedite this process by giving runners a sticker before the race with their name and team that you can remove at the finish line and organize on sheets of paper. If you don't have stickers, use a stack of pre-numbered index cards, indicating finish places, and hand them to runners as they finish. Runners can then proceed to a finish table to fill out their names and teams on the card. You can later match the finishers' names and places to the times on the stopwatch.
- A standard cross country team has seven scoring runners. You can allow teams with more runners as well as individuals, but they will not be considered in the team scoring.
- The first five runners' scores are included in the team score. For example, if Team A's runners finish in 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 18th, 30th, and 31st, Team A receives 47 points. The team with the lowest score wins.
- Each scoring runner receives points corresponding to their overall place among other scoring runners. For example, if Team A has eight runners that finish in 1st through 8th place, and Team B's fastest runner finishes 9th, Team Bís top runner receives 8 points (Team Aís eighth runner is not included in scoring). In the event of a tie, you may consider including sixth and seventh place runners in team scores to determine a winner.
- While the sixth and seventh runners do not count towards their teamís score, they can still help their team win. If the sixth runner on a team comes in before the fifth runner on another team, they help increase the other team's score.
- For a traditional team-scored event, tally the results and present awards to the top teams and top individual finishers.
- For a less competitive event, you can station someone at the finish line to hand out participant awards as students finish or give them to each teacher or coach to distribute to their teams.
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Consider starting the event with a group warmup where you gather all participants together and have them follow along as an adult leads a simple warmup routine comprised of dynamic stretches and/or a brief jog. You can also organize a group cool-down.
- Try to position the warmup/cool-down leader above or below the runners (using stairs, a hill, or a stage) so the kids see the leader and can copy their movements. Provide a microphone if available.
- Play energizing music, if possible.
- Check out these sample warmup routines for some ideas:
In competitive settings, cross country runners often wear spikes. Spikes are shoes with metal spikes that improve a runner's traction. For a race with many beginners, or when a significant portion of the race will be run on hard surfaces (like concrete or asphalt), you may consider disallowing spikes. Check for any rules against spikes at the location of your race.Back to top


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Here we provide NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 11 – The Ant and the Cricket (Poem), Which will very helpful for every student in their exams. Students can download the latest NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 11 pdf. Now you will get step by step solution to each question.
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 11 – The Ant and the Cricket (Poem)
The cricket says, "Oh! What will become of me?" When does he say it, and why?
The cricket said the given line when it found that its cupboard was empty and winter had arrived. It could not find a single crumb to eat on the snow covered ground and there were no flowers or leaves on the tree. It wondered what would become of it because it was getting cold and since there was nothing to eat, it would starve and die.
(i) Find in the poem the lines that mean the same as "Neither a borrower nor a lender be" (Shakespeare).
(i) The lines in the poem that mean the same as "Neither a borrower nor a lender be" are 'But we ants never borrow; we ants never lend.'
The ant tells the cricket to "dance the winter away". Do you think the word 'dance' is appropriate here? If so, why?
The ant told the cricket to "dance the winter away" because when it asked the cricket what it did in the summers and why it had not stored any food for summers, the cricket answered that it sang through the warm and sunny months of summers. Therefore, in reply to this, the ant asked the cricket to "dance" the winter away just like it "sang" all through the summers and did not bother to store food for winters.
(i) Which lines in the poem express the poet's comment? Read them aloud.
(ii) Write the comment in your own words.
(i) The lines in the poem that express the poet's comment are "Folks call this a fable. I'll warrant it true."
(ii) This comment by the poet means that this poem is indeed a fable as it had a moral behind it. The cricket did not have anything to eat during the winters because it did not bother to store some food during summers. It was negligent and sang all through the summers. The ant, on the other hand, had built a nice home for itself and had stored food so that it would not starve during winters. It worked hard during summers to achieve this. Thus, the moral of the poem is to be prepared for the adverse times and always work hard instead of being negligent.
All Chapter NCERT Solutions For Class 8 English
All Subject NCERT Solutions For Class 8
I think you got complete solutions for this chapter. If You have any queries regarding this chapter, please comment on the below section our subject teacher will answer you. We tried our best to give complete solutions so you got good marks in your exam.


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DALLAS, July 14 -- As temperatures across the U.S. increase because of global warming, the prevalence of kidney stones is expected to grow, researchers suggested.
Assuming a mean temperature increase of 2.38Â° C, climate change is expected to create 1.61 to 2.25 million new cases of nephrolithiasis by 2050, an increase of 7% to 10.4% from 2000, Margaret Pearle, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center here, and colleagues reported online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
That would add $947 million to $1.33 billion in annual healthcare costs, according to the researchers' calculations. This represents a 25% increase over the $5.3 billion spent in 2000.
The warming temperatures would expand the so-called "stone belt" of the Southeast, in which the prevalence of nephrolithiasis is as much as 50% higher than in other parts of the country.
Two different models predicted that the highest risks of kidney stones in 2050 would either be in a band covering the southern half of the U.S. or the upper Midwest.
"There is a known geographic variation in stone disease that has been attributed to regional differences in temperature," Dr. Peale said. "When people relocate from areas of moderate temperature to areas with warmer climates, a rapid increase in stone risk has been observed."
Rising temperatures are believed to be associated with a greater risk of kidney stones, perhaps because of increased dehydration, the researchers said, although the link hasn't been proven.
To explore the potential effect of global warming on rates of nephrolithiasis, the researchers combined climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change with estimates of the prevalence of kidney stones. They limited the analysis to upper tract stones because they are more likely to be influenced by the environment than lower tract stones.
They created two separate models -- one assumed that the risk of kidney stones would increase linearly with temperature and one assumed that there was a threshold temperature (13.4Â° C) at which risk would increase dramatically.
Using the linear model, the proportion of the U.S. population living in areas with an elevated risk of kidney stones compared with the Northeast would increase from 41% in 2000 to 56% in 2050.
The percentage could rise to 70% in 2095, the researchers said.
The "stone belt" would spread from the Southeast northward into the Midwest, covering much of the southern half of the country and all of California by 2050. New cases would be clustered in the South and Midwest.
In the non-linear threshold model, the "stone belt" would also spread northward, comprising a band of states from Virginia to the upper Midwest to northern California, but spreading as far north as New York and Pennsylvania.
The maximum climate-related risk increases would be found in cities such as New York, Detroit, Chicago, Salt Lake City, and Sacramento. New cases would occur mostly in the Midwest and Northeast.
The authors acknowledged several limitations of the study, including the uncertainty of the relationship between temperature and kidney stones and of climate models in general.
In addition, they said, it is difficult to determine the prevalence of nephrolithiasis, which is most likely underestimated. This would have a significant effect on the estimates of healthcare costs.
Finally, neither of the models could account for any future improvements in the treatment of kidney stones, which could potentially alter cost estimates.
"Regardless of these limitations," the researchers concluded, "climate-related increases in the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the U.S. appear likely."
"These changes are likely to cause notable perturbations in the magnitude of stone interventions, with corresponding stresses in healthcare delivery and economics," they said.
|The authors made no disclosures.|
Primary source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Brikowski T, et al "Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the U.S." PNAS 2008; DOI: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_.


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Segmental Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure conducted by placing a small fiberoptic scope into the lung of a patient, and injecting sterile water (saline) into the lung and removing the fluid. The sterile solution removed contains secretions, cells, and protein from the lower respiratory tract. This sample can be analyzed to provide more information about possible disease processes going on in the lungs.
This protocol will be used to perform BAL, bronchial brushing, and bronchial wall biopsy in normal volunteers and patients with pulmonary disease. The samples collected during the study will be used to examine biochemical processes in the lung that may contribute to lung disease
|Official Title:||Bronchoscopy in Patients With Pulmonary Diseases and Research Volunteers|
|Study Start Date:||November 1996|
This protocol proposes to perform bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushing and bronchial wall biopsy in research volunteers and in patients with pulmonary disease to evaluate the cellular components of normal and diseased lungs. This research study will help to improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in the lung during progression of pulmonary disease.
|Contact: Mary Haughey, R.N.||(301) _EMAIL_|
|Contact: Joel Moss, M.D.||(301) _EMAIL_|
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike||Recruiting|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|Contact: For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office (PRPL) _PHONE_ ext TTY8664111010 _EMAIL_|
|Principal Investigator:||Joel Moss, M.D.||National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)|


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- (transitive, physics) To limit the number of possible values of a quantity, or states of a system, by applying the rules of quantum mechanics
- (transitive, telecommunications) To approximate a continuously varying signal by one whose amplitude can only have a set of discrete values
- (transitive, music) To shift each beat in a rhythmic pattern to the nearest beat of a given resolution (eighth note, sixteenth note, etc.), or to adjust the frequency or pitch of a note to the nearest perfect tone in a given musical scale
to limit the number of possible values
to approximate a continuously varying signal
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.
Translations to be checked


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Authors: Bruce Rout
This paper examines the difference between infinite and finite domains of a Stefan Problem. It is pointed out that attributes of solutions to the Diffusion Equation suggest assumptions of an infinite domain are invalid during initial times for finite domain Stefan Problems. The paper provides a solution for initial and early times from an analytical approach using a perturbation. This solution can then easily be applied to numerical models for later times. The differences of the two domains are examined and discussed.
Comments: 13 pages
[v1] 9 Sep 2009
Unique-IP document downloads: 319 times
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About CRDS
CRDS is the radical shift Death Studies needs and thereby serves as a source of knowledge for how death practitioners, death care professionals, students and scholars alike can all better understand deathways of people of color and marginalized groups.
Who Are We? We are a collective of Scholars, Funeral Directors, Death Work Practitioners, Activists, and Students of Death Studies who view death work as synonymous with anti-racism work, synonymous with actively dismantling oppression, and as a way to validate cultural and social life among marginalized groups. We are working to achieve the goals of decolonizing death studies in theory and in practice from a variety of angles.
What Is Our Mission? Our mission is to interrogate the field of Death Studies to decolonize and de-center whiteness while calling to radicalize death practices, all in theory and in practice from a variety of angles, i.e. our research, writing, community work, and professional careers.
What Are Our Goals?
 1. To create a Radical Death Canon that can be adapted as a tool by death educators, death scholars, death practitioners, and all those interested in understanding death, dying, and the rituals of care provided from a decolonized perspective.
 2. To increase diversity in death scholarship and conversations–beyond class analysis
 3. Working to analyze how death, mourning, burial, and death investigations have changed over time along the lines of race, class, gender, ability/disability, sexuality
 4. To serve as a resource for a discerned understanding of the end-of-life experience and rituals around death for marginalized people and their communities
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We spend the majority of our time in conversation with our patients. As in any situation, the language used is of prime importance, especially in a consultation. How we engage with the person living with diabetes makes a huge difference to whether that person believes he or she is the main focus of the consultation. It is not about numbers and targets, but about the person in front of us.
Why does language matter?
Language is powerful and can impact a person's perceptions and behaviour. The language we use can therefore have an impact on health outcomes. Positive communication (verbal, written and body language) with people with diabetes can inspire, build confidence, improve wellbeing and self-care; whereas poor communication can leave patients feeling demotivated, stigmatised and hurt, as well as undermining their self-care efforts (Holt and Speight, 2017; NHS England, 2018).
Language is central to personal identity, attitude, social perception, stereotyping and bias (such as gender, religion, health and race; (Dickinson et al, 2017a). We can reinforce negative stereotypes or promote positive stereotypes through our choice of words and phrases (NHS England, 2018). Our use of language therefore has nothing to do with political correctness but affects the core of healthcare professionals' interactions with and about people with diabetes (Holt and Speight, 2017).
In the past, information has been produced on how to effectively interact with people with diabetes. Until recently, however, there has been little discussion on the language used, despite language being the principal vehicle for sharing knowledge and understanding (Dickinson et al, 2017a). There is a recognised need for a language movement in diabetes care and education (Dickinson et al, 2017a), and momentum for this is building.
A US task force consisting of American Association of Diabetes Educators and American Diabetes Association members met to discuss the issue of language in diabetes in 2017. The task force came up with a number of recommendations for improving communication with patients, see Box 1 (Dickinson et al, 2017b).
In the UK, a Language Matters Working Group has been set up by NHS England to improve awareness of the impact words may have on the care of people living with diabetes. The Working Group is supported by the Primary Care Diabetes Society (PCDS), Diabetes UK, JDRF, TREND-UK, DTN UK, the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Young Diabetologists and Endocrinologists. The result, Language Matters: Language in Diabetes (NHS England, 2018), sets out why language is important and how best to tailor our consultation and use appropriate language.
A valuable guide
As members of the PCDS, we have a responsibility to ensure we and our colleagues who care for people living with diabetes use the appropriate language to engender a sense of collaboration and person-centred approach, rather than one based on guilt and failure extrapolated from numbers and figures on a sheet. Language Matters is a valuable guide that all PCDS members should read, and we should encourage our colleagues to do likewise.
Language Matters dissuades you from using terminology that causes the person to feel judged or guilty. The feelings such terminology evokes mean people with diabetes are less likely to feel part of the consultation, may disengage at a professional and personal level, and thus develop inappropriate health-seeking behaviour. This will adversely affect outcomes for them and their families.
Examples of poor communication abound in Language Matters, as do more suitable alternatives (see Table 1). Do not define someone by their condition by calling them "diabetic" or a "diabetes patient". Instead, use "person living with diabetes". Avoid calling someone "non-compliant" or saying they have "failed", as these terms make the person living with diabetes feel ashamed and a failure. Instead, use the term "was unable to". Beware of using words such as "control", as diabetes does not occur in isolation and numerous factors play a part. We, as healthcare professionals, need to realise the burden this word places on the person with diabetes. Use terminology and language that show empathy and understanding.
Non-verbal communication can also lead to disengagement. Examples include not focusing on the person in front of you or not showing active listening skills but focusing on data or the computer screen rather than the person.
A final word
Diabetes care is rapidly changing. We need to build relationships with and demonstrate respect for people with diabetes by placing them at the centre of change and acting as trusted guides throughout their diabetes journey.


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Reference.Name Property (Access)
You can use the Name property to determine the string expression that identifies the name of an object. Read-only String.
expression.Name
expression A variable that represents a Reference object.
A valid name must conform to the standard naming conventions for Microsoft Access. For Microsoft Access objects, the name may be up to 64 characters long. For controls, the name may be as long as 255 characters.
The default name for new objects is the object name plus a unique integer. For example, the first new form is Form1, the second new form is Form2, and so on. A form can't have the same name as another system object, such as the Screen object.
For an unbound control, the default name is the type of control plus a unique integer. For example, if the first control you add to a form is a text box, its Name property setting is Text1
For a bound control, the default name is the name of the field in the underlying source of data. If you create a control by dragging a field from the field list, the field's FieldName property setting is copied to the control's Name property box.
You can't use "Form" or "Report" to name a control or section.
Controls on the same form, report, or data access page can't have the same name, but controls on different forms, reports or data access pages can have the same name. A control and a section on the same form can't share the same name.
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Tyler's city limits covered just 100 acres in first survey in 1847
The city of Tyler's limits are ever-evolving.
Tyler's limits covered 100 acres after its first plat survey in 1847 when it was just a "village," according to survey records. Today, the city limits include 57.16 square miles, more than 36,500 acres.
Trees marked the north, east, south and west corners of the 100-acre 1847 limit. A 15-inch Red Oak marked the northwest corner. Two hickories marked the northeast corner, and groves of black-jack trees marked the southeast and southwest corners.
The town site included five streets running north and south, and four streets running east and west, most of them originally named after prevalent trees along the way. A small federal courthouse was built on the north side of the square.
The four east-west streets were Locust, Cherry, Walnut and Elm while avenues running north and south were called Federal Court House, Spring, Broadway Hickory and Washington.
Cherry Street was named for a large wild cherry tree, but it was changed in 1856 to Ferguson Street in honor of Alfred W. Ferguson, who built the first brick structures in the town.
Walnut Street was named after two large groves of hickory trees one mile out from the courthouse at each end of the street. It was renamed Erwin Street the same year as Ferguson, to honor Col. Thomas B. Erwin, a prominent resident who built a two-story colonial home on property formerly used as a pecan shellery and canning station.
Federal Court House became "Fannie Street," to honor the daughter of Tyler's first established attorney Stephen Reaves.
The street eventually was changed to Fannin. Hickory Street became College Avenue in 1886 in honor of East Texas College.
Washington Street became Bois d' Arc after hedges of trees planted by a resident with land along the street.
In 1850, the city government was incorporated and a mayor and four aldermen were named. They served 276 residents -- 174 men and 102 women. A description by an unnamed man in Smith County Historical Society annals recounted Tyler as having 200 inhabitants, one school, six businesses, one hotel, one blacksmith shop, one tailor and a "substantial little building where they kept violators of the law."
Farming spurred much of Tyler's early growth before the railroad brought a "growth spurt," amateur historian and attorney Randy Gilbert said.
Tyler expanded its city limits for the first time in 1888, according to city maps. But the expansion added around 2,000 acres, especially north because of the railroad and a population boom.
The city's population grew to 6,098 by 1890 compared to 2,423 in 1880, more than 150 percent.
George Yarborough built the first "addition" on 28 acres about a half-mile outside of Tyler's limits in the mid-1870s. He split the lots into one, two and four-acre lots.
After the Civil War and up to the emergence of the automobile, people lived close to where they worked, he said, meaning growth potential was limited.
"Most people walked to their shops or their jobs," he said. "After the automobile there was opportunity for greater expansion and the idea of suburbs."
Tyler again expanded in 1937, almost doubling in size, but still well within Loop 323 (which came in the mid-1950s). The next significant expansion by the city that reached beyond Loop 323 came in the 1970s as Tyler's population swelled to more than 57,700.
Today, the city's estimated inhabitants number more than 109,000, City Planner Heather Nick said.
All information, unless otherwise noted, is from the Smith County Historical Society.


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This component belongs to the category of ForceField. This component allows to simulate springs with Polynomial stress strain behavior. If we note:
- the spring force
- the cross section (always 1.0)
- the stress-strain non-linear function
- the original length and the current length of the spring
- the point displacement
the generic non-linear force can thus be written: where is polynom as follows: and
The dedication of jacobian matrix for PolynomialSpringForceField is given below:
Note that a RestShapePolynomialSpringsForceField does exist. It will compute the same non-linear force with regards to the rest shape of one single object. To avoid Nan problems when a spring has a zero length, an exponential addition to the denominator has been added. As a result, the stress simulation is shifted compared with polynomial values, but it keeps its nonlinearity:
More details were given in the pull-request #1342.
The polynomial parameters are set as two arrays:
- polynomialDegree: describing the set of polynomial degrees for every spring
- polynomialStiffness: describing the set of polynomial coefficients sequentially combined in one vector.
The coefficients are put from smaller degree to bigger one, and the free coefficient is always zero (since for no strain we have no stress). For examples the coefficients for polynomials [3,2,4] will be put as [a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,c1,c2,c3,c4].
- firstObjectPoints corresponding to the indices of the points related to the first object
- secondObjectPoints corresponding to the indices of the points related to the second object
- compressible: indicating if object compresses without reaction force
The PolynomialSpringsForceField requires two different objects to link, which means two MechanicalObjects on which the non-linear spring will act. On the other hand, RestShapePolynomialSpringsForceField will act on one single body, i.e. one MechanicalObject.
This component is used as follows in XML format:
or using Python:
An example scene involving a PolynomialSpringsForceField is available in examples/Components/forcefield/PolynomialSpringsForceField.scn
Last modified: 15 May 2023


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No wonder he's so adept at getting past defenders. According to Patric Bach and Steven Tipper of Bangor University, the mere sight of Wayne Rooney inhibits the control you have over your feet. Apparently, looking at Rooney automatically triggers football-related activity in the movement control parts of your brain, leading to the paradoxical effect of impairing your own foot control. By contrast, Bach and Tipper found the sight of the British tennis player Tim Henman impairs your hand control, but not your foot control.
Forty student participants were shown photos of the footballers Wayne Rooney and Michael Owen and the tennis players Tim Henman and Greg Rusedksi. None of the photos were action shots, but half showed the sportsmen in a sporting context whereas the other half showed them off-pitch, or off-court.
The participants' task was to identify as quickly and accurately as possible the sportsman currently displayed, using either a keyboard key or a footpad. For example, during one trial the participants were required to press the footpad if the computer screen showed Rooney but to press the spacebar with their finger if the photo was of Henman. On another trial the means of response was reversed so that the footpad was used for identifying Tim Henman, with the keyboard used for Rooney. Hundreds of such trials were performed.
The crucial finding is that on average the participants were slower (by about 20ms) and less accurate at identifying the footballers when using their foot compared with their finger. By contrast, they were slower and less accurate at identifying the tennis players with their finger than with their foot. These effects were actually slightly greater when the sportsmen were shown out of a sporting context.
"Perceiving a highly skilled athlete inhibited similar motor behaviour in the observer", the researchers said. The finding suggests that "people use their own action system to represent knowledge about other persons". In this case, the participants represented the motor skills of Rooney and the others, even though they weren't observed in action.
The findings are consistent with earlier research showing the sight of Albert Einstein impaired people's subsequent performance on an IQ test.
Bach, P. & Tipper, S.P. (2006). Bend it like Beckham: Embodying the motor skills of famous athletes. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 2033-2039.
Post written by Christian Jarrett (_USER_) for the BPS Research Digest.


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Did Dogs Really Eat Slaves, Like in 'Django'?
100 Amazing Facts About the Negro: Plus, whether slaves rode horses or had Mandingo death matches.
(slaveryimages.org; original source unidentified)
Horses and horsemanship played an interesting role during slavery. The most famous black horseman in the Revolutionary period was our old friend, William "Billy" Lee, George Washington's slave and personal attendant, the only slave whom Washington freed upon his death. Billy Lee was, by all accounts, a superb horseman, and rode just behind his master.
In the black abolitionist Henry Bibb's famous slave narrative of 1849, horses compose almost a leitmotif: Before finally attaining his freedom, he is captured, handcuffed and tied by his feet to a horse and returned to slavery, but he effects his ultimate escape by stealing another horse ("the best looking of them") from a large plantation, and riding him "not less than forty miles that night, or before sunrise the next morning," to gain his freedom. Bibb, a famous newspaper editor whose narrative was extremely popular, tells us, "I thanked God, and thanked the horse for what he had done for me, and wished him a safe journey back home."
And then there is the famous 1862 painting titled "The Fugitive Slaves," by Eastman Johnson, which depicts a slave family fleeing to freedom on a stallion, suggesting that horses were used by slaves to make their escapes.
Slaves also rode horses professionally: As Lisa K. Winkler writes in Smithsonian Magazine, slaves served as jockeys from Colonial times, long before black men dominated the first decades of the Kentucky Derby (in the first Derby in 1875, 13 of 15 jockeys were black): "…when President Andrew Jackson moved in the White House in 1829, he brought along his best Thoroughbreds and his black jockeys. Because racing was tremendously popular in the South, it is not surprising that the first black jockeys were slaves. They cleaned the stables and handled the grooming and training of some of the country's most valuable horseflesh," they "were allowed to travel the racing circuit" and "they competed alongside whites." So, for as effective as the trope is used in Django to distinguish a free Negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate.
It Was a Dog-Eat-Slave World
Professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. As David Doddington writes in "Slavery and Dogs in the Antebellum South" for the website Sniffing the Past, "it was the use of trained dogs that appears to have most concerned" the slaves. "Former slaves claimed that masters, patrollers, or professional slave catchers would use'savage dogs, trained to hunt and follow the track of the poor colored fugitive,' " according to the 1857 slave narrative of William J. Anderson.
But tracking slaves is one thing; devouring them, as happens in Django, is quite another. Did this happen -- could this have happened -- given the fact that the ultimate goal of a master was to exploit his human chattel for maximum profit, and destroying property would not be perhaps the best business decision?
Apparently, it sometimes did happen. Doddington quotes a slaveholder from Louisiana named Bennett H. Barrow, "who kept a detailed dairy and frequently mentioned the importance of dogs in capturing runaways, as well as the terrible violence they could inflict: 'hunting Ruffins Boy Henry, came across Williams runaway caught him dogs nearly et his legs off, near killing him.' "


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On May 13, 2012, the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives will present the Second ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism, in the amount of $100,000, to Fredy Peccerelli, Executive Director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, and Kate Doyle, Senior Analyst of U.S. policy in Latin America at the National Security Archive. The award ceremony will take place at the Museum of the City of New York.
"Both Doyle and Peccerelli are indefatigable defenders of human rights who have played a seminal role in the fight against impunity in Latin America," said Sebastiaan Faber, Chair of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives (ALBA).
A determined and creative researcher-activist, Doyle has spent twenty years working tirelessly with Latin American human rights organizations and truth commissions – in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Peruto obtain the declassification of U.S. government archives in support of their investigations.
Peccerelli is an innovative forensic anthropologist whose work has been instrumental to the first-ever conviction of Guatemalan military forces for crimes against humanity. As founding director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation (FAFG), Peccerelli leads a team that, over the past fifteen years, has exhumed hundreds of mass graves filled with victims of Guatemala's civil war.
The ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism, one of the largest human rights awards in the world, is granted annually by ALBA and the Puffin Foundation.
"The award is designed," said Puffin Foundation President Perry Rosenstein, "to give public recognition, support, and encouragement to individuals or groups whose work has an exceptionally positive impact on the advancement and/or defense of human rights. It is intended to help educate students and the general public about the importance of defending human rights against arbitrary powers that violate democratic principles."
The ALBA/Puffin Award is part of a program connecting the inspiring legacy of the International Brigades – the 40,000 volunteers who helped fight fascism during the Spanish Civil War – to international activist causes of today. Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón received the first ALBA/Puffin Award in May 2011.
Filed under: Advocacy Tagged: | Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives, ALBA, ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism, Committee for Human Rights, Fredy Peccerelli, Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, Puffin Foundation


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Function for displaying math formula with component variable names – xlv
=xlv(CELLREF, Optional Rounder(INTEGER), Optional ColumnNo(Integer))
This function displays the variable names of a mathematical formula defined in another cell. It updates automatically with a change in the values in the formula or a change in the formula.
A formula (=C3+((C4/C5)^(C6+C8)*C7)*C9) is entered in Cell C11 that references the values in cells C3 to C9. Corresponding variable names are located in cells B3 to B9. Each variable name must be located in the same row as the value it is representing.
The variables of the formula in Cell C11 is shown in the cell where the xlv function is entered. In the example below, xlv is entered in Cell C13.
Does the variable name need to be in the cell directly to the left of the value it is representing?
NO: By Default the xlv function looks for the first cell to the left of the value that is not a numeric value.
How to use the Optional Parameters "Rounder" and "ColumnNo"
In the example above, the xlv function has been used without the Rounder parameter and so has defaulted to its adaptive formatting. The adaptive formatting works in the following way:
Each value in the formula is parsed in the following way:
if Value > _PHONE_ the number is expressed in Scientific notation
If _PHONE_ > Value > 100 the number in expressed in standard notation to zero decimal places
If 100 > Value >.001 the number in expressed in standard notation to 3 significant figures
if Value <.001 the number is expressed in Scientific notation
Generally, the xlv function will display the variables of the formula. However, in an instance where a numeric value (rather than a CellRef) is entered in the formula that the "xlv" function is referencing, the rounder parameter can be used to determine the number of decimal places to be displayed.
The formula in cell M11 : =M3+((M4/M5)^(M6+M8)*M7)*M9-101.23589
The last term of the formula is 101.23589 and is a numeric value (and not a CellRef). By default, xlv uses the adaptive number formatting (as described above) and displays the result as shown below in Cell M13; Entry in Cell M13 is: =xlv(M11)
Cell M15 displays the result when setting the rounder parameter to 2 (i.e. 2 decimal places); Entry in Cell M15 is: =xlv(M11,2)
By default, the xlv function returns the first cell to left of the value that is not a numeric value.
In the example below, a formula is entered in cell E10 that references the values in Column E.
=xlv(E10) is entered in cell E12. As can be seen by the output of the xlv function (in cell E12), the xlv function returns the variables located in Column B, since that is where the first non-numeric values are located.
But what if I have more than one column with variable names to the left of the value I am referencing?
What if my variable name is located to the right of the value I am referencing?
Use the second Optional Parameter "ColumnNo" to specify in which column the variable is located. See Below.
In the following example variables are located in Columns B, C and I. (A formula is located in Cell F33 and references values in Column F).
The xlv function is used in Cells F35 to F39 to demonstrate how the second optional parameter is used to specify in which column the variables are located.
The column number can be specified in various ways. E.G. "Column(B1)" can also be used to specify column number 2.
Note 1: If there is no variable defined in the column that is specified, the xlv Function returns "XL_Viking_NoVar" or "xlvikingnovar" to indicate that no variable is defined.
Note 2: The second Optional variable is not used in the above example (hence the double commas), which means any numeric values that are entered in the formula will default to the XL-Viking adaptive number formatting, Ref "Rounder" Parameter.